bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Framework for Understanding the Acquisition of Spatial Knowledge in Large-Scale Environments
Authors: Montello Daniel R
Published: November 2023

People acquire knowledge about the spatial layout of the places they experience (cities, neighborhoods, buildings). This includes knowledge of locations, distances, and directions. The acquisition of this knowledge begins immediately, as soon as one arrives in a place, but presumably continues over long time periods, for months, years, and even decades. This knowledge can become quite extensive and elaborate. It provides a framework for the organization of experience and supports sophisticated spatial behavior such as creative wayfinding and direction giving. The developmental process of acquiring knowledge about the spatial lay out of places over time is termed.
The Cognitive Atlas: Using GIS as a Metaphor for Memory
Authors: Hirtle Stephen C
Published: November 2023

Metaphors have had a long history of use to explain or account for human reasoning. The role of metaphors is at least twofold. First, metaphors can help communicate difficult concepts to a reader by providing an analogous situation that is more easily understood (e.g., Kuhn, 1993). While this use of metaphors is important, it is not the focus of discussion in this chapter. Rather, the focus is on a second role that metaphors can play-that of influencing the development of models. In this chapter I look at the use of metaphors in spatial cognition and, in particular, consider the role of geographic information systems (GISs) in the development of theories of spatial cognition. The discussion begins with an examination of metaphors in general. A review of existing metaphors for spatial cognition is then provided. Finally, a detailed description of how GIS can expand the theoretical basis for spatial cognition is presented.
The Need to be Loved: The Case of Ariel Wilson
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

How do we begin to understand the needs and psychological pain that drive a person to suicide? The case study has a long-honored tradition in psychology, and so we look in detail at the case of Ariel Wilson, a young woman who attempted to take her life by setting herself on fire. Her own life and death are dramatic almost beyond measure, but the interaction between us was not without its own drama. Some years ago I had given a workshop on suicide prevention in a rather remote place in one of the mountain states. At the noon break a young woman came up and asked to talk to me, privately. Ariel’s appearance was somewhat unusual, certainly memorable.
Final Thoughts and Reflections
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S
Published: November 2023

The suicidal act is both a moving away and a moving toward. Psychache, psychological pain, is what the individual wishes to escape; peace is what the person seeks and moves toward. In suicide, the two goals are merged as one: Escape from pain is relief—that is how peace is defined. The unbearable pain is transformed into peace; the suffering is taken away. At least, that is what the suicidal person thinks and hopes.
Bush and START I
Authors: Powaski Ronald E
Published: November 2023

George Bush, Ronald Reagan’s successor, approached the Soviet Union with extreme caution for most of his first year in office. He believed that his predecessor had been too quick to respond to Gorbachev’s initiatives and that insufficient thought had been given to them. The hasty Reykjavik summit in October 1986, during which Reagan offered to eliminate all nuclear weapons (without consulting America’s nato allies in advance) was, for Bush, a classic example of the kind of diplomacy he wanted to avoid. Moreover, there was concern that Gorbachev might be tricking the West into saving the Soviet system. Brent Scowcroft, Bush’s national security adviser, warned that Gorbachev’s “peace offensive” might be a calculated strategy to lure the West into letting down its guard while the Soviet Union rebuilt its power for a new global offensive. Accordingly, Bush decided the he would not respond to Gorbachev’s peace initiatives until the new administration could review America’s grand strategy.1
Studies In Black And White
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde
Published: November 2023

In Hemingway’s novel The Garden of Eden, the blonde protagonist Catherine tries to make herself darker and darker to attract her husband sexually and to distinguish herself from other white people. This kind of Africanism, Toni Morrison argues in Playing in the Dark, conflates blackness with sex, chaos, and madness. But the underlying function of imagining an “Africanist other” is really, according to Morrison, “an extraordinary meditation on the self.” Fabricating an Africanist persona enables the white self (character, writer, and reader) to explore its most sublimated fears and desires. It does not matter whether or not the Africanist persona is represented as loyal, inferior, rebellious, or fearful. What matters is that the persona remain a projection of white desire and fear.
Whiteman’s Jazz
Authors: Lemke Sieglinde
Published: November 2023

Some may start with an enthusiasm for music of the jazz type, but they cannot go far there, for jazz is peculiarly of an inbred, feeble-stock race, incapable of development. In any case, the people for whom it is meant could not understand it if it did develop. Jazz is sterile. It is all right for fun, or as a mild anodyne, like tobacco. But its lack of rhythmical variety (necessitated by its special purpose), its brevity, its repetitiveness and lack of sustained development, together with the fact that commercial reasons prevent its being, as a rule, very well written, all mark it as a side issue, having next to nothing to do with serious music; and consequently it has proven itself entirely useless as a basis for developing the taste of the amateur. War Department Education Manual (1944) During the 1920s, jazz emerged out of the creative fusion of African and European musical forms. Borrowing from French quadrilles and marches, Protestant hymns, British ballads, West African rhythms, and African American spirituals-and, of course, the blues and ragtime-black musicians created an unconventional, hybrid form. By the time African sculptures and masks exerted their fermenting effect on Europe art, African music had long played an important role in America, at least in black America. We need to remember, however, that the conditions that the two art forms operated in were markedly different: African music arrived in this country on slave ships.
Coherence Between Expressive and Experiential Systems in Emotion
Authors: Rosenberg Erika L , Ekman Paul
Published: November 2023

