bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction of drought and ozone exposure on isoprene emission from extensively cultivated poplar
Authors: Yuan Xiangyang , Calatayud Vicent , Gao Feng , Fares Silvano , Paoletti Elena , Tian Yuan , Feng Zhaozhong
Published: July 2016

The combined effects of ozone (O3) and drought on isoprene emission were studied for the first time. Young hybrid poplars (clone 546, Populus deltoides cv. 55/56 x P. deltoides cv. Imperial) were exposed to O3 (charcoal‐filtered air, CF, and non‐filtered air +40 ppb, E‐O3) and soil water stress (well‐watered, WW, and mild drought, MD, one‐third irrigation) for 96 days. Consistent with light‐saturated photosynthesis (Asat), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and chlorophyll content, isoprene emission depended on drought, O3, leaf position and sampling time. Drought stimulated emission (+38.4%), and O3 decreased it (−40.4%). Ozone increased the carbon cost per unit of isoprene emission. Ozone and drought effects were stronger in middle leaves (13th–15th from the apex) than in upper leaves (6th–8th). Only Asat showed a significant interaction between O3 and drought. When the responses were up‐scaled to the entire‐plant level, however, drought effects on total leaf area translated into around twice higher emission from WW plants in clean air than in E‐O3. Our results suggest that direct effects on plant emission rates and changes in total leaf area may affect isoprene emission from intensively cultivated hybrid poplar under combined MD and O3 exposure, with important feedbacks for air quality.
Tomato plants increase their tolerance to low temperature in a chilling acclimation process entailing comprehensive transcriptional and metabolic adjustments
Authors: Barrero‐Gil Javier , Huertas Raúl , Rambla José Luís , Granell Antonio , Salinas Julio
Published: July 2016

Low temperature is a major environmental stress that seriously compromises plant development, distribution and productivity. Most crops are from tropical origin and, consequently, chilling sensitive. Interestingly, however, some tropical plants, are able to augment their chilling tolerance when previously exposed to suboptimal growth temperatures. Yet, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying this adaptive process, termed chilling acclimation, still remain practically unknown. Here, we demonstrate that tomato plants can develop a chilling acclimation response, which includes comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolic adjustments leading to increased chilling tolerance. More important, our results reveal strong resemblances between this response and cold acclimation, the process whereby plants from temperate regions raise their freezing tolerance after exposure to low, non‐freezing temperatures. Both chilling and cold acclimation are regulated by a similar set of transcription factors and hormones, and share common defence mechanisms, including the accumulation of compatible solutes, the mobilization of antioxidant systems and the rearrangement of the photosynthetic machinery. Nonetheless, we have found some important divergences that may account for the freezing sensitivity of tomato plants. The data reported in this manuscript should foster new research into the chilling acclimation response with the aim of improving tomato tolerance to low temperature.
Current viewpoints on DSM‐5 in Japan
Authors: Kuroki Toshihide , Ishitobi Makoto , Kamio Yoko , Sugihara Genichi , Murai Toshiya , Motomura Keisuke , Ogasawara Kazuyoshi , Kimura Hiroyuki , Aleksic Branko , Ozaki Norio , Nakao Tomohiro , Yamada Kazuo , Yoshiuchi Kazuhiro , Kiriike Nobuo , Ishikawa Toshio , Kubo Chiharu , Matsunaga Chiaki , Miyata Hisatsugu , Asada Takashi , Kanba Shigenobu
Published: July 2016

The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐5) was published in 2013, and its official Japanese version was published in 2014. The Japanese Government uses classifications from the 10th revision of the
I

nternational
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lassification of
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iseases (ICD‐10) to categorize disorders and determine treatment fees. However, since the publication of the DSM‐III, the use of the DSM system has become prevalent in research and educational settings in Japan. In addition to traditional psychiatry, both the ICD and the DSM are taught by many Japanese medical schools, and virtually all clinical research and trials refer to the DSM to define targeted disorders. Amid the current backdrop in which the reputation of the DSM‐5 is being established, the editorial board of
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sychiatry and
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linical
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eurosciences has asked Japanese experts across 12 specialties to examine the structure of the DSM‐5, including the following categories: Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders, Major Depression, Bipolar Disorders, Obsessive–Compulsive Disorders, Somatic Symptom Disorder, Eating Disorders, Substance‐Related and Addictive Disorders, Gender Dysphoria, and Neurocognitive Disorders. Although opinions were only obtained from these selected experts, we believe that we have succeeded, to a certain extent, in presenting views that are representative of each specialty.
Positive Returns and Equilibrium: Simultaneous Feedback Between Public Opinion and Social Policy
Authors: Breznau Nate
Published: July 2016

