bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxic Effects of Engineered Nanoparticles on Living Cells
Authors: Bouloudenine Manel , Bououdina Mohamed
Published: December 2016

Measuring toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles on living cells would require a deep understanding of themselves by the mean of their composition, physical and chemical properties and exposure concentrations. Actually, high exposure concentrations are needed to generate quantifiable effects and to perceive accumulation above background. This chapter presents an overview on the assessment about the toxic effects of engineered nanoparticles on living cells. It consists of three main sections starting with a brief introduction, the current state of engineered nanoparticles in the environment, physical and chemical properties of some important engineered nanoparticles such as “Ag, Au, ZnO, TiO2” and the target organ toxicity of the engineered nanoparticles in several biological organisms.
Cyanobacterial Toxins in Water Sources and Their Impacts on Human Health
Authors: Mohamed Zakaria
Published: December 2016

Cyanobacteria are a group of phytoplankton of marine and freshwaters. The accelerated eutrophication of water sources by agricultural and industrial run-off has increased the occurrence and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. They are of particular concern because of their production for potent hepato-, neuro-, and dermatoxins, being hazardous to human health. Dissemination of knowledge about cyanobacteria and their cyanotoxins assists water supply authorities in developing monitoring and management plans, and provides the public with appropriate information to avoid exposure to these toxins. This chapter provides a broad overview and up-to-date information on cyanobacteria and their toxins in terms of their occurrence, chemical and toxicological characteristics, fate in the environment, guideline limits, and effective treatment techniques to remove these toxins from drinking water. Future research directions were also suggested to fill knowledge and research gaps, and advance the abilities of utilities and water treatment plant designers to deal with these toxins.
Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property/Toxicity Relationships through Conceptual Density Functional Theory-Based Reactivity Descriptors
Authors: Pan Sudip , Gupta Ashutosh Kumar , Subramanian Venkatesan , Chattaraj Pratim K.
Published: December 2016

Developing effective structure-activity/property/toxicity relationships (QSAR/QSPR/QSTR) is very helpful in predicting biological activity, property, and toxicity of a given set of molecules. Regular change in these properties with the structural alteration is the main reason to obtain QSAR/QSPR/QSTR models. The advancement in making different QSAR/QSPR/QSTR models to describe activity, property, and toxicity of various groups of molecules is reviewed in this chapter. The successful implementation of Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT)-based global as well as local reactivity descriptors in modeling effective QSAR/QSPR/QSTR is highlighted.
Successful Evaluation by Design
Authors: Elazier Tracy
Published: December 2016

The executive management team (EMT) of a Fortune 500 telecommunications corporation identified several key initiatives that were critical to enhancing its global competitive strategy. This transfer resulted in an initial 673% return on the training investment to the corporation, with implications that an anticipated annualized return of 808% can be realized, given continued support and stable external factors. The executive management team (EMT) of a Fortune 500 telecommunications corporation identified several key initiatives that were critical to enhancing its global competitive strategy. The corporate university (University) was engaged to assist in determining if the organization's country managers possessed the requisite knowledge and skills to achieve the objectives set forth in the strategic plan. A training-needs analysis revealed their lack of knowledge and skills in five important areas.
Raising the Bar
Authors: Hurst Robin R. , Lloyd Julia Tucker , Miller Jennifer C.
Published: December 2016

This chapter provides a case study describing the process of using theory in practice in implementing higher level evaluation of training initiatives within one unit of a global financial services organization. The organization has used Kirkpatrick's level one and two evaluations for many years to evaluate training. This case describes the first time a level three evaluation was used, covering why it was necessary, the process for developing, as well as the outcomes of the evaluation. This chapter also describes the influence of organizational culture in the decisions made in the implementation of the evaluation strategy.
Impetus for Culture Transformation
Authors: Maxey Everon Chenhall , Moore Jeffrey R.
Published: December 2016

In this chapter, the authors describe how Walgreens distribution centers are conducting training evaluations to effectively integrate individuals with disabilities through the Transitional Work Group pre-hire training program. In particular, the aim of the pre-hire training program is to hire employees with disabilities to execute core business functions as an integral part of the organization. As other employers seek to become more inclusive in their hiring practices, there is a need to evaluate and identify individuals with disabilities who can demonstrate mastery of required technical tasks and soft skills, such as social skills, teamwork, and conflict resolution, to ensure job readiness. The authors conclude this chapter by assessing the program and providing recommendations to current and future evaluators of training programs.
Finding the Critical Few
Authors: Donovan Paul
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to describe a successful case study of evaluation and learning transfer in a Global CRO (ICON) located in Dublin, Ireland. The case study focuses on a management development program entitled Management Essentials Two. The evaluation element of the exercise engaged the theories of Kirkpatrick and Phillips as a fundamental approach. The outcomes of the program that were measured included Levels one, two and three of both models. Post program behavior change was selected as a measure of transfer. In a departure from standard evaluation practice the case study employed an original inventory, “System of Training Transfer Assessment Report” (STAR), to measure the factors leading to transfer (Donovan & Darcy, 2011). Regression analysis was used to identify four factors that were critical to transfer of learning at ICON. Lessons for ICON, practitioners, and researchers are drawn.
Training's Impact on Time-to-Proficiency for New Bankers in a Financial Services Organization
Authors: Thompson Kevin S.
Published: December 2016

