bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of the nature of nursing care described by using the Caring Behaviours Inventory
Authors: Romero‐Martín Macarena , Gómez‐Salgado Juan , Robles‐Romero José Miguel , Jiménez‐Picón Nerea , Gómez‐Urquiza José Luis , Ponce‐Blandón José Antonio
Published: July 2019

Aim

To describe the nature of care received by patients measured through the Caring Behaviours Inventory.

Background

Professional nursing practice combines two dimensions of caring: instrumental care and expressive care. Instrumental care focuses on physical health needs, in terms of efficiency and employs interventions based on evidence. Expressive care is patient‐centred and based on the interpersonal relationship. It requires caring attitudes that include respect, kindness, sensitivity and patience. The Caring Behaviours Inventory is a tool designed to assess the care expressed through the behaviours nurses perform, contextualised within the Jean Watson's Theory of Human Caring.

Methods

A systematic review following PRISMA recommendations. Scopus, PubMed and CINAHL databases were consulted using the keywords “Caring Behaviours Inventory” AND “Nursing”. The Joanna Briggs Institute tool was used for the quality appraisal. A conceptual analysis and a thematic synthesis were performed for data extraction.

Results

11 articles were selected. Three categories were identified: nature of caring, congruence between perceived care by patients and nurses, and factors associated with the expression of care.

Discussion

An emphasis on care of an instrumental nature was identified. The perception of patients differs from that of nurses, patients perceive a lower level of expressive caring than the one nurses believe to deliver. Caring behaviours are affected by the working environment, nurses' emotional intelligence and coping skills, and socio‐demographic characteristics.

Conclusion

This paper described the findings of previous research regarding the nature of care that is transmitted and received in clinical practice. Results highlight an emphasis on the instrumental aspect of the nursing care according to the patients' perception.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings summarised in this review could contribute to a better understanding of the nursing care. Results reported in this paper could also help to improve the quality of care delivered by nurses as well as patient‐centeredness.
A Dialectical Rationale for Persistent Inadequate Response
Authors: LeRoy Adam Scott
Published: July 2019

Response to Intervention (RTI) is an approach that can address children's problems in school. However, research has not consistently supported positive effects of RTI. I use the dialectical method to suggest RTI researchers have not adequately focused on children's personal experiences. The effects of persistent, negative experience are observable in external behaviors associated with executive function variation. By means of cultural–historical theory, I outline improvements to experimental designs that incorporate collaboration with children and focus on observations during intervention and assessment.
Which modifiable prenatal factors mediate the relation between socio‐economic position and a child's weight and length at birth?
Authors: Ballon Morgane , Botton Jérémie , Forhan Anne , de Lauzon‐Guillain Blandine , Melchior Maria , El Khoury Fabienne , Nakamura Aurélie , Charles Marie Aline , Lioret Sandrine , Heude Barbara
Published: July 2019

Although several studies have shown a positive association between socio‐economic position and size at birth, not enough is known about the modifiable factors that may be involved. We aimed to investigate whether maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), smoking, diet, and depression during pregnancy mediate the positive association between maternal education and birth size. Weight and length z‐scores specific for gestational age and sex were calculated for 1,500 children from the EDEN mother–child cohort. A mediation analysis of the associations between maternal education and birth size was conducted with a counterfactual method, adjusted for recruitment centre, parity, maternal height, and age. In the comparison of children of mothers with low versus intermediate education levels, maternal smoking during pregnancy explained 52% of the total effect of education on birth weight. Similar findings were observed with birth length z‐score (37%). The comparison of children of mothers with high versus intermediate education levels yielded a non‐significant total effect, which masked opposite mediating effects by maternal BMI and smoking during pregnancy on both birth weight and length. Prepregnancy BMI and maternal smoking during pregnancy mediate the positive association between maternal education and birth weight and length z‐scores. These mediators, however, act in opposite directions, thereby masking the extent to which healthy prenatal growth is socially differentiated.
Griseofulvin vs terbinafine for paediatric tinea capitis: When and for how long
Authors: Bar Jonathan , Samuelov Liat , Sprecher Eli , Mashiah Jacob
Published: July 2019

Outbreaks of tinea capitis (TC) can be a source of medical and economic burden for healthcare systems; Griseofulvin and terbinafine are considered to be effective first‐line treatments for TC. In order to compare the efficacy of griseofulvin and terbinafine for the treatment of TC in a paediatric population of African immigrants in the Tel Aviv area, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of all cases of TC diagnosed and treated between March 2016 and February 2018 at a dedicated TC paediatric dermatology clinic at the Tel Aviv Medical Center (which serves as a referral centre for the paediatric refugee population in the Tel Aviv metropolitan area). Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory data were collected, and 304 patients were included. Trichophyton violaceum (TV), Trichophyton soudanense (TS) and Microsporum audouinii (MA) were the prominent causative organisms. Treatment with griseofulvin suspension for 12 weeks was compared with (a) griseofulvin suspension for 8 weeks and with (b) terbinafine tablets for 4 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding age, sex, country of birth, ethnicity and the causative organism. Twelve weeks of griseofulvin treatment had a statistically significant better cure rate than 4 weeks of terbinafine. Treatment was significantly more effective when TC was due to infections with MA and TS as compared with TV. No statistically significant difference was observed between 12‐ and 8‐week treatment with griseofulvin.
Impact of Long‐Wavelength Ultraviolet A1 and Visible Light on Light‐Skinned Individuals
Authors: Kohli Indermeet , Zubair Raheel , Lyons Alexis B. , Nahhas Amanda F. , Braunberger Taylor L. , Mokhtari Mohsen , Ruvolo Eduardo , Lim Henry W. , Hamzavi Iltefat H.
Published: July 2019

