bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of caffeine disposition following administration by oral solution (energy drink) and inspired powder (AeroShot) in human subjects
Authors: Laizure S. Casey , Meibohm Bernd , Nelson Kembral , Chen Feng , Hu Zhe‐Yi , Parker Robert B.
Published: July 2017

Aims

To determine the disposition and effects of caffeine after administration using a new dosage form (AeroShot) that delivers caffeine by inspiration of a fine powder into the oral cavity and compare it to an equivalent dose of an oral solution (energy drink) as the reference standard.

Methods

Healthy human subjects (n = 17) inspired a 100 mg caffeine dose using the AeroShot device or consumed an energy drink on separate study days. Heart rate, blood pressure and subject assessments of effects were measured over an 8‐h period. Plasma concentrations of caffeine and its major metabolites were determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic, cardiovascular and perceived stimulant effects were compared between AeroShot and energy drink phases using a pairedttest and standard bioequivalency analysis.

Results

Caffeine disposition was similar after caffeine administration by the AeroShot device and energy drink: peak plasma concentration 1790 and 1939 ng ml–1, and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) 15 579 and 17 569 ng ml–1× h, respectively, but they were not bioequivalent: AeroShot AUC of 80.3% (confidence interval 71.2–104.7%) and peak plasma concentration of 86.3% (confidence interval 62.8–102.8%) compared to the energy drink. Female subjects did have a significantly larger AUC compared to males after consumption of the energy drink. The heart rate and blood pressure were not significantly affected by the 100 mg caffeine dose, and there were no consistently perceived stimulant effects by the subjects using visual analogue scales.

Conclusion

Inspiration of caffeine as a fine powder using the AeroShot device produces a similar caffeine profile and effects compared to administration of an oral solution (energy drink).
IS THE PHILLIPS CURVE DIFFERENT IN POOR COUNTRIES?
Authors: Bleaney Michael , Francisco Manuela
Published: July 2017

It has been suggested that the Phillips curve (positive output‐inflation correlation) is inverted in poor countries. It is argued here that the truth is more complex. In poor countries temporary supply‐side shocks, for example to agricultural output, induce a negative correlation between prices and output rather than between inflation rates and output. Empirical evidence supports this hypothesis.
INFINITE ASYMMETRIC EQUILIBRIA IN MIXED OLIGOPOLIES
Authors: Colombo Stefano
Published: July 2017

We show that infinite asymmetric equilibria may be supported in a mixed Cournot oligopoly with identical private firms. This sharply contrasts with the case of private Cournot oligopolies, where only symmetric equilibria arise.
The interplay between HLA-B27 and ERAP1/ERAP2 aminopeptidases: from anti-viral protection to spondyloarthritis
Authors: Vitulano C , Tedeschi V , Paladini F , Sorrentino R , Fiorillo M T
Published: July 2017

The human leukocyte antigen class I gene HLA-B27 is the strongest risk factor for ankylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory arthritic disorder. More recently, the Endoplasmic Reticulum Aminopeptidase (ERAP) 1 and 2 genes have been identified by genome wide association studies (GWAS) as additional susceptibility factors. In the ER, these aminopeptidases trim the peptides to a length suitable to fit into the groove of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. It is noteworthy that an epistatic interaction between HLA-B27 and ERAP1, but not between HLA-B27 and ERAP2, has been highlighted. However, these observations suggest a paramount centrality for the HLA-B27 peptide repertoire that determines the natural B27 immunological function, i.e. the T cell antigen presentation and, as a by-product, elicits HLA-B27 aberrant behaviours: (i) the misfolding leading to ER stress responses and autophagy and (ii) the surface expression of homodimers acting as ligands for innate immune receptors. In this context, it has been observed that the HLA-B27 carriers, besides being prone to autoimmunity, display a far better surveillance to some viral infections. This review focuses on the ambivalent role of HLA-B27 in autoimmunity and viral protection correlating its functions to the quantitative and qualitative effects of ERAP1 and ERAP2 polymorphisms on their enzymatic activity.
Enteroscopy‐overtube‐assisted over‐the‐wire stent placement to treat an enteral stenosis
Authors: Granata Antonino , Amata Michele , Traina Mario
Published: July 2017

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Migration behaviour and escapement of European silver eels from a large lake and wetland system subject to water level management (Grand‐Lieu Lake, France): New insights from regulated acoustic telemetry data
Authors: Trancart Thomas , Feunteun Eric , Danet Valentin , Carpentier Alexandre , Mazel Virgile , Charrier Fabien , Druet Morgan , Acou Anthony
Published: July 2017

