bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penicillin: Effect on Sodium and Potassium Transport in Bacterial and Protoplast Forms of
Streptococcus faecalis
Authors: Montgomerie John Z. , Potter Clarence S. , Kalmanson George M. , Guze Lucien B.
Published: October 2006

Streptococcus faecalis
, incubated in osmotically stabilized medium in the presence of 1000 units of penicillin per milliliter, accumulated rather than extruded sodium; they accumulated much less potassium than control cells did. These changes were not due to binding of sodium by cell-wall fragments of cells treated with penicillin. Because penicillin had no effect on cation concentrations in stable protoplasts and nongrowing bacterial cells, this effect appeared to be related to the production of the penicillin-induced lesions of the cell wall.
Atmospheric Particulates: Specific Surface Areas and Densities
Authors: Corn Morton , Montgomery Thomas L. , Reitz R. J.
Published: October 2006

Suspended particulates in Pittsburgh air were collected on glass-fiber filters. The specific surface areas of particulates brushed from the filter surface varied from 1.55 to 4.51 square meters per gram when measured by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method with nitrogen and krypton, after 8-hour degassing of the samples at 25°C. Specific surfaces of the same samples varied from 4.3 to 8.00 square meters per gram after 4-hour degassing at 200°C. Bulk densities and densities of samples were 0.49 to 0.64 and 2.0 to 2.6 grams per cubic centimeter, respectively. These data provide some basis for explanation of unpredictable responses reported after inhalation of mixtures of pollutant gases and particles by animals and man; they should also assist in interpretation of gas-solid phase reactions in the atmosphere.
Hellebrigenin 3-Haloacetates: Potent Site-Directed Alkylators of Transport Adenosinetriphosphatase
Authors: Ruoho Arnold E. , Hokin Lowell E. , Hemingway Richard J. , Kupchan S. Morris
Published: October 2006

Hellebrigenin, which differs from strophanthidin only in its lactone ring, has 30 times the affinity of strophanthidin for the brain (Na + K)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase. Hellebrigenin 3-acetate and hellebrigenin 3,5-diacetate are about three times more potent toward this enzyme than hellebrigenin is. The 3-iodoacetate and 3-bromoacetate of hellebrigenin were synthesized and were highly potent irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme. The iodoacetate was 20 times more potent than the bromoacetate, as expected from the superior alkylating power of iodoacetate as compared to bromoacetate. The irreversible inhibition of the enzyme by hellebrigenin 3-bromoacetate and by strophanthidin 3-bromoacetate paralleled the affinities of the nonesterified steroids for reversible inhibition; this is further strong evidence for the site-directed alkylation of the (Na + K)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase by the haloacetate derivatives of the cardiotonic steroids.
Two-Chain Immunoglobulin A Molecules: Abnormal or Normal Intermediates in Synthesis
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Mushinski J. Frederic , Potter Michael
Published: October 2006

Immunoglobulin A (γA) myeloma proteins secreted by plasma-cell tumors of mice are of two types, a common four-chain molecule and a rare two-chain (3.9
S
) molecule. The close similarity between two-chain γA molecules and four-chain γA molecules and their polymers is demonstrated in tryptic peptide maps of isolated polypeptide chains and by precipitin reactions with rabbit antiserums to γA immunoglobulins. However, a difference between these two types is distinguishable with homologous antiserums. Homologous antiserums to two-chain γA immunoglobulins are specific and do not cross-react with four-chain γA immunoglobulins.
Cerebral Synaptic Transmission and Behavioral Effects of Dimethoxyphenylethylamine: A Potential Psychotogen
Authors: Vacca Lucio , Fujimori Masamoto , Davis Scott H. , Marrazzi Amedeo S.
Published: October 2006

Dimethoxyphenylethylamine, like mescaline which it resembles, impairs cerebral synaptic transmission and behavior in cats. It has properties associated with hallucinogens and, on this score, qualifies as a potential inducer of psychosis. The idea of such an endogenous inducer is thus reaffirmed by the candidacy of dimethoxyphenylethylamine.
Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Triphosphatase in Hormone-Containing Granules of Posterior Pituitary Gland
Authors: Poisner Alan M. , Douglas William W.
Published: October 2006

Neurosecretory granules prepared from bovine posterior pituitary glands by cell fractionation methods contain adenosine triphosphate and adenosine triphosphatase activity. Addition of adenosine triphosphate to suspensions of granules stimulates release of vasopressin. It is suggested that adenosine triphosphate and adenosine triphosphatase participate in the storage and release of vasopressin.
Direct High-Temperature Ohmic Heating of Metals as Liquid Pipes
Authors: Grosse A. V. , Cahill J. A. , Liddell W. L. , Murphy W. J. , Stokes C. S.
Published: October 2006

When a sufficiently high electric current is passed through a liquid metal, the electromagnetic pressure pinches off the liquid metal and interrupts the flow of current. For the first time the pinch effect has been overcome by use of centrifugal acceleration. By rotation of a pipe of liquid metal, tin or bismuth or their alloys, at sufficiently high speed, it can be heated electrically without intermission of the electric current. One may now heat liquid metallic substances, by resistive (ohmic) heating, to 5000°K and perhaps higher temperatures.
Discriminative Control of "Attention"
Authors: Heinemann Eric G. , Chase Sheila , Mandell Charlotte
Published: October 2006

