bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging the access gap: Medicare ineligibility in people living with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: MacLachlan Jennifer H. , Cowie Benjamin C.
Published: January 2019

People living in Australia on temporary student or work visas are excluded from Medicare access and can face barriers to adequate healthcare, even if they are privately insured. This analysis aimed to quantify this issue in relation to people living with chronic hepatitis B, the majority of whom in Australia were born overseas. The data suggest that an estimated 25 000 people living with chronic hepatitis B in Australia are ineligible for Medicare, 10% of the total number affected, with considerable potential impact in access to effective healthcare and prevention of adverse outcomes.
Risk versus regulation: an update on the state of e‐cigarette control in Australia
Authors: Morgan Jody , Breitbarth Andreas K. , Jones Alison L.
Published: January 2019

E‐cigarettes are increasingly common around the world, particularly among youth. Ingestion of nicotine‐containing e‐liquid, while relatively rare, is the major toxicological risk associated with their use. Current Australian regulation has nicotine for use in e‐cigarettes listed as a dangerous poison in Schedule 7, with its supply or sale illegal in all states and territories, while regulation on the sale of e‐cigarettes and accessories varies by state. However, with increasing evidence that e‐cigarettes produce far fewer toxic by‐products than their combustible counterparts perhaps it is time to review this regulation.
Has the redistributive effect of social transfers and taxes changed over time across countries?
Authors: Caminada Koen , Goudswaard Kees , Wang Chen , Wang Jinxian
Published: January 2019

In most Member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation Development (OECD), the income gap between rich and poor has widened over the past decades. This article analyses whether and to what extent income taxes and social transfers have contributed to this trend. Has the redistributive impact of different social programmes changed over time? We use microdata from the LIS Cross National Data Center in Luxembourg for the period 1982–2014 and study both the total population and the working‐age population. In contrast to the results of some other studies, especially by the OECD, we do not find that redistribution has declined. Tax‐benefit systems around 2013 are more effective at reducing income inequality compared to the mid‐1980s and the mid‐1990s, especially among the total population. Changes in social programmes are not a driver of greater income inequality across the countries included in this study.
Nerve growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival and pathological retinal angiogenesis
Authors: Troullinaki Maria , Alexaki Vasileia‐Ismini , Mitroulis Ioannis , Witt Anke , Klotzsche–von Ameln Anne , Chung Kyoung‐Jin , Chavakis Triantafyllos , Economopoulou Matina
Published: January 2019

The mechanism underlying vasoproliferative retinopathies like retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is hypoxia‐triggered neovascularisation. Nerve growth factor (NGF), a neurotrophin supporting survival and differentiation of neuronal cells may also regulate endothelial cell functions. Here we studied the role of NGF in pathological retinal angiogenesis in the course of the ROP mouse model. Topical application of NGF enhanced while intraocular injections of anti‐NGF neutralizing antibody reduced pathological retinal vascularization in mice subjected to the ROP model. The pro‐angiogenic effect of NGF in the retina was mediated by inhibition of retinal endothelial cell apoptosis. In vitro, NGF decreased the intrinsic (mitochondria‐dependent) apoptosis in hypoxia‐treated human retinal microvascular endothelial cells and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. The anti‐apoptotic effect of NGF was associated with increased BCL2 and reduced BAX, as well as with enhanced ERK and AKT phosphorylation, and was abolished by inhibition of the AKT pathway. Our findings reveal an anti‐apoptotic role of NGF in the hypoxic retinal endothelium, which is involved in promoting pathological retinal vascularization, thereby pointing to NGF as a potential target for proliferative retinopathies.
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of amelanotic and hypomelanotic melanoma patients
Authors: Rayner J.E. , McMeniman E.K. , Duffy D.L. , De'Ambrosis B. , Smithers B.M. , Jagirdar K. , Lee K.J. , Soyer H.P. , Sturm R.A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma is associated with poorer outcomes due to a more advanced disease stage at diagnosis.

Objective

To determine phenotypic risks and genotypic associations with amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma to develop a clinical and genetic profile that could assist in identifying high‐risk individuals.

Methods

The Brisbane Naevus Morphology Study conducted from 2009 to 2016 has recruited a core of 1254 participants. Participants were drawn from a combination of volunteers from dermatology outpatient clinics, private dermatology clinics, the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study and QSkin study. Case participants had a personal history of melanoma and control participants no personal history of melanoma. We specifically examined seven known candidate pigmentation and melanoma genes and pigmentary phenotypic characteristics in participants with amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma compared to pigmented melanomas. This assayed single nucleotide polymorphisms in MC1R, TYR, HERC/OCA2, IRF4, MTAP, PLA2G6 and MITF.

