bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A three‐dimensional numerical model investigation of the impact of submerged macrophytes on flow dynamics in a large fluvial lake
Authors: Bulat Maxim , Biron Pascale M. , Lacey Jay R. W. , Botrel Morgan , Hudon Christiane , Maranger Roxane
Published: June 2019

Aquatic plants (macrophytes) are known to affect flow dynamics, contributing to flow resistance. Most studies on flow‐vegetation interactions are performed in laboratory flumes and focus on the flow field around plants, with little research at the level of vegetation patches in large aquatic ecosystems. In most hydrodynamic models, increased drag due to plants is modelled by increasing the Manning's n roughness coefficient.

The objectives of this study were to: (1) develop a three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model (Delft3D) applicable to large water bodies including a novel approach to represent macrophyte resistance (modified k‐ε turbulence closure model); and (2) compare the modelled flow with field measurements for different vegetation configurations and patch arrangements. Work was carried out in Lake Saint‐Pierre, a large fluvial lake of the St Lawrence River in Québec, Canada.

Results showed a marked increase in residence time in the zone affected by macrophytes when using the modified k‐ε turbulence closure model compared to the Manning's n approach, particularly near the bed. An improved agreement with field measured depth‐averaged velocity is obtained with this novel approach (correlation coefficient of 0.80 compared to 0.46 with Manning's n only). In addition, a good fit was obtained between vertical velocity profiles modelled and measured in the macrophyte zone. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the additional drag due to plants was closely associated with plant height, but that plant density played only a minor role in retarding velocities.

These findings indicate that it is possible to accurately quantify both the horizontal and vertical flow modulations resulting from submerged vegetation in large fluvial systems. Considering that the Delft3D model is capable of approximating measured velocity magnitude, preserving the logarithmic shape throughout the water column and reaching near‐zero velocities without increasing the roughness coefficient, we recommend this modelling approach for future research on the impact of macrophytes on flow at the scale of vegetation patches in large water bodies comparable to Lake Saint‐Pierre.
Aquatic insects decline in abundance and occupy low‐quality artificial habitats to survive hydrological droughts
Authors: Deacon Charl , Samways Michael J. , Pryke James S.
Published: June 2019

Hydrological extremes have negative impacts on natural, agricultural, and urban landscapes and place substantial ecological pressure on freshwater habitats. However, the role of artificial freshwater habitats during hydrological drought is poorly understood. Insects make up much of total aquatic fauna and lend themselves to understanding how drought impacts freshwater ecosystems.

Using the Greater Cape Floristic Region as an example of a drought‐prone area, we determined the effects of a severe drought on a subset of insects occupying lentic habitats in terms of their species richness, diversity, and assemblage composition. Here, we: (1) calculated the percentage change in average precipitation between a record dry season and the last consistently wet decade; (2) identified the environmental variables driving aquatic insect species richness, diversity and composition; (3) identified the environmental differences between natural ponds and artificial reservoirs; (4) determined whether artificial reservoirs act as suitable habitats for focal taxa during drought; and (5) compared these results to other, pre‐drought studies.

Environmental variables related to water chemistry and physical characteristics were drivers of species richness, diversity, and composition, yet vegetation cover remained a major driver. In terms of marginal vegetation cover, most artificial reservoirs did not resemble natural ponds, yet overall 38.4% of sampled aquatic insect species were shared between natural ponds and artificial reservoirs. We found some rare endemic species in artificial reservoirs that had never before been recorded in this habitat during wet years. When our drought findings were compared to earlier, wet years, species richness did not change significantly, although abundance was much lower during the drought year.

We postulate that historically, these aquatic insects, which have been through many ecological filters such as drought, must have sought low‐quality habitats to survive water stress periods. Artificial reservoirs, being novel landscape features, cannot fully replace natural ponds, but enable some aquatic insects to survive drought. Artificial reservoirs can be attractive habitats to aquatic insects when they resemble natural ponds, with specific reference to their marginal vegetation characteristics.
Average information residual maximum likelihood in practice
Authors: Gilmour Arthur R.
Published: June 2019

Gilmour, Thompson, and Cullis (Biometrics, 1995, 51, 1440) presented the average information residual maximum likelihood (REML) algorithm for efficient variance parameter estimation in the linear mixed model. That paper dealt specifically with traditional variance component models, but the algorithm was quickly applied to more general models and implemented in several REML packages including ASReml (Gilmour et al., Biometrics, 2015, 51, 1440). This paper outlines the theory with respect to these more general models, describes the main issues encountered in fitting these models and how they have been addressed in the ASReml software. The issues covered are the basics steps in the implementation of the algorithm, keeping parameters within the parameter space, maximizing sparsity, avoiding issues associated with unstructured variance matrices by using the factor‐analytic structure and handling singularities in marker‐based relationship matrices and current work.
Genomic selection in multi‐environment plant breeding trials using a factor analytic linear mixed model
Authors: Tolhurst Daniel J. , Mathews Ky L. , Smith Alison B. , Cullis Brian R.
Published: June 2019

