bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A charge density prediction model for hydrocarbons using deep neural networks
Authors: Kamal Deepak , Chandrasekaran Anand , Batra Rohit , Ramprasad Rampi
Published: March 2020

The electronic charge density distribution ρ(r) of a given material is among the most fundamental quantities in quantum simulations from which many large scale properties and observables can be calculated. Conventionally, ρ(r) is obtained using Kohn–Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT) based methods. But, the high computational cost of KS-DFT renders it intractable for systems involving thousands/millions of atoms. Thus, recently there has been efforts to bypass expensive KS equations, and directly predict ρ(r) using machine learning (ML) based methods. Here, we build upon one such scheme to create a robust and reliable ρ(r) prediction model for a diverse set of hydrocarbons, involving huge chemical and morphological complexity /(saturated, unsaturated molecules, cyclo-groups and amorphous and semi-crystalline polymers). We utilize a grid-based fingerprint to capture the atomic neighborhood around an arbitrary point in space, and map it to the reference ρ(r) obtained from standard DFT calculations at that point. Owing to the grid-based learning, dataset sizes exceed billions of points, which is trained using deep neural networks in conjunction with a incremental learning based approach. The accuracy and transferability of the ML approach is demonstrated on not only a diverse test set, but also on a completely unseen system of polystyrene under different strains. Finally, we note that the general approach adopted here could be easily extended to other material systems, and can be used for quick and accurate determination of ρ(r) for DFT charge density initialization, computing dipole or quadrupole, and other observables for which reliable density functional are known.
Organic and inorganic nanoparticle vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases
Authors: Poon Christopher , Patel Amish A
Published: March 2020

Infectious diseases remain a leading cause of concern worldwide. Conventional vaccine methods to elicit immune responses have limitations in effectively controlling new and re-merging pathogens. Nanoparticle-based vaccines show promise in overcoming these limitations due to their versatility and tunability to protect antigen from premature degradations, facilitate their intracellular uptakes and elicit prolonged immunity against infectious diseases. Nanoparticle can be categorized as purely organic or inorganic based on the components that construct the structure. Most organic materials are biocompatible, biodegradable, and nontoxic, while most inorganic materials have a smaller particle size, improved stability, controlled tunability, enhanced permeability, high antigen loadings, and a triggered release profile. This review will focus on the different type of organic and inorganic nanoparticles used as vaccine against infectious diseases.
A Greek tragedy? Why ‘Dillwyn’s Etruscan Ware’ failed*
Authors: Morgan Janett
Published: March 2020

Between 1847 and 1850, the Cambrian Pottery in Swansea made ‘Dillwyn’s Etruscan Ware’, a range of vases copying the designs of red-figure vases found in south Italian and Sicilian tombs. The vases were made for sale to ‘humble homesteads’, but they did not attract buyers and were discontinued. This article explores the economic and commercial milieu in which the Swansea ‘Etruscan’ ware vases were designed and made. It examines relationships between manufacturers’ design choices and their perceptions of the social, cultural, and political aspirations of intended buyers. It establishes the identity of the Cambrian Pottery’s intended customers and shows how practical issues, such as space, display, and utility, could influence buyers’ choices as well as design. Finally, it explores the influence of social, cultural, and religious ideals on domestic decoration in working-class households, and it offers an explanation of why ‘Dillwyn’s Etruscan Ware’ failed.
Post-combustion slipstream CO2-capture test facility at Jiangyou Power Plant, Sichuan, China: facility design and validation using 30% wt monoethanolamine (MEA) testing
Authors: Wang Baodeng , Cui Qian , Zhang Guoping , Long Yinhua , Sun Yongwei , Zhao Xinglei , He Zhendong , Ku Anthony Y
Published: March 2020

Given the dominant share of coal in China’s energy-generation mix and the fact that >50% of the power plants in the country are currently <15 years old, efforts to significantly reduce China’s CO2 footprint will require the deployment of CO2 capture across at least part of its fleet of coal-fired power plants. CO2-capture technology is reaching commercial maturity, but it is still necessary to adapt the technology to regional conditions, such as power-plant design and flexible operation in the China context. Slipstream facilities provide valuable field data to support the commercialization of CO2 capture. We have built a slipstream facility at Jiangyou power plant in Sichuan that will allow us to explore China-relevant issues, especially flexible operation, over the next few years. We plan to share our results with the broader CO2-capture and CO2-storage (CCS) community to accelerate the deployment of CCS in China. This paper describes the design of the slipstream facility and presents results from our steady-state qualification tests using a well-studied benchmark solvent: 30% wt monoethanolamine (MEA). The results from our MEA tests compare favorably to results reported from other slipstream-test facilities around the world, allowing us to commission our system and establish a reference baseline for future studies.
Thermoregulatory costs in molting Antarctic Weddell seals: impacts of physiological and environmental conditions
Authors: Walcott Skyla M , Kirkham Amy L , Burns Jennifer M
Published: March 2020

