bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphology of Pro‐Drop
Authors: Neeleman Ad , Szendrői Kriszta E.
Published: October 2023

Some languages allow subjects and even other arguments to be null, while others do not. This entry explores the role morphology plays in the licensing of pro‐drop. There are two ways in which morphology has been implicated. First, Taraldsen's generalization stated that languages that allow null subjects have rich verbal agreement morphology. Although this generalization seems to have stood the test of time, it is less clear what richness of agreement exactly means. In addition, there is also no consensus on what the exact grammatical mechanisms are that account for this generalization. We explore these issues by looking at languages with somewhat syncretic paradigms that nevertheless allow null subjects, languages with rich paradigms that do not, partial pro‐drop languages and the loss of null subject over time in languages like French. On the other hand, Neeleman and Szendrői proposed that in radical pro‐drop languages the personal pronominal paradigm must be agglutinating for case, number or some other nominal feature. Languages with non‐transparent, fusional pronominal paradigms do not allow radical pro‐drop. We discuss this proposal in detail as well as some challenges it faces, including a potential counter‐example. The final part of the entry explores the blocking effects that arise from languages having different pronominal inventories and how these contribute to the availability of null subjects. We conclude that overall morphology plays a substantial role in the licensing of null subjects and other arguments and that our understanding of null subject licensing is enhanced by exploring the role of morphology in this domain.
Phrases Inside Words
Authors: Härtl Holden , Schlechtweg Marcel
Published: October 2023

The occurrence of phrases inside words poses a challenge for theorizing about the boundaries of the domain of word formation as well as the architecture of morphology in general. This entry focuses on phrasal compounds, such as
over‐the‐fence gossip
, as the most typical and productive set of data and examines the structural characteristics and configurational factors playing a role in phrasal compounding. In the first part of this entry, grammatical generalizations in the field of phrasal compounding will be addressed in some detail, laying out the various types of phrasal compounds identified in the literature and highlighting their properties from a typological vantage point. The second part, based on empirical reasoning, investigates configurational and relational aspects and links them to syntactic, semantic and pragmatic traits of phrasal compounds. Lastly, different models of the boundary between the word‐building component of language and syntax are outlined, with examples of how insights from the domain of phrasal compounding are implemented in different accounts. The entry closes with a short conclusion.
Polysynthesis
Authors: Compton Richard , Bliss Heather
Published: October 2023

The study of polysynthesis has a long history; but defining it remains a challenge and many researchers have suggested that polysynthesis is not an absolute or unified phenomenon. In this entry, drawing largely on examples from Inuktut and Blackfoot, two Indigenous languages of Canada, we describe the range of grammatical properties that have been proposed to characterize polysynthetic languages. We show that both languages possess all the properties canonically associated with polysynthesis – holophrasis, rich phi‐marking, noun incorporation, lexical affixes, morphological complexity and non‐configurationality; yet they exhibit variation in these properties, as well as in their morphological organization. The entry highlights this variation by contrasting Blackfoot and Inuktut, and also other languages often described as polysynthetic, including Kanien'kéha (Mohawk). We outline theoretical approaches to polysynthesis, focusing on analyses of rich phi‐marking and wordhood and drawing on data from a diverse range of languages. The entry concludes with a discussion of practical challenges for polysynthetic languages, with a focus on Indigenous language revitalization. We suggest that, despite not having a clear and unified theoretical definition, the notion of polysynthesis is useful in language revitalization, particularly for language teachers and learners and those involved in language resource development.
Possessor Agreement
Authors: Kiss Katalin É.
Published: October 2023

This entry summarizes the basic facts and the prevalent analyses of the type of possessive construction where the possessive relation is indicated by a possessive suffix on the possessum cross‐referencing the phi‐features of the possessor. The possessor can be caseless, case‐marked or represented by a silentpro. This type of possessive construction is best known from the Uralic and Turkic languages, and the entry focuses on analyses of Hungarian and Turkish. It surveys accounts of the distribution of case‐marked, caseless andpropossessors. The discussion of the morphological make‐up of the possessum centers on the question whether the possessive suffix is a simple morpheme or a sequence or fusion of a possessedness suffix and an agreement suffix. The entry presents the morphosyntactic structures assigned to the Hungarian and Turkish possessive construction and their impact upon the structure of the determiner phrase in generative theory. The discussion also extends to a type of postpositional phrase and to various types of non‐finite clause in the Uralic and Turkic languages that display features of a possessive construction, with possessor agreement respectively on the postposition and on the non‐finite verb. In some Uralic languages and to some extent in Turkish, too, the possessive suffix has also undertaken a partitive–determinative role, and in Udmurt, a language with differential object marking, it has developed into an accusative case marker.
Reduplication
Authors: Kennedy Robert
Published: October 2023

Reduplication is a cross‐linguistically frequent morphological phenomenon. Despite robust morphosyntactic and phonological tendencies across reduplicative systems, an exploration of reduplicative morphology indicates its potential functions are as broad and varied as the functions of any other non‐reduplicative affix, and its phonological manifestation is often nuanced and complex. This entry provides an overview the morphological properties of reduplication and how it interacts with phonology and syntax. In this entry a descriptive overview of the phenomenon is presented, highlighting its definitive properties; a summary of reduplicative morphology is also provided, demonstrating the full range of potential function encodable with reduplication. This leads to a thorough description of a number of compelling interactions between reduplicative morphology and phonology. The entry concludes with a broad review of typological and theoretical perspectives on reduplication.
Avoidance of Unintended Repetition
Authors: Faust Noam
Published: October 2023