The evaluation of training investments from a financial perspective is of interest to practitioners, however little support exists to guide the work. Specifically analyzing the return on investment (ROI) of training programs is discussed often, but practiced rarely. This chapter addresses training ROI through concept, theory, and examples. Concept and theory is explored via strategy, financial analysis, and training perspectives. A comprehensive financial services example explains how ROI performance measurement parameters are established and how related training costs are determined to support ROI calculation. The aim of the chapter is to arm training practitioners with the knowledge and framework needed to perform ROI analysis on investments in training.
Promoting Learner Interaction and Personalized Learning Experiences with a Google+ Social Media Model
Authors: Scott JoAnne Dalton
Published: December 2016

This chapter presents the Directed Google+ Community model (DG+) as an alternative to the traditional discussion board forum. Social media platforms exhibit characteristics that can be leveraged in course design to promote positive learner experiences. Specifically, the chapter will define the DG+ model; examine how it promotes learner interaction, discussion, collaboration and peer review; discuss how it supports course topics, course assignments and creates a searchable knowledge management system; and explain how it complements the use of a learning management system for grade reporting purposes. Both the instructor and the students experience benefits from this design tool. The chapter will also discuss ways to overcome potential obstacles to implementing the model.
Multimodal Interactive Tools for Online Discussions and Assessment
Authors: Romero-Hall Enilda , Vicentini Cristiane Rocha
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the enhancement of asynchronous online discussions and assessment using multimodal interactive tools that allow text, video, and audio posts. The integration of these multimodal interactive tools as well as their affordances could lead to powerful changes in the learning experience of students interacting in asynchronous online environments. Along with providing an overview on asynchronous online discussions, the chapter will include a review of how multimodal interactive tools are used to engage learners in online discussions using text, audio, and video. Additionally, the chapter will describe both the benefits and challenges of asynchronous online discussions with text, audio, and video posting. Furthermore, the chapter will describe how the same multimodal interactive tools can also serve as an assessment method in asynchronous online learning of specialized subject areas.
Instructor Presence
Authors: Oyarzun Beth Allred , Conklin Sheri Anderson , Barreto Daisyane
Published: December 2016

Student isolation and retention rates are persistent issues in online learning. Research has shown that an important component of student performance and satisfaction is instructor presence (Picciano, 2002). Instructor presence includes three elements: 1) Teaching presence, 2) Instructor immediacy, and 3) Social presence (Mandemach, Gonzales, & Garrett, 2006). This chapter will use this definition of instructor presence to outline best pedagogical practices with concrete examples to increase instructor presence in asynchronous online courses. Each section will begin with a definition and research on that construct followed by best practices with concrete examples.
Developing a Pedagogical Framework for Simulated Practice Learning
Authors: Tsvetkova Nikolina , Antonova Albena , Hristova Plama
Published: December 2016

While simulated learning becomes an attractive learning method for learners and educators, it is the pedagogical framework behind the technology design that makes the learning efficient. Thus the context and the subject domain, along with learning theories largely influence its impact. Working with vulnerable people becomes part of many jobs specifics. Therefore, the main goal of the chapter is to present the pedagogical framework for simulated practice learning for social workers who interact with vulnerable people. It takes into consideration both the theories of learning and the features of games-based learning. It also outlines the relations between the broader social context, the particular educational setting and the learner, the trainer and the vulnerable person. The focus of the presented simulated learning is on teacher training for child-care professionals who work with 3- 7 years old children. The Pedagogical Framework is developed under the Simulated Practice for Skills Development in Social Services and Healthcare - Digital Bridges (2014-1-UK01-KA200-001805).
Developing Teaching Presence in Online Learning Through Shared Stakeholder Responsibility
Authors: Johnson Carol , Altowairiki Noha
Published: December 2016