We endorse the view that emotions involve patterns of responses that have evolved for their ability to organise disparate bodily systems to respond efficiently to critical environmental events. This position-one version of evolutionary emotion theory-postulates different patterns of responses for each emotion, and implies a coherence among behavioural, physiological, and subjective systems (Darwin, 1872/1965; Ekman, 1977, 1992; Levenson, 1988; Plutchik, 1962; Tomkins, 1962).
Extraversion, Alcohol, and Enjoyment
Authors: Ruch Willibald
Published: November 2023

The Eysenckian extraversion superfactor of personality is considered to represent a general disposition for positive affect (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985). In regards to mood states, extraverts are expected to show variation between positive affect and neutrality whereas the mood states of high neuroticism (N) scorers are expected to vary predominantly between negative affect and neutrality. This hypothesis received support from a variety of studies on mood swings and experimentally-induced mood (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1980; Hepburn & Eysenck, 1989; Larsen & Ketelaar, 1989).
The Consistency of Facial Expressions of Pain: A Comparison Across Modalities
Authors: Prkachin Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

People in pain communicate their experience in many ways (Craig & Prkachin, 1983). These communications, often subsumed by the label ‘pain behavior’ (Fordyce, 1988), are the basis on which most inferences about pain are drawn in clini¬ cal and research settings. Because the consequences of pain are profound, it would be adaptive if the behaviors evoked were consistent and in the service of comparable ends such as survival or the reduction of suffering. It has been suggested that one of the pri¬ mary functions of pain behavior is to enlist the aid of others (Prkachin, Curry, & Craig, 1983).
Behavioral Markers and Recognizability of the Smile of Enjoyment
Authors: Frank Mark G , Ekman Paul , Friesen Wallace V
Published: November 2023

The facial expression commonly referred to as “the smile” in fact is not a singular category of facial behavior. As far back as 1862 the French anatomist G. B. Duchenne (1862/1990) noted that the orbicularis oculi muscle, which surrounds the eye, is recruited in smiles that occur with spontaneously experienced enjoyment but not in smiles that are posed (Duchenne, 1862/1990). However, only in the last 10 years have researchers gathered the empirical evidence to confirm Duchenne’s observation (Ekman & Friesen, 1982). This particular configuration of the enjoyment smile1 identified by Duchenne-the orbicularis oculi with zygomatic major-has been called the Duchenne smile in honor of Duchenne’s original observation (Ekman, 1989).
Differentiating Emotion Elicited and Deliberate Emotional Facial Expressions
Authors: Hess Ursula , Kleck Robert E
Published: November 2023

A topic of continuing interest in the field of nonverbal communication regards the nonverbal indicators of deceptive messages (e.g. DePaulo, Stone, & Lassiter, 1985). In most studies in this field the deception consists of the telling of untruthful messages. Less interest has been given to emotional deception; that is, to the attempt to deceive an observer regarding one’s emotional state, rather than making an untruthful statement. The present research is concerned with differences between spontaneous, emotion elicited, and deliberate emotional facial expressions; specifically with the dynamic features of the facial expressions that might differentiate the two types of displays. Dynamic aspects of the facial expression are features such as the speed of onset and offset, and the irregularity of the expression that refer to the time course rather than the morphology of the facial display.
Emotional Experience and Expression in Schizophrenia and Depression
Authors: Berenbaum Howard , Oltmanns Thomas F
Published: November 2023

Historically, psychopathologists have placed a great deal of emphasis on the role of emotional disturbance in schizophrenia. Whereas both Bleuler (1911/1950) and Kraepelin (1919/1971) considered affective flatness to be a universal symptom of schizophrenia, the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia (World Health Organization, 1973) revealed that only 66% of the schizophrenic patients studied exhibited flat affect. People with major depression have also been found to have flat affect (e.g., Andreasen, 1979; Pogue-Geile & Harrow, 1984). Although blunted affect may not be a universal symptom of schizophrenia and is not specific to the disorder, it does appear to have prognostic importance (Carpenter, Bartko, Strauss, & Hawk, 1978; Knight, Roff, Barmett, & Moss, 1979).
Nonverbal Expression of Psychological States in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Ellgring Heiner
Published: November 2023

