bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regionalization of Health Services in Canada: A Critical Perspective
Authors: Church John , Barker Paul
Published: May 2005

Since the introduction of universal health insurance in Canada in the late 1960s, the federal and provincial governments have been concerned with cost savings, efficiency of service delivery, equity in service provision, enhanced citizen participation, and increased accountability of decision-makers. A plethora of government royal commissions and task forces have recommended a similar range of options for addressing these concerns. Central to the reforms has been a proposed regionalized health system with an intermediary body responsible for functions previously assigned to local or central structures. For its supporters, regionalization offers a means of better coordinating and integrating health care delivery and controlling expenditures, and promises a more effective provision of services and an avenue for citizen participation in health care decision-making. All provincial governments except Ontario have introduced regional structures for health care, with the hope that these changes will increase efficiency, equity, and responsiveness. However, despite the alleged benefits, regionalization presents significant challenges. It faces obstacles to integrating and coordinating services in a manner that produces economies of scale; it requires an enhanced level of information that may be difficult to achieve; it is unlikely to involve citizens in health care decision-making; and it may actually lead to increased costs.
Implementation and Process Evaluation of a School-Based Drug Abuse Prevention Program: Project towards No Drug Abuse
Authors: Dent Clyde W. , Sussman Steve , Hennesy Michael , Galaif Elisha R. , Stacy Alan W. , Moss Maryann , Craig Sande
Published: May 2005

The present study provides an implementation, process, and immediate outcomes evaluation of the classroom component of Project Towards No Drug Abuse (TND). This project involves development and evaluation of a school-based drug abuse prevention curriculum for continuation high school youth, who are at relatively high risk for drug abuse. Three randomized conditions were evaluated: a standard care, classroom only, and classroom plus school-as-community. The latter condition was an enhanced school-based condition which involved outside-of-classroom meetings and activities. Implementation was high in both program conditions even though this was a higher risk context. Process evaluation data were favorable and did not vary between the two program conditions. Immediate outcomes data (knowledge) was higher in the two program conditions than in the standard care condition. Regarding the classroom program, addition of extra-classroom activities does not appear to alter the quality of delivery of the program.
Computer Literacy in Grades K-8
Authors: Hunter Beverly
Published: May 2005

Computer literacy for students and teachers in grades K-8 is defined as the ability to: 1) use suitably programmed computers in appropriate ways to assist in accomplishing tasks and solving problems; and 2) make informed judgments about social and ethical issues involving computer and communications systems.

Rationale is presented for an approach to computer literacy for K-8, in which computer-related objectives are integrated into the curricula in language arts, math, science and social studies. A set of objectives is described.
Distance Learning: An International Perspective
Authors: Ben-Jacob Marion Glazerman
Published: May 2005

The context for learning is undergoing a metamorphosis and distance learning is becoming a viable, international alternative for furthering one's education. The contention of this article is that the advantages of the new medium far outweigh the disadvantages; nevertheless, both the pros and the cons from the perspectives of the institution, the professor, and the student are presented. Issues such as the alteration in pedagogical style, modification in course content, compensation for lack of face-to-face communication, assessment, the profile of the successful online learner, changes in types of exams, projects, and homework assignments, as well as region-specific concerns are addressed.
Maritime Settlement and Subsistence along the Southern New England Coast: Evidence from Block Island, Rhode Island
Authors: Tveskov Mark
Published: May 2005

The nature of prehistoric settlement and subsistence practices in coastal New England has been intensively discussed by archaeologists over the last twenty years. Archaeologists have attempted to determine when and how maize horticulture was adopted in the coastal zone and how maritime resources fit into the aboriginal diet throughout the Woodland period. Analyses of an Early to Middle Woodland period shell midden on Block Island, Rhode Island, is consistent with a number of other regional studies that suggest that the use of maritime resources was relatively early and intensive. On Block Island, intensive use of a wide variety of flora and fauna was taking place on a year-round basis as early as 3000 years ago, some 1000 years earlier than on the adjacent mainland coast.
Grandparents in Death-Related Literature for Children
Authors: Corr Charles A.
Published: May 2005

