bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure Evolution, Tensile/Nanoindentation Response, and Work-Hardening Behaviour of Prestrained and Subsequently Annealed LPBF 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Efremenko Bohdan , Chabak Yuliia , Petryshynets Ivan , Efremenko Vasily , Wu Kaiming , Arshad Sundas , Kromka František
Published: February 2025

Additive manufacturing is increasingly used to produce metallic biomaterials, and post-processing is gaining increasing attention for improving the properties of as-built components. This study investigates the effect of work hardening followed by recrystallisation annealing on the tensile and nanoindentation behaviour of laser powder bed-fused (LPBF) 316L stainless steel, with the aim of optimising its mechanical properties. As-built and thermally stabilised (at 900 °C) specimens were prestrained in a uniaxially tensile manner at room temperature (0.12 plastic strain, ~75% of maximum work hardening) and subsequently annealed (at 900 °C or 1050 °C for 1 h). The microstructure and mechanical properties were then characterised by optical microscopy, SEM, EBSD, XRD, nanoindentation, and tensile testing. It was found that prestraining increased yield tensile strength (YTS) 1.2–1.7 times (to 690–699 MPa) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) ~1.2 times (to 762–770 MPa), but decreased ductility 1.5 times. Annealing led to recovery and partial static recrystallisation, decreasing YTS (to 403–427 MPa), restoring ductility, and increasing the strain hardening rate; UTS and indentation hardness were less affected. Notably, the post-LPBF thermal stabilisation hindered recrystallisation and increased its onset temperature. Mechanical property changes under prestraining and annealing are discussed with respect to microstructure and crystalline features (microstrain, crystal size, dislocation density). All specimens exhibited ductile fractures with fine/ultra-fine dimples consistent with the as-built cellular structure. The combined treatment enhanced tensile strength whilst preserving sufficient ductility, achieving a strength–ductility product of 40.3 GPa·%. This offers a promising approach for tailoring LPBF 316L for engineering applications.
Machining Safety in Dry Rough Milling of Casting Magnesium Alloy AZ91D Using Carbide End Mills with Different Geometries
Authors: Zagórski Ireneusz
Published: February 2025

The machining of magnesium alloys poses the hazard of uncontrolled sparking or ignition. Machining safety indicators such as ignition time and temperature, unit mass of chips and their morphology are presented in this study. Different carbide end mill helix angles λs = 20° and λs = 50° were used. It was shown that the AZ91D alloy could be dry-milled within a wide range of machining parameters without the chip ignition hazard. Nonetheless, for a tool with 50° helix angle a powder chip fraction was observed. As a result of varying vc and fz, smaller fragmentation of chips was observed for a tool with λs 20°. The most desirable leading fraction A was, respectively, up to 84% for λs 20° and up to 67% for λs 50° (in the case of vc analysis); up to 87% for λs 20° and up to 83% for λs 50° (in the case of fz analysis). Morphological images of chips proved the risk-free range of the tested milling conditions up to 1200 m/min and 0.03 mm/tooth (the chips were free from partial melting and burn marks). The use of a test stand demonstrated that time to ignition was an effective parameter for performing simplified simulations of chip ignition.
Drilling Parameter Control Based on Online Identification of Drillability and Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Dai Jianbo , Yin Xilu , Zhang Yan , Si Lei , Wei Dong , Wang Zhongbin , Zhao Longmei
Published: February 2025

Aiming at the problem that drilling parameters are difficult to adjust in time for the driller due to the complex geological environment in underground coal mines, a drilling parameter control method based on online identification of drillability and multi-objective optimization of drilling parameters is proposed. A drillability grade identification model is established, with rotational speed and torque as input parameters, which can accurately identify the current drilling state. A multi-objective optimization model of the optimal drilling parameters is established with the mechanical specific energy and drilling speed prediction model as the objective functions, and the NSGA-II algorithm and TOPSIS algorithm are used for solutions and decision-making. A fuzzy PID controller is established. For the control of rotational speed parameters and drilling pressure parameters, the advantages and disadvantages of the fuzzy PID control method and the traditional PID control method are compared through simulation and experiments. A control method based on the drillability identification model and the multi-objective optimization model is established. According to the different drillability grades, the drilling parameters are adjusted in time to ensure the normal drilling state. By constantly approaching the optimal parameters through the drilling parameters, the drilling efficiency is improved. Through experimental verification, this control method effectively prevents the occurrence of drilling speed reduction and intermittent sticking and can adjust the drilling parameters to continuously optimize.
Optimized Hydrodynamic Design for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Fan Gang , Liu Xiaojin , Hao Yanan , Yin Guoling , He Long
Published: February 2025