Solar radiation is known to be a major contributor to the development of skin cancer. Most sunscreen formulations, including those with broad spectrum, offer minimal protection in long‐wavelength ultraviolet A1 (UVA1; 370–400 nm) and visible light (VL; 400–700 nm) domain. There is limited information regarding the impact of this broad waveband (VL + UVA1, 370–700 nm) on those with light skin. In this study, ten healthy adult subjects with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes I–III were enrolled. On day 0, subjects' lower back was exposed to a VL + UVA1 dose of 480 J cm−2. A statistically significant increase in erythema immediately after irradiation compared with subjects' baseline nonirradiated skin was observed. Clinically perceptible erythema with VL + UVA1 is a novel finding since the erythemogenic spectrum of sunlight has primarily been attributed to ultraviolet B and short‐wavelength ultraviolet A (320–340 nm). The results emphasize the need for protection against this part of the solar spectra and warrant further investigation.
Nutrient addition does not increase the benefits of clonal integration in an invasive plant spreading from open patches into plant communities
Authors: Li X.‐X. , Fan Z.‐W. , Shen Y.‐D. , Wang Y. , Liu Y. , Huang Q.‐Q.
Published: July 2019

One benefit of clonal integration is that resource translocation between connected ramets enhances the growth of the ramets grown under stressful conditions, but whether such resource translocation reduces the performance of the ramets grown under favourable conditions has not produced consistent results. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that resource translocation to recipient ramets may reduce the performance of donor ramets when resources are limiting but not when resources are abundant.

We grew Mikania micrantha stolon fragments (each consisting of two ramets, either connected or not connected) under spatially heterogeneous competition conditions such that the developmentally younger, distal ramets were grown in competition with a plant community and the developmentally older, proximal ramets were grown without competition. For half of the stolon fragments, slow‐release fertiliser pellets were applied to both the distal and proximal ramets.

Under both the low and increased soil nutrient conditions, the biomass, leaf number and stolon length of the distal ramets were higher, and those of the proximal ramets were lower when the stolon internode was intact than when it was severed. For the whole clone, the biomass, leaf number and stolon length did not differ between the two connection treatments. Connection did not change the biomass of the plant communities competing with distal ramets of M. micrantha.

Although clonal integration may promote the invasion of M. micrantha into plant communities, resource translocation to recipient ramets of M. micrantha will induce a cost to the donor ramets, even when resources are relatively abundant.
Responses of nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide in regulating oxidative defence system in wheat plants grown under cadmium stress
Authors: Kaya Cengiz , Ashraf Muhammad , Alyemeni Mohammed Nasser , Ahmad Parvaiz
Published: July 2019

We conducted a study to evaluate the interactive effect of NO and H2S on the cadmium (Cd) tolerance of wheat. Cadmium stress considerably reduced total dry weight, chlorophyll a and b content and ratio of Fv/Fm by 36.7, 48.6, 26.7 and 19.5%, respectively, but significantly enhanced the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA), endogenous H2S and NO, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Exogenously applied sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), donors of NO and H2S, respectively, enhanced total plant dry matter by 47.8 and 39.1%, chlorophyll a by 92.3 and 61.5%, chlorophyll b content by 29.1 and 27.2%, Fv/Fm ratio by 19.7 and 15.2%, respectively, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes, but lowered oxidative stress and proline content in Cd‐stressed wheat plants. NaHS and SNP also considerably limited both the uptake and translocation of Cd, thereby improving the levels of some key mineral nutrients in the plants. Enhanced levels of NO and H2S induced by NaHS were reversed by hypotuarine application, but they were substantially reduced almost to 50% by cPTIO (a NO scavenger) application. Hypotuarine was not effective, but cPTIO was highly effective in reducing the levels of NO and H2S produced by SNP in the roots of Cd‐stressed plants. The results showed that interactive effect of NO and H2S can considerably improve plant resistance against Cd toxicity by reducing oxidative stress and uptake of Cd in plants as well as by enhancing antioxidative defence system and uptake of some essential mineral nutrients.
Attitudes, beliefs, and behavior toward shoulder injury prevention in elite handball: Fertile ground for implementation
Authors: Andersson Stig Haugsboe , Bahr Roald , Olsen Magnus Johnsen , Myklebust Grethe
Published: July 2019

