bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accounting for Mexican Income Inequality During the 1990s
Authors: De Hoyos Rafael
Published: October 2021

The present study measures the extent to which income disparities in Mexico can be attributed to sectoral asymmetries and differences in skill endowments. The results show that close to 40 per cent of per capita household income inequality in Mexico during the 1990s is attributable to incomes derived from formal self-employment; this refers to entrepreneurial activities, an income factor rarely analyzed in the inequality literature. We show that education endowments (skills) are unevenly distributed among the Mexican population, with positive shifts in the market returns to schooling being associated with increases in inequality. Asymmetries in the distribution of education endowments explain around 20 per cent of overall household income disparities in Mexico during the 1990s. Moreover, the results show that the proportion of inequality attributable to education endowments increased during stable periods and reduced during the 1994--1995 economic crisis. This pattern is mostly explained by shifts in returns to schooling rather than changes in the distribution of
skills. Applying the same techniques to decompose within-sector income differences, the study show that skill endowments can account for as much as 25 per cent of differences in earnings, but as little as 10 per cent of income dispersion among formal self-employed workers.
Is Income Inequality Endogenous In Regional Growth?
Authors: Hailu Yohannes G. , Kahsai Mulugeta S. , Gebremedhin Tesfa G. , Jackson Randall W.
Published: October 2021

This study focuses on testing the relationship between income inequality and economic growth within counties in the United States, and the channels through which the effects of a relationship are observed. Based on a system of equations estimation, the empirical results confirm the hypotheses that income inequality has a growth-dampening effect, that income inequality is endogenous to regional growth, and that the channels through which income inequality determines growth are adjustments at the regional level, such as migration and changes in employment and incomes. The results have numerous policy implications. The noted forces can be utilized as policy instruments to mitigate income inequality and its growth dampening effects, because a) as income inequality is endogenous, its equilibrium level can be internally determined within a regional growth process, b) since traditional income inequality mitigating policies have an indirect effect on overall regional growth, they may have unintended indirect effects on income inequality, and c) regional growth adjustment also equilibrates income inequality.
Bayesian estimation of Persistent Income Inequality by Lognormal Stochastic Volatility Model
Authors: Nishino Haruhisa , Kakamu Kazuhiko , Oga Takashi
Published: October 2021

We estimate inequality including Gini coefficients using a lognormal parametric model for an investigation of persistent inequality. The asymptotic theory of selected order statistics enables us to construct a linear model based on grouped data. We extend the linear model to a dynamic model in terms of a stochastic volatility (SV) model. Using Japanese data we estimate the SV model by the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and exploit a model comparison to choose a best model, concluding that the model with SV is better fitted to the data than the model without SV. It indicates the persistent inequality.
Rising Family Income Inequality: The Importance of Sorting
Authors: Reed Debbie , Cancian Maria
Published: October 2021

The distribution of family income reflects the distribution of personal income and the composition of families. We develop a non-parametric measure of the impact that changes in family income relationships have on the distribution of family income. Using data from Annual Social and Economic Supplement (the March files) of the Current Population Survey (CPS) (1968-2003), we find that changes in "income sorting" account for more than half of the increase in family income inequality in the United States over the last three decades. Furthermore, income sorting accounts for an even larger share of the growing gap between middle-income and low-income families. Our results demonstrate that understanding inequality of economic well-being requires going beyond labor earnings and other income sources to examine the composition and work behavior of families.
Top Income Shares and Mortality: Evidence from Advanced Countries
Authors: Böckerman Petri
Published: October 2021

This article examines the effect of top income shares on crude death and infant mortality rates. We use balanced panel data that covers nine advanced countries over the period 1952-1998. Top income shares are measured as the shares of pre-tax income going to the richest 0.1 per cent, 1 per cent, and 10 per cent of the population. The main finding is that there is no overall relationship between top income shares and mortality measures. We also estimate separate effects on both female and male mortality rates. If anything, these estimates suggest that the male death rate is negatively correlated with inequality.
THE WORKING POOR: TOO LOW WAGE OR TOO MANY KIDS?
Authors: O'Dorchai Síle Pádraigín , Meulders Danièle
Published: October 2021

The “in-work at-risk-of-poverty rate” is a European indicator that is based on a series of assumptions rarely questioned although with particularly strong consequences for the calculation of the in-work poverty risk and for the design of policies to combat it. The purpose of this paper is to show the volatility in the measured proportions of working poor according to different methodological choices in terms of the unit of analysis, the measure of income and the population of workers. In a country-specific econometric analysis we show the differential impact of individual characteristics, the household structure and employment-related factors on the in-work poverty risk according to whether individual or equivalised household income is used to measure this risk. Our analysis covers 8 European countries and is based on 2007 data from the European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions.
Addressing Inequality of Opportunity: Some Lessons from the OECD and Latin America
Authors: Lachler Ulrich
Published: October 2021

