bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sea-ice thickness retrieval model for 1.4 GHz radiometry and application to airborne measurements over low salinity sea-ice
Authors: Kaleschke L. , Maaß N. , Haas C. , Hendricks S. , Heygster G. , Tonboe R. T.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. In preparation for the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, we investigated the potential of L-band (1.4 GHz) radiometry to measure sea-ice thickness. Sea-ice brightness temperature was measured at 1.4 GHz and ice thickness was measured along nearly coincident flight tracks during the SMOS Sea-Ice campaign in the Bay of Bothnia in March 2007. A research aircraft was equipped with the L-band Radiometer EMIRAD and coordinated with helicopter based electromagnetic induction (EM) ice thickness measurements. We developed a three layer (ocean-ice-atmosphere) dielectric slab model for the calculation of ice thickness from brightness temperature. The dielectric properties depend on the relative brine volume which is a function of the bulk ice salinity and temperature. The model calculations suggest a thickness sensitivity of up to 1.5 m for low-salinity (multi-year or brackish) sea-ice. For Arctic first year ice the modelled thickness sensitivity is less than half a meter. It reduces to a few centimeters for temperatures approaching the melting point. The campaign was conducted under unfavorable melting conditions and the spatial overlap between the L-band and EM-measurements was relatively small. Despite these disadvantageous conditions we demonstrate the possibility to measure the sea-ice thickness with the certain limitation up to 1.5 m. The ice thickness derived from SMOS measurements would be complementary to ESA's CryoSat-2 mission in terms of the error characteristics and the spatiotemporal coverage. The relative error for the SMOS ice thickness retrieval is expected to be not less than about 20%.
Between Indian Law and Qullasuyu Nationalism. Gregorio Titiriku and the Making of AMP Indigenous Activists, 1921-1964
Authors: Ari-Chachaki Waskar
Published: December 2010

In 1921, when hard-line Liberal regimes ended in Bolivia, Gregorio Titiriku, an Uru-Aymara Indian from the shores of lake Titikaka (La Paz), started 50 years of Indian intellectual activism among the Alcaldes Mayores Particulares (AMP), a 450 cell network of indigenous intellectuals. Titiriku struggled against internal colonialism and was a crucial participant in the making of AMP subaltern nationalism.  Titiriku’s ideas became a crucial part of AMP discourse, known during this time as Indian Law.  This discourse promoted the worship of Pachamama (mother earth) and Achachillas (the spirit of the grandparents in the high hills of the Andes).  AMP discourse sought to rename the nation of Qullas (currently known as Aymara-Quechuas). Titiriku was especially good at creating ideas for mobilization among the AMP, such as qullasuyun wawapa (the children of the Qulla tribes) in order to promote "jaqi" pride (indigenous peoples pride), and bayeta camisas (people who dress in “bayeta” in order to promote an Indian dress-code as part of a politics of identity). These ideas provide us with a privileged field for understanding of the relationship between alternative modernities and public spheres. Titiriku thus used AMP discourse to contest segregation policies and to resist mainstream civilization projects. The particularities of Indian Law and its strategic nationalism reveal the existence of alternative discourses of modernity largely forgotten in Bolivia. The analysis of AMP discourse helps us understand the longstanding presence of struggle for autonomy and hegemonic projects in Bolivia and provides us with a better comprehension of how internal colonialism and public audiences interact historically.
Blanca Wiethüchter: Unnaming The Landscape. Politics And Poetics of Representation in the 1980s in Bolivia
Authors: Duarte Mauricio
Published: December 2010

This article examines the relationship between poetic writing and the discourse of landscape in Madera Viva y árbol difunto (1982) by Blanca Wiethüchter (1947-2004). Landscape is often understood as a modern device of normative representation in which people and places are classified merely as private property. I argue that Wiethüchter’s poetry establishes a counter-narrative of the landscape through the use of a poetic gaze that reinstates social and marginal imaginaries by recognizing the materiality of such landscape and, most importantly, the political role of imagination in shaping the sense of the real. In doing so, I show how Wiethüchter uses poetic language to claim multiple and conflictive realities that lie beneath the names and harmonic appearances of things. Finally, by analyzing Wiethüchter’ poetic and critical work in dialogue with thinkers and scholars such as García Linera, Mamani, Zavaleta Mercado, and Rivera Cusicanqui, this article contributes to the understanding of the politics of representation during the 1980s in Bolivia.
Alison Spedding. De cuando en cuando Saturnina (Saturnina from time to time): una historia oral del futuro
Authors: Alfaro Raquel
Published: December 2010

La Paz: Editorial Mama Huaco, 2004.
Women's Plan: Conceptual Framework and Methodology for the Buen Vivir
Authors: Paredes Julieta
Published: December 2010

This article analyzes the impact that neoliberal policies have on women and sets out the epistemological fracture that communitarian feminism produces in Western feminism.  We discuss the circumstances in which, for the first time in the history of Bolivian public policies for women, a Plan de las Mujeres emerges from within women’s social organizations. This article also offers the conceptual frame that guides such a Plan, which relies on five categories or fields of direct action that help us in defending ourselves from a market that has put our very lives on sale. These categories are our bodies, our space, our time, our memory, and the movements that we are able to articulate.
Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy: A Survey of UK Practice and Recommendations
Authors: Gomaa Ahmed , Liu Christopher
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO determine national trends in YAG laser capsulotomy practice in the NHS.