In this study, the drag coefficient and lift-to-drag ratio variation with angle of attack and velocity are analyzed by numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics of the initial shape of an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV). Based on this, the response surface method (RSM) and multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) are used to optimize the geometric parameters of the shape, aiming to improve the lift-to-drag ratio and reduce the mass. In the study, a second-order response surface model was constructed to analyze the relationship between the target variables and the structural geometric parameters, and the MOGA algorithm effectively searched for the globally optimal solution. The optimization results show that the lift-to-drag ratio is increased from 0.684 to 0.778 and the mass of the shell is reduced from 26.6 kg to 24.06 kg, which significantly improves the hydrodynamic performance of the AUV. The optimization method not only improves the performance of the AUV, but also provides a valuable reference for its hydrodynamic design, which has a good application prospect.
Sensitivity Analysis Based on E-TOPSIS Combined with MORIME-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Sprayer Frame Design Optimization
Authors: Zhou Shaohao , Chen Qi , Zhang Lihua
Published: February 2025

This study establishes a sensitivity evaluation system based on the E-TOPSIS method and combines it with the MORIME algorithm for the optimization design of the frame. First, a three-dimensional model and a finite element analysis model of the frame were developed. The loading conditions of the frame were then analyzed, followed by static and modal analyses. Modal data of the frame were also extracted. The experimental results prove the reliability of the established finite element model and the subsequent optimization results. A sensitivity evaluation system based on the E-TOPSIS method was established in this study. Using this system, the sensitivity of the frame components with respect to three different performance parameters was analyzed, enabling the scientific and rapid selection of 17 design variables and significantly reducing the optimization workload. The experimental design was then conducted using Latin hypercube sampling and CCD sampling methods. Finally, the multi-objective lightweight design of the selected components was performed based on the MORIME algorithm. After optimization, the stress increased by 12.01% and 1.52% under two operating conditions, while deformation increased by 0.647 mm and 0.607 mm, and the frame mass was reduced by 22.754 kg, a decrease of 12.8%. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Comparative Study of Brownian Dynamics Based on the Jerk Equation Against a Stochastic Process Under an External Force Field
Authors: Ruiz-Silva Adriana , Cassal-Quiroga Bahia Betzavet , Escalante-Gonzalez Rodolfo de Jesus , Del-Puerto-Flores José A. , Gilardi-Velazquez Hector Eduardo , Campos Eric
Published: February 2025

Brownian motion has been studied since 1827, leading to numerous important advances in many branches of science and to it being studied primarily as a stochastic dynamical system. In this paper, we present a deterministic model for the Brownian motion for a particle in a constant force field based on the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model. By adding one degree of freedom, the system evolves into three differential equations. This change in the model is based on the Jerk equation with commutation surfaces and is analyzed in three cases: overdamped, critically damped, and underdamped. The dynamics of the proposed model are compared with classical results using a random process with normal distribution, where despite the absence of a stochastic component, the model preserves key Brownian motion characteristics, which are lost in stochastic models, giving a new perspective to the study of particle dynamics under different force fields. This is validated by a linear average square displacement and a Gaussian distribution of particle displacement in all cases. Furthermore, the correlation properties are examined using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) for compared cases, which confirms that the model effectively replicates the essential behaviors of Brownian motion that the classic models lose.
Coverage Optimization with Balanced Capacitated Fragmentation
Authors: Seda Milos , Seda Pavel
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates a specialized variant of the set covering problem, addressing the optimal allocation of service centers to ensure that all customers (or larger entities, such as urban areas) have access to specialized services within a predefined acceptable distance, referred to as the threshold. In addition to minimizing the number of service centers required or their total cost, this study emphasizes the critical importance of balancing capacity fragmentation—defined as the uneven distribution of service demand across facilities—to enhance accessibility and ensure equitable service delivery for customers. We propose an innovative mathematical model with additional practical constraints related to service deployment and designed to optimize both coverage and capacity fragmentation within a defined region. The model is validated through simulations implemented in GAMS, which document that this software tool is capable of solving even large problem instances in a reasonable amount of time. The results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness in addressing real-world challenges associated with equitable and efficient service allocation.
New Results About Aggregation Functions of Quasi-Pseudometric Modulars
Authors: Fructuoso-Bonet Alejandro , Rodríguez-López Jesús
Published: February 2025

In recent studies, Bibiloni-Femenias, Miñana, and Valero characterized the functions that aggregate a family of (quasi-)(pseudo)metric modulars defined over a fixed set X into a single one. In this paper, we adopt a related but different approach to examine those functions that allow us to define a (quasi-)(pseudo)metric modular in the Cartesian product of (quasi-)(pseudo)metric modular spaces. We base our research on the recent development of a general theory of aggregation functions between quantales. This enables us to shed light between the two different ways of aggregation (quasi-)(pseudo)metric modulars.
A Differential Privacy Framework with Adjustable Efficiency–Utility Trade-Offs for Data Collection
Authors: Kim Jongwook , Cho Sae-Hong
Published: February 2025

