bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of Terrorism
Authors: Miller Erin , Fahey Susan
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the rise and fall of terrorism, beginning with consideration of the challenges of effectively measuring the dynamics of terrorism. This includes commonly used sources of information about terrorism, the use of technology for disseminating and processing these sources, and links between terrorism and other forms of political violence. The authors then discuss literature relevant to the empirical understanding of individual, group, country, and region-level mechanisms by which terrorism increases and decreases. The chapter concludes with descriptive analysis of patterns of terrorism over time in selected countries as illustrative examples, including the United Kingdom and Spain; Colombia, Peru and El Salvador; and Afghanistan and Iraq.
Terrorism in Western Europe
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio
Published: April 2019

This chapter deals with the incidence of terrorism in Europe since the 1950s. It is argued that Europe is the homegrown purest form of terrorism, where the actor and the action senses of the term fully overlap. Most terrorism in Europe has been featured by underground, urban groups that, because of the constraints imposed by secrecy, committed the kind of asymmetric attacks that are usually associated with terrorism. The two dominant types of terrorism (ideological and nationalist) are examined, including data on lethality, length of the campaigns, and target selection. In the second part of the chapter, it is shown that the determinants of these two types of terrorism are different. Whereas ideological terrorism is related to the left–right cleavage and its historical evolution, nationalist terrorism depends on the accommodating or repressive stance of central elites to peripheral ones.
European Political Violence during the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Miller Martin A.
Published: April 2019

This analysis of modern terrorism began with my inquiry into “The Intellectual Origins of Modern Terrorism” that appeared in Martha Crenshaw’s Terrorism in Context volume (Penn State University Press, 1994) and continued through my article “Ordinary Terrorism in Historical Perspective” (Journal for the Study of Radicalism, 2(1), 2008). My intention is to challenge the conversation over scholarly definitions of terrorism by moving beyond the predominating view that the violence emerges primarily from militants. My contention is that moments of terrorism in specific historical contexts must include the state, whose security forces are locked in mortal combat with insurgent groups. Both are contesting the reigning political legitimacy, with governments seeking to defend their authority while militants aspire to sabotage it. The result is a violent danse macabre that the case studies in this chapter clearly demonstrate.
Thought Leaders and Followers
Authors: Wright Christopher
Published: April 2019

Consultants and advisers are often key actors in the development, dissemination, and application of management ideas. However, while consultants and their critics have stressed their masterly role as management ‘thought leaders’, critical researchers have highlighted a more nuanced understanding of their activities and impact, stressing both the more mundane aspects of consultancy advice and the significant challenges they face as knowledge brokers. This chapter reviews the now extensive literature on management consulting and outlines the ways in which consultants have sought to innovate and legitimize different aspects of management knowledge, as well as the emerging challenges that they now face. These include not only a more knowledgeable management clientele, but also the ability of consultants and advisers to meaningfully engage with the profound political, social, and environmental challenges of the twenty-first century world.
Instrumental Understanding of Management Ideas
Authors: Røvik Kjell-Arne
Published: April 2019

This chapter discusses the instrumental status of management ideas through the lenses of three theoretical perspectives. While from the modernistic–rationalistic perspective, management ideas are conceived of as tools, they are also frequently described as legitimizing elements or fashions viewed from the social constructionist–symbolic perspective. However, seen from a pragmatic perspective—this chapter’s main analytical frame—the instrumental quality of a management idea cannot be decided upon a priori, as if it were a distinct property of each idea. Instead, the implementation phase stands out as critical for the shaping of management ideas. A pragmatic lens, such as offered by translation theory, helps to identify a range of possible trajectories of initiatives to implement management ideas. Some lead to instrumentalization and practical use, while others do not. It is argued that translation theory has the potential to guide practitioners’ efforts to instrumentalize management ideas.
Management Ideas in Everyday Life
Authors: Hancock Philip , Tyler Melissa
Published: April 2019

