bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Vesicle Assemblies with DNA Nanorulers for Resolving Heterogeneity of Vesicles in Live Cells
Authors: Zhang Yueyue , Liu Jiangbo , Mao Xiuhai , Fan Hongxuan , Li Fan , Wang Shaopeng , Li Jiang , Li Min , Zuo Xiaolei
Published: November 2023

Nanoscale vesicles such as synaptic vesicles play a pivotal role in efficient interneuronal communications in vivo. However, the coexistence of single vesicle and vesicle clusters in living cells increases the heterogeneity of vesicle populations, which largely complicates the quantitative analysis of the vesicles. The high spatiotemporal monitoring of vesicle assemblies is currently incompletely resolved. Here, this work uses synthetic vesicles and DNA nanorulers to reconstruct in vitro the vesicle assemblies that mimic vesicle clusters in living cells. DNA nanorulers program the lateral distance of vesicle assemblies from 3 to 10 nm. This work uses the carbon fiber nanoelectrode (CFNE) to amperometric monitor artificial vesicle assemblies with sub‐10 nm interspaces, and obtain a larger proportion of complex events. This work resolves the heterogeneity of individual vesicle release kinetics in PC12 cells with the temporal resolution down to ≈0.1 ms. This work further analyzes the aggregation state of intracellular vesicles and the exocytosis of living cells with electrochemical vesicle cytometry. The results indicate that the exocytosis of vesicle clusters is critically dependent on the size of clusters. This technology has the potential as a tool to shed light on the heterogeneity analysis of vesicle populations.
Bottom‐Up Magnesium Deposition Induced by Paper‐Based Triple‐Gradient Scaffolds toward Flexible Magnesium Metal Batteries
Authors: Bi Jingxuan , Liu Yuhang , Du Zhuzhu , Wang Ke , Guan Wanqing , Wu Haiwei , Ai Wei , Huang Wei
Published: November 2023

The development of advanced magnesium metal batteries (MMBs) has been hindered by longstanding challenges, such as the inability to induce uniform magnesium (Mg) nucleation and the inefficient utilization of Mg foil. This study introduces a novel solution in the form of a flexible, lightweight, paper‐based scaffold that incorporates gradient conductivity, magnesiophilicity, and pore size. This design is achieved through an industrially adaptable papermaking process in which the ratio of carboxylated multi‐walled carbon nanotubes to softwood cellulose fibers is meticulously adjusted. The triple‐gradient structure of the scaffold enables the regulation of Mg ion flux, promoting bottom‐up Mg deposition. Owing to its high flexibility, low thickness, and reduced density, the scaffold has potential applications in flexible and wearable electronics. Accordingly, the triple‐gradient electrodes exhibit stable operation for over 1200 h at 3 mA cm−2/3 mAh cm−2 in symmetrical cells, markedly outperforming the non‐gradient and metallic Mg alternatives. Notably, this study marks the first successful fabrication of a flexible MMB pouch full cell, achieving an impressive volumetric energy density of 244 Wh L−1. The simplicity and scalability of the triple‐gradient design, which uses readily available materials through an industrially compatible papermaking process, open new doors for the production of flexible, high‐energy‐density metal batteries.
Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Materials: Efficient and Pertinent Platforms for Antifungal Drug Delivery
Authors: Chandra Dilip Kumar , Reis Rui L. , Kundu Subhas C. , Kumar Awanish , Mahapatra Chinmaya
Published: November 2023

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as the brightest nascent artifact to deliver antifungal drugs in drug delivery applications, health care, and pharmaceutical industries. Excellent physio‐chemical features such as huge surface area, tunable side wall, and microneedle‐like morphology make CNTs suitable for drug carriers. Chemical attachments (covalent and non‐covalent functionalization) result in the formation of functionalized CNTs (F‐CNTs) and CNT‐based hybrid materials (CNT‐HMs). These F‐CNTs and CNT‐HMs have substantial antifungal activity and also have the potential to immobilize antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B, nystatin, curcumin, etc. on the exterior or interior surface, securely transport to the target sites, permeate through bio‐barriers, and release these drugs in a controlled manner. As antifungal drug carriers, F‐CNT and CNT‐HMs exhibit more excellent antifungal activity than other conventional drug delivery systems and have the potency to invade biofilm to circumvent the multidrug resistance of fungal species. This review focuses on CNTs and CNT‐HMs for antifungal drug delivery, including their functionalization methods, drug loading approaches, drug release mechanism, cellular internalization, delivery efficiency, and cellular toxicities with their workaround.
Polyethylene Glycol‐Stabilized Gold Nanostars‐Loaded Microneedles for Photothermal Therapy of Melanoma
Authors: El‐Sayed Nesma , Elbadri Khalil , Correia Alexandra , Santos Hélder A.
Published: November 2023

