bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of micropollutants from municipal wastewater by graphene adsorption and simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration process
Authors: Yang Gordon C. C. , Tang Pei-Ling , Yen Chia-Heng
Published: February 2017

In this work the optimal operating conditions for removing selected micropollutants (also known as emerging contaminants, ECs) from actual municipal wastewater by graphene adsorption (GA) and simultaneous electrocoagulation/electrofiltration (EC/EF) process, respectively, were first determined and evaluated. Then, performance and mechanisms for the removal of selected phthalates and pharmaceuticals from municipal wastewater simultaneously by the GA and EC/EF process were further assessed. ECs of concern included di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), acetaminophen (ACE), caffeine (CAF), cefalexin (CLX) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). It was found that GA plus EC/EF process yielded the following removal efficiencies: DnBP, 89 ± 2%; DEHP, 85 ± 3%; ACE, 99 ± 2%; CAF, 94 ± 3%; CLX, 100 ± 0%; and SMX, 98 ± 2%. Carbon adsorption, size exclusion, electrostatic repulsion, electrocoagulation, and electrofiltration were considered as the main mechanisms for the removal of target ECs by the integrated process indicated above.
Different erosion characteristics of sediment deposits in combined and storm sewers
Authors: Xu Zuxin , Wu Jun , Li Huaizheng , Liu Zhenghua , Chen Keli , Chen Hao , Xiong Lijun
Published: February 2017

To investigate the different erosion patterns of sediments in combined and storm sewers, sediments from three separate sewer systems and two combined sewer systems in urban Shanghai were collected for the flushing experiments. These experiments were conducted with different consolidation periods and shear velocities. As the consolidation period increases, dissolved oxygen exhibits a positive effect on the microbial transformations of organic substrates. Potential structural changes and separations of the surface and bottom layers of sediments are observed. The results also reveal that the organic matter, particle size and moisture have different effects on the erosion resistance of sediments. Furthermore, illicit connections behaved as an important factor affecting the viscosity and static friction force of particles, which directly alter the erosion resistance of sewer sediments.
KOCHANOWSKI MALCZEWSKIEGO – KOCHANOWSKI NORWIDA
Authors: Skalińska Ewangelina
Published: February 2017

The article deals with the reception of the Old-Polish and early Romantic literature in Norwid’s body of work. The author argues that when Norwid deals with Old-Polish literature, especially Jan Kochanowski’s texts, he mostly does it by evoking Antoni Malczewski’s poetic novel Maria.
MOTYW LIPY CZARNOLESKIEJ W PISMACH CYPRIANA NORWIDA – W KONTEKŚCIE NORWIDOWSKIEGO MYŚLENIA O SZTUCE
Authors: Łuczak Bartłomiej
Published: February 2017

The article offers an interpretation of the linden of Czarnolas motif present in Norwid’s poem Do Nikodema Biernackiego from 1857 and his letter to Józef Bohdan Wagner from 1874. The author touches upon Norwid’s artistic identity in the context of the poet’s rooting in the Renaissance culture. Furthermore, Łuczak attempts to cast some light on the Norwidian category of originality, which was tightly related to his thinking about art. The article points to how Norwid perceived various ways in which artists processed folk culture. Finally, the article underscores the concurrence of references to aesthetic issues which the nineteenth-century poet makes in multiple texts.
More on Reversibility
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Once the concept of work has been introduced, the concepts of reversibility,
equilibrium, and entropy become clearer and can be better defined. This was the task
undertaken by classical mechanics.
Instances of Entropy Change
Authors: Gianinetti Alberto
Published: February 2017

Entropy is maximal at equilibrium. According to the fundamental equation
this demands that there is equilibration for every specific interaction term, namely,
thermal, mechanical, diffusive, and others. Relevant exemplifications are illustrated for
a number of important processes.
As Redes Sociais e a Virtualização do Consumo: Desafiando a Publicidade e o Direito
Authors: Caristina Jean Eduardo Aguiar
Published: February 2017

Este presente artigo, cuja metodologia foi o levantamento bibliográfico, tem por intuito provocar uma reflexão sobre a virtualização do consumo como consequência do hiperindividualismo implementado pelas redes sociais, com potencial para superar até mesmo os espaços físicos destinados à competição e ao prazer hedonista: os shoppings centers. Esta transformação do locus de consumo implica em mudanças estratégicas do mercado, especialmente no tocante à publicidade, tornando real o desafio do direito como instrumento de regulação de novas tecnologias e preservação da intimidade desse novo consumidor.
Front Matter
Authors: Editor The
Published: February 2017

n/a
John MacInnes
Authors: Blankenhorn Virginia
Published: February 2017

No abstract
‘A Bhean Úd Thall!’ Macallaí Idirghaelacha i bhFilíocht Bhéil na mBan
Authors: Bourke Angela
Published: February 2017

Drawing on John MacInnes’s writings on the òrain-luaidh and what he calls the ‘panegyric code’ in Gaelic poetry, this essay argues that the òrain-luaidh of Scotland and a number of genres of women’s oral poetry in Irish derive from a single oral-formulaic tradition that seems to have belonged particularly to women, and to have been dominated by women’s concerns until responsibility for the waulking of cloth passed to men in the migrant Gaelic-speaking communities of eastern Canada. The Irish texts quoted are best exemplified by the caoineadh, or lament for the dead, but also include joke laments, lullabies, work songs, and religious poetry. They share numerous themes and formulas, along with important features of diction, metre and composition, not only with waulking songs recorded in twentieth-century Scotland, but also with the luinneagan composed by Màiri nighean Alasdair Ruaidh (Mary MacLeod) in the seventeenth century.
The School of Scottish Studies and Language Policy and Planning for Gaelic
Authors: Dunbar Robert
Published: February 2017

