bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METHIONINE METABOLISM IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF SHEEP
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , ZARKADAS C. G.
Published: March 2010

The metabolic fate and time-dependent incorporation of dietary methionine into rumen bacterial proteins of 1-yr-old wethers has been studied following a single intraruminal administration of L-[rnethyl-14C]-methionine. Of the radioactivity found in the rumen liquor (RL) of sheep 2 h after dosing, an appreciable amount of the [methyl-14C] label was incorporated into methionine of the bacterial protein (15%) and only small amounts (< 1%) as cyst(e)ine. In another experiment, the metabolic fate of methionine labeled either in the sulfur atom or in the carbon or hydrogen atoms of the methyl group was studied in the ruminai, omasal, abomasal and duodenal contents of growing lambs. Two hours after oral administration of the L-[methyl-14C]-, L-[methyl-3H]-, or L-[35S]-rnethionine the portions of the radioactivity of rumen liquor located in the methionine of the rumen bacterial protein were 10.7, 6.9 and 7.3%, respectively while those in the cystine were less than 1% for the methyl-labeled methionine and 4.5% for the 35S methionine. Most of the radioactivity reaching the alimentary tract of growing lambs 2 h after dosing was distributed as labeled methionine in the TCA-insoluble fraction of the digesta in the omasum (86%) and abomasum (65%), whereas only 23% was found in this fraction in the duodenum. The relative amount of radioactivity incorporated into methionine of the bacterial protein from lambs which received L-[methyl-3H]-, or L-[35S]-methionine was appreciably less than that from those which received L-[methyl-14C]-methionine.
SOME EFFECTS OF PROCESSING AND SEED SOURCE ON THE NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF RAPESEED MEAL
Authors: BELL J. M. , SHARBY T. F. , SARWAR G.
Published: March 2010

Rapeseed meals (RSM), B. campestris L. (cv. Span), derived from a pooled seed source processed in three different Canadian pre-press solvent-extraction processing plants were compared with RSM derived from B. campestris Canadian seed and a B. napus RSM derived from European seed, the latter two meals being processed in The Netherlands. Amino acid, glucosinolate and proximate analyses were conducted. Feeding experiments with mice revealed no differences in weight gains, feed intakes, digestibility of energy or protein, efficiency of feed utilization or protein quality among the three samples of Canadian-processed Span RSM, and the responses equalled those obtained with soybean meal. RSM processed in The Netherlands and derived from Canadian seed equalled the Canadian-processed Span RSM except for a significantly (P = 0.05) lower digestibility of protein. The Netherlands-processed B. napus RSM proved to be inferior and resulted in slower growth and lower protein digestibility. Swine fed the same five RSM samples in typical swine rations but at lower levels of RSM (7.5 and 15.0%) than those (9.1 and 10.1; 19.9 and 22.5; and 30.9 and 34.9%) in the mouse tests showed a reduction in daily gain (P = 0.05) for 15% RSM compared to 7.5% and a tendency for the B. napus RSM from The Netherlands to be inferior (P > 0.05). It is suggested that differences in myrosinase inactivation during processing, the higher oxazolidinethione content characteristic of B. napus RSM, and possible overheating during the toasting phase of RSM production were responsible for the differences observed.
EFFECTS OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON SELECTION FOR BROILER WEIGHT
Authors: KONDRA P. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
SYNCHRONIZATION OF ESTRUS AND OVULATION IN CATTLE WITH THE PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGUE AY 24655
Authors: BETTERIDGE K. J. , SUGDEN E. A. , EAGLESOME M. D.
Published: March 2010

In 97 experiments, cattle (mostly dairy heifers) were treated with AY24655 by intrauterine (i.ut.), subcutaneous (s.c.) or intramuscular (i.m.) routes during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Responses were assessed by observation for estrus and ovarian palpation in 97 cases, plasma progesterone determinations in 84 and by inspection of the ovary in 41. Doses of 10–50 mg i.ut. led to dose-related responses but inadequate synchronization. Both animals receiving 40 + 8 mg s.c. at 24-h intervals were synchronized, but 50 mg as a single i.m. injection was inadequate (2/5 synchronized). A dose of 100 mg i.m. was effective as a single injection (37/40 synchronized) or as two 6-h-spaced injections (8/10 synchronized). Progesterone concentrations showed sustained declines in all 61 synchronized animals and temporary declines in 15/23 non-synchronized animals. Ten of 18 synchronized animals became pregnant when used as recipients of embryos. Ten of 13 treated animals were synchronized by 100 mg following PMSG treatment for superovulation and 13/22 embryos transferred from these donors survived. Adverse side effects were confined to one batch of the compound which may have been impure. Though less potent than some prostaglandin analogues, AY24655 compared favorably with them for synchronizing cattle without marked adverse effects on embryos.
INFLUENCE OF METHOD UPON THE DETERMINATION OF APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY IN THE PIG
Authors: McCARTHY J. F. , BOWLAND J. P. , AHERNE F. X.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted, the first to determine the effects of adding celite to the diets to increase the HCl insoluble ash level, the second to compare a "grab" method of collecting samples with that of total collection, and the third to study the effects that time of sample collection would have on the mean digestible energy (DE) and digestible nitrogen (DN) coefficients. It was found that the addition of celite to the diets of pigs weighing either 5.6 or 22.4 kg did not alter the DE or DN coefficients as compared with coefficients obtained by the total fecal collection method. Both with and without the addition of celite, total fecal collection gave DE and DN coefficients which were higher than those obtained by the HCl insoluble ash method, but the difference was significant only in one of the three experiments. There was no significant difference between "grab" samples and total collection methods, indicating that the former could be used in place of total collection. Over a 72-h period, no differences associated with diurnal variation were noted in DE and DN coefficients as determined by the HCl insoluble ash method. This indicates that the time of collecting samples should not influence DE and DN values.
EFFECTS OF ENERGY LEVELS IMPOSED BEFORE OR DURING THE ESTROUS SEASON ON RATES AND LOCATIONS OF OVULATION IN SHEEP
Authors: DUFOUR J. J. , WOLYNETZ M.
Published: March 2010

