bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiotherapy‐resistant prostate cancer cells escape immune checkpoint blockade through the senescence‐related ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3‐related protein
Authors: Shao Chenyi , Zhang Yingyi , Li Hang , Chen Jiajia , Huang Ting , Li Jiaze , Wen Simeng , Wang Sen , Fan Saijun , Zhao Yu
Published: December 2024

Background

The majority of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) exhibit intrinsic resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) following radiotherapy (RT). This resistance is generally attributed to the limited antigen presentation of heterogeneous cells within tumors. Here, we aimed to isolate and characterize these diverse subgroups of tumor post‐RT to understand the molecular mechanisms of their resistance to ICB.

Methods

Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) was used to profile senescent cancer cell clusters induced by RT in LNCaP cells. The expression and phosphorylation levels of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3‐related protein (ATR) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in clinical samples from patients with or without RT. Co‐immunoprecipitation, mutagenesis, and Western blotting were used to measure the interactions between proteins. Xenograft experiments were performed to assess the tumor immune response in the mice.

Results

We identified a subset of PCa cells that exhibited resistance to RT, characterized by a reduced antigen presentation capability, which enhanced their ability to evade immune detection and resist cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4) blockade. scRNA‐seq revealed that the senescent state was a transient phase of PCa cells post‐RT, particularly in CTLA‐4 blockade treatment‐resistant cells. This state was marked by increased cytosolic ATR level. Cytosolic ATR phosphorylated CD86 in its cytosolic domain and enhanced the interaction between CD86 and its E3 ligase MARCH1 through electrostatic attraction. Depletion or inhibition of Atr increased the sensitivity to immune attack and improved responses to anti‐Ctla‐4 antibody treatment in a mouse model.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that the activation of cytosolic ATR, which is associated with cellular senescence, impedes the effectiveness of combined RT and ICB treatments. This discovery may provide valuable insights for improving the efficacy of combined RT and ICB therapies in PCa.
Implementation of Dialyzable Leukocyte Extract to Treat Multiple Sclerosis: A Clinical Case
Authors: González‐González Layla Grecia , Panameño‐Cruz Vicente , Luna‐Arias Juan Pedro , Reyna‐Beltrán Elizabeth
Published: December 2024

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS) with its chronic inflammatory component. In the treatment of MS, corticosteroids are usually implemented to reduce the disease's inflammation rate. In this case study, we present a patient with MS that initially received corticosteroids, which heightened his vulnerability to infections, particularly respiratory ones. Consequently, the treatment was changed to the administration of dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) “Oral Transferon”. To this day, the rate of inflammation has been reduced, slowing the evolution of MS, decreasing the clinical manifestations of the disease, and improving the patient's quality of life. This may be attributed to the immunomodulatory effects of the Transferon. More studies are needed in MS patients implementing a treatment based solely on Transferon to establish its effectiveness as an immunomodulator (specifically for this autoimmune disease).
Factors Influencing Medication Adherence in Heart Failure Patients—A Survey among Cardiac Healthcare Providers
Authors: Gunnthorsdottir Ingibjorg , Almarsdottir Anna Birna , Andersen Karl , Gunnarsdottir Anna I. , Svansdottir Erla , Einarsson Hafsteinn , Ingimarsdottir Inga Jona
Published: December 2024

Adhering to medication regimens is key behavior to alleviate symptoms and slow disease progression in heart failure (HF). This study explores cardiac healthcare providers' perceptions and experiences of factors influencing medication adherence (MA) in HF patients, with findings contributing to developing a HF‐specific MA assessment scale. Using a cross‐sectional, mixed methods design, we conducted an online survey with both closed and open‐ended questions distributed to cardiac healthcare providers, working at the National University Hospital in Iceland. The survey consisted of 103 questions divided into 18 themes. Analysis included descriptive statistics of the participants' responses to closed responses with simplified scoring. Free‐text responses were grouped into thematic categories and then into subthemes. Of 104 healthcare providers invited, 73 (70%) participated. Key factors identified as most beneficial for supporting MA included supportive patient–provider relationships (97%), selecting suitable drug formulation (96%), healthcare support at home (95%), and multi‐dose dispensing from pharmacies (93%). The youngest and oldest HF patients were believed to be at the highest risk of medication non‐adherence, particularly among males. Other patients estimated at increased risk included those with alcohol and/or substance abuse (89%), those with limited knowledge of medication effects (89%), those perceiving medication as useless (88%), and those with cognitive impairment (86%). Most participants (73%) agreed that healthcare providers should assess and document MA in clinical care. These findings provide a comprehensive overview of factors that cardiac healthcare providers believe influence non‐adherence in HF patients, contributing to the development of a HF‐specific MA scale.
Biotin‐Based Northern Blotting (BiNoB): A Cost‐Efficient Alternative for Detection of Small RNAs
Authors: Madhry Deeksha , Roy Riya , Verma Bhupendra
Published: December 2024

