bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Preliminary Studies on Compositions of Lightweight Structural Shapes by Foam Methods
Authors: Hardy Ronald G.
Published: January 2025

Cellular products made from foamed materials exhibiting pozzolanic action offer the building industry an attractive solution to problems involving stable, lightweight, durable, attractive, and fireproof structural shapes. A wide variety of Kansas raw materials is available to a manufacturer of such products, Three methods of introducing a foam have been generally used: whipping a foam in a suitable slurry, generating gases in the mix, and mixing a slurry and a pre-formed. foam. Subsequent autoclaving is usually employed where structural strengths are desired in the products.
Production and materials costs are in line with other comparable constructional materials presently available.
Electrical Resistivity Studies in the Kansas River Valley
Authors: Merriam Daniel F. , Frye John C.
Published: January 2025

In order to investigate the application of resistivity methods to groundwater studies in eastern Kansas, electrical resistivity depth profiles were run in the Kansas River Valley at localities where geologic conditions were known. The results of this survey show that the depth to water table and bedrock can be determined in the Kansas River Valley. To a less certain degree interpretations can also be made concerning lithology and type of water contained in the alluvial sediments.
Stratigraphy of the Ogallala Formation (Neogene) of Northern Kansas
Authors: Frye John C. , Leonard Bryon A. , Swineford Ada
Published: January 2025

Fluvial late Tertiary (Neogene) deposits underlie the surface of the dissected plateau that is the High Plains, and extend from Texas to South Dakota in a belt several hundred miles wide. The stratigraphy and paleontology of the Neogene Ogallala formation have been studied in northern Kansas and correlations made with type sections of the Ogallala formation, and Valentine, Ash Hollow, and Kimball members in Nebraska. Ogallala sediments were deposited by streams flowing eastward from the Rocky Mountain region in broad, relatively shallow, erosional valleys cut in Cretaceous bedrock. Initial alluviation of these valleys is represented by the Valentine member. As alluviation proceeded, sediments progressively overlapped gentle valley slopes, and minor divides were buried by sediments of the Ash Hollow member. The Kimball member transgressed most major divides, producing a coalescent alluvial plain. This surface is marked by an accumulation of calcium carbonate. The Ogallala contains fossil vertebrates, mollusks, and seeds. Fossil vertebrates, although having time significance, are of little local stratigraphic value. Molluscan faunas show an orderly progressive change bridging the interval from late Miocene (?) to earliest Pleistocene, and present distinctive assemblages in Valentine, Ash Hollow, and Kimball members. Abundant and widely dispersed fossil seeds are the most usable organic remains for regional stratigraphic work. Ten petrographically distinct volcanic ash falls occur in the Ogallala; seven have proved valuable in precise correlations throughout the region and with type localities in Nebraska.
Lithologically, the Ogallala formation is heterogeneous, but each member presents certain gross characters distinguishing it from the others. The Valentine member is predominantly gray to greenish-gray feldspathic sand, only loosely cemented with calcium carbonate; it includes some clay and silt and local opal-cemented sandstone lenses. The Ash Hollow member is typified by gray to brown, feldspathic sand, silt, and gravel having irregular calcareous cementation; soft limestone; and numerous lentils of volcanic ash. The Kimball member, although containing local lentils of coarse gravel in the base, is predominantly calcareous feldspathic sandy silt capped by a massive to nodular
Progress Report on the Ground-Water Hydrology of the Equus Beds Area, Kansas
Authors: Stramel G.J.
Published: January 2025

This report describes an investigation of the availability of ground water in the well field of the city of Wichita within the area known as the Equus beds in south-central Kansas, and the general hydrology of the Equus beds area.
By January 1, 1955, the City of Wichita had pumped 330,000 acre-feet of water from the well field. As of January 1955, the water level had declined a maximum of 32 feet in the well field. The decline of the water table is small, however, compared to the thickness of the saturated deposits. In January 1955, the depth to water in the well field ranged from 5 to 47 feet. The water table is affected by the city's pumping in an area of about 100 square miles, As of January 1955, about 67 percent of the water pumped from the well field by the city of Wichita had come from recharge by precipitation. The primary source of water for recharge to the well field is local precipitation falling on the land surface, and the seasonal rise of the water levels correlates closely with precipitation.
The water-bearing materials consist of unconsolidated deposits of sand, gravel, silt, and clay of Pleistocene age. The hydraulic gradient of the water table in the well field is toward Little Arkansas River, and some water is being discharged into it, although most of the water moving across the well field is intercepted by pumping.
If the Wichita well field is expanded, a larger area will be influenced by pumping, and the perennial yield will be correspondingly larger. If the well field were expanded to include all the Equus beds area, the perennial yield would be many times larger than the amount of water pumped in 1955 by the city of Wichita.
The hydrology and geology may be favorable in parts of the well field for artificial recharge. Additional data must be collected before the best method and the economic feasibility of artificially recharging the well field can be determined.
A map of the generalized geology of the Equus beds area and figures showing the water-table contours, changes in water levels during specific periods, cross sections, pumpage charts, precipitation graphs, and hydrographs of water-level fluctuations are given in this report,
Geology and Ground-Water Resources of Southern Ellis County and Parts of Trego and Rush Counties, Kansas
Authors: Leonard Alvin R. , Berry Delmar W.
Published: January 2025

