bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coulomb collisions in strongly anisotropic plasmas II. Cyclotron cooling in laboratory pair plasmas
Authors: Kennedy D. , Helander P.
Published: February 2021

The behaviour of a strongly magnetised collisional electron–positron plasma that is optically thin to cyclotron radiation is considered, and the distribution functions accessible to it on the various timescales in the system are calculated. Particular attention is paid to the limit in which the collision time exceeds the radiation emission time, making the electron distribution function strongly anisotropic. Indeed, these are the exact conditions likely to be attained in the first laboratory electron–positron plasma experiments currently being developed, which will typically have very low densities and be confined in very strong magnetic fields. The constraint of strong magnetisation adds an additional complication in that long-range Coulomb collisions, which are usually negligible, must now be considered. A rigorous collision operator for these long-range collisions has never been written down. Nevertheless, we show that the collisional scattering can be accounted for without knowing the explicit form of this collision operator. The rate of radiation emission is calculated and it is found that the loss of energy from the plasma is proportional to the parallel collision frequency multiplied by a factor that only depends logarithmically on plasma parameters. That is, this is a self-accelerating process, meaning that the bulk of the energy will be lost in a few collision times. We show that in a simple case, that of straight field-line geometry, there are no unstable drift waves in such plasmas, despite being far from Maxwellian.
Frontier Governance: Contested and plural authorities in a Karen village after the ceasefire
Authors: KYED HELENE MARIA
Published: February 2021

This article applies the concept of frontier to analytically understand the forms of border governance that are developing in a former combat zone after the signing of a ceasefire agreement between the Myanmar government and the Karen National Union (KNU). In particular, it explores border governance through the lens of judicial interventions, moral ordering, and control of crime. Based on ethnographic fieldwork in 2016–2018, it shows how a Karen-populated area changed from being a military combat zone to an area that is the target of civilian state-making efforts by both the KNU and the Myanmar state. These efforts intermingle and compete, and yet each form of state-making remains incomplete and contested. This has resulted in pluralized authorities and partly overlapping forms of what I conceptualize as ‘frontier border governance’. With its focus on two competing state-making actors, the article adds new insights to the burgeoning literature on frontiers, which predominantly focuses on a single expansionary state.
Neonatal transcatheter closure of a right pulmonary artery to left atrium fistula
Authors: Bertail-Galoin Claire
Published: February 2021

A fistula between the pulmonary artery and the left atrium is a rare entity and its diagnosis is uncommon in the neonatal period. There are more reported surgical treatments in the literature than with a transcatheter closure. We report the case of a prenatal diagnosis of a large fistula between the right pulmonary artery and the left atrium with successful transcatheter closure with an Amplatzer duct occluder II 6/4 mm.
Stepping back from the brink: Why multilateral regulation of autonomy in weapons systems is difficult, yet imperative and feasible
Authors: Sauer Frank
Published: February 2021

This article explains why regulating autonomy in weapons systems, entailing the codification of a legally binding obligation to retain meaningful human control over the use of force, is such a challenging task within the framework of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. It is difficult because it requires new diplomatic language, and because the military value of weapon autonomy is hard to forego in the current arms control winter. The article argues that regulation is nevertheless imperative, because the strategic as well as ethical risks outweigh the military benefits of unshackled weapon autonomy. To this end, it offers some thoughts on how the implementation of regulation can be expedited.
Empfehlungen für die Prävention, Diagnostik und Therapie der Abhängigkeitserkrankungen im Alter
Authors: Savaskan Egemen , Fuchs Andreas , Hemmeter Ulrich , Ibach Bernd , Indermaur Esther , Klöppel Stefan , Laimbacher Sabrina , Leyhe Thomas , Lötscher Claudia , Popp Julius , Stauch Tilo , Wiesbeck Gerhard , Wopfner Alexander , Zullino Daniele
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Obwohl der chronische Konsum einzelner Substanzen wie z.B. Alkohol und Sedativa, sowie zunehmend auch Opioide, im Alter ein grosses Problem mit erheblichen Folgeschäden für die Betroffenen darstellt, ist den entsprechenden Störungsbildern bisher wenig Beachtung geschenkt worden. Die vorliegenden Empfehlungen sind unter der Federführung der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Alterspsychiatrie- und Psychotherapie (SGAP) in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Schweizer Berufsverband für Pflegefachpersonal (SBK) und der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Suchtmedizin (SSAM) entstanden, mit dem Ziel, den aktuellen Stand des Wissens über die Abhängigkeitserkrankungen im Alter sowie über die Möglichkeiten der Diagnostik und Therapie zusammenzufassen und den interprofessionellen, klinischen Teams zur Verfügung zu stellen. Sie sollen helfen, die Prävention und Frühdiagnostik zu stärken, und stellen bewusst die Psychotherapie und pflegerischen Interventionsmöglichkeiten in den Vordergrund.
CME-Rheumatologie 22/Antworten: Rheumatologische Fälle
Authors: Tamborrini Giorgio
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Anhand von verschiedenen Fällen werden häufige und weniger häufige Ursachen von schmerzhaften oder geschwollenen Gelenken illustriert. In der Regel führt uns bereits die Anamnese und die präzise klinische Untersuchung in die richtige diagnostische Richtung. Die weiteren Abklärungen wie Laboranalysen oder bildgebende Verfahren werden gezielt unter Berücksichtigung der Klinik eingesetzt.
A Non-Traumatic Avulsion Fracture of the Lesser Trochanter: Other Diagnosis Not to Be Missed
Authors: Koçer Serdar , Grácio Simone , Molnar Pierre , Baumgartner Léa
Published: February 2021

