bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Future learning mode under post-COVID-19: Innovations, transformations, engagement
Authors: Yeung Shirley Mo Ching
Published: January 2021

A blended learning culture is both a challenge and opportunity under post-COVID-19 for knowledge transfer and sustainable development, with the aim of maintaining social distancing policy and social interaction among learners, teachers, and invited industry guest speakers. In this paper, we review documents in blended learning from Asia, America, and Europe with the key elements in blended learning for faculty development in higher education (HE) institutions. The objective was to identify the key elements in blended learning with innovations and research technology capabilities for a way normal of learning and teaching under COVID-19. Based on the qualitative results of NVivo, it has been identified that the key elements of blended learning are: 1) technology for projects and 2) technology for engagement. These two elements are proposed to relate to Kolb’s experiential learning cycle of active experiment and concrete experience and reflective observation of the new learning experience for sustainable development
Emerging trends about uncertainty in hydrologic modeling and water resources management: A bibliometrics analysis
Authors: Li Congcong , Li Bowen , Cai Yanpeng , Li Zhong , Xu Ronghua , Zhang Yi
Published: January 2021

Water resources management is a challenging task caused by huge
uncertainties and complexities in hydrological processes and human
activities. Over the last three decades, various scholars have carried
out the study on hydrological simulation under complex conditions, and
quantitatively characterize the associated uncertainties for water
resources systems. To keep abreast of the development of collective
knowledge in this field, a scientometric review and metasynthesis of the
existing uncertainty analysis research for supporting hydrological
modeling and water resources management is conducted. A total of 2,020
publications from 1991 to 2018 were acquired from Web of Science. The
scientific structure, cooperation, and frontiers of the related domain
were explored by the science mapping software of CiteSpace. Through
co-citation, collaboration, and co-occurrence network study, the results
present the leading contributors among all countries and hotspots in the
research domain. Besides, synthetical uncertainty management for
hydrological models and water resource systems under climatic and land
use change will continue to be focused on.
Michael Lewis’s The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds
Authors: McClough David
Published: January 2021

The Undoing Project examines the relationship between two psychologists, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, whose work altered how we understand the functioning of the mind. In this book, Lewis embarks on a journey to understand and explain psychological research to a popular audience. Lewis is an expert writer who knows what sells books. The Undoing Project is an informative, entertaining, and quick read. Lewis has produced a well-researched book that is accessible to a broad audience.
Breast Cancer in Young Women
Authors: Newman Lisa A
Published: January 2021

The perception that breast cancer in young women is a growing problem in the United States is based on the fact that young women represent a demographic that has enlarged substantially over the past few decades. Population-based data actually reveal relatively stable incidence rates for breast cancer among women in the premenopausal age range. Young women are more likely to be diagnosed with biologically aggressive phenotypes such as triple-negative and HER2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer. Outcomes are optimized by treatment plans focusing on disease stage and targeted to phenotype. Locoregional therapy for breast cancer in young women should be based on patient preferences and disease pattern (as in older patients); young women with breast cancer can be managed safely with breast-conserving surgery.

This review contains 3 figures, 2 tables, and 50 references.
Key Words: breast cancer, fertility, ovarian suppression, premenopausal, young women; triple negative breast cancer
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Radford Diane M. , Abraham Jame , Grobmyer Stephen R.
Published: January 2021

Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs), negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, account for 15 to 20% of all female breast cancers. TNBC is heterogeneous based on gene expression microarray, and identification of TNBC subtypes and their behavior has the potential to enable more targeted, neoadjuvant, and adjuvant interventions. TNBCs usually are higher grade (Nottingham score 3) and are more common in younger, Hispanic, and African American women. They are more aggressive, have an increased likelihood of distant disease and mortality, are larger at presentation, and are more likely to be associated with lymph node metastases. Patients with TNBC are at a higher risk for visceral metastases early in the course of the disease. Genetic risk evaluation is recommended for patients with TNBC diagnosed at or before 60 years of age. Surgical management may be influenced by gene testing results. Standard adjuvant chemotherapy is anthracycline or taxane based.

This review contains 5 figures, 8 tables, and 51 references.
Key Words: adjuvant, BRCA, chemotherapy, hormone receptor negative, neoadjuvant, genetics, triple-negative breast cancer, breast neoplasm.
Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Riddle Matthew C. , Genuth Saul
Published: January 2021

