bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Instruments of War: Weapons and Technologies That Have Changed History
Authors: Bemis Michael F
Published: September 2016

Experienced reference librarians will immediately recognize the byline of Spencer Tucker, one of our nation’s preeminent military historians. Having written or edited more than fifty books covering numerous aspects of this subject, his name on the cover may well be considered an imprimatur of authority and solid scholarship.
Book Review: The Sage Encyclopedia of Intercultural Competence
Authors: Pappas Erin
Published: September 2016

Encyclopedia of Intercultural Competence draws together multiple concepts and theories related to interaction between groups of people with different cultural identities. As such, a wide range of disciplines and perspectives are represented in the entries, spanning education, healthcare, and the social sciences. What distinguishes these volumes from similar works, such as Jane Jackson’s Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication (Routledge 2012) is the broadening of scope beyond verbal communication to include values, ethics, customs, and culture.
Book Review: The World of Ancient Rome: A Daily Life Encyclopedia
Authors: Sprochi Amanda K
Published: September 2016

Greenwood’s latest entry in their Daily Life Encyclopedia series is James Ermatinger’s The World of Ancient Rome. Ermatinger, a late Roman specialist and Dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences at the University of Illinois Springfield, is the sole author of this two-volume resource, which covers ten main areas of daily life, including art, fashion, family and gender, recreation and social customs, and food and drink, as well as the usual politics and warfare. Sections are divided into alphabetical entries, and there are cross-references and an index to help locate topics. Entries have individual bibliographies and there is a comprehensive list of resources at the end of volume 2. A nice addition are translations into English of primary sources giving a contemporary view of Roman life. There are occasional black and white illustrations to enliven the text.
Book Review: The World of the Civil War: A Daily Life Encyclopedia
Authors: Nelson Michael L
Published: September 2016

This work is part of Greenwood’s Daily Life Encyclopedias series which addresses the branch of historical scholarship that emphasizes the roles and experiences of ordinary people rather than focusing exclusively on political/military leaders and similar prominent historical figures. Its 230-plus entries are divided into ten categories: “Arts”; “Clothing, Fashion, and Appearance”; “Economy and Work”; “Family Life and Gender Roles”; “Food and Drink”; “Housing and Community”; “Politics and Warfare”; “Recreation and Social Customs”; “Religion and Belief”; and “Science and Technology.” Copies of fifteen primary documents follow the main section. Each section begins with a brief introduction that sets the context, followed by alphabetical entries for each sub-topic. Entries average 2–3 pages. Black and white illustrations are interspersed throughout the text. A table of contents conveniently lists all entries alphabetically under each broad category. Other features include a chronology, “see also” references to related articles, further reading lists for each entry, a selected bibliography, and detailed subject index.
From the President: Building Your Professional Toolkit
Authors: Houston Anne M.
Published: September 2016

As RUSA president I’m often asked for career advice. How can I get my first professional job? How can I succeed in it and build my career? How do I make the next move to a higher level position? The job market for librarians isn’t as extensive and robust as we’d like it to be, but at the same time, good jobs are out there—jobs that have the potential for growth and offer possibilities for meaningful work. As someone who has been the hiring manager for many librarian positions throughout my career, including many entry-level positions, I can tell you that there is competition for the best jobs and that our needs as employers are becoming more complex. How can you position yourself to compete in this job market? How can you build a successful, rewarding career?
Management: Besting the Workplace Bully
Authors: Ryan Marianne
Published: September 2016

If you’ve ever encountered a workplace bully, you are not alone. Statistics show that bullying has been steadily on the rise and has taken on a variety of different faces.1 Once upon a time, the term “bully” typically conjured up the image of a playground aggressor—someone who used physical force or intimidation to victimize others. In that simpler time, retorts such as “pick on someone your own size” or “sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me” were common. However, workplace bullying shows little correlation to the physical size of the perpetrator and, among other things, it can involve words that are destructive. The havoc it wreaks can be as bad as—or worse than—what used to happen on the playground. Bullying presents a serious management challenge.
Don’t Panic! Managing Library Anxiety with a Library Survival Guide
Authors: DiPrince Elizabeth , Wilson Amber , Karafit Chrissy , Bryant Amanda , Springer Chris
Published: September 2016

Many academic library users, particularly incoming college freshmen, are unsure about what the library offers, how it is useful, where they can receive assistance. A library guide or handbook, if designed to appear interesting and relevant to students, can address these issues. This article examines the creation, distribution, and assessment of a library survival guide given to incoming college freshmen. The goal of the guide was to decrease library anxiety and familiarize new students with library resources and services. Results and revisions of future editions of the guide are also discussed.
From Committees of RUSA: Notable Books 2016
Authors: Notable Books Council RUSA
Published: September 2016

The Notable Books Council, first established in 1944, has announced the 2016 selections of the Notable Books List, an annual best-of list comprising twenty six titles written for adult readers and published in the United States, including fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. The list was announced today during the American Library Association’s Midwinter Meeting in Boston.
From Committees of RUSA: Outstanding Reference Sources 2016
Authors: Reference Sources Selection Committee Outstanding
Published: September 2016

