bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a Notion of Home Culture: science education in the home
Authors: Solomon Joan
Published: June 2007

This paper begins by picking out from the literature on home influence on education some of the unexplained effects, such as ‘parental aspiration’ and some of the unexplored notions such as ‘home school partnership’. The bulk of the paper makes reference to a project in which very simple science activities were given out by the teacher at school to be performed at home by the primary pupils with their families. Data were obtained by visiting homes where the activities were carried out, both while they were going on and at the end of the year. Recordings from these showed that the activities, the conceptualisations of science and of education, were different in every home, yet linked to a web of meanings and intentions already existent in the home. Discussion on this general conclusion is related both to the concept of local culture, and to the possibility of an underlying theory of interaction between home and school strong enough to explain and predict possible outcomes of home/school links.
What is behind Saturn's Rings?: methodological problems in the investigation of gender and race in the academic profession
Authors: Heward Christine , Taylor Paul , Vickers Rhiannon
Published: June 2007

This paper assesses a small‐scale study designed to illuminate the hitherto hidden processes underlying the underrepresentation of women and members of minority ethnic groups in the academic profession. Previous studies of the academic profession point to the importance of academic power and the significance of ‘gatekeepers’ controlling the careers of aspirants in particular subject communities. These studies have begun to acknowledge gender issues while race continues to be ignored. The purposes of the study were firstly to elucidate possible directions for further investigation and secondly to develop and test conceptual and methodological tools. The investigation concentrated on routes to power in the academic profession, especially the informal and hidden processes of racial and gender differentiation. Power in the academic profession is the ability to judge the academic merit of intellectual output of aspirants and thereby control their careers. The study documented the importance of subject communities and their implicit values and assumptions—Bourdieu ‘s notion of the habitus. It showed the importance of judgements of academic merit at the very earliest stages of careers for racial and gender differentiation within the profession. Members of minority ethnic groups remained invisible to this investigation. Explicating the processes by which they are eliminated from the profession remains a most important and intractable problem in need of urgent theorising and investigation. The peculiarly gendered characteristics of the ‘habitus’ in science and the differences between the new and the old universities also remain invisible, hidden by Saturn's rings.
the Similarity of States: Using S to Compute Dyadic Interest Similarity
Authors: Sweeney Kevin , Keshk Omar M.G.
Published: June 2007

Several leading international relations theories argue that the degree of interest similarity is an important determinant of dyadic conflict and cooperation. Empirical scholars have long wrestled with operationalizing and measuring this central, yet elusive, concept. Signorino and Ritter's (1999) S algorithm, combined with multiple data sources, provides an attractive solution to this problem. To date, however, many scholars have failed to take full advantage of this solution. In this research note we examine the properties of S via simulation and with real data sources, highlighting its virtues and potential limitations. In particular, we stress the need to include multiple data sources in the computation and provide scholars with an easy-to-use tool to greatly simplify this task.
Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans from Adolescence to Young Adulthood: Associations with Dependence on Alcohol and Illegal Drugs
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Balka Elinor B. , Ning Yuming , Brook David W.
Published: June 2007

This study predicts that heterogeneous smoking trajectories covering four time points pose differential risks for dependence on alcohol and illegal drugs in young adulthood in an African American and Puerto Rican community sample (N = 475). The trajectory analysis yielded four smoking groups: nonsmokers, maturing out smokers, late‐starting smokers, and early‐starting continuous smokers. The early starting continuous group was more likely to become both alcohol‐ and drug‐dependent in young adulthood than the other groups. Late‐starting smokers were at higher risk than nonsmokers for drug dependence. Interventions are necessary from preadolescence through late adolescence to reduce the numbers of early and late smokers and their specific risks for substance dependence.
Effects of construction work on crane flies (Diptera: Tipulidae) in the middle reaches of the River Shinano in Central Japan
Authors: Hirabayashi K. , Fukunaga Y. , Tukada K. , Kimura G. , Mishima T.
Published: June 2007

A large bank-protection works project undertaken during winter (from late October 2001, to late March 2002) in the middle reaches of the River Shinano, Japan's longest river, drastically altered the riverbed structure. To assess the effect of the project on the river's crane flies, we collected larvae and pupae with a Surber sampler in the construction area and in a control area from April to June, 2002. We also collected crane fly adults with light traps around the construction area from April to July of 2000, 2001 and 2002, as background information for the effects portion of this study. As a result, we described a total of 31 newly recorded crane fly species in the middle reaches of the River Shinano. In all three years of study, the sex ratio for all taxa combined was 74.8 to 75.5 percent males. Antocha was the dominant taxon, Antocha (Antocha) bifida was the dominant species, and its abundance did not differ significantly among years. The age structure of the Antocha bifida larval population changed in the construction area following construction, but not in the control area. Our data suggest that the bank-protection project significantly affected the Antocha bifida larval population in the study area.
‘In my agency it's very clear – but I can't tell you what it is’: Work settings and ethical challenges
Authors: Brown Alison P.
Published: June 2007

