bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the decision to participate in a fair-trade model of coffee-producing households in Xuan Truong commune, Da Lat city, Lam Dong province
Authors: Tran Nam H.
Published: August 2021

Fair trade in coffee production offers an opportunity to improve farmers’ position in the market. The study used a logit model with the maximum likelihood estimation method to evaluate the famers’ decision to participate in a fair-trade coffee production model. Data were collected by directly interviewing 220 farmers in Xuan Truong commune, Da Lat city, Lam Dong province. This commune has applied the fair-trade model in coffee production with the brand of Cau Dat coffee. The results of this study showed that the probability of households deciding to participate in the fair-trade coffee model was 14.43%. In addition, factors affecting the decision to participate in the fair-trade coffee model were householders, education level, area of agricultural land, profitability, awareness of fair trade, desired price of coffee, and agricultural extension. In particular, the farmer’s awareness of fair trade and the desired price of coffee had positive impacts on the farmers’ participation in a fair-trade coffee model.
Isolation and identification of lactic acid bacteria from vegetable-growing soils in Da Lat, Lam Dong
Authors: Bien Thanh T. L.
Published: August 2021

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used for decades in agriculture to improve soils, control disease and promote plant growth. LAB have been isolated from fermented food, milks and plants, however, a few studies of LAB from soils have been reported. This study aimed to isolate, screen and identify LAB from vegetable-growing soils collected from Da Lat (Lam Dong province). From 33 soil samples, 25 LAB isolates were selected on MRS agar supplemented with 1% CaCO3. The LAB isolates formed small, creamy white, convex, entire margin colonies, and were Gram-positive, catalase-negative and rod-shaped bacteria. Based on the acid-producing capacity, five LAB isolates (DT2, CT3, CC2, XL7 and S2) that produced clear zones around colonies due to the solubilization of CaCO3 with diameters ranged from 1.03 - 1.33 cm, and 11.8 - 14.3 mg/mL acid after 2-day incubation at 30oC. All selected LAB isolates showed the capacity to inhibit the growth of Fusarium oxysporum at level 1 (inhibitory rates in range of 10.66 - 19.96%), and Phytopthora sp. at level 3 (inhibitory rates in range of 50.86 - 57.44%) after 3 days. The isolates did not inhibit against E. coli and Staphylococcus but inhibit the growth of Bacillus spizizenii and Salmonella typhi with average inhibition diameters in range of 3.33 - 4.90 mm and 2.43 - 3.37 mm, respectively, after 1-day incubation. The five LAB isolates were molecularly determined to be Lactobacillus plantarum with 97 - 100% similarities
Value chain analysis of Mokara orchids cut flowers in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Nguyen Quan V.
Published: August 2021

The study was conducted to determine the value chain of Mokara orchids cut flowers in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City. Research data were collected by surveying 98 Mokara orchid farmers, 8 traders collecting flower branches, 8 Mokara orchid shop owners in Ho Thi Ky flower market. The study used descriptive statistics to assess the state of production and SWOT analysis to find out solutions for enhancing the Mokara orchid value. The results of the study showed that the average area for growing Mokara orchids was 0.33 ha per household. The average profit per 0.33 ha was VND 231 million per year. The value chain had 5 basic functions such as input function, production, collection, trade and consumption. There were 5 Mokara orchid value chains, corresponding to the value chain with 4 main trading channels. In particular, the trading channel for traders accounted for a high proportion (76.5%). The main source of selling price information came from traders (73.5%). Up to 55.1% of farmers believed that traders decided the purchase price. The compromise between farmers and traders on purchase price accounted for 32.7% and the rest of households (12.2%) set their own prices. Based on the results of value chain analysis, SWOT analysis was conducted to find out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of partners participating in the value chain, thereby proposing some solutions to improve the production efficiency of Mokara orchid cut flowers in Cu Chi district, Ho Chi Minh City.
Estimation of air emissions and applying GIS technology to build emissions map from area source in Ho Chi Minh City
Authors: Ho Bang Q.
Published: August 2021

The actual status of air pollution in HCM City is alarming and causing many impacts on human health. The sources of air pollution are classified into four main sources: industrial (point source), transport (line source), area and biological source. The study focused on emission inventory for the area source, including domestic cooking activities, restaurants, cafeterias, petrol stations, photocopy, construction materials stores, construction works, garages, pagodas, straw burning… Emissions inventory method make accurate, reliable and well-defined assessment decisions that show that the use of large amounts of coal and charcoal produces large amounts of gaseous pollutants: TSP, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4 and NMVOC… in which household activities account for about 90% of total emissions and 38% TSP amount of total emissions in the source. Application of GIS tools to develop emission maps for identifying high emission areas. The aim of the study was to point out the main cause of emissions in the source area and areas with high emissions (such as District 3, District 4, District 8, Binh Chanh and Cu Chi) so that solutions created to minimize emissions from the burning of fossil fuel for cooking activities of Ho Chi Minh City’s people would be economical and highly effective.
Estimation of the specific combining ability (SCA) of eight bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) inbred lines in the sixth generation
Authors: To Trinh T. T.
Published: August 2021

