bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MRGPRX2 signals its importance in cutaneous mast cell biology: Does MRGPRX2 connect mast cells and atopic dermatitis?
Authors: Wang Zhao , Babina Magda
Published: August 2020

The discovery of MRGPRX2 marks an important change in MC biology, explaining non‐IgE‐mediated clinical phenomena relying on MCs. As receptor for multiple drugs, MRGPRX2 is crucial to drug‐induced hypersensitivity. However, not only drugs, but also endogenous mediators like neuropeptides and host defense peptides activate MRGPRX2, suggesting its broad impact in cutaneous pathophysiology. Here, we give a brief overview of MRGPRX2 and its regulation by microenvironmental stimuli, which support MCs and can be altered in skin disorders, and briefly touch on the functional programs elicited by MRGPRX2 ligation. Studies in Mrgprb2‐deficient mice (the murine ortholog) help illuminate MRGPRX2's function in health and disease. Recent advances in this model support the long‐suspected operational unit between MCs and nerves, with MRGPRX2 being a vital component. Based on the limited evidence for a major contribution of FcεRI/IgE‐activated MCs to atopic dermatitis (AD), we develop the hypothesis that MRGPRX2 constitutes the missing link connecting MCs and AD, at least in selected endotypes. Support comes from the multifold changes in the MC‐neuronal system of AD skin (eg greater density of MCs and closer connections between MCs and nerves, increased PAR‐2/Substance P). We theorize that these deregulations suffice to initiate AD, but external triggers, many of which activating MRGPRX2 themselves (eg Staphylococcus aureus) further feed into the loop. Itch, the most burdensome hallmark of AD, is mostly non‐histaminergic but tryptase‐dependent, and tryptase is preferentially released upon MRGPRX2 activation. Because MRGPRX2 is a very active research field, some of the existing gaps are likely to be closed soon.
The bright side of co‐opted boards: Evidence from firm innovation
Authors: Nguyen Lily , Vu Le , Yin Xiangkang
Published: August 2020

This study documents a positive and robust effect of co‐opted boards on firm innovation. This effect is mainly driven by co‐opted independent directors. Firms with more co‐opted independent directors are associated with lower sensitivities of CEO pay and turnover to performance. It suggests that co‐opted boards promote innovation by insulating managers’ career concerns from innovation risk and supporting incentive contracts that motivate innovation. Overall, our study provides new evidence on co‐opted boards benefiting firm innovation.
Role for phagocytosis in the prevention of neoplastic transformation in Drosophila
Authors: Zhang Min , Nagaosa Kaz , Nakai Yuji , Yasugi Tetsuo , Kushihiki Masako , Rahmatika Dini , Sato Makoto , Shiratsuchi Akiko , Nakanishi Yoshinobu
Published: August 2020

Immunity is considered to be involved in the prevention of cancer. Although both humoral and cellular immune reactions may participate, underlying mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The present study was conducted to clarify this issue using a Drosophila model, in which neoplastic transformation was induced through the simultaneous inhibition of cell‐cycle checkpoints and apoptosis. We first determined the location of hemocytes, blood cells of Drosophila playing a role of immune cells, in neoplasia‐induced and normal larvae, but there was no significant difference between the two groups. When gene expression pattern in larval hemocytes was determined, the expression of immunity‐related genes including those necessary for phagocytosis was reduced in the neoplasia model. We then asked the involvement of phagocytosis in the prevention of neoplasia examining animals where the expression of engulfment receptors instead of apoptosis was retarded. We found that the inhibition of engulfment receptor expression augmented the occurrence of neoplasia induced by a defect in cell‐cycle checkpoints. This suggested a role for phagocytosis in the prevention of neoplastic transformation in Drosophila.
Deformable liposomes as enhancer of caffeine penetration through human skin in a Franz diffusion cell test
Authors: Abd E. , Gomes J. , Sales C. C. , Yousef S. , Forouz F. , Telaprolu K. C. , Roberts M. S. , Grice J. E. , Lopes P. S. , Leite‐Silva V. R. , Andréo‐Filho N.
Published: August 2020

Objective

The permeation of hydrophilic molecules through the skin is still a challenge due to the barrier posed by stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. Liposomes have frequently been used as carriers for different types of drugs and may also function as permeation enhancers. Propylene glycol has also been used as an edge activator in liposomes to increase the permeation. The aim of this work was to prepare liposomes containing an edge activator and loaded with caffeine to evaluate the potential of caffeine reaching the deeper layers in the skin.

Methods

The formulations were prepared by a top‐down process using high‐pressure homogenization at 200 00 psi for 10 min. They were characterized by size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), pH, caffeine content and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) on preparation (time zero) and after 30 days. Cytotoxicity of blank and loaded liposomes was assessed by MTT proliferation assay with a normal keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT). In vitro permeation tests were performed with human skin in Franz cells over 24 h, and caffeine concentration was determined in the skin surface, stratum corneum, dermo‐epidermal fraction and receptor medium by HPLC.

