bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Streptococcus mutans Adhesion to Dental Material Surfaces
Authors: Zore Anamarija , Rojko Franc , Mlinarić Nives Matijaković , Veber Jona , Učakar Aleksander , Štukelj Roman , Pondelak Andreja , Sever Škapin Andrijana , Bohinc Klemen
Published: January 2024

Enamel demineralization, known as dental caries, is instigated by the bacterium Streptococcus mutans, which generates acid during carbohydrate metabolism. Among carbohydrates, sucrose is the most cariogenic and capable of biofilm formation. This study aimed to explore and comprehend Streptococcus mutans’ adherence to two prevalent dental material surfaces, i.e., a cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloy and a resin-based composite, under the influence of various sucrose concentrations. To understand bacterial adhesion, the surfaces were characterized using profilometry, tensiometry, and surface charge measurements. Bacterial adhesion was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and crystal violet dye methods. Results revealed that the composite surface exhibited greater roughness compared with the Co-Cr alloy surface. Both surfaces displayed hydrophilic properties and a negative surface charge. Bacterial adhesion experiments indicated lower bacterial adherence to the Co-Cr alloy than to the composite surface before the addition of sucrose. However, the introduction of sucrose resulted in biofilm development on both surfaces, showcasing a similar increase in bacterial adhesion, with the highest levels being observed at a 5% sucrose concentration in the bacterial suspension. In conclusion, the findings suggest sucrose-rich foods could facilitate bacterial adaptation despite less favorable surface characteristics, thereby promoting biofilm formation.
Migration and Safety Aspects of Plastic Food Packaging Materials: Need for Reconsideration?
Authors: Panou Andreas , Karabagias Ioannis Konstantinos
Published: January 2024

The aim and the novelty of the present review article was to provide the literature with a collective study focusing on the migration and safety issues in plastic food packaging materials that have been raised in recent years and proposing the use of safer and biodegradable ones. The conventional packaging materials used for the preservation of foods may exhibit many disadvantages that are related to the migration of micromolecular chemical substances incorporated in the packaging material net to the packaged food. There are many chemical substances in the matrix of plastic packaging materials and epoxy-resins that are used in food packaging materials, varnishes, and can coatings. Many migrants have high toxicity, such as acetaldehyde, antimony, antimony (III) oxide, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenol) phosphate, tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite, bisphenol A, and the plasticizers di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), di-n-butyl phthalate, benzyl-butylphthalate, di-isononylphthalate, and di-isododecylphthalate. It is therefore necessary to take a detailed look at the migrants in conventional packaging materials (plastics) used for foods, point out the migration of certain compounds into foods and the need to reconsider their use, and establish updated protocols for the safety of consumers and the industrial production of biodegradable packaging materials (films or coatings) based on natural sources.
Study of the Geochemical Decay and Environmental Causes of Granite Stone Surfaces in the Built Heritage of Barbanza Peninsula (Galicia, NW Spain)
Authors: Hernandez Ana C. , Sanjurjo-Sánchez Jorge , Alves Carlos , Figueiredo Carlos A. M.
Published: January 2024

In Galicia (NW Spain), granite was the most used stone material in historical buildings. Despite the good properties of granite as a construction material, it overcomes several physical and chemical weathering processes that cause decay, resulting in a loss of value in building materials, architectural elements and details. This is caused by a range of processes, from aesthetic damage to stone erosion. The causes of such decay are well known from case studies of historical buildings, being correlated with atmospheric agents, air pollution and aggregate materials, among others. In this work, we studied 15 historical monuments built with granite blocks of the architectural Heritage of the Barbanza Peninsula (Galicia). Because of the geographic features of this area, there is a steep rainfall and sea spray gradient that allows us to study historical buildings exposed to different environmental conditions in a short distance from the shoreline to inland. We used geochemical, petrological and microscopic tools to assess the decay of the granites and compared the results with environmental factors to assess the role of humidity (rainfall) and sea spray on the decay. Both the observation of coatings and the assessment of weathering have shown that buildings close to the shoreline are more affected by sea salts, while buildings far from the coast are mostly affected by biological weathering. Surprisingly, chemical weathering is higher in a strip area some hundreds of meters away from the sea shore and at lower altitudes (between 10 and 30 m). Indeed, very good correlation is observed for weathering indices, such as CIA, MWPI, VR, Si-Ti index, Kr, CAN and AKN, with a distance to the shoreline from 0.5 km, with linear correlation values ranging from −0.91 to 0.80.
The Role of Situatedness in Immersive Dam Visualization: Comparing Proxied with Immediate Approaches
Authors: Verdelho Trindade Nuno , Leitão Pedro , Gonçalves Daniel , Oliveira Sérgio , Ferreira Alfredo
Published: January 2024