We aimed to examine attitudes, beliefs, and current behavior toward risk factors and prevention of shoulder injuries, and to investigate the application of an exercise program during a cluster‐randomized controlled trial aiming to prevent shoulder injuries in elite handball. All captains and coaches of 44 elite handball teams (22 male and 22 female) constituting the intervention (21 teams) and control arm (n = 23 teams) in the trial were invited to take part in a survey. A questionnaire, based on the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance framework, addressing the end user perspective on risk factors and prevention of shoulder injuries, as well as key issues related to the application of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) Shoulder Injury Prevention Programme, was distributed using electronic survey software. The response rate was 100%. Overall, the majority of coaches (84%) and captains (89%) believed that handball players are at high risk for shoulder injuries. All delivery agents in the trial reported to be familiar with the exercise program and the majority believed in a preventative effect (coaches 90% and captains 81%). Only a minority reported full compliance with the recommended frequency (coaches 29%, captains 14%), with program being too time‐consuming (coaches 67%, captains 81%) and lack of player motivation (coaches 76%, captains 62%) as the main barriers. Our results suggest that there is fertile ground for implementation of the OSTRC Shoulder Injury Prevention Programme in elite handball, with program length and lack of player motivation as the main barriers to overcome.
Yellow fever disease in a renal transplant recipient: Case report and literature review
Authors: de Sousa Marcos Vinicius , Zollner Ricardo de Lima , Stucchi Raquel Silveira Bello , Boin Ilka de Fátima Santana Ferreira , de Ataide Elaine Cristina , Mazzali Marilda
Published: July 2019

Yellow fever (YF) is a viral disease, with clinical presentation among immunosuppressed patients not fully understood. YF vaccination (YFV), a live vaccine, is contraindicated in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment due to the risk of developing the disease after vaccination. We report a case of a 50‐year‐old male recipient who presented wild‐type YF five years after a deceased donor kidney transplant. He lived in a YF endemic area and inadvertently received YFV. One day after YFV, the patient presented nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, polyarthralgia, thrombocytopenia, and increased levels of liver function enzymes. The serological test was compatible with YF disease, and quantitative viral load confirmed the diagnosis of wild‐type YF. The patient received supportive care for twelve days, with hospital discharge in good clinical condition and stable renal function. One month after discharge, the patient developed de novo donor‐specific anti‐HLA antibodies (DSA) and histological evidence of endothelial lesion, with a diagnosis of acute antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR), treated with plasmapheresis and human IVIg therapy. Six months after therapy, he presented normal renal function with a reduction of DSA MFI. In the reported case, we observed a clinical wild‐type YF diagnosed even after YF vaccine administration, with good clinical outcome. De novo DSA and AMR occurred after the recovering of disease, with an adequate response to therapy and preserved allograft function. We reviewed the published literature on YF and YFV in solid organ transplantation.
Preeclampsia: a gestational cardiorenal syndrome
Authors: Gyselaers Wilfried , Thilaganathan Basky
Published: July 2019

It is generally accepted today that there are two different types of preeclampsia: an early‐onset or placental type and a late‐onset or maternal type. In the latent phase, the first one presents with a low output/high resistance circulation eventually leading in the late second or early third trimester to an intense and acutely aggravating systemic disorder with an important impact on maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity; the other type presents initially as a high volume/low resistance circulation, gradually evolving to a state of circulatory decompensation usually in the later stages of pregnancy, with a less severe impact on maternal and neonatal outcome. For both processes, numerous dysfunctions of the heart, kidneys, arteries, veins and interconnecting systems are reported, most of them presenting earlier and more severely in early‐ than in late‐onset preeclampsia; however, some very specific dysfunctions exist for either type. Experimental, clinical and epidemiological observations before, during and after pregnancy are consistent with gestation‐induced worsening of subclinical pre‐existing chronic cardiovascular dysfunction in early‐onset preeclampsia, and thus sharing the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome type II, and with acute volume overload decompensation of the maternal circulation in late‐onset preeclampsia, thus sharing the pathophysiology of cardiorenal syndrome type 1. Cardiorenal syndrome type V is consistent with the process of preeclampsia superimposed upon clinical cardiovascular and/or renal disease, alone or as part of a systemic disorder. This review focuses on the specific differences in haemodynamic dysfunctions between the two types of preeclampsia, with special emphasis on the interorgan interactions between heart and kidneys, introducing the theoretical concept that the pathophysiological processes of preeclampsia can be regarded as the gestational manifestations of cardiorenal syndromes.

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Muscle Synergies Modify Optimization Estimates of Joint Stiffness During Walking
Authors: Shourijeh Mohammad S. , Fregly Benjamin J.
Published: July 2019

