bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diel dynamic of phytoplankton functional groups in a tropical water supply, Extremoz Lake, northeastern Brazil
Authors: Pinto Thársia da Silva , Becker Vanessa
Published: January 2015

AIM: This study analyzed - the diel and vertical dynamics of phytoplankton functional groups in a natural tropical lake (Extremoz Lake, northeast Brazil), to investigate and understand the driver factors of the community during a severe drought period. METHODS: Sampling of the abiotic variables and phytoplankton was performed at intervals of 6 hours over 24 hours in vertical profiles, in dry and rainy seasons (according to the historical average). The phytoplankton species were grouped according to the functional groups' approach sensu Reynolds et al. (2002). RESULTS: October/12 was considered as a dry period (18.4 mm), while March/13, due to the historical average, as a rainy season, due to the low rainfall during the study period (15.7 mm), it was called severe drought. The lake showed thermal and chemical destratification in both periods. Phytoplankton biomass was higher in the dry season and their vertical distribution was stratified in both periods. In both samplings there were less algal biomass during the night. Phytoplankton functional groups of mixed and shallow systems (S1, L0 and K) were descriptors throughout the study period with higher biomass always registered in the group S1, represented by Planktolyngbya limnetica (Cyanobacteria). CONCLUSION: The lack of seasonality observed in this study, due to prolonged drought, may have influenced the pattern of homogeneous behavior in both samplings. This pattern strongly influenced the vertical distribution of phytoplankton in the two periods, with a constancy of dominance of functional descriptors groups.
Trophic ecology of two piranha species, Pygocentrus nattereri and Serrasalmus marginatus (Characiformes, Characidae), in the floodplain of the Negro River, Pantanal
Authors: Ferreira Fabiane Silva , Vicentin Wagner , Costa Fábio Edir dos Santos , Súarez Yzel Rondon
Published: January 2015

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate influence of hydrological variation, ontogeny and interspecific variation in the feeding activity and diet composition for P. nattereri and S. marginatus in floodplain of Negro River, South Pantanal. METHODS: The samples were taken with the use of gillnets and cast nets of different sizes, from October/2005 to August/2008. RESULTS: We sampled 748 specimens, 442 of P. nattereri and 306 of S. marginatus. We identified 31 items in the dry and 14 in the flood season for P. nattereri, and 29 items in the dry and eight in the flood season for S. marginatus. For both species, fish was the predominant food item in both seasons. The PERMANOVA results showed that the diet varied significantly between the two species (p<0.001), during ontogenetic development (p<0.001) and seasonally (p=0.024). The ancova results suggests that the intensity of food intake was higher in the dry season (p<0.001) for both species. The niche breadth varied only between studied species with S. marginatus presenting higher niche breadth than P. nattereri. CONCLUSION: Piranhas feed more during dry season, probably because in this period food is more varied and abundant, due to the concentration of fish in the main river channel. There were ontogenetic changes in the diet, with no feeding overlap between the two species, probably because of differences in preference for some items and differences in feeding behavior displayed during hunting attacks.
Estimating nitrogen and phosphorus saturation point for Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Salvinia molesta Mitchell in mesocosms used to treating aquaculture effluent
Authors: Henares Matheus Nicolino Peixoto , Camargo Antonio Fernando Monteiro
Published: January 2015

AIM: To evaluate the growth of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and Salvinia molesta Mitchell in tanks used for treating aquaculture effluent and compare the results with literature data in order to estimate the nutrients saturation point. METHODS: An experiment with six rectangular fiberglass tanks were separated in two treatments, inflow and outflow (higher and lower nutrient concentration), and the two macrophytes above cited was carried out during 50 days. A floating quadrat with 0.25 m² of E. crassipes and S. molesta at inflow and outflow of the tanks was collected weekly for fresh mass measurement. At the beginning and end of the experiment samples of macrophytes were oven-dried at 60 ºC until constant weight to determine the dry mass. Dry mass of plants was estimated by a simple linear regression analysis between fresh mass and dry mass (DM). RESULTS: The N and P concentrations were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the inflow (mean of 0.66 mg L-1 and 233.6 mg L-1, respectively) than in the outflow of the tanks (mean of 0.38 mg L-1 and 174.7 mg L-1, respectively). However, no significantly different plant growth was observed for either higher or lower concentration. For both higher and lower nutrient concentrations, the biomass gain for E. crassipes was, respectively, 428.5 and 402.7 g DM.m². For S. molesta, biomass gain was 135.2 and 143.1 g DM.m², in the higher and lower concentrations, respectively. Others studies reported high growth of E. crassipes and S. molesta in concentrations of nitrogen (0.14 - 0.18 mg L-1) and phosphorus (14.2 - 77.0 mg L-1) lower than this study. CONCLUSION: The comparison of E. crassipes and S. molesta growth in this study with others allow us to assume that the saturation point of E. crassipes should be 0.26 mg L-1 of nitrogen and 77 mg L-1 of phosphorus and for S. molesta below 0.19 mg L-1 of nitrogen and 15.1 mg L-1 of phosphorus.
Tilapia rendalli increases phytoplankton biomass of a shallow tropical lake
Authors: Silva Lúcia Helena Sampaio da , Arcifa Marlene Sofia , Salazar-Torres Gian , Huszar Vera Lúcia de Moraes
Published: January 2015

