bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Attitude Change Measures to Evaluate New Product Introductions
Authors: Day George S.
Published: November 2018

This article applies recent developments in the statistical analysis of multi-wave attitude panels to the problem of evaluating a new product's marketing program. One advantage of this approach is the opportunity to distinguish the effects of marketer-controlled variables from word-of-mouth communication and usage experience. A comparative study of two new brands in the same market shows that effective introductory performance requires media advertising to gain awareness and product sampling to trigger word-of-mouth activity that leads to the formation of favorable attitudes.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Used Car Prices: 1962–64
Authors: Snowbarger Marvin , Dunkelberg Bill
Published: November 2018

This article studies total price and net outlay for 1,575 used car purchases between 1962 and 1964. The results show that when other factors are held constant, there is no statistical difference between used car prices at three separate market outlets.
Models for Responses of Customers with a Constant Rate
Authors: Indow Tarow
Published: November 2018

In Japan, an article is sometimes sold with a questionnaire postcard. Accumulation of cards mailed back from customers can be regarded as an inditial response from two transfer elements in a series, purchasing articles and mailing cards. Successful fit of the data was obtained in this study by assuming that each intervening step is a process with a constant rate or its combination.
A Computer On-Line Marketing Mix Model
Authors: Lambin Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2018

This approach to developing and implementing a dynamic, competitive marketing mix model for a major oil company combined econometric methods, simulation techniques, and subjective judgments. Regression coefficients provided estimates of the response functions of the different inputs.
Adaptive Pricing by a Retailer
Authors: Parsons Leonard J. , Price W. Bailey
Published: November 2018

A retailer operating in an environment in which a competitor is the price leader must determine how to adapt his prices to those of this competitor. The sequential decision problem of the manager is formulated as a Markov process with rewards.
Advertising in Black and White
Authors: Schlinger Mary Jane , Plummer Joseph T.
Published: November 2018

The reactions of black and white consumers to all-black and all-white cast versions of a television commercial suggest that the black version was more meaningful to black viewers, whereas the race of the cast had little influence on the reactions of white respondents.
Evaluating Models of Attitude Structure
Authors: Day George S.
Published: November 2018

Models of attitude structure differ primarily in the specification of the relationship of the cognitive and affective components. Two approaches to this relationship, based on cognitive consistency theory and multidimensional scaling techniques, are compared here. An application of the latter method to the analysis of a new industrial building material is presented.
Testing Distributed Lag Models of Advertising Effect
Authors: Bass Frank M. , Clarke Darral G.
Published: November 2018

This article deals with estimation and testing of six different distributed lag models, with an example given of sales and advertising data for a dietary weight control product. A distributed lag model more general than the frequently employed Koyck model is shown to be consistent with the evidence.
Measure Validation in Marketing
Authors: Heeler Roger M. , Ray Michael L.
Published: November 2018

If marketers want to know the meaning of their measures, they must turn to measure validation, which consists of determining the extent to which measures correlate (convergent validity) and predictably do not correlate (discriminant validity).
Testing Equivalence of Observed and Generated Time Series Data by Spectral Methods
Authors: Parsons Leonard J. , Henry Walter A.
Published: November 2018

Validation of a dynamic econometric marketing model requires that the time series data simulated be equivalent to observed data from a comparable period. Spectral analysis is presented as an equivalence-testing technique which does not have the theoretical limitations of a simple regression approach.
What Makes a Brand Name Familiar?
Authors: Bogart Leo , Lehman Charles
Published: November 2018

This article reports a study of unaided brand recall by female household heads and examines some factors related to brand salience. Findings indicate that brand recall is a complex, dynamic process.
The Effects of Repetition of Refutational and Supportive Advertising Appeals
Authors: Sawyer Alan G.
Published: November 2018

A laboratory experiment compared the effects of repetition of refutational and supportive advertising appeals. When respondents were segmented on the basis of product class experience, several significant differences in the effects of the two appeals on a measure of brand purchase intention were found.
Modeling Supermarket Product Selection
Authors: Heeler Roger M. , Kearney Michael J. , Mehaffey Bruce J.
Published: November 2018

Supermarket chains appraise more than 8,000 new product offerings per year. This article models the choice process to reduce management appraisal time and obtain a greater understanding of the variables and decision rules used. The results provide some convergent validation for an additive model of attitude formation.
Buyers’ Subjective Perceptions of Price
Authors: Monroe Kent B.
Published: November 2018

Marketing researchers recently have expended considerable effort to investigate how price influences buyers’ decisions yielding a variety of results, some not entirely explainable. This article reviews the relevant research literature, organizes the results, and suggests new research directions.
Profit-Oriented Data Analysis for Market Segmentation: An Alternative to AID
Authors: Martin Claude R. , Wright Roger L.
Published: November 2018

