bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophage Depletion Ameliorates Glycerol-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice
Authors: Kim Jin H. , Lee Dong-Won , Jung Myeong H. , Cho Hyun-Seop , Jeon Dae-Hong , Chang Se-Ho , Park Dong Jun
Published: December 2014

Background: This study was conducted to elucidate the role of renal macrophages in the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in a glycerol (Gly)-induced rhabdomyolysis mouse model. Methods: The experimental model of rhabdomyolysis requires injecting 50% Gly (10 ml/kg) intramuscularly into mice. Control mice were injected into the tail vein with the liposomal vehicle. Liposome-encapsulated clodronate (LEC)-only mice were injected with LEC. Gly-only mice were injected with Gly into a hind limb. LEC+Gly-treated mice were injected intravenously with 100 µl of LEC 24 h prior to Gly injection. Mice were sacrificed 24 h after Gly injection. Results: Gly injection increased the serum creatinine level, and induced tubular damage. Renal CD45+CD11b+Ly6c+ or CD45+CD11b+Ly6c+F4/80+ macrophages were decreased by pretreatment with LEC in both normal and injured kidneys. Macrophage depletion prevented Gly-induced apoptotic death of tubular epithelial cells by decreasing caspase-9, ERK and p53, while increasing Bcl-2 expression. Expression of the inflammatory mediators NF-κB, MCP-1, ICAM-1, iNOS and COX-2 were also decreased with LEC pretreatment of mice injected with Gly. Conclusion: These results support the hypothesis that depletion of macrophages prevents renal dysfunction by abrogating apoptosis and attenuating inflammation during AKI.
Relationship between HSP70-2 A+1267G Polymorphism and Cardiovascular Events of Chinese Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Poon Peter Yam-Kau , Szeto Cheuk-Chun , Kwan Bonnie Ching-Ha , Chow Kai-Ming , Li Philip Kam-Tao
Published: December 2014

Background: Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are expressed by cells in response to various environmental stresses. A single-nucleotide polymorphism A+1267G of the HSPA1B gene affects the expression of HSP70-2, with the A allele being protective against inflammatory conditions. We investigated the relation between the HSP A+1267G polymorphism and the clinical outcomes of Chinese peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods: We studied 347 new PD cases (181 males, age 56.6 ± 13.7 years). Genotyping was done by standard methods. Patients were followed for 40.5 ± 20.7 months for survival analysis. Results: For the entire cohort, there was no difference in the 5-year survival between genotype groups. However, there was a significant interaction between HSP polymorphism and diabetic status on the cardiovascular event-free survival. In patients without pre-existing diabetes, 5-year cardiovascular event-free survival of the GG/AG genotype group was significantly better than that of the AA genotype group (57.2 vs. 32.1%, p = 0.011). Conclusion: The G allele of the HSP70-2 A+1267G polymorphism confers survival advantages in non-diabetic PD patients. The role of HSP in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in renal failure patients needs further investigation.
Effect of Nocturnal Haemodialysis on Body Composition
Authors: Ipema Karin J.R. , Westerhuis Ralf , van der Schans Cees P. , de Jong Paul E. , Gaillard Carlo A.J.M. , Krijnen Wim P. , Slart Riemer H.J.A. , Franssen Casper F.M.
Published: December 2014

Background: Haemodialysis patients have a high risk of malnutrition which is associated with increased mortality. Nocturnal haemodialysis (NHD) is associated with a significant increase in protein intake compared with conventional haemodialysis (CHD). It is unclear whether this leads to improved nutritional status. Therefore, we studied whether 1 year of NHD is associated with a change in body composition. Methods: Whole-body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and normalised protein catabolic rate (nPCR) were measured in 11 adult patients before and 1 year after the transition from CHD (12 h dialysis/week) to NHD (28-48 h dialysis/week). Similar measurements were performed in a matched control group of 13 patients who stayed on CHD. Differences between groups were analysed with linear mixed models. Results: At baseline, nPCR, total mass, fat-free mass, and fat mass did not differ significantly between the CHD and NHD groups. nPCR increased in the NHD group (from 0.96 ± 0.23 to 1.12 ± 0.20 g/kg/day; p = 0.027) whereas it was stable in the CHD group (0.93 ± 0.21 at baseline and 0.87 ± 0.09 g/kg/day at 1 year, n.s.). The change in nPCR differed significantly between the two groups (p = 0.027). We observed no significant differences in the course of total mass, fat-free mass, and fat mass during the 1-year observation period between the NHD and CHD groups. Conclusions: One year of NHD had no significant effect on body composition in comparison with CHD, despite a significantly higher protein intake in patients on NHD.
Occupational Injuries Prone to Infectious Risks amongst Healthcare Personnel in Kuwait: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Omar Abeer A. , Abdo Naglaa M. , Salama Mona F. , Al-Mousa Haifaa H.
Published: December 2014