Results

The caffeine liposomes with (DL‐Caf) or without propylene glycol (CL‐Caf) showed, respectively, mean size 94.5 and 95.4 nm, PI 0.48 and 0.42, ZP + 1.3 and + 18.1 mV and caffeine content of 78.57 and 80.13%. IC50 values of caffeine in DL‐Caf (3.59 v/v %) and CL‐Caf (3.65 v/v %) were not significantly different from conventional blank liposome (3.27 v/v %). The DL‐Caf formulation presented the best capability to enhance the caffeine permeation through the skin, resulting 1.94‐folds higher than caffeine solution. Furthermore, the caffeine flux from DL‐Caf was 1.56‐ and 3.05‐folds higher than caffeine solution and CL‐Caf, respectively. On the other hand, CL‐Caf showed the lowest caffeine penetration revealing the importance of edge activator to aid hydrophilic drug penetration to all skin layers.

Conclusion

The DL‐Caf formulation tested was able to improve the permeation of caffeine through the stratum corneum and dermo‐epidermal layers, suggesting that this delivery system may be effective for deep skin delivery of hydrophilic drugs.
Frightened of the pulp? A qualitative analysis of undergraduate student confidence and stress during the management of deep caries and the exposed pulp
Authors: Chevalier V. , Le Fur Bonnabesse A. , Duncan H. F.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To evaluate sources of student confidence and stress during the management of deep carious lesions and the exposed pulp during undergraduate clinics. Further aims were to identify barriers and facilitators, which could result in educational or practical improvements in the delivery of teaching and provision of treatment in this area.

Methodology

A exploratory qualitative study design was used, based on recorded focus group interviews, guided by 12 predetermined questions. The discussions were transcribed verbatim and analysed by inductive qualitative content analysis. Common categories were identified to aid understanding. Forty undergraduate dental students from 4th and 5th years in Dublin Dental University Hospital participated in the study.

Results

Student stress and confidence were multifactorial and broadly linked to specific domains: clinical procedure, academic education, clinical training, evaluation/grading, organization and equipment, vital pulp biomaterial and the patient. Most students expressed a preference for one‐stage selective carious removal to soft dentine rather than potential pulp exposure in deep carious lesions, noting that although it helped to decrease their immediate stress, it also caused longer‐term concern by leaving caries close to the pulp. Nevertheless, their confidence was affected by limited clinical experience of carrying out selective removal procedures in deep caries. A recurrent finding was students citing high levels of stress after pulp exposure. Feelings including anger, fear, embarrassment and denial were associated with pulp exposure during deep caries management. Generally, the students felt able to manage pulp capping procedures, but were less certain about partial pulpotomy, suggesting that although they are aware of its advantages, they were unsure about the appropriate volume of pulp tissue to remove. To reduce stress, students suggested that laboratory teaching should employ new 3‐D printed solutions and clinics should establish clear consensus amongst supervising teachers about the best way to manage the exposed pulp.

Conclusions

Students lacked confidence as they neared the pulp and prefer selective caries removal techniques, which reduce the likelihood of pulp exposure. Students identified stressors and suggested improvements in several domains that would improve confidence. These ameliorations could lead to enhancements in student ability to perform these conservative techniques, and improve the provision of treatment in this area.
Carotid artery calcification in panoramic radiographs associates with oral infections and mortality
Authors: Paju S. , Pietiäinen M. , Liljestrand J. M. , Lahdentausta L. , Salminen A. , Kopra E. , Mäntylä P. , Buhlin K. , Hörkkö S. , Sinisalo J. , Pussinen P. J.
Published: August 2020

Aim

To study the prevalence of carotid artery calcification (CAC) in relation to apical and marginal periodontitis, subgingival dysbiotic bacterial species and serum and saliva immune responses against them. In addition, the aim was to analyse the association of CAC with angiographically verified coronary artery disease (CAD) and mortality.

Methodology

In the present random Parogene cohort, the patients had an indication for coronary angiography. Apical and marginal periodontitis were diagnosed during clinical and radiographic oral examinations, and CAC on panoramic radiographs (n = 492). Presence and severity of CAD were registered from angiography. Subgingival dysbiotic bacterial species were quantitated using checkerboard DNA‐DNA‐hybridization, and serum and saliva antibody levels were determined by immunoassays. The cohort was followed‐up for 10 years or until death (median 9.9, range 0.21–10.4) via linkage to the national death register. The statistical models were adjusted for age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia.

Results

A total of 102 (20.7%) patients had detectable CAC, which was moderate in 81 (16.4%) and severe in 21 (4.3%). CAC was associated (OR, 95% CI) with severe apical periodontitis (2.25, 1.15–4.41), root canal fillings (1.15, 1.04–1.26), alveolar bone loss (2.66, 1.21–5.84), severe periodontal inflammation (2.23, 1.11–4.47), high level of gram‐negative subgingival species (2.73, 1.34–5.50), saliva IgG against dysbiotic species (1.05, 1.01–1.10/unit) and severe (2.58, 1.36–4.90) and chronic (2.13, 1.15–3.93) CAD. A total of 105 (20.7%) patients died during the follow‐up and 53 (10.4%) deaths were because of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Severe CAC predicted worse survival with HRs (95% CI) of 3.08 (1.58–6.06) for all‐cause and 3.43 (1.42–8.25) for CVD death.