In what way are psychopathological states associated with specific changes in nonverbal behavior and is this behavior organized differently, thus indicating additional functional changes? In order to deal with these questions, observations on nonverbal behavior of schizophrenic patients and their relatives, of endogenous and neurotic depressed patients and of controls will be reported here.
Depression and Suicide Faces
Authors: Heller Michael , Haynal Veronique
Published: November 2023

As far as psychiatry is concerned, suicide is the major cause of mortality. Unfortunately suicide is difficult to prevent, as its prediction is unreliable. Indeed, neither the categories of “people at risk” as defined by studies ranging from sociology to neurophysiology nor the clinical questionnaires allow to predict satisfactorily an attempt. Therefore, clinicians remain somewhat at a loss when faced with a first attempt or even with a reattempt. Yet clinical practice has shown that some experienced therapists, probably following their intuition, are able to predict suicidal risks with a smaller error margin than their colleagues (Motto, 1991). What do these therapists rely upon? What semiology elements do they perceive even though they are unable to explain them? We propose the hypothesis that most of the cues that subtend this intuition are provided by the suicidal patients’ nonverbal behavior.
Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Policy:On Balancing Science, Applications, and Advocacy
Authors: Rubenstein Daniel
Published: November 2023

Planet Earth is at risk. Rapid population growth, degradation of landscapes, extinction of species, and the pollution of air and water is creating a crisis for the biosphere whose unprecedented proportions are only just being defined, let alone understood. With respect to biodiversity alone, our efforts at eliminating species far outstrip our abilities for estimating the magnitude of the carnage we are inflicting. If ecology is the science concerned with the relationship of organisms to each other and their environment and conservation biology is the study of how to conserve and manage biological diversity, then behavioral ecologists have much to offer. Because behavioral ecology is about how ecology shapes behavior, it can help define conservation problems more precisely and show how understanding the function, or survival value, of behavior can help eliminate some of these environmental problems.
How to Choose an Instrument
Authors: Toff Nancy
Published: November 2023

Selecting an instrument is an important decision, but it should not be a frightening one. It does not require the wisdom of Solomon, but it may require the patience of Job. It requires some research, an ability to wade through the jargon of manufacturers’ catalogs, and decisiveness about what you want (as opposed to what a salesman is promoting) in terms of quality, price, and availability. On the following pages, I’ll discuss setting a budget, how to distinguish necessary features from optional ones, and how to test potential instruments. In Appendix B, you’ll find a list of flute manufacturers and their addresses, should you want to get information on particular brands. In general, I will not recommend particular manufacturers, though I will discuss various aspects of their product lines. Keep in mind that different players have different needs. So I’ll supply the information, but you’ll have to make the decisions.
Preemption
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

A theory of causation should tell us just what the nature of the causal relation is between particular events. Theories that are “generalist” require that causally connected particular events instantiate types of events that are suitably related (at the type level). But type-level relations cannot exhaust the nature of token causation, and even the generalist must acknowledge a “singularist” component. A “singularist” relation is a relation between events the realization of which does not depend on what happens elsewhere in the world. Spatial and temporal relations are possible candidates for this component, but there are other options. As indicated, the main purpose of this study is to provide an account of the singularist component of causation. Although I will make a working generalist assumption (to the effect that causally connected events instantiate lawfully connected types), only the nature of the singularist component will receive attention here.
Causal Relata
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

In chapters 1 and 2, I argued for a mechanistic theory, but I did not give an argument for a nonexplanatory theory of causation. In this chapter I argue that a theory of causation should not be explanatory—direct causes should not be thought of as exemplifying properties in virtue of which they bring about their effects. This brings us to the question of the nature of causal relata. On some accounts of causal relata, but not others, causation is explanatory. The first part of this chapter concerns itself with an argument against explanatory theories. My argument for this conclusion is predicated on a certain logical feature of the causal relation: its transitivity.
Qualitative Persistence
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

The main conclusion of chapter 3 is that concrete events are not causal relata and that tropes are to be preferred over exemplifications of universals. This preference, however, is conditional on two further claims: that there are tropes and that tropes can persist over time. Given that the existence of tropes cannot be taken for granted, this conditional argument must be followed by an argument for tropes as such. And given that the preference for tropes is partly based on the anticipation of an account of causation in terms of persistence—specifically,of trope persistence—an argument for the possibility of trope persistence is called for. Fortunately, both of these argumentative requirements can be satisfied by a single argument.
The Alphabet of Causation
Authors: Ehring Douglas
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the preemption pairing problem demands a singularist component in a theory of causation. Causes and their direct effects must be connected by a process or relation the realization of which does not depend on what happens in other regions or on how other token events of the same type are related. Spatio-temporalism furnishes a singularist component, but spatio-temporalism cannot handle the pre­ emption pairing problem. A non-spatio-temporalist persistence-based account is needed. But transference theory is not sufficiently general, tied as it is to certain empirical assumptions, and Castaneda’s theory, although less empirically based, is too vague. There is, however, another way of working up a persistence view. The results of chapter 4 provide a basis for exploring a theory based on trope persistence.
Fibers of Glass
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

