bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changing Woman: Postcolonial Reflections On Acts 16.6-40
Authors: Staley Jeffrey L.
Published: March 2007

Most contemporary interpreters of Acts 16.6-40 describe Paul's journey in Mace donia as a 'missionary journey to Europe'. This essay challenges that designation, arguing that it is a colonialist geographic identification with no actual textual basis, and one that has helped foster the ideology of modern colonialist missionary movements. Nevertheless, the essay goes on to note that there is solid textual evi dence for arguing Acts 16.6-40 does indeed mark a change in Paul's missionary activity, one that is now more explicitly in conflict with Roman colonial power. After identifying the evidence for this, the essay takes a cue from Musa Dube Shomanah's 1997 Vanderbilt dissertation and argues that Lydia and the pythonic slave girl function as 'border women' whose presence evokes a colonialist 'land- possession type-scene' similar to those related with Rahab (Josh. 2), the Syro Phoenician woman (Mk 7), and the Samaritan woman (Jn 4).

The struggle for the ideological possession of the land and women reminds the author of the border woman from his own childhood on the Navajo Indian Reserva tion in Arizona, and two novels that deal with Navajo and pueblo Native American border women (Laughing Boy, by Oliver La Farge, and Ceremony, by Leslie Mar mon Silko). While the Navajo border woman in the first novel reflects a similar ideology as Acts 16.6-40, despite the author's intention; the latter novel offers an insightful postcolonial appropriation of mythic border women which can revitalize the biblical metaphor and deconstruct its colonialist ideology.
Finding a Charge That Fits: the Accusation Against Paul and Silas At Philippi (Acts 16.19-21)
Authors: de Vos Craig S.
Published: March 2007

The charges against Paul and Silas at Philippi are normally taken to be disturbing the peace and introducing a foreign cult. But such charges do not fit the context. In particular, they are not appropriate given the action that precipitated them, namely, the exorcism of the prophesying slave-girl. Therefore, this essay suggests that the recorded charges are probably redactional. If the precipitating action is taken as the starting point it is clear that the actual charge would have been using magic to cause property damage and loss of livelihood. However, since Luke considers magic to have a satanic origin and he presents Christians as opposing magic he cannot allow Paul and Silas to be accused of it. Therefore, he plays down the accusation of magic and presents charges that can easily be refuted.
Talk-focused talk in preschools - culturally formed socialization for talk?
Authors: Aukrust Vibeke Grøver
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study is to discuss culturally moulded socialization for talk by examining the characteristics of the talk about talk in which three-year-old children participate in pre schools in two communities in Norway and the USA. Focus is on the types and subtypes of talk-focused talk that are culturally favoured, as well as on teacher-child interaction within such talk. Fifteen Norwegian and 15 American children were tape-recorded in preschool. Data generation captured three types of talk-focused talk: talk about language per se, discourse management and reported speech. The American school conversations included more talk about discourse management, and Norwegian conversations more reported speech. Teacher-child interaction appeared more asymmetric within talk-focused talk in Cambridge, USA, than in Oslo.
Oral conversations between hearing-impaired children and their normally hearing peers and teachers
Authors: Lloyd Julian , Lieven Elena , Arnold Paul
Published: March 2007

Twelve hearing-impaired children (mean age 8;8 years) were videotaped as they each constructed Lego models with two partners: a normally hearing peer and a teacher. A comparison was made between their utterances and spoken turns with peers and teachers. The frequency of these did not differ between the two, although they took more total turns (verbal and nonverbal) with teachers than peers. With peers their turns contained more utterances and their contribution to the conversations was pro portionally greater in relation to length of turns and utterances. Teachers talked more than peers and used longer turns and utterances. These differences are examined through a qualitative analysis. The educational implications and directions for future research are discussed.
The acoustical analysis of children's use of prosody in assertive and directive contexts
Authors: Furrow David , Podrouzek Wayne , Moore Chris
Published: March 2007

Prosodic features of children's utterances were compared across asser tive directive tasks, in order to determine how these acoustical proper ties of speech are used for communication. Methodological difficulties inherent in many previous investigations were averted by using a procedure that ensured that prosody was judged independently of communicative purpose. Four children aged 1;11 were audiotaped while in contexts designed to elicit assertive or directive utterances to an adult. The children's utterances were analysed for intensity and duration as well as beginning, end, peak, and low frequencies, fre quency range, and contour changes. Results showed that in the direc tive context intensity was increased overall. Increased end point fre quency and a trend for increased overall peak frequency were also noted, although the way in which the latter features were used varied with individual children. Beginning frequency and frequency range also showed significant task by child interactions, but no main effect for task. These findings indicate that children at this age use prosodic elements of speech differentially across communicative contexts and code their intentions with multiple features. Differences between chil dren may reflect individual differences or developmental effects.
Changes in the quality of infant sounds as a function of social and nonsocial stimulation
Authors: Legerstee Maria
Published: March 2007

