bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Should There Be Public Financing of Congressional Campaigns?
Authors: MATHIAS CHARLES McC.
Published: March 2007

In spite of seemingly comprehensive campaign finance reforms enacted by Congress beginning in 1971, the current system of financing congressional campaigns threatens to erode public confidence in the electoral process and in government itself. The sheer volume of money in campaigns has led to the perception that those who pay the campaign bills wield disproportionate influence in the process, or at a minimum enjoy greater access to elected representatives than do individual citizens. Public funding of congressional races is a workable means of lessening candidates' reliance on private contributions. Moreover, it is the only effective means of placing reasonable limits on overall campaign spending.
Cubans in the United States
Authors: PÉREZ LISANDRO
Published: March 2007

Although the bulk of the Cuban-origin population immigrated within the past 25 years, the Cuban presence in this country has a long history. In the nineteenth century, important Cuban communities existed in Tampa, Key West, and New York. The post-1959 Cuban immigrants have concentrated in the Miami area. In comparison with other major U.S. Hispanic groups, the sociodemographic profile of the Cubans is fairly unique: a large proportion of middle-aged and elderly persons, a female majority, low fertility, and relatively high socioeconomic status. The latter has been explained by a combination of factors: (1) the socioeconomic selectivity of postrevolutionary Cuban emigration; (2) high rates of female labor force participation; and (3) the presence of a strong ethnic enclave. While strong forces have favored retention of Cuban cultural traits, there are intergenerational differences in the degree of acculturation to U.S. society.
Institutional Renewal in American Cities
Authors: HANSON ROYCE
Published: March 2007

Urban institutions change slowly. Reform responds to crisis. Few cities are institutionally equipped to anticipate change or provide leadership for transition to a new economy. Command and control centers enjoy greater evidence of institutional renewal than subordinate centers. The principal conditions that advance institutional renewal in a city are economic and political autonomy, the presence of catalysts for change, intermediary organizations, and a civic culture that nurtures leadership and change. Any strategy for institutional renewal must recognize the importance of time, the need for an intelligence capacity that can understand urban systems and has the ability to reframe issues, and the value of importing as well as promoting homegrown leaders. The most difficult institutions to renew are those involving the political system. Parties and interest groups are ill-equipped to renew themselves or provide effective leadership in most cities. Broad institutional renewal requires entrepreneurs rather than caretakers. A strong independent sector is a key factor in institutional renewal strategy. Ultimately, institutional renewal concerns the revival of local self-government and the ability of cities to shape their own futures.
The Humanistic Basis of Second Language Learning
Authors: LEHMANN WINFRED P. , JONES RANDALL L.
Published: March 2007

A humanistic approach to language study recognizes the necessity of learning a language in its social and cultural contexts, encompassing the ecology and the material, social, religious, and linguistic cultures of the language studied. The need to teach language in relation to social and cultural values affects educational choices with respect to curriculum, materials, and approaches and should be central to national planning and programs for professional development and the improvement of teaching.
On-Line Research-Support Systems
Authors: ABORN MURRAY , THALER ALVIN I.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of trends in electronic communication among research scientists, with particular attention to the Experimental Research in Electronic Submission (EXPRES) initiative at the National Science Foundation (NSF). NSF is an independent agency of the federal government authorized to initiate and support basic scientific research and to strengthen the nation's scientific research potential and education in the sciences. EXPRES is a conceptual and technological project attempting to facilitate the exchange of compound scientific documents between research sites possessing different kinds of computer hardware and software. In its most fundamental aspect, EXPRES is about scientific collaboration as well as communication. This dual process is exemplified in the development of basic research proposals by scientists at universities, and the subsequent procedures by which such proposals are submitted, evaluated for scientific merit by the scientists' peers, and ultimately funded or declined. EXPRES holds the promise of not just streamlining but also enhancing the support systems by which today's scientific research is carried out.
The President's Legislative Agenda
Authors: PFIFFNER JAMES P.
Published: March 2007

The president has come to be known as our chief legislator within the past fifty years, with Franklin Roosevelt and his successors taking a much more active role in the legislative process than nineteenth-century presidents took. Despite elaborate efforts and a fully developed congressional liaison capacity in the White House, however, only three presidents have been markedly successful with Congress: Franklin Roosevelt, Lyndon Johnson, and Ronald Reagan. This article examines some of the lessons that have been learned about presidential effectiveness with Congress. Even the most successful presidents, however, have not been able to sustain their legislative effectiveness throughout their terms, and this article analyzes the frustrations of divided government and proposals for constitutional reform to alleviate the problem. The article concludes that whether one approves of these reform proposals depends how one conceives of the problem.
Absent Fathers in the Inner City
Authors: SULLIVAN MERCER L.
Published: March 2007