Methods

A total of 300 consultants were randomly selected, based on a list from the Royal College of Ophthalmologists, to receive a postal questionnaire. It included 10 questions about YAG capsulotomy technique and postcapsulotomy management.

Results

A total of 158 (53%) replies were received; 132 (83.5%) questionnaires were completed correctly. Most consultants dilate the pupil prior to treatment (98.5%) and use contact lens (87.9%), with 63.5% reporting using contact lenses for more than one indication. Nearly half of the consultants used cruciate laser pattern (47.0%). Most aimed for capsulotomy size larger than undilated pupil size (64.4%). A total of 42.4% used postoperative steroid drops, 61.8% for 1 week. Half used postlaser intraocular pressure-lowering drops with the majority used as 1-stat dose (85.1%). A total of 60% are not reviewing cases. Cases reviewed are mostly seen by doctors, with 50% reviewed 1 month postlaser.

Conclusions

Though commonly practiced, there is still considerable variation in YAG laser capsulotomy practice among NHS consultant ophthalmologists. Evidence-based guidelines are warranted to lessen any unnecessary complications.
Central Corneal Thickness in Microphthalmic Eyes with or without History of Congenital Cataract Surgery
Authors: Filous Ales , Osmera Jakub , Hlozanek Martin , Mahelkova Gabriela
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO determine the central corneal thickness (CCT) in microphthalmic aphakic or Pseudophakic eyes as well as in microphthalmic eyes without any history of eye surgery.

Methods

Thirty-two patients with a mean age of 6.41 ±5.24 years after congenital cataract surgery with absolute microcornea, i.e., horizontal corneal diameter (HCD) <10 mm, or relative microcornea, i.e., HCD 10–11 mm but in the affected eye at least 0.5 mm smaller compared to the fellow eye, formed group A. Thirteen patients of mean age 0.94±1.22 years with absolute or relative microcornea plus another developmental anomaly of an eye without any history of eye surgery formed group B. The patients with corneal edema or scars were excluded. The control group consisted of 124 healthy school-aged children. Horizontal corneal diameter was measured with caliper and CCT with an ultrasound pachymeter. In infants, these measurements were performed under general anesthesia.

Results

In 48 eyes in group A and in 16 eyes in group B, the mean CCT was 635.13±65.35 μm and 642.31±93.07 μm, respectively, which was significantly greater (p<0.0001 and p=0.0018) in comparison with the mean CCT (553.58±33.12 μm) in the control group. Regression curve demonstrated the significant increase of CCT values along with the decrease of HCD in microphthalmic eyes.

Conclusions

Small corneas in microphthalmic eyes either with or without congenital cataract surgery have significantly higher CCT. The results demonstrate significant negative correlation between horizontal corneal diameter and CCT.
Outcome of Phacoemulsification in Previously Vitrectomized Myopic Eyes with Axial Length Greater than 26 mm
Authors: Gupta Manish , Lascaratos Gerassimos , Syrogiannis Andreas , Verma Seema
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO determine the outcome, including the intraoperative and postoperative complications, of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in myopic eyes with axial length of 26 mm or more that had undergone previous pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Methods

This prospective study comprised 37 highly myopic eyes (axial length over 26 mm) with previous vitrectomy that underwent phacoemulsification and were reviewed at a mean postoperative follow-up of 3–6 weeks. The main outcome measures were preoperative and postoperative spherical equivalent, preoperative and postoperative visual acuity, difference between intended and achieved refraction, and any complications during cataract surgery.

Results

The mean age for cataract surgery was 61.5 years. Nuclear sclerosis was present in 91.89% of patients. The mean axial length was 27.53 mm (range 26.03–30.52 mm). The most common indication for vitrectomy in our study was retinal detachment surgery (35 out of 37). Postoperatively, 34 patients (91.89%) had a visual acuity improvement of 2 or more Snellen lines and the best-corrected visual acuity at final refraction was 6/9 (0.2 logMAR) or better in 30 patients (81.08%). Two patients had perioperative complications (5.4%).

Conclusions

Cataract surgery with IOL implantation can be performed safely in highly myopic eyes after PPV and the final visual acuity outcomes appear to be dependent on the preoperative status of the retina. Our study suggests that the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications can be reduced to a minimum with proper planning and meticulous attention to detail during cataract surgery.
Isolated Optic Nerve Metastasis of Breast Cancer Initially Mimicking Retrobulbar Optic Neuritis
Authors: Cho Hyun Kyung , Park Shin Hae , Shin Sun Young
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO report a pathologically confirmed case of optic nerve metastasis of breast carcinoma, which was initially misdiagnosed as a retrobulbar optic neuritis. There have been no case reports of isolated optic nerve metastasis of breast carcinoma with nonspecific initial fundus and neuroimaging findings.

