bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Removal of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Copper from Soils using Ethyl Lactate‐Amended EDDS Solution
Authors: Sun Yuanyuan , Ji Liangliang , Wang Wei , Wang Xiaorong , Wu Jichun , Li Hui , Guo Hongyan
Published: June 2009

A new approach using aqueous ethyl lactate‐modified [S,S]‐ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) washing solutions was examined in the laboratory for the simultaneous removal of phenanthrene, pyrene, and Cu from contaminated soils. Ethyl lactate demonstrated greater solubilization efficiency for phenanthrene and pyrene than ethanol. Thus ethyl lactate has a great potential for extracting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soils. For soils with varying properties, removal efficiencies were found to be negatively correlated with soil organic carbon contents. Aqueous EDDS solution effectively extracted Cu from soils. The extraction efficiency reached about 36.7% at a EDDS:Cu molar ratio of 5. The addition of ethyl lactate in EDDS solution (EDDS/Cu molar ratio = 2) efficiently enhanced the extraction of the PAHs and also significantly increased the Cu removal from 34.8 to 42.9%. The latter was mainly attributed to the fact that ethyl lactate increases the stability constant for Cu‐EDDS complexes, hence shifting the degree of desorption of Cu from soil. Sequential extraction indicated that the EDDS/ethyl lactate solution extracted Cu primarily from the acid extractable fraction, the reducible fraction and the oxidizable fraction. The results suggest that simultaneous removal of PAHs and heavy metals from contaminated soils is feasible by soil washing using an aqueous EDDS solution enhanced with ethyl lactate.
Denitrification in Wood Chip Bioreactors at Different Water Flows
Authors: Greenan Colin M. , Moorman Thomas B. , Parkin Timothy B. , Kaspar Thomas C. , Jaynes Dan B.
Published: June 2009

Subsurface drainage in agricultural watersheds exports a large quantity of nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3–N) and concentrations frequently exceed 10 mg L−1A laboratory column study was conducted to investigate the ability of a wood chip bioreactor to promote denitrification under mean water flow rates of 2.9, 6.6, 8.7 and 13.6 cm d−1which are representative of flows entering subsurface drainage tiles. Columns were packed with wood chips and inoculated with a small amount of oxidized till and incubated at 10°C. Silicone sampling cells at the effluent ports were used for N2O sampling.15Nitrate was added to dosing water at 50 mg L−1and effluent was collected and analyzed for NO3–N, NH4–N, and dissolved organic carbon. Mean NO3–N concentrations in the effluent were 0.0, 18.5, 24.2, and 35.3 mg L−1for the flow rates 2.9, 6.6, 8.7, and 13.6 cm d−1, respectively, which correspond to 100, 64, 52, and 30% efficiency of removal. The NO3–N removal rates per gram of wood increased with increasing flow rates. Denitrification was found to be the dominant NO3–N removal mechanism as immobilization of15NO3–N was negligible compared with the quantity of15NO3–N removed. Nitrous oxide production from the columns ranged from 0.003 to 0.028% of the N denitrified, indicating that complete denitrification generally occurred. Based on these observations, wood chip bioreactors may be successful at removing significant quantities of NO3–N, and reducing NO3–N concentration from water moving to subsurface drainage at flow rates observed in central Iowa subsoil.
Fate of Indicator Microorganisms Under Nutrient Management Plan Conditions
Authors: Bradford Scott A. , Segal Eran
Published: June 2009

Nutrient management plans (NMPs) for application of wastewater from concentrated animal feeding operations are designed to meet crop water and nutrient requirements, but implicitly assume that pathogenic microorganisms in the wastewater will be retained and die‐off in the root zone. A NMP was implemented on a field plot to test this assumption by monitoring the fate of several fecal indicator microorganisms (Enterococcus, fecal coliforms, somatic coliphage, and total Escherichia coli). When well‐water and wastewater were applied to meet measured evapotranspiration (ET), little advective transport of the indicator microorganisms occurred below the root zone and the remaining microorganisms rapidly died‐off (within 1 mo). Additional experiments were conducted in the laboratory to better quantify microorganism transport and survival in the field soil. Batch survival experiments revealed much more rapid die‐off rates for the bacterial indicator microorganisms in native than in sterilized soil, suggesting that biotic factors controlled survival. Saturated column experiments with packed field soil, demonstrated much greater transport potential for somatic coliphage than bacterial indicators (Enterococcus and total E. coli) and that the retention rates for the indicator microorganisms were not log‐linear with depth. A worst case transport scenario of ponded infiltration on a large undistributed soil column from the field was also initiated and indicator microorganisms were not detected in the column outflow or in the soil at a depth of 65 cm. All of these observations support the hypothesis that a NMP at this site will protect groundwater supplies from microorganism contamination, especially when applied water and wastewater meet ET.
Long‐term Water Quality Trends after Implementing Best Management Practices in South Florida
Authors: Daroub Samira H. , Lang Timothy A. , Diaz Orlando A. , Grunwald Sabine
Published: June 2009