Estimating the Specific Combining Ability (SCA) of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) inbred lines for breeding F1 hybrid cultivars was performed at the Research and Development Center for Hi-tech Agriculture in Ho Chi Minh City from September to December 2019. The objective of the study was to select the outstanding hybrid combinations from diallen method to produce F1 hybrid cultivars. The results from estimating the SCAs based on the productivity characteristic of 28 hybrid combinations produced from eight bitter gourd I6 inbred lines (Q16, Q65, Q80, Q86, Q75, Q06, Q81 and Q87) following diallen method showed that four promised hybrid combinations (Q65/Q80, Q86/Q75, Q06/Q81 and Q81/Q87) performed over 10% higher SCA values and heterosis than the control, and they were less susceptible to infectious diseases. Fruit characteristics and yield of four hybrid combinations included fruit length of 16.0 to 17.6 cm; fruit width of 6.2 to 6.8 cm; 132.2 to 151.7 g/fruit and average yield of 4.1 to 4.3 tons/1000 m2.
Effects of Brassinosteroid on growth, development, yield and activities of some antioxidant enzymes of Jasmine 85 rice cultivar under salinity conditions
Authors: Phan Van H.
Published: August 2021

The objective of the experiment was to determine effects of Brassinosteroid (BRs) concentrations on growth, development and yield of Jasmine 85 rice cultivar under salinity conditions at panicle initiation stage. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications and consisted of two factors. The first factor comprised three salinity concentrations: 0‰ (control), 2‰ and 4‰ and the second factor had three concentrations of BRs: 0 ppm (control), 2 ppm and 4 ppm. The results showed that under non-saline conditions, the control rice plants sprayed with BRs at a concentration of 2 ppm had the highest values of root length (33.39 cm), leaf area (42.41 cm2), proportion of firm seeds (72.20%), weight of 1000 seeds (28.14 g) and yield (725.55 g/barrel). At the salinity level of 4‰, rice plants sprayed with BRs at a concentration of 2 ppm demonstrated the highest levels of APX and CAT enzymes. Briefly, rice plants grown under higher salinity levels had decreased growth and yield. Spraying BRs helped improve growth and yield parameters of rice under high salinity conditions.
Effects of temperature and time of thermal modification on density and colour of Pinus insularis and Dacrycarpus imbricatus wood
Authors: Hoang Hoa V.
Published: August 2021

The Pinus kesiya and Podocarp (Dacrycarpus imbricatus) woods were obtained from the plantations of the Southeast region of Vietnam, with the initial humidity of 80 - 85%. The wood was cut into boards with dimensions of 40 x 80 mm to 120 x 500 mm. In this study, the Pinus kesiya and Podocarp woods were thermally treated at with high temperatures ranging from 161oC to 218oC and the duration from 7.5 h to 13 h. The experiment results showed that the oven-dry density of pine and Bach tung tended to decrease when it was treated at high temperatures during long periods of time. In particular, the density of Pinus kesiya and Podocarp woods decreased about 3.17 - 17.3% and 3.45 - 20.73%, respectively, compared with the control samples. In the thermal modification process, under the effects of high temperature Pinus kesiya and Podocarp woods became darker than the modified wood
Effects of stocking density on growth performance, survival rate and economic efficiency of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) cultured in earthen pond
Authors: Dinh Nhan T.
Published: August 2021

This trial aimed to evaluate effects of stocking densities of 1-5 fish/m2 on growth performance, survival rate and economic efficiency of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) in earthen ponds. Fish with an initial length of 90.7 ± 0.1 mm and weight of 20.8 ± 0.1 g/fish and ponds with 600 m2 each and 1.5 m depth were used for this study. Experiment was designed with three treatments, including different stocking densities of 1, 3 and 5 fish/m2. The fish was fed with pellete feed containing 43 - 44% crude protein. Water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, transparency and ammonia concentration were measured once a week. Fish were sampled every 30-day intervals for length and weight measurement then for their growth estimation. Costs were recorded for economic efficiency estimation. Results showed that the water quality parameters were in suitable ranges for growth and development of Asian seabass. The final average length and weight of density 1 fish/m2 was significantly higher than those at 3 and 5 fish/m2 (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference on the fish growth in terms of daily length and weight gain, as well as survival rate and feed conversion ratio between different stocking densities. Asian seabass culture at 3 and 5 fish/m2 resulted in a higher profit compared to at 1 fish/m2. The highest economic efficiency in terms of area pond was showed at 5 fish/m2 treatment.
Correlation between nematode and soil properties on some pepper-cultivated areas in Gia Lai province
Authors: Le Tuan Q.
Published: August 2021

The research aimed to understand the soil structure for pepper agriculture, the relationship between nematodes distribution and some soil quality parameters. Secondary data collection, field survey, and soil sampling and analysis were conducted in field and in laboratory. The results showed that the soil had pH values ranging from acid to neutral, average N and P levels, and high organic matter content. The isolation of nematodes showed that there were 26 genera of nematodes belonging to 17 families and 7 orders in soil. The lower the soil organic matter content and pH value were, the higher the density of nematodes was, indicating the possibility of survival and development of nematodes in extreme soil environment. This is one of significant factors that may impact the pepper productivity. Therefore, increasing nutrient contents of soil would prevent nematode activities and at the same time enhance the resistance of pepper to nematodes.
An inertial parallel CQ subgradient extragradient method for variational inequalities application to signal-image recovery
Authors: CHOLAMJİAK Watcharaporn , KITISAK Ponkamon , YAMBANGWAI Damrongsak
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we introduce an inertial parallel CQ subgradient extragradient method for finding a common solutions of variational inequality problems. The novelty of this paper is using linesearch methods to find unknown L constant of L-Lipschitz continuous mappings. Strong convergence theorem has been proved under some suitable conditions in Hilbert spaces. Finally, we show applications to signal and image recovery, and show the good efficiency of our proposed algorithm when the number of subproblems is increasing.
Protection Of Wildlife: Analysis Of Legislative Periods In Turkey
Authors: VELİOĞLU Nimet , ELVAN Osman Devrim
Published: August 2021