The vocalizations of eight infants were recorded longitudinally in relation to different social and nonsocial contexts. The infants were observed bi-weekly from 3 to 25 weeks. At each visit they were presented with their mother, a female stranger and a doll, who were alternately active and passive. The results showed that by 7 weeks the infant vocalizations could be categorized from the social perception of adults into relatively long sounds containing variable pitch contours (melodic); short, nasal-like sounds containing uniform pitch (vocalic); and sounds such as crying, laughing and fussing (emotional). The infants modulated these sounds depending on the context. They produced significantly more melodic sounds when the women conversed with them than in any other context, and significantly more vocalic sounds when the adults were unresponsive. Overall the emotional sounds were produced significantly more to people than to objects. The results indicated that the various sounds served different purposes for the infants since they were used differentially in the social and nonsocial contexts.
The structure of four- and five-year-olds' narratives in pretend play and storytelling
Authors: Benson Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

In order to examine under what circumstances preschool children invent plotted narratives this study looked at the effects on narrative structures of pretend play and storytelling settings. The inclusion of a conflict or problem was also studied. Forty middle-class American children (nineteen 4-year-olds and twenty-one 5-year-olds) played with replica toys and made up stories based on drawings of characters. It was observed that 66% of plotted narratives occurred in storytelling and that 5-year-olds were more likely to produce them (33%, compared to 5% of 4-year-olds). While age was not associated with including a conflict or problem, plotted narratives were most likely to have these. Analyses suggest that 4- and 5-year-olds both understand the demands of telling a story, but that 5-year-olds have a usable mental model of a story.
Pragmatics and metapragmatics in the development of epistemic modality: evidence from French children's reports of think-statements
Authors: Hickmann Maya , Champaud Christian , Bassano Dominique
Published: March 2007

This study examines children's knowledge of the rules of use for epistemic modal devices. French children of 5, 7 and 9 years saw filmed dialogues that contained a target accusation, the appropriateness of which depended on whether the speaker witnessed the relevant facts, used a modal verb (croire 'think'), and accused the correct agent. Children narrated these films, then answered questions about them. Their reports of the targets show that, although overall recall increased with age, at all ages they omitted modal verbs which were inappropriate. In addition, they quoted modalized targets directly, reserving indirect quotations for inappropriate non-modalized ones. Finally, when asked to justify the targets, they referred to the speaker's background knowledge at all ages. However, from 7 years on, they invoked indices to account for inferences on the part of nonwitnesses and the 9-year-olds further differentiated these responses as a function of utterance properties. In conclusion, children show some early sensitivity to the function of modal verbs as devices marking speakers' personal assessments of truth, as well as an increasing metapragmatic awareness of the various conditions of use necessary for the linguistic expression of certainty and uncertainty.
An intra-twin phonological study: the phonologies of an SLI twin and her normally developing brother
Authors: Clements Albertine , Fee E. Jane
Published: March 2007

This study examined the phonological systems of fraternal twins, at 6;1 and again at 7;6. The male twin is acquiring language normally, while the female has been diagnosed as being language impaired. Phonetic and phonological inventories, substitution patterns, phonological processes, syllable structures and proportion of correct consonants for each twin were analysed following the assessment procedures outlined in Ingram (1981, 1989 a). Results indicate that the SLI twin omitted consonants most frequently in syllable final position and consistently reduced consonant clusters. Her results reveal a language delay of approximately four years in terms of segmental acquisition, and five or more years in the acquisition of syllable structures, compared with her brother. It is argued that this mismatch between the degree of delay in segmental and syllabic acquisition demonstrates a type of phonological deviance.
The social correlates of co-ordinated attention to adult and objects in mother-infant interaction
Authors: Yoder Paul J. , Munson Leslie J.
Published: March 2007

Co-ordinated attention to objects and adults is positively associated with later language development in children with and without disabilities. This relationship may occur because of social correlates of co-ordinated attention, which may in turn facilitate language development. This study investigated two potential social correlates of co-ordinated attention. Both of them have been suggested to have a role in facilitating later language development.
Consonant-vowel interactions in early phonological development
Authors: Tyler Ann A. , Langsdale Teru E.
Published: March 2007