In this article, I want to explore some of the ways in which grandparents are represented as sharing death and loss experiences in death-related literature designed to be read by or with children. My concern is to ask how grandparents are portrayed in these books and how their interactions with children are depicted. On the whole, one would expect that literature of this type would depict grandparents in a favorable light. Nevertheless, we can still inquire about the different roles grandparents play in helping children cope with death and loss, and about the specific things that they are described as doing that are thought to be helpful. Grandparents have special opportunities in such interactions. As elders, they can represent the accumulation of experience and wisdom that would have been part of their customary roles in traditional societies. Most often, and especially so in this particular body of literature, they are not responsible for the day-to-day care of their grandchildren. As such, they have a unique freedom to intervene with and relate to grandchildren in ways that might not be typical or acceptable on the part of parents and most other adults in our society. In addition, in our society, the deaths of grandparents are among the most common death-related experiences that children might encounter.
Teaching Technical Writing to Foreign Students
Authors: Pavelich Joan L.
Published: May 2005

Students are selected by a diagnostic essay. They begin simply, by completing job application forms, personal resumes, and letters of application, tasks which require concise expression of facts, which reveal much about the students' backgrounds, and which they must use to get a job. Then they move to the daily writing problems an engineer faces. In every class they also practice exercises that correct the many errors caused by the change from their native language into English.
Women, the Welfare State, and Their Transnational Dimension: The Case of Mexico's Community Health Worker Programs
Authors: Ramirez-Valles Jesus
Published: May 2005

Feminist scholarship has shown that the welfare state is not only a set of agencies and policies to distribute services, but is engaged in the promotion of normative concepts of the female through its structural arrangements and the content of its programs and policies. Yet, this scholarship conceptualizes the state as a national entity and free from external influences, ignoring its transnational dimension. States are embedded in an international network consisting of other states, international agencies, and corporations that influence the practices and discursive frame of the welfare state. To uncover the process by which the welfare state institutionalizes and promotes female identities and the transnational dimension of this process, the author analyzes the case of community health worker programs conducted by the Mexican state from the 1970s to the early 1990s. The analysis corroborates the gender practices of the welfare state and suggests a reconceptualization that takes into account the transnational dimension of the state practices. The implications for feminist theories on the welfare state and for analyses of health promotion policies and programs are discussed.
Cognitive Strategies and Long-Distance Running
Authors: Laasch Craig
Published: May 2005

Long-distance runners utilize either a dissociative cognitive strategy, an associative cognitive strategy, or a combination of both of these strategies, one at a time, at various times while training or racing. Although research findings have indicated that these athletes are able to switch between these two strategies depending on their given running situation, no explanation has been offered as to how this switching is achieved. This article suggests that runners use automaticity and parallel processing in order to accomplish this function. The use of association and dissociation for running-induced pain tolerance is also addressed.
“For the Sake of the Children”: Trials and Tribulations of Child Psychiatry-Liaison Service
Authors: Naylor Kenneth A. , Mattsson Ake
Published: May 2005

This paper describes the development of a child psychiatry liaison service to pediatrics in a university hospital setting and discusses the authors' preference for the liaison type of relationship over strictly consultative psychiatry.

The success of the liaison service in promoting comprehensive pediatric care can be related to an effective team approach which includes a pediatric social worker and a child psychiatry nurse specialist. In addition to the usual methods of handling consultation requests for psychiatric services, weekly teaching conferences on the pediatric wards were established to draw the house officers' attention to a bio-psycho-social approach to pediatric care, to allow ventilation of intradepartmental conflicts, and to enable nurses and residents to express their feelings freely about difficult patient problems such as the chronically ill and the dying child.

The common lack of continuity of house officers and attendings on the pediatric wards hampers efforts to provide well planned and coordinated child care, both during admission and after discharge. This difficulty often gets compounded by the extensive use of consulting “super-specialists,” leaving the young pediatrician uncertain about his functions as the child's primary physician. We propose that the liaison psychiatrist may assume the role of a coordinator of comprehensive child care in many of these “disintegrated” ward situations. Because of inherent difficulties in the acceptance of the coordinator role by the child psychiatrist, we suggest that this role can be adopted more easily by those psychiatrists who have had previous experience in pediatrics or general medicine.
Kepone: A Chemical Disaster in Hopewell, Virginia
Authors: Reich Michael R. , Spong Jaquelin K.
Published: May 2005

One of the most costly chemical disasters in the United States involved a small, single-product manufacturer, ironically named Life Science Products Company, which made the pesticide Kepone for Allied Chemical Corporation. Life Science operated only 16 months in 1974 and 1975, in Hopewell, Virginia, yet managed to poison its workers and pollute the environment, causing millions of dollars of damage. The case dramatically demonstrates the links between hazards inside the factory and those outside the factory, and the confused responses of both administrative and judicial systems to a chemical disaster. In the Kepone case, as in other instances of toxic contamination, the victims confronted problems of care, compensation, and clean-up. The case illustrates two major causes of a chemical disaster: organizational pathologies of public bureaucracies, and irresponsible production by private corporations.
Welfare and Poverty in the Europe of the 1990S: Social Progress or Social Dumping?
Authors: Abrahamson Peter E.
Published: May 2005

