bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanism Research and Identification Method of Low Resistivity Gas Layers in the M block of Algeria
Authors: Wang Kun , Yang Yuan-Qi , Xu Chao-Hui , Cheng Xiao-Dong , Chen Lei , Niu Hu-Lin
Published: November 2024

The M block in Algeria is located in the southern Sahara platform, with oil and gas reservoirs mainly composed of river-glacial marine facies, fluvial and shallow marine fine sandstones. The pore structure is complex, and the difference in resistivity logging between gas layers and water layers is not significant, resulting in difficulties in identifying and evaluating hydrocarbon zone and the occurrence of reservoir omission. Based on geological, mud logging, core experimental data, logging, formation water analysis and testing data together, the formation mechanism of low resistivity hydrocarbon zone and the response characteristics of logging curves were generalised. The research suggests that the main factors causing low resistivity in this area are strong heterogeneity, high formation water salinity, high shale content, etc. On this basis, in response to the difficulty of identifying low resistivity gas layers, three methods of assessment were constructed: resistivity reduction rate factor method, porosity curve differentiation technique method and double porosity overlap method, which can quickly identify low resistivity gas layers. The oil testing results have verified that this method significantly improves the interpretation accuracy, with a 17.2% increase in accuracy and good results. The test results show that the method can greatly improve the interpretation accuracy with current accuracy 89.1% and the method turns out to be effective. Based on the above methods, the distribution law of low resistivity oil and gas layers in the study area has been clarified, and favorable zones have been discovered, providing strong technical support for increasing reserves and production in the area.
Visualization of the Characteristics of Polymer Gel Plugging of Fracture in the Multi-Slug Process
Authors: Wang Kai , Luo Ming-Liang , Li Ming-Zhong , Wu Bei-Bei , Fan Qiao
Published: November 2024

Polymer gel is a promising system for conformance control and water shutoff in water flooding reservoirs. However, the presence of fractures in reservoirs poses a major challenge to the successful application of polymer gels. This is because direct visualization of polymer gel system flow in the fracture is still lacking. In this paper, the HPAM/CrAc gel system was used to study the transport and plugging characteristics of gel multi-slug plugging using a visualized fracture model. The experimental results showed that multi-slug plugging accompanied by gradual compaction significantly improved the blocking strength of the polymer gel within the fracture. Specifically, multi-slug plugging improves the pressure gradient of the chasing water by approximately 80-200 kPa/m compared to one-step plugging of the polymer gel. During multi-slug plugging of the fracture, the later injected gelant slugs pass through the weak areas of the prior matured gel slugs and continue to move behind them instead of pushing the prior matured gel as a whole to the distal portion of the fracture. After the polymer gel one-step plugging of the fracture, chasing water will pass through the edges of the fracture where the gel is not adequately filled or directly through the mature gel in the form of wormholes. In contrast, after multi-slug plugging of the fracture, the mature gel is not easy to be breached by chasing water because of the compaction effect, while the junction between the mature gels of each slug will become an easy area for chasing water to break through. But it is still more difficult to break through than the one-step plugging process. This research is informative for the improvement of polymer gel systems and their successful application in fractured reservoirs for conformance control and water shutoff.
Integrated Permeability Stress Sensitivity Studies of Multi-cycle Injection and Production for Underground Gas Storage
Authors: Zhang Lingfeng , Tang Kang , Shangguan Yangnan , Liao Xinwei , Zhang Wugang
Published: November 2024

This paper details the design of multi-cycle injection and production stress simulation experiments, aimed at quantitatively characterizing the permeability stress sensitivity in underground gas storage(UGS) during multiple operation cycles. Derived from the reservoir sensitivity evaluation method and the stress sensitivity coefficient method, a suite of stress sensitivity evaluation index was introduced to discuss the effect of stress variation paths on the stress sensitivity characteristics. It is found out that the stress sensitivity is common in sampled gas storage cores. Meanwhile, there is a significant stress sensitivity hysteresis effect in multi-cycle injection and withdrawal experiments. After multiple cycles, the rock stress sensitivity is less dependent on the stress path. However, due to the superposition of multiple cycle stress sensitive hysteresis effect, the multi-cycle permeability damage ratio and irreversible damage ratio increased. The phenomenon of stress sensitivity hysteresis is especially pronounced in cores with low permeability. This study offers a theoretical foundation for predicting gas storage operation schemes and formulating technical policies.
Mechanism of Minerals Action in Reservoir During CCS
Authors: Zhao Xin , Wu Baofeng , Yan Liping , Li Chenglong , Duan Yajie , Wang Xin
Published: November 2024

The carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the most effective ways to control greenhouse gases emissions and mitigate greenhouse effects. There will be a series of effects on the physical properties and chemical composition of the reservoir after CO2 injection. It is of great significance to study the effect of CO2 injection on reservoir for better CO2 storage. In this paper, Through the mechanism model established by numerical simulation technology and the phase permeability hysteresis simulation method, the whole process of reservoir pH, mineral dissolution and precipitation and porosity change during CO2 storage was accurately described. The results indicate that CO2 firstly dissolves in water to form carbonic acid after injection into the reservoir, which will cause a drastic change acid-base properties of reservoir, manifesting as a significant decrease in pH value. Under the effect of H
+, Partia mineral components(for example: anorthite) in the reservoir) are dissolved, however, some other minerals (for example: kaolinite and calcite) are precipitated, which significantly change the composition of underground aqueous solution. The reaction rate of CO2-water-rock is very slow. After stopping CO2 injection, the mineralization of all kinds of minerals still goes on for a long time. In addition, due to the effect of CO2-water-rock reaction, a certain increase of reservoir porosity is more conducive to CO2 migration in the reservoir.
The influence of multi-scale fractures on 3D geological modeling of carbonate reservoir: An application case analysis of Anyue Gas Field
Authors: Chen Weihua , Yang Miao , Wang Xi , Yang Xing , Li Xucheng , Luo Le
Published: November 2024

The carbonate reservoirs of the Dengying Formation in the Sinian system are well-developed, but with strong heterogeneity and natural fractures. Conducting three-dimensional fracture modeling research has important guiding significance for deepening the geological understanding and development plan formulation of this gas field. This paper starts from three-dimensional high-precision seismic data, distinguishes cracks of different scales, and uses deep learning technology and Aberrance detection technology to carry out multi-scale crack prediction of the target layer in the research area. Based on this, high-precision crack modeling work is carried out. The on-site construction results show that the natural crack model established by this technology series has high accuracy and has promotional application value in the next step of improving gas field development efficiency.
Study on the Influence of Structural Parameters of Microwave Heating Device on the Heating Effect of Natural Gas Hydrate Reservoir
Authors: Fan Shen , Wang Han-Xiang , Zhang Xin , Sun Bing-Yu , Ge Jia-Wang , Lv Yu-Bin , Chen Xu-Hui , Meng Xiang , Zhang Heng
Published: November 2024

The investigation into microwave heating technology for enhancing gas production from hydrate reservoir has attracted wide attention. However, the initial microwave heating device structure still has limitations of low average temperature and uneven temperature distribution in the reservoir during microwave heating. This study has established the microwave heating simulation model, which is validated by the reservoir microwave heating experiment results. Based on the simulation results of microwave heating model, the optimized structure parameters of microwave heating device are obtained: the slots distribution method is cross-distribution, the slot shape is rectangle, the slot angle is 75°, and the slot length is 30 mm. Following microwave heating with the optimized structure for 10 hours, the average temperature within the 1-meter radius of the reservoir rises from 2 °C to 9.52 °C, the maximum temperature in the reservoir is 58.21 °C, and the temperature standard deviation is 9.15 °C. The results mentioned above indicate that the optimized structure can well increase the temperature in the gas hydrate reservoir and the temperature distribution is uniform. This study will further promote the application of microwave heating technology in the actual exploitation of natural gas hydrate.
Research on Automatic Pipe Cleaning Technology for Natural Gas Medium and Low Pressure Pipelines
Authors: Liu Xin-Yu , Yang Jian-Dong , Zhang Yun , Zhang Xiang-Jing , Liu Huan-Yu , Duan Xin-Hai
Published: November 2024

As the number of low-production and low-efficiency wells in Chang Qing gas field increases gradually, and the problems of pipeline liquid accumulation, freezing plugging and leakage due to production with liquid are worsening, in view of the low efficiency of manual analysis of abnormal pipeline status, the difficulty of timely detection of potential problems and the labor intensity of manual blockage clearing operation, we study an automatic pipeline clearing technology applicable to medium- and low-pressure gas pipelines in the gas field, which mainly includes pipeline operation status analysis and early warning system and automatic pipeline clearing device. An analysis and warning algorithm module is proposed to analyze, warn and locate the frozen plugging point based on pipeline pressure, differential pressure and flow parameters in real time. A low and medium pressure balling device is designed to achieve the goals of intelligent control, pressure isolation balling and safe operation through mechanical structure design, automatic control system and safety protection system. The device and system are applied in the well field at the end of 1 and 3# trunk pipelines of Shen Mu Gas Field Station 7, which verifies the feasibility, accuracy and stability of the technology. Based on the joint operation of the pipeline analysis and warning system and the automatic pipeline clearing device, it is able to meet the remote intelligent pipeline clearing operation and pipeline maintenance tasks in the process of gas gathering and transmission in the gas field.
Analysis of classification results of rock cores with different physical properties based on clustering algorithm
Authors: Guo Qi
Published: November 2024