Genomic selection (GS) is a statistical and breeding methodology designed to improve genetic gain. It has proven to be successful in animal breeding; however, key points of difference have not been fully considered in the transfer of GS from animal to plant breeding. In plant breeding, individuals (varieties) are typically evaluated across a number of locations in multiple years (environments) in formally designed comparative experiments, called multi‐environment trials (METs). The design structure of individual trials can be complex and needs to be modelled appropriately. Another key feature of MET data sets is the presence of variety by environment interaction (VEI), that is the differential response of varieties to a change in environment. In this paper, a single‐step factor analytic linear mixed model is developed for plant breeding MET data sets that incorporates molecular marker data, appropriately accommodates non‐genetic sources of variation within trials and models VEI. A recently developed set of selection tools, which are natural derivatives of factor analytic models, are used to facilitate GS for a motivating data set from an Australian plant breeding company. The power and versatility of these tools is demonstrated for the variety by environment and marker by environment effects.
Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes studies (April to October 2018)
Authors: McLean Rachael M. , Petersen Kristina S. , Arcand JoAnne , Malta Daniela , Rae Sarah , Thout Sudhir Raj , Trieu Kathy , Johnson Claire , Campbell Norman R. C.
Published: June 2019

The Science of Salt reviews identify, summarize, and critically appraise published studies on dietary salt and health outcomes according to pre‐specified methods. This review covers the period April 3 to October 30, 2018. Here, nineteen studies that fit pre‐specified criteria for review and summary are included. Three of these, one prospective cohort study, one randomized controlled trial, and a post hoc analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) sodium trial fulfilled the quality criteria for detailed critical appraisal, including risk of bias assessment, and commentary. Two trials demonstrated a positive association between salt intake and blood pressure. In a cohort of older Italians, increased risk of total mortality was observed with salt intake less than ~16 g/d (6300 mg sodium/d) at baseline; no association existed for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) or CVD mortality. The paucity of published studies which met our criteria for methodological quality is of concern.
2019 European guideline on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum
Authors: de Vries H.J.C. , de Barbeyrac B. , de Vrieze N.H.N. , Viset J.D , White J.A. , Vall‐Mayans M. , Unemo M.
Published: June 2019

New or important issues in this updated version of the 2013 European guideline on the management of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV):

Epidemiology

Lymphogranuloma venereum continues to be endemic among European men who have sex with men (MSM) since 2003.

Lymphogranuloma venereum infections in heterosexuals are extremely rare in Europe, and there is no evidence of transmission of LGV in the European heterosexual population.

Aetiology and transmission

Chlamydia trachomatis serovars/genovars L2b and L2 are the causative strains in the majority of cases in Europe.

Clinical features

Among MSM, about 25% of the anorectal LGV infections are asymptomatic.

Genital infections among MSM are rare; the ratio of genital vs. anorectal LGV infections is 1 in 15.

Diagnosis

To diagnose LGV, a sample tested C. trachomatis positive with a commercial nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) platform should be confirmed with an LGV discriminatory NAAT.

Treatment

Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day orally for 21 days is the recommended treatment for LGV.

This same treatment is recommended also in asymptomatic patients and contacts of LGV patients. If another regimen is used, a test of cure (TOC) must be performed.
Prophylactic use of antibiotics in endoscopic injection of tissue adhesive for the elective treatment of gastric varices: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Liu Chengfeng , Ma Lili , Wang Jian , Li Feng , Tseng Yujen , Luo Tiancheng , Zeng Xiaoqing , Chen Shiyao
Published: June 2019

Background

Tissue adhesive injection is the first‐line treatment for gastric varices rebleeding. Available studies are focused on antibiotic usage in emergency endoscopy, while the use of antibiotics in selective endoscopic tissue adhesive treatment remains controversial.

Methods

This is a randomized controlled study conducted in a tertiary referral hospital. Consecutive patients were enrolled from February 16, 2016, to November 19, 2016, and blindly randomized into two treatment groups. Patients in the prophylactic group received 2 g of cefotiam during endoscopic injection of tissue adhesive. All the subjects were observed for rebleeding, fever, and changes in laboratory indicators in hospital and post‐discharge.

Result

One hundred and seven patients who received endoscopic therapy for gastroesophageal varices were included. Fifty‐three patients were allocated to the antibiotic prophylactic group and 54 patients to the on‐demand group. The two groups had similar baseline characteristics. The incidence of fever in hospital was 2/53 (3.8%) vs 9/54 (16.7%) (P = 0.028). Perioperative and postoperative clinical events were significantly lower in the antibiotic prophylactic group (5.7% vs 24.1%, P = 0.018; 7.5% vs 20.4%, P = 0.050). Inflammation indices were elevated on the first day after endoscopic therapy; however, no significant difference was observed between the two groups. The cumulative rebleeding free rate within 2 months was lower in the antibiotic prophylactic group (1.9% vs 9.3%, P = 0.100).

