bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymorphous light eruption in African Americans: pinpoint papular variant
Authors: Kontos Andrew P. , Cusack Carrie A. , Chaffins Marsha , Lim Henry W.
Published: March 2003

Background:  Polymorphous light eruption (PMLE) is the most common chronic idiopathic photodermatosis usually manifesting as a papular eruption (3–6 mm), with several other morphological variants described.

Methods:  Between June 1998 and August 2001, nine patients presented with complaints of a pruritic pinpoint papular eruption associated with sun exposure. A detailed history and complete skin examination were performed along with a skin biopsy if active lesions were present. Phototesting to ultraviolet‐A (UV‐A), ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) and visible light was performed in four patients. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) testing was performed in three patients. The diagnosis of PMLE was made based on the history, morphology of the lesions, results of phototesting and skin biopsy if available.

Results:  In all patients, pinpoint papules (1–2 mm) were observed on sun‐exposed areas, sparring the face and flexural surfaces. All patients were African American women with skin type IV–VI and a mean age of 39.3 years (range 21–52 years). Phototest results were normal in three patients; one patient, who was on glyburide, had a decreased minimal erythema dose to UV‐A. ANA testing was negative. Two histopathologic patterns were observed: (i) focal lichenoid and perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate with red blood cell extravasation in four specimens and (ii) superficial and deep interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate with papillary dermal edema in the remaining three specimens. All patients responded to topical corticosteroids, broad‐spectrum sunscreens and antihistamines.

Conclusion:  Recognition of this pinpoint papular variant of PMLE in dark‐skinned individuals is important in the evaluation and management of these patients.
Chronic actinic dermatitis developed during phototherapy for psoriasis
Authors: Fujii N. , Uetsu N. , Hamakawa M. , Futamura S. , Okamoto H. , Horio T.
Published: March 2003

A patient with psoriasis vulgaris had been successfully treated with PUVA and UVB therapy. During maintenance phototherapy, he suddenly became photosensitive and developed eczematous eruption. Minimal response doses to UVB and UVA were extremely low – 1.09 mJ/cm2 and 0.3 J/cm2, respectively. No chemical substances were identified as the responsible photosensitizer. The condition was diagnosed as chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD). PUVA therapy was unsatisfactory because it was not possible to administer an adequate dose of UVA. Oral cyclosporine, topical corticosteroid and sunscreen were used with beneficial therapeutic effects on psoriasis and CAD. As far as we know, the development of CAD during phototherapy has not been previously reported.
Lack of changes in serum prolactin, FSH, TSH, and estradiol after melatonin treatment in doses that improve sleep and reduce benzodiazepine consumption in sleep‐disturbed, middle‐aged, and elderly patients
Authors: Siegrist Carlos , Benedetti Cristian , Orlando Angela , Beltrán Juan M. , Tuchscherr Lorena , Noseda Claudia M.J. , Brusco Luis I. , Cardinali Daniel P.
Published: March 2003

An open pilot study on the safety and efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of insomniac patients was conducted in 22 subjects (16 females), mean±S.D. age 60.1±9.5 years. All patients received 3 mg of gelatin melatonin capsules per os daily for 6 months, 30 min before expected sleep time. Twenty of 22 patients were on benzodiazepine treatment and they continued this treatment for part of or for the entire melatonin administration period. Serum concentrations of prolactin, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH), or estradiol were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in morning samples at the beginning and after 6 months of melatonin administration, and standard clinical laboratory tests for blood components were performed. Urinary 6‐sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion was measured by RIA before treatment. Serum concentrations of prolactin, FSH, TSH, or estradiol did not exhibit changes after 6 months of melatonin administration, nor were any indications of hematologic or blood biochemistry alteration found. Melatonin augmented significantly the quality and duration of sleep, and decreased sleep latency and the number of awakening episodes, as assessed from sleep logs filled by the patients (first 21 days) and from structured interviews performed by incumbent physicians (up to 6 months). Estimates of next‐day function (i.e., alertness in the morning and during the day) also improved significantly during melatonin treatment. The observed effect lasted for the entire period examined (up to 6 months), with 22 out of 22 patients showing improved sleep at the end of treatment. The urinary excretion of aMT6s before starting administration of melatonin correlated negatively and significantly with age, but not with the intensity of sleep the disorder or the outcome of treatment. In 13 of 20 patients taking benzodiazepines together with melatonin, benzodiazepine use could be stopped, and in another four patients, benzodiazepine dose could be decreased to 25–66% of the initial dose. The results of this open, subacute administration trial indicate that melatonin is a safe and useful treatment for sleep disturbances in middle‐aged or elderly patients, either by itself or together with benzodiazepines.
Absence of sexual dimorphism in pars tuberalis [125I]‐melatonin binding sites of lambs slaughtered in June and in October1
Authors: Piketty Vincent
Published: March 2003