Advances in sequencing technology have led to the discovery of diverse types of regulatory RNAs. Differential transcript levels regulate cellular processes and influence disease severity. Identifying these variations through reliable methods is crucial for understanding the regulatory roles and disease mechanisms of regulatory RNAs. Northern blotting, which is considered the gold standard for differential expression analysis, poses challenges due to various limitations associated with RNA quality and integrity, radioactivity exposure, and associated reagents and expenses. In this protocol, we employ a biotin‐based northern blotting (BiNoB) approach that is both convenient and inexpensive, eliminating the need for specialized settings as required with radioactivity‐based northern blotting. We comprehensively target various RNA types, making this technique a versatile tool for RNA detection. Additionally, we conduct a comparison between 3′‐end labeled probes that were labeled in‐house and 5′‐end labeled probes that were obtained commercially. Remarkably, our results reveal relatively higher sensitivity with 3′‐end labeled probes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the use of an in‐house buffer offered comparable sensitivity to a commercially available buffer, providing another cost‐effective alternative. We also aimed to determine the minimum quantity of total RNA required to detect small non‐coding RNAs such as tRNA fragments. Whereas previous studies reported the use of 5‐10 µg total RNA for tRNA fragment detection, our findings revealed that as little as 1 µg total RNA is sufficient to detect small RNAs like tRNAs and their fragments. This concentration may vary depending on the expression levels of the specific RNAs being detected. © 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Biotin‐based northern blotting
Further Investigation Into an Environmental Source for Aminorex
Authors: Brooks Lydia , Ryan Michael , McCosham Erin , Loganathan Devan
Published: December 2024

In 2009, levamisole was identified as a source for several aminorex positives reported in postrace equine samples in Canada. Since then, unexplained detections of aminorex continue to be identified in equine samples where there is no evidence to link these detections to a levamisole administration. Previous studies identified a compound named barbarin in some species of plants from the Brassicaceae family and suggested that barbarin may be a possible precursor for aminorex. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the link between barbarin and aminorex and (2) identify other biomarkers of plant origin. Methods were developed and validated for the detection of aminorex, barbarin, glucobarbarin, and other associated compounds. Aminorex was administered to one horse, and barbarin was not detected in any plasma and urine samples. Barbarea stricta and Barbarea orthoceras were administered to two horses, and aminorex was detected in all plasma and urine samples collected. Barbarin was detected in some plasma but not in urine samples. Resedine was observed in retrospective examination of chromatograms of the plant material and from all plants postadministration plasma and urine samples from the two horses. Resedine was administered to one horse and was detected in plasma and urine samples, but aminorex was only detected in urine samples. These results provide evidence that resedine is an intermediary compound between barbarin and aminorex in horses and that resedine can be used as a biomarker to eliminate the reporting of aminorex positives originating from the ingestion of plants from the Brassicaceae family.
Skinks on a Plane: Does Human‐Mediated Transportation Impact the Behaviour of an Invasive Lizard?
Authors: Harris Jaclyn , Goulet Celine T. , Chapple David G.
Published: December 2024

The human‐mediated transportation of stowaway individuals to non‐native regions is a major driver of new biological invasions, and the post‐establishment spread of the invader in its introduced range. In order for the stowaway individuals to successfully establish in the non‐native region, they must survive the harsh conditions during the journey (e.g., extreme temperatures, cramped spaces, and lack of food) and arrive in good condition. However, few studies have investigated the impact of human‐assisted transportation on the behaviour of stowaway individuals. Here, we examined whether human‐mediated transportation, via both air and road, impacted the activity and exploratory behaviour of the invasive delicate skink (Lampropholis delicata). We exposed delicate skinks to either flights on a commercial airliner (total ~2.5 h flight time, and car transport to/from the airport), or a 3 h drive in a car. We found that although the temperatures experienced by skinks during transportation were more variable than those experienced by control group lizards, the temperature during transit remained well within the thermal tolerances for the species. Human‐assisted transportation only had a relatively minor impact on the behaviour of the invasive delicate skink: transportation by plane did not influence activity or exploratory behaviour, and car transportation increased activity, but did not impact exploratory behaviour. The capacity of stowaways to cope with the stress associated with human‐mediated transportation is a key factor in the success of species introductions, and subsequent invasion. As such, there should be a greater focus on the behaviours that facilitate the success of potential invaders in the early stages of the introduction process.
Temporal and Spatial eDNA Analysis of Fish Assemblages in Postindustrial, Urban Coastal Habitats
Authors: Cunnington Alice , Neave Erika , Shum Peter , Collins Rupert , Mariani Stefano
Published: December 2024