This report describes the geography, geology, and ground-water resources of an area about 4 to 13 miles wide and 37 miles long, containing approximately 365 square miles. The climate is subhumid, the mean annual precipitation is 22.90 inches, and the mean annual temperature is 54.7° F. Agriculture is the chief occupation in the area; wheat is the chief crop, but sorghum and alfalfa are grown along the principal streams where the water table is near the surface. Minerals produced in the area are oil, limestone, sand and gravel, silt and clay, and volcanic ash.
The exposed rocks range in age from Late Cretaceous to Recent. The Pleistocene alluvial deposits, which range in age from Nebraskan to Recent, are the principal aquifers in the area. The Dakota Formation (Cretaceous) supplies water for rural domestic and stock use in parts of the area. The shape and slope of the water table are illustrated by a map showing contours of the water table and depth to the water table in wells. Ground water in the Pleistocene alluvial deposits moves downstream and toward the principal streams. Ground water is recharged mainly from local precipitation; ground water is discharged chiefly by seepage into streams and by transpiration by plants.
In most of the area the ground water is suitable for domestic, stock, and municipal use. The water ranges from soft to hard and from moderately to strongly mineralized. Water in the Dakota Formation generally is of the sodium chloride type, has a large amount of dissolved solids, and is moderately hard. Most water from the Pleistocene deposits is of the calcium bicarbonate type and contains moderate to large amounts of dissolved solids. Water from most of the aquifers in the area is rated good to permissible for irrigation.
The hydrologic and geologic field data upon which this report is based include records of 141 wells, chemical analyses of water from 49 domestic and stock wells and from 5 municipal supplies, and logs of 50 test holes, 1 oil well, and 80 jetted test holes.
What's new in Volcanic Ash for Industry?
Authors: Bauleke Maynard P.
Published: January 2025

"Popped" volcanic ash is one of the latest developments in product research by the State Geological Survey of Kansas. In the laboratories of the Survey, Kansas ash bas been bloated, or "popped"-and in this form has new industrial applications. Crushed, cracked, screened, and bonded, the "popped" ash has been tested for its suitability in various products. Bloated ash from Kansas has some interesting characteristics and, we think, potential for development. Results achieved thus far are analyzed in this report. Experiments are continuing, and not all Kansas ash has yet been tested for its bloating characteristics.
Volcanic ash is a little-used Kansas resource, but is available in 40 counties. Estimated reserves exceed 20,000,000 tons. Recognized by Kansas settlers at least as early as the 1880s, Kansas volcanic ash was not commercially produced until early in this century, when it was used as an ingredient in scouring soaps. By 1916 Kansas ranked first among the states in commercial volcanic ash production, and it remained in the lead through 1944. Peak annual production was 51,907 tons in 1923, and soon thereafter the State Geological Survey published its first comprehensive report on this resource (Landes, 1928). Since 1945 commercial production has steadily declined, and only two producers operated in Kansas in 1960.
The raw ash has been used for various purposes, most generally as an abrasive, but huge though unrecorded amounts have been used in Kansas blacktop roads. As the decline in production since 1945 reflects, ash as an abrasive has been replaced by other materials. Increased production of Kansas ash will depend upon development of products that utilize other properties of ash.
Short Papers on Research in 1969
Authors: Zeller Doris E.
Published: January 2025

Electron spin resonance is a means of detecting, with microwaves, the presence of electrons trapped in the structurc of crystalline material. Prior to being trapped, the electrons are released from their parent atoms by radiation from radioisotopes present in the conodonts and the host rock.
The feasibility of using electron spin resonance as a dating technique was tested on conodonts (fossil tooth-like structures) from the Holts Summit Formation (upper Devonian), Missouri, the Bushberg Formation (upper Devonian to lower Mississippian), Missouri, and the Heebner Shale Member of the Oread Limestone (upper Pennsyvanian). All of the conodonts yielded an electron spin resonance spectrum arising principally from trapped electrons. It was found that this spectrum would be suitable for the age determination calculations described herein.
High-resolution seismic study in Miami County, Kansas
Authors: Ready Thomas G. , Knapp Ralph W.
Published: January 2025

