bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Opportunity for Peace in the Middle East
Authors: EL REEDY EL SAYED ABDEL RAOUF
Published: March 2007

The Middle East is one of the most dangerous regions of the globe, with ongoing conflicts in Lebanon, the West Bank, the Gulf, and Afghanistan. Over the last 40 years, the Arab-Israeli conflict has been the single most important factor shaping the history of the region and preventing the emergence of a more stable order. The first successful step toward a peaceful solution of this issue was taken with the Egyptian initiative of 1977, which resulted in the Camp David accords. While these accords led to the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty, no agreement resulted on the Palestinian question. Further peace initiatives were stalled by the Israeli invasion of Lebanon; however, recent developments have created a more favorable climate for dealing with the Israeli-Palestinian problem. Resolution of this issue would clear the way toward solving the entire Arab-Israeli conflict. The United States has a central role to play in maintaining the current momentum. Uniquely able to act as a catalyst, it must help achieve a settlement that would strengthen moderates in the region and reduce the risk of Soviet-American confrontation. Such a settlement would create many dividends for the United States.
The Religious Right in the State of Israel
Authors: HERTZBERG ARTHUR
Published: March 2007

The modern Jewish quest for a homeland arose in the nineteenth century in Europe. From the beginning there was tension between a secular nationalism and a more religiously based one. Religious fundamentalism is a political factor today in Israel, as elsewhere in the Middle East. Governments in this region would best avoid their overthrow at the hands of religious fundamentalists by working together.
Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Foreign Economic Relations of Sub-Saharan African States
Authors: CALLAGHY THOMAS M.
Published: March 2007

Over the last decade the foreign economic relations of sub-Saharan African states have focused increasingly on their severe debt and economic crises. These relations have involved wrestling with debt service burdens and the rigors of rescheduling with the Paris and London Clubs; conducting difficult negotiations with bilateral and private creditors; bargaining over conditionality packages with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank or fending them off; distributing the painful costs of adjustment; coping with import strangulation; and devising new development policies and strategies. The sub-Saharan states were already highly dependent on the outside world; the intensity, stakes, and levels of conditionality of these states' foreign economic relations have increased substantially since the middle of the 1970s. They are certainly political, as they impinge on very central issues—sovereignty, political order, development, and mass welfare. In this sense, they are foreign economic relations with very powerful domestic roots and consequences. African states and external actors are going to have to work together to ameliorate Africa's crises.
The Experimental Classroom
Authors: LONG MICHAEL H.
Published: March 2007

Classroom-centered research on language use surrounding teaching and learning processes can provide much of the information needed to put modern language teaching on a scientific footing. The history of second language classroom research is briefly outlined, and the principal research methodologies are described. A critique is offered of current work, and a proposal made for the next decade. It is argued that priority needs to be given to high-valency, psycholinguistically motivated studies of both a basic and applied nature. Ten topics are identified that meet these requirements and that, it is felt, would merit early consideration in a national research agenda.
The Neglect of Employment in the International Economic Order
Authors: ROTHSCHILD KURT W.
Published: March 2007

The post-World War II international economic order obliged the nation-states to conduct their foreign economic policies according to binding rules. As employment continued to be a purely national responsibility of the individual countries, international obligations turned into serious constraints on the pursuit of national employment policies. International agreement should provide the possibility that countries disengage themselves from the restrictive influence of foreign obligations. In addition, international employment policies would be desirable. They should focus on a common commitment to the goal of full employment rather than on concrete policy measures. But broad international strategies, such as the assumption of locomotive functions by strong economies or massive financial support for Third World development, can—depending on various conditions—also be positive.
Anti-Americanism and the U.S. Government
Authors: THOMPSON W. SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Anti-Americanism is a sometime preoccupation, rather than a specific policy problem, within the U.S. government. There is ample evidence at popular levels, where polls can be taken abroad, that American ideas and policies are understood and respected. With respect to governments abroad, the U.S. government has a more complicated problem. As a world power center, it receives the blame for problems beyond its own making, including some originating as disinformation in the Soviet Union. Anti-Americanism, in balance, has receded worldwide, and American governmental sophistication in dealing with such of it as remains has grown substantially.
Personnel Selection in Private Industry: The Role of Security
Authors: OVERMAN ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