Three pigeons were trained to discriminate between two tones differing in frequency in the presence of light of one color (A), and not to discriminate between the tones in the presence of light of another color (B). Generalization functions that were determined in the presence of light A showed control of behavior by the frequency of the tone; those determined in the presence of light B did not.
Exsolution Lamellae and Optic Orientation of Clinoamphiboles
Authors: Jaffe Howard W. , Robinson Peter , Klein Cornelis
Published: October 2006

Exsolution lamellae are abundant in coexisting hornblende and cummingtonite, and in hornblende coexisting with anthophyllite in Ordovician volcanics metamorphosed in the kyanite and sillimanite zones in central Massachusetts and adjacent New Hampshire. The lamellae have the same orientation relative to the internal structure as the (100) and (001) exsolution lamellae in clinopyroxenes, but are indexed (100) and (̅01) with the
C
2/
m
space group commonly chosen for amphiboles. Specimens from the kyanite zone contain very thin (100) and (̅01) lamellae. In the sillimanite zone, both (100) and (̅01) lamellae are thicker and more abundant in iron-rich specimens than they are in magnesian specimens, as might be expected by analogy with pyroxenes from layered mafic intrusions. The (̅01 lamellae allow correct determination of the relations between the optic vibration directions and the crystallographic axes for two alternatively selected space group
C
2/
m
and
I
2/
m
. This evidence shows that there has been much confusion concerning these relations.
Denver Meteorite: A New Fall
Authors: Mason Brian , Jarosewich E.
Published: October 2006

A meteorite, a single stone weighing 230 grams, was discovered in the roof of a warehouse on 17 July 1967; evidently it fell during the preceding week. The warehouse is on the northeast edge of Denver, Colorado; coordinates, 39°46′57′′N, 104°55′50′′W. This is the first recovered fresh fall in the United States since the Bells (Texas) meteorite of 9 September 1961. The composition and structure are those of an olivine-hypersthene chondrite.
Vitamin A-Induced Synthesis of Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Riley P. A. , Spearman R. I. C.
Published: October 2006

Incorporation of radioactive leucine into electrophoretically separated proteins from mouse tail epidermis indicates that synthesis of alkaline phosphatase is stimulated by vitamin A. It is suggested that some of the diverse effects of vitamin A may be the result of alkaline phosphatase induction.
Detection of Lyman-β and Helium Resonance Radiation in the Night Sky
Authors: Young J. M. , Carruthers G. R. , Holmes J. C. , Johnson C. Y. , Patterson N. P.
Published: October 2006

A rocket-borne photometer has detected far ultraviolet night glow radiations that are identified as Lyman-β (HI 1026 angstroms), and the helium lines at 304 or 584 angstroms, or at both. At an altitude of 227 kilometers the measured intensity for Lyman-β was about 10 rayleighs. The discrimination characteristics of the broad-band helium radiation filter give helium line intensities, at 227 kilometers, of 4.8 and 12 rayleighs, respectively, pending identification of the wavelength of the radiation as 304 or 584 angstroms. These ultraviolet radiations appear sufficient to maintain the night E and F
1
regions of the ionosphere.
Ages of Pacific Deep-Sea Basalts, and Spreading of the Sea Floor
Authors: Fisher David E. , Bonatti Enrico , Joensuu Oiva , Funkhouser J.
Published: October 2006

Potassium-argon determinations of age from whole-rock samples of tholeiitic basalts, dredged from the crest of the East Pacific Rise and from the flanks of three seamounts at varying distances from the crest, show that the crest is younger than 1 million years and that age does not correlate with distance from the crest. Our data, however, do not necessarily oppose the general concept of spreading of the ocean floor.
Prevention of Radiation-Induced Creatinuria by Insulin
Authors: Koszalka Thomas R. , Andrew Carole L.
Published: October 2006

Insulin completely suppressed creatinuria in rats x-irradiated with an absorbed dose of 500 rads. The hormone may exert this effect either by restoring or maintaining the ability of irradiated muscle to take up creatine from the extracellular fluid at a normal rate, or possibly by influencing the synthesis or breakdown of phosphorylcreatine.
Reaction of Nitrosoguanidine (
N
-Methyl-
N
′-Nitro-
N
-Nitrosoguanidine) with Tobacco Mosaic Virus and Its RNA
Authors: Singer B. , Fraenkel-Conrat H. , Greenberg J. , Michelson A. M.
Published: October 2006

"Nitrosoguanidine" (
N
-methyl-
N
′-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine) acts on polynucleotides in neutral aqueous solution, methylating guanine in the 7-position, and, to a much lesser extent, adenine. In 67 percent dimethylformamide the effect on the purines decreased, and what seems to be 3-methyl-cytosine appeared. In formamide solution no base changes were detected. Nitrosoguanidine had little mutagenic effect on tobacco mosaic virus RNA in water; it had greater effect in dimethylformamide, and even greater in formamide; it was a strong mutagen only when it acted on intact tobacco mosaic virus particles. Thus, neither the methylation of guanine nor the cytosine modification represents the main mutagenic event.
Hippocampal Correlates of Aversive Midbrain Stimulation
Authors: Routtenberg Aryeh , Kramis Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

Hippocampal synchronization during aversive dorsal midbrain stimulation was observed in rats both in a conditioning procedure and under
d
-tubocurarine paralysis. The results restrict the generality of previous reports which correlated hippocampal synchronization and desynchronization with approach and withdrawal behavior, respectively. Relative to the condition of free movement, curarization reduced the frequency of both "spontaneous" and dorsal midbrain-evoked synchronization, thus suggesting possible direct and indirect effects of d-tubocurarine on subcortical structures.
Lectins in Extracts of Certain Polygonaceae Seed Precipitate Animal and Human Serums
Authors: Hanan Ernest B. , Spindler James W.
Published: October 2006