Hyperosmotic hyperglycemic nonketotic (HHNK) state (also known as hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state) is a significant acute complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially for those over 65 years of age. It is characterized by extreme hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity with little ketosis. The main clinical effect of extreme hyperosmolarity is somnolence or confusion. The absence of severe ketonemia is attributed to residual insulin secretion that is sufficient to restrain lipolysis. HHNK state is marked by extreme dehydration, with both a marked deficit of free water and serious compromise of intravascular volume and tissue perfusion. Most patients with HHNK state have hypotension, extremely dry mucous membranes, and gross elevation of urea nitrogen and creatinine. Urinary tract infection, pneumonia, stroke, myocardial infarction, and sepsis may precipitate HHNK state. Elderly patients are particularly vulnerable because their thirst mechanisms are less sensitive to a rising serum osmolality. Fluid replacement is the most important component of therapy for HHNK state. Restoration of circulating volume is an urgent first priority and is accomplished by relatively rapid intravenous infusion of 2 L of 0.9% normal saline followed by 0.45% normal saline. Later, when plasma glucose levels have declined to 250 to 300 mg/dL, 5% dextrose in water is given. Insulin treatment is started soon after administration of isotonic saline. Potassium must be added to intravenous fluids to prevent hypokalemia caused by insulin action but should not be started until hypokalemia is proven, because potassium levels can be high initially. The mortality from the HHNK state is high, ranging from 10 to 20%, and is most often from the precipitating illness.
This review contains 6 figures, 7 tables, and 73 references.
Key words: dehydration, fluid deficit, hyperglycemia, hyperglycemic nonketotic state, hyperosmolar, hyperosmotic insulin, potassium, type 2 diabetes mellitus
Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Granat Nadav , Alpert Evan Avraham
Published: January 2021

Pulmonary embolism is caused by a blood clot that travels from the deep veins through the heart and then lodges in the pulmonary vasculature. Common symptoms include pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, or palpitations. Clinical scores such as the Wells score and Revised Geneva score can be used to assess the pretest probability of pulmonary embolism (PE) and guide work-up such as deciding to order D-dimer testing or imaging. However, clinical gestalt can also accurately assess the pretest probability of PE. The Pulmonary Embolism Rule-out Criteria is a decision rule that can be used to rule out PE without further testing. Imaging modalities include computed tomography pulmonary angiogram or ventilation/perfusion scanning. Novel or new oral anticoagulants are becoming the mainstay of treatment for the hemodynamically stable patient with pulmonary embolism. For the patient who is hemodynamically unstable, treatment modalities include intravenous alteplase, catheter-directed thrombolysis, surgical embolectomy, and catheter-directed embolectomy. A subset of patients with PE can be treated as outpatients.

This review contains 1 figure, 4 tables, and 55 references.
Key Words: anticoagulants, antithrombins, D-dimer, low-molecular-weight heparin, mechanical thrombolysis, multidetector computed tomography, radionuclide imaging, unfractionated heparin, pulmonary embolism, tissue plasminogen activator, warfarin
Psoriasis
Authors: Abel Elizabeth A , Lebwohl Mark
Published: January 2021

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated inflammatory cutaneous disorder characterized by chronic, scaling, erythematous patches and plaques of skin. It can begin at any age and can vary in severity. Psoriasis can manifest itself in several different forms, including pustular and erythrodermic forms. In addition to involving the skin, psoriasis frequently involves the nails, and some patients may experience inflammation of the joints (psoriatic arthritis). Because of its highly visible nature, psoriasis can compromise both the personal and the working lives of its victims. Breakthroughs in the treatment of psoriasis have led to a better understanding of its pathogenesis.

This review contains 12 figures, 8 tables, and 79 references.
Keywords: Psoriases, Pustulosis of Palms and Soles, Pustulosis Palmaris et Plantaris, Palmoplantaris Pustulosis, Pustular Psoriasis of Palms and Soles
Reflux Nephropathy
Authors: Ashoor Isa F. , Somers Michael J.G.
Published: January 2021

Minimally invasive surgical techniques including robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation and endoscopic transurethral injection are becoming increasingly prevalent. They are associated with a high success rate, shorter hospital stay, and an excellent safety profile.  
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, 1 video, and 90 references.
Key words: congenital reflux nephropathy, acquired reflux nephropathy, robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation, reflux nephropathy, primary vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection
Communication of Bad News
Authors: Mohabir Paul K , Balakrishnan Preethi
Published: January 2021

Delivering bad news is a critical part of the patient-physician relationship. Historically, physicians have withheld or incompletely related the diagnosis and prognosis of a patient’s disease. However, the trajectory of medical practice and patient expectations mandates a change in communicating bad news. Poor communication of bad news also affects physician job satisfaction and increases burnout. Empathy is crucial to communicating bad news well. It is a very complex emotion that requires the physician to identify the patient’s reaction to the news being delivered and to react to the patient in a supportive manner. Patients do not find it helpful when the physician underplays the bad part of the news. Emerging research shows that patients prefer pairing of bad news with hope to provide anchors in the overwhelming conversation but not to take away from the gravity of the news. Family and friends can help ameliorate or, unfortunately, augment patient anxiety. Physicians have to be cognizant of the dynamics family and friends bring to the interaction as well. A patient-centered approach—a combination of evidence-based medicine and patient goal-oriented medicine—to delivering bad news is most likely to benefit the patient-physician relationship and decision-making process. The SPIKES and the Expanded Four Habits Model can be used as guidelines for communicating bad news.
This review contains 1 figure and 38 references.
Key words: communicating bad news, empathy, Expanded Four Habits Model, patient-centered care, SPIKES
Nutrition for the Healthy Adult
Authors: Staniec Marijane G.
Published: January 2021

Many of today’s healthy adults will be plagued by chronic diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, heart disease, and diabetes, and be robbed of the quality of life they desire. According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, about half of all American adults have one or more diet-related chronic diseases. The question, “What should healthy adults eat to stay healthy?” may seem simple. However, many primary care providers feel vulnerable answering questions about nutrition. This review serves as a summary of the most up-to-date guidelines about added sugars, sodium, types of fat, and cholesterol for healthy adults and a refresher for health care providers caring for them. Other important related issues, such as the latest recommendations for physical activity, the problem of adult weight gain, the need for adiposity screening, the powerful role of the primary care provider, and suggestions nutrition-focused primary care, are discussed.

