bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Part‐time faculty development at Johnson County Community College
Authors: Burnstad Helen M.
Published: January 2003

This chapter provides an overview of the elements of the comprehensive program to support part‐time faculty at Johnson Community College in Kansas. It also suggests ways to implement such a program.
College of DuPage Teaching and Learning Center: A comprehensive professional development program
Authors: Troller Karen T.
Published: January 2003

An important goal for professional development is the creation of a place where all faculty and staff can come together and learn. In this chapter, I describe how the College of DuPage in Glen Ellyn, Illinois, integrated its traning efforts by creating a teaching and learning center. This center provides development opportunities for all employees.
Magnetic resonance spectrometer controller and data postprocessing software
Authors: De Alejo R. Pérez , Álvarez E. , Rodríguez I. , Rodríguez E.M. , Villa P. , Piña D. , Shelton R. , Ruiz‐Cabello J. , Cortijo M.
Published: January 2003

Freeware called MRS_Controller and written for Windows is described. It may be used to control magnetic resonance spectrometers or postprocess data, and is composed of four modules that may carry out field stabilization, graphical pulse sequence edition, experiment planning, and spectral data postprocessing. The control of a commercial Tesla BS587A spectrometer was performed with this software through an independent dynamic link library. It may easily be rewritten to allow the control of other types of spectrometers. This software can also be used for spectral data postprocessing and for planning or preparing experiments offline because hardware access is disabled when an instrument is not detected at startup. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 16B: 1–14, 2003
Businesses mobilize production through markets: Parametric modeling of path‐dependent outcomes in oriented network flows
Authors: White Harrison C.
Published: January 2003

Business is modeled as interlocking social constructions that emerge in mobilizing differentiated production flows amidst uncertainty. The model is stochastic, nonlinear, and sited in a network ecology for identities that have come to share a discourse which itself recognizes embeddings in distinct levels of firm, market, and sector. Three counterintuitive findings are emphasized: competitive markets can be viable for increasing returns to scale; effects of substitutability/saturation are opposite for different sorts of competititive markets; and markets orient to flow uncertainty. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Directly measuring early exercise premiums using American and European S&P 500 Index options
Authors: Dueker Michael , Miller Thomas W.
Published: January 2003

The Chicago Board Options Exchange concurrently listed European‐style and American‐style options
on the Standard and Poor's 500 Index from April 2, 1986 through June 20, 1986. This unique time period allows
for a direct measurement of the early exercise premium in American‐style index options. In this study,
using ask quotes, we find average early exercise premiums ranging from 5.04 to 5.90% for calls, and from
7.97 to 10.86% for puts. Additionally, we are able to depict a potentially useful functional form of the
early exercise premium. As in previous studies, we find some instances of negative early exercise premiums.
However, a trading simulation shows that traders must be able to trade within the bid–ask spread to profit
from these apparent arbitrage opportunities. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:287–313,
2003
The quality of volatility traded on the over‐the‐counter currency market: A multiple horizons study
Authors: Covrig Vicentiu , Low Buen Sin
Published: January 2003

Previous studies of the quality of market‐forecasted volatility have used the volatility that is implied
by exchange‐traded option prices. The use of implied volatility in estimating the market view of future
volatility has suffered from variable measurement errors, such as the non‐synchronization of option and
underlying asset prices, the expiration‐day effect, and the volatility smile effect. This study circumvents
these problems by using the quoted implied volatility from the over‐the‐counter (OTC)
currency option market, in which traders quote prices in terms of volatility. Furthermore, the OTC currency
options have daily quotes for standard maturities, which allows the study to look at the market's ability to
forecast future volatility for different horizons. The study finds that quoted implied volatility subsumes the
information content of historically based forecasts at shorter horizons, and the former is as good as the latter
at longer horizons. These results are consistent with the argument that measurement errors have a substantial
effect on the implied volatility estimator and the quality of the inferences that are based on it. © 2003
Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:261–285, 2003
Late Pleistocene and Holocene coastal palaeoeconomies: A reconsideration of the molluscan evidence from northern Spain
Authors: Bailey Geoff N. , Craighead Alan S.
Published: January 2003

The worldwide increase in shell midden deposits on coastlines during the Holocene has been variously explained as the result of human population growth, economic intensification, changes in the visibility of midden deposits with changes in sea level, or climatic and environmental changes. Since coastlines are relatively unstable in geological and ecological terms, and since many archaeological sequences span periods of major climatic change, a critical issue is the ability to disentangle palaeoenvironmental from cultural and anthropogenic effects. We draw on a case study from the cave sequences of northern Spain to illustrate the problems and possibilities of palaeoeconomic and palaeoenvironmental interpretation, using studies of palaeogeographical context and analysis of abundance, taxonomic representation, ecological tolerances, size, growth structures, and other physical and chemical characteristics of the molluscs themselves. We demonstrate that the dominant, but by no means exclusive, factor in archaeologically visible long‐term changes in shell‐gathering behavior is environmental change rather than cultural change. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genomic screen for genes involved in mammalian craniofacial development
Authors: Fowles Lindsay F. , Bennetts Jennifer S. , Berkman Jennifer L. , Williams Elizabeth , Koopman Peter , Teasdale Rohan D. , Wicking Carol
Published: January 2003