Management ideas, especially those underpinned by the principles of formal rationality, are no longer confined to the workplace, but appear to be having a significant influence on people’s everyday lives. In large part, this is due to the content and popularity of lifestyle magazines, self-improvement literature, and the increasing ubiquity of personal technologies that claim to make us more efficient and effective. At the same time, those who manage us within organizations are also taking a greater interest in our personal activities, habits, and well-being. This chapter critically explores these developments along with the media through which modern management ideas play an increasing role in how we are told we should think and behave. From the early days of domestic management books to the contemporary fascination with the possibility of a fully quantified self, the authors interrogate the ubiquity of management ideas as a guide to everyday life.
Alternatives to Management Ideas
Authors: Parker Martin
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that ‘management ideas’ are distinct from ideas about organization more generally. It suggests that the reduction of the latter to the former is an ideological move that encourages us to believe that there are no alternatives to management, as if all forms of organization were necessarily managerial. The aim is to reclaim organizing from those who claim expertise in management, and instead insist that we treat organizing as a form of politics. Using a case study of an English worker’s co-operative as an example, the chapter argues that attention to the politics of organizing should mean that questions of collectivism and the common good have to be balanced against ideas about autonomy and difference. The resulting forms of organization then need to be aimed at the service of the future, always in the knowledge that any form of organization is itself a form of politics made durable.
Management Ideas and the Social Construction of Organizations
Authors: Pope Shawn , Bromley Patricia
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines cultural transformations that have contributed to the expansion of management ideas in number, domains, and across sectors. The discussion is organized around a conceptual model that depicts propositions arguing that cultural foundations underpin the expansion of management ideas and formal organization as core elements of contemporary society. These Page pageId="12"?>cultural foundations include scientization, individual rights and capacities, and ongoing individual education and professionalization. The processes identified are illustrated with examples of particular management ideas that have contributed to the standardization of organizations as a single, meta-form of social structure. The chapter ends by discussing research implications and future scholarly directions.
The System of Management Ideas
Authors: Mol Michael , Birkinshaw Julian , Foss Nicolai J.
Published: April 2019

This chapter argues that there is a system of management ideas, that is, a set of institutionalized high level heuristics that guide organizational and individual behaviours in managerial reality, involve distinct knowledge that is transferred across time and space, may change as a result of local adaptation or innovation, and may be selected for or against. This system operates at multiple levels, particularly the individual, organizational, and institutional levels. A system of management ideas can be analysed through a micro-foundational approach, where actions of individual agents lead to an evolution of the system through processes of variation, selection, and retention. This approach is applied to the organizational level choice of adopting existing, fashionable management practices versus creating novel management practices. The authors present a process model depicting this make-or-buy choice in management practices and provide insights into why and when organizations choose each of these routes.
Professional Structures and Practice Change
Authors: Whittington Richard , Anderson Deborah
Published: April 2019

This chapter examines the processes by which new management ideas become institutionalized as widely-used management practices in different kinds of profession. It argues that these processes vary according to a profession’s structural degree of social closure, as enforced for instance by tight regulations and strict qualification requirements. Closure also has implications for the relevance of different strands of institutional theory. In closed professions such as accounting, institutionalization processes resemble those predicted by institutional entrepreneurship theory: the emphasis is on the roles of regulators and professional bodies; collaboration amongst change agents; episodic innovation; front-loaded change activity; and isomorphic outcomes. In open professions such as strategy, management fashion theory suggests the importance of prestigious clients and competition, while institutional work theory predicts continuous innovation; intense investment in maintenance activities; and pluralistic outcomes. The chapter argues for the value of comparative studies of professions for future research on the institutionalization of management ideas.
Developing Mastery Models to Support the Acquisition and Assessment of Expertise
Authors: Ross Karol G. , Phillips Jennifer K.
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes the origin, development, and application of the Mastery Model. The model results from a specific process designed to generate a representation of five stages of development in any domain characterized by complex expertise. The framework of the model originated with the Dreyfus and Dreyfus general model of cognitive skill acquisition. Development is based on a semi-structured interview of experts and a qualitative analysis process. The structure of the Mastery Model is defined by key performance areas; stage profiles for each of these key areas specifying the hallmarks of performance and characterizing the progression of skill; and performance indicators for each of the key areas, categorized in five progressive levels. Specific examples from a completed model are provided. Differences between the Mastery Model and competency models are discussed. Recommendations to improve the development and application of the model are provided.
Musical Expertise
Authors: Mishra Jennifer
Published: April 2019

Music has played a pivotal role in the development of the theory of expert performance with much of the foundational research conducted with musical experts. This chapter explores the role music played in the development of the theory and issues arising from the original research that have not yet been fully addressed. The definitions of musical expertise and deliberate practice in music are explored. Because the musical field has not adopted a consistent definition of expertise, operational definitions in the research can be somewhat inconsistent. A preliminary hierarchical system is proposed. The chapter concludes with consideration of other variables, such as genetics, that could interact with deliberate practice to develop expertise in the musical domain. Current thinking is that deliberate practice is important, but insufficient to explain expertise. The development of musical experts may be more complex than either the amount of deliberate practice or genetics can explain.
The Cyber Domains
Authors: Thomson Robert
Published: April 2019