This paper pushes forward political research from across disciplines seeking to understand the linkages between public opinion and social policy in democracies. It considers the thermostatic and the increasing returns perspectives as pointing toward a potentially stable set of effects running between opinion and policy. Both theoretical perspectives argue that opinion and policy are reciprocally causal, feeding back on one another. This is a general argument found in opinion‐policy literatures. However, much empirical research claims to model “feedback” effects when actually using separate unidirectional models of opinion and policy. Only a small body of research addresses opinion‐policy endogeneity directly. In this paper I consider an opinion‐policy system with simultaneous feedback and without lags. I argue that there is a theoretical equilibrium in the relationship of opinion and policy underlying the otherwise cyclical processes that link them. Given that available cross‐national data are cross‐sectional and provide limited degrees of freedom, an ideal theoretical model must be somewhat constrained in order to arrive at empirically meaningful results. In this challenging and exploratory undertaking I hope to open up the possibility of a general system of effects between public opinion and social policy and how to model them in future research. I focus on social welfare policy as it is highly salient to public interests and a costly area of government budgets, making it an area of contentious policymaking. Social policy is also a major part of the thermostatic model of opinion and policy, which was recently extended to the cross‐national comparative context (Wlezien & Soroka, 2012) providing a critical predecessor to this paper because identification of equilibrium between public opinion and social policy in any given society is greatly enhanced through comparison with other societies. This counterfactual approach helps to identify opinion‐policy patterns that may not change much within societies, but can be seen as taking on discrete trajectories between societies.
Reciprocity sheaves
Authors: Kahn Bruno , Saito Shuji , Yamazaki Takao , Rülling Kay
Published: July 2016

We start developing a notion of reciprocity sheaves, generalizing Voevodsky’s homotopy invariant presheaves with transfers which were used in the construction of his triangulated categories of motives. We hope that reciprocity sheaves will eventually lead to the definition of larger triangulated categories of motivic nature, encompassing non-homotopy invariant phenomena.
The renal cortical collecting duct: a secreting epithelium?
Authors: Morla Luciana , Doucet Alain , Lamouroux Christine , Crambert Gilles , Edwards Aurélie
Published: July 2016

Key points

The cortical collecting duct (CCD) plays an essential role in sodium homeostasis by fine‐tuning the amount of sodium that is excreted in the urine.

Ex vivo, the microperfused CCD reabsorbs sodium in the absence of lumen‐to‐bath concentration gradients.

In the present study, we show that, in the presence of physiological lumen‐to‐bath concentration gradients, and in the absence of endocrine, paracrine and neural regulation, the mouse CCD secretes sodium, which represents a paradigm shift.

This secretion occurs via the paracellular route, as well as a transcellular pathway that is energized by apical H+/K+‐ATPase type 2 pumps operating as Na+/K+ exchangers.

The newly identified transcellular secretory pathway represents a physiological target for the regulation of sodium handling and for anti‐hypertensive therapeutic agents.

In vitro microperfusion experiments have demonstrated that cortical collecting ducts (CCDs) reabsorb sodium via principal and type B intercalated cells under sodium‐depleted conditions and thereby contribute to sodium and blood pressure homeostasis. However, these experiments were performed in the absence of the transepithelial ion concentration gradients that prevail in vivo and determine paracellular transport. The present study aimed to characterize Na+, K+ and Cl− fluxes in the mouse CCD in the presence of physiological transepithelial concentration gradients. For this purpose, we combined in vitro measurements of ion fluxes across microperfused CCDs of sodium‐depleted mice with the predictions of a mathematical model. When NaCl transport was inhibited in all cells, CCDs secreted Na+ and reabsorbed K+; Cl− transport was negligible. Removing inhibitors of type A and B intercalated cells increased Na+ secretion in wild‐type (WT) mice but not in H+/K+‐ATPase type 2 (HKA2) knockout mice. Further inhibition of basolateral NaCl entry via the Na+‐K+‐2Cl− cotransporter in type A intercalated cells reduced Na+ secretion in WT mice to the levels observed in HKA2−/− mice. With no inhibitors, WT mouse CCDs still secreted Na+ and reabsorbed K+. In vivo, HKA2−/− mice excreted less Na+ than WT mice after switching to a high‐salt diet. Taken together, our results indicate that type A intercalated cells secrete Na+ via basolateral Na+‐K+‐2Cl− cotransporters in tandem with apical HKA2 pumps. They also suggest that the CCD can mediate overall Na+ secretion, and that its ability to reabsorb NaCl in vivo depends on the presence of acute regulatory factors.
Homotopy Directed Optimization to Design a Six-Bar Linkage for a Lower Limb With a Natural Ankle Trajectory
Authors: Tsuge Brandon Y. , Plecnik Mark M. , Michael McCarthy J.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a synthesis method for the Stephenson III six-bar linkage that combines the direct solution of the synthesis equations with an optimization strategy to achieve increased performance for path generation. The path synthesis equations for a six-bar linkage can reach as many as 15 points on a curve; however, the degree of the polynomial system is 1046. In order to increase the number of accuracy points and decrease the complexity of the synthesis equations, a new formulation is used that combines 11 point synthesis with optimization techniques to obtain a six-bar linkage that minimizes the distance to 60 accuracy points. This homotopy directed optimization technique is demonstrated by obtaining a Stephenson III six-bar linkage that achieves a specified gait trajectory.
Research on the High-Temperature Hot Compressive Deformation Behavior of Ni-Based Superalloy GH3128
Authors: Zhao Xi , Yuan Kun , Zhou Yu , Li Fu
Published: July 2016