The School of Scottish Studies (the ‘School’) was inaugurated on 31 January 1951 as a semiautonomous institution within the University of Edinburgh, with the broad aim of studying ‘Scottish traditional life in its European setting, on lines similar to those developed in several Scandinavian institutes and, more recently, in Ireland and Wales’.
‘The Disembowelled Horse’ A Place-Name Tale From Gaelic Oral Tradition
Authors: Fraser Ian A.
Published: February 2017

The recording of traditional information by the School of Scottish Studies, at least in the Gaelic speaking area, was at its height in the 1960s and 1970s. This was the period when funds for field collection were relatively available, while there were still many native bearers of tradition who were willing to impart important amounts of precious material. Nevertheless, it was becoming increasingly obvious that the Gaelic mainland was losing its native speakers rapidly and that collection there should be a priority. Their dispersed populations, from Kintyre to Sutherland, meant that the costs associated with fieldwork were rising, as these areas lacked the concentrated populations found in the Western Isles. A special effort was called for to overcome the difficulties.The recording of traditional information by the School of Scottish Studies, at least in the Gaelicspeaking area, was at its height in the 1960s and 1970s. This was the period when funds for field collection were relatively available, while there were still many native bearers of tradition who were willing to impart important amounts of precious material. Nevertheless, it was becoming increasingly obvious that the Gaelic mainland was losing its native speakers rapidly and that collection there should be a priority. Their dispersed populations, from Kintyre to Sutherland, meant that the costs associated with fieldwork were rising, as these areas lacked the concentrated populations found in the Western Isles. A special effort was called for to overcome the difficulties.
Coire agus Coin-Shìdh am Beàrnaraigh
Authors: Mac Amhlaidh Dòmhnall
Published: February 2017

A re-telling and short discussion of the popular story ‘The Tale of the Cauldron’ as told by the author’s grand-uncle in Bernera, Lewis – a story in which the protagonist is pursued by fairy dogs. This is followed by a place-name story, which the author heard from Iain Mac Coinnich (Iain Dhòmhnaill a’ Phìobair), also of Bernera, concerning Creag ’Ille Chaluim Ghlais, a fairy dwelling-place which was – according to the storyteller – the last place in which fairy dogs were ever seen.
An Axle and Two Wheels: Material Culture and Memory in a Sutherland Emigrant Family of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Mackay Margaret A.
Published: February 2017

In June 1831 a Mackay family group from Sutherland departed from Scotland on the ship Cleopatra, heading for a district of Upper Canada (later known as Canada West and the present-day province of Ontario), where others from their area had settled in the previous years. There are aspects of their story which may offer useful insights for the ethnologist.
From Stornoway to ‘Mortuary View’: A Memoir
Authors: MacKenzie Colin Scott
Published: February 2017

n/a
Luchd na Gàidhlig and the ‘detritus of a nation’
Authors: McLeod Wilson
Published: February 2017

n/a
John Bunyan in the Kilt: The Influence of Bunyan Texts on Religious Expression and Experience in the Scottish Highlands and Islands
Authors: Meek Donald E.
Published: February 2017

n/a
Am Buadhfhacal Meadhan-Aoiseach Meranach agus mearan, mearanach, dàsachdach, dàsan(n)ach na Gàidhlig
Authors: Ó Maolalaigh Roibeard
Published: February 2017

The epithet meranach is found in Irish sources from the eleventh century. The same element may be present in the Irish surname Merna(gh) and perhaps also in the early thirteenth-century Scottish epithet Marrenah. It is suggested that the underlying element is meránach (‘delirious, mad, insane’), which survives in Scottish Gaelic mearan(ach). The rich variety of forms which survive (or survived until recently) in Scotland are discussed. Parallels are drawn with the use of dásachtach as an epithet of the Scottish king Domnall mac Causaintín (†900AD) and the survival of dàsanach, dàsannach and related forms in Scottish Gaelic. These epithets may in origin have referred to the persons classified as mer and dásachtach in early Gaelic law. The epithet méránach / méranach from mér (‘finger’) is also considered in the context of the name Gofraidh Crovan / Gofraidh Mérach; the epithet Crovan is explained as deriving from crobh+án rather than crobh+bhán as has been previously suggested.
The Significance of Music in the Gàidhealtachd in the Pre- and Early-Historic Period
Authors: Purser John
Published: February 2017

n/a
‘Có às don Chorra-Ghiullan Ghlas?’
Authors: Seathach Iain
Published: February 2017

In oral tradition, as well as in literature, the theme is well known of the young man who takes leave of his betrothed or spouse, with the agreement that she is free to (re)marry if he does not return within a specified period of time. Upon his return after many years, unrecognized, he is told that her wedding will take place that night. He sends the bride a concealed message, they are reunited and he takes possession of his former holdings. The story is central to the Odyssey of Homer, and is likely even older. In its oral versions it is widespread, particularly in Europe from medieval times, and has been given the international tale classification ATU 974 ‘The Homecoming Husband’. Interesting variants of the story have been recorded from Scottish Gaelic storytellers by Lady Evelyn Stewart Murray in Perthshire in 1900, and by the present writer in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia in 1978. The Gaelic variants are described, and situated within their international tale context.
Mì-thuigse, Dìth Tuigse, Tàthagan: Buannachd nam Mearachd ann an Cruinneachaidhean Beul-Aithris Alasdair MhicGille Mhìcheil
Authors: Stiùbhart Domhnall Uilleam
Published: February 2017