Because of its simplicity, static optimization (SO) is frequently used to resolve the muscle redundancy problem (i.e., more muscles than degrees-of-freedom (DOF) in the human musculoskeletal system). However, SO minimizes antagonistic co-activation and likely joint stiffness as well, which may not be physiologically realistic since the body modulates joint stiffness during movements such as walking. Knowledge of joint stiffness is limited due to the difficulty of measuring it experimentally, leading researchers to estimate it using computational models. This study explores how imposing a synergy structure on the muscle activations estimated by optimization (termed “synergy optimization,” or SynO) affects calculated lower body joint stiffnesses during walking. By limiting the achievable muscle activations and coupling all time frames together, a synergy structure provides a potential mechanism for reducing indeterminacy and improving physiological co-activation but at the cost of a larger optimization problem. To compare joint stiffnesses produced by SynO (2–6 synergies) and SO, we used both approaches to estimate lower body muscle activations and forces for sample experimental overground walking data obtained from the first knee grand challenge competition. Both optimizations used a custom Hill-type muscle model that permitted analytic calculation of individual muscle contributions to the stiffness of spanned joints. Both approaches reproduced inverse dynamic joint moments well over the entire gait cycle, though SynO with only two synergies exhibited the largest errors. Maximum and mean joint stiffnesses for hip and knee flexion in particular decreased as the number of synergies increased from 2 to 6, with SO producing the lowest joint stiffness values. Our results suggest that SynO increases joint stiffness by increasing muscle co-activation, and furthermore, that walking with a reduced number of synergies may result in increased joint stiffness and perhaps stability.
Thermostructural Analysis of Steam Turbine in Prewarming Operation With Hot Air
Authors: Łuczyński Piotr , Toebben Dennis , Pehle Lukas , Wirsum Manfred , Mohr Wolfgang F. D. , Helbig Klaus
Published: July 2019

In pursuit of flexibility improvements and extension of lifetime, a concept to prewarm steam turbines using hot air was developed. In order to further optimize the prewarming operation, an extensive numerical investigation is conducted to determine the time-dependent temperature and stress fields. In this work, the transient thermal and structural analyses of an IP 19-stage steam turbine in prewarming operation with hot air are presented. Based on the previous investigations, a hybrid finite element method (HFEM—numerical finite element method (FEM) and analytical) approach especially developed for this purpose is applied to efficiently calculate the solid body temperatures of a steam turbine in predefined prewarming scenarios. The HFEM model utilizes the Nusselt number correlations to describe the heat transfer between the hot air and the turbine components in the flow channel. These correlations were developed based on unsteady conjugate heat transfer (CHT) simulations of multistage turbine models. In addition, most of the thermal energy in turbine prewarming operation is transferred through vanes and blades. Therefore, the HFEM approach considers the thermal contact resistance (TCR) on the surfaces between vanes/casing and blades/rotor. After the calibration of the HFEM model with experimental data based on measurements of the natural cooling curve, the prewarming processes for different prewarming scenarios are simulated. Subsequently, the obtained temperature fields are imported to an FEM model in order to conduct a structural analysis, which, among other variables, includes the values and locations of highest stresses and displacements.
Tube Material Properties Determination and Final Forming Pressure Calculation of Hydraulic Formed Corrugated Tubes
Authors: Song Xinyi , Hui Hu
Published: July 2019

In this article, a test method to determine the tube material properties and two methods to calculate the final hydraulic forming pressure of corrugated tubes are presented based on the plastic incremental theory. Numerical simulation and hydroforming experiment are carried out to demonstrate the reasonability of these methods. Simulation results show that tube force state during corrugated tube hydroforming is similar to that during tube local free hydraulic bulge. By comparison of final forming pressure, respectively, obtained from calculation, and hydroforming experiment, all of these methods are proved reasonable. Numerical simulation results also indicate that the two calculation methods still retain accuracy under different transition filet radius, although transition filets  are ignored in calculation of final hydraulic forming pressure calculation.
An Analytical Method to Predict Dynamic Response of Cylindrical Composite Shells Subjected to Internal Blast Loading
Authors: Sun Qi , Dong Qi , Yang Sha
Published: July 2019

The dynamic response of composite explosion containment vessels has been widely reported by experimental observations. In this study, we propose an analytical method to predict the dynamic response of open-ended cylindrical composite shells subjected to internal blast loading. The cylindrical composite shell has an out fiber composite shell with an inner steel liner, in which the outer fiber composite shell is simplified as a single elastic layer by an effective modulus in the hoop direction. Considering the impact between two layers during the dynamic response, the analytical solution for response histories of two layers could be obtained. Finite element analysis on the double-layer model is also conducted by ls-dyna. The analytical solution and the simulation result agree well, which demonstrates that the current analytical method can be employed in the design of this composite structure under blast loading.
Underground Mine Refuge Alternatives Heat Mitigation
Authors: Yan Lincan , Yantek David , Lutz Timothy , Yonkey Jeffrey , Srednicki Justin
Published: July 2019