Conclusion

Our study illustrated that prophylactic use of antibiotics in selective endoscopic injection of tissue adhesive reduced the incidence of the total clinical events in perioperative period and had a trend towards lower rebleeding in 2 months.
Coordination of light, circadian clock with temperature: The potential mechanisms regulating chilling tolerance in rice
Authors: Lu Xuedan , Zhou Yan , Fan Fan , Peng JunHua , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2019

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple food crop for over half of the world's population. As a crop species originated from the subtropics, rice production is hampered by chilling stress. The genetic mechanisms of rice responses to chilling stress have attracted much attention, focusing on chilling‐related gene mining and functional analyses. Plants have evolved sophisticated regulatory systems to respond to chilling stress in coordination with light signaling pathway and internal circadian clock. However, in rice, information about light‐signaling pathways and circadian clock regulation and their roles in chilling tolerance remains elusive. Further investigation into the regulatory network of chilling tolerance in rice is needed, as knowledge of the interaction between temperature, light, and circadian clock dynamics is limited. Here, based on phenotypic analysis of transgenic and mutant rice lines, we delineate the relevant genes with important regulatory roles in chilling tolerance. In addition, we discuss the potential coordination mechanism among temperature, light, and circadian clock in regulating chilling response and tolerance of rice, and provide perspectives for the ongoing chilling signaling network research in rice.
The Quiet Progress of the New Eugenics. Ending the Lives of Persons With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities for Reasons of Presumed Poor Quality of Life
Authors: Reinders Johannes , Stainton Tim , Parmenter Trevor R.
Published: June 2019

This paper considers recent developments in terminating human life affected by intellectual and developmental disability. It brings these developments together under the heading of a progressing eugenics. It argues that the acts under discussion are eugenic with regard to their moral justification, even if not in their intention. Terminating human life in contemporary society is aiming at the alleviation of suffering, not the enhancement of the human gene pool. Three distinct cases are traced in the literature: ending the lives of severely disabled prematurely born infants, terminating pregnancies after positive outcomes of genetic screening and testing, and ending the lives of persons with IDD by means of euthanasia. It is shown from the literature that in each of these cases the justifying reason is the prospective judgment of a ‘poor’ quality of life, which ties these acts to the justification of terminating human life within the history of eugenics. The pervasive judgment of poor quality of life is criticized as ignoring alternative views, most of all the views of persons and families directly implicated who do not consider living with IDD identical with a life full of suffering.
Editorial
Authors: Faragher Rhonda , Taggart Laurence
Published: June 2019

This special issue is a contribution to stimulate discussion and debate in the community of scholars in the field of intellectual and developmental disability around the ethical issues of ending the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. It features a stimulus paper and then a series of invited commentaries. An initial, large monograph was shared with a group of scholars, scientists, and researchers in the global community who were invited to provide commentary. The monograph is available on the webpage of the International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disability's Ethics Special Interest Research Group. An abridged version of the monograph is published as the first article in this special issue. In keeping with the process followed by journals such as Lancet and journals of The Royal Society, this paper has not been peer‐reviewed in a blind process. The review is in the commentaries that follow. A range of opinions and perspectives indicate the complexity of this important topic and the critical value of debate and discussion.
Research in the Field of Down Syndrome: Impact, Continuing Need, and Possible Risks from the New Eugenics
Authors: Faragher Rhonda
Published: June 2019

Research in the field of Down syndrome is under threat. There are two issues behind this threat: first availability of research funding could be limited by the perception that Down syndrome has become a rare condition. The second is that some believe the important work on Down syndrome is complete. In this commentary, the implications of the “new eugenics” on Down syndrome research are discussed, through reflecting on the impact of research arising from the 40 year Down Syndrome Research Program at The University of Queensland and other studies. This body of research has led to remarkable improvements in the quality of life of individuals with Down syndrome and those around them. The current context, particularly in the time of widespread availability of prenatal screening, gives a renewed imperative for research to improve the broader understanding of disability in the community enabling informed decisions at critical points in time. There are at least two potential benefits for continuing research on Down syndrome: for the individual and family; and for society in general. When a baby with Down syndrome is conceived, what might have been viewed as a tragedy may be seen very differently by those with lived experience. Understanding that lived experience and sharing the findings is the work of researchers in the field of Down syndrome, and there is much more work to be done.
Linking reliance on deep soil water to resource economy strategies and abundance among coexisting understorey shrub species in subtropical pine plantations
Authors: Jiang Peipei , Wang Huimin , Meinzer Frederick C. , Kou Liang , Dai Xiaoqin , Fu Xiaoli
Published: June 2019

Strategies for deep soil water acquisition (WAdeep) are critical to a species’ adaptation to drought. However, it is unknown howWAdeepdetermines the abundance and resource economy strategies of understorey shrub species.

