bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving non‐native duration contrast with dichotic training in dyslexic and non‐dyslexic individuals
Authors: Bouhon Margot , Ferreira Claire , Bahuon Sandy , Tillmann Barbara , Bedoin Nathalie
Published: February 2023

Perceiving and producing English phonemic vowel length contrasts is challenging for non‐native speakers. According to multi‐time resolution models, endogenous slow/fast rhythms contribute, respectively, in the right/left hemispheres, to long/short acoustic cue processing. This study introduced a perceptual training method implementing dichotic stimulation to improve /i:/‐/ɪ/ processing by promoting hemispheric complementarity. Twenty non‐dyslexic and 20 dyslexic French adults received 1 hr‐training over 3 days. Productions were evaluated with pre‐/post‐tests. Training enhanced vowel duration contrast in word production by /i:/ lengthening and /ɪ/ shortening in both groups. Adults with dyslexia compensated fewer /i:/ lengthening by /ɪ/ shortening than did non‐dyslexic adults. Transfer from perceptual training to production seems possible for foreign‐language learning even in dyslexic adults. The extent to which dichotic presentation contributed to training effectiveness cannot be evaluated here, but the triggering of lengthening and shortening mechanisms suggests that lateralized complementary skills have been enhanced by dichotic stimulation.
eDNA‐based detection reveals invasion risks of a biofouling bivalve in the world's largest water diversion project
Authors: Xia Zhiqiang , Gu Junnong , Wen Ying , Cao Xinkai , Gao Yangchun , Li Shiguo , Haffner G. Douglas , MacIsaac Hugh J. , Zhan Aibin
Published: February 2023

Environmental DNA (eDNA) has increasingly been used to detect rare species (e.g., newly introduced nonindigenous species) in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, often with distinct advantages over traditional methods. However, whether water eDNA signals can be used to inform invasion risks remains debatable owing to inherent uncertainties associated with the methods used and the varying conditions among study systems. Here, we sampled eDNA from canals of the central route of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion Project (hereafter SNWDP) in China to investigate eDNA distribution and efficacy to inform invasion risks in a unique lotic system. We first conducted a total of 16 monthly surveys in this system (two sites in the source reservoir and four sites in the main canal) to test if eDNA could be applied to detect an invasive, biofouling bivalve, the golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei. Second, we initiated a one‐time survey in a sub‐canal of the SNWDP using refined sampling (12 sites in ~22 km canal) and considered a few environmental predictors. We found that detection of target eDNA in the main canal was achieved up to 1100 km from the putative source population but was restricted to the warmer months (May–November). Detection probability exhibited a significant positive relationship with average daily minimum air temperature and with water temperature, consistent with the expected spawning season. eDNA concentration in the main canal generally fluctuated across months and sites and was generally higher in warmer months. Golden mussel eDNA concentration in the sub‐canal decreased significantly with distance from the source and with increasing water temperature and became almost undetectable at ~22 km distance. Given the enormity of the SNWDP, golden mussels may eventually expand their distribution in the main canal, with established “bridgehead” populations facilitating further spread. Our findings suggest an elevated invasion risk of golden mussels in the SNWDP in warm months, highlighting the critical period for spread and, possibly, management.
A real‐life pilot study of the clinical application of pharmacogenomics testing on saliva in epilepsy
Authors: Riva Antonella , Roberti Roberta , D'Onofrio Gianluca , Vari Maria Stella , Amadori Elisabetta , De Giorgis Valentina , Cerminara Caterina , Specchio Nicola , Pietrafusa Nicola , Tombini Mario , Assenza Giovanni , Cappanera Silvia , Marini Carla , Rasmini Paolo , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Zara Federico , Russo Emilio , Striano Pasquale
Published: February 2023

Response to antiseizure medications (ASMs) can be influenced by several gene polymorphisms, causing either lower efficacy or higher occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). We investigated the clinical utility of salivary pharmacogenomic testing on epilepsy patients. A commercialized pharmacogenomic salivary test was performed in a cohort of epileptic patients. Genetic variants on five genes (i.e., CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, EPHX1, and ABCB1) involved in common ASMs metabolism were selected. Twenty‐one individuals (median age [Q1–Q3]: 15 [6.5–28] years) were enrolled. Six patients harboring the homozygous *1F allele in CYP1A2 could have reduced chance of response to stiripentol due to fast metabolism. CYP2C9 had reduced activity in 10 patients (alleles *2 and *3), potentially affecting phenytoin (PHT), phenobarbital (PB), primidone, lacosamide (LCM), and valproic acid metabolism. Seven patients, carrying the *2 allele of CYP2C19, had an increased risk of ADRs with clobazam (CLB), PB, PHT, LCM, brivaracetam; while one individual with the *17 allele in heterozygosity reported a CLB fast metabolism. Six patients showed a CC polymorphism of EPHX1 associated with the impaired efficacy of carbamazepine. ABCB1 polymorphisms related to drug‐resistance (3435 CC) or drug‐sensitive phenotype (CT or TT) were found in 6 out of 7 patients. Pharmacogenomic testing on saliva proved easy and safe in clinical practice to convey information for the management of epileptic patients, especially those resistant to treatment or sensitive to severe ADRs.
Design of lithium‐ion battery packs for two‐wheeled electric vehicles
Authors: Javia Dhruval , Tewari Kartik , Budarapu Pattabhi Ramaiah , Natarajan Sundararajan
Published: February 2023

