bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles regulate tumor-infiltrating regulatory T cells via the inhibitory immunoreceptor CD300a
Authors: Nakazawa Yuta , Nishiyama Nanako , Koizumi Hitoshi , Kanemaru Kazumasa , Nakahashi-Oda Chigusa , Shibuya Akira
Published: November 2021

Although tumor-infiltrating regulatory T (Treg) cells play a pivotal role in tumor immunity, how Treg cell activation are regulated in tumor microenvironments remains unclear. Here, we found that mice deficient in the inhibitory immunoreceptor CD300a on their dendritic cells (DCs) have increased numbers of Treg cells in tumors and greater tumor growth compared with wild-type mice after transplantation of B16 melanoma. Pharmacological impairment of extracellular vesicle (EV) release decreased Treg cell numbers in CD300a-deficient mice. Coculture of DCs with tumor-derived EV (TEV) induced the internalization of CD300a and the incorporation of EVs into endosomes, in which CD300a inhibited TEV-mediated TLR3–TRIF signaling for activation of the IFN-β-Treg cells axis. We also show that higher expression of CD300A was associated with decreased tumor-infiltrating Treg cells and longer survival time in patients with melanoma. Our findings reveal the role of TEV and CD300a on DCs in Treg cell activation in the tumor microenvironment.
Evolution of natural lifespan variation and molecular strategies of extended lifespan in yeast
Authors: Kaya Alaattin , Phua Cheryl Zi Jin , Lee Mitchell , Wang Lu , Tyshkovskiy Alexander , Ma Siming , Barre Benjamin , Liu Weiqiang , Harrison Benjamin R , Zhao Xiaqing , Zhou Xuming , Wasko Brian M , Bammler Theo K , Promislow Daniel EL , Kaeberlein Matt , Gladyshev Vadim N
Published: November 2021

To understand the genetic basis and selective forces acting on longevity, it is useful to examine lifespan variation among closely related species, or ecologically diverse isolates of the same species, within a controlled environment. In particular, this approach may lead to understanding mechanisms underlying natural variation in lifespan. Here, we analyzed 76 ecologically diverse wild yeast isolates and discovered a wide diversity of replicative lifespan (RLS). Phylogenetic analyses pointed to genes and environmental factors that strongly interact to modulate the observed aging patterns. We then identified genetic networks causally associated with natural variation in RLS across wild yeast isolates, as well as genes, metabolites, and pathways, many of which have never been associated with yeast lifespan in laboratory settings. In addition, a combined analysis of lifespan-associated metabolic and transcriptomic changes revealed unique adaptations to interconnected amino acid biosynthesis, glutamate metabolism, and mitochondrial function in long-lived strains. Overall, our multiomic and lifespan analyses across diverse isolates of the same species shows how gene–environment interactions shape cellular processes involved in phenotypic variation such as lifespan.
The influence of biological and lifestyle factors on circulating cell-free DNA in blood plasma
Authors: Yuwono Nicole Laurencia , Warton Kristina , Ford Caroline Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

Research and clinical use of circulating cell-free DNA (cirDNA) is expanding rapidly; however, there remain large gaps in our understanding of the influence of lifestyle and biological factors on the amount of cirDNA present in blood. Here, we review 66 individual studies of cirDNA levels and lifestyle and biological factors, including exercise (acute and chronic), alcohol consumption, occupational hazard exposure, smoking, body mass index, menstruation, hypertension, circadian rhythm, stress, biological sex and age. Despite technical and methodological inconsistences across studies, we identify acute exercise as a significant influence on cirDNA levels. Given the large increase in cirDNA induced by acute exercise, we recommend that controlling for physical activity prior to blood collection is routinely incorporated into study design when total cirDNA levels are of interest. We also highlight appropriate selection and complete reporting of laboratory protocols as important for improving the reproducibility cirDNA studies and ability to critically evaluate the results.
Comparative hologenomics of two Ixodes scapularis tick populations in New Jersey
Authors: Price Dana C. , Brennan Reilly N. , Wagner Nicole E. , Egizi Andrea M.
Published: November 2021

Tick-borne diseases, such as those transmitted by the blacklegged tick Ixodes scapularis, are a significant and growing public health problem in the US. There is mounting evidence that co-occurring non-pathogenic microbes can also impact tick-borne disease transmission. Shotgun metagenome sequencing enables sampling of the complete tick hologenome—the collective genomes of the tick and all of the microbial species contained therein, whether pathogenic, commensal or symbiotic. This approach simultaneously uncovers taxonomic composition and allows the detection of intraspecific genetic variation, making it a useful tool to compare spatial differences across tick populations. We evaluated this approach by comparing hologenome data from two tick samples (N = 6 ticks per location) collected at a relatively fine spatial scale, approximately 23 km apart, within a single US county. Several intriguing variants in the data between the two sites were detected, including polymorphisms in both in the tick’s own mitochondrial DNA and that of a rickettsial endosymbiont. The two samples were broadly similar in terms of the microbial species present, including multiple known tick-borne pathogens (Borrelia burgdorferi, Babesia microti, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum), filarial nematodes, and Wolbachia and Babesia species. We assembled the complete genome of the rickettsial endosymbiont (most likely Rickettsia buchneri) from both populations. Our results provide further evidence for the use of shotgun metagenome sequencing as a tool to compare tick hologenomes and differentiate tick populations across localized spatial scales.
Locomotor behavior of Neocaridina palmata: a study with leachates from UV-weathered microplastics
Authors: Klein Kristina , Heß Sebastian , Schulte-Oehlmann Ulrike , Oehlmann Jörg
Published: November 2021