This review contains 5 Figures, 5 Tables and 137 references
Key words: weight gain, cholesterol, Dietary Guidelines, sugar-sweetened beverages, adiposity, added sugar, hydrogenated oils, physical activity, waist-to-height ratio, nutrition-focused, Primary Care
Spine and Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Arribas Miguel , Cole Michael A.
Published: January 2021

Spinal injury has the potential to dramatically change a patient’s life. Prompt diagnosis, appropriate supportive medical care, early transfer to a spinal injury center and, if necessary, surgical intervention within 24 hours are essential to optimizing outcomes.  Clinical decision rules aid in determining the need for imaging. When needed, non-contrast enhanced CT is the initial imaging test of choice with MRI being used in patients with neurologic findings, significant pathology on CT, and/or high suspicion for injury. CT or MRI with intravenous contrast is preferred in penetrating trauma. Radiographs are of limited utility in evaluating spinal injury in adults. Classification of spinal injury based on appearance on imaging and neurologic exam is important for surgical management decisions. Cervical injury may lead to respiratory distress requiring early intubation. Hypotension is most often a result of hemorrhage from concomitant traumatic injuries to other organ systems. Crystalloid, blood products, atropine and norepinephrine should be used as needed to avoid systolic BP< 90 mm Hg or heart rate< 60 BPM and maintain a MAP of 85-90 mm Hg. Steroid administration within the first 8 hours of significant spinal injury is controversial and the decision to administer steroids should be made through consultation with patient, family and spinal specialist.
The review contains 8 figures, 2 videos, 13 tables, and 59 references.
Keywords: blunt trauma, neurologic assessment, penetrating trauma, spinal anatomy, spinal cord injury, spinal injury, steroid use, vertebrae, vertebral anatomy, vertebral injury
Abnormal Menstrual Bleeding: Oligomenorrhea
Authors: Dondik Yelena , Pagidas Kelly
Published: January 2021

A normal menstrual cycle is the end result of a sequence of purposeful and coordinated events that require an intact hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian, uterine, and genital outflow tract axis. Any derailment along this compartmental axis can lead to an abnormal menstrual cycle. Infrequent menstrual bleeding, oligomenorrhea, or absent menstrual bleeding, amenorrhea, are common complaints in reproductive-aged women. Amenorrhea, or the absence of menses, is defined as primary if no prior menses have occurred and secondary if cessation of prior menses occurs. A thorough understanding of the spectrum of etiologies that can affect each of these compartments will allow the clinician to systematically evaluate a patient with oligomenorrhea and to identify the source of the menstrual dysfunction. In this chapter, we review the definitions and classifications of oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea as well as the common causes, diagnostic work-up, and management considerations involved.

This review contains 5 figures, 4 tables, and 19 references.
Key Words: amenorrhea, eating disorders, gonadal dysgenesis, hyperprolactinemia, hypogonadal, hypothyroidism, intrauterine adhesions, müllerian agenesis, primary ovarian insufficiency, Turner syndrome
Approach to the Patient with an Abnormal Drug Screen
Authors: Anitescu Magdalena , Hopcian Jeffrey , Harrison John Henry
Published: January 2021

Urine drug testing has become widely used in clinical practice as a measure to monitor patient adherence to treatment plans and assess the efficacy of the treatment prescribed. In many circumstances, the clinician is challenged with an abnormal urine drug screen either for a new patient or for a patient presumed to be compliant with the medication regimen; proper interpretation of the test result and a detailed history and physical examination during the visit are necessary to identify the cause of the abnormality and properly care for the patient.
Distraction Osteogenesis in Plastic Surgery
Authors: Zellner Elizabeth G , Steinbacher Derek M
Published: January 2021

Distraction osteogenesis (DO), the gradual controlled movement of osteotomized bone to create native bone de novo, is a powerful tool in the reconstructive surgeon’s armamentarium. Originally developed by Ilizarov in the early twentieth century in Russia for use on the long bones of the leg, Snyder, McCarth, and other craniofacial pioneers popularized the technique in the well-vascularized bones of the facial skeleton. DO involves making a planned osteotomy perpendicular to the desired vector of skeletal growth and then applying incremental traction across this opening to encourage the growth of new osteogenic matrix. With adequate stabilization, this bony regenerate becomes ossified and remodels into a new bone. Although the original studies used distraction n the mandible, applications can now be found in the maxilla, midface, and cranial vault. Established bony flaps or grafts can also be distracted to allow for more creative solutions. In the past few decades, device technology has rapidly advanced with new simplified external devices and smaller buried internal distraction devices. In the absence of adequate bone stock, distraction offers a unique opportunity to create new bone and shape overlying the soft tissue.