Most OECD countries have seen income inequality increase over the past 25 years. The possibility that this may have been accompanied by rising inequality of opportunity triggers concerns about social justice and economic performance. This paper presents indirect evidence suggesting that the same factors causing overall income inequality to increase also are likely to have increased inequality of opportunity. Drawing on the experience of countries in the OECD and in Latin America, the paper concludes that greater fiscal progressivity and broad-based investments in education can be effective in reducing the inequality of opportunity without adverse effects on economic growth.
Working Poor Trajectories
Authors: Hellier Joël
Published: October 2021

To analyse in-work poverty, we build a model in which human capital and productivity varies over time with experience, time-related obsolescence and poverty. The model reveals four possible trajectories: poverty to exclusion, permanent poverty, the emergence from poverty, and finally, from poverty to non-poor worker and then back to poverty. It also generates the main traits of in-work poverty in terms of skill, age, duration, and family characteristics. Both skill-biased technical change and globalization boost in-work poverty and exclusion. When unemployment compensation is introduced, being a poor worker can be a rational choice for individuals who accept lower pay today to earn more tomorrow.
The contribution of tax statistics for analysing regional income disparities in Italy
Authors: Di Caro Paolo
Published: October 2021

The study of income inequality within countries is becoming of particular importance, also in the light of the spatial effects of the Great Recession. This paper uses newly available tax record data on the Italian case for providing novel evidence on regional income disparities in this country. Three main objectives are achieved. Income disparities in Italy are characterized by within- and across- regional patterns. Specific dimensions of analysis such as gender, age class, and households’ composition provide additional insights on inequalities in this country. The place-specific effects of the Italian personal income tax and its main elements are quantified and interpreted. Specifically, the redistributive capacity of tax schedules and tax expenditures across and within regions is investigated. In addition, the potential original role of using tax files for studying inequality issues in Italy as in other countries is discussed. The final sections summarises and presents some possible future avenues of research.
Causality between Output and Income Inequality across U.S. States: Evidence from a Heterogeneous Mixed Panel Approach
Authors: Miller Stephen M
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we investigate the causal relationship between output, proxied by personal income, and income inequality in a panel data of 48 states from 1929 to 2012. We employ the causality methodology proposed by Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011), as it incorporates possible slope heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence in a multivariate panel. Evidence of bi-directional causal relationship exists for several inequality measures -- the Atkinson Index, Gini Coefficient, the Relative Mean Deviation, Theil’s entropy Index and Top 10% -- but no evidence of the causal relationship for the Top 1 % measure. Also, this paper finds state-specific causal relationships between personal income and inequality.
Some problems in Piketty: An internal critique
Authors: Tapper Alan
Published: October 2021

Thomas Piketty’s evidence on wealth distribution trends in Capital in the Twenty-First Century shows that – contra his own interpretation – there has been little rise in wealth inequality in Europe and America since the 1970s. This article relates that finding to the other principal trends in Piketty’s analysis: the capital/national income ratio trend, the capital-labor split of total incomes and the income inequality trend. Given that wealth inequality is not rising markedly, what can we deduce about the putative causes that might be operating upstream? Only the capital-labor split looks like a plausible explanation of the wealth inequality trend.
Market Access, Growth, and Poverty Reduction in a Kaldorian framework
Authors: Karshenas Massoud , Van der Geest Willem
Published: October 2021

The role of access to markets in industrialized countries for economic development and poverty reduction in low-income countries is investigated. The conditions under which economic growth and exports have a statistically robust effect on poverty reduction are demonstrated for a large number of low-income

countries that suffer from mass poverty. Export growth is particularly important in providing both the initial stimulus for economic growth as well as the conditions for its long-term sustainability. Using cross-country time-series data for a sample of 89 countries for which long-term poverty incidence trends could be matched to growth and export performances, it is argued that countries with a high incidence of poverty have no option except a growth-cum-export strategy to reduce poverty. Redistributive policies to reduce poverty further are mainly a distinct option for countries that have already achieved a moderate level of poverty as well as higher per capita incomes. As Kaldor had emphasized as early as 1964, the lack of market access in industrial countries is an important contributing factor in hindering economic development and poverty reduction. Following Kaldor’s insights, this paper demonstrates that restricting market access prevents a large number of countries at the lowest ranks of the poverty ladder to escape extreme poverty.
Editorial
Authors: Sierminska Eva , Koulovatianos Christos , Schröder Carsten
Published: October 2021