Objective: The study aimed at determining the prevalence of incident occupational exposure to blood and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) among healthcare personnel (HCP) during 2010 and at evaluating the factors associated with these incidents. Subjects and Methods: An epidemiological, retrospective, record-based study was conducted. All self-reported incidents of occupational exposure to blood and OPIM among HCP from all healthcare settings of the Kuwait Ministry of Health during 2010 were included. Results: The total number of the exposed HCP was 249. The prevalence of incident exposure was 0.7% of the HCP at risk. Their mean age was 32.31 ± 6.98 years. The majority were nurses: 166 (66.7%), followed by doctors: 35 (14.1%), technicians: 26 (10.4%) and housekeeping personnel: 22 (8.8%). Needle stick injury was the most common type of exposure, in 189 (75.9%), followed by sharp-object injury, mucous-membrane exposure and contact with nonintact skin. The majority of needle stick exposures, i.e. 177 (93.7%), were caused by hollow-bore needles. Exposure to blood represented 96.8%, mostly during drawing blood and the insertion or removal of needles from patients [88 (35.4%)] and when performing surgical interventions [56 (22.6%)]. Easily preventable exposures such as injuries related to 2-handed recapping of needles [24 (9.6%)] and garbage collection [21 (8.4%)] were reported. Exposures mainly occurred in the inpatient wards [75 (30.1%)] and operating theaters [56 (22.6%)]. Among the exposed HCP, 130 (52.2%) had been fully vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Conclusion: Needle stick injuries are the most common exposure among HCP in Kuwait, and nurses are the most frequently involved HCP category. A good proportion of exposures could be easily prevented. HBV vaccination coverage is incomplete.
Subjective Memory Complaints and the Risk of Stroke
Authors: Sajjad Ayesha , Mirza Saira Saeed , Portegies Marileen L.P. , Bos Michiel J. , Hofman Albert , Koudstaal Peter J. , Tiemeier Henning , Ikram M. Arfan
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose—

Persons with cognitive impairment, as assessed by cognitive tests, are at a higher risk of stroke. Subjective memory complaints might be an earlier marker for stroke, especially in persons with higher education. Their cognitive reserve might mask their cognitive impairment during cognitive testing. In a population-based setting, we investigated the association between subjective memory complaints and stroke. We simultaneously investigated the association between Mini-Mental State Examination and stroke. We also assessed whether these associations varied with educational level.

Methods—

9152 participants from the Rotterdam Study (baseline 1990–1993 or 2000–2001) completed the subjective memory complaints questionnaire and underwent Mini-Mental State Examination assessment. Subsequently, the entire cohort was followed for incident stroke until 2012. We used Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the associations between subjective memory complaints and Mini-Mental State Examination, with stroke.

Results—

During a follow-up of 111 593 person years, 1134 strokes were identified, of which 663 were ischemic and 99 hemorrhagic. In the fully adjusted model, presence of subjective memory complaints was independently associated with a higher risk of stroke (hazard ratio, 1.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.39), but a higher Mini-Mental State Examination was not (hazard ratio per point increase, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.95–1.02). The association between subjective memory complaints and risk of stroke was modified by educational level, with a higher risk of stroke in persons with a higher level of education (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.81).

Conclusions—

Subjective memory complaints might be an early indicator of stroke risk, especially in highly educated individuals.
NURR1 Involvement in Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Treatment Complications After Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Merino-Zamorano Cristina , Hernández-Guillamon Mar , Jullienne Amandine , Le Béhot Audrey , Bardou Isabelle , Parés Mireia , Fernández-Cadenas Israel , Giralt Dolors , Carrera Caty , Ribó Marc , Vivien Denis , Ali Carine , Rosell Anna , Montaner Joan
Published: December 2014

Background and Purpose—

Despite the effectiveness of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (r-tPA) during the acute phase of ischemic stroke, the therapy remains limited by a narrow time window and the occurrence of occasional vascular side effects, particularly symptomatic hemorrhages. Our aim was to investigate the mechanisms underlying the endothelial damage resulting from r-tPA treatment in ischemic-like conditions.

Methods—

Microarray analyses were performed on cerebral endothelial cells submitted to r-tPA treatment during oxygen and glucose deprivation to identify novel biomarker candidates. Validation was then performed in vivo in a mouse model of thromboembolic stroke and culminated in an analysis in a clinical cohort of patients with ischemic stroke treated with thrombolysis.

Results—

The transcription factor NURR1 (NR4A2) was identified as a downstream target induced by r-tPA during oxygen and glucose deprivation. Silencing NURR1 expression reversed the endothelial-toxicity induced by the combined stimuli, a protective effect attributable to reduced levels of proinflammatory mediators, such as nuclear factor-kappa-beta 2 (NF-κ-B2), interleukin 1 alpha (IL1α), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3), colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage; CSF2). The detrimental effect of delayed thrombolysis, in conditions in which NURR1 gene expression was enhanced, was confirmed in the preclinical stroke model. Finally, we determined that patients with stroke who had a symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation after r-tPA treatment exhibited higher baseline serum NURR1 levels than did patients with an asymptomatic or absence of cerebral bleedings.