The Outstanding Reference Sources Committee was established in 1958 to recommend the most outstanding reference publications published the previous year for small and medium-sized public and academic libraries. The selected titles are valuable reference resources and are highly recommended for inclusion in any library’s reference collections.
Book Review: Becoming an Embedded Librarian: Making Connections in the Classroom
Authors: Church Donna
Published: September 2016

Reale opens her thin volume with a look at how librarianship has changed, expressing frustration about continued stereotypes of librarians on the sidelines waiting to serve. She defines “embedded librarianship,” narrowing the focus of her study specifically to librarians physically embedded within a classroom, working equally and collaboratively with the subject area professor. Subsequent chapters discuss the value of attending classes as the place where learning actually happens, collaborating with professors and students, and shifting the focus from a passive support role to an active participant in scholarship within the “laboratory” of the classroom. Later chapters provide guidelines for librarians who wish to implement the embedded model, making suggestions for how to establish one’s role and brand, create a teaching style, identify tools, and set goals.
Book Review: Counting Down to Kindergarten: A Complete Guide to Creating a School Readiness Program for Your Community
Authors: Bridges Lauren
Published: September 2016

It is no simple task to create an in-depth resource for librarians who want to ensure that their community’s children are ready for school. But Baker, an advocate for early childhood education with a background in youth services programming, gives her readers the tools they need for the job. She presents the framework of the successful school readiness program she developed for Paul Sawyier Public Library in Frankfort, Kentucky, called Countdown to Kindergarten. With the information provided in this guide, the framework of the program can be adapted to fit any public library.
Book Review: Reviewing the Academic Library: A Guide to Self-Study and External Review
Authors: Escobar Hector
Published: September 2016

In Reviewing the Academic Library, Eleanor Mitchell and Peggy Seiden showcase a valuable array of tools and helpful tips from a noteworthy collective of authors who have extensive experience and strong backgrounds in their areas of expertise. The book focuses on the process of academic library evaluation for both accreditation and self-study reviews. It is structured in such a way that each chapter contributes to the book’s theme while allowing each author to express their own thoughts and suggestions. Most chapters contain bulleted points of takeaways or things to consider. In addition to providing examples, Reviewing the Academic Library emphasizes the idea that reviewing the academic library is a beneficial endeavor, even when it is not required for accreditation purposes.
Book Review: The 100 Greatest Bands of All Times: A Guide to the Legends Who Rocked the World
Authors: Mittenberg Valerie
Published: September 2016

Pop music is pervasive. We listen ubiquitously, while driving, socializing, and performing countless tasks. The music is a source to which we turn when feeling sad and alone or happy and celebratory. Pop music is an important topic of inquiry because of the roles it plays in people’s lives and also because it provides continuous mass cultural exploration of identity, society, and contemporary experience.
Book Review: Crips and Bloods: A Guide to an American Subculture
Authors: Presley Lisa
Published: September 2016

The features of this slim volume include ten chapters that are arranged topically; in addition, there is a glossary, references section, and index. In the front matter, there is a very useful timeline that highlights some of the key events associated with the formation and history of the Crips and Bloods from the 1960s to 2005. In the introductory chapter, the author explains that “there is very little systematic research on the Bloods and Crips” (12), with limited and biased information being reported and published either by gang members in autobiographies or by law enforcement and government agencies. The author does a good job of offering a balanced viewpoint about these gangs (sets) by neither demonizing nor glorifying them. The author provides information about Crips’ and Bloods’ role in crime and drug dealing but rejects the notion that they are an organized criminal syndicate, due to their lack of hierarchical features.
Book Review: The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues
Authors: Wexelbaum Rachel
Published: September 2016

A wide variety of academic disciplines have recognized “food studies” as a legitimate area of study. Sociologists, historians, psychologists, nutritionists, media studies scholars, scientists, and culinarians—to name a few—have all published authoritative works in the realm of food studies. Because food studies encompasses such a broad range of topics, and the language of food studies varies from discipline to discipline, publication of a print food studies encyclopedia is an ambitious undertaking. Dr. Ken Albala, world-renowned food studies scholar, has taken up this challenge.
Book Review: The Tim Burton Encyclopedia
Authors: Jefferson Jasmine L.
Published: September 2016

The scope of this one-volume work covers most of the creative works produced by or related to Tim Burton. It also lists the names of actors, producers, artist, directors, among others who have worked with Tim Burton in one capacity or another.
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) require increased dietary levels of B-vitamins when fed diets with high inclusion of plant based ingredients
Authors: Hemre Gro-Ingunn , Lock Erik-Jan , Olsvik Pål Asgeir , Hamre Kristin , Espe Marit , Torstensen Bente Elisabeth , Silva Joana , Hansen Ann-Cecilie , Waagbø Rune , Johansen Johan S. , Sanden Monica , Sissener Nini H.
Published: September 2016