Editorial to the Special Issue “The role of administrative

data in empirical inequality research”
Population, Education and Income Inequality
Authors: Parcero Osiris Jorge
Published: October 2021

In non-democracies, a large population size and density lead to more redistributive policies and lower income inequality. This is the result of the interconnection of two intermediate hypotheses. First, in non-democracies a larger population size and density increase the chance of a revolution attempt to overthrow the governing elites. Second, this revolution threat prompts the elites to better re-distribute the country’s income in an attempt to fend off this threat. This paper suggests and empirically tests that wider spread primary and, to a lesser extent, secondary education is one of the channels through which the elites achieve this better distribution.
Growth of Welfare and its Distribution in the U.S., 1979-2013
Authors: Komlos John
Published: October 2021

In spite of its importance, the growth of welfare and its distribution is an underresearched topic. The usual focus is income, an intermediate product of economic activity, while welfare is the final product. Although results depend crucially on the price index used, it becomes obvious that welfare growth was substantially slower than income growth and that the middle-class quintiles fared worse. The welfare of the top 1% grew three to four times as fast as that of the 3rd quintile. With an interdependent utility function using the 5th quintile as reference, only the top quintile experienced positive welfare gains.
Inequality Overhang: A Heterogeneous Approach
Authors: Grigoli Francesco , Robles Adrian
Published: October 2021

The linearity of the relationship between income inequality and economic

development has been long questioned. While theory provides arguments

for which the shape of the relationship may be positive for low levels of

inequality and negative for high ones, most of the empirical literature assumes

a linear specification finding conflicting results. Employing an innovative

empirical approach, robust to endogeneity, we find pervasive evidence of

nonlinearities. In particular, similar to the debt-overhang literature, we

identify an inequality-overhang level, in that the slope of the relationship

between income inequality and economic development switches from positive

to negative at a net Gini coefficient of about 27 per cent. We also find that

in an environment characterized by widespread financial inclusion and high

income concentration, rising income inequality has a larger negative impact

on economic development because banks may curtail credit to customers at

the lower end of the income distribution. On the positive side, a sufficiently

high female labor participation can act as a shock absorber reducing such a

negative impact, possibly through a more efficient allocation of resources.
Is there a Clearly Identifiable Distribution Function of Individual Poverty Scores?
Authors: Bérenger Valerie , Celestini Franck
Published: October 2021

The goal of this paper is to define a multidimensional poverty score for each household belonging to the same society in order to answer the following question: is it possible to characterize poverty, as it is income, by analyzing the nature of an associated probability density function?

Based on the “Totally Fuzzy and Relative” (TFR) approach, the method proposed permits obtaining individual poverty scores lying between 0 and infinity. We apply the method to the data from the 1986-1987 and the 1993-1994 French Surveys of Living Conditions. In both cases, the probability density function of the poverty scores follows an exponential distribution characterized by a single parameter. We then examine the relationship between our multidimensional poverty score and income. The intuitive negative correlation is recovered and fully analyzed. In particular, using our poverty score distribution we estimate the poverty line that gives the best agreement between income-based and multidimensional measure of poverty.
Ecological and Economic Distribution as Elements of the Evolution of Modern Societies
Authors: Beckenbach F.
Published: October 2021

The evolution of modern market economies can be evaluated in terms of distribution- as distinguished from efficiency. But distribution is not only given in economic terms. Ecological conflicts in modern market economies indicate that there is also some ecological distribution in the background influencing economic distribution as well as being influenced by the latter. This interdependency between ecological and economic distribution is specified in two dimensions: (i) the economic access to ecological benefits and yields and (ii) the emergence of ecological costs by way of internalizing ecological impacts. By introducing these dimensions into a simple production economy the role of distribution to shape the economic-ecological possibilities of evolution of modern societies can be approached.
Technology Optimism in a Socio-Economic Perspective
Authors: Ropke L.
Published: October 2021