Dam safety control is a multifaceted activity that requires analysis, monitoring, and structural behavior prediction. It entails interpreting vast amounts of data from sensor networks integrated into dam structures. The application of extended reality technologies for situated immersive analysis allows data to be contextualized directly over the physical referent. Such types of visual contextualization have been known to improve analytical reasoning and decision making. This study presents DamVR, a virtual reality tool for off-site, proxied situated structural sensor data visualization. In addition to describing the tool’s features, it evaluates usability and usefulness with a group of 22 domain experts. It also compares its performance with an existing augmented reality tool for the on-site, immediate situated visualization of structural data. Participant responses to a survey reflect a positive assessment of the proxied situated approach’s usability and usefulness. This approach shows a decrease in performance (task completion time and errors) for more complex tasks but no significant differences in user experience scores when compared to the immediate situated approach. The findings indicate that while results may depend strongly on factors such as the realism of the virtual environment, the immediate physical referent offered some advantages over the proxied one in the contextualization of data.
Forest Defender Fusion System for Early Detection of Forest Fires
Authors: Ibraheem Manar Khalid Ibraheem , Mohamed Mbarka Belhaj , Fakhfakh Ahmed
Published: January 2024

In the past ten years, rates of forest fires around the world have increased significantly. Forest fires greatly affect the ecosystem by damaging vegetation. Forest fires are caused by several causes, including both human and natural causes. Human causes lie in intentional and irregular burning operations. Global warming is a major natural cause of forest fires. The early detection of forest fires reduces the rate of their spread to larger areas by speeding up their extinguishing with the help of equipment and materials for early detection. In this research, an early detection system for forest fires is proposed called Forest Defender Fusion. This system achieved high accuracy and long-term monitoring of the site by using the Intermediate Fusion VGG16 model and Enhanced Consumed Energy-Leach protocol (ECP-LEACH). The Intermediate Fusion VGG16 model receives RGB (red, green, blue) and IR (infrared) images from drones to detect forest fires. The Forest Defender Fusion System provides regulation of energy consumption in drones and achieves high detection accuracy so that forest fires are detected early. The detection model was trained on the FLAME 2 dataset and obtained an accuracy of 99.86%, superior to the rest of the models that track the input of RGB and IR images together. A simulation using the Python language to demonstrate the system in real time was performed.
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of the Phase Transformation in the Nanocrystalline Substance—Gas Phase System
Authors: Arabczyk Walerian , Pelka Rafał , Wilk Bartłomiej , Lendzion-Bieluń Zofia
Published: January 2024

This study presents a model of the reaction of a nanocrystalline substance within the gas phase, where diffusion of gas reactants in the volume of the nanocrystallites is a rate-limiting step. According to the model calculations carried out, the rate of diffusion across the phase boundary located on the nanocrystallite surface limits the rate of the process. It was stated that in chemical processes with a phase transformation, the critical concentration of absorbate depends on two factors: the specific active surface area of the adsorbent and the difference in chemical potentials between the gas phase and the equilibrium potential at which the phase transformation occurs. When the actual adsorbate potential in the gas phase is much greater than the equilibrium potential of the nanocrystallite with the largest specific active surface, nanocrystallites undergo phase changes in the order according to their specific active surfaces from the largest to the smallest. In a process where the actual adsorbate potential is close to an equilibrium one, nanocrystallites undergo phase transformation in the order of their specific active surface from the smallest to the largest.
On Melt Growth and Microstructure Characterization of Magnesium Bicrystals
Authors: Bissa Kevin , Al-Samman Talal , Molodov Dmitri A.
Published: January 2024

Oriented magnesium bicrystals with a 45°101¯0 asymmetrical tilt boundary were produced by directional solidification in a vertical Bridgman furnace. Employing a partition in the cylindrical mold led to unwanted crystallization on the contact surface with the growing interface, disrupting the desired growth conditions for the boundary. A modified setup with seed crystals placed side by side in a conical mold addressed the former issue and enabled the production of high-quality 56 mm × ∅ 34 mm bicrystals. Due to the asymmetrical character of the boundary, the adjacent growing crystals witnessed unequal growth rates, with the basal-oriented crystal dominating the growth process. Plane strain compression experiments were carried out on bicrystalline samples extracted from the prepared bicrystal. The panoramic orientation mapping of large areas of several mm2 revealed low-angle boundaries (5° misorientation) associated with the curved segments of the original asymmetrical tilt boundary. It also depicted heterogeneous lattice rotation near the grain boundaries.
High-Temperature Phase Transformations in Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr-Sc Alloy Studied via In Situ Electron Microscopy
Authors: Králík Rostislav , Bajtošová Lucia , Kihoulou Barbora , Preisler Dalibor , Cieslar Miroslav
Published: January 2024