Abstract. In adults, an isolated non-traumatic fracture of the lesser trochanter should arouse strong suspicion of an underlying malignant pathology. In this article, we present the case of a 55-year-old male patient who presented with a non-traumatic isolated fracture of the lesser trochanter secondary to a delayed diagnosis of metastases of bronchial carcinoma.
CME-Sonografie 96: Milzveränderungen
Authors: Tuma Jan
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Milz ist ein etwas vernachlässigtes Organ. Dabei gibt es doch immer wieder Veränderungen, die es zu diagnostizieren gilt. Splenomegalie, weltweit am häufigsten verursacht durch Malaria, kommt auch bei anderen Infekten, bei Pfortaderthrombose oder bei portaler Hypertonie in Rahmen der Leberzirrhose vor. Häufig findet man auch eine Nebenmilz. Manchmal findet man nach einer Splenektomie kleine Reste, die später hypertrophieren können. Bei fokalen Veränderungen unterscheiden wir diverse Formen von Milzzysten, Lymphome, Metastasen sowie benigne Tumoren.
CME: Hypertonie und die COVID-19-Pandemie: Was in der medizinischen Praxis zu beachten ist
Authors: Wuerzner Grégoire , Waeber Bernard
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die COVID-19-Pandemie stellt ein grosses Problem für die öffentliche Gesundheit dar. Ein Teil der Bevölkerung hat ein erhöhtes Risiko, im Rahmen dieser Erkrankung vermehrt Komplikationen zu entwickeln, insbesondere ältere Menschen sowie Diabetiker, adipöse und möglicherweise hypertensive Patientinnen und Patienten. Für Letztere muss dies noch in gross angelegten kontrollierten Studien bestätigt werden. Die bisher gesammelten Erkenntnisse beruhigen, egal ob die Betroffenen behandelt sind oder nicht. Bei der Einnahme von blutdrucksenkenden Medikamenten, einschliesslich Blockern des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems, besteht kein Grund zur Besorgnis. Erste Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, dass der COVID-19-Impfstoff ohne besondere Probleme bei Hypertoniepatientinnen und -patienten verabreicht werden kann. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass es keinen Grund gibt, hypertensive Patientinnen und Patienten anders zu behandeln als vor dem Ausbruch der Pandemie.
CME: L’hypertension artérielle et la pandémie COVID-19: Ce qu’il faut retenir en pratique médicale
Authors: Wuerzner Grégoire , Waeber Bernard
Published: February 2021

Résumé. La pandémie COVID-19 représente un problème de santé publique majeur. Une partie de la population est à risque accru de développer des complications de cette maladie, en particulier les personnes âgées ainsi que les malades diabétiques, les obèses et, possiblement, les malades hypertendus. Pour ces derniers, cela reste à être confirmé dans des études contrôlées de grande envergure. Les connaissances accumulées à ce jour sont rassurantes, que les malades soient traités ou non. Il n’y a pas de crainte à avoir en ce qui concerne la prise de médicaments antihypertenseurs, y compris les bloqueurs du système rénine-angiotensine. Les premières observations indiquent que le vaccin anti-COVID-19 peut être administré chez le malade hypertendu avec la meme efficacité que le normotendu. En conclusion il n’y a pas de raison de prendre en charge le malade hypertendu autrement qu’avant l’apparition de la pandémie.
Cloud Formation From a Localized Water Release in the Upper Mesosphere: Indication of Rapid Cooling
Authors: Collins Richard L. , Stevens Michael H. , Azeem Irfan , Taylor Michael J. , Larsen Miguel F. , Williams Bifford P. , Li Jintai , Alspach Jennifer H. , Pautet Pierre‐Dominique , Zhao Yucheng , Zhu Xun
Published: February 2021

Polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) occur in the summer near 82 ‐85km altitude due to seasonal changes of temperature and humidity. However, water vapor and associated PMCs have also been observed associated with rocket exhaust. The effects of this rocket exhaust on the temperature of the upper mesosphere are not well understood. To investigate these effects, 220 kg of pure water was explosively released at 85 km as part of the Super Soaker sounding rocket experiment on the night of January 25–26, 2018 at Poker Flat Research Range (65°N, 147°W). A cloud formed within 18 s and was measured by a ground‐based Rayleigh lidar. The peak altitude of the cloud appeared to descend from 92 to 78 km over 3 min. Temperatures leading up to the release were between 197 and 232 K, about 50 K above the summertime water frost point when PMCs typically occur. The apparent motion of the cloud is interpreted in terms of the expansion of the explosive release. Analysis using a water vapor radiative cooling code coupled to a microphysical model indicates that the cloud formed due to the combined effects of rapid radiative cooling (∼25 K) by meter‐scale filaments of nearly pure water vapor (∼1 ppv) and an increase in the frost point temperature (from 150 to 200 K) due to the high concentration of water vapor. These results indicate that water exhaust not only acts as a reservoir for mesospheric cloud production but also actively cools the mesosphere to induce cloud formation.
Differential Cardiopulmonary Health Impacts of Local and Long‐Range Transport of Wildfire Smoke
Authors: Magzamen Sheryl , Gan Ryan W. , Liu Jingyang , O’Dell Katelyn , Ford Bonne , Berg Kevin , Bol Kirk , Wilson Ander , Fischer Emily V. , Pierce Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2021

