bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Creation of Sono-Fenton System via Trace Fe2+ Addition in Sono-Degradation Dimethoate: Mechanism and Optimization
Authors: yao juan juan , Liu Shiyi , Fang Yanjuan , Gao Naiyun , Jiang Wenchao , Zhang Zhi , Chen Xiangyu
Published: October 2021

The mechanism and optimization of a simple sono-Fenton system established by utilizing sono-generated H2O2 via trace Fe2 + addition were investigated with dimethoate as a target treated pollutant. The results of the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response surface methodology showed that Fe2+ dosage, ultrasonic intensity, and initial pH value had significant effects on the pseudo-first-order kinetic rate constant of dimethoate degradation (response variable). The response variable was fitted well by a quadratic polynomial equation. Accordingly, the optimum degradation efficiency (95.3% within 10 minutes) was obtained under the condition of Fe2+ dosage = 200µM, ultrasonic intensity = 0.69 W/cm2 and the initial pH = 3, which was 38.1% higher than that in single sonication. Of note, the optimal Fe2+/H2O2 ratio calculated in this sono-Fenton was 25 times higher than that in the conventional Fenton reaction, which indicated that the Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle was significantly accelerated might due to the •H produced in the pyrolysis of H2O and the enhanced mass transfer in sonication. The hydrophilic toxic degradation by-products for dimethoate can be better controlled due to the enhancement of degradation in bulk solution. Considered the acidic condition formed after 5 minutes of sonication, the cost of pH adjustment was reduced by 10% compared with the conventional Fenton system.
Does Tomato Breeding for Improved Performance Under LED Supplemental Lighting Make Sense?
Authors: Prinzenberg Aina E. , Schoot Hanneke van der , Deth Olivier van , Ouzounis Theoharis , Gabriëls Suzan , Meijer-Dekens Fien , Marcelis Leo F.M. , Visser Richard G. F. , Heuvelink Ep , Schouten Henk J
Published: October 2021

Differences in growth have been reported for tomato under LED compared to HPS light, however, it is not clear if breeding specific for LED supplemental light is worthwhile. Therefore, we derived four recombinant inbred line (RIL) tomato populations from parents with contrasting growth responses to different light spectra. These RIL populations were grown for four weeks under supplemental HPS or 95% red and 5% blue LED light in the greenhouse. For one population we also studied fruit production. Plant height and size of the side shoots of the young plants were strongly reduced under LED supplemental lighting compared to HPS in all populations. The adult plants showed shorter internode lengths, less trusses, less fruits, and lower yield of ripe fruits per plant under LED. However, when the unripe fruits at the last harvest day were included, the difference in yield between HPS and LED disappeared, indicating that the plants under LED light were compacter and slower in development, but in the end produced similar yield. We found numerous QTL, but hardly any of these QTL appeared to be significantly LED-specific. Also, we found very significant genetic effects of maternally inherited plastids and mitochondria, showing the importance of using a parental genotype as mother or as father. However, these effects were very similar between the two light conditions. We conclude that our study does not justify tomato breeding programs that are specifically targeted at 95% red and 5% blue LED supplemental lighting.
Can Cerebral Regional Oxygen Saturation (rSO2) be used as an Indicator of the Quality of Chest Compressions in Patients with Cardiopulmonary Arrest? A Study Evaluating The Association between rSO2 and Mean Arterial Pressure: The PRESS Study
Authors: Kishihara Yuki , Yasuda Hideto , Kashiura Masahiro , Harada Naoshige , Moriya Takashi
Published: October 2021

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest causes numerous deaths worldwide. High-quality chest compressions are important for good neurological recovery. Arterial pressure is considered useful to monitor the quality of chest compressions by the American Heart Association. However, arterial pressure catheter might be inconvenient during resuscitation. Conversely, cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) during resuscitation may be associated with a good neurological prognosis. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between mean arterial pressure and rSO2 during resuscitation to use rSO2 as the indicator of the quality of chest compressions.Methods: This study was a single-centre, prospective, observational study. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who were transported to a tertiary care emergency centre between October 2014 and March 2015 in Japan were included. The primary outcome was the regression coefficient between MAP and rSO2. MAP and rSO2 were measured during resuscitation (at hospital arrival [0 min], 3 min, 6 min, 9 min, 12 min, 15 min), and MAP was measured by an arterial catheter inserted into the femoral artery. For analysis, we used the higher value of rSO2 obtained from the left and right forehead of the patient and measured using a near-infrared spectrometer. Regression coefficients were calculated using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) with MAP and SAP as response variables and rSO2 as an explanatory variable, because MAP and rSO2 were repeatedly measured in the same patient. Since the confounding factors between MAP or SAP and rSO2 were not clear clinically or from previous studies, the GEE was analysed using univariate analysis.Results: Thirty-seven patients were analysed. rSO2 and MAP during resuscitation from hospital arrival to 15 min later were expressed as follows (median [interquartile range]): rSO2, 29.5 (24.3–38.8) %, and MAP, 36.5 (26–46) mmHg. The regression coefficient (95% confidence interval) of log-rSO2 and log-MAP was 0.42 (0.03–0.81) (p=0.035).Conclusion: rSO2 and MAP showed a mild but statistically significant association. rSO2 could be used to assess the quality of chest compressions during resuscitation as a non-invasive and simple method.Trial registration: This study was registered in the University hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000015479).
Axon Initial Segment Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model Disturbs the Action Potential Initiation and Propagation
Authors: Chen Zhiya , Peng Luxin , Zhao Mengdi , Tao Louis , Zou Peng , Zhang Yan
Published: October 2021

