bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juvenile cataract with autosomal recessive inheritance
Authors: Forsius Henrik , Arentz‐Grastvedt Björn , Eriksson Aldur W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Juvenile (including congenital and infantile) cataract occurs commonly as part of a more generalized or systematic condition, or as a component of a syndrome. Isolated juvenile cataract is a relatively rare disorder and the mode of inheritance is often autosomal dominant. Autosomal recessive transmission of isolated juvenile cataract is rare. The present paper is a report of 15 cases of juvenile cataract on the Åand Islands (Finland) with about 23 000 inhabitants. Twelve belong to 7 sibships of two different pedigrees and 3 cases are sporadic, of which we have found no genealogical connections in the last 6–10 generations to the two cataracta pedigrees. One of the sporadic cases presented an operated cleft palate and a chromosomal anomaly. In another sporadic case the mother probably had been infected with rubella during early gestation. In the third sporadic case the cataract was combined with partial aniridia, but he has serveral genealogical connections to one of the cataract pedigrees. Consanguinity between the parents was detected in 5 of the 7 sibships, in some even on various ancestral levels. Apart from the cataracts, all patients were healthy, with normal intellect, behavior, hearing, growth and development. They were neurologically intact and there were no ocular lesions apart from cataract. In the Ålandic familial cases the cataracts appear to be an autosomal recessive trait. A family branch originating from southwestern Sweden and south Norway showed transmission of the cataract in three successive generations. The possibility of quasidominant inheritance is discussed against the background that autosomal recessive juvenile cataract may not be so rare as the small number of recorded cases would suggest. The incidence in Scandinavia seems to be among the highest ever noted. At least this is true for Åland (about 1/2000) and south Norway.
Glaucoma blindness in Denmark
Authors: Fuchs Josefine , Nissen Kamilla Rothe , Goldschmidt Ernst
Published: May 2009

Abstract In order to evaluate the prevalence and the incidence of glaucoma blindness in Denmark, all registration forms of persons ≥ 50 years of age at admission, admitted to the Danish Association of the Blind (DAB) between 1955 and 1987 with glaucoma as main cause of blindness, were examined. In 1987 6.7% of DAB‐members ≥ 50 years of age suffered from blindness caused at least partially by glaucoma, equivalent to an estimated prevalence of 45 per 100 000 of the Danish population ≥ 50 years. The estimated annual incidence of blindness due to glaucoma was 7 per 100 000 ≥ 65 years, and in an equal number of patients glaucoma was a contributory cause of blindness. The incidence of blindness due to glaucoma was decreasing in the young age groups (< 65 years) throughout the study period. Glaucoma blindness seems to occur at a later age now than earlier, leaving the patients blind for a shorter time. This pattern may be explained by improved health services but could also be due to a change in the spontaneous course of glaucoma. The proportion of glaucoma blindness in the glaucoma population was estimated to be 4–5%.
The effect of Healon and timolol on early postoperative intraocular pressure after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens
Authors: Anmarkrud Nils , Bergaust Bjørn , Bulie Tore
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a prospective, randomized, masked study the effect of sodium hyaluronate (Healon) and timolol on the acute intraocular pressure rise after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of a posterior chamber lens were evaluated. Intraocular pressure was measured preoperatively and 3–6 h and 24 h postoperatively. When no timolol was used, a significant rise in intraocular pressure was observed at 3–6 h, whether or not Healon was aspirated. Timolol reduced the intraocular pressure rise, especially during the first 3–6 h after surgery. When timolol was not applied at the end of surgery, IOP exceeded 30 mmHg in 28% 3–6 h postoperatively, compared to only 4% when timolol was applied.
The central corneal thickness in keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Høvding Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Abstract The central corneal thickness of 17 patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca was compared with the thickness recorded in a control group of 105 subjects with healthy eyes. A moderate, but highly statistically significant central corneal thinning was found in the keratoconjunctivitis sicca group. The possible etiology and clinical importance of this finding is briefly discussed.
Prevalence of retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders in Denmark
Authors: Haim Marianne
Published: May 2009

Abstract A population survey of retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders in the Danish population disclosed 1301 cases prevalent in Denmark per January 1, 1988. Crude prevalence rates and World Standardized prevalences of systemic and non‐systemic RP are presented. Sixty‐four per cent of all RP‐cases were non‐systemic. A preponderance of males was encountered in both systemic and non‐systemic RP. Usher disease was diagnosed in 12%, Bardet‐Biedl syndrome constituted 5%, and the frequency of Spielmeyer‐Vogt disease was 1% of all prevalent RP‐cases. Other defined syndromes occurred in 1% of the cases. The Danish figures with respect to Usher disease are compared with standardized prevalence rates from Sweden and Finland. Nineteen per cent of patients affected by non‐systemic RP had an onset later than 30 years of age. In patients affected by systemic RP the eye disease tended to an earlier debut with only a few per cent beginning after the age of 30 years.
