bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Remember that we suffered!” The effects of historical trauma on anti‐Semitic prejudice
Authors: Skrodzka Magdalena , Kende Anna , Faragó Laura , Bilewicz Michał
Published: February 2022

A history of group traumatization exerts significant influence on group members as well as their outgroup relations. In particular, historical trauma events and their ongoing repercussions may lead to feelings of control deprivation within groups. Members of traumatized groups are prone to believe in conspiracy theories, including ones that are anti‐Semitic in nature, in an attempt to find explanations for their trauma and regain some sense of control. Often, these narratives depict Jews as those who possess control. In our study, we examine how the frequency of thoughts about historical trauma as well as historical trauma symptoms (behavioral, emotional, and depressive tendencies) are related to three forms of antisemitism: traditional antisemitism, secondary antisemitism, and a belief in anti‐Semitic conspiracy theories. The study was conducted in Hungary (N = 350) where traumatic historical events often reverberate in the national narratives. The results indicate that a higher frequency of thoughts about historical trauma is associated with higher prejudice across all three forms of antisemitism. The effects of historical trauma on secondary and conspiracy antisemitism were partly driven by behavioral symptoms of historical trauma. The explanations and implications of these results are discussed.
High PLA2 level is correlated with glioblastoma progression via regulating DNA replication
Authors: Zhang Haiyun , Zhao Hanwei , Wang Hongliang , Yin Zhongbo , Huang Kai , Yu Minhong
Published: February 2022

Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) are a superfamily of enzymes, playing a critical role in the development of various human cancers. However, the mechanism of PLA2 as an oncogene in glioblastoma remains largely unknown. In this study, we explored the effects of PLA2 on glioblastoma and investigated the underlying mechanism. The results showed that PLA2 was highly expressed in glioblastoma. Patients with a high PLA2 level have low overall survival than those with low PLA2 expression. PLA2 overexpression promoted glioblastoma cell proliferation and viability and inhibited cell apoptosis by inducing cell cycle transition from G1 to S stage. Knockdown of PLA2 inhibited tumor growth in the xenograft mice model. In addition, PLA2 knockdown decreased the protein level of MCM2 and MCM5. These findings identify PLA2 as an oncogene in glioblastoma progression and provide a promising strategy to treat glioblastoma in the future.
CD93 in macrophages: A novel target for atherosclerotic plaque imaging?
Authors: Su Chen , Han Yeming , Qu Bin , Zhang Chao , Liang Ting , Gao Feng , Hou Guihua
Published: February 2022

Noninvasive imaging atherosclerotic (AS) plaque is of great importance for early diagnosis. Recently, CD93 in MΦ was linked to atherosclerosis development. Herein, we have investigated whether CD93 in MΦ is a potential novel target for atherosclerotic plaque imaging. CD93hi and CD93lo MΦ were prepared with or without LPS stimulation, before biological activity was evaluated. A rat AS model was produced with left carotid artery clamped. Whole‐body/ex vivo phosphor autoradiography of the artery and biodistribution were investigated after incorporation of 3H‐2‐DG into CD93hi and CD93lo MΦ or after 125I‐α‐CD93 (125I‐anti‐CD93mAb) injection. The plaque tissue was subjected to CD93/CD68 immunofluorescence/immunohistochemistry staining. CD93hi and CD93lo MΦ cells were successfully prepared without significant effect on bioactivity after incorporative labelled with 3H‐2‐DG. The AS model was successfully established. Biodistribution studies showed that adoptive transfer of 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93hi MΦ or 125I‐ α‐CD93 injection resulted in accumulation of radioactivity within the atherosclerotic plaque in the clamped left carotid artery. T/NT (target/non‐target, left/right carotid artery) ratio was higher in the 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93hi MΦ adoptive transfer group than in the 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93lo MΦ group (p < .05). Plaque radioactivity in the 125I‐α‐CD93 injection group was significantly higher than in the 125I‐IgG control group (p < .01). The higher radioactivity accumulated in the clamped left carotid artery was confirmed by phosphor autoradiography. More importantly, CD93/CD68 double‐positive MΦ accumulated at the atherosclerotic plaque in 3H‐2‐DG‐CD93hi MΦ adoptive transfer group, which correlated with plaque radioactivity (r = .99, p < .01). In summary, both adoptive‐transferred 3H‐2‐DG‐labelled CD93hi MΦ and 125I‐α‐CD93 injection specifically targeted CD93 in atherosclerotic plaque. CD93 is a potential target in atherosclerotic plaque imaging.
Prenatal exposure to air pollution is associated with altered brain structure, function, and metabolism in childhood
Authors: Peterson Bradley S. , Bansal Ravi , Sawardekar Siddhant , Nati Carlo , Elgabalawy Eman R. , Hoepner Lori A. , Garcia Wanda , Hao Xuejun , Margolis Amy , Perera Frederica , Rauh Virginia
Published: February 2022

Background

Prenatal exposure to air pollution disrupts cognitive, emotional, and behavioral development. The brain disturbances associated with prenatal air pollution are largely unknown.