For polar marine mammals, the energetic cost of thermoregulation depends on ambient conditions in the highly variable surrounding environment. Heat conservation strategies used by pinnipeds to reduce total heat loss include small surface area to volume ratios, the ability to limit perfusion and thick subcutaneous blubber layers. There are limits to how cool the skin surface may remain without compromising function, especially during the annual pelage molt, when hair and skin are replaced. To determine if actively molting seals incur higher thermoregulatory costs, surface temperature (ST) and heat flux (HF) were measured in 93 adult female Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) both prior to and during the active molting period using direct sensors and infrared imaging. Linear mixed-effect models revealed that ST increased significantly with increased ambient temperature and decreased wind speed (contributing 44.6 and 41.7% of the attributed variance, respectively). Seal STs were not impacted by molt status, but were maintained at 11.2 ± 0.3°C warmer than the ambient temperature. Infrared imaging results averaged 15.1 ± 1.4°C warmer than direct ST measurements. In contrast, HF was significantly higher in seals in early molting stages compared to the pre-molt season ( P < 0.001) and molt status accounted for 66.5% of the variance in HF. Thermoregulatory costs calculated from estimated basal metabolic rate and measured HF were more than double for molting seals as compared to those in pre-molt. This suggests that perfusion is increased during molt to support follicle development, despite the increased energetic costs associated with higher HF rates. Because ST, HF and thermoregulatory costs are strongly influenced by ambient conditions, molt timing is likely under selective pressure to occur during the warmest period of the year. Shifts in environmental conditions that delay molt phenology or increase HF rates could negatively impact seal populations by further increasing thermoregulatory costs.
What You Do Versus Who You Are: Home-Learning Activities, Social Origin and Cognitive Skills among Young Children in Ireland
Authors: McMullin Patricia , McGinnity Frances , Murray Aisling , Russell Helen
Published: March 2020

This article explores the role that home-learning activities (HLAs) play in the relationship between social origin and cognitive development using an Irish birth cohort study, Growing Up in Ireland. Numerous studies using different measures of the home-learning environment (HLE) have shown that it has considerable influence on young children’s cognitive development, and that the HLE is often linked to social origin. We find a social gradient in vocabulary even at age 3 years, with the largest gaps for mothers’ education. Family income, mothers’ education, and social class are also associated with vocabulary independently, though these associations are reduced by adding all three measures simultaneously. The extent of HLAs helps explain a very small part of the education differences and none of the income or social class differences in vocabulary. We find some evidence that HLAs may be more salient for children from families with low income and lower social class backgrounds in terms of supporting vocabulary development, thereby compensating somewhat for disadvantage. HLAs also appear to encourage vocabulary development between age 3 and 5, and play a role in reducing the gap in vocabulary between high- and low-income children.
Five-year follow-up of patients enrolled in the NEAT 001/ANRS 143 randomized clinical trial: NEAT 001/ANRS 143 LONG TERM study
Authors: Raffi François , Gaultier Aurélie , Pozniak Anton , Molina Jean-Michel , Jessen Heiko , Antinori Andrea , Soria Albane , Cavellec Morane , Le Thuaut Aurélie , Ningre Maelle , de Wit Stéphane
Published: March 2020

Background

Few long-term data are available in subjects having initiated ART with an NRTI-sparing regimen.

Objectives

Outcomes of subjects enrolled in the NEAT 001/ANRS 143 randomized clinical trial (comparing ritonavir-boosted darunavir + raltegravir versus ritonavir-boosted darunavir + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine) were retrospectively collected, through anonymized electronic case report forms, up to 6 years post-enrolment.

Methods

The last NEAT 001 visit (Week 96) was conducted in 745/805 randomized subjects (363/401 ritonavir-boosted darunavir + raltegravir and 382/404 ritonavir-boosted darunavir + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine). Of these, 430 were enrolled in NEAT 001/ANRS 143 LONG TERM (NLT) study (201 raltegravir, 229 tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine), with a median follow-up of 44.4 months.

Results

During NLT follow-up, the proportion of AIDS, non-AIDS events, virological rebound and serious adverse events, discontinuation for virological failure and for adverse events did not differ between groups; discontinuations for virological failure since NEAT 001 inclusion were more frequent in subjects with baseline CD4 <200 cells/mm3 (11.9% versus 5.3%; P = 0.077). At last follow-up, a quarter of subjects (22.2% for ritonavir-boosted darunavir + raltegravir and 29.7% for ritonavir-boosted darunavir + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine) were still receiving their initial regimen. Integrase inhibitor exposure was not associated with weight gain (P = 0.48), while tenofovir disoproxil fumarate exposure was associated with a trend to higher creatinine increase (P = 0.067).

