bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Important properties of metamaterials
Authors: Koltzov Yu. V.
Published: February 2025

The article is dedicated to unique structures – metamaterials – fantastic opportunities which allowed experimentally identify the newest effects of their application.

Considered in detail the most interesting effects using metamaterials and manufactured devices based on them in a wide variety of environments (in air and water) and frequency ranges (electricity and sound, light and infrared radiation, etc.).

A large number of newest effects with a detailed description of their features allow us to talk about the widespread use of metamaterials in technology to replace traditional bulky and heavy devices with new flat, lightweight and miniature devices as well as the development of fundamentally new devices. Metamaterials are able to fine tune and control the propagation of electromagnetic, optical and acoustic waves, they have mechanical applications.

Consideration of the newest meta-effects makes it possible take a fresh look at the practical use of metamaterials as well as stimulates the emergence of more advanced technologies and new ideas for the use of metamaterials which, with a huge variety of possibilities, are able in practice, for example, to completely repeat the work of living organisms.

Experiments in recent years show that metamaterials can be configured in such a way that they begin to interact not only with light and thermal, X-ray or ultraviolet radiation but also with a magnetic field as well as generate curious quantum effects. The newest experiments create the basis for large-scale industrial production of various devices based on metamaterials.
Duality of carriers‘ liability in cabotage operations
Authors: Białkowski Marek
Published: February 2025

Przedmiotem artykułu jest problem właściwego wykonywania międzynarodowej umowy przewozu kabotażowego towarów na podstawie przepisów wspólnych wszystkim państwom członkowskim Unii Europejskiej, które są stronami Konwencji o umowie międzynarodowego przewozu drogowego towarów (CMR), ale nie prowadzą działalności jako podmiot europejski. Sama problematyka opracowania oscyluje jednak wokół wielu aspektów prawnych, odnoszących się do prowadzenia działalności przewozów kabotażowych towarów, a także odpowiedzialności, jaka się z tym wiąże. Kwestie związane z wykonywaniem międzynarodowej umowy przewozu kabotażowego towarów są na tyle ważne, że u wielu przedsiębiorców transportowych mogą powodować trudności z odpowiedzialnością prawną dwojakiej natury. Z jednej strony z odpowiedzialnością cywilną za nieterminowe wykonanie umowy przewozowej, a z drugiej z odpowiedzialnością za popełnianie wykroczeń w trakcie realizacji tejże umowy. Co ciekawe, odpowiedź na pytanie, kto jest podmiotem odpowiedzialnym za ich popełnienie, nie jest jednoznaczna. Nie budzi wątpliwości, że skutki nieterminowego wykonania umowy przewozowej obciążają przewoźnika, odpowiedzialność za popełniane wykroczenia drogowe spoczywa jednakże na zatrudnionym u niego kierowcy, który wykonuje umowę na polecenie swojego pracodawcy. W skrajnych przypadkach odpowiedzialnym może być wyłącznie przewoźnik, który jest właścicielem przedsiębiorstwa transportowego, a jednocześnie jako kierowca wykonuje usługę transportową, co w warunkach polskich wcale nie jest rzadkim przypadkiem. Przy czym podstawą takiego dualizmu odpowiedzialności przedsiębiorstwa transportowego wykonującego przewozy kabotażowe są zarówno przepisy prawa krajowego w stosunku do przewoźników zagranicznych, przepisy obowiązujące za granicą w stosunku do przewoźników krajowych wykonujących tam przewozy kabotażowe. W przeważającej mierze dochodzi jednak do nakładania przez organy administracyjne i policyjne państw europejskich różnego rodzaju kar porządkowych, znacznie utrudniających świadczenie tego rodzaju usług na terenie Unii Europejskiej. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu wskazanie jedynie niektórych aspektów interpretacyjnych przepisów unijnych w kontekście przepisów krajowych, zmierzających do uniknięcia odpowiedzialności przez kierowców przy wykonywaniu usług kabotażowych w ramach europejskiej przestrzeni transportowej.
Female Regency Rule in Western Pomerania Exemplified by Duchess Elizabeth, the Wife of Warcisław IV (1326–ca. 1350)
Authors: Jędrzejewska-Michalak Patrycja
Published: February 2025

Princess Elizabeth, wife of Wartislaw IV, Prince of Wolgast, was one of the most publicly
active women in Western Pomerania. After her husband died in 1326, Elizabeth had to face
the function of regent because her sons were minors. When she took over, she exercised
power and fought to maintain the principality using various methods. The text is intended
to show in particular the situation in which the Duchess of Pomerania found herself after
the death of her husband and the difficulties she had to face to maintain the inheritance of
Wartislaw IV for her sons. An important aspect is also the presentation of how Elizabeth
dealt with the problems she encountered during her rule, as well as the assessment of her
actions. The source base consists mainly of selected documents that the duchess exhibited or
co-exhibited with her sons.
From the Lubusz diocese to the Lubusz Land. Church and region in re-construction
Authors: Draguła Andrzej
Published: February 2025