Transitioning from a face-to-face teaching environment to online teaching requires a shift in paradigm by stakeholders involved (i.e., instructors and students). This chapter provides an extensive literature review to help novice online instructors understand the nature of online teaching presence to help position their students towards more active participation. Premised on the Community of Inquiry framework (Garrison, Anderson & Archer, 2000) and constructivism, we highlight a conceptual framework of four iterative processes for developing online teaching presence: preparations for facilitation, designing the facilitation, implementing the facilitation, and assessing the facilitation. Based on this framework, strategies are articulated for overcoming the challenges of online learning through shared stakeholder responsibility.
Best Teaching and Technology Practices for the Hybrid Flipped College Classroom
Authors: Ogden Lori , Shambaugh Neal
Published: December 2016

Two cases of the flipped classroom approach, one undergraduate course and one a graduate course, are used to demonstrate the different ways that flipping instruction can occur in both F2F and online courses, thus, extending the notion of hybrid and flipped teaching decisions with F2F and virtual class-rooms. Both cases are summarized in terms of instructional design decisions, the models of teaching framework, and research conducted on the courses. Findings from research conducted on both courses indicate that a flipped classroom approach can enhance the teaching of both F2F and online courses as it provides instructors an opportunity to adapt instruction to meet the individual needs of students. Recommendations, based on this course development work, are provided for undergraduate and graduate courses in terms of access, meaningful activities, and feedback.
Creating Inclusive Online Learning Environments That Build Community and Enhance Learning
Authors: Thomas Morris , Harris Rachelle , King-Berry Arlene
Published: December 2016

The current status of today's society is driven by and involves technology. Many people cannot function without their cell-phones, social media, gadgets, tablets, and other forms of technology for which people interact. Many of these technologies depend upon and are utilized within an online context. However, as it pertains to online learning environments, many faculty struggle with developing and implementing opportunities that builds a sense of community for their learners. This chapter: 1) Discusses key factors that impact student engagement, 2) Addresses factors that facilitate continued engagement for diverse online learners, 3) Provides evidence-based practices for creating and sustaining online learner engagement, and 4) Offers real world suggestions from the online teaching experience of chapter's authors.
Common Scenario for an Efficient Use of Online Learning
Authors: Nuninger Walter
Published: December 2016

Training efficiency required for Higher Education (quality, accessibility, bigger groups with heterogeneous prior experience, funding, competition…) encourages providers to find new ways to facilitate access to knowledge and enhance skills. In this scope, the use of digital pedagogical devices has increased with innovative solutions; the ones based on an LMS to support a blended course or MOOCS design for self-education. This evolution has impacted teaching practices, learning and organizations leading to a new paradigm for trainers and a new business model to be found for online and distance learning. The innovation mostly relies on the use of learner-centered digital learning solutions in a comprehensive way for the commitment of more active and independent learners and their skills recognition. Based on a 3-year experiment (hybridized course for CVT) and continuous improvement in the WIL, a common scenario is proposed to address the issue for distance training.
Evaluation Methods for E-Learning Applications in Terms of User Satisfaction and Interface Usability
Authors: Harrati Nouzha , Bouchrika Imed , Mahfouf Zohra , Ladjailia Ammar
Published: December 2016

The use of online technology has become ubiquitous and integral part of our daily life from education to entertainment. Because of the ubiquity of e-learning and vital influence for engineering the educational process, it is no surprise that many research studies are conducted to explore different aspects covering the use of e-learning in higher education. The assessment and evaluation aspects are considered arguably the most influential part for measuring the success and effectiveness of e-learning experience. As more and more universities worldwide have opted to use online technology for their course delivery, research in e-learning systems have attracted considerable interest in order to apprehend how effective and usable e-learning systems in terms of principles related to human computer interaction.
Diaspora and Transnational Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ojo Sanya , Nwankwo Sonny
Published: December 2016

The dynamic development in the field of Diaspora and Transnational entrepreneurship reveals a wide range of challenges and perspectives. These intensely tense up ‘conventional wisdom', stretch knowledge frontiers, and simultaneously expose fundamental paradoxes in the characterization of ethnic minorities' diaspora and transnational groups in the context of their entrepreneurship. Prior efforts at researching and advancing knowledge in this sphere have been hugely complicated, not less by the problematic of nomenclature but by researchers' application of terms. Against this background, this chapter aims to expand current understandings on the dialectic, dilemma, and paradoxical signals emitted by the events of diaspora and transnational entrepreneurship's economic activities both theoretically and practically. The significance resides in its capacity to enlarge our understanding of the dynamic process of individual agency in cross-border entrepreneurial relations.
Examining the Impact of Symbolic Capital in Ethnic and Diaspora Entrepreneurship
Authors: Ojo Sanya
Published: December 2016