The field notebooks of Alexander Carmichael (1832–1912), now transcribed, catalogued, and available at www.carmichaelwatson.lib.ed.ac.uk, allow us to eavesdrop on interactions between a major Highland folklore collector and his informants. Carmichael noted names, ages, locations, and occupations of interviewees, along with dates of interviews, allowing us to trace continuities, breaks, and developments in his collecting career over more than half a century. Carmichael’s cluttered and sometimes chaotic notebooks free us from the notion of a formal encounter between performer and audience (or collector), and allow us to take in the multiplicity of voices heard in the Highland céilidh house. The paper focuses upon the miscommunications, misunderstandings, mistaken inferences, confusions, and communicative breakdowns recorded in Carmichael’s notebooks, and explores what these may reveal about relations between the recorder and his informants.
El feminicidio es sólo la punta del iceberg
Authors: Bejarano Celaya Margarita
Published: February 2017

En un contexto de violencia generalizada, en este artículo se propone reconocer la violencia feminicida como una situación progresiva, que puede terminar con la muerte violenta de mujeres; y se aborda como un continuum de violencias que ellas enfrentan para mantenerse en el orden social. En este sentido, los tipos de violencia representan mecanismos para conservar y reproducir la situación de subordinación de las mujeres ante el ejercicio de poder masculino en diferentes ámbitos. Se enfatiza la necesidad de estudiar el fenómeno desde quienes lo afrontan, para ubicar sus manifestaciones y efectos en aras de evitar el feminicidio.
HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SHALAT TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH PADA LANSIA
Authors: Awaluddin Awaluddin , Yuldeni Yuldeni
Published: February 2017

Hypertension is one of the problems are quite dominant in the world, both of develope countries and developing countries. Blood pressure naturally tends to increase with age. This study aimed to determine the relationship of knowledge and prayer toward blood pressure in hypertensive elderly at Balai Pelayanan Sosial Tresna Werdha (BPSTW) Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru. The type of this research is quantitative with cross sectional approach. Total of the sample of this study were 40 hypertensive elderly and sampling techniques were using total sampling. Measuring instruments used are questionnaires and tensimeter. Data were analyzed with Kolmogorov smirnov test. The results that there were  relationship between knowledge with p value= 0,029 and prayer with p value= 0,004 toward blood pressure on the hypertension elderly at Balai Pelayanan Sosial Tresna Werdha (BPSTW) Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru. Based on these results, hypertension in the elderly is expected to Balai Pelayanan Sosial Tresna Werdha (BPSTW) Khusnul Khotimah Pekanbaru to be able to seek more information about hypertension and more devount on prayers.
Hubungan Pengetahuan dengan Sikap Ibu Hamil dalam Pencegahan Anemia Pada Kehamilan Di Puskesmas Rumbai Bukit Tahun 2016
Authors: Angrainy Rizka
Published: February 2017

Menurut World Health Organization (WHO) 40% kematian ibu di negara berkembang berkaitan dengan anemia pada kehamilan ini disebabkan oleh defesiensi besi maupun perdarahan akut dan diperkirakan 35-37% ibu hamil yang mengalami anemia. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara berkembang, data terbaru menyebutkan 40-60% ibu hamil di Indonesia mengalami anemia yang artinya 5 dari 10 ibu hamil mengalami anemia. Berdasarkan data dari Dinas Kesehatan Kota Pekanbaru, Puskesmas Rumbai Bukit merupakan Puskesmas dengan anemia berat tertinggi yaitu sebesar 11,4% anemia pada ibu hamil. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap ibu hamil dalam pencegahan anemia kehamilan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah analitik kuantitaf. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh ibu hamil di Puskesmas Rumbai Bukit yang berjumlah 118 orang. Teknik sampel yang digunakan adalah accidental sampling, yaitu sebanyak 54 orang. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah data primer dengan menyebarkan kuisioner dan diolah secara univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian didapatkan mayoritas responden yang berpengetahuan kurang mayoritas tidak melakukan sikap pencegahan anemia 28 orang (51,9%). dan minoritas responden pengetahuan yang baik tidak melakukan sikap pencegahan anemia sebanyak 1 orang (7,40%). Berdasarkan pengolahan data antara hubungan pengetahuan dengan sikap pencegahan anemia didapatkan hasil chi square dengan nilai P value = 0,014 < 0,05 hal ini menunjukkan ada hubungan yang bermakna antara kedua variabel. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu hamil tentang pencegahan anemia dan bagi pihak Puskesmas diharapkan lebih memprioritaskan pencegahan anemia melalui penyuluhan yang dapat dilakukan di Puskesmas.
Levantamiento del inventario de arte sacro, objetos destinados al culto y otras expresiones artísticas de la Arquidiócesis de San José, 2007 - 2014
Authors: Bonilla-Soto Luis Carlos , Santamaría-Rivera Luis Gerardo
Published: February 2017

