bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of Connexin 40 in the Vascular Endothelial Cells of Placenta with Acute Chorioamnionitis
Authors: Tan Jia Yee , Yeoh Hannah Xin Yi , Chia Wai Kit , Tan Jonathan Wei De , Aizuddin Azimatun Noor , Farouk Wirda Indah , Alfian Nurwardah , Wong Yin Ping , Tan Geok Chin
Published: April 2024

Background: Connexins (Cx) 43 and 40 play a role in leukocytes recruitment in acute inflammation. They are expressed in the endothelial cells. They are also found in the placenta and involved in the placenta development. Acute chorioamnionitis is associated with an increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the expressions of Cx43 and Cx40 in the placenta of mothers with acute chorioamnionitis, and to correlate their association with the severity of chorioamnionitis and adverse perinatal outcomes. Methods: This study comprised a total of 81 cases, consisting of 39 placenta samples of mothers with acute chorioamnionitis and 42 non-acute chorioamnionitis controls. Cx43 and Cx40 immunohistochemistry were performed on all cases and their expressions were evaluated on cytotrophoblasts, syncytiotrophoblasts, chorionic villi endothelial cells, stem villi endothelial cells, maternal endothelial cells and decidua of the placenta. Results: Primigravida has a significantly higher risk of developing acute chorioamnionitis (p < 0.001). Neonates of mothers with a higher stage of fetal inflammatory response was significantly associated with lung complications (p = 0.041) compared to neonates of mothers with a lower stage. The expression of Cx40 was significantly higher in fetal and maternal vascular endothelial cells in acute chorioamnionitis (p < 0.001 and p = 0.037, respectively) compared to controls. Notably, Cx43 was not expressed in most of the types of cells in the placenta, except for decidua. Both Cx43 and Cx40 expressions did not have correlation with the severity of acute chorioamnionitis and adverse perinatal outcomes. Conclusion: Cx40 was overexpressed in the fetal and maternal vascular endothelial cells in the placenta of mothers with acute chorioamnionitis, and it may have a role in the development of inflammation in placenta.
Association of F. alocis and D. pneumosintes with Periodontitis Disease Severity and Red Complex Bacteria
Authors: Shaikh Hawaabi F. M. , Oswal Pratima U. , Kugaji Manohar Suresh , Katti Sandeep S. , Bhat Kishore Gajanan , Kandaswamy Eswar , Joshi Vinayak M.
Published: April 2024

Oral biofilms are considered the principal etiological agent in the development of periodontitis. Novel species that may contribute to periodontitis and dysbiosis have been identified recently. The study aims to evaluate the presence of F. alocis and D. pneumosintes in healthy and diseased patients and their association with clinical parameters and with red complex bacteria. The study included 60 subjects, with 30 patients each in the healthy and periodontitis groups. The clinical parameters were noted, and samples were subjected to DNA extraction followed by a polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed using the Graph Pad Prism software. Results: F. alocis and D. pneumosintes were detected at a significantly higher percentage in the periodontitis group compared to the healthy group (p < 0.05). D. pneumosintes was significantly associated with T. forsythia in the periodontitis group (p < 0.05). Both of these organisms were present in sites with higher clinical attachment loss (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that both F. alocis and D. pneumosintes were detected at a significantly higher percentage in periodontitis subjects and were detected more frequently in sites with a greater clinical attachment loss. It was also evident that both F. alocis and D. pneumosintes can be present independently of other putative periodontal pathogens.
Short Run and Long Run Effects of Corruption on Economic Growth: Evidence from Balkan Countries
Authors: Lucarelli Stefano , Muço Klodian , Valentini Enzo
Published: April 2024

One of the factors that characterize the different countries of the Balkan area is the level of corruption which, as often stressed by scholars, may significantly influence the economic growth of its countries. However, there is still no agreement on the sign of this effect: there are theoretical arguments and empirical results in favor of a positive correlation between corruption and growth, and there are also theoretical arguments and empirical results that support the opposite view. Comparing the short-term and long-term impacts can help to explain this contradiction. In this perspective, we propose an auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) methodology. This approach gives both short-run and long-run results simultaneously and it is robust with small samples. The results are not homogeneous for the eight countries covered by our study (Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and Turkey), but the following theoretical intuition is confirmed: although corruption could be seen as a factor that helps economic growth by speeding up the bureaucratic processing in the short run, conversely, in the long run, the social costs associated with corruption are considerable, making it difficult to sustain the political, economic, and social burdens, thus leading to a higher levels of corruption that negatively affect the economic growth. These results confirm certain aspects of Albert Hirschman’s ideas regarding private interests and public action.
Three-Dimensional Ray-Tracing-Based Propagation Prediction Model for Macrocellular Environment at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies
Authors: Liu Zhongyu , Zhao Pengcheng , Guo Lixin , Nan Zuoyong , Zhong Zhigang , Li Jiangting
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a 3D ray-tracing model using geometrical optics and the uniform theory of diffraction in radio channel characterizations of macrocellular environments. On the basis of the environmental information obtained from a digitized map, the model is effectively applied. A technique considering multiple reflections and diffractions through the ray path classification is utilized in this model. Ray paths belonging to each ray category are determined using different methods. The proposed model is justified (the prediction accuracy of the model is better than 6.5 dB) with measurement data for the two scenarios and can provide reliable theory as a basis for radio wave propagation prediction and network planning in urban macrocellular environments.
Understanding Pedestrian Cognition Workload in Traffic Environments Using Virtual Reality and Electroencephalography
Authors: Luque Francisco , Armada Víctor , Piovano Luca , Jurado-Barba Rosa , Santamaría Asunción
Published: April 2024

