bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Noncapillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Li Youxin , Jia Feifei , Xu Ran , Wang Dandan
Published: March 2017

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is being widely applied in pharmaceutical, biological, food, chemical, environmental, and clinical fields owing to its high efficiency, universality, sensitivity, trace consumption of sample, high sample throughput, and variety of operating modes. However, it is also facing great challenges in determination and analysis of ultratrace samples, semipreparation or preparation of samples, multidimensional analysis, and coupling of multiple technologies. Load capacity is a key factor that affects the solution of these issues. It is thought that the direct increase in capillary diameter is a shortcut. Many papers and patents reported the development of various electrophoresis methods in large capillaries (>150 µm), which are uniformly named wide‐bore electrophoresis (WBE) here. This article describes the progress in WBE, including the theory, methods, applications, and so on.
Monolithic High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Columns
Authors: Desire Christopher T. , Hilder Emily F. , Arrua R. Dario
Published: March 2017

Monolithic HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) columns have emerged over the recent decades as highly attractive alternatives to conventional HPLC technology. A monolith is considered to be a continuous piece of porous material. Two types of monolithic columns have been developed for liquid chromatography (LC) applications; they are polymer monoliths and silica monoliths, which differ based on their porous properties. Polymer monoliths consist solely of macropores (pores larger than 50 nm), while silica monoliths possess both macropores and mesopores (pores between 2 and 50 nm). Silica monoliths therefore possess higher surface areas than polymer monoliths and have mainly been utilied for the separation of small molecules, where excellent separation performance has been demonstrated. Polymer monoliths on the other hand have been shown to provide excellent separation performance for larger molecules, where the convective transport of these molecules is unhindered by the presence of mesopores.

Polymer and silica monoliths can be prepared in a variety of ways, resulting in varied surface chemistries and flow properties, thus allowing their application in a wide range of chromatographic modes, including reversed‐phase (RP), ion‐exchange, hydrophilic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), to name a few. This has allowed for the separation of a variety of analytes, from small molecules such as alkylbenzenes, to larger molecules such as peptides and proteins. They have also found application for the separation of DNA. In recent years, significant attention has been focused on improving and understanding the behavior of these materials and alternative synthetic routes for their preparation.
Time‐Resolved Spectroscopy: Instrumentation and Applications
Authors: Ariese Freek , Roy Khokan , Ravi Kumar Venkatraman , Sudeeksha Hanehalli Chandrashekhar , Kayal Surajit , Umapathy Siva
Published: March 2017

Light–matter interaction may lead to three fundamental phenomena, viz. (i) absorption, (ii) emission, and (iii) scattering. Spectroscopic techniques based on these phenomena are used to characterize the materials of interest, not only stable compounds but also short‐lived species during molecular transformations. Determining the electronic and molecular structure of the transient species is crucial in order to understand various photochemical, physical, and biological processes of fundamental and technological importance. Identifying various redox species during photosynthesis, understanding the photoinduced charge transfer process in solar cells, unraveling the photochemistry of vision that involves photoisomerization of retinal, etc. require spectroscopic techniques that can resolve various transient species in time and were practically impossible until the advent of pulsed lasers.

The absorption of a photon by a molecule may initiate a cascade of dynamic molecular events, namely vibrational relaxation (VR), solvation dynamics, internal conversion (IC), intersystem crossing (ISC), electron transfer, isomerization reactions, etc., which can occur at femtosecond (fs) to picosecond (ps) timescales. Bimolecular reaction dynamics in liquids, such as H‐atom abstraction reaction, are typically diffusion controlled and therefore can be observed at nanosecond (ns) timescales. Therefore, time‐dependent (time‐resolved) spectroscopy has been an exquisite tool to follow the molecular dynamics after an initial phototrigger.

Apart from studying molecular dynamics, time resolution can also be used to distinguish conformers, isomers or enantiomers, or distinguish identical compounds in different environments. It can also be applied to suppress unwanted signals occurring at different timescales, for instance fluorescence suppression in Raman experiments, or selectively detect compounds deeper inside a sample.

In this article, we first give an introduction to the fundamentals of time‐resolved electronic absorption, spontaneous excited‐state resonance Raman, and coherent Raman scattering and emission techniques, spanning the range from femtosecond to microsecond timescales. Important technical aspects of time‐resolved spectroscopic equipment are also discussed. We then present some examples of cis–trans isomerization, thermal equilibrium of the two lowest triplet states, H‐atom abstraction reactions, etc. and demonstrate the molecular dynamic events after an initial phototrigger by a comprehensive kinetic analysis of the peak position, width and intensity of the marker bands in the time‐resolved electronic absorption, and Raman and emission spectra.
Single‐Cell Label‐Free Profiling
Authors: Falcón‐Banchs Roberto , Sohn Lydia L. , Rivest Francois
Published: March 2017

