bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A corrective emotional experience – or just a bit of exercise? The relevance of interpersonal learning in Exercise on prescription
Authors: ROESSLER KIRSTEN KAYA
Published: January 2011

Roessler, K. K. (2011). A corrective emotional experience – or just a bit of exercise? The relevance of interpersonal learning in Exercise on prescription. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 354–360.

The objective of the present study was to examine psychological aspects of intra‐ and interpersonal learning for patients with Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia treated with Exercise on prescription. The research design consists of a qualitative investigation of 30 patients in Denmark undergoing a community‐based exercise treatment at baseline, a post‐intervention investigation after four months and a follow‐up one year after the start of intervention. The results demonstrated that, for the majority of the participants, interaction under group conditions contributes to maintaining the commitment to exercise. For a corrective emotional experience– a correction of an emotional situation a person could not handle in the past – to occur requires two conditions: the group and the environment must be experienced as sufficiently safe, and there must be feedback to permit reality‐testing. However, existential psychological aspects such as fear of dying or the universality of suffering triggered, but could not sustain, a change in health behavior. The article concludes that behavioral change is strengthened by interaction with health personnel and with the training group. These new insights likewise demand an increased focus on the human resources of general practitioners or physiotherapists who handle the training. They should learn about their supportive role for the participants, the regressive urges of the participants and the benefits of promoting group relations.
How social position of origin relates to intelligence and level of education when adjusting for attained social position
Authors: SORJONEN KIMMO , HEMMINGSSON TOMAS , LUNDIN ANDREAS , MELIN BO
Published: January 2011

Sorjonen, K., Hemmingsson, T., Lundin, A & Melin, B. (2011). How social position of origin relates to intelligence and level of education when adjusting for attained social position. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology52, 277–281.

Intelligence and its relationship to achievement is a classical question within psychology. In accordance with earlier British studies, the present study, based on conscription data and follow‐ups for Swedish men born 1949–51 (N = 36,156), found that when adjusting for attained social position, people with a high social position of origin tend to have higher intelligence and level of education than people with a lower social position of origin. These results could be seen to contradict the claim that more merit, at least when operationalized as intelligence or education, is required from people with a low social position of origin in order to attain a certain social level.
Physical attractiveness stereotype and memory
Authors: ROHNER JEAN‐CHRISTOPHE , RASMUSSEN ANDERS
Published: January 2011

Rasmussen, A. & Rohner, J.‐C. (2011). Physical attractiveness stereotype and memory.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 309–319.

Three experiments examined explicit and implicit memory for information that is congruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive‐positive and unattractive‐negative) and information that is incongruent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (i.e. attractive‐negative and unattractive‐positive). Measures of explicit recognition sensitivity and implicit discriminability revealed a memorial advantage for congruent compared to incongruent information, as evident from hit and false alarm rates and reaction times, respectively. Measures of explicit memory showed a recognition bias toward congruent compared to incongruent information, where participants tended to call congruent information old, independently of whether the information had been shown previously or not. This recognition bias was unrelated to reports of subjective confidence in retrieval. The present findings shed light on the cognitive mechanisms that might mediate discriminatory behavior towards physically attractive and physically unattractive individuals.
Gender differences in reading motivation: does sex or gender identity provide a better account?
Authors: McGeown Sarah , Goodwin Hannah , Henderson Nikola , Wright Penelope
Published: January 2011

This study examined sex differences in reading skill and reading motivation, investigating whether these differences could be better accounted for by sex, or by gender identity. One hundred and eighty‐two primary school children (98 males) aged 8–11 completed a reading comprehension assessment, reading motivation questionnaire and a gender role questionnaire. While there were no sex differences in reading skill or extrinsic reading motivation, girls had significantly higher intrinsic reading motivation. However, responses to intrinsic motivation were better explained by gender identity than sex. In addition, a feminine identity was more closely associated with many different aspects of reading motivation than a masculine identity. Implications for our understanding of sex differences in reading are discussed.
Robust genetic programming‐based detection of atrial fibrillation using RR intervals
Authors: Yaghouby Farid , Ayatollahi Ahmad , Bahramali Reihaneh , Yaghouby Maryam
Published: January 2011

In this study, two variants of genetic programming, namely linear genetic programming (LGP) and multi‐expression programming (MEP) are utilized to detect atrial fibrillation (AF) episodes. LGP‐ and MEP‐based models are derived to classify samples of AF and Normal episodes based on the analysis of RR interval signals. A weighted least‐squares (WLS) regression analysis is performed using the same features and data sets to benchmark the models. Another important contribution of this paper is identification of the effective time domain features of heart rate variability (HRV) signals upon an improved forward floating selection (IFFS) analysis. The models are developed using MIT‐BIH arrhythmia database. The diagnostic performances of the LGP and MEP classifiers are evaluated through receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. The results indicate that the LGP and MEP models are able to diagnose the AF arrhythmia with an acceptable high accuracy. The proposed models have significantly better diagnosis performances than the regression and several models found in the literature.
Evaluating the quality of airport service using the fuzzy multi‐criteria decision‐making method: a case study of Taiwanese airports
Authors: Chien‐Chang Chou
Published: January 2011

