bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in tonsillar tissue from patients with chronic tonsillitis in Mexican population
Authors: Gonzalez-Lucano Luis Renee , Vasquez-Armenta Gabriela Vazquez , Pereira-Suarez Ana Laura , Ramirez-de Arellano Adrian , Ramirez-de los Santos Saul , Lopez-Pulido Edgar Ivan
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection prevails in underdeveloped and developing countries. The tonsils seem to be candidate replication sites for EBV and some studies have exposed a close association among viral infections and chronic tonsillitis. The objective of this study was identifying the EBV prevalence in Mexican patients who had undergone tonsillectomy because of chronic tonsillitis.

Methodology: Frozen tissues and medical records were obtained from 50 Mexican patients. DNA was extracted and subjected to PCR to amplify the EBER-2 region of EBV. Next, the patients were classified according to general and clinical characteristics searching a relation with the EBV-DNA positivity.

Results: EBV genome was detected in 46% (23/50) of the analysed tonsil tissues. Trends were found regarding the relationship of viral presence with lower values in terms of age (6.1 ± 2.8 vs 7.6 ± 3.7) , a greater degree of hypertrophy (3.5 ± 0.4 vs 3.0 ± 0.6) and an increase in the number of episodes of tonsillitis (11 ± 7.4 vs 9 ± 6.5).

Conclusions: The prevalence found of EBV-DNA positivity in tonsillar tissues from patients diagnosed with chronic tonsillitis , supports the fact that palatine tonsils can be occupied by EBV and highlights the importance of conducting future studies focused on understanding the role of the EBV infection in chronic inflammatory processes in the population involved in this study.
Emergence of mcr-1 mediated colistin resistant Escherichia coli from a hospitalized patient in Bangladesh
Authors: Farzana Refath , Jones Lim S , Rahman Md. Anisur , Toleman Mark A , Sands Kirsty , Portal Edward , Boostrom Ian , Kalam Md. Abul , Hassan Brekhna , Uddin AKM Nasir , Walsh Timothy R
Published: September 2019

Introduction: The emergence of plasmid mediated mcr in bacteria has become global public health threat. Herein, we report a mcr-1 positive E. coli in normal human flora from a patient admitted in Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH).

Methodology: In total, 700 non-duplicate rectal swabs were collected from DMCH during 13th May to 12th June 2018. E. coli from rectal swabs were isolated on chromogenic UTI media containing vancomycin 10mg/l (Liofilchem, Italy) and confirmed by MALDI-TOF. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by agar dilution and interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. Genomic analysis of mcr positive E. coli (MCRPEC) was performed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using S1 nuclease DNA digests and blamcr-1 probing. Transferability of blamcr-1 were determined by conjugation assays.

Results: We found one MCRPEC from 700 rectal swab screening which was isolated from the rectal swab culture of a 17-year boy who was admitted to the burns ICU, DMCH with 53% flame burn involving much of the trunk and face. Genome sequencing revealed that mcr-1 was present on an IncH12 plasmid of 257,243 bp and flanked by ISApaI1. The colistin resistance can be transferred to the recipient Klebsiella varricola with a frequency of 8.3 × 10-5. Transconjugants were more resistant to colistin than donor (MIC 32 µg/mL).

Conclusions: This is the first human associated mcr in Bangladesh. These data indicate the need for a systematic “one health” surveillance in the country.
Le contrôle de gestion des entreprises de taille réduite
Authors: Meyssonnier François
Published: September 2019

Une réflexion est menée sur les recherches actuelles en contrôle de gestion des entreprises de taille réduite. L’importance mais aussi les limites du facteur taille dans la mise en place du contrôle de gestion sont mises en évidence. Les apports des études sur l’usage des outils de contrôle de gestion dans les PME, sur la structuration du contrôle de gestion dans les ETI ou sur les modalités du pilotage de la performance dans les startups sont soulignés. Les questions liées à la nature du contrôle de gestion dans les entreprises de taille petite ou intermédiaire, à sa structuration comme un système ou comme un assemblage et à sa contribution à la financiarisation ou à la rationalisation de gestion sont abordées. En matière de contrôle de gestion des entreprises de taille réduite, l’article préconise de développer les connaissances empiriques plutôt que de multiplier les théorisations successives.
Paroles d’outre-tombe
Authors: Muraro Dorothée
Published: September 2019

À l’ère du numérique où notre rapport au temps et à l’écrit se voit bouleversé et transformé, la question de la mort – et plus précisément du mort – prend une place tout à fait inédite dans notre société par le biais de ce que l’on appelle aujourd’hui l’héritage numérique. Parce que l’on se sait condamné par une maladie – voire que l’on est prêt à en finir avec la vie –, par simple précaution, ou encore par prévenance envers ceux qui nous sont chers, nous avons tous la possibilité de transmettre post mortem des messages écrits, audio ou vidéo, tout au long de la vie de nos proches, et ce de manière programmée. Comment considérer ces signifiants de l’au-delà, ces nouvelles paroles d’outre-tombe promettant et incarnant une vie 2.0 après la mort ?
L’Indo-Pacifique aux couleurs de la Chine
Authors: Medcalf Rory
Published: September 2019