Gold nanostars (GNSs) as a photothermal agent have shown great potential for the treatment of cancers like melanoma. Irradiation of the photothermal agents with light of a suitable wavelength generates heat that induces cellular stress and protein denaturation in cancer cells. The delivery of GNSs to skin using fast dissolving microneedles (MNs) presents a promising approach for painless and convenient administration of the therapy. In this study, polyethylene glycol (PEG) stabilized GNSs able to absorb light in the near‐infra red region and release heat (up to 65 °C, room temperature) are developed. The cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles is assessed before and after exposure to laser irradiation. GNSs show an instant lethal photothermal effect when tested on B16F10 melanoma cells upon irradiation with 808 nm at a power of 800 mW for 10 min. Loading the GNSs in polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) MNs preserves the photothermal effect of GNS and the mechanical properties of MNs. GNS‐loaded PVP MNs show efficient piercing in excised porcine skin, fast dissolution in 3 min after insertion and elevation of the skin temperature after laser irradiation (808 nm, 800 mW, 10 min) to 63 °C. Consequently, PEG‐stabilized GNSs and PVP MNs are a promising platform for photothermal therapy in melanoma treatment.
Waste to Wealth Approach: Customizing Spent LiB Anodes to High Performance Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Prakash Subramani , Sandhiya Murugesan , Kamarsamam Jawaharali , Ganesan Mahadevan , Sathish Marappan
Published: November 2023

Lithium‐ion batteries (LiBs) are widely used in various applications because of their high energy density, low self‐discharge rate, and portability. The requirements for LiBs continue to increase drastically every year; however, the disposal of spent LIBs is a cumbersome task. To resolve this issue, spent LiB anodes are customized into high‐performance supercapacitor (SC) electrodes via supercritical water exfoliation. The specific capacitance of spent LiB anodes (289 F g−1 at 2 A g−1) significantly improved after exfoliation (351 F g−1 at 2 A g−1). Furthermore, the electrochemical performance of the exfoliated LiB anode mushroomed upon the addition of dopamine (as a redox‐additive for the first time) with a conventional H2SO4 electrolyte. The specific capacitance of the exfoliated LiB anode is incredibly improved after the addition of dopamine with H2SO4, from 286 to 571 F g−1 at 4 A g−1. A flexible SC is also fabricated using PVA/H2SO4 and dopamine/PVA/H2SO4 as the gel electrolyte. The fabricated flexible SC with dopamine/PVA/H2SO4 exhibited an enormously high energy density of 44 Wh kg−1 at 700 W kg−1. The increased specific capacitance and energy density of the SC after the addition of dopamine with H2SO4 and PVA/H2SO4 may be due to the reversible reaction of dopamine to dopamine‐o‐quinone with H+ ions.
Room Temperature Exsolution of Cds Nanodots on A‐site Deficient Cotton‐Ball Like Titanate Perovskite Nanoparticles for H2 Production Under Visible Light
Authors: Chattopadhyay Shreyasi , Naden Aaron B , Skinner William S. J. , Kerherve Gwilherm , Payne David J , Irvine John T. S.
Published: November 2023

Exsolution of nanoparticles followed by chemical treatment (“chemistry at a point”) is a very exciting approach to the smart design of functional materials such as visible light active photocatalysts. Unfortunately, the usually utilized thermal reduction approach is not feasible for low melting point metals and compounds such as Cd and CdO. Here a hydrothermal approach to prepare exsolved CdS nanodots on cotton ball‐like perovskite supports is described. The titanate‐based photocatalyst is synthesized using a hydrothermal process followed by room‐temperature sulfidation. The hydrothermal route directs A‐site doping of Cd2+ via hydroxyl group incorporation in the titanate lattice. Formation of CdS via exsolution provides a high H2 production mass activity of 3050 µmol g−1 h−1 under visible light with only 5 mol.% Cd doping of the titanate. Moreover, the strong CdS‐support interaction offers good cycling stability under UV–vis and visible light irradiation. This is the first report describing the exsolution of CdS nanodots at room temperature and shows its advantages for photocatalytic activity.
Physiological components of seed quality in runner‐type peanut during seed formation
Authors: Moreno Leticia , Santos Adão F. , Tubbs Ronald Scott , Grey Timothy L. , Monfort Walter S. , Lamb Marshall C. , Pilon Cristiane
Published: November 2023

Seed is one of the most expensive costs in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production, and the use of high‐quality seed is important to provide the greatest yield potential. Physiological seed quality, represented by a combination of germination, vigor, desiccation tolerance, and longevity, is progressively acquired during seed formation. When all components reach their maximum, seeds achieve the highest physiological quality. The objectives of this study were to identify the acquisition pattern of the physiological components of seed quality, to determine the timing in which the maximum physiological quality is achieved during seed formation, and to define the timing in which seeds acquire and further break primary dormancy in peanut. A 3‐year field study was conducted using the cultivar Georgia‐06G. Plants were inverted when growing degree days reached 2500 for all fields, and a maturity board profile was used to classify the pods into the maturity classes. Seeds were split into two groups, treated and non‐treated, with ethephon to break potential primary dormancy. Water content, germination, vigor, desiccation tolerance, and longevity were tested in the seeds. Seed mass maturity was reached in the “orange” class. Maximum germination and vigor were achieved between “brown 1” and “brown 2”. Primary dormancy was acquired between “orange” and “brown 1” and broken after artificial drying. Maximum desiccation tolerance was observed in “brown 1”, whereas maximum longevity was achieved only in “black 2”. Considering all physiological quality components, peanut seeds achieved the maximum physiological quality between “brown 1” and “brown 2”.
Asymmetric (4+1) Annulations by Cascade Allylation and Transient σ‐Alkyl‐Pd(II) Initiated Allylic Csp3−H Activation
Authors: Sun Haiyu , He Hui , Ni Shao‐Fei , Guo Wusheng
Published: November 2023

