bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suspense and Anticipation in 1 Samuel 9:1–14
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: March 2011

1 Sam 9:1-10:16 has been the subject of intense literary critical interest as scholars have grappled with the sudden appearance of the prophet Samuel in a folk tale of Saul searching for his lost donkeys. Literary approaches to the text have proposed that Samuel's entry into the story is a literary device designed to surprise the reader. This paper demonstrates that Samuel's entrance into the narrative is not in isolation but is the culmination of suspense and anticipation built up throughout 1 Sam 9:1-14. This suspense is generated through a series of episodes which each consist of a pattern of anticipation, delay and resolution. The recognition of this structure of suspense allows for a reinterpretation of two anomalous verses within the narrative: the list of place names in 9:4 and the editorial insertion of 9:9.
In Conversation with Steven Schweitzer, Reading Utopia in Chronicles (LHBOTS, 442; London: T. & T. Clark International, 2007)
Authors: Boda Mark J. , Lowe Matthew Forrest , Boer Roland , Schweitzer Steven
Published: March 2011

This conversation with Steven Schweitzer, Reading Utopia in Chronicles (LHBOTS, 442; London: T. & T. Clark International, 2008) began in a special session of the Chronicles-Ezra-Nehemiah Section of the Society of Biblical Literature held at the SBL annual meeting in November 2007 in San Diego, California. It includes an introduction by the editor and two contributions, one by the editor and Matthew Forrest Lowe and another by Roland Boer, and concludes with a response by Steven Schweitzer.
The Contested History of a Book: The German Bible of the Later Middle Ages and Reformation in Legend, Ideology, and Scholarship
Authors: Gow Andrew C.
Published: March 2011

The wide distribution and availability of German and other vernacular Bible translations in the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, with 22 printed full Bible translations into German/Low German/Netherlandish appearing before Luther’s famous Bible translation, has been known to scholars since at least the early eighteenth century, when various works on German Bibles before the Reformation began to appear. However, the existence of such translations did not guarantee that scholars, especially church historians and historians of the Reformation took such Bible translations seriously. Luther himself had claimed (polemically) that the Bible had been entirely unknown and unavailable when he was a young man. The rather dispassionate scholarship of the eighteenth century, which included important works on pre-Reformation German Bibles by orthodox Lutheran divines, gave way in the second half of the nineteenth century to a rather bitter polemical discourse in the context of the Kulturkampf in Germany. Luther the linguistic genius and Luther the theological hero were the protagonists on one side; the late medieval Bible, on which Luther drew heavily for his own translation, was on the other. Not so much a Catholic-Lutheran debate as an ideological one about the place, value and influence of medieval piety and culture (and their relation to German national culture) was played out by prominent church historians. By the eve of WWII, German Bible scholarship had become a more clear-eyed exercise in historical evaluation--yet immediately after the war, in the context of the Cold War and the construction of a lineage of democratic and liberty-oriented values for Christian western Europe, the Luther Bible began to loom ever larger, especially in textbooks and general surveys, as a turning point in the history of western culture. Since the 1990s, more specialized and careful assessments of the importance of pre-Reformation German Bibles have prevailed, perhaps as part of a general re-evaluation of medieval culture and piety from perspectives informed more by anthropology and literary theory than by ideological polemic. These findings might shed light on the modes of history-writing in the contexts of both myth-making and source analysis.
The Ascription of Physical Disability as a Stigmatizing Strategy in Biblical Iconic Polemics
Authors: Olyan Saul M.
Published: March 2011

Physical disabilities such as blindness, lameness, muteness and deafness are sometimes ascribed to “idols” in biblical polemic as a means to devalue them. This paper explores the ascription of physical disability as one of a number of stigmatizing strategies used by biblical writers to denigrate iconic worship. I am particularly interested in what the attribution of physical disability contributes to iconic polemic that might be lacking in other stigmatizing strategies such as emphasizing the material or manufactured nature of “idols.”
Observations on Judah’s Social and Economic History and the Dating of the Laws in Deuteronomy
Authors: Knauf Ernst Axel
Published: March 2011

Nadav Na’aman’s recent dating of the Deuteronomic Law by social history is methodologically seminal, even if I disagree with the substance of his argument. In this article, I advance the case that the care of Deuteronomy for the ‘displaced Judahite” (גר) fits the 6th century much better than the 7th, as Na’aman argues.
In Search of the Seventy ‘Weeks’ of Daniel 9
Authors: Athas George
Published: March 2011

A new suggestion for interpreting the seventy ‘weeks’ in Daniel 9 is offered here. By dismissing unwarranted assumptions that are often smuggled into interpretation, an alternative is pursued which sees the three periods within the seventy ‘weeks’ as not entirely sequential. Rather, the first seven ‘weeks’ are seen to overlap with the sixty-two ‘weeks’. Through this technique, the author of Daniel manages to fit a schema of seventy ‘weeks’ (490 years) into an actual period of 441 years. This schema fits accurately with the overall narrative of Daniel, and its theological concern to re-evaluate the meaning of ‘exile.' It also provides a window onto the transmission history of the book.
Intrusion of Ptolemaic Reality on Cultic Practices in Qoh 4:17
Authors: Pinker Aron
Published: March 2011