Results

Forty‐seven participants had at least one amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma, and 389 had pigmented melanomas, with amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma patients significantly older than pigmented melanoma participants (63.3 ± 13.0 vs. 54.6 ± 15.3 years; P < 0.001). Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma patients were more likely than pigmented melanoma patients to have red hair (34% vs. 15%; P = 0.01), severe hand freckling (13% vs. 5%; P = 0.01) and propensity to sunburn (63% vs. 44%; P = 0.01). MC1R R/R genotype was much more frequent in our amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma population (31.1% vs. 11%; P < 0.001; OR 26.4 vs. 5.9; control 1.0). Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma was associated with TYR rs1126809*A/A [OR (CI 95%) 2.7 (1.1–6.8) vs. 1.2 (0.8–1.9)] and PLA2G6 rs11570734*A/A [OR (CI 95%) 3.7 (1.0–13.6) vs. 1.3 (0.9–2.0)]. The MTAP melanoma risk SNP genotype, associated with darker pigmentation, (rs4636294*A/A) was less common in amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma patients [OR (CI 95%) 0.8 (0.3–2.1) vs. 2.0 (1.3–3.1)].

Conclusions

Knowledge of phenotypic and genotypic associations of amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma can help predict risks and associations of this difficult to diagnose melanoma, which may ultimately assist clinical management and patient skin self‐examination.
Effectiveness of casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate‐containing products in the prevention and treatment of white spot lesions in orthodontic patients: A systematic review
Authors: Pithon Matheus M. , Baião Felipe S. , Sant'Anna Letícia I. D. , Tanaka Orlando M. , Cople‐Maia Lucianne
Published: January 2019

The purpose of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP)‐containing products in the prevention and treatment of active white spot lesions (WSL) in orthodontic patients. Searched the Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Virtual Health Language, ClinicalTrials, and Open Gray databases without limitations on the year or language of publication. We included controlled clinical trials with patients with fixed orthodontic appliances under the use of CPP‐ACP‐containing products compared to control, placebo, or other interventions in the prevention and treatment of WSL around orthodontic braces. Case reports, editorials, in vitro studies, annals of congress, and reviews were excluded. To assess the risk of bias, the revised version of the Cochrane tool for randomized trials (RoB 2.0) and Risk Of Bias In Non‐randomized Studies for non‐randomized trials were used. The biases were graded low, moderate, and high according to the tools used. Of the 599 articles found, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, nine were randomized, controlled clinical trials and two were non‐randomized. Two studies were considered to have moderate bias risk, and the most‐used CPP‐ACP presented form was a cream for topical applications. Although CPP‐ACP‐containing products did not differ from other fluoride products, they were able to reduce WSL and neutralize the pH around the orthodontic braces. Products containing CPP‐ACP are effective in preventing and treating WSL around the braces. However, further studies with the same measurement method and periods of use, and other forms of presentation of CPP‐ACP are needed.
ATL3 gene mutation in a Chinese family with hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1F
Authors: Xu Haiyue , Zhang Chao , Cao Li , Song Jie , Xu Xuhua , Zhang Baorong , Chen Baohui , Zhao Guohua
Published: January 2019

Hereditary sensory neuropathy (HSN) comprises a group of progressive peripheral neuropathies predominantly affecting the sensory nerves. To date, two different ATL3 gene mutations have been reported to be responsible for HSN type 1F (HSN1F). Here, we report a family in which the members presented numbness of the lower limbs and recurrent foot ulceration. Symptoms of foot ulcers disappeared in the years after onset, which suggests that the family members showed benign and mild symptoms compared with the affected patients reported previously. Laboratory examinations and electrophysiological data suggested axonal degeneration of the peripheral sensory nerves, while motor neurons were not involved. Exome sequencing revealed the previously reported c.C1013G (p.Pro338Arg) mutation of the ATL3 gene. This is the first report of ATL3 mutation in Chinese patients with HSN. Cells expressing mutant ATL3 exhibited disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum network, suggesting a dominant‐negative effect. There was no significant difference in the expression of the endoplasmic reticulum stress marker binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) between cells expressing wild‐type or mutant ATL3. Further studies are required to ascertain the relevance of the changes in endoplasmic reticulum morphology to axonal degeneration of sensory nerves.
Anchors in Rough Seas: Understanding Category Spanning as a Source of Market Coordination
Authors: Montauti Martina
Published: January 2019

Prior research has deemed products that span market categories a source of cognitive and institutional disruption. Portraying spanning products as purely disruptive elements, however, does not consider their large presence in markets and, consequently, the fact that producers and consumers continue to coordinate their activities on established categories despite pervasive spanning. Our paper addresses this gap by focusing on commercial success as an important condition under which spanning products, rather than being a source of disruption, sustain market coordination. From the producer side, an increasing number of commercially successful products spanning a focal category stimulates mimicry. From the consumer side, this mimicry, net of the overall level of spanning observed in the category, improves consensus. We test these arguments by focusing on the styles that map electronic music as the established categories of a market. Empirical analyses lend support to our hypotheses.
Prognostic role of platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio in oral cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Yonggang , Zheng Linli , Quan Liuliu , Du Liang
Published: January 2019

Background and objective

Platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) has been suggested to be associated with the progression of oral cancer with inconclusive results. The objective of the current study was to assess the prognostic role of oral cancer by meta‐analysis.