It is widely acknowledged that a great effort is necessary to cope with environmental problems. Focus is often upon technological change as the main way to achieve sustainability. But is it reasonable to place so much faith in technological change? The main dividing line between the optimistic and the critical view relates to the importance of distributional issues. First, an over-narrow focus upon technology diverts attention from the need to deal with distributional issues as an integral part of coping with environmental problems. Second, the technology optimists underestimate the need for changes in fundamental mechanisms, power structures and basic ideas as preconditions for influencing the direction of technological change. The paper deals with the state interventionist version of technology optimism, where it is emphasized that active industrial and technology policies should supplement market-based instruments to make sure that the technological potential for solving environmental problems is realized.
Endowment Effects in Competitive General Equilibrium: A Primer for Paretian Policy Analysts
Authors: O’Connor Martin , Muir Eliot
Published: October 2021

General competitive equilibrium theory establishes interdependency between input (wealth) distribution amongst consumers-as-owners, and the equilibrium output mix and relative prices for inputs and outputs in a market economy. We give a portrayal of these interdependencies—considered as “endowment effects”—suitable for undergraduate teaching. With a Cobb-Douglas 2-input, 2-good, 2-consumer model having input-specialization and non-alike consumer preferences, equilibrium prices and output levels are monotonic one-to-one functions of income shares, which are in turn monotonic functions of the endowments of consumers-as-owners. An “Endowment Box” provides the framework for portraying these “endowment effects” graphically.
Measuring Poverty with Uncertainty Poverty Threshold
Authors: Kakwani Nanak
Published: October 2021

The main objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to measure poverty which takes account of uncertainty involved in the specification of poverty line. This methodology is applied to analyze poverty in India covering periods 1977-1978, 1983, 1986-1987, and 1988-1989.
Expenditures for Health Care among Older, Single Women in the United States: Impact on Economic Status and Implications for Public Policy
Authors: Walsh Roberta W. , Kolodinsky Jane
Published: October 2021

Expenditure patterns, income and price elasticities of older, single women in three income classifications are compared with a similar sample of men, using data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey. Elasticities are estimated based on a complete demand system using Frisch’s (1959) money flexibility parameter, incorporating the price of time (wage rate) for the samples. Results suggest that women’s inability to adjust spending to price increases contributed to a decline in their standard of living, particularly as it affects consumption of health care. Implications for public policy point to a targeted approach to the current national health care policy debate, in recognition of the particularly adverse effects of the status quo on older, single women.
The Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on the Distribution of Income: The Case of Switzerland
Authors: Fluckiger Y. , Zarin-Nejadan M.
Published: October 2021

This paper seeks to analyze how business cycle variations affect the distribution of income in Switzerland. The data used in the study are taken from the Swiss federal personal income tax statistics for 1951-1986. The results of our analysis show that productivity gains tend to improve the relative income share of the poor. It appears also that inflation acts like a progressive tax in Switzerland. Finally, our study emphasizes that macro economic downswings decrease income inequality in Switzerland, and this result can be explained by the very selective and restrictive Swiss immigration policy.
Factors and Personal Income Distributions and Taxation in General Equilibrium
Authors: Creedy J. , Lim G. C.
Published: October 2021

This paper explores the relationship between the factor distribution and the personal distribution of income, and the implications for these distributions of changes in income taxation. A small general equilibrium model with CES production functions and preferences is used. A feature of the model is that it includes many individuals with heterogeneous preferences in order to generate the personal income distribution. Income differences are generated by differential labour supply responses to a given tax structure. Numerical results are obtained, including sensitivity analyses. Special attention is given to the trade-off between equity and efficiency implied by the model.
The Role of Personal Income Tax to Mitigate Widening Income
Inequality: the Case of Japan
Authors: Tajika Ejii , Yashio Hiroyuki
Published: October 2021

The Japanese personal income tax system has been designed to
mitigate the tax burden by granting generous deductions and by employing
a steep marginal tax curve. The failure of it is that the combined
burden of tax and social-security contributions of low-income
people has not been dealt with. The purposes of this article are twofold:
first, to show that the social-security burden is in fact higher
than the tax liability for most of the working population, and second,
to show that it is possible to mitigate the burden by introducing refundable
tax credits. Results of micro-simulation using a survey of
household income are presented to show the combined tax and socialsecurity
burden of families of various income classes.
Welfare Use in Japan: Trends and Determinants
Authors: Suzuki Wataru , Zhou Yanfei
Published: October 2021

