bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by

IS1181 profiling
Authors: SYMMS C. , COOKSON B. , STANLEY J. , HOOKEY J. V.
Published: July 2002

Variation in the genomic location and copy number of the
insertion element IS1181 in
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was
investigated. Sixty-three isolates
representing the Jevons type strain (NCTC 10442), phage-propagating strains,
and epidemic
strains were examined. A PCR amplicon of the insertion element was used
to probe genomic
restriction endonuclease digests. HindIII genomic digests gave 25
distinct IS1181 patterns, while
EcoRI digests gave 20 patterns. EMRSA-01, -02, -04, -06,
-07, -09, -10, -11, -13 and -14
contained the element but could not be subtyped by profiling it. EMRSA-16
did not contain
IS1181, consistent with a unique evolutionary origin
for this major UK epidemic strain.
Marked heterogeneity was observed among isolates of EMRSA-03. Each EMRSA-03
strain
examined gave a unique pattern, thereby allowing subtyping of an important
epidemic phage
type for the purposes of hospital cross-infection control.
Population estimates of persons presenting to general
practitioners with influenza-like illness, 1987–96: a study of
the demography of influenza-like illness in sentinel practice
networks in England and Wales, and in The Netherlands
Authors: FLEMING D. M. , ZAMBON M. , BARTELDS A. I. M.
Published: July 2002

Incidence data by age of new episodes of influenza-like illness reported by sentinel general
practice networks in England and Wales and in The Netherlands over a 10-year period were
examined to provide estimates of the consulting population during influenza epidemic periods.
Baseline levels of recording in each age group were calculated from weeks in which influenza
viruses were not circulating and the excess over baseline calculated to provide the population
estimates during influenza epidemics.

Influenza A/H3N2 epidemics were associated with higher population estimates for
consultations than influenza B, especially in the age groups 0–4 and 65 years and over. In the
intervening age groups, population estimates were more consistent regardless of the virus type.
Both networks reported simultaneous peaking of incidence rates in all of the age groups. There
were substantial increases in the number of persons reporting other respiratory illnesses during
influenza epidemics.

Population estimates of the consulting population provide the only secure basis for which
health services resource utilization during influenza epidemics can be estimated.
Prevalence of Eperythrozoon spp. infection and congenital eperythrozoonosis in humans in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: YANG DIANXIANG , TAI XIUZHENG , QIU YING , YUN SHENG
Published: July 2002

Eperythrozoon is an obligate parasitic bacteria found in many species of animals. A large scale
investigation of the prevalence of Eperythrozoon spp. in humans, was conducted in a
developing country using light, electron microscope and animal inoculation. Samples were
collected in undeveloped areas of Inner Mongolia in China over a 2-year period of 1994–6. Of
the 1529 investigated samples, 35·3% were found to be Eperythrozoon spp. positive. The
prevalence of infection was associated with occupation and seasonal variations. The infections
were mainly mild, in 89·6% of cases (excluding pregnant women and their children). Of 74
pregnant women tested in the areas of high prevalence, 44 were confirmed Eperythrozoon spp.
positive. Similarly, eperythrozoa were found in all 44 umbilical cords tested and in the
neonatal peripheral blood samples taken at birth. These data suggest that eperythrozoa can be
transmitted via the placenta.
The ontogeny and distribution of countershading in colonies of the naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: Braude Stanton , Ciszek Deborah , Berg Nancy E. , Shefferly Nancy
Published: July 2002

Most naked mole‐rats Heterocephalus glaber are countershaded, with purple‐grey dorsal but pale pink ventral skin. The exceptions to this coloration pattern are uniformly pink, and include newborn pups, most queens and breeding males, and very old animals. Countershading begins to appear at 2–3 weeks of age and begins to disappear at c. 7 years of age. Countershading may provide camouflage when young naked mole‐rats are above ground attempting to disperse. Therefore, reproductives and older workers may lose this coloration once they are unlikely to leave the burrow. Alternative hypotheses for pigmentation that we considered include: thermoregulation, and protection from abrasion or from damaging ultraviolet radiation. These hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but do lead to different predictions regarding the development of pigmentation and which colony members should be countershaded.
Tidarren argo sp. nov. (Araneae: Theridiidae) and its exceptional copulatory behaviour: emasculation, male palpal organ as a mating plug and sexual cannibalism
Authors: Knoflach Barbara , van Harten Antonius
Published: July 2002

Tidarren argo sp. nov. is described from Yemen. As in its congeners, the male amputates one of his palps before maturation and enters his adult life with one palp only. The new species is shown to adopt exceptional copulatory behaviour. As soon as the male achieves genitalia coupling with his palp, the palp is torn off by the female. The separated gonopod remains attached to the female's epigynum for c. 4 h and apparently continues to function independently. Furthermore, it serves as a mating plug. In the meantime the female feeds on the palpless male. Emasculation synchronizes sexual cannibalism and sperm transfer, and may lengthen the interval between copulations. This unique mating behaviour probably allows continuation of insemination by the dismembered palp and is reported for the first time.
Stability of stationary solutions for a degenerate parabolic system
Authors: BARILLON C. , MAKHVILADZE G. M. , VOLPERT V.
Published: July 2002