In this article, various techniques used for label‐free single‐cell profiling are discussed. Single‐cell assays have gained much popularity because of their potential use in studying heterogeneity in cell populations related to biology and disease. Cellular properties such as morphology, surface markers, electrophysiology, and mechanical properties are discussed in relation to specific label‐free platforms. The techniques are presented by their operation method, and advantages and limitations are discussed.
Biomedical Application ofRaman andFT‐IRSpectroscopies: Label‐Free Imaging of Liver Insult
Authors: Kochan K. , Baranska Malgorzata , Maslak E.
Published: March 2017

Imaging via vibrational spectroscopy techniques (Raman, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT‐IR) combined with chemometric analysis is becoming increasingly popular in the field of biomedical research. This results from numerous advantages of FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopies for the study of biological samples and the potential of their application in the context of pathogenesis studies as well as diagnostic use. Each technique, owing to its specificity, has slightly different attributes, which affect the scope of its application (diagnostics vs pathogenesis, micro‐ vs macroscale, tissue vs cellular and subcellular level, etc.) as well as its limitations. Increased recognition of the usefulness of FT‐IR and Raman‐based chemical imaging is visible through the multitude of their applications for various biological samples and a variety of diseases. In this work, we present a review of the adaptation of both techniques for liver‐based research, associated with its most common disorders. We introduce the basics of both techniques with particular emphasis on their advantages and limitations in terms of applications in the field of biomedical research. As the number of successful adaptation of vibrational spectroscopy‐based techniques for biological samples is already tremendous, we focus only on the liver‐related research in the context of lifestyle diseases. The importance and prevalence of lifestyle diseases due to the development of civilization are continually growing. A close connection between liver and lifestyle diseases results from the multitude of liver functions, particularly in terms of metabolism. Lifestyle diseases are linked inseparably with impaired liver function through nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can subsequently develop into a multitude of other dysfunctions, including fibrosis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
Ground‐Based Aerosol Measurements
Authors: Herckes Pierre , Fraser Matthew P. , Solomon Paul A.
Published: March 2017

This article summarizes the collection methods and analytical approaches used for the analysis of time‐integrated samples (i.e. samples collected over a period of time and returned to the laboratory for analysis) and continuous methods (i.e. in‐field measurements) for the measurement of airborne particles. The collection method needs to be considered an integral part of the quantification process since how samples are collected can impact whether the results represent what is in the air or have been modified. Thus, the primary focus of this article is on measurement process, collection and analysis, with only a short description of the motivation for these measurements.
Radiocarbon Analysis for Biofuel Quantification in Fuel Blends
Authors: Culp Randy
Published: March 2017

Fuel blends, particularly those composed of a mixture of biobase and fossil sources, are comparatively new in the energy marketplace relative to pure fossil fuels such as gasoline or pure biobase fuels such as sugarcane‐derived ethanol. A developing market exists for these blends of biobase and fossil fuels and accompanying this is the need for accurate assessment of each source's contribution in the mixture. In the United States, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 mandates that specific levels of renewable fuel be established by 2022. Currently, this requirement is met by the 10% ethanol, derived primarily from corn, which is added to most gasoline sold in the United States. This mandate requires that the accurate determination of this addition of renewable fuel be provided. The well‐developed technology of radiocarbon dating, measuring the abundance of the
14
C atoms in a material, can determine the source material based on the abundance or absence of
14
C, similar to but distinct from age determination in radiocarbon dating. Relative to other analytical techniques,
14
C determination is the only one able to unambiguously determine a fossil‐fuel‐derived product. The use of radiocarbon, as a determinant of a biobase product, stems from the natural occurrence of
14
C in plants as a result of
14
CO
2
uptake during photosynthesis along with the far more abundant stable isotopes of carbon
13
CO
2
and
12
CO
2
. Once harvested, the biobase source material such as corn or sugarcane will no longer take up
14
CO
2
and will retain the majority of the
14
C absorbed with only a minor loss through the continuous process of radioactive decay.
14
C has a half‐life of 5730 years, the time required to halve the
14
C content, and becomes undetectable, or indiscernible from background activity, after approximately 10 half‐lives or 57 000 years. Carbon‐containing materials older than this have no measurable
14
C activity and are considered fossil in origin. This is a far shorter time than is required for the maturation of petroleum hydrocarbons or other fossil fuels so they are in essence at or below background
14
C activity by the nature of their long‐term formation. This paper discusses the use of
14
C and stable isotope of carbon to determine the mixing of biobase and fossil fuel‐derived materials.
Analysis of Orphan and Difficult Herbicides and/or Pesticides
Authors: Raina‐Fulton Renata , Yang Liu
Published: March 2017

