bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Total Elbow Replacement for Treatment of Complex Distal Humerus Fracture: Outcomes of Short-term Follow-up
Authors: Kim Du-Han , Kim Beom-Soo , Baek Chung-Sin , Cho Chul-Hyun
Published: March 2020

Background: High complication rate after open reduction and internal fixation can lead to use of primary total elbow replacement (TER) in treatment of complex distal humerus fractures in elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the short-term outcomes and complications after primary TER in patients with complex distal humerus fracture. Methods: Nine patients with acute complex distal humerus fracture were treated by primary TER using the semiconstrained Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis. The mean age of patients was 72.7 years (range, 63–85 years). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were evaluated over a mean follow-up of 29.0 months (range, 12–65 months) using visual analog scale (VAS) score for pain; Mayo elbow performance score (MEPS); Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (Quick-DASH) score; and serial plain radiographs. Complications were also evaluated. Results: At the final follow-up, mean VAS, MEPS, and Quick-DASH scores were 1.2, 80.5, and 20, respectively. The mean range of motion was 127.7o of flexion, 13.8o of extension, 73.3o of pronation, and 74.4o of supination. There was no evidence of bushing wear or high-grade implant loosening on serial plain radiographs. Three complications (33.3%) comprising two periprosthetic fractures and one ulnar neuropathy were observed.Conclusions: Primary TER for treatment of complex distal humerus fractures in elderly patients yielded satisfactory short-term outcomes. However, surgeons should consider the high complication rate after primary TER.
Entrepreneurship Education as Panacea for Unemployment Reduction
Authors: Agwu M. E.
Published: March 2020

Previous studies have affirmed the importance of entrepreneurship education in developing, motivating, and empowering entrepreneurs especially ex-students cannot be over emphasized, because it has led to the positive increase in the existence of entrepreneurs, which, to a great extent, is responsible for the creation of more job opportunities and the reduction of unemployment. Looking at the increasing rate of unemployment, entrepreneurship education has helped in developing entrepreneurs after the classroom, which greatly culminates into curbing the problem of unemployment in in various economies. This study investigated the extent to which entrepreneurship education and its impact in the reduction of unemployment using ex-students four Universities (two private and two public) as a case for the study. With the aid of questionnaire as a data collection instrument, 150 ex-Students currently running their businesses were randomly selected. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze their responses. Findings revealed that the catastrophic problem of unemployment can to a great extent be reduced through educating, motivating, developing, and empowerment of students as entrepreneurs. It also shows that there is a strong relationship between entrepreneurship education and unemployment reduction as most intentions were translated into actions. The results of this study further revealed that practical entrepreneurship classes have helped in motivating students to become entrepreneurs after graduation. Considering these findings, it is recommended that entrepreneurship education, motivation, development and empowerment should be taken serious by the educational institutions in developing economies. And students at all levels should be encouraged to engage in entrepreneurial activities in order to further reduce the rate of unemployment in developing economies. This will enable them to be employers instead of jobseekers.
National Identity Expressed in Chinese and Korean Clothing
Authors: Sun Chenhao , Ha Jisoo
Published: March 2020

The purpose of the study is to observe historically national identity expressed in Chinese and Korean Clothing. The literature review and the case study both in China and South Korea were conducted at the same time. The outcomes from the studies are as follow: National identity has been reflected in clothing mainly via the adoption of ethnic elements and civic elements. Chinese and Korean visible-symbolized ethnic elements are from their traditional arts, costumes and lifestyles, invisible-spiritual ethnic elements mainly from religious philosophy. But the Korean wave, which is the modern ethnic invisible-spiritual element, is growing popular all over the world. Chinese and Korean visible-symbolized political elements refer to national or governmental sign, marks or national logo. The invisible-spiritual political elements contain the specific political atmosphere. Chinese are Socialism and anti-capitalism. Meanwhile Korean are Patriotism, Collectiveness, anti-communism and Military ideology. It provides a comprehensive and complete theoretical background for investigating how national identity has been shown in China and Korea’s past and current fashion. It is expected to promote the diversified development of both Chinese and Korean clothing design expression in the future.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 1
Authors: Lin Emily
Published: March 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 10, No. 1, 2020
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 12, No. 3
Authors: Grey Erica
Published: March 2020

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Global Journal of Health Science, Vol. 12, No. 3, 2020.
Impact of Diabetes Education on Health Status of Diabetes Patients in Khartoum State
Authors: Suraj Nadia A. , Elwagie Hashim S.
Published: March 2020

Diabetes education, with its role in improvement in knowledge, attitude and practice, lead to better control of the disease, and is accepted to be an important part of diabetes management. The Study aimed to determine the effect of diabetes education on health status of type 2 diabetes patients attending Diabetes Mini Clinics at Primary Health Care centers in Khartoum state, Sudan. The study design was quasi-experimental. Sample of seventy-eight type 2 diabetes patients was selected from eleven reverence family health centers, which contain diabetes mini clinic. Seventy of participants continued until the end of the study. A pre –post questionnaire was used to collect the data, which entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, percentage, mean and standard deviation and paired T. test were used to analyze the data. The level of statistical significance was set at P. value ˂ 0.05. The results showed Diabetes education had positive effect on glycemic control (P. value = .001), diastolic blood pressure (P. value = .017), and quality of life (P. value = .001). The study recommended that coverage of primary health care centers with diabetes education service is very important and other studies is needed for more evaluation. 
Effect of Ionic liquids on vapor liquid equilibrium of Methanol + Ethyl acetate
Authors: GURUMOORTHY Anand V.p. , KANİDARAPU Nagamalleswararao , ABDULLAH M Aslam , SAURABH Raj , HUSSAİN O V Aadil , JAYAN Mahesh
Published: March 2020