In response to the problem of high difficulty in development caused by different physical properties differences during water flooding in high water bearing oil fields, effective flow unit division and analysis were carried out in Zone 1 of Gangxi through flow unit analysis. The physical property classification of each rock core in the flow unit was determined using the GMM cluster algorithm. The results show that Class I flow units have high permeability and porosity, and good pore permeability performance; The porosity and permeability distribution range of Class II flow units is the widest, with some pore permeability performance comparable to or even higher than Class I, and overall pore permeability performance is good; The porosity and permeability of Class III flow units are lower than the first two types, and their pore permeability performance is relatively poor. The types of core porosity and permeability in the study area can be divided into four categories, with the majority being high permeability, ultra-high permeability, and high permeability. The new research results provide a reference basis for the study of physical property distribution and later well network deployment in the first block of Gangxi District.
Research and Application of Leakage Monitoring Techniques for Gas Field Water Pipelines
Authors: Zhong Xue , Zhang Wen-Yan , Liu Yu-Hao , Qi Jia-Yi , Gu Tao
Published: November 2024

To study the effectiveness and application effects of leakage monitoring techniques for gas field water pipelines in the Sichuan-Chongqing region, seven kinds of flow limitation holes with different diameters were used to simulate the leakage of the gas field water pipeline to carry out a field test. The monitoring conditions of two leakage monitoring techniques, namely dynamic pressure wave compound method and negative pressure wave and transmission balance method, were compared and analyzed under different working conditions. The test results showed that: (1) When the pipeline was full, the leakage with apertures being smaller than 2 mm could not be effectively monitored. A single-end alarm could be achieved using the dynamic pressure wave compound method, but the positioning was ineffective. An alarm could not be effectively achieved using the transmission balance method. (2) When the pipeline was full, for the leakage with apertures being 2 mm and above, early warning could be well achieved using the both methods, and the monitoring effects were nearly the same, with the average positioning error being about 48 m and the average alarm response time being about 58 s. (3) When there were empty pipe slug flows in the pipeline, only apertures being 5 mm and above could be alarmed; however, positioning could not be effectively achieved, and system technical indicators could not be reached. (4) When there were large elevation differences in the gas field water pipeline and empty pipe slug flows could not be eliminated, the both techniques were not applicable.
Caprock Safety Evaluation Method in CCUS Based on Latin Hypercube Sampling: A case study of a block reservoir
Authors: Hou Shan-ze , Liao Xin-wei , Wang Xiao-chen , Zhang Ling-feng , Chen Zhi-ping
Published: November 2024

CO2 geological sequestration is one of the essential means to achieve carbon neutrality goals. However, substantial CO2 sequestration in formations can lead to leakage issues, primarily through the caprock, involving caprock rupture, leakage along caprock fractures/faults, and capillary leakage. Therefore, establishing a method to assess the safety of the caprock during CO2 storage processes is crucial. Firstly, a numerical simulation model is constructed based on parameters from the target block to study the influences of reservoir property, development parameters, and caprock parameters on CO2 flooding, gas injection, and CO2 storage. Latin hypercube sampling is employed for scheme design and subsequent result analysis, applying Spearman’s method to analyze the controlling factors in each CO2 storage. Secondly, using continuous gas flooding as an example, the migration pattern of CO2 in the formation is investigated, and the influence of the formation pressure distribution on caprock safety is analyzed. Finally, considering the comprehensive impact of different parameters on caprock safety, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of caprock safety in the target block is conducted. The study indicates that caprock permeability is the most critical factor affecting safety operation across all storage stages, with respective highest positive correlation coefficients of 0.413, 0.356, and 0.221 in different stages. The migration of CO2 in the formation is primarily influenced by the distribution of injection wells and gas migration channels. The established quantitative evaluation standard for caprock safety in the target block calculates a suitability degree of 3.43, suggesting a relatively secure caprock in the block suitable for achieving long-term stable CO2 storage. This research provides theoretical support for the safety analysis of caprock in different stages of CO2 flooding and storage, offering a scientific basis for the safety operation of CCUS schemes.
Research on DFN Fracture Modeling and Fracturing Network Expansion Simulation Method for Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Yong Jie , Ge Li , Qin Li , Sun Jian , Liu Fei , Liu Kaiyuan
Published: November 2024

The degree of natural fracture formation and their link to hydraulic fracturing fractures are critical factors in production in the current large-scale fracturing development of shale gas reservoirs. Any magnitude of fractured reservoir heterogeneity may be described using the Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) model. This paper builds on earlier research by providing an additional summary of the multiscale DFN fracture modeling method, analyzing the fracture occurrence using statistical analysis techniques, analyzing the fracture scale using fractal theory, and determining the fracture development degree by combining the fracture attributes in imaging logging and three-dimensional seismic data. Different-scale fracture network models were developed. Simulating the growth of hydraulic fractures accurately using Mohr Coulomb and Barton Bandis criteria, this study also takes into account the interaction between natural and hydraulic fractures, as well as the physical properties of the rock (e.g., elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio), closure pressure, crustal stress field, and other factors. The fracture network information, sitmulated reservoir volume, stress shadow and other attributes obtained from fracturing simulation can further analyze and evaluate the effect of fracturing simulation, and optimize the well location deployment plan and construction plan in combination with geological engineering conditions.
Field Application of Evaluation Model for Development Effect on Horizontal Waterflooding in Thin Low-permeability Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Hu Dandan , Wu Yuanbing , Zhang Haikuan , Ma Ruicheng , Li Qianyao , Hu Songhao , Chen Yihang
Published: November 2024