Conclusions—

Our results suggest that NURR1 upregulation by r-tPA during ischemic stroke is associated with endothelial dysfunction and inflammation and the enhancement of hemorrhagic complications associated to thrombolysis.
An annotated catalogue of the Membracidae types in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadomorpha)
Authors: EVANGELISTA OLIVIA , DOS SANTOS GUILHERME IDE MARQUES , LAMAS CARLOS EINICKER
Published: December 2014

Here presented is an annotated catalogue of the Membracidae types deposited at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZSP), with information on 106 primary types and 171 secondary types. These type specimens represent 82 nominal species currently classified in 8 treehopper subfamilies and 17 tribes. According to our estimates, at least 10 primary types and 44 secondary types are missing in the collection. A comprehensive list of literature sources, taxonomic remarks, label data and descriptions on the state of preservation of specimens are given.
Hexanchorus bifurcatus sp. nov., a new tepui riffle beetle (Coleoptera: Elmidae: Larainae) from Tafelberg, Suriname
Authors: MAIER CRYSTAL A. , SHORT ANDREW EDWARD Z.
Published: December 2014

Here we present the first published record of a laraine elmid from Suriname, which represents a new species – Hexanchorus bifurcatus sp. nov. Specimens were collected from the summit of Tafelberg, a table mountain near the Wilhelmina Range of Suriname. This species can be distinguished from all other Hexanchorus by the bifurcate elytral apices and median projection of the third abdominal ventrite of the female, as well as the distinctive male genitalia. Habitus photos, illustrations of the genitalia, a distribution map, notes on habitat, and comparative diagnoses are provided.
On the Relationships between Subtropical Clouds and Meteorology in Observations and CMIP3 and CMIP5 Models
Authors: Myers Timothy A. , Norris Joel R.
Published: December 2014

Climate models’ simulation of clouds over the eastern subtropical oceans contributes to large uncertainties in projected cloud feedback to global warming. Here, interannual relationships of cloud radiative effect and cloud fraction to meteorological variables are examined in observations and in models participating in phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5, respectively). In observations, cooler sea surface temperature, a stronger estimated temperature inversion, and colder horizontal surface temperature advection are each associated with larger low-level cloud fraction and increased reflected shortwave radiation. A moister free troposphere and weaker subsidence are each associated with larger mid- and high-level cloud fraction and offsetting components of shortwave and longwave cloud radiative effect. It is found that a larger percentage of CMIP5 than CMIP3 models simulate the wrong sign or magnitude of the relationship of shortwave cloud radiative effect to sea surface temperature and estimated inversion strength. Furthermore, most models fail to produce the sign of the relationship between shortwave cloud radiative effect and temperature advection. These deficiencies are mostly, but not exclusively, attributable to errors in the relationship between low-level cloud fraction and meteorology. Poor model performance also arises due to errors in the response of mid- and high-level cloud fraction to variations in meteorology. Models exhibiting relationships closest to observations tend to project less solar reflection by clouds in the late twenty-first century and have higher climate sensitivities than poorer-performing models. Nevertheless, the intermodel spread of climate sensitivity is large even among these realistic models.
Dynamic Adjustment of the Ocean Circulation to Self-Attraction and Loading Effects
Authors: Vinogradova Nadya T. , Ponte Rui M. , Quinn Katherine J. , Tamisiea Mark E. , Campin Jean-Michel , Davis James L.
Published: December 2014

The oceanic response to surface loading, such as that related to atmospheric pressure, freshwater exchange, and changes in the gravity field, is essential to our understanding of sea level variability. In particular, so-called self-attraction and loading (SAL) effects caused by the redistribution of mass within the land–atmosphere–ocean system can have a measurable impact on sea level. In this study, the nature of SAL-induced variability in sea level is examined in terms of its equilibrium (static) and nonequilibrium (dynamic) components, using a general circulation model that implicitly includes the physics of SAL. The additional SAL forcing is derived by decomposing ocean mass anomalies into spherical harmonics and then applying Love numbers to infer associated crustal displacements and gravitational shifts. This implementation of SAL physics incurs only a relatively small computational cost. Effects of SAL on sea level amount to about 10% of the applied surface loading on average but depend strongly on location. The dynamic component exhibits large-scale basinwide patterns, with considerable contributions from subweekly time scales. Departures from equilibrium decrease toward longer time scales but are not totally negligible in many places. Ocean modeling studies should benefit from using a dynamical implementation of SAL as used here.
Japanese Control Strategies Regulated by Urgency and Interpersonal Harmony
Authors: Sawaumi Takafumi , Yamaguchi Susumu , Park Joonha , Robinson Angela R.
Published: December 2014

