bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TWPGRID and related utilities for township-range grids in western Canada
Authors: Lepard D W
Published: November 2015

This Windows application generates Oil and Gas grids which optionally include points with area identification. There are 2 Tab Sheets. The Main Tab covers the Western Twp/Rge system, the BC NTS system, and the Canada Lands Frontier system. All grids which apply
for a given area may be selected. Borders between the systems ensure that no overlaps occur. The second Tab covers the NTS and the Canada Lands Frontier system as separate universal systems.
Geochemistry of lakes across ecozones in the Northwest Territories and implications for the distribution of arsenic in the Yellowknife region. Part 1: Sediments
Authors: Galloway J M , Palmer M , Jamieson H E , Patterson R T , Nasser N , Falck H , Macumber A L , Goldsmith S A , Sanei H , Normandeau P , Hadlari T , Roe H
M , Neville L A , Lemay D
Published: November 2015

We obtained near total element geochemistry on 211 near-surface sediment samples from lakes along a transect across the Western Interior Platform to the central portion of the Slave Geological Province with a focus near the City of Yellowknife, Northwest
Territories, to document regional concentrations of arsenic (As) and other elements in lake sediments. Concentrations of major and trace elements, including elements of potential human and ecological concern (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn), were extracted from sediments using a modified aqua regia
digestion. Concentrations of As exceed Canadian federal guidelines for the protection of aquatic life in most of the lakes sampled in the Slave Geological Province. Seventy one percent (n=149) of all sediment samples contain As concentrations higher than the Canadian Council of Ministers of the
Environment (CCME) Interim Freshwater Sediment Quality Guideline of 5.9 mg/kg and 54% (n=114) of the samples contain As concentrations that exceed the CCME Probable Effect Level of 17 mg/kg. Sediments with the highest As concentrations are from lakes near the City of Yellowknife and likely
reflect a combination of contamination associated with past industrial activity and geogenic input from mineralized bedrock and derived surficial materials (median As concentration 107.9 mg/kg, range 6.30->10,000+, n=95). Arsenic concentrations in lake sediments sampled elsewhere in the
central Northwest Territories are lower (Ingraham Trail, median As concentration 10.6 mg/kg, range 1.9-101.6, n=27; Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road, median As concentration 7.9 mg/kg, 0.3-101.4, n=52; Western Interior Platform, median As concentration 1.1 mg/kg, 0.1-7.1, n=37). Based on our data
and a review of existing literature, background As concentration in lake sediments appear to ~25 mg/kg for the Yellowknife region, and lower for other regions in the central NWT. Other elements (Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) are below sediment quality guidelines in the majority of lake sediments
sampled.
Geological framework of ancient oceanic crust in northwestern British Columbia and southwestern Yukon, GEM 2 Cordillera
Authors: Zagorevski A , Corriveau A -S , McGoldrick S , Bédard J H , Canil D , Golding M L , Joyce N , Mihalynuk M G
Published: November 2015

Foreword
The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals (GEM) program is laying the foundation for sustainable economic development in the North. The Program provides modern public geoscience that will set the stage for long-term decision making related to investment in responsible resource development. Geoscience
knowledge produced by GEM supports evidence-based exploration for new energy and mineral resources and enables northern communities to make informed decisions about their land, economy and society. Building upon the success of its first five-years, GEM has been renewed until 2020 to continue
producing new, publically available, regional-scale geoscience knowledge in Canada's North. During the summer 2015, GEM program has successfully carried out 14 research activities that include geological, geochemical and geophysical surveying. These activities have been undertaken in collaboration
with provincial and territorial governments, northerners and their institutions, academia and the private sector. GEM will continue to work with these key collaborators as the program advances.
The Tri-Territorial Bedrock Knowledge Entry Tool (KET)
Authors: Paul D , Brodaric B , St-Onge M R , Harrison J
C , Tella S , Zhao P
Published: November 2015

The Tri-Territorial (Tri-T) Bedrock Knowledge Entry Tool (KET) is a data entry tool that comprises the first step in a workflow to capture, validate and populate the Tri-Territorial Bedrock Database, a repository of geological map information for the Canadian
Arctic, north of 60 degrees. As an XML based form, the KET was developed to provide a comprehensive, user-friendly tool for parsing complex geological relationships and concepts from published geological maps and supplementary geoscience publications. To maintain consistency between the Tri-T
database and KET, an integrated and internally consistent science language was developed based on government and international standards. Once loaded into the database, the depth of attribution and hierarchical classification of map units captured through the KET enable complex queries and
re-classification of units internal to a specific map and across all maps in the Tri-T Bedrock database. This report describes the design, rationale and functionality of the KET as an important component towards building a new compilation of the geology of the Canadian
North.
A pastoral investigation into some of the challenges associated with aging and retirement in the South African context
Authors: Baloyi Magezi E.