The authors report on a new AID-like algorithm that overcomes some of the conceptual problems involved in using AID for consumer segmentation. Using a simple cost-profit formulation they segment 356 women consumers on the basis of 26 dimensions.
Laboratory Experiments for Estimating Consumer Demand: A Validation Study
Authors: Nevin John R.
Published: November 2018

This article assesses empirically the extent to which the simulated shopping and paired-preference laboratory experiments generate externally valid estimates of consumers’ reactions to price changes in the market place. The question of whether the product class under consideration affects the external validity of the laboratory generated demand estimates is also examined.
An Evaluation of the Expectancy Value Model of Attitude Measurement for Physician Prescribing Behavior
Authors: Harrell Gilbert D. , Bennett Peter D.
Published: November 2018

Presented are findings from research using expectancy value and normative belief measures to predict physician drug brand preference and purchases. Physician prescribing using group depth interviews, attitude instruments, and prescribing panel data were used to test the Fishbein behavioral intentions model. Extensions to the model are presented for marketing applications.
The Effects of Merchandising and Temporary Promotional Activities on the Sales of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Supermarkets
Authors: Curhan Ronald C.
Published: November 2018

Retail price, newspaper advertising, display space, and display location quality were tested at two levels for selected fruits and vegetables according to a fractional factorial research design in four large supermarkets. The resulting impact on rates of sale was analyzed for four classes of items; hard fruit, cooking vegetables, salad vegetables, and soft fruit.
Confined Shopping Behavior among Low Income Consumers: An Empirical Test
Authors: Goldman Arieh
Published: November 2018

The study investigates whether lower income consumers show a greater tendency to confine their furniture and ladies’ shoes purchases to a subset of the retailing system. The Herfindahl index of concentration is the main tool used to measure confinement. The study finds that the lower income consumers do not confine their purchases to a small subset nor are their purchases restricted to the smaller and lower quality stores.
Cognitive Effects of Deceptive Advertising
Authors: Olson Jerry C. , Dover Philip A.
Published: November 2018

Although much has been written about deception in advertising, no studies have been reported in which a deception and its impact on consumers were demonstrated empirically. The authors present a behavioral definition of deception and illustrate its operationalization in the context of a longitudinal experiment in which the effects of an explicit, deceptive product claim on a variety of cognitive variables were measured both before and after product trial. Issues related to the measurement of deception seriousness are emphasized. The basic approach appears generalizable to nonexperimental studies of real-world deception.
Appropriateness of Linear Discriminant and Multinomial Classification Analysis in Marketing Research
Authors: Dillon William R. , Goldstein Matthew , Schiffman Leon G.
Published: November 2018

Buyer usage behavior data are used to compare the relative performance of a linear discriminant analysis and several multinomial classification methods. The potential shortcomings of each of the procedures investigated are cited, and a new method for determining the contribution of a variable to discrimination in the context of the multinomial classification problem also is presented.
Assisting Marketing Decisions by Computer Mapping: A Branch Banking Application
Authors: Bell Robert R. , Zabriskie Noel B.
Published: November 2018

A new computer technique has been developed to aid decisionmakers in rapidly comprehending and using large amounts of information. The authors explain the theory and requirements of computer mapping, and describe a stepwise decision process which developed statewide, multicounty, and intracity maps as part of a retail banking site selection process.
Source of Income as a Market Descriptor
Authors: Miller Stephen J.
Published: November 2018

This comment is an examination of the contrasting ability of income and source of income variables to explain donation behavior toward a charitable health organization.
Issues and Advances in Segmentation Research
Authors: Wind Yoram
Published: November 2018

The author reviews the current status and recent advances in segmentation research, covering segmentation problem definition, research design considerations, data collection approaches, data analysis procedures, and data interpretation and implementation. Areas for future research are identified.
An Approach to Normative Segmentation
Authors: Mahajan Vijay , Jain Arun K.
Published: November 2018

In current approaches to normative market segmentation, development of segments and allocation of resources to these segments are considered as two independent steps. The result may be infeasible or suboptimal segmentation schemes which contribute to inefficient use of resources. The authors propose a conceptual framework wherein the market segments are developed within the managerial, institutional, and resource constraints. Mathematical formulations and illustrative examples are provided.
A New Measure of Predictor Variable Importance in Multiple Regression
Authors: Green Paul E. , Carroll J. Douglas , Desarbo Wayne S.
Published: November 2018

Ambiguity surrounds any importance measure in cases in which predictor variables are correlated. However, a new measure is proposed that has attractive properties, such as providing individual contributions that are both non-negative and sum to R2. The new measure is compared with four other commonly used measures and its advantages over each of them are pointed out.
Perceived Risk and Composition Models for Multiattribute Decisions
Authors: Pras Bernard , Summers John O.
Published: November 2018