We estimated cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality associated with wildfire smoke (WFS) fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the Front Range of Colorado from 2010 to 2015. To estimate WFS PM2.5, we developed a daily kriged PM2.5 surface at a 15  × 15 km resolution based on the Environmental Protection Agency Air Quality System monitors for the western United States; we subtracted out local seasonal‐average PM2.5 of nonsmoky days, identified using satellite‐based smoke plume estimates, from the local daily estimated PM2.5 if smoke was identified by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Hazard Mapping System. We implemented time‐stratified case‐crossover analyses to estimate the effect of a 10 µg/m3 increase in WFS PM2.5 with cardiopulmonary hospitalizations and deaths using single and distributed lag models for lags 0–5 and distinct annual impacts based on local and long‐range smoke during 2012, and long‐range transport of smoke in 2015. A 10 µg/m3 increase in WFS was associated with all respiratory, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations for lag day 3 and hospitalizations for ischemic heart disease at lag days 2 and 3. Cardiac arrest deaths were associated with WFS PM2.5 at lag day 0. For 2012 local wildfires, asthma hospitalizations had an inverse association with WFS PM2.5 (OR: 0.716, 95% CI: 0.517–0.993), but a positive association with WFS PM2.5 during the 2015 long‐range transport event (OR: 1.455, 95% CI: 1.093–1.939). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with the 2012 long‐range transport event (OR: 1.478, 95% CI: 1.124–1.944).
Central Pacific El Niño as a Precursor to Summer Drought‐Breaking Rainfall Over Southeastern Australia
Authors: Freund Mandy B. , Marshall Andrew G. , Wheeler Matthew C. , Brown Jaclyn N.
Published: February 2021

Using an extended 120‐year record of El Niño events, we distinguish between central Pacific (CP) and eastern Pacific (EP) types to show that the strength of CP events is a factor in the amplitude and sign of the impact on rainfall over southeastern Australia. Both weak and strong CP events cause widespread rainfall deficits in Australia during the onset phase from April to September. However, this relationship reverses over southeastern Australia including the Murray Darling Basin river catchment region for the strongest CP events after October, leading to positive rainfall anomalies during the mature phase of strong CP El Niños. This reversal can be explained by a change in the circulation over eastern Australia from drier, more westerly orientated flow to moister, more easterly onshore flow. These findings may help with seasonal prediction efforts to predict drought‐breaking rain such as occurred in early 2020.
Global Significant Changes in Formaldehyde (HCHO) Columns Observed From Space at the Early Stage of the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Sun Wenfu , Zhu Lei , De Smedt Isabelle , Bai Bin , Pu Dongchuan , Chen Yuyang , Shu Lei , Wang Dakang , Fu Tzung‐May , Wang Xiaofei , Yang Xin
Published: February 2021

Satellite HCHO data are widely used as a reliable proxy of non‐methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) to constrain underlying emissions and chemistry. Here, we examine global significant changes in HCHO columns at the early stage of the COVID‐19 pandemic (January–April 2020) compared with the same period in 2019 with observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI). HCHO columns decline (11.0%) in the Northern China Plain (NCP) because of a combination of meteorological impacts, lower HCHO yields as NOx emission plunges (by 36.0%), and reduced NMVOC emissions (by 15.0%) resulting from the lockdown. HCHO columns change near Beijing (+8.4%) due mainly to elevated hydroxyl radical as NOx emission decreases in a NOx‐saturated regime. HCHO columns change in Australia (+17.5%), Northeastern Myanmar of Southeast Asia (+14.9%), Central Africa (+7.8%), and Central America (+18.9%), consistent with fire activities. Our work also points to other changes related to temperature and meteorological variations.
A Lagrangian View of Moisture Transport Related to the Heavy Rainfall of July 2020 in Japan: Importance of the Moistening Over the Subtropical Regions
Authors: Zhao N. , Manda A. , Guo X. , Kikuchi K. , Nasuno T. , Nakano M. , Zhang Y. , Wang B.
Published: February 2021

The transport and accumulation of moisture played an essential role in the extremely heavy rainfall of July 2020 in Japan. To better understand this event in terms of moisture sources and transport routes, backward particle trajectory analysis was conducted. We found two major moisture sources: transport from the tropics and uptake from the subtropics. A narrow moisture channel was found along the edge of the western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), transporting the moisture to the Baiu front. However, most moisture from the tropics was lost due to precipitation, and their contributions were reduced to about 15%. In contrast, the subtropical regions contributed over 80% moisture via evaporation and lower tropospheric convection. Among those regions, the western Pacific contributed the most (>33%). This study highlights the role of WPSH in moisture transport and demonstrated the importance of moisture uptake during transport.
Evidence for Clear‐Sky Dimming and Brightening in Central Europe
Authors: Wild Martin , Wacker Stephan , Yang Su , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo
Published: February 2021