The influences of structural economic factors, social ecology, and culture on producing young absent fathers in the inner city and on defining their relationships to their children are examined. Ethnographic data on three low-income urban neighborhoods are reported and compared with respect to the careers of young males, patterns of sexual activity and contraception, and responses to early pregnancy.
Health Care and the Elderly
Authors: MECHANIC DAVID
Published: March 2007

Western values have long emphasized an interventionist approach to problems of health and health care. Yet, as medical technology becomes increasingly expensive and as the number of older people grows, proposed changes often are now governed more by considerations of cost than by quality of services. This tension between cost and quality also affects public willingness to invest in social components of health care despite their importance in enhancing quality of life. The tension emerges in sharpest contrast as scarce resources are allocated by gatekeepers in health maintenance organizations and in the arrangements for long-term care. With respect to financing, what seems to be needed is a creative mix of voluntary inputs from the community, private initiatives, and new programs of public entitlements. With respect to quality of care, what has often been overlooked is the recognition that gains in the quality of life require programs that encourage older people's continued involvement and participation in social life and in active and healthy life-styles. This article discusses the evolving balance between these two types of interventions: the medical and the social.
Latin American Failure against the Backdrop of Asian Success
Authors: FISHLOW ALBERT
Published: March 2007

This article examines the principal reasons for the poor Latin American economic performance in contrast to Asian success in the last decade. These include an adverse international economy that discriminated against large debtors, a set of domestic distortions introduced by excess external debt, and a political incapacity to implement coherent and consistent adjustment policies.
The East Asian NICs in Comparative Perspective
Authors: HAGGARD STEPHAN
Published: March 2007

Purely economic analyses of the East Asian newly industrializing countries have overlooked the politics of their growth. Why were these countries able to pursue strategies that combined rapid growth with a relatively equitable distribution of income? The reason lies partly in external conditions, including expanding world trade, and, in the case of Taiwan and Korea, pressure from the United States for policy reform. Domestic social and political conditions were also auspicious, however. Export-led growth was facilitated by weak labor movements and the absence of leftist or populist parties. A relatively brief period of import-substitution policies prevented the development of strong protectionist business interests. Equity was advanced by land reforms in Korea and Taiwan and by the absence of a rural sector in Hong Kong and Singapore. No explanation is complete, however, without reference to the strength of the East Asian states, including their insulation from interest-group pressures and their cohesive, meritocratic bureaucracies. These political institutions facilitated coherent, decisive, yet flexible policy.
Great- and Medium-Power Mediations: Angola
Authors: ROTHCHILD DONALD , HARTZELL CAROLINE
Published: March 2007

Two types of conflict situations existed concurrently in Angola: conflict in the interstate realm and conflict in the intrastate realm. In this article, the conflict management processes are analyzed by dealing separately with these two realms of mediatory activity. After an examination of the origins of interstate and intrastate tensions, the different mediation processes and their apparent consequences are compared and contrasted. The great- and medium-power mediators are differentiated in terms of their status, determination, and the resources they were able to bring to bear on the various disputing parties. The Zairian and Portuguese mediation processes are then analyzed in terms of the change over time in the incentives influencing the preferences of the various actors. In the concluding section, an attempt is made to link the shift in actor incentives and the mediators' resources, abilities, and motivations to moves toward a settlement of each conflict situation.
Political Islam: The Origins
Authors: BUTTERWORTH CHARLES E.
Published: March 2007

Seeking to understand why Islamicists prize the nondemocratic and even nonliberal political rule to be found in revelation-based politics, the article first considers the older Arabic and Islamic analysis of political regimes and their goals. Then it investigates why, in a more recent past, thoughtful thinkers within that same cultural milieu called for independence while endorsing nondemocratic and nonliberal regimes. Finally, it suggests why thinkers today continue to do the same. The goal is not to apologize for Islamicist doctrines in the present or in the recent or distant past but to point to the problems with current Western analyses and critiques of political Islam.
Democracy and Islam: The Cultural Dialectic
Authors: ZARTMAN I. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Current history is marked by the meeting of two powerful currents, democracy and political Islam. Islam itself is the subject of a cultural dialectic between a modern and an authentistic form, out of which a synthesis tends to arise, only to be attacked again by a new authentistic antithesis. Political Islam is the current antithesis, attacking the unpopular states for impiety and materialism. Democracy is also rising in popularity as a criterion of good government, with special meaning as the consummation of nationalism for new states recently free from colonial rule. The two currents are not necessarily incompatible, but they have different sources and will have a profound effect on each other whenever they meet.
White-Collar Crime in the Savings and Loan Scandal
Authors: PONTELL HENRY N. , CALAVITA KITTY
Published: March 2007