Intermediate heat exchanger (IHX), which transfers the heat generated in the reactor core to the secondary loop, is one of the key structural components of the very high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (VHTR). The Ni-based superalloy GH3128 has good high-temperature strength and so is a promising main structural material for the IHX. In this paper, the flow stress behaviors and the deformation microstructure of superalloy GH3128 were investigated by high-temperature compression tests conducted at various temperatures (950–1150 °C) and strain rates (0.001–10 s−1), and the processing maps were analyzed in order to establish the hot deformation constitutive model and obtain the optimum hot forming condition. The results show that (1) both flow stresses and peak flow stresses increase along with the increase of strain rate or decrease of temperature, (2) GH3128 has excellent hot workability, (3) the dynamic recovery (DRV) plays the dominant role during the dynamic softening process due to the high stack fault energy, and (4) the optimum hot forming condition of GH3128 should be defined in the temperature of 1150 °C and strain rate range of 0.01–0.056 s−1. This work contributes to the application of GH3128 alloy on IHX structure.
Transient Forced Response Analysis of Mistuned Steam Turbine Blades During Startup and Coastdown
Authors: Siewert Christian , Stüer Heinrich
Published: July 2016

It is well known that the vibrational behavior of a mistuned bladed disk differs strongly from that of a tuned bladed disk. A large number of publications dealing with the dynamics of mistuned bladed disks are available in the literature. The vibrational phenomena analyzed in these publications are either forced vibrations or self-excited flutter vibrations. Nearly, all published literature on the forced vibrations of mistuned blades disks considers harmonic, i.e., steady-state, vibrations, whereas the self-excited flutter vibrations are analyzed by the evaluation of the margin against instabilities by means of a modal, or rather than eigenvalue, analysis. The transient forced response of mistuned bladed disk is not analyzed in detail so far. In this paper, a computationally efficient mechanical model of a mistuned bladed disk to compute the transient forced response is presented. This model is based on the well-known fundamental model of mistuning (FMM). With this model, the statistics of the transient forced response of a mistuned bladed disk is analyzed and compared to the results of harmonic forced response analysis.
Early Fault Detection of Hot Components in Gas Turbines
Authors: Jinfu Liu , Jiao Liu , Jie Wan , Zhongqi Wang , Daren Yu
Published: July 2016

The working environment of hot components is the most adverse of all gas turbine components. Malfunction of hot components is often followed by catastrophic consequences. Early fault detection plays a significant role in detecting performance deterioration immediately and reducing unscheduled maintenance. In this paper, an early fault detection method is introduced to detect early fault symptoms of hot components in gas turbines. The exhaust gas temperature (EGT) is usually used to monitor the performance of the hot components. The EGT is measured by several thermocouples distributed equally at the outlet of the gas turbine. EGT profile is symmetrical when the unit is in normal operation. And the faults of hot components lead to large temperature differences between different thermocouple readings. However, interferences can potentially affect temperature differences, and sometimes, especially in the early stages of the fault, its influence can be even higher than that of the faults. To improve the detection sensitivity, the influence of interferences must be eliminated. The two main interferences investigated in this study are associated with the operating and ambient conditions, and the structure deviation of different combustion chambers caused by processing and installation errors. Based on the basic principles of gas turbines and Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), a new detection indicator is presented that characterizes the intrinsic structure information of the hot components. Using this new indicator, the interferences involving the certainty and the uncertainty are suppressed and the sensitivity of early fault detection in gas turbine hot components is improved. The robustness and the sensitivity of the proposed method are verified by actual data from a Taurus 70 gas turbine produced by Solar Turbines.
Connecting slow earthquakes to huge earthquakes
Authors: Obara Kazushige , Kato Aitaro
Published: July 2016

Slow earthquakes are characterized by a wide spectrum of fault slip behaviors and seismic radiation patterns that differ from those of traditional earthquakes. However, slow earthquakes and huge megathrust earthquakes can have common slip mechanisms and are located in neighboring regions of the seismogenic zone. The frequent occurrence of slow earthquakes may help to reveal the physics underlying megathrust events as useful analogs. Slow earthquakes may function as stress meters because of their high sensitivity to stress changes in the seismogenic zone. Episodic stress transfer to megathrust source faults leads to an increased probability of triggering huge earthquakes if the adjacent locked region is critically loaded. Careful and precise monitoring of slow earthquakes may provide new information on the likelihood of impending huge earthquakes.
Response to Comment on “Sensitivity of seafloor bathymetry to climate-driven fluctuations in mid-ocean ridge magma supply”
Authors: Olive J.-A. , Behn M. D. , Ito G. , Buck W. R. , Escartín J. , Howell S.
Published: July 2016

Tolstoy reports the existence of a characteristic 100 thousand year (ky) period in the bathymetry of fast-spreading seafloor but does not argue that sea level change is a first-order control on seafloor morphology worldwide. Upon evaluating the overlap between tectonic and Milankovitch periodicities across spreading rates, we reemphasize that fast-spreading ridges are the best potential recorders of a sea level signature in seafloor bathymetry.
Chromatin controls behavior
Authors: Sweatt J. David
Published: July 2016