Weathering of plastics leads to the formation of increasingly smaller particles with the release of chemical compounds. The latter occurs with currently unknown environmental impacts. Leachate-induced effects of weathered microplastics (MPs) are therefore of increasing concern. To investigate the toxicity of the chemical mixtures from such plastics, we exposed the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina palmata to enriched leachates from unweathered and artificially weathered (UV-A/B light) MPs (≤1 mm) from recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE-R) pellets and from a biodegradable, not fully bio-based starch blend (SB) foil. We analyzed the individual locomotor activity (moved distance and frozen events) on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 of exposure to five leachate concentrations equivalent to 0.40–15.6 g MPs L−1, representing the upper scale of MPs that have been found in the environment. The median moved distance did not change as a function of concentration, except for the unweathered SB treatment on day 14 that indicated hyperactivity with increasing concentrations. Significant impacts were solely detected for few concentrations and exposure days. Generally, no consistent trend was observed across the experiments. We further assessed the baseline toxicity of the samples in the Microtox assay and detected high bioluminescence inhibitions of the bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. This study demonstrates that neither the recycled nor the biodegradable material are without impacts on test parameters and therefore cannot be seen as safe alternative for conventional plastics regarding the toxicity. However, the observed in vitro toxicity did not result in substantial effects on the behavior of shrimps. Overall, we assume that the two endpoints examined in the atyid shrimp N. palmata were not sensitive to chemicals leaching from plastics or that effects on the in vivo level affect other toxic endpoints which were not considered in this study.
Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma in Middle Ear: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Omhare Anita , Singh Sanjeev Kumar , Maurya Geeta , Aggarwal Roopak , Kannaujia Sanjay
Published: November 2021

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) in middle ear and mastoid are uncommon. Presentation of RMS in these sites include purulent or blood stained discharge, polypoidal mass and granulation tissue. Clinical diagnosis may be delayed due to similar presentation as Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM). Authors herein report a case of six-year-old male patient, who presented with a blood stained discharge from right ear for 15 days. On otoscopic examination, a polypoidal mass in external auditory canal was identified. A history of ruptured right tympanic membrane with occasional discharge for two years had been given. Clinical diagnosis of CSOM with aural polyp had been made. Radiographically, it was a soft tissue lesion with poorly defined margins. There were no bony erosions with minimal collection in right middle ear cavity. On routine histopathological examination diagnosis of round cell tumour had been made. On Immunohistochemistry (IHC), tumour was immunoreactive for desmin and vimentin, while negative for Cytokeratin (CK), Leukocyte Common Antigen (LCA), chromogranin and synaptophysin. Tumour was diagnosed as RMS (Embryonal type). This case report shows importance of early diagnosis of RMS in middle ear, which is often delayed and misdiagnosed as CSOM. Delayed diagnosis may lead to, facial nerve involvement, local meningeal involvement and distant metastasis. Histopathological examination and IHC e.g., desmin positivity are the mainstay of diagnosis.
Role of Squash Cytology in Intraoperative Diagnosis of Meningioma
Authors: Prakasam Gowri , Karkuzhali K , Gurusamy Veeraraghavan
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Primary Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours constitute less than 2% of overall cancers in adults and are the second most frequently encountered tumours in children. Meningiomas form 24-30% of primary intracranial tumours. Most intrinsic brain tumours are soft and gelatinous in consistency, smear preparation can readily made which gives excellent cytological details when compared to frozen section as the latter produces ice crystal artifacts. Aim: To assess the diagnostic utility of squash cytological evaluation of meningiomas and its comparison with final histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was done at Thanjavur Medical College, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India for period of three years from January 2015 to December 2017. Total of 54 clinically diagnosed and radiologically suspected case of meningiomas were selected. Smears were prepared from the biopsy samples sent in normal saline and stained by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) method. The cytological features were noted and matched with biopsy findings. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the results. Results: Total of 54 squash smears with male to female ratio was 1:1.5. Maximum number of cases were seen between 41- 50 years followed by 51-60 years. Complete concordance was obtained in 51 cases (94.44%) and partial concordance was noted in a case due to underestimation of malignancy grade in squash cytology. Out of 54 cases, two cases were found to be discordant with final histopathological diagnosis. Conclusion: Intraoperative squash cytology is easy, rapid, reliable and cost-effective technique for neurosurgical consultation with fairly high accuracy in diagnosing meningiomas.
A Study on Requirement of Cold Chain Maintenance for Reliable Testing of SARS-CoV-2 Samples
Authors: Vijayvergia Varunika , Vyas Aruna , Pathan Nazneen , Sharma Rajni , Purohit Snigdha , Aggarwal Akriti , Sharma Neha , Vyas Nitya
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been haunting the world since December 2019 and has grown to pandemic proportions from March 2020. Even after a full year of research and study, the most effective way to control the spread of this infection is early diagnosis and isolation of the cases. Real-time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is considered the standard test all over the world for the diagnosis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. All the sample collection guidelines have recommended stringent maintenance of the cold chain for the sample transport. However, it is not possible for the resource constrained developing countries with inadequate infrastructure to comply with these guidelines all the time. Aim: To determine necessity of stringent transport criteria and the effect of temperature on the clinical sensitivity of a RT-PCR assay for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Materials and Methods: In this prospective experimental study conducted in November 2020, 49 positive samples were kept at ambient room temperature and were tested everyday with RT- PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 Ribonucleic Acid (RNA). The samples were also kept under refrigeration at 4°C and were also tested by RT-PCR and the results were compared with their respective counterparts kept at room temperature till nine days. Python Jupiter notebook SciPy and Anaconda software was used for statistical analysis. Results: It was observed that the positivity of the RT-PCR results were not deteriorated till five days and there was no significant deterioration even after nine days of samples being stored at room temperature suggesting that even if the viral RNA itself is not stable outside strict temperature control but small fragment or target genetic sequences are enough for detection of virus by RT-PCR. Conclusion: It is possible to keep samples at this ambient temperature for five days without any loss of positivity in RT-PCR.
Clinical Profile and Outcome of Diabetic Foot Ulcer in Teritary Care Hospital
Authors: Kavipriya S. , Rahman Khalilur
Published: November 2021