Summary: Using a subtractive hybridisation approach, we enriched for genes likely to play a role in embryonic development of the mammalian face and other structures. This was achieved by subtracting cDNA derived from adult mouse liver from that derived from 10.5 dpc mouse embryonic branchial arches 1 and 2. Random sequencing of clones from the resultant library revealed that a high percentage correspond to genes with a previously established role in embryonic development and disease, while 15% represent novel or uncharacterised genes. Whole mount in situ hybridisation analysis of novel genes revealed that approximately 50% have restricted expression during embryonic development. In addition to expression in branchial arches, these genes showed a range of expression domains commonly including neural tube and somites. Notably, all genes analysed were found to be expressed not only in the branchial arches but also in the developing limb buds, providing support for the hypothesis that development of the limbs and face is likely to involve analogous molecular processes. genesis 35:73–87, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of conditional cre recombinase in epithelial tissues of transgenic mice
Authors: Wen Fang , Cecena Grace , Munoz‐Ritchie Varinia , Fuchs Elaine , Chambon Pierre , Oshima Robert G.
Published: January 2003

Summary: Keratin 18 (K18) expression is a defining characteristic of internal epithelial cells of mammals. Here, we used the K18 gene and an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) to express green fluorescent protein, human placental alkaline phosphatase, and a modified Cre recombinase in an epithelial specific pattern in transgenic mice. The K18‐driven alkaline phosphatase was expressed in liver, kidney, uterine endometrium, and other internal epithelia. The enzymatic activity of the Cre recombinase‐mutant estrogen receptor fusion protein was dependent on tamoxifen administration and resulted in a mosaic pattern in internal epithelia, including bladder, uterus, liver, and kidney. This conditional Cre activity in internal epithelial organs should be valuable for strategies utilizing Cre for activation of gene expression. This study demonstrates that the tissue‐specific, position‐independent transcriptional activity of the K18 gene is not compromised by the use of an IRES element for the expression of a second protein from a bicistronic mRNA. genesis 35:100–106, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oleosin expression and trafficking during oil body biogenesis in tobacco leaf cells
Authors: Wahlroos Tony , Soukka Jori , Denesyuk Alexander , Wahlroos Rina , Korpela Timo , Kilby Nigel J.
Published: January 2003

Summary: We have established a versatile method for studying the interaction of the oleosin gene product with oil bodies during oil body biogenesis in plants. Our approach has been to transiently express a green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged Arabidopsis oleosin gene fusion in tobacco leaf cells containing bona fide oil bodies and then to monitor oleosin‐GFP expression using real‐time confocal laser scanning microscopy. We show that normally non‐oil‐storing tobacco leaf cells are able to synthesize and then transport oleosin‐GFP fusion protein to leaf oil bodies. Synthesis and transport of oleosin‐GFP fusion protein to oil bodies occurred within the first 6 h posttransformation. Oleosin‐GFP fusion protein exclusively associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and was trafficked in a Golgi‐independent manner at speeds approaching 0.5 μm sec–1 along highly dynamic endoplasmic reticulum positioned over essentially static polygonal cortical endoplasmic reticulum. Our data indicate that oil body biogenesis can occur outside of the embryo and that oleosin‐GFP can be used to monitor early events in oil body biogenesis in real‐time. genesis 35:125–132, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polycomb group proteins ESC and E(Z) are present in multiple distinct complexes that undergo dynamic changes during development
Authors: Furuyama Takehito , Tie Feng , Harte Peter J.
Published: January 2003

Summary: The Polycomb Group proteins are required for stable long‐term maintenance of transcriptionally repressed states. Two distinct Polycomb Group complexes have been identified, a 2‐MDa PRC1 complex and a 600‐kDa complex containing the ESC and E(Z) proteins together with the histone deacetylase RPD3 and the histone‐binding protein p55. We report here that there are at least two embryonic ESC/E(Z) complexes that undergo dynamic changes during development and a third larval E(Z) complex that forms after disappearance of ESC. We have identified a larger embryonic ESC complex containing RPD3 and p55, along with E(Z), that is present only until mid‐embryogenesis, while the previously identified 600‐kDa ESC/E(Z) complex persists until the end of embryogenesis. Constitutive overexpression of ESC does not promote abnormal persistence of the larger or smaller embryonic complexes and does not delay a dissociation of E(Z) from the smaller ESC complex or delay appearance of the larval E(Z) complex, indicating that these changes are developmentally programmed and not regulated by the temporal profile of ESC itself. Genetic removal of ESC prevents appearance of E(Z) in the smaller embryonic complex, but does not appear to affect formation of the large embryonic ESC complex or the PRC1 complex. We also show that the ESC complex is already bound to chromosomes in preblastoderm embryos and present genetic evidence that ESC is required during this very early period. genesis 35:114–124, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interactions between large macro models and time series analysis
Authors: Granger Clive W.J. , Jeon Yongil
Published: January 2003