AIM: This study aimed to experimentally test the influence of a planktivorous filter-feeding fish (Tilapia rendalli) on the phytoplankton dynamics of a small and shallow tropical reservoir (Lake Monte Alegre, Brazil). Adults of T. rendalli of this lake feed preferentially on phytoplankton, and we hypothesize that: I) adults of T. rendalli will decrease the phytoplankton biomass and composition through direct herbivory, and II) as it is a eutrophic system, fish would not have strong influence on phytoplankton through nutrient cycling. METHODS: To evaluate these different effects on algae, a field experiment was performed in the summer period for 15 days, in mesocosms isolated from the sediment, using a control group (no fish) and a treatment group (with one fish in each mesocosm). Physical and chemical variables and phyto- and zooplankton were evaluated at the start, middle, and end of the experiment. RESULTS: At the end of the experiment, it was observed a significant increase in ammonium concentrations and total phytoplankton biomass, Cyanobacteria and Zygnemaphyceae and all size classes except class II (20-30 µm) in the treatment group (with fish). The biomass increase of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Cylindrospermospsis raciborskii was also observed in the fish treatment at the end of the experimental period. CONCLUSION: This study did not support both initial hypotheses. It supports the assertion that in tropical water bodies, with similar characteristics to the environment studied, planktivorous filter-feeding fish, such as T. rendalli, are not effective in reducing phytoplankton biomass through direct grazing, even when phytoplankton is one of their main food items. T. rendalli can contribute to the increase of phytoplankton biomass and can promote or increase the eutrophication of aquatic systems.
Effects of Intranasal Insulin on Hepatic Fat Accumulation and Energy Metabolism in Humans
Authors: Gancheva Sofiya , Koliaki Chrysi , Bierwagen Alessandra , Nowotny Peter , Heni Martin , Fritsche Andreas , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Szendroedi Julia , Roden Michael
Published: January 2015

Studies in rodents suggest that insulin controls hepatic glucose metabolism through brain-liver crosstalk, but human studies using intranasal insulin to mimic central insulin delivery have provided conflicting results. In this randomized controlled crossover trial, we investigated the effects of intranasal insulin on hepatic insulin sensitivity (HIS) and energy metabolism in 10 patients with type 2 diabetes and 10 lean healthy participants (CON). Endogenous glucose production was monitored with [6,6-2H2]glucose, hepatocellular lipids (HCLs), ATP, and inorganic phosphate concentrations with 1H/31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Intranasal insulin transiently increased serum insulin levels followed by a gradual lowering of blood glucose in CON only. Fasting HIS index was not affected by intranasal insulin in CON and patients. HCLs decreased by 35% in CON only, whereas absolute hepatic ATP concentration increased by 18% after 3 h. A subgroup of CON received intravenous insulin to mimic the changes in serum insulin and blood glucose levels observed after intranasal insulin. This resulted in a 34% increase in HCLs without altering hepatic ATP concentrations. In conclusion, intranasal insulin does not affect HIS but rapidly improves hepatic energy metabolism in healthy humans, which is independent of peripheral insulinemia. These effects are blunted in patients with type 2 diabetes.
miR-30 Promotes Thermogenesis and the Development of Beige Fat by Targeting RIP140
Authors: Hu Fang , Wang Min , Xiao Ting , Yin Bangqi , He Linyun , Meng Wen , Dong Meijuan , Liu Feng
Published: January 2015

Members of the microRNA (miR)-30 family have been reported to promote adipogenesis and inhibit osteogenesis, yet their role in the regulation of thermogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we show that miR-30b/c concentrations are greatly increased during adipocyte differentiation and are stimulated by cold exposure or the β-adrenergic receptor activator. Overexpression and knockdown of miR-30b and -30c induced and suppressed, respectively, the expression of thermogenic genes such as UCP1 and Cidea in brown adipocytes. Forced expression of miR-30b/c also significantly increased thermogenic gene expression and mitochondrial respiration in primary adipocytes derived from subcutaneous white adipose tissue, demonstrating a promoting effect of miRNAs on the development of beige fat. In addition, knockdown of miR-30b/c repressed UCP1 expression in brown adipose tissue in vivo. miR-30b/c targets the 3′-untranslated region of the receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140), and overexpression of miR-30b/c significantly reduced RIP140 expression. Consistent with RIP140 as a target of miR-30b/c in regulating thermogenic gene expression, overexpression of RIP140 greatly suppressed the promoting effect of miR-30b/c on the expression of UCP1 and Cidea in brown adipocytes. Taken together, the data from our study identify miR-30b/c as a key regulator of thermogenesis and uncover a new mechanism underlying the regulation of brown adipose tissue function and the development of beige fat.
Metformin and Rapamycin Reduce Pancreatic Cancer Growth in Obese Prediabetic Mice by Distinct MicroRNA-Regulated Mechanisms
Authors: Cifarelli Vincenza , Lashinger Laura M. , Devlin Kaylyn L. , Dunlap Sarah M. , Huang Jennifer , Kaaks Rudolf , Pollak Michael N. , Hursting Stephen D.
Published: January 2015

Metformin treatment is associated with a decreased risk and better prognosis of pancreatic cancer (PC) in patients with type 2 diabetes, but the mechanism of metformin’s PC growth inhibition in the context of a prediabetic state is unknown. We used a Panc02 pancreatic tumor cell transplant model in diet-induced obese (DIO) C57BL/6 mice to compare the effects of metformin and the direct mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin on PC growth, glucose regulation, mTOR pathway signaling, and candidate microRNA (miR) expression. In DIO/prediabetic mice, metformin and rapamycin significantly reduced pancreatic tumor growth and mTOR-related signaling. The rapamycin effects centered on decreased mTOR-regulated growth and survival signaling, including increased expression of let-7b and cell cycle–regulating miRs. Metformin (but not rapamycin) reduced glucose and insulin levels and expression of miR-34a and its direct targets Notch, Slug, and Snail. Metformin also reduced the number and size of Panc02 tumor spheres in vitro and inhibited the expression of Notch in spheroids. Our results suggest that metformin and rapamycin can both inhibit pancreatic tumor growth in obese, prediabetic mice through shared and distinct mechanisms. Metformin and direct mTOR inhibitors, alone or possibly in combination, represent promising intervention strategies for breaking the diabetes-PC link.
Selective IL-2 Responsiveness of Regulatory T Cells Through Multiple Intrinsic Mechanisms Supports the Use of Low-Dose IL-2 Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Yu Aixin , Snowhite Isaac , Vendrame Francesco , Rosenzwajg Michelle , Klatzmann David , Pugliese Alberto , Malek Thomas R.
Published: January 2015

Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) inhibited unwanted immune responses in several clinical settings and is currently being tested in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Low-dose IL-2 selectively targets regulatory T cells (Tregs), but the mechanisms underlying this selectivity are poorly understood. We show that IL-2–dependent STAT5 activation in Tregs from healthy individuals and patients with T1D occurred at an ∼10-fold lower concentration of IL-2 than that required by T memory (TM) cells or by in vitro–activated T cells. This selective Treg responsiveness is explained by their higher expression of IL-2 receptor subunit α (IL-2Rα) and γ chain and also endogenous serine/threonine phosphatase protein phosphates 1 and/or 2A activity. Genome-wide profiling identified an IL-2–dependent transcriptome in human Tregs. Quantitative assessment of selected targets indicated that most were optimally activated by a 100-fold lower concentration of IL-2 in Tregs versus CD4+ TM cells. Two such targets were selectively increased in Tregs from T1D patients undergoing low-dose IL-2 therapy. Thus, human Tregs possess an IL-2–dependent transcriptional amplification mechanism that widens their selective responses to low IL-2. Our findings support a model where low-dose IL-2 selectively activates Tregs to broadly induce their IL-2/IL-2R gene program and provide a molecular underpinning for low-dose IL-2 therapy to enhance Tregs for immune tolerance in T1D.
Liver-Specific Expression of Dominant-Negative Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Causes Progressive Impairment in Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: Ip Wilfred , Shao Weijuan , Song Zhuolun , Chen Zonglan , Wheeler Michael B. , Jin Tianru
Published: January 2015

Investigations on the metabolic role of the Wnt signaling pathway and hepatic transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) have generated opposing views. While some studies demonstrated a repressive effect of TCF7L2 on hepatic gluconeogenesis, a recent study using liver-specific Tcf7l2−/− mice suggested the opposite. As a consequence of redundant and bidirectional actions of transcription factor (TCF) molecules and other complexities of the Wnt pathway, knockout of a single Wnt pathway component may not effectively reveal a complete metabolic picture of this pathway. To address this, we generated the liver-specific dominant-negative (DN) TCF7L2 (TCF7L2DN) transgenic mouse model LTCFDN. These mice exhibited progressive impairment in response to pyruvate challenge. Importantly, LTCFDN hepatocytes displayed elevated gluconeogenic gene expression, gluconeogenesis, and loss of Wnt-3a–mediated repression of gluconeogenesis. In C57BL/6 hepatocytes, adenovirus-mediated expression of TCF7L2DN, but not wild-type TCF7L2, increased gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenic gene expression. Our further mechanistic exploration suggests that TCF7L2DN-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling causes preferential interaction of β-catenin (β-cat) with FoxO1 and increased binding of β-cat/FoxO1 to the Pck1 FoxO binding site, resulting in the stimulation of Pck1 expression and increased gluconeogenesis. Together, our results using TCF7L2DN as a unique tool revealed that the Wnt signaling pathway and its effector β-cat/TCF serve a beneficial role in suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis.
BAMBI Elimination Enhances Alternative TGF-β Signaling and Glomerular Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Fan Ying , Li Xuezhu , Xiao Wenzhen , Fu Jia , Harris Ray C. , Lindenmeyer Maja , Cohen Clemens D. , Guillot Nicolas , Baron Margaret H. , Wang Niansong , Lee Kyung , He John C. , Schlondorff Detlef , Chuang Peter Y.
Published: January 2015

BMP, activin, membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) acts as a pseudo-receptor for the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β type I receptor family and a negative modulator of TGF-β kinase signaling, and BAMBI−/− mice show mild endothelial dysfunction. Because diabetic glomerular disease is associated with TGF-β overexpression and microvascular alterations, we examined the effect of diabetes on glomerular BAMBI mRNA levels. In isolated glomeruli from biopsies of patients with diabetic nephropathy and in glomeruli from mice with type 2 diabetes, BAMBI was downregulated. We then examined the effects of BAMBI deletion on streptozotocin-induced diabetic glomerulopathy in mice. BAMBI−/− mice developed more albuminuria, with a widening of foot processes, than BAMBI+/+ mice, along with increased activation of alternative TGF-β pathways such as extracellular signal–related kinase (ERK)1/2 and Smad1/5 in glomeruli and cortices of BAMBI−/− mice. Vegfr2 and Angpt1, genes controlling glomerular endothelial stability, were downmodulated in glomeruli from BAMBI−/− mice with diabetes. Incubation of glomeruli from nondiabetic BAMBI+/+ or BAMBI−/− mice with TGF-β resulted in the downregulation of Vegfr2 and Angpt1, effects that were more pronounced in BAMBI−/− mice and were prevented by a MEK inhibitor. The downregulation of Vegfr2 in diabetes was localized to glomerular endothelial cells using a histone yellow reporter under the Vegfr2 promoter. Thus, BAMBI modulates the effects of diabetes on glomerular permselectivity in association with altered ERK1/2 and Smad1/5 signaling. Future therapeutic interventions with inhibitors of alternative TGF-β signaling may therefore be of interest in diabetic nephropathy.
Exercises Including Weight Vests and a Patient Education Program for Women With Osteopenia: A Feasibility Study of the OsteoACTIVE Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Hakestad Kari Anne , Torstveit Monica Klungland , Nordsletten Lars , Axelsson Åsa Christina , Risberg May Arna
Published: January 2015

Study Design

Prospective case series with 1-year follow-up.