A new interpretation is offered for Qoh 4:17 that highlights the Sitz im Leben of the Ptolemaic regime. Qoh 4:17, though couched in cultic terms and with a Temple setting, contains allusions to the Ptolemaic reality of spies and informers who helped the Ptolemaic administration exact heavy taxes. It is shown that this dual level (cultic and non-cultic) meaning persists in the unit Qoh 4:17-5:6.
To See or Not To See. The Polysemy of the Word עין in the Isaac Narratives (Gen 17-35)
Authors: Vermeulen Karolien
Published: March 2011

This article discusses the polysemy of the word עיןin the Isaac narratives (Gen 17-35). The word's given ambivalent nature is exploited on every level. It fits the major themes in the Isaac story as well as the small nuances in individual sentences. As such it illustrates the potential power of polysemy and its multiple, so to say polysemous, role in biblical narrative.
A Perfectly Broken Acrostic in Nahum 1?
Authors: Renz Thomas
Published: March 2011

Responding to recent scholarship which discounts apparent traces of an alphabetic acrostic in Nahum 1 as purely coincidental, this essay argues that earlier scholarship was right to detect a tendency towards an alphabetic acrostic in Nahum 1. But while previously the disruptions to the alphabetic sequence were considered an imperfection caused by lack of concern on the part of the poet or a later redactor or as the result of copying mistakes in the transmission of the text, I suggest that the tendency towards an acrostic and the irregularities belong to a single purposeful design. This design communicates a message of disrupted order and fits well with the remainder of the book of Nahum.
Persian Period Jerusalem and Yehud: A Rejoinder
Authors: Finkelstein Israel
Published: March 2011

This is a rejoinder to several recently published articles which take issue with my views on Persian period Jerusalem and Yehud. The article deals with methodological issues such as inconsistencies between archaeology and text and the meaning of negative evidence in archaeology. On the factual level, with the available data at hand, I see no reason to change my views : Persian period Jerusalem covered ca. 2-2.5 hectares, and both the description of the construction of the city-wall in Nehemiah 3 and the List of Returnees in Ezra and Nehemiah probably reflect late Hellenistic (Hasmonean) period realities.
Multivocality in Group Speech in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Savran George
Published: March 2011

While group speech in biblical narrative is generally expressed as a single voice, in certain cases the plain sense of the text is improved by discerning a number of different voices at work. While these voices are unmarked, they are clearly sensed in the cases discussed here, and their presence adds significantly to the dramatic force of the text. In addition to the well known case of Saul and the young women at the well in 2 Sam 9:11-13, there are a number of instances in the Joseph story in Genesis 37 and 42 in which the brothers' speeches reflect multiple voices, providing a fuller picture of their disagreements. In Jonah 1:8 the sailors interrogate Jonah in what appears to be a cacophony of voices, and David's return to Jerusalem in 1 Sam 19 is punctuated by verbal disagreements among the Israelites, most noticeably in 2 Sam 19:10-11.
Eternal Delight and Deliciousness: The Book of Jonah After Ten Years
Authors: Bolin Thomas M.
Published: March 2011

The first part of this article reviews significant scholarly contributions on the Book of Jonah for the last ten years. Looking specifically at the work of Serge Frolov, Yvonne Sherwood, Ehud Ben Zvi, Lowell Handy and T.A. Perry demonstrates that exegesis of Jonah has entered a very fruitful period, free of the anti-Jewish biases characteristic of earlier readings and armed with more information about post-exilic Judah than ever before. Next, the article looks at God’s reference to the animals in Jon 4:11 and reads it as an expression of God’s desire for the newly submissive Ninevites to offer sacrifice to him, as the sailors do in 1:16 and Jonah vows in 2:10. Thus God is portrayed, like many ancient Near Eastern potentates, as extending his rule over peoples and exacting tribute.
A Prophetic Reflection on Divine Forgiveness: The Integration of the Book of Jonah into the Book of the Twelve
Authors: Wöhrle Jakob
Published: March 2011

It has often been recognized that the book of Jonah as well as several other passages in the Book of the Twelve are influenced by the so called "grace formula" ("Gnadenformel") from Exod 34:6-7 (Joel 2:12-14; Jon 3:9; 4:2; Mic 7:18-20; Nah 1:2b, 3a; Mal 1:9a). But up to now the redactional relationship of these passages and their intention in the context of the book of the Twelve have only been defined inadequately. The article shows that the redaction responsible for the final redactional stage of the book of Jonah and for the integration of this book into the book of the Twelve, is also responsible for Joel 2:12-14; Mic 7:18-20; Nah 1:2b, 3a; Mal 1:9a. Because of this redaction the Book of the Twelve can be read as a reflection on the conditions, the theological reasons and the limits of divine forgiveness.
Jonah, Nahum, and the Book of the Twelve: A Response to Jakob Wöhrle
Authors: Spronk Klaas
Published: March 2011