The paper is devoted to the stability of stationary solutions of an evolution system, describing
heat explosion in a two-phase medium, where a parabolic equation is coupled with an ordinary
differential equation. Spectral properties of the problem linearized about a stationary solution
are analyzed and used to study stability of continuous branches of solutions. For the convex
nonlinearity specific to combustion problems it is shown that solutions on the first increasing
branch are stable, solutions on all other branches are unstable. These results remain valid for
the scalar equation and they generalize the results obtained before for heat explosion in the
radially symmetric case [1].
Inductive graphs and functional graph algorithms
Authors: ERWIG MARTIN
Published: July 2002

We propose a new style of writing graph algorithms in functional languages which is based
on an alternative view of graphs as inductively defined data types. We show how this graph
model can be implemented efficiently, and then we demonstrate how graph algorithms can be
succinctly given by recursive function definitions based on the inductive graph view. We also
regard this as a contribution to the teaching of algorithms and data structures in functional
languages since we can use the functional-style graph algorithms instead of the imperative
algorithms that are dominant today.
The potential contribution of encyclopaedic foreign language CD-ROM packages to the
acquisition of language and knowledge
Authors: HOOD PHILIP
Published: July 2002

The article describes an experiment which investigated the role played by an
encyclopaedic CD-ROM in knowledge and language learning gains. It considers both
quantitative and qualitative evidence (e.g. pre- and post-testing, and on-line
audio-recorded data) to demonstrate that learning did take place and to suggest how it
might have occurred.
Mood disorders in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Yohannes Abebaw M. , Baldwin Robert C. , Connolly Martin J.
Published: July 2002

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major cause of morbidity, disability and mortality in old age. The disease is characterized by shortness of breath, impaired ventilatory function and easy fatiguability. These are the most distressing and disabling symptoms of COPD, limiting exercise tolerance, interfering with basic activities of daily living and often, in turn, impairing quality of
life.
Long-stay care for people with dementia: recent innovations
Authors: Marshall Mary , Archibald Carole
Published: July 2002

The three key words in the title deserve scrutiny. ‘Innovation’ can mean something that is completely new, but more often innovations are drawn from practice in other fields. Innovations can be imposed from above, developed from practitioners or even happen incrementally. They are very often creative responses to other pressures, necessity being the mother of invention in this field as much as any other. Innovations can be reflected in day-to-day practice or they can be embodied in whole new units. Stale, out-of-date practice can happen in new units, and vice versa. It is too easy to see new buildings alone as innovations.
Absolutely perfect? What is the status of ‘futur antérieur’?
Authors: Engel Dulcie M.
Published: July 2002

Discussions of absolute and relative tense often focus on the futur antérieur (FA), which has variously been descibed as a tense, aspect and mood. In order to assess its place in the French verbal system, an analysis of a written media-based corpus was carried out. This revealed that, although relatively rare, FA functions as a tense-aspect with some modal values in a range of publications and a variety of newspaper text types. Furthermore, its use as an epistemic modal and as an equivalent to passé composé (PC), as discussed in recent literature, appears to fulfil a significant function in journalistic writing.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS IN ACHILLEA SECT. SANTOLINOIDEA (COMPOSITAE–ANTHEMIDEAE): PART I. LEAF AND FLORAL MORPHOLOGY
Authors: VALANT-VETSCHERA K. M. , KÄSTNER A.
Published: July 2002

Twenty-two species of Achillea sect. Santolinoidea (DC.) O. Hoffm., as currently understood, were analysed morphologically. Emphasis was put on clear definitions of characters and their states as were deduced from detailed graphical analysis. Major character sets include details of leaf structure and differentiation of leaflet lobes as well as of floral characters (form of flower heads, ligules, phyllaries, bracts). Character descriptions were compared with floristic literature and original diagnoses, but little consistency was observed in the applied terminology. There is little indication of unifying character states for sect. Santolinoidea, as a result of low frequencies of occurrence, although the section appears to be uniform on the basis of the general leaf structure. However, species-specificity of some character states (leaves, bracts, phyllaries) was observed that might prove useful for species delimitation.
The Marshall Plan: Filling in Some of the Blanks
Authors: Burk Kathleen
Published: July 2002