Current knowledge about the downstream migration of sexually mature European eels (Anguilla anguilla) remains incomplete, particularly in still water habitats such as lakes and wetlands subject to water level management. However, for the management of this endangered species, it is important to understand migration dynamics, and contribution to the breeding stock. This study aimed to assess the parameters that trigger and guide the migration of silver eels in the largest floodplain lake and associated wetlands in France (the sluice regulated Grand‐Lieu Lake). A telemetry survey of 50 acoustic and PIT‐tagged female silver eels was performed during the 2015–2016 migration period. We deployed a novel telemetric approach, using receivers to delimit several restricted virtual boxes to determine the instantaneous location of individuals and to transform simple discrete telemetric data into presence/absence data. The low numbers leaving the lake centre are probably explained by the lack of orienting water flows or other environmental clues, but whilst the fate of 34% (17/50) of the tagged eels is unknown, 18% (9/50) were caught by commercial fishermen. Modelling showed that detections were not clearly associated with environmental factors typically involved in riverine migrations (e.g. current velocity, atmospheric pressure and temperature) but they were particularly associated with higher and increasing water levels and, for eels exiting the lake, a sharp increase when sluice gates were opened to an effective gap of >75 cm. It is concluded that management of water levels and sluice gate opening during the migration period might aid escapement of silver eels.
Thrombopoietin receptor agonist switch in adult primary immune thrombocytopenia patients: A retrospective collaborative survey involving 4 Spanish centres
Authors: Lakhwani Sunil , Perera María , Fernández‐Fuertes Fernando , Ríos de Paz Mario A. , Torres Melisa , Raya José María , Hernández Miguel T.
Published: July 2017

Objective

To describe the reasons for and result of thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO‐RA) switching in adult immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) patients of 4 Spanish centres.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed all patients who received sequential treatment with both TPO‐RA between 2010 and 2015 recording clinical and biological parameters.

Results

Twenty‐six patients were included; 17 received first romiplostim and 9 received first eltrombopag. Reasons for switching were inefficacy (n = 10), patient preference (n = 8), side effects (n = 5) and excessive platelet count fluctuation (n = 3). When the switch was due to inefficacy, 100% of patients who received romiplostim first and 66% who received eltrombopag first responded to the second drug. It is significant that none of the patients who received romiplostim first reached the maximum recommended dose before switching. When the change was due to patient preference or because of side effects, 100% of the patients responded to both TPO‐RA. Three patients changed from romiplostim to eltrombopag due to platelet count fluctuation; one did not respond and the fluctuation persisted in the remaining 2 patients. We also found 4 sustained remissions after administering the second TPO‐RA, 2 of these with inefficacy of the first drug.

Conclusion

TPO‐RA switching is a feasible strategy in different scenarios with high probability of success.
A Posteriori Ethical Intuitionism and the Problem of Cognitive Penetrability
Authors: Werner Preston J.
Published: July 2017

According to a posteriori ethical intuitionism (AEI), perceptual experiences can provide non‐inferential justification for at least some moral beliefs. Moral epistemology, for the defender of AEI, is less like the epistemology of math and more like the epistemology of tables and chairs. One serious threat to AEI comes from the phenomenon of cognitive penetration. The worry is that even if evaluative properties could figure in the contents of experience, they would only be able to do so if prior cognitive states influence perceptual experience. Such influences would undermine the non‐inferential, foundationalist credentials of AEI. In this paper, I defend AEI against this objection. Rather than deny that cognitive penetration exists, I argue that some types of cognitive penetrability are actually compatible with AEI's foundationalist structure. This involves teasing apart the question of whether some particular perceptual process has justification‐conferring features from the question of how it came to have those features in the first place. Once this distinction is made, it becomes clear that some kinds of cognitive penetration are compatible with the non‐inferential status of moral perceptual experiences as the proponent of AEI claims.
The role of neurotransmitters in the development of Parkinson's disease‐related psychosis
Authors: Factor S. A. , McDonald W. M. , Goldstein F. C.
Published: July 2017

Psychotic symptoms are common, disabling non‐motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite noted heterogeneity in clinical features, natural history and therapy response, current dogma posits that psychosis generally progresses in a stereotypic manner through a cascade of events that begins with minor hallucinations and evolves to severe hallucinations and delusions. Further, the occurrence of psychotic symptoms is believed to indicate a poor prognosis. Here we propose a classification scheme that outlines the pathogenesis of psychosis as it relates to dysfunction of several neurotransmitter systems. We hypothesize that several subtypes exist, and that PD psychosis is not consistently indicative of a progressive cascade and poor prognosis. The literature was reviewed from 1990 to 2017. An overview of the features of PD psychosis is followed by a review of data indicating the existence of neurotransmitter‐related subtypes of psychosis. We found that ample evidence exists to demonstrate the presence of multiple subtypes of PD psychosis, which are traced to dysfunction of the following neurotransmitter systems: dopamine, serotonin and acetylcholine. Dysfunction of each of these systems is recognizable through their clinical features and correlates, and the varied long‐term prognoses. Identifying which neurotransmitter system is dysfunctional may help to develop targeted therapies. PD psychosis has various subtypes that differ in clinical features, underlying pathology and pathophysiology, treatment response and prognosis. A novel classification scheme is presented that describes the clinical subtypes with different outcomes, which could lead to the development of targeted therapies. Future research should focus on testing the viability of this classification.
Description of a new genus with four new species of termite‐guest rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) associated with Hodotermopsis sjostedti (Isoptera: Termopsidae)
Authors: Kanao Taisuke
Published: July 2017