La montée en puissance économique de la Chine l’installe dans une géographie stratégique nouvelle, du Pacifique à l’Afrique et au Moyen-Orient, ce que traduit sa grande stratégie dite Belt and Road Initiative. Le concept d’Indo-Pacifique, officiellement rejeté par Pékin, tente d’intégrer l’extension de la puissance chinoise dans un cadre multilatéral, qui ferait à sa puissance toute sa place, tout en ménageant les intérêts et les capacités de décision de tous les acteurs de la région.
Réduire le temps assis en milieu professionnel : l’étude « Sédentarité au travail » (SAuT)
Authors: Marchant Gonzalo , Nicaise Virginie , Chastin Sébastien , Boiché Julie
Published: September 2019

Objectif  : La présente recherche a pour but d’évaluer les effets d’une intervention sur la réduction du temps passé en position assise en contexte professionnel. Méthode  : L’intervention consistait en une présentation collective sur la sédentarité et les pauses actives au travail, suivie d’une phase individuelle de planification. Les participants étaient ensuite invités à utiliser un logiciel d’alerte pendant quatre semaines. L’intervention a duré six semaines ; 38 personnes âgées de 29 à 59 ans ont participé (80 % de femmes). Avant et après l’intervention, les comportements (sédentarité et activité physique) ont été évalués avec des accéléromètres, et le degré d’automaticité envers la position assise et les pauses actives a été mesuré par questionnaire. Résultats  : Suite à l’intervention, le temps passé en position assise au cours d’une journée de travail a diminué de façon significative. Plus précisément, le temps passé assis a davantage diminué chez les personnes âgées entre 29 et 43 ans, qui avaient décidé de faire des pauses d’une durée d’au moins cinq minutes chacune, et qui présentaient des séquences de temps assis plus longues avant l’intervention. Conclusion  : Cette étude a démontré que le fait de combiner une stratégie informationnelle avec des alertes générées par ordinateur ou téléphone portable permet de réduire le temps de sédentarité au travail. Cette intervention est peu coûteuse pour les salariés et les entreprises. Une perspective intéressante pourrait être de comparer ces effets à ceux d’interventions basées sur une modification de l’environnement physique de travail, tels que l’installation de bureaux réglables.
Les maladies non-transmissibles au Sud tunisien : profil de morbi-mortalité et tendances chronologiques
Authors: Ben Ayed Houda , Jedidi Jihène , Yaich Sourour , Mejdoub Yosra , Ben Hmida Mariem , Trigui Maroua , Ben Jemaa Maissa , Karray Raouf , Feki Habib , Kassis Mondher , Damak Jamel
Published: September 2019

Objectif  : Les maladies non transmissibles (MNT) représentent un problème majeur de santé publique dans le monde. Leur impact sur la charge de morbi-mortalité fait de l’étude de leurs tendances chronologiques au cours du temps une priorité de surveillance épidémiologique. Notre objectif était de déterminer les spécificités épidémiologiques des MNT et d’étudier leurs tendances chronologiques durant la période 2010-2015. Matériel et méthodes  : Nous avons mené une étude rétrospective exhaustive des données du registre de morbidité et de mortalité concernant tous les patients hospitalisés pour MNT au centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Hédi Chaker de Sfax (Sud tunisien) durant la période 2010-2015. Résultats  : Nous avons inclus 18 081 patients atteints de MNT d’âge ≥ 25 ans. La répartition des MNT était caractérisée par la prédominance des maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV) (10 346 cas ; 57,2 %). L’étude des tendances chronologiques des MNT entre 2010 et 2015 a montré que l’évolution globale des MNT était stable. De même pour le groupe des cancers, des pathologies respiratoires chroniques et du diabète sucré. Cependant, les MCV ont significativement augmenté entre 2010 et 2015 (ρ = 0,84 ; p  = 0,036). La proportion des MCV a significativement augmenté aussi bien chez les hommes (ρ = 0,87 ; p  = 0,019) que chez les sujets âgés (ρ = 0,88 ; p  = 0,019). Le taux de mortalité hospitalière des MNT a significativement augmenté (ρ = 0,85 ; p  = 0,031), notamment pour les MCV (ρ = 0,94 ; p  = 0,005). Conclusion  : L’étude des tendances chronologiques a révélé une ascension importante de la charge de morbi-mortalité des MCV. Il est impératif ainsi de renforcer les soins de santé à l’intention de ces patients et d’instaurer le concept de « prévention intégrée des MNT » comme composante essentielle du système de santé des populations.
Estudio exploratorio sobre la percepción de la gestión de la Inteligencia Competitiva por los directivos en empresas aragonesas sin una práctica sistematizada
Authors: Esteban-Navarro Miguel Ángel , García-Madurga Miguel Ángel
Published: September 2019