The widespread use of mobile devices has led to the continuous collection of vast amounts of user-generated data, supporting data-driven decisions across a variety of fields. However, the growing volume of these data raises significant privacy concerns, especially when they include personal information vulnerable to misuse. Differential privacy (DP) has emerged as a prominent solution to these concerns, enabling the collection of user-generated data for data-driven decision-making while protecting user privacy. Despite their strengths, existing DP-based data collection frameworks are often faced with a trade-off between the utility of the data and the computational overhead. To address these challenges, we propose the differentially private fractional coverage model (DPFCM), a DP-based framework that adaptively balances data utility and computational overhead according to the requirements of data-driven decisions. DPFCM introduces two parameters, α and β, which control the fractions of collected data elements and user data, respectively, to ensure both data diversity and representative user coverage. In addition, we propose two probability-based methods for effectively determining the minimum data each user should provide to satisfy the DPFCM requirements. Experimental results on real-world datasets validate the effectiveness of DPFCM, demonstrating its high data utility and computational efficiency, especially for applications requiring real-time decision-making.
Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting Based on Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise and Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm–Convolutional Neural Network–Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Model
Authors: Qiu Han , Hu Rong , Chen Jiaqing , Yuan Zihao
Published: February 2025

Accurate power load forecasting plays an important role in smart grid analysis. To improve the accuracy of forecasting through the three-level “decomposition–optimization–prediction” innovation, this study proposes a prediction model that integrates complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN), the improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA), a convolutional neural network (CNN), and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM). A series of simpler intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) with different frequency characteristics can be decomposed by CEEMDAN from data, then each IMF is reconstructed based on calculating the sample entropy of each IMF. The ISSA introduces three significant enhancements over the standard sparrow search algorithm (SSA), including that the initial distribution of the population is determined by the optimal point set, the position of the discoverer is updated by the golden sine strategy, and the random walk of the population is enhanced by the Lévy flight strategy. By the optimization of the ISSA to the parameters of the CNN-BiLSTM model, integrating the prediction results of the reconstructed IMFs in the sub-models can obtain the final prediction result of the data. Through the performance indexes of the designed prediction model, the application case results show that the proposed combined prediction model has a smaller prediction error and higher prediction accuracy than the eight comparison models.
The Impact of Digital Transformation on High-Quality Development of Manufacturing Enterprises: An Integrated Perspective on Efficiency and Social Responsibility
Authors: Liu Xing , Hong Shaobo , Su Zhi , Zhou Yuanren
Published: February 2025

With the rise of a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation, digital technology has become a key force driving global economic and social development. Digital technology holds significant advantages in promoting industrial transformation and upgrading, as well as facilitating the high-quality development of manufacturing enterprises. This study selects 482 manufacturing enterprises in the Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share markets from 2010 to 2022 as samples and comprehensively measures the high-quality development level of enterprises from the two dimensions of production efficiency and social responsibility. Based on this, a two-way fixed effect model is used to test the impact of digital technology on the high-quality development of manufacturing enterprises. The results show that the digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises enhances their level of high-quality development by improving production efficiency and strengthening social responsibility. This conclusion remains robust after a series of robustness checks. The mechanism analysis reveals that digitalization influences the high-quality development of manufacturing enterprises by altering financing costs, innovation output, and human capital. The heterogeneity analysis indicates that this impact varies significantly across ownership types, industries, and regions. Therefore, further efforts should be made to promote the digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises, strengthen technological innovation, enhance talent cultivation, and promote industrial integration, thereby leveraging digital technology to significantly improve high-quality development levels.
The Adapted Solutions for Backward Stochastic Schrödinger Equations with Jumps
Authors: Yang Li , Liu Lin
Published: February 2025