A mandatory best management practices (BMP) program was implemented in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) farms basin‐wide in 1995 as required by the Everglades Forever Act to reduce P loads in drainage water reaching the Everglades ecosystem. All farms in the EAA basin implement similar BMPs, and basin wide P load reductions have exceeded the 25% reduction required by law; however, differences remain in water quality between subbasins. Our objective was to determine long‐term trends in P loads in discharge water in the EAA after implementing BMPs for 7 to10 yr and to explore reasons for differences in the performance of the subbasins. Two monitoring datasets were used, one from 10 research farms and the second from the EAA basin inflow and outflow locations. Mann‐Kendall trend analysis was used to determine the degree of change in water quality trends. A decreasing trend in P loads was observed in general on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) farms, while mixed crop farms showed either decreasing or insignificant trends. The insignificant trends are probably related to management practices of mixed crop systems. Decreasing trends in P loads were observed in the outflow of the EAA basin, S5A, and S8 subbasins from 1992 to 2002. Inflow water from Lake Okeechobee had increasing P concentration from 1992 to 2006 with the highest trend in the east side of the lake. This analysis indicated there may be other factors impacting the success of BMPs in individual farms including cropping rotations and flooding of organic soils. Elevated P concentrations in Lake Okeechobee water used for irrigation may pose a future risk to degrade water quality on farms in the EAA, especially in the S5A subbasin.
Intake and Digestibility of ‘Coastal’ Bermudagrass Hay from Treated Swine Waste Using Subsurface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Burns J. C. , Stone K. C. , Hunt P. G. , Vanotti M. B. , Cantrell K. B. , Fisher D. S.
Published: June 2009

