bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical analysis of excited states and energy transfer mechanism in conjugated dendrimers
Authors: Huang Jing , Du Likai , Hu Deping , Lan Zhenggang
Published: November 2014

The excited states of the phenylene ethynylene dendrimer are investigated comprehensively by various electronic‐structure methods. Several computational methods, including SCS‐ADC(2), TDHF, TDDFT with different functionals (B3LYP, BH&HLYP, CAM‐B3LYP), and DFT/MRCI, are applied in systematic calculations. The theoretical approach based on the one‐electron transition density matrix is used to understand the electronic characters of excited states, particularly the contributions of local excitations and charge‐transfer excitations within all interacting conjugated branches. Furthermore, the potential energy curves of low‐lying electronic states as the functions of ethynylene bonds are constructed at different theoretical levels. This work provides us theoretical insights on the intramolecular excited‐state energy transfer mechanism of the dendrimers at the state‐of‐the‐art electronic‐structure theories. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐pot Synthesis and Characterization of Gold‐nickel Bimetallic Nanorods
Authors: Selvi Selvam Tamil , Chi Kai‐Ming
Published: November 2014

This report focuses on the synthesis of gold‐nickel bimetallic nanostructures. In the presence of amine as the capping agent, thermal decomposition of organometallic precursors CH3AuPPh3 and Ni(PPh3)4 in o‐xylene offered AuNi nanorods. Several preparative parameters possible influencing the morphology of the structure were carefully studied by varying the reaction conditions with respect to the standard procedure. The morphology and composition of the AuNi nanorods were principally characterized by transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and powder X‐ray diffraction. The distribution of the Au as well as Ni atoms was examined by EDS mapping analysis. The mechanism of the formation of the AuNi bimetallic nanorods is proposed on the base of observation of the morphologies of nanostructures at various reaction time intervals.
LPS Promote the Odontoblastic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells via MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: He Wenxi , Wang Zhihua , Luo Zhirong , Yu Qing , Jiang Yong , Zhang Yaqing , Zhou Zeyuan , Smith Anthony J. , Cooper Paul R.
Published: November 2014

Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) show significant potential for exploitation in novel regeneration strategies, although lack of understanding of their responses to bacterial challenge constrains their application. The present study aimed to investigate whether lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major pathogenic factor of Gram‐negative bacteria, regulates the differentiation of hDPSCs and which intracellular signaling pathways may be involved. LPS treatment significantly promoted the differentiation of hDPSCs demonstrable by increased mineralized nodule formation and mRNA expression of several odontoblastic markers in a dose‐dependent manner. While inhibition of TLR4, p38, and ERK signaling markedly antagonized LPS‐mediated differentiation of hDPSCs. The inhibition of JNK and NF‐κB signaling had no detectable effect on LPS activation of hDPSCs. LPS stimulation resulted in phosphorylation of NF‐κB p65, IκB‐α, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) in DPSCs in a time‐dependent manner, which was markedly suppressed by their specific inhibitors, respectively. Data demonstrated that LPS promoted odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs via TLR4, ERK, and P38 MAPK signaling pathways, but not NF‐κB signaling. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 554–561, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
High Levels of Gpr30 Protein in Human Testicular Carcinoma In Situ and Seminomas Correlate with Low Levels of Estrogen Receptor‐Beta and Indicate a Switch in Estrogen Responsiveness
Authors: Boscia Francesca , Passaro Carmela , Gigantino Vincenzo , Perdonà Sisto , Franco Renato , Portella Giuseppe , Chieffi Sergio , Chieffi Paolo
Published: November 2014

The G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPR30) is suggested to be involved in non‐nuclear estrogen signalling and is expressed in a variety of hormone dependent cancer entities. It is well established that oestrogens are involved in pathological germ cell proliferation including testicular germ cell tumours. This study was performed to further elucidate the role of this receptor and the possible correlation with the estrogen receptor β in human testicular carcinoma in situ (CIS), seminomas and in GC1 and TCam‐2 germ cell lines; in addition, a Tissue Micro‐Array was built using the most representative areas from 25 cases of human testicular seminomas and 20 cases of CIS. The expression of ERβ and GPR30 were observed by using Western blot analysis in combination with immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. Here, we show that down regulation of ERβ associates with GPR30 over‐expression both in human testicular CIS and seminomas. In addition, we show that 17β‐oestradiol induces the ERK1/2 activation and increases c‐Fos expression through GPR30 associated with ERβ down‐regulation in TCam‐2 cell line. The present results suggest that exposure to oestrogens or oestrogen‐mimics, in some as of yet undefined manner, diminishes the ERβ‐mediated growth restraint in CIS and in human testicular seminoma, probably due to ERβ down‐regulation associated to GPR30 increased expression indicating that GPR30 could be a potential therapeutic target to design specific inhibitors. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 1290–1297, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Rehabilitation of the sarcoma patient‐enhancing the recovery and functioning of patients undergoing management for extremity soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Tobias Kerry , Gillis Theresa
Published: November 2014

