bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ecclesia Anglicana goes to War: Prayers, Propaganda, and Conquest during the Reign of Edward I of England, 1272–1307
Authors: Bachrach David S.
Published: November 2007

It is widely accepted by scholars that the Hundred Years' War, in general, and the reign of King Edward III of England (1327–1377), in particular, witnessed a crucial stage in the development of state sponsored propaganda efforts to mobilize the nation for war. Edward III's government made particularly skillful use of the church to disseminate the justifications for the king's wars in France and against the Scots. The royal government also used church leaders on a regular and continuing basis to organize a spectrum of religious rites and ceremonies encompassing the largest possible sections of the English population, including the laity and clergy, to seek divine intervention on behalf of English troops serving in the field. These religious rites included prayers, penitential and thanksgiving processions, intercessory masses, vigils, almsgiving, and fasting.
Lipid, Glycemic, and Insulin Responses to Meals Rich in Saturated,cis-Monounsaturated, and Polyunsaturated (n-3 and n-6) Fatty Acids in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Shah Meena , Adams-Huet Beverley , Brinkley Linda , Grundy Scott M. , Garg Abhimanyu
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—The recommendations for dietary fats in patients with type 2 diabetes are based largely on the impact of fatty acids on fasting serum lipid and glucose concentrations. How fatty acids affect postprandial insulin, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations, however, remains unclear. The objective of this study was to study the effect of fatty acids on postprandial insulin, glucose, and triglyceride responses.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Test meals rich in palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and containing 1,000 kcal each were administered in a randomized crossover design to 11 type 2 diabetic subjects. Serum insulin, glucose, and triglyceride concentrations were measured for 360 min. All subjects received an isoenergetic diet of constant composition throughout the study.

RESULTS—According to repeated-measures ANOVA, the insulin (P = 0.0002) but not glucose (P = 0.10) response was significantly different between meals. The insulin response was lower to meals rich in oleic acid or EPA and DHA than to meals rich in palmitic acid or linoleic acid (P < 0.01). The triglyceride response did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.06) but tended to be lower with EPA and DHA than with the other fatty acids. Similar trends were seen for area under the curve (AUC) and incremental AUC for serum insulin and triglycerides, but the differences were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS—In comparison with palmitic acid and linoleic acid, oleic acid or EPA and DHA may modestly lower insulin response in patients with type 2 diabetes without deteriorating the glucose response. EPA and DHA may also reduce the triglyceride response.
Microvascular and C-Fiber Function in Diabetic Charcot Neuroarthropathy and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Baker Neil , Green Alistair , Krishnan Singhan , Rayman Gerry
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—Sympathetic denervation and hyperemia are implicated in the pathogenesis of Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) but are also features of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). Differences in these physiological parameters were sought by determining C-fiber function (laser Doppler imager [LDI]flare technique) and maximum microvascular hyperemia (MMH) in 13 subjects with diabetic CN (DCN), 10 subjects with DPN, and 10 healthy control subjects. Additionally, unaffected limbs of the nine DCN subjects with unilateral CN (UCN) were studied to determine whether any observed differences precede CN.

RESULTS—LDIflare area was reduced in DPN (mean ± SD 1.41 ± 0.51 cm2) and DCN (1.42 ± 0.37) groups compared with the healthy control group (5.24 ± 1.33; P < 0.0001). MMH was higher in DCN (432 ± 88 PU [perfusion units]) than in DPN (262 ± 71; P = 0.001) subjects but lower than in the control group (564 ± 112; P < 0.01). LDIflare area and MMH were similar in the UCN and DCN groups.

CONCLUSIONS—C-fiber function is equally impaired in neuropathic patients with and without CN; however, a higher MMH distinguishes those with CN. Unaffected and affected limbs of those with unilateral CN have the same neurovascular abnormalities, suggesting that these abnormalities precede CN and are not a result of CN.
Glycemic Effects of Moderate Alcohol Intake Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Shai Iris , Wainstein Julio , Harman-Boehm Ilana , Raz Itamar , Fraser Drora , Rudich Assaf , Stampfer Meir J.
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE—In a randomized controlled trial, we assessed the effect of daily moderate alcohol intake on glycemic control in the fasting and postprandial states in patients with type 2 diabetes who previously had abstained from alcohol.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We randomly assigned 109 patients (41–74 years old) with established type 2 diabetes who abstained from alcohol to receive 150 ml wine (13 g alcohol) or nonalcoholic diet beer (control) each day during a 3-month multicenter trial. The beverages were consumed during dinner. Diet and alcohol consumption were monitored.