Background: The goal of this study was to estimate the disease burden of diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) admissions in a tertiary care hospital in a developing country in terms of clinical profile and outcome.

Method: In this descriptive study, the data were collected from the medical record of diabetic patients with foot ulcer who were treated in Saveetha medical college and hospital between the period of February to November 2020. The demographic characteristic, type of foot lesion, etiology, isolated microorganism, treatment, and outcome were reviewed.

Results: There were 180 admissions with diabetic foot problems involving 100 patients. All of the patients had type 2 diabetes, and there was no gender bias. The average age was 50, and diabetes control was poor. The majority of patients had no knowledge what had caused their symptoms. In 56 % of cases, ulcers were neuropathic, 25% were neuro ischemic, and a smaller fraction were pure ischemia. More than 70% of ulcers were Wagner grade 3 or higher, with infection occurring in nearly every patient. Gram-negative bacteria were the most prevalent isolates from culture. A total of 30 lower extremity amputations (LEAs) were performed at various levels of the foot.

Conclusion: Diabetic foot problems are a source of morbidity, a reason for LEA surgery, and a cause of death in people who have diabetes mellitus.
Morphometric Analysis of V2 Segment of Vertebral Artery in Patients with Symptomatic Neck Pain in South Indian Population – A CT Angiography Based Study
Authors: Mathupriya S. G. , Vignesh P. S. Arun , Raj S. Vishnu , Gandra Abhinav , Rathi Nitesh Kumar
Published: November 2021

Objectives: The morphometric changes in the vertebral artery are essential for various interventions. Inadequate details about it can lead to risk of vertebral artery injury and other complications. This study explains the normal anatomical course of V2 segment of vertebral artery which is more prone for iatrogenic injury.

Materials and Method: 25 adult patients with symptomatic neck pain were involved in the study. Various measurements were made from seventh cervical vertebra (C7) to the third cervical vertebra (C3) that included Distance from midline to VA, Distance from medial margin of Longus Colli to VA, Perpendicular distance from anterior margin of transverse process to center of VA, Horizontal distance from anterior tubercle to VA, sagittal and coronal diameter of the transverse foramen and vertebral artery.

Result: Distance from midline, Distance from medial margin of Longus Colli, Perpendicular distance from anterior margin of transverse process to center of VA and Horizontal distance from anterior tubercle were increased towards right compared to left side. The sagittal and coronal diameter of the transverse foramen and vertebral artery decreased from C6 to C3 vertebra. Vertebral artery dominance was seen on left side in all cases.

Conclusion: Preoperative assessment by computed tomography angiography helps to know the course of the vertebral artery, understand its patterns and assess various abnormalities thereby aids in preventing complications in future surgeries.
Comparative Evaluation of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability among Non-vegetarians and Vegetarians
Authors: Samudhrasri S. , Sridevi G. , Preetha S.
Published: November 2021

Background: Dietary approaches to regulate blood pressure should be an important strategy of cardiovascular health. There is extensive study demonstrating multiple individual dietary components and several dietary patterns that affect blood pressure.

Aim: The present study planned to investigate the influence of dietary patterns on cardiac functions.

Materials and Methods: 20 healthy subjects belonging to regular consumption of vegetarian and heavy non vegetarian diet among the student population were analysed for changes in blood pressure (SBP, DBP, PP, MAP), Pulse rate and heart rate variability (HRV).

Results: The results of the study revealed that non vegetarians showed a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (p=0.030) (p>0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.033) (p>0.05) and insignificant decrease in heart rate variability in comparison with the vegetarians. 

