bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethics and Floods: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mitrović Veselin L. , O’Mathúna Dónal P. , Nola Iskra A.
Published: January 2019

Disaster ethics is a developing field of inquiry recognizing the wide variety of ethical issues confronting various professionals involved in planning for and responding to different types of disasters. This article explores how ethical issues related to floods are addressed in academic literature. The review involved analysis of publications on ethics and floods identified in a systematic literature search of electronic databases that included sociological, biomedical, and geophysical sources. The review methods were guided by the PRISMA Statement on systematic reviews, adapted to this topic area, and followed by a qualitative analysis of the included publications. All articles were analyzed using NVivo software version 11. The qualitative analysis showed that further research is needed on the ethical issues involved in flood disasters. Ethical guidelines are needed for flood planners and responders that are based on the consistent application of well-established ethical principles, values, and virtues to the specific circumstances arising with each flood. Flexibility is required in applying such approaches. The results suggest that interdisciplinary collaboration (sociological, biomedical, geophysical, engineering, and ethical) could contribute significantly to the development of ethics in floods. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:817–828)
The onset of transient turbulence in minimal plane Couette flow
Authors: Lustro Julius Rhoan T. , Kawahara Genta , van Veen Lennaert , Shimizu Masaki , Kokubu Hiroshi
Published: January 2019

The onset of transient turbulence in minimal plane Couette flow has been identified theoretically as homoclinic tangency with respect to a simple edge state for the Navier–Stokes equation, i.e., the gentle periodic orbit (the lower branch of a saddle-node pair) found by Kawahara & Kida (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 449, 2001, pp. 291–300). The first tangency of a pair of distinct homoclinic orbits to this periodic edge state has been discovered at Reynolds number $Re\equiv Uh/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=Re_{T}\approx 240.88$ ($U$, $h$, and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}$ being half the difference of the two wall velocities, half the wall separation, and the kinematic viscosity of fluid, respectively). At $Re>Re_{T}$ a Smale horseshoe appears on the Poincaré section through transversal homoclinic points to generate a transient chaos that eventually relaminarises. In numerical experiments a sustaining chaos, which is a consequence of period-doubling cascade stemming from the upper branch of another saddle-node pair of periodic orbits, is observed in a narrow range of the Reynolds number, $Re\approx 240.40$–240.46. At the upper edge of this $Re$ range it is found that the chaotic set touches the lower branch of this pair, i.e., another edge state. The corresponding chaotic attractor is replaced by a chaotic saddle at $Re\approx 240.46$, and subsequently this saddle touches the gentle periodic edge state on the boundary of the laminar basin at the tangency Reynolds number $Re=Re_{T}$. After this crisis on the boundary of the laminar basin, for $Re>Re_{T}$, chaotic transients that eventually relaminarise can be observed.
Separated rows structure of vortex streets behind triangular objects
Authors: Kim Ildoo
Published: January 2019

We discuss two distinct spatial structures of vortex streets. The ‘conventional mushroom’ structure is commonly discussed in many experimental studies, and the exotic ‘separated rows’ structure is characterized by a thin layer of irrotational fluid between two rows of vortices. In a two-dimensional soap film channel, we generate the exotic vortex arrangement by using triangular objects. This setting allows us to vary the thickness of boundary layers and their separation distance independently. We find that the separated rows structure appears only when the boundary layer is thinner than 40 % of the separation distance. We also discuss two physical mechanisms of the breakdown of vortex structures. The conventional mushroom structure decays due to the mixing, and the separated rows structure decays because its arrangement is hydrodynamically unstable.
When words burn – language processing differentially modulates pain perception in typical and chronic pain populations
Authors: VUKOVIC NIKOLA , FARDO FRANCESCA , SHTYROV YURY
Published: January 2019

abstract

How do we communicate our pain to others? The challenge of conveying such a highly individual experience in words is faced daily by many sufferers of chronic pain and their doctors. Moreover, such linguistic strategies are especially relevant in situations where no obvious reference to physical injuries or tissue damage can be made. Neurolinguistically, this question is directly linked to understanding the brain mechanisms behind the encoding, storage, and comprehension of word meanings. An influential view posits that comprehension involves mentally simulating sensorimotor experiences which words refer to. Here, we test the hypothesis that both pain word comprehension and first-hand experiences of pain rely on a common neural substrate, leading to a prediction that word processing should modulate the perception of noxious stimuli. We used a priming task and asked neurotypical and chronic pain participants to read sentences containing literal or metaphoric pain descriptors, and then rate the intensity of thermal pain stimuli. We found that pain language comprehension modulated participants’ ratings of pain intensity. Furthermore, this effect depended on linguistic context as well as individual pain history. We discuss our findings within the larger theoretical debate on the nature of semantic representations, and point to their potential relevance for clinical practice.
Galactic calibration of the tip of the red giant branch
Authors: Mould Jeremy , Clementini Gisella , Da Costa Gary
Published: January 2019