Understanding pedestrians’ cognitive processes in traffic environments is crucial for developing strategies to enhance safety and reduce accidents. This study assesses the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) in evaluating pedestrian behavior in simulated road-crossing scenarios. It investigates VR’s capability to realistically mimic the cognitive load experienced in real-world settings. It examines the technical integration of VR with psychophysiological recording to capture cognitive demand indicators accurately. Utilizing a dedicated VR application and electroencephalogram (EEG) measurements, this research aims to elicit significant Event-Related Potentials (ERP), like P3 and Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), associated with decision-making processes. The initial results demonstrate VR’s effectiveness in creating realistic environments for investigating cognitive mechanisms and the balance between induced immersion and experienced discomfort. Additionally, the tasks involving time-to-arrival estimations and oddball scenarios elicited the anticipated components related to attentional and decision-making processes. Despite increased discomfort with extended VR exposure, our results show that it did not negatively impact the cognitive workload. These outcomes highlight VR’s efficacy in replicating the cognitive demands of real-world settings and provide evidence to understand the neurophysiological and behavioral dynamics of vulnerable road users (VRUs) in traffic scenarios. Furthermore, these findings support VR’s role in behavioral and neurophysiological research to design specific safety interventions for VRUs.
Research on Knowledge Tracing-Based Classroom Network Characteristic Learning Engagement and Temporal-Spatial Feature Fusion
Authors: Shou Zhaoyu , Li Yihong , Li Dongxu , Mo Jianwen , Zhang Huibing
Published: April 2024

To accurately assess students’ cognitive state of knowledge points in the learning process within the smart classroom, a knowledge tracing (KT) model based on classroom network characteristic learning engagement and temporal-spatial feature fusion (CL-TSKT) is proposed. First, a classroom network is constructed based on the information of the student ID, seating relationship, student–student interaction, head-up or head-down state, and classroom network characteristics obtained from a smart classroom video. Second, a learning engagement model is established by utilizing the student–student interactions, head-up or head-down state, and classroom network characteristics. Finally, according to the learning engagement model and the knowledge point test data, a parallel temporal attention GRU network is proposed. It is utilized to extract the temporal features of the knowledge points and learning engagement. They are fused to obtain the knowledge point-learning engagement temporal characteristics and their associated attributes. Meanwhile, a CNN is used to extract the knowledge point-knowledge point spatial features. We consider the associative properties of knowledge point-knowledge points from a spatial perspective and fuse the knowledge point-knowledge point spatial features with the knowledge point-learning engagement temporal features. To accurately characterize the cognitive state of the knowledge points and provide effective support for teachers’ accurate and sustainable interventions for learners in the teaching and learning process, this paper conducts extensive experiments on four real datasets. The CL-TSKT model in this paper shows superior performance in all four evaluation metrics, compared with the state-of-the-art KT models.
Reinforcement Learning Techniques in Optimizing Energy Systems
Authors: Stavrev Stefan , Ginchev Dimitar
Published: April 2024

Reinforcement learning (RL) techniques have emerged as powerful tools for optimizing energy systems, offering the potential to enhance efficiency, reliability, and sustainability. This review paper provides a comprehensive examination of the applications of RL in the field of energy system optimization, spanning various domains such as energy management, grid control, and renewable energy integration. Beginning with an overview of RL fundamentals, the paper explores recent advancements in RL algorithms and their adaptation to address the unique challenges of energy system optimization. Case studies and real-world applications demonstrate the efficacy of RL-based approaches in improving energy efficiency, reducing costs, and mitigating environmental impacts. Furthermore, the paper discusses future directions and challenges, including scalability, interpretability, and integration with domain knowledge. By synthesizing the latest research findings and identifying key areas for further investigation, this paper aims to inform and inspire future research endeavors in the intersection of reinforcement learning and energy system optimization.
Frame Loss Effects on Visual Fatigue in Super Multi-View 3D Display Technology
Authors: Fang Hongjin , Chen Yu , Teng Dongdong , Luo Jin , Wu Siying , Zheng Jianming , Wang Jiahui , Chen Zimin , Liu Lilin
Published: April 2024

