bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production of lipase‐catalyzed solid fat from mustard oil and palm stearin with linoleic acid by response surface methodology
Authors: Alim Abdul Md , Lee Jeung Hee , Lee Ki‐Teak
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND: Solid fat was produced from mustard oil and palm stearin through lipase‐catalyzed reaction, in which linoleic acid was intentionally incorporated. For optimizing the reaction condition of melting point and ω6/ω3 fatty acids, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed with three reaction variables such as substrate mole ratio of mustard oil (MO) to palm stearin (PS) (X1), reaction temperature (X2) and reaction time (X3).

RESULTS: The predictive model for melting point of solid fat was adequate and reproducible due to no significant lack of fit (P = 0.0764), P‐value (0.0037) of the model, and satisfactory level of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.92). For the ω6/ω3 ratio model, R2 and P‐value were 0.89 and 0.0132, respectively, but lack of fit was significant (P = 0.0389). The melting point of the produced solid fat was affected by substrate mole ratio, whereas reaction temperature and time had no significant effect. The ω6/ω3 ratio of solid fat was influenced by substrate mole ratio and reaction temperature but not by reaction time. Based on ridge analysis, lower ω6/ω3 ratio was predicted by decreasing substrate mole ratio and reaction time, and by increasing reaction temperature.

CONCLUSIONS: For producing solid fat with a specific melting point of 34.57 °C, a combination of 1:2 (X1), 65.17 °C (X2) and 21.46 h (X3) was optimized, and the optimization was confirmed under the same reaction conditions. The solid fat contained palmitic (37.8%), linoleic (24.8%), oleic (21.3%), and erucic acid (9.7%), and its solid fat content was 30.3% and 10.3% at 20 and 30 °C, respectively. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of Polybutadiene Nanocomposites: In situ Polymerization of 1,3‐Butadiene Catalyzed by Phyllosilicate Interlayer Spacing‐Confined Cobalt(II) Phosphine Complexes
Authors: Leone Giuseppe , Boglia Aldo , Bertini Fabio , Canetti Maurizio , Ricci Giovanni
Published: January 2009

Heterogeneous phyllosilicate interlayer spacing‐confined cobalt catalysts were prepared by reaction of cobalt phosphine complexes with methylaluminoxane‐modified clay. The catalytic systems obtained were used for the in situ polymerization of 1,3‐butadiene. The polymerization taking place within the silicate galleries separates the pristine layer aggregates, allowing for the design of polybutadiene‐based nanocomposites through the intercalation of the active polymerization centers. Depending on the type of cobalt complex used (i.e., type of phosphine bond to the metal) it is possible to control the microstructure (1,2 content) and the tacticity (percentage of rr, mr and mm triads) of the polymer growing directly in between the inorganic silicate host lamellae.

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Fabrication of Compositional‐Gradient Biodegradable Polymeric Films Showing Self‐Bending Deformation
Authors: Yamazaki Kenichi , Dong Tungalag , Asakawa Naoki , Inoue Yoshio , Yazawa Koji
Published: January 2009

A compositional graded film of poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with 4,4′‐thiodiphenol (TDP), in the film thickness direction, was fabricated by self‐diffusing of TDP in the PCL melt. We found out the self‐bending deformation of the gradient film, which bent into a rolled‐up shape by itself. The initial shape of the film was flat when the sample was quenched from the melt. Upon the fast crystallization of PCL, the gradient film bent to the side with low TDP content. Then, after PCL crystallized the film bent to the opposite direction, that is, to the side with high TDP content. This bending to the TDP rich region was induced by not only the crystallization of PCL but also mass transfer due to the diffusion of TDP from TDP rich region to poor region.

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Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2/2009
Authors: Veerabadran Nalinkanth G. , Mongayt Dmitriy , Torchilin Vladimir , Price Ronald R. , Lvov Yuri M.
Published: January 2009

Cover: Halloysite clay nanotubes are used for encapsulation and sustained release of bioactive compounds. A layer‐by‐layer assembly of polyelectrolyte shells of different compositions on these nanotubes allows additional control over drug release rate. Further details can be found in the article by N. G. Veerabadran, D. Mongayt, V. Torchilin, R. R. Price, and Y. M. Lvov* on page 99.
An approximation of the analytic solution of some nonlinear heat transfer in fin and 3D diffusion equations using HAM
Authors: Bararnia H. , Domairry G. , Gorji M. , Rezania A.
Published: January 2009

In this article, the approximate solution of nonlinear heat diffusion and heat transfer equation are developed via homotopy analysis method (HAM). This method is a strong and easy‐to‐use analytic tool for investigating nonlinear problems, which does not need small parameters. HAM contains the auxiliary parameter ħ, which provides us with a simple way to adjust and control the convergence region of solution series.

