bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Radar‐Based Statistical Model to Quantify Mass Eruption Rate of Volcanic Plumes
Authors: Mereu L. , Scollo S. , Garcia A. , Sandri L. , Bonadonna C. , Marzano F. S.
Published: March 2023

Accurate forecasting of volcanic particle (tephra) dispersal and fallout requires a reliable estimation of key Eruption Source Parameters (ESPs) such as the Mass Eruption Rate (QM). QM is usually estimated from the Top Plume Height (HTP) using empirical and analytical models. For the first time, we combine estimates of HTP and QM derived from the same sensor (radar) with mean wind velocity values (vW) for lava‐fountain fed tephra plumes associated with 32 paroxysms of Mt. Etna (Italy) to develop a new statistical model based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach for model parameter estimation. This model is especially designed for application to radar data to quickly infer QM from observed HTP and vW, and estimate the associated uncertainty. It can be easily applied and adjusted to data retrieved by radars worldwide, improving our capacity to quickly estimate QM and related uncertainties required for the tephra dispersal hazard.
Effect of Iron Content on Thermal Conductivity of Ferropericlase: Implications for Planetary Mantle Dynamics
Authors: Zhang Youyue , Yoshino Takashi , Osako Masahiro
Published: March 2023

We have simultaneously measured thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (κ) for polycrystalline ferropericlase with different Fe contents (Fp3, Fp5, Fp10, Fp20, Fp30 and Fp50) up to 23 GPa and 1100 K by a pulse heating method. Experiment results reveals that even small amounts of Fe in ferropericlase can strongly reduce the thermal conductivity by several times at low temperature compared with MgO periclase. With increasing Fe in ferropericlase, both their pressure and temperature dependence decrease. λ of Fe‐bearing ferropericlase is not sensitive to temperature compared with silicates and shows a tendency of first increasing and then decreasing with increasing temperature. A universal equation was derived to estimate λ of ferropericlase with arbitrary composition under mantle conditions. The low λ values of Fe‐rich ferropericlase can explain one possible origin of ultralow velocity zones. This study suggests that Fe content in ferropericlase is an important factor controlling the cooling history of terrestrial planets.
Statistical Analysis of the Differential Deep Penetration of Energetic Electrons and Protons into the Low L Region (L < 4)
Authors: Zhao H. , Califf S. T. , Goyal R. , Li X. , Gkioulidou M. , Manweiler J. W. , Krantz S.
Published: March 2023

Deep penetration of energetic electrons (10s–100s of keV) to low L‐shells (L < 4), as an important source of inner belt electrons, is commonly observed during geomagnetically active times. However, such deep penetration is not observed as frequently for similar energy protons, for which underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. To study their differential deep penetration, we conducted a statistical analysis using phase space densities (PSDs) of µ = 10–50 MeV/G, K = 0.14 G1/2Re electrons and protons from multiyear Van Allen Probes observations. The results suggest systematic differences in electron and proton deep penetration: electron PSD enhancements at low L‐shells occur more frequently, deeply, and faster than protons. For µ = 10–50 MeV/G electrons, the occurrence rate of deep penetration events (defined as daily‐averaged PSD enhanced by at least a factor of 2 within a day at L < 4) is ∼2–3 events/month. For protons, only ∼1 event/month was observed for µ = 10 MeV/G, and much fewer events were identified for µ > 20 MeV/G. Leveraging dual‐Probe configurations, fast electron deep penetrations at L < 4 are revealed: ∼70% of electron deep penetration events occurred within ∼9 hr; ∼8%–13% occurred even within 3 hr, with lower‐µ electrons penetrating faster than higher‐µ electrons. These results suggest nondiffusive radial transport as the main mechanism of electron deep penetrations. In comparison, proton deep penetration happens at a slower pace. Statistics also show that the electron PSD radial gradient is much steeper than protons prior to deep penetration events, which can be responsible for these differential behaviors of electron and proton deep penetrations.
Dispersion and Aging of Volcanic Aerosols After the La Soufrière Eruption in April 2021
Authors: Bruckert J. , Hirsch L. , Horváth Á. , Kahn R. A. , Kölling T. , Muser L. O. , Timmreck C. , Vogel H. , Wallis S. , Hoshyaripour G. A.
Published: March 2023

Volcanic aerosols change the atmospheric composition and thereby affect weather and climate. Aerosol dynamic processes such as nucleation, condensation, and coagulation modify the shape, size, and mass of aerosol particles, which influence their atmospheric lifetime and radiative properties. Nevertheless, most models omit these processes for ash particles. In this work, we explore the ash aerosol aging and sulfate production during the first 4 days following the 2021 La Soufrière (St. Vincent) eruption with the ICON‐ART model (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic model with Aerosol and Reactive Trace gases). Online coupling of ICON‐ART with a one‐dimensional volcanic plume model calculates volcanic emission, which makes it possible to resolve the different eruption phases of the noncontinuous La Soufrière eruption. We compared our simulated aerosol distribution and composition with observations from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument, the Multiangle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Research Aerosol (RA) Algorithm, and the Barbados Cloud Observatory (BCO). We show that online coupling is essential to adequately model the emissions and plume development close to the volcano. The modeled aerosol aging is in very good agreement with observations from MISR near the emission source and with CALIOP at larger distances. Furthermore, particle aging occurs faster in the troposphere than in the stratosphere due to the availability of water vapor and OH, but a layer of coated ash appears at the plume top due to faster oxidation of SO2 and lofting by aerosol‐radiation interaction. This paper gives the first direct comparison of aerosol aging in volcanic eruption plumes between simulations and observations.
What Controls the Mesoscale Variations in Water Isotopic Composition Within Tropical Cyclones and Squall Lines? Cloud Resolving Model Simulations in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium
Authors: Risi Camille , Muller Caroline , Vimeux Françoise , Blossey Peter , Védeau Grégoire , Dufaux Clarisse , Abramian Sophie
Published: March 2023