Method

PubMed, EMbase(Ovid), CNKI, WanFang Data, VIP, and CBM databases were searched up to August 24, 2018. Studies investigating the association between PLR and progression of oral cancer were included. Meta‐analysis was performed by using Revman 5.3 software. The protocol of the study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018106836).

Results

A total of five studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The results of the meta‐analysis showed that higher PLR was associated with the poor progress of oral cancer (overall survival: OR = 2.06, 95 CI: 1.49‐2.86, P < 0.0001; disease‐specific survival: OR = 2.12, 95 CI: 1.59‐2.82, P < 0.00001).

Conclusion

The current meta‐analysis showed that higher PLR is a poor progression factor for oral cancer. However, larger sample, multi‐center studies should be carried out in the future to validate the above conclusion.
Microtubule nucleation for the assembly of acentrosomal microtubule arrays in plant cells
Authors: Lee Yuh‐Ru Julie , Liu Bo
Published: January 2019

Contents

Summary

I.
Introduction

II.
MT arrays in plant cells

III.
γ‐Tubulin and MT nucleation

IV.
MT nucleation sites or flexible MTOCs in plant cells

V.
MT‐dependent MT nucleation

VI.
Generating new MTs for spindle assembly

VII.
Generation of MTs for phragmoplast expansion during cytokinesis

VIII.
MT generation for the cortical MT array

IX.
MT nucleation: looking forward

Acknowledgements

References

Cytoskeletal microtubules (MTs) have a multitude of functions including intracellular distribution of molecules and organelles, cell morphogenesis, as well as segregation of the genetic material and separation of the cytoplasm during cell division among eukaryotic organisms. In response to internal and external cues, eukaryotic cells remodel their MT network in a regulated manner in order to assemble physiologically important arrays for cell growth, cell proliferation, or for cells to cope with biotic or abiotic stresses. Nucleation of new MTs is a critical step for MT remodeling. Although many key factors contributing to MT nucleation and organization are well conserved in different kingdoms, the centrosome, representing the most prominent microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), disappeared during plant evolution as angiosperms lack the structure. Instead, flexible MTOCs may emerge on the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, and even organelles depending on types of cells and organisms and/or physiological conditions. MT‐dependent MT nucleation is particularly noticeable in plant cells because it accounts for the primary source of MT generation for assembling spindle, phragmoplast, and cortical arrays when the γ‐tubulin ring complex is anchored and activated by the augmin complex. It is intriguing what proteins are associated with plant‐specific MTOCs and how plant cells activate or inactivate MT nucleation activities in spatiotemporally regulated manners.
Molecular breath analysis supports altered amino acid metabolism in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Gaugg Martin Thomas , Engler Anna , Bregy Lukas , Nussbaumer‐Ochsner Yvonne , Eiffert Lara , Bruderer Tobias , Zenobi Renato , Sinues Pablo , Kohler Malcolm
Published: January 2019

Background and objective

Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is complex and its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Recent findings indicate elevated levels of proline and other amino acids in lung tissue of IPF patients which may also be of diagnostic value. Following these findings, we hypothesized that such altered metabolic profiles would be mirrored in exhaled breath and could therefore be captured non‐invasively in real time.

Methods

We aimed to validate these results using real‐time exhaled breath analysis by secondary electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry, which can provide a non‐invasive, painless and fast insight into the metabolism. Breath analysis was performed in a matched 1:1 case–control study involving 21 patients with IPF and 21 control subjects.

Results

We found significantly (P < 0.05) elevated levels of proline, 4‐hydroxyproline, alanine, valine, leucine/isoleucine and allysine in breath of IPF patients, whereas pyroglutamic acid and phenylalanine did not show significant differences. This coincides with the amino acid's abundance in pulmonary tissue indicating that our observations reflect progressing fibrosis. In addition, amino acid levels correlated across subjects, further supporting a common underlying pathway. We were able to obtain a cross‐validated area under the curve of 0.86, suggesting that these increased amino acid levels in exhaled breath have the potential to be used as biomarkers for IPF.