Forty-five crossbred ewes were randomly assigned to two feeding energy regimes (high, H; low, L) 6 wk before the expected onset of the first estrus and were randomly reassigned 3 days after the second estrus. Although the date of the first observed estrus was similar for both groups, the mean weight of ewes in the H group was 5.3 kg more than the average in the L group (P < 0.05). At the first and second estrous periods, respectively, 18 and 20% more of the ewes in the H group had multiple ovulations. At both the third and fourth estrous periods, 68% of the ewes in the H regime had multiple ovulations as compared to 44 and 26%, respectively, for ewes in the L regime (P < 0.05 at the fourth estrus). The ovulation rate at an estrus was more dependent upon the feeding energy level imposed during that estrous period than upon exposure during previous periods. Among the four estrous periods studied, the only significant increase in ovulation rates occurred between the first and second estrus. The location of the corpus luteum at one estrus had no significant effect on the location of the next ovulation.
A NEW METHOD FOR RE-ENTRANT CANNULATION OF THE DUODENUM IN SHEEP
Authors: IVAN M.
Published: March 2010

A method for re-entrant cannulation of the duodenum in sheep was described. A Dacron arterial graft was used for attachment of the duodenum to the intestinal tube of a new type of cannula. The intestine of the sheep had grown into the arterial graft and remained permanently attached to the cannula. No blockage or leakage of digesta was apparent during a 1-yr post-surgery period.
AN INCIDENT OF DELAYED PUBERAL ESTRUS IN GILTS
Authors: FRIEND D. W.
Published: March 2010

A reduced feed intake and, or, a suspected deterioration of a high fat diet delayed by 21 days the onset of puberty (first observed estrus) in prepuberal gilts between 156 and 175 days of age.
LIMESTONE WASTE FROM SUCROSE REFINING AS A SOURCE OF CALCIUM FOR BROILER CHICKS
Authors: GARDINER E. E.
Published: March 2010

Limestone waste from sucrose refining was compared to feed-grade limestone as a source of calcium for broiler chicks. Growth rate, feed-to-gain ratios, and mortality were the same with the two forms of limestone, when they were fed on an equal calcium basis.
INFLUENCE OF ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE ON THE SOLUBILITY OF SILICIC ACID IN RUMEN FLUID AND THE ABSORPTION OF SILICIC ACID FROM THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF RUMINANTS
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

Aluminum hydroxide was precipitated from aqueous solutions containing aluminum sulphate and silicic acid by adjusting the pH to within the range 6–7.5. The precipitated aluminum hydroxide formed an insoluble complex with the silicic acid and, in so doing, reduced the concentration of soluble silicic acid from 22 mg/dl to less than 5 mg/dl. Maximum reduction in silicic acid concentration occurred when the aluminum concentration was 30 mg/dl or more. The effects of adding rumen fluid to the solutions or of varying pH over the range 6–7.5 were small except at the lowest level of aluminum used (15 mg/dl). Aluminum sulphate, included in a prairie grass hay diet at 1.57%, reduced the concentration of silicic acid in the rumen fluid of cattle from 19.2 to 16.9 mg/dl. The same diet given to sheep had no significant effect on excretion of silicic acid in urine. A feeding trial with calves to assess the effects of the aluminum sulphate diet on calculus formation was not completed because the calves ate very little of the diet. The results confirmed earlier findings that aluminum hydroxide has a strong affinity for silicic acid. However, failure of the aluminum sulphate diet to lower rumen fluid concentration or urinary excretion of silicic acid to any great extent, and the low payability of the diet for calves, suggests that aluminum sulphate cannot be used to reduce absorption and excretion of silicic acid in calves on diets predisposing to the formation of siliceous calculi.
PREDICTION OF DIGESTIBLE ENERGY INTAKE BY SHEEP OF DIETS CONTAINING GROUND ROUGHAGE AND GRAIN
Authors: THORLACIUS S. O.
Published: March 2010

Digestibility and intake of diets containing 8, 28, 48 or 68% ground wheat straw plus ground crested wheatgrass and rapeseed meal, and diets containing 33, 48, 63 and 78% ground crested wheatgrass plus barley and rapeseed meal was measured with four yearling wethers per diet. Digestible energy (DE) content ranged from 2.07 to 2.95 kcal/g dry matter (DM) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) (%) from 48.7 to 71.1%. Regression of DE intake y (kcal/w0.75kg/d) on DE content (x) was curvilinear; y = −2,133 + 1,626x − 277.9x2, r = 0.996, P < 0.01, SE = ± 7.3. There was also a curvilinear relationship between diet density, as fed, (x) g (DM)/ml and DMD (%), y = 9.057 + 364.1x − 530.0x2, r = 0.970, P < 0.01, SE = ± 2.4. A linear regression equation was calculated over the DE range (2.07–2.52) for which there was an obvious increase in DE intake with increasing diet DE content; y = −700.6 + 361x, r = 0.994, P < 0.01, SE = ± 9.4, y = DE intake (kcal/w0.75kg/d), x = DE [kcal/g (DM)]. Using this regression equation and assuming a linear increase in DE intake with increase in diet DE content up to a point at which the apparent energy demand of the animal is satisfied gave a more accurate prediction of DE intake than when the curvilinear regression equation, y = −2,133 + 1,626x − 277.9x2, was used empirically. Accuracy of the prediction was further improved by expressing DE/unit ration volume instead of per unit DM. The sheep used in the present experiments had an apparent energy demand of 230 kcal/w0.75kg/day which was met at diet DE contents above 0.48 kcal/ml or 2.6 kcal/g (DM). There was a high correlation between in vivo DE content of the diet, y [kcal/g (DM)] and in vitro (x) digestible organic matter content, x, (%), r = 0.991, P < 0.01, y = 0.38 + 0.037x, SE = ± 0.04.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN RUMINANT BLOAT AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ALFALFA HERBAGE. I. NITROGEN AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS
Authors: HOWARTH R. E. , BRANDT S. A. , FESSER A. C. , GOPLEN B. P. , SPURR D. T. , MAJAK W. , WALDERN D. E.
Published: March 2010