Water isotopes are tracers of convective processes and are often used as proxies for past precipitation. These applications require a better understanding of the impact of convective processes on the isotopic composition of water vapor and precipitation. One way to advance this understanding is to analyze the isotopic mesoscale variations during organized convective systems such as tropical cyclones or squall lines. The goal of this study is to understand these isotopic mesoscale variations with particular attention to isotopic signals in near‐surface vapor and precipitation that may be present in observations and in paleoclimate proxies. With this aim, we run cloud resolving model simulations in radiative‐convective equilibrium in which rotation or wind shear is added, allowing us to simulate tropical cyclones or squall lines. The simulations capture the robust aspects of mesoscale isotopic variations in observed tropical cyclones and squall lines. We interpret these variations using a simple water budget model for the sub‐cloud layer of different parts of the domain. We find that rain evaporation and rain‐vapor diffusive exchanges are the main drivers of isotopic depletion within tropical cyclones and squall lines. Horizontal advection spreads isotopic anomalies, thus reshaping the mesoscale isotopic pattern. This study contributes to our understanding of mesoscale isotopic variability and provides physical arguments supporting the interpretation of paleoclimate isotopic archives in tropical regions in terms of past cyclonic activity.
Multi‐Hour‐Ahead Dst Index Prediction Using Multi‐Fidelity Boosted Neural Networks
Authors: Hu A. , Camporeale E. , Swiger B.
Published: March 2023

The Disturbance storm time (Dst) index has been widely used as a proxy for the ring current intensity, and therefore as a measure of geomagnetic activity. It is derived by measurements from four ground magnetometers in the geomagnetic equatorial region. We present a new model for predicting Dst with a lead time between 1 and 6 hr. The model is first developed using a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) network that is trained using solar wind parameters. The uncertainty of the Dst model is then estimated by using the Accurate and Reliable Uncertainty Estimate method (Camporeale & Carè, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1615/int.j.uncertaintyquantification.2021034623). Finally, a multi‐fidelity boosting method is developed in order to enhance the accuracy of the model and reduce its associated uncertainty. It is shown that the developed model can predict Dst 6 hr ahead with a root‐mean‐square‐error of 13.54 nT. This is significantly better than a persistence model or a single GRU model.
The Magmatic Rifting of Santos Basin: Aeromagnetic Mapping of Dykes, Terranes and Marginal Structures and the Interplay Between Tectonism and Volcanism
Authors: Ferreira L. C. , Stanton N. , Gordon A. C. , Schmitt R.
Published: March 2023

We present a new magnetic map integrating continental and oceanic features at the Santos Basin, in order to investigate the connection between onshore and offshore tectonics and magmatism at the early stages of rifting. The magnetic and seismic data evidence the offshore continuity of the Florianópolis and Serra do Mar dyke swarms, while the Ponta Grossa Dyke Swarm is interrupted by the marginal structures. This structural relationship brings to evidence a different timing of formation of the Ponta Grossa Dyke Swarm relative to the early opening of the margin. A very high amplitude magnetic lineament ‐ the Santos Marginal Anomaly (SAMA) reaches up to 1,500 nT and trends NE‐SW, with local E‐W inflections forming the Cananéia and Guaratiba Arcuate anomalies. Our modeling suggests that the SAMA can be associated with dykes and syn‐rift extrusive rocks linked at depth to larger magmatic bodies at the proximal and necking domains. Based on the increasing width and amplitude of the magnetic anomalies oceanwards, we propose a mechanism whereby the igneous accretion (i.e., the amount of magmatism) augmented as rifting evolved from continent to ocean, creating a volcanic rift axis. This rift was segmented by crustal discontinuities that probably nucleated on preexisting rheological contrasts, forming tectonomagmatic segments during the early extensional stages. The onshore‐offshore relationships highlight that where there was an agreement between basement fabric and dyke orientation, inheritance may have influenced their emplacement, although it was not a limiting factor for their formation. The regional geodynamics of the Gondwana opening was the first order control on the emplacements of the dyke swarms, with deviations of the magmatically influenced rift by tectonic inheritance.
Seasonal Variations in the Sources and Influential Factors of Aerosol Dissolved Black Carbon at a Southeast Coastal Site in China
Authors: Zhang Ruoyang , Qiao Jing , Huang Dekun , Lin Xihuang , Tian Li , Wang Baiyun , Bao Hongyan , Kao Shuh‐Ji
Published: March 2023