Contrast visual acuities in cataract patients
Authors: Miyajima Hiroko , Katsumi Osamu , Ogawa Tomoko , Ji‐Wang Guang
Published: May 2009

Abstract Contrast visual acuities were measured in 100 eyes of 75 patients who attained a best‐corrected visual acuity of ≥ 0.8 (20/25) after intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. The variable contrast visual acuity chart (VCVAC), with three contrast levels of 90, 15, and 2.5% and reverse polarity of 90% contrast, was used to measure contrast visual acuities. The follow‐up period ranged from 3 to 35 months (mean 7.41). The mean visual acuities measured with the 90, 15, and 2.5% charts were 0.92 (SD = 0.11), 0.59 (SD = 0.13), and 0.33 (SD = 0.14), respectively. The mean visual acuity measured with the 90% reverse polarity chart was 0.97 (SD = 0.11). The decreases in visual acuities compared with the 90% contrast were 0.64 and 1.48 octaves in the 15% and the 2.5% contrast charts, respectively. The pattern of the contrast acuity profile was comparable to normal subjects, but in 28 of 100 (28%) eyes, the visual acuities measured with the reverse polarity chart were slightly better than those measured with the standard 90% contrast chart, suggesting that the glare effect still exists after IOL implantation, though to a lesser degree than in cataractous eyes.
The cumulative frequency distribution curve of the eye pressure
Authors: Davanger Martin , Ringvold Amund
Published: May 2009

Abstract Knowledge of the probability of having glaucoma at different levels of eye pressure is a prerequisite for estimating at which eye pressure levels preventive pressure‐lowering treatment ought to be applied. The glaucoma tolerance may not be the same in all population groups. Calculation of tolerance distribution curves may be performed if the frequency distribution curves of pressure in eyes with and without glaucoma are known. Regression analysis has been performed to compute curves approaching the cumulative frequency distribution of the eye pressure in different subgroups. Results of a population study including subjects ≥ 65 years of age have been used. An equation describing an asymmetric sigmoid curve has been applied in the curve fitting procedure. The derivative of this equation was used to describe the noncumulative frequency distribution curves. The analysis has been performed in subgroups consisting of normal eyes, glaucomatous eyes, eyes with and without pseudo‐exfoliation.
Long‐term study of patients with congenital pit of the optic nerve and persistent macular detachment
Authors: Theodossiadis G. P. , Panopoulos M. , Kollia A. K. , Georgopoulos G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract During the period 1970–87 we evaluated the changes of the optic disc, peripapillary area, detached macula and visual acuity in 16 cases with congenital pit of the optic nerve and macular detachment. The study revealed in 9 of the 16 cases (56%) an increase of the dimension of the pit or changes in its color, findings which were directly related to the duration of the macular detachment. Chorioretinal scarring, pigment migration, or both, were also noted mainly at the temporal margin of optic disc. In 5/16 cases we found during the follow‐up an extension of macular elevation. In altogether 10 out of 16 cases the retinal elevation covered the larger portion of the mid‐periphery temporally. In 7/16 cases the final visual acuity remained unchanged, in 9/16 cases deteriorated. The difference, however, in the latter 9 cases between initial and final visual acuity was negligible. During the follow‐up period deterioration of the visual fields was also noted.
Sucralfate and sodium sucrose sulphate in the treatment of superficial corneal disease in keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: van Bijsterveld O. P. , van Hemel O. L. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We have studied the effect of the aluminum complex of sucrose sulphate (Sucralfate suspension) and the sodium salt of sucrose sulphate (sodium sucrose sulphate solution) on patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Eyes treated with either of these two drugs showed a decrease in painfulness and blurring of vision. On examination the surface area of the corneal lesions, stained with fluorescein, diminished during treatment. As for the difference in effect between the two eyedrops, the solution was better tolerated.
Pseudomembranous and membranous conjunctivitis Immunohistochemical Features
Authors: Kivelä Tero , Tervo Kaarina , Ravila Eeva , Tarkkanen Ahti , Virtanen Ismo , Tervo Timo
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 63‐year‐old man, who had for one month been on sulfasalazine therapy, developed general malaise, high fever, severe stomatitis, and bilateral necrotizing pseudomembranous conjunctivitis with corneal erosion, identical to that seen in the Stevens‐Johnson syndrome. Topical therapy with antibiotics and aprotinin rapidly healed the corneal surfaces, while densely adherent true membranes developed on the conjunctiva, and were removed surgically several times during the next week. After the acute stage, subtle subepithelial conjunctival scarring, superficial punctate keratitis, dry eye syndrome and fluctuating irregular corneal astigmatism became evident, but good visual acuity, lid function and ocular motility were retained. Histopathologic study of conjunctival membranes from two cases of membranous conjunctivitis revealed polymorphonuclear leukocytes within a matrix composed of fibrin, tenascin and fibronectin. In older membranes, histiocytes were additionally found. Surgical debridement of such membranes removes a substratum of inflammatory debris that is likely to promote secondary infection, fibrosis and symblepharon formation, and may decrease rather than increase subsequent scarring of the necrotized conjunctiva.
