bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethink, reframe and reinvent: serving in the twenty-first century
Authors: Bourgon Jocelyne
Published: July 2017

In 2006 I had the honour of giving the Fifth Braibant Lecture for the International Institute of Administrative Sciences. That discussion identified a need to rethink public administration. In reality, this is only a small part of the rethinking needed to prepare government and society for the challenges of the twenty-first century. There is a need to rethink the architecture and functioning of the social, economic and political state; for instance, to critically examine the assumption that innovation, productivity, employment and income growth work synergistically together. A clear-eyed diagnostic of the benefits of global trade and the costs of local dislocation is long overdue if government is to mitigate its impact for the most vulnerable in society and alleviate public fears about the future. There is also a need to articulate in contemporary terms what conditions contribute to the governance of open, pluralistic and democratic societies. Responding to challenging emerging trends will require reconciling in new ways individual interests with ambitious collective aspirations, rediscovering the irreplaceable contribution of the state and articulating a concept of that state adapted to serving in the twenty-first century. This is neither an overbearing nor a minimalist state but one with sufficient confidence in its role to serve the collective interest. This article is an invitation to rethink the modern state, reframe our expectations for a well-performing society and economy, and reinvent in contemporary terms what it means to be part of a modern, liberal, pluralistic and democratic society.
Glycosylation of DMP1 Is Essential for Chondrogenesis of Condylar Cartilage
Authors: Weng Y. , Liu Y. , Du H. , Li L. , Jing B. , Zhang Q. , Wang X. , Wang Z. , Sun Y.
Published: July 2017

The mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) shoulders force for the subchondral bone during mastication. The cartilage matrix contains various large molecules, such as type I, II, and X collagens and proteoglycans (PGs), which jointly play essential roles in maintaining cartilage characteristics. PGs play key roles in maintaining the elasticity of cartilage and providing a cushion against mastication forces. In addition to the well-known PGs, DMP1-PG, which is the PG form of dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), is a newly identified PG. DMP1 is proteolytically processed in vivo, and the N-terminus is glycosylated into its PG form—that is, DMP1-PG, which is highly expressed not only in tooth and bone but also in the matrix of the MCC. However, the specific functions of DMP1-PG in the MCC remain unclear. In human temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis and hyperocclusion model rat specimens, PGs are significantly downregulated, and DMP1-PG is the most prominently affected PG. To further investigate the role of DMP1-PG in condylar chondrogenesis, a glycosylation site mutant (S89-G89) mouse model was established with knock-in methods. In the MCC of the S89G-DMP1 mice, the glycosylation level of DMP1 was significantly downregulated, and a series of abnormal developmental and pathologic changes could be observed. The morphologic changes included thinner cartilage layers, deformations of the MCC, and disordered arrangements of the chondrocytes, and an earlier onset of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis–like changes was observed. In addition, markers of chondrogenesis were downregulated, and the matrix of the MCC displayed OA phenotypes in the S89G-DMP1 mice. Further investigations showed that the transforming growth factor β signaling molecules were affected in the MCC after the loss of DMP1-PG. In addition, the loss of DMP1-PG significantly accelerated the progression of cartilage injuries in the hyperocclusion models. Given these findings, we investigated the significant role of DMP1-PG in the chondrogenesis and maintenance of MCC.
Laparoscopic early pregnancy diagnosis in the laboratory rat
Authors: Ypsilantis Petros , Somalou Paraskevi , Panidou Eleni , Simopoulos Constantinos
Published: July 2017

Timely and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy in the laboratory rat is an invaluable endpoint in embryological and reproductive toxicology studies. The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility, sensitivity, accuracy and safety of laparoscopic examination of the uterus for detecting pregnancy at an early stage, and defining the number of fetuses in surviving rat models. Female Wistar rats were subjected to a two-port laparoscopic examination of their uterus from day 6 to day 10 post-coitum (pc). Mean recovery time from anesthesia was 148 ± 66 s. A postoperative 4.0 ± 1.8% body weight loss was restored in 3.9 ± 1.3 days. Uterine bulges suggestive of underlying embryonic vesicles could be detected by day 7 pc with a 0% false-negative diagnosis. Comparison of the number of laparoscopically defined uterine bulges (fetal counts) with litter size revealed a 0% underestimation rate of fetal counts, and a 42.9–87.5% overestimation rate from day 7 to day 10 pc. In conclusion, the present study introduced the laparoscopic examination of the uterus and showed it to be a feasible, reliable and safe method of early pregnancy diagnosis in the laboratory rat by day 7 pc.
Quantitative Easing and the Independence of the Bank of England
Authors: Allen William A.
Published: July 2017