Aerosols are a significant source of dissolved black carbon (DBC) in the ocean. However, how anthropogenic activities, including fossil fuel (FF) burning and human‐initiated biomass burning (BB), would affect the seasonal variations in the concentration and condensation degree of aerosol DBC was not well constrained. To fill this knowledge gap, we collected 33 aerosol samples from December 2018 to September 2019 at a southeast coastal site in China. Concentrations of DBC, water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and elemental carbon (EC) were determined, and air quality data were collected. DBC concentration was 0.02–0.23 μgC m−3, with significantly higher values in spring and winter, and was affected by sources, rainfall frequency, and secondary processes. The source of DBC, as indicated by DBC/WSOC (range: 0.009–0.045) and DBC/EC (range: 0.007–0.065), was dominated by FF burning. Furthermore, the significantly higher DBC/WSOC value in late April to July indicated enhanced contribution from BB that was mainly associated with airmass transported from Southeast Asia (SEA). We further estimated that ∼30% of aerosol DBC was from BB from May to July. The condensation degree of DBC was variable, with significantly higher values in winter and spring, which might be associated with prolonged photo‐dissolution. Significant correlations were also observed between DBC and PM10 and PM2.5, which might be utilized to estimate DBC deposition flux, albeit requiring more studies. Our study emphasized the influence of human activities (including BB activities) on atmospheric DBC deposition, which might affect the regional and even global DBC pools.
Collective dynamics of dense hairy surfaces in turbulent flow
Authors: Monti Alessandro , Olivieri Stefano , Rosti Marco E.
Published: March 2023

Flexible filamentous beds interacting with a turbulent flow represent a fundamental setting for many environmental phenomena, e.g., aquatic canopies in marine current. Exploiting direct numerical simulations at high Reynolds number where the canopy stems are modelled individually, we provide evidence on the essential features of the honami/monami collective motion experienced by hairy surfaces over a range of different flexibilities, i.e., Cauchy number. Our findings clearly confirm that the collective motion is essentially driven by fluid flow turbulence, with the canopy having in this respect a fully-passive behavior. Instead, some features pertaining to the structural response turn out to manifest in the motion of the individual canopy elements when focusing, in particular, on the spanwise oscillation and/or on sufficiently small Cauchy numbers.
Analysis of FCGR3A-p.176Val variants in women with recurrent pregnancy loss and the association with CD16a expression and anti-HLA antibody status
Authors: Habets Denise H. J. , Al-Nasiry Salwan , Nagelkerke Sietse Q. , Voorter Christina E. M. , Spaanderman Marc E. A. , Kuijpers Taco W. , Wieten Lotte
Published: March 2023

Natural Killer (NK) cells have been implicated in recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The p.Val176Phe (or Val158Phe) Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) in the FCGR3A gene encoding the FcγRIIIA or CD16a receptor has been associated with an enhanced affinity for IgG and stronger NK-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. We hypothesized that the presence of at least one p.176Val variant associates with RPL and increased CD16a expression and alloantibodies e.g., against paternal human leukocyte antigen (HLA). In 50 women with RPL, we studied frequencies of the p.Val176Phe FCGR3A polymorphisms. Additionally, CD16a expression and anti-HLA antibody status were analyzed by flowcytometry and Luminex Single Antigens. In woman with RPL, frequencies were: 20% (VV), 42% (VF) and 38% (FF). This was comparable to frequencies from the European population in the NCBI SNP database and in an independent Dutch cohort of healthy women. NK cells from RPL women with a VV (22,575 [18731-24607]) and VF (24,294 [20157-26637]) polymorphism showed a higher expression of the CD16a receptor than NK cells from RPL women with FF (17,367 [13257-19730]). No difference in frequencies of the FCGR3A-p.176 SNP were detected when comparing women with or without class I and class II anti-HLA antibodies. Our study does not provide strong evidence for an association between the p.Val176Phe FCGR3A SNP and RPL.
Traceability and comparability through crosswalks with the NeuroMET Memory Metric
Authors: Melin J. , Cano S. J. , Gillman A. , Marquis S. , Flöel A. , Göschel L. , Pendrill L. R.
Published: March 2023

Accurate assessment of memory ability for persons on the continuum of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is vital for early diagnosis, monitoring of disease progression and evaluation of new therapies. However, currently available neuropsychological tests suffer from a lack of standardization and metrological quality assurance. Improved metrics of memory can be created by carefully combining selected items from legacy short-term memory tests, whilst at the same time retaining validity, and reducing patient burden. In psychometrics, this is known as “crosswalks” to link items empirically. The aim of this paper is to link items from different types of memory tests. Memory test data were collected from the European EMPIR NeuroMET and the SmartAge studies recruited at Charité Hospital (Healthy controls n = 92; Subjective cognitive decline n = 160; Mild cognitive impairment n = 50; and AD n = 58; age range 55–87). A bank of items (n = 57) was developed based on legacy short-term memory items (i.e., Corsi Block Test, Digit Span Test, Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Word Learning Lists from the CERAD test battery and Mini Mental State Examination; MMSE). The NeuroMET Memory Metric (NMM) is a composite metric that comprises 57 dichotomous items (right/wrong). We previously reported on a preliminary item bank to assess memory based on immediate recall, and have now demonstrated direct comparability of measurements generated from the different legacy tests. We created crosswalks between the NMM and the legacy tests and between the NMM and the full MMSE using Rasch analysis (RUMM2030) and produced two conversion tables. Measurement uncertainties for estimates of person memory ability with the NMM across the full span were smaller than all individual legacy tests, which demonstrates the added value of the NMM. Comparisons with one (MMSE) of the legacy tests showed however higher measurement uncertainties of the NMM for people with a very low memory ability (raw score ≤ 19). The conversion tables developed through crosswalks in this paper provide clinicians and researchers with a practical tool to: (i) compensate for ordinality in raw scores, (ii) ensure traceability to make reliable and valid comparisons when measuring person ability, and (iii) enable comparability between test results from different legacy tests.
Pessimistic cognitive biases mediate socioeconomic status and children’s mental health problems
Authors: Hao Yu , Evans Gary W. , Farah Martha J.
Published: March 2023