The timing of puberty appears to be affected by photoperiod to a greater extent in female lambs than in male lambs. Melatonin, a daylength information conveyor, shows the same plasma levels in female lambs as in male lambs. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the predominant melatonin binding sites, located in the pars tuberalis (PT) of the pituitary, might display sexual dimorphism. Here, in two independent experiments, we report no difference in quantity, density or dissociation constant between female and male peripubertal lambs’ PT melatonin binding sites, measured by individual saturation curves. In October, Bmax values were 19.5±1.8 and 19.6±1.2, whereas in June, they were 94.1±8.6 and 96.4±12.1 fmol/mg protein (mean±S.E.M.) for females and males, respectively. The Kd values were in the range of 10–20 pmol. The sexual parameters measured, i.e. presence of corpus luteum in female ovaries or testis weight in male lambs, were not linked with PT melatonin binding numbers.
Effects of melatonin on paraquat or ultraviolet light exposure‐induced DNA damage
Authors: Yamamoto Hiro‐aki , Mohanan Parayanthala V.
Published: March 2003

The effect of paraquat or ultraviolet (UV) light exposure on calf thymus DNA was investigated in vitro. When paraquat (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 mM) was incubated with brain or lung homogenates prepared from mice in the presence of calf thymus DNA at 37°C for 90 min, paraquat inflicted damage to DNA in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, DNA damage was completely abolished by co‐treatment with melatonin (1.5 mM), a hydroxyl radical (⋅OH) scavenger. In addition, when paraquat (1.0 or 2.5 mM) was incubated with liver microsomes in the presence of calf thymus DNA and Fe3+ (3.0 μM) at 37°C for 90 min, DNA damage also occurred and was prevented by the co‐treatment of melatonin (1.5 mM). DNA was also damaged by UV light exposure or when the Fenton reaction was induced; the Fenton reaction generates ⋅OH; again, the damage was blocked by the co‐treatment of melatonin. These results suggest that ⋅OH induced by paraquat or UV light probably account for the DNA damage. In short, DNA damage induced by paraquat and UV radiation were completely prevented by co‐treatment with the ⋅OH scavenger, melatonin.
Acute effects of low doses of melatonin on the sleep of young healthy subjects
Authors: Pires Maria Laura Nogueira , Benedito‐Silva Ana Amelia , Pinto Luciano , Souza Luciane , Vismari Luciana , Calil Helena Maria
Published: March 2003

This study was undertaken to evaluate the acute effects of single low doses of melatonin given to healthy volunteers in the evening. Six healthy male volunteers (age range 22–24 years) participated in this study, after signing an informed consent form. They received in a double‐blind fashion placebo or 0.3 or 1.0 mg melatonin at three fixed times: 18:00, 20:00, and 21:00 hr. Polysomnographic recordings began immediately thereafter, with their being allowed to sleep. Prior to each experimental session and in the following morning, subjects completed a sleep quality questionnaire, the Profile of Mood States, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, and underwent a visual reaction test. Significant decrease on sleep latencies was found following melatonin treatment at 18:00 and 20:00 hr. In addition, melatonin tended to improve sleep efficiency and to reduce intermittent wakefulness. However, at 21:00 hr, 0.3 mg melatonin increased latency to sleep onset and 1.0 mg melatonin had no effect on sleep variables. Furthermore, melatonin given at different times did not alter subjective sleepiness, mood, and reaction time in the following morning. The results from the present study support the notion that administration of low doses of melatonin, mimicking the nocturnal physiological concentration of this hormone may exert immediate sleep‐inducing effects.
Decreased nocturnal melatonin levels during acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Domínguez‐Rodríguez Alberto , Abreu‐González Pedro , García Martín J. , Sanchez Juan , Marrero Francisco , Armas‐Trujillo Diego de
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Acute myocardial infarction is accompanied by an increase in cellular oxidative stress in the pericardial coverings of the heart. Melatonin is a highly potent and efficient radical scavenger. Little research has been carried out concerning the relationship between this antioxidant and acute myocardial infarction in humans. In this work, serum levels of melatonin and parameters of oxidative stress, such as glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation levels were examined in light/dark periods in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Twenty‐five patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction were studied and 25 patients with no evidence of coronary artery disease served as controls. Venous blood samples were obtained from the patients and control subjects to determine melatonin, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation; the samples were collected at 10:00 hr (light period) and 03:00 hr (dark period) in the first 24 hr after admission to the coronary care unit. Our results demonstrate the existence of differences between changes in melatonin levels in control subjects and acute myocardial infarction patients, revealing a reduced nocturnal elevation in the acute myocardial infarction group. Glutathione peroxidase levels were lower after acute myocardial infarction and did not show diurnal variations. In the control group, lipid peroxidation levels presented a light/dark pattern but in the acute myocardial infarction group diurnal variations of this parameter were lost. Our data show that acute myocardial infarction is associated with a nocturnal serum melatonin deficit as well as increased oxidative stress, suggesting that melatonin is, at least in part, depleted during the dark phase to reduce the free radicals formed in acute myocardial infarction.
A multifactorial approach employing melatonin to accelerate resynchronization of sleep–wake cycle after a 12 time‐zone westerly transmeridian flight in elite soccer athletes
Authors: Cardinali Daniel P , Bortman Guillermo P , Liotta Gustavo , Lloret Santiago Pérez , Albornoz Liliana E , Cutrera Rodolfo A , Batista Jorge , Gallo Pablo Ortega
Published: March 2003

