bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Helical Phenolic Resin Bundles through a Sol-Gel Transcription Method
Authors: Shao Changzhen , Li Jiangang , Chen Hao , Li Baozong , Li Yi , Yang Yonggang
Published: February 2017

Chiral and helical polymers possess special helical structures and optical property, and may find applications in chiral catalysis and optical devices. This work presents the preparation and formation process of helical phenolic resins through a sol-gel transcription method. A pair of bola-type chiral low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) derived from valine are used as templates, while 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and formaldehyde are used as precursors. The electron microscopy images show that the phenolic resins are single-handed helical bundles comprised of helical ultrafine nanofibers. The diffused reflection circular dichroism spectra indicate that the helical phenolic resins exhibit optical activity. A possible formation mechanism is proposed, which shows the co-assembly of the LMWGs and the precursors.
Catchment Hydrology during Winter and Spring and the Link to Soil Erosion: A Case Study in Norway
Authors: Starkloff Torsten , Hessel Rudi , Stolte Jannes , Ritsema Coen
Published: February 2017

In the Nordic countries, soil erosion rates in winter and early spring can exceed those at other times of the year. In particular, snowmelt, combined with rain and soil frost, leads to severe soil erosion, even, e.g., in low risk areas in Norway. In southern Norway, previous attempts to predict soil erosion during winter and spring have not been very accurate owing to a lack of catchment-based data, resulting in a poor understanding of hydrological processes during winter. Therefore, a field study was carried out over three consecutive winters (2013, 2014 and 2015) to gather relevant data. In parallel, the development of the snow cover, soil temperature and ice content during these three winters was simulated with the Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for two different soils (sand, clay). The field observations carried out in winter revealed high complexity and diversity in the hydrological processes occurring in the catchment. Major soil erosion was caused by a small rain event on frozen ground before snow cover was established, while snowmelt played no significant role in terms of soil erosion in the study period. Four factors that determine the extent of runoff and erosion were of particular importance: (1) soil water content at freezing; (2) whether soil is frozen or unfrozen at a particular moment; (3) the state of the snow pack; and (4) tillage practices prior to winter. SHAW performed well in this application and proved that it is a valuable tool for investigating and simulating snow cover development, soil temperature and extent of freezing in soil profiles.
Network Analysis: A Novel Approach to Understand Suicidal Behaviour
Authors: De Beurs Derek
Published: February 2017

Although suicide is a major public health issue worldwide, we understand little of the onset and development of suicidal behaviour. Suicidal behaviour is argued to be the end result of the complex interaction between psychological, social and biological factors. Epidemiological studies resulted in a range of risk factors for suicidal behaviour, but we do not yet understand how their interaction increases the risk for suicidal behaviour. A new approach called network analysis can help us better understand this process as it allows us to visualize and quantify the complex association between many different symptoms or risk factors. A network analysis of data containing information on suicidal patients can help us understand how risk factors interact and how their interaction is related to suicidal thoughts and behaviour. A network perspective has been successfully applied to the field of depression and psychosis, but not yet to the field of suicidology. In this theoretical article, I will introduce the concept of network analysis to the field of suicide prevention, and offer directions for future applications and studies.
The Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis: Further Epidemiological Evidence from Changchun, Northeastern China
Authors: Teng Bo , Zhang Xuelei , Yi Chunhui , Zhang Yan , Ye Shufeng , Wang Yafang , Tong Daniel , Lu Binfeng
Published: February 2017

With the continuous rapid urbanization process over the last three decades, outdoors air pollution has become a progressively more serious public health hazard in China. To investigate the possible associations, lag effects and seasonal differences of urban air quality on respiratory health (allergic rhinitis) in Changchun, a city in Northeastern China, we carried out a time-series analysis of the incidents of allergic rhinitis (AR) from 2013 to 2015. Environmental monitoring showed that PM2.5 and PM10 were the major air pollutants in Changchun, followed by SO2, NO2 and O3. The results also demonstrated that the daily concentrations of air pollutants had obvious seasonal differences. PM10 had higher daily mean concentrations in spring (May, dust storms), autumn (October, straw burning) and winter (November to April, coal burning). The mean daily number of outpatient AR visits in the warm season was higher than in the cold season. The prevalence of allergic rhinitis was significantly associated with PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2, and the increased mobility was 10.2% (95% CI, 5.5%–15.1%), 4.9% (95% CI, 0.8%–9.2%), 8.5% (95% CI, −1.8%–19.8%) and 11.1% (95% CI, 5.8%–16.5%) for exposure to each 1-Standard Deviation (1-SD) increase of pollutant, respectively. Weakly or no significant associations were observed for CO and O3. As for lag effects, the highest Relative Risks (RRs) of AR from SO2, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 were on the same day, and the highest RR from CO was on day 4 (L4). The results also indicated that the concentration of air pollutants might contribute to the development of AR. To summarize, this study provides further evidence of the significant association between ambient particulate pollutants (PM2.5 and PM10, which are usually present in high concentrations) and the prevalence of respiratory effects (allergic rhinitis) in the city of Changchun, located in Northeastern China. Environmental control and public health strategies should be enforced to address this increasingly challenging problem.
The Relationship between Maternal Plasma Leptin and Adiponectin Concentrations and Newborn Adiposity
Authors: Castro Natália , Euclydes Verônica , Simões Fernanda , Vaz-de-Lima Lourdes , De Brito Cyro , Luzia Liania , Devakumar Delan , Rondó Patrícia
Published: February 2017

