bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First and Second Language Patterns of Brain Activation in Korean Layrngeal Contrasts
Authors: Park Haeil , Iverson Gregory
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This study aims to localize the brain regions involved in the apprehension of Korean laryngeal contrasts and to investigate whether the Internal Model advanced by Callan et al. (2004) extends to first versus second language perception of these unique three-way laryngeal distinctions. The results show that there is a significant difference in activation between native and second-language speakers, consistent with the findings of Callan et al. Specific activities unique to younger native speakers of Korean relative to native speakers of English were seen in the cuneus (occipital lobe) and the right middle frontal gyrus (Brodmann Area [BA] 10), areas of the brain associated with pitch perception. The current findings uphold Silva's (2006) conclusion that the laryngeal contrasts of Korean are increasingly distinguished less by VOT differences than by their effect on pitch in the following vowel. A subsequent experiment was conducted to establish whether more traditional, older native speakers of Korean who still make clear VOT distinctions also activate both the cuneus and BA 10 in the same task. Preliminary results indicate that they do not, whereas speakers with overlapping VOT distinctions do show intersecting activations in these areas, thus corroborating Silva's claim of emergent pitch sensitivity in the Korean laryngeal system.
Acoustic and Perceptual Similarities Between English and Korean Sibilants
Authors: Cheon Sang Yee , Anderson Victoria B.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Foreign accent has been assumed to be closely related to the degree of articulatory, acoustic and perceptual similarity between L1 and L2 sounds. This study examined cross-language acoustic and perceptual similarities between Korean and English sibilant fricatives: Korean [—tense] /s/ and [+tense] /s*/ vs. English alveolar /s/ and palato-alveolar /∫/. To determine acoustic similarity, two parameters were measured: duration and spectral peak frequency. A Same-Different (AX) discrimination task investigated listeners' perceived similarity judgments between pairs of sibilants. In most cases, the acoustic characterizations led to correct predictions about differences in listeners' perceptions. However, results showed several disparities between acoustic similarity and perceived similarity. These cases necessarily involve acoustic dimensions other than the two measured here; probable candidates are voice quality on a following vowel, and lip rounding, with its spectral lowering effects. Cases of mismatch between acoustic and perceptual characterizations are fruitful areas for examining additional acoustic characteristics that may be responsible for listeners' ability to distinguish sounds. Acoustic and perceptual characterizations in tandem provide the best method of establishing areas of difference between the sounds of different languages, and in turn of establishing ways to teach L2 sounds to learners.
Allomorphy in Korean Noun Particles
Authors: Lee Yongsung
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The Multiple Input approach in Optimality Theory for Korean allomorph alternations has been challenged by recent research. It is shown not only to have failed in dealing with alternations after ŋ-final stems and with the lo/ilo and the wa/kwa alternations, but also to have resulted in a ranking paradox between different allomorph sets. These problems lead researchers to argue that Optimality Theory is incapable of dealing with the Korean allomorphy or to propose a separate selection device outside of the evaluation component to explain the allomorph alternations in Korean. This paper, however, shows that the apparent problems come from the partially optimizing nature of Korean noun allomorphy. It argues that parallel evaluation with multiple inputs has no problem in dealing with Korean allomorphy. A universal allomorphy constraint, DEFAULT ALLOMORPH, which prefers a phonologically simple allomorph, is proposed to remedy the problems found in the previous analyses. With DEFAULT ALLOMORPH and other relevant constraints, we do not have to resort to separate selection/elimination stages or to language-particular and morpheme-specific constraints to explain Korean noun particle allomorph alternations.
Agreement in Promissive, Imperative, and Exhortative Clauses
Authors: Pak Miok D. , Portner Paul , Zanuttini Raffaella
Published: February 2014

Abstract. One of the unique features of Korean is that it marks sentences used to promise with the same grammatical mechanism - a paradigm of sentence final particles - with which it marks other clause types, like declaratives, interrogatives, and imperatives. In this paper we investigate this cross-linguistically rare type of PROMISSIVES and argue that they are members of the broader clause type of JUSSIVES, along with imperatives and exhortatives. However, within the jussive clause type, promissives, imperatives, and exhortatives differ from each other in having not only different sen-tence final particles but also different subjects. We argue that these two differences are correlated in such a way as to distinguish the three distinct clause types, promissives, imperatives, and exhorta-tives. We specifically argue that the jussive particle (sentence final particle in jussive clauses) is the head of a Jussive Phrase which carries person features and that the jussive particle enters an agree-ment relation with the subject. In studying various types of subjects allowed in both root and embed-ded jussive clauses we further argue that the Jussive head, as well as null pronouns in Korean has a shiftable person features while overt pronouns have unshiftable person features.
Indirect Speech and Its Predicates in Korean
Authors: Kim Nam-Kil
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is to investigate indirect speech and its predicates in Korean. Section 1 deals with differences between indirect speech and direct speech. Section 2 discusses the structural status of indirect speech. Section 3 describes types of predicates and examines their syntactic and semantic characteristics.
The Phonetic History of Korean Numerals
Authors: Krippes Karl A.
Published: February 2014