Building large models, with little dynamics, was long considered to be an alternative to small dimensional time series models involving many lags. The advantages of one modelling methodology are compared to others; such as the size of the model, the use of economic theory, and simultaneity in specification. The question of how to evaluate the possible relative advantages of these alternatives is discussed. The conclusion is that in the future, time series models have to become larger, that is, involve more variables and that some lessons can be learnt from the construction of current large econometric models. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance index in fetal interlobar renal artery with renal pelvic dilatation up to 10 mm
Authors: Kara Simay Altan , Noyan Volkan , Karadeniz Yasemin , Yücel Aykan , Altınok Deniz , Bayram Merih
Published: January 2003

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare the resistance indices (RIs) in the fetal interlobar renal arteries (IRAs) of third‐trimester fetuses with or without pelvicaliceal dilatation of up to 10 mm and to compare them with those of the full‐term healthy infants.

Methods

Women with uncomplicated, low‐risk, singleton third‐trimester pregnancies were examined sonographically. The RIs in the IRAs were measured in the fetuses, who were stratified into 3 groups according to the anteroposterior diameter of the renal pelvic dilatation: group I, no dilatation; group II, 1–5‐mm dilatation, and group III, 6–10‐mm dilatation.

Results

In total, 178 women were examined. We could study both kidneys in 139 of the fetuses; in the other 39, only 1 kidney could be imaged perfectly. This yielded a total of 317 kidneys. Group I fetuses included 172 (54%); group II, 98 (31%); and group III, 47 (15%) of the kidneys. The mean (± standard deviation) RIs in the IRAs were 0.81 ± 0.09, 0.80 ± 0.07, and 0.80 ± 0.06 in the 3 groups, respectively, with no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.72). There was also no statistically significant difference between the RIs recorded in the right and left kidneys. The mean RI in the IRAs of the 34 infants who were available for follow‐up 6–12 weeks after delivery was 0.73 ± 0.07, which was significantly less than that recorded in the third‐trimester fetuses (p = 0.005).

Conclusions

The RI in the fetal IRA does not differ in fetuses with and without renal pelvic dilatation of up to 10 mm. Thus, an increase in the RI or an RI that significantly differs between the right and left kidneys should be investigated further for possible renal pathology. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:75–79, 2003
Endothelium and valvular diseases of the heart
Authors: Leask Richard L. , Jain Neelesh , Butany Jagdish
Published: January 2003

It has become increasingly evident that the endothelium plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of valvular heart disease. The endothelium helps regulate vascular tone, inflammation, thrombosis, and vascular remodeling. Dysfunction of the endothelial cells has been linked to many vascular disorders including atherosclerosis. Common valvular diseases such as senile degenerative valve disease, myxomatous (or floppy) valves, rheumatic valves, and infective endocarditis valves show changes in the synthetic, morphologic, and metabolic functions of the valvular endothelial cells. These diseases are active processes related to endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cell dysfunction is caused by mechanical forces, bacterial infection, autoantibodies, and circulating modulators of endothelial cell function. This study reviews the role of endothelial cell dysfunction in the more common valvular diseases. Continued research on endothelial cell dysfunction is crucial to our understanding of valvular heart diseases and may elucidate novel treatment and prevention strategies. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:129–137, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Von Hippel‐Lindau disease
Authors: Sano Toshiaki , Horiguchi Hidehisa
Published: January 2003

Von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) disease is an uncommon, autosomal dominant hereditary multitumor syndrome caused by germline alterations of the VHL gene, which has been cloned recently and identified as a tumor suppressor gene. The major lesions in VHL disease include hemangioblastomas in the central nervous system and retina, clear cell renal cell carcinomas, pheochromocytomas, pancreatic tumors, epididymal cystadenomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, carcinoid tumors, and multiple cysts of the kidney, pancreas, and epididymis. Compared with sporadic ones, the tumors in VHL disease develop at an earlier age and often multifocally. Histologic features of VHL tumors are characterized by their high degree of vascularization and the presence of a clear cell component. Hypervascularization is induced by overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and because the principal function of VHL protein is the negative regulation of hypoxia‐inducible mRNAs including VEGF mRNA, inactivation of VHL gene plays critical roles in angiogenesis of the VHL tumors. In addition, since VHL protein is also required for the down‐regulation of transcription activity of certain genes for the cell growth and cell cycle, inactivation of VHL gene may contribute to tumorigenesis of the VHL tumors. A significant difference in the frequency of types of VHL gene mutation has been noted among the affected families, known as the genotype‐phenotype correlations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:159–164, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiogenesis in cutaneous melanoma: Pathogenesis and clinical implications
Authors: Srivastava Anurag , Ralhan Ranju , Kaur Jatinder
Published: January 2003