RESULTS—During the intervention, 17% of participants (12% from the alcohol group) dropped out, leaving 91 who completed the trial. Within the alcohol group, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) decreased from 139.6 ± 41 to 118.0 ± 32.5 mg/dl after 3 months compared with 136.7 ± 15.4 to 138.6 ± 27.8 mg/dl in the control subjects (Pv = 0.015). However, alcohol consumption had no effect on 2-h postprandial glucose levels (difference of 18.5 mg/dl in the control group vs. 17.7 mg/dl in the alcohol group, Pv = 0.97). Patients in the alcohol group with higher baseline A1C levels had greater reductions in FPG (age-adjusted correlation −0.57, Pv < 0.001). No significant changes were observed in the levels of bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, or aspartate aminotransferase, and no notable adverse effects were reported. Participants in the alcohol group reported an improvement in the ability to fall asleep (Pv < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS—Among patients with type 2 diabetes who had previously abstained from alcohol, initiation of moderate daily alcohol consumption reduced FPG but not postprandial glucose. Patients with higher A1C may benefit more from the favorable glycemic effect of alcohol. Further intervention studies are needed to confirm the long-term effect of moderate alcohol intake.
Success of Donor Insemination and Male Diagnosis
Authors: Alfredsson Jon H.
Published: November 2007

Of 72 women receiving artificial donor insemination with frozen semen, 49 (68%) conceived. The success rate was significantly better in patients whose husbands were azoospermic (79.5%) than in women whose mates were oligospermic (54.5%). This result may be explained on the assumption that the most fertile women in the latter (male oligospermic) group have disappeared through previous natural conception. It may be concluded that the diagnosis of male infertility is a factor influencing the probability of conception following artificial insemination with donor semen.
Umbilical Cord Acid‐Base State and Apgar Score in Term Breech Neonates
Authors: Luterkort Marie , Marsál Karel
Published: November 2007

Umbilical cord acid—base state and Apgar score were compared in neonates after breech and vertex term birth. The breech group comprised 149 consecutive new‐borns, 91 born vaginally and 58 by cesarean section. The control group consisted of a random sample of 150 new‐borns in vertex presentation: 100 born vaginally and 50 by cesarean section. Among vaginally born babies, the 1‐min Apgar score was more often depressed in the breech presentation group than in the vertex group; after 5 min the Apgar scores were comparable in both groups. No difference was found in umbilical cord values of pH and base excess between the breech and the vertex groups when comparison was made within each delivery mode. In both greups, umbilical cord values were lower after vaginal than after abdominal delivery. It is concluded that in selected cases, uneventful vaginal breech labor and delivery at term is not associated with an increased risk of asphyxia.
Preliminary Results From The Collaborative Alabama And Scandinavian Study Of Successive Small‐For‐Gestational Age Births: Report From a Symposium In Trondheim 9th June 1988
Authors: Bergsjø Per , Hoffman Howard J. , Davis Richard O. , Goldenberg Robert L. , Lindmark Gunilla , Jacobsen Geir , Cutter Gary , Markestad Trond , Nelson Kathleen G. , Bakketeig Leiv S.
Published: November 2007

The study “Successive Small‐for‐Gestational Age Births” (SGA study) was initiated and is sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (N.I.H.) in the U.S.A. Its purpose is to describe and characterize the different types of intra‐uterine growth retardation and their consequences, to assess the associated risk factors, and to provide a basis for preventive measures. Starting in 1986, it runs concurrently in Bergen and Trondheim (Norway), Uppsala (Sweden) and Birmingham, Alabama (U.S.A), recruiting pregnant para 1 and 2 mothers at high risk of having an SGA birth and a random (control) sample of the total pregnant population. Data collection will end in late 1989, when the last‐born children have reached 13 months of age. At the present symposium, investigators from all four study centers and the N.I.H. described the study design and discussed problems of methodology. Strict standardization of parameters to determine gestational age (ultrasound, menstrual dates) is a prerequisite for comparison of results over time and between study centers. Some preliminary results were presented.
Effective Sampling Device And Mucopurulent Cervlcltls In Women With Chlamydial Cervical Infection
Authors: Svensson Lars , Bergelin Ingrid , Fryklund Nils , Ripa Torvald
Published: November 2007

Brushes (Cytobrushtm, Medscand) are superior to swabs for the collection of endocervical cells for cytologic examination. In the present randomized study, Cytobrush was compared with ENT‐swabs and with white, cotton‐tipped swabs to obtain samples for the diagnosis of chlamydial cervicitis. The women were examined for the presence of mucopurulent cervicitis (MPC). The subjects comprised 126 women, most of whom had been referred because of asymptomatic chlamydial infection. Specimens obtained with brushes were culture‐positive in 83 women and positive in a direct fluorescent antibody test (FA‐test) in 78 women. The corresponding figures for samples obtained with swabs were 80 and 74, respectively. The mean number of inclusions was significantly higher in samples obtained with brushes (4 999), compared with swabs (3 155), as was the mean number of elementary bodies (3 000 vs 2 481). MPC was detected in 65 % of the women with asymptomatic chlamydial cervicitis, and in 93% of those with symptomatic infection. The corresponding figures for a pathologic wet smear were 62% and 80%. respectively. The specificity and predictive values of a positive and negative MPC‐test was 21 %, 39%, and 86%, respectively, and for a pathologic wet smear 53%, 44%, and 85%, respectively. We conclude that brushes are superior to swabs for sampling material, both for culture and for direct FA‐tests. The MPC and the wet smear tests could be of value in the diagnosis of chlamydial cervicitis, providing confirmatory laboratory tests are used.
Mastitis and Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: Demey Hendrik E. , Hautekeete Marc L. , Buytaert Philip , Bossaert Leo L.
Published: November 2007