Badania regionalistyczny podejmują przede wszystkim zagadnienie tożsamości danego regionu i czynników, które kształtują tę tożsamość. Przedmiotem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, co stanowi o tożsamości diecezji zielonogórsko-gorzowskiej rozumianej jako region. W przypadku jednostki kościelnej pod uwagę należy wziąć nie tylko czynniki natury historycznej, społecznej czy kulturowej, ale także teologicznej, w tym eklezjologicznej. W przypadku diecezji zielonogórsko-gorzowskiej można mówić o warstwach pamięci albo o swoistym palimpseście kulturowym, na który składają się: pamięć zrekonstruowana, pamięć odziedziczona oraz pamięć przesiedlona. Czwartą warstwę tego palimpsestu stanowi kontekst współczesny, jakim jest tzw. nowa lubuskość powiązana z istniejącym województwem lubuskim, na terenie którego leży większa część terytorium diecezji zielonogórsko-gorzowskiej.
Patient's right to pastoral care
Authors: Klich Aleksandra
Published: February 2025

W publikacji skoncentrowano się na prawie pacjentów opieki duszpasterskiej w trakcie hospitalizacji. Na podstawie aktualnie obowiązujących przepisów, pacjenci mają prawo do korzystania z opieki duszpasterskiej zgodnie z własnymi przekonaniami religijnymi lub duchowymi. W kontekście opieki zdrowotnej, prawa te obejmują dostęp do kapelanów lub duchownych, możliwość praktykowania obrzędów religijnych oraz zapewnienie wsparcia emocjonalnego zgodnego z własnymi przekonaniami. Kluczowe jest zagwarantowanie pacjentom autonomii w wyborze opieki duszpasterskiej, bez względu na ich wyznanie. Celem jest zwrócenie uwagi na konieczność profesjonalizacji usług duszpasterskich, a także na problemy natury organizacyjnej wiążące się z nałożeniem na podmiot leczniczy obowiązku zapewnienia realizacji prawa pacjenta do opieki duszpasterskiej.
Asymmetry between Good and Evil from Philosophical and Moral-Theological Perspectives
Authors: Kuźmicki Tadeusz
Published: February 2025

W teologii moralnej uzyskanie oceny czynu ludzkiego bazuje na rozróżnieniu pomiędzy tym, co jest dobre, a co złe, dlatego związek pomiędzy dobrem z złem jest tak bardzo istotny w podejmowanej przez nią refleksji. Pomimo wstępnego wrażenia, że możemy mieć tutaj do czynienia z pewną równowagą, analiza dobra z trzech perspektyw pozwala jednak uzyskać odmienny wniosek o ewidentnej asymetrii dobra wobec zła. Odwołanie się do myśli Tomasza z Akwinu, dziedzictwa neotomisty Josefa Piepera oraz refleksji wpływowego moralisty Eberharda Schockenhoffa pozwala systematycznie przeanalizować tę asymetrię dobra w tych trzech wymiarach. W filozoficznej perspektywie dostrzegana jest ta asymetria w analizie bytu, który jako stworzony jest dobry w odróżnieniu do zła, które jest niebytem. W analizie moralnoteologicznej genezy i celu ludzkiego działania, dobro okazuje się być zarówno początkiem, jak i celem ludzkiego czynu moralnego. I wreszcie w trzeciej perspektywie, w eksploracji aretologii, dobro zostaje uznane już chociażby u Arystotelesa jako najwyższa zasada w dynamice cnót w ogólności, jak i w realizowaniu poszczególnych cnót.
The pen of Dhuoda and Ildegarde: a gift of faith
Authors: Sivo Francesca
Published: February 2025

L’articolo focalizza l’attenzione sulle esperienze di vita di Dhuoda (sec. IX) e di Ildegarde di Bingen (sec. XII), testimonianza di una importante svolta per il ruolo della donna nell’età medievale. L’una concentrata su una prospettiva domestica, l’altra proiettata verso un orizzonte ecumenico, entrambe credono infatti nella valenza educativa della parola come monito, che diviene autentica professione di fede mediante l’ars e la scientia, doni di Dio ed uniche, vere chiavi di accesso alla fede stessa.
The termination of the concordat of February 10, 1925 by the Provisional Government of National Unity - selected aspects
Authors: Zurek Konrad
Published: February 2025

Odzyskanie niepodległości przez państwo polskie w 1918 roku już u samego progu rodziło wiele problemów natury politycznej oraz prawnej, które niezwłocznie należało uregulować. W dniu 10 lutego 1925 roku Polska i Stolica Apostolska podpisały konkordat, który doprowadził w kraju do wielu zmian politycznych oraz prawnych, które przeanalizowane zostały w tekście. Artykuł omawia kwestię prawną oraz okoliczności zerwania konkordatu przez Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej. W niniejszym opracowaniu wykorzystane zostały akty prawne i literatura przedmiotu. Przedstawiono również stanowisko obu stron zaangażowanych w spór. Niniejszy artykuł dedykowany jest badaczom relacji łączących państwo i Kościół Katolicki jak również wszystkim tym osobom, które pragną pogłębić swoją wiedzę prawno-historyczną.
NYRB and the Classics
Authors: Frank Edwin , Domeneghini Caterina
Published: February 2025