This study aims to increase our understanding of how counsellors experience ethical and legal challenges in their work. Counsellors (n=20) from a variety of backgrounds and working in a range of settings, took part in the study. Interviews focused on the experience of risks of harm, requests for information, record keeping; and the sources of knowledge and expertise on which practitioners drew. The study found that in responding to ethical and legal challenges, practitioners are engaged in a process of negotiation between the inner and outer worlds of the client, the agency, society and themselves. Regardless of theoretical orientation, those in private practice have greater freedom from the constraints of the outer worlds than those in agencies. Areas of particular concern included child protection, multi‐agency working, and relationships with other practitioners.
The Political Construction of the ‘Whole Curriculum’
Authors: Crawford Keith
Published: June 2007

This article focuses upon the conflicts which emerged between powerful interest groups in determining the shape of the curriculum during 1988 and 1989. It explores the ideological and political processes of developing what became known as the ‘whole curriculum’, that is, the ‘basic curriculum’ of the National Curriculum and religious education, and the cross‐curricular themes, skills and dimensions. Specifically, it explores the micro‐political educational and bureaucratic tensions between politicians, Department of Education and Science civil servants and National Curriculum Council professional officers within what have been called the ‘context to influence’ and the ‘context of text production’.
Drug use functions predict cocaine‐related problems in young people
Authors: BOYS ANNABEL , MARSDEN JOHN , GRIFFITHS PAUL , STRANG JOHN
Published: June 2007

Over the last decade, concern about young people and stimulant drugs has primarily focused on the use of amphetamines and ecstasy. In the United Kingdom, this concern has recently expanded to include the use of cocaine hydrochloride (powder cocaine). This study examined patterns of illicit substance use, with a particular focus on cocaine consumption, among a sample of 364 young drug users aged between 16 and 22 years. The sample was recruited using snowballing methods and respondents were interviewed in informal settings by peer interviewers. Over half the sample reported lifetime use of powder cocaine and just over 40% of these had used crack cocaine. A seven‐item scale was used to measure cocaine‐related problems. The three most common problems endorsed by the cocaine users were impaired control, ‘prioritizing spending money on cocaine over other things’ and being pre‐occupied with using. In a multiple regression analysis, 50% of the variance in cocaine‐related problem scores was predicted by the perceived functions for cocaine use, the number of times of lifetime cocaine use and the total number of days of recent stimulant use. Use of cocaine to alleviate depressed state or negative mood was the most powerful predictor of cocaine problems. The inclusion of a functional appraisal component could be usefully incorporated in further research studies and in service assessment protocols for young people.
The effects of the Cannabis Expiation Notice system on the prevalence of cannabis use in South Australia: evidence from the National Drug Strategy Household Surveys 1985–95
Authors: Donnelly Neil , Hall Wayne , Christie Paul
Published: June 2007

This study sought to examine the impact of the Cannabis Expiation Notice (CEN) scheme on the prevalence of lifetime and weekly cannabis use in South Australia. Data from five National Drug Strategy Household Surveys between 1985 and 1995 were examined to test for differences in trends in self‐reported: (1) lifetime cannabis use; and(2) current weekly cannabis use, after controlling for age and gender, between South Australia and the other states and territories. Between 1985 and 1995, rates of lifetime cannabis use increased in SA from 26% to 36%. There were also significant increases in Victoria (from 26%to 32%), Tasmania (from 21%to 33%) and New South Wales (from 26% to 33%). The increase in South Australia was significantly greater than the average increase throughout the rest of Australia, but the other Australian states differed in their rates of change. Victoria and Tasmania had similar rates of increase to South Australia; New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia showed lower rates of increase; and the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory had high rates that did not change during the period. There was no statistically significant difference between SA and the rest of Australia in the rate of increase in weekly cannabis use. While there was a greater increase in self‐reported lifetime cannabis use in South Australia between 1985 and 1995 than in the average of the other Australian jurisdictions it is unlikely that this increase is due to the CEN system, because similar increases occurred in Tasmania and Victoria (where there was no change in the legal status of cannabis use), andthere was no increase in the rate of weekly cannabis use in South Australia over the same period.
Sister chromatid cohesion: the cohesin cleavage model does not ring true
Authors: Guacci Vincent
Published: June 2007