This study considers a class of backward stochastic semi-linear Schrödinger equations with Poisson jumps in Rd or in its bounded domain of a C2 boundary, which is associated with a stochastic control problem of nonlinear Schrödinger equations driven by Lévy noise. The approach to establish the existence and uniqueness of solutions is mainly based on the complex Itô formula, the Galerkin’s approximation method, and the martingale representation theorem.
Neuromuscular Blockade Antagonism for Thyroid Surgery During Intraoperative Neural Monitoring—An Anesthesia Perspective
Authors: Lu I-Cheng , Wu Sheng-Hua , Chang Pi-Ying , Huang Tzu-Yen , Wu Che-Wei , Chen Po-Yang
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Thyroid surgery with intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) requires precise anesthetic management. This narrative review compares non-selective (neostigmine) and selective (sugammadex) reversal agents for neuromuscular blockade (NMB), discussing their mechanisms of action and the challenges of achieving optimal NMB reversal without compromising surgical conditions or IONM quality. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar for studies published up to November 2023. Relevant case studies, clinical trials, systematic reviews, and guidelines focusing on NMB reversal in thyroid surgery with IONM were included, prioritizing investigations involving sugammadex and neostigmine. Results: Clinical evidence indicates that sugammadex (0.5–1 mg/kg) provides the rapid and reliable return of neuromuscular function, benefiting electromyography (EMG) signal quality preservation. However, overshooting the reversal can precipitate patient movement, compromising surgical precision. Neostigmine (0.03–0.04 mg/kg), while less selective, remains a cost-effective alternative, with recent studies suggesting adequate support for IONM signal integrity when carefully dosed and timed. Conclusions: This review underscores the need for balanced NMB reversal strategies tailored to intraoperative monitoring requirements in thyroidectomy. Further randomized trials and large-scale studies are needed to refine and standardize NMB reversal strategies in thyroid surgery with IONM.
Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on the Management and Outcomes of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Yang Cheng-Han , Lin Yu-Jen , Gao Shi-Ying , Chen Wei-Chen , Chaou Chung-Hsien
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic presented unprecedented challenges in balancing infection control measures with the timely management of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), a time-sensitive condition. This study investigates the pandemic’s effects on STEMI management times and outcomes at a high-volume medical center in Taiwan. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 1309 STEMI patients was conducted at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital between 2017 and 2022. Patients were divided into pre-pandemic and pandemic groups. Measurement outcomes include in-hospital mortality rate, management times (e.g., door-to-balloon time), the rates of intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and/or veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) usage, mechanical ventilation, inotropic support, and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stay. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and statistical comparisons were performed to assess temporal trends and prognostic outcomes. Results: No significant difference in in-hospital mortality was observed between pre-pandemic (5.85%) and pandemic (7.03%) groups (p = 0.45). The pandemic group experienced longer management times, including door-to-cath arrival (p = 0.0335) and door-to-balloon time (p = 0.014), although all times remained below the 90 min threshold. Quality improvements during the first outbreak allowed the institution to handle higher case volumes during subsequent waves without further delays. Ninety-day survival analysis showed no significant disparity between groups (p = 0.3655). Conclusions: Pandemic-related delays in STEMI management were effectively mitigated through workflow optimization, preventing significant increases in mortality rates. This study highlights the adaptability of healthcare systems in responding to crises while maintaining quality care for time-sensitive emergencies. Future multicenter studies could provide broader insights into global STEMI management strategies under pandemic conditions.
Time-of-Day Effects on Post-Activation Potentiation Protocols: Effects of Different Tension Loads on Agility and Vertical Jump Performance in Judokas
Authors: Karakoç Bilal , Eken Özgür , Kurtoğlu Ahmet , Arslan Oğuzhan , Eken İsmihan , Elkholi Safaa M.
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of different tension loads in post-activation potentiation protocols on agility and vertical jump performance across different times of day in trained judokas, addressing a significant gap in understanding the interaction between diurnal variations and post-activation potentiation protocol responses in combat sports. Materials and Methods: Seventeen male judokas (age: 21.41 ± 1.37 years) with ≥2 years of training experience participated in the study. Participants completed three different protocols: specific warm-up, the 80% post-activation potentiation protocol, and the 100% post-activation potentiation protocol, performed both in the morning (09:00–11:00) and evening (17:00–19:00) sessions. Performance was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test and countermovement jump. Protocols were randomized and counterbalanced over a 3-week period, with a minimum 48 h recovery between sessions. Statistical analysis employed repeated measures ANOVA (3 × 2) with Greenhouse–Geisser corrections. Results: Significant differences were observed in both protocols and time interactions for agility (F = 41.691, ηp2 = 0.864, p < 0.001; F = 23.893, ηp2 = 0.123, p < 0.001) and countermovement jump performance (F = 7.471, ηp2 = 0.410, p = 0.002; F = 38.651, ηp2 = 0.530, p < 0.001). The 80% post-activation potentiation protocol demonstrated superior performance outcomes compared to both specific warm-up and 100% post-activation potentiation protocols. Evening performances were generally better than morning performances for both agility and countermovement jump; however, the protocols/time interaction was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The 80% post-activation potentiation protocol was most effective for enhancing both agility and vertical jump performance in judokas, with superior results observed during evening sessions. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing warm-up strategies in judo competition, suggesting that lower-intensity post-activation potentiation protocols might be more beneficial than maximal loading, particularly during evening competitions.
Persistence of Primitive Reflexes as Possible Predictive Factors for Progression, Prevention, and Early Rehabilitation Intervention in Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Vlădăreanu Liliana , Iliescu Mădălina Gabriela , Andronache Iulia Tania , Danteș Elena
Published: February 2025