Conclusion

We could validate previous findings of elevated lung tissue amino acid levels in IPF and show that online breath analysis might be a practical tool for a rapid screening for IPF.
Daily Mobility, Livelihoods and Transport Policies in Kampala, Uganda: A Hägerstrandian Analysis
Authors: Janusz Katarzyna , Kesteloot Christian , Vermeiren Karolien , Van Rompaey Anton
Published: January 2019

In order to construct a suitable transport policy, based on the needs of the inhabitants and city users, planners have to be aware of the needs of urban residents. In this research, Hägerstrand’s space‐time geography is used to understand constraints that individuals from contrasting livelihoods experience regarding their daily mobility in Kampala. To carry out economic activities, both poor and non‐poor face the need to travel, but moving in the city is hampered by congestion and poor walking infrastructure. While non‐poor have the financial and economical flexibility to adjust the time and transport mode of their movements, the poor are constrained by affordability. Space‐time prisms of the movements show that paradoxically the further the distance from the centre, the less movement is undertaken by the non‐poor and more movement by the poor. The policy responses, driven by foreign investments, mainly from China, show that policy circulation plans prevail over tailor‐made solutions.
American tegumentary leishmaniasis in Brazil: a critical review of the current therapeutic approach with systemic meglumine antimoniate and short‐term possibilities for an alternative treatment
Authors: Carvalho Sílvia H. , Frézard Frédéric , Pereira Neila P. , Moura Alexandre S. , Ramos Lucinéia M. Q. C. , Carvalho Gabriel B. , Rocha Manoel O. C.
Published: January 2019

Objectives

Meglumine antimoniate (MA; Glucantime®), the 80‐year‐old first‐line systemic treatment for all forms of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, is highly toxic, presents adverse side‐effects and may not attain clinical and parasitological cure. This critical review examines the necessity for intramuscular/intravenous administration of MA, the alternatives to this approach, and the possibilities of developing affordable, accessible and non‐toxic drugs or new delivery methods.

Method

PubMed searches were performed using the terms ‘cutaneous leishmaniasis’ or ‘American tegumentary leishmaniasis’ in combination with ‘meglumine antimoniate’ or ‘N–methyl glucamine’ or ‘drug repositioning’ or ‘nanotechnology’. Searches covered a period of 20 years of peer reviewed journals and technical bulletins. We explored the mode of action, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and efficacy of MA, evaluated the progress of ATL therapy in Brazil, and examined the potential of drug repositioning and nanotechnology in accelerating the introduction and/or optimisation of an alternative treatment.

Results

The evidence suggests that ATL therapy will continue to rely on systemic MA in the foreseeable future even though an intralesional subcutaneous route has evolved over the last 10 years. The chances of developing a novel drug for ATL or a new mode of delivery of MA are low. While MA nanocarriers afford a promising approach, this technology is still in its infancy. A more immediate solution would be the production of a bioequivalent of miltefosine, an efficacious oral agent no longer protected by patent.

Conclusion

Development of a contemporary treatment requires governmental commitment in bringing together private and public sectors.
Syndromic survey and molecular analysis of influenza viruses at the human–swine interface in two West African cosmopolitan cities suggest the possibility of bidirectional interspecies transmission
Authors: Adeola Oluwagbenga A. , Olugasa Babasola O. , Emikpe Benjamin O. , Folitse Raphael D.
Published: January 2019

Influenza viruses are frequently transmitted between pigs and their handlers, and among pig handlers. However, reports on socio‐environmental variables as potential risk factors associated with transmission of influenza in West African swine production facilities are very scarce. Syndromic survey for influenza was therefore conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, and Kumasi, Ghana, in order to identify and elucidate selected socio‐environmental variables that may contribute to the occurrence and distribution of influenza‐like illness (ILI) among swine industry workers. In addition, molecular analyses were conducted to elucidate the nature of influenza viruses circulating at the human–swine interface in these cities and better understand the dynamics of their transmission. Influenza viruses were detected by type‐specific and subtype‐specific RT–PCR. Sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were carried out. Socio‐environmental variables were tested by both univariable and multivariable regression methods for significance at p < 0.05. Three risk factors for ILI were identified in each city. These included “frequency of visit of pig handler to pig pen or lairage” (Ibadan: risk ratio [RR] = 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36–1.79, p = 0.02; Kumasi: RR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.11–1.71, p = 0.01) and “pig handler's awareness about biosecurity measures” (Ibadan: RR = 7.09, 95% CI = 2.36–21.32, p < 0.001; Kumasi: RR = 4.84, 95% CI = 1.98–11.80, p < 0.001). Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, with M genes closely related to those which circulated among pigs in the two cities during the same period, were detected among Nigerian and Ghanaian pig industry workers. These findings suggest the possibility of bidirectional transmission of influenza at the human–swine interface in these cities and underscore the need for more extensive molecular studies. Risk factors identified may assist in the control of human‐to‐human and human‐to‐swine transmission of influenza in the West African swine industry.
Introduction
Authors: Unowsky Daniel
Published: January 2019