Methods

A 51-year-old woman presented with decreased visual acuity in her left eye for 15 days. She had undergone a left modified radical mastectomy 10 years earlier. The funduscopic findings were nonspecific, except for a slightly enlarged cup-to-disc ratio of 0.6 in both eyes. The brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were nonspecific and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings were also nonspecific and negative for malignant cells. Therefore, she was diagnosed with idiopathic retrobulbar optic neuritis rather than metastasis of breast carcinoma. Intravenous steroid pulse therapy was given for 3 days.

Results

The left visual acuity decreased gradually, and after 2 months was light perception-negative in the left eye. Fundus findings and CSF study results were also nonspecific as the initial presentation. On the subsequent orbit MRI, diffuse enlargement and an enhancing segment of the left optic nerve was observed, which suggested metastasis to the left optic nerve. A craniotomy and biopsy of the left optic nerve was performed. The pathologic results revealed metastatic invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast. She underwent Cyberknife surgery followed by systemic chemotherapy.

Conclusions

Patients with known cancer at another site of the body who develop optic neuropathy, with or without evidence of metastasis, should be suspected to have cancer as a cause.
Corneal Endothelial Cell Density after Myopic Intra-LASIK and the Effect of AC Gas Bubbles on the Corneal Endothelium
Authors: Tomita Minoru , Watabe Miyuki , Waring George O. , Durrie Daniel S.
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO evaluate the endothelial cell density (ECD) change after laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) using IntraLase FS30®and the influence of anterior chamber gas bubbles (AC gas bubbles) produced during flap creation on the corneal endothelium during the excimer laser ablation.

Methods

Myopic LASIK was performed in 436 eyes of 252 patients at Shinagawa LASIK Center. Average age was 32.4±7.05 years. IntraLase FS30® was used for flap creation and Allgretto Wave Eye-Q® 400Hz was used for excimer laser ablation. Preoperative and 3-month postoperative ECD were measured with a noncontact specular microscope (Noncon Robo FA-3509®) and compared. The preoperative and 3-month postoperative ECD changes that developed AC gas bubbles during the flap creation (19 eyes of 18 patients) were also examined. The change of ECD was compared to the group that did not produce AC gas bubbles.

Results

The average ECD reduction after LASIK was −15±102 cells/mm2 for AC gas bubbles (-) group (0.51%, p>0.05) and-35±130 cells/mm2 (1.21%, p>0.05) for AC gas bubbles (+) group. There was no significant ECD change in the AC gas bubbles (-) and AC gas bubbles (+) groups, and no significant difference was observed between AC gas bubbles (-) and AC gas bubbles (+) groups.

Conclusions

IntraLase FS30® is a safe and effective tool for LASIK operation which does not cause damage to corneal endothelium. Anterior chamber gas bubbles produced during flap creation did not damage corneal endothelial cells and did not interfere with LASIK operations.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab Associated with Grid Laser Photocoagulation in Macular Edema Secondary to Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Salinas-Alamán Angel , Zarranz-Ventura Javier , González-Jauregui Jose M. Caire , Sádaba-Echarri Luis M. , Barrio-Barrio Jesús , García-Layana Alfredo
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO evaluate intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) combined with grid laser photocoagulation in macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

Methods

Eight eyes (8 patients) with ME associated with BRVO with at least 3 months of evolution since symptom onset were included. All subjects underwent measurement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and imaging with spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Intravitreal bevacizumab was administered at baseline and macular grid laser photocoagulation 1 month later. During follow-up, additional IVB was administered based on physician discretion if persistent or recurrent intraretinal fluid (cysts) was observed on SD-OCT. The mean BCVA and SD-OCT central subfield thickness (CST) values were determined at each time point. Fisher exact test was performed to assess differences between baseline and post-treatment BCVA and SD-OCT measurements.

Results

The mean baseline BCVA was 0.28±0.14 (mean ± SD), and the mean CST was 479±137 μm. The mean BCVAs at 1, 3, 6, and 12months were 0.47±0.18 (p=0.031), 0.56±0.50 (p=0.031), 0.65±0.60 (p=0.008), and 0.66±0.65 (p=0.016), respectively. The mean CST values at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were 295±60 μm (p=0.008), 333±114 μm (p=0.070), 339±80 μm (p=0.008), and 335±109 μm (p=0.008). A mean 2.13 injections were administered; the second injection was administered a mean of 2.71 months after baseline.

Conclusions

Combined treatment with IVB and macular grid photocoagulation provided good results and may be considered as an alternative therapy for ME in BRVO. Further studies are needed to assess these preliminary results.
Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma Involving the Lacrimal Gland and Infiltrating the Eyelids
Authors: Blasi Maria Antonietta , Ventura Luca , Laguardia Michela , Tiberti Alessandra C. , Sammarco Maria Grazia , Balestrazzi Emilio
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO report a case of a lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC), which is a variant of carcinoma most commonly involving the nasopharynx and rarely occurring in a variety of sites outside its typical location.

Methods

We present the case of a 79-year-old Caucasian man with LELC of the lacrimal gland undergoing surgical resection of the mass.

Results

The patient had remained disease-free for 2 years, and then he developed homolateral metastases in latero-cervical and parotid lymph nodes, detected by computed tomography and confirmed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. He did not receive any surgical treatment, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy because of the advanced stage of the disease and poor health condition.

