bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Egoism Bias in Social Dilemmas with Resource Uncertainty
Authors: Gustafsson Mathias , Biel Anders , Gärling Tommy
Published: March 2007

In Experiment 1 we investigated size estimates and requests from an uncertain resource in a common-pool resource dilemma. In Experiment 2, we examined contributions in a public-good dilemma with an uncertain provision threshold when participants were informed about others’ pessimistically biased estimates of the resource size or provision threshold. Supporting an individual outcome-desirability bias, but refuting a perceptual bias and an egoism bias, participants in Experiment 1 did not estimate size differently, and they cooperated more, rather than less, when they were informed about others’ estimates. Likewise, participants contributed more in Experiment 2 when they were informed about others’ estimates. These results were replicated in Experiment 3, where the outcome did not depend on others’ requests or contributions.
Asymmetrical Social Influence in Freely Interacting Groups Discussing the Death Penalty: A Shared Representations Interpretation
Authors: Smith Christine M. , Dykema-Engblade Amanda , Walker Angela , Niven Tammi S. , McGough Thomas
Published: March 2007

Past research has shown that minorities arguing in favor of the majority opinion within a given population (i.e. the ‘Zeitgeist’) are more powerful sources of social influence than minorities arguing against the normative population opinion (i.e. Clark & Maass, 1988a and b; Paicheler,1977). We studied the Zeitgeist effect within the context of freely interacting groups discussing the death penalty. In direct contrast to past research, minorities arguing against the death penalty Zeitgeist were more powerful sources of social influence than those arguing in favor of it. Analyses of conversation content and thought-listing data suggest that minorities arguing against the death penalty may have been more influential because they were appealing to a superordinate shared belief system within their respective groups.
Ethnophaulisms for Ethnic Immigrant Groups: Cognitive Representation of `the Minority' and `the Foreigner'
Authors: Mullen Brian , Rozell Drew , Johnson Craig
Published: March 2007

An archival analysis was conducted on the ethnophaulisms for ethnic immigrant groups as a function of the size and the `foreignness' of those groups. Cognitive representation was operationalized as the degree of complexity in, and the valence of, the ethnophaulisms applied to ethnic immigrant groups in the United States during each of 15 consecutive 10-year time periods. Group size was operationalized as the number of first-generation persons in these ethnic groups during each of these same 15 10-year time periods. Foreignness was operationalized in terms of complexion, facial appearance, and language of these ethnic immigrant groups. Ethnophaulisms for smaller groups tended to be less complex and more negative. And, ethnophaulisms for more foreign groups tended to be less complex and more negative. Analyses delineate the interrelations between ethnic immigrant group size, ethnic immigrant group foreignness, and the cognitive representations of these groups. The implications of these results for research on intergroup perceptions are discussed.
Life on the Ocean Wave: Testing Some Intergroup Hypotheses in a Naturalistic Setting
Authors: Brown Rupert , Maras Pam , Masser Barbara , Vivian James , Hewstone Miles
Published: March 2007

A survey ( N= 352) was conducted among British passengers of a cross-channel ferry. The survey aimed to test hypotheses drawn from Realistic Group Conflict, Social Identity and Contact theories using mainly a correlational design. However, an intervention by members of the outgroup (French fishermen blockading a port) also allowed a quasi-experimental test of the effects of a direct experience of intergroup conflict. Results supported the hypotheses since conflict and national identification were associated with more negative and with less positive attitudes toward the outgroup, while contact had the reverse effects. In addition, the salience of group membership in the contact relationship weakly moderated the effect of contact.
Protecting the Ingroup: Motivated Allocation of Cognitive Resources in the Presence of Threatening Ingroup Members
Authors: Coull Alastair , Yzerbyt Vincent Y. , Castano Emanuele , Paladino Maria-Paola , Leemans Vincent
Published: March 2007

Research on the Black Sheep effect (Marques, Yzerbyt, & Leyens, 1988) suggests that motivational factors such as the level of identification with the ingroup influences the way people react against negative ingroup members. The present study tested the idea that people may invest a sizable amount of cognitive resources to protect their view of the ingroup when it is challenged by a negative target. We measured the identification of our participants, all students in psychology, with the larger group of psychologists and presented them with descriptions of four ingroup members, three positive and one negative. As expected, high identifiers gave a harsher judgment of the negative target than did low identifiers. In addition, participants’ performance on a secondary task confirmed that high identifiers devoted more resources than low identifiers to process the information about the negative member as compared to a positive ingroup member. These results stress the relationship between motivation and cognitive resources in general, and the Black Sheep effect and stereotyping in particular.
Intergroup Competition, Attitudinal Projection, and Opinion Certainty: Capitalizing on Conflict
Authors: Holtz Rolf , Miller Norman
Published: March 2007

