bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movilidad Intergeneracional y Desigualdad: El Caso Latinoamericano
Authors: Torche Florencia
Published: June 2015

El estudio de la movilidad ha cobrado importancia en la última década en Latinoamérica, empujado por la reciente disponibilidad de datos y por una renovada preocupación por la igualdad de oportunidades. Aunque el análisis de la movilidad aún está restringido a pocos países de la regi ón, una conclusión es clara: La movilidad intergeneracional de ingresos es menor en América Latina que en países industrializados, y se caracteriza por la "persistencia de la elite", un patrón consistente con la gran concentración de ingresos en la región. Sin embargo, la movilidad de clases en Latinoamérica no difiere significativamente del mundo industrializado. Este ensayo revisa dos generaciones de estudios de movilidad en Latinoamérica desde los 1960s, evalúa hallazgos recientes sobre movilidad económica y de clases, examina la relación entre factores macro-estructurales y movilidad, y considera la reciente literatura sobre igualdad de oportunidades. El artículo sugiere que el análisis comparativo de la movilidad en América Latina puede inspirar e informar estudios en otros contextos.
Interleukin-6 Prevents the Initiation but Enhances the Progression of Lung Cancer
Authors: Qu Zhaoxia , Sun Fan , Zhou Jingjiao , Li Liwen , Shapiro Steven D. , Xiao Gutian
Published: June 2015

Recent studies suggest that high expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL6 is associated with poor survival of lung cancer patients. Accordingly, IL6 has been a target of great interest for lung cancer therapy. However, the role of IL6 in lung cancer has not been determined yet. Here, we demonstrate that IL6 plays opposite roles in the initiation and growth of lung cancer in a mouse model of lung cancer induced by the K-Ras oncogene. We find that compared with wild-type mice, IL6-deficient mice developed much more lung tumors after an activating mutant of K-Ras was induced in the lungs. However, lung tumors developed in IL6-deficient mice were significantly smaller. Notably, both the lung tumor–suppressing and –promoting functions of IL6 involve its ability in activating the transcription factor STAT3. IL6/STAT3 signaling suppressed lung cancer initiation through maintaining lung homeostasis, regulating lung macrophages, and activating cytotoxic CD8 T cells under K-Ras oncogenic stress, whereas it promoted lung cancer cell growth through inducing the cell proliferation regulator cyclin D1. These studies reveal a previously unexplored role of IL6/STAT3 signaling in maintaining lung homeostasis and suppressing lung cancer induction. These studies also significantly improve our understanding of lung cancer and provide a molecular basis for designing IL6/STAT3-targeted therapies for this deadliest human cancer. Cancer Res; 75(16); 3209–15. ©2015 AACR.
Tackling Crizotinib Resistance: The Pathway from Drug Discovery to the Pediatric Clinic
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth R. , Danielson Laura S. , Innocenti Paolo , Chesler Louis
Published: June 2015

Neuroblastoma is a childhood malignancy that has not yet benefitted from the rapid progress in the development of small-molecule therapeutics for cancer. An opportunity to take advantage of pharmaceutical innovation in this area arose when the identification of ALK fusion proteins in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) occurred in parallel to the discovery of point mutations of ALK in neuroblastomas. ALK is now known to be a marker of poor outcome in neuroblastoma, and therefore, urgent development of specific ALK inhibitors to treat this devastating disease is a necessity. However, the translation of small molecules from adult directly into pediatric practice has thus far been challenging, due to mutation-specific structural variances in the ALK kinase domain. We discuss how the most recent structural and biological characterizations of ALK are directing preclinical and clinical studies of ALK inhibitors for both NSCLC and neuroblastoma. Cancer Res; 75(14); 2770–4. ©2015 AACR.
Targeting Acidity in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography Detects pH-Low Insertion Peptide Probes In Vivo
Authors: Kimbrough Charles W. , Khanal Anil , Zeiderman Matthew , Khanal Bigya R. , Burton Neal C. , McMasters Kelly M. , Vickers Selwyn M. , Grizzle William E. , McNally Lacey R.
Published: June 2015

Background: pH-low insertion peptides (pHLIP) can serve as a targeting moiety that enables pH-sensitive probes to detect solid tumors. Using these probes in conjunction with multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) is a promising approach to improve imaging for pancreatic cancer.

Methods: A pH-sensitive pHLIP (V7) was conjugated to 750 NIR fluorescent dye and evaluated as a targeted probe for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The pH-insensitive K7 pHLIP served as an untargeted control. Probe binding was assessed in vitro at pH 7.4, 6.8, and 6.6 using human pancreatic cell lines S2VP10 and S2013. Using MSOT, semiquantitative probe accumulation was then assessed in vivo with a murine orthotopic pancreatic adenocarcinoma model.

Results: In vitro, the V7-750 probe demonstrated significantly higher fluorescence at pH 6.6 compared with pH 7.4 (S2VP10, P = 0.0119; S2013, P = 0.0160), whereas no difference was observed with the K7-750 control (S2VP10, P = 0.8783; S2013, P = 0.921). In the in vivo S2VP10 model, V7-750 probe resulted in 782.5 MSOT a.u. signal compared with 5.3 MSOT a.u. in K7-750 control in tumor (P = 0.0001). Similarly, V7-750 probe signal was 578.3 MSOT a.u. in the S2013 model compared with K7-750 signal at 5.1 MSOT a.u. (P = 0.0005). There was minimal off-target accumulation of the V7-750 probe within the liver or kidney, and probe distribution was confirmed with ex vivo imaging.