Asymmetry of retinitis pigmentosa ‐ related to initial optic disc vasculitis
Authors: Laatikainen Leila , Mustonen Eila
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of highly asymmetric retinitis pigmentosa is reported. Signs of pigmentary retinopathy appeared in the first eye following optic disc vasculitis or neuroretinitis of unknown etiology. Within 2 years the visual field became markedly restricted and the dark adaptation thresholds elevated. Twelve years later this eye was almost blind and the ERG was non‐recordable. In the fellow eye, the first pigmentary changes were observed 5 years after the initial presentation, and the progression was slow. Nineteen years after the initial examination the visual field of the less affected eye was constricted to 30° nasally and 60° temporally, the dark adaptation threshold was only slightly elevated, and the fullfield ERG was within normal range. It is possible that neuroretinitis or vasculitis of the optic disc caused the earlier onset and the more progressive course of pigmentary retinopathy in the initially affected eye.
Excimer laser refractive keratectomy for high myopia 6‐month follow‐up of patients treated bilaterally
Authors: Ehlers Niels , Hjortdal Jesper Ø.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Both eyes of twenty patients were treated for myopia with refractive keratectomy using an excimer laser (193 nm), and followed for six months. The 40 eyes were divided into Group I (22 eyes) with an attempted refraction change of 5–8 diopters; and Group I (18 eyes) with 9–12 diopters of attempted refraction change. In Group I the corrected visual acuity improved or was unchanged in 16/22 eyes. Two eyes with high preoperative corrected visual acuity had experienced a significant loss in corrected visual acuity after 6 months. In Group II, the corrected visual acuity decreased in 10/18 eyes, in 4 eyes significantly. Among the 40 eyes, 39 had a refraction change less than intended after 6 months. Overcorrection was seen in only 1 eye. In Group I, 20/22 eyes were corrected up to 2.5 diopters less than attempted. In Group II, 9/18 eyes were more than 2.5 diopters from the attempted correction. All eyes developed subepithelial opacification (‘haze’), which, in spite of steroid treatment, was still present after 6 months. The haze was more severe in eyes treated with 9–12 diopters of attempted refraction change. The achieved refraction change in the two eyes of the same patient was found to be correlated, possibly due to an individual factor in corneal wound healing.
Visual impairment in Nordic children
Authors: Hansen E , Flage T , Rosenberg T , Rudanko S‐L , Viggosson G , Riise R
Published: May 2009

Abstract The diagnoses, according to type and site and the degree of visual impairment, responsible for severe visual impairment in children below the age of 18, were analyzed in a material compiled from the national registers of visually impaired in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway. Among 2527 children the predominant causes of visual impairment are ascribed to congenital malformations, neuro‐ophthalmological diseases and retinal diseases. Optic atrophy is the leading single cause of severe visual impairment when all diagnoses are compared, and this also applies when all categories of visual impairment are included. Retinopathy of prematurity is the second principal cause of severe visual impairment, while cerebral amblyopia rates as the third most significant cause. Congenital cataract is also of considerable importance when all categories of visual impairment are compared. The differences registered between the Nordic countries were found to be within reasonable limits, except for a preponderance of neuro‐ophthalmological diseases in the Danish material. This could be explained by a better medical supervision of mentally retarded patients in Denmark. Additional impairments occur in a large percentage of patients, but are unevenly distributed in the disease groups. A high frequency of additional impairments are found in the neuro‐ophthalmological group and in the groups with congenital malformations, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary evaluation when dealing with the visually impaired child.
Choroidal melanoma responses after brachytherapy treatment
Authors: Servodidio Camille A. , Abramson David H. , McCormick Beryl , Fass Daniel
Published: May 2009

Abstract Serial ultrasonic measurements performed on 85 melanoma patients who were treated with radioactive plaques and followed for up to 141 months revealed that no 2 patients had identical patterns of change. Eighty‐two of the patients were categorized into one of four patterns after treatment: Type D (decrease in height, 57 patients), Type S (same height, 12 patients), Type I (increase in height, 9 patients), and Type RG (tumour regrowth, 4 patients). The calculated mean total change in tumor height for Type D was 1.92 mm at 6 months, 2.58 mm at 12 months, 2.97 mm at 24 months and 3.61 mm at 48 months. For Type I, the mean total change in tumor height was 0.80 mm at 6 months, 0.95 mm at 12 months, 2.28 mm at 24 months, and 3.0 mm at 48 months.
Acanthamoeba keratitis; report of the first Norwegian cases
Authors: Aasly K. , Bergh K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two patients with therapy resistant keratitis are described. There were no predisposing diseases. Both patients had been using rigid contact lenses for more than 10 years and both cleaned their lenses in cold tap water. The patients presented with keratitis of several weeks duration resistant to antibacterial and antiviral treatment and not responding to high doses of corticosteroids. Ultimately, after the possibility of a protozoan aetiology had been considered, culture of corneal scrapings from both patients yielded growth of Acanthamoeba trophozoites. Acanthamoeba keratitis is very rare in northern European countries and has never before been diagnosed in Norway. The present cases show that Acanthamoeba should be added to the list of possible pathogenic agents even in northern low temperature areas.