Competitive or cooperative relations were imposed between the two experimentally created art discussion groups in each session. Group members indicated their own attitudes and estimated the positions held either by other in-group members or by out-group members in order to assess the effects of target of projection on attitude certainty. As expected, participants assumed greater attitudinal disagreement with competitive compared to cooperative out-groups on the 10 art appreciation issues relevant to their group task. They also assumed more similarity to in-group than to out-group members. Assumed similarity/dissimilarity mediated the effect of projection target on mean increments in attitude certainty, which were greatest in the competitive out-group target condition regardless of issue importance.
Positive-Negative Asymmetry in Social Discrimination: Meta-Analytical Evidence
Authors: Buhl Thomas
Published: March 2007

The aim of this paper is to supply quantitative information that is useful for planning studies that investigate social discrimination on differently valued scales with newly created groups. Meta-analyses of the amount of in-group favoritism were conducted with the valence of the scale as moderator (k = 52). Additionally, the experimental effect of valence on the size of in-group bias was analyzed (k = 26). In-group favoritism in the minimal group paradigm is greater when participants are asked to make evaluations on positively valued attributes or to allocate positive resources than when they are asked to make evaluations on negatively valued attributes or to allocate negative resources. Nevertheless, there is also in-group favoritism in the negative domain. The analyses indicate that the difference between positive and negative valence conditions is especially striking when resources are allocated between in-group and out-group or when minority members are making decisions.
Outsiders at School: The Prevalence of Bullying and its Relation with Social Status
Authors: Schuster Beate
Published: March 2007

This article examines the prevalence of bullying on a group (school-class) level, the impact of data sources (self vs. other nominations) on victim identification, and the relation between bullying and rejection by peers in two samples from different types of schools ( n = 930). I found that each school class typically contained one or two victims, who were best identified by peer reports, which proved to be highly consensual and distinct, and correlated closely with teacher reports. The simultaneous use of peer and self-reports allowed me to identify `defensive' as well as `sensitive' victims, i. e. individuals who were nominated via one data source only. Finally, a positive correlation between rejection and bullying was found, reflecting the fact that almost all bullied students were simultaneously rejected. In contrast, not all rejected students were victimized. That is, two subgroups of rejected individuals were identified: `Victimized-Rejected' and `Nonvictimized-Rejected'. The findings are discussed with respect to the possibility of generalizing insights from the sociometric literature to the phenomenon of bullying.
Conditional Contributions and Public Good Provision: Perceptions, Motives, and Behavioral Reactions
Authors: Dijk Eric van , Wilke Henk
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have demonstrated that communication facilitates the provision of public goods, and that part of the success of communication lies in its propensity to elicit promises to contribute. In this article we focus on reactions to conditional promises, and in particular on `promises than cannot be broken' (i.e. conditional contributions). In an experimental study, participants were led to believe they were a member of a five-person group in which one member made a conditional contribution. The results of this study suggest that behavioral reactions to conditional contributions are a function of the motivation ascribed to conditional contributors, which in turn appears to be a function of the interest conditional contributors have in providing the public good. In more general terms, the results suggest that group members reciprocate the motivation they ascribe to the conditional contributor.
Economic Reforms in Nepal and their Implications for Trade, Economic Growth, Inequality and Poverty
Authors: Karmacharya Binod K.
Published: March 2007

Nepal implemented extensive reforms during the early nineties to facilitate its integration with the global economy. The impact of these reforms on trade and economic growth has so far been weak. The significant initial effect of globaliza tion on trade has not been robust. Furthermore, the favourable initial effect of globalization on economic growth has not been sustained and the inequality in the distribution of income has continued to rise. Increased inequality and slow growth contributed to increase in the incidence of rural poverty. The poverty-reduction potential of the more significant urban growth was also offset by the rapid rise in urban inequality. Nepal should find a way of translating its integration with the global economy into higher growth and sustainable development by carrying out complementary policies to enhance supply elasticities and offset some of the adverse outcomes and by cooperative action in partnership with its South Asian neighbours. However, these should be supplemented by offsetting policies to pro mote greater equity and poverty reduction.
Killing Time in the Brazilian Slammer
Authors: Goifman Kiko
Published: March 2007