Dynamic regulation of chromatin remodeling controls learning and memory
Identification of a New Benzimidazole Derivative as an Antiviral against Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Vausselin Thibaut , Séron Karin , Lavie Muriel , Mesalam Ahmed Atef , Lemasson Matthieu , Belouzard Sandrine , Fénéant Lucie , Danneels Adeline , Rouillé Yves , Cocquerel Laurence , Foquet Lander , Rosenberg Arielle R. , Wychowski Czeslaw , Meuleman Philip , Melnyk Patricia , Dubuisson Jean
Published: July 2016

Aminoquinolines and piperazines, linked or not, have been used successfully to treat malaria, and some molecules of this family also exhibit antiviral properties. Here we tested several derivatives of 4-aminoquinolines and piperazines for their activity against hepatitis C virus (HCV). We screened 11 molecules from three different families of compounds, and we identified anti-HCV activity in cell culture for six of them. Of these, we selected a compound (B5) that is currently ending clinical phase I evaluation for neurodegenerative diseases. In hepatoma cells, B5 inhibited HCV infection in a pangenotypic and dose-dependent manner, and its antiviral activity was confirmed in primary hepatocytes. B5 also inhibited infection by pseudoparticles expressing HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2, and we demonstrated that it affects a postattachment stage of the entry step. Virus with resistance to B5 was selected by sequential passage in the presence of the drug, and reverse genetics experiments indicated that resistance was conferred mainly by a single mutation in the putative fusion peptide of E1 envelope glycoprotein (F291I). Furthermore, analyses of the effects of other closely related compounds on the B5-resistant mutant suggest that B5 shares a mode of action with other 4-aminoquinoline-based molecules. Finally, mice with humanized liver that were treated with B5 showed a delay in the kinetics of the viral infection. In conclusion, B5 is a novel interesting anti-HCV molecule that could be used to decipher the early steps of the HCV life cycle.

IMPORTANCE
In the last 4 years, HCV therapy has been profoundly improved with the approval of direct-acting antivirals in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the high costs of these drugs limit access to therapy in most countries. The present study reports the identification and characterization of a compound (B5) that inhibits HCV propagation in cell culture and is currently ending clinical phase I evaluation for neurodegenerative diseases. This molecule inhibits the HCV life cycle by blocking virus entry. Interestingly, after selection of drug-resistant virus, a resistance mutation in the putative fusion peptide of E1 envelope glycoprotein was identified, indicating that B5 could be used to further investigate the fusion mechanism. Furthermore, mice with humanized liver treated with B5 showed a delay in the kinetics of the viral infection. In conclusion, B5 is a novel interesting anti-HCV molecule that could be used to decipher the early steps of the HCV life cycle.
Human Papillomavirus E2 Protein: Linking Replication, Transcription, and RNA Processing
Authors: Graham Sheila V.
Published: July 2016

The human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle is tightly linked to differentiation of the infected epithelium. This means that viral proteins must exert control over epithelial gene expression in order to optimize viral production. The HPV E2 protein controls replication, transcription, and viral genome partitioning during the viral infectious life cycle. It consists of a nucleic acid-binding domain and a protein-protein interaction domain separated by a flexible serine and arginine-rich hinge region. Over the last few years, mounting evidence has uncovered an important new role for E2 in viral and cellular RNA processing. This Gem discusses the role of E2 in controlling the epithelial cellular environment and how E2 might act to coordinate late events in the viral replication cycle.
The transclival artery: a variant persistent carotid–basilar arterial anastomosis not previously reported
Authors: Kirkland Jared D , Dahlin Brian C , O'Brien William T
Published: July 2016

During embryological development, primitive anastomoses exist between the carotid and vertebrobasilar arteries. These anastomoses typically regress or are incorporated into the developing vasculature. Persistence beyond fetal development, however, results in vascular anomalies that alter haemodynamic flow with a predisposition for aneurysm formation. The carotid–vertebrobasilar anastomoses mirror the primitive communications and include (from most to least common) the trigeminal, hypoglossal, proatlantal and otic arteries. The hypoglossal and proatlantal variants extend through the hypoglossal canal or foramen magnum, respectively. We present a previously undescribed variant of these persistent fetal anastomoses, the ‘transclival artery’, which courses through its own transclival skull base canal/foramen.
Successful treatment of refractory midgut bleeding with ocreotide and corticosteroids in a dialysis patient with suspected sarcoidosis
Authors: Velasco Nestor , Imtiaz Toufeeq , Shah Amir Ali , Koulaouzidis Anastasios
Published: July 2016

We present a case of severe and recurrent small-bowel bleeding, due to multiple intestinal angiodysplasias, in a female patient with chronic renal failure due to suspected sarcoidosis. Over the years, she required numerous admissions and >200 units of blood for symptomatic anaemia. However, following a small-bowel capsule endoscopy that revealed several small-bowel angiectasis, she was treated successfully with octreotide and corticosteroids. Her transfusion requirements and hospital admissions were reduced drastically. Moreover, hypercalcaemia and liver function tests also normalised after treatment and double-balloon enteroscopy confirmed the complete resolution of these angiodysplasias. This case presentation confirms the usefulness of octreotide in the management of small-bowel angiodysplasias in dialysis patients and highlights the additional benefit of corticosteroids in portal hypertension due to suspected sarcoidosis.
BCG-osis following intravesical BCG treatment leading to miliary pulmonary nodules, penile granulomas and a mycotic aortic aneurysm
Authors: Smith David Mark
Published: July 2016