The difference between glass rods and glass fibers is merely a matter of diameter. Anyone who can be trusted with a chemistry set can draw a fiber easily from a glass rod. Hold the two ends of a rod several inches long and put the middle in a hot flame. The heat softens the glass, melting the rigid solid into a thick, viscous liquid. After the rod becomes flexible, pull the two ends apart while removing the rod from the flame. The molten glass stretches into a long, tapered thread, which solidifies almost instantly as air cools it. Although the material remains glass, the thin filament is flexible and seems much less brittle than the rod.
A Critical Insight
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

Heinrich Lamm and C. W. Hansell lacked not merely resources but one crucial bit of inspiration. They didn’t realize that light was leaking be- tween bare glass fibers where they touched each other. The solution was disarmingly simple: cladding the light-carrying fiber with a transparent material that had a lower refractive index. However, like most other critical insights, it’s obvious only in hindsight. Two decades after Hansell and Lamm, the idea sprouted separately in the fertile minds of two very different men. One was an eminent professor, a maker and shaker in mid-century American science. The other was a Danish inventor laboring in a small home workshop.
Breakthrough
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

From his first-floor office at the Corning Sullivan Park Research Center, Bob Maurer could see the clear and compelling logic in making fibers from compound glasses. The materials were well known, and the technology for handling them was well developed. Removing the impurities that absorbed light seemed a straightforward matter of purifying raw materials. The approach was so logical that everyone was doing it, including companies with resources far greater than the Corning Glass Works. It was a race Corning seemed doomed to lose.
A Demonstration for the Queen (1970–1975)
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

The low-loss optical fiber and the room-temperature semiconductor laser made 1970 a very good year for fiber-optic communications. Although both developments would prove crucial, at the time it was painfully obvious that neither was ready for practical use. The fibers were far too brittle; the lasers were too shortlived.
Submarine Cables
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

In the 1960s, it took a wild-eyed optimist like Alec Reeves to see a future for fiber optics in one of the toughest jobs for any cable—crossing the ocean depths to link continents. Yet by the mid-1970s, optical fibers were the last hope of salvaging an aging submarine cable industry besieged by rapid advances in satellite communications.
Epilogue
Authors: Hecht Jeff
Published: November 2023

I ended the hardcover edition of this book with fiber optics a dramatic success. Fiber networks had spread across the globe. Pioneers like Kao, Hock- ham, Miller, Maurer, Keck, Schultz, and Snitzer were collecting well-deserved awards. When the Nobel Committee decided to award the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics for the foundations of information and communication technology, they split it between optics and electronics. Integrated-circuit inventor Jack Kilby shared the prize with the developers of the heterostructures vital for practical semiconductor lasers, Zhores Alferov and Herbert Kroemer.
The Possum, the Hag, and the Rhinestone Cowboy: The burlesque abjection of the white male
Authors: Ching Barbara
Published: November 2023

The hard country galaxy glows with dimly christened stars. Counter to whatever logic glamour possesses, hard country singers use such pejorative stage names as Ol’ Hank (Hiram “Hank” Williams, 1923–1952), the Hag (ex-convict Merle Haggard, 1937–), and the Possum (George Jones, 1931–). Alvis Edgar Owens (1929–), better known as Buck Owens, changed his first name to match that of his Okie family’s mule. Johnny Cash, known as “the man in black,” evokes bad guys and mourners.1 Donald Lytle achieved stardom as Johnny Paycheck, a name borrowed “from a not-so-prize fighter who lasted less than one humiliating round with Joe Louis.”2 When they decide to preserve their given names, hard country stars stick with the fence-post plain or the downright unflattering: Ernest Tubb (1914– 1984), Hank Thompson (1925–), John Anderson (1954–), or David Allan Coe (1939–)—it rhymes with John Doe. Kentucky-born Dwight Yoakam (1956–) even shares his (real) last name with the hillbillies of Al Capp’s comic strip back-water, Dogpatch.3 Waylon Jennings’s (1937–) first name immediately suggests a downbeat approach (wailing). In contrast, mainstream country announces itself with reassuringly evocative monikers such as George Strait and Alabama.
Drawing hard lines: Buck Owens, Dwight Yoakam, and the Bakersfield Sound
Authors: Ching Barbara
Published: November 2023