Se identifican y analizan la percepción y las expectativas de los directivos en compañías industriales y de servicios empresariales sin una práctica sistematizada de inteligencia sobre el proceso de Inteligencia Competitiva, con el fin de contribuir al diseño de sistemas de gestión de inteligencia acordes con las necesidades, los procedimientos y la cultura de las empresas. Ante la escasez de estudios sobre la materia, se ha realizado un estudio exploratorio entre directivos y mandos intermedios de compañías sitas en Aragón (España) mediante entrevistas en profundidad semiestructuradas y grupos de discusión. Se concluye que la implantación de la Inteligencia Competitiva debería atender a estas propuestas: promover cambios en la cultura corporativa en favor de una mayor valoración de la información; establecer un sistema de gestión de alto nivel acorde con la normativa sobre sistemas de gestión integrados; vincularla con el ejercicio de las funciones directivas y las áreas funcionales; organizar su producción con un enfoque orientado a la gestión de proyectos; dotar de competencias en inteligencia a los mandos intermedios para que participen en su creación; y fijar códigos éticos adaptados a las particularidades de cada sector.
Addressing the Need for Anger Management in Young People
Authors: Heasley Tanya
Published: September 2019

Anger in young people is on the increase worldwide and effective anger treatment services are in demand. However, the lack of research on the construct of anger and little evidence-based practice makes it difficult to ascertain the best service for these angry young people. Moreover, there is a lack of extensive evidence and qualitative research in the combination of psychoeducation and positive psychology interventions in anger management programmes for young people. Therefore, this chapter will summarise a phenomenological study of an existing psychoeducational anger management programme in the UK and discuss its findings. This chapter will present anger and positive psychology in the context of developing an effective anger management programme and provide a simple anger management strategy to use as a foundation for developing anger management programmes in schools.
Attentiveness to the Voiceless
Authors: Mathwasa Joyce , Ntshuntshe Zoleka
Published: September 2019

Children worldwide begin life with greater vulnerability as they suffer from various forms of mistreatment, discrimination, and exploitation at the hands of those who are supposed to protect and provide for them. This chapter focuses on how the rights of the child are violated through child abuse and neglect based on socioeconomic status in multi-religious and multi-cultural societies. Child abuse and neglect are social ills that threaten to diminish the social and moral obligation of every parent causing moral decay in the youth populace. While neglect may be viewed as parental behaviour of failure to nurture children, children suffer various forms of abuse from trusted relatives, caregivers, and strangers. Factors such as political instability, famine, and poverty have robbed children of their right to normal life. The chapter will also explore the criticisms or loopholes in the children's rights so that parents and caregivers can infuse them in their nurturing of the child.
WhatsApp and Jitsi to Foster Student Engagement in an American-Spanish Telecollaboration Exchange
Authors: Andujar Alberto , Franco Rodriguez Jose M.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores students' engagement in a telecollaboration project between a Spanish and an American university. Students' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement were evaluated throughout the project. A total of 53 students participated in an online exchange during one and a half months through two different applications, WhatsApp representing the text-based environment and Jitsi representing the synchronous videoconferencing platform. The engagement construct was explored using pre and post measures as well as tracking students' conversation in the platforms. Results yielded high levels of cognitive engagement as a result of the interaction. Values for emotional engagement were found to be higher in the instant messaging platform and behavioral engagement did not present significant values. Implications and recommendations for future research were drawn.
MOOCs in the Language Classroom
Authors: Gafaro Barbara Conde
Published: September 2019

In this chapter, the author discusses the role of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in the field of foreign language education. It examines the relationship between MOOCs and self-regulated learning, and goes on to explore the repurposing of content-based MOOCs as complementary materials to foster students' self-regulated behaviour and practice of the target language inside and out the language classroom. A research project that has explored self-regulated language learning in a blended context with content-based MOOCs is also discussed here, with particular reference to the self-regulatory strategies employed by a group of language students at University level. A series of recommendations that supports the use of content-based MOOCs as part of face-to-face language courses are provided at the end of this chapter.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Chromium Carbide Coatings Deposited by Magnetron Sputtering Technique
Authors: Aissani Linda , Rahmouni Khaoula , Guelani Laala , Zaabat Mourad , Alhussein Akram
Published: September 2019

From the hard and anti-corrosions coatings, we found the chromium carbides, these components were discovered by large studies; like thin films since years ago. They were pointed a good quality for the protection of steel, because of their thermal and mechanical properties for this reason, it was used in many fields for protection. Plus: their hardness and their important function in mechanical coatings. The aim of this work joins a study of the effect of the thermal treatment on mechanical and structural properties of the Cr/steel system. Thin films were deposited by cathodic magnetron sputtering on the steel substrates of 100C6, contain 1% wt of carbon. Samples were annealing in vacuum temperature interval between 700 to 1000 °C since 45 min, it forms the chromium carbides. Then pieces are characterising by X-ray diffraction, X-ray microanalysis and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties are analysing by Vickers test. The X-ray diffraction analyse point the formation of the Cr7C3, Cr23C6 carbides at 900°C; they transformed to ternary carbides in a highest temperature, but the Cr3C2 doesn’t appear. The X-ray microanalysis shows the diffusion mechanism between the chromium film and the steel sample; from the variation of: Cr, Fe, C, O elements concentration with the change of annealing temperature. The variation of annealing temperature shows a clean improvement in mechanical and structural properties, like the adhesion and the micro-hardness.
Structural and Optical Properties of PbS Thin Films Deposited by Chemical Bath
Authors: Beggas Azzeddine , Becer Z. , Ahmim R. , Aida Mohamed Salah
Published: September 2019