In the fall of 2024, NYRB Classics celebrated its 25th anniversary. Since its launch on September 30, 1999, the series has published over 500 titles of world literature in modern and accessible translations, ranging from Richard Hughes’s A High Wind in Jamaica to Oğuz Atay’s Waiting for the Fear, as well as all-time masterpieces like Balzac’s Human Comedy, Gogol’s Dead Souls, and Dante’s Inferno. But what exactly does an American publisher do to, and for, the “classics”? This past summer, I corresponded with Edwin Frank to learn more about his commitment to a more diverse canon and the processes that bring international literature to our domestic bookshelves. Frank defines a “classic” as a work that has some relation to history, a book with “recognizable authority, originality, individuality, and truth to experience, one that attests to the circumstances…out of which it arises, while also rising above them enough to suggest something else, beyond or within” (The Red Thread, xv). He is himself something of a living library, for many of the books included in the series are those he himself rediscovered at various points in his life. For instance, while freelancing for an outlet called Reader’s Catalog in the late ’90s, he found out that much of the great literature he admired was not in print.
New Approach Graphene Oxide and Graphene Quantum Dots Based Nanocarriers for Treatment of Blood Cancer
Authors: Parhizkari Mohadeseh
Published: February 2025

In the Last years, graphene oxide and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have received developed consideration due to their attributes such as small size and lightweight, fluorescence detection, liquid solvability, biomedicine, photo sensors, drug delivery, gene delivery, and cancer therapy refers to new approaches. Graphene quantum dots are fluorescent Graphene nanostructures with sizes Low. The fluorescence in GQDs emanates through two original fluorescence emissions from bond fracture energy transmission of interlace π-domains and in this material from surface deficiency. The GQDs have found applications in multiple areas such as nanomedicine. The GQDs have less toxicity and other particular properties in comparison to materials, quantum dots which make them superior properties for medical applications. In this review, the synthesis and fluorescence properties of the GQDs are illuminated and the latest progress in GQDs, Breast cancer therapy, their potential to pass Control Breast cancer, and Drug delivery are discussed. In this work, all studies and research are presented in the literature related to Blood cancer fighting using graphene and graphenebased conjugates. Performed a comprehensive summary of the latest progress of the graphene Blood cancer fight and highlighted the future challenges and the innovative possible theranostic applications.
The Role of Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding in Infant Health and Development: A Mini Review
Authors: Zinaliyeva Ainur N. , Tulegenova Gulzhan A. , Zhelisbayeva Kulash R. , Akhmetzhanova Moldir B.
Published: February 2025

Breastfeeding and formula feeding are two distinct methods of infant nutrition, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This mini-review explores the current scientific understanding of the impact of both methods on infant health and development. Breastfeeding offers numerous benefits, including nutritional superiority, enhanced immune protection, reduced risk of chronic diseases, and potential cognitive advantages. Breast milk provides a dynamic blend of essential nutrients, antibodies, and immune factors that are tailored to the infant’s needs. Formula feeding, while providing essential nutrients, lacks the unique benefits of breast milk, particularly in terms of immune protection and specific nutrient profiles. Factors influencing the choice between breastfeeding and formula feeding include maternal health, infant health, lifestyle, cultural norms, financial considerations, and access to support. The best feeding method for each infant is a collaborative decision between parents, healthcare providers, and support networks, considering individual needs and circumstances. This mini-review highlights the importance of evidence-based information and informed decision-making in choosing the optimal feeding method for infants.
The Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation on Human Health
Authors: Talaie Amirreza , Mousavi Seyed Mojtaba
Published: February 2025

This comprehensive review examines the significant health effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, highlighting its impact on skin and eye health, immune function, and reproductive health. Prolonged exposure to UV rays is a well-established risk factor for various forms of skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma types, as well as conditions such as cataracts and photokeratitis. The mechanisms through which UV radiation exerts these harmful effects include DNA damage, oxidative stress, and immune suppression, underscoring the need for protective measures. The UV Index is introduced as a vital tool for assessing UV intensity and informing individuals about the risks associated with sun exposure. By implementing effective sun safety strategies, such as using sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and seeking shade, individuals can significantly mitigate their risk of UV-related health issues. As the understanding of UV radiation’s health effects continues to evolve, public awareness and education remain crucial in promoting long-term skin and eye health, as well as overall well-being. This review emphasizes the importance of proactive measures in protecting against the growing risks associated with increased UV exposure in today’s environment.
Nutritional Intake and Lifestyle in Infertile Women with and without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Case-control Study
Authors: Alaee Sanaz , Ekramzadeh Maryam , Samare-Najaf Mohammad , Jahromi Bahia Namavar , Shokri Saeed , Ghomashi Farnoosh , Hooshmandi Hadis
Published: February 2025