Neovacularization is an essential step in the multistage progression of malignant melanoma. The onset of new blood vessel formation is ushered in by the release of VEGF and numerous other angiogenic molecules by the tumor cells. Human melanoma is unique among neoplasms that both avascular (early horizontal growth phase characterized by very slow progression and 99%, 10‐year survival) and vascular (late radial and vertical growth phase associated with rapid growth, metastasis and death in many cases), phases are discernible by the naked eye. Although cell biologists have made great strides in unraveling the mechanisms involved in the laying down of tumor vasculature and the factors that inhibit it, clinicians treating melanoma have been rather slow to realize and utilize the full potential of suppressing the tumor blood flow to the best advantage of the patient. We suggest a consorted endeavor by all the melanoma experts across the globe to establish an “angiogenesis database” wherein they pool the blood flow and vascularity information along with Breslow's thickness, Clark's level of invasion, lymphatic and vascular invasion, regression, and outcome of their patients. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:208–224, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neural basis of dominance hierarchy formation in crayfish
Authors: Edwards Donald H. , Issa Fadi A. , Herberholz Jens
Published: January 2003

Fifty years of study of the nervous system and behavior of crayfish have revealed neural circuits for movements that are similar to those seen during formation of a dominance hierarchy. Given this background, it is of interest to ask what is understood about the neural substrates of dominance hierarchy formation. Here we will consider the social behavior that crayfish display in the wild and in the laboratory, and its relationship to movements released by activation of specific neural circuits. We will consider how these movements might be knit together to produce the behavior patterns that are characteristic of dominant and subordinate animals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 60:369–376, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of site‐specific transgene integration following cotransduction with recombinant adeno‐associated virus and a rep encodingplasmid
Authors: Huttner Nadja A. , Girod Anne , Schnittger Susanne , Schoch Claudia , Hallek Michael , Büning Hildegard
Published: January 2003

Background

Recombinant adeno‐associated virus (rAAV) has many advantages for gene therapeutic applications in comparison with other vector systems. One of the most promising features is the ability of wild‐type (wt) AAV to integrate site‐specifically into human chromosome 19. However, this feature is lost in rAAV vectors due to the removal of the rep‐coding sequences.

Methods

HeLa cells were transfected with a rep expression plasmid, infected by rAAV and grown with or without selection pressure. Single cell clones were generated and genomic DNA was analyzed for site‐specific integration by Southern blotting analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Results

Transfection of HeLa cells with a rep expression plasmid followed by transduction with a rAAV vector resulted in site‐specific integration of the transgene at AAVS1 on human chromosome 19 in 7 of 10 cell clones analyzed. In marked contrast, transduction of cells with rAAV alone did not result in any site‐specific integration of the transgene.

Conclusions

The high frequency with which the site‐specific integration took place in the presence of Rep protein is comparable with the results observed with wtAAV. These results offer opportunities for the development of specifically integrating rAAV vectors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer information search behavior and the internet
Authors: Peterson Robert A. , Merino Maria C.
Published: January 2003

There is no question that the Internet has, and will continue to have, a major impact on consumer information search behavior. However, under what conditions, and how, that impact will be felt is not clear. This article offers 14 propositions to stimulate and guide investigations of consumer information search behavior in the context of the Internet. A major conclusion is that broad generalizations regarding the impact of the Internet on consumer information search behavior are not warranted and that, if the propositions possess any truth value, the Internet is not likely to be an information panacea for consumers. Because of the complexities of the Internet and information search behavior (individually and even more so when considered conjunctively), investigations of consumer information search behavior in the context of the Internet should especially focus on moderators of that behavior and interactions among the various antecedents of the behavior. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
E‐satisfaction and e‐loyalty: A contingency framework
Authors: Anderson Rolph E. , Srinivasan Srini S.
Published: January 2003

The authors investigate the impact of satisfaction on loyalty in the context of electronic commerce. Findings of this research indicate that although e‐satisfaction has an impact on e‐loyalty, this relationship is moderated by (a) consumers' individual level factors and (b) firms' business level factors. Among consumer level factors, convenience motivation and purchase size were found to accentuate the impact of e‐satisfaction on e‐loyalty, whereas inertia suppresses the impact of e‐satisfaction on e‐loyalty. With respect to business level factors, both trust and perceived value, as developed by the company, significantly accentuate the impact of e‐satisfaction on e‐loyalty. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Empirical testing of a model of online store atmospherics and shopper responses
Authors: Eroglu Sevgin A. , Machleit Karen A. , Davis Lenita M.
Published: January 2003