Seeds of four species of Polygonaceae were tested for lectins that precipitate human and animal serums.
Rumex crispus
,
Polygonum convolvulus
, and
Polygonum pennsylvanicum
developed specific precipitate bands on double diffusion on agar gel plates. These bands were enhanced and increased in number when extracts were tested against serums from patients with certain diseases. When tested against lyophilized serum, no precipitate bands developed. The active substance cannot be dialyzed through cellulose membrane against running tap water for 16 hours, and it is heat stable. Extracts from
Fagopyrum esculentum
developed no precipitate bands.
Hypersensitivity: Specific Immunologic Suppression of the Delayed Type
Authors: Axelrad Michael , Rowley Donald A.
Published: October 2006

Delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity to sheep erythrocytes was induced in rats by intradermal injection of the antigen mixed with Freund's adjuvant; hypersensitivity was sustained by weekly injections. Either passive immunization with rat antiserum to sheep erythrocytes or intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes partially suppressed induction of hypersensitivity; these procedures used together specifically and completely suppressed induction of hypersensitivity. Complete suppression was sustained by antigen given intravenously before each weekly injection of the mixture of antigen and adjuvant. These findings provide the rational basis of a simple method for prolonging survival of allografts with only the biological agents, antigen and antibody, of the immunological response.
Conditioned Reinforcement in the Goldfish
Authors: Salzinger Kurt , Freimark Steven J. , Fairhurst Stephen P. , Wolkoff F. Dmitri
Published: October 2006

Goldfish were trained to press a lever on a 10:1 fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. They were extinguished under three conditions. Responding was followed by (i) solenoid noise and water delivery formerly associated with food reinforcement, (ii) solenoid noise only, or (iii) nothing. The number of extinction responses was largest in condition 1, less in condition 2, and smallest in condition 3, thus providing evidence for conditioned reinforcement in goldfish.
Lymphoepithelial Tissues of the Intestine and Differentiation of Antibody Production
Authors: Perey Daniel Y. E. , Cooper Max D. , Good Robert A.
Published: October 2006

The antibody response of young rabbits to the injection of killed
Brucella abortus
was abolished by prior extirpation of intestinal lymphoepithelial tissues combined with lethal x-irradiation and reconstitution with rabbit fetal liver cells. Extirpative surgery alone, like lethal x-irradiation and reconstitution without surgery, did not abolish this response. Intestinal lymphoepithelial tissues of rabbits apparently play a central lymphoid function and are responsible for the differentiation of the lymphoid cell line which produces specific antibody and immunoglobulins.
Escherichia coli
: High Resistance or Dependence on Streptomycin Produced by the Same Allele
Authors: Luzzatto Lucio , Schlessinger David , Apirion David
Published: October 2006

Mutations to streptomycin resistance in
Escherichia coli
K12, when transferred to a C strain, can confer dependence on streptomycin. These alternatives in expression of the allele are probably a result of interaction between two ribosomal proteins.
Collagen: Relatively Invariant (Helical) and Variable (Nonhelical) Regions
Authors: Bornstein Paul
Published: October 2006

The structural identity of certain helical regions of collagen from human and rat skin equals or exceeds that of other homologous proteins. In contrast, the short nonhelical sequences in the two proteins, although homologous, differ appreciably in structure. The requirements of the collagen helix and the numerous intermolecular interactions characteristic of collagen may restrict the number of functionally acceptable amino acid replacements occurring during evolution.
Proteins in Denaturing Solvents: Gel Exclusion Studies
Authors: Davison Peter F.
Published: October 2006

Many proteins are fully denatured and separated into component polypeptide chains in 6
M
guanidine hydrochloride containing mercaptoethanol and a chelating agent. In this and similar denaturing solvents, polypeptide chains of molecular weights from 2,000 to 100,000 can be eluted from 6 percent agarose columns and separated according to molecular weight. By this procedure molecular weights may be assigned to proteins (including many normally insoluble in nondenaturing solvents) without the uncertainties that arise when native molecules of unknown shape are studied.
Venus: Implications from Microwave Spectroscopy of the Atmospheric Content of Water Vapor
Authors: Pollack J. B. , Wood A. T.
Published: October 2006

From comparison of theoretical and observed microwave brightness temperatures of Venus at 1.35 centimeters, the center of a water-vapor line, we obtain an upper limit of 0.8 percent for the water-vapor mixing ratio in the lower atmosphere. This limit is consistent with the amount of water vapor detected by Venera 4, the existence of aqueous ice clouds, and a greenhouse effect caused by water vapor and carbon dioxide. The computed spectra suggest that a sensitive procedure for detection of water vapor is examination of the wavelength region between I and 1.4 centimeters.
5-Ethyldeoxyuridine, a Thymidine Analog: Photochemical Transformation
Authors: Pietrzykowska Irena , Shugar D.
Published: October 2006

Irradiation at 254 millimicrons transforms 5-ethyldeoxyuridine to deoxyuridine by way of photohydration of the 5,6 bond and elimination of ethanol. At wavelengths to the red side of 265 millimicrons, photodimerization is the principal reaction, with a pronounced oxygen effect. The results are related to the photochemistry of thymidine and of bacteriophages containing incorporated 5-ethyluracil in place of thymine.
Epinephrine: Effect on Uptake of Iodine by Dispersed Cells of Calf Thyroid Gland
Authors: Maayan Morelly L. , Ingbar Sidney H.
Published: October 2006