The lead sulfur (PbS) as thin films were deposited on ordinary glass slides, for different deposition times ranging from 30 to 90 min, and for different molar concentrations of lead nitrate (0.01, 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1) mol / l, at ambient temperature of 55 ° C, using thiourea and lead nitrate as source of S2- and Pb2+ ions respectively and TEA as complexing agent. For different deposition times, the films grow preferentially along (200) direction. With increase in deposition time, and at fixed molar concentration the transmittance remained less than 30% and the optical band gap value decreases from 1.8 to 1.6 eV, while the crystallite size increases from 21.9 to 27.8 nm. For various molar concentrations of lead nitrate and with time deposition equal to 60 min, it was observed that the films grow preferentially along (111) or (200) directions, which depend on the molar concentration. Increasing the concentration of lead nitrate leads to decrease the energy gap from 1.58 to 1.37 eV and increase the crystallite sizes from 28.0 to 32.6 nm.
Assessment of the Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Balance of Alumina Oxidized at Different Temperatures via H2O and C4H10 Vapor Adsorption
Authors: Hezil Nouel , Fellah Mamoun , Djellabi Ridha , Touhami Mohamed Zine , Montagne Alex , Bouaksa Fethia , Iost Alain , Mejias Alberto , Obrosov Aleksei
Published: September 2019

The hydrophilic-hydrophobic surface area of alumina powder (Al2O3) oxidized at different temperatures was determined on the base of adsorption of water and butane vapor at 25°C. In the order to study the influence of thermal oxidation upon hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of the surface, samples of Al2O3 were characterized using granulometry, SEM and BET surface area measurement. SEM results showed that the thermal treatment does not affect the morphology of the Alunima. However, the increase of treatment temperature from 250 to 900°C results in changing of the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of Al2O3 surface.
The End-to-End Simulation of Semi-Continuous Casting and Subsequent Hot Rolling with Account of Microstructure
Authors: Erisov Yaroslav A. , Surudin Sergey , Bobrovskij Igor N. , Jiang Cho Pei , Khamrayev Bakhtiyar
Published: September 2019

Basing on the developed methodology for data transfer between the ProCAST and Deform-3D software products, which allows exporting geometry, temperature, residual stresses and microstructure of the casting, it is simulated semi-continuous casting of ingots from aluminum alloy 5182 into a direct chill mold and their following hot rolling in a reversing rolling stand to with aim to study microstructure the evolution.
Mechanical Properties of Bars Produced by Hot Extrusion of Magnesium Shavings
Authors: Zamozdra Maxim Yu. , Karzina Julija S. , Perminova Anna
Published: September 2019

This article describes the practical application of hot extrusion for compaction of magnesium shavings in semi-finished products and the study of the influence of process parameters on the mechanical properties of the obtained MA5 (AZ80) magnesium alloy bars. Production of bars was carried out at different heating temperatures and plastic deformation degree to find technology provide the best combination of tensile and compressive properties. The resulting bars are somewhat higher in strength characteristics than the strength of deformed cast bars made from MA5 alloy, however, they are significantly lower in ductility.
Modification of Nitrogen-Containing High-Chromium Steels by Nanosized Lanthanum Hexaboride
Authors: Kolpishon Eduard Yl'evich , Razumova Ludmila Vladimirovna , Ryaboshuk Sergey Vladimirovich
Published: September 2019

The paper presents the results of a study of the lanthanum hexaboride nanosized powder modification effect on the cast structure of martensitic and austenitic steels deoxidized with aluminum and silicon. The study was conducted on high-chromium steels of austenitic and martensitic classes, and nanosized lanthanum hexaboride powder was used as a modifier. Studies of the chemical composition of the obtained samples, qualitative and quantitative analysis of non-metallic inclusions, the structure of the steel and thermodynamic modeling were carried out.
Аpplication Development for the Evaluation of Penetration in Laser and Laser-Arc Hybrid Welding of Tee and Corner Joints
Authors: Udin Ilya Nikolaevich , Voropaev A.A. , Unt A.
Published: September 2019

Laser technologies deservedly take their place in modern mechanical engineering production. Using laser source for welding has already become common. However, the creation of critical welded constructions is impossible without extensive technological surveys, which can be greatly simplified by using a computational experiment. To achieve this goal, special programs are usually used. That can be unjustified difficult and thereby awkward for technological practice. The article describes an application built on the basis of a simplified model for calculating the temperature field for the cases of laser and laser-arc welding of internal fillet welds as well as single-sided T-joints and simultaneous double-sided welds. The results of calculations by the model and comparing them with experimental data have shown that it is sufficiently adequate for use in technological purposes. The developed application contemporaneously has a simple and intuitive interface, does not require significant computational resources and can be used for quick preliminary estimation of the result of welding for the selected type of weld.
Structure and Phase Composition of Ti-6Al-4V Samples Produced by Direct Laser Deposition
Authors: Shalnova S.A. , Panova Galina , Buczak Nadine
Published: September 2019