Daily bloat incidence was recorded in cattle fed alfalfa silage at Kamloops, British Columbia, during the 1973, 1974 and 1975 growing seasons. The overall bloat frequency was 3.32% of animal days. The occurrence of bloat differed significantly (P < 0.05) among years, but there were no significant associations (P < 0.05) between bloat and alfalfa cultivars, number of harvests or height of forage stand. Feed samples were collected each day and stored (−20 C) for measurements of chemical composition. The coefficients of determination relating the occurrence of bloat to the chemical parameters were: total nitrogen (N), 0.09; insoluble N, 0.06; soluble N, 0.12; soluble protein N, 0.11; soluble non-protein N, 0.08; fraction I protein, 0.05; fraction II-5 protein, 0.07; fraction II-8 protein, 0.10; fraction II-9 protein, 0.10; fraction II-12 protein, 0.08; lipoproteins, 0.01, soluble protein measured by the biuret method, 0.11; and foam volume, 0.05. There were no significant relationships between the chemical parameters and the number of bloated animals. The relationship between probability of bloat (y) and soluble protein N (x) was described by the curvilinear function Y = axb where a = 0.003 and b = 1.86. On the basis of this function a 50% reduction in soluble protein concentration will be required to develop a bloat-safe alfalfa cultivar by plant breeding.
CONSOMMATION HIVERNALE DE NOURRITURE A BETAIL PAR LES PIGEONS
Authors: POTVIN NORMAND , BERGERON JEAN MARIE , GENEST JEAN
Published: March 2010

The stomach contents of pigeons were analyzed to evaluate the damage these birds cause in livestock feed troughs during winter. Our results indicate that members of this species captured at the Lennoxville Research Station consumed almost exclusively corn and barley. The corn and barley were ingested in a 1.2:1 ratio (P < 0.01). Corn and barley were respectively identified in 97.5 and 92.4% of the stomachs. The hour of capture and weather influenced the amount of grain ingested. Males and females ate approximately the same quantity of food. The comparison of the results obtained by volumetric and gravimetric analyses of stomach contents demonstrate no significant difference (P < 0.01) between these methods. A maximum of 434 pigeons frequented the livestock feed troughs during the winter. Corn and barley thus consumed by this species alone was calculated to be at least 0.55 and 0.46 ton, respectively.
TRUE AND APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUES FOR POULTRY OF CANADIAN WHEATS AND OATS MEASURED BY BIOASSAY AND PREDICTED FROM PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA
Authors: SIBBALD I. R. , PRICE K.
Published: March 2010

Thirty samples of wheat and 28 samples of oats were assayed for true and apparent metabolizable energy (TME, AME). Within grains, the difference TME−AME increased with decreasing AME values; there is evidence that this trend is associated with reduced voluntary consumption of AME assay diets containing low energy grains. The TME and AME data were compared with ME values predicted from physical and chemical data describing the grains. Previously published prediction equations were tested and new equations were derived. Comparisons between predicted and observed data suggested that both the TME and AME values of wheat were predicted with insufficient accuracy and precision for practical use. Similar comparisons using the oat data showed high correlations between observed and predicted values, although the predictions were no more accurate than for wheat; however, when data describing four samples of naked oats were removed, the correlations were reduced substantially. Comparisons involving data for the hulled oats indicated that most equations were able to predict AME better than TME. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify those combinations of variables best able to predict TME data. No combination of variables was best for both wheat and oats. The combinations of variables used in published equations performed quite well. With four variables, the percentage of the TME variation explained was as high as 52 for wheat, 82 for oats and 64 for hulled oats. Predictions based on air-dry data are associated with higher correlations than those based on dry matter data, but the air-dry predictions are the less useful in practice. The reason for this is discussed.
COCONUT OIL AND LEVELS OF FAT IN MILK SUBSTITUTE FOR VEAL CALVES
Authors: BOUCHARD R.
Published: March 2010

A commercial milk substitute containing 20.9% fat from tallow was compared to milk substitute containing 24.6, 29.3 or 34.8% fat from combinations of tallow and coconut oil. Growth rate and feed utilization were not improved by substitution of part of tallow by coconut oil and by levels of fats above 20.9%. A level of fat of 34.8% in milk substitute was detrimental for rate of gain and feed utilization.
PERFORMANCE AND NUTRIENT UTILIZATION BY LAYING HENS FED PRACTICAL RATIONS HAVING EXTREMES IN FIBRE CONTENT
Authors: MORAN Jr. E. T. , EVANS ESSI
Published: March 2010