Conclusion: Thus the study concluded that there is a positive interaction of diet preference and changes in blood pressure among vegetarians and non vegetarians.
The Role of Routine Ultrasonography in the First Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Saravanan T. , Kirubamani Hephzibah
Published: November 2021

Introduction: In the early stages of pregnancy, ultrasound is an extremely specific method for examination. This article reviews how the normal development of a baby in the first trimester of pregnancy relates to ultrasound findings.

Aim: To highlight the importance of routine ultrasonography in the first trimester of pregnancy in detecting and dating gestation, its viability and early detection of anomalies and complications

Methods: This descriptive study involved 100 pregnant women within 12 weeks of gestation attending antenatal clinic at Saveetha Medical college, during the study period

Inclusion Criteria: Pregnant women with history of amenorrhea <12 weeks of gestation.

Exclusion criteria: Individuals with history of pain abdomen and bleeding per vaginum

Results: A total of 99 pregnancies were intrauterine of which 1 was anembryonic and 2 had early pregnancy failure, 15 pregnancies were redated. One ectopic and one fibroid complicating pregnancy were aslo found.

Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an effective method to detect and date pregnancy, identify nonviable pregnancies, fetal abnormalities and early trimester complications. Hence it is ideal to use it routinely as screening tool during the first trimester of pregnancy.
Effects of Smokeless Tobacco on the Histology and Functioning of Proximal Convoluted Tubules of the Kidneys of Female Albino Rats
Authors: Singha Syna Pervaiz , Qazi Abroo Fatima , Isaac Amir Derick
Published: November 2021

Aims: The consumption of oral form of smokeless tobacco has increased rapidly. Its use is associated with increased risk of chronic diseases like diabetes, myocardial infarction, liver disorders, cerebrovascular accidents and many other health issues. Use of tobacco in any form either smoked or chewed form leads to the absorption of nicotine which spontaneously moves into the bloodstream where it is circulated throughout the body system. Hence through this study an effort is being made to evaluate the effects produced by the locally available brand of smokeless tobacco on the histology and functioning of proximal convoluted tubules of the kidneys of the female Swiss albino rats.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Sindh Agricultural University, Tandojam and further lab work was carried out in Isra University Hyderabad.

Methodology: 30 adult female Swiss albino rats were randomly selected. They were divided into three groups (n=10). Group A were taken as control. Group B&C comprised of rats which were given 5 %& 10% of smokeless tobacco respectively along with their chow diet. The feed and water were given ad libitum. Animals were sacrificed on 31st day and their kidneys were removed and weighed. The specimens were processed routinely for examination under light microscope. The sections were stained using H & E stains and examined under light microscope. Blood samples for analysis of creatinine and urea were collected.

Results: A significant decrease in the weight of the kidneys, an increase in the levels of creatinine and urea were observed (P value = 0.001). Kidneys of both B & C groups showed edema, congestion and presence of cast cells when compared with the kidneys of the control group.

Conclusion: From these observations, it can be inferred that the exposure of female Swiss albino rats to the smokeless form of Tobacco is associated with structural and functional damage of the kidneys.
Is it beneficial to use apertures in proton radiosurgery with a scanning beam? A dosimetric comparison in neurinoma and meningioma patients
Authors: Righetto Roberto , Fellin Francesco , Scartoni Daniele , Amichetti Maurizio , Schwarz Marco , Amelio Dante , Farace Paolo
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To assess the dosimetric advantages of apertures in intracranial single fraction proton radiosurgery.

Materials and methods

Six neuroma and 10 meningioma patients were investigated. For each patient, six plans were computed, with two spot spacing and three aperture settings (no apertures, 5 and 8 mm margin between aperture and clinical target volume [CTV]). All plans were optimized on the CTV with the same beam arrangement and the same single‐field robust optimization (2 mm setup errors, 3.5% range uncertainties). Robustness analysis was performed with 0.5 and 1.0 mm systematic setup errors and 3.5% range uncertainties. CTV coverage in the perturbed scenarios and healthy brain tissue sparing in the surrounding of the CTV were compared.

Results

Meningiomas were larger and at a shallow depth than neuromas. In neuromas, spot spacing did not affect OAR doses or the robustness of CTV coverage and the apertures reduced brain dose without any significant impact on CTV robustness. In meningiomas, smaller spot spacing produced a reduction in brain V5Gy and improved robustness of CTV coverage; in addition, an 8 mm margin aperture reduced low and medium brain tissue doses without affecting robustness in the 0.5 mm perturbed scenario. A 5 mm margin aperture caused a reduction of plan robustness.

Conclusion

The optimal use of apertures is a trade‐off between sparing of low and medium dose to the healthy brain and robustness of target coverage, also depending on size and depth of the lesion.
Establishment of an oligoasthenospermia mouse model based on TAp73 gene suppression
Authors: Liu Hong‐Juan , Deng Meng‐Yun , Zhu Yan‐Yan , Wu De‐Ling , Tong Xiao‐Hui , Li Li , Wang Lei , Xu Fei , Wang Tong‐Sheng
Published: November 2021

Background

Oligoasthenospermia is one of the main causes of male infertility. Researchers usually use chemical drugs to directly damage germ cells to prepare oligoasthenospermia models, which disregards the adhesion and migration between spermatogenic cells and Sertoli cells. TAp73 is a critical regulator of the adhesin of germ cell; thus, we sought to explore a novel oligoasthenospermia model based on TAp73 gene suppression.