Super multi-view (SMV) display is a promising 3D display technology; however, potential frame loss due to bandwidth-limited video transmission could cause discomfort to viewers. Thus, an evaluation of the acceptable viewing experience will be valuable. This study investigates the effects of frame loss on visual fatigue in SMV display, focusing on quantified frame loss rates and varying frame loss modes. Experiments were conducted with 20 subjects, utilizing the Stroop test through an SMV display system to evaluate the visual fatigue under different frame loss conditions. The results show a rise in visual fatigue as the frame loss rate increases, with two critical thresholds identified. A 4% frame loss rate marks the threshold for significant loss-induced differences, beyond which visual fatigue begins to become significant in loss-induced modes compared to the normal loss-free mode. Subsequently, a 10% frame loss rate marks the threshold for significant mode-dependent differences, beyond which variations appear between different loss-induced modes, with monocular mode inducing more visual fatigue than binocular and dual-view more than single-view. Consequently, the findings advocate for refining the 3D video processing to maintain a frame loss rate below 4% for negligible effect and considering the interactions between different views for less visual fatigue. This research aims to provide insights and guidance for addressing potential challenges in developing and applying SMV display technology.
A Thorough Review and Comparison of Commercial and Open-Source IoT Platforms for Smart City Applications
Authors: Monios Nikolaos , Peladarinos Nikolaos , Cheimaras Vasileios , Papageorgas Panagiotis , Piromalis Dimitrios D.
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we conducted a state-of-the-art survey on the current state of IoT platforms suitable for the development of smart city (SC) applications. Both commercial and open-source IoT platforms are presented and compared, addressing various significant aspects and characteristics of SC applications, such as connectivity, communication protocols, dashboards/analytics availability, security, etc. The characteristics of all the investigated platforms were aggregated so that useful outcomes regarding the technological trends of the IoT platforms could be derived. Furthermore, an attempt was made to identify any discrepancies between the needs of smart cities and the capabilities provided by the relevant platforms. Moreover, IoT platforms referring to the domains of industry, agriculture, and asset tracking were also included, alongside platforms that purely target smart cities, as parts of them are also applicable to smart city applications. The results of the comparison proved that there is a lack of open-source IoT platforms targeted at smart cities, which impedes the development and testing of connected smart city applications for researchers.
Random Body Movement Removal Using Adaptive Motion Artifact Filtering in mmWave Radar-Based Neonatal Heartbeat Sensing
Authors: Yang Shiguang , Liang Xuerui , Dang Xiangwei , Jiang Nanyi , Cao Jiasheng , Zeng Zhiyuan , Li Yanlei
Published: April 2024

In response to the pressing requirement for prompt and precise heart rate acquisition during neonatal resuscitation, an adaptive motion artifact filter (AMF) is proposed in this study, which is based on the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) approach and takes advantage of the gradual, time-based changes in heart rate. This method is intended to alleviate the pronounced interference induced by random body movement (RBM) on radar detection in neonates. The AMF analyzes the frequency components at different time points in the CWT results. It extracts spectral peaks from each time slice of the frequency spectrum and correlates them with neighboring peaks to identify the existing components in the signal, thereby reducing the impact of RBM and ultimately extracting the heartbeat component. The results demonstrate a reliable estimation of heart rates. In practical clinical settings, we performed measurements on multiple neonatal patients within a hospital environment. The results demonstrate that even with limited data, its accuracy in estimating the resting heart rate of newborns surpasses 97%, and during infant movement, its accuracy exceeds 96%.
A 16 Bit 125 MS/s Pipelined Analog-to-Digital Converter with a Digital Foreground Calibration Based on Capacitor Reuse
Authors: Zhang Zhenwei , Hu Yizhe , Lang Lili , Dong Yemin
Published: April 2024

A 16-bit 125 MS/s pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) implemented in a 0.18 μm CMOS process is presented in this paper. A sample-and-hold amplifier-less (SHA-less) modified 2.5-bit front-end is adopted, which splits the sampling capacitor in half to eliminate the common-mode voltage buffer. The multiplying-digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) in the first pipeline stage is modified by reusing the sampling capacitor in a foreground digital calibration for improving the ADC linearity. This design can circumvent a dedicated reference buffer to generate the calibration voltages at all comparator thresholds. By calibrating the ADC in the digital domain, the integral non-linearity (INL) is improved from −9.2/10 LSB to −3/2.2 LSB, and the spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is optimized by over 8dB. The ADC consumes 154mW (reference buffer and clock included) from a 1.8 V supply.
Voltage Frequency Differential Protection Algorithm
Authors: Matišić Zdravko , Antić Tomislav , Havelka Juraj , Capuder Tomislav
Published: April 2024