Indications from Gaia data release 2 are that the tip of the red giant branch (a population II standard candle related to the helium flash in low mass stars) is close to –4 in absolute I magnitude in the Cousins photometric system. Our sample is high-latitude southern stars from the thick disk and inner halo, and our result is consistent with longstanding findings from globular clusters, whose distances were calibrated with RR Lyrae stars. As the Gaia mission proceeds, there is every reason to think an accurate Galactic geometric calibration of tip of the red giant branch will be a significant outcome for the extragalactic distance scale.
SENECA, DE BENEFICIIS 6.19.5—A NEGLECTED TEXT ON ROMAN PUBLIC LAW
Authors: Griffin Miriam , Lintott Andrew
Published: January 2019

si quis patriae meae pecuniam credat, non dicam me illius debitorem nec hoc aes alienum profitebor aut candidatus aut reus: ad exsoluendum tamen hoc dabo portionem meam.

If anyone were to lend money to my country, I will not call myself his debtor nor will I declare this as money owed either when a candidate or when prosecuted: nevertheless, I will contribute my share to paying off the debt.

Miriam Griffin drew attention to the comment of Justus Lipsius: ‘a defendant might have to make such a declaration in cases involving financial penalties, such as extortion and peculation, for when the litis aestimatio [‘assessment of damages’] was made, it would be important to know who the other claimants to the convicted man's assets were, and how encumbered his property was.’ No further elucidation, however, has been made since Lipsius. Mommsen failed to record this passage in his Staatsrecht and Strafrecht, and, as far as we know, no monograph on Roman criminal law mentions the passage of Seneca.
An introduction to the physics of the Coulomb logarithm, with emphasis on quantum-mechanical effects
Authors: Krommes J. A.
Published: January 2019

An introduction to the physical interpretation of the Coulomb logarithm is given with particular emphasis on the quantum-mechanical corrections that are required at high temperatures. Excerpts from the literature are used to emphasize the historical understanding of the topic, which emerged more than a half-century ago. Several misinterpretations are noted. Quantum-mechanical effects are related to diffraction by scales of the order of the Debye screening length; they are not due to quantum uncertainty related to the much smaller distance of closest approach.
Behavior is sensible but not globally optimal: Seeking common ground in the optimality debate
Authors: Rahnev Dobromir , Denison Rachel N.
Published: January 2019

The disagreements among commentators may appear substantial, but much of the debate seems to stem from inconsistent use of the term optimality. Optimality can be used to indicate sensible behavior (adapted to the environment), globally optimal behavior (fully predicted from optimality considerations alone), locally optimal behavior (conforming to a specific model), and optimality as an empirical strategy (a tool for studying behavior). Distinguishing among these different concepts uncovers considerable common ground in the optimality debate.
Health Care Provider Experiences of and Perspectives on Medical Assistance in Dying: A Scoping Review of Qualitative Studies
Authors: Brooks Laura
Published: January 2019

Une grande partie des écrits sur l’aide médicale à mourir (AMM) qui traite de la perspective des prestataires de soins de santé est centrée sur le rôle des médecins, et le point de vue des infirmières n’est exprimé que dans quelques-uns d’entre eux. Toutefois, quelques provinces canadiennes ont mis en œuvre des approches multidisciplinaires pour l’AMM. Il serait donc important de mieux comprendre l’expérience des divers prestataires de soins de santé impliqués dans l’AMM, considérant que les plans provinciaux liés à l’AMM sont encore en élaboration. Cet examen de la portée a pour but de résumer les publications qualitatives existantes axées sur l’expérience des prestataires de soins dans l’AMM. Les thèmes clés retrouvés dans ces publications concernent la complexité du processus d’AMM, l’importance des relations et de la communication, les rôles et dynamiques interprofessionnels et le processus d’adaptation. Les résultats de cet examen de la portée démontrent la nécessité de poursuivre la recherche sur les expériences des divers prestataires de l’AMM, particulièrement dans le contexte canadien.
Applying dialectical behaviour therapy to structural and internalized stigma with LGBTQ+ clients
Authors: Skerven Kim , Whicker Dane R. , LeMaire Kelly L.
Published: January 2019

Delivering research-supported intervention is increasingly important, given the growing emphasis on evidence-based practice in mental health treatment. When working with clients who hold marginalized identities, however, therapists may have questions about how to best tailor interventions, as treatments may not yet have demonstrated efficacy with under-represented populations. This paper describes potential strategies for using dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) skills to help LGBTQ+ clients, guided by a theoretical model for understanding sexual stigma. Joining these two paradigms, suggestions are made for applications of skills that can help LGBTQ+ clients who are in DBT effectively interact with invalidating environments characterized by structural stigma. DBT-based strategies aimed at buffering clients from environmental invalidation and enhancing their skills in self-validation can help provide them with pathways towards affirming their own sexual orientation and gender identity. Examples from clinical cases are used to enhance understanding of skills application in practice.
Religious Individualism and Moral Progressivism: How Source of Religious Authority Is Related to Attitudes About Abortion, Same-Sex Marriage, Divorce, and Premarital Sex
Authors: Uecker Jeremy E. , Froese Paul
Published: January 2019