Although relatively rare, soft tissue sarcomas cause significant morbidity and mortality due to their advanced stage at initial diagnosis. Rehabilitation and surgical outcomes have traditionally focused on physical parameters to assess function and recovery, emphasizing return to ambulation, activities of daily living (ADLs) and community re‐integration. Assessments of functional impairment and other quality‐of‐life parameters are necessary to better understand the experience of the patient with extremity soft tissue sarcoma and thereby improve outcomes. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:615–621. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Media Participation and Mental Health in Terrorist Attack Survivors
Authors: Thoresen Siri , Jensen Tine K. , Dyb Grete
Published: November 2014

Terrorism and disasters receive massive media attention, and victims are often approached by reporters. Not much is known about how terror and disaster victims perceive the contact with media and whether such experiences influence mental health. In this study, we describe how positive and negative experiences with media relate to posttraumatic stress (PTS) reactions among survivors of the 2011 Utøya Island terrorist attack in Norway. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 285 survivors (47.0% female and 53.0% male) 14–15 months after the terrorist attack. Most survivors were approached by reporters (94%), and participated in media interviews (88%). The majority of survivors evaluated their media contact and participation as positive, and media participation was unrelated to PTS reactions. Survivors who found media participation distressing had more PTS reactions (quite distressing: B = 0.440, extremely distressing: B = 0.611, p = .004 in adjusted model). Perceiving media participation as distressing was slightly associated with lower levels of social support (r = –.16, p = .013), and regretting media participation was slightly associated with feeling let down (r = .18, p = .004). Reporters should take care when interviewing victims, and clinicians should be aware of media exposure as a potential additional strain on victims.
The value of a collaborative course for advanced head and neck surgery in East Africa
Authors: Chambers Kyle J. , Aswani Joyce , Patel Asmeeta , Fundakowski Christopher , Mannion Kyle , Lin Derrick T. , Netterville James
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the value of a collaborative course for advanced head and neck surgery in East Africa.

Study Design

Survey of participants.

Methods

A 3‐day course in head and neck surgery was designed for otolaryngologists and trainees from Kenya and surrounding countries through a collaborative effort between Kenyatta National Hospital, the University of Nairobi, and the Head and Neck Divisions from the Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center and the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. Topics included neck dissection, parotidectomy, total laryngectomy, parapharyngeal space tumors excision, and pectoralis myocutaneous flaps. A pre‐ and postcourse self‐evaluation survey was administered to measure course impact.

Results

Eighteen otolaryngologists and trainees participated in the course, with 17 completing course surveys. The majority of participants (72%) were from Kenya. Prior to the start of the course, 41%, 71%, 23%, 12%, and 0% of participants indicated they could complete a neck dissection, parotidectomy, parapharyngeal space mass excision, total laryngectomy, and pectoralis myocutaneous flap, respectively. Following the course, 50%, 94%, 69%, 25%, and 38% of participants indicated they could complete a neck dissection, parotidectomy, total laryngectomy, parapharyngeal space tumors excision, respectively, with a statistically significant increase identified for pectoralis myocutaneous flaps (P < .001) and total laryngectomy (P = .009). There was also a trend toward an increase in the number of participants indicating an ability to complete parotidectomy following the course (P = .085).

Conclusions

This survey demonstrates the potential value of a collaborative course in advanced head and neck surgery as one useful model for increasing the number of well‐trained head and neck surgeons in East Africa.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:883–887, 2015
Endoscopic resection of anterolateral maxillary sinus inverted papillomas
Authors: Dean Nichole R. , Illing Elisa A. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Endoscopic medial maxillectomy (EMM) has become the surgical procedure of choice for resection of maxillary sinus inverted papillomas (IPs). Traditionally, IPs pedicled on the anterior and/or lateral walls of the maxillary sinus have required an adjuvant Caldwell‐Luc approach due to decreased visualization with transnasal endoscopy in these locations. The objective of the current study is to evaluate outcomes following endoscopic resection of anterolateral maxillary sinus IPs.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Subjects and Methods

Over 6 years, a total of 35 patients underwent EMM for maxillary sinus IPs located on the anterolateral maxillary wall. Demographics, operative technique, pathology, complications, recurrence, and postoperative follow‐up were evaluated.

Results

The majority of patients were male (71%) with a mean age of 56 years (range 27–83). Most patients (71%) were referred for recurrence after previous attempts at surgical resection. Adequate visualization was obtained following EMM in the majority of patients with use of a 70‐degree endoscope and angled instrumentation. The addition of transseptal surgical access was critical to the removal of IPs in 16 patients. No Caldwell‐Luc approaches were required. Pathologic dysplasia was identified in nine patients, and three had carcinoma. There were no recurrences with a mean disease‐free interval of 29 months (10–72 months).