In isolated thyroid cells
l
-epinephrine (0.1 and 10.0 micrograms per milliliter), norepinephrine and isoproterenol consistently stimulated the accumulation and organic binding of iodine. The effect was partially inhibited by phentolamine, but not propranolol, and hence may be mediated by alpha receptors. Theophylline did not mimic or enhance the epinephrine effect, suggesting that the latter may not result from activation of adenyl cyclase.
Effect of the
Vinca
Alkaloids on RNA Synthesis in Human Cells in vitro
Authors: Wagner Edward K. , Roizman Bernard
Published: October 2006

The
Vinca
alkaloids vinblastine sulfate and vincrystine sulfate, which are mitotic poisons, inhibit RNA synthesis in human (HEp-2) cells cultured in vitro. Analyses of RNA synthesis by cells treated with these drugs by acrylamide gel electrophoresis show that 28s rRNA and to a lesser extent 18s rRNA are preferentially inhibited. The synthesis of tRNA is affected much less than that of rRNA. The present experiments suggest that the drugs inhibit both the synthesis and processing of the nucleolar RNA precursors of rRNA. An explanation is also given for previous reports that these alkaloids preferentially inhibit the synthesis of tRNA in animal cells in vitro.
C′3 Synthesis in the Human Fetus and Lack of Transplacental Passage
Authors: Propp Richard P. , Alper Chester A.
Published: October 2006

Allotypic differences in the third component of complement between mothers and their newborns provided evidence for synthesis of this complement component by the fetus. There was no indication that this protein traversed the placenta. The known low level of C′3 in the neonate was confirmed, and the maternal concentration was found to be significantly elevated.
Radar Observations of Icarus
Authors: Goldstein R. M.
Published: October 2006

Radar observations of Icarus were made in mid-June 1968, at the time of closest approach. From the data, it is estimated that the radius is between 0.3 and 0.6 kilometer and the rotation period between 1.5 and 3.3 hours. A set of round-trip Doppler shift measurements is given.
Brush Border Particulates of Renal Tissue
Authors: Binkley Francis , King Neva , Milikin Elizabeth , Wright Reba K. , O'Neal C. H. , Wundram Ina Jane
Published: October 2006

Particulates containing a large part of the alkaline phosphatase activity of renal tissue were separated from homogenates and from ribosomal preparations by zonal centrifugation. The particles had a high content of phospholipid and cholesterol that was not removed by treatment with 1 percent deoxycholate. Enzymatic activities concentrated with the particles were the alkaline phosphatase, a peptidase resistant to proteolysis, glucose-6-phosphatase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and adenosine triphosphatase. The particles accumulated leucine with no stimulation from soluble factors and with inhibition by other amino acids; the accumulation was stimulated by adenosine triphosphate and was not inhibited by puromycin. The particles appear to be derived from the membranes of the brush borders of tubular cells.
MN Blood-Group Locus: Data Concerning the Possible Chromosomal Location
Authors: German James , Walker Mary E. , Stiefel Frederick H. , Allen Fred H.
Published: October 2006

Combined data derived from clinical, cytogenetic, and blood-grouping studies of one family suggest that the
MN
locus is on the long arm of either the No. 2 or the No. 4 chromosome.
Mercury's Rotation Period: Photographic Confirmation
Authors: Smith B. A. , Reese E. J.
Published: October 2006

Photographic measures of surface features on Mercury have led to a rotation period of 58.663 ± 0.021 days, which is in good agreement with the 58.646-day period required by a predicted 2:3 resonance between the axial and orbital periods. The incorrect interpretation of earlier visual and photographic observations which supported an 88-day rotation period appears to be partially explained by peculiar characteristics associated with the observability of various hermographic longitudes. The apparent contrast of most of the recorded surface features is marginal for visual observation when viewed through the terrestrial daytime sky. The intrinsic contrast of a relatively conspicuous feature was measured as 0.20, a value lower than that of typical markings observed on the moon and Mars.
Sexual Pheromone in Some Fishes of the Genus
Hypsoblennius
Gill
Authors: Losey George S.
Published: October 2006

A pheromone found in the males of some species of
Hypsoblennius
apparently facilitates male courtship by releasing sexual appetitive behavior and by increasing sexual receptivity.
Pituitary-Adrenal Influences on Fear Responding
Authors: Weiss Jay M. , McEwen Bruce S. , Teresa M. , Silva A. , Kalkut Marcia F.
Published: October 2006

In a passive avoidance situation, hypophysectomized male rats show less fear than normal rats, whereas adrenalectomized rats show greater fear than normals. These results probably occur because hypophysectomized rats lack adrenocorticotrophic hormone, which increases arousal or emotionality, whereas adrenalectomized animals lack certain adrenal steroids, which inhibit excitatory effects. The results indicate that adrenocorticotrophic hormone and certain adrenal steroids have opposite effects in regulating fear-motivated behavior.
Fossil Deep-Sea Channel on the Aleutian Abyssal Plain
Authors: Grim Paul J. , Naugler Frederic P.
Published: October 2006

The discovery of a leveed deep-sea channel whose axial gradient reverses near the Aleutian trench supports the hypothesis that the downbowing of the trench interrupted the turbidity current processes that constructed the Aleutian abyssal plain.
X-ray and Electron Diffraction of Ocular and Bone Marrow Crystals in Paraproteinemia
Authors: Laibson Peter R. , Damiano Victor V.
Published: October 2006