Aiming to re-evaluate current recommendations for nutrient supplementations when Atlantic salmon are fed diets based on plant ingredients, two regression experiments, with parr and post-smolt, were conducted. A control diet was included to evaluate if ingredients supplied sufficient nutrients without any added nutrient package (NP). The nutrient package consisted of vitamins B, C, E, minerals, cholesterol, methionine, taurine and histidine. This paper focus on B-vitamins. In parr, growth, health and welfare parameters responded on NP additions, but this was not observed in the seawater stage. During three months of feeding, parr tripled their weight. Parr given diets added the NP above NRC (2011) showed improved protein retention, and reduced liver and viscera indices. Post-smolt fed the same diets during five months showed a doubling of weight, but did not respond to the variation in NP to the same extent as parr. Significant regressions were obtained in body compartments for several of the B-vitamins in the premix. Whole body biotin concentration was unaffected by micronutrient premix level, and mRNA expression of the enzymes dependent of biotin showed only weak increases with increased biotin. Muscle thiamine plateaued at a diet level similar to NRC (2011) recommendation in freshwater, and showed stable values independent on premix addition in seawater. The mRNA expression of the enzyme G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) is sensitive to thiamine availability; results did not indicate any need to add thiamine above levels recommended for fish in general. Niacin showed a steady increase in whole body concentrations as feed niacin increased. Muscle riboflavin peaked at a diet level of 12.4 mg kg−1. Sufficient riboflavin is important to avoid e.g., development of cataract. Cataract was not registered to be any problem, neither in fresh- nor in seawater. Cobalamin (B12) in muscle and liver was saturated at 0.17 mg kg−1diet. Muscle pyridoxine showed a dose-dependent level in muscle, and peaked around 10 mg kg−1diet. White muscle ASAT (asparagine amino transferase) activity steadily increased, with indications of stable values when dietary pyridoxine was around 10–16 mg kg−1diet. Pantothenic acid increased in gill tissue up to a level of 5.5 mg kg−1soft gill tissue; at a dietary level of 22 mg kg−1. Improved performance, and coverage of metabolic need for niacin was at a dietary level of 66 mg kg−1, riboflavin 10–12 mg kg−1, pyridoxine 10 mg kg−1and panthotenic acid 22 mg kg−1. Based on these results, recommended B-vitamin supplementation in plant based diets for Atlantic salmon should be adjusted.
Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, 2. Applications
Authors: Barsan Nicolae , Gauglitz Günter , Oprea Alexandru , Ostertag Edwin , Proll Günther , Rebner Karsten , Schierbaum Klaus , Schleifenbaum Frank , Weimar Udo
Published: September 2016

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Chemical Sensors2.1.Gas Sensors2.1.1.Humidity Sensors2.1.1.1.General Considerations2.1.1.2.Humidity Sensors Types2.1.1.3.Humidity Sensors in Applications2.1.2.Semiconducting Metal Oxides2.1.2.1.History and Current Status2.1.2.2.Operation Principle and Materials2.1.2.3.Fabrication Technology2.1.2.4.Electronic Circuitries for Signal Generation2.1.2.5.Sensor Properties and Specifications2.1.2.6.Fields of Application2.1.2.7.Future Trends2.2.Electronic Noses and Tongues2.2.1.Applications2.2.2.Issues of Concern2.2.3.Outlook3.Biochemical Sensors3.1.Assays3.1.1.Assay Types and Flow Injection Analysis (FIA)3.1.2.Marker–Label Free4.Gas Sensors4.1.Fields of Application4.1.1.Indoor Air Quality Control4.1.2.Indoor Gas Sensors for Toxic and Explosive Gases4.1.3.Breath Gas Analysis4.1.4.Automotive4.2.Process Control4.2.1.Industrial Process Sensors4.2.1.1.Process Analytical Technology4.2.1.2.Sensor Market4.2.1.3.Sensors for Plant Safety4.2.1.4.Requirements for Industrial Process Sensors4.2.2.Sensor Integration in Process Environment4.2.2.1.Sampling Systems4.2.2.2.Sensor Communication4.2.2.3.Feedback and Feedforward Control Loops4.2.3.Application: Process Control in the Production of Renewable Energy4.2.3.1.Biogas4.2.3.2.Process Analytics during Fermentation and Purification4.2.3.3.Process Analytics of Downstream Processes4.2.3.4.Monitoring Quality Parameters and Perspectives4.3.Point of Care Diagnostics4.3.1.Introduction to Special Requirements4.3.2.Areas of Application4.3.2.1.Ambulance and Home Care4.3.2.2.Personalized Medicine4.3.2.3.Infections4.3.2.4.POCT and Telemedicine4.3.3.Devices4.3.3.1.Lateral Flow4.3.3.2.Benchtop4.3.3.3.Lab‐on‐Chip Platforms4.3.4.Trends and Perspectives4.4.Environmental and Food Analytics4.4.1.Introduction4.4.1.1.Water Analysis4.4.1.2.Food4.4.2.Trends and Perspectives4.5.Sensors with Multiplexing Approaches: Microplates and Microarrays4.6.Further Applications4.6.1.Special Fluorescence Sensor Applications4.6.1.1.Blood Monitoring4.6.1.2.Pressure Sensitive Paints4.6.2.Mass Sensitive Sensors4.6.2.1.Gas Phase4.6.2.2.Liquid Phase4.6.2.3.Biosensors
Influence of pH on the structure and stability of the sweet protein MNEI
Authors: Spadaccini Roberta , Leone Serena , Rega Michele Fortunato , Richter Christian , Picone Delia
Published: September 2016