Dominique Barjot, Rémi Baudouï and Danièle Voldman, eds., Les Reconstructions en Europe (1945–1949) (Paris: Editions Complexe, 1997), 342 pp., FF175, ISBN 2-870-27693-1. Matthias Kipping and Ove Bjarnar, eds., The Americanisation of European Business: The Marshall Plan and the Transfer of US Management Models (London: Routledge, 1998), 235 pp., £50.00, ISBN 0-415-17191-1. Jeffry M. Diefendorf, Axel Frohn and Hermann-Josef Rupieper, eds., American Policy and the Reconstruction of Western Germany, 1945–1955 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and the German Historical Institute, Washington, DC, 1993), 537 pp., £45.00, ISBN 0-521-43120-4. Hans-Herbert Holzamer and Marc Hoch, eds., Der Marshall-Plan: Geschichte und Zukunft (Landsberg/Lech: Olzog, 1997), 214 pp., ISBN 3-789-29349-0. Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 50 Jahre Marshall-Plan (Berlin: Argon Verlag, Berlin, 1997), 140 pp., ISBN 3-870-24387-2. Günter Bischof, Anton Pelinka and Dieter Stiefel, eds., The Marshall Plan in Austria (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2000), 588 pp., ISBN 0-765-80679-7. Michael Kennedy and Joseph Morrison Skelly, eds., Irish Foreign Policy 1919–1966: From Independence to Internationalism (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 352 pp., £39.50, ISBN 1-851-82404-9. Bernadette Whelan, Ireland and the Marshall Plan 1947–1957 (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000), 426 pp., £39.50, ISBN 1-851-82517-7. Charles Silva, Keep Them Strong, Keep them Friendly: Swedish–American Relations and the Pax Americana, 1948–1952 (Stockholm: Akademitryck AB, 1999), 376 pp., Kl.10.00, ISBN 9-171-53974-3. Chiarello Esposito, America's Feeble Weapon: Funding the Marshall Plan in France and Italy, 1948–1950 (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994), 226 pp., £49.50, ISBN 0-313-29340-6. Fernando Guirao, Spain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945–57 (London: Macmillan, 1998), 240 pp., ISBN 0-312-21291-7. Martin A. Schain, Marshall Plan Fifty Years After (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001), £30.00, ISBN 0-333-92983-7 was published after this article went to press.
The Integration of Health and Human Rights: An Appreciation
of Jonathan M. Mann
Authors: d'ORONZIO JOSEPH C.
Published: July 2002

Jonathan Mann was a pioneer in establishing communication
between the world of public health and that of human rights
activism. At the very start, he strongly believed that although
each of these two fields was in the midst of separate paradigm
shifts, these shifts are essential, perhaps causal, to the
combined health and human rights movement.
Public Policy, Public Opinion, and Consent for Organ Donation
Authors: SIMINOFF LAURA A. , MERCER MARY BETH
Published: July 2002

Medical advances in transplantation techniques have driven
an exponential increase in the demand for transplantable organs.
Unfortunately, policy efforts to bolster the organ supply have
been less than effective, failing to provide a stopgap for
ever-increasing numbers of patients who await organ transplantation.
The number of registrations on waiting lists exceeded 65,245 in
early 1999, a 325% increase over the 20,000 that existed 11 years
earlier in 1988. Regrettably, more than 4,000 patients die each year
while awaiting transplantation.
Providing Comfort or Prolonging Death for a Baby with “Dead
Gut Syndrome”?
Authors: KUCZEWSKI MARK G.
Published: July 2002

The patient was born at 29 weeks gestation. There
was a prenatal diagnosis that the child's small intestine
had developed outside of the abdominal cavity. The length
of gestation had made the initial prognosis good. But after
birth, surgery to place the intestine back into the abdominal
cavity found that the baby actually had very little small
intestine and a diagnosis of “dead gut syndrome”
was made. The amount of small intestine was not compatible
with survival. The transplant service saw the baby twice
and each time said the baby's profile did not meet
the transplant protocol.
The Ethical and Religious Challenges of Reproductive Technology
Authors: McCORMICK RICHARD A.
Published: July 2002

Birth regulation is a tired and worn-out conversation,
so I will not approach the matter in that way. I think
it much more exciting, and it raises all the same problems,
to approach the issues of reproductive services through
reproductive technologies that are now available. Since
this is based on my recent experience with the American
Fertility Society, now the American Society of Reproductive
Medicine, I will take this tack. This presentation is a
vehicle for getting some questions on the table; hopefully,
there will be enlightenment in the discussion and debates
that follow.
A Selection of Problems and Results in Combinatorics
Authors: ERDŐS PAUL
Published: July 2002

In this note, I will present some new problems, and also some old ones which, in my
opinion, have been undeservedly forgotten or neglected.
Uniquely Colourable Graphs and
the Hardness of Colouring Graphs
of Large Girth
Authors: EMDEN-WEINERT THOMAS , HOUGARDY STEFAN , KREUTER BERND
Published: July 2002

For any integer k, we prove the existence of a uniquely

k-colourable graph of girth at least
g on at most k12(g+1) vertices whose
maximal degree
is at most 5k13. From this we deduce
that, unless NP=RP, no polynomial time algorithm for k-Colourability

on graphs G of girth
g(G)[ges ]log[mid ]G[mid ]/13logk
and
maximum degree Δ(G)[les ]6k13
can exist. We also study several related problems.
Behaviour of mouse primary spermatocyte nuclei after fusion to enucleated metaphase II oocytes
Authors: Kubelka Michal , Moor Robert M.
Published: July 2002