Published: November 2015

This article is a contribution to a project that congratulates from the work of George Lotter, a pastor, pastoral counsellor and academic who wrote much on matters relating to pastoral care and counselling. Elderliness and retirement can be understood as a period in the lives of elderly people that allows them to rest after a long life of activity and service. From another point of view, old age is also a time that offers pastoral caregivers an opportunity to care for people who have contributed to their families and society. Pastoral caregivers have an important role to play in the lives of elderly people. This applies particularly to elderly black South Africans, who often find themselves confronted by poverty and other related problems. This article investigates the challenges and problems affecting retired and elderly black South Africans with particular focus on the economic impact of aging and its influence on family relationships in the lives of elderly people. To conclude: it is the duty of pastoral caregivers to search for and establish guidelines for the roles the church can play in improving elderly people’s quality of life.’n Pastorale ondersoek na enkele van die uitdagings ten opsigte van veroudering en aftredein die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks. Hierdie artikel is ’n bydrae tot ’n projek wat voorspruit uit die werk van George Lotter, ’n pastor, pastorale berader en akademikus wat baie geskryf het oor kwessies wat met pastorale sorg en berading verband hou. Bejaardheid en aftrede kan verstaan word as ’n tyd in in ouer persone se lewe waartydens hulle kan rus ná ’n lang aktiewe en diensbare lewe. Bejaardheid kan ook gesien word as ’n tyd wat aan pastorale versorgers die geleentheid gee om na die mense wat bygedra het tot hulle families en die gemeenskap se versorging, om te sien. Pastorale versorgers speel ’n belangrike rol in die lewens van bejaardes. Dit is spesifiek van toepassing op bejaarde swart Suid-Afrikaners wat dikwels gekonfronteer word met armoede en aanverwante probleme. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die uitdagings en probleme waarmee bejaarde swart Suid-Afrikaanse afgetredenes te kampe het. Dit fokus spesifiek op die ekonomiese uitwerking van veroudering en die invloed wat dit op familieverhoudinge in die lewens van bejaardes het. Die slotsom word gemaak dat dit die plig van pastorale versorgers is om riglyne te soek en te bied vir die rol wat die kerk kan speel ter verbetering van die lewensomstandighede van die bejaardes.
How we move is universal: Scaling in the average shape of human activity
Authors: Chialvo Dante , Gonzalez Torrado Ana María , Gudowska-Nowak Ewa , Ochab Jeremi K. , Montoya Pedro , Nowak Maciej A. , Tagliazucchi Enzo
Published: November 2015

Human motor activity is constrained by the rhythmicity of the 24 hours circadian cycle, including the usual 12-15 hours sleep-wake cycle. However, activity fluctuations also appear over a wide range of temporal scales, from days to a few seconds, resulting from the concatenation of a myriad of individual smaller motor events. Furthermore,  individuals present different propensity to wakefulness and thus to motor activity throughout the circadian cycle.  Are activity fluctuations across temporal scales intrinsically different, or is there a universal description encompassing them? Is this description also universal across individuals, considering the aforementioned variability?  Here we establish the presence of universality in motor activity fluctuations based on the empirical study of a month of continuous wristwatch accelerometer recordings. We study the scaling of average fluctuations across temporal scales and determine a universal law characterized by critical exponents $\alpha$, $\tau$ and $1/{ \mu}$. Results are highly reminiscent of the universality described for the average shape of avalanches in systems exhibiting crackling noise. Beyond its theoretical relevance, the present results can be important for developing objective markers of healthy  as well as pathological human motor behavior.Received: 18 October 2015,  Accepted: 10 November 2015; Edited by: E. Mizraji; Reviewed by: J. Lin, Department of Physics, Washington College, Maryland, USA.; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.070017Cite as: D R Chialvo, A M Gonzalez Torrado, E Gudowska-Nowak, J K Ochab, P Montoya, M A Nowak, E Tagliazucchi, Papers in Physics 7, 070017 (2015)This paper, by D R Chialvo, A M Gonzalez Torrado, E Gudowska-Nowak, J K Ochab, P Montoya, M A Nowak, E Tagliazucchi, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
Hacia el Modelado de Información Patrimonial. Generación de modelos de información del patrimonio inmueble en el momento de su protección jurídica
Authors: Castellano Román Manuel
Published: November 2015

The efficiency of building information models (BIM) for architectonical information management suggest the development of Heritage Information Modelling (HIM) as a specific application. Taking as starting point the documental requirements for the juridical protection of a monument, a HIM of the San Pedro’s Church in Arcos de la Frontera (Cádiz, Spain) has been built. HIM provides not only the outputs required by the administrative dossier, but also reveals its obsolescence and shows itself as an efficient tool for comprehensive heritage tutelage management.