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine pathology in females of reproductive age worldwide, is a multifactorial disorder. Although obesity, lifestyle, depression, and nutrition are considered possible contributing factors to PCOS pathogenesis, the association between nutrient intake, clinical indices, and adipokines in PCOS women is not comprehensively elucidated. Therefore, the current study aimed to reveal the contribution of nutritional intake and lifestyle to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Methods: 90 infertile women, 45 with PCOS as cases and 45 without PCOS as controls, aged 25–40 years were enrolled in the study. Different questionnaires including the antioxidant food frequency (using Nut4 software), international physical activity, fast food intake, depression, and internet addiction questionnaires were completed by participants. Moreover, demographic characteristics, weight, height, BMI, and the serum levels of hormones, fast blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), chemerin, vaspin, and omentin-1 were measured.
Results: No significant differences between the two groups were obtained regarding demographic characteristics, physical activity, depression, and fast food intake (p-value>0.05). Moreover, the intake of calories and macronutrients did not significantly differ between the two groups (p-value>0.05). However, androgens, AMH, LH, LH: FSH ratio, FBS, and MDA were significantly higher and estradiol was significantly lower in PCOS subjects compared to controls (p-value<0.001). Moreover, a significant correlation between nutritional parameters and PCOS indicators was observed (p-value<0.05).
Conclusion: The findings may suggest that nutrient intake crucially contributes to the pathogenesis of PCOS in infertile women through hyperandrogenism and weight gain.
Nanomedicine Approaches in Male Infertility Treatment: Targeted Drug Delivery and Sperm Function Enhancement
Authors: Afshar Mohammadreza , Afshar Alireza
Published: February 2025

Male infertility affects a significant portion of the global population, contributing to nearly half of all infertility cases. Common underlying causes include disruptions in spermatogenesis, hormonal imbalances, and genetic anomalies. Traditional treatments, such as hormone therapy, surgical interventions, and assisted reproductive technologies, often exhibit limited efficacy due to their invasive nature, systemic side effects, and high financial costs. This study explores nanomedicine’s potential as a targeted approach to address these limitations, particularly through advanced nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems aimed at enhancing sperm function and improving fertility outcomes. Various types of nanoparticles, including liposomes, polymer-based nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles, are assessed for their abilities to deliver therapeutic agents directly to spermatogenic cells and support cells in the testes. By modulating critical cellular pathways necessary for sperm production and survival, nanoparticles offer enhanced therapeutic effects with minimized systemic exposure. Additionally, the study highlights the potential of nanoparticle applications in personalized reproductive medicine, allowing for tailored treatment approaches based on individual profiles. Although further clinical trials are needed to confirm efficacy and safety, nanoparticle-based therapies offer a promising path forward in the minimally invasive, targeted treatment of male infertility.
Fabrication a Natural 3D-scaffold by Mixing Collagen and Decellularized Mouse Liver Extracellular Matrix for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Vasaghi-Gharamaleki Maryam , Khodabandeh Zahra , Talaei-Khozani Tahereh , Vojdani Zahra , Talebi Laleh , Zare Shahrokh , Razeghian-Jahromi Iman
Published: February 2025

Objective: Liver transplantation is the traditional method for patients who suffer from liver failure. Due to the lack of donor organs, bioengineered liver produced from whole liver decellularized scaffold can be a potential applicable method. The aim of this study was to fabricate and characterize a natural 3D-scaffold by mixing collagen scaffold and decellularized mouse liver extracellular matrix (ECM) for tissue engineering.
Methods and Materials: After washing and removing the blood from the livers completely, they were shaken at room tempreture at 200 rpm on an orbital shaker in deionized water (DW) for 30 min and then shaked in 1% SLES at 200 rpm for about 16-18 h. Thereafter, they were washed in 1% triton and followed by DW for several times. The livers were lyophilized and mixed with collagen. All the scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electron microscope and H&E staining. Scaffold porosity was also determined and cell viability was checked by MTT assay.
Results: The data showed that since SLES led to losing nuclear material, it prevented the degradation of the liver’s ECM ultrastructure. DNA and cell debris clearance were verified. Although cells survived on the decellularized liver scaffold, their growth rate was slower than when mixed with collagen.
Conclusion: Combining collagen with decellularized liver ECM provides a biologically relevant microenvironment that closely mimics native tissue chemistry and protect cell survival.
Dilemmas of Education in the Field of Heterodoxy Economics
Authors: Rogowska Beata
Published: February 2025

Purpose of the study: The aim is to highlight the positives and challenges associated with integrating heterodox economics into formal educational systems at the higher education level. Given the complexity of contemporary economic problems, economic education should embrace new theories and approaches often marginalized by dominant, orthodox economics. A key focus is providing students with the opportunity to choose among alternative perspectives, methods, and research tools, laying the groundwork for redefining university-level economic education.
Methodology: Critical analysis and comparative analysis were employed to evaluate the potential of opening economic education to new approaches, including those informed by heterodox perspectives on interpreting economic phenomena, while emphasizing the importance of offering diverse research methods for selection.
Main findings: Heterodox education, as an alternative to mainstream economics, shapes the future directions of economic science, the practice of economic policymaking, and the professionalization of the economist's role, including their ethical responsibility. A modern economist should be educated comprehensively, requiring a redefinition of traditional educational standards to enable a choice among a broad range of theories and research tools.
Application of the study: This study provides a foundation for educational policy and further empirical research into higher education in economics, incorporating openness to new approaches and theories.
Originality/Novelty of the study: This work emphasizes the significance of alternative concepts, which are typically marginalized in economic education at the higher education level due to the dominant position of orthodox economics. It highlights the need to redefine economic education by focusing on the possibility of choosing alternative methods and approaches, fostering a multidimensional perspective on monetary problems, and opening the floor for further discussion on the future of economic education.
Pobreza energética Norte y Sur Global. ¿Dos perspectivas diferentes de un mismo problema?
Authors:   Universidad de Deusto, López Mosquera Stephania López , Larrea Basterra Macarena ,   Universidad de Deusto
Published: February 2025