A conceptual scheme for integrating perceived risk into composition models for multiattribute decisions is developed. A comparison of the predictions obtained from the proposed “risk-adjusted” brand/attribute evaluations with those from an expected value measure suggests that perceived risk is significant in the formation of preferences.
Increasing Precision of Marketing Experiments by Matching Sales Areas
Authors: Lodish Leonard , Pekelman Dov
Published: November 2018

The authors investigate methods of evaluating marketing experiments in which the experimental territories have been determined a priori. Various matching and prediction schemes are offered to predict what sales in an experimental unit would have been if no experiment had been run. These schemes are developed for predictions of both single territory sales and total sales of groups of territories. A testing method for alternative schemes is described and applied to data for one specific firm.
An Analysis of Shopper Dissatisfaction for Major Household Appliances
Authors: Westbrook Robert A. , Newman Joseph W.
Published: November 2018

Little is known about consumer dissatisfaction in the purchase decision process, when shoppers are seeking information, formulating decision criteria, and choosing what to buy. A study was undertaken to determine whether the incidence of such dissatisfaction is related to demographic, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of shoppers.
On the Measurement of Purchase Data: Surveys versus Purchase Diaries
Authors: Wind Yoram , Lerner David
Published: November 2018

The first large-scale marketing study in which individual consumers’ survey responses could be linked to their panel diary recordings is reported. The results, for the margarine category only, indicate correspondence between the two data sets at the aggregate brand share level but great discrepancies at the individual consumer level. Analysis of this discrepancy calls into question the use of survey reports as an indicator of individual purchase in product positioning, segmentation, advertising media and copy research, and concept/product testing.
Developing Practical Procedures for the Measurement of Personal Values in Cross-Cultural Marketing
Authors: Munson J. Michael , McIntyre Shelby H.
Published: November 2018

This research investigates a particular value-assessing instrument, the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), for its applicability to cross-cultural marketing. The study establishes that in measuring values a Likert type of scaling approach is not significantly less reliable than the more cumbersome ranking approach used by psychologists. Scaling also may be better suited to marketing applications. A “multiprofile-multimethod” matrix analysis suggests that the Rokeach “terminal” and “instrumental” profiles are reliable and distinctive.
Isolating Attitudinal and Normative Influences in Behavioral Intentions Models
Authors: Miniard Paul W. , Cohen Joel B.
Published: November 2018

Behavioral intentions often have been used as a surrogate for actual behavior in choice models and to reflect the impact of marketing variables. The Fishbein behavioral intentions model posits two determinants of behavioral intentions: a personal or attitudinal component and a social influence or normative component. The authors use an experimental methodology to examine aspects of this model's construct validity. Certain operational problems are identified and related to underlying conceptual difficulties in separating these two components.
An Investigation of Situational Variation in Brand Choice Behavior and Attitude
Authors: Miller Kenneth E. , Ginter James L.
Published: November 2018

Empirical evidence is presented which supports the explicit consideration of situational factors in the study of consumer behavior. Situational variation of brand choice behavior and attitude is identified. The use of situation-specific measures in an attribute-based attitude model is found to increase the ability of the model to predict subsequent brand choice behavior as reported in a multiple wave survey.
Patterns of Information Source usage among Durable Goods Buyers
Authors: Westbrook Robert A. , Fornell Claes
Published: November 2018

Durable goods buyers’ prepurchase information search activities were studied to determine whether distinctive patterns of information source usage could be identified. A method based on canonical analysis of retail, neutral, and personal source usage measures in conjunction with selected explanatory variables proved useful in distinguishing four different patterns. Tradeoffs were evident in the usage of and reliance on different information sources. The results emphasize the need for further study of consumer information need and information-gathering abilities.
The Duplication of Viewing Law and Television Media Schedule Evaluation
Authors: Headen Robert S. , Klompmaker Jay E. , Rust Roland T.
Published: November 2018

Patterns of television audience duplication (overlap of audiences between media vehicles) in the United States are found to be more complex than those in the United Kingdom. A new model of duplication is developed and shown to be better than previous estimates of the Viewing Law in describing television audience duplication in the U.S.
Using Attribute Ratings for Product Positioning: Some Distinctions among Compositional Approaches
Authors: Huber Joel , Holbrook Morris B.
Published: November 2018

Compositional methods for generating product spaces from attribute data differ in their capacity to recover objective dimensions that discriminate between brands. These differences, which have important implications for the usefulness of various scaling techniques to managers, are illustrated by an example from consumer esthetics involving the evaluation of recordings by jazz saxophonists. The emphasis is on contrasts among the compositional approaches that result in different kinds of dimensions being prominent in reduced space solutions.
Consumer Reactions to Explicit Brand Comparisons in Advertisements
Authors: Golden Linda L.
Published: November 2018