This review contains 7 figures, 2 tables and 69 references
Keywords: Distraction osteogeneis, mandible, craniofacial, craniosynostosis, micrognathia, Robin Sequence, glossoptosis, regenerate, consolidation, distraction device.
Compression Neuropathies
Authors: Theman Todd A. , Azari Kodi
Published: January 2021

Compression neuropathies result from entrapment at specific anatomic locations. They are a common clinical problem, particularly in the upper extremity, where a patient’s underlying medical conditions can affect the likelihood of symptoms. Early recognition from the clinical history and a detailed examination, including provocative maneuvers, combined with electrodiagnostic testing or imaging modalities is imperative to guide treatment and prevent permanent dysfunction.
 
This review contains 7 figures, 2 tables, and 45 references.
Keywords: carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, radial tunnel syndrome, ulnar tunnel syndrome, pronator syndrome, anterior interosseous syndrome, entrapment neuropathy, electrodiagnostic studies
Mastopexy
Authors: Arnautovic Aska , Broyles Justin M.
Published: January 2021

Mastopexy and mastopexy-augmentation are commonly performed surgeries to lift ptotic breasts while improving breast shape and volume. Factors that cause breast ptosis include aging, hormonal changes, and weight loss. Common surgical approaches for mastopexy utilize the periareolar, vertical, and wise techniques. All of these techniques incorporate parenchymal rearrangement in addition to skin envelope resection in order to achieve the patient’s aesthetic goals. A plastic surgeon should carefully select the appropriate mastopexy technique based on a patient’s preoperative grade of ptosis, breast shape/volume, and aesthetic goals. Many of these mastopexy techniques can be combined with implant augmentation, either as a single or two-stage procedure in appropriate patients with volume concerns. Revisions tend to be more common after implant-augmentations and may be necessary based on patient concerns and surgeon discretion. 
This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables, and 14 references
Keywords: mastopexy, mastopexy-augmentation, breast lift, breast ptosis, vertical mastopexy, periareolar mastopexy, wise pattern mastopexy, breast surgery
Biomechanics of the Diabetic Foot
Authors: Kim Paul J
Published: January 2021

The lower extremity is uniquely equipped to withstand the demands of ambulation that involve a complex orchestration of events to efficiently propel the body forward. The reparative properties and functional capabilities are compromised in the diabetic foot and ankle. Therefore, the diabetic foot is at risk for the development of a chronic ulcer or necessitates the need for an amputation. Unique forces are experienced in the lower extremity during ambulation. Specifically, sagittal and shear forces are less tolerated in the diabetic foot. This chapter discusses the normal and abnormal biomechanics of the diabetic foot and ankle that lead to the development of an ulcer and promote its chronicity. Further, a biomechanical-focused conservative and surgical approach to prevention, treatment, and methods to curtail recidivism will be addressed.

This review contains 7 figures, 3 tables, and 42 references.

Key Words: biomechanics, diabetic foot ulcer, foot deformity, function, offloading, plantar pressure, recidivism, shear
Brain and Spinal Abscesses
Authors: Tunkel Allan R , Scheld W Michael
Published: January 2021

Brain and spinal abscesses are focal infections of the central nervous system that are often associated with significant morbidity and mortality if not recognized early and managed in a timely manner. In patients with brain abscess, the clinical manifestations run the gamut from indolent to fulminant; most are related to the size and location of the space-occupying lesion within the brain and the virulence of the infecting organism. Untreated spinal epidural abscess usually progresses through four stages: backache and focal vertebral pain, nerve root pain, spinal cord dysfunction, and complete paralysis. Magnetic resonance imaging is the diagnostic neuroimaging procedure of choice in patients with brain and spinal abscesses; on diffusion-weighted images, restricted diffusion may be seen and may help distinguish abscesses from necrotic neoplasms. Aspiration of the abscess is important to facilitate microbiologic diagnosis; after aspiration and submission of specimens for special stains, histopathologic examination, and culture, empirical antimicrobial therapy should be initiated based on stains of the aspirated specimen and the probable pathogenesis of infection. Once the infecting pathogen is isolated, antimicrobial therapy can be modified for optimal treatment. Surgical therapy is often required for the optimal approach to patients with brain and spinal abscesses.
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 72 references.
Key words: antimicrobial therapy for central nervous system infections, brain abscess, epidural abscess, focal intracranial infections, head trauma, infections in immunocompromised hosts, spine infections, subdural empyema, toxoplasmosis
Movement Disorders
Authors: Robottom Bradley J. , Hawley Jason S. , Weiner William J.
Published: January 2021