Low-permeability carbonate reservoirs with layered characteristics generally exist in Middle East district. The reservoirs achieved low recovery efficiency using vertical well by depletion mode in the early stage, and low horizontal and vertical sweep efficiency by vertical waterflooding due to high permeability streak and interlayer. Some oilfields in the district has successively implemented horizontal waterflooding technology and achieved good development results. Feasible and effective report has not been provided yet on the problem that the range of recoverable reserves and recovery efficiency can be increased by horizontal waterflooding. Considering some oilfields accomplished horizontal waterflooding in quick succession and some oilfields were just developed by horizontal waterflooding, practical resolution should be recommended such as the corresponding evaluation model for enhancing recovery efficiency range of the technology. The paper put forward an evaluation model for enhancing recovery reserves and recovery efficiency of horizontal waterflooding based on production decline model and waterflooding curve model. The resolution can also provide an evaluation basis of enhancing recovery efficiency for optimization and adjustment of horizontal water flooding. Applications of these concepts are illustrated with D oilfield in Oman. Results indicated that recovery efficiency by horizontal waterflooding after natural depletion development may be increased around 25% and about 4% by the optimization and adjustment process. The evaluation model will be used effectively to predict IOR effect of the similar reservoirs in Middle East oilfields.
Effects of pH on Polyacrylamide Polymers in Chemical Degradation: A Review
Authors: Liu Kexin , Liu Pingli , Du Juan
Published: November 2024

Chemicals, such as strong oxidant and acid, are generally used for removing the polymer (mainly polyacrylamide polymer) damage in polymer injection wells. The strong oxidant degrades the polymer by breaking polymer molecular chain, but the mechanism of polymer degradation by acid or pH has not been fully studied. Therefore, the previous studies on the effect of pH value on polymers are reviewed in this paper, and the basic principle of oxidative degradation of polymers, the effect of pH on polymer production, and the principle of viscosity reduction of polymers caused by acid solution are emphatically described. A large number of studies have found that the principle of oxidative degradation of polymers is the fracture of polymer molecular chains, and the reduction of polymer viscosity by acid solution does not cause the polymer molecular chains to break, but only makes the polymer molecular chains tightly wound and shrink. The results showed that the effect of pH on polymer viscosity is reversible. The acid solution makes the polymer molecular chain tightly wound and contract by reducing the pH value of the polymer solution, reducing the viscosity of the solution, but the polymer chains are not broken, and by increasing the pH value of the polymer solution through the alkali solution, the viscosity of the solution can be increased, and even the polymer molecular chain can be restored to the original state. So, the oxidant is still essential to degrade polymers. It is unreasonable to evaluate the degradation effect of polymer only based on the change of polymer viscosity. Various factors such as molecular weight and molecular structure should be considered comprehensively through various detection methods. Through the research and discussion of this problem, the relevant experimental research of polymer degradation can be further improved, which provides some new ideas for the research of plugging removal and injection increase in oil Wells, and lays a foundation for plugging removal technology and technology in oil Wells.
Possibilities For Using Ionic Liquids In The Polymerization Process
Authors: Pashayeva Ziyarat Naghi , İBragimova Minavar Jafar , Abdullayeva Fakhriyya Mohammad
Published: November 2024

The paper investigates the polymerization of various methacrylate esters in different ionic liquids (ILs) and compares the results with those obtained in traditional organic solvents, particularly benzene. The study highlights the influence of ILs on the polymerization process, focusing on factors such as polymer yield, average molecular weight, and thermal stability. The results indicate a relatively higher degree of polymerization in ILs compared to benzene under identical conditions. Additionally, polymers synthesized in ILs exhibit higher average molecular weights and thermal stability. The observed differences are attributed to the unique properties of ILs, such as low chain transfer rate constants and the ability to stabilize active radicals during polymerization. The findings underscore the potential of ILs as promising reaction media for polymer synthesis, offering improved efficiency and polymer properties compared to conventional organic solvents.
Development of GIS-based framework for reservoir data management and quality evaluation
Authors: Yi Ziliang , Yao Jun
Published: November 2024