Conclusions: Compared with pH-insensitive controls, V7-750 pH-sensitive probe specifically targets pancreatic adenocarcinoma and has minimal off-target accumulation. The noninvasive detection of pH-targeted probes by means of MSOT represents a promising modality to improve the detection and monitoring of pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 21(20); 4576–85. ©2015 AACR.

See related commentary by Reshetnyak, p. 4502
Ablation of B7-H3 but Not B7-H4 Results in Highly Increased Tumor Burden in a Murine Model of Spontaneous Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kreymborg Katharina , Haak Stefan , Murali Rajmohan , Wei Joyce , Waitz Rebecca , Gasteiger Georg , Savage Peter A. , van den Brink Marcel R. M. , Allison James P.
Published: June 2015

The costimulatory molecules B7-H3 and B7-H4 are overexpressed in a variety of human tumors and have been hypothesized as possible biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets. Despite this potential, the predominating uncertainty about their functional implication in tumor–host interaction hampers their evaluation as a target for cancer therapy. By means of a highly physiologic, spontaneous tumor model in mice, we establish a causal link between B7-H3 and host tumor control and found B7-H4 to be redundant. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(8); 849–54. ©2015 AACR.
Increased γ-H2AX and Rad51 DNA Repair Biomarker Expression in Human Cell Lines Resistant to the Chemotherapeutic Agents Nitrogen Mustard and Cisplatin
Authors: Adam-Zahir Sheba , Plowman Piers N. , Bourton Emma C. , Sharif Fariha , Parris Christopher N.
Published: June 2015

Chemotherapeutic anticancer drugs mediate cytotoxicity by a number of mechanisms. However, alkylating agents which induce DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL) are amongst the most effective anticancer agents and often form the mainstay of many anticancer therapies. The effectiveness of these drugs can be limited by the development of drug resistance in cancer cells and many studies have demonstrated that alterations in DNA repair kinetics are responsible for drug resistance. In this study we developed two cell lines resistant to the alkylating agents nitrogen mustard (HN2) and cisplatin (Pt). To determine if drug resistance was associated with enhanced ICL DNA repair we used immunocytochemistry and imaging flow cytometry to quantitate the number of γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci in the nuclei of cells after drug exposure. γ-H2AX was used to evaluate DNA strand breaks caused by repair incision nucleases and Rad51 was used to measure the activity of homologous recombination in the repair of ICL. In the drug-resistant derivative cell lines there was overall a significant increase in the number and persistence of both γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci in the nuclei of cells over a 72-hour period, when compared to the non-resistant parental cell lines (ANOVA p < 0.0001). In a Pt-resistant ovarian cancer cell line (A2780cisR) a similar enhancement of DNA repair was observed when compared to the non-drug-resistant wild-type ovarian cancer cells (A2780) following exposure to HN2. Our data suggest that using DNA repair biomarkers to evaluate mechanisms of resistance in cancer cell lines and human tumours may be of experimental and clinical benefit. We concede, however, that examination of a larger population of cell lines and tumours is required to fully evaluate the validity of this approach.
Chemokine CXCL1-Mediated Neutrophil Trafficking in the Lung: Role of CXCR2 Activation
Authors: Sawant Kirti V. , Xu Renling , Cox Robert , Hawkins Hal , Sbrana Elena , Kolli Deepthi , Garofalo Roberto P. , Rajarathnam Krishna
Published: June 2015

The chemokine CXCL1 and its receptor CXCR2 play a crucial role in host immune response by recruiting and activating neutrophils for microbial killing at the tissue site. Dysregulation in this process has been implicated in collateral tissue damage causing disease. CXCL1 reversibly exists as monomers and dimers, and it has been proposed that distinct monomer and dimer activities and the monomer-dimer equilibrium regulate the neutrophil function. However, the molecular mechanisms linking the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis and the neutrophil ‘beneficial' and ‘destructive' phenotypes are not known. In this study, we characterized neutrophil trafficking and its consequence in the mouse lung by the CXCL1 wild type (WT), which exists as monomers and dimers, and by a nondissociating dimer. Whereas the WT, compared to the dimer, was more active at low doses, both the WT and the dimer elicited a large neutrophil efflux at high doses. Importantly, robust neutrophil recruitment elicited by the WT or dimer was not detrimental to lung tissue integrity and, further, could not be correlated to surface CXCR2 levels. We conclude that the CXCL1 monomer-dimer distribution and receptor interactions are highly coupled and regulate neutrophil trafficking and that injury in the context of disease is a consequence of inappropriate CXCR2 activation at the target tissue and not due to mechanical forces exerted by neutrophils during recruitment.
The Influence of Gonadal Steroid Hormones on Immunoreactive Kisspeptin in the Preoptic Area and Arcuate Nucleus of Developing Agonadal Mice with a Genetic Disruption of Steroidogenic Factor 1
Authors: Büdefeld Tomaz , Tobet Stuart A. , Majdic Gregor
Published: June 2015