Urban coastal habitats experience substantial disturbances due to their proximity to human settlements and activities. Yet, despite the negative impact of urbanization on coastal environments, industrial structures can also provide artificial habitats. These are often easily accessible to regular surveys, including water sampling for environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, an emerging and powerful tool for monitoring biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, we utilized eDNA metabarcoding to investigate temporal and spatial trends in fish assemblages within urban coastal habitats between the Dee and Mersey estuaries (United Kingdom), historically one of the most anthropogenically impacted postindustrial coasts in the world. Over a 12‐month period, we conducted nine water sampling trips at two locations: the Albert Docks in central Liverpool, and the Marine Lake in West Kirby. Illumina sequencing was used to analyze PCR amplicons generated using the fish‐targeted Tele02‐12S metabarcoding region. We found significant changes in fish community composition across the different months. Fish communities also significantly differed between the two sites, with the patterns of temporal changes varying substantially between them. Seasonal appearances/disappearances of specific taxa (e.g., European eel, sand smelt, flounder, and herring) shed light on important ecological and behavioral processes that may have management implications. Results also corroborate previous findings on the importance of “molecular bycatch” (nontarget sequences) in expanding our understanding of the anthropogenic influences on the natural environment. Overall, our findings emphasize the value of eDNA monitoring as a noninvasive, affordable, and sensitive approach for routine monitoring of temporal trends in fish assemblages, facilitating the stewardship of resilient urban coastal zones, and recognizing interventions that could increase biodiversity.
Reconstructing active tectonics from land–sea correlations based on cross‐interpretation of core and seismic data for the Tyrrhenian coastal segment in southern Italy
Authors: Corrado Giuseppe , Amodio Sabrina , Aucelli Pietro P. C. , Gioia Dario , Pappone Gerardo , Schiattarella Marcello
Published: December 2024

The current setting of most Tyrrhenian coastal plains in central‐southern Italy is the result of the interaction between sedimentary inputs, tectonic movements, and sea level changes during the Quaternary. Based on a comprehensive review of data from the literature on the stratigraphic setting of the coastal plains of Volturno and Garigliano Rivers, and with the final output being a validated 3D geological model, this study provides new elements for improved definition of the chronological intervals of fault activity. Specifically, the ages of tectonic deformations and/or subsidence are crucial for future estimates of coastal hazards induced by both seismicity and coastal inundations. Our multidisciplinary approach includes (i) definition of the Late Quaternary sedimentary architecture by revision of a large amount of core data, (ii) acquisition of offshore seismic reflection data and their correlation with sedimentary bodies of the coastal plains, and (iii) structural analysis of the main faults. These investigations were conducted on the marine segment offshore Mount Massico and on contiguous portions of the Volturno and Garigliano alluvial–coastal plains. The acquisition of seismic and core data enabled the definition of the sedimentary architecture of the coastal sectors of the plains. The Mt. Massico ridge (northern Campania), comprising Mesozoic–Cenozoic units of the orogenic chain and morphologically separating the two plains, was the subject of mesostructural analysis of fault orientation and kinematics. The seismic lines were calibrated correctly using two close stratigraphic core logs from the Garigliano Plain. The identification of correlatable and/or coeval stratigraphic/seismic units reveals land–sea correlations. These units are clearly affected by recent faulting expressed by complex deformation patterns, such as flower structures and strike‐slip faults.
Study on the Effect of Quinoa Saponins on Human Colon Cancer HT‐29 Cells
Authors: Shang Haijun , Sun Jinwei , Zheng Zhi , Sun Shujun , Yan Xiaoming
Published: December 2024

Quinoa saponins can inhibit the survival of specific cancer cells. However, there is still a lack of systematic research on the effects of quinoa saponins on colon cancer cells. This experiment confirmed that quinoa saponins prevented human colon cancer HT‐29 cells from growing in vitro. The MTT experiment revealed that quinoa saponins significantly decreased the proliferative vitality of HT‐29 cells. In comparison to the control group, the proportion of cell number in the G0/G1 phase increased by 22.97% and the rate of apoptosis increased by 22.55% after treating cells with quinoa saponins (40 μg/mL). By regulating the expression of Cyclin D1 and p21, it caused the cell cycle to be blocked in the G0/G1 phase. It also promoted the expression of Caspase3 and Bax while suppressing the expression of Bcl‐2, which led to the apoptosis of HT‐29 cells. In addition, quinoa saponins caused cells to undergo autophagy by upregulating the expression of LC‐3II and Beclin1, while the addition of autophagy inhibitors significantly reduced the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. Finally, the migration of HT‐29 cells was also inhibited by quinoa saponins. After treating cells with quinoa saponins (40 μg/mL), compared with that in the control group, the wound healing rate of cells decreased by 38.21% and the migration ability decreased by 69.48%. The potential mechanism could be connected to increasing E‐cadherin expression while decreasing N‐cadherin expression. Importantly, all of these changes induced by quinoa saponins were dose dependent. Overall, these findings give a scientific basis for the anticancer mechanism of quinoa saponins.
Enhancing Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) Heat Stress Tolerance: Effects of Sowing Date on Seed Yield, Oil Content, and Fatty Acid Composition in Hot Climate Conditions
Authors: Kalantar Ahmadi Seyed Ahmad , Daneshian Jahanfar
Published: December 2024