Advancements in new technologies, a reduction in CO2 emissions, and the rising demand for energy are causing a growth in the share of renewable energy sources. In distribution networks, an increasing number of distributed generators (DGs) makes the utility grid’s protection complex and demanding. Vector surge and rate-of-change-of-frequency are the established anti-islanding protection methods, recognizing that the standard paradigm for protection, involving distributed generation, cannot be set only once but has to be continuously updated following the requirements and changes in the system. One of the requirements is active participation in the preservation of system frequency and voltage, which can be interrupted if the DG trips and disconnects from the utility grid. Anti-islanding protection and spurious tripping can be avoided by implementing new algorithms and techniques. This paper presents a novel protection scheme based on a voltage frequency differential. The proposed algorithm employs remote and local frequency measurements in such a manner that, for the occurrence of a frequency difference, it is assumed that the DG is in an islanding state. In this article, we demonstrate the feasibility of the algorithm through numerical analysis of grid events and laboratory testing emulating real grid-measured values. The test results show that the algorithm is resilient to false tripping for non-islanding events and more reliable than conventional methods in islanding detection. The algorithm can be set to low-frequency differential values, drastically reducing the non-detection zone in any DG type, regardless of its size and voltage level at the point of common coupling. Unlike standard anti-islanding methods, the algorithm supports the ability of the DG to fault-ride through demand.
Correction: De Franco et al. Drivers, Motivations, and Barriers in the Creation of Energy Communities: Insights from the City of Segrate, Italy. Energies 2023, 16, 5872
Authors: De Franco Anita , Venco Elisabetta , De Lotto Roberto , Pietra Caterina , Kutzner Florian , Bielig Mona , Vogel Melanie
Published: April 2024

Three contributors’ names were missing in the original version of the authorship of the paper [...]
The Prediction of Medium- and Long-Term Trends in Urban Carbon Emissions Based on an ARIMA-BPNN Combination Model
Authors: Hou Ling , Chen Huichao
Published: April 2024

Urban carbon emissions are an important area for addressing climate change, and it is necessary to establish scientific and effective carbon emission prediction models to formulate reasonable emission reduction policies and measures. In this paper, a novel model based on Lasso regression, an ARIMA model, and a BPNN is proposed. Lasso regression is used to screen the key factors affecting carbon emissions, and the ARIMA model is used to extract the linear components of the carbon emission sequences, while the BPNN is used to predict the residuals of the ARIMA model. The final result is the sum of that from the ARIMA model and the BPNN. The carbon peak, carbon neutralization time, and emissions were analyzed under different scenarios. Taking Suzhou City as an example, the results show that the electricity consumption of the whole population is one of the key drivers of carbon emissions; the carbon emission prediction accuracy and stability of the ARIMA-BPNN combined model are better than those of the single model, which improves the reliability as well as the accuracy of the model’s prediction. However, under the constraints of the current policies, the goal of achieving carbon peaking by 2030 in Suzhou City may not be realized as scheduled. This novel carbon emission prediction model built was validated to provide a scientific basis for low-carbon urban development. This study presents an important reference value for predicting carbon emissions and formulating emission reduction measures in other cities.
Evaluating Wastewater Quality Parameters as an Alternative or Complement to Molecular Indicators for Normalization during SARS-CoV-2 Wastewater-Based Epidemiology
Authors: Straathof Judith , Hull Natalie M.
Published: April 2024

Measuring fecal nucleic acid indicators for data normalization can increase costs during wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). The efficacy of routinely assayed water quality parameters was assessed as an alternative or complement to fecal nucleic acid viral indicator data for their utility in adjusting measured SARS-CoV-2 gene concentrations to improve the relationship between wastewater molecular data and clinical COVID-19 case data. This research covers two study designs: grab samples collected from sewers serving The Ohio State University campus and composite influent samples collected at five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) across the state of Ohio. Weekly mandatory clinical testing was used to monitor infections in the student population, and statewide cases were reported through voluntary clinical testing. Statewide WWTP results showed significant strong correlation between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in the wastewater and confirmed COVID-19 cases, and correlation increased when normalized by flow and additionally increased when normalized by pH, total suspended solids, and temperature, but correlation decreased when normalized by a nucleic acid fecal viral indicator (PMMoV). On campus, correlations were generally not significant unless normalized by PMMoV and/or UV absorbance parameters. Because water quality parameters are routinely assayed at wastewater treatment plants and some may be collected by autosamplers, incorporating wastewater quality data may improve WBE models and could minimize molecular and cellular testing for fecal indicators to decrease costs.
Sulfite Management during Vinification and Impact on the Flavor of Solaris Wine
Authors: Toldam-Andersen Torben Bo , Zhang Shujuan , Liu Jing , Bredie Wender L. P. , Petersen Mikael Agerlin
Published: April 2024