Many hypothesize that religious individualism is associated with progressive moral attitudes. Our analysis of data from US adults from the fourth wave of the Baylor Religion Survey finds that those who navigate moral conjunctures as religious individualists, knowing what God wants them to do “in their hearts” or through “human reason,” are more likely than those who draw on institutional religious sources of authority, like the Bible or religious teachings, to express progressive attitudes on issues of same-sex marriage, divorce, and premarital sex, but not abortion. Our findings indicate that perceived sources of moral authority further explain differences in moral attitudes within the population of religious decision-makers, specifically with regard to issues that are culturally in flux. This supports the idea that religious individualism, even among religious individuals and within religiously conservative traditions, makes people more accepting of contemporary cultural trends in morality.
Investigation on the effects of resistive loading on wrapped bow-tie antennas
Authors: Lee Doojin , Shaker George , Melek William
Published: January 2019

The pulse radiating characteristic of a wrapped bow-tie antenna (WBA) and wrapped resistively loaded bow-tie antenna (WRLBA) is presented for impulse radar applications in this paper. The numerical analysis of the WRLBA is performed by comparing that of the WBA. The wrapped antennas are realized on a flexible substrate. The antennas are fed by an impedance tapered balun, which has an overall transmission loss of −1.4 dB over the balun length. The characteristics of the resistive loading to the wrapped antenna, such as reflection coefficient, reflected pulse in the time domain, voltage standing wave ratio, and input impedance, are experimentally investigated and compared with simulated results. The fidelity factor of the radiated electric field on the boresight direction for the WBA and WRLBA is calculated as 0.82 and 0.96, respectively. The wireless communication ability is evaluated by the transmission coefficient, group delay, boresight gain, and received waveform. The calculated fidelity factor of the received waveform for the WBA and WRLBA is 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The average and variations of the group delay of both wrapped antennas are observed to be around 2.5 ns and less than 1.5 ns, respectively.
Recent Canadian efforts to develop population-level pregnancy intervention studies to mitigate effects of natural disasters and other tragedies
Authors: Olson D. M. , Brémault-Phillips S. , King S. , Metz G. A.S. , Montesanti S. , Olson J. K. , Hyde A. , Pike A. , Hoover T. , Linder R. , Joggerst B. , Watts R.
Published: January 2019

The preconception, pregnancy and immediate postpartum and newborn periods are times for mothers and their offspring when they are especially vulnerable to major stressors – those that are sudden and unexpected and those that are chronic. Their adverse effects can transcend generations. Stressors can include natural disasters or political stressors such as conflict and/or migration. Considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating the adverse effects of natural disasters on pregnancy outcomes and developmental trajectories. However, beyond tracking outcomes, the time has arrived for gathering more information related to identifying mechanisms, predicting risk and developing stress-reducing and resilience-building interventions to improve outcomes. Further, we need to learn how to encapsulate both the quantitative and qualitative information available and share it with communities and authorities to mitigate the adverse developmental effects of future disasters, conflicts and migrations. This article briefly reviews prenatal maternal stress and identifies three contemporary situations (wildfire in Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada; hurricane Harvey in Houston, USA and transgenerational and migrant stress in Pforzheim, Germany) where current studies are being established by Canadian investigators to test an intervention. The experiences from these efforts are related along with attempts to involve communities in the studies and share the new knowledge to plan for future disasters or tragedies.
Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) Control as Affected by Application Timing of Glufosinate Applied Alone or Mixed with Graminicides
Authors: Eytcheson Amber N. , Reynolds Daniel B.
Published: January 2019

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the antagonism potential of glufosinate applied sequentially or mixed with graminicides on barnyardgrass control. Applications of glufosinate alone provided variable control throughout the growing season in both field and greenhouse experiments. In the field, barnyardgrass control was not adversely affected by glufosinate- and clethodim-mix applications or sequential applications of glufosinate before or after clethodim. Soybean yield was not affected by application timing or clethodim rate, with yield ranging from 1,748 to 2,733 kg ha−1. In the greenhouse, glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d before graminicides generally reduced barnyardgrass control compared with the graminicides applied alone. The response with quizalofop-P was not as dramatic as with the other graminicides. Although significant visual barnyardgrass control differences were detected due to application timing of glufosinate, barnyardgrass biomass with fluazifop-P and quizalofop-P did not differ between the application timings of glufosinate. However, glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d before clethodim had significantly greater biomass compared with glufosinate applied 1 and 3 d after clethodim. The differences in environmental conditions and growth stages at the time of application may have contributed to barnyardgrass control response differences between the field and greenhouse experiments. Although barnyardgrass control in the field was not affected by glufosinate application timing, data from the greenhouse indicate potential exists for reduced control if glufosinate is applied 1 or 3 d before graminicides.
Understanding the Long-Term Weed Community Dynamics in Organic and Conventional Crop Rotations Using the Principal Response Curve Method
Authors: Benaragama Dilshan , Leeson Julia L. , Shirtliffe Steve J.
Published: January 2019