Social policy in Europe is changing fundamentally from a system of public (government) support to a welfare pluralism, or a “welfare mix” supported by the private and public sectors and by voluntary agencies. The overall tendencies are privatization, decentralization, and debureaucratization. With the prospect of a single-market economy within the European Communities in 1993, the fight against poverty in member nations may lead to “social dumping.” Two major problems are identified: the lack of guaranteed minimum income schemes in the so-called “Latin Rim” countries, and the effect on workers' and citizens' rights in an integrated Europe. The fight against poverty is—despite some efforts from the Commission of the European Communities—basically left to the individual member states. This portends a gloomy scenario for the poorer populations of Europe in the 1990s. The author examines welfare state types within clusters of countries: the modern (Scandinavia), the corporatist (Federal Republic of Germany), the residual (Britain), and the rudimentary (Latin Rim). The conclusion, unfortunately, is that future overall development of European welfare systems in the 1990s will probably be toward “Americanization,” with a move away from the modern, or Scandinavian, model toward a corporatist model for welfare policy.
Religious Coping, Health, and Health Service Use among Bereaved Adults
Authors: Pearce Michelle J. , Chen Joyce , Silverman Gabriel K. , Kasl Stanislav V. , Rosenheck Robert , Prigerson Holly G.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This report examined associations between religious coping, health, and health service use among a sample of 265 recently bereaved adults.

Method:

Participants were interviewed an average of 6.3 ( SD = 7.4) months after their loss and again 4 months later. Multivariate regression models and repeated measures ANOVA analyses estimated the influence of religious coping on health and health service use at baseline and follow-up, controlling for significant confounding influences, such as health promoting behaviors.

Results:

At baseline, those high on religious coping had significantly more functional disabilities than did those low on religious coping. Controlling for health status, participants with higher religious coping scores were significantly less likely to visit their doctor during the 60 days prior to the baseline interview. Despite worse health and less health service use at baseline, those high on religious coping had equivalent health status to those low on religious coping at follow-up.

Conclusions:

Greater use of religious coping is associated with more functional disabilities and fewer outpatient physical health care visits at baseline, but a lack of decline in health at 4-month follow-up among the bereaved, a sub-group at risk for numerous health impairments. Possible reasons for this association and its implications are discussed.
Female Genital Mutilation in Moshi Rural District, Tanzania
Authors: Chugulu Juliet , Dixey Rachael
Published: May 2005

This story starts from the perspective that female genital mutilation (FGM) is a practice which needs to be eliminated. The aim of the research was to investigate those factors which facilitate or militate against its elimination, in one particular area of Tanzania. Questionnaire data were collected from 150 women in two villages in Moshi, and from focus groups with men and women. “Tradition” was given as the main reason for the continuation of the practice, which affected 41 percent of the 150 women questioned. Health workers are involved in FGM, and mothers and grandmothers were the most influential in persuading girls to undergo the operation. The communities involved could see some of the disadvantages and were willing to discuss it.
Psychiatric Status of Diabetic Youth in Good and Poor Control
Authors: Simonds John F.
Published: May 2005

Two groups — identified as “good control” and “poor control” — of 40 diabetic youth, between 6 years and 18 years, matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes, were interviewed by a child psychiatrist who was not aware of the status of their diabetic control. After each interview psychiatric diagnoses, interpersonal conflicts and noninterpersonal conflicts were determined. At the same time, mothers completed a children's behavorial-emotional symptom checklist. Six psychiatric diagnoses were made (7 ½ per cent occurrence): four in the poor control group and two in the good control group, not a significant difference. Fifty per cent of the psychiatric diagnoses were found in the prepubertal girls who had the earliest onset of diabetes. A significantly greater number of patients in poor control had interpersonal conflicts compared with patients in the good control group. Mothers of patients in poor control had checked significantly more behaviors as slight and considerable-severe problems compared to mothers of patients in good control. Five per cent of the patients in good control and fifteen per cent of the patients in poor control stated that they experienced a “different” self-image because of their diabetes. The frequency of psychiatric diagnoses (7 1/2 per cent) for the entire group was not higher than literature reports of serious psychiatric disorders in normal population studies.
Roles for Health Educators in a Time of Health Care Cutbacks: Preventive and Ameliorative Approaches
Authors: Brown E. Richard
Published: May 2005