A unique Pd‐catalyzed approach for asymmetric (4+1) annulations via cascade allylation and transient σ‐alkyl‐Pd(II) initiated methylene Csp3−H activation is reported. The enolate fragment derived from the decarboxylation of vinyl methylene carbonate is crucial to stabilize the key intermediate. These reactions enable the synthesis of various useful dihydrobenzofurans with excellent enantioselectivity, typically >95 : 5 er, and exclusive (Z)‐stereoselectivity. Compared with the well‐established annulations via Heck‐type C−H activations, this protocol showcases a conceptually new way to generate σ‐alkyl‐Pd(II) species that could initiate challenging asymmetric Csp3−H activations.
Acoustic characterization of natural areca catechu fiber‐reinforced flexible polyurethane foam composites
Authors: M. B. Santosh , G. C. Mohan Kumar , Pitchaimani Jeyaraj
Published: November 2023

The development of acoustic absorbers from natural resources is a novel approach in acoustics. In the current study, the effect of unprocessed raw areca fiber (AF) particle reinforcement on the sound absorption (SA) behavior of polyurethane (PU) foam composites is investigated. Influences of fiber weight percentage and graded distribution of fiber with varying fiber weight percentage on the SA coefficient (SAC) of the composite foams are examined through the impedance tube approach. Morphological studies are carried out with the help of FESEM images to investigate the acoustic energy dissipation mechanism of PU foam and its composites. It is found that the SA capability of the composite foam is enhanced by increased fiber weight percentage, graded distribution of fiber wt%, varying sample thickness, and air cavity length. In general, PU‐AF composite specimens show a peak SA value of 0.95 around 450 Hz, which is not the case for other natural fiber results available in the literature. Theoretical results predicted using the JCA (Johnson‐Champoux Allard) model agree with the experimental results.
Emerging small molecule inhibitors of Bach1 as therapeutic agents: Rationale, recent advances, and future perspectives
Authors: Hushpulian Dmitry M. , Kaidery Navneet Ammal , Dutta Debashis , Sharma Sudarshana M. , Gazaryan Irina , Thomas Bobby
Published: November 2023

The transcription factor Nrf2 is the master regulator of cellular stress response, facilitating the expression of cytoprotective genes, including those responsible for drug detoxification, immunomodulation, and iron metabolism. FDA‐approved Nrf2 activators, Tecfidera and Skyclarys for patients with multiple sclerosis and Friedreich's ataxia, respectively, are non‐specific alkylating agents exerting side effects. Nrf2 is under feedback regulation through its target gene, transcriptional repressor Bach1. Specifically, in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases with Bach1 dysregulation, excessive Bach1 accumulation interferes with Nrf2 activation. Bach1 is a heme sensor protein, which, upon heme binding, is targeted for proteasomal degradation, relieving the repression of Nrf2 target genes. Ideally, a combination of Nrf2 stabilization and Bach1 inhibition is necessary to achieve the full therapeutic benefits of Nrf2 activation. Here, we discuss recent advances and future perspectives in developing small molecule inhibitors of Bach1, highlighting the significance of the Bach1/Nrf2 signaling pathway as a promising neurotherapeutic strategy.
An evaluation of environmental, social, and governance reporting in the agricultural sector
Authors: Gerber Ruan , Smit Anet , Botha Martin
Published: November 2023

Stakeholders require transparency that companies are conducting business sustainably, which can be provided through non‐financial disclosures. Businesses that act on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) matters can attain a competitive advantage. ESG has become necessary in the agricultural sector as agribusinesses are considered high‐impact companies. The lack of uniformity in reporting guidelines leads to inconsistent and overloading of information. The objective of this paper is to conduct an evaluation and comparison of the current ESG reporting practices of listed agribusinesses in South Africa, Australia, and Chile. To support the quality and quantity of reporting, the concept of materiality is addressed by recognising what is material to be disclosed to stakeholders. The study evaluates how agribusinesses have incorporated the proposed material topics of the new GRI 13 sector standard into their current reporting practices. A qualitative content analysis was done to identify the presence or absence of the 34 proposed material topics in their reports. The findings indicate a distinct lack of harmonisation in the agri‐food sector disclosures. Topics hardly mentioned included the rights of indigenous people, living income, and climate adaptation. Low disclosures of the keywords Climate adaptation with 3.3% and Climate resilience with 7.0% on average, for all three countries, were reported. It is recommended that the newly proposed GRI 13 sector standard must be implemented as companies can seize this opportunity for increased transparency and gain a strategic advantage. Emphasis on the materiality concept is needed as it connects with the stakeholder theory to disclose only important information.
Neostigmine and atropine as a treatment for postdural puncture headache after spinal anesthesia in cesarean section: A case report
Authors: Shrestha Indra Kumar , Chalise Rupak , Poudel Saroj , Regmi Ashim , Ghimire Anup , Khadka Bikash , Khanal Kishor
Published: November 2023

Key Clinical message

Neostigmine and atropine offer a promising treatment option for postdural puncture headache (PDPH) following spinal anesthesia in cesarean section, providing effective relief with a favorable risk–benefit profile.

Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is a common consequence of cesarean section surgeries after spinal anesthesia. This case study describes the successful treatment of PDPH with intravenous neostigmine and atropine. A 31 years female who underwent elective cesarean section with spinal anesthesia developed a severe headache on the 6th postoperative day and was diagnosed to have PDPH. PDPH failed to respond to conventional treatment modalities like hydration, a Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, and sphenopalatine ganglion block. Epidural blood patch could not be performed due to lack of consent. A trial dose of intravenous neostigmine (20 mcg/kg) along with atropine (10 mcg/kg) successfully provided symptomatic and clinical relief. The combination of neostigmine and atropine demonstrates a rapid onset of action, providing patients with effective analgesia while avoiding the need for invasive procedures such as epidural blood patches and offers quicker pain relief. This promising result warrants additional research.
Rhabdomyolysis as cause, consequence, or mimicker of myocardial infarction: A case report
Authors: Nasello Marina , Ippolito Mariachiara , Federico Antonino , Ronga Fiammetta , Di Fede Antonino , Campanella Salvatore , Accetta Sara , Gargano Alessandra , Scrudato Giulia Lo , Urso Lucrezia , Giarratano Antonino , Cortegiani Andrea
Published: November 2023

Key Clinical Message

A timely diagnosis is essential to start appropriate therapy and to reduce risks of life‐threatening complications of rhabdomyolysis. Some cases can undergo differential diagnosis with other clinical conditions, e.g., myocardial infarction.

We present the case of a 65‐years‐old male who was admitted to the emergency department with a clinical presentation related to myocardial infarction. The patient underwent coronary angioplasty and was then admitted to ICU due to hemodynamical instability, elevated potassium levels, and anuria. Further investigations revealed rhabdomyolysis. The patient received vasopressors, oxygenation support and renal replacement therapy. Outcomes at ICU discharge were favorable. The temporal association between rhabdomyolysis and myocardial infarction, together with an unclear pathophysiological relationship, made differential diagnosis difficult. We discuss this uncertainty in light of published literature.
An antioxidative potential‐based comparison of different peanut extraction methods, optimized through response surface methodology
Authors: Jitrangsri Kritamorn , Chaidedgumjorn Amornrut , Satiraphan Malai
Published: November 2023

In this research, response surface methodology was employed in order to find the most efficient conditions to produce peanut extracts with the highest antioxidative potential (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC tests) from ultrasound‐assisted (UAE) and microwave‐assisted (MAE) extractions. The optimal conditions for UAE were 75 ml of 30%v/v ethanol as extraction solvent, extraction temperature of 65°C, and 180 min extraction time. Optimal conditions for MAE were 15 ml of 30%v/v ethanol as extraction solvent, extraction temperature of 80°C, and 90 s extraction time. The generated models presented a reliable antioxidative response by showing non‐difference between experimental and predicted values within a 95% confidence level. Characteristics such as antioxidant activities, TPC, resveratrol, and TFC were used to compare the effectiveness of the obtained extracts and the SLE extract from our previous work. The UAE extract displayed higher extraction efficiency than that of MAE in terms of higher levels of all responses (p < 0.05). Slightly lower antioxidant values of MAE might be due to the limited solvent volume used, which was five times less than that of UAE. Moreover, the high efficacy of MAE was confirmed by its extraction time, which was 120 times shorter than that of UAE. Ultimately, the correlation analysis implied that the antioxidant activity of peanut extracts was contributed by TPC rather than resveratrol or TFC, and the revealed TPC in this study was higher than previous reports.
A Metal‐Free Molecular Ferroelectric [4‐Me‐cyclohexylamine]ClO4 Introduced by Boat and Chair Conformations of Cyclohexylamine
Authors: Zhang Haina , Guo Wenjing , Du Wenqing , Peng Ziqin , Wei Zhenhong , Cai Hu
Published: November 2023

Organic ferroelectrics have received a great deal of interest due to their exclusive properties. However, organic ferroelectrics have not been fully explored, which hinders their practical application. Here, we presented a novel metal‐free organic molecular ferroelectric [4‐MCHA][ClO4] (1) (4‐MCHA=trans‐4‐methylcyclohexylamine), which exhibits an above‐room‐temperature of 328 K. Strikingly, the single crystal structure analysis of 1 shows that the driving force of phase transition is related to the interesting chair‐boat conformation change of 4‐MCHA cation, in addition to the order‐disorder transition of ClO4− anion. Using piezoelectric response force microscopy (PFM), the presence of domains and the implemented polarization switching were clearly observed, which explicitly determined the presence of room‐temperature ferroelectricity of 1. As far as we know, the ferroelectric phase transition mechanism attributed to the conformational change in a trans isomeric cation is very rare. This research enriched the path of designing ferroelectric materials and smart materials.
Engineering the future of 3D pathology
Authors: Liu Jonathan TC , Chow Sarah SL , Colling Richard , Downes Michelle R , Farré Xavier , Humphrey Peter , Janowczyk Andrew , Mirtti Tuomas , Verrill Clare , Zlobec Inti , True Lawrence D
Published: November 2023