In this article has carried out X-ray phase analysis of the samples obtained using direct laser deposition. Two groups of samples were studied: the first one was obtained with oscillation of laser radiation, the second one – without. The investigations have shown that in the process of direct laser deposition, the α+β phase is formed from a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy with oscillation of laser radiation.
Comparison of Titanium Powders and Products Manufactured by the Direct Laser Deposition Method
Authors: Gushchina M.O. , Shalnova S.A. , Gerasimov Nikolay Ivanovich , Lebedeva Nadezhda Valerievna , Klimov George G.
Published: September 2019

Ti-6Al-4V powders from two different vendors and two different fraction were compared with respect to their microstructures, size-distributions, chemistries, surface appearances. In addition, the influence of these powders on the structure and properties of products manufactured by an additive direct laser deposition method were established. The main parameters that have a significant impact on the structure and properties of Ti-6Al-4V deposited parts were established.
Laser Cladding of Heat-Resistant Iron Based Alloy
Authors: Masaylo Dmitriy V. , Orlov Alexey , Razumov Nikolay G. , Popovich Anatoly Anatolyevich , Popovich Vera
Published: September 2019

Within this work the results of the composition and structural study and mechanical tests of the specimens made from the heat-resistant iron based alloy powder derived from secondary raw material (chips) are presented. The crystalline transformations for the initial condition as well as after several heat treatment conditions were analyzed. Phase and chemical composition were investigated. Mechanical characteristics of the standard flat test bars were defined.
Effect of Selective Laser Melting Process Parameters and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Titanium Alloys Produced from Elemental Powders
Authors: Polozov Igor A. , Borisov Evgenii , Popovich Vera
Published: September 2019

This work investigates the Selective Laser Melting (SLM) process for the in-situ synthesis of Ti-5Al and Ti-6Al-4V alloys using elemental powder mixture. Elemental spherical powders were used to prepare a powder mixture and then samples were produced by SLM using different volume energy density. The effects of volume energy density during SLM on samples’ relative density, chemical composition, microstructure and microhardness before and after heat treatment have been studied. It was shown that volume energy density during the SLM process significantly effects the density, microstructure of Ti-5Al and Ti-6Al-4V alloys, as well as, the microhardness of Ti-6Al-4V obtained from elemental powders.
Evolution of the Lattice Structures Properties Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting and Subsequent Hot Isostatic Pressing
Authors: Borisov Evgenii , Sokolova Viktoria Vladislavovna , Orlov Alexey , Ji Pu Guang
Published: September 2019

Geometric features of mesh structures allow them to be used as a material for medical purposes. In this paper, the study of the properties of lattice structures, performed by selective laser melting was carried out. The range of high accuracy of manufactured samples and microstructure was determinated. The results of changes in porosity and mechanical properties after hot isostatic pressing in comparison with cortical bone and heat treated material and microstructure of samples are represented.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Steel 16Cr - 2Ni - Mn - Mo Obtained by Mechanical Alloying and Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Makhmutov T.Y. , Razumov Nikolay G. , Shamshurin Aleksey I.
Published: September 2019

The present work deals with investigation of the powder stainless steel Fe-16Cr-2Ni-Mo-Mn, obtained by mechanical alloying and the study of samples obtained from mechanically alloyed powders by spark plasma sintering. The effect of treatment time on the doping process was shown. The influence of sintering conditions on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the samples was revealed.
Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on the Structure and Properties of the Aluminum Alloy System Al-Cu-Mg
Authors: Paitova Olga V. , Bobruk Elena V. , Shasherina Svetlana , Zhang Bu Fan
Published: September 2019

The structure and properties of discs from cast coarse-grained D16 alloy have been investigated with the help of optical metallography and transmission electron microscopy, after the traditional heat treatment (HT) modes or subjected to high pressure torsion (HPT) under pressure in 6 GPa at room temperature. Standard HT modes included: Т4 (hardening 495°С + natural aging at room temperature for 5 days) and Т6 (hardening 495°С + artificial aging at 185°С for 10 hours). It is shown that after HT of alloy D16 according to modes T6 and Т4, the sizes of the structural elements, compared with the original, decreased by about 4,8 times and the microhardness increased by 1,6 times. It is shown that after one or ten rotates of HPT in D16 alloy the sizes of structural elements, in comparison with initial, decreased by 393 and 899 times, and microhardness increased by 2,4 and 2,9 times, respectively. Detection of hardening hard, brittle and high-alloy copper γ2- phases (Cu9Al4) indicates the passage in the HPT process of the decomposition of a supersaturated solid solution (dynamic aging) in the planes of a local shift.
Athletic Trainer Services in the Secondary School Setting: The Athletic Training Locations and Services Project
Authors: Huggins Robert A. , Coleman Kelly A. , Attanasio Sarah M. , Cooper G. Larry , Endres Brad D. , Harper Ronald C. , Huemme Kasey L. , Morris Rachel F. , Pike Lacy Alicia M. , Peterson Bart C. , Pryor Riana R. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: September 2019

Context

Previous research from a sample of US secondary schools (n = 10 553) indicated that 67% of schools had access to an athletic trainer (AT; 35% full time [FT], 30% part time [PT], and 2% per diem). However, the population-based statistic in all secondary schools with athletic programs (n = approximately 20 000) is yet to be determined.