Conclusions

This case report suggests that a diagnosis of lacrimal gland LELC makes combined early and radical therapy necessary.
Do Adherence Rates and Glaucomatous Visual Field Progression Correlate?
Authors: Rossi Gemma C.M. , Pasinetti Gian Maria , Scudeller Luigia , Radaelli Rosella , Bianchi Paolo Emilio
Published: December 2010

Purpose

TO assess the relation between visual field progression and adherence rate in patients with glaucoma using Travatan Dosing Aid® (TDA).

Methods

In this 36-month retrospective study, 35 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma on travoprost or travoprost/timolol fixed combination monotherapy were submitted to ophthalmic examination and to visual field (VF) test from 2007 to 2009. Adherence was recorded with TDA. The association between VF progression (from 2007 to the end of the follow-up period) and a number of predictors (adherence rates at 12 months) was tested by means of chi-square test (or Fisher exact test) or Mann-Whitney test as appropriate.

Results

The mean (±SD) adherence rates were 71.9%±27.8% after 1 month of follow-up and 76.8%±20.9% at 12 months. A total of 25 (71.4%) patients with stable VF had a median adherence rate (IQR) of 85% (75%-97%); patients who worsened (n=10; 28.6%) recorded a median (IQR) adherence of 21% (9%-45%) (p<0.001). No association was found between VF progression and any of the other variables (age, sex, schooling, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP) at baseline and over time, other ocular diseases, time since diagnosis and actual therapy, number of concomitant systemic therapies). Patients who were at least 90% adherent did not progress, while 43.5% of the patients with lower adherence worsened (p=0.01).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that adherence rate may play a role in glaucomatous damage and/or progression; the target IOP therefore should be adjusted by adherence rates. Monitoring tools, educational programs, use of videos, a better doctor-patient relationship, or other means to improve adherence are desirable and necessary to preserve visual function.
Visual and Optical Coherence Tomography Outcomes of Intravitreal Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab in Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Punctate Inner Choroidopathy
Authors: Cornish Kurt Spiteri , Williams Graeme J. , Gavin Michael P. , Imhe Fraser R.
Published: December 2010

Purpose

Choroidal neovascular membranes (CNV) are the major cause of visual loss in punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC), an idiopathic inflammatory condition predominantly affecting young, myopic women. We present a case series of 9 patients with CNV associated with PIC, treated with intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents.

Methods

This is a retrospective case series of 9 patients treated with either intravitreal bevacizumab or ranibizumab for inflammatory CNV secondary to PIC. Initial and posttreatment converted logMAR visual acuity, fundus fluorescein angiograms (FFA), optical coherence tomography (OCT), previous and concurrent treatments, and side effects were recorded. Informed consent for treatment was obtained from each patient.

Results

Nine patients (8 female, 1 male) with an average age of 34.4 years were treated for an average of 14.9 months. Six patients were treated with bevacizumab, and 3 with ranibizumab, with a mean of 2.34 injections per year. The mean visual acuity gain for the whole group of 9 patients was 0.26 converted logMAR units (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p<0.015). Eight patients remained stable or had visual improvement at final follow-up, with a mean gain of 0.36 converted logMAR units. Only one patient's vision deteriorated (loss of 0.48 converted logMAR units). Concomitant short courses of oral corticosteroid were used in 3 of the 9 patients.

Conclusions

Over a 1-year period, bevacizumab and ranibizumab can be safely and successfully used to treat inflammatory CNV secondary to PIC, avoiding the need for systemic immunosuppression in the majority of patients.
Multiple Tumor Marker Elevation in Androgen Ablation-Refractory Prostate Cancer with Long-Term Response to Metronomic Chemotherapy: A Case Report
Authors: Massaccesi Mariangela , Forni Franca , Spagnuolo Pasquale , Macchia Gabriella , Mignogna Samantha , De Ninno Maria , Cellini Numa , Giardina Bruno , Carbone Arnaldo , Morganti Alessio G.
Published: December 2010

Outcomes in hormone-refractory prostate cancer are very poor. The time from progression to death is only 12–19 months. We present the case of a 69-year-old man with hormone-refractory prostate cancer and bone metastases treated with metronomic chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide based). He had had a colon adenocarcinoma ten years before. The atypical features of this case were an unusually long-lasting response to metronomic chemotherapy and an increase in serum levels of some non-prostate-specific tumor markers (CEA and CA 19–9) that was not related to a relapse of colon cancer. We hypothesize a potential role of hypoxia inducing CA 19–9 and CEA expression in tumor cells, which may predict the development of progressive resistance to antiangiogenic therapies.
Structural Origin of the Strain‐Hardening of Spider Silk
Authors: Du Ning , Yang Zhen , Liu Xiang Yang , Li Yang , Xu Hong Yao
Published: December 2010