The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram IV. Mesopic characteristics
Authors: el Azazi M. , Wachtmeister L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The postnatal development of the oscillatory potentials (OP) of the rat's electroretinogram (ERG) was studied during relatively mesopic adaptational conditions. The behaviour of the OPs induced at an inter‐stimulus interval (ISI) of 30 sec entailed photopic qualities at an individual level, but when summated conformed to a scotopic course of postnatal maturation. An ISI of 1 min elicited OPs with individual scotopic characteristics. The total oscillatory activity culminated at 17 days of age at both ISIs, similar to more scotopically induced oscillations. These results show that relatively mesopic states of adaptation do not promote any earlier appearance of the OPs, and that the immature mesopi‐cally induced OPs seem to contain both scotopic and photopic qualities reflecting a postnatal change of balance between these components. Furthermore, photopic mechanisms seem to govern the oscillatory activity in the mature rat retina. We suggest that the differences in relation to adaptational conditions between the immature and mature OPs may reflect the postnatal status of the dopamine and its synthetizing enzyme, tyrosine‐hydro‐xylase.
Clinical features of capsular glaucoma in comparison with primary open‐angle glaucoma in Japan
Authors: Futa Ryusuke , Shimizu Tsutomu , Furuyoshi Naohiko , Nishiyama Masakazu , Hagihara Osamu
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Clinical features of capsular glaucoma during a recent 15‐year period were compared with those of primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG). Out of 1623 new glaucoma patients, 263 patients (16.2%) were capsular glaucoma and 268 (16.5%) were POAG. The patients with capsular glaucoma were older than the patients with POAG. The former had higher intraocular pressure, lower visual acuity, more advanced visual field change and heavier trabecular pigmentation than POAG patients at the time of initial examination. These findings suggest that capsular glaucoma is more difficult to manage than POAG and that the prognosis is poorer than for POAG. Pseudoexfoliative material was found on the pupillary border in 98.3%, on the central lens surface in 46.1%, and on the peripheral lens surface in 72.3%. Though 190 of 263 patients with capsular glaucoma (73.9%) were unilateral cases, 38.9% of the fellow eyes had some abnormalities related to glaucoma. Phakodonesis was found in 10% of patients with capsular glaucoma. This finding suggests that the presence of capsular glaucoma might be a risk factor in cataract surgery.
Non‐stereo photographic screening in long‐term follow‐up for detection of proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Kalm H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The efficiency of two non‐stereo photographs of the posterior pole as a screening device in long‐term follow‐up for the detection of proliferative diabetic retinopathy was evaluated in a clinical setting among 1341 diabetic hospital patients. False positive findings occurred in 0.4% (6/1341). Severe irreversible sight‐threatening complications from undetected proliferative diabetic retinopathy, such as retinal traction detachment or secondary glaucoma, never occurred. Vitreous haemorrhages due to missed new vessels in the photographic area occurred in only 2 out of 3020 photographic reading sessions over a 5.5 year period. Evaluation of the nature, localization and magnitude of new vessels showed that optic disc new vessels were generally over‐diagnosed in younger patients and missed in patients aged 45 years or older. New vessels elsewhere were more frequently misdiagnosed in patients older than 50 years. New vessels were most commonly found on the temporal arcades (48%) of the eyes and nasal to the optic disc (42%) but were significantly rare beyond the posterior pole (13%) (P< 0.001). Patients younger than 60 years had significantly more lesions (P < 0.001) and these lesions tended to be bilateral. Two non‐stereo photographs of the posterior pole is a safe and efficient alternative method to conventional survey for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. New vessels are significantly most common in the posterior pole and complications from new vessels occurring exclusively outside the posterior pole can be disregarded. Bilateral neovascularization should be anticipated in patients under 60 years.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva
Authors: Tuppurainen Kaija , Raninen Asta , Kosunen Olli , Kankkunen Jussi‐Pekka , Kellokoski Jari , Syrjänen Stina , Mäntyjärvi Maija , Syrjänen Kari
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva is a distinct rarity, often arising at the corneoscleral limbus and initially resembling pterygium or chronic keratoconjunctivitis. In this paper we report 4 patients with conjunctival squamous cell carcinomdcarcinoma in situ, which comprise all the cases found in the files of Kuopio University Hospital during 19590–1991. The clinical appearance, diagnosis and treatment of the lesions are described. All biopsies were studied for the presence of Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA (recently demonstrated in conjunctival squamous cell papillomas, precancer lesions and carcinomas) by using in situ DNA hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Both techniques failed to demonstrate the DNA of any of the following HPV types: HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 in any of the lesions. The results are discussed in the light of the recently proposed HPV etiology of these lesions.
Epikeratophakia for keratoconus in mentally retarded patients
Authors: Høvding Gunnar , Haugen Olav H. , Bertelsen Torstein
Published: May 2009

Abstract Epikeratophakia for keratoconus was done in 11 mentally retarded patients, using fresh, free‐hand made lamellar grafts. The mean follow‐up period was 31.5 months. The grafts remained clear and well adapted in 7 cases (63.6%). Necrosis of the lower part of the graft occurred in 3 eyes (27.3%), and was probably caused by persisting epithelial defects. Only one of these grafts had to be removed. Despite concurrent eye diseases, such as cataract and possible amblyopia, an improved overall visual function was reported in 5 of the 11 patients (45.5%). No vision‐threatening complications related to the epikeratophakia surgery was found.