La importancia de la provisión universal de servicios energéticos no fue reconocida hasta 1986 en el informe Brundtland. Como consecuencia, la pobreza energética, pobreza en combustibles o pobreza en el transporte, entre otros, ha tardado más de dos décadas en reconocerse como un reto social para los diferentes agentes. El objetivo de este Cuaderno es abordar la pobreza energética en general, en el Norte Global y el Sur Global, su conceptualización, principales unidades de medida y políticas para afrontarlas. Igualmente se presenta cómo todo lo anterior se encuadra en el marco del calentamiento global y la transición energética; con el fin de detectar principales prácticas y formas de actuación, así como posibles puntos en común entre unas medidas y otras para comprender en qué medida se trata de un mismo problema, falta de un nivel adecuado de servicios energéticos domésticos, pero en diferentes estadios temporales y entornos geográficos.
Impact of pre-stenting antiplatelet therapy regimens on clinical outcomes following carotid artery stenting: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Arslanturk Oguz , Gel Mehmet Selim , Keskin Emrah
Published: February 2025

Objective: This study investigates the influence of various antiplatelet regimens before carotid artery stenting (CAS) on short-term and long-term clinical outcomes. Effective antiplatelet therapy is vital for enhancing the success and safety of CAS. Determining the best approach remains a priority.
Methods: This retrospective cohort analysis involved 235 patients who underwent CAS at a single institution between October 2020 and October 2024. Participants were divided into three groups based on the antiplatelet regimen administered before the procedure: dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), aspirin monotherapy (SAPT-A), and clopidogrel monotherapy (SAPT-C). The main outcomes evaluated were stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), and bleeding complications. Secondary outcomes included restenosis, stent thrombosis, and death. Statistical methods were applied to compare outcomes across the groups.
Results: Stroke (0.8%) and TIA (2.5%) were notably less frequent in the DAPT group compared to the SAPT-A (7.1% and 12.5%, respectively) and SAPT-C (6.9% and 8.6%, respectively) groups (P<0.05). Rates of stent thrombosis (1.7%-1.8%) and mortality (0.8%-3.4%) at six months showed no significant differences among the groups (P>0.05).
Conclusions: Pre-procedural DAPT reduces short-term ischemic complications in CAS. However, long-term outcomes were comparable across regimens. These findings suggest that antiplatelet strategies should be individualized. Larger studies with longer follow-ups are needed.
Revisiting Intercropping Indices in Pearl Millet-Pulse Intercropping System under Rainfed Condition
Authors: Sharmili K. , Priya R. Mohana , Balaganesh B. , Kousalya A. , vadhani A.R. Viveka
Published: February 2025

Background: In the rainfed conditions of India, which is characterised with low and erratic rainfall conditions, growing of sole crop is often risky and results in low productivity. In this kind of circumstances, intensification and crop diversification strategies are crucial for achieving higher yields. Intercropping, which is the practice of growing several compatible crop species on the same piece of land at the same time, is a workable strategy to stabilize the production of rainfed crops. Methods: A field experiment was carried out to evaluate suitable intercrop in pearl millet-based cropping system under two different row ratios, at Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore during rabi season of 2022-23. The experiment consisted of seven treatment combination which were tested in randomized block design with three replications. Result: The results of the experiment proved that the pearl millet + blackgram (4:1) intercropping may provide viable intensification options, especially for smallholder farmers.
Synergistic Effect of Potassium and Bio Stimulants on Growth and Yield of Dolichos bean [Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet]
Authors: Arulananth R. , Rajarathinam P. , Subrahmaniyan K. , Muthukumararaja T. , Sivakumar G. , Bhuvaneswari R. , Dhandapani M.
Published: February 2025

Background: Field experiments were conducted at Annamalai University Farm during kharif seasons of three consecutive years from 2020-2022 to find out the effect of potassium and bio stimulants on growth and yield of dolichos bean. Methods: The experiments were conducted in RBD and replicated thrice. The treatments viz., T1- Control (without foliar nutrition), T2- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1%+panchagavya @ 3%, T3- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1% + panchagavya @ 6%, T4- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 2%, T5- Foliar application of KNO3 @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 4%, T6- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + panchagavya @ 3%, T7- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + panchagavya @ 6%, T8- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 2% and T9- Foliar application of potassium humate @ 1% + seaweed extract @ 4%. The dolichos bean variety Arka Jay was used for this study. Result: The result of present investigation indicated that the growth and yield parameters viz., plant height, branches plant-1, pods plant-1, pod length and single pod weight were found to be superior in treatment T5 as compared to control. The higher yield (15.16 t ha-1) of dolichos bean was significantly improved due to application 1% KNO3 + seaweed extract @ 4% (T5) followed by T4 and T1 over the control. The same treatment fetched the highest net return of Rs. 81626 ha-1 with a benefit cost ratio of Rs.1.79.
Tax Revenue Mobilisation in Conflict-affected Developing Countries
Authors: van den Boogaard Vanessa , Prichard Wilson , Nikola Nikola Milicic , Benson Matthew , Chen Deanndre
Published: February 2025