Two high-resolution seismic lines were shot by the Kansas Geological Survey near Wellsville, Kansas, during 1981 and 1982. The study site is located near the southeast margin of the Forest City basin. The data were collected using the MiniSOSIE surface seismic-energy source. The purpose of the study was to determine if this high-resolution seismic technique was capable of resolving the presence of thin sandstone bodies, called squirrel sands, located at the top of the Cherokee Group of the Upper Pennsylvanian. The sandstone bodies located within strata were deposited under cyclic conditions associated with the rise and fall of sea level. Seismic data were recorded using both source and geophone arrays to attenuate the contribution of nonvertical seismic waves. Severe low-cut (110 Hz, 24 dB/octave) filters were used to enhance the high-frequency information. After editing and muting, processing sequences were identical for each line. Final conventional stacks produced a coherent record of the subsurface. Because of a lack of sonic well-log data, an algorithm relating neutron porosity to seismic velocity was established for northeastern Kansas. The algorithm was used to produce a pseudo velocity log for a well near the seismic lines. Synthetic seismograms were created from the pseudo velocity log to aid in the interpretation of the seismic data. Analysis of the synthetic seismic data reveals that primary energy is severely attenuated by the cyclothems of the Late Pennsylvanian. There is a 12-dB decrease in transmitted energy at the top of the Cherokee Group resulting from the effects of transmission loss. As a result, it appears that the interbed multiple reflected signal becomes the dominant reflected energy. The seismic data reveal the presence of an anticline as well as several faults in the pre-Mississippian strata. It appears that it is possible to seismically locate squirrel sands that have been deposited in channels using MiniSOSIE. The presence of these channels in the subsurface results in a dimming of the overlying Fort Scott composite reflection due to interference.
A case history of petroleum exploration in the southern Forest City basin using gravity and magnetic surveys
Authors: Stander Tom W.
Published: January 2025

Three geophysical surveys were conducted in Johnson and Douglas counties in Kansas. The first two projects were gravity surveys each covering nearly 50 mi2 (130 km2). In all three surveys, readings of the gravity or magnetic fields were taken along county roads at 1/4-mi (.4-km) intervals. Normal data reductions and corrections were applied to the data. The data were displayed as contoured Bouguer gravity maps and a diurnal tide-corrected magnetic map. The Bouguer gravity maps indicated gravity anomalies with 0.20-1.20 mgal closures. Many of the closures were elliptical with their long axes paralleling local structural trends. Some of the gravity anomalies corresponded to known oil and gas fields. In particular, the Gardner oil dome near Gardner, Kansas, is associated with a 0.80-mgal gravity anomaly. The magnetic map indicated closures of 60-80 gammas. Some of the magnetic data corresponded well with the gravity data. Like the gravity data, some of the magnetic anomalies corresponded to known oil and gas fields. Several wildcat wells were drilled on or near gravity or magnetic highs. The first notable find was the discovery well of the Little Wakarusa Creek oil field. Oil is now being produced from 14 wells in this field from a 15-ft (4.5-m)-thick Cherokee sandstone at a depth of about 700 ft (210 m). The oil field is located in southeastern Douglas County nearly 5 mi (8 km) south of Eudora, Kansas. Initial flush productions varied between 10 and 40 bbls of oil per day. The magnetic and gravity data were interpreted to be related to deep basement structures. The deeper structures (.5-3 mi [.8-4.8 km] in depth) influence near-surface structures in the Cherokee Group of Pennsylvanian rocks. The structures provided trapping mechanisms for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Cherokee sandstones.
Stratigraphic rhythms synthesized from orbital variations
Authors: Ripepe Maurizio , Fischer Alfred G.
Published: January 2025

Previous work on a pelagic stratigraphic sequence in the Middle Cretaceous (Albian) of Italy, about 100 Ma, defined a hierarchy of oscillations. These were identified as variations in carbonate productivity and bottom fauna linked to seafloor aeration. The sequence geometry suggests response to orbitally driven climatic variations, reflecting Berger's precession index, which depicts the precession cycle as a carrier wave modulated by orbital eccentricity. Here we use Berger's astronomic precession index curve for the past 1,500 k.y. in combination with the stratigraphic data to construct a forward model of sedimentation and stratigraphy. The precession index curve serves as a point of departure, and modeling proceeds in three steps: (1) conversion of the precession index into a curve of sedimentation rates through time, using the flux rates calculated from the stratigraphy and applied in a nonlinear way; (2) conversion of that curve into an ideal stratigraphy in which the time dimension is changed into the spatial dimension of stratigraphy; and (3) modification of this stratigraphy by bioturbation as a nonlinear function of seafloor aeration. This computer simulation produces a reasonably good match to the observed stratigraphy. Perhaps more important is the insight gained into changes in the distribution of spectral power; whereas the power of the precession index lies wholly in the precessional terms, that of the stratigraphic sequence lies largely in the eccentricity frequencies. Our model shows how power is transferred from one to the other in each of the three steps. The spectrum of the ultimate stratigraphy synthesized is essentially identical with that of the natural sequence.
Reef modeling: Progress in simulation of carbonate environments
Authors: Gerhard Lee C.
Published: January 2025

Reefs are ideal for carbonate modeling because they have a modern geographic scale not dissimilar to their ancient counterparts. By assuming analogous accumulation rates and sea-level rate changes, it is possible to characterize reef growth mathematically. Generalizing reefs to develop comparisons has been difficult, but a process-based architectural classification solves much of this problem. The three classes of reefs--hydromechanical, biodetrital, and framework--are three members of a continuum of architectural styles. A detailed knowledge of reef fabrics permits interpretation of the influence of a variety of processes in response to environmental conditions. Sea-level change rates are one identifiable environmental condition that is now recognized as very important to reef architecture. The modern reefs of St. Croix are the basis for the classification scheme because of their detailed description and age dating. Current research on Pennsylvanian reefs is acquiring the data necessary to test ancient reefs; several reef complexes of other ages and geography have already been successfully tested. Equations for Holocene reef growth and sea-level rise rates can now be used to describe ancient reef architectural development.
Two-dimensional computer models of a Cambrian carbonate shelf deposit
Authors: Demicco Robert V. , Spencer Ronald J. , Waters Brent B. , Cloyd Kelly C.
Published: January 2025