Accurately measuring and understanding reservoirs is critical for ensuring successful reservoir development, reservoir development evaluation have become an increasingly important issue in reservoir development engineering and present many challenges, particularly when attempting to integrate and visualize multiple types of data. This paper presents the methodologies, techniques and integrated services adopted for the design and implementation of A quantitative oil and gas reservoir data management and evaluation system. The system is an integrated application based on petroleum geology and GIS technology for managing, displaying, administering and analyzing petroleum geological data. In addition, the system is capable of evaluating reservoir quality and input data quality which provides effective recommendations for the design and preparation of reservoir development programs. In this study, a GIS-based quantitative evaluation module was developed considering both reservoir and input data quality. In this case, the reservoir quality index is determined by five major elements, and the input data quality is determined by the quality of six data sources. The weights of each element are determined by principal component analysis (PCA). Developed a raw data output processing software in C# using ArcGIS engine functions, which automatically generates visual maps and reservoir quality assessment information. The feasibility of the platform is verified by using the geological data of Linfen gas field Formation in the eastern slope of Shanxi. The integrated framework system proposed in this study enables decision-makers and the publics to quickly response to oil reservoir development events and allows an easy adaptation to other regional and scientific domains related to real-time monitoring and evaluating.
Adaptability Analysis of Gathering and Transportation Pipelines in W Shale Gas Field at Different Production Stages
Authors: Chen Lu , He Guoxi , Liu Xin , Tang Xin , Gan Linlin , Gan Yuzhi
Published: November 2024

This article analyzes the adaptability of the gathering and transportation pipelines of M well area from W shale gas field in different production stages. The pipelines are divided into three categories according to the degrees of being influenced by new pipelines. Typical pipeline transportation adaptability is analyzed, and improvement measures are proposed. The results show that the proportion of pipelines whose adaptability levels are above “medium” is 100%, 56%, and 39% in the early, middle, and late stages of production, respectively, which shows a decreasing trend. The adaptability level of the first type of pipeline decreases with the decrease of pipeline flow rate. Building a new pipeline can improve the adaptability level of the second type of pipeline downstream of the pipeline network. Building two or more pipelines can maintain the adaptability level of the third type of pipeline downstream of the pipeline network at “high” or “relatively high”. In response to the reduced adaptability in the middle and late stages, pigging and boosting simulations are conducted. A pigging plan and a rolling “platform boosting in coordination with centralized boosting” plan is developed, resulting in a 92% and 87% increase in transport efficiency in the middle and late stages, respectively. It was also demonstrated that cleaning can be one of the measures to enhance gas production. This article proposes the concept of adaptability analysis for different production stages in shale gas fields for the first time, and proposes reasonable measures to improve the adaptability of shale gas pipeline networks.
Mobility and Method of Enhanced Oil Recovery for Yingxiongling Shale Oil
Authors: Zhao Wenkai , Jia Fengjuan , Lin Hai , Wang Zhisheng , Wan Youyu , Liu Le , Zhang Chenjuan , Wu Songtao , Sui Guojie , Feng Daqiang , Zhang Shaobin
Published: November 2024

There are abundant shale oil resources in Yingxiong Ling, Qaidam Basin, but the oil recovery rate is low due to complex lithofacies types, large physical property differences, diverse pore types and structures, and strong heterogeneity. In order to improve the oil recovery efficiency of Yingxiong Ling shale oil, based on the analysis of the factors affecting the micro-mobility of Yingxiong Ling shale oil, through spontaneous imbibition and nuclear magnetic test, the oil mobility evaluation of different lithology reservoirs and different pore structures and the feasibility of surfactant to improve oil recovery were carried out. The research results show that: (1) Yingxiong Ling shale oil has considerable mobile hydrocarbon base, effective seepage channels, high viscosity reduction conditions and elastic properties, and has the potential for efficient development. (2) In the spontaneous imbibition state, the utilization efficiency of laminar limestone and laminar limestone are 10% and 12.5%, respectively, and that of small pores, large pores and texture cracks are 6.7%, 5.2% and 1.8%, respectively. The overall utilization efficiency is low. (3) The solution containing surfactant components can effectively improve the crude oil production degree of Gan Chaigou shale oil reservoir. The variable-viscosity fracturing fluid can increase the oil production efficiency to 21.46%, and the nano-emulsion can increase the oil production efficiency to 33.43%. The surfactant has a significant effect on the EOR of Yingxiong Ling shale oil. Based on the analysis of micromobility, the characteristics of crude oil mobility and the experimental results of enhanced oil recovery by surfactants, it is concluded that the oil recovery of Yingxiong Ling shale oil can be greatly improved by combining high efficiency surfactants with large-scale volumetric fracturing.
Research on wax removal and prevention technology of White Wolf City oil well
Authors: Liu Gang , Li Shuo , Qi Chunming , Gao Tengfei , Cheng Cheng
Published: November 2024