Increased maternal blood concentrations of leptin and decreased adiponectin levels, which are common disturbances in obesity, may be involved in offspring adiposity by programming fetal adipose tissue development. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between maternal leptin and adiponectin concentrations and newborn adiposity. This was a cross-sectional study involving 210 healthy mother-newborn pairs from a public maternity hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. Maternal blood samples were collected after delivery and leptin and adiponectin concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Newborn body composition was estimated by air displacement plethysmography. The association between maternal leptin and adiponectin concentrations and newborn adiposity (fat mass percentage, FM%) was evaluated by multiple linear regression, controlling for maternal age, socioeconomic status, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), weight gain, gestational age, and newborn age at the time of measurement. No relationship was found between maternal leptin and FM% of male or female newborn infants. Maternal adiponectin (p = 0.001) and pre-pregnancy BMI (p < 0.001; adj. R2 = 0.19) were positively associated with FM% of newborn males, indicating that maternal adiponectin is involved in fetal fat deposition in a sex-specific manner. Large-scale epidemiological, longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm our results.
Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Vujasinovic Miroslav , Valente Roberto , Del Chiaro Marco , Permert Johan , Löhr J.-Matthias
Published: February 2017

Abstract: Cancer patients experience weight loss for a variety of reasons, commencing with the tumor’s metabolism (Warburg effect) and proceeding via cachexia to loss of appetite. In pancreatic cancer, several other factors are involved, including a loss of appetite with a particular aversion to meat and the incapacity of the pancreatic gland to function normally when a tumor is present in the pancreatic head. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is characterized by a deficiency of the enzymes secreted from the pancreas due to the obstructive tumor, resulting in maldigestion. This, in turn, contributes to malnutrition, specifically a lack of fat-soluble vitamins, antioxidants, and other micronutrients. Patients with pancreatic cancer and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency have, overall, an extremely poor prognosis with regard to surgical outcome and overall survival. Therefore, it is crucial to be aware of the mechanisms involved in the disease, to be able to diagnose pancreatic exocrine insufficiency early on, and to treat malnutrition appropriately, for example, with pancreatic enzymes.
A Proteomic Perspective on the Bacterial Adaptation to Cold: Integrating OMICs Data of the Psychrotrophic Bacterium Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7
Authors: Baraúna Rafael , Freitas Dhara , Pinheiro Juliana , Folador Adriana , Silva Artur
Published: February 2017

Since the publication of one of the first studies using 2D gel electrophoresis by Patrick H. O’Farrell in 1975, several other studies have used that method to evaluate cellular responses to different physicochemical variations. In environmental microbiology, bacterial adaptation to cold environments is a “hot topic” because of its application in biotechnological processes. As in other fields, gel-based and gel-free proteomic methods have been used to determine the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to cold of several psychrotrophic and psychrophilic bacterial species. In this review, we aim to describe and discuss these main molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation, referencing proteomic studies that have made significant contributions to our current knowledge in the area. Furthermore, we use Exiguobacterium antarcticum B7 as a model organism to present the importance of integrating genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. This species has been isolated in Antarctica and previously studied at all three omic levels. The integration of these data permitted more robust conclusions about the mechanisms of bacterial adaptation to cold.
Individual Tree Detection and Classification with UAV-Based Photogrammetric Point Clouds and Hyperspectral Imaging
Authors: Nevalainen Olli , Honkavaara Eija , Tuominen Sakari , Viljanen Niko , Hakala Teemu , Yu Xiaowei , Hyyppä Juha , Saari Heikki , Pölönen Ilkka , Imai Nilton , Tommaselli Antonio
Published: February 2017

Small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based remote sensing is a rapidly evolving technology. Novel sensors and methods are entering the market, offering completely new possibilities to carry out remote sensing tasks. Three-dimensional (3D) hyperspectral remote sensing is a novel and powerful technology that has recently become available to small UAVs. This study investigated the performance of UAV-based photogrammetry and hyperspectral imaging in individual tree detection and tree species classification in boreal forests. Eleven test sites with 4151 reference trees representing various tree species and developmental stages were collected in June 2014 using a UAV remote sensing system equipped with a frame format hyperspectral camera and an RGB camera in highly variable weather conditions. Dense point clouds were measured photogrammetrically by automatic image matching using high resolution RGB images with a 5 cm point interval. Spectral features were obtained from the hyperspectral image blocks, the large radiometric variation of which was compensated for by using a novel approach based on radiometric block adjustment with the support of in-flight irradiance observations. Spectral and 3D point cloud features were used in the classification experiment with various classifiers. The best results were obtained with Random Forest and Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) which both gave 95% overall accuracies and an F-score of 0.93. Accuracy of individual tree identification from the photogrammetric point clouds varied between 40% and 95%, depending on the characteristics of the area. Challenges in reference measurements might also have reduced these numbers. Results were promising, indicating that hyperspectral 3D remote sensing was operational from a UAV platform even in very difficult conditions. These novel methods are expected to provide a powerful tool for automating various environmental close-range remote sensing tasks in the very near future.
Effective Visual Tracking Using Multi-Block and Scale Space Based on Kernelized Correlation Filters
Authors: Jeong Soowoong , Kim Guisik , Lee Sangkeun
Published: February 2017