Conclusions

After a median of 5.6 years, subjects initiating ritonavir-boosted darunavir + raltegravir or ritonavir-boosted darunavir + tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine experienced few serious clinical adverse events. Most discontinuations were for reasons unrelated to adverse events or virological failure.
Relationship of Cisplatin-Related Adverse Health Outcomes With Disability and Unemployment Among Testicular Cancer Survivors
Authors: Kerns Sarah L , Fung Chunkit , Fossa Sophie D , Dinh Paul C , Monahan Patrick , Sesso Howard D , Frisina Robert D , Feldman Darren R , Hamilton Robert J , Vaughn David , Martin Neil , Huddart Robert , Kollmannsberger Christian , Sahasrabudhe Deepak , Ardeshir-Rouhani-Fard Shirin , Einhorn Lawrence , Travis Lois B
Published: March 2020

Background

Few data exist on the relationship of cisplatin-related adverse health outcomes (AHOs) with disability, unemployment, and self-reported health (SRH) among testicular cancer survivors (TCS).

Methods

A total of 1815 TCS at least 1 year postchemotherapy underwent clinical examination and completed questionnaires. Treatment data were abstracted from medical records. A cumulative burden of morbidity score (CBMPt) encompassed the number and severity of platinum-related AHOs (peripheral sensory neuropathy [PSN], hearing loss, tinnitus, renal disease). Multivariable regression assessed the association of AHOs and CBMPt with employment status and SRH, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Unemployment was compared with a male normative population of similar age, race, and ethnicity.

Results

Almost 1 in 10 TCS was out of work (2.4%, disability leave; 6.8%, unemployed) at a median age of 37 years (median follow-up = 4 years). PSN (odds ratio [OR] = 2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 8.26, grade 3 vs 0, P = .048), renal dysfunction defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (OR = 12.1, 95% CI = 2.06 to 70.8, grade 2 vs 0, P = .01), pain (OR = 10.6, 95% CI = 4.40 to 25.40, grade 2 or 3 vs 0, P < .001), and CBMPt (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.03 to 2.08, P = .03) were associated with disability leave; pain strongly correlated with PSN (r2 = 0.40, P < .001). Statistically significantly higher percentages of TCS were unemployed vs population norms (age-adjusted OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 2.49 to 3.02, P < .001). PSN (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.28 to 4.62, grade 3 vs 0, P = .006), patient-reported hearing loss (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.04 to 3.17, grade 2 or 3 vs 0, P = .04), and pain (OR = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.06 to 6.81, grade 2 or 3 vs 0, P < .001) were associated with unemployment. Increasing severity of most cisplatin-related AHOs and pain were associated with statistically significantly worse SRH.

Conclusions

Our findings have important implications regarding treatment-associated productivity losses and socioeconomic costs in this young population. Survivorship care strategies should include inquiries about disability and unemployment status, with efforts made to assist affected TCS in returning to the workforce.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L.
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces Christian nationalism. It is defined as a conceptual framework—a collection of myths, traditions, symbols, narratives, and value systems—that idealizes and advocates a fusion of Christianity with American civic life. The chapter also introduces the authors’ measurement of this concept and compares it to other possible measurement strategies. Finally, the chapter highlights three main arguments for this book. First, it argues that understanding Christian nationalism, its content, and its consequences is essential for understanding much of the polarization in American popular discourse. Second, the authors contend it is not synonymous with, reducible to, or a byproduct of personal religiosity, political views, racism, or authoritarian tendencies, among others. Finally, the claim is put forward that Christian nationalism is not “Christianity” or even “religion” properly speaking. The authors show that Christian nationalism influences Americans’ opinions and behaviors in the exact opposite direction that traditional religious commitment does.
Four Americans
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L.
Published: March 2020

This chapter introduces the four categories that encompass the orientations of all Americans toward Christian nationalism. The remaining chapters of the book draw on each of these four categories. This chapter provides empirical descriptions of each group: Ambassadors, Accommodators, Resisters, and Rejecters. The demographics of each group are explored, noting differences across age, gender, region of the country, education, income, and marital status. This chapter also explores the religious beliefs, behaviors, and affiliations of Americans in each of these four categories. These analyses demonstrate that none of the four responses to Christian nationalism are synonymous with a particular religious tradition or socio-demographic group. Rather, each response can be found all throughout society. Finally, data are analyzed over the last several decades to explore shifts in size of each of the groups.
Boundaries
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L. , Perry Samuel L.
Published: March 2020

In this chapter we explore how Christian nationalism erects and sustains symbolic boundaries concerning race and ethnicity, nativism, citizenship, and religious diversity. Focusing first on racial and ethnic diversity, we show how Christian nationalism actually implies the necessity of maintaining distinct racial boundaries. Ambassadors and Accommodators are less likely to feel comfortable with interracial romantic relationships, transracial adoption, or immigration. These groups are also much more likely to blame minorities for any racial inequality, including police treatment and the criminal justice system. Turning to religious minorities, we show similar patterns. Rejecters and Resisters are actually more supportive of religious liberty for all groups, while Ambassadors and Accommodators are much more religiously exclusive. We again show that personal piety can at times work in opposition to Christian nationalism. Overall, Christian nationalism is integral to understanding Americans’ racial and religious symbolic boundaries.
Imaginary Socialization
Authors: Adraoui Mohamed-Ali
Published: March 2020