This article utilizes data drawn from an ethnographic and video study of three Brazilian prisons to examine subjective experiences of the passing of time, focussing particularly on work, handicrafts, play and various attempts to `kill time' in the face of its overpowering and undifferentiated excess.
Listening to Clients
Authors: Kambouri Maria , Corbett Jenny
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the development of provision in a training programme which prepares young people with learning difficulties and/or disabilities for employment. The example examined here is of a management that wishes to share power with the trainees (rather than power over them) and to do so has established a client forum composed of trainees only and has employed an external facilitator who is independent of the programme. This forum has the power to interview and appoint new staff, to change working conditions and to request additional support or resources. The role of the external facilitator is extremely important in training participants to learn about process (procedures, minutes, taking turns to speak), participation (prompt behaviour and words) and action (remind, inform, encourage to act) which would enable them to be actively empowered as clients of the training programme. The paper offers an evaluation of this process in action.
Capitalists Rule Ok? Some Puzzles About Power
Authors: Barry Brian
Published: March 2007

Even if we do not observe those who own or manage capital doing anything, are there nevertheless good reasons for saying that they have power over government? My thesis is that, on any analysis of `power over others' that enables us to say that voters have power over those elected and that consumers have power over producers, we also have to say that those who own or control capital have power over government. Conversely, the reasons that can be given (and have been given) for denying that owners of capital have power over governments would be equally good reasons for denying that voters have power over governments and that consumers have power over producers.
Rawls in Britain
Authors: Horton John
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the reception of Rawls's work in Britain. A number of difficulties are first identified in attempting to distinguish a distinctively British context of reception. Because of the extensive commonality with British political theory, Rawls's work was almost instantly absorbed within political theory in Britain. Important early criticisms focused on Rawls's methodology, his conception of the original position and his treatment of liberty. Reactions on the left indicated a failure to appreciate the extent of Rawls's egalitarianism. It is further suggested that certain features of his work - its abstractness, relative lack of an historical dimension, strongly normative character, constitutionalism and anti-political bent - have fitted less comfortably within British political theory. It is also noted that Rawls's impact on political thought in Britain outside of academic political theory has been negligible. The article concludes by speculating that Rawls's influence on political theory in Britain may be on the wane.
"It Depends"
Authors: McLean Gary N.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution(s). HRD is marked by considerable effort to identify the "one right answer" in defining H RD and its foundational theories I prefer multiple answers to questions, affirming the importance of ambiguity and recognizing the multiplicity of theories, constructs, missions, beliefs, values, and ideals that affect HRD The dialogue itself is important
Research Methods for Theory Building in Applied Disciplines: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Torraco Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The problem and the solution. This volume presents an anthology of methods for theory building in applied disciplines. Each chapter has described the assumptions and methods of distinct approaches for developing theory. This chapter takes a collective view of research methods for theory building. Although the theorist can choose from a menu of the methods that have been discussed, certain characteristics of the methods themselves can lead to more productive theorizing depending on the particular research purpose of the theorist. This chapter presents a comparative analysis of research methods for theory building that leads to deeper understanding of the methods and their unique contributions to theoretical knowledge.
Theory and Practice of Informal Learning in the Knowledge Era
Authors: Marsick Victoria J. , Volpe Marie , Watkins Karen E.
Published: March 2007

The Problem and the Solution. Models of informal learning in today's rapidly changing environment have not fully considered how people make meaning of their context as they frame what they need to learn, seek out strate gies for informal learning, and evaluate their experiences Using a framework developed by Bolman and Deal, the authors identify filters that help identify where informal learners in organizations might best focus their attention Also, they reevaluate a basic model for informal learning in light of information in the studies in this book that point to the importance of context Finally, they explore overarching lessons learned about supporting informal learning and becoming intentional about learning
Health Care’s Human Crisis: The American Nursing Shortage
Authors: White Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

This is a review of the Robert Wood Johnson report, Health Care’s Human Crisis: The American Nursing Shortage , published in April of 2002. The report looks at underlying factors driving the current nursing shortage and describes a short history of nursing, examines how other fields are coping with workforce shortages, reports on 15 labor markets experiencing shortages in the United States, and makes recommendations for both short-term and long-term solutions.
A Historical-Philosophical Analysis of the Professional Nurse Obligation to Participate in Sociopolitical Activities
Authors: Ballou Kathryn A.
Published: March 2007

Professional nurses practice within a social, economic, cultural, and political context. Despite this, nursing practice and education have historically focused their attention on the nurse-patient relationship. That focus is inadequate to address the needs of society in today’s health care environment. Considering the context of nursing care delivery, a historical-philosophical analysis was done to answer the ontological question: Does the scope of professional nursing practice include the obligation to participate in sociopolitical activities? The scope of professional nursing practice included key professional documents, predominant published ideologies, and the contemporary knowledge paradigm of nursing. An extensive analysis of the scope was done to search for evidences of sociopolitical obligation. Strong evidence was found in all sources. A logical argument based on findings showed that professional nursing practice does include a moral and professional obligation to participate in sociopolitical activities. Four ethical considerations related to the findings were discussed.
Nonwovens Flash Cured with Crosslinked Polyols
Authors: Bruno J.S. , Vigo T.L.
Published: March 2007