Weeds have acquired evolutionary adaptations to the diverse crop and weed management strategies used in cropping systems. Therefore, changes in crop production practices such as conventional to organic systems, tillage-based to no-till systems, and diversity in crop rotations can result in differences in weed community composition that have management implications. A study was carried out to understand the weed community dynamics in a long-term alternative cropping systems study at Scott, SK, Canada. Long-term (18-yr) weed community composition data in wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) in ORG (organic), RED (reduced-input, no-till), and HIGH (high-input, conventional tillage) systems with three levels of crop rotation diversity, LOW (low diversity), DAG (diversified annual grains), and DAP (diversified annuals and perennials), were used to study the effect of different cropping systems and the effect of environment (random temporal effects) on residual weed community composition using the principal response curve (PRC) technique. The interaction between cropping systems and year-to-year random environmental changes was found to be the predominant factor causing fluctuations in weed community composition. Furthermore, the single most predominant factor influencing the weed composition was year-to-year random changes. Organic systems clearly differed from the two conventional systems in most years and had more diverse weed communities compared with the two conventional systems. The two conventional systems exhibited similar weed composition in most years. In this study, the use of the PRC method allowed capture of the real temporal dynamics reflected in the cropping systems by time interaction. This study further concludes that moving from a tillage-based, high-input conventional system to a no-till, reduced-input system did not cause significant changes in the weed community composition throughout the time period, but diversity in organic systems was high, probably due to increased occurrence of some difficult to control species.
Observations of Flux Ropes With Strong Energy Dissipation in the Magnetotail
Authors: Huang S. Y. , Jiang K. , Yuan Z. G. , Zhou M. , Sahraoui F. , Fu H. S. , Deng X. H. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Yu X. D. , He L. H. , Deng D. , Pollock C. J. , Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L.
Published: January 2019

An ion‐scale flux rope (FR), embedded in a high‐speed electron flow (possibly an electron vortex), is investigated in the magnetotail using observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft. Intense electric field and current and abundant waves are observed in the exterior and interior regions of the FR. Comparable parallel and perpendicular currents in the interior region imply that the FR has a non‐force‐free configuration. Electron demagnetization occurs in some subregions of the FR. It is surprising that strong dissipation (J × E' up to 2,000 pW/m3) occurs in the center of the FR without signatures of secondary reconnection or coalescence of two FRs, implying that FR may provide another important channel for energy dissipation in space plasmas. These features indicate that the observed FR is still highly dynamical, and hosts multiscale coupling processes, even though the FR has a very large scale and is far away from the reconnection site.
Ensemble Shear Strength, Stability, and Permeability of Mixed Mineralogy Fault Gouge Recovered From 3D Granular Models
Authors: Wang Chaoyi , Elsworth Derek , Fang Yi
Published: January 2019

We conduct numerical shear experiments on mixtures of quartz and talc gouge using a three‐dimensional (3D) distinct element model. A modified slip‐weakening constitutive law is applied at contacts. We perform velocity‐stepping experiments on both uniform and layered mixtures of quartz and talc analogs. We separately vary the proportion of talc in the uniform mixtures and talc layer thickness in the layered mixtures. Shear displacements are cycled through velocities of 1 and 10 μm/s. We follow the resulting evolution of ensemble shear strength, slip stability, and permeability of the gouge mixture and explore the mesoscopic mechanisms. Simulation results show that talc has a strong weakening effect on shear strength—a thin shear‐parallel layer of talc (three particles wide) can induce significant weakening. However, the model offsets laboratory‐derived strong weakening effects of talc observed in uniform mixtures, implying the governing mechanisms may be the shear localization effect of talc, which is enhanced by its natural platy shape or preimposed layered structure. Ensemble stability (a − b) can be enhanced by increasing talc content in uniform talc‐quartz mixtures. Reactivation‐induced permeability increase is amplified with increased quartz content before the maturation of shear localization. Postmaturation permeability enhances on velocity upsteps and diminishes on velocity downsteps. Talc enhances compaction at velocity downsteps, potentially reducing fault permeability. Evolution trends of stability relating to the composition and structure of the fault gouge are straightforwardly obtained from the 3D simulation. Local friction evolution indicates that talc preferentially organizes and localizes in the shear zone, dominating the shear strength and frictional stability of faults.
Teleseismic Waveform Complexities Caused by Near Trench Structures and Their Impacts on Earthquake Source Study: Application to the 2015 Illapel Aftershocks (Central Chile)
Authors: Qian Yunyi , Wei Shengji , Wu Wenbo , Zeng Hongyu , Coudurier‐Curveur Aurélie , Ni Sidao
Published: January 2019