Rapid transmeridian translocation through multiple time zones has a negative impact on athletic performance. The aim of the present study was to test the timely use of three factors (melatonin treatment, exposure to light, physical exercise) to hasten the resynchronization of a group of elite sports competitors and their coaches to a westerly transmeridian flight comprising of 12 time‐zones. Twenty‐two male subjects were included in the study. They were professional soccer players and their coaches who travelled to Tokyo to play the final game of the Intercontinental Coup. The day prior to departure, urine was collected from each subject from 18:00 to 06:00 hrs to measure the melatonin metabolite 6‐sulphatoxymelatonin. Participants were asked to complete sleep log diaries from day 0 (preflight) to the day before returning to Buenos Aires (day 8). All subjects received 3 mg of melatonin p.o. daily at expected bedtime at Tokyo immediately after leaving Buenos Aires. Upon arrival at Tokyo the subjects performed a daily physical exercise routine outdoors at two restricted times of the day (from 08:00 to 11:00 hrs in the morning and from 13:00 to 16:00 hrs in the afternoon). Exposure to sunlight or physical exercise at other times of the day was avoided. Except for the number of awakenings (which increased on days 1 and 3) and sleep latency (which decreased on days 2, 6 and 8), there was an absence of significant changes in subjective sleep parameters as compared with preflight assessment. Sleep quality and morning alertness at Tokyo correlated significantly with preflight 6‐sulphatoxymelatonin excretion. Mean resynchronization rate of sleep–wake cycle to the 12 hr‐time shift was 2.13 ± 0.88 days, significantly different from the minimal resynchronization rate of 6 days expected after a 12‐time‐zones flight. The results indicate that the combination of melatonin treatment, an appropriate environmental light schedule and timely applied physical exercise can be useful to help elite athletes to overcome the consequences of jet lag.
Melatonin reduces lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide during irradiation‐induced oxidative injury in the rat liver
Authors: Taysi Seyithan , Koc Mehmet , Büyükokuroğlu Mehmet Emin , Altınkaynak Konca , Şahin Yaşar Nuri
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  Radiation therapy is a popular and useful tool in the treatment of cancer. Melatonin participates in the regulation of a number of important physiological and pathological processes. Melatonin, a powerful endogenous antioxidant, plays a role in the reduction of oxidative damage. Thirty adult rats were divided into five equal groups. On the day of the experiment, groups I and II were injected with 5 or 10 mg/kg melatonin, respectively, while group III received isotonic NaCl solution. Thirty minutes later, groups I, II and III were exposed to 6.0 Gy whole body ionizing radiation in a single fraction. Group IV was injected with 5 mg/kg melatonin but was not irradiated. The final group was reserved as sham treated. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NOċ) levels were measured in all groups. Whole body irradiation caused a significant increase in liver MDA and NOċ levels. Hepatic MDA and NOċ levels in irradiated rats that were pretreated with melatonin (5 or 10 mg/kg) were significantly decreased. Malondialdehyde and NOċ levels were reduced in a dose‐related manner by melatonin. The data show that melatonin reduces liver damage inflicted by irradiation when given prior to the exposure to ionizing radiation. The radioprotective effect of melatonin is likely achieved by its ability to function as a scavenger for free radicals generated by ionizing radiation.
Anterior cruciate ligament injury in indoor ball games
Authors: Ebstrup J. F. , Bojsen‐Møller F.
Published: March 2003

Three videorecorded incidents of knee injuries inflicted during indoor ball games are reported. Injuries and especially anterior cruciate ligament ruptures seemed to be triggered in varus loaded knees by femural external rotation, or in valgus loaded knees by femural internal rotation with the pivot shifted to the lateral femurotibial compartment. The observations suggest that it may be to the players’ advantage to be trained in not letting their knees sag medially or laterally during side‐stepping or sudden changes in speed.
Influence of trauma induced by judo practice on postural control
Authors: Perrot C. , Mur J. M. , Mainard D. , Barrault D. , Perrin PH. P.
Published: March 2003

Although high‐level sports develop specific physiological and sensorimotor abilities involved in balance control, they also increase the risk of injuries. The influence on postural control of lower limb trauma induced by judo practice was examined in healthy and previously injured judoists (PIJ). During static and dynamic tests, performed with or without vision, PIJ achieved the best performances in maintaining proper balance, except for those with the most severe antecedents of trauma. The severity of the pathology appeared to be the most important parameter prejudicial to balance control while the location, frequency and diversity of trauma had only a modest impact. This shows that PIJ develop excellent sensory and cognitive adaptation abilities to constraints involving new patterns of compensation and of body scheme.
Tests for physical function of the elderly with knee and hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Lin Y‐C. , Davey R. C. , Cochrane T.
Published: March 2003