Hodotermopsiphila gen. nov. is described to include four termitophilous species: H. maruyamai sp. nov. (Yaku‐shima, Japan), H. nitens sp. nov. (Yaku‐shima, Japan), H. longisetosa sp. nov. (Taiwan), and H. sugayai sp. nov. (Taiwan and northern Laos). These species are associated with the damp‐wood termite, Hodotermopsis sjostedti Holmgren, 1911. Hodotermopsiphila species share possible apomorphic character states with three termitophilous species, Hodotermophilus gloriosus, Yakuus iwatai, and Termophidoholus formosanus, which are also associated with H. sjostedti.
Resurrection ecology in Artemia
Authors: Lenormand Thomas , Nougué Odrade , Jabbour‐Zahab Roula , Arnaud Fabien , Dezileau Laurent , Chevin Luis‐Miguel , Sánchez Marta I.
Published: July 2017

Resurrection ecology (RE) is a very powerful approach to address a wide range of question in ecology and evolution. This approach rests on using appropriate model systems, and only few are known to be available. In this study, we show that Artemia has multiple attractive features (short generation time, cyst bank and collections, well‐documented phylogeography, and ecology) for a good RE model. We show in detail with a case study how cysts can be recovered from sediments to document the history and dynamics of a biological invasion. We finally discuss with precise examples the many RE possibilities with this model system: adaptation to climate change, to pollution, to parasites, to invaders and evolution of reproductive systems.
The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial: A Review of the Outcomes
Authors: Smith Stacy V. , Friedman Deborah I.
Published: July 2017

Objective

The Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT) was the first large, randomized study on the use of acetazolamide and weight loss for treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension‐associated vision loss. The multicenter trial also examined a number of secondary outcomes. This review summarizes all available results of the study published in the literature since 2014.

Background

Prior to the IIHTT, clinicians managed idiopathic intracranial hypertension based on data from small, unmasked trials, expert opinion, and clinical experience. Due to the lack of empiric evidence, there were no official treatment protocols to guide treatment of the disorder.

Methods

We performed a PubMed literature search for all articles with data from the IIHTT Study Group. After review of each article and any relevant supporting literature, the results were compiled into a summary of the literature.

Results

The PubMed search identified 14 articles with primary and/or secondary outcome data from the IIHTT. We summarized the findings for the primary outcome of visual field outcomes in the acetazolamide treatment group compared to the placebo group, as well as secondary outcomes for the safety and tolerability of acetazolamide, cerebrospinal fluid opening pressure, quality of life, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography. While both groups demonstrated improvement on most outcomes, acetazolamide had a greater effect even when controlling for its effect on weight loss.

Conclusions

As the first large, randomized, prospective trial, the IIHTT extensively expanded the available data on idiopathic intracranial hypertension treatment. Most importantly, it provided support for the safe use of acetazolamide up to 4 g daily with weight loss for effective treatment of mild vision loss in IIH, with associated improvements in papilledema, increased intracranial pressure, and quality of life.
A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words: Irregular Transmigrants’ Journeys and Mental Mapping Methodology
Authors: Campos‐Delgado Amalia
Published: July 2017

The development of border clusters and transit control regimes aiming to detain irregular migrants before they reach their destination countries is constructed upon a multidimensional geopolitical narrative driven by border security agreements. The Mexican Transit Control Regime illustrates that 16 years of trying to control migration in transit to the United States has not reduced it but has only succeeded in pushing migrants into dangerous routes and risky practices. Using mental maps as a technique to approach transmigrants’ voices, this article aims to contribute to the understanding of the ways irregular migrants in transit live and represent their journey.
Refugees and Shifted Risk: An International Study of Syrian Forced Migration and Smuggling
Authors: Mandić Danilo , Simpson Charles M.
Published: July 2017

The role of smuggling in forced migration has been a leading policy challenge of the Syrian refugee crisis in Europe and the Middle East. This study investigates how anti‐smuggling government policies have shaped migratory risks for Syrian refugees in five countries: Jordan, Turkey, Greece, Serbia and Germany. Original evidence from in‐depth interviews (n=123), surveys (n=100), expert interviews (n=75) and ethnography reveal that government anti‐smuggler policies have: (a) endangered Syrian refugees by shifting risk from smugglers to their clients; (b) distorted refugees’ perceptions of risk, and; (c) decreased refugees’ confidence in government representatives while increasing dependence on smugglers. These data are unique in scope and topic, expanding the existing literature with an emphasis on understudied experiences during migration. The paper concludes with a policy recommendation that acknowledges the reality of smugglers’ role in forced migrants’ decisions, offering a pragmatic alternative of strategic pre‐emption of smugglers.
Interleukin‐27 signalling induces stem cell antigen‐1 expression in T lymphocytes in vivo
Authors: Liu Zhihao , Wu Lisha , Zhu Jing , Zhu Xiaotong , Zhu Jianmin , Liu Jin‐Qing , Zhang Jianchao , Davis Jonathan P. , Varikuti Sanjay , Satoskar Abhay R. , Zhou Jie , Li Ming‐Song , Bai Xue‐Feng
Published: July 2017