People use control strategies to improve their physical as well as interpersonal situations. Previous research has maintained that Japanese, compared with North Americans, are more oriented toward secondary control (changing oneself) than primary control (changing one’s circumstances). However, Heckhausen and Schulz’s work suggests dominance of primary control over secondary control across cultures. The conflicting views regarding Japanese control orientations are reconciled by considering situational variation. Based on an extended framework of primary control, two empirical studies examined the alternative hypothesis that control orientation would be affected by perceived urgency and concern about harmony maintenance. Study 1 used open-ended questions ( n = 171) to validate the extended primary control taxonomy, and revealed that participants’ control orientations were influenced by their subjective urgency of control and perceived difficulty in maintaining interpersonal harmony. Study 2 ( n = 246) replicated the latter results with Likert-type scale ratings. These results support the extended framework of primary control and identify two situational predictors of control orientation.
The Impact of Emotionally Important Social Identities on the Construction of a Managerial Leader Identity: A Challenge for Nurses in the English National Health Service
Authors: Croft Charlotte , Currie Graeme , Lockett Andy
Published: December 2014

The ability of individuals to accommodate the emotional transition into roles requiring the construction of a leader identity is an under-researched phenomenon. To address this research gap we consider the experience of 32 nurse managers undergoing a leadership development programme, exploring how an emotional attachment to their professional group identity may cause identity conflict during the construction of a managerial leader identity. We consider how competing desired identities can result in negative emotional experiences, calling into question existing work, which assumes that desired group identities are congruent with leader identities. Our work suggests that identity work can mitigate identity conflict at the individual level, enabling nurse managers to function in their role, but emotional distress will continue due to a perceived loss of professional identity and group influence. We contend it is only by eschewing an emotional attachment to a professional group identity that nurse managers will be able to overcome this negative emotional experience.
Conventional vascular risk factors: Their role in the association between migraine and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Sacco Simona , Pistoia Francesca , Degan Diana , Carolei Antonio
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Migraine, in particular migraine with aura, has been found to be associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the role of conventional vascular risk factors in the association is still debated. The aim of the present review is to address the association between migraine and conventional cardiovascular risk factors as well as to address their possible role in the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease.

Methods

Data for this review were obtained through searches in multiple sources up to May 2014 using the terms “migraine” OR “headache” in combination with all the vascular risk factors of interest.

Results

Data about the possible association between migraine and high blood pressure values are heterogeneous, hindering any final conclusion. Data addressing the possible association between migraine and diabetes mellitus indicate the lack of any association or in some cases a negative association between the two conditions. The body of evidence on the role of dyslipidemia in migraineurs is relatively homogeneous and, with few exceptions, reports an association between migraine and an unfavorable lipid profile; however, the difference in lipid levels between migraineurs and non-migraineurs is small and its clinical implication unclear. Regarding obesity, a trend has been observed of increased risk of migraine with increasing obesity, especially in young patients, albeit in the midst of conflicting data. Evidence about the association between cigarette smoking and migraine mostly indicates that migraineurs are more commonly smokers than non-migraineurs. On the other hand, the majority of the available studies report less alcohol use in migraineurs than in non-migraineurs. Finally, many of the available studies suggest a more frequent family history of cardiovascular disease in migraineurs as compared to non-migraineurs. Since most of the studies that supported the association between migraine and cardiovascular disease adjusted the analyses for the presence of several vascular risk factors, they cannot entirely explain this association.

Conclusions

Based on the available reported data, it seems unlikely that the higher risk of cardiovascular disease in migraineurs is mediated by any single vascular risk factor. For this reason the role of specific interactions among risk factors with the contribution of genetic, environmental, personality and psychological factors should be appropriately investigated.
Outcomes of Arthroscopic Hill-Sachs Remplissage and Anterior Bankart Repair
Authors: Merolla Giovanni , Paladini Paolo , Di Napoli Giuseppe , Campi Fabrizio , Porcellini Giuseppe
Published: December 2014

Background:

Hill-Sachs lesions are compression fractures that result from shoulder dislocation. They involve “engaging” the humeral head on the anterior glenoid rim when the arm is abducted and externally rotated. The defect grows as the number of dislocations increases.

Hypothesis:

Arthroscopic remplissage and anterior Bankart repair do not significantly affect infraspinatus strength while ensuring healing of the capsulotenodesis.

Study design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Sixty-one patients with traumatic anterior shoulder instability treated by arthroscopic Bankart repair and Hill-Sachs remplissage at least 24 months previously were compared with a control group of 40 healthy participants. Preoperative imaging included magnetic resonance imaging for Bankart lesion identification and computed tomography to quantify the humeral head defect. Active range of motion and clinical scores (Walch-Duplay, Constant-Murley, and Rowe) were assessed. External rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) were measured with arm at the side (ER1 and IR1) and abducted at 90° (ER2 and IR2). Infraspinatus strength was assessed with the scapula free (infraspinatus strength test [IST]) and retracted (infraspinatus scapula retraction test [ISRT]). Infraspinatus tenodesis and posterior capsulodesis healing were evaluated by ultrasound (US).