Accurate scale estimation and occlusion handling is a challenging problem in visual tracking. Recently, correlation filter-based trackers have shown impressive results in terms of accuracy, robustness, and speed. However, the model is not robust to scale variation and occlusion. In this paper, we address the problems associated with scale variation and occlusion by employing a scale space filter and multi-block scheme based on a kernelized correlation filter (KCF) tracker. Furthermore, we develop a more robust algorithm using an appearance update model that approximates the change of state of occlusion and deformation. In particular, an adaptive update scheme is presented to make each process robust. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperformed 29 state-of-the-art trackers on 100 challenging sequences. Specifically, the results obtained with the proposed scheme were improved by 8% and 18% compared to those of the KCF tracker for 49 occlusion and 64 scale variation sequences, respectively. Therefore, the proposed tracker can be a robust and useful tool for object tracking when occlusion and scale variation are involved.
ECCE Toolkit: Prototyping Sensor-Based Interaction
Authors: Bellucci Andrea , Aedo Ignacio , Díaz Paloma
Published: February 2017

Building and exploring physical user interfaces requires high technical skills and hours of specialized work. The behavior of multiple devices with heterogeneous input/output channels and connectivity has to be programmed in a context where not only the software interface matters, but also the hardware components are critical (e.g., sensors and actuators). Prototyping physical interaction is hindered by the challenges of: (1) programming interactions among physical sensors/actuators and digital interfaces; (2) implementing functionality for different platforms in different programming languages; and (3) building custom electronic-incorporated objects. We present ECCE (Entities, Components, Couplings and Ecosystems), a toolkit for non-programmers that copes with these issues by abstracting from low-level implementations, thus lowering the complexity of prototyping small-scale, sensor-based physical interfaces to support the design process. A user evaluation provides insights and use cases of the kind of applications that can be developed with the toolkit.
Addressing the Knowledge Gaps in Agroecology and Identifying Guiding Principles for Transforming Conventional Agri-Food Systems
Authors: Sanderson Bellamy Angelina , Ioris Antonio
Published: February 2017

Today’s society faces many challenges when it comes to food production: producing food sustainably, producing enough of it, distributing food, consuming enough calories, consuming too many calories, consuming culturally-appropriate foods, and reducing the amount of food wasted. The distribution of power within the current mainstream agri-food system is dominated by multinational agri-businesses that control the flow of goods and wealth through the system. This hegemony has implemented a regime whose structures reinforce its control. A growing response to the current agri-food regime is the rise of agroecology, in both developed and developing country contexts. This is not a new phenomenon, but it has evolved over time from its Latin American origins. However, agroecology is not a monolithic block and represents many different perceptions of what it means to advance agroecology and ways in which it can help today’s society tackle the crisis of the agri-food system. This paper addresses these sometimes discordant view points, as well as the gaps in our knowledge regarding agroecology in an effort to lay out some guiding principles for how we can move forward in transforming the current agri-food system to achieve sustainability and a more equitable distribution of power and resources.
Strategic Planning for Tourism Development With a Focus on Muharram Ceremony Using Soar Framework: A Case Study of Yazd Province in Iran
Authors: Khavarian-Garmsir Amir Reza , Stavros Jacqueline M. , Saraei Mohammad Hossain
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a new strategic plan for tourism development using the SOAR framework with a focus on the religious event of Muharram in the province of Yazd, Iran. Muharram ceremony is a religious event based on the culture and religion of Shia Muslims, which
could introduce a tourist attraction in the form of an event to other countries. The SOAR framework is a strengths-based strategic planning matrix that focuses on strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results (SOAR). This framework is an alternative for SWOT analysis. Participants are
asked to identify the most important strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results after interviews, because SOAR uses a participatory approach to strategic planning. Finally, the measurable results of this research are to provide tourism with a comprehensive way of planning this ceremony,
to improve facilities in and near tourist attractions, to attract public investment for the reconstruction of mosques and religious sites, and to hold exhibitions with a focus on Yazd tourism potentials like handicrafts, customs, and traditions.
Developing Climate-Smart Agriculture Policies: The Role of Economic Modeling
Authors:   RTI International, Crouch Luis , Lapidus Daniel , Beach Robert , Birur Dileep , Moussavi Massoud , Turner Eleanor
Published: February 2017