Cutbacks in public health care programs at federal, state, and local levels have reduced the health care access of many low-income persons. Based on findings from several California studies, this article suggests several roles for health educators intended to prevent cutbacks or mitigate their impact. Methods of preventing cutbacks rely on community organization methods and coalitions including health education professional groups. When preventive actions are unsuccessful, health educators may ease the impact of cutbacks by developing adequate education interventions for users of affected services and community organization strategies to improve access to remaining services. Specific methods are suggested and discussed.
The Impact of Integration on Mexico's Workers: Why GATT, NAFTA, WTO, and OECD are Important
Authors: Lemus Blanca , Barkin David
Published: May 2005

Globalization and integration have reduced living standards for workers and peasants in Mexico, even while the pundits continue to applaud the efforts and call for patience from its hoards of malcontents. This decline is an inherent and inevitable result that can only be stemmed by effective international solidarity movements along with the coordination of local struggles against this process on an international scale. New technologies frequently increase accidents and other adverse health outcomes for workers. Partially the result of the rising intensity of work, it is aggravated in Mexico by the lack of appropriate training. Although more attention is devoted to reducing problems of workplace health and safety, and more resources are devoted to problem-solving, the global spread of production and finance is recklessly destroying resources, contaminating the environment, threatening workers' lives and our collective capacity to survive. As a result, new opportunities must be seized to empower local labor groups that in the past would have been defeated by their anonymity.
Legislative Proposals for Reversing the Cancer Epidemic and Controlling Run-Away Industrial Technologies
Authors: Epstein Samuel S.
Published: May 2005

An interlocking legislative complex is proposed for the control of carcinogenic and other adverse impacts of established run-away petrochemical and radionuclear technologies, with particular reference to winning the losing war against cancer. These proposals are also applicable to the poorly recognized, potentially adverse public health and environmental hazards of emerging technologies, particularly genetically engineered food production. The proposals embody fundamental democratic rights—the right to know and balanced and transparent decision making—the “Precautionary Principle,” reduction in the use of toxics, incentives for the development of safe industrial technologies, and criminal sanctions for suppression or manipulation of information.
Language, Gender and Violence in Qualitative Research
Authors: Chávez Vivian
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this exploratory study is to provide a deep understanding of young women's personal accounts of violence to inform prevention programs and policies. Individual and focus group interviews about everyday experiences with violence were conducted with 67 young women, ages 15–19, at a high school in San Francisco, California. Qualitative methods were used to assess the range of young women's experiences with community and interpersonal violence. Three themes emerged from the data: 1) witnessing dating violence; 2) emotions and the language of the body; and 3) the paradox of love and violence. Violence in the lives of young women challenges assumptions about what “youth violence” means, how it happens, and who it happens to.
Is it the Technology or the Teacher? A Comparison of Online and Traditional English Composition Classes
Authors: Finlay William , Desmet Christy , Evans Lorraine
Published: May 2005

Recent reviews of the literature on distance learning have reached two general conclusions. First, students are about as satisfied with the quality of their education in distance-learning (DL) classes as they are in traditional or face-to-face (FTF) classes. Second, students perform about as well in DL classes as they do in FTF classes. We examine this finding of “no significant difference” in a study of students at a public university in the Southeast who were enrolled in online and FTF versions of the same English Composition course. We looked at three student outcomes: satisfaction, learning, and participation in classroom discussion. We found that being in an online class had a positive effect on satisfaction and participation, but no effect on learning even when we controlled for instructor behaviors and classroom characteristics. We attribute the positive effect of being in an online class on student satisfaction—which directly contradicts the no-significant-difference assumption—to the way in which synchronous instruction mimics the traditional classroom. Our findings attest to the importance of both technology and instruction on student satisfaction, learning, and participation.
The Case of Dr. Kevorkian and Mr. Gale: A Brief Historical Note
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J.
Published: May 2005

One of Jack Kevorkian's most controversial cases involved Hugh Gale, a seventy-year-old man suffering from emphysema and congestive heart disease, who was found dead on February 15, 1993 with a canister of carbon monoxide attached to a gas mask on his face. A document discovered in a garbage bag indicated that Gale had attempted to change his mind prior to his death requesting that the mask be taken off two separate times. The document revealed mat Kevorkian removed the mask only once, the patient lapsing into unconsciousness after the second request—and dying. A search warrant of Kevorkian's apartment was issued as a result of this discovery, revealing a copy of the original document which had been altered to conceal the second request by Gale to remove the mask. The prosecutor decided against bringing charges against Kevorkian because of the lack of corroboration among the witnesses present at Mr. Gale's death.
Hypertension as a Disease of Modern Society
Authors: Eyer Joseph
Published: May 2005