Objective

To determine the level of AT services and employment status in US secondary schools with athletics by National Athletic Trainers' Association district.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Public and private secondary schools with athletics.

Patients or Other Participants

Data from all 20 272 US public and private secondary schools were obtained.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Data were collected from September 2015 to April 2018 by phone or e-mail communication with school administrators or ATs and by online surveys of secondary school ATs. Employment categories were school district, school district with teaching, medical or university facility, and independent contractor. Data are presented as total number and percentage of ATs. Descriptive statistics were calculated for FT, PT, and no AT services data for public, private, public + private, and employment type by state and by National Athletic Trainers' Association district.

Results

Of the 20 272 secondary schools, 66% (n = 13 473) had access to AT services, while 34% (n = 6799) had no access. Of those schools with AT services, 53% (n = 7119) received FT services, while 47% (n = 6354) received PT services. Public schools (n = 16 076) received 37%, 32%, and 31%, whereas private schools (n = 4196) received 27%, 28%, and 45%, for FT, PT, and no AT services, respectively. Most of the Athletic Training Locations and Services Survey participants (n = 6754, 57%) were employed by a medical or university facility, followed by a school district, school district with teaching, and independent contractor. Combined, 38% of AT employment was via the school district.

Conclusions

The percentages of US schools with AT access and FT and PT services were similar to those noted in previous research. One-third of secondary schools had no access to AT services. The majority of AT employment was via medical or university facilities. These data depict the largest and most updated representation of AT services in secondary schools.
Tropical Laboratory Initiative: An innovative model for laboratory medicine in rural areas
Authors: Moran Zelda R. , Frimpong Atta B. , Castañeda-Casado Pablo , Frimpong Francis K. , De Lorenzo Manuela B. , Ben Amor Yanis
Published: September 2019

Background: Communities in rural, low-resource settings often lack access to reliable diagnostics. This leads to missed and misdiagnosed cases of disease and contributes to morbidity and mortality.Objective: This paper describes a model for providing local laboratory services to rural areas of Ghana, and provides suggestions on how it could be adapted and expanded to serve populations in a range of rural communities.Methods: The Tropical Laboratory Initiative (TLI) system in Ghana comprises one central laboratory where samples delivered from clinics by motorbike riders are analysed. Test requests and results are communicated on a mHealth application, and the patient does not have to visit the laboratory or travel beyond the clinic to receive a test. The TLI also serves as a research base. The laboratory is accredited by the National Health Insurance Authority, and accepts the national health insurance. The TLI serves several communities in Amansie West, Ashanti region, and currently works with 10 clinics. The nearest hospital is a one-hour drive away and is the only other nearby facility for diagnostics beyond basic rapid tests.Results: Demand for services has increased yearly since the launch in 2010, and the TLI currently provides over 1000 tests to approximately 350 patients monthly. The majority of patients are female, and the most common tests are for antenatal care. Our experience demonstrates that laboratory services can be affordable and most components already exist, even in rural areas.Conclusion: Ministries of health in low-resource settings should consider this model to complement the rapid tests available in clinics. Integrating with an insurance system promotes financial sustainability.
The accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis of non-osseous knee injury at Steve Biko Academic Hospital
Authors: Singh Nashil , Hanekom Heleen , Suleman Farhana E.
Published: September 2019