A 69-year-old male patient who was treated with intravesical BCG for carcinoma in situ of the bladder, went on to develop systemic features of BCG-osis. This diagnosis was supported by significant radiological and clinical findings. These systemic features include pulmonary miliary lesions, a mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm and penile lesions. Owing to a breakdown in the relationship between the patient and the National Health Service, the patient has declined BCG treatment. This case highlights the potential rare side effects of intravesical BCG treatment and the risk associated with non-treatment of BCG-osis.
Risk of epilepsy in stroke patients receiving acupuncture treatment: a nationwide retrospective matched-cohort study
Authors: Weng Shu-Wen , Liao Chien-Chang , Yeh Chun-Chieh , Chen Ta-Liang , Lane Hsin-Long , Lin Jaung-Geng , Shih Chun-Chuan
Published: July 2016

Objective

To investigate the risk of epilepsy in stroke patients receiving and not receiving acupuncture treatment.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

This study was based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database that included information on stroke patients hospitalised between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2004.

Participants

We identified 42 040 patients hospitalised with newly diagnosed stroke who were aged 20 years and above.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

We compared incident epilepsy during the follow-up period until the end of 2009 in stroke patients who were and were not receiving acupuncture. The adjusted HRs and 95% CIs of epilepsy associated with acupuncture were calculated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression.

Results

Stroke patients who received acupuncture treatment (9.8 per 1000 person-years) experienced a reduced incidence of epilepsy compared to those who did not receive acupuncture treatment (11.5 per 1000 person-years), with an HR of 0.74 (95% CI 0.68 to 0.80) after adjustment for sociodemographic factors and coexisting medical conditions. Acupuncture treatment was associated with a decreased risk of epilepsy, particularly among stroke patients aged 20–69 years. The log-rank test probability curve indicated that stroke patients receiving acupuncture treatment had a reduced probability of epilepsy compared with individuals who did not receive acupuncture treatment during the follow-up period (p<0.0001).

Conclusions

Stroke patients who received acupuncture treatment had a reduced risk of epilepsy compared with those not receiving acupuncture treatment. However, the protective effects associated with acupuncture treatment require further validation in prospective cohort studies.
Incidence, risk factors and the healthcare cost of falls postdischarge after elective total hip and total knee replacement surgery: protocol for a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Hill Anne-Marie , Ross-Adjie Gail , McPhail Steven M , Monterosso Leanne , Bulsara Max , Etherton-Beer Christopher , Powell Sarah-Jayne , Hardisty Gerard
Published: July 2016

Introduction

The number of major joint replacement procedures continues to increase in Australia. The primary aim of this study is to determine the incidence of falls in the first 12 months after discharge from hospital in a cohort of older patients who undergo elective total hip or total knee replacement.

Methods and analyses

A prospective longitudinal observational cohort study starting in July 2015, enrolling patients aged ≥60 years who are admitted for elective major joint replacement (n=267 total hip replacement, n=267 total knee replacement) and are to be discharged to the community. Participants are followed up for 12 months after hospital discharge. The primary outcome measure is the rate of falls per thousand patient-days. Falls data will be collected by 2 methods: issuing a falls diary to each participant and telephoning participants monthly after discharge. Secondary outcomes include the rate of injurious falls and health-related quality of life. Patient-rated outcomes will be measured using the Oxford Hip or Oxford Knee score. Generalised linear mixed modelling will be used to examine the falls outcomes in the 12 months after discharge and to examine patient and clinical characteristics predictive of falls. An economic evaluation will be conducted to describe the nature of healthcare costs in the first 12 months after elective joint replacement and estimate costs directly attributable to fall events.

Ethics and dissemination

The results will be disseminated through local site networks and will inform future services to support older people undergoing hip or knee joint replacement and also through peer-reviewed publications and medical conferences. This study has been approved by The University of Notre Dame Australia and local hospital human research ethics committees.

Trial registration number

ACTRN12615000653561; Pre-results.
Use of medication in competition horses
Authors: Termine Caterina
Published: July 2016

The Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) is the world governing body of equestrian sport. Horses participating in FEI events are subject to Equine Anti‐Doping and Controlled Medication testing for the presence of Prohibited Substances. The role of the veterinarian is essential in evaluating a horse's fitness to compete, selecting appropriate medication when a horse requires treatment close to and during competition, and providing relevant advice to prevent positive test results. If a veterinarian's actions constitute a violation of the FEI regulations, sanctions can be imposed upon them as well as on the athlete. This article describes the role of the FEI and veterinarians at such equestrian events and gives details of the procedures that need to be undertaken if a horse needs treatment close to or during competition.
Cone penetration test (CPT)-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system — an update
Authors: Robertson P.K.
Published: July 2016