The objective of this research work is to determine the effect of ionic liquids on the vapor liquid equilibrium behaviour of methanol and ethyl acetate binary system at atmospheric pressure. The ionic liquids used in the experiments are: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride [EMIM][Cl], 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Bromide [EMPyrr][Br]. VLE experiments were conducted with Othmer still experimental setup and the VLE data sets were tested for thermodynamic consistency.  Experimental results average deviations were within the experimental toleration limits and satisfied the Gibbs-Duhem equation.  The results showed that the addition of ionic liquids (ILs) caused salting-out of methanol from the system.  For the same concentrations of the ionic liquids, [EMIM][Cl] is observed to be more effective than the [EMPyrr][Br] in breaking the azeotropes and in increasing the salting effect.  For the 15% concentration of [EMPyrr][Br] the azeotrope was completely disappeared.
Numerical study of the transparent cover effects with miscellaneous shapes on the parabolic trough solar collector performance
Authors: POURKAFİ Behnam , M. ZİAPOUR Behrooz , MİROLİAEİ Ali Reza
Published: March 2020

Optimization of energy production equipment due to significant production cost of each unit of energy is one of the most significant factors for economic development and countries progress. The aim of this work is to improve the efficiency of the parabolic trough collector (PTC) by reducing the heat losses from it. Therefore, it was utilized a PTC with a receiver tube in the focal center of the concentrator that was applied a phase change material (PCM) inside it to store better energy. In the present work, by adding a new section called transparent cover to envelope the PTC, waste of thermal energy from the receiver tube was prevented. The numerical solutions were performed for both summer and winter days. By using of existing formulas, energy and exergy efficiency of the PTC system with different geometrical shapes and heights were obtained and their performance were compared. The results showed that by reducing the height of the covers (i.e. reduction of the space), energy and exergy efficiencies were increased and by providing the triangular cover shape, the system performed better than two others elliptical and rectangular shapes.
Study on exergy recovery in hybrid vehicles via wastegate losses
Authors: JOSÉ TRUTA BESERRA DE LİMA Alessandro , HENRİQUE RUFİNO Caio , VAQUEİRO FERREİRA Janito , LUİZ RİBEİRO GALLO Waldyr
Published: March 2020

Vehicle hybridization is considered a promising alternative for pollutant emission mitigation. This type of vehiclecombines the use of an internal combustion engine and electrical power. One of the most common layout is theseries-parallel hybrid vehicle, which consists of the use of one combustion engine as the main source of power inparallel to electrical sources. Besides propelling the vehicle, the combustion engine has the task of supplying energyto the electrical system. In parallel to hybridization, other technologies, such as the downsizing of an engine viaturbocharging, have been adopted to increase thermal efficiency of internal combustion engines. The purpose of thiswork is to analyse the viability of combining the aforementioned technologies. To improve energy utilisation, part ofthe energy of the exhaust system is recovered from a free turbine, being directed to the vehicle's battery. To evaluatethe viability of the proposal, experimental data was obtained from a turbocharged spark-ignition engine. Efficiencyindexes were calculated based on exergetic analyses for the turbo-compressor set and the entire engine system.Thereafter, a virtual free turbine was virtually added, assuming that it operates exactly as the main turbine and theefficiency indexes were re-calculated as also absolute values of the recovered energy. The comparison of resultsindicates the viability of implementing this proposal.
Optimal Condition of Finite Number of Heat-Recovery Cycles for a Non-Isothermal Heat Source
Authors: TAKESHİTA Keisuke , AMANO Yoshiharu
Published: March 2020

This study analyzes a
temperature condition that produces maximal power from a non-isothermal heat
source under a finite number of heat-recovery thermodynamic cycles. Some previous
studies have theoretically analyzed a system utilizing thermal energy from heat
sources under multiple thermodynamic cycles assuming a constant heat-source
temperature. However, many heat sources for heat-recovery thermodynamic cycles
are non-isothermal, where the temperature changes considerably during heat
exchange with the cycles. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the
temperature change of the heat source. First, a condition that maximizes the
power generated by a combination of single/multiple Carnot cycles from
constant-specific-heat heat sources is analyzed, and the optimal temperature is
derived analytically. Subsequently, simulations of the Rankine cycle and
several patterns of the Kalina cycle are compared with those of the analytical
model. These comparisons reveal that the proposed model effectively estimates
the condition for heat-recovery cycles that produce maximal power from a non-isothermal
heat source. Using the proposed method, the required number of cycles and their
operating conditions under a given heat source condition are estimated, without
any information about cycle configurations, types of working fluids, and
iteration of simulation calculation under inappropriate conditions, and a systematic
exploration of the optimal system is ensured.
Enthalpy of Formation Modeling Using Third Order Group Contribution Technics and Calculation by DFT Method.
Authors: KADDA Argoub , ALİ MUSTAPHA Benkouider , AHMED Yahiaoui , KHALED Toubal , HADJİ Djebar
Published: March 2020