Sister chromatid cohesion is important for high fidelity chromosome segregation during anaphase. Gene products that provide structural components (cohesin complex or cohesin) and regulatory components responsible for cohesion are conserved through eukaryotes. A simple model where cohesion establishment occurs by replication through static cohesin rings and cohesion dissolution occurs by Esp1p/separase mediated cleavage of the cohesin rings (Mcd1p/Rad21p/Scc1p sub‐unit cleavage) has become widespread. A growing body of evidence is inconsistent with this ring cleavage model. This review will summarize the evidence showing that cohesin complex is not static but is regulated at multiple cell cycle stages before anaphase in a separase independent manner. Separase is indeed required at anaphase for complete chromosome segregation. However, multiple mechanisms for cohesion dissolution appear to act concurrently during anaphase. Separase is only one such mechanism and its importance varies from organism to organism. The idea that cohesin is a dynamic complex subjected to regulation at various cell cycle stages by multiple mechanisms makes sense in light of the myriad functions in which it has been implicated, such as DNA damage repair, gene silencing and chromosome condensation.
Insulin sensitivity and intramyocellular lipid concentrations in young Maori men
Authors: Stannard S. R. , Holdaway M. A. , Sachinwalla T. , Cunningham C. W.
Published: June 2007

Aims  In muscle, resistance to insulin‐mediated glucose uptake is thought to underlie the pre‐Type 2 diabetic condition. In European Caucasian men, insulin sensitivity is negatively associated with intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content, and this may provide an early marker of diabetes risk. This study was designed to examine the relationship between vastus lateralis IMCL content, aerobic fitness, adiposity and markers of insulin sensitivity in healthy, young Maori men.

Methods  The following parameters were measured in 24 Maori men aged 28 ± 6 years (mean ± sd): overnight fasting blood concentrations of glucose, insulin and triglycerides; body composition using underwater weighing; maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) using an incremental treadmill exercise test; and vastus lateralis IMCL concentration using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS).

Results  All participants had normal fasting blood glucose. Simultaneous multiple regression analysis with homeostasis model assessment—insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) as the dependent variable showed that: (i) increased body fatness and decreased aerobic capacity (per kg lean body mass) are significant predictors of insulin sensitivity as estimated by HOMA‐IR; and (ii) although vastus lateralis IMCL concentrations are elevated, they do not contribute to the prediction of insulin sensitivity.

Conclusions  IMCL is not a reliable marker of estimated insulin resistance in this cohort of young, healthy Maori men. However, measures of composition and aerobic fitness may be of use as non‐invasive, culturally acceptable measures to help identify Maori men with impaired insulin action, but normal fasting glycaemia.
We!Design: A student‐centred participatory methodology for the design of educational applications
Authors: Triantafyllakos George N. , Palaigeorgiou George E. , Tsoukalas Ioannis A.
Published: June 2007

The development of educational applications has always been a challenging and complex issue, mainly because of the complications imposed by the cognitive and psychological aspects of student–computer interactions. This article presents a methodology, named We!Design, that tries to encounter the complexity of educational applications development from within the participatory design framework. The methodology enables computer literate students and designers to cooperate in the design of applications that (1) enhance typical educational processes for which students have extensive experience in, such as note taking or assessment, and (2) are well‐suited to the technological, social and cultural particularities of each educational environment. The methodology can be easily applied in real educational contexts and consists of two phases. During the first phase, students participate in short‐duration design sessions where they formulate needs, tasks and interface prototypes for the educational application under examination. In the second phase, the designers systematically analyse and then integrate student suggestions. In order to evaluate the methodology, it was applied in the design of two educational applications: an electronic assessment environment and a course website. A total of 86 undergraduate informatics students participated in 22 4‐hour design sessions. The methodology was evaluated by collecting students' responses through questionnaires and by introspection on the video recordings of the design sessions. The design sessions proved to be a very intriguing experience for the students while the methodology's products managed to respond to their personal needs and expectations in an efficient and effective way.
Physical and social circumstances of children in Iran affected by the incarceration of the mother
Authors: Forooeddin Adl Akbar , Dadkhah Asghar , Biglarian Akbar
Published: June 2007

The children of incarcerated parents have been a relatively invisible population. More and more children are being affected by the incarceration of a parent. These young people are already at high risk along several dimensions and tend to live under conditions characterised by poverty, instability and diminished access to sources of support. The study presented in this research explores the physical, social and psychological conditions of children in Iran affected by the incarceration of the mother, thereby contributing to the international literature by describing the problem of children of prisoners in Iran. Here we describe in an international perspective the physical and social conditions with which these children are confronted. The study comprises 33 children who had spent some time in prison with their mothers but were then moved to welfare centres. The most prevalent illnesses of these children were infectious diseases, bruises, wounds on lips and fractures of the hand. The Vineland Social Maturity Scale indicated that the children's locomotion and socialisation skills were relatively low.
Thermal Conductivity of Individual Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Lukes Jennifer R. , Zhong Hongliang
Published: June 2007