A homogenization of billets from Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Sc-Zr alloys should be accomplished at high annealing temperatures exceeding 500 °C. This type of aluminum alloy is susceptible to the depletion of surface layers from Li. Therefore, choosing a suitable homogenization temperature and duration is a crucial step in assuring a homogeneous distribution of alloying elements and optimal exploitation of the potential of the alloy. In situ heating in an electron microscope was performed on a twin-roll-cast Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy to understand the peculiarities of the homogenization process. Four types of primary phase particles rich in Cu, Li, Mg, and Fe were identified in the as-cast material. They appear as coarse particles at the boundaries of eutectic cells. Their partial dissolution occurs at temperatures above 450 °C. They are almost fully dissolved at 550 °C, except for complex phases containing Fe and Cu. Small dimensions of eutectic cells in the range of 10 µm assure a homogeneous distribution of the main alloying elements within the matrix after 20 min of annealing at 530 °C. Direct comparison with the same material prepared by mold casting indicates that such short annealing times result in the dissolution of the main primary phase particles but do not assure a homogeneous distribution of the alloying elements in the whole volume of the specimen.
System Design and Stress–Strain Analysis for Cranking and Motoring Small-Size Engines
Authors: Cecere Giovanni , Irimescu Adrian , Merola Simona Silvia
Published: January 2024

The characterization of small-size engines requires dedicated rigs that are usually used for loading the power unit. Adding the possibility of motoring the engine is an important advantage that allows more detailed information on operating characteristics. It can be used for obtaining precious data that contribute to the development of more accurate numerical models and subsequent validation. Cost competitiveness is another essential aspect of small-size engines, given that development efforts need to be contained as much as possible. Within this context, the present work developed and tested a setup capable of cranking and motoring a small-size 50 cc spark ignition engine. Two configurations were considered for coupling an electric motor to the power unit: the first through a pulley-belt transmission and the second via a plastic clutch assembly. The main idea was to ensure the capability of motoring the engine up to a rotational velocity of 6000 rpm. Engine load was applied through a 1 kW electric generator connected directly to the crankshaft. The overall setup was designed in the two configurations and a stress–strain analysis was performed. The belt-driven option was found to be more favorable in terms of mechanical component requirements, showing a safety factor of around 4.0, while the plastic clutch assembly involved a more complex design phase and turned out to be more demanding, with a safety factor of around 2.9.
BMI-Adapted Double Low-Dose Dual-Source Aortic CT for Endoleak Detection after Endovascular Repair: A Prospective Intra-Individual Diagnostic Accuracy Study
Authors: Melzig Claudius , Hartmann Sibylle , Steuwe Andrea , Egger Jan , Do Thuy D. , Geisbüsch Philipp , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Rengier Fabian , Fink Matthias A.
Published: January 2024

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of BMI-adapted, low-radiation and low-iodine dose, dual-source aortic CT for endoleak detection in non-obese and obese patients following endovascular aortic repair. Methods: In this prospective single-center study, patients referred for follow-up CT after endovascular repair with a history of at least one standard triphasic (native, arterial and delayed phase) routine CT protocol were enrolled. Patients were divided into two groups and allocated to a BMI-adapted (group A, BMI < 30 kg/m2; group B, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) double low-dose CT (DLCT) protocol comprising single-energy arterial and dual-energy delayed phase series with virtual non-contrast (VNC) reconstructions. An in-patient comparison of the DLCT and routine CT protocol as reference standard was performed regarding differences in diagnostic accuracy, radiation dose, and image quality. Results: Seventy-five patients were included in the study (mean age 73 ± 8 years, 63 (84%) male). Endoleaks were diagnosed in 20 (26.7%) patients, 11 of 53 (20.8%) in group A and 9 of 22 (40.9%) in group B. Two radiologists achieved an overall diagnostic accuracy of 98.7% and 97.3% for endoleak detection, with 100% in group A and 95.5% and 90.9% in group B. All examinations were diagnostic. The DLCT protocol reduced the effective dose from 10.0 ± 3.6 mSv to 6.1 ± 1.5 mSv (p < 0.001) and the total iodine dose from 31.5 g to 14.5 g in group A and to 17.4 g in group B. Conclusion: Optimized double low-dose dual-source aortic CT with VNC, arterial and delayed phase images demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for endoleak detection and significant radiation and iodine dose reductions in both obese and non-obese patients compared to the reference standard of triple phase, standard radiation and iodine dose aortic CT.
A Novel Respiratory Rate Estimation Algorithm from Photoplethysmogram Using Deep Learning Model
Authors: Chin Wee Jian , Kwan Ban-Hoe , Lim Wei Yin , Tee Yee Kai , Darmaraju Shalini , Liu Haipeng , Goh Choon-Hian
Published: January 2024