El artículo aborda el soporte teórico y la metodología empleada en el levantamiento del inventario de arte sacro, objetos destinados al culto y otras expresiones artísticas de la Arquidiócesis de San José, llevado a cabo entre los años 2007 y 2014. En él se explica la construcción de las categorías de análisis, las opciones investigativas durante el proceso, las dificultades enfrentadas, así como datos puntuales, para ejemplificar la información recopilada y que puede ser utilizada en el estudio de la historia material de la Iglesia en Costa Rica.
Turismo y Patrimonio cultural inmaterial: Alternativa de complementariedad para el desarrollo de los territorios rurales
Authors: Rodríguez-Chaves Alonso , Solís-Rosales Susan
Published: February 2017

El nuevo concepto de desarrollo rural generado en las últimas décadas, ha ayudado a redefinir la funcionalidad de los territorios rurales. Esta reconceptualización ha evolucionado en estrecha relación y complementariedad, entre los habitantes y los recursos disponibles en dicho entorno. En ese entramado, el trabajo devela al lector la importancia de la diversificación económica y la consecuente inserción de actividades potencialmente beneficiosa en la vida y quehacer rural. En principio, destaca el aprovechamiento del patrimonio cultural inmaterial como estrategia, para mejorar la competitividad de la actividad turística y, a la vez, para fortalecer las identidades y los rasgos culturales de los colectivos rurales.
Nikah Sirri dan Perlindungan Hak-hak Wanita dan Anak (Analisis dan Solusi dalam Bingkai Syari’ah)
Authors: Ma’u Dahlia Haliah
Published: February 2017

Artikel ini mendeskripsikan tentang nikah sirri (nikah di bawah tangan) yang masih menyisahkan berbagai persoalan dalam suatu keluarga dan masyarakat. Agama dan negara telah memberikan acuan yang jelas bahwa sah tidaknya suatu pernikahan jika terpenuhi syarat, rukun, serta harus dicatat. Pencatatan pernikahan dilakukan untuk tertibnya administrasi serta menghindari dampak negatif dari suatu pernikahan yang tidak tercatat. Di sisi lain, pencatatan nikah merupakan bagian dari pelaksanaan syari’at Islam dari aspek maqashid asy-syari’ah (untuk kemaslahatan pasangan nikah). Problem yang timbul akibat nikah sirri tidak hanya terjadi pada istri, suami, tapi juga berdampak pada anak yang dilahirkan, bahkan masyarakat. Jika terjadi persoalan dalam keluarga, suami-istri tersebut tidak dapat mengajukan persoalan ke lembaga Pengadilan Agama karena tidak ada bukti autentik yang menunjukkan bahwa pasangan tersebut adalah suami istri yang sah. Akibat bagi anak, ia tidak memiliki hubungan perdata dengan bapaknya, tapi hanya memiliki hubungan perdata dengan ibu dan keluarga ibunya. Oleh karena itu, anak tidak memiliki hak waris mewarisi, hak perwalian, dan lainnya. Diantara solusi penyelesain problem nikah sirri adalah memberikan kesadaran pada masyarakat akan pentingnya pencatatan nikah, mempermudah pemberian izin poligami, dan mencegah terjadinya praktik illegal bagi pihak yang berprofesi menikahkan orang lain.
Um modelo de cores na usabilidade das interfaces computacionais para os deficientes de baixa visão
Authors: Kulpa Cínthia Costa , Teixeira Fábio Gonçalves , Da Silva Régio Pierre
Published: February 2017

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada sobre a usabilidade das interfaces computacionais através das cores, tendo o deficiente de Baixa Visão como usuário. Para um melhor entendimento, são abordados os fundamentos teóricos sobre a interação humano-computador, usabilidade, cores e deficientes de baixa visão. Após a fundamentação teórica, é descrita a metodologia utilizada, o teste de usabilidade de 3 interfaces web realizado com os usuários em questão, demonstrando os resultados para o desenvolvimento de um protótipo de interface tendo as cores como elemento principal. O protótipo desenvolvido é apresentado juntamente com o teste de usabilidade realizado com este. Como resultado do trabalho realizado, são apresentadas recomendações e também é proposto um modelo de cores que atenda aos usuários de baixa visão, na construção e readequação de interfaces computacionais, visando à usabilidade das interfaces na web.
Design de embalagem e sustentabilidade: uma análise sobre os métodos projetuais
Authors: Pereira Priscila Zavadil , Silva Régio Pierre
Published: February 2017

Este artigo apresenta uma análise sobre a inserção de parâmetros, diretrizes e ferramentas referentes às questões ambientais, sociais e econômicas nos métodos de design de embalagem, com o objetivo de discutir a relação da sustentabilidade no desenvolvimento de embalagens e o papel da metodologia projetual neste contexto. O objetivo é que, a partir dessa análise, seja possível ampliar o estudo acerca dos métodos de design de embalagem para auxiliar a prover soluções sustentáveis nesta área. Para tanto, apresenta-se uma revisão sobre os principais métodos projetuais, avaliando suas macroestruturas e como a sustentabilidade vem sendo contemplada na microestrutura de cada abordagem.
Recursos para acessibilidade em sistemas de comunicação para usuários com deficiência
Authors: Cardoso Eduardo , Koltermann da Silva Tânia Luísa
Published: February 2017