Imaginary socialization refers to the gap between the perception of an identity that makes no concessions and the leeway for interpretation permitted by authorized clerics. It relates more generally to the part of reciprocal construction between the subject and the object. The manner in which the former constructs, and is constructed by, the latter is the source of a vision of the world and the different positions that derive from it. Imaginary socialization echoes the polysemy of religious concepts but also the different ways of apprehending the social space, with a single one perduring in this socialization in order to render coherent the acts and positions taken by practicants.
Us versus Them
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

Crime and gentrification represent hot button issues in racially diverse neighborhoods. Drawing on three and a half years of ethnographic fieldwork, this book provides a detailed analysis of community conflict in Rogers Park and Uptown, two Chicago neighborhoods. The book shows how competing views about neighborhood change divided residents into two political camps, which prioritized either the fight against crime or the fight against gentrification. This division frequently materialized as a type of racial conflict, because antigentrification activists and their allies charged that grassroots anticrime initiatives were, in truth, barely covert racist practices that were meant to foster racial displacement and marginalization. Chapter by chapter, the book traces these conflicts in different areas of community life. It examines the strategies of public safety work that residents used to fight crime and how their efforts contributed to gentrification; how antigentrification activists resisted criminalization and gentrification; how politicians sought to actively use or downplay community divisions in their electoral campaigns; and how residents of different racial and ethnic backgrounds positioned themselves in these battles.
A Brief History of Living Together
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 establishes the urban context in which the dynamics described in subsequent chapters unfolded. The chapter begins with a description of the prevalence and quality of crime, gang activity, and violence in Rogers Park and Uptown. It then offers a historical overview of urban change from the neighborhoods’ early history through racial integration and up to the arrival of gentrification and the present moment. The chapter ends by describing the neighborhoods’ contemporary political fields, including the main actors and community organizations that formed the public safety and antigentrification camps.
Racial Identities and Political Standpoints
Authors: Doering Jan
Published: March 2020

On an aggregate level, the fight against street crime in Rogers Park and Uptown benefited white residents at the expense of black and minority residents, who were mostly low-income and more likely to be displaced or confronted with aggressive policing. Nevertheless, alliances and battle lines in Rogers Park and Uptown crisscrossed racial boundaries. Some middle-class whites actively opposed gentrification, while some black residents supported tough-on-crime policing. This chapter describes in detail several extreme examples of how racial identities did or did not align with the political positions one might expect whites and African Americans to take. Furthermore, it sheds light on the fact that many racial battles played out within rather than between racial groups.
Introduction
Authors: Schwartz James S.J.
Published: March 2020

This chapter highlights pushes to commercialize space exploration as foils for raising questions about which fundamental values and goals spaceflight serves, emphasizing the interdisciplinary nature of these issues. It also provides a summary of the book. Intended to contribute to professional philosophical discourse, this book is also intended to be accessible, meaningful, and relevant to individuals from a wide range of disciplinary and vocational backgrounds—from planetary scientists to political scientists; from astrobiologists to anthropologists; from space program employees to lawyers and legal scholars. The reasons why we should reject most basic tenets of space advocacy, and the reasons the book offers in their place, should be persuasive to a wide audience, including philosophers as well as anyone with serious interests in space exploration and space policy.
The Instrumental Value of Scientific Knowledge and Understanding and the Rationale for Space Science
Authors: Schwartz James S.J.
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides a defense of the instrumental value of scientific knowledge and understanding as well as a defense of the use of public funds in support of scientific research, including space science. It motivates a more sophisticated understanding of the “spinoff” justification for space exploration by drawing on research in philosophy of science which connects social progress to scientific progress, and scientific progress to scientific exploration. This establishes the instrumental value of scientific (including space) exploration. It then uses a framework derived from Mark Brown and David Guston to argue that democratic states have obligations to provide wide-ranging and substantial support for scientific research, including space research. Finally, it provides an overview of various space research projects, identifying the ways they contribute to democratic governance. It also contains a discussion of the crewed vs. robotic exploration debate.
“Innovate First, Permission Later”
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

This chapter provides a thorough exploration of Google’s copyright policy agenda. The traditional approach to copyright assumes permission from rightsholders is required to use copyright subject matter, unless the law provides otherwise. Google challenges this assumption. Google views copyright law from the perspective of an innovator and submits that a “permission first, innovate later” approach to copyright chills innovation. According to Google, to ensure continued technological advancement, copyright must be limited. Google’s copyright policy framework prioritizes public rights to access and engage with information and content, including strong and flexible exceptions to copyright and limitations on liability. Underpinning Google’s framework is a philosophy that technological innovation is virtuous, supporting economic and social progress.
The Problems of Google News in Europe
Authors: Gray Joanne Elizabeth
Published: March 2020