In case of an emergency in an underground coal mine, miners who fail to escape from the mine can enter a refuge alternative (RA) for protection from adverse conditions, such as high carbon monoxide levels. One of the main concerns with the use of both portable and built-in-place (BIP) RAs, especially for hot or deep mines, is the interior temperature rise due to the occupants' metabolic heat and the heat released by devices such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) scrubbing system. The humidity within the RA will also increase through occupants' respiration and perspiration and from the chemical reaction within the CO2 scrubbing system. Heat and humidity buildup can subject the occupants to hazardous thermal conditions. To protect RA occupants, Mine Safety and Health Administration regulations mandate a maximum apparent temperature of 95 °F within an occupied RA. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) tested both an air-conditioned borehole air supply (BAS) and a cryogenic air supply for RAs in the NIOSH Experimental Mine in Bruceton, PA. The BAS was tested on a 60-person BIP RA, while the cryogenic air supply was tested on a 30-person BIP RA and a portable 23-person tent-type RA. Multiple tests were conducted with both air supplies to assess their ability to cool RAs. The test results show that the BAS and the cryogenic air supply were able to maintain the apparent temperature within the tested RAs under the 95 °F limit. The BAS and the cryogenic air supply are potential RA heat mitigation strategies that mines could use to prevent heat/humidity buildup within RAs.
Investigation of the Liquid–Vapor Separator Efficiency on the Performance of the Ejector Used as an Expansion Device in the Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Authors: Atmaca Ayşe Uğurcan , Erek Aytunç , Ekren Orhan
Published: July 2019

Ejector expansion refrigeration cycle with reference to the constant pressure mixing theory is investigated to display the effects of the liquid–vapor separator efficiency on the performance, entrainment ratio, and area ratio at various operation conditions. Reversible ejector assumption is used for the highest theoretical performance limit, whereas efficiency of the liquid–vapor separator and all ejector components is added to the model to calculate more realistic performance improvement potentials. R1234yf and R1234ze(E) having low global warming potential values are used in the analyses. Zero-dimensional thermodynamic models are constructed applying the conservation equations between the inlets and outlets of the refrigeration cycle and ejector components. Percentage performance decrease is higher when the mixing section and the separator efficiency is added to the model at higher condenser temperatures compared with the lower evaporator temperatures according to the investigated operation ranges. Vapor and liquid separation efficiency affects not only the performance but also the design of the ejector although it is an external component since it has influence on the area ratio and entrainment ratio. Finally, the difference between the percentage performance improvement of the reversible ejector cycle and the realistic ejector cycle including the separator and ejector components efficiencies is as high as 35% at the highest investigated condenser temperature for R1234yf.
A Case Study: Failure Analysis of Crude Oil Pipeline Rupture
Authors: Gupta S. S. , Agarwal Deepak , Agarwal Deepak Kumar , Kumar Santosh
Published: July 2019

More than 80% of crude oil requirement in India is met through imports. Imported crude oil is delivered to the shore tanks through Single Point Mooring (SPM) system. Generally, SPM systems are installed in the sea where water depth is around 30m and more. Crude oil tankers discharge their cargo through these SPMs and off-shore pipelines to storage tanks located in the shore. Therefore, off-shore crude unloading pipelines are a vital link to in the energy supply chain in India. Management of these off-shore pipelines is a challenging task. This paper discusses a case of mechanical damage to an Indian off-shore pipeline and how the damage is being evaluated to ensure reliability and safety of this vital link to ensure sustained and safe operation of the line. The mechanical damage discussed in this paper is in a 48″ off-shore pipeline at a depth of nearly 30m and 24km away from the shore. Owners believe that the damage was caused due to anchor hit from a ship that was buffeted away from safe anchor zone to no anchor zone during a cyclonic storm. Owner had to face considerable challenge in locating and measuring the extent of damage and evaluating its severity and probable impact on the integrity of the pipeline. Owner had done multiple geometry inspection of the pipeline to measure the length of the damage and restriction introduced in the bore due to local reduction in diameter. Possibility of presence of a crack and its likelihood of growth in the near and distant future is also evaluated. The paper also discusses the possible remedial measures to ensure long term integrity of the pipeline.
Is Small Bore Tubing Systems an Achilles’ Heel of Asset Integrity? An In-Depth Analysis Through Case Studies
Authors: Chauhan Pradeep K. , Nanduri Kusakumar
Published: July 2019

Small bore connecting (SBC) systems, including small bore piping (SBP), Small bore tubing (SBT) and Flexible Hose Assemblies (FHA) with size below DN 2″, are significant contributor to the incidences of Loss of Primary Containment (LOPC) and are a major source of failures in piping systems.

Modern hydrocarbon installations feature large numbers of control and monitoring instruments, which require a considerable application of SBT assemblies, along with enormous number of threaded fittings and joints. However, the basic expectations from these SBTs will remain to provide the integrity over the entire life cycle of the installation.

One of the estimates from standard database (Courtesy: Energy Institute Guidelines, year 2013) indicate that 20.4 % of all hydrocarbon leaks recorded in the Hydrocarbon Release (HCR) data were related to SBTs. Of these events, over half were classified as major or significant HCRs events (notionally an amount greater than 1 kg) linked to SBT assemblies.

With complexity and extensive applications, SBT assemblies are vulnerable to failure due to incorrect design, selection, installation, operation, modification, inspection & maintenance and could result into events of LOPC and Major Accident Hazards (MAH).

Despite availability of guidelines for design and installation, failures in SBT assemblies continue to occur in operational phase. Lack of formal procedures, inconsistent controls to manage the biggest contributors to HCR on assets, signifies the requirement of a structured approach to achieve Asset Integrity. Then there arise a question “is small bore connection systems an Achilles heel of Asset integrity?

