bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Regulierung des Vectoring
Authors: Offenbächer Philipp
Published: February 2019

Hardly any matter of telecommunications regulation has attracted as much attention as vectoring. As a bridge technology, it promises to promote the urgently needed expansion of broadband networks in a fast and efficient way. However, this requires the exclusion of competing providers in order to avoid interferences. The study is dedicated to the profound associated problems and enters so far unexplored terrain. Following an introduction to the technical and economic foundations, the author assesses vectoring between the conflicting demands of competition and high-speed networks with the aim of resolving it. He analyses the drastic reorientation by the incorporation of vectoring into conventional telecommunications law. Finally, alternative tools for promoting investments such as risk sharing agreements are explored. The work takes into account the “vectoring judgments” of the Federal Administrative Court of Germany (BVerwG) of 21 September 2018.
Political technologies and international conflicts in the information space of the Baltic Sea region
Authors: Kirilenko Viktor P. , Alexeyev Georgiy V.
Published: February 2019

The information space of the Baltic region has gradually developed since the free exchange of cross-border messages was made possible by media technology and international law. The international conflict between Russia and some countries of the European Union has become a factor hampering its sustainable development. Moreover, the conflict has adversely affected the functioning of many civil society institutions in the Baltic Sea region. This study focuses on the publications in the scientific media associated with the political technologies that may provoke conflict but must contribute to good-neighbourly relations in the region. We carry out a comprehensive political analysis and a specific examination of the Western scientific media to develop a package of measures that Russia can take to counter the conflictprovoking influences in the region. The current condition of the regional information space and information operations aimed at inciting Russophobia and forcing Russia out of the European political process is indicative of the politicisation of social sciences and the humanities and of the mythologisation of the policies of the regional social structures. The conflict must be urgently resolved, since the political technologies, which cause instability in the information space, damage the reputations of all the states involved. To reconcile the differences that underlie the information conflict in the Baltic region it is necessary to take into account common interests. There is a pressing need to join efforts in solving the challenging social problems that cannot be overcome without either international cooperation among the countries or effective social partnership.
Legal regime for church property in Russia and the Baltic states
Authors: Smorgunova Valentina Yu. , Dorskaya Аleksandra А. , Tolstukhina Tatyana V.
Published: February 2019

In this article, we carry out a comparative analysis of the legal regimes for church property in the Baltic States and in Russia after the demise of the USSR,. We stress the significance of this problem for the newly established relations between the state and the religious organisations, for the conclusion of agreements between these actors, and for the development of the ideas of interdenominational peace and intergovernmental relations. In this study, we aim at identifying the similarities and differences between the legal regulation of the state/denomination relations regarding church property, as well as the economic component of these relations. We analyse the regulatory documents of Russia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia that enshrine the transfer (return) of the church property, which was seized illegally in the first Soviet years in Russia and during the incorporation of the Baltic republics into the USSR, to the religious organisations. We compare the restitution, which was carried out in the Baltics, with Russia’s moderate approach to the transfer of religious objects to religious organisations. We conclude that the international factor affects the resolution of the church property issue and that the economic benefits of the property transfer are unclear. The transfer of the church property is associated with additional expenditure incurred by the state. In conclusion, we consider the reasons why the complete transfer (return) of the church property seized in the Soviet period is impossible.
Youth unemployment in the Latgale region of Latvia: causes and consequences
Authors: Voronov Viktor V. , Ruza Oksana P.
Published: February 2019

Youth unemployment is a serious problem in Latvia, as unemployed young people make up 16.3 % of the total number of unemployed in the country, while in the Latgale region the number of unemployed young people aged 15—24 years was 18.8 % of the total number of unemployed in the country in 2015. The purpose of this study is to identify the main current causes of high unemployment amongst young people in the Latgale region of Latvia aged 15—24 years. This age group of young people acted as a target group for sociological research based on a quota sample (by sex and age) in an online survey of respondents in 2016. The results of the study were processed using the Statistika program. The transformation of social and economic processes in the world, Europe and the post- Soviet space has led to changes in the labor market of young people, which are objective and subjective, contradictory, which continue to this day. It is established that the behavioral rationalism of young people (labor mobility, vocational education, etc.) in the regional labor market is combined with its behavioral irrationalism (lack of desire to work for various reasons, the need for contact with family and friends, etc.). This is due to the growing uncertainty in the youth labor market due to the growth of competition, the emergence and growth of flexible forms of employment, depriving young people of the clarity of career and confidence in the future. The survey results also show that the majority of unemployed youth in the Latgale region deliberately refuses to emigrate outside Latvia and would like to link their future with the region and the country.
Trends in the development of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands
Authors: Stepanova Svetlana V. , Shlapeko Ekaterina A.
Published: February 2019