In this chapter, the historical and continuing evolution of the cyber domains, and how current research in cyber expertise can be operationalized, are described. Research into cyber expertise is in its infancy; in fact, there is no clear definition of what constitutes cyber expertise or how it may be unique when compared to other technical fields. The work roles of cyber operators are described and results from cognitive task analyses of their workplace are reviewed. The chapter then reviews several paradigms in detail including experiments using simulated intrusion detection software to study different levels of expertise and how information is shared between multiple teammates in these environments. Finally, some candidate topics for future research are presented, including the use of realistic synthetic environments to study cyber operations with more ecological validity.
Phenomenological Psychopathology and Qualitative Research
Authors: Ballerini Massimo
Published: April 2019

Qualitative Research (QR) involves an interpretative approach to experimental data, generating meaning structures with specific properties. A hermeneutical approach to anomalous subjectivity is the core feature of phenomenological psychopathology, representing an excellent theoretical background for QR. In this perspective, psychiatric disorders are considered peculiar existential stances: despite all the patients’ biographical details and personal variations, they display a typical invariant structure residing in specific (anomalous) arrangements of patients’ structures of subjectivity. In phenomenological psychopathology-oriented QR, first person subjective experiences articulated in personal narratives are converted in transpersonal constructs (TPC), valid for a class of individuals—that is, people suffering from schizophrenia. TPC are synthetic schemes of comprehension of a manifold of experiences; they outline the typical invariant features of anomalous experiences, translating the first person subjective perspective in third person, objective descriptions; TPC reflect specific forms of patients’ anomalous subjectivity.They describe efficaciously the existential arrangement of people affected by specific psychiatric disorders, contributing to the fine description of clinical phenotypes. Refined TPC may be employed to draw rating scales
Philosophical aspects of cosmology
Authors: Smeenk Chris
Published: April 2019

The development of cosmological theories has been accompanied by philosophical debates inspired by the contrasts between cosmology and other areas of physics. This chapter reviews aspects of these debates from a historical perspective, beginning with debates about whether the uniqueness of the universe implies that cosmology needs a distinctive methodology. Underdetermination of theory by the evidence is particularly challenging due to horizons and inaccessible physics. Theories of the ‘origin’ of the universe do not have the same structure as other physical theories. Recent debates have focused on how to evaluate theories that predict a multiverse, in particular regarding the significance of fine-tuning and how to conduct anthropic reasoning.
Neural and Physiological Mechanisms of Altruism and Empathy
Authors: Preston Stephanie D.
Published: April 2019

Empathy and altruism are both “prosocial emotions.” They are most often discussed together under the rubric of “empathy-based altruism” theories, which allow for a truly other-oriented and selfless motivation to give. In addition, most integrative theories of empathy-based altruism assume that this prosocial motivation evolved from the need for altricial mammals to care for helpless offspring, which was extended in evolutionary history to group members and even strangers. This view is widespread and empirically supported. However, there are many times when empathy does not produce altruism and when altruism does not derive from shared affect; there are also prosocial phenomena that are overlooked and distorted by oversimplifications of the empathy-altruism hypothesis. The current chapter reviews empathy and altruism, including definitional issues, distinct features in empathy versus altruism, the neural and physiological mechanisms behind empathy and altruism, and how the two interact during a typical prosocial act, focusing on points of contention or confusion in the literature.
Strengthening Positive Psychology
Authors: Gallagher Matthew W. , Lopez Shane J.
Published: April 2019

The term “positive psychology” was first used in 1954 by Abraham Maslow, who complained that psychology as then practiced said “little about [man’s] potentialities, his virtues, his achievable aspirations, or his full psychological height.” In the decades, since, this has changed. Pick up a magazine or a scholarly psychology journal and, chances are, you will read about the good work of a positive psychologist. Through the use of sound methods, positive psychologists answer hard questions about the best in people. This book serves as repository of answers to those tough questions. In this chapter, we argue that the work of positive psychology scholars is good for psychology, as a discipline, and for society. We also discuss what needs to be done to strengthen the science and practice of positive psychology. The promise of this new brand of positive psychology was and remains clear. By using the same techniques and tools that help us explain weakness and prevent or treat illness, we could enhance our understanding of strengths and promote well-being.
Upper airway collapsibility measured using a simple wakefulness test closely relates to the pharyngeal critical closing pressure during sleep in obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Osman Amal M , Carberry Jayne C , Burke Peter G R , Toson Barbara , Grunstein Ronald R , Eckert Danny J
Published: April 2019

Study Objectives

A collapsible or crowded pharyngeal airway is the main cause of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, quantification of airway collapsibility during sleep (Pcrit) is not clinically feasible. The primary aim of this study was to compare upper airway collapsibility using a simple wakefulness test with Pcrit during sleep.