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, we estimated prenatal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and then assessed their associations with measures of brain anatomy, tissue microstructure, neurometabolites, and blood flow in 332 youth, 6–14 years old. We then assessed how those brain disturbances were associated with measures of intelligence, ADHD and anxiety symptoms, and socialization.

Results

Both exposures were associated with thinning of dorsal parietal cortices and thickening of postero–inferior and mesial wall cortices. They were associated with smaller white matter volumes, reduced organization in white matter of the internal capsule and frontal lobe, higher metabolite concentrations in frontal cortex, reduced cortical blood flow, and greater microstructural organization in subcortical gray matter nuclei. Associations were stronger for PM2.5 in boys and PAH in girls. Youth with low exposure accounted for most significant associations of ADHD, anxiety, socialization, and intelligence measures with cortical thickness and white matter volumes, whereas it appears that high exposures generally disrupted these neurotypical brain‐behavior associations, likely because strong exposure‐related effects increased the variances of these brain measures.

Conclusions

The commonality of effects across exposures suggests PM2.5 and PAH disrupt brain development through one or more common molecular pathways, such as inflammation or oxidative stress. Progressively higher exposures were associated with greater disruptions in local volumes, tissue organization, metabolite concentrations, and blood flow throughout cortical and subcortical brain regions and the white matter pathways interconnecting them. Together these affected regions comprise cortico‐striato‐thalamo‐cortical circuits, which support the regulation of thought, emotion, and behavior.
Kinetic evaluation of gelatin extraction from chicken skin and the effect of some extraction parameters
Authors: Cansu Ümran , Boran Gökhan
Published: February 2022

Kinetic models have been extensively studied for the prediction of yield and quality for plant‐sourced ingredients although that is very rare for animal‐sourced products. This study is designed to evaluate common kinetic models for the prediction of yield in gelatin extraction from chicken skin. Kinetic models used for comparison were the Peleg's, the first order, and the rate law models while extraction parameters studied were solvent pH, solid:liquid ratio, and sample size. Extraction is evaluated based on the protein and hydroxyproline (Hyp) concentrations of each extract. The success of the models is evaluated based on the root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R2) values calculated for fittings of the models to the experimental data. The protein content of the dried and degreased skin was over 50% before gelatin extraction. Neutral pH led to the highest yield for both protein and Hyp, which were close to 2,100 and 200 mg per 10 g of skin, respectively. Similarly, smaller sample size or lower solid:liquid ratio resulted in a higher yield. In general, the first 60 min of the extraction was by rapid washing and later on by slow diffusion. Peleg's model is found to be the best fit to the experimental data with the highest R2 values between 0.97 and 0.99 and the lowest RMSE values compared to that of other kinetic models. This is the first report on the kinetics of gelatin extraction as well as one of the few studies on extraction kinetics of animal‐sourced products.

Practical Applications

Extraction parameters including the size of the raw material and raw material:solvent ratio showed significant effects on extraction yield. The smaller the size and the ratio, the higher the yield. Kinetics of gelatin extraction is reported for the first time by this manuscript, dealing with the yield during the whole extraction process. Extraction parameters may create substantial variability in quality and yield; thus, the data presented here may be utilized in minimizing those potential variations, by minimizing the time, energy and solvent required. The gelatin industry may use this report in the design of the gelatin extraction process as the data presented concludes that a high‐rate extraction was completed within the first hour of the extraction, leading over 80% of the expected yield. Gelatin manufacturers and researchers in this field may find this manuscript useful as it provides valuable insights on gelatin extraction and its kinetics.
Relationships between quality of life, sleep problems, and sleep quality in patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria
Authors: Ates Hale , Firat Selma , Buhari Gozde Koycu , Keren Metin , Cifci Bulent , Erkekol Ferda Öner
Published: February 2022

Background

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the sleep quality among chronic urticaria patients using the Chronic Urticaria Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire (CU–Q2oL), sleep quality assessment tools, and polysomnography and to investigate any relationships between the obtained results.

Methods

The study included 21 patients diagnosed with chronic spontaneous urticaria and 19 healthy controls. We recorded the patients' sleep quality data, including CU–Q2oL, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and polysomnography results.

Result

Patients in the chronic urticaria group were more likely to have an ESS score of ≥10 (52.4% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.004) and an apnea‐hypopnea index of ≥5 (44.4% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.017) compared to the control group. In the patient group, the CU–Q2oL total score was positively correlated with sleep latency (r = 0.713, p = 0.004) and PSQI–C1 score (r = 0.726, p = 0.005), while it was negatively correlated with urticaria duration (r = −0.579, p = 0.015), apnea‐hypopnea index (r = −0.607, p = 0.021), longest apnea duration (r = −0.583, p = 0.029), total number of respiratory events (r = −0.618, p = 0.018), and apnea count (r = −0.686, p = 0.007).