High temperatures can impede the growth and development of soybean plants, resulting in decreased yield and seed quality. Heat‐induced damage can be mitigated by adjusting sowing date and selecting genotypes that are suitable for cultivation in hot climates. A 2‐year (2017–2018) field experiment was conducted at Safiabad Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, employing a split‐plot design with three replications. The main plots were assigned three different sowing dates (June 22, July 6, and July 21), while the subplots featured eight soybean genotypes (SF1, SF2, SF3, SK93, M13, SG4, SG5, and Salend) belonged to IV to VI maturity groups. Temperature affected the fatty acid composition across all genotypes. Planting soybeans on June 22 and July 6 resulted in a 16% and 8% decrease in seed yield, respectively, compared to planting on July 21 over 2 years of experiments. SK93 exhibited the highest oil content (25.59%) when sown on the third date (July 21), whereas the SF3 genotype planted on June 22 displayed the lowest oil content (18.68%). Based on our findings, a decrease of approximately 0.33% in oil content and a 0.7% increase in protein content were observed with a one‐degree temperature rise from 33°C during the seed‐filling period. When the temperature ranged between 36°C and 38°C, the highest seed yield (2665–3008 kg.ha−1) was obtained, whereas the lowest seed yield (1940 kg.ha−1) occurred at 41.60°C. Delaying planting led to a higher seed yield (19.72%) and enhanced seed oil content (11.54%). The indeterminate growth genotype SK93 consistently showed the highest average seed yield (3231 kg.ha−1) over the 2‐year experiment, exceeding other genotypes.
Optimizing Protein Bars With Whey Protein Isolate, Pea Protein Isolate, and Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) Fish Protein Hydrolysate: A Simplex‐Centroid Mixture Design Study
Authors: Khodaei Diako , Noci Francesco , Ryan Lisa
Published: December 2024

The aim of this study was to use blue whiting fish protein hydrolysate (BWFPH) as a novel dietary amino acid supplement in whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI)‐based protein bars. The findings indicate that incorporating BWFPH significantly influenced the nutritional profile of the protein bars, leading to a ~93% reduction in hardness compared to bars without the hydrolysate. Additionally, BWFPH effectively delayed the hardening process during storage. However, sensory evaluation revealed that the inclusion of BWFPH adversely affected the sensory characteristics, indicating a need for optimization. Using a simplex centroid mixture design, we identified an optimized protein blend compromising 76.02% WPI, 6.72% PPI, and 17.26% BWPFH, which achieved a balance of improved texture and sensory appeal. These results suggest that high‐protein bars can be enhanced by integrating novel protein sources through careful formulation and optimization.
Enzyme Activities Shape Malting Quality Standards
Authors: Cai Kangfeng , Wu Xiaojian , Yue Wenhao , Liu Lei , Song Xiujuan , Ge Fangying , Wang Qiuyu , Wang Junmei
Published: December 2024

Malting quality of barley is a complex characteristic, which is influenced by a combination of interacting traits that are regulated by various genetic and environmental factors. The activities of various enzymes play pivotal roles in determining the malting quality, as they drive the biochemical processes responsible for converting barley saccharides and proteins into fermentable sugars and amino acids during the malting process. In this study, 14 malting barley cultivars were used to investigate the relationship between enzyme activities and malting quality traits. The results revealed a significant correlation between α‐amylase activity and malt extract (MEX), viscosity (VIS), free α‐amino nitrogen (FAN), and Kolbach index (KI). In contrast, β‐amylase activity exhibited a significant correlation solely with diastatic power (DP). β‐glucanase activity was significantly correlated with FAN and KI. The elevated expression levels of both HvBmy1 and HvBmy2 contributed to high DP, and the activation of α‐amylase genes (HvAmy1 and HvAmy2) and β‐glucanase genes (HvGlb1 and HvGlb2) played a crucial role in producing high FAN and KI. These results enhance our understanding of the relations between enzyme activity and malting quality traits and thereby may facilitate further breeding for malt barley cultivars.
Unweaving the Cognitive Map: A Personal History
Authors: Jeffery Kate J.
Published: December 2024

I have been incredibly fortunate to have worked in the field of hippocampal spatial coding during three of its most exciting decades, the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. During this time I had a ringside view of some of the foundational discoveries that were made which have transformed our understanding of the hippocampal system and its role in cognition (especially spatial cognition) and memory. These discoveries inspired me in my own lab over the years to pursue three broad lines of enquiry—3D spatial encoding, context and the sense of direction—which are outlined here. If some of my personal recollections are a little inaccurate (such is the nature of episodic memory!) I apologize in advance.
Preparation of MgAl‐LDH/halloysite composite materials for efficient CO2 adsorption
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Zhou Yao , Gong Weifeng , Tang Tongtong , Yang Yu , Yao Chao , Zuo ShiXiang , Li Xiazhang
Published: December 2024

Background

CO2 emissions have had negative impacts on various aspects of life and the environment, making the development of materials with high CO2 adsorption performance crucial.