MNEI is a single‐chain derivative of the sweet protein monellin that, in recent years, has become an accepted model for studying protein dynamic properties such as folding and aggregation. Although MNEI is very resistant at acidic pH, exposure to neutral or alkaline pH strongly affects its stability. We have performed a thorough NMR study of the dynamic properties of MNEI at different pHs. The results demonstrate that, at physiological temperature, exposure to higher pH increases MNEI flexibility. The changes, originating from a well‐defined region in the protein, are transmitted to the whole structure and are likely to be the key for triggering unfolding processes.
Survey of whistler mode chorus intensity at Jupiter
Authors: Menietti J. D. , Groene J. B. , Averkamp T. F. , Horne R. B. , Woodfield E. E. , Shprits Y. Y. , de Soria‐Santacruz Pich M. , Gurnett D. A.
Published: September 2016

Whistler mode chorus emission is important in the acceleration of electrons and filling of the radiation belts at Jupiter. In this work chorus magnetic intensity levels (frequency‐integrated spectral density, PB) at Jupiter are comprehensively binned and parameterized. The frequency range of chorus under study extends from the lower hybrid frequency, flh, to fceq/2 and fceq/2 < f < 0.8 fceq, where fceq is the cyclotron frequency mapped to the magnetic equator. The goal is to obtain a quantized distribution of magnetic intensity for use in stochastic modeling efforts. Parametric fits of magnetic plasma wave intensity are obtained, including PB versus frequency, latitude, and L shell. The results indicate that Jupiter chorus occurrence probability and intensity are higher than those at Saturn, reaching values observed at Earth. Jovian chorus is observed over most local times, confined primarily to the range 8 < L < 15, outside the high densities of the Io torus. The largest intensity levels are seen on the dayside; however, the sampling of chorus on the nightside is much less than on the dayside. Peak intensities occur near the equator with a weak dependence on magnetic latitude, λ. We conclude that Jovian chorus average intensity levels are approximately an order of magnitude lower than those at Earth. In more isolated regions the intensities are comparable to those observed at Earth. The spatial range of the chorus emissions extends beyond that assumed in previous Jovian global diffusive models of wave‐particle electron acceleration.
Strong current sheet at a magnetosheath jet: Kinetic structure and electron acceleration
Authors: Eriksson E. , Vaivads A. , Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Yordanova E. , Hietala H. , André M. , Avanov L. A. , Dorelli J. C. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Lavraud B. , Paterson W. R. , Pollock C. J. , Saito Y. , Magnes W. , Russell C. , Torbert R. , Ergun R. , Lindqvist P‐A. , Burch J.
Published: September 2016

Localized kinetic‐scale regions of strong current are believed to play an important role in plasma thermalization and particle acceleration in turbulent plasmas. We present a detailed study of a strong localized current, 4900 nA m−2, located at a fast plasma jet observed in the magnetosheath downstream of a quasi‐parallel shock. The thickness of the current region is ∼3 ion inertial lengths and forms at a boundary separating magnetosheath‐like and solar wind‐like plasmas. On ion scales the current region has the shape of a sheet with a significant average normal magnetic field component but shows strong variations on smaller scales. The dynamic pressure within the magnetosheath jet is over 3 times the solar wind dynamic pressure. We suggest that the current sheet is forming due to high velocity shears associated with the jet. Inside the current sheet we observe local electron acceleration, producing electron beams, along the magnetic field. However, there is no clear sign of ongoing reconnection. At higher energies, above the beam energy, we observe a loss cone consistent with part of the hot magnetosheath‐like electrons escaping into the colder solar wind‐like plasma. This suggests that the acceleration process within the current sheet is similar to the one that occurs at shocks, where electron beams and loss cones are also observed. Therefore, electron beams observed in the magnetosheath do not have to originate from the bow shock but can also be generated locally inside the magnetosheath.
Are global mangrove carbon stocks driven by rainfall?
Authors: Sanders Christian J. , Maher Damien T. , Tait Douglas R. , Williams Darren , Holloway Ceylena , Sippo James Z. , Santos Isaac R.
Published: September 2016

Mangrove forests produce significant amounts of organic carbon and maintain large carbon stocks in tidally inundated, anoxic soils. This work analyzes new and published data from 17 regions spanning a latitudinal gradient from 22°N to 38°S to assess some of the global drivers (temperature, tidal range, latitude, and rainfall) of mangrove carbon stocks. Mangrove forests from the tropics have larger carbon stocks (895 ± 90 t C ha−1) than the subtropics and temperate regions (547 ± 66 t C ha−1). A multiple regression model showed that 86% of the observed variability is associated with annual rainfall, which is the best predictor of mangrove ecosystem carbon stocks. Therefore, a predicted increase in rainfall along the tropical Indo‐Pacific may increase mangrove forest carbon stocks. However, there are other potentially important factors that may regulate organic matter diagenesis, such as nutrient availability and pore water salinity. Our predictive model shows that if mangrove deforestation is halted, global mangrove forest carbon stocks could increase by almost 10% by 2115 as a result of increased rainfall in the tropics.
New insights into the Cenozoic lateral extrusion of crustal blocks on the southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from paleomagnetic results from Paleogene sedimentary strata of the Baoshan Terrane
Authors: Tong Yabo , Yang Zhenyu , Jing Xianqing , Zhao Yue , Li Chenhao , Huang Dianjun , Zhang Xudong
Published: September 2016