Existing data suggest that consonant and vowel acquisition do not occur independently in young children, but instead interact during a period of normal phonological development. The purpose of this study was to assess consonant-vowel (CV) interactions in meaningful words, in particular to determine if labials were associated with central vowels, alveolars with front vowels, and velars with back vowels. A total of nine normally-developing children provided cross-sectional and longitudinal data for 18-, 21-, and 24-month age groups. Vowel inventories and frequencies of front, central, and back vowels following different consonantal places of articulation, without regard to accuracy, are reported. Accuracies as compared with the adult target and the frequency with which front, central, and back vowels were achieved within category in each consonantal context are also reported. Results did not provide support for a bilabial-central vowel association or for an alveolar-front vowel association. There was some evidence of an association between velars and back vowels. It is suggested that CV interactions may hold for only the earliest period of lexical acquisition and with differing strengths in individual phonological systems.
Early intentional communication as a predictor of language development in young toddlers
Authors: Laakso M.-L. , Poikkeus A.-M. , Katajamäki J. , Lyytinen P.
Published: March 2007

Interrelations between various types of early intentional communi cation measures, and their relations to children's concurrent and subsequent language skills and maternal interactional sensitivity were studied in a sample of 111 mother-infant pairs. Intentional communication was assessed at 14 months of age using a composite of early actions and gestures derived from parental reports (MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories, MCDI), and measures of early joint attentional behaviours obtained via observations of parent-child play interaction. The sum of actions and gestures and the measures of joint attentional behaviours correlated significantly with each other suggesting that the measures obtained using different techniques and data sources partly tap the same social-cognitive skills. However, the inter relations between various types of joint attentional behaviours did not indicate a single coherent structure. Whereas the parental ratings of intentional communication significantly predicted both later language comprehension and production, the relations between observed joint attentional behaviours and language skills varied depending on the specific aspects of these behaviours that were measured. Both sets of measures of intentional communi cation were related to concurrent maternal interactional sensitivity, which in turn predicted children's language comprehension at
EMR-Children at Adult Age: Academic Achievement and Mental Ability
Authors: Svendsen Dagmund
Published: March 2007

One of the purposes of special schools for EMR children is to furnish mentally retarded children with the necessary academic skills for coping with some of the problems which life presents in a modem industrial society. The author concludes, however, that such training is of limited value and that other types of training are needed.
The Diabetes Assertiveness Test
Authors: Gross Alan M. , Johnson William G.
Published: March 2007

A number of investigators have suggested that preadolescent insulin-dependent diabetics have a higher level of psychological adjustment problems than their non-diabetic peers. In this paper:

1. Social coping skill deficits are presented as a possible explanation for this phenomenon.

2. The development of a social coping skill tool, the Diabetes Assertiveness Test, is discussed.

3. Preliminary data suggesting social coping skills training as an adjunct to medical treatment is presented.

4. Lastly, the implications that social skills training raise in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes are discussed.
Parenteral Nutrition in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Smithgall Janet M.
Published: March 2007

Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) may be the essential and only viable route by which to nourish enterally compromised diabetic patients. This paper discusses in dications for its use, venous ac cess sites, and parenteral solu tions, including insulin admix ture ; reviews protocols devel oped for TPN initiation and blood glucose management in three specifically defined diabetic patient categories; and considers methods of achieving glucose homeostasis in the diabetic surgical patient.
Influencing the Personal Meaning of Diabetes: Research and Practice
Authors: Anderson Robert M. , Nowacek George , Richards Frederick
Published: March 2007

Diabetes patient education involves the cognitive, psycho motor, and affective domains. This paper focuses on the influence diabetes patient education has on how people feel about having diabetes and what it means to them. Our research suggests that diabetes patient education can contribute to more positive attitudes about diabetes and that diabetes educators should address the affective domain directly. Strategies for influencing the personal meaning of diabetes are presented and discussed.
Implementation of a Successful Bedside Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring Program by Registered Nurses in an Acute Care Facility
Authors: Macmillan Kathleen M. , Muraca Linda A. , Murk Lillian
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the process of implementing a successful bedside capillary blood glucose monitoring (CBGM) program in an acute care, university- affiliated, general hospital. A quality-assurance program was established that included simulta neous laboratory analysis and bedside analysis of the same specimen. Results were correlated over a 12-month period (r = . 92). The findings suggest that sustained positive results are possible in a well-planned bedside CBGM program by registered nurses if the nursing staff receives adequate preparation and partici pates in an ongoing quality- assurance program.
Hyperlipidemia and Diabetes: The Role of Dietary Fats
Authors: Maryniuk Melinda Downie
Published: March 2007

The role of diet in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia is extremely important. Both elevated cholesterol and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for coronary heart disease, the leading cause of death in adults with diabetes. All health profes sionals working with diabetic patients must be familiar with the recommendations from the National Cholesterol Education Project and know general dietary guidelines to assist their patients in adopting lower fat eating styles. Dietitians should develop an awareness of the controversial research questions being asked. The role of total fat, cholesterol, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and carbohydrate in the diet will be explored. Implications for practice for dietitians as well as other health professionals will be suggested.
Importance of Periodic Reeducation of Hospital-Based Nurses in Capillary Blood Glucose Monitoring and an Evaluation of the Usefulness of Reflectance Meters
Authors: Amatruda Johnm. , Vallone Barbara B. , Schuster Todd , Mooney Roberta.
Published: March 2007