There has been growing interest in climate-smart agriculture among many national governments and the international donor community. An array of policies and programs could potentially be considered climate smart, but for the purposes of this paper, we define climate-smart agriculture as an approach that strives to meet the following criteria: (1) increase agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner, (2) improve the resilience of agricultural production and food systems to environmental change, or (3) reduce net greenhouse gas emissions associated with the agriculture and forestry sectors. This definition encompasses, but goes beyond, the traditional agricultural development policy concerns of increasing incomes and reducing rural poverty, thus increasing the complexity of the policy agenda and modeling that supports policy-making. The goal of the paper is to provide policymakers and program designers with an overview of the primary types of economic models that could be used to inform policy design and implementation. The most specific audience for the paper is international development practitioners who design projects, pilots, and other efforts to advance climate-smart agriculture, and who may wish to inject modeling sensibilities and approaches into such efforts. The readership of the paper is assumed to be subject matter specialists and generalists who are not economists but may need to consume the results of economic modeling. We describe alternative economic modeling approaches relevant for analyses of climate-smart agriculture approaches and provide general principles for selecting an approach for a specific application.
The Structure of the Distant Kuiper Belt in a Nice Model Scenario
Authors: Pike R. E. , Lawler S. , Brasser R. , Shankman C. J. , Alexandersen M. , Kavelaars J. J.
Published: February 2017

This work explores the orbital distribution of minor bodies in the outer Solar System emplaced as a result of a Nice model migration from the simulations of Brasser and Morbidelli. This planetary migration scatters a planetesimal disk from between 29 and 34 au and emplaces a population of objects into the Kuiper Belt region. From the 2:1 Neptune resonance and outward, the test particles analyzed populate the outer resonances with orbital distributions consistent with trans-Neptunian object (TNO) detections in semimajor axis, inclination, and eccentricity, while capture into the closest resonances is too efficient. The relative populations of the simulated scattering objects and resonant objects in the 3:1 and 4:1 resonances are also consistent with observed populations based on debiased TNO surveys, but the 5:1 resonance is severely underpopulated compared to population estimates from survey results. Scattering emplacement results in the expected orbital distribution for the majority of the TNO populations; however, the origin of the large observed population in the 5:1 resonance remains unexplained.
Probing the Anisotropy of the Milky Way Gaseous Halo-II: Sightline toward Mrk 509
Authors: Gupta A. , Mathur S. , Krongold Y.
Published: February 2017

Hot, million degree gas appears to pervade the Milky Way halo, containing a large fraction of the Galactic missing baryons. This circumgalactic medium (CGM) is probed effectively in X-rays, both in absorption and in emission. The CGM also appears to be anisotropic, so we have started a program to determine CGM properties along several sightlines by combining absorption and emission measurements. Here we present the emission measure close to the Mrk 509 sightline using new Suzaku and XMM-Newton observations. We also present new analysis and modeling of Chandra HETG spectra to constrain the absorption parameters. The emission measure in this sightline is high, EM = 0.0165 ± 0.0008 ± 0.0006 cm−6 pc, five times larger than the average. The observed O vii column density N(O vii)

cm−2, however, is close to the average. We find that the temperature of the emitting and absorbing gas is the same: logT(K) = 6.33 ± 0.01 and logT(K) = 6.33 ± 0.16 respectively. We fit the observed column density and emission measure with a β-model density profile. The central density is constrained to be between n
0 = 2.8–6.0 × 10−4 cm−3 and the core radius of the density profile has a lower limit of 40 kpc. This shows that the hot gas is mostly in the CGM of the galaxy, not in the Galactic disk. Our derived density profile is close to the Maller & Bullock profile for adiabatic gas in hydrostatic equilibrium with an NFW dark-matter potential well. Assuming this density profile, the minimum mass of the hot CGM is

M
⊙.
Investigating the Wave Nature of the Outer Envelope of Halo Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Kwon Ryun-Young , Vourlidas Angelos
Published: February 2017

We investigate the nature of the outer envelope of halo coronal mass ejections (H-CMEs) using multi-viewpoint observations from the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory-A, -B, and SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory coronagraphs. The 3D structure and kinematics of the halo envelopes and the driving CMEs are derived separately using a forward modeling method. We analyze three H-CMEs with peak speeds from 1355 to 2157 km s−1; sufficiently fast to drive shocks in the corona. We find that the angular widths of the halos range from 192° to 252°, while those of the flux ropes range between only 58° and 91°, indicating that the halos are waves propagating away from the CMEs. The halo widths are in agreement with widths of Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) waves in the low corona further demonstrating the common origin of these structures. To further investigate the wave nature of the halos, we model their 3D kinematic properties with a linear fast magnetosonic wave model. The model is able to reproduce the position of the halo flanks with realistic coronal medium assumptions but fails closer to the CME nose. The CME halo envelope seems to arise from a driven wave (or shock) close to the CME nose, but it is gradually becoming a freely propagating fast magnetosonic wave at the flanks. This interpretation provides a simple unifying picture for CME halos, EUV waves, and the large longitudinal spread of solar energetic particles.
Structure of the Heliotail from Interstellar Boundary Explorer Observations: Implications for the 11-year Solar Cycle and Pickup Ions in the Heliosheath
Authors: Zirnstein E. J. , Heerikhuisen J. , Zank G. P. , Pogorelov N. V. , Funsten H. O. , McComas D. J. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Schwadron N. A.
Published: February 2017

Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) measurements of energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) from the heliotail show a multi-lobe structure of ENA fluxes as a function of energy between ∼0.71 and 4.29 keV. Below ∼2 keV, there is a single structure of enhanced ENA fluxes centered near the downwind direction. Above ∼2 keV, this structure separates into two lobes, one north and one south of the solar equatorial plane. ENA flux from these two lobes can be interpreted as originating from the fast solar wind (SW) propagating through the inner heliosheath (IHS). Alternatively, a recently published model of the heliosphere suggests that the heliotail may split into a “croissant-like” shape, and that such a geometry could be responsible for the heliotail ENA feature. Here we present results from a time-dependent simulation of the heliosphere that produces a comet-like heliotail, and show that the 11-year solar cycle leads to the formation of ENA lobes with properties remarkably similar to those observed by IBEX. The ENA energy at which the north and south lobes appear suggests that the pickup ion (PUI) temperature in the slow SW of the IHS is ∼107 K. Moreover, we demonstrate that the extinction of PUIs by charge-exchange is an essential process required to create the observed global ENA structure. While the shape and locations of the ENA lobes as a function of energy are well reproduced by PUIs that cross the termination shock, the results appear to be sensitive to the form of the distribution of PUIs injected in the IHS.
A Theory of Exoplanet Transits with Light Scattering
Authors: Robinson Tyler D.
Published: February 2017

Exoplanet transit spectroscopy enables the characterization of distant worlds, and will yield key results for NASA's James Webb Space Telescope. However, transit spectra models are often simplified, omitting potentially important processes like refraction and multiple scattering. While the former process has seen recent development, the effects of light multiple scattering on exoplanet transit spectra have received little attention. Here, we develop a detailed theory of exoplanet transit spectroscopy that extends to the full refracting and multiple scattering case. We explore the importance of scattering for planet-wide cloud layers, where the relevant parameters are the slant scattering optical depth, the scattering asymmetry parameter, and the angular size of the host star. The latter determines the size of the “target” for a photon that is back-mapped from an observer. We provide results that straightforwardly indicate the potential importance of multiple scattering for transit spectra. When the orbital distance is smaller than 10–20 times the stellar radius, multiple scattering effects for aerosols with asymmetry parameters larger than 0.8–0.9 can become significant. We provide examples of the impacts of cloud/haze multiple scattering on transit spectra of a hot Jupiter-like exoplanet. For cases with a forward and conservatively scattering cloud/haze, differences due to multiple scattering effects can exceed 200 ppm, but shrink to zero at wavelength ranges corresponding to strong gas absorption or when the slant optical depth of the cloud exceeds several tens. We conclude with a discussion of types of aerosols for which multiple scattering in transit spectra may be important.
The Splitting of Double-component Active Asteroid P/2016 J1 (PANSTARRS)
Authors: Moreno F. , Pozuelos F. J. , Novaković B. , Licandro J. , Cabrera-Lavers A. , Bolin Bryce , Jedicke Robert , Gladman Brett J. , Bannister Michele T. , Gwyn Stephen D. J. , Vereš Peter , Chambers Kenneth , Chastel Serge , Denneau Larry , Flewelling Heather , Huber Mark , Schunová-Lilly Eva , Magnier Eugene , Wainscoat Richard , Waters Christopher , Weryk Robert , Farnocchia Davide , Micheli Marco
Published: February 2017

We present deep imaging observations, orbital dynamics, and dust-tail model analyses of the double-component asteroid P/2016 J1 (J1-A and J1-B). The observations were acquired at the Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC) and the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) from mid-March to late July of 2016. A statistical analysis of backward-in-time integrations of the orbits of a large sample of clone objects of P/2016 J1-A and J1-B shows that the minimum separation between them occurred most likely ∼2300 days prior to the current perihelion passage, i.e., during the previous orbit near perihelion. This closest approach was probably linked to a fragmentation event of their parent body. Monte Carlo dust-tail models show that those two components became active simultaneously ∼250 days before the current perihelion, with comparable maximum loss rates of ∼0.7 and ∼0.5 kg s−1, and total ejected masses of 8 × 106 and 6 × 106 kg for fragments J1-A and J1-B, respectively. Consequently, the fragmentation event and the present dust activity are unrelated. The simultaneous activation times of the two components and the fact that the activity lasted 6–9 months or longer, strongly indicate ice sublimation as the most likely mechanism involved in the dust emission process.
Les migrations hivernales des Européens vers le Maroc : circulations et constructions des espaces de vie
Authors: Le Bigot Brenda
Published: February 2017