This study reports the results of a battery of physical function tests used to assess physical function of older patients with clinical knee and/or hip osteoarthritis (OA), and the correlation to the WOMAC Index (disease‐specific questionnaire). A total of 106 sedentary subjects, aged >60 years (mean 69.4, S.D. 5.9) with hip and/or knee OA (mean 12.2 yrs, S.D. 11.0) participated in the study. Mobility, joint flexibility and muscle strength were evaluated by recording time to: walk a distance of 8′, ascend/descend 4 stairs, rise from/sit down from a chair (5 times). Hip/knee flexion and isometric quadriceps strength were also measured. Categories of performance were formed by dividing data into quartiles for each test (1=highest, 4=lowest score, 5=unable to complete) and, by summing the category scores, a total summary score (TSS) was obtained. The battery of physical function tests showed an acceptable test–retest reliability (ICC of all tasks ≥0.80) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha ≥0.80). Performance scores on walking, stair climb, chair‐rise and ROM of affected OA joints were significantly correlated with each other, and with the WOMAC Index (P<0.05, Spearman's correlation). Lower scores on the TSS were associated with lower scores on all the WOMAC Index items (P<0.001). This study shows that a simple battery of physical function tests in combination with the WOMAC Index are reliable and may be useful outcome measures in the evaluation of therapeutic interventions and geriatric rehabilitation.
The effects of three different training modalities on the cross‐sectional area of the paravertebral muscles
Authors: Danneels L. A. , Cools A. M. , Vanderstraeten G. G. , Cambier D. C. , Witvrouw E. E. , Bourgois J. , De Cuyper H. J.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different training schedules on the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the paravertebral muscles (PA) in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. To achieve this goal 59 patients were randomly assigned to three different 10‐week rehabilitation programs: stabilization training (group 1, n=19), stabilization training combined with dynamic resistance training (group 2, n=20) and stabilization training combined with dynamic‐static resistance training (group 3, n=20). The CSA of the PA was derived from standard computerized tomography (CT) images at three different levels. The CSA of the PA was found to increase statistically in group 2 (upper end‐plate of L4) and group 3 (upper end‐plate of L3 and lower end‐plate of L4). In contrast, no statistical differences over time were found in group 1. Since stabilization exercises have no effect on the CSA of the PA, intensive lumbar resistance training seems to be necessary to restore the size of the PA in CLBP patients with atrophied back muscles. No systematic difference in hypertrophy between dynamic and dynamic‐static strengthening training modes was found.
Functional outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in recreational and competitive athletes
Authors: Jerre R. , Ejerhed L. , Wallmon A. , Kartus J. , Brandsson S. , Karlsson J.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this study was to compare the outcome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in recreational and competitive athletes, with a minimum follow‐up of two years. Forty‐nine patients (24 males and 25 females) who, at the time of the index injury, were classified as recreational athletes (Tegner level 2–5) were compared with 226 patients (61 females and 165 males) who, at the time of the index injury, were classified as competitive athletes (Tegner level 9–10). At the follow‐up, no significant differences were found between the study groups in terms of the Lysholm score, IKDC evaluation system, one‐leg‐hop test, KT‐1000 laxity measurements, anterior knee pain and the patients’ subjective evaluation of the results. However, the competitive athletes displayed a significantly higher reduction in Tegner activity level than the recreational athletes. The functional and objective results after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were comparable for the recreational and competitive athletes. We, therefore, conclude that anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction could be recommended for recreational athletes as well as competitive athletes.
Mechanism of quadriceps femoris muscle weakness in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Konishi Y. , Fukubayashi T. , Takeshita D.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate gamma loop function in the quadriceps femoris muscle in patients who with less than 6 month‐history of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. For this purpose, we compared the response to vibration stimulation in 10 patients with ACL repair and 12 normal healthy subjects, by measuring the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) and integrated electromyograms (I‐EMG) of the quadriceps muscles. Pre‐vibration data were obtained from each subject by measuring the MVC of the knee extension and the I‐EMG from the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and rectus femoris muscles. Vibration stimulation was applied to the infrapatellar tendons, followed immediately by repeating the MVC and I‐EMG recording. Prolonged vibration resulted in a significant decrease of both MVC and I‐EMG in the control group. In contrast, the same stimulus failed to elicit changes in ACL‐repair group. Our results suggest the presence of abnormal gamma loop function in the quadriceps femoris muscle of patients with ACL repair, which may explain the muscle weakness often described in such patients.
Computer recognition of skin structures using discriminant and cluster analysis
Authors: Smolle Josef
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Automated image analysis of complex tissues is usually limited by the difficulty of recognizing special structures by computer. The aim of this study was to test the applicability of discriminant and cluster analysis to the interpretation of skin images.