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with higher rates of emotional disorders in childhood and beyond. Here we assessed one possible contributor to this disparity, a cognitive bias in the interpretation of negative events, in a group of 341 9-year-olds (49% female, 94% White) ranging widely in SES. This cognitive bias, known as pessimism in the attributional style literature, is the tendency to interpret negative events as persistent (Stable) and pervasive (Global). It was found to be more common among lower SES children (effect sizes = 0.18–0.24 depending on SES measures: income to needs ratio, proportion of poverty from birth to age 9, and parental educational attainment). Moreover, persistent, pervasive adversity in children’s lives predicted this bias and mediated the SES—pessimism link. Pessimistic attributional style, in turn, was related to childhood emotional problems and mediated the relation between SES and these problems. Finally, evidence for serial mediation of the SES-mental health problems relationship was found via persistent, pervasive adversity and pessimism, respectively.
Structural investigation of Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction (PPI) inhibitors for treating myocarditis through molecular simulations
Authors: Tuo Yan , Tang Yuelu , Yu Yongxin , Liang Haoran , Huang Bin , Geng Shan , Wang Yuanqiang
Published: March 2023

Multiple computer techniques have been combined to explore the molecular mechanism of Keap1-inhibitors and develop novel Keap1–Nrf2 protein–protein interaction inhibitors against myocarditis.
Ferrocene-driven single-chain polymer compaction
Authors: Gillhuber Sebastian , Holloway Joshua O. , Frisch Hendrik , Feist Florian , Weigend Florian , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Roesky Peter W.
Published: March 2023

We introduce single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) whose folding is driven by ferrocene units while concomitantly carrying catalytically active species, establishing a bimetallic SCNP system that pushes the contemporary limits of SCNP design.
Promoting form I′ crystallization and melting-recrystallization by adding a β-nucleating agent into poly(butene-1)/isotactic polypropylene blends
Authors: Xu Min , Han Yu , Li Xiangyang , Ding Jianjun , Zheng Kang , Lin Yongxing , Chen Lin , Tian Xingyou
Published: March 2023

As the main factor restricting the production of poly(1-butene), the slow phase transition of poly(1-butene) from form II to form I has not been avoided effectively because of the lack of effective methods.
Exploring charge behavior at the terminal surface and charge separation interface of organo-lead perovskite using in situ surface photovoltage spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Fan , Zhan Kaidong , Zhang Tiansheng , Jian Ronghua , Qiao Quinn
Published: March 2023

The SPV signals from the perovskite terminal surface and perovskite/FTO hetero-interface reveal significant differences in charge separation and transfer processes.
Gas temperature measurement by atomic line broadening using the LIBS technique
Authors: Gao Ercong , Wei Renmin , Zhang Dayuan , Zhu Zhifeng , Gao Qiang , Li Bo
Published: March 2023

The ambient temperature affects the electron density in the laser-induced plasma, which is reflected as changes in the atomic spectral linewidths. A thermometry technique for the gas flow field under constant pressure is proposed.
Arylsulfonamide chalcones as alternatives for fuel additives: antioxidant activity and machine learning protocol studies
Authors: Duarte Vitor S. , D. Borges Igor , d’Oliveira Giulio D. C. , Faria Eduardo C. M. , de Almeida Leonardo R. , Carvalho-Silva Valter H. , Noda-Pérez Caridad , Napolitano Hamilton B.
Published: March 2023

Arylsulfonamide chalcones are a promising additive that can improve the use of biofuel, while also helping to mitigate negative aspects associated with fossil fuels such as the emission of pollutants and scarcity of natural resource.
Correction: Photocatalytic removal of benzene over Ti3C2Tx MXene and TiO2–MXene composite materials under solar and NIR irradiation
Authors: Sergiienko Sergii A. , Tobaldi David M. , Lajaunie Luc , Lopes Daniela V. , Constantinescu Gabriel , Shaula Aliaksandr L. , Shcherban Nataliya D. , Shkepu Viacheslav I. , Calvino José J. , Frade Jorge R. , Labrincha João A. , Kovalevsky Andrei V.
Published: March 2023

Correction for ‘Photocatalytic removal of benzene over Ti3C2Tx MXene and TiO2–MXene composite materials under solar and NIR irradiation’ by Sergii A. Sergiienko et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2022, 10, 626–639, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC03826E.
The prognostic and immunological role of MYB: from bladder cancer validation to pan-cancer analysis
Authors: Cui Xiaobo , Zhang Chao , Zhang Liqi , Yan Huaqing
Published: March 2023

Background: MYB proto-oncogene is verified as a transcription factor. Although emerging evidence showed that MYB plays a critical part in tumor progression and immunity, a systematic pan-cancer analysis of MYB still remains to be performed for determining whether MYB could serve as a biomarker for cancer screening, prognosis prediction and accurate therapy design in various human cancers.