Personnel selection procedures used in private business and industry suffer from a lack of attention to security considerations. This neglect is a result of training, philosophy, structural rigidity, turf protection, and political and legal trends aimed at protecting individual rights. Past performance remains the best predictor of future performance, but discovering a job applicant's history is becoming increasingly difficult. Legal rulings have made criminal, medical, and financial records safe from inspection by personnel managers. Even previous job performance records are being made off-limits by employers who have come to fear lawsuits filed by previous employees on grounds of defamation. The personnel selection techniques used by private security companies would greatly aid private business and industry in attempts to acquire a quality work force. The possibility of genetic screening poses new challenges to our moral, ethical, and legal systems of thought.
Institutional Change and the Challenge of the Underclass
Authors: NATHAN RICHARD P.
Published: March 2007

This article calls for greater emphasis on the institutional challenge of the urban underclass, particularly on implementation studies of new social programs. The need for such a shift in emphasis is examined in historical context, stressing the pluralistic and competitive nature of the American policy process, the structure of American federalism, and the critical role of state governments in chartering and overseeing the major institutions that provide social services. Two types of action are proposed to give greater attention to institutional dimensions of the challenge of the urban underclass: (1) evaluation research that incorporates institutional, attitudinal, and community variables; and (2) new consultative arrangements involving panels of academics and experts to assist government agencies in the implementation of social policies focused on the urban underclass.
Consequential Controversies
Authors: WILSON DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

Academic science in certain disciplines and the military have had a curious quasi partnership for more than forty years. While the operators of this partnership share elements of a scientific ethos, their institutional frameworks are radically different. A number of controversies related to the relationship between the military and the university that have affected the universities, the science programs of the military departments, and the conditions of research are explored. Still the partnership persists.
DoD, Social Science, and International Studies
Authors: LAMBERT RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

A general cycle of relations between the Department of Defense (DoD) and the university is described with particular reference to the social sciences and international studies: a general decline in amity since World War II, decreased support for DoD objectives, a concern for the effect of DoD priorities on the general research profile, the growth of in-house and nonacademic vendors in research and training, and the enclaving of the military-connected research community within the university. The pattern of DoD support for strategic studies, linguistics, and language and area studies is examined.
Peace Studies as Experiential Education
Authors: BING ANTHONY G.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that peace education and good peace studies at the university level must include peace action as well. Despite general agreement in the peace studies field that such inclusion of peace action is important, few colleges or universities have successfully incorporated an experiential component into their academic programs. Using the Peace and Global Studies Program at Earlham College as a model, this article attempts to show how peace action, in the form of on-campus cocurricular experiences, off-campus internships, and foreign study, gives new meaning to the study that precedes it but also is modified by further course work. When constructed on a developmental basis, good peace studies programs are able to offer students a way both to “think [their] way into... acting” and to “act [their] way into... thinking.”
What Can Economics Learn from East Asian Success?
Authors: WADE ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Most economics literature on East Asian industrialization falls victim to the assumption that only those features of economic policy consistent with neoclassical principles could have contributed to good economic performance. Explanations of good performance accordingly ignore nonneoclassical features. This article suggests that new insights can be gained by carefully examining what these governments actually did. We find that much of what they did is consistent with the principles of old-style pre- 1970 development economics. In particular, they gave central attention to ways of augmenting and directing the composition of investment, and much less attention to ways of increasing efficiency of resource use. They used protection as an instrument to enhance innovation and international competitiveness. In important industries they regulated both quantities and prices so as to achieve government-selected goals, preventing those parts of the economy from being guided by international prices. Economics has much to learn by embracing such nonneoclassical facts and seeking to build a theory to accommodate them.
Glasnost — The Dawn of Freedom?
Authors: SCHIFTER RICHARD
Published: March 2007

The failure of the Communist economic model brought about in the Soviet Union a crisis of faith in the economic program and the political precepts associated with Leninism. As a result, there have come to the fore, since Gorbachev's accession to power, a group of reformers who, operating within the system, are seeking to create a more open society. The reformers are opposed by hard-line elements whose principal purpose is to maintain their positions of power and privilege. The outcome of the struggle between these two groups is in doubt. The reformist tendencies were not in evidence immediately upon Gorbachev's election to the post of general secretary in February 1985. The first significant indications of change were noted in December 1986. Evidence of profound, systemic changes started to accumulate only as recently as the spring of 1988.
Policy Shifts in the Politics and Administration of Intergovernmental Relations, 1930s-1990s
Authors: WRIGHT DEIL S.
Published: March 2007

Politics and administration were joined and inseparably bonded in intergovernmental relationships during the 1930s. From these early links emerged an administratively based and professionally managed grants economy. This grants economy dominated intergovernmental relations for three decades until a combination of conditions limited its further expansion. Over the past two decades there has been a significant shift toward regulatory federalism. This regulatory emphasis is expected to persist through the 1990s.
Finland: An Image of Continuity in Turbulent Europe
Authors: JÄRVENPÄÄ PAULI O.
Published: March 2007