Axonal pathology has been widely reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). As a highly structured region in the axon, axon initial segment (AIS) plays a vital role in action potential (AP) dynamics, including initiation and propagation, closely linked to neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release kinetics. Previously, we showed that proteins localized in the AIS were remarkably changed in neurons from APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice carrying familial AD mutations. However, whether the AIS defects in APP/PS1 mouse neurons affect AP dynamics is unknown. Using genetically-encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs)-based voltage imaging, we studied AP initiation and propagation in the APP/PS1 neurons. We found that APP/PS1 neurons were more sensitive to intensive stimulations. Our data suggested that AP velocities significantly decreased in neurons from APP/PS1 mice than the wild-type mice. The velocity of forward-propagating action potentials was lower when the AIS was located more distally from the soma or when the AIS had a shorter length. The velocity of back-propagating action potentials was not correlated with the location nor with the length of the AIS. These experimental results were reproduced in neuronal simulations using multi-compartment modeling, suggesting a correlation between AIS length/location change and AP propagation velocity due to the distribution of sodium channels. Taken together, Our findings provide a deep insight into the abnormality of neuronal function in AD.
Asymmetric Macroeconomic Determinants of Energy Intensity In China: New Empirical Insights
Authors: Lan Hai , Cheng Chengping , Jafri Muhammad Afaq Haider , Sohail Sidra
Published: October 2021

Previously, several studies have tried to analyze the various determinants of energy intensity for different countries and regions. However, none of the studies have focused on the asymmetric determinants of energy intensity in the context of China. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to investigate the asymmetric determinants of energy intensity in China. We have gathered data for China over the period 1985-2019 and applied linear and nonlinear ARDL models. Both energy prices and technological shocks help to reduce the energy intensity in the long run in the nonlinear models. However, in the linear model, only energy prices reduce the energy intensity in the long-run. On the other side, energy prices reduce the energy intensity in the short run, while the technological shocks increase the energy intensity. Moreover, the long-run effects of both energy prices and technology are asymmetric on the energy intensity, while asymmetric effects were only observed for technological shocks in the short run. Clearly, the results are asymmetric in nature; hence, the policymakers should consider both positive and negative shocks in energy prices and technology while making any policy with regards to lowering energy intensity.
Mechanical and Thermal Performances of Eco-Friendly Mortar Containing Recycled PET As Partial Sand Replacement
Authors: Akkouri Nacer , Bourzik Oumaima , Baba Khadija , Tayeh Bassam
Published: October 2021

Plastic has become one of the most widely manufactured materials in the world and an indispensable part of everyday life. However, a large amount of plastic waste needs to be recycled to protect the environment. One way of recycling is to use such waste as a raw material substitute. This paper evaluates the thermal and mechanical performance of eco-friendly mortars containing 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles as partial replacements for sand. Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the thermal properties (i.e. thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity), compressive strength, density, workability and ultrasonic pulse velocity of these mortars. Results show that replacing sand with recycled PET in cement-based mortars reduces their thermal conductivity, thereby highlighting the potential use of these mortars as energy-efficient and environmentally friendly construction materials.
Unique Associations of Different Addictions with the Big-5 Personality Dimensions
Authors: Gomez Rapson , Tullett-Prado Deon , Brown Taylor , Stavropoulos Vasileios
Published: October 2021

Background: Addiction is an increasingly prevalent issue and one with dark consequences for both physical and mental health. As the number of addictions increases with new technological innovations and changing social environments make certain addictions more dangerous, it is important to investigate ways to influence the development and growth of such addictions. Personality has been shown to interact with addiction in a bidirectional fashion, however while there is a wealth of data connecting personality and addiction, these studies are vitally limited in a number of ways this study aims to rectify. Methods: This study examined the unique associations of ten different types of addictions (alcohol, smoking, drug, sex, social media, shopping, exercise, gambling, internet gaming, and internet use addictions) with the Big-5 personality dimensions of extraversion (E), emotional stability (ES), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness (C), and openness to experience (O), controlling for gender and age effects. Participants (N = 968; males = 64.3%) were adults from the general Australian community, with age ranging from 18 to 64 years (mean = 29.54 years; SD = 9.36 years). Results: The findings, based on multiple regression analyses, showed that the different types of addictions were associated with different groups of the personality dimensions. Most of the addictions were however associated with low E, A and C, and many were additionally associated with low A. The theoretical, clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed. Conclusions: In summary, the findings of the study showed that different addictions can be grouped together into general patterns of association different groups of the personality dimensions. There are several of these such patterns showing that different personality profiles are associated with different kinds of addictions.
Preparation of Amidoximated Acrylonitrile-G-Waste Polypropylene Adsorbent By Radiation Grafting Method And Its Application On The Adsorption of Cr (VI) From Aqueous Medium
Authors: Sardar Md. Nabul , Rahman Nazia , Sultana Shahnaz , Dafader Nirmal Chandra
Published: October 2021