Stem cell antigen‐1 (Sca‐1/Ly6A/E) is a cell surface glycoprotein that is often used as a biomarker for stem cells and cell stemness. However, it is not clear what factors can directly induce the expression of Sca‐1/Ly6A/E in T lymphocytes in vivo, and if induction of Sca‐1 is associated with T cell stemness. In this study, we show that interleukin‐27 (IL‐27), a member of the IL‐12 family of cytokines, directly induces Sca‐1 expression in T cells in vivo. We found that mice‐deficient for IL‐27 (either P28 or EBI3) or its signalling (IL‐27Rα) had profound reduction of Sca‐1 expression in naive (CD62L+ CD44−), memory (CD62L+ CD44+) and effector (CD62L− CD44+) T cells. In contrast, in vivo delivery of IL‐27 using adeno‐associated viral vectors strongly induced the expression of Sca‐1 in naive and memory/effector T‐cell populations in an IL‐27 receptor‐ or signal transducer and activator of transcription 1‐dependent manner. Interestingly, IL‐27‐induced Sca‐1+ T cells do not express or up‐regulate classic stem cell‐associated genes such as Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 and Ctnnb1. However, IL‐27‐induced Sca‐1+ T cells had increased expression of effector/memory‐associated transcription factor T‐bet, Eomes and Blimp1. Hence, IL‐27 signalling directly induces the expression of Sca‐1/Ly6A/E expression in T cells. Direct expansion of Sca‐1+ CD62L+ CD44− T memory stem cells may explain why IL‐27 enhances T‐cell memory.
Comparison of two picosecond lasers to a nanosecond laser for treating tattoos: a prospective randomized study on 49 patients
Authors: Lorgeou A. , Perrillat Y. , Gral N. , Lagrange S. , Lacour J.‐P. , Passeron T.
Published: July 2017

Background

Q‐switched nanosecond lasers demonstrated their efficacy in treating most types of tattoos, but complete disappearance is not always achieved even after performing numerous laser sessions. Picosecond lasers are supposed to be more efficient in clearing tattoos than nanosecond lasers, but prospective comparative data remain limited.

Objective

To compare on different types of tattoos the efficacy of a nanosecond laser with two types of picosecond lasers.

Methods

We conducted a prospective randomized study performed from December 2014 to June 2016 on adult patients with all types of tattoos. The tattoos were divided into two halves of equal size. After randomization, half of the tattoo was treated with a picosecond laser and the other half with a nanosecond laser. The evaluation was performed on standardized pictures performed before treatment and 2 months after the last session, by two physicians, not involved in the treatment, blinded on the type of treatments received. The main end point was a clearance above 75% of the tattoos.

Results

A total of 49 patients were included. Professional tattoos represented 85.7%, permanent make‐up 8.2% and non‐professional tattoo 6.1%. The majority were black or blue and 10.2% were polychromatic. No patient was lost during follow‐up. A reduction of 75% or more of the colour intensity was obtained for 33% of the tattoos treated with the picosecond lasers compared to 14% with the nanosecond laser (P = 0.008). An improvement superior to 75% was obtained in 34% monochromic black or blue tattoos with the picosecond lasers compared to 9% for the nanosecond laser. Only one of the five polychromic tattoos achieved more than 75% of improvement with the two types of laser.

Conclusion

Our results show a statistically significant superiority of the picosecond lasers compared to the nanosecond laser for tattoo clearance. However, they do not show better efficacy for polychromic tattoos and the difference in terms of side‐effects was also minimal with a tendency of picosecond lasers to be less painful.
E‐Commerce Effects on Energy Consumption: A Multi‐Year Ecosystem‐Level Assessment
Authors: Dost Florian , Maier Erik
Published: July 2017

This research investigates the impact of e‐commerce on energy consumption in all four sectors of the U.S. economy (commercial, industrial, residential, and transportation), using macroeconomic data from 1992 to 2015. These data capture all the development phases of e‐commerce, as well as direct and rebound effects in and across sectors. Empirical dynamic models (EDMs), a novel methodology in industrial ecology, are applied to the e‐commerce/energy relationship to accommodate for complex system behavior and state‐dependent effects. The results of these data‐driven methods suggest that e‐commerce increases energy consumption mainly through increases in the residential and commercial sectors. These findings contrast with extant research that focuses on transportation effects, which appear less prominent in this investigation. E‐commerce effects also demonstrate state dependence, varying over the magnitude of e‐commerce as a percentage of the total retail sector, particularly in commercial and transportation realms. Assuming these effects will continue in the future, the findings imply that policy makers should focus on mitigating the environmentally deteriorating effects of e‐commerce in the residential sector. However, this investigation cannot provide root causes for the uncovered e‐commerce effects. Robustness of the empirical findings, limitations of the novel EDM methodology, and respective avenues for future methodological and substantial research are discussed.
Multichannel wide‐field microscopic FRET imaging based on simultaneous spectral unmixing of excitation and emission spectra
Authors: DU M. , MAI Z. , YANG F. , LIN F. , WEI L. , CHEN T.
Published: July 2017