La forma de la primitiva iglesia de San Juan Bautista de Oviedo: análisis y contextualización de restos arqueológicos a través de procedimientos de informática gráfica
Authors: Borge Cordovilla Francisco José
Published: November 2015

The application of the procedures commonly used by computer graphics has allowed the author contextualize the existing remains under the present church of San Pelayo de Oviedo as corresponding to a high medieval crypt, built by the shop that built Santa Maria del Rey Casto basilica and Foncalada fountain, reigning Alfonso II (to 842), including making a joint hypothesis of the same with the primitive basilica of San Juan Bautista named by early medieval sources in Asturias, characterized by a complex liturgical equipment, "confessio" semi-underground low chancel and sanctuary high; by linking the building with other Europeans, the Merovingian and Anglo-Saxon area, of which derived type, also present in the s Roman basilicas of the eighth century.
Propuesta de reconstrucción virtual y material por anastilosis de los restos arqueológicos del patio del palacio renacentista del Embajador Vich en Valencia, España
Authors: Galiana Agulló Mercedes , Mas Tomás Ángeles , Lerma Elvira Carlos , Conesa Tejada Salvador
Published: November 2015

Ambassador Vich’s palace in Valencia (1526-1858) was one of the first examples of renaissance architecture in Spain. After its demolition, part of the courtyard’s marbles was conserved, gathered, after a century and a half of pilgrimage in a unifying intervention in the Museum of Fine Arts of San Pío V in 2006. The recovery of the spatial, composite and material essence of the monument remains incomplete, as the cornices and frames that decorated the surrounding lower gallery are missing; archaeological remains made with grey Italian limestone, Pietra Serena, which together with the white Carrara marble, created the typical two-colour of these, such “Brunelleschian” composite games. The virtual anastylosis allows a proposal to be launched for the material recovery of the emblematic monument, favouring as such the correct reading of the same.
Sistema de Realidad Aumentada para la musealización de yacimientos arqueológicos
Authors: Esclapés Javier , Tejerina Daniel , Bolufer Joaquín , Esquembre Marco Aurelio
Published: November 2015

In this paper we are presenting a multi-marker and semi-immersive system for augmented reality to visualize and interact with archaeological sites, specifically those located in inaccessible or complex environments, such as caves or underwater locations. The use of this system in museum exhibitions helps visitors to come closer to archaeological heritage. As an example for the implementation of this system, an archaeological site has been used. It is the “Cova del Barranc del Migdia”, located in the “Sierra del Montgó”, Xàbia (Spain). The product obtained has been exhibited in various museums nationwide.
Architectural heritage 3D and semantic information visualization based on open standards
Authors: Prieto Iñaki , Izkara José Luis , Egusquiza Aitziber
Published: November 2015

Georeferenced 3D models represent an increasingly accepted solution for storing and displaying information at urban scale. CityGML, as standard data model for the representation, storage and exchange of 3D city models, represent a very attractive solution which combines 3D geometric and semantic information in a single data model. In this paper we present an approach to visualize semantic and 3D information of historical centers using open standards. Also, three client applications are presented targeting different agents with different needs with the characteristic that all the information is got from an unique extended CityGML data model.
Recreación de estructuras arquitectónicas mediante modelaje procedural basado en volúmenes
Authors: Barroso Juan Santiago , Patow Gustavo
Published: November 2015

While the procedural modeling of buildings and other architectural structures has evolved very significantly in recent years, there is noticeable absence of high-level tools that allow a designer, an artist or an historian, creating important buildings or architectonic structures in a particular city. In this paper we present a tool for creating buildings in a simple and clear, following rules that use the language and methodology of creating their own buildings, and hiding the user the algorithmic details of the creation of the model.
Recurso para la interpretación y accesibilidad al patrimonio. Recorridos inmersivos e interactivos en realidad virtual para dispositivos móviles
Authors: Duclos Bautista Guillermo , Cousillas Ripoll Javier
Published: November 2015

We propose an interactive resource for the value enhancement, management, diffusion and accessibility of the architectural and archaeological heritage by means of virtual reality technologies through mobile devices. The resource is, in addition, a tool for the management of the heritage by the employment of intermediate modules that allow the graphical and alphanumeric update of the external and internal databases put in relation with the resource, depending on the interventions and investigations that on the monument are taking place in the time. Furthermore, the resource is a powerful compensatory measure for the virtual accessibility to the heritage by persons with limited mobility and / or sensory deficiencies.