Methods

Participants with OSA were instrumented with a nasal mask, pneumotachograph and two pressure sensors, one at the choanae (PCHO), the other just above the epiglottis (PEPI). Approximately 60 brief (250 ms) pulses of negative airway pressure (~ –12 cmH2O at the mask) were delivered in early inspiration during wakefulness to measure the upper airway collapsibility index (UACI). Transient reductions in the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) holding pressure were then performed during sleep to determine Pcrit. In a subset of participants, the optimal number of replicate trials required to calculate the UACI was assessed.

Results

The UACI (39 ± 24 mean ± SD; range = 0%–87%) and Pcrit (–0.11 ± 2.5; range: –4 to +5 cmH2O) were quantified in 34 middle-aged people (9 female) with varying OSA severity (apnea–hypopnea index range = 5–92 events/h). The UACI at a mask pressure of approximately –12 cmH2O positively correlated with Pcrit (r = 0.8; p < 0.001) and could be quantified reliably with as few as 10 replicate trials. The UACI performed well at discriminating individuals with subatmospheric Pcrit values [receiver operating characteristic curve analysis area under the curve = 0.9 (0.8–1), p < 0.001].

Conclusions

These findings indicate that a simple wakefulness test may be useful to estimate the extent of upper airway anatomical impairment during sleep in people with OSA to direct targeted non-CPAP therapies for OSA.
Myocarditis Prevalence in Paediatric Dengue Infection: A Prospective Study in Tertiary Hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Buntubatu Sarah , Prawirohartono Endy P , Arguni Eggi
Published: April 2019

Awareness of cardiac involvement in dengue infection has potentially valuable management implications. To determine the prevalence of myocarditis in dengue severity, we conducted prospective study of paediatric dengue illness at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from period of July 2015 to May 2016. World Health Organization (WHO) Dengue Guideline 2011 classification system was used. Diagnosis of dengue infection was made based on either by dengue serology and/or NS1 test. Myocarditis was assessed based on elevation of cardiac enzymes, as creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), Troponin I (TnI) and by electrocardiography (ECG). Proportion between groups was compared using the Fisher’s exact test. We analysed 50 children with diagnosis of dengue fever (DF), 12 of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and 23 of dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Myocarditis diagnosed in 53%, 75% and 96% of DF, DHF and DSS, respectively. We found that myocarditis was more prevalent significantly in DSS than DF (p = 0.003).
The Genomics of Selfing in Maize (Zea maysssp.mays): Catching Purging in the Act
Authors: Roessler Kyria , Muyle Aline , Diez Concepcion M. , Gaut Garren R.J. , Bousios Alexandros , Stitzer Michelle C. , Seymour Danelle K. , Doebley John F. , Liu Qingpo , Gaut Brandon S.
Published: April 2019

In plants, self-fertilization is both an important reproductive strategy and a valuable genetic tool. In theory, selfing increases homozygosity at a rate of 0.50 per generation. Increased homozygosity can uncover recessive deleterious variants and lead to inbreeding depression, unless it is countered by the loss of these variants by genetic purging. Here we investigated the dynamics of purging on genomic scale by testing three predictions. The first was that heterozygous, putatively deleterious SNPs were preferentially lost from the genome during continued selfing. The second was that the loss of deleterious SNPs varied as a function of recombination rate, because recombination increases the efficacy of selection by uncoupling linked variants. Finally, we predicted that genome size (GS) decreases during selfing, due to the purging of deleterious transposable element (TE) insertions. We tested these three predictions by following GS and SNP variants in a series of selfed maize (Zea maysssp.mays) lines over six generations. In these lines, putatively deleterious alleles were purged, and purging was more pronounced in highly recombining regions. Homozygosity increased more slowly than expected; instead of increasing by 50% each generation, it increased by 35% to 40%. Finally, three lines showed dramatic decreases in GS, losing an average of 398 Mb from their genomes over the short timeframe of our experiment. TEs were the principal component of loss, and GS loss was more likely for lineages that began with more TE and more chromosomal knob repeats. Overall, this study documented remarkable GS loss – as much DNA as threeArabidopsis thalianagenomes, on average - in only a few generations of selfing.
Conspecific larval extracts along with biotoxin to attract-and-kill mosquitoes
Authors: Faierstein Gabriel B. , Lu WeiYu , Sena Andréa K. L. S. , Barbosa Rosângela M. R. , Leal Walter S.
Published: April 2019