The first legal arrangements concerning hunting and wildlife were held in “Mecelle (Ottoman code of civil law)” was declared in 1976 and was abolished in 1926. Prior to this date, hunting was carried out freely, and game animals were regarded as “waif” and there were no legal re-strictive regulations. Only it was forbidden to enter the hunting areas of the Sultan and this ac-tivitis were punished. When analyzed Mecelle seen that there were made general regulations on hunting and game animals about catch or ownership .
The first basic arrangement on hunting and wild animals in Turkish law was made in 1937 by the Law of Hunting, Numbered 3167. Law No: 3167 had provisions as definition of hunting animals, hunting principles and prohibitions, it was abolished in 2003 by the with the current law which numbered 4915. Law No 4915 is more detailed law than the 3167 with regards to con-servation provisions and at the same time in terms of compliance with international agreements related to wildlife and biodiversty.
In this study will be discussed the process and developmet of the legislation related wildlife and hunting from 1900 to the present day and analyzed in terms of international agreements. These are Mecelle, Constitutions, Civil Laws, Criminal Laws, Land Hunting Laws, Forest Laws, Fish-ery Law and Environmental Law.
A Low-Power, High-Gain Amplifier with Rail-to-Rail Operating Capability: Applications to Biomedical Signal Processing
Authors: Baghtash Hassan Faraji , Pakdel Rasoul
Published: August 2021

low-voltage, low-power, rail-to-rail, two-stage trans-conductance amplifier is presented. The structure exploits body-driven transistors, configured in folded-cascode structure. To reduce the power consumption, the transistors are biased in the subthreshold region. The Specter RF simulation results which are conducted in TSMC 180nm CMOS standard process proves the well-performance of the proposed structure. The performance of the proposed structure against process variations is checked through process corners and Monte Carlo simulations. The results prove the robustness of the proposed amplifier against process uncertainties. Some important specifications of the design derived from circuit simulations are 93.36 dB small-signal gain, 14.4 PV2/Hz input referred noise power, 26.5 kHz unity gain frequency, 20 V/ms slew rate. The proposed structure draws 260 nW power from 0.5 V power supply and is loaded with a 15 pF loading capacitor. The input common mode range of structure is from 0 to 0.5 V.
ACCULTURATION IN GOD'S BIRTHDAY CEREMONY KELENTENG SHIA DJIN KONG, JONGGOL
Authors: Desprosianasari Ludovika , Hartati C. Dewi
Published: August 2021

This paper discussed the acculturation of Chinese and Sundanese culture in a ceremony at the Shia Djin Kong temple, Jonggol. On the right side of the temple there is a special room for the cult  of Jonggol's ancestors, namely Embah Jago, Embah Sabin, Embah Surkat, Embah Jagakarsa, and Embah Nagawulung. In that room there are also many heirloom objects, such as keris, spears, lafadz Allah, and swords. Acculturation between Sundanese culture and Chinese culture can be seen at the birthday ceremony of the god Shia Djin Kong, which is the similarity between local culture and Chinese culture, in ancestor worship. The research method used in this writing is a qualitative research method, data collection techniques in this writing are participant observation, observation, and interviews to the temple officer, and people who come to pray both during the god's birthday ceremony and on ordinary days.
Investigation of the same isomeric pair, produced from different nuclear reactions
Authors: Tran Duc Thiep , Truong Thi An , Bui Minh Hue , Phan Viet Cuong , Nguyen Hong Ha , A. G. Belov , S. Mitrofanov
Published: August 2021

The isomeric ratio (IR) of isomeric pair 109m,gPd, produced in 110Pd(γ, n)109m,gCd reaction and 108Pd(n, γ)109m,gPd neutron capture reactions, induced by thermal, epithermal and mixed thermal-epithermal neutrons have been determined. The off-line activation technique using a spectroscopic system consisting of a HPGe semiconductor detector with high energy resolution and a PC based 8192 channel analyzer (CANBERRA) was applied. The investigated samples were prepared from the 99.99 % purity PdO and irradiated at the electron accelerator Microtron MT-25 of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Dubna, Russia. The data analysis and necessary corrections were made to upgrade the precision of the experimental method. The obtained results were discussed, compared and combined with those from other authors to point out the role of the reaction channels in nuclear reactions.
Determination of thermal neutron flux distribution at the rotary rack served for elemental concentration analysis using the k0-INAA method
Authors: Nguyen Thi Tho , Tran Tuan Anh , Trinh Van Cuong , Ho Van Doanh , Tran Quoc Duong , Ho Manh Dung
Published: August 2021