Objectives

The primary aim was to describe the OsteoACTIVE rehabilitation program and evaluate its feasibility in terms of progression, adherence, and adverse events in patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) and a healed forearm fracture. The secondary aim was to assess changes in measures of function and quality of life.

Background

Previous studies have shown benefits of weight-bearing activities, resistance exercises, and balance and coordination training for women with low BMD and older adults. However, no studies, to our knowledge, have described or examined a rehabilitation program combining the use of weight vests and patient education in patients with low BMD.

Methods

Forty-two postmenopausal women with osteopenia and a healed forearm fracture attended the OsteoACTIVE program for 6 months (3 sessions of 60 minutes per week). Feasibility was assessed by documenting training progression (load and exercises), program adherence (aiming for greater than 80%), and adverse events (joint pain, muscle soreness, and falls). Secondary measures included quadriceps strength, BMD, dynamic balance, walking ability, and self-report functional outcome measures. All outcome measures were recorded preintervention (baseline), postintervention, and at 1-year follow-up.

Results

Thirty-five women (83%) completed the 6-month program and 31 women (74%) attended all the follow-up measurement sessions. All participants progressed during the rehabilitation program for both load and type of exercises. Furthermore, 87% of the participants met the a priori goal of 80% adherence, and no participants reported adverse events. Improvements in quadriceps strength and BMD of the femoral trochanter were noted at the end of the 6-month training period (P<.05). At 1-year follow-up, there were significant improvements in quadriceps strength and dynamic balance compared to baseline (P<.05).

Conclusion

The OsteoACTIVE rehabilitation program was feasible and achieved progression of training level, had high adherence, and had no adverse events. Positive improvements were established in lower extremity function and femoral trochanter BMD. Clinical trial registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01357278).

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(2):97–105. Epub 10 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.4842
Scapular Muscle Performance in Individuals With Lateral Epicondylalgia
Authors: Day Joseph M. , Bush Heather , Nitz Arthur J. , Uhl Tim L.
Published: January 2015

Study Design

Descriptive, laboratory-based, cross-sectional study.

Objectives

To describe scapular musculature strength, endurance, and change in thickness in individuals with unilateral lateral epicondylalgia (LE) compared to the uninvolved limb and the corresponding limb of a matched comparison group.

Background

Reported poor long-term outcomes for the nonsurgical management of individuals with LE suggest a less-than-optimal rehabilitation process. Knowledge of scapular muscle function in a working population of individuals with LE may help to further refine conservative management of this condition.

Methods

Twenty-eight patients with symptomatic LE and 28 controls matched by age and sex were recruited to participate in the study. Strength of the middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) was measured with a handheld dynamometer. A scapular isometric muscle endurance task was performed in prone. Changes in muscle thickness of the SA and LT were measured with ultrasound imaging. Analysis-of-variance models were used to determine within- and between-group differences.

Results

The involved side of the group with LE had significantly lower values for MT strength (P = .031), SA strength (P<.001), LT strength (P = .006), endurance (P = .003), and change in SA thickness (P = .028) when compared to the corresponding limb of the control group. The involved side of the group with LE had significantly lower strength of the LT (P = .023) and SA (P = .016) when compared to the uninvolved limb; however, these differences were small and of potentially limited clinical significance.

Conclusion

When compared to a matched comparison group, there were impairments of scapular musculature strength and endurance in patients with LE, suggesting that the scapular musculature should be assessed and potentially treated in this population. Cause and effect cannot be established, as the weakness of the scapular musculature could be a result of LE. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2015;45(5):414–424. Epub 10 Jan 2015. doi:10.2519/jospt.2015.5290
Gérer la diversité dans les organisations par la connaissance des attentes individuelles : le cas des jeunes à faible capital scolaire initial
Authors: Montargot Nathalie , Saboune Khaled
Published: January 2015

Cette recherche se propose de préciser quelques pistes concernant la réussite de la diversité dans les entreprises via la gestion des attentes individuelles. Elle porte sur l’analyse des entretiens menés auprès de 94 jeunes à faible capital scolaire initial. L’analyse de ces entretiens permet de mieux connaître et manager leurs attentes, mais aussi de préconiser une politique d’inclusion proactive, permettant une meilleure prise en compte de leurs spécificités.
L'évaluation des systèmes d'information : un état de l'art à la lumière des approches de la variance et processuelles
Authors: Michel Sylvie , Cocula François
Published: January 2015

Les Systèmes d’Information (SI) ont pris une place capita le dans les stratégies des entreprises et ils mobilisent toujours aujourd’hui des sommes considérables. Leur évaluation apparaît donc comme indispensable et capita le. Cet article propose de réaliser un état de l’art sur cette problématique de l’évaluation des SI en se focalisant sur les approches de la variance et processuelles. En premier lieu, il nous paraît pertinent de situer la thématique de l’évaluation dans le champ de recherche des SI en insistant sur les principaux questionnements à mener pour toute évaluation. Dans un deuxième temps, les approches théoriques de la variance et processuelles permettant d’évaluer les SI seront présentées. Enfin, il convient de présenter les deux modèles les plus emblématiques, ceux de Delone et Maclean (1992, 20 03) et de Davis et al. (1989).
La relation entre mobilisation collective, engagement multiple et intention de quitter des consultants. Le cas d'une SSII
Authors: Fablet Anne , Serval Sarah , Zeller Christelle
Published: January 2015