In this study, a new amidoximated adsorbent based on waste polypropylene (PP) fabric was prepared for the adsorption of aqueous Cr (VI) metal ions. Pre-irradiation technique was employed for grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) on PP fabric. The grafting reaction was carried out at 80oC in a water bath for 4 hours utilizing sulfuric acid (2% of AN) as additive and the percentage of grafting obtained was 150% using 60% AN concentration and 30 kGy radiation dose. The amidoximated adsorbent was produced by treating acrylonitrile (AN) grafted PP (AN-g-PP) with NH2OH.HCl and characterized by FTIR, SEM, TGA and DMA. The removal of Cr (VI) was examined under several conditions such as contact time, pH, temperature, initial Cr (VI) concentration. The equilibrium adsorption data were fitted to both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent was found to be 232.56 mg/g calculated from Langmuir equation. Kinetic studies have exhibited that the highest removal was achieved after 40 hours that was 126.82 mg/g at pH 1.5 and Cr (VI) concentration 120 ppm. The kinetic data follow the pseudo-first order model having a good agreement between the experimental and calculated adsorption capacity. The thermodynamic data showed that the sorption process was endothermic and spontaneous taking place by increasing the randomness of the system. Furthermore, study of desorption of Cr (VI) from the adsorbent surface and reuse of the adsorbent indicate that the adsorbent can be applied effectively for the efficient removal of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solution.
Transcriptome sequencing and global analysis of blue light-responsive genes provide clues for high carotenoid yields in Blakeslea trispora
Authors: Ge Xin , Li Ruiqing , Zhang Xiaomeng , Zhao Jingyi , Zhang Yanan , Xin Qi
Published: October 2021

Blakeslea trispora has great potential uses in industrial production because of the excellent capability of producing a large quantity of carotenoids. However, the mechanism of light induced carotenoid biosynthesis even the structural and regulatory genes in pathways remain unclear. In this paper, we reported the first transcriptome study in B. trispora in which we have carried out global survey of expression changes of genes participated in blue light response. We verified that the yield of β-carotene reaching to 3-fold when transferred from darkness to blue light for 24 h and the enhancement of transcription levels of carRA and carB presented a positive correlation with the increase in carotenoid production. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 1124 genes were upregulated and 740 genes were downregulated respectively after blue light exposure. Annotation through GO, KEGG, Swissprot and COG databases showed 11119 unigenes compared well with known gene sequences, 5514 unigenes were classified into Gene Ontology, and 4675 unigenes were involved in distinct pathways. Among the blue light responsive genes, 4 genes (carG1, carG3, carRA and carB) identified to function in carotenoid metabolic pathways were dominantly upregulated. We also discovered that 142 TF genes belonging to 45 different superfamilies showed significant differential expression (p≤ 0.05), 62 of which were obviously repressed by blue light. The detailed profile of transcription data will not only allow us to conduct further functional genomics study in B. trispora, but also enhance our understanding of potential metabolic pathway and regulatory network involved in light regulated carotenoid synthesis.
Perinatal Outcomes After Liver Transplantation – Is There A Role For Aspirin Treatment?
Authors: Zeevi Gil , Braun Marius , Nesher Eviatar , Wiznitzer Arnon , Hadar Eran , Hochberg Alyssa
Published: October 2021

Purpose: To describe perinatal outcomes in liver transplanted women and evaluate the effect of low-dose aspirin treatment in these women.Methods: An observational retrospective study examining perinatal outcomes among 10 liver transplant recipients, between 2016-2020 at a single university-affiliated tertiary medical center in Israel. Demographic, obstetric and clinical data were obtained from electronic health records. Low-dose aspirin use in these women during pregnancy began in 2018 and was evaluated with regards to its effect on the risk of developing preeclampsia and hypertensive disease. Results: Overall, 13 deliveries in 10 pregnant liver transplant recipients were identified. Primary liver disease was Wilson's in 7 pregnancies (53%), acute liver failure in 3 (23%), and a single woman with each of the following: Viral hepatitis A, Hyperoxaluria type 1 and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Median age was 23 years at transplant and 30 at conception. All recipients received tacrolimus, steroids were administered to 9 (69%), and low-dose aspirin (100mg daily) administered in 5 (38%) pregnancies. Regarding maternal outcomes, 2 women (16%) developed preeclampsia, 1 (8%) developed gestational hypertension, and 3 (24%) had postpartum infection. Of women receiving low-dose aspirin, none developed hypertensive disease or suffered excessive bleeding. Median gestational age at delivery was 37 weeks (31–39 weeks), with 6 preterm births (31-36) and a median birthweight of 3072g (1450–4100g). ﻿Conclusions: Liver-transplanted pregnant women comprise a unique and complex patient population. Based on our single-center experience and due to its potential benefit, low-dose aspirin may by a possible preventive measure for preeclampsia. Further prospective, large studies are needed to delineate specific complications in this patient population and to evaluate treatment options, in order to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Glomus Chinense and Dominikia Gansuensis, Two New Glomeraceae Species of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi From High Altitude in The Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Yu Fengxia , Goto Bruno Tomio , Magurno Franco , Błaszkowski Janusz , Wang Jian , Ma Wenxia , Feng Huyuan , Liu Yongjun
Published: October 2021