Retrieval of ammonia from ground-based FTIR solar spectra
Authors: Dammers E. , Vigouroux C. , Palm M. , Mahieu E. , Warneke T. , Smale D. , Langerock B. , Franco B. , Van Damme M. , Schaap M. , Notholt J. , Erisman J. W.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. We present a retrieval method for ammonia (NH3) total columns from ground-based Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations. Observations from Bremen (53.10° N, 8.85° E), Lauder (45.04° S, 169.68° E), Réunion (20.9° S, 55.50° E) and Jungfraujoch (46.55° N, 7.98° E) were used to illustrate the capabilities of the method. NH3 mean total columns ranging 3 orders of magnitude were obtained, with higher values at Bremen (mean of 13.47 × 1015 molecules cm−2) and lower values at Jungfraujoch (mean of 0.18 × 1015 molecules cm−2). In conditions with high surface concentrations of ammonia, as in Bremen, it is possible to retrieve information on the vertical gradient, as two layers can be distinguished. The retrieval there is most sensitive to ammonia in the planetary boundary layer, where the trace gas concentration is highest. For conditions with low concentrations, only the total column can be retrieved. Combining the systematic and random errors we have a mean total error of 26 % for all spectra measured at Bremen (number of spectra (N) = 554), 30 % for all spectra from Lauder (N = 2412), 25 % for spectra from Réunion (N = 1262) and 34 % for spectra measured at Jungfraujoch (N = 2702). The error is dominated by the systematic uncertainties in the spectroscopy parameters. Station-specific seasonal cycles were found to be consistent with known seasonal cycles of the dominant ammonia sources in the station surroundings. The developed retrieval methodology from FTIR instruments provides a new way of obtaining highly time-resolved measurements of ammonia burdens. FTIR-NH3 observations will be useful for understanding the dynamics of ammonia concentrations in the atmosphere and for satellite and model validation. It will also provide additional information to constrain the global ammonia budget.
Quantifying sources of black carbon in western North America using observationally based analysis and an emission tagging technique in the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Zhang R. , Wang H. , Hegg D. A. , Qian Y. , Doherty S. J. , Dang C. , Ma P.-L. , Rasch P. J. , Fu Q.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5), equipped with a technique to tag black carbon (BC) emissions by source regions and types, has been employed to establish source–receptor relationships for atmospheric BC and its deposition to snow over western North America. The CAM5 simulation was conducted with meteorological fields constrained by reanalysis for year 2013 when measurements of BC in both near-surface air and snow are available for model evaluation. We find that CAM5 has a significant low bias in predicted mixing ratios of BC in snow but only a small low bias in predicted atmospheric concentrations over northwestern USA and western Canada. Even with a strong low bias in snow mixing ratios, radiative transfer calculations show that the BC-in-snow darkening effect is substantially larger than the BC dimming effect at the surface by atmospheric BC. Local sources contribute more to near-surface atmospheric BC and to deposition than distant sources, while the latter are more important in the middle and upper troposphere where wet removal is relatively weak. Fossil fuel (FF) is the dominant source type for total column BC burden over the two regions. FF is also the dominant local source type for BC column burden, deposition, and near-surface BC, while for all distant source regions combined the contribution of biomass/biofuel (BB) is larger than FF. An observationally based positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the snow-impurity chemistry is conducted to quantitatively evaluate the CAM5 BC source-type attribution. While CAM5 is qualitatively consistent with the PMF analysis with respect to partitioning of BC originating from BB and FF emissions, it significantly underestimates the relative contribution of BB. In addition to a possible low bias in BB emissions used in the simulation, the model is likely missing a significant source of snow darkening from local soil found in the observations.
Long range transport and mixing of aerosol sources during the 2013 North American biomass burning episode: analysis of multiple lidar observations in the Western Mediterranean basin
Authors: Ancellet G. , Pelon J. , Totems J. , Chazette P. , Bazureau A. , Sicard M. , Di Iorio T. , Dulac F. , Mallet M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Long range transport of biomass burning (BB) aerosols between North America and the Mediterranean region took place in June 2013. A large number of ground based and airborne lidar measurements were deployed in the Western Mediterranean during the Chemistry-AeRosol Mediterranean EXperiment (ChArMEx) intensive observation period. A detailed analysis of the potential North American aerosol sources is conducted including the assessment of their transport to Europe using forward simulations of the FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model initialized using satellite observations by MODIS and CALIOP. The three dimensional structure of the aerosol distribution in the ChArMEx domain observed by the ground-based lidars (Menorca, Barcelona and Lampedusa), a Falcon-20 aircraft flight and three CALIOP tracks, agree very well with the model simulation of the three major sources considered in this work: Canadian and Colorado fires, a dust storm from Western US and the contribution of Saharan dust streamers advected from the North Atlantic trade wind region into the Westerlies region. Four aerosol types were identified using the optical properties of the observed aerosol layers (aerosol depolarization ratio, lidar ratio) and the transport model analysis of the contribution of each aerosol source: (I) pure BB layer, (II) weakly dusty BB, (III) significant mixture of BB and dust transported from the trade wind region (IV) the outflow of Saharan dust by the subtropical jet and not mixed with BB aerosol. The contribution of the Canadian fires is the major aerosol source during this episode while mixing of dust and BB is only significant at altitude above 5 km. The mixing corresponds to a 20–30 % dust contribution in the total aerosol backscatter. The comparison with the MODIS AOD horizontal distribution during this episode over the Western Mediterranean sea shows that the Canadian fires contribution were as large as the direct northward dust outflow from Sahara.