In 2019, the European Union introduced a new copyright directive that provides news publishers a new right to be paid for the use of their works in the digital environment. The directive is squarely aimed at Google. Indeed, it is the latest step in a long history of European lawmakers seeking to regulate Google in order to support European news organizations. When navigating its way through the problems of Google News in Europe, Google has sought to appeal to the power of innovation, reframing disruption as opportunity, and doing everything it can to resist burdensome regulation. Indeed, the history of Google News in Europe shows Google leveraging its wealth, market power, and technological capabilities to compel and entice news publishers to work within Google’s system and according to Google’s copyright framework.
Introducing and Theorizing Cross-Racial Mobilization
Authors: Collingwood Loren
Published: March 2020

Chapter 1 introduces and theorizes the concept of cross-racial mobilization: (1) What are the conditions (beyond well-established demographic indicators) under which white/Anglo candidates for public office are likely to use cross-racial mobilization to appeal to Latino voters? (2) When are white candidates’ cross-racial mobilization appeals to Latino voters successful? The chapter argues that cross-racial mobilization is most likely to occur when elections are competitive, institutional barriers to the vote are low, candidates have previously developed a welcoming racial reputation with target voters, whites’ attitudes are racially liberal, and the Latino electorate is large and growing. To maximize the vote across the racial aisle, white/Anglo candidates must develop minority-group cultural competence and group-specific policy expertise, share party identification, and conduct extensive cross-racial mobilization. With these qualities, and maximum efforts at cross-racial mobilization, non-co-ethnic candidates can begin to approach the electoral benefits previously thought only accrued to co-ethnic candidates.
In the Path of Conquest
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

This book offers a fresh insight into the conquests of Alexander the Great by attempting to view the events of 336–323 from the vantage point of the defeated. The extent, and form, of the resistance of those whose territories were invaded varied in accordance with previous relationships with either the Macedonian invader or the Achaemenids. The internal political situations of many states—particularly the Greek cities of Asia Minor—were also a factor. In the vast Persian Empire from the Aegean to the Indus, some states surrendered voluntarily, and others offered fierce resistance. Not all regions were subdued through military actions. Indeed, the excessive use of force on Alexander’s part is demonstrated as ineffective and counterproductive. This book examines the reasons for these varied responses, giving more emphasis to the defeated and less to the Conqueror and his Macedonians. In the process, it debunks many long-held views concerning Alexander’s motives. Such a study involves rigorous analysis of the ancient sources, and their testimony is presented throughout the book in the form of newly translated passages.
The Long Road to Asia Minor
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

When Philip II was assassinated in October 336, his expeditionary force under Parmenion, Attalus and Amyntas had already established a foothold in Asia Minor. But his death was a signal for Alexander’s enemies at court and in the army to challenge his kingship and for the Greeks and the tribes in the north to throw off Macedonian power. The result was a delay of almost two years but one that saw the young king strengthen his position on the throne and prove his worth as a military leader. Campaigning in the north, he overcame the Thracians, Triballians, and Illyrians in rapid succession. Thereafter he marched south to besiege, capture, and destroy the city of Thebes. The men were killed and the women and children sold into slavery. The message was clear: resistance was futile. Athens feigned contrition but dared not take action even in the king’s absence. Alexander had no need of the Greeks’ love, only their obedience and their manpower—and even the latter he used sparingly. Despite a later literary tradition that compared Alexander with Achilles, the truth was that the first two years of his reign had established the king as a latter-day Agamemnon.
First Clash in Asia Minor
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

Persian Asia Minor had experienced upheavals since the late stages of the Peloponnesian War. When the Spartans emerged victorious from that contest, with the financial help of the Persian king, they soon set out on a program of liberation. But their leadership was corrupt and their methods of controlling the Greek city-states oppressive—Spartan garrisons were imposed under a commander called a harmost, and boards of ten (dekarchies) ruled the cities. Persia successfully removed the Spartan menace, but the Achaemenids were themselves soon threatened by an uprising known as the Great Satraps’ Revolt. Some of the rebels sought refuge at the court of Philip II of Macedon, who later sent an expeditionary force to Asia Minor in the spring of 336. Although this force of 10,000 accomplished little, it was followed in 334 by a full-scale invasion by Alexander the Great, who defeated the armies of a satrapal coalition at the River Granicus. Although Memnon of Rhodes emerged as the leading defender of Persian interests in the West, many of the empire’s leading commanders fell on the battlefield or soon afterward. It was an ill omen for the future of Achaemenid Asia Minor.
The Levant and Egypt
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