Simultaneous spectral unmixing of excitation and emission spectra (ExEm unmixing) has inherent ability resolving spectral crosstalks, two key issues of quantitative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurement, of both the excitation and emission spectra between donor and acceptor without additional corrections. We here set up a filter‐based multichannel wide‐field microscope for ExEm unmixing‐based FRET imaging (m‐ExEm‐spFRET) containing a constant system correction factor (fsc) for a stable system. We performed m‐ExEm‐spFRET with four‐ and two‐wavelength excitation respectively on our system to quantitatively image single living cells expressing FRET tandem constructs, and obtained accurate FRET efficiency (E) and concentration ratio of acceptor to donor (RC). We also performed m‐ExEm‐spFRET imaging for single living cells coexpressing CFP‐Bax and YFP‐Bax, and found that the E values were about 0 for control cells and about 28% for staurosporin‐treated cells when RC were larger than 1, indicating that staurosporin induced significant oligomerisation.
Ten implementations of ptychography
Authors: LI PENG , MAIDEN ANDREW M.
Published: July 2017

Ptychography is an increasingly popular phase retrieval imaging technique, able to routinely deliver quantitative phase images with extended field of view at diffraction limited resolution. Different variants of this technique, like Bragg ptychography and Fourier ptychography, have also been developed and applied to various fields. Here we experimentally demonstrate 10 ways to implement the conventional real space transmission ptychography, and compare their properties to provide a guide to choosing the optimal setup for a specific application.
Breastfeeding Outcomes After Oxytocin Use During Childbirth: An Integrative Review
Authors: Erickson Elise N. , Emeis Cathy L.
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Despite widespread use of exogenous synthetic oxytocin during the birth process, few studies have examined the effect of this drug on breastfeeding. Based on neuroscience research, endogenous oxytocin may be altered or manipulated by exogenous administration or by blocking normal function of the hormone or receptor. Women commonly cite insufficient milk production as their reason for early supplementation, jeopardizing breastfeeding goals. Researchers need to consider the role of birth‐related medications and interventions on the production of milk. This article examines the literature on the role of exogenous oxytocin on breastfeeding in humans.

Methods

Using the method described by Whittemore and Knafl, this integrative review of literature included broad search criteria within the PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, and Scopus databases. Studies published in English associating a breastfeeding outcome in relation to oxytocin use during the birth process were included. Twenty‐six studies from 1978 to 2015 met the criteria.

Results

Studies were analyzed according to the purpose of the research, measures and methods used, results, and confounding variables. The 26 studies reported 34 measures of breastfeeding. Outcomes included initiation and duration of breastfeeding, infant behavior, and physiologic markers of lactation. Timing of administration of oxytocin varied. Some studies reported on low‐risk birth, while others included higher‐risk experiences. Fifty percent of the results (17 of 34 measures) demonstrated an association between exogenous oxytocin and less optimal breastfeeding outcomes, while 8 of 34 measures (23%) reported no association. The remaining 9 measures (26%) had mixed findings. Breastfeeding intentions, parity, birth setting, obstetric risk, and indications for oxytocin use were inconsistently controlled among the studies.

Discussion

Research on breastfeeding and lactation following exogenous oxytocin exposure is limited by few studies and heterogeneous methods. Despite the limitations, researchers and clinicians may benefit from awareness of this body of literature. Continued investigation is recommended given the prevalence of oxytocin use in clinical practice.
Multiobjective Path Optimization for Critical Infrastructure Links with Consideration to Seismic Resilience
Authors: Wang Zengfu , Wang Qing , Zukerman Moshe , Guo Jun , Wang Yu , Wang Gang , Yang Jun , Moran Bill
Published: July 2017

We study the generic problem of path optimization for a critical infrastructure link between two locations on the surface of the Earth in the vicinity of earthquake‐prone areas. The problem has two (conflicting) objective functions, one for minimizing the construction cost of the link and the other for minimizing the number of potential repairs along the link in the wake of earthquakes. In our model, the Earth's surface is approximated by a triangulated manifold, and ground motion intensity data are used to provide a measure of repair rate. We approach the multiobjective variational problem by first converting it into a single objective variational problem using the weighted sum method. Then, we show that the problem can be further transformed into an Eikonal equation and solved by a computationally efficient algorithm based on the fast marching method. Extensive simulations are performed on real‐world three‐dimensional geographical data, from which we obtain Pareto optimal solutions that provide insight and guidance to design trade‐offs between cost effectiveness and seismic resilience.
Changes in the distribution of colonising and infecting Candida spp. isolates, antifungal drug consumption and susceptibility in a French intensive care unit: A 10‐year study
Authors: Sasso Milène , Roger Claire , Sasso Magali , Poujol Hélène , Barbar Saber , Lefrant Jean‐Yves , Lachaud Laurence
Published: July 2017