Les SSII font face à une problématique de taille : fidéliser les consultants pour faire face à un taux de turnover élevé. Fonctionnant en équipesprojets, les SSII doivent également les mobiliser collectivement. Pour répondre à ce double enjeu, nous étudions en quoi l’engagement multiple permet d’affiner la compréhension du lien entre mobilisation collective et intention de quitter dans les SSII.
La gestion du risque : de l'approche juridique à l'ébauche d'une méthodologie managériale
Authors: Charpentier Pierre-Yves
Published: January 2015

La multiplication, depuis une cinquantaine d’années, de dispositions légales visant à maîtriser le risque dans toutes ses dimensions, quelles soient technologiques, environnementales, naturelles, professionnelles, sanitaires ou encore alimentaires, a permis l’émergence, malgré l’hétérogénéité apparente de la règlementation, de principes généraux reflétant une véritable méthodologie juridique de la gestion du risque fondée sur des principes de prévention et de précaution. Cette méthodologie est susceptible de servir de modèle pour le management du risque pour l’entreprise. Elle repose sur une démarche raisonnée d’analyse et de traitement, démarche probabiliste qui vise l’exhaustivité de l’identification, la pertinence de l’analyse et la proportionnalité du traitement, et démarche transposable à la gestion du risque pour l’entreprise. En outre, cette démarche s’intègre toujours dans un même processus finalisé. L’analyse, menée en priorité par la personne ou l’autorité responsable de la maîtrise du risque, fait l’objet d’une large concertation avec tous ceux qui sont impliqués par le risque, et ses résultats, en termes d’identification d’évaluation et de traitement, sont portés à la connaissance de toutes les personnes susceptibles d’être intéressées parce que directement exposées. Un tel processus doit trouver sa place au sein de la politique de gestion des risques pour l’entreprise. L’implication de tous, le partage de connaissances et d’informations, vecteurs privilégiés d’une gestion efficace et rigoureuse, concourent à l’émergence recherchée, d’une culture de vigilance et de sécurité susceptible de favoriser une socialisation du risque et la réalisation des objectifs de l’entreprise.
Interdire la publicité en prévention : approche sociologique d'une mesure symbolique et praticable
Authors: Boubal Camille
Published: January 2015

L’interdiction de la publicité est historiquement apparue en France comme un instrument d’action publique efficace pour lutter contre la consommation de tabac, d’alcool et plus récemment de produits jugés trop gras, trop sucrés ou trop salés. L’analyse sociohistorique des formes de réglementation met au jour d’autres logiques, politiques, cognitives et stratégiques, qui expliquent l’intérêt renouvelé pour une mesure essentiellement symbolique.
Defining CD4 T Cell Memory by the Epigenetic Landscape of CpG DNA Methylation
Authors: Komori H. Kiyomi , Hart Traver , LaMere Sarah A. , Chew Pamela V. , Salomon Daniel R.
Published: January 2015

Memory T cells are primed for rapid responses to Ag; however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for priming remain incompletely defined. CpG methylation in promoters is an epigenetic modification, which regulates gene transcription. Using targeted bisulfite sequencing, we examined methylation of 2100 genes (56,000 CpGs) mapped by deep sequencing of T cell activation in human naive and memory CD4 T cells. Four hundred sixty-six CpGs (132 genes) displayed differential methylation between naive and memory cells. Twenty-one genes exhibited both differential methylation and gene expression before activation, linking promoter DNA methylation states to gene regulation; 6 of 21 genes encode proteins closely studied in T cells, whereas 15 genes represent novel targets for further study. Eighty-four genes demonstrated differential methylation between memory and naive cells that correlated to differential gene expression following activation, of which 39 exhibited reduced methylation in memory cells coupled with increased gene expression upon activation compared with naive cells. These reveal a class of primed genes more rapidly expressed in memory compared with naive cells and putatively regulated by DNA methylation. These findings define a DNA methylation signature unique to memory CD4 T cells that correlates with activation-induced gene expression.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the Awareness of Polish Society. Report from the Public Opinion Survey by the Polish Respiratory Society and TNS Polska
Authors: Śliwiński Paweł , Puchalski Krzysztof
Published: January 2015