The Middle-Upper Cambrian Waterfowl Formation of the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains comprises (1) subtidal shelf facies, (2) ooid-peloid shoal facies, (3) outer-shelf tidal flat facies, (4) inner-shelf tidal flat facies, and (5) siliciclastic playa-mudflat facies. These facies are arranged in a deepening to shallowing to deepening pattern, representing one complete third-order cycle and the beginning of another. The Basic program MAPS was modified to model the facies of the Waterfowl Formation. Two examples are given: (1) a high-amplitude, oscillatory relative sea-level regime; and (2) a low-amplitude, oscillatory relative sea-level regime. Both regimes produce facies similar to those composing the Waterfowl Formation.
Basement Control of Selected Oil and Gas Fields in Kansas as Determined by Detailed Residual Aeromagnetic Data
Authors: Gay S. Parker, Jr.
Published: January 2025

Basement control of Kansas oil and gas fields is shown to be very real and probably quite common. However, it is not possible to prove basement control with subsurface mapping, as few wells penetrate basement, nor with seismic, as the basement reflector is not always mappable. Residual aeromagnetics is the principal technique used in mapping basement, and it generally is employed only to outline the "basement fault block pattern," that is, the boundaries of the basement fault blocks. Trapping and reservoir-forming mechanisms, such as the presence or absence of basement hills and the amount and direction of throw on basement faults, must be determined independently from subsurface mapping or seismic studies. Nevertheless, magnetic basement mapping is a valuable exploration loa I because it provides continuous large block coverage at low cost over both producing and nonproducing areas and furnishes many valuable exploration leads. These can be augmented with seismic or subsurface techniques for locating wells.
Seismic Signature of the Hutchinson Salt and Associated Dissolution Features
Authors: Anderson Neil L. , Watney W. Lynn , Macfarlane P. Allen , Knapp Ralph W.
Published: January 2025

The Hutchinson Salt Member of the Wellington Formation (Permian) is preserved throughout central and south-central Kansas as a more-or-less continuous body with net thicknesses of up to 560 ft (170 m). This salt has been extensively dissolved along its eastern margin due to contact with unconfined, undersaturated ground water during the Tertiary, Quaternary, and present. West of the main dissolutional edge, localized salt solution is occurring, probably associated with subsurface ground-water flow focused along structural conduits such as fractures and faults. Such solution has occurred in the past and in some areas is presently occurring.
In those areas where dissolution and associated deformation has not occurred, the Hutchinson Salt can generally be mapped on seismic data. Exceptions occur in those areas where the salt is too thin to be resolved given the effective bandwidth of the seismic data. Undeformed salt does not appreciably degrade the quality of seismic events of deeper origin.
In contrast, in those areas where significant leaching has occurred, the Hutchinson Salt can be difficult to map seismically. The reflection from the top of the remnant salt can be difficult to correlate as a result of excessive curvatures and surface irregularities, lateral variations in acoustic-impedance contrast, and superposed diffractions emanating from salt-related collapse features. The intra-salt and base salt events can be masked by diffractions as well as velocity-generated time-structural relief.
The recognition of velocity-generated time-structural relief along pre-salt events is particularly critical to the petroleum explorationist. It is imperative that the industry interpreter differentiate real structure from apparent structure on seismic data to preclude the possibility of drilling into non-existent structural closure along pre-salt horizons. The explorationist working in Kansas should be aware of the distribution of subsurface salts and the potential for leaching.
The Effect of River Valleys and the Upper Cretaceous Aquitard on Regional Flow in the Dakota Aquifer in the Central Great Plains of Kansas and Southeastern Colorado
Authors: Macfarlane P. Allen
Published: January 2025

In his reports on the regional hydrogeology of the central Great Plains, in particular southeastern Colorado and southwestern and central Kansas, Darton considered the Dakota aquifer to be a classic example of an artesian system. Computer simulations of the flow system in this study, however, suggest that the Dakota is not a regional artesian aquifer in the classic sense. Sensitivity analysis of a steady-state vertical profile flow model demonstrates that the flow system in the upper Dakota in western Kansas is heavily influenced by the Upper Cretaceous aquitard, the Arkansas River in southeastern Colorado, and rivers in central Kansas, such as the Saline, that have eroded through the aquitard and into the Dakota to the west of the main outcrop area of the aquifer. The model shows that local flow systems and the vertical hydraulic conductivity of the Upper Cretaceous aquitard heavily influence the water budget and the flow patterns. The aquitard restricts recharge from the overlying water table to underlying aquifers in western Kansas because of its considerable thickness and low vertical hydraulic conductivity. The Arkansas River intercepts ground-water flow moving toward western Kansas from recharge areas south of the river and further isolates the upper Dakota from sources of freshwater recharge. In central Kansas, the Saline River has reduced the distance between confined portions of the aquifer and its discharge area. In essence, this has improved the hydraulic connection between the confined aquifer and its discharge area, thus helping to generate subhydrostatic conditions in the upper Dakota upgradient of the river.
Allostratigraphic and Sedimentologic Applications of Trace Fossils to the Study of Incised Estuarine Valleys: An Example from the Virgilian Tonganoxie Sandstone Member of Eastern Kansas
Authors: Buatois Luis A. , Mángano Gabriela , Maples Christopher G. , Lanier William P.
Published: January 2025

The Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) records part of the infill of an estuarine valley system that was incised during a late Missourian (Late Carboniferous) drop in sea level and subsequently infilled during a transgressive episode later in the Virgilian (Late Carboniferous). At Buildex Quarry, in an eastern valley-margin position, this unit is represented by planar-bedded-and-laminated siltstone beds (tidal rhythmites) overlying a coplanar surface of lowstand erosion and subsequent transgression. These tidal rhythmites contain a relatively diverse ichnofauna dominated by arthropod trackways, surface grazing trails, fish traces, and tetrapod tracks, including the ichnogenera Circulichnis Vyalov, Dendroidichnites Demathieu, Gand, and Toutin-Morin, Diplichnites Dawson, Diplopodichnus Brady, Gordia Emmons, Helminthoidichnites Fitch, Helminthopsis Heer, Kouphichnium Nopcsa, Mirandaichnium Aceñolaza, Stiaria Smith, Stiallia Smith, Tonganoxichnus Mángano, Buatois, Maples, and Lanier, Treptichnus Miller, and Undichna Anderson. The Buildex ichnofauna represents a mixture of the nonmarine Scoyenia and Mermia ichnofacies and records the activity of a terrestrial and freshwater biota. Ichnologic evidence, coupled with sedimentologic data, suggests that the Buildex succession was deposited on tidal flats in the most proximal zone of the inner estuary, between the landward limit of tidal currents and the salinity limit further towards the sea. This type of trace-fossil assemblage seems to characterize the lower part of transgressive system tracts, immediately overlying the coplanar surface during the late Paleozoic. As transgression proceeded, tide-influenced freshwater facies tended to be replaced by retrogradational brackish-water parasequences, and the mixed Scoyenia and Mermia ichnofacies was replaced by a Skolithos-impoverished Cruziana ichnofacies. The coplanar surface (flooding surface and sequence boundary) that marks the base of the Tonganoxie sequence at Buildex lacks the substrate-controlled, marine Glossifungites ichnofacies. The coals and paleosols with upright plant remains that typify the coplanar surface at Buildex represent erosional truncation and subsequent omission close to the interfluves and may be regarded as the landward equivalent of the Glossifungites ichnofacies. Buildex-type ichnofaunas probably are widespread in Pennsylvanian tidal rhythmites of the U.S. Midcontinent and may be used to identify freshwater inner estuarine facies, to delineate fluvio-estuarine transitions in incised valley systems, and to refine models based exclusively on lithofacies evidence.
Late Quaternary Paleoenvironments and Landscape Evolution on the Great Bend Sand Prairie
Authors: Arbogast Alan F.
Published: January 2025

Global circulation models (GCM's) project enhanced warming and drying in the central Great Plains during the next few decades in response to elevated levels of atmospheric CO2, Given the sensitivity of sand-mantled landscapes to climate changes, paleoenvironmental research has focused on the potential response of sand sheets and dune fields to increased aridity. Although appreciable research has been conducted in Nebraska, Colorado, and Texas, no detailed information has as yet emerged from Kansas.
Geomorphic research on the Great Bend Sand Prairie, a large sand sheet in south-central Kansas, indicates that two late Quaternary stratigraphic units occur in the region. The oldest deposits are late Wisconsinan, and the youngest are Holocene. Late Wisconsinan deposits are widespread, consisting largely of sand and silt (defined herein as silty sand), and probably accumulated in a very low energy fluvial environment. Radiocarbon ages from the lower part of the silty sand range from about 20,000 yr B.P. to around 9,000 yr B.P. At all localities, the silty sand contains one or two extremely well developed buried soils with stacked Bt horizons, indicating long-term landscape stability following deposition. Floral (Picea cf. glauca) and faunal (e.g., Discus cronkhitei) remains, as well as δ13C values (e.g., -25.6‰) derived from the silty sand indicate that the late Wisconsinan climate was cooler and had more effective moisture than the climate during the Holocene. Northwesterly winds prevailed, as indicated by the orientation of Wilson Ridge, a late Wisconsinan lunette.
Overlying the silty sand are eolian sands of varying thicknesses. Radiocarbon ages from the upper 5 cm (2 in) of the underlying silty sand provide an estimate of the maximum-limiting age of dune development. At three sites, ages on the upper silty sand are late Wisconsinan, suggesting that overlying eolian sands accumulated during the Woodfordian. In most instances, however, the upper silty sand dates from 7,000 yr B.P. to 800 yr B.P., indicating that overlying dunes are largely Holocene deposits.
Mapping of Holocene landforms on uplands recognizes six categories, ranging from level sand sheets to parabolic dunes. In comparison to late Wisconsinan deposits, dune sands are well sorted, with a mean particle size of very fine to fine sand. Values of δ13C (e.g., -15.0‰) derived from dunes imply a warmer climate during the Holocene than the Woodfordian. The orientation of parabolic dunes indicates prevailing, southwesterly winds. Dunes usually contain one to two, weakly developed buried soils with A/AC/C horizonation, representing brief periods of landscape stability. Calibrated radiocarbon ages at standard deviation (2σ) on buried soils imply six periods of pedogenesis during the Holocene, with the center of probabilities at ca. 6,300, 2,300, 1,500, 1,000, 700, and 200 yr B.P. Surface soils are generally poorly developed, suggesting that dunes can easily be mobilized if increased aridity occurs.
Paleoecology of the Permian (Wolfcampian) Phylloid Alga Calcipatera from an In Situ Occurrence in Kansas, U.S.A.
Authors: Sawin Robert S. , West Ronald R.
Published: January 2025