Result

In this study, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were used as a carrier to prepare MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) via a convenient coprecipitation method, resulting in MgAl‐LDH/HNT composite material, which was then evaluated for its CO2 adsorption performance. The physicochemical properties of the composite material were characterized using various methods. Results showed that the 1:1 ratio MgAl‐LDH/HNT composite exhibited superior material structure, with a specific surface area reaching 178.24 m2 g−1. In CO2 adsorption performance tests, the 1:1 MgAl‐LDH/HNT composite showed the best adsorption performance, with a CO2 adsorption capacity of 3.91 mmol g−1. This adsorption process includes physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. Kinetic analysis results indicate that the adsorption process is mainly dominated by physical adsorption. The material also demonstrated good performance in cyclic stability tests, maintaining a regeneration efficiency of over 94% after six cycles.

Conclusion

The MgAl‐LDH/HNT material has good properties and stability. This provides an effective pathway and direction for the development of new adsorbents with higher CO2 adsorption performance. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Understanding Bacterial Resistance to Heavy Metals and Nanoparticles: Mechanisms, Implications, and Challenges
Authors: Prabhu Chaitra , Satyaprasad Akshath Uchangi , Deekshit Vijaya Kumar
Published: December 2024

Antimicrobial resistance is a global health problem as it contributes to high mortality rates in several infectious diseases. To address this issue, engineered nanoparticles/nano‐formulations of antibiotics have emerged as a promising strategy. Nanoparticles are typically defined as materials with dimensions up to 100 nm and are made of different materials such as inorganic particles, lipids, polymers, etc. They are widely dispersed in the environment through various consumer products, and their clinical applications are diverse, ranging from contrast agents in imaging to carriers for gene and drug delivery. Nanoparticles can also act as antimicrobial agents either on their own or in combination with traditional antibiotics to produce synergistic effects, earning them the label of “next‐generation therapeutics.” They have also shown great effectiveness against multidrug‐resistant pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections. However, overexposure or prolonged exposure to sublethal doses of nanoparticles can promote the development of resistance in human pathogens. The resistance can arise from various factors such as genetic mutation, horizontal gene transfer, production of reactive oxygen species, changes in the outer membrane of bacteria, efflux‐induced resistance, cross‐resistance from intrinsic antibiotic resistance determinants, plasmid‐mediated resistance, and many more. Continuous exposure to nanoparticles can also transform an antibiotic‐susceptible bacterial pathogen into multidrug resistance. Considering all these, the current review focuses on the mode of action of different heavy metals and nanoparticles and possible mechanisms through which bacteria attain resistance towards these heavy metals and nanoparticles.
Intraseasonal Variability and Physical Characteristics of the Break and Active Phases of the Mainland Indochina Southwest Monsoon
Authors: Oo Kyaw Than , Chen Haishan , Du Xinguan , Jonah Kazora , Dong Yinshuo , Zhang Fangmin
Published: December 2024

The term ‘break’ is traditionally meant only for dry spells occurring after monsoon onset in the region. Simply put, the daily rainfall of the monsoon pauses across the region for a few days, which is called a ‘break spell’, and the revised pattern is called ‘active’. Researchers have suggested that standardised anomalies of three consecutive days of rainfall prevail when categorising active and break spells. This study examined break spells and active spells at interannual, intraseasonal, and decadal scales by examining the frequency and spatial distribution of three consecutive days of rainfall occurrences of different intensities linked to break and active events over the mainland Indochina region. The difference in the surface‐to‐upper wind circulation between active spells with excessive moist convection and intense break events with less rainfall was explained by various atmospheric parameters. During active phases, the easterly jet migrated south, while subtropical westerly entered lower latitudes during the break. During break spellings, the upper and lower troposphere jet winds will be weaker and dislocated over the study area but stronger during active time. La Niña encourages more break days than active days and distinguishing between vertical meridional circulation and intense break events with a heat trough‐type circulation and active spells with moist convection is crucial for developing suitable prediction tools.
Interactive Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Phosphorus on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown Under Salt‐Affected Soil Conditions
Authors: Abbas Misbah , Murtaza Ghulam , Owens Gary , Khursheed Muhammad Moaz , Hussain Tajammal
Published: December 2024

Aim

The current study aimed to assess the potential of foliar‐applied zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) in improving wheat growth and mitigating the zinc (Zn) deficiency stress that is increased by the negative interaction between Zn and phosphorus (P) under saline–sodic soil conditions.

Methods

A wire house trial was conducted to produce Zn‐enriched wheat grains following exposure to nZnO and to examine the interaction of applied Zn with the plant‐required P (PRP) (200 mg P kg−1). The treatments were: no nZnO and no P (control), no nZnO with PRP, nZnO‐primed seed with PRP, foliar application of nZnO with PRP, fertigation of nZnO with PRP, soil application of nZnO with PRP, and foliar and soil application of nZnO with PRP, designated as C, PRP, Seed‐nZnO+P, Foliar‐nZnO+P, Fertigation‐nZnO+P, Soil‐nZnO+P, and Foliar‐Soil‐nZnO+P, respectively. For each treatment, 100 mg L−1 Zn was used, except for Foliar‐Soil‐nZnO+P, for which 50 mg L−1 Zn solution was used during foliar application, and 50 mg kg−1 Zn was applied to the soil. Soil chemical parameters (pHs, ECe, sodium adsorption ratio [SAR], organic matter, soil Zn, and available P) were determined before the trial.