The relative influence of comparative and noncomparative advertising on purchase intention ratings, perceptions of believability, credibility, quantity of information, and usefulness of information is investigated. The impact of the advertiser's competitive position, claim substantiation, and theme are considered, and the degrees of brand loyalty toward the advertised and competing brands are treated as covariates. Results indicate that ratings of purchase intentions, believability, and credibility were not differentially affected by comparative and noncomparative advertisements; however, the relative effectiveness of comparative advertising is influenced by the theme and advertiser's competitive position. The terms in the model did not explain a significant amount of the variation in ratings of quantity and usefulness of information.
Implementation of Response Latency Measures
Authors: Maclachlan James , Czepiel John , Labarbera Priscilla
Published: November 2018

Response latency, which is the amount of time a respondent deliberates before answering a question, can serve as an indicator of the respondent's certainty. This research demonstrates that latency can be measured unobtrusively in telephone interviewing by means of automatic equipment. Latency is found to be a robust measure in that it was not appreciably influenced by the serial position of questions. There is an inverse relationship between latency and probability that a question is answered correctly, as latency sharply differentiates subjects giving correct answers from those giving incorrect answers.
Improved Method for Comparing Rank-Order Preferences of Two Groups of Consumers
Authors: Ryans Adrian B. , Srinivasan V.
Published: November 2018

Ryans recently proposed several measures that could be used to determine the degree of agreement between sets of preference rankings from two separate groups of consumers. The most satisfactory of these measures required burdensome computations for large data sets. In this article a much simpler method of calculating the measure is described that makes feasible its computation for large data sets.
Measurement of Salespeople's Job Satisfaction: Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Corresponding INDSALES and Job Descriptive Index Scales
Authors: Futrell Charles M.
Published: November 2018

The satisfaction scales for work, coworkers, supervision, pay, and promotion of the INDSALES and Job Descriptive Index (JDI) were obtained from a national sample of 209 salesmen in the health care industry. Convergent and discriminant validity were examined by using the criteria of Campbell and Fiske.
Alternating Least Squares Optimal Scaling: Analysis of Nonmetric Data in Marketing Research
Authors: Perreault William D. , Young Forrest W.
Published: November 2018

The authors discuss and illustrate the advantages and limitations of a family of new approaches to the analysis of metric and nonmetric data in marketing research. The general method, which is based on alternating least squares optimal scaling procedures, extends the analytical flexibility of the general linear model procedures (ANOVA, regression, canonical correlation, discriminant analysis, etc.) to situations in which the data (1) are measured at any mixture of the nominal, ordinal, or interval levels and (2) are derived from either a discrete or continuous distribution. The relationship of these procedures to traditional linear models and to other nonmetric approaches (such as multidimensional scaling and conjoint analysis) is reviewed.
Path Analysis of Buyer Behavior under Conditions of Crowding
Authors: Harrell Gilbert D. , Hutt Michael D. , Anderson James C.
Published: November 2018

By use of path analysis on data from 600 shoppers, the authors explore the sequential relationships among several variables pertinent to retail crowding. Results furnish evidence that perceived crowding systematically affects shopping behavior and consumers’ feelings about retail outlets and shopping trips.
Sample Composition Bias and Response Bias in a Mail Survey: A Comparison of Inducement Methods
Authors: Jones Wesley H. , Lang James R.
Published: November 2018

Inducement techniques that increase mail questionnaire response rates do not necessarily improve the precision of survey results. An experimental investigation of sponsorship, cover letter message, notification method, and questionnaire format was performed. Treatment conditions that influenced response rate were found to cause two types of systematic bias that can reduce survey accuracy.
Possible Biases in Parameter Estimation with Store Audit Data
Authors: Shoemaker Robert , Pringle Lewis G.
Published: November 2018

Researchers frequently use the Nielsen “bimonthly” retail audit data as a measure of actual sales over a two-month period. The results of several simulations suggest that this practice can lead to parameter estimates that are biased by as much as 22%. A bias of this magnitude could seriously affect conclusions reached by researchers and lead managers to make incorrect marketing decisions. This discrepancy is due to the fact that different stores in the Nielsen sample are audited over different two-month periods. As a result, the aggregate Nielsen audit figure partially reflects sales over a three-month period. Several procedures for reducing the bias in the parameter estimates are suggested.
The Application of Sequential Analysis in Market Research
Authors: Anderton E. J. , Gorton K. , Tudor R.
Published: November 2018

The authors review their earlier work on the application of sequential analysis to market research problems. An extension of the method investigating the relationship between consumer preference and price level is described and a novel sequential chart is presented for use when the degree of preference is to be determined.
The Complementary use of Multivariate Procedures to Investigate Nonlinear and Interactive Relationships between Personality and Product Usage
Authors: Schaninger Charles M. , Lessig V. Parker , Panton Don B.
Published: November 2018