Grammars often employ the tool of repetition (reduplication) in word formation. But repetition cannot be allowed to occur accidentally. Cross‐linguistically, when word formation producesunintendedrepetition, construction‐specific strategies to avoid this repetition develop. These strategies include allomorphy, haplology and sheer avoidance of the offending construction. This entry concentrates on several aspects of repetition avoidance (also known as ‘the repeated morph constraint’) that have not been central to previous treatments. First, it reveals how repetition avoidance is relevant to the root–affix asymmetry, showcasing phenomena from Modern Hebrew that draw a parallel between templates and affixes. Second, repetition avoidance is shown to motivate the recruitment of ‘interfixes’ – featurally empty or not – that intervene between the repeated entities. Third, the phenomenon of repetition avoidance is argued to be active both in the phonology and prior to it, which makes the case for pre‐phonological optimization. Finally, a listener‐oriented model is put forth that describes the possible scenarios for the emergence of repetition avoidance.
Synthetic Compounding
Authors: ten Hacken Pius
Published: October 2023

Synthetic compounds are words that consist of two words and an affix. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, their analysis was one of the most discussed phenomena in generative morphology. This prominence was the result of developments in grammatical theory that made it harder to formulate an account of the meaning of compounds in general. For synthetic compounds with a verb as the second word, the argument structure of the verb gives important clues about the semantic interpretation. The seminal paper by Roeper and Siegel (1978) set the stage for the debate. Levi's (1978) generative semantic account serves as a useful counterpart to understand their proposal. Allen (1978), Selkirk (1982) and Lieber (1983) were important contributions to the debate. On the basis of a critical presentation of these papers, a general assessment is presented. It is followed by a brief presentation of the other types of synthetic compound and the place of synthetic compounding in languages other than English.
Ultrasound Nanobubble Coupling Agent for Effective Noninvasive Deep‐Layer Drug Delivery
Authors: Han Xiaoyu , Wang Fan , Shen Jieliang , Chen Shuyu , Xiao Pengcheng , Zhu Ying , Yi Weiwei , Zhao Zhengyu , Cai Zhengwei , Cui Wenguo , Bai Dingqun
Published: October 2023

Conventional coupling agents (such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, methylcellulose, and polyurethane) are unable to efficiently transport drugs through the skin's dual barriers (the epidermal cuticle barrier and the basement membrane barrier between the epidermis and dermis) when exposed to ultrasound, hindering deep and noninvasive transdermal drug delivery. In this study, nanobubbles prepared by the double emulsification method and aminated hyaluronic acid are crosslinked with aldehyde‐based hyaluronic acid by dynamic covalent bonding through the Schiff base reaction to produce an innovative ultrasound‐nanobubble coupling agent. By amplifying the cavitation effect of ultrasound, drugs can be efficiently transferred through the double barrier of the skin and delivered to deep layers. In an in vitro model of isolated porcine skin, this agent achieves an effective penetration depth of 728 µm with the parameters of ultrasound set at 2 W, 650 kHz, and 50% duty cycle for 20 min. Consequently, drugs can be efficiently delivered to deeper layers noninvasively. In summary, this ultrasound nanobubble coupling agent efficiently achieves deep‐layer drug delivery by amplifying the ultrasonic cavitation effect and penetrating the double barriers, heralding a new era for noninvasive drug delivery platforms and disease treatment.
Nanoscale Surface Photovoltage Spectroscopy
Authors: Yalcinkaya Yenal , Rohrbeck Pascal N. , Schütz Emilia R. , Fakharuddin Azhar , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Weber Stefan A.L.
Published: October 2023

Understanding electron and ion dynamics is an important task for improving modern energy materials, such as photovoltaic perovskites. These materials usually have delicate nano‐ and microstructures that influence the device parameters. To resolve detailed structure–function relationships on the relevant micro‐ and nanometer length scales, the current macroscopic and microscopic measurement techniques are often not sufficient. Here, nanoscale surface photovoltage spectroscopy (nano‐SPV) and nanoscale ideality factor mapping (nano‐IFM) via time‐resolved Kelvin probe force microscopy are introduced. These methods can map nanoscale variations in charge carrier recombination, ion migration, and defects. To show the potential of nano‐SPV and nano‐IFM, these methods are applied to perovskite samples with different morphologies. The results clearly show an improved uniformity of the SPV and SPV decay distribution within the perovskite films upon passivation and increasing the grain size. Nevertheless, nano‐SPV and nano‐IFM can still detect local variations in the defect density on these optimized samples, guiding the way for further optimization.
Effect of donor age in patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation vary by conditioning intensity and recipient age
Authors: Saliba Rima M. , Kanakry Christopher G. , Gadalla Shahinaz , Kebriaei Partow , Rezvani Katayoun , Champlin Richard E. , Shpall Elizabeth J. , Weisdorf Daniel , Mehta Rohtesh S.
Published: October 2023