Effective sulfur dioxide (SO2) management is crucial in winemaking to minimize oxidative changes in wine flavor during storage. This study explored the impact of various SO2 management techniques on Solaris white wine’s flavor components and sensory properties. Five treatments were administered: ‘SO2 in juice’ (50 mg/L SO2 added to juice pre-fermentation), ‘Control’ (60 mg/L SO2 added post-fermentation), ‘Low SO2’ (50 mg/L SO2 post-fermentation), ‘High SO2’ (100 mg/L SO2 post-fermentation), and ‘No SO2’ (no SO2 added). The ‘Control’ followed a standard procedure, in which the achieved level of free sulfite is measured and extra SO2 added to reach the recommended level of free sulfite for the pH of the wine. Here, 50 + 10 mg/L was added. Volatile compounds were analyzed using dynamic headspace sampling coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after 0, 3, 6, and 12 months of storage. Sensory evaluation by a trained panel after 12 months revealed stronger perceptions of ‘overall impression’, ‘chemical’, ‘bitter’, ‘overripe fruit’, and ‘honey’ notes in the ‘No SO2’ and ‘SO2 in juice’ wines. The data underscore the significant influence of SO2 management on the flavor stability of Solaris white wines, emphasizing the need for strategic SO2 interventions during winemaking to enhance sensory quality over time.
Reclaiming Agriceuticals from Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) By-Products
Authors: Liu Tiange , Xie Qingtong , Zhang Min , Gu Jia , Huang Dejian , Cao Qinghe
Published: April 2024

Sweetpotato (SP, Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) is a globally significant food crop known for its high nutritional and functional values. Although the contents and compositions of bioactive constituents vary among SP varieties, sweetpotato by-products (SPBs), including aerial parts, storage root peels, and wastes generated from starch processing, are considered as excellent sources of polyphenols (e.g., chlorogenic acid, caffeoylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acid), lutein, functional carbohydrates (e.g., pectin, polysaccharides, and resin glycosides) or proteins (e.g., polyphenol oxidase, β-amylase, and sporamins). This review summarises the health benefits of these ingredients specifically derived from SPBs in vitro and/or in vivo, such as anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antioxidant, cardioprotective, and anti-diabetic, evidencing their potential to regenerate value-added bio-products in the fields of food and nutraceutical. Accordingly, conventional and novel technologies have been developed and sometimes combined for the pretreatment and extraction processes aimed at optimising the recovery efficiency of bioactive ingredients from SPBs while ensuring sustainability. However, so far, advanced extraction technologies have not been extensively applied for recovering bioactive compounds from SPBs except for SP leaves. Furthermore, the incorporation of reclaimed bioactive ingredients from SPBs into foods or other healthcare products remains limited. This review also briefly discusses current challenges faced by the SPB recycling industry while suggesting that more efforts should be made to facilitate the transition from scientific advances to commercialisation for reutilising and valorising SPBs.
Physicochemical, Quality and Flavor Characteristics of Starch Noodles with Auricularia cornea var. Li. Powder
Authors: Gao Yang , Zhang Xinzhen , Wang Ran , Sun Yue , Li Xueling , Liang Jin
Published: April 2024

Auricularia cornea var. Li., as an edible mushroom rich in various nutrients, could be widely used in noodle food. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Auricularia cornea var. Li. (AU) powder on the gel properties, structure and quality of starch noodles. Taking the sample without adding AU powder as a control, the addition of AU powder enhanced the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, breakdown, setback, peak time, gelatinization temperature, G′ (storage modulus) and G′′ (loss modulus). Meanwhile, the incorporation of AU powder significantly enhanced the stability of the starch gel structure and contributed to a more ordered microstructure also promoting the short-term aging of starch paste. In vitro digestion results displayed lower rapid digestibility (21.68%) but higher resistant starch content (26.58%) with the addition of AU powder and increased breaking rate, cooking loss, swelling index and a* and b* values. However, it decreased dry matter content and L*, particularly the reducing sugar content significantly increased to 4.01% (p < 0.05), and the total amino acid content rose to 349.91 mg/g. The GC-IMS library identified 51 VOCs, and the OPLS-DA model classified 18 VOCs (VIP > 1). Overall, the findings indicate that starch noodles with the addition of AU powder may provide greater nutritional quality, gel stability and starch antidigestibility.
Myeloperoxidase Gene Deletion Causes Drastic Microbiome Shifts in Mice and Does Not Mitigate Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis
Authors: San Gabriel Patrick T. , O’Neil Thomas R. , Au Alice , Tan Jian K. , Pinget Gabriela V. , Liu Yuyang , Fong Genevieve , Ku Jacqueline , Glaros Elias , Macia Laurence , Witting Paul K. , Thomas Shane R. , Chami Belal
Published: April 2024