When polyols are crosslinked onto a fibrous substrate, the usual pro cedure is to affix them to fibers in a single drying and curing step. Most nonwovens immersed in polyol solutions containing a resin and an acid catalyst have wet pickups of 80-200%; they can be effectively cured at 100°C for 1-2 minutes. When a strong catalyst such as p-toluenesulfonic acid and higher temperatures are used to initiate crosslinking, these nonwoven fabrics can be flash-dried and cured in as little as 15 seconds at 175°C. The resultant fabrics have several improved functional and aesthetic properties, such as thermal activity, longer flex life, high moisture regain, and greatly reduced lint loss and pilling.
The Influence of State and District Conditions on the Representation of Women in U.S. State Legislatures
Authors: HOGAN ROBERT E.
Published: March 2007

Women hold slightly more than one fifth of all seats in state legislatures in the United States. This analysis examines why women are elected more often in some states and districts than in others. Using logistic regression, a variety of explanations related to differences in culture, institutions, electoral structures, and demographic features are found to influence the probability that women are elected. Findings show that free-for-all districts increase the chances that women are represented; however, when considered in conjunction with other contextual features, this factor's influence is far from overwhelming. The findings have implications for modeling aspects of the electoral process as well as for informing the policy debate over reforms intended to bring about more equitable representation. Results show that altering current electoral procedures presently used in state legislatures will have only a limited impact on the number of women legislators. Of the factors examined, political culture and education are two of the most influential, yet the most difficult to change.
Election-day Registration
Authors: KNACK STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

The number of states with election-day registration (EDR) of voters doubled in the early 1990s, providing a new opportunity to estimate the turnout impact of EDR. Because of some important and neglected features of the first wave of EDR states, who adopted EDR in the early 1970s, there is good reason to expect this second wave to generate larger estimates of EDR's turnout impact. Controlling for other factors, new EDR programs are associated with a turnout increase of about 6 percentage points in the midterm elections (1990-1994), and 3 percentage points in the presidential elections (1992-1996). Contrary to expectations, these estimates from the second wave of EDR states do not exceed those generated by studies of the first wave of EDR adoption.
Minimum Winning Coalitions on the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Brenner Saul
Published: March 2007

It has been claimed that in nonthreat situations opinions of the Court tend to receive a minimum winning vote. Using the private papers of Justice Burton, the size of the original vote on the merits was compared with the size of the opinion vote. No support was found for the minimum winning thesis except that smaller than minimum winning coalitions at the original vote tended to become minimum winning at the opinion stage. This finding, however, can be explained as a consequence of the desire of the opinion writer to secure an authoritative opinion of the Court.
Personal Finances and Voting Behavior
Authors: Sigelman Lee , Tsai Yung-Mei
Published: March 2007

Four major shortcomings of existing studies of the presumed linkage between personal economic circumstances and voting decisions are discerned. These shortcomings leave open the possibility that hypotheses premised on "rational economic man" which have received minimal empirical support to this point may nonetheless be valid. However, when these shortcomings are corrected and a wide range of different hypotheses concerning this linkage are tested, there is still negligible empirical support.
Women and "Hopeless" Congressional Candidacies
Authors: Gertzog Irwin N. , Simard M. Michele
Published: March 2007

This article examines the extent to which women were nominated by the major parties to run for the House of Representatives in contests they had little chance of winning. The findings indicate that between 1916 and 1978, a larger proportion of women than men was nominated for "hopeless" contests, but the difference, while significant at times, is not as great as might be expected. Republican women fared better than Democratic women during the first 50 years, but that pattern was recently reversed. Nevertheless, Democrats were not much better off in the 1970s than they were in the 1930s, and Republicans were decidedly worse off. A steady increase in the number of women nominated for House seats suggests that the number of women Representatives will grow, in spite of continued gender-related differences in the nominating process.
Minor Parties in Realigning Eras
Authors: Freie John F.
Published: March 2007

This article treats the minor party as an independent variable in the realignment process and establishes an association between the strength of the minor party and the sharpness of the realignment. The research correlates the percentage of the Democratic vote in counties throughout the nation over three historical periods, 1884 to 1900, 1916 to 1932, and 1960 to 1976. In the first two eras the data supported the conclusion that the minor parties (the Populist party in the election of 1892 and the Progressive party in the election of 1924) were strongly associated with the sharpness of the realignment process. No realignment was uncovered for the third period, although there was evidence of electoral disaggregation. The relevance of the minor party, the American Independent Party, could not be determined.
Northern State Gubernatorial Primary Elections
Authors: Jewell Malcolm E.
Published: March 2007