The design of lithium‐ion battery pack to meet the power requirements of two‐wheeled electric bikes for Indian conditions is studied here. Theoretical calculations are performed based on the technical data collected from various resources in India. In particular, the two‐wheeled “Activa 6G” vehicle is considered for the analysis. Based on the numerical analysis, a relation between cell parameters such as: C‐rate, voltage, capacity, pack configuration, and vehicle dynamics parameters like: weight of the vehicle, payload, travel range per charge, and energy consumption, has been established. Commercial cylindrical cells, namely: 18650, 21 700, and 26 650 are used in all the calculations. The corresponding battery packs are designed considering a range of 100 km. Furthermore, simulations are performed to understand the voltage‐discharge characteristics, state of charge and variation of cell concentration with respect to time as the battery discharges. The studies are extended to analyze the battery thermal management to estimate the degradation and heat generation rate, and hence, the optimum operating parameters, that is, optimal electrode thicknesses and particle size to enhance the endurance. Based on the degradation and heat generation profiles, the life of the battery pack made of 26 650 cells is found to be better as compared to the battery packs made of 18 650 and 21 700 cells. Furthermore, the analysis is extended for battery packs made of 26 650 cells in four different configurations, considering air and mineral oil as the cooling fluids to estimate the maximum temperature and hence degradation characteristics. Tapered configuration is found to be the best configuration among the four, yielding lowest maximum temperature and capacity fading. On the other hand, when mineral oil is used as the cooling fluid in rectangular configuration, the maximum operating temperature is found to be reduced by 4.49 K. However, usage of mineral oil adds to the periodic maintenance and replacement costs.
Understanding the Use of Carbon Credits by Companies: A Review of the Defining Elements of Corporate Climate Claims
Authors: Trouwloon Danick , Streck Charlotte , Chagas Thiago , Martinus Glenpherd
Published: February 2023

Worldwide, companies are increasingly making claims about their current climate efforts and their future mitigation commitments. These claims tend to be underpinned by carbon credits issued in voluntary carbon markets to offset emissions. Corporate climate claims are largely unregulated which means that they are often (perceived to be) misleading and deceptive. As such, corporate climate claims risk undermining, rather than contributing to, global climate mitigation. This paper takes as its point of departure the proposition that a better understanding of corporate climate claims is needed to govern such claims in a manner that adequately addresses potential greenwashing risks. To that end, the paper reviews the nascent literature on corporate climate claims relying on the use of voluntary carbon credits. Drawing on the reviewed literature, three key dimensions of corporate climate claims as related to carbon credits are discussed: 1) the intended use of carbon credits: offsetting versus non‐offsetting claims; 2) the framing and meaning of headline terms: net‐zero versus carbon neutral claims; and 3) the status of the claim: future aspirational commitments versus stated achievements. The paper thereby offers a preliminary categorization of corporate climate claims and discusses risks associated with and governance implications for each of these categories.
The characteristics, life problems and clinical management of older adults who self‐harm: Findings from the multicentre study of self‐harm in England
Authors: Patel Anita , Ness Jennifer , Kelly Samantha , Waters Keith , Townsend Ellen , Kapur Navneet , Clements Caroline , Farooq Bushra , Geulayov Galit , Casey Deborah , Hawton Keith
Published: February 2023

Background

Older adults have a high risk of suicide following self‐harm. Contemporary information on self‐harm in this population is needed to inform care provision.

Objectives

To examine subgroup differences in the incidence of self‐harm, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, preceding life problems and outcomes in individuals aged 60 years and over presenting to hospital following self‐harm.

Method

Data on Emergency Department (ED) presentations for self‐harm from 2003 to 2016 from three centres in the Multicentre Study of Self‐Harm in England were analysed. Changes in self‐harm rates were examined using Poisson regression. Univariable logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with 12‐month self‐harm repetition.

Results

There were 3850 presentations for self‐harm by 2684 individuals aged 60 years and over. Self‐harm rates increased over time for 60–74‐year‐old men (Incident Rate Ratio = 1.04, 95% Confidence Interval 1.02–1.06, p < 0.0001). Problems most frequently reported to have preceded self‐harm were mental health (40.5%) and physical health (38.3%) concerns. Problems with alcohol, finances, employment and relationship with partner were found more frequently in 60–74‐year‐olds compared with those aged over 74 years. Physical health problems were common with increasing age, as were problems with alcohol for men. One in ten (10.8%) individuals presented to hospital with self‐harm within 12 months of their index presentation.