Monitoring fungal ecology and resistance to antifungal agents within intensive care units (ICU) is essential for the management of invasive fungal infections. Therefore, a retrospective descriptive study was carried in the ICU of Nimes University Hospital, France, from 2007 to 2016. As the majority of invasive fungal infections in ICU are caused by Candida species, the study objectives were to describe Candida species distribution, to assess candidaemia incidence and to monitor the antifungal drug susceptibility of Candida isolates and the consumption of antifungal agents. Among the recorded invasive Candida infections (n=244), 43% were intra‐abdominal and 22% bloodstream infections. Candida albicans was the most frequent species (55.8%), followed by Candida glabrata (14.1%), Candida tropicalis (10%), Candida parapsilosis (8%) and Candida krusei (5.3%). Candidaemia incidence was 4.49 per 1000 admissions. The mean consumption of antifungal agents was of 170.5 defined daily doses (DDD) for 1000 hospital days (HD) per year. Changes in antifungal drug consumption were observed, with an increased use of echinocandins (from 17.96 DDD/1000 HD in 2007 to 48.76 DDD/1000 HD in 2016), and the total treatment cost tripled during the study period. No significant change in fungal ecology or in the emergence of resistant species was observed; indeed, only 1.1% of isolates presented an unusual resistance to antifungal agents.
Diverse belowground resource strategies underlie plant species coexistence and spatial distribution in three grasslands along a precipitation gradient
Authors: Li Hongbo , Liu Bitao , McCormack M. Luke , Ma Zeqing , Guo Dali
Published: July 2017

Functional traits and their variation mediate plant species coexistence and spatial distribution. Yet, how patterns of variation in belowground traits influence resource acquisition across species and plant communities remains obscure.

To characterize diverse belowground strategies in relation to species coexistence and abundance, we assessed four key belowground traits – root diameter, root branching intensity, first‐order root length and mycorrhizal colonization – in 27 coexisting species from three grassland communities along a precipitation gradient.

Species with thinner roots had higher root branching intensity, but shorter first‐order root length and consistently low mycorrhizal colonization, whereas species with thicker roots enhanced their capacity for resource acquisition by producing longer first‐order roots and maintaining high mycorrhizal colonization. Plant species observed across multiple sites consistently decreased root branching and/or mycorrhizal colonization, but increased lateral root length with decreasing precipitation. Additionally, the degree of intraspecific trait variation was positively correlated with species abundance across the gradient, indicating that high intraspecific trait variation belowground may facilitate greater fitness and chances of survival across multiple habitats.

These results suggest that a small set of critical belowground traits can effectively define diverse resource acquisition strategies in different environments and may forecast species survival and range shifts under climate change.
The phenomenology of self‐critical thinking in people with depression, eating disorders, and in healthy individuals
Authors: Thew Graham R. , Gregory James D. , Roberts Kate , Rimes Katharine A.
Published: July 2017

Objectives

To explore the phenomenology of self‐criticism, and the relationship with constructs such as rumination and perfectionism.

Design

The study followed a three‐group (Depression, n = 26; Eating Disorder, n = 26; Non‐clinical, n = 26) mixed methods design.

Method

Participants completed a set of questionnaires and were interviewed about the occurrence, impact, and content of self‐critical thinking, along with their beliefs about self‐criticism.

Results

Both clinical groups reported more frequent, persistent, and less controllable self‐criticism compared to controls, present on average 50–60% of the time. They reported a negative impact on mood, and a moderately severe impact on daily activities. They indicated greater desire to change self‐criticism whilst judging it more difficult to reduce. Habitual self‐criticism was highly correlated with lower self‐esteem, lower self‐compassion, greater rumination, and greater negative perfectionism. Compared to those with depression, the eating disorder group reported harsher self‐criticism, felt it was more part of their personality, and was more beneficial.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the importance of exploring people's beliefs about their self‐criticism, and imply that treatment for self‐criticism may be more challenging with people with eating disorders than people with depression.

Practitioner points

This study highlights that self‐criticism is common in depression and eating disorders and that some people find this a significant problem in its own right.

Careful assessment of self‐criticism is recommended when working with these clinical presentations, which should include the perceived positive consequences and desire to change.
Eccrine Chromhidrosis in an Adolescent with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Park Jong G. , Prose Neil S. , Garza Reed
Published: July 2017

Eccrine chromhidrosis can occur secondary to hyperbilirubinemia. We report an adolescent with sickle cell disease who presented with eccrine chromhidrosis on his palmar and plantar surfaces. He had extremely high levels of conjugated bilirubin but no fever. This is the youngest known reported patient with eccrine chromhidrosis and the first in a patient with sickle cell disease.
Leucemia inhibitory factor; investigating the time‐dependent effect on viability of vitrified bovine embryos
Authors: Kocyigit A , Cevik M
Published: July 2017

Contents

Leucemia inhibitory factor (LIF) is involved in various reproductive processes, including sperm development, regulation of ovulation, as well as blastocyst formation, hatching and implantation in embryos. Moreover,LIFhas also been shown significantly to enhance the blastocyst formation rates of bovine embryos, a finding that remains controversial. Our purpose was to investigate time‐dependent effect ofLIFon bovine embryo culture, especially in terms of addition timing. Presumptive zygotes were cultured in five different groups. In this study, 100 ng/mlLIFwas added to the culture medium were as follows; control:SOFalone, group A: at day 0 (fertilization day), group B: at day 4 post‐insemination (p.i.), group C: at day 4 to 7 (p.i. before vitrification) and group D: at day 8 (p.i. after thawing). Addition ofLIFto the culture medium at day 4 significantly increased the percentage of blastocyst rate when compared day 0, day 4 at 6/7 and control group (41.8% versus 24.3%, 19.7%, 34.6%). In conclusion, the addition ofLIFonly on day 4 (p.i.) to the culture medium was found to be beneficial for bovine embryonic development based on several measures, including blastocysts rate, re‐expansion rate and cellular cryotolerance after vitrification.
Dominant follicles development and estradiol‐17β concentrations in non‐ovulating and ovulating post‐partum Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes
Authors: Yotov S , Atanasov A
Published: July 2017