Methods: Digital images from microscopic, dermatoscopic and clinical views of skin specimens were electronically dissected into elements of equal size and shape, and a set of grey level, colour and texture features was assessed for each element. Elements were classified interactively and submitted to discriminant analysis. Furthermore, hierarchical cluster analysis was used to enable the system to classify the tissue elements automatically, based on the available digital information. The classification results were relocated to the original image in order to evaluate the performance of the procedure.

Results: The system performs well in reproducibly detecting different skin structures in digital images. Discriminant analysis of interactively classified elements yielded a correct reclassification in 98 to 100% of tissue elements. Among the cluster analysis procedures, the conservative Ward method after removal of all highly correlated features produced the best results. The method turned out to be applicable irrespective of the image source used.

Conclusions: Discriminant and cluster analysis may be helpful techniques for a user‐independent, subjectively unbiased measurement system of skin structures.
Electrical impedance measurements at different skin sites related to seasonal variations
Authors: Nicander Ingrid , Ollmar Stig
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: In a previous study we mapped differences in electrical impedance between different anatomical locations related to age and sex. Now we employ the electrical impedance technique for studying the seasonal variations for the same skin sites.

Method: The investigation was performed on 48 healthy volunteers divided into two groups on the basis of sex. Readings of electrical impedance were taken from ten different body locations at each of the four seasons during one year. Electrical impedance spectra were measured in the frequency range 1 kHz to 1 MHz, and four impedance indices based on the complex impedance values at 20 kHz and 500 kHz were calculated.

Results: The baseline values varied from one site to another and increased significantly for most sites from the winter to the summer, while the changes from October to March were negligible. Using ANOVA, the seasonal variation was found to be a more important factor than sex.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that seasonal variations for different skin sites should be taken into consideration when using the electrical impedance technique.
Skin topography measurement by interference fringe projection: a technical validation
Authors: Lagarde J. M. , Rouvrais C. , Black D. , Diridollou S. , Gall Y.
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: The quantitative analysis of skin topography is frequently used in cosmetology to evaluate the efficacy of hydrating or anti‐wrinkle creams (micro‐topography studies) or creams for slimming or to alleviate stretch marks (macro‐topography studies). Numerous methods involving the three‐dimensional (3‐D) reconstruction of the topography from silicone replicas have been developed. Some of the main techniques applied include optical profilometry based on the reflection of oblique lighting or on transparency, and profilometry by laser focusing or triangulation.

Methods: We chose to test the Dermatop system developed by Eotech Co., which is based on interference fringe projection profilometry associated with the Toposurf surface processing software. Owing to the system’s principle of operation, we first ran three experiments to evaluate the influence of ambient lighting on the 3‐D reconstruction and the surface roughness parameters, the influence of the calibration device built into the acquisition system and the influence of calibration in terms of ambient lighting correction. We then evaluated the accuracy, the repeatability and the reproducibility of the measurements provided by the system from known metal topographic standards and skin replicas.

Results: It was seen that external lighting can cause variations in the calculation of parameters SPa, SPt and SPtm which can reach error levels of about 5% if the operator does not almost systematically calibrate the apparatus between each measurement. These three experiments enabled us to standardise the protocol for the acquisition of 3‐D information, in order to minimise the lighting problems and yet respect the requirements for routine studies. The correlation coefficient between the theoretical values and the mean of experimental values was 0.9955 for parameter SPa and 0.9983 for parameter SPtm. Repeatability presented variations of under 4%, irrespective of the parameters, and reproducibility of under 6%.

Conclusions: The technique provides very satisfactory results from the point of view of accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. It is an excellent compromise between cost, accuracy and the time required.
Split face study on the cutaneous tensile effect of 2‐dimethylaminoethanol (deanol) gel
Authors: Uhoda Isabelle , Faska Najat , Robert Caroline , Cauwenbergh Geert , Piérard Gérald. E.
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Beyond subjective assessments, the effect of skin tensors is difficult to assess. The present 2‐phase randomized double‐blind split face study was designed to compare the effect of a gel containing 3% 2‐dimethylaminoethanol (deanol, DMAE) with the same formulation without DMAE.

Methods: In a first pilot study, sensorial assessments and measures of the skin distension under suction were performed in eight volunteers. In a second study conducted in 30 volunteers, shear wave propagation was measured.

Results: Large interindividual variations precluded any significant finding in the first study. The DMAE formulation showed, however, a significant effect characterized by increased shear wave velocity in the direction where the mechanical anisotropy of skin showed looseness.

Conclusion: The DMAE formulation under investigation increased skin firmness.
The ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of detergents assessed visually, histologically and by bioengineering methods
Authors: Nicander Ingrid , Rantanen Irma , Rozell Barbro Lundh , Söderling Eva , Ollmar Stig
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: A novel approach for reducing the undesired irritating properties of detergents on skin might be offered by betaine, which is a natural product derived from the sugar beet. The aim of the study was to explore the ability of betaine to reduce the irritating effects of two surfactants, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and cocoamidopropylbetaine (CAPB). For evaluation of changes in skin reactions visual scoring, electrical impedance, transepidermal water loss and histology were used.