This article represents the first step in filling a large gap in knowledge
concerning why Public Assistance (PA) use recently rose so fast
in Japan. Specifically, we try to address this problem not only by performing
a Blanchard and Quah decomposition on long-term monthly
time series data (1960:04-2006:10), but also by estimating prefecturelevel
longitudinal data.
Two interesting findings emerge from the time series analysis. The
first is that permanent shock imposes a continuously positive impact
on the PA rate and is the main driving factor behind the recent increase
in welfare use. The second finding is that the impact of temporary
shock will last for a long time. The rate of the use of welfare is quite
rigid because even if the PA rate rises due to temporary shocks, it takes
about 8 or 9 years for it to regain its normal level.
On the other hand, estimations of prefecture-level longitudinal data
indicate that the Financial Capability Index (FCI) of the local government2
and minimum wage both impose negative effects on the PA rate.
We also find that the rapid aging of Japan's population presents a permanent
shock in practice, which makes it the most prominent contribution
to surging welfare use.
Effective Demand and Income Distribution in The General Theory
Authors: Sardoni C.
Published: October 2021

The paper looks at income distribution in a short-period context which is similar to that of Keynes’s General Theory. The approach to distribution is different from the one Kaldor adopted in the 1950s: no assumption of full employment is made. The conclusions concerning income distribution which can be inferred from the General Theory depend on Keynes’s assumptions concerning the behavior of prices and the real wage rate with respect to changes in output. In the paper these assumptions are criticized and the implications in terms of distribution are examined. In 1938-1939, Keynes’s conjectures about the relation between output level and the real wage rate were criticized by Dunlop, Tarshis, and, by implication, Kalecki. In his rejoinder, Keynes accepted some of these criticisms and suggested a new approach to income distribution that differs from Kaldor’s and is close to the one adopted by Kalecki and developed by Joan Robinson.
An Essay on the Philosophy and Psychodynamics of Income Distribution
Authors: Samuels W. J.
Published: October 2021

This essay considers certain fundamental aspects of the philosophy and psychodynamics of distribution and how they have entered economic theory. It treats, first, considerations of distribution as a driving force in the economy; second, the forces and considerations which have governed the treatment of distribution in economic theory; and, third, distribution as an artifact in relation to the economic role of government and the use of government to control distribution. The present essay is a sequel to Samuels (1981, 1982, 1983) and Samuels and Kelsey (1991).
The Good and the Right as Evolutionary: Von Hayek’s Theory
Authors: Boland D.
Published: October 2021

The very basis we employ for determining the good and the right circumscribes the social structures and activities we consider legitimate. Three theories historically have dominated that determination. A fourth alternative, offered by Freidrich von Hayek, undergirds a system of limited government wherein much activity falls to a voluntary sector that takes on an importance akin to that of business and government. An appreciation of Von Hayek’s evolutionary social morality mitigates many objections to his policy recommendations, or at least shifts the foci of debates. To this end the theory is presented and contrasted with its contradiction, utilitarian, and ‘theocratic’ rivals.
Deregulating the Principle of Distribution
Authors: Brenner Y. S.
Published: October 2021

In this article the author questions the proposition that an ‘invisible hand’ leads to an equitable income distribution. He asserts that competition encourages economic growth but only under specific circumstances. He suggests that inherent in capitalism’s competitive individualism are the seeds of a socially divisive new type of feudalism and economic stagnation.
The Impact of Social Welfare Programs
Authors: Cherry R.
Published: October 2021

This article briefly reviews the conservative, liberal and radical approaches to social welfare programs, and compares these with empirical evidence from the USA. Conservatives stress that welfare programs reduce work incentives and undermine individual initiatives. Liberals suggest that cuts in welfare have created increased hardship without changing significantly the incentives to work. The Massachusetts Employment and Training Program is analyzed from both perspectives. The Program does not reduce benefits but instead increases work incentives. The results of this Program are skeptically reviewed by radicals as well as some liberals.
Orthodontic treatment in times of Covid-19
Authors: Morosan Hariclea ,   Private Dental Practice, Bucharest, Romania,   *Corresponding Author: Hariclea Morosan MD, PhD, 27 Graului Street, District 4, Bucharest, Romania, Phone: +40722761238 E-mail: hariclea_p@yahoo.com
Published: October 2021