The purpose of this paper is, first, to survey the history of the linguistic study of Korean numerals. Secondly, drawing from dialectal information, Old and Middle Korean, and employing the facts of Korean historical linguistics, the proto-Silla (not proto Korean) numerals will be reconstructed. If some Korean Altaic etymologies conflict with the facts from Korean historical linguistics, the Altaic etymologies rather than the facts from Korean historical linguistics will be abandoned. This is a necessary procedure because the tendency in Korean and Western scholarship is that, no matter how much Korean historical linguistics advances, its findings are often ignored as soon as the discussion turns to Korean-Altaic linguistic comparisons.
Contraction phenomena in korean
Authors: Jeong Weon-Don
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we discuss contraction phenomena in Korean. We explore what environments this construction is found in and how it is formed.
LCT Revisited
Authors: Martin Samuel E.
Published: February 2014

This is a revision of "LCT: Corrigenda and Addenda", Korean Linguistics 5:131-8. Newly added lines are marked with | in the left margin. The other lines contain the same information as before, with minor corrections and editing. A raised double dot ·· (the dieresis or umlaut) now marks the low rising tone, instead of the colon used earlier.
The adjective-adverb interface in Romance and English
Authors: Hummel Martin
Published: February 2014

Hengeveld classifies English as a ‘differentiated’ language that uses two morphological word-classes for adjective and (manner) adverb. The paper shows that English is instead a language where ‘differentiation’ coexists and competes with ‘flexibility’ (one word-class for adjective and adverb). English shares this feature with Romance, whereas it is distinctive with regard to other Germanic languages. The paper therefore aims at investigating the parallels that can be seen between English and Romance in both, synchrony and diachrony. It will be shown that variationist data are crucial for the understanding of this situation. Shared traditions of linguistic standardization in English and Romance explain common features that cannot be reduced to the typological and functional aspects.
Repetition of words and phrases from the punch lines of Japanese stories about food and restaurants
Authors: Karatsu Mariko
Published: February 2014

Drawing on research on repetition in storytelling (Jefferson et al., 1987; Norrick, 2000; Georgakopoulou, 2007), I demonstrate how words and phrases in punch lines about food and restaurants can acquire evaluative or symbolic meanings in a storytelling among three Japanese women. I also show how later in the conversation participants use these words and phrases to comment on their taste and to evaluate a story utilizing the original evaluative or symbolic meanings of these words and phrases. This study shows how the ubiquity of talk about food and restaurants allows the participants to use words and phrases from punch lines as a device to show their understanding of one another and suggests how this can be a group bonding exercise in talk-in-interaction.
“I needa cut up my soup”
Authors: Sheldon Amy
Published: February 2014

American English-speaking preschoolers reinscribe implicit understandings of gender prescriptions in their food-related talk and pretend play. Girls discussed and coordinated complex, sequenced meal preparation, sometimes explicitly as mother or child. Boys’ food-as-comestible play was shorter and less developed. They imaginatively transported themselves to places outside of the home setting (to a swamp, a spaceship), planning and enacting scripts of gender normative adventure and danger, in which food was symbolically transformed for use in nondomestic, noncomestible activities, e.g., a piece of bread becomes a camera. Boys also style-shifted linguistically, but usually in non-family roles. This study contributes to research on preschooler’s gendered social language and spontaneous symbolic play, and to research concerned with the meanings children ascribe to food and eating.
Singular perception, multiple perspectives through ‘we’
Authors: Whitt Richard J.
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the results of a corpus-based investigation of the role of the first-person plural pronoun in the construction of intersubjective meaning among evidential perception verbs of sight and sound in English and German (with most attention being given to written rather than spoken data). Whereas the first-person singular pronoun only signifies that the evidence rests solely with the speaker/writer, the first-person plural pronoun allows a much wider range of intersubjective meanings concerning the nature of the evidence. It is also shown how English and German perception verbs express intersubjective evidential meaning in a number of different complementation patterns, how the type of this meaning is often linked to these patterns, and how the use of the first-person plural pronoun can vary among and within these constructions. The possibility of a diachronic development in this domain is also given some attention, hence data are drawn from the Early Modern and Modern periods of these two languages.
The pragmatics of first person non-singular pronouns in Norf’k
Authors: Mühlhäusler Peter
Published: February 2014

The Norf’k language of the descendants of the Mutiny of the Bounty has developed a complex inventory of pronouns and similarly complex rules for their use. The large size of the pronoun paradigm reflects both the cumulative nature of Norf’k grammar where constructions from Tahitian, English and St. Kitts Creole continue to co-exist and the specific human ecology in which the language developed. A rare property of first person non-singular pronouns is the distinction of pronouns that are used exclusively by and to refer to Bounty descendants. Another interesting property is the distinction between a large set of deictic pronouns and a much smaller set of anaphoric ones. The discussion draws on a large sample of naturalistic spoken and written texts as well as discussions with informants during 18 field visits. The findings differ from previous analyses and demonstrate the importance of extended participant observation and a rich database.
‘We’ as social categorization in Cha’palaa,  a language of Ecuador
Authors: Floyd Simeon
Published: February 2014