One of the strategies of integrated vector management is to lure gravid mosquitoes for surveillance purposes or to entice them to lay eggs in water containing toxins that kill the offspring (attract-and-kill or trap-and-kill). Typically, the major challenge of this approach is the development of a lure that stimulates oviposition plus a toxin with no deterrent effect. Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) satisfies the latter criterion, but lures for these autocidal gravid traps are sorely needed. We observed that gravid Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus laid significantly more eggs in cups with extracts from 4th-stage larvae (4L) of the same or different species. No activity was found when 4L were extracted with hexane, diethyl ether, methanol, or butanol, but activity was observed with dimethyl sulfoxide extracts. Larval extracts contained both oviposition stimulant(s)/attractant(s) and deterrent(s), which partitioned in the water and hexane phases, respectively. Lyophilized larval extracts were active after a month, but activity was reduced by keeping the sample at 4°C. In the tested range of 0.1 to 1 larvae-equivalent per milliliter, oviposition activity increased in a dose-dependent manner. In field experiments, Ae. aegpti laid significantly more eggs in traps loaded with larval extracts plus Bti than in control traps with water plus Bti.
MicroRNAs expressed from FSHR and aromatase genes target important ovarian functions
Authors: Rooda Ilmatar , Kaselt Birgitta , Salumets Andres , Velthut-Meikas Agne
Published: April 2019

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have known roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of various biological processes including ovarian follicle development. We have previously identified miRNAs from human pre-ovulatory granulosa cells that are expressed from the intronic regions of two key genes in normal follicular development: FSH receptor (FSHR) and CYP19A1, the latter encoding the aromatase enzyme. In the present study, we aim to identify the targets regulated by those two miRNAs: hsa-miR-548ba and hsa-miR-7973, respectively. The miRNAs of interest were endogenously expressed in KGN cell-line, gene expression changes were analyzed by Affymetrix microarray and confirmed by RT-qPCR. Potential miRNA-regulated sequences were further filtered from the obtained results by bioinformatic target prediction algorithms and validated for direct miRNA:mRNA binding by luciferase reporter assay. Our results verified Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR), Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), Neogenin 1 (NEO1) and SP110 nuclear body protein (SP110) as target genes for hsa-miR-548ba. Hsa-miR-7973 target genes ADAM metallopeptidase domain 19 (ADAM19), Peroxidasin (PXDN) and Formin like 3 (FMNL3) also passed all verification steps. In conclusion we propose that hsa-miR-548ba may be involved in the regulation of follicle growth and activation via LIFR and PTEN. Hsa-miR-7973 may be implicated in the modulation of extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions. Taken together, our results suggest that those two miRNAs of interest have important regulatory roles in granulosa cells and in follicle development in general.

Summary sentence

Confirmed targets of miRNAs hsa-miR-548ba and hsa-miR-7973 are involved in follicle recruitment, apoptosis, intercellular interactions and extracellular matrix remodeling pathways in KGN cells.
Bulked segregant analysis RNA-seq (BSR-Seq) validated a stem resistance locus in Aegilops umbellulata, a wild relative of wheat
Authors: Edae Erena A. , Rouse Matthew N.
Published: April 2019

Many disease resistance genes that have been transferred from wild relatives to cultivated wheat have played a significant role in wheat production worldwide. Ae. umbellulata is one of the species within the genus Aegilops that have been successfully used as sources of resistance genes to leaf rust, stem rust and powdery mildew. The objectives of the current work was to validate the map position of a major QTL that confers resistance to the stem rust pathogen races Ug99 (TTKSK) and TTTTF with an independent bi-parental mapping population and to refine the QTL region with a bulk segregant analysis approach. Two F2 bi-parental mapping populations were developed from stem rust resistant Ae. umbellulata accessions (PI 298905 and PI 5422375) and stem rust susceptible accessions (PI 542369 and PI 554395). Firstly, one of the two populations was used to map the chromosome location of the resistance gene. Later on, the 2nd population was used to validate the chromosome location in combination with a bulk segregant analysis approach. For the bulk segregant analysis, RNA was extracted from a bulk of leaf tissues of 12 homozygous resistant F3 families, and a separate bulk of 11 susceptible homozygous F3 families derived from the PI 5422375 and PI 554395 cross. The RNA samples of the two bulks and the two parents were sequenced for SNPs identification. Stem rust resistance QTL was validated on chromosome 2U of Ae. umbellulata in the same region in both populations. With bulk segregant analysis, the QTL position was delimited within 3.2 Mbp. Although there were a large number of genes in the orthologous region of the detected QTL on chromosome 2D of Ae. tauschii, we detected only two Ae. umbellulata NLR genes which can be considered as a potential candidate genes.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices of hypertension in a community based cross sectional study done in Ward 14, Gwanda District, Matebeleland South, Zimbabwe
Authors: Chimberengwa Pugie Tawanda , Naidoo Mergan
Published: April 2019

Background

Hypertension is a significant contributor to cardiovascular and renal diseases. In poor communities there is lack of awareness, poor treatment and control. However, it can be controlled by lifestyle modifications. The aim of this study was to determine knowledge, attitudes and practices with regards to hypertension in a rural disadvantaged community in Matebeleland South province of Zimbabwe.