With data from 13 understorey shrub species in subtropical coniferous plantations, we investigated associations between the magnitude ofWAdeep, the seasonal plasticity ofWAdeep, midday leaf water potential (Ψmd), species abundance and resource economic traits across organs.

Higher capacity forWAdeepwas associated with higher intrinsic water use efficiency, but was not necessary for maintaining higher Ψmdin the dry season nor was it an ubiquitous trait possessed by the most common shrub species. Species with higher seasonal plasticity ofWAdeephad lower wood density, indicating that fast species had higher plasticity in deep soil resource acquisition. However, the magnitude and plasticity ofWAdeepwere not related to shallow fine root economy traits, suggesting independent dimensions of soil resource acquisition between deep and shallow soil.

Our results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which the magnitude and plasticity ofWAdeepinteract with shallow soil and aboveground resource acquisition traits to integrate the whole‐plant economic spectrum and, thus, community assembly processes.
Determinants of change in accelerometer‐assessed sedentary behaviour in children 0 to 6 years of age: A systematic review
Authors: Azevedo Liane B. , van Sluijs Esther M.F. , Moore Helen J. , Hesketh Kathryn
Published: June 2019

Sedentary behaviour tracks from early to middle childhood, suggesting the need to intervene early. The aim of this systematic review was to identify determinants of change in accelerometer‐assessed sedentary behaviour in young children, with a view to informing interventions. Ten electronic databases were searched. Longitudinal and intervention studies were included if they (a) targeted sedentary behaviour in young children (less than of equal to 6 years), (b) assessed change in accelerometer‐assessed sedentary behaviour, and (c) reported on at least one determinant of change in sedentary behaviour. Intervention components were coded according to clusters of behaviour change technique (BCT) (ie, grouping similar BCTs components). Data synthesis was guided by the socioecological model. Sixteen studies (four longitudinal; 12 intervention) met the inclusion criteria. Two (out of five identified determinants) were associated with an increase in sedentary behaviour in longitudinal studies: the after childcare/school period and transition from childcare to school. Three (out of 21 identified determinants) were associated with a decrease in sedentary behaviour in intervention studies: “goals and planning” (ie, “behavioural contract”), “repetition and substitution” (ie, “graded tasks”), and “reward and treat” (ie, “incentives”). The environmental and interpersonal determinants identified in this review may help to inform behavioural strategies, timing, and settings for future interventions.
Interactions between cardiac activity and conscious somatosensory perception
Authors: Motyka Paweł , Grund Martin , Forschack Norman , Al Esra , Villringer Arno , Gaebler Michael
Published: June 2019

Fluctuations in the heart's activity can modulate the access of external stimuli to consciousness. The link between perceptual awareness and cardiac signals has been investigated mainly in the visual and auditory domain. Here, we investigated whether the phase of the cardiac cycle and the prestimulus heart rate influence conscious somatosensory perception. We also tested how conscious detection of somatosensory stimuli affects the heart rate. Electrocardiograms (ECG) of 33 healthy volunteers were recorded while applying near‐threshold electrical pulses at a fixed intensity to the left index finger. Conscious detection was not uniformly distributed across the cardiac cycle but significantly higher in diastole than in systole. We found no evidence that the heart rate before a stimulus influenced its detection, but hits (correctly detected somatosensory stimuli) led to a more pronounced cardiac deceleration than misses. Our findings demonstrate interactions between cardiac activity and conscious somatosensory perception, which highlights the importance of internal bodily states for sensory processing beyond the auditory and visual domain.
Uplift‐driven diversification revealed by the historical biogeography of the cockroachCryptocercusScudder (Blattodea: Cryptocercidae) in eastern Asia
Authors: Che Yanli , Bai Qikun , Deng Wenbo , Liao Shuran , He Jiajun , Ho Simon Y. W. , Wang Zongqing
Published: June 2019

CryptocercusScudder is a genus of wingless cockroaches, which spend their lives feeding within rotting wood in old‐growth montane forests. Their dispersal capability is likely to be limited because they depend on the succession of temperate forests, but their distribution exhibits intercontinental disjunctions. Although the natural history and conservation biology of the North American species of the genus have received much attention, the evolution of the eastern Asian lineages remains enigmatic. To resolve the geographic patterns and evolutionary history ofCryptocercusin eastern Asia, we analysed genetic data of species from China (27 species), Korea (one species) and the Russian Far East (one species). We performed phylogenetic analyses of seven genes to infer the evolutionary relationships among species of AsianCryptocercus. We then used Bayesian molecular dating to estimate the evolutionary timescale of the genus. Ancestral geographic distributions were reconstructed inraspusing statistical dispersal‐vicariance analysis and statistical dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis. Our maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic trees supported four major lineages ofCryptocercus, revealing a clear geographical pattern. The divergence of American and Asian lineages was inferred to have occurred 74.8 Ma (95% credibility interval: 51.1–103.8 Ma), with the diversification of Asian taxa beginning at 30.7 Ma (95% credibility interval: 22.9–40.3 Ma). The most recent common ancestor of AsianCryptocercustaxa was inferred to have had a broad distribution in Asia. The uplift of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau in the Palaeogene and Neogene, along with climatic oscillations in the Quaternary, probably had substantial effects on the formation of the disjunction pattern in theCryptocercuslineages found in the Hengduan Mountains and Qin‐Daba Mountains of China. We propose that the distribution ofCryptocercushas been strongly influenced by habitat fragmentation and subsequent allopatric speciation.
From reading to thinking: Student lines of thought in a seminar on Christianity and colonialism
Authors: Hovland Ingie
Published: June 2019