Conclusion

In the present study, EMM provided excellent surgical access to anterolateral maxillary sinus IPs. The transseptal approach allowed enhanced visualization to this challenging location, previously considered accessible only with external procedures.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 125:807–812, 2015
Wilms’ tumor gene WT1 promotes homologous recombination‐mediated DNA damage repair
Authors: Oji Yusuke , Tatsumi Naoya , Kobayashi Junya , Fukuda Mari , Ueda Tazu , Nakano Eri , Saito Chisae , Shibata Syohei , Sumikawa Mihoko , Fukushima Hisashi , Saito Akari , Hojo Nozomi , Suzuki Miyu , Hoshikawa Tomoko , Shimura Tsutomu , Morii Eiichi , Oka Yoshihiro , Hosen Naoki , Komatsu Kenshi , Sugiyama Haruo
Published: November 2014

The Wilms’ tumor gene WT1 is overexpressed in leukemia and various types of solid tumors and plays an oncogenic role in these malignancies. Alternative splicing at two sites yields four major isoforms, 17AA(+)KTS(+), 17AA(+)KTS(−), 17AA(−)KTS(+), and 17AA(−)KTS(−), and all the isoforms are expressed in the malignancies. However, among the four isoforms, function of WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform still remains undetermined. In the present study, we showed that forced expression of WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform significantly inhibited apoptosis by DNA‐damaging agents such as Doxorubicin, Mitomycin, Camptothesisn, and Bleomycin in immortalized fibroblast MRC5SV and cervical cancer HeLa cells. Knockdown of Rad51, an essential factor for homologous recombination (HR)‐mediated DNA repair canceled the resistance to Doxorubicin induced by WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform. GFP recombination assay showed that WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform alone promoted HR, but that three other WT1 isoforms did not. WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform significantly upregulated the expression of HR genes, XRCC2, Rad51D, and Rad54. Knockdown of XRCC2, Rad51D, and Rad54 inhibited the HR activity and canceled resistance to Doxorubicin in MRC5SV cells with forced expression of WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed the binding of WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform protein to promoters of XRCC2 and Rad51D. Immunohistochemical study showed that Rad54 and XRCC2 proteins were highly expressed in the majority of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and gastric cancer, and that expression of these two proteins was significantly correlated with that of WT1 protein in NSCLCs. Our results presented here showed that WT1[17AA(−)KTS(+)] isoform had a function to promote HR‐mediated DNA repair. © 2014 The Authors. Molecular Carcinogenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel heterocyclic poly(pyridine‐imide)s with unsymmetric carbazole substituent and noncoplanar structure: High thermal, mechanical and optical transparency, electrochemical, and electrochromic properties
Authors: Huang Ying‐Chi , Wang Kun‐Li , Lee Wei‐Yi , Liao Yi‐An , Liaw Der‐Jang , Lee Kueir‐Rarn , Lai Juin‐Yih
Published: November 2014

A diamine containing heterocyclic pyridine and unsymmetrical carbazole substituents, 4‐(9‐ethyl‐3‐carbazole)‐2,6‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)pyridine (CBAPP), was prepared for use in the synthesis of poly(pyridine‐imide)s PI‐1–8 by direct polycondensation with dianhydrides in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc). The poly(pyridine‐imide)s derived from the diamine are highly soluble in solvents such as N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) and DMAc at room temperature. Noncoplanar polyimide (PI‐1) showed excellent solubility, high transparency, and high‐performance mechanical properties. These polymers had relatively high glass transition temperatures and exhibited good thermal stability in both nitrogen (Td10 > 470 °C) and air (Td10 > 450 °C). The PI‐3∼5 cannot form flexible and tough films due to the unsymmetrical carbazole moiety, rigid structure, and polar–polar interaction. However, through copolymerization technique these polymers (PI‐6∼8) could be enhanced through the solubility, mechanical, and thermal properties. The optical properties included a strong orange fluorescence (540 nm) after protonation with acid. When the HCl concentration was increased, a new absorption band at approximately 350 nm appeared, and the intensity of the fluorescent peak at 380 nm observed in the neutral polymer solution decreased, along with the appearance of the new fluorescent peak at 540 nm. The poly(pyridine‐imide)s presented here showed only slight fluorescence quenching in the presence of methanol. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 405–412
Assessment of block and random copolymer overlayers on polymer optical fibers toward protein detection through electrostatic interaction
Authors: El Sachat Alexandros , Meristoudi Anastasia , Pispas Stergios , Riziotis Christos
Published: November 2014

A simple fiber optic based scheme for the selective detection of proteins, based on surface electrostatic interactions, is presented. The implementation of this method is conducted using a modified polymer optical fiber's surface and thin overlayers of properly designed sensitive copolymer materials with predesigned molecular characteristics. Block poly(styrene‐b‐2vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) and random PS‐r‐P2VP copolymers of the same monomers and similar molecular weights, were modified and used as sensing materials. This configuration proved to be efficient concerning the fast detection of charged proteins, and also the efficient discrimination of differently charged proteins such as lysozyme and bovine serum albumin. Results on the sensing performance of block and random copolymers are also discussed drawing conclusion on their efficiency given their considerable different fabrication cost. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 327–334
A Note on PhD Population Growth in Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Ghaffarzadegan Navid , Hawley Joshua , Larson Richard , Xue Yi
Published: November 2014