For the explanation of the observed decadal variations in surface solar radiation (known as dimming and brightening), the relative importance of clouds and the cloud‐free atmosphere (particularly aerosols) is currently disputed. Here, we investigate this issue using daily data from the prominent long‐term observational radiation record at Potsdam, Germany, over the 71‐year period 1947–2017. We identify cloud‐free days based on synop cloud observations as well as on days with maximum atmospheric transmission. Irrespective of the cloud‐screening method, strong dimming and brightening tendencies in the atmospheric transmission are evident not only under all‐sky but also of similar magnitude under clear‐sky conditions, causing multidecadal variations in surface solar radiation on the order of 10 Wm−2. This points to the cloud‐free atmosphere as a main responsible for dimming and brightening in central Europe and suggests that these variations are anthropogenically forced rather than of natural origin, with aerosol pollutants as likely major drivers.
Multi‐Wavelength Imaging Observations of STEVE at Athabasca, Canada
Authors: Yadav Sneha , Shiokawa Kazuo , Otsuka Yuichi , Connors Martin , St Maurice J.‐P.
Published: February 2021

We present the first multi‐wavelength imaging observations of strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE) using an all‐sky imager at Athabasca (magnetic latitude = 61.5°N), Canada. This study is based on three STEVE events which were accompanied by picket fence structures in the green‐line. Although the STEVE arc was dominant in 630 and 557.7‐nm, weak emissions were also found in other wavelengths including OI at 844.6, Hβ, Na, and the nominal background filter at 572.5‐nm. As observed at 630 and 557.7‐nm, the STEVE arc started as a faint arc close to the auroral oval and moved equatorward. The 557.7‐nm arc exhibited picket fence structure at later times after it moved equatorward. The picket fence was sometimes found to persist even after the 630‐nm arc had disappeared. During a particular event, the STEVE arcs in both the 630 and 557.7‐nm were found to carry a ribbon‐like motion moving along the arc. We have found that STEVE arcs are embedded in a region of weak diffuse auroral emissions. The STEVE arcs have sharp boundaries and these boundaries are different in red‐ and green‐line. The sharp decrease in the intensity at the immediate poleward edge of the STEVE arc appears as a “dark‐band” in the green‐line images. Based on the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field at Fort Smith (magnetic latitude 67.28°N), we find that the STEVE arc detachment, its equatorward motion, and its brightness coincided with changes in the magnetic activity during the recovery phase of a substorm.
Changes in Diffuse Degassing From the Summit Crater of Teide Volcano (Tenerife, Canary Islands) Prior to the 2016 Tenerife Long‐Period Seismic Swarm
Authors: Padrón Eleazar , Pérez Nemesio M. , Hernández Pedro A. , Melián Gladys , Asensio‐Ramos María , D'Auria Luca , Rodríguez Fátima , Alonso Mar , Amonte Cecilia , Padilla Germán D. , Barrancos José , Calvo David , C. Coldwell Beverley , Pankhurst Matthew J.
Published: February 2021

Ground surface diffuse degassing and heat flow surveys were conducted at the summit crater of Teide volcano (Tenerife) on a roughly monthly basis from 2013 to 2017 to evaluate their degree of temporal variation and compare with seismovolcanic activity in and around Tenerife Island. We report that significant changes in survey physicochemical and chemical parameters through time were observed. Several geochemical signals record the occurrence of magmatic fluid injections in the hydrothermal system of Tenerife: during June‐August of 2016 there were increases in diffuse H2S emission, observed relatively higher values of diffuse H2S/CO2 He/CO2, and CO2/CH4 degassing ratios and changes in the carbon isotopic ratio of diffuse CO2 degassing. Convective mixing within a magma reservoir triggered by an injection of fresh magma is confirmed as the most plausible scenario to explain the source of fluid injection into the hydrothermal system of Teide.
The Effect of Pressure on Grain‐Growth Kinetics in Olivine Aggregates With Some Geophysical Applications
Authors: Zhang Zhongtian , Karato Shun‐Ichiro
Published: February 2021

The effect of pressure on grain‐growth kinetics of olivine was investigated up to 10 GPa at 1773 K under relatively water‐poor conditions. The results are interpreted using a relation to obtain the activation volume  = 5.0 ± 1.1 cm3/mol for n = 2 or  = 5.2 ± 1.1 cm3/mol for n = 3. The small activation volume means that grain‐growth kinetics in pure olivine aggregates is fast even in the dry deep upper mantle, implying that grain‐size is controlled by the pinning by other phases or by dynamic recrystallization except for the early stage after the phase transformation from wadsleyite in upwelling materials. The present results are applied to seismic wave attenuation that is likely controlled by grain‐boundary processes. The inferred peak in attenuation just below the oceanic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary from the NoMelt array is difficult to be explained by the pressure effects assuming the absorption band behavior because such a model requires a much larger activation volume than determined in this work and it also fails to explain high attenuation in the deep asthenosphere. This suggests that either melt accumulation or other processes such as elastically accommodated grain‐boundary sliding (EAGBS) is responsible for the peak in attenuation. The present results are also applied to EAGBS. We suggest that the deep upper mantle is likely to be relaxed by EAGBS, which implies that the shear velocity of the deep upper mantle can be several percent smaller than that inferred from single crystal elasticity.
Effect of the Initial Vortex Vertical Structure on Early Development of an Axisymmetric Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Peng Ke , Fang Juan
Published: February 2021

