bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parishioners' views of How ministers spend their time
Authors: Glock C.Y. , Roos P.
Published: March 2007

Si le rôle du pasteur dans une paroisse a un caractère hautement polyfonctionnel, les analyses de ses occupa tions montrent combien il est largement accaparé par les fonctions administratives. Or, ce qu'en perçoivent les fidèles, correspond d'abord à la partie la plus visible de ses fonctions : celle de la prédication. De là à croire que le pasteur passe une grande partie de son temps à préparer ses sermons, il n'y a qu'un pas. Cette erreur de perspective de la part des fidèles résulte peut-être en premier lieu d'une communication insuf fisantes entre pasteurs et fidèles. Ce que désirent les fidèles et ce qu'ils voudraient voir prendre une part plus grande, c'est précisément tout ce qui touche aux visites et contacts tant avec les fidèles qu'avec les non-fidèles. Il se fait que les pasteurs également désirent y donner la plus grande partie de leur temps. La solu tion, pour difficile qu'elle soit, ne peut être trouvée que dans une spécialisation plus grande du rôle du ministre. C'est également par là que passe la meilleure adapta tion à une société en changement.
The Allocation of time among clerical activities A study in a Brussels Parish
Authors: Tonna Benjamin
Published: March 2007

Cette analyse des occupations du groupe de prêtres à la tête d'une grande paroisse de Bruxelles montre com ment s'organise leur rôle de manière concrète. On y voit l'importance des tâches administratives, mais aussi le souci du contact avec les paroissiens. Ici déjà un début de spécialisation des tâches a été opéré, mais l'opéra tion reste freinée par le poids de la tradition et le climat des rapports avec les laïcs. En même temps se pose la question de la répartition des contacts avec les paroissiens dans toutes les categories d'âge, et non seu lement avec les jeunes, ainsi que dans les divers milieux, dans le cadre d'une paroisse urbaine.
The Church of England and English Society
Authors: Simey T.
Published: March 2007

Cet article retrace le recul du nombre des membres de I'Eglise d'Angleterre et discute des causes qui ont ete énoncées à ce sujet. Parmi celles-ci se trouvent les changements de la structure sociale, l'impact de l'urbanisation et de I'mdustnalisation, et I'absence d'une nouvelle thdologie capable de proposer une définition nette de l'Eglise dans le monde modeme. La situation actuelle apparait cependant comme encourageante dans la mesure ob dans la population un grand int6r6t se d6couvre pour les problèmes théologiques et que les sociologues deviennent plus conscients de l'importance du fait religieux.
Regard statistique sur les prêtres qui quittent le ministère
Authors: Kauffmann Michel
Published: March 2007

On the basis of data published by the press in 1969, the Author, after determining their origin, analyses their importance and relates them to other elements of first-hand information in order to show their internal dynamism. Placing this data in world perspective he attempts to estimate the total number of priests who at present leave the ministry.

Finally the Author shows the inadequacy of the legal framework in which the phenomenon is presently considered and he concludes by emphasizing that the decline in the number of clergy is well under way.
A Theoretical Analysis of Renewal in Religious Orders in the U.S.A
Authors: Augusta Marie
Published: March 2007

Devant l'impuissance d'une Eglise sur-institutionalisée à adopter une attitude évangélique face aux problèmes sociaux pressants, les humanistes opposent un désaveu catégorique. Cette réaction nouvelle a été pour quelque chose dans la cohé sion déclinante et l'anomie croissante des ordres religieux, au moment où les membres de ces ordres ont réussi à surmonter leur propre résistance à prendre conscience de ces problèmes. L'insistance n'est plus mise désormais sur le soulagement des conséquences de la pauvreté, mais sur la volonté de supprimer les causes de la misère humaine ; sur ce point, l'Eglise a été interpellée par ceux qui exercent la fonction prophétique, mais l'instrument de cette transformation a été la prise en charge des religieuses américaincs par le Mou vement de Formation des Religieuses. Ce mouvement, qui ré pond lui-même à une nécessité fonctionnelle pour la survie du travail des religieuses dans les domaines de la santé, de l'assistance et de l'éducation, a eu pour conséquence inattendue d'accélérer la confrontation des ordres religieux avec les idées nouvelles de Vatican II, au moment où les autres ac teurs de l'Eglise n'étaient pas encore prêts à faire face aux implications de ces idées. L'apparition de groupes de vie com mune exprime la découverte des limites posées à la mise en œuvre du renouveau, met en question la signification de la communauté dans les ordres religieux et engendre des conflits qui déterminent désormais la direction que le renouveau est en train de prendre.
Les Communautés Hassidiques, sources et trésors pour la sociologie religieuse de la judaïcité
Authors: Gutwirth Jacques
Published: March 2007

