bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cloning and Expression of Bioactive Human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor in Pichia Pastoris
Authors: Chien Su‐Fang
Published: May 2015

For over ten years, recombinant human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor (hG‐CSF) has been broadly used in clinical applications. Many sources of G‐CSF have the disadvantage of being in intracellular or aggregated form. In this paper, we report the molecular cloning and gene expression in the protease resistant strain of yeast (SMD1168). More than 90% of the G‐CSF protein is in secreted form and about 100 mg of the biologic active human G‐CSF can be obtained from two liters of bioreactor. The recombinant G‐CSF promotes HL‐60 (Human promyelocytic cell) cell proliferation and elevates the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity. The dose effects of rG‐CSF on cell proliferation responses to the total numbers of the receptors on the cell surfaces have been investigated and the quantitative results were obtained. The receptors are saturated by G‐CSF at the 50 ng/mL for 1 × 105cells. The prompt increasing in the succinate dehydrogenas activity was also observed. This effect is comparable to that from the commercial source. We have successfully cloned and expressed a bioactive rhG‐CSF from the medium in the Pichia pastoris system. This specific product is expected to meet the clinical applications in the treatments of neutropenia, acute cerebral ischemia and other neuro‐degenerated diseases.
Ligands Coordinated with Cu(II) Complexes in Rare Anti‐Syn 2,2′‐Dipyridylamine and Acetate‐Bridged Forms: Preparations, Crystal Structures, Hydrogen Bonds and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Chung Yun‐Ho , Lin Hsin‐Huang , Lee Chin‐Jhan , Liou Shyh‐Yeon
Published: May 2015

The Hdpa (2,2′‐dipyridylamine) ligand can be bonded with metal ions respectively in the anti‐anti, anti‐syn and syn‐syn form, in which the anti‐syn form is rare in the studies. Interestingly, the Hdpa ligand in the mononuclear copper complex [Cu(Acac)2(Hdpa)2], 1 (Acac = Acetylacetone) prepared by this experiment is in the rare anti‐syn form. The six‐coordination of Cu(II) atom with two nitrogen atoms are from Hdpa and four oxygens atoms are from Acac. The Crystallographic data show the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 8.5285(7)Å, b = 9.6900(8)Å, c = 17.9757(15)Å, β = 99.019(2)° and Z = 2.

The Hdpa ligand in the zig‐zag chain copper complex [Cu2(μ‐CH3CO2)(NCS)2(Hdpa)2]n, 2 prepared by this experiment is in the usual syn‐syn form. But in the long chain, CH3CO2− (acetate group) and NCS−(thiocyanate) take turns acting as a bridging group, and the bridging carboxylate ligand is in the rare anti‐syn form. The geometry at each copper(II) ion is best described as a distorted(4 + 1) square‐base pyramid. The Crystallographic data show the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a = 10.257(3)Å, b = 15.533(4)Å, c = 18.873(5)Å, β = 101.570(4) ° and Z = 4.

The crystal of the complex [Cu(dpk·H2O)2](SCN)2·2H2O, 3 (dpk = di‐2‐pyridyl ketone) was announced in the recognized literature. It was proved that the H2O molecule played the role of the bridging bond in the analogue complex [Cu(dpk·H2O)2](X)2·nH2O. With the presence of the dpk·H2O and thiocyanate SCN−1 groups, the complex 3 constitutes the structure of hydrogen bonds with the 2D network of four different forms, such as OH···O(two forms), OH···N and OH···S. This is a pretty extraordinary phenomenon. The Crystallographic data show the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with a = 7.9174(6)Å, b = 9.2398(7)Å, c = 9.4321(7)Å, β = 95.462(1)° and Z = 1.

Complex 1 and complex 3 are Cu (II) mononuclear. This is indicative of the typical paramagnetic behavior of unpaired electrons. We fit the data of the complex 2 by using the equation for S = 1/2 ferromagnetic /antiferromagnetic systems. The best fit parameters for the data are g = 2.03, α = 4.85, J1 = −0.93 cm−1, J2 = 4.52 cm−1 and R = 1.5 × 10−5.
Trigonal Bipyramidal {Fe(NO)}7 Complex [(NO)Fe(SC9H6N)2] Containing an Equatorial Nitrosyl Ligand: The Critical Role of Chelating Ligands in Regulating the Geometry and Transformation of Mononitrosyl Iron Complex (MNIC)
Authors: Lu Tsai‐Te , Yang Li‐Bo , Liaw Wen‐Feng
Published: May 2015

Trigonal bipyramidal {Fe(NO)}7 complex [(NO)Fe(SC9H6N)2] (2) with NO ligand occupying equatorial position, obtained from nitrosylation of complex [(Cl)Fe(SC9H6N)2]− (1) accompanied by elimination of [Cl]−, was characterized by IR, UV‐Vis, EPR, SQUID and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compared to the S = 3/2 ground state displayed by the trigonal bipyramidal complex [Et4N][(ON)Fe(N‐(CH2CH2S)3)], the chelating ligands ([SC9H6N]−) play a key role in modulating the position of exogenous NO ligand and controlling the spin state of complex 2 (S = 1/2). In contrast to nitrosylation of [Fe(NO)(SPh)3]− MNIC yielding [Fe(NO)2(SPh)2]− DNIC, the inertness of complex 2 toward NO(g) was observed. Reaction of [NO][BF4] and complex 2 in a 1:1 stoichiometry led to the formation of homodinuclear {Fe(NO)}7‐{Fe(NO)}9 complex [(ON)Fe(‐SC9H6N)2Fe(NO)2][BF4] (3) characterized by IR, UV‐vis, 1H NMR and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Antiferromagnetic coupling between the S = 1/2 {Fe(NO)}7 [S2Fe(NO)2] core and the S = 1/2 {Fe(NO)}7 [(NO)FeS2N2] core may account for the diamagnetism and the EPR silence of complex 3. This study provides the evidence that the geometric and electronic structures of {Fe(NO)}7 MNICs modulated by the coordination environment of iron center determines the nitrosylation products.
Crystal Structure and Phase Transitions of Gd(CO3)OH Studied by Synchrotron Powder Diffraction
Authors: Sheu Hwo‐Shuenn , Shih Wei‐Ju , Chuang Wei‐Tsung , Li I‐Fang , Yeh Chen‐Sheng
Published: May 2015