Alexander’s victory at Issus gave him two options: advance directly into the heart of the Persian Empire, or turn south to deal with Phoenicia and Egypt. The latter was strategically more sound, but some scholars have questioned it. Alexander had to negate the power of the Persian fleet—the Macedonian fleet that had been disbanded in 334 was soon reconstituted but was preoccupied with the affairs of the Aegean—and needed to win over the states that contributed most to Persia’s naval power: Cyprus and Phoenicia. The Phoenicians were divided regarding resistance. The smaller coastal cities or those without adequate defenses against attacks by land—Byblos, Aradus, Sidon, Tripolis—saw little point in resisting. Indeed, the Sidonians had recently suffered at the hands of Persia and were keen to rid themselves of the Achaemenids and their collaborators. Tyre, on the other hand, was an island a safe distance offshore, defended by high, sturdy walls. It opted for resistance or, at least, hoped for neutrality. But the defection of most of the Phoenician and Cypriot navy after Issus made even Tyre’s situation untenable. The city was taken and its inhabitants slaughtered in great numbers. Gaza also resisted but was taken with much bloodshed. Egypt, by contrast, welcomed the invader. It had long struggled to stay independent and had only recently been reincorporated into the Persian Empire. Egypt had few Persian defenders and could find no better alternative to collaboration with the invader. Alexander was recognized as the legitimate pharaoh.
The End of Darius III
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

Defeat at Gaugamela and the surrender of the Achaemend capitals ended Darius’ hopes for victory and the recovery of his empire. There was some talk of gathering new forces from central Asia, but his political enemies, Bessus and Nabarzanes, were already plotting to arrest the king and turn him over to the Conqueror. If they hoped to save themselves through this action, they had made a serious miscalculation. Some of the nobles remained true to Darius, and after his arrest and murder, they made their peace with Alexander and reaped varying degrees of reward. Artabazus, Phrataphernes, Autophradates, and Amminapes abandoned the fleeing Persian army and sought the Conqueror’s mercy. Bessus was, however, hunted down and eventually subjected to torture and execution. Despite Alexander’s attempt to endear himself to the defeated, he was met with distrust and was soon confronted with a major insurrection in Bactria and Sogdiana, a land well suited to guerrilla warfare.
The War in Central Asia
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

Alexander’s invasion of Bactria caught Bessus and the regicides off guard. The arrest and extradition of Bessus by his fellow conspirators promised a quick settlement and the submission of the semi-nomadic people of Bactria and Sogdiana. But the Macedonian campaigns at the Iaxartes River, which bordered on the lands of the Scythians, threatened the traditional patterns of life. Distrust on the part of the local headmen and warlords put an end to negotiations, and Alexander resorted to a campaign of terror, as the army (divided into five parts) swept through the countryside to force submission. Mountain fortresses were captured, and at the first of these the rebels and their leader were either cruelly executed or enslaved. An attempt to place the satrapy under a Persian ruler from the western portion of the empire was also greeted with resentment. Terror proved counterproductive, and in the end only the “political” marriage of Alexander to the local princess, Roxane, brought stability.
Persianizing and the Internal Enemy
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

Not all resistance to the Conqueror came from the peoples who were invaded by the Macedonians. Indeed, there was opposition within the army, particularly among the officer class. The purpose of the expedition had changed from vengeance to accommodation of the defeated, and there were many who saw the promotion of Persian nobles at the court and the integration of barbarian troops in the army as a demotion of the conquerors. Was it for this that so much Greek and Macedonian blood was shed? Furthermore, the king had been transformed into a despot of the Oriental type from a leader who was recognized as primus inter pares. Several conspiracies came to light—that of Alexander the Lyncestian, early in the campaign, and those of Demetrius the Bodyguard (involving Philotas) and the Pages, led by Hermolaus. And then there was opposition to the Persian court practice of proskynesis. The king weathered the storms, but his image was forever tarnished, and some later alleged that he was poisoned by a group of disaffected nobles and generals. Although this was almost certainly a false rumor, it pointed to the dangerous changes that victory had engendered.
From the Punjab to Pattala
Authors: Heckel Waldemar
Published: March 2020

The campaign in the Punjab saw Alexander, supported by his Indian ally Taxiles, attack Porus, who lived beyond the Hydaspes River. The battle, at the beginning of the monsoon season, involved a division of the Macedonian forces. One part faced Porus at the river crossing, where the current and the elephants in the Indian army made a direct attack virtually impossible. Alexander took a portion of his army and marched upstream. Once across the river, he drew Porus away from his defensive position and defeated the Indian ruler in a battle fought primarily by cavalry, although the Macedonian pikemen inflicted injuries on the elephants, which became a danger to their own troops. After the Hydaspes victory, Alexander advanced to the Hyphasis (Beas), where the army refused to cross in order to march to the Ganges. The whole episode was contrived, since Alexander clearly had no intention of going farther east. His failure to reach the eastern end of the world was thus attributed to the timidity and war-weariness of his soldiers. During the descent of the Indus river system, Alexander received a near-fatal wound at the hands of the Mallians. Once he recovered, Alexander conducted a series of bloody massacres as he sailed to the mouth of the Indus and accomplished his goal of sailing out into the ocean. Although the Indian campaign was by far the bloodiest of the expedition, there was little long-term gain from the conquest.
Feminist Whiteness
Authors: Lépinard Éléonore
Published: March 2020