During the first two months of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, Romania was in lockdown, and all dental practices were closed, so orthodontic patients had to postpone their check-ups for at least eight weeks. This led not only to a delayed end of treatment but also to accidents and complications. The present study tried to evaluate the orthodontic situation both from the patient’s and orthodontist’s point of view, so the patients were given a few questions to answer, and the orthodontist analyzed each treatment before and after the two-month lockdown and decided if it was mildly or severely affected by the absence of check-ups. The study group consisted of 105 patients evaluated by three orthodontists in the same private practice. Patients that have gotten worse after the lockdown or who had problems were included in the study. Also, all the patients were given a 7-question form in order to find out their opinion. After two months without check-ups, our orthodontists found that 9.52% got worse because of the lack of intermaxillary elastics, broken brackets, broken removable orthodontic appliances, and others. Most of the patients believe that their treatment was delayed by the Covid-19 pandemic, but none of the patients felt unsafe when visiting the clinic. The Covid-19 pandemic had severe effects on orthodontic treatments. Orthodontists noticed a delay for about one-third of their patients. However, from the patient’s point of view, half believe that their treatment was negatively affected by the Covid-19 pandemic in different degrees.
Marketing management practices in an emergency care department
Authors: Pop-Micle Ligia Sanda Marinela ,   Department of Healthcare Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucurest, Romania,   Department of Healthcare Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucurest, Romania,   Department of Healthcare Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucurest, Romania,   Department of Healthcare Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucurest, Romania,   Department of Healthcare Marketing and Medical Technology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucurest, Romania, Stenczel Norbert Dacian , Purcarea Victor Lorin , Gheorghe Iuliana-Raluca , Hoffer Oniga Gabriela
Published: October 2021

The aim of this case study was to identify effective marketing management strategies in the Emergency Care Department of a Romanian Emergency Hospital. An observational design study was conducted, and the instrument for collecting the data was the self-administered questionnaire. Out of 100 questionnaires completed, 74 proved to be valid. The statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics software version 20 and Microsoft Office Excel 2013. Quantitative variables were described by means and standard deviations, whereas for the qualitative variables, frequencies and percentages were used. Most of the respondents were aged between 28 and 35 years (33.8%) and women (60.8%). The emergency room (ER) physicians identified the following factors as being important in becoming very good doctors: continuous specialization (81.1%), reading medical literature (78.4%), and getting involved in more complicated cases (78.4%). The ER physicians mentioned that most of their patients were satisfied with the medical information received (31.1%), properly understood the medical information received (18.9%), and 68.9% of the doctors considered that patients were showing them total respect. Although 40.5% of the ER physicians declared they were suffering from burnout, 25.7% felt satisfied and joyful in their daily activities. Today’s context triggered the need to integrate the concept of consumer value-driven care in the health care system, especially in the ER departments, by implementing the principles of efficient marketing management practices.
SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis: a single-centre experience
Authors: Maruntelu Ion ,   Department of Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Department of Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Department of Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Department of Immunology and Immunology of Transplant, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,   Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania, Caragea Andreea Mirela ,   Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania, Tizu Maria ,   Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania, Constantinescu Ileana ,   Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania,   * Corresponding Author: Ileana Constantinescu, Professor, Centre of Immunogenetics and Virology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 258 Fundeni Avenue, Bucharest, 022328, Romania. Phone: +40744341984 E-mail: ileana.constantinescu@imunogenetica.ro
Published: October 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 11th of March 2020. In Romania, there have been 983,217 confirmed cases and 24,386 deaths. We aim to show our experience at the Fundeni Clinical Institute in the diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in both patients and health care personnel. Swab samples were collected for extraction of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA from 29380 patients and health care personnel. We have combined three real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2. Also, the presence of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein was analyzed in 1068 patients and clinical staff using the chemiluminescence method. Other 50 people were screened post-vaccination for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against the spike (S) protein, using the chemiluminescence method as well. The majority of confirmed cases were in adults, 71.3% of cases being registered in people aged 30-69 years. Most patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection (83%) were admitted to the gastroenterology, hematology, and surgery wards. Our study showed that one-third of people developed antibodies against the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroprevalence does not vary by gender or age. Also, we noticed the presence of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in all 50 people post-vaccination that were tested two weeks after the second dose. Due to the increasing number of infected patients with SARS-CoV-2, the new coronavirus pandemic involves a sustained testing effort for an accurate virological diagnosis in both direct and indirect diagnosis.
Criminal law protection of certain principles of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation
Authors: Pastushenko Artem Aleksandrovich , Antonova Elena Yuryevna
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is the criminal law guarantees for the implementation of the principles of appropriate and targeted spending of budgetary resources as an element of ensuring national security of the Russian Federation. The author conducts the assessment of normative and law-enforcement material that determines the legal essence of the indicated principles of budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The article explores case law of implementation of certain norms of criminal legislation of the Russian Federation associated with contravention of the principle of appropriate use of budgetary allocations. This article is first to juxtapose the measures of criminal law protection of the principles of appropriate and targeted spending of budgetary resources. Based on the acquired results, the current position on the absence of penalties for the inappropriate use of budgetary allocations is being disputed. The conducted comparative analysis of the measures of criminal responsibility reveals large disparity with regards to protection of the two key principles of budgetary system of the Russian Federation. The author also established the presence of criminal elements that carry out preclusive function, which narrows down the capabilities of criminal law of the Russian Federation. The article offers an optimal and effective method for eliminating this problem and improving protective capabilities of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, including the tasks of ensuring national security.
“Narrative” of the women of Burachikha settlement as a source on the history of development of civil society in Vladimir province in the spring of 1917
Authors: Akimova Tatiana Mikhailovna
Published: October 2021