In order to characterize the lateral extrusion of crustal material during the Cenozoic, we conducted a paleomagnetic study of the Eocene‐Oligocene Zhushan Formation and Paleocene Muguahe Formation in the central part of the Baoshan Terrane (BST), on the southeastern edge of Tibetan Plateau. A primary magnetic component and a remagentized component with the Miocene acquisition age were isolated from the Muguahe Formation and Zhushan Formation, respectively. These data indicate that the BST did not commence clockwise rotation in the period of the Paleocene and the Oligocene and that the BST experienced ~80° clockwise rotation relative to East Asia, since the Miocene. Combining with the documented history of crustal boundary strike‐slip faults on the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau shows that the BST and Tengchong Terrane (TCT) first underwent latitudinal crustal shortening in the Oligocene, and the eastward extension was the main type of motion of the crustal material during this period, which induced the initial strike‐slip movement of their boundary faults. Since the Miocene, the main form of crustal motion of BST, TCT, and Simao Terrane was gradually transformed into clockwise rotation, which possibly indicates that the fold and thrusting fault system‐induced crustal shortening and thickening in the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau have reached extremity, and the southeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau has already been uplifted to the similar elevation with today's elevation in the Miocene.
A General and Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Pyridones, 2‐Quinolinones, and 1‐Isoquinolinones from Azine N‐Oxides
Authors: Wang Dong , Zhao Junjie , Wang Yuxi , Hu Jianyong , Li Linna , Miao Longfei , Feng Hairong , Désaubry Laurent , Yu Peng
Published: September 2016

2‐Pyridones, 2‐quinolinones, and 1‐isoquinolinones are critical building blocks in medicinal chemistry. These N‐heterocycles, however, remain a challenge to synthesize by current methods. A mild, general, and efficient approach for the synthesis of these hydroxyl N‐heteroarenes was developed by employing bromotripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBroP) as an activating agent and sodium acetate/water as the base/nucleophile combination. The reaction mechanism, especially the dual function of sodium acetate as the base and nucleophile, has been proposed on the basis of results from isotopic labeling experiments.
Nitroxyl‐Radical‐Catalyzed Oxidative Coupling of Amides with Silylated Nucleophiles through N‐Halogenation
Authors: Moriyama Katsuhiko , Kuramochi Masako , Fujii Kozo , Morita Tsuyoshi , Togo Hideo
Published: September 2016

A nitroxyl‐radical‐catalyzed oxidative coupling reaction between amines with an N‐protecting electron‐withdrawing group (EWG) and silylated nucleophiles was developed to furnish coupling products in high yields, thus opening up new frontiers in organocatalyzed reactions. This reaction proceeded through the activation of N‐halogenated amides by a nitroxyl‐radical catalyst, followed by carbon–carbon coupling with silylated nucleophiles. Studies of the reaction mechanism indicated that the nitroxyl radical activates N‐halogenated amides, which are generated from N‐EWG‐protected amides and a halogenation reagent, to give the corresponding imines.
Linking ecology with social development for tropical aquatic conservation
Authors: Irvine Kenneth , Castello Leandro , Junqueira Andrea , Moulton Timothy
Published: September 2016

1. Tropical aquatic ecosystems are species rich, with high numbers of endemics. Increasing pressure from human activities, including demands for food and energy, growing human population, and economic aspirations, highlights the need for a more concerted effort towards aquatic conservation.

2. Understanding of tropical aquatic ecosystems has developed largely from a northern temperate perspective that might not be always appropriate. Applying classic models of how water bodies function can hinder effective conservation strategies. This is coupled with very incomplete knowledge of species distributions and their ecology.

3. Better understanding of tropical aquatic ecology to guide conservation needs a research agenda that connects more strongly with the social‐ecological realities of tropical ecosystems.

4. Although approaches to conservation may be contested, a fundamental challenge to protection of aquatic habitats is a lack of capacity at the individual and institutional level. Without this, the development of improved techniques and approaches for tropical aquatic conservation will fail to reverse current trends of degradation. Research outputs on tropical aquatic ecosystems remain dominated by institutions based outside the tropics.

5. Building awareness and practice to conserve the aquatic ecosystems of the tropics can be supported through extending the dialogue across sectors and by connecting tiers of governance. An ecosystem services framework that identifies the benefits that humans derive from ecosystems provides a powerful tool, often linked with estimates of economic value. However, this can neglect important regulating services or distract from more fundamental existence value.

6. The preservation of tropical aquatic diversity will only be achieved if recognized as important at all levels, from local to global. Targeted external support can build awareness and capacity, but conserving aquatic ecosystems requires local commitment. Developing community monitoring that provides straightforward information on ecosystem health presents opportunities to connect citizens with the ecosystems that, ultimately, they depend on. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alien species in aquatic environments: a selective comparison of coastal and inland waters in tropical and temperate latitudes
Authors: Tricarico Elena , Junqueira Andrea O. R. , Dudgeon David
Published: September 2016

Biological invasions have had severe impacts on ecosystems globally, particularly affecting freshwater habitats. In the aquatic realm, marine environments have received less attention from researchers than their freshwater counterparts, and comparisons of the relative susceptibility of coastal and inland waters to alien species and their consequential impacts are lacking.