This chapter connects the grammar of the first person collective pronoun in the Cha’palaa language of Ecuador with its use in interaction for collective reference and social category membership attribution, addressing the problem posed by the fact that non-singular pronouns do not have distributional semantics (“speakers”) but are rather associational (“speaker and relevant associates”). It advocates a cross-disciplinary approach that jointly considers elements of linguistic form, situated usages of those forms in instances of interaction, and the broader ethnographic context of those instances. Focusing on large-scale and relatively stable categories such as racial and ethnic groups, it argues that looking at how speakers categorize themselves and others in the speech situation by using pronouns provides empirical data on the status of macro-social categories for members of a society.
Replying with the freestanding ‘we’  in Greek conversations
Authors: Pavlidou Theodossia-Soula
Published: February 2014

The present chapter focuses on the freestanding first person plural subject pronoun εμείς (‘we’) in Modern Greek. Previous work on εμείς (Pavlidou 2008, 2012) has shown that its non-referential functions depend on the sequential context in which the turn containing this freestanding pronoun appears. Adopting a Conversation Analysis perspective, the chapter investigates one particular sequential context in which εμείς appears, namely replies to questions. It is shown that – with hardly any exceptions – such replies are type non-conforming and/or dispreferred. Therefore, it is argued, εμείς indexes some kind of trouble. However, as this conclusion cannot be extended to all occurrences of εμείς in other second pair parts, it is suggested that underlying the function of indexing trouble there is an argumentative stance on the speaker’s part toward the on-going interaction.
Author positioning and audience addressivity by means of ‘we’ in Greek academic discourse
Authors: Vladimirou Dimitra
Published: February 2014

The present chapter reports on a study of first person plural reference in a corpus of 15 Linguistics journal articles by Greek-speaking authors. This data-driven investigation aims to explore the ways in which linguists construct their position and their relationship with the audience/academic community within the Greek context. Three main categories of semantic reference were identified: referential, generic and ambiguous. Ambiguous referential uses are examined closely, including examples that cut across the inclusive-exclusive divide. The results suggest that the rhetorical practices of Greek-speaking authors seem to relate to the size and type of the academic community they are addressing.
The expression of emotions in conditionals
Authors: Lampropoulou Martha
Published: February 2014

The aim of this paper is to examine the ways that emotions are communicated in conditionals employed in Greek political speeches. In particular, it is suggested that conditional constructions along with their conjunctions, such as the markers an (if) and ean (if) carry a particular emotional load in the Greek political context. Based on Athanasiadou and Dirven’ s (1996) typology of if-clauses, a sample of conditionals was analysed. The findings show a prevalence of the pragmatic conditional type; a conditional type with an intense conversational nature which carries specific illocutionary acts, such as warning, request or advice, accompanied most of the time by negative emotions, such as anger, dislike, contempt, irritation, alarm, intimidation and pride. In other words, the choice of the pragmatic type in combination with certain conjunctions is associated with specific negative emotions which consequently generate reactions such as sarcasm, irony, scaremongering, cajolery and fake politeness. Overall, the paper discusses devices through which conditional constructions reflect emotions.
Cross-cultural perception of some Japanese politeness and impoliteness expressions*
Authors: Rilliard Albert , Erickson Donna , de Moraes João Antônio , Shochi Takaaki
Published: February 2014

Prosodic strategies may express polite or impolite speech acts. Five such strategies in Japanese are studied in a cross-cultural experiment. The attitudes are presented to subjects in different modalities: audio-only, video-only, audio-video and also described in Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) scripts. NSM scripts allow creating comparable translations of a given description, proposed in four languages: Japanese, American English, Brazilian Portuguese and French. Native subjects of these languages took a pair comparison test, as a way to measure the perceived proximity of presented stimuli. A multidimensional statistical analysis of the results allows a description of the main expressive dimensions perceived by subjects. The test shows the similarity of the perceptive patterns obtained via NSM scripts and visual and audio modalities. It also shows that subjects of different cultural origins shared about 60% of the global representation of these expressions, that 8% are unique to modalities, while 3% are unique to language background.
From degree/manner adverbs to pragmatic particles in Japanese
Authors: Shinzato Rumiko
Published: February 2014

This is a corpus-based analysis of synchronic and diachronic variations of the Japanese degree adverbs amari ‘extremely’ and bakari ‘about, to the extent’, and the manner adverb yahari ‘being still’. These variations are unique in that they are not constructions, but morphophonological variants. Further, variants of the same phonetic shape undergo parallel development. First, phonologically, each adverb set involves both expansion and truncation. Positionally, the newer variants shifted from sentence-internal to sentence-peripheral, and they expanded functionally as discourse/pragmatic particles, thereby semantically becoming more (inter)subjective. Contrastingly, each original form preserves its original features most. Second, such parallelism is motivated by “associative iconicity” (Fischer 1999) and “paradigmatic iconicity” (Krug 2000). Third, given the layered structure analyses of Japanese, the changes are conceivably interrelated. Fourth, this article presents a similar case in Korean for a comparison.
On the origin of clausal parenthetical constructions
Authors: López-Couso María José , Méndez-Naya Belén
Published: February 2014