In the past, Finland was often regarded as Finlandized, or as a country towing the policy line of its large and powerful neighbor. Today it is offered as a model for the newly emerging European democracies. Neither of these role models fits Finland well; the country's historical, political, and economic development would be hard to emulate. In the process of rapid change in Europe, Finland's situation produces an image of remarkable continuity: the domestic situation is stable, the rate of economic growth continues to be high, and the country's international situation is secure. The European situation as a whole continues to be volatile, however. It is in this overall context of rapid change that Finland will have to chart its course. The main policy issues for the 1990s will be European economic integration, the process of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and national defense.
From the Outside Looking In: The Nordic States and the European Community after 1992
Authors: HANCOCK M. DONALD
Published: March 2007

Recent moves within the European Community (EC) toward closer economic, financial, and social union compel Scandinavian political elites to rethink their nations' ties with the EC. Denmark has been a member since 1972, but the remaining Scandinavian countries remain highly ambivalent toward the Community—the Norwegians because of a deeply rooted tradition of isolationism and the Swedes and the Finns because of their foreign policies of neutrality. Seeking to steer a middle course between extreme domestic viewpoints on optimal ties with the EC, Sweden, Norway, and Finland are likely to achieve de facto membership on the basis of unilateral and multilateral steps toward greater economic harmonization.
World Literacy: Research and Policy in the EFA Decade
Authors: WAGNER DANIEL A.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews research on literacy and makes some educated guesses about literacy research and policy in the current decade and beyond. Issues addressed include defining literacy, literacy acquisition, retention of literacy, and consequences of literacy. The article concludes with some suggestions on future literacy programs in the 1990s, the EFA decade.
Education in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: DEDE CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: March 2007

America's multiple educational systems are its major long-term mechanism for shaping the future, but this infrastructure for human resource development has remained static rather than shifting its mission as the societal environment has changed. The emergence of a global economy with a shift toward cognitive partnerships with intelligent tools, and the growing challenge of diversity when excellence and quality depend on a pluralistic understanding of a worldwide market are underscoring the decline in the effectiveness of America's instructional environments. Building on societal discontent with traditional educational models, the evolution of advanced technologies for teaching, learning, and management and the initiation of a restructuring movement for educational reform both provide contexts for innovation that may foster the implementation of new paradigms for education. Nonetheless, a future of little or no change in American education is all too probable; similar opportunities for innovation always slipped away in the past.
Split Visions: Minority Business Set-Asides
Authors: LaNOUE GEORGE R.
Published: March 2007

In the 1970s and 1980s, programs assisting and preferring businesses owned by women and certain minority group members mushroomed at every level of government. For most of this period, they remained relatively uncontroversial and almost totally unstudied. In 1989, however, the Supreme Court in City of Richmond v. Croson invalidated the use of racial classifications in local public contracting programs unless they were used as temporary narrowly tailored remedies for identified discrimination. Croson has triggered a flurry of litigation across the country and an avalanche of studies commissioned to help jurisdictions preserve their minority business programs. The outcome of the conflict over these programs may define the limits of using racial classifications in a variety of public policy areas.
Free Trade Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: URQUIDI VÍCTOR L.
Published: March 2007

The various Latin American and Caribbean free trade agreements have not been successful. This is due to a number of underlying elements within the region and, more recently, to unfavorable external economic conditions. The oil shocks and the external debt crisis placed intra-Latin American trade at a low priority. Overlapping and inaction now beset the Latin American Association for Integration, the Andean Pact, the Central American Common Market, and the Caribbean Community and Common Market. Recent bilateral and multilateral initiatives in Latin America have failed to clarify the issues. Mexico is seeking integration with the United States and Canada. The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative, on the other hand, envisions a vague hemispheric free-trade area. As certain Latin American countries become increasingly capable of exporting manufactures on a competitive basis to world markets, intraregional trade will also develop, provided joint ventures are carried out, tariffs are lowered, and nontariff barriers are eliminated within the region.
Coordinating Demands for Social Change
Authors: CHONG DENNIS
Published: March 2007