With the nonhydrostatic axisymmetric cloud‐resolving model CM1, two sets of ensemble runs are conducted to study the influence of initial vortex depth on the early development of an idealized tropical cyclone (TC). It is found that with the shallow initial vortex, the intensification rate (IR) is smaller and the TC takes a longer time to reach a state of slantwise moist neutrality. These behaviors are primarily ascribed to the less active convection in the shallow case. In contrast to the deep initial vortex, the shallow initial vortex is characterized by a more stable stratification in the lower troposphere and a smaller gradient of angular momentum (M) in the mid‐to‐upper troposphere. The former tends to hinder the occurrence of deep convection in the TC while the latter makes it difficult to intensify the mid‐to‐upper level vortex and to establish a deep vortex. Thus, deep convection bursts intermittently in the early developing stage of the TC originating from the shallow vortex. During the periods of inactive convection, the TC weakens by the decline of M source associated with reduced horizontal advection, which is overwhelmed by sinks of M from moderately decreased vertical advection and nearly‐constant dissipation term. Therefore, the IR of the TC is smaller in the early developing stage and the development of TC from the shallow vortex usually needs a longer time to build the steady deep secondary circulation favorable for more rapid intensification.
Incision History of the Three Gorges, Yangtze River Constrained From Inversion of River Profiles and Low‐Temperature Thermochronological Data
Authors: Jiao Ruohong , Yang Rong , Yuan Xiaoping
Published: February 2021

We reconstruct the incision history of bedrock rivers based on inverse modeling of the long profile of a river channel and the low‐temperature thermochronological data. Our approach first infers an erodibility‐dependent incision history through a linear inversion of the channel elevations of the river. Then to calibrate the reconstructed incision history in the geological timescale, we constrain the erosional efficiency by optimizing the erosion process of the river catchment using a Bayesian analysis, such that the exhumation and cooling paths of bedrocks in the catchment conform to the observed thermochronological ages. We apply this approach to estimate the incision history of the Three Gorges, Yangtze River in East Asia. We modeled the incision histories of three tributaries on the mainstem Yangtze River near the eastern end of the Three Gorges area, assuming that the gorge incision was driven by increased upstream drainage area of the Upper Yangtze (Scenario 1) or local tectonic uplift (Scenario 2). The results of both scenarios suggest an early Miocene onset of the incision of Three Gorges, that is, 18 ± 6 Ma or 21 ± 4 Ma, respectively. During the Pliocene, our models suggest a significant decrease in the gorge incision rate. By comparing the estimated gorge incision history to the late Cenozoic denudation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau and the regional climate change, we suggest that the incision of the Three Gorges has been heavily affected by the development of the Upper Yangtze River and the East Asian monsoon.
Unified Model of Sediment Transport Threshold and Rate Across Weak and Intense Subaqueous Bedload, Windblown Sand, and Windblown Snow
Authors: Pähtz Thomas , Liu Yonghui , Xia Yuezhang , Hu Peng , He Zhiguo , Tholen Katharina
Published: February 2021

Nonsuspended sediment transport (NST) refers to the sediment transport regime in which the flow turbulence is unable to support the weight of transported grains. It occurs in fluvial environments (i.e., driven by a stream of liquid) and in aeolian environments (i.e., wind‐blown) and plays a key role in shaping sedimentary landscapes of planetary bodies. NST is a highly fluctuating physical process because of turbulence, surface inhomogeneities, and variations of grain size and shape and packing geometry. Furthermore, the energy of transported grains varies strongly due to variations of their flow exposure duration since their entrainment from the bed. In spite of such variability, we here propose a deterministic model that represents the entire grain motion, including grains that roll and/or slide along the bed, by a periodic saltation motion with rebound laws that describe an average rebound of a grain after colliding with the bed. The model simultaneously captures laboratory and field measurements and discrete element method (DEM)‐based numerical simulations of the threshold and rate of equilibrium NST within a factor of about 2, unifying weak and intense transport conditions in oil, water, and air (oil only for threshold). The model parameters have not been adjusted to these measurements but determined from independent data sets. Recent DEM‐based numerical simulations (Comola, Gaume, et al., 2019; https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082195) suggest that equilibrium aeolian NST on Earth is insensitive to the strength of cohesive bonds between bed grains. Consistently, the model captures cohesive windblown sand and windblown snow conditions despite not explicitly accounting for cohesion.
Impact of the Propagation Model on the Capacity in Small‐Cell Networks: Comparison Between the UHF/SHF and the Millimeter Wavebands
Authors: Teixeira Emanuel , Sousa Sofia , Velez Fernando J. , Peha Jon M.
Published: February 2021

This work shows how both frequency and the election of path loss model affect estimated spectral efficiency. Six different frequency bands are considered, ranging from 2.6 GHz in the ultra high frequency (UHF) band to 73 GHz in the millimeter wave bands (mmWaves), using both single‐slope and two‐slope path‐loss models. We start by comparing four urban path loss models for UHF: the urban/vehicular and pedestrian test environment from the ITU‐R M. 1255 Report, which includes the two‐slope urban micro line‐of‐sight (LoS) and NLoS, from the ITU‐R 2135 Report. Then, we consider mmWaves taking into consideration the modified Friis propagation model, followed by an analysis of the throughput for the 2.6, 3.5, 28, 38, 60, and 73 GHz frequency bands. We have found that the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio, as estimated with the more realistic two‐slope model, is lower for devices that are within the break‐point of the transmitter, which is a small distance in the UHF/SHF band. As a result, spectral efficiency is higher with mmWaves than with UHF/SHF spectrum when cell radius is under 40 m but not when cells are larger. Consequently, mmWaves spectrum will be more valuable as cells get small. We also find that capacity as estimated with the two‐slope model is considerably smaller than one would obtain with the one‐slope model when cells are small but there is little difference in the models when cells are larger. Thus, as cells get smaller, the use of one‐slope models may underestimate the number of cells that must be deployed.
Upper Mantle Heterogeneity and Radial Anisotropy Beneath the Western Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Heng , Zhao Dapeng , Zhao Junmeng , Li Yunyue Elita , Liu Hongbing , Ding Min , Jiang Yong , Xu Xin
Published: February 2021