In discussion with Wöhrle's analysis in the previous article of this set, it is maintained that both the book of Jonah and the book of Nahum should be read as a unit. The book of Jonah was probably written as a reaction to the negative view on foreign peoples found in Joel 4:2. The writer of the book of Jonah builds his case upon the authoritative text from Exodus 34. Both in terms of form and content, he is also inspired by the book of Nahum. Therefore, the repeated use of Exodus 34:6-7 in these texts needs not be ascribed to a separate layer, but is probably part of a process of one book reacting to the other.
Mixing
Authors: Erwin Lewis
Published: March 2011

In polymer processing, mixing significantly affects materials properties, processibility, and cost. Mixing processes include blending with other polymers, incorporating reinforcing materials, adding chain extenders or stabilizers to control a reaction, incorporating additives to improve flame retardance or corrosive resistance, and thermal homogenization. Mixing is often performed in a continuous mode such as extrusion. This article reviews characterization of mixing and mixtures, decoupling, deformations, the kinematics of interfacial growth, mixing as a function of strain, mixing in interrupted shear, and other topics.
Chromatography in Process Analysis
Authors: Clemons Jerry M.
Published: March 2011

Process chromatography is an analytical technique that provides for the on‐line separation and measurement of the components of a mixture in a chemical process. The chromatographic analyzers utilized for on‐line analysis must operate in a continuous and automatic manner, taking a fixed quantity of sample, separating the chemical components using adsorption or partitioning columns, and measuring the concentration of each with a detector. The chromatograph provides both quantitative results, by measuring the area of the peak generated as the components pass through the detector, and qualitative results based on the retention time, which is measured from injection to detection.

The most commonly used process chromatographic analyzer is the process gas chromatograph because of its many applications in the hydrocarbon processing industry. A variety of valve, column, and detector configurations are available for these analyses, from parts per million to percent levels. All samples must be in gas phase or must be liquids that can be vaporized prior to analysis. The analyzers are controlled using a cyclic timing device that switches valves and columns as the components pass through the system to provide the necessary separation. This time cycle is a limitation of the technique for applications requiring continuous or very fast analysis times. Even with these limitations, the advantages of cost, flexibility, sensitivity, and reliability have made process gas chromatography (PGC) the most widely used analytical technique for on‐line process control.
Solid‐state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance of Polymorphic Materials
Authors: Vogt Frederick G.
Published: March 2011

Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (SSNMR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique for the analysis of polymorphs, which are molecules that exist in different crystalline phases. In this review, applications of SSNMR to polymorphism and related phenomena in a variety of chemical systems are discussed, including pharmaceuticals, food materials, explosives, dyes and pigments, biomolecules, inorganic materials, and organometallic compounds. The advantages of SSNMR are highlighted in relation to other analytical techniques, such as diffraction methods. The SSNMR techniques commonly used to analyze these systems and probe aspects of their polymorphic structure are reviewed, and illustrative examples from each class are given. In recent years, increasingly sophisticated SSNMR methods have been applied to the analysis of polymorphism, including 2‐D correlation methods, methods that measure chemical shift tensors, methods that extract quadrupolar parameters at high static field strengths, and computational methods that assist in interpreting and understanding the experimental data in relation to crystal structure. Multicomponent crystals including salts, solvates, and cocrystals also display polymorphism, and are often included with polymorphs in investigations of supramolecular chemistry and crystal engineering. The relationship between crystalline and amorphous materials is also discussed to emphasize the applicability of the analytical technique and the complementary information often obtained. Finally, the importance of SSNMR within multidisciplinary studies of polymorphism using other techniques is emphasized.
Spinal cerebrospinal fluid volume in healthy elderly individuals
Authors: Edsbagge M. , Starck G. , Zetterberg H. , Ziegelitz D. , Wikkelso C.
Published: March 2011

The amount of spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could be of importance for the understanding of CSF dynamics, CSF biomarker analyses as well as for the amount and effect of anaesthesia using intrathecally administered drugs. However, knowledge of spinal CSF volumes is scarce. The main purpose of this article is to present data on spinal CSF volumes. In total, 22 healthy individuals aged between 64 and 76 years underwent MR imaging with a 3D balanced turbo field echo pulse sequence, which provided high contrast between spinal cord, CSF and the extradural surroundings. The entire spinal CSF volume, the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral CSF volumes and the spinal cord volume were calculated. The total spinal CSF volume was 81 ± 13 ml (range 52–103 ml). The amount of CSF in the cervical region was 19 ± 4 ml, in the thoracic region 38 ± 8 and in the lumbosacral region 25 ± 7 ml. There was no difference between genders nor was there any correlation with height. The volume of the spinal cord was 20 ± 3 ml. The results present new magnetic resonance imaging‐based data on the spinal CSF volume in healthy elderly individuals. Clin. Anat. 24:733–740, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biosynthesis of Vitamin B2: A Unique Way to Assemble a Xylene Ring
Authors: Fischer Markus , Bacher Adelbert
Published: March 2011