We investigated the impact of donor age (younger [≤35 years] vs. older [>35 years]) after accounting for other non‐HLA and HLA factors on outcomes of patients with acute myeloid leukemia undergoing HLA‐haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (n = 790). The effect differed by conditioning—partly related to the differences in the recipient age in myeloablative (MAC; median 46 years) versus reduced‐intensity/non‐myeloablative conditioning (RIC/NMA; median 61 years) groups. With MAC (n = 320), donor age had no impact on acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), but older donors were associated with a significantly higher risk of chronic GVHD (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.10–2.30, p = .02) independent of recipient age and other factors. Donor age had no impact on either relapse or non‐relapse mortality (NRM). The impact of donor/recipient age on overall survival changed over time. Older donors were associated with significantly higher late overall mortality (>6 months) in younger recipients (≤ 50 years; HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.03–4.6, p = .04) but not older recipients. With RIC/NMA (n = 470), neither recipient's nor donor's age influenced the risk of GVHD. Donor age had no significant impact on the risk of relapse, but older donors were associated with a significantly higher risk of NRM (HR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.02–2.6, p = .04) independent of recipient age. Older donor age was associated with significantly higher late overall mortality (>9 months) in older recipients (>50 years; HR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.0–2.67; p = .049) but not in younger recipients. Donor selection based on donor age may require a tailored approach for a particular recipient.
Electron‐Transfer Protocol for the Hydroxyalkenylation of Alkenes Using 1,2‐Bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene
Authors: Tsai Chen‐Yang , Jhang Yin‐Jia , Wu Yen‐Ku , Ryu Ilhyong
Published: October 2023

We report a protocol for alkene hydroxyalkenylation. Using a persulfate anion as a one‐electron‐oxidation reagent and 1,2‐bis(phenylsulfonyl)ethylene as a radical acceptor in the presence of water, alkenes were converted into the corresponding 1‐phenylsulfonyl‐4‐hydroxyalkenes in good to high yields. The hydroxyalkenylation process involves the nucleophilic hydroxylation of alkene radical cations to give β‐hydroxyalkyl radicals, which, after a radical addition/β‐elimination sequence, provide the products. We also report a photocatalytic protocol for alkoxyalkenylation.
Coding Intrinsic Disorder into DNA Hybridization Probes Enables Discrimination of Single Nucleotide Variants over Wide and Tunable Temperature Ranges
Authors: Guo Chen , Deng Hui , Yang Qianfan , Huang Dan , Shen Chenlan , Wang Guan Alex , Li Feng
Published: October 2023

DNA hybridization probes are commonly used tools to discriminate clinically important single nucleotide variants (SNVs) but often work at elevated temperatures with very narrow temperature intervals (ΔT). Herein, we investigated the thermodynamic basis of the narrow ΔT both in silico and experimentally. Our study revealed that the high entropy penalty of classic hybridization probe designs was the key attributor for the narrow ΔT. Guided by this finding, we further introduced an entropy‐compensate probe (Sprobe) design by coding intrinsic disorder into a stem‐loop hybridization probe. Sprobe expanded ΔT from less than 10 °C to over 30 °C. Moreover, both ΔT and the optimal reaction temperature can be fine‐tuned by simply altering the length of the loop domain. Sprobe was clinically validated by analyzing EGFR L858R mutation in 36 pairs of clinical tumor tissue samples collected from lung cancer patients, which revealed 100 % clinical sensitivity and specificity. We anticipate that our study will serve as a general guide for designing thermal robust hybridization probes for clinical diagnostics.
Streamlined Protein‐Protein Interface Loop Mimicry
Authors: Mi Tianxiong , Siriwibool Siriwalee , Burgess Kevin
Published: October 2023

Cyclic peptides comprising endocyclic organic fragments, “cyclo‐organopeptides”, can be probes for perturbing protein‐protein interactions (PPIs). Finding loop mimics is difficult because of high conformational variability amongst targets. Backbone Matching (BM), introduced here, helps solve this problem in the illustrative cases by facilitating efficient evaluation of virtual cyclo‐organopeptide core‐structure libraries. Thus, 86 rigid organic fragments were selected to build a library of 602 cyclo‐organopeptides comprising Ala and organic parts: “cyclo‐{‐(Ala)n‐organo‐}”. The central hypothesis is “hit” library members have accessible low energy conformers corresponding to backbone structures of target protein loops, while library members which cannot attain this conformation are probably unworthy of further evaluation. BM thereby prioritizes candidate loop mimics, so that less than 10 cyclo‐organopeptides are needed to be prepared to find leads for two illustrative PPIs: iNOS ⋅ SPSB2, and uPA ⋅ uPAR.
Highly Flexible Dielectric Films from Solution Processable Covalent Organic Frameworks**
Authors: Senarathna Milinda C. , Li He , Perera Sachini D. , Torres‐Correas Jose , Diwakara Shashini D. , Boardman Samuel R. , Al‐Kharji Noora M. , Liu Yi , Smaldone Ronald A.
Published: October 2023

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are known to be a promising class of materials for a wide range of applications, yet their poor solution processability limits their utility in many areas. Here we report a pore engineering method using hydrophilic side chains to improve the processability of hydrazone and β‐ketoenamine‐linked COFs and the production of flexible, crystalline films. Mechanical measurements of the free‐standing COF films of COF‐PEO‐3 (hydrazone‐linked) and TFP‐PEO‐3 (β‐ketoenamine‐linked), revealed a Young's modulus of 391.7 MPa and 1034.7 MPa, respectively. The solubility and excellent mechanical properties enabled the use of these COFs in dielectric devices. Specifically, the TFP‐PEO‐3 film‐based dielectric capacitors display simultaneously high dielectric constant and breakdown strength, resulting in a discharged energy density of 11.22 J cm−3. This work offers a general approach for producing solution processable COFs and mechanically flexible COF‐based films, which hold great potential for use in energy storage and flexible electronics applications.
Molecular Recognition Regulates Coordination Structure of Single‐Atom Sites
Authors: Zhao Chang‐Xin , Liu Xinyan , Liu Jia‐Ning , Wang Juan , Wan Xin , Wang Changda , Li Xi‐Yao , Shui Jianglan , Song Li , Peng Hong‐Jie , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Qiang
Published: October 2023