Mass protest movements resemble assurance games, in which individual decisions to contribute are contingent on the aggregate level of participation. While participation in ineffective movements carries high costs and returns few collective and selective benefits, participation in successful social movements can be more advantageous than abstention. Supporters of a movement therefore try to coordinate their decisions with those of other activists, participating when it appears that the movement has sufficient popular support to be politically effective, but not otherwise. Such decisions, however, typically have to be made with considerable uncertainty about both the intentions of other individuals and the prospects of the movement as it develops. Given this individual calculus, a number of deductions can be drawn about the resources, strategies, goals, and political conditions that will be required to coordinate and organize mass social protest.
Rural Development Systems: Lessons from Europe and Northern Michigan
Authors: ANDERSON H. RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Fragmented economic development efforts that are not coordinated either strategically or operationally have limited impact. Across rural America, individual economic development agencies have lacked the capacity to use their complementary strengths to shape a vision of how to develop a region. Often, these efforts do not relate to the real customers of rural development, the existing firms that create most new jobs. The projects that are implemented are of short term and limited scale, and the real systems that influence the direction of an economy are ignored. Many European countries seek to improve the competitiveness of a region through accelerating the modernization of firms. It takes a systems approach to enhance the private initiative of firms by improving the relationship between firms and the supporting relationships of institutions involved in training, technology, and finance. Lessons can be drawn from this approach, and a new rural model for taking a systems approach to improving the competitiveness of firms in northern Michigan is discussed.
Is Assimilation Dead?
Authors: GLAZER NATHAN
Published: March 2007

This article considers the decline in the positive attitude toward the term “assimilation” as an ideal for immigrant and minority groups in the United States, and it explores the period between World War I and the mid-1920s, during which assimilation moved from an ideal to a forceful policy, under the name “Americanization.” During this period, attention was given almost exclusively to immigrants; blacks were totally ignored in the debate over assimilation and Americanization. Nevertheless, until the mid-1960s, the dominant black ideal for their future in the United States was assimilation. The failure of assimilation to work its effects on blacks as on immigrants, owing to the strength of American discriminatory and prejudiced attitudes and behavior toward blacks, has been responsible for throwing the entire assimilatory ideal and program into disrepute.
Will there Be an Arms Trade Intelligence Deficit?
Authors: SOKOLSKI HENRY
Published: March 2007

With the end of the Cold War and superpower rivalry, policymakers will want to know more about more common types of conflict and the transfers of conventional arms needed to fight them. Unfortunately, as interest in arms transfer intelligence increases, the relative amount of money available to track and analyze this trade is likely to remain stable or decline. Improvements in arms trade intelligence are possible, however, if intelligence agencies are willing to risk prioritizing and, arguably, narrowing their focus to those aspects of the trade that have not yet received the attention they deserve. Here key opportunities include defining arms trade intelligence to exclude the proliferation of strategic weapons or the arming of terrorist organizations; substituting unclassified academic analysis for current, less critical classified tasks; and experimenting with market mechanisms to discipline how policymakers task the arms transfer intelligence community.
Political Developments in Hong Kong: Implications for 1997
Authors: ROBERTS ELFED VAUGHAN
Published: March 2007

The political system of Hong Kong has evolved into a unique structure, conditioned by the fact that the territory is not, and never will be, an independent state. This article traces four broad models in Hong Kong's political development: the colonial model, the consultative model, the transitionary model, and the future Basic Law model (outlined within the transitionary model). Despite belated British efforts to move in the direction of democracy, China, which opposes such reforms and which is suspicious of Hong Kong as a subversive force, has the upper hand. Although reform forces are increasingly marginalized, there is room for restrained optimism.
Ethnic Conflict and Genocide: Reflections on Ethnic Cleansing in the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: MIRKOVIĆ DAMIR
Published: March 2007

Yugoslav society, held together for 45 years by Communists, began to disintegrate in the 1980s. Disintegrative processes have brought in their wake the rise of nationalism as the younger generations, led by a new privileged class of technobureaucrats, could not ride any more on the worn-out ideology of self-managing socialism. The transition from nationalism to ethnic cleansing proved to be very easy and short because ethnic cleansing is not a new phenomenon in the Balkans. During World War II, both the Croatian nationalists, Ustashas, and the Serbian royalists, the Chetniks, used this genocidal method—the Ustashas, to “purify” Croatia of Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies, and the Chetniks, to “cleanse” Muslims from eastern Bosnia. In fact, it is a Balkan tradition to use genocide in order to create pure ethnic territories. This article explores the concept of ethnic cleansing in its broader meaning as cultural genocide or ethnocide and in its narrower connotation as genocidal annihilation of group members.
The Future of Disability Policy: Benefit Payments or Civil Rights?
Authors: JOHNSON WILLIAM G.
Published: March 2007