The main aim of this review is to assess the ‘knowns and unknowns’ for alien species in aquatic habitats, evaluating the possible differences and similarities in biological invasions between freshwater and marine (coastal) environments. Three study areas with different climates and histories of bioinvasion were selected for comparison: temperate Europe, tropical Asian Hong Kong, and Neotropical Brazil.

Although there were differences in spatial scale and availability of data for the three areas, fresh waters seemed to be more susceptible to invasion ‐ and experienced more impacts ‐ than coastal habitats, at least in Hong Kong and partly in Europe. Despite information about alien species in aquatic environments having increased in recent years, regional inventories remain incomplete, especially in the tropics where rigorous studies of the impacts of invasive species are generally lacking.

More systematic effort is needed to develop up‐to‐date national and regional inventories of invaders, especially in the seas and particularly in the more biodiverse tropics, where the conservation gains from preventing alien invasions could be substantially greater than in other regions. Greater efforts are also required to increase public awareness of the need to prevent the establishment of potentially invasive species.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aquatic conservation: reflections on the first 25 years
Authors: Boon Philip J. , Baxter John M.
Published: September 2016

This special issue marks the 25th anniversary of Aquatic Conservation, and comprises papers written by groups of board members from both marine and freshwater backgrounds on some of the main topics covered by the journal.

Over the last 25 years the number of submissions to the journal has grown and the geographical range of submissions has increased, with papers from almost 100 countries. Data for 2015 show that 42% were from Europe, 15% from North America, 15% from Asia, 12% from South and Central America, 9% from Australia and New Zealand, 5% from Africa, and 2% from elsewhere.

AQC has published 154 issues, including 15 special issues and 10 supplements, and has grown from four issues and 360 pages per year in 1992 to six issues and 1210 pages in 2016. AQC received its first Impact Factor – 0.534 – in 1998, increasing to 2.415 in 2016.

AQC publishes papers on a wide range of subjects, such as the theoretical principles underlying conservation, the status of endangered species and habitats, river basin management and habitat restoration. Areas of recent growth include climate change, the impact of invasive alien species on native species and habitats, ecosystem services and conservation genetics.

Submissions to the journal suggest that marine conservation is a more clearly defined area of study than freshwater conservation. Factors that may be responsible include site designations exclusively for marine areas, the formation of groups and societies dedicated to conserving marine habitats and species, and the presence of large ‘iconic species’ (e.g. whales, sharks, dolphins) that are far more common in marine than freshwater habitats.

The aim of this journal is to continue publishing high‐quality work from all parts of the world, and to encourage scientists to recognize and promote the application of their research to practical conservation and management.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emerging frontiers in perceptions research for aquatic conservation
Authors: Gelcich Stefan , O'Keeffe Jay
Published: September 2016

Aquatic ecosystems support the livelihoods and food security of millions of people globally, yet face critical challenges from local threats and global pressures.

This paper describes how emerging research on perceptions can illuminate potential solutions for aquatic conservation, and seeks to stimulate thinking on how perceptions research can inform sustainable use in aquatic systems.

An overview of three emerging research frontiers in perceptions research is presented: (i) perceptions research to assess conservation initiatives and policy; (ii) perceptions research to inform the design of conservation initiatives; (iii) perceptions of the general public and support for aquatic conservation.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting NFB: Ceramic technology in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea at 3200 calBP
Authors: HUFF JENNIFER
Published: September 2016

This paper adds to the emerging body of evidence for 3000‐year‐old pottery in the highlands of Papua New Guinea. Through detailed review of the archives of the original excavation, it becomes clear that the earliest pottery at the NFB site in the Eastern Highlands dates to 3133–3379 calBP (UW 261), thereby necessitating revision of current models for the geographical and chronological distribution of ceramic technology. These finds are approximately the same age as the earliest ceramics thus far known from the Central Highlands, demonstrating that early pottery was present across the northern flank of the highlands along the Ramu River watershed.
Synthesis of Some Novel 2‐Substitutedbenzyl‐(4)7‐phenyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazoles in Mild Conditions as Potent Anti‐Tyrosinase and Antioxidant Agents
Authors: Doğan İnci S. , Özel Arzu , Birinci Zeynep , Barut Burak , Sellitepe Hasan E. , Kahveci Bahittin
Published: September 2016