Crystals in the cornea, conjunctiva, and bone marrow of a patient with a monoclonal gammopathy were analyzed by x-ray and selective-area electron diffraction. X-ray diffraction rings obtained from the abnormal crystalline deposits closely matched cholesteryl stearate patterns, and electron diffraction findings were suggestive of this lipid.
Learning in Fish with Transplanted Brain Tissue
Authors: Bresler David E. , Bitterman M. E.
Published: October 2006

Material taken from fish embryos during gastrulation was implanted at prospective tectal sites in host embryos of the same age and species. When mature, the hosts were trained in a series of habit reversals. Two of six animals showed progressive improvement in reversal (a phenomenon not typically found in fish, but characteristic of higher animals), two showed unusually few errors, and two behaved normally. Differences in performance were correlated with differences in brain structure.
Microtubules in Spermatozoa of
Childia
(Turbellaria, Acoela) Revealed by Negative Staining
Authors: Costello Donald P. , Henley Cathierine , Ault Chasries R.
Published: October 2006

Many intact axial units, with attached basal plates, are found in spermatozoa of
Childia groenlandica
negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid. Electron micrographs show a total of nine doublet microtubules, confirming observations on sectioned material, where nine peripheral doublets, but no single central ones, occurred. Living spermatozoa move by waves progressing along a double undulating membrane.
Isolation of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus from an Opossum
Authors: Emmons Richard W. , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: October 2006

The first isolation of an arbovirus (western equine encephalomyelitis virus) from an opossum in the United States is reported.
Direct Pathway to the Brain
Authors: Kare Morley R. , Schechter Paul J. , Grossman Sebastian P. , Roth Lloyd J.
Published: October 2006

Whole-body autoradiographic studies demonstrated that, when isotopically labeled glucose is placed in the ligated oropharynx, there is a rapid movement of the isotope directly to the intracranial cavity. This passage involves nonspecific diffusion, bypassing all recognized routes to the brain.
Cationic Protein-Bearing Granules of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Separation from Enzyme-Rich Granules
Authors: Zeya H. I. , Spitznagel J. K.
Published: October 2006

The cationic, antibacterial proteins of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are associated with a unique subcellular particle that is separable through zonal density gradient centrifugation from acid phosphatase-containing particles as well as from particles that contain alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme. Normal macrophages, macrophages stimulated by bacillus Calmette-Guérin, and liver cells lack this particle and the associated group of cationic proteins. Particles physically and biochemically similar to slower sedimenting enzyme-rich particles of polymorphonuclear leukocytes are shared by all the three cell types.
Stimulus Properties of Reinforcing Brain Shock
Authors: Stutz Robert M. , Butcher Richard E. , Rossi Ronald
Published: October 2006

Rats easily discriminate between two types of subcortical brain shock which differ in reinforcing properties. When both stimuli are either neutral or positively reinforcing subjects have difficulty in responding differentially to the two types of electrical stimulation of the brain. Possible implications for a theory concerning a generalized or diffuse reinforcement system are discussed.
Serine Requirement in Leukemic and Normal Blood Cells
Authors: Regan James D. , Vodopick Helen , Takeda Susumu , Lee William H. , Faulcon Frederick M.
Published: October 2006

In a serine-deficient medium, cells from human chronic granulocytic leukemia and normal human bone marrow exhibited a marked inhibition of incorporation of-radioactive precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein into an acid insoluble cell fraction. Normal diploid human fibroblasts did not exhibit inhibition without serine. Chronic granulocytic leukemia and normal marrow cells were essentially unable to synthesize C
14
-serine from C
14
-glucose, while human diploid fibroblasts were highly capable of this synthesis.
Lymphocytoid Lines from Persons with Sex Chromosome Anomalies
Authors: Moore G. E. , Porter I. H. , Huang C. C.
Published: October 2006

Permanent lymphocytoid cell lines have been established from patients with the XYY and XXY chromosome constitutions. Large amounts of these and other cell lines with genetic defects can be provided for various studies.
Protein Digestion in Isolated Lysosomes Inhibited by Intralysosomal Trypan Blue
Authors: Davies M. , Lloyd J. B. , Beck F.
Published: October 2006

Control rats and rats treated with subcutaneous trypan blue were injected intravenously with denatured albumin-I
125
. Lysosome-rich fractions of their livers, when incubated at 22°C in osmotically protected medium (
p
H 7.4), retained their capacity to digest albumin-I
125
. The rate of digestion was lower in suspensions prepared from rats treated with trypan blue than in control suspensions, but rates of lysosome breakage were not different. These results and other experimental evidence suggest that trypan blue concentrated within lysosomes can inhibit intralysosomal digestion, probably by inhibition of lysosomal proteinases.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Analogs Promote a Circular Morphology of Cultured Schwannoma Cells
Authors: Sheppard J. R. , Hudson T. H. , Larson J. R.
Published: October 2006

Dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) and 8-bromo cyclic AMP stimulated cells cultured from a rat Schwannoma to change their morphology from irregularly shaped to flattened circular and hollow circular forms within 30 minutes. The change in shape was specifically effected by analogs of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP elevating agents, was reversible after removal of these additives, and was prevented by vinblastine and cytochalasin b, but was not affected by actinomycin D or cycloheximide.
Ribonucleic Acid Biosynthesis in Adult and Infant Rat Brain in vitro
Authors: Itoh T. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2006