In situ occurrences of the calcareous marine phylloid alga Calcipatera cottonwoodensis in the Permian Cottonwood Limestone Member (Beattie Limestone) occur in Greenwood County, Kansas, in association with platy algal packstones, which are the phylloid algal facies most commonly described in the literature. The in situ algal facies occurs in the upper 0.45 m of an exposure where it is overlain and underlain by algal packstones composed of transported and broken fragments of Calcipatera cottonwoodensis.
Calcipatera cottonwoodensis colonized coarse carbonate sands or carbonate mud substrates. During growth, carbonate mud accumulated in the cup-shaped thalli, and death followed when the rate of sedimentation exceeded the rate of algal growth. The three lithologies--substrate, cup-filling, and smothering--are easily recognized on polished surfaces.
Other members of the Calcipatera cottonwoodensis benthic community are Shamovella, encrusting and boring algae, foraminiferids, fenestrate and ramose bryozoans, brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, trilobites, ostracodes, and echinoids. This occurrence and biotic association compares well with those described by Toomey (1976) and Wahlman (1988, 2002) from the Permian (Wolfcampian) of West Texas.
Carboniferous-Permian Boundary in Kansas, Midcontinent, U.S.A.
Authors: Sawin Robert S. , West Ronald R. , Franseen Evan K. , Watney W. Lynn , McCauley James R.
Published: January 2025

The placement of the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian boundary in Kansas has been debated since the rocks of this age were first described and named. With the ratification of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Permian System in the southern Ural Mountains, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can now be confidently defined. Based on the identification of the first occurrence of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus that definitively correlates the Kansas rock section to the basal Permian GSSP, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can be placed at the base of the Bennett Shale Member of the Red Eagle Limestone.
The Kansas Geological Survey proposes that the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section, located in northeast Kansas, be considered for the Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype in Kansas. It is further suggested that the stratigraphic position of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section be considered as a potential North American stratotype.
In addition to being a significant biostratigraphic boundary, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and enclosing strata also have significance because they reflect important geologic events and changes that occurred on a regional and global scale.
The placement of the Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian)-Permian boundary in Kansas has been debated since the rocks of this age were first described and named. With the ratification of the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Permian System in the southern Ural Mountains, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can now be confidently defined. Based on the identification of the first occurrence of the conodont Streptognathodus isolatus that definitively correlates the Kansas rock section to the basal Permian GSSP, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in Kansas can be placed at the base of the Bennett Shale Member of the Red Eagle Limestone.
The Kansas Geological Survey proposes that the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section, located in northeast Kansas, be considered for the Carboniferous-Permian boundary stratotype in Kansas. It is further suggested that the stratigraphic position of the Carboniferous-Permian boundary in the Tuttle Creek Lake Spillway section be considered as a potential North American stratotype.
In addition to being a significant biostratigraphic boundary, the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and enclosing strata also have significance because they reflect important geologic events and changes that occurred on a regional and global scale.
Part A: General Sequence Stratigraphy and Conodont Biostratigraphy (including new species) of the Uppermost Carboniferous (upper Gzhelian) to Lower Permian (lower Artinskian) from the North American Midcontinent
Authors: Wardlaw Bruce R. , Boardman Darwin R., II , Nestell Merlynd K.
Published: January 2025

The uppermost Wabaunsee, Admire, Council Grove, and lower Chase Groups of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska are placed into three third-order depositional sequences: a Gzhelian late-highstand sequence set, a Council Grove transgressive and highstand sequence set, and a Chase transgressive sequence set. Sequences are defined by bounding maximum-exposure surfaces and are placed within the zone of exposure surfaces (typically, stacked paleosols). Conodonts are abundant in open-marine deposits and most marine units have a differing and characteristic faunal make-up. Eleven species are described as new: Streptognathodus binodosus, S. denticulatus, S. elongianus, S. florensis, S. lineatus, S. nevaensis, S. postconstrictus, S. postelongatus, S. robustus, S. translinearis, and S. trimilus.
New Stratigraphic Rank for the Carboniferous, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian in Kansas
Authors: Sawin Robert S. , Franseen Evan K. , Watney W. Lynn , West Ronald R. , Ludvigson Greg A.
Published: January 2025