Results:

The follow-up median was 39.5 months (range, 24-56 months). One patient experienced a recurrence of instability at 34 months. In the remplissage patients, ER1 was significantly lower in the affected compared with the unaffected shoulder ( P < .001). Mean IST and ISRT strength values did not show differences between sides. The mean Constant-Murley score rose from 62.9 ± 7.1 to 90 ± 5.2 ( P < .0001). The Walch-Duplay and Rowe scores were excellent in 23 (78.6%), good in 6 (17.8%), and poor in 1 patient (both scores). The remplissage group had significantly lower ER1 ( P < .001), ER2 ( P < .001), and IR2 ( P < .01) values compared with the control group. Differences in IST and ISRT between the groups were not significant. Capsulotenodesis healing and filling of the Hill-Sachs defect were confirmed by dynamic US in all subjects.

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic remplissage is a reliable approach to Hill-Sachs lesions. The ER and IR restriction does not significantly affect quality of life. Infraspinatus strength recovery is satisfactory even compared with healthy subjects. Ultrasound examination allows accurate evaluation of capsulotenodesis healing.
Polyphenolic compounds progress during olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure co-composting, and humic substances building (Southeastern Tunisia)
Authors: Rigane Hafedh , Chtourou Mohamed , Ben Mahmoud Imen , Medhioub Khaled , Ammar Emna
Published: December 2014

In Mediterranean areas, olive mill wastes pose a major environmental problem owing to their important production and their high polyphenolic compounds and organic acids concentrations. In this work, the evolution of polyphenolic compounds was studied during co-composting of olive mill wastewater sludge and poultry manure, based on qualitative (G-50 sephadex) and quantitative (Folin–Ciocalteu), as well as high pressure liquid chromatography analyses. Results showed a significant polyphenolic content decrease of 99% and a noticeable transformation of low to high molecular weight fraction during the compost maturation period. During this step, polyphenols disappearance suggested their assimilation by thermophilic bacteria as a carbon and energy source, and contributed to humic substances synthesis. Polyphenolic compounds, identified initially by high pressure liquid chromatography, disappeared by composting and only traces of caffeic, coumaric and ferulic acids were detected in the compost. In the soil, the produced compost application improved the chemical and physico–chemical soil properties, mainly fertilising elements such as calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Consequently, a higher potato production was harvested in comparison with manure amendment.
Effects of pollutants from power plants in Kosova on genetic loads of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Alija Avdulla J , Bajraktari Ismet D , Muharremi Hidajete , Bresgen Nikolaus , Eckl Peter M
Published: December 2014

It has been reported by the Ministry of Environment in Kosova that particle emissions from one of the units of the coal-fired power plants (Kosova A) in Kastriot/Obiliq were exceeding the European standard by some 74 times. Besides the particle emission, there is also release of sulphur dioxide, mono-nitrogen oxide (NOx), carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, organic compounds and heavy metals. In addition, there is also release of heavy metals and organic compounds from a nearby solid waste dumpsite. Together, they are considered to be responsible for the increased health problems of the population living in the vicinity.To study the genetic effects of these emissions we focused on the genetic load, that is, recessive mutations that affect the fitness of their carriers, of exposed wild living Drosophila melanogaster. The effects of ash from the dumpsite on the other hand were investigated upon feeding the ash with the nutrient medium. Our results revealed that the D. melanogaster population from the Kastriot/Obiliq area carries a high genetic load of 54.7%. Drosophila fed with the nutrient medium containing ash in a concentration of 1% carried a genetic load of 37.1%, whilst increasing concentrations (2% and 3% of ash) led to higher genetic loads of 68.7% and 67.4%, respectively.
Synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation kinetics of photoresponsive graft copolymers
Authors: Bezgin F , Demirelli K
Published: December 2014

A macroinitiator was prepared by copolymerization of styrene (St) with 7-methacryloyloxy-4-chloromethylcoumarone (MAOCMC). Grafting studies of coumarone with methyl methylacrylate were carried out in the presence of the macroinitiator poly(7-methacryloyloxy-4-chloromethylcoumarone-co-styrene) and with the catalyst of copper(I) bromide/2,2′-bipyridyne at 110°C. The activation energy valuations of graft copolymers acquired by Coats–Redfern, Tang and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods were designated to be 212.69, 214.44 and 223.57 kJ mol−1, respectively. For the outcomes were compared with these valuation differential methods and discrepant integral were used. In terms of experiential outcomes, the reaction mechanism was a dimensional diffusion (Dn) deceleration type in the transformation range worked.
Sisal natural fiber/clay-reinforced poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) hybrid composites
Authors: Dangtungee Rapeephun , Tengsuthiwat Jiratti , Boonyasopon Pawinee , Siengchin Suchart
Published: December 2014

Poly(hydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) biocomposites different sisal, containing with the fiber length of 0.25 and 5 mm, and addition of clay particles were prepared by hot compression technique. Silane (Bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide) treatment has been used to modify, and thus enhance, the properties of related hybrid composites. All composites were subject to water absorption test. The mechanical properties of hybrid composites, such as tensile stiffness and strength, toughness, and hardness, determined tensile, impact, and hardness tests, respectively. It was found that tensile strength, stiffness, and impact strength of long sisal fiber improved with increasing fiber content. Hardness of short sisal fiber improved with increasing fiber content. Treated Silane of long fibers at 20 wt.% loading was found to enhance the tensile strength fiber by 10% and impact strength by 750% as compared with the neat PHBV. Note that this feature was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, the hardness and water resistance of the PHBV/sisal composites increased with the addition of clay particles. The diffusion coefficient for the PHBV and hybrid composites systems studied was also calculated.
Pharmacist-Initiated Prior Authorization Process to Improve Patient Care in a Psychiatric Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Allen Shari N. , Ojong-Salako Mebanga
Published: December 2014