Recently, with the development of calculators and numerical tools, quantum computations to explore the electronic, structural and dynamic properties of matter without resorting to experimental knowledge have seen increasing development. Thus, it is possible to perform ab-initio calculations with increasing precision and for increasingly larger systems. In the scientific literature, papers using ab-initio quantum computation for the prediction of formation enthalpies is more and more numerous. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical method to calculate standard enthalpy of formation in gas stat for organic compounds using group contribution technics (third-order group contribution method). For the establishment of this method, 750 molecules are used. In parallel with group contribution methods, this paper presents another approach to calculate gas-state formation enthalpies based on DFT method. The calculation involved 30 molecules with at least one ring from C3 to C13. Finally, DFT and group contribution results are compared.
Analysis of Entropy Generation Rate During Non-Adiabatic Ice Slurry Flow in Pipes
Authors: NİEZGODA-ŻELASKO Beata
Published: March 2020

The paper focuses on the entropy generation rate minimization during the flow of ethanol-based ice slurry through straight pipes with a circular and rectangular cross-section. The authors’ original equations for calculating ice slurry flow resistances and heat transfer coefficients were used to determine the impact of the mass fraction of ice, ice slurry flow velocity and heat flux density on the entropy generation rate values observed during flow through pipes. A dimensionless relationship was proposed to determine the interdependency between flow velocity and mass share of ice for which the entropy values were at the minimum level.
Prevalence of Hypoglycemia and Hypocalcemia Among High-Risk Infants in the Neonatal Ward of Fatemieh Hospital of Hamadan in 2016 - 2017
Authors: Sabzehei Mohammad Kazem , Otogara Marzieh , Ahmadi Samira , Daneshvar Fariba , Shabani Maryam , Samavati Saeedeh , Hosseinirad Someyeh , Shirmohammadi-Khorram Nasrin
Published: March 2020

Background: Hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia are common metabolic disorders in high-risk infants that may cause serious complications in case of late diagnosis. Objectives: This study intended to determine the prevalence of hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia among high-risk infants. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on all the infants prone to hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia admitted to the neonatal ward of Fatemieh Hospital in Hamadan from September 2016 to October 2017. If infants’ blood glucose was less than 40 mg/dL within the first four hours after birth and less than 45 mg/dL within 4 - 24 hours after birth, they were diagnosed with hypoglycemi. If their blood calcium was less than 7 and 8 mg/dL in preterm and full-term infants, respectively, within 12 - 24 hours after birth, they were diagnosed with hypocalcemia. Results: A total of 883 infants participated in this study. The prevalence of hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia was 39.1% and 1.8%, respectively. Themean birth weight was 2124.1±272.8 g, and the gestational age was 35±1.88 weeks. Hypoglycemia had a significant relationship with preterm birth (P = 0.002), lower mean birth weight (P = 0.001), and low Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes after birth (P < 0.05). Hypocalcemia had a significant relationship with small for gestational age (SGA) (P = 0.007), lower mean birth weight (P = 0.025), and low Apgar score at one and five minutes after birth (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It is recommended to measure blood glucose and blood calcium in high-risk infants, including infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs), preterm infants, and infants with lower birth weight (LBW), SGA, and low Apgar score at one and five minutes after birth.
Application of Forest Canopy Density (FCD) Model for the Hotspot Monitoring of Crown Fire in Tebo, Jambi Province
Authors: Falensky Muhammad Attorik , Sulti Anggieani Laras , Putra Ranggas Dhuha , Marko Kuswantoro
Published: March 2020

Indonesia is one of the owners of the 9th largest forest area in the world. Forest area in Indonesia reaches 884,950 km2. Tebo Regency is a regency in Jambi Province which has a wide forest area of 628,003 Ha. However, this forest area has been reduced due to the conversion of functions of Industrial Plantation Forests (HTI), oil palm plantations, and forest clearing activities for both settlements and plantations which led to the phenomenon of forest and land fires (karhutla). This study aims to get a better knowledge of crowns of fire potential locations in forest areas using remote sensing technology. Remote sensing data used in this study is from the satellite imagery of Landsat 8 OLI - TIRS in 2019. Remote sensing data is used to produce a Forest Canopy Density (FCD) model that can be overlapped with a hotspot location, so the crown fire potential locations will be explored in the forest area of Tebo Regency, Jambi Province. Identification of hotspot patterns in Forest Areas was analyzed using spatial analysis. The results of this study are useful for the government as the information of the hotspot area as the cause of fires in the Forest Region of Tebo Regency Jambi Province.
Keywords: Spatial Analysis, Forest Cover Density (FCD), Hotspots, Forest Areas, Remote Sensing
GIS-Based Spatial Model for Habitat Suitability of Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis), in Gorontalo Province
Authors: Rosyidy Muhamad Khairul , Wibowo Adi
Published: March 2020

Babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis) is an endemic animal from Gorontalo Province whose population is declining day by day due to poaching, land clearing, and selling babirusa meat in traditional markets in Gorontalo Province. Since 1931 this species has begun to be protected in Indonesia, and since 2008, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) named the babirusa species as a vulnerable category. This study aims to determine the suitability of babirusa habitat areas (Babyrousa celebensis) in Gorontalo Province with a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach and to determine the relationship of physical characteristics for the habitat of the babirusa habitat in Gorontalo Province. The variables are land use, slope, and elevation. The method used is GIS spatial modeling with overlay analysis. From the results of the analysis, it has concluded that a suitable area as a babirusa habitat is only about 33% of the total area of Gorontalo Province and there are types of land use in the wilderness and swamps at an elevation of 0-500 msl with sloping 0-8%. The validation test shows that Coefficient kappa is 0.16 and overall accuracy is 58%. Therefore, further research is needed by adding other variables to delineate the spatial distribution of babirusa.

Keywords: babirusa, habitat, GIS, suitability area
Characteristics of Transit Oriented Development Area (Case Study: Jakarta MRT)
Authors: Siburian Tomi Enjeri , Widyawati Widyawati , Ash Shidiq Iqbal Putut
Published: March 2020

The city of Jakarta is famous because the traffic jams, so the transportation sector needs special attention. Based on data from the Jakarta Transportation Management Agency, of the 47.5 million trips in Jakarta City, only 24% used public transportation. The Jakarta City Government has provided public transportation modes, namely the MRT. This mode of transportation offers a basic concept of TOD, area around the 400 meter buffer from the station can be accessed by walking. This concept has been developed in various cities on the Continent of Europe and America. The space conditions in a TOD based area can be assessed using the TOD Index measurement. Each TOD Index criterion has its own indicators. This study uses 8 criteria and 18 indicators that can measure the value of the TOD Index at each MRT station. Processing data is using spatial processing so that each indicator can be analyzed holistically from a spatial perspective. The TOD area of Bendungan Hilir Station is a station with the highest TOD value, amounting to 0.71. TOD Station in Lebak Bulus Station takes the lowest TOD Index value of 0.31. The TOD Index’s value at each station can be influenced by the weight of each indicator and criteria. Through this research, it is hoped that each policyholder can pay attention to every indicator on the station that is deemed necessary to be improved if needed for a TOD-based area that is in accordance with the concept of a smart city.

Keywords: TOD, space, TOD Index, smart city, 6Ds
Biergtrolden (1803)
Authors: Oehlenschläger Adam
Published: March 2020

This file contains the first edition of Biergtrolden (The Mountain Troll), as it was published in the debut collection of Digte (Poems) by the Danish Romantic poet Adam Oehlenschläger.
Biergtrolden (1861)
Authors: Oehlenschläger Adam
Published: March 2020

This file contains the 1861 edition of Biergtrolden (The Mountain Troll) as included in vol. 24 of Adam Oehlenschläger's Poetiske Skrifter (Poetic Texts).
Digte (1803)
Authors: Oehlenschläger Adam
Published: March 2020

This is the entire first collection of Digte by Adam Oehlenschläger, digitized by The Royal Library of Denmark.
Poetiske Skrifter (vol. 24, 1861)
Authors: Oehlenschläger Adam
Published: March 2020

This is the entire 24th volume of Adam Oehlenschläger's Poetiske Skrifter (1861), digitized by the Royal Library of Denmark.
The Mountain Troll
Authors: Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: March 2020

This translation follows the first printed version of Adam Oehlenschläger’s Biergtrolden, as published in Digte (Poems, 1803).
Biographical Introduction and Summary of Contents
Authors: Massini Nielsen Laura
Published: March 2020

In this introduction, MA student Laura Massini Nielsen analyses the role of the aurora borealis in Biergtrolden (The Mountain Troll), the very first poem of the seminal debut collection of Digte (Poems) by the Danish Romantic author Adam Oehlenschläger. The article begins with a biographical introduction, followed by a short overview of the Danish Golden Age that provides context for the reader. Massini Nielsen then briefly outlines Oehlenschläger’s works and, in conclusion, focuses on the poem Biergtrolden and on the role of the aurora borealis in it.
Management of Gout in the United States: A Claims‐based Analysis
Authors: Edwards N. Lawrence , Schlesinger Naomi , Clark Sanders , Arndt Theresa , Lipsky Peter E.
Published: March 2020

Objective

Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis in the United States. Although numerous guidelines exist for the management of gout, they are not routinely implemented. This study evaluated the real‐world practice patterns in gout patients using large administrative claims databases.

Methods

An analysis of patients diagnosed with gout from October 2015 to November 2018 was carried out using the Symphony Integrated Dataverse and Truven Marketscan administrative claims databases. Patients were identified as having gout if they were more than18 years of age and had 2 or more primary gout diagnoses on different days, separated by 3 or more months. Patients were further identified as having either acute gout or advanced forms of gout including chronic nontophaceous, tophaceous, and uncontrolled gout. Percent and frequency of serum urate testing, rheumatology specialist visits, prescriptions for urate lowering therapies (ULTs), and emergency room (ER) visits for gout flares were evaluated.