Methods

Mice in the Pifithrin‐α group were injected intraperitoneally with 2.5 mg/kg Pifithrin‐α (TAp73 inhibitor) daily for 30 consecutive days. Reproductive hormone levels and epididymal sperm quality, as well as the network morphology of Sertoli cells were tested.

Results

Sperm density, motility, and the relative protein and mRNA expression of TAp73 and Nectin 2 were obviously decreased in the Pifithrin‐α group compared with the normal control group. No significant distinction was observed in the relative mRNA and protein expression of ZO‐1. Furthermore, the tight junctions (TJs) and apical ectoplasmic specialization (ES) were destroyed in the Pifithrin‐α group.

Conclusion

The above results indicate that we successfully established a new oligoasthenospermia mouse model. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of the roles of TAp73 genes during spermatogenesis and provides new research objects for further oligospermia research and future drug discovery.
An Unsymmetrical, Cyclic Diborene Based on a Chelating CAAC Ligand and its Small‐Molecule Activation and Rearrangement Chemistry
Authors: Lu Wei , Jayaraman Arumugam , Fantuzzi Felipe , Dewhurst Rian D. , Härterich Marcel , Dietz Maximilian , Hagspiel Stephan , Krummenacher Ivo , Hammond Kai , Cui Jingjing , Braunschweig Holger
Published: November 2021

A one‐pot synthesis of a CAAC‐stabilized, unsymmetrical, cyclic diborene was achieved via consecutive two‐electron reduction steps from an adduct of CAAC and B2Br4(SMe2)2. Theoretical studies revealed that this diborene has a considerably smaller HOMO–LUMO gap than those of reported NHC‐ and phosphine‐supported diborenes. Complexation of the diborene with [AuCl(PCy3)] afforded two diborene–AuI π complexes, while reaction with DurBH2, P4 and a terminal acetylene led to the cleavage of B−H, P−P, and C−C π bonds, respectively. Thermal rearrangement of the diborene gave an electron‐rich cyclic alkylideneborane, which readily coordinated to AgI via its B=C double bond.
X‐ray irradiation of three planets around Hyades star K2‐136
Authors: Fernández Fernández Jorge , Wheatley Peter J.
Published: November 2021

We study the X‐ray irradiation and likely photoevaporation of the three planets around the star K2‐136. These are the Earth‐sized K2‐136 b, the mini‐Neptune K2‐136 c, and the super‐Earth K2‐136 d. XMM‐Newton observations of the star indicate an X‐ray luminosity of in the range 0.15–2.4 keV, resulting in an activity of . The evaporation past of the planets were modeled using the XUV stellar tracks by Johnstone, Bartel, & Güdel (2020), the energy‐limited mass loss formulation (Erkaev et al., 2007; Lecavelier Des Etangs, 2007), and the thermal evolution formulation by Lopez & Fortney (2014). Our results suggest that planets b and d are most probably purely rocky and have been stripped of their envelopes. On the other hand, planet c likely still has an envelope consisting of 0.8% of the total mass, with its core being relatively large (2.3 ).
Deuterium kinetic isotope effects as redox mechanistic criterions
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo
Published: November 2021

This account article focuses on deuterium kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) used as criterions to elucidate redox mechanisms including proton‐, hydrogen‐ and hydride‐transfer reactions. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is composed of two elementary steps: electron transfer (ET) and proton transfer (PT), while hydride transfer is composed of three elementary steps: ET, PT, and ET. Large tunneling effects are often observed for proton‐coupled electron‐transfer (PCET) reactions of metal–oxygen complexes in which ET occurs to the metal center and PT occurs simultaneously to the ligand, exhibiting large KIEs. Whether HAT proceeds via sequential ET/PT, PT/ET, or concerted PCET (cPCET) depending on the redox properties of hydrogen donors and acceptors to exhibit different KIEs. Whether hydride transfer also proceeds via sequential ET/PT/ET, PT/ET/ET, or cPCET/ET depending on the redox properties of hydride donors and acceptors to exhibit different KIEs. Temperature dependence of KIEs for aldehyde deformylation reactions has enabled to distinguish two reaction pathways: one is a HAT and the other is a nucleophilic addition. The change of the mechanism from cPCET to sequential ET/PT is made possible by binding acids to the hydrogen and hydride acceptors when no KIE is observed. Inverse KIEs are also discussed for acid (or deuteron)‐promoted ET reactions.
Tick, Tock! Time to Make Policy Governance® Easier Already
Authors: Mogensen Susan
Published: November 2021

Susan Mogensen is president of Brown Dog Consulting (www.browndogconsulting.com), which educates board members, senior executives, and staff on the theory and practice of Policy Governance® principles. In this article, she provides suggestions on how boards can streamline their processes and act more quickly to govern with excellence.
Valve‐in‐valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement versus re‐do surgical aortic valve replacement: A call for randomized controlled trials
Authors: Reilly John P. , Parikh Puja B.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Valve‐in‐valve (VIV) transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) has become an attractive alternative to conventional redo surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for patients with structural valve degeneration (SVD).