Kisspeptin, a regulator of reproductive function and puberty in mammals, is expressed in the rostral (anteroventral) periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and arcuate nucleus (Arc), and its expression is at least partially regulated by estradiol in rodents. The aim of the present study was to determine contributions of genetic factors and gonadal steroid hormones to the sexual differentiation of kisspeptin-immunoreactive (kisspeptin-ir) cell populations in the AVPV and Arc during postnatal development using agonadal steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) knockout (KO) mice. To examine the effects of gonadal hormones on pubertal development of kisspeptin neurons, SF-1 KO mice were treated with estradiol benzoate (EB) from postnatal day (P)25 to P36, and their brains were examined at P36. No sex differences were observed in the SF-1 KO mice during postnatal development and after treatment with EB - which failed to increase the number of kisspeptin-ir cells at P36 to the levels found in wild-type (WT) control females. This suggests that specific time periods of estradiol actions or other factors are needed for sexual differentiation of the pattern of immunoreactive kisspeptin in the AVPV. Kisspeptin immunoreactivity in the Arc was significantly higher in gonadally intact WT and SF-1 KO females than in male mice at P36 during puberty. Further, in WT and SF-1 KO females, but not in males, adult levels were reached at P36. This suggests that maturation of the kisspeptin system in the Arc differs between sexes and is regulated by gonad-independent mechanisms.
Staged Catheter-Based Valve Treatment of Severe Carcinoid Heart Disease
Authors: Laule Michael , Pschowski René , Pape Ulrich-Frank , Pavel Marianne , Stangl Verena , Baumann Gert , Wiedenmann Bertram , Stangl Karl
Published: June 2015

Purpose: Carcinoid heart disease (CHD) with severe valve destruction represents the major cause of high morbidity and mortality in patients with carcinoid syndrome. In this paper, we present a novel interventional treatment approach and report the first clinical result achieved in a patient with extensive CHD. Methods and Results: A woman with an ileal neuroendocrine tumour (G2, Ki67: 5%) presented with severe CHD (NYHA IV) affecting both the pulmonary and the tricuspid valve. First, a balloon-expandable 23-mm Edwards SAPIEN™ was successfully implanted percutaneously into the pulmonary valve. Since no catheter-based techniques were available for the replacement of the native tricuspid valve, we implanted an Edwards SAPIEN 26-mm valve into the vena cava inferior between the right atrium and the ostium of the hepatic veins to reduce abdominal congestion. The implantation was technically successful and completely prevented regurgitation into the vena cava inferior and abdominal veins. After this procedure, the patient's clinical condition improved significantly, and she achieved near-normal exercise tolerance (VO2 max: 24.4 ml O2/kg/min, NYHA II). Conclusion: We demonstrated that percutaneous valve implantation may offer a novel, minimally invasive option in high-risk patients with severe CHD.
Leitura, Escrita e Tecnologias da Informação
Authors: Gebara Ana Elvira L.
Published: June 2015

Resenha do livro: CABRAL, Ana Lúcia; MINEL, Jean-Luc; MARQUESI, Sueli Cristina (orgs.). Leitura, Escrita e Tecnologias da Informação. São Paulo: Terracota, 2015.
O Sistema Impro e a criação teatral
Authors: Horta Diogo , Muniz Mariana De Lima e
Published: June 2015

Este texto reflete sobre o sistema Impro, criado pelo professor inglês Keith Johnstone, que tem como foco a formação do ator por meio da prática de improvisação teatral. O sistema é composto por jogos e exercícios fundamentados na cooperação e na benevolência como base para a criação e para a formação teatral. A partir de uma pesquisa comparativa realizada na EBA/UFMG e na UFSJ, entre 2012 e 2014, buscou-se apresentar o sistema.
OS SISTEMAS DE INFORMAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA E O PLANEAMENTO URBANO SAUDÁVEL NA AMADORA
Authors: Santana Paula , Costa Cláudia , Loureiro Adriana
Published: June 2015

A saúde é um tema estratégico para o desenvolvimento nacional, pelo que a intervenção na sociedade apenas pode ser sustentada e efetiva se resultar de informação fidedigna, fiável, adequada e disponibilizada em tempo útil. Para isso têm contribuído os Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Será apresentado um trabalho relativo à influência do contexto na saúde da população do Município de Amadora, ilustrando a aplicabilidade do SIG a uma escala de análise local, com o objetivo de construir indicadores, que permitam conhecer o território, as suas potencialidades e os seus constrangimentos, aplicáveis no planeamento urbano saudável.
LA CARTOGRAFÍA EN SALUD PÚBLICA: VIEJOS PROBLEMAS Y NUEVAS OPORTUNIDADES
Authors: Iñiguez Rojas Luisa Basilia , Barcellos Christovam
Published: June 2015

La división convencional de la geografía de la salud en geografía de problemas o daños a la salud, también conocida como Nosogeografía (Darchenkova, 1988), y geografía de la atención médica o de los cuidados a la salud, puede extenderse a la bifurcación de la cartografía de la salud en dos áreas de su desarrollo. Así, por lo general los mapas identifican distribuciones espaciales de problemas de salud y sus determinantes, o sustentan la distribución de los servicios de atención según necesidades en salud; la articulación de estas dos direcciones es aún muy escasa.
DA CARTOGRAFIA ANALÓGICA À NEOCARTOGRAFIA: NOSSOS MAPAS NUNCA MAIS SERÃO OS MESMOS?
Authors: Freitas Maria Isabel Castreghini
Published: June 2015

Esse artigo objetiva realizar uma reflexão sobre os caminhos da cartografia apoiada nas tecnologias, tomando por base o histórico recente da ciência cartográfica no Brasil, bem como apresentar as possibilidades da Neocartografia no presente e no futuro, considerando a realidade globalizada e as tendências de uma cartografia apoiada nas mídias e na internet. O texto esta estruturado em duas partes: a primeira trata de uma revisão da história recente da cartografia no Mundo e no Brasil, destacando os principais eventos que transformaram nossa forma de produzir mapas nas últimas décadas até os dias atuais; a segunda parte trata de uma reflexão sobre os rumos da Cartografia com o advento de tecnologias de comunicação e posicionamento como os sistemas de computacionais e internet de alta velocidade, contribuindo para o surgimento de uma nova geração de cartógrafos e usuários de mapas, apoiados em recursos tecnológicos para a produção e uso de mapas de maneira dinâmica e instantânea. Pretende-se fomentar a discussão sobre o que é imprescindível e imutável na ciência cartográfica, nesse novo relacionamento com os mapas.
CARTOGRAFIA, INFORMAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA E NOVAS TECNOLOGIAS
Authors: Serradj Aziz
Published: June 2015