This chapter aims to advance a structure for understanding the dimensions in ethnic/diaspora entrepreneurship growth and development. Factors influencing the effective development and growth of ethnic enterprises are multidimensional; including capital, strategies, cultural and religious differences, economic situation, and the opportunity structures in the host country. The chapter employs divergent concepts to explain ethnic/immigrants' artefacts', acquired experience, and enterprise process to provide valuable insights to their businesses growth trajectories and susceptibility to failure crises. The paper logically progresses through series of theoretical arguments/supporting reasoning to develop an integrated model; theorizing that exogenous factors are critical drivers of diaspora entrepreneurs' economic growth and socio-political inclusiveness/embeddedness. The integrated model is situated in and developed by recognising patterns of relationships among constructs within and across fields and their underlying valid arguments.
Returnee Entrepreneurship and Occupational Health and Safety in Nigeria
Authors: Afolabi Juliana Funmilayo , Abereijo Isaac Oluwajoba
Published: December 2016

This exploratory paper focuses on the well-being of diaspora returnees seeking entrepreneurial opportunities in Nigeria, with an emphasis on health, safety and development. The paper is based, in part, on a review of literature on diaspora migrants' returnees' well-being. However, in the absence of large scale quantitative research, the report presents partial and anecdotal evidence on the well-being of specific groups of migrants in Nigeria that may not readily be generalized to the whole livelihood-seeking, cross-border migrant population in the SSA region. The paper concludes that returnee entrepreneurs should prepare to contribute meaningfully to controlling occupational health and safety in informal sector of Nigerian economy.
Transnational Entrepreneurs and Their Global Market Entry Modes
Authors: Ekanem Ignatius , Uwajeh Ndidi Juliana
Published: December 2016

This chapter presents an exploration into the market entry modes of transnational entrepreneurs. It focusses on the effects of knowledge acquisition and learning to the process. Specifically, it addresses the role of the transnational entrepreneur in acquiring knowledge that results in market entry. The empirical data consists of transnational entrepreneurs from three industries namely, food manufacturing, agriculture and information technology who are engaged in international activities. The research is qualitative using case study. The data collection tool is semi-structured interviews with the data analysed using thematic and content analysis. The findings suggest that transnational entrepreneurs adopt mostly the network or in some cases, the international new venture (born-global) market entry strategy rather than the stage by stage approach. They also reveal that transnational entrepreneurs adopt a self-learn approach that makes them more proactive with their knowledge acquisition resulting in market entry. The implications for the study are also discussed.
The Impact of Social Networks on “Born Globals”
Authors: Huang Qingan , Osabutey Ellis L. C. , Ji Junzhe , Meng Liying
Published: December 2016

This paper aims to explore the role and impact of entrepreneurs' social networks on the internationalisation of “Born Global” firms, in particular, its de-internationalisation process. The research is based on a case study approach and adopts a series of face to face and online qualitative longitudinal interviews. It provides some useful insights into the relationship management of “Born Global” entrepreneurs and unveils some negative impacts of social networks on the initiation of ‘de-internationalisation'. The study reveals the importance of online social networks, high-tech communications and contemporary management techniques for “Born Global” entrepreneurs.
The Migration History of Black Africans to Britain
Authors: Domboka Thomas
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the history of migration of black Africans into Britain and a backdrop for subsequent chapters. An understanding of the migration history of Black Africans is important as it helps us to understand the nature and extent of their entrepreneurial and transnational activity. The conveniently splits into three sections covering three phases or waves of migration covering the period between the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century. The chapter shows that the reasons and motivation of migration is different with each of the phases of migration. The first phase (1960s – 1970s) consisted of restrained migration from a few African countries namely Nigeria and Ghana and was driven by the desire to acquire education. The second phase (1980s – 1990s) consisted of limited migration from an increased number of countries and still driven by education and some limited refugees. The third phase (Mid 1990s onwards) consisted of unrestrained migration largely driven by economic reasons.
Migration and Alienation
Authors: Gürkan Hasan
Published: December 2016

This study aims to analyse how immigrants become estranged with each other and their own culture together with migration. The sampling of this study consists of film Nachtreise/Night Traveling, 2002 by Kenan Kiliç. This fictional 63 min.-film focuses on a social reality which is named as alienation. This film shows the immigrants' situation and hopelessness as distinct from the other films (by Umut Dag and Hüseyin Tabak). The film by Kenan Kiliç presents immigrants' alienation in their post-migration processes and emphasizes the phenomenon of not belonging to their own culture. The film departs from a binary opposition and makes a reference on one hand to people's alienation and their relations, and consequently to the power, center-periphery relations while referring to social problems such as immigration, moving up into a higher class, financial troubles and unemployment on the other hand. It is clearly from this research that as a result of migration, consumerism, technology and the culture generated by a new society, immigrants become estranged with each other and the society.
The EU's Internal Market and the Free Movement of Labor
Authors: Kaplan Zeynep
Published: December 2016