This article reviews the main chromatography/mass spectrometry methods for the analysis of four main categories of herbicides and related pesticides including cationic charged herbicides (quaternary ammonium (quat) herbicides), anionic charged herbicides or organophosphorus herbicides (glyphosate (GLYP) and glufosinate (GLUF)), sulfonylurea herbicides that utilize liquid chromatography‐positive ion electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI+‐MS/MS), and phenoxyacid herbicides that have optimal mass spectrometry (MS) sensitivity with liquid chromatography‐negative ion electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI−‐MS/MS). In addition, selective degradation products of these herbicides that have been analyzed by chromatography‐mass spectrometry methods will be reviewed. Selected pesticides that are frequently simultaneously analyzed in targeted class‐specific methods for these four chemical classes of herbicides will be further discussed. The focus of this review is on the chromatography‐mass spectrometric detection methods for these classes of herbicides with priority given to liquid chromatography (LC)‐tandem mass spectrometry methods. These methods apply to the analysis of herbicides in food and environmental samples although sample preparation or clean‐up requirements may vary. The review will provide an overview to users in the best currently available chromatography‐mass spectrometry methods for these targeted chemical classes with an approach to include a broad range of herbicides within the class for future diversity in method development.
Analytical Sampling from Industrial Processes
Authors: Waters Tony
Published: March 2017

This article introduces the important design characteristics of sampling systems for process analytical measurements. Design principles that are essential to the success of any process analyzer installation are discussed in full, and the consequences of neglecting those principles are highlighted. The application of sampling principles to homogeneous and heterogeneous process streams is considered in detail, as are the calibration and validation procedures, the maintenance concerns, and the necessary safety precautions. The article is not intended to be a comprehensive design manual or a tutorial. Copious references are provided to published literature and to textbooks that provide detailed explanations and design formulae.
Examining Relations between Aging, Life Story Chapters, and Well‐Being
Authors: Kirkegaard Thomsen Dorthe , Lind Majse , Pillemer David B.
Published: March 2017

Socio‐emotional selectivity theory holds that older age is associated with a sense of limited remaining time. We suggest that life story chapters may be involved in this experience. In this first study on the connection between socio‐emotional selectivity theory and chapters, we examined whether older age is associated with fewer, temporally less distant, and less positive future chapters. We also examined relations between chapters and subjective well‐being. Two samples (18–84 years) described past and future chapters and completed well‐being measures. Older age was associated with fewer, less temporally extended, and less positive future chapters. Less positive past chapters was most consistently related to lower subjective well‐being, but less positive future chapters also predicted lower subjective well‐being in some analyses. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
East of the Andes: The genetic profile of the Peruvian Amazon populations
Authors: Di Corcia T. , Sanchez Mellado C. , Davila Francia T. J. , Ferri G. , Sarno S. , Luiselli D. , Rickards O.
Published: March 2017

Objectives

Assuming that the differences between the Andes and the Amazon rainforest at environmental and historical levels have influenced the distribution patterns of genes, languages, and cultures, the maternal and paternal genetic reconstruction of the Peruvian Amazon populations was used to test the relationships within and between these two extreme environments.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed four Peruvian Amazon communities (Ashaninka, Huambisa, Cashibo, and Shipibo) for both Y chromosome (17 STRs and 8 SNPs) and mtDNA data (control region sequences, two diagnostic sites of the coding region, and one INDEL), and we studied their variability against the rest of South America.

Results

We detected a high degree of genetic diversity in the Peruvian Amazon people, both for mtDNA than for Y chromosome, excepting for Cashibo people, who seem to have had no exchanges with their neighbors, in contrast with the others communities. The genetic structure follows the divide between the Andes and the Amazon, but we found a certain degree of gene flow between these two environments, as particularly emerged with the Y chromosome descent cluster's (DCs) analysis.

Discussion

The Peruvian Amazon is home to an array of populations with differential rates of genetic exchanges with their neighbors and with the Andean people, depending on their peculiar demographic histories. We highlighted some successful Y chromosome lineages expansions originated in Peru during the pre‐Columbian history which involved both Andeans and Amazon Arawak people, showing that at least a part of the Amazon rainforest did not remain isolated from those exchanges.
Guanidine‐based polymeric microspheres with a nonleaching, antibacterial performance
Authors: Sun Xiaoxiao , Ji Junhui , Zhang Wei , Wang Gexia , Zhen Zhichao , Wang Pingli
Published: March 2017

Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PHGC) has excellent antibacterial activity, a low cytotoxicity, and wide applications. However, the high water solubility, poor compatibility, and retention of PHGC have constrained its applications in materials applied in water environments. In this study, suitable tailored polymer microspheres consisting of a hydrophobic poly(styrene‐co‐glycidyl methacrylate) (PSGMA) block and a hydrophilic block of PHGC were prepared with the two steps of emulsifier‐free copolymerization and a ring‐opening reaction. The product had a mean particle size of about 182.2 nm. The grafting efficiency of PHGC on PSGMA was affected by the reaction temperature and the PSGMA concentration. The microspheres had a nonleaching, antibacterial structure because of the chemical bond between PHGC and PSGMA. The sterilizing effect of the synthesized product was slightly affected by the grafting reaction, and it was analyzed by its emulsion of the minimal inhibitory concentration, which could kill 99.8% Staphylococcus aureus in 10 min. These microspheres could be a promising antibacterial material for application in water systems, such as in coatings, polymer commodities, and medical devices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44821.
Synthesis and properties of sulfonated biphenyl poly(ether sulfone) and its mixed‐matrix membranes containing carbon nanotubes for gas separation
Authors: Zhao Nan , Liu Tao , Liu Zhongzhu , Su Yu , Yu Hongyang , Ma Jingjing , Yang Yanhua , Jiang Zhenhua
Published: March 2017