Contents

This study was designed to evaluate the dominant follicles development and the estradiol‐17β concentrations in non‐ovulating and ovulating post‐partum buffaloes. Sixteen Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes were submitted to transrectal ultrasonographic examination from the 1st post‐partum day until day 50, 3 days apart. The follicular diameter of the different categories of follicles and the ovulations was recorded. The animals were allocated into two groups: I (n = 6) non‐ovulating andII(n = 10) ovulating buffaloes. Serum estradiol‐17β concentrations on the days for dominant follicle registration were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The results were statistically processed by analysis of variance, non‐parametric and correlation analysis. The mean intervals between calving and first dominant follicle detection differed significantly (p < .05) among the groups (19.5 ± 6.2 vs. 13.8 ± 5.1 days), while the mean intervals between registered dominant follicles from two successive waves were comparable. The mean follicular diameters for the same category follicles in both groups were similar. Different estradiol‐17β concentrations (p < .05) for the first dominant follicle between non‐ovulating (23.5 ± 7.0 pg/ml) and ovulating (33.3 ± 8.4 pg/ml) buffaloes were determined. The cumulative percentages of buffaloes with firstly detected dominant follicle and ovulating animals correlated positively (r ≥ .84;p < .05) to post‐partum days. In conclusion, non‐ovulating and ovulating post‐partum Bulgarian Murrah buffaloes showed differences in the development of the first dominant follicle and estradiol‐17β concentrations during the time of dominant follicles detection.
Effect on health‐related quality of life of ongoing feedback during a 12‐month maintenance walking programme in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wootton Sally L. , McKeough Zoe , Ng Cindy L.W. , Jenkins Sue , Hill Kylie , Eastwood Peter R. , Hillman David , Jenkins Christine , Cecins Nola , Spencer Lissa , Alison Jennifer
Published: July 2017

Background and objective

In patients with COPD, this study evaluated the effect on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) of adding ongoing feedback to a 12‐month unsupervised maintenance walking programme.

Methods

Participants were randomized to either an intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). Both groups completed the same 2‐month supervised, walking training programme followed by a 12‐month unsupervised maintenance walking programme. During the maintenance programme, the IG received ongoing feedback (telephone calls, biofeedback and progressive goal setting) and the CG received no feedback.

Results

A total of 75 participants completed the study (mean (SD): age 69 (8) years; forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) 43 (15) % predicted). There was no between‐group differences in the magnitude of change in HRQoL when data collected on completion of the 12‐month maintenance programme were compared with that collected either before the 2‐month supervised programme (mean between‐group difference (MD) in total St George's Respiratory Questionnaire change scores: 1 point, 95% CI: −9 to 7) or on completion of the 2‐month supervised programme (MD: 4 points, 95% CI −2 to 10).

Conclusion

Following a 2‐month supervised walking training programme, ongoing feedback was no more effective than no feedback in maintaining HRQoL during a 12‐month unsupervised walking programme.
A psychometric evaluation of the Swedish version of the Research Utilization Questionnaire using a Rasch measurement model
Authors: Lundberg Veronica , Boström Anne‐Marie , Malinowsky Camilla
Published: July 2017

Evidence‐based practice and research utilisation has become a commonly used concept in health care. The Research Utilization Questionnaire (RUQ) has been recognised to be a widely used instrument measuring the perception of research utilisation among nursing staff in clinical practice. Few studies have however analysed the psychometric properties of the RUQ. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the three subscales in RUQ using a Rasch measurement model. This study has a cross‐sectional design using a sample of 163 staff (response rate 81%) working in one nursing home in Sweden. Data were collected using the Swedish version of RUQ in 2012. The three subscales Attitudes towards research, Availability of and support for research use and Use of research findings in clinical practice were investigated. Data were analysed using a Rasch measurement model. The results indicate presence of multidimensionality in all subscales. Moreover, internal scale validity and person response validity also provide some less satisfactory results, especially for the subscale Use of research findings. Overall, there seems to be a problem with the negatively worded statements. The findings suggest that clarification and refining of items, including additional psychometric evaluation of the RUQ, are needed before using the instrument in clinical practice and research studies among staff in nursing homes.
The joint impact of prediagnostic inflammatory markers and cardiorespiratory fitness on the risk of cancer mortality
Authors: Pletnikoff P. P. , Laukkanen J. A. , Tuomainen T. P. , Kurl S.
Published: July 2017