Rethinking the global secondary organic aerosol (SOA) budget: stronger production, faster removal, shorter lifetime
Authors: Hodzic A. , Kasibhatla P. S. , Jo D. S. , Cappa C. , Jimenez J. L. , Madronich S. , Park R. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Recent laboratory studies suggest that secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation rates are higher than assumed in current models. There is also evidence that SOA removal by dry and wet deposition occurs more efficiently than some current models suggest, and that photolysis and heterogeneous oxidation may be important (but currently ignored) SOA sinks. Here, we have updated the global GEOS-Chem model to include this new information on formation (i.e. wall-corrected yields and emissions of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds) and on removal processes (photolysis and heterogeneous oxidation). We compare simulated SOA from various model configurations against ground, aircraft and satellite measurements to assess the extent to which these improved representations of SOA formation and removal processes are consistent with observed characteristics of the SOA distribution. The updated model presents a more dynamic picture of the lifecycle of atmospheric SOA, with production rates 4 times higher and sinks a factor of 3.7 more efficient than in the base model. In particular, the updated model predicts larger SOA concentrations in the boundary layer and lower concentrations in the upper troposphere, leading to better agreement with surface and aircraft measurements of organic aerosol compared to the base model. Our analysis thus suggests that the long-standing discrepancy in model predictions of the vertical SOA distribution can now be resolved, at least in part, by a stronger source and stronger sinks leading to a shorter lifetime. The predicted global SOA burden in the updated model is 0.95 Tg and the corresponding direct radiative forcing at top of the atmosphere is −0.35 W m−2, which is comparable to recent model estimates constrained by observations. The updated model predicts a population-weighed global mean surface SOA concentration that is a factor of 2 higher than in the base model, suggesting the need for a reanalysis of the contribution of SOA to PM pollution-related human health effects. The potential importance of our estimates highlights the need for more extensive field and laboratory studies focused on characterizing organic aerosol removal mechanisms and rates.
Characterization of trace metals on soot aerosol particles with the SP-AMS: detection and quantification
Authors: Carbone S. , Onasch T. , Saarikoski S. , Timonen H. , Saarnio K. , Sueper D. , Rönkkö T. , Pirjola L. , Häyrinen A. , Worsnop D. , Hillamo R.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. A method to detect and quantify mass concentrations of trace metals on soot particles by the Aerodyne soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was developed and evaluated in this study. The generation of monodisperse Regal black (RB) test particles with trace amounts of 13 different metals (Na, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Ba) allowed for the determination of the relative ionization efficiency of each metal relative to black carbon (RIEmeas). The observed RIEmeas / RIEtheory values were larger than unity for Na, Rb, Ca, Sr and Ba due to thermal surface ionization (TSI) on the surface of the laser-heated RB particles. Values closer to unity were obtained for the transition metals Zn, Cu, V and Cr. Mn, Fe, and Ni presented the lowest RIEmeas / RIEtheory ratios and highest deviation from unity. The latter discrepancy is unexplained; however it may be related to problems with our calibration method and/or the formation of metal complexes that were not successfully quantified. The response of the metals to the laser power was investigated and the results indicated that a minimum pump laser current of 0.6 A was needed in order to vaporize the metals and the refractory black carbon (rBC). Isotopic patterns of metals were resolved from high-resolution mass spectra, and the mass-weighted size distributions for each individual metal ion were obtained using the high-resolution particle time-of-flight (HR-PToF) method. The RIEmeas values obtained in this study were applied to the data of emission measurements in a heavy-fuel-oil-fired heating station. Emission measurements revealed a large number of trace metals, including evidence for metal oxides and metallic salts, such as vanadium sulfate, calcium sulfate, iron sulfate and barium sulfate, which were identified in the SP-AMS high-resolution mass spectra. SP-AMS measurements of Ba, Fe, and V agreed with ICP-MS analyzed filter samples within a factor of 2 when emitted rBC mass loadings were elevated.
The pilatus unmanned aircraft system for lower atmospheric research
Authors: de Boer G. , Palo S. , Argrow B. , LoDolce G. , Mack J. , Gao R.-S. , Telg H. , Trussel C. , Fromm J. , Long C. N. , Bland G. , Maslanik J. , Schmid B. , Hock T.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This paper presents details of the University of Colorado (CU) Pilatus unmanned research aircraft, assembled to provide measurements of aerosols, radiation and thermodynamics in the lower troposphere. This aircraft has a wingspan of 3.2 m and a maximum take off weight of 25 kg and is powered by an electric motor to reduce engine exhaust and concerns about carburetor icing. It carries instrumentation to make measurements of broadband up- and downwelling shortwave and longwave radiation, aerosol particle size distribution, atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and pressure and to collect video of flights for subsequent analysis of atmospheric conditions during flight. In order to make the shortwave radiation measurements, care was taken to carefully position a high-quality compact inertial measurement unit (IMU) and characterize the attitude of the aircraft and it's orientation to the upward looking radiation sensor. Using measurements from both of these sensors, a correction is applied to the raw radiometer measurements to correct for aircraft attitude and sensor tilt relative to the sun. The data acquisition system was designed from scratch based on a set of key driving requirements to accommodate the variety of sensors deployed. Initial test flights completed in Colorado provide promising results with measurements from the radiation sensors agreeing with those from a nearby surface site. Additionally, estimates of surface albedo from onboard sensors were consistent with local surface conditions, including melting snow and bright runway surface. Aerosol size distributions collected are internally consistent and have previously been shown to agree well with larger, surface-based instrumentation. Finally the atmospheric state measurements evolve as expected, with the near-surface atmosphere warming over time as the day goes on, and the atmospheric relative humidity decreasing with increased temperature. No directional bias on measured temperature, as might be expected due to uneven heating of the sensor housing over the course of a racetrack pattern, was detected. The results from these flights indicate that the CU Pilatus platform is capable of performing research grade lower tropospheric measurement missions.