Two glomoid spore-producing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in single-species cultures established from soil-borne spores collected from high altitude (2,800 m a.s.l.) of Tibet Plateau, China. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with sequences of nuclear rDNA (spanning the partial small subunit, whole internal transcribed spacer, and partial large subunit segment = 18S-ITS-28S) and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1) gene. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the two fungi are undescribed species of the genera Glomus and Dominikia. The first fungus, described here as G. chinense sp. nov., formed spores singly and in loose clusters. The spores are orange-yellow to dark brown, globose, (47–)64(–93) µm diam. Dominikia gansuensis sp. nov. produced glomerocarps with pale yellow to yellow-brown, globose, (20–)47(–86) µm diam spores. Spore wall of both species consists of three layers. Both species differ clearly in morphology and phylogeny from their closest phylogenetic relatives, which are G. atlanticum and G. ibericum, and D. glomerocarpica, respectively.
Directed Energy Accelerated Lightsails
Authors: Santi Giovanni , Favaro Giulio , Corso Alain Jody , Lubin Philip , Bazzan Marco , Ragazzoni Roberto , Garoli Denis , Pelizzo Maria Guglielmina
Published: October 2021

A lightsail accelerated via directed energy is a candidate technology to send a probe into the deep space in a time period compatible with human life. The light emitted by a ground-based large-aperture phased laser array is directed onto the lightsail to produce a thrust by transferring the momentum of the incident photons. To achieve high efficiency propulsion, the lightsail must be characterized by extremely low mass, high reflectance and minimal absorption in the Doppler-shifted laser wavelength range, while high emissivity in the infrared is required for thermal management. Optimized multilayer structures allow ultralight spacecraft being accelerated by laser radiation pressure up to 20% of the light velocity, and eventually even above, as long as a compromise between efficiency and weight is achieved. Key aspect is the ability to survive to the temperature increase during the acceleration phase, which can be fateful for the system.
Shellfishers’ Knowledge in Western Iberia: The Case Study of Edible Cockle (Cerastoderma Edule) In the Ria de Aveiro Lagoon
Authors: Braga Heitor Oliveira , Azeiteiro Ulisses Miranda , Magalhães Luísa
Published: October 2021

BackgroundCockles are an essential biological resource for several fishing villages in Europe, especially in Portugal. This bivalve is highly commercialized in the Aveiro coastal lagoon and has relevant socio-economic importance for local shellfishers. In the absence of a management plan, indications for carrying out new ecological studies on the cockle, and all the aggregated history of this natural resource in the Ria de Aveiro, sharing the ethnobiological knowledge of shellfishers becomes relevant in this scenario. We shared the highlights of local ecological knowledge (LEK) about the cockle (C. edule) in the Ria de Aveiro in favor of the adaptive management of this bioresource. MethodsRia de Aveiro is an ecologically prominent area in Europe due to its faunal biodiversity. Semi-structured interviews with sixty shellfishers in this coastal lagoon were carried out during April and May 2021. LEK data on the biology and ecology of the cockle (C. edule) were analyzed using an ethical-emic approach and the model of integration of different individual skills. These informal data were compared with previously published data for the species, the Fish Base, and GBIF databases. Interviews were categorized and analyzed using the Microsoft 365 MSO.Results and Discussion Five cockle capture tools were used in the traditional fishing of this bivalve in the Ria de Aveiro. The average minimum size of the cockle for capture was 23.4 mm, and the average capture per tide was 137.12 kg. The areas with the highest productivity and the most shellfish were RIAV1 and RIAV2. The habitat of the cockle is usually areas of sand and mud to an average depth of 2.71 cm. Feeds mainly small particles, plankton, mud, and algae. The main predators were crabs, European plaice, and bird species. Cockles spawn primarily in late spring and summer. As of 2010, there was a slight decrease in cockle stocks in the Ria de Aveiro due to overfishing, increased rainfall, and changes in the sediment. Shellfishers shared informal ecological and biological data often compared to previously published data for the species. Deeply considering and analyzing this knowledge is essential for a better understanding of the environmental context in the view of users of the natural resource in the Ria de Aveiro. ConclusionInformal data shared by shellfishers in the Ria de Aveiro were typical of filter-feeding bivalve mollusks. LEK may assist in planning future management plans for cockles, and unrefuted data may serve as untestable hypotheses. Understanding how fishers exploit the natural resource in the ecosystem can clarify and shape more adaptive socio-ecological actions. Ethnobiological studies in the Ria de Aveiro lagoon with other species may contribute to better management of this system since multiple fisheries are carried out in this coastal area.
Smartphone-Based Paper Microfluidic Detection of Paraquat Mediated by Citrate-Capped Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Srit Navaporn , Kongpreecha Pakawat , Yoon Jeong-Yeol , Siri Sineenat
Published: October 2021