Buck Owens, like Bocephus, made it his mission to expand hard country’s borders. Any other approach, he would argue, is only “assembly-line music.” Not that his music isn’t assembly-line; he willingly admits that many of his songs sound alike, and he repeatedly refers to that sound as a kind of machine, a “freight train” or a “hydromatic.” But his music isn’t only assembly-line music; at the same time that he openly discusses his standard formula, Owens also proudly notes the many lines he crossed.1 What separated him from his Nashville competitors is that he copied, even parodied, himself with wondrously successful machines of his own devising.
The Management of Conflict Over Health Insurance Coverage
Authors: Anderson Gerard F , Hall Mark A
Published: November 2023

Conflicts over health insurance coverage are inevitable. Initially, there are conflicts over what range of services to include in the benefits package. Then there will be conflicts over the application of the benefits package to specific individuals. Since both types of conflict are likely to involve people with serious medical problems, it is not surprising that they can become very intense.
Why Do public teaching hospitals privatize?
Authors: Gage Larry S
Published: November 2023

A growing crisis faces many urban public teaching hospitals today. It is influenced by many factors and often takes different forms in different communities. What is certain, however, is that public teaching hospitals face the same fiscal and competitive pressures that confront the entire hospital industry in America today, while also bearing the unique burdens that result from their safety–net mission and governmental status.
Locating Javanese Oral Narratives
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I compared the Labovian structural paradigm to the Javanese social structure of relative rights and obligations as a foundation from which to illustrate the constraints the social order imposed on story design. This chapter advances the social focus by defining the structural features particular to Javanese narrative and showing how and where they appear in actual stories. The following stories are examples of what I suggest are four Javanese indexes of a narrative: (1) past-time adverbials, (2) reported speech, (3) shifting speech levels, and (4) text boundary indexicals.
Status, Gender, and the Management of Information
Authors: Berman Laine
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores issues of gender and access to information in relation to participation. In keeping with the themes of participation and responsibility, we explore discursive styles as they emerge visa-visa speaker’s alignment to the main protest narrative. Participants’ alignments appear on a much broader scale than that which we have already seen. In the previous chapter, there is full acceptance of the narrative, which includes all the hierarchical implications of topic uptake and development, to the point of negating one’s own relational identity. Here we see what the other end of the scale looks like, that is, full rejection of the narrative. Rejection within the Javanese matrix of refinement is not a direct negation of specifically uttered turns or topics; rather it appears as silence: the lack of participation in the discourse. As the conversation develops, refusing a part in the narrative is interpreted as refusing to be aligned with the consequences of the discourse. We see how the factory women are acting quite alone in their protest, not because of the wrongfulness of their case or even the way in which they proceed, which is well within the bounds of legal acceptance.
The Consort
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

The newlyweds spent the winter months of1887-88 in a small flat in New York, three flights up, but with a splendid view over Central Park at 92d Street. In the spring they moved to a house in Englewood, New Jersey, then still a rural community a few miles north of New York City. Use of that pleasant place, for two years, had been one of their wedding gifts. It cannot have been convenient for a young lawyer to undertake a daily commute to his office in Pine Street, very nearly at the southern tip of Manhattan. The summer found Ruth at Forty Acres, where her husband was able to visit before their return to Englewood in the fall for the expected arrival of their first child, Hannah, born in January 1889.
Letters from Harvard
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

On a sunny day in September 1911, with high hopes and with a composer’s absolute confidence he would not savor again for many years to come, Harvard freshman Roger Sessions moved into lodgings at 41 Hawthorne Street in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Being very much younger than his fellow undergraduates, he was to live off campus during his first two years at the university; and in order to shield the lone fourteen-year-old from worldly temptations in his newly independent life, his older sister, Nan, newly graduated from Radcliffe (Harvard’s then separate college for women), was installed in his apartment as well, “with an elderly maid to look after them both:’ Shortly after their arrival, the young composer received an important invitation. He was to call on a longtime family friend, Mrs. Wilmerding, a lady of means with considerable influence in Boston’s musical circles.
Summer of 1929
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

The great glacier of Les Diablerets, a few miles east of the far end of Lake Geneva, owes its name to devils and demons who haunt its peak and have, from time immemorial, inflicted serious mischief on villagers in the valley below and on their sheep grazing on its high pastures. According to local lore, these spooks quarrel noisily, chase one another around the peak, and delight in rolling huge boulders against the Qyille du Diable, the Devil’s Bowling Pin, at the summit. Whenever they miss, those boulders come crashing down into the valley of Derborence on the far slopes of the mountain.
Berlin Interlude
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

There had been a productive pattern to Sessions’ years in Rome. During the winter season he worked slowly but steadily on three major works: the Piano Sonata, the Violin Concerto, and another symphony: “These three works are my big job for the winter, & I shan’t leave Rome till I have finished them.” He did finish the sonata (“I am letting it go along slowly & easily & I think it will come out splendidly”), made solid progress on the concerto, and decided to abandon the symphony. Lesser tasks included the orchestration of his Black Maskers Suite and a number of smaller works, most of which he later disowned as exercises: “I have learned to produce much more quickly than I used to or [was] able to, & have turned out innumerable short things in the last year-not, however, most of them good enough to keep, as they were written for practice.”
Sea Change
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