By suitable choice of the auxiliary parameter ħ, we can obtain reasonable solutions for large modulus. In this study, we compare HAM results, with those of homotopy perturbation method and the exact solutions. The first differential equation to be solved is a straight fin with a temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity and the second one is the two‐ and three‐dimensional unsteady diffusion problems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2010
Legendre wavelet method for numerical solutions of partial differential equations
Authors: Liu Nanshan , Lin En‐Bing
Published: January 2009

We introduce an orthogonal basis on the square [−1, 1] × [‐1, 1] generated by Legendre polynomials on [−1, 1], and define an associated expression for the expansion of a Riemann integrable function. We describe some properties and derive a uniform convergence theorem. We then present several numerical experiments that indicate that our methods are more efficient and have better convergence results than some other methods. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Maternal health conditions during pregnancy and acute leukemia in children with Down syndrome: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Ognjanovic Simona , Puumala Susan , Spector Logan G. , Smith Franklin O. , Robison Leslie L. , Olshan Andrew F. , Ross Julie A.
Published: January 2009

Background

Children with Down syndrome (DS) have about a 20‐fold increased risk of developing leukemia. Early childhood infections may protect against acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) in children with and without DS. We examined whether maternal infections and health conditions during pregnancy were associated with acute leukemia in children with DS.

Procedure

We conducted a case–control study of 158 children with DS and leukemia (including 97 cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 61 cases with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)) and 173 children with DS during the period 1997–2002. Maternal interview included information about 14 maternal conditions during gestation that are likely to induce an inflammatory response. We evaluated their prevalence in cases and controls. Five of these were common enough to allow analyses by leukemia subtype.

Results

Vaginal bleeding was the most frequent (18% cases, 25% controls) and was associated with a reduced risk (odds ratio (OR) = 0.57; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33–0.99) for all cases combined. Other variables, while showing a potential trend toward reduced risk had effect estimates, which were imprecise and not statistically significant. In contrast, amniocentesis was marginally associated with an increased risk of AML (OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 0.90–4.69).

Conclusions

Data from this exploratory investigation suggest that some health conditions during pregnancy may be relevant in childhood leukemogenesis. Larger epidemiological studies and other model systems (animal, clinical studies) may provide a clearer picture of the potential association and mechanisms. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:602–608. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting apoptosis pathways for the treatment of pediatric cancers
Authors: Fulda Simone
Published: January 2009

Resistance to apoptosis (programmed cell death) is a characteristic feature of human cancers including childhood malignancies. Further, evasion of apoptosis is a frequent cause of treatment resistance, since most anti‐cancer therapies, for example chemo‐ or radiotherapy act primarily by inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Over the last two decades, the dissection of apoptosis pathways in pediatric tumors has resulted in the identification of many key molecules that may serve as molecular targets for drug discovery. Accordingly, components of the apoptotic cascade are currently exploited for the development of rationally designed molecular targeted therapies. This approach is expected to open new and more effective approaches for the treatment of childhood cancers. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:533–536. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral iron chelation and the treatment of iron overload in a pediatric hematology center
Authors: Raphael Jean L. , Bernhardt M. Brooke , Mahoney Donald H. , Mueller Brigitta U.
Published: January 2009

Background

Recent advances have led to the development of oral iron chelators, which have changed clinical practice. The objective of this study was to descriptively assess the use of one such agent, deferasirox, as standard of care treatment in a large pediatric hematology center.

Procedure

We retrospectively studied all patients at the Texas Children's Hematology Center who were previously or currently treated with deferasirox. We gathered data on demographics, clinical diagnoses, length of time on chronic transfusions, previous use of deferoxamine, adherence to therapy, and reasons for discontinuation. We also assessed changes in serum ferritin, liver function tests, and creatinine for those on deferasirox for a minimum of 12 months.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients were studied. Eighty‐one percent of patients treated with deferasirox had a diagnosis of sickle cell disease. The mean baseline ferritin level for our study population was 2,117 ng/ml (range 754–7,211). Fifty‐three percent of patients had been previously treated with deferoxamine. Adherence to oral therapy was documented in 76% of patients. For those on deferasirox for a minimum of 12 months, serum ferritin decreased in 30% of patients (44% of compliant patients, 11% of poorly compliant patients). Changes in creatinine and liver function tests were mild and did not result in long‐term discontinuation of deferasirox in any cases.

Conclusions

Outside of controlled clinical trials, deferasirox can be utilized safely as an oral iron chelator in children although adherence to therapy and the complex interaction of factors that contribute to iron overload still present challenges for clinicians. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:616–620. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis masquerading as tuberculosis: A diagnostic dilemma resulting in inappropriate anti‐tubercular therapy
Authors: Sharma Prashant , Dhingra Kajal Kiran , Sural Sumit , Mandal Ashish Kumar , Singh Tejinder
Published: January 2009

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is known to mimic many other conditions. We present two patients where anti‐tubercular therapy was instituted when clinical and radiological features suggested tuberculosis. The correct diagnosis of histiocytosis was reached only on further work‐up including immunohistochemistry following un‐responsiveness to treatment. In retrospect it was felt that an inordinately high index of suspicion for tuberculosis, clinical and radiological overlap between the two entities, an urgency to start empirical therapy in a rapidly deteriorating patient and pathological similarities between epithelioid histiocytes and pathologic Langerhans cells led to the diagnostic and therapeutic errors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:111–113. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Butanolysis of 2‐methylbenzenediazonium ions: product distribution, rate constants of product formation, and activation parameters
Authors: Pastoriza‐Gallego M. José , Bravo‐Díaz Carlos
Published: January 2009