The biosynthesis of one riboflavin (vitamin B2) molecule requires one molecule of GTP and two molecules of ribulose 5‐phosphate as substrates. In the final step, the tricyclic isoalloxazine chromophore, which is the hallmark of flavocoenzymes, arises from a highly unusual dismutation of bicyclic 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityllumazine that is catalyzed by riboflavin synthase but can also proceed without catalysis. The reaction proceeds via a pentacyclic adduct of two 6,7‐dimethyl‐8‐ribityllumazine molecules, whose cleavage into riboflavin and a pyrimidine derivative (by a sequence of two elimination steps) is mechanistically straightforward. Recently, the formation of the pentacyclic adduct has been proposed to involve a hydride transfer step followed by a [4+2] cycloaddition. Surprisingly, two different classes of riboflavin synthases utilize different diastereomers of the pentacyclic adduct, but the newly generated chiral centers are lost upon the intermediates' subsequent fragmentation.
Biphenyl Sulfonylamino Methyl Bisphosphonic Acids as Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Bone Resorption
Authors: Rubino Maria Teresa , Agamennone Mariangela , Campestre Cristina , Campiglia Pietro , Cremasco Viviana , Faccio Roberta , Laghezza Antonio , Loiodice Fulvio , Maggi Dariana , Panza Emilia , Rossello Armando , Tortorella Paolo
Published: March 2011

A number of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteins important in the balance of bone remodeling, play a critical role both in cancer metastasis and in bone matrix turnover associated with the presence of cancer cells in bone. Here, we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new class of MMP inhibitors characterized by a bisphosphonate function as the zinc binding group. Since the bisphosphonate group is also implicated in osteoclast inhibition and provides a preferential affinity to biological apatite, the new molecules can be regarded as bone‐seeking medicinal agents. Docking experiments were performed to clarify the mode of binding of bisphosphonate inhibitors in the active site of MMP‐2. The most promising of the studied bisphosphonates showed nanomolar inhibition against MMP‐2 and resulted in potent inhibition of osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro.
Cigarette smoking and subtypes of bladder cancer
Authors: Jiang Xuejuan , Castelao J. Esteban , Yuan Jian‐Min , Stern Mariana C. , Conti David V. , Cortessis Victoria K. , Pike Malcolm C. , Gago‐Dominguez Manuela
Published: March 2011

There is little information regarding associations between suspected bladder cancer risk factors and tumor subtypes at diagnosis. Some, but not all, studies have found that bladder cancer among smokers is often more invasive than it is among nonsmokers. This population‐based case‐control study was conducted in Los Angeles, California, involving 1,586 bladder cancer patients and their individually matched controls. Logistic regression was used to conduct separate analyses according to tumor subtypes defined by stage and grade. Cigarette smoking increased risk of both superficial and invasive bladder cancer, but the more advanced the stage, the stronger the effect. The odds ratios associated with regular smokers were 2.2 (95% confidence intervals, 1.8–2.8), 2.7 (2.1–3.6) and 3.7 (2.5–5.5) for low‐grade superficial, high‐grade superficial and invasive tumors respectively. This pattern was consistently observed regardless of the smoking exposure index under examination. Women had higher risk of invasive bladder cancer than men even they smoked comparable amount of cigarettes as men. There was no gender difference in the association between smoking and risk of low‐grade superficial bladder cancer. The heterogeneous effect of cigarette smoking was attenuated among heavy users of NSAIDs. Our results indicate that cigarette smoking was more strongly associated with increased risk of invasive bladder cancer than with low‐grade superficial bladder cancer.
Pathway analysis of gene expression in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to three different sensitizers
Authors: Ku Hyun‐Ok , Jeong Sang‐Hee , Kang Hwan‐Goo , Son Seong‐Wan , Yun So‐mi , Ryu Doug‐Young
Published: March 2011

Genomic analysis in the local lymph node assays (LLNAs) is useful for assessing skin sensitization of chemicals and providing insights into mechanisms of sensitization. In this study, we collected 1406 genes from previous microarray findings, validated changes in their expression by RT‐PCR analysis in local lymph nodes draining skin exposed to different sensitizers, and interpreted their biological function through pathway‐based genomic analysis, in which 468 genes were identified as being in the KEGG pathway database. The top‐ranked functions (P < 0.01) identified as being affected by the sensitizers were associated with aspects of cell growth, such as DNA replication, cell cycle regulation and pyrimidine metabolism. All the sensitizers tested (DNCB, OXA and TDI) induced significant up‐regulation of Psme4, which is associated with DNA replication; Tfdp1, which is related to cell cycle regulation; and Dut, which is involved in pyrimidine metabolism. Specific changes were also shown in functional categories related to the immune response, including cytokines and their receptors. Genes identified in these functional categories, such as Ccl21c, Cxcl9, Cxcl10, Ifng and Il12rb1, were found to have functional relevance. These findings may enhance our understanding and assessment of chemical sensitizers, and enable us to distinguish sensitizers from irritants and to classify chemicals as contact sensitizers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus with a fluorescence in situ hybridization that does not require lysostaphin
Authors: Lawson Thomas S. , Connally Russell E. , Iredell Jonathan R. , Vemulpad Subramanyam , Piper James A.
Published: March 2011