This study empirically tests a model that proposes that the atmospheric cues of the online store influence shoppers' emotional and cognitive states, which then affect their shopping outcomes. The results support the model propositions and show a significant effect of site atmospherics on shopper attitudes, satisfaction, and various approach/avoidance behaviors as a result of the emotions experienced during the shopping episode. In addition, the findings confirm the hypothesized moderating effects of two individual traits, namely, involvement and atmospheric responsiveness. The results underscore the role that online store atmospherics play in creating positive reactions from shoppers and demonstrate that these positive reactions will be more pronounced under certain conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteome analysis in the study of the bacterial heat‐shock response
Authors: Rosen Ran , Ron Eliora Z.
Published: January 2003

I.
Introduction
245

II.
Global Regulatory Networks
245

III.
Heat‐Shock Response
247

A. Control Elements in Gram‐Positive Bacteria
247

   1.  Sigma B‐Controlled Genes
247

   2.  HrcA‐CIRCE Controlled Genes
249

   3.  Genes Controlled by Additional Repressors
250

B. Control Elements in Gram‐Negative Bacteria
250

   1.  Sigma 32‐Controlled Genes
250

   2.  Genes Controlled by Other Minor Sigma Factors
252

   3.  HrcA‐CIRCE‐Controlled Genes
252

   4.  Minor Regulatory Elements
252

C. Networks of Positive and Negative Regulators
253

IV.
Proteome Studies of Heat‐Shock Regulons
253

V.
Mass Spectrometry in The Analysis of Heat‐Shock‐Induced Post‐Translational Modifications of Proteins
256

A. Phosphorylation
256

B. Other Post‐Translational Modifications
258

   1.  Protein Oxidation
258

   2.  Sulfoxidation
258

   3.  Acetylation
258

VI.
Potential Significance of Proteome Studies for Analysis of Regulons
258

Acknowledgments
259

References
259

In recent years, it has become clear that, in addition to the regulation of the expression of specific genes, there are global regulatory systems that control the simultaneous expression of a large number of genes in response to a variety of environmental stresses. The first of these global control systems, and of substantial importance, is the heat‐shock response. The heat‐shock response is characterized by the induction of a large set of proteins (heat‐shock proteins—HSPs) upon shifts to higher temperature and upon exposure to conditions in which proteins are denatured (i.e., alcohols, heavy metals). The heat‐shock response is universal and many of the heat‐shock proteins are highly conserved among species. In bacteria, the heat‐shock response has been studied extensively in several Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and in the Gram‐negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens). The first recognition of the molecular abundance of the bacterial heat‐shock proteins took place with the introduction of high‐resolution two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gels (2D gels) to analyze complex mixtures of cellular proteins. Two‐dimensional gels, followed by mass spectrometry, were used to define the heat‐shock stimulons in several bacteria, and to study the regulatory elements that control the heat‐shock response. Here, we review the heat‐shock response and its regulation in bacteria. The review will emphasize the use of proteome analysis in the study of this response, and will point out those open questions that can be investigated with proteomics, including mass spectrometry techniques. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:244–265, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10031
Modern strategies for protein quantification in proteome analysis: Advantages and limitations
Authors: Hamdan Mahmoud , Righetti Pier Giorgio
Published: January 2003

I.
Introduction
287

II.
Sample Preparation
289

A. Influence of Alkylation
289

B. Influence of Surfactants
289

III.
MS‐Based Strategies for Protein Quantification
290

A. Isotope‐Coded Affinity Tags (ICAT)
291

B. Mass‐Coded Abundance Tagging (MCAT)
293

C. Stable Isotope‐Labeling of Proteins/Peptides
294

D. Global Internal Standard Strategy (GIST)
294

E. Two‐D Gel or Column Electrophoresis/MALDI‐TOF‐MS
295

F. Fluorescence, Two‐Dimensional Differential in‐Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) for Quantitative Proteomics
296

IV.
Discussion
299

V.
Concluding Remarks
300

Acknowledgments
300

References
300

Over the last 3 years, a number of mass spectrometry‐based methods for the simultaneous identification and quantification of individual proteins within complex mixtures have been reported. Most, if not all, of such strategies apply a two‐step approach: the first for the separation of proteins or peptides, and the second uses mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the individual components. To simplify the outcome of both steps, certain chemicals and heavy‐isotope‐labeling are commonly used in the early stages of sample preparation (except in differential fluorescence labeling protocols). The ultimate goal of these strategies is to be able to identify every protein expressed in a cell or tissue, and to determine each protein's abundance, state of modification, and possible involvement in multi‐protein complexes. In this review, an attempt is made to highlight the salient characteristics of the existing strategies with particular attention to their strengths and weaknesses. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:287–302, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10032
Slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and cervical dystonia: Clinical presentation of a new form of spinocerebellar ataxia?
Authors: Kuoppamäki Mikko , Giunti Paula , Quinn Niall , Wood Nicholas W. , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: January 2003