About 50 per cent of people in modem societies have blood pressure sufficiently elevated to result in increased mortality. This proportion is much smaller in undisrupted societies of hunter-gatherers. In most cases the elevated blood pressure in modern societies is associated with physiological changes characteristic of chronic stress. The difference between blood pressure in modern populations and that in undisrupted hunter-gatherer societies cannot be accounted for by genetic differences or differences in salt consumption. Two primary features of modern society which contribute to the elevation of blood pressure are community disruption and increased work pressure. Drug therapy and relaxation therapies for hypertension attempt to counteract the physiological effects of social stress. However, it is more appropriate to use the occurrence of hypertension as an indicator of fundamental social problems which need to be solved.
Dismantling the Tower of Babel in Computer Documentation
Authors: Brusaw Charles T.
Published: May 2005

Whether to hire technical graduates or liberal arts graduates to train as technical writers has always been a problem in the computer industry. The technical graduate takes much longer to train as a writer, but he learns the technical subject much more quickly. The more complex the subject, the more likely the technical graduate is to be selected — and the longer it takes for him to become a skilled writer. How the problem was partially solved at NCR by the use of a restricted vocabulary is explained. An unsolved part of the problem is identified, and readers are urged to help find the solution.
Efforts to Promote Lifestyle Change and Better Health: Whither Symbolic Interactionism?
Authors: Pezza Paul E.
Published: May 2005

Symbolic interactionism is a body of thought which attends to how the meaning of a message may be mutually defined in the process of social interaction. As interactionism and its qualitative methodologies have been increasingly recognized as useful and appropriate complements to other approaches, health education has been slow to respond. Proposed here is the application of an interactionist perspective to the study of contemporary efforts made to promote lifestyle change and better health. A specific case is made for examining the interaction which takes place when employers strive to promote employee health. Particular attention is paid to the following questions: 1. How may employer communication of corporate goals for employee lifestyle change best be studied?; 2. Are the messages transmitted by employers and those received by employees the same?; 3. What may be some unanticipated consequences of the health promotion effort and its messages?; and 4. Can the interactionist perspective be used to enlighten the planning process for health promotion programs?
Comment on Maize Cultivation in Coastal New York
Authors: Silver Annette
Published: May 2005

Ceci's re-examination of the nature of prehistoric cultivation in Coastal New York (1980) is of considerable interest. There are some unresolved aspects of the conclusion that the prehistoric agricultural yield was marginal which deserve comment. Furthermore, Ceci does not clearly demonstrate that maize cultivation had no role in the prehistoric economy or in the establishment of sedentism. The extent of maize cultivation by Coastal New York Indian cultures is still equivocal. More data is required before conclusive statements can be formulated.
Does Frontal EEG Beta Have Application in Anxiety Monitoring during Computer-Based Learning?
Authors: Macaulay M. , Edmonds E.
Published: May 2005

One of the psychological states that can be monitored and influenced during learning in order to improve its various aspects is the state of anxiety, and one possible index of this state is frontal EEG beta. However, frontal EEG beta has also been associated with mental activities. This may imply that frontal EEG beta would not be a reliable index of anxiety in situations, such as learning, where significant mental activities can be involved. The present study investigated the relationship between frontal EEG beta and anxiety during computer-based learning. The frontal EEG beta and anxiety levels of four groups of 15 students were measured during learning conditions that comprised any of combinations of anxiety reduction and mental activities, anxiety reduction alone, or no treatment. The groups that combined anxiety reduction with mental activities showed significant increase in frontal EEG beta even though they recorded significant reduction in subjective anxiety. This may suggest that frontal EEG beta is not a reliable index of anxiety during computer-based learning.
Effects of Advance Organizers and Reader's Purpose on the Level of Ideas Acquired from Expository Text—Part II
Authors: Williams Thomas R. , Butterfield Earl C.
Published: May 2005