This is a study of the variables affecting turnout of voters in northern state gubernatorial primaries from 1952 to 1980. The dependent variable is turnout in each party's primary as a percentage of turnout for that party in the general election. Two of the most important independent variables are long-term patterns of primary competition and two-party competition, suggesting that voters develop habitual patterns of voting in primaries. Other predictors of turnout are short-term primary competition, the type of primary (open or closed), and (among Republicans) party endorsement of candidates.
Electoral Change and Policy Consequences
Authors: Hurley Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

This article compares constituency opinion and roll call voting behavior of U.S. representatives in the 96th (1979-1980) and 97th (1981-1982) Congresses for four classes of district types: those that switched party in the 1980 election, those that replaced a representative with a new member of the same party, those that returned Democrats, and those that returned Republicans to Congress. Switched-seat districts exhibit the largest changes in voting behavior from the 96th to the 97th Congress, yet the behavior of the new representative is not always consistent with constituency preferences. All four groups of representatives voted more conservatively in the 97th Congress than they or their counterparts had in the 96th, suggesting that House members may have interpreted the 1980 election as a mandate for conservatism. Yet more often than not this conservatism moved representatives away from, rather than toward, constituency preferences, suggesting that voters made retrospective rather than prospective choices in 1980.
The Logic of State Primary Classification Schemes
Authors: Carr Craig L. , Scott Gary L.
Published: March 2007

This article evaluates the effectiveness of traditional state primary classification schemes as tools for the study of state primary systems. It calls into question the traditional categories (open, closed, and blanket) and analyzes the validity of research based on these categories. It is also argued that alternative classification schemes fail to overcome problems endemic to the traditional scheme. The authors introduce as a corrective the notion of "subject-relevance"—the notion that primary classifications must be made through the use of criteria relevant to specific end-view studies of state primaries. The authors conclude that state primary classification schemes have an acceptable heuristic function only if the requirement of subject-relevance is followed in their construction and only if the limitations of subject-relevance are acknowledged in their future use.
Gubernatorial and Senatorial Primary Elections
Authors: Rice Tom W.
Published: March 2007

This study examines why some American states experience more competitive gubernatorial and senatorial primaries than others. A number of possible explanatory variables are isolated and related to state primary divisiveness. Multiple regression results reveal that the level of primary competition in a state's gubernatorial and senatorial contests is to a large degree determined by five factors: how often incumbents seek reelection; the partisan balance of the state; whether the party organization endorses primary candidates; whether the states holds a blanket primary; and the state's population.
Leaders and Followers in a Strong Party State
Authors: Browning Robert X. , Shaffer William R.
Published: March 2007

Generally considered patronage rather than issue oriented, the state of Indiana is usually above the suspicion of harboring political parties that adopt widely differing policy positions. In this study, the policy preferences of three different elite groups are compared with those of rank-and-file party members and Independents. Interestingly enough, each party's leadership sets are fairly tightly clustered. Furthermore, elite interparty cleavages are much greater than those displayed by any of the mass public groupings. Notwithstanding some popular images of Hoosier politics, the choice between Democratic and Republican leaders is real and palpable.
Strategic Implications of Conferee Selection in the House of Representatives
Authors: Nagler Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Deference to committees and committee obstruction are two frequently cited phenomena of the U.S. Congress. Even in the postreform Congress, standing committees exert disproportionate influence on legislation. Shepsle and Weingast have put forth an institutional explanation for these phenomena: the ex-post veto that standing committees enjoy via the conference procedure. They argue that it is pointless for the House to drastically modify a standing committee's bill on the floor in a way that the committee disapproves of, or discharge a committee of a bill, because committees can veto legislation by refusing to come to agreement in conference. In this article I examine the procedure used by the House to select conferees, and describe the implications of this process for legislative outcomes. In doing this I suitably modify the Shepsle/ Weingast theory to fit the current rules of the House and significantly alter the implications of the theory for committee influence. I show that committee influence depends upon the behavior of the Speaker of the House and suggest that the Speaker's behavior (and hence committee influence) is determined by the preferences of the members of the majority party on the floor. I then analyze the debate over minimum wage legislation in the House of Representatives during 1972, 1973, and 1977 in the context of the theory developed.
Trial-Heat Forecasts of the Presidential Vote
Authors: Campbell James E. , Wink Kenneth A.
Published: March 2007