The explosive increase in the number of postdocs in biomedical fields is puzzling for many science policymakers. We use our previously introduced parameter in this journal, the basic reproductive number in academia (R0), to make sense of PhD population growth in biomedical fields. Our analysis shows how R0 in biomedical fields has increased over time, and we estimate that there is approximately only one tenure‐track position in the US for every 6.3 PhD graduates, which means that the rest need to get jobs outside academia or stay in lower‐paid temporary positions. We elaborate on the structural reasons and systemic flaws of science workforce development by discussing feedback loops, especially vicious cycles, which contribute to over‐production of PhDs. We argue that the current system is unstable but with no easy solution. A way to mitigate the effects of strong reinforcing loops is full disclosure of the risks of getting PhD. © 2014 The Authors. Systems Research and Behavioral Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Late Metal Scaffolds that Activate Both, Dinitrogen and Reduced Dinitrogen Species NxHy
Authors: Köthe Claudia , Limberg Christian
Published: November 2014

In the context of biological nitrogen fixation, the question whether molybdenum or iron is the site for substrate binding and reduction is still discussed controversially. Therefore, the development of relevant model compounds containing early or late transition metals is essential in understanding the nature and behavior of intermediates bound to the FeMo‐cofactor. Ligated early transition metal atoms are known to strongly activate N2 and mediate its cleavage, but the resulting complexes contain metal‐nitrogen bonds, which often elude further conversion. The contrary situation is observed for late‐metal dinitrogen chemistry, which is in the focus of this research report. Systems were selected, that not only bind dinitrogen but also N2 reduction intermediates NxHyz– (x = 1, 2; y = 1–4; z = 1–3) that might form on the way from N2 to NH3, so that more comprehensive reactivity patterns emerge. This includes Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Ni, and Cu based compounds.
Rate of Pulmonary Metastasis Varies with Location of Rectal Cancer in the Patients Undergoing Curative Resection
Authors: Lee Jong Lyul , Yu Chang Sik , Kim Tae Won , Kim Jong Hoon , Kim Jin Cheon
Published: November 2014

Background

Precise understanding of recurrence patterns permits efficient surveillance and effective treatment strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate recurrence patterns after treatment of rectal cancers, specifically with respect to tumor location and chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

Methods

A single‐institution, retrospective cohort of 2,086 consecutive rectal cancer patients, was enrolled between January 2000 and December 2007. All the patients underwent curative operations (R0). Tumor location was classified into lower (≤5 cm), middle (>5 to ≤8 cm), and upper (>8 cm) groups based on the distance of the inferior tumor border from the anal verge; the patients were also characterized according to whether they received preoperative/postoperative CRT.

Results

The lung was the most common recurrence site in the lower group (lower vs. middle/upper; 14.6 vs. 8.9 %/8.0 %, P = 0.001/0.001). Recurrence patterns were not associated with receipt of preoperative/postoperative CRT. Additionally, RT and CRT did not reduce the rate of pulmonary recurrence (no‐RT/preoperative CRT/postoperative CRT, 37.5/37.9/42.6 %; P = 0.13). In a multivariate analysis, preoperative level of serum carcinoembryonic antigen, abdominoperineal resection, advanced T category, N category, and circumferential resection margin were identified as independent risk factors for pulmonary recurrence in all groups. Otherwise, low rectal cancer was associated with unresectable pulmonary recurrence (RR = 2.19; 95 % CI 1.012–3.072; P = 0.04).

Conclusions

Neither RT nor CRT affects the pattern and rate of recurrence. Tumor location specifically affects recurrence in rectal cancer patients, such that the lower group is a risk factor for unresectable pulmonary recurrences.
The Utility of Neck Ultrasound and Sestamibi Scans in Patients with Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Alkhalili Eyas , Tasci Yunus , Aksoy Erol , Aliyev Shamil , Soundararajan Saranya , Taskin Eren , Siperstein Allan , Berber Eren
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) and tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) are disease entities in patients with chronic kidney disease that are caused by parathyroid hyperplasia. The role of preoperative localization studies in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for these conditions remains poorly defined.

Aim

To evaluate the utility of surgeon‐performed neck ultrasound (US) as well as sestamibi scans in the localization of parathyroid glands in patients with SHPT/THPT.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis of patients with SHPT/THPT who underwent parathyroidectomy at a single institution. Results of preoperative localization studies were compared to intraoperative findings.

Results

One hundred and three patients underwent parathyroidectomy for SHPT/THPT. All patients underwent surgeon‐performed neck US, while 92 (89 %) underwent sestamibi scans. US failed to localize any of the parathyroids in 4 patients (3.8 %), while sestamibi was negative in 11 (12 %). Forty‐seven ectopic glands were identified in 38 patients in whom sestamibi was performed. In five patients (13 %), ectopic glands were identified by both modalities, by US only in 6 (16 %), by sestamibi only in 8 (21 %), and by neither study in 19 patients (50 %). US showed new thyroid nodules in 19 patients (18.4 %), leading to lobectomy or thyroidectomy at the time of parathyroidectomy in 16 patients (15.5 %). Pathology showed malignancy in 7 patients (6.8 %).