Primary spermatocytes originating from prepubertal mouse testes were electrofused to metaphase II (MII)-stage oocytes, enucleated either by the conventional micromanipulation method or by chemical treatment with etoposide and cycloheximide. These experiments were followed by assessment of morphological changes in transferred nuclei using light microscopy, by chromosomal analyses and by screening of hybrids for the presence or absence of DNA synthesis using anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibody and immunofluorescence staining of the hybrids. The results show differences between the two types of ooplasts in susceptibility to activation stimuli. However, when activated, both types of ooplasts gave rise to hybrids of similar morphology. From 35.3% to 63% of activated hybrids originating from chemically or microsurgically enucleated oocytes, respectively, contained one large pronucleus in cytoplasm, 62% or 31.6% hybrids from those two groups, respectively, possessed two smaller pronuclei and a few contained three or four pronuclei. No DNA synthesis was detected in any hybrid containing one or more pronuclei. The chromosome spreads of hybrids with premature chromosome condensation (PCC) morphology (before activation) show that most of the hybrids had a diploid (2n) number of chromosomes. The nature and regularity of the cell division cycle in the hybrids are discussed.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates normal transition from metaphase to interphase following parthenogenetic activation in porcine oocytes
Authors: Tatemoto Hideki , Muto Norio
Published: July 2002

The decrease in maturation-promoting factor (MPF) activity precedes that in
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity after egg activation, but
the cellular functions of this delayed inactivation of MAPK are still
unclear. The present study was conducted to examine the essential role of
MAPK activity for supporting the transition from metaphase to interphase
in porcine oocytes matured in vitro. The increases in the phosphorylated
forms of MAPK and the activities of MAPK and histone H1 kinase (H1K) were
shown in oocytes arrested at the metaphase II (MII) stage. After additional
incubation of MII-arrested oocytes in medium with added U0126, a specific
inhibitor of MAPK kinase, 24% of oocytes completed the second meiotic
division and underwent entry into interphase with pronucleus (PN) formation,
but not second polar body (PB-2) emission. The intensities of the
phosphorylated forms of MAPK and the activities of MAPK and H1K in
matured oocytes treated with U0126 were significantly decreased by the
treatment with U0126. Electrostimulation to induce artificial activation
caused both H1K and MAPK inactivation; the inactivation of H1K preceded
the inactivation of MAPK and sustained high levels of MAPK activity were
detected during the period of PB-2 emission. However, the time sequence
required for MAPK inactivation was significantly reduced by the addition
of U0126 to the culture medium following electrostimulation, resulting in
the dramatic inactivation of MAPK distinct from that of H1K. In these
oocytes, PB-2 emission was markedly inhibited but little difference was
found in the time course of PN formation compared with oocytes not treated
with U0126. These findings suggest that the decrease in MAPK activity is
partly involved in driving matured oocytes out of metaphase to induce PN
development, and that the delayed MAPK inactivation after the onset of MPF
inactivation in activated oocytes has a crucial role for PB-2 emission to
accomplish the transition from meiosis to mitosis.
Plasticity and the ageing mind: an exemplar of the bio-cultural orchestration of brain and behaviour
Authors: BALTES PAUL B. , SINGER TANIA
Published: July 2002

Genetic interventions will improve the genome, but they will never make

a human being out of the human animal

Using research on the ageing mind, support is offered for the concept of bio-cultural sciences. The bio-cultural sciences highlight the notion that human behaviour is the joint and co-constructive expression of biological–genetic and cultural–societal processes and conditions. The genome determines the ontogeny of the brain; however, so does the cultural–social environment and individual behaviour. The study of the ageing mind illustrates this principle of bio-cultural co-construction. One fertile theory distinguishes between the declining biology-driven cognitive mechanics and the maintained or even increasing culture-driven cognitive pragmatics. Beginning in early adulthood, the plasticity of the cognitive mechanics decreases with advancing age, but the cognitive pragmatics exploit the opportunities of culture and the experiential and interpersonal contexts in which people develop and, therefore, they can exhibit lifelong positive expressions. Professional expertise, artistic competence, social–emotional intelligence and wisdom are examples of late-life potentials in the cognitive pragmatics. This view does not exclude the fact that, in the oldest (Fourth Age), ageing losses become more prominent and affect the cognitive pragmatics as well. A general developmental theory is presented that illustrates how, within the limits offered by biological- and culture-based plasticity, successful ageing is accomplished by the orchestration of three behavioural processes: selection, optimization, and compensation.
EVOLVING FORMULATIONS: SHARING COMPLEX INFORMATION WITH CLIENTS
Authors: Kinderman Peter , Lobban Fiona
Published: July 2002

Psychological formulations are central to cognitive behavioural approaches. The use of such formulations presents a number of difficulties when working with clients with psychotic problems. Despite this, sophisticated psychological formulations can be collaboratively developed with psychotic clients. This paper presents one method of developing such formulations through an evolutionary process. Early in the therapeutic process, simple formulations involving straightforward theoretical models are presented, which are systematically elaborated as therapy proceeds. This involves developing, collaboratively with clients, successive layers of formulation. Each of these layers builds on and incorporates the previous one, yet involves an incremental increase in complexity, depth and informational content. The evolutionary process is illustrated with a case example.
Neuropsychology at the Turn of the Century
Authors: Butler Robert W. , Howieson Diane B. , Lezak Muriel D.
Published: July 2002

This is an encyclopedic report on the state of neuropsychology
at the end of the 20th Century. Some individual chapters will have
enduring pertinence; some are destined to become historical mileposts
as new developments succeed one another in this rapidly evolving
discipline. For now and well into the next century, much of what is
contained in these volumes will remain pertinent for practitioners,
researchers, and theoreticians alike.
TAO: a physical modelling system and related issues
Authors: PEARSON MARK
Published: July 2002