Conclusions

CAC on panoramic tomography was associated with (i) apical and marginal periodontitis and dysbiotic bacterial species giving rise to an immunological response, and with (ii) severe, chronic CAD and increased mortality. The results further emphasize the role of oral infections in CAD and the importance of referring a patient with CAC for a cardiovascular evaluation.
Effets des compétences sur l’emploi: les enseignements de l’Évaluation des compétences des adultes (PIAAC)
Authors: STIJEPIC Damir
Published: August 2020

À partir d'une enquête internationale qui évalue les compétences cognitives, l'auteur étudie les effets de celles‐ci sur l'emploi dans 32 pays. En moyenne, l'augmentation du niveau de numératie d'un écart type accroît la probabilité d'avoir un emploi de 8,4 points de pourcentage, et réduit celles d'être en inactivité ou au chômage de 6,4 et 2,1 points respectivement. Après contrôle des effets de la numératie, l'effet du nombre d'années de scolarité diminue de 2,7 points à 1,8 point. En particulier, les effets des compétences sur l'emploi sont plus marqués dans les pays où le chômage est plus élevé.
Efectos de las competencias cognitivas en el empleo en el mundo. Evidencia del PIAAC
Authors: STIJEPIC Damir
Published: August 2020

Con datos de la encuesta del PIAAC (OCDE), que incluye una evaluación directa de las competencias cognitivas de la población adulta, el autor estudia su efecto en el empleo en 32 países. En promedio, un aumento en una unidad de la desviación estándar de la competencia matemática se asocia con un aumento de 8,4 puntos porcentuales de la probabilidad de tener empleo, lo que reduce la probabilidad de inactividad y desempleo en 6,4 y 2,1 puntos, respectivamente. Al tener en cuenta la competencia matemática, el efecto estimado de los años de escolaridad se reduce en un tercio. Los efectos de las competencias cognitivas son más pronunciados en los países con mayor desempleo.
Features of crystal structures and thermo‐mechanical properties of weberites RE3NbO7(RE=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) ceramics
Authors: Chen Lin , Guo Jun , Zhu Yuke , Hu Mingyu , Feng Jing
Published: August 2020

The features of crystal structures, thermo‐mechanical properties and their dominant mechanisms of weberites RE3NbO7were studied as high‐temperature oxides. We concentrated on connections between structures and thermo‐mechanical properties, the influences of bond lengths, lattice distortion degrees and microstructures on these properties were estimated. The shortening of bond length and increment of bonding strength would lead to the increase of mechanical properties. The Vickers hardness (4.5‐7.8 GPa) and toughness (0.5‐1.6 MPa·m1/2) of weberites RE3NbO7are enhanced by grain refinement and increment of bond strength, while crystal structures, bond lengths, and lattice distortion degrees influenced their Young's modulus (100‐170 GPa). Nano‐indentation was applied to test the influence of microstructures on modulus and hardness. The dominant mechanisms for mechanical properties and thermal conductivity were proposed, which was conducive to properties tailoring and engineering applications of weberites RE3NbO7oxides.
Dimensions of amphibian alpha diversity in the New World
Authors: Ochoa‐Ochoa Leticia M. , Mejía‐Domínguez Nancy R. , Velasco Julián A. , Dimitrov Dimitar , Marske Katharine A.
Published: August 2020

Aim

The links between taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity and how these vary geographically are key to understanding how historical and contemporary processes have shaped communities at regional and local scales. Here, we evaluate the links between taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity for the amphibians in the Continental Americas and how these vary geographically under an explicit hypothesis testing framework.

Location

Continental Americas.

Taxon

Amphibia.

Methods

We identify spatial disparities between biodiversity dimensions (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic) using geographically weighted regressions. Based on these mismatches we examined whether different eco‐evolutionary processes would fit (competitive exclusion, habitat filtering, available ecological space, strong biotic interactions, speciation rates, and dispersion).

Results

We found extensive variation in spatial mismatches between the three dimensions of biodiversity examined here. In general, at higher latitudes, we detected relatively little phylogenetic diversity, suggesting rapid functional diversification from temperate clades. In contrast, at low latitudes, environmental filtering mechanisms appear to be restricting functional diversity.