This article reviews two documents stored in the State Archive of the Russian Federation: “Narrative” of the women of Burachikha settlement (Glumovskaya Volost , Yuryevsky Uyezd of Vladimir Province) and the response of the Moscow Regional Council of the Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers' Deputies dated by April-May 1917. The “Narrative” reflects the concerns of peasantry, which was the largest social class in Russia of that time: shortage of firewood and food, ongoing World War I, unresolved land issue; confusion with the political changes taking place in the country due to lack of awareness and special literature. The attitude of rural population towards the pre-revolutionary authorities and Provisional Government is described. The document deserves special attention, as it demonstrates the position of women who were first granted the right to vote in the spring of 1917. Moscow Regional Council of Workers' Deputies supported the political activity of female rural population, although did not render any assistance. The conclusion is made that the published texts can be used in studying the development of civil society in provinces after the February Revolution of 1917. The content of these sources is also valuable for the researchers dealing with the gender problems, social history of the first quarter of the XX century, and the history of the February and October Revolutions of 1917.
Reflection of the problematic of political conflicts in the history of public thought
Authors: Pupykin Nikolay
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the evolution of theoretical approaches of the representatives of foreign (European and US) public thought towards studying the problem of political peace and conflict interaction. The object of this research is the conflictogenic political relations as a form of historical development of the state and social institutions. The subject of this research is the steady development of socio-political and socio-philosophical theories related to political conflicts and social stability. Research methodology is based on the structural-functional and systemic analysis, comparative-historical and problematic-chronological methods, as well as other general scientific and special principles of historical cognition. The author comes to the conclusion that the representations of the political forms of social conflict interaction have deeply rooted causal links with different historical eras (Antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, Modern Age, Contemporary History), and have made a long way from “naivety” and dogmatism to interdisciplinarity, from unconditional historicism to social systematicity in their conceptual approaches. The novelty of this article consists in comprehensive examination of the evolution of methodology for studying the conceptual-categorical space of political conflict through the prism of the historical development of mankind, thereby revealing the impact of conflictogenic nature of the political process upon the course of world history.
Assemblage technique in creating modern wooden sculptures
Authors: Cheglakov Aleksandr Dmitrievich
Published: October 2021

This article demonstrates the manifestation of assemblage technique in modern wooden sculpture. The author describes the essence of this method. Special attention is given to another novelty of avant-garde culture – organic art, according to the philosophy of which, the world is depicted as organic whole, the uniform system with its own laws. The pedagogical system of M. Matyushin allows demonstrating the natural bound of man and nature in the artworks. Based on the developed creative method, the author indicates that contemporary art may combine such avant-garde trends as organic art and assemblage. Another important methodology that is similar to assemblage technique, and simultaneously verges upon the practices of kinetic art, is the creation of sculptures with spinning elements. The synthesis of techniques and materials allows expanding the boundaries of art by introducing into inartistic materials. The fundamental idea of this approach is to enrich the context of existence of the artwork and its history. It is stated that wooden sculpture allows the artists to experiment. The ideas and plotlines of wooden sculptures embody the artistic diversity of decorative and applied arts.
Indigenous peoples of Canada: key indicators of the current stage of socioeconomic development
Authors: Karelina Nataliya Aleksandrovna
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is the socioeconomic situation of the indigenous peoples of Canada at the present stage of their development. Emphasis is placed on the analysis of such key socioeconomic indicators as life expectancy of the representatives of indigenous population, employment and unemployment rate, average annual income, level of secondary and higher education, command of native language, etc. An attempt is made to determine the major factors of socioeconomic development, measures of state support, as well as the existing problems and future prospects. The author notes correlation between the modernization of education of indigenous peoples and preservation of their languages and cultural traditions. Since the early 2000s, the socioeconomic situation of indigenous peoples of Canada has somewhat improved, considering high rate of population growth, as well as slight minimization of the gap with nonindigenous Canadians such key indicators as life expectancy, employment rate, level of education, and average annual income. First and foremost, it pertains to the indigenous peoples outside Indian reservations and Mestizo. The situation with indigenous peoples in Indian reservations and the Inuit remains complicated. Majority of the problems that slow down the pace of socioeconomic development are associated namely with these groups of indigenous peoples. In economic terms, there is a noticeable increase of self-employment among the indigenous population, the development of aboriginal tourism. Positive changes are associated with popularization of the indigenous culture, which ultimately leads to the fact that more and more of the indigenous people in the country seek to legitimize their descent. Considering a significant share of young representatives of indigenous population, the government of Canada takes measures on the development of new programs in the sphere of education and employment, which are aimed not only at improving the quality of life of the indigenous peoples, but also at preserving their ethnocultural heritage.
Walking robots for rescue operations: overview and analysis of the existing models
Authors: Larkina Vladlena Andreevna
Published: October 2021