La migration saisonnière des Européens au Maroc renouvèle l’approche du champ migratoire méditerranéen et remet en question les catégories classiques d’analyse de la mobilité. Majoritairement français, retraités, en couple, ces « hivernants », vivant en logement fixe ou en camping-car, s’inscrivent dans des circulations qui peuvent se déployer sur plusieurs années entre l’Europe et le Maroc. À partir d’une enquête menée à Agadir auprès de 88 retraités, l’article souhaite identifier comment ces mobilités se structurent et construisent des espaces de vie. Il resitue d’abord la place et le rôle de cette mobilité dans les parcours de vie. Sont ensuite décryptées les dimensions spatio-temporelles de ces circulations migratoires. Enfin, l’identification de pratiques et représentations transnationales et locales permet de saisir les constructions des espaces de vie, liées à ces circulations.
Les résidents européens de la médina de Fès : une nouvelle forme de migration nord-sud
Authors: Berriane Mohamed , Idrissi-Janati M’hammed
Published: February 2017

Longtemps considéré comme un foyer émetteur de flux migratoires, le Maroc est en train de devenir à son tour un pays récepteur et un lieu de croisement de flux venus du Nord et du Sud. Métropole régionale, Fès, qui avait fonctionné autrefois comme carrefour du commerce, articulant l’Afrique de l’Ouest, l’Orient arabe et le Nord de la Méditerranée, est à nouveau un pôle important dans la géographie des mobilités Nord-Sud. Elle accueille une population européenne récemment immigrée, dont les projets sont à la fois de vivre une expérience fidèle aux représentations qu’elle se fait des lieux choisis et économiques. Ces flux migratoires ont vite évolué et se sont diversifiés. Tout en suivant l’évolution dans le temps de ces installations, l’article confronte la réalité qui se dégage d’une quarantaine d’entretiens au modèle que décrivent les recherches autour du concept de lifestyle migrations . L’article analyse les multiples motivations de ces immigrés particuliers, leurs différentes situations migratoires et essaie de comprendre comment ils reconstruisent leur identité. Il conclut sur les enseignements à tirer de ce phénomène pour la compréhension du système migratoire marocain dans son ensemble.
Effet Proteus et amorçage : ces avatars qui nous influencent
Authors: Guegan Jérôme , Buisine Stéphanie , Collange Julie
Published: February 2017

À travers l’analyse des conceptions récentes et des théories classiques en psychologie, cette revue de question vise à fournir des éléments permettant de mieux comprendre l’influence que les personnages virtuels peuvent exercer sur les comportements et les attitudes des utilisateurs dans les environnements virtuels. Pour ce faire, cet article aborde l’étude des représentations numériques de soi (avatars) et des effets potentiels de l’apparence des avatars incarnés par d’autres utilisateurs et des agents conversationnels animés. Dans son ensemble, cette analyse permet d’éclairer les spécificités des interactions sociales en environnement virtuel.
La distinction à l’épreuve de la mémoire. Genèse et limites d’une perspective d’analyse
Authors: Cuartas Pablo
Published: February 2017

Considérées sous le prisme de la mémoire, certaines perspectives d’analyse se révèlent moins pertinentes qu’elles ne le sont dans la compréhension d’autres phénomènes sociaux. C’est le cas, par exemple, de la notion de « distinction sociale », mise en circulation dans l’espace de la sociologie française dès 1925 par Edmond Goblot, réhabilitée dans les années 1980 par Pierre Bourdieu. Pour l’un comme pour l’autre, une volonté plus ou moins explicite de se distinguer expliquerait nombre de choix et de comportements individuels et collectifs, tendant à affirmer une identité sur le plan moral et esthétique. Cet effort de se démarquer des autres serait donc le fondement d’une cohérence tout à fait invisible entre des élections apparemment déconnectées entre elles, allant de l’éducation au vêtement, des goûts en matière de culture aux préférences dans le domaine de la décoration, cohérence que seul le sociologue « avisé » pourrait mettre en lumière. Or, lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer l’attachement aux objets de mémoire, l’hypothèse de la distinction sociale s’avère insuffisante. Cet article se propose de rappeler, à grands traits, les origines de la « distinction sociale » comme levier interprétatif dans la sociologie française, ses limites à l’égard de phénomènes impliquant la mémoire enracinée dans l’objet et les fondements d’un « fétichisme méthodologique », en l’occurrence bien plus approprié à la compréhension de nos rapports à l’« objet de mémoire ».
Systematic analysis of DNA damage induction and DNA repair pathway activation by continuous wave visible light laser micro-irradiation
Authors: Muster Britta , Rapp Alexander , Cardoso M. Cristina
Published: February 2017

Laser micro-irradiation can be used to induce DNA damage with high spatial and temporal resolution, representing a powerful tool to analyze DNA repair in vivo in the context of chromatin. However, most lasers induce a mixture of DNA damage leading to the activation of multiple DNA repair pathways and making it impossible to study individual repair processes. Hence, we aimed to establish and validate micro-irradiation conditions together with inhibition of several key proteins to discriminate different types of DNA damage and repair pathways using lasers commonly available in confocal microscopes. Using time-lapse analysis of cells expressing fluorescently tagged repair proteins and also validation of the DNA damage generated by micro-irradiation using several key damage markers, we show that irradiation with a 405 nm continuous wave laser lead to the activation of all repair pathways even in the absence of exogenous sensitization. In contrast, we found that irradiation with 488 nm laser lead to the selective activation of non-processive short-patch base excision and single strand break repair, which were further validated by PARP inhibition and metoxyamine treatment. We conclude that these low energy conditions discriminated against processive long-patch base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair as well as double strand break repair pathways.
Augmented Reality in Informal Learning Environments
Authors: Gomes José Duarte Cardoso , Figueiredo Mauro Jorge Guerreiro , Amante Lúcia da Graça Cruz Domingues , Gomes Cristina Maria Cardoso
Published: February 2017