This article contributes to the discussion on the origin of pragmatic markers by exploring the development of parenthetical structures with the two default verbs of seeming in the history of English: seem and impersonal think ‘seem, appear’. Drawing mainly on data from the Helsinki Corpus, we describe the most common construction types in which these two verbs appear, paying especial attention to their parenthetical use. We show that the emergence of parentheticals with these verbs precedes the increase in the frequency of the zero complementizer, thus calling into question Thompson and Mulac’s (1991) matrix-clause hypothesis. Rather, the history of seem- and impersonal think-parentheticals tallies with the developmental path proposed by Brinton (1996, 2008) for the parenthetical I think, as adverbial parentheticals (so/as it seems) clearly antedate bare parentheticals (it seems).
The information structure of ditransitives
Authors: Goldberg Adele E.
Published: February 2014

This chapter argues that information structure plays a critical role in explaining the ditransitive construction’s distribution, scope properties, and interaction with long-distance dependency constructions. Specifically, since the recipient argument is a secondary topic and backgrounded in discourse, it tends to have wide scope over the theme argument and also tends to resist extraction when combined with long-distance dependency constructions. An alternative, the to-dative, is favored in these circumstances, since it has a more appropriate information structure.
Topics at the left periphery in Russian
Authors: Polinsky Maria , Potsdam Eric
Published: February 2014

This paper analyses a paradigm in Russian in which a preposed nominal stranding a numeral can show (paucal) number connectivity, with a gap following the numeral, or can appear in a non-agreeing (plural) form:
(1) theater-paucal/plural, there were three. paucal__
Numerous syntactic diagnostics confirm that, when there is number connectivity, the nominal has been fronted via A′-movement, creating a syntactic A′-chain dependency. In the absence of connectivity, the construction involves a hanging topic related via discourse mechanisms to a base-generated null pronoun. These two constructions constitute a minimal pair and can be considered a counterpart to the better-known left edge topics observed in Romance or Germanic languages.
Left dislocation in French
Authors: Kerr Betsy
Published: February 2014

A number of studies of Left Dislocation (LD) in spoken French within the Interactional Linguistics (IL) framework (de Fornel 1988; Pekarek Doehler 2001; Chevalier 2011b) have been critical of the information-structure analyses of this construction as set forth in Lambrecht (1981, 1994) and Barnes (1985). This discussion attempts to clarify the original information-structure analysis, arguing that the pragmatic definition of LD should be limited to the explicit marking of the sentence-topic and its associated comment. This topic-comment configuration is compatible with a large variety of particular functions with respect to the larger discourse and to speakers’ interactional purposes. Explanatorily useful IL analyses are those that make clear the connection between the topic-comment configuration and the proposed interactional function.
The Iranian Green Movement: Fragmented Collective Action and Fragile Collective Identity
Authors: Reisinezhad Arash
Published: February 2014

The Iranian Green Movement emerged after the presidential election in June 2009. The paper tracks down its foundational origins through the concept of ‘fragmented collective action’, that points to the dispersion of a social movement's political energies and the fragmentation of its constitutive groups. It also addresses the significance of informal mobilizing networks and the widespread use of modern virtual space to bring together an intersubjectively constructed collective identity which was shaped by the movement’s interactions with political forces and with its interlocutors. Finally, the paper argues that the collective identity shaped the movement's strategies over the course of its evolution.
Differential regulation of CaV1.2 channels by cAMP-dependent protein kinase bound to A-kinase anchoring proteins 15 and 79/150
Authors: Fuller Matthew D. , Fu Ying , Scheuer Todd , Catterall William A.
Published: February 2014

The CaV1.1 and CaV1.2 voltage-gated calcium channels initiate excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal and cardiac myocytes, excitation-transcription coupling in neurons, and many other cellular processes. Up-regulation of their activity by the β-adrenergic–PKA signaling pathway increases these physiological responses. PKA up-regulation of CaV1.2 activity can be reconstituted in a transfected cell system expressing CaV1.2Δ1800 truncated at the in vivo proteolytic processing site, the distal C-terminal domain (DCT; CaV1.2[1801–2122]), the auxiliary α2δ and β subunits of CaV1.2 channels, and A-kinase anchoring protein-15 (AKAP15), which binds to a site in the DCT. AKAP79/150 binds to the same site in the DCT as AKAP15. Here we report that AKAP79 is ineffective in supporting up-regulation of CaV1.2 channel activity by PKA, even though it binds to the same site in the DCT and inhibits the up-regulation of CaV1.2 channel activity supported by AKAP15. Mutation of the calcineurin-binding site in AKAP79 (AKAP79ΔPIX) allows it to support PKA-dependent up-regulation of CaV1.2 channel activity, suggesting that calcineurin bound to AKAP79 rapidly dephosphorylates CaV1.2 channels, thereby preventing their regulation by PKA. Both AKAP15 and AKAP79ΔPIX exert their regulatory effects on CaV1.2 channels in transfected cells by interaction with the modified leucine zipper motif in the DCT. Our results introduce an unexpected mode of differential regulation by AKAPs, in which binding of different AKAPs at a single site can competitively confer differential regulatory effects on the target protein by their association with different signaling proteins.
Complex role of STIM1 in the activation of store-independent Orai1/3 channels
Authors: Zhang Xuexin , Zhang Wei , González-Cobos José C. , Jardin Isaac , Romanin Christoph , Matrougui Khalid , Trebak Mohamed
Published: February 2014