We prepared mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) composed of carboxylated single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) and a sulfonated biphenyl poly(ether sulfone) (S‐PPSU) polymer matrix. The thermal stability and properties of the pores of the S‐PPSU and f‐SWCNTs were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and sorption isotherm curves, respectively; these showed that the surface and pore diameter decreased after the introduction of carboxyl groups to the single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), and the pore properties did not restore original values even when the f‐SWCNTs were preheated to 350 °C to remove carboxyl groups. The gas‐separation measurement showed that the MMMs comprised of the S‐PPSU and f‐SWCNTs possessed better gas‐separation properties than the ones composed of biphenyl poly(ether sulfone) and SWCNTs. The permeability for N2, O2, He, and CO2 and the selectivity for O2/N2 and O2/CO2 were enhanced simultaneously because of the good dispersion of f‐SWCNTs and the improved interaction between the two phases. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44995.
Bacterial exopolysaccharides for corrosion resistance on low carbon steel
Authors: Finkenstadt Victoria L. , Bucur Claudiu B. , Côté Gregory L. , Evans Kervin O.
Published: March 2017

Corrosion is a global issue that affects safety and economics. There is an increasing demand for bio‐based polymers for industrial applications and production of polymers by micro‐organisms is especially attractive. This work reports on the electrochemical and physical properties of exopolysaccharides produced from lactic acid bacteria and their suitability as anti‐corrosive coatings. Bacterial exopolysaccharide coatings protected low carbon steel from corrosion by reducing ionic diffusion rates and maintaining a relatively passive metal‐coating interface. The data suggest the kinetics of film deposition are fast (<5 min) and there is little excess (loosely bound) material when hydrated. Measurements show thin (50 nm) coatings that when exposed to water exhibit self‐repairing phenomenon. The corrosion protection offered by the coatings is reported as the corrosion rate calculated from the corrosion current obtained by electrochemical impedance and polarization spectroscopy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45032.
Chitosan–graphene oxide nanocomposites: Effect of graphene oxide nanosheets and glycerol plasticizer on thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Cobos Mónica , González Bernardina , Fernández M. Jesús , Fernández M. Dolores
Published: March 2017

In this study, graphite oxide (GO) is synthesized from natural graphite flakes by the modified Hummers method. Characterization by Fourier transform infrared, X‐ray photoelectron, Raman and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis is conducted on GO to confirm the oxidation of graphite. Unplasticized and glycerol plasticized chitosan/graphene oxide (CS/GO) nanosheets nanocomposites with different GO loadings are prepared by solution casting. The combined effect of GO and glycerol on structure, thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposite films is studied. GO nanosheets are well dispersed throughout the CS matrix due to the hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions between CS and GO nanosheets. The incorporation of GO within the CS matrix results in a decrease of the crystallinity, an improvement of thermal stability, and a significant enhancement of the stiffness and tensile strength that is emphasized by the glycerol. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45092.
A quantitative evaluation method of the barrier property of the residue for flame retardant polymers
Authors: Chen Wenhua , Ma Xin , Liu Yuansen , Liu Pengju , Liu Yuan , Wang Qi
Published: March 2017

To investigate the flame retardant properties and mechanisms of those fire retardant polymer systems that mainly depend on the produced protective char shields, quantitative analysis for the barrier quality of the char layer is important but still a challenge. In the present article, a novel and simple characterization method based on atmosphere permeability is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the barrier property: an incombustible fabric carrier coated with the flame retardant polymer solution, is carbonized at high temperature to make the produced char residue adhered to the fabric. As the interfibrous gaps are filled and closed by the chars, the atmosphere permeability of the heated fabric decreases compared with that of original one. Their difference value can really reflect the contribution of the charring residue to the barrier property. This method combined with other characterizations including residue morphology observation, vertical burning test, limiting oxygen index, and calorimetric analysis, is very helpful to reveal the correlation between the flame retardance and barrier property of the char residue, evaluate the flame retardant efficiency in the condense phase, and estimate the corresponding flame retardant mechanisms. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45102.
The Sacral Autonomic Outflow Is Spinal, but Not “Sympathetic”
Authors: Neuhuber Winfried , Mclachlan Elspeth , Jänig Wilfrid
Published: March 2017

A recent article published in a high‐profile journal proposed to reclassify the sacral autonomic outflow as being part of the sympathetic system. In this commentary, arguments against this erroneous proposal are provided. Anat Rec, 300:1369–1370, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connecting theory and practice in digital humanities information work
Authors: Clement Tanya E. , Carter Daniel
Published: March 2017