Conclusion

We conclude that sleep‐related problems exist among a considerably large proportion of patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria.
Cortical and white matter lesion topology influences focal corpus callosum atrophy in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Platten Michael , Ouellette Russell , Herranz Elena , Barletta Valeria , Treaba Constantina A. , Mainero Caterina , Granberg Tobias
Published: February 2022

Background and Purpose

Corpus callosum (CC) atrophy is a strong predictor of multiple sclerosis (MS) disability but the contributing pathological mechanisms remain uncertain. We aimed to apply advanced MRI to explore what drives the often nonuniform callosal atrophy.

Methods

Prospective brain 7 Tesla and 3 Tesla Human Connectom Scanner MRI were performed in 92 MS patients. White matter, leukocortical, and intracortical lesions were manually segmented. FreeSurfer was used to segment the CC and topographically classify lesions per lobe or as deep white matter lesions. Regression models were calculated to predict focal CC atrophy.

Results

The frontal and parietal lobes contained the majority (≥80%) of all lesion classifications in both relapsing‐remitting and secondary progressive MS subtypes. The anterior subsection of the CC had the smallest proportional volume difference between subtypes (11%). Deep, temporal, and occipital white matter lesions, and occipital intracortical lesions were the strongest predictors of middle‐posterior callosal atrophy (adjusted R2 = .54‐.39, P < .01).

Conclusions

Both white matter and cortical lesions contribute to regional corpus callosal atrophy. The lobe‐specific lesion topology does not fully explain the inhomogeneous CC atrophy.
Medicaid expansion, tort reforms, and medical liability costs
Authors: Luo Jingshu , Chen Hua , Grace Martin
Published: February 2022

This paper examines the impacts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)'s Medicaid expansion and tort reforms on the medical liability system. Medicaid expansion increased the demand for medical services, but in doing so it may also increase physicians' medical liability. By studying malpractice costs to insurers, medical practitioners, and hospitals in the United States in 2010–2018, we find insurers in Medicaid expansion states experienced higher medical liability costs than those in nonexpansion states. Medical practitioners paid higher premiums in expansion states but the premium increase was not enough to fully offset rising costs. In addition, we do not find that tort reforms mitigated ACA‐induced malpractice liability costs. We show this is because Medicaid expansion increased malpractice costs mainly by increasing claim frequency while tort reforms generally reduce claim severity. We also find little evidence that hospitals paid higher malpractice insurance premiums to insurers or self‐insurance programs, or incurred higher out‐of‐pocket medical liability losses after Medicaid expansion.
Disparities in early prenatal care and barriers to access among American Indian and white women in North Dakota
Authors: Sebens Zachary , Williams Andrew D.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/AN) have received minimal attention in research on determinants of prenatal care access. We sought to gain an understanding of structural and sociocultural determinants of prenatal care access among AI/AN and White women in North Dakota (ND).

Methods

Data were drawn from the 2017 to 2018 North Dakota Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (n = 1,166). Late prenatal care was assessed with 2 variables: late prenatal care initiation (>13 weeks gestation) and “Did you get prenatal care as early in your pregnancy as you wanted?” (yes/no). Those not satisfied with timing of prenatal care initiation reported 12 prenatal care barriers (yes/no). Logistic regression estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence internals for late prenatal care among AI/AN and other race/ethnicity women compared to White women. Models included maternal sociodemographic, medical, and behavior factors. Chi‐square was used to examine the prevalence of prenatal care barriers by race/ethnicity.

Findings

AI/AN women had increased risk of late prenatal care initiation (OR: 1.93, 95%CI: 1.20, 3.09) and were more dissatisfied with timing of prenatal care initiation (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.07, 2.78) compared to White women. AI/AN women reported higher prevalence for 8 of 12 (66%) barriers to care, including lack of transportation. Lack of health insurance was more prevalent among White women than AI/AN women (45%‐8.5%; P<.01).

Conclusions

Socioeconomic barriers to prenatal care are more prevalent among AI/AN women. This may be a consequence of systematic separation of AI/AN populations from health care resources. Alternative prenatal care delivery methods and expansion of health insurance may improve prenatal care access in ND.
Rv0500A is a transcription factor that links Mycobacterium tuberculosis environmental response with division and impacts host colonization
Authors: Kevorkian Yuzo L. , MacGilvary Nathan J. , Giacalone David , Johnson Calvin , Tan Shumin
Published: February 2022

For Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to successfully infect a host, it must be able to adapt to changes in its microenvironment, including variations in ionic signals such as pH and chloride (Cl−), and link these responses to its growth. Transcriptional changes are a key mechanism for Mtb environmental adaptation, and we identify here Rv0500A as a novel transcriptional regulator that links Mtb environmental response and division processes. Global transcriptional profiling revealed that Rv0500A acts as a repressor and influences the expression of genes related to division, with the magnitude of its effect modulated by pH and Cl−. Rv0500A can directly bind the promoters of several of these target genes, and we identify key residues required for its DNA‐binding ability and biological effect. Overexpression of rv0500A disrupted Mtb growth morphology, resulting in filamentation that was exacerbated by high environmental Cl− levels and acidic pH. Finally, we show that perturbation of rv0500A leads to attenuation of the ability of Mtb to colonize its host in vivo. Our work highlights the important link between Mtb environmental response and growth characteristics, and uncovers a new transcription factor involved in this critical facet of Mtb biology.
Self‐assessment sheet submission rate predicts technique survival in patients initiating peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Kusahana Ei , Uchiyama Kiyotaka , Yamaguchi Nobuko , Hirashima Maiko , Togashi Tomoko , Yamamoto Yuriko , Imai Michiyo , Ashida Mayumi , Yamamura Keiko , Nakayama Takashin , Yasuda Itaru , Morimoto Kohkichi , Washida Naoki , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: February 2022

Aim

Patients play a crucial role in preventing peritoneal dialysis (PD)‐related events, including peritonitis and fluid overload, as PD procedures are mainly carried out at home. We asked patients to submit a PD self‐assessment sheet at each outpatient visit in our daily clinical practice and evaluated its usefulness for outcomes in patients initiating PD.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent PD catheter insertion between January 2008 and October 2018. The submission rate of a PD self‐assessment sheet was calculated from medical records until PD cessation or study completion (October 2020). The association between the submission rate and technique survival was analysed.

Results

Among the 105 recruited patients (78 men, 60.4 ± 12.2 years), 44 discontinued PD and transferred to haemodialysis during the study period. The follow‐up was 52.3 (28.7–79.3) months, and the median submission rate was 78%. The log‐rank test showed that technique survival was significantly better in patients with a submission rate ≥ 78% than those with a submission rate <78% (p = .006). The submission rate remained significantly associated with less technique failure (hazard ratio 0.88 per 10%, p = .002) by the Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, Charlson comorbidity index, estimated glomerular filtration rate and geriatric nutritional risk index.

Conclusion

The submission rate of a PD self‐assessment sheet is useful as a predictor of technique survival in patients initiating PD. Instruction that increases submission may improve technique survival in PD patients.
Use of the Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) in assessing negative staff–patient interactions in acute care settings for older people: A content validation study
Authors: Young Alexandra , Frankland Jane , Bridges Jackie
Published: February 2022

Introduction

The Quality of Interactions Schedule (QuIS) is an observational tool to assess the quality of staff–patient interactions in a healthcare context. QuIS is a promising measure for the evaluation of compassionate care, particularly where care is being delivered to patient populations, such as older people, who may be excluded from self‐completion data collection methods. This study investigates the content validity of QuIS in identification of negative staff–patient interactions in acute care.

Methods

Staff–patient interactions (n = 1598) on adult inpatient units with a high proportion of older patients in two UK National Health Service hospitals were observed and rated using QuIS. When rating interactions as negative quality, observers recorded brief field notes to explain the rating. Content analysis was used to develop categories of negative interaction type. These categories were compared with the QuIS negative interaction definitions.

Results

Eighty‐eight negative ratings were accompanied by a field note that could be used in the analysis. Five interaction categories were identified: Patient calls for help, call not acknowledged; Staff focused on task and appear to ignore/not hear patient; Patient‐led interactions appear dismissed or ignored; Patient prevented from doing something without explanation; Staff interact with each other or talk to relatives, not including patient. There was clear association between the derived categories and QuIS guidance for negative ratings.

Conclusion

These findings support the validity of QuIS data in relation to measurement of interaction quality in acute care settings. Extending the research to a wider range of settings would be useful.
Ground‐based and Satellite Measurements of Solar Spectral Irradiances at 305 nm and 380 nm at a Tropical Site
Authors: Silva Abel A. , Ferreira Willian J. , Alvala Plinio C.
Published: February 2022

The solar radiation has been monitored through ground‐based and satellite instruments all over the world for decades. This is also important for both checking and validation of satellite probing. In this work, we compare spectral irradiances at 305 nm (UV‐B) and 380 nm (UV‐A) from a ground‐based radiometer and the Ozone monitoring instrument (OMI) for a tropical site in 2019–2020. Measurements had the auxiliary support of a ground‐based imager to identify cloud cover. The presence of clouds introduces the largest differences between satellite and ground‐based measurements. In fact, on average, for all‐sky (AS, only cloudy skies) conditions such differences (satellite – ground‐based) were 46% and 30% at 305 nm and 380 nm, respectively, while for cloud‐free‐sky (CFS) conditions, the differences dropped to 17% and 8%. In addition, the linear fitting between ground‐based and satellite measurements yielded a coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.857 (for AS) and 0.984 (for CFS) at 305 nm and 0.774 (for AS) and 0.950 (for CFS) at 380 nm. The differences between these AS and CFS values of r2 were 95% statistically significant. Such results imply the hindrance clouds (and also aerosols based on the results for CFS) still set to obtain UV‐B and UV‐A surface irradiance from satellite probing.
What Are You Afraid of? Authoritarianism, Terrorism, and Threat
Authors: Stevens Daniel , Banducci Susan
Published: February 2022