A prior authorization (PA) is a requirement implemented by managed care organizations to help provide medications to consumers in a cost-effective manner. The PA process may be seen as a barrier by prescribers, pharmacists, pharmaceutical companies, and consumers. The lack of a standardized PA process, implemented prior to a patient’s discharge from a health care facility, may increase nonadherence to inpatient prescribed medications. Pharmacists and other health care professionals can implement a PA process specific to their institution. This article describes a pharmacist-initiated PA process implemented at an acute care psychiatric hospital. This process was initiated secondary to a need for a standardized process at the facility. To date, the process has been seen as a valuable aspect to patient care. Plans to expand this process include collecting data with regards to adherence and readmissions as well as applying for a grant to help develop a program to automate the PA program at this facility.
Neighborhood Social Capital and Achieved Mobility of Older Adults
Authors: Rosso Andrea L. , Tabb Loni P. , Grubesic Tony H. , Taylor Jennifer A. , Michael Yvonne L.
Published: December 2014

Objective: Evaluate associations of neighborhood social capital and mobility of older adults. Method: A community-based survey (Philadelphia, 2010) assessed mobility (Life-Space Assessment [LSA]; range = 0-104) of older adults ( n = 675, census tracts = 256). Social capital was assessed for all adults interviewed from 2002-2010 ( n = 13,822, census tracts = 374). Generalized estimating equations adjusted for individual- and neighborhood-level characteristics estimated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) in mobility by social capital tertiles. Interactions by self-rated health, living arrangement, and race were tested. Results: Social capital was not associated with mobility after adjustment for other neighborhood characteristics (mean difference for highest versus lowest tertile social capital = 0.79, 95% CI = [−3.3, 4.8]). We observed no significant interactions. In models stratified by race, Black participants had higher mobility in high social capital neighborhoods (mean difference = 7.4, CI = [1.0, 13.7]). Discussion: Social capital may not contribute as much as other neighborhood characteristics to mobility. Interactions between neighborhood and individual-level characteristics should be considered in research on mobility.
Developing Age-Friendly Cities and Communities in Australia
Authors: Kendig Hal , Elias Anne-Marie , Matwijiw Peter , Anstey Kaarin
Published: December 2014

Objective: The aim of the study is to present case studies and assess the impact of political, policy, consultative, and research processes used to implement Age Friendly Cities (AFC) initiatives in Australia. Method: A review and interpretation was conducted based on public documents, community consultations, survey analyses, and participant observation. Results: Governments in Australia have drawn on World Health Organization (WHO) concepts to establish AFC initiatives. In Melbourne, state political leadership established Positive Ageing plans that have reinforced local government actions. In Canberra, a baseline survey and an Older Persons Assembly were followed by modest positive ageing plans. In Sydney, a State Ageing Strategy developed a whole-of-government plan that has yet to be incorporated into budget processes. Discussion: AFC initiatives in Australia have had promising and varied starts with some aims to benefit disadvantaged older people. Notwithstanding the potential benefits, AFC influence on mainstream actions of government has been limited by uncertain political commitment and growing fiscal austerity.
Performance improvement of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate composites by epoxy-functional polysiloxane
Authors: Han X. , Zhao J. , Liu S. , Yuan Y.
Published: December 2014

An epoxy-functional polysiloxane (EPM) was employed for improving the performance of flame-retarded poly(butylene terephthalate)/aluminum diethylphosphinate (PBT/AlPi) composites. The effect was investigated by UL-94 test, limiting oxygen index, mechanical test, torque rheometer measurement, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and heat distortion temperature. An obvious increase in torque evolution of the PBT/AlPi composite during processing was associated with chain-extending, branching, and cross-linking reaction by the combination of EPM. The addition of 0.6 wt% EPM remarkably enhanced not only the mechanical properties but also the flame retardancy and heat resistance of the PBT/AlPi composite. A high-performance PBT/AlPi composite was developed by virtue of EPM.
Ultrasonically assisted electrochemical micro drilling with sidewall-insulated electrode
Authors: Wang Jin , Chen Wei , Gao Feng , Han Fuzhu
Published: December 2014