This paper describes TAO, a system for sound synthesis by physical modelling based on a new technique called cellular sound synthesis (CSS). The system provides a general mechanism for constructing an infinite variety of virtual instruments, and does so by providing a virtual acoustic material, elastic in nature, whose physical characteristics can be fine-tuned to produce different timbres. A wide variety of sounds such as plucked, hit, bowed and scraped sounds can be produced, all having natural physical and spacial qualities. Some of the musical and philosophical issues considered to be most important during the design and development of the system are touched upon, and the main features of the system are explained with reference to practical examples. Advantages and disadvantages of the synthesis technique and the prototype system are discussed, together with suggestions for future improvements.
An emerging digital community: the CD-ROM artists
Authors: BURNS KRISTINE H.
Published: July 2002

Over the past five years, a digital community of CD-ROM artists has begun to emerge. The one element that serves as the common thread to this particular community is that these artists and their works are based on a new musical presentation, one fully tied to a visual element, an interactive, exploratory world that is tailored to the individual user's progress through a finite number of elements. In short, although intermedia works have a long history, now the user may explore at his/her own pace. This unique manner of presentation has emerged into the worlds of art music, underground music, and performance art.
Evidence-Based Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services: Oxymoron or Brave New Dawn?
Authors: Ramchandani Paul , Joughin Carol , Zwi Morris
Published: July 2002

Professionals working in child and adolescent mental health services are
increasingly encouraged to examine the evidence underlying their clinical
practice. Embracing evidence-based practice can present difficulties, as
barriers to changing practice exist. These difficulties are examined, along
with the meaning of evidence-based practice in a multidisciplinary
speciality, and the potential benefits that develop from it.
Assessing the Risks Presented by Parents
Authors: Partridge Ian , Casswell Geraldine , Richardson Greg
Published: July 2002

The establishment, operation and theoretical basis of a multi-disciplinary, Tier 3, risk assessment team based in a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) is described. The work is based on the premise that a multi-disciplinary team, with a degree of statutory independence, assessing forensic issues within a systemic and developmental context, offers a useful contribution to the comprehensive assessment of risk and provides a valuable and valued service to statutory agencies and the courts. The team is used by Social Services Departments and the courts as an independent assessor of the risk parents and potential carers pose to children. An evaluation of 39 referrals, carried out over the last 3 years of operation of the parenting risk assessment team, is given.
Introduction
Authors: Dowdney Linda
Published: July 2002

The concept of dyslexia can be confusing to clinicians who
encounter children with severe reading difficulties within
their day-to-day practice, given the problems of definition.
Usually, such reading difficulties are accompanied by
emotional and/or behavioural adjustment problems, or
more widespread problems at school, hence the child's
referral into child mental health services. Understanding
the nature of the reading difficulty offers the prospect of
prioritising treatment alternatives. For instance, if a child
has a specific reading difficulty that has resulted in much
teasing at school, and high levels of parental disapproval,
he/she may then manifest symptoms of anxiety that will in
turn further hamper the acquisition of reading skills.
Remedial teaching, albeit accompanied by work with
parents to foster an understanding of their child's difficulties,

becomes an urgent priority. Alternatively, it is
possible to envisage a situation in which an emotionally
abused child is too distressed to acquire reading skills
commensurate with their cognitive potential. With the
latter child, the underlying causes of their presenting
reading difficulty are emotional in origin rather than
reflecting a core difficulty or abnormality in their cognitive
processing. Although remedial reading may well be
necessary at some stage, the clinician should first concentrate on
alleviating the abuse. These are, of course,
extreme examples and children rarely present in such a
clear-cut way. Nonetheless, it is important for the clinician
to know whether there is a group of children with
meaningfully divergent reading difficulties, such that they
can be characterised as having a specific reading retardation.
If
there are such children, how would they be
identified and distinguished from those readers regarded
simply as generally poor readers; what is the prognosis
for such children; and what remediation would be appropriate and helpful?
Refining the Phonological Core Deficit Model
Authors: Stanovich Keith E.
Published: July 2002

Despite some disagreements among the respective
authors, the previous two articles contain many thoughtful
recommendations about how to conceptualise reading
disability. My reactions will be organised around two
issues: the role of intelligence in understanding reading
disability and the implications that recent work on
subtypes has for the phonological core deficit model.
Functional shift as category underspecification
Authors: Farrell Patrick
Published: July 2002

Focusing on words such as bag, hammer, kiss, and dance, which are subject to functional shift, i.e. alternate between noun and verb, this article argues against the traditional view that a category-changing rule derives verbs from nouns and vice versa. The alternative proposal is that root lexemes in general, and words like these in particular, are semantically underspecified with respect to the noun/verb distinction. The lexical semantic representations of such words include event schemas that are compatible with either noun or verb meanings. The verb vs. noun aspect of the meanings is supplied by the morphosyntactic contexts in which they appear. This analysis is shown to account straightforwardly for the general properties of functional shift, such as its ubiquity, productivity, and semantic regularity, and to be supported by both standard kinds of distributional evidence and neurolinguistic evidence.
Transitional Dynamics of Optimal Capital Taxation
Authors: Frankel David M.
Published: July 2002