The accuracy of elements concentration determination using the k0-standardization method directly depends on irradiation and measurement parameters including Non-1/E epithermal neutron flux distribution shape α (ϕ epi ≈1/E1+α ) , thermal-to-epithermal neutron flux ratio f, efficiency ε, peak area… In the case of the irradiation position at the rotary rack of the Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR), the difference of thermal neutron flux between the bottom (3.54x1012 n.cm-2.s-1) and the top (1.93x1012 n.cm-2.s-1) of the 15 cm aluminum container is up to 45%. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine above-mentioned parameters in the sample irradiation position. The present paper deals with the determination of the distribution of thermal neutron flux along the sample irradiation container by using 0.1% Au–Al wire activation technique. The thermal neutron flux was then used to calculate the concentration of elements in the Standard Reference Material 2711a and SMELS type III using k0-INAA method at different positions in the container. The obtained results with the neutron flux correction were found to be in good agreement with the certified values. In conclusion, the proposed technique can be applied for activation analyses without sandwiching flux monitors between samples during irradiations.
Deposition velocities of some natural radionuclides from the atmosphere at Ninh Thuan and Dong Nai of Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Van Phu , Le Nhu Sieu , Tran Dinh Khoa , Nguyen Dinh Tung , Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga , Truong Y
Published: August 2021

The deposition velocities of Be-7, K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Pb-210 radionuclides from the atmosphere at Ninh Thuan and Dong Nai monitoring stations of Vietnam were investigated. The deposition velocity was calculated based on it’s specific radioactivity in aerosols and deposition density in fallout samples. The data of the deposition velocities of radionuclides from the atmosphere are needed as input data for the models to simulate atmospheric radioactive dispersion and assess the public dose around nuclear facilities. The radioactivity of Be-7, K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Pb-210 nuclides in aerosols and fallout samples were analyzed by using a low level background gamma spectrometer equipped with HPGe detector of high resolution. The results show that the deposition velocities of Be-7, K-40, Th-232, U-238 and Pb-210 nuclides from the air are in ranges of 0.04÷1.71; 1.84÷27.46; 1.46÷23.63; 0.80÷26.13 and 0.06÷1.53 (cm/s), with average values of 0.55; 13.81; 8.22; 8.12 and 0.58 (cm/s), respectively. The deposition velocities of the radionuclides in the survey areas are comparable with those found in tropical and subtropical regions and these results could be served as the database of the World radioactive transport parameters.
Determination of recovery efficiency of ¹³⁷Cs in seawaterusing co-precipitation method
Authors: Duong Duc Thang , Vuong Thu Bac , Bui Dac Dung , Duong Van Thang , Doan Thuy Hau , Le Dinh Cuong , Nguyen Van Khanh , Nguyen Thi Thu Ha , Cao Duc Viet , Nguyen Huyen Trang , Nguyen Thi Oanh , Le Thi Hoa
Published: August 2021

Recovery efficiency of 137Cs in seawater samples with different volumes of 40, 50, 60, 80 and 100 liters using co-precipitation method by ferrocyanide compounds has been determined. 134Cs nuclide was used as a tracer to determine recovery efficiency. The results showed that the recovery efficiency of 134Cs ranged from 92.62% to 99.26% with mean value of (95.22 ± 2.61)% for different sample volumes. Average recovery efficiency for samples with a volume of 50 liters was (95.70 ± 2.50)% and uncertainty when determining 137Cs in seawater samples were still less than 20%. Therefore, reducing the volume of sample to 50 liters still ensures reliability when determining 137Cs in seawater samples by co-precipitation method, thereby reducing the chemical and time when analyze a large number of samples.
ADPF 442: a tutela penal da vida nas audiências públicas sobre a descriminalização do aborto
Authors: Silva Bianca Petri da , Tybusch Francielle Benini Agne , Budó Marília De Nardin
Published: August 2021

Neste artigo são analisados discursos proferidos nas audiências públicas realizadas no âmbito da Ação de Descumprimento de Preceito Fundamental nº 442, a respeito dos sentidos atribuídos à intervenção penal do Estado em relação à prática de aborto. A pesquisa foi estruturada por meio da metodologia da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. O marco teórico do trabalho é a criminologia crítica e feminista, bem como os estudos de gênero. Os resultados apontam para uma estrutura argumentativa pró-criminalização do aborto que parte da linguagem dos direitos, tratando da questão da origem da vida, para pensar a tutela penal do embrião. A mulher é construída como objeto e meio, enquanto o feto se torna sujeito e fim. A ruptura com a redução da mulher ao seu suposto destino biológico provém de grupos anticriminalização que, ao compreender a criminalização do aborto – que para eles obedece a uma lógica de controle e morte – como um desrespeito ao direito à vida das mulheres, apresentam uma compreensão feminista e interseccional.
Amicus curiae à solicitação de opinião consultiva formulada pela Comissão Americana de Direitos Humanos sobre Enfoques Diferenciados em Matéria de Pessoas Privadas de Liberdade
Authors: Giamberardino André Ribeiro , Fachin Melina Girardi , Bellegard Alicia Marcy de Carvalho , Ribas Ana Carolina , Goldman Bárbara Antunes , Soares Carolina Borges , Bonatto Marina , Volz Muriel Brenna , Vicente Alana Emanuelle Plucinski , Licnerski Amanda Filas , Miyashiro Ana Julia Amaro , Correia Bianca Ketlyn Anderle , Ramos Catarina Mendes Valente , Martins Dilermando Aparecido Borges , Moriggi Fernanda De Amo , Ferreira Giovanny Padovam , Zarnicinski Igor Maestrelli , Taques João Daniel Vilas Boas , Nascimento Larissa Anacleto do , Lopes Marília Martins , Borsato Paola Soldatelli , Barbieri Paula Gabriela , Oliveira Pedro Cezar Grigio de , Santos Sthefany Felipp dos , Bocchi Valentina Maria Penso
Published: August 2021