Methods

We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional survey. A pre-tested and validated interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect demographic, awareness, treatment and control data among consenting hypertensive patients.

Results

304 respondents were enrolled into the study, their mean age was 59 years and 65.4% were females. Adding salt on the table (59.8%) was a risk factor. There were strong community beliefs in managing hypertension with herbs (50.7%) and use of traditional medicines (14.5%). Knowledge on hypertension was poor with 43.8% of hypertensive patients having had a discussion with a health worker on hypertension and 64.8% believing the main case of hypertension is stress while 85.9% stated palpitations as a symptom of hypertension. Defaulter rate was high at 30.9% with 25% of those on medication not knowing whether their blood pressure control status. Odds ratio for good knowledge for secondary and tertiary education were 3.68 (95%CI: 1.61-8.41) and 7.52 (95%CI: 2.76-20.46) respectively compared to no formal education. Those that believed in herbal medicines and those that used traditional medicines were 53% (95%CI: 0.29-0.76) and 68% (95%CI: 0.29-0.76) less likely to have good knowledge compared to those who did not believe and use traditional medicines respectively.

Conclusion

Lack of education and poor socio-economic backgrounds were associated with poor knowledge on hypertension. Shortages of medication, poor health funding and weak health education platforms contributed to reduced awareness and control of hypertension in the community. Thus, community hypertension awareness, treatment and control needed to be upscaled.
Very high brightness and power LCLS-II hard X-ray pulses
Authors: Halavanau Aliaksei , Decker Franz-Josef , Emma Claudio , Sheppard Jackson , Pellegrini Claudio
Published: April 2019

The feasibility of generating X-ray pulses in the 4–8 keV fundamental photon energy range with 0.65 TW peak power, 15 fs pulse duration and 9 × 10−5 bandwidth using the LCLS-II copper linac and hard X-ray (HXR) undulator is shown. In addition, third-harmonic pulses with 8–12 GW peak power and narrow bandwidth are also generated. High-power and small-bandwidth X-rays are obtained using two electron bunches separated by about 1 ns, one to generate a high-power seed signal, the other to amplify it through the process of the HXR undulator tapering. The bunch delay is compensated by delaying the seed pulse with a four-crystal monochromator. The high-power seed leads to higher output power and better spectral properties, with more than 94% of the X-ray power within the near-transform-limited bandwidth. Some of the experiments made possible by X-ray pulses with these characteristics are discussed, such as single-particle imaging and high-field physics.
High-viscosity injector-based pink-beam serial crystallography of microcrystals at a synchrotron radiation source
Authors: Martin-Garcia Jose M. , Zhu Lan , Mendez Derek , Lee Ming-Yue , Chun Eugene , Li Chufeng , Hu Hao , Subramanian Ganesh , Kissick David , Ogata Craig , Henning Robert , Ishchenko Andrii , Dobson Zachary , Zhang Shangji , Weierstall Uwe , Spence John C. H. , Fromme Petra , Zatsepin Nadia A. , Fischetti Robert F. , Cherezov Vadim , Liu Wei
Published: April 2019

Since the first successful serial crystallography (SX) experiment at a synchrotron radiation source, the popularity of this approach has continued to grow showing that third-generation synchrotrons can be viable alternatives to scarce X-ray free-electron laser sources. Synchrotron radiation flux may be increased ∼100 times by a moderate increase in the bandwidth (`pink beam' conditions) at some cost to data analysis complexity. Here, we report the first high-viscosity injector-based pink-beam SX experiments. The structures of proteinase K (PK) and A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) were determined to resolutions of 1.8 and 4.2 Å using 4 and 24 consecutive 100 ps X-ray pulse exposures, respectively. Strong PK data were processed using existing Laue approaches, while weaker A2AAR data required an alternative data-processing strategy. This demonstration of the feasibility presents new opportunities for time-resolved experiments with microcrystals to study structural changes in real time at pink-beam synchrotron beamlines worldwide.
Role of navigational ability in website visit duration
Authors: Bhatnagar Amit , Sinha Atish P. , Sen Arun
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Online search effort is routinely measured by the duration of visit at the website as obtained from clicksream data or surveys. Measuring search effort by the time spent at a website assumes that all consumers who search for the same duration obtain the same amount of information. This would be acceptable if all consumers possessed the same navigational ability. In practice, different consumers have different levels of ability to navigate a website. The purpose of this study is to find whether an individual’s navigational ability has an influence on visit duration and purchase likelihood.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use visit duration data from a real website which makes it possible to partition the visit duration into the times spent on relevant and irrelevant pages. The data were collected through an experimental study. The authors develop an empirical model, comprising hazard and choice models, to assess the relationship between navigational ability and elements of website usage.