A known result holds that capital taxes should be high in the short run and low or
zero in the long-run steady state. This paper studies the
dynamics of optimal capital taxation during the transition, when a high
rate is no longer optimal but the economy is still in flux. The main
result is that capital should be taxed whenever the sum of the
elasticities of marginal utility with respect to consumption and labor
supply are rising
and subsidized whenever this sum is falling. If the
utility function displays increasing relative risk aversion, this
paradoxically implies that capital should be taxed when the capital stock
is below the modified golden-rule level and subsidized whenever it exceeds
this level. Thus, savings incentives sometimes can be more desirable when
the capital stock is large than when it is small.
AN INTERVIEW WITH ROBERT E. LUCAS, JR.
Authors: McCallum Bennett T.
Published: July 2002

Bob Lucas is widely regarded as the most influential economist of the
past 25–30 years, at least among those working in macro and monetary economics.
His work provided the primary stimulus for a drastic overhaul and revitalization
of that broad area, an overhaul that featured the ascendance of rational expectations,
the emergence of a coherent equilibrium theory of cyclical fluctuations, and
specification of the analytical ingredients necessary for the use of econometric
models in policy design. These are the accomplishments for which he was awarded the
1995 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. In addition, he has made outstanding
contributions on other topics—enough, arguably, for another prize. Among these are seminal
writings on asset pricing, economic growth and development, exchange-rate determination, optimal
fiscal and inflation policy, and tools for the analysis of dynamic recursive models.

Clearly, Bob Lucas is very much a University of Chicago product; he studied there both as an
undergraduate and as a Ph.D. student and has been on the faculty since 1975. Also, he has served
as chairman of the Chicago Department of Economics and two terms as an editor of the Journal of
Political Economy. Nevertheless, I and several colleagues at Carnegie Mellon like to point out
that Bob was a professor here in the Graduate School of Industrial Administration from 1963 until
1974, during which time he conducted and published the central portions of the work for which he
was awarded the Nobel Prize. Consequently, I could not resist asking Bob a few questions about his
GSIA years in the interview.

Many researchers in the economics profession have been impressed and inspired by Lucas's technical
skills, but the clarity and elegance of his writing style also deserve mention, plus his choice of
research topics. The latter is reflective of Bob's utter seriousness of purpose. Each of his projects
attacks a problem that is simultaneously of genuine theoretical interest and also of considerable importance
from the perspective of economic policy. There is nothing frivolous about Lucas's research, as he had
occasion to remind me during our interview.

As is well known to those who have been around him, Bob Lucas is a person who never uses three words
when one will suffice—but that one will usually be carefully chosen. This characteristic shows up
in the interview below. As a departure from standard MD Interview practice, and with the Editor's
permission, this interview was conducted at a distance—i.e., via mail and e-mail. It yielded a smaller
number of pages than have previous interviews, but I think that readers will find
them stimulating.
The process of obtaining them was somewhat challenging but highly informative
and thoroughly enjoyable for me.
Beyond eight forms of rarity: which species are threatened and which will be next?
Authors: Manne Lisa L. , Pimm Stuart L.
Published: July 2002

We tabulate three measures of rarity: local abundance, breeding range size and elevational extent for the passerine birds of the New World. We determine what fraction of species is threatened with extinction within the combinations of these three measures. Species with smaller ranges, lower abundances and narrower elevational bands suffer higher levels of threat across lowland, montane and island species. For a given range size, lowland species suffer higher levels of threat than island or montane species. (This is counter to the intuition that island species — and those isolated on mountain tops — might be ecologically naïve.) When all three factors are considered together, there is only a slight tendency for lowland species to be disproportionately more threatened. Simply, island and montane species tend to be relatively common within their restricted ranges and their increased abundance reduces their likelihood of being threatened. Elevation is a consistent but relatively unimportant factor in determining threat; abundance and range size are much more important, and have an interactive effect on threatened status. We calculate the number of humans with which each species shares its breeding range, and find that this number does not aid in predicting threat status.
Domain structure, localization, and function of DNA polymerase η, defective in xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells
Authors: Kannouche Patricia , Broughton Bernard C. , Volker Marcel , Hanaoka Fumio , Mullenders Leon H.F. , Lehmann Alan R.
Published: July 2002

DNA polymerase η carries out translesion synthesis past UV photoproducts and is deficient in xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variants. We report that polη is mostly localized uniformly in the nucleus but is associated with replication foci during S phase. Following treatment of cells with UV irradiation or carcinogens, it accumulates at replication foci stalled at DNA damage. The C-terminal third of polη is not required for polymerase activity. However, the C-terminal 70 aa are needed for nuclear localization and a further 50 aa for relocalization into foci. Polη truncations lacking these domains fail to correct the defects in XP-variant cells. Furthermore, we have identified mutations in two XP variant patients that leave the polymerase motifs intact but cause loss of the localization domains.
Structural basis for autorepression of retinoid X receptor by tetramer formation and the AF-2 helix
Authors: Gampe Robert T. , Montana Valerie G. , Lambert Millard H. , Wisely G. Bruce , Milburn Michael V. , Xu H. Eric
Published: July 2002