The term movement disorders encompasses a wide range of conditions that cause abnormal movements. This review discusses hypokinetic movement disorders, including bradykinesia, akinesia, akinetic rigid syndrome, and Parkinsonism, an akinetic rigid syndrome that is one of the most common of all the movement disorders which is most often a manifestation of Parkinson disease (PD). The review looks at the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of PD. Other parkinsonian syndromes include progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal syndrome, multiple system atrophy, vascular parkinsonism, normal pressure hydrocephalus, drug-induced parkinsonism, and dementia associated with Parkinson disease. Hyperkinetic movement disorders include tremor, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and chorea. They include Huntington disease, Wilson disease, tardive dyskinesia, Tourette syndrome, and essential tremor. Figures in this review include examples of generalized dystonia, moderate parkinson disease, affected handwriting, Kayser-Fleischer ring, cervical dystonia, head deviation, and writer's cramp. Tables provide clinical definitions, clues to drug-induced parkinsonism, and a list of drugs that can cause parkinsonism.

This review contains 129 references.
Bipolar Disorders and Their Clinical Management, Part II: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: DeMuri-Maletic Bernadette , Maletic Vladimir
Published: January 2021

Bipolar disorder is a biologically and phenotypically diverse disorder and its diagnosis and treatment provides a significant challenge to even the most seasoned clinician. We provide an update on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of bipolar disorder, reflecting recent changes in DSM-5. Our review provides a succinct summary of the treatment literature, encompassing pharmacologic and psychosocial interventions for bipolar depression, mania/hypomania, mixed states, and prevention of disease recurrence. We provide a brief critical review of emerging treatment modalities, including those used in treatment resistance. Challenges involved in maintaining adherence are further discussed. Additionally, we review common treatment adverse effects and provide recommendations for proper side effect monitoring. There is evidence of significant functional impairment in patients with bipolar disorder and we conclude with a discussion of the impact of impairment on prognosis and quality of life.
This review contains 4 figures, 7 tables, and 45 references.
Key Words: bipolar disorders, differential diagnosis, maintenance pharmacotherapy, prognosis, psychosocial interventions, treatment, quality of life
Brain Death and Organ Donation
Authors: Cochrane Thomas I.
Published: January 2021

Brain death is the state of irreversible loss of the clinical functions of the brain. A patient must meet strict criteria to be declared brain dead. They must have suffered a known and demonstrably irreversible brain injury and must not have a condition that could render neurologic testing unreliable. If the patient meets these criteria, a formal brain death examination can be performed. The three findings in brain death are coma or unresponsiveness, absence of brainstem reflexes, and apnea. Brain death is closely tied to organ donation, because brain-dead patients represent approximately 90% of deceased donors and thus a large majority of donated organs. This review details a definition and overview of brain death, determination of brain death, and controversy over brain death, as well as the types of organ donation (living donation versus deceased donation), donation after brain death, and donation after cardiac death. A figure presents a comparison of organ donation after brain death and after cardiac death, and a table lists the American Academy of Neurology Criteria for Determination of Brain Death.
This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 3 table, and 20 references.
Cervical Cancer Screening
Authors: Farid Huma
Published: January 2021

Since the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear became implemented as a screening tool for cervical cancer, the mortality from cervical cancer has sharply declined in the United States. The discovery of the human papillomavirus (HPV) as the causative agent in the progression from dysplasia of the cervix to cervical cancer has changed the types of screening offered to women and the management of abnormal Pap smears. The management of abnormal Pap smears has changed depending on the age of the woman, with women under the age of 24 years being managed more conservatively given the low rates of cervical cancer in this age group and the high rates of regression of HPV and cytologic abnormalities. Colposcopy remains the first line in evaluation of an abnormal Pap smear, with excisional treatment reserved for high-grade dysplasias with a high risk of progression to cervical cancer. Treatment for cervical dysplasia is highly effective, but even after treatment, there is an increased risk of recurrence or progression to cervical cancer for up to 20 years, and these women should be followed closely.

This review contains 18 figures, 3 tables and 53 references
Key words: cervical cancer screening, high-grade cervical dysplasia, human papillomavirus, low-grade cervical dysplasia, management of abnormal Pap smears, Pap smear, recurrence of cervical dysplasia, treatment of dysplasia
Critical Care Ultrasonography
Authors: Bender S Patrick , Pace Thomas R , Farkas Joshua
Published: January 2021