Background and objectives: Idiopathic scoliosis is a three-dimensional spinal deformity characterized by a lateral curvature exceeding 10 degrees in the frontal plane accompanied by vertebral rotation in the transverse plane. Despite extensive research on genetic and neurological factors, its etiology is uncertain. This prospective observational study aims to investigate the relation between the primitive reflexes, specifically, the asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR), symmetric tonic neck reflex (STNR), and spinal Galant reflex (SGR), which play key roles in early motor development and postural control and the severity of idiopathic scoliosis (measured via the Cobb angle and the Nash–Moe rotational quota. Additionally, the study evaluated whether the retention of primitive reflexes correlates with increased progression risk over 12 months of conservative treatment. Materials and Methods: Our study cohort included 162 patients, aged 7–19 years, diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis, who underwent clinical examination and assessment of retained primitive reflexes using standardized grading systems. Results: A total of 162 patients (95 girls, 67 boys; mean age: 12.73 ± 2.74 years) met the inclusion criteria. In 73.5% of the cases, scoliosis was detected, with the majority occurring in the dorsal region (40.1%). The mean initial Cobb angle was 13.49° ± 7.14°, with no significant change after 12 months of conservative treatment (p = 0.584). Nash–Moe rotation scores were 1 in 52.5% and 2 in 22% of the cases. Retention of the following primitive reflexes were identified at baseline: Moro (19.1%), ATNR (38.3%), STNR (44.4%), and GSR (27.8%). GSR retention significantly correlated with the Cobb angle (p = 0.011; R = 0.233). All the reflex scores decreased significantly after 12 months, but no correlation existed between the retained reflexes and scoliosis progression. Patients with a history of quadrupedal locomotion had significantly lower ATNR (p = 0.002), STNR (p < 0.001), and GSR (p = 0.017) retention. Conclusions: These findings suggest that primitive reflex testing could serve as an early screening tool in scoliosis risk stratification, being a cost-effective, non-invasive instrument for identifying at-risk children before clinically significant deformity develops.
Association of Nerve Conduction Study Variables with Hematologic Tests in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Han Jung-Eun , Choi Jun-Hwan , Yoo So-Yeon , Koh Gwan-Pyo , Lee Sang-Ah , Lee So-Young , Lee Hyun-Jung
Published: February 2025

Background and Objective: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with nerve conduction studies (NCSs) serving as the diagnostic gold standard. Early diagnosis is critical for effective management, yet many cases are detected late due to the gradual onset of symptoms. This study explores the relationship between hematological tests and NCS outcomes in T2DM patients to improve the early detection of DPN. Material and Methods: This retrospective study involved T2DM patients exhibiting neuropathic symptoms, and patients were divided based on NCS findings into groups with normal and abnormal results to assess the diagnostic value of various hematological markers, clinical, and demographic data for DPN. Results: Among 400 participants, 57% (n = 228) had abnormal NCS results indicative of DPN. Significant differences were observed in the abnormal-NCS group, including older age, longer diabetes duration, higher levels of fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and apolipoprotein B, along with lower eGFR, HDL-C, and Apo A-I levels. Notably, negative correlations were found between HDL-C, Apo A-I, vitamin B12, and specific NCS measurements, while positive correlations existed with sural sensory nerve amplitudes. Multivariate analysis highlighted the importance of age, diabetes duration, hyperglycemia, and specific hematologic markers in predicting DPN. Conclusions: The findings confirm that NCSs, combined with hematologic testing, can effectively identify DPN in T2DM patients. Consistent with prior research, prolonged hyperglycemia and nephropathy progression are strongly linked to DPN development. Additionally, lower levels of HDL-C, Apo A-I, and vitamin B12 are associated with the condition, suggesting their potential utility in early diagnostic protocols.
The Role of Oxidative Stress-Related Gene Polymorphisms (SOD2, GPX1) in Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)
Authors: Dakó Timea , Lazăr Ana-Petra , Lazăr Luminița , Stoica Alexandra-Mihaela , Crișan Adriana-Stela , Monea Monica , Bica Cristina-Ioana
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a chronic infectious disease with a multifactorial etiology which has not been completely elucidated. Research on the role of oxidative stress in the etiopathogenesis of oral diseases suggests that the level of local antioxidants plays an important role in determining susceptibility to caries. This study aimed to demonstrate that the host’s redox imbalance, modified by genetic polymorphisms, may influence the onset and severity of S-ECC. Materials and Methods: A total of 110 patients were included in the study (59 diagnosed with S-ECC and 51 healthy controls). Upon initial appraisal, the DMFT (decayed-missing-filled teeth) index was determined, and epithelial cells were collected using oral swabs for genomic DNA extraction. Genotyping of SOD2 (rs4880) and GPX1 (rs1050450) was performed using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: According to the results of the present study, there was a significant difference between the frequency of the reference genotype and variants for rs4880 (p = 0.0303). Subjects carrying the AG and GG variant genotype of rs4880 were significantly associated with a high DMFT value (p = 0.0005). However, no significant difference was found between the genotypes for rs1050450, nor was there an association with the severity of S-ECC. Conclusions: The AG and GG variant genotypes of the SOD2 polymorphism (rs4880) increase the severity of caries in preschoolers and predispose patients to develop carious lesions, especially when associated with certain feeding practices and infrequent toothbrushing. This observation emphasizes that host sensitivity to caries is a crucial factor in the onset and development of carious lesions in primary dentition, despite the main contributing factors to this pathology. The rs1050450 polymorphism was not associated with the severity of S-ECC.
Enhancing Ophthalmic Diagnosis and Treatment with Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Olawade David B. , Weerasinghe Kusal , Mathugamage Mathugamage Don Dasun Eranga , Odetayo Aderonke , Aderinto Nicholas , Teke Jennifer , Boussios Stergios
Published: February 2025