A new classification for the Carboniferous System/Period is formally adopted by the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS), and Zeller (1968) is modified accordingly. The Carboniferous is the system/period between the Devonian and Permian, and the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are subsystems/subperiods of the Carboniferous. The Mississippian is subdivided into Lower, Middle, and Upper Mississippian Series and the Pennsylvanian is subdivided into Lower, Middle, and Upper Pennsylvanian Series. Regional stage names remain unchanged.
Temporal Variability in the Quality of Produced Water from Wells Tapping the Ozark Aquifer of Southeast Kansas
Authors: Macfarlane P. Allen
Published: January 2025

State and local agencies have become concerned that the available water supply from the Ozark aquifer in the Tri-state region of southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri, and northeastern Oklahoma may become unusable or require additional water treatment because of deteriorating quality resulting from overdevelopment. Many southwest Missouri and southeast Kansas water supplies withdraw water from a 30-60-mi (48-96-km)-wide transition zone in the Ozark aquifer that separates calcium, magnesium-bicarbonate ground water with low dissolved solids to the east from sodium-chloride brines to the west. Water-quality deterioration within the transition zone could potentially come about as a result of eastward migration or upward movement from deeper horizons of saline water. This study assessed variability in the quality of water produced from wells within the transition zone in southeast Kansas across a variety of time scales. Water samples were collected monthly from nine wells located in the transition zone over a two-year period and frequently during two 50+ hr chemical-quality pumping tests of Pittsburg well 8. The samples were analyzed for conductance and pH, and all major and selected minor dissolved inorganic constituents. Mixing curves of chloride versus bicarbonate/chloride ratio and chloride versus sodium/chloride ratio demonstrate that the produced water from Ozark aquifer wells is a mixture of low dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium-bicarbonate ground waters and sodium-chloride brines. Produced water from wells tapping sources in the Ozark and the overlying Springfield Plateau aquifers is a blend of waters from these sources, although the data suggest that the contribution from the Springfield is small relative to the Ozark aquifer. Fluctuations in the quality of the produced water during pumping most likely result from complex mixing of waters of differing quality from different parts of the Ozark aquifer within the well bore. This is borne out by bicarbonate/chloride ratio versus chloride concentration mixing curves and the dissolved constituent ratios indicative of bicarbonate and sodium in excess of that required to balance calcium + magnesium and chloride, respectively. Comparison of the 1979-1980 data with the 2006-08 data from this project indicates that the chloride concentration in some of the sampled supplies has increased. Based on extrapolation of the maximum estimated rate of chloride concentration increase, the earliest that water from Pittsburg wells 8 and 10 would exceed the recommended drinking water limit for chloride is estimated to be by the years 2045 and 2060, respectively, assuming continuation of the present rates of pumping.
Pliocene and Pleistocene Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Meade Basin, Southwestern Kansas
Authors: Frye John C. , Hibbard Claude W.
Published: January 2025

The Meade basin lies chiefly in Meade County, southwestern Kansas, at the eastern edge of the High Plains. The field studies reported in this paper were carried on in Meade County and in adjacent parts of Clark, Ford, and Seward counties, Kansas, and Beaver County, Oklahoma. This area contains nearly complete sequence of continental Pliocene and Pleistocene deposits. These strata are here described and reclassified as the Laverne and Ogallala formations of Pliocene age, and the Meade and Kingsdown formations of Quarternary age. The age and stratigraphic position of the late Pliocene Rexroad fauna and of several local Pleistocene faunas are discussed.
Valley Erosion Since Pliocene "Algal Limestone" Deposition in Central Kansas
Authors: Frye John C.
Published: January 2025

Major stream valleys of central Kansas have been cut to depths of more than 200 feet below the top of the Pliocene Ogallala formation. The top of the Ogallala is marked by discontinuous thin deposits of "Algal limestone" which is believed to have been deposited over an extensive fluvial plain, approximately at the level of present ridges, prior to erosion of the present valleys. Recently this "Algal limestone" has been observed at 12 localities atop the Saline-Smoky Hill Divide in Russell, Lincoln, and Ellsworth counties, east of any previously described exposures. It here rests directly on Cretaceous shale and chalk. The geographic and topographic position of these exposures suggests that the "Algal limestone" was formed in lakes which occupied consequent depressions and abandoned channel segments on a piedmont alluvial plain. This interpretation furnishes a stratigraphic datum for measuring erosion in post-Ogallala time. After deposition of the "Algal limestone," major streams of this area cut through more than 150 feet of bedrock prior to the Wilson Valley fill of possible Kansan age. Since about Kansan time the Saline River has eroded more than 150 feet of bedrock plus a probable 60 feet of Pleistocene fill, and the Smoky Hill River has eroded 75 feet of bedrock plus a probable 60 feet of valley fill.
Patrognathus and Siphonodella (Conodanta) from the Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) of Western Kansas and Southwestern Nebraska
Authors: Klapper Gilbert
Published: January 2025

Late Kinderhookian conodont faunas occur in the subsurface of Kansas and Nebraska. Patrognathus andersoni is a new species that is associated with late Kinderhookian phylogenetic developments of Siphonodella in a well core from Logan County, Kansas, and also 300 feet above the base of the Lodgepole Limestone at Browns Gulch, Montana. Other occurrences of P. andersoni in the subsurface and in the Gilmore City Limestone of Iowa appear to be stratigraphically higher than the Siphonodella succession, but are assumed to be late Kinderhookian in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
Ore Mineralogy
Authors: Lambert M.W. , Berendsen P. , Ripley E.M.
Published: January 2025