Several multivariate procedural approaches—canonical analysis, cluster analysis paired with multiple discriminant analysis, and Taylor expansion regressions with trend surface mapping—are used in a complementary fashion to examine and cross-validate nonlinear and interactive relationships between personality and product usage variables.
An Experimental Investigation of Comparative Advertising: Impact of Message Appeal, Information Load, and Utility of Product Class
Authors: Goodwin Stephen , Etgar Michael
Published: November 2018

A three (message appeal: supportive, brand X, and comparative) by two (product class utility: social and functional) by three (information load: low, medium, and high) factorial experimental design (with covariates) was used to explore communications effectiveness of the three modes of advertising appeals. ANOVA results show that the comparative mode appears to be superior only for the affective responses to the ad itself. The brand X mode of message appeal generally is superior to other modes for cognitive, affective, and conative responses toward the promoted brand. However, the differences are only partially significant at p < .05. In no case is the supportive mode superior. Some weak evidence of information overload is also uncovered. Several personality variables did not have significant effects on the relative effectiveness of the different appeals. Lack of substantial interaction effects among the three factors indicates that advertisers can determine message appeal, amount of information provided, and type of products to be promoted independently of each other.
The Lognormal Distribution of Buying Frequency Rates
Authors: Lawrence Raymond J.
Published: November 2018

The lognormal distribution is shown to account well for purchase frequency heterogeneity in the U.S. dentifrice market, including subgroups of households. Renewal process assumptions are used to define the market population. As the definition would exclude some very infrequent buyers, left-truncated lognormal distributions are fitted to the data.
Sample Size Requirements for Zero-Order Models
Authors: Kalwani Manohar U. , Morrison Donald G.
Published: November 2018

The authors report the sample sizes required to obtain maximum likelihood estimates of parameters in a zero-order model. In the typical formulation of the model, parameter estimation requires about 2000 individuals with five purchases per consumer. The original parameters can be easily transformed, however, into a market share estimate and a polarization index that convey the key information sought from the model. Estimation of the transformed parameters requires smaller samples of about 400 individuals with five purchases per consumer.
On Using Response Latency to Measure Preference
Authors: Aaker David A. , Bagozzi Richard P. , Carman James M. , MaClachlan James M.
Published: November 2018

The role of response latency in the measurement of preferences is investigated by means of a causal modeling method. The convergent validity and predictive validity of response latency measures are examined and compared with those of constant sum and paired comparison procedures.
A Major Price-Perceived Quality Study Reexamined
Authors: Riesz Peter C.
Published: November 2018

An often-cited study of the price-perceived quality relationship is reexamined in detail. Relationships for which extremely high levels of statistical significance are claimed are shown to be neither statistically nor substantively significant. In addition, some deficiencies in design seriously threaten the validity of the investigation.
The Effect of Monetary Inducement on Mailed Questionnaire Response Quality
Authors: McDaniel Stephen W. , Rao C. P.
Published: November 2018

A mailed questionnaire study examined the effect of a 25-cent monetary inducement on three components of response quality: item omission, response error, and completeness of answer. The monetary inducement is found to decrease item omission and response error significantly. Some research support is shown for improving completeness of answer.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Zero-Order Models Given Variable Numbers of Purchases per Household
Authors: Kalwani Manohar U.
Published: November 2018

Consumer panel data are typically available for a fixed duration of time (say, a year) during which buyers invariably make different numbers of purchases in the product class. The author describes a method for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of zero-order models from panel data containing different numbers of purchase records per household. Empirical data are presented to illustrate the application of the estimation method.
The Application and Misapplication of Factor Analysis in Marketing Research
Authors: Stewart David W.
Published: November 2018

The use of factor analysis as a method for examining the dimensional structure of data is contrasted with its frequent misapplication as a tool for identifying clusters and segments. Procedures for determining when a data set is appropriate for factoring, for determining the number of factors to extract, and for rotation are discussed.
Analyzing Qualitative Predictors with Too Few Data: An Alternative Approach to Handling Sparse-Cell Values
Authors: Dillon William R. , Goldstein Matthew , Lement Lucy
Published: November 2018

The marketing manager faces several dilemmas when analyzing multivariate frequency data. If the choice is to analyze a series of two-dimensional condensed tables, the interrelationships between those factors not in the table will be lost and biased inferences can result. If the decision is to analyze the complete multiway table, many of the cells may be sparse. The authors address the issue of how best to handle sparse-cell values in the context of a marketing data set relating store choice behavior to a number of shopper-specific variables. A simple new approach to this problem, which utilizes loglinear modeling techniques, is developed and contrasted with alternative remedies. The results of the comparative analysis show the proposed approach performs well, especially in the correct classification of seemingly unclassifiable shoppers.
Modeling and Forecasting Sales Data by Time Series Analysis
Authors: Kapoor S. G. , Madhok P. , Wu S. M.
Published: November 2018