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) secondary to mastitis or breast abscess is only seldom described. We report a case of definite TSS due to postpartum staphylococcal mastitis which evolved over a period of 3 weeks to a breast abscess, recurring after 2 months. Only the episode of acute mastitis was complicated with TSS, while Staph. aureus could be isolated during the period of mastitis from milk and during drainage of the second breast abscess.
Le travail des hommes de la paix : le cas des relations entre Louis XIV et Leopold Ier de 1668 à 1673
Authors: Romain Philippe
Published: November 2007

Résumé L'étude du fonctionnement des relations de la France avec l'Empereur de 1668 à 1673 fournit un exemple du travail de ce personnel de fidèles et de clients qui était au service du secrétaire d'État aux Affaires étrangères, Hugues de Lionne. Les problèmes étaient ceux de la transmission des nouvelles et de l'adaptation aux pratiques des interlocuteurs. Le cas analysé montre la confrontation, à Vienne, de la pratique qui se voulait rationnelle, de l'envoyé français, Jacques de Grémonville et de celle, « baroque », du principal ministre de Leopold I, le prince Lobkowitz. Enfin il est souligné que les liens entre Louis XIV et Leopold I pouvaient être d'ordre privé ou d'ordre public ; ainsi ils établissaient soit une « amitié » entre les deux maisons souveraines en réglant les problèmes patrimoniaux — c'était le cas du traité secret du 19 janvier 1668 -, soit une « harmonie » entre les intérêts des Etats dont ils étaient souverains. Lionne savait qu'en 1668, Leopold n'approuvait pas la politique française et qu'il attendait d'en avoir les moyens pour s'y opposer. Les Hollandais attaqués par la France en 1672 fournirent à l'Empereur, en 1673, les sommes nécessaires pour engager la guerre.
La violence au temps des troubles de religion (vers 1525 - vers 1610)
Authors: Crouzet Denis
Published: November 2007

Résumé : Plusieurs hypothèses sont examinées dans le texte qui suit. La première est qu'à l'origine de la déchirure française de la robe de l'Eglise il y a une grande angoisse eschatologique qui se saisit à partir de 1525 des fidèles. La seconde est que le calvinisme provoqua à partir de 1545-1550 des adhésions toujours plus nombreuses parce qu'il était reçu subjectivement comme un mode de libération de l'angoisse du Jugement imminent. La troisième est que les violences des guerres de religion rendent compte de cette rupture : dans leur modalité catholique elles furent des violences de possession par l'Esprit de Dieu, théâtralisant le châtiment eschatologique des réprouvés. Dans leur spécificité huguenote, elles furent des violences de la raison. La quatrième est que la Ligue s'inscrit dans la continuité de cette poussée panique. Génératrice du régicide de 1589, elle fut un mouvement mystique de préparation pénitentieÙe à la venue de Dieu, retournant toutefois la pulsion sacrale de violence vers l'intériorité de chaque fidèle. La cinquième est que la reconstruction de l'Etat fut rendue possible par la diffusion d'une idéologie néo-stoïcienne.
Entre Byzance et Rome : l'image et le sacré au Proche-Orient au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Heyberger Bernard
Published: November 2007

Résumé : Les images de religion étaient rares au Proche-Orient avant l'arrivée des missionnaires européens. Les chrétiens pratiquaient souvent leurs dévotions sans y recourir. L'hostilité des musulmans à l'égard des images est fréquemment évoquée, mais elle n'est pas en réalité systématique. Les religieux latins s'intéressent peu aux peintures conservées par les chrétiens du Levant, et comprennent mal l'art de l'icône. Ceci ne les conduit pas à adapter leurs images aux mentalités locales. Ils importent des œuvres occidentales ou en font réaliser sur place, et les utilisent suivant des méthodes qui ont fait leurs preuves en Europe. Elles sont accueillies avec enthousiasme par les Orientaux. Cet engouement à une renaissance de la peinture au Proche-Orient, puisant aux sources de l'art post-byzantin et de l'art occidental pour offrir une synthèse originale.
Les activités commerciales des villes françaises de 1789 à 1815
Authors: Poussou Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Abstract The french economic history between 1789 and 1815 remains inedaquetely studied and known. Here, we will just propose a brief synthesis on this subject. The commercial breakdown has begun from 1791 but was overall obvious and big in 1793, when has burst the maritime war brought by the franch revolutionary power. Afterwards, nothing was convenient for trade. Particularly the maritime trade was severely struck. In spite of a few fine success, the solutions of substitution conceived and the growth of ground trade have very incompletely brought one answer to the needs. Besides, as the trading activities were essentially urban, the french cities have particularly suffered, first and specially the harbour-cities. The economic growth of Paris was important but no sufficient to balance the losses. Therefore, in 1814-1815, the royalist feelings was very strong in the french cities.
Courtisans et favoris : l'entourage du prince et les mécanismes du pouvoir dans la France des guerres de religion
Authors: Le Roux Nicolas
Published: November 2007

Abstract This thesis studies the court of France as a point of contact between the royalty and nobility from Henri II to Henri IV (c. 1547 -c. 1598). It demonstrates that the royal entourage (mostly the minions of Henri III) played a major political rôle during the Wars of Religion, not only as instruments for the control of the court, but also as brokers for the courtiers, and as agents of the royal attempt to promote peace in the provinces of the kingdom.
La mission de productivité aux États-Unis de l'industrie française de l'aluminium
Authors: Morsel Henri
Published: November 2007