In today's highly competitive air transportation environment, the quality of airport service is an important issue. In this paper, we present a fuzzy multi‐criteria decision‐making (MCDM) method for the evaluation of the quality of airport service. The data are collected from the passengers who depart from two international airports in Taiwan. The fuzzy MCDM model is defuzzied using the inverse function arithmetic representation method. The results show that the average quality of the Taoyuan International Airport service is better than that of the Kaohsiung International Airport service. This paper also analyses the quality of airport service using the fuzzy expert system to improve the performance of airport service. The analysis results show that the Kaohsiung International Airport and the Taoyuan International Airports' improvement efforts should be concentrated on seven and five specific service items, respectively. The findings of this paper are to help the decision‐makers and the managers of airports improve the quality of airport service.
Quality and Welfare in a Mixed Duopoly with Regulated Prices: The Case of a Public and a Private Hospital
Authors: Herr Annika
Published: January 2011

Hospital markets are often characterized by price regulation and the existence of different ownership types. Using a Hotelling framework, this paper analyses the effect of heterogeneous objectives of hospitals on quality differentiation, profits and overall welfare in a price-regulated duopoly with exogenous symmetric locations. In contrast to other studies on mixed duopolies, this paper shows that, in this framework, privatization of the public hospital may increase overall welfare. This holds if the public hospital is similar to the private hospital or less efficient and competition is low. The main driving force is the single-regulated price which induces under-provision (over-provision) of quality of the more (less) efficient hospital compared with the first best. However, if the public hospital is sufficiently more efficient and competition is fierce, a mixed duopoly outperforms both a private and a public duopoly due to an equilibrium price below (above) the price of the private ( public) duopoly. This medium price discourages over-provision of quality of the less efficient hospital and - together with the non-profit objective - encourages an increase in quality of the more efficient public hospital.
Unobserved Individual and Firm Heterogeneity in Wage and Job-Duration Functions: Evidence from German Linked Employer–Employee Data
Authors: Cornelißen Thomas , Hübler Olaf
Published: January 2011

We analyse the correlations between individual and firm fixed effects, and wage and job-duration functions. Our results for large firms suggest that low-wage firms tend to be stable firms, suggesting that lower wages can buy job stability. Furthermore, high-wage workers sort into the stable low-wage firms. Our interpretation is that high-wage workers have a higher wage to insure against job loss and can afford more easily to forgo wages in favour of job stability. This may provide an explanation of the puzzle identified in previous literature that high-wage workers are matched to low-wage firms.
Optimal Investment and Financial Strategies under Tax-Rate Uncertainty
Authors: Fedele Alessandro , Vergalli Sergio , Panteghini Paolo M.
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we apply a real-option model to study the effects of tax-rate uncertainty on a firm’s decision. In doing so, we depart from the relevant literature, which focuses on fully equity-financed investment projects. By letting a representative firm borrow optimally, we show that debt finance not only encourages investment activities but can also substantially mitigate the effect of tax-rate uncertainty on investment timing.
Drugs and drug delivery in PD: optimizing control of symptoms with pramipexole prolonged‐release
Authors: Rascol O.
Published: January 2011

Intermittent or pulsatile dopamine‐receptor stimulation is postulated to induce plastic changes in motor systems that are responsible for the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, complicating long‐term levodopa therapy of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Continuous dopamine stimulation (CDS) is a concept that refers to the hypothesis that more continuous dopamine‐receptor stimulation will reduce the risk of motor complications, particularly dyskinesias, and may also treat established dyskinesias. In line with this hypothesis, the intermittent administration of dopaminergic agents with short half‐lives induce motor complications in animal models, whilst the continuous administration of the same compounds via mini‐pumps substantially reduces such symptoms. Continuous drug delivery (CDD) strategies are therefore explored in clinical trials to prevent or manage motor complications. The early use of a dopamine agonist reduces the risk of motor fluctuations compared with levodopa. Conversely, the early combination of the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase inhibitor entacapone with levodopa has failed to demonstrate a comparable advantage. Outcomes of uncontrolled long‐term studies of PD patients with motor complications treated for several months with subcutaneous continuous infusion of apomorphine or intraduodenal levodopa are compatible with CDS. New once‐daily prolonged‐release formulations of dopamine agonists have demonstrated antiparkinsonian efficacy in randomized trials conducted in early as well as advanced patients with PD. Once‐daily administration is convenient and may improve compliance. Other theoretical advantages in terms of efficacy or tolerability deserve further exploration.
ORIGINAL SIN OR ORIGINAL SINFULNESS? A COMMENT
Authors: HEANS SIMON
Published: January 2011