Conclusion

US and MIBI offer little benefit in localizing ectopic glands and rarely change the conduct of a standard four‐gland exploration. Although there was a benefit of US in the assessment of thyroid nodules, in only 8.7 % of patients was sestamibi of benefit in identifying ectopic glands.
Reproductive strategy and carry‐over effects for species with complex life histories
Authors: Green Adam W. , Bailey Larissa L.
Published: November 2014

We investigated the influences of natal‐pool and metamorph characteristics on juvenile survival, age‐specific breeding probabilities, and dispersal of wood frogs (Lithobates sylvatica) and used this information to infer how life history strategies of short‐lived species may offset risks associated with breeding in highly variable habitats. We used multistate mark‐recapture data from eight wood frog populations in Maryland, USA, to investigate the influences of natal‐pond and metamorph characteristics on post‐metamorphic demographics. We found that post‐metamorphic juvenile survival was highly variable and negatively influenced by abiotic conditions experienced during development but showed little relationship to larval density or size at metamorphosis. Estimates of recruitment and dispersal probabilities indicated that males mature earlier than females, and a small percentage of each sex disperse to non‐natal pools. Survival probabilities for adults during the non‐breeding season were less variable than juvenile rates, lower for females, and negatively related to mean monthly precipitation. Survival of adults during the breeding season was generally very high. We provide the first robust estimates of post‐metamorphic vital rates of wood frogs that allow for variation in capture probabilities. We found little evidence for an effect of metamorph traits on juvenile survival, suggesting that wood frogs may be able to overcome initial disadvantages to have similar post‐metamorphic performance. Our study suggests that variation in the age of maturity for wood frogs may mitigate risks associated with breeding in a highly variable habitat to maximize lifetime fitness without increasing lifespan, and this strategy is minimally affected by carry‐over effects from the larval stage.
Biotechnological application and taxonomical distribution of plant growth promoting actinobacteria
Authors: Hamedi Javad , Mohammadipanah Fatemeh
Published: November 2014

Plant growth promoting (PGP) bacteria are involved in various interactions known to affect plant fitness and soil quality, thereby increasing the productivity of agriculture and stability of soil. Although the potential of actinobacteria in antibiotic production is well-investigated, their capacity to enhance plant growth is not fully surveyed. Due to the following justifications, PGP actinobacteria (PGPA) can be considered as a more promising taxonomical group of PGP bacteria: (1) high numbers of actinobacteria per gram of soil and their filamentous nature, (2) genome dedicated to the secondary metabolite production (~5 to 10 %) is distinctively more than that of other bacteria and (3) number of plant growth promoter genera reported from actinobacteria is 1.3 times higher than that of other bacteria. Mechanisms by which PGPA contribute to the plant growth by association are: (a) enhancing nutrients availability, (b) regulation of plant metabolism, (c) decreasing environmental stress, (d) control of phytopathogens and (e) improvement of soil texture. Taxonomical and chemical diversity of PGPA and their biotechnological application along with their associated challenges are summarized in this paper.
Metabolic engineering of strains: from industrial-scale to lab-scale chemical production
Authors: Sun Jie , Alper Hal S
Published: November 2014

A plethora of successful metabolic engineering case studies have been published over the past several decades. Here, we highlight a collection of microbially produced chemicals using a historical framework, starting with titers ranging from industrial scale (more than 50 g/L), to medium-scale (5–50 g/L), and lab-scale (0–5 g/L). Although engineered Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae emerge as prominent hosts in the literature as a result of well-developed genetic engineering tools, several novel native-producing strains are gaining attention. This review catalogs the current progress of metabolic engineering towards production of compounds such as acids, alcohols, amino acids, natural organic compounds, and others.
An integrated biotechnology platform for developing sustainable chemical processes
Authors: Barton Nelson R , Burgard Anthony P , Burk Mark J , Crater Jason S , Osterhout Robin E , Pharkya Priti , Steer Brian A , Sun Jun , Trawick John D , Van Dien Stephen J , Yang Tae Hoon , Yim Harry
Published: November 2014

Genomatica has established an integrated computational/experimental metabolic engineering platform to design, create, and optimize novel high performance organisms and bioprocesses. Here we present our platform and its use to develop E. coli strains for production of the industrial chemical 1,4-butanediol (BDO) from sugars. A series of examples are given to demonstrate how a rational approach to strain engineering, including carefully designed diagnostic experiments, provided critical insights about pathway bottlenecks, byproducts, expression balancing, and commercial robustness, leading to a superior BDO production strain and process.
Congruence‐Incongruence Patterns in Alpha‐1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Couples’ Genetic Determinist Beliefs and Perceived Control over Genes: Implications for Clinical and Public Health Genomic Communication
Authors: Parrott Roxanne L. , Smith Rachel A. , Hong Soo Jung , Worthington Amber
Published: November 2014