Abstract This text presents reports of two ingeneers' travel from Alais-Froges & Camargue Co which they did during a mission of productivity for aluminium industry in the States from november 1950 to July 1951. They came back with a clear idea of the meaning for american ingeneers of managing an industrial business and what could be the signification of productivity. It was not a matter of recipes but large politics of structures reorganization, how to improve production processes, management and social connexions in the enterprise.
La politique des ports maritimes en France de 1860 à 1920
Authors: Marnot Bruno
Published: November 2007

Résumé À partir de 1860, l'État a pris conscience de la nécessité d'adapter les ports français aux nouvelles conditions du transport maritime. Malgré la mise en reuvre de programmes ambitieux, la France n'est pas parvenue en ce domaine à combler son retard technique par rapport aux autres puissances maritimes européennes. Le statut administratif et financier des ports français a néanmoins évolué vers une plus grande autonomie au cours des premières décennies du vingtième siècle.
Louis XIV et l'aristocratie : coup de majesté ou retour à la tradition?
Authors: Béguin Katia
Published: November 2007

Résumé La prise du pouvoir de Louis XIV, en 1661, est habituellement considérée comme le prélude à la mise au pas de l'aristocratie. En fait, le règne a largement restauré une stabilité perdue par les grandes familles pendant l'administration de Richelieu et de Mazarin. Louis XIV s'est montré soucieux de réguler la distribution des gouvernements de provinces et des offices de la Couronne. Il a ainsi consolidé, et non anéanti, la domination sociale et la prééminence politique de la haute noblesse. C'est en ce sens que 1661 inaugure véritablement une rupture et le début de relations pacifiées qui expliquent la disparition des soulèvements aristocratiques importants.
Le personnel musical de l'Opéra de Paris sous le règne de Louis XVI
Authors: Carbonnier Youri
Published: November 2007

Abstract In 1776, through the impetus given by Louis XVI's Intendant des Menus Plaisirs Papillon de La Ferté, the French monarchy took direct control of the Académie Royale de Musique (as the Paris opera company was officially called) by enacting a new regulation, valid up to the end of the Ancien Régime. This reorganization leads us to study the relatively small group constituted by the instrumentalists and the singers of the most famous opera company in France. This paper deals with their education, their career, their incomes and highlights of their daily life.
La génération fasciste en Roumanie : recrutement, doctrine, action
Authors: Sandu Traian
Published: November 2007

Abstract The revival of the national mass extremism in Romania after 1989 drawed the attention of the scholars to the historical roots of this trend. If the country has given rise to one of the rare important fascist movements of Eastern Europe, several factors finally opposed to its lasting seizure of power. The relative apathy of an agrarian society, the political grip of an authoritarian monarchy, the impossible expansion ideology of a little power -furthermore territorialy satisfied-, prevailed, over the urban, party-minded, anti-minoritarian and anti-sovietic ferments of a portion of the society, with unsufficient links into the rural areas.
Une grammaire locale de l'expression des sentiments
Authors: Gross Maurice
Published: November 2007

M. Gross

We present the grammar of a set of sentences that express "feelings". We consider two main types : sentences with two arguments, one is a person and the other is the "feeling" affecting this person. We study all syntactic patterns that correspond to such semantically defined utterances. The second type of sentences is causative with respect to the preceding one, hence a third argument is introduced : the noun phrase that triggers the "feeling". We study again the syntactic patterns available in French to express this situation and the syntactic transformations that relate both types.
Grammaire de Montague, catégories Lamillar et types : une présentation des théories actuelles en sémantique et en interprétation du discours
Authors: Salguero Francisco J.
Published: November 2007

The linguistic notion of meaning has suffered great modifications in the last thirty years. The works by the American logician Richard Montague have played an important role in this change of perspective. In fact, Montague Grammar (MG) is nowadays one of the main formalisms used in the actual semantic theory. His proposals are directly related to the categorial tradition, in which main subjects concerning language meaning had been studied from a logical and a computational point of view. Maybe this is the reason why the contraposition of MG and Dynamic theories of meaning was a constant in the 1990's. Indeed, the Montagovian framework of semantic analysis has been applied in many works on meaning theory and dynamic semantics during the last decade. In this paper, we have a sight on one of those theories about natural language semantics based on the MG framework.
L'optimisation des attaques dans les hypocoristiques espagnols
Authors: Plénat Marc
Published: November 2007

Spanish hypocoristics are known for the consonantal strenghtenings they display (cf. Francisco → Pancho, Sergio → Checo, etc.). These strengthenings have been analyzed (Piñeros 2000) as a manifestation of the emergence of the unmarked triggered by the different propensities of consonants to function as onsets. We will analyze in the very same terms two classes of hypocoristics which have until now resisted analysis: those formed via consonantal reduplication (e.g. Francisco → Quico) and those formed via a process of syncope (e.g. Francisco → Paco). In both cases, the speaker is able to extract from the string of segments a consonant most apt to play the role of onset than that which would have been obtained via apocope or apheresis.
Radical polymerization of vinyl monomers in the presence of carbon black initiated by 2,2'‐azobisisobutyronitrile and benzoyl peroxide in ionic liquid
Authors: Ueda Jun , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Shirai Kumi , Yamauchi Takeshi , Tsubokawa Norio
Published: November 2007