This paper argues that the Bank of England's independence in monetary policy has been compromised as a result of quantitative easing (QE) and makes practical suggestions for restoring it as far as possible, by transferring the gilts that the Bank has bought to the Debt Management Office of the Treasury and thereby shrinking the Bank's balance sheet. The paper discusses the problems that will arise when QE is unwound and suggests that they would be less intractable if the unwinding were managed by the Debt Management Office.
Muslim women’s evolving leadership roles: A case study of women leaders in an immigrant Muslim community in post-9/11 America
Authors: Wang Yuting
Published: July 2017

Based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork in a multi-ethnic immigrant Muslim congregation in a Midwestern city in the United States, this article scrutinizes the intricate process through which women use traditional gender roles and expectations to legitimate and operationalize women’s leadership. This study found that de facto congregationalism has made it possible for Muslim women to translate their ‘traditional’ responsibilities for food preparation and socializing children into greater visibility and voice in both the mosque and broader society. This study provides an in-depth examination of the nuanced processes of women’s empowerment in American Muslim congregations.
Electromagnetic properties of three-dimensional woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composite
Authors: Fan Wei , Li Dan-dan , Li Jia-lu , Li Juan-zi , Yuan Lin-jia , Xue Li-li , Sun Run-jun , Meng Jia-guang
Published: July 2017

To investigate the reinforcement architectures effect on the electromagnetic wave properties of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, three-dimensional (3D) interlock woven fabric/epoxy composites, 3D interlock woven fabric with stuffer warp/epoxy composites, and 3D orthogonal woven fabric/epoxy composites were studied by the free-space measurement system. The results showed that the three types of 3D woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composites had a slight difference in electromagnetic wave properties and the absorption was their dominant radar absorption mechanism. The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of the three types of composites were more than 90% (below −10 dB) over the 11.2–18 GHz bandwidth, and more than 60% (below −4 dB) over the 8–12 GHz bandwidth. Compared with unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastics, the three kinds of 3D woven carbon fiber fabric/epoxy composites exhibited better electromagnetic wave absorption properties over a broadband frequency range of 8–18 GHz. Therefore, the three kinds of 3D woven composite are expected to be used as radar absorption structures due to their excellent mechanical properties and outstanding absorption capacity. The total electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of the three types of 3D carbon fiber woven composites are all larger than 46 dB over the 8–12 GHz bandwidth, which is evidence that the three types of 3D carbon fiber woven composites can be used as excellent shielding materials for electromagnetic interference.
Defending metropolitan identity through colonial politics: The role of Portuguese naturalists (1870–91)
Authors: Gamito-Marques Daniel
Published: July 2017

This paper explores how João de Andrade Corvo and José Vicente Barbosa du Bocage, two nineteenth-century Portuguese naturalists, were able to reach prominent political positions in their country by means of their work in, respectively, botany and agriculture, and zoology. The authority they derived from their scientific activities and the knowledge they acquired in the process, favored by their proximity to particular political quarters, elevated them to important governmental offices, in the context of which they implemented policies that reinforced Portugal’s identity as an imperial nation. The colonial policies and agreements signed by Corvo and Bocage aimed at securing Portuguese colonial territories, which, aside from their economic relevance, constituted a symbol of power that reinforced the sovereignty of a small nation in a Europe dominated by the rule of increasingly vaster and stronger states. In spite of their different scientific careers and personal interests, both naturalists played key roles in Portuguese foreign affairs and colonial negotiations of the late nineteenth century, especially during the Scramble for Africa.
Future Making and Visual Artefacts: An Ethnographic Study of a Design Project
Authors: Comi Alice , Whyte Jennifer
Published: July 2017

Current research on strategizing and organizing has explored how practitioners make sense of an uncertain future, but provides limited explanations of how they actually make a realizable course of action for the future. A focus on making rather than sensemaking brings into view the visual artefacts that practitioners use in giving form to what is ‘not yet’ – drawings, models and sketches. We explore how visual artefacts are used in making a realizable course of action, by analysing ethnographic data from an architectural studio designing a development strategy for their client. We document how visual artefacts become enrolled in practices of imagining, testing, stabilizing and reifying, through which abstract imaginings of the future are turned into a realizable course of action. We then elaborate on higher-order findings that are generalizable to a wide range of organizational settings, and discuss their implications for future research in strategizing and organizing. This paper contributes in two ways: first, it offers future making as an alternative perspective on how practitioners orient themselves towards the future (different from current perspectives such as foreseeing, future perfect thinking and wayfinding). Second, it advances our understanding of visual artefacts and their performativity in the making of organizational futures.
The Roles of Networks in Institutionalizing New Hybrid Organizational Forms: Insights from the European Renewable Energy Cooperative Network
Authors: Huybrechts Benjamin , Haugh Helen
Published: July 2017