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) needs to be evaluated in the context of public programs that express disability policy. The older programs, which indemnify the income losses and health care costs associated with disability, are designed for persons who cannot work, as opposed to the ADA's objective of increasing employment. The tensions between the two approaches, the differences in the persons whom they serve, the conflicts between equity and efficiency goals, and some suggestions for future policies are the subjects of this article.
The Fourth Member of NAFTA: The U.S.-Mexico Border
Authors: BROWN TIMOTHY C.
Published: March 2007

The North American Free Trade Agreement has a fourth member, the U.S.-Mexico border, with 22 million inhabitants, $300 billion in gross domestic product, $100 billion in trade, and a unique history and culture. In 1995, it witnessed some 225 million legal frontier crossings each way, mostly Mexican shoppers, who spent $22 billion in the United States, paid $ 1.7 billion in taxes, and generated 400,000 jobs but received no services. Balanced against the costs of Mexican illegals, American taxpayers made a 600 percent profit. This made Mexico the United States' second- (not third-) largest trading partner. Paso del Norte (Juárez-El Paso) is the border's capital, a binational metropolis of 2 million. Problems abound, from water, immigration, and drug trafficking to public safety, health, welfare, the environment, and infrastructure. But they are not being effectively addressed because they run east-west (from San Diego to Corpus Christi), while government authority and interests run north-south, to and from Washington, Mexico City, and nine state capitals. A binational bankable Border Authority is urgently needed.
Transportation Today: The U.S. Experience in a World Context
Authors: MEYER JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

Virtually all industries are a product of their life and times or, more precisely, their history and the current economic environment within which they operate. Transportation is no exception. Significantly, both transport's history and its environment are driven by much the same fundamentals, each embodying a movement from quantity to quality. In fact, like so many other sectors of the economy, transportation is increasingly becoming a thinking person's business, with shorter technological and product life cycles, requiring increased ability to adapt quickly and flexibly.
Lessons from European Transport Experience
Authors: BUTTON KENNETH
Published: March 2007

This article contrasts the different approaches adopted in Europe as opposed to the United States with respect to transport policy and, in particular, public transport provision. While there are a number of geographical and economic reasons why one would anticipate a differing approach to policy in Europe vis-à-vis the United States, there is also often a different philosophical attitude in many European countries. The implications of these differences are considered in terms of the nature of the various transport systems that have emerged and their implications for users and those more generally affected by transport.
Revising the Map of American Religion
Authors: MARTY MARTIN E.
Published: March 2007

The concept of mapping religion and then acting on the basis of that concept necessarily involves discussion of another concept, that of boundaries. The notion of discerning neat boundaries serves well for assessing the inherited institutions of religion in America; assessments of trends within them reveal impressive continuities in organization and structures of meaning. Many of the most important religious developments in the last third of the century, however, appear to be less bounded—or even unbounded—and on the blurry landscape of boundarylessness there are more evident discontinuities, innovations, and evidence of fluidity. An analysis of several trends on the unbounded landscape suggests that, in the new century, there will be a great deal of interchange and conflict between these two ways of conceiving American religious dynamics.
American Pilgrimage Landscapes
Authors: CAMPO JUAN EDUARDO
Published: March 2007

In late-twentieth-century America, there is a surprisingly large and varied number of pilgrimage centers. This article organizes them into three groups (pilgrimages of organized religion, civil religion, and cultural religion) for comparative description. It includes descriptions of Catholic, Mormon, and Hindu pilgrimages, as well as the sites of Gettysburg, Mount Rushmore, and Graceland as pilgrimage centers. Modernity, rather than displacing pilgrimages, has actually been responsible for globalizing them, a process that involves their appropriation by expert systems, the fostering of diverse and sometimes contending interpretations of their significance, and the actual production of new pilgrimage landscapes. Drawing upon original fieldwork, published research, and resources on the World Wide Web, the author proposes that by placing pilgrimages in global perspective, we are better able to discern both the roles played by immigrant groups in the formation of American pilgrimage landscapes and the contours of American participation in pilgrimages abroad, such as the hajj to Mecca.
The Disappointments of Success: Higher Education after World War II
Authors: LAZERSON MARVIN
Published: March 2007