The use of bedside ultrasonography in the intensive care unit continues to expand due to its broad utility, including diagnosis of various conditions, evaluation of hemodynamics, and improvement in the speed and safety of certain bedside procedures. In this review, the reader will gain a better understanding of the physical properties of ultrasound waves and potential artifacts. The five standard views to perform a basic echocardiographic evaluation are described. This examination provides an adequate assessment of the left ventricle, helping to differentiate acute coronary syndrome, stress cardiomyopathy, and regional or global left ventricular dysfunction. Right ventricular function can be assessed qualitatively or, if desired, quantitatively via measurement of tricuspid annular plane excursion. Echocardiography also allows for assessment of volume status, detection of cardiac tamponade, and signs of hemodynamically significant pulmonary embolism. We also describe bedside ultrasound use for pulmonary assessment and for guidance of thoracentesis. Lung ultrasonography is very sensitive for the detection of pneumothoraces and pleural effusions. The lung parenchyma may also be evaluated by identifying various artifacts such as A-lines and B-lines to delineate underlying pulmonary pathology. Understanding these artifacts allows an experienced practitioner to detect various pathologies such as pneumonia, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, atelectasis, and other conditions. Finally, we discuss abdominal ultrasonography, including the performance of a focused assessment with sonography in trauma examination, performance of a paracentesis, and diagnosis of a pneumoperitoneum.
This review contains 11 figures, 1 table, and 53 references.
Key words: bedside ultrasonography, echocardiography, focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST), focused cardiac ultrasonography (FoCUS), point-of-care ultrasonography
Noninvasive and Invasive Ventilatory Support I
Authors: Park Pauline K. , Werner Nicole L , Haas Carl
Published: January 2021

Invasive and noninvasive ventilation are important tools in the clinician’s armamentarium for managing acute respiratory failure. Although these modalities do not treat the underlying disease, they can provide the necessary oxygenation and ventilatory support until the causal pathology resolves. Care must be taken, as even appropriate application can cause harm. Knowledge of pulmonary mechanics, appreciation of the basic machine settings, and an understanding of how common and advanced modes function allow the clinician to optimally tailor support to the patient while limiting iatrogenic injury. This first chapter reviews pulmonary mechanics, machine settings, and current options for noninvasive and invasive support of respiratory failure.
This review contains 7 figures, 3 tables and 44 references
Key Words: hypoxemia, hypercapnia, mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation, respiratory failure
Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence Using Injectables
Authors: Lee Dominic , Zimmern Philippe E
Published: January 2021

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a condition prevalent in adult women. Among the available treatment alternatives, minimal invasive options such as the injection of periurethral bulking agents (PBAs) remain preferable to many women because of ease of administration and very minimal postoperative morbidity. Its primary use has, however, been in the treatment of intrinsic sphincter deficiency. The quest to find the ideal agent is ongoing. Many PBAs are available, whereas some are no longer in the market. This review examines the historical aspect and indications of PBAs, the relevant surgical techniques, and current injectable agents in use and their effectiveness along with associated adverse events.

This review contains 5 figures, 3 tables, and 51 references.
Keywords: female, stress urinary incontinence, minimally invasive procedure, mechanism, bulking agent, intrinsic sphincter deficiency, efficacy, technique, complications
Medical Management of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Cowper Matthew G , Gabrielson Andrew T , Alzweri Laith M , Hellstrom Wayne J
Published: January 2021

The management of erectile dysfunction has made tremendous strides over the past four decades, owing to concomitant advances in our understanding of the complex neurovascular, hormonal, and psychologic processes involved in penile erectile. The field has transitioned from predominantly psychotherapy-based management to focused treatment modalities that have been rigorously tested for both safety and efficacy in the clinical setting. The etiology of the erectile dysfunction must first be ascertained through careful history-taking, physical examination, laboratory testing, and in select cases, imaging. Once the etiology is known, the urologist has numerous options in their armamentarium to improve symptomatology and quality of life. The use of psychotherapy, pharmacologic therapy, injectable therapy, intraurethral suppositories, topical agents, and vacuum-assist erection devices can be used as monotherapy or in combination to tailor treatment to patient needs. Future directions in erectile dysfunction management are focusing on therapies that alter the course of the disease and permanently restore erectile function, rather than simply treating the symptomatology. The continued advancements taking place in the preclinical setting demonstrate considerable promise for the treatment and ultimate cure for this disease.

This review contains 6 figures, 1 table, and 50 references.
Key Words: alprostadil, emerging therapies, erectile dysfunction, intracavernosal injection therapy, intraurethral suppository, medical management, papaverine, phentolamine, phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, vacuum erection device, vasoactive intestinal peptide
Uroneurology
Authors: Seth Jai H , Panicker Jalesh N.
Published: January 2021

The function of the pelvic organs, including the lower urinary tract (LUT), is controlled by a complex network of nerves. This leaves patients with neurologic disease vulnerable to LUT and pelvic organ dysfunction. Physicians often come across urogenital complaints in their patients with neurologic disease, the symptoms of which can result in significant distress and loss of dignity and quality of life. Due to the health and economic burden that accompanies neurogenic pelvic organ dysfunction, it is important for clinicians to understand the common forms of dysfunction, essential investigations, and modes of management. This chapter covers bladder dysfunction from a physician’s perspective. Topics include neurologic control of the LUT, large bowel, and sexual functions; male and female sexual response; neurogenic bladder dysfunction and its management; diagnostic evaluation; management of neurogenic sexual dysfunction; management of erectile dysfunction; ejaculatory dysfunction; sexual dysfunction in women; and fecal incontinence. Figures illustrate efferent innervation of the LUT, neurologic detrusor overactivity, a urethral pressure profile in a patient with Fowler syndrome, an example bladder diary, an example bladder scan, and normal and obstructed flow patterns. Tables list common causes of injury at the suprapontine, suprasacral, and infrasacral levels and storage and voiding systems.
 