Measuring morphology and density of internally mixed black carbon with SP2 and VTDMA: new insight to absorption enhancement of black carbon in the atmosphere
Authors: Zhang Y. X. , Zhang Q. , Cheng Y. F. , Su H. , Kecorius S. , Wang Z. B. , Wu Z. J. , Hu M. , Zhu T. , Wiedensohler A. , He K. B.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The morphology and density of black carbon (BC) cores in internally mixed BC (In-BC) particles affects their mixing state and absorption enhancement. In this work, we developed a new method to measure the morphology and effective density of BC cores of ambient In-BC particles using a single particle soot photometer (SP2) and a volatility tandem differential mobility analyzer (VTDMA), during the CAREBeijing-2013 campaign from 8 to 27 July 2013 at Xianghe Observatory. The new measurement system can select size-resolved ambient In-BC particles and measure the mobility size and mass of In-BC cores. The morphology and effective density of ambient In-BC cores are then calculated. For In-BC cores in the atmosphere, changes in the dynamic shape factor (χ) and effective density (ρeff) can be characterized as a function of aging process (Dp ⁄ Dc) measured by SP2 and VTDMA. During an intensive field study, the ambient In-BC cores had an average χ of ∼ 1.2 and an average density of ∼ 1.2 g cm−3, indicating that ambient In-BC cores have a near-spherical shape with an internal void of ∼ 30 %. With the measured morphology and density, the average shell ⁄ core ratio and absorption enhancement (Eab) from ambient black carbon were estimated to be 2.1–2.7 and 1.6–1.9 for different sizes of In-BC particles at 200–350 nm. When assuming the In-BC cores have a void-free BC sphere with a density of 1.8 g cm−3, the shell ⁄ core ratio and Eab could be overestimated by ∼ 13 and ∼ 17 % respectively. The new approach developed in this work will help improve calculations of mixing state and optical properties of ambient In-BC particles by quantification of changes in morphology and density of ambient In-BC cores during aging process.
Reconstructions of biomass burning from sediment charcoal records to improve data-model comparisons
Authors: Marlon J. R. , Kelly R. , Daniau A.-L. , Vannière B. , Power M. J. , Bartlein P. , Higuera P. , Blarquez O. , Brewer S. , Brücher T. , Feurdean A. , Gil-Romera G. , Iglesias V. , Maezumi S. Y. , Magi B. , Mustaphi C. J. C. , Zhihai T.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The location, timing, spatial extent, and frequency of wildfires are changing rapidly in many parts of the world, producing substantial impacts on ecosystems, people, and potentially climate. Paleofire records based on charcoal accumulation in sediments enable modern changes in biomass burning to be considered in their long-term context. Paleofire records also provide insights into the causes and impacts of past wildfires and emissions when analyzed in conjunction with other paleoenvironmental data and with fire models. Here we present new 1000 year and 22 000 year trends and gridded biomass burning reconstructions based on the Global Charcoal Database version 3, which includes 736 charcoal records (57 more than in version 2). The new gridded reconstructions reveal the spatial patterns underlying the temporal trends in the data, allowing insights into likely controls on biomass burning at regional to global scales. In the most recent few decades, biomass burning has sharply increased in both hemispheres, but especially in the north, where charcoal fluxes are now higher than at any other time during the past 22 000 {years}. We also discuss methodological issues relevant to data-model comparisons, and identify areas for future research. Spatially gridded versions of the global dataset from GCDv3 are provided to facilitate comparison with and validation of global fire simulations.
Inter-annual surface evolution of an Antarctic blue-ice moraine using multi-temporal DEMs
Authors: Westoby M. J. , Dunning S. A. , Woodward J. , Hein A. S. , Marrero S. M. , Winter K. , Sugden D. E.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Multi-temporal and fine resolution topographic data products are being increasingly used to quantify surface elevation change in glacial environments. In this study, we employ 3-D digital elevation model (DEM) differencing to quantify the topographic evolution of a blue-ice moraine complex in front of Patriot Hills, Heritage Range, Antarctica. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to acquire multiple topographic datasets of the moraine surface at the beginning and end of the austral summer season in 2012/2013 and during a resurvey field campaign in 2014. A complementary topographic dataset was acquired at the end of season 1 through the application of Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry to a set of aerial photographs taken from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Three-dimensional cloud-to-cloud differencing was undertaken using the Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) algorithm. DEM differencing revealed net uplift and lateral movement of the moraine crests within season 1 (mean uplift ∼ 0.10 m), with lowering of a similar magnitude in some inter-moraine depressions and close to the current ice margin. Our results indicate net uplift across the site between seasons 1 and 2 (mean 0.07 m). This research demonstrates that it is possible to detect dynamic surface topographical change across glacial moraines over short (annual to intra-annual) timescales through the acquisition and differencing of fine-resolution topographic datasets. Such data offer new opportunities to understand the process linkages between surface ablation, ice flow, and debris supply within moraine ice.