A presente comunicação trata da evolução da utilização da informação geográfica e sua cartografia após três revoluções tecnológicas: a digital, a multimídia e a da comunicação. Após breve apresentação da informação geográfica, veremos quais são as grandes transformações ocorridas na Cartografia. A primeira grande revolução é digital, que forneceu um poder de cálculo muito importante, permitindo não apenas realizar mapas com a ajuda de computadores, um ganho de rapidez de execução e precisão de traço, mas também de modelização dos dados temáticos para obter mapas deformados (TCP), exprimindo funcionalidades como a acessibilidade ou outras. A segunda revolução é multimídia, que não apenas tocou profundamente a Cartografia ao oferecer novas ferramentas à disciplina, mas se inscreve no contexto cultural e social atual. A multimídia propõe ao público imagens, no largo senso do termo, animadas, sonoras... aquilo que as tornam mais atrativas e intuitivas, permitindo uma melhor compreensão dos fenômenos tratados. As animações temporais e processuais colocam em evidência as mudanças no tempo e facilitam as simulações. Estas últimas se apoiam sob uma modelização da informação geográfica com a ajuda, por exemplo, dos autômatos celulares ou de sistemas multi-agentes, que permitem levar em conta eventuais auto-organizações espaciais e que se constituem de uma ferramenta apreciável no quadro de um sistema de ajuda à decisão. A multimídia pode inserir outro sentido além da visão: a audição. Como há uma relação direta entre o que vemos e o que entendemos, a utilização do som permite memorizar melhor o conteúdo de um mapa. Enfim, a comunicação via Internet e a “Web Cartografia” permitem a difusão de mapas completos ou bem realizados com interativid¬ade pelo usuário, à distância, e recuperados para serem utilizados imediatamente. A Cartografia se torna onipresente e universal!
EL TERRITORIO COMO PUENTE ENTRE LA CULTURA Y LA POLÍTICA, PARTE II. EL PENSAMIENTO DE FEDERICO A. DAUS 1922-1957
Authors: Lascano Kezic Marcelo Ezequiel , Curto Susana Isabel
Published: June 2015

Se presenta un recorrido por el pensamiento de Federico A. Daus a través de su obra escrita, en especial hasta la aparición de “Geografía y unidad argentina”, su obra cumbre. El orden cronológico provee un método preliminar para comenzar a distinguir componentes. Desde el comienzo puede verificarse un interés por el territorio como campo de especulación práctica. Luego su producción se adapta a las líneas humanistas de Museo Etnográfico de la Universidad de Buenos Aires. En la Universidad Nacional de La Plata profundiza la vertiente de la política de recursos naturales, a través de la geografía regional. Previo a la vinculación con el peronismo, Daus compone dos de sus piezas integrales, la Geografía de la República Argentina, publicada en España, y la primera parte de su Geografía de la Argentina, destinada a la enseñanza. Se produce una pausa en su producción hasta la aparición de “Geografía y unidad argentina”, un planteo sobre el rol del territorio en la conformación de la Argentina. La vertiente práctica es abordada nuevamente, años después, a través de la temática del desarrollo, como combinación entre el perfil académico y cultural y la búsqueda de realizar una contribución a la vida del país a través del territorio.
ANÁLISE DA VARIAÇÃO DA TEMPERATURA NA RESERVA PARTICULAR DO PATRIMÔNIO NATURAL, POUSADA DAS ARARAS, EM SERRANÓPOLIS-GO: uma abordagem topoclimática
Authors: Lopes Regina Maria , Mariano Zilda De Fátima , Cabral João Batista Pereira , Martins Alécio Perini
Published: June 2015

O presente artigo teve por objetivo analisar a variação climática na escala topoclimática, utilizando dados de temperatura do ar, no período de abril de 2010 a março de 2011, na RPPN-Pousada das Araras-GO. Para analisar o gradiente térmico foi traçado um perfil topográfico, utilizando dados de temperatura do ar de 5 termohigrômetros, localizados ao longo da trilha da Pousada das Araras, em cotas altimétricas entre 543 m (cota inferior) a 619 m (cota superior). De acordo com os dados analisados nos horários das 15 e 21h a variação da temperatura média oscilou entre 19,7 a 25,6ºC. Verificou-se às 15h que a correlação foi acima dos 80% e às 21h constatou-se que ocorreu a inversão térmica entre os pontos P1 e P5.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA PRECIPITAÇÃO PLUVIOMÉTRICA NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO IBICUÍ, RS
Authors: Simioni João Paulo Delapasse , Rovani Franciele Francisca Marmentini , Iensse Amanda Comassetto , Wollmann Cássio Arthur
Published: June 2015

Este trabalho teve por objetivo geral a caracterização da precipitação pluviométrica na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Ibicuí, Rio Grande do Sul. Para a escolha dos anos-padrões e ano habitual, utilizou-se os dados de precipitação referentes aos anos de 1980 a 2009, perfazendo um total de 30 anos, das redes de estações meteorológicas da FEPAGRO e também do INMET. Após a aquisição dos dados, criou-se uma tabela no software Surfer 10.0 onde foi possível a criação das isolinhas de precipitação através do método de krigagem. Em seguida, exportou-se as isolinhas para o formato shapefile, onde através do software ArcGIS 10.2 foram criados o banco de dados e o mapeamento da precipitação pluviométrica. Desta forma concluiu-se que o ano-padrão habitual foi 2007, com precipitação total anual variando entre 1200 mm a 1800 mm, o ano-padrão mais chuvoso foi 2002 com precipitação anual superior a 3200 mm e como ano-padrão menos chuvoso destacou-se o ano de 2004, como sendo um ano com totais pluviométricos bem abaixo dos valores habituais, com valores anuais inferiores a 1200 mm.
CHAPADA DOS GUIMARÃES: BORDA DA BACIA DO PARANÁ
Authors: Ross Jurandyr Luciano Sanches
Published: June 2015