Single Comb White Leghorn hens were fed practical rations calculated to have high (13.8% protein, 2,390 kcal ME/kg with 5.75% CF) and low (17.8% protein, 3,060 kcal ME/kg with 2.44% CF) fibre contents from 24 to 60 wk of age. Both diets were comparable in essential amino acid profile and their relationship of crude protein (CP), most minerals and vitamins to metabolizable energy (ME) content. No differences (P <.05) in production rate or egg weight occurred throughout the experiment. However, an increased feed intake (P <.05) and reduced weight gain (P <.05) were observed with birds fed the high fibre ration. Measurement of apparent nutrient utilization midway through the study indicated that crude protein, acid detergent fibre and ash were used to a similar extent from both rations. Hens given the high fibre diet had a lower daily intake of ME (P <.05) than those fed the low fibre diet, although there was a greater than calculated feed caloric content. Use of larger amounts of neutral detergent fibre was suspected as the primary contributor to this energy differential. It is stressed that as the physical limit in feed consumption is approached, a better assessment of feedstuff nitrogen and energy availability is necessary to assure hen requirements.
RESPONSES IN MEAT CHARACTERISTICS OF HOLSTEIN–FRIESIAN MALES TO CASTRATION AND DIET
Authors: NTUNDE B. N. , USBORNE W. R. , ASHTON G. C.
Published: March 2010

The carcass characteristics of Holstein–Friesian males (bulls, unimplanted steers, and steers implanted with zearanol) as affected by castration and forms of shelled corn diet (dry, whole acid-treated high moisture, and rolled acid-treated high moisture) and their 2 × 2 interactions were studied. The animals averaged 84 kg body weight at the start of the experiment and were slaughtered at a pen average backfat thickness of 0.76 cm measured ultrasonically between the 11th and 12th ribs. Interaction effects were significant in the percent trimmed loin, flank, hindquarter, shank and total cuts. All carcasses had acceptable lean color, texture, firmness and marbling. The different forms of corn were similar in their effects. Similarly, implantation of steers with zearanol did not produce significant differences. The carcasses of all treatment groups in this study averaged Canada A grade and were essentially of the same quality characteristics. Compared to the steers, however, the bulls required slightly longer on feed but yielded significantly more carcass weight, a greater percent lean, a greater percent trimmed chuck and forequarter cuts, less carcass fat and had a higher lean:fat ratio. The steers yielded a higher percent trimmed loin and also more tender meat as determined by shear tests, but this latter case was not supported by the taste panel. No other differences were observed.
MORPHOLOGY AND RESPONSIVENESS OF THE TWO LARGEST OVARIAN FOLLICLES IN ANESTROUS EWES
Authors: MATTON PIERRE , BHÉREUR JACQUES , DUFOUR J. J.
Published: March 2010

The morphology and the responsiveness of ovarian follicles to an ovulating stimulus imposed in the presence or absence of previously induced corpora lutea (CL) were studied in anestrous DLS ewes (Dorset × Leicester × Suffolk). Induction of CL formation was done with 500 IU of PMSG given intravenously. In CL-bearing ewes, the diameter of the largest follicle was significantly larger 12 and 16 days after PMSG injection, while that of the second largest follicle was increased only on day 12. When ovulation was induced with 500 IU PMSG on day 16, the presence of a previously induced CL did not modify the ovulation rate. The two largest follicles identified with India ink markings 4 days prior to PMSG injection did not respond by ovulation and most of these follicles had become completely atretic by day 21 of the experiment. When the two largest follicles, however, were identified and marked on the day of PMSG injection, 65% of them responded to the stimulus. This indicated that turnover of the large follicles was occurring during the anestrous season as is the case during the normal breeding season.
INFLUENCE OF PHYTIC ACID AND CRUDE FIBRE ON THE AVAILABILITY OF MINERALS FROM FOUR PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS IN GROWING CHICKS
Authors: NWOKOLO E. N. , BRAGG D. B.
Published: March 2010

Commercial broiler chicks were used in a study to determine the influence of dietary phytic acid and crude fibre on the availability of Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, P and Zn in palm kernel meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal and rapeseed meal. Results showed that phytic acid content varied from 0.85 to 1.92% of the sample among ingredients that were tested. Crude fibre varied from 6.5% in soybean meal to 17.5% in palm kernel meal. The retention of all minerals was adversely affected by either phytic acid or crude fibre. Several minerals showed a significant inverse relationship to both phytic acid and crude fibre.
PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS FED DIETS CONTAINING GUMS DERIVED FROM TOWER RAPESEED
Authors: LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D. , SLINGER S. J.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to investigate whether rapeseed gums have any detrimental effect on the performance of laying hens. White leghorn pullets of a commercial strain were fed all-mash diets in which the major source of protein was provided by either soybean meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed meal + 1.5% rapeseed gums, soybean meal + 1.5% rapeseed gums or soybean meal + 1.5% soybean gums. Each diet was offered to four replicate groups of 12 birds during ten 28-day experimental periods. Dietary treatment had no significant [Formula: see text] effect on feed intake or egg production. Birds fed diets containing rapeseed meal produced significantly [Formula: see text] smaller eggs than those birds receiving soybean meal with no added rapeseed gums. Eggshell quality as measured by shell deformation was significantly [Formula: see text] improved when birds were fed rapeseed meal + rapeseed gums or soybean meal + soybean gums, compared to those birds fed either rapeseed meal, or soybean meal with added rapeseed gums. Rapeseed gums had no significant [Formula: see text] effect on body weight or the incidence of liver hematoma. It is concluded that no deleterious effects accrue from feeding laying birds diets containing rapeseed meal to which has been added 1.5% gums, and that the addition of such gums provides rapeseed processors with a useful pollution-free method for their disposal.
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF RYE TO WHEAT IN THE GRAIN COMPONENT OF BROILER FINISHER DIETS ON GENERAL PERFORMANCE
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 1,520 commercial-type broiler chicks were used in two experiments to evaluate the effects on performance of feeding finisher diets containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% of the diet as ground rye as a replacement by weight for ground wheat. The finisher diets were fed approximately 3 wk commencing at 28 days of age. Biological data provide evidence that up to 10% of the ground wheat in broiler finisher diets can be replaced by an equal quantity of ground rye without an adverse effect on performance. Evidence indicates that feeding a finisher diet containing 15% ground rye resulted in inferior performance.
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL OF ENERGY AND NUTRIENT INTAKE BY MARES ON REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND ON BLOOD SERUM COMPOSITION OF THE MARES AND FOALS
Authors: SUTTON E. I. , BOWLAND J. P. , RATCLIFF W. D.
Published: March 2010