This chapter focuses on feminist whiteness, a concept it introduces and defines as the product of a process of political subjectivation as a white feminist. The concept captures the various repertoires that white feminists elaborate to talk about—or rather actively ignore—race relations of power and their own privileged positions in this racial order. The chapter traces how white feminists are constituted as political subjects through their relationship to nonwhite feminists, and to those whom they perceive and label as “bad” feminist subjects. It shows that debates on Islamic veiling have operated a shift in feminist whiteness, from feminist whiteness as ignorance to feminist whiteness as an active participation in national identity and femonationalist discourses. It also shows that feminist whiteness is multiple and varies across contexts. In France and Quebec, white feminists use different repertoires to address race issues. Some work around or evade race, while others recognize its political salience. These different forms of feminist whiteness are articulated with specific moral dispositions and emotions.
Opera for the Revolution
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 is the first of three chapters on “revolutionary operas.” Five operas were created between 1971 and 1973. These reflect the state ideology of juche, often translated as “self-reliance,” but linked, in artistic creation, to two control strategies that keep cultural production in check: collective composition and “seed theory.” The operas enhance the cult of Kim Il Sung and were created with the assistance of Kim Jong Il. After a detailed consideration and contextualization of juche (“self reliance”), the operas are introduced. The chapter presents two in detail, “Sea of Blood” and “The Flower Girl,” to explore how lyrics, music, and drama reference historical and social issues known to North Korean audiences to strengthen the orthodox history of the North Korean state, the leadership cult, and the notion of a socialist utopia. It also introduces the three additional operas, “A True Daughter of the Party,” “Oh! Tell, the Forest,” and “Mount Kŭmgang.”
From Spectacles to Dance
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

This chapter first explores a large-scale dance spectacle in which 50,000 twenty-something citizens celebrated Kim Il Sung’s birthday in 2000. It then looks at how mass performance spectacles have developed in North Korea, exploring their distinguishing characteristics. Next, a historical and contextual discussion is given (which expands from a brief consideration in the previous chapter), linking to dance, and explaining how the content of mass spectacles are notated and disseminated. This leads to an exploration and explanation of the chamo p’yogibŏp alphabet-based dance notation, developed in Pyongyang and first used in notation scores in the late 1980s. Then, inherited forms of dance (folkloric, indigenous, international), what they became, and the leading dancer Ch’oe Sŭnghŭi (1911–1968) are explored to set up an overview of the characteristics of dance in North Korea. The account foregrounds Ch’oe Sŭnghŭi’s adaptations of modern dance.
Composing the Nation
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

In North Korea, with songs fundamental to ideology and central to cultural production, composers face challenges. How can large-scale pieces for instrumental ensembles and orchestras be composed? This chapter begins by discussing how composition activity developed in North Korea, initially with Japanese and then Soviet influence. It considers key early compositions that are no longer acceptable for performance in North Korea. It then shows how early, Japanese-colonial-era popular song structures were upscaled to create symphonic poems, and, from these, how combining the songs and interpretations of the dramatic action of revolutionary operas allowed these to be upscaled into symphonic works. The focus then shifts to the avant-garde composer Isang Yun (1917–1995), who was the best-known Korean composer of the twentieth century in international circles. Yun, after being forced to return to South Korea from Germany and being tried for sedition, was latterly celebrated in North Korea, and his story became the subject of four feature-length films made in Pyongyang. The chapter analyzes three of his most political works to explain why, despite his celebrity, his musical style was never fully acceptable to North Korea, and how he failed to fully embrace the socialist realism frame that North Korean ideology required.
Songs for New Leaders
Authors: Howard Keith
Published: March 2020