Taxation is central to state building in post-conflict states. This reflects both the urgent need for revenue during post-conflict reconstruction and the broader governance implications of taxation related to state capacity building and the expansion of governmental responsiveness and accountability. In European states, taxation was historically central to enabling war and a longstanding literature suggests that conflict, or its threat, may increase tax collection.

However, this centrality is not reflected in existing practice or research. It is unclear whether theoretical findings about the relationship between conflict and taxation hold in contemporary developing countries, given the prevalence of intrastate conflict, weak national identities, weak states and access to external sources of funding. It is likely that conflict will actually reduce revenue mobilisation due to its negative effects on economic activity, the tax base, tax collection and public administration.

These anticipated findings have not been tested empirically using reliable data that isolates aid and resource revenues and disaggregates tax revenue type. Accordingly, this paper addresses an old question – How does conflict affect revenue mobilisation? – with newly available, high-quality data on government revenues.

Using the UNU-WIDER Government Revenue Database, we explore longitudinal trends of tax revenue mobilisation prior to, during and after conflict in selected countries that have experienced conflict since 1980. This medium-N trend analysis explores the relationship between tax revenue performance and conflict characteristics. It provides a contemporary counterpoint to theories of the role of taxation in war making and state building.

Summary of article published in the Journal of International Development.
Approaches to Reconciliation in Conflict-Affected Societies
Authors: Haider Huma
Published: February 2025

This review profiles initiatives that seek to foster intergroup contact; to change perceptions of the ‘other’ through perspective-taking/giving and stories of moral exemplars; and that incorporate art and memorialisation. Initiatives that foster meaningful contact in divided contexts have been linked with increased empathy and trust, changes in perceptions of outgroups, which in turn can pave the way for prosocial behaviours towards rival outgroups. For contact interventions to contribute to higher levels of reconciliation, encounters with a specific outgroup member must improve attitudes not only toward that individual but extend to the whole outgroup. In addition, positive effects need to extend beyond the direct participants to the broader community.
Financing for Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises in Kenya
Authors: Macdonald Kier
Published: February 2025

This rapid evidence review assesses the recent academic and grey literature on the topic of financing for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya . The literature reveals a dearth of highly-cited papers on the topic, and while there are a number of studies which are positive on the effectiveness of different types of financing on the performance of MSMEs, there is scope for further literature which engage with the potential risks or problems associated with different financing methods. The literature demonstrates that the landscape for MSME financing in Kenya is relatively fragmented, with commercial banks dominating lending to MSMEs, but with a growing number of other lenders such as microfinance banks (MFBs), savings and credit cooperative organisations (SACCOs), and unregulated microfinance institutions (MFIs) and informal lenders.
Seasonal work of the Pechora Uyezd peasants in the early XX century
Authors: Kuratov O.
Published: February 2025

The paper considers some issues related to peasant seasonal work in the Pechora Uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Province at the beginning of the XX century, based on statistical materials of the Department of Agriculture and State Property. The general tendencies and peculiarities of seasonal work in the volosts of the Pechora Uyezd are revealed. The most profitable type of work was haulage, which was widespread in the most populated volost of the Uyezd - Ust-Tsilma, bringing the highest earnings among all other occupations. Data on the number of peasants of four volosts engaged in the most significant seasonal work and the gender ratio of those who left their villages for seasonal work are considered. The number of issued passports and short-term tickets was analyzed. Men who preferred semi-annual passports prevailed among the seasonal workers, while among women short-term tickets were more popular. The importance of income from the main seasonal work, as well as their “specific weight” in the overall structure of seasonal revenues of peasant households is shown. The conclusion is made about the significance of seasonal work in the economic life of the Uyezd population.
Demographic factor of the influence of Russian culture in the Northeast of China
Authors: Syuan' Lyu
Published: February 2025

Russian culture has had a significant impact on the culture and demographics of Northeast China, particularly in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Liaoning provinces. This impact spans various historical stages, including Sino-Russian trade and migration during the Qing Dynasty, the complex Sino-Soviet relations of the 20th century, and the exchanges following the opening of the Sino-Russian border. This essay explores these influences through seven major aspects: population migration and settlement, architecture and urban planning, language and education, religious influence, cuisine and cultural practices, economy and trade, and demographic impact.
Specificity of transformation of the age structure of the Russian population of Estonia (2000-2021)
Authors: Uznarodov D.
Published: February 2025