Visual results after RK
Authors: Koralewska‐Makar Anna , Stenevi Ulf
Published: May 2009

Abstract The series of radial keratotomy (RK) in 79 myope eyes in 60 patients was studied to evaluate improvement of uncorrected visual acuity. The main aim with radial keratotomy was to help patients see better without glasses or contact lenses. Myopia ranged from ‐1.0D to ‐9.0D. Forty‐two eyes (53%) achieved uncorrected visual acuity (VA) of 1.0 or better and 73 eyes (92%) better than 0.5. The follow‐up period ranged from 3 months to 3.5 years. Postoperatively the most common complication was undercorrection. The risk for progressive myopia made surgeons cautious not to overcorrect patients and to leave them slightly myopic.
Short‐term effects of proparacaine on human corneal thickness
Authors: Herse Peter , Siu Andrew
Published: May 2009

Abstract 0.5% proparacaine HCl is commonly used for topical anaesthesia in ultrasound pachometry prior to refractive surgery. This drug is known to alter corneal epithelial adhesion. Does 0.5% proparacaine result in an alteration in corneal thickness due to changes in the corneal epithelium? Corneal thickness was measured by optical pachometry at 30 sec intervals for 15 min under 3 experimental conditions; 1) 2 drops of artificial tears, 2) 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine, 3) 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine. Baseline measurements were recorded before each trial. No significant differences were found between the mean corneal thicknesses measured in the baseline, 2 drops of artificial tears and 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine conditions. The mean corneal thickness in the 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine condition was significantly greater than those measured in the other conditions. In particular the measured corneal thickness was significantly different from the baseline measurements 1 to 2 min after instillation of the 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine. Exponential modelling of the corneal edema recovery function demonstrated that recovery to baseline corneal thickness occurred 7 to 8 min following the instillation of 2 drops of 0.5% proparacaine. The data of this study suggest that only 1 drop of 0.5% proparacaine should be used for topical anaesthesia prior to ultrasound pachometry. This recommendation may minimize the possibility of measuring artifactually large corneal thickness estimates, and thus reduce the possibility of corneal microperforation during refractive surgery.
Gentamicin, norfloxacin and lysozyme concentration in human tears: in vivo and in vitro study
Authors: Bron A. M. , Bonnin C. , Garcher C. , Lallemand A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Hen's egg lysozyme (HEL) activity was measured in vitro with gentamicin and norfloxacin by a turbidimetric technique. Gentamicin at the concentration of 10‐3 M inhibited HEL activity by 39%, while 10‐3 M norfloxacin did not affect HEL activity. However, an in vivo study in healthy persons did not show any significant statistical difference in tear lysozyme activity when 0.3% gentamicin or 0.3% norfloxacin were topically applied.
Dependence of ocular protrusion, asymmetry of protrusion and lateral interorbital width on age
Authors: Kaye Stephen B. , Green John R. , Luck Jonathan , Lowe Ken J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ocular protrusion and lateral interorbital width were measured in 462 patients; 187 females and 275 males ranging in age from 9 to 92 years. The object of this study was to determine if ocular protrusion, asymmetry of protrusion and lateral interorbital width was dependent upon age. There was a significant reduction in ocular protrusion and lateral interorbital width with increasing age in both females and males. There was a strong correlation between ocular protrusion and lateral interorbital width. Asymmetry of ocular protrusion did not develop with age. These findings may help in the longitudinal assessment of patients.
A comparative study of total protein, total and lipid associated serum sialic acid levels in patients with Behçet's disease and control groups
Authors: Doǧan Hakki , Paşaoǧlu Hatice , Ekinciler Ö. Faruk , Tatlişen Nursen
Published: May 2009

Abstract The current investigation was designed to determine the total serum sialic acid (TSA), lipid associated sialic acid (LASA), total protein (TP), and TSA/TP values for 16 patients with active form of Behçet's disease, 12 patients with other uveitis types (pathologic controls) and 22 normal individuals. Data analysis indicated significant differences in mean TSA, LASA and TSA/TP values in patients with Behçet's disease (95.6 ± 15.3 mg/dl, 29.8 ± 7.4 mg/dl and 12.9 ± 2.1 mg/g, respectively) and in pathologic controls (75.8 ± 8.1 mg/dl, 26.6 ± 0.3 mg/dl and 10.0 ± 0.9 mg/g, respectively) when compared to normal controls (59.5 ± 7.5 mg/dl, 19.2 ± 3.2 mg/dl and 8.2 ± 0.9 mg/g, respectively) (p<0.01). No significant difference was observed in mean LASA values in patients with Behçet's disease when compared to pathologic controls (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed in mean TP values in patients with Behçet's disease (7.4 ± 0.7 g/dl), normal controls (7.3 ± 0.4 g/dl) and pathologic controls (7.5 ± 0.6 g/dl) (p>0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed between the patients with Behçet's disease and pathologic controls with respect to TSA, TSA/TP values (p<0.01). The results indicated that TSA and TSA/TP is most useful for differentiating Behçet's disease from other forms of uveitis.
Aggressive toxoplasma retinitis
Authors: Benson Mark T. , Parsons M. Andy , Talbot John F. , Rennie Ian G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Toxoplasma infection is a common cause of infectious uveitis. It usually produces a characteristic fundal appearance, with evidence of previous inflammation. However, it may occur in an atypical and aggressive form. Steroids administered to salvage vision may then worsen the clinical course. Retinal biopsy may be diagnostic in cases where doubt exists. We illustrate these points with two cases.