The crystal structure of Gd(CO3)OH was solved using synchrotron powder X‐ray diffraction. Gd(CO3)OH was known to exist in a form Gd2O(CO3)2·H2O and its powder pattern has been listed in JCPDF (#430604) for decades, but the crystal structure has not yet been elucidated. The crystal structure is solved with simulated annealing and the DASH program. The final Rietveld refinement converged to Rwp =6.28%, Rp = 4.47%and χ2 = 1.348, using the GSAS program. Gd(CO3)OH crystallizes in orthorhombic system with lattice parameters a = 7.08109(9), b = 4.88436(7), c = 8.45010(13)Å and space group P nma. Gd(CO3)OH forms a three‐dimensional framework with an eight‐membered ring, a one‐dimensional channel and OH− in the cavity. XANES of Gd LIII‐edge indicates that the oxidation state of Gd is 3+. Two phase transitions of Gd(CO3)OH were found at 500 and 650 °C to yield Gd2O2CO3 and Gd2O3 respectively.
Assembly Characteristics of Gold Nanoparticles and Nanorods in Ionic Surfactant Solutions
Authors: Tu Kuan‐Ju , Chen Shih‐Yeh , Deng Jin‐Pei
Published: May 2015

Gold nanoparticles (NPs) and nanorods (NRs) were synthesized by chemical reduction in the aqueous micellar solution of ionic surfactants. Their surfaces were subsequently modified by cysteine. In the cationic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution, the linear cross‐assembly of gold NRs with NPs in alternate order was observed and could be related to the size‐dependent densities of their surface charges. The irregular aggregation of gold NRs (and NPs) appeared in the anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) showed that cysteine‐binding gold NRs resulted in the decrease of their negative surface charge in the SDS solution. Experimental results indicated that the ionic surfactant which stabilized both gold NPs and NRs has the extraordinary effect on not only the location of the surface modification but also the interaction of the assembly for these NPs and NRs. Mechanism on the assembly of gold NPs and NRs in the ionic solutions will be discussed.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Complexes Copper(II) and Silver(I) with 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole‐Based Ligands
Authors: Zhang Qin , Zhang Jian‐Bin , Cao Ling‐Hua , Li Yan‐Ping , Wang Duo‐Zhi
Published: May 2015

Two novel metal‐organic coordination complexes of copper(II) and silver(I) with 1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐based ligands HL1 [N‐(5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐pyridinecarboxamide] and H2L2 [2,5‐dipropanoylamino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole] have been synthesized in diffusion conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The X‐ray crystal structural determinations show that complex [Cu2(L1)2(BF4)(OH)]∞ (1) is a three‐dimensional (3‐D) framework containing channels along the c axis, and the channels' inner surface decorated by S atom. Complex [Ag2(H2L2)2(HL2)(PF6)]∞ (2) shows a one‐dimensional chain comprising two five‐coordinated silver centers which form dinuclear structure units. The AgṁṁṁAg weak interactions were observed between the two non‐bonding silver atoms in the dinuclear unit.
Carbazole Containing Ru‐based Photo‐sensitizer for Dye‐sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Wu Shi‐Jhang , Chen Chia‐Yuan , Li Jheng‐Ying , Chen Jian‐Ging , Lee Kun‐Mu , Ho Kuo‐Chuan , Wut Chun‐Guey
Published: May 2015

Dye‐sensitized Solar Cell (DSC) is a new generation solar cell with promising for low cost clear renewable energy. Ruthenium complexes were the best sensitizers amongst all types of molecules used for DSC. Molecular design of ruthenium complex for high efficiency DSC is an active research area. A heteroleptic ruthenium complex, coded CYC‐B6S, which incorporating an antenna carbazole moiety in the ancillary ligand was used as a typical example to demonstrate the strategy of molecular design. CYC‐B6S exhibits the lower energy MLCT band centered at 548 nm with a molar absorption coefficient of 1.61 × 104 M−1 cm−1. Solution state cell based on CYC‐B6S show a conversion efficiency of 9.72%. 3.5% was achieved with all‐solid state device based on CYC‐B6S. Flexible DSCs sensitized with CYC‐B6S has an efficiency of 3.8% at TiO2 thickness as small as 6.0 μm.
The Preparation of Composite TiO2 Electrodes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Su Chao‐Chin , Hung Wei‐Cheng , Lin Chin‐Jung , Chien Shu‐Hua
Published: May 2015