This article elaborates on the nature and scale of white-collar crime in the savings and loan crisis. It provides an overview of the thrift industry and the impact of deregulation on opportunities for fraud. Violations are then discussed under the general headings of “unlawful risk taking,”“collective embezzlement,” and “covering up,” and similarities are noted between criminal activities of thrift operators and those of persons associated with traditional organized crime. Government enforcement issues are discussed, focusing on both statutory changes and the law in action. Finally, the article argues that future policymaking, when considering changes in regulatory structure, must take into account the criminogenic environment produced by earlier legislation.
Profiles in Transition in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: BAER M. DELAL
Published: March 2007

The costs and benefits of economic restructuring are not evenly distributed over time or across a population. The early years of economic adjustment have high costs and may tend to favor strong, even authoritarian states. Weak states or poorer nations may find it difficult to weather economic adjustment with their democracies intact. The later years of stabilization may offer a harvest of capital inflows and growth that is propitious to democratic politics. There is a price to pay for delayed or timid economic reforms. Nations that postponed restructuring during the 1980s could find it difficult to juggle economic reform and democracy in the 1990s. The midterm prospects for democracy may be determined by the ability to translate economic growth into equitable income gains. The long-term perspectives for Latin American democracies will in part be influenced by whether Asian models of partnerships between the state and industry or liberal Anglo models of market-dominated capitalism are adopted.
American Religious Exceptionalism: A Reconsideration
Authors: TIRYAKIAN EDWARD A.
Published: March 2007

The first part of this article deals with religion in the United States in the context of American exceptionalism. At least since Tocqueville, observers have noted that a distinctive national characteristic of the United States is its religious vitality. In addition to commonly cited aspects of religious activism, it is also argued here that this exceptional vitality is reflected in the periodical mass or public renewals of the religious life and, stemming from Puritanism, in the diffusion of religious elements to other social contexts. A second theme presented in this article is that the three major religious orientations—Protestantism, Catholicism, and Judaism—not only fill an important niche as providers of social identity but also have found in the United States an exceptional historical setting.
The New Caribbean and the United States
Authors: KNIGHT FRANKLIN W.
Published: March 2007

Most Caribbean states have produced new political leadership that is significantly different from the last generation in a number of ways. Relying more on the projections of technical competence than on charisma and gratitude, these new leaders face volatile domestic situations in which they find themselves challenged by increasing drug problems, local political indifference, weak party organizations, and a world dramatically altered by the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the precarious internal economic situation of the United States. The United States remains inordinately important as the major market for Caribbean products, although trade with the region represents only a small part of American foreign trade. The diversity of the various states makes unanimity in matters of foreign policy difficult among Caribbean leaders. Differences in scale will affect foreign policy concerns, although, on many major issues, Caribbean political leaders must work closely with the United States. The primary challenge will be to balance equitably their local interests with those of the larger state.
Ethics and the Public Administrator
Authors: COHEN STEVEN , EIMICKE WILLIAM B.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview and analysis of the practical problems of developing and implementing a code of ethics for public administrators. The article addresses three key issues: (1) What are public ethics and where do they come from? (2) What are the central ethical issues facing public administrators? and (3) Are there practical tools and guidelines to assist public servants to be both ethical and effective public managers? The article concludes with a plea for consideration of ethical issues, and it presents five general ethical principles for public administrators.
There'll always be a Canada and a Canadian Constitutional Crisis
Authors: BARNES THOMAS G.
Published: March 2007

Since 1976, when an avowedly separatist Parti Québécois under René Lévèsque took power in Quebec, Canada has been caught up in a drama of continuing constitutional crisis, or so it appears. The most critical act was the popular defeat on referendum in October 1992 of a comprehensive settlement reached unanimously by the first ministers, federal and provincial, and the territories with concurrence of interested groups. The latest act was a Quebec election in September 1994, which returned the Parti Québécois to power and may result in another Quebec referendum on independence sometime in 1995. This article seeks to provide some historical perspective on the apparently continuing crisis; by breaking the crisis up into its components, discontinuity becomes rather more prominent than continuity. Without attempting to predict outcome, it is reasonable to hope that there will, indeed, always be a Canada with Quebec included.
Crime and its Consequences in England and Wales
Authors: MATTHEWS ROGER
Published: March 2007