This research examines Gallup poll trial-heat forecasts of the two-party presidential popular vote for the incumbent presidential party. First, several existing forecasting equations are updated and evaluated. Trial-heat results at six points throughout campaigns from 1948 to 1988 are then examined. These trial-heats are used in several ways to produce presidential vote forecasts: (a) in raw form as direct forecasts, (b) alone in regression estimated forecasts, and (c) in conjunction with economic growth in regression estimated forecasts. As Lewis-Beck and Rice found in 1985, the earliest and most accurate trial-heat forecasts are those using early September trial-heats and second-quarter real growth in the gross national product. These forecasts are also more accurate than forecasts based on previous models. The early September trial-heat/economy forecast equation has an average "within-sample" error of only ±1 percentage point (adjusted R2 = .94, SEE = 1.5) and a mean "out-of-sample" error of ±1.1 percentage points. The early September trial-heat/economy equation correctly "predicted" the winning presidential candidate in ten of the eleven elections from 1948 to 1988, missing only in the near dead heat of 1960.
Limited Ideological Accountability in House Races
Authors: Bernstein Robert A.
Published: March 2007

At both the individual and district levels of analysis there is empirical confirmation of the conditioning effect of party on the association between House members' ideological deviation and constituencies' withdrawal of support for reelection. Democratic incumbents hurt their reelection prospects in general elections by being more liberal than their constituencies prefer; Republican incumbents, by being more conservative. The reverse is true in primaries: Democrats hurt themselves by being too conservative; Republicans, by being too liberal. As incumbents tend to be seriously challenged only in general elections, Democrats can generally take more conservative, and Republicans more liberal, positions than their constituents would prefer with little fear of voter retaliation.
Understanding the New Politics of Abortion
Authors: Goggin Malcolm L.
Published: March 2007

A conservative majority on the Supreme Court, recent Supreme Court decisions such as Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Hodgson v. Minnesota that give states more leeway to set abortion standards, actions by state legislatures and governors to pass new, tougher state antiabortion laws, as well as efforts by the Reagan and Bush administrations to prevent workers at federally funded family planning clinics from discussing with clients the availability of abortion services point to a new political climate surrounding the abortion issue. These recent developments also increase the chances that Roe v. Wade will be overturned in the future. This essay defines the parameters of a "new" politics of abortion, offers a framework for understanding this post- Webster abortion politics, and suggests an agenda for future research. The argument advanced here is that the politics of abortion can best be understood by examining the nature and scope of the conflict over abortion and the institutional context within which that conflict takes place.
Balancing the Perspective On Pac Contributions
Authors: Davis Frank L.
Published: March 2007

Researchers have generally stressed the limited influence of PAC contributions on roll calls. The author contends that an important reason for the failure to confirm an impact stems from the nature of issues and PACs studied. To demonstrate the point, this research is targeted at circumstances of particular promise for PAC influence involving issues of low visibility with little competition among organized groups and featuring PACs with strong potential for centralized decision making. Results of the analysis indicate an impressive impact and imply that the potential for PAC influence on roll calls may be greater than is commonly perceived. Still open is the question of how much impact PAC contributions have in legislative roll calls generally.
An Investment in Goodwill
Authors: Leyden Kevin M. , Borrelli Stephen A.
Published: March 2007

Despite the growing importance of political parties as campaign service providers and as organizational forces in the U.S. House, few have explored the linkages between party campaign activities in House elections and partisan behavior within the House. In this article, we explore the possibility that financial contributions by party committees during the election cycle might motivate House members to support the party line more often after the election. Examining data on all Democrats and Republicans successfully reelected to the House during the 1980s, we find evidence that those who received larger shares of their campaign receipts from party sources showed greater-than-expected levels of party unity during the session of Congress immediately following the election.
The Informational Role of Caucuses in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Ainsworth Scott H. , Akins Frances
Published: March 2007

In this article we assess the ability of caucuses to complement and counterbalance the informa tional roles of the committee system. Corroborating earlier work, we find that caucuses are often composed of policy outliers. However, we also find that the caucuses in policy areas with outlying committees typically have memberships made up of outliers from the opposite side of the floor median. Given these findings, we conclude that the caucus system acts to counterbal ance the inherent biases of the committee system by providing the floor with an informational perspective unrepresented within the committee system.
The Effects of Local Economic Development Efforts
Authors: Wink Kenneth A. , Eller Steven F.
Published: March 2007