Os designers, em sua responsabilidade enquanto projetistas, devem pensar sobre como desenvolver sistemas de comunicação ou qualquer outro elemento de informação e/ou ambientação que atenda as pessoas com deficiências e/ou restrições, incluindo a forma como uma pessoa totalmente habilitada utiliza este sistema e/ou ambiente. Esta é a base do Design Universal, o que significa que um bom projeto deve satisfazer as necessidades de todos os grupos ao invés de satisfazer apenas as de alguns. Desta forma, este artigo visa apresentar os resultados obtidos até o momento com a pesquisa denominada Avaliação da Acessibilidade em Sistemas Informacionais para Contribuição Metodológica no Desenvolvimento de Projetos de Sinalização. Os resultados são apresentados através de informação textual, tabelas e infográficos produzidos pelo NDGA – Núcleo de Design Gráfico Ambiental composto por professores e acadêmicos do Departamento de Design e Expressão Gráfica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
Modelo teórico do pensamento e processo criativo em indivíduos e em grupos de design
Authors: Zavadil Priscila , Da Silva Régio Pierre , Tschimmel Katja
Published: February 2017

A criatividade no design envolve um processo, que inclui tanto o processo cognitivo do indivíduo, quanto os processos de projeto, de comunicação e compartilhamento de conhecimentos. O pensamento criativo do indivíduo, com suas operações cognitivas e conhecimentos armazenados, permite a criação de novas conexões entre ideias. Entretanto, considerando uma perspectiva contextual e sistêmica, os pensamentos individuais serão também estimulados e influenciados por contextos sociais e trabalhos em grupos, nos quais as ideias são construídas a partir da expressão e comunicação do pensamento do outro. Neste processo, o pensamento em analogias mostrou-se como o procedimento cognitivo fundamental para a conexão entre ideias distintas e o insight criativo. Desse modo, este artigo tem como objetivo identificar as estratégias e os mecanismos que podem ser utilizados para auxiliar o pensamento analógico no design, bem como compreender a própria ocorrência desse pensamento no processo criativo projetual. Para esta finalidade, realizou-se uma revisão de literatura sobre os temas centrais e correlatos ao objetivo, iniciando pelos paradigmas e problemas de design, passando por modelos do processo criativo projetual e pelo pensamento criativo no design, abrangendo seus conceitos, procedimentos cognitivos e mecanismos, com enfoque na analogia. A partir dessa revisão, foi proposto um modelo teórico do processo e pensamento criativo em indivíduos e grupos de design, identificando os principais elementos que os compõem. Com base neste modelo, foi possível identificar os principais componentes do pensamento analógico no design, bem como as estratégias e mecanismos que podem acioná-lo no processo criativo projetual. Espera-se com estes resultados iniciais constituir um framework para auxiliar o pensamento criativo de designers em grupos de projeto.
Bengala customizável para mulheres com deficiência visual
Authors: Lugli Daniele , Suemitsu Katsuk , Minozzo Marcele , Okimoto Maria Lucia
Published: February 2017

A pessoa que tem apenas resquícios ou não possui o sentido da visão necessita de auxílio para se orientar e movimentar. A tecnologia assistiva denominada bengala longa, ou bengala branca, é a mais comumente utilizada para este fim. Porém, por ser também um objeto identificador da deficiência visual, em muitos casos, é rejeitada por seus potenciais usuários. Existem muitos fatores de ordem prática que incomodam esses usuários, entretanto, a aparência da bengala é um aspecto ainda pouco explorado, mas que também contribui para esta rejeição, principalmente por parte de mulheres com a deficiência visual adquirida, que possuem acentuada vaidade e recordações visuais de sua vida anterior à cegueira. Dessa forma, com o objetivo de melhorar aspectos práticos e estéticos da bengala longa, foi realizada uma pesquisa com mulheres entre 19 e 65 anos no Instituto Paranaense de Cegos, a fim de identificar quais características poderiam ser melhoradas no objeto para minimizar sua rejeição. Para isso, foram utilizadas ferramentas derivadas da abordagem Human-centered design, que possibilitam uma maior interação e consequente aproximação da realidade desses usuários. A partir das informações coletadas, foi desenvolvido um conceito de bengala feminina customizável, com partes móveis que permitem às usuárias variar a aparência do objeto conforme seu gosto pessoal ou situação de uso.
Método para determinação de parâmetros de gravação e corte a laser CO2 com aplicação na joalheria contemporânea
Authors: Cidade Mariana Kuhl , Lima Natasha Fonseca Fernandes , Palombini Felipe Luis , Duarte Lauren Da Cunha
Published: February 2017

A tecnologia de gravação e corte a laser CO2 é um dos principais processos de fabricação da atualidade, unindo versatilidade, precisão e velocidade, sendo uma importante ferramenta para o design de joias contemporâneas. A utilização do equipamento depende de diversas variáveis relacionadas aos materiais utilizados ou aos projetos executados. Contudo, a obtenção dos melhores parâmetros frequentemente é realizada de forma empírica, tornando a padronização imprecisa e prejudicando a qualidade das peças. Na joalheria contemporânea, é essencial a busca por peças com grande nível de acabamento e que mesclem a utilização de materiais nobres com alternativas não-convencionais. Esta pesquisa trata do desenvolvimento de um método para a obtenção de parâmetros ideais para a utilização da tecnologia de gravação e corte a laser CO2, com desenhos vetoriais, através de etapas que considerem as variáveis do projeto, do material e do equipamento do tipo galvanométrico. Para aplicação, o método foi empregado no desenvolvimento de joias utilizando-se borracha EPDM com prata. Foram conduzidos testes de aplicação de velocidades e número de passadas de feixe laser, determinando a configuração ideal para utilização deste processo no material. Imagens analisadas via MEV auxiliaram na avaliação dos efeitos do feixe laser no elastômero, como a zona de abrangência térmica e a efetividade do corte. Com um método para obtenção dos parâmetros para boa definição de corte e uniformidade do traço, essa pesquisa objetiva auxiliar estudantes, profissionais e indústrias na execução de seus projetos.
Leaving Work, Leaving Home: Job Loss and Socio-Geographic Mobility in Canada
Authors: Denier Nicole
Published: February 2017