Conclusions

Self‐harm‐related ED attendances in older men have increased, particularly for men aged 60–74 years. Prevention and clinical management should involve a comprehensive psychosocial assessment to target common precipitants for the wide range of problems preceding self‐harm and may include support with physical and mental wellbeing and advice on safer alcohol use.
Deception and Distress
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E. , Haupt Laura
Published: February 2023

In the lead article in the January‐February 2023 issue of the Hastings Center Report, Abram Brummett and Erica Salter provide a conceptual framework to help physicians think through the ethics of deceiving a patient or someone closely connected to the patient. Brummett and Salter identify four main ethical features of any act of clinical deception and elaborate on how, in a given case, these features together influence the degree to which a deception could be justified. A second article in this issue presents an ethnographic study of the effect of the Covid‐19 pandemic on critical care workers in an intensive care unit. The authors describe a level and form of moral distress that, they argue, goes beyond what the term “moral distress” captures. The authors offer “distressed work” to better mark the broad consequences for care workers’ roles, occupations, and vocations.
The Problem of Clinical Deception and Why We Cannot Begin in the Middle
Authors: Clem Stewart
Published: February 2023

In this brief commentary, I offer an appreciative yet critical analysis of Abram Brummett and Erica Salter's article, “Mapping the Moral Terrain of Clinical Deception.” I challenge the authors to clarify their choice of the term “deception” (as opposed to “lying” or “dishonesty”), and I explain how these different terms may affect one's moral analysis. I also draw attention to the authors’ claim that veracity is the ethical default of clinicians. I argue that their failure to defend this claim renders their framework more limited in its usefulness than they seem to acknowledge. While their framework does an excellent job of identifying morally salient features of clinical deception, it cannot be used to measure the strength of justification for an act of deception apart from a normative conception of truthfulness.
In Defense of Openness—Genetic Knowledge and Gamete Donation
Authors: Mykitiuk Roxanne
Published: February 2023

In Conceiving People: Genetic Knowledge and the Ethics of Sperm and Egg Donation (Oxford University Press, 2021), Daniel Groll argues why people who use donated sperm or eggs to have children ought to use a known donor. His main argument for this position is that a child conceived in this way will have a foreseeable, significant interest in acquiring genetic knowledge. However, Groll addresses issues that are of interest to anyone who thinks about the nature of families and parent‐child relationships. For example, what obligations or responsibilities does a parent have to their child? What makes someone a parent? And what is the significance to one's identity of knowing about one's genetic origins? While a claim about access to genetic knowledge lies at the heart of Groll's book, he is all too aware of the social forces that influence people to care about their genetic origins. His prescriptions, ultimately, reflect this reality.
The influence of season on glutamate and GABA levels in the healthy human brain investigated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging
Authors: Spurny‐Dworak B. , Reed M. B. , Handschuh P. , Vanicek T. , Spies M. , Bogner W. , Lanzenberger R.
Published: February 2023

Seasonal changes in neurotransmitter systems have been demonstrated in imaging studies and are especially noticeable in diseased states such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD). These modulatory neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, are influencing glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. Furthermore, central components of the circadian pacemaker are regulated by GABA (the suprachiasmatic nucleus) or glutamate (e.g., the retinohypothalamic tract). Therefore, we explored seasonal differences in the GABAergic and glutamatergic system in 159 healthy individuals using magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging with a GABA‐edited 3D‐MEGA‐LASER sequence at 3T. We quantified GABA+/tCr, GABA+/Glx, and Glx/tCr ratios (GABA+, GABA+ macromolecules; Glx, glutamate + glutamine; tCr, total creatine) in five different subcortical brain regions. Differences between time periods throughout the year, seasonal patterns, and stationarity were tested using ANCOVA models, curve fitting approaches, and unit root and stationarity tests, respectively. Finally, Spearman correlation analyses between neurotransmitter ratios within each brain region and cumulated daylight and global radiation were performed. No seasonal or monthly differences, seasonal patterns, nor significant correlations could be shown in any region or ratio. Unit root and stationarity tests showed stable patterns of GABA+/tCr, GABA+/Glx, and Glx/tCr levels throughout the year, except for hippocampal Glx/tCr. Our results indicate that neurotransmitter levels of glutamate and GABA in healthy individuals are stable throughout the year. Hence, despite the important correction for age and gender in the analyses of MRS derived GABA and glutamate, a correction for seasonality in future studies does not seem necessary. Future investigations in SAD and other psychiatric patients will be of high interest.
Exploring structural connectomes in children with unilateral cerebral palsy using graph theory
Authors: Radwan Ahmed , Decraene Lisa , Dupont Patrick , Leenaerts Nicolas , Simon‐Martinez Cristina , Klingels Katrijn , Ortibus Els , Feys Hilde , Sunaert Stefan , Blommaert Jeroen , Mailleux Lisa
Published: February 2023