In 1935 Sessions joined the faculty of Princeton University, finished his Violin Concerto, and met the woman who was to become his second wife, Lisl, while teaching summer school at Berkeley, California. In 1936 he divorced Barbara — to whom he dedicated his concerto — and married List.
The Musical Idea II
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1996, Edward T. Cone, one of Roger Sessions’ earliest students and most eloquent disciples, gave a lecture at the Peabody Institute in Baltimore. Titled “The Silent Partner;’ the lecture was to feature, in the best Sessions tradition, the listener’s active role in completing the composer’s and performer’s work with a truly attentive ear.
Teacher
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

Sessions joined the Princeton faculty in 1935, accepted the offer of a full professorship at the University of California at Berkeley in 1945, and returned to Princeton as William Shubael Professor of Music in 1953. Following his retirement from the university in 1965, he taught young composers in Buenos Aires and returned for a year to Berkeley as Ernest Bloch Visiting Professor in 1966. From 1967 until the end of his life in 1985, he taught composition at Juilliard in New York.
Dallapiccola
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik
Published: November 2023

The Europe to which Sessions returned in 1951 was altogether different, of course, from the continent in crisis that he had left nearly two decades before. In the two countries he had known best, Italy and Germany, physical signs of appalling destruction still marked ruined cities and the paths of contending armies could be gauged in the grim remnants of what was left by the side of the road. It was the more astonishing, therefore, that cultural life not only flourished everywhere but also functioned in a much healthier way than the feverish fervor of denial with which a grand cultural tradition in a dying age had embraced its doom in the Berlin of 1933.
What’s the Difference? Reflections on Gender and Research in Village India
Authors: Babiracki Carol M
Published: November 2023

In 1974, coincidently about a year before I first heard of a field called ethnomusicology, Edward Ives wrote the following in a manual on field research. About setting up the initial interview, he said, “There are two questions that students often ask at about this point. The first, and by far the more common, frequently comes out something like this: ‘Do you think it’s going to make a difference that I’m a girl when I go talk to Mr. Bilodeau about lumbering? ’ My answer is usually, ‘Of course it’s going to make a difference, but I can’t tell you what kind of difference’:’ Ives goes on to say a bit later, “Just about every time I have predicted how the man/woman of it would work out in some particular case, I have been wrong, which means that I have stopped predicting” (1980:37). This may be the wisest statement that I’ve come across concerning the difference that gender makes in field research, although it probably wasn’t the answer the student was looking for.
Selecting Partners: Questions of Personal Choice and Problems of History in Fieldwork and Its Interpretation
Authors: Noll William
Published: November 2023

An enormous ethnographic literature exists from Eastern Europe consisting of literally thousands of monographs and articles in the multiple languages of the area, with fieldwork and its interpretation beginning in the early nineteenth century. In my definition of fieldwork, I include gathering, reading, and interpreting historic and contemporary ethnographic literature produced by others working in the same region where I am conducting fieldwork. My intent in this chapter is to examine the implications of incorporating into my fieldwork process selected materials from this vast body of historic and continuing ethnographic literature of several Eastern European countries. When researching areas where there is a substantial ethnographic literature, I believe it is appropriate and necessary for con temporary fieldworkers to listen to the voices of living and deceased ethnographers along with the voices of local performers and other community members of the region being studied.
“Eating Chitterlings Is like Going Slumming” Soul Food and Its Discontents
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

Readers of Tom Wolfe’ s Radical Chic and Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers ( 1970) will It perhaps recall that the March 1970 issue of Vogue magazine carried a column by Gene Baro on “Soul Food:’ Published four years after chants of “black and white together” had given way to demands for “Black Power” (Sitkoff 199), and two years after the Black Panthers unveiled the slogan “Off the Pigs” at Huey Newton’ s trial (Heath 64-66), the column begins with a quasi-religious fantasy of interracial gastronomy: The cult of Soul Food is a form of Black self-awareness and, to a lesser degree, of white sympathy for the Black drive to self-reliance.
“Pork or WomEn” Purity and Danger in the Nation of Islam
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

In fall of 1995, several of the most successful African American male rap starslee T, lee Cube, Chuck D, 2Pac, Snoop Doggy Dogg, and others-joined forces to release an album called One Million Strong. Intended as a show of support for the October 1995 Million Man march in Washington, D.C., the album demonstrated an important connection between Louis Farrakhan’ s Nation oflslam (NOI), sponsor of the march, and numerous black hip-hop artists.
Dick Gregory’s Cloacal Continuum
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