Hybrid organizational forms combine values and practices from different institutional domains, rendering them difficult to fit neatly into the structures of extant organizational forms. Since the work required to institutionalize a new hybrid organizational form may be beyond the resources and capabilities of individual organizations acting alone, we shift the focus to inter-organizational collective action. Using empirical data from a study of a European network of renewable energy cooperatives, we find that, in order to institutionalize the new hybrid organizational form, the network can contribute to overcome the legitimacy challenges inherent in organizational hybridity. In particular, the network builds field-level receptivity to institutional pluralism, collectively codifies the hybrid organizational form, and consolidates legitimation towards plural field-level audiences. In order to perform these institutionalization roles, the network itself becomes increasingly formalized and mobilizes mediating functions involving different types of resources, legitimacy and target audiences. The research advances knowledge of hybrid organizational forms and their collective institutionalization through inter-organizational networks.
Transit time homogenization in ischemic stroke – A novel biomarker of penumbral microvascular failure?
Authors: Engedal Thorbjørn S , Hjort Niels , Hougaard Kristina D , Simonsen Claus Z , Andersen Grethe , Mikkelsen Irene Klærke , Boldsen Jens K , Eskildsen Simon F , Hansen Mikkel B , Angleys Hugo , Jespersen Sune N , Pedraza Salvador , Cho Tae H , Serena Joaquín , Siemonsen Susanne , Thomalla Götz , Nighoghossian Norbert , Fiehler Jens , Mouridsen Kim , Østergaard Leif
Published: July 2017

Cerebral ischemia causes widespread capillary no-flow in animal studies. The extent of microvascular impairment in human stroke, however, is unclear. We examined how acute intra-voxel transit time characteristics and subsequent recanalization affect tissue outcome on follow-up MRI in a historic cohort of 126 acute ischemic stroke patients. Based on perfusion-weighted MRI data, we characterized voxel-wise transit times in terms of their mean transit time (MTT), standard deviation (capillary transit time heterogeneity – CTH), and the CTH:MTT ratio (relative transit time heterogeneity), which is expected to remain constant during changes in perfusion pressure in a microvasculature consisting of passive, compliant vessels. To aid data interpretation, we also developed a computational model that relates graded microvascular failure to changes in these parameters. In perfusion–diffusion mismatch tissue, prolonged mean transit time (>5 seconds) and very low cerebral blood flow (≤6 mL/100 mL/min) was associated with high risk of infarction, largely independent of recanalization status. In the remaining mismatch region, low relative transit time heterogeneity predicted subsequent infarction if recanalization was not achieved. Our model suggested that transit time homogenization represents capillary no-flow. Consistent with this notion, low relative transit time heterogeneity values were associated with lower cerebral blood volume. We speculate that low RTH may represent a novel biomarker of penumbral microvascular failure.
Effects of aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L. roots on serum lipid metabolism
Authors: Hou Bo , Wang Wencheng , Gao Hui , Cai Shanglang , Wang Chunbo
Published: July 2017

Objective

To identify potential genes that may be involved in lipid metabolism in rats after treatment with aqueous extract of Arctium lappa L (burdock).

Methods

Rats were randomly divided into six groups: (i) control (standard diet); (ii) model group (high-fat diet only); (iii) high-fat diet and low-dose aqueous burdock root extract (2 g/kg); (iv) high-fat diet and moderate-dose aqueous burdock root extract (4 g/kg); (v) high-fat diet and high-dose aqueous burdock root extract (8 g/kg); and (vi) a positive control group exposed to a high-fat diet and simvastatin (10 mg/kg). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis was performed to find the potential candidate genes involved in the modulation of blood lipids by treatment with aqueous burdock root extract.

Results

Burdock root extract reduced body weight and cholesterol levels in rats. KEGG analysis revealed 113 genes that were involved in metabolic pathways. Of these, 27 potential genes associated with blood lipid metabolism were identified.

Conclusions

Aqueous extract of burdock root reduced body weight and cholesterol in rats, possibly by modulating the differential expression of genes.
One-year clinical outcomes of patients implanted with a Resolute Onyx™ zotarolimus-eluting