In recent years, technological advances in tissue preparation, high‐throughput volumetric microscopy, and computational infrastructure have enabled rapid developments in nondestructive 3D pathology, in which high‐resolution histologic datasets are obtained from thick tissue specimens, such as whole biopsies, without the need for physical sectioning onto glass slides. While 3D pathology generates massive datasets that are attractive for automated computational analysis, there is also a desire to use 3D pathology to improve the visual assessment of tissue histology. In this perspective, we discuss and provide examples of potential advantages of 3D pathology for the visual assessment of clinical specimens and the challenges of dealing with large 3D datasets (of individual or multiple specimens) that pathologists have not been trained to interpret. We discuss the need for artificial intelligence triaging algorithms and explainable analysis methods to assist pathologists or other domain experts in the interpretation of these novel, often complex, large datasets.
Efficient approximation of cardiac mechanics through reduced‐order modeling with deep learning‐based operator approximation
Authors: Cicci Ludovica , Fresca Stefania , Manzoni Andrea , Quarteroni Alfio
Published: November 2023

Reducing the computational time required by high‐fidelity, full‐order models (FOMs) for the solution of problems in cardiac mechanics is crucial to allow the translation of patient‐specific simulations into clinical practice. Indeed, while FOMs, such as those based on the finite element method, provide valuable information on the cardiac mechanical function, accurate numerical results can be obtained at the price of very fine spatio‐temporal discretizations. As a matter of fact, simulating even just a few heartbeats can require up to hours of wall time on high‐performance computing architectures. In addition, cardiac models usually depend on a set of input parameters that are calibrated in order to explore multiple virtual scenarios. To compute reliable solutions at a greatly reduced computational cost, we rely on a reduced basis method empowered with a new deep learning‐based operator approximation, which we refer to as Deep‐HyROMnet technique. Our strategy combines a projection‐based POD‐Galerkin method with deep neural networks for the approximation of (reduced) nonlinear operators, overcoming the typical computational bottleneck associated with standard hyper‐reduction techniques employed in reduced‐order models (ROMs) for nonlinear parametrized systems. This method can provide extremely accurate approximations to parametrized cardiac mechanics problems, such as in the case of the complete cardiac cycle in a patient‐specific left ventricle geometry. In this respect, a 3D model for tissue mechanics is coupled with a 0D model for external blood circulation; active force generation is provided through an adjustable parameter‐dependent surrogate model as input to the tissue 3D model. The proposed strategy is shown to outperform classical projection‐based ROMs, in terms of orders of magnitude of computational speed‐up, and to return accurate pressure‐volume loops in both physiological and pathological cases. Finally, an application to a forward uncertainty quantification analysis, unaffordable if relying on a FOM, is considered, involving output quantities of interest such as, for example, the ejection fraction or the maximal rate of change in pressure in the left ventricle.
Knowledge and attitude of pregnant women in Urmia, Iran, about oral health care during pregnancy
Authors: Seyyedi Seyyed Amir , Asadollahi Afsoon , Dalirsani Zohreh , Abdollahzadegan Zahra , Rezaei Mahla
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Physiological changes during pregnancy make mothers susceptible to periodontal diseases, in particular gingivitis, which could be prevented by good oral hygiene. Therefore, their knowledge and attitude could affect their oral hygiene and general health. This study therefore aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding oral hygiene, of pregnant women living in a city in Iran.

Material and Methods

It was a cross‐sectional study that was performed in Urmia City in 2019. After completing an informed consent form, pregnant women completed a specially designed questionnaire, which included questions on demographic characteristics and assessed participants' knowledge and attitude about oral health care during pregnancy. A clinical examination of each participant's oral cavity was performed and dental plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and number of decayed, missed, filled teeth (DMFT) index were recorded. Any correlations between participants' knowledge and attitude and oral health indices were evaluated. A paired t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were employed for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 96 pregnant women (mean age of 29.11 ± 6.80 years) participated in this study. Among them, 67 had a moderate level of knowledge. There was no significant correlation between participants' knowledge, and attitude levels and educational level (p = .88 and p = .43, respectively). Also, there was no correlation between knowledge and attitude levels and GI, PI, and DMFT (p > .05).

Conclusions

This study showed that the knowledge and attitude of the pregnant women who participated were not favorable and their oral hygiene needed to be improved.
Send nudis: An assessment of nudibranch diversity in Sodwana Bay, South Africa
Authors: Garner L. , Oosthuizen C. J.
Published: November 2023