My purpose is to defend Augustine's doctrine of original sin against Joseph Fitzpatrick in his series of articles in New Blackfriars (July 2009–Jan 2010). I begin by arguing that Fitzpatrick's criticisms of it as psychologically inadequate fail because they do not take seriously enough the metaphysical structure of this doctrine, viz, creation from nothing. The second part begins with a critique of Fitzpatrick's interpretation of Genesis 3 and continues with a critical analysis of his proposed alternative to Augustine on original sin (‘original sinfulness’) with reference to the scriptural passages he cites in its support. The conclusion I reach is that ‘original sinfulness’ is not an acceptable biblical hermeneutic. In the third section, I discuss Fitzpatrick's concept of ‘prototypical action’ and, using recent work of Carol Harrison on Augustine's early theological writings, I argue that, far from being incompatible with Augustine's theology of original sin, as Fitzpatrick maintains, this concept enables us to understand Augustine's position in a way that overcomes Fitzpatrick's objections to it.
Magnesium transporters, MGT2/MRS2‐1 and MGT3/MRS2‐5, are important for magnesium partitioning within Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll vacuoles
Authors: Conn Simon J. , Conn Vanessa , Tyerman Stephen D. , Kaiser Brent N. , Leigh Roger A. , Gilliham Matthew
Published: January 2011

See also the Commentary by Waters
Resting EEG theta power correlates with cognitive performance in healthy older adults
Authors: Finnigan Simon , Robertson Ian H.
Published: January 2011

We address the degree to which resting EEG bandpower is associated with cognitive performance in 73 healthy older adults (aged 56–70). Relative theta (4–6.5 Hz) power was significantly correlated with immediate and delayed verbal recall, attention, and executive function measures. Relative delta and alpha power and peak alpha frequency did not correlate with any cognitive measures. These data indicate that high resting theta power in healthy older adults is associated with better cognitive function and may be a marker of healthy neurocognitive aging. Comparison of these with previous findings suggests that two forms of theta‐frequency oscillations may exist; one indicative of healthy neurocognitive function and the other, EEG/alpha slowing linked to (future) substantial cognitive decline. Future EEG investigations of cognitive aging or decline should analyze both relative theta power and degree of EEG/alpha slowing so as not to confound these.
The reduced N1 to self‐generated tones: An effect of temporal predictability?
Authors: Lange Kathrin
Published: January 2011

Tones that are self‐generated elicit a smaller N1 than externally triggered tones. Typically, however, self‐generated tones are also more predictable in time than externally triggered ones. The present study investigated whether the attenuated N1 can be explained by predictability based on the temporal relationship between action and effect. Participants listened to tones that were self‐generated by a key‐press or preceded by a visual cue. The tones followed the key‐presses or cues after a fixed (predictable context) or variable delay (unpredictable context). Tones triggered by a key‐press elicited a smaller N1 than tones following a visual cue. This finding suggests that the reduced N1 to self‐generated tones is not merely due to the fact that the tone's timing can be predicted based on its temporal relationship to the key‐press. Whether a tone was presented in a predictable or an unpredictable context did not affect the N1.
Testing an assumption of the E‐Z Reader model of eye‐movement control during reading: Using event‐related potentials to examine the familiarity check
Authors: Reichle Erik D. , Tokowicz Natasha , Liu Ying , Perfetti Charles A.
Published: January 2011

According to the E‐Z Reader model of eye‐movement control, the completion of an early stage of lexical processing, the familiarity check, causes the eyes to move forward during reading (Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner, 1998). Here, we report an event‐related potential (ERP) experiment designed to examine the hypothesized familiarity check at the electrophysiological level. The results indicate ERP components modulated by word frequency at the time of the predicted familiarity check. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that an early stage of lexical processing is linked to the “decisions” about when to move the eyes during reading.
Quality evaluation of mozzarella cheese made from buffalo milk by using paneer booti (Withania coagulans) and calf rennet
Authors: NAWAZ MALIK A , MASUD TARIQ , SAMMI SHEHLA
Published: January 2011

This systematic research was conducted to assess the suitability of Withania coagulans for the preparation of mozzarella cheese from buffalo milk. The extract of dried berries of paneer booti (W. coagulans) was prepared in three buffers separately viz. Tris‐HCl, phosphate, NaCl and appropriate concentration of crude extracts were tested for their milk coagulating activity. NaCl solution with 0.85% strength was found to be suitable for milk coagulation without any objectionable taste and flavour. The results revealed that 15 μL crude enzyme extract per mL of milk was the optimum concentration for coagulation while 4.25 and 37 °C were the best levels of pH and incubation temperature for coagulation respectively. Mozzarella cheese prepared from crude enzyme extract was compared with the cheese prepared by calf rennet using acidification process. There was a nonsignificant difference among all tested parameters of both the coagulants. These findings support the suitability of an aqueous extract of W. coagulans for the commercial preparation of different types of mozzarella cheeses.
Influence of gum tragacanth, Astragalus gossypinus, addition on stability of nonfat Doogh, an Iranian fermented milk drink
Authors: GORJI ELHAM GHORBANI , MOHAMMADIFAR MOHAMMAD AMIN , EZZATPANAH HAMID
Published: January 2011