In recent years, a great deal has been made about the perceived increase in crime. This widely reported increase has been used as a central point of reference for the development of more punitive responses toward offenders on both sides of the Atlantic. In Britain there has been a growing concern expressed in the media about what is considered to be a rapidly deteriorating situation, and this has led to calls in official circles for the routine arming of the police, removing suspects' right to silence, and the development of more austere penal institutions. A detailed examination of recent crime trends, however, suggests that there has been considerable variability in the incidence and the impact of crime in different areas over the last few years. The aim of this article is to critically examine recent developments and to consider their implications for crime prevention and crime control.
Small Wars: Definitions and Dimensions
Authors: BEAUMONT ROGER
Published: March 2007

This article offers a prefatory sampling of definitions of small war, and it frames an approximate continuum by referring to various cases illustratively. The discussion keeps in view the dilemmas of idiosyncrasy and variance in small wars that confound the framing of a neat matrix that allows effective anticipation or projection. Various qualitative or metaphysical aspects of small wars are considered, including technological evolution, small wars raging within larger ones, discontinuities between scale and effect, and their role as catalysts and precursors. Operational aspects and anomalies are also discussed, such as discrepancies between military professionals' attitudes and expectations and small-war dynamics, disparities in visibility and perceived effect, and perceptions of such conflicts as especially savage. Conclusions are drawn regarding the analytical intractability of small wars and the rarity of effective prediction and of rational processes leading to involvement.
Scientific Uncertainty and the Political Process
Authors: JAMIESON DALE
Published: March 2007

In this article, a notion of scientific uncertainty is sketched that is in many ways different from the prevailing view. Scientific uncertainty is not simply an objective value that can be reduced by science alone. Rather, scientific uncertainty is constructed both by science and by society in order to serve certain purposes. Recognizing the social role of scientific uncertainty will help us to see how many of our problems about risk are deeply cultural and cannot be overcome simply by the application of more and better science.
Hong Kong Design and the Roots of Sino-American Trade Disputes
Authors: TURNER MATTHEW
Published: March 2007

This article draws parallels between recent Sino-American trade disputes and the course of the United States' economic involvement in Hong Kong during the 1950s. The twists and turns of a Cold War policy that first prevented, then promoted, and finally controlled Hong Kong domestic exports is traced through visits by Vice President Nixon and the designer Russell Wright. American influence on Hong Kong industrialists, traders, and designers is also followed up to reveal how policies were translated into products. It is suggested that the American reaction against Hong Kong imports during the late 1950s—the outcries over “Red” profits, “sweated labor,” and “imitation”—foreshadowed more recent fears of Asian economic hegemony, human rights abuse, and intellectual property violations. The article concludes that America's management of Hong Kong's export industries through flexible production and diversified design suggests a way through current disputes, following consumer demand for less standardized, more individualized designs.
Learning from the Christian Rescuers: Lessons for the Churches
Authors: GUSHEE DAVID P.
Published: March 2007

Research on the rescuers has shown that some were Christians whose activities on behalf of Jews during World War II were, at least in part, religiously inspired. This article argues that these religious rescuers have left behind important clues for the churches as they respond to Christian moral failure during the Holocaust and seek to be morally stronger communities today. Eight lessons for the churches are proposed, in the following areas: Christian attitudes toward Jews; character formation; Christian community; piety and spirituality; the Bible; religious tolerance; patriotism; and Christian moral leadership.
Employment Discrimination Laws for Disability: Utilization and Outcome
Authors: MUDRICK NANCY R.
Published: March 2007

This assessment of the potential impact of the laws that prohibit disability-based employment discrimination reviews the logic of civil rights law and its application to disability. The development, structure, and operation of state and federal employment discrimination laws for disability, and the experience with the utilization and enforcement of these laws, are presented. With data from state enforcement agency reports, the pattern of employment discrimination complaints filed under state laws prior to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is analyzed. The data are similar to the early ADA complaint data: a large proportion of complaints came from persons with jobs or who had lost jobs, and less than 50 percent of the complaints resulted in a finding favorable to the complainant. Based on what has been found about the effectiveness of prior civil rights legislation, expectations for the impact of the ADA and potential measures of its success are suggested.
Post-ADA: Are People with Disabilities Expected to Work?
Authors: BURKHAUSER RICHARD V.
Published: March 2007