Coordination engineering for single‐atom sites has drawn increasing attention, yet its chemical synthesis remains a tough issue, especially for tailorable coordination structures. Herein, a molecular recognition strategy is proposed to fabricate single‐atom sites with regulable local coordination structures. Specifically, a heteroatom‐containing ligand serves as the guest molecule to induce coordination interaction with the metal‐containing host, precisely settling the heteroatoms into the local structure of single‐atom sites. As a proof of concept, thiophene is selected as the guest molecule, and sulfur atoms are successfully introduced into the local coordination structure of iron single‐atom sites. Ultrahigh oxygen reduction electrocatalytic activity is achieved with a half‐wave potential of 0.93 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, the strategy possesses excellent universality towards diversified types of single‐atom sites. This work makes breakthroughs in the fabrication of single‐atom sites and affords new opportunities in structural regulation at the atomic level.
Fabrication methodologies for antimicrobial polypropylene surfaces with leachable and nonleachable antimicrobial agents
Authors: Alkarri Saleh , Sharma Dimple , Bergholz Teresa M. , Rabnawaz Muhammad
Published: October 2023

Reported herein is the fabrication of antimicrobial polypropylene (PP) surfaces with nonleachable magnesium hydroxide biocides and compares its performance with leachable copper (II) chloride dihydrate. Two methods were used for creating PP‐bearing biocides. One way involves melt‐blending of biocides and PP and subsequent injection molding to create the desired antimicrobial PP surface. Another technique consists of thermal embossing of antimicrobial agents on the PP surface. The biocide‐bearing PP surfaces were evaluated against Escherichia coli (E. coli) K‐12 MG1655) for up to 24 h. In the case of injection‐molded PP system, leachable CuCl2·2H2O showed a 5.87 ± 0.01 log reduction after 24 h, but only 0.47 ± 0.03 log reduction for PP bearing nonleachable Mg(OH)2. On the contrary, thermally embossed PP with CuCl2·2H2O and Mg(OH)2 showed 2.28 ± 0.03 and 3.78 ± 0.03 log reductions, respectively, after 24 h. The nonleachable Mg(OH)2 imparted antimicrobial properties only to the PP surface prepared via thermal embossing. In contrast, owning to the leachable copper ions, leachable CuCl2·2H2O biocides imparted PP surfaces antimicrobial irrespective of the molding or surface embossing approach. This approach provides an advantage for nonleachable PP‐based antimicrobial surfaces in overcoming the toxicity concern associated with plastics bearing leachable biocides.
Preparation, characterization, and retarding mechanism of high temperature resistant amphoteric ion polymer oil well cement retarderPoly‐AAMDforHTHPapplication
Authors: Jinhua Huo , Xing Zhang , Junwei Liu , Ruizhi Zhang , Chenxi Wei , Siman Zhang , Shanjian Li
Published: October 2023

The amphoteric ion polymer cement retarder Poly‐AAMD was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization, the chemical structure, molecular weight, and thermal stability was studied. As a result, theMnandMware 1.3 × 104and 4.7 × 104 g/mol, respectively, and the initial decomposition temperature is 260°C. Then, the effects of retarder Poly‐AAMD on the application performance of cement slurry, such as settlement stability, thickening time, compressive strength, and rheological properties, were investigated. Especially, the thickening time of cement slurry with 1.2 and 1.5 wt% retarder Poly‐AAMD is 312 and 316 min at 220°C, the compressive strength is larger than 14 MPa at 24 h. Compared to conventional retarders, the temperature resistance has been improved to 220°C. Simultaneously, the initial hydration process of cement slurry was studied by low field NMR based on theT2value. Moreover, the hydration products of cement slurry with retarder Poly‐AAMD were analyzed depends on the qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, the type and content of hydration products were confirmed by the methods of X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), and differential thermal analysis (DTG). Finally, the retarding mechanism of retarder Poly‐AAMD was further studied depends on the results of adsorption amount and Zeta potential.
An attempt for morphology‐based quantitative prediction of adhesion strength between metal‐polymer interface
Authors: Seo Jaesik , Shin So Young
Published: October 2023

The peel‐off strength of the electroplated specimens exhibits corresponding increase, particularly pronounced in ABS‐rich blends. However, it is observed that the interface displays incomplete contact between the metal and polymer. We suggest a new parameter, the Sdr ratio (Sdr,polymer/Sdr,plating), which provides the prediction of the adhesion strength of the physically interlocked metal‐polymer interface. The change in Sdr ratio effectively reflects the change of peel‐off strength, which is more efficient for phases with increasing ABS content. By examining the relationship between surface morphology and adhesion strength, our research provides the insights into optimizing the adhesion properties of electroplated metal‐polymer interfaces for PC/ABS blend.
A novel ternary mixed‐matrix membrane comprising Pebax‐1657, [HMIM][NTf2] IL, and Al2O3 nanoparticles for efficient CO2 separation
Authors: Mahboubi Reza , Joudaki Ezzatollah , Behbahani Reza Mosayebi , Azizi Navid
Published: October 2023