Trata-se de razões de amicus curiae apresentadas à Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos pelo Núcleo de Estudos em Sistemas de Direitos Humanos e Clínica de Acesso à Justiça e Educação nas Prisões da Universidade Federal do Paraná, por ocasião da Solicitação de Opinião Consultiva (OC) número 29 formulada pela Comissão Americana de Humanos à Corte Interamericana, sobre enfoques diferenciados em matéria de pessoas privadas de liberdade. A peça parte do contexto da pandemia da COVID-19 que aguçou vulnerabilidades e sujeitou a população carcerária como um todo a um quadro de hipervulnerabilidade, diante das medidas sanitárias que implicam em redução de direitos e em fragilização dos meios de fiscalização. Ainda, avança sobre outros contextos de vulnerabilidades superpostas como em relação às mulheres transgênero, o público LGBTQI+, mulheres gestantes, lactantes e acompanhadas de crianças no cárcere. Por fim, ataca-se as ausências da solicitação de OC em relação à outras vulnerabilidades não elencadas explicitamente pela solicitação da CIDH, como é o caso de pessoas com deficiência privadas de liberdade, com especial ênfase à deficiência visual e aos casos de necessidade de uso de cadeiras de rodas que necessitam de cuidados específicos e inexistentes no sistema penitenciário.
Macrophage Activation Syndrome Presented in a Case of Neonatal Lupus
Authors: Kang Chang Min , Choi Jinwha , Lee JungHwa
Published: August 2021

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a potentially life-threatening complication in many autoimmune diseases. Early recognition and intervention are essential for a favorable outcome. Neonatal lupus, an acquired autoimmune disease in neonates caused by the transplacental passage of maternal autoantibodies, is rare and usually self-limited. Herein, we report a case of MAS in a patient with neonatal lupus, which improved with intravenous immunoglobulin.
Predictors of Passing Probability in the Licensure Examination for Selected Programs in the University of Southeastern Philippines
Authors: Callena Eleonor , Gabales Bonifacio , Tutor Rosalinda , Villanueva Shirley , Gonzales Christopher , De Vera Angel , Caberte Sheila , Nillas Virginia Barbara , Acerbo Jay , Pantaleon Anastacio
Published: August 2021

Performance of higher education institutions in licensure examinations is reflective of the effectiveness of their curricular programs. This study employed a causal design to evaluate graduatesâ€™ academic attributes that can potentially determine the likelihood of passing the state-administered board examinations. Considered predictor variables are ratings in University admission test, average high school and college general point averages as well as course grades in major and professional courses. The test of significance of these variables was derived from a binary logistic regression. Results of the evaluation indicated that performance indicators varied across programs. The implications on studentsâ€™ academic attributes, the institutionâ€™s admission and retention policy, assessment practices and quality assurance mechanisms are discussed.
Effect of Operating Conditions and Screen Mesh Size on the Performance of Vermicomposting Bed with Automated Harvester and Watering System
Authors: Montepio Roger , Abenoja Ryan
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the development of a mechanical composting bed to reduce the drudgery of the existing vermiculture production through automation of watering and harvesting system. This study also determined the  effect of moisture content level, sieving speed and mesh screen size on harvesting capacity and separation efficiency. The study was laid  out  in  factorial  experiment arranged in complete randomized design (CRD). The prototype consisted of a (1) composting bed with natural aeration and screen mesh at the bottom for automatic daily harvesting   of vermicast and vermicomposting leachate (VCL), (2) automated watering sprinkler system, (3) vermicast and VCL storage beneath the composting bed, and (4) control system. During harvesting, composting bed is suspended in the main frame and is driven by an electric motor creating oscillating motion, thus sieving, separating the vermicast and leaving the worm in the bed. Analysis of Variance found that all factors significantly affected the harvesting capacity. However, there was no interaction effect among the three factors on harvesting capacity and separation efficiency. Highest harvesting capacity of 74.41 g/s was obtained at lowest moisture content (40%), largest sifter size (1/4) and highest speed (310 rpm). Highest separation efficiency of 32.33 g/s was obtained at any moisture content) and largest sifter size (1/4). Daily cast and vermi leachate collected were 4 kg and 5 liters, respectively. An increase of 800 grams in worm population was recorded. The prototype had a BCR of 1.975 and IRR of 55% after 3 years of utilization.
Potential of Vermicompost Drippings and Other Vermicomposting Products on the Growth and Yield of Lettuce
Authors: Besas Ulysses , Aceres Larry , Caniones Sinneth
Published: August 2021