Despite the significant amount of research on carbon nanotubes, the thermal conductivity of individual single-wall carbon nanotubes has not been well established. To date only a few groups have reported experimental data for these molecules. Existing molecular dynamics simulation results range from several hundred to 6600 W∕m K and existing theoretical predictions range from several dozens to 9500 W∕m K. To clarify the several-order-of-magnitude discrepancy in the literature, this paper utilizes molecular dynamics simulation to systematically examine the thermal conductivity of several individual (10, 10) single-wall carbon nanotubes as a function of length, temperature, boundary conditions and molecular dynamics simulation methodology. Nanotube lengths ranging from 5 nm to 40 nm are investigated. The results indicate that thermal conductivity increases with nanotube length, varying from about 10 W∕m to 375 W∕m K depending on the various simulation conditions. Phonon decay times on the order of hundreds of fs are computed. These times increase linearly with length, indicating ballistic transport in the nanotubes. A simple estimate of speed of sound, which does not require involved calculation of dispersion relations, is presented based on the heat current autocorrelation decay. Agreement with the majority of theoretical/computational literature thermal conductivity data is achieved for the nanotube lengths treated here. Discrepancies in thermal conductivity magnitude with experimental data are primarily attributed to length effects, although simulation methodology, stress, and intermolecular potential may also play a role. Quantum correction of the calculated results reveals thermal conductivity temperature dependence in qualitative agreement with experimental data.
From the editors
Authors: Stafford Tom , Chau Patrick Y. K.
Published: June 2007

We head into our second issue as Editors with changes, improvements, and plenty of excitement!

First, we've enlisted new colleagues to our Editorial Board. As we expand topical coverage, and expand our global reach, we'll need more help vetting your manuscripts. We want to invite more technical content to our pages, more international content, and content from new colleagues in different parts of the world. We're inviting several new Senior Editors onto the board to help us with this expansion.

Professor Laku Chidambaram comes to us with excellent editorial experience, including his ongoing work as Executive Editor of eService Journal and responsibilities as AMCIS program Co-Chair. He brings special expertise in virtual groups, group decision support and computer mediated communications to his new position as Senior Editor on our board.

Professor Hock Hai Teo is widely known and respected, world-wide. His home base in Asia gives us important new Senior Editor coverage for this important part of our new coverage. He is technically-versed, and will be a valuable addition to our growing organization here at The-Database.org.

Professor George Marakas is an iconic theorist in our field. To support our growth in papers that develop and propose dynamic new behavioral theories of information systems, Dr. Marakas brings his unique views and capabilities to our growing board as a new Senior Editor.

Professor Paul Pavlou is a rising young star in the field. While we hope the flattery does not make him uncomfortable, our experience has been that he is a superbly qualified editor and reviewer, and we are pleased to welcome him to the board as Senior Editor.

As we look to the future, we anticipate with great enthusiasm Dr. Allen Hevner's special issue on Systems Testing. Professor Hevner is known world-wide for his expertise in development and testing, and we are honored that he has agreed to serve as Guest Editor for this important special issue, due out late this year.

Lastly, Patrick and I are happy to report that we have, as of this year's first issue, been under review and are nearing completion of evaluation by Thomson ISI for purposes of including Data Base in regular surveying and reporting for the important Social Sciences Citation Index and the associated Journal Citation Report. That process should be complete toward the end of this year.

We continue to rely on the submission of your best research to our new online publication portal, which can be accessed by links on The-DataBase.org, or directly at http://www.editorialmanager.com/sigmis-db/. Even if you're not quite ready to submit a new manuscript to us, do visit the online portal and register yourself as a potential author and reviewer.

And, with very best regards from our publication offices in Memphis, for your continuing support, we say, "Thank you...thank you very much."
Starvation-free commit arbitration policies for transactional memory systems
Authors: Waliullah M. M. , Stenstrom Per
Published: June 2007

In transactional memory systems like TCC, unordered transactions are committed on a first-come, first-serve basis. If a transaction has read data that has been modified by the next transaction to commit, it will have to roll-back and a lot of computations can potentially be wasted. Even worse, such simple commit arbitration policies are prone to starvation; in fact, the performance of Raytrace in SPLASH-2 suffered significantly because of this.

This paper analyzes in detail the design issues for commit arbitration policies and proposes novel policies that reduce the amount of wasted computation due to roll-back and, most importantly, avoid starvation. We analyze in detail how to incorporate them in a TCC-like transactional memory protocol. We find that our proposed schemes have no impact on the common-case performance. In addition, they add modest complexity to the baseline protocol.
PL/I utility programs for Formac applications
Authors: Ludeman M. M.
Published: June 2007

The new PL/I FORMAC Compiler released by IBM as a Type III program earlier this year has the potential to be a useful addition to the tools of an applied programmer and researcher alike. It also presents a problem to these same users in that it is based on PL/I, a new language which, despite all the promotion by IBM, has yet to become universally accepted in the programming world. This unfamiliarity with PL/I makes difficult many tasks which would be trivial if they were done in FORTRAN IV. This note describes one application of FORMAC and the PL/I utility programs required to utilize the FORMAC results. It is hoped this will save other users time and effort in their use of FORMAC.
Going Forward
Authors: Maurer James
Published: June 2007