In the former research, the ultrasonic vibration technique had been adopted in the electrochemical micro drilling to exclude the reaction products in the inter-electrode gap, while the ultrasonic cavitation phenomenon generates micro jet with strong impulse force, which impacts the insulation coating and speeds up the damage of the insulation coating. In order to improve the service life of the sidewall-insulated electrode, the double insulating layers that consist of TiO2 ceramic coating and organic film were fabricated on the micro titanium electrode surface combining the micro-arc oxidation and electrophoresis coating techniques. The durability of the double insulating layers on the electrode sidewall was verified, and the influence of the ultrasonic vibration amplitude, machining voltage and electrolyte concentration on the machining accuracy with the sidewall-insulated electrode was analyzed through ultrasonically assisted electrochemical micro drilling experiments. The experimental results showed that the double insulating layers exhibited a strong durability in ultrasonically assisted electrochemical micro drilling. The machining was stable when the vibration amplitude of the workpiece was beyond a certain value; henceforth, the machining accuracy changed little with the increase in the vibration amplitude. The straightness of the hole can be effectively ensured, but the machining voltage and the electrolyte concentration should be lowered in order to reduce the overcut in the premise of stable machining.
Balanced-based model reduction of uncertain systems with interval parameters
Authors: Li Yunlong , Wang Xiaojun , Huang Ren , Qiu Zhiping
Published: December 2014

Model reduction is a significant issue in dynamic system simulation and control, as a consequence of the unmanageable levels of storage and computational requirements for large-scale systems. In this paper, the concept of a balanced truncation approximation method is extended to large-scale systems with interval uncertainties to get the reduced-order model with uncertainties. In order to get the balanced system, the balancing transformation matrix is introduced by using the nominal system, and the reduced-order model with uncertainties is obtained by using balanced truncation. A major characteristic of this model reduction method is that the reduced-order model obtained in this way is also as uncertain as the original model. The closeness of the reduced-order model to the original model relies on the upper bounds of the ignored Hankel singular values. To compare the original model and the reduced-order model, a perturbation method is proposed to give the interval bounds of the responses of the original model and the reduced-order model. As applications of the proposed method, three numerical examples are given.
Integration of interpreters in mental health interventions with children and adolescents: The need for a framework
Authors: Leanza Yvan , Boivin Isabelle , Moro Marie-Rose , Rousseau Cécile , Brisset Camille , Rosenberg Ellen , Hassan Ghayda
Published: December 2014

Few empirical studies have detailed the specificities of working with interpreters in mental healthcare for children. The integration of interpreters in clinical teams in child mental healthcare was explored in two clinics, in Montreal and Paris. Four focus groups were conducted with interpreters and clinicians. Participants described the development of the working alliance between interpreters and clinicians, the delineation of interpreters’ roles, and the effects of translation on the people in the interaction. Integrating interpreters in a clinical team is a slow process in which clinicians and interpreters need to reflect upon a common framework. An effective framework favours trust, mutual understanding, and valorization of the contribution of each to the therapeutic task. The interpreter’s presence and activities seem to have some therapeutic value.
Investigation of the combustion in both metal and optical diesel engines using high-glycerol ethers/diesel blends
Authors: Beatrice Carlo , Di Blasio Gabriele , Lazzaro Maurizio , Mancaruso Ezio , Marialto Renato , Sequino Luigi , Vaglieco Bianca Maria
Published: December 2014

In this article, a glycerol ethers mixture obtained from etherification of glycerol with tert-butyl alcohol and isobutylene has been used in blend (10% and 20% v/v) within a commercial diesel fuel to feed a single-cylinder research engine derived from a Euro5 compliant four-cylinder engine. The engine has been run in three significant operating points in the New European Driving Cycle emission homologation area. The results have shown the possibility to burn the diesel–glycerol ethers mixture blends without significant impact on combustion characteristics and efficiencies while, due to the oxygen content of the glycerol ethers mixture, important benefits are obtained in terms of NOx-particulate matter trade-offs at the exhaust. Moreover, tests have been performed on a diesel engine with optical access through the piston bowl. The injection and combustion processes of the pilot have been investigated by means of the simultaneous use of digital imaging in the visible and infrared ranges in order to have more information on the vapour distribution, the fuel motion before the ignition and the location of hot gas.
Renin–angiotensin system in pain: Existing in a double life?
Authors: Bali Anjana , Singh Nirmal , Jaggi Amteshwar Singh
Published: December 2014

Apart from the well-documented role of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) in regulating the blood pressure and other related parameters, its role in modulating different physiological/pathological functions, including pain, has also been described. Like its dual role in regulating stress-related anxiety and cognitive functions, its dual role has also been documented in pain modulation in different disease states. Drugs blocking the RAAS activation, viz., renin inhibitors, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, AT1 receptor antagonists and aldosterone antagonists, have been shown to produce beneficial effects in migraine and neuropathic and nociceptive pain. Their beneficial effects have been mainly attributed to inhibition of the inflammatory cascade of reactions by inhibiting the generation of key cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. On the contrary, clinical as well as preclinical studies have also shown the pain-inducing actions of renin–angiotensin system (RAS) blocking drugs. Furthermore, the pain-relieving actions of angiotensin II (AngII) and pain-inducing actions of AT1 blockers have also been described. The pain-inducing actions of ACE inhibitors have been mainly attributed to interference with metabolism of bradykinin and substance P, while the analgesic actions of AngII have been mainly related to activation of brain localized AT2 receptors and release of endogenous opioids. The present review describes the dual role of the RAAS in different states of pain.
Diagrams and Cuts
Authors: Springgay Stephanie , Zaliwska Zofia
Published: December 2014