The unprecedented growth in the younger disability-transfer population is counter to the goal of integrating working-age people with disabilities into mainstream employment. The onset of a disability need not result in a swift and inevitable movement onto the disability rolls for most people, and work-based policies in the spirit of the Americans with Disabilities Act can importantly increase employment. But until both the disability community and public policymakers take the risk of shifting from a disability policy primarily based on transfers to one based on the proposition that people with disabilities can and should be expected to work, young people with disabilities can look forward to a life of dependency.
Who is Protected by the ADA? Evidence from the German Experience
Authors: DALY MARY C.
Published: March 2007

Proponents of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) reason that if the disability-related barriers to employment are removed, the goal of full employment for the population with disabilities can be reached. However, some researchers have suggested that the ADA will not be the panacea hoped for by its most ardent supporters. In particular, concerns have been raised about the ability of the ADA to promote employment among the doubly disadvantaged—those with a poor education and poor job skills, on the one hand, and a disability, on the other. This article uses the experiences of the doubly disadvantaged in Germany, a nation that pursues a disability policy that includes direct intervention in the labor market on behalf of workers with disabilities, to gauge the impact of the ADA on this group. The patterns observed in Germany suggest that while the ADA may have an impact on the ability and willingness of the doubly disadvantaged to remain in the labor market, it is not likely to guarantee their long-term economic well-being.
NAFTA and New Paradigms
Authors: TELLEZ ANTONIO LARA , AGUILAR FRANCISCO HERNANDEZ
Published: March 2007

The North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was regarded as an economic agreement, but it is now realized that its social implications could overshadow its financial effects. The agreement has dramatically accentuated change in Mexico and created a need for paradigms facilitating understanding of the succession of crises facing the country. Political culture analysis, the authors argue, is a suitable lens through which post-NAFTA Mexico can be viewed, but it must struggle against outdated approaches flavored by Marxism and dependency theory.
American Trucking, NAFTA, and the Cost of Distance
Authors: BOYER KENNETH D.
Published: March 2007

As trucking replaced railroads as the basic form of freight transportation, the cost structure of the industry, which is essentially linear in distance, became the standard measure of economic distance. This led to a structure of economic geography that was much flatter and less malleable by public policy. The rise of trucking made the nation more compact and more featureless than it had been. In essence, trucking shrank and leveled the economic landscape—which was not to the advantage of those places that had economically benefited from the geography created by the railroad cost structure. The trucking provisions of the North American Free Trade Agreement have the promise of similarly shrinking the distance between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Their failure to be implemented can be traced to the equivocal attitude that different regions have to further leveling of the economic landscape of North America.
Policy Implications of Full Social Costing
Authors: LITMAN TODD
Published: March 2007

This article describes the application of full-cost accounting to transport decision making. Twenty transportation costs are identified, and cost estimates developed, for 11 modes under three travel conditions. Costs are categorized according to how they are distributed (internally or externally), whether they are fixed or variable, and whether they are market or nonmarket. The results indicate that transportation in general, and private motor vehicle use in particular, are significantly underpriced. The implications of this underpricing on economic efficiency, equity, and environmental impacts are discussed. Underpricing reduces economic efficiency and productivity by skewing market decisions away from an optimal allocation of resources. The existence of externalities indicates horizontal inequity and tends to be vertically inequitable to the extent that economically and physically disadvantaged people use private automobiles less than people who are more advantaged. Transportation underpricing increases pollution, land-use impacts, and other environmental impacts. Underpricing makes traffic congestion virtually unavoidable. Recommendations are provided for more efficient pricing and incorporating full-cost accounting into transport decision making.
The Development Gift: The Problem of Reciprocity in the NGO World
Authors: STIRRAT R. L. , HENKEL HEIKO
Published: March 2007

Drawing on Mauss's classical essay on “The Gift,” the authors examine the relationship between Western development nongovernmental organizations and their Southern counterparts. It is argued that what starts out as a seemingly free gift is transformed into a heavily conditional gift when it reaches the ultimate recipient. Despite the apparent one-way flow of goods, there are in practice symbolic forms of reciprocity that tie together the Northern donors and Southern receivers. While the complexities of this relationship do not make partnerships between North and South impossible, they certainly make them problematic: there is no such thing as a free gift.
Contemporary Evangelicals: Born-Again and World Affirming
Authors: SHIBLEY MARK A.
Published: March 2007