A Chapada dos Guimarães corresponde a uma extensa superfície de relevo elevado e de topo aplanado posicionada na extremidade noroeste da bacia sedimentar do Paraná localizada no Estado de Mato Grosso-Brasil.As formas  planas do topo, estão entre 600 e 800m de altitude com a superfície pouco inclinada de noroeste para sul e leste. Está esculpida sobre rochas sedimentares preferencialmente arenitos do período Devoniano e do Cretáceo. Suas bordas são escarpadas, sendo que as frentes de escarpas  voltadas para a Depressão Cuiabana ultrapassam os 500m de gradiente topográfico. Nessa região a Chapada também apresenta nos topos formas de relevos ruiniformes  esculpidos nos arenitos vermelhos e amarelos da Formação Ponta Grossa (Devoniano). A chapada é contornada por Depressões como a Cuiabana e a Interplanaltica de Paranatinga a noroeste e norte e também por Planaltos a noroeste e sul. Essas áreas são fortemente marcadas por feixes de falhas de direção NE-SW e que têm vinculações com as áreas de dobramentos do pré-Cambriano Superior denominado de  Cinturão Orogenético Paraguai-Araguaia. A região passou a ter reativações tectônicas a partir do meso-cenozoico atuando nos processos de soerguimento generalizado com arqueamentos dômicos mais localizados como ocorre com o chamado “Arco de São Vicente”. A morfogênese da Chapada têm fortes relações com o tectonismo meso-cenozoico de um lado e de outro com  os ativos processos denudacionais concomitantes, responsáveis pelo rebaixamento  erosivo das depressões e da intensa dissecação do relevo dos planaltos do entorno da Chapada.A Chapada dos Guimarães, corresponde portanto a um segmento de relevo da borda noroeste da bacia do Paraná, que se manteve mais preservada dos processos de falhamentos e consequentemente das atividades erosivas meso-cenozoicas.
Bach1 Represses Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling and Angiogenesis
Authors: Jiang Li , Yin Meng , Wei Xiangxiang , Liu Junxu , Wang Xinhong , Niu Cong , Kang Xueling , Xu Jie , Zhou Zhongwei , Sun Shaoyang , Wang Xu , Zheng Xiaojun , Duan Shengzhong , Yao Kang , Qian Ruizhe , Sun Ning , Chen Alex , Wang Rui , Zhang Jianyi , Chen Sifeng , Meng Dan
Published: June 2015

Rationale:

Wnt/β-catenin signaling has an important role in the angiogenic activity of endothelial cells (ECs). Bach1 is a transcription factor and is expressed in ECs, but whether Bach1 regulates angiogenesis is unknown.

Objective:

This study evaluated the role of Bach1 in angiogenesis and Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

Methods and Results:

Hind-limb ischemia was surgically induced in Bach1
–/–
mice and their wild-type littermates and in C57BL/6J mice treated with adenoviruses coding for Bach1 or GFP. Lack of Bach1 expression was associated with significant increases in perfusion and vascular density and in the expression of proangiogenic cytokines in the ischemic hindlimb of mice, with enhancement of the angiogenic activity of ECs (eg, tube formation, migration, and proliferation). Bach1 overexpression impaired angiogenesis in mice with hind-limb ischemia and inhibited Wnt3a-stimulated angiogenic response and the expression of Wnt/β-catenin target genes, such as interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor, in human umbilical vein ECs. Interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor were responsible for the antiangiogenic response of Bach1. Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assessments indicated that Bach1 binds directly to TCF4 and reduces the interaction of β-catenin with TCF4. Bach1 overexpression reduces the interaction between p300/CBP and β-catenin, as well as β-catenin acetylation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that Bach1 occupies the TCF4-binding site of the interleukin-8 promoter and recruits histone deacetylase 1 to the interleukin-8 promoter in human umbilical vein ECs.

Conclusions:

Bach1 suppresses angiogenesis after ischemic injury and impairs Wnt/β-catenin signaling by disrupting the interaction between β-catenin and TCF4 and by recruiting histone deacetylase 1 to the promoter of TCF4-targeted genes.
Estimated Global, Regional, and National Disease Burdens Related to Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption in 2010
Authors: Singh Gitanjali M. , Micha Renata , Khatibzadeh Shahab , Lim Stephen , Ezzati Majid , Mozaffarian Dariush
Published: June 2015

Background—

Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are consumed globally and contribute to adiposity. However, the worldwide impact of SSBs on burdens of adiposity-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, and diabetes mellitus has not been assessed by nation, age, and sex.