We have determined the product distributions, the rate constants of product formation and substrate loss, and the activation parameters for the butanolysis of 2‐methylbenzenediazonium, 2MBD, tetrafluoroborate in aqueous 1‐Butanol (BuOH) solutions by combining UV–VIS spectroscopy, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and a derivatization protocol that traps unreacted 2MBD as a stable azo dye. BuOH/H2O solutions are miscible over a narrow composition range, but in reverse micelles composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS, BuOH, and water, are miscible between 45–80%. Two major and two minor dediazoniation products are observed, 2‐cresol, ArOH, 2‐butyl‐tolyl‐ether, ArOBu, and small amounts of 2‐chlorobenzene, ArCl (from HCl added to control solution acidity) and toluene, ArH (a reduction product). Product yields depend on experimental conditions, but quantitative conversion to products is achieved over the entire composition ranges investigated. The observed rate constants, kobs, obtained by monitoring 2MBD loss or by monitoring ArOH or ArOBu formation, are the same and they are only modestly affected by changes in the solution composition. The activation parameters obtained from the effect of temperature on kobs show that the enthalpy of activation is relatively high compared to those found in bimolecular reactions and the entropy of activation is small but positive. The results suggest that 2MBD is mainly sampling in the BuOH‐H2O rich interfacial region of the reverse micelle and are consistent with 2MBD decomposing through a DN + AN mechanism, i.e., a rate limiting formation of an aryl cation that reacts immediately with nucleophiles. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral tetraphenylethenes as novel dopants for calamitic and discotic liquid crystals
Authors: Schreivogel Alina , Dawin Ute , Baro Angelika , Giesselmann Frank , Laschat Sabine
Published: January 2009

Three series of novel chiral tetraphenylethenes have been prepared: citronellyl‐derived ethers 1a, b, lactate‐derived ethers 2d, g, h, i and lactate‐derived esters 3a–c, e–h. Helical twisting powers (HTPs) were determined for those derivatives of 1–3, which were sufficiently miscible with the nematic host 5CB 13 or the discotic nematic host hexayne 14. For binary solutions HTP values of 5.7–10.4 µm−1 for 13/1, 12.8–16.5 µm−1 for 13/2, 8.0–28.7 µm−1 for 13/3 and 2.1–2.9 µm−1 for hexayne 14/3 were determined, indicating a much stronger interaction between the C4‐symmetrical propeller‐shaped tetraphenylethenes 1–3 with the calamitc host 5CB 13 than with the discotic C6‐symmetrical propeller‐shaped host hexayne 14. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐σ versus πconfiguration in mono‐ and bis‐pyrrole and imidazole derivatives of alkaline earth metals
Authors: Blanco Fernando , Alkorta Ibon , Elguero Jose
Published: January 2009

A theoretical study of the preferred N‐σorπconfiguration of the mono‐ and bis‐pyrrole and imidazole derivatives of alkaline earth metals has been carried by means of DFT andab initiomethods, up to G2 computational level. The energetic results show that the beryllium derivatives prefer the N‐σconfiguration while the calcium ones prefer theπone. In the case of magnesium, both configurations present similar stability. The calculated dissociation enthalpies correspond to the fact that the metallic atom is strongly bonded to the azoles in both configurations. The NBO analysis shows that the systems can be considered as formed by the azolates interacting with the charged metallic atom and thus the Natural Energy Decomposition Analysis (NEDA) indicates that the main attractive force is the electrostatic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Familial interstitial disease with I73T mutation: A mid‐ and long‐term study
Authors: Abou Taam Rola , Jaubert Francis , Emond Sophie , Le Bourgeois Muriel , Epaud Ralph , Karila Chantal , Feldmann Delphine , Scheinmann Pierre , de Blic Jacques
Published: January 2009

Objectives:

To describe the long‐term course and the management in children of chronic interstitial lung disease associated with I73T mutation.

Materials and Methods:

Clinical, radiological, and histological data from one family including five children and two adults were analyzed retrospectively for three patients and prospectively for the others.

Results:

Mean age of onset of respiratory symptoms for children was 6 months (2–15 months). The follow up was 14 months to 15 years (mean 55 months). The children were treated by intravenous high dose methylprednisolone pulses (6–15, mean 12). Four received oral prednisolone (mean 16 months) and hydroxychloroquine, one of these had additional mycophenolate mofetil. One adult with mild respiratory symptoms in infancy and another who was symptom free were also diagnosed. Both of them received no treatment. BAL fluids were obtained in all children: pro‐SPC and SPB were positive in all. Lung biopsies were performed in two children respectively at 7 months, showing interstitial pneumonia features with endoluminal macrophage and type II alveolar cells hyperplasia, and at 33 months, showing subpleural microbullae, areas of interstitial pneumonia and type II alveolar cells hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry showed for both an increased SPB and TTF1 staining in type II cells nuclei and a faint staining for pro‐SPC and for ABCA3. Genetic diagnosis obviated the need for biopsy in other cases. The clinical status progressively improved and oxygen supplementation could be stopped after 3–14 months (mean 9 months). The CT scans initially showed ground glass opacities, then reduction in the ground glass pattern associated with clinical improvement and development of cysts.