Because conservative Protestant activism in the 1970s and 1980s was motivated by moral concerns—a reaction to the further disestablishment of so-called traditional Christian values in American society—and because explanations of church growth have also centered on values and boundary maintenance—the strictchurches-grow thesis—resurgent evangelicalism has come to be understood as a reactionary social movement, that is, as though most evangelicals are fundamentalists. Serious students of religion know this is not the case, but it is easy to confound explanations of the popularity of born-again Christianity and the cultural politics of the new Christian Right. In this article, three features of contemporary American evangelicalism are examined that suggest born-again Christians are becoming more like their fellow Americans in their comfort with popular culture, which is to say they are less culturally conservative. Whether contemporary evangelicalism is understood to be sectarian or world affirming is consequential for explaining the prosperity of born-again Christianity and for discerning its future role in public life.
10. Cost as a Measurement of Value
Authors: Emerson Kenneth
Published: March 2007

The characteristics of man and of men are revealed in their possessions and creations. The great ex pansion of insurance suggests a new social order in which man "prefers security to full ownership," an evolution that sorely needs study by behavioral scientists.
The House Foreign Affairs Committee's Role
Authors: Alisky Marvin
Published: March 2007

The House investigation of tbe Nixon incident underscores the part the lower chamber can play in inter-American relations.
Fact and Value in Teaching
Authors: de Grazia Alfred
Published: March 2007

Using illustrations principally from the teaching of American government and politics, the author lists five common ways in which the objective and moral worlds are dealt with. The systematic presentation of general factual statements, supplemented by methodological and action training, is the preferred mode of instruction. University authorities should provide a general moral program, rather than relegating the burden to political scientists.
Value Conflicts in the Law of Evidence
Authors: Evan William M.
Published: March 2007

The law of evidence involves the courts in conflicts of abstract values, such as "due process" with "substantive justice," and conflicts between society and institu tions. The larger "objective" truth is sometimes subordinated to the social values placed by the courts and law upon familial and professional-client relations. Although the law of evidence has been increasingly rationalized over the past thousand years into some thing resembling the rules for seeking scientific truth, group functions and rights have been developing apace. The author is associated with Bell Telephone Laboratories at Murray Hill, New Jersey.
Communications Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Kappel Frederick R.
Published: March 2007

Some recent remarks of Frederick R. Kappel, president of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company, may interest our readers. In these excerpts from a speech before the Boston Conference on Distribution on October 18, he describes high-speed machine-to-machine "talk" over the regular telephone network, satellite communications, and other developments in mass communication techniques whose socio-economic im plications are yet to be discerned.
Behavioral Science For Whom ?
Authors: Hunt Thomas C.
Published: March 2007

The current exploiters of behavioral science grow rich and pile up great-slag heaps of human problems, says our Author, Professor at Mt. San Antonio Col lege, Walnut, California. We must realize the mining process. Several philos ophers and psychologists have established an objective basis for regarding auton omous, creative personality as the aim of applied behavioral science.
Research On Arms Control
Authors: Tashjean John E.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of some of the terms of discourse of war and peace leads the author, Associate Scientist at Technical Operations, Inc., Washington, D.C., to suggest that both the USA and USSR are too technocratic to know how to subject arms problems to policy science and political wisdom.
Some Observations on Area Study Programs
Authors: Olafson Frederick A.
Published: March 2007

A philosopher asserts that area specialization is related to the generalizing approach of economics, political science, and sociology, and to the more traditional analyses of history and anthropology. He examines the meaning of policy-oriented or operational research. Finally Professor Olafson, of Harvard University, declares that the historical and environmental (geographic) sciences provide the best foundation for research, including interdisciplinary research.
Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption
Authors: Leff Nathaniel H.
Published: March 2007

Among scholars the subject of corruption is nearly taboo. Placing it in a model of developing economy as a developing factor is even worse in some eyes. No doubt, Nathaniel H. Leff's analysis will be misunderstood. So be it. It still bids us to understand an important area of social behavior, and tells us why public policies will fail. The author is at Harvard University.
Economists in the Soviet Union
Authors: Schnitzer Martin C.
Published: March 2007

The author, Professor of Economics at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and consultant to the Joint Economic Committee of Congress, contends that despite the favorable social and economic position of Russian economists, the best students do not choose to enter the field of economics, and the training which Russian economists receive is inferior to that of their American counterparts because of the stress placed upon political indoctrination.
The Use of Aspiration-Level Behavior Models in Political Science
Authors: Vertinsky Ilan
Published: March 2007

Dr. Vertinsky is currently in Colombia—engaged in a study exploring the possibility of building a simulation model of the Colombian economy as an experiment in "total society model building." The study is funded by the Council for Intersocietal Study at Northwestern University. Dr. Vertinsky is on the faculty of Northwestern's School of Management.
The Future of Personal Responsibility
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: March 2007