Introduction: It is assumed that signs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be found in 9.3% subjects of more than 40 years of age in general population in Poland. The aim of the presented survey was to assess knowledge of COPD in adult general population in Poland. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in June 2013 in a representative sample of 1000 persons of at least 15 years of age in Poland, using standardized direct interview. Results: In 2013 only 3% Polish people admitted they had ever heard of COPD and knew what the acronym meant. Further 11% persons admitted having heard the term but had no further knowledge of the subject. Thus, the total of 14% persons in general population had previously heard of COPD albeit superficially. This figure is slightly higher as compared to the study performed in 2004. The second part of the study was performed in patients with COPD. Patients perceive the disease as a limiting factor in their daily lives, including negative impact on physical activity, causing loss of physical attractiveness (more often reported by women) or hurting their image of a strong and caring person (more often reported by men). The disease demands re-evaluation of the previous lifestyle, alienates patients from other people, and generates financial burden. Half of the entire studied general population either does not have any associations concerning potential causes of COPD or report various erroneous connotations (e.g., excessive alcohol consumption as a cause of the disease). Even patients with COPD have a similar view on causes of the disease. Importantly, the study revealed that awareness of the disease in smokers does not essentially differ from that in general public. Half of the res pondents admitted having no knowledge on prevention of COPD. Conclusions: There is an urgent need for widespread public education on preventive measures. Study results support the need of educating both healthy subjects and patients with COPD as to how effectively reduce the risk of developing the disease. One third of all respondents has no assumptions in this regard (i.e., explicitly declares having no knowledge at all on the subject), and more than 40% subjects have various misconceptions. Educators should therefore spread information about the disease but also correct these misconceptions.
Fatigue in Patients with Inactive Sarcoidosis Does Not Correlate with Lung Ventilation Ability or Walking Distance. Pilot Study
Authors: Zieleźnik Karolina , Jastrzębski Dariusz , Ziora Dariusz
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Fatigue is one of many symptoms reported by patients with sarcoidosis. It is believed that fatigue may be the cause of exercise intolerance and reduced quality of life in patients with sarcoidosis. The purpose of the work was to present the frequency of fatigue prevalence in patients with sarcoidosis and to investigate the correlation between fatigue and the results of pulmonary function tests and walking distance. Materials and Methods: A total of 74 patients with sarcoidosis in a stable phase of the disease, not treated in the past with glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive drugs, and without indications for treatment at the time of the study were examined. In all patients fatigue evaluation was carried out with the use of the Fatigue Assessment Scale questionnaire (FAS); dyspnoea was assessed with the use of the Medical Research Council scale (MRC). Body Mass Index (BMI), spirometry, and a 6-minute walk test were additionally performed. The control group included 30 healthy volunteers who completed the FAS. Results: In the examined group of patients fatigue was diagnosed in 36 patients (50%), and in 5 (6.94%)-strong fatigue was observed. The remaining 31 (43.06%) patients felt no fatigue. The average value of points obtained by FAS questionnaire in sarcoidosis patients was significantly higher than the respective value in the control group (p = 0.02). A significantly higher number of points by FAS questionnaire was observed in female patients with sarcoidosis (p = 0.04) in comparison to men. No significant statistical correlation between fatigue index FAS and BMI (r = 0.22, p = 0.11), FEV1 (r = –0.11, p = 0.3), FEV1% pred. (r = 0.01, p = 0.9), FVC (r = −0.03, p = 0.77), FEF25−75 (r = −0.23, p = 0.1) and the distance in the six-minute walk test (6MWT) (r = −0.01, p = 0.9) was observed. However, there was a weak negative correlation between the age of the patients and the FAS index (r = −0.29, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Fatigue in patients with sarcoidosis does not correlate with the results of lung function tests or with walking distance in 6MWT.
Tuberculosis among the Homeless and Inmates Kept in Custody and in Penitentiary Institutions in the Silesia Region
Authors: Pendzich Joanna , Maksymowicz-Mazur Wanda , Pawłowska Jolanta , Filipczyk Łucja , Kulawik Ilona , Zientek Jerzy , Kozielski Jerzy
Published: January 2015

Introduction: There are more than 10 million prisoners in the world. Tuberculosis incidence is 10−100 times higher in prisoners than in the general population. Inmates have close contact with other prisoners and with prison workers and visitors, so tubercle bacilli may be easily spread. Most of the inmates come back to normal life and contact with the general population. The aim of the study was to assess active tuberculosis incidence among prisoners and homeless persons in the Silesia region. Materials and Methods: In total 897 people entered the study, of whom 720 were Silesian penitentiary system inmates, and 177 were homeless. BACTEC MGIT fast TB detection system and GenoType Mycobacteria Direct test were used. Drug susceptibility testing was done using SIRE KIT and PZA KIT. Results: Tuberculosis was diagnosed in 13 out of 897 persons (1.45%): in 11 out of 720 inmates (1.53%) and in 2 out of 177 homeless persons (1.13%). Data concerning drug susceptibility were obtained for 11 persons. M. tuberculosis strains isolated from eight persons were susceptible to four first-line antituberculosis drugs (streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol), while M. tuberculosis strains isolated from three persons were drug-resistant. One out of three isolated strains was resistant to ethambutol, but susceptible to streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampin, and pirazynamide. The second strain was resistant to streptomycin and pyrazinamide but susceptible to isoniazid, rifampin, and ethambutol. The third strain was susceptible to rifampin but resistant to the other four tested drugs. According to the obtained data, culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was 100 times more frequent in the examined population than in the general population of the Silesia region in the same period of time. Conclusions: The health project enabled effective detection of tuberculosis in risk groups and should be continued in the following years. The set of the applied diagnostic methods allowed the detection of in the studied subpopulations people suffering from tuberculosis. Patients were treated with antituberculosis drugs that would stop them from spreading the disease to other people.
Lung-Heart Clinical Crosstalk in the Course of Copd Exacerbation
Authors: Skoczyński Szymon , Mizia-Stec Katarzyna , Semik-Orzech Aleksandra , Sozańska Ewa , Brożek Grzegorz , Pierzchała Władysław
Published: January 2015