Independently, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and leukocyte count have been shown to predict cancer death. Little is known about the joint impact of CRF and prediagnostic markers of inflammation, particularly leukocyte count and CRP, and their prognostic value with cancer death. The aim of this study was to explore the association between prediagnostic inflammatory markers and CRF with cancer mortality. A population‐based cohort of 2270 men from Eastern Finland with no cancer history at baseline participated in the study. CRP, leukocyte count, and CRF data were among the measures collected at baseline. Blood leukocyte count was measured with a cell counter, and serum CRP concentrations were measured using an immunometric assay. The highest value or plateau of directly measured oxygen consumption by a respiratory gas analyzer during an incremental exercise test to exhaustion was used to describe CRF. Over an average follow‐up of 22 years, 272 cases of cancer mortality occurred. In a multivariate model, the joint impact of high leukocyte count (>5.40 × 109/L) and low CRF (VO2max < 30.08 mL kg−1 min−1) had a 1.85‐fold (95% CI 1.30‐2.63, P < .01) increased risk for cancer death compared to men with low leukocyte count (<5.40 × 109/L) and high CRF (VO2max > 30.08 mL kg−1 min−1). The joint impact of CRP and CRF shared no association with cancer mortality in a multivariate model. The joint impact of high leukocyte count and low CRF increases risk for cancer death, suggesting it is a better predictor of cancer death compared to the joint impact of CRP and CRF.
Case study on the use of a combined system as an intermediate solution in Brazil: cost estimate
Authors: Goncalves Mariana L. R. , Kleidorfer Manfred , Rauch Wolfgang
Published: July 2017

As a developing country, Brazil has to deal with a lack of basic sanitation. One of the major challenges is the treatment of wastewater. While 94% of Brazilian municipalities have stormwater systems, only 55% are connected to a wastewater system. To help improve the current situation, this study estimates the costs for implementing an intermediate solution, which is designed to ease the transition towards a separate wastewater treatment system. This solution utilizes a combined sewer system approach in areas where stormwater systems have already been implemented. A case study was carried out assessing two possible alternatives for a wastewater treatment system with data from the city of Joinville. Both alternatives are separate systems but one has a combined system as an intermediate solution. The results show that the alternative with an intermediate combined system will reduce the short‐term financial burden on governments in comparison to the separate sewer system approach.
ELECTROLESS QUATERNARY NI-CU-CO-P ALLOY DEPOSITION MECHANISM IN ACIDIC BATH USING CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY MEASUREMENT
Authors: Azran Mohd Nor , Khaizaki Muhamad , Alif Muhammad , Zaimi Muhammad , â€˜Azam Mohd Asyadi , Kasim Mohd Shahir , Abdul Aizi Mohd Sanusi , Sahaya Anand T Joseph , Che Haron Che Hassan , A. Ghani Jaharah
Published: July 2017

Quaternary nickel alloy of Ni-Co-Cu-P has been successfully deposit on Fe substrate for corrosion resistant material. However, the reaction mechanism of quaternary nickel alloy deposition is less known and requires investigation. In this study, using similar bath component is used to produce electroless Ni-Cu-Co-P alloy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) study is done in various plating bath component at bath pH 4.50, 4.75 and 5.00. A coating of Ni-Cu-Co-P alloy was deposited on a Fe substrate to evaluate surface morphology and composition. From CV results, higher bath pH, increases the [H2PO2-] oxidation peak and shifted the oxidation potential towards less noble potential. The reduction potential of the Ni alloy moved to noble potential, hence, elevate deposition rate from 3.95 to 5.95 mm/hr. The Ni-Cu-Co-P alloy composition on Fe substrate in descending manner is Ni (68.55 â€“ 82.09 wt%), Cu (14.11 â€“ 27.80 wt%) and Co (1.32 - 1.52wt%). The P content remained lower than 3.00 wt%. Hence, Co act as reaction inhibitor, while Cu act as both reaction accelerator and stabilizer.
EFFECT OF THIXOFORMING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AL-6%SI-3%CU ALLOY
Authors: Salleh Mohd Shukor , Safian Mohd Azizul Hikmi , Mohamad Kamal Mohamad Ridzuan , Marjom Zolkarnain , Yahaya Saifudin Hafiz , Mohamad Effendi , Jamli Mohamad Ridzuan
Published: July 2017

Thixoforming is a type of semisolid metal (SSM) processing for forming alloys in the semisolid state to near net-shaped products. In the present study, the effect of a thixoforming process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-6Si-3Cu aluminium alloy was investigated. Melt was poured on a cooling slope at 630oC and the samples were obtained through permanent mold casting. They were thixoformed using a hydraulic press after holding at 571oC for 5min to yield a microstructure predominantly composed of Î±-Al globules and inter-globular Si particles. As-cast and thixoformed samples were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) as well as hardness measurements and tensile tests. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of thixoformed alloy have improved as compared to permanent mold cast alloy. The ultimate tensile strength of as-cast sample was 210 Â± 3.5 MPa and increased to 241 Â±3.1 MPa in the thixoformed sample while the yield strength of as-cast alloy was 140 Â±4.5 MPa and increased to 176Â±3.3 MPa in the thixoformed sample. The thixoformed alloy also showed an improvement in elongation to fracture as it increased from 2% in as-cast sample to 3.2% in thixoformed alloy. The fracture of as-cast sample showed a cleavage fracture, whereas in the thixoformed alloy, a combination of dimple and cleavage was observed.