In this work, the 1D titania nanorods (Tnr) were successfully prepared from commercial Degussa P25 powders (DP25) by alkaline hydrothermal method and applied to fabricate the composite TiO2 photoanodes for DSSCs. The morphology of the obtained 1D titania nanomaterials is controllable and is dependent on the post heat treatment. Anatase Tnr (a‐Tnr) with diameters of 50‐200 nm and lengths of several hundreds nanomaters was obtained after calcination at 600 °C. The BET surface area was 20 m2/g. For DSSCs study, the composite TiO2 pastes with a range of DP25/Tnr weight ratio were used for photoanodes. It was found that by adding the Tnr, the photoconversion efficiency (η) increases, yet, due to the lower surface area of a‐Tnr, the DSSC efficiency is deteriorated for higher Tnr content. The DSSC performance also largely depends on the thickness of composite TiO2 films. The best efficiency of ∼7.56% (Voc = 0.81V, Jsc = 14.9 mA/cm2, FF = 0.63) was achieved for the D80a20 sample (80% DP25, 20% Tnr) with film thickness of 20 μm. To realize the electron transport properties of composite film, the DSSCs were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the electron transport efficiency is affected by the morphology and composition of the composite TiO2 electrodes.
Morphologic Characterization of Anodic Titania Nanotube Arrays for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Lu‐Lin , Tsai Chiau‐Yiag , Wu Hui‐Ping , Chen Chien‐Chon , Diau Eric Wei‐Guang
Published: May 2015

We report morphologic characterization of the anodic titanium oxide (ATO) films with highly‐ordered titania (TiO2) nanotube (NT) arrays grown perpendicularly to a titanium (Ti) foil. The length of the ATO arrays was controlled by various electrolytes and anodic periods at a constant applied voltage. In order to enhance the pathways for electron percolation, the ATO film was annealed in an air furnace, forming anatase TiO2. After TiCl4 post‐treatment to enhance the ruthenium‐based dye loading on the ATO surface, the optimized ATO arrays were used as a photoanode in a dye‐sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The best performance of the NT‐DSSC device was achieved with a NH4F‐based ATO film at length of 15 μm, giving JSC =12.15 mA cm−2, VOC = 0.74 V, FF = 0.69, and η = 6.2% under backside illumination.
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Heteroleptic Ruthenium Complexes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Wei‐Kai , Lan Chi‐Ming , Liu Yu‐Sin , Lee Pei‐Heng , Chang Shu‐Mei , Diau Eric Wei‐Guang
Published: May 2015

We report three novel heteroleptic ruthenium complexes, RD1: Ru[(dcbpy)(1‐methyl‐2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1H‐benzimidazole)(NCS)2, RD2: Ru [(dcbpy) (2‐(pyridine‐2‐yl) benzothiazole) (NCS)2, and RD3: Ru[(dcbpy)(2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl) benzoxazole) (NCS)2, for dye‐sensitized solar cell applications. We found that RD1 exhibits a dye loading amount two times higher than that of N719, which gives a broad IPCE action spectrum for the spectral response beyond 800 nm. This series of dyes can be easily synthesized in three steps with the best dye (RD1) reaching 80% cell performance of N719.
Flexible TiO2 Working Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yen Wen‐Hsiang , Hsieh Chi‐Chuan , Hung Chuan‐Ya , Wang Hong‐Wen , Tsui Meng‐Chin
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we have developed a low temperature process for the flexible dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using commercially available TiO2 nanoparticles (P25 and P90). The connection between TiO2 nanoparticles was achieved by a low‐temperature sol‐gel processing of titanium isopropoxide (TTIP) and H2O2. TiO2 film was formed on a conductive indium‐tin oxide ITO‐coated polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) plastic sheet by the doctor‐blade coating. A binder‐free paste consisting of the sol‐gel derived nanocrystalline TiO2 as the interparticle binding agent served as a connection media among P25/P90 particles. TiO2‐coated ITO‐PEN electrodes were dye‐sensitized with Ru‐based bipyridyl complexes to construct the photoanodes for the plastic dye‐sensitized solar cells. A flexible solar cell with optimized TiO2 films and the iodide/triiodide‐based electrolyte yielded a conversion efficiency of 3.10% for an incident solar energy of 100 mW/cm2.
Electro‐Optical Properties of Photovoltaic Cells Based on P3OT‐Liquid‐Crystal and P3OT‐Nanomaterial Blends
Authors: Chen Wei‐Hsin , Lee Tsung‐Hsien , Su Mu‐Ting , Lee Wei
Published: May 2015

An increase in power conversion efficiency in poly(3‐octyl‐thiophene) has been demonstrated using a eutectic nematic liquid‐crystal mixture as an additive under green‐light illumination of wavelength of 514.5 nm and power of 4 mW. Although other nanomaterials, including single‐walled carbon nanotubes and buckministerfullerene (C60), are also investigated as the acceptors in the conjugated polymer, experimental results show that the ordered mesogenic dopant leads to notably superior electro‐optical properties among the acceptor substances exploited in this work, yielding higher photocurrent and power conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cells. The possible reason behind this finding is that the nematic liquid‐crystal molecules with a certain degree of orientational order may help induce self‐alignment of the polymeric macromolecules and further improve charge‐carrier transport in the active layer. The promising photovoltaic characteristics of the P3OT‐nematic blend render it as one of the potential candidates of alternative energy sources in the future.
Micro‐TiO2 Particles Synthesis by a Novel Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet
Authors: Huang Chun , Chang Ya‐Chi , Wu Shin‐Yi
Published: May 2015