This article considers the development of cross-border trade and tourism in the Russian- Finnish borderlands in the 19th/21st centuries. We describe the evolution of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands at different stages of the territory’s development. The patterns of cross-border trade have always been depended on the national policies of the two countries. Since the 19th century, cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands has been the product of two factors. The first one is the demand from local residents for certain imported goods that are either absent or much more expensive in their own country. The second factor is the possibility of receiving additional or even basic income. We distinguish several periods (peddlar trade, Soviet-Finnish tourism, shuttle trade, shopping tourism) in the evolution of Russian-Finnish cross-border trade and identify their major trends and characteristics. We describe the general patterns of cross-border trade in these historical periods and juxtapose the pertinent institutional, organisational and infrastructural settings. We explain why the direction of the flow of finance and goods changed. Until the early 20th century, goods were brought to and money collected from Finland’s borderlands. Since the 1920s, the opposite situation has been observed. The latter trend has been growing in recent years. In this article, we aim at providing a periodisation and detecting the trends in and features of the evolution of cross-border trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands in the 19th/21st centuries. To this end, we carry out a statistics and data analysis. We describe the Russian and international approaches to studying cross-border shopping tourism. We address Finland’s experience in stimulating inbound shopping tourism from Russia and examine why the Russians are attracted to the neighbouring state.
Índice de expansão da cultura de cana-de-açúcar na bacia hidrográfica Paraguai/Jauquara/MT
Authors: Ribeiro Higor Vendrame , Dos Santos Galvanin Edinéia Aparecida
Published: February 2019

Esse trabalho apresenta uma avaliação da expansão da cultura de cana-de-açúcar, a partir da utilização de indicadores em três sub-bacias da Bacia Hidrográfica Paraguai/Jauquara, Mato Grosso. Por meio das imagens do satélite Landsat 5 e 8 a área foi classificada, obtendo como parâmetro quatro classes, sendo elas: vegetação natural, cana-de-açúcar, pastagem, outros usos. A partir dessa classificação foram gerados os indicadores de expansão da cultura para a região. Os resultados mostraram um aumento da área de cana-de-açúcar em todas as sub-bacias, um aumento em consequência da substituição da classe pastagem e vegetação nativa pela classe cana-de-açúcar.
Stepping into the 60s: Tomas Kuhn’s intellectual turn towards the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Melogno Pablo , Courtoisie Agustín
Published: February 2019

In 1975 Kuhn publishes The Copernican Revolution, and in 1962 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Most commentators believe both works to be an expression of the same philosophical project. Against this interpretation, we argue that there is a lack of continuity between both books, arising from the fact that between 1957 and 1958 Kuhn comes into contact with the works of Hanson, Wittgenstein and Feyerabend, whose influence marks a break from his previous work. We also suggest that in 1957 Kuhn applies a casuistical historiography, and, in 1962, a structural historiography. We conclude that there is no relationship of continuity between Kuhn’s first two works.
De gli eroici furori de Giordano Bruno: contra una lectura averroísta
Authors: Carrión González Carlos
Published: February 2019

Tradicionalmente considerado como un libro hermético, Los heroicos furores de Bruno ha sido visto como una combinación de elementos platónicos, cabalísticos, materialistas y mágicos que constituyen un libro complejo en el cual Bruno describe mejoras en áreas políticas o intelectuales. Este artículo examina este punto de vista, que ha tenido su mejor expresión en el trabajo de Yates. No solo esta perspectiva es analizada, sino que también examinamos los trabajos de M. A. Granada, que muestra Los heroicos furores de Bruno bajo la influencia de Averroes. Finalmente, consideramos ambas interpretaciones y aportamos un nuevo punto de vista.
Del problema de la muerte al misterio de la muerte en Gabriel Marcel
Authors: Ramírez Agudelo Yefrey Antonio
Published: February 2019

Ante las numerosas amenazas a las que está sujeto el hombre, la proximidad de la muerte puede hacer declinar frente a la vida provocando un estado de desesperación por la posibilidad de destrucción de todo lo que se ha construido día tras día. Frente a ello, Gabriel Marcel, filósofo francés, encuentra en las relaciones humanas una nueva forma de comprensión de la muerte y, por ende, de la existencia. A través de la relación con el otro, especialmente con el amado, tomó conciencia del ser que nos subyace. El reconocimiento del ser como exigencia ontológica y de la libertad como acto que permite ser lo que soy en base a la intersubjetividad, libra al hombre de la desesperación. Para comprender ello, hay que pensar la muerte no desde la reflexión primera como problema, sino desde la reflexión segunda como misterio.
GUTIÉRREZ LOMBARDO, Raúl y SANMARTÍN ESPLUGUES, José (Eds.) (2014): La filosofía desde la ciencia. México: Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano
Authors: Callizo Romero Carmen María
Published: February 2019

Reseña sobre la obra: GUTIÉRREZ LOMBARDO, Raúl y SANMARTÍN ESPLUGUES, José (Eds.) (2014): La filosofía desde la ciencia. México D. F.: Centro de Estudios Filosóficos, Políticos y Sociales Vicente Lombardo Toledano.