In this study, the stabilising property of various concentrations of gum tragacanth in nonfat doogh, an Iranian fermented milk drink, was investigated by measuring phase separation, particle size, flow behaviour and viscoelastic properties. Moreover, light microscopy was used to get more insight into morphological characteristic of protein–polysaccharide complexes in doogh samples. The addition of gum tragacanth improved stabilisation of doogh samples which was associated with an increase in apparent viscosity and storage modulus. Furthermore, the particle size distribution showed an increase in polydispersity and a pronounced reduction in median diameter of protein–polysaccharide complexes which was accompanied by no phase separation at 0.3% concentration of gum tragacanth.
Changes in gastric resistance of Lactobacillus casei in flavoured commercial fermented milks during refrigerated storage
Authors: VINDEROLA GABRIEL , CÉSPEDES MARIO , MATEOLLI DIAMELA , CÁRDENAS PAMELA , LESCANO MARIANO , AIMARETTI NORA , REINHEIMER JORGE
Published: January 2011

This study investigated the gastric acid resistance ofLactobacillus caseiin commercial fermented milks during refrigerated storage. Samples of fermented milks (natural, strawberry, fruits of the forest, vanilla and multifruits) were obtained from three different manufacturers. In vitro gastric acid resistance (GAR) was assessed in samples upon arrival to the laboratory and after 10 and 20 days of refrigerated storage at 5 °C and 12 °C. The GAR ofL. caseiin fermented milks may increase or decrease during storage in relation to the flavour and storage conditions. The occurrence of this phenomenon in commercial fermented milks containing probiotic bacteria may induce changes in their functionality after consumption.
Preventing Shoulder Pain after Cardiac Rhythm Management Device Implantation: A Randomized, Controlled Study
Authors: DANIELS JAMES D , SUN SHINING , ZAFEREO JASON , MINHAJUDDIN ABU , NGUYEN CAROL , OBEL OWEN , WU RICHARD , JOGLAR JOSE A.
Published: January 2011

Introduction:
 Shoulder pain and disability ipsilateral to the implant site is a common complication of cardiac rhythm device implantation, yet very little has been published about this morbidity. We designed a study to assess the potential benefit of a simple exercise protocol in preventing shoulder pain postoperatively.

Methods and Results:
 Patients undergoing subcutaneous device implantation were randomized to one of two groups. The control group received standard instructions, whereas the exercise group was instructed on specific exercises aimed at strengthening or stretching the shoulder girdle, to be completed 3 days per week. Groups were postoperatively monitored for the development of shoulder discomfort and shoulder impingement by using physical examination and disability questionnaires. At 1 month, seven of 21 control patients reported developing shoulder pain or discomfort compared to one of 23 in the exercise group (P = 0.02). At 6 months, four of 23 control patients still reported worsening shoulder symptoms, compared to none in the exercise group (P = 0.11). In the control group, five of 19 patients developed a positive impingement test at 1 month, versus none in the exercise group (P = 0.01). Scores for the questionnaires designed to assess shoulder pain and dysfunction were worse in the control group. There were no activity‐related complications in either group.

Conclusion:
 Shoulder pain and disability occurs often following cardiac rhythm management device implantation. A simple exercise program aimed at strengthening the shoulder girdle is effective at preventing this complication. (PACE 2011; 672–678)
Decision aids for breast and nodal surgery in patients with early breast cancer: Development and a pilot study
Authors: HARWOOD Rachael , DOUGLAS Charles , CLARK David
Published: January 2011

Aim:  As survival rates for aggressive and conservative breast and lymph node surgery are similar, surgical treatment decisions for patients with early‐stage breast cancer should take patient preference into account. Decision aids have been demonstrated to increase patient knowledge and satisfaction with decision making, while decreasing decisional conflict. Hundreds of decision aids exist; however, few address lymph node surgery in any detail, and none acknowledge that there is a choice comparable to that between mastectomy and breast‐conserving therapy.

Methods:  A systematic process was employed to develop decision aids for mastectomy versus breast‐conserving therapy, axillary dissection versus sentinel node biopsy, and options following a positive sentinel node biopsy. The first two of these decision aids were evaluated in a small pilot study. Choice of operation, knowledge and decisional conflict and satisfaction were compared with outcomes in an historical control group.

Results:  Women reported favorably on the decision aids. The numbers in the pilot group were too small to allow definitive conclusions to be drawn, but suggested a possible reduction in decisional conflict, and possibly increase in decisional satisfaction, knowledge and choice of axillary clearance (rather than sentinel node biopsy) in the intervention group.

Conclusion:  These decision aids could improve decision making for the surgical treatment of early breast cancer. A prospective randomized, control trial is needed to further evaluate the impact of these decision aids, particularly in the case of nodal surgery.
Special Report: Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions for a Child with Dilated Cardiomyopathy Requiring Intra‐aortic Balloon Pump Support—Case Report
Authors: de Lima Lopes Juliana , Meneguim Silmara , Soares Muniz Claudia Cristina , da Silva Herbas Palomo Jurema
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE.  The study aims to identify the nursing diagnoses and interventions for a child requiring intra‐aortic balloon pump support.

METHODS.  This was a case study of a 7‐year‐old child. The nursing diagnoses and interventions were obtained by three cardiology and pediatric specialist nurses, familiar with NANDA‐International and Nursing Intervention Classification taxonomies.