Main conclusions

The geographical mismatches between dimensions of diversity suggest different eco‐evolutionary causes. Patterns of diversification across amphibian lineages demonstrate how different environments can have contrasting effects on the different dimensions of diversity, potentially leading to decoupling. Neither dimension of alpha diversity of amphibians is a general predictor for another, and thus, general explanations for amphibian diversity and evolution should be avoided. Nonetheless, these dimensions can provide critical insights about conservation measures that explicitly emphasize evolutionary history, functionality or classic species richness.
Development and implementation of blood pressure screening and referral guidelines for German community pharmacists
Authors: Schulz Martin , Griese‐Mammen Nina , Schumacher Pia M. , Strauch Dorothea , Freudewald Leonard , Said André , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Laufs Ulrich , Kintscher Ulrich , Böhm Michael , Mahfoud Felix
Published: August 2020

Involvement of community pharmacists in the detection and control of hypertension improves patient care. However, current European or North‐American guidelines do not provide specific guidance how to implement collaboration between pharmacists and physicians, especially when and how to refer patients with undetected or uncontrolled hypertension to a physician. The German Society of Cardiology and the ABDA – Federal Union of German Associations of Pharmacists developed and tested referral recommendations for community pharmacists, embedded in two guideline worksheets. The project included a guideline‐directed blood pressure (BP) measurement and recommendations when patients should be referred to their physician. A “red flag” referral within 4 weeks was recommended when SBP was >140 mm Hg or DBP >90 mm Hg (for subjects <80 years), and >160 mm Hg or >90 mm Hg (≥80 years) in undetected individuals, or >130 mm Hg or >80 mm Hg (<65 years) and >140 mm Hg or >80 mm Hg (≥65 years) in treated patients. BP was measured in 187 individuals (86 with known hypertension, mean [±SD] age 62 ± 15 years, 64% female, and 101 without known hypertension, 47 ± 16 years, 75% female) from 17 community pharmacies. In patients with hypertension, poorly controlled BP was detected in 55% (n = 47) and were referred. A total of 16/101 subjects without a history of hypertension were referred to their physician because of uncontrolled BP. Structured BP testing in pharmacies identified a significant number of subjects with undetected/undiagnosed hypertension and patients with poorly controlled BP. Community pharmacists could play a significant role in collaboration with physicians to improve the management of hypertension.
Commentary: Gender diversity and adolescent mental health – a reflection on Potter et al. (2020)
Authors: Burke Sarah M.
Published: August 2020

Using a multidimensional measure of gender identity for youths, Potter and colleagues elegantly investigated the prevalence of gender diversity and associated mental health problems in a large sample of young adolescents. The authors address an important need of studies within the behavioral and medical sciences to consider more carefully variations in a person’s subjective experience of gender. Their study shows that individual differences in gender identity significantly relate to adolescent mental health problems. Moreover, findings of the current study, and future follow‐up assessments of the ABCD cohort, will, hopefully, add important quantitative, empirical data to the controversial discussions on gender identity development and gender diversity in childhood and adolescence (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 2018, 1244; Pediatric gender identity, 2020, Cham, Switzerland: Springer International; International Journal of Transgenderism, 19, 2018, 225).
Intentional partial beaching in a coral reef fish: a newly recorded hunting behaviour of titan triggerfish, Balistoides viridescens
Authors: Tietbohl Matthew D. , Hardenstine Royale S. , Tanabe Lyndsey K. , Hulver Ann Marie , Berumen Michael L.
Published: August 2020

Coral reef fishes use a multitude of diverse feeding behaviours to increase their ability to successfully capture a wide range of prey. Here, this study reports a novel hunting behaviour in a coral reef fish, the titan triggerfish, Balistoides viridescens, where an individual was seen partially beaching itself while attempting to catch a Red Sea ghost crab, Ocypode saratan. This is the first report of this behaviour in the order Tetraodontiformes and represents an astonishing capability of this species to exploit food resources outside their typical assumed ecological niche.
Family Dynamics During Emerging Adulthood: Reviewing, Integrating, and Challenging the Field
Authors: Oliveira Carolina , Fonseca Gabriela , Sotero Luciana , Crespo Carla , Relvas Ana Paula
Published: August 2020

The present study seeks to review and integrate evidence from the empirical literature on family dynamics during the emerging adulthood years. Fifty studies were analyzed, resulting in the following research findings: (a) Emerging adulthood is a period of change in family relationships; (b) family systems anchor both individual and family development during emerging adulthood years; (c) reports of family dynamics by parents and children suggest intergenerational differences; (d) feeling “in between” is not only a characteristic of individuals but also a family experience; and (e) individual‐ and family‐level sociodemographic indicators shape family dynamics in emerging adulthood. The main challenges for future research entail considering the family as the unit of analysis by collecting data from multiple family members, conducting longitudinal studies to better understand changes in family relationships across emerging adulthood, and focusing on family relationships beyond the parent–child dyad.
Intestinal cancer in patients with Crohn's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Uchino Motoi , Ikeuchi Hiroki , Hata Keisuke , Minagawa Tomohiro , Horio Yuki , Kuwahara Ryuichi , Nakamura Shiro , Watanabe Kenji , Saruta Masayuki , Fujii Toshimitsu , Kobayashi Taku , Sugimoto Ken , Hirai Fumihito , Esaki Motohiro , Hiraoka Sakiko , Matsuoka Katsuyoshi , Shinzaki Shinichiro , Matsuura Minoru , Inoue Nagamu , Nakase Hiroshi , Watanabe Mamoru
Published: August 2020

Background and Aim

Although surveillance colonoscopy is recommended by several guidelines for Crohn's disease (CD), the evidence is insufficient to support the validity of this recommendation. Moreover, the efficacy of surveillance colonoscopy for anorectal cancer remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of cancer in patients with CD before considering the proper surveillance methods.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis examining the incidence of intestinal cancer and a literature review to clarify the characteristic features of cancer in CD. We performed the systematic literature review of studies published up to May 2019.