To detect with whole‐cell fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), Staphylococcus aureus is typically permeabilized with lyozyme and lysostaphin. We tested whether it was feasible to detect S. aureus and differentiate it from Staphylococcus epidermidis with lysozyme‐only permeabilization. We compared lysozyme permeabilizationto S. aureus permeabilized with lysozyme in combination with lysostaphin. It was determined that S. aureus treated with agarose, methanol, and lysozyme could be detected with FISH. The 1 hr protocol is a useful alternative to conventional FISH. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 25:142–147, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Carpal tunnel syndrome caused by gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers: Sonographic features
Authors: Therimadasamy Aravindakannan , Peng Yeong Pin , Putti Thomas Choudary , Wilder‐Smith Einar Patrick Vincent
Published: March 2011

We report the case of a 23‐year‐old male presenting with carpal tunnel syndrome and a swelling over the flexor surface of the wrist. MRI findings were initially suggestive of a median nerve schwannoma but sonography (US) showed a heterogenous mass infiltrating the flexor tendons of the fingers and displacing the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. US findings were confirmed by surgical exploration, which revealed a gouty tophus of the flexor tendons of the fingers at the wrist with secondary median nerve displacement and compression. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2011.
Isocyanide‐based three‐component synthesis of functionalized 5‐alkylimino‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3,4‐dicarboxylate and their conversion to substituted furanones
Authors: Hossaini Zinatossadat , Hamadi Hosein , Charati Faramarz Rostami , Khoobi Mehdi , Shafiee Abbas
Published: March 2011

The zwitterionic 1:1 intermediates formed from alkyl isocyanides and acetylenic esters are trapped by alkyl bromides to form 5‐alkylimino‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3,4‐dicarboxylate in relatively good yields at room temperature under solventless conditions. Hydrolysis of these compounds by HCl (5%) produced substituted furanones. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Evaluation of the PROMIS physical function item bank in orthopaedic patients
Authors: Hung Man , Clegg Daniel O. , Greene Tom , Saltzman Charles L.
Published: March 2011

The patient‐reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) physical function item bank v1 (PPFIB) contains 124 item response theory (IRT) calibrated items (Rose et al. 2008. J Clin Epidemiol 61:17–33). We report the psychometric properties of these items within an outpatient, orthopaedic patient population. In particular, we investigated whether a single unidimensional IRT scale can adequately define physical function of patients presenting with primarily upper or lower extremity orthopaedic complaints. We conducted a prospective study at an orthopaedic outpatient clinic to collect data from 865 adult patients with all 124 PROMIS physical function items and seven demographic items. Items were evaluated by a Rasch model. Total variance (60.6%) across the 124 items was explained by a single Rasch dimension. The variance explained by the second dimension was 7.7%, reflecting differential item functioning in the upper and lower extremity patients. The upper extremity physical function items had a pronounced ceiling effect. A single physical function dimension accounts for most of the item variance in the PPFIB, suggesting that the items are measuring predominately one single construct. Separate subscales for lower versus upper extremities, especially with additional items at the upper trait level of the upper extremity subscale, may further enhance evaluation of physical function in orthopaedic patients. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:947–953
Optical coherence tomography for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Authors: Gallwas Julia K.S. , Turk Lisa , Stepp Herbert , Mueller Susanna , Ochsenkuehn Robert , Friese Klaus , Dannecker Christian
Published: March 2011

Background and Objectives

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) permits high‐resolution imaging of tissue subsurfaces up to 2 mm in depth. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of OCT in the characterization of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and to distinguish between different CIN grades.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Colposcopy‐guided OCT images were taken from unsuspicious and suspicious areas in women with suspected CIN. Each woman then underwent directed biopsies. All OCT images were separately evaluated by two blinded investigators and later compared to the corresponding histology based on a 6‐grade classification (normal, inflammation, CIN 1, CIN 2, CIN 3, squamous carcinoma). Sensitivity and specificity of OCT in detecting CIN were determined. To assess the interobserver agreement, kappa coefficients were calculated from the ratings of each investigator for each OCT image seen.

Results

A total of 210 OCT images were compared with the corresponding histology in 120 women undergoing colposcopy for suspected CIN. Sensitivity calculated for both investigators was 98% and 96% respectively with the threshold at CIN1 and 86% and 84% respectively with the threshold at CIN2. Thirty nine (38) false positive results reduced the specificity to 39% and 41% respectively with the threshold at CIN1. Defining the threshold at CIN2 the specificity increased to 64% and 60% respectively. Unweighted kappa from a dichotomous classification with the threshold at CIN1 was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.54–0.84) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.51–0.73) with the threshold at CIN2.