A soil classification system is used to group soils according to shared qualities or characteristics based on simple cost-effective tests. The most common soil classification systems used in geotechnical engineering are based on physical (textural) characteristics such as grain size and plasticity. Ideally, geotechnical engineers would also like to classify soils based on behaviour characteristics that have a strong link to fundamental in situ behaviour. However, existing textural-based classification systems have a weak link to in situ behaviour, since they are measured on disturbed and remolded samples. The cone penetration test (CPT) has been gaining in popularity for site investigations due to the cost-effective, rapid, continuous, and reliable measurements. The most common CPT-based classification systems are based on behaviour characteristics and are often referred to as a soil behaviour type (SBT) classification. However, some confusion exists, since most CPT-based SBT classification systems use textural-based descriptions, such as sand and clay. This paper presents an update of popular CPT-based SBT classification systems to use behaviour-based descriptions. The update includes a method to identify the existence of microstructure in soils, and examples are used to illustrate the advantages and limitations of such a system.
van der Waals potential energy surfaces from the exchange-hole dipole moment dispersion model
Authors: Dizon Joseph B. , Johnson Erin R.
Published: July 2016

The potential energy surfaces (PESs) of 28 simple van der Waals complexes, each consisting of a rare-gas (Rg) atom interacting with a linear molecule, are calculated using the exchange-hole dipole moment (XDM) dispersion model in conjunction with three base density functionals (HFPBE, PW86PBE, and a commensurate hybrid functional). Results are compared with literature coupled-cluster reference data. The quality of the computed PESs is assessed based on the positions of the global minima and the corresponding binding energies. Only the hybrid functional is found to provide generally reliable PESs. Dispersion-corrected HFPBE strongly underestimates the equilibrium intermolecular separations and predicts different global minima than the reference PESs for Rg–HCl, Rg–HBr, and two of the Rg–HCN complexes. Analysis of the binding-energy errors reveals that the performance of HFPBE degrades as the size of the Rg atoms increase down the group, while the performance of PW86PBE is significantly worse for strongly-polar molecules. PW86PBE, and to a lesser extent the hybrid, strongly overbind Kr–HF due to charge-transfer error. Despite this, the XDM-corrected hybrid functional displays the best overall error statistics and provides binding energies to within ca. 10 cm–1 of the coupled-cluster reference data at a greatly reduced computational cost.
Levels of stored energy but not marine foraging patterns differentiate seasonal ecotypes of wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) returning to the Kalama River, Washington
Authors: Lamperth James S. , Quinn Thomas P. , Zimmerman Mara S.
Published: July 2016

Anadromous fishes need to store sufficient energy at sea to migrate and reproduce, but the energetic demands of freshwater migration distance have been difficult to distinguish from the demands of fasting in fresh water prior to spawning. In addition, differences in stored energy may result from differences in metabolic storage or marine diet. We estimated somatic lipids (SL) and stable isotopes of N and C (as indices of marine trophic position and feeding location) in adult wild and hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of summer (stream-maturing) and winter (ocean-maturing) runs that migrate similar distances to spawn. We found that SL at return depended on several factors. Summer steelhead had twice the SL as winter steelhead, and within each run SL decreased with arrival date, converging on about 1% SL. In summer steelhead, females had 19% more SL than males, and wild fish had 21% more SL than hatchery fish. In winter steelhead, females had 27% less SL than males, and there was no difference between rearing origins. No differences were detected in δ15N or δ13C between ecotypes or rearing origins. Taken together, the results indicated different patterns of energy storage among and within ecotypes despite no apparent differences in marine trophic position or foraging area.
Using thermal limits to assess establishment of fish dispersing to high-latitude and high-elevation watersheds
Authors: Dunmall Karen M. , Mochnacz Neil J. , Zimmerman Christian E. , Lean Charles , Reist James D.
Published: July 2016

Distributional shifts of biota to higher latitudes and elevations are presumably influenced by species-specific physiological tolerances related to warming temperatures. However, it is establishment rather than dispersal that may be limiting colonizations in these cold frontier areas. In freshwater ecosystems, perennial groundwater springs provide critical winter thermal refugia in these extreme environments. By reconciling the thermal characteristics of these refugia with the minimum thermal tolerances of life stages critical for establishment, we develop a strategy to focus broad projections of northward and upward range shifts to the specific habitats that are likely for establishments. We evaluate this strategy using chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) that seem poised to colonize Arctic watersheds. Stream habitats with a minimum temperature of 4 °C during spawning and temperatures above 2 °C during egg incubation were most vulnerable to establishments by chum and pink salmon. This strategy will improve modelling forecasts of range shifts for cold freshwater habitats and focus proactive efforts to conserve both newly emerging fisheries and native species at northern and upper distributional extremes.
Geometric properties-dependent neural synchrony modulated by extracellular subthreshold electric field
Authors: Wei Xile , Si Kaili , Yi Guosheng , Wang Jiang , Lu Meili
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we use a reduced two-compartment neuron model to investigate the interaction between extracellular subthreshold electric field and synchrony in small world networks. It is observed that network synchronization is closely related to the strength of electric field and geometric properties of the two-compartment model. Specifically, increasing the electric field induces a gradual improvement in network synchrony, while increasing the geometric factor results in an abrupt decrease in synchronization of network. In addition, increasing electric field can make the network become synchronous from asynchronous when the geometric parameter is set to a given value. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that network synchrony can also be affected by the firing frequency and dynamical bifurcation feature of single neuron. These results highlight the effect of weak field on network synchrony from the view of biophysical model, which may contribute to further understanding the effect of electric field on network activity.
Recognizing seasonal fluvial influence in ancient tidal deposits
Authors: McLean Annalize Q. , Wilson Brent
Published: July 2016