This chapter contains 6 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, 53 references, 1 teaching slide set, and 5 MCQs.
Evaluation of Anticipated Performance Index of Plant Species for Green Belt Development to Mitigate Air Pollution
Authors:   ICAR-Natioanl Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh (171 004), India, Sharma Abhay , Bhardwaj Satish Kumar ,   Dept. of Environmental Science, Dr.YSP UHF, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India, Panda L. R. Lakshmikanta ,   Dept. of Environmental Science, Dr.YSP UHF, Nauni, Solan, Himachal Pradesh (173 230), India, Sharma Abha ,   Dept. of Agronomy, CSKHPKV, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh (176 062), India
Published: January 2021

Anticipated Performance Index (API) is an innovative ecological approach in selecting plant species for reducing air pollution, using Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) and socio-economic parameters. The present study evaluated API of 11 plant species (6 trees and 5 shrubs) for the recommendation of green belt establishment near the national highway expansion region of the Kiratpur-Nerchowk expressway. The scrutiny of the results revealed that the tolerance capacity of plant species along with their performance grade is a justified approach for selecting the most suitable plant species, which can act as sink for air pollution. API on the other hand, can also help to distinguish the sensitive plant species, which can act as bio-monitors. The results showed that among all plant species Leucaena leucocephala and Toona ciliata (API=5) qualify as ‘very good’ performers in green belt development, while Dalbergia sisso (API=4) is a ‘good’ performer. Grewia optiva and Ficus palmata were judged as ‘moderate’ performers (API=3). Whereas, all other remaining investigated trees and shrubs having lesser API values can act as bio-indicators and particularly are very less recommended for green belt establishment. Hence, on the basis of amalgamation of APTI values together with other socio-economic and biological parameters, API significantly is considered as one of the best approaches identified and recommended for long-term refinement of air quality.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulator-Flora on the Growth and Yield of Transplanted Aman Rice
Authors:   Dept. of Soil Science, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna (9000), Bangladesh, Hossain Nahid , Paul Alok Kumar ,   Dept. of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh, Alam Ishrat ,   Dept. of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh, Mollick Md. Omar Ali ,   Dept. of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh, Miajee Shah Jalal ,   Dept. of Soil Science, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka (1207), Bangladesh
Published: January 2021

The experiment was conducted in the farm area of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka during the period of July to November, 2015 to find out the effect of plant growth regulator-flora on the growth and yield of transplanted aman rice (BR 11-Mukta). The experiment comprised of 8 treatments as- T0: Control condition (No chemical fertilizer, no Flora), T1: Recommended Fertilizer Doses-RFD (120, 20, 80, 16 and 2 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, S and Zn, respectively), T2: RFD+1 time spray of Flora, T3: RFD+2 times spray of Flora, T4: ½ RFD+1 time spray of Flora, T5: ½ RFD+2 times spray of Flora, T6: No chemical fertilizer+1 time spray of Flora and T7: No chemical fertilizer+2 times spray of Flora. Data on different yield contributing characters, yield, and characteristics of post-harvest soil was recorded and significant variation was observed for different treatments. At harvest, the tallest plant (117.60 cm) was recorded from T3, while the shortest plant (88.85 cm) in T0 treatment. The highest number of filled grains panicle-1 (86.27) was recorded in T3, whereas the lowest number (68.53) in T0 treatment. The highest grain yield (5.13 t ha-1) was recorded in T3, while the lowest (2.78 t ha-1) in T0 treatment. The highest total nitrogen (0.632%) was recorded from T3, while the lowest (0.369%) in T0 treatment.
Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to Lime and Different Levels of Sulphur
Authors:   Dept. of Agronomy, SASRD: Nagaland University, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India, Aier Imnatemjen , Nongmaithem D. ,   Dept. of Agronomy, SASRD: Nagaland University, Medziphema, Nagaland (797 106), India
Published: January 2021

A field experiment was conducted in the Experimental Research Farm of School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD), Nagaland University during the kharif season 2018. Groundnut variety ICGS-76 was sown @ 70 kg ha-1 for 60×20 cm2 spacing. The experiment was laid in split plot design with three replications. The main plot treatments consisted of two lime levels: lime @ 0 t ha-1 and lime @ 3 t ha-1 while the sub- plot treatments consisted of five sulphur levels: sulphur @ (0 kg ha-1, 10 kg ha-1, 20 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1 and 40 kg ha-1 along with recommended dose of fertilizer at 20:60:40 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha-1 respectively in the form of diammonium phosphate and murate of potash. The results showed that application of lime @ 3 t ha-1 gave higher growth and yield attributes compared to no lime and also application of sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1 gave higher growth and yield attributes compared to lower doses of sulphur though there was only slight increase in the attributes between each successive doses of sulphur. Overall application of lime and sulphur increased all the yield attributes of groundnut, where the highest number of pods plant-1, seeds pod-1, 100 kernels weight, pod yield, kernel yield and stover yield were recorded when treatment was done with lime @ 3 t ha1 and sulphur @ 40 kg ha-1.
Combining AMMI and Mean Yield of Wheat Genotypes Evaluated under Rainfed Conditions of Northern Hills Zone for Stability Analysis
Authors:   ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana (132 001), India, Verma Ajay , Singh G. P. ,   ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat & Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana (132 001), India
Published: January 2021