We describe 5 cases with a rare combination of young‐onset, slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia and cervical dystonia. Two were sporadic, whereas the other 3 were familial, including 2 from one family. The age of onset of these cases was between 16 and 37 years. The presenting symptom was cervical dystonia and/or dystonic head tremor in 3 patients and hand or lower limb tremor in 2. In 2 cases, cervical dystonia and/or dystonic head tremor developed approximately 6 to 10 years before cerebellar dysfunction, and in three they developed at the same time. Apart from cervical dystonia, there was mild dystonic limb involvement in 2 cases, but generalized dystonia was not seen. Cerebellar ataxia was slowly progressive. A literature search showed 10 cases of cervical dystonia associated with genetically undetermined (n = 5) or genetically proven (n = 5) spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA). When the genotype was known, these patients had either SCA3, 6, 7, or 12. However, our 5 cases (or their first‐degree relatives) tested negative for SCA1, 2, 3, 6, and 7, and in the 4 cases (or their first‐degree relatives) tested for SCA12, the result was negative. We propose that this rare phenotype manifesting as a combination of cerebellar ataxia and cervical dystonia may represent one or more new, as yet uncharacterized, genotypes of inherited young‐onset spinocerebellar ataxia. © Movement Disorder Society
Long‐term efficacy of thalamic deep brain stimulation for tremor: Double‐blind assessments
Authors: Rehncrona Stig , Johnels Bo , Widner Håkan , Törnqvist Anna‐Lena , Hariz Marwan , Sydow Olof
Published: January 2003

Thalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is proven to suppress tremor in Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET). However, there are few reports on its long‐term efficacy. We studied the efficacy of DBS at 2 years and 6–7 years after electrode implantations in the ventrointermediate nucleus of the thalamus in 39 patients (20 PD, 19 ET) with severe tremor. Twenty‐five of the patients completed the study. Evaluations were done in a double‐blind manner with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Essential Tremor Rating Scale (ETRS). DBS decreased tremor sum scores in PD (P < 0.025) compared to the preoperative baseline (median, 7; Q25–75, 6–9) both at 2 years (median, 2; Q25–75, 2–3.5; n = 16) and at 6 to 7 years (median, 2.5; Q25–75, 0.5–3; n = 12). Stimulation on improved tremor sum as well as sub scores (P < 0.025) compared to stimulation off conditions. In ET, thalamic stimulation improved (P < 0.025) kinetic and positional tremor at both follow‐up periods (n = 18 and n = 13, respectively) with significant improvements (P < 0.025) in hand‐function tests. PD but not ET patients showed a general disease progression. Stimulation parameters were remarkably stable over time. We conclude that high‐frequency electric thalamic stimulation can efficiently suppress severe tremor in PD and ET more than 6 years after permanent implantation of brain electrodes. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Primary orthostatic tremor is an exaggeration of a physiological response to instability
Authors: Sharott Andrew , Marsden Jon , Brown Peter
Published: January 2003

Primary orthostatic tremor (POT) is a rare disorder characterised by an intense sense of unsteadiness upon standing and a 16‐Hz tremor in which the timing between tremor bursts in different muscles (unilateral and bilateral) remains constant. Hitherto, similar EMG activity has not been described in healthy subjects and it has been postulated that the oscillations seen in POT are primarily pathological. In this study, EMG was recorded from tibialis anterior in healthy subjects who were made unsteady through vestibular galvanic stimulation or leaning backwards. Under these conditions, a peak at approximately 16 Hz was seen in the coherence between the left and right tibialis anterior. This bilateral coherence was absent when the subjects activated the same muscles when not unsteady. These data indicate the existence of a physiological system involved in organising postural responses under circumstances of imbalance and characterised by a highly synchronised output at approximately 16 Hz. In addition, the results suggest that the core abnormality in POT may be an exaggerated sense of unsteadiness when standing still, which then elicits activity from a 16‐Hz oscillator normally engaged in postural responses. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
A polarization‐independent athermal electro‐optic bulk modulator using a unique sandwich configuration
Authors: Yin Shizhuo , Purwosumarto Purwadi , Guo Zhuanyun , Luo Fang
Published: January 2003

In this paper, a unique polarization‐independent athermal electro‐optic modulator using lithium niobate (LiNbO3) and/or lithium tantalite (LiTaO3) crystals is presented. The modulator uses a unique sandwich configuration, in which a pair of lithium niobate crystals are bonded together and an embedded electrode is sandwiched in between them. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 157–160, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10707
Periodic‐loaded sinusoidal patterned electromagnetic bandgap coplanar waveguides
Authors: Martín Ferran , Falcone Francisco , Bonache Jordi , Lopetegi Txema , Laso Miguel A. G. , Coderch M. , Sorolla Mario
Published: January 2003