Genomics makes possible the isolation of multiple genes as co‐factors that increase, but do not determine, risk for many adult‐onset medical conditions, including alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD). Those diagnosed with an adult‐onset medical condition, such as AATD, are often married and make decisions about testing and care as a couple. We examined genetic essentialist and threat beliefs, focusing on beliefs about the genetic contribution to disease susceptibility and severity, as well as perceptions of control related to genes and health for married couples (N =59), in which one spouse has been tested for genetic mutations associated with AATD. The intraclass correlation for spouses’ beliefs about genetic essentialism was strong and statistically significant, but the associations for their other beliefs were not. Incongruence between AATD participants and their spouses regarding genes’ influence on disease severity directly related to incongruent perceptions of control and genetic contribution to disease susceptibility. Results revealed an inverse relationship to AATD participants’ perceptions of behavioral control and a direct relationship to their beliefs about genes’ influence on disease severity. This suggests a pattern of incongruence in which AATD participants have low levels of perceived control over genes’ influence on health and high levels of perceived genetic influence on disease severity compared to spouses. With public health communication efforts lagging behind the science of genomics, insights regarding the congruence or incongruence associated with married couples’ beliefs about genes’ influence on disease afford pathways to guide clinical and public health communication about genomics.
Effects of hydrography on the distribution of bacteria and virus in Cochin estuary, India
Authors: Parvathi Ammini , Jasna V. , Jina S. , Jayalakshmy K. V. , Lallu K. R. , Madhu N. V. , Muraleedharan K. R. , Naveen Kumar K. R. , Balachandran K. K.
Published: November 2014

The viral dynamics have rarely been investigated in estuarine environments of India. The present study brings out a first hand information on the distribution of virus and bacteria in an eutrophic estuary (Cochin, India). Thirteen stations were selected for monthly monitoring of bacterial abundance (BA), total viable bacterial count (TVC), viral abundance (VA), chlorophyll a (Chl a) and other water quality parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients such as NO3–N, NH4–N, PO4–P and SiO4–Si) for 1 year. There was significant variations in the VA [0.59–4.48 × 107viral like particles (VLPs) mL−1] and BA (0.49–8.12 × 106 cells mL−1) in the estuary. The variation in the viral to bacterial ratio (3–22) indicated marked seasonality. Statistical analysis showed bacteria as a major factor controlling the distribution of viruses (60 % variability) in Cochin estuary (CE). The viruses also showed positive correlations with Chl a, pH and salinity. The distribution of virus followed a distinct pattern of three different zones in the estuary controlled by salinity in zone I, Chl a in zone II and salinity, Chl a in zone III. The zonal distribution suggests that the factors that control the viral‐host systems vary in different areas due to the complex hydrography of the estuary and environmental changes are very sensitive to the viral population in CE.
Quantitative Ultrashort Echo Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Postoperative Menisci: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sneag Darryl B. , Shah Parina , Koff Matthew F. , Lim Wei Y. , Rodeo Scott A. , Potter Hollis G.
Published: November 2014

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization of meniscal signal is particularly challenging as the highly organized ultrastructure of meniscal fibrocartilage yields very short T2 values (∼6 ms) and a paucity of signal intensity during conventional image acquisition.

Question/Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of imaging postoperative menisci using an experimental, quantitative ultrashort echo time (UTE) MRI pulse sequence. This sequence acquires short echo images (echo time (TE) ∼0.3 ms) to produce multi-echo images for quantitative T2* calculations that provide an objective measure of collagen organization.

Patients and Methods

MRI scans of the knee were acquired at 6- and 12-month intervals on a clinical 3.0 T scanner following meniscal surgery in eight patients (ages 13–41), four of whom underwent repair and the other four partial meniscectomy. Conventional MRI sequences were qualitatively evaluated for meniscal morphology and signal and correlated with quantitative UTE results.

Results

A wide range of mean T2* values for both postsurgical groups was measured, and these values changed for each patient between the 6- and 12-month intervals. In many instances, the UTE sequence demonstrated quantitative differences between the two time intervals that were not detected with conventional sequences.

Conclusions

This pilot study presents preliminary, observational data to be used as a baseline for future studies. Although the T2* values did not reveal a trend in either group or correlate with expected signal changes on conventional MRI, we speculate that the UTE sequence may detect ultrastructural alterations in meniscal composition that are otherwise not perceived with routine fast spin echo (FSE) sequences.
Cr(VI) Generation During Flaring of CO-Rich Off-Gas from Closed Ferrochromium Submerged Arc Furnaces
Authors: du Preez S. P. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G.
Published: November 2014