The radical polymerization behavior of vinyl monomers, such as styrene, methyl methacrylate (MMA), and vinyl acetate (VAc), in the presence of carbon black initiated by benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and 2,2'‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) in ionic liquid (IL) was compared with those in toluene. 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate was used as IL. The radical polymerization of vinyl monomers initiated by BPO and AIBN in the presence of carbon black was remarkably retarded in toluene. On the contrary, the retardation of the polymerization by carbon black was considerably reduced in IL. During the radical polymerization in the presence of carbon black, a part of polymer formed was grafted onto carbon black surface based on the termination reaction of the growing polymer radicals with carbon black surface. The percentage of grafting and molecular weight of polymer in IL were much higher than those in toluene. This may be due to the fact that lifetime of the growing polymer radical is prolonged because of high viscosity of IL. Therefore, the growing polymer radicals with higher molecular weight were trapped by carbon black surface, because of stabilization of polymer radicals. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
NMR and the uncertainty principle: How to and how not to interpret homogeneous line broadening and pulse nonselectivity. I. The fundamentals
Authors: szántay Csaba
Published: November 2007

Both the essence of homogeneous NMR line broadening as well as the fact that a short monochromatic radiofrequency pulse exhibits a polychromatic spectral bandwidth and is consequently associated with a broad off‐resonance NMR excitation band are often rationalized in terms of a superficial and/or misguided use of the “Uncertainty Principle.” The problem is of quite fundamental nature, and stems from several deeper “issues” that reach beyond the world of NMR. To explore this topic, we need to go back to some basic concepts including the Fourier transform, time‐frequency analysis, different versions of the “uncertainty principle,” and linear systems theory. My theme will be developed in four subsequent articles. First, by employing an approach that is unconventional in its thematic structure and applied nomenclature, I present an overview of some basic ideas (periodicity, basis functions, harmonic waves, density functions, etc.) that will then pave the way to discussing, in a somewhat avant‐garde manner, the Fourier transform in Part II. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 309–348, 2007.
Visualizing feedback‐enhanced contrast in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Huang Susie Y. , Chung Ava P. , Lin Yung‐Ya
Published: November 2007

A new approach to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement has recently been developed that exploits nonlinear feedback interactions to amplify contrast arising from small variations in the underlying MRI parameters. A unified framework for understanding feedback‐enhanced contrast is presented here based on the concepts of instability and positive feedback. The specific mechanisms governing contrast enhancement under the feedback interactions of radiation damping, the distant dipolar field, and their joint effect are elucidated through numerical simulations illustrating the involved spin dynamics. Experimental demonstrations of feedback‐enhanced contrast are shown on samples of in vitro human brain tissue, and applications to improving lesion detection in disease states such as epilepsy and cancer are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 378–393, 2007.
Heterogeneous expression of SNAP‐25 in rat and human brain
Authors: Garbelli Rita , Inverardi Francesca , Medici Valentina , Amadeo Alida , Verderio Claudia , Matteoli Michela , Frassoni Carolina
Published: November 2007

Confocal laser scanning microscope image of double‐labeling immunohistochemistry for SNAP‐25 (green) and v‐GAT (magenta) in the rat somatosensory cortex. SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity was undetectable in inhibitory terminals identified by v‐GAT antibody both scattered in the neuropil and clustered around unlabeled neurons. Golgi‐like SNAP‐25 immunoreactivity was rarely seen in unlabeled large pyramidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:373–386, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bithiophene‐Fused Benzo[c]phospholes: Novel P,S‐Containing Hybrid π‐Conjugated Systems with Small HOMO–LUMO Energy Gaps
Authors: Miyajima Tooru , Matano Yoshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: November 2007

Bithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes were successfully prepared by a TiII‐mediated cyclization of dialkynylated bithiophene derivatives. It was revealed that the optical and electrochemical properties of the bithiophene‐fused benzo[c]phospholes are deeply related to the π‐conjugation modes at the fused bithiophene subunits. Both experimental and theoretical results demonstrate that the appropriately ring‐annulated systems are potential emitters with small HOMO–LUMO energy gaps covering the orange‐to‐red region due to the efficient π‐electron delocalization over the three conjugated heterole rings.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A review ofa posteriorierror control and adaptivity for approximations of non‐linear conservation laws
Authors: Ohlberger Mario
Published: November 2007

In this contribution we give an overview on recent progress in obtaininga posteriorierror control for finite volume and discontinuous Galerkin approximations of non‐linear hyperbolic conservation laws. The theory is based on the celebrated doubling of variables technique introduced by Kružkov (Math. USSR Sb. 1970;10:217–243).A posteriorierror control is of particular importance as it can be used for designing efficient grid adaptive schemes. The derivation of such adaptive methods is discussed and numerical experiments are given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Balancing global and local strategic contexts: Expatriate knowledge transfer, applications, and learning within a transnational organization
Authors: Hocking J. Barry , Brown Michelle , Harzing Anne‐Wil
Published: November 2007