We explored structural brain connectomes in children with spastic unilateral cerebral palsy (uCP) and its relation to sensory‐motor function using graph theory. In 46 children with uCP (mean age = 10 years 7 months ± 2 years 9 months; Manual Ability Classification System I = 15, II = 16, III = 15) we assessed upper limb somatosensory and motor function. We collected multi‐shell diffusion‐weighted, T1‐weighted and T2‐FLAIR MRI and identified the corticospinal tract (CST) wiring pattern using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Structural connectomes were constructed using Virtual Brain Grafting‐modified FreeSurfer parcellations and multi‐shell multi‐tissue constrained spherical deconvolution‐based anatomically‐constrained tractography. Graph metrics (characteristic path length, global/local efficiency and clustering coefficient) of the whole brain, the ipsilesional/contralesional hemisphere, and the full/ipsilesional/contralesional sensory‐motor network were compared between lesion types (periventricular white matter (PWM) = 28, cortical and deep gray matter (CDGM) = 18) and CST‐wiring patterns (ipsilateral = 14, bilateral = 14, contralateral = 12, unknown = 6) using ANCOVA with age as covariate. Using elastic‐net regularized regression we investigated how graph metrics, lesion volume, lesion type, CST‐wiring pattern and age predicted sensory‐motor function. In both the whole brain and subnetworks, we observed a hyperconnectivity pattern in children with CDGM‐lesions compared with PWM‐lesions, with higher clustering coefficient (p = [<.001–.047], =[0.09–0.27]), characteristic path length (p = .003, =0.19) and local efficiency (p = [.001–.02], =[0.11–0.21]), and a lower global efficiency with age (p = [.01–.04], =[0.09–0.15]). No differences were found between CST‐wiring groups. Overall, good predictions of sensory‐motor function were obtained with elastic‐net regression (R2 = .40–.87). CST‐wiring pattern was the strongest predictor for motor function. For somatosensory function, all independent variables contributed equally to the model. In conclusion, we demonstrated the potential of structural connectomics in understanding disease severity and brain development in children with uCP.
Expansive yet deep: A president's perspective
Authors: Malloy Edward A.
Published: February 2023

College and university presidents can position themselves to be a great resource for the country and the world. This chapter introduces the perspectives of two presidents of the University of Notre Dame, Father Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C. who served for 35 years (1952–1987) and was a major presence in American higher education and a classic public intellectual, and his successor, Father Edward Malloy, C.S.C. who served for 18 years (1987–2005) and was heavily involved at the local, national, and international level. It offers valuable lessons about the evolving presidential role and how internal and external pressures have changed the expectations for the president as a public intellectual. In enacting the role of a public intellectual, university presidents must ask themselves how to exercise that duty in ways that are both expansive yet deep.
Aggressive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A series of five consecutive patients successfully treated with adjuvant intravenous bevacizumab. A single Belgian academic center experience
Authors: Collette Fanny , Lawson Georges , Hassid Samantha , Delahaut Gilles , Bachy Vincent , Van Der Vorst Sébastien , Faugeras Laurence , Gilliaux Quentin , D'Hondt Lionel
Published: February 2023

Background

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a currently incurable benign neoplasm caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. It usually reduces voice, respiratory, and general quality of life, and is sometimes life‐threatening. Patients usually need repeated operations. The use of adjuvant bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A, has been described in several case reports, with a good efficacy and safety profile.

Methods

We report the cases of five patients with aggressive RRP who were treated with adjuvant systemic bevacizumab in a single Belgian tertiary center.

Results

A complete response was achieved in four patients after a median of 4.5 months, and a partial response in one. In all cases, the number of surgeries was drastically reduced, and quality of life improved. Toxicity was easily managed.

Conclusions

Systemic bevacizumab seems to be an effective and safe adjuvant treatment for aggressive RRP.
Limonin ameliorates indomethacin‐induced intestinal damage and ulcers through Nrf2/ARE pathway
Authors: Jia Bo , Zhao Leyi , Liu Pengpeng , Li Meng , Tian Zhilei
Published: February 2023

Background

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause intestinal damage and ulcers and the incidence is increasing. Limonin plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory diseases, but it has not been reported in the treatment of intestinal injury and ulcers.

Methods

Indomethacin (INDO) induced intestinal injury and ulcer model in rats. The indexes related to intestinal injury were detected. Western blot and molecular docking techniques were used to detect the docking between Limonin and Nrf2. Next, ML385, an inhibitor of Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, was applied to treat intestinal epithelial IEC‐6 cells induced by INDO. And CCK8, Western blot, TUNEL, ELISA, DCFH‐DA assay, kits, and immunofluorescence were conducted to detect cell activity, apoptosis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and tight junction again.

Results

INDO can significantly induce intestinal ulcerative lesions in rats. Limonin could improve intestinal ulcerative lesions induced by INDO in rats. Limonin could reduce INDO‐induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress in the small intestine of rats, and improve the intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by INDO. Limonin could dock with Nrf2 structure and activate Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. ML385 could reverse the protective effect of Limonin against INDO‐induced cell damage.