An experiment, conducted at Olds College, involving seven pregnant and five open half-Arabian (half-sib) mares had the primary objective of evaluating the adequacy of National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council (NAS–NRC 1973) nutrient requirements of horses as they applied to mares receiving minimal shelter under central Alberta winter conditions. Mares were randomly assigned to two groups, the first receiving a diet formulated to meet NAS–NRC requirements and the second the same diet at a level of 85% of the former by weight. The dietary regimen was maintained from mid-gestation until 30-days post-partum. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were found for weight losses during pregnancy or for apparent digestibility of energy or nitrogen in mares, or for birth weight and 30-day weight of foals. Of the 12 blood serum constituents measured in both mares and foals, only three constituents varied significantly (P < 0.05) between groups. Blood urea nitrogen and cholesterol concentrations were higher for group 2 than for group 1 foals. Serum protein concentration was higher in group 1 than in group 2 mares. Colostrum and milk samples differed only in milk protein level which was higher (P < 0.05) for group 2 than for group 1 mares. During the phases of reproduction measured it was concluded that the lower level of energy and nutrient intake (85% of NAS–NRC recommended requirements) did not influence performance of pregnant mares and their foals.
MASS SELECTION IN A PIG POPULATION. 1. EVALUATION OF THE CONTROL POPULATION
Authors: FREDEEN H. T. , MIKAMI HITOSHI
Published: March 2010

A pedigreed control population used in a pig selection experiment has been described. The design featured overlapping generations with replacement breeders chosen from within families. There was no evidence of unintentional selection in the choice of new replacements, in the choice of breeders reserved for production of second or later litters, or in the designation of litter samples for evaluation of population performance. The generation interval was 2.3 yr with progeny born in the final year (year 9) averaging 3.92 generations from foundation. The annual increase in inbreeding was 0.57%. The breeding herd averaged 36.7 females and 14.6 males per year with an average annual input of 15.6 new females and 6.89 new males. However, because of the slow rate of generation turnover, the effective annual population size was estimated at 100.7 with a minimum lower limit of 87.7 when calculated on the basis of the pedigree estimate of inbreeding. An increase of 15% in effective population size could have been realized by increasing generation interval by 2 mo (7.2%) or by an increase of 22% in the number of new male breeders added annually.
MASS SELECTION IN A PIG POPULATION. 2. THE EFFECTS OF INBREEDING WITHIN THE SELECTED POPULATIONS
Authors: MIKAMI HITOSHI , FREDEEN H. T. , SATHER A. P.
Published: March 2010

The regression of reproductive performance of dams and post-natal performance of progeny on inbreeding was examined for a population of replicated lines subjected to mass selection over a period of nine generations. Inbreeding advanced by 2.0–2.3% per generation. Regression coefficients per 1% increase in inbreeding, based on 817 degrees of freedom for first parity sows, were −.56 ±.23 kg for dam weight at first parturition (12 mo), −.48 ±.19 kg for dam weight change from parturition to weaning, −.013 ±.034 for litter size at birth, −.103 ±.033 for litter size at weaning and −1.36 ±.36 kg for litter weight at weaning. Regressions for post-natal traits, estimated for progeny produced by second parity dams during the final three generations (638 df) were 10.3 ± 4.0 g for birth weight, 16.8 ± 32.7 g for weaned weight, −4.53 ± 1.22 g for post-weaning daily gain, −.34 ±.16 mm for backfat,.10 ±.04 cm2 for cross-sectional area of the longissimus dorsi, and.09 ±.04% for estimated yield of trimmed retail product from the carcass.
EVALUATION OF BEEF SIRES ACROSS BREEDS FOR CALVING EASE
Authors: SCHAEFFER L. R. , WILTON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Agriculture Canada and Alberta Record of Performance calving ease records on 54,139 calves from 3,338 sires of 18 breeds were used to evaluate sires by comparisons across breeds of sire. An objective scoring system was applied to the calving ease codes to derive appropriate weights for each category rather than using percentage of unassisted births or assuming equal intervals between categories. Common sire and error variance components were assumed for all breeds of sire. Heritability of calving ease under the model used was estimated to be.10 by maximum likelihood. Prediction of sire values for calving ease scores of future calves were calculated by best linear unbiased prediction procedures. Shorthorn, Hereford, and Angus sires caused relatively few calving difficulties, while Maine-Anjou sires caused more difficulties. Age of dam and sex of calf differences were also important. The range of sire evaluations for calving ease was narrow, but the bulls in either extreme could be identified.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING A HIGH LEVEL OF TOWER RAPESEED MEAL IN DAIRY RATIONS ON FEED INTAKE AND MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: SHARMA H. R. , INGALLS J. R. , MCKIRDY J. A.
Published: March 2010