Introduction: COPD exacerbation is a life-threatening condition with acute dyspnoea caused by respiratory or circulatory distress. The significance and co-presence of lung hyperinflation, bronchial obstruction, and changes in haemodynamics in the course of COPD exacerbation treatment have not been well described yet in course of a single study. Our aim was to evaluate the influence of COPD exacerbation treatment on bronchial obstruction, pulmonary hyperinflation, and possible changes of right and left ventricle haemodynamics in relation to the patient’s clinical status. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 patients (90% males), 67 ± 8 years old, with COPD were assessed pre- and post-exacerbation treatment by the following: respiratory function tests, transthoracic echocardiography, 6MWT, endothelin-1 (ET-1) and NT-proBNP serum concentrations, and MRC scale. Results: A significant decrease in RV%TLC (%) and mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPmean) [mm Hg] was observed: pre -RV%TLC: 64.3 ± 9.0; post-RV%TLC 60.6 ± 11.1; p = 0.03; pre-PAPmean: 41.2 ± 11.2; post-PAPmean: 39.1 ± 12.1; p = 0.029, coupled with a significant increase of FEV1 [L]-preFEV1: 1.0 ± 0.4, post-FEV1: 1.2 ± 0.5; p < 0.001. A trend for reduced right ventricle systolic pressure (RVSP) [mm Hg]: pre-treatment: 44.5 ± 12.9; post-treatment: 36.3 ± 14.3; p = 0.068 and ET-1 [fmol/ml]: pre-treatment: 1.7 ± 2.8; post-treatment: 1.3 ± 1.9; p = 0.076, but not for NT-proBNP was noticed. Improvement of both, 6MWT [m]: pre-treatment: 294 ± 132; post-treatment: 415 ± 102; p < 0.001 and MRC [pts.]: pre-treatment: 3.3 ± 0.8; post-treatment: 1.8 ± 0.9; p < 0.001, were noticed. 6MWT correlated with RV%TLC (p < 0.05; r = –0.46; r = –0.53; respectively) and FEV1 (p < 0.05; r = 0.55; r = 0.60, respectively) on admission as well as on discharge. There was no such correlation with RVSP or PAPmean. Conclusions: Pulmonary hyperinflation and bronchial obstruction may be reduced by effective COPD exacerbation treatment and are accompanied by clinical improvement. The mPAP reduction observed in the course of treatment was not correlated with the results of 6MWT and MRC score.
Bird Fancier’s Lung: Clinical-Radiological Presentation in 15 Cases
Authors: Kumar Raj , Singh Mandeep
Published: January 2015

Introduction: Bird fancier’s lung (BFL) is a type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis occurring in response to avian antigens (usually inhaled proteins in bird feathers and droppings). The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, radiological, and biopsy characteristics. The present study was planned to highlight the clinico-radiological presentation in cases of BFL. Materials and Methods: The present study is a retrospective analysis of cases of bird fancier’s lung diagnosed in a unit of Vallabhbhai Patel Chest Institute over a period of two years, from 2013−2014. The clinico-radiological features of the subjects were analysed. The diagnosis of BFL was made as per criteria laid down by Mark Schuyler and Yvon Cormier. Results: There were a total of fifteen cases diagnosed with BFL during the study period, comprising twelve females and three males with a mean age of 54.93 ± 14.21 years. All the studied subjects gave significant history of exposure to pigeons and were non-smokers. The period of symptoms prior to presentation varied from one to eight years. The main symptoms on presentation were exertional breathlessness and cough. Radiologically, diffuse centrilobular nodules, ground glassing—diffuse or patchy predominant in upper lobes, fibrosis with or without traction bronchiectasis, honeycombing, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy were seen. Bronchoscopy showed ill-defined granulomas and chronic interstitial inflammation. Conclusions: BFL can exhibit a wide range of radiological patterns, and a high index of suspicion must be maintained, with particular attention to detailed exposure history in every case of interstitial lung disease.
Chłoniak Typu MALT o Lokalizacji Płucnej—Opis Przypadku
Authors: Kubisa Bartosz , Bocheńska Anna , Piotrowska Maria , Dec Paweł , Lesińska Anna , Kubisa Anna , Wójcik Janusz , Pieróg Jarosław , Grodzki Tomasz
Published: January 2015

Pierwotne chłoniaki płuc stanowią zaledwie 0.5% wszystkich nowotworów o lokalizacji płucnej. Chłoniak typu MALT jest pozawęzłowym, B-komórkowym chłoniakiem płuc o niskim stopniu złośliwości. Jest to jednostka chorobowa występująca sporadycznie, jednakże stanowi 72−90% wszystkich pierwotnych chłoniaków płuc. Przewlekła antygenowa stymulacja tkanki limfatycznej błony śluzowej drzewa oskrzelowego, palenie papierosów, stany zapalne czy choroby autoimmunologiczne wydają się być przyczyną chłoniaka typu MALT. Przedstawiamy przypadek chłoniaka typu MALT o lokalizacji płucnej. 76-letni chory palący papierosy od lat (22.5 paczkolat), został przyjęty do szpitala w celu dalszej diagnostyki zmiany w prawym płucu wykrytej w RTG klatki piersiowej. Diagnostyka nieinwazyjna nie pomogła ustalić etiologii zmiany. Po konsultacji torakochirurgicznej chory został zakwalifikowany do diagnostyki inwazyjnej. Badanie histologiczne potwierdziło chłoniaka typu MALT.
Leflunomide-Induced Acute Interstitial Pneumonia in a Patient Treated for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Maskey-Warzęchowska Marta , Karwat Krzysztof , Szczepankiewicz Benedykt , Langfort Renata , Szołkowska Małgorzata , Chazan Ryszarda
Published: January 2015

Leflunomide is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug that is used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who do not respond well to standard RA treatment. Leflunomide therapy may, however, be related with significant pulmonary complications in predisposed individuals. We present a patient with RA treated with leflunomide, in whom leflunomide lung injury had a fatal outcome. Potential risk factors for pulmonary complications of leflunomide treatment and the management of patients with leflunomide lung injury are discussed.
Ring Naczyniowy—Rzadka Przyczyna Duszności u Pacjenta w Podeszłym Wieku. Opis Przypadku
Authors: Orwaldi Magdalena
Published: January 2015