The problem of this paper is one of the most subtle and difficult in the whole of social dynamics. It may very well be insoluble with the present techniques of social science. The principal purpose of this paper, therefore, is to make clear the nature of the problem and the sort of things we might have to know if we were to solve it.
Politics and social insight
Authors: Castles Francis G.
Published: March 2007

"Apart from any biological, psychological and economic constraints which condition political activity, man's ability to make political decisions is constrained by his interaction with others, the roles into which he is socialized, and the patterns of morality which his society imposes. To attempt to understand the political life without regard to such factors is to deprive political studies of much of its potential explanatory power. "
Cultural Breakthroughs
Authors: Heirich Max
Published: March 2007

Recognizing that the production metaphor best fits the stages of normal culture production, Heirich shows how scientific, artistic, and religious modes of inquiry build upon societal roots to produce cultural breakthroughs of revolutionary character.
Art Worlds and Social Types
Authors: Becker Howard S.
Published: March 2007

Becker contrasts the work worlds of integrated professionals, mavericks, naive artists, and folk artists.
Patients and Pilgrims
Authors: Anthony Dick , Robbins Thomas , Doucas Madeline , Curtis Thomas E.
Published: March 2007

The eastern mystical tradition's movement into American life is depicted in this paper, which reports on the intriguing pattern of changing attitudes toward the use of psychotherapy among many members of the two major groups studied and also suggests a new rationale to justify psychotherapy.
Critical Thinking and the Construction of Knowledge
Authors: MENSSEN SANDRA
Published: March 2007

What characterizes the ideal critical thinker? Within the critical thinking movement, it is sometimes suggested that the ideal critical thinker is “constructivist knower” who integrates objective and critical ways of knowing with subjective and creative ways of knowing. In this article it is argued that descriptions of constructivist knowers are typically consisent with two very different approaches to epistemology: one approach leads to an extreme relativism which precludes shared standards of rationality; the other approach recognizes that the individual can integrate rational and emotive thought in a way that permits common standards of rationality. This article also suggests that thinkers identified as model or exemplary constructivist knowers display critical and creative thinking in a way that underscores the existence of common standards of judgment and rationality.
The Pioneer Fund
Authors: ROSENTHAL STEVEN J.
Published: March 2007

Many citations used in The Bell Curve to provide a pseudoscientific veneer for Herrnstein and Murray's academic version of The Turner Diaries for the “cognitive elite” came from advocates of eugenics, whose “research” has been supported by the Pioneer Fund. A Nazi endowment specializing in production of justifications for eugenics since 1937, the Pioneer Fund is embedded in a network of right-wing foundations, think tanks, religious fundamentalists, and global anti-Communist coalitions. This article combines Domhoff's model (1978) of how the ruling class makes public policy, Knapp and Spector's (1991) model of how and why capitalists build racism, and Oliver Cox's (1948) analysis of how and why capitalists build fascism to show that the U.S. ruling class is laying the political, ideological, economic, and paramilitary groundwork for fascism. Liberal reaction to The Bell Curve and the threat of fascism has mainly taken the form of appeasement. History suggests it is time for a different response.
Integrating Supply and Demand Reduction Strategies for Drug Abuse Prevention
Authors: PENTZ MARY ANN , BONNIE RICHARD J. , SHOPLAND DONALD R.
Published: March 2007

Historically, demand and supply reduction approaches to the prevention and control of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug abuse have been treated as independent efforts in the United States, vying for public attention and funding. Separate reviews of research suggest that the more effective components of each approach can reduce potential drug use by 20% to 40% for 3 years and sometimes longer. Review of theories relevant to behavior change suggest that integrating the two approaches could increase this proportion to 40% to 50% for longer periods by synergistically affecting community anti-drug use norms and compliance. This article briefly reviews demand and supply reduction approaches to drug abuse prevention and presents hypothetical models of change in drug use behavior based on program and policy interventions that are introduced sequentially into communities.
Can Arts and Sciences Faculty Prepare Quality Teachers?
Authors: GOLLNICK DONNA M.
Published: March 2007