Paraquat has been widely used in agriculture due to its efficient herbicidal activity. However, its remaining residues in the environment have caused eco-toxicity to live organisms and humans. Therefore, a portable and sensitive sensing system is required for field-monitoring paraquat towards eco-friendly usage. Toward this goal, citrate-capped silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on a microfluidic paper analytic device (µPAD) were used to detect paraquat, accompanied by smartphone detection. Capillary action through paper fibers enabled the distribution of pre-loaded AgNPs across paper microfluidic channels and allowed rapid citrate-paraquat binding, which led to rapid, reproducible, and sensitive detection of paraquat. Full extents of color changes were recorded within 1 min using a smartphone camera, using only 2 µL samples. The assay's linear range was from 2.5 to 20 ppm, and the limit of detection was 2.3 ppm (8.94 µM) paraquat. Successful selectivity was also demonstrated using several different ions and herbicides, without substantial non-specific aggregation. Moreover, paraquat was further assayed with co-existing ions and field water samples, with satisfactory analytical recoveries of 95−117%, demonstrating its potential application towards on-site and field-ready assay of paraquat.
Fabrication and Characterization of Resistance Temperature Detector By Smart Mask Design
Authors: LÖK Ramazan , KARACALI Huseyın , VAROL Alı , CAMLI Ugur , YILMAZ Ercan
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to give detailed information about fabrication and characterization of resistance temperature detector by smart mask design. The effects of annealing on both structural and electrical properties were investigated. Changes in micro strain, lattice parameter and grain size values were observed by means of annealing. It has been shown that the structural changes cause a decrease in resistivity and sheet resistance values. Thousands of sensors can be fabricated according to the substrate size of thin film RTD produced. It is almost impossible to fabricated thousands of sensors with the same resistance value. But by the agency of the smart mask design proposed in this study, it is possible to adjust each RTD to the same resistance value by using the resistance adjustment points. Maximum TCR value was found to be around 3.84x103 ppm/0C. This value is very close to the standard TCR value 3.85x103 ppm/0C used for industrial applications.
Bacterial Aerosol, Particulate Matter And Microclimatic Parameters In The Horse Stables In Poland
Authors: Grzyb Jacek , Podstawski Zenon , Bulski Karol
Published: October 2021

Keeping horses in good condition requires providing them with living conditions that meet welfare requirements. These animals should be accommodated with suitable space, access to high nutritional fodder and water as well as a suitable microclimate in their shelters. When it comes to the environment in the stables, a serious problem is created by particulate matter (PM), that consists bacteria. High PM concentration may be responsible for developing multiple upper respiratory tract diseases in horses, including allergies and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). In turn, these ailments may lead to decreasing equine physical and mental fitness. Additionally, people who spend time in the stables are exposed to the same harmful factors. The study was conducted in Udórz Stud Farm located in the southern region of Poland. The study was carried out in 2 different types of stables: 3 runners and 2 box stables. The research continued for 2 years and the samples were collected in each season. The bioaerosol samples were collected using a six-stage Andersen-Graseby cascade impactor to assess size distribution and concentrations of airborne bacteria. PM concentration was analyzed using the DustTrak™ II Aerosol Monitor 8530, while microclimate parameters were measured using the Kestrel 5000 Weather Meter. There are almost no studies concerning size distribution of airborne bacteria, individual PM factions and the impact of everyday handling on the changes in the bioaerosol and PM concentration. This preliminary study provided basic information on this subject. We have revealed a strong correlation between high PM and bacterial aerosol concentrations. Higher contamination levels were recorded in runners, as compared to box stables. The highest bacterial aerosol level was detected in the spring. The analysis of the fractions of the bacterial aerosol in the stables indicated the highest share of ultra-fine fraction (0.65–2.1), while respirable fraction (below 4.7 µm) exceeded 75%. It was established that the concentration of the bacterial aerosol inside the stables was many times higher than outside. It depended significantly on everyday activities undertaken in the stables, like feeding or cleaning. Taking the above into account, a different cleaning system should be developed (a wet cleaning system) and excrement should be removed more frequently.
Inline monitoring of high cell density cultivation of Scenedesmus rubescens in a mesh ultra-thin layer photobioreactor by Photon Density Wave spectroscopy
Authors: Sandmann Michael , Münzberg Marvin , Bressel Lena , Reich Oliver , Hass Roland
Published: October 2021