Results

Overall, 7344 patients were included in eight studies. The standardized incidence ratios (95% confidence intervals) of colorectal cancer (CRC) and small bowel cancer (SBC) were 2.08 (1.43–3.02) and 22.01 (9.10–53.25), respectively. The prevalence of CRC and SBC was 57/7344 (0.77%) and 17/7344 (0.23%), respectively, during a median follow‐up of 12.55 years. Additionally, 54 studies reporting 208 anorectal cancer cases were identified. In patients with anorectal cancer, the prognosis for survival was 2.1 ± 2.3 years, and advanced cancer greater than stage T3 occurred in 46/74 patients (62.1%). Many more reports of anorectal cancer were published in Asia than in Western countries.

Conclusion

Although we were unable to state a recommendation for surveillance for SBC, we should perform cancer surveillance for CRC in patients with CD. However, the characteristics of cancer may differ according to geography or race. We must establish proper and effective surveillance methods that are independently suitable to detect these differences.
Characterisation of a mural cell network in the murine pituitary gland
Authors: O'Hara Laura , Christian Helen C. , Jeffery Nathan , Le Tissier Paul , Smith Lee B.
Published: August 2020

The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary are composed of endocrine cells, as well as vasculature and supporting cells, such as folliculostellate cells. Folliculostellate cells form a network with several postulated roles in the pituitary, including production of paracrine signalling molecules and cytokines, coordination of endocrine cell hormone release, phagocytosis, and structural support. Folliculostellate cells in rats are characterised by expression of S100B protein, and in humans by glial fibrillary acid protein. However, there is evidence for another network of supporting cells in the anterior pituitary that has properties of mural cells, such as vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes. The present study aims to characterise the distribution of cells that express the mural cell marker platelet derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ) in the mouse pituitary and establish whether these cells are folliculostellate. By immunohistochemical localisation, we determine that approximately 80% of PDGFRβ+ cells in the mouse pituitary have a non‐perivascular location and 20% are pericytes. Investigation of gene expression in a magnetic cell sorted population of PDGFRβ+ cells shows that, despite a mostly non‐perivascular location, this population is enriched for mural cell markers but not enriched for rat or human folliculostellate cell markers. This is confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The present study concludes that a mural cell network is present throughout the anterior pituitary of the mouse and that this population does not express well‐characterised human or rat folliculostellate cell markers.
Comparing two health literacy measurements used for assessing older adults’ medication adherence
Authors: Song Min‐Sun , Park Soohyun
Published: August 2020

Aims and objectives

To compare two health literacy measurements’ ability to assess older adults’ medication adherence by using the Korean Health Literacy Screening Questions (KHLSQ) and the Modified Korean Functional Health Literacy Test (M‐KFHLT), and to identify an appropriate health literacy measurement.

Background

Lower health literacy has been associated with poorer medication adherence. Thus, health professionals should evaluate the available health literacy assessment instruments they are using and choose an appropriate instrument to assess health literacy to increase older adults’ medication adherence.

Design

Following the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) checklist, a descriptive, cross‐sectional study was conducted.

Methods

From November 2017–May 2018, 116 community‐dwelling older adults were recruited in South Korea. Questionnaires were completed during a face‐to‐face interview with each participant in a private room; health literacy was assessed using the KHLSQ and the M‐KFHLT and medication adherence using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.

Results

Health literacy assessed using the KHLSQ was found to be a predictor of medication adherence, but was not a predictor when measured by the M‐KFHLT. Having low income, multiple chronic diseases and vision problems were also significant factors related to medication adherence.

Conclusions

This study suggests that health literacy was negatively associated with medication adherence. Furthermore, KHLSQ is an appropriate tool for healthcare providers to use when assessing health literacy to predict older adults’ medication adherence.

Relevance to clinical practice

This finding indicated that healthcare providers should select an appropriate health literacy measurement that suits their purposes and the population they serve, particularly for older adults.
Detection of Monocyte/Macrophage and Microglia Activation in the TMEV Model of Chronic Demyelination Using USPIO‐Enhanced Ultrahigh‐Field Imaging
Authors: Zivadinov Robert , Schweser Ferdinand , Dwyer Michael G. , Pol Suyog
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Blood‐derived monocytes/macrophages can be labeled with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIO) at periphery and subsequently migrate into areas of inflammation in the brain. We investigated temporal pattern of migration of peripheral immune cells in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) model of chronic demyelination by USPIO‐enhanced imaging.

METHODS

Fifteen SJL mice (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN) were injected with TMEV (n = 12) or saline (n = 3) at 7 weeks of age. Brain MRI of 9.4 T was performed at 3 months postinfection (mpi) (the peak of inflammatory phase), at 4, 5, and 7 mpi (throughout neurodegenerative phase) using T2*‐weighted gradient echo MRI, and performed 24 hours after USPIO injection. Contrast enhancing lesion (CEL) number and volume were measured and development of brain atrophy was assessed across serial time points. Clinical disability scale and rotarod score assessed disease progression.