Respiratory rate (RR) is a critical vital sign that can provide valuable insights into various medical conditions, including pneumonia. Unfortunately, manual RR counting is often unreliable and discontinuous. Current RR estimation algorithms either lack the necessary accuracy or demand extensive window sizes. In response to these challenges, this study introduces a novel method for continuously estimating RR from photoplethysmogram (PPG) with a reduced window size and lower processing requirements. To evaluate and compare classical and deep learning algorithms, this study leverages the BIDMC and CapnoBase datasets, employing the Respiratory Rate Estimation (RRest) toolbox. The optimal classical techniques combination on the BIDMC datasets achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.9 breaths/min. Additionally, the developed neural network model utilises convolutional and long short-term memory layers to estimate RR effectively. The best-performing model, with a 50% train–test split and a window size of 7 s, achieves an MAE of 2 breaths/min. Furthermore, compared to other deep learning algorithms with window sizes of 16, 32, and 64 s, this study’s model demonstrates superior performance with a smaller window size. The study suggests that further research into more precise signal processing techniques may enhance RR estimation from PPG signals.
Assessing the Impact of Prolonged Averaging of Coronary Continuous Thermodilution Traces
Authors: Fawaz Samer , Munhoz Daniel , Mahendiran Thabo , Gallinoro Emanuele , Mizukami Takuya , Khan Sarosh A. , Simpson Rupert F. G. , Svanerud Johan , Cook Christopher M. , Davies John R. , Karamasis Grigoris V. , De Bruyne Bernard , Keeble Thomas R.
Published: January 2024

Continuous Thermodilution is a novel method of quantifying coronary flow (Q) in mL/min. To account for variability of Q within the cardiac cycle, the trace is smoothened with a 2 s moving average filter. This can sometimes be ineffective due to significant heart rate variability, ventricular extrasystoles, and deep inspiration, resulting in a fluctuating temperature trace and ambiguity in the location of the “steady state”. This study aims to assess whether a longer moving average filter would smoothen any fluctuations within the continuous thermodilution traces resulting in improved interpretability and reproducibility on a test–retest basis. Patients with ANOCA underwent repeat continuous thermodilution measurements. Analysis of traces were performed at averages of 10, 15, and 20 s to determine the maximum acceptable average. The maximum acceptable average was subsequently applied as a moving average filter and the traces were re-analysed to assess the practical consequences of a longer moving average. Reproducibility was then assessed and compared to a 2 s moving average. Of the averages tested, only 10 s met the criteria for acceptance. When the data was reanalysed with a 10 s moving average filter, there was no significant improvement in reproducibility, however, it resulted in a 12% diagnostic mismatch. Applying a longer moving average filter to continuous thermodilution data does not improve reproducibility. Furthermore, it results in a loss of fidelity on the traces, and a 12% diagnostic mismatch. Overall, current practice should be maintained.
Somatic Mutations in Latin American Breast Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Martínez-Nava Gabriela A. , Urbina-Jara Laura Keren , Lira-Albarrán Saúl , Gómez Henry L. , Ruiz-García Erika , Nieto-Coronel María Tereza , Ortiz-Lopez Rocio , Martínez Villalba Kenia Nadiezhda , Muñoz-Sánchez Mariana , Aguilar Dione , Gómez-Flores-Ramos Liliana , Cabrera-Nieto Sara Aileen , Mohar Alejandro , Cruz-Ramos Marlid
Published: January 2024

(1) Background: Somatic mutations may be connected to the exposome, potentially playing a role in breast cancer’s development and clinical outcomes. There needs to be information regarding Latin American women specifically, as they are underrepresented in clinical trials and have limited access to somatic analysis in their countries. This study aims to systematically investigate somatic mutations in breast cancer patients from Latin America to gain a better understanding of tumor biology in the region. (2) Methods: We realize a systematic review of studies on breast cancer in 21 Latin American countries using various databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, RedAlyc, Dianlet, and Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. Of 392 articles that fit the criteria, 10 studies have clinical data which can be used to create a database containing clinical and genetic information. We compared mutation frequencies across different breast cancer subtypes using statistical analyses and meta-analyses of proportions. Furthermore, we identified overexpressed biological processes and canonical pathways through functional enrichment analysis. (3) Results: 342 mutations were found in six Latin American countries, with the TP53 and PIK3CA genes being the most studied mutations. The most common PIK3CA mutation was H1047R. Functional analysis provided insights into tumor biology and potential therapies. (4) Conclusion: evaluating specific somatic mutations in the Latin American population is crucial for understanding tumor biology and determining appropriate treatment options. Combining targeted therapies may improve clinical outcomes in breast cancer. Moreover, implementing healthy lifestyle strategies in Latin America could enhance therapy effectiveness and clinical outcomes.
Mycological Methods for Routine Air Sampling and Interpretation of Results in Operating Theaters
Authors: Tomazin Rok , Matos Tadeja
Published: January 2024

Many infectious diseases are transmitted via the air and are, therefore, particularly difficult to combat. These infections include various invasive mycoses caused by molds. The usual route of infection is the inhalation of conidia. In hospitals, infection can also occur through the deposition of conidia in otherwise sterile anatomical sites during surgical and other invasive procedures. Therefore, knowledge of airborne mold concentrations can lead to measures to protect patients from fungal infections. The literature on this topic contains insufficient and sometimes ambiguous information. This is evidenced by the fact that there are no international recommendations or guidelines defining the methodology of air sampling and the interpretation of the results obtained. Surgical departments, intensive care units and medical mycology laboratories are, therefore, left to their own devices, leading to significant differences in the implementation of mycological surveillance in hospitals. The aim of this mini-review is to provide an overview of the current methods of air sampling and interpretation of results used in medical mycology laboratories.
From Data to Insights: How Is AI Revolutionizing Small-Bowel Endoscopy?
Authors: Mota Joana , Almeida Maria João , Mendes Francisco , Martins Miguel , Ribeiro Tiago , Afonso João , Cardoso Pedro , Cardoso Helder , Andrade Patrícia , Ferreira João , Mascarenhas Miguel , Macedo Guilherme
Published: January 2024