Conclusion:

This kindred illustrates the variability of respiratory involvement and prognosis. It confirms the value of genetic screening for surfactant protein genes mutations. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009; 44:167–175. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature dependent high resolution resonant spectroscopy on a charged quantum dot
Authors: Kroner M. , Weiss K. M. , Seidl S. , Warburton R. J. , Badolato A. , Petroff P. M. , Karrai K.
Published: January 2009

We present temperature dependent high resolution resonant optical spectroscopy on a single, negatively charged InGaAs quantum dot. We performed laser transmission measurements yielding the natural linewidth of the excitonic ground state transition of a quantum dot in a temperature range from 4.2 K up to 25 K. Here, we describe the linewidth evolution and the temperature induced red shift of the resonance energy with simple models based on the exciton–phonon coupling in the quantum dot. The resonant spectroscopy measurements are complemented with results from non‐resonant PL measurements on the very same quantum dot. Here we observe a simple linear behavior of the linewidth according to an effect of a fluctuating environment. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modified Subtotal Cholecystectomy: Results of a Laparotomy Procedure During the Laparoscopic Era
Authors: Di Carlo Isidoro , Pulvirenti Elia , Toro Adriana , Corsale Giuseppe
Published: January 2009

Background

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is now indisputably the gold standard for managing most gallbladder diseases. However, subversion of the Calot triangle anatomy cannot always be managed by laparoscopy and often requires a laparotomy conversion. This report discusses our patients treated with our personal technique.

Methods

Patients undergoing subtotal cholecystectomy performed by the same surgeon with a personal technique from January 1999 to December 2007 were considered for the present study. Sex, age, symptoms, co‐morbidities, diagnostic modality, time between hospitalization and surgery, length of postsurgical hospitalization, morbidity and mortality, and follow‐up were assessed.

Results

Four men and six women, aged 23 to 88 years, were included. Every patient had symptoms of acute cholecystitis. Four patients had had symptoms for an average of 2.5 days and six for an average of 5.1 h. All patients were studied by ultrasonography, and seven underwent computed tomography. The operation was performed within 48 h in all patients. The average hospital stay from surgery to discharge was different for patients who underwent primary open cholecystectomy (10 days, range 5–16 days) and those having a conversion after a laparoscopic attempt (7.8 days, range 4–16 days). During the postoperative period only one patient presented a self‐limiting biliary leak. No postoperative mortality occurred. At follow‐up, any recurrences of stone in the biliary tract or newly formed pouch were recorded.

Conclusions

The results suggest that this new approach can be considered effective in every instance of subversion of the normal anatomy of Calot’s triangle.
Radiation interception and conversion to biomass in two potassium-deficient cotton crops in South Benin
Authors: GERARDEAUX E. , JORDAN-MEILLE L. , PELLERIN S.
Published: January 2009

A potassium fertilizer field trial of rain-fed cotton crop was carried out on ferrasols at two sites in Benin. The measurements focused on leaf formation patterns and their ability to convert intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) into biomass. The results highlighted the role of K in plant architecture and leaf area development. On K deficient plots, the reduction in leaf area was mostly the result of a decreased number of leaves and, to a lesser extent, leaves of a smaller individual size. During vegetative growth, leaf senescence did not differ between treatments. Biomass partitioning to different plant compartments was found to be affected by potassium deficiency, in favour of leaves. No significant effect of K treatment was observed on the conversion of intercepted radiation into biomass.
Neuropsychological functioning, illness perception, mood and quality of life in chronic fatigue syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease and healthy participants
Authors: Dickson A. , Toft A. , O'Carroll R. E.
Published: January 2009

Background

This study attempted to longitudinally investigate neuropsychological function, illness representations, self-esteem, mood and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and compared them with both healthy participants and a clinical comparison group of individuals with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD).

Method

Neuropsychological evaluation was administered at two time points, five weeks apart. Twenty-one individuals with CFS, 20 individuals with AITD and 21 healthy participants were matched for age, pre-morbid intelligence, education level and socio-economic status (SES). All groups also completed measures of illness perceptions, mood, self-esteem and QoL at both time points.