Este volumen tiene su origen en un conjunto de ponencias que se desarrollaron en el Coloquio “La Filosofía desde la Ciencia”, celebrado el día 5 de noviembre de 2013 en la sede del Centro de Estudios Vicente Lombardo Toledano, en la Ciudad de México. Este Coloquio se llevó a cabo como homenaje a Carlos Castrodeza Bermúdez, un gran filósofo español de la biología. En una figura como la suya se puede inspirar el afán, tanto de los editores como de ciertos autores, por establecer puentes que den sentido a la relación entre la filosofía y las ciencias. La obra, sin embargo, no se limita a la difusión de tales ponencias (ni todos los capítulos son ponencias, ni aparecen publicadas todas las ponencias), sino que constituye un volumen de contribuciones sobre la relación entre ciencia y filosofía.
MÍGUEZ BARCIELA, Aída (2017): Cuando los pájaros cantan en griego. Madrid: Punto de vista Editores.
Authors: Martínez Martínez Francisco
Published: February 2019

Reseña del libro de Aída Míguez Barciela, Cuando los pájaros cantan en griego, Punto de vista Editores, Madrid, 2017. Se trata de analizar el trabajo de la autora desde el punto de vista del despliegue histórico del individuo moderno, exponiendo su relación con el dinero, la cuestión de la libertad, y su utilización de la razón como instrumento vital.
Consideraciones acerca de la filosofía experimental de F. Nietzsche. A propósito de la obra Nietzsche und die Folgen de Andreas Urs Sommer
Authors: Morillas Esteban Jordi
Published: February 2019

En este escrito, se realiza una breve exposición de las principales tesis de la reciente publicación del especialista Andreas Urs Sommer, donde se reivindica una interpretación experimental de la filosofía Nietzsche. A continuación, se exponen algunos ejemplos de los problemas que una exegesis semejante puede ocasionar para la comprensión de la filosofía del pensador alemán.
La interacción social en la ontogénesis de la perspectiva del mundo
Authors: Fajardo Santamaría Jesús Armando
Published: February 2019

A principios de este siglo, Donald Davidson adelantó una propuesta que enfatiza el rol de la interacción como antecedente en la formación del pensamiento. Diversos autores se han opuesto a su idea porque sostienen que la interacción social presupone individuos con la capacidad para concebir y coordinar diversos puntos de vista. En este estudio, discuto el alcance de esta crítica, mostrando que: a) La interacción en situaciones de triangulación puede fluir sin que los participantes tengan pensamientos sobre las perspectivas en juego en la situación y, b) Ciertos aspectos de la conducta afectiva complementan el bosquejo de la triangulación.
Mental Attribution in Interaction: How the Second Person Perspective dissolves the Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Gomila Benejam Antoni , Pérez Diana
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we will address the question of the impact of the second person perspective of psychological attribution on the traditional problem of knowing other minds. With that purpose in mind, we will introduce the notion of a second-personal perspective of mental attribution within the context of the classical problem of other minds, and discuss the epistemic and ontological implications that follow once the second person perspective is honored. In particular, we will examine how its recognition transforms the traditional problem of other minds, both in its epistemological, ontological and semantical dimensions, and offers a way to go beyond the objective/subjective dichotomy of Modern Philosophy. A proper notion of intersubjectivity, we will argue, is not a simple addition to this dichotomy, but it offers the way to get over the traditional philosophical problems that follow from this modern philosophical paradigm.
La ciencia como un punto de vista: algunos desafíos a la objetividad científica
Authors: Gensollen Mendoza Mario , Jiménez Rolland Marc
Published: February 2019

Algunos críticos de la ciencia afirman que es sólo un punto de vista entre otros, sin alguna autoridad epistémica especial. No obstante, en este artículo se defiende que la concepción de la investigación científica que involucra una perspectiva o punto de vista no impone una restricción a su ideal de objetividad. Primero se presentan algunas aclaraciones sobre la noción de punto de vista, luego se atiende al concepto de objetividad científica, y por último se enfrentan algunos desafíos que se desprenden de la noción de punto de vista y amenazan rasgos de la objetividad científica vinculados con su autoridad epistémica.
GARCÍA-DURÁN, P. (2017): El camino filosófico de Hans Blumenberg. Fenomenología, historia y ser humano, Institució Alfons el Magnànim, València.
Authors: Larrión Rández Benjamin
Published: February 2019

El libro El camino filosófico de Hans Blumenberg, del Dr Pedro García-Durán (Universidad Jaime I), ostenta el honor de ser la primera gran síntesis en español del pensamiento del filósofo alemán Hans Blumenberg (1920-1996). El objetivo de la obra es presentar una panorama completo, actualizado y profundo del pensamiento del filósofo moravo. Para ello, realiza un recorrido cronológico a través del pensamiento filosófico de Blumenberg a lo largo de cinco capítulos, cuyos ejes temáticos más importantes son la raíz fenomenológica de su obra, la historicidad del pensamiento y la antropología filosófica.
PÉREZ, Diana y LAWLER, Diego (compiladores) (2017): La segunda persona y las emociones. Buenos Aires: Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Filosófico.
Authors: Liz Gutiérrez Antonio Manuel
Published: February 2019

Reseña del libro de Diana Pérez y Diego Lawler (compiladores) La segunda persona y las emociones, Buenos Aires, Sociedad Argentina de Análisis Filosófico, 2017.
LIZ, Manuel (ed.) (2013): Puntos de Vista. Una investigación filosófica. Barcelona: Laertes.
Authors: Hérnandez Pérez Abraham
Published: February 2019

Reseña sobre el libro: LIZ, Manuel (ed.) (2013): Puntos de Vista. Una investigación filosófica. Barcelona: Laertes.
RAIMONDI, Fracesco Paolo (2016): Dalla ragione assoluta alla razionalità storica. Filosofia senza essere ed essenza. Milano-Udine: Mímesis Edizioni.
Authors: Caballero Fernández Marcial
Published: February 2019