An innovative technique to efficiently remove CO2 involves introducing a third component with a positive affinity with CO2 into a binary mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) and eliminating interfacial defects in its structure. In this research, novel ternary MMMs (TMMMs) were synthesized by embedding 1–Hexyl–3–methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([HMIM][NTf2]) ionic liquid (IL) and aluminum oxide (γ–Al2O3) nanoparticles into poly (ether‐block‐amide) (Pebax‐1657) matrix for enhancing CO2 removal from light gases. FESEM, DSC, ATR‐FTIR, and XRD analyses were used to evaluate the fabricated MMMs structurally. The permeation tests of gases (CH4, N2, and CO2) through prepared membranes were conducted at 25°C and 4, 6, 8, and 10 bar pressures. In accordance with the permeation outcomes, the ternary MMMs exhibited enhanced CO2 separation performances compared to the unloaded polymeric membrane. Also, the optimized MMM comprising 10 wt.% of the IL and 6 wt.% of the nanoparticles obtained a CO2 permeability of 173.90 Barrer, as well as CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivities of 77.98 and 24.29 at 10 bar and 25°C, which are higher by about 51%, 23%, and 22%, respectively than those of the pristine polymeric membrane. Based on these results, the prepared membrane appears to be a promising choice for separating CO2 from light gases.
Survey response rates in health sciences education research: A 10‐year meta‐analysis
Authors: Wilson Adam B. , Brooks William S. , Edwards Danielle N. , Deaver Jill , Surd Jessica A. , Pirlo Obadiah J. , Byrd William A. , Meyer Edgar R. , Beresheim Amy , Cuskey Stephanie L. , Tsintolas Jack G. , Norrell Eric S. , Fisher Harriet C. , Skaggs Christopher W. , Mysak Dmytro , Levin Samantha R. , Escutia Rosas Carlos E. , Cale Andrew S. , Karim Md Nazmul , Pollock Jenna , Kakos Nicholas J. , O'Brien Monica S. , Lufler Rebecca S.
Published: October 2023

Growth in the online survey market may be increasing response burden and possibly jeopardizing higher response rates. This meta‐analysis evaluated survey trends over one decade (2011–2020) to determine: (1) changes in survey publication rates over time, (2) changes in response rates over time, (3) typical response rates within health sciences education research, (4) the factors influencing survey completion levels, and (5) common gaps in survey methods and outcomes reporting. Study I estimated survey publication trends between 2011 and 2020 using articles published in the top three health sciences education research journals. Study II searched the anatomical sciences education literature across six databases and extracted study/survey features and survey response rates. Time plots and a proportional meta‐analysis were performed. Per 2926 research articles, the annual estimated proportion of studies with survey methodologies has remained constant, with no linear trend (p > 0.050) over time (Study I). Study II reported a pooled absolute response rate of 67% (95% CI = 63.9–69.0) across 360 studies (k), totaling 115,526 distributed surveys. Despite response rate oscillations over time, no significant linear trend (p = 0.995) was detected. Neither survey length, incentives, sponsorship, nor population type affected absolute response rates (p ≥ 0.070). Only 35% (120 of 339) of studies utilizing a Likert scale reported evidence of survey validity. Survey response rates and the prevalence of studies with survey methodologies have remained stable with no linear trends over time. We recommend researchers strive for a typical absolute response rate of 67% or higher and clearly document evidence of survey validity for empirical studies.
Neuere Erfahrungen über die katalytische Ammoniakverbrennung. (Über die katalytischen Vorgänge der technischen Ammoniakoxydation und der Blausäuregewinnung aus Ammoniak und Methan)
Authors: Wendlandt R.
Published: October 2023

Nach Gegenüberstellung von Vorzügen und Schwierigkeiten der z. Z. vertretenen Anschauungen über den Primärvorgang und die Folgereaktionen der katalytischen Ammoniakoxydation (Nitroxyl‐, Imid‐, Hydroxylamintheorie; Reaktionen mit molekularem oder atomarem Sauerstoff) werden neuerer technische Erfahrungen bezüglich Reaktion und Katalysator zusammengestellt. Mit diesen Unterlagen unter Zuziehung der Literatur wird auch unter technischen Bedingungen eine Entscheidung zu Gunsten eines Primär‐Vorganges mit atomarem Sauerstoff erreicht. Einige neue Aussagen über den Verlauf der Folgereaktionen und das Verhalten von Pt‐Katalysatoren werden begründet. Durch Hinzuziehung neuerer Erfahrungen der Blausäurebildung wird die gewonnene Auffassung bestätigt und ergänzt.
Die Rolle der Oxydationsprodukte bei der Entwicklung. II
Authors: Brauer E. , Staude H.
Published: October 2023