Methods: Twenty‐one healthy subjects were patch tested for 24 h with SLS and CAPB alone and together with betaine, betaine alone, and the two controls distilled water and an unoccluded test site on both volar forearms. Responses were evaluated by measuring electrical impedance and transepidermal water loss before exposure and 24 h after the removal of the test substances, and also by visual inspection and histology. The electrical impedance device enables measurements at 31 frequencies and relevant information was extracted from the spectra using four indices.

Results: CAPB was found to be less irritating than SLS. The used detergents gave rise to distinctive impedance patterns also reflected by different types of histopathological skin responses. After the adding of betaine, the irritant reaction decreased for both detergents.

Conclusions: Betaine is a promising ingredient to reduce the side effects of detergents and electrical impedance is a suitable tool both to quantify the degree of irritation as well as to differentiate between various types of reactions.
Microvillus Inclusion Disease: A Genetic Defect Affecting Apical Membrane Protein Traffic in Intestinal Epithelium
Authors: Ameen Nadia A. , Salas Pedro J.I.
Published: March 2003

The striking similarities between microvillus inclusions (MIs) in enterocytes in microvillus inclusion disease (MID) and vacuolar apical compartment in tissue culture epithelial cells, led us to analyze endoscopic biopsies of duodenal mucosa of a patient after the samples were used for diagnostic procedures. Samples from another patient with an unrelated disease were used as controls. The MID enterocytes showed a decrease in the thickness of the apical F‐actin layer, and normal microtubules. The immunofluorescence analysis of the distribution of five apical membrane markers (sucrase isomaltase, alkaline phosphatase, NHE‐3 Na+/H+ exchanger, cGMP‐dependent protein kinase, and cystic fibrosis trans‐membrane conductance regulator), showed low levels of these proteins in their standard localization at the apical membrane as compared with normal duodenal epithelium processed in parallel. Instead, four of these markers were found in a diffuse distribution in the apical cytoplasm, below the terminal web (as indicated by co‐localization with F‐actin and cytokeratin 19), and in MIs as well. The basolateral protein Na+‐K+ATPase, in contrast, was normally localized. These results support the hypothesis that MID may represent the first genetic defect affecting apical membrane traffic, possibly in a late step of apical exocytosis.
Rho Proteins: Linking Signaling with Membrane Trafficking
Authors: Ridley Anne J.
Published: March 2003

Rho proteins are well known for their effects on the actin cytoskeleton, and are activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. Several Rho family members are localized to vesicular compartments, and increasing evidence suggests that they play important roles in the trafficking of vesicles on both endocytic and exocytic pathways. In particular, RhoA, RhoB, RhoD, Rac and Cdc42 have been shown to affect various steps of membrane trafficking. The underlying molecular basis for these effects of Rho proteins are incompletely understood, but in the case of Cdc42 it appears that it can drive vesicle movement through Arp2/3 complex‐mediated actin polymerization at the surface of the vesicle. This is similar to what is believed to happen when Rac and Cdc42 stimulate actin polymerization at the plasma membrane. Rho proteins may also affect membrane trafficking by altering phosphatidylinositide composition of membrane compartments, or through interactions with microtubules.
Actin Microfilaments Facilitate the Retrograde Transport from the Golgi Complex to the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Valderrama Ferran , M. Durán Juan , Babià Teresa , Barth Holger , Renau‐Piqueras Jaime , Egea Gustavo
Published: March 2003

The morphology and subcellular positioning of the Golgi complex depend on both microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. In contrast to microtubules, the role of actin cytoskeleton in the secretory pathway in mammalian cells has not been clearly established. Using cytochalasin D, we have previously shown that microfilaments are not involved in the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi membrane dynamics. However, it has been reported that, unlike botulinum C2 toxin and latrunculins, cytochalasin D does not produce net depolymerization of actin filaments. Therefore, we have reassessed the functional role of actin microfilaments in the early steps of the biosynthetic pathway using C2 toxin and latrunculin B. The anterograde endoplasmic reticulum‐to‐Golgi transport monitored with the vesicular stomatitis virus‐G protein remained unaltered in cells treated with cytochalasin D, latrunculin B or C2 toxin. Conversely, the brefeldin A‐induced Golgi membrane fusion into the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi‐to‐endoplasmic reticulum transport of a Shiga toxin mutant form, and the subcellular distribution of the KDEL receptor were all impaired when actin microfilaments were depolymerized by latrunculin B or C2 toxin. These findings, together with the fact that COPI‐coated and uncoated vesicles contain β/γ‐actin isoforms, indicate that actin microfilaments are involved in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi interface, facilitating the retrograde Golgi‐to‐endoplasmic reticulum membrane transport, which could be mediated by the orchestrated movement of transport intermediates along microtubule and microfilament tracks.
The Lumenal Domain of the Integral Membrane Protein Phogrin Mediates Targeting to Secretory Granules
Authors: Wasmeier Christina , Bright Nicholas A. , Hutton John C.
Published: March 2003