Conclusion

Limonin ameliorates INDO‐induced intestinal damage and ulcers through Nrf2/ARE pathway.
The interplay between therapeutic relationship and therapeutic technique: “It takes two to tango”
Authors: Matos Marcela , Dimaggio Giancarlo
Published: February 2023

The idea that the therapeutic relationship is at the core of psychotherapy is shared by most therapeutic approaches. Also, an increasing variety of therapeutic approaches, consider experiential techniques as central tools to promote effective therapeutic change. Commonly, it is argued that the creation of a positive, empathic, safe, and solid therapeutic alliance should be a prerequisite for administering these techniques. However, recent evidence is beginning to challenge this cautious stance showing that the introduction of experiential work early in therapy can be safe and effective. So, the quality of the therapeutic relationship may either facilitate or hinder the use of experiential techniques, but the use of these techniques may also strengthen or cause ruptures in the therapeutic alliance. So how do we balance the attention to the therapeutic relationship and the use of active, emotionally arousing techniques? In this paper, we present an issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session exploring the complex interplay between therapeutic relationship and experiential practices in light of different psychotherapeutic approaches. We do so by first providing an initial overview of the topic. Next, we introduce the five papers of the issue along with some thoughts on how authors from diverse psychotherapeutic orientations contributed to illustrate and reflect on this multifaceted “dance” between therapeutic relationship and techniques.
Prognostic role of three‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography‐derived left ventricular global longitudinal strain in cardiac amyloidosis: Insights from the MAGYAR‐Path Study
Authors: Földeák Dóra , Kormányos Árpád , Nemes Attila
Published: February 2023

Introduction

Systemic amyloidosis is an uncommon disorder in which amyloid fibrils deposit extracellularly. Three‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (3DSTE) is a novel method able to assess left ventricular (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS). Our aim was to evaluate the prognostic impact of 3DSTE‐derived LV‐GLS in patients with cardiac amyloidosis (CA).

Materials and Methods

A total of 35 patients suffering from light‐chain (AL) CA or transthyretin (TTR) CA were selected, but 7 patients had to be excluded due to insufficient image quality or were lost for follow‐up. With AL‐CA 23 cases, while for TTR‐CA 5 patients were diagnosed. Complete two‐dimensional Doppler and 3DSTE were performed in all subjects.

Results

The median follow‐up was 201 days (ranging from 36 to 632 days) during which cardiovascular event was detected in 17 CA patients, including 8 cardiac deaths. Six patients were diagnosed with acute heart failure, two patients needed invasive interventions (percutaneous coronary intervention with stent‐implantation, implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation) and in one patient new higher grade atrioventricular block was registered. Using ROC analysis, 3DSTE‐derived LV‐GLS ≥11.8% (absolute value) was found to be a significant predictor for cardiovascular event‐free survival (sensitivity 65%, specificity 64%, area under the curve 0.71, p = .05). Lower LV ejection fraction was confirmed in patients with LV‐GLS <11.8% as compared to cases with LV‐GLS ≥11.8%. In case of a cardiovascular event, LV‐GLS was lower as compared to that of subjects with no events. Multivariable regression analysis confirmed that LV‐GLS and LV end‐diastolic diameter were independent predictors of cardiovascular survival.

Conclusion

3DSTE‐derived LV‐GLS is an independent predictor for future cardiovascular events in CA patients.
Efficacy of stimulants for preschool attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sugaya Luisa S. , Farhat Luis C. , Califano Pietro , Polanczyk Guilherme V.
Published: February 2023

Background

Robust synthesis of evidence to support treatment recommendations for preschoolers with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is lacking. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to review currently available evidence to evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of stimulants for preschool children with ADHD.

Methods

We searched electronic databases (CENTRAL, Embase, PubMed) from the database inception to March, 2022; and clinical trial registries through WHO ICTRP from the database inception to July, 2022, and selected double‐blinded randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared stimulants against placebo for the treatment of preschoolers (age ≤ 7 years) with ADHD. Change in ADHD symptom severity was the primary outcome (efficacy) and all‐cause dropout rates (acceptability) was the secondary outcome. Data were pooled with random‐effects models weighted by the inverse of the variance. Risk of bias of individual studies were assessed with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to assess the quality of evidence. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022348597).

Results

Five RCTs (three methylphenidate immediate‐release, one methylphenidate extended‐release, and one lisdexamfetamine) were included. The analysis of efficacy was based on 489 participants. Meta‐analysis of change in ADHD symptom severity demonstrated a significant effect in favor of stimulants over placebo (standardized mean difference = −0.59; 95% CI −0.77, −0.41; p < 0.0001). There was no evidence of heterogeneity but some concerns about publication bias. Regardless, the confidence of evidence was considered moderate. For acceptability, stimulants did not lead to an increased rate of all‐cause discontinuation rates in comparison to placebo (OR = 0.59; 95% CI 0.15, 2.37; p = 0.45) but the confidence of estimate was very low.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrated that stimulants are efficacious in reducing ADHD symptoms among preschool children. Clinicians should consider the use of stimulants when making treatment recommendations for preschoolers with ADHD.
Sterile 20‐like kinase 3 promotes tick‐borne encephalitis virus assembly by interacting with NS2A and prM and enhancing the NS2A–NS4A association
Authors: Tang Jielin , Xu Chonghui , Fu Muqing , Liu Canyu , Zhang Xianwen , Zhang Wei , Pei Rongjuan , Wang Yun , Zhou Yuan , Chen Jizheng , Miao Zhichao , Pan Guangjin , Yang Qi , Chen Xinwen
Published: February 2023

Tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the causative agent of a potentially fatal neurological infection in humans. Investigating virus–host interaction is important for understanding the pathogenesis of TBEV and developing effective antiviral drugs against this virus. Here, we report that mammalian ste20‐like kinase 3 (MST3) is involved in the regulation of TBEV infection. The knockdown or knockout of MST3, but not other mammalian ste20‐like kinase family members, inhibited TBEV replication. The knockdown of MST3 also significantly reduced TBEV replication in mouse primary astrocytes. Life cycle analysis indicated that MST3 remarkably impaired virion assembly efficiency and specific infectivity by respectively 59% and 95% in MST3‐knockout cells. We further found that MST3 interacts with the viral proteins NS2A and prM; and MST3 enhances the interaction of NS2A–NS4A. Thus, MST3‐NS2A complex plays a major role in recruiting prM–E heterodimers and NS4A and mediates the virion assembly. Additionally, we found that MST3 was biotinylated and combined with other proteins (e.g., ATG5, Sec24A, and SNX4) that are associated with the cellular membrane required for TBEV infection. Overall, our study revealed a novel function for MST3 in TBEV infection and identified as a novel host factor supporting TBEV assembly.
Epidemiological features, genomic characteristics, and origin tracing of the COVID‐19 outbreaks in Beijing from January to September 2022
Authors: Feng Zhaomin , Huo Da , Cui Shujuan , Lyu Bing , Liang Zhichao , Li Fu , Yang Peng , Wang Quanyi , Zhang Daitao , Pan Yang , Duan Wei
Published: February 2023

Different variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 have been discovered globally. At present, the Omicron variant has been extensively circulated worldwide. There have been several outbreaks of the Omicron variant in China. Here, we investigated the epidemiologic, genetic characteristics, and origin‐tracing data of the outbreaks of COVID‐19 in Beijing from January to September 2022. During this time, 19 outbreaks occurred in Beijing, with the infected cases ranging from 2 to 2230. Two concern variants were detected, with eight genotypes. Based on origin tracing analysis, two outbreaks were from the cold‐chain transmission and three from items contaminated by humans. Imported cases have caused other outbreaks. Our study provided a detailed analysis of Beijing's outbreaks and valuable information to control the outbreak's spread.
Association of exosomal miR‐96‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p with the disease severity in dengue virus infection
Authors: Pradhan Aunji , Aneja Ashish , Ghosh Sahana , Devvanshi Himadri , C. Deepika , Sahu Risabh , Ross Celil , Kshetrapal Pallavi , Maitra Arindam , Das Saumitra
Published: February 2023

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells and have a major role in cell‐to‐cell signaling. As dengue infection progresses from a mild to a severe form of infection, the exosome's microRNA (miRNA) composition might change, which may contribute to pathogenesis. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of serum exosomal miRNAs was performed and their involvement in dengue virus‐induced disease progression in an Indian cohort was assessed. Small RNA‐seq showed 50 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs that were significantly dysregulated during dengue infection. After extensive validation, miR‐96‐5p was found to be significantly upregulated, whereas miR‐146a‐5p was significantly downregulated with the progression of disease to severe form. Interestingly, a strong positive correlation was found between the expression levels of miR‐96‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p and the platelet levels of the patients. Further, study of miR‐146a‐5p showed that it regulates the expression of the proteins which are involved in the immune responses. These results suggest that miR‐96‐5p and miR‐146a‐5p could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for dengue disease progression, in addition to the already available biochemical and pathological parameters.
Systematic identification and characterization of viral small RNAs from small RNA‐Seq data
Authors: Cai Zena , Fu Ping , Xu Lihua , Deng Li , Peng Yousong
Published: February 2023

Virus‐encoded small RNAs (vsRNAs) have been reported to play an important role in viral infections. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of a systematic characterization and resource of vsRNAs. Herein, we identified a total of 19 734 high‐confidence vsRNAs including 2746 microRNAs (miRNAs) in 64 viral species from more than 800 samples of public small RNA‐Seq data. The number of vsRNAs identified in viruses varied from 1 to 2489 with a median of 170. The length distribution of vsRNAs peaked at 21 and 22 nt. Plant viruses were found to express larger number and higher levels of vsRNAs than those of animal viruses. Besides, the number of vsRNAs identified increased as the viral infection persisted. Interestingly, the vsRNA showed strong expression specificity as little overlap was observed among vsRNAs identified in different strains of a virus, or in different hosts, cells, or tissues infected by the same virus. Little conservation was observed among vsRNAs of different viruses. The viral miRNAs were found to interact with host genes involved in multiple biological processes related to organization, development, action potential, polarity establishment, methylation, immune response, gene regulation, localization, and so on. To facilitate the usage of vsRNAs, a database named vsRNAdb was built for organizing and storing vsRNAs which is available at http://www.computationalbiology.cn/vsRNAdb/#/vsRNAdb/#/. Overall, the study deepens our understanding about the diversity and complexity of vsRNAs and provides a rich resource for further studies of vsRNAs.
Engagement in HIV continuum of care: Another step needed to close the gap toward UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets among younger men in Rwanda
Authors: Rwibasira Gallican N. , Dzinamarira Tafadzwa , Remera Eric , Malamba Samuel S. , Fazito Erika , Mathu Rachel , Matreja Priyal , Cai Haotian , Kayirangwa Eugenie , Nsanzimana Sabin
Published: February 2023