Climate change is posing unprecedented pressure onto marine ecosystems worldwide. This makes it imperative to monitor the effects that are being experienced in these environments. Nudibranchs are benthic marine organisms that possess characteristics that have the potential to act as indicators of change within ecosystems such as coral reefs. Therefore, these species have the ability to provide valuable information on fine‐scale changes in environmental conditions. It is thus essential for studies, such as this, to establish baseline analyses from which changes within nudibranch populations can be examined in order to investigate their ability to act as bioindicators. Recommendations can also be made for future sampling procedures through investigating environmental and experimental parameters that influence nudibranch communities. Nudibranch populations were sampled on Two‐Mile Reef in Sodwana Bay, South Africa, through SCUBA where individuals were photographed and later identified. Data were collected within a sample‐based dataset, as well as by citizen scientists within an incidence‐based dataset. Across both datasets, a total of 85 species were identified. Nudibranch populations showed high levels of diversity within an uneven, unstable community. Citizen scientist data provided imperative information to the baseline assessment and, therefore, the inclusion of these data increased the robustness of this study. Environmental and experimental variables investigated did not influence the outcomes of this study and should therefore not be heavily focused on in designing future experiments. Future monitoring studies should continue to record oceanic pH in order to detect any possible changes due to ocean acidification. It is recommended that sampling events should be increased in order to capture all species present in these localities. These events should also encompass an extended temporal scale in order to cover a larger temperature range. Research on bioindicators is essential within today's rapidly changing climate, mainly due to human activities, particularly within an extremely vulnerable habitats such as coral reefs.
Recovering from trampling: The role of dauciform roots to functional traits response of Carex filispica in alpine meadow
Authors: Fan Rong , Liu Wanting , Jiang Songlin , Huang Yulin , Ji Wenli
Published: November 2023

In the natural habitats of China, dauciform roots were only described in degraded alpine meadows. It was found that the presence of dauciform roots of Carex filispica was related to the advantage of multiple functional traits after trampling, reflecting short‐term resistance. However, the long‐term response of dauciform roots to trampling and the recovery of C. filispica with and without dauciform roots to trampling require further studies. In this study, different intensities of trampling (0, 50, 200 and 500 passages) were performed in an alpine meadow. One year later, individuals with and without dauciform roots were separated and their functional traits related to the economic spectrum of leaves and roots were measured as a reflection of recovery from trampling. The results showed that: (1) 1 year after trampling, the number of dauciform roots showed an increase with trampling intensity; (2) 1 year later, there was no significant difference in the response of economic spectrum traits among trampling intensities, or between plants with and without dauciform roots; (3) the number of dauciform roots was positively correlated with the leaf area of both individuals with and without dauciform roots, as well as with the biomass of those without dauciform roots; and (4) plants with more resource‐conservative roots showed an advantage after trampling recovery: specifically, plants with dauciform roots showed such an advantage in the control group, which was lost with a leaning towards resource‐acquisitive roots and an increased density of dauciform roots once trampled. In contrast, plants without dauciform roots showed a significant advantage of conservative roots only after trampling. In conclusion, the presence of dauciform roots is related to the plants' position on the root economic spectrum, thereby influencing the recovery of C. filispica from trampling. Carex filispica showed strong recovery from trampling after 1 year, which makes it an adequate choice for ecological restoration in alpine meadows. Dauciform roots showed a positive correlation with the aboveground growth of both plants with and without them, however, it requires a lab‐controlled study to confirm whether there is indeed a positive effect on the growth of neighbouring plants.
Production of V‐Doped P2‐type Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.43Al0.07O2Cathodes and Investigation of Na‐Ion Full Cells Performance
Authors: Dogan Ebru , Altundag Sebahat , Altin Serdar , Arshad Muhammad , Balci Esra , Altin Emine
Published: November 2023

The Na0.67Mn0.5−xVxFe0.43Al0.07O2(x= 0–0.1) samples are successfully produced and their structural properties are investigated by common techniques. The highest surface area is found as 4.94 m2 g−1forx = 0.04 V by the Brunauer–Elmet–Teller analysis. According to X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy ofx = 0.04 V‐doped sample,V4+,and V5+ions are formed in the structure. The main phase is observed as P63/mmc symmetry with an impurity phase of V6O13forx ≥ 0.06 . According to the CV analysis, while the redox voltage decreases for the Mn3+/Mn4+, the intensity of the peaks of Fe2+/Fe3+redox reaction decreases. While the best capacity value of the half cells at C/3‐rate is obtained as 171 mAh g−1forx = 0.04, the lowest capacity fade is found forx = 0.08 . It is mentioned the V6O13may contribute to the electrochemical process . The galvanostatic tests are investigated for the voltage windows of 3.5–1.5, 4–1.5, 4–2.5, 4–2, and 4–2.5 V and it is seen that the battery cells for 3.5–1.5 V have the best capacity fade (6%) among the others. The Na0.67Mn0.46V0.04Fe0.43Al0.07O2/ hard carbon is used for the full cells with presodiated anode  and the first capacity value of the full cell is obtained as 80.2 mAh g−1for C/2‐rate.
Large language model applications for evaluation: Opportunities and ethical implications
Authors: Head Cari Beth , Jasper Paul , McConnachie Matthew , Raftree Linda , Higdon Grace
Published: November 2023