Orai proteins contribute to Ca2+ entry into cells through both store-dependent, Ca2+ release–activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels (Orai1) and store-independent, arachidonic acid (AA)-regulated Ca2+ (ARC) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4)-regulated Ca2+ (LRC) channels (Orai1/3 heteromultimers). Although activated by fundamentally different mechanisms, CRAC channels, like ARC and LRC channels, require stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1). The role of endoplasmic reticulum–resident STIM1 (ER-STIM1) in CRAC channel activation is widely accepted. Although ER-STIM1 is necessary and sufficient for LRC channel activation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the minor pool of STIM1 located at the plasma membrane (PM-STIM1) is necessary for ARC channel activation in HEK293 cells. To determine whether ARC and LRC conductances are mediated by the same or different populations of STIM1, Orai1, and Orai3 proteins, we used whole-cell and perforated patch-clamp recording to compare AA- and LTC4-activated currents in VSMCs and HEK293 cells. We found that both cell types show indistinguishable nonadditive LTC4- and AA-activated currents that require both Orai1 and Orai3, suggesting that both conductances are mediated by the same channel. Experiments using a nonmetabolizable form of AA or an inhibitor of 5-lipooxygenase suggested that ARC and LRC currents in both cell types could be activated by either LTC4 or AA, with LTC4 being more potent. Although PM-STIM1 was required for current activation by LTC4 and AA under whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in both cell types, ER-STIM1 was sufficient with perforated patch recordings. These results demonstrate that ARC and LRC currents are mediated by the same cellular populations of STIM1, Orai1, and Orai3, and suggest a complex role for both ER-STIM1 and PM-STIM1 in regulating these store-independent Orai1/3 channels.
Introducing the new members of the JGP Editorial Advisory Board
Authors: Gordon Sharona E.
Published: February 2014

We are pleased to welcome several new JGP Editorial Advisory Board members.
Phototoxic reaction associated with Malarone (atovaquone/proguanil) antimalarial prophylaxis
Authors: Amelot Aymeric , Dupouy‐Camet Jean , Jeanmougin Michel
Published: February 2014

Phototoxic reaction has not been reported previously as an adverse reaction to the combination of atovaquone and proguanil (AP) (Malarone) used for antimalarial prophylaxis and therapy. We report here a 32‐year‐old patient treated with AP who presented with clinical manifestations of photosensitivity. AP‐induced phototoxicity in this patient was further supported by phototesting. Malarone is not known to photosensitize and render the skin more susceptible to severe sunburn‐like reactions. That it may do so, as in this case, is of importance especially as this drug is used predominantly by those travelling to sunnier climes. A notification of potential phototoxic effects of AP should be published for the choice of prophylaxis made by tourists traveling in malarial areas.
Thermal adaptation of cellular membranes in natural populations ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Cooper Brandon S. , Hammad Loubna A. , Montooth Kristi L.
Published: February 2014

Changes in temperature disrupt the fluidity of cellular membranes, which can negatively impact membrane integrity and cellular processes. Many ectotherms, includingDrosophila melanogaster(Meigen), adjust the glycerophospholipid composition of their membranes to restore optimal fluidity when temperatures change, a type of trait plasticity termed homeoviscous adaptation.

Existing data suggest that plasticity in the relative abundances of the glycerophospholipids phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) underlies cellular adaptation to temporal variability in the thermal environment. For example, laboratory populations ofD. melanogasterevolved in the presence of temporally variable temperatures have greater developmental plasticity of the ratio ofPEtoPC(PE/PC) and greater fecundity than do populations evolved at constant temperatures.

Here, we extend this work to natural populations ofD. melanogasterby evaluating thermal plasticity of glycerophospholipid composition at different life stages, in genotypes isolated from Vermont, Indiana and North Carolina, USA. We also quantify the covariance between developmental and adult (reversible) plasticity, and between adult responses of the membrane to cool and warm thermal shifts.

As predicted by physiological models of homeoviscous adaptation, flies from all populations decreasePE/PCand the degree of lipid unsaturation in response to warm temperatures. Furthermore, these populations have diverged in their degree of membrane plasticity. Flies from the most variable thermal environment (Vermont, USA) decreasePE/PCto a greater extent than do other populations when developed at a warm temperature, a pattern that matches our previous observation in laboratory‐evolved populations. We also find that developmental plasticity and adult plasticity ofPE/PCcovary across genotypes, but that adult responses to cool and warm thermal shifts do not.