Ferrochromium (FeCr) is the only source of new Cr units used in stainless steel production, which is a vital modern day alloy, making FeCr equally important. Small amounts of Cr(VI) are unintentionally formed during several FeCr production steps. One such production step is the flaring of CO-rich off-gas from closed submerged arc furnaces (SAF), for which Cr(VI) formation is currently not quantified. In this study, the influence of flaring temperature, size of the particles passing through the flare, and retention time within the flame were investigated by simulating the process on laboratory scale with a vertical tube furnace. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was conducted on the overall dataset obtained, which indicated that retention time had the greatest impact on pct Cr(VI) conversion, followed by particle size and temperature. The MLR analysis also yielded an optimum mathematical solution, which could be used to determine the overall impact of these parameters on pct Cr(VI) conversion. This equation was used to determine realistic and unrealistic worst-case scenario pct Cr(VI) conversions for actual FeCr SAFs, which yielded 2.7 × 10−2 and 3.5 × 10−1 pct, respectively. These values are significantly lower than the current unsubstantiated pct Cr(VI) conversion used in environmental impact assessments for FeCr smelters, i.e., 0.8 to 1 pct.
The acetabulum in Perthes’ disease: A prospective study of 123 children
Authors: Huhnstock S. , Svenningsen S. , Pripp A. H. , Terjesen T. , Wiig O.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

We assessed the radiographic changes of the acetabulum during the course of Perthes’ disease and investigated whether they were associated with femoral head sphericity 5 years after diagnosis.

Methods

We studied 123 children with unilateral Perthes’ disease, femoral head necrosis more than 50 % and age at diagnosis 6 years or older. Pelvic radiographs were taken at onset, 1 year and 5 years after diagnosis. Sharp's angle, acetabular depth-to-width ratio (ADR) and lateral acetabular inclination were measured.

Results

Compared to the unaffected hips, the Perthes’ hips developed significantly higher Sharp's angles ( p < 0.001) and a higher proportion with an upward-sloping lateral acetabular margin (Perthes’ hips: 49 %, unaffected hips 1 %). The mean ADR values were significantly lower on the affected side at all stages ( p < 0.001). ADR values at diagnosis were associated with a more spherical femoral head at the 5-year follow-up [odds ratio (OR) 1.012, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.002–1.022, p = 0.016]. None of the other acetabular parameters were significantly associated with the femoral head shape 5 years after diagnosis.

Conclusion

The acetabulum developed an increasingly dysplastic shape in the course of Perthes’ disease. Early dysplastic changes of the acetabulum were not associated with a poor radiological outcome 5 years after diagnosis. Routine measurement and monitoring of acetabular changes in plain radiographs were of little prognostic value and can, therefore, hardly be recommended in clinical practice.
Subtalar extra-articular screw arthroereisis (SESA) for the treatment of flexible flatfoot in children
Authors: De Pellegrin Maurizio , Moharamzadeh Désirée , Strobl Walter Michael , Biedermann Rainer , Tschauner Christian , Wirth Thomas
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to describe a subtalar extra-articular screw arthroereisis (SESA) technique for the correction of flexible flatfoot (FFF) in children and report the outcome.

Methods

From 1990 to 2012, data were collected on 485 patients who underwent SESA at the San Raffaele Hospital. The average age of the patient cohort was 11.5 ± 1.81 years (range 5.0–17.9 years; median 11.5 years). Inclusion criteria were FFF and marked flexible hindfoot valgus, and the exclusion criterion was rigid flatfoot. SESA was performed in 732 cases of FFF—bilaterally in 247 patients and monolaterally in 238 patients.

Results

The values of the pre- and post-SESA weight-bearing X-ray angles were 146° ± 7° and 129° ± 5°, respectively, for the Costa-Bartani angle, 43° ± 8° and 25° ± 6°, respectively, for the talar inclination angle and 11° ± 6° and 14° ± 5°, respectively, for calcaneal pitch ( p <0.001). All data were analysed statistically with Student's t test. Data on 398 patients were ultimately available for analysis. In 93.7 % of cases the results were good in terms of improved clinical aspects and X-ray measurement, absence of complications, normal foot function 3 months post-SESA and no requirement for further surgery. The complication rate was 6.3 % and included ankle joint effusion, painful contracture of peroneal muscles and fourth metatarsal bone stress fractures. A sample of 76 patients (121 feet) were evaluated after screw removal, which occurred on average 2.9 years after SESA. The angle measurements of this sample showed no statistically significant modification.

Conclusion

Based on our >20 years of experience, we believe that SESA is an optimal technique for the correction of FFF as it is simple and can be performed rapidly, and the corrective effect results from the screw's mechanical and proprioceptive effect. The indication for surgery must be accurate. We suggest that the patient be at least 10 years of age in order that all of the foot's growth potential can be utilized and to allow for spontaneous resolution and thereby avoid the possibility of over-treatment.
Fibrous dysplasia of the proximal femur: Surgical management options and outcomes
Authors: Kushare Indranil V. , Colo Dino , Bakhshi Hooman , Dormans John P.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The management of proximal femoral deformity in fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeon. The purpose of this study was to analyze the various presentations of FD of proximal femur and the results of the various treatment modalities for the same.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of 23 patients (24 femora) with FD who underwent surgery for the proximal femur. The study sample included 14 males, nine females. Ten patients had a monostotic disease, eight patients had polyostotic disease, and five patients had McCune-Albright syndrome.

Results

Group 1: shepherd crook deformity—included five patients who underwent femoral neck osteotomy. Four patients had intramedullary (IM) nailing with neck cross-pinning and all patients showed union. One patient was stabilized with external fixation, which failed. Group 2: nine patients (ten femora) presented with frank pathological fracture. Nine underwent fixation with IM nailing, one with locking plate and screws. Three patients had to undergo more than one procedure and all fractures showed good union. Group 3: nine patients who presented with bone cyst and pain. All patients underwent biopsy; four of them had curettage with bone graft.