Spider dragline silk, as a type of high‐performance natural fiber, displays a unique combination of tensile strength and extensibility that gives rise to a greater toughness than any other natural or synthetic fiber. In contrast to silkworm silk, spider dragline silk displays a remarkable strain‐hardening character for which the origin remains unknown. In this paper, the performance of silkworm silk and spider dragline fibers under stretching is compared based on a combined structural and mechanical analysis. The molecular origin of the strain‐hardening of spider silk filaments is addressed in comparison to rubber and Kevlar. Unlike rubber, the occurrence of strain‐hardening can be attributed to the unfolding of the intramolecular β‐sheets in spider silk fibrils, which serve as “molecular spindles” to store lengthy molecular chains in space compactly. With the progressive unfolding and alignment of protein during fiber extension, protein backbones and nodes of the molecular network are stretched to support the load. Consequently the dragline filaments become gradually hardened, enabling efficient energy buffering when an abseiling spider escapes from a predator. As distinct from synthetic materials such as rubber (elastomers), this particular structural feature of spider draglines not only enables quick energy absorption, but also efficiently suppresses the drastic oscillation which occurs upon an impact. The mimicking of this strain‐hardening character of spider silk will give rise to the design and fabrication of new advanced functional materials with applications in kinetic energy buffering and absorption.
Compressible and incompressible 1‐D linear wave propagation assessment in fast fluidized beds
Authors: Sánchez‐López J. R. G. , Soria A. , Salinas‐Rodríguez E.
Published: December 2010

We propose two equivalent 1‐D perturbation models for a fast fluidized bed considering compressibility effects. The first model is the explicit summation of incompressible and compressible terms. All compressible terms appear multiplied by the inverse squared gas sound propagation speed, s. In the second model, a lumped waving structure is presented, with just one term corresponding to each wave hierarchy. In both proposed models, the incompressible part was retrieved in the limit s → ∞. The Liu's linear stability analysis, based on Whitham's, was extended to estimate the compressibility contribution. Stability conditions on the propagation speeds and a criterion on the wave number were developed. This method was applied to two physical systems whose solid properties differ widely. It was shown that the effect of the fluid compressibility is at least as important as the effect of the solid compressibility modulus. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
The IARC october 2009 evaluation of benzene carcinogenicity was incomplete and needs to be reconsidered
Authors: Infante Peter F.
Published: December 2010

I have been familiar with the toxicological and epidemiological literature on benzene since I was a member of the NIOSH Benzene Task Force in 1975. I also am familiar with the procedures of IARC Monographs meetings from past participation, and as observer I applied this experience to the Monograph 100 F review.

In October of 2009, a Working Group (WG) of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) met in Lyon, France to evaluate the available evidence for site‐specific cancer to humans for 33 chemical agents and related occupations previously categorized by IARC as human carcinogens.

Generally, review and discussion of the epidemiological cancer literature related to benzene was limited due to the enormous amount of material needing to be covered since the last full monograph meeting on benzene in 1981, and because 32 other chemicals and occupations were also being evaluated. Moreover, among the 33 chemicals and occupations reviewed, there was some inconsistency in the use of studies for evaluating various cancers. In some situations, consideration could have been given to the inclusion of relevant unpublished, but readily available study results. Discussion and synthesis of the animal cancer studies and mechanistic data related to specific cancers also were limited.

IARC's conclusion that there is sufficient evidence for benzene to cause acute non‐lymphocytic leukemia only was based on an incomplete review. IARC should schedule another monographs meeting dedicated to a complete and full review and discussion of all potential cancers related to exposure to benzene and to benzene‐containing mixtures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:157–164, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The interplay between interpersonal and electronic resources in knowledge seeking among co‐located and distributed employees
Authors: Yuan Y. Connie , Rickard Laura N. , Xia Ling , Scherer Clifford
Published: December 2010

In the information age, a common problem for employees is not lack of resources but rather how to sift through multiple resources, both electronic and interpersonal, to retrieve and locate true expert knowledge. The main objective of this study is hence to explore employees' simultaneous usage of both resources and to identify situations where employees showed a clear preference of interpersonal resources over electronic ones, and where employees found these two resources (a) (ir)replaceable and (b) complementary. Both qualitative interview data and quantitative social‐network data were collected from a university‐affiliated community educational office. Data analysis showed that (a) social relationships were crucial for seeking and gaining actual access to needed knowledge; (b) employees were task‐driven in knowledge seeking and obtained different types of knowledge depending on availability; and (c) the choice between interpersonal and electronic resources was determined by the characteristics of the knowledge sought as well as such contextual factors as time, cost, and location. Additional interviews from other study contexts validated most of our findings, except those that require collection of complete social‐network data. The article ends with a discussion on how organizations can better leverage their investment in human and technical resources to facilitate knowledge seeking.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Intermolecular Hydroarylation of Allenes with Indoles and Reaction Mechanism by Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Wang Ming‐Zhong , Zhou Cong‐Ying , Guo Zhen , Wong Ella Lai‐Ming , Wong Man‐Kin , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: December 2010