Conclusion

OCT is highly sensitive in identifying pre‐invasive and invasive cancer of the uterine cervix. Improvements in resolution and the development of new light sources and optics may improve the specificity as well as the differentiation of cervical dysplasia. The interobserver agreement was substantial. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:206–212, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exact solutions for one‐dimensional consolidation of single‐layer unsaturated soil
Authors: Shan Zhendong , Ling Daosheng , Ding Haojiang
Published: March 2011

Based on the Fredlund consolidation theory of unsaturated soil, exact solutions of the governing equations for one‐dimensional consolidation of single‐layer unsaturated soil are presented, in which the water permeability and air transmission are assumed to be constants. The general solution of two coupled homogeneous governing equations is first obtained. This general solution is expressed in terms of two functions psi1 and ψ2, where ψ1 and ψ2, respectively, satisfy two second‐order partial differential equations, which are in the same form. Using the method of separation of variables, the two partial differential equations are solved and exact solutions for three typical homogeneous boundary conditions are obtained. To obtain exact solutions of nonhomogeneous governing equations with three typical nonhomogeneous boundary conditions, the nonhomogeneous boundary conditions are first transformed into homogeneous boundary conditions. Then according to the method of undetermined coefficients and exact solutions of homogenous governing equations, the series form exact solutions are put forward. The validity of the proposed exact solutions is verified against other analytical solutions in the literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local cross‐sector partnerships
Authors: Cairns Ben , Harris Margaret
Published: March 2011

We focus in this article on the challenges local governmental (municipal) and third‐sector (nonprofit) organizations face when they seek to work collaboratively or in partnership. We build on the findings of an action research project to draw out the practical implications of cross‐sector working for the organizations involved. We describe jointly agreed suggestions for tackling the challenges that emerged when third‐sector organizations and local governmental agencies themselves worked collaboratively in a search for mutually acceptable solutions. Finally, we draw out learning points on cross‐sector working for practitioners, policymakers, and researchers.
Understanding and preventing the formation of deformed polymer particles during synthesis by a seeded polymerization method
Authors: Srisopa Anong , Imroz Ali A. M. , Mayes Andrew G.
Published: March 2011

Uniformly sized porous polymer particles with different polarity namely poly(divinylbenzene), poly(vinyl acetate‐co‐divinylbenzene), poly(ethylene dimethacrylate), and poly (glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐ethylene dimethacrylate) were prepared in the micron‐size range by a seeded polymerization method. Parameters affecting the particle morphologies including monomer mixture content, porogen content, and polystyrene (PS) seed latexes were varied, and the morphologies of the resulting particles were investigated by scanning electron and confocal microscopy. The results obtained indicated that the particle shape depended dominantly on the molecular weight of the PS seed template. Deformed particles, including collapsed spheres and spheres with holes were obtained when high molecular weight PS seeds were used, whereas well‐defined polymer particles were produced easily by using low molecular weight seeds. The use of 1,1‐diphenylethylene as a chain terminator during seed polymerization is proposed in this work as an efficient method to lower molecular weight of PS in seed particles while keeping seed size small. This low molecular weight seed template retained its spherical geometry after swelling and polymerization with different second stage monomers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Thin Metal Film Deposition on Microparticles Trapped in RF Magnetron Discharge Plasma
Authors: Rudavets Alexander G. , Ryabinkin Alexey N. , Serov Alexander O.
Published: March 2011

We present the technique for metal film deposition on spherical microparticles in plasma trap. An RF magnetron discharge was applied both to sputter Ag or Cu electrodes and to confine the microparticles in the immediate proximity to the sputtered area. We estimated the stopping power of Ar buffer gas on the sputtered atoms in van der Waals collisions which provide a main thermalization channel with cross‐section of the order of magnitude larger than for the hard sphere collision model. During our deposition experiments the microparticles were trapped close to the border zone of ballistic bombardment by the sputtered atoms. The deposition rate was of the order of 10−1 nm · s−1, the coatings have continuous surface with uniform thickness.

magnified image
‘That's a Different Kind of Person’ – Spatial Connotations and Partner Choice
Authors: Haandrikman Karen , Hutter Inge
Published: March 2011

The paper investigates the process of partner choice and the specific role of geographical distance in this process. This focus on the spatial component is a unique and new approach to address the topic. By adopting a qualitative approach, the decision‐making process preceding partner choice is captured, including the preferences people have for partners, the norms influencing partner choice, and the places people go to meet potential partners. In a Dutch village, focus groups were organised around the topic. The results show that place is crucial in partner choice. Partners from close by are preferred as that is convenient and as they are seen as trustworthy persons. Spatial perceptions of people and places, based on perceived local cultural differences, affect the distance at which partners are found. The rural setting of the study, including mostly less educated participants, revealed that opportunities and norms are more important in partner choice in such a case, whereas preferences play a minor role. Local cultural diversity, from diverse reformed denominations to spatial perceptions of the mentality of people in nearby communities, affects patterns of social interaction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of unilateral proximal femoral focal deficiency at 19 weeks' gestation: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Mailath‐Pokorny M. , Timor‐Tritsch I. E. , Monteagudo A. , Mittal K. , Konno F. , Santos R.
Published: March 2011