In this study, we measured Rwandan men's engagement in HIV services based on the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets and assessed factors associated with linkage to HIV services. We analyzed the Rwanda Population‐based HIV Impact Assessment (RPHIA) data for 15‐ to 64‐year‐old males. We conducted bivariate analysis to assess the distribution and association of sociodemographic characteristics with UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 targets. We adjusted multivariable models to understand the effect measurement of associated factors and determine the factors that best predict the achievement of UNAIDS 90‐90‐90. Of 13 780 males aged 15–64 years who participated in the RPHIA and consented to the blood draw and HIV testing, 302 had a positive HIV result, while 301 had valid responses to all variables analyzed in this paper and were included in the analysis. We found that age group was an explanatory and predictive factor for achievement of UNAIDS 90‐90‐90. Younger men living with HIV (MLHIV) are less likely to have achieved UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 compared to MLHIV 50–64 years old: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for MLHIV aged 15–34 years was 0.21 (0.08–0.53) and aOR for MLHIV aged 35–49 years was 0.77 (0.36–1.66). To close the UNAIDS 90‐90‐90 gap in Rwanda, innovative service delivery strategies are needed to support young MLHIV to reach 90‐90‐90.
Topography of the Heart
Authors: Abi Habib Paola , Seger Lindsey , Cagliyan Erkan , Turan Sifa
Published: February 2023

SlowflowHD is a Doppler Ultrasound modality that is typically geared toward visualization of small‐size vessels and low velocity blood flow. In this commentary, we emphasize the importance of implementing the use of SlowflowHD as an adjunct to traditional Doppler modalities in the echocardiography screening in both the first and second trimester. This modality carries many characteristics that allow it to overcome the limitations of our current ultrasound modalities and facilitate mapping of the entirety of the fetal heart. The clinical implications are significant in regard to earlier acquisition of diagnostic information to guide decision‐making and patient counseling.
Emergency Department Point‐of‐Care Echocardiography and Lung Ultrasound in Predicting COVID‐19 Severity
Authors: Baloescu Cristiana , Weingart Gabriel E. , Moore Christopher L.
Published: February 2023

Objectives

We sought to determine if point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) performed on patients with COVID‐19 in the emergency department (ED) can help predict disease course, severity, or identify complications.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of adult ED patients who tested positive for COVID‐19 at hospital admission or within 2 weeks of presentation and received heart or lung POCUS. Clips were reviewed for presence of decreased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), right ventricular dilation, presence of B‐lines, and pleural line abnormalities. Patients with worsening hypoxemic respiratory failure or shock requiring higher level of care and patients who expired were considered to have developed severe COVID‐19. Regression analysis was performed to determine if there was a correlation between ED POCUS findings and development of severe COVID‐19.

Results

A total of 155 patients met study criteria; 148 patients had documented cardiac views and 116 patients had documented lung views (113 with both). Mean age was 66.5 years old (±18.6) and 53% of subjects were female. Subjects with decreased LVEF that was not previously documented had increased odds of having severe COVID during their hospitalization compared to those with old or no dysfunction (OR 5.66, 95% CI: 1.55–19.95, P = .08). The presence of pleural line abnormalities was also predictive for development of severe COVID (OR 2.68, 95% CI: 1.04–6.92, P = .04).

Conclusion

POCUS findings of previously unidentified decreased LVEF and pleural line abnormalities in patients with COVID‐19 evaluated in the ED were correlated to a more severe clinical course and worse prognosis.
Evolution of the water–carbon relationship at basin scale under the background of a vegetation restoration program
Authors: Yuan Yujie , Gao Xuerui , Huang Kejing , Wang Jichao , Zhao Xuehua , Gao Xiaodong , Wu Anxin , Zhao Xining
Published: February 2023

Vegetation restoration is an important means for regional climate change mitigation and terrestrial carbon sequestration. However, large‐scale vegetation restoration in arid and semiarid regions can excessively consume local water resources, thus threatening regional water supply safety. To explore the impact of vegetation restoration on the water–carbon relationship in the Loess Plateau in China before and after the implementation of the Grain‐for‐Green Program (GfGP), the regional hydro‐ecological simulation system (RHESSys) model was used to simulate the temporal and spatial evolution of key variables of the water cycle, including the actual evapotranspiration (ET) and the surface runoff (Rs), and that of the carbon cycle, including the net primary productivity (NPP) and the total carbon density (TC). In addition, statistical methods were applied to analyze the interaction between water and carbon cycles. Results show that the RHESSys model is capable of simulating the key ecohydrological elements. In the period of 1990–2019, ET and NPP both showed significant increasing trends at rates of 8.9 mm yr−1 and 6.9 g C m−2 yr−1, respectively. The TC also had a slightly increasing trend, with rates of 0.04 t C hm−2 yr−1 (land‐use in 1995), 0.07 t C hm−2 yr−1 (land‐use in 2005), and 0.08 t C hm−2 yr−1 (land‐use in 2015). In contrast, Rs decreased at the rate of 0.35 mm yr−1. As for spatial distribution, in the middle and southeastern parts of the Yanhe River basin with the vegetation well‐restored, ET, NPP, and TC showed significant increasing trends, while the Rs showed a decreasing trend. ET was also found to have a positive correlation with NPP and TC, while the Rs has a negative correlation with NPP and TC. Moreover, the correlation of Rs‐NPP and Rs‐TC was found to increase after the implementation of the GfGP, which indicates the reinforcing effect of vegetation restoration on the water–carbon trade‐off relationship. Therefore, it is critical to coordinate and regulate the interaction between water consumption and runoff in the context of vegetation restoration in the Yanhe River basin, as well as to promote the synergy between regional ecological restoration and social economic development for water security.
Changed ecosystem stability in response to climate anomalies in the context of ecological restoration projects
Authors: Dang Dongliang , Li Xiaobing , Li Shengkun , Lyu Xin , Dou Huashun , Li Mengyuan , Wang Kai
Published: February 2023