Chiral binuclear gold(I) phosphine complexes catalyze enantioselective intermolecular hydroarylation of allenes with indoles in high product yields (up to 90 %) and with moderate enantioselectivities (up to 63 % ee). Among the gold(I) complexes examined, better ee values were obtained with binuclear gold(I) complexes, which displayed intramolecular AuIAuI interactions. The binuclear gold(I) complex 4c [(AuCl)2(L3)] with chiral biaryl phosphine ligand (S)‐(−)‐MeO‐biphep (L3) is the most efficient catalyst and gives the best ee value of up to 63 %. Substituents on the allene reactants have a slight effect on the enantioselectivity of the reaction. Electron‐withdrawing groups on the indole substrates decrease the enantioselectivity of the reaction. The relative reaction rates of the hydroarylation of 4‐X‐substituted 1,3‐diarylallenes with N‐methylindole in the presence of catalyst 4c [(AuCl)2(L3)]/AgOTf [L3=(S)‐(−)‐MeO‐biphep], determined through competition experiments, correlate (r2=0.996) with the substituent constants σ. The slope value is −2.30, revealing both the build‐up of positive charge at the allene and electrophilic nature of the reactive AuI species. Two plausible reaction pathways were investigated by density functional theory calculations, one pathway involving intermolecular nucleophilic addition of free indole to aurated allene intermediate and another pathway involving intramolecular nucleophilic addition of aurated indole to allene via diaurated intermediate E2. Calculated results revealed that the reaction likely proceeds via the first pathway with a lower activation energy. The role of AuIAuI interactions in affecting the enantioselectivity is discussed.
A Rational Repeating Template Method for Synthesis of 2 D Hexagonally Ordered Mesoporous Precious Metals
Authors: Takai Azusa , Doi Yoji , Yamauchi Yusuke , Kuroda Kazuyuki
Published: December 2010

A repeating template method is presented for the synthesis of mesoporous metals with 2D hexagonal mesostructures. First, a silica replica (i.e., silica nanorods arranged periodically) is prepared by using 2D hexagonally ordered mesoporous carbon as the template. After that, the obtained silica replica is used as the second template for the preparation of mesoporous ruthenium. After the ruthenium species are introduced into the silica replica, the ruthenium species are then reduced by a vapor‐infiltration method by using the reducing agent dimethylamine borane. After the ruthenium deposition, the silica is chemically removed. Analysis by transmission and scanning electron microscopies, a nitrogen‐adsorption–desorption isotherm, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering revealed that the mesoporous ruthenium had a 2D hexagonal mesostructure, although the mesostructural ordering is decreased compared to that of the original mesoporous carbon template. This method is widely applicable to other metal systems. By changing the metal species introduced into the silica replica, several mesoporous metals (palladium and platinum) can be synthesized. Ordered mesoporous ruthenium and palladium, which are not easily attainable by the soft‐templating methods, can be prepared. This study has overcome the composition variation limitations of the soft‐templating method.
Modeling of single‐cell oil production under nitrogen‐limited and substrate inhibition conditions
Authors: Economou C.N. , Aggelis G. , Pavlou S. , Vayenas D.V.
Published: December 2010

Sweet sorghum extract was used as substrate for lipid accumulation by the oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina in batch cultures. Various initial sugar (13–91 g/L) and nitrogen (100–785 mg/L) concentrations resulting in various C/N (43–53) ratios were tested. Oil accumulation ranged between 43% and 51% corresponding to oil production from 2.2 to 9.3 g/L. A detailed mathematical model was developed. This model is able to adequately predict biomass growth, lipid accumulation, and sugar and nitrogen consumption. The model assumes that fungus growth is inhibited at high sugar concentrations. A set of kinetic experiments was used for model kinetic parameters estimation, while another set of experiments was used for model validation. The developed model could be generalized for similar systems of lipid accumulation and become a useful tool for reactor design for biofuel production. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1049–1055. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activation of Alkanes by Gold‐Modified Lanthanum Oxide
Authors: Sá Jacinto , Ace Matthew , Delgado Juan José , Goguet Alexandre , Hardacre Christopher , Morgan Kevin
Published: December 2010

Functionalization of alkanes is much sought after for the production of fine and bulk chemicals. In particular, the oxidative activation of alkanes and their conversion to ethene and propene has been studied extensively, owing to the use of these alkenes in polymerization reactions. The greater reactivity of the products in comparison with the reactants has proven a major issue in this reaction as this can result in overoxidation, producing CO and CO2 and, therefore, reducing the alkene yield. Herein, the first application of supported gold catalysts for the direct activation of C2+ aliphatic alkanes with oxygen to form alkenes is demonstrated. This catalyst is particularly notable as it is highly active, selective to propene and ethene, and stable on stream over a 48 h period. Maintaining cationic gold is thought to be critical for the stability and this catalyst design provides the possibility of applying gold‐based catalysts over a much wider temperature range than has been reported.
Tumor volume and patient weight as predictors of outcome in children with intermediate risk rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Rodeberg David A. , Stoner Julie A. , Garcia‐Henriquez Norbert , Randall R. Lor , Spunt Sheri L. , Arndt Carola A. , Kao Simon , Paidas Charles N. , Million Lynn , Hawkins Douglas S.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

The objectives of this study were to compare tumor volume and patient weight versus traditional factors of tumor size (greatest dimension) and patient age and to determine which parameters best discriminated outcome among pediatric patients with intermediate‐risk rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS).

METHODS:

Complete information was available for 370 patients with nonmetastatic RMS who were enrolled in the Children's Oncology Group (COG) intermediate‐risk study D9803 (1999‐2005). The Kaplan‐Meier method was used to estimate survival distributions. A recursive partitioning model was used to identify prognostic factors that were associated with event‐free survival (EFS). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association between patient characteristics and the risk of failure or death.