In its beginnings, in the 18th century in Ukraine, the Hassi dic mystique was in opposition to the structures of official Judaism. With the coming of modern society, however, which is leading to the break up of traditional communities, the Hassidic communities today still appear, in spite of certain specific characteristics, as the bastion of Jewish religious ob servance. Their religiosity, which is interesting for its own sake in more ways than one, is of very great value for making both diachronical and synchronical comparisons. Great em phasis is placed upon the study of the Talmud by the Hassidic community ; the influence of its teaching, particularly that relating to economic life, has been profound. This almost unique survival of talmudism (although the Hassidim have ameliorated its excesses) corresponds to archaic economic structures, with occupations — like artisian or merchant — re maining as « independent » of each other as possible. Never theless these structures still allow contact with the global society which tuns counter to the type of ethnic particularism which distinguishes the Hassidim. As Jewish values and rules permeate every level of life an examination of their operation among the Hassidim, where, more than anywhere else, they will appear clearly at work, would prove very fruitful. Or thodox Jews and even some secularized Jews have common roots, but the Hassidim have a particular relationship with other Jews. Hassidic communities will in some sense constitute a « structure of structures » for contemporary Jewry. and in this sense their peculiar inconsistencies are particularly revealing.
The representation of God : two complementary approaches
Authors: Hutsebaut Dirk , Houard Jean
Published: March 2007

La relation de l'adolescent à Dieu a été étudiée de deux manières; avec une échelle Likert, d'une part ; à l'aide de questions ouvertes, de l'autre. Sur certains points, les résultats concordent, ailleurs ils se complètent remarquablement. La relation à Dieu est influencée par l'âge et, quoique dans une mesure moindre, par le sexe. Ces différences émergent dans les deux enquêtes.

Pour l'adolescent, Dieu est surtout l'Absolu et Celui qui est miséricordieux. En outre, il est surtout l'ami et celui qui aide, le créateur et le Père. Les plus âgés substituent parfois à ces descriptions des formulations plus personnelles et plus proches de leur propre recherche du sens des choses. C'est aussi chez les plus âgés que l'élément de doute et de critique est le plus fréquent.
Religious Identity and Political Commitment in the « Christians for Socialism » Movement in Italy
Authors: Milanesi Giancarlo
Published: March 2007

Cet article fournit une information qui permet d'évaluer la signification du mouvement des « Chrétiens pour le Socia lisme » en Italie. Il met en évidence les deux composantes principales du mouvement : l'identité religieuse et l'engage ment politique.
Weberian Buddhism and Sinhalese Buddhism
Authors: Saram P.A.S.
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article se propose de fournir quelques observations sociologiques au sujet du Bouddhisme à Sri Lanka (Ceylan). Il fait référence tout particulièrement à la tradition théorique wébérienne.
Jehovah's Witnesses in the U.S.A. 1942 - 1976
Authors: Zygmunt Joseph F.
Published: March 2007

Cet article passe en revue et analyse les principales ten- dances qui se sont manifestées au cours du développement de la branche américaine du mouvement de La Tour de Garde depuis la mort de J.F. Rutheford. L'Auteur est particulièrement attentif à l'évolution des relations entre le mouvement et les autorités séculières. Il accorde également une attention particulière aux adaptations structurelles et normatives liées à l'expansion extrêmement accélérée du mouvement au cours des dernières décades, aux efforts en vue de revivifier son option millénariste, à ses tentatives persistantes pour maintenir sa différenciation à l'égard de l'ordre séculier.

L'analyse révèle que le mouvement a subi des change ments importants de style, sans toutefois abandonner son identité sectaire fondamentale. Il a atténué son opposition au monde et ses caractéristiques de «groupe con f lictuel » pour apparaître davantage comme un groupe de contraste, «qui n'est pas du monde ».
Religion et mode de production tributaire
Authors: Houtart François , Lemercinier Geneviève
Published: March 2007

The religious issue in the tributary societies is to be found in the interior of the broad sphere of the place of religion within the precapitalist modes of production.
Sécularisation et idéologie ecclésiale Hypothèse de travail
Authors: Guizzardi Gustavo
Published: March 2007

For the author, a state of the question of sociological theories on secularization cannot be reduced to a simple analysis of the history of ideas in this field. The hidden connection which exists between these theories and the social conditions in which they are produced must be grasped.
De la theorie à la pratique des prescriptions de l'Islam en Algérie contemporaine
Authors: Hadj-Sadok Mahammed
Published: March 2007

" The Algerian people is Moslem and is part of the Arab world " (dixit Ben Bâdis). — Moslim since the 1st/8th cen tury, it was ruled in its temporal and spiritual life by the Qur'ân (i.e. the Word of Allah as revealed by His Messenger Mohammed and made explicit by the actions, the saying and the silences of the latter).
Pentecôtisme et Société au Brésil
Authors: Rolim Francisco Cartaxo
Published: March 2007