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology is transforming the field, offering new opportunities to enhance diagnostic accuracy, personalize treatment plans, and improve service delivery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current applications and future potential of AI in ophthalmology. AI algorithms, particularly those utilizing machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), have demonstrated remarkable success in diagnosing conditions such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma with precision comparable to, or exceeding, human experts. Furthermore, AI is being utilized to develop personalized treatment plans by analyzing large datasets to predict individual responses to therapies, thus optimizing patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. In surgical applications, AI-driven tools are enhancing the precision of procedures like cataract surgery, contributing to better recovery times and reduced complications. Additionally, AI-powered teleophthalmology services are expanding access to eye care in underserved and remote areas, addressing global disparities in healthcare availability. Despite these advancements, challenges remain, particularly concerning data privacy, security, and algorithmic bias. Ensuring robust data governance and ethical practices is crucial for the continued success of AI integration in ophthalmology. In conclusion, future research should focus on developing sophisticated AI models capable of handling multimodal data, including genetic information and patient histories, to provide deeper insights into disease mechanisms and treatment responses. Also, collaborative efforts among governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and technology companies are essential to deploy AI solutions effectively, especially in low-resource settings.
In Situ Heating TEM Study of the Interaction Between Diamond and Cu-Rich CoCrCuFeNi High-Entropy Alloy
Authors: Loginov Pavel A. , Fedotov Alexander D. , Sheveyko Alexander N. , Zaitsev Alexander A. , Eganova Elena M. , Levashov Evgeny A.
Published: February 2025

The interaction between the high-entropy alloy CoCrCu2FeNi and diamond, as well as the graphitization of diamond, were investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy in the temperature range of 20–900 °C. To ensure the absence of interaction between diamond and the HEA at the initial stage of the experiment, the test sample was prepared by magnetron sputtering of the CoCrCu2FeNi coating on a diamond single crystal. The following stages of the interaction of diamond with the CoCrCu2FeNi alloy were discovered. A partial transformation of FCC to BCC crystal lattice occurs in CoCrCu2FeNi HEA at 500 °C. At a temperature of 700 °C, the process of diffusion of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu over the diamond surface commences. These elements catalyze the transformation of diamond into graphite at a temperature of 800 °C. Carbon in graphite interacts with chromium from the HEA to form Cr7C3 carbide. At 900 °C, a secondary copper-based phase with an FCC lattice is formed within the CoCrCu2FeNi coating.
The Effects of Static- and Flowing-Water-Assisted Methods on the Quality of Femtosecond Laser Drilling of Thermal-Barrier-Coated Superalloys
Authors: Ren Naifei , Zhang Jie , Li Zhen , Qi Dehu , Zhang Hongmei , Xia Kaibo
Published: February 2025

Under high fluence and a high repetition rate, femtosecond laser drilling still produces defects due to heat accumulation. In order to suppress these defects, this study conducted research on water-assisted femtosecond laser drilling. This study focused on the impact of two different water-assisted methods, static-water-based and flowing-water-based approaches, on the quality of microholes made using layer-by-layer helical drilling with a femtosecond laser in thermal-barrier-coated superalloys. Furthermore, the effects of single-pulse laser energy on the hole entrance/exit diameter, taper angle, sidewall morphology, sidewall roughness, and sidewall oxygen content in the two water environments were compared and analyzed. Water-based-assisted laser drilling is an auxiliary method where the lower surface of the workpiece is placed in water while the upper surface remains in the air. On the other hand, the water flows horizontally in the flowing-water-based method. The experimental results demonstrate that both static- and flowing-water-based methods can significantly improve the quality of femtosecond laser drilling. Notably, the improvement effect was more pronounced with the flowing-water-based method. At a laser pulse energy of 50 μJ, the hole taper angle in the flowing-water environment was reduced by 38.80% compared with that in the air. With flowing-water-based assistance, the hole sidewall roughness was lower and the melt was less. Flowing water was better at carrying away the debris and heat generated by processing. The oxygen content of the hole sidewalls decreased significantly in both kinds of water-assisted environments. The experimental results provide a valuable reference for optimizing water-assisted femtosecond laser drilling.
Investigation of Transient Thermal Behavior in Thyristors Under Pulse Conditions
Authors: Zhang Guanxiang , Zhang Xiao , Lu Junyong , Dai Yufeng , Ma Tao , Zhu Bofeng
Published: February 2025