This paper covers, an in-depth analysis of few LOPC events, of geographically different installations, related to SBTs with an aim to achieve overall Asset Integrity through

a. Verification of availability of sufficient barriers, between safe operation & incident.

b. Effective management of threaded connections in existing SBT assemblies with respect to relevant ASME standards.

c. Practical guidelines for providing preventive and recovery controls barriers for an effective management of SBTs.
Cuts and dismissive remarks unnerve Mexican scientists
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: July 2019

Andrés Manuel López Obrador has slashed support for institutes and suggested some scientists are corrupt.
Once-a-year implant shows promise against HIV
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: July 2019

In small trial, long-lasting antiretroviral performs well.
Relativistic redshift of the star S0-2 orbiting the Galactic Center supermassive black hole
Authors: Do Tuan , Hees Aurelien , Ghez Andrea , Martinez Gregory D. , Chu Devin S. , Jia Siyao , Sakai Shoko , Lu Jessica R. , Gautam Abhimat K. , O’Neil Kelly Kosmo , Becklin Eric E. , Morris Mark R. , Matthews Keith , Nishiyama Shogo , Campbell Randy , Chappell Samantha , Chen Zhuo , Ciurlo Anna , Dehghanfar Arezu , Gallego-Cano Eulalia , Kerzendorf Wolfgang E. , Lyke James E. , Naoz Smadar , Saida Hiromi , Schödel Rainer , Takahashi Masaaki , Takamori Yohsuke , Witzel Gunther , Wizinowich Peter
Published: July 2019

Gravitational redshift in the Galactic Center

General relativity predicts that light emitted by an object in a strong gravitational field—for example, close to a black hole—should be shifted to longer wavelengths. This gravitational redshift does not exist in the Newtonian theory of gravity. Do
et al.
monitored the position and spectrum of the star S0-2 as it passed Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Around the closest part of S0-2's 16-year orbit, they detected the effect of gravitational redshift on its spectrum. These results are more consistent with general relativity than Newtonian gravity at the 5σ level.

Science
, this issue p.
664
Rhizobial tRNA-derived small RNAs are signal molecules regulating plant nodulation
Authors: Ren Bo , Wang Xutong , Duan Jingbo , Ma Jianxin
Published: July 2019

Microbial tRNA pieces regulate nodulation

To fix nitrogen, leguminous plants enter into a symbiotic relationship with nodulating bacteria. Ren
et al.
now reveal the bacteria as active regulators in this process (see the Perspective by Baldrich and Meyers). Small fragments cleaved from rhizobial tRNA molecules tap into the hosts' RNA interference machinery to silence key host genes. Thus, both host and microbe shape the symbiotic environment.

Science
, this issue p.
919
; see also p.
868
Stem cell differentiation trajectories in
Hydra
resolved at single-cell resolution
Authors: Siebert Stefan , Farrell Jeffrey A. , Cazet Jack F. , Abeykoon Yashodara , Primack Abby S. , Schnitzler Christine E. , Juliano Celina E.
Published: July 2019

Mapping
Hydra
development cell by cell

Hydra
continually renews all cells in its body using three stem cell populations. This feature of
Hydra
allowed Siebert
et al.
to identify the transcriptional signatures of stem cells, progenitors, and terminally differentiated cells using single-cell RNA sequencing of adult
Hydra
(see the Perspective by Reddien). From these data, they built differentiation trajectories for all cell lineages, identified gene modules expressed along these trajectories, and identified putative regulators of genes within these modules. In addition, they identified candidate markers for elusive cell populations (such as multipotent stem cells and germline stem cells) and built a molecular map of the nervous system.

Science
, this issue p.
eaav9314
; see also p.
314
Emergent ferromagnetism near three-quarters filling in twisted bilayer graphene
Authors: Sharpe Aaron L. , Fox Eli J. , Barnard Arthur W. , Finney Joe , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Kastner M. A. , Goldhaber-Gordon David
Published: July 2019

Twisted bilayer graphene goes magnetic

When two layers of graphene in a bilayer are twisted with respect to each other by just the right, “magic,” angle, the electrons in the system become strongly correlated. As the electronic density is tuned by gating, the system goes through several exotic phases, including superconductivity. Now, Sharpe
et al.
show that, at a particular electronic density, magic-angle graphene becomes magnetic (see the Perspective by Pixley and Andrei). The finding is supported by the observation of a large anomalous Hall effect.

Science
, this issue p.
605
; see also p.
543
Cryptic genetic variation accelerates evolution by opening access to diverse adaptive peaks
Authors: Zheng Jia , Payne Joshua L. , Wagner Andreas
Published: July 2019

Cryptic alleles make a bridge for adaptation

Protein function is generally constrained by selective parameters that can inhibit evolutionary potential. It has thus been difficult to determine how novelties arise. Zheng
et al.
allowed bacterial populations to accumulate mutations and then used directed evolution to evolve green fluorescent protein function from a gene that expressed yellow fluorescent protein (see the Perspective by Lee and Marx). Protein alternatives could evolve in cases where cryptic alleles—selectively neutral or mildly deleterious genetic variants with no apparent phenotypic differences—were present in the population. Thus, cryptic alleles provide an evolutionary bridge between diversity and selection and facilitate the generation of novel adaptations.