A novel atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) was used to deposit titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in this investigation. This was achieved by controlling the operating parameters in a low temperature, capacitive radio frequency plasma jet in which titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursor was vaporized with an argon/oxygen carrier gas, and then exposed to ambient air. The influence of plasma power and oxygen gas flow rate which result in control of surface morphology, microstructure, and chemical composition has been investigated. The chemical composition of the APP synthesized particles of TiO2 was studied with Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis; whereas the particle morphology was investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The APPJ synthesized particles of TiO2 were highly uniform and adjustable in size. The titanium‐based particle sizes ranged from 2 to 10 μm, and they depended on the precursor ratio of TTIP/O2 APP deposited particles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) which has a potential application as hole‐transport materials in dye‐sensitized‐solar‐cells.
Functionalized Ionic Liquid Promoted Aza‐Michael Addition of Aromatic Amines
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Bing , Lu Ming , Lu Ting‐Ting , Gu Guo‐Liang
Published: May 2015

A functionalized ionic liquid, 3‐(N,N‐dimethyldodecylammonium) propanesulfonic acid hydrogen sulphate ([DDPA][HSO4]) has been used as catalyst for the aza‐Michael reactions of aromatic amines with α,β‐unsaturated compounds at room temperature to produce β‐amino compounds in good yields. The catalyst can be reused for several times without obvious loss of the catalytic activity.
Study of the Natural Product Intermediates of Steviolbioside, Steviol, and Isosteviol; O‐ and N‐Acylated Forms of Benzotriazoyl Esters
Authors: Lee Lin‐Wen , Chen Shih‐Ming , Lin Chiung‐Chang , Sheu Shiow‐Yunn , Lin Pen‐Yuan
Published: May 2015

Glycosides, steviolside, and rubaudioside A, which are extracted from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana, can be used as sweetener for food additive. Intermediates of steviolbioside, steviol, and isosteviol are very stable compounds obtained from benzotriazol‐1‐yloxtri(pyrrolidinol)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. They are suitable to be used in amide and amide dimer synthesis. These nature product intermediates possess special characteristics. The spectra data showed two tautomeric groups: an ester form and an amide form. Their nuclear magnetic resonance, mass and chromatographic/mass/mass spectra were examined.
Direct Cu‐Catalyzed Allylic Acetoxylation of Δ5‐Steroids at 7‐Position
Authors: Rahman Faiz Ur , Rahman Ata Ur , Tan Tian‐Wei
Published: May 2015

The efficiency and selectivity of Cu‐catalyzed allylic acetoxylation of alkene in different solvent systems is improved by the presence of different metallic salts in the reaction medium. The methodology is particularly well employed for the direct allylic acetoxylation of Δ5‐steroids at 7‐position, for which the resulting acetoxylated product obtained was exclusively α‐isomer. Excellent yield was achieved (up to 90%) under optimized conditions, while significantly reducing the costs and environmental hazards and increasing the yield as compared to the other previously reported methods.
Preparation and Evaluation of a Molecular Recognition Bionic Solid Phase Extraction Column for Separation of Glucosides
Authors: Tang Ping‐Ping , Cai Ji‐Bao , Gao Yun , Su Qing‐De
Published: May 2015

A molecular recognition bionic solid phase extraction (SPE) column for separation of glucosides has been prepared using a positively charged β‐glucosylamidine as the ligand in which a glycon moiety is connected via an N‐glycoside linkage. β‐Glucosylamidine, highly potent and selective inhibitors of β‐glycosidase, is immobilized through a one‐step synthesize procedure involving the addition of β‐glucosylamine and 2‐iminothiolane. HCl simultaneously to a matrix modified with maleimido groups via an appropriate spacer to give a molecular recognition absorbent for β‐glucosides. N‐octyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and β‐D‐galactopyranoside or α‐D‐mannopyranoside was directly chromatographed through the bionic chromatographic column, resulting in a much stronger retention of β‐D‐glucopyranoside than β‐D‐galactopyranoside and α‐D‐mannopyranoside. The retained glucopyranoside could only be eluted by glucose solution. This indicates that the binding of the glucoside was of specific nature that corresponds to the glycon substrate specificity of the glucoside. The ease of preparation and the selective nature of the molecular recognition bionic chromatography should promise a large‐scale preparation of the molecular recognition adsorbent for the purification and removal of glucosides according to their glycon substrate specificity.
Exploration of Linear and Nonlinear Modeling Techniques to Predict of Retention Index of Essential Oils
Authors: Noorizadeh Hadi , Farmany Abbas
Published: May 2015

The essential oils are widely used in pharmaceutical, cosmetic and perfume industry, and for flavouring and preservation of several food products. GC and GC‐MS is one of the most powerful tools in analytical volatile compound (such as essential oils). Genetic algorithm and multiple linear regression (GA‐MLR), partial least square (GA‐PLS), kernel PLS (GA‐KPLS) and Levenberg‐Marquardt artificial neural network (L‐M ANN) techniques were used to investigate the correlation between retention index (RI) and descriptors for 113 diverse compounds in essential oils of four Teucrium species which obtained by GC and GC‐MS. Five simple one‐ and two‐dimensional descriptors were selected by GA‐KPLS and considered as input for developing L‐M ANN. The applied internal (leave‐group‐out cross validation (LGO‐CV)) and external (test set) validation methods were used for the predictive power of four models. The correlation coefficient LGO‐CV (Q2) between experimental and predicted RI for training and test sets by GA‐MLR, GA‐PLS, GA‐KPLS and L‐M ANN was 0.91, 0.92, 0.96 and 0.99 (for 88 compounds), 0.88, 0.91, 0.94 and 0.97 (for 25 compounds), respectively. This indicates that L‐M ANN can be used as an alternative modeling tool for quantitative structure‐property/retention relationship (QSPR/QSRR) studies. This is the first research on the QSRR of the essential oil compounds against the RI using the GA‐KPLS and L‐M ANN.
Simultaneous Determination of Ceftriaxone Sodium and Non Steroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs in Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Serum by RP‐HPLC
Authors: Sultana Najma , Arayne M. Saeed , Shahzad Waseem
Published: May 2015