Results

The method of nZnO application influenced Zn–P interactions and affected the final Zn and P contents in soil, root, shoot, and grain of wheat. Foliar‐Soil‐nZnO+P showed optimum response compared to other amendments, having 11.8 mg kg−1 P and 6.93 mg kg−1 Zn concentration in soil. The maximum P concentration in root, shoot, and grain (3.1, 3.0, and 2.8 g kg−1, respectively) and maximum Zn concentration in root, shoot, and grain (0.067, 0.055, and 0.030 g kg−1, respectively) were found where Foliar‐Soil‐nZnO+P used in combination. Similarly, a 96% increase in grain weight pers pot was observed in Foliar‐Soil‐nZnO+P when compared with control. The application of Foliar‐Soil‐nZnO+P showed improved plant height (57%), spike length (44%), shoot dry weight (3.42 times), membrane stability index (99%), relative water content (39%), SPAD value (35%), photosynthetic rate (5.56 times), and transpiration rate (77%) compared with control.

Conclusion

Foliar and soil application of nZnO along with the PRP dose resulted in the least negative Zn–P interaction and optimal Zn concentrations in wheat grain and yield. These optimal results were attributed to rapid stomatal penetration of Zn via foliar application and minimum reaction time of soil‐applied nZnO, which minimized Zn–P complex formation. It is recommended that for Zn fertilization in salt‐affected soil, a combined foliar and soil application should be done to minimize negative Zn‐P interactions.
Sleep duration among breastfed, goat milk‐based or cow's milk‐based infant formula‐fed infants: Post hoc analyses from a double‐blind RCT
Authors: van Lee Linde , Meijer‐Krommenhoek Yvonne , He Tao , van der Zee Lucie , Verkade Henkjan
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To determine total, night‐ and daytime sleep duration and waking frequency among infants exclusively fed goat milk‐based infant formula (GMF) or cow's milk‐based infant formula (CMF) enroled in a randomised controlled trial and compare these to a human milk (HM) fed reference group.

Methods

Post hoc analysis from a double‐blind randomised controlled trial in 304 healthy term infants was performed. Formula‐fed infants were randomly assigned to receive exclusively GMF or CMF for a period of 112 days and compared to a reference group fed HM. Sleep was assessed using a 3‐day 24‐h diary before the five visits throughout the trial. The association between feeding type and sleep was studied longitudinally and cross‐sectionally at the five visits. All models were adjusted for infant sex and study site of enrolment. For associations between formula‐fed infants and the non‐randomised HM group, additional adjustments were made.

Results

Total sleep duration slowly and similarly decreased over the course of study duration for all groups, with a decrease of about an hour between the first and last measurement. Longitudinally, daytime sleep duration was significantly longer for GMF (mean 8.6 h, standard error [SE] 0.17) and HM (8.8, 0.18) fed infants as compared to CMF (8.1, 0.17; p < 0.05). Cross‐sectional analyses show that infants fed GMF or HM had higher total sleep duration than infants fed CMF at all visits, with significant differences between the groups at Visits 3 and 4.

Conclusions

In infants fed GMF a significantly longer daytime sleep duration and a non‐significant trend towards a longer total sleep duration were found when compared to infants fed CMF. These findings suggest that nutrition plays a role in sleep duration.
Collagen Density Is Associated With Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Li Fengling , Wei Yani , Li Li , Chen Fei , Bao Chunjuan , Bu Hong , Zhang Zhang
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

The tumor‐associated stroma is an essential compartment in breast cancer, and collagen fiber organization in the stroma has been reported to be correlated with prognosis. In this study, we sought to evaluate collagen fiber characteristics in relation to pathological complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer patients.

Methods

A total of 388 breast cancer patients receiving NAC were enrolled. The stroma type was manually assessed on pretreatment hematoxylin and eosin (HE)‐stained slides, and the collagen fiber features were quantified by a computer tool. The relationship between syndecan‐1 expression and collagen fibers and its correlation with treatment efficacy were detected by immunohistochemistry.

Results

The pCR rate of patients with collagen‐dominant stroma was lower than that of patients with lymphocyte‐dominant stroma (19.6% vs. 40.0%, p = 0.001). Patients who achieved pCR had straighter and less dense fibers in pretreatment biopsied tissue than non‐pCR patients (p = 0.031, p = 0.044). Additionally, the pCR group had greater syndecans‐1 expression on the tumor epithelium than the non‐pCR group (p < 0.001), while there was no statistically significant difference in the stroma (p = 0.333). Collagen fiber density was the only factor associated with pCR after correction for other clinicopathological variables in triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (OR 0.466, 95% CI 0.227‐0.956, p = 0.037); patients with lower fiber density had a greater pCR rate (37.5% vs. 12.5%, p = 0.021).