Waste handling systems for confined swine production in the upper South (approximately 32–37° N and 79–93° W) depend mainly on anaerobic lagoons and application of the waste effluent to cropland. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] hay receiving effluent generated from a raw swine waste treatment system designed to reduce P and K concentrations and delivered by subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) compared with hay produced from commercial N fertilizer. Eight treatments, consisting of commercial N fertilizer or effluent, each irrigated at two irrigation rates (75 and 100% of estimated evapotranspiration) and two lateral spacings (0.6 and 1.2 m), were compared with a control treatment of commercial N fertilizer without irrigation. Three harvests were taken in each of 2 yr and five of the six evaluated using wether sheep (30–45 kg). Greatest dry matter intake (DMI) per unit body weight occurred for the control vs. all irrigated treatments (1.94 vs. 1.77 kg 100−1 kg; P = 0.02; SEM = 0.11). Among irrigated treatments, DMI was greatest from commercial N vs. effluent (1.81 vs. 1.71 kg 100−1 kg; P = 0.05; SEM = 0.11). Dry matter intake was similar for the 75% rate treatments and the non‐irrigated treatment (mean, 1.87 kg 100−1 kg) but was reduced for the 100% rate (1.94 vs. 1.72 kg 100−1 kg; P = 0.03; SEM = 0.11). Hay from the 75% rate was more digestible than hay from the 100% rate (527 vs. 508 g kg−1; P = 0.03; SEM = 21). The SDI system functioned well, and lateral spacing did not alter hay quality. Treated waste from a raw waste treatment system was readily delivered by SDI at the recommended rate to produce bermudagrass hay of adequate quality for ruminant production systems.
Recommendations for Improved Assessment of Noise Impacts on Wildlife
Authors: PATER LARRY L. , GRUBB TERYL G. , DELANEY DAVID K.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT Research to determine noise impacts on animals benefits from methodology that adequately describes the acoustical stimulus as well as the resulting biological responses. We present acoustical considerations and research techniques that we have found to be useful. These include acoustical definitions and noise measurement techniques that conform to standardized acoustical practice and advice for controlled experimentation to supplement behavioral observation. Specific considerations include characteristics of noise stimulus, selection of noise metrics, use of frequency‐weighting algorithms tailored to a specific animal species, selection and placement of noise measurement equipment, and methods for documenting animal responses. We also present arguments for measuring the noise stimulus at the location and time of each response observation. Our purpose is to recommend some baseline terminology, metrics, and techniques prerequisite to effective assessment of noise impacts on terrestrial wildlife whenever and wherever potential conflicts arise.
What You Should Know About Land‐Cover Data
Authors: GALLANT ALISA L.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  Wildlife biologists are using land‐characteristics data sets for a variety of applications. Many kinds of landscape variables have been characterized and the resultant data sets or maps are readily accessible. Often, too little consideration is given to the accuracy or traits of these data sets, most likely because biologists do not know how such data are compiled and rendered, or the potential pitfalls that can be encountered when applying these data. To increase understanding of the nature of land‐characteristics data sets, I introduce aspects of source information and data‐handling methodology that include the following: ambiguity of land characteristics; temporal considerations and the dynamic nature of the landscape; type of source data versus landscape features of interest; data resolution, scale, and geographic extent; data entry and positional problems; rare landscape features; and interpreter variation. I also include guidance for determining the quality of land‐characteristics data sets through metadata or published documentation, visual clues, and independent information. The quality or suitability of the data sets for wildlife applications may be improved with thematic or spatial generalization, avoidance of transitional areas on maps, and merging of multiple data sources. Knowledge of the underlying challenges in compiling such data sets will help wildlife biologists to better assess the strengths and limitations and determine how best to use these data.
Estimating Detection Probabilities of Waterfowl Broods From Ground‐Based Surveys
Authors: PAGANO ANTHONY M. , ARNOLD TODD W.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  Brood:pair ratios could provide an economical method for assessing spatial or temporal variation in waterfowl productivity, but such estimators are severely biased by incomplete detection of broods. We conducted 3 sequential counts of 1,357 waterfowl broods in northeastern North Dakota, USA, and used closed‐population mark‐recapture models to estimate total brood abundance while controlling for variation in detection probabilities (p). Blue‐winged teal (Anas discors) broods had the lowest average detection probability (p = 0.305), whereas diving‐duck broods had the highest average detectability (p = 0.571). Detection was generally highest in morning or evening, but temporal patterns varied among species and there was no survey window that maximized detection probabilities for all species. Detection probabilities averaged 0.108 (SD = 0.056) higher for an experienced observer versus an inexperienced observer. Detection probabilities were 0.044 higher for roadside versus walk‐up surveys and increased with increasing brood size, total brood abundance, survey date, wind speed, temperature, cloud cover, and amount of time spent surveying each wetland. Detection probabilities declined with increasing wetland size and amount of tall peripheral vegetation. Our mark‐recapture results indicated that a traditional unreplicated brood survey would have missed 67.5% of estimated broods, summed over all species. Use of closed‐population mark‐recapture techniques provided an effective method for reducing this bias and identifying and quantifying factors that reduce detection probabilities of waterfowl broods. We recommend that future brood surveys incorporate 2 or 3 temporally segregated replicate counts to allow for formal estimation of detection probabilities.
Influence of Radiotransmitters on Fecal Glucocorticoid Levels of Free‐Ranging Male American Kestrels
Authors: PEREIA RICARDO JOSÉ GARCIA , GRANZINOLLI MARCO ANTONIO MONTEIRO , DE BARROS FÁBIO MONTEIRO , DUARTE JOSÉ MAURÍCIO BARBANTI
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  Although radiotelemetry is considered a valuable technique for ornithological field studies, several assumptions have been made about the impact that transmitters may have on the estimation of behavioral, ecological, and reproductive parameters. To assess the potential effects of backpack radiotransmitters, we captured and assigned 8 male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) into 2 groups: radiotagged (n = 6) and control individuals (leg‐banded, n = 2). Thereafter, we collected feces approximately 2 hours after capture (day −1), and subsequently during days 0 (releasing day), 4, 7, 15, 30, 40, and 55. Prior to fecal analysis, we validated the corticosterone enzyme immunoassay using standard procedures (e.g., parallelism, dose‐response curve), and we confirmed physiological significance of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites through adrenocorticotropin challenge, which induced an increase of 4‐fold (446.10 ± 60.73 ng/g) above baseline (114.27 ± 15.23 ng/g) within 4 hours (P < 0.001). Both groups exhibited a significant increase in fecal glucocorticoids during day 0 (P < 0.001), but concentrations returned to preattachment values within 4 days. Fecal glucocorticoid concentrations did not differ between samples of radiotagged and leg‐banded kestrels (P > 0.05). In spite of the small number of monitored subjects, these findings suggested that radiotransmitters did not affect adrenocortical activity in these male American kestrels.
Criticisms Biologically Unwarranted and Analytically Irrelevant: Reply to Rominger et al.
Authors: BENDER LOUIS C. , WEISENBERGER MARA E.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  The criticisms of Rominger et al. (2008) of our retrospective analysis of desert bighorn sheep (DBS; Ovis canadensis mexicana) dynamics in the San Andres Mountains of south‐central New Mexico, USA, contained many biological errors and analytical oversights. Herein, we show that Rominger et al. (2008) 1) overstated both magnitude and potential effect of predator removal; 2) incorrectly claimed that our total precipitation (TP) model did not fit the data when TP correctly classed ≥66% of subsequent population increases and declines (P ≥0.063); 3) presented a necessary prerequisite of the exponential model (serial correlation between Nt and Nt+1) as the key relationship in the DBS data, when it merely reflected that DBS are strongly K‐selected and was irrelevant to our hypothesis tests specific to factors affecting the instantaneous rate of population increase (r); 4) greatly oversimplified relationships among precipitation, arid environments, and DBS; and 5) advocated a time for collection of lamb/female (L/F) ratio data that was unrelated to any meaningful period in the biological year of DBS and consequently presented L/F ratio data unrelated to observed dynamics of DBS. In contrast, the L/F ratios used in Bender and Weisenberger (2005) correctly predicted annual changes and were correlated with long‐term population rates of change.
Importance of Nest Predation by Alien Rodents and Avian Poxvirus in Conservation of Oahu Elepaio
Authors: VANDERWERF ERIC A.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  The Oahu elepaio (Chasiempis sandwichensis ibidis) is an endangered forest bird endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu (USA) and is threatened by nest predation from alien rodents and mosquito‐borne diseases. I investigated importance of these threats and evaluated success of conservation efforts from 1995 to 2008. I controlled rodents with snap‐traps and bait stations in 3 valleys and switched sites from non‐treatment to treatment over time. I mist‐netted and color‐banded 91 elepaio, inspected them for symptoms of avian poxvirus (Poxvirus avium), and estimated survival using multistate mark‐recapture models. I determined annual fecundity of each breeding pair and monitored success of 212 nests. The oldest known Oahu elepaio was ≥15 years old. Survival of females was higher with rodent control (0.82 ± 0.05) than without (0.55 ± 0.12), but survival of males was not affected by rodent control (0.86 ± 0.02 with vs. 0.84 ± 0.04 without). Survival of elepaio with active or inactive pox‐like lesions was 4–10% lower than survival of elepaio with no pox symptoms. Rodent control resulted in higher annual fecundity (0.69 ± 0.05 vs. 0.33 ± 0.06 fledglings/pair) and nest success (62% vs. 33%). Female site‐fidelity, mate fidelity, and female encounter probability were lower in the absence of rodent control because more females switched territories and mates after nest failure. Population growth calculated from survival and fecundity estimates was stable with rodent control (1.07 ± 0.04) but declining without rodent control (0.69 ± 0.05). Elepaio numbers have continued to decline despite rodent control, probably because some young birds disperse into adjacent unmanaged areas that act as sinks. The best immediate management strategy for Oahu elepaio is to conduct rodent control over larger areas. Restoration of native forest would benefit elepaio by providing nest sites that are less attractive to rodents. Construction of predator‐proof fences and eradication of predators would provide the best long‐term protection for elepaio.
Trumpeter Swan Abundance and Growth Rates in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: PROFFITT KELLY M. , MCENEANEY TERRENCE P. , WHITE P. J. , GARROTT ROBERT A.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  Decreasing abundance of resident, nonmigratory trumpeter swans (Cygnus buccinator) in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), USA, raised concern that this population, which helped facilitate the restoration of the species across North America, may disappear. We quantified trends in abundance of resident and migratory trumpeter swans in YNP from 1967 to 2007 and investigated the potential mechanisms for declining population trends, including cessation of the supplemental feeding program and relocation programs outside of YNP, density dependence, and annual variations in environmental conditions. Estimated abundance of resident trumpeter swans in YNP ranged from 59 individuals in 1968 to 10 individuals in 2007. Using log‐linear modeling, the best approximating model chosen from an a priori set of competing models estimated the annual growth rate (r) of resident swans from 1967 to 2007 was −0.036 (95% CI =−0.042 to −0.030, Akaike wt [wi] = 0.44). A competing model provided evidence that decreases in abundance became more dramatic after supplemental feeding of grain outside of YNP was terminated in winter 1992–1993 (r̂1967–1992 = −0.027, 95% CI = −0.039 to −0.015; r̂1993–2007 = −0.053, 95% CI = −0.029 to −0.080; wi = 0.42). There was little evidence of density‐dependent effects on the resident population growth rates (βYNPpop = 0.006, 95% CI = −0.017 to 0.007), but rates were lower following severe winters, wetter springs, and warmer summers. Our results indicate that the YNP population of trumpeter swans is decreasing and may act as a sink to surrounding populations. Thus, population levels of YNP trumpeter swans may depend on management outside the Park and we recommend the National Park Service collaborate with surrounding agencies in managing trumpeter swans throughout the Tri‐state region where more productive habitats may exist.
The Value of Opinion in Science and the Forest Service Research Organization
Authors: RUGGIERO LEONARD F.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT  There is confusion about conflicts of interest between sources of funding and the extent to which Forest Service researchers are free to publish their findings. Forest Service Research is an independent entity with no administrative accountability to policy makers up to the office of the Chief of the Forest Service. Congressional mandate ensures that research will be free from the influence of politics that land management necessarily entails. Because politics involves opinions, it is important to note that opinions per se are not scientific and must be appropriately compared with empirical data before they can be considered so. It is the quantitative test of an opinion that renders it scientific, not the opinion itself.
Comparing Global Positioning System and Very High Frequency Telemetry Home Ranges of White‐Tailed Deer
Authors: KOCHANNY CHRISTOPHER O. , DELGIUDICE GLENN D. , FIEBERG JOHN
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT Use of Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on free‐ranging ungulates overcomes many limitations of conventional very high frequency (VHF) telemetry and offers a practical means of studying space use and home range estimation. To better understand winter home ranges of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), we evaluated GPS collar performance, and we compared GPS‐ and VHF‐derived diurnal home ranges (for the same animals) and GPS‐derived home range estimates for diurnal and nocturnal locations. Overall, the mean fix success rate of our GPS collars was 85% (range = 14–99%). Kernel density estimates of home range (using the 95% probability contour) derived from GPS and VHF locations were generally similar, as were GPS‐derived diurnal and nocturnal home ranges. Overlap indices between GPS and VHF utilization distributions (UDs) ranged from 0.49 to 0.78 for the volume of intersection (VI) index and from 0.67 to 0.94 for Bhattacharyya's affinity (BA); overlap indices for GPS‐diurnal and nocturnal UDs ranged from 0.29 to 0.81 for VI and from 0.56 to 0.94 for BA. Despite similarities of home ranges estimated from GPS versus VHF locations and GPS‐diurnal versus nocturnal locations, our data also indicate that differences may have important implications for studies focused on deer use of space, habitat, and resources at a finer scale.
Is All Glucosamine Alike? Clarifying the Controversies for Product Selection and Clinical Research
Authors: Barnhill Jamie G , Fye Carol L. , Reda Domenic J. , Harris Crystal L. , Clegg Daniel O.
Published: June 2009