Review and classification of indicators of green water availability and scarcity
Authors: Schyns J. F. , Hoekstra A. Y. , Booij M. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Research on water scarcity has mainly focussed on blue water (ground- and surface water), but green water (soil moisture returning to the atmosphere through evaporation) is also scarce, because its availability is limited and there are competing demands for green water. Crop production, grazing lands, forestry and terrestrial ecosystems are all sustained by green water. The implicit distribution or explicit allocation of limited green water resources over competitive demands determines which economic and environmental goods and services will be produced and may affect food security and nature conservation. We need to better understand green water scarcity to be able to measure, model, predict and handle it. This paper reviews and classifies around 80 indicators of green water availability and scarcity, and discusses the way forward to develop operational green water scarcity indicators that can broaden the scope of water scarcity assessments.
Model-based study of the role of rainfall and land use land cover in the changes in Niger Red floods occurrence and intensity in Niamey between 1953 and 2012
Authors: Casse C. , Gosset M. , Vischel T. , Quantin G. , Tanimoun B. A.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Since 1950, the Niger River basin went through 3 main climatic periods: a wet period (1950–1960), an extended drought (1970–1980) and since 1990 a partial recovery of the rainfall. Hydrological changes co-occur with these rainfall fluctuations. In most of the basin the rainfall deficit caused an enhanced discharge deficit, but in the Sahelian region the runoff increased despite the rainfall deficit. Since 2000, the Sahelian part of the Niger has been hit by an increase of flood hazards during the so-called Red flood period. In Niamey city, the highest river levels and the longest flooded period ever recorded occurred in 2003, 2010, 2012 and 2013, with heavy casualties and property damage. The reasons for these changes, and the relative role of climate vs. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) changes are still debated and are investigated in this paper. The evolution of the Niger Red flood in Niamey from 1950 to 2012 is analysed based on long term records of rainfall (three data sets based on in situ and/or satellite data) and discharge, and a hydrological model. The model is first run with present LULC conditions in order to analyse solely the effect of rainfall variability. The impact of LULC and drainage area modification is investigated in a second step. The simulations based on the current surface conditions are able to reproduce the observed trend in Red flood occurrence and intensity since the 1980s. This has been verified with three independent rainfall data sets and implies that rainfall variability is the main driver for the Red flood intensification observed over the last 30 years. The simulation results since 1953 reveals that LULC and drainage area changes need to be invoked to explain the changes over a 60 year period.
Nematode taxonomy: from morphology to metabarcoding
Authors: Ahmed M. , Sapp M. , Prior T. , Karssen G. , Back M.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Nematodes represent a species rich and morphologically diverse group of metazoans inhabiting both aquatic and terrestrial environments. Their role as biological indicators and as key players in nutrient cycling has been well documented. Some groups of nematodes are also known to cause significant losses to crop production. In spite of this, knowledge of their diversity is still limited due to the difficulty in achieving species identification using morphological characters. Molecular methodology has provided very useful means of circumventing the numerous limitations associated with classical morphology based identification. We discuss herein the history and the progress made within the field of nematode systematics, the limitations of classical taxonomy and how the advent of high throughput sequencing is facilitating advanced ecological and molecular studies.
Comparison of a coupled snow thermodynamic and radiative transfer model with in situ active microwave signatures of snow-covered smooth first-year sea ice
Authors: Fuller M. C. , Geldsetzer T. , Yackel J. , Gill J. P. S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Within the context of developing data inversion and assimilation techniques for C-band backscatter over sea ice, snow physical models may be used to drive backscatter models for comparison and optimization with satellite observations. Such modeling has the potential to enhance understanding of snow on sea-ice properties required for unambiguous interpretation of active microwave imagery. An end-to-end modeling suite is introduced, incorporating regional reanalysis data (NARR), a snow model (SNTHERM89.rev4), and a multilayer snow and ice active microwave backscatter model (MSIB). This modeling suite is assessed against measured snow on sea-ice geophysical properties and against measured active microwave backscatter. NARR data were input to the SNTHERM snow thermodynamic model in order to drive the MSIB model for comparison to detailed geophysical measurements and surface-based observations of C-band backscatter of snow on first-year sea ice. The NARR variables were correlated to available in situ measurements with the exception of long-wave incoming radiation and relative humidity, which impacted SNTHERM simulations of snow temperature. SNTHERM snow grain size and density were comparable to observations. The first assessment of the forward assimilation technique developed in this work required the application of in situ salinity profiles to one SNTHERM snow profile, which resulted in simulated backscatter close to that driven by in situ snow properties. In other test cases, the simulated backscatter remained 4–6 dB below observed for higher incidence angles and when compared to an average simulated backscatter of in situ end-member snow covers. Development of C-band inversion and assimilation schemes employing SNTHERM89.rev4 should consider sensitivity of the model to bias in incoming long-wave radiation, the effects of brine, and the inability of SNTHERM89.Rev4 to simulate water accumulation and refreezing at the bottom and mid-layers of the snowpack. These impact thermodynamic response, brine wicking and volume processes, snow dielectrics, and thus microwave backscatter from snow on first-year sea ice.