In this paper, coplanar waveguides (CPWs) periodically loaded with shunt‐connected capacitances and periodically perturbed by varying the slot width are studied. Both square‐ and sinusoidal‐shaped structures are considered. It is demonstrated that by a proper choice of the perturbation period, the spurious passbands—inherent with the presence of reactive elements—can be completely rejected, even in the case of singly tuned (sinusoidal) structures. Rejection levels near and above 30 dB (depending on the spurious band), inferred from electromagnetic based simulations, are experimentally verified. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 181–184, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10714
Application of online FDTD on microstrip cross and T‐junction structures
Authors: Zhong Xiaolong , Mei Kenneth K. , Liu Yaowu
Published: January 2003

The online FDTD method derived from general transmission line equations [1] has been introduced in [2, 3]. Following the research on non‐uniform transmission lines, we further explore the application of online FDTD in the microstrip cross and T‐junction structures. As the theoretic difficulties of modeling the connection of multi‐transmission lines have been solved, many microstrip structures that have cross or stub substructures can be easily simulated by online FDTD. Three examples are presented to test the validity of this application. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 184–187, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10715
A unit cell waveguide model of a reflectarray formed by microstrip patches and slots
Authors: Bialkowski Marek E. , Tsai Feng‐Chi E.
Published: January 2003

An equivalent unit cell waveguide approach (WGA) is described to obtain reflection coefficient phase curves for designing a microstrip patch reflectarray supported by a ground plane with periodic apertures or slots. Based on the presented theory, a computer algorithm for determining the reflection coefficient of a plane wave normally incident on a multi‐layer structure of patches and apertures is developed. The validity of the developed algorithm is verified by comparing the obtained results with those published in the literature and the ones generated by Agilent High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). A good agreement in all the presented examples is obtained, proving that the developed theory and computer algorithm can be an effective tool for designing multi‐layer microstrip reflectarrays with a periodically perforated ground plane. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 206–210, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10721
Natural hierarchical refinement for finite element methods
Authors: Krysl Petr , Grinspun Eitan , Schröder Peter
Published: January 2003

Current formulations of adaptive finite element mesh refinement seem simple enough, but their implementations prove to be a formidable task. We offer an alternative point of departure which yields equivalent adapted approximation spaces wherever the traditional mesh refinement is applicable, but our method proves to be significantly simpler to implement. At the same time it is much more powerful in that it is general (no special tricks are required for different types of finite elements), and applicable for some newer approximations where traditional mesh refinement concepts are not of much help, for instance on subdivision surfaces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and patient tolerance of standard and slow‐release formulations of NSAIDs
Authors: Langman Michael , Kong Sheldon X. , Zhang Qiaoyi , Kahler Kristijan H. , Finch Elizabeth
Published: January 2003

Objective

To examine the rates of co‐prescribing of gastro‐protective drugs (GPDs) and the frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) investigations associated with standard and slow‐release (SR) formulations of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

Methods

Patients were identified from the MediPlus database, which contains the medical records of some 2 million patients throughout the United Kingdom. We selected all new NSAID users who received at least one prescription between 1 July 1997 and 31 December 1997. Patients were classified as starting SR or standard formulations by their first prescription and followed for 12 months. Events specified as of interest included GPDs prescribed and GI investigations. GPDs included prescriptions for all proton pump inhibitors, H2‐antagonists and misoprostol. GI investigations included endoscopies and barium contrast studies.

Results

Taken overall, patients prescribed SR formulations of NSAIDs were significantly more likely to receive GPDs than those prescribed standard formulations, odds ratio (OR) 1.34, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.21–1.47. They also tended to be more likely to need GI investigations (OR 1.25, CI 0.91–1.71). Differences were not explained by prior predisposition to GI damage as judged by the previous need for GPDs, and were evident whether the NSAID prescription was the first, the second, or the third or later in the series (OR 1.40, CI 1.21–1.62; 1.33, 1.08–1.62; and 1.17, 1.00–1.38 respectively).

Conclusion

This study found that patients prescribed SR formulations of NSAIDs were significantly more likely to receive GPDs, and may be more likely to need GI investigations than those receiving standard formulations. In addition, switching away from SR formulations was far more common than switching to them. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selenomethionine does not affect PSA secretion independent of its effect on LNCaP cell growth
Authors: Bhamre Suvarna , Whitin John C. , Cohen Harvey J.
Published: January 2003

BACKGROUND

Individuals supplemented with selenium have reduced incidence of prostate cancer. This study determines whether selenomethionine specifically affects the secretion of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in vitro.

METHODS

LNCaP cells were supplemented with selenomethionine for 7 days. PSA secretion was determined by ELISA. Cell proliferation was assessed by enumeration of trypan blue excluding cells. Colony formation was determined in soft agar. Cell cycle distribution was determined by FACS analysis of propidium iodide stained cells.

RESULTS

Selenomethionine at ≥ 70 μM inhibited LNCaP cell growth and colony formation. 0–100 μM selenomethionine did not affect the secretion of PSA by LNCaP cells in cell culture supernatants when normalized to the number of cells in culture. At supra‐nutritional concentrations of selenomethionine, LNCaP cells had longer G0/G1 phase in agreement with the inhibitory effects on cell growth.