An accurate, sensitive and least time consuming reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP‐HPLC) method for the estimation of ceftriaxone in the presence of non steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in formulation and human serum has been developed and validated. Chromatographic separation was conducted on prepacked Purospher Star, C18 (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) column at room temperature using methanol:water:acetonitrile (80:15:5 v/v/v) as a mobile phase, pH adjusted at 2.8 with ortho‐phosphoric acid and at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute, while UV detection was performed at 270 nm. The results obtained showed a good agreement with the declared content. The method shows good linearity in the range of 2.5‐25 μg/mL ceftriaxone serum concentrations with a correlation coefficient 0.999 (inter‐ and intra‐day RSD < 2.0%). The limit of detection and quantification for ceftriaxone and NSAID's in pharmaceutical formulation and serum were in the range 0.51‐1.54 μg/mL. Analytical recovery was >98.1%. The proposed method may be used for the quantitative analysis of commonly administered non steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs i.e. tiaprofenic acid, naproxen sodium, flurbiprofen, diclofenac acid and mefenamic acid alone or in combination with ceftriaxone from raw materials, dosage formulations and in serum. The established HPLC method is rapid, accurate and selective, because of its sensitivity and reproducibility.
Isolated BMI+ Cations are More than Isolated PF6− Anions in the Room Temperature 1‐Butyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate (BMI‐PF6) Ionic Liquid
Authors: Chen Wei‐Ting , Hsu Wen‐Yi , Lin Mei‐Yi , Tai Chia‐Cheng , Wang Shao‐Pin , Sun I‐Wen
Published: May 2015

Assuming various ionic states in ionic liquids (ILs) are in equilibrium with exchange rates too high to be distinguished by NMR experiments and the overall response of measured diffusivity is viewed as the sum of weighted responses of diffusivity of all possible components, the ratio of cation diffusivity to anion diffusivity, D+/D−, in a specified IL affords the physical meaning: relative association degrees observed by anion‐containing components to cation‐containing components. These values decrease with increasing temperature showing the equilibrium between ionic states shifting to smaller components. In the neat 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI‐PF6), (BMI‐PF6)nPF6− anions are found preferred to (BMI‐PF6)nBMI+ cations and this phenomenon is termed as hyper anion preference (HAP). The counterpart statement, “isolated BMI+Cations Are More than Isolated PF6− Anions in the Room Temperature in the BMI‐PF6 Ionic Liquid” is employed as the research title. The HAP approach can be employed to explain the temperature‐dependent values of D+/D− obtained for BMI‐PF6/2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (TFE) mixtures at two different compositions (χTFE = 0.65 and 0.80). More significantly, this argument can rationalize numerous physical properties published for this IL: (1) higher sensitive of anionic diffusivity towards temperatures than cationic diffusivity, (2) temperature‐dependent cationic transference number, (3) low anionic donicity and high ionicity and (4) high viscosity.
Xanthan Sulfuric Acid as an Efficient Biodegradable and Recyclable Catalyst for the One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates
Authors: Sun Guo‐Ying , Hou Jun‐Tao , Dou Jing‐Jie , Lu Jun , Hou Yong‐Jie , Xue Tuo , Zhang Zhan‐Hui
Published: May 2015

A convenient and efficient procedure for the synthesis of α‐amino phosphonates by a one‐pot, three‐component condensation of aldehydes, amine, and diethyl phosphite in the presence of xanthan sulfuric acid as a bio‐supported catalyst under solvent‐free conditions has been developed. A wide range of α‐amino phosphonates have been obtained in high to excellent yields. Furthermore, the catalyst can be recovered simply and reused several times in subsequent reactions.
Synthesis, Antiproliferative, and Antiplatelet Activities of Oxime‐Containing 3,4‐Dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐One Derivatives
Authors: Chen Li‐Chai , Chen I‐Li , Huang Chih‐Chiang , Liao Chang‐Hui , Chen Jhy‐Yih , Wang Tai‐Chi
Published: May 2015

Some oxime‐containing 3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiplatelet and antiproliferative activities. These compounds were synthesized via alkylation of hydroxyl precursors followed by the reaction with NH2OH. The preliminary assays indicated that (Z)‐7‐[2‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐(hydroxyimino)ethoxy]‐3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐one (13c) is the most active against U46619 induced platelet aggregation with an IC50 value of 3.51 μM. For the inhibition of AA‐induced aggregation, (E)‐6‐[2‐(hydroxyimino)propoxy]‐3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐one (15) is the most potent with an IC50 value of 1.85 μM. These oxime‐containing 3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives were inactive against thrombin induced platelet aggregation with an IC50 value of greater than 26.78 μM. For the antiproliferative activity, most of these oxime‐containing 3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives were inactive while (Z)‐7‐[2‐(hydroxyimino)‐2‐(naphthalen‐2‐yl)ethoxy]‐3,4‐dihydroquinolin‐2(1H)‐one (13a) exhibited only marginal activities with GI50 value of 7.63, 7.34 and 6.36 μM against the growth of NPC‐TW01, NCI‐H661, and Jurkat respectively.
Synthesis of 2H‐Indazolo[2,1‐b]Phthalazine‐1,6,11(13H)‐Trione Derivatives Using Wet Cyanuric Chloride under Solvent‐Free Condition
Authors: Wang Xiao , Ma Wei‐Wei , Wu Li‐Qiang , Yan Fu‐Lin
Published: May 2015