Precision and accuracy of capillary blood glucose measure ments performed by general staff nurses were assessed before and after a modest reeducation pro gram both with and without the use of reflectance meters. A total of 380 capillary glucose determinations were performed by nurses and the hospital laboratory on the same samples. Prior to reeducation, nurses using meters were more accurate than those reading visually, but no difference was found in precision. Reeducation improved precision equally in both groups while improving accuracy only in the group using meters. While glucose readings with the use of reflectance meters were statistically more accurate than those read visually, the percentage of readings within 10 % and 20 % of the laboratory readings was the same. Thus, the increased accuracy observed with meters may have little practical significance, suggesting that their use might better be based on other consider ations, such as user confidence, convenience, cost, and quality control. Periodic education is, however, an essential component of any quality assurance program.
Adapting a Diabetes Patient Education Program for Use as a University Course
Authors: Funnell Martha Mitchell
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to determine if a patient education program, "Life With Diabetes, " could be converted to an undergraduate course. The course consisted of seven 2-hour sessions with presentations by a physician, dietitian, psychologist, and clinical nurse specialists. Topics included definition, treatment, nutrition, monitoring, children, older adults, and patient empowerment. A total of 52 students (45 without diabetes, 7 with diabetes) have completed this one-credit course. A patient diabetes knowledge test and a 50-item Diabetes Attitude Survey were administered before and after the course. For the students without diabetes, mean knowledge posttest scores improved significantly, and significant changes were seen on the attitude subscales, with posttest scores moving closer to those of a national panel of diabetes experts. Students with diabetes scored closer to the national panel on the pretest and improved significantly only on the patient autonomy subscale. This course measurably improved knowledge and attitudes among undergraduates, suggesting that a patient education program can be adapted successfully to provide additional training opportunities for diabetes education programs.
The Relationship Between Eating Patterns and Metabolic Control in Patients With Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM)
Authors: Schmidt Lois E. , Rost Kathryn M. , McGill Janet B. , Santiago Julio V.
Published: March 2007

The most important element in the therapeutic plan of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is dietary inodification. Dietary instructions target patient behaviors in two areas: following an exchange-based diet and adhering to the same basic eating pattern every day. However, there is little empirical data that addresses the relationship between dietary instruction and metabolic control. Fifty patients with NIDDM were enrolled in an 8-week study to ascertain if either dietary approach was more predictive of improved metabolic control. The effect on metabolic control was determined by changes in HbA1c over a 2- to 3-month period. Patients added or deleted almost half of all prescribed exchanges, and added or deleted an average of one prescribed meal or snack per day. Deviations in prescribed eating patterns, particularly breakfast-skipping and snack additions and deletions, were related to poorer metabolic control. Maintaining consistent eating patterns should be further evaluated as an important component of dietary instruction for patients with NIDDM.
Grief Among Parents of Children With Diabetes
Authors: Almeida Carolm.
Published: March 2007

The observation that parents respond with grief when their children are diagnosed with diabetes is supported in the medical literature. Dysfunctional family dynamics that disrupt the process of adapting to a diagnosis of diabetes can be attributed to unresolved grief Group work is advocated as an effective means of promoting healthy familial interactions and adjusting to life with diabetes.
Strategies for Teaching Elders From a Human Development Perspective
Authors: AHRONI JESSIE H.
Published: March 2007

Diabetes is a disease that challenges all people to learn, change, and develop. Older people can be taught about diabetes from a human development perspective using Erikson's psychosocial theory of development. Developmental changes in appearance, bodily function, and health status confront almost all persons in later years. If an individual does not have coping resources or a history of successful coping, changes in health status during aging can constitute serious crises. It is important to look at and work with individuals from the context of their entire life cycle rather than in a fixed period of time. The diabetes healthcare team can make more effective use of the theories of human development and aging to enhance the effectiveness of diabetes education for the elderly.
Detecting Vascular Problems in Patients With Diabetes Treated With an Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump
Authors: Sangkachand Prasama , Funk Marjorie , Sexton Dorothy L. , Lacey Kimberly O.
Published: March 2007