This article describes a seminar I taught on Christianity and colonialism. I wanted to introduce students to some content while also allowing them to practice some of the expert skills that we use in religious studies, and more specifically in my own sub‐discipline, the anthropology of religion. In particular, I wanted to make more visible some of our practices of critical reading, and how these can feed into practices of complex thinking. However, given the differences between undergraduate and expert practices, what does “critical reading” and “complex thinking” look like in the undergraduate religion classroom? The article presents student readings and lines of thought through the semester, and describes how these undergraduates began to approach complex thinking on the topic of Christianity and colonialism.
Infectivity and stability of hepatitis C virus in different perfusion solutions
Authors: Helfritz Fabian A. , Wanders Verena , Bojkova Denisa , Kuklinski Nina , Westhaus Sandra , Swoboda Sandra , Minor Thomas , Meuleman Philip , Paul Andreas , Steinmann Eike , Ciesek Sandra
Published: June 2019

Background

Owing to organ shortage, transplantation of organs from HCV (hepatitis C virus) viremic donors into HCV negative individuals is getting more and more accepted. However, transmission of HCV to the host is nearly universal. Until now it is unknown if preservation solutions (PS) might alter infectivity and stability of HCV in the transplant setting. Therefore, seven different preservation solutions (PS) with variable composition were tested in vitro for their direct anti‐ and proviral effects on HCV.

Methods

In vitro grown HCV based on the JFH‐1 isolate was used to characterize the effect of seven different PS on the HCV replication cycle including HCV attachment, entry, replication, and assembly. In addition, HCV stability in PS was tested.

Results

Overall, 6/7 PS enhanced HCV infectivity: IGL‐1 increased HCV attachment and entry, UW Belzer and Perfadex boosted HCV entry. Production of novel viral particles was enhanced in HTK, UW Belzer, and IGL‐1. In contrast, viral replication was significantly reduced in HTK solution while all other PS had no effect on HCV RNA replication. HCV was significantly more stable in HTK solution. Euro Collins was the only PS that did not support HCV infectivity in cell culture. None of the used PS showed cytotoxic effects.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that HCV infectivity and stability is maintained by several PS.
An Economic Analysis of Small-Scale Standalone Photovoltaic System with Hydrogen Storage System
Authors: Nordin Nur Dalilah , Abdul Rahman Hasimah
Published: June 2019

This paper proposes design steps in obtaining the optimal size of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system, which is able to meet a predetermined power load requirement. The keys of the system sizing are primarily to satisfy a specific load demand that depends on the power generated from the installed PV system and also to maintain hydrogen storage state of charge. A case study was conducted using Kuala Lumpur's meteorological data and a typical rural area load profile of 2.215 kWh. An economic analysis on the system was performed in order to determine system feasibility. The levelized cost of energy for the proposed system was RM1.98/kWh. However, the results showed that if the same configuration used absorbent glass mat (AGM) battery as the backup power supply, the system cost and levelized cost of energy is lower. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis of the electrolyzer and fuel cell efficiencies towards levelized cost of energy for the proposed system was executed. The result indicates that unless the efficiency of hydrogen storage technologies significantly increases in the future, the system will not be feasible to be implemented in Malaysia.
An Analytical Modeling Approach for Performance Evaluation of Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)
Authors: Salleh Shanti Faridah , Khan Afrasyab , Hipolito Cirilo Nolasco , Kinidi Lennevey , Abang Hardin Dayang Siti Herdawati
Published: June 2019

A coal-fired flue gas contains high concentrations of fine particles which can pose a threat to the environment. In this study, an electrostatic precipitator is used to remove the fine particles of the flue gas from a 100MW coal fired power plant by using a model. A model has been presented to estimate the performance of the wet electrostatic precipitator (WEP) in terms of the number of plates, flow rates and velocity. The equations have been specified for the charging and charge on the single particle of some definite diameter. The effect of the measuring points for the calculation of the effective migration velocities and hence overall performance along with the re-entrainment and gas sneakage have been incorporated. Ranges for the above-mentioned parameters are well defined and it has been observed that after a certain range values across number of plates, velocities and flow rates there is no significant improvement in the performance of the WEP has been calculated.
Monitoring and Visualization of Solar PV Thermal Flow via Interpolation Techniques
Authors: Hafiz Feras A. , Go Y.I. , Tan Rodney H.G. , Alkaff Saqaff A. , Tan T.H. , Yap T.C.
Published: June 2019