Augmented Reality (AR) allows computer-generated imagery information to be overlaid onto a live real world environment in real-time. Technological advances in mobile computing devices (MCD) such as smartphones and tablets (internet access, built-in cameras and GPS) made a greater number of AR applications available. This paper presents the Augmented Reality Musical Gallery (ARMG) exhibition, enhanced by AR. ARMG focuses the twentieth century music history and it is aimed to students from the 2nd Cycle of basic education in Portuguese public schools. In this paper, we will introduce the AR technology and address topics as constructivism, art education, student motivation, and informal learning environments. We conclude by presenting the first part of the ongoing research conducted among a sample group of students contemplating the experiment in educational context.
3D Animated Movies, Touch Screen Applications and Visual Motor Development of Five-Year-Old Children
Authors: Yücelyiğit Seçil , Aral Neriman
Published: February 2017

This study is implemented to investigate the effects of 3D animated movies and interactive applications on visual motor development of five year old children. The research has been performed in pretest-posttest-permanence test, experimental pattern with control group. For four months, every fifteen day experimental groups (24 children) watched eight episodes of 3D animated movies; 12 of them performed the interactive applications with computer while the other 12 performed the same applications with worksheets. 14 children in control group engaged merely their preschool education. Test of Visual Motor Skills-3 was used to collect and evaluate the visual motor skills of children. Since the data of the research was not distributed normally, non-parametric Kruskal Wallis, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data. The results of the research show that the visual motor skills of children who engaged the study in both test and control groups, had improved significantly.
A Case Study on Improving E-Learning Services Using Google Analytics in Turkey
Authors: Özen Zeki , Kartal Elif , Emre İlkim Ecem
Published: February 2017

In the past, focus of e-learning researches was mostly on technologies and materials which are directly related with learning environment such as learning management system (LMS), content management system (CMS), course contents etc. However, after emergence of big data concept, direction of researches has shifted to extract the hidden knowledge to be used by decision makers. Thus, user habits, content quality, LMS/CMS qualifications and many other issues can be improved using data stored in e-learning environment. When it comes to analyzing LMS side, Google Analytics is one of the best tools to examine performance and also to improve e-learning services. In this study, it is aimed to observe changes in user habits between 2011 and 2016 using Google Analytics data of Enocta Academic Education Platform which offers course content and LMS services for organizations and universities in Turkey. Thus, it is aimed to give advices to LMS providers in terms of improving their software considering changes in user habits. Also, different ways of improving e-learning services are discussed.
Innovative Business Models for E-Learning Entrepreneurs
Authors: Sambhanthan Arunasalam , Potdar Vidyasagar
Published: February 2017

This paper reports a state of the art literature survey undertaken on innovative e-learning business models. A review of existing business models of e-learning providers is undertaken. Three business model classification approaches for e-learning businesses are adapted for the evaluation. The e-learning business models are classified into three main categories namely managerial classification, service oriented classification and economic classification. We have then classified the literature in this line and present a priori framework developed for evaluating the e-Learning business enterprises. The research concludes with a summary of classification approaches available in the existing e-learning business domain.
Detection of Mobile Phone Fraud Using Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means Clustering and Hidden Markov Model
Authors: Subudhi Sharmila , Panigrahi Suvasini , Behera Tanmay Kumar
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a novel approach for fraud detection in mobile phone networks by using a combination of Possibilistic Fuzzy C-Means clustering and Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The clustering technique is first applied on two calling features extracted from the past call records of a subscriber generating a behavioral profile for the user. The HMM parameters are computed from the profile, which are used to generate some profile sequences for training. The trained HMM model is then applied for detecting fraudulent activities on incoming call sequences. A calling instance is detected as forged when the new sequence is not accepted by the trained model with sufficiently high probability. The efficacy of the proposed system is demonstrated by extensive experiments carried out with Reality Mining dataset. Furthermore, the comparative analysis performed with other clustering methods and another approach recently proposed in the literature justifies the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Characterization and Study Hard Layer on Steels Grade Machinery
Authors: López Perrusquia N. , Doñu Ruiz M.A. , Sánchez Huerta D. , de la Mora-Ramírez T. , Cortes-Suarez J.V.
Published: February 2017