Oil well wax removal technology is an important subject in the process of oil field exploitation. This paper analyzes the mechanism and characteristics of wax formation in oil Wells by measuring the amount of wax in crude oil in Baiwolcheng oil area. When the waxy component, which usually exists in liquid form, is accompanied by crude oil from underground to the ground, the waxy crystal precipitates and deposits in the inner wall of oil pipe due to the gradual decrease of the temperature of crude oil. The phenomenon of paraffin formation, paraffin formation process and paraffin formation law of oil well are studied, and chemical paraffin removal and anti-wax technology is determined as the main research object, evaluation and optimization of paraffin removal and anti-wax agent, and determination of dosage concentration and dosage.
Impact of Material Balance Calculation on Trapped Gas in Water-drive Gas Reservoir
Authors: Zhu Zhiqiang , Deng Jingfu , Li Zhanfeng , Zhang Zhenjie , Liu Bin
Published: November 2024

The development of water-drive gas reservoir takes a very important position in China. Not only its recovery is markedly lower than that of dry gas reservoir, but also its residual gas saturation is higher. The main reason has been proven in the lab is water invasion which can generate trapped gas by sealing gas in porous media. However, it is still difficult to calculate the volume of trapped gas theoretically and practically. In order to quantify trapped gas, we designed experiments to simulate the development of water-drive gas reservoir. The experimental system can provide accurate measurements on gas production, water influx, pressure and so on. The results showed that the original material balance equations are not consistent with experimental data when water invasion happens. With water influx increasing, the errors become more obvious. This phenomenon has been repeated for many times in our lab. On basis of this phenomenon and with the analysis of many experimental data, we observed that water influx causes some high pressure trapped gas which is not considered in original material balance equation. By regression analysis, we proposed a correction term which can be added to the original material balance equation to effectively eliminate the disagreements between the results of original equation and the experiments. The modified material balance equation was also verified by field cases. The correction term can be applied to quantify the degree of trapped gas, which is significant to calculate the water influx and to predict production and improves the original material balance equation so that the trapped gas in water-drive gas reservoir can be fully considered. The correction term is proposed through statistical regression analysis based on a large number of experimental data. The modified material balance equation with the correction term can quantify the trapped gas and have a great significant impact on the development of water-drive gas reservoir, especially on the water influx calculation and production prediction.
Research and Application of Chemical Sand Control without Blockage in WellBore
Authors: Pu Shijie , Kou Huimin , Li Qiju , Song Yangrong , Tang Fan , Jia Zhiwei
Published: November 2024

The main sand control methods for oil production wells in a certain Oilfield include mechanical filling sand control, artificial well bore reconstruction with coated sand, and phenolic resin sand control. Mechanical filling for sand control requires the well bore to be intact, with residual pipe columns in the well that cannot meet the testing fluid profile, and subsequent processing often requires major repairs; The construction pressure of artificial well bore is high, and the production of chemical resin sand control is significantly reduced. In order to ensure the consolidation strength, both sand control processes are under displacement operations, and the well bore above the top boundary of the perforated layer is fixed with a plug that needs to be drilled. Research on a new type of chemical sand control technology for well bore without blockage. By using biomass cellulose crystals with smaller particle size and resin in the sand fixing agent combination, the sand particles in the formation are well coated, and condensation reaction occurs to achieve the goal of sand control. The casing will not solidify to create well bore blockage, avoiding later drilling and plugging operations. The construction pressure is low, the damage to the casing is small, and it has a certain degree of selectivity. After sand control, the water content can be reduced by more than 10%. It is suitable for sand control operations in casing damage wells, casing change wells, high inclination wells, and horizontal wells, and can be used for packer construction. As of December 2023, there have been 8 on-site applications with a success rate of 100%, Average water content reduced by 13%, and a cumulative recovery of 2936 tons of oil production. This has safely and efficiently solved the sand control problem in complex well conditions.
Bohr versus Einstein
Authors: Werner Reinhard
Published: November 2024

Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein were extraordinarily famous physicists who feuded in the early days of quantum mechanics. Their debate was really a clash between two opposing conceptions of the foundations of quantum mechanics. These views were also debated by many other people. So it is not so much their debate as a clash of views of which they were the most prominent proponents. This paper will begin by introducing the opponents and then give an overview of the events and the opposing standpoints, roughly characterised as “local realism” and “operationalism”. It will then follow the course of the debate in three rounds.
The Cartesian background: England and France
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: November 2024

The 17th and 18th century opposition between Cartesian and Newtonian science is often depicted as a contest between a priorism and speculation on one hand, and observation and mathematical proof on the other, one of which won out. This is a simplification. In 17th century England Cartesian natural philosophy, including the vortex theory of the planetary orbits, was (intentionally) easy to understand. It was seen however as poorly disguised atheism and widely disparaged on that account by influential theologians. Amongst the 18th century French philosophes, this aspect of Cartesianism was hardly a problem. Newtonianism now denoted an appetite for exciting experimental demonstrations as against the dead letter of scientific books, including not only René Descartes’s Principles but also Isaac Newton’s (for most readers) largely impenetrable Principia.
Émilie du Châtelet’s Institutions de Physique: a Leibnizian-Newtonian Synthesis? A methodological approach
Authors: Rey Anne-Lise
Published: November 2024