The impact of the arts and sciences in the college curriculum is significant for students preparing for careers as elementary and secondary teachers. Because 50% to 85% of these students' course work is in the arts and sciences, what the arts and sciences faculty teach and how they teach their courses will have a major influence on how arts and sciences subject matter will be taught to tomorrow's students in our elementary and secondary schools. The challenge for arts and sciences faculty is to help prepare today's teacher candidates, who are predominantly White and female, to work in schools with student populations that are increasingly more diverse. The arts and sciences faculty must examine critically their own ability both to offer a culturally responsive curriculum and to model an institution that values diversity and equality. This is a task few colleges and universities have wholeheartedly embraced in the past.
The Role of Personal and Professional Networks in the Process of Technological Transformation
Authors: NORUS JESPER
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the role of network relations among professional actors in the process of technological transformation. Special attention is given to the role of professions in shaping individual behavior. The case presented shows how a collective strategy obtained by a group of dairy technicians has been able to institutionalize a set of routines of how to solve technological problems and develop new products through extensive network activities among a juice company, the local dairies, and metal shops producing equipment for dairies. Despite strong commitment to a new organizational goal in the juice company, the professional routines of the dairy technicians were able to cause the goal to fail and thereby preserve their dominating role in the organization.
Coleman Revisited
Authors: GREELEY ANDREW
Published: March 2007

The late James Coleman's concept of social capital has been misused in the current debate about the alleged decline of civic and ethical concern in America. Social capital, as Coleman defined it, is a potentiality that inheres in social structures and is not a dependent variable. It is a resource, available in social structures, that facilitates actors who wish to seek certain goals and as such is neither good nor bad. Coleman's concept is a useful and even brilliant analytic tool that has been perverted in the present discussion, thus blinding us to the importance of examining social structural resources for and influences on human behavior. This article, then, uses Coleman's meaning of the term to explore the influence of religious structures on one kind of civic participation in America and finds that such structures affect not only religious projects but secular ones also.
The Culture of Spin: Just Part of the Landscape Now
Authors: FLINT ANTHONY
Published: March 2007

Repeating the virtuoso performance of 1992, President Clinton's campaign team again delivered state-of-the-art team spectacle. In contrast, a competent Dole campaign was often frustrated with its candidate's rhetorical shortcomings. Meanwhile, the campaign-press interaction cycle surged faster and faster with no change in sight.
Public Administration Ethics
Authors: WOLLER GARY M. , PATTERSON KELLY D.
Published: March 2007

Public administration ethics today is dominated by two distinct ethical frameworks: the bureaucratic ethos, which stresses efficiency and strict obedience to elected officials, and the democratic ethos, which stresses adherence to certain higher order moral principles embedded in the notion of democratic government. Both the bureaucratic and democratic ethos are foundational in that each is based on the search for certain universal or quasi-universal principles thought to imply moral obligation, from which ethical behavior may be deduced or judged. The authors argue that public administration ought to consider a third, or “postmodern,” approach to administrative ethics, one that is dialogic rather than foundational. The dialogic approach begins with the question of ontology, or in other words, the question of being. By considering the shortcomings of foundational approaches to administrative ethics and taking seriously a dialogic approach, public administration can better understand the limitations of its own methods and the way in which these methods are themselves products of a particular approach to society and its regulation. Discovering the hidden assumptions behind the traditional approaches to administrative ethics thus creates the space for an understanding of public administration that sees itself as a truly human activity.
The Impact of an HIV Risk-Reduction Program Among Street Drug Users in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: McBRIDE DUANE C. , INCIARDI JAMES A. , SURRATT HILARY L. , TERRY YVONNE M. , BUREN HOLLY VAN
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the impact of an HIV risk-reduction program on risky behaviors in a population of street cocaine users in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Pre- and postintervention data were collected, and changes in the frequency of drug use, sexual risk behaviors, and other life-situation variables were examined. Participation in the program was associated with a significant decrease in the average number of days of cocaine use and a significant increase in employment and income. Significant increases in condom use were also documented. The data suggest that this population of street cocaine users was capable of understanding the severity of AIDS as well as learning and applying specific risk-reduction techniques to their behavior. The results further demonstrate the feasibility of conducting street research among an at-risk population of cocaine users in Brazil and in other countries in which there is little tradition of research with out-of-treatment drug users.
The Nazi Party and Its Capital
Authors: ANHEIER HELMUT K. , NEIDHARDT FRIEDHELM
Published: March 2007

This article examines the membership profile of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) in Munich, the party's birthplace and political, administrative, and financial center of power. On the basis of an analysis of more than 4,000 members listed in the local NSDAP Membership Register between 1925 and 1930, the authors arrive at four major findings: (a) Party membership expanded slowly but more or less continuously; (b) membership was dispersed fairly evenly across city districts, with no major concentrations of Nazi members; (c) membership was distributed widely and relatively evenly across occupational groups and social statuses, although some occupations showed a higher percentage of Nazi memberships; (d) the proportion of female members in 1925 was relatively high but falls to much lower levels by 1930. These findings are discussed in the context of current scholarship of the changing class, age, and gender composition of the Nazi Party before 1933.