From a historical perspective, Marvin Lazerson gives an account of the unprecedented growth of higher education in the years following World War II, its transformation from a public good to a private benefit that confers economic rewards, and the current problems that it faces during an era of retrenchment. He demonstrates how higher education's postwar success was built on three already established patterns and beliefs: vocationalism, public higher education, and multiple sectors of postsecondary schooling. He then discusses how the world of higher education changed after 1970, when critics began to voice concerns over unchecked expansion, and how its current problems emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, as the costs of attending college began to outpace the economic returns.
Struggle in Cyberspace: Fact and Friction on the World Wide Web
Authors: KATZ JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

The Internet and World Wide Web have transformed the way local cultures produce and maintain solidarity regarding what should be accepted as facts. These technologies provide a level playing field—it is no longer the case that those with the most massive resources will have the biggest audience. Indeed, many small sites command huge followings. The Internet and the Web allow for the quick dissemination of information, both false and true; unlike newspapers and other media outlets, there are often no quality control mechanisms on Web sites that would permit users to know what information is generally recognized fact and what is spurious. On the Internet and the Web, facts more easily escape from their creator's or owner's control and, once unleashed, can be bandied about. Groups that wish to control what is perceived as fact will find the Internet a threat. Those groups that hail competition between outlooks will welcome what the Web hath wrought.
Billables
Authors: YAKURA ELAINE K.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the transformation of time into money in information technology consulting work. Using data collected through participant observation, this article illustrates the valorization of time, whereby time is transformed into units of value, known as billables. Focusing on the process of valorization provides new theoretical insight into the social construction of time as money. Routine billing practices help sustain the taken-for-granted equivalence of time and money, but these practices are strongly influenced by a variety of normative and situational factors. Billables are used by consulting firms to measure performance and control work, but the evidence presented here suggests that time-based measures of work and value can be somewhat arbitrary.
3. A Comparative Study of Social Mobility, Its Causes and Consequences
Authors: Lipset Seymour M. , Zetterberg Hans L.
Published: March 2007

A research team would interview weighted samples of USA, UK, and French populations on the values and facts of individual social movement and stratification. Here is the dynamic source of many problems of the age. Certain presumptions, such as of the high mobility rate in USA, need testing. Psychological, political, re ligious, and familial orientations of groupings with different mobility rates may reveal important distinctions.
The Amphibial State
Authors: Hamilton Roy
Published: March 2007

The Amphibial State is neither capitalistic nor socialistic, but a stable inter mediate organization that extends to its citizens a full range of both political and economic liberties. The author both prescribes such a state and outlines research towards implementing it—and makes certain assumptions that our readers may wish to challenge.
The Legislator in Underdeveloped Countries
Authors: von Vorys Karl
Published: March 2007

The value structure of the individual legislator and the "collective per sonality" of the legislature in the new nations can be studied in several ways. After summarizing the position of legislatures in the political process in such countries, the author presents data on the occupations, education and ages of legislators in several countries, and suggests research questions and methods.
The Italian Socialist Party and Political Participation
Authors: Pizzorno Alessandro
Published: March 2007

In this intriguing example of applied political research, Alessandro Pizzorno combines an analysis of the degree of mass participation in the Italian Socialist Party with proposals for reforming the party in keeping with traditional socialist principles. Focusing on the 33rd Conference of the party, he finds that low participation in pre-conference meetings permits party factions to engage in undemocratic manipulation. He believes that mass participation is necessary to achieve socialistic goals, for example, the control of economic policy, and attempts to answer those who argue that obligarchic party control is necessary and that the mass cannot effectively participate in political life.
An Institute for National Security Affairs
Authors: Hutchinson Charles E.
Published: March 2007

In spite of prodigious inventiveness and massive expenditures for national security, the United States has not conducted coherent research on the policy of security. A unified government program for fundamental and applied research in the field of national security would do much to unify practices and to eliminate gaps in the com munications between one security operation and another: so suggests Dr. Hutchinson from his perspective as Chief, Behavioral Sciences Division, Air Force Office of Scientific Research. The opinions he expresses are his own, and do not necessarily reflect the policies of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research or any other Air Force agency.
Aphorisms for the Ambitious
Authors: Tullock Gordon
Published: March 2007

Propositions of applied social science are today more numerous but usually no more precise than those of the seventeenth century. Gordon Tullock, of the Department of International Studies at the University of South Carolina, introduces a rare collec tion of aphorisms as follows:
Basic Research in Industry, Government and Universities
Authors: Marcson Simon
Published: March 2007

Dr. Marcson, of the faculties of Princeton and Rutgers Universities, raises several problems of research administration in the context of a recent Princeton conference.
The Emerging English Curriculum
Authors: Hook J.N.
Published: March 2007