The Protestant Pentecostal phenomenon, rather recent in Brazil (1910), has taken root in the popular classes. After an initial period of implantation (1910-1930), its real growth began in the thirties. Its main progress though has to be situated at the contemporary period of Brazilian capitalism. During this period, a new element has appeared : the popular masses. Little by little, these come to participate, at least partially, in the national life, under the influence of the dominant groups and the populist leaders. This means that the popular classes are somehow present at the social and political levels.
The Content of the Parochial Sermons in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland as Indicators of the Openness and Closeness of the Church as System
Authors: Lampinen Tapio
Published: March 2007

Très peu de recherches ont été effectuées au Finlande dans le domaine de la prédication.
Protestantism and Peace Movements in Germany
Authors: Schmitt Karl
Published: March 2007

Les caractéristiques spécifiques attribuées au mouvement paci fiste ouest allemand - notamment son intransigence quasi religieuse et sa composante nationaliste — peuvent difficilement être expli quées dans le cadre des théories du changement social. Dès lors, de nombreux observateurs font intervenir un facteur auquel ils attri buent une grande importance: le protestantisme allemand.
Religion et modernité: le cas de “Comunione e Liberazione”
Authors: ABBRUZZESE Salvatore
Published: March 2007

The movement “Comunione e Liberazione” has long held the attention of the world press. The breadth of influence developed by this movement, its role within the Catholic apparatus, and its entry into Italian political and economic life go to make up its sociological interest. Faced with a lay and secularized society, Comunione e Liberazione presents itself as a herald of the regeneration of Catholic culture and tradition within modern society. The penetration of this movement into Italian society has not been without consequences. The upheaval within liberal society in 1968, the shake-up of the Italian Catholic cosmos following its relegation to minority status within society, and finally the onslaught of the myth of unlimited economic growth, guaranteed by the Welfare State, coalesced in a way which opened up to this movement numerous avenues of influence within modern society. Its current success is thus to be measured against a background of upheavals in secular life, whose impact is no less significant than those which have recently shaken religious institutions.
Autour de l'intégralité intransigeante: la papauté, l'Eglise et la réception romaine au Canada français
Authors: TURCOTTE Paul-André
Published: March 2007

In French Canada, the representations of the papacy are linked to the totality of the doctrinal and disciplinary Roman corpus and to the uncompromising position of the Catholic Church. What happens when the historical continuity of this relationship which guarantees ecclesiastical hold is threatened? When the social credibility of that hold starts to crumble? Official definitions are stiffened, although couched in modernized language, in order to stem further losses. Nonetheless, a certain degree of adjustment can be detected. It is present in what is not said or in subtle shifts of emphasis. This is especially manifest in the representations of papal attributes from the post-Second World War period to the present. The desired enticement fails to strengthen the commitment of the faithful. The mitigated response which results is apparent in the 1962-3 survey of public high school graduates, as well as in polls taken during the 1970s and the 1984 papal visit. Although the gap seems to widen, it is far from sudden or unexpected.
Instituts religieux et économie charismatique
Authors: SEGUY Jean
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the economic practices of the Catholic Religious Institutes in the post-Vatican II era. In the wake of Max Weber's theory of charisma these practices are located by the author between, on the one hand, “charismatic economy” in the full and ahistoric (theoretical) sense and, on the other, a “rationalized charismatic economy”. Finally the author asks whether there is space for “rationalized charismatic economic practices” in any modern economy and society.
Les rapports Eglise-Etat dans les pays européens de tradition protestante et de tradition catholique: essai d'analyse
Authors: CHAMPION Françoise
Published: March 2007

The object of this article is to compare the Church-State relationship in several European countries which traditionally profess a single faith, either Catholic or Protestant. Its aim is to inform. It also seeks to understand the process which made the relationships between Church and State what they are nowadays. Those relationships in the shape we know them now were first established at the end of the 18th century, the period around which western societies were completing the process of emancipation from religion. Two different ideal-typical logics led to this achievement: a logic of laïcizing in countries of Catholic tradition, a logic of secularizing in countries of Protestant tradition. France, Spain, Belgium, Italy, England and Denmark are the countries studied.
Les sciences sociales face à l'univers religieux Mapuche
Authors: ASTRAIN Ricardo SALAS
Published: March 2007

The author deals with the main current research on the religious world of the Mapuche, a people who live in the reservations located in the south of Chile. The contributions of history, sociology, anthropology and semiotics are discussed. Allusion is also made to the complex problems that arise from the ever-closer contacts of traditional religious leaders with the modernizing agents of Chilean society. A bibliography of the main published studies completes the article.
Culture séculière, culture religieuse, ethos civique et administration publique du symbole
Authors: CÔTÉ Pauline
Published: March 2007

The author sets out to analyse the role played by the judiciary in the construction of a public culture, more specifically a civic ethos. Framing public issues in cultural and ethical terms is initially taken as part of a secularizing trend. In turn, norms and values become part of a public administration of meaning which is incorporated into law and imposed upon religious actors and organizations. Decisions rendered by the Supreme Court of Canada since 1982 serve as illustrations.
L'émergence d'un “marché spirituel”
Authors: VAN HOVE Hildegard
Published: March 2007