Methods: In the present study, we performed qRT-PCR, wound healing assay and transwell assay to validate the expression level and biological function of MYB in bladder cancer. Then, we utilized several open-source databases including UCSC Xena database, TCGA, GTEx, etc. Online tools was used to process the raw data from UCSC Xena database.

Results: We found that the expression level of MYB is significantly higher in bladder cancer cell lines than urothelial cells. Further experiments confirmed that overexpression of MYB enhanced the ability of migration in bladder cancer. Next, we found that the expression level of MYB is significantly higher in most cancers. Meanwhile, MYB expression was positively or negatively related with the prognosis in different cancer types. In addition, MYB expression is significantly related to immune score and immune cells in most cancer types. Moreover, MYB act as an immunotherapy biomarker superior to several traditional immunotherapy biomarkers. Finally, deep deletion was the most frequent genetic alteration of MYB.

Conclusion: MYB may serve as a powerful biomarker for tumor screening, prognostic, individualized treatment strategy in a broad range of malignancies.
Development of Achieving Constancy in Lexical Tone Identification With Contextual Cues
Authors: Chen Fei , Zhang Kaile , Guo Qingqing , Lv Jia
Published: March 2023

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to explore when and how Mandarin-speaking children use contextual cues to normalize speech variability in perceiving lexical tones. Two different cognitive mechanisms underlying speech normalization (lower level acoustic normalization and higher level acoustic–phonemic normalization) were investigated through the lexical tone identification task in nonspeech contexts and speech contexts, respectively. Besides, another aim of this study was to reveal how domain-general cognitive abilities contribute to the development of the speech normalization process.

Method:

In this study, 94 five- to eight-year-old Mandarin-speaking children (50 boys, 44 girls) and 24 young adults (14 men, 10 women) were asked to identify ambiguous Mandarin high-level and mid-rising tones in either speech or nonspeech contexts. Furthermore, in this study, we tested participants' pitch sensitivity through a nonlinguistic pitch discrimination task and their working memory using the digit span task.

Results:

Higher level acoustic–phonemic normalization of lexical tones emerged at the age of 6 years and was relatively stable thereafter. However, lower level acoustic normalization was less stable across different ages. Neither pitch sensitivity nor working memory affected children's lexical tone normalization.

Conclusions:

Mandarin-speaking children above 6 years of age successfully achieved constancy in lexical tone normalization based on speech contextual cues. The perceptual normalization of lexical tones was not affected by pitch sensitivity and working memory capacity.
Iteration dependent interval based open‐closed‐loop iterative learning control for time varying systems with vector relative degree
Authors: Wei Yun‐Shan , Wang Jin‐Fan , Wang Jia‐Xuan , Xu Qing‐Yuan , Lloret Jaime
Published: March 2023

For linear time varying (LTV) multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems with vector relative degree, an open‐closed‐loop iterative learning control (ILC) strategy is developed in this article, where the time interval of operation is iteration dependent. To compensate the missing tracking signal caused by iteration dependent interval, the feedback control is introduced in ILC design. As the tracking signal of many continuous iterations is lost in a certain interval, the feedback control part can employ the tracking signal of current iteration for compensation. Under the assumption that the initial state vibrates around the desired initial state uniformly in mathematical expectation sense, the expectation of ILC tracking error can converge to zero as the number of iteration tends to infinity. Under the circumstance that the initial state varies around the desired initial state with a bound, as the number of iteration tends to infinity, the expectation of ILC tracking error can be driven to a bounded range, whose upper bound is proportional to the fluctuation. It is revealed that the convergence condition is dependent on the feedforward control gains, while the feedback control can accelerate convergence speed by selecting appropriate feedback control gains. As a special case, the controlled system with integrated high relative degree is also addressed by proposing a simplified iteration dependent interval based open‐closed‐loop ILC method. Finally, the effectiveness of the developed iteration dependent interval based open‐closed‐loop ILC is illustrated by a simulation example with two cases on initial state.
Demagnetisation optimisation of ring winding axial flux permanent magnet motor by modifying the load line of the magnet
Authors: Mahmouditabar Farshid , Vahedi Abolfazl , Takorabet Noureddine
Published: March 2023

Recently the new topologies of the permanent magnet (PM) motor attract a lot of attention. These newly introduced PM motors are not mature in design aspects and suffer from different perspectives. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a common design procedure to overcome these drawbacks. One of the common problems with newly introduced PM motors is the phenomenon of irreversible demagnetisation (ID) at high temperatures. So, a solution to this problem will be presented. The recently introduced ring winding axial flux PM (RWAFPM) motor is considered as a case study. First, a modified approach for modelling ID is introduced. Then, the effect of rotor geometry parameters on the ID of the RWAFPM motor is discussed. Finally, developed multi‐level multi‐objective design optimisation considering ID is presented based on the developed Taguchi method.
Corona current and audible noise characteristics of HVDC transmission lines and their relationship at high‐altitude
Authors: Zhao Luxing , Xie Li , Liu Chao , Gao Lei , Qu Jia , Zhang Hengzhi , Liu Yingyi
Published: March 2023