The recent economic downturn magnified a routine occurrence in the Canadian labour market: job loss resulting from an employer downsizing, moving, or going out of business. Nevertheless, even in times of economic expansion, rates of involuntary job loss persist across a wide range of demographic and labour market groups. Moving is one way individuals may respond to job loss, relocating either to cheaper housing or in search of work. Drawing on data from the 1996–2010 Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, this article examines the relationship between job loss and geographic mobility in Canada and provides evidence on the types of neighbourhoods to which individuals move. The findings establish job loss both as a key life course transition motivating residential mobility and long-distance migration in Canada and as a trigger event that initiates entry into high-deprivation areas.
Characterization of microsatellite markers in two exploited African trees, Entandrophragma candollei and E. utile (Meliaceae)
Authors: Monthe Franck S. , Duminil Jérôme , Tosso Félicien , Migliore Jérémy , Hardy Olivier J.
Published: February 2017

Premise of the study:

Multiplexes of nuclear microsatellite primers were developed to investigate population genetic structure and diversity in two exploited African rainforest trees: Entandrophragma candollei and E. utile (Meliaceae).

Methods and Results:

Microsatellite isolation was performed simultaneously on two nonenriched genomic libraries after next‐generation sequencing. We developed 16 and 22 polymorphic markers for E. candollei and E. utile in three and four multiplexes, respectively. The number of alleles ranged from two to 17 for E. candollei and from three to 19 for E. utile. Mean expected and observed heterozygosity ranged between 0.75 ± 0.13 and 0.55 ± 0.23 for E. candollei and between 0.73 ± 0.10 and 0.49 ± 0.2 for E. utile.

Conclusions:

These sets of nuclear microsatellite markers constitute useful tools for exploring gene flow patterns in these two Entandrophragma species.
MultiView High Precision VLBI Astrometry at Low Frequencies
Authors: Rioja María J. , Dodson Richard , Orosz Gabor , Imai Hiroshi , Frey Sandor
Published: February 2017

The arrival of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will revitalize all aspects of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) astronomy at lower frequencies. In the last decade, there have been huge strides toward routinely achieving high precision VLBI astrometry at frequencies dominated by tropospheric contributions, most notably at 22 GHz, using advanced phase-referencing techniques. Nevertheless, to increase the capability for high precision astrometric measurements at low radio frequencies (<8 GHz), an effective calibration strategy of the systematic ionospheric propagation effects that is widely applicable is required. Observations at low frequencies are dominated by distinct direction-dependent ionospheric propagation errors, which place a very tight limit on the angular separation of a suitable phase-referencing calibrator. The MultiView technique holds the key to compensating for atmospheric spatial-structure errors, by using observations of multiple calibrators and two-dimensional interpolation in the visibility domain. In this paper we present the first demonstration of the power of MultiView using three calibrators, several degrees from the target, along with a comparative study of the astrometric accuracy between MultiView and phase-referencing techniques. MultiView calibration provides an order of magnitude improvement in astrometry with respect to conventional phase referencing, achieving ∼100 μas astrometry errors in a single epoch of observations, effectively reaching the thermal noise limit. MultiView will achieve its full potential with the enhanced sensitivity and multibeam capabilities of SKA and the pathfinders, which will enable simultaneous observations of the target and calibrators. Our demonstration indicates that the 10 μas goal of astrometry at ∼1.6 GHz using VLBI with SKA is feasible using the MultiView technique.
The Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distances to Typa Ia Supernova Host Galaxies. V. NGC 3021, NGC 3370, and NGC 1309 and the Value of the Hubble Constant
Authors: Jang In Sung , Lee Myung Gyoon
Published: February 2017

We present final results of a program for the determination of the Hubble constant based on the calibration of the Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) using the Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB). We report TRGB distances to three SN Ia host galaxies, NGC 3021, NGC 3370, and NGC 1309. We obtain F555W and F814W photometry of resolved stars from the archival Hubble Space Telescope data. Luminosity functions of red giant stars in the outer regions of these galaxies show the TRGB to be at F814W ≈ QT = 28.2 ∼ 28.5 mag. From these TRGB magnitudes and the revised TRGB calibration based on two distance anchors (NGC 4258 and the LMC) in Jang & Lee (2017; Paper IV), we derive the distances:

(
m
−
M
)