Individuals with diabetes are at increased risk for both peripheral vascular disease and coronary artery disease. In patients with severe coronary artery disease, a cardiac assist device called an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) often is used to aid the failing heart and prevent further cardiac ischemia. Because this device is inserted via the femoral artery, patients are at risk of limb ischemia distal to the insertion site. Patients with diabetes are particularly prone to this complication. Detecting the early signs and symptoms of ischemia is crucial to preventing serious sequelae. Standard vascular examination techniques, in addition to being subjective and not easily reproducible, may be misleading in patients with diabetes. This article provides a review of the signs and symptoms of lower limb ischemia and noninvasive vascular tests that clinicians can use to evaluate lower extremity circulation. Also included are protocols for patient care during and after hospitalization, and two case studies of cardiac patients with diabetes who were treated with an IABP.
Attitudes and Issues in Treating Latino Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Views of Healthcare Providers
Authors: Lipton Rebecca B. , Losey Lee M. , Giachello Aida , Mendez Joel , Girotti Mariela H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore the concerns Of Latino patients with Type 2 diabetes. Focus groups were conducted with healthcare practitioners to chart their perceptions of the issues faced by their Latino patients. One group consisted of professionals working among Mexican American clients in an inner-city clinic; another group was held at an inner-city hospital serving mostly Puerto Rican Americans; and a third group involved providers practicing with more affluent, suburban Mexican Americans. Practitioners agreed that communication with patients was hindered by low reading levels, lack of proficiency in English, and an excessive respect for physicians. Emotional barriers to adequate treatment were often more important than financial concerns, even among low-income patients. Fear of insulin therapy was expressed in Hispanic communities, and folk remedies were commonly used. Because family needs were considered most important, adhering to a treatment regimen might be viewed as self-indulgent. Yet families provided valuable reinforcement and emotional support. Important questions facing Latinos with diabetes were effectively identified using focus groups of healthcare providers.
Prospectus for Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
Authors: Latané Bibb
Published: March 2007

The Division of Personality and Social Psychology has embarked on a new venture, the publication of a Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, to be mailed quarterly to all members of the Division and to other subscribers. The new journal will serve the needs of readers by giving them rigorously selected, concisely written articles at little cost. It will serve authors by providing relatively quick access to a large audience. Hopeful ly, it will complement rather than compete with existing publica tion channels and test the effectiveness of alternative and inno vative publication policies. This prospectus presents the purposes and strategy, the editorial and production policies, the financial prospects and the organizational structure of the new Bulletin.
Subjects' Expectations About Their Own Interpersonal Communication: A Multidimensional Approach
Authors: Wish Myron
Published: March 2007

A questionnaire study was conducted in order to dis cover the conceptual structures people implicitly use in coding interpersonal communication. In the section of the questionnaire discussed in this report subjects made semantic-differential-type ratings of a large number of hypothetical communication episodes. Each "communication episode" was comprised of a dyadic relation involving the subject (e.g., "you and a coworker") and a situa tional context (e.g., "attempting to work out a compromise when your goals are strongly opposed"). A multidimensional analysis of the data revealed five dimensions, which were interpreted as "cooperative and friendly vs, competitive and hostile," "informal and open vs, formal and cautious," "intense vs. superficial," "equal and symmetric vs, unequal and asymmetric," and "task-ori ented vs. non-task-oriented." The relative importance of the interpersonal relations and the situational contexts varied con siderably for different dimensions.
Jurors' Responses to Videotaped Trial Materials: Some Recent Findings
Authors: Miller Gerald R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of a series of studies dealing with the effects of videotaped trial materials on jurors' re sponses to trial proceedings. In general, jurors who viewed live and videotaped presentations responded comparably with the single exception of retention of trial-related information. Here, jurors who viewed videotaped testimony retained more in formation from the latter portions of the testimony than jurors who viewed the same testimony live. Moreover, jurors who view ed the testimony on monochromatic tape retained more informa tion than jurors who viewed the same testimony on colored tape. Finally, within the procedural confines of these studies, there was no evidence that deletion of varying amounts of inadmissible testimony significantly affected jurors' verdicts or their perceptions of the credibility of the offending attorney. Several important limitations and problems of the studies are also discussed.
On Scale Value and Weight in the Weighted Averaging Model of Integration Theory
Authors: Himmelfarb Samuel
Published: March 2007

The distinction between scale value and weight in integration theory is elucidated by considering parallels in Newtonian Mechanics. It is shown that if the impact or force of a piece of information varies from situation to situation, at least a two parameter model, one of which is not a constant, is necessarily required. This is true even for a change of scale value theory. It is further argued that direct empirical proof for the assumption of scale value constancy is not necessary. The validity of the model rests on goodness of fit as must alternative theoretical formulations.
Reactions to the Reactions
Authors: Rychlakl Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