Part I of this article, pp. 259–272, reviewed the relevant literature on advance organizers and suggested that methodological problems in previous advance organizer studies has not resolved the question of whether advance organizers facilitate the acquisition of subordinate information from text. This question is not an unimportant issue to technical communicators, whose readers often need to acquire factual information as well as more general concepts from the expository text they read. In two studies we investigated the influences of reader's background knowledge, advance organizers, relative importance of idea units, and idea units' position within a text structure on the recall of textual information. Subjects read introductory and text materials and subsequently were tested for their recognition of idea units that were structurally high and important, structurally high and unimportant, structurally low and important, or structurally low and unimportant. In the first study, forty-eight college students were randomly assigned to conditions consisting of relevant or irrelevant background, organizer or no organizer, and text or no text. There were significant main effects for having read a relevant text and for importance of idea units, and an interaction between structural level and importance. A significant organizer by text or no text interaction and absence of a significant main effect for the organizer indicated that the organizer influenced text processing rather than priming relevant prior knowledge, which is a previously undocumented requirement of advance organizer research. In the second study, conducted with eighty-eight college students, we substituted a purpose, no purpose condition for the text, no text condition of the first study. We observed a significant main effect for importance and a significant four-way interaction involving structure, importance, background, and organizer. The more relevant knowledge a reader had, the less dependent he or she was on text structure, and an advance organizer compensated for the absence of relevant prior knowledge.
Evaluation and Treatment of Premature Ejaculation: A Critical Review
Authors: St. Lawrence Janet S. , Madakasira Sudhakar
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Premature ejaculation is the most prevalent male sexual dysfunction. The present article is a comprehensive review of the literature on premature ejaculation.

Method:

This critical discussion of the literature evaluates the definitional issues, theoretical conceptualizations, assessment strategies, and treatment alternatives for premature ejaculation.

Results:

The review integrates the most recent findings on the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation updating an earlier review with the addition of more than fifty recent articles and adding sections on treatment generalization and maintenance, medical evaluation, pharmacological intervention, and a discussion of methodological issues in the literature.

Conclusions:

The pause-squeeze technique remains the current treatment of choice for the disorder. However, this unitary treatment recommendation disguises a multidimensional disorder which has yet to evolve an operational definition, psychometrically sound assessment procedures, or clearly articulated etiology.
Programming Objects to Think with: Logo and the Teaching and Learning of Problem Solving
Authors: Swan Karen
Published: May 2005

The Logo computer programming language has been described as an environment in which children will develop problem-solving skills. Unfortunately, much of the research concerned with Logo and problem solving has not found such connection, but a careful reading of that literature suggests that explicit problem-solving instruction and mediated Logo programming practice can result in the development and transfer of certain problem-solving abilities. The research reported in this article was designed to test such hypothesis. In particular, it differentiates between interventions combining explicit instruction with medicated practice and discovery learning approaches, and assesses the importance of Logo programming within the former. Results reveal that texplicit instruction with Logo programming practice supported the development and transfer of four problem-solving strategies, subgoals formation, forward chaining, systematic trial and error, and analogy; whereas neither discovery learning in a Logo environment nor explicit instruction with concrete manipulatives practice did so. Indications are that such instruction and practice can support the teaching and learning of alternative representation strategies as well. The findings support claims for the efficacy of Logo as medium conducive to the teaching and learning of problem solving, but only when particular problem-solving skills are explicitly taught.
Students as Web Site Authors: Effects on Motivation and Achievement
Authors: Jones Brett D.
Published: May 2005

This study examined the effects of a Web site design project on students' motivation and achievement. Tenth-grade biology students worked together in teams on an ecology project that required them to locate relevant information on the Internet, decide which information should be included on their Web site, organize the information into Web pages, and link the pages together. A comparison group received traditional ecology instruction that included lectures and labs. Data sources included motivation questionnaires, achievement tests, student attitude questionnaires, and teacher interviews. While both groups showed similar achievement gains, the students that designed Web sites were more motivated than the students that received traditional instruction. Advantages and disadvantages of the Web site design project are reported and discussed. The results of this study indicate that it is feasible for a high-school teacher to use a student-as-designer model of instruction with Web-based technology.
Why Johnny Can't Pass: An Explainability Program
Authors: Elgarten Gerald H.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to present an “Explainability Program” that makes the teacher accountable for students' failures. By implementing this program the teacher is rated by a superordinate according to the following four processes: a) diagnoses of problems that are preventing students from achieving daily objectives, b) the prescription of a supplemental remediation program to aid the slower students, c) implementation of this supplemental program within the constraints of the classroom and school, and d) evaluation of the teacher's own effectiveness relative to the above three items. The remainder of the paper describes how this program was implemented in three elementary algebra classes with the effect of decreasing the student failure rate by 40 per cent.
Neurosarcoidosis Presenting as Psychosis and Dementia: A Case Report
Authors: Friedman Susan Hatters , Gould Deborah J.
Published: May 2005