In 1988 an employee of the Texaco corporation, Sheryl Joseph, informed her colleagues that she was expecting her second child. At an office party the following day to celebrate her birthday, Joseph was presented by her boss with a cake decorated with an image of a dark-skinned, Afro-wearing woman far advanced in pregnancy (figure 5-1). (Joseph, a light-skinned African American woman, had never worn an Afro and was still in her first trimester.) Inscribed on the cake were the innocuous words “Happy Birthday, Sheryl,” followed by the ideologically loaded speculation: “It must have been those watermelon seeds.” According to a 1996 New York Times account of a subsequent employment discrimination lawsuit brought against Texaco by minority workers, the stunned Joseph “did her best not to react” at the time since she feared a response would cause her to lose her job (Eichenwald 11 ).
“How Mama started to get lorge” Eating disorders fetal rights and ablack female appetite
Authors: Witt Doris
Published: November 2023

During the era when Vibration Cooking appeared, many African American women in addition to Vertamae Grosvenor were using discussions of culinary traditions to position themselves within an often hostile social, cultural, and political milieu.
In Music: Children at Musical Play
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: November 2023

In the nooks and crannies of home, school, and neighborhood, and even within the times and places reserved for musical study, there is a steady current of children’s own music-in-the-making that underlies the various activities in which they engage. Sometimes they are unaware of this musicking, as it flows almost in a stream-of-consciousness way from their voices and bodies. Yet it is also made by children with the full intent of preserving a song, rhythm, or game buoyed by music. This music may even be their concentrated efforts to make up music that expresses their thoughts in musical ways.
For Children: Prospects for Their Musical Education
Authors: Campbell Patricia Shehan
Published: November 2023

This third section reflects on the dialogues and descriptions of children’s musical repertoire, practices, and thoughts and looks ahead to possible interventions: school music practices, training through lessons, and parent-guided musical enrichment for children. It considers who the children musically are au naturel—in their natural state—and suggests possibilities for all that they can musically become. Thus, this is prescriptive as well as descriptive, in that it acknowledges the voices of children and recommends channels for their development in and through music. It is important for me to reiterate that my thoughts here emanate not only from experiences of the children whose tales have been recounted here but also from a conglomerate of my experiences as a longtime teacher of children, and to emphasize my belief in the great benefits to be had from making moments to talk with children, to watch them at musical play, and to listen to their songs.
From Socioeconomic Epidemiology toward the Epidemiology of American Apartheid
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

The conceptual framework in Chapter 1 involves consideration of the effects of social class on the health of blacks and the possibility of a combined effect of black poverty and the segregation of blacks in urban areas (“concentration” or “neighborhood” effects). In this chapter, the results of a few studies of the relationship between poverty (or, more broadly, social class) and mortality are outlined, including the pioneering work of Kitagawa and Hauser (1973) on “socioeconomic epidemiology.” The extension of this field to encompass segregation as a variable in predicting variation in mortality rates for blacks, and black/white ratios of mortality rates, is introduced, to be followed by detailed analyses in Chapter 5.
Interpretations and Research Needs
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

This discussion of the interpretation of the findings in Chapter 5 starts with problems inherent in the use of ecologic studies, along with various “errors of measurement” (MacMahon and Pugh, 1970). A consideration of potential explanations involving the concentration or neighborhood effects of segregation follows. Because the ecologic studies presented in this book serve mainly to generate hypotheses, the discussion is speculative. It involves mainly a review of the literature on the effects of discrimination in such areas as medical (health) care, quality of life issues for blacks (especially in inner cities), exposures to stresses, and certain psychosocial and physiologic responses to stress. This review deals with the epidemiology of discrimination and racism. It is intended to stimulate further studies of the association between segregation and the health of blacks. The final discussion concerns the need for further ecologic studies, with more detailed data than were available for Chapter 5, along with nonecologic (or “analytic”) epidemiologic studies that obtain information on individuals.
Some Issues in Social and Health Policies
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

An editorial in The Lancet discussing the “underclass” in both England and the United States suggested that “compassion and public policy” once attempted “through such activities as the new deal and the welfare state” to attack the underclass but that declining faith in this viewpoint may be “inflating” the underclass (Anon., 1990). It was also suggested that a “walk about in London” would bring “shame and indignation” regarding the plight of the “underclass.” Similar sentiments would be evoked by a visit to many large U.S. cities, especially the older metropolises in parts of the North and Midwest where blacks migrated in large numbers during the early to middle twentieth century.
This Thing Called Performance
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Singers, professional or amateur, regard the spectacle of the Olympic Games as virtually identical to their own work. Even an inexperienced singer knows-as Gertrude Stein would say-that performance is performance is performance, whatever the field. It matters not that an athlete broke an Olympic record back home in Indiana on a Thursday afternoon at 2:00 P.M. It only counts when he or she does it at the appointed time and in the appointed place, under pressure, in Montreal or Atlanta, say, at 10:17 A.M. Similarly, it matters not how well the singer performed the aria at the Monday rehearsal; it only counts when he or she sings it well on Wednesday evening at 8:26 P.M. before an audience.
Setting Goals
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