The omnipresence and escalating efficiency of digital, networked information systems alongside the resulting deluge of digital corpora, apps, software, and data has coincided with increased concerns in the humanities with new topics and methods of inquiry. In particular, digital humanities (DH), the subfield that has emerged as the site of most of this work, has received growing attention in higher education in recent years. This study seeks to facilitate a better understanding of digital humanities by studying the motivations and practices of digital humanists as information workers in the humanities. To this end, we observe information work through interviews with DH scholars about their work practices and through a survey of DH programs such as graduate degrees, certificates, minors, and training institutes. In this study we focus on how the goals behind methodology (a link between theories and method) surface in everyday DH work practices and in DH curricula in order to investigate if the critiques that have appeared in relation to DH information work are well founded and to suggest alternative narratives about information work in DH that will help advance the impact of the field in the humanities and beyond.
Multisensory speech perception in autism spectrum disorder: From phoneme to whole‐word perception
Authors: Stevenson Ryan A. , Baum Sarah H. , Segers Magali , Ferber Susanne , Barense Morgan D. , Wallace Mark T.
Published: March 2017

Speech perception in noisy environments is boosted when a listener can see the speaker's mouth and integrate the auditory and visual speech information. Autistic children have a diminished capacity to integrate sensory information across modalities, which contributes to core symptoms of autism, such as impairments in social communication. We investigated the abilities of autistic and typically‐developing (TD) children to integrate auditory and visual speech stimuli in various signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR). Measurements of both whole‐word and phoneme recognition were recorded. At the level of whole‐word recognition, autistic children exhibited reduced performance in both the auditory and audiovisual modalities. Importantly, autistic children showed reduced behavioral benefit from multisensory integration with whole‐word recognition, specifically at low SNRs. At the level of phoneme recognition, autistic children exhibited reduced performance relative to their TD peers in auditory, visual, and audiovisual modalities. However, and in contrast to their performance at the level of whole‐word recognition, both autistic and TD children showed benefits from multisensory integration for phoneme recognition. In accordance with the principle of inverse effectiveness, both groups exhibited greater benefit at low SNRs relative to high SNRs. Thus, while autistic children showed typical multisensory benefits during phoneme recognition, these benefits did not translate to typical multisensory benefit of whole‐word recognition in noisy environments. We hypothesize that sensory impairments in autistic children raise the SNR threshold needed to extract meaningful information from a given sensory input, resulting in subsequent failure to exhibit behavioral benefits from additional sensory information at the level of whole‐word recognition. Autism Res 2017. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Autism Res 2017, 10: 1280–1290. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of mobile phone use among young patients with brain tumors in Japan
Authors: Sato Yasuto , Kojimahara Noriko , Yamaguchi Naohito
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study was to clarify ownership and usage of mobile phones among young patients with brain tumors in Japan. The subjects of this study were patients with brain tumors diagnosed between 2006 and 2010 who were between the ages of 6 and 18 years. The target population for the analysis was 82 patients. Patients were divided into two groups: 16 patients who were mobile phone owners 1 year before diagnosis, and 66 patients who did not own mobile phones (non‐owners). Using data on the mobile phone ownership rate obtained from three general‐population surveys, we calculated the expected number of mobile phone owners. The three age‐adjusted standardized ownership ratios were 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.56–1.22), 0.51 (95% CI: 0.24–1.04), and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.42–1.32). The mobile phone ownership prevalence among the young Japanese patients with brain tumors in the current study does not differ from available estimates for the general population of corresponding age. However, since the use of mobile phones among children is increasing annually, investigations into the health effects of mobile phone use among children should continue. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:349–355, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evolving trends in mAb production processes
Authors: Shukla Abhinav A. , Wolfe Leslie S. , Mostafa Sigma S. , Norman Carnley
Published: March 2017

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have established themselves as the leading biopharmaceutical therapeutic modality. The establishment of robust manufacturing platforms are key for antibody drug discovery efforts to seamlessly translate into clinical and commercial successes. Several drivers are influencing the design of mAb manufacturing processes. The advent of biosimilars is driving a desire to achieve lower cost of goods and globalize biologics manufacturing. High titers are now routinely achieved for mAbs in mammalian cell culture. These drivers have resulted in significant evolution in process platform approaches. Additionally, several new trends in bioprocessing have arisen in keeping with these needs. These include the consideration of alternative expression systems, continuous biomanufacturing and non‐chromatographic separation formats. This paper discusses these drivers in the context of the kinds of changes they are driving in mAb production processes.
Survey of body donation programs in the US concerning the use of donor personal information with medical students
Authors: Gerwer Johanna , Gest Thomas R.
Published: March 2017

Body donor programs need to balance ethical concerns and educational needs. Among donor programs in the US, there is variability in the amount of donor personal information that is provided to medical students. This study assesses this variability and investigates the reasons for the variability among donor programs. Telephone interviews and email surveys were used to collect information concerning the provision and use of donor personal information with medical students. One hundred fifty‐one donor programs in the US were contacted via email or telephone interview or both. Fifty‐three donor programs responded to the survey or participated in the telephone interview. The survey results show variation, not only in the amount of donor personal information provided to medical students, but also in the attitudes and beliefs of the donor program personnel concerning donor personal information. This research documents the variability of the educational use of donor personal information. It is hoped that this description of the various approaches to using donor information will encourage the ethical use of donor information within the context of medical education. Clin. Anat. 30:445–449, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and distribution of sesamoid bones in the hand determined using digital tomosynthesis
Authors: Koo Bon San , Song Yoonah , Sung Yoon‐Kyoung , Lee Seunghun , Jun Jae‐Bum
Published: March 2017