Methods and Results—

We modeled global, regional, and national burdens of disease associated with SSB consumption by age/sex in 2010. Data on SSB consumption levels were pooled from national dietary surveys worldwide. The effects of SSB intake on body mass index and diabetes mellitus, and of elevated body mass index on CVD, diabetes mellitus, and cancers were derived from large prospective cohort pooling studies. Disease-specific mortality/morbidity data were obtained from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We computed cause-specific population-attributable fractions for SSB consumption, which were multiplied by cause-specific mortality/morbidity to compute estimates of SSB-attributable death/disability. Analyses were done by country/age/sex; uncertainties of all input data were propagated into final estimates. Worldwide, the model estimated 184 000 (95% uncertainty interval, 161 000–208 000) deaths/y attributable to SSB consumption: 133 000 (126 000–139 000) from diabetes mellitus, 45 000 (26 000–61 000) from CVD, and 6450 (4300–8600) from cancers. Five percent of SSB-related deaths occurred in low-income, 70.9% in middle-income, and 24.1% in high-income countries. Proportional mortality attributable to SSBs ranged from <1% in Japanese >65 years if age to 30% in Mexicans <45 years of age. Among the 20 most populous countries, Mexico had largest absolute (405 deaths/million adults) and proportional (12.1%) deaths from SSBs. A total of 8.5 (2.8, 19.2) million disability-adjusted life years were related to SSB intake (4.5% of diabetes mellitus–related disability-adjusted life years).

Conclusions—

SSBs are a single, modifiable component of diet that can impact preventable death/disability in adults in high-, middle-, and low-income countries, indicating an urgent need for strong global prevention programs.
Endotoxin and β-1,3-
d
-Glucan in Concentrated Ambient Particles Induce Rapid Increase in Blood Pressure in Controlled Human Exposures
Authors: Zhong Jia , Urch Bruce , Speck Mary , Coull Brent A. , Koutrakis Petros , Thorne Peter S. , Scott James , Liu Ling , Brook Robert D. , Behbod Behrooz , Gibson Heike , Silverman Frances , Mittleman Murray A. , Baccarelli Andrea A. , Gold Diane R.
Published: June 2015

Short-term exposure to particulate matter (PM) is associated with increased blood pressure (BP) in epidemiological studies. Understanding the impact of specific PM components on BP is essential in developing effective risk-reduction strategies. We investigated the association between endotoxin and β-1,3-
d
-Glucan—two major biological PM components—and BP. We also examined whether vascular endothelial growth factor, a vasodilatory inflammatory marker, modified these associations. We conducted a single-blind, randomized, crossover trial of controlled human exposure to concentrated ambient particles with 50 healthy adults. Particle-associated-endotoxin and β-1,3-
d
-Glucan were sampled using polycarbonate-membrane-filters. Supine resting systolic BP and diastolic BP were measured pre-, 0.5-hour post-, and 20-hour postexposure. Urine vascular endothelial growth factor concentration was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and creatinine-corrected. Exposures to endotoxin and β-1,3-
d
-Glucan for 130 minutes were associated with increases in BPs: at 0.5-hour postexposure, every doubling in endotoxin concentration was associated with 1.73 mm Hg higher systolic BP (95% confidence interval, 0.28, 3.18;
P
=0.02) and 2.07 mm Hg higher diastolic BP (95% confidence interval, 0.74, 3.39;
P
=0.003); every doubling in β-1,3-
d
-Glucan concentration was associated with 0.80 mm Hg higher systolic BP (95% confidence interval, −0.07, 1.67;
P
=0.07) and 0.88 mm Hg higher diastolic BP (95% confidence interval, 0.09, 1.66;
P
=0.03). Vascular endothelial growth factor rose after concentrated ambient particle endotoxin exposure and attenuated the association between endotoxin and 0.5-hour postexposure diastolic BP (
P
interaction
=0.02). In healthy adults, short-term endotoxin and β-1,3-
d
-Glucan exposures were associated with increased BP. Our findings suggest that the biological PM components contribute to PM-related cardiovascular outcomes, and postexposure vascular endothelial growth factor elevation might be an adaptive response that attenuates these effects.
Genetic and Functional Evidence Supports
LPAR1
as a Susceptibility Gene for Hypertension
Authors: Xu Ke , Ma Lu , Li Yang , Wang Fang , Zheng Gu-Yan , Sun Zhijun , Jiang Feng , Chen Yundai , Liu Huirong , Dang Aimin , Chen Xi , Chun Jerold , Tian Xiao-Li
Published: June 2015

Essential hypertension is a complex disease affected by genetic and environmental factors and serves as a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Serum lysophosphatidic acid correlates with an elevated blood pressure in rats, and lysophosphatidic acid interacts with 6 subtypes of receptors. In this study, we assessed the genetic association of lysophosphatidic acid receptors with essential hypertension by genotyping 28 single-nucleotide polymorphisms from genes encoding for lysophosphatidic acid receptors,
LPAR1
,
LPAR2
,
LPAR3
,
LPAR4
,
LPAR5
, and
LPAR6
and their flanking sequences, in 3 Han Chinese cohorts consisting of 2630 patients and 3171 controls in total. We identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism, rs531003 in the 3′-flanking genomic region of
LPAR1
, associated with hypertension (the Bonferroni corrected
P
=1.09×10
–5
, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=1.23 [1.13–1.33]). The risk allele C of rs531003 is associated with the increased expression of
LPAR1
and the susceptibility of hypertension, particularly in those with a shortage of sleep (
P
=4.73×10
–5
, odds ratio [95% confidence interval]=1.75 [1.34–2.28]). We further demonstrated that blood pressure elevation caused by sleep deprivation and phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction was both diminished in
LPAR1
-deficient mice. Together, we show that
LPAR1
is a novel susceptibility gene for human essential hypertension and that stress, such as shortage of sleep, increases the susceptibility of patients with risk allele to essential hypertension.
2015 American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Focused Update of the 2013 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke Regarding Endovascular Treatment
Authors: Powers William J. , Derdeyn Colin P. , Biller José , Coffey Christopher S. , Hoh Brian L. , Jauch Edward C. , Johnston Karen C. , Johnston S. Claiborne , Khalessi Alexander A. , Kidwell Chelsea S. , Meschia James F. , Ovbiagele Bruce , Yavagal Dileep R.
Published: June 2015

Purpose—

The aim of this guideline is to provide a focused update of the current recommendations for the endovascular treatment of acute ischemic stroke. When there is overlap, the recommendations made here supersede those of previous guidelines.