Conjunctival malignant melanoma in Sweden 1969‐91
Authors: Seregard Stefan , Kock Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Clinical information, follow‐up and histopathological parameters of the primary lesions were assessed for all (45) individuals with conjunctival malignant melanomas in Sweden presenting during a 22.5 year period (1969 to mid 1991). The annual incidence of conjunctival malignant melanoma in Sweden was 0.0240 per 100 000. On average, two new cases were diagnosed each year (population 8.6 million in 1991). Sixty‐two per cent of the lesions recurred, but re‐growth in itself was not correlated to reduced survival. The actuarial 10‐year survival proportion using life‐table analysis was 70%. A significantly reduced survival due to tumour‐related death was noted in patients with tumours with high mitotic indices, many epitheloid cells and in lesions exceeding 10 mm in diameter. Other factors that may influence survival are presented in the context of previous reports. The present policy in Sweden for treating patients with malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is outlined and discussed.
In vitro ingrowth of choroidal cells on Bruch's membrane
Authors: Fiskaadal H.‐J. , Nicolaissen B. , Ringvold A. , Naess O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Full thickness eyewall explants were made from human eyes, the retina and retinal pigment epithelium were removed, and the explants were maintained in vitro in Ham's F‐10 medium with 20% foetal bovine serum. Cultured explants were examined by scanning and transmission electronmicroscopy after varying lengths of time. When in vitro, choroidal cells migrated across the cut edge of the explant onto the denuded Bruch's membrane where they subsequently showed production of extracellular matrix. In the human eye, ingrowth of choroidal cells on Bruch's membrane is found in macular degenerations, inflammatory chorioretinal disorders and subsequent to trauma. The in vitro model system presented in our study could facilitate evaluation of the dynamics underlying such ingrowth and also of factors affecting the course of this process.
The influence of argon laser panretinal photocoagulation on the rabbit ERG c‐wave
Authors: Chuang Huei‐Chun , Kawano Shinichiro , Arai Mikki , Tsukada Takako , Kita Mihori , Negi Akira , Honda Yoshihito
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We observed the influence of panretinal photocoagulation on the ERG c‐wave in rabbit eyes. DC‐registered ERGs were recorded from rabbit eyes before and after photocoagulation, and compared with those of the fellow eyes. The rabbits were subdivided into 3 groups according to application numbers: 500, 1000, and 1500 spots. The ERG c‐waves were found to have totally disappeared in all rabbits 3 days after panretinal photo‐coagulation, then reappeared with various intervals. In the 500 spot group, the c‐wave reappeared after one week, and almost reached control levels in one and a half months. In the 1000 spot group, a 10 day delay was noted, and 90% of control levels were regained after 6 months. In the 1500 spot group, the c‐wave didn't reappear until 2 weeks later, and regained 70% (of the control level) after 6 months. The recovery rates were related to the number of laser applications. These results indicate that the ultimate degree of recovery in c‐wave amplitude and the time required for the reestablishment of retinal pigment epithelium function both depend on the size of the coagulated area.
The prevalence and type of glaucoma in geriatric patients
Authors: Peräsalo Ritva , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A group of 100 institutionalized geriatric patients aged 69–94 years (mean 81.2 years) was studied at Koskela Helsinki Municipal Hospital. The selection of the patients was randomized by taking 100 patients having a birthdate divisible by five. Glaucoma occurred in 15% of the patients (14 women and one man). Six patients had bilateral primary open‐angle glaucoma. One patient had capsular glaucoma in one eye and secondary glaucoma in the other eye. Eight patients had glaucoma only in one eye; three narrow‐angle glaucoma, three primary open‐angle glaucoma and two secondary glaucoma. Exfoliation occurred in 21 patients (26%, 21/80). Ten patients had bilateral exfoliation and 11 exfoliation only in one eye. IOP was measured in 75 patients, 150 eyes, with applanation tonometry, averaging 12.5 mmHg (SD 5.0), and in 22 patients, 44 eyes, with Schiötz tonometry, averaging 16.3 mmHg (SD 5.6). Visual acuity for long distance and also the reading acuity were >0.3 in 66% (54/82).
Indirect spectral transmission ratio measurements of the aging crystalline lens nucleus
Authors: Seland Johan H. , Chylack Leo T. , Wolfe John K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A new objective approach to characterize color and opalescence in the lens nucleus, using wavelength indexed transmission ratios (TR) is described. Transmission ratios, i.e. the transmissivity per unit lens thickness, for the whole visible spectral range (390–720 nm) were calculated using fast scanning spectral colorimetry (FSSC). The lowest transmission ratios values were obtained in the blue part of the spectrum in general and at 450 nm in particular. They inversely followed the subjectively determined LOCS II color grading. The difference between transmission ratios at the absorbed part of the spectrum (<500 nm) and the non‐absorbed part (>550 nm) also reflects the LOCS II color grading. The overall mean transmission ratios for all wavelengths in the spectrum gives an index that closely followed the nuclear opalescence grading of the LOCS II system. The transmission ratios are theoretically independent of the spectral characteristics of the incident light as long as it contains suprathreshold energies in the whole measured spectral range.