In experiment 1, 12 cows were used to compare the two (0–0) rapeseed meal (1788 and Tower) varieties with the commercial rapeseed meal (CRSM) and soybean meal (SBM). Feed intake, milk yield and fat content were not different (P > 0.05) among the four treatments; however, protein content was higher (P < 0.05) for the cows fed CRSM and SBM diets than for those fed the 1788–RSM diet. But more (P < 0.05) milk fat was produced by the cows fed 1788–RSM than by those fed CRSM and SBM diets. In experiment 2, eight cows were used to determine the effects of replacing SBM with Tower and also replacing a portion of Tower with urea (TU) in a mixed or extruded (TUE) form on feed intake, milk yield and nitrogen (N) retention. No differences were observed in feed consumption, milk yield or composition among the treatments. Serum thyroxine (T4) level was higher (P < 0.05) for the cows fed SBM than for those fed the 1788–SBM and was similar to levels for cows fed CRSM and Tower in the first experiment. However, no differences were found in thyroxine level in the second experiment. Extrusion of Tower–urea mixture increased (P < 0.05) the N retention compared with other treatments. These short-term studies suggest that up to 25% Tower RSM can be used in dairy rations without adverse effect on performance.
VARIATION IN MINERAL CONTENT OF SASKATCHEWAN FEED GRAINS
Authors: OWEN B. D. , FARMER M. J. , SOSULSKI F. , WU K. K.
Published: March 2010

The concentration of Ca, P, Mg, K, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe and Se were determined in wheat, barley and oat cultivars grown in four soil zones incorporating two soil types during a 5-yr period. Ca and K in Saskatchewan grains were much lower than published values, while Zn and Fe values were much higher. Se contents in each grain averaged 0.25 ppm and were substantially below values reported in the literature. Se and Cu levels were extremely variable (CV = 31–81%), but coefficients of variation (CV) for other minerals ranged from 9 to 35%. The effects of season, soil zone, soil type and cultivar on composition of Ca, P, Mg and K were significant in most grains. Seasonal effects on Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe were quite marked, but soil type had little effect and there were few significant differences between cultivars. Grain samples from Gray soil locations were characteristically high in Zn and low in Mn. Average Se content in grain from the Brown soil zone (0.39–0.55 ppm) was highest. There was a progressive decrease through the Dark Brown and Black soils to very low levels in samples from the Gray soil zone (0.06–0.07 ppm). In each type of grain, clay soils were associated with higher Se levels than loam soils.
INFLUENCE OF PRE- AND POST-RIGOR MUSCLE CHANGES ON INTRINSIC TOUGHNESS OF BEEF MUSCLE
Authors: MARTIN A. H. , JEREMIAH L. E. , FREDEEN H. T. , L’HIRONDELLE P. J.
Published: March 2010

Longissimus dorsi muscle from 108 beef carcasses of uniform pre-slaughter history were used to examine textural variations and causes of initial toughness. Muscle identified as tough at 24 h post-mortem had significantly toughened from the pre-rigor condition whereas muscle which was tender at 24 h had become significantly more tender than in the pre-rigor condition. A strong relationship was also identified between initial toughness and subsequent response to cooler aging at 2 C. Pre-rigor release of muscle tension by severing the muscle did not affect 24-h shear values of muscle classed as tender, but resulted in a 14% increased toughness in muscle classed as tough. Tender muscle was characterized by lower early postmortem pH values. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels were related in a non-linear fashion to muscle color and tenderness. Interrelationships between pre-rigor phenomena such as animal stress, glycolytic rate, cold-shortening and textural variations were discussed and related to commercial merchandising of beef carcasses.
EVALUATION OF BLOOD MEAL AS A PROTEIN SOURCE FOR YOUNG PIGS
Authors: FITZPATRICK D. W. , BAYLEY H. S.
Published: March 2010

Three semi-purified diets containing 20% protein from either soybean flour, or blood meal, produced either by freeze-drying, or a commercial process, were each fed to eight piglets weaned at 21 days of age. Feed consumption and growth between 24 and 32 days of age were measured for each piglet; there were no significant differences in the amounts of feed consumed, but the piglets receiving either of the blood meal diets gained significantly less weight (1.31 and 1.13 kg for the freeze-dried, and commercial blood meals, respectively) than those receiving the soybean protein diet (1.70 kg). Apparent digestibilities of the amino acids in the freeze-dried blood meal were similar to those in the soy protein flour, but those in the commercial sample of blood meal were significantly lower. The apparent digestibilities of the lysine in the soy protein, freeze-dried blood meal and commercial blood meal were 86, 88 and 78%, respectively.
FISHMEAL, MEAT AND BONE MEAL, FERMENTATION BYPRODUCTS AND INGREDIENT COMBINATIONS IN DIETS OF YOUNG TURKEYS
Authors: SALMON R. E.
Published: March 2010

A variety of dietary ingredients has been fed at variable levels in six experiments involving 3,961 growing poults. Herring fishmeal at up to 10% did not influence body weight gains. Meat and bone meal (7.5 and 15%) reduced body weight gains but not feed conversion. Neither a commercial fermentation residue product, distillers’ dried solubles, dried brewers’ yeast, partly delactosed whey nor combinations of some of these with dehydrated alfalfa influenced growth or feed conversion efficiency. Most of the ingredients studied are considered useful sources of nutrients but without special growth-promoting activity (so-called unidentified growth factors) in practical diets of Western Canadian ingredients.
EFFECTS OF FROST DAMAGE ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TRUE METABOLIZABLE ENERGY OF WHEAT
Authors: SALMON R. E. , O’NEIL J. B.
Published: March 2010