Methods—

This focused update analyzes results from 8 randomized, clinical trials of endovascular treatment and other relevant data published since 2013. It is not intended to be a complete literature review from the date of the previous guideline publication but rather to include pivotal new evidence that justifies changes in current recommendations. Members of the writing committee were appointed by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council’s Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Manuscript Oversight Committee. Strict adherence to the American Heart Association conflict of interest policy was maintained throughout the consensus process. Recommendations follow the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association methods of classifying the level of certainty of the treatment effect and the class of evidence. Prerelease review of the draft guideline was performed by 6 expert peer reviewers and by the members of the Stroke Council Scientific Statement Oversight Committee and Stroke Council Leadership Committee.

Results—

Evidence-based guidelines are presented for the selection of patients with acute ischemic stroke for endovascular treatment, for the endovascular procedure, and for systems of care to facilitate endovascular treatment.

Conclusions—

Certain endovascular procedures have been demonstrated to provide clinical benefit in selected patients with acute ischemic stroke. Systems of care should be organized to facilitate the delivery of this care.
The Syntax Organization of Shape and Color and the Laws of Coloration in Vision, Art and Biology
Authors: Pinna Baingio , Deiana Katia
Published: June 2015

In this work we demonstrate that next to figure–ground segregation and perceptual grouping, as proposed by Gestalt psychologists, there is a further and more complex kind of organization related to the way object attributes like shape and color are organized to create a visual object. More particularly, through new logical and phenomenal implications, we explore the complexity of the phenomenal coloration and the syntactic relation between shape and color. Moreover, we extract the main laws ruling their phenomenal logic and organization. Finally, we present new conditions and a new paradigm based on the drawings and paintings made spontaneously by children of different ages in a drawing/painting task. Using this paradigm, it is assumed that the way children organize shape and color in their drawings and paintings is related to the way the visual system perceives their syntactic relation. The results show that, under the conditions studied, shape and color are organized as juxtaposed and in sequential order with the shape becoming hierarchically the core reference for the color. These results suggest a visual syntactic organization as a new kind of object formation process useful for understanding the language of vision and the implications for art and biology.
Constraints on Animal (and Plant) Form in Nature and Art
Authors: Minelli Alessandro
Published: June 2015

The forms of all extant animals and plants agree with a small number of main architectural schemes emerged through the history of life, which function as largely invariant patterns of body syntax. To a considerable extent, these ‘rules of forms’ are obeyed by the products of imagination developed in myth and represented in art, such as chimeras, centaurs, mermaids, angels and dragons. The main exception to this rule is the frequent occurrence of additional sets of paired appendages, such as two wings added onto a human figure or a four-legged beast. However, Turpin’s Urpflanze is totally at variance with respect to the body syntax of existing plants. Generalized familiarity with animals’ body syntax provides a scope for perceptual manipulations experienced by humans but also by other animals.
Lectotypifications and a new combination in Eugenia sect. Racemosae (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Mazine Fiorella , Souza Vinicius Castro
Published: June 2015

Eugenia sect. Racemosae (Myrtaceae) includes about 59 species of shrubs and trees native to the Neotropics. Members of the section range from northern Mexico and the Antilles throughout South America to Uruguay and northern Argentina. Most species are trees, found in several vegetation types. The section as treated here contains species with flowers exclusively in racemes and/or rarely diplobotrys (compound inflorescence with racemose partial inflorescences), with an obvious flower-bearing axis with a pedicel to internode ratio of 2:1 or less. All typification and nomenclatural issues pertaining to the section and its component species are comprehensively examined here. Eugenia sect. Racemosae is monophyletic, as showed by previous studies. Thirty five names are lectotypified where necessary; many of these taxa were described from collections in Berlin (B) that are no longer extant. This study also provides other nomenclatural notes of species of Eugenia sect. Racemosae, such as a new synonym and a new combination. A new name for Eugenia macrophylla O. Berg is also proposed.
The land crabs of the Discoplax longipes A. Milne-Edwards, 1867 species group, with description of a new species from Guam (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae)
Authors: NG PETER K. L. , SHIH HSI-TE
Published: June 2015

Specimens of the gecarcinid land crab Discoplax longipes A. Milne-Edwards, 1867, from the western Pacific, can be separated into two distinct groups on the basis of DNA (mitochondrial 16S rDNA and cytochrome oxidase subunit I) and structure of the male first gonopod. On the basis of this data, the material that occurs from the Loyalty Islands to French Polynesia is shown to be D. longipes s. str., whereas specimens from Guam are here referred to a new pseudocryptic species, D. michalis n. sp. The two species are described and figured; and a revised key to the long-legged Discoplax species is provided.
Synthesis of Vortex Rossby Waves. Part I: Episodically Forced Waves in the Inner Waveguide
Authors: Cotto Amaryllis , Gonzalez Israel , Willoughby Hugh E.
Published: June 2015

Spiral cloud bands dominate tropical cyclones’ appearance in satellite and radar images. It is generally accepted that at least some of them are vortex Rossby waves that propagate on the radial gradient of mean-flow-relative vorticity. This study models these features in Fourier and time domains as linear, barotropic, nondivergent waves on a maintained mean vortex scaled to resemble tropical cyclones. This formulation is the simplest one imaginable that encompasses the essential rotational dynamics.