The role of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy in managing various small-bowel pathologies is well-established. However, their broader application has been hampered mainly by their lengthy reading times. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing artificial intelligence (AI) in these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, driven by the prospect of overcoming some major limitations and enhancing healthcare efficiency, while maintaining high accuracy levels. In the past two decades, the applicability of AI to gastroenterology has been increasing, mainly because of the strong imaging component. Nowadays, there are a multitude of studies using AI, specifically using convolutional neural networks, that prove the potential applications of AI to these endoscopic techniques, achieving remarkable results. These findings suggest that there is ample opportunity for AI to expand its presence in the management of gastroenterology diseases and, in the future, catalyze a game-changing transformation in clinical activities. This review provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art of AI in the scope of small-bowel study, with a particular focus on capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Virtual Simulation Platform for Apexification Learning
Authors: Ma Lan , Lai Hongbin , Zhao Wei
Published: January 2024

The traditional teaching methods for apexification face difficulties in meeting dental students’ practical training needs. Herein, we aimed to find optimal techniques of learning apexification and to evaluate whether a virtual simulation platform for apexification learning was effective. A virtual simulation learning platform for apexification was developed. Ninety-nine 4th-year dentistry students were classified randomly into the control group (Con, receiving conventional teaching) and the experimental group (Exp, receiving virtual simulation teaching). Theoretical tests before (test 1) and after the virtual simulation training (test 2) assessed the effect of learning. In the Exp group, a questionnaire was used to assess student understanding of the virtual simulation platform. In the Exp group, the test-2 scores were significantly better compared those in the Con group (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in the Exp group, the test-2 scores exceeded those of test 1 (p < 0.001). Feedback using the questionnaire covered the evaluation of the Exp group for the virtual reality platform and offered useful suggestions. Applying the virtual simulation learning platform had positive effects on improving learning quality related to apexification.
Advancing Forest Fire Risk Evaluation: An Integrated Framework for Visualizing Area-Specific Forest Fire Risks Using UAV Imagery, Object Detection and Color Mapping Techniques
Authors: Aibin Michal , Li Yuanxi , Sharma Rohan , Ling Junyan , Ye Jiannan , Lu Jianming , Zhang Jiesi , Coria Lino , Huang Xingguo , Yang Zhiyuan , Ke Lili , Zou Panhaoqi
Published: January 2024

Forest fires have significant implications for the Earth’s ecological balance, causing widespread devastation and posing formidable challenges for containment once they propagate. The development of computer vision methods holds promise in facilitating the timely identification of forest fire risks, thereby preventing potential economic losses. In our study conducted in various regions in British Columbia, we utilized image data captured by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and computer vision methods to detect various types of trees, including alive trees, debris (logs on the ground), beetle- and fire-impacted trees, and dead trees that pose a risk of a forest fire. We then designed and implemented a novel sliding window technique to process large forest areas as georeferenced orthogonal maps. The model demonstrates proficiency in identifying various tree types, excelling in detecting healthy trees with precision and recall scores of 0.904 and 0.848, respectively. Its effectiveness in recognizing trees killed by beetles is somewhat limited, likely due to the smaller number of examples available in the dataset. After the tree types are detected, we generate color maps, indicating different fire risks to provide a new tool for fire managers to assess and implement prevention strategies. This study stands out for its integration of UAV technology and computer vision in forest fire risk assessment, marking a significant step forward in ecological protection and sustainable forest management.
Dynamic Phase Transition in 2D Ising Systems: Effect of Anisotropy and Defects
Authors: Ettori Federico , Coupé Thibaud , Sluckin Timothy J. , Puppin Ezio , Biscari Paolo
Published: January 2024

We investigate the dynamic phase transition in two-dimensional Ising models whose equilibrium characteristics are influenced by either anisotropic interactions or quenched defects. The presence of anisotropy reduces the dynamical critical temperature, leading to the expected result that the critical temperature approaches zero in the full-anisotropy limit. We show that a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic behavior of systems with quenched defects requires a generalized definition of the dynamic order parameter. By doing so, we demonstrate that the inclusion of quenched defects lowers the dynamic critical temperature as well, with a linear trend across the range of defect fractions considered. We also explore if and how it is possible to predict the dynamic behavior of specific magnetic systems with quenched randomness. Various geometric quantities, such as a defect potential index, the defect dipole moment, and the properties of the defect Delaunay triangulation, prove useful for this purpose.
Modelling the Impact of VAT Fiscality on Branch-Level Performance in the Construction Industry—Evidence from Romania
Authors: Badiu (Cazacu) Cristina Elena , Bărbuță-Mișu Nicoleta , Chirita Mioara , Soare Ionica , Zlati Monica Laura , Fortea Costinela , Antohi Valentin Marian
Published: January 2024