Vermicompost drippings (VD), one of the by-products of vermicomposting, have been largely ignored in the Philippines as an organic fertilizer for economically important vegetable crops. Several reports mention that using vermicompost drippings/leachates have significantly improved crop growth, which had been attributed to its large amounts of plant nutrients, growth hormones, and presence of beneficial organisms. This study aims to look into the potential of vermicompost drippings as a possible foliar fertilizer for lettuce. The application of vermicompost drippings, vermitea, and vermicompost significantly improved growth, yield and nutrient uptake of lettuce grown in acidic soil conditions, which is comparable with those fertilized by synthetic fertilizers. Further improvement in yield was recorded when vermicompost was supplemented with a foliar application of vermicompost drippings. In terms of nutrient uptake, a tripled increase from plants treated with at least two vermicomposting products was recorded while highest phosphorus uptake was manifested by the application of vermicompost drippings. The same trend exists in potassium plant uptake, where there was an observed increase of about four times potassium content in tissue compared to the control. This increased nutrient resulted in taller and heavier plants with bigger and more developed leaves, dramatically increasing yield. Hence, lettuce could be grown organically using vermitea, vermicompost, and vermicompost drippings, but further improvement of growth and yield could be done using a combined application of vermicompost and drippings.
Crocodiles in Philippine Folklore
Authors: Tsuji Takashi
Published: August 2021

This study investigates Philippine folklore of saltwater crocodiles to understand the relationships that people have with them from an anthropological perspective. The collected folklore was classified into eight types: 1) ancestor, 2) monkey heart, 3) red hen, 4) execution, 5) incarnation, 6) deception, 7) monster, and 8) Lusmore. The analysis shows that the crocodile folklore of the Philippines is strongly connected to that of the indigenous people in Borneo. Filipino people tend to recognize crocodiles as both fierce and foolish because they are harmful to their society. In their history, they have rigorously hunted crocodiles for their skin, causing their relationship with them to significantly diminish over time. However, crocodiles are also seen as having the supernatural power to cure sick people, so eating them is prohibited among the Pala’wan on Palawan Island, for instance. This paper concludes that the Filipino people and the crocodile were able to build a harmonious relationship of coexistence in the past, and the current corrupted relationship must change for its future wellbeing.
Chiropteran Composition and Morphometric Analysis of Ptenochirus Jagori in Caraga State University, Caraga Region, Philippines
Authors: Vallespin Glenn , Torralba Renalyn , Sanchez Daniljun , Rosal Jashin , Solania Chennie
Published: August 2021

Due to potential and present ecological alteration in roosting sites and food source areas in neighboring vicinity of Caraga State University in Caraga Region, Philippines, unsettled progression of bats are documented through wing variation analysis and fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Twenty-one (21) collected samples of Ptenochirus jagori (Greater Musky Fruit Bat) yields asymmetry of 90.6396%, affecting landmarks of the elbow (landmark 1), carpals (landmark 2), metacarpals (landmark 3, 4, and 10), and phalanges’ fingers (landmarks 5, 6, 11, and 12). Wing variation (landmark-based) analysis suggested significant skewness on both elbows and metacarpals of wings. Wider shape deformation is on the rightwing, and a narrower one was analyzed on the left. Nonetheless, even though similar alteration is present between both wings, Canonical Variation Analysis (CVA) suggests no significant difference in the deformations of histogram analysis.
The Mandated Publication of Individual Hospital Charge Description Masters Does Not Permit the Estimation of Complex Procedure Charges
Authors: Evashwick-Rogler Thomas W. , Dooley Sean W. , Murawski Christopher D. , Fourman Mitchell S. , Hogan MaCalus V. , Smyth Niall A.
Published: August 2021

Background:

As healthcare spending continues to rise, price transparency is crucial for patients to calculate a reasonable cost estimate for tests and procedures. Legislative efforts have been successful at mandating increased hospital price transparency, including publishing charge description masters (CDMs), but their usefulness in permitting patients to assess the cost for complex procedures is unclear. We sought to determine CDM and diagnosis-related group (DRG) prevalence and evaluate whether these are effective tools for patients to preemptively ascertain the costs for simple and complex tests and procedures.

Methods:

Cross-sectional analysis of publicly available 2019 CDMs and DRGs from 122 hospitals in the United States, including the top-20 as ranked by the US News & World Report Honor Roll and two top-ranked hospitals per state. We first determined the availability of CDMs and DRGs and then determined the ability to estimate the hospital charge for a three-view knee radiograph and a primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using CDM and DRG data.

Results:

One hundred fifteen of 122 (94.3%) hospitals published a CDM, and 78 (63.9%) published a DRG. Top-ranked hospitals published DRGs more frequently than those outside of the Honor Roll designation (P = 0.04). The estimated charge for a three-view knee radiograph could be calculated from 113/115 (98.3%) CDMs. The estimated total charge for a primary TKA could not be obtained from any of the available CDMs. By comparison, the estimated charge for a primary TKA could be obtained from 76/78 (97.4%) of the available DRGs.