Seasonal changes in rainfall affect water and sediment discharges in fluvial systems. This is reflected within the rock record by changes in (1) the flow processes and structures created and (2) the composition and volume of sediment. This study demonstrates that high-resolution sedimentological studies of rhythmites in ancient tidal bar deposits reveal a seasonal fluvial influence. The rocks studied belong to the Plio-Pleistocene Erin Formation on Trinidad, deposited under tropical seasonal conditions in the fluvial–tidal transition zone and tidally dominated palaeoenvironments. Time-series and stratigraphic analyses were undertaken of two rock subsections separated by an erosional surface. Spring–neap, monthly and semi-annual cycles were identified within the deposits. Sand-rich and mud-rich couplets showed neap–spring cyclicity, with gradual transitions between flaser, wavy and lenticular bedding. Seasonal changes in fluvial discharge were recognized by minor scours that marked periods of relatively higher discharge. The content and distribution of organic material varied through the seasonally influenced cycle. Rare and dwarfed trace fossils and bioturbated beds also showed a periodic pattern, interpreted as representing changes in palaeoenvironmental conditions due to seasonal freshwater discharge. As a result, reservoirs containing similar deposits may have porosity and permeability variations with seasonal depositional periodicity.

Supplementary material:
The full set of measured time-series data is available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3283376
Inflammation Thread Runs across Medical Laboratory Specialities
Authors: Nydegger Urs , Lung Thomas , Risch Lorenz , Risch Martin , Medina Escobar Pedro , Bodmer Thomas
Published: July 2016

We work on the assumption that four major specialities or sectors of medical laboratory assays, comprising clinical chemistry, haematology, immunology, and microbiology, embraced by genome sequencing techniques, are routinely in use. Medical laboratory markers for inflammation serve as model: they are allotted to most fields of medical lab assays including genomics. Incessant coding of assays aligns each of them in the long lists of big data. As exemplified with the complement gene family, containing C2, C3, C8A, C8B, CFH, CFI, and ITGB2, heritability patterns/risk factors associated with diseases with genetic glitch of complement components are unfolding. The C4 component serum levels depend on sufficient vitamin D whilst low vitamin D is inversely related to IgG1, IgA, and C3 linking vitamin sufficiency to innate immunity. Whole genome sequencing of microbial organisms may distinguish virulent from nonvirulent and antibiotic resistant from nonresistant varieties of the same species and thus can be listed in personal big data banks including microbiological pathology; the big data warehouse continues to grow.
A Review on Properties, Opportunities, and Challenges of Transformer Oil-Based Nanofluids
Authors: Rafiq Muhammad , Lv Yuzhen , Li Chengrong
Published: July 2016

The mineral oil or synthetic oil in conjunction with paper is mainly being applied as dielectric medium in many of the high voltage apparatus. However, the advent of high voltage levels such high voltage alternating current (HVAC) and high voltage direct current (HVDC) has prompted researchers to direct their focus onto an insulation system which can bear the rising high voltage levels. The modern insulating liquid material development is guided by various factors such as high electrical insulation requirements and other safety and economic considerations. Therefore transformer manufacturer companies have to design transformers with these new specific requirements. The transformer oil-based nanofluids with improved dielectric and thermal properties have the potential to replace mineral oil base products in the market place. They are favorable because they function more superior than mineral oil and they contribute definite insulating and thermal gains. This paper reviews recent status of nanofluids use as transformer oils. The nanofluids used as transformer oils are presented and their advantages are described in comparison with mineral oil. The multiple experimental works carried out by different researchers are described, providing an overview of the current research conducted on nanofluids. In addition scope and challenges being confronted in this area of research are clearly presented.
A Fractional Trust Region Method for Linear Equality Constrained Optimization
Authors: Zhu Honglan , Ni Qin , Zhang Liwei , Yang Weiwei
Published: July 2016

A quasi-Newton trust region method with a new fractional model for linearly constrained optimization problems is proposed. We delete linear equality constraints by using null space technique. The fractional trust region subproblem is solved by a simple dogleg method. The global convergence of the proposed algorithm is established and proved. Numerical results for test problems show the efficiency of the trust region method with new fractional model. These results give the base of further research on nonlinear optimization.
Remodeling of the Tumor Microenvironment Predicts Increased Risk of Cancer in Postmenopausal Women: The Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor (PERF I) Study
Authors: Bager Cecilie L. , Willumsen Nicholas , Kehlet Stephanie N. , Hansen Henrik B. , Bay-Jensen Anne-Christine , Leeming Diana J. , Dragsbæk Katrine , Neergaard Jesper Skov , Christiansen Claus , Høgdall Estrid , Karsdal Morten
Published: July 2016

Background: An altered tumor microenvironment is one of the earliest signs of cancer and an important driver of the disease. We have seen previously that biomarkers reflecting tumor microenvironment modifications, such as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-degraded type 1 collagen (C1M), MMP-degraded type IV collagen (C4M), and citrullinated and MMP-degraded vimentin (VICM), were higher in the serum of cancer patients than in healthy controls. However, it is not known if these biomarkers could predict an increased risk of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate whether C1M, C4M, and VICM were elevated prior to diagnosis of solid cancers in a large prospective study.