Temperature is one of the major factors that affect the efficient of solar panels and temperature profiles on solar panel are required to optimise the performance of solar PV. A method to construct and visualise the thermal profiles of solar panel with minimum temperature measurement is proposed in this work.  Based on nine measured temperature, three different interpolation techniques are used to predict the temperature at 25 points and 81 points. The predicted temperature is then compared with measured temperature from thermal gun. MATLAB is used to reconstruct the thermal image in two different resolution, 17x17 and 33x33. Bilinear interpolation technique and resolution of 33x33 gives the best results and can be applied in industry to predict temperature profile on solar panel with minimum measurement.
Concentrations of Magnesium, Calcium and Potassium in Drinking Water; A Comparison between Tap Water and Bore Water
Authors: Ling Michelle Wang Jing , Anua Siti Marwanis , Mazlan Nurzafirah
Published: June 2019

Minerals content in drinking water are essential for human health. Hence, this cross sectional study aims to determine the concentration of minerals in tap water and bore water consumed among staffs and students of School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Health Campus. Utilising convenience sampling method, 32 respondents were recruited into this study who agreed for home visit and completed the questionnaires. Based on availability of water samples at home (raw, boiled and filtered), 22 tap water and 10 bore water were collected into 200 ml sampling bottle, in triplicate. Concentration of minerals (magnesium, calcium and potassium) in water samples were analysed using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS). There was higher concentration of magnesium, calcium and potassium in tap water compared to bore water but the difference was statistically significance for calcium only (p=0.007). No significant differences were found in all minerals for both tap water and bore water after filtration or boiling. Concentration of minerals from filtered water samples was found to be higher in galvanised steel pipes compared to polyvinyl chloride. In conclusion, water samples provided by respondents were safe for drinking and cooking as the mineral contents for consumption are below the maximum value of Drinking Water Quality Standard.
Amalan Etika Perguruan Berasaskan Pemikiran Imam Abū Ḥanīfah: Suatu Tinjauan terhadap Aplikasi Guru Pendidikan Islam di Selangor (The Application of Ethics Based on Abū Ḥanīfah’s Thought: A Survey among Islamic Education Teachers )
Authors: Mamat Mohd Anuar , Syed Abdul Rahman Syed Mohammad Hilmi , Sa'ari Che Zarrina , Che Seman Azizi , Harun Nur Ulfah
Published: June 2019

The education system today faces many issues and problems which are closely related to the teacher ethics at various levels. Therefore, this article was conducted to assess the application of professional ethics analyzed based on Imam Abū Ḥanīfah among Islamic education teachers in Selangor. There are in total, 263 respondents involved in this study who work as Islamic education teachers in secondary schools around Selangor. A set of questionnaires are used as a research instrument. The data obtained are analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science for Windows Version 22 (SPSS v.22) and are descriptively reported in term of frequency, percentage and mean values. Overall, the result shows that the level of application was high with the mean value is 3.327. This finding shows that Islamic education teachers in Selangor are committed in applying the Ethics of Religious Teachers as according to Imam Abū Ḥanīfah. However, learning and teaching enhancement should be in place in order to sustain these good practices throughout their services.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James
Published: June 2019

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 4 Abdul Azim Akhtar, Independent Academic & Researcher, Delhi, IndiaAntónio Calha, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, PortugalAurora Pestaño, University of San Jose Recoletos (USJR), PhilippinesJesster Pasule Eduardo, Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, PhilippinesJulia M. Mack, Gannon University, USAK.O. Aramide, The Polytechnic Ibadan, NigeriaLaura Diaconu Maxim, "Alexandru Ioan Cuza University" of Iasi, RomaniaMei-Ling Lin, National Open University, TaiwanMohamed Mehdi Jelassi, IHEC Carthage, TunisiaSudershan Pasupuleti, The University of Texas, USA    James YoungEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science StudiesRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
The Importance of Sport in Aging Process
Authors: Göksu Ömer Can , Yüksek Selami , Ayan Vedat , Güler Mehmet Şirin
Published: June 2019