The rate of biosynthesis of ribonucleic acid (as judged by the rate of incorporation of uridine into ribonucleic acid) in infant and adult rat brain cortex slices, incubated aerobically in the presence of various substrates, is directly proportional to the adenosine triphosphate concentration. This suggests that the adenosine triphosphate concentration is one of the factors involved in the control of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in infant and adult rat brain. Acetoacetate or β-hydroxybutyrate is about 70 percent as effective as glucose, with both infant and adult brain, for the promotion of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis, but they are considerably more effective than succinate in infant brain than in adult brain.
Cell Population Kinetics: A Modified Interpretation of the Graph of Labeled Mitoses
Authors: Hamilton A. Ian
Published: October 2006

Graphs of labeled mitoses, derived from autoradiographs of cell populations with
3
H-thymidine, show depressions in the curves at their midpoints. These depressions reflect interruption of DNA synthesis midway through S phase. Such interruptions revealed by the method of labeled mitoses should be considered when determining cell-cycle times.
Relation of Pharmacological and Behavioral Effects of a Hallucinogenic Amphetamine to Distribution in Cat Brain
Authors: Idänpään-Heikkilä Juhana E. , McIsaac William M. , Ho Beng T. , Fritchie George E. , Tansey L. Wayne
Published: October 2006

The hallucinogen 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, also known as STP, accumulates in specific areas of cat brains. The unchanged compound was detected in the brain for at least 6 hours, whereas its behavioral effects lasted for about 4 hours. The coincidental pharmacological and behavioral effects of the compound apparently indicate a relation between the anatomical distribution and action.
Gossypol Detoxication by Fungi
Authors: Baugher William L. , Campbell T. Colin
Published: October 2006

An unidentified
Diplodia
isolate representative of several fungi tested and grown for 13 days on gossypol-containing cottonseed reduced the amount of free gossypol by 90 percent and detoxified the cottonseed for weanling rats and chickens. Residual free gossypol was also less toxic than equivalent amounts of normal free gossypol.
Generation of Adrenergic and Cholinergic Potentials in Sympathetic Ganglion Cells
Authors: Libet Benjamin , Kobayashi Haruo
Published: October 2006

Norepinephrine elicited a hyperpolarizing response, and acetylcholine (during nicotinic blockade) elicited a depolarizing one. Both responses showed no increase in membrane conductance. The norepinephrine response was suppressed by initial depolarization; the acetylcholine response (frog cells); by hyperpolarization. These neurotransmitters apparently can activate electrogenic mechanisms which do not involve movement of ions down their electrochemical gradients.
Memory-Blocking Agents: Effects on Olfactory Discrimination in Homing Salmon
Authors: Oshima Kiyoshi , Gorbman Aubrey , Shimada Hiraku
Published: October 2006

Homing salmon were injected intracranially with puromycin, actinomycin D, or cycloheximide. From 4 to 7 hours after such treatment these agents markedly inhibited olfactory bulbar discrimination between home water and other natural waters, including spawning sites for other groups of salmon. At longer intervals after treatment there was a partial restoration of olfactory memory-based discrimination. The dosages of the inhibitors used could be shown to have depressed incorporation of H
3
-leucine into protein by 78 percent or of H
3
-uridine into RNA by 41 percent in the salmon brains 4 hours after intracranial injection. These findings suggest that acute blockage of RNA synthesis or protein synthesis can interfere with long-term olfactory memory in anadromous salmon, at least as this function can be analyzed by electrophysiological methods. This implies that long-term olfactory memory depends upon continued metabolism of RNA and continued protein synthesis.
Acetylcholine Facilitation, Atropine Block of Synaptic Excitation of Cortical Neurons
Authors: Spehlmann Rainer
Published: October 2006

Single neurons in cat visual cortex were driven by afferent stimuli to determine the effects of drugs liberated from multibarreled micropipettes on synaptic transmission. Acetylcholine increased, and atropine decreased, the number of neuron discharges fired in response to stimulation of the mesencephalic reticular formation without necessarily affecting responses to other stimuli or affecting spontaneous firing.
Macrophage Ribonucleoprotein: Nature of the Antigenic Fragment
Authors: Gottlieb A. Arthur
Published: October 2006

The antigenic fragments of bacteriophage T2 recovered in RNA derived from macrophages infected with T2 bacteriophage retain their capacity to combine with specific neutralizing antibody to T2. The preservation of the complete native tertiary structure of tail fiber antigen of bacteriophage T2 is not required for immunogenicity.
Ascorbic Acid: Cofactor in Rabbit Olfactory Preparations
Authors: Ash K. Owen
Published: October 2006

A stimulant-induced decrease in absorbance at 267 nanometers in preparations from rabbit olfactory epithelium requires ascorbic acid as a cofactor. Vitamin C is bound to proteins in the olfactory mucosa in vivo. When the stimulant 3,7-dimethyl-6-octen-3-ol interacts with olfactory proteins, it triggers a change in protein conformation which renders ascorbic acid available for oxidation. The specific decrease in absorbance at 267 nanometers is produced when the "freed" ascorbic acid is oxidized.
Mammalian DNA Polymerase: Separation of Binding from Incorporation of Deoxyribonucleoside Triphosphates
Authors: Ove Peter , Laszlo John
Published: October 2006