Reseña del libro: RAIMONDI, Fracesco Paolo (2016): Dalla ragione assoluta alla razionalità storica. Filosofia senza essere ed essenza. Milano-Udine: Mímesis Edizioni.
Parsing multi-ordered grammars with the Gray algorithm
Authors: Papoulias Nick
Published: February 2019

Background. Context-free grammars (CFGs) and Parsing-expression Grammars (PEGs) are the two main formalisms used by formal specifications and parsing frameworks to describe programming languages. They mainly differ in the definition of the choice operator, describing language alternatives. CFGs support the use of non-deterministic choice (i.e., unordered choice), where all alternatives are equally explored. PEGs support a deterministic choice (i.e., ordered choice), where alternatives are explored in strict succession. In practice the two formalisms, are used through concrete classes of parsing algorithms (such as Left-to-right, rightmost derivation (LR) for CFGs and Packrat parsing for PEGs), that follow the semantics of the formal operators.

Problem Statement. Neither the two formalisms, nor the accompanying algorithms are sufficient for a complete description of common cases arising in language design. In order to properly handle ambiguity, recursion, precedence or associativity, parsing frameworks either introduce implementation specific directives or ask users to refactor their grammars to fit the needs of the framework/algorithm/formalism combo. This introduces significant complexity even in simple cases and results in incompatible grammar specifications.

Our Proposal. We introduce Multi-Ordered Grammars (MOGs) as an alternative to the CFG and PEG formalisms. MOGs aim for a better exploration of ambiguity, ordering, recursion and associativity during language design. This is achieved by (a) allowing both deterministic and non-deterministic choices to co-exist, and (b) introducing a form of recursive and scoped ordering. The formalism is accompanied by a new parsing algorithm (Gray) that extends chart parsing (normally used for Natural Language Processing) with the proposed MOG operators.

Results. We conduct two case-studies to assess the expressiveness of MOGs, compared to CFGs and PEGs. The first consists of two idealized examples from literature (an expression grammar and a simple procedural language). The second examines a real-world case (the entire Smalltalk grammar and eleven new Smalltalk extensions) probing the complexities of practical needs. We show that in comparison, MOGs are able to reduce complexity and naturally express language constructs, without resorting to implementation specific directives.

Conclusion. We conclude that combining deterministic and non-deterministic choices in a single grammar specification is indeed not only possible but also beneficial. Moreover, augmented by operators for recursive and scoped ordering the resulting multi-ordered formalism presents a viable alternative to both CFGs and PEGs. Concrete implementations of MOGs can be constructed by extending chart parsing with MOG operators for recursive and scoped ordering.
Pengaruh Konsumsi Fruktosa pada Minuman Kemasan terhadap Toleransi Glukosa Terganggu pada Kelompok Usia Dewasa Muda di Perkotaan Indonesia
Authors: Lumbuun Nicolaski , Kodim Nasrin
Published: February 2019

Peningkatan konsumsi minuman kemasan (soft drink/beverages) tampak nyata di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Peningkatan ini terutama terjadi di kelompok usia muda. Konsumsi soft drink/beverages ini berkaitan dengan gangguan metabolik, antara lain obesitas, toleransi glukosa terganggu (TGT) dan diabetes melitus. Hal ini disebabkan penggunaan pemanis tinggi fruktosa (high fructose corn syrup, HFCS). TGT terutama menjadi masalah kesehatan yang cukup serius karena umumnya tidak menunjukkan gejala dan terlambat untuk dideteksi sehingga sering kali telah berprogresi menjadi diabetes mellitus. Terdapat banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi terjadinya TGT dengan faktor lingkungan menjadi faktor yang lebih dominan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain potong lintang yang menggunakan data riset kesehatan dasar (RISKESDAS 2007). Analisis data dimulai dari univariat, bivariat dan dilanjutkan dengan multivariat. Ditemukan bahwa prevalensi TGT pada kelompok usia muda di Indonesia adalah 5,7% dan prevelensi pengkonsumsi fruktosa tinggi sebesar 20,5%. Kontribusi konsumsi fruktosa tinggi terhadap kejadian TGT usia muda adalah 24,3%. Secara umum, prevalensi TGT pada usia muda di Indonesia cukup tinggi (melebihi 50% prevalensi di semua umur), dan konsumsi fruktosa memiliki kontribusi yang signifikan dalam terjadinya TGT.Kata kunci: konsumsi fruktosa, indeks fruktosa, TGT
Mitochondrial biogenesis is transcriptionally repressed in lysosomal lipid storage diseases
Authors: Yambire King Faisal , Fernandez-Mosquera Lorena , Steinfeld Robert , Mühle Christiane , Ikonen Elina , Milosevic Ira , Raimundo Nuno
Published: February 2019

Perturbations in mitochondrial function and homeostasis are pervasive in lysosomal storage diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we report a transcriptional program that represses mitochondrial biogenesis and function in lysosomal storage diseases Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) and acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASM), in patient cells and mouse tissues. This mechanism is mediated by the transcription factors KLF2 and ETV1, which are both induced in NPC and ASM patient cells. Mitochondrial biogenesis and function defects in these cells are rescued by the silencing of KLF2 or ETV1. Increased ETV1 expression is regulated by KLF2, while the increase of KLF2 protein levels in NPC and ASM stems from impaired signaling downstream sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1), which normally represses KLF2. In patient cells, S1PR1 is barely detectable at the plasma membrane and thus unable to repress KLF2. This manuscript provides a mechanistic pathway for the prevalent mitochondrial defects in lysosomal storage diseases.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Understanding the Nigerian Healthcare Delivery System: A Paradox of Preventive Medicine Since the Colonial Epoch
Authors: Anthony Iroju Opeyemi
Published: February 2019