Time series modeling technique is used to model a series of sales data in which seasonality causes distinct spike peaks. The analysis of actual sales data shows that the seasonality in the data can be approximated by a deterministic function and the stochastic component is a sixth-order autoregressive moving average model. Use of the combined deterministic and stochastic models to derive the minimum mean squared forecast yields reliable results.
The Interaction between Comparative Advertising and Copy Claim Variation
Authors: Swinyard William R.
Published: November 2018

Despite conceptual benefits expressed for comparative advertising, most studies have found it relatively ineffective and lacking credibility. By means of a field experiment, the author explores the impact of the attribution theory tool of two-sided claims on the credibility and effectiveness of comparative advertising. Results suggest that the effectiveness of comparative advertising might be significantly increased with such tactics.
Measures of Manifest Conflict in Distribution Channels
Authors: Brown James R. , Day Ralph L.
Published: November 2018

Manifest channel conflict is operationalized in terms of the frequency and intensity of disagreements between channel members and the importance of the issues about which they disagree. Six different multiple-item unidimensional measures including from one to all three of these components are evaluated with respect to reliability and validity with a sample of automobile dealers. The measure combining frequency, intensity, and importance multiplicatively is judged superior to the others.
Are Product Attribute Beliefs the Only Mediator of Advertising Effects on Brand Attitude?
Authors: Mitchell Andrew A. , Olson Jerry C.
Published: November 2018

Fishbein's attitude theory posits that beliefs are the only mediators of attitude formation and change. The validity of this proposition for consumers’ beliefs about product attributes and brand attitudes was exmained in the context of an advertising effects study. To manipulate product attribute beliefs and to create settings in which other mediation processes might occur, the authors exposed subjects to simple advertisements that contained either a verbal claim or visual information. Level of repetition also was varied. As expected, product attribute beliefs mediated attitude formation. However, another variable, termed attitude toward the advertisement, also mediated brand attitudes and purchase intentions. The authors discuss alternative explanations for the results and offer suggestions for future research.
Uninformed Response Error in Survey Research
Authors: Hawkins Del I. , Coney Kenneth A.
Published: November 2018

Using a survey of 500 members of the general public and 500 lawyers from four cities, the authors examine uninformed response error in survey research. By asking respondents to evaluate the past performance of a fictitious public agency, the authors examine the impact of interest in the topic, the nature of the surrounding material, and the presence of a “don't know” option on the tendency to provide an uninformed response.
Selection Procedures: A New Statistical Methodology and Its Applications for Marketing Research
Authors: Gibbons Jean Dickinson , Gur-Arie Oded
Published: November 2018

Traditional methods of analysis do not provide the researcher with means for selecting the “best” among several alternatives while having control over the probability of being correct. The authors present the indifference zone approach and the subset-selection approach to selection problems. The findings of several recent studies are used as illustrative examples.
Machine learning-based discrete event dynamic surrogate model of communication systems for simulating the command, control, and communication system of systems
Authors: Kang Bong Gu , Seo Kyung-Min , Kim Tag Gon
Published: November 2018

Command and control (C2) and communication are at the heart of successful military operations in network-centric warfare. Interoperable simulation of a C2 system model and a communication (C) system model may be employed to interactively analyze their detailed behaviors. However, such simulation would be inefficient in simulation time for analysis of combat effectiveness of the C2 model against possible input combinations while considering the communication effect in combat operations. This study proposes a discrete event dynamic surrogate model (DEDSM) for the C model, which would be integrated with the C2 model and simulated. The proposed integrated simulation reduces execution time markedly in analysis of combat effectiveness without sacrificing the accuracy reflecting the communication effect. We hypothesize the DEDSM as a probabilistic priority queuing model whose semantics is expressed in a discrete event systems specification model with some characteristic functions unknown. The unknown functions are identified by machine learning with a data set generated by interoperable simulation of the C2 and C models. The case study with the command, control, and communication system of systems first validates the proposed approach through an equivalence test between the interoperable simulation and the proposed one. It then compares the simulation execution times and the number of events exchanged between the two simulations.
Finite element modeling to predict the steady-state structural behavior of 4D textiles
Authors: Stapleton Scott E. , Kaufmann Dorit , Krieger Helga , Schenk Jan , Gries Thomas , Schmelzeisen David
Published: November 2018