The paper considers the peculiarities of the transformation of the age structure of the Russian population of Estonia in the period from 2000 to 2021. Using the methodology of Z. Dlugosz, a quantitative analysis of the dynamics of the age structure of Russian population in the largest administrative-territorial entities of Estonia in the specified period was carried out, which allowed us to identify the direction and rate of changes in the age structure of the Russian population. The differences in the dynamics of the age structure of the Russian and Estonian populations are also analyzed. As a result of the study, it is concluded that currently the age structure of the Russian population of Estonia can be defined as moderately old (Harjumaa uyezd), old (Valgamaa and Ida-Virumaa uyezds) and very old (all other uyezds of the country), and the Estonian population in different uyezds of the country is characterized by a young age structure, an age structure on the eve of old age, a moderately old age structure and an old age structure, which indicates a younger nature of the age structure of the Estonian population. Another conclusion is that in the period from 2011-2021, the proportion of Russians in Estonia in the 20-29 and 30-39 age groups decreased by 6,33%, which, in turn, may indicate a risk of a decrease in the number of women in the most reproductively active age groups by another 22,5% during the 2020s.
Socio-demographic portrait and characteristics of Russian relocators 2022-2024 (experience of a pilot sociological survey)
Authors: Chelpanova D.
Published: February 2025

The paper presents the results of a pilot online sociological survey of Russian relocators, which was conducted in February–March 2024. The survey involved 98 Russian relocators living in different countries. The survey was conducted using the snowball method through the media, WhatsApp, Telegram, and e-mail. The subject of the study was a comparative analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes of Russian relocators obtained during our study in comparison with other sociological surveys. In the course of the work, the results of sociological surveys of other studies involving Russian relocators were used - the projects “OUTRUSH”, “Russian Field”, the issue of “SocioDigger” (VCIOM), published works of scientists. Russian relocators who left Russia after the start of the special military operation were the object of the study. In the paper, relocators are people who have moved to another country, changed their location, place of residence. The relevance of the study is due to the intensification of migration activity of the Russians of working age after the start of the SMO. Given the growing demographic deficit, the exodus of young people can negatively affect the socio-economic and socio-cultural dynamics of the country.
Metzican
Authors: Mexico Metzican
Published: February 2025

mETZCAN
A Note on Prior Selection in Bayesian Estimation
Authors: Seliem Muhammad M. , Kamel Amr R. , Taha Ibrahim M. , Abu El-Nasr Mona Mahmoud
Published: February 2025

The parameter according to the Bayesian approach is handled as a variable that is random and with a probability distribution, rather than an unknown and fixed number. Statistical inference is dependent on the posterior distribution of the parameter rather than only the likelihood function. Choosing the prior distribution is a fundamental step in determining the posterior distribution, and it can be done objectively or subjectively. When the subjective technique is utilized, the prior distribution reflects the prior information the researcher had before coming into contact with the data. When utilizing the objective method, the prior distribution can be chosen in such a way that it has the least influence on the prior distribution. In this paper, a new way of selecting the prior distribution in Bayesian analysis was proposed. According to this strategy, for a given distribution, the prior distribution should be comparable to or the same as the data distributed. The performance of this method was compared to other estimation methods and found to have significantly better performance compared to other estimators. This result was confirmed though a Monte Carlo simulation experiments, with some selected performance criteria mainly, the root mean squared error (RMSE) and the Bias.
Multi-Objective Design Optimization of Planar Spiral Inductors Using Enhanced Metaheuristic Techniques
Authors: Bouali Hamid , Abi Soufiane , Benhala Bachir , Guerbaoui Mohammed
Published: February 2025

The study presented in this paper improves the Multi-Objective Artificial Bee Colony (MOABC) method. It evaluates its performance using Generational Distance (GD), Spread (SP), and Hypervolume (HV) metrics on the Zitzler-Deb-Thiele (ZDT) benchmark functions. Subsequently, the improved MOABC method, along with Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) and the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II), is applied to optimize the design of a square planar spiral inductor. The objectives are to maximize the quality factor ($Q$) and minimize the inductor area ($A$) simultaneously while maintaining a necessary inductance of $4\, \text{nH}$ at a $2.4\, \text{GHz}$ operating frequency, utilizing $0.13\, \mu \text{m}$ CMOS technology. The optimization findings are verified and confirmed using Advanced Design System (ADS) Momentum, demonstrating the feasibility of multi-objective optimization for integrated inductor design.
Improving representativeness in big data analysis through weighted machine learning methods: A case study on the logistic regression model
Authors: Benhlima Lamyae , El Haj Tirari Mohammed
Published: February 2025

In the presence of Big Data, it is essential to recognize that despite the abundance of data, these often do not faithfully represent the target populations. Therefore, analyzing these vast datasets does not guarantee representativeness, as they are collected without proper sampling design. Integrating survey weights and auxiliary information into machine learning algorithms constitutes a major challenge in making the samples more representative of the overall population. Moreover, only a few statistical learning software packages offer options to include these weights in their estimation process. In this paper, we introduce a novel weighted configuration of the logistic regression algorithm and employ a bootstrap method to compare its performance against non-weighted models. Our contributions demonstrate the importance and relevance of incorporating different weights for instances and provide a practical approach for analysts in settings where traditional statistical learning tools fall short. This work bridges a critical gap in statistical learning, ensuring that conclusions drawn from large datasets are robust and generalizable.
A phase-portrait stability analysis for a reaction wheel pendulum using a generalized backstepping control approach
Authors: Montoya Giraldo Oscar Danilo , Ramírez-Vanegas Carlos Alberto , MEsa Fernando
Published: February 2025