Reactions are directed to the comments of Mancuso (1976) and Sechrest (1976) on Rychlak's (1976) paper "Personality Theory: Its Nature, Past, Present and--Future?" The reactions are organ ized around six themes: (1) Rychlak's (1976) concern with frag mentation of data is mainly with the underlying mentality of re searchers which leads to such narrow busywork. (2) Rigorous re search is necessary, but our present mechanistic language does not allow us the needed theoretical freedom. (3) Sechrest (1976) is incorrect that psychology has tried and discarded "time worn" hu manistic conceptions. In truth, psychology never gave humanistic orientations a chance to develop conceptual roots. (4) The neces sity for an absolute distinction between method and theory is not merely a semantic problem; without such a distinction, method will dictate the type of theories which are possible, and the type of epistemology underlying such theories. (5) The clear distinction between method and theory can provide the basis for a viable empir ical humanism, and will in this way provide the competitive theo retical arena which Sechrest (1976) desires. (6) Rychlak (1976) did not propose his own version of a humanistic theory in that ar ticle, but has done so in a forthcoming volume. The theoretical approach is called logical learning theory.
American Graffiti: Effects of Authority and Reactance Arousal
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Sanders Deborah Yates
Published: March 2007

High or low threats to subjects' freedom to write on toilet stall walls were attributed to either a high or low authority source. Graffiti written on the threatening placards were directly related to both authority and threat level. The results were inter preted as responses to reactance.arousal. Conceptual problems deal ing with authority are discussed.
Sex Differences in the Relationship of Self Concept to Locus of Control in Children
Authors: Cunningham Thomas , Berberian Virginia
Published: March 2007

The Coopersmith (1967) Self Esteem Inventory was given to 480 third and fourth grade children. From the distribution- of inventory scores, 28 boys and 28 girls were selected to form a 2x2 classification of low and high self-concept males and females. The Intellectual Achievement Questionnaire (Crandall, Katkovsky, and Crandall, 1965) was administered to determine if the four groups differed in accepting personal responsibility for success and/or failure. High self-concept boys were found to demonstrate a higher total index of internal locus of control than low self-concept boys while the converse was true of high and low self-concept girls (p <.025). Although high self-con cept boys were generally more internal than high self-concept girls (p <.05), high self-concept children, regardless of sex, assumed more personal responsibility for successful outcomes than failures (p <.01).
Internal-External Locus of Control and Environmental Cohesiveness
Authors: Hickey Kevin S.
Published: March 2007

Subjects with high or low scores on Rotter's Social Reaction Inventory were required to solve word and nonsense anagrams. A significant interaction was found between the locus of control and the two types of anagrams, thus confirming the hypothesis that locus of control measures an individual's percep tion of the cohesiveness of the environment. In addition, word anagrams were found to be more difficult tn solve than nonsense anagrams.
Sex Differences in Response to Differing Patterns of Attack
Authors: Lando Harry A.
Published: March 2007

The present study assessed the response of both male and female subjects to punitive, passive, and matching patterns of attack in a Taylor (1967) reaction time task. White noise rather than electric shock served as the instigator, and standar dized noise levels were used. A punitive approach led to strong retaliation by subjects of both sexes, with males administering higher overall levels of punishment than females. These results call into question the prevalent stereotype of female passivity and suggest that previous findings are not limited to a single aggressive modality.
Anderson's Personality-Trait Words: Has Their Likableness Changed?
Authors: Conolley Edward S. , Knight George P.
Published: March 2007

Conolley and Maruyama (in press) present updated mean "L" values for the 555 personality-trait words origi nally scaled by Anderson (1968) in 1964. This paper pre sents general similarities and differences between the two sets of trait words and focuses on a subset of words showing the most and least change over the 10 years.
Social Psychology, Science and History
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Further exploration into the historical dependency of social knowledge is undertaken, with special attention given to various objections to the earlier thesis. Initial concern is with general theory as a means of transcending historical period. It is found that while such theory may be of continuous utility as an explanatory device, its contribution to the task of pre diction is highly limited. The related issue of "underlying regularity" is then considered, and the conclusion reached that regularity must continuously be negotiated post hoc. Further, social life is sufficiently complex that virtually all hypo thetical regularities may be supported. The "if then..." solution is then considered, and it is found that the process of continued qualification over time renders theories untestable. Numerous instances of eroding knowledge are then considered, along with the issue of enlightenment effects in social psy chology. It is concluded that the important question is not if present knowledge is passing into obscurity so much as whether its passing is inevitable.
Transhistorical Lawfulness of Behavior: A Comment on Two Papers
Authors: Greenwaldl Anthony G.
Published: March 2007