RESULTS:

For all patients with intermediate‐risk RMS, a recursive partitioning algorithm for EFS suggested that prognostic groups should be defined optimally by tumor volume (with a transition point at 20 cm3), patient weight (with a transition point at 50 kg), and embryonal histology. Tumor volume and patient weight added significant outcome information to the standard prognostic factors, including greatest tumor dimension and patient age (P = .02). The ability to resect the tumor completely was not associated significantly with the size of the patient, and patient weight did not significantly modify the association between tumor volume and EFS after adjustment for standard risk factors (P = .2).

CONCLUSIONS:

The factors that had the strongest association with EFS were tumor volume, patient weight, and histology. On the basis of regression modeling, tumor volume and patient weight were superior predictors of outcome compared with greatest tumor dimension and patient age in children with intermediate‐risk RMS. The current results indicated that the prognostic performance of tumor volume and patient weight should be assessed in an independent prospective study. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Phase 2 trial of rituximab and bortezomib in patients with relapsed or refractory mantle cell and follicular lymphoma
Authors: Baiocchi Robert A. , Alinari Lapo , Lustberg Mark E. , Lin Thomas S. , Porcu Pierluigi , Li Xiaobai , Johnston Jeffrey S. , Byrd John C. , Blum Kristie A.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

In vitro studies in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines and patient‐derived cells have demonstrated synergistic apoptosis with combined rituximab and bortezomib (R‐bortezomib) compared with single‐agent bortezomib. Therefore, the authors of this report evaluated R‐bortezomib in a preclinical model and in a phase 2 clinical trial.

METHODS:

A Hu‐MCL‐severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) model engrafted with the Jeko cell line was treated with R‐bortezomib, bortezomib, or rituximab. Twenty‐five patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma (n = 11) and MCL (n = 14) received 375 mg/m2 rituximab on Days 1 and 8 and 1.3 to 1.5 mg/m2 bortezomib on Days 1, 4, 8, and 11 every 21 days for a median of 3 cycles (range, 1‐5 cycles).

RESULTS:

R‐bortezomib resulted in a statistically significant improvement in overall survival in Hu‐MCL‐SCID mice. In the clinical trial, the overall response rate was 40% in all 25 patients, 55% in patients with follicular lymphoma, and 29% in patients with MCL. The estimated 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) rate was 24% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10%‐53%) in all patients and 60% (95% CI, 20%‐85%) in responding patients. Thirteen patients (52%) developed grade 3 neurotoxicity, which consisted of constipation/ileus, sensory or motor neuropathy, or orthostatic hypotension. Patients who were heterozygous for the CD32a (Fcγ receptor IIa) 131 histidine (H) to arginine (R) polymorphism had a significantly decreased PFS (P = .009) after R‐bortezomib compared with HH and RR homozygotes.

CONCLUSIONS:

R‐bortezomib had significant activity in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma and MCL, although an unexpectedly high incidence of grade 3 neurologic toxicity was a potential limiting factor with this combination. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Induction of MUC5AC mucin by conjugated bile acids in the esophagus involves the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/protein kinase C/activator protein‐1 pathway
Authors: Song Shumei , Byrd James C. , Guha Sushovan , Liu Kai‐Feng , Koul Dimpy , Bresalier Robert S.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

Bile reflux contributes to the development of esophageal injury and neoplasia. The mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) is absent in the normal squamous epithelium of the esophagus but is strongly expressed in Barrett esophagus (BE). The objective of this study was to determine whether and how bile acids influence the expression of MUC5AC in the esophagus.

METHODS:

MUC5AC expression was studied by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in human tissues, in tissues from a rat model of BE, and in SKGT‐4 cultured esophageal epithelial cells. MUC5AC transcription was studied by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and transient transfection assays.

RESULTS:

MUC5AC was absent from normal squamous epithelium but was present in 100% of Barrett specimens and in 61.5% of human esophageal adenocarcinoma tissues that were examined. MUC5AC protein expression was induced to a greater degree by conjugated bile acids than by unconjugated bile acids, and this occurred at the transcriptional level. In the rat reflux model, MUC5AC mucin was expressed abundantly in tissues of BE stimulated by duodenoesophageal reflux. Conjugated bile acids induced AKT phosphorylation in SKGT‐4 cells but had no effect on extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinases 1 and 2, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, or protein‐38 kinase phosphorylation. The phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 and a dominant‐negative protein kinase C (AKT) construct prevented the induction of MUC5AC by conjugated bile acids. Transactivation of AP‐1 by conjugated bile acids coincided with MUC5AC induction, and cotransfection with a dominant‐negative activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) vector decreased MUC5AC transcription and its induction.

CONCLUSIONS:

Conjugated bile acids in the bile refluxate contribute to MUC5AC induction in the esophagus. This occurs at the level of transcription and involves activation of the PI3K/AKT/AP‐1 pathway. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Additive effect on survival of Raf kinase inhibitor protein and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in high‐grade glioma
Authors: Maresch Judith , Birner Peter , Zakharinov Mikhail , Toumangelova‐Uzeir Kalina , Natchev Sevdalin , Guentchev Marin
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

Animal studies have shown cooperative contribution of the Ras/Raf/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in glioblastoma formation. However, this joint action has not yet been confirmed in human studies.