Background: Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has internationally been proven to reduce unnecessary knee arthroscopies and assist with surgical planning. This has the advantage of avoiding unnecessary surgery and the associated anaesthetic risk, as well as reducing costs. No data were found in the recently published literature assessing the accuracy of MRI interpretation of knee ligament injury in the public sector locally.Objectives: This pilot study aimed to determine the accuracy of MRI in detecting non-osseous knee injury in a resource-limited tertiary-level academic hospital in Pretoria, South Africa, compared to the gold standard arthroscopy findings.Method: This was an exploratory retrospective analysis of 39 patients who had MRI and arthroscopy at Steve Biko Academic Hospital (SBAH). True positive, true negative, false positive and false negative results were extrapolated from findings in both modalities and translated into sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for each structure.Results: Negative predictive values were recorded as 97%, 81%, 90% and 100% (anterior cruciate ligament [ACL], medial meniscus [MM], lateral meniscus [LM] and posterior cruciate ligament [PCL], respectively), which were comparative to recently published international literature. The PPV results were lower than those previously evaluated at 55%, 58%, 55% and not applicable. The sensitivities and specificities of the ligaments were 83%, 58%, 83% and not applicable; and 87%, 81%, 70% and not applicable, respectively.Conclusion: Magnetic resonance imaging was found to be sensitive and specific, with a high NPV noted in all structures evaluated. Negative results can therefore be used to avoid unnecessary surgery to the benefit of the patient and state. The study reiterates that high accuracy can be obtained from MRI on a 1.5-tesla non-dedicated scanner, with interpretation by generalist radiologists.
Exploring the impacts of anthropogenic emission sectors on PM2.5 and human health in South and East Asia
Authors: Reddington Carly L. , Conibear Luke , Knote Christoph , Silver Ben J. , Li Yong J. , Chan Chak K. , Arnold Steve R. , Spracklen Dominick V.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. To improve poor air quality in Asia and inform effective
emission-reduction strategies, it is vital to understand the contributions
of different pollution sources and their associated human health burdens. In
this study, we use the WRF-Chem regional atmospheric model to explore the
air quality and human health benefits of eliminating emissions from six
different anthropogenic sectors (transport, industry, shipping, electricity
generation, residential combustion, and open biomass burning) over South and
East Asia in 2014. We evaluate WRF-Chem against measurements from air
quality monitoring stations across the region and find the model captures
the spatial distribution and magnitude of PM2.5 (particulate matter
with an aerodynamic diameter of no greater than 2.5 µm). We find that
eliminating emissions from residential energy use, industry, or open biomass
burning yields the largest reductions in population-weighted PM2.5
concentrations across the region. The largest human health benefit is
achieved by eliminating either residential or industrial emissions, averting
467 000 (95 % uncertainty interval (95UI): 409 000–542 000) or 283 000
(95UI: 226 000–358 000) annual premature mortalities, respectively, in India,
China, and South-east Asia, with fire prevention averting 28 000 (95UI:
24 000–32 000) annual premature mortalities across the region. We compare
our results to previous sector-specific emission studies. Across these
studies, residential emissions are the dominant cause of particulate
pollution in India, with a multi-model mean contribution of 42 % to
population-weighted annual mean PM2.5. Residential and industrial
emissions cause the dominant contributions in China, with multi-model mean
contributions of 29 % for both sectors to population-weighted annual mean
PM2.5. Future work should focus on identifying the most effective
options within the residential, industrial, and open biomass-burning emission
sectors to improve air quality across South and East Asia.
A Tale of Two Dust Storms: analysis of a complex dust event in the Middle East
Authors: Miller Steven D. , Grasso Louie D. , Bian Qijing , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Dostalek Jack F. , Solbrig Jeremy E. , Bukowski Jennifer , van den Heever Susan C. , Wang Yi , Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Jun , Walker Annette L. , Wu Ting-Chi , Zupanski Milija , Chiu Christine , Reid Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Lofted mineral dust over data-sparse regions presents
considerable challenges to satellite-based remote sensing methods and
numerical weather prediction alike. The southwest Asia domain is replete
with such examples, with its diverse array of dust sources, dust mineralogy,
and meteorologically driven lofting mechanisms on multiple spatial and
temporal scales. A microcosm of these challenges occurred over 3–4 August 2016 when two dust plumes, one lofted within an inland dry air mass and
another embedded within a moist air mass, met over the southern Arabian
Peninsula. Whereas conventional infrared-based techniques readily detected
the dry air mass dust plume, they experienced marked difficulties in
detecting the moist air mass dust plume, becoming apparent when
visible reflectance revealed the plume crossing over an adjacent dark water
background. In combining information from numerical modeling,
multi-satellite and multi-sensor observations of lofted dust and moisture
profiles, and idealized radiative transfer simulations, we develop a better
understanding of the environmental controls of this event, characterizing
the sensitivity of infrared-based dust detection to column water vapor, dust
vertical extent, and dust optical properties. Differences in assumptions of
dust complex refractive index translate to variations in the sign and
magnitude of the split-window brightness temperature difference commonly
used for detecting mineral dust. A multi-sensor technique for mitigating the
radiative masking effects of water vapor via modulation of the split-window
dust-detection threshold, predicated on idealized simulations tied to these
driving factors, is proposed and demonstrated. The new technique, indexed to
an independent description of the surface-to-500 hPa atmospheric column
moisture, reveals parts of the missing dust plume embedded in the moist air
mass, with the best performance realized over land surfaces.
Comparison of Temporal Conception between Chinese and English
Authors: Su Yujie
Published: September 2019

Chinese and English are of variant language systems, which account for some differences in their temporal concepts.In terms of the temporal concepts EARLIER and LATER between Chinese and English, Vyvyan Evans and MelanieGreen came to a conclusion that English tend to view time on a horizontal axis while Chinese on a vertical axis. Thepresent research intends to obtain a more general and objective view of temporal difference across Chinese andEnglish, by referring to definitions and examples in Chinese and English dictionaries and doing a survey amongsenior English majors in Wenzhou University.
Evaluation of CO2 Emission From Rice Husk Biochar and Cowdung Manure Co-compost Preparation
Authors: Thomas E. Y. , Adiku S. G. K. , Atkinson C. J. , Omueti J. A. I. , Marcarthy D. S.
Published: September 2019