No human society is mundane to healthcare delivery method. Apparently, the process of healthcare delivery depicts the extent of the social development of a particular society. However, the healthcare delivery process in Nigeria from the colonial era attained a new paradigm by shifting from the practice of traditional medicine to the western styled patterns. Since the colonial Nigeria, both the traditional and western medicine has been dependable sources of preventive medicine for the Nigeria populace. In spite of the outright condemnation of the traditional healthcare practices, it received unbridled patronage by a larger Nigeria populace, thus the post-independence Nigeria witnessed a paradox of health care delivery.

Aim: This paper aims to provide an understanding on the revolutions in the healthcare delivery system in Nigeria since the colonial period.

Methodology: An extensive review of literature was carried out to elicit information on the Nigerian healthcare delivery since the colonial period.

Results: The study revealed that the Nigerian healthcare delivery system is characterized by high cost. The study also showed that Nigeria has been witnessing inequitable distribution of healthcare facilities since the colonial period.

Conclusion: The healthcare delivery system in Nigeria is not a colonial invention but the advent of the colonial masters brought about an outstanding transformation in the healthcare delivery process of most Nigerian societies. Thus, the practice of preventive medicine is indigenous to the Nigerian people.
Social Polarization
Authors: Maggino Filomena , Fattore Marco
Published: February 2019

The term “social polarization” is used to describe a society that is composed of different socially identifiable and separate groups. Social polarization is a key feature of many modern societies and is potentially linked to conflicts, alienation, and societal tensions. When concerning income, polarization (or, more precisely, bipolarization) describes the so‐called disappearance‐of‐the‐middle‐class phenomenon, that is, the tendency of the income distribution to become U‐shaped, with the population shifting toward the two extremes of the income range, emptying the central part of it. Polarization is a different concept from inequality and requires different indexes to be measured. Many formulas exist in the statistical literature, both for univariate cardinal and ordinal variables, but there still lacks a satisfactory measurement theory for multidimensional polarization.
Random Survival Forests
Authors: Ishwaran Hemant , Lu Min
Published: February 2019

Random survival forests (RSF) is a flexible nonparametric tree‐ensemble method for the analysis of right‐censored survival data. In this article, we provide a short overview of RSF. We review survival splitting rules for growing random survival trees, in‐bag and out‐of‐bag (OOB) ensemble estimators, prediction performance, variable importance, and partial plots. We also briefly describe the extension of RSF to competing risks.
STR grants: How one physician in rural Florida is trying to help
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2019

If the State Targeted Response (STR) and State Opioid Response (SOR) grants from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) grants are like an elephant — large, especially relative to funding for addiction treatment in general — they are also almost impossible to generalize about. But seeing one piece in context of the whole is essential in trying to find out where the money is actually going. The money goes to the single state authority (SSA) in charge of the Substance Abuse Prevention and Treatment (SAPT) block grant in each state, the person who knows most about what is needed in that state. The funding comes from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). These grants added $2 billion‐plus to addiction treatment services for opioid use disorders for four years — and many expect this number to be doubled. For perspective, the entire SAPT block grant is under $2 billion and has been for decades.
A Novel Bone Substitute with High Bioactivity, Strength, and Porosity for Repairing Large and Load‐Bearing Bone Defects
Authors: Li Jiao Jiao , Dunstan Colin R. , Entezari Ali , Li Qing , Steck Roland , Saifzadeh Siamak , Sadeghpour Ameneh , Field John R. , Akey Austin , Vielreicher Martin , Friedrich Oliver , Roohani‐Esfahani Seyed‐Iman , Zreiqat Hala
Published: February 2019

Achieving adequate healing in large or load‐bearing bone defects is highly challenging even with surgical intervention. The clinical standard of repairing bone defects using autografts or allografts has many drawbacks. A bioactive ceramic scaffold, strontium‐hardystonite‐gahnite or “Sr‐HT‐Gahnite” (a multi‐component, calcium silicate‐based ceramic) is developed, which when 3D‐printed combines high strength with outstanding bone regeneration ability. In this study, the performance of purely synthetic, 3D‐printed Sr‐HT‐Gahnite scaffolds is assessed in repairing large and load‐bearing bone defects. The scaffolds are implanted into critical‐sized segmental defects in sheep tibia for 3 and 12 months, with bone autografts used for comparison. The scaffolds induce substantial bone formation and defect bridging after 12 months, as indicated by X‐ray, micro‐computed tomography, and histological and biomechanical analyses. Detailed analysis of the bone‐scaffold interface using focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy and multiphoton microscopy shows scaffold degradation and maturation of the newly formed bone. In silico modeling of strain energy distribution in the scaffolds reveal the importance of surgical fixation and mechanical loading on long‐term bone regeneration. The clinical application of 3D‐printed Sr‐HT‐Gahnite scaffolds as a synthetic bone substitute can potentially improve the repair of challenging bone defects and overcome the limitations of bone graft transplantation.
Systemic Delivery of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Central Nervous System for Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Han Lei , Liu Chaoyong , Qi Hongzhao , Zhou Junhu , Wen Jing , Wu Di , Xu Duo , Qin Meng , Ren Jie , Wang Qixue , Long Lixia , Liu Yang , Chen Irvin , Yuan Xubo , Lu Yunfeng , Kang Chunsheng
Published: February 2019