In an attempt to disrupt arts-based research methodologies that simply fold “art” into its midst, our article enters into the theoretical conversations around critical and materialist research-creation to explore the concept of diagramming as self-organized enfoldings that do not describe or instruct experience, rather they are expressed as an open process that is emergent, vital, and abstract. The purpose of our article is to unfurl a theoretical discussion about materialist diagramming through the concepts of pure edging and cutting. In laying out this theoretical framework, we simultaneously consider how we engendered the diagrammatic within a research-creation project on artist-residencies in schools to offer ways in which one can enter into such a methodology and engage with it as data-in-the-making.
Factor Structure of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a Canadian Elementary School Sample
Authors: Aitken Madison , Martinussen Rhonda , Wolfe Richard G. , Tannock Rosemary
Published: December 2014

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a 25-item screening measure for emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents aged 4 to 16. Structural equation modeling was used to test the five-factor structure of teacher and parent ratings on the British version of the SDQ in a community sample of 501 Canadian children aged 6 to 9 years. The five-factor model fit the data well for both teacher and parent ratings. In addition, the SDQ demonstrated acceptable reliability based on internal consistency coefficients and inter-rater agreement. The findings provide preliminary support for the reliability and validity of the British version of the parent and teacher SDQ in a sample of early elementary school Canadian children.
Two-week normobaric intermittent-hypoxic exposures stabilize cerebral perfusion during hypocapnia and hypercapnia
Authors: Zhang Peizhen , Shi Xiangrong , Downey H Fred
Published: December 2014

The effect of moderately extended, intermittent-hypoxia (IH) on cerebral perfusion during changes in CO2 was unknown. Thus, we assessed the changes in cerebral vascular conductance (CVC) and cerebral tissue oxygenation (ScO2) during experimental hypocapnia and hypercapnia following 14-day normobaric exposures to IH (10% O2). CVC was estimated from the ratio of mean middle cerebral arterial blood flow velocity (transcranial Doppler sonography) to mean arterial pressure (tonometry), and ScO2 in the prefrontal cortex was monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy. Changes in CVC and ScO2 during changes in partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO2, mass spectrometry) induced by 30-s paced-hyperventilation (hypocapnia) and during 6-min CO2 rebreathing (hypercapnia) were compared before and after 14-day IH exposures in eight young nonsmokers. Repetitive IH exposures reduced the ratio of %ΔCVC/ΔPETCO2 during hypocapnia (1.00 ± 0.13 vs 1.94 ± 0.35 vs %/mmHg, P = 0.026) and the slope of ΔCVC/ΔPETCO2 during hypercapnia (1.79 ± 0.37 vs 2.97 ± 0.64 %/mmHg, P = 0.021), but had no significant effect on ΔScO2/ΔPETCO2. The ventilatory response to hypercapnia during CO2 rebreathing was significantly diminished following 14-day IH exposures (0.83 ± 0.07 vs 1.14 ± 0.09 L/min/mmHg, P = 0.009). We conclude that repetitive normobaric IH exposures significantly diminish variations of cerebral perfusion in response to hypercapnia and hypocapnia without compromising cerebral tissue oxygenation. This IH-induced blunting of cerebral vasoreactivity during CO2 variations helps buffer excessive oscillations of cerebral underperfusion and overperfusion while sustaining cerebral O2 homeostasis.
Spaced Noninvasive Brain Stimulation
Authors: Goldsworthy Mitchell R. , Pitcher Julia B. , Ridding Michael C.
Published: December 2014

Neuroplasticity is critical for learning, memory, and recovery of lost function following neurological damage. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can induce neuroplastic changes in the human cortex that are behaviorally relevant, raising the exciting possibility that these techniques might be therapeutically beneficial for neurorehabilitation following brain injury. However, the short duration and instability of induced effects currently limits their usefulness. To date, trials investigating the therapeutic value of neuroplasticity-inducing NIBS have used either single or multiple treatment sessions, typically repeated once-daily for 1 to 2 weeks. Although multiple stimulation sessions are presumed to have cumulative effects on neuroplasticity induction, there is little direct scientific evidence to support this “once-daily” approach. In animal models, the repeated application of stimulation protocols spaced using relatively short intervals (typically of the order of minutes) induces long-lasting and stable changes in synaptic efficacy. Likewise, learning through spaced repetition facilitates the establishment of long-term memory. In both cases, the spacing interval is critical in determining the outcome. Emerging evidence in healthy human populations suggests that the within-session spacing of NIBS protocols may be an effective approach for significantly prolonging the duration of induced neuroplastic changes. Similar to findings in the animal and learning literature, the interval at which spaced NIBS is applied seems to be a critical factor influencing the neuroplastic response. In this Point of View article, we propose that to truly exploit the therapeutic opportunities provided by NIBS, future clinical trials should consider the optimal spacing interval for repeated applications.