RESULTS.  Many nursing diagnoses and interventions were identified, but the main diagnosis for this patient was decreased cardiac output.

CONCLUSIONS.  The nursing care for a child with an intra‐aortic balloon requires well‐qualified professionals, prepared to handle the diagnoses and interventions identified in this study.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS.  The use of a standard language system is essential to guide professionals in the caring process, providing essential elements to optimize interpretations.

OBJETIVO.  Identificar os diagnósticos e as intervenções de enfermagem de uma criança com balão intra‐aórtico.

MÉTODOS.  Estudo de caso de uma criança de sete anos em uso de balão intra‐aórtico. A coleta de dados foi realizada retrospectivamente por meio do prontuário. Os diagnósticos e intervenções de enfermagem foram levantados por três enfermeiras especialistas em cardiologia e pediatria e com domínio nas taxonomias da NANDA‐I e NIC.

RESULTADOS.  O principal diagnóstico de enfermagem encontrado para este paciente foi o débito cardíaco diminuído relacionado à contratilidade alterada. Outros diagnósticos de enfermagem encontrados foram: risco de infecção, risco de aspiração, constipação, integridade da pele prejudicada, nutrição desequilibrada: menos do que as necessidades corporais, risco de perfusão renal ineficaz, proteção ineficaz, risco de sangramento e volume de líquidos excessivo. Para cada diagnóstico de enfermagem foram encontradas muitas intervenções e atividades.

CONCLUSÕES.  A assistência de enfermagem a uma criança portadora de balão intra‐aórtico exige experiência, profissionais qualificados e preparados para lidar com os diagnósticos e intervenções identificados neste estudo.

IMPLICAÇÕES PARA PRÁTICA.  A utilização de um sistema padronizado de linguagem é fundamental para guiar os profissionais no processo de cuidar, possibilitando a organização dos nossos pensamentos, observações e interpretações. Para assegurarmos a efetividade das intervenções apresentadas, sugerimos a realização de novos estudos, visando a aplicação e avaliação destas atividades de enfermagem.

Descritores de Assunto.  Diagnóstico de Enfermagem, Cuidados de Enfermagem, Estudos de Caso, Balão Intra‐Aórtico, Criança.
Content Validation of Hopelessness in Slovakia and Czech Republic
Authors: Gurková Elena , Žiaková Katarína , Čáp Juraj
Published: January 2011

PURPOSE.  The purpose of this study was to validate the content of nursing diagnosis hopelessness in Slovak and Czech social and cultural contexts.

METHODS.  The Fehring's Diagnostic Content Validity Model was used to measure the importance of diagnostic characteristics of hopelessness.

FINDINGS.  Only three NANDA characteristics and five Nowotny Hope Scale characteristics have reached the value of weighted average of the scores for defining characteristics.

CONCLUSION.  NANDA characteristics are concerned with the affective–behavioral dimension of hopelessness. Nowotny Hope Scale characteristics that reached high importance in our study are concerned with its cognitive–temporal dimension.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE.  The defining characteristics of hopelessness identified in our study could be tested in the development of instrument to measure hope in clinical practice.

CIEL'.  Cielom práce bola obsahová validizácia diagnózy Beznádej v slovenskom a českom socio‐kultúrnom kontexte.

METÓDY.  Významnost' diagnostických znakov diagnózy Beznádej bola hodnotená prostredníctvom Fehringovho modelu validity diagnostického obsahu.

VÝSLEDKY.  Hodnoty hraničného váženého skóre dosiahli len tri znaky z klasifikačného systému NANDA–I a pät' charakteristík z Nowotnej škály nádeje.

ZÁVER.  Charakteristiky beznádeje, ktoré vymedzuje NANDA‐I sa týkajú jej afektívno‐behaviorálnej oblasti. Položky z Nowotnej škály nádeje, ktoré v našej štúdii hodnotili experti ako významné, predstavujú jej kognitívno‐temporálnu oblast' beznádeje.

IMPLIKÁCIE PRE OŠETROVATELSKÚ PRAX.  Definujúce znaky beznádeje, identifikované v našej štúdii, môžu byt' dalej testované v rámci konštrukcie nástroja merania beznádeje v klinickej praxi.
A Case Study of Teen Parenting
Authors: Cardaci Regina
Published: January 2011

PURPOSE:  The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate how the use of the standard nursing languages of NANDA International (NANDA‐I), the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC), and the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC) help a teen mother provide safe care for her newborn. In addition, this study aims to demonstrate how important standardized nursing languages are in documenting the care provided.

DATA SOURCES:  The data sources for this article are clinical nursing practice, research evidence in the form of care directives from the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding newborn safety and feeding, and the books that provide directions for the use of NANDA‐I, NIC, and NOC.

DATA SYNTHESIS:  This case demonstrates the use of the nursing process in providing care for a teen mother and a newborn.