Discussion:

CDMs are available as currently mandated for most hospitals and generally can be used to identify the charges for simple procedures, but they are ineffective tools for patients to estimate the charges associated with a multifaceted healthcare procedure, such as TKA. Although DRGs are less frequently available, they are a more effective resource for patients to estimate charges.
Incidence, Injury Mechanisms, and Recovery of Iatrogenic Nerve Injuries During Hip and Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Patel Nirav K. , Krumme John , Golladay Gregory J.
Published: August 2021

Iatrogenic nerve injury is a rare but potentially devastating complication in total joint arthroplasty of the hip and the knee. Multiple previous studies have evaluated the incidence, mechanisms of injury, recovery, and potential treatments for this complication. Injury in total hip arthroplasty generally involves direct injury of sensory nerves from the incision, direct or traction injury of during exposure, or limb lengthening. Injury in total knee arthroplasty generally involves direct injury of sensory nerves from incision, injury due to errant placement of retractors, during balancing, or from traction because of deformity correction. Treatment of iatrogenic nerve injuries has ranged from observation, intraoperative prevention by nerve monitoring, limb shortening postoperatively, medications, and decompression. The orthopaedic surgeon should be versed in these etiologies to advise their patients on the incidence of injury, to prevent occurrence by understanding risky intraoperative maneuvers, and to select appropriate interventions when nerve injuries occur.
Evaluation of the Types and Comprehensive Effects of Ecological Migration in China: Taking the Ecological Protection and Land Tenure Protection of Xihaigu Area in Ningxia as an Example
Authors: Xu Yizhen
Published: August 2021

The ecological migration project in the Xihaigu Area of Ningxia, the first of such projects to be initiated with the longest history, is a typical example of China's ecological migration projects. Through the methods of field investigation, in-depth interviews, and examination of typical cases, the paper aims to evaluate Xihaigu's ecological migration project in the aspects of ecological restoration, poverty alleviation, income increase and social development. The conclusion is that China's ecological immigrants represented by Xihaigu's example have reached ecological improvement goals and economic and social development. At the same time, due to the government's vigorous promotion of this process, the fairness of the distribution of benefits for migrants in the earlier and later stages is slightly unbalanced, and the ecological protection awareness of the immigrants was always insufficient. The later process of immigration was relatively too fast, and ecological migration still faces further challenges.
A Moment of Self-Reflection: From Trauma to Self-Healing
Authors: Kanto Jantanee
Published: August 2021

This article aimed to investigate how “selves” were created from the process of creating subjectivity. The research methodology is a qualitative research using autoethnography and life story telling. The self-reflection could bring back to the specific moments in the past, and analyze actions and thoughts. From the self-reflection, there are two conflicted selves; ‘liberated or independent’ self (from gender norms), and ‘self-in-cage’ or ‘self-in-society’ (which suppressed under “unseen cages” or social norms and religious belief unconsciously). This subjectivity can be considered as “an unfinished project” because the processes of creating liberated self and a self-in-cage are happening all the time. They were pushed and pulled again and again by society and even by own self. It cannot be seen as totally liberated or trapped in the unseen cages. They win and lose at the same time.
English Language Teaching, Vol. 14, No. 9, September 2021
Authors: Yu Gavin
Published: August 2021

English Language Teaching, Vol. 14, No. 9, September 2021
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 10, No. 5
Authors: Smith Wendy
Published: August 2021

Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Statistics and Probability, Vol. 10, No. 5, 2021
The Analysis of Metaphorical Perceptions of Teachers Related to Teachers in terms of Teaching Approaches They Adopt
Authors: Akkaya Burcu
Published: August 2021

This research aimed to determine the metaphorical perceptions of class teachers and reveal whether these perceptions are affected by the teaching approaches they adopt. Because teachers’ opinions were collected in written form, this study is a descriptive survey model study. The participants of the study consisted of 64 class teachers chosen through the maximum variety sampling method. A data collection tool consisting of two open-ended questions was developed to determine the metaphors and educational approaches teachers adopt. According to research results, teacher metaphors are highlighted in two categories as “metaphors giving active roles to the teacher” and “metaphors giving passive roles to the teacher”. Generally, teachers adopted one of the behaviouristic, cognitive, and constructivist approaches. This study revealed that participants who adopted behavioural and cognitive educational approaches produced metaphors giving active roles to the teacher. Participants who adopted the constructivist educational approach produced metaphors giving passive roles to the teacher. It was determined that there is a strong significant relationship between the metaphors that teachers produce and the educational approach they adopt.
The Development of Scientific Reasoning Ability on Concept of Light and Image of Grade 9 Students by Using Inquiry-Based Learning 5E with Prediction Observation and Explanation Strategy
Authors: Choowong Kittipak , Worapun Wittaya
Published: August 2021

The purposes of this research were 1) to develop student’s scientific reasoning ability on the concept of light and image at a criterion of 70 using inquiry-based learning 5E with prediction observation and explanation strategy and 2) to compare students’ scientific learning achievement on the concept of light and image after using inquiry-based learning 5E with prediction observation and explanation strategy. The target groups were 22 students of grade 9 selected by a purposive sampling method. The research instruments were lesson plans, achievement test, scientific reasoning ability test, scientific reasoning ability observation form, and scientific reasoning ability interview form the statistics used in data analysis were mean, percentage, and t-test. The results showed that 1) the scientific reasoning ability in cycles 1, 2, and 3. There were 6, 13, and 21 students who passed their criteria of 70% of the full score in each learning cycle, respectively. 2) Students’ learning achievement after learning with the learning management was significantly higher than the establishment at a criterion of 70 at a statistical level of .05.
ERPS AS AN INDEX OF IMPAIRED WORKING MEMORY IN AN ISCHEMIC BRAIN STROKE APHASIC PATIENT AWAKENED FROM A LONG-TERM COMA FOLLOWING AN AMPHETAMINE OVERDOSE
Authors: Wilczek-Rużyczka Ewa , Grzywniak Celestyna , Korab Maciej , Cielebąk Ksenia
Published: August 2021

Nowadays, amphetamines constitute the prescription drugs most commonly abused by adolescents and young adults (Berman, O’Neill, Fears et al. 2008). The prevalence of problematic (mainly illegal) use of amphetamines as a stimulant by college students, and here especially before serious examinations, has also been rising. This fact represents a serious public health concern.