RESULTS

CEL was detected in a total of eight (66.7%) TMEV‐infected animals and none of the Controls. The CEL was present in four (33.3%) TMEV‐infected animals at 3 mpi, two (16.7%) at 4 mpi, six (54.5%) at 5 mpi, and four (44.4%) at 7 mpi, respectively. In TMEV‐infected animals, the CEL number and volume increased significantly from 3 to 7 mpi (P < .01 for both). The correlation between total CEL number and volume with clinical and MRI outcomes was trending (P < .05). On histopathology analysis, CEL showed increased density of Iba1 staining for microglia activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Serial USPIO imaging is a promising biomarker for investigating the effect of therapeutic interventions on monocytes/macrophages and microglia activation and neurodegeneration in TMEV‐infected animals.
Global Perspectives on Women and Work
Authors: Folberg Abigail M.
Published: August 2020

The vast majority of psychological research on gender and work focuses on WEIRD (i.e., Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) women, which impedes global efforts to promote gender equality and devalues the experiences of the majority of working women across the world. In this article, I first review cross‐cultural psychological research on gender and work in three general domains: stereotyping and gender roles, discrimination, harassment, and women's efforts to effect change, and the effects of public and organizational policies on women's work lives. I then highlight how contributions to the present issue of the Journal of Social Issues expand our understanding of working women in non‐WEIRD contexts. I conclude with recommendations for future study and a call for more work that recognizes the experiences and perspectives of women in the global majority.
Effects of the biopsychosocial functional activity program on cognitive function for community older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A cluster‐randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lin Yen‐Chun , Wang Chi‐Jane , Chang Yin‐Fan , Wang Jing‐Jy
Published: August 2020

Early preventive interventions may delay the onset of dementia for people with mild cognitive impairment. This study was designed to examine the effects of the biopsychosocial functional activity program on the cognitive function of community middle to older adults with mild cognitive impairment. A cluster‐randomized controlled trial was conducted. The experimental group received a 12‐month biopsychosocial functional activity program intervention that contained two phases. The first phase was a 6‐week teaching program followed by a second‐phase home follow‐up phase. The measurement was carried out at baseline, 6 months and 12 months after the biopsychosocial functional activity program. The measurement tool was the Chinese version of the Saint Louis University Mental Status Examination. The Generalized Estimating Equations statistical approach was used to analyze the data. The experimental group showed significant short‐term and continuous improvement in overall cognitive function in the immediate‐ and short‐term memory domain while the domain of attention and executive function showed improvement on the 12‐month measurement compared to the control group. Yet, there was no significant improvement overall and in the three domains of cognitive function for the control group. The findings may become references for advancing the dementia prevention program for communities as well as the national policies for dementia prevention programs.
Reconceiving the democratic boundary problem
Authors: Miller David
Published: August 2020

The democratic boundary problem arises because it appears that the units within which democratic decision procedures will operate cannot themselves be constituted democratically. The study argues that setting the boundaries of democracy involves attending simultaneously to three variables: domain (where and to whom do decisions apply), constituency (who is entitled to be included in the deciding body) and scope (which issues should be on the decision agenda). Most of the existing literature has focussed narrowly on the constituency question, endorsing either the All‐Affected Interests Principle or the All Subjected Principle, but neither is satisfactory as a general solution. In particular, the former fails to explain why having interests at stake in a decision necessarily gives you the right to participate in making it, and the latter, although more plausible on that count, assumes that the domain and scope issues have already been settled. To make progress, we need to bring democratic values to bear on the boundary problem. The units we favour should be those that are likely to promote political equality and solidarity among members of the demos. Although this approach will often justify existing territorial states as sites of democracy, it can also generate arguments for making boundary changes along one or other dimension.
The Bicameral Roots of Congressional Deadlock: Analyzing Divided Government Through the Lens of Majority Rule
Authors: Bianco William , Smyth Regina
Published: August 2020

Objective

It is widely argued that a primary source of legislative deadlock in America is the combination of a secular increase in polarization, combined with constitutional provisions that divide law‐making power across branches. We argue that polarization affects productivity, but only given a particular pattern of divided government. We distinguish between split branches, where a president from one party faces a Congress controlled by the other, and split chambers, where each party controls one house of Congress.

Methods

Multivariate analysis of enactment data from post‐War Congresses, augmented by data on House and Senate Uncovered Sets.

Results

Enactments of major legislation are less likely given split chambers compared to the other options and polarization has no impact after controlling for these factors.

Conclusion

These results redefine the conditions under which polarization drives deadlock. They also explain why the increase in polarization over the last two decades has until recently had little impact on major enactments.
The Military in Politics and Democracy: Its Impact on Government Spending for Education and Health
Authors: Shin David
Published: August 2020

Objective

There is considerable debate over the determinants of government spending, but few studies have considered the impact of the military in politics. This article examines how the military in politics and democracy and the interaction between them might affect the allocation of government spending.