This paper seeks to show how historiographical categories that place philosophies within schools of thought entail accepting a high theoretical cost: the category circumscribes a general framework for interpretation, but at the same time conceals what makes a particular thought unique and sometimes original. If they are only Leibnizian or Newtonian, why give them a place in the corpus? In order to establish the limits and challenges of this categorisation, this paper coins the category of ‘Leibnizo-Newtonianism’, not in order to identify a paradoxical school of thought, but rather to question this reading of the history of philosophy. On the other hand, it proposes to use the analysis of epistemological practices (the relationship between hypothesis and experience, the status of principle etc.) to identify the problem Émilie du Châtelet set out to answer: how can one establish the certainty of our knowledge of nature?
Waves on the Isis: Albert Einstein and Erwin Schrödinger in Oxford
Authors: Robinson Andrew
Published: November 2024

Albert Einstein stayed in Oxford for three relatively brief periods in 1931, 1932 and 1933 at the invitation of the physicist Frederick Lindemann, who was also responsible for inviting Erwin Schrödinger to stay for a much longer period in 1933-36. While there, Einstein gave a controversial lecture, “On the Method of Theoretical Physics”, stressing the importance of mathematics over experiment, which is still much discussed; and Schrödinger published a key physics paper in German introducing ‘entanglement’ and his highly influential cat ‘paradox’. This paper explores the two men’s radically different reactions to the University and the city, ranging from Oxford’s science to its political and cultural life—which often pleased Einstein, who lived in college, but generally displeased Schrödinger, who refused to live in college—thereby creating markedly different waves on the River Isis.
‘A sincere hand and a faithful eye’: the many interests of Robert Hooke (1635–1703)
Authors: Kusukawa Sachiko
Published: November 2024

Since the tercentenary of Robert Hooke’s death, Hooke’s polymathic interests have received much scholarly attention. This paper discusses his interests as reflected via his drawings, which are perhaps less well known. His drawings played an important part in scientific record-keeping at the Royal Society and enabled visualisation of manufacturing processes, objects, mechanisms and theories. His graphic skills were important tools for his observational and empirical studies. Hooke’s artistic ability is therefore a worthy addition to his many-sided talents.
Mary Somerville the polymath: mathematics, astronomy and orange marmalade
Authors: Boreham Ruth
Published: November 2024

Mary Somerville (1780-1872) was called ‘Queen of Science’ in a newspaper obituary and was the author of four books and one article. But to define her as just one thing is difficult – she was more than just a mathematician, a writer, a scientist. Skills she learnt as a girl in order to attract a husband also proved useful to her success. If a polymath is someone who knows a lot about many subjects, then Mary was most definitely one and this paper will show her knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, geography, microscopic work and more.
Audio surveillance, communication technologies and the submarine threat during the First World War
Authors: Bruton Elizabeth
Published: November 2024

This paper is a summary of a talk, “Hydrophones and piezoelectricity: Ernest Rutherford and anti-submarine innovations in the Royal Navy during World War I”, presented at the HAPP Physics and the Great War one-day conference in 2015, which in turn was based on research for a journal article co-authored with Paul Coleman published in History and Technology journal in 2016 as “Listening in the dark: audio surveillance, communication technologies, and the submarine threat during the First World War” [1].

This paper explores the pivotal role of acoustic surveillance, communication technologies including wireless telegraphy and the development of the hydrophone and other naval technologies as a response to the German U-boat submarine threat during the First World War. The First World War was the first truly global industrial conflict with all belligerents having access to new and adapted technologies including aircraft, sophisticated artillery, wireless telegraphy and submarines. The conflict marked a significant shift in naval warfare with the widespread use of submarines or U-boats by the German military. “Listening in the dark” highlights the challenges faced by the Allied Forces in countering the U-boat threat, emphasising the need for innovative organisational changes and the development of cutting-edge technologies through combined civilian-military research, particularly in the realm of electro-acoustic listening and wireless communication. By the War’s conclusion naval warfare had ultimately transformed to prioritise enhanced listening capabilities over traditional visual methods.
Warfare and wind tunnel: engineers, physicists, and the evolution of combat aircraft 1914-1918
Authors: Smith Adrian A.
Published: November 2024