Composting of animal manure had been considered a sustainable alternative method for recycling organic waste. However the process involved had been associated with greenhouse gas emission (CO2, N2O and CH4) which play an active role in global warming. This study evaluated CO2 emissions from biochar-manure co-compost production. Biochar (from rice husk) and manure were mixed in a ratio of 3:1 v/v to achieve a range of different co-compost mixtures. The treatments and controls in triplicates of 18 units were arranged in a complete randomize design. All treatments were incubated at around 28 oC and turned every two days for 2 weeks, and later five days for 39 days. CO2 production in the compost bins was measured by trapping the evolved gas in 5M NaOH. Total CO2 emissions varied over time with higher rates at the beginning of the composting process. Within the first 7 days, total CO2 emissions (587 mg/m2) from cow dung alone was not significantly different from cow dung plus biochar (506 mg/m2). At the latter stages of the composting process, CO2 emission from cowdung and biochar mixture was less than from the other treatments.
A Decontamination Approach Altered the Gymnanthes klotzschiana Müll. Arg. Vessel Anatomy in Southern Brazil
Authors: Kanieski Maria R. , Galvão Franklin , Botosso Paulo C. , Soares Philipe R. C. , Nicoletti Marcos F. , Konzen Enéas R. , Milani Jaçanan E. de F. , Longhi-Santos Tomaz , Pfutz Iasmin F. P. , Amano Erika
Published: September 2019

Here we conducted an anatomical analysis of vessel elements from woody tissues of Gymnanthes klotzschiana individuals in a remnant of Alluvial Mixed Rain Forest in southern Brazil. This tree is among the species with the highest abundance within these forests. We sampled an area adjacent to a meadow highly impacted by an oil spill of four million liters from Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. The study was aimed at uncovering possible anatomical and structural changes in the wood of G. klotzschiana after an attempt at the decontamination of the area, which was performed by its flooding and extracting the oil that was deposited on the soil surface. Therefore, our sampling was performed in two environments with distinct water table characteristics: (1) with temporary water saturation, and (2) with permanent saturation. Radial samples were collected from an individual from both environments and analyzed through optical microscopy and dendroecological variables, which allowed us to reconstruct the wood development from 1997 to 2010. Our results demonstrated that no significant anatomic changes occurred in the condition with temporary saturation. Conversely, the environment with permanent saturation led to an increase in the frequency of the vessel elements, as a strategy to acclimate to the altered environment. Moreover, it altered the grouping pattern of the vessels, with a gradual increase in the percentage of solitary vessels, which is consistent with environments with more humidity. These results drive our attention for developing more efficient strategies to overcoming natural disasters and diminishing their impact on local biological communities.
Effects of Rice Aging on Its Main Nutrients and Quality Characters
Authors: Peng Bo , He Lu-Lu , Tan Jing , Zheng Li-Ting , Zhang Jie-Ting , Qiao Qian-Wen , Wang Ying , Gao Yue , Tian Xia-Yu , Liu Zi-Yue , Song Xiao-Hua , Sun Yan-Yang , Pang Rui-Hua , Li Jin-Tao , Yuan Hong-Yu
Published: September 2019

The main nutrients in rice are starch, protein and lipids, and their contents and physicochemical properties have important effects on rice qualities. The aging process of rice is very complex, which not only changes physical and chemical properties, but also changes its physiological characteristics in rice grain. In this paper, the changes of physicochemical properties of its main nutrients (starch, protein and lipids) during storage were reviewed. At the same time, the effects of rice aging on its quality characters and the mechanism of rice aging were also discussed, which could provide reference for solving the problem of rice quality decline during storage.
Market Participation and Volume Sold: Empirical Evidence From Irrigated Crop Farmers in the Eastern Cape
Authors: Mdoda L. , Obi A.
Published: September 2019

The market partaking of smallholder farmers in market-oriented production has the perspective to expand profits, upsurge agricultural output and ultimately promote food security. However, the participation of smallholder’s irrigators and homestead gardeners in markets in South Africa remains low despite numerous interventions, especially since the dawn of democracy in 1994. However, up-to-date, there is not enough evidence that these attempts had been met successfully. This paper examines factors influencing smallholders’ choice to partake in markets and volume sold in the Eastern Cape Province. The study employed survey data of 150 irrigated crop farmers. A random sampling procedure was used in the study areas. The study used a Heckman regression to assess factors impelling market participation and volume sold. Results reveal that market participation and volume sold are influenced by socio-economic and technical factors. Based on the results, the needed policy change to encourage group marketing and upgrading of roads to enable smooth accessibility of output markets are highlighted.
Technology Implication of Agricultural Sectors in China: A CGE Analysis Based on CHINAGEM Model
Authors: Hossain Syed Shoyeb , Delin Huang
Published: September 2019

The primary goal of Chinese agricultural development is to guarantee national food security and the supply of major agricultural products. Hence, the improvement of agricultural technology plays a vital role in China for economic development. Technological change in agricultural sector results in higher future economic growth as well as food security, both in food consumption and availability. By constructing China’s agriculture general equilibrium model (CGE), this paper explains the impact of agricultural technology change. This paper constructs a dynamic CGE model based on CHINAGEM model for analyzing the technology increase in China Agricultural sector and then describes the construction of database and policy scenario. Model such as Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to conduct analysis of the economy-wide impacts of new agricultural technologies in China. In the general equilibrium model, some external variables are established; any part of structural changes caused by its exogenous variables can affect the entire system, resulting in general changes of goods, prices and quantity of factor. Simulation result of this paper indicates the agriculture sector output increases respectively; employment decreases; production cost decreases; and investment increases. Finally this paper describes the effects of the policy of technology changes by comparing policy scenario to baseline scenario and explains the impact of technology changes in China economy using CHINAGEM model.