Phogrin, a transmembrane glycoprotein of neuroendocrine cells, is localized to dense‐core secretory granules. We have investigated the subcellular targeting of phogrin by analyzing the sorting of a series of deletion mutants to the regulated pathway of secretion in AtT20 cells. The lumenal domain as a soluble protein was efficiently routed to granules, based on a combination of morphological analysis and secretion studies. Sorting was not dependent on a candidate targeting signal consisting of an N‐terminal conserved cysteine‐rich motif. Both the pro‐region and the lumenal domain of mature, post‐translationally processed phogrin independently reached the granule, although the pro‐region was sorted more efficiently. Once within the regulated secretory pathway, all phogrin lumenal domain proteins were stored in functional granules for extended periods of time. Thus, phogrin possesses several domains contributing to its targeting to the secretory granule. Our findings support a model of granule biogenesis where proteins are sorted on the basis of their biochemical properties rather than via signal‐dependent binding to a targeting receptor. Sorting of integral membrane proteins mediated by the lumenal domain may ensure that functionally important transmembrane molecules are included in the forming granule.
Angina bullosa haemorrhagica: presentation of eight new cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Giuliani M , Favia GF , Lajolo C , Miani CM
Published: March 2003

Angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) describes the acute and sometimes painful onset of oral blood‐filled vesicles and bullae not attributable to blood dyscrasia, vesiculo‐bullous disorders, systemic diseases or other known causes. The haemorrhagic bullae spontaneously burst after a short time resulting in ragged, often painless, superficial erosions that heal spontaneously within 1 week without scarring. Although the pathogenesis is still unclear, ABH seems to be a multifactorial phenomenon: dental or functional trauma seems to be the major provoking factor.

The lesions of ABH can be easily confused with other mucosal diseases. It is important that the presentation of this benign disorder is distinguished from other more serious disorders with similar presenting features. The aim of this paper is to report the clinical features of eight cases of ABH, in an attempt to distinguish ABH from other blistering diseases of oral mucosa and to describe their management.
Prevalence of hepatitis virus infection in association with oral diseases requiring surgery
Authors: Takata Yutaka , Takahashi Tetsu , Fukuda Jinichi
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the prevalence of hepatitis virus infection in a large population of patients in terms of diseases requiring oral surgery.

DESIGN: Retrospective case survey.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus (HBV, HCV) infection were compared between oral diseases such as inflammation, cysts, cancer, trauma, benign tumors, impacted teeth, or jaw deformity in dental inpatients (n=5830) with adjustment for age, gender, and history of surgery.

RESULTS: Of 4402 inpatients, 94 had HB surface(s) antigen (2.1%), while 151 of 2613 were seropositive for HCV (5.8%). Prevalences of HBs antigen and HCV antibody exceeded those in the general population. HBs antigen was more prevalent in patients with benign oral tumors than in patients with impacted teeth, whether or not adjustment was made for age (odds ratios, 4.246 and 5.055 with and without age adjustment, respectively; P < 0.05). On the other hand, HCV antibody was more prevalent in patients with oral cancer than in those with impacted teeth before adjustment for age (odds ratios, 2.433; P < 0.05), but this difference was reversed with age adjustment (odds ratios, 0.443; P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: HBs antigen was more prevalent in patients with benign oral tumors, while HCV antibody was higher in patients with oral cancer. However, this increased incidence of HCV antibody apparently was a reflection of age. HCV infection may not have an etiologically important association with oral cancer.
Is There a Relationship Between Excessive Drinking and Functional Impairment in Older Persons?
Authors: Moore Alison A. , Endo Justin O. , Carter M. Kallin
Published: March 2003

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between (1) two thresholds of excessive alcohol drinking, (2) binge drinking, and (3) impairments in functional status in older drinkers.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study.

SETTING: Ten internal medicine practices affiliated with an academic medical center.

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred sixty‐one persons aged 60 and older who reported drinking one or more drinks in the previous 3 months.

MEASUREMENTS: Two commonly used thresholds of excessive drinking: (1) eight to 14 drinks per week for women and men (lower threshold) and (2) more than 14 drinks per week for women and men (higher threshold); a measure of binge drinking (≥3 drinks per occasion for women or ≥4 drinks per occasion for men); and self‐reported instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and advanced activities of daily living (AADLs).

RESULTS: Compared with older persons consuming seven or fewer drinks per week, those exceeding the higher threshold of excessive drinking were more likely to have impairments in IADLs (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.4) and, to a lesser extent, AADLs (AOR = 3.7); those exceeding the lower threshold were more likely to have impairments in IADLs (AOR 5 6.0) but not in AADLs (AOR = 1.7). Binge drinkers were also more likely to have impairments in IADLs (AOR = 3.0) but not in AADLs (AOR = 1.5).