As an essential component of immunotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as a class of powerful therapeutics for treatment of a broad range of diseases. For central nervous system (CNS) diseases, however, the efficacy remains limited due to their inability to enter the CNS. A platform technology is reported here that enables effective delivery of mAbs to the CNS for brain tumor therapy. This is achieved by encapsulating the mAbs within nanocapsules that contain choline and acetylcholine analogues; such analogues facilitate the penetration of the nanocapsules through the brain–blood barrier and the delivery of mAbs to tumor sites. This platform technology uncages the therapeutic power of mAbs for various CNS diseases that remain poorly treated.
Integrated Perovskite/Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Yongsheng , Chen Yongsheng
Published: February 2019

The recently emerged integrated perovskite/bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (IPOSCs) without any recombination layers have generated wide attention. This type of device structure can take the advantages of tandem cells using both perovskite solar and near‐infrared (NIR) BHJ organic solar materials for wide‐range sunlight absorption and the simple fabrication of single junction cells, as the low bandgap BHJ layer can provide additional light harvesting in the NIR region and the high open‐circuit voltage can be maintained at the same time. This progress report highlights the recent developments in such IPOSCs and the possible challenges ahead. In addition, the recent development of perovskite solar cells and NIR organic solar cells is also covered to fully underline the importance and potential of IPOSCs.
Large‐Scale Plasmonic Nanodisk Structures for a High Sensitivity Biosensing Platform Fabricated by Transfer Nanoprinting
Authors: Liang Yuzhang , Cui Wenli , Li Lixia , Yu Zhiyong , Peng Wei , Xu Ting
Published: February 2019

Surface plasmon resonance in plasmonic nanostructures has become a powerful analytical tool in ultrasensitive label‐free biomolecule sensing. However, the fabrication of plasmonic nanostructure sensors relies on lithography‐based top‐down nanofabrication approaches, which have inherent shortcomings, such as high manufacturing cost, time‐consuming fabrication, and a small fabrication footprint. In particular, the small footprint of fabricated plasmonic nanostructures has significantly restrained the study of their angle‐dependent sensitivity. Here, a centimeter‐scale, high sensitivity sensing platform with low cost and high yield is experimentally demonstrated, fabricated through a transfer nanoprinting approach based on an ultrathin anodic aluminum oxide membrane. Two angle‐dependent resonant modes from the plasmonic nanodisk structure are observed at nonzero incidence angles. The dependence of the bulk sensitivity and surface sensitivity on the incidence angle under these two modes is systematically investigated. By functionalizing the plasmonic nanostructure, monitoring of binding of protein at dilute concentration is performed in real time at different incidence angles. The specific label‐free lowest detection limit is found to be 1.8 nanomolar for the longer wavelength resonant mode at a 10° incidence angle. This plasmonic nanostructure sensing platform should hold promise in the development of low cost and high throughput biosensing chips.
Photoinduced Lattice Symmetry Enhancement in Mixed Hybrid Perovskites and Its Beneficial Effect on the Recombination Behavior
Authors: Kim Hui‐Seon , Hagfeldt Anders
Published: February 2019

The strategy of mixing cations and halides in hybrid organic lead halide perovskites has recently been shown to be very successful in achieving high efficiency with long‐term perovskite solar cell stability. In this study, the effect of photoexcitation on the crystal structure of a perovskite film based on triple cations and double halides is investigated and correlated to the recombination behavior in the material. Under continuous photon excitation, a gradual increase in photoluminescence is observed from the perovskite film, coupled with a minute red‐shift. The X‐ray diffraction pattern also shows a gradual shift toward lower angles under light soaking, suggesting a photoinduced‐structural change. Noticeably, a lattice expansion occurs in a preferred orientation, which accordingly influences the crystal symmetry. The trap density of a complete perovskite solar cell is measured under continuous light. The traps are observed in the intermediate frequency, corresponding to the dielectric polarization of the bulk perovskite. A gradual decrease of the trap density is observed under light soaking accompanied by a substantial increase in photocurrent, which is in accordance with the increased recombination resistance monitored during the light soaking. The photoinduced‐structural response of the perovskite material and its resulting beneficial recombination behavior is addressed.
Fabrication of High‐Performance Biomass Derived Carbon/Metal Oxide Photocatalysts with Trilevel Hierarchical Pores from Organic–Inorganic Network
Authors: Wang He , Qu Minghuan , Wang Shulan , Liu Xuan , Li Li
Published: February 2019