P‐wave radial anisotropy (RAN) tomography of the upper mantle beneath the western Tibetan Plateau is determined using teleseismic arrival time data recorded at 71 temporal seismic stations of the ANTILOPE‐I and Y2 arrays, which reveals a complex deformation pattern in the upper mantle. A high‐velocity anomaly with prominent positive RAN is visible to the south of 31°N, which may reflect the underthrusting Indian lithospheric mantle (ILM). Further north, another high‐velocity zone appears at depths >200 km, which is possibly related to the foundering ILM, or the northward advancing ILM affected by previously attached Tethyan oceanic slab. Considering the continuity of the high‐velocity zones and similarity of the RAN anomalies, we suggest that there is no slab tearing or breakoff at present beneath western Tibet. To the north of 31°N, E‐W trending variations of velocity and RAN at shallow depths (<150 km) suggest that small‐scale convection occurs between 79°E and 81°E, whereas the residue of the Eurasian lithospheric mantle is located in the eastern side. We deem that the formation of the Ya‐Re Rift and Puran Graben was caused by variations of the lithospheric thickness instead of slab tearing or asthenospheric upwelling, considering locations of the rift and the graben and our present results.
Thalamocortical connectivity is associated with autism symptoms in high-functioning adults with autism and typically developing adults
Authors: Ayub Rafi , Sun Kevin L. , Flores Ryan E. , Lam Vicky T. , Jo Booil , Saggar Manish , Fung Lawrence K.
Published: February 2021

Alterations in sensorimotor functions are common in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Such aberrations suggest the involvement of the thalamus due to its key role in modulating sensorimotor signaling in the cortex. Although previous research has linked atypical thalamocortical connectivity with ASD, investigations of this association in high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (HFASD) are lacking. Here, for the first time, we investigated the resting-state functional connectivity of the thalamus, medial prefrontal, posterior cingulate, and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortices and its association with symptom severity in two matched cohorts of HFASD. The principal cohort consisted of 23 HFASD (mean[SD] 27.1[8.9] years, 39.1% female) and 20 age- and sex-matched typically developing controls (25.1[7.2] years, 30.0% female). The secondary cohort was a subset of the ABIDE database consisting of 58 HFASD (25.4[7.8] years, 37.9% female) and 51 typically developing controls (24.4[6.7] years, 39.2% female). Using seed-based connectivity analysis, between-group differences were revealed as hyperconnectivity in HFASD in the principal cohort between the right thalamus and bilateral precentral/postcentral gyri and between the right thalamus and the right superior parietal lobule. The former was associated with autism-spectrum quotient in a sex-specific manner, and was further validated in the secondary ABIDE cohort. Altogether, we present converging evidence for thalamocortical hyperconnectivity in HFASD that is associated with symptom severity. Our results fill an important knowledge gap regarding atypical thalamocortical connectivity in HFASD, previously only reported in younger cohorts.
Circulating tumor DNA dynamics in advanced breast cancer treated with CDK4/6 inhibition and endocrine therapy
Authors: Martínez-Sáez Olga , Pascual Tomás , Brasó-Maristany Fara , Chic Nuria , González-Farré Blanca , Sanfeliu Esther , Rodríguez Adela , Martínez Débora , Galván Patricia , Rodríguez Anna Belén , Schettini Francesco , Conte Benedetta , Vidal Maria , Adamo Barbara , Martínez Antoni , Muñoz Montserrat , Moreno Reinaldo , Villagrasa Patricia , Salvador Fernando , Ciruelos Eva M. , Faull Iris , Odegaard Justin I. , Prat Aleix
Published: February 2021

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) levels may predict response to anticancer drugs, including CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy combinations (CDK4/6i+ET); however, critical questions remain unanswered such as which assay or statistical method to use. Here, we obtained paired plasma samples at baseline and week 4 in 45 consecutive patients with advanced breast cancer treated with CDK4/6i+ET. ctDNA was detected in 96% of cases using the 74-gene Guardant360 assay. A variant allele fraction ratio (VAFR) was calculated for each of the 79 detected mutations between both timepoints. Mean of all VAFRs (mVAFR) was computed for each patient. In our dataset, mVAFR was significantly associated with progression-free survival (PFS). Baseline VAF, on-treatment VAF or absolute changes in VAF were not associated with PFS, nor were CA-15.3 levels at baseline, week 4 or the CA-15.3 ratio. These findings demonstrate that ctDNA dynamics using a standardized multi-gene panel and a unique methodological approach predicts treatment outcome. Clinical trials in patients with an unfavorable ctDNA response are needed.
Author Correction: The mutational constraint spectrum quantified from variation in 141,456 humans
Authors:   Genome Aggregation Database Consortium, Karczewski Konrad J. , Francioli Laurent C. , Tiao Grace , Cummings Beryl B. , Alföldi Jessica , Wang Qingbo , Collins Ryan L. , Laricchia Kristen M. , Ganna Andrea , Birnbaum Daniel P. , Gauthier Laura D. , Brand Harrison , Solomonson Matthew , Watts Nicholas A. , Rhodes Daniel , Singer-Berk Moriel , England Eleina M. , Seaby Eleanor G. , Kosmicki Jack A. , Walters Raymond K. , Tashman Katherine , Farjoun Yossi , Banks Eric , Poterba Timothy , Wang Arcturus , Seed Cotton , Whiffin Nicola , Chong Jessica X. , Samocha Kaitlin E. , Pierce-Hoffman Emma , Zappala Zachary , O’Donnell-Luria Anne H. , Minikel Eric Vallabh , Weisburd Ben , Lek Monkol , Ware James S. , Vittal Christopher , Armean Irina M. , Bergelson Louis , Cibulskis Kristian , Connolly Kristen M. , Covarrubias Miguel , Donnelly Stacey , Ferriera Steven , Gabriel Stacey , Gentry Jeff , Gupta Namrata , Jeandet Thibault , Kaplan Diane , Llanwarne Christopher , Munshi Ruchi , Novod Sam , Petrillo Nikelle , Roazen David , Ruano-Rubio Valentin , Saltzman Andrea , Schleicher Molly , Soto Jose , Tibbetts Kathleen , Tolonen Charlotte , Wade Gordon , Talkowski Michael E. , Neale Benjamin M. , Daly Mark J. , MacArthur Daniel G.
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03174-8.
Building schematic of Vienna in the late 1920s
Authors: Kral Ulrich , Reimer Ferdinand , Tuz Havvanur , Hengl Ingeborg
Published: February 2021