The complex near trench velocity structures, characterized by strongly varying bathymetry along with seawater, can produce substantial waveform complexities for near trench earthquakes, which makes it difficult to study earthquake source parameters through waveform modeling/inversion. Here we explore these wavefield complexities via modeling teleseismic records of a Mw6.6 near coast event and a Mw6.8 near trench event in the 2015 Illapel earthquake sequence. For the near coast event, the waveforms of direct P waves at teleseismic/diffracted distances are simple, and we obtain consistent source parameters between 1D regional and teleseismic waveform inversions. In contrast, the near trench event produces stronger and longer P coda waves (>100 s), resulting in many dramatic discrepancies between the regional and teleseismic inversions, in particular for the centroid depth. We adopt a spectral element method‐direct solution method hybrid approach to simulate synthetics with the complex source‐side 3‐D structures (bathymetry and water layer in this case) and investigate their roles in the genesis of strong P coda waves. Compared with the 1‐ and 2‐D synthetics, the 3‐D synthetics significantly improve the waveform fits up to 0.1 Hz when the source is placed at the preferred horizontal (~30 km from the trench axis) and vertical (~5 km beneath the ocean bottom) location. The refined location of the earthquake indicates that the plate interface is probably locked at very shallow depths and capable of nucleating strong earthquakes. We highlight the need for considering near trench 3‐D structures in seismic waveform analysis of near trench earthquakes, many of which are tsunamigenic.
Earthquake Focal Mechanisms and Stress Field for the Intermediate‐Depth Cauca Cluster, Colombia
Authors: Chang Y. , Warren L. M. , Zhu L. , Prieto G. A.
Published: January 2019

Beneath southwestern Colombia, intermediate‐depth earthquakes in the Cauca cluster locate in the subducting Nazca plate and in two columns extending ~40‐km into the mantle wedge above the slab. To investigate the cluster, we determine focal mechanisms for 69 small‐to‐moderate‐sized (2.3 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.7) earthquakes in the cluster by fitting short‐period body wave waveforms using the cut‐and‐paste method. The focal mechanisms have various faulting types and variably oriented nodal planes. We invert the focal mechanisms of the intraslab earthquakes for the intraslab stress field but cannot fit the region with a homogeneous stress tensor. We find that the principal stress axes rotate with the slab geometry, which has a concave shape and increases in dip angle from north to south. The northern region has slab normal compression and similar‐magnitude maximum and intermediate principal stresses. The minimum stress axis is oriented ~41° counterclockwise from the downdip direction. In the steeper southern region, the intermediate stress axis orients in the downdip direction. Deviation from a typical downdip extensional stress field may result from a buoyant young slab, an eastward mantle flow push, and/or along‐strike compression from the concave shape of the slab. This stress field would allow slip along preexisting faults of various orientations, such as the trench‐perpendicular seafloor features presently observed offshore, and contribute to the apparent heterogeneity of the intraslab stress field. The mantle wedge earthquakes also have various focal mechanisms but tend to have a subvertical nodal plane that aligns with the earthquake locations.
Tide Gauge Records Show That the 18.61‐Year Nodal Tidal Cycle Can Change High Water Levels by up to 30 cm
Authors: Peng Dongju , Hill Emma M. , Meltzner Aron J. , Switzer Adam D.
Published: January 2019

The lunar nodal cycle, produced by the varying declination of the Moon over a period of 18.61 years, drives changes in tidal amplitude globally. However, constraining the range of changes in tidal amplitude that can be expected over a nodal cycle from real observations is rarely considered for coastal hazard planning. In this study, we use hourly tide gauge observations with record lengths >19 years from 574 stations distributed worldwide to examine the contribution of the nodal modulation to monthly high water levels. Our results show that the influence of the lunar nodal cycle on high water levels is largest at tide gauge stations located in the Gulf of Tonkin, English Channel, and Bristol Channel, amounting up to 30 cm in range, suggesting that in the coming decades the impact of the nodal cycle on high water levels in those regions could be greater than that of global mean sea level rise, which is up to 17 cm by 2030, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change fifth assessment report projections. We also examine the phase of nodal modulation and show that the estimated phases exhibit two clusters: one cluster (111° ± 10°) corresponds with the locations having a diurnal form of tides, whereas the other cluster (−59° ± 11°) corresponds with the locations exhibiting a semidiurnal form of tides. Nodal modulation in the diurnal and semidiurnal locations will peak again in 2025 and 2034, respectively, resulting in enhanced potential for coastal hazard in the respective regions.
Tropical Oceanic Thunderstorms Near Kwajalein and the Roles of Evolution, Organization, and Forcing in Their Electrification
Authors: Bang Sarah D. , Zipser Edward J.
Published: January 2019