We investigate how expatriates contribute to the transnational firm's strategic objectives of global efficiency, national (”local”) responsiveness, and worldwide learning. We focus on expatriate knowledge application and experiential learning achievements, two assignment‐based outcomes of potential strategic value to the firm. We assess how the individual's everyday knowledge access and communication activities, measured by frequency and geographic extent, affect these assignment outcomes. Within our case organization, a prototype transnational firm, we find that expatriate knowledge applications result from frequent knowledge access and communication with the corporate headquarters and other global units of the firm. In contrast, their experiential learning derives from frequent access to hostcountry (local) knowledge that subsequently is adapted to the global corporate context. From a practical perspective, we conclude that experiential learning is an invaluable resource for both present and future corporate assignments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinct expression patterns of the immunogenic differentiation antigen NY‐BR‐1 in normal breast, testis and their malignant counterparts
Authors: Theurillat Jean‐Philippe , Zürrer‐Härdi Ursina , Varga Zsuzsanna , Barghorn André , Saller Elisabeth , Frei Claudia , Storz Martina , Behnke Silvia , Seifert Burkhardt , Fehr Mathias , Fink Daniel , Rageth Christoph , Linsenmeier Claudia , Pestalozzi Bernhard , Chen Yao‐Tseng , Knuth Alexander , Jäger Dirk , Moch Holger
Published: November 2007

NY‐BR‐1 is a differentiation antigen and a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. Its mRNA expression is restricted to breast, testis, prostate and breast cancer by RT‐PCR. In this study, we correlated NY‐BR‐1 protein and mRNA expression on tissue microarrays of mammary, prostatic and testicular malignancies using immunohistochemisty and in situ hybridization with probes for exon 4–7 and 30–33. NY‐BR‐1 mRNA was confined to primary spermatocytes, suggesting a role in spermatogenesis. Exon 4–7 and 30–33 were equally expressed this cell type. However, NY‐BR‐1 was absent in all germ cell tumours analyzed (n = 475) and present in one of 56 (2%) prostate carcinomas. In breast, NY‐BR‐1 mRNA expression was detected in 307 of 442 (70%) primary carcinomas, with strong correlation to its protein expression (p < 0.0001). mRNA expression was significantly stronger and more frequently detected by the exon 30–33 probe than by the exon 4–7 probe (70% vs. 35%, p < 0.0001), indicating the presence of alternative splice variants that lack 5‐prime sequences. A similar restricted mRNA pattern was also observed in the normal breast epithelium. NY‐BR‐1 protein and mRNA correlated significantly with estrogen receptor α (ERα) protein expression (p < 0.0001), with stronger association to NY‐BR‐1 mRNA than protein (odds ratio 7.7 compared to 4.6). We identified 4 estrogen response elements (ERE)‐like sequences nearby the promoter region, suggesting that NY‐BR‐1 transcription might be controlled by ERα. Accordingly, analysis of matching pairs of primary tumors with their recurrences showed a marked decrease of NY‐BR‐1 expression in recurrences after tamoxifen treatment (p < 0.0001). © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparin‐conjugated star‐shaped PLA for improved biocompatibility
Authors: Go Dong Hyun , Joung Yoon Ki , Park Sun Young , Park Yong Doo , Park Ki Dong
Published: November 2007

Star‐shaped PLA‐heparin (sPLA‐Hep) was prepared by coupling heparin to the star‐shaped PLA (sPLA) reaction using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) chemistry. Hydroxyl groups of sPLA were activated by CDI for the reaction with the remained amino‐terminal groups of heparin. The surface heparin content of sPLA‐Hep was measured to be 1.43 μg/cm2. sPLA‐Hep‐coated surface has shown higher hydrophilicity than control surface. The clotting time of sPLA‐Hep measured by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was significantly prolonged when compared with sPLA and linear PLA‐Hep. sPLA‐Hep surface demonstrated lower protein adsorption and platelet adhesion than control sPLA surface. In addition, fibroblast culture on the sPLA‐Hep surface showed the enhanced cell spreading area compared with the sPLA surface. Obtained results suggest that the incorporation of heparin to sPLA is effective in curtailing the surface induced‐thrombosis and in manipulating the cell interaction. sPLA‐Hep could be applied as blood/tissue compatible biodegradable materials for implantable medical devices and tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
The use of autogenous costal cartilage graft in septorhinoplasty
Authors: MSc Ali Moshaver , Gantous Andres
Published: November 2007

INTRODUCTION

Reconstructive septorhinoplasty in complex nasal deformities often requires harvesting a large amount of tissue for grafting. Autogenous septal cartilage has generally been considered the gold standard grafting material. The aim of this paper was to report our experience with the use of costal cartilage grafts in cases with significant structural deformities and insufficient septal cartilage.

DESIGN

Retrospective chart review.

PATIENTS

Between 1998 and 2006, 37 patients underwent septorhinoplasty using costal cartilage as the primary source for grafting. Twenty‐two men and 14 women with a median age of 42 were enrolled in the study. Patient demographics, indications for surgery, and immediate and late complications were reviewed. The follow‐up range was 3 to 72 months.