Highly significant effects of environment (E), GxE interaction and genotypes (G) observed by AMMI analysis during 2018-19 and 2019-20 study years. WAASB measure ranked suitability of UP 3039, VL 2035 and VL 2036 genotypes. Superiority index while weighting 0.65 and 0.35 for yield and stability found VL 2036, HS 668 and UP 3039 as of stable performance with high yield. PRVG and MHPRVG measures observed suitability of HS 668, HS 562 and HS 669 wheat genotypes. More over the average yield of genotypes ranked HS 668, VL 2036 and HS 669 as of order of choice. Mostly indirect relations of SI measure were observed with stability measures along with positive values for MHPRVG, PRVG and yield. WAASB measure exhibited significant indirect relationships with other measures except of moderate positive with SI, yield, MHPRVG and PRVG measures. For the second year of study WAASB measure ranked suitability of HS676, UP3064 and HS677 genotypes. Superiority index while weighting 0.65 and 0.35 for yield and stability found VL2041, HS675 and HS562 as of stable performance with high yield. PRVG and MHPRVG measures observed suitability of VL2041, HS675 and HPW470 wheat genotypes. More over the average yield of genotypes ranked VL2041, HS675 and HS507 as of order of choice. Mostly negative values were exhibited by SI measure with stability measures apart of direct with MHPRVG, PRVG and yield. WAASB measure exhibited direct relationships with other stability measures except of indirect relations with SI, yield, MHPRVG and PRVG.
Використання нейронної мережі для розроблення системи уникнення перешкод на дорозі
Authors:   Національний університет „Львівська політехніка”, Дзелендзяк Уляна , Вигриновський Мішель ,   Національний університет „Львівська політехніка”
Published: January 2021

The possibility of using a neural network to implement a system of avoidance of obstacles on the road has been investigated. The algorithms based on which such a system can work has been reviewed, also the principle of learning of the neural network has been considered. In order to implement investigation the simulator based on Unity and ML Agents has been developed. Using simulator the efficiency of education and this neural network in different configurations has been investigated.
Financial Feasibility Study of Oil and Gas Well in Indonesia Case Study: New Oil and Gas Well in PT ABC
Authors: Rahman Henni , Damayanti Sylviana Maya
Published: January 2021

PT ABC is a subsidiary of PT PXZ (state owned companies under SKK Migas and PT Pertamina supervision) which is engaged un upstream sector in Indonesia. Seeing the continuing decline in oil and gas reserves in Indonesia and increasing demand, the government request all upstream company to find more source. PT ABC is trying to continue to increase production of oil and gas by opening a new potential project. Revenue sharing will use the gross split method. The purpose of writing this final project is to help PT ABC analyze new projects that will be undertaken. The analysis is carried out by looking at the business situation externally and internally and will be followed by economic analysis and risk analysis to identify the factor that has impact of the project. External analysis shows that the oil and gas industry is still an attractive industry for the government to run and support. However, in its implementation the company have to follow the applicable regulations since oil and gas industry are one of the strategic industries. In addition to funding activities, PT PXZ as the holding company is in a healthy financial condition. The results of economic analysis on the PT ABC project show that this project can be implemented and will generate profits for the company. The NPV to be obtained is USD 46.701.182, the IRR obtained is 17.15%, PBP will last for 5.52 years, and the PI has a value of 1,98. From the risk analysis, there are several factors that affect the economic results of the project, namely the price of oil and gas, the percentage of oil and gas sales, capital expenditure, and the percentage of oil and gas split.
A Good Partner in Sleeping: A Research on Customer Value Regarding Mattresses
Authors: Lin Yu-Ling , Jhan Ya-Cing , Lin Hong-Wen
Published: January 2021

We spend one-third of our lifetime sleeping, so a good sleep is undoubtedly, an indicator of our quality of life. To guarantee peaceful sleep at night, high quality mattress is an essential element of what we lie on as more and more people suffer from lifestyle diseases such as anxiety, depression, and cardiovascular disorders. In this study, the means-end chains approach and hard laddering questionnaires based on laddering theory were used to explore the key attributes and values noted by mattress buyers, and the “Attribute-Consequence-Value” relationships were processed into hierarchical value map to elaborate the hierarchical value of subjects on the mattresses. A hundred and twenty-two valid questionnaires were collected, and eleven attributes, fourteen consequences and nine values were obtained by categorization using content analysis method. Elasticity, price, and special materials are the three most welcomed attributes, and the improve sleep quality, best value and high practicality are the best consequences for respondents. In terms of values, security, fun and enjoyment in life and self-fulfillment are the ultimate values to be realized, suggesting that besides the fundamental requirements, customers expect more from the mattress they use.