When combined with our previous observations of laboratory‐evolved populations, our findings implicate developmental plasticity ofPE/PCas a mechanism of thermal adaptation in temporally variable environments. While little is known about the genetic bases of plastic responses to temperature, our observations suggest that both environmentally sensitive and environmentally specific alleles contribute to thermal adaptation of membranes and that costs of plasticity may arise when the adult environment differs from that experienced during development.
Antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial resistance genes in marine bacteria from salmon aquaculture and non‐aquaculture sites
Authors: Shah Syed Q. A. , Cabello Felipe C. , L'Abée‐Lund Trine M. , Tomova Alexandra , Godfrey Henry P. , Buschmann Alejandro H. , Sørum Henning
Published: February 2014

Antimicrobial resistance (AR) detected by disc diffusion and antimicrobial resistance genes detected by DNA hybridization and polymerase chain reaction with amplicon sequencing were studied in 124 marine bacterial isolates from a Chilean salmon aquaculture site and 76 from a site without aquaculture 8 km distant. Resistance to one or more antimicrobials was present in 81% of the isolates regardless of site. Resistance to tetracycline was most commonly encoded by tetA and tetG; to trimethoprim, by dfrA1, dfrA5 and dfrA12; to sulfamethizole, by sul1 and sul2; to amoxicillin, by blaTEM; and to streptomycin, by strA‐strB. Integron integrase intl1 was detected in 14 sul1‐positive isolates, associated with aad9 gene cassettes in two from the aquaculture site. intl2 Integrase was only detected in three dfrA1‐positive isolates from the aquaculture site and was not associated with gene cassettes in any. Of nine isolates tested for conjugation, two from the aquaculture site transferred AR determinants to Escherichia coli. High levels of AR in marine sediments from aquaculture and non‐aquaculture sites suggest that dispersion of the large amounts of antimicrobials used in Chilean salmon aquaculture has created selective pressure in areas of the marine environment far removed from the initial site of use of these agents.
Reflections on Possibilities and Challenges of Discussing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV) in Role-Play Simulations
Authors: Pruitt Lesley J.
Published: February 2014

Addressing sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) in international peace and security frameworks is crucial. Yet SGBV often remains silenced in the peace and security literature. Relatedly SGBV tends to be marginalised in the classroom. This can perpetuate challenges to achieving peace by producing graduates and practitioners who are neither knowledgeable about, nor prepared to deal with, SGBV in practice. To explore possibilities for engaging with this challenging topic, this article reflects on a role-play simulation in a graduate course on International Peacekeeping. In doing so, it discusses prospects for educating students around SGBV and challenges to doing so effectively. Role-play simulations may be useful tools for engaging with such complex topics. At the same time, learning outcomes will improve if the role-play is introduced after discussing a broader range of relevant literature and debates around gender in general and SGBV in particular. Furthermore, even with prior discussion, educators may need to prompt reflection and discussion around gender if students do not initiate such conversations themselves. Actions like this may have positive outcomes for gender mainstreaming of the discipline insofar as they in better prepare students for future professional roles in peace and security.
Panama as Palimpsest: The Reformulation of the ‘Transit Corridor’ in a Global Economy
Authors: Sigler Thomas J.
Published: February 2014

The interface between economic globalization and territorial formation has been a fundamental concern to scholars from a wide range of disciplines as both supra‐ and subnational configurations increasingly supplant the role of the nation‐state so as to achieve purported political or economic objectives. Though extensive literatures document this process, considerable lacunae exist with regard to the understanding thereof within a socio‐historical framework. This article invokes the concept of ‘palimpsest’ as a metaphor through which one reads the re‐inscription of multiple layers of the built environment or territory vis‐à‐vis the widespread changes within Panama's ‘transit corridor’ — a densely settled territorial strip extending from the northern city of Colón to Panama City in the south. Though much of this transformation has been attributed to the newfound economic stability of the Panamanian state, I argue that these structural changes are best understood in the context of prior developments on the Isthmus of Panama dating back centuries. To this end, both structural and poststructural arguments are invoked so as to transgress a narrow focus on Panama as a fixed territorial entity.
Optimization of Headspace Solid‐Phase Microextraction Technique for Extraction of Volatile Smokeless Powder Compounds in Forensic Applications
Authors: Chang Kah Haw , Yew Chong Hooi , Abdullah Ahmad Fahmi Lim
Published: February 2014

Smokeless powders are low explosives and are potentially found in cases involving firearms and improvised explosive devices. Apart from inorganic compound analysis, forensic determination of organic components of these materials appears as a promising alternative, especially the chromatographic techniques. This work describes the optimization of a solid‐phase microextraction technique using an 85 μm polyacrylate fiber followed by gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection for smokeless powder. A multivariate experimental design was performed to optimize extraction‐influencing parameters. A 24factorial first‐order design revealed that sample temperature and extraction time were the major influencing parameters. Doehlert matrix design has subsequently selected 66°C and 21 min as the compromised conditions for the two predetermined parameters. This extraction technique has successfully detected the headspace compounds of smokeless powders from different ammunition types and allowed for their differentiation. The novel technique allows more rapid sample preparation for chromatographic detection of smokeless powders.
A Time Course Study Demonstrating mRNA, microRNA, 18S rRNA, and U6 snRNA Changes to Estimate PMI in Deceased Rat's Spleen
Authors: Lv Ye‐hui , Ma Kai‐jun , Zhang Heng , He Meng , Zhang Ping , Shen Yi‐wen , Jiang Nan , Ma Duan , Chen Long
Published: February 2014