CONCLUSIONS:  Many new mothers, especially teens, are poorly informed regarding normal newborn care and safety upon hospital discharge. For this reason, teen mothers should be referred for nursing assessments in the home environment after discharge.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING:  This case demonstrates the need for education of all parents prior to hospital discharge and supports the need for home‐based evaluations to ensure the safety of the infant. This case also supports the use of standardized nursing language to document the care provided.
The impact of primordial supersonic flows on early structure formation, reionization and the lowest-mass dwarf galaxies
Authors: Maio Umberto , Koopmans Leon V. E. , Ciardi Benedetta
Published: January 2011

Tseliakhovich and Hirata recently discovered that higher order corrections to the cosmological linear-perturbation theory lead to supersonic coherent baryonic flows just after recombination (i.e. z ≈ 1020), with rms velocities of ∼30 km s−1 relative to the underlying dark matter distribution, on comoving scales of ≲3 Mpc h−1. To study the impact of these coherent flows, we performed high-resolution N-body plus smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations in boxes of 5.0 and 0.7 Mpc h−1, for bulk-flow velocities of 0 (as reference), 30 and 60 km s−1. The simulations follow the evolution of cosmic structures by taking into account detailed, primordial, non-equilibrium gas chemistry (i.e. H, He, H2, HD, HeH, etc.), cooling, star formation and feedback effects from stellar evolution. We find that these bulk flows suppress star formation in low-mass haloes (i.e. Mvir≲ 108 M⊙ until z ∼ 13), lower the abundance of the first objects by ∼1–20 per cent and as a consequence delay cosmic star formation history by ∼2 × 107 yr. The gas fractions in individual objects can change by up to a factor of 2 at very early times. Coherent bulk flow therefore has implications for (i) the star formation in the lowest-mass haloes (e.g. dSphs); (ii) the start of reionization by suppressing it in some patches of the Universe; and (iii) the heating (i.e. spin temperature) of neutral hydrogen. We speculate that the patchy nature of reionization and heating on several Mpc scales could lead to enhanced differences in the H i spin temperature, giving rise to stronger variations in the H i brightness temperatures during the late dark ages.
The binary companion of PSR J1740−3052
Authors: Bassa C. G. , Brisken W. F. , Nelemans G. , Stairs I. H. , Stappers B. W. , Kramer M.
Published: January 2011

We report on the identification of a near-infrared counterpart to the massive (>11 M⊙) binary companion of pulsar J1740−3052. An accurate celestial position of PSR J1740−3052 is determined from interferometric radio observations. Adaptive optics corrected near-infrared imaging observations show a counterpart at the interferometric position of the pulsar. The counterpart has Ks= 15.87 ± 0.10 and J−Ks > 0.83. Based on distance and absorption estimates from models of the Galactic electron and dust distributions, these observed magnitudes are consistent with those of a main-sequence star as the binary companion. We argue that this counterpart is the binary companion to PSR J1740−3052 and thus rule out a stellar mass black hole as the pulsar companion.
Resveratrol in cardiovascular health and disease
Authors: Petrovski Goran , Gurusamy Narasimman , Das Dipak K.
Published: January 2011

Resveratrol, initially used for cancer therapy, has shown beneficial effects against most degenerative and cardiovascular diseases from atherosclerosis, hypertension, ischemia/reperfusion, and heart failure to diabetes, obesity, and aging. The cardioprotective effects of resveratrol are associated with its preconditioning‐like action potentiated by its adaptive response. During preconditioning, small doses of resveratrol can exert an adaptive stress response, forcing the expression of cardioprotective genes and proteins such as heat shock and antioxidant proteins. Similarly, resveratrol can induce autophagy, another form of stress adaptation for degrading damaged or long‐lived proteins, as a first line of protection against oxidative stress. Resveratrol's interaction with multiple molecular targets of diverse intracellular pathways (e.g., action on sirtuins and FoxOs through multiple transcription factors and protein targets) intertwines with those of the autophagic pathway to give support in the modified redox environment after stem cell therapy, which leads to prolonged survival of cells. The successful application of resveratrol in therapy is based upon its hormetic action similar to any toxin: exerting beneficial effects at lower doses and cytotoxic effects at higher doses.
Anti‐diabetic effects of resveratrol
Authors: Szkudelski Tomasz , Szkudelska Katarzyna
Published: January 2011

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disease affecting about 5% of people all over the world. Data from the literature indicate that resveratrol is a compound exerting numerous beneficial effects in organisms. Rodent studies, for example, have demonstrated that resveratrol decreases blood glucose in animals with hyperglycemia. This effect seems to predominantly result from increased intracellular transport of glucose. Resveratrol was also demonstrated to induce effects that may contribute to the protection of β cells in diabetes. In experiments on pancreatic islets, the ability of resveratrol to reduce insulin secretion was demonstrated; this effect was confirmed in animals with hyperinsulinemia, in which resveratrol decreased blood insulin levels. Moreover, inhibition of cytokine action and attenuation of the oxidative damage of the pancreatic tissue by resveratrol were recently shown. Studies of animals with insulin resistance indicate that resveratrol may also improve insulin action. The mechanism through which resveratrol improves insulin action is complex and involves reduced adiposity, changes in gene expression, and changes in the activities of some enzymes. These data indicate that resveratrol may be useful in preventing and treating diabetes.
Resveratrol and apoptosis
Authors: Lin Hung‐Yun , Tang Heng‐Yuan , Davis Faith B. , Davis Paul J.
Published: January 2011