CONCLUSIONS

Autogenous costal cartilage graft is a viable option in reconstructive septorhinoplasty. We advocate the use of this graft in septorhinoplasty cases requiring a large volume of tissue and insufficient septal cartilage.
New paleomagnetic data from the hominin bearing Dmanisi paleo-anthropologic site (southern Georgia, Caucasus)
Authors: Calvo-Rathert M. , Goguitchaichvili A. , Sologashvili D. , Villalaín J.J. , Bógalo M.F. , Carrancho A. , Maissuradze G.
Published: November 2007

The Dmanisi site has yielded human remains and lithic industry associated with Late Pliocene–early Pleistocene fauna. The site is composed of volcanogenic sediments overlying basaltic lava flows. The lithostratigraphic sequence comprises two basic depositional units: Unit A, overlying the basalt flows, and Unit B on top. A paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic study has been carried out on 106 specimens from Units A and B and the uppermost basalt flow. The lava and Unit A provide normal polarities, while reversed polarities and anomalous directions are observed in Unit B, the latter probably due to overlapping of a secondary and a primary reversed polarity component. The lower part of the section shows a clear correlation with the Olduvai subchron, and the upper levels could be as young as 1.07 Ma. As human remains were found both in units with normal and reversed polarity, different non-contemporaneous human occupations might have been possible.
Representing Akaitcho: European vision and revision in the writing of John Franklin'sNarrative of a journey to the shores of the polar sea. . .
Authors: Cavell Janice
Published: November 2007

This article compares the representations of aboriginal people, and especially the Yellowknife leader Akaitcho, in the journal written by John Franklin during his first expedition (1819–1822) and the narrative he published in 1823. In the introduction to his 1995 Champlain Society edition of Franklin's journal, Richard Davis claims that when revising the journal for publication, Franklin changed his original entries so as to present an unfavourable, stereotyped image of Akaitcho to the British reading public. However, comparison of the relevant passages shows that, while Franklin evidently viewed Akaitcho with distrust during much of the expedition, he later, and on reflection, changed his opinion so that it became much more favourable, and accordingly altered the journal entries in order to do Akaitcho justice. These facts cast doubt on the interpretation of the first Franklin expedition put forward by Davis and others.
Obituary
Authors: Holik Tomas , Chardine John , Garlinghouse Jim , Stone Ian R.
Published: November 2007

Gustavo Pablo Roberto Papazian (Fig. 1) was born in Buenos Aires on 6 January 1961. After education in his home city he trained as a commercial offshore oilfield diver at the College of Oceaneering Commercial Diving Center in California, USA. He specialised in non-destructive testing to ASNT level 1 in ultrasonics.
HUMORAL AND CELLULAR RESPONSES OF MICE TO A PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGEN.: PLAQUES AND PARALYSIS, IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Kearney R , Halliday WJ
Published: November 2007

Cells forming the haemolytic type of anti‐SIII antibody were counted in muse spleens by a plaque method. Plaque‐forming cells were shown to be present after low doses of antigen (when haemagglutinating and haemolytic antibodies were circulating) and after moderately high doses (when only haemolytic antibodies were detectable), but not after very high doses (when all circulating antibody was absent). Plaque‐forming cells were also found under certain conditions (early in the immune response or in the presence of high titres of haemagglutinating antibody) when haemolytic antibody was not apparent in the serum. These findings are discussed in terms of competition between the two antibodies and preferential neutralization of haemagglutinating antibody by antigen.

As far as haemolytic antibody is concerned, immunological paralysis after high doses of SIII appears to be a central inhibition of antibody‐forming cells.

Primary immune responses in vitro were demonstrated with normal mouse spleen cells treated with SIII. A moderate dose of antigen elicited significant numbers of specific plaque‐forming cells. A high dose produced a situation analogous to paralysis.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL CAPACITY OF LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL DONORS AFTER THEIR TRANSFER TO RATS TOLERANT OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: McCullagh PJ
Published: November 2007

The persistence of cells with the capacity to differentiate for haemolysin formation has been examined in erythrocyte‐tolerant rats transfused with lymphocytes from normal rats. Following the transfer of untreated thoracic duct lymphocytes, plaque‐forming ceil precursors could be recovered from the host's spleen during the first three days, although plaque‐forming cells themselves failed to appear at any time. It is suggested that the sudden disappearance of antibody‐forming cell precursors reflects the induction of immunological tolerance in the transfused lymphocytes or their progeny.

When lymphocytes which have been antigenically stimulated in vitro are transferred to tolerant hosts, large numbers of antibody‐forming cell precursors can be recovered from the host spleens during the third week after transfer. This implies that, if the disappearance of precursor cells from transferred populations of unstimulated lymphocytes represents the induction of tolerance, this state is less readily induced in antigenically stimulated cells.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL HAEMAGGLUTININS FOUND IN SERUM AND MUCUS OF THE CATFISH, TACHYSURUS AUSTRALIA
Authors: Di Conza JJ
Published: November 2007

Natural haemagglutinins for sheep, rabbit, guinea‐pig and human erythrocytes were present in serum and body mucus of catfish. No natural haemagglutinins for these erythrocytes were present in intestinal mucus secretions.

Because of differences in heat stability, sensitivity to 2‐mercaptaethanol treatment and the results of absorption studies, it was suggested the mucus and serum haemagglutinins were probably different molecular species.
THE RELATIVE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICIENCY OF IgM, IgG AND IgA FROM PIG COLOSTRUM
Authors: Knop J , Breu H , Wernet P , Rowley D
Published: November 2007

IgA, IgG and IgM have been isolated and purified from colostrum of two sows immunized with E. coli 0111. The three immunoglobulin classes have been tested for their direct bactericidal action with complement and for their opsonic and intracellular killing activity in a test using mouse peritoneal phagocytes.