We explore the physical reasons behind the pronounced contrast in the probability of lightning over land and ocean. For decades, from a multitude of platforms, it has been observed that lightning is much rarer over the ocean, and throughout the literature, many have offered physical and environmental hypotheses to explain this dichotomy. Focusing on the tropical oceans, we apply a new ground‐based approach using feature tracking software to radar data from the Kwajalein atoll in the tropical west Pacific Ocean. As seen in satellite‐based approaches in the same region, features with lightning tend to be much larger and persist much longer than those without. Lightning occurs on average 40 min into the tracked life cycle of the features. Within those 40 min, features with lightning exhibit rapid development of layers of high radar reflectivity at and above the freezing level, as would be consistent with electrification. Traditional environmental parameters, such as convective available potential energy or total column water vapor, show only weak relationships to the probability of the features to develop lightning or to grow to large sizes, until the probabilities are examined on daily time scales and on larger (synoptic) spatial scales. We present an environmental and evolutionary case study over Kwajalein, and within a longer time frame and within a synoptic forcing context, convective organization appears to play a role in the development of deep oceanic precipitating features and their tendency to become sufficiently strong as to develop lightning.
Quantifying the Clear‐Sky Bias of Satellite Land Surface Temperature Using Microwave‐Based Estimates
Authors: Ermida Sofia L. , Trigo Isabel F. , DaCamara Carlos C. , Jiménez Carlos , Prigent Catherine
Published: January 2019

Most available long‐term databases of land surface temperature (LST) derived from space‐borne sensors rely on infrared observations and are therefore restricted to clear‐sky conditions. Hence, studies based on such data sets may not be representative of all‐weather conditions and may be considered as “biased” toward clear sky. An assessment of the impact of this restriction is made using 3 years of LST derived from passive microwave observations that are not affected by most clouds. A systematic analysis in space and time is performed of the “clear‐sky bias,” defined as the difference between average clear‐sky and average all‐weather LSTs. The amplitude of the bias is closely related to the fraction of clear‐sky days, and therefore, arid regions are associated to very low values of bias whereas midlatitudes present the highest values. During daytime, the input of solar radiation for clear‐sky situations leads to higher LST values, and therefore, the bias is generally positive (e.g., 2–8 K over the midlatitudes) whereas, during nighttime, the bias is generally negative although with lower amplitude (around −2 K), because of the increased radiative cooling for clear‐sky situations. The clear‐, cloudy‐, and all‐sky LSTs are also compared with near‐surface air temperature. Although LST is generally higher than air temperature, the contrast between the two may be strongly influenced by local weather conditions. Both the clear‐sky bias and differences between LST and air temperature are also analyzed at the local scale taking into account the predominant cloud regime.
Spectral Properties of Chloride Salt‐Bearing Assemblages: Implications for Detection Limits of Minor Phases in Chloride‐Bearing Deposits on Mars
Authors: Ye Cheng , Glotch Timothy D.
Published: January 2019

Chloride salt‐bearing deposits have been identified throughout the southern highlands of Mars and have been suggested to be two component mixtures of anhydrous chloride salt and regional basaltic regolith. On Earth, chlorides typically occur as evaporite salts associated with other evaporite minerals such as carbonate and sulfate, and chemical weathering products like clays. In this laboratory study, we document the visible/near‐infrared reflectance and midinfrared emissivity spectral characteristics of a series of chloride salt‐bearing mineral assemblages. Our data show that the spectral features of various powder mixtures change systematically with variable additional mineral concentrations and particle sizes. Specifically, small amounts of calcite, gypsum, or nontronite have a relatively large effect on the bulk spectral properties of halite/labradorite mixtures making them easily distinguishable from two‐component halite/labradorite mixtures. This fundamental laboratory work suggests that additional minor phases could only be present at no more than 1–5 wt% in Martian chloride salt‐bearing deposits.
HILDCAA‐Related GIC and Possible Corrosion Hazard in Underground Pipelines: A Comparison Based on Wavelet Transform
Authors: Khanal Krishna , Adhikari Binod , Chapagain Narayan P. , Bhattarai Binod
Published: January 2019

High‐intensity long‐duration continuous auroral electrojet activities (HILDCAAs) are recognized as the continuous (duration >2 days) auroral electrojet activities (AE > 1,000 nT) caused by interplanetary Alfvén waves driving magnetic reconnection at the Earth's magnetopause. This paper focuses on the study of geoeffectiveness of HILDCAA on the basis of associated geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) and pipe‐to‐soil voltage (PSV) observed in an underground pipeline at Finnish Natural Gas Station, Mäntsälä. In this study, 113 HILDCAAs with different interplanetary sources (72 corotating interaction region‐storm preceded, 29 interplanetary coronal mass ejection‐storm preceded, and 12 nonstorm) have been selected and their possible contributions in underground pipeline corrosion have been quantitatively compared by assessing GIC/PSV profiles for each of these events. In addition, the spectral characteristics of GIC during these events have been studied using continuous wavelet transforms. The Morlet wavelet has been applied to 10‐s modeled GIC data corresponding to each event to explore the main band structures and the periodicities found in GIC spectrum. GIC/PSV modeling is based on plane wave method and distributed source transmission line analogy between pipelines and electric circuits. HILDCAAs are found to drive a small‐amplitude, but continuous, fluctuation in GIC throughout the event duration of several days. This makes the cumulative effect of HILDCAAs in pipeline corrosion noteworthy. The spectral analysis shows that GIC possesses both short‐term, as well as continuous, power distribution with different periodicities. CIR‐preceded HILDCAAs are found to be more geoeffective while taking associated GIC and PSV into account. Possible physical explanations supporting the results have been presented.
Attitudes toward genomic tumor profiling tests in Japan: patients, family members, and the public
Authors: Nagai Akiko , Ri Izen , Muto Kaori
Published: January 2019