Cost‐effective biomass derived carbon is considered a highly attractive energy material while high‐performance biochar based nanocomposites with well‐defined structures are very desirable candidates for this application. Herein, a novel and feasible fabrication method with renewable plane tree fluff as the carbon source is proposed to synthesize hierarchical porous titanium dioxide (TiO2)/carbon nanocomposites covering full length scales. A hybrid inorganic/organic framework with sub 10 nm feature sizes is used as the metal source for building up a high‐quality interface between phases, while bitemplates with ice and nanoscaled silica are introduced for porosity tuning. The as‐prepared TiO2/C nanocomposite presents superior photocatalytic activity for organic pollutant degradation and excellent photo‐electrochemical performance. More importantly, when loaded with a noble‐metal‐free carbide (Mo2C) prepared from a novel hydrothermal assisted fabrication route, it shows an outstanding hydrogen generation rate of 5.4 (UV) and 0.09 (visible light) mmol g−1 h−1 for water splitting, which are much better than the same sample loaded with Pt and benchmark P25. The present work proposes a dynamic and reliable tactic to synthesize a broad set of hierarchical porous metal oxide based nanocomposites, which is of far‐reaching significance for the development of sustainable technology for environmental, energy, and catalysis applications.
Stable Hierarchical Bimetal–Organic Nanostructures as HighPerformance Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhou Wei , Huang Dan‐Dan , Wu Ya‐Pan , Zhao Jun , Wu Tao , Zhang Jian , Li Dong‐Sheng , Sun Chenghua , Feng Pingyun , Bu Xianhui
Published: February 2019

The integration of heterometallic units and nanostructures into metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) used for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can enhance the electrocatalytic performance and help elucidate underlying mechanisms. We have synthesized a series of stable MOFs (CTGU‐10a1–d1) based on trinuclear metal carboxylate clusters and a hexadentate carboxylate ligand with a (6,6)‐connected nia net. We also present a strategy to synthesize hierarchical bimetallic MOF nanostructures (CTGU‐10a2–d2). Among these, CTGU‐10c2 is the best material for the OER, with an overpotential of 240 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 58 mV dec−1. This is superior to RuO2 and confirms CTGU‐10c2 as one of the few known high‐performing pure‐phase MOF‐OER electrocatalysts. Notably, bimetallic CTGU‐10b2 and c2 show an improved OER activity over monometallic CTGU‐10a2 and d2. Both DFT and experiments show that the remarkable OER performance of CTGU‐10c2 is due to the presence of unsaturated metal sites, a hierarchical nanobelt architecture, and the Ni–Co coupling effect.
Decarboxylation with Carbon Monoxide: The Direct Conversion of Carboxylic Acids into Potent Acid Triflate Electrophiles
Authors: Kinney R. Garrison , Arndtsen Bruce A.
Published: February 2019

We report a new strategy for the conversion of carboxylic acids into potent acid triflate electrophiles. The reaction involves oxidative carbonylation of carboxylic acids with I2 in the presence of AgOTf, and is postulated to proceed via acyl hypoiodites that react with CO to form acid triflates. Coupling this chemistry with subsequent trapping with arenes offers a mild, room temperature approach to generate ketones directly from broadly available carboxylic acids without the use of corrosive and reactive Lewis or Bronsted acid additives, and instead from compounds that are readily available, stable, and functional group compatible.
Lutidine‐Based Chiral Pincer Manganese Catalysts for Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Zhang Linli , Tang Yitian , Han Zhaobin , Ding Kuiling
Published: February 2019

A series of MnI complexes containing lutidine‐based chiral pincer ligands with modular and tunable structures has been developed. The complex shows unprecedentedly high activities (up to 9800 TON; TON=turnover number), broad substrate scope (81 examples), good functional‐group tolerance, and excellent enantioselectivities (85–98 % ee) in the hydrogenation of various ketones. These aspects are rare in earth‐abundant metal catalyzed hydrogenations. The utility of the protocol have been demonstrated in the asymmetric synthesis of a variety of key intermediates for chiral drugs. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicate that an outer‐sphere mode of substrate–catalyst interactions probably dominates the catalysis.
First Synthesis and Characterization of CH4@C60
Authors: Bloodworth Sally , Sitinova Gabriela , Alom Shamim , Vidal Sara , Bacanu George R. , Elliott Stuart J. , Light Mark E. , Herniman Julie M. , Langley G. John , Levitt Malcolm H. , Whitby Richard J.
Published: February 2019

The endohedral fullerene CH4@C60, in which each C60 fullerene cage encapsulates a single methane molecule, has been synthesized for the first time. Methane is the first organic molecule, as well as the largest, to have been encapsulated in C60 to date. The key orifice contraction step, a photochemical desulfinylation of an open fullerene, was completed, even though it is inhibited by the endohedral molecule. The crystal structure of the nickel(II) octaethylporphyrin/ benzene solvate shows no significant distortion of the carbon cage, relative to the C60 analogue, and shows the methane hydrogens as a shell of electron density around the central carbon, indicative of the quantum nature of the methane. The 1H spin‐lattice relaxation times (T1) for endohedral methane are similar to those observed in the gas phase, indicating that methane is freely rotating inside the C60 cage. The synthesis of CH4@C60 opens a route to endofullerenes incorporating large guest molecules and atoms.
Cyanidosilikate – Synthese und Struktur
Authors: Harloff Jörg , Michalik Dirk , Nier Simon , Schulz Axel , Stoer Philip , Villinger Alexander
Published: February 2019