Conclusions

Collagen fiber density was associated with pCR in patients with breast cancer, and it could be a potential candidate for discriminating between responders and nonresponders for TNBC patients receiving NAC.
Scoliosis instrumentation alters primary and coupled motions of the spine: An in vitro study using entire thoracolumbar spine and rib cage specimens
Authors: Liebsch Christian , Obid Peter , Vogt Morten , Schlager Benedikt , Wilke Hans‐Joachim
Published: December 2024

Background

Effects of rigid posterior instrumentation on the three‐dimensional post‐operative spinal flexibility are widely unknown. Purpose of this in vitro study was to quantify these effects for characteristic adolescent idiopathic scoliosis instrumentations.

Methods

Six fresh frozen human thoracic and lumbar spine specimens (C7‐S) with entire rib cage from young adult donors (26–45 years) without clinically relevant deformity were loaded quasi‐statically with pure moments of 5 Nm in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Primary and coupled motions of all segments were measured using optical motion tracking. Specimens were tested without instrumentation and with posterior rod instrumentations ranging from T2 to L1 (for Lenke Type 2) and from T8 to L3 (for Lenke Type 5) based on survey results among spinal deformity surgeons. Statistical differences were evaluated using the pairwise Friedman test.

Results

Primary ranges of motion were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in all six motion directions in the entire thoracic spine (T1‐L1) for both instrumentations, but solely in extension and axial rotation in the entire lumbar spine (L1‐S) for T8‐L3 instrumentation. Without instrumentation, strong ipsilateral axial rotation during primary lateral bending and strong contralateral lateral bending during primary axial rotation were detected in the thoracic spine (T1‐L1) and slight inverse coupled motions in the lumbar spine (L1‐S). While coupled axial rotation was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced, especially in the upper thoracic spine (T1‐T5) for T2‐L1 instrumentation and in the lumbar spine (L1‐S) for T8‐L3 instrumentation, coupled lateral bending was solely significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the upper thoracic spine (T1‐T5) for T2‐L1 instrumentation. Coupled motions in primary flexion and extension were non‐existent and not affected by any fixation (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Instrumentation reduces the primary flexibility and diminishes the natural coupling behavior between lateral bending and axial rotation, primarily in the upper thoracic spine, potentially causing correction loss and junctional deformity in the long‐term.
Physiotherapists' Experiences and Perceived Acceptability of Delivering a Knee Bracing Intervention for People With Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis in a Randomised Trial (PROP OA): A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bullock Laurna , Holden Melanie A. , Jinks Clare , Atiah Asamane Evans , Herron Dan , Borrelli Belinda , Callaghan Michael J. , Birrell Fraser , Halliday Nicola , Marshall Michelle , Sowden Gail , Ingram Carol , McBeth John , Dziedzic Krysia , Foster Nadine E. , Jowett Sue , Lawton Sarah , Mallen Christian D. , Peat George
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To explore physiotherapists' experiences and perceived acceptability of delivering a bracing intervention for knee osteoarthritis (OA) in the ‘PROvision of braces for Patients with knee OA’ (PROP OA) randomised controlled trial.

Method

Semi‐structured telephone interviews with consenting physiotherapists who received the PROP OA training programme and delivered the knee bracing intervention (advice, information and exercise instruction plus knee brace matched to patients' clinical and radiographic presentation and with adherence support). Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Two‐stage analytic framework: inductive thematic analysis preceded mapping to constructs of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability.

Results

Eight physiotherapists were interviewed and six key themes were developed. Perceptions of the training programme were generally positive, but additional formal training and experiential learning consolidated confidence and skills in novel intervention components. Advice, information, and exercise instruction reflected usual physiotherapy care for knee OA. Physiotherapists were confident in delivering the knee brace, but determining the pattern of knee OA to inform brace type selection was challenging. Physiotherapists valued brace adherence enhancing strategies and the follow‐up appointment to facilitate adherence. Perceived impact of the bracing intervention for people with OA was positive. The bracing intervention was perceived as acceptable, although improving self‐efficacy to deliver novel intervention components (e.g., reading x‐rays) would enhance acceptability.

Conclusion

The complex knee bracing intervention was broadly perceived as acceptable by physiotherapists. If implemented within clinical practice beyond the trial, physiotherapists might benefit from not only initial training in brace selection but also ongoing support and mentoring to increase self‐efficacy in delivery.
A Multi‐Zone Axisymmetric Model for Consolidation of Saturated Soils Improved by PVTD With Interfacial Thermal Resistance
Authors: Tang Kejie , Wen Minjie , Tian Yi , Zhu Xingyi , Wu Wenbing , Zhang Yiming , Mei Guoxiong , Ding Pan , Tu Yuan , Sun Anyuan , Liu Kaifu
Published: December 2024