The goal of the current study is to investigate the effects of past and current participation in sport and exercise on physical fitness levels of the elderly.In the current study, the participants were 849 males over the age of 60 who do daily life activities independently and do not have any serious health problems. Participants in the study were divided into 4 groups; those who did sports in their youth and now; (YYOY), those who did sports in theır youth, but now don’t do it now; (YYON), those who didn’t do sports in their youth but now do; (YNOY), and those who have never done any sports; (YNON). A personal information form was used for determine their relationships with sport earlier in life and and now. The protocol of Senior Fitness Test (SFT) consisting of 6 different stations was used to determine of physical fitness levels of participants. The One Way Anova and LSD test was used to analyse variables of differences between groups according to participation in sport early in life and now and the threshold for significance level was 0.05.There was statistically significant differences between physical fitness parameters of the groups “those who did sports in their younth, but now don't" (YYON) and ““Those who didi sports in their youth and now" (YYOY), only. The groups of “those who did sports, but now don't" (YYON) and “have never done sports" (YNON) have the lowest physical fitness levels (p<0,05).Physıcal exercise in terms of sports and exercises have positive effects on physical fitness levels but if the sport is not a life style, physical fitness levels from the exercise will be lost over time. Starting from this point of view, the expression “It doesn't matter what you did yesterday, what you’re doing today matters" is extremely important in relation to exercise and sport.
Toward Future Installations: Mutual Interactions of Short Intakes With Modern High Bypass Fans
Authors: Vadlamani Nagabhushana Rao , Cao Teng , Watson Rob , Tucker Paul G.
Published: June 2019

In this paper, we investigate the coupled interaction between a new short intake design with a modern fan in a high-bypass ratio civil engine, specifically under the off-design condition of high incidence. The interaction is expected to be much more significant than that on a conventional intake. The performance of both the intake-alone and rotor-alone configurations are examined under isolation. Subsequently, a comprehensive understanding on the two-way interaction between intake and fan is presented. This includes the effect of fan on intake angles of attack (AoA) tolerance (FoI) and the effect of circumferential and radial flow distortion induced by the intake on the fan performance (IoF). In the FoI scenario, the rotor effectively redistributes the mass flow at the fan-face. The AoA tolerance of the short-intake design has increased by ≈4 deg when compared with the intake-alone configuration. Dynamic nature of distortion due to shock unsteadiness has been quantified. ST plots and power spectral density (PSD) of pressure fluctuations show the existence of a spectral gap between the shock unsteadiness and blade passing, with almost an order of magnitude difference in the corresponding frequencies. In the IoF scenario, both the “large” (O(360 deg)) and “small” scale distortion (O(10–60 deg)) induced by the intake results in a non-uniform inflow to the rotor. Sector analysis reveals a substantial variation in the local operating condition of the fan as opposed to its steady characteristic. Streamline curvature, upwash, and wake thickening are identified to be the three key factors affecting the fan performance. These underlying mechanisms are discussed in detail to provide further insights into the physical understanding of the fan-intake interaction. In addition to the shock-induced separation on the intake lip, the current study shows that shorter intakes are much more prone to the upwash effect at higher AoA. Insufficient flow straightening along the engine axis is reconfirmed to be one of the limiting factors for the short-intake design.
Thermal Control Strategies for Reliable and Energy-Efficient Data Centers
Authors: Khalid Rehan , Wemhoff Aaron P.
Published: June 2019

Two self-developed control schemes, ON/OFF and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), were applied on a hybrid evaporative and direct expansion (DX)-based model data center cooling system to assess the impact of controls on reliability and energy efficiency. These control schemes can be applied independently or collectively, thereby saving the energy spent on mechanical refrigeration by using airside economization and/or evaporative cooling. Various combinations of system-level controls and component-level controls are compared to a baseline no-controls case. The results show that reliability is consistently met by employing only sophisticated component-level controls. However, the recommended conditions are met approximately 50% of the simulated time by employing system-level controls only (i.e., SCADA) but with a reduction in data center cooling system power usage effectiveness (PUE) values from 3.76 to 1.42. Moreover, the recommended conditions are met at all averaged times with an even lower cooling system PUE of 1.13 by combining system-level controls only (SCADA and ON/OFF controls). Thus, the study introduces a simple method to compare control schemes for reliable and energy-efficient data center operation. The work also highlights a potential source of capital expenses and operating expenses savings for data center owners by switching from expensive built-in component-based controls to inexpensive, yet effective, system-based controls that can easily be imbedded into existing data center infrastructure systems management.
Separated Flow Topology in Compressors
Authors: Taylor James V.
Published: June 2019

When a multistage high-speed compressor is operated away from its design point, extreme incidence is caused in some blade rows. This results in large, localized separations that are three dimensional in nature. In this paper, topological reasoning is used to describe the behavior of these three-dimensional separations. It is shown that two classes of separation exist: one in which the flow progresses from attached to separate in a smooth way and another where there is a discontinuity in the response of the flow topology. It is shown that the global structure of the flow depends on the type of topological response that occurs. When the response is discontinuous, nonaxisymmetric cells of separated blades are formed. When the response is smooth, the resultant separated flow is axisymmetric. The paper is split into two broad sections: The first section presents examples of the two different classes of topological response that can occur in a single blade row, and it also shows how an engineer can achieve a different response by altering the blade design. The second section covers the analysis of a multistage high-speed compressor. The compressor initially presents the discontinuous behavior with rotating cells of separations. It is then redesigned to reduce the severity of the cell behavior or remove it entirely.
An experimental evaluation of the generalized sinusoidal frequency modulated waveform for active sonar systems
Authors: Hague David A. , Buck John R.
Published: June 2019