Determining the postmortem interval (PMI) is important in criminal, civil, and forensic cases. We examined the feasibility of using the transcript abundances of mRNAs, 18S rRNA, U6 snRNA, and microRNAs as a means to estimate the PMI. We removed spleen tissues from rats at different PMIs under 4°C or 25°C and examined gene transcript abundances in these samples by RT‐qPCR. Using the algorithm geNorm, we found that microRNAs to be appropriate control markers because they were less affected by PMI and temperature. We also characterized relationships between observed PMI and the transcript levels of the above‐mentioned RNAs. GAPDH1 and ACTB1 fluctuated slightly like cubic curves, while GAPDH2 and ACTB2 decreased rapidly. 18S rRNA transcript level exhibited a parabolic‐like trend at 25°C and exponential growth at 4°C, while U6 transcript level exhibited exponential decay at 25°C and a parabolic‐like trend at 4°C. Following validation, we conclude that GAPDH2, ACTB2, and 18S rRNA are suitable makers in the accurate determination of PMI.
THE “TRUE” JUVENILE OFFENDER: AGE EFFECTS AND JUVENILE COURT SANCTIONING
Authors: MEARS DANIEL P. , COCHRAN JOSHUA C. , STULTS BRIAN J. , GREENMAN SARAH J. , BHATI AVINASH S. , GREENWALD MARK A.
Published: February 2014

Age is the only factor used to demarcate the boundary between juvenile and adult justice. However, little research has examined how age guides the juvenile court in determining which youth within the juvenile justice system merit particular dispositions, especially those that reflect the court's emphasis on rehabilitation. Drawing on scholarship on the court's origins, attribution theory, and cognitive heuristics, we hypothesize that the court focuses on youth in the middle of the range of the court's age of jurisdiction—characterized in this article as “true” juveniles—who may be viewed as meriting more specialized intervention. We use data from Florida for court referrals in 2008 (N = 71,388) to examine the decision to proceed formally or informally and, in turn, to examine formally processed youth dispositions (dismissal, diversion, probation, commitment, and transfer) and informally processed youth dispositions (dismissal, diversion, and probation). The analyses provide partial support for the hypothesis. The very young were more likely to be informally processed; however, among the informally processed youth, the youngest, not “true” juveniles, were most likely to be diverted or placed on probation. By contrast, among formally processed youth, “true” juveniles were most likely to receive traditional juvenile court responses, such as diversion or probation.
Coeliac disease and the gluten‐free diet in New Zealand: The New Zealand Coeliac Health Survey
Authors: Sharp Kiri , Walker Heather , Coppell Kirsten J.
Published: February 2014

Aim

The aim of the present study was to describe the health and dietary treatment of people with coeliac disease in New Zealand.

Methods

The New Zealand Coeliac Health Survey was a self‐administered cross‐sectional survey adapted, with permission, from the Canadian Celiac Health Survey. All members of Coeliac New Zealand Incorporated (n = 2720) were surveyed, primarily online (n = 2383). Surveys were posted to those without an email address (n = 337).

Results

The overall response rate was 46.5% (n = 1264). This analysis included biopsy‐positive respondents aged 16 years and over (n = 936). Mean age at diagnosis was 43.5 (SD: 15.5) years. The median time between reported onset of symptoms and diagnosis of coeliac disease was 5 years (IQR 1–16). Most (88.4%) described their diet as being strictly gluten free, yet many had incomplete recovery from symptoms. Of 81.6% reported being referred to a dietitian, 19.9% considered the information they received to be fair or poor. Following a gluten‐free diet was very difficult for 6.2%, and moderately difficult for 29.8%. Common problems included finding good quality gluten‐free foods and identifying whether foods were gluten free or not from the label. More than one‐third (36.3%) avoided travelling because of coeliac disease at least some of the time, and one‐quarter (25.6%) never or rarely ate at restaurants.

Conclusions

Although coeliac disease is a common condition in New Zealand, ongoing symptoms among patients suggest that dietary management is inadequate. Knowledge of a gluten‐free diet and its implementation among dietitians, and the preparation of commercial and restaurant gluten‐free foods could be improved.
Association of IRS1, CAPN10, and PPARG gene polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the high‐risk population of Hyderabad, India 在印度海得拉巴高风险人群中IRS1、CAPN10以及PPARG基因多态性与2型糖尿病的关系
Authors: Kommoju Uma Jyothi , Maruda Jayaraj , Kadarkarai Samy Subburaj , Irgam Kumuda , Kotla Jaya Prasad , Reddy Battini Mohan
Published: February 2014

Background

We attempted to validate earlier findings on the nature of the association of the IRS1, CAPN10, and PPARG genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the high‐risk population of Hyderabad, India.