Research on authoritarianism has provided conflicting findings on its relationship with threat. Some studies indicate that in the face of heightened threat individuals with stronger authoritarian predispositions express more right‐wing and illiberal preferences; others suggest that it is individuals at the other end of the continuum, with weak authoritarian dispositions—libertarians—who are most likely to change and express such attitudes. Extant efforts to reconcile the differences have been unsatisfactory. We offer a new perspective in which both processes may occur simultaneously. Higher authoritarians are responsive to elevated “normative threat,” characterized by dissatisfaction with established parties and their leaders and perceptions of “belief diversity,” while libertarians respond with more right‐wing and illiberal preferences to heightened physical and personal threat, such as from terrorism, which does not affect high authoritarians. We suggest different contexts in which normative threat and personal threat vary, and we are thus likely to see change either in individuals toward one or other end of the authoritarian continuum or among both. Drawing on data in the quasi‐experimental context of the 2017 general election in Britain, during which there were two terror attacks, we confirm this pattern in a setting in which both personal and normative threat were elevated.
Seed dispersal by frugivores from forest remnants promotes the regeneration of adjacent invaded forests in an oceanic island
Authors: Costa Alba , Heleno Ruben , Dufrene Yanick , Huckle Eleanor , Gabriel Ronny , Doudee Damien , Kaiser‐Bunbury Christopher N.
Published: February 2022

Forest remnants often act as refuges for native plant species within a degraded and highly fragmented forest matrix. Understanding whether these native patches can function as feeding grounds for frugivores and seed sources for native plant dispersal into the surrounding forest can provide critical information on ecosystem functions on a landscape scale and guidance on forest restoration. We used a large‐scale natural system of eight granitic inselbergs in the Seychelles and recorded the identity and transport direction of seeds retrieved from the droppings of mist‐netted birds across an invasion gradient. We found that inselberg forest remnants are important feeding areas for frugivores, acting as a source of native propagules to the surrounding invaded forests and potentially limiting the progression of non‐native plant invasion. Two dominant non‐native plant species (Cinnamomum verum and Clidemia hirta) were highly integrated into the frugivores' diets, competing with native plants for dispersal services. Despite the high non‐native propagule pressure, the spill‐over effect of native seeds into the invaded forest seemed to have a more durable positive effect on native plant recruitment fading out with distance to the inselberg edge. Our findings illustrate that remnant forest patches can generate positive spill‐over of native seeds into degraded surrounding forests through directed seed transport by frugivores. This cross‐boundary transport may slow down plant invasion and contribute to the recovery of adjacent degraded ecosystems. Forest remnants and avian frugivores therefore play a key role in the maintenance of native biodiversity and act as insurance for future restoration efforts.
State estimation for nonlinear state‐space transmission models of tuberculosis
Authors: Strydom Duayne , le Roux Johan Derik , Craig Ian Keith
Published: February 2022

Given the high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and the mortality rate associated with the disease, numerous models, such as the Gammaitoni and Nucci (GN) model, were developed to model the risk of transmission. These models typically rely on a quanta generation rate as a measurement of infectivity. Since the quanta generation rate cannot be measured directly, the unique contribution of this work is to develop state estimators to estimate the quanta generation rate from available measurements. To estimate the quanta generation rate, the GN model is adapted into an augmented single‐room GN model and a simplified two‐room GN model. Both models are shown to be observable, i.e., it is theoretically possible to estimate the quanta generation rate given available measurements. Kalman filters are used to estimate the quanta generation rate. First, a continuous‐time extended Kalman filter is used for both adapted models using a simulation and measurement sampling rate of 60 s. Accurate quanta generate rate estimates are achieved in both cases. A more realistic scenario is also considered with a measurement sampling rate of one day. For these estimates, a hybrid extended Kalman filter (HEKF) is used. Accurate quanta generation rate estimates are achieved for the more realistic scenario. Future work could potentially use the HEKFs, the adapted models, and real‐time measurements in a control system feedback loop to reduce the transmission of TB in confined spaces such as hospitals.
The Hubei lockdown and its global impacts via supply chains
Authors: Zhang Qianxue
Published: February 2022

This article argues that the lockdown of Hubei province in China due to the Coronavirus outbreak provides a natural experiment to study the importance of China's role in global value chains. Since the lockdown started during the Lunar New Year, Hubei's migrant workers who went home could not return to workplaces in other provinces, resulting in a massive labor supply shock. I feed the supply shock through a Ricardian model with intermediate goods and sectoral linkages to study trade and welfare effects across several economies. While welfare in China is the most negatively affected, the shock also has sizeable negative implications for the US and the UK.
Who should “do more” about climate change? Cultural theory, polycentricity, and public support for climate change actions across actors and governments
Authors: Nowlin Matthew C.
Published: February 2022