The audible noise (AN) of HVDC transmission lines, as an external manifestation of the corona discharge, intensifies with the increase of altitude. In high‐altitude area, the AN has been a key factor in determining the type of conductors for transmission lines. In order to study the characteristics of corona current and AN of HVDC transmission lines at high‐altitude, we erected a HVDC test line at an altitude of 4300 m, and carried out AN and corona current tests under different voltages. Through the test, the basic data of AN and corona current of HVDC test line at high‐altitude were obtained. Based on the corona current curve, the corona inception electric field strength of the conductor was proposed. The relationship between the equivalent A‐weight sound level and the high‐frequency noise component was clarified. The relational expression of the AN and corona current for the HVDC test line were suggested. The research results show that, there is a relatively fixed difference of about 7–8.3 dB between the equivalent A‐weight sound level and the 8 kHz sound pressure level at altitude 4300 m, and a clear logarithmic relationship between the equivalent A‐weight sound level and the average value of the corona current.
A generative adversarial network model fused with a self‐attention mechanism for the super‐resolution reconstruction of ancient murals
Authors: Cao Jianfang , Hu Xiaohui , Cui Hongyan , Liang Yunchuan , Chen Zeyu
Published: March 2023

The problem that the texture details of low‐resolution (LR) digital images of ancient murals are ambiguous persists. To solve this problem, this study proposes a super‐resolution (SR) reconstruction method for fuzzy murals based on a generative adversarial network with self‐attention (SA). The network uses a blur kernel and realistic noise data to add blur and noise, respectively, to a high‐resolution (HR) image to obtain an original LR image. Then, a feature image with the same size as that of the input image is obtained through a SA module. Finally, the feature information extracted from the image is input into the high‐resolution image space by using a subpixel convolution layer to realize the image enlargement process from an LR to an HR. Experiments evaluate the proposed approach both objectively and subjectively. The objective evaluation results show that compared with other SR reconstruction algorithms, the proposed algorithm's peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) is increased by 0.04 to 3.78 dB on average, and its structural similarity is increased by 0.002 to 0.191. A subjective perception evaluation shows that the developed algorithm can better reconstruct the texture details of murals, thus better meeting the visual perception needs of the public. The method proposed in this study can satisfactorily reconstruct the texture details of murals, which may provide technical guidance for the development of mural protection plans. Furthermore, it may be of certain practical significance for the SR reconstruction of ancient murals.
Multilevel receptive field expansion network for small object detection
Authors: Liu Zhiwei , Gan Menghan , Xiong Li , Mao Xiaofeng , Que Yue
Published: March 2023

Small object detection remains a bottleneck because there is little visual information about them, especially in the deep layers. To improve the detection performance of small objects, here, Swin Transformer is introduced as the model backbone network to extract rich features of small objects. Then, a multilevel receptive field expansion network (MRFENet) is proposed based on the characteristics of different stages in the Swin Transformer. Specifically, a receptive field expansion block (RFEB) is designed to acquire contextual cues and extract detailed information. The RFEB is carefully designed to target the required receptive fields of different layers and further refine the features. MRFENet combined with RFEBs implements the retention of small object context cues and the acquisition of receptive fields for the adaptive detection tasks. Finally, a union loss function is designed to enhance the localization ability. Experiments on the MS COCO dataset demonstrate that the proposed MRFENet has a significant improvement against other state‐of‐the‐art methods, which further validates that MRFENet can effectively utilize small object information.
Pedestrian reported activity and information preference while waiting at a red light
Authors: Liu Meng , Zhuang Xiangling , Wu Changxu , Ma Guojie
Published: March 2023

The development of pedestrian signal lights made it a promising information center to distribute information to assist safe road crossing and provide “controlled engagement” to improve waiting experience. To determine what types of information to display, this study surveyed 555 pedestrians on frequency of their existing activities while waiting at a red light and preference of several types of information based on results of a structured interview. Pedestrian reported 14 types of activities, from which the four categories with decreasing frequency were extracted based on factor analysis: scene perception, recreation, mental activity, and anxiety activity. The participants reported more mental and anxiety activity have higher need for external displayed information on signal lights. Overall, among the four information categories extracted from 24 specific information types with factor analysis, pedestrians preferred road crossing and contextual information the most, with less preference on learning and appreciation information. The least preferred information is entertainment information, within which they even disliked entertainment news and general commercial ads (

vs. local ones). There are also individual differences in preference for these information categories. The findings have implications on information design for the roadside signal lights as well as advanced traveller information system in general.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Arthroskopie des rheumatischen
Handgelenkes
Authors: Gaulke Ralph
Published: March 2023