Free mobility of labor has been the core element of the European integration process. The aim of this chapter is to analyze the effects and challenges of the labor mobility within the EU. The analysis then focuses on the recent trends in labor mobility. Cross-border labor mobility remains low in the EU. The main reasons behind the low levels of labor mobility in the EU include linguistic and cultural reasons, as well as non-tariff barriers such as pension rules, recognition of professional qualification or social security differences. Removal of impediments to free mobility of labor and improvement of flexibility of the European labor markets will strengthen the EU's labor market integration.
The Determinants of Female Labor Force Participation
Authors: Demirhan Banu , Demirhan Erdal
Published: December 2016

The female labor participation is recently considered as one of the factors leading to economic development in developing countries by amplifying total labor force as qualitative and quantitative. In this study, the authors investigate the factors affecting female labor participation in developing countries, applying panel data model for 83 developing countries over the period of 1990-2014. Empirical results indicate that u-shaped and incompatibility hypotheses are valid in the developing countries. Additionally, improving education levels and increasing male participation in labor markets lead women to more participate in labor markets. These results show the importance of enhancing education level and therefore the policies towards providing it.
Youth Unemployment in Turkey
Authors: Susanlı Z. Bilgen
Published: December 2016

This book chapter describes the recent trends in youth unemployment in Turkey by taking into account the causes of unemployment, and the job search methods of the unemployed. Analyses reveal interesting insights. First, inactivity among youth remains high despite the steep decline in the NEET rate during the last decade. Across age groups and genders, females aged between 20 and 24 have the highest NEET rates. Second, there is a widening gender unemployment gap which underscores gender differences in access to jobs. Third, unemployment rates increase consistently with the level of education. Fourth, while temporary jobs coming to an end is the most common reason for unemployment reported by males, a substantial share of unemployed females is first-time jobs-seekers. As far as policymaking is concerned, education policies as well as timely and well-designed training and job assistance programs are essential for facilitating the youth's entry into stable employment.
Technology Adoption for Addressing Precarious Youth Employment Issue
Authors: Hassan Azizul
Published: December 2016

This study critically analyzes precarious youth employment in Bangladesh having a specific focus on her tourism industry. Traditionally, the tourism economy of Bangladesh is considered as promising. This research arguably identifies the tourism industry of Bangladesh encouraging conceptual precarious youth employment. From theoretical perspective, this chapter addresses the Theory of Scientific Management of Frederick Taylor (1911) and the Systems Theory of Dunlop (1958) in this context. This conceptual study understands precarious youth employment in the Bangladesh tourism and relates relevance of the two theories mentioned. Based on arguments, this study outlines the role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a latent option to minimize issues generated from precarious youth employment. An in-depth analysis offers policy suggestions for the betterment of youth employment in the Bangladesh tourism industry.
The Puzzle on Unemployment Factors and the Welfare State Role in Greece
Authors: Kyridis Argyris , Pavlis Korres Maria , Tourtouras Christos Dimitrios , Fotopoulos Nikos , Zagkos Christos
Published: December 2016

In an era of major technological, digital and scientific achievement, in the modern post-industrial globalized society of great contradictions, problems and conflicts, the unemployment phenomenon, which affects young people to a greater extent, is exacerbated. Greece is the country that was affected more than any other country in southern Europe by the multiple effects of the economic crisis, which among others catapulted youth unemployment to unprecedented levels. This chapter presents a research on views and attitudes analysis of male and female students of higher education in Greece towards unemployment as a social phenomenon, towards stereotypical attitudes on unemployment, as well as towards the ways and forms of the research phenomenon configuration. Subsequently, this research attempts to record, analyze and interpret the students' views and attitudes towards the Greek welfare state, thoroughly studying the correlations of all the above data.
Global Trends in the Construction Industry
Authors: Sertyeşilışık Begüm
Published: December 2016

Construction industry is a labor-intensive industry contributing to the employment rate of the countries. The state of the country's economy and its construction industry are interdependent. An increase in the unemployment rate in the construction industry can have adverse impacts on the country's economy. Local markets are not local anymore. Even in the domestic markets, there is international competition due to the globalization. For this reason, global changes and new trends as challenges of employment in the construction industry need to be carefully analyzed due to their potential impacts on the employment rate and on the labor profile. This chapter covers construction industry's contribution to the employment rate of the countries; global trends as challenges of employment in the construction industry and as factors influencing professionals' skills needed in the construction industry; ways of adapting the construction workforce and professionals to the global trends in the construction industry.
Major Macroeconomic Dynamics for Labor Market in Turkey
Authors: Karabacak Mustafa , Meçik Oytun
Published: December 2016