Under pulsed discharge conditions, high-power thyristors face challenges such as an excessively high current rise rate (di/dt) and the issue of triggering front expansion, which are difficult to accurately simulate. Traditional modeling approaches often neglect the non-uniform distribution and expansion process of the internal current within the silicon wafer. In this study, we address these limitations by incorporating these critical factors into our analysis. Using a two-dimensional device–circuit co-simulation approach, we investigate the current, temperature, and thermal power distribution within the thyristor during the turn-on process under pulsed discharge conditions. Based on the simulation results, we derive the velocity equation governing the transverse expansion of the thyristor current. Furthermore, we establish a three-dimensional finite element model of the thyristor and develop a generalized extended model for complex gate structures. These models enable us to obtain the transient temperature distribution during the thyristor turn-on process under pulsed conditions. Finally, we conduct cycle surge life tests on various types of thyristors, providing valuable insights for the selection and optimization of thyristors designed for pulsed applications.
Study Models for Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of the Female Reproductive Tract
Authors: Kim Jaehyeon , Ślęczkowska Milena , Nobre Beatriz , Wieringa Paul
Published: February 2025

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections globally, often resulting in inflammatory disorders, ectopic pregnancies, and infertility. Studying Ct’s pathogenesis remains challenging due to its unique life cycle and host-specific interactions, which require diverse experimental models. Animal studies using mouse, guinea pig, pig, and non-human primate models provide valuable insights into immune responses, hormonal influences, and disease progression. However, they face limitations in terms of translational relevance due to physiological differences, as well as ethical concerns. Complementing these, in vitro systems, ranging from simple monolayer to advanced three-dimensional models, exhibit improved physiological relevance by replicating the human tissue architecture. This includes the detailed investigation of epithelial barrier disruptions, epithelium–stroma interactions, and immune responses at a cellular level. Nonetheless, in vitro models fall short in mimicking the intricate tissue structures found in vivo and, therefore, cannot faithfully replicate the host–pathogen interactions or infection dynamics observed in living organisms. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the in vivo and in vitro models employed over the past few decades to investigate Ct and its pathogenesis, addressing their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, we explore emerging technologies, including organ-on-chip and in silico models, as promising tools to overcome the existing challenges and refine our understanding of Ct infections.
2D Porous Ti3C2 MXene as Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries with Excellent Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Tang Lan , Zhang Linlin , Yin Guohao , Tao Xin , Yu Lianghao , Wang Xiaoqing , Sun Changlong , Sun Yunyu , Hong Enhui , Zhao Guangzhen , Zhu Guang
Published: February 2025

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are a promising electrochemical energy storage system but face great challenges in developing fast-charging anodes. MXene-based composites are a new class of two-dimensional materials that are expected to be widely used in SIB energy storage due to their excellent electrical conductivity and stable structure. However, MXenes tend to experience interlayer stacking during preparation, which can result in poor electrochemical performance and a lower actual capacity compared to the theoretical value. In this study, the porous structure was created using a chemical oxidation method from a microscopic perspective. The porous MXene (referred to as PM) was prepared by using a low concentration of hydrogen peroxide as the pore-forming solution, which enlarged the interlayer spacing to facilitate the transport of sodium ions in the electrolyte solution. The PM with the addition of hydrogen peroxide solution achieved high-rate performance, with a capacity of 247 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 114 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1. It also demonstrated long-cycle stability, with a capacity of 117 mAh g−1 maintained over 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1.
Dual Defect-Engineered BiVO4 Nanosheets for Efficient Peroxymonosulfate Activation
Authors: Wu Jiabao , Xu Meiyu , Li Zhenzi , Li Mingxia , Zhou Wei
Published: February 2025

Defects and heteroatom doping are two refined microstructural factors that significantly affect the performance of photocatalytic materials. Coupling defect and doping engineering is a powerful approach for designing efficient photocatalysts. In this research, we successfully construct dual defect-engineered BiVO4 nanosheets (BVO-N-OV) by introducing N doping and oxygen vacancies through ammonium oxalate-assisted thermal treatment of BiVO4 nanosheets. Due to the combined enhancement of band structure and surface properties from N doping and oxygen vacancies, the obtained BVO-N-OV nanosheets demonstrate improved visible light absorption, effective charge transfer efficiency, and increased active sites. As a result, the constructed BVO-N-OV/PMS system demonstrates significantly enhanced ciprofloxacin (CIP) removal performance under visible light illumination. The highest rate constant for CIP degradation over BVO-N-OV/PMS system is 7.9, 1.9, and 6.6 times greater than pristine BiVO4 (BVO), oxygen vacancy-enriched BiVO4 (BVO-OV), and N-doped BiVO4 (BVO-N), respectively. Even in a broad pH range (3.0–11.0) with various anions, the BVO-N-OV/PMS/Vis system still demonstrates stable and excellent CIP removal performance. This study seeks to provide valuable insights into the interaction between defect and doping engineering in photocatalytic activation of PMS, thereby proposing new strategies for designing effective photocatalyst/PMS systems for wastewater treatment.
Photothermal and Hydrophobic Surfaces with Nano-Micro Structure: Fabrication and Their Anti-Icing Properties
Authors: Li Meng , Ma Renping , Yang Chaokun , Wang Lebin , Lv Shuangqi , Zhao Xin , Pan Mengyao , Zhu Jianjian , Xu Hongbo
Published: February 2025