In this article an attempt is made to conceptualize a nebulous social phenomenon: the centres, the courses, the books, the teachers and healers representing alternative meaning systems. This phenomenon can be situated at the fringe of religion, but is not organized as a religion. The author discusses why the term “New Age movement” is not very appropriate and the concept of “spiritual marketplace” is suggested as a viable alternative. The development of the spiritual marketplace is a result of the effect of broader cultural processes on the “cultic milieu”. The generalization of the market economy has resulted in a formal pluralism and the primacy of individual preferences. These conditions weaken traditional churches and give rise to “postmodern” alternatives, such as a marketplace of spiritualities. The author argues that various meaning systems are reduced to individual opportunities, since the individual construction of identity (“finding one's own way in life”) is an essential concern.
`Risk is Part of Your Life': Risk Epistemologies Among a Group of Australians
Authors: Lupton Deborah , Tulloch John
Published: March 2007

Much has been written by important sociocultural theorists about the role played by risk in late modern societies, and some, like Beck and Giddens, have ventured to contend that industrial society is turning into `risk society'. Little empirical research has been conducted, however, that has sought to examine the speculations of grand theories about `risk society'. This article discusses findings from an Australian interview-based study that sought to elicit the participants' understandings of the notion of risk. Three major issues from the interviews are examined: the ways in which the participants defined `risk', the risks they nominated as most threatening to themselves and those they saw as threatening Australians in general. The findings reveal that the `risk society' thesis was supported in some ways. Other findings, however, challenged this thesis, including the participants' critique of government's role in protecting its citizens from risk, the ways in which many of them represented risk-taking as positive, their relative inattention to environmental risk and the role played by such factors as gender, age and sexual identity in structuring risk perceptions.
For a Sociology of Transsexualism
Authors: Hird Myra J.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to explore the development of theories on transsexualism with a view to advancing a typology of theories of transsexualism. This typology exposes a general shift from concerns with `authenticity' (the transsexual as a `real' woman or man) to issues of `performativity' (the transsexual as hyperbolic enactment of gender). I will argue it is through a displacement of psychology with sociology as the major lens through which transsexualism is theorized that such a shift from authenticity to performativity is effected. The final typology considers the notion of transgression (rendering the modern two-gender system obsolete). The article argues that whilst transgression may be possible, it is not guaranteed by all forms of transsexualism.
Hydrodynamic Factors in the Friction of Fibers and Yarns
Authors: Hansen W.W. , Tabor D.
Published: March 2007

Many investigations of the friction between yarns (or fibers) and cylindrical pins have been described. Most of these have involved lubricants or finishing agents of un specified physical properties. Recently Lyne has described a study in which mineral oils of known viscosities have been used, and he has examined the effect of speed, viscosity and pre-tension. In this paper it is shown that his results may he explained on the assumption that, to a large extent, hydrodynamic lubrication exists between the yarn and the pin. Further experiments described here suggest that other factors, such as wetting angle may also be significant. However, the main new point brought out is the im portance of hydrodynamic factors in the frictional behavior of yarns sliding over cylindrical surfaces.
An Automatic Vibroscope
Authors: Mackay B.H. , Downes J.G.
Published: March 2007

A simple, automatic version of the vibroscope now frequently used for the determina tion of mass per unit length of fibers, filaments, and yarn is described. The automatic vibroscope gives continuous indication, is very fast in response, and permits the study of sorption kinetics in single fibers. It is also more sensitive than most manually ad justed versions. Details are given of the construction and operation of the instrument, and an assessment is made of the accuracy of measurement under usual operating condi tions. Some other possible applications are briefly discussed.
Evaluating Antistatic Finishes
Authors: Steiger Fred H.
Published: March 2007

Following a brief summary of the published methods for the measurement of static electricity on textiles, the effect of test variables is explored. The relations between charge, resistivity, and the concentration of the antistatic finish are investigated, and it is demonstrated that on a given fabric the logarithm of the charge is a linear function of the logarithm of the surface resistivity, independent of the finish which produces the electrical conductivity.
Structural Compactness of Woven Wool Fabrics and Their Behavior in Modern Washing Machines
Authors: Bogaty Herman , Lourigan George H. , Harris Hazel E.
Published: March 2007