VIV TAVR is associated with a nearly twofold lower odds of early mortality compared with redo‐SAVR in patients with SVD.

Adequately powered randomized studies examining the optimal intervention in patients with SVD specifically of lower surgical risk, are warranted to guide clinical decision‐making.
Covered stents: Initially life‐saving but long‐term consequences persist
Authors: Grines Cindy L. , Tummala Pradyumna E.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Despite performing more complex percutaneous coronary interventions, the risk of perforation remains stable.

Newer covered stents are lower profile, easier to deliver, and have high initial success rates but similar to older covered stents, the risk of thrombosis and restenosis remains.

We propose routine intravascular imaging to optimize covered stents, avoid reversal of anticoagulation until hardware is removed from the coronary and vigilant follow‐up for thrombosis and/or restenosis.
Primary bilateral ovarian involvement in Burkitt's lymphoma with an adnexal Torsion‐like manifestation: A case report
Authors: Pourghasemian Mehdi , Danandeh Mehr Amin , Alavizadeh Elaheh , Behzadi Farhad , Roosta Yousef
Published: November 2021

Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is defined as a highly invasive B‐cell lymphoma with a poor prognosis. Primary bilateral ovarian mass without involvement of other organs is a rare manifestation of BL. Our report was a case of an EBV positive Burkitt's lymphoma, which initially presented with ovarian mass and adnexal torsion.
Concurrent monoclonal gammopathy and systemic lupus erythematosus in a known case of ulcerative colitis: A case report
Authors: Shafie Mahan , Hadizadeh Alireza , Khalaji Soheil , Parsa Samaneh
Published: November 2021

Our patient had previously been diagnosed with Ulcerative colitis. The clinical manifestations of the patient along with laboratory tests such as anti‐dsDNA and proteinuria were also positive. Therefore, the clinical manifestation was consistent with SLE. In the following work up, monoclonal gammopathy in serum electrophoresis was also detected.
Scannen und Wiegen mit ‐gleichzeitiger Datenübertragung
Authors: Walther Natalie
Published: November 2021

Auf Bedienstationen und ein genaues Erfassen der Rohstoffdaten kann vor allem in Batchprozessen nicht verzichtet werden. Die Komplettlösung eines HMIs mit direkten Schnittstellen für Peripheriegeräte wie Waagen erlaubt neben der einfachen Installation der Hardware auch eine einfache und schnelle Datenerfassung. Die Lösung von Pepperl+Fuchs lässt sich schnell und einfach in bestehenden oder geplanten Anlagen integrieren.
Systemlösungen sind der Schlüssel
Authors: Magrone Nicola
Published: November 2021

Am Beispiel des Einsatzes von fahrerlosen Transportsystemen in einem Sortier‐ und Kommissionierzentrum für Gasflaschen zeigt der Antriebs‐ und Automatisierungsanbieter SEW‐Eurodrive, wie das modulare Assistenzkonzept Maxolution System Solutions Prozesse optimieren und Menschen unterstützen kann.
Researchers Question Science, Testing Methods for Prussic Acid (HCN) in Forages
Authors: Ehmke Tanner
Published: November 2021

Livestock and forage researchers are rethinking the science behind prussic acid, or hydrogen cyanide (HCN), in livestock feed. The advice that always has been promoted to crop and livestock producers for managing HCN toxicity risk in forages may not be supported by sound science. Earn 1 CEU in Crop Management by reading this article and taking the quiz at https://bit.ly/3piV8t1. View all CEUs online at https://web.sciencesocieties.org/Learning‐Center/Courses.
Quantification of hordenine in a complex plant matrix by direct analysis in real time–high‐resolution mass spectrometry: Application to the “plant of concern” Sceletium tortuosum
Authors: Appley Meghan Grace , Chambers Megan Isabella , Musah Rabi Ann
Published: November 2021

Recently, there has been an increase in the recreational abuse of several psychoactive plants, resulting in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime creating a list of “plants of concern.” One such material is Sceletium tortuosum and products derived from it. Regulation of these materials is challenging because of their innocuous appearance, the cumbersome sample preparation steps required to render the material into a form amenable to analysis by conventional techniques, the requirement for nuanced sample analysis protocols, and lengthy analysis times. It is demonstrated here that direct analysis in real time–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (DART‐HRMS) can be used to not only identify S. tortuosum material based on the detection of characteristic biomarkers including hordenine and several mesembrine alkaloids, but also quantify the amount of hordenine present. Using hordenine‐d6 as an internal standard, a protocol, validated according to US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guidelines for the Development and Validation of Bioanalytical Methods, was devised for the quantification of the psychoactive component hordenine. The method was then applied to the quantification of hordenine in six commercially available products derived from the foliage and stems of S. tortuosum. By this method, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was found to be 1 μg/ml. Observed hordenine concentrations ranged from 0.02738 to 1.071 mg of hordenine per gram of plant material. The developed technique provides an effective and quick means for the detection and quantification of hordenine in S. tortuosum, which can be extended to analysis of other hordenine‐containing products.
Bivalve facilitation mediates seagrass recovery from physical disturbance in a temperate estuary
Authors: Donaher Sarah E. , Baillie Christopher J. , Smith Carter S. , Zhang Y. Stacy , Albright Anna , Trackenberg Stacy N. , Wellman Emory H. , Woodard Nina , Gittman Rachel K.
Published: November 2021