The 9-cis-retinoic acid receptors (RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ) are nuclear receptors that play key roles in multiple hormone-signaling pathways. Biochemical data indicate that, in the absence of ligand, RXR can exist as an inactive tetramer and that its dissociation, induced by ligand, is important for receptor activation. In this article we report the inactivated tetramer structures of the RXRα ligand-binding domain (LBD), either in the absence of or in the presence of a nonactivating ligand. These structures reveal that the RXR LBD tetramer forms a compact, disc-shaped complex, consisting of two symmetric dimers that are packed along helices 3 and 11. In each monomer, the AF-2 helix protrudes away from the core domain and spans into the coactivator binding site in the adjacent monomer of the symmetric dimer. In this configuration, the AF-2 helix physically excludes the binding of coactivators and suggests an autorepression mechanism that is mediated by the AF-2 helix within the tetramer. The RXR–tetramer interface is assembled from amino acids that are conserved across several closely related receptors, including the HNF4s and COUP transcription factors, and may therefore provide a model for understanding structure and regulation of this subfamily of nuclear receptors.
The bHLH regulator pMesogenin1 is required for maturation and segmentation of paraxial mesoderm
Authors: Yoon Jeong Kyo , Wold Barbara
Published: July 2002

Paraxial mesoderm in vertebrates gives rise to all trunk and limb skeletal muscles, the trunk skeleton, and portions of the trunk dermis and vasculature. We show here that germline deletion of mousepMesogenin1, a bHLH class gene specifically expressed in developmentally immature unsegmented paraxial mesoderm, causes complete failure of somite formation and segmentation of the body trunk and tail. At the molecular level, the phenotype features dramatic loss of expression within the presomitic mesoderm of Notch/Deltapathway components and oscillating somitic clock genes that are thought to control segmentation and somitogenesis. Subsequent patterning and specification steps for paraxial mesoderm also fail, leading to a complete absence of all trunk paraxial mesoderm derivatives, which include skeletal muscle, vertebrae, and ribs. We infer thatpMesogenin1 is an essential upstream regulator of trunk paraxial mesoderm development and segmentation.
A multistep damage recognition mechanism for global genomic nucleotide excision repair
Authors: Sugasawa Kaoru , Okamoto Tomoko , Shimizu Yuichiro , Masutani Chikahide , Iwai Shigenori , Hanaoka Fumio
Published: July 2002

A mammalian nucleotide excision repair (NER) factor, the XPC–HR23B complex, can specifically bind to certain DNA lesions and initiate the cell-free repair reaction. Here we describe a detailed analysis of its binding specificity using various DNA substrates, each containing a single defined lesion. A highly sensitive gel mobility shift assay revealed that XPC–HR23B specifically binds a small bubble structure with or without damaged bases, whereas dual incision takes place only when damage is present in the bubble. This is evidence that damage recognition for NER is accomplished through at least two steps; XPC–HR23B first binds to a site that has a DNA helix distortion, and then the presence of injured bases is verified prior to dual incision. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) were hardly recognized by XPC–HR23B, suggesting that additional factors may be required for CPD recognition. Although the presence of mismatched bases opposite a CPD potentiated XPC–HR23B binding, probably due to enhancement of the helix distortion, cell-free excision of such compound lesions was much more efficient than expected from the observed affinity for XPC–HR23B. This also suggests that additional factors and steps are required for the recognition of some types of lesions. A multistep mechanism of this sort may provide a molecular basis for ensuring the high level of damage discrimination that is required for global genomic NER.
Wnt signals from the neural tube block ectopic cardiogenesis
Authors: Tzahor Eldad , Lassar Andrew B.
Published: July 2002

It has long been observed that repressive signals from the neural tube block cardiogenesis in vertebrates. Here we show that a signal from the neural tube that blocks cardiogenesis in the adjacent anterior paraxial mesoderm of stage 8–9 chick embryos can be mimicked by ectopic expression of either Wnt-3a or Wnt-1, both of which are expressed in the dorsal neural tube. Repression of cardiogenesis by the neural tube can be overcome by ectopic expression of a secreted Wnt antagonist. On the basis of both in vitro and in vivo results, we propose that Wnt signals from the neural tube normally act to block cardiogenesis in the adjacent anterior paraxial mesendoderm.
A Contiguous 66-kb Barley DNA Sequence Provides Evidence for Reversible Genome Expansion
Authors: Shirasu Ken , Schulman Alan H. , Lahaye Thomas , Schulze-Lefert Paul
Published: July 2002

Organisms with large genomes contain vast amounts of repetitive DNA sequences, much of which is composed of retrotransposons. Amplification of retrotransposons has been postulated to be a major mechanism increasing genome size and leading to “genomic obesity.” To gain insights into the relation between retrotransposons and genome expansion in a large genome, we have studied a 66-kb contiguous sequence at the Rar1 locus of barley in detail. Three genes were identified in the 66-kb contig, clustered within an interval of 18 kb. Inspection of sequences flanking the gene space unveiled four novel retroelements, designated Nikita, Sukkula,Sabrina, and BAGY-2 and several units of the knownBARE-1 element. The retroelements identified are responsible for at least 15 integration events, predominantly arranged as multiple nested insertions. Strikingly, most of the retroelements exist as solo LTRs (Long Terminal Repeats), indicating that unequal crossing over and/or intrachromosomal recombination between LTRs is a common feature in barley. Our data suggest that intraelement recombination events deleted most of the original retrotransposon sequences, thereby providing a possible mechanism to counteract retroelement-driven genome expansion.