Die arthroskopische Synovialektomie am Knie-, Schulter-, Ellenbogen- und oberen
Sprunggelenk hat in der operativen Therapie entzündlich-rheumatischer
Erkrankungen trotz verbesserter medikamentöser Therapie weiterhin eine
überragende Bedeutung in Bezug auf den Gelenkserhalt bei
therapieresistenter Synovialitis. Das Handgelenk und distale Radioulnargelenk
bilden zusammen 3 Gelenkräume, welche bei der Arthroskopie zu
adressieren sind. Arthroskopisch kontrollierte perkutane Teilversteifung am
Handgelenk haben den Vorteil geringerer periartikulärer Vernarbung. Eine
Immobilisation ist nach der Schraubenarthrodese im Gegensatz zur offenen
Plattenarthrodese obligat. Die totale Synovialektomie sowie arthroskopische
Teilarthrodesen sind technisch sehr anspruchsvoll und sollten daher erfahrenen
Handgelenkarthroskopeuren vorbehalten bleiben.
Emergency Point-of-Care Ultrasound Stewardship – A Joint Position Paper by EuSEM and EFSUMB and Endorsed by IFEM and WFUMB
Authors: Osterwalder Joseph , Tabakovic Senad , Jenssen Christian , Dietrich Christoph F. , Connolly Jim , Polyzogopoulou Effi , Cantisani Vito , Wüstner Matthias , Jarman Bob , Hoffmann Beatrice
Published: March 2023

Emergency Medicine Point-of-Care Ultrasound (EMPoCUS) is a convincing concept. It has spread rapidly because of its intuitive, simple applicability and low equipment costs. The speed of its emerging growth frequently outpaces the development of quality assurance and education. Indeed, education standards vary worldwide, and in some cases seem to neglect the principles of modern competence-based education. Additional challenges are encountered such as remote or low resource medical practice. Here, EMPoCUS might be the only ad-hoc imaging modality available. Once mastery of EMPoCUS is achieved, emergency physicians should be able to independently and efficiently care for their patients using a variety of PoCUS skills. However, most curricula only define these tasks as non-binding and in general terms or use outdated measures, such as length of training and self-reporting of achieved examinations with variable oversight, or administrative measures to create educational milestones. This threatens to take quality assurance down the wrong path. It created a scenario in which concrete EMPoCUS skill outcome measures that would realistically reflect the training objectives and simultaneously would be easily observable and verifiable are lacking. In view of the dangers of poorly controlled EMPoCUS dissemination and the current lack of European guidelines, we would like to set central standards for European EMPoCUS stewardship based on a critical review of the current situation. This position paper, which was jointly developed by EuSEM and EFSUMB and endorsed by IFEM and WFUMB, is also intended to accompany the EFSUMB/EuSEM guidelines on PoCUS currently being prepared for publication.
Embracing the Imperfectness of Nature using Highly Reactive N-Acyl Azahexatrienes
Authors: Zheng Kuan , Hong Ran , Zhang Bingbing
Published: March 2023

Incredible examples of controlling highly reactive functional groups to synthesize amazing architectures can be found in nature. N-Acyl azahexatriene, which is involved in biosynthesis, is clearly among them, despite the extremely limited number of examples disclosed in the literature. We explored the biomimetic synthesis of macrocarbocyclic natural products, chejuenolides A–C, as well as structural variants, to unveil the hidden stereochemical relationships between their biosynthesis and those of lankacidin antibiotics. This revealed the logic of the reaction pattern, which was likely influenced by catalytic promiscuity in nature.
Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of C-2-Formyl Glycals
Authors: Arora Aditi , Kumar Sumit , Chhatwal Rajni Johar , Kumar Sandeep , Khatri Vinod , Prasad Ashok K.
Published: March 2023

C-2-Formyl glycals have sustained interest in carbohydrate chemistry as they afford valuable chiral building blocks for many biological-, pharmaceutical-, and industrial-based important molecules. Basically, C-2-formyl glycals are a class of carbohydrates incorporating an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde. Therefore in many organic reactions, the C-2-formyl glycals can serve as an α,β-unsaturated aldehyde core. In this review, we have compiled a literature survey covering the period 2013–2022, on the synthesis of C-2-formyl glycals and further discuss their importance for the synthesis of many medicinal, supramolecular, biological, organic, and material chemistry based molecules.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of C-2-Formyl Glycals

2.1 Vilsmeier–Haack Formylation

2.2 By Consecutive Cyclization

2.3 XtalFluor‑E Based Synthesis

3 Applications of C-2-Formyl Glycals

3.1 C-2-Formyl Glycals as a Synthons

3.2 Anticancer

3.3 Anti-inflammatory

3.4 Antimicrobial

3.5 Glycosidase Inhibitors

3.6 Miscellaneous

4 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Negotiating body and power in forensic mental health care
Authors: Repo Virve , Kymäläinen Päivi
Published: March 2023

Since the beginning of the 2000s, the reduction of coercive methods has been a tendency in psychiatric care in Finland. Combined with the transforming ideas of healing, the reduction has changed practices in the institutions of forensic mental health care, by encouraging efforts to increase self-determination and individual responsibility. This article addresses the coexistence of the previous and current bodily regimes, and the resulting complex and contested spatial and bodily arrangements. We combine the discussions on biopower and bodily regimes in our analysis of the practices and negotiations related to the alternative methods to coercion (special observation and restricting garments), mundane practices (eating and exercising), and negotiations related to touch and sexuality. As our study shows, bodily regimes and care practices are constantly under negotiation, during which there may be inconsistences in what is or is not allowed. Moreover, what seems to be a positive tendency towards increased self-determination has led to new forms of pressure, resulting from the increased possibility to protest by using one’s own body (e.g. by ignoring hygiene), or from the diminishing self-determination of the nurses (e.g. during special observation).
Advances in prebiotics for poultry: role of the caeca and oligosaccharides
Authors: Morgan Natalie K.
Published: March 2023

Prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates that selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria. Prebiotic supplementation into poultry diets results in a decreased rate of pathogenic bacteria colonisation in the gastrointestinal tract. It also enhances production of volatile fatty acids and lactic acid, which provide the bird with energy. This results in improved host gastrointestinal health and productive performance. Oligosaccharides are the most notable prebiotics in poultry nutrition. Examples of prebiotic oligosaccharides include xylo-oligosaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, and galacto-oligosaccharides. Oligosaccharides are derived from hydrolysis of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). They are manufactured from plant sources, synthesised by physiochemical methods or enzymatic processes. The effects of oligosaccharides occur primarily in the caeca; oligosaccharides bypass the small intestine and reach the caeca, where they are readily fermented by beneficial bacteria, such as those in family Lactobacillaceae and Bifidobacteriaceae. Caeca function is generally poorly understood, despite extensive reviews and studies in this field. A deeper understanding of the factors that influence ability of the caeca to effectively utilise oligosaccharides is warranted. This would allow new prebiotic products and NSP- degrading enzymes to be developed, targeted to specific diets and scenarios. This is required, given the lack of consistency observed in the outputs derived from different studies assessing oligosaccharide efficacy in poultry diets. A key hinderance to progression in this field is that authors rarely analyse the oligosaccharide content and composition in the test diets and products, or in the bird’s gastrointestinal tract. This review examines the mechanisms behind how oligosaccharides induce prebiotic effects in poultry, by identifying the role of the caeca in NSP digestion and identifying the impact of oligosaccharides on caeca microbiota and short-chain fatty acid composition.
Coevolution of reproducers and replicators at the origin of life and the conditions for the origin of genomes
Authors: Babajanyan Sanasar G. , Wolf Yuri I. , Khachatryan Andranik , Allahverdyan Armen , Lopez-Garcia Purificacion , Koonin Eugene V.
Published: March 2023

There are two fundamentally distinct but inextricably linked types of biological evolutionary units, reproducers and replicators. Reproducers are cells and organelles that reproduce via various forms of division and maintain the physical continuity of compartments and their content. Replicators are genetic elements (GE), including genomes of cellular organisms and various autonomous elements, that both cooperate with reproducers and rely on the latter for replication. All known cells and organisms comprise a union between replicators and reproducers. We explore a model in which cells emerged via symbiosis between primordial “metabolic” reproducers (protocells) which evolved, on short time scales, via a primitive form of selection and random drift, and mutualist replicators. Mathematical modeling identifies the conditions, under which GE-carrying protocells can outcompete GE-less ones, taking into account that, from the earliest stages of evolution, replicators split into mutualists and parasites. Analysis of the model shows that, for the GE-containing protocells to win the competition and to be fixed in evolution, it is essential that the birth–death process of the GE is coordinated with the rate of protocell division. At the early stages of evolution, random, high-variance cell division is advantageous compared with symmetrical division because the former provides for the emergence of protocells containing only mutualists, preventing takeover by parasites. These findings illuminate the likely order of key events on the evolutionary route from protocells to cells that involved the origin of genomes, symmetrical cell division, and antiparasite defense systems.
Polarity reversal constructions and counterfactuals in Ancient Greek
Authors: la Roi Ezra
Published: March 2023

Polarity reversal has recently been argued to be the defining characteristic of counterfactuality. Ancient Greek
had a diverse set of constructions which bring about polarity reversal that is not the direct result of a negation marker nor do
they all express a counterfactual meaning. It is the aim of this paper to detail the major differences between these constructions
synchronically and especially diachronically, focusing on counterfactual mood forms, counterfactual modal verbs, avertives
(almost+past (im)perfective), non-counterfactual rhetorical questions and non-standard wishes. As a historically varied
constructional group, these constructions bring about polarity reversal in different ways with different implicatures (e.g.,
counterfactual, contradictory, undesirable), but they most importantly differ in their diachronic conventionalization of polarity
reversal. Whereas counterfactuals conventionalize their polarity reversal in various ways (e.g., changing temporal reference,
counterfactual implicature transfer), non-counterfactual polarity reversal constructions create polarity reversal as a synchronic
implicature through pragmatic means (e.g., a rhetorical question identifying a contradictory presupposition in the common ground
or a non-standard wish evaluating an undesirable outcome to the speaker).
Regular polysemy and novel word-sense identification
Authors: Lombard Alizée , Huyghe Richard , Barque Lucie , Gras Doriane
Published: March 2023

This study examines speakers’ intuitions about novel word senses created through regular polysemy patterns. We investigate the effect of scalar regularity and lexical figure (metaphor vs. metonymy) on the identification of novel word senses, based on a detection experiment. It is shown that the more regular a polysemy pattern is, the less salient are the novel senses it produces, and that metaphorical patterns derive more salient novel senses than metonymic patterns. These results provide insights into the processing of novel word senses and support a non-homogeneous mental representation of regular polysemous words.