Methods

A sample of 1379 subjects (758 T2DM patients, 621 controls) was genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IRS1 (rs1801278), CAPN10 (rs3792267, rs5030952), and PPARG (rs1801282) genes.

Results

The allele and genotype frequencies of IRS1 (rs1801278) and CAPN10 (rs3792267) SNPs differed significantly between the patient and control groups. Logistic regression analysis suggested a significant association of these two SNPs (P ≤ 0.007) with T2DM and the strength of association did not alter when adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, and the waist : hip ratio as covariates. The same two SNPs showed significant association in multivariate logistic regression analyses, even after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing, suggesting an independent nature of the role of these genes in the manifestation of T2DM in our population.

Conclusions

We replicated the significant association of rs1801278 and rs3792267 SNPs of the IRS1 and CAPN10 genes with T2DM in the population of Hyderabad. Despite the known biological significance of the PPARG gene and a sufficient statistical power of the present study, we could not replicate the association of PPARG with T2DM in our high‐risk population. Given the vast ethnic, geographic, and genetic heterogeneity of the Indian population, many more studies are needed covering the ethnic and geographic heterogeneity of India to enable identification of an Indian‐specific profile of genes associated with T2DM.
Hide‐and‐seek in vegetation: time‐to‐detection is an efficient design for estimating detectability and occurrence
Authors: Bornand Christophe N. , Kéry Marc , Bueche Lena , Fischer Markus
Published: February 2014

Ecology and conservation require reliable data on the occurrence of animals and plants. A major source of bias is imperfect detection, which, however, can be corrected for by estimation of detectability. In traditional occupancy models, this requires repeat or multi‐observer surveys. Recently, time‐to‐detection models have been developed as a cost‐effective alternative, which requires no repeat surveys and hence costs could be halved.

We compared the efficiency and reliability of time‐to‐detection and traditional occupancy models under varying survey effort. Two observers independently searched for 17 plant species in 44 100 m2 Swiss grassland quadrats and recorded the time‐to‐detection for each species, enabling detectability to be estimated with both time‐to‐detection and traditional occupancy models. In addition, we gauged the relative influence on detectability of species, observer, plant height and two measures of abundance (cover and frequency).

Estimates of detectability and occupancy under both models were very similar. Rare species were more likely to be overlooked; detectability was strongly affected by abundance. As a measure of abundance, frequency outperformed cover in its predictive power. The two observers differed significantly in their detection ability.

Time‐to‐detection models were as accurate as traditional occupancy models, but their data easier to obtain; thus they provide a cost‐effective alternative to traditional occupancy models for detection‐corrected estimation of occurrence.
Evidence‐based Narratives to Improve Recall of Opioid Prescribing Guidelines: A Randomized Experiment
Authors: Kilaru Austin S. , Perrone Jeanmarie , Auriemma Catherine L. , Shofer Frances S. , Barg Frances K. , Meisel Zachary F.
Published: February 2014

Objectives

Physicians adopt evidence‐based guidelines with variable consistency. Narratives, or stories, offer a novel dissemination strategy for clinical recommendations. The study objective was to compare whether evidence‐based narrative versus traditional summary improved recall of opioid prescribing guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP).

Methods

This was a prospective, randomized controlled experiment to compare whether narrative versus summary promoted short‐term recall of six themes contained in the ACEP opioid guideline. The experiment was modeled after the free‐recall test, an established technique in studies of memory. At a regional conference, emergency physicians (EPs) were randomized to read either a summary of the guideline (control) or a narrative (intervention). The fictional narrative was constructed to match the summary in content and length. One hour after reading the text, participants listed all content that they could recall. Two reviewers independently scored the responses to assess recall of the six themes. The primary outcome was the total number of themes recalled per participant. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of responses in each study arm that recalled individual themes and the proportion of responses in each arm that contained falsely recalled or extraneous information.

Results

Ninety‐five physicians were randomized. Eighty‐two physicians completed the experiment, for a response rate of 86%. The mean of the total number of themes recalled per participant was 3.1 in the narrative arm versus 2.0 in the summary arm (difference = 1.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.6 to 1.7). For three themes, the proportion of responses that recalled the theme was significantly greater in the narrative arm compared to the summary arm, with the differences ranging from 20% to 51%. For one theme, recall was significantly greater in the summary arm. For two themes, there was no statistically significant difference in recall between the arms. In the summary arm, 54% of responses were found to contain falsely recalled or extraneous information versus 21% of responses in the narrative arm (difference = 33%, 95% CI = 14% to 53%).

Conclusions

Physicians exposed to a narrative about opioid guidelines were more likely to recall guideline content at 1 hour than those exposed to a summary of the guidelines. Future studies should examine whether the incorporation of narratives in dissemination campaigns improves guideline adoption and changes clinical practice.