The British aircraft industry was transformed across the course of the First World War. Annual output grew exponentially, while by 1917-1918 the intensity of wartime research and development saw technologically advanced machines seeking air supremacy in all theatres of operation, most notably the Western Front. Capability had been inhibited by the absence of reliable, high performance power units, but ultimately production and procurement problems were resolved. This heroic narrative warrants qualification given the high ratio of poor to outstanding aircraft and the reality that in August 1914 Britain was by no means wholly unequipped to wage war in the air: the development programmes of the National Physical Laboratory and Royal Aircraft Factory, and the Royal Naval Air Service’s collaboration with science-based companies such as Short Brothers run counter to a popular belief that machines were still crudely built and militarily ineffective. There existed a working partnership between pioneer engineers and designers, schooled in applied science at metropolitan technical colleges, and graduate physicists and mathematicians encouraged by far-sighted dons to join a fledgling but fast-growing industry. That fusion of theory and practice, academic and industrial, was consolidated once British science’s human assets were mobilised to wage ‘industrial war’. Yes, aviation saw huge changes across the War, but the continuity is striking: before 1914 designers and air frame manufacturers were drawn from both the shop floor and the varsity, a wartime infusion of research scientists generated remarkable advances in aeronautics and in consequence a vital extension of Allied air power; and after 1918 companies survived retrenchment thanks to a durable combination of the entrepreneurial engineer and the experimental analyst.
Discovering our Sun: From the most important god to a mere dwarf star
Authors: Diego Francisco
Published: November 2024

This is a graphic description of the Sun as a source of fascination and awe since the very early civilisations with its importance for life and the horror of seeing it disappearing in the middle of the day and how ancient generations followed its movements throughout the year, building clever monuments to mark its rising and setting position on the horizon. The principles of astrology are dealt with and the amazing intuition of ancient Greek philosophers who suggested that the Sun could be a nearby star is admired. The journey ends by placing the Sun amongst the stars in a wonderful confluence of myth, art and science.
Unsolved questions and future prospects for understanding the Sun
Authors: Browning Philippa
Published: November 2024

This paper brings our study of the Sun up to the present day, outlining questions about the Sun which remain unsolved and indicating some directions for future progress. Current and future instrumentation, both space and ground-based, are described.
Celestial shadows: From terror and myth to science and beauty
Authors: Diego Francisco
Published: November 2024

This paper tells a graphical story of the ancestral importance of the Sun as a seemingly eternal source of light and heat. It describes the terror produced by the sudden disappearance of the Sun in the middle of the day and the imaginative myths that these dark events have generated worldwide. Then the science will include a description of a total solar eclipse and what can be learnt from the extended atmosphere of the Sun, the corona, once it becomes visible against the darkened sky during the precious moments of totality. There are subtle distortions produced by powerful magnetic fields that modulate the shape of the corona along a solar cycle of activity of eleven years. And yet, as the fast drop in temperature and sudden darkness over the landscape just before totality is experienced, we still feel that primeval fear and terror forever embedded in our humanity.
Searching for extraterrestrial intelligence across a century
Authors: Siemion Andrew
Published: November 2024

This short paper explores the century-long journey of searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) with a focus on the radiowave spectrum. Beginning with early experiments by David Todd and Charles Jenkins, who attempted interplanetary communication using radio technology, it traces the historical development of SETI. The paper discusses significant milestones, such as Project OZMA in 1961 and the transition to modern searches, particularly the Breakthrough Listen project, which represents the most comprehensive effort in SETI history. The vastness of the Universe, the potential for life in various planetary systems and the challenges of differentiating between basic life and intelligent life are highlighted. The discussion includes the concept of technosignatures—signals indicative of advanced technology—and the advancements in telescope technology like the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) that enhance SETI capabilities. Recent developments are also addressed, such as an intriguing signal detected in 2020 and the future of SETI is envisioned, including the possibility of building a radio telescope on the far side of the Moon to escape interference from human technosignatures as humans continue to expand into space.
The Martian: science fiction and science fact
Authors: Green James L.
Published: November 2024

The book and the film The Martian stand as a testament to the powerful synergy between art, science fiction and science. Written by Andy Weir, the book was turned into a blockbuster film by Fox Studios that wowed audiences and critics alike. To accomplish this visually stunning film, the collaboration between Director Ridley Scott’s production team and the NASA Mars team with other key consultants delivered an unforgettable cinematic masterpiece, one that not only entertained but also inspired audiences to dream big and embrace the spirit of exploration that drives humanity’s quest for knowledge about space and Mars. The Martian captivates audiences with its breathtaking Mars landscape visuals and realistic portrayal of space exploration. It strikes a perfect balance between science and storytelling, grounding its depiction of Mars and the challenges faced by astronauts in, mostly, scientific reality. The film’s reasonably accurate portrayal of Mars, supported by collaboration with NASA, adds to its authenticity and appeal.
The different faces of time in physics
Authors: Brown Harvey R.
Published: November 2024

Time in physics has several faces and in an important sense, is not really a thing at all. This paper examines a number of the features of time in physics with particular emphasis on the role of clocks in relativistic physics.