Neurosarcoidosis is a rare disorder in which psychosis and dementia may occur. They usually appear subsequently to the diagnosis of pulmonary sarcoidosis. We report on a 39-year-old patient who presented with long-term decline and acute onset of psychosis and delirium, and who was found to have neurosarcoidosis.
Small Scale CAI: Some General Considerations and an Example from Reading Education
Authors: Burnett J. Dale , Miller Larry A.
Published: May 2005

Instructional units should follow from a careful consideration of the curriculum and its psychological foundations. This paper describes such an approach within the field of Reading Education. Of particular interest are some of the factors associated with the use of a small stand alone computer to provide the primary instructional environment.
Media and Affect: A Comparison of Videotape, Audiotape, and Print
Authors: Machula Ruth Stroud
Published: May 2005

Students at the University of Illinois and the University of Michigan participated in an experiment to determine if different affective responses would result from exposure to three different forms of media, each presenting the same content. One group of students viewed a videotape, another listened to an audiotape, and a third read a printed transcript. A semantic differential was used to measure affective response, and an objective test was administered to measure cognitive learning. Results showed the video group to be perceiving the presentation less favorably than were the other two groups; however, they were perceiving two of the participants more favorably than were the others. An analysis of covariance between pre- and posttest scores of cognitive learning showed that subjects receiving the audiotape version had learned significantly less than those receiving the other treatments.
Health Reform in Mexico: The Promotion of Inequality
Authors: Laurell Asa Cristina
Published: May 2005

The Mexican health reform can be understood only in the context of neoliberal structural adjustment, and it reveals some of the basic characteristics of similar reforms in the Latin American region. The strategy to transform the predominantly public health care system into a market-driven system has been a complex process with a hidden agenda to avoid political resistance. The compulsory social security system is the key sector in opening health care to private insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, and hospital enterprises mainly from abroad. Despite the government's commitment to universal coverage, equity, efficiency, and quality, the empirical data analyzed in this article do not confirm compliance with these objectives. Although an alternative health policy that gradually grants the constitutional right to health would be feasible, the new democratically elected government will continue the previous regressive health reform.
Care and Understanding of the Dying: A Patient-Centered Approach
Authors: Feigenberg Loma
Published: May 2005

The author describes the approach he has developed both to provide support to the individuality of the terminally ill cancer patient, and to deepen our understanding of dying and death. This approach emerged through his experiences first as a radiotherapist, then as a psychiatrist serving in the same medical facility. It is vital in this approach to offer one's self exclusively to the patient in a flexible, trusting, and confidential relationship. Similarities and differences with conventional psychotherapy are discussed. The typical course of these contacts is described, along with the considerations that have led to one kind of decision-making as compared with another. Among the specific topics encompassed are indications and contraindications for establishing and maintaining contact, hope, truth-telling, responsiveness to changes in the patient's condition, and relationship with family members. Objectives of working with the terminally ill are explored, with particular emphasis given on support of the patient's dignity and individuality.
Modeling Warfare in Southwestern Prehistory
Authors: LeBlanc Steven A.
Published: May 2005

Warfare was an important behavioral component in the Southwest, and its existence and consequences have not been adequately considered in modeling Southwestern prehistory. Warfare seems to have varied in intensity, importance, and form during the prehistoric record, however, one particular episode seems to be particularly important and usefully dealt with. This was a period of intense warfare lasting from the mid a.d. 1200s, well into the Pueblo IV period.
Computer-Aided Negotiation for Classroom Instruction: Assessing Neural Network Potential
Authors: Jones Beth H. , Hill Timothy R. , Coffee David
Published: May 2005

In an article previously published in this Journal [1], we described a computer system designed to enhance student learning in the area of dispute resolution. Working with this system, based on the concept of Problem Structure Analysis [2], students could literally see how possible settlements were affected as assumptions about negotiation situations were varired. We believe this helps students in their understanding of how decision analysis techniques can be applied in the area of negotiation. In the present article we describe an extension of that system, designed to further enhance student understanding of the potential as well as the limits of technology in negotiation. Students participated in an experiment that demonstrated how certain types of information could be useful in a negotiation situation.
Microcomputer-Based Training in Business and Industry: Present Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Kearsley Greg P. , Hillelsohn Michael J. , Seidel Robert J.
Published: May 2005

A survey of microcomputer-based training was conducted. Of fifty-six major corporations who responded, twenty-eight (50%) indicated that they were currently using computers for training, with another nine (16%) investigating their use. Of those using computers, 71 per cent were using microcomputers. The major training areas were technical skills, programming/computer concepts, management/sales training, administrative/clerical training, or training management. The major type of use was simulation, followed by problem presentation/tests. Most major brands of microcomputers were used as well as custom-designed hardware. Courseware was typically developed internally.