CONCLUSIONS: In this group of older men and women, drinking more than seven drinks per week was associated with impairments in IADLs and, to a lesser extent, AADLs. Drinking more than three drinks per occasion was associated with impairments in IADLs.
Identification of Gbp2 as a novel poly(A)+ RNA‐binding protein involved in the cytoplasmic delivery of messenger RNAs in yeast
Authors: Windgassen Merle , Krebber Heike
Published: March 2003

Important progress in understanding messenger RNA export from the nucleus could be achieved by increasing the list of proteins that are involved in this process. Here, we present the identification of Gbp2 as a novel shuttling RNA‐binding protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nuclear import of Gbp2 is dependent on the receptor Mtr10 and the serine/arginine‐specific protein kinase Sky1. Deletion of the genes encoding both of these proteins or disruption of two of the arginine/serine repeats each shifts the steady‐state localization of Gbp2 to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, deletion of MTR10 only also causes an increase in poly(A)+ RNA binding by Gbp2, suggesting a role of Mtr10 in the dissociation of Gbp2 from mRNA in the cytoplasm. The nuclear export of Gbp2 is always coupled to mRNA export and is dependent on continuous RNA polymerase II transcription and mRNA‐export factors. Although GBP2 is not essential for normal cell growth, overexpression of this gene is toxic and causes a nuclear retention of bulk poly(A)+ RNA. Together, our findings clearly show an involvement of Gbp2 in mRNA transport. In addition, as a non‐essential protein, Gbp2 also has the interesting potential to be spatially or temporally regulated.
Nocturnal Accumulation of Cyclic 3′,5′‐guanosine Monophosphate (cGMP) in the Chick Pineal Organ is Dependent on Activation of Guanylyl Cyclase‐B
Authors: Olcese J. , Majora C. , Stephan A. , Müller D.
Published: March 2003

The role of cGMP in the avian pineal is not well understood. Although the light‐sensitive secretion of melatonin is a well‐known output of the circadian oscillator, pharmacologically elevated cGMP levels do not result in altered melatonin secretory amplitude or phase. This suggests that pineal cGMP signalling does not couple the endogenous circadian oscillator to the expression of melatonin rhythms. Nonetheless, the free‐running rhythm of cGMP signalling implies a link to the circadian oscillator in chick pinealocytes. As the circadian rhythm of cGMP levels in vitro is not altered by pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, we infer that the synthesis, rather than the degradation of cGMP, is under circadian control. In vitro experiments with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine as well as with an inhibitor of the NO‐sensitive soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), showed that the NOS‐sGC pathway does not play a major role in the circadian control of cGMP generation. In organ culture experiments, we demonstrated that C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP), but not atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), elevated daytime levels of cGMP. As CNP acts on the membrane guanylyl cyclase isoform B (GC‐B), which is expressed at very high levels in mammalian pineals, we investigated the effect of the membrane GC‐specific inhibitor HS‐142 on chick pineal cGMP levels. CNP‐induced daytime cGMP levels were reduced by HS‐142. More importantly, ‘spontaneously’ high nocturnal levels of cGMP in vitro were reduced to daytime levels by acute addition of HS‐142. These data implicate endogenous nocturnal CNP release and subsequent activation of GC‐B as the major input driving cGMP synthesis in the chick pineal organ.
Effect of Adrenergic Blockade on the Pheromonal Restoration of Cyclic Activity in Young Oestrogen‐Primed Persistent Oestrous Female Rats
Authors: Mora O. A. , Sánchez‐Criado J. E.
Published: March 2003

The effects of adrenergic blockade on pheromonal restoration of cyclic activity were studied in acute oestrogenized persistent oestrous young female rats. Hypothalamic luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) and plasma LH, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), oestradiol and progesterone were measured by specific radio‐immunoassays, and prolactin by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in: (i) young cycling rats; (ii) young persistent oestrous female rats; (iii) young persistent oestrous females treated with nasal sprays of male urine; and (iv) young persistent oestrous females treated with nasal sprays of male urine and injected with saline, propranolol, prazosin or yohimbine. LHRH was low 24 h after oestradiol benzoate injection, increasing up to 15 days later; LH, FSH, oestradiol and progesterone ranged from high values 24 h after oestradiol benzoate injection to low 15 days later; prolactin ranged from low concentration 24 h after oestradiol benzoate injection to high 15 days later. Male urine treatment induced a depletion of LHRH, a rise of LH, FSH and progesterone, pheromonal restoration of cyclic activity and a normal hormonal cyclic pattern. Treatment with prazosin and yohimbine prevented the pheromonal restoration of cyclic activity, the drop of LHRH and the rise of plasma concentration of the studied hormones induced by male urine, while saline or propranolol did not. These results show the hormonal pattern of the pheromonal restoration of cyclic activity in persistent oestrous rats and strongly suggest that α‐adrenergic inputs to the hypothalamus may be involved in this pheromonal effect.