Methods

I use a variety of econometric specifications, including pooled‐OLS, panel data with random effects and fixed effects estimation, and a panel data set of 129 countries from 1984 and 2013. Further, the SGMM estimator is used to check for robustness.

Results

The empirical results show that the military in politics has a significant negative impact on education spending. The results also indicate that the interaction between the military in politics and democracy has a positive impact on government spending for education and health.

Conclusion

The results suggest that policies to reduce military involvement in politics, combined with those to increase civilian control of the military, would have a considerable impact on social development.
Comparison of canine urine specific gravity measurements between various refractometers in a clinical setting
Authors: du Preez Kelly , Boustead Keagan , Rautenbach Yolandi , Goddard Amelia , Hooijberg Emma H.
Published: August 2020

Background

Veterinary facilities might use multiple refractometers and individuals to measure urine specific gravity (USG). Previous comparison studies show conflicting results. Furthermore, the clinical significance of measurement differences and interobserver variabilities has not been assessed.

Objectives

We aimed to determine statistically and clinically significant differences between four refractometers in measuring canine USG and subsequent categorization of urine concentrations and azotemia and determine the variability between different observers performing USG measurements.

Methods

Fifty‐nine specimens were included for the USG measurements with four refractometers by different observers. Each refractometer pair was compared using Spearman's rank correlation, Bland‐Altman difference plots, and Deming regression analyses. Calculated bias was compared to set performance goals. Interobserver agreement was evaluated, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to determine differences in the categorization of urine concentrations and azotemia (prerenal or renal).

Results

There was excellent correlation (rs = .99‐1.00) between refractometers. All comparisons involving R4 showed significant constant and proportional biases. Mean bias met the clinical performance goals for all refractometers, except for comparisons with R4, where up to 17 results were outside the allowable bias. There was almost perfect agreement (rs = .999) between observers and excellent agreement (ICC = .96‐.99) for the classification of urine concentrations. In azotemic patients (22%), there was perfect agreement (ICC = 1.00) for the categorization of azotemia.

Conclusions

In most cases, three of the refractometers evaluated in this study can be used interchangeably at all USG values, without affecting clinical decision‐making. Multiple observers did not significantly affect decision‐making.
Droplet Formation in a Microchannel T-Junction With Different Step Structure Position
Authors: Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi Mohammad Yaghoub , Kazemi Rasoul , Ghalandari Mohammad
Published: August 2020

In this study, numerical simulation of formation of droplet within T-shaped microchannel is investigated. Three-dimensional, transient and two-phase numerical solution for four different microchannels with different stepping positions in the flow path was performed. Various parameters such as volume fraction, Nusselt number, pressure, Reynolds number, and temperature are discussed. The results show that the location of stepped barriers in the flow path affects the process of droplet formation, its number and size in the microchannel and should be considered as an important factor in determining the fluid behavior in the microchannel. It was observed that by placing half of the step at the entrance and the other half after the entrance, the continuous phase (S3 mode) was formed in 37.5 s compared to the other modes. The droplets were also smaller in size and more in numbers. It was also observed that the maximum value for the Nusselt number was obtained for the S2 mode where the step was located just above the discrete-phase entrance. In addition, the pressure at the inlet was higher and the flow velocity increased after the step and its pressure decreased, and continued to decrease due to frictional path.
Ultra-Precision Machining: Cutting With Diamond Tools
Authors: Lucca D. A. , Klopfstein M. J. , Riemer O.
Published: August 2020

This article is written as a tribute to Professor Frederick Fongsun Ling 1927–2014. Single-point diamond machining, a subset of a broader class of processes characterized as ultraprecision machining, is used for the creation of surfaces and components with nanometer scale surface roughnesses, and submicrometer scale geometrical form accuracies. Its initial development centered mainly on the machining of optics for energy and defense related needs. Today, diamond machining has broad applications that include the manufacture of precision freeform optics for defense and commercial applications, the structuring of surfaces for functional performance, and the creation of molds used for the replication of a broad range of components in plastic or glass. The present work focuses on a brief review of the technology. First addressed is the state of current understanding of the mechanics that govern the process including the resulting forces, energies and the size effect, forces when cutting single crystals, and resulting cutting temperatures. Efforts to model the process are then described. The workpiece material response when cutting ductile and brittle materials is also included. Then the present state of the art in machine tools, diamond tools and tool development, various cutting configurations used, and some examples of diamond machined surfaces and components are presented. A discussion on the measurement of surface topography, geometrical form, and subsurface damage of diamond machined surfaces is also included.
Experiments on Probing the Configuration Space of Post-Buckled Panels
Authors: Ehrhardt D. , Virgin L. N. , Spottswood S. M.
Published: August 2020