Large language models (LLMs) are a type of generative artificial intelligence (AI) designed to produce text‐based content. LLMs use deep learning techniques and massively large data sets to understand, summarize, generate, and predict new text. LLMs caught the public eye in early 2023 when ChatGPT (the first consumer facing LLM) was released. LLM technologies are driven by recent advances in deep‐learning AI techniques, where language models are trained on extremely large text data from the internet and then re‐used for downstream tasks with limited fine‐tuning required. They offer exciting opportunities for evaluators to automate and accelerate time‐consuming tasks involving text analytics and text generation. We estimate that over two‐thirds of evaluation tasks will be affected by LLMs in the next 5 years. Use‐case examples include summarizing text data, extracting key information from text, analyzing and classifying text content, writing text, and translation. Despite the advances, the technologies pose significant challenges and risks. Because LLM technologies are generally trained on text from the internet, they tend to perpetuate biases (racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, and more) and exclusion of non‐majority languages. Current tools like ChatGPT have not been specifically developed for monitoring, evaluation, research, and learning (MERL) purposes, possibly limiting their accuracy and usefulness for evaluation. In addition, technical limitations and challenges with bias can lead to real world harm. To overcome these technical challenges and ethical risks, the evaluation community will need to work collaboratively with the data science community to co‐develop tools and processes and to ensure the application of quality and ethical standards.
Disrupting evaluation? Emerging technologies and their implications for the evaluation industry
Authors: Nielsen Steffen Bohni
Published: November 2023

This article surveyed different emerging technologies (ET), in particular artificial intelligence, and their burgeoning application in the evaluation industry. Evidence suggests that evaluators have been relatively slow in adopting ET in their practice. However, more recent data suggest that ET adoption is increasing. This article then analyzed if, and how, ET affect the evaluation industry and evaluation practice. The article finds that program evaluation is one of several competing forms of knowledge production informing decision‐making, particularly in the government and not‐for‐profit sectors. Therefore, evaluation faces a number of challenges stemming from ET. In this article, it is argued that evaluators must, albeit critically, embrace ET. Most likely, ET will complement evaluation practice and, in some instances, displace human tasks.
Vision for an equitable AI world: The role of evaluation and evaluators to incite change
Authors: Reid Aileen M.
Published: November 2023

The advent of generative AI such as ChatGPT has propelled the field of evaluation into conversations about the use of AI in the field and the ethics of knowledge generation. While there are many benefits of AI, as with any new technology there can be collateral damage. The discourse about AI and evaluation provides another opportunity to center equity in our work as evaluators by asking, how can evaluation contribute to the public good in an AI world? This article highlights contextual concerns with AI from an ecosystem perspective, placing emphasis on structural and racial/ethnic inequities, bias, and prejudice. The author issues a clarion call for the field of evaluation to act collectively to incite change by being proactive, embracing our professional responsibility and critical voice, and employing evidence‐based practice. Evaluators are encouraged to exercise our social and political responsibility through courageous leadership and advocacy to attend to the values of stakeholders and advance an equitable AI world.
A special delivery by a fork: Where does artificial intelligence come from?
Authors: Thornton Izzy
Published: November 2023

In this article, I discuss the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in evaluation and its relevance to the evolution of the field. I begin with a background on how AI models are developed, including how machine learning makes sense of data and how the algorithms it develops go on to power AI models. I go on to explain how this foundational understanding of machine learning and natural language processing informs where AI might and might not be effectively used. A critical concern is that AI models are only as strong as the data on which they are trained, and evaluators should consider important limitations when using AI, including its relevance to structural inequality. In considering the relationship between AI and evaluation, evaluators must consider both AI's use as an evaluative tool and its role as a new subject of evaluation. As AI becomes more and more relevant to a wider array of fields and disciplines, evaluators will need to develop strategies for how good the AI is (or is not), and what good the AI might (or might not) do.
Finding a safe zone in the highlands: Exploring evaluator competencies in the world of AI
Authors: Mason Sarah
Published: November 2023

Since the public launch of ChatGPT in November 2022, disciplines across the globe have grappled with questions about how emerging artificial intelligence will impact their fields. In this article I explore a set of foundational concepts in artificial intelligence (AI), then apply them to the field of evaluation broadly, and the American Evaluation Association's evaluator competencies more specifically. Given recent developments in narrow AI, I then explore two potential frameworks for considering which evaluation competencies are most likely to be impacted—and potentially replaced—by emerging AI tools. Building on Moravec's Landscape of Human Competencies and Lee's Risk of Replacement Matrix I create an exploratory Landscape of Evaluator Competencies and an Evaluation‐Specific Risk of Replacement Matrix to help conceptualize which evaluator competencies may be more likely to contribute to long‐term sustainability for the field. Overall, I argue that the interpersonal, and contextually‐responsive aspects of evaluation work—in contrast to the more technical, program management, or methodological aspects of the field—may be the competencies least likely to be impacted or replaced by AI. As such, these may be the competencies we continue to emphasize, both in the day‐to‐day aspects of our operations, and in the training of new and emerging evaluators. This article is intended to be a starting point for discussions that continue throughout the remainder of this issue.
Artificial intelligence and the future of evaluation education: Possibilities and prototypes
Authors: Tilton Zach , LaVelle John M. , Ford Tian , Montenegro Maria
Published: November 2023