Rapid global degradation of coastal habitats can be attributed to anthropogenic activities associated with coastal development, aquaculture, and recreational surface water use. Restoration of degraded habitats has proven challenging and costly, and there is a clear need to develop novel approaches that promote resilience to human‐caused disturbances. Positive interactions between species can mitigate environmental stress and recent work suggests that incorporating positive interactions into restoration efforts may improve restoration outcomes. We hypothesized that the addition of a potential facultative mutualist, the native hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria), could enhance seagrass bed recovery from disturbance. We conducted two experiments to examine the independent and interacting effects of hard clam addition and physical disturbance mimicking propeller scarring on mixed community Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii seagrass beds in North Carolina. Adding clams to seagrass beds exposed to experimental disturbance generally enhanced seagrass summer growth rates and autumn shoot densities. In contrast, clam addition to non‐disturbed seagrass beds did not result in any increase in seagrass growth rates or shoot densities. Clam enhancement of autumn percent cover relative to areas without clam addition was most prominent after Hurricane Dorian, suggesting that clams may also enhance seagrass resilience to repeated disturbances. By June of the next growing season, disturbed areas with clam additions had greater percent cover of seagrass than disturbed areas without clam additions. Beds that were disturbed in April had higher percent cover than areas disturbed in June of the previous growing season. Our results suggest that the timing and occurrence of physical disturbances may modify the ability of clams to facilitate seagrass resiliency and productivity. Understanding when and how to utilize positive, interspecific interactions in coastal restoration is key for improving restoration success rates.
Lithium: A Prescription for Electrification
Authors: de Ramos Kevin Monte
Published: November 2021

Electrification can be described as the shift from any non‐electric source of energy to electricity at the point of final consumption. Those final points of consumption are known as end‐use technologies and every utility class customer has end‐use technologies associated with them. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) shares a sentiment that is global in scope, “Electrification of end‐use services in the transportation, buildings, and industrial sectors coupled with decarbonization of electricity generation has been identified as one of the key pathways to achieving a low‐carbon future in the United States.”
Hydroxyurea usage awareness among patients with sickle‐cell disease in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsalman Mortadah , Alkhalifa Hussain , Alkhalifah Ali , Alsubie Mustafa , AlMurayhil Nora , Althafar Abdulaziz , Albarqi Mohammed , Alnaim Abdulrahman , Khan Abdul Sattar
Published: November 2021

Background and aim

Hydroxyurea (HU) plays an essential role in the complex pathophysiology alteration of sickle‐cell disease (SCD), which translates clinically into the enhanced quality of life and increased survival. This research examines adult patients with SCD's attitudes and awareness toward HU, as well as underutilization consequences.

Method

A cross‐sectional research was performed in Saudi Arabia, and adult patients with SCD were interviewed. The survey includes patient demographics, attitudes, and knowledge of HU and clinical data. The chi‐square was applied through SPSS version 23 for assessing any association with outcome variables and demographic characteristics.

Results

HU is known to 72 (67.3%) of the 107 patients. The hydroxyurea treatment was initiated in 46 patients (63%). Of these, 23 (50%) discontinue HU, with the key factors being pregnancy preparation and side effects development. For those who were unaware of HU, 13 (37.1%) were admitted to the intensive care unit because of acute chest syndrome, 29 (82.8%) required a frequent blood transfusion and 12 (34.2%) with frequent hospitalizations. However, there was no significant relationship between awareness and education level (P value is .078 > .05). In addition, there was no significant relationship between the level of awareness and age and gender of participants (P value is .68 and .44, respectively).

Conclusion

HU is a long‐established and effective disease‐modifying agent for SCD patients, but it is underutilized. The causality of underuse is bidirectional between patients and healthcare providers. It is essential to educate healthcare providers and patients with SCD about hydroxyurea role in modifying disease severity, resolving adverse events, and achieving full benefits.
Biomaterials patterning regulates neural stem cells fate and behavior: The interface of biology and material science
Authors: Niari Shabnam Asghari , Rahbarghazi Reza , Geranmayeh Mohammad Hossein , Karimipour Mohammad
Published: November 2021

The combination of nanotechnology and stem cell biology is one of the most promising advances in the field of regenerative medicine. This novel combination has widely been utilized in vitro settings in an attempt to develop efficient therapeutic strategies to overcome the limited capacity of the central nervous system (CNS) in replacing degenerating neural cells with functionally normal cells after the onset of acute and chronic neurological disorders. Importantly, biomaterials, not only, enhance the endogenous CNS neurogenesis and plasticity, but also, could provide a desirable supportive microenvironment to harness the full potential of the in vitro expanded neural stem cells (NSCs) for regenerative purposes. Here, first, we discuss how the physical and biochemical properties of biomaterials, such as their stiffness and elasticity, could influence the behavior of NSCs. Then, since the NSCs niche or microenvironment is of fundamental importance in controlling the dynamic destiny of NSCs such as their quiescent and proliferative states, topographical effects of surface diversity in biomaterials, that is, the micro‐and nano‐patterned surfaces will be discussed in detail. Finally, the influence of biomaterials as artificial microenvironments on the behavior of NSCs through the specific mechanotransduction signaling pathway mediated by focal adhesion formation will be reviewed.
Review: Effects of anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibodies on red blood cell transfusion and interventions
Authors: Song Jia , Fu Rong
Published: November 2021

Background

Highly expressed in almost all myeloma cells, CD38 is an attractive treatment target.