METHODS:

The expression of Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) was examined in 159 patients with high‐grade and low‐grade gliomas and correlated with previously obtained data on the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a downstream effector of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

RESULTS:

RKIP expression was associated with a longer overall survival in high‐grade glioma cases without showing a direct or inverse correlation with tyrosine‐705 phosphorylation of STAT3 (pSTAT3). Notably, RKIP‐positive and pSTAT3 negative cases demarcate a patients group with exceptionally long survival, exceeding the prognostic impact of each single marker.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results of this study indicated that 1) RKIP expression correlates with tumor grade and is a marker for good prognosis in high‐grade gliomas; 2) RKIP expression and lack of pSTAT3 have a cumulative prognostic impact; and 3) RKIP and pSTAT3 are likely to operate independently to influence survival. These findings represented the first human evidence of an additive effect of 2 distinct signaling pathways in high‐grade glioma, suggesting that simultaneous inhibition of multiple pathways should be considered as a treatment strategy for these patients. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Incidence of gastric involvement in patients with nongastrointestinal extranodal marginal zone lymphoma
Authors: Mazloom Ali , Rodriguez Alma , Ha Chul S. , Medeiros L. Jeffery , Wogan Christine , Shihadeh Ferial , Allen Pamela , Fowler Nathan , Dabaja Bouthaina
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

The current study was conducted to determine the incidence of gastric involvement in patients presenting with extranodal marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) outside the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and to identify clinical or laboratory parameters that predict gastric involvement in such cases.

METHODS:

The records of 121 consecutive patients who presented with non‐GI extranodal MZL and had undergone esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) as part of their initial workup were retrospectively reviewed. The authors assessed the presence of occult gastric MZL in these patients and possible associations with demographic characteristics; anatomic site of initial presentation; Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection; Zubrod score; International Prognostic Index (IPI); B symptoms; and serum lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin, albumin, and β2‐microglobulin levels.

RESULTS:

The median age at diagnosis of non‐GI MZL was 59 years. The most common primary tumor sites were the salivary/parotid gland (32 patients), ocular adnexa (26 patients), skin (19 patients), and lung (17 patients). Twenty‐two patients (18%) were found to have gastric involvement on EGD. Using logistic regression analysis, factors found to be associated with gastric involvement included: high IPI score (odds ratio [OR], 3.70; P = .03), female sex (OR, 6.50; P = .02), serum β2‐microglobulin level of ≥2.5 mg/L (OR, 3.69; P = .02), and involvement of the aerodigestive mucosal/glandular tissue (OR, 4.50; P = .004). On multivariate logistic analysis, aerodigestive mucosal/glandular sites, H. pylori infection, and an elevated β2‐microglobulin level were found to be associated with gastric involvement.

CONCLUSIONS:

Routine EGD is recommended for patients with non‐GI MZL, particularly those with primary aerodigestive mucosal/glandular tissue involvement or those with a high IPI, female sex, elevated serum β2‐microglobulin level, or H. pylori infection regardless of the primary tumor site. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Early hypofractionated salvage radiotherapy for postprostatectomy biochemical recurrence
Authors: Kruser Tim J. , Jarrard David F. , Graf Andrew K. , Hedican Sean P. , Paolone David R. , Wegenke John D. , Liu Glenn , Geye Heather M. , Ritter Mark A.
Published: December 2010

BACKGROUND:

Postprostatectomy adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy, when using standard fractionation, requires 6.5 to 8 weeks of treatment. The authors report on the safety and efficacy of an expedited radiotherapy course for salvage prostate radiotherapy.

METHODS:

A total of 108 consecutive patients were treated with salvage radiation therapy to 65 grays (Gy) in 26 fractions of 2.5 Gy. Median follow‐up was 32.4 months. Median presalvage prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) was 0.44 (range, 0.05‐9.50). Eighteen (17%) patients received androgen deprivation after surgery or concurrently with radiation.

RESULTS:

The actuarial freedom from biochemical failure for the entire group at 4 years was 67% ± 5.3%. An identical 67% control rate was seen at 5 years for the first 50 enrolled patients, whose median follow‐up was longer at 43 months. One acute grade 3 genitourinary toxicity occurred, with no acute grade 3 gastrointestinal and no late grade 3 toxicities observed. On univariate analysis, higher Gleason score (P = .006), PSA doubling time ≤12 months (P = .03), perineural invasion (P = .06), and negative margins (P = .06) showed association with unsuccessful salvage. On multivariate analysis, higher Gleason score (P = .057) and negative margins (P = .088) retained an association with biochemical failure.

CONCLUSIONS:

Hypofractionated radiotherapy (65 Gy in 2.5 Gy fractions in about 5 weeks) reduces the length of treatment by from 1‐½ to 3 weeks relative to other treatment schedules commonly used, produces low rates of toxicity, and demonstrates encouraging efficacy at 4 to 5 years. Hypofractionation may provide a convenient, resource‐efficient, and well‐tolerated salvage approach for the estimated 20,000 to 35,000 US men per year experiencing biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.