[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under accession no. AF254799.]
A Novel γ2-Herpesvirus of the Rhadinovirus 2 Lineage in Chimpanzees
Authors: Lacoste Vincent , Mauclère Philippe , Dubreuil Guy , Lewis John , Georges-Courbot Marie-Claude , Gessain Antoine
Published: July 2002

Old World monkeys and, recently, African great apes have been shown, by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), to harbor different γ2-herpesviruses closely related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV). Although the presence of two distinct lineages of KSHV-like rhadinoviruses, RV1 and RV2, has been revealed in Old World primates (including African green monkeys, macaques, and, recently, mandrills), viruses belonging to the RV2 genogroup have not yet been identified from great apes. Indeed, the three yet known γ2-herpesviruses in chimpanzees (PanRHV1a/PtRV1, PanRHV1b) and gorillas (GorRHV1) belong to the RV1 group. To investigate the putative existence of a new RV2 Rhadinovirus in chimpanzees and gorillas we have used the degenerate consensus primer PCR strategy for the Herpesviral DNA polymerase gene on 40 wild-caught animals. This study led to the discovery, in common chimpanzees, of a novel γ2-herpesvirus belonging to the RV2 genogroup, termed Pan Rhadino-herpesvirus 2 (PanRHV2). Use of specific primers and internal oligonucleotide probes demonstrated the presence of this novel γ2-herpesvirus in three wild-caught animals. Comparison of a 1092-bp fragment of the DNA polymerase obtained from these three animals of thePan troglodytes troglodytes subspecies, one from Gabon and the two others from Cameroon, revealed <1% of nucleotide divergence. The geographic colocalization as well as the phylogenetic “relationship” of the human and simian γ2-herpesviruses support the model according to which herpesviruses have diversified from a common ancestor in a manner mediating cospeciation of herpesviruses with their host species. By demonstrating the existence of two distinctRhadinovirus lineages in common chimpanzees, our finding indicates the possible existence of a novel human γ2-herpesvirus belonging to the RV2 genogroup.

[The Herpesviral DNA polymerase sequence data determined herein have been deposited at the GenBank database under accession nos. AF290601, AF346488, AF346489, andAF346490.]
Virtual Genome Scan: A Tool for Restriction Landmark-Based Scanning of the Human Genome
Authors: Rouillard Jean-Marie , Erson Ayse E. , Kuick Rork , Asakawa Jun-ichi , Wimmer Katharina , Muleris Martine , Petty Elizabeth M. , Hanash Samir
Published: July 2002

There is substantial interest in implementing technologies that allow comparisons of whole genomes of individuals and of tissues and cell populations. Restriction landmark genome scanning (RLGS) is a highly resolving gel-based technique in which several thousand fragments in genomic digests are visualized simultaneously and quantitatively analyzed. The widespread use of RLGS has been hampered by difficulty in deriving sequence information for displayed fragments and a lack of whole-genome sequence-based framework for interpreting RLGS patterns. We have developed informatics tools for comparisons of sample derived RLGS patterns with patterns predicted from the human genome sequence and displayed as Virtual Genome Scans (VGS). The tools developed allow sequence prediction of fragments in RLGS patterns obtained with different restriction enzyme combinations. The utility of VGS is demonstrated by the identification of restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and of amplifications, deletions, and methylation changes in tumor-derived CpG islands and the characterization of an amplified region in a breast tumor that spanned <230 kb on 17q23.
Damage to the Lateral and Central, but Not Other, Amygdaloid Nuclei Prevents the Acquisition of Auditory Fear Conditioning
Authors: Nader Karim , Majidishad Pedram , Amorapanth Prin , LeDoux Joseph E.
Published: July 2002

It is well established that the amygdala plays an essential role in Pavlovian fear conditioning, with the lateral nucleus serving as the interface with sensory systems that transmit the conditioned stimulus and the central nucleus as the link with motor regions that control conditioned fear responses. The lateral nucleus connects with the central nucleus directly and by way of several other amygdala regions, including the basal, accessory basal, and medial nuclei. To determine which of these regions is necessary, and thus whether conditioning requires the direct or one of the indirect intra-amygdala pathways, we made lesions in rats of the lateral, central, basal, accessory basal, and medial nuclei, as well as combined lesions of the basal and accessory basal nuclei and of the entire amygdala. Animals subsequently underwent fear conditioning trials in which an auditory conditioned stimulus was paired with a footshock unconditioned stimulus. Animals that received lesions of the lateral or central nucleus, or of the entire amygdala, were dramatically impaired, whereas the other lesions had little effect. These findings show that only the lateral and central nuclei are necessary for the acquisition of conditioned fear response to an auditory conditioned stimulus.