Conclusion

Shepherd crook deformity can be treated by a well-planned osteotomy and fixation with intramedullary implants with neck cross-pinning. Frank pathological fractures fixation with an intramedullary nail has excellent results even if not accompanied by resolution of the fibrodysplastic lesion. More than one procedure may be required. External fixation is not an optimal choice for fixation of femoral osteotomies in FD.
AKT Pathway Affects Bone Regeneration in Nonunion Treated with Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Qu Zhiguo , Guo Shengnan , Fang Guojun , Cui Zhenghong , Liu Ying
Published: November 2014

We have previously grafted human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) with blood plasma to treat rat tibia nonunion. To further examine the biological characteristics of this process, we applied an established hUC-MSCs-treated rat nonunion model with the addition of an inhibitor of AKT. SD rats (80) were randomly divided into four groups: a fracture group (positive control); a nonunion group (negative control); a hUC-MSCs grafting with blood plasma group; and a hUC-MSCs grafting with blood plasma & AKT blocker group. The animals were sacrificed under deep anesthesia at 4 and 8 weeks post fracture for analysis. The fracture line became less defined at 4 weeks and disappeared at 8 weeks postoperatively in both the hUC-MSCs grafting with blood plasma and grafting with blood plasma & the AKT blocker, which is similar to the fracture group. Histological immunofluorescence studies showed that the numbers of hUC-MSCs in the calluses were significantly higher in the hUC-MSCs grafting with blood plasma than those in group with the AKT blocker. More bone morphogenetic protein 2 and bone sialoprotein expression and less osteoprotegerin and bone gla protein expression were observed in the AKT blocker group compared to the hUC-MSCs grafting with blood plasma. AKT gene expression in the AKT blocker group was decreased 50 % compared to the hUC-MSCs with plasma group and decreased 70 % compared to the fracture group, while the elastic modulus was decreased. In summary, our work demonstrates that AKT may play a role in modulating osteogenesis induced by hUC-MSCs.
85°E Ridge, India – Constraints on its Development and Architecture
Authors: Choudhuri Mainak , NemÈok Michal , Stuart Charlie , Welker Chelsea , Sinha Sudipta Tapan , Bird Dale
Published: November 2014

The 85°E Ridge is a buried aseismic ridge running parallel to the 85°E meridian in the Bay of Bengal, India. Its origin has been a subject of debate, with opinions ranging from an abandoned spreading centre to a hotspot track. The present study follows the hotspot hypothesis and incorporates gravity, magnetic and seismic data to identify the nature and interpret the origin of the 85°E Ridge. It differs from earlier studies in the integration of deep seismic lines and gravity inversion to identify crustal architecture below the 85°E Ridge. Seismic interpretation along with gravity inversion has been used to determine the crustal structure below the ridge, while sediment thickness maps have been used to infer the uplift during the ridge emplacement. Seismic interpretations together with isostatic residual gravity anomaly map have been used to associate large negative anomalies with hotspot related magmatism. The negative anomaly increases with increasing volcanic load, indicating the presence of a crustal root and magmatic underplating. Typical flexural moat and arch, indicative of hotspot volcanism, is also observed in the seismic profiles. Gravity inversion modeling indicates an “onion-shell” like structure within the volcanic load, inferring the presence of less dense outer layers with a heavier core within the complex. Sediment thickness maps show the presence of dynamic uplift of more than 2000 milliseconds from early Cretaceous onwards. The study concludes that the 85°E Ridge is a result of hotspot volcanism, and proposes a plausible model for the origin of the structure.
Analysis of Electrical Resistivity Data in Resolving the Saline and Fresh Water Aquifers in West Coast Maharashtra
Authors: Gupta Gautam , Maiti Saumen , Erram Vinit C.
Published: November 2014

Electrical resistivity methods are widely used for identification of groundwater potential zones and in delineating the lateral and vertical distribution of sub-surface. This method can also characterize the ingress of sea water into inlands thereby getting mixed up with fresh water bodies. The present studies are an attempt to delineate the saline water and fresh water intrusion in parts of Kudal-Vengurla and surrounding coastal region of western Maharashtra. A total of 30 vertical electrical soundings were carried out in a near grid pattern using the Schlumberger configuration. The contour maps for Dar-Zarrouk parameters viz. the transverse resistance (T), longitudinal conductance (S), transverse resistivity (ρt) and longitudinal resistivity (ρl) were computed to generate the resistivity regime of saline and fresh water bearing formations. The results illustrate that the Dar-Zarrouk parameters provide a constructive solution in delineating the saline and fresh water aquifers, particularly when the resistivity data interpretation encounters constraints due to intermixing of saline water aquifers, fresh water aquifers etc. The pseudo cross-sections of resistivity data over five profiles in the study region show the flow of saline water from the coastal side, partly controlled by the lineaments.