Genomic tumor profiling tests (GTPTs) to find molecular targeted drugs for patients with advanced cancer are being introduced into clinical settings, which may result in secondary germline findings. Although small-scale qualitative studies have revealed patients’ attitudes toward GTPTs and preferences on receiving germline findings, no large-scale quantitative research exists that includes family members. We conducted anonymous surveys with 757 cancer patients (CPs), 763 family members (FMs), and 3697 general adults (GAs) in Japan. Awareness of GTPTs was low in all groups, however, both CPs and FMs showed a higher degree of recognition in the benefits of GTPTs. FMs wanted information on germline findings to be shared more than the CPs. Since advanced CPs may have psychological burdens that make it difficult to express their opinions on their therapeutic options and sharing germline findings, GTPTs should be offered with advanced care planning for patients.
A transgenerational toxicokinetic model and its use in derivation of Minnesota PFOA water guidance
Authors: Goeden Helen M. , Greene Christopher W. , Jacobus James A.
Published: January 2019

Minnesota has been grappling with extensive per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) groundwater contamination since 2002, in a major metropolitan setting. As toxicological information has accumulated for these substances, the public health community has become increasingly aware of critically sensitive populations. The accumulation of some PFAS in women of childbearing age, and the placental and breastmilk transfer to their offspring, require new risk assessment methods to protect public health. The traditional water guidance paradigm is inadequate to address maternal-to-infant transfer of accumulated levels of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), in particular. Even short exposures during infancy have dramatic impacts on serum levels for many years. In addition, developmental effects are the critical effects anchoring recent risk assessments. In response, the Minnesota Department of Health created an Excel-based model that incorporates chemical-specific properties and exposure parameters for early life stages. Serum levels were assessed in both formula-fed and breastfed infants, with placental transfer in both scenarios. Peak breastfed infant serum levels were 4.4-fold higher than in formula-fed infants, with both of these scenarios producing serum levels in excess of the adult steady-state level. The development and application of this model to PFOA are described.
Correction: SSRIs target prefrontal to raphe circuits during development modulating synaptic connectivity and emotional behavior
Authors: Soiza-Reilly M. , Meye F. J. , Olusakin J. , Telley L. , Petit E. , Chen X. , Mameli M. , Jabaudon D. , Sze J.-Y. , Gaspar P.
Published: January 2019

This article was originally published under standard licence, but has now been made available under a [CC BY 4.0] license. The PDF and HTML versions of the paper have been modified accordingly.
miR-1254 inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by down-regulating Smurf1 in gastric cancer
Authors: Jiang Mingkun , Shi Liang , Yang Chao , Ge Yugang , Lin Linling , Fan Hao , He Yu , Zhang Diancai , Miao Yongchang , Yang Li
Published: January 2019

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent malignancies, and increasing evidence supports the contribution of microRNA (miRNAs) to cancer progression. miR-1254 has been confirmed to participate in the regulation of various cancers, while the function of miR-1254 in GC remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-1254 in GC. The expression of miR-1254 was detected in human GC specimens and cell lines by miRNA RT-PCR. The effects of miR-1254 on GC proliferation were determined by CCK-8 proliferation assays, colony formation assays, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, and cell-cycle assays. The ability of migration and invasion was examined by transwell and wound-healing assay. Dual Luciferase reporter assay was used to validate the interaction of miR-1254 with its target gene. The xenograft mouse models were conducted to investigate the effects of miR-1254 in vivo. The signaling pathways and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins were detected with western blot. The results showed that miR-1254 inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and suppressed tumorigenesis in vivo. Smurf1 was shown to be the direct target of miR-1254. Overexpressing Smurf1 could partially counteract the effects caused by miR-1254. Similarly, the effects of the miR-1254-inhibitor were also rescued by Smurf1-shRNA. Furthermore, we found that miR-1254 inhibited EMT and decreased the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through downregulating Smurf1. In summary, overexpression of miR-1254 could suppress proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT via PI3K/AKT signaling pathways by downregulation of Smurf1 in GC, which suggests a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Newly manufactured Marukome MK-34-1 miso with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity and its antihypertensive effects in genetic hypertensive rat models
Authors: Tomari Hiroe Sakuyama , Uchikawa Misa , Yamazaki Aki , Hirabayashi Satomi , Yamakawa Shoko , Kitagawa Manabu , Yamada Minami , Itou Seiki , Yamamoto Tetsuro , Uehara Yoshio
Published: January 2019