During the process of treating soft soil foundations with prefabricated drainage drains (PVD), “soil columns” form around the PVD, and a “weak zone” forms outside the range of the “soil columns.” The difference in properties between the two forms a distinct interface, leading to a gradual decrease in drainage efficiency and obstruction of vertical drainage channels, which in turn causes cracks and lateral displacement in the soil during consolidation. The interfaces between adjacent soil layers are incomplete contact, and the water within the interstices impedes the transfer of heat, manifesting a thermal resistance effect. To address this phenomenon, a synchronous measurement system for the thermal gradient and the heat flux density between the soil interfaces has been developed. Applying Fourier's law of heat conduction, the thermal resistance coefficient has been determined. Based on the theory of thermo‐hydro‐mechanical coupling, a multi‐zone axisymmetric model for saturated soils that considers thermal resistance effect has been proposed. Semi‐analytical solutions were derived and validated through comparison with the custom FEM model and field experiments. The thermal consolidation characteristics of the multi‐zone soils under various thermal contact models have also been discussed, with a comprehensive analysis of the influence of different parameters. Outcomes show that: the generalized incomplete thermal contact model provides a better description of the thermal resistance phenomenon between multi‐zone soils interfaces; ignoring the thermal resistance effect leads to an overestimation of the deformation during the thermal consolidation, and, the thermal resistance effect decreases the influence of the thermo‐osmosis effect on the consolidation characteristics.
Effect of graphene nanoparticles on electrical, mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of CFRP multifunctional multiscale composites
Authors: Gupta Rishubh , Kumar Gaurav , Bisaria Himanshu , Zafar Sunny
Published: December 2024

The present work investigates effect of the incorporation of GNPs into epoxy matrix composites reinforced with CFs on their electrical, mechanical and viscoelastic properties. The GNP content in the composite were added as 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% by weight. The study presents detailed analysis of conductivity mechanism revealing an 8‐fold increase in surface electrical conductivity at 0.4 wt% GNP content, reaching 2.32 S/m. The mechanical properties showed significant enhancement with the incorporation of GNPs up to 0.3 wt%, reaching a maximum tensile strength of 1008 MPa and peak flexural strength of 952 MPa, and the highest impact strength of 13 J/cm2. However, a decline in mechanical performance was observed at 0.4 wt% GNP content, primarily due to fiber‐matrix debonding. The DMA analysis further revealed an increase in the storage modulus and loss modulus at 0.1 wt% GNP content, reaching 10,099 and 1570 MPa, respectively. However, at higher GNP content, adverse effects on the composite's behavior were observed, attributed to uneven distribution and interactions of the GNPs.

Highlights

Impact of GNPs on the electrical and viscoelastic properties of CFRP analyzed.

GNPs enhance surface electrical conductivity of CFRP composites at 0.4 wt%.

GNPs improve viscoelastic properties of CFRP composites at 0.1 wt%.

Suitable mechanisms illustrated, correlated with results and discussed.
Follow‐Up of Infants With Congenital Cytomegalovirus Following Maternal Primary Infection in the First Trimester and Normal Fetal Brain Imaging at Midgestation
Authors: Seidenari Anna , Dionisi Camilla , Nati Marina , Marsico Concetta , Gabrielli Liliana , Capretti Maria Grazia , Toni Francesco , Lazzarotto Tiziana , Simonazzi Giuliana
Published: December 2024

Objective

To determine outcomes at birth and postnatal sequelae of congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection following maternal primary infection in the first trimester with normal fetal brain imaging at midgestation.

Methods

A retrospective, single‐center cohort study was conducted, including all cases of proven cCMV infection following maternal primary infection in the first trimester from 2014 until 2021 and normal fetal brain imaging before 22 weeks of gestation. All pregnancies were followed according to our protocol, which offers amniocentesis at least 8 weeks after the onset of infection, serial ultrasound scans, and a fetal MRI in the third trimester. No women received treatment with CMV hyperimmune globulin or Valacyclovir during pregnancy. Follow‐up of newborns was obtained, and newborns were classified as symptomatic or asymptomatic at birth. Postnatal sequelae were evaluated, and cases with a follow‐up period of less than 12 months were excluded.

Results

We found 42 newborns with cCMV, confirmed at birth by PCR for the CMV genome in neonatal urine samples, and normal fetal brain imaging up to 22 weeks of gestation. Extracerebral signs of infection were present in 3/42 fetuses at the second trimester ultrasound (20–22 weeks of gestation). In the third trimester (28–32 weeks of gestation), none showed abnormal brain sonographic findings, but four exhibited extracerebral signs of CMV infection. Among 42 newborns, 29 were classified as asymptomatic (29/42, 69.1%) and 13 as symptomatic at birth (13/42, 30.9%, 95%CI 17.6%–47.1%). Eight newborns had abnormal cranial ultrasound/MRI (8/42, 19%), one presented abnormal postnatal brain imaging associated with hearing loss and four had sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) at initial assessment. All were treated with oral Valganciclovir. Four newborns with normal hearing at birth had delayed onset SNHL. One case of hearing loss improved after treatment and returned to normal hearing. At a median follow‐up of 35 months, 8 infants had hearing loss (8/42, 19%, 95%CI 8.6%–34.1%) and none presented with severe brain abnormalities.

Conclusion

For infants with congenital CMV following untreated first trimester maternal primary infection, the absence of abnormal prenatal brain ultrasound findings at the mid‐trimester morphology scan does not rule out the possibility of postnatal neuroimaging anomalies or the need for treatment after birth. However, no severe brain abnormalities were detected after birth in our cohort, and the only observed sequelae were sensorineural hearing loss.