Najczęstszymi wskazaniami do diagnostyki pulmonologicznej są: duszność i zmiany w obrazie radiologicznym klatki piersiowej. Przedstawiono przypadek 71-letniego pacjenta skierowanego z Poradni Lekarza Rodzinnego z powodu zmian stwierdzonych w obrazie radiologicznym klatki piersiowej oraz nasilającej się duszności. Pacjent od kilku lat leczony z powodu choroby niedokrwiennej mięśnia sercowego i zaburzeń rytmu. W wykonanym badaniu komputerowym klatki piersiowej stwierdzono obecność ringu naczyniowego aorty. Ring naczyniowy aorty jest wadą polegającą na nieprawidłowym przebiegu wielkich pni naczyniowych, które tworzą pierścień naczyniowy otaczający pełnym lub częściowym obwodem struktury śródpiersia (przełyk, tchawicę). Obserwowane objawy kliniczne są skutkiem ucisku i stopnia jego natężenia na narządy śródpiersia. Wada naczyniowa w postaci ringu naczyniowego jest rozpoznawana we wczesnym okresie rozwoju niemowlęcym dziecięcym. Stwierdzenie jej obecności w starszym wieku jest przypadkiem kazuistycznym.
Trudności w Diagnostyce i Leczeniu Włókniakowatości śródpiersia. Opis Przypadku
Authors: Wojtyś Małgorzata , Alchimowicz Jacek , Waloszczyk Piiotr , Wójcik Norbert , Grodzki Tomasz
Published: January 2015

Włókniakowatość (fibromatosis) śródpiersia to bardzo rzadki mezenchymalny guz wywodzący się z tkanki włóknistej. W pracy przedstawiono przypadek 26-letniego mężczyzny z guzem śródpiersia wywołującym niewydolność oddechową oraz dysfagię. Objawy te spowodowane były uciskiem przełyku oraz naciekaniem i zamknięciem oskrzela głównego lewego przez masę guzowatą śródpiersia. Etiologia guza została ostatecznie ustalona na podstawie badania histopatologicznego wycinków pobranych podczas torakotomii próbnej dopiero po 3 latach i przeprowadzeniu wielu badań diagnostycznych. Autorzy opisują trudności w diagnostyce guzów śródpiersia, szczególnie tych rzadko występujących.
Ocena Czynności Układu Oddechowego w Kwalifikacji do Leczenia Operacyjnego Raka Płuca
Authors: Franczuk Monika , Wesołowski Stefan
Published: January 2015

Leczenie operacyjne to postępowanie z wyboru u chorych z rozpoznaniem niedrobnokomórkowego raka płuca (NDRP), ale jest możliwe w odpowiednio wczesnym stadium choroby. Kluczowym elementem kwalifikacji do leczenia operacyjnego jest stan zaawansowania choroby oraz ocena histopatologiczna. Ogólna sprawność i choroby współistniejące mają także wpływ na rodzaj i zakres podjętego leczenia, zwłaszcza że w populacji chorych na NDRP dominują pacjenci w podeszłym wieku. U znacznej części chorych na NDRP współistnieje przewlekła obturacyjna choroba płuc, która z definicji charakteryzuje się obniżeniem rezerw wentylacyjnych układu oddechowego. W tej grupie chorych ocena przedoperacyjna ma szczególne znaczenie, zarówno jeśli chodzi o oszacowanie ryzyka okołooperacyjnego, jak i przewidywanych pooperacyjnych parametrów czynności płuc. W ostatnim dwudziestoleciu zostały opracowane rekomendacje dotyczące przedoperacyjnej oceny kandydatów do resekcji—British Toracic Society (2001, 2010), European Respiratory Society i European Society of Thoracic Surgeons (2009) oraz American College of Chest Physicians (2007, 2013), które wskazują kolejność i wagę poszczególnych etapów oceny chorego. W zaleceniach ERS/ESTS i ACCP wskazano na potrzebę oceny ryzyka kardiologicznego u wszystkich pacjentów, która powinna poprzedzać ocenę czynności płuc. Według najnowszych zaleceń ACCP kolejne etapy ewaluacji to badanie spirometryczne z pomiarem FEV1, pomiar DLCO oraz wyliczenie przewidywanych wartości pooperacyjnych obydwu parametrów. Większą wagę przypisano prostym testom wysiłkowym, zwłaszcza u chorych z małym lub umiarkowanym ryzykiem powikłań, a zalecenie wykonania pełnego testu kardio- -pulmonologicznego zawężono do sytuacji rozstrzygania o możliwości leczenia operacyjnego u chorych obciążonych wysokim ryzykiem powikłań. Podkreślono także, że podejmowanie decyzji terapeutycznych powinno być wielodyscyplinarne, pozwalać na oszacowanie ryzyka powikłań i na ocenę spodziewanej jakości życia w okresie pooperacyjnym.
Nowe Inhalatory Suchego Proszku
Authors: Emeryk Andrzej , Pirożyński Michał
Published: January 2015

Inhalatory suchego proszku typu Ellipta™ i NEXThaler® są obecnie najnowocześniejszymi tego typu (DPI) na rynku. Oba są inhalatorami przepływowo-niezależnymi w zakresie typowych przepływów generowanych przez chorych na astmę lub POChP, oba wymagają jedynie 3 czynności w procesie inhalacji ze strony chorego. Inhalator Ellipta™ jest pierwszym DPI, który generuje chmurę aerozolu z dwóch taśm zawierających blistry dwóch różnych leków. Inhalator NEXThaler® jest z kolei jedynym aktualnie dostępnym DPI emitującym chmurę aerozolową glikokortykosteroidu wziewnego i długodziałającego β-2 mimetyka o MMAD < 2.0 μm (aerozol superdrobnocząsteczkowy). Oba są lub będą wkrótce dostępne z wieloma lekami stosowanymi w terapii astmy lub przewlekłej obturacyjnej choroby płuc (POChP).
Prof. Edmund Kowal
Authors: Pneumonologia i Alergologia Polska Editorial Office
Published: January 2015

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