Resveratrol is a naturally occurring stilbene with desirable cardioprotective and anti‐cancer properties. We have demonstrated the existence of a plasma membrane receptor for resveratrol near the arginine–glycine–aspartate (RGD) recognition site on integrin αvβ3 that is involved in stilbene‐induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Resveratrol treatment in vitro causes activation and nuclear translocation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (ERK1/2), consequent phosphorylation of Ser‐15 of p53, and apoptosis. An RGD peptide blocks these actions of resveratrol. By a PD98059‐inhibitable process, resveratrol causes inducible COX‐2 to accumulate in the nucleus where it complexes with pERK1/2 and p53. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals binding of nuclear COX‐2 to promoters of certain p53‐responsive genes, including PIG3 and Bax. NS‐398, a specific pharmacologic inhibitor of COX‐2, prevents resveratrol‐induced complexing of nuclear ERK1/2 with COX‐2 and with pSer‐15‐p53 and subsequent apoptosis; cyclooxygenase enzyme activity is not involved. Molecular steps in the pro‐apoptotic action of resveratrol in cancer cells include induction of intranuclear COX‐2 accumulation relevant to activation of p53. Epidermal growth factor, estrogen, and thyroid hormone act downstream of ERK1/2 to prevent resveratrol‐induced apoptosis.
Resveratrol in cancer management: where are we and where we go from here?
Authors: Ndiaye Mary , Kumar Raj , Ahmad Nihal
Published: January 2011

Resveratrol has been shown to afford protection against several diseases. A plethora of studies have suggested that resveratrol imparts cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic responses. However, an important issue with the future development of resveratrol for disease management is its low bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism in mammals. Therefore, efforts are needed to enhance its bioavailability in humans. In this direction, some possible scenarios include enhancing the bioavailability of resveratrol by novel mechanism‐based combinations with agents that can inhibit thein vivometabolism of resveratrol, nanoparticle‐mediated delivery, use of naturally occurring or synthetic analogues of resveratrol, and use of conjugated metabolites of resveratrol, though these need to be carefully evaluated as they may need to be deconjugated from resveratrol at the target organ to elicit a biological response. Thus, concerted and multidisciplinary efforts are needed to take reseratrol to the next level, that is, from the “bench‐to‐bedside.”
Safety of resveratrol with examples for high purity, trans‐resveratrol, resVida≫
Authors: Edwards J. A. , Beck M. , Riegger C. , Bausch J.
Published: January 2011

Studies with resVida® (a high purity trans‐resveratrol) show that trans‐resveratrol is a substance of low oral toxicity. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) in food of 450 mg/day has been defined, a level well beyond natural dietary intake of trans‐resveratrol. The ADI was based on no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐levels (NOAELs) of 750 mg/kg bw/day in 13‐week developmental toxicity studies by the dietary route and a standard safety margin of 100. In studies by gavage, the kidney and bladder are target organs at very high dosages (2,000–3,000 mg/kg bw/day). Six‐month studies in rat and rabbit models show no significant increase in toxicity in comparison to 4‐week studies. Lower quoted NOAELs in gavage studies (ca. 300 mg/kg bw/day) potentially reflect more rapid bioavailability, but different dosage regimes complicate comparisons. Short‐term studies show no genotoxicity in vivo. A 6‐month mouse carcinogenicity model showed no increase in tumors. Clinical data support an ADI of at least 450 mg/day, and kinetic data from the DSM 13‐week toxicity study also support the expectation of no increase in toxicity with longer term intake.
Chemopreventive effects of resveratrol and resveratrol derivatives
Authors: Szekeres Thomas , Saiko Philipp , Fritzer‐Szekeres Monika , Djavan Bob , Jäger Walter
Published: January 2011

Resveratrol is considered to have a number of beneficial effects. Recently, our group modified the molecule and synthesized a number of compounds with different biochemical effects. Polymethoxy and polyhydroxy derivatives of resveratrol were shown to inhibit tumor cell growth in various cell lines and inflammation pathways (cyclooxygenases activity), in part more effectively than resveratrol itself. One lead compound (hexahydroxystilbene, M8) turned out to be the most effective inhibitor of tumor cell growth and of cyclooxygenase 2 activity. M8 was then studied in two different human melanoma mouse models. This novel resveratrol analog was able to inhibit melanoma tumors in a primary tumor model alone and in combination with dacarbacine, an anticancer compound that is used for melanoma treatment. We also tested the development of lymph node metastasis in a second melanoma model and again M8 successfully inhibited the tumor as well as the size and weight of lymph node metastasis. Hydroxylated resveratrol analogs therefore represent a novel class of anticancer compounds and promising candidates for in vivo studies.
MicroRNA signatures of resveratrol in the ischemic heart
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Partha , Pacher Pal , Das Dipak K.
Published: January 2011