Objective
Due to multiple light scattering that occurs inside and between cells, quantitative optical spectroscopy in turbid biological suspensions is still a major challenge. This includes also optical in-line determination of biomass in bioprocessing. Photon Density Wave (PDW) spectroscopy, a technique based on multiple light scattering, enables the independent and absolute determination of optical key parameters of concentrated cell suspensions, which allow to determine biomass during cultivation.
Results
A unique reactor type, called “mesh ultra-thin layer PBR” was used to create a highly concentrated algal suspension. PDW spectroscopy measurements were carried out continuously in the reactor without any need of sampling or sample preparation, over 3 weeks, and with 10-minutes time resolution. Conventional dry matter content and coulter counter measurements have been employed as established off-line reference analysis. The PBR allowed peak cell dry weight (CDW) of 33.4 g L−1. It is shown that the reduced scattering coefficient determined by PDW spectroscopy is strongly correlated with the biomass concentration in suspension and is thus suitable for process understanding. The reactor in combination with the fiber-optical measurement approach will lead to a better process management.
User-Centered Design and Spatially-Distributed Sequential Electrical Stimulation in Cycling for Individuals with Paraplegia
Authors: Baptista Roberto , Moreira Marina C. C. , Pinheiro Lucas D. M. , Pereira Tiago R , Carmona Gabriel G. , Freire Joao P. D. , Bastos Julia A. I. , Bo Antonio P. L.
Published: October 2021

Background In this work, we share the enhancements made in our system to take part in the 2020 Cybathlon Global Edition Functional Electrical Stimulation(FES) Bike Race. The main improvements were: first, an overhaul of the system and user interface developed with User-Centered Design principles with remote access to enable telerehabilitation. Second, the implementation and experimental comparison between the traditional single electrode stimulation (SES) and spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) applied for FES Cycling. Methods We report on the main aspects of the developed system. To evaluate the user perception of the system, we applied a System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire. In comparing SDSS and SES, we collected data from one subject in four sessions, each simulating one race in the Cybathlon format.Results User perception measured with SUS indicates a positive outcome in the developed system. The SDSS trials were superior in absolute and average values to SES regarding total distance covered and velocity. We successfully competed in the Cybathlon 2020 Global Edition, finishing in 6th position in the FES Bike Race category. Conclusions The Cybathlon format induced us to put the end-user in the center of our system design principle, which was well perceived. However, further improvements are required if the intention is to progress to a commercial product. The SDSS trials were superior in absolute and average values compared to SES, indicating that this technique enhances the performance of FES Cycling systems. Although, more extensive studies are required to assess these aspects.
The Expression of MMP-2 on the Pressure Side During Tooth Movement
Authors: Zhang Jing , Chen Qiuqiu , Luo Fuxiang , Liu Hong
Published: October 2021

Objectives: To explore the effects of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) on the development of orthodontic root resorption in rats and to provide a theoretical basis for prevention and treatment of root resorption in clinical diagnosis.Methods: Thirty-five 6-8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 7 groups, each with 5 rats weighing approximately 200 g±20 g. An orthodontic traction device was applied between the right first molar and the maxillary incisor in the experimental rats, and a mesial tractive force of 60 g was applied. Five rats were used for the control group without orthodontic applications. After 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days, the maxillae were abducted, and immunohistochemical analysis was performed. We used hematoxylin eosin staining to observe root resorption. The expression of MMP-2 was also assessed by immunohistochemical staining. SPSS17.0 statistical software was used to process the data.Results: Forcing 3 d was observed in the formation of bone resorption lacunae, which were confined to the cementum. After that, it becomes more serious. The most serious damage in 7 days. In 14 d, root absorption was relieved, and osteogenic cells aggregated at the root absorption site. Root resorption lacuna visible dentin repair phenomenon. With the extension of the force application time, the expression of MMP-2 was raised gradually, reached the peak at 7 d, and then gradually declined, 21d tends to be stable, but still stronger than controls.Conclusion: MMP-2 is involved in the metabolism of extracellular matrix in the process of root absorption.
A Catchment Scale Assessment of Water Balance Components: A Case Study of Chittar Catchment in South India
Authors: Pandi Dinagarapandi , Kothandaraman Saravanan , Kasiviswanathan K S , Kuppusamy Mohan
Published: October 2021

Analyzing the Water Balance Components (WBCs) of catchment help in assessing the water resources for their sustainable management and development. This paper used Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model mainly to analyze the variation in the WBCs through the change in the Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) and meteorological variables. For this purpose, the model used the inputs of LULC and meteorological variables between the year 2001-2020 at five year and daily time interval respectively from the Chittar river catchment. The developed models were evaluated using SWAT-CUP split-up procedure (pre-calibration and post-calibration). The model was found to be good in calibration and validation, yielding the coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94 and 0.81 respectively. Furthermore, WBCs of the catchment were estimated for the near future (2021 - 2030) at monthly and annual scale. For this endeavour, LULC was forecasted for the year 2021 and 2026 using Celluar Automata (CA)-ANN and for the same period meteorological variables were also forecasted using the smoothing moving average method from the historical data.
Automatic mapping of multiplexed social receptive fields by deep learning and GPU-accelerated 3D videography
Authors: Ebbesen Christian , Froemke Robert
Published: October 2021