In the United States, glucosamine is marketed as a dietary supplement therefore subject to less stringent manufacturing, labeling and marketing regulations than pharmaceuticals. The glucosamine product selected for the NIH-sponsored Glucosamine/chondroitin Arthritis Intervention Trial (GAIT) was required to satisfy Investigational New Drug (IND) application (and therefore pharmaceutical manufacturing requirements). This review describes the procedure that was developed by the authors to identify a high-quality glucosamine product for GAIT and to clarify confusing product information and nomenclature.Proprietary glucosamine products and bulk glucosamine powders of various salt forms were evaluated. Both the published literature and information provided by suppliers of bulk glucosamine powders were evaluated. No proprietary glucosamine product was selected due to manufacturing practices that did not meet the pharmaceutical standards mandated by GAIT; i.e., no practices that control and document the quality issues of product purity and content variability. At the time this study was initiated dietary supplements were not required to meet these standards. Other problems identified with proprietary products included the presence of other dietary supplements and/or trace elements and the inability of a manufacturer to provide the appropriate quality of product within the time constraints of the study. A bulk powder of glucosamine hydrochloride was identified and capsules were manufactured for the trial in compliance with pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices.
Fermi's paradox: The last challenge for copernicanism?
Authors: Cirkovic M.M.
Published: June 2009

We review Fermi's paradox (or the 'Great Silence' problem), not only arguably the oldest and crucial problem for the Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI), but also a conundrum of profound scientific, philosophical and cultural importance. By a simple analysis of observation selection effects, the correct resolution of Fermi's paradox is certain to tell us something about the future of humanity. Already more than three quarters of century old puzzle and a quarter of century since the last major review paper in the field by G. David Brin has generated many ingenious discussions and hypotheses. We analyze the often tacit methodological assumptions built in various answers to this puzzle and attempt a new classification of the numerous solutions proposed in an already huge literature on the subject. Finally, we consider the ramifications of various classes of hypotheses for the practical SETI projects. Somewhat paradoxically, it seems that the class of (neo)catastrophic hypotheses gives, on the balance, the strongest justification to optimism regarding our current and near-future SETI efforts.
Attenuation laws for galaxies with different star formation histories, based on the SDSS images
Authors: Vince O.
Published: June 2009

Attenuation curves (laws) in the optical part of the spectrum (from about 3500 A to 9000 A) are determined for galaxies with different star formation histories (SFHs) using images in five photometrical bands from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Owing to large surveys like SDSS, it is possible to define several subgroups of galaxies with similar SFHs using two spectral indices that trace SFH. Attenuation curves are analyzed in terms of SFH and compared to the curves that are often used for dust correction of the observed data. .
On orbits for a particular case of axial symmetry
Authors: Ninkovic S. , Jovanovic B.
Published: June 2009

A particular case of steady state and axial symmetry -the potential formula proposed by Miyamoto and Nagai - is studied. A number of orbits of a bound test particle is determined numerically, with both, the potential parameters and initial conditions, varied. Unlike special cases, such as nearly circular and nearly planar orbits, in the case of 'truly spatial orbits' the time dependence of the coordinates becomes very complicated and a mathematical treatment including any known periodic functions is hardly possible. Bearing in mind that orbits studied in the present paper are determined by three elements, the authors propose the mean values over time of the squares of velocity components to characterize them.
A simple, approximate method for analysis of Kerr-Newman black hole dynamics and thermodynamics
Authors: Pankovic V. , Ciganovic S. , Glavatovic R.
Published: June 2009

In this work we present a simple approximate method for analysis of the basic dynamical and thermodynamical characteristics of Kerr-Newman black hole. Instead of the complete dynamics of the black hole self-interaction, we consider only the stable (stationary) dynamical situations determined by condition that the black hole (outer) horizon 'circumference' holds the integer number of the reduced Compton wave lengths corresponding to mass spectrum of a small quantum system (representing the quantum of the black hole self-interaction). Then, we show that Kerr-Newman black hole entropy represents simply the ratio of the sum of static part and rotation part of the mass of black hole on one hand, and the ground mass of small quantum system on the other hand. Also we show that Kerr-Newman black hole temperature represents the negative value of the classical potential energy of gravitational interaction between a part of black hole with reduced mass and a small quantum system in the ground mass quantum state. Finally, we suggest a bosonic great canonical distribution of the statistical ensemble of given small quantum systems in the thermodynamical equilibrium with (macroscopic) black hole as thermal reservoir. We suggest that, practically, only the ground mass quantum state is significantly degenerate while all the other, excited mass quantum states, are non-degenerate. Kerr-Newman black hole entropy is practically equivalent to the ground mass quantum state degeneration. Given statistical distribution admits a rough (qualitative) but simple modeling of Hawking radiation of the black hole too.
Theoretical study of irradiation effects in close binaries
Authors: Srinivasa Rao , Varghese B.A.
Published: June 2009

The effect of irradiation is studied in a close binary system assuming that the secondary component is a point source, moving in a circular orbit. The irradiation effects are calculated on the atmosphere of the primary component in a 3-dimensional Cartesian coordinate geometry. In treating the reflection effect theoretically, the total radiation (ST) is obtained as the sum of the radiation of 1) the effect of irradiation on the primary component which is calculated by using one dimensional rod model (Sr) and 2) the self radiation of the primary component which is calculated by using the solution of radiative transfer equation in spherical symmetry (Ss). The radiation field is estimated along the line of sight of the observer at infinity. It is shown how the radiation field changes depending on the position of the secondary component.
TD-88Up: Upgraded neutral Earth's thermosphere total density TD-88 model
Authors: Surlan B. , Segan S.
Published: June 2009

Improved constants of the total density TD-88 model for the Earth's neutral thermosphere are calculated. The model is fully functional within the height range of 200 to 500 km, with fixed values of the mean solar flux and geomagnetic index. The control data of the atmospheric air density are derived from the aeronomical NRLMSISE-00 model which was used as the reference one. The upgraded TD-88, named TD-88Up, model is obtained by the extended LSQ method with varying all model parameters.
Graves Hyperthyroidism After Stopping Immunosuppressive Therapy in Type 1 Diabetic Islet Cell Recipients With Pretransplant TPO Autoantibodies
Authors: Gillard Pieter , Huurman Volkert , Van der Auwera Bart , Decallonne Brigitte , Poppe Kris , Roep Bart O. , Gorus Frans , Mathieu Chantal , Pipeleers Daniel , Keymeulen Bart
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

After an initially successful islet cell transplantation, a number of patients return to C-peptide negativity, and therefore immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued. Some are then found to have developed Graves disease. We examined the risk of Graves disease after immunosuppression.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Immunosuppressive therapy was stopped in 13 type 1 diabetic islet cell recipients who had received one course of antithymocyte globulin and maintenance doses of mycophenolate mofetil and a calcineurin inhibitor. None had a history of thyroid disease.

RESULTS

In four patients, clinical Graves hyperthyroidism was observed within 21 months after discontinuation and 30–71 months after the start of immunosuppressive therapy. All four patients exhibited a pretransplant positivity for thyroid peroxidase (TPO) autoantibodies, while the nine others were TPO negative pre- and posttransplantation.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 1 diabetic recipients of islet cell grafts with pretransplant TPO autoantibody positivity exhibit a high risk for developing Graves hyperthyroidism after immunosuppressive therapy is discontinued for a failing graft.
The Association Between A1C and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: McNeely Marguerite J. , McClelland Robyn L. , Bild Diane E. , Jacobs David R. , Tracy Russell P. , Cushman Mary , Goff David C. , Astor Brad C. , Shea Steven , Siscovick David S.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that A1C is associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a population without evident diabetes, after adjusting for traditional CVD risk factors and BMI.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study of 5,121 participants without clinically evident CVD or diabetes (fasting glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l or use of diabetes medication), aged 47–86 years, enrolled in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Measurements included carotid intimal-medial wall thickness (CIMT) and coronary artery calcification (CAC). Results were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, antihypertensive medication use, lipid-lowering medication use, and BMI.

RESULTS

Compared with those in the lowest quartile for A1C ([mean ± SD] 5.0 ± 0.2%), participants in the highest quartile (6.0 ± 0.3%) had higher adjusted mean values for common CIMT (0.85 vs. 0.87 mm, P = 0.003) and internal CIMT (1.01 vs. 1.08 mm, P = 0.003). A1C quartile was not associated with prevalence of CAC in the entire cohort (P = 0.27); however, the association was statistically significant in women (adjusted prevalence of CAC in lowest and highest A1C quartiles 37.5 vs. 43.0%, P = 0.01). Among those with some CAC, higher A1C quartile tended to be associated with higher CAC score, but the results were not statistically significant (adjusted P = 0.11).

CONCLUSIONS

In this multiethnic cohort, there were small, positive associations between A1C, common CIMT, and internal CIMT in the absence of clinically evident diabetes. An association between higher A1C and CAC prevalence was evident only in women.
Inflammatory, Hemostatic, and Other Novel Biomarkers for Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Nguyen Thanh T. , Alibrahim Ekaterina , Islam F.M. Amirul , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E.K. , Cotch Mary Frances , Shea Steven , Wong Tien Y.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

There are conflicting data regarding relationships of systemic biomarkers of inflammation, hemostasis, and homocysteine with diabetic retinopathy. We examined these relationships in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 921 participants with diabetes were included. Diabetic retinopathy was graded from retinal photographs. We defined two outcomes: any diabetic retinopathy and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or worse). Systemic markers analyzed were C-reactive protein, homocysteine, fibrinogen, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), interleukin-6, d-dimer, factor VIII, serum creatinine, and urinary albumin-to-creatinine (UAC) ratio.

RESULTS

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy was 33.2% and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy 7.1%. After adjusting for established risk factors (diabetes duration, A1C, systolic blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio, and use of diabetes medications), fibrinogen (odds ratio 1.14 [95% CI 1.01–1.32], P = 0.05) and PAP (1.25 [1.05–1.50], P = 0.01) were associated with any diabetic retinopathy, while PAP (1.54 [1.13–2.11], P = 0.007) and homocysteine (1.57 [1.16–2.11], P = 0.003) were associated with vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Only PAP remained significant after additional adjustment for serum creatinine and UAC ratio. Area under receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUROC) for diabetic retinopathy was constructed for established and novel risk factors. Established risk factors accounted for a 39.2% increase of the AUROC, whereas novel markers (fibrinogen, PAP, homocysteine, serum creatinine, and UAC ratio) only accounted for an additional 2.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

There were few associations of novel markers of inflammation, hemostasis, and homocysteine with diabetic retinopathy after controlling for established risk factors. These data suggest that there is limited clinical use of these biomarkers for prediction of diabetic retinopathy.
Excessive Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Park Seok Won , Goodpaster Bret H. , Lee Jung Sun , Kuller Lewis H. , Boudreau Robert , de Rekeneire Nathalie , Harris Tamara B. , Kritchevsky Stephen , Tylavsky Frances A. , Nevitt Michael , Cho Yong-wook , Newman Anne B. ,   for the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

A loss of skeletal muscle mass is frequently observed in older adults. The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of type 2 diabetes on the changes in body composition, with particular interest in the skeletal muscle mass.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We examined total body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry annually for 6 years in 2,675 older adults. We also measured mid-thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) with computed tomography in year 1 and year 6. At baseline, 75-g oral glucose challenge tests were performed. Diagnosed diabetes (n = 402, 15.0%) was identified by self-report or use of hypoglycemic agents. Undiagnosed diabetes (n = 226, 8.4%) was defined by fasting plasma glucose (≥7 mmol/l) or 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (≥11.1 mmol/l). Longitudinal regression models were fit to examine the effect of diabetes on the changes in body composition variables.

RESULTS

Older adults with either diagnosed or undiagnosed type 2 diabetes showed excessive loss of appendicular lean mass and trunk fat mass compared with nondiabetic subjects. Thigh muscle CSA declined two times faster in older women with diabetes than their nondiabetic counterparts. These findings remained significant after adjusting for age, sex, race, clinic site, baseline BMI, weight change intention, and actual weight changes over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Type 2 diabetes is associated with excessive loss of skeletal muscle and trunk fat mass in community-dwelling older adults. Older women with type 2 diabetes are at especially high risk for loss of skeletal muscle mass.
Association Between Serum Uric Acid and Development of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kodama Satoru , Saito Kazumi , Yachi Yoko , Asumi Mihoko , Sugawara Ayumi , Totsuka Kumiko , Saito Aki , Sone Hirohito
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

To systematically evaluate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) level and subsequent development of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We searched Medline (31 March from 1966 to 2009) and Embase (31 March from 1980 to 2009) for observational cohort studies examining the association between SUA and the risk of type 2 diabetes by manual literature search. Relative risks (RRs) for each 1 mg/dl increase in SUA were pooled by using a random-effects model. The studies included were stratified into subgroups representing different study characteristics, and meta-regression analyses were performed to investigate the effect of these characteristics on the association between SUA level and type 2 diabetes risk.

RESULTS

The search yielded 11 cohort studies (42,834 participants) that reported 3,305 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during follow-up periods ranging from 2.0 to 13.5 years. The pooled RR of a 1 mg/dl increase in SUA was 1.17 (95% CI 1.09–1.25). Study results were consistently significant (i.e., >1) across characteristics of participants and study design. Publication bias was both visually and statistically suggested (P = 0.03 for Egger's test, 0.06). Adjustment for publication bias attenuated the pooled RR per mg/dl increase in SUA (RR 1.11 [95% CI 1.03–1.20]), but the association remained statistically significant (P = 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS

The current meta-analysis suggests that SUA level is positively associated with the development of type 2 diabetes regardless of various study characteristics. Further research should attempt to determine whether it is effective to utilize SUA level as a predictor of type 2 diabetes for its primary prevention.
Hydrodynamic cavitation: from theory towards a new experimental approach
Authors: Lucia Umberto , Gervino Gianpiero
Published: June 2009

Hydrodynamic cavitation is analysed by a global thermodynamics principle following an approach based on the maximum irreversible entropy variation that has already given promising results for open systems and has been successfully applied in specific engineering problems. In this paper we present a new phenomenological method to evaluate the conditions inducing cavitation. We think this method could be useful in the design of turbo-machineries and related technologies: it represents both an original physical approach to cavitation and an economical saving in planning because the theoretical analysis could allow engineers to reduce the experimental tests and the costs of the design process.
Improvement of inflammatory and toxic stress biomarkers by silymarin in a murine model of type one diabetes mellitus
Authors: Malihi Farshad , Hosseini-Tabatabaei Azadeh , Esmaily Hadi , Khorasani Reza , Baeeri Maryam , Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: June 2009

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by an impairment of the insulin-secreting beta cells with an immunologic base. Inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, and free radicals are believed to play key roles in destruction of pancreatic β cells. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of Silybum marianum seed extract (silymarin), a combination of several flavonolignans with immunomodulatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced T1DM in mouse. Experimental T1DM was induced in male albino mice by IV injection of multiplelow- doses of STZ for 5 days. Seventy-two male mice in separate groups received various doses of silymarin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg) concomitant or after induction of diabetes for 21 days. Blood glucose and pancreatic biomarkers of inflammation and toxic stress (IL-1β, TNF-α, myeloperoxidase, lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, thiol molecules, and total antioxidant capacity) were determined. Silymarin treatment reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β and oxidative stress mediators like myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, carbonyl and thiol content of pancreatic tissue in an almost dose dependent manner. No marked difference between the prevention of T1DM and the reversion of this disease by silymarin was found. Use of silymarin seems to be helpful in T1DM when used as pretreatment or treatment. Benefit of silymarin in human T1DM remains to be elucidated by clinical trials.
Transforming Agency and Structure for Facilitating Pro-Poor Governance in Community Forestry
Authors: Banjade Mani Ram , Timsina Netra Prasad , Neupane Hari Raj , Bhandari Kamal , Bhattarai Tara , Rana Sushila Kumari
Published: June 2009

Nepali society is differentiated by hierarchical and discriminatory social structures struggling for transformation. This culture is also reflected in the practices of Community Forestry. Community Forestry is expected to contribute to improved livelihoods within communities through forest management, ensuring social justice through the provision of better spaces and positions to poor and disadvantaged groups. Based on the lessons of nine Community Forest User Groups of seven districts of the hill and Terai regions of Nepal, we propose a more inclusive and interactive process, known as ‘Social and Transformative Learning' or ‘Action and Learning', which has greater ability to transform both agency and structure to ensure deliberative and pro-poor governance. Key words: agency and structure, pro-poor governance, transformative learning, community forestry doi: 10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1978 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 5(1) February, 2006 pp.22-33
Experiences and Challenges of Promoting Pro-Poor and Social Inclusion Initiatives in User Group Forestry
Authors: Paudyal Bimala Rai , Neil Peter , Allison Gaia
Published: June 2009

Community Forestry has tremendous potential to reduce poverty and promote social inclusion in rural communities by improving the livelihoods of the poor and excluded, in particular the livelihoods of women, dalits and disadvantaged ethnic groups. However, there exists a large gap between the potential of the programme and its achievements in reality. Addressing this gap demands strategic interventions, including a careful analysis of barriers to inclusion and the promotion of pro-poor and socially inclusive programmes and monitoring. The paper argues that Community Forestry would better contribute to poverty reduction and social inclusion if support to user groups were focused on at least three specific (and interrelated) domains of changes. These can be identified as: increasing the access of the poor and excluded to livelihood assets; strengthening the organisation, voice and agency of the poor and excluded; and advocating for the development and enforcement of pro-poor and socially inclusive policies and institutions. Key words: community forestry, social inclusion, livelihoods, gender, equity   doi: 10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1979 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 5(1) February, 2006 pp.34-45
Reconstructing the Concept of Forest-Based Enterprise Development in Nepal: Towards a Pro-Poor Approach
Authors: Pokharel Bharat , Paudel Dinesh , Branney Peter , Khatri Dil Bahadur , Nurse Mike
Published: June 2009

This paper demonstrates that community forests have high potential to make a significant contribution to rural income and employment through non-timber forest products enterprises particularly to the poor. The paper highlights a practical experience of the pro-poor entrepreneurship approach, its process, steps and outcomes through examination of a recently-developed enterprise in Jiri, Dolakha district of the central hills region of Nepal. The paper concludes that there are five key aspects which need additional attention for a successful pro-poor enterprise: the scale of the enterprise; pro-poor governance of community groups; necessary skills and capacity to empower the poor producers, both socially and economically; partnership building among private, community groups and poor households; and specialized services to tap competitive markets and conducive policy environment. Key Words: community forestry, poverty reduction, enterprise, entrepreneurship, equity, income generation, employment doi: 10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1981 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 5(1) February, 2006 pp.53-65