Results

We identified 1 162 747 gout patients. Gout patients were seen most frequently by internists and family medicine practitioners. Neither urate testing nor prescriptions for ULTs were uniform. Patients with acute gout were infrequently seen by rheumatologists, whereas rheumatologist care progressively increased in patients with advanced gout. The frequency of serum urate testing and prescriptions for ULTs significantly increased, whereas the frequency of ER visits decreased in gout patients seen by a rheumatologist.

Conclusion

Measurement of serum urate and prescriptions for ULTs are not consistent in gout patients. Rheumatologist care increases the frequency of urate measurement and ULT prescriptions and may also improve outcomes for gout patients.
Enantioselective Construction of Spirooxindole‐Fused Cyclopenta[c]chromen‐4‐ones Bearing Five Contiguous Stereocenters via a Stepwise (3+2) Cycloaddition
Authors: Vagh Sandip Sambhaji , Karanam Praneeth , Liao Cheng‐Chieh , Lin Ting‐Han , Liou Yan‐Cheng , Edukondalu Athukuri , Chen Yi‐Ru , Lin Wenwei
Published: February 2020

The bifunctional quinine‐catalyzed stepwise (3+2) cycloaddition for the enantioselective construction of spirooxindole‐fused cyclopenta[c]chromen‐4‐ones is developed. The reactions of 3‐homoacylcoumarins and alkylidene oxindole electrophiles generate aforementioned spirooxindole‐chromenone adducts bearing five contiguous stereocenters, of which one is the spiro all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter in high yields (up to 99%) with excellent stereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr and 99% ee). This methodology was investigated for three different alkylidene oxindole electrophiles and could also be practically demonstrated on a gram scale. Mechanistic investigations revealed that the (3+2) cycloaddition for the enantioselective synthesis of spirooxindole‐fused cyclopenta[c]chromen‐4‐ones is proceeding via a stepwise reaction pathway.

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Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich‐Type Reaction of Malononitrile with N‐Boc α‐Ketiminoesters Using Chiral Organic Base Catalyst with Halogen Bond Donor Functionality
Authors: Kuwano Satoru , Nishida Yuki , Suzuki Takumi , Arai Takayoshi
Published: February 2020

Chiral organic base catalyst with halogen bond donor functionality catalyzed asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction of malononitrile with α‐ketiminoesters to produce α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid derivatives in good yields with high enantioselectivities. The malononitrile‐derived amino acid was smoothly transformed to chiral aminomalonate without loss of ee.

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Root growth and crop performance of soybean under chemical, physical, and biological changes after subsoiling
Authors: Müller Mariele , Schneider Julia Renata , Klein Vilson Antonio , da Silva Júnior José Pereira , Chavarria Geraldo
Published: February 2020

Chemical, physical and biological soil attributes can facilitate soybean root growth in greater volume and depth in the soil, which can minimize yield reduction caused by water deficit. Soil management can contribute positively or negatively to these soil attributes. The aim of this work was to evaluate the root growth and crop performance of soybean, in response to chemical, physical and biological changes after subsoiling at different depths. At the R5 phenological stage, trenches were made for sampling and soil collection for chemical, physical and biological analysis and root growth was carried out. At V5, V7, R2 and R5 stages, plants were collected to evaluate height, leaf area and dry mass. At V5, stage number and dry mass of the nodules were evaluated. Subsoiling increased pH and Ca, and decreased Al in the soil, resulted in higher relative density and did not affect in mechanical penetration resistance compared to non‐subsoiled soil. Basal respiration and soybean nodulation were higher in the subsoiled soil. Up to 15 cm depth, there were 87.91% of the total root dry mass and 78.79% of the total root volume. Initial and final plant growth were the same in subsoiled and non‐subsoiled soil. Number of nodules in the subsoiled soil was 28% higher than in the non‐subsoiled soil. Under these study conditions, subsoiling provides lower root growth but benefits grain yield.
Genetic polymorphisms of the X‐linked transcription factor forkhead box P3 predispose to synchronous secondary primary malignancy (SPM) of esophagus in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Lin Meng‐Ying , Chang Wei‐Lun , Yang Hsiao‐Bai , Wang Wen‐Lun , Sheu Bor‐Shyang
Published: February 2020

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are prone to develop second primary malignancy (SPM) at the esophagus synchronously, especially those with increased forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) positive regulatory T (Treg) cell infiltration in tumor tissue. We tested whether FOXP3 genetic polymorphisms can be associated with Treg cell infiltration and synchronous SPM in HNSCC patients. HNSCC patients received screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy during 2008 to 2016 were enrolled consecutively. After excluding and matching cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking status, the final cohort went on investigation. Three tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tag SNPs) of the FOXP3 gene (rs2232365, rs3761548, and rs3761549) were selected from the HapMap database and genotyped by RT‐PCR. FOXP3 immunohistochemistry was done to evaluate Treg cell amount in tumor tissues. A total of 270 male HNSCC patients were included, including 135 in the synchronous SPM (SynSPM group) and 135 in the HNSCC alone group. Compared with HNSCC alone group, synchronous SPM group had a HNSCC that was more commonly located at oro/hypopharynx (55.0% vs 39.6%, P = .012) and at earlier TNM stage with borderline significance (38.8% vs 29.0%, P = .124). In addition, carriage of G allele in rs3761549 of the FOXP3 gene significantly increased synchronous SPM risk (crude OR = 2.21, P = .009). After adjustment of HNSCC location and staging, rs3761549 G allele remained significantly associated with synchronous SPM risk (adjusted OR = 2.10, P = .024). Patients with G allele in rs3761549 also had higher FOXP3+ Treg cell infiltration in the tumor tissue than those with A allele (mean FOXP3+ cell number/mm2: 55.93 vs 36.39, P = .008). Male HNSCC patients with G allele in rs3761549 of the FOXP3 gene has a higher risk of synchronous SPM development and merit earlier screening endoscopy.
Trevor's disease of the distal radioulnar joint in two children with achondroplasia
Authors: Kopriva John M. , Miller Kyle J. , Legare Janet M. , Noonan Kenneth J.
Published: February 2020