Fiscal policy stands as a crucial pillar of economic development through its economic financing function. The regulatory effects of fiscality have been shown to reduce the ripple effects of uncertainties on economic growth within the EU. Unlike the average European economy, the Romanian economy has exhibited particularities concerning economic growth (ranking highly in economic growth among European nations in absolute terms), partly due to a more assertive fiscal policy applied to a consumption-based economy affected by hyperinflation (especially in the last five calendar years). The research issue stems from the premise of the lack of predictability in Romanian fiscal policy and its implications for the business environment. Our aim is to develop an econometric model of the fiscal effects of VAT on the business performance of the construction sector in Romania for the period 2010–2021. The methods employed involve empirical analysis and the development of consolidated industry-level databases followed by econometric modeling using the multiple linear regression method. The results of the research demonstrate that financial independence and solvency promote excessive taxation in emerging markets and developing countries, such as Romania, being correlated with the macroeconomic evolution of the respective state. Additionally, the results indicate that tax pressure can constitute a barrier to the sustainable development of firms, with direct repercussions for consumers. Attractiveness to investors is also affected, remaining a priority for companies. The study’s findings will enable the identification of the main impediments and opportunities brought about by VAT taxation on branch-level performance, proving useful for construction sector managers and fiscal policy makers in fostering sustainable industry development and establishing a sustainable fiscal regime to safeguard investors.
Improving Curricula for Higher Entrepreneurship Education: An International Real-Time Delphi
Authors: Tiberius Victor , Weyland Michael
Published: January 2024

Existing curricula for entrepreneurship education do not necessarily represent the best way of teaching. How could entrepreneurship curricula be improved? To answer this question, we aim to identify and rank desirable teaching objectives, teaching contents, teaching methods, and assessment methods for higher entrepreneurship education. To this end, we employ an international real-time Delphi study with an expert panel consisting of entrepreneurship education instructors and researchers. The study reveals 17 favorable objectives, 17 items of content, 25 teaching methods, and 15 assessment methods, which are ranked according to their desirability and the group consensus. We contribute to entrepreneurship curriculum research by adding a normative perspective.
Course Crafting in the Pandemic: Examination of Students’ Positive Experiences
Authors: Narayanan Lakshmi , Nasser Ramzi , Menon Shanker , Wallace Brett
Published: January 2024

College students’ positive experiences were examined before and during COVID-19 when courses transitioned to a new format. During COVID-19, university courses at a state university in the US transitioned to a new online format. This study observed the affective experiences of students through the instructors’ course crafting during times of crisis. The method of critical incident qualitative data collection examined what students perceived as positive experiences. Students’ perceptions were examined, and the nature and types of positive experiences were examined before and during the pandemic. This comparison provided insights into the emotions and feelings experienced between the two groups (Before COVID-19 and During COVID-19). As courses were modified and redesigned for remote learning, examination of the findings showed students’ positive experiences considering the faculty recrafting their courses, which gave a valuable insight into the dynamics of these positive experiences in the teaching and learning process. Educators crafted their courses’ changing format and provided emotional support, empathy, kindness, reassurance, and encouragement when needed. The implications of these findings and understanding how we can thrive and flourish even in very challenging times in the virtual environment is discussed.
ZOOMED IN, ZONED OUT: Academic Self-Reports on the Challenges and Benefits of Online Teaching in Higher Education
Authors: Rajaraman Gayathri , Klein Rudi , Sinnayah Puspha
Published: January 2024

Online teaching in higher education has become increasingly prevalent, especially in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. While teaching online offers many benefits, it also presents several challenges. Sharing one’s lived experiences as an educator is essential to improving one’s teaching skills and enhancing the learning outcomes for the students. Here, we present our personal and lived experiences as higher education teachers in the VU Block Model® First Year College at Victoria University. In our allied health science subjects, we have identified the key challenges in online teaching, such as technology and infrastructure, student engagement and interaction, adapting learning styles, assessment integrity, digital literacy, social-isolation-related mental health, and workload. The benefits included flexibility, innovative teaching tools, personalised learning and accessibility, and the continuity of teaching and learning despite the pandemic disruption. Overcoming these challenges requires careful planning, effective pedagogy, and ongoing support for both teachers and students. The benefits of online teaching can be maximised when its limitations are acknowledged and addressed appropriately via sharing teacher’s personal narratives as an effective mode of communication.
Investigating the Impacts of Shame-Proneness on Students’ State Shame, Self-Regulation, and Learning
Authors: Sullins Jeremiah , Turner Jeannine , Kim Juhee , Barber Steven
Published: January 2024