Four dimensional (4D) textiles consist of a textile with a printed polymeric grid, where deformation of the grid is induced by introducing residual stresses in the textile, in this case through pre-stretching of the textile substrate prior to printing. The fourth dimension refers to the ability of the structure to change shape over time by changing the residual stress in the textile. In order to design a useful component for a specific application, the material properties of constituents, direction and amount of residual stress, anisotropy of the textile substrate, geometry of the printed polymer, and pattern of the printed grid can all be altered. Due to the large amount of design variables involved, a validated modeling technique that can account for the complex material behavior of the soft, flexible textile under large strains and deformations along with the bifurcation and stability behavior of buckling beams is needed. In this study, an initial model was created to capture the time-independent buckling behavior and compared with experiments for rectangular elements of varying geometry and pre-strain. Once the model was calibrated, it fit experiments well, although additional advancements must be made to predict the nonlinear behavior of a wide variety of architectures with further accuracy. Finally, modeling strategies for large grids are laid out and discussed, and preliminary results are shown. Although this model did not include the transient nature of shape change, it can serve as a precursor for designing 4D Textiles and eventually predicting their time-dependent behavior under loading changes.
Developing a Transformative Drug Policy Research Agenda in the United States
Authors: Walker Ingrid , Netherland Julie
Published: November 2018

Despite its strengths, drug policy scholarship in the United States has deficiencies and systemic biases that contribute to misinformation about drugs and people who use drugs. Factors ranging from funders’ biases to an overemphasis on abstinence-only outcomes limit the scope and focus of drug policy research. These deficiencies and the highly politicized nature of drug policy reform have led U.S. decision-makers to largely reproduce the uninformed thinking that epitomizes failed drug policies. In an effort to address some of these limitations, we designed Unbounded Knowledge: Envisioning a New Future for Drug Policy Research, a project to engage researchers in thinking about how U.S. drug policy research should be transformed. The project involved a diverse group of multidisciplinary drug researchers and clinicians in a focused collaboration to identify what drug research should be—but is not—studying in the U.S. It consisted of: (1) a preliminary series of interviews with researchers, (2) identification of common research constraints and factors that would transform the direction of drug policy research in the U.S., and (3) a daylong workshop to craft an aspirational research agenda. Participants were broadly in consensus that significant changes are needed to create different ways to conduct drug policy research and new opportunities within the research environment. They also generated specific ideas for research that could better shape U.S. drug policies in ways that move beyond the dominant focus on criminalization and medicalization. This article offers recommendations generated by the project for improving drug policy research in the U.S.
Public sector unions’ ideas about employee-driven development: Restricted conceptualization of representative participation in workplaces
Authors: Bie-Drivdal Arnhild
Published: November 2018

This article explores unions’ ideas about representative participation in employee-driven development in the Norwegian public sector, using key documents from two unions for professionals and one general union. By means of qualitative ideational analysis, the article finds that none of the unions clearly conveys ideas linking representative participation to knowledge-based, employee-driven development, and the article argues that the potential for employee participation is not fully developed by these unions in the Norwegian public sector. Further, the analysis reveals differences between the unions in whether they describe their local representatives as a collective professional voice. These findings transcend the traditional division between professional associations and general unions, and raises new questions about the role of professional autonomy and knowledge in relation to representative participation and workplace development.
Impact of Septal Deviation on Recurrent Chronic Rhinosinusitis after Primary Surgery: A Matched Case‐Control Study
Authors: Fu Terence , Lee Daniel , Yip Jonathan , Jamal Alisha , Lee John M.
Published: November 2018

Objective

To evaluate the impact of untreated deviated nasal septum (DNS) on recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) among patients undergoing revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS).

Study Design

Case‐control study.

Setting

Tertiary academic center.

Subjects and Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 489 patients undergoing revision ESS for CRS at a tertiary academic center. Patients undergoing septoplasty were matched to nonseptoplasty controls based on age and sex. Preoperative Lund‐Mackay score (LMS) was compared between cohorts. Linear regression was used to identify predictors of LMS and ostiomeatal complex (OMC) obstruction.

Results

Thirty‐six matched pairs (72 patients) were selected for analysis: 36 undergoing septoplasty and revision ESS and 36 undergoing revision ESS alone. Compared with nonseptoplasty controls, the septoplasty group had a significantly higher average LMS (17.8 vs 14.6, P =. 02) and a greater rate of OMC obstruction (89% vs 61%, P <. 01). The septoplasty group also had significantly higher opacification scores in the maxillary (1.5 vs 1.2, P =. 03) and posterior ethmoid (1.8 vs 1.4, P =. 02) sinuses. On multivariable analysis, DNS was an independent predictor of LMS (P =. 02) and OMC obstruction (P <. 01).