A wide array of commercial all-wool fabrics have been subjected to physical analysis and to ten consecutive mild launderings in a modern automatic home washing machine. Many of the fabrics are shown to exhibit low levels of shrinkage in this test. The shrink age of the fabrics of the same weave type is shown to be related to the cover factor of the cloth. A measure of compactness of fabric structure can be computed from the ratio of observed cover factor to the theoretically maximum weavable cover factor. This compact ness ratio shows a good functional relationship to shrinkage in laundering for virtually all of the fabrics. irrespective of weave. This relationship indicates that a commercially acceptable fabric may be designed with respect to its compactness to give low levels of feltability in many repeated launderings.
Creating Pathways of Change
Authors: Crissman Cris , Spires Hiller A. , Pope Carol A. , Beal Candy
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors explore community members’ perceptions of change at an elementary school during the 1st year of implementing the Accelerated Schools Project. After conducting 23 interviews with a representative sample of the school community, three themes emerged: creating a school identity, experiencing a community of mind, and developing a sense of human agency. Despite critics who say that organizational reform efforts rarely influence instructional practices, First Way Elementary may have defied the odds, based on participants’ perceptions, by making instruction their primary focus within the context of creating a new school organizational structure. The discussion focuses on how the school community made this happen in such a short period of time and the challenges they face as they continue to make changes.
Examining Transformational Resistance Through a Critical Race and Latcrit Theory Framework
Authors: Solorzano Daniel G. , Bernal Dolores Delgado
Published: March 2007

Using critical race theory and Latina/Latino critical race theory as a framework, this article utilizes the methods of qualitative inquiry and counterstorytelling to examine the construct of student resistance. The authors use two events in Chicana/Chicano student history—the 1968 East Los Angeles school walkouts and the 1993 UCLA student strike for Chicana and Chicano studies. Using these two methods and events, the authors extend the concept of resistance to focus on its transformative potential and its internal and external dimensions. The authors describe and analyze a series of individual and focus group interviews with women who participated in the 1968 East Los Angeles high school walkouts. The article then introduces a counterstory that briefly listens in on a dialogue between two data-driven composite characters, the Professor and an undergraduate student named Gloria. These characters’ experiences further illuminate the concepts of internal and external transformational resistance.
University and Urban School Partnerships
Authors: Kirschenbaum Howard , Reagan Christine
Published: March 2007

Interviews were conducted with program coordinators of 57 university-school district collaborative programs. Results were analyzed to better understand types of collaboration, school populations served, university divisions involved, longevity of collaborations, size of program staff and volunteers, numbers of students served, perceived goal accomplishment, quality of collaboration, institutional commitment, and help needed. Collaborations were found to be typically long standing, varied in type, serving large numbers of city school students, satisfying to university partners, and perceived as generally achieving their goals. Programs with high collaboration were judged to be more successful. Recommendations for improving university-school collaboration and for further research are described.
Interpretations of the Meaning of Care
Authors: Alder Nora
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how caring relationships are created and maintained between middle school students and their teachers. Through conducting interviews, holding focus group sessions, and making class-room observations, urban students’ perceptions of caring relationships with teachers are revealed. Open and axial coding of transcribed tapes and field notes led to findings suggesting that teachers are seen as caring when they know their students well, provide personalized leadership for their students, teach to understanding and are academically helpful, and hold high expectations for behavior and achievement. Clearly, these urban students felt it was important for teachers to care. Questions are raised for further investigation on the issues of power and control in the urban classroom.
High School Dropouts
Authors: Iwamoto Carrolyn K. , Kaplan Marion , Aniloff Larry
Published: March 2007

Are Hispanic-American high school students particularly drop-out prone? In Philadelphia parochial schools drop-out proneness is more closely related to academic achievement than to surname.
Urban Studies
Authors: Cooper Terry L. , Sundeen Richard
Published: March 2007

Urban studies: a framework drawn from a theory of urban experience.
Urban Schooling for Black Migrant Youth
Authors: Thomas William B.
Published: March 2007

Like other large northern cities, Buffalo slighted the education of black newcomers.
Secondary School Participation, Institutional Socialization, and Student Achievement
Authors: Schneider Jeffrey M. , Glasheen John D. , Hadley Danny W.
Published: March 2007

Recognition of student achievement varies from high school to high school.
The Impact of Year-Round Schooling
Authors: Merino Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

The benefits of year-round schooling are less than had been hoped.
Jesse Jackson and Urban School Reform
Authors: Eaton William , Hawkins Wes
Published: March 2007

PUSH-EXCEL and presidental candidate Jesse Jackson: The final results are not in.
Creating Effective Urban Elementary Schools
Authors: Pink William T. , Wallace David K.
Published: March 2007

Preparing step-by-step for implementation of a Kansas City school improvement program: the beginnings
The Future of Consultation in Public Education
Authors: Milstein Mike M.
Published: March 2007

Declining enrollments and budgets, and older, less pliable teachers and administrators, are forcing changes in the role of the consultant.
The Decentralization Process of School Systems
Authors: Wissler Dorothy F. , Ortiz Flora Ida
Published: March 2007

Research on school system decentralization is incomplete. Imposed models have been inappropriate, and important details have gone uninvestigated.
The Sociology of Schooling
Authors: Rothstein Stanley William
Published: March 2007

The concerns of Willard Waller, expressed 55 years ago, are still those of sociologists of education.
The Minority Group Teacher
Authors: Tewel Kenneth J. , Trubowitz Sidney
Published: March 2007