This article explores the walking robots that are used or assist in nondeterministic environment, such as rescue operations. This required carrying out in-depth analysis of the existing models to acquire relevant information on the robots with walking mechanisms in accordance with several criteria: parameters, weight, degrees of freedom, speed of movement, input energy, runtime, maximum load, advantages and disadvantages of the reviewed models. Using the methods of comparative and critical analysis, the author analyzed the available materials for the past 5 years, which allowed accomplishing the set tasks. The results consist in compiling a summary table for largely generalized groups of walking robots and three tables for the models under review, which summarize their advantages and weaknesses. Such data would broaden the knowledge of the researchers dealing with the walking robots, analyze both national and foreign studies on the topic, apply this experience in further work, focus on solution of the problems, and emphasize the uniqueness and relevance of their developments. This article determines the peculiarities of utilization of walking robots specifically in rescue operations; however, the scope of their applicability can be broader. The author also describes the nontraditional locomotors of walking robots, which are widely known in media, video hosting, and other tools of receiving information.
Investigación estrategia del futuro
Authors: Fernández Moreno Aleida
Published: October 2021

Ponencia presentada en el X CONGRESO NACIONAL DE TERAPIA OCUPACIONAL, Villa de Leyva, Octubre de 1996.
Exploración del desempeño del terapeuta ocupacional
Authors: Gómez Ana María
Published: October 2021

Se presenta una exploración del desempeño de los terapeutas ocupacionales. Este abordaje inicial no cumple plenamente los procedimientos de una investigación sobre la ubicación laboral de estos profesionales colombianos. La restricción de la muestra y el contenido del formato utilizado no permiten hablar de la práctica profesional del terapeuta colombiano como tal, aspecto que se continuará trabajando para contar con un registro y estudio más profundo sobre su ejercicio en los diferentes sectores de trabajo y áreas de intervención.
Perfil de formación del futuro terapeuta ocupacional en la Universidad del Valle
Authors: Payán Villamizar Claudia María
Published: October 2021

La Universidad del Valle tiene como misión esencial educar mediante la generación y difusión de la ciencia, la cultura, el arte, la técnica, la tecnología, las humanidades y la filosofía, con una clara vocación de servicio a la sociedad. Así mismo, posibilita la formación integral del ser humano dentro de un espíritu creativo que permita el mejoramiento personal y el desarrollo de una sociedad democrática, tolerante y comprometida con los deberes civiles y los derechos humanos.
Fundación Universitaria Manuela Beltran "UMB"
Authors: Saavedra Bernal Adriana
Published: October 2021

En el año de 1975 se creó la Fundación Universitaria Manuela Beltrán, como una Institución Educativa Técnica Profesional, con los programas de Terapia del Lenguaje y Terapia Ocupacional, dando así respuestas a las necesidades sentidas del país. El surgimiento de la Universidad Manuela Beltrán, en ese entonces llamada FUNDEMOS, se dio como expresión del compromiso de sus fundadores.
Impact of Innovative Work Behaviour on Intrinsic-Extrinsic Motivation and Resistance to Change of different levels of Office Engineers in Private Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Bhattacharya Piyali , Banerjee Dr. Mallika
Published: October 2021

The present study investigated the relationship between innovative work behavior, motivation, and resistance to change of different levels of office engineers. Participants are 120 engineers of three levels namely; working as lower-level executives, middle-level management, and senior-level management. There are three concepts under innovative work behavior viz., idea generation, idea promotion, and idea implementation. Three groups differ in intrinsic and extrinsic motivation where intrinsic motivation is highest in middle-level engineers and extrinsic motivation is highest in lower-level engineers. Under innovative work behavior, only idea implementation differs across groups and the relationship between intrinsic motivation and innovative performance is positive and intrinsic motivation mediated the relationship between various levels of engineers and innovative work behavior.