The paper also presents the growth kinetics of the hard layers on the surface grade machinery steels type AISI 9840 with a boron dehydrated paste. The thermochemical treatment was performed at three different temperatures: 1173, 1223, and 1273 K, with 2, 4, 6, and 8 h treatment time for each temperature. The presence of the hard layers FeB and Fe2B formed on the surface AISI 9840 was confirmed by cross sectional observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD analysis and the distribution of alloy elements from hard layers was confirmed by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Using the law of parabolic growth the mobility of boron was included potential influence of boron, treatment time, temperature and time incubation in hard layers. Finally, nanoindentation technique test the modulus and hardness are obtained of the FeB and Fe2B hard layers.
Studies on the Stability of the Foamy Oil in Developing Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Busahmin Bashir , Maini Brij , Karri Rama Rao , Sabet Maziyar
Published: February 2017

In the process of natural energy depletion, foamy oil is characterized of low production Gas Oil Ratio, high oil viscosity, high daily production rate and high primary recovery factor. The stability of the foam turns out to be the prevailing factor that governs the life of the ‘foamy oil’. To enumerate the main factors affecting the stability of the foam, a high-temperature–high-pressure visualized experiment model for foamy oil stability test was developed. A serial of experiments was conducted to evaluate the performance of the foam stability. The effects of oil viscosity, height of the oil column, dissolved gas content and dispersed gas were investigated and recorded. These experiments were conducted using a Hele-Shaw, a high pressure cell. The volume of foamy oil produced, either by a step reduction in pressure or by a gradual (linear) reduction in pressure, and its subsequent decay was observed, visually. The experimental results show that foamy oil stability increases with higher oil viscosity, higher oil column, higher dissolved gas content and higher pressure decline rate. Asphaltene content was not observed to increase the foamy oil stability significantly. The results also show that the foam quality of foamy oils is much lower than aqueous foams.
Drying of Castor Bean Fruits (Ricinus communis L., "BRS Energia" Variety): An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Pereira E.M.A. , Silva J.V. , Santos J.P.S. , Andrade T.H.F. , Barbosa de Lima A.G.
Published: February 2017

This work aims to realize an experimental investigation of the drying of castor bean fruits (Ricinus communis L., “BRS Energia” variety) in oven. Results of the average moisture content and surface temperature of the product as a function of time were analyzed for different drying air temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100°C). Results shows that increasing drying temperature and decreasing air relative humidity we have an increases in the drying rate and more quickly the castor fruits reaches both thermal and hygroscopic equilibrium. It was found that high drying rates generates hydric and thermal stresses inside the product, causing cracks and deformations in the castor bean fruits.
Activation and Functional Specialization of Regulatory T Cells Lead to the Generation of Foxp3 Instability
Authors: Zhang Zhongmei , Zhang Wei , Guo Jie , Gu Qianchong , Zhu Xueping , Zhou Xuyu
Published: February 2017

Accumulating evidence suggests that Foxp3+ cells can downregulate the expression of Foxp3, but whether thymically derived regulatory T cells (tTregs; especially committed tTregs) are capable of downregulating Foxp3 expression and being reprogrammed into other T effector cells remains controversial. Using a novel tTreg lineage-tracing mouse line, we were able to label epigenetically stable Foxp3+ cells derived from the thymus and demonstrate that mature tTregs are stable under homeostatic conditions. However, TCR engagement and sequential functional specialization of tTregs led to the generation of Foxp3 instability and reprogramming into the Th lineage. We further demonstrated that the signal switch from IL-2 to ICOS during Treg activation induced Treg instability and reprogramming. By using a dual lineage tracing model, we demonstrated that effector Tregs can revert to central Tregs, and this reversion is associated with increasing Foxp3 stability in vivo.
Targeting Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin to Xcr1+ Dendritic Cells in the Absence of Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Enhances Protective Antibody Responses
Authors: Gudjonsson Arnar , Lysén Anna , Balan Sreekumar , Sundvold-Gjerstad Vibeke , Arnold-Schrauf Catharina , Richter Lisa , Bækkevold Espen S. , Dalod Marc , Bogen Bjarne , Fossum Even
Published: February 2017

Targeting Ags to conventional dendritic cells can enhance Ag-specific immune responses. Although most studies have focused on the induction of T cell responses, the mechanisms by which targeting improves Ab responses are poorly understood. In this study we present data on the use of human XCL1 (hXCL1) and hXCL2 fusion vaccines in a murine model. We show that the human chemokines bound type 1 conventional dendritic cells (cDC1), and that immunization with influenza virus hemagglutinin fused to hXCL1 or hXCL2 induced full protection against influenza challenge. Surprisingly, the hXCL1- and hXCL2-fusion vaccines induced better long-term protection associated with stronger induction of neutralizing Abs, and more Ab-secreting cells in bone marrow. In contrast, murine Xcl1 fusion vaccines induced stronger CD8+ T cell responses compared with hXCL1. Further analysis revealed that although murine Xcl1 fusion vaccines induced chemotaxis and were rapidly endocytosed by cDC1, hXCL1 and hXCL2 fusion vaccines did not induce chemotaxis, were less efficiently endocytosed, and consequently, remained on the surface. This difference may explain the enhanced induction of Abs when targeting Ag to cDC1 using hXCL1 and hXCL2, and suggests that immune responses can be manipulated in directing Abs or T cells based on how efficiently the targeted Ag is endocytosed by the DC.