Social interactions powerfully impact the brain and the body, but high-resolution descriptions of these important physical interactions are lacking. Currently, most studies rely on labor-intensive methods such as manual annotation. Scalable and objective tracking methods are required to understand the neural circuits underlying social behavior. Here we describe a hardware/software system and analysis pipeline that combines 3D videography, deep learning, physical modeling, and GPU-accelerated robust optimization, with automatic analysis of neuronal receptive fields recorded in interacting mice. Our system is capable of fully automatic multi-animal tracking with minimal errors (including in complete darkness) during complex, spontaneous social encounters, together with simultaneous electrophysiological recordings. We capture posture dynamics of multiple unmarked mice with high spatiotemporal precision (~2 mm, 60 frames/s). A generative model revealed the multiplexed ‘social receptive field’ of neurons in barrel cortex. This approach could be broadly useful for neurobehavioral studies of multiple animals interacting in complex low-light environments.
Eperience of ankle arthroscopy in the treatment of Herscovici B.C type medial malleolus fracture
Authors: Jun-Zhong Yang , Cheng-Lin Wang , Jun Zhang
Published: October 2021

Background: Ankle fracture is one of the most common intra-articular fractures, which accounts for about 3.9% of adult systemic fractures. For displaced and unstable ankle fractures, the traditional treatment method is open reduction and internal fixation(ORIF).However,the incidence of postoperative complications ORIF is as high as 36%,So.the purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ankle arthroscopy in the treatment of Herscovici B.C medial malleolus fractures.Methods: From July 2018 to October 2020, 21 patients with Herscovici B.C type medial malleolus fractures (16 males and 5 females, with an average age of 37.2 years, ranging from 28 to 56 years) underwent closed reduction and internal fixation under ankle arthroscopy. During the follow-up period, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) were used to evaluate the curative effect.Results: All the 21 patients were followed up for 8 ~ 15months, with an average of 12.5 months. the average VAS scores on the 3rd and 2nd week after surgery were 2.6 (range, 2-3) and 1.5 (range, 1-2), the average AOFAS ankle scores at the 6 months and 1 year were 80.2 ( Range, 76-84) and 92.9 (range, 88-98). The wounds of all patients reached stage I healing, and no wound infection was reported. 1 case of superficial peroneal nerve injury was found. Medial malleolus fractures achieved bone union time was 8-12 weeks, with an average of 10.5 weeks. Conclusion: Closed reduction and internal fixation under ankle arthroscopy for the treatment of Herscovici B.C medial malleolus fractures, with less damage, reducing local blood supply damage to the fracture, and facilitating the healing of the fractured end, as well as the reduction of wound infection rate, and is conducive to the recovery and exercise of early ankle joint function.
Callistemon Citrinus (Curtis) Skeels as A Source of Antitubercular Compounds
Authors: Bunalema Lydia , Fotso Ghislain Wabo , Waako Paul , Yeboah Samuel
Published: October 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a principal cause of death in the world. There is considerable emphasis for search of novel drugs against TB due to increased Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and co infection with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that are challenging to treat. Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) skeels is one of the medicinal plants that are used in treatment of tuberculosis by local communities in Uganda. Though crude extracts from the plant have shown antimycobacterial activity in-vitro, the specific phytochemicals responsible for this activity are not known. The study aimed at isolating and characterizing compounds from C. citrinus and testing the compounds on different strains of M. tuberculosis. Methods: Chromatographic and spectroscopic methods were used for isolation and characterization of pure compounds, while Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) was used to determine its efficacy on sensitive and resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Results: Betulinic acid, ursolic acid and epicatechin were isolated from C. citrinus. Epicatechin had minimum inhibitory concentration values of 3.4 μg/ml, 5.9 μg/ml and 3.9 μg/ml on the pan sensitive, rifampicin resistant and isoniazid resistant strains respectively. Betulinic acid and ursolic acid had MIC values of 29.3 μg/ml and 30.1 μg/ml respectively on the pan sensitive strain. Conclusion: Our results substantiate the use of C. citrinus in traditional medicine for treatment of tuberculosis and this activity is related to presence of ursolic acid, betulinic acid and epicatechin.
Notum Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Via Shh/p-GSK3β/β-Catenin Pathway
Authors: Yang Panpan , Li Congshan , Zhou Qin , Zhang Xiaoqi , Kou Yuying , Feng Qiushi , Wang He , Su Rongjian , Liu Hongrui , Hasegawa Tomoka , Li Minqi
Published: October 2021