The introduction offers an overview of the geographical and chronological scope of the violence before setting these events within existing scholarship on antisemitism, Habsburg and Polish history, and the history of violence in central Europe around 1900. Although these events have been largely overshadowed by more deadly examples of anti-Jewish violence before and after World War I, the 1898 riots constituted the most extensive anti-Jewish attacks in the Habsburg state in the post-1867 constitutional era. The 1898 Galician violence challenged the image of Austria-Hungary as a Rechtsstaat, a state governed by the rule of law. The introduction includes chapter previews.
Politics, Policy, and Christian-Jewish Relations
Authors: Unowsky Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores efforts to inform the events with political meaning. Galicia’s major Polish-speaking political players assigned blame and put forward explanations for the riots that bolstered their respective appeals for political support. In November, just before Emperor Franz Joseph’s official fiftieth jubilee on December 2, newly elected Peasant Party deputies and socialists addressed the riots from the floor of the parliament building on Vienna’s Ringstraße, the symbolic center of power in the monarchy. This chapter illustrates the abyss that lay between the smooth and coherent framing narratives that emerged during and after the riots and the much murkier events, motivations, actions, and reactions of participants on the ground described in earlier chapters. The final section considers how the riots altered patterns of Christian-Jewish interaction.
Government and Public Finance in the Old Republic, 1889–1930
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

The failures of the provincial government of São Paulo convinced the São Paulo elite of the need to create a more powerful and autonomous state government once the Republic was proclaimed. How this new regime was established after 1889 is the main theme of the chapter. It shows how the state government was rapidly equipped with professional administrators who in turn would develop a modern state structure in everything from education and public health to its own military force. Quickly this state government emerged as the most powerful and modern in Republican Brazil.
Paulista Agriculture, 1899–1950
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

The growth of this powerful state government to 1930 would be crucial to the survival of São Paulo agriculture in the next half century. The secular growth of the coffee economy up to the end of the 19th century was spectacular. But the constant incorporation of ever more virgin lands into this coffee economy created problems of overproduction as the state alone produced more coffee than the world market could consume. The paulista planters had difficulty responding to these market signals and in the end required significant assistance from the new state government to control crop output. This direct intervention of both the state and federal governments in the coffee economy, defines paulista agriculture in the 20th century.
The State in National and International Commerce
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

How the state economy was integrated into the world market is the basic question analyzed in this chapter. The rise of Santos as an international port is a key concern, as well as the impact of steamship arrivals and their role as importers of labor and goods and exporters of coffee. The nature of the state’s international trade is examined in the 20th century. Also studied is the emergence of airplanes, automobiles, and trucks as a new transport within the state along with the impact and growth of the telegraph and the telephone.
Industrial Growth in São Paulo
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

While the creation of a dynamic agricultural economy was explained by the extraordinary quality of the soils of the state and their excellent conditions for the growth of coffee, the same was not the case with industry. But how such industrial capital was generated and the role of native and foreign capital explains how this occurred. The existence of an educated foreign born labor force was another factor. The chapter covers all the primary industries created before 1950 and how the state’s industries came to control a large share of the nation’s industrial work force.
Infrastructure and Urbanization of the State
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

The creation of a modern communications network, the construction of a massive hydroelectric complex and the birth of a major world metropolis from a previously undistinguished urban center are the themes examined. All of these developments were made possible by major investments of the state and of the private sector in the basic infrastructure. State public works in everything from purified water and sanitation to paved roads and higher educational institutions were crucial in developing the major urban centers.
Population Growth and Structure
Authors: Luna Francisco Vidal , Klein Herbert S.
Published: January 2019