Results

The CFS group showed significantly greater impairment on measures of immediate and delayed memory, attention and visuo-constructional ability, and reported significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression. After controlling for the effects of mood, the CFS group still demonstrated significant impairment in attention. The CFS group also reported significantly lower self-reported QoL than the AITD and healthy participants. In terms of illness perceptions, the AITD group believed that their condition would last longer, that they had more treatment control over their condition, and reported less concern than the CFS group.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the primary cognitive impairment in CFS is attention and that this is not secondary to affective status. The lower treatment control perceptions and greater illness concerns that CFS patients report may be causally related to their affective status.
Discourses of identity
Authors: Van Leeuwen Theo
Published: January 2009

This lecture discusses the concept of lifestyle, which emerged in the field of marketing in the 1970s, as a new, and increasingly pervasive, discourse of identity cutting through older ‘demographic’ discourses. Distributed by mediated experts and role models, and realized through the semiotics of ‘composites of connotation’, it redraws the opposition between the social and the individual, by expressing individuality in terms of socially mediated resources and reconfiguring social categories as individual lifestyle choices.
The Gershwins in Britain
Authors: Moore James Ross
Published: January 2009

Overwhelmingly, the British reputation of George Gershwin is as a ‘serious’ composer: but this is liable to obscure not only the contributions he and his brother Ira made to the popular music theatre in Britain, but also, conversely, the British influences upon this seemingly all-American pair. George was profoundly influenced by that pre-eminent American Anglophile of his time, Jerome Kern, while British influences upon the semi-scholarly Ira extended far beyond W. S. Gilbert and P. G. Wodehouse. After ‘Swanee’ swept Britain in 1920, and George had honed his art and craft by writing the score for the West End revue, The Rainbow (1923), came the musical comedy, Primrose (1924) – its score his first to be published, and including some of his earliest orchestrations. A prototype of the frivolous comedies of the era, Primrose marked the first time the brothers were billed together as the Gershwins, since Ira had earlier written as ‘Arthur Francis’: it was also the immediate precursor of their first great Broadway hit, Lady, Be Good! Finally, in 1928, Ira collaborated, without George, on the London show That's a Good Girl – though Damsel in Distress, the brothers' last film musical, was a valedictory to the British-American musical comedy of the era. James Moore's earlier transatlantic study, of Cole Porter in Britain, appeared in NTQ30 (1992), and his Radio Two programme on the revue producer André Charlot was broadcast in October 1993.
The Voice of Ophelia
Authors: Risum Janne
Published: January 2009

In earlier issues, New Theatre Quarterly has followed through several lines of enquiry into the processes of acting and the construction of critical methods appropriate to the analysis of contemporary performance. Articles on the work of Tilda Swinton (NTQ23) and Harriet Walters (NTQ34) for example, focused on the consciousness and techniques of those actresses. But the work of Odin Teatret, complemented (as in this issue) by the theoretical writings of its director, Eugenio Barba, has been a recurrent concern – most recently in the exploration in NTQ26 by Roberta Carreri of the technical means through which her role in Judith was articulated. Here, Janne Risum pulls together several related lines of enquiry by considering the performance of Julia Varley in the Castle of Holstebro, her vocal demonstration workshop The Echo of Silence, and her written piece, A Candle Lit amongst the Pages of Books, as related aspects of perception through which the female spectator engages with the actress and her fictive personae. Janne Risum teaches in the Institut for Dramaturgi at Aarhus University, Denmark, and is also active in the International School for Theatre Anthropology. She has published books and essays on acting, theatre history, and women in the theatre. A version of the present paper has also appeared, in Danish, in Nordic Theatre Studies, VI, No. 3 (1993).
The Video Documentation of Theatrical Performance
Authors: McAuley Gay
Published: January 2009

Video technology has been widely available for the last twenty years, and offers possibilities for the documentation of theatrical performance that no previous generation has possessed. What are we doing with these possibilities? Why is it that we are only now taking some timid first steps towards the establishment of national or regional video archives? This article reports some findings from ten years of experimentation with recording formats and analysis, and urges the need for action by theatre practitioners, funding authorities, and university researchers to ensure that the theatrical output of another generation is not lost. The author, Gay McAuley, teaches in French and Performance Studies and is Director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Performance Studies at the University of Sydney. Her research in recent years has focused on the semiotics of performance and, in particular, the ways actors use text in the construction of performance. She is currently writing a book called Space in Performance.
A Political Language for the Theatre: Edward Bond's RSC Workshops, 1992
Authors: Stuart Ian
Published: January 2009

Disillusioned by what he sees as the inadequate state of the British theatre, Edward Bond has refused to have some of his more recent plays produced in this country, although they have been seen in productions on the Continent. This year's Avignon Festival will thus be focusing on his work, and later in 1994 the Berliner Ensemble will be staging Olly's Prison. In 1992, however, Bond worked – for the first time since the late 1980s – with members of the Royal Shakespeare Company, resuming in workshop conditions his attempt to develop a distinctive acting style for his work. Commenting on the programme of workshops, and through subsequent interviews with Bond and some of the actors involved, Ian Stuart, who teaches in the School of Theatre at the University of Southern California, attempts to draw conclusions about Bond's current theatre methodology.
Jan Kott's Twinkle
Authors: Marowitz Charles
Published: January 2009

COLLEAGUES far more erudite than I can define those qualities of intelligence and percipience that make Jan Kott such a formidable scholar. I want to concentrate exclusively on the personality of the man, as it is that to which I was first drawn when I met him in Edinburgh in 1962.
The Two Hells of Doctor Faustus: a Theatrical Polyphony
Authors: Kott Jan
Published: January 2009