We explored relationships between students’ shame-proneness and their experiences of state shame, self-regulation, and learning in a laboratory. We conducted two studies with different content: physics (Study 1, n = 179) and the circulatory system (Study 2, n = 85). We first evaluated students’ shame-proneness, self-regulation, and content knowledge (pretest). Then, half of the students participated in the experimental condition where state shame was induced. Subsequently, we evaluated students’ state shame and learning gains. In both studies, t-tests demonstrated that the experimental manipulation effectively induced higher levels of state shame. Follow-up 2 (experimental/control condition) by 2 (high/low shame-proneness) ANOVAs revealed that, in the experimental shame-induced condition, participants who had high shame-proneness had significantly higher state shame levels than those with low shame-proneness. Regarding students’ self-regulation, in both studies, high-shame-prone students had lower self-regulation skills. Interestingly, the outcomes of students’ learning gains differed in Studies 1 and 2. The results of a 2 (condition) by 2 (shame-proneness) ANOVA for Study 1 indicated no significant differences in students’ learning gains. In Study 2, participants in the experimental condition who reported high shame-proneness had significantly lower learning gains than those with low shame-proneness. We discuss several educational implications and provide directions for future research.
The Changes in Soil Microbial Communities and Assembly Processes along Vegetation Succession in a Subtropical Forest
Authors: Ren Jiusheng , Huang Kangxiang , Xu Fangfang , Zhang Yuan , Yuan Bosen , Chen Huimin , Shi Fuxi
Published: January 2024

Soil microbes are the primary drivers of the material cycling of the forest ecosystem, and understanding how microbial structure and composition change across succession assists in clarifying the mechanisms behind succession dynamics. However, the response of soil microbial communities and assembly processes to succession is poorly understood in subtropical forests. Thus, through the “space instead of time” and high throughput sequencing method, the dynamics of the soil bacterial and fungal communities and assembly process along the succession were studied, where five succession stages, including Abandoned lands (AL), Deciduous broad-leaved forests (DB), Coniferous forests (CF), Coniferous broad-leaved mixed forests (CB), and Evergreen broad-leaved forests (EB), were selected in a subtropical forest on the western slope of Wuyi Mountain, southern China. The results demonstrated that succession significantly decreased soil bacterial α-diversity but had little effect on fungal α-diversity. The composition of soil bacterial and fungal communities shifted along with the succession stages. LEfSe analysis showed the transition from initial succession microbial communities dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Ascomycota, and Chytridiomycota to terminal succession communities dominated by Actinobacteriota and Basidiomycota. Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) revealed that soil total organic carbon (TOC) was the main factor explaining variability in the structure of soil bacterial communities, and multiple soil environmental factors such as the TOC, soil total nitrogen (TN), C:N ratio, and pH co-regulated the structure of fungi. The null models illustrated that deterministic processes were dominant in the soil bacterial communities, while the stochastic processes contributed significantly to the soil fungal communities during succession. Collectively, our results suggest that different patterns are displayed by the soil bacterial and fungal communities during the succession. These findings enhance our comprehension of the processes that drive the formation and maintenance of soil microbial diversity throughout forest succession.
Assessing the Influence of Social Factors on Local Perceptions of Climate Change, Product Value Addition, Multiple Uses of NTFPs, and Their Influence on Poverty Alleviation in Ghana
Authors: Asamoah Obed , Danquah Jones Abrefa , Bamwesigye Dastan , Appiah Mark , Pappinen Ari
Published: January 2024

The key to the successful and sustainable utilisation of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) by local communities lies in understanding their perspectives on climate change and its effects on NTFP production. Furthermore, assessing their perceptions of the diverse uses and potential for the value addition of NTFPs is crucial for determining how these resources can enhance the well-being of local livelihoods. Although studies on climate change, value addition, and the multiple uses of NTFPs and their impact on local livelihoods have been conducted, locals’ perceptions of these factors have not been fully explored. This study aims to assess various social factors, including education, gender, and religion, and their influence on locals’ perceptions of the abovementioned factors. The research focused on five regions where NTFPs are prevalent in Ghana (the Western North, Bono, Ahafo, Ashanti, and Eastern regions). To investigate the influence of social factors on local perceptions of climate change, value addition, and the multiple values of NTFPs within rural communities, a total of 732 locals were randomly selected with a team of interviewers across these five regions in Ghana. Key informant interviews and focus group interview methods were used for the data collection. We applied a logistic regression model to assess the social factors and their influencing locals’ perceptions of the mentioned variables. It was revealed that age, gender, education, and occupation did not significantly influence locals’ perceptions of climate change. However, religion was found to influence locals’ perceptions of climate change. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that gender and education strongly influenced locals’ perceptions of value addition to NTFPs. In contrast, religion and constraints (related to time, finance, and skills) did not significantly influence locals’ perceptions. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay among local perceptions, climate change, value addition, multiple uses of NTFPs, and the capacity of NTFPs to enhance the well-being of forest fringe communities. These findings underscore the importance of comprehensive, tailor-made interventions that consider local perspectives and adhere to sustainable approaches, with the aim of optimising the positive impacts of NTFPs in poverty alleviation and overall community development.
Reconstruction of Seasonal Kinetics in Conifer Radial Growth from Daily Meteorological Conditions, Tree-Ring Width, and Radial Size of Tracheids
Authors: Zelenov Grigory K. , Belokopytova Liliana V. , Babushkina Elena A. , Zhirnova Dina F. , Yang Bao , Peng Xiaomei , Liu Jingjing , Sitnikov Gleb A. , Vaganov Eugene A.
Published: January 2024