The impact of births, deaths and migration on the growth of the population of São Paulo is examined. The causes for the changing levels of fertility and mortality are studied, as well as the social and demographic integration of European and Asian migrants. The question of literacy and its change by sex and urban and rural populations are basic themes as well. Finally the rise of secondary cities as the frontier closes is also a major concern that is examined.
The State of Stability
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter shows how diverse practices of land management and competing legal traditions gradually cohered into an imperial program of revenue generation. It argues that the process of crafting and dispersing kanunnames (legal regulations) was also a process of genre creation, whereby taxation schemas not only naturalized social relations but also became actionable frameworks for both state and nonstate agents. Both their form, as an expression of dynastic authority, and their content, as an assessment of tax obligations and privileges, serve to illustrate the mechanism whereby Ottoman dynasts asserted a new sovereign law amid competing legacies of land management and sought, ultimately, to generate a stable vocabulary for sultanic intervention. It engages with the meaning of “lawmaking” within Muslim-based polities, addresses its adaptation within the Ottoman context, and reflects on the evolution of the kanunname in the reigns of Mehmed II, Bayezid II, Selim I, and Süleyman I.
The Brokered State
Authors: Ferguson Heather L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents the northern “external frontier” of Buda and the occupied Hungarian territories as the fulcrum in which new strategies of governance and imperial display emerged. The chapter argues that rival Ottoman and Habsburg imperial claims each increasingly relied on linguistic manipulations to assert jurisdictional power. It further explores the way in which clear boundaries were never certain but rather were constantly asserted through diplomatic letters and surveillance tactics ever more reliant on imperial translators. While typically assayed in terms of the “limits” of Ottoman expansion, here Buda and the Hungarian territories become the crucible for an emergent framework of imperial sovereignty. The chapter relies on edicts dispatched to the governors of Buda, as well as their letters sent in turn to Habsburg authorities, and illustrates the fraught nature of Ottoman territorial claims.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter opens looking at the place of missions within political and philosophical structure of the Spanish empire. As Spain attempted to reform its empire in the eighteenth century in response to enlightenment concepts, it changed the way it conducted its frontier missions system. The history of the missionaries of Ocopa provided an interesting insight into these changes. They were generally seen as in line with enlightenment concepts, yet also a threat to the growing enlightenment inspired concept of royal absolutism. This study, therefore, fits within larger body of works on the Bourbon Reform period of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It argues that changes to the Spanish borderlands were a result of interactions between political actors throughout the empire.
Rebellion, Religion, and Reform
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter two focuses on the events surrounding the Juan Santos Atahualpa Rebellion. Specifically, it examines how the viceregal government ultimately failed to support Ocopa against the rebels. It narrates the initial expulsion and murder of the Ocopa friars and the unsuccessful attempt by local militia to end the rebellion quickly. The chapter then looks at the larger geopolitical context of the rebellion examining how the Lima earthquake and tsunami ultimately shaped the viceroy’s decision to abandon attempts to dislodge Juan Santos from Ocopa’s missions. At the same time, chapter two uncovers the role that Ocopa’s support for one of their former missionaries, Friar Calixto, played in kindling the viceroy’s animosity toward the College. It ultimately argues that the viceroy ordered military efforts against Juan Santos abandoned, not because of strategic concerns, but to limit the influence of Ocopa, which he saw as a threat to royal authority.
In the Aftermath of Rebellion
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter three examines the aftermath of the viceroy’s decision to cede most of Ocopa’s missions to the Juan Santos Atahualpa rebels. Ocopa successfully lobbied Madrid into ordering the viceregal government to commit enough supplies and manpower to expel Juan Santos. The viceroy, however, refused to honor the Crown’s decree. The viceroy’s actions was motivated in part by the missionaries’ continued support for Friar Calixto, whom the viceroy had arrested and forcibly removed to Spain for his alleged complicity in fomenting indigenous unrest. Ultimately, the viceregal government relented on the issue of the College’s annual stipend, but continued to hold Spanish forces in a defensive position along the frontier. In reaction to these events, Ocopa began the process of gradually ceding control of their operations to Crown authorities in exchange for increased material support.
“To Serve Both Majesties,” 1759–1784
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter four explores the resurgence of Ocopa after the Juan Santos Atahualpa Rebellion. The relatively more pro-Franciscan atmosphere, caused in part by the ascension of Charles III to the throne, gave Ocopa enough money and resources from the Crown to restart in earnest their evangelization efforts in the Peruvian Amazon. As the chapter narrates, they were aided even more when after the expulsion of the Jesuits, Ocopa received territory and property formerly controlled by the Society. While attempts to evangelize were not always successful, with one of them ending in another rebellion, Ocopa showed itself to be one of the most powerful Franciscan institutions in the New World. Ocopa needed this influence with the rise of new ideas regarding evangelization in the frontier. The “new method,” sought to evangelize through colonization and commerce with minimal involvement from the regular clergy.
From Apogee to Collapse
Authors: Jones Cameron D.
Published: January 2019

Chapter six explores Ocopa’s history during the last three and a half decades of Spanish colonial rule in Peru. This period is the apogee of Ocopa’s missionary enterprise under the control of the Aragonese faction. These new leaders fervently began to incorporate many of the economic and political principles behind the Bourbon reforms in their evangelization efforts. This new emphasis was in part an outcome of the new leaders’ philosophical beliefs, but was also implemented to please Crown officials, who exercised more and more authority over the College. The new propaganda worked, and Ocopa was granted its largest concession from the Crown to date, almost complete pastoral control over the newly created diocese of Maynas. Their success, however, was hollow, as miscommunication and incompetence in the Spanish bureaucracy led to confusion and dissension in the diocese. The French invasion of Spain and the wars of independence ultimately sealed Ocopa’s fate.
Devotions of Affliction
Authors: Ramírez Paul
Published: January 2019