A simple and facile synthesis of 2H‐indazolo[2,1‐b]phthalazine‐1,6,11(13H)‐trione derivatives has been accomplished by a three‐component condensation reaction of dimedone, aromatic aldehydes and phthalhydrazide under solvent‐free conditions in the presence of wet cyanuric chloride as a catalyst.
Combination of Dispersive Liquid‐Liquid Microextraction with Flame Atomic Absorption for Determination of Trace Ni and Co in Water Samples and Vitamin B12
Authors: Sorouraddin Mohammad‐Hossein , Khoshmaram Leila
Published: May 2015

A dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction method based on the dispersion of 1,2‐dichlorobenzene as an extraction solvent into an aqueous phase in the presence of ethanol as a dispersive solvent for the preconcentration of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions is discussed. 1‐Nitroso 2‐naphtol was used as a chelating agent prior to the extraction and the preconcentrated analyte was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of various experimental parameters including the extraction and dispersive solvent type and volume, pH, amount of the chelating agent, etc. on the microextraction and complex formation was investigated for finding the optimum conditions. The enhancement factors were about 61.9 and 51.8, the calibration graphs were linear in the range of 10‐150 μgL−1 and 10‐250 μgL−1 with detection limits of 2.42 μgL−1 and 1.59 μgL−1, and RSD (n = 5) of 3.08% and 2.17% for cobalt and nickel, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Co and Ni in water and vitamin B12.
Human papillomavirus mRNA testing for the detection of anal high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in men who have sex with men infected with HIV
Authors: Sendagorta Elena , Romero Maria P. , Bernardino Jose I. , Beato María J. , Alvarez‐Gallego Mario , Herranz Pedro
Published: May 2015

Currently, screening for anal high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (anal HSIL) relies on anal cytology and high‐resolution anoscopy. Since this approach has limited sensitivity and specificity for detecting anal HSIL, there is increasing interest in the role of biomarkers for predicting anal HSIL. The aim of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HPV E6/E7‐mRNA expression for the detection of anal HSIL in MSM infected with HIV, in comparison to DNA‐HR‐HPV and anal cytology. This cross‐sectional screening study included 101 MSM followed at the HIV‐unit of La Paz University Hospital. Intra‐anal swabs from patients participating in a screening program including cytology, high‐resolution anoscopy and histology were analyzed. HR‐HPV‐DNA detection was performed by means of the CLART® HPV2 assay (GENOMICA S.A.U., Madrid, Spain). E6/E7‐mRNA detection of HR‐HPV‐types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 45 was performed using the NucliSENS‐EasyQ assay (BioMérieux, Marcy ĺEtoile, France). HR‐HPV DNA and HPVE6/E7 mRNA were detected in 82% and 57% of the anal smears respectively. Anal cytology screening was abnormal in 70.3%. For the detection of HSIL sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 71.7%, 55.6%, 57.9%, and 69.8% for E6/E7‐mRNA testing, respectively, compared to 100%, 31.5%, 55.4%, and 100% for HR‐HPV‐DNA testing and to 83%, 40.7%, 54.9%, 73.3% of cytology testing. In comparison with the other tests, HPVE6/E7 mRNA testing yielded a lower clinical sensitivity but a higher clinical specificity and PPV for the detection of anal HSIL in MSM infected with HIV. J. Med. Virol. 87:1397–1403, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Geographic Information System (GIS) Analysis of Impacts in the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) of a Mediterranean Resort
Authors: Garcia‐Ayllon Salvador
Published: May 2015

Tourism in Spain has evolved from being a residual sector in the economy during the 1950s to become at present the main source of wealth in the country. The Spanish Law of Centres and National Tourist Interest Areas of 1963 created numerous new resorts on the coast whose life cycle is now over 50 years. On the Mediterranean coast, urban development and tourism model processes have been developed with major feedback to each other. In this context, it is particularly interesting to evaluate the results obtained since the decade of the 1960s in order to achieve sustainable tourism.

This paper analyses a paradigmatic case study located on the Spanish Mediterranean coast. A diagnosis that explains the evolution of the life cycle tourist destination as a consumer product is carried out using geographic information system analysis of the urban plot. The mutation of the target customer, the real estate overcrowding, or the seasonality of demand will be the variables to be evaluated in order to assess the final return of the managed product. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constrained evolution processes and emergence of organized diversity
Authors: Sanchez‐Palencia E. , Françoise J.‐P.
Published: May 2015

In a previous work on perturbation theory in population dynamics, we showed several plausible situations of preservation of the biodiversity. We give now an improved version of the method exhibiting a phenomenon of emergence of structured diversity. We display several (plausible in ethological or sociological contexts) examples of small modifications of the demographic equations that are emergent, that is, they lead to a limit state (the attractor) where the ‘spectators’ (i.e. to the individuals not concerned with the modification) vanish. In other words, even if the modification involves only a small number of individuals initially, the final pattern involves all the individuals. This behavior is easily understood in cases when the modification is concerned with some kind of symbiotic behavior, as it induces an advantage with respect to the ‘spectators’. But the phenomenon is very much general; we give examples of emergence in other contexts, involving predator/pray relations or other entangled relations, including an experimentally known example of subspecies of Escherichia coli. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of a non‐selective harvesting predator–prey model with Hassell–Varley type functional response and impulsive effects
Authors: Li Yaqin , Huang Shoude , Zhang Tianwei
Published: May 2015