Acquisition of isotopic composition for surface snow in East Antarctica and the links to climatic parameters
Authors: Touzeau A. , Landais A. , Stenni B. , Uemura R. , Fukui K. , Fujita S. , Guilbaud S. , Ekaykin A. , Casado M. , Barkan E. , Luz B. , Magand O. , Teste G. , Le Meur E. , Baroni M. , Savarino J. , Bourgeois I. , Risi C.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. The isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in ice cores are invaluable tools for the reconstruction of past climate variations. Used alone, they give insights into the variations of the local temperature, whereas taken together they can provide information on the climatic conditions at the point of origin of the moisture. However, recent analyses of snow from shallow pits indicate that the climatic signal can become erased in very low accumulation regions, due to local processes of snow reworking. The signal to noise ratio decreases and the climatic signal can then only be retrieved using stacks of several snow pits. Obviously, the signal is not completely lost at this stage, otherwise it would be impossible to extract valuable climate information from ice cores as has been done, for instance, for the last glaciation. To better understand how the climatic signal is passed from the precipitation to the snow, we present here results from varied snow samples from East Antarctica. First, we look at the relationship between isotopes and temperature from a geographical point of view, using results from three traverses across Antarctica, to see how the relationship is built up through the distillation process. We also take advantage of these measures to see how second order parameters (d-excess and 17O-excess) are related to δ18O and how they are controlled. d-excess increases in the interior of the continent (i.e. when δ18O decreases), due to the distillation process, whereas 17O-excess decreases in remote areas, due to kinetic fractionation at low temperature. In both cases, these changes are associated with the loss of original information regarding the source. Then, we look at the same relationships in precipitation samples collected over one year at Dome C and Vostok, as well as in surface snow at Dome C. We note that the slope of the δ18O / T relationship decreases in these samples compared to those from the traverses, and thus advocate caution when using spatial slopes for past climate reconstruction. The second-order parameters behave in the same way in the precipitation as in the surface snow from traverses, indicating that similar processes are active. Finally we check if the same relationships between δ18O and second-order parameters are also found in the snow from four snow pits. While the d-excess remains opposed to δ18O in most snow pits, the 17O-excess is no longer positively correlated to δ18O and even shows anti-correlation to δ18O at Vostok. This may be due to a stratospheric influence at this site and/or to post-deposition processes.
Assessment of error in satellite derived lead fraction in Arctic
Authors: Ivanova N. , Rampal P. , Bouillon S.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Leads within consolidated sea ice control heat exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere during winter thus constituting an important climate parameter. These narrow elongated features occur when sea ice is fracturing under the action of wind and currents, reducing the local mechanical strength of the ice cover, which in turn impact the sea ice drift patterns. This makes a high quality lead fraction (LF) dataset to be in demand for sea ice model evaluation, initialization and for assimilation of such data in regional models. In this context, the available LF dataset retrieved from satellite passive microwave observations (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer – Earth Observing System, AMSR-E) is of great value, providing pan-Arctic light- and cloud-independent daily coverage since 2002. Here we quantify errors in this dataset using accurate LF estimates retrieved from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images employing a threshold technique, also introduced in this work. We find a consistent overestimation by a factor of 2–4 of the LF estimates in the AMSR-E LF product. We show for a data sample from the AMSR-E LF dataset that a simple adjustment of the tie points used in the method to estimate the LF can reduce the pixel-wise error by a factor of 2 on average. Applying such adjustment to the full dataset may thus significantly increase the quality and value of the original dataset.
Measures of information in multistage stochastic programming
Authors: Maggioni Franceska , Allevi Elisabetta , Bertocchi Marida
Published: November 2015

Multistage stochastic programs, which involve sequences of decisions over time, are usually hard to solve in realistically sized problems. Providing bounds for their optimal solution may help in evaluating whether it is worth the additional computations for the stochastic program versus simplified approaches. In this paper we present a summary of the results in [22] where we generalize the value of information gained from deterministic, pair solution and rolling-horizon approximation in the two-stage case to the multistage stochastic formulation. Numerical results on a case study related to a simple transportation problem illustrate the described relationships.