From 1736 to 1739 an outbreak of matlazahuatl, likely typhus, ravaged the Valley of Mexico. In Mexico City, public responses in the form of hospital care, processions, and numerous devotional acts were documented by Cayetano Cabrera y Quintero, an eyewitness and promoter of the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe. His plague chronicle provides a point of departure for a deeper history of the dramaturgy of epidemic outbreaks, in which public pageantry and appeals to beloved saints transformed cities and towns into thoroughfares of saints and devotees. This chapter examines how these performances were both sponsored by corporate bodies and solicited by laypeople well into the eighteenth century, when administrators aggressively pursued sanitation and hygiene campaigns alongside divine succor.
Periodically Healthy
Authors: Ramírez Paul
Published: January 2019

Practices of publication and experimentation in the Atlantic world inspired physicians, natural philosophers, clerics, and others conversant in learning about climatic conditions, sanitation, and the sciences of anatomy, botany, chemistry, and statistics to forge connections with one another and with lay communities to improve medical care in New Spain. Beginning in 1768, the rise of a scientific periodical press in New Spain provided a novel means to collect and disseminate learning about health care, natural remedies, and scientific developments. In effect reproducing a conceit of colonial healing manuals, the print culture of the Enlightenment went further to shape a repository of vernacular knowledge from correspondents in cities, towns, and villages. Ultimately this venue failed to incorporate, as some hoped, a broader sector of the lower classes into scientific and medical practice.
“Massacre of the Innocents”
Authors: Ramírez Paul
Published: January 2019

At the end of the century the viceregal government mandated anticontagion measures for communities and households affected by infectious disease. Finally implemented in 1796 and 1797 with the arrival of another epidemic of smallpox, the regime occasioned radical experiments in disease management and a turn to new medical paradigms of prevention. Judicial inquiries, administrative correspondence, and legal briefs and petitions filed by guilds, village leaders, religious orders, and administrators conveyed the complaints and perspectives of peasants, artisans, merchants, priests, and district governors as they struggled over disease management in the intendancy of Oaxaca. Following months of social unrest, the viceregal government confirmed the technological shift already under way in rural villages by endorsing inoculation’s widespread use.
The Gift of Immunity
Authors: Ramírez Paul
Published: January 2019

Historians of science observe that new technologies must be “domesticated” before they work. Drawing on these insights, this chapter shows how immunization was first introduced in medical treatises, sermons, pastoral letters, legal briefs, and public ceremonies, as physicians, bishops, governors, and ministers aimed to convince parents and other caretakers of its value. These colonial genres and rituals, and eventually gifts of coins and cookies to entice parents and children, rendered preventive medicine safe, efficacious, and sacred for diverse publics and paved the way for the Royal Philanthropic Vaccination Expedition’s introduction of Edward Jenner’s cowpox vaccine.
Local Policy Making, Globalized Coalitions, and Resource Allocation
Authors: Chen Ling , Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter delves into the coalitional politics of policy making and resource allocation by investigating strategies of city government officials. The chapter examines the patterns of bureaucratic competition between international commerce departments and newly emerged domestic technology departments and their respective business clients, including foreign and domestic firms. I explain the influence of FDI attraction on domestic politics by showing (1) how the overlap between FIEs and exporters shaped the degree of perceived threat and the cohesiveness of the vested interests in international commerce under the rule of fragmented bureaucratic competition and (2) how the existence of large foreign firms strengthened the bargaining power of the vested interest bureaucrats against allocating resources to the domestic technology coalition. The direction and the magnitude of foreign influence, therefore, is filtered and channeled through local bureaucracy.
Varieties of Local Capitalism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter traces the historical roots of local variation by chronologically and cross-sectionally placing China in a comparative historical perspective. It compares varieties of local capitalism in China across four periods: the late Qing and early Republican period, the Mao era, the post-Mao period, and the globalized era. It explores how the historically entrenched top-down and bottom-up modes of capitalism have conditioned local government preferences, as well as their reaction to centrally driven development initiatives, leading them to attract foreign firms in the globalized era. The narrowly selective development strategies based on top-down capitalism were more effective in the industrial transformation during the preglobalized era before the 1990s. The influx of FDI since then, however, has unleashed new complexity so that cultivating bottom-up, broadly supportive networks with small firms was more likely to provide an institutional environment for the competitiveness of domestic private businesses.
Making Economic Policies Work
Authors: Chen Ling
Published: January 2019

This chapter summarizes the findings of the book. It draws attention to how global production fragmented or integrated state agencies and businesses, shaped the ways they perceived their interests, and ultimately affected the local political environments for domestic private firms. Compared with other approaches, the theory advanced in this book takes the incentives of local state agencies seriously. It shows that in an authoritarian country where businesses do not have a direct role in policy making, the local bureaucrats, by pursuing their own political and economic interests, can influence the political and economic environment of production. The chapter then broadens out to map major Asian economies in Northeast and Southeast Asia in a comparative picture.
Brokering Peace in Nuclear Environments
Authors: Yusuf Moeed
Published: January 2019