The aim of this study was to identify the prevalence and distribution of sesamoid bones in the hand using digital tomosynthesis (DTS) in comparison to previous studies. Using conventional radiography (CR) and DTS, hand images (81 left and 100 right) taken at a tertiary hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The sesamoid bones were identified in the interphalangeal (IP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints of the thumb (I), and in the distal interphalangeal (DIP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of index (II), middle (III), ring (IV), and little (V) fingers. Differences in number of sesamoid bones detected on CR and DTS were analyzed. Sesamoid bones were observed in MCP I (100%), MCP II (46%), MCP III (2%), MCP IV (2%), MCP V (53%), and IP I (53%) on CR. Using DTS, sesamoid bones were found more often in MCP I (100%), MCP II (54%), MCP III (2%), MCP IV (1%), MCP V (59%), and IP I (75%). Differences in the mean number of sesamoid bones detected on CR and DTS were statistically significant. Sesamoid bones in DIP joints were frequently observed on DTS, but rarely found on CR. Most sesamoid bones in the hand were detected in MCP I, II, V, and IP I joints, and were more often detected on DTS than CR. DTS is a reliable tool to evaluate bony structures in the hand. Clin. Anat. 30:608–613, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pagan symbols associated with the female anatomy in the Medici Chapel by Michelangelo Buonarroti
Authors: De Campos Deivis , Oxley Da Rocha Andrea , De Oliveira Lemos Rodrigo , Malysz Tais , Antonio Bonatto‐Costa João , Pereira Jotz Geraldo , Pinto De Oliveira Junior Lino , Da Costa Oliveira Miriam
Published: March 2017

Numerous studies have shown that many works of art from the Renaissance period contain hidden symbols and codes that could have religious, mathematical and/or pagan significance and even anatomical allusions. In this context, the present manuscript offers new evidence that the great genius of anatomy, Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), included pagan symbols associated with female anatomy in the funerary monuments found in the Sagrestia Nuova/Medici Chapel (1519–1533) in Florence, Italy. The interpretation of the symbols provided in this study will interest those with a passion for the history of anatomy. Clin. Anat. 30:572–577, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Head‐to‐Head Prenyl Synthases in Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Schwalen Christopher J. , Feng Xinxin , Liu Weidong , O‐Dowd Bing , Ko Tzu‐Ping , Shin Christopher J. , Guo Rey‐Ting , Mitchell Douglas A. , Oldfield Eric
Published: March 2017

Many organisms contain head‐to‐head isoprenoid synthases; we investigated three such types of enzymes from the pathogens Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Enterococcus hirae. The E. hirae enzyme was found to produce dehydrosqualene, and we solved an inhibitor‐bound structure that revealed a fold similar to that of CrtM from Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, the homologous proteins from Neisseria spp. carried out only the first half of the reaction, yielding presqualene diphosphate (PSPP). Based on product analyses, bioinformatics, and mutagenesis, we concluded that the Neisseria proteins were HpnDs (PSPP synthases). The differences in chemical reactivity to CrtM were due, at least in part, to the presence of a PSPP‐stabilizing arginine in the HpnDs, decreasing the rate of dehydrosqualene biosynthesis. These results show that not only S. aureus but also other bacterial pathogens contain head‐to‐head prenyl synthases, although their biological functions remain to be elucidated.
Closing the gap
Authors: Ahmad Saba , Gray William A.
Published: March 2017

Key Points

The field of left atrial appendage occlusion is relatively new and continues to evolve

This study is a good but small non‐randomized assessment of two devices which have not been previously compared

Multiple management questions regarding patients with contraindications to anticoagulation, minimizing, and understanding the importance of late leaks, etc will hopefully be addressed with larger randomized trials
The arm has it: Adventures in right heart and radial approaches
Authors: Heuser Richard R.
Published: March 2017

Key Points

The radial approach reduces complications by 80%, compared to the femoral approach.

A right heart cath via the right arm results in less radiation and more rapid ambulation in this retrospective analysis.

Patient preference would be earlier discharge if possible.
Therapeutic Intervention for Pulmonary Embolism: Show me the data!
Authors: Young Michael N. , Rosenfield Kenneth
Published: March 2017

Key Points

Catheter‐directed thrombolysis (CDT) for high‐risk PE has a relatively safe profile in regards to bleeding and vascular complications

Meta‐analysis of non‐randomized reports of CDT use reveals low rate of intracranial hemorrhage (0.35%), which is lower than for Systemic Lysis

Further prospective randomized trials or larger scale registries—such as those proposed by the PERT Consortium—will provide a more complete evidence base regarding optimal treatment for individual patients with pulmonary embolism
Women and men, the same and different
Authors: Oleck Sylvia , Reilly John P.
Published: March 2017

Key Points

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among men and women in the United States, yet are treated differently.