The modeled waves are episodically forced by a rotating annular train of sinusoidal vorticity sources and sinks that crudely represents eyewall convection. Substantial quiescent time intervals separate forced intervals. The waves propagate wave energy predominantly outward and converge angular momentum inward. Waves’ energy is absorbed as their perturbation vorticity becomes filamented near the outer critical radii where their Doppler-shifted frequencies and radial group velocities approach zero. The waves can propagate spatially only in narrow annular waveguides because of their slow tangential phase velocity and the restricted Rossby wave frequency domain. Although radial shear of the mean flow distorts their velocity field into tightly wound spirals, their streamfunction and geopotential fields assume the form of elliptical gyres or broad trailing spirals that do not resemble observed hurricane rainbands.
Three-Dimensional Bioprinting for Regenerative Dentistry and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering
Authors: Obregon F. , Vaquette C. , Ivanovski S. , Hutmacher D.W. , Bertassoni L.E.
Published: June 2015

Craniofacial tissues are organized with complex 3-dimensional (3D) architectures. Mimicking such 3D complexity and the multicellular interactions naturally occurring in craniofacial structures represents one of the greatest challenges in regenerative dentistry. Three-dimensional bioprinting of tissues and biological structures has been proposed as a promising alternative to address some of these key challenges. It enables precise manufacture of various biomaterials with complex 3D architectures, while being compatible with multiple cell sources and being customizable to patient-specific needs. This review describes different 3D bioprinting methods and summarizes how different classes of biomaterials (polymer hydrogels, ceramics, composites, and cell aggregates) may be used for 3D biomanufacturing of scaffolds, as well as craniofacial tissue analogs. While the fabrication of scaffolds upon which cells attach, migrate, and proliferate is already in use, printing of all the components that form a tissue (living cells and matrix materials together) to produce tissue constructs is still in its early stages. In summary, this review seeks to highlight some of the key advantages of 3D bioprinting technology for the regeneration of craniofacial structures. Additionally, it stimulates progress on the development of strategies that will promote the translation of craniofacial tissue engineering from the laboratory bench to the chair side.
Field Placement Schools and Instructional Effectiveness
Authors: Ronfeldt Matthew
Published: June 2015

Student teaching has long been considered a cornerstone of teacher preparation. One dimension thought to affect student teacher learning is the kinds of schools in which these experiences occur. Drawing on extensive survey and administrative data on all teachers, students, and schools in a large, urban district, this study investigates whether certain kinds of field placement schools predict later teacher performance. It finds that teachers who learned to teach in field placements with stronger teacher collaboration, achievement gains, and, to a lesser degree, teacher retention were subsequently more effective at raising student achievement. However, these kinds of schools were less likely to be used as field placements. Results suggest that better functioning school organizations with positive work environments make desirable settings for teacher learning and that preparation programs, and the districts they supply, would benefit from more strategically using these kinds of schools to prepare future teachers.
Building Progressive Organizations
Authors: Osterman Paul
Published: June 2015

This comment considers the influence Saul Alinsky and the Industrial Areas Foundation on the trajectory of unions and community organizations in the United States. It argues that this influence has been constructive along a number of important dimensions.
Can’t Count or Won’t Count? Embedding Quantitative Methods in Substantive Sociology Curricula: A Quasi-Experiment
Authors: Williams Malcolm , Sloan Luke , Cheung Sin Yi , Sutton Carole , Stevens Sebastian , Runham Libby
Published: June 2015

This paper reports on a quasi-experiment in which quantitative methods (QM) are embedded within a substantive sociology module. Through measuring student attitudes before and after the intervention alongside control group comparisons, we illustrate the impact that embedding has on the student experience. Our findings are complex and even contradictory. Whilst the experimental group were less likely to be distrustful of statistics and appreciate how QM inform social research, they were also less confident about their statistical abilities, suggesting that through ‘doing’ quantitative sociology the experimental group are exposed to the intricacies of method and their optimism about their own abilities is challenged. We conclude that embedding QM in a single substantive module is not a ‘magic bullet’ and that a wider programme of content and assessment diversification across the curriculum is preferential.
Elitist Egalitarianism: Negotiating Identity in the Norwegian Cultural Elite
Authors: Ljunggren Jørn
Published: June 2015

The cultural elite are believed to be under siege due to significant changes in the ‘workings’ of cultural capital. Despite such changes, there is very little information about the class subjectivities of the ‘cultural elite’ themselves. The present article seeks to contribute to this shortcoming by taking advantage of in-depth qualitative interviews with individuals possessing great levels of cultural capital in a highly egalitarian country, Norway. This study shows that while the interviewees experience lack of recognition and honour from ‘the people’, they are far from passively descending. The main demarcation to other groups seems not to be cultural taste, but instead the orientation towards culture, broadly defined. While egalitarian sentiments are voiced, this does not hinder cultural elite awareness, but rather dampens how this can be expressed in public – merged into a form of elitist egalitarianism.
Value Pluralism
Authors: Talisse Robert B.
Published: June 2015

Patrick Overeem and Jelle Verhoef pose a serious challenge to Hendrik Wagenaar and Michael Spicer, both of whom attempt to derive prescriptive conclusions for public administration from value pluralism (VP). Wagenaar and Spicer have responded with puzzlement, adding the counter-charge that Overeem and Verhoef have misinterpreted their views. Indeed, there is misinterpretation afoot, but the culprits are Wagenaar and Spicer. Although they both claim to have adopted VP, neither demonstrates an adequate grasp of that position. Consequently, they miss the force of Overeem and Verhoef’s arguments, and their responses introduce new confusions.