The proportion of teachers who are minority group members decreased because of low teacher status and salary, alternate career possibilities, desegregation, retrenchments, and other reasons.
Education
Authors: Stevens Dennis J.
Published: March 2007

(Caustic) note from an ex-student teacher.
Theory and Schooling
Authors: Rothstein Stanley William
Published: March 2007

The use of social theory will clarify the functions of the teacher and the school.
Activist Conservatism in the Driver's Seat
Authors: Menacker Julius
Published: March 2007

First Amendment and other student rights are whittled away.
Equal Educational Opportunity
Authors: Menacker Julius
Published: March 2007

To improve pupil performance, desegregation by race may be less important than desegregation by socioeconomic status.
Teachers' Prejudices
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: March 2007

Prejudice against OrientalJews is detrimental to learning; the prejudice has not yet been eradicated.
A State Legislative Approach to Recovering Students Who Drop out of School
Authors: Neumann Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Colorado Second Chance programs to reduce drop-out rates have suffered from school system inflexibility and lack of funding.
Prospects for Reforming Urban Schools
Authors: Lyile James H.
Published: March 2007

The urban education literature and the restructuring movement rarely consider urban school districts in their entirety and, for that reason, overlook aspects of organizational culture, particularly the schisms between students, staff, and the community at large, that explain why urban school reform is so difficult In this article I make the case that an appropriate agenda for urban school districts would require reform characterized by the design of client-centere4 authenti4 respectful organizations that build from the needs and interests of the students, not the convenience of the employees or the conventions of traditional schooling.
Evaluation of Transitional and Maintenance Bilingual Programs
Authors: Medina Marcello , Escamilla Kathy
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the long-term effect of transitional (TBE) and maintenance (MBE) bilingual instructional programs on the development of native (LI) and English (L2) oral-language proficiency. The sample populations included TBE-instructed Vietnamese (n = 125) and MBE-instructed Hispanic (n = 298) children enrolled in kindergarten through second grade during 1984 through 1987. The study also examined change in LI and L2 oral-language proficiency across grades K-2 for TBE and MBE programs and the subsequent bilingualism of participants. These variables were analyzed for three linguistically homogeneous groups of TBE and MBE subjects who were classified in kindergarten as (a) the most limited English proficient (LEP), (b) fluent in their LI, or (c) nearly fluent in their LI. The most significant overall findings emerging from the study related to positive (additive) and negative (subtractive) effects of TBE and MBE programs on their respective participants' oral L1, L2, and subsequent bilingualism.
Poverty Limits School Choice in Urban Settings
Authors: Payne Rebecca S.
Published: March 2007

Choice plans abound and are touted to be the panacea for the major ills of education. This article, although not arguing against choice as a reform option, presents the position that there are circumstances in poverty settings that will continue to further disenfranchise segments of our society from education even with choice. These segments of society, because of their limited productivity, are costly to sustain. Their circumstances limit the prerequisites for high-quality school choice by parents, and if left unconsidered will result in even worse conditions in urban schools. Recommendations are suggested based on successful programs in these settings.
Women and Minorities in School Administration
Authors: Hudson Mildred J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes two new forms of employment discrimination that can be found at the informal job contact level and suggests that the use of informal job contacts continues to be a major employment barrier for women and people of color. The study is revealing in a number of other ways important to researchers interested in women's issues. One finding, for example, is that no statistically significant differences exist between White women, African-American women, and men in how they learn about job opportunities. However, when the job search behavior of women and Blacks is compared to that of White males, statistically significant differences can be found between the two groups.
Patterns of Communication in a Racial/Ethnic Context
Authors: Alvarez Doris Sanchez , Hofstetter C. Richard , Donovan Mark C. , Huie Carolyn J.
Published: March 2007

Data from interviews with 475 parents (and 84 nonparent controls) of students attending a multiracial/ethnic high school in a major southwestern city were used to test hypotheses about parental school communication. Grunig's situational involvement theory of communication was supported. Passive and active forms of communication were largely explained by the extent to which parents recognized problems at the school, were involved with the problems, and felt constrained from acting effectivety in relation to the problems regardless of racial-ethnic background. Still, the major groups differed in anticipated ways concerning amount of communication, doubtlessly based on historical-cultural experiences.
A Framework for Investigating Minority Group Influence in Urban School Reform
Authors: Jones Toni Griego
Published: March 2007

Minority students in urban schools have the most to gain if efforts at reforming urban school systems work and the most to lose if nothing changes. Yet research on educational reform has not addressed how minority communities influence decisions about how to change their children's schools. Thus far, research has dealt only with how reform affects minority students and communities, not with how minority groups affect the planning of reform. This article offers a more active perspective. It investigates how a minority group might influence the conceptualization, planning, and implementation of urban school reform and suggests a framework for that influence.
Serving Hispanic Students with Learning Disabilities:
Authors: Ortiz Alba A. , Garcia Shernaz B.
Published: March 2007