Durable laws of social behavior are possible in principle even if they are very difficult to arrive at in practice.
Locus of Control and Chronic Self-Esteem as Determinants of Acceptance of Positive and Negative Self-Evaluative Feedback
Authors: Clayman Stuart J. , Ryckman Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Internals and externals with differing self-esteem dispositions were administered a series of personality tests and subsequently provided with bogus reports by a clinical psychologist containing either positive or negative information about their personalities. Consistent with self-esteem theory, more low than high self-esteem internals showed willingness to undertake remedial behavior to solve their problems, while there were no differences in the behavior of high and low self- esteem externals under the same circumstances.
Information-Gathering Properties of a Nonverbal Reinforcer: An Effect of Expectancy Violation
Authors: Curtis Russell J. , Buckworth Janet , Case Richard , Kent Upshaw W.
Published: March 2007

A 2-person tutoring task was used to investigate the possibility that one individual's nonverbal reinforcers can be used in an attempt to gain information from the other person. Information- seeking behavior is increased by expectancy-violation (Brickman, 1972). Increasing a reinforcer's occurrance by violating an expectancy would suggest that the reinforcer also serves to gain information. A nonverbal reinforcer, head nodding, was monitored in a 2 x 2 design orthogonally manipulating (1) instructed expectancies of "good" vs. "poor" perfor mance by a confederate-student and (2) "good" vs. "poor" actual perfor mance. Violating subject-tutors' expectancies resulted in significantly greater head nodding. Also, a hypothesized lack of relationship was found between task-specific behaviors (informative comments and praise) and head nodding, not required to perform the task.
Evaluations of the Personality and isocial Psychology Bulletin by its Readers and Authors
Authors: Linder Darwyn E.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation studies of PSPB, to assess the reactions of readers and authors and to inform deci sion making regarding publication policy, were man dated when the Bulletin was designed. Data were col lected in surveys of readers and authors, and gathered from the Editor's files. Most readers (83%) recom mended continued publication, and almost all authors of accepted manuscripts (98%) viewed the Bulletin as a useful publication outlet. A majority of authors of rejected manuscripts (65%) intended to submit additional manuscripts. Most features of PSPB re ceived strong endorsement from survey respondents and the results of the evaluation studies imply continued publication.
Studies of Voluntary Visual Attention— Theory, Methods, and Psychometric Issues
Authors: Nunnally Jum C. , Lemond L. Charles , Wilson William H.
Published: March 2007

The paper discusses the study of voluntary visual attention (VVA), a relatively new area of active ex perimentation. VVA concerns "natural" viewing behavior or visual browsing when the subject is under no constraints regarding the distribution of attention. This is contrasted with traditional studies of directed visual attention, such as the typical study of visual judgment in tachistoscopic research. Discussed are (1) the logic of investigating VVA, (2) a comprehensive set of constructs that are thought to be of theoretical importance, (3) methods for calibrating these variables in terms of treatment parameters, (4) the logic of scaling both indepen dent and dependent variables, (5) a summary of salient findings, (6) some recent findings not pre viously reported, and (7) an overview of the psycho metric issues in the study of VVA.
Planning an Experiment in the Company of Measurement Error
Authors: Levin Joel R. , Subkoviak Michael J.
Published: March 2007

"Textbook" calculations of statistical power and/or sample size follow from formulas that as sume that the variables under consideration are measured without error. However, in the "real world" of behavioral research, errors of measure ment cannot be neglected. A recent sample-size determination approach is easily adapted to incor porate unreliability information for both com pletely randomized and randomized block anal ysis-of-variance designs. A worked example pre sents an instance wherein a blocking strategy is clearly advantageous assuming infallible measur ing instruments, but not when the same instru ments are granted fallibility.
Discriminant Analysis with Categorical Data
Authors: Overall John E. , Woodward J.Arthur
Published: March 2007

A method for studying relationships among groups in terms of categorical data patterns is de scribed. The procedure yields a dimensional rep resentation of configural relationships among mul tiple groups and a quantitative scaling of cate gorical data patterns for use in subsequent assign ment of new individuals to the groups. Two ex amples are used to illustrate potential of the method. In the first, profile data that were pre viously analyzed by metric multiple discriminant function analysis are reanalyzed by the nonmetric categorical data pattern technique with highly similar results. The second example examines re lationships among psychiatric syndrome groups in terms of similarities in patterns of categorical background variables. Results appear consistent with other available information concerning the epidemiology of psychiatric disorders.
On de Encountered Using Decision Theory to Set Cutoff Scores
Authors: de Gruijter Dato N. M. , Hambleton Ronald K.
Published: March 2007