The relationship among inflation, unemployment, and economic growth can be treated as a trade-off in general. When the economy is in recession, inflationary pressures are expected to decrease while unemployment is increasing. On the contrary, a decrease is expected while inflationary pressures are rising. Thus the relation between these twin macroeconomic variables and their relation to economic growth are a focal point for developing countries. The aim of this study is analyzing the relationship among unemployment, inflation, and economic growth in Turkey by alternative methods. Thus the causality among these variables is tested with modified Wald statistic developed by Toda-Yamamoto. Findings obtained from causality test will provide policy recommendations for Turkish economy on a macroeconomic level.
Trade Openness and Unemployment in Transition Economies
Authors: Kılıç Esin , Kutlu Erol
Published: December 2016

Liberalization of foreign trade and foreign exchange regimes of the countries in transition from planned economies to liberal economies, which are called transition economies in the literature, constitutes one of the crucial pillars of the process. The effect of foreign trade liberalization process on the workforce markets, however, has been a matter of ongoing dispute in the literature. For this reason, the long-term relationship between trade openness and unemployment in 17 transition economies between years 1998-2014 is researched in this study, using dynamic heterogeneous panel data analysis methods. As a result of the econometrical analysis, it has been found that there is a significant relationship between trade openness and the rate of unemployment and that trade openness has a reducing effect on unemployment.
The Labor Market Effects of Immigration
Authors: İnanç-Tunçer Özlem
Published: December 2016

This chapter discusses the effects of immigration on the labor market of receiving countries, focusing on employment. The effect of immigration on the welfare of native population is an important issue in public debate. The common perception is, at least in the short run, because of immigration, unemployment rates would increase in the host countries, or that immigrants would depress wages of native workers. However, these perceptions do not find confirmation in the previous research on this literature. According to Jean and Jimenez (2011), the evidence is, at best, mixed. Although the magnitude of the impact depends on time and space, in general, results of the previous literature indicate that immigration has only very small or no effect on employment and wages of resident workers. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of immigration-labor market relation for different countries and time intervals with some significant policy implications with regards to state officials.
Systems Approach as a Creative Driving Force for a Tourism Destination
Authors: Jere-Jakulin Tadeja
Published: December 2016

This chapter introduces the systems approach as a creative driving force for a tourism destination. The approach encompasses methods of systems thinking and system dynamics that broaden horizons, search for synergy and involve decision makers in a tourism destination. As a complex system, a tourism destination needs an optimal approach to balancing its activities in tourism markets and solve problems, which occur because of the complexity. The chapter per author presents complex systems in general, the complexity of tourism destination, models of simulation methodology determination with participants' involvement and group decision-making support. On the basis of systems simulation methodology a causal loop diagram of dependence among environment attractiveness, a number of tourists and infrastructure investments are created. The chapter states that the main strength of system dynamics modelling lies in considering feedback loops, which are the answers to the behaviour of the system in the environment today and in the future.
Creativity as a Tool of Tourism Development
Authors: Kiráľová Alžbeta
Published: December 2016

This chapter shows how creativity is bounded with tourism development in the destination. It points out the influence of changes in visitors´ behavior on the destinations, defines creativity, and discusses the relation of culture and creativity in tourism. The chapter focuses on the relation between creativity and development of tourism in the Czech Republic´s regions in the pre-crisis, crisis and after-crisis period. The destinations were subjects to research using two multivariate methods i.e. canonical correlation analysis (CCA) and partial least squares (PLS). The chapter also makes suggestions for future studies.
Policies and Skills for Creative Tourism in Emerging Destinations of the Adriatic
Authors: Messina Salvatore Giuseppe Maria , Gega Blerina Korreshi , Pulido-Fernández Juan Ignacio
Published: December 2016

In a sector area with high transformation capacity, the tourist experience assumes a central position in the choice of a destination and planning of the holiday. To meet the changing expectations of tourists, specific skills have to be acquired in order to make the relationship between tourist demand and offer more transparent. This is the challenge that must accept each destination that intends to be remembered in a positive way. This research analyzes three destinations of the Adriatic sea, in the Mediterranean, Istria in Croatia, Apulia in Italy and Albania; on the basis of experiences in the field, they identify policies, actions, and propose investments that should be made in the field of human resources suggesting the respective training methods to design and make available a more suitable service to the tourist's expectations, focusing on conveying good practices and on the not always pleasing experience of the so-called “classic” destinations of the international tourism.
Driving Tourism Through Sport Event in the Lipno Region
Authors: Studnička Petr , Attl Pavel
Published: December 2016