This paper is concerned with a non‐selective harvesting predator–prey model with Hassell–Varley type functional response and impulsive effects. By using the fixed point theory based on monotone operator, some simple conditions are obtained for the existence of at least one positive periodic solution of the model. The existence result of this paper implies that the functional response on prey does not influence the existence of positive periodic solution of the model, which completes some results given in recent years. Further, by applying the comparison theorem in impulsive differential equations and constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional, the permanence and global attractivity of the model are also investigated. The main results in this paper extend, complement, and improve the previously known result. And some examples and numerical simulations are given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the main results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Existence and compactness of solutions to impulsive differential equations with nonlocal conditions
Authors: Chang Jung‐Chan
Published: May 2015

The new type of nonlinear integral inequalities of Volterra–Fredholm type for discontinuous functions is investigated. Then, by using these inequalities and Schaefer fixed‐point theorem, we present new existence results for impulsive semilinear differential equations with nonlocal conditions. Moreover, the compactness of solution sets can be shown in some certain conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐dependent operators on some non‐orientable projective orbifolds
Authors: Kraußhar R. S. , Rodrigues M. M. , Vieira N.
Published: May 2015

G. R. Franssens In this paper, we present an explicit construction for the fundamental solution of the heat operator, the Schrödinger operator, and related first‐order parabolic Dirac operators on a class of some conformally flat non‐orientable orbifolds. More concretely, we treat a class of projective cylinders and tori where we can study parabolic monogenic sections with values in different pin bundles. We present integral representation formulas together with some elementary tools of harmonic analysis that enable us to solve boundary value problems on these orbifolds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A clinical perspective on the analysis and presentation of the number of incontinence episodes following treatment for OAB
Authors: Martina Reynaldo , Kay Richard , Abrams Paul , van Maanen Robert , Ridder Arwin
Published: May 2015

Aims

To provide a clinical view and interpretation on the methods for analysis of incontinence in patients with overactive bladder.

Methods

Results are analyzed using the total number of incontinence episodes in a 3‐day diary period, using fixed and random effect Poisson regression models to calculate ratio of event rates and 95% confidence interval (CI) together with P‐values and are compared with the analysis of the mean number of incontinence episodes/24 hr using analysis of covariance models to calculate P‐values and 95% CI for the difference between treatments.

Results

Using random effects Poisson regression models demonstrated that the number of incontinence episodes was reduced by 26% more with mirabegron 50 mg than with placebo. For solifenacin 5 and 10 mg, treatment resulted in a 43% (41%) greater decrease in the number of incontinence episodes compared with placebo.

Conclusion

Instead of providing a fixed number of incontinence episodes/24 hr that reflects the mean effect, the estimate using Poisson methodology provides an efficacy estimate that can be interpreted in the context of, and relative to, the patient's baseline (severity). Using the total number of incontinence episodes in the diary period, and expressing this as percent decrease in the number of episodes, may be easier to interpret; for example, because this results in a relative measure of effect that provides an alternative understanding of a patient's improvement at end of treatment compared with the comparator arm. Also, it is based on statistical methods that are more suitable for the analysis of count data. Neurourol. Urodynam. 35:728–732, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A stabilized finite element formulation for monolithic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical simulations at finite strain
Authors: Sun WaiChing
Published: May 2015

An adaptively stabilized monolithic finite element model is proposed to simulate the fully coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical behavior of porous media undergoing large deformation. We first formulate a finite‐deformation thermo‐hydro‐mechanics field theory for non‐isothermal porous media. Projection‐based stabilization procedure is derived to eliminate spurious pore pressure and temperature modes due to the lack of the two‐fold inf‐sup condition of the equal‐order finite element. To avoid volumetric locking due to the incompressibility of solid skeleton, we introduce a modified assumed deformation gradient in the formulation for non‐isothermal porous solids. Finally, numerical examples are given to demonstrate the versatility and efficiency of this thermo‐hydro‐mechanical model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The timing of final charitable bequest decisions
Authors: James Russell N. , Baker Christopher
Published: May 2015

Understanding the timing of final charitable bequest decisions permits nonprofits to co‐ordinate their marketing efforts to correspond with donor decision‐making. Using probate data from Australia and longitudinal survey data from the USA, this paper seeks to identify the timing of decisions that resulted in realized charitable bequests. We find evidence that charitable transfers result mostly from decisions that occur during the last 5 years of life and at the oldest ages. Charitable plans made earlier in life are often discarded.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of host brain components that bind to infectious particles in Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Kipkorir Terry , Colangelo Christopher M. , Manuelidis Laura
Published: May 2015