Es ist schon seit längerem bekannt, daß bei der photographischen Entwicklung von Oxyphenolen die Oxydationsprodukte der Entwickler eine Verkürzung der Latenzzeit bewirken. Als Ursache hierfür wurde vermutet, daß die Oxydationsprodukte als Adsorptionsvermittler für die eigentlichen Entwicklersubstanzen dienen. Es konnte nun nachgewiesen werden, daß bei sorgfältigem Ausschluß von Sauerstoff an Bromsilber, gleichgültig ob belichtet oder unbelichtet, Hydrochinon weder aus saurer noch aus alkalischer Lösung adsorbiert wird, also auch festes Bromsilber nicht reduzieren kann. Dagegen wird an belichtetes Silberbromid — nicht aber an unbelichtetes — Chinon adsorbiert, das seinerseits imstande ist, etwa zwei Moleküle Hydrochinon pro ein Molekül Chinon zu adsorbieren. Damit ist in diesem Falle die adsorptionsvermittelnde Wirkung des Oxydationsproduktes nachgewiesen. Eine mögliche Deutung dieser Erscheinung und damit des Beginnes der photographischen Entwicklung wird gegeben und Rückschlüsse auf das latente Bild werden gezogen.
Zur Theorie eines Hochfrequenz‐Titrimeters mit Frequenzanzeige
Authors: Huber R. , Cruse K.
Published: October 2023

Zur Klärung der Wirkungsweise eines H.F.‐Titrimeters und seiner Zelle werden die Leitwerts‐ und DK‐Einflüsse einer Kapazitätszelle im Schwingkreis auf dessen Resonanzfrequenz berechnet. Die Grenzen der Verschiebung des optimalen Konzentrationsbereichs durch Grundfrequenz‐ und Zelländerung werden theoretisch erfaßt und am Experiment belegt. Auf die theoretische Behandlung von Induktionszellen wird hingewiesen.
Feste Gashydrate. VI Die Gitteraufweitungsarbeit
Authors: Stackelberg M. V. , Jahns W.
Published: October 2023

Es werden die Struktur und die Gitterkonstanten von einer Anzahl weiterer Hydrate, vor allem organischer Fluoride, bestimmt. Die insgesamt bisher bestimmten Strukturen und Gitterkonstanten werden als Funktion der Durchmesser der Hydratbildnermolekeln dargestellt und diskutiert.

Die Arbeit für die Aufweitung des Gitters durch große Hydratbildnermolekeln und die sich hieraus ergebende Stabilitätsverminderung der Hydrate wird berechnet. Die experimentell gefundenen Gitteraufweitungen liegen innerhalb der von der Theorie als zulässig ermittelten Grenze.
Kollagenstruktur und bimodale Koordinationsstatistiken
Authors: Hosemann R. , Weick D. , Vogel W. , Müller N.
Published: October 2023

Die Kleinwinkelmeridianreflexe der Röntgendiagramme von nativem Kollagen verschieben sich bei makroskopischer Dehnung der Faser um 10% innerhalb der Meßfehler von 1% nicht. Das kann man dadurch erklären, daß sich die den kohärenten Beugungseffekt erzeugenden Bereiche beim Verstreckungsprozeß lateral gegeneinander verschieben, ohne merklich ihre Quartärstruktur zu ändern. Eine andere Möglichkeit wird diskutiert, daß innerhalb der kohärent streuenden Bereiche während der Dehnung einige Abstände aufgeweitet werden. Um dieses mit dem Experiment in Einklang zu bringen. muß diese Dehnung von einem ganz speziellen, im einzelnen diskutierten Typ sein. Die vorliegenden Dehnungs‐Spannungsmessungen und Kleinwinkelaufnahmen schließen derartige bimodale Längungen im Fall von Kollagen aus.
Palladates of the [NHC⋅H][Pd(NH2)(CC)Cl2] Type as Effective Pre‐catalysts for the Formation of C−C and C−N Bonds
Authors: Ostrowska Sylwia , Czapik Agnieszka , Kwit Marcin , Nolan Steven P.
Published: October 2023

The environmentally friendly, simple synthesis of a family complexes of the general formula [NHC⋅H][Pd(NH2)(CC)Cl2] (CC=biphenyl) is presented. The catalytic activity of these air‐ and moisture‐stable complexes was evaluated as a function of the imidazolium counterion. These pre‐catalysts can be converted, under catalytic conditions, to Pd‐NHC species enabling the Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, and Buchwald–Hartwig amination reactions under very mild operating conditions.
α‐Methylbenzylamine Functionalized Crown‐Ether‐Appended Calix[4]arene Phase Transfer Catalyst for Enantioselective Henry Reaction
Authors: Malik Apoorva , Sharma Pragati R. , Sharma Rakesh K.
Published: October 2023

In this letter, we designed a highly selective α‐methylbenzylamine functionalized crown‐ether‐appended calix[4]arene derived phase transfer catalyst for asymmetric nitroaldol reaction to provide the desired nitroaldol adducts in high yields (up to 99 % yield) with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99.8 % ee).
Resolution of Expanded Porphyrinoids: A Path to Persistent Chirality and Appealing Chiroptical Properties
Authors: Han Puren , Han Mutian , Sessler Jonathan L. , Lei Chuanhu
Published: October 2023