Women under the age of 55 in the PROMETHEUS study had more comorbidities than men, and worse outcomes, yet received less aggressive anti‐ischemic therapy.

Increased enrollment of women in trials may illuminate the gender gap in the treatment of patients with ACS.
A Facile One‐Step Synthesis of Fe‐Doped g‐C3N4 Nanosheets and Their Improved Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Gao Jingtian , Wang Yun , Zhou Shijian , Lin Wei , Kong Yan
Published: March 2017

A simple one‐step pyrolysis process (compared with the routine method of liquid exfoliation and impregnation) was designed to synthesize Fe‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) nanosheets with NH4Cl as dynamic gas template and FeCl3 as the Fe source. Results of XPS and DRS indicated that the Fe species might exist at the state of Fe3+ and form Fe−N bonds with N atoms, thereby expanding visible light absorption regions and reducing the band gap of g‐C3N4 nanosheets. Doping certain amounts of Fe could promote the exfoliation and further increase the specific surface area, while excessive Fe might break the sheet structure. The specific surface area of the optimized Fe‐doped g‐C3N4 nanosheets reached 236.52 m2 g−1, which was 2.5 times higher than that of g‐C3N4 nanosheets. Among various photocatalysts prepared, the sample (0.5 wt % FeCl3) exhibited maximum photocatalytic performance in degradation of Methylene Blue and water splitting under visible light irradiation. The degradation rate of MB was about 1.4 and 1.7 times higher than that of pure g‐C3N4 nanosheets and bulk g‐C3N4, respectively. The H2 production rate was 536 μmol h−1 g−1, which was 1.8 and 6 times higher than that of pure g‐C3N4 nanosheets and bulk g‐C3N4, separately.
Accessing Structurally Diverse Near‐Infrared Cyanine Dyes for Folate Receptor‐Targeted Cancer Cell Staining
Authors: König Sandra G. , Krämer Roland
Published: March 2017

Folate receptor (FR) targeting is one of the most promising strategies for the development of small‐molecule‐based cancer imaging agents considering that the FR is highly overexpressed on the surface of many cancer cell types. FR‐targeted conjugates of near‐infrared (NIR) emissive cyanine dyes are in advanced clinical trials for fluorescence‐guided surgery and are valuable research tools for optical molecular imaging in animal models. Only a small number of promising conjugates has been evaluated so far. Analysis of structure–performance relations to identify critical factors modulating the performance of targeted conjugates is essential for successful further optimization. This contribution addresses the need for convenient synthetic access to structurally diverse NIR‐emissive cyanine dyes for conjugation with folic acid. Structural variations were introduced to readily available cyanine precursors in particular via C−C‐coupling reactions including Suzuki and (for the first time with these types of dyes) Sonogashira cross‐couplings. Photophysical properties such as absorbance maxima, brightness, and photostability are highly dependent on the molecular structure. Selected modified cyanines were conjugated to folic acid for cancer cell targeting. Several conjugates display a favorable combination of high fluorescence brightness and photostability with high affinity to FR‐positive cancer cells, and enable the selective imaging of these cells with low background.
A Spotlight on the Compatibility between XFEL and Ab Initio Structures of the Oxygen Evolving Complex in Photosystem II
Authors: Narzi Daniele , Mattioli Giuseppe , Bovi Daniele , Guidoni Leonardo
Published: March 2017

The Mn4CaO5 cluster of photosystem II promotes a crucial step in the oxygenic photosynthesis, namely, the water‐splitting reaction. The structure of such cluster in the S1 state of the Kok–Joliot's cycle has been recently resolved by femtosecond X‐ray free‐electron laser (XFEL) measurements. However, the XFEL results are characterized by appreciable discrepancies with previous X‐ray diffraction (XRD), as well as with S1 models based on ab initio calculations. We provide here a unifying picture based on a combined set of DFT‐based structures and molecular dynamics simulations of the S0 and S1 states. Our findings indicate that the XFEL results cannot be interpreted on the grounds of a single structure. A combination of two S1 stable isomers together with a minority contribution of the S0 state is necessary to reproduce XFEL results within 0.16 Å.
An Isolable Diboron‐Centered Diradical with a Triplet Ground State
Authors: Wang Lei , Fang Yong , Mao Haochuan , Qu Yi , Zuo Jiacheng , Zhang Zaichao , Tan Gengwen , Wang Xinping
Published: March 2017

Two new diboranes, 2,6‐bis(BMes2)mesitylene (1) and 3,3′‐bis(BMes2)bimesitylene (3), were synthesized. Two‐electron reduction of 1 with elemental potassium afforded the C−H activation product [(18‐c‐6)K(THF)2]2+⋅22− bearing a BC3 four‐membered ring as colorless crystals, whereas the reduction of 3 with potassium led to the isolation of [(18‐c‐6)K(THF)2]2+⋅32−.. as dark blue crystals. Both reduction products were characterized by structural and spectroscopic methods. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations revealed that the electron spin density of 32−.. mainly resides on the two boron nuclei and features a triplet ground state, which was confirmed by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) measurements as well as theoretical calculations. 32−.. represents the first structurally characterized boron‐centered diradical with a triplet ground state. In addition, the reactivity of [(18‐c‐6)K(THF)2]2+⋅32−.. toward PhSeSePh and nBu3SnH was investigated, which is consistent with its radical character.
Heterogeneous olefin‐metathesis: Comparative perspective of the activity with respect to unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Hasib‐ur‐Rahman Muhammad , Hamoudi Safia , Belkacemi Khaled
Published: March 2017