The relationships between the physical, chemical and nutritional characteristics of a series of samples of frost-damaged wheat have been studied. The five cleaned samples ranged in bulk weight from 83.7 to 57.9 kg/hi (65 to 45 lb/bu). As bulk weight decreased, 1,000-kernel weight and available carbohydrate were found to decrease and crude fibre to increase. Available carbohydrate and crude fibre, but not bulk weight, were highly correlated with true metabolizable energy (TME), which ranged from 3.91 to 3.22 kcal/g. Equations were derived for prediction of TME from available carbohydrate or crude fibre. Body weight gain and efficiency of feed conversion decreased with increasing frost damage when the wheat was fed to growing turkeys at 50% of the diet. The restoration of dietary energy density, using animal fat, reversed these effects.
EFFECTS OF OCHRATOXIN A ON PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS AND HATCHABILITY OF JAPANESE QUAIL
Authors: PRIOR M. G. , O’NEIL J. B. , SISODIA C. S.
Published: March 2010

Five experiments testing the response of Japanese quail to graded doses of ochratoxin A (OA) were conducted. Levels in the feed up to 16 ppm had no adverse effect on egg production, egg weight, feed consumption and change in body weight when measured over a 5- or 6-wk period. An examination of these production characteristics on a weekly basis indicated a significant depression (P < 0.05) during the 3rd wk on egg weight at 4, 8 and 16 ppm and on feed consumption and change in body weight at 16 ppm. Fertility and hatchability were greatly reduced in those matings fed 16 ppm. Egg weight of the group receiving 16 ppm was significantly depressed (P < 0.05) during the week following either the introduction or the removal of males. A rapid increase in body weight was observed in the hens receiving 16 ppm when OA was removed from their diet.
SEVERE FEED RESTRICTION OF THE SOW DURING LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: ELLIOT J. I. , LODGE G. A.
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two Yorkshire sows were given either 0.45 or 2.27 kg feed/day from day 100 of gestation to farrowing to determine whether short-term restriction of feed intake during late gestation affected either the reproduction or lactation performance of the sows. Level of feeding from day 100 of gestation significantly affected prefarrowing weight change (P <.01) and the net weight change from day 100 to immediately postfarrowing (P <.01). An inverse relationship in the pattern of prefarrowing and lactation weight changes was observed. Restriction of prefarrowing feed intake did not significantly affect litter size, birth weight or weaning weight of the piglets. However, reduced intake prefarrowing was counterbalanced by increased intake postfarrowing with no overall saving in feed.
UTILIZATION OF WHOLE TOWER RAPESEED BY LAYING HENS AND BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D. , SLINGER S. J.
Published: March 2010

Laying hens received diets containing 10% Tower rapeseed which was fed either as raw whole seed, autoclaved whole seed or autoclaved and ground seed. Performance was measured over ten 28-day periods. Broiler diets contained 10 or 20% Tower rapeseed either as raw whole seed, dry-heated whole seed or autoclaved whole seed. Laying hens consuming 10% dietary raw whole rapeseed produced significantly (P < 0.05) more eggs than did birds fed an isocaloric, isonitrogenous corn–soybean meal control diet. Egg production of birds fed either the control diet, autoclaved whole rapeseed or autoclaved ground rapeseed was not significantly (P < 0.05) different. Birds fed rapeseed produced smaller eggs (P < 0.01), while those birds offered autoclaved ground rapeseed produced eggs with significantly (P < 0.05) superior shell quality compared to eggs from the control birds. Broiler chickens consuming raw rapeseed had larger thyroids than did control birds, while autoclaving, and to a lesser extent dry-heating, corrected this anomaly. Body weight gain to 4 wk of age was not influenced by dietary treatment, although birds eating 20% dry-heated rapeseed showed a significantly (P < 0.05) inferior feed intake:body weight gain in comparison to that calculated for control birds. It is concluded that whole Tower rapeseed can be well utilized by both broiler chickens and laying hens at inclusion levels of 10–20% and 10%, respectively, and that no advantages accrue from grinding the seed. For broiler chickens, there is an indication that rapeseed should be heat-treated.
EVALUATION OF A HIGH-PROTEIN CULTIVAR OF OATS (HINOATS) AS A FEED FOR SWINE
Authors: ANDERSON D. M. , BELL J. M. , CHRISTISON G. I.
Published: March 2010

Oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Hinoats, 14.6% crude protein, 4.66 Mcal GE/kg) were tested in digestion and feeding trials with growing–finishing pigs from 23 to 91 kg body weight. Up to 57 kg, groups of six crossbred pigs (3 male, 3 female) in a 3 × 3 factorial experiment were fed supplemented diets of Hinoats meal, Hinoats pellets or 2/3 Hinoats:1/3 wheat, each with one of three supplements: either 0.2% lysine plus 0.05% methionine, or with half levels of these amino acids plus 2% soybean meal, or 6% soybean meal. At 57 kg, the pigs were assigned from each grower ration to one of three finisher rations, these being the three grower rations supplemented only with amino acids. Feeding was allowed for three 1-h periods daily up to 57 kg body weight and for two 1-h periods thereafter. Pigs of 23–57 kg fed pellets had greater daily feed intakes than pigs fed meal or the meal ration containing wheat (1.90, 1.70, 1.77 kg, respectively) and grew faster (0.69, 0.60, 0.60 kg/day, respectively). From 57 kg body weight, performance was not affected by previous diet but pigs fed pellets ate more and grew faster than the others. Hinoats rations were efficiently utilized by the pigs. In separate digestion trials, Hinoats energy and protein were found to be 72 and 82% digestible, respectively.
THE ESTIMATION OF CRUDE PROTEIN IN RAPESEED MEAL BY A DYE-BINDING METHOD
Authors: GOH Y. K. , CLANDININ D. R.
Published: March 2010