Chirality is a fundamental characteristic of nature. Expanded porphyrinoids and their analogues offer an attractive platform for delving into the intricacies of chirality. Expanded porphyrinoids comprise pyrrolic macrocycles and related heterocyclic systems. As a class, expanded porphyrinoids are widely recognized for their flexible structural features, nontrivial coordination capabilities, and intriguing optical and electronic properties. With limited exceptions, their inherent conformational flexibility coupled with a low racemization barrier allows for the facile interchange between enantiomers. As a result, achieving the effective chiral resolution of individual enantiomers and the subsequent exploration of their chiroptical properties represents a significant challenge. This review summarizes strategies used to realize the chiral resolution of expanded porphyrinoids and the understanding of intrinsic chiroptical properties that has emerged from these separation efforts. It is our hope that this review will serve not only to codify our current understanding of chiral expanded porphyrinoids, but also inspire advances in the generalized area of chiral functional materials.
On the Number of π‐Electrons Involved in Stepwise Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Inunnguaq Jessen Nicolaj , Izzo Joseph A. , Modlinski Marek S. , Bertuzzi Giulio , Anker Jørgensen Karl
Published: October 2023

The development of higher‐order cycloadditions has mainly been restricted by the requisite usage of highly conjugated and reactive π‐systems. Recent years have witnessed organocatalysis as a potent mediator for several of the challenges associated herein, rendering higher‐order cycloadditions a legitimate option for achieving the selective construction of specific molecular scaffolds. These developments reinvigorate the efforts to try to understand the underlying principles for cycloadditions involving a higher number of π‐electrons than the “classical” cycloadditions; how do we properly address the impact which the addition of further π‐electrons have on the reactivity of a system? Herein, computational investigations of two model higher‐order cycloaddition systems have been performed to try to provide insights on changes in energetic barriers induced by the presence of benzofusions in a position which is unobstructive to the reactivity. With experimental substantiation as support, these studies might open up for a discussion on whether the π‐electrons of benzofused systems simply act as spectator electrons, or play a tangible role on the observed reactivity to an extent where a distinct nomenclature is meritable.
Revealing the Structural Evolution of Electrode/Electrolyte Interphase Formation during Magnesium Plating and Stripping with operando EQCM‐D
Authors: Schick Benjamin W. , Hou Xu , Vanoppen Viktor , Uhl Matthias , Kruck Matthias , Berg Erik J. , Jacob Timo
Published: October 2023

Rechargeable magnesium batteries could provide future energy storage systems with high energy density. One remaining challenge is the development of electrolytes compatible with the negative Mg electrode, enabling uniform plating and stripping with high Coulombic efficiencies. Often improvements are hindered by a lack of fundamental understanding of processes occurring during cycling, as well as the existence and structure of a formed interphase layer at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Here, a magnesium model electrolyte based on magnesium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Mg(TFSI)2) and MgCl2 with a borohydride as additive, dissolved in dimethoxyethane (DME), was used to investigate the initial galvanostatic plating and stripping cycles operando using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM‐D). We show that side reactions lead to the formation of an interphase of irreversibly deposited Mg during the initial cycles. EQCM‐D based hydrodynamic spectroscopy reveals the growth of a porous layer during Mg stripping. After the first cycles, the interphase layer is in a dynamic equilibrium between the formation of the layer and its dissolution, resulting in a stable thickness upon further cycling. This study provides operando information of the interphase formation, its changes during cycling and the dynamic behavior, helping to rationally develop future electrolytes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces and interphases.
Examining trait‐like factors as predictors of state‐level responses to food intake in women with bulimia nervosa, purging disorder, and controls
Authors: Fitzgerald Elizabeth H. , Joyner Keanan J. , Keel Pamela K.
Published: October 2023

Objective

Theories suggest that elevated negative affect and weight/shape concerns explain both who is affected by bulimic symptoms as well as when bulimic symptoms occur, suggesting that individual differences predict within‐subject differences. However, few studies have tested this theoretical premise.

Method

In the present study, participants (N = 119) diagnosed with bulimia nervosa (N = 57), purging disorder (N = 31), and non‐eating disorder controls (N = 31) completed measures of negative affect and weight/shape concerns and later made momentary affect and weight/shape concerns ratings before and after an ad lib meal.

Results

State negative affect and weight/shape concerns increased post‐meal. No moderating effect of trait negative affect was observed for state affect. In contrast, between‐subject differences in weight/shape concerns moderated within‐subject increases in state weight/shape concerns. Diagnostic group did not account for this effect.

Discussion

Findings point to viable treatment targets for disordered eating. Targeting elevated weight/shape concerns early in interventions could facilitate reductions in purging after food intake for bulimia nervosa and purging disorder.

Public Significance

In the present study, individual differences in weight/shape concerns at baseline predicted greater increases in state weight/shape concerns following eating. These effects were maintained when considering possible differences related to presence and type of eating disorder. Results suggest that targeting weight/shape concerns earlier in treatment may be important for reducing maladaptive responses to eating across eating disorders.
Assessing mammal population densities in response to urbanization using camera trap distance sampling
Authors: Li Zhilin , Shi Xiaoyi , Lu Jiayu , Fu Xiaohang , Fu Yu , Cui Yating , Chen Lu , Duo Li'an , Wang Le , Wang Tianming
Published: October 2023