We newly manufactured miso rich in angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity (Marukome MK-34-1, shinki miso) and investigated its antihypertensive properties in rat models of genetic hypertension. ACE inhibitory activity was tenfold higher in shinki miso than in commercially available Marukome Nenrin miso (nenrin miso). The inhibitory activity of shinki miso was confined to <3 kDa fractions and was detected in several fractions with high polarity by C18 high-performance liquid chromatography. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) increased age-dependently in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP/Izm) given a 0.6% (w/v) NaCl solution (salt solution group) that matched the salt content of the miso solutions. This SBP increase was attenuated in both the 5% nenrin and 5% shinki miso solution groups compared to the salt solution group. The reduction in SBP was greater in rats fed shinki than in rats fed nenrin miso. Similarly, in a salt-induced hypertension model with Dahl rats, the 5% nenrin miso solution attenuated the rising SBP observed in the salt solution group. Moreover, combining 5% nenrin miso with 5% shinki miso (2:1, v/v) (awase miso group) significantly decreased the SBP per gram salt intake by 8% compared with the nenrin miso treatment. However, there were no differences in urinary Na excretion between the nenrin and awase miso groups. In conclusion, we produced a new miso with potent ACE inhibitory activity that reduced spontaneous and salt-induced hypertension. These results suggest that salt sensitivity is decreased by the addition of shinki miso to nenrin miso.
How lasing happens in CsPbBr3 perovskite nanowires
Authors: Schlaus Andrew P. , Spencer Michael S. , Miyata Kiyoshi , Liu Fang , Wang Xiaoxia , Datta Ipshita , Lipson Michal , Pan Anlian , Zhu X.-Y.
Published: January 2019

Lead halide perovskites are emerging as an excellent material platform for optoelectronic processes. There have been extensive discussions on lasing, polariton formation, and nonlinear processes in this material system, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here we probe lasing from CsPbBr3 perovskite nanowires with picosecond (ps) time resolution and show that lasing originates from stimulated emission of an electron-hole plasma. We observe an anomalous blue-shifting of the lasing gain profile with time up to 25 ps, and assign this as a signature for lasing involving plasmon emission. The time domain view provides an ultra-sensitive probe of many-body physics which was obscured in previous time-integrated measurements of lasing from lead halide perovskite nanowires.
The cell cycle regulator GpsB functions as cytosolic adaptor for multiple cell wall enzymes
Authors: Cleverley Robert M. , Rutter Zoe J. , Rismondo Jeanine , Corona Federico , Tsui Ho-Ching Tiffany , Alatawi Fuad A. , Daniel Richard A. , Halbedel Sven , Massidda Orietta , Winkler Malcolm E. , Lewis Richard J.
Published: January 2019

Bacterial growth and cell division requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of the synthesis and remodelling of the peptidoglycan layer that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane. GpsB is a cytosolic protein that affects cell wall synthesis by binding cytoplasmic mini-domains of peptidoglycan synthases to ensure their correct subcellular localisation. Here, we describe critical structural features for the interaction of GpsB with peptidoglycan synthases from three bacterial species (Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and suggest their importance for cell wall growth and viability in L. monocytogenes and S. pneumoniae. We use these structural motifs to identify novel partners of GpsB in B. subtilis and extend the members of the GpsB interactome in all three bacterial species. Our results support that GpsB functions as an adaptor protein that mediates the interaction between membrane proteins, scaffolding proteins, signalling proteins and enzymes to generate larger protein complexes at specific sites in a bacterial cell cycle-dependent manner.
AXL confers intrinsic resistance to osimertinib and advances the emergence of tolerant cells
Authors: Taniguchi Hirokazu , Yamada Tadaaki , Wang Rong , Tanimura Keiko , Adachi Yuta , Nishiyama Akihiro , Tanimoto Azusa , Takeuchi Shinji , Araujo Luiz H. , Boroni Mariana , Yoshimura Akihiro , Shiotsu Shinsuke , Matsumoto Isao , Watanabe Satoshi , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Miura Satoru , Tanaka Hiroshi , Kitazaki Takeshi , Yamaguchi Hiroyuki , Mukae Hiroshi , Uchino Junji , Uehara Hisanori , Takayama Koichi , Yano Seiji
Published: January 2019

A novel EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), osimertinib, has marked efficacy in patients with EGFR-mutated lung cancer. However, some patients show intrinsic resistance and an insufficient response to osimertinib. This study showed that osimertinib stimulated AXL by inhibiting a negative feedback loop. Activated AXL was associated with EGFR and HER3 in maintaining cell survival and inducing the emergence of cells tolerant to osimertinib. AXL inhibition reduced the viability of EGFR-mutated lung cancer cells overexpressing AXL that were exposed to osimertinib. The addition of an AXL inhibitor during either the initial or tolerant phases reduced tumor size and delayed tumor re-growth compared to osimertinib alone. AXL was highly expressed in clinical specimens of EGFR-mutated lung cancers and its high expression was associated with a low response rate to EGFR-TKI. These results indicated pivotal roles for AXL and its inhibition in the intrinsic resistance to osimertinib and the emergence of osimertinib-tolerant cells.