Science
, this issue p.
347
; see also p.
318
Direct observations of submarine melt and subsurface geometry at a tidewater glacier
Authors: Sutherland D. A. , Jackson R. H. , Kienholz C. , Amundson J. M. , Dryer W. P. , Duncan D. , Eidam E. F. , Motyka R. J. , Nash J. D.
Published: July 2019

Underwater melting

How fast does warm ocean water melt glaciers that terminate in the sea? That question is central to understanding how fast ice sheets may lose mass, and thus how fast sea level will rise, in response to global warming, but there are few data about the process. Sutherland
et al.
used repeat multibeam sonar surveys to observe an Alaskan subsurface tidewater glacier face to create a time series of its melting and calving patterns. They observed melt rates up to a hundred times larger than those predicted by theory, observations that compel us to reevaluate predictions of such ice loss.

Science
, this issue p.
369
Molecular electrocatalysts can mediate fast, selective CO
2
reduction in a flow cell
Authors: Ren Shaoxuan , Joulié Dorian , Salvatore Danielle , Torbensen Kristian , Wang Min , Robert Marc , Berlinguette Curtis P.
Published: July 2019

Flowing CO
2
boosts a molecular catalyst

Molecular electrocatalysts for CO
2
reduction have often appeared to lack sufficient activity or stability for practical application. Ren
et al.
now show that design of the surrounding electrochemical cell can substantially boost both features. They directly exposed a known molecular catalyst, cobalt phthalocyanine, to gaseous CO
2
in a flow cell architecture, rather than an aqueous electrolyte. The configuration accommodated current densities exceeding 150 milliamperes per square centimeter, with longevity limited by local proton concentration rather than catalyst stability.

Science
, this issue p.
367
Small wonders
Buzz, Sting, Bite
Anne Sverdrup-Thygeson
Simon & Schuster, 2019. 255 pp.
The Lives of Bees
Thomas D. Seeley
Princeton University Press, 2019. 369 pp.
Protecting Pollinators
Jodi Helmer
Island Press, 2019. 230 pp.
Authors: Dicks Lynn
Published: July 2019

The curious and vital role of insects takes center stage in three new tomes
A durable semiconductor photocatalyst
Authors: Swift Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride robustly performs organic photoredox reactions
Tales from the crypt(ic)
Authors: Lee Jessica A. , Marx Christopher J.
Published: July 2019

Neutral mutations can breathe life into evolutionary adaptation
Amazonian Mesoproterozoic basement in the core of the Ibero-Armorican Arc: 40Ar/39Ar detrital mica ages complement the zircon's tale
Authors: Gutiérrez-Alonso G. , Fernández-Suárez J. , Collins Alan S. , Abad I. , Nieto F.
Published: July 2019

The 40Ar/39Ar age data on single detrital muscovite grains complement U-Pb zircon ages in provenance studies, as micas are mostly derived from proximal sources and record low-temperature processes. Ediacaran and Cambrian sedimentary rocks from northwest Iberia contain unmetamorphosed detrital micas whose 40Ar/39Ar age spectra suggest an Amazonian–Middle American provenance. The Ediacaran sample contained only Neoproterozoic micas (590–783 Ma), whereas the Cambrian sample contained three age groups: Neoproterozoic (550–640 Ma, Avalonian–Cadomian–Pan African), Mesoproterozoic- Neoproterozoic boundary (ca. 920–1060 Ma, Grenvillian-Sunsas), and late Paleoproterozoic (ca. 1580–1780 Ma, Rio Negro). Comparison of 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages with published detrital zircon age data from the same formations supports the hypothesis that the Neoproterozoic basins of northwest Iberia were located in a peri-Amazonian realm, where the sedimentary input was dominated by local periarc sources. Tectonic slivering and strike-slip transport along the northern Gondwanan margin affected both the basins and fragments of basement that were transferred from Amazonian to northern African realms during the latest Neoproterozoic–earliest Cambrian. Exhumation and erosion of these basement sources caused shedding of detritus to the Cambrian basins, in addition to detritus sourced in the continental mainland. The apparent dominance of Rio Negro–aged micas in the Cambrian sandstone suggests the presence of unexposed basement of that age beneath the core of the Ibero-Armorican Arc.
West Nile encephalitis mimicking neuropsychiatric lupus in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Iyer Neena R , McCune W Joseph , Wallace Beth I
Published: July 2019

A man in his 70s with known systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was admitted with confusion, worsening proteinuria and cutaneous vasculitis despite adherence to his home immunosuppressive regimen. Admission laboratories were consistent with active lupus. Despite treatment with pulse–dose glucocorticoids and intravenous immunoglobulin, he developed worsening mental status and meningeal signs. Investigations revealed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neutrophilic and plasmacytic pleocytosis and negative cultures. Empiric treatment for SLE flare with potential neuropsychiatric involvement was continued while workup for altered mental status was ongoing. Ultimately, West Nile encephalitis was diagnosed by CSF serologies, and steroids were tapered. Altered mental status in a patient with SLE has a broad differential, and primary neuropsychiatric SLE should be considered only after exclusion of secondary causes. Although evidence of end-organ SLE activity usually lends support to a neuropsychiatric SLE diagnosis, in this case, serological and clinical evidence of SLE activity may have been triggered by acute viral infection.
Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in a patient withsitus inversus totalisand Kartagener syndrome: an unusual surgical conundrum
Authors: Burvill Angela , Blackham Ruth , Hamdorf Jeffrey
Published: July 2019