Two children with achondroplasia who developed an abnormal bony outgrowth at the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ), indistinguishable from an osteochondroma on histology, but the radiographic appearance, location, and asymmetry suggested the rare diagnosis of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH or “Trevor's disease”). One child experienced symptomatic relief with surgical excision and one was observed clinically due to lack of significant symptoms. These are the first presented cases of DEH in achondroplasia, both affecting the DRUJ. Due to the infrequency of DEH, more research is needed to better understand the potential connection to achondroplasia. For management, we suggest shared surgical decision making based on symptoms.
A Combination of Biocompatible Room Temperature Ionic Liquid and Palladium Catalyst for Base‐ and Ligand‐Free Suzuki Coupling Reactions
Authors: Joo Seong‐Ryu , Kwon Gyu‐Tae , Kim Seung‐Hoi
Published: February 2020

A system with mild and versatile reaction conditions for a carbon–carbon bond‐forming reaction using arylboronic acids and aryl halides was developed. A readily available and biodegradable room‐temperature ionic liquid, choline hydroxide (ChOH), was combined with a ligand‐free Pd(OAc)2‐catalyst, providing the corresponding symmetrical and/or unsymmetrical biaryl products in satisfactory yields under aerobic conditions. No external base or ligand was required for completion of the cross‐coupling reactions. More significantly, the reaction medium showed good recyclability, which is an important characteristic from the viewpoint of sustainable chemistry.
Reproductive life histories influence cariogenesis: Exploring sex‐specific variation in dental caries and survivorship in the human past
Authors: Kubehl Kayla , Temple Daniel H.
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Differences in dental caries prevalence between males and females is considered a reflection of diet. However, recent syntheses argue that sex‐specific variation in dental caries prevalence also reflects changes in the oral cavity attributable to variation in reproductive life histories. This study explores sex‐specific variation in carious lesions using a life history perspective to understand if differences in reproductive ecology influence this process.

Materials and methods

Survival probability between 860 males and females from the Terry Collection was compared using carious lesion manifestation (absent, crown presence, root/cemento‐enamel junction [CEJ] presence) and sex as covariates and age as a time series variable. A four‐way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) comparing carious lesion type by sex, age, and periodontal disease presence was used to evaluate interaction between these variables.

Results

Individuals with carious lesions have greater survivorship than those without lesions. Males and females with crown lesions do not differ in survivorship from individuals without carious lesions. Females with root/CEJ lesions are characterized by the highest survivorship. A significant interaction was found for root/CEJ carious lesions by age, sex, and periodontal disease presence. Root/CEJ lesion formation in older males was not dependent upon periodontal disease presence, though dependence between these variables characterizes postmenopausal females.

Conclusion

Sex‐specific variation in crown lesions is not associated with reproductive life histories and likely reflects diet. By contrast, root/CEJ lesions form through pathways attributable to reproductive life histories, particularly age‐induced periodontal disease in females. These results suggest the formation of carious lesions is complex, and in some cases, rooted in reproductive life histories.
Principles of co‐axial illumination for photochemical reactions: Part 1. Model development
Authors: Meir Glen , Leblebici Mumin E. , Fransen Senne , Kuhn Simon , Van Gerven Tom
Published: February 2020

Photochemical reactors with conventional homogeneous illumination suffer from a light efficiency problem, which is inherent to their design: Dark zones arise near the reagent‐rich inlet whereas the reagent depleted outlet is over‐illuminated. Any attempt to mitigate dark zones at the inlet will only increase photon losses further downstream. This study reports the principles and model equations for co‐ and counter‐current illumination in photochemical reactors, along with an optimization study to determine the most efficient and productive operating point. This work proves that the use of co‐ and counter‐current illuminated reactors increases the energy efficiency while easing scalability by implementing larger path lengths, without altering the reactor's geometry. We report a simple model to determine the conversion obtained by such novel illumination techniques and compare it to the current state‐of‐the‐art. Two nondimensional groups where derived that describe all possible reactor configurations, these are the initial absorbance (A) and the quantum photon balance (ρϕ). Variation of both parameters leads for noncompetitive photochemical reactions to an optimal point for the current state‐of‐the‐art as well as the novel co‐axial illumination. Ultimately, we recommend the use of an initial absorbance value (A) of at least 1, and a quantum photon balance (ρϕ) equal to 1 to introduce sufficient light and enable near complete absorption of light.
Enantioselective Redox‐Divergent Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Quinone Diels–Alder Reactions
Authors: Varlet Thomas , Gelis Coralie , Retailleau Pascal , Bernadat Guillaume , Neuville Luc , Masson Géraldine
Published: February 2020