Dryland ecosystems are fragile and under the context of climate change, the increased frequency of short‐term climate variability will put them under additional stress, so the ability of dryland ecosystems to stabilize against exposure to climate anomalies is becoming increasingly critical. To mitigate the degradation of dryland ecosystems in China, the Chinese Government has launched ambitious ecological restoration projects (ERPs) in drylands, and understanding the effects and mechanisms of these projects on dryland stability is particularly important for the future integration of stability enhancement into ecosystem management goals. However, few researchers have focused on such effects. Here, the agro‐pastoral ecotone in northern China, which is located in the northern drylands of China and contains several national ERPs, was used to analyze the above problem. Specifically, the stability of ecosystems in response to climate anomalies was evaluated from the perspectives of resilience and resistance, and we analyzed the impacts of ERPs and parallel policies on ecosystem stability combined with a social‐ecological systemic perspective. Our results showed that the ecosystem stability has improved in the last 20 years, and although environmental factors dominated the spatial heterogeneity and temporal variations in the stability, afforestation and socioeconomic processes associated with ERPs and parallel policies also showed significant effects. Therefore, guiding and establishing a solid and low‐ecological impact rural livelihoods is an important guarantee to achieving stability improvement through relevant policies. Our study decoupled the complex outcomes of ERPs from the perspective of ecosystem stability and contributes to the understanding of dryland stability from a social‐ecological perspective. Furthermore, new insights and theoretical foundations are provided for incorporating stability enhancement into future goals of dryland ecosystem management.
Influence of Monomer Structure, Initiation, and Porosity on Mechanical and Morphological Characteristics of Thiol‐ene PolyHIPEs
Authors: Kramer Stanko , Krajnc Peter , Pulko Irena
Published: February 2023

Combining high internal phase emulsion templating with thiol‐ene click chemistry produces porous polymers with high yields and degradable ester linkages. This study compares the influence of the monomer functionalities (tri versus tetra), internal phase volume, and initiation type (photo versus thermal) on the morphological and mechanical properties of poly(high internal phase emulsions) (polyHIPEs). For the synthesis of the polyHIPEs pentaerythritol tetrakis(3‐mercaptopropionate) (PETMP, tetrafunctional), trimethylolpropane tris(3‐mercaptopropionate) (TMPTMP, trifunctional), pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETA, tetrafunctional), and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA, trifunctional) are used. The main factors influencing the properties of the polyHIPEs are the monomer structures and the internal phase volume, while the initiation type influences the morphology of the trifunctional system (pore size and morphology type) resulting in an interconnected cellular morphology in all cases except in the case of the photopolymerization of the emulsion with 85 vol% of the internal phase. The average pore diameter of the trifunctional system ranges from 8.0 to 27.8 µm, while for the tetrafunctional system it ranges from 8.1 to 12.3 µm. The compression moduli of the trifunctional system range from 0.093 to 0.240 MPa and for the tetrafunctional system they range from 1.906 to 7.670 MPa. The compression moduli decrease with increasing internal phase volume (porosity).
Unusual Stress Upturn in Elastomers Prepared Using Macro Cross‐Linkers with Multiple Vinyl Side Groups
Authors: Mizuno Tatsuya , Hayashi Mikihiro , Takahashi Rintaro
Published: February 2023

In this study, the unique tensile properties of acrylate elastomers prepared using macro cross‐linker polymers with multiple vinyl side groups are analyzed. For the preparation of the macro cross‐linker, poly(ethyl acrylate) copolymers bearing hydroxy functional groups are synthesized, followed by the hydroxy‐isocyanate reaction with 2‐isocyanatoethyl acrylate. Subsequently, the elastomers samples are prepared by UV polymerization of ethyl acrylate in the presence of the macro cross‐linkers. The tensile properties of the elastomers in the small elongation region are similar to those of typical elastomers prepared using divinyl cross‐linkers, whereas the stress upturn in the large elongation region is considerably different. The stress upturn varies based on the fraction of vinyl side groups in the macro cross‐linkers, whereas stress in the small elongation region remains unchanged. These properties are analyzed using various theoretical models. The results reveal that there is artificial inhomogeneity in the cross‐link density for samples prepared by the macro cross‐linkers, where the short poly(ethyl acrylate) strands inside the macro cross‐linker limit the overall chain stretchability. On the whole, this study demonstrates a new method for tuning elastomer properties, especially at large deformation.