Olefin metathesis is one of the most exiting tools in synthetic chemistry that can explicitly be employed to produce higher value products from unsaturated fats and oil feedstock. Contrary to the early stage metathesis catalysts, being extremely sensitive to humidity and to the substrate functionalities, redesigned organometallic species not only exhibit greater activity and selectivity but also offer pronounced stability towards functional olefins and ambient atmosphere. Though a number of highly efficient homogeneous catalysts have been developed, these are generally costly and also lead to product contamination and, consequently, pose environmental concerns. Heterogeneous catalysis can be an alternate route; however it faces a number of hurdles such as support compatibility, multiple active sites, and abridged efficacy. Nevertheless, through careful designing, certain heterogeneous catalyst systems have been suggested for metathesis of functionalized olefins like fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). A number of metallic species such as organometallic compounds bearing metal‐alkylidene moieties (e.g. Grubbs‐/Schrock‐type systems), alkylidene‐free complexes (e.g. methyltrioxorhenium), and inorganic (W, Mo, Re) oxides/chlorides have been probed in this regard. Accordingly this mini review deals with the various aspects like heterogenization/immobilization, activity criteria, and reusability of such catalyst systems in the context of olefin metathesis of natural fats/oils derivatives.
Synthesis, Structural Studies and Reactivity of Two cis‐Bis(phosphine)bis(silyl) Palladium(II) Complexes
Authors: Wang Lizhong , Guo Jinfei , Li Yajuan , Su Yanrong , Liu Jiawei , Li Yonghua , Wang Shi , Shimada Shigeru , Huang Wei
Published: March 2017

Treatment of 1,2‐C6H4(SiH3)(SiH3) (1) or 1,2‐C6H4(SiMe2H)(SiH3) (2) with Pd(dcpe)(PEt3)2 (dcpe=Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2) in the ratio of 1:1 affords two cis‐bis(silyl) palladium(II) complexes {1,2‐C6H4(SiH2)(SiH2)}PdII(dcpe) (3) and {1,2‐C6H4(SiMe2)(SiH2)}PdII(dcpe) (4) with good thermal stability respectively. To the best of our knowledge, only ten silyl palladium complexes prepared from these two chelating hydrosilane ligands are presented in the Cambridge Structural Database. The structures of complexes 3 and 4 are unambiguously determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis and multinuclear NMR spectroscopic studies.
Quality of life with cediranib in relapsed ovarian cancer: The ICON6 phase 3 randomized clinical trial
Authors: Stark Dan P. , Cook Adrian , Brown Julia M. , Brundage Michael D. , Embleton Andrew C. , Kaplan Richard S. , Raja Fharat A. , Swart Ann Marie W. , Velikova Galina , Qian Wendi , Ledermann Jonathan A.
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND

The ICON6 trial showed that cediranib, an oral inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 1, 2, and 3, improved clinical outcomes for patients with platinum‐sensitive relapsed ovarian cancer when it was used with chemotherapy and was continued as maintenance therapy. This study describes health‐related quality of life (QOL) during the first year of treatment.

METHODS

Four hundred fifty‐six women were randomly allocated to receive standard chemotherapy only, chemotherapy with concurrent cediranib, or chemotherapy with cediranib administered concurrently and continued as maintenance. Patients completed QOL questionnaires until disease progression every 3 weeks during chemotherapy and then every 6 weeks to 1 year. Patients alive with disease progression completed a QOL form 1 year after randomization. The primary QOL endpoint was the global score from the Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 (of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) at 1 year, with the standard chemotherapy group compared with the concurrent‐maintenance cediranib group.

RESULTS

The rate of questionnaire compliance was 90% at the baseline and 76% at 1 year and was similar across the 3 groups. The mean global QOL score at 1 year was 62.6 points for the standard chemotherapy group and 68.7 points for the concurrent‐maintenance group (+4.5; 95% confidence interval, –2.0 to 11.0; P = .18). Sensitivity analyses suggested that this finding was robust to the effect of missing data, and the improvement became statistically significant after adjustments for self‐reported diarrhea.

CONCLUSIONS

The 6th study by the International Collaboration in Ovarian Neoplasm (ICON6) showed a significant improvement in progression‐free survival with cediranib as concurrent and maintenance therapy. No QOL detriment with cediranib was found 1 year after treatment was commenced. The maintenance of QOL along with prolonged cancer control suggests that cediranib has a valuable role in the treatment of relapsed ovarian cancer. Cancer 2017;123:2752‐61. © 2017 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.