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignant tumor of the head and neck, accounting for more than 90% of oral and maxillofacial malignancies. Therefore, it is of great importance to explore the key factors regulating OSCC. Notum belongs to the α/β hydrolase family and is a deacylated extracellular protein that regulates Wnt and other signaling pathways. Studies have found that Notum participates in the progression of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma and targeting Notum can regulate the occurrence of cancer. However, the relationship between Notum and OSCC is currently unclear. This study aims to explore the role of Notum in regulating OSCC and its specific mechanism. Methods: Nine OSCC tissue sections were selected for hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for PCNA and Notum. Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the correlation between OSCC and Notum expression. CCK8, Western blot, RT-PCR, scratch experiment, transwell, clone formation, flow cytometry, cellular immunofluorescence and in vivo nude mouse tumor formation methods were applied to OSCC cells treated with Notum human recombinant protein, a Notum overexpression plasmid, and a Notum small interfering RNA to explore the mechanism of Notum in regulating OSCC. Results: The results of immunohistochemistry and bioinformatics analysis showed that Notum was highly expressed in OSCC tissues. Notum human recombinant protein promoted the proliferation and migration of Cal-27 and SCC-15 cells; overexpression of Notum promoted the proliferation and migration of Cal-27 and SCC-15 cells; si-Notum can significantly inhibit proliferation and migration of Cal-27 and SCC-15 cells and promote their apoptosis. Western blot and RT-PCR results showed that si-Notum can inhibit the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In addition, Notum human recombinant protein can increase the phosphorylation level of GSK3β and promote the expression of β-catenin, thereby further regulating the biological behavior of OSCC.Conclusions: Notum regulates the proliferation and migration of OSCC through Shh/p-GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Notum maybe an effective targets for the treatment of OSCC.
ISO 10993 Biological Evaluation of Novel Hemostatic Powder – 4SEAL®
Authors: Szymanski Lukasz , Golaszewska Kamila , Wiatrowska Anna , Dropik Monika , Szymanski Pawel , Krakowiak Patrycja , Wierzchowska Justyna , Matak Damian
Published: October 2021

Background:Hemostasis plays a crucial role during every surgery allowing for a bloodless operating field. Fast and effective surgery leads to a reduced risk of postoperative complications. One of the latest method for achieving homeostasis is the use of natural polysaccharide-based hemostatic powders. The study aimed to evaluate the biocompatibility according to the ISO 10993 standards of 4SEAL® Hemostatic powder.Methods:Chemical characterization (Headspace GC-MS, GC-MS, and ICP-MS), cytotoxicity, genotoxicity (MLA and AMES), endotoxin contamination, sensitization potential, intracutaneous reactivity, acute and subacute systemic toxicity with implantation, and pyrogenicity were evaluated to investigate the biocompatibility of the 4SEAL® Hemostatic powder. Studies were conducted according to ISO 10993 standards.Results:The biocompatibility requirements with accordance to ISO 10993-1 for 4SEAL® Hemostatic powder were met.Conclusions:4SEAL® Hemostatic powder is a promising new hemostatic agent with a wide range of potential applications and excellent biocompatibility.
A survey on knowledge and attitudes towards molar-Incisor hypomineralization among undergraduate and postgraduate students in School of Stomatology, Wuhan University
Authors: Liu Yanchen , He Miao
Published: October 2021

Background: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental dental disease, and its clinical management challenges dentists. The study aimed to investigate the knowledge about MIH and attitudes towards learning more about MIH among undergraduate and postgraduate students in the School of Stomatology, Wuhan University.Methods: This survey was based on a questionnaire, modified based on previous studies. The questionnaire was sent to 540 undergraduate and postgraduate students from the School of Stomatology, Wuhan University. Questions covered clinical experience, perceptions, clinical management, and preferences for further training. Data were analyzed with the Chi-square test.Results: We collected 368 questionnaires (response rate: 68%). Among those, 89% (328/368) were eligible for analysis. Most respondents (80%) had heard of MIH, primarily from classroom teaching. However, only 40% of the students had observed the disease clinically, and a relatively low proportion of students were familiar with the etiology, incidence, differential diagnosis, and treatment of MIH. Most respondents were highly enthusiastic and had high expectations about further systematic teaching about MIH.Conclusion: Most students in this study had heard of MIH, but few were familiar with the principles of diagnosis and differential diagnosis. Systematic teaching about MIH is warranted.
Potential limitations of diagnostic standard codes to distinguish polycythemia vera and secondary erythrocytosis: A retrospective case series
Authors: Barrios-Ruiz Alanna , Davila-Gonzalez Daniel , Fountain Eric , Verstovsek Srdan , Rojas-Hernandez Cristhiam , Cheng Lee
Published: October 2021

Red cell overproduction is seen in polycythemia vera (PV), a bone marrow myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by trilinear cell proliferation (WBC, platelets), as well as in secondary erythrocytosis (SE), a group of heterogeneous disorders characterized by elevated EPO gene transcription. We aimed to verify the concordance of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code-based diagnosis of “polycythemia” or “erythrocytosis” with the true clinical diagnosis of these conditions. We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records (January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2016) of adult patients with ICD codes of polycythemia and/or erythrocytosis who had testing done for the presence of the JAK2V617F mutation. We verified the accuracy of the ICD code-based diagnoses by meticulous chart review and established whether these patients fulfilled the criteria by the evaluating physician for PV or SE and according to diagnostic guidelines at that time. We identified and chart reviewed a total of 578 patient records. Remarkably, 11% of the patients had concurrent diagnosis codes for PV and SE and were unable to be classified appropriately without individual chart review. The ICD code-based diagnostic system led to misidentification in an important fraction of cases. This represents a problem for the detection of PV or SE cases by ICD-based registries and their derived studies. Research based exclusively on ICD codes could have a potential impact on patient care and public health, and limitations must be weighed when research findings are conveyed.