Proximal femoral focal deficiency (PFFD) represents a rare and complex deformity manifested by hypoplasia of a variable portion of the femur with shortening of the entire limb. The condition may be unilateral or bilateral and is often associated with other congenital anomalies. Recent technological advances in ultrasound imaging offer the opportunity to detect an increasing number of rare skeletal malformation syndromes whose correct diagnosis is essential for adequate counseling and management of the pregnancy. We report a case of fetal non‐familial PFFD diagnosed prenatally using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional images. Clinical findings, differential diagnosis and management of this rare skeletal dysplasia are discussed and a review of the recent literature is given. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general approach to generate Rayleigh fading simulators with correct statistical properties
Authors: Yang Ying , Chen Xiaohui , Dong Wenxiang , Wang Weidong
Published: March 2011

Rayleigh fading channel is widely modeled using sum‐of‐sinusoids simulators. In the paper, the construction method of an accuracy simulator is of concern. The intrinsic relationships between path gain, angle of incoming wave (angle of arrival), and initial phase are analyzed. At the same time, rules of simulator construction were proposed. According to these rules, the second‐order statistical properties of designed simulators match to the desired ones perfectly. Furthermore, our method can be an elicitation to generate simulators with correct high‐order statistical properties. In addition, a realization based on the construction method is designed to example how to use these construction rules. The new realization can be used to generate multiple uncorrelated fading waveforms for frequency‐selective fading channels, multiple‐input multiple‐output channels, and diversity combining scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms controlling hematopoietic stem cell functions during normal hematopoiesis and hematological malignancies
Authors: Warr Matthew R. , Pietras Eric M. , Passegué Emmanuelle
Published: March 2011

Hematopoiesis, the process by which all mature blood cells are generated from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), is a finely tuned balancing act in which HSCs must constantly decide between different cell fates: to proliferate, to self‐renew or differentiate, to stay quiescent in the bone marrow niche or migrate to the periphery, to live or die. These fates are regulated by a complex interplay between cell‐extrinsic cues and cell‐intrinsic regulatory pathways whose function is to maintain a homeostatic balance between HSC self‐renewal and life‐long replenishment of lost blood cells. Improper regulation of these competing cellular programs can transform HSCs and progenitor cells into disease‐initiating leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Strikingly, many of the mechanisms required for maintenance of normal HSC fate decisions are equally critical for the aberrant functions of LSCs. Because of the inherent complexities of these molecular mechanisms, a systematic approach to understanding the regulatory networks underlying HSC self‐renewal is critical for uncovering the similarities and differences between HSCs and LSCs. In this review, we focus on recent developments in elucidating the regulatory networks governing normal HSC self‐renewal programs and their implications for leukemic transformation. We describe the current technical and methodological limitations in isolating and characterizing HSCs and LSCs, and the emerging approaches that may afford a better understanding of the regulation of normal and leukemic hematopoiesis. Finally, we discuss how such basic mechanistic information may be of use for the design of novel therapies that will selectively reprogram and/or eliminate LSCs. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 681–701 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.145

This article is categorized under:

Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease

Developmental Biology > Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration
Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: The Evolution and Technique of Minimally Invasive Surgery for Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Hoppo Toshitaka , Jobe Blair A. , Hunter John G.
Published: March 2011

Beginning with the widespread introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in late 1989, minimally invasive surgical technique has been refined in conjunction with the development of advanced instrumentation and have subsequently been applied to increasingly complicated disease processes. Esophageal surgeons have increasingly incorporated minimally invasive surgery into their practice since the first laparoscopic fundoplication was described by Dallemagne et al. in 1991. Esophagectomy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality even in highly experienced centers. Many esophageal surgeons have had a great deal of interest in minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE), which has the potential advantages of being a less traumatic procedure with a resultant improvement in postoperative convalescence and fewer wound and cardiopulmonary complications compared to the open approaches. Throughout the 1990s, as confidence with laparoscopic surgery of the esophagogastric junction grew, MIE was initially attempted with hybrid operations combining traditional open surgery with minimally invasive approaches. Subsequently, a totally laparoscopic transhiatal approach was described; however, this approach was perceived to be very challenging and has not gained widespread acceptance. Approaches used at present depend on cancer stage, cancer location, body habitus, and pulmonary function. For localized cancer (T1N0) or HGD, we prefer laparoscopic inversion esophagectomy (retrograde or antigrade). This approach may also be used for patients at high risk for thoracotomy. For locally advanced cancer in the middle third of the esophagus or for proximal third esophageal cancer, we prefer 3‐field MIE (abdomen, and chest with neck anastomosis). For locally advanced cancer in the distal esophagus, especially in patients with a short thick neck, we prefer thoracoscopic‐laparoscopic (2‐field) esophagectomy (TLE).
Art. I.—On the Birs Nimrud, or the Great Temple of Borsippa
Authors: Rawlinson Henry C.
Published: March 2011