What an amazing group of readers you are. You now number well over 30,000, and we have been diligently observing your writing on the demographic wall. It’s clear that you care about ACM Queue and the role it plays in your work and professional lives. We appreciate your feedback and have taken steps to address some of your many fine suggestions.
Advice to a Newbie
Authors: Neville-Neil George
Published: June 2007

Dear KV, I am new to programming and just started reading some books about programming, particularly C++ and Visual Basic. I truly enjoy programming a lot, to the extent that for the past couple of months I have never missed a day without writing some code. My main concern now is what the world holds for programmers. If someone is called a programmer (i.e., professionally), what will he or she really be programming? As in, will you always be inventing new software or what, really? This is mainly in the case of someone who will not be working for someone else. My other question is, can you really build a career as a freelance programmer, and what will you basically be programming?
A Conversation with Cory Doctorow and Hal Stern
Authors: Stanik John
Published: June 2007

For years, the software industry has used open source, community-based methods of developing and improving software—in many cases offering products for free. Other industries, such as publishing and music, are just beginning to embrace more liberal approaches to copyright and intellectual property. This month Queue is delighted to have a representative from each of these camps join us for a discussion of what’s behind some of these trends, as well as hot-topic issues such as identity management, privacy, and trust.
The Evolution of Security
Authors: Geer Daniel E.
Published: June 2007

Security people are never in charge unless an acute embarrassment has occurred. Otherwise, their advice is tempered by “economic reality,” which is to say that security is a means, not an end. This is as it should be. Since means are about tradeoffs, security is about trade-offs, but you knew all that. Our tradeoff decisions can be hard to make, and these hard-to-make decisions come in two varieties. One type occurs when the uncertainty of the alternatives is so great that they can’t be sorted in terms of probable effect. As such, other factors such as familiarity or convenience will drive the decision. This, too, is as it should be.
Editorial
Authors: Frincke D. , Oudekirk S. , Popovsky B.
Published: June 2007

This editorial introduces a set of articles in the JERIC special issue on resources for the computer security and information assurance curriculum. It begins with a discussion of why such a special edition is needed and continues by outlining the articles in this volume, as follows: an innovative model for security education based on teaching hospitals; teaching context in computer security through metaphors; tools supporting exploration of cryptography; suggestions for a hands-on Linux course geared towards a student population that includes noncomputer scientists; and finally, projects suitable for a course in computer forensics.
The four incremental steps toward advanced mobile service adoption
Authors: Constantiou Ioanna D. , Damsgaard Jan , Knutsen Lars
Published: June 2007

Exploring mobile device user adoption patterns and market segmentation.
To a mathematical definition of 'life'
Authors: Chaltin G. J.
Published: June 2007

'Life' and its 'evolution' are fundamental concepts that have not yet been formulated in precise mathematical terms, although some efforts in this direction have been made. We suggest a possible point of departure for a mathematical definition of 'life'. This definition is based on the computer and is closely related to recent analyses of 'inductive inference' and 'randomness'. A living being is a unity; It is simpler to view a living organism as a whole than as the sum of its parts. If we want to compute a complete description of a region of space-time that is a living being, the program will be smaller in size if the calculation is done all together, than if it is done by independently calculating descriptions of parts of the region and then putting them together.
Controls of Germline Stem Cells, Entry into Meiosis, and the Sperm/Oocyte Decision inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kimble Judith , Crittenden Sarah L.
Published: June 2007

The Caenorhabditis elegans germ line provides an exceptional model for analysis of the molecular controls governing stem cell maintenance, the cell cycle transition from mitosis to meiosis, and the choice of sexual identity—sperm or oocyte. Germline stem cells are maintained in an undifferentiated state within a well-defined niche formed by a single somatic cell, the distal tip cell (DTC). In both sexes, the DTC employs GLP-1/Notch signaling and FBF/PUF RNA-binding proteins to maintain stem cells and promote mitotic divisions, three additional RNA regulators (GLD-1/quaking, GLD-2/poly(A) polymerase, and GLD-3/Bicaudal-C) control entry into meiosis, and FOG-1/CPEB and FOG-3/Tob proteins govern sperm specification. These key regulators are part of a robust regulatory network that controls germ cell proliferation, stem cell maintenance, and sex determination. Parallels with controls in other organisms include the use of PUF proteins for stem cell maintenance and the prominence of mRNA regulation for the control of germline development.
The Genetics of Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Slof-Op't Landt Margarita C.T. , van Furth Eric F. , Sullivan Patrick F.
Published: June 2007