Kartagener syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition. Approximately 25% of those withsitus inversus totalissuffer the syndrome. With the rising overall number and indications for bariatric surgery, this condition will be increasingly recognised. We present a case of a 25-year-old woman withSITand Kartagener syndrome who underwent a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. As with all bariatric surgery, a multidisciplinary team approach was important in managing such a case. There were considerable cognitive challenges for the surgical team both preoperatively and during the procedure. The patient tolerated the operation well and was discharged 2 days after the surgery. At 12-months follow-up, the patient had achieved 125% excess weight loss. This case illustrates that an experienced surgeon can safely perform a laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy on a patient withsitus inversus totalis.
‘A small cemetery’: death and dying in the contemporary British operating theatre
Authors: Arnold-Forster Agnes
Published: July 2019

Surgeon Henry Marsh begins his autobiography,Do No Harm, with a quotation from the French practitioner René Leriche, “Every surgeon carries within himself a small cemetery, where from time to time he goes to pray—a place of bitterness and regret, where he must look for an explanation for his failures”. This article uses memoirs and oral history interviews to enter the operating theatre and consider the contemporary history of surgeons’ embodied experiences of patient death. It will argue that these experiences take an under-appreciated emotional toll on surgeons, but also that they are deployed as a narrative device through which surgeons construct their professional identity. Crucially, however, there is as much forgetting as remembering in their accounts, and the ‘labour’ of death has been increasingly shifted out of the operating theatre, off the surgeons’ hands and into the laps of others. The emotional costs of surgical care remain understudied. Indeed, while many researchers agree that undergoing surgery can be a troubling emotional experience for the patient, less scholarly attention has been paid to the emotional demands performing surgery makes on surgical practitioners. Is detachment the modus operandi of the modern surgeon and if so, is it tenable in moments of emotional intensity—like patient death?
Effect of measurement errors on the estimation of tree biomass
Authors: Qin Lihou , Liu Qijing , Zhang Maozhen , Saeed Sajjad
Published: July 2019

Diameter at breast height (DBH) is commonly used to predict the aboveground biomass (AGB) of forests and to derive biomass models for single trees; however, there is evidence that measurement errors of DBH have not been previously considered. In this study, two types of measurement errors were evaluated: errors in national forest inventory data (NFID) and errors in a calibration data set (CDS). Using Monte Carlo simulations, the uncertainties arising from these two measurement errors were quantified. In addition, the effects of measurement errors on estimates under different error assumptions were analyzed to determine how these two uncertainties change with increasing errors. The results show that CDS measurement error contributes more to the total uncertainty, whereas NFID measurement error has a negligible effect on estimating the biomass of regional forests. The uncertainties of both types of measurement error increased with increasing error assumptions; however, the uncertainties caused by CDS measurement error were noticeably larger than those caused by NFID measurement error. Thus, the greatest potential for reducing uncertainties caused by measurement error lies in increasing the accuracy of DBH measurements in CDS.
L2-regularity result for solutions of backward doubly stochastic differential equations
Authors: Bachouch Achref , Matoussi Anis
Published: July 2019

We prove an [Formula: see text]-regularity result for the solutions of Forward Backward doubly stochastic differential equations (F-BDSDEs) under globally Lipschitz continuous assumptions on the coefficients. As an application of our result, we derive the rate of convergence in time for the (Euler time discretization-based) numerical scheme for F-BDSDEs proposed by Bachouch et al. (2016) under only globally Lipschitz continuous assumptions.
The history of digital spam
Authors: Ferrara Emilio
Published: July 2019

Tracing the tangled web of unsolicited and undesired email and possible strategies for its demise.
“It’s a girl thing”
Authors: Tuli Anupriya , Dalvi Shruti , Kumar Neha , Singh Pushpendra
Published: July 2019

Cultural taboos and limiting social norms make it challenging to communicate and teach about menstrual health in India. We present findings from an inquiry of current approaches used to educate adolescents about menstruation, examining the perspectives of young adults, parents, teachers, social workers, and health professionals for identifying design opportunities and potential for impact. Our findings from the content analysis of education and training materials in use, an online survey of 391 adults, 52 interviews, and 2 focus groups indicate that although detailed and descriptive information materials are available for use, there exists a disconnect between parents’ and teachers’ expectations regarding who will introduce these topics to adolescents. We also highlight a clear difference in attitudes regarding who must be taught, how, where, and at what stages. Finally, we articulate factors that shape access and receptivity to this knowledge and engage with the lens of feminist HCI to discuss sociotechnical implications for the design of menstrual health education initiatives.