After being encamped for ten days at the foot of the Babylonian Mound of the Kasr, employed in a careful examination of the great mass of the ruins and the surrounding topography, I took advantage of the first break in the weather to pay a flying visit to the Birs-Nimrud, where excavations had been carried on for above two months, under my directions and on account of the British Museum, by an intelligent youngman, M. Joseph Tonietti by name, with a view of ascertaining the general features of thebuilding, and thus finally disposing of the many difficult questions connected with this remarkable ruin. Crossing the river at the village of Anana, a ride of three hours and a quarter brought our small party, which consisted of Dr. Hyslop, the Rev. Mr. Leacroft, and myself, to the spot in question. We found our tents already pitched at the camp, or village, which our labourers had formed a short distance to the north of the mound, but without alighting we proceeded on at once to inspect the excavations. That day was consumed in making a careful inspection of the various works in progress, and in endeavouring to realize and restore a general plan of the original building from a comparison of the various sections of exterior wall, and interior strata of brickwork, which had been laid bare by the vertical and horizontal trenches now seaming the mound.
Art. VI.—On the Second Indian Embassy to Rome (Pliny, Nat. Hist. VI, 24.)
Authors: Priaulx Osmond De Beauvoir
Published: March 2011

The second Indian embassy to Rome was the consequence of an accident. Pliny tells the story thus. A freedman of one Annius Plocamus, while in the Red Sea collecting the tolls and customs farmed of Claudius by his patron, was caught in a gale of wind, driven past Carmania, and on the fifteenth day carried into Hippuros, a port of Ceylon. Here, though his ship with its contents seems to have been seized and confiscated to the king's use, he himself was kindly and hospitably treated. In six months' time he learned the language. Admitted to familiar intercourse with the king, in answer to his questions he told him of Rome and of Cæsar. In these conversations and from some denarii which had been found in the Roman ship, and which from the heads upon them had evidently been coined at different times and by different persons, and which nevertheless were all of the same weight, the Singhalese monarch learned to appreciate Roman justice. He became desirous of forming an alliance with Rome, and to that purpose sent over one Rachias with three other ambassadors to Claudius. And from their statements Pliny intimates that he derived that fuller and more accurate information with respect to Ceylon which he has embodied in his Natural History.
Art. VIII.—Some Observations on the Manners, Customs, and Religious Opinions of the Lurka Coles
Authors: Dunbar William
Published: March 2011

The Coles inhabit a great extent of country. In former times they possessed the whole of Chota-Nagpore, which may now be said to be divided between them and the Dhangars or Ouraons, who came from Rotasghur. The chief men in most of the villages are still however of the old Moonda or Cole tribe, and they do not intermarry with the Dhangars. The greater part of Singhboom is inhabited by Coles, and we find them numerous in Bamanghotty, and dispersed to the vicinities of Cuttack and Midnapore. The Lurka Coles, as they are termed, inhabit those extensive tracts as yet but little known, which go under the name of the Colekans. Part of these wilds is situated iri the Singhboom district, and the inhabitants pay a nominal obedience to the Maharajah of that province, but the greater proportion of this population is more under the influence of the Rajah of Mokurburj than of any of the other powerful chiefs in that part of the country. But even his orders are obeyed only where they are supposed to tend to the advantage of the Coles themselves. Upon the whole it may be said of this singular people that, living in a primeval and patriarchal manner under their Moondas and Mankies, they have managed to preserve a sort of savage independence, making themselves dreaded and feared by their more powerful and civilized neighbours. They have always been ready to fly to arms at the call of any enterprising and desperate adventurer.
Art. IX.—On Manetho's Chronology of the New Kingdom
Authors: Hincks Edward
Published: March 2011

So many attempts have been made to restore the original chronology of Manetho from the list of kings which have been transmitted to us, on his authority, by Africanus, Eusebius, and others, that it will naturally be considered presumptuous in any one to make a new attempt. And yet, even as respects the new kingdom, the attempts that have been hitherto made, are very unsatisfactory; and we find them to be at variance both with the chronology of the Assyrian Inscriptions, of Ptolemy's Canon, and of the 2nd Book of Kings,—all of which are in perfect harmony with one another. Even so late as the 25th, or Ethiopian dynasty, we find Lepsius and Bunsen opposed to one another. The cause of all these failures,—for such I consider all the attempts at restoring the true chronology which have hitherto been made to be,—I believe to be an unsound method of criticising the lists that have come down to us; and I ascribe the success, which I flatter myself I have attained, to my proceeding in a way which, so far as I am aware, is wholly new.
Art. X.—Notice on Buddhist Symbols
Authors: Hodgson B. H.
Published: March 2011

I have the honour to transmit to you, for presentation to the Society, two sheets containing collectively 143 symbols of Buddhism, whereof the first 33, occupying the two uppermost lines, are taken from coins published in the J.R.A.S., but all the rest from the Saugata temples and imáges of the Valley of Nepal. To these sketches of Buddhist symbols I add six separate ones of celebrated characters, either belonging to, or most closely connected with, the same creed, and which also were obtained in Nepal, the four first from images in stone; the two last from illuminated manuscripts. The numismatic symbols, presumably Buddhist, were brought together, from printed sources, many years back, with the view of obtaining explanations of their import from the learned Saugatas of Nepal; and with the same view, everything in the shape of a symbol, which my immense collection of drawings taken from the temples, statues, and pictures of Buddhism in Nepal, contained, was similarly brought together and added to the former series. Of the result I have no distinct recollection at this distance of time; but I believe that more pressing objects intervened to shut out from my view and memory this project, and that no explanations were obtained.