Findings

A consumer with poor navigational ability spends more time searching on the Web and has lower purchase probability compared to a consumer with superior ability.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited to one data.

Practical implications

This research has managerial implications for website design, such as link-structure, appearance, size and the number of graphics.

Originality/value

This is the first study to research navigational ability’s influence on online consumer behavior.
Regional legislation to address climate change in China: necessity and feasibility
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Jiang Xiaoyi , Pan Xiaobin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Legislation plays an essential role in addressing climate change in China. However, many barriers to formulating national legislation to address climate change have so far prevented its enactment. The bottom-up approach adopted in the international climate regime sets a good example. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to discuss the regional legislation to address climate change in China through exploring the following two questions: whether it is necessary to enact climate change legislation at regional level first and whether it is feasible to develop such regional legislation in the absence of national climate change law.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper analyses the necessity and feasibility of regional legislation to address climate change. Section 2 introduces the current legislative framework on climate change in China. Section 3 investigates whether it is better to push the legislative agenda at regional, rather than national level. Section 4 analyses the feasibility of establishing regional legislative systems. Section 5 explores the key issues in formulating and promoting regional legislation.

Findings

This paper concludes that it is necessary and feasible to pilot regional legislation before enacting national legislation. Under these circumstances, local governments can take the initiative to begin formulating regional legislation.

Originality/value

Addressing climate change needs immediate action and effective measures. It is, thus, necessary to reconsider the approach that China should adopt when developing legislation on climate change. This paper contributes to broadening current knowledge of regional climate change legislation in China.
Exploring the antecedents of sustainable tourism development
Authors: MacKenzie Niall , Gannon Martin Joseph
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The authors use two historical case studies (UK and Costa Rica) to explore the antecedents and legitimisation of sustainable development in hospitality and tourism, demonstrating the value of historical analysis through careful consideration of motivations, context and development type under different circumstances.

Design/methodology/approach

Using government and private archival materials, oral history testimonies, industry reports and secondary literature, the authors deploy careful historical analysis of developing and developed country approaches to two cases of hospitality and tourism development and how this impacts on notions of sustainability.

Findings

Issues surrounding sustainability in hospitality and tourism are longstanding and impacted by their situated context. In considering “bottom-up” and “top-down” approaches, this study finds that the private-sector is critical in legitimising tourism and hospitality development through addressing sustainability aims.

Research limitations/implications

Issues faced in developing hospitality and tourism markets should not be taken in isolation, and, by drawing upon historical cases, scholars can better-understand how developed tourism markets shape the sustainability of developing contexts.

Practical implications

This study demonstrates how sustainability can be legitimised over time and in different contexts, in both government-led and business-led approaches, providing lessons for understanding the mechanisms by which to address these issues in future.

Originality/value

Historical analyses in hospitality and tourism remain relatively few. This study illustrates the theoretical and practical value of historical analysis of the pathway to legitimacy for sustainable tourism development.
Regional economic divergence and house prices: a comparison of Germany and the UK
Authors: Blaseio Benedikt , Jones Colin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Increasing regional wealth disparities have been explained by the role of agglomeration economies and the concentration of skilled mobile human capital. This paper aims to draw out the role of the housing market by considering the differential experience of Germany and the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical analysis is based on the comparison of regional house price trends in Germany and UK-based annual data from 1991 to 2015.

Findings

Regional house price inequality is found to have increased in both countries with the spatial concentration of skilled human capital. However, the main conclusion is that there are differential paths to regional house price inequality explained by the parameters of each country’s housing market.

Originality/value

The research is the first to compare and explain differential regional house price trends across countries.
Modelling housing prices and market fundamentals: evidence from the Sydney housing market
Authors: Al-Masum Md Abdullah , Lee Chyi Lin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Housing prices in Sydney have increased rapidly in the past three decades. This leads to a debate of whether Sydney housing prices have departed from macroeconomic fundamentals. However, little research has been devoted to this area. Therefore, this study aims to fill this gap by examining the long-run association between housing prices and market fundamentals. Further, it also examines the long-run determinants of housing prices in Greater Sydney.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis of this study involves two stages. The first stage is to estimate the presence of long-run relationship between housing prices and market fundamentals with the Johansen and Juselius Cointegration test. Thereafter, the determinants of housing prices in Greater Sydney is assessed by using a vector error correction model.

Findings

The empirical results show that Sydney housing prices are cointegrated with market fundamentals in the long run. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that market fundamentals such as gross disposable income, housing supply, unemployment rate and gross domestic product are the key long-run determinants of Sydney housing prices, reflecting that Sydney housing prices, in general, can be explained by market fundamentals in the long run.