Under a polycentric approach to climate change, action is taken at different scales and across all levels of government and sectors of society. Some scholars have argued that such an approach is the best lens to view the governance of climate change and that a polycentric approach has advantages in addressing collective‐action problems. However, taking a polycentric approach would require public support for action at multiple scales. The issue of climate change is polarized across political beliefs and cultural worldviews and little research has examined how the public views climate action at one level of government relative to others as well as relative to actions by the private sector and by individuals. Using an original survey of the US public from October 2017, I explore who it is that the public thinks should "do more" about climate change and the role that the cultural worldviews posited by cultural theory—hierarchical, egalitarian, individualist, and fatalist—plays in shaping those opinions. Overall, I find support for multiple actors doing more to address climate change, but with differences in support between egalitarians and individualists for actors overall and for the federal government in particular.
Internalizing and externalizing correlates of parental overprotection as measured by the EMBU: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: de Roo Marthe , Veenstra René , Kretschmer Tina
Published: February 2022

Aspects of parenting including overprotection explain individual differences in child adjustment. This review and meta‐analysis summarizes studies on parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems. To ensure that findings could be compared as systematically as possible, the focus was on studies that used the overprotection scale of the Egna Minnen Beträffande Uppfostran (“Memories of my Parents’ Upbringing”) (EMBU) questionnaire, a popular instrument to measure parental overprotection. In total, we extracted 176 effects from 29 studies. A modified version of the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale was used to perform quality assessments for the included studies. Parental overprotection was associated positively with offspring internalizing and externalizing problems, with overall estimates ranging from r = .14 to .18. Moderator analyses suggested that effects of maternal were larger than effects of paternal overprotection. Other factors that moderated the strength of the association between overprotection and maladjustment included whether outcomes were self‐reported or parent‐reported, the design was cross‐sectional or longitudinal, and publication year. Cultural context, age at exposure, and child sex did not explain differences between effect sizes. Most findings were based on cross‐sectional studies and therefore do not constitute proof of causal relations. Many studies were of less‐than‐satisfactory quality regarding representativeness of the sample, descriptions of the data collection, and statistical analyses. There is a clear need for well‐powered longitudinal studies to strengthen inferences about associations between parental overprotection and internalizing and externalizing problems.
Using number sequences to account for differences in generalizations
Authors: Zwanch Karen
Published: February 2022

This study presents the preliminary qualitative results of a larger mixed methods study. The qualitative phase utilized task‐based clinical interviews to examine the non‐symbolic and symbolic linear generalizations of middle‐grades students. This investigation identified similarities and differences in the students’ generalizations, and interpreted these distinctions within the number sequences framework, which describes a hierarchy of numerical reasoning stages. Participants included 14 students in grades 6 through 9 who operated at 3 distinct stages of numerical reasoning, as framed by the number sequences. Findings indicate that the number sequences were related to students’ generalizations, in that students with more sophisticated numerical reasoning produced more sophisticated generalizations. The analysis relates students’ generalizing behaviors to the mental operations that define each of the three number sequences under examination. This study demonstrates the importance of supporting students’ numerical reasoning as a means of preparing them to reason algebraically in the middle grades, contributes theoretically to an understanding of the relationship between numerical reasoning and generalizing, and suggests instructional strategies for engaging students in generalizing.
Dynamic imaging of cell wall polysaccharides by metabolic click‐mediated labeling of pectins in living elongating cells
Authors: Ropitaux Marc , Hays Quentin , Baron Aurélie , Fourmois Laura , Boulogne Isabelle , Vauzeilles Boris , Lerouge Patrice , Mollet Jean‐Claude , Lehner Arnaud
Published: February 2022

Protein tracking in living plant cells has become routine with the emergence of reporter genes encoding fluorescent tags. Unfortunately, this imaging strategy is not applicable to glycans because they are not directly encoded by the genome. Indeed, complex glycans result from sequential additions and/or removals of monosaccharides by the glycosyltransferases and glycosidases of the cell's biosynthetic machinery. Currently, the imaging of cell wall polymers mainly relies on the use of antibodies or dyes that exhibit variable specificities. However, as immunolocalization typically requires sample fixation, it does not provide access to the dynamics of living cells. The development of click chemistry in plant cell wall biology offers an alternative for live‐cell labeling. It consists of the incorporation of a carbohydrate containing a bio‐orthogonal chemical reporter into the target polysaccharide using the endogenous biosynthetic machinery of the cell. Once synthesized and deposited in the cell wall, the polysaccharide containing the analog monosaccharide is covalently coupled to an exogenous fluorescent probe. Here, we developed a metabolic click labeling approach which allows the imaging of cell wall polysaccharides in living and elongating cells without affecting cell viability. The protocol was established using the pollen tube, a useful model to follow cell wall dynamics due to its fast and tip‐polarized growth, but was also successfully tested on Arabidopsis root cells and root hairs. This method offers the possibility of imaging metabolically incorporated sugars of viable and elongating cells, allowing the study of the long‐term dynamics of labeled extracellular polysaccharides.
KNOX II transcription factor HOS59 functions in regulating rice grain size
Authors: Sheng Minghao , Ma Xuelian , Wang Jiyao , Xue Tianxi , Li Zhongqiu , Cao Yaxin , Yu Xinyue , Zhang Xinyi , Wang Yonghong , Xu Wenying , Su Zhen
Published: February 2022