The relationships between Kjeldahl protein content and the dye-binding capacity (DBC) with Orange G and Acid Orange 12 of 15 rapeseed meals were studied. The unbound dyes were measured with a Beckman spectrophotometer and also by the Udy colorimeter in the case of Acid Orange 12. The correlation between DBC and Kjeldahl protein content or total basic amino acids was highly significant. The results favored the Udy method with Acid Orange 12.
SOME CONSTITUENTS OF AMNIOTIC FLUID FROM 30-DAY-OLD PIG EMBRYOS
Authors: FRIEND D. W. , KRAMER J. K. G.
Published: March 2010

Embryos from 27 gilts which had been bred at puberty were obtained 30 ± 2 days after breeding. Amniotic fluid samples were analyzed chemically for several mineral constituents as well as for glucose, urea N, creatinine and cholesterol (free and esterified). Results were discussed in relation to some other values for the pig and for human and sheep amniotic fluid.
EFFECTS OF ADDED RAPESEED GUMS IN CHICK DIETS CONTAINING SOYBEAN MEAL OR LOW-ERUCIC ACID, LOW GLUCOSINOLATE, RAPESEED MEAL
Authors: MARCH B. E. , SOONG RAYMOND
Published: March 2010

Gums derived from the refining of rapeseed oils from cvs. Tower and Midas were tested for their effects when fed to chicks. No adverse effects of the gums were found whether the gums were fed in a soybean meal diet or added back to rapeseed (Tower) meal which was then fed in substitution for soybean meal.
EFFECTS OF POSTMORTEM AGING ON CHICKEN BREAST MUSCLE SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM LIPIDS
Authors: CURRIE R. W. , HAY J. D. , WOLFE F. H. , SANDERS E. J.
Published: March 2010

Polar lipids of chicken breast muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum have been extracted and quantitated from preparations at various times of postmortem aging. Neutral lipids and fatty acid composition of selected polar lipids were determined in at-death preparations. While phospholipase activity against endogenous membrane lipids was not demonstrated, exogenous phosphatidyl choline was hydrolyzed when incubated with the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Electron micrographs of negatively stained sarcoplasmic reticulum, showing different vesicle types and selective uptake of calcium oxalate, are also presented. The significance of the results is discussed in light of postmortem aging phenomena.
NUTRIENT VALUE OF HAY HARVESTED WITH MECHANICAL STACKING WAGONS, LARGE ROUND BALER AND CONVENTIONAL BALER
Authors: THORLACIUS S. O. , COATES W. , FELDMAN M.
Published: March 2010

In 1972, crested wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, and bromegrass hay were harvested with a Hesston 30 stacking wagon, McKee 1000 stacking wagon, and conventional baler. Crested wheatgrass was stacked at 35 and 29% moisture, intermediate wheatgrass at 38 and 27% moisture, and bromegrass at 41 and 31% moisture. Crested wheatgrass was baled at 23 and 19%, intermediate wheatgrass at 27 and 22%, and bromegrass at 30 and 20% moisture. In 1973, the same grass species were harvested at two moisture levels, 20 and 12% for crested wheatgrass, 25 and 19% for intermediate wheatgrass, and 24 and 20% for bromegrass with a Hesston 10 stacking wagon, Vermeer 605 round baler, and conventional baler. Dry matter intake by lambs and digestibility measurements (in vivo 1972, in vitro 1973) indicated that with the exception of bromegrass harvested in 1972, harvesting machine had little effect on hay quality. In 1972, bromegrass harvested with the stacking wagons was inferior in quality to the baled hay. The effect of moisture level at harvest was dependent on species of grass, harvesting machine, and weather conditions during harvest.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF STEAM-TREATED CORN STOVER
Authors: OJI U. I. , MOWAT D. N.
Published: March 2010

Corn stover, ground through a 1.6-cm screen, was steam-processed at 16.2 kg/cm2 and 205 °C for 15 min. Control and treated stover were evaluated for intake and digestibility of organic constituents with eight wether lambs in a single crossover design. Prior to feeding, water was added to control corn stover to approximate the moisture content of treated stover and to reduce dustiness. Soybean meal was added to both rations and, in addition, urea was added to treated stover to attempt to make up for nitrogen rendered unavailable by treatment. Steam treatment increased (P < 0.05) ADF, ADIN, permanganate lignin and acetic acid. Dry matter intake increased (P < 0.05) by 55% with steam treatment. Treatment also increased (P < 0.05) apparent digestibilities of organic matter, energy, non cell wall contents and cellulose but decreased (P < 0.05) digestibilities of NDF and ADF. The extent of improvement in energy digestibility was limited by heat damage due to processing. Modifications in treatment conditions should reduce this effect.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING RAW MEAT OR SOYBEAN MEAL ON BLOOD COMPOSITION IN MINK (MUSTELA VISON)
Authors: NARASIMHALU P. , BELZILE R. J. , LEPAGE M.
Published: March 2010

Twenty each of male and female Pastel mink were weaned and distributed into two similar groups so that the mean body weight was nearly the same for the two groups: one group received a control diet containing 80% raw meat mixture and the other, a diet containing 15% dehulled soybean meal (SBM), 3.5% soya oil and 29.8% raw meat mixture. Dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were nearly the same for the two diets; DM intake and weight gain over a 16-wk period were lower with the SBM as compared to the control diet. Packed cell volume, blood glucose, serum proteins and serum lipids were unaffected by the diet, but the SBM diet increased serum levels of urea, ammonia, glutamine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline and tyrosine (P <.01). Unsaturated fatty acids formed 62.8% by weight in the serum of the mink. Mink fed SBM had serum containing relatively more linoleic acid whereas the control diet raised oleic and arachidonic acids (P <.01). Serum proteins, total lipids and phospholipids were higher (P <.01) in the male and blood hemoglobin and glucose were higher (P <.01) in the female mink. Cholesterol and phospholipids were two times higher in mink as compared to cats or dogs.