Novel 2‐substitutedbenzyl‐4(7)‐phenyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole compounds were synthesized and characterized. Although 2a and 2b were reported previously in the literature, 11 compounds were synthesized (nine of them were newly synthesized) and the tyrosinase inhibitory effects and antioxidant activities of these compounds were studied for the first time. All of the synthesized compounds displayed certain inhibitory effects on tyrosinase, with IC50 values ranging from 37.86 ± 0.24 to 75.81 ± 2.49 μM. Among the compounds, 2j exhibited similar tyrosinase inhibitory effect (IC50 = 37.86 ± 0.24 µM) to the positive control, kojic acid (IC50 = 21.93 ± 0.11 µM). Kinetic studies revealed it to act as non‐competitive tyrosinase inhibitor with a Ki value of 50.2 µM. The antioxidant activities of the compounds were investigated by using in vitro antioxidant assays, including 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). All of these results indicated that the compounds might have potential application as tyrosinase inhibitors.
Water‐dispersible Hollow Microporous Organic Network Spheres as Substrate for Electroless Deposition of Ultrafine Pd Nanoparticles with High Catalytic Activity and Recyclability
Authors: Wang Zhifang , Chang Jing , Hu Yuchen , Yu Yifu , Guo Yamei , Zhang Bin
Published: September 2016

Microporous organic networks (MONs) have been considered as an ideal substrate to stabilize active metal nanoparticles. However, the development of highly water‐dispersible hollow MONs nanostructures which can serve as both the reducing agent and stabilizer is highly desirable but still challenging. Here we report a template‐assisted method to synthesize hollow microporous organic network (H‐MON) spheres using silica spheres as hard template and 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene as the building blocks through a Glaser coupling reaction. The obtained water‐dispersible H‐MON spheres bearing sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms possess a highly conjugated electronic structure and show low reduction potential; thus, they can serve as a reducing agent and stabilizer for electroless deposition of highly dispersed Pd clusters to form a Pd/H‐MON spherical hollow nanocomposite. Benefitting from their high porosity, large surface area, and excellent solution dispersibility, the as‐prepared Pd/H‐MON hollow nanocomposite exhibits a high catalytic performance and recyclability toward the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol.
Randomized clinical trial comparing two vessel-sealing devices with crush clamping during liver transection
Authors: Ichida A , Hasegawa K , Takayama T , Kudo H , Sakamoto Y , Yamazaki S , Midorikawa Y , Higaki T , Matsuyama Y , Kokudo N
Published: September 2016

Background

Previous RCTs have failed to demonstrate the usefulness of combining energy devices with the conventional clamp crushing method to reduce blood loss during liver transection. Here, the combination of an ultrasonically activated device (UAD) and a bipolar vessel-sealing device (BVSD) with crush clamping was investigated.

Methods

Patients scheduled to undergo hepatectomy at the University of Tokyo Hospital or Nihon University Itabashi Hospital were eligible for this parallel-group, single-blinded randomized study. Patients were assigned to a control group (no energy device used), an UAD group or a BVSD group. The primary endpoint was the volume of blood loss during liver transection. Outcomes of the control group and the combined energy device groups (UAD plus BVSD) were first compared. Pairwise comparisons among the three groups were made for outcomes for which the combined energy device group was superior to the control group.

Results

A total of 380 patients were enrolled between July 2012 and May 2014; 116 patients in the control group, 122 in the UAD group and 123 in the BVSD group were included in the final analysis. Median blood loss during liver transection was lower in the combined energy device group (245 patients) than in the control group (116 patients): median 190 (range 0–3575) versus 230 (range 3–1570) ml (P = 0·048). Pairwise comparison revealed that blood loss was lower in the BVSD group than in the control group (P = 0·043).

Conclusion

The use of energy devices combined with crush clamping reduced blood loss during liver transection. Registration number: C000008372 (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).
Impact of hospital volume on risk-adjusted mortality following oesophagectomy in Japan
Authors: Nishigori T , Miyata H , Okabe H , Toh Y , Matsubara H , Konno H , Seto Y , Sakai Y
Published: September 2016

Background

Previous studies have reported that patients undergoing oesophagectomy in high-volume hospitals experience lower mortality rates. However, there has been ongoing discussion regarding the validity of evidence for this association. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between hospital volume and risk-adjusted mortality following oesophagectomy in Japan, using a nationwide web-based database.

Methods

The study included patients registered in the database as having undergone oesophagectomy with reconstruction between 2011 and 2013. Outcome measures were 30-day and operative mortality rates. Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for hospital volume, surgeon volume and risk factors for mortality after oesophagectomy.

Results

A total of 16 556 oesophagectomies at 988 hospitals were included; the overall unadjusted 30-day and operative mortality rates were 1·1 and 3·0 per cent respectively. The unadjusted operative mortality rate in hospitals performing fewer than ten procedures per year (5·1 per cent) was more than three times higher than that in hospitals conducting 30 or more procedures annually (1·5 per cent). Multivariable models indicated that hospital volume had a significant effect on 30-day (odds ratio 0·88 per 10-patient increase; P = 0·012) and operative (odds ratio 0·86 per 10-patient increase; P < 0·001) mortality.