Aim

Anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibodies have been approved for first‐line treatment in non‐transplantable multiple myeloma (MM) patients.

Materials and methods

However, it has been found in clinical use that anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibodies bind to CD38 on red blood cells (RBCs) and cause panagglutination in indirect antiglobulin test (IAT), resulting in false positives of IAT (Transfusion, 55, 2015 and 1545; Transfusion, 55, 2015 and 1555).

Result

Thereby, interfering with blood bank testing and leading to the delay of further diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion

With more and more patients receiving anti‐CD38 treatment, it is of great importance to recognize this problem and optimize relevant diagnosis and treatment procedures to prevent RBC transfusion delays and reduce laboratory costs.
Mantle cell lymphoma treatment options for elderly/unfit patients: A systematic review
Authors: Alnassfan Tahera , Cox‐Pridmore Megan J. , Taktak Azzam , Till Kathleen J
Published: November 2021

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that is aggressive and incurable with existing therapies, presenting a significant unmet clinical need. MCL occurs mainly in elderly patients with comorbidities; thus, intense treatment options including allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo‐SCT) are not feasible. New treatment options are emerging for this elderly/unfit treatment group, we therefore conducted a systematic review to determine whether they offered an advance on the existing recommended treatment, R‐CHOP. The search strategies to identify MCL therapies were designed to capture the most relevant studies from 2013 to 2020. Following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses and population,interventions, observations and study design analysis, R‐CHOP, ibrutinib and bendamustine plus rituximab (BR) were taken forward for critical and statistical analysis. All three therapies were effective in increasing the overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival of elderly/unfit patients with MCL. However, none resulted in a significant increase in OS compared to R‐CHOP. In addition, R‐CHOP had a better toxicity profile when compared to both ibrutinib and BR. We therefore conclude that treatment of elderly/unfit patients with MCL is still a significant unmet clinical need; and suggest that outside of the clinical trial setting, R‐CHOP should remain the recommended front‐line treatment for this patient group.
Effects of Texture Density on the Tribological Properties of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation/Polytetrafluoroethylene Coatings Formed on Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Lu Cheng , Ding Jinhua , Shi Peiying , Jia Junhong , Xie Erqing , Sun Yuan
Published: November 2021

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) coatings are commonly used as protective materials in the automotive industry. In this study, textured PEO coatings with different densities of dimples are fabricated by laser surface texturing, which is followed by coating with self‐lubricating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) material by vacuum penetration. The topographies, microstructures, and tribological properties of the textured PEO/PTFE coatings are investigated. The results show that the texture densities have a significant effect on the tribological properties of composite PEO/PTFE coatings. The composite coating with a texture density of 39.7% shows a stable and low friction coefficient of ≈0.11 under test loads ranging from 5 to 20 N. In addition, this coating exhibits better carrying capacity than other textured coatings during the friction process. With the increase in dimple area density, the storage capacity of the composite coating increases, and is accompanied by a decreased load‐bearing capacity. This leads to further contact with the friction interface, which is beneficial to lubrication. An ideal balance between the physical support of the PEO coating and the lubricating effect of the PTFE film is achieved.
Complex B1+ mapping with Carr‐Purcell spin echoes and its application to electrical properties tomography
Authors: Iyyakkunnel Santhosh , Weigel Matthias , Ganter Carl , Bieri Oliver
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To present a new complex‐valued B1+ mapping method for electrical properties tomography using Carr‐Purcell spin echoes.

Methods

A Carr‐Purcell (CP) echo train generates pronounced flip‐angle dependent oscillations that can be used to estimate the magnitude of B1+. To this end, a dictionary is used that takes into account the slice profile as well as T2 relaxation along the echo train. For validation, the retrieved B1+ map is compared with the actual flip angle imaging (AFI) method in a phantom (79 ε0, 0.34 S/m). Moreover, the phase of the first echo reflects the transceive phase. Overall, the CP echo train yields an estimate of the complex‐valued B1+, allowing electrical properties tomography with both permittivity and conductivity. The presented method is evaluated in phantom scans as well as for in vivo brain at 3 T.

Results

In the phantom, the obtained magnitude B1+ maps retrieved from the CP echo train and the AFI method show excellent agreement, and both the reconstructed estimated permittivity (79 ± 3) ε0 and conductivity (0.35 ± 0.04) S/m values are in accordance with expectations. In the brain, the obtained electrical properties are also close to expectations. In addition to the retrieved complex B1+ information, the decay of the CP echo trains also yields an estimate for T2.

Conclusion

The CP sequence can be used to simultaneously provide both B1+ magnitude and phase estimations, and therefore allows for full reconstruction of the electrical properties.