Revisionism in English is accelerating, declares the Coordinator of Project English of the U.S. Office of Education (HEW). It will be a shaped curriculum stressing language, composition and literature, and employ ing more mechanical aids.
Organizational Atmosphere, Motivation, and Research Contribution
Authors: Pelz Donald , Andrews Frank M.
Published: March 2007

Doctors Pelz and Andrews of the Survey Research Center, University of Michi gan, relate organizational and personality factors to scientific accomplishment. Their research serves as an example of how the perspectives of sociology and psychology can be brought to bear on the complexity of activities called "research".
The Annals of Science:
Authors: Dovring Karin
Published: March 2007

A more volatile Sweden of 200 years ago incites Dr. Karin Dovring, an atavist from Urbana, to criticize current methodology of communication, especially the famed "semantic differential." This, says Dovring, represents the initial mistake of old Swedish orthodoxy in seeking heresy by first qualitative, then in primitive quantitative content analysis of sermons; only finally was a terms-in-context method evolved and it might well be employed today.
Needed Research for Population Policy
Authors: Lamson Robert
Published: March 2007

The author is a Sociologist and Research Analyst in the Postattack Research Division of the Office of Civil Defense. This article represents his views, and not those of the Office of Civil Defense or the Department of the Army.
Introduction: In Defense of Games
Authors: Coleman James S.
Published: March 2007

Because games are a "kind of caricature of social life" they allow the young student to discover for himself principles governing real life situations, and allow the professional sociologist to study social organization and processes. Dr. Coleman is Professor of Social Relations at The Johns Hopkins University and the author of numerous books and articles including The Adolescent Society, Adolescents and the Schools, Introduction to Mathematical Sociology, and the recently published report on American schools, Equality of Educational Opportunity.
The Determination of Pricing Policy in the Health Care Delivery System
Authors: Palley Howard A. , Palley Marian Lief
Published: March 2007

For millions of Americans-the poor and near poor who live in rural backwaters of this nation or populate its inner cities-the medical care system is not merely inadequate. It is almost non-existent. In addition, it is often an added source of injustice and oppression. For Americans who are not poor, but earn less than $20,000 a year, adequate medical care is becoming ever more elusive and more expensive [Citizens Board of Inquiry Into Health Services for Americans, 1971: 262].
Kinship
Authors: Witkowski Stanley R.
Published: March 2007

The present survey concentrates on what has been learned about kinship and kinship organization through systematic comparative research. It is necessarily selective because the anthropological literature on kinship is immense. Other reviews touching upon additional aspects of kinship organizations are Marsh (1967), Naroll (1970, 1973), and Pasternak ( 1976).
Professional, Personal, and Popular Culture Perspectives on Addiction
Authors: HIRSCHMAN ELIZABETH C.
Published: March 2007

This article presents three vantage points from which to observe the phenomenon of addiction—the professional models of social science; the lay models of popular culture; and the personal understandings of the author, a social scientist, dweller in popular culture, and recovering addict. Throughout the narrative, attempts are made both to humanize the comprehension of addiction and its very frequent companion, mental illness, and to challenge the reader to engage in emotional and moral discourse regarding the nature of this all-too-human and all-too-common malady.
Community-Oriented Research in an Era of Community-Oriented Policing
Authors: THURMAN QUINT C. , REISIG MICHAEL D.
Published: March 2007

Proactive public administrators in modern American society are challenged to know and respond to the needs of their diverse constituencies if they are to direct responsive government agencies. However, more than just knowing citizens' needs and responding in kind unilaterally, local government in the community era is expected to engage the public in participative governance. This article describes how one such entity—the police department—is changing with regard to a philosophical shift in how it must conduct business in the future, and in turn, how it might employ community-oriented research methods to assess its progress and effectiveness among the citizens it serves.
Veiled Politics
Authors: DELANEY KEVIN J.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the connection between bankruptcy and organizational failure, arguing that the two have grown increasingly distinct in the world of large corporate bankruptcy. In some bankruptcy cases, the filing of a Chapter 11 petition has very little to do with organizational failure in the strictest sense but instead signals a change in organizational strategy by corporate management or institutional creditors. This article suggests viewing bankruptcy as a specialized organizational field that offers significant advantages to corporations facing complex dilemmas. As a highly structured organizational field, bankruptcy favors repeat players, privileges financial epistemologies over other forms of knowledge, transforms threatening stakeholder interests into more familiar creditor claims, and channels larger political disputes into narrower financial disputing frameworks.
Mexican Gender Studies and the American University
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ FRANCISCO
Published: March 2007