In the decision-theoretic approach to determining a cutoff score, the cutoff score chosen is that which maximizes expected utility of pass/fail decisions. This approach is not without its problems. In this paper several of these problems are considered: inaccurate parameter estimates, choice of test model and conse quences, choice of subpopulations, optimal cutoff scores on various occasions, and cutoff scores as tar gets. It is suggested that these problems will need to be overcome and/or understood more thoroughly be fore the full potential of the decision-theoretic ap proach can be realized in practice.
Thorndike, Thurstone, and Rasch: A Comparison of Their Methods of Scaling Psychological and Educational Tests
Authors: Engelhard George
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to describe and com pare the methods used by Thorndike, Thurstone, and Rasch for calibrating test items. Thorndike and Thur stone represent a traditional psychometric approach to this problem, whereas Rasch represents a more mod em conceptualization derived from latent trait theory. These three major theorists in psychological and edu cational measurement were concerned with a common set of issues that seem to recur in a cyclical manner in psychometric theory. One such issue involves the in variance of item parameters. Each recognized the im portance of eliminating the effects of an arbitrary sam ple in the estimation of item parameters. The differ ences generally arise from the specific methods chosen to deal with the problem. Thorndike attempted to solve the problem of item invariance by adjusting for mean differences in ability distributions. Thurstone ex tended Thorndike's work by proposing two adjust ments which included an adjustment for differences in the dispersions of ability in addition to Thomdike's adjustment for mean differences. Rasch's method im plies a third adjustment, which involves the addition of a response model for each person in the sample. Data taken from Trabue (1916) are used to illustrate and compare how Thomdike, Thurstone, and Rasch would approach a common problem, namely, the cali bration of a single set of items administered to several groups.
Hierarchically Nested Covariance Structure Models for Multitrait-Multimethod Data
Authors: Widaman Keith F.
Published: March 2007

A taxonomy of covariance structure models for rep resenting multitrait-multimethod data is presented. Us ing this taxonomy, it is possible to formulate alternate series of hierarchically ordered, or nested, models for such data. By specifying hierarchically nested models, significance tests of differences between competing models are available. Within the proposed framework, specific model comparisons may be formulated to test the significance of the convergent and the discriminant validity shown by a set of measures as well as the ex tent of method variance. Application of the proposed framework to three multitrait-multimethod matrices al lowed resolution of contradictory conclusions drawn in previously published work, demonstrating the utility of the present approach.
Statistical Tests of Group Differences in ALSCAL-Derived Subject Weights: Some Monte Carlo Results
Authors: Rodgers Joseph Lee
Published: March 2007

Several techniques to test for group differences in weighted multidimensional scaling (MDS) subject weights have recently been proposed. The present study presents monte carlo results to evaluate the op erating characteristics of two of these with ALSCAL- derived subject weights. The first uses the analysis of angular variation (ANAVA) on raw subject weights. The second applies the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to the flattened subject weights generated by ALSCAL. The ANOVA on flattened weights was less affected by the presence of error and by distortions caused by ALSCAL'S normalization routine than was the ANAVA.
Covariance and Regression Slope Models for Studying Validity Generalization
Authors: Raju Nambury S. , Fralicx Rodney , Steinhaus Stephen D.
Published: March 2007

Two new models, the covariance and regression slope models, are proposed for assessing validity gen eralization. The new models are less restrictive in that they require only one hypothetical distribution (distri bution of range restriction for the covariance model and distribution of predictor reliability for the regres sion slope model) for their implementation, in contrast to the correlation model which requires hypothetical distributions for criterion reliability, predictor reliabil ity, and range restriction. The new models, however, are somewhat limited in their applicability since they both assume common metrics for predictors and crite ria across validation studies. Several simulation (monte carlo) studies showed the new models to be quite accurate in estimating the mean and variance of population true covariances and regression slopes. The results also showed that the accuracy of the covari ance, regression slope, and correlation models is af fected by the degree to which hypothetical distribu tions of artifacts match their true distributions; the regression slope model appears to be slightly more ro bust than the other two models.
Power and Robustness in Product-Moment Correlation
Authors: Fowler Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The power of statistical tests based on four popular product-moment correlation coefficients was examined when relatively small samples (10 ≤ N ≤ 100) are drawn from bivariate populations of several different distributional shapes. Analytical procedures for deter mining theoretical power under conditions of bivariate normality are presented for the Pearson ( rP), Spearman ( rs), point-biserial ( rpb), and phi ( rfp) coefficients. A monte carlo study supported previous conclusions that t as a test of H 0: p = 0, with rP estimating p, is robust over a wide range of non-normality; however, frequent use of rs leads to greater power under identical distri butional assumption violations. The proportion of power due to Type III errors was also specified both analytically and empirically, and revealed the relative invulnerability of most statistical tests to directional misinterpretation.
The Efficacy of Unconditional Maximum Likelihood Bias Correction: Comment on Jansen, van den Wollenberg, and Wierda
Authors: Wright Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Index terms: Item response theory, item parameter estimation; Item response theory, one-parameter logis tic model; Maximum likelihood estimation, condi tional; Maximum likelihood estimation, unconditional; Minimum chi-square estimation; One-parameter logis tic model; Rasch model.