0

=
32.178
±
0.033

for NGC 3021, 32.253 ± 0.041 for NGC 3370, and 32.471 ± 0.040 for NGC 1309. We update our previous results on the TRGB distances to five SN Ia host galaxies using the revised TRGB calibration. By combining the TRGB distance estimates to SN Ia host galaxies in this study with the SN Ia calibration provided by Riess et al. (2011), we obtain a value of the Hubble constant: H
0 = 71.66 ± 1.80(random) ± 1.88(systematic) km s−1 Mpc−1 (a 3.6% uncertainty including systematics) from all eight SNe, and H
0 = 73.72 ± 2.03 ± 1.94 km s−1 Mpc−1 (a 3.8% uncertainty) from six low-reddened SNe. We present our best estimate, H
0 = 71.17 ± 1.66 ± 1.87 km s−1 Mpc−1 (a 3.5% uncertainty) from six low-reddened SNe with the recent SN Ia calibration in Riess et al. (2016). This value is between those from the Cepheid calibrated SNe Ia and those from the Cosmic Microwave Background analysis, lowering the Hubble tension.
Detection of Prominent Stellar Disks in the Progenitors of Present-day Massive Elliptical Galaxies
Authors: Davari Roozbeh H. , Ho Luis C. , Mobasher Bahram , Canalizo Gabriela
Published: February 2017

Massive galaxies at high redshifts (z > 2) show different characteristics from their local counterparts: they are compact and most likely have a disk. In this study, we trace the evolution of local massive galaxies by performing a detailed morphological analysis, namely, fitting single Sérsic profiles and performing bulge+disk decompositions. We analyze ∼250 massive galaxies selected from all CANDELS fields (COSMOS, UDS, EGS, GOODS-South, and GOODS-North). We confirm that both star-forming and quiescent galaxies increase their sizes significantly from z ≈ 2.5 to the present day. The global Sérsic index of quiescent galaxies increases over time (from n ≈ 2.5 to n > 4), while that of star-forming galaxies remains roughly constant (n ≈ 2.5). By decomposing galaxy profiles into bulge+disk components, we find that massive galaxies at high redshift have prominent stellar disks, which are also evident from visual inspection of the images. By z ≈ 0.5, the majority of the disks disappear and massive quiescent galaxies begin to resemble the local elliptical galaxies. Star-forming galaxies have lower bulge-to-total ratios (B/T) than their quiescent counterparts in each redshift bin. The bulges of star-forming and quiescent galaxies follow different evolutionary histories, while their disks evolve similarly. Based on our morphological analysis and previous cosmological simulations, we argue that major mergers, along with minor mergers, have played a crucial role in the significant increase in size of high-z galaxies and the destruction of their massive and large-scale disks.
Precision Stellar Characterization of FGKM Stars using an Empirical Spectral Library
Authors: Yee Samuel W. , Petigura Erik A. , von Braun Kaspar
Published: February 2017

Classification of stars, by comparing their optical spectra to a few dozen spectral standards, has been a workhorse of observational astronomy for more than a century. Here, we extend this technique by compiling a library of optical spectra of 404 touchstone stars observed with Keck/HIRES by the California Planet Search. The spectra have high resolution (R ≈ 60,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N ≈ 150/pixel), and are registered onto a common wavelength scale. The library stars have properties derived from interferometry, asteroseismology, LTE spectral synthesis, and spectrophotometry. To address a lack of well-characterized late-K dwarfs in the literature, we measure stellar radii and temperatures for 23 nearby K dwarfs, using modeling of the spectral energy distribution and Gaia parallaxes. This library represents a uniform data set spanning the spectral types ∼M5–F1 (T
eff ≈ 3000–7000 K, R
⋆ ≈ 0.1–16 R
⊙). We also present “Empirical SpecMatch” (SpecMatch-Emp), a tool for parameterizing unknown spectra by comparing them against our spectral library. For FGKM stars, SpecMatch-Emp achieves accuracies of 100 K in effective temperature (T
eff), 15% in stellar radius (R
⋆), and 0.09 dex in metallicity ([Fe/H]). Because the code relies on empirical spectra it performs particularly well for stars ∼K4 and later, which are challenging to model with existing spectral synthesizers, reaching accuracies of 70 K in T
eff, 10% in R
⋆, and 0.12 dex in [Fe/H]. We also validate the performance of SpecMatch-Emp, finding it to be robust at lower spectral resolution and S/N, enabling the characterization of faint late-type stars. Both the library and stellar characterization code are publicly available.
Globular Cluster Formation at High Density: A Model for Elemental Enrichment with Fast Recycling of Massive-star Debris
Authors: Elmegreen Bruce G.
Published: February 2017

The self-enrichment of massive star clusters by p-processed elements is shown to increase significantly with increasing gas density as a result of enhanced star formation rates and stellar scatterings compared to the lifetime of a massive star. Considering the type of cloud core where a globular cluster (GC) might have formed, we follow the evolution and enrichment of the gas and the time dependence of stellar mass. A key assumption is that interactions between massive stars are important at high density, including interactions between massive stars and massive-star binaries that can shred stellar envelopes. Massive-star interactions should also scatter low-mass stars out of the cluster. Reasonable agreement with the observations is obtained for a cloud-core mass of ∼4 × 106
M
⊙ and a density of ∼2 × 106 cm−3. The results depend primarily on a few dimensionless parameters, including, most importantly, the ratio of the gas consumption time to the lifetime of a massive star, which has to be low, ∼10%, and the efficiency of scattering low-mass stars per unit dynamical time, which has to be relatively large, such as a few percent. Also for these conditions, the velocity dispersions of embedded GCs should be comparable to the high gas dispersions of galaxies at that time, so that stellar ejection by multistar interactions could cause low-mass stars to leave a dwarf galaxy host altogether. This could solve the problem of missing first-generation stars in the halos of Fornax and WLM.
Detection and Interpretation of Long-lived X-Ray Quasi-periodic Pulsations in the X-class Solar Flare on 2013 May 14
Authors: Dennis Brian R. , Tolbert Anne K. , Inglis Andrew , Ireland Jack , Wang Tongjiang , Holman Gordon D. , Hayes Laura A. , Gallagher Peter T.
Published: February 2017