Subeconomic concentrations of copper sulfide minerals are irregularly distributed throughout the Lower Permian Wellington Formation and the Ninnescah Shale of south-central Kansas. The host rocks consist principally of gray shales and siltstones with lesser argillaceous dolomites and limestones in which the sulfides occur principally as replacements of earlier diagenetic pyrite or as irregular stringers.
Although two spatially distinct and separate sulfide assemblages are identified on the basis of drill hole information, the sequence of ore minerals indicates that a descending copper-rich solution percolating downward was slowly depleted of its copper content
In the northern portion of the area, pyrite is replaced by chalcopyrite and bornite at shallower depths, while in the southern part of the area pyrite is replaced by "chalcocite-like" minerals. It is suggested that pH and oxygen fugacity are controlling factors responsible for the different assemblages.
Electron microprobe studies indicate that no true chalcocite (Cu2S) is present; instead two phases having the compositions Cu1.78±0.04S (similar to anilite) and Cu1.91±0.03S (similar to djurleite) were identified. The mineral anilite has not been reported before associated with the Midcontinent copper occurrences.
We propose that the mafic rocks associated with the Central North American Rift System were the source rocks of the copper that was subsequently introduced into the Permian basin and adsorbed onto the sediments. Oxidizing ground waters were responsible for redissolving the copper and secondarily concentrating it in a reduced environment.
Incidence and drivers of medication returns to health facilities by patients in low- and middle-income countries: A scoping review protocol v1
Authors: Kutina Cyril , Dugle Gordon , Bawontuo Vitalis
Published: January 2025

Background Medication returns by patients to healthcare facilities are a critical aspect of reverse logistics, intersecting healthcare delivery, patient safety, and environmental sustainability, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where systemic inefficiencies and socio-cultural factors may exacerbate the issue. While emerging medication return programs are recognized for their potential to enhance resource efficiency and prevent misuse, they also signal inefficiencies in medical supply chains, prescribing practices, and patient-provider interactions. This scoping review aims to systematically map the incidence and drivers of medication returns to health facilities by patients in LMICs. Methods This review follows Arksey and O'Malley’s scoping review framework and the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. Searches will be conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google Scholar, supplemented by grey literature sources and reference list screening. Eligible studies must address the incidence or drivers of medication returns in LMICs and meet predefined inclusion criteria based on the PCC framework. Data will be extracted using a standardized charting form and analyzed using narrative synthesis, supported by descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Discussion The review will provide insights into the patterns of incidence and drivers of medication returns across diverse healthcare settings. By mapping the incidence and drivers of medication returns in LMICs, the review contributes to efforts towards enhancing healthcare efficiency, promoting safe medication practices, and supporting environmental sustainability, aligning with global health and the sustainable development goals. It will inform theoretical advancements in reverse logistics and guide the development of context-specific interventions for medication management in LMICs. Review findings will also highlight critical research gaps and priorities, contributing to sustainable healthcare policies and practices globally.
Flow cytometry measurements of lipid peroxidation with C11-Bodipy 581/591 v1
Authors: Mahoney Sanchez Laura
Published: January 2025

Protocol for staining iPSC-derived neurons for lipid peroxidation measurements using Live/Dead and C11-Bodipy 581/591 dyes, via flow cytometry
Evaluación de la calidad educativa en la Universidad de Antioquia: una mirada deconstructiva
Authors:   Universidad de Antioquia, Vélez Sánchez Germán Alonso , Jaramillo Roldán Rodrigo ,   Universidad de Antioquia
Published: January 2025

El artículo busca argumentar desde una estrategia deconstructiva los modos como se da la evaluación de la calidad de la educación en la universidad. Se muestra el predominio del enfoque instrumental en que por lo regular se excluyen e invisibilizan intereses y sentidos de los docentes y estudiantes. Se comienza por desarrollar una postura conceptual sobre la evaluación de la calidad de la educación en la universidad, para luego analizar deconstructivamente el modelo seguido en la Universidad de Antioquia.

En el recorrido conceptual y metodológico se muestra cómo el enfoque de calidad instalado condiciona las nociones de evaluación y de universidad, en cuanto se concibe la evaluación como una práctica mediada e iluminada por una postura teórica atravesada por la comunicación, el lenguaje y los acuerdos, como un acontecimiento de formación que aporta a la constitución del ser humano y de la organización que pone en marcha el proceso de evaluación. Por su parte, la calidad se identifica dominada por una postura utilitaria, la cual termina generando un reduccionismo de la educación, de la escuela en su currículo y los planes de estudio e incluso en la formación de los docentes.

Con el trabajo se propone que cada programa e institución debe apostar por un proceso formativo caracterizado por el debate público, en que se instale la cultura de la evaluación y se pueda generar un proceso realmente participativo de autoevaluación, consciente, autónoma y de auto-mejoramiento; en que se aboque por decisiones concertadas, que salgan al paso de lo técnico-instrumental mediante acciones con las personas involucradas, teniendo como finalidad principal el fortalecimiento y la mejora de las prácticas educativas.