This research examines the effects of local expenditures on income growth in North Carolina counties. Pooled data from all 100 counties in the state for the years 1981-1990 are analyzed, and empirical tests are conducted to ascertain the relationship between the expenditures and the effect on the dependent variable under a number of time lags The most important finding is that county paved-highway mileage per capita has a significant positive effect on income growth under a number of model specifications. In addition, there is a consistently positive relationship between county per student spending for primary and secondary education and income growth that obtains statistical significance under some model specifications. The findings also indicate that change in county income growth is heavily affected by state income growth.
Measuring the President's Professional Reputation
Authors: Gleiber Dennis W. , Shull Steven A. , Waligora Colleen A.
Published: March 2007

Professional reputation, unlike other components of Neustadt's presidential power, has received little scholarly attention. The president's professional reputation is the assessment of his performance in office by the Washington community. According to Neustadt, president's professional reputation can be determined by reviewing judgments of his performance by those who collect, synthesize, and disseminate elite opinion. We measure professional reputation based on the length and valence of nearly 3,600 editorials and opinion-editorials in The New York Times from 1961 to 1992. We compare these measures to previous operationalizations of the concept and test for convergent and discriminant criterion validity. This method provides a valid operationalization of Neustadt's concept of professional reputation, thus allowing for its inclusion in more fully specified models of presidential power.
Spiritual Connections with the Natural Environment
Authors: Egri Carolyn P.
Published: March 2007

Nature-centred spiritual traditions, Asian religions and philosophies, and monotheist religions have many lessons concerning relationships between humankind and nature. How these lessons have been translated into environmental action as well as informed contemporary eco-philosophies and have been adopted by environmentalist organizations is addressed. And finally, the potential for global change in ecological consciousness and action is discussed.
UCS-1—a New Cooling System for Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Blown Film
Authors: Jones David N.
Published: March 2007

A new bubble cooling system has been developed which exploits the non-strain- hardening extensional flow behavior of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE). Although it employs a different concept than is used for low-density polyethylene (LDPE), commercially available equipment is still used. Throughput rates with LLDPE when using the new system are comparable to those obtained with LDPE when using conventional equipment; film of good clarity can now be fabricated from LLDPE on a commercial basis.
Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Resins as a Barrier Material in Multi-Layer Packages
Authors: Blackwell A.L.
Published: March 2007

Oxygen sensitive food packaging was almost the exclusive domain of glass and metal containers until the advent of high barrier polymers. Coextrusion and orienta tion have combined with these high barrier resins to make many new markets avail able to plastics packaging. Ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer resins provide the best oxygen barrier properties of these several polymers—the physical, chemical, and bar rier properties of these resins are reviewed, including the effects of moisture on their gas barrier properties. A description is provided of the applications and types of packages which these copolymer resins have now made possible.
High Barrier Metallized Laminates for Food Packaging
Authors: Kelly Roger S. A.
Published: March 2007

High barrier (HB) metallized laminates are combinations of two metallized films, which demonstrate barrier improvements of up. to 100 fold compared with conven tional single layer metallized laminates, or over 1000 times better than their parent unmetallized films. By appropriate choice of materials, from polyolefins to polyesters, a versatile range of flexible laminates can be produced with oxygen permeabilities down to 0.02 cc/metre 2/day (0.001 cc/100 in2/day) and moisture vapor transmission rates (MVTR) down to 0.05 gm/metre2/day (0.01 gm/100 in2 /day). These laminates are being used and/or developed for retail packaging as well as intermediate bulk and bag-in-box packaging for dry foods, liquids and pastes.
A Computer Controlled Polypropylene Stretched Tape Line To Investigate the Effect of Processing Conditions On Stretched Tape Morphology and Properties
Authors: Flood J.E. , Nulf S.A. , Millspaugh K.C. , Lehnen P.
Published: March 2007

A computerized stretched tape line has recently been installed at the Shell Westhollow Research Center. Tape line variables currently under computer control are godet roll speed (feed, draw, and annealing godets), quench bath temperature, orientation oven temperature, and annealing roll temperature. Godet rolls are con trolled and driven by Fincor inverters and A.C. synchronous motors. The line has data logging capabilities as well as a ramping function which provides smooth speed transitions while stringing up the line or changing the draw ratio.

Recent work on the new tape line investigated the effect of resin melt flow and molecular weight distribution (MWD) on the tape's mechanical properties and dimensional stability (as measured by a shrinkage test of yarn in skein form at 132°C).