A 1953 Yale University study revealed that of all the graduating seniors, only 3 percent had set goals and planned how to achieve them. These seniors were conspicuous in their class because they alone focused on the very important questions linked with goal setting, such as what it was that they really wanted to accomplish and how they planned to achieve the goals they had set. Furthermore, it is clear that this top 3 percent of “goal setters” were by far the most successful of their class. In terms of money, this 3 percent earned more than all the other 97 percent of the whole class. While success cannot always be viewed in terms of money, the process used to achieve the success is important.
Dealing with Anxiety
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

To the performance psychologist, anxiety is a complex emotional state. To the general public, anxiety is synonymous with worry, fear, and forebodings. To the singer, it is public enemy number one! When a singer freezes or commits a blunder in a big performance moment, anxiety is either the root cause or the outcome. Performance, by its very nature, places stress on performers and makes demands on their mental and physical energy. But it also offers the participants a challenge, great opportunities, and a chance to push back their own personal boundaries, all of which can be very liberating. Performance does, however, produce some uncertainty, some doubts-how will it go? You could consider anxiety to be a reflection of uncertainty. This powerful combination of stress and uncertainty is the villain, although it is a kind of villain that could turn out to be either a blessing or a threat.
Memory
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Memory is an important part of your performances. Perhaps you often worry about whether your memory will cope, realizing as you do that you have not only the music and the words to remember but the blocking as well, if your performance is staged. The human mind remembers almost everything that happens to it, but sometimes the information cannot be recalled. When you say, “I can’t remember,” you actually mean that your memory is (temporarily) blocked. You will be pleased to know that it is rare for human beings to forget information altogether and even more pleased to be told that, like any other mental skill, memory can be enhanced in two ways: By linking it to the learning methods that suit you best (you do have your own personal way of learning-visually, kinesthetically, verbally, or any combination of these).
Mental Rehabilitation Following Vocal Injury or Illness
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

As a singer, you will have always been concerned about your health and will have taken great care of yourself, wanting to achieve the highest you can while remaining injury- and illness-free. Because injury and illness can occur at any time-after performance, from overwork, from intense practice or inappropriate thinking-your ability to rehabilitate as quickly and efficiently as possible becomes an important part of your performance strategy. Any rehabilitation requires that you be involved in both a physical and a mental program. You will, of course, have sought specialized treatment if the nature of the vocal injury demanded it, but the period of rehabilitation can be shortened considerably if you combine the physical program with a mental program. Your quick return to singing and your future performances will naturally depend upon the nature of the injury/illness, the quality of care by your otolaryngologist and your voice therapist, the quality of your own mental rehabilitation program, and your commitment to adhere to the program. Vocal injury/illness is not simply a physical loss; it can also cause emotional devastation.
bhlh Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

As described in Chapter 3, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins are a large superfamily of dimeric transcription factors in which the HLH motif mediates protein dimerization and the basic domain mediates DNA binding. In some bHLH families, such as the myogenic bHLH family consisting of MYOD, MYOGENIN, MYFS, and MRF4, the HLH do main is both necessary and sufficient to mediate dimerization. In other families, an additional domain that is present immediately carboxyl terminal to the HLH domain is also required for dimerization. Thus, the bHLH-ZIP proteins contain a helix-loop-helix and an adjacent leucine zipper domain that are both required for proper protein dimerization. Because dimerization is a prerequisite for DNA binding, these domains are crucial for the biological activity of bHLH and bHLH-ZIP proteins.
The Role of Mountains and Plateaus in a Triassic Climate Model
Authors: Hay William W , Wold Christopher N
Published: November 2023

The Triassic is a unique episode in Earth history (Triimpy, 1982), characterized by the most arid climates of the Phanerozoic. Although the entire Triassic was arid, the Early Triassic (Scythian) was unique in leaving no record of equatorial forests or soils that would reflect the high rainfall that must occur in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The amalgamation of Laurussia and Gondwana to form Pangea had occurred at the end of the Pennsylvanian Period (290 Ma), and the breakup of Pangea that led to formation of the modem ocean basins occurred during the Jurassic, starting about 180 Ma. The Triassic represents the middle of the interval during which Pangea existed. The general paleogeography of the Triassic was not greatly different from that of the Permian and Early Jurassic. Pangea extended almost from pole to pole, having a nearly meridional western margin and a large embayment, the Tethys, on its eastern side.