Quasi-periodic pulsations (QPP) seen in the time derivative of the GOES soft X-ray light curves are analyzed for the X3.2 event on 2013 May 14. The pulsations are apparent for a total of at least two hours from the impulsive phase to well into the decay phase, with a total of 163 distinct pulses evident to the naked eye. A wavelet analysis shows that the characteristic timescale of these pulsations increases systematically from ∼25 s at 01:10 UT, the time of the GOES peak, to ∼100 s at 02:00 UT. A second “ridge” in the wavelet power spectrum, most likely associated with flaring emission from a different active region, shows an increase from ∼40 s at 01:40 UT to ∼100 s at 03:10 UT. We assume that the QPP that produced the first ridge result from vertical kink-mode oscillations of the newly formed loops following magnetic reconnection in the coronal current sheet. This allows us to estimate the magnetic field strength as a function of altitude given the density, loop length, and QPP timescale as functions of time determined from the GOES light curves and Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) images. The calculated magnetic field strength of the newly formed loops ranges from ∼500 G at an altitude of 24 Mm to a low value of ∼10 G at 60 Mm, in general agreement with the expected values at these altitudes. Fast sausage-mode oscillations are also discussed and cannot be ruled out as an alternate mechanism for producing the QPP.
Neither Conventional War, nor a Cyber War, but a Long-Lasting and Silent Hybrid War
Authors: Schmidt Nikola
Published: February 2017

The following article perceives selected conflicts from the perspective of hybrid warfare and its component of information operations and analyzes consequent impacts on international security. We are witnessing rising number of cyber incidents and related discussion over a cyber war under the light of doom scenarios without taking into consideration the term "net war" despite the fact it was discerned from "cyber war" in 1993. In net war information manipulation emanating from decentralized sources matters, however, we are still living in a situation where a strategy of influencing minds of public or elite are neither appropriately addressed by politicians, nor by national security strategies. Nevertheless, China and Russia are having information operations as a military component included in their doctrines and their highly effective consequences are evidently visible as late as today. The hybrid campaigns might be easily conducted by circumventing international law through attribution problem in cyberspace through current modern communication technologies. We would face a rising, silent, but highly effective hybrid warfare if any defensive measures such as "mental resilience" are not adopted. We would face it preferably without being aware of it. Finally, the result would undermine credibility, or legitimacy, of the Western democratic governments not only in the eyes of their own citizens.
Strategic Communications in NATO Counterinsurgency Operations
Authors: Divišová Vendula
Published: February 2017

The article deals with the concept of the strategic communication in NATO counterinsurgency operations. As this is a rather new concept surrounded by many ambiguities, the primary goal of the article is to introduce the concept and outline the boundaries with its related concepts (public diplomacy, psychological operations, information operations etc.). The main aim is to assess the role of the concept in the official NATO documents and in the Alliance's counterinsurgency operations (ISAF mission). The paper discusses as well whether the Alliance used the strategic communications successfully and alternatively, what were the limitations of using the concept. The text based on the available data sources arrives to the conclusion that the Alliance did apply the concept of StratCom and it was done in harmony with its counterinsurgency strategy and its comprehensive approach to crisis management. However, the concept was so far adopted only at the highest level of the organization and furthermore it was not adopted by all member states. Even though the concept did address some of the earlier failures and shortcomings of the Alliance in the information sphere, some of the limitations inherent even in the structure of the NATO itself remain and lead to a question whether any to-be execution of the strategic communication by the Alliance is actually feasible.
The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Issues Connected with Their Use in Contemporary Conflicts
Authors: Stojar Richard
Published: February 2017

The text deals with the development and methods of use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in contemporary conflicts or special operations. The contribution tries to present the main advantages of these vehicles as being the main reasons for their current use by the armed forces of states as well as non-state actors and their dynamic proliferation in the global space in the past years. Specific attention is dedicated to controversies tied to the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and discussion in the context of cultural or societal dimension of their use and perspectives for further development.
Panorama des régimes de change en Amérique latine : l’attrait croissant pour les régimes de change flexibles
Authors: Martin Jean-Louis
Published: February 2017

La plupart des grands pays d’Amérique latine ont maintenant des taux de change flottants. Toutefois les banques centrales se réservent la possibilité d’intervenir soit directement sur le marché, soit par des mesures réglementaires susceptibles d’influencer le taux de change. Cela n’a pas toujours été le cas. Jusque dans les années 1990, dans beaucoup de pays, le taux de change était un des principaux outils d'« ancrage » d’une inflation qui a parfois atteint des rythmes extrêmement élevés. Les résultats de telles stratégies ont été au mieux mitigés, en particulier, elles entraînaient des déficits extérieurs souvent insoutenables. De nombreuses banques centrales, dont l’indépendance était par ailleurs établie ou renforcée, ont donc progressivement mis en place des stratégies de « ciblage d’inflation », dans lesquelles les taux de change n’avaient plus de rôle décisif. Ils sont donc devenus « flottants » (du moins dans les grands pays). Mais les fluctuations résultant de la hausse des prix des matières premières, puis de leur retournement à la baisse contraignent encore les banques centrales à intervenir parfois activement sur le marché de leur devise. Classification JEL : E50, F31, F33, O54.