Until the middle of the last decade, few people had heard of microRNAs (miRNAs), 21‐ to 23‐nucleotide conserved RNAs. MicroRNAs represent a new paradigm because they regulate most physiological processes and thus have immense potential for medical advancement. Resveratrol, a red wine‐derived polyphenolic compound, has been shown to have significant effects in various disease models, such as cardioprotection in ischemic heart, diabetes, and chemoprevention of cancers. The targets of resveratrol include various pathways and molecules, such as sirtuins, FOXOs, and autophagy. The successful application of resveratrol lies in understanding its mechanisms of action through direct and indirect interactions with pathways, including miRNAs. For example, a unique miRNA footprint is present in the heart treated with resveratrol. Targets of those miRNAs have potential implications for physiological and pathophysiological processes in health and disease.
Resveratrol and cellular mechanisms of cancer prevention
Authors: Shukla Yogeshwer , Singh Richa
Published: January 2011

The use of novel and improved chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of cancer is on the rise. Natural products have always afforded a rich source of such agents. Epidemiological evidence suggests that a higher flavonoid intake is associated with low cancer risk. Accumulating data clearly indicate that the induction of apoptosis is an important component in the chemoprevention of cancer by naturally occurring dietary agents. Resveratrol, a naturally occurring polyphenol, demonstrates pleiotropic health benefits, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiaging, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Because of these properties and their wide distribution throughout the plant kingdom, resveratrol is envisioned as a potential chemopreventive/curative agent. Currently, a number of preclinical findings from our lab and elsewhere suggest resveratrol to be a promising natural weapon in the war against cancer. Remarkable progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the anticancer properties of resveratrol has been achieved. Here, we focus on some of the myriad pathways that resveratrol targets to exert its chemopreventive role and advocate that resveratrol holds tremendous potential as an efficient anticancer drug of the future.
Chemoprevention in experimental animals
Authors: Namasivayam Nalini
Published: January 2011

The potential cancer‐preventive effects of resveratrol, evident from the data obtained by various studies, are summarized in this review. Resveratrol (trans‐3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, was first isolated in 1940 as a constituent of the roots of white Hellebore (Veratrum grandiflorumO. Loes), and is now found to be present in various plants including grapes, berries, peanuts, and red wine. This review first briefly describes the current evidence on the link between resveratrol and cancer occurrence, based on epidemiological studies. Subsequently, investigations with resveratrol in animal models of colon carcinogenesis are presented, followed by a comprehensive compilation of resveratrol on cancer. In the second part, the article focuses on results from investigations on cancer‐preventive mechanisms of resveratrol. Biological activities including antioxidant effects, modulation of carcinogen metabolism, anti‐inflammatory potential, antioxidant properties, antiproliferative mechanisms by induction of apoptosis, and cell differentiation are discussed. Some novel information on its modulating effects on cell signaling pathway, metabolism studies, bioavailability, and cancer‐preventive efficacy is also provided. Based on these findings, resveratrol may be used as a promising candidate for cancer chemoprevention.
Laying the Foundations of the Modern Voting System: The Representation of the People Act 1918
Authors: BLACKBURN ROBERT
Published: January 2011

This article studies the preparation, passage, and consequences of the Representation of the People Act 1918. Commonly known as the fourth and last of the ‘Reform Acts’ starting in 1832, that transformed the politics of Great Britain into a parliamentary democracy, this major piece of constitutional legislation laid the foundations for the country's present‐day voting and electoral system. Most famous for introducing universal adult suffrage and the women's vote, it initiated a large number of new concepts and practices in elections, including making residency in a constituency the basis of the right to vote, whilst institutionalising the first‐past‐the‐post method of election instead of proportional representation (PR). As a political and constitutional process for reform, it was virtually unique in dealing with a range of principles and issues that were deeply controversial, yet ones that were debated and enacted in a spirit of concord amongst parliamentarians about the overriding need for civil reconstruction in the post‐war era.
Hedging and Ditching: The Parliament Act 1911
Authors: BALLINGER CHRIS
Published: January 2011

The Parliament Act 1911 is a short act of parliament, which had a profound effect on constitutional and political legislation in the 20th century. The purpose of the Parliament Act was very clear: to limit the power of the house of lords to impede the programme of a government with a majority in the house of commons. The act achieved this by introducing three innovations: (1) it put on the statute book the primacy of the house of commons over financial legislation; (2) the house of lords' absolute veto over legislation in most areas was replaced by a suspensory veto of approximately two years; (3) the act reduced the maximum duration of a parliament from seven years to five. But at the start of the parliament, in 1906, it was not clear that this programme would prevail: its enactment over alternative proposals was helped by a combination of the leadership of Campbell‐Bannerman and Asquith, political conflict, electoral and parliamentary arithmetic, and the politics of the Irish question. The Parliament Act fundamentally and irreconcilably altered the legislative process in the United Kingdom, whilst arguably leaving the de facto constitutional position unchanged. In doing so, it facilitated a century of constitutional legislation.