Plant Knotted1‐like homeobox (KNOX) genes encode homeodomain‐containing transcription factors. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), little is known about the downstream target genes of KNOX Class II subfamily proteins. Here we generated chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)–sequencing datasets for HOS59, a member of the rice KNOX Class II subfamily, and characterized the genome‐wide binding sites of HOS59. We conducted trait ontology (TO) analysis of 9705 identified downstream target genes, and found that multiple TO terms are related to plant structure morphology and stress traits. ChIP–quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted to validate some key target genes. Meanwhile, our IP‐MS datasets showed that HOS59 was closely associated with BELL family proteins, some grain size regulators (OsSPL13, OsSPL16, OsSPL18, SLG, etc.), and some epigenetic modification factors such as OsAGO4α and OsAGO4β, proteins involved in small interfering RNA‐mediated gene silencing. Furthermore, we employed CRISPR/Cas9 editing and transgenic approaches to generate hos59 mutants and overexpression lines, respectively. Compared with wild‐type plants, the hos59 mutants have longer grains and increased glume cell length, a loose plant architecture, and drooping leaves, while the overexpression lines showed smaller grain size, erect leaves, and lower plant height. The qRT‐PCR results showed that mutation of the HOS59 gene led to upregulation of some grain size‐related genes such as OsSPL13, OsSPL18, and PGL2. In summary, our results indicate that HOS59 may be a repressor of the downstream target genes, negatively regulating glume cell length, rice grain size, plant architecture, etc. The identified downstream target genes and possible interaction proteins of HOS59 improve our understanding of the KNOX regulatory networks.
Comparison of point‐of‐care NOVA CCX blood gas analyzer to laboratory analyzer in a population of healthy adult cats
Authors: Trenholme H. Nicole , Tynan Beth , Jackson Mary , Kerl Marie
Published: February 2022

Objective

To compare the level of agreement of measurement of analytes (sodium, chloride, potassium, urea nitrogen [UN], creatinine, glucose) in a population of healthy adult cats between the point‐of‐care (POC) analyzer and laboratory analyzer. To establish reference intervals for the POC analyzer in healthy adult cats.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Fifty‐five cats were screened. Seven cats were excluded due to aggression that prohibited phlebotomy, and 1 cat was excluded due to prolonged restraint; 47 cats were enrolled.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

In this patient population, reference intervals for the POC analyzer were calculated: sodium 145–157 mmol/L; chloride 116–124 mmol/L; potassium 3.4–5.5 mmol/L; UN 5.71–13.9 mmol/L (16–39 mg/dl); creatinine 74.3–189.2 mmol/L (0.84–2.14 mg/dl); and glucose 4–11.8 mmol/L (72–213 mg/dl). Comparison between the POC analyzer and laboratory analyzer using the Bland–Altman method was performed. The bias for each analyte is as follows: sodium 1.55 mmol/L; chloride 0.99 mmol/L; potassium 0.21 mmol/L; UN –0.25 mmol/L (–0.7 mg/dl); creatinine 9.73 mmol/L (0.11 mg/dl); and glucose 0.5 mmol/L (9.79 mg/dl).

Conclusions

Reference intervals for each analyte were similar to other chemistry analyzers. There was no significant difference between the POC and laboratory analyzers in analysis of UN, with a statistically significant difference observed with sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine, and glucose. However, the values are likely not sufficiently different to alter initial clinical decisions regarding patient care.
Increasing water retention capacity via Grey roof to green roof transformation
Authors: Chen Ying‐Chu , Chen Shih‐Kai , Chen Zih‐An
Published: February 2022

This study evaluated the potential of transforming nonvegetated (grey) roofs into vegetated (green) roofs to increase their water retention capacity and the retention of surface runoff in Taipei City. Of the total area of Taipei City (26 855 ha), we found that 304.5 ha of grey roof could be converted to green roof. Residential areas with higher living standards had a greater potential for grey roof to green roof transformation. The sampled substrate had an average porosity of 59.2% and a bulk density of 1.00 g/cm3. Surface runoff is likely to occur when the level of precipitation exceeds the field capacity of the green roof (13.3 mm/day). The highest percentage of runoff reduction (59.0%) occurred in the cold season. During the rainy months, the runoff reduction ranged from 14% to 28%. The water retention capacity of the green roof was higher during low‐intensity rainfall events than during high‐intensity rainfall events.
A Comprehensive Analytical Shock Loss Model for Axial Compressor Cascades
Authors: Banjac Milan , Savanovic Teodora , Petkovic Djordje , Petrovic Milan V.
Published: February 2022