The patient, aged 19, was awakened from from a long-term coma that had lasted 21 days following an amphetamine overdose and manifested tetraparesis, cortical blindness and deficits in cognitive and emotional processes. After a year of rehabilitation the majority of symptoms had disappeared, but cortical blindness andworking memory deficits remained. In addition, frontal lobe syndrome symptoms appeared. After two years of therapy as a result of immense tiredness caused by all an night wedding reception she started to manifest Charles-Bonnet syndrome. She experienced strange visual sensations such as visual hallucinations and saw various non-existing shapes (coloured blots, patterns and fireworks of vivid colours). She also saw objects (often terrifying) as well as animals (mainly African) and people with deformed faces and long teeth, and persons in African dress with feathers and coral beads in their hair. Her real identity was not remembered by the patient for longer than 2 hours and even then she insisted on being referred to as Shakira. She was given a qEEG examination (in open and closed eyes conditions) and ERPs with the use of auditory stimuli at the period when the hallucinations (to a small degree) still occurred.

Studies conducted into the functional neuroimaging of the brain work in milliseconds in the examined patient can explain her symptoms. A comparison of the subject’s ERPs with the grand average of ERPs in healthy controls shows that the N170 and N 250 components are impaired in the subject: the occipital-temporal area of the subject brain shows a strong positivity instead of negativities. This positivity might reflect an enhanced reactivity of neurons in the corresponding area induced by the removal of lateral inhibition from the neurons as a result of local damage.

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STUDY OF UNILATERAL SPATIAL NEGLECT IN PARKINSON'S PATIENTS
Authors: Ahmadou Taher Moussa , Salim EL-Mossati Mohamed , Moussa Toudou Daouda , Ghita Aboulem , Faouzi Belahsen Mohammed , Touhami Ahami Ahmed Omar
Published: August 2021

In Africa, few studies are interested in unilateral spatial neglect (NSU) in Parkinson's disease. However, this syndrome is a deficit to detect, respond to or orientate towards meaningful stimuli (Heil- man, KM 1973), observable after an injury affecting the non-dominant hemisphere for language. The significant handicap it entails justifies the need for early diagnosis and care. The NSU study is mo- tivated by its link with neurocognitive phenomena that are important on the theoretical level (attention, visuospatial and perceptual awareness). The objective is to study USN in Parkinson's pa tients, followed and hospitalized at the Neurology Department of Hassan II University Hospital in Fez. The visual-graphic test that has been used to detect this pathology is that of Bell's test. The test focuses on the detection of targets placed among several stimuli on a sheet of A4 paper.

The material included 120 people: 60 Parkinsonian patients: 34 men (56,7%), and 26 women (43,3%) and 60 control subjects: 34 men (56,7%), and 26 women (43,3%). The groups were matched by age and sex. Different aspects of neglect have been observed throughout the Bell's test.

It was found that total omission of bell figures was significantly influenced by age, being less frequent in the 35-49 age group in both groups, and higher in the elderly (50-80 years), as well the level of education. It have been reduced considerably with the increase in education. The hand used and the laterality had no effect; t = 3.76 degrees of freedom (df) = 108.27 and p = 0.000.

Unilateral spatial neglect has a negative effect in subjects with Parkin- son's disease. It deserves to be systematically sought for a better clinical evaluation and therapeutic management of the patients.
ESTIMATES OF SUBSISTENCE MINIMUM BASKETS AND SOCIAL MINIMUM BASKETS FOR 2020
Authors: Kurowski Piotr
Published: August 2021

The article presents the results of estimates of the subsistence minimum (ME) as well as social minimum baskets (MS) in 2020. Both indicators are important for assessing the well-being of households. The subsistence minimum (ME) sets out a model way of satisfying needs at the minimum level below which there is a biological threat to life. The social minimum, in turn, represents the model cost of living for households that are beginning to be threatened by the realm of deprivation. Between these two extremes, the sphere of deprivation spreads, in different faces. Compared to the 2019 data, the values of the subsistence minimum (ME) in 2020 for a 1-person household and a 4-person household increased by 4.1% and by 4.6% respectively, with inflation of 3.4%. The values of the social minimum (MS) baskets for these households increased by 4.4% and 4.7%. These increases were mainly influenced by higher prices of foodstuffs and the costs of housing and energy.
Envisioning and Writing a Thesis Proposal
Authors:   Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Franks Peter
Published: August 2021

Envisioning and writing a thesis proposal is one of the most difficult things a student does in graduate school. Students typically have no experience in writing proposals—or even in conceiving of thesis-sized research programs. Nor should they—they are doing graduate work to develop these skills. Often a student is left to write a thesis proposal with almost no guidance about the purpose of the proposal, its content and organizational structure, or how it will be judged.