An assay for the binding of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate with an enzyme-DNA complex has been developed. This binding requires active enzyme and magnesium ion, takes place equally with native or denatured DNA, and may proceed in the absence of demonstrable DNA synthesis. The binding reaction appears to be specific for deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, and studies on competition indicate that one active site accommodates the four common triphosphates.
Degradation and Disappearance of ortho, para Isomer of Technical DDT in Living and Dead Avian Tissues
Authors: French M. C. , Jefferies D. J.
Published: October 2006

The
o
,
p
′-DDT in technical DDT is broken down to
p
,
p
′-DDT and then to 1,1-dichloro- 2,2-
bis
(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethylene in living avian tissue. In the anaerobic conditions existing after death,
o
,
p
′-DDT is metabolized to 1,1-dichloro-2-(
o
-chlorophenyl)-2-(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane. The absence of
o
,
p
′-DDT and metabolites in field specimens is ascribed to the rapid rate of breakdown and a masking of the 1,1-dichloro-2-(
o
-chlorophenyl)-2-(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane residue during analysis by the relatively large amounts of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-
bis
(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethylene.
Strength-Density Relations in Particulate Silicates of Complex Shape and Their Possible Lunar Significance
Authors: Jaffe Leonard D.
Published: October 2006

Some terrestrial particulate silicate rocks with complex particle shapes have internal friction angles over 45° and cohesion of about 0.1 newton per square centimeter at bulk densities of 0.6 to 0.8 gram per cubic centimeter. Mechanical and other properties of the lunar surface layer, observed with spacecraft, may be consistent with a low bulk density and complex reentrant shapes for the fine particles.
Phosphonomycin: Structure and Synthesis
Authors: Christensen B. G. , Leanza W. J. , Beattie T. R. , Patchett A. A. , Arison B. H. , Ormond Robert E. , Kuehl Frederick A. , Albers-Schonberg G. , Jardetzky O.
Published: October 2006

Synthesis and resolution of the antibiotic phosphonomycin are described. The structure is (—)(1
R
, 2
S
)-1,2-epoxypropylphosphonic acid.
Radioisotopes and the History of Nucleosynthesis in the Galaxy
Authors: Hohenberg C. M.
Published: October 2006

Nearly all of the heavier elements seem to have been assembled by successive neutron captures occurring in two distinct processes: the s (slow) process refers to neutron capture at a rate which is slow compared to the intervening beta-decay; the r (rapid) process refers to neutron capture at a rate which is rapid compared to the beta process. It is becoming increasingly apparent that simple models for galactic r-process nucleosynthesis are inadequate. Modern astronomical observations, which indicate that the bulk of r-process synthesis may have occurred early in the life of the galaxy, cannot be ignored. Recent data on the fissiogenic xenon in whitlockite from the St. Severin meteorite also place stringent conditions on permissible models for element synthesis. It appears that neither sudden nor continuous models for element formation are consistent with isotopic data now available. I propose a more complex model for the synthesis of solar system material in which the r-process is allowed to occur in three distinct modes: a "prompt" synthesis early in the history of the galaxy, a "continuous" synthesis whereby r-process products are continuously added to the galactic mix, and a "last-minute" synthesis which enriches the solar nebula with r-process material shortly before the formation of the solar system. Calculations based on the present abundances of uranium-235, uranium-238, and thorium-232 and the measured abundances of iodine-129 and plutonium-244 present when meteorites began to retain xenon indicate that the galactic age is between 8.0 and 8.8 billion years, with the initial "prompt" synthesis accounting for 81 to 89 percent of the total r-process material ever produced, the "last-minute" synthesis contributing between 11 and 13 percent, and 0 to 8 percent occurring in the continuous mode. The time interval between the isolation of the solar nebula from galactic r-process and the onset of xenon retention in meteorites lies between 176 and 179 million years.
Coesite from the Richat Dome, Mauritania: A Misidentification
Authors: Fudali R. F.
Published: October 2006

The "shattered sandstone" from Richat reported to contain coesite is a tectonic breccia and probably represents a shear zone developed during the structural doming. An optical and x-ray examination of concentrates from this breccia demonstrated that the supposed x-ray reflections of coesite are actually due to barite, introduced into the permeable crushed zone by groundwater.
Nucleic Acid-Protein Interactions in Turnip Yellow Mosaic Virus
Authors: Kaper J. M.
Published: October 2006

Mild alkaline treatment induces the formation of a specific RNA complex inside turnip yellow mosaic virus. Dialysis at
p
H 4.5 destroys this complex inside the capsid, but does not destroy complexes that have been removed from their capsids. These facts were interpreted in terms of a breakage and subsequent re-formation of RNA-protein links. In combination with supporting potentiometric data, they suggest histidinyl-phosphate salt links or carboxylate-amino hydrogen bonds, or both, as the principal means of association of turnip yellow mosaic virus protein and RNA.
Skin Replication Procedure for the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Bernstein Emil O. , Jones Chase B.
Published: October 2006

An improved method for preparing polyethylene replicas of skin from silicone rubber molds was developed for examination in the scanning electron microscope. Electro micrographs of the replicas compare favorably to those of fixed tissues from the same animal. Because of the great depth of field of the scanning electron microscope, both loosely attached epidermal cells and the background epidermal surface can be seen simultaneously in sharp focus, thus providing a more complete picture of the topography of skin.
Carbonate Sediments: Oriented Lithified Samples from the North Atlantic
Authors: Bartlett Grant A. , Greggs Robert G.
Published: October 2006