The development of the tree ring is a process occurring under limitations caused by a complex of environmental factors and intrinsic regulatory mechanisms. Its understanding is of interest in many scientific fields, but most quantitative models trying to describe its details meet several issues stemming from the difficulty of its verification. This study attempted to combine several observational and modeling approaches to verify intermediate details of the description of xylogenesis, aiming to restore the tree-ring seasonal growth kinetics on the basis of dendrochronological and wood anatomical data. It was carried out for Scots pine in two semiarid habitats in South Siberia. The Vaganov-Shashkin model was used jointly with tree-ring width chronology and climatic data to model the tree radial growth rate with daily precision. The Band-model was then used to calculate the kinetics of tracheid production from the growth rate and actual final number of cells per radial file in the ring. Seasonal observations of cell population and final measurements of cell sizes were used to fit model parameters and verify the numbers of developing tracheids produced by the Band-model. The patterns of modeled seasonal kinetics for six seasons and two sites were found to repeat the actual drought-derived deviations in tree growth and observations (R2 = 0.70–0.84). Further research is required to test other climatic limitations and species-specific ecophysiological mechanisms of growth regulation.
Effect of Fertilization on Soil Fertility and Individual Stand Biomass in Strip Cut Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Forests
Authors: Li Zhen , Guan Fengying , Zhou Xiao , Liu Liyang , Fu Dawei , Zhang Xuan , Li Minkai
Published: January 2024

Strip cutting has emerged as a new, efficient, and mechanized bamboo forest management model. To shorten the recovery period in strip cutting management, improve bamboo resource quality, prevent soil degradation, and achieve sustainable management, we selected on-year pure Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) forests for an 8-meter-wide strip cut. Three fertilization methods were applied in a complete two-factor experiment, including spreading, cave, and bamboo stump fertilization, at three fertilization dosages of 600, 900, and 1200 kg/ha (N:P:K = 3.5:1:2). We investigated the effects of different fertilization treatments on the biomass of new bamboo shoots and soil fertility to provide a reference for identifying the optimal fertilization scheme. The results showed that fertilization treatment increased the individual stand biomass of new Moso bamboo shoots, with a decreasing trend in the proportion of branches and leaves and an increasing proportion of culms in biomass allocation. Fertilization treatment significantly increased the total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and available phosphorus contents in the soil. Overall, fertilization at 900 kg/ha using the spreading method showed the best results in promoting individual plant biomass recovery (5% increase in culm proportion and 4.12 kg increase in biomass per plant) and restoring soil fertility (increase the contents of TN, TP, TK, and AP in the entire soil layer) after strip cutting Moso bamboo forests, which addresses these pertinent issues in the strip cut management model.
Impact of Climate Change on the Potential Geographical Distribution Patterns of Luculia pinceana Hook. f. since the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Gao Can , Guo Shuailong , Ma Changle , Yang Jianxin , Kang Xinling , Li Rui
Published: January 2024

In this study, we utilized 76 natural distribution points and six environmental variables to establish a detailed species distribution prediction process for Luculia pinceana Hook. f. Our aim was to explore the potential distribution patterns of L. pinceana since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and its response to climate change, providing a scientific basis for conservation strategies and the suitable introduction of its wild populations. This model enabled the prediction of L. pinceana’s geographical distribution patterns across five temporal phases: the LGM, the Mid-Holocene (MH), the present, and two future scenarios. Additionally, the model pinpointed the dominant environmental factors influencing these distribution patterns. The results indicate the following: (1) The temperature annual range (bio7), the minimum temperature of the coldest month (bio6), and the precipitation of the wettest month (bio13) are the dominant environmental factors that determine the distribution of L. pinceana. In areas where bio7 is less than 22.27 °C, bio6 is above 3.34 °C, and bio13 exceeds 307.65 mm, the suitability for L. pinceana is highest. (2) Under the current climatic conditions, the highly suitable area of L. pinceana accounts for 64 × 104 km2, which accounts for half of the total suitable area. The suitable habitats for L. pinceana are concentrated in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Guangxi, southern Nyingchi in Tibet, and the coastal areas of South China. (3) During the LGM and the MH, the suitable habitats for L. pinceana were essentially consistent with the current scenarios, with no significant southward shift in distribution. This lack of a major southward migration during the LGM could be attributed to the species finding refuge in situ in mountainous areas. (4) Under various future emission scenarios, the suitable habitat area for L. pinceana is expected to experience significant expansion, generally shifting towards the northwest and higher latitudes. The anticipated global warming in the future is likely to provide more favorable conditions for the survival of L. pinceana. It is recommended that the introduction follows the direction of centroid migration, facilitated by vegetation management, and it has the ecological and economic benefits of L. pinceana to a greater extent.