This paper experimentally evaluates the Generalized Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (GSFM) waveform, a generalization of the Sinusoidal Frequency Modulated (SFM) waveform. The Instantaneous Frequency (IF) of the GSFM resembles the time/voltage characteristic of a Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) chirp waveform. Consequently, the GSFM possesses an Ambiguity Function (AF) that resembles a thumbtack shape. Practical sonar system design must consider two factors beyond the AF. The Spectral Efficiency (SE), defined as the ratio of energy in an operational frequency band to the total waveform energy, is another important metric for waveform design. The Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio (PAPR) quantifies how close the waveform is to constant amplitude. These measures predict a waveform's energy efficiency and ability to be accurately replicated on practical piezoelectric transducers, which have limits on both their bandwidth and maximum transmit power. This paper explores these design considerations for the GSFM waveform and evaluates its performance against a host of other well established waveforms using simulated and experimental acoustic data. The GSFM possesses superior SE, PAPR, and overall energy efficiency when compared to other thumbtack waveforms.
“Where I’m From”: Jay-Z’s “Hip Hop Cosmopolitanism,” Basketball, and the Neoliberal Politics of Urban Space”
Authors: Oates Thomas P.
Published: June 2019

This article examines the articulation of the Black ghetto to authenticity through the involvement of hip hop star Jay-Z in two highly publicized basketball-related ventures during 2003. During that year, Jay-Z organized a team for the Entertainer’s Basketball Classic (EBC) in Harlem’s Rucker Park and joined a team of investors aiming to move the New Jersey Nets to a new arena in Brooklyn. Informed by cultural studies scholarship, the paper explains the context through which basketball and hip hop were articulated with authenticity, and were deployed towards the goal of managing a career transition for Jay-Z, and was also used to gain public support for a controversial proposal to build an arena in the Atlantic Yards area of Brooklyn.
Giant telescope set to rise on hallowed peak in Hawaii
Authors: Clery Daniel
Published: June 2019

Thirty Meter Telescope surmounts last legal hurdle, but protesters plan to disrupt construction.
Unwelcome advice?
Authors: Finkbeiner Ann
Published: June 2019

By doing more than defense, Jason hopes it will live on as an elite government advisory group.
Location-based data raise ethical issues for cultural heritage
Authors: Hoy Anne Q.
Published: June 2019

AAAS issues guidelines for scientists, volunteers, and others increasingly using such data
Giant vortex clusters in a two-dimensional quantum fluid
Authors: Gauthier Guillaume , Reeves Matthew T. , Yu Xiaoquan , Bradley Ashton S. , Baker Mark A. , Bell Thomas A. , Rubinsztein-Dunlop Halina , Davis Matthew J. , Neely Tyler W.
Published: June 2019

Clustering vortices

Many-body systems generally become more disordered as more energy is pumped into them. A curious exception to this rule was predicted in the context of turbulent flow by the physical chemist Lars Onsager. He suggested that the entropy of certain two-dimensional (2D) systems can decrease with increasing energy, corresponding to an effective negative temperature. Using 2D Bose-Einstein condensates of atoms, Gauthier
et al.
and Johnstone
et al.
put Onsager's theory to the test. They provided energy to the system by perturbing the condensate, creating vortices and antivortices. With increasing energy, the system became more ordered as clusters containing either only vortices or only antivortices emerged.

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A liquid-like spindle domain promotes acentrosomal spindle assembly in mammalian oocytes
Authors: So Chun , Seres K. Bianka , Steyer Anna M. , Mönnich Eike , Clift Dean , Pejkovska Anastasija , Möbius Wiebke , Schuh Melina
Published: June 2019

A new phase in egg biology

Chromosome segregation typically requires centrosomes, which generate the microtubule spindle. However, mammalian eggs build a spindle and segregate chromosomes without centrosomes. How acentrosomal spindles are organized has remained elusive. So
et al.
show that centrosomal and microtubule-associated proteins are repurposed into a large “liquid-like meiotic spindle domain” (LISD) in eggs. The domains localized to spindle poles and also extended to the spindle fibers that connect to kinetochores. LISDs formed by phase separation and were required for spindle assembly, serving as reservoirs that locally sequester and mobilize spindle assembly factors within the large egg cytoplasm.

Science
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Bridging functional nanocomposites to robust macroscale devices
Authors: Begley Matthew R. , Gianola Daniel S. , Ray Tyler R.
Published: June 2019

Hierarchical functional nanocomposites

Composite materials are constructed from materials that vary in size. Nanoscale materials have unique properties that may be very useful for developing new types of devices. Begley
et al.
review synthesis and assembly methods for functional nanocomposites with a focus on potential applications. Some challenges include scaling and ensuring mechanical stability. Combining new developments from a range of disciplines will be key for enabling advanced device concepts.

Science
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