An efficient enantioselective construction of tetrahydronaphthalene‐1,4‐diones as well as dihydronaphthalene‐1,4‐diols by a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed quinone Diels–Alder reaction with dienecarbamates is reported. The nature of the protecting group on the diene is key to the success of achieving high enantioselectivity. The divergent “redox” selectivity is controlled by using an adequate amount of quinones. Reversible redox switching without erosion of enantioselectivity was possible from individual redox isomers.
Challenges and Perspectives of DNA Nanostructures in Biomedicine
Authors: Keller Adrian , Linko Veikko
Published: February 2020

DNA nanotechnology holds substantial promise for future biomedical engineering and the development of novel therapies and diagnostic assays. The subnanometer‐level addressability of DNA nanostructures allows for their precise and tailored modification with numerous chemical and biological entities, which makes them fit to serve as accurate diagnostic tools and multifunctional carriers for targeted drug delivery. The absolute control over shape, size, and function enables the fabrication of tailored and dynamic devices, such as DNA nanorobots that can execute programmed tasks and react to various external stimuli. Even though several studies have demonstrated the successful operation of various biomedical DNA nanostructures both in vitro and in vivo, major obstacles remain on the path to real‐world applications of DNA‐based nanomedicine. Here, we summarize the current status of the field and the main implementations of biomedical DNA nanostructures. In particular, we focus on open challenges and untackled issues and discuss possible solutions.
Hydrogen‐Bond Free Energy of Local Biological Water
Authors: Park Won‐Woo , Lee Kyung Min , Lee Byeong Sung , Kim Young Jae , Joo Se Hun , Kwak Sang Kyu , Yoo Tae Hyeon , Kwon Oh‐Hoon
Published: February 2020

Here, we propose an experimental methodology based on femtosecond‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to measure the hydrogen (H)‐bond free energy of water at protein surfaces under isothermal conditions. A demonstration was conducted by installing a non‐canonical isostere of tryptophan (7‐azatryptophan) at the surface of a coiled‐coil protein to exploit the photoinduced proton transfer of its chromophoric moiety, 7‐azaindole. The H‐bond free energy of this biological water was evaluated by comparing the rates of proton transfer, sensitive to the hydration environment, at the protein surface and in bulk water, and it was found to be higher than that of bulk water by 0.4 kcal mol−1. The free‐energy difference is dominated by the entropic cost in the H‐bond network among water molecules at the hydrophilic and charged protein surface. Our study opens a door to accessing the energetics and dynamics of local biological water to give insight into its roles in protein structure and function.
Chitin deacetylase: A potential target for Mythimna separata (Walker) control
Authors: Liu Yan , Yang Jing , Yao Lei , Li Shuangyu , Chen Yaru , Yang Hongjia , Fan Dong
Published: February 2020

Chitin deacetylase (CDA) is a hydrolytic enzyme that modifies chitin into chitosan in the body of insects. In this study, we obtained a full‐length complementary DNA sequence (MsCDA1) from the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata by high‐throughput sequencing. MsCDA1 is 1,952 bp long and includes 1,620 bp open reading frame encoding 539 amino acids. Analysis by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction showed that MsCDA1 expression was higher at the adult stage than at earlier developmental stages. MsCDA1 was expressed in all larval tissues examined, in which the highest expression level was found in the midgut. The RNA interference (RNAi) suppressed MsCDA1 expression levels at 12, 24, and 48 hr after injection of double‐stranded RNA (1–4 μg per larva) specific to MsCDA1. Under RNAi condition, CDA enzyme activity was significantly reduced and changes an ultramicroscopic structure of M. separata peritrophic matrix especially in its microfibrillar organization exhibiting loose network. In contrast, the surface of the peritrophic matrix was relatively smooth and well organized at control or low RNAi conditions. Moreover, RNAi of MsCDA1 expression impaired larval growth and development, occasionally leading to larval death. These results demonstrate that MsCDA1 plays a crucial role in maintaining peritrophic matrix integrity in M. separata.
Luminescence characterization of KBaPO4:RE (RE = Sm3+,Eu3+,Dy3+) phosphors
Authors: Ramteke S.K. , Yerpude A.N. , Dhoble S.J. , Kokode N.S.
Published: February 2020