Anorexia nervosa is a perplexing illness marked by low body weight and persistent fear of weight gain. Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric disease. Historically, anorexia nervosa was viewed as a disorder primarily influenced by sociocultural factors; however, over the past decade, this perception has been challenged. Family studies have consistently demonstrated that anorexia nervosa runs in families. Twin studies have underscored the contribution of additive genetic factors to the observed familial aggregation. With these bodies of literature as a starting point, we evaluate critically the current state of research on molecular genetic studies of anorexia nervosa and provide guidance for future research.
The Ketogenic Diet and Brain Metabolism of Amino Acids: Relationship to the Anticonvulsant Effect
Authors: Yudkoff Marc , Daikhin Yevgeny , Melø Torun Margareta , Nissim Ilana , Sonnewald Ursula , Nissim Itzhak
Published: June 2007

In many epileptic patients, anticonvulsant drugs either fail adequately to control seizures or they cause serious side effects. An important adjunct to pharmacologic therapy is the ketogenic diet, which often improves seizure control, even in patients who respond poorly to medications. The mechanisms that explain the therapeutic effect are incompletely understood. Evidence points to an effect on brain handling of amino acids, especially glutamic acid, the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system. The diet may limit the availability of oxaloacetate to the aspartate aminotransferase reaction, an important route of brain glutamate handling. As a result, more glutamate becomes accessible to the glutamate decarboxylase reaction to yield gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the major inhibitory neurotransmitter and an important antiseizure agent. In addition, the ketogenic diet appears to favor the synthesis of glutamine, an essential precursor to GABA. This occurs both because ketone body carbon is metabolized to glutamine and because in ketosis there is increased consumption of acetate, which astrocytes in the brain quickly convert to glutamine. The ketogenic diet also may facilitate mechanisms by which the brain exports to blood compounds such as glutamine and alanine, in the process favoring the removal of glutamate carbon and nitrogen.
Production Regimes and the Quality of Employment in Europe
Authors: Gallie Duncan
Published: June 2007

Production regime theory has been one of the most innovative and influential recent contributions to neo-institutional debates about the varieties of capitalism. This review takes issue with its claim that there are major differences in the quality of work between the two principal regime types that are held to characterize European societies—coordinated market economies and liberal market economies—by examining the evidence for Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the UK. Although the broad pattern of skill differences corresponds reasonably well to the arguments of the theory, the evidence does not confirm the other claims about work and employment conditions, in particular with respect to employee job control, autonomous work teams, organizational participation, and job security. Rather, it points to the distinctiveness of the Scandinavian countries and hence to the importance of factors that lie outside the explanatory framework of the thesis.
Avaliação de uma metodologia de alocação de recursos financeiros do setor saúde para aplicação no Brasil
Authors: Porto Silvia , Martins Mônica , Travassos Claudia , Viacava Francisco
Published: June 2007

No início da década de 1990, foi desenvolvida na Inglaterra uma nova metodologia para alocação de recursos financeiros aos serviços de saúde baseada nas necessidades de saúde da população. Essa metodologia caracteriza-se por adotar o modelo teórico de demanda aos serviços de saúde e por empregar dados de utilização dos serviços para estimar o uso com base na necessidade de saúde. Este artigo objetivou avaliar a aplicabilidade dessa metodologia para alocação de recursos federais no Brasil. Empregaram-se dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde sobre as internações de curta permanência ocorridas no Brasil em 1999. Foram analisadas 134 áreas geográficas, que cobrem o país como um todo. Os modelos estatísticos para estimar o uso testaram as seguintes variáveis de necessidades: mortalidade infantil; mortalidade geral padronizada; percentual de analfabetos; percentual de domicílios permanentes chefiados por mulheres e média de pessoas por domicílio. Todos os modelos de estimativa do uso de testados apresentaram coeficientes de regressão com sinal negativo, o que indica que a metodologia estudada apresenta restrições em contextos com grandes desigualdades sociais no uso de serviços de saúde, como o do Brasil.
A reforma psiquiátrica e a constituição de práticas substitutivas em saúde mental: uma leitura institucional sobre a experiência de um núcleo de atenção psicossocial
Authors: Koda Mirna Yamazato , Fernandes Maria Inês Assumpção
Published: June 2007

O presente artigo tem como objetivo desenvolver uma reflexão acerca do processo de constituição dos serviços de atenção em saúde mental pautados pelos pressupostos do Movimento de Luta Antimanicomial. Com base nas contribuições da psicanálise e da psicologia social, desenvolvemos uma análise sobre os conflitos e dilemas vividos em um Núcleo de Atenção Psicossocial (NAPS) localizado no Município de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil. Este trabalho é um desdobramento de pesquisa de mestrado realizada no Departamento de Psicologia Social e do Trabalho, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo. Utilizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas realizadas com trabalhadores do NAPS. Pela análise das entrevistas, constatamos que o processo de transformação no modelo de assistência à saúde mental mobiliza aspectos de ordem psíquica no grupo de trabalhadores. Podemos observar uma série de conflitos e angústias ligadas à mudança do apoio institucional representado pelo NAPS ao longo de sua história. A dificuldade de se lidar com as diferenças na equipe ou o desamparo vivido em função de mudanças da administração local são analisados na interface entre sujeito e instituição.
A Role for Bioelectric Effects in the Induction of Bystander Signals by Ionizing Radiation?
Authors: Mothersill C. , Moran G. , McNeill F. , Gow M.D. , Denbeigh J. , Prestwich W. , Seymour C.B.
Published: June 2007