This paper describes a primarily experimental study in which a nonlinear structural component (a slender, mechanically buckled panel) is subject to probing. That is, equilibrium configurations are explored when a specific location on the panel is subject to the application of a (variable) displacement constraint and characterized by a corresponding probe force. This probe force (in this study located at the center of the rectangular panels) is measured using a load cell and the resulting shape(s), taken up by the panel, measured using digital image correlation (DIC). Although the probe is only applied at a single location, this arrangement supplies considerable information about the changing equilibrium landscape including revealing co-existing equilibrium configurations using large perturbations and associated hysteresis phenomena. In addition, monitoring the probing force, and specifically when it drops to zero, provides a window into “free” equilibria that would otherwise be unstable and unobservable. Finally, it is shown that the probed equilibrium configurations provide the “landscape” within which any dynamically induced trajectories evolve including snap-through oscillations.
A Review of Modern Communication Technologies for Digital Manufacturing Processes in Industry 4.0
Authors: Kurfess Thomas R. , Saldana Christopher , Saleeby Kyle , Dezfouli Mahmoud Parto
Published: August 2020

Digital manufacturing technologies have quickly become ubiquitous in the manufacturing industry. The transformation commonly referred to as the fourth industrial revolution, or Industry 4.0, has ushered in a wide range of communication technologies, connection mechanisms, and data analysis capabilities. These technologies provide powerful tools to create more lean, profitable, and data-driven manufacturing processes. This paper reviews modern communication technologies and connection architectures for Digital Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 applications. An introduction to cyber-physical systems and a review of digital manufacturing trends is followed by an overview of data acquisition methods for manufacturing processes. Numerous communication protocols are presented and discussed for connecting disparate machines and processes. Flexible data architectures are discussed, and examples of machine monitoring implementations are provided. Finally, select implementations of these communication protocols and architectures are surveyed with recommendations for future architecture implementations.
Analysis of Flow Boiling Frictional Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
Authors: Tang Weiyu , Lv Tong , Li Wei , Sherif S. A. , Ayub Zahid , Yao Shi-Chune
Published: August 2020

Plate heat exchangers are widely used in various industries for many years. The corrugated channels on the plates effectively enhance the turbulence of flow boiling and complicate the prediction of pressure drop. This article presents a brief review about effects of various operating and geometrical factors on frictional pressure drop during flow boiling in plate heat exchangers. Experimental data points of frictional pressure drop were collected from the previous literature to develop a general correlation. The database contained 591 data points, covering six different refrigerants, mass flux range 5.5–130 kg/m2/s1, heat flux 0–15 kW/m2, vapor quality 0.04–0.96, saturation temperature −25 to 61 C°, chevron angle 20 deg–65 deg, and hydraulic diameter 1.7–5.35 mm. In this study, several existing correlations were compared with the database, and most of them seem fail to give an acceptable prediction. A new correlation was proposed with multiple regression analysis in terms of two-phase Fanning friction factor. The new method showed a good agreement with the present database and predicted 70.2% and 91.7% of data points within ±30% and ±50% errors, respectively.
Fluid-Thermal-Structural Characteristics of Spiral Square Channel
Authors: Li Na , Xu Hui
Published: August 2020

The extremely hot environment attributed to the combustion and aerodynamic heating exposes the scramjets to intense thermal-structural loads. The scramjet life is limited due to the wall cracks caused by the large temperature difference. The focus of this study was performing coupled 3D fluid-thermal-structural analysis of the cooling jacket for scramjet engines. Firstly, the mathematical models and the simulation method were established. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations were based on the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy. Strain compatibility, equilibrium equations, and constitutive law of elastic solids were applied for the 3D static thermal-structural analysis. Secondly, the fluid-thermal-structural analysis was performed. Results show that both large temperature difference and structure geometry have an obvious impact on the deformation of the cooling channel. Highest deformation (2.1%) of the straight square channel occurs at the middle of the hot side ligament. Compared with the straight square channel, the maximum temperature of the triangular channel and the spiral square channel is reduced by 7.3% and 26.1%, and the total deformation is increased by 5.0% and reduced by 28.3%, respectively.
Radiation and Partial Slip Effects on Magnetohydrodynamic Jeffrey Nanofluid Containing Gyrotactic Microorganisms Over a Stretching Surface
Authors: Kumaraswamy Naidu K. , Harish Babu D. , Harinath Reddy S. , Satya Narayana P. V.
Published: August 2020

In this study, the impact of thermal radiation and partial slip on magnetohydrodynamic flow of the Jeffrey nanofluid comprising motile gyrotactic microorganisms via vertical stretching surface is analyzed. The governing partial differential equations are reformed to a system of coupled ordinary differential equations by utilizing the similarity transformations. The transformed equations are of order four, which are complex to solve analytically and hence, the coupled system is solved computationally by using the shooting technique along the Runge–Kutta integrated scheme. The ramifications of different thermophysical parameters on the density of gyrotactic microorganisms, Jeffrey nanofluid velocity, nanoparticles concentration, temperature, Sherwood number, and Nusselt number are illustrated graphically. Comparing this study with the results already published favors the validity of this study. It is established that the Nusselt number is boosted on enhancing the thermal radiation parameter, and the reverse trend has been observed on increasing the Richardson number, whereas the gyrotactic microorganisms density is more in case of viscous nanofluid compared to the Jeffrey nanofluid.