Urban archives provide rich information on historical data. To a large extent, these data are not available in machine-readable format and therefore not linkable with other datasets. The “Häuser-Kataster der Bundeshauptstadt Wien” is a building schematic for the city of Vienna for the end of the 1920s. While this schematic was used as a knowledge base for real estate and finance business about 100 years ago, it has been used in the 2000s to manually map the historic building periods by property. We use the analog version and produced a machine-readable version to assign the historic addresses, building periods and number of floors to a building stock model down the road. The dataset has been complemented with codes of cadastral communities from the late 2010s to enable geotagging of the historic building data. To avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts by others and to share the dataset with urban historians and the public, we provide the dataset under creative common license.
An evaluation of multi-excitation-wavelength standing-wave fluorescence microscopy (TartanSW) to improve sampling density in studies of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton
Authors: Schniete Jana K. , Tinning Peter W. , Scrimgeour Ross C. , Robb Gillian , Kölln Lisa S. , Wesencraft Katrina , Paul Nikki R. , Bushell Trevor J. , McConnell Gail
Published: February 2021

Conventional standing-wave (SW) fluorescence microscopy uses a single wavelength to excite fluorescence from the specimen, which is normally placed in contact with a first surface reflector. The resulting excitation SW creates a pattern of illumination with anti-nodal maxima at multiple evenly-spaced planes perpendicular to the optical axis of the microscope. These maxima are approximately 90 nm thick and spaced 180 nm apart. Where the planes intersect fluorescent structures, emission occurs, but between the planes are non-illuminated regions which are not sampled for fluorescence. We evaluate a multi-excitation-wavelength SW fluorescence microscopy (which we call TartanSW) as a method for increasing the density of sampling by using SWs with different axial periodicities, to resolve more of the overall cell structure. The TartanSW method increased the sampling density from 50 to 98% over seven anti-nodal planes, with no notable change in axial or lateral resolution compared to single-excitation-wavelength SW microscopy. We demonstrate the method with images of the membrane and cytoskeleton of living and fixed cells.
Analysis of Fox genes in Schmidtea mediterranea reveals new families and a conserved role of Smed-foxO in controlling cell death
Authors: Pascual-Carreras Eudald , Herrera-Úbeda Carlos , Rosselló Maria , Coronel-Córdoba Pablo , Garcia-Fernàndez Jordi , Saló Emili , Adell Teresa
Published: February 2021

The forkhead box (Fox) genes encode transcription factors that control several key aspects of development. Present in the ancestor of all eukaryotes, Fox genes underwent several duplications followed by loss and diversification events that gave rise to the current 25 families. However, few Fox members have been identified from the Lophotrochozoa clade, and specifically from planarians, which are a unique model for understanding development, due to the striking plasticity of the adult. The aim of this study was to identify and perform evolutionary and functional studies of the Fox genes of lophotrochozoan species and, specifically, of the planarianSchmidtea mediterranea. Generating a pipeline for identifying Forkhead domains and using phylogenetics allowed us the phylogenetic reconstruction of Fox genes. We corrected the annotation for misannotated genes and uncovered a new family, the QD, present in all metazoans. According to the new phylogeny, the 27 Fox genes found inSchmidtea mediterraneawere classified into 12 families. In Platyhelminthes, family losses were accompanied by extensive gene diversification and the appearance of specific families, the A(P) and N(P). Among the newly identified planarian Fox genes, we found a single copy offoxO,which shows an evolutionary conserved role in controlling cell death.
Perceived stress as mediator for longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on wellbeing of parents and children
Authors: Achterberg Michelle , Dobbelaar Simone , Boer Olga D. , Crone Eveline A.
Published: February 2021