Neutrophil-myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase which produces excess amounts of hypochlorous acid during inflammation. While pharmacological MPO inhibition mitigates all indices of experimental colitis, no studies have corroborated the role of MPO using knockout (KO) models. Therefore, we investigated MPO deficient mice in a murine model of colitis. Wild type (Wt) and MPO-deficient mice were treated with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in a chronic model of experimental colitis with three acute cycles of DSS-induced colitis over 63 days, emulating IBD relapse and remission cycles. Mice were immunologically profiled at the gut muscoa and the faecal microbiome was assessed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Contrary to previous pharmacological antagonist studies targeting MPO, MPO-deficient mice showed no protection from experimental colitis during cyclical DSS-challenge. We are the first to report drastic faecal microbiota shifts in MPO-deficient mice, showing a significantly different microbiome profile on Day 1 of treatment, with a similar shift and distinction on Day 29 (half-way point), via qualitative and quantitative descriptions of phylogenetic distances. Herein, we provide the first evidence of substantial microbiome shifts in MPO-deficiency, which may influence disease progression. Our findings have significant implications for the utility of MPO-KO mice in investigating disease models.
Pharmacogenomics of Drugs Used in β-Thalassemia and Sickle-Cell Disease: From Basic Research to Clinical Applications
Authors: Gambari Roberto , Waziri Aliyu Dahiru , Goonasekera Hemali , Peprah Emmanuel
Published: April 2024

In this short review we have presented and discussed studies on pharmacogenomics (also termed pharmacogenetics) of the drugs employed in the treatment of β-thalassemia or Sickle-cell disease (SCD). This field of investigation is relevant, since it is expected to help clinicians select the appropriate drug and the correct dosage for each patient. We first discussed the search for DNA polymorphisms associated with a high expression of γ-globin genes and identified this using GWAS studies and CRISPR-based gene editing approaches. We then presented validated DNA polymorphisms associated with a high HbF production (including, but not limited to the HBG2 XmnI polymorphism and those related to the BCL11A, MYB, KLF-1, and LYAR genes). The expression of microRNAs involved in the regulation of γ-globin genes was also presented in the context of pharmacomiRNomics. Then, the pharmacogenomics of validated fetal hemoglobin inducers (hydroxyurea, butyrate and butyrate analogues, thalidomide, and sirolimus), of iron chelators, and of analgesics in the pain management of SCD patients were considered. Finally, we discuss current clinical trials, as well as international research networks focusing on clinical issues related to pharmacogenomics in hematological diseases.
Analgesic, Anti-Inflammatory, and Chondroprotective Activities of Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract
Authors: Lee Yun-Mi , Kim Dong-Seon
Published: April 2024

Inflammation is crucial to osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate Siraitia grosvenorii residue extract (NHGRE) obtained by extracting S. grosvenorii fruits with water as a potential food supplement for treating arthritis based on its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and chondroprotective effects and the remaining residue with 70% ethanol. We observed the analgesic activity of NHGRE based on the acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice, examined its anti-inflammatory efficacy against carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice, and investigated its effect on inflammatory cytokine expression in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced SW1353 cells. Furthermore, we determined its effects on cartilage protection in interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-treated SW1353 cells. NHGRE at 200 mg/kg significantly reduced the acetic acid-induced writhing response and prevented oedema formation in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model. In IL-1β-induced SW1353 cells, NHGRE at 400 µg/mL reduced the expression of inflammation mediators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (55.3%), IL-6 (35.4%), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (36.9%) and down-regulated the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (38.6%), MMP-3 (29.3%), and MMP-13 (44.8%). Additionally, it restored degraded collagen II levels in chondrocytes. NHGRE plays a protective role in chondrocytes by regulating Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. Overall, NHGRE may be a useful therapeutic agent for OA by controlling pain, oedema formation, and inflammation-related mechanisms.
Cardioprotection and Suppression of Fibrosis by Diverse Cancer and Non-Cancer Cell Lines in a Murine Model of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Achlaug Laris , Langier Goncalves Irina , Aronheim Ami
Published: April 2024

The dynamic relationship between heart failure and cancer poses a dual challenge. While cardiac remodeling can promote cancer growth and metastasis, tumor development can ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and suppress fibrosis. However, the precise mechanism through which cancer influences the heart and fibrosis is yet to be uncovered. To further explore the interaction between heart failure and cancer, we used the MDX mouse model, which suffers from cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. A previous study from our lab demonstrated that tumor growth improves cardiac dysfunction and dampens fibrosis in the heart and diaphragm muscles of MDX mice. We used breast Polyoma middle T (PyMT) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cancer cell lines that developed into large tumors. To explore whether the aggressiveness of the cancer cell line is crucial for the beneficial phenotype, we employed a PyMT breast cancer cell line lacking integrin β1, representing a less aggressive cell line compared to the original PyMT cells. In addition, we examined immortalized and primary MEF cells. The injection of integrin β1 KO PyMT cancer cells and Mouse Embryo Fibroblasts cells (MEF) resulted in the improvement of cardiac function and decreased fibrosis in the heart, diaphragm, and skeletal muscles of MDX mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the cancer line aggressiveness as well as primary MEF cells are sufficient to impose the beneficial phenotype. These discoveries present potential novel clinical therapeutic approaches with beneficial outcome for patients with fibrotic diseases and cardiac dysfunction that do not require tumor growth.
The Logistical Backbone of Photoreceptor Cell Function: Complementary Mechanisms of Dietary Vitamin A Receptors and Rhodopsin Transporters
Authors: Leung Matthias , Steinman Jeremy , Li Dorothy , Lor Anjelynt , Gruesen Andrew , Sadah Ahmed , van Kuijk Frederik J. , Montezuma Sandra R. , Kondkar Altaf A. , Radhakrishnan Rakesh , Lobo Glenn P.
Published: April 2024