The burgeoning Mexican-American and Hispanic populations in the United States are reflected in demands that universities give more attention to Mexican studies. Given the similar demand that gender studies be given much more serious attention by academia, one would think Chicana or Mexican-American women's studies would have come into their own. In actual fact, research and teaching interest in Chicano or Mexican-American male issues has not been accompanied by the allocation of similar resources to Chicana studies. The background to this and the general situation of Mexican gender studies in the American higher education deserve more consideration than they have received.
Unintended Consequences
Authors: GRAHAM HUGH DAVIS
Published: March 2007

In the 1990s, political opposition in the United States rose against two government policies not previously linked in policy rationale or public debate: affirmative action preferences and large-scale immigration. Historically, reform movements in civil rights and immigration policy had differed significantly in their coalition base, reformist goals, rationales for government intervention, patterns of agency implementation, and communities of policy expertise. Yet both reform drives, sharing common foundations in liberal nondiscrimination theory and constitutional tradition, won major legislative victories in the 1960s. These laws produced unintended consequences: hard affirmative action programs involving minority preferences and mass immigration from developing nations. Immigrants were participating increasingly as minorities eligible for affirmative action remedies originally developed to compensate African Americans for past discrimination under slavery and segregation. These consequences help to explain the rise of intraminority tensions and White native opposition.
Visionary Futures
Authors: MARKLEY OLIVER W.
Published: March 2007

Guided cognitive imagery is described as an appropriate technology of choice for intuition-based exploring, learning, and teaching about alternative futures—especially suitable for futures involving cultural transformation. Two methodological approaches with case examples are described: (a) a virtual time travel method for visionary futures exploration and for experiencing the needs offuture generations and (b) a set of depth-intuition methods for need finding, transforming perceived needs into opportunities, choosing between policy options, and transcendental exploration. Although these “visionary futures” methods extend well beyond the conventional paradigm of the behavioral sciences, they are consistent with the cannons of science in that they are trainable and can be replicated. Moreover, they can readily be used to help integrate the methodologies of social action research, futures research, and political activism—a task which urgently needs to be done.
Mediated Negotiation in the Public Sector
Authors: SUSSKIND LAWRENCE , OZAWA CONNIE
Published: March 2007

Three case studies of mediated negotiation in the public sector are summarized. Special attention is given to the roles played by the mediators in these cases, the difficulties of ensuring adequate representation of all stakeholders, and the problems of protecting the “public interest.” Criteria for evaluating mediated negotiation as a supplement to traditional legislative, administrative, and judicial means of resolving resource allocation disputes are offered. The techniques of labor mediation and mediation in international disputes are compared to see which are more appropriate for use in public sector resource allocation disputes.
Nonmarket Resource Allocation in Mental Health Care
Authors: FRANK RICHARD , KAMLET MARK S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the public sector's role in the provision of mental health care, concentrating on a financial and economic perspective. A brief history of U.S. public policy toward the mentally ill is provided. The political economy of the mental health care system is then discussed. Four key sets of actors are identified: voters, interest groups, legislatures and elected politicians, and bureaus and public providers. Public policy toward the mentally ill in the United States is the result of the interaction of these groups. We discuss each group's objectives and the nature of the constraints each faces in pursuing its objectives. Using this perspective, the empirical literature on resource utilization by public mental hospitals is reviewed. A research agenda is presented for analyzing public sources of mental health care.
Investigating Influences on Managers’ Moral Reasoning
Authors: Weber James , Wasieleski David
Published: March 2007

Managers often face situations that challenge their ability to reason morally. Avariety of factors, including the issue itself and personal and organizational influences, may affect their responses. Using Kohlberg’s moral development theory and the Adapted Moral Judgment Interviewtechnique, we examine the influences of context, age, gender, type of work, and industry membership on 308 managers’ moral reasoning. No significant differences are found when considering age or gender. Differences are discovered when assessing the context of the dilemmas, managers’ type of work (managerial vs. technical), and industry membership (manufacturing vs. service). Implications from our findings are discussed.
Ownership and Management of the Firm-Another Look
Authors: Kamerschen David R. , Paul Robert J. , Dilts David A.
Published: March 2007

This financial, economic, and organizational behavior literatures have been reviewed in order to evaluate three competing theories regarding ownership and management of the firm: 1) firms are not affected in terms of performance and policy by control status; 2) owner-controlled firms attempt to provide larger dividend payouts; and 3) owner-controlled firms tend to have smaller dividend payouts. No generalizations regarding either the superiority or the equality of employee-owned firms to professionally-managed firms can be drawn.