Transmissible encephalopathies (TSEs), such as Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) and scrapie, are caused by infectious agents that provoke strain‐specific patterns of disease. Misfolded host prion protein (PrP‐res amyloid) is believed to be the causal infectious agent. However, particles that are stripped of PrP retain both high infectivity and viral proteins not detectable in uninfected mouse controls. We here detail host proteins bound with FU‐CJD agent infectious brain particles by proteomic analysis. More than 98 proteins were differentially regulated, and 56 FU‐CJD exclusive proteins were revealed after PrP, GFAP, C1q, ApoE, and other late pathologic response proteins were removed. Stripped FU‐CJD particles revealed HSC70 (144× the uninfected control), cyclophilin B, an FU‐CJD exclusive protein required by many viruses, and early endosome‐membrane pathways known to facilitate viral processing, replication, and spread. Synaptosomal elements including synapsin‐2 (at 33×) and AP180 (a major FU‐CJD exclusive protein) paralleled the known ultrastructural location of 25 nm virus‐like TSE particles and infectivity in synapses. Proteins without apparent viral or neurodegenerative links (copine‐3), and others involved in viral‐induced protein misfolding and aggregation, were also identified. Human sCJD brain particles contained 146 exclusive proteins, and heat shock, synaptic, and viral pathways were again prominent, in addition to Alzheimer, Parkinson, and Huntington aggregation proteins. Host proteins that bind TSE infectious particles can prevent host immune recognition and contribute to prolonged cross‐species transmissions (the species barrier). Our infectious particle strategy, which reduces background sequences by >99%, emphasizes host targets for new therapeutic initiatives. Such therapies can simultaneously subvert common pathways of neurodegeneration.
Protein identification and quantification from riverbank grape, Vitis riparia: Comparing SDS‐PAGE and FASP‐GPF techniques for shotgun proteomic analysis
Authors: George Iniga S. , Fennell Anne Y. , Haynes Paul A.
Published: May 2015

Protein sample preparation optimisation is critical for establishing reproducible high throughput proteomic analysis. In this study, two different fractionation sample preparation techniques (in‐gel digestion and in‐solution digestion) for shotgun proteomics were used to quantitatively compare proteins identified in Vitis riparia leaf samples. The total number of proteins and peptides identified were compared between filter aided sample preparation (FASP) coupled with gas phase fractionation (GPF) and SDS‐PAGE methods. There was a 24% increase in the total number of reproducibly identified proteins when FASP‐GPF was used. FASP‐GPF is more reproducible, less expensive and a better method than SDS‐PAGE for shotgun proteomics of grapevine samples as it significantly increases protein identification across biological replicates. Total peptide and protein information from the two fractionation techniques is available in PRIDE with the identifier PXD001399 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001399).
Evaluation of system performance for the BMSat
Authors: He Yizhou , Liu Siyang , Gao Zhen , Cui Gaofeng , Wang Weidong
Published: May 2015

In recent years, geostationary Earth orbit mobile satellite communications has seen rapid development. The satellite/terrestrial integrated communication networks with Long‐Term Evolution technology have become a research emphasis. China proposed the Radio Interface Technology of Broadband Multimedia Satellite (BMSat) as a candidate to be considered as the satellite component of International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced. To show the feasibility of the BMSat system before implementation, this paper presents a complete simulation of the system performance in different communication scenarios and terminal types specified by the International Telecommunication Union. We also provide a corresponding theoretical analysis and simulation data for practical applications and the future research. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fusion: coalesced confidential storage and communication framework for the IoT
Authors: Bagci Ibrahim Ethem , Raza Shahid , Roedig Utz , Voigt Thiemo
Published: May 2015

Comprehensive security mechanisms are required for a successful implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT). Existing solutions focus mainly on securing the communication links between Internet hosts and IoT devices. However, as most IoT devices nowadays provide vast amounts of flash storage space, it is as well required to consider storage security within a comprehensive security framework. Instead of developing independent security solutions for storage and communication, we propose Fusion, a framework that provides coalesced confidential storage and communication. Fusion uses existing secure communication protocols for the IoT such as Internet protocol security (IPsec) and datagram transport layer security (DTLS) and re‐uses the defined communication security mechanisms within the storage component. Thus, trusted mechanisms developed for communication security are extended into the storage space. Notably, this mechanism allows us to transmit requested data directly from the file system without decrypting read data blocks and then re‐encrypting these for transmission. Thus, Fusion provides benefits in terms of processing speed and energy efficiency, which are important aspects for resource‐constrained IoT devices. This paper describes the Fusion architecture and its instantiation for IPsec‐based and DTLS‐based systems. We describe Fusion's implementation and evaluate its storage overheads, communication performance, and energy consumption. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biometric key‐binding using lattice masking†
Authors: Yasuda Masaya , Sugimura Yuka
Published: May 2015

In biometrics, template protection technology aims to protect the confidentiality of a biometric template (i.e., enrolled biometric information) by certain conversion. Here, we focus on the key‐binding approach for template protection. This approach generates a secure template from joint data of a user's specific key with a user's template, and the key can be correctly extracted from the secure template only when a queried biometric feature is close to the plain template. While almost all conventional schemes use the error correcting code technique, we present a new technique based on lattices to give a new key‐binding scheme. Our proposed scheme can provide several requirements (e.g., diversity and revocability) for template protection, which cannot be provided by error correcting code based typical schemes such as the fuzzy commitment and the fuzzy vault. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric divergence over equatorial East Africa and its influence on distribution of rainfall
Authors: Koech Kiprop Vincent
Published: May 2015

Spatial and temporal variability of divergence is analysed over equatorial East Africa. According to the analysis, seasonal march of upper level divergence is bimodal. There is peak upper level divergence during March‐April‐May and October‐November‐December. Analysis of upper level divergence at synoptic hours reveals that peak divergence occurs in the afternoon over the inland areas. Over the coastal areas, peak upper level divergence occurs at night. Spectral analysis results indicate that there is existence of oscillations in upper level divergence. These oscillations vary in terms of their periodicities and the amount of variance that they account for in the observed divergence.