This book is the first to theorize third party mediation in crises between regional nuclear powers. Its relevance flows from two of the most significant international developments since the end of the Cold War: the emergence of regional nuclear rivalries; and the shift from the Cold War’s bipolar context to today’s unipolar international setting. Moving away from the traditional bilateral deterrence models, the book conceptualizes crisis behavior as “brokered bargaining”: a three-way bargaining framework where the regional rivals and the ‘third party’ seek to influence each other to behave in line with their crisis objectives and in so doing, affect each other’s crisis behavior. The book tests brokered bargaining theory by examining U.S.-led crisis management in South Asia, analyzing three major crises between India and Pakistan: the Kargil conflict, 1999; the 2001-02 nuclear standoff; and the Mumbai crisis, 2008. The case studies find strong evidence of behavior predicted by the brokered bargaining framework. They also shed light on several risks of misperceptions and inadvertence due to the challenges inherent in signaling to multiple audiences simultaneously. Traditional explanations rooted in bilateral deterrence models do not account for these, leaving a void with serious practical consequences, which the introduction of brokered bargaining seeks to fill. The book’s findings also offer lessons for crises on the Korean peninsula, between China and India, and between potential nuclear rivals in the Middle East.
Setting Up the Inquiry
Authors: Yusuf Moeed
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces brokered bargaining as a three-actor model that explains patterns of state behavior in regional crises in a unipolar global setting. The chapter presents ten propositions that are posited to collectively shape crisis behavior of the United States and other strong states acting as third-party mediators and of regional rivals. Crisis behavior of regional rivals ought to be marked by a constant tension between their incentives to pursue their maximalist objectives and their compulsion not to defy the third party completely given its power to tilt the crisis decisively against them. The third party would seek to heighten the antagonists’ sensitivity to its preference for de-escalation ahead of their ideal crisis outcomes. Brokered bargaining unpacks the processes and mechanisms that underpin this trilateral interaction. The last part of the chapter presents the methodology applied to the case studies in the next section of the book.
Beyond South Asia
Authors: Yusuf Moeed
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the general applicability of brokered bargaining beyond South Asia, focusing on four prototypes of rivalries: between countries that are considered friends of the unipole (futuristic crisis scenarios involving Israel versus a nuclear Saudi Arabia, Turkey, or Egypt); between a friend and foe of the unipole (Israel versus a nuclear Iran); between a foe of the unipole and an ally with formally extended deterrence guarantees (Korean peninsula); and between a friend and a presumptive great power rival of the unipole (India versus China). The discussion establishes the similarities and differences of these prototypes with the South Asian cases. While each presents a somewhat distinct set of challenges for third-party actors, the fundamental crisis dynamic whereby the third party works to secure de-escalation without seeking to alienate either conflicting party completely and the antagonists feel compelled not to defy it outright remains valid in each case.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Daniel M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the puzzle of “democratic dynasties” and Japan’s unusually high level of dynastic politics compared to other democracies. The chapter briefly reviews the existing explanations for the causes of dynastic politics, and then summarizes the new theoretical argument that is offered in the book, as well as the background context of the case of Japan and the research design used to test the argument. Finally, the chapter discusses the potential positive and negative consequences of democratic dynasties and provides an outline of the book’s remaining chapters.
A Comparative Theory of Dynastic Candidate Selection
Authors: Smith Daniel M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces a comparative theory of dynastic candidate selection based on a framework of supply and demand within the institutional contexts of electoral systems and candidate selection methods. On the supply side, incumbents who serve longer terms in office, and who are themselves part of an existing dynasty, will be more likely to have family members who select into politics. However, relative demand for their potential successors will be higher where electoral institutions generate candidate-centered elections, and in parties where candidate selection processes are exclusive and decentralized, leaving much of the decision up to local party actors—in Japan’s case, primarily the support groups of exiting candidates. Demand for legacy candidates should also be higher in parties with weak organizational linkages to groups in civil society and when the previous incumbent dies in office. Comparative evidence is presented in support of the theory.
Selection
Authors: Smith Daniel M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines dynastic candidate selection in Japan under the single nontransferable vote (SNTV) electoral system and the changes that have occurred since the adoption of a mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) system, which combines first-past-the-post and closed-list proportional representation. Dynasties under SNTV were more common in larger, decentralized parties—especially the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). The MMM system shifted the focus of elections from candidates to parties. Subsequent party reforms within the LDP have expanded the pool of candidates and placed greater control over nominations with national-level party leaders, who have selected a more diverse range of candidates. Legacy candidates are still nominated, but recently, only the most powerful and longest-serving incumbents are likely to be succeeded in politics by a family member. This suggests that demand-side incentives have changed, leaving mainly supply-side incentives to explain the continued persistence of dynastic politics.