The data showed that effect of MWD and melt flow on tape mechanical properties was comparable to that found with our previous work [1]. There was little or no effect of MWD on tape tenacities while Young's modulus and percent elongation at break were mildly affected by MWD. Tape made from higher melt flow resin had lower mechanical properties. Shrinkage decreased as MWD broadened and also with higher on-line annealing temperatures.
On the Development of Orientation in LDPE Blown Films
Authors: van Gurp M. , Kip B.J. , van Heel J.P.C. , de Boer S.
Published: March 2007

The orientational order in a number of low density polyethylene (LDPE) films blown at varying extrusion temperatures is studied with four dif ferent experimental techniques: wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), Fourier- transform infrared (FTIR) dichroism, polarized Raman spectroscopy and bire fringence. From these experimental studies a number of so-called order parameters is obtained that make up the orientational distribution function of the lamellar crystals in the films. The findings support the morphological model that consists of arrays of stacked lamellae which are twisted. These lamellae grow radially outward from a nucleation center along the crystalline b-axis, whereas the a- and c-axes rotate around this direction. With increasing extrusion temperature an increasing amount of twisting takes place, due to a reduced melt stress at the time of crystallization and a decreased number of aligned nuclei being formed. Furthermore, with increasing extrusion tempera ture the small amount of amorphous order decreases to practically zero above an extrusion temperature of around 150°C.

From a comparison of the four experimental techniques it can be concluded that WAXS is the most comprehensive choice, yielding pole figures which directly show a qualitative picture of the crystalline orientational distribution. FTIR and Raman give a limited number of order parameters, but are less elabo rate in use than WAXS. Birefringence measurements are easily performed, but only give average values of both the crystalline and amorphous order. Using crystalline values from other measurements, these birefringence measure ments can then be used to obtain the amorphous order.
Social Reproduction and Mobility in Britain and Ireland in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Prandy Kenneth , Bottero Wendy
Published: March 2007

This article presents some preliminary results from a historical study of social mobility in Britain and Ireland, from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century. The study is marked by a unique combination of features: (1) it follows families for up to five generations, through both maternal and paternal lines; (2) it uses a continuous measure of social position, rather than class categories; (3) this measure is derived from data on social interaction - correspondence analyses of cross-tabulations of the occupations for marriages taking place in the periods 1777-1866 and 1867-1913; (4) each individual's social position is summarised by a work-life trajectory, represented by his social location at ages 20 and 50. The analyses are based on twelve ten-year birth cohorts from 1790-99 to 1900-09. The results indicate a remarkable degree of stability of social processes of reproduction throughout this period, although there is an extremely slow shift towards a weakening of family influence. This process appears to have accelerated for those born in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, a period of both educational reform and major change in Britain's industrial organisation.
`Ain't Misbehavin'? Opportunities for Resistance under New Forms of `Quality' Management
Authors: Knights David , McCabe Darren
Published: March 2007

In this paper we explore the development of a new regime in a major bank where total quality management (TQM) has recently been introduced. A number of recent critics have suggested that TQM all but eliminates resistance either through a management regime that removes waste or through the totalising discourse it propagates. We argue that new management innovations associated with TQM and `empowerment' are effective in increasing control over work processes and the subjectivity of staff. Even so, employees are able to retain some control over areas of their working lives. A central concern of the paper is to provide some limited evidence of how an analysis of subjectivity enhances our understanding of both consent and resistance at work.
Constructing National Identity: Arts and Landed Elites in Scotland
Authors: Bechhofer Frank , McCrone David , Kiely Richard , Stewart Robert
Published: March 2007

National identities are not essentially fixed or given but depend critically on the claims which people make in different contexts and at different times. The processes of identity rest not simply on the claims made but on how such claims are received, that is validated or rejected by significant others. Because actors are able, up to a point, to anticipate validation or rejection in particular contexts and at particular times, this influences the identity claims that they make. Identity is claimed and read off from various identity markers according to identity rules. Identity rules are the probabilistic rules of thumb whereby under certain structural conditions and in certain contexts, markers are interpreted, combined or given precedence one over another. This paper locates this approach to studies of national identity in the literature, and presents evidence for these assertions from a study of national identity, with examples taken from interviews in Scotland with two elite groups. Those interviewed were for a variety of reasons sensitive to issues of national identity. However, we argue that similar processes are at work generally, albeit people who have less reason to concern themselves with their own identity and the identity of those with whom they interact, see national identity more as something `taken-for-granted', and relatively fixed.
Exploring the Role of Spirituality in the Preparation of Student Affairs Professionals: Faculty Constructions
Authors: Rogers Judy L , Love Patrick
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore faculty perspectives about the role spirituality plays in curriculum and pedagogy in preparing student affairs professionals to respond to undergraduates' spiritual searching. Twelve faculty from three college student personnel programs, one at a state university and two at religiously affiliated institutions, were interviewed. The results indicated that faculty were critically examining "big questions" (Parks, 2000) of meaning, purpose, and identity with their graduate students and saw this as central to their mission, but often these curricular emphases were not seen as spiritual nor were they recognized as preparing professionals to respond to undergraduates' spiritual questioning.