Methods: Between 1999 and 2001, 5,855 postmenopausal Danish women ages 48 to 89 years enrolled in the Prospective Epidemiologic Risk Factor study. Baseline demographics and serum were collected at the time of registration. Follow up cancer diagnoses were obtained from the Danish Cancer Registry in 2014. Serum C1M, C4M, and VICM levels were measured by competitive ELISAs.

Results: A total of 881 women were diagnosed with solid cancers after baseline. C1M, C4M, and VICM levels were significantly elevated in women diagnosed less than 1 year after baseline. C1M and VICM, but not C4M, were independent predictors of increased risk of cancer.

Conclusion: C1M, C4M, and VICM are elevated prior to cancer diagnosis. C1M and VICM are both independent predictors of increased cancer risk.

Impact: C1M and VICM are predictors for increased risk of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(9); 1348–55. ©2016 AACR.
Gene Polymorphisms Affect the Effectiveness of Atorvastatin in Treating Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Yue Yun-Hua , Bai Xu-dong , Zhang Hui-jun , Li You-mei , Hu Liang , Liu Ling-yun , Mao Jie-ping , Yang Xiao-ying , Dila Na-mu
Published: July 2016

Background/Aims: The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in lipid metabolism related genes would affect the effectiveness of atorvastatin in both Han and Uighur populations. Methods: 200 ischemic stroke patients were treated with atorvastatin. The differences of blood lipid level and their ratios were measured. Six lipid related genes, HMGCR, APOA5, LPL, CETP, LDLR and PCSK9 were selected as candidate genes. And nine SNP loci in these six genes were genotyped by SNaPshot technique. Results: In all patients treated with atorvastatin, the SNP rs662799 significantly affected the ratio of ΔLDL and ΔLDL/LDL (p < 0.05); the SNP rs320 significantly affected the ratio of ΔLDL/LDL and Δ(LDL/HDL)/(LDL/HDL) (p < 0.01) and the SNP rs708272 significantly affected the ratio of ΔLDL (p < 0.05). In Han population treated with atorvastatin, the SNP rs662799 significantly affected the ratio of ΔTG (p < 0.05); the SNP rs320 significantly affected the ratio of ΔLDL/LDL and Δ(LDL/HDL)/(LDL/HDL) (p < 0.01). In Uighur population treated with atorvastatin, the SNP rs2266788 significantly affected the ratio of ΔHDL (p < 0.05); the SNP rs662799 significantly affected the ratio of ΔLDL/LDL (p < 0.05) and the SNP rs708272 significantly affected the ratio of ΔLDL (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Polymorphisms of rs662799 and rs2266788 in APOA5 gene, rs320 in LPL gene and rs708272 in CETP gene had significant association with the effect of the lipid-lowering therapy via atorvastatin calcium on ischemic stroke patients.
Biological Responses of the Immature Annulus Fibrosus to Dynamic Compression in a Disc Perfusion Culture
Authors: Li Pei , Gan Yibo , Wang Haoming , Xu Yuan , Song Lei , Zhang Chengmin , Li Songtao , Zhou Qiang
Published: July 2016

Mechanical stimuli participate in disc development and remodelling. However, the effects of mechanical load on the immature annulus fibrosus (AF) are largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate how the immature AF responded to dynamic compressive magnitude and duration. Immature porcine discs were bioreactor-cultured for 7 days and then dynamically compressed at various magnitudes (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.3 MPa at a frequency of 1.0 Hz for 2 h/day) and durations (1, 2, 4 and 8 h/day at a magnitude of 0.4 MPa and a frequency of 1.0 Hz). Non-compressed discs were used as controls. The immature AF tissue was analysed for histology, gene expression (aggrecan, collagen I, ADAMTS-4, MMP-3, TIMP-1 and TIMP-3), biochemical content of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and hydroxyproline (HYP) and aggrecan immunohistochemical staining. In the lower-compressive-magnitude groups (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 MPa), the immature AF showed an up-regulation in the expression of matrix genes, GAG and HYP content and aggrecan deposition. In the compression duration groups, the GAG and HYP content and aggrecan deposition declined to a minimum in the 8-hour group, in which a catabolic gene expression profile was found. In conclusion, this study indicated that the effects of dynamic compression on the immature AF are magnitude and duration dependent and that catabolic remodelling within the immature AF can be induced by high compressive magnitudes and long compressive durations.