Olympic Games have already been the top worldwide followed sporting event for 120 years. Until recently the Olympic Games were in terms of tourism associated exclusively with visitors' passive follow up. That status started to change with the emergence of an entirely new phenomenon called the Olympic parks. Based on this phenomenon is a research focusing on establishing an Olympic Park 2016 in Lipno nad Vltavou, Czech Republic. Part of the research was to analyze the impact of the Olympic Park it had on the region and the authors evaluated both positive and negative effects. The result of this research was to determine the main impacts of the Olympic Park on the destination, in the short and long terms. The authors concluded that the construction of the Olympic Park was a major impulse for the development of tourism in the area.
Using Social Networks to Create and Share Experiences in Creative Tourism
Authors: Štefko Róbert , Mudrík Martin
Published: December 2016

The presented chapter deals with creative tourismwhich is often considered marginal, however is a form of tourism with the great potential for future growth. The Slovak Republic has, thanks to the historical context, all necessary preconditions to exploit this potential. There is a large number of customs and traditions, which can be attractive to visitors by their nature, historical or cultural-religious value. There is also a big potential to create new experiences, spirituality, singing, dancing in customs and traditions. Religious and pilgrimage sites are also sites where visitors can experience strong emotions. Sharing these experiences on social networks is quite frequent during the last decades. This chapter therefore deals with the legal possibilities of sharing these experiences by using social networks that represent a powerful marketing communication tool.
Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability, and Sustainable Tourism
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: December 2016

This chapter reveals the overview of sustainability; the overview of environmental sustainability; environmental sustainability and climate change; environmental sustainability, water resources, and energy consumption; and the overview of sustainable tourism. Sustainability is the important issue that attempts to bridge social science with civic engineering and environmental science with the technology of the future. Environmental sustainability is important because it ensures people have water and resources, and adopting its practices protects the environment and human health. Sustainable tourism is a growing segment of the global tourism industry that makes the positive contributions to the environmental, socio-cultural, and economic well-being of destinations and local communities around the world. Sustainability, environmental sustainability, and sustainable tourism are rooted in three issues that are considerably linked to fossil fuel depletion, climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions, and the increasing costs of energy and water.
Analysis Rise of Franchises
Authors: Vargas-Hernández José G. , Villegas Cinthia Zuleima Pavón
Published: December 2016

Franchising is a business system, which is booming. That is why the focus of this research focuses on the causes that have contributed to the growing importance of this system as a mechanism of expansion or a business venture. An analysis was made, based on the Agency Theory, the Theory of Transaction Costs and the Theory of Property Rights to explain the phenomenon, as well as description about what the system entails and what has led to be regarded as a safe and a successful investment form, retaking key aspects based on previous research.
Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Recession Recovery
Authors: Dey Debasri
Published: December 2016

The challenges presented by recent changes in the business environment have sharpened the focus on the need for robust approaches to supply chain improvement. For most companies around the world, resources have been reduced, inventory drained, technology spending curtailed, and core processes scaled back in order to adjust to the current reality of reduced demand. So, this paper mainly concentrates on giving some tips based on recession recovery strategies. Firstly, this paper discussed the supply chain management trends in and up to 2015, then general concept of recession and the relation between recession and supply chain management system, then some fatal mistakes of recession recovery according to the supply chain experts and recession and recovery related literature reviews are summarized to identify ultimately the recession recovery strategies for the manufacturer. The paper ended with some supply chain management related predictions, tips for reducing supply chain barriers. Moreover, a brief section of this paper also here highlights the supply-chain infrastructure helpful for recession recovery that is one of the important factors for the reason of cost-reduction, resource planning and maintenance etc. in today's supply chain management and related environment.
Sustainability of Foreign Trade Deficit in Energy
Authors: Tiftikçigil Burcu Yavuz , Yaşgül Yaşar Serhat , Güriş Burak
Published: December 2016

The sustainability of foreign trade deficit in energy becomes even more important for those countries that do not have sufficient energy resources and that have to import energy. As long as the countries' dependency on imported energy resources continues, the size of the foreign trade deficit in energy will have a direct impact on the sustainability of the current accounts deficit. Although there are numerous studies that examine empirically the countries' current accounts deficit and the sustainability of foreign trade deficit in literature through different unit root tests, no studies have been found that examine the sustainability of foreign trade deficit in energy. For this reason, the sustainability of foreign trade deficit in energy in Turkey between 1969-2013 was examined using the linear and non-linear unit root tests. The findings showed that Turkey's foreign trade deficit in energy is not sustainable. Having obtained such an outcome based on empirical findings is of paramount importance with respect to Turkey's long term growth and security projections.
Sustainability and Future Generation Infrastructure on Digital Platform
Authors: Kumar Anil , Dash Manoj Kumar
Published: December 2016