In this review, we outline our current understanding of the mechanisms involved in the absorption, storage, and transport of dietary vitamin A to the eye, and the trafficking of rhodopsin protein to the photoreceptor outer segments, which encompasses the logistical backbone required for photoreceptor cell function. Two key mechanisms of this process are emphasized in this manuscript: ocular and systemic vitamin A membrane transporters, and rhodopsin transporters. Understanding the complementary mechanisms responsible for the generation and proper transport of the retinylidene protein to the photoreceptor outer segment will eventually shed light on the importance of genes encoded by these proteins, and their relationship on normal visual function and in the pathophysiology of retinal degenerative diseases.
Investigation of the Nanoparticulation Method and Cell-Killing Effect following the Mitochondrial Delivery of Hydrophobic Porphyrin-Based Photosensitizers
Authors: Naganawa Rina , Zhao Hanjun , Takano Yuta , Maeki Masatoshi , Tokeshi Manabu , Harashima Hideyoshi , Yamada Yuma
Published: April 2024

Photodynamic therapy is expected to be a less invasive treatment, and strategies for targeting mitochondria, the main sources of singlet oxygen, are attracting attention to increase the efficacy of photodynamic therapy and reduce its side effects. To date, we have succeeded in encapsulating the photosensitizer rTPA into MITO-Porter (MP), a mitochondria-targeted Drug Delivery System (DDS), aimed at mitochondrial delivery of the photosensitizer while maintaining its activity. In this study, we report the results of our studies to alleviate rTPA aggregation in an effort to improve drug efficacy and assess the usefulness of modifying the rTPA side chain to improve the mitochondrial retention of MITO-Porter, which exhibits high therapeutic efficacy. Conventional rTPA with anionic side chains and two rTPA analogs with side chains that were converted to neutral or cationic side chains were encapsulated into MITO-Porter. Low-MP (MITO-Porter with Low Drug/Lipid) exhibited high drug efficacy for all three types of rTPA, and in Low-MP, charged rTPA-encapsulated MP exhibited high drug efficacy. The cellular uptake and mitochondrial translocation capacities were similar for all particles, suggesting that differences in aggregation rates during the incorporation of rTPA into MITO-Porter resulted in differences in drug efficacy.
Structure, Properties, and Preparation of MXene and the Application of Its Composites in Supercapacitors
Authors: Sun Mingming , Ye Wen , Zhang Jingyao , Zheng Kaining
Published: April 2024

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) are emerging members of the two-dimensional material family, obtained by removing the A layer of the MAX phase through methods such as liquid-phase etching. This article summarizes the structure and properties of MXenes, as well as several preparation methods, including etching with hydrofluoric acid and fluoride salts, alkali-based etching, electrochemical etching, Lewis acid molten salt etching, and direct synthesis. Due to their unique two-dimensional structure and surface chemistry, MXenes exhibit good metallic conductivity, hydrophilicity, excellent flexibility, and ion intercalation properties, showing great potential in the research and application of supercapacitors and attracting widespread attention. The combination of MXene with other types of materials, including polymers, metal hydroxides, metal oxides, and carbon materials, takes advantage of composites to improve energy storage performance and shows great potential in the research and application of supercapacitors. This article provides a detailed summary of MXene composite materials and capacitor performance and introduces the research progress of MXene materials in the field of supercapacitor energy storage applications, aiming to provide references for the preparation of high-performance MXene supercapacitor electrode materials.
Moving toward Narrowing the United States Gap in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Next Decade
Authors: Mahabamunuge Jasmin , Seifer David B.
Published: April 2024

The Disparities in Assisted Reproductive Technology (DART) hypothesis, initially described in 2013 and further modified in 2022, is a conceptual framework to examine the scope and depth of underlying contributing factors to the differences in access and treatment outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities undergoing ART in the United States. In 2009, the World Health Organization defined infertility as a disease of the reproductive system, thus recognizing it as a medical problem warranting treatment. Now, infertility care is largely recognized as a human right. However, disparities in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI) care in the US persist today. While several studies and review articles have suggested possible solutions to racial and ethnic disparities in access and outcomes in ART, few have accounted for and addressed the multiple complex factors contributing to these disparities on a systemic level. This review aims to acknowledge and address the myriad of contributing factors through the DART hypothesis which converge in racial/ethnic disparities in ART and considers possible solutions to effect large scale societal change by narrowing these gaps within the next decade.
Potential Therapeutic Targets in Obesity, Sleep Apnea, Diabetes, and Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Gu Christina , Bernstein Nicole , Mittal Nikita , Kurnool Soumya , Schwartz Hannah , Loomba Rohit , Malhotra Atul
Published: April 2024