The first article in the first issue of the original TQ was a piece by Jan Knott, utilizing the concept of the absurd as a means of understanding Greek tragedy. Recently, his essays, of which many first appeared in TQ, have been published in a new collection, The Theatre of Essence, from Northwestern University Press. Kott's idiosyncratic approach to the interpretation of theatre texts continues to distinguish him as one of those rare literary critics whose insights illuminate the play in production – the reflection in the Brook–Scofield King Lear of his Beckettian interpretation in the seminal Shakespeare Our Contemporary being just the most famous instance. Now Jan Kott, who teaches at the State University of New York, Stony Brook, turns to the world of Shakespeare's own contemporary, Christopher Marlowe, and examines Doctor Faustus as the meeting-place of many kinds of Elizabethan and pre-Elizabethan theatre, contributing to an understanding of the play that is rooted not in a dead theology but in a living theatricality.
The American Musical and the American Dream: from ‘Show Boat’ to Sondheim
Authors: Hirst David
Published: January 2009

The musical has long been recognized as one of the few distinctively American art forms. How far do these roots result in an ‘Americanism’ of ideological content – and how, indeed, does one measure the ‘content’ of a musical, with its fusion of the spoken word, song, and choreography? David Hirst, who teaches in the Department of Drama and Theatre Arts of the University of Birmingham, here examines the problems of critical methodology posed by the musical form, and also traces the development of the musical as an expression (at times a critical expression) of the American way of life and the ‘American dream’. After demonstrating its reflection of themood of the Depression era, he analyzes its response to the social and political mood of the war and post-war years, and to the changing standards which made Hair an international success, yet which have consigned the work of Sondheim to Broadway failure – in a world where ‘failure’ and ‘success’ carry their own, pervasively American connotations.
Playing the Fool: the Pragmatic Status of Shakespeare's Clowns
Authors: Mullini Roberta
Published: January 2009

The fool occupies an uneasy place in Shakespear's plays-half way between character and commentator, in part carrying over his real-life role as jester into the ‘court-world’ of the play, but also serving as a metadramatic intermediary between author and audience. And of course, Shakespeare's use of the role in turn modifies our own expectations and understanding of it. Roberta Mullini. of the University of Bologna, here examines the full range of the fools created by Shakespeare, both in terms of their specific dramatic functions, and as holders of the ‘fool's licence’ to disrupt language, action, and the very relationship between seeming and being.
Directing in Underdeveloped California: the Watsonville Experience
Authors: Davis R. G.
Published: January 2009

Workers in ‘conscientization’ through theatre in the so-called underdeveloped countries tend to assume that this form of theatre work has a potential unique to such circumstances. R. G. Davis, who was founding director of the San Francisco Mime Troupe in the ‘sixties, argues that the poorer sections of the richest nation in the world have no less been deprived of their cultural roots, and here describes his experiences when he was asked to direct a play dramatizing a workplace incident in the cannery town of Watsonville, northern California, when a Mexican worker was appealing for reinstatement against unfair dismissal. A regular contributor to the former Theatre Quarterly, most recently in TQ 40 (1981) on his productions of Dario Forin the USA, R. G. Davis's own version of We Won't Pay, We Won't Pay, was published last year by Samuel French, and he has recently directed a Native American play in San Jose, followed by a Brecht play in Australia.
Structuralism and After: Trends and Tendencies in Theatre Analysis, Part Two
Authors: Bassnett Susan
Published: January 2009

In the first part of this article, published in NTQ1. Susan Bassnett introduced the two papers from ltalian contributors to the Conference on Theatre Analysis held last year at the University of Warwick, where she herself teaches in the Department of Comparative Literature. Here, she concludes her brief introduction to the work of the new generation of continental theatre analysts by providing a context for the two further papers included in this issue, both products of the French approach to the problem of describing theatre in performance. Susan Bassnett's own study of the plays of Pirandello appeared in the Macmillan Modern Dramatists series in 1983.
Theatre, Linguistics, and Two Productions of ‘No Man's Land’
Authors: Melrose Susan
Published: January 2009

Pursuing the theme of the preceding article, on possible approaches to the teaching of theatre analysis. Susan Melrose here suggests that contemporary linguistics offers a methodology which may help us to look at dramatic texts in such a way as to discover a semantics which transcends the merely verbal. The author proceeds to test her suggested method in a comparative examination of two actual productions – a French and an English version of Pinter's No Man's Land – and looks in detail at the opening scene of Julius Caesar. She concludes that in both cases what the actor often senses intuitively may also be analyzed ‘in process’ in terms of the language and rhetoric of the text. Susan Melrose is presently a Lecturer in Theatre Studies in the University of Tunis. She presented an earlier version of this paper to the Conference on Theatre Analysis held in May 1984 at the University of Warwick, after completing her doctorate at the Sorbonne Nouvelle.
Playing Shakespeare False: a Critique of the ‘Stratford Voice’
Authors: Rissik Andrew
Published: January 2009