Sustainability of an organization depends of many factors but in the case of digital platform understanding Generation Y properly is one of them because they are responsible for future generation infrastructure. To understand the behavior of Generation Y and their confused behavior can play very important role for any organization sustainability. There are number of sources available for information to Generation Y (i.e. Social Networking sites, E-mails, and Search Engine Optimization etc.) because of that they feel confused and overloaded. Therefore, the objective of this chapter is to identify the factors which are playing role to make Generation Y feel confused and also identify the reasons that how we can overcome their confusion so that trust of Generation Y and their retention can increase. To achieve the objectives of this study, data has been collected from Generation Y through structured questionnaire. Factor Analysis (FA) and Discriminant Analysis (DA) have been employed. The output of the study not only can help the service provider to understand Generation Y.
Benefit of One Baja Fertilizer for Attaining Agricultural Sustainability among Malaysian Paddy Farmers
Authors: Adnan Nadia , Nordin Shahrina Md , Redza Ammar
Published: December 2016

Green technology is the means of improving towards the rising environmental concern. An implication of One BAJA fertilizer is the need for the modern development in agricultural industry. The main objective of this study was to identify the marketing strategies on One BAJA fertilizer among Malaysian Paddy farmers. Based on B2B market segmentation, or in other words industrial market segmentation, for the One Baja Fertilizer of Commerce in Malaysia. One Baja Fertilizer markets in Malaysia operations cover the need of green fertilizer among Malaysia paddy farmers. The study is considered to be a pretty reliable source of information for One Baja Fertilizer among Malaysian paddy farmers. A continuous collection of information is required for completing the market strength and weakness. One Baja Fertilizer operations were concluded to be pretty successful, though a few services should be terminated for not being profitable and improvements in the organization's operations and structure should be realized in order to better cover all market segments present at One Baja Fertilizer.
Working Capital Optimization for R&D Activities in SMEs for Indian Suppliers
Authors: Kumar Manoj
Published: December 2016

In recent years, numerous scholars have highlighted how working capital optimization to investments in intangible capital might have a significant impact upon the pace of technological change, particularly for economies characterized by a distribution of supplier size heavily skewed towards small and medium enterprises. In this paper, we investigate the issue of working capital optimization to innovation in SMEs in India with respect to the future changes in the banking system. Our empirical analysis is twofold: first, we implement a probit model in order to observe if the indicators of R&D intensity still exert some significant impact on the probability of being denied (or not) additional credit. After deriving these results, which in general suggest a weak effect of the variables accounting for R&D intensity on the probability of a supplier declaring the need of additional financial resources, we perform a simulation on the potential impacts of the adoption of the capital requirements by Indian banks on lending conditions to small and medium enterprises innovation.
Transitions toward Sustainability in the Livestock Business
Authors: Escribano Alfredo J.
Published: December 2016

Transitions toward sustainability are increasingly important in the agricultural sector, and particularly for the livestock sector located in disfavored areas, due to the growing demand for protein of animal origin, and the need to reduce the environmental impact of this sector. The present study reviews the main factors playing a role in its sustainability from land to fork, and reviews relationships between competitiveness and sustainability. The study proposes recommendations for sustainable and successful transitions, and two new concepts for development: “sustainable competitiveness” and “sustainable specialization”, exemplified by the case of a Spanish disfavored area.
The Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan
Authors: Ghosh Arindam
Published: December 2016

Keeping in view the vision “to become an integral part of the financial system and participate in the nation building'', the Royal Securities Exchange of Bhutan (RSEB) was established in August, 1993 as the only stock exchange in the small and beautiful country of Bhutan. Initially RSEB was set up under the control of Royal Monetary Authority (RMA), the central monetary authority of the country, but in 1996, it was delinked as an autonomous body. Since 1993, the exchange has registered a growth as far as number of listed companies, market capitalization and numbers of shareholders are concerned. But during a journey of twenty years, whether the growth ratio registered is satisfactory or not, is a cause of real concern. This paper aims to highlight the trend of growth in the performance of the stock exchange for the past decade from different angles. The paper also aims to critically emphasize in measuring the performance of RSEB to be able to popularize stock investment as an investment tool for personal finance. The contribution of capital formation into GDP of the country also will be analyzed. The paper will utilize both primary and secondary data to be collected through questionnaire and available on different Government publications, Journals, Reports and websites.