The induction of “bystander effects” i.e. effects in cells which have not received an ionizing radiation track, is now accepted but the mechanisms are not completely clear. Bystander effects following high and low LET radiation exposure are accepted but mechanisms are still not understood. There is some evidence for a physical component to the signal. This paper tests the hypothesis that bioelectric or biomagnetic phenomena are involved. Human immortalized skin keratinocytes and primary explants of mouse bladder and fish skin, were exposed directly to ionizing radiation or treated in a variety of bystander protocols. Exposure of cells was conducted by shielding one group of flasks using lead, to reduce the dose below the threshold of 2mGy 60Cobalt gamma rays established for the bystander effect. The endpoint for the bystander effect in the reporter system used was reduction in cloning efficiency (RCE). The magnitude of the RCE was similar in shielded and unshielded flasks. When cells were placed in a Faraday cage the magnitude of the RCE was less but not eliminated. The results suggest that liquid media or cell-cell contact transmission of bystander factors may be only part of the bystander mechanism. Bioelectric or bio magnetic fields may have a role to play. To test this further, cells were placed in a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine for 10min using a typical head scan protocol. This treatment also induced a bystander response. Apart from the obvious clinical relevance, the MRI results further suggest that bystander effects may be produced by non-ionizing exposures. It is concluded that bioelectric or magnetic effects may be involved in producing bystander signaling cascades commonly seen following ionizing radiation exposure.
Organizational Fit and Performance in Miles and Snow’s Configurational Theory: A Covariant Analysis
Authors: Roca‐Puig Vicente , Carlos Bou‐Llusar Juan
Published: June 2007

Miles and Snow’s (1978) model posits that organizational performance is dependent upon the degree of consistency (fit) that managers establish between organizational and environmental elements. However, different interpretations of the concept of fit coexist in the literature. We argue that in this model, consistency can be defined as a pattern of “equivalent covariance”, which is operatively created through the use of confirmatory factor analysis. The form of fit as covariance leads to the view of “configuration as quality”, in that the basic subject is the study of the interrelationships among organizational and environmental elements. The concept of fit as covariance is decidedly different from the traditional concept of fit as difference, which regards configuration as a typology or taxonomy. The covariance perspective of configurational theory is underused; for this reason, we apply this analytical perspective to a sample of 229 companies. The empirical results confirm that consistency positively influences organizational performance.
Prediction of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Based on Wavelet Decomposition and Neural Networks
Authors: Hanbay Davut , Turkoglu Ibrahim , Demir Yakup
Published: June 2007

The chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter of a wastewater treatment plant is predicted based on wavelet decomposition, entropy, and neural networks (NN) for rapid COD analysis. This paper also describes the usage of wavelet and NNs for parameter prediction. Data from a wastewater treatment plant in Malatya, Turkey, were used. This dataset consists of daily values of influents and effluents for a year. To reduce the dimension of input parameters and to decrease the NN training time, wavelet decomposition and entropy were used. Test results were presented graphically. The test results of the trained model were found to be closer to the measured COD values.
Quantitation of chiral amino acids from microalgae by MEKC and LIF detection
Authors: Herrero Miguel , Ibáñez Elena , Fanali Salvatore , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: June 2007

In this work, chiral and nonchiral MEKC methods have been combined with LIF detection (MEKC‐LIF) to identify and quantify a group of D‐ and L‐amino acids (D/L‐aa) in different microalgae samples. The combination of the nonchiral and chiral‐MEKC‐LIF methods made the identification of the microalgae amino acids easier, previously derivatized with FITC, providing a double proof on the correct detection of these analytes. Three microalgae species, Spirulina platensis, Dunaliella salina, and Tetraselmis suecica, were compared in terms of their content in D‐Arg, L‐Arg, D‐Lys, L‐Lys, D‐Ala, L‐Ala, D‐Glu, L‐Glu, D‐Asp, and L‐Asp. Also, a comparison between two Spirulina platensis samples dried under different conditions (i.e., hot air or lyophilized) was carried out in order to investigate the effect of the thermal processing on the amino acid content. Moreover, two procedures for the extraction of amino acids from microalgae (i.e., a classical procedure and pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)) together with different conditions for amino acid derivatization were studied in order to increase the sensitivity of the whole analytical method. By using the selected chiral‐MEKC‐LIF conditions (100 mM sodium tetraborate, 30 mM SDS, and 20 mM β‐CD at pH 9.7) the main microalgae D/L‐aa are separated in less than 25 min with efficiencies up to 840 000 plates/m and good sensitivity (i.e., 330 ng of D‐Arg per gram of microalga could be detected by this procedure for an S/N of 3). Several D‐aa were detected in all the microalgae, observing interesting differences in their D/L‐aa profiles, what corroborates the usefulness of the chiral‐MEKC‐LIF approach to characterize different microalgae species as well as different microalgae drying processes. Moreover, the use of PLE can selectively extract different free amino acids from microalgae.
Rb{Pr6C2}I12, an Iodide with a 13‐Electron Isolated Octahedral {Pr6C2} Cluster
Authors: Wiglusz Rafał , Pantenburg Ingo , Meyer Gerd
Published: June 2007