Ausgehend von Fluoridosilikat‐Vorstufen in reinem Cyantrimethylsilan, Me3Si‐CN, wurde eine Reihe verschiedener Ammoniumsalze [R3NMe]+ (R=Et, nPr, nBu) mit den neuen [SiF(CN)5]2−‐ und [Si(CN)6]2−‐Dianionen in einfachen, temperaturgesteuerten F−/CN−‐Austauschreaktionen synthetisiert. Mit zersetzbaren, nicht‐unschuldigen Kationen wie [R3NH]+ konnten Metallsalze des Typs M2[Si(CN)6] (M+=Li+, K+) durch Neutralisationsreaktionen mit entsprechenden Metallhydroxiden hergestellt werden. Die ionische Flüssigkeit [BMIm]2[Si(CN)6] (Schmp.=72 °C) wurde durch eine Salzmetathesereaktion erhalten. Alle synthetisierten Salze konnten in guten Ausbeuten isoliert und vollständig charakterisiert werden.
An RNA‐Guided Cas9 Nickase‐Based Method for Universal Isothermal DNA Amplification
Authors: Wang Ting , Liu Yong , Sun Huan‐Huan , Yin Bin‐Cheng , Ye Bang‐Ce
Published: February 2019

We have developed an ingenious method, termed Cas9 nickase‐based amplification reaction (Cas9nAR), to amplify a target fragment from genomic DNA at a constant temperature of 37 °C. Cas9nAR employs a sgRNA:Cas9n complex with a single‐strand nicking property, a strand‐displacing DNA polymerase, and two primers bearing the cleavage sequence of Cas9n, to promote cycles of DNA replication through priming, extension, nicking, and displacement reaction steps. Cas9nAR exhibits a zeptomolar limit of detection (2 copies in 20 μL of reaction system) within 60 min and a single‐base discrimination capability. More importantly, the underlying principle of Cas9nAR offers simplicity in primer design and universality in application. Considering the superior sensitivity and specificity, as well as the simple‐to‐implement, rapid, and isothermal features, Cas9nAR holds great potential to become a routine assay for the quantitative detection of nucleic acids in basic and applied studies.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Carbofluoroalkylation of 1,3‐Enynes to Access Structurally Diverse Fluoroalkylated Allenes
Authors: Zhang Kai‐Fan , Bian Kang‐Jie , Li Chao , Sheng Jie , Li Yan , Wang Xi‐Sheng
Published: February 2019

A nickel‐catalyzed 1,4‐carbofluoroalkylation of 1,3‐enynes to access structurally diverse fluoroalkylated allenes has been established. This method has demonstrated high catalytic reactivity, mild reaction conditions, broad substrate scope, and excellent functional‐group tolerance. The key to success is the use of a nickel catalyst to generate different fluoroalkyl radicals from readily available and structurally diverse fluoroalkyl halides to access 1,4‐difunctionalization of 1,3‐enynes by a radical relay. This strategy provides facile synthesis of structurally diverse multisubstituted allenes, and offers a solution for batch production of various fluorinated bioactive molecules for drug discovery by further transformations.
Strange Case of Signor Volta and Mister Nicholson: How Electrochemistry Developed as a Consequence of an Editorial Misconduct
Authors: Fabbrizzi Luigi
Published: February 2019

This Essay tells the colourful history of the invention of the pile by Alessandro Volta and of the subsequent discovery by William Nicholson of the electrolysis of water, carried out with the Voltaic pile (1800). Indeed, as a result of the dissemination of Volta's paper among London scientists, favoured by an incorrect behaviour of the President of the Royal Society, the article by Nicholson was published months before the publication of Volta's letter. The outstanding news that electricity could be generated by a simple and easy to build instrument (the pile) was printed also by daily newspapers, which favoured its spreading all over Europe and stimulated a multitude of enthusiast practitioners and amateurs to construct their own pile and to carry out the electrical decomposition of a variety of aqueous electrolytes. The correct chemical interpretation of the pile and of electrolysis had to wait for nearly one century, but in 1800 electrochemistry was born.
Targeting PAK1 with the Small Molecule Drug AK963/40708899 Suppresses Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Downregulation of PAK1 Activity and PAK1‐Related Signaling Pathways
Authors: Zhou Ying , Zhang Jian , Wang Jian , Cheng Mao‐Sheng , Zhao Dong‐Mei , Li Feng
Published: February 2019

PAK1 (p21‐activated kinase 1) is a serine/threonine protein kinase which has been initially identified as downstream effector of the Rho GTPase family. In previous research, PAK1 has been involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, such as cell motility, cell proliferation, gene transcription, cytoskeletal rearrangement, and cell invasion. Hyper‐activation of PAK1 was constantly observed in a variety of human cancer which make it a potential target of novel anti‐tumor drugs. To date, a great number of attentions focus on identifying the PAK1 inhibitors in medical and pharmaceutical fields. In this article, we found that a novel and potent PAK1 inhibitor, AK963/40708899, suppressed the proliferation of human gastric cancer cells significantly by downregulation of PAK1–NF‐κB–cyclinB1 pathway. In addition, AK963/40708899 inhibited the formation of filopodia and promoted cell adhesion which in turn inhibited invasive potential of gastric cells by negatively regulating PAK1–LIMKl–cofilin and PAK1–ERK–FAK pathways. Considering our result, AK963/40708899 would be a possible candidate for PAK1 targeted anti‐tumor drug. Anat Rec, 302:1571–1579, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy