bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toned Tummies and Bloated Bellies: Activia Yogurt and Gendered Digestion
Authors: Contois Emily
Published: April 2014

Populating grocery store aisles with its easily recognizable green containers, Activia (a probiotic yogurt) claims to help regulate the digestive system in fourteen days. The commercial success of this functional food product reveals intersections among discourses of digestion, gendered eating, ideal bodies, nutrition, health, and food pharmaceuticals, as eaters navigate an increasingly medicalized foodscape. This paper draws from print and online advertisements, product packaging, press coverage, and industry reports, as well as a variety of secondary sources that analyze digestion as a cultural act. From the naked, flat stomachs prominently featured in advertisements to the heart-shaped icons used to navigate its website, this paper also demonstrates how Activia constructs digestion and freedom from constipation as components of an idealized, white, middle to upper class, female identity.
Cell-cycle dependent phosphorylation of yeast pericentrin regulates γ-TuSC-mediated microtubule nucleation
Authors: Lin Tien-chen , Neuner Annett , Schlosser Yvonne T , Scharf Annette ND , Weber Lisa , Schiebel Elmar
Published: April 2014

Budding yeast Spc110, a member of γ-tubulin complex receptor family (γ-TuCR), recruits γ-tubulin complexes to microtubule (MT) organizing centers (MTOCs). Biochemical studies suggest that Spc110 facilitates higher-order γ-tubulin complex assembly (Kollman et al., 2010). Nevertheless the molecular basis for this activity and the regulation are unclear. Here we show that Spc110 phosphorylated by Mps1 and Cdk1 activates γ-TuSC oligomerization and MT nucleation in a cell cycle dependent manner. Interaction between the N-terminus of the γ-TuSC subunit Spc98 and Spc110 is important for this activity. Besides the conserved CM1 motif in γ-TuCRs (Sawin et al., 2004), a second motif that we named Spc110/Pcp1 motif (SPM) is also important for MT nucleation. The activating Mps1 and Cdk1 sites lie between SPM and CM1 motifs. Most organisms have both SPM-CM1 (Spc110/Pcp1/PCNT) and CM1-only (Spc72/Mto1/Cnn/CDK5RAP2/myomegalin) types of γ-TuCRs. The two types of γ-TuCRs contain distinct but conserved C-terminal MTOC targeting domains.
MicroRNAs down-regulate homologous recombination in the G1 phase of cycling cells to maintain genomic stability
Authors: Choi Young Eun , Pan Yunfeng , Park Eunmi , Konstantinopoulos Panagiotis , De Subhajyoti , D'Andrea Alan , Chowdhury Dipanjan
Published: April 2014

Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated repair of DNA double-strand break (DSB)s is restricted to the post-replicative phases of the cell cycle. Initiation of HR in the G1 phase blocks non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) impairing DSB repair. Completion of HR in G1 cells can lead to the loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH), which is potentially carcinogenic. We conducted a gain-of-function screen to identify miRNAs that regulate HR-mediated DSB repair, and of these miRNAs, miR-1255b, miR-148b*, and miR-193b* specifically suppress the HR-pathway in the G1 phase. These miRNAs target the transcripts of HR factors, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51, and inhibiting miR-1255b, miR-148b*, and miR-193b* increases expression of BRCA1/BRCA2/RAD51 specifically in the G1-phase leading to impaired DSB repair. Depletion of CtIP, a BRCA1-associated DNA end resection protein, rescues this phenotype. Furthermore, deletion of miR-1255b, miR-148b*, and miR-193b* in independent cohorts of ovarian tumors correlates with significant increase in LOH events/chromosomal aberrations and BRCA1 expression.
Transcription inhibition by the depsipeptide antibiotic salinamide A
Authors: Degen David , Feng Yu , Zhang Yu , Ebright Katherine Y , Ebright Yon W , Gigliotti Matthew , Vahedian-Movahed Hanif , Mandal Sukhendu , Talaue Meliza , Connell Nancy , Arnold Eddy , Fenical William , Ebright Richard H
Published: April 2014

We report that bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the functional cellular target of the depsipeptide antibiotic salinamide A (Sal), and we report that Sal inhibits RNAP through a novel binding site and mechanism. We show that Sal inhibits RNA synthesis in cells and that mutations that confer Sal-resistance map to RNAP genes. We show that Sal interacts with the RNAP active-center ‘bridge-helix cap’ comprising the ‘bridge-helix N-terminal hinge’, ‘F-loop’, and ‘link region’. We show that Sal inhibits nucleotide addition in transcription initiation and elongation. We present a crystal structure that defines interactions between Sal and RNAP and effects of Sal on RNAP conformation. We propose that Sal functions by binding to the RNAP bridge-helix cap and preventing conformational changes of the bridge-helix N-terminal hinge necessary for nucleotide addition. The results provide a target for antibacterial drug discovery and a reagent to probe conformation and function of the bridge-helix N-terminal hinge.
Swords into ploughshares: John Herschel's
progressive view of astronomical and imperial
governance
Authors: GREEN MUSSELMAN ELIZABETH
Published: July 2002

Stargazing Knight Errant, beware of the day
When the Hottentots catch thee observing away!
Be sure they will pluck thy eyes out of their sockets
To prevent thee from stuffing the stars in thy pockets

If Herschel should find a new star at the Cape,
His perils no longer would pain us
He will salt the star's tail to prevent its escape
And call it ‘The Hottentot Venus’.

Astronomy has long been recognized as a tool of empire. Its service
to navigation and
geography have made it indispensable to European expansion. Britain in
particular
excelled at this brand of control; each day when the sun set on the British
empire, its
telescopes continued to enhance imperial power.

While the above claims are no longer controversial, we have hardly begun
to understand
the extent to which imperialism subsequently changed the nature of the
physical sciences.
Substantive Equality
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Hepple Bob
Published: July 2002

This article considers the extent to which EC and UK equality law are moving away from liberal notions of non-discrimination towards an approach based on substantive equality or equity, not only in the field of sex discrimination but also in respect of race and disability discrimination at a time when the EC is expanding its competence in these areas. The article begins by restating some basic concepts which feature in the forensic and legislative arguments about equality. It then seeks to answer the initial question by providing a critical analysis of recent judicial and legislative developments in three areas: (1) indirect discrimination; (2) the scope of permitted positive action in favour of disadvantaged groups; and (3) the rights of part-time workers to equal treatment with full-timers, and of workers on fixed-term contracts to equal treatment with permanent workers.
ENFORCING RESTRICTIVE COVENANTS IN LEASES: THE CASE OF COUNTY HALL
Authors: Bridge Stuart
Published: July 2002

THE important recent decision of Neuberger J. in Oceanic Village Ltd. v. United Attractions Ltd. [2000] Ch. 234 considers the enforceability of a restrictive covenant, contained in a lease, which relates to other adjacent land of the landlord. All relevant title was registered, and the case raised the problem addressed in relation to unregistered land by Dartstone Ltd. v. Cleveland Petroleum Co. Ltd. [1969] 1 W.L.R. 1807 where Pennycuick J. held that, as such covenants were not registrable under the land charges legislation, all depended on an application of the doctrine of notice. Shirayama, the Japanese freeholders and registered proprietors of the old County Hall, granted a lease in February 1997 of premises in the building to the claimants, Oceanic, for a term of 20 years. Oceanic covenanted not to use the premises otherwise than as a high quality gift shop without the landlord’s written consent. By clause 4.6 of the Oceanic lease, the landlord covenanted “not to permit any other gift shop to be operated in the Building provided that the restriction shall not apply to any hotel in the Building”. In July 1998, Shirayama granted a lease of another unit in the building to the defendants, United, for a term of 15 years. Under the United lease, the use of their unit was to be restricted to a Football Hall of Fame and ancillary commercial uses. There was no specific restriction of gift shop use.
DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION AND FARMER PREFERENCE OF MUSA CULTIVARS IN UGANDA
Authors: Gold C. S. , Kiggundu A. , Abera A. M. K. , Karamura D.
Published: July 2002

The East African highlands, home to more than 80 cultivated varieties of locally evolved bananas, constitute a secondary centre of banana diversity. Uganda is the leading producer and consumer of banana in the region and also enjoys the highest diversity of a group of bananas uniquely adapted to this region. These East African highland bananas comprise cooking and brewing types. The former is a staple for more than 7 million people and thus important for food security. Little is known about the distribution of the vast germplasm and this study was set up to help determine a distribution pattern and to understand the dynamics of cultivar change using farmers participatory appraisal methods. The study involved a guided interview with 120 farmers, at 24 sites throughout the banana-growing region of Uganda, to reveal cultivar diversity, proportions, distribution and preferences. Cultivar diversity ranged from 18 to 34 (mean = 26) cultivars per site, and from 4 to 22 (mean = 12.3), cultivars per individual farm. Such high diversity was attributed to a variety of end uses, better food security and the perception that each cultivar had a unique range of strengths and weaknesses. Highland banana (AAA-EA) represented 76% of total production while Kayinja (‘Pisang Awak’ subgroup) (ABB) contributed 8%; Ndiizi (’Ney Poovan’ subgroup) (AB) 7%; Kisubi (‘Ney Poovan’ subgroup) (AB) 5%; Gros Michel (‘Bogoya’) (AAA) 2%; and plantain (AAB) 2%. Although 130 highland cultivars were recorded, only 10 constituted 50% of highland banana production while 45 cultivars were found at only 1 or 2 sites. A few cultivars showed more universal distribution and it is proposed that these may be the oldest and best performing local landraces.
Two-locus identity probabilities and identity disequilibrium in a partially selfing subdivided population
Authors: VITALIS RENAUD , COUVET DENIS
Published: July 2002

Measures of association of genes at different loci (linkage disequilibrium) are widely used to
determine whether the structure of natural populations is clonal or not, to map genes from
population data, or to test for the homogeneity of response of molecular markers to background
selection, for example. However, the usual definitions of parameters for gametic associations may
not be suitable for all these purposes. In this paper, we derive the recursion equations for one- and
two-locus identity probabilities in an infinite island model. We study the role of drift, gene flow,
partial selfing and mutation model on the expected association of genes across loci. We define the
‘within-subpopulation identity disequilibrium’ as the difference between the joint two-locus
probability of identity in state and the expected product of one-locus identity probabilities. We
evaluate this parameter as a function of recombination rate, effective size, gene flow and selfing
rate. Within-subpopulation identity disequilibrium attains maximum values for intermediate
immigration rates, whatever the selfing rate. Moreover, identity disequilibrium may be very small,
even for high selfing rates. We discuss the implications of these findings for the analysis of data
from natural populations.
Using the mixed model for interval mapping of quantitative trait loci in outbred line crosses
Authors: NAGAMINE Y. , HALEY C. S.
Published: July 2002

Interval mapping by simple regression is a powerful method for the detection of quantitative trait
loci (QTLs) in line crosses such as F2 populations. Due to the ease of computation of the
regression approach, relatively complex models with multiple fixed effects, interactions between
QTLs or between QTLs and fixed effects can easily be accommodated. However, polygenic effects,
which are not targeted in QTL analysis, cannot be treated as random effects in a least squares
analysis. In a cross between true inbred lines this is of no consequence, as the polygenic effect
contributes just to the residual variance. In a cross between outbred lines, however, if a trait has
high polygenic heritability, the additive polygenic effect has a large influence on variation in the
population. Here we extend the fixed model for the regression interval mapping method to a mixed
model using an animal model. This makes it possible to use not only the observations from
progeny (e.g. F2), but also those from the parents (F1) to evaluate QTLs and polygenic effects. We
show how the animal model using parental observations can be applied to an outbred cross and so
increase the power and accuracy of QTL analysis. Three estimation methods, i.e. regression and an
animal model either with or without parental observations, are applied to simulated data. The
animal model using parental observations is shown to have advantages in estimating QTL position
and additive genotypic value, especially when the polygenic heritability is large and the number of
progeny per parent is small.
Restoration of the Mendelian transmission ratio by a
deletion in the mouse chromosome 1 HSR
Authors: WEICHENHAN DIETER , KUNZE BÄRBEL , TRAUT WALTHER , WINKING HEINZ
Published: July 2002

The house mouse, Mus musculus, harbours a variable
cluster of long-range repeats in chromosome
1. As shown in previous studies, some high-copy clusters such as the MUT
cluster are
cytogenetically apparent as a homogeneously staining region (HSR) and are
associated with a
distortion of the Mendelian recovery ratio when transmitted by heterozygous

females. The effect is
caused by a decreased viability of +/+ embryos. It is compensated by
maternal or paternal
MUT. In this study, a deletion derivative of MUT,
MUTdel, shows normal transmission ratios and

no compensating capability. In this respect, MUTdel

behaves like a wild-type cluster. Hence, both
properties – transmission ratio distortion and compensating capability
–
map to the deleted region.
The deletion comprises three-quarters of the MUT HSR and does
not extend to the nearest
markers adjacent to the HSR.
Distinguishing recombination and intragenic gene
conversion by linkage disequilibrium patterns
Authors: WIEHE THOMAS , MOUNTAIN JOANNA , PARHAM PETER , SLATKIN MONTGOMERY
Published: July 2002

Deterministic theory suggests that reciprocal recombination and intragenic, interallelic conversion
have different effects on the linkage disequilibrium between a pair of genetic markers. Under a
model of reciprocal recombination, the decay rate of linkage disequilibrium depends on the
distance between the two markers, while under conversion the decay rate is independent of this
distance, provided that conversion tracts are short. A population genetic three-locus model
provides a function Q of two-locus linkage disequilibria. Viewed as a random variable, Q is the
basis for a test of the relative impact of conversion and recombination. This test requires
haplotype frequency data of a sufficiently variable three-locus system. One of the few examples
currently available is data from the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) class I genes of three
Amerindian populations. We find that conversion may have played a dominant role in shaping
haplotype patterns over short stretches of DNA, whereas reciprocal recombination may have
played a greater role over longer stretches of DNA. However, in order to draw firm conclusions
more independent data are necessary.
Models of sex-ratio meiotic drive and sexual selection in
stalk-eyed flies
Authors: LANDE RUSSELL , WILKINSON GERALD S.
Published: July 2002

Hypertrophied sexually dimorphic eye stalks have evolved independently in several families of
Diptera, with the eyespan of males exceeding their total body length in some species. These
structures function in intermale contests for territories and in mate attraction, the classical
mechanisms of sexual selection. In the family Diopsidae, species with extremely exaggerated eye
stalks and marked sexual dimorphism in relative eyespan also usually have strongly female-biased
sex ratios in nature caused by X-linked meiotic drive, whereas species with relatively small eye
stalks have little or no sexual dimorphism, often lack meiotic drive and have even sex ratios. We
investigate the possible connection between sexual selection and sex-ratio meiotic drive by
analysing a three-locus model for the evolution of female choice for a male character associated
with meiotic drive. Both meiotic drive and the male character are X-linked and the female
preference is autosomal. Our model shows that suppressed recombination between meiotic drive
and the male character, e.g. by inversion of the X chromosome, is necessary for sex-ratio selection
to promote the origin of female mating preferences and exaggerated secondary sexual characters.
With complete suppression of recombination, sexual selection reduces the frequency of meiotic
drive, and may eliminate it. Very rare recombination, gene conversion or mutation, at rates
characteristic of chromosome inversions in Drosophila, restores the meiotic drive polymorphism to
its original equilibrium. Sex-ratio meiotic drive may thus act as a catalyst accelerating the origin of
female mating preference and exaggerated male traits.
MOVING FROM PERIPHERY TO CENTRE:
THE NON-BRITISH IN COLONIAL NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Clark Emily
Published: July 2002

Life and religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758.
By A. J. B. Johnston. London: McGill-Queen's
University Press, 1984, paperback edition, 1996. Pp. xxxii+227. ISBN 0-7735-1525-9.
£12.95.

The New Orleans Cabildo: Colonial Louisiana's first city government,
1769–1803. By Gilbert
C. Din and John E. Harkins. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1996.
Pp. xvii+330. ISBN 0-8071-2042-1. £42.75.

Revolution, romanticism, and the Afro-Creole protest tradition in Louisiana,
1718–1868. By Caryn
Cossé Bell. London: Louisiana State University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+325. ISBN
0-8071-2096-0. £32.95.

Hopeful journeys: German immigration, settlement and political culture in colonial
America, 1717–1775. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania
Press, 1996. Pp. xii+257. ISBN 0-8122-1548-6. £15.95.

Britannia lost the war of American independence but still reigns over the historiography
of colonial North America. This is a problem now that historians of early America have
embarked on an attempt to apply an Atlantic world perspective to colonial
development. The complex web of human, cultural, economic, and political encounters
and exchanges among Europe, Africa, and the Americas spreads well beyond the
familiar terrain of Britain and its thirteen mainland colonies. While the histories of
Indians and enslaved Africans are beginning to find their way into the historical
narrative of early America to challenge the British hegemony, non-British Europeans
remain virtually invisible, except as opponents in the imperial wars that punctuated the
colonial era. These four books illustrate obstacles that must be overcome to remedy this
gap and offer glimpses of the rewards to be gained by drawing the history of continental
Europeans previously treated as peripheral into the centre of the major debates
currently shaping early American history.
MIRIAM HOEXTER, Endowments, Rulers and Community: Waqf al-Haramayn in Ottoman Algiers, Studies in Islamic Law and Society (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1998). Pp. 204. $57.50.
Authors: Singer Amy
Published: July 2002

Endowments (sing. waqf) are one of the more pervasive and diverse institutions found in Muslim societies through time and space. Praised for their contributions to religious practice, culture, and welfare, endowments have also been criticized and condemned in historical and contemporary writings for their detrimental effects on individuals, society, property, and the greater economy, as agents of sloth, corruption, and underdevelopment. This negative image stems from repeated, though not well-substantiated, accusations, as well as a paucity of research on the actual functioning of individual endowments. Generally, endowments have been written about from the perspective of their founding documents, or of snapshot images taken at later and seemingly diminished or deteriorated stages of their existence. Until now, only Robert McChesney (Waqf in Central Asia, Four Hundred Years in the History of a Muslim Shrine, 1480–1889 [Princeton, 1991]) has undertaken a monograph study of one endowment in order to demonstrate how a particular foundation survived and evolved over several hundred years.
ITAMAR RABINOVICH, The Brink of Peace: The Israeli–Syrian Negotiations (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998). Pp. 298. $35 cloth, $15.95 paper.
Authors: Lawson Fred H.
Published: July 2002

Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin made an astute decision in the summer of 1992 when he entrusted the highly respected rector of Tel Aviv University, Itamar Rabinovich, with the task of reinvigorating the moribund Israeli–Syrian negotiations that had grown out of the Madrid Conference the previous October. Rabinovich had launched a stellar academic career by writing what remains arguably the best study of Syrian domestic politics during the Ba⊂thist era; his subsequent work explores the dynamics of the civil war in Lebanon, the intricacies of Egypt's relations with Palestine during the 1940s and 1950s, and the origins of inter-Arab diplomacy, among many other topics. More important, in 1991 Rabinovich published an authoritative yet accessible overview of the tangled history of direct talks among the governments of Israel and its Arab neighbors in the years immediately after the 1948 war. The book not only undermines the general presumption that the Arab–Israeli dilemma is inherently insoluble, but also elucidates the miscalculations and tactical errors that derailed early attempts to resolve the conflict. Rabinovich was clearly the right person to supervise delicate bargaining with the Syrians, and might have been expected to compose a notable account of his experiences once his term as Israel's chief negotiator came to an end.
Extent of digestion and rumen condition as factors affecting

passage of liquid and digesta particles in sheep
Authors: de VEGA A. , POPPI D. P.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments were carried out at Mt. Cotton, The University
of

Queensland, from November

1992 to July 1993, to study the effect of extent of digestion or feed type

(grass or legume) on particle

kinetics in the rumen. Small (0·5–1·18 mm) Yb-labelled

grass or legume particles, either digested or

undigested, were injected into the rumen of sheep fed on different diets,
and

their retention time in

the reticulo-ruminal compartment measured. In Expt 1, four intact wethers
were

fed on either

pangola grass hay, chaffed lucerne hay, pelleted lucerne hay or commercial

pelleted concentrate.

Digested particles from the faeces of animals fed on pangola or lucerne
and

undigested material from

the same diets were wet-sieved and the fraction 0·5–1·18
mm

collected, labelled with Yb-acetate and

injected into the animals together with a solution of Cr-EDTA. Faecal samples

were taken and

analysed for marker concentrations. In Expt 2, four similar animals, fitted
with

duodenal and ruminal

cannulae, were fed on different proportions of pangola grass hay and lucerne
hay,

and Cr-EDTA and

the above mentioned labelled particles were injected through the rumen
cannula.

Samples were taken from the duodenum and analysed for marker concentrations.

The results indicated that diet characteristics rather than extent of

digestion or particle type had

the greatest influence on rates of passage of both liquid and particulate

phases. Different proportions

of pangola and lucerne did not result in marked differences in either the

volumes of rumen contents

or the rates of passage of the solid phase marker but altered the rates
of

passage of Cr-EDTA.

Increasing the proportion of legume increased intake and decreased retention

time markedly, with no additive effects on digestibility.

Particles of the same small size escaped with the same fractional passage

rate within each diet,

irrespective of type (grass or legume) or status (undigested or digested),

indicating identical kinetics within each rumen type.

It was concluded that rumen conditions as influenced by diet type have
most

influence on water and

particle kinetics and that extent of digestion of the small particles used
in

our experiments was not

important. Particles of legume or grass of the same size behaved similarly

within a diet type.
Metabolism of selenium and copper in sheep with and
without sodium bicarbonate supplementation
Authors: HARTMANN F. , van RYSSEN J. B. J.
Published: July 2002

The interrelationship in metabolism between dietary selenium (Se)
and copper (Cu) was investigated
in sheep receiving a diet with or without sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3).
A sheep finishing diet,
containing 0·3 mg Se/kg DM and 7·4 mg Cu/kg DM, and
supplemented with
1·0 mg Se (as Na2SeO3)
and/or 15·0 mg Cu (as CuSO4) and/or 40 g
NaHCO3 per kg feed, was fed to young ewes for a period
of 64 days. Hepatic Cu concentration and net accumulation were not affected
by NaHCO3
supplementation. Furthermore, no evidence was found in blood, tissues or
faeces to show that
NaHCO3 influenced Se metabolism. However, hepatic Cu concentration
was raised from 354 to
422 mg/kg DM (P<0·05) when the diet was supplemented
with 1 mg Se/kg DM, independent of the
level of dietary Cu. Furthermore, hepatic Cu retention was significantly
(P<0·05) influenced by a
Se × Cu interaction, namely when the diet was supplemented with
15·0 mg CuSO4 or
1·0 mg Na2SeO3 /kg DM or both, 0·084,
0·081 and 0·088 of the dietary Cu respectively was retained
in the liver, compared to 0·047 in the sheep on the basal diet. In
addition, supplementation with Se
and Cu together increased hepatic Se concentration to a greater extent
(P<0·001) than when Se
alone was added to the feed (3·65 v. 5·17 mg Se/kg DM
respectively). The concentration of Se in both
muscle tissue and in rumen bacteria was raised (P<0·001)
by Se supplementation, but more so
(P<0·05) in both cases when Cu was not added to
the diet. Interactions between Se and Cu were not
influenced by NaHCO3 supplementation in the conditions
of this study.
Effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus on
the nutritive value of pasture for sheep
Authors: WAGHORN G. C. , SHELTON I. D.
Published: July 2002

The extent to which condensed tannins (CT) in Lotus corniculatus
were able to affect protein degradation and the nutritive value of pasture were
evaluated at Palmerston North, New Zealand in 1992
in an indoor feeding trial with sheep and using in vitro incubations.
The feeding trial involved three
groups of seven young wether sheep held indoors in metabolism crates for the
32-day experimental
period with one group fed freshly cut ryegrass/clover pasture (Pasture
group) whilst the other two
groups received a mixture of c. 37% freshly cut Lotus
corniculatus and 63% pasture (dry matter
(DM) basis). One of the latter groups was given twice daily oral drenches of
polyethylene glycol
(PEG) to bind with and remove the effects of the CT (PEG group) whilst the
remaining sheep (Tannin
group) were not drenched. Intakes of sheep given the mixed diets were
constrained to that of the
pasture group. The CT concentration in the lotus was 26·1 g/kg
DM so that the mixed diets contained
c. 10g CT/kg DM. Effects of CT on digestion and sheep performance
were minimal. Apparent
digestibility of N was lower in the Tannin group (76·4%) than PEG
(79·8%) or Pasture (79·4%)
sheep (P<0·001), but there were no differences in DM
digestibility (75%) or wool growth from mid-side patches. Rumen ammonia and
soluble protein concentrations appeared to be similar in PEG and
Tannin sheep and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations were similar in all
groups (100 mmol/l).

For incubations in vitro, several ratios of Lotus corniculatus:
pasture were used to determine the
effects of CT on precipitation of soluble proteins and the net yield of
ammonia and gas with and
without PEG. Homogenates of Lotus corniculatus leaves and pasture
showed that 50% of soluble
protein was precipitated by 1·3% CT in homogenate DM and there was
a substantial decrease in in
vitro degradation to ammonia when lotus leaf accounted for 33% or more of
DM with pasture. This
work emphasises the need for caution when extrapolating from in vitro to
the in vivo situation and
suggests that 1% CT from Lotus corniculatus may be insufficient to
affect the nutritive value of fresh forages for sheep.
Developments in plant breeding for improved
nutritional quality of soya beans I. Protein and amino
acid content
Authors: CLARKE E. J. , WISEMAN J.
Published: July 2002

Soya beans, like other legumes, contain low concentrations of the nutritionally essential sulphur
amino acid, methionine. Cysteine, although not an essential amino acid because it can be synthesized
from methionine, also influences the nutritional quality of soya bean products when it is only present
in low levels. A low cysteine content will also aggravate a methionine deficiency. Soya bean lines
deficient in 7S protein subunits have been identified. The 7S proteins contain substantially less
methionine and cysteine than the 11S proteins. With the myriad of genetic null alleles for these
subunits it may be possible to tailor the 7S/11S storage protein ratio and their total composition in
seeds to include only those subunits with the richest sulphur amino acid composition. Cotyledon
feeding experiments, using isolated soya bean cotyledons, demonstrated that addition of methionine
to the culture media caused increased synthesis of both proteins and free amino acids but the
mechanism by which this takes place is not clear. Biotechnological approaches to improve nutritional
value of soya beans include elevated expression of genes that originate from other species which
encode high-sulphur proteins. High level expression of a 2S Brazil nut albumin gene in soya bean
resulted in raised methionine concentration although the Brazil nut gene is highly antigenic and
therefore will not be useful in production agriculture. Modification of glycinin to increase sulphur
amino acid content is possible, and these gene products are capable of normal assembly into trimers
in vitro although are rapidly degraded in vivo by the asparaginyl endopeptidase responsible for post-translational modification of proglycinin. Solutions to the methionine deficiency may be anticipated
from a combination of approaches followed in laboratories worldwide. Many of these approaches are
not without difficulty but, despite this, the likelihood is that soya beans with improved nutritional
quality (which may not be confined to sulphur-containing amino acids as other nutritionally essential
amino acids are also valuable) will be available in the near future. It will be essential to confirm that
the increased total methionine (or other amino acid) is digestible to the animal to at least the same
degree as conventional cultivars.
Effects of supplemental chromium and heat exposure
on glucose metabolism and insulin action in sheep
Authors: SANO H. , KONNO S. , SHIGA A.
Published: July 2002

An isotope dilution method using [U-13C]glucose and a glucose clamp approach were applied to
determine the effects of supplemental chromium (Cr) and heat exposure on blood glucose metabolism
and tissue responsiveness and sensitivity to insulin in sheep. The sheep consumed diets with either 0
or 1 mg of Cr/kg (Control and +Cr diet, respectively) from high-Cr-yeast, and were exposed from
a thermoneutral environment (20 °C) to a hot environment (30 °C) for 5 days. Blood glucose turnover
rate did not differ between the diets, and was lower (P < 0·05) during heat exposure than in the
thermoneutral environment. The maximal glucose infusion rate (tissue responsiveness to insulin)
tended to be lower (P = 0·06) for the +Cr diet than for the Control diet, but did not change with heat
exposure. The plasma insulin concentration at half maximal glucose infusion rate (tissue sensitivity
to insulin) did not differ between the diets, and was greater (P < 0·05) during heat exposure than in
the thermoneutral environment. No significant diet × environment interactions were observed. There
was no significant evidence that Cr supplementation moderated heat stress in sheep from the
measures of blood glucose metabolism and insulin action.
Religious Ideas of the Segregationists
Authors: CHAPPELL DAVID L.
Published: July 2002

Historians have on the whole ignored the ideas of the segregationists
of
the 1950s and 1960s. They assume, apparently, that racism – which

historians have studied from every conceivable angle – is enough
to
explain how and why people fought to preserve a racist institution in a

specific time and place. The civil rights leaders of the 1950s and 1960s
did
not make that assumption: they attacked specific and concrete institutions,

hoping that the “hearts and minds” of southern racists might
give up
their racism after the institutions were destroyed. Segregationists
of the
1950s and 1960s, in turn, tried to defend those institutions, not just

politically, but culturally and intellectually as well. A full understanding

of the destruction of those institutions requires an understanding of the

way they were defended. Racism, after all, existed long before the specific

legal forms of segregation and disfranchisement were created – and
shows
every sign of outliving them. Historians who ignore the cultural and
intellectual defenses of those specific forms miss a crucial historical

question: why did segregationist arguments ultimately fail to inspire
the southern white population to defend those forms of racism successfully
?
PARENTAL INVESTMENT THEORY AND BIRTH SEX RATIOS IN NEPAL
Authors: STRICKLAND S. S. , TUFFREY V. R.
Published: July 2002

Parental investment theory postulates that where physical condition varies significantly then birth sex ratio will be correlated with social status. Application of this theory to man remains contentious. This study examines physique, wealth, and social status in relation to the sex of live births. It reports a female-biased sex ratio in high social and economic status Nepalese. Close consanguineous marriage, intended to conserve landed wealth within related lineages, and increased female work burdens accompanying larger farm size, are proximate factors which may underlie this finding. A differential payback hypothesis is one way of explaining this pattern.
DETERMINANTS OF CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE IN GREAT BRITAIN AND GERMANY II: PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
Authors: ODDENS B. J.
Published: July 2002

Psychological determinants of contraceptive use were investigated in Great Britain and Germany, using national data obtained in 1992. It was hypothesised that current contraceptive use among sexually active, fertile women aged 15-45 was related to their attitude towards the various contraceptive methods, social influences, perceptions of being able to use a method correctly and consistently, a correct estimation of fertility, and communication with their partner. Effects of age and country were also taken into account.

The attitude of respondents towards the various contraceptive methods was ambivalent and no method was seen as ideal. On medical methods (OCs, IUDs and sterilisation) many respondents expressed doubts as to their safety for health. Social influences most frequently concerned the use of OCs. Respondents considered themselves able to use oral contraceptives correctly, but expressed general fear about intrauterine devices and sterilisation, and many women believed they were not able to use condoms and periodic abstinence consistently.

Multifactorial analyses revealed that current contraceptive use was principally determined by social influences, attitude and self-efficacy with respect to medical methods. Age and country, and, for use of unreliable methods, fertility awareness also played a role. Communication with the partner was less relevant.

Contraceptive choice (and the use of non-medical methods) depended greatly on encouragement to use and being in favour of medical methods. A lack of social support for use of medical methods and a negative attitude towards them was related to higher use rates of condoms, periodic abstinence, withdrawal and reliance on ‘luck’. In the case of withdrawal and/or no method, underestimation of fertility played an additional role.

Contraceptive choice appears to be determined more by a general like or dislike of medical methods rather than on a weighing of the merits of individual available methods.
INFERTILITY TREATMENT AND MULTIPLE BIRTH RATES IN BRITAIN 1938-94. A Comment
Authors: JAMES WILLIAM H.
Published: July 2002

Murphy et al. (1997) showed age-standardised twinning
rates for Scotland and England & Wales 1952–94. The rates declined to a value of about 9·2 per 1000 around 1978–81
and subsequently increased to about 11·5 per 1000 in 1992–94.
The authors conclude their paper with the words: 'perhaps 15% of
twins nationally now follow treatment and the natural twinning rate might
still be in decline'.
Rumen-protected methionine or lysine supplementation of Comisana
ewes' diets: effects on milk fatty acid composition
Authors: SEVI AGOSTINO , ROTUNNO TADDEO , DI CATERINA ROBERTO , MUSCIO ANTONIO
Published: July 2002

The effect of graded levels of dietary rumen-protected methionine
(rp-Met) or
lysine (rp-Lys) on the fatty acid composition of Comisana ewes' milk
was
investigated. The animals lambed in autumn and were separated from their
lambs 7
weeks after parturition; they were divided into five groups of nine which
were given
different rations. The control group was fed on a mixture of vetch and
oat hay with
a pelleted concentrate; the other groups were given the control ration
supplemented
with rp-Met (3·5 or 7·0 g/kg) or rp-Lys (10·5

or 21·0 g/kg). Milk fatty acid
composition was determined by gas chromatography, and these values were

subjected to principal components analysis. A correlation was found between
fatty
acid composition and diet. We demonstrated that giving the experimental
diets
significantly affected milk fat, to an extent that was independent of the
levels of the
supplementary amino acids. The milk fat of the control group contained
largely
caprylic, capric and lauric acids, whereas that of the groups given the
supplementary
amino acids contained largely palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic and oleic
acids. Thus
supplementation resulted in an increase in the proportion of
16[ratio ]0–18[ratio ]3 (primarily
palmitic and stearic) and a reduction in the proportion of
4[ratio ]0–12[ratio ]0 fatty acids. There
was also a modest increase in the unsaturated: saturated fatty acid ratio.
The Evangelical Spirituality of a Victorian Feminist: Josephine Butler, 1828–1906
Authors: MATHERS HELEN
Published: July 2002

Josephine Butler waged an unremitting campaign against the ‘state regulation of prostitution’,
both in Britain and on the continent, from 1869 until her death. She was a convinced feminist,
appalled by the double standard inherent in state regulation, and also, as this article demonstrates,
a devout Anglican Evangelical whose spiritual experiences inspired her work. She argued for the
right of ‘inspired’ Christian women to preach and teach and developed a radical feminist theology,
claming that Christ had treated women as of equal importance to men and had ‘liberated’ them.
Her belief in her individual mission enabled her to assume the leadership of a notoriously contentious
and emotionally draining campaign.
The theory of three-dimensional hetons and vortex-dominated spreading in localized turbulent convection in a fast rotating stratified fluid
Authors: GRYANIK VLADIMIR M. , DORONINA TATIANA N. , OLBERS DIRK J. , WARNCKE TORSTEN H.
Published: July 2002

The problem of lateral heat/buoyancy transport in localized turbulent convection
dominated by rotation in continuously stratified fluids of finite depth is considered.
We investigate the specific mechanism of the vortex-dominated lateral spreading
of anomalous buoyancy created in localized convective regions owing to outward
propagation of intense heton-like vortices (pairs of vortices of equal potential vorticity
(PV) strength with opposite signs located at different depths), each carrying a portion
of buoyancy anomaly. Assuming that the quasi-geostrophic form of the PV evolution
equation can be used to analyse the spreading phenomenon at fast rotation, we
develop an analytical theory for the dynamics of a population of three-dimensional
hetons. We analyse in detail the structure and dynamics of a single three-dimensional
heton, and the mutual interaction between two hetons and show that the vortices
can be in confinement, splitting or reconnection regimes of motion depending on
the initial distance between them and the ratio of the mixing-layer depth to the
depth of fluid (local to bulk Rossby radii). Numerical experiments are made for
ring-like populations of randomly distributed three-dimensional hetons. We found
two basic types of evolution of the populations which are homogenizing confinement
(all vortices are predominantly inside the localized region having highly correlated
wavelike dynamics) and vortex-dominated spreading (vortices propagate out of the
region of generation as individual hetons or heton clusters). For the vortex-dominated
spreading, the mean radius of heton populations and its variance grow linearly with
time. The law of spreading is quantified in terms of both internal (specific for
vortex dynamics) and external (specific for convection) parameters. The spreading
rate is proportional to the mean speed of propagation of individual hetons or
heton clusters and therefore depends essentially on the strength of hetons and the
ratio of local to bulk Rossby radii. A theoretical explanation for the spreading
law is given in terms of the asymptotic dynamics of a single heton and within
the frames of the kinetic equation derived for the distribution function of hetons
in collisionless approximation. This spreading law gives an upper ‘advective’ bound
for the superdiffusion of heat/buoyancy. A linear law of spreading implies that
diffusion parameterizations of lateral buoyancy flux in non-eddy-resolving models are
questionable, at least when the spreading is dominated by heton dynamics. We suggest
a scaling for the ‘advective’ parameterization of the buoyancy flux, and quantify the
exchange coefficient in terms of the mean propagation speed of hetons. Finally, we
discuss the perspectives of the heton theories in other problems of geophysical fluid
dynamics.
Amplification of energy flux of nonlinear acoustic waves in a gas-filled tube under an axial temperature gradient
Authors: SUGIMOTO N. , TSUJIMOTO K.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers nonlinear acoustic waves propagating unidirectionally in a gas-filled
tube under an axial temperature gradient, and examines whether the energy
flux of the waves can be amplified by thermoacoustic effects. An array of Helmholtz
resonators is connected to the tube axially to avoid shock formation which would
otherwise give rise to nonlinear damping of the energy flux. The amplification is
expected to be caused by action of the boundary layer doing reverse work, in the
presence of the temperature gradient, on the acoustic main flow outside the boundary
layer. By the linear theory, the velocity at the edge of the boundary layer is given
in terms of the fractional derivatives of the axial velocity of the gas in the acoustic
main flow. It is clearly seen how the temperature gradient controls the velocity at the
edge. The velocity is almost in phase with the heat flux into the boundary layer from
the wall. With effects of both the boundary layer and the array of resonators taken
into account, nonlinear wave equations for unidirectional propagation in the tube
are derived. Assuming a constant temperature gradient along the tube, the evolution
of compression pulses is solved numerically by imposing the initial profiles of both
an acoustic solitary wave and of a square pulse. It is revealed that when a positive
gradient is imposed, the excess pressure decreases while the particle velocity increases
and that the total energy flux can indeed be amplified if the gradient is suitable.
Flutter and long-wave instabilities in compliant channels
conveying developing flows
Authors: LAROSE P. G. , GROTBERG J. B.
Published: July 2002

A partially collapsed lung airway or other flexible tube is
modelled as a two-dimensional channel of infinite length. We consider
the linear stability of this system conveying a developing flow,
analysing the full Orr–Sommerfeld system analytically for long
waves and numerically for arbitrary wavelengths. We find a long-wave
instability which has not been observed in previous channel studies.
This long-wave instability is stabilized by increasing the elastance of
the wall, but other wall properties do not affect it except in
correction terms. In addition to the long-wave instability, there is
the finite wavelength (flutter) instability, which, depending on the
parameter values chosen, may be critical at a higher or lower flow
speed than the long-wave instability. For special parameter values the
long-wave and flutter instabilities are critical at the same flow
speed. Comparisons with experiments show that theoretical predictions
are in agreement with experimental observations.
Zero wave resistance for ships moving in shallow

channels at supercritical speeds
Authors: CHEN XUE-NONG , DEO SHARMA SOM
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with the wave pattern and wave resistance of a
slender

ship moving

steadily at supercritical speed in a shallow water channel. Using, successively,

linear

and nonlinear shallow-water wave theory it is demonstrated that, if the
hull form is

adapted to speed and channel geometry according to certain rules, the ship
waves

can be made to form a localized pattern around the ship that moves at the
same

speed as the ship and at the same time the associated wave resistance can
be made to

vanish. In the nonlinear case, the zero-wave-resistance ship hull is derived
from

a KP equation solution of the oblique interaction of two identical solitons.

This astonishing phenomenon may be called shallow-channel superconductivity.
Formation and stability of liquid and molten beads

on a solid surface
Authors: SCHIAFFINO STEFANO , SONIN AIN A.
Published: July 2002

We present an experimental study of the formation and stability

of small-scale beads

deposited onto a solid surface by sweeping a droplet stream over it.

We are concerned

particularly with beads formed from molten droplets deposited

on a cold substrate, as

in the work of Gao & Sonin (1994), but some results of

isothermal deposition are also

shown. We show that a molten bead forms with parallel contact lines which
have been

arrested by freezing while the bead itself is still largely in a

liquid state, and that the

still-molten material is stable when the contact angle is less than

½π and unstable when it exceeds ½π,

consistent with Davis's (1980) theory. In addition, we present a relatively

simple inviscid theory for small-scale (small Bond number) beads which
allows us to

compute the wavelength associated with the maximum growth rate of the instability,

and show that it agrees with the dominant wavelength in the experiments.