Rb{Pr6(C)2}I12 was obtained from a mixture of RbI, PrI3, Pr and C as black single crystals at elevated temperatures. The black crystals are triclinic, (no. 2), a = 960.1(2), b = 957.0(2), c = 1003.4(2) pm, α = 71.74(2), β = 70.69(2), γ = 72.38(2)°, V = 805.6(3) 106 pm3, Z = 1; R1 = 0.0868 for all 2749 measured independent reflections. Rb{Pr6(C)2}I12 contains {Pr6(C2)} clusters isolated from each other, surrounded by twelve edge‐bridging and six terminal ligands. The [{Pr6(C)2}Ii12Ia6]− units are connected via i‐a/a‐i bridges according to {Pr6C2}Ii6/1Ii‐a6/2Ia‐i6/2 with rubidium ions occupying twelve‐coordinate interstices.
IrIn7GeO8 = [IrIn6](GeO4)(InO4) und Verbindungen der Mischkristallreihe [IrIn6](Ge1+xIn1−4x/3O8) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75) – erste Oxide mit [IrIn6]‐Oktaedern
Authors: Köhler Jürgen , Friedrich Holger A. , Lee Changhoon , Whangbo Myung‐Hwan
Published: June 2007

IrIn7GeO8 = [IrIn6](GeO4)(InO4) and Compounds of the Solid Solution Series [IrIn6](Ge1+xIn1−4x/3O8) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.75): First Oxides containing [IrIn6] Octahedra

The low valent indiumoxides IrIn7GeO8 = [IrIn6](GeO4)(InO4) and [IrIn6](Ge1+xIn1−4x/3O8) (0 x ≤ 0.75) are formed by heating intimate mixtures of Ir, In, In2O3 and GeO2 in corundum crucibles under an atmosphere of argon (1420 K, 70 h). The compounds are black and semiconducting. X‐ray powder diffraction patterns can be indexed on the basis of a face centered cubic unit cell with lattice parameters ranging from a = 1012.3(1) pm (x = 0) to a = 1007.3(1) pm (x = 0.75). Characteristic building units in [IrIn6](Ge1+xIn1−4x/3O8) are isolated [IrIn6]9+ octahedra with short Ir‐In distances of 253.5 pm, which are linked via [GeO4]4− and [InO4]5− tetrahedra to a three dimensional framework. Starting from IrIn7GeO8 = [IrIn6](GeO4)(InO4), the isoelectronic substitution of 4 In3+ ions by 3 Ge4+ ions and one Ge‐vacancy leads to the formation of a solid solution series [IrIn6](GeO4)1+x(O4)x/3(InO4)1−4x/3, which shows a slight decrease in the cubic lattice parameter with increasing x. According to Rietveld refinements the structure of [IrIn6](GeO4)(InO4) exhibits a statistical distribution of the tetrahedrally coordinated Ge and In atoms (, R(prof.) = 4.4 %, R(int.) = 2.5 %). The crystal and electronic structures of [IrIn6](GeO4)(InO4) are discussed on the basis of first principles electronic structure calculations.
Introduction: Disputed Questions in Patristic Trinitarianism
Authors: Coakley Sarah
Published: June 2007

This special issue of Harvard Theological Review is devoted to a critical discussion of fourth-century Christian trinitarian theology, a topic that is now in a significant new phase of scholarly debate amongst both historical and systematic theologians. The papers and conversation published here arose from a day-conference on 5 May 2006 at Harvard Divinity School, when a number of invited scholars and doctoral students from Yale, Chicago, Emory, Fordham, Weston Jesuit School of Theology, and St. Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary, joined the students of the Harvard conference course, “Trinitarianism and Anti-trinitarianism: The Christian God in Dispute” (Spring 2006), for a day of shared papers and public debate. The immediate focus of the event was a roundtable on Lewis Ayres's important new book, Nicaea and Its Legacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and that discussion—in extended format—now makes up the first part of this issue. Other papers from students then followed, supplemented by comments from senior members from the floor. In the second part of this issue, two of those original papers, along with two other specially commissioned pieces—on Gregory of Nazianzus and Augustine, respectively—extend and refine the debate outlined in the first part. This brief introduction will explain the wider significance of this ongoing debate about patristic trinitarianism, both East and West, and outline what this issue of HTR contributes to it.