Trends and developments in training which can be expected to affect the use of microcomputers in training include authoring systems, more powerful systems, videodiscs, videotext, videoconferencing, embedded training, and distributed education.
Risky Business: How Insurance Companies Gamble with Your Health Coverage
Authors: Denny Jeffrey
Published: May 2005

Under a patchwork of state laws and virtually no federal oversight, a decade of risky investments, questionable business dealings, lavish spending, and help-yourself ethics in the insurance industry is playing a hidden role in the crisis in affordable medical coverage. Skyrocketing medical costs are the main culprit, but financial losses have put pressure on insurers to raise premiums and cancel risky policyholders. The losses also are a major factor in the sharp increase in life/health insurance company failures, which can leave policyholders stranded.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Dropout from College in the United States
Authors: Ishitani Terry T. , DesJardins Stephen L.
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the dropout behavior of college students in the United States. Previous attrition studies have typically focused on dropout at specific points in time, such as the first year of enrollment. In this study we examine the timing of dropout over a five-year period and find that factors that affect student dropout often have effects that change over time. For instance, the results demonstrate that students who receive financial aid generally have lower dropout rates than non-aided students. But of special interest is our findings that dropout rates vary depending on the amount and timing of student financial aid.
Suicidal Death of a Spouse: The Social Perception of the Survivor
Authors: Calhoun Lawrence G. , Selby James W. , Walton Peggy B.
Published: May 2005

The present study investigated the reactions of others to the surviving spouse of an individual who commits suicide. A group of 120 adult citizens responded to a typeset obituary notice that described the cause of death as either suicide, motor vehicle accident, or leukemia. Results indicated that the surviving spouse of a suicide was perceived differently in several ways. Compared to those spouses of accident and leukemia victims, the spouse of a suicide was viewed as being more to blame for the death, as having had a greater chance of preventing the death, and as being more ashamed of the death. Survivors of spouses whose deaths resulted from suicide face a stressful event that may be made even more difficult by the perceptions others may have of them.
Doubts about Being of Value: An Important Aspect of Countertransference in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Teitelbaum Mark L.
Published: May 2005

Doubts about being of value to medically ill patients and their referring physicians is not an uncommon emotional reaction of consultation-liaison psychiatrists to the medical environment. Both realistic perceptions of negative attitudes of non-psychiatric physicians as well as unrealistic doubts about their potential uesfulness, which may be projected upon and attributed to their non-psychiatric colleagues, can contribute to this unsettling response. This reaction may interfere with effective collaboration between consultation-liaison psychiatrists and their non-psychiatric colleagues and needs to be understood and mastered.
Development of a Web-Based Case Library
Authors: Colaric Susan M. , Turgeon A. J. , Jonassen David H.
Published: May 2005

Case studies have been used for decades to bridge the gap between classroom learning and practical application [1]. Cases used in the classroom are often seen in two forms: decision cases and historical cases. Decision cases are incomplete narratives that take the student to the point at which a decision must be made and the student is then responsible for solving the problem and justifying that decision. Decision cases are often used to help students develop their analytical and problem-solving skills. But historical cases are also important as they can model the decision process of an experienced professional and provide learners with experiences they haven't yet had [2]. Historical cases are complete narratives that state a problem or problematic situation, the actions taken to solve the problem, and the results obtained. This article discusses the development of a web-based case library that organizes and presents historical cases of professionals involved in turfgrass management.

CONCLUSION: The Turfgrass Case Library was developed to provide a structured resource consisting of numerous cases for students to use to learn about problem situations and solutions that, as novices, they have not yet had experience with. The cases were planned to model the thought process learners should follow when confronted with a problem and they represent the ambiguous and multi-facet nature of the problems encountered in turfgrass management. Developing the library on a public page on the Web also increases the reach of the cases. The library serves as a resource to professionals in the field who encounter a problem, read about similar cases, and are provided with “just-in-time” learning geared specifically to the problem they are facing. Both classroom use and professional use are areas of research that will be explored in the future.
A Critical Analysis of Psychological Factors in the Management and Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain
Authors: Reading Anthony E.
Published: May 2005

Chronic pelvic pain is a common presenting complaint in gynecology clinics. In a proportion of cases no pathology or sufficient pathology can be found to account for the level of complaint. This paper reviews the evidence on the psychological characteristics of patients presenting with chronic pelvic pain without obvious pathology. Methodological considerations are identified in order to guide future research. There is a need for prospective studies, in which women with pelvic pain of whatever etiology are evaluated, in order to provide contextual data and to identify predictors of treatment response.