Obesity and metabolic syndrome affect the majority of the US population. Patients with obesity are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), each of which carry the risk of further complications if left untreated and lead to adverse outcomes. The rising prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities has led to increased mortality, decreased quality of life, and rising healthcare expenditures. This phenomenon has resulted in the intensive investigation of exciting therapies for obesity over the past decade, including more treatments that are still in the pipeline. In our present report, we aim to solidify the relationships among obesity, T2DM, OSA, and MASLD through a comprehensive review of current research. We also provide an overview of the surgical and pharmacologic treatment classes that target these relationships, namely bariatric surgery, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon receptor agonists.
Calculation of Oxygen Uptake during Ambulatory Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Stephan Holger , Klophaus Nils , Wehmeier Udo F. , Tomschi Fabian , Hilberg Thomas
Published: April 2024

Background: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing is not used routinely. The goal of this study was to determine whether accurate estimates of VO2 values can be made at the beginning and at the end of a rehabilitation program. Methods: A total of 91 cardiac rehabilitation patients were included. Each participant had to complete cardiopulmonary exercise testing at the beginning and at the end of a rehabilitation program. Measured VO2 values were compared with estimates based on three different equations. Results: Analyses of the means of the differences in the peak values showed very good agreement between the results obtained with the FRIEND equation or those obtained with a combination of rules of thumb and the results of the measurements. This agreement was confirmed with the ICCs and with the standard errors of the measurements. The ACSM equation performed worse. The same tendency was seen when considering the VO2 values at percentage-derived work rates. Conclusions: The FRIEND equation and the more easily applicable combination of rules of thumb are suitable for estimating the peak VO2 and the VO2 at a percentage-derived work rate in cardiac patients both at the beginning and at the end of a cardiac rehabilitation program.
Psychodiabetology: The Challenge of the Future?
Authors: Brzuszek Marta , Kochman Maciej , Mazur Artur
Published: April 2024

The number of people suffering from diabetes, including type 1, is constantly increasing both in Poland and worldwide. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by uncertain prognosis and relapses, as well as permanent, irreversible, and progressive changes in health status. The ongoing disease results in dysfunction or disability, and the patient requires specialized supervision, care, and rehabilitation. However, the success of therapy does not depend solely on the perfection of treatment, but also on the patient’s readiness to change their lifestyle and cooperate with the therapeutic team. The patient’s constant alertness in making therapeutic decisions does not always lead to expected treatment results, and the risk of hypoglycemia associated with intensive insulin treatment depletes the patient’s motivation for treatment, leading over time to the development of ‘therapeutic burnout’ and psychiatric disorders. This narrative review is an attempt to summarize the knowledge and possible future solutions in diabetes type 1 in Poland as well as highlight the importance of comprehensive care, including psychological care, which appears fundamental in a chronic disease such as type 1 diabetes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to present generational changes and psychosocial problems of patients with type 1 diabetes and to identify urgent challenges in diabetic care. Attention should be paid to the deteriorating mental condition of the young generations, who, in the course of diabetes, are exposed to additional psychological and psychiatric health problems. The next generation of patients will require more psychological care, which is why the challenge of the future is to create psychodiabetology centers.
It Is What the Surgeon Does Not See That Kills the Patient
Authors: Sugarbaker Paul H.
Published: April 2024

Background: Patients with colon cancer may present at multiple different stages of the disease process. Many patients can be cured of colon cancer as a result of a simple surgical procedure usually performed by minimally invasive techniques. However, there are a variable number of patients, estimated at approximately 10%, who have a more advanced disease. If these patients are treated by the current conventional standard of care, the likelihood for treatment failure is extremely high. Methods: These are not patients with known disseminated disease but patients who are at high risk of recurrent disease unless special treatments are initiated preoperatively and intraoperatively. The identification of these patients is by (1) a high-quality CT scan, (2) tumor markers found preoperatively, (3) colonoscopic findings, and (4) symptoms. Results: Patients identified as being at high risk require special preoperative treatments which include neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Intraoperative chemotherapy with HIPEC should occur as part of the treatment if peritoneal metastases are documented by biopsy. In the operating room, a thorough exploration of all possible occult peritoneal spaces for metastatic disease needs to be performed. A modified cytoreductive surgical procedure along with a colon resection is performed in order to minimize sites of occult peritoneal metastases. This includes the greater omentum, ovaries, and tubes in postmenopausal women. Peritonectomy is used to create a shroud around the tumor so that all peritoneum that has been in direct contact with the tumor surface is resected and is used as a barrier against tumor cell dissemination in the process of colon cancer resection. If peritoneal metastases are visualized at any site, HIPEC should be included as part of the treatment package. Conclusions: I am convinced that patients at high risk of recurrence will have an improved outcome with proper preoperative evaluation, preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and a revised intraoperative management strategy.