Dealing with a COVID-19 lockdown may have negative effects on children, but at the same time might facilitate parent–child bonding. Perceived stress may influence the direction of these effects. Using a longitudinal twin design, we investigated how perceived stress influenced lockdown induced changes in wellbeing of parents and children. A total of 106 parents and 151 children (10–13-year-olds) filled in questionnaires during lockdown and data were combined with data of previous years. We report a significant increase in parental negative feelings (anxiety, depression, hostility and interpersonal sensitivity). Longitudinal child measures showed a gradual decrease in internalizing and externalizing behavior, which seemed decelerated by the COVID-19 lockdown. Changes in parental negative feelings and children’s externalizing behavior were mediated by perceived stress: higher scores prior to the lockdown were related to more stress during the lockdown, which in turn was associated with an increase in parental negative feelings and children’s’ externalizing behavior. Perceived stress in parents and children was associated with negative coping strategies. Additionally, children’s stress levels were influenced by prior and current parental overreactivity. These results suggest that children in families with negative coping strategies and (a history of) parental overreactivity might be at risk for negative consequences of the lockdown.
Clinical implications of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors for development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Kim Kwang Min , Roh Ji-Hye , Lee Sangjin , Yoon Jeong-Hyun
Published: February 2021

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the therapeutic efficacy of RAS inhibitors (RASi) in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) because they may reduce oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and enhanced fibrosis. An objective of this study was to investigate the role of RASi on NAFLD development and progression in a large cohort. We conducted a nested case–control study. Study subjects were classified into two study cohorts according to baseline NAFLD status: non-NAFLD (n = 184,581) and established NALFD (n = 27,565). An NAFLD development or progression case was defined as a patient with newly developed NAFLD or new progression of advanced fibrosis from non-NAFLD and established NALFD cohorts, respectively. A conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the associations between RASi exposure and NAFLD development/progression. Overall, no significant association was evident between RASi use and NAFLD development or progression (NAFLD development; ever-user vs. never-user: OR 1.017; 95% CI 0.842–1.230, NAFLD progression; ever-user vs. never-user: aOR 0.942; 95% CI 0.803–1.105). RASi ever-use in cases of individuals who were obese or who had normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was associated with reduced risk of both NAFLD development (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2: 0.708 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.535–0.937], FPG of < 100 mg/mL: 0.774 [95% CI 0.606–0.987]) and progression (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2: 0.668 [95% CI 0.568–0.784], FPG of < 100 mg/mL: 0.732 [95% CI 0.582–0.921]). The present study did not verify a significant overall association between RASi use and NAFLD development/progression but suggested that RASi might prevent NAFLD development and progression among specific subjects.
Author Correction: Microscopic and mechanical properties of undisturbed and remoulded red clay from Guiyang, China
Authors: Zhang Yanzhao , Pu Shaoyun , Li Rita Yi Man , Zhang Jing
Published: February 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Infrared radiation from cage bedding moderates rat inflammatory and autoimmune responses in collagen-induced arthritis
Authors: Djuretić Jasmina , Dimitrijević Mirjana , Stojanović Marija , Stevuljević Jelena Kotur , Hamblin Michael R. , Micov Ana , Stepanović-Petrović Radica , Leposavić Gordana
Published: February 2021

The development of collagen type II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA), a model of rheumatoid arthritis, in rats housed in cages with bedding composed of Celliant fibres containing ceramic particles, which absorb body heat and re-emit the energy back to the body in the form of infrared radiation (+IRF rats), and those housed in cages with standard wooden shaving bedding (−IRF control rats) was examined. The appearance of the first signs of CIA was postponed, while the disease was milder (judging by the arthritic score, paw volume, and burrowing behaviour) in +IRF compared with −IRF rats. This correlated with a lower magnitude of serum anti-CII IgG antibody levels in +IRF rats, and lower production level of IL-17, the Th17 signature cytokine, in cultures of their paws. This could be partly ascribed to impaired migration of antigen-loaded CD11b + dendritic cells and their positioning within lymph nodes in +IRF rats reflecting diminished lymph node expression of CCL19 /CCL21. Additionally, as confirmed in rats with carrageenan-induced paw inflammation (CIPI), the infrared radiation from Celliant fibres, independently from immunomodulatory effects, exerted anti-inflammatory effects (judging by a shift in pro-inflammatory mediator to anti-inflammatory/immunoregulatory mediator ratio towards the latter in paw cultures) and ameliorated burrowing behaviour in CIA rats.
Effect of relative social rank within a social hierarchy on neural activation in response to familiar or unfamiliar social signals
Authors: Lee Won , Dowd Hollie N. , Nikain Cyrus , Dwortz Madeleine F. , Yang Eilene D. , Curley James P.
Published: February 2021

Competent social functioning of group-living species relies on the ability of individuals to detect and utilize conspecific social cues to guide behavior. Previous studies have identified numerous brain regions involved in processing these external cues, collectively referred to as the Social Decision-Making Network. However, how the brain encodes social information with respect to an individual’s social status has not been thoroughly examined. In mice, cues about an individual’s identity, including social status, are conveyed through urinary proteins. In this study, we assessed the neural cFos immunoreactivity in dominant and subordinate male mice exposed to familiar and unfamiliar dominant and subordinate male urine. The posteroventral medial amygdala was the only brain region that responded exclusively to dominant compared to subordinate male urine. In all other brain regions, including the VMH, PMv, and vlPAG, activity is modulated by a combination of odor familiarity and the social status of both the urine donor and the subject receiving the cue. We show that dominant subjects exhibit robust differential activity across different types of cues compared to subordinate subjects, suggesting that individuals perceive social cues differently depending on social experience. These data inform further investigation of neurobiological mechanisms underlying social-status related brain differences and behavior.