This research presents a stability analysis of a reaction wheel pendulum (RWP) using the phase-portrait method. To derive the general control law that stabilizes the RWP system in the upper vertical position, a comprehensive backstepping control design is provided. This control is formulated in a generalized manner for a two-dimensional dynamic system, with the key advantage of guaranteeing asymptotic stability via Lyapunov's stability theorem. In this approach, the upper vertical position transitions from an unstable saddle point in open loop to a stable node in closed loop. The backstepping control design, when applied to the RWP system, incorporates a polynomial-based controller combined with a trigonometric function. A qualitative comparison with existing literature, including passivity- and Lyapunov-based control designs, confirms the generalization capabilities of the proposed backstepping controller. The phase-portrait analysis was conducted using MATLAB version 2024$b$.
Evaluation of Transformer-Based Large Language Models for Email Spam Detection Using BERT, Phi, and Gemma
Authors: C. Grassmann Ana Clara , C. Feitosa Juliana , F. Brega José Remo , A. P. da Costa Kelton
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we study how LLMs based on the transformer architecture work and the possibility of adjusting these models to use only the body of email messages to classify them as spam or ham. The models studied are BERT, Gemma, and Phi. All of them underwent quantization stages, fine-tuning with a real dataset, and evaluation with metrics commonly used in binary classification problems. The Gemma model achieves over 99% accuracy in detecting spam, standing out as the best among the compared models.
A Human Rights Approach to Examine Indonesia’s Social Forestry Policies
Authors: Mangkunegara RM Ahmada , Alfirdaus Laila Kholid , Fitriah
Published: February 2025

This research evaluates social forestry policies in Indonesia through the lens of human rights, focusing on the experiences of forest farmers within local communities. While social forestry is intended to empower marginalized groups, promote forest conservation, and ensure equitable access to resources, its implementation exposes systemic barriers that undermine the human rights of local communities. Such issues restrict the right of affected marginalised communities such as indigenous peoples and women. This exclusion perpetuates socio-economic inequalities and undermines their fundamental rights to fair participation and equitable resource distribution. Based on this observation, the study highlights significant gaps in policy implementation. By drawing comparisons with community-based forest management models in other countries, the study underscores the importance of collaborative governance and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms. The findings emphasize the need for a rights-based, integrated approach to social forestry that prioritizes transparency, inclusivity, and the empowerment of marginalized groups. Aligning local implementation with global human rights and conservation goals is essential for achieving equitable, sustainable, and socially just outcomes in Indonesia's social forestry initiatives.
Right to Access Social Housing in the Perspective of International Human Rights Law and Vietnam’s Regulations
Authors: Nguyen Hoi Van , Nguyen Yen Thi Hong
Published: February 2025

Housing is one of the basic needs of each individual, family and society. This right has also been widely recognized in international human rights instruments at the global, regional and national levels. The general comments of the United Nations convention committees also point out that the right to housing is not simply the right to have a place to reside but also refers to many different aspects of maintaining residence and the surrounding living conditions. The explanations also mentioned the responsibility of countries to ensure access to housing for particular groups in society and consider it as a part of social security policy. Although it is a developing country with many difficulties and challenges in economic development, from a very early age, Vietnam has paid special attention to fundamental human rights, particularly the right to housing. Although specific outcomes have been achieved, there are perspectives that the quantity and total area of social housing constructed still need to satisfy the objectives established in the National Housing Development Strategy 2020 and vision for 2030. In addition, implementing related regulations remains plagued with challenges and concerns. From the situation, the article will focus on (i) clarifying the legal and practical issues of ensuring access to social housing at international and national levels and (ii) pointing out the challenges and legal gaps in this field in Vietnam. From there, (iii) providing suggestions for Vietnam to implement effectively this right of Vietnamese citizens in the coming time.
Presentación [Universitas, 2025, n. 46]
Authors: Razo Godínez Laura Cecilia , Carbajal-Camberos Juan Pablo
Published: February 2025

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La respuesta de la UE a la crisis migratoria. Especial referencia a la directiva de protección temporal a raíz de la guerra de Ucrania
Authors: Alberto Valdés Ignacio
Published: February 2025

A raíz de la afluencia masiva de personas llegadas a las fronteras exteriores de la Unión Europea como consecuencia de la crisis de refugiados sirios en 2015 y la invasión rusa en Ucrania en 2022, las instituciones comunitarias tuvieron que adoptar diversas medidas para dar una respuesta efectiva al riesgo de colapso de los sistemas nacionales de asilo ante un número elevado de solicitantes de asilo y refugio. En este contexto, este trabajo tiene por objeto abordar tres instrumentos de protección: (i) el reasentamiento como mecanismo duradero de integración de personas migrantes; (ii) la reubicación como instrumento de protección específica al que se acogerán las personas especialmente vulnerables; y (iii) la activación de la Directiva 2001/55/CE como solución adecuada al éxodo ucraniano