Environmental filtering is deemed to play a predominant role in regulating the abundance and distribution of animals during the urbanization process. However, the current knowledge about the effects of urbanization on the population densities of terrestrial mammals is limited. In this study, we compared two invasive mammals (dogsCanis lupus familiarisand catsFelis silvestris) and three indigenous mammals (Siberian weaselsMustela sibirica, Amur hedgehogsErinaceus amurensis, and Tolai haresLepus tolai) in response to urbanization using camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) in the rural–urban landscape of Tianjin, China. We used generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to test the specific responses of their densities to levels of urbanization. Invasive dogs (2.63 individuals/km2, 95% CI: 0.91–7.62) exhibited similar density estimations to cats (2.15 individuals/km2, 95% CI: 1.31–3.50). Amur hedgehogs were the most abundant species (6.73 individuals/km2, 95% CI: 3.15–14.38), followed by Tolai hares (2.22 individuals/km2, 95% CI: 0.87–5.68) and Siberian weasels (2.15 individuals/km2, 95% CI: 1.06–4.36). The densities of cats, Siberian weasels, and Amur hedgehogs increased with the level of urbanization. The population densities of dogs and cats were only influenced by urban‐related variables, while the densities of Siberian weasels and Amur hedgehogs were influenced by both urban‐related variables and nature‐related variables. Our findings highlight that the CTDS is a suitable and promising method for wildlife surveys in rural–urban landscapes, and urban wildlife management needs to consider the integrated repercussions of urban‐ and nature‐related factors, especially the critical impacts of green space habitats at finer scales.
Processing of food stimuli in anorexia nervosa: An ERP‐study comparing adolescents and adults
Authors: Stonawski Valeska , Mai‐Lippold Sandra A. , Graap Holmer , Moll Gunther H. , Kratz Oliver , Van Doren Jessica , Horndasch Stefanie
Published: October 2023

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with altered processing of disorder‐relevant stimuli. Event‐related potentials (ERP) – such as the Late Positive Potential (LPP) – give information about the underlying mechanisms of central nervous stimulus processing.

Methods

Patients with AN (22 adolescents, 23 adults) and healthy controls (HCs; 17 adolescents, 24 adults) were included. Neutral, low, and high calorie food‐images were rated for valence and arousal; EEG activity was recorded and LPPs (early: 350–700 ms; late: 800–1200 ms) were extracted. Effects of patient status, age group, and stimulus category were analyzed via mixed 2 × 2 × 3‐AN(C)OVAs.

Results

Patients with AN rated high calorie stimuli lower in valence and higher in arousal than HCs. Controlling for hunger, food stimuli elicited higher early LPPs than neutral ones in patients and HCs. For the late LPP, patients with AN showed larger amplitudes.

Conclusion

Results suggest a highly automatic attentional bias towards low‐calorie foods. Patients with AN seem to have more intense cognitive processing independent of stimulus material. More research is needed to validate and clarify differences between early and late LPP measures as well as the operationalization and relevance of hunger status.
A multilevel multiobjective coordination matching design technique for the main bearing assembly structure of a diesel engine
Authors: Zhao Xin , Shi Jianhua , Wu Ligang , Ma Fukang , Zhang Zhandong
Published: October 2023

The main bearing assembly structure is one of the most important main load‐bearing structures of a diesel engine. The working loads of this structure increases dramatically with the increase of the power density of diesel engines, resulting in the problem of unsatisfactory reliability coordination design in restricted design space, while the mechanisms for coordinated design are still at the blank stage. Aiming at the problem, a multilevel multiobjective coordination matching design technique is innovatively proposed in this paper. This technique is characterized by a multilevel multiobjective coordination evaluation system for the assembly structure and its components based on the improved analytic hierarchy process. The finite element model and mathematical model of the main bearing assembly structure are established to realize the joint of finite element technology and optimization technology for coordination matching design. By carrying out verification experiments, the strength coordination, deformation coordination and contact strength coordination of the assembly structure increase by 13.91%, 14.96%, and 2.63%, respectively, after matching design, while the mass coordination remains almost constant meeting the lightweight design requirements. The overall coordination of the main bearing assembly structure is improved by 11.10%, achieving the goal of matching design of the main bearing assembly structure. The results show that the coordination evaluation system can quantitatively characterize the coordination relationship of the assembly structure and the multi‐reliability of components, and it is a feasible coordination evaluation method. The demonstrated coordination evaluation system and coordination matching design modeling approach provide important theoretical guidance for the matching design of complex assembly structures.
AOP Report: Glutathione Conjugation Leading to Reproductive Dysfunction via Oxidative Stress
Authors: Vieira Leonardo R. , Souza Terezinha , Farias Davi F.
Published: October 2023

We propose an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) for reproductive dysfunction via oxidative stress (OS). The AOP was developed based on Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidance Document 184 and on the specific considerations of the OECD users' handbook supplement to the guidance document for developing and assessing AOPs (no. 233). According to the qualitative and quantitative experimental data evaluation, glutathione (GSH) conjugation is the first upstream key event (KE) of this AOP to reproductive dysfunction triggering OS. This event causes depletion of GSH basal levels (KE2). Consequently, this drop of free GSH induces an increase of reactive oxygen species (KE3) generated by the natural cellular metabolic processes (cellular respiration) of the organism. Increased levels of these reactive species, in turn, induce an increase of lipid peroxidation (KE4). This KE consequently leads to a rise in the amount of toxic substances, such as malondialdehyde and hydroxynonenal, which are associated with decreased quality and competence of gamete cell division, consequently impairing fertility (KE5 and adverse outcome). The overall assessment of the general biological plausibility, the empirical support, and the essentiality of KE relationships was considered as high for this AOP. We conclude that GSH conjugation is able to lead to reproductive disorder in fishes and mammals, via OS, but that the amount of stressor needed to trigger the AOP differs between stressors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:2519–2528. © 2023 SETAC