Acting style is notoriously difficult to recapture, and our knowledge of how Burbage or Betterton or even Irving performed is scant indeed. This is understandable: less so is the reluctance of contemporary critics to get to grips with the description and evaluation of present-day styles of acting. In part in response to the ‘masterclasses’ given recently on London Weekend Television by John Barton with actors from the Royal Shakespeare Company. Andrew Rissik argues that the present ‘Stratford voice’, in contrast to that of the 'sixties and early 'seventies, does not serve Shakespeare well, and is fast becoming a new kind of declamatory self-indulgence. Andrew Rissik himself taught and worked on Shakespeare at Oxford, before becoming a full-time writer whose work has been performed on BBC Radio and TV and on Thames Television.
Appia, Jaques-Dalcroze, and Hellerau, Part Two: ‘Poetry in Motion’
Authors: Beacham Richard C.
Published: January 2009

In the first part of this feature, published in NTQ 2, Richard C. Beacham described how the pioneer of modern stage lighting, Adolphe Appia, and the creator of eurhythmics, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, came to collaborate in 1906 – in the development of the Hellerau ‘garden-city’ project. Here, they planned to provide an opportunity for active artistic participation in a specially designed performance space. The author takes up the story with the beginning of classes at Hellerau in 1911, and preparations for the two festivals which followed – including the revelatory production of Gluck's Orpheus. The First World War brought the collaboration to an end – but not before it had put into practice for the first time many of the scenic and interpretive principles of modern staging. Richard C. Beacham published a study of Appia's earlier work in Opera Quarterly (Autumn 1983), and plans to complete the present NTQ feature with an assessment of ‘The Legacy of Hellerau’. His forthcoming full-length study of Appia will be published by Cambridge University Press.
Peter Weiss and the Politics of ‘Marat-Sade’
Authors: Mckenzie John R. P.
Published: January 2009

Peter Weiss, who died in 1982, achieved international recognition as a playwright relatively late in his life – at the age of almost fifty when, in 1964, the Marat-Sade received its premiere in West Germany and in London. Although these productions were followed by a Marxist interpretation in East Germany in the following year, it was Peter. Brook's version for the RSC, later filmed, which shaped most English-speaking theatregoers' perceptions of the play, as a culmination of Brook's exploration of ‘theatre of cruelty’. So what is the philosophy of the Marat-Sade? In this article, John McKenzie, who teaches in the Department of German at the University of Exeter, returns to the statements made by Weiss himself – which, though numerous, were mostly in ephemeral or untranslated sources – and traces the feelings of the playwright as these evolved from the political neutrality of what he called the ‘third standpoint’ to the overtly Marxist position of Weiss's later life.
Hoping for the Unexpected: the Theatre of Peter Zadek
Authors: Zadek Peter
Published: January 2009

Over the last three decades the work of Peter Zadek in Germany has consistently aroused strong reactions, whether of lavish enthusiasm or disdainful rejection (Peter Stein is supposed to have commented that Zadek's productions of Shakespeare were ‘Shakespeare with his trousers down’). Whatever the critical reception, Zadek's work demands close attention for its free-wheeling, unpredictable, and dangerous qualities, as well as for the remarkably sensitive interplay he achieves between his actors. If Stein's productions at the Schaubühne and elsewhere are masterpieces of formal perfection, Zadek's work by contrast is characterized by a flamboyant, imaginative exploration of the text and a healthy suspicion of polished results. In the interview which follows, Roy Kift discussed with Peter Zadek not only his attitudes to the problems of acting, but also his opinions on German theatre and literature and the experiences which shaped his development as one of West Germany's leading directors. Roy Kift has been living in West Berlin since 1981, where he has written plays for stage and radio and a prizewinning opera libretto, as well as directing for theatre and television. His article on the GRIPS Theater in Berlin appeared in TQ 39 (1981).
Drama, Education, and the Politics of Change: Part One
Authors: Hornbrook David
Published: January 2009

Drama-in-education is a subject – or a set of theories – which became an educational discipline almost by historical accident, and about which strong feelings can still be aroused. That the arguments are too often confined to educationalists is symptomatic of the way the problems raised have seldom been shared with or considered by people working in professional theatre – and this in turn reflects the way that the subject has tended to be taught, with the emphasis strongly on its ‘educational’ rather than its ‘theatrical’ potential. Back in 1973. David Clegg's article ‘The Dilemma of Drama in Education’, in TQ9, caused a briefly wider flurry of interest, and in the present article David Hornbrook also attempts to put the subject into a contemporary critical perspective, looking here at what children are supposed to ‘learn’ and ‘experience’ through drama, and in the second part of his article, to follow in NTQ 5, examining present and future prospects for the subject. A repertory actor in the 1960s. David Hornbrook has himself taught drama in a large comprehensive school, and is currently Head of Performing Arts at the City of Bath College of Further Education, and Special Lecturer in Drama in the University of Bristol.
Popular Theatre and the Changing Perspective of the Eighties
Authors: McGrath John
Published: January 2009