IgA showed only marginal bactericidal action with complement in contrast to IgM and IgG. However, the specific IgA antibody was found to be more active in promoting phagocytosis and intracellular killing than either IgM or IgG.

These observations suggest that IgA may play an important role in intestinal immunity.
THE CELLULAR AND HUMORAL RESPONSE TO ANTIGENS IN LAMBS THYMECTOMIZED IN UTERO
Authors: Cole GJ , Morris Bede
Published: November 2007

The responses of in utero thymectomized lambs to three different antigens, swine influenza virus (strain Shope 15), boiled Salmonella muenchen organisms and chicken red blood cells, have been studied in terms of the cellular and antibody responses in lymph coming from the popliteal node.

It was found that, although thymectomized lambs had a greatly reduced total cell output from the popliteal node, the significant features of the immune response in these animals were unaffected. There were no significant differences between thymectomized and control lambs in terms of the production of large cells or basophilic cells, neither were there any differences in the number of plaque‐forming cells leaving the node, in total antibody production in lymph or sera, nor any qualitative differences in the type of antibody produced.

The response of thymectomized or splenectomized lambs, or lambs with both thymus and spleen removed, to the intravenous injection of S. muenchen organisms was also studied. The type and the quantity of antibody produced in the circulating blood of these animals was no different from normal control lambs. It was concluded from these results that, in the lamb, neither the spleen nor the thymus is essential for the development of an adequate cellular or Immoral response to swine influenza virus, to Salmonella muenchen organisms or to chicken red cells.
SPONTANEOUS HYDRONEPHROSIS IN THE INBRED MOUSE STRAIN NZC
Authors: Warner Noel L
Published: November 2007

An inbred strain of mice, NZC, was found to have a high incidence of spontaneous hydronephrosis, with up to 56% of males and 81% of females showing some stage of the disease. Either unilateral or bilateral hydronephrosis was found in mice between 80 and 660 days of age, and in most cases did not appear to have had a marked effete on survival time. Blood urea nitrogen levels in these mice were slightly elevated. NZC F1 hybrid mice did not show the disease, nor did backcross progeny to normal parent strains. However, 43% of backcross progeny to the NZC parent showed hydronephrosis. These results indicate that a single autonomic recessive gene controls the inheritance of this renal disorder. The relation of this to other reported cases of hydronephrosis and to other genetic disorders in NZ mice is discussed.
INDIVIDUAL CELL SUSCEPTIBILITY TO UNDERGO DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE PROLIFERATIVE RESPONSE TO ISOPRENALINE
Authors: Radley JM , Hodgson GS
Published: November 2007

The probability of an acinar cell participating in successive waves of isoprenaline‐induced division has been examined in the submaxillary gland of the adult rat. Results of experiments using 3HTdR auto radiography show that the probability of a cell dividing more than once is low. Increased polyploid cell formation may be the factor responsible for the limited proliferative potential, but the results are also consistent with the idea that these cells have an inherent incapacity to undergo more than one or two divisions.
AGONIST‐ANTAGONIST INTERACTION AT THE CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR OF DENERVATED DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Freeman Shirley E , Turner RJ
Published: November 2007

A study has been made of the cholinergic receptor induced by chronic denervation in the rat diaphragm. The agonists acetylcholine, carbachol and tetramethylammonium produced a dose‐dependent contraction of the denervated diaphragm. These agonists also brought about a graded depolarization of the muscle cells. Supramaximally effective doses of agonists caused desensitization of the preparation; however, there was no cross tachyphylaxis between acetylcholine and carbachol. An attempt to determine the dissociation constants of carbachol and tetramethylammonium from a comparison of equipotent doses was unsuccessful. (+)‐Tubocurarine and gallamine triethiodide antagonized the action of the agonists on the diaphragm. The logarithmic plot of dose ratio‐1 against tubocurarine concentration had the expected slope of close to unity. However, the logarithmic plot of dose ratio‐1 against gallamine concentration had a slope of less than unity; it is suggested that there may be competition between the quaternary nitrogens of gallamine for receptor anionic sites. Temperature changes between 21–35° did not significantly affect the dissociation constant (Keq) for tubocurarine or gallamine, suggesting a small or zero net enthalpy change for the binding reaction to the receptor, and a large positive net entropy term.
HUMORAL AND CELL MEDIATED RESPONSES IN VITRO OF SPLEEN CELLS FROM MICE WITH THYMIC APLASIA (NUDE MICE)
Authors: Feldmann Marc , Wagner H , Basten A , Holmes Margaret
Published: November 2007

The immunological function of lymphocytes derived from the spleen of congenitally athymic (“nude”) mice was investigated in in vitro culture systems. There was a normal antibody response (as compared with appropriate controls) of these cells to dinitrophenylated polymeric flagellin, an antigen which has previously been shown to elicit normal responses in the absence of T lymphocytes. The response to sheep erythrocytes, however, was diminished, but not totally abolished. The response to sheep erythrocytes could be restored by a population of pure T lymphocytes.

The cell mediated allograft response of spleen cells from nude mice was also investigated. It was found that spleen cells from nude mice did not yield any cytotoxic response. Since cell‐mediated cytotoxicity has been shown to be a function of T lymphocytes, spleen cells of nude mice are judged by this functional parameter to be devoid of T cells.