The approach applied in various research papers that model compressor shock losses is valid only for certain types of airfoil cascades operating in a narrow range of working conditions. Lately, more general shock loss models have been established that cover a wider variety of airfoils and operating regimes. However, owing to the complexity of the studied matter, the majority of such models are, to a certain extent, presented only in a descriptive manner. The lack of specific details can affect the end results when such a model is utilized since improvisation cannot be avoided. Some models also apply complex numerical procedures that can slow the calculations and be a source of computational instability. In this research, an attempt has been made to produce an analytical shock loss model that is simple enough to be described in detail while being universal and robust enough to find wide application in the fields of design and performance analysis of transonic compressors and fans. The flexible description of airfoil geometry encompasses a variety of blade shapes. Both unchoked and choked operating regimes are covered, including a precise prediction of choke occurrence. The model was validated using a number of numerical test cases.
Synthesis of wall pressure fields of non-homogeneous turbulent boundary layers for vibroacoustic simulations
Authors: Guillon Corentin , Redon Emmanuel , Maxit Laurent
Published: February 2022

In this paper, a numerical process is presented for predicting the response of vibrating structures excited by a non-homogeneous turbulent boundary layer. This one is based on the synthesis of different realizations of the random pressure fluctuations that can be introduced as loading of a vibroacoustic model. The vibratory response is finally deduced by averaging together the responses of the different loads. As a first approach, the pressure fluctuations of the non-homogeneous turbulent boundary layer can be generated separately for different sub-areas of the structure by using the uncorrelated wall plane waves technique and mean boundary layer parameters. An extension of this basic approach consists in taking into account the interaction between the sub-areas and a refinement of the sub-area decomposition. Wall pressure fluctuations related to a continuous evolution of the boundary layer can then be generated and introduced in the vibroacoustic model. The accuracy of the proposed approach is studied on a rectangular panel excited on one side by a growing fully turbulent boundary layer triggered at one edge of the plate. Comparisons with the spatial approach and the wavenumber approach using the sub-area decomposition technique are proposed. Interests of the proposed approach in terms of accuracy and computing times are discussed.
Methodology Review: A Protocol to Audit the Representation of Female Athletes in Sports Science and Sports Medicine Research
Authors: Smith Ella S. , McKay Alannah K.A. , Ackerman Kathryn E. , Harris Rachel , Elliott-Sale Kirsty J. , Stellingwerff Trent , Burke Louise M.
Published: February 2022

Female-specific research on sports science and sports medicine (SSSM) fails to mirror the increase in participation and popularity of women’s sport. Females have historically been excluded from SSSM research, particularly because their physiological intricacy necessitates more complex study designs, longer research times, and additional costs. Consequently, most SSSM practices are based on research with men, despite potential problems in translation to females due to sexual dimorphism in biological and phenotypical parameters as well as differences in event characteristics (e.g., race distances/durations). Recognition that erroneous extrapolations may hamper the efforts of females to maximize their athletic potential has created an impetus to acknowledge and readdress the sex disparity in SSSM research. To direct the priorities for future research, it is prudent to first develop a comprehensive understanding of the gaps in current knowledge by systematically “auditing” the literature. By conducting audits of the literature to highlight underdeveloped topics or identify potential problems with the quality of research, this information can then be used to expediently direct new research activities. This paper therefore presents a standardized audit methodology to establish the representation of female athletes in subdisciplines of existing SSSM research, including a template for reporting the results of key metrics. This standardized audit process will enable comparisons over time and between research subdisciplines. This working guide provides an important step toward achieving sex equity across SSSM research, with the eventual goal of providing evidence-based recommendations specific to the female athlete.
Monitoring Internal and External Load During Volleyball Competition
Authors: Gielen Jasper , Mehuys Elise , Berckmans Daniel , Meeusen Romain , Aerts Jean-Marie
Published: February 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the relationships between continuously measured internal and external load variables during volleyball competition. Methods: A total of 8 male elite volleyball athletes (Belgian Liga A and Liga B) were monitored during official competition matches. In total, 63 individual measurements are included in this study. The authors used heart-rate (HR) data as internal load and accelerometer-based activity as external load. Data were recorded at a sampling frequency of 1 Hz using wearable technology during official competition. Workload during continuous game play and individual jumps performed while serving and spiking (selected by means of video analysis) were studied using correlation analysis and dynamic time-series modeling. Results: Significant linear correlations were observed between peak acceleration and maximal HR of individual serves (ρ = .62; P = 1.6e−5) and spikes (ρ = .49; P = 1.2e−3) that were performed during the warm-up. These same actions performed during the match did not show significant correlations. The correlation between the mean HR and mean activity throughout the entire match was also found to be significant (ρ = .67; P = 2.0e−9). With respect to the time-series models, the mean value for the goodness of fit () between HR and activity was equal to .83 and .67 for the individual actions and the entire matches, respectively. Conclusions: The results show that there are strong relationships between internal and external load during volleyball competition. Second-order transfer function models are capable of explaining the main dynamics of HR (internal load) in response to accelerometer-based activity (external load). Time-series analysis of continuously measured workload is proposed for use in practice.