Educators continue to have difficulty distinguishing learning disabilities from second language differences among Hispanic students. This article identifies major issues in the identification, assessment, and placement of Hispanic students in programs for students with learning disabilities, with a focus on limited English proficient Hispanic students. The authors recommend policies and practices which can help safeguard these students against inappropriate special education placement.
Text Design Patterns in the Writing of Urban African American Students
Authors: Ball Arnetha F
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the expository writing patterns of four academically successful African American high school students. Through detailed text analyses, the research examines subtle and often overlooked culturally influenced text design patterns that these academically successful bidialectal students bring into the classroom. Although the research looks specifically at literacy practices of urban African American writers, the findings have implications for a broad range of culturally diverse students and demonstrate writing strategies that composition teachers can call upon in their attempts to design more effective writing instruction for diverse groups of students.
Parent Involvement and School Choice
Authors: Ogawa Rodney T. , Dutton Jo Sargent
Published: March 2007

This study applies Hirschman's concepts of satisfaction, voice, and valuing product quality to study parents' attitudes toward three forms of school choice: intradistrict options, interdistrict transfers, and public/private school vouchers. Findings reveal three different patterns: Parents who are more likely to participate in intradistrict options have more opportunities to express voice and invest more in educational quality. Parents who are more likely to use vouchers also have more opportunities to exercise voice and invest in educational quality, but they are also less satisfied And parents who are more likely to seek interdistict transfers are simply less satisfied with their children's schools.
Intensifying the Barriers
Authors: Scott Krei Melinda
Published: March 2007

Teacher allocation policies and practices in many urban school districts result in inexperienced, poorly qualified, and unsatisfactory teachers being routinely placed in schools with large proportions of low-income students. This article addresses the limited attention that teacher assignment has received recently and suggests reasons why the topic has not been more prominent on the current educational reform agenda. Further research is called for in an effort to achieve a better understanding of the interests and structures associated with teacher allocation practices. Current initiatives and possible policy changes designed to mitigate the resulting inequities also are discussed.
Talking Story with Hawaii's Youth
Authors: MAYEDA DAVID TOKIHARU , CHESNEY-LIND MEDA , KOO JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This study reports qualitative data collected between December 1997 and May 1998 regarding ethnic and gender identity among at-risk youth in Hawaii. The data were derived by conducting 13 focus group interview sessions with a diverse sample of adolescents (N = 58) at various youth centers. Findings suggest that identity development theories expand their frameworks beyond the notions of ethnicity and gender. Theoretical frameworks must also incorporate unique circumstances within differing communities, such as interethnic violence, sexual exploitation, immigration patterns, and class constraint.
Can Stability in School Processes Offset the Negative Effects of Sociopolitical Upheaval on Adolescents' Adaptation?
Authors: BOTCHEVA LUBA B. , FELDMAN S. SHIRLEY , LEIDERMAN P. HERBERT
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the effect of sociopolitical upheaval in Bulgaria on youths' adaptation and perceptions of supportive environments, focusing on the stability and change of schools as a protective factor in this process. High school students were surveyed twice 2 years apart about their perceptions of support and warmth in school, in their family, and with peers, as well as about their social maturity, optimism, depression, and problem behavior. Multivariate and regression analyses revealed the following: (a) Youths perceived supportive environments as either stable (in the case of friends) or improved (in the case of family and schools); (b) they reported declines in their optimism, relative stability of depression and problem behavior, and improvement in social maturity; (c) declines in perceptions of supportive environments were associated with deterioration in youths' adaptation; and (d) stability and especially the improvement of school cohesion moderated the effect of deteriorating family and peer environments on youths' adaptation.
Stigma Stories
Authors: KELLY DEIRDRE M.
Published: March 2007

Teen mothers are often depicted as the cause and consequence of poverty and welfare dependency. The author analyzes recent media accounts of teen mothers, identifying four interpretive frames associated with the discourses of bureaucratic experts (the wrong girl), conservations (the wrong family), oppositional movements (the wrong society), and teen mothers themselves (the stigma is wrong). The dominant discourse is that of the bureaucratic experts, who are most often portrayed by the media as advocates of teen mothers. Yet in reinterpreting the meaning of teen motherhood, these advocates have incentives to tell their own stigma stories about teen mothers.
Adolescent-Parent Attachment and Adolescents' Relations with their Peers
Authors: SCHNEIDER BARRY H. , YOUNGER ALASTAIR J.
Published: March 2007