Efficacy of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Wachtmeister Lillemor , Algvere Peep , Gjötterberg Magnus
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This is a retrospective study of the benefit of transconjunctival cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 43 eyes of 22 infants (birth weight 716–1675 g) from July 1985 to January 1988. Nine eyes were treated at ROP stage 4A (early), 14 eyes at stage 3 plus disease, and 20 eyes at stage 3. Cryotherapy was applied to the retinal avascular zone. In 13 eyes the ridge of extraretinal fibrovascular proliferation was also treated. Two eyes with peripheral exudative retinal detachment in two quadrants had additional treatment of the area of elevated retina. Reexamination was performed at the age of 26 to 52 months (average 38 months). Regression of the ROP was found in all eyes. Seven eyes showed a lateral traction of the temporal vascular arcades, six of these eyes had a slight macular ectopia. None of the eyes progressed to stage 4B or 5. Visual acuity was 6/60 or better. Twelve children (60%) achieved 6/18 or better and 5 (25%) 6/9 or more. Our data indicate that cryotherapy for ROP grade 3 and early stage 4A prevents the progression to advanced stages. The results also imply a functional benefit of cryotreatment in infants with progressive severe ROP.
Glare measurements before and after cataract surgery
Authors: Hård Anna‐Lena , Beckman Claes , Sjöstrand Johan
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The efficacy of cataract surgery in improving visual performance was evaluated in 10 patients by measuring changes in intraocular light scatter, contrast sensitivity and glare induced visual loss. Two different methods were used to estimate these functions before and after cataract extraction with implantation of a monofocal posterior intraocular lens. By one method intraocular light scattering was assessed. By the other, letter contrast sensitivity and glare induced visual loss were determined. Preoperatively most patients had various glare problems, glare induced visual loss and increased intraocular light scatter. Following surgery the letter contrast sensitivity increased by a factor of 3 or more (mean 4.3). The glare problems diminished or disappeared after surgery, although several patients still had increased intraocular light scattering and glare induced visual loss compared to normals. Postoperatively the contrast sensitivity both with and without glare had increased to a level where the glare induced visual loss did not create any visual problems.—
Full‐field electroretinogram in a patient with cutaneous melanoma‐associated retinopathy
Authors: Andréasson Sten , Ponjavic Vesna , Ehinger Berndt
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A patient operated for malignant melanoma developed night blindness and a sensation of shimmering light, strong enough to make him unable to work. Shortly afterwards, melanoma metastases became apparent. A full‐field ERG examination showed absence of rod responses but normal cone amplitudes, suggesting a malfunctioning rod system in the retina. The patient was not on chemotherapy. A few similar cases have previously been reported. The disease appears to differ from the cancer‐associated retinopathy (CAR) syndrome, which affects mainly the photoreceptor cells.—
Survey of eye injuries in Norwegian children
Authors: Takvam Jon Anders , Midelfart Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A review of the medical records of 238 children younger than 16 years admitted with ocular injury to the University Hospital in Trondheim during a 10‐years period was undertaken to provide information about the causes, circumstances and visual outcome of ocular trauma in young patients. Children with ocular injury represented 14% of all paediatric eye admissions. The majority were boys (77%). The frequency of injuries among boys increased markedly from the age of 8 years, while the frequency was almost the same among girls in all age groups. The most common cause of injury was projectiles (21.5%) followed by sticks, twigs and pencils (10.1%), falls (10.1%), bow and arrows and catapults (9.7%) and balls (8.8%). The most frequent diagnosis was contusion (43%). Perforating eye injuries amounted to 19%. Follow‐up examination showed that 49% of children with eye injuries had some visual deficit, including eighteen children (8%) with visual acuity worse than 0.1. Because most of the eye injuries among children are preventable, more appropriate strategies for the prevention of these should be implemented.
Three‐dimensional structure of human retinal vessels studied by vascular casting
Authors: Bek Toke , Jensen Peter Koch
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A new casting technique for studying the three‐dimensional structure of the human retinal vascular system on post mortem tissue was developed. The technique was designed to provide an overview presentation of the retinal vasculature such that localized areas with vascular pathology could be identified for further analysis of three‐dimensional structure. The paper presents qualitative characteristics of three‐dimensional structure in the normal human retinal vascular bed, to provide a basis for future studies on vascular impairment in retinal disease.
Topographical corneal edema
Authors: Herse Peter , Akakura Naoko , Ooi Chuan
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Measurement of the topographical corneal edema response has been previously restricted by the use of optical pachometry and small sample sizes. This study uses ultrasound pachometry to measure changes in the corneal thickness of 23 subjects at 9 locations during 2 hours' wear of a thick soft contact lens. The data are analysed using both averaged and individual location data. The averaged location analysis supports the current paradigm that less edema occurs in the peripheral cornea than in the central cornea during contact lens wear. However, the individual location analysis reveals a more complex corneal edema response in which the greatest amount of edema following 2 hours' contact lens wear occurred in the central and mid‐peripheral temporal cornea, in comparison with the peripheral nasal and peripheral inferior cornea which showed the least edema. The edema measured in the peripheral temporal and peripheral superior cornea following 2 hours' contact lens wear was not significantly different from that measured in the central cornea. The edema measured in the central cornea following 2 hours' contact lens wear was not significantly different from that found at any mid‐peripheral location. This study demonstrates that the corneal edema response associated with 2 hours' wear of a thick soft contact lens is a complex dynamic topographical process and cannot be simply modelled using averaged data from small samples.
Retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders in Denmark
Authors: Haim Marianne , Rosenberg Thomas
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We analyzed the composition of a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) sample with respect to clinical appearance. The material included 1301 affected persons derived from a national Danish survey with a high degree of completeness. The cases were grouped according to ocular signs and symptoms into typical RP, atypical RP, vitreoretinal RP, chorioretinal dystrophy, and unclassified. The relative frequency with which these groups were nosologically allocated to systemic and non‐systemic retinitis pigmentosa is presented. Among 837 cases of non‐systemic RP 60% had ophthalmoscopic abnormalities and visual symptoms in accordance with typical RP, 29% were characterized as atypical and 6% presented with chorioretinal dystrophy. The results of earlier epidemiological studies, sex distribution, and new diagnostic concepts based on DNA analysis are discussed.
Early effects of sodium iodate injection on ERG in mice
Authors: Hosoda Liliana , Adachi‐Usami Emiko , Mizota Atsushi , Hanawa Tadao , Kimura Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded in 15 ICR albino mice before and 2, 4 and 24 h after injection of 40 mg/kg of NaIO3 and the results were compared with the corresponding ultrastructural findings. Both a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes decreased at 2 h after injection and increased at 4 h to the levels before injection and further increased at 24 h after injection. The b‐wave threshold intensity increased by 2.1 log units at 2 h after injection. Thereafter, it decreased once at 4 h and significantly increased at 24 h by 3.4 log units. Electron microscopic examination showed swollen cytoplasmic organelles of the retinal pigment epithelial cells at 4 h after injection. It was thus demonstrated that an early effect of NaIO3 on the electrical response of the mouse retina was more conspicuous than histopathological changes.
Ophthalmic disease in patients with unrecognized HIV infection
Authors: Sanders Roshini , Craig E. A. , France A. J. , Urquhart G. E. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. HIV disease has a long and relatively asymptomatic incubation period before the onset of AIDS. The ophthalmic manifestations of AIDS are well recognized. Little is known of the incidence or range of ophthalmic disease seen in the latent period of HIV disease. A retrospective analysis of 125 case notes of HIV 1 antibody positive patients was undertaken. Of these, 15 (12%) had previously attended the ophthalmic department, at which stage their HIV status was unknown. Eight patients were diagnosed as being HIV positive within twelve months of attending the ophthalmic department. There was a predominance of ophthalmic infections, as opposed to trauma which is the commonest cause for ophthalmic casualty referral. Some of the ophthalmic presentations seen were the initial presenting sign of HIV disease. There were also cases of serious trauma and a mixture of other ophthalmic diseases. We discuss these ophthalmic findings and their relevance to HIV disease.
Absorption of ocular timolol: drug concentrations and ß‐receptor binding activity in the aqueous humour of the treated and contralateral eye
Authors: Saari K. Matti , Ali‐Melkkilä Timo , Vuori Marja‐Liisa , Kaila Timo , Lisalo Esko
Published: May 2009

Abstract.We studied the ocular and systemic absorption of 40 μl of topical 0.5% timolol in 57 patients using radioligand binding techniques. The mean concentration of timolol in aqueous humour of the treated eye was 1.9 ± 0.8 μg/ml 74 minutes after instillation of the drug. About 18 h after drug instillation the aqueous humour concentration of timolol was 105.5 ± 60.9 ng/ml. Timolol was found in 15 (42%) contralateral eyes. Concentration of timolol in the contralateral eye increased from 0.04 ± 0.08 ng/ml at 50 min to 0.3 ± 0.2 ng/ml at 134 min and was 0.2 ± 0.4 ng/ml at 18 h after instillation. Timolol concentrations in the aqueous humour of the treated eye appeared to be high enough to occupy ß1‐ and ß2‐receptors completely (100%) at 74 min and at 18 h after drug instillation. Timolol concentrations in the contralateral eye were high enough to occupy up to 33.0 ± 24.7% of the ß2‐receptors and up to 51.7 ± 35.1% of ß2‐receptors. High drug concentrations and complete ß‐receptor occupancy in the aqueous humour of the treated eye after topical timolol are in agreement with the long‐lasting ocular hypotensive effects. The low drug concentrations and partial receptor occupancy in the contralateral eye may also be of some clinical significance.
Influence of ethanol ingestion on the cornea
Authors: Olsen Erling Grønvold , Olsen Harald
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The corneal thickness variations on both eyes of thirteen healthy volunteers were measured in absence and presence of ethanol with ultrasound pachymetry. During ethanol ingestion, to a serum ethanol concentration of 0.98 ± 0.22 g/l, a small and transient, but statistically significant increase of the corneal thickness appeared (3.0 ± 3.4% right eye − 4.3 ± 2.9% left eye, p < 0.05). We suggest that ethanol causes a transient depression of the endothelial pump activity. The measured effect on the cornea is too small to cause reduced visual acuity on Snellen chart. However, a resulting loss of contrast sensitivity may have consequences for car driving and safety work.