Conclusion

Untreated DNS is associated with radiographic markers of CRS severity among patients undergoing revision ESS and may contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of persistent CRS.
Diminished responses to monoaminergic antidepressants but not ketamine in a mouse model for neuropsychiatric lupus
Authors: Srikumar Bettadapura N , Naidu Pattipati S , Kalidindi Narasimharaju , Paschapur Mahesh , Adepu Bharath , Subramani Siva , Nagar Jignesh , Srivastava Ratika , Sreedhara Muppana V , Prasad Durga Shiva , Das Manish Lal , Louis Justin V , Kuchibhotla Vijaya K , Dudhgaonkar Shailesh , Pieschl Rick L , Li Yu-Wen , Bristow Linda J , Ramarao Manjunath , Vikramadithyan Reeba K
Published: November 2018

Background:

A significant proportion of patients suffering from major depression fail to remit following treatment and develop treatment-resistant depression. Developing novel treatments requires animal models with good predictive validity. MRL/lpr mice, an established model of systemic lupus erythematosus, show depression–like behavior.

Aims:

We evaluated responses to classical antidepressants, and associated immunological and biochemical changes in MRL/lpr mice.

Methods and results:

MRL/lpr mice showed increased immobility in the forced swim test, decreased wheel running and sucrose preference when compared with the controls, MRL/MpJ mice. In MRL/lpr mice, acute fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)), imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or duloxetine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) did not decrease the immobility time in the Forced Swim Test. Interestingly, acute administration of combinations of olanzapine (0.03 mg/kg, subcutaneously)+fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) or bupropion (10 mg/kg, i.p.)+fluoxetine (30 mg/kg, i.p.) retained efficacy. A single dose of ketamine but not three weeks of imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or escitalopram (5 mg/kg, i.p.) treatment in MRL/lpr mice restored sucrose preference. Further, we evaluated inflammatory, immune-mediated and neuronal mechanisms. In MRL/lpr mice, there was an increase in autoantibodies’ titers, [3H]PK11195 binding and immune complex deposition. There was a significant infiltration of the brain by macrophages, neutrophils and T-lymphocytes. p11 mRNA expression was decreased in the prefrontal cortex. Further, there was an increase in the 5-HT2aR expression, plasma corticosterone and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity.

Conclusion:

In summary, the MRL/lpr mice could be a useful model for Treatment Resistant Depression associated with immune dysfunction with potential to expedite antidepressant drug discovery.
Alternations of interhemispheric functional connectivity in corneal ulcer patients using voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity: a resting state fMRI study
Authors: Shi Wen-Qing , Liu Jia-Xiang , Yuan Qing , Ye Lei , Su Ting , Jiang Nan , Lin Qi , Min You-Lan , Li Biao , Zhu Pei-Wen , Xu Xiao-Wei , Shao Yi
Published: November 2018

Background

Corneal ulcer (CU) is the second ocular disease leading to blindness. Millions of people around the world suffer from CU. However, the relationship between CU and altered functional connectivity in the brain is still unknown.

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to investigate the alterations of the brain interhemispheric functional connectivity (FC) in patients with CU using the voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method and their relationship with clinical manifestations.

Material and Methods

The present study involved 24 patients with CU (12 men, 12 women) and 24 healthy controls (HCs) with their age, sex, and weight closely matched. Independent sample t-test, VMHC method, and Pearson’s correlation analysis were applied. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to estimate the effect in distinguishing CU patients from HCs.

Results

The CU patients showed decreased VMHC values in bilateral lingual/calcarine, precentral/postcentral gyrus, and medial frontal gyrus compared with HCs. There were positive correlations between Visual Analogue Score (VAS) and VMHC values of bilateral media frontal gyrus ( r = 0.654, p = 0.001), the best-corrected VA of the affected eye and VMHC values of the bilateral lingual/calcarine region ( r = 0.960, p < 0.001). ROC curve also showed high diagnostic values in those regions.

Conclusion

Our study was the first to explore FC changes in CU patients’ brains using VMHC methods. We demonstrated that ocular pain of CU patients had a close relationship with altered VMHC values. Decreased VMHC values in the brain of CU patients may be useful markers to reflect the condition of progress in patients with CU.
Perspectives on condition monitoring techniques of wind turbines
Authors: Moeini R , Entezami M , Ratkovac M , Tricoli P , Hemida H , Hoeffer R , Baniotopoulos C
Published: November 2018

The ever-increasing development of wind power plants has raised awareness that an appropriate condition monitoring system is required to achieve high reliability of wind turbines. In order to develop an efficient, accurate and reliable condition monitoring system, the operations of wind turbines need to be fully understood. This article focuses on the online condition monitoring of electrical, mechanical and structural components of a wind turbine to diminish downtime due to maintenance. Failure mechanisms of the most vulnerable parts of wind turbines and their root causes are discussed. State-of-the-art condition monitoring methods of the different parts of wind turbine such as generators, power converters, DC-links, bearings, gearboxes, brake systems and tower structure are reviewed. This article addresses the existing problems in some areas of condition monitoring systems and provides a novel method to overcome these problems. In this article, a comparison between existing condition monitoring techniques is carried out and recommendations on appropriate methods are provided. In the analysis of the technical literature, it is noted that the effect of wind speed variation is not considered for traditional condition monitoring schemes.