This chapter first turns the spotlight on how fascist and socialist states approach popular music, both in respect to control and censorship and in attempts to create authorized pop repertories, arguing for a redefinition of “popular.” It then introduces the two North Korean pop bands established in the mid-1980s, Pochonbo and Wangjaesan. Two vignettes explore how pop songs functioned as a “state telegraph” during the 1994–1997 transition period to Kim Jong Il that began with Kim Il Sung’s death, and during 2009–2011 as the third leader, Kim Jong Un, was eased into power, following the death of Kim Jong Il. Featuring Moranbong as the major group, it next discusses the revival in pop culture that began around 2010, finding evidence for this revival stretching back to the beginning of the new millennium. An epilogue briefly considers 2018, when North Korea sent an expanded Samjiyŏn troupe with 130 musicians to the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games and South Korea reciprocated, sending K-pop stars to Pyongyang. From 2015, with the second incarnation of Moranbong, and then in 2018 with the Samjiyŏn troupe, the clock was turned back, and songs once again became the primary musical tool of the northern regime, reinforcing ideology, and signaling changes both within North Korea and in North Korea’s relations with the outside world.
A Cognitive-Relational Process
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 is effectively the book’s theoretical heart. Building on existing literature, it deploys the theoretical toolkit with the purpose of explaining why the mind and conversations enter into play in the sustainment of activism. We begin by clarifying why the mind is central to our study and for human life in general, before highlighting our contribution to the literature on social movements, which is twofold: we broaden the set of meanings that serve to explain commitment and sustaining participation, and we specify the cognitive paths that link broad understandings to action. The chapter continues by describing the relational mechanisms that shape the activist’s mind and expands on the reasons these cognitive and relational mechanisms both enable action and help sustain it. Chapter 2 hence sets out to detail the nexus between an activist’s mind and the conversational interactions which maintain action, thereby resulting in the thesis that a cognitive-relational process is at play in the sustainment of commitment.
Networks as “Islands of Meanings”
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea
Published: March 2020

Why do activists’ minds differ from one commitment site to another? And why are people’s minds synchronized when they are engaged in the same commitment community? Chapter 6 proposes an explanation of the findings advanced in the previous chapters by adding a relational layer to the cognitive mechanisms. We show how conversational interactions shape the meanings about common good and politics that activists construct. The chapter also shows that not every interaction shapes the activist’s mind but that specific relational mechanisms are at work behind the synchronization of understandings. First, we demonstrate that face-to-face interactions are the key to the construction of socially shared meanings. By contrast, mediated interactions (through discursive outcomes of the organization like newspapers or newsletters) are insufficient to shape an activist’s mind. Second, we highlight how face-to-face interactions in interpersonal networks allow passive members to construct socially shared meanings with fellow activists. Third, we show that the redundancy and abundance of interactions are not essential to the nourishment of the activist’s cognitive map. Finally, we claim that the density of interactions is a crucial relational mechanism for cross-committed activists. This chapter ultimately shows the importance of conversational interactions to the synchronization of the activist’s mind.
Culture in Mind
Authors: Passy Florence , Monsch Gian-Andrea
Published: March 2020

Chapter 7 wraps up the book’s main findings and highlights our main theoretical conclusion: The interplay between the mind and social interactions helps explain the process behind sustained commitment. But what does our conclusion imply for the study of social movements and activism more generally? We begin by emphasizing the necessity to bring the mind back in all its complexity. Second, we argue for the need to take into account considerations regarding the interpretative dimensions of social networks. Third, we advocate a better integration of culture in the study of social movements, as this places an emphasis on the role of culture in shaping a person’s mind, and ultimately provides for finer theories of mobilization. Finally, as with any research, this study faces limits; we expose these in this final chapter, providing us with the opportunity to suggest avenues for further research.
Second Homes
Authors: Farmer Sarah
Published: March 2020

In the rural exodus of the 1950s and 1960s, peasants abandoning the countryside left behind boarded-up farmhouses and derelict barns. Members of the urban middle class began scouring rural backwaters looking to purchase a vacation homes. A new real estate market opened up in peasant houses as secondary residences. In the 1970s fascination with the peasant house became a paradoxical hallmark of the radical modernization of French society. During the postwar economic boom, the French had welcomed the fruits of consumer society. But rapid progress also sparked a nostalgic embrace of tangible vestiges of traditional peasant society. Renovating a dilapidated farmhouse as a rural retreat in the French countryside became an internationally shared fantasy and practice. This chapter links the popularity of rural secondary homes to the developing environmental movement, as organizations concerned with rural preservation found common cause with peasants and environmentalists in supporting the protest movement in the Larzac region of central France.
Progress and Nostalgia
Authors: Farmer Sarah
Published: March 2020

In the 1970s, autobiographies and life stories by French peasants became bestsellers. Appearances on television turned some of these authors into celebrities. Their popularity reflected a passionate interest in peasant life and peasant society among the general reading public and scholars alike. Peasant memoirists recounted the old ways, but they also bridged the rift between France’s rural past and its modern technological present by addressing contemporary issues that the social and political activism of May 1968 had put on the agenda: environmentalism, feminism, regionalism (including movements seeking Breton and Occitan autonomy), and an interest in the local as a place for utopian experiment and renewal. This chapter focuses on some of the best-known peasant memoirists: Émilie Carles, Pierre Jakez Hélias, Ephraïm Grenadou, and Antoine Sylvère. It also describes the fame of “La mère Denis,” a country washerwoman who starred in washing machine advertisements.