KBaPO4 luminescent powdered phosphors doped with rare earth elements (RE = Sm3+,Eu3+,Dy3+) were successfully synthesized using a wet chemical method to identify the most suitable phosphor for solid‐state lighting based on the measurement of their emission spectra at excitation wavelengths. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the as‐prepared KBaPO4 was well matched with its standard JCPDS file no. 330996, indicating the formation of the desired compound. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed irregular morphology, the material crystallized particles aggregated and were non‐uniform with particle sizes ranging from 1 to 100 μm. Photoluminescence excitation and emission spectra clearly indicated that the phosphor containing the Sm3+‐activated KBaPO4 phosphors could be efficiently excited at 403 nm and exhibited an emission mainly including two wavelength peaks at 559 nm and 597 nm. The phosphor containing the Eu3+‐activated KBaPO4 phosphors could be efficiently excited at 396 nm and exhibited a bright red emission mainly including two wavelength peaks at 594 nm and 617 nm. The phosphor containing the Dy3+‐activated KBaPO4 phosphors could be efficiently excited at 349 nm and exhibited wavelength peaks at 474 nm and 570 nm.
Comprehensive analysis of the compound profiles of Folium Camelliae Nitidissimae extract by ultrafast liquid chromatography with quadrupole–time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and hepatoprotective effect against CCl4‐induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Ye Peiwen , Lu Jingya , Li Meichang , Zhang Hongwei , Chen Yuyao , Wei Fenghuan
Published: February 2020

Folium Camelliae Nitidissimae (jinhuacha in Chinese, JHC) is a kind of caffeine‐less tea with antioxidant, antitumor and antibacterial effects. Studies on the chemical profiles and hepatoprotective effects of JHC extracts have not been systematically conducted so far. This study comprehensively investigated the compound profiles of JHC extract by ultrafast liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. We also determined JHC's hepatoprotective effects against CCl4‐induced liver injury in mice. A JHC extract was administered orally to mice at 1.95 and 7.80 g/kg body weight once daily for 14 consecutive days prior to CCl4 treatment. Eighty‐four compounds including flavonoids, organic acids, catechins, coumarins, phenylpropanol, amino acids, anthraquinones, saponins and nucleosides in JHC extract were authentically identified or tentatively identified by comparing MS information and retention times with those of authentic standards or available references. JHC administration significantly decreased elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in mouse serum, inhibited hepatic malondialdehyde formation and enhanced glutathione and superoxide dismutase activities in the liver of CCl4‐treated mice. The histological observations also further supported the results. These results demonstrate that JHC contains various chemical compounds and its hepatoprotective effects against CCl4‐induced liver injury correlated with decreasing lipid oxidation are significant.
The role of capecitabine as maintenance therapy in de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A propensity score matching study
Authors: Sun Xue‐Song , Liu Sai‐Lan , Liang Yu‐Jing , Chen Qiu‐Yan , Li Xiao‐Yun , Tang Lin‐Quan , Mai Hai‐Qiang
Published: February 2020

Background

Capecitabine was previously used as a second‐line or salvage therapy for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and has shown satisfactory curative effect as maintenance therapy in other metastatic cancers. This study aimed to explore the role of capecitabine as maintenance therapy in de novo metastatic NPC patients with different plasma Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA levels before treatment.

Methods

We selected de novo metastatic NPC patients treated with locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT) for this retrospective study. The propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to balance potential confounders between patients who underwent capecitabine maintenance therapy and those who did not with a ratio of 1:3. Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. The association between capecitabine maintenance therapy and survival was assessed using the log‐rank test and a Cox proportional hazard model.

Results

Among all patients eligible for this study, 64 received capecitabine maintenance therapy after LRRT. After PSM, 192 patients were identified in the non‐maintenance group. In the matched cohort, patients treated with capecitabine achieved a higher 3‐year OS rate compared with patients in the non‐maintenance group (68.5% vs. 61.8%, P = 0.037). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that capecitabine maintenance therapy was an independent prognostic factor. In subgroup analysis, 3‐year OS rate was comparable between the maintenance and non‐maintenance groups in patients with high pretreatment EBV DNA levels (˃30,000 copies/mL) (54.8% vs. 45.8%, P = 0.835), whereas patients with low pretreatment EBV DNA levels (≤30,000 copies/mL) could benefit from capecitabine maintenance therapy in OS (90.0% vs. 68.1%, P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Capecitabine maintenance therapy may be superior to non‐maintenance therapy in prolonging OS for de novo metastatic NPC patients with pretreatment EBV DNA ≤ 30,000 copies/mL.
Assessment of self‐contempt in psychotherapy: A neurobehavioural perspective
Authors: Kramer Ueli , Renevey Julien , Pascual‐Leone Antonio
Published: February 2020

Objective

The aim of this methodological paper was to present self‐contempt, and its assessment, in a broad transdiagnostic framework of psychopathology and related to change in psychotherapy. Self‐contempt may be a central phenomenon in many psychological disorders. We outline methodological recommendations for the study of complex transdiagnostic phenomena which involve multilevel biobehavioural responses.

Method

We illustrate the assessment of self‐contempt as a complex transdiagnostic phenomenon with a study in which emotion‐eliciting two‐chair dialogues focused on the elaboration of self‐criticism, and an observer‐rated system was applied to assess each client's expressed self‐contempt at the moment of enacted self‐criticism. The client's own self‐contemptuous words were extracted from this self‐critical dialogue and then later presented as part of a functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm.

Results

This assessment paradigm was applied to a brief treatment for clients with borderline personality disorder, and the results of pre–post change over time in markers of self‐contempt are presented.

Conclusions

The importance of the assessment of self‐contempt in an ecologically valid manner, by using individualised stimuli and taking into account multilevel activations, is discussed in the context of a transdiagnostic conception of psychopathology and in the context of change in psychotherapy.