Research limitations/implications

The findings enable more informed and practical policy and investment decision-making regarding the relation between housing prices and market fundamentals.

Originality/value

This paper is the first study to offer empirical evidence of the degree to which the behaviour of housing prices can be explained by market fundamentals, from a capital city instead of at a national level, using a relatively disaggregated dataset of housing price series for Greater Sydney.
Personal values and the features of psychological contracts
Authors: Santos Maria Céu , Coelho Filipe , Gomes Jorge F.S. , Sousa Carlos M.P.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate how personal values relate to the psychological contract employees establish with their employers.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample consisted of 223 frontline employees from a major Portuguese company. The paper used stepwise regressions analysis to test the research hypotheses.

Findings

Collectivistic-oriented values were generally related to psychological contract features such as long time frame, lower tangibility, flexibility, inequality and collective regulation. Conversely, individualistic-oriented values were generally associated with a short time frame and a more tangible, stable, equal and individually regulated type of contract with a narrow scope.

Research limitations/implications

This study uses cross-sectional data collected from a single Portuguese company. While common method bias could potentially affect the results, various procedural remedies were used to control for it. Finally, the study relied on stepwise regression, which is a data-driven approach.

Practical implications

The study supports the contentions that internal dispositions are related to psychological contracts.

Originality/value

This paper innovates by exploring how employees’ personal values are associated with the psychological contract from a feature-oriented approach. In addition, this study was carried out in Portugal, highlighting the importance of exploring existing models and theories in different cultural contexts.
The impact of intragroup relationship conflict on intention to re-enroll
Authors: Zhu Ying , Lynette Wang Valerie , Leach Evan , Cruthirds Kevin , Wang Yong
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Scholars have identified several predictors of learner satisfaction, but little research addresses the impact of intragroup conflict in a virtual learning context. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potentially deleterious effects of perceived intragroup relationship conflict on virtual learners’ intention to re-enroll.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were systematically collected from virtual learners using an online questionnaire and then analyzed by multiple regression models.

Findings

The results show that emotional expressiveness is an antecedent to perceived intragroup relationship conflict, and the relationship is moderated by individuals’ perceived enjoyment of computer-mediated communication. Virtual learners with a higher emotional expressiveness (i.e. extraverts) experience higher perceived relationship conflict, which in turn, lowers their intention to re-enroll.

Research limitations/implications

The study confirms the antecedent and consequence of perceived intragroup relationship conflict in a virtual learning context.

Practical implications

Educational institutions and businesses may use three proposed strategies to deal with intragroup relationship conflict.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the limited knowledge on how to effectively manage virtual learning interactions by educational institutions and businesses.
Distribution of agricultural productivity gains in selected Feed the Future African countries
Authors: Moss Charles B. , Schmitz Andrew
Published: April 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine investments in selected Feed the Future countries in Africa.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors examine three investments in Feed the Future countries (e.g. Rwanda and Uganda) in the context of non-traded goods, exports and imports. These investments include research and development in Ugandan cassava production, a value chain intervention in the coffee market channel in Rwanda and a program to increase the use of fertilizer for maize production in Rwanda. The authors also stress the importance of distributional impacts in terms of policymaking.

Findings

The results show that while there can be net gains from each investment discussed, the distributional effects of each are very different.

Originality/value

The findings will be useful for the development community and agribusiness policymaking.
Flexibility and control in managing collaborative and in-house NPD
Authors: Curtis Emer , Sweeney Breda
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Prior literature provides little insight on how management control systems have responded to the growth of collaborative new product development (NPD). The purpose of this paper is to contrast the use of budgets to manage collaborative and in-house NPD and to consider the implications for enabling flexibility.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reports on the findings of a case study company in the medical devices industry that uses two different business models for its NPD activities. While the company engages in in-house NPD for its own products, it also engages in collaborative NPD services with a range of customers.

Findings

The study illuminates how two types of budgets (annual and project) can have very different impacts on flexibility under different business models. The annual financial budgets imposed rigid constraints on in-house NPD and resulted in reduced flexibility, whereas in collaborative NPD, they had little impact on flexibility. Project budgets created hard operational constraints in collaborative NPD which generated a highly pressurised yet highly creative environment, whereas project budgets had little impact on flexibility in in-house NPD.

Originality/value

The study contributes detailed empirical insights into the control systems used to manage collaborative NPD from the supplier perspective, where creativity is largely responsive and contrasts these with the management of in-house NPD where creativity is largely expected. The authors also contribute an analysis of the key control systems and other factors that sustain flexibility in this highly pressurised open innovation environment.