Indurated carbonate samples, obtained from the North Atlantic sea floor with a deep-sea drill coring apparatus, suggest that the phenomenon of deep-sea carbonate lithification is more complex than had been thought previously. Lithified-nonlithified couplets can now be related in age and orientation. Age determinations based on the method of carbon-14 dating show that adjacent nonlithified-lithified layers may differ in age by more than 30,000 years.
Parasexual Cycle in Cultivated Human Somatic Cells
Authors: Martin G. M. , Sprague C. A.
Published: October 2006

Somatic segregation for three different autosomes was demonstrated in two strains of human diploid fibroblasts derived from subjects known to be heterozygous for chromosomal variants. Recombinant diploid cells appeared within cultures of tetraploid clones isolated from mass cultures. Tetraploid cells regularly occur in mass cultures and within clones of diploid cells. Such a parasexual cycle (2
n
→4
n
→2
n
), with recombination of entire linkage groups, could from the basis of a beginning formal genetic analysis in man.
Immune Response in vitro: Independence of "Activated" Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Pierce Carl W. , Benacerraf Baruj
Published: October 2006

Antibody formation against sheep erythrocytes by mouse spleen cells in vitro requires interactions among antigen-treated macrophages and lymphoid cells in cell clusters for only a finite time. During this critical period of interaction, lymphoid cells become "activated" and thereafter can develop into antibody-producing cells independently of native antigen, macrophages, and cell clusters.
Homology of Lactate Dehydrogenase Genes: E Gene Function in the Teleost Nervous System
Authors: Whitt Gregory S.
Published: October 2006

Data obtained from immunochemical studies and the use of allelic variants support the hypothesis that the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes unique to the teleost nervous system are encoded in a third locus. Immunochemical and other studies demonstrate that this third locus is closely related to the lactate dehydrogenase B locus.
Hearing, Single-Unit Analysis, and Vocalizations in Songbirds
Authors: Konishi Masakazu
Published: October 2006

Auditory neurons in the avian cochlear nucleus are systematically arranged according to their best frequencies. The thresholds of single auditory neurons at their best frequencies match the thresholds of hearing obtained by behavioral methods for the same frequencies. The upper range of single-unit best frequencies shows distinct interspecific variation which is correlated with the differences in the range of vocal frequencies. Most songbirds do not seem to produce frequencies below 1 kilohertz but can hear them.
Shark Pit Organs: Enhancement of Mechanosensitivity by Potassium Ions
Authors: Katsuki Yasuji , Hashimoto Toru
Published: October 2006

The mandibular pit organs of pelagic sharks, which respond sensitively to monovalent cations, often show neural discharges synchronized with respiratory gill movement. The mechanosensitivity of the organs is remarkably enhanced by application of potassium ions on the same end organ, respiratory movement remaining constant. In view of their mechanosensitivity to an increase of potassium ions in the cell environment, as well as their chemosensitivity, the pit organs of sharks, rather than the canal organs which have no chemosensitivity, may be designated as a better model of the inner ear of higher animals.
Genetic Coding: Oligonucleotide Coding for First Six Amino Acid Residues of the Coat Protein of R17 Bacteriophage
Authors: Robinson William E. , Frist Ramsey H. , Kaesberg Paul
Published: October 2006

Ribonucleic acids from the bacteriophage R17 and from R17 amber mutant AmB2 have been digested with ribonuclease T1. Of the products isolated, only one was different. It codes for the first six amino acid residues of the viral coat protein. The probable base sequence of the wild-type oligonucleotide is CpUpUpCpUpApApCpUpUpUpApCpUpCpApGp.
Azotobacter
Cysts: Reactivation by White Light after Inactivation by Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Vela G. R. , Peterson J. W.
Published: October 2006

Cysts of
Azotobacter vinelandii
12837 inactivated by ultraviolet radiation can be reactivated by white light. This photoreactivation mechanism is not seen in the vegetative cells of the same organism.
Histamine and Spermidine Content in Brain during Development
Authors: Pearce Larry A. , Schanberg Saul M.
Published: October 2006

Histamine concentration in fetal rat brain is high at 17 days gestation but decreases sharply just before birth. Values subsequently increase to a maximum postnatal concentration 5 to 10 days after birth, and then steadily decline to low adult values by time of weaning. Spermidine follows a pattern similar to that of histamine but with a 24- to 48-hour lag. The developmental pattern for histamine in the central nervous system is different from that for other neural amines. It appears that the marked fetal and neonatal changes in brain histamine correlate best with periods of rapid cell proliferation and growth during brain maturation.
Prostaglandins E
1
and E
2
Antagonize Norepinephrine Effects on Cerebellar Purkinje Cells: Microelectrophoretic Study
Authors: Hoffer Barry J. , Siggins George R. , Bloom Floyd E.
Published: October 2006

In microelectrophoretic experiments, prostaglandins E
1
and E
2
antagonize the reduction in discharge rate of cerebellar Purkinje cells produced by norepinephrine. Slowing of discharge evoked by 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate or gamma aminobutyric acid is not antagonized. These data provide the first indication that endogenous prostaglandins may physiologically function to modulate central noradrenergic junctions.
Animal Cells: Noncorrelation of Length of G
1
Phase with Size after Mitosis
Authors: Fox Thomas O. , Pardee Arthur B.
Published: October 2006

The interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA synthesis (G
1
) varied over a fourfold range for Chinese hamster ovary cells, an established line. This was not because of size differences. Synchronous cells of different sizes began DNA synthesis at similar times after mitosis. A novel technique of centrifugation for separating cells according to size is described.