We hypothesized that adolescents who reported secure attachments with their parents would display higher levels of interpersonal relational competence. Sixty-three 10th-grade pupils completed the Inventory of Parent Attachment and the Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire. Despite the fact that attachment is generally conceptualized as a unidimensional construct, we found little concordance between positive aspects of attachment (i.e., trust and communication) and alienation from parents. Although alienation, especially from fathers, was a negative correlate of interpersonal competence, our results indicated little correspondence between parent-child attachment and the positive aspects of adolescent social competence. Both positive and negative dimensions of parent-adolescent attachment were correlated with adolescent involvement in extracurricular peer activity. Parents seen by the adolescents as close and trusting had negative opinions of the adolescents' best friends.
Denaturalizing Adolescence
Authors: LESKO NANCY
Published: March 2007

This article critiques several taken-for-granted assumptions about adolescents' alleged distinctive nature and their universal, outside-of-history-and-society status. The article examines the social being of truth about adolescents by closely scrutinizing the confident characterizations that they are “coming of age,” controlled by hormones, and peer oriented. A major strategy of this rereading of adolescence is to locate the seemingly timeless characteristics of adolescence within the sociohistorical context of their creation: the late 1800s and the concerns within the United States for social order, virility, national and international expansion, and the participation of the sciences of anthropology, psychology, and child study in the social anxieties and responses. This analysis employs rhetorical, historical, and feminist readings to call into question the accepted discourse about adolescent nature.
Participation in Youth Center Activities
Authors: NGAI NGAN-PUN , CHEUNG CHAU-KIU
Published: March 2007

Youth centers both develop youths' sense of citizenship and their social integration and discourage their delinquency. These centers, numerous in Hong Kong, provide essential social services for youths. Promoting youths' continuous participation in youth centers is, therefore, a recurrent issue in Hong Kong. A model—the sequential specificity model—appears to be useful in addressing this goal. This model differentiates the sequence of participation and the corresponding specific and nonspecific determinants. Knowledge and the attitude toward youth center services are specific determinants hypothesized to affect participants' participation intention more strongly than nonparticipants'. Analysis of data from a sample of 1,755 high school students in Hong Kong supports this hypothesis.
Justification à la Mode and Justification Simpliciter
Authors: Duran Jane
Published: March 2007

The author argues that the concept of justification is viewed best through elucidation of the processes of ethical and epistemic justification, with specific attention paid to what has been dubbed the "internalist/externalist" distinction in such justification. The first part of the argument clarifies the nature of the distinction as it occurs in ethics and then epistemic justification, noting that there is a parallel between the uses of the distinction, but that it is the way in which the uses are not parallel that is most salient for conceptual purposes. The author then claims that there is an analogous distinction, frequently made in ethical justification, and that is the alleged normative/descriptive distinction. A look at the intersection of that distinction with the internalist/externalist juncture yields the notion that epistemic justification, in particular, could benefit from an externalist/ descriptive approach. Finally, the author argues that we would do well to apply some of the work of the social sciences to epistemic justification theory. The author concludes that the concept of justification includes all four components (internalist, externalist, nor mative, and descriptive) and that clarification of justification simpliciter involves an examination of justification in its various modes.
A Second Look at David Bloor's
Authors: Slezak Peter
Published: March 2007

The recent republication of David Bloor's Knowledge and Social Imagery in a second edition provides an occasion to reappraise the celebrated work which launched the so-called Strong Programme in the sociology of scientific knowledge. This work embodies the general outlook and foundational principles in a way that is still characteristic of its descendents. Above all, the recent republication of Bloor's original book is evidence of the continuing interest and importance of the work, but it also provides the clearest evidence of the shortcomings of the enterprise. The arguments presented in the bulk of the book have received relatively little attention by comparison with the principal tenets enunciated in the first few pages. Accordingly, a detailed examination is made of these original arguments which were so influential in establishing the sociology of scientific knowledge. A close analysis reveals their seemingly unnoticed vacuity, as well as a vast discrepancy between the radical tenets of the Strong Programme and the theses that are actually defended in the body of Bloor's text. In this sense, this article serves to complement and reinforce Mario Bunge's recent masterful survey of the field, which he describes as "a grotesque cartoon of scientific research."
Effects of Introductions in Large-Scale Telephone Survey Interviews
Authors: HOUTKOOP-STEENSTRA HANNEKE , van den BERGH HUUB
Published: March 2007

In this article, the effect of four different introductions on response rates in large-scale telephone surveys in the Netherlands in investigated. Three standardized scripted introductions with different numbers of content elements, in addition to a fourth agendabased introduction, were distinguished. In the latter, the interviewers formulated their own introductions on the basis of a limited number of catchwords. A total of 1,831 first telephone calls by 132 interviewers were analyzed; only first calls were taken into account. In a multilevel model, the three standardized scripted introductions did not differ much with respect to response rates, appointment rates, or refusal rates. However, the agenda-based introduction induced both higher response rates and higher appointment rates and, therefore, lower refusal rates.
Causality and Low-Frequency Complex Events
Authors: ABELL PETER
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to describe complex events (often occurring at low frequency) where standard statistical modeling of causality is not likely to prove feasible. Such events are perhaps best analyzed using the method of comparative narratives, which relies on an internal model of causality.