John McGrath is one of those few writers who, having begun his career in a success-fully orthodox manner, came to prefer working through ‘alternative’ channels – notably, in his formation and continuing work with the two 7:84 Companies, England and Scotland, their names reflecting the persistent fact that 84 per cent of the nation's wealth is owned by seven per cent of the population. Thus, McGrath's early work as one of the creators of the vintage TV series Z Cars, and his major ‘commercial’ success with the film version of his play Events while Guarding the Bofors Gun, has been succeeded by numerous plays and productions less familiar to conventional audiences, but which have made an enormous and often stirring impact in touring venues (frequently of a less expected kind) both north and south of the border. The full range of his work is charted in the ‘NTQ Checklist’ which follows this interview, and its development through to the mid– 'seventies was discussed in the earlier interview with McGrath in TQ19. reprinted in New Theatre Voices of the Seventies, edited by Simon Trussler (Methuen, 1981). Here, Tony Mitchell talks with John McGrath about some of his more recent work, and discusses his views on the nature of popular theatre, as set out in his important study of the subject, A Good Night Out (Methuen, 1981).
Uprooting the Garden: Thoughts around ‘The Prometheus Project’
Authors: Schechner Richard
Published: January 2009

Richard Schechner is presently working towards a production of hisThe Prometheus Project, planned to open at the Performing Garage in New York before the appearance of this issue. Simultaneously, he is trying to come to terms with his own failures of communication with his eighty-year-old father. Personal preoccupations, theatrical work-in-progress, and performance theory mesh together in what amounts to the overview offered here of an avant-grade confronted by the prospect of global genocide – and, more specifically. Schechner offers an explanation of the tone of parody which seems increasingly to have characterized performance work. Richard Schechner tookThe Drama Reviewfrom its origins as a small academic journal to a lively forum for theatrical debate during his editorship from 1962 to 1969, by which time he was already directing the Performance Group, whose opening production was the controversialDionysus in 69. He has been a Professor of Performance Studies at New York University since 1967, and resumed the editorship ofTDRin 1985.
Drama, Education, and the Politics of Change: Part Two
Authors: Hornbrook David
Published: January 2009

Following his analysis in NTQ 4 of the origins and effects of the ‘philosophy’ of drama-in-education which prevails in most schools. David Hornbrook here complements his critique with specific proposals for a positive future approach – building upon existing teaching strengths, but also giving the subject a greater curricular authority in the present educational climate, while correcting the ‘romantic fallacies’ from which current practice is too often derived. David Hornbrook has himself taught drama in a large comprehensive school, and is currently Head of Performing Arts at the City of Bath College of Further Education, and Special Lecturer in Drama in the University of Bristol.
The Polarized Universe of ‘The Island of the Mighty’: the Dramaturgy of Arden and D'Arcy
Authors: Malick Javed
Published: January 2009

New Theatre Quarterly does not normally include purely text-based studies of plays. since it is our feeling that journals of literary criticism offer a more appropriate home for such work. However, there are certain important plays which are in danger of becoming virtually lost to the world repertoire, when non-performance or flawed first productions have seemingly closed them off from further critical attention. One such play – or, to be precise, sequence of three plays – is The Island of the Mighty, which in a condensed form was premiered by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1972, but in a production from which the authors dissociated themselves, in a dispute they described in an article in Performance (Fall 1973). Javed Malick, who has recently been awarded his doctorate from McGill University for a study of Arden's plays, here argues that The Island of the Mighty forms an important part of the Arden canon, expressing in its fullest and most coherent form themes and attitudes discernible in the earliest plays – and that its characteristic refusal to ‘do things properly’ is essential both to the authors' view of a polarized world, and to the dramaturgy they have evolved to give expression to that view, which made The Island one of their last works for the conventional theatre. Javed Malick now teaches English at Khalsa College in Delhi University.
The Théâtre du Soleil, Part Three: the Production of ‘Sihanouk’
Authors: Graver David
Published: January 2009

HELENECIXOUS's epic wittily and reverentially echoes elements of Shakespeare's history plays, but while Cixous maintains much of the formal patterns of interpersonal conflict and confrontation established by Shakespeare, she has a keen sense of how the tragic contradictions of the modern world differ from those of Renaissance England. Where Shakespeare's characters embody the collision between feudal, family-centred interests, the centralizing, rationalizing tendencies of absolute monarchy, and the anarchic displacements of the rapidly developing, individual-oriented entrepreneurial spirit, Cixous's characters embody the irreconcilable extremes of first-, second-, and third-world ideologies – multi-national capitalism, communist absolutism, and the indigenous cultural rhythms of an ancient, agrarian civilization.
Solidarity and Ensemble: George Sand and a People's Theatre
Authors: Manifold Gay
Published: January 2009

Our understanding of the idea of a ‘people's theatre’ in France derives mainly from Romain Rolland's seminal essay of that title, published at the turn of the century – from which excerpts were translated in TQ23 of our first series, together with other material on the subject going back to around 1870. Yet the French writer George Sand had evolved, more in practice than in theory, a very different approach at a considerably earlier date – and, notably in her play Old Man Go-It-Alone, she presented the working class as a ‘hero’ in its own collective right, as opposed to Romain's preference for portraying the heroic individualism of revolutionary leaders. Gay Manifold looks closely at this play within the context of Sand's life, career, and framework of beliefs. A theatre director, dramaturg, and writer, who is currently Chair of the Department of Theatre Arts at California State University, Los Angeles, Gay Manifold has published a full-length study of George Sand's Theatre Career, just available from UMI Research Press, Michigan.