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) signal a paradigmatic shift with the potential for transforming many various aspects of society, including evaluation education, with implications for subsequent evaluation practice. This article explores the potential implications of AI for evaluator and evaluation education. Specifically, the article discusses key issues in evaluation education including equitable language access to evaluation education, navigating program, social science, and evaluation theory, understanding evaluation theorists and their philosophies, and case studies and simulations. The paper then considers how chatbots might address these issues, and documents efforts to prototype chatbots for three use cases in evaluation education, including a guidance counselor, teaching assistant, and mentor chatbot for young and emerging evaluations or anyone who wants to use it. The paper concludes with ruminations on additional research and activities on evaluation education topics such as how to best integrate evaluation literacy training into existing programs, making strategic linkages for practitioners, and evaluation educators.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on delivery of prostate cancer care in Australia: An interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Ng Hung Shin Brian , Tan Samuel , Rhee Handoo , Chung Eric
Published: November 2023

The COVID‐19 pandemic led to a major disruption to health services across the world. The aim of this population‐based study was to assess the downstream effects of the pandemic on diagnostic tests and treatment activities related to prostate cancer (PC). The Australian Government Department of Health Medicare Benefits Schedule and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme databases were queried from January 2010 to June 2022. Two interrupted time series were performed Pre‐COVID (January 2010 to February 2020) and peri‐COVID (March 2020 to June 2022). Temporal modeling was performed to account for seasonal variation. Pre‐COVID‐19, monthly prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing showed a declining trend and testing decreased by 81 tests per 100 000 annually. A single‐month 38% drop in PSA testing was observed in April 2020; this corresponded to Australia's first wave. No change was observed in the rate of prostate biopsies. Peri‐COVID‐19 outbreaks, there was a slight shift toward the use of long‐acting androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) at 4% with a predilection still for short‐acting agents. with no registered change in the overall volume of radiotherapy or surgery. There were no deficits in the number of diagnostic and treatment activities for men with PC. Aside from a slight shift toward long‐acting ADT use during the pandemic, no other patterns were observed. The longer‐term impact such as missed diagnosis or late presentation affecting chances of survival due to COVID‐19 is yet to be ascertained.
Men don't cry: The supporting role as necessary for women's well‐being after termination of pregnancy
Authors: Alexopoulos Johanna , Tmej Anna , Naderer Andrea , Grussmann Magdalena , Tordy Karin , Stammler‐Safar Maria , Feichtinger Karin , Gipperich Andrea , Leithner Katharina
Published: November 2023

Objectives

The present study investigated similarities and differences of grief between men and women as part of the parental couple 1 year after termination of pregnancy (TOP) following a diagnosis of fetal anomaly.

Methods

We applied a method triangulation approach. We assessed several aspects of perinatal grief, depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress, and anxiety as well as health‐related quality of life. In addition, we conducted qualitative interviews with the men to explore the fathers' roles in the partnership during pregnancy, the time of the diagnosis, TOP, and afterwards.

Results

Women showed a more elevated grief response compared with men. Qualitative data revealed that men in our sample were mainly concerned with their partners' well‐being and concentrated on supporting their partners rather than on their own emotions. In addition, the supportive role of the male partner plays a central role in the well‐being of women and the man's coping with the situation.

Conclusion

In clinical work, but also when developing new questionnaires, the specific role of the male partners needs to be considered more thoroughly. Particular attention should be paid to identify the men who find it difficult to assume the supporting role.
Dual‐logic‐in‐memory implementation with orthogonal polarization of van der Waals ferroelectric heterostructure
Authors: Niu Jingjie , Jeon Sumin , Kim Donggyu , Baek Sungpyo , Yoo Hyun Ho , Li Jie , Park Ji‐Sang , Lee Yoonmyung , Lee Sungjoo
Published: November 2023

The rapid advancement of AI‐enabled applications has resulted in an increasing need for energy‐efficient computing hardware. Logic‐in‐memory is a promising approach for processing the data stored in memory, wherein fast and efficient computations are possible owing to the parallel execution of reconfigurable logic operations. In this study, a dual‐logic‐in‐memory device, which can simultaneously perform two logic operations in four states, is demonstrated using van der Waals ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (vdW FeFETs). The proposed dual‐logic‐in‐memory device, which also acts as a two‐bit storage device, is a single bidirectional polarization‐integrated ferroelectric field‐effect transistor (BPI‐FeFET). It is fabricated by integrating an in‐plane vdW ferroelectric semiconductor SnS and an out‐of‐plane vdW ferroelectric gate dielectric material—CuInP2S6. Four reliable resistance states with excellent endurance and retention characteristics were achieved. The two‐bit storage mechanism in a BPI‐FeFET was analyzed from two perspectives: carrier density and carrier injection controls, which originated from the out‐of‐plane polarization of the gate dielectric and in‐plane polarization of the semiconductor, respectively. Unlike conventional multilevel FeFETs, the proposed BPI‐FeFET does not require additional pre‐examination or erasing steps to switch from/to an intermediate polarization, enabling direct switching between the four memory states. To utilize the fabricated BPI‐FeFET as a dual‐logic‐in‐memory device, two logical operations were selected (XOR and AND), and their parallel execution was demonstrated. Different types of logic operations could be implemented by selecting different initial states, demonstrating various types of functions required for numerous neural network operations. The flexibility and efficiency of the proposed dual‐logic‐in‐memory device appear promising in the realization of next‐generation low‐power computing systems.

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