Conclusion

In Japan, high-volume hospitals had lower risk-adjusted 30-day and operative mortality rates following oesophagectomy compared with low-volume hospitals.
The full blood count as a biomarker of outcome and toxicity in ipilimumab‐treated cutaneous metastatic melanoma
Authors: Khoja Leila , Atenafu Eshetu G. , Templeton Arnoud , Qye Ye , Chappell Mary Anne , Saibil Sam , Hogg David , Butler Marcus O. , Joshua Anthony M.
Published: September 2016

Ipilimumab produces durable responses in some metastatic melanoma patients. Neutrophil, platelet, and eosinophil to lymphocyte ratios (NLR, PLR, and ELR) may be associated with the immune response in cancer thereby acting as biomarkers of toxicity and efficacy in ipilimumab‐treated patients. Data were collected on clinical characteristics and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), NLR, PLR, and ELR at baseline, post cycle 2 and at the end of treatment for 183 patients treated with ipilimumab between 2008 and 2015 at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre. Associations between clinical characteristics, LDH, NLR, PLR, and ELR with toxicity or survival outcomes of progression‐free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed using univariable and multivariable analysis. Prognostic models of outcome at each time point were determined. Of the 183 patients included, the median age was 58, 85% had M1c disease, 58% were performance status 1, and 64% received ipilimumab as second line therapy. Median follow up was 7.5 months (range: 0.3–49.5), median PFS was 2.8 months (95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.8–3.2), and median OS was 9.6 months (95% CI: 7.9–13.2). Prognostic factors for OS by multivariable analysis were LDH and NLR at all‐time points. Prognostic models using LDH (× 2 upper limit of normal) and NLR 4) differentiated patients into high, moderate, and low risk of death prior to or on ipilimumab treatment (P < 0.0001 for each model). No factors were associated with toxicity. Prognostic models based on NLR and LDH values at baseline and on treatment differentiate patients into good, intermediate, and poor prognostic groups and may be relevant in patient management.
Essential Oils Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Six Conifers Harvested in Lebanon
Authors: Fahed Layal , Khoury Madona , Stien Didier , Ouaini Naïm , Eparvier Véronique , El Beyrouthy Marc
Published: September 2016

The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils (EOs) of six conifers harvested in Lebanon, Abies cilicica, Cupressus sempervirens, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus oxycedrus, Cedrus libani and Cupressus macrocarpa gold crest, were investigated. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger‐type apparatus and characterized by GC and GC/MS analyses. A principal components analysis based on Pearson correlation between essential oils chemical analyses was also conducted. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these essentials oils were determined against a range of bacteria and fungi responsible for cutaneous infections in human, using the broth microdilution technique. The EOs showed the most interesting bioactivity on the dermatophytes species (MIC values 32 – 64 μg/ml). Each of the major compounds of C. macrocarpa as well as an artificial reconstructed EO were tested on Trichophyton rubrum showing a contribution of the minor components to the overall activity.
Essential Oil of Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus from Algeria: Chemotypification and in vitro Biological Activities
Authors: Bendif Hamdi , Boudjeniba Messaoud , Miara Mohamed Djamel , Biqiku Loreta , Bramucci Massimo , Lupidi Giulio , Quassinti Luana , Vitali Luca A. , Maggi Filippo
Published: September 2016

Thymus munbyanus subsp. coloratus (Lamiaceae) is a small shrub endemic to Algeria and Morocco where is found in lawns, rockeries and mountainous regions. From a phytochemical point of view this taxon has never been characterized. In this work we have analysed the chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained from inflorescences and vegetative parts by GC/MS. A new chemotype, i.e. borneol‐chemotype, was characterized for the first time in the species. Furthermore, we assessed the biological activities of essential oils, namely the antioxidant, antimicrobial and cytotoxicity on tumor cells that were evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, disc diffusion, and MTT methods, respectively. Biological assays highlighted a moderate inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans (inhibition zone diameter in the range 9 – 10 mm), and noteworthy cytotoxicity on A375 human melanoma cells (IC50 of 46.95 μg/ml).
Risk stratification for the primary prevention of arrhythmic sudden cardiac death in postinfarction patients
Authors: Arsenos P. , Sideris S. , Gatzoulis K. A.
Published: September 2016

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) threatens ischemic cardiomyopathy patients. Antiarrhythmic protection may be provided to these patients with implanted cardiac defibrillators (ICD), after an efficient risk stratification approach. The proposed risk stratifier of an impaired left ventricular ejection fraction has limited sensitivity. Current risk stratification strategies focus on markers that, by identifying the arrhythmic substrate and the severity of the arrhythmia mechanisms present, are also considered to quantify the risk of SCD. Such markers reflect: (1) myocardial substrate lesions and postinfarction fibrosis (LVEF, QRS, LBBB, SAECG, fragmented QRS, CMR, PVBs, NSVT), (2) abnormal repolarization (QT, QTd, T‐wave alternans, QT/RR, QTVI, TWV), (3) impaired autonomic nervous system function (HR, heart rate variability (HRV), HRT, deceleration capacity (DC), BRS, HR recovery after exercise), and (4) inducibility on programmed ventricular stimulation during electrophysiological testing. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias have a strong dynamic component because transient and unpredictable factors can trigger a fatal arrhythmic episode. For this reason, SCD risk stratification is not simple and no ideal marker or a completely successful predictive model is existing. The evolution of technology made possible all the noninvasive markers to be incorporated in the Holter software. Noninvasive risk stratification has been simplified. Innovative Holter technology enforced the doctors, providing them with the tools for primarily screening their patients through the ICD protection process.

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