The formation of ice due to global climate change poses challenges across multiple industries. Traditional anti-icing technologies often suffer from low efficiency, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. Photothermal and hydrophobic surfaces with nano-micro structures (PHS-NMSs) offer innovative solutions to these challenges due to their exceptional optical absorption, heat conversion capabilities, and unique surface water hydrophobic characteristics. This paper reviews the research progress of PHS-NMSs in their anti-icing applications. It introduces the mechanisms of ice prevention, fabrication methods, and pathways for performance optimization of PHS-NMSs. The anti-icing performance of PHS-NMSs in different application scenarios is also discussed. Additionally, the paper provides insights into the challenges and future development directions in this field.
Resveratrol and Physical Activity: A Successful Combination for the Maintenance of Health and Wellbeing?
Authors: Ruggiero Mario , Motti Maria Letizia , Meccariello Rosaria , Mazzeo Filomena
Published: February 2025

Physical exercise is an essential component of human health. In recent years, scientific research has focused on identifying natural compounds and formulating new supplements aimed at enhancing athletic performance, accelerating muscle recovery, and minimizing the damage caused by physical exertion. The use of antioxidants to counteract the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) following physical activity (PA) is already a widely adopted practice. Resveratrol (RES), a polyphenol belonging to the stilbene class, is well known for its potent antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effects primarily attributed to the activation of sirtuins. RES possesses multiple nutraceutical properties used for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory, cardiovascular, neoplastic, and infectious diseases, thus attracting attention to study its use in combination with physical exercise to promote well-being. Animal trials combining RES and PA have mainly reported improvements in muscle, energy, and cardiovascular functions. The data presented and discussed in this narrative review are from Pubmed, Scopus, and the Human Gene Database (search limited to 2011 to 2025 with the keywords RES, sirtuins, and physical activity altogether or in combination with each other). This review gathers several studies on RES focusing on its nutraceutical properties, epigenetic activities via sirtuins, and the potential benefits of combining RES with PA in maintaining health and well-being based on trials performed first in animals and later in humans. Human studies have been conducted on various populations, including active adults, sedentary individuals, patients with diseases, and elderly individuals. Some studies have confirmed the benefits of RES observed in animal experiments. However, in some cases, no substantial differences were found between RES supplementation and the control group. In conclusion, the benefits of RES on PA reported in the literature are still not fully evident, given the contrasting studies and the still limited number of trials, but both RES and PA are successful tools for the maintenance of health and wellbeing.
A Multi-Level Approach to Childhood Obesity Prevention and Management: Lessons from Japan and the United States
Authors: Oudat Qutaibah , Messiah Sarah E. , Ghoneum Alia Dawlat
Published: February 2025

Background: Childhood obesity is a pressing global public health challenge, marked by significant disparities in prevalence and management across countries. Japan and the United States offer contrasting approaches to addressing this issue, presenting a valuable opportunity for comparative analysis. Objective: This review examines the effectiveness of public health policies, cultural dietary habits, and lifestyle factors in combating childhood obesity in Japan and the United States. It aims to identify actionable insights to inform global strategies for obesity prevention. Results: Japan exhibits one of the lowest childhood obesity rates globally, attributed to prevention-focused policies such as the food education program, stringent school lunch standards, and culturally ingrained healthy eating practices. These efforts are complemented by active lifestyle promotion through urban planning and school-based physical education programs. In contrast, the United States faces higher obesity rates due to systemic challenges, including socioeconomic disparities, reliance on processed foods, sedentary lifestyles, and inconsistent implementation of federal programs like the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed). Conclusions: This review highlights Japan’s success in aligning public health initiatives with cultural norms to achieve sustainable outcomes. In the United States, systemic barriers and cultural disconnects hinder obesity prevention efforts. Recommendations include adopting integrated, prevention-focused policies, addressing socioeconomic inequities, redesigning urban environments to promote active living, and fostering global collaboration. This comparative analysis underscores the importance of culturally tailored, multidimensional strategies for addressing childhood obesity and improving public health outcomes worldwide.
Maternal–Infant Iron Deficiency and Neurologic Sequelae
Authors: Felt Barbara T. , Tran Phu V.
Published: February 2025

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