CONCLUSIONS

PSA secretion is not specifically inhibited by concentrations of selenomethionine corresponding to plasma selenium concentrations found in individuals supplemented with chemopreventive concentrations of selenized yeast. These data suggest that changes in serum PSA levels in individual patients during selenium supplementation is not an effect specific for PSA secretion, but rather may be a useful indicator for changes in disease progression in individual patients. Prostate 54: 315–321, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracking control of second‐order chained form systems by cascaded backstepping
Authors: Aneke N. P. I. , Nijmeijer H. , de Jager A. G.
Published: January 2003

A design methodology is presented for tracking control of second‐order chained form systems. The methodology separates the tracking‐error dynamics, which are in cascade form, into two parts: a linear subsystem and a linear time‐varying subsystem. The linear time‐varying subsystem, after the first subsystem has converged, can be treated as a chain of integrators for the purposes of a backstepping controller. The two controllers are designed separately and the proof of stability is given by using a result for cascade systems. The method consists of three steps. In the first step we apply a stabilizing linear state feedback to the linear subsystem. In the second step the second subsystem is exponentially stabilized by applying a backstepping procedure. In the final step it is shown that the closed‐loop tracking dynamics of the second‐order chained form system are globally exponentially stable under a persistence of excitation condition on the reference trajectory. The control design methodology is illustrated by application to a second‐order non‐holonomic system. This planar manipulator with two translational and one rotational joint (PPR) is a special case of a second‐order non‐holonomic system. The simulation results show the effectiveness of our approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Firms' knowledge‐sharing strategies in the global innovation system: empirical evidence from the flat panel display industry
Authors: Spencer Jennifer W.
Published: January 2003

This paper explores the relationship between firms' strategies to share knowledge with their innovation system and innovative performance. The empirical analysis showed that many firms designed strategies to share technological knowledge with competitors, and those firms that shared knowledge with their innovation system earned higher innovative performance than firms that did not share knowledge. In addition, firms that interacted with their global innovation system earned higher innovative performance than firms that interacted with only their national innovation system. These results should help managers and researchers understand how to devise technology strategies in globally integrated industries. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Same as it ever was: the search for evidence of increasing hypercompetition
Authors: McNamara Gerry , Vaaler Paul M. , Devers Cynthia
Published: January 2003

Some strategy scholars and practitioners contend that markets have become increasingly hypercompetitive in recent years. We examine this contention by analyzing industry and business performance patterns in a broad sample of firms drawn from the Compustat Industry Segment database for the 1978–97 period. We find little support for the argument that markets have become more hypercompetitive. From the late 1970s to the late‐1980s we observe decreased performance and market stability, consistent with increasing hypercompetition contentions. From the late 1980s to the mid‐1990s, however, trends reverse and performance and market stability increase. For strategy research, our results suggest that hypercompetitive perspectives are important but no more so now than they were in recent years. For practice, our results suggest that managers today face markets no more dynamic and opportunities to gain and sustain competitive advantage no more challenging than in the past. Accordingly, they should continue developing a portfolio of skills to manage businesses whether conditions are increasingly stable or unstable. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subject‐regulated dosing alters morphine self‐administration behavior and morphine‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding
Authors: Kruzich P.J. , Chen A.C.H. , Unterwald E.M. , Kreek M.J.
Published: January 2003

Repeated intake of opioids is associated with dose escalation and alterations in signal transduction at the G‐protein‐coupled receptor level. The current study utilized two experiments to identify factors in rats that influence consumption rates such as daily intake of self‐administered morphine and receptor desensitization. In Experiment 1, rats self‐administered either 0.30, 1.00, or 3.00 mg/kg/infusion morphine sulfate (morphine) during 7 daily 4‐h sessions. For Experiment 2, rats were assigned to groups that self‐administered either 1) self‐regulated escalating doses of morphine, 2) a fixed dose of morphine, or 3) saline during 18‐h sessions for 7 days to determine if dose control would increase consumption without significantly decreasing response rate. We then assessed morphine‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in the amygdala and thalamus from these three groups in Experiment 2. Results from Experiment 1 demonstrated that 0.30 mg/kg/morphine did not support stable self‐administration. For Experiment 2, the self‐escalation group self‐administered more morphine than the fixed‐dose group, yet maintained similar response rates. Additionally, self‐escalation rats demonstrated decreased morphine‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding in membranes prepared from amygdalar and thalamic nuclei compared to the fixed‐dose and control groups. Our results suggest that session length inversely affects consumption rates for fixed doses of morphine. Self‐regulated dosing of morphine is also associated with rapid escalation of daily consumption and no significant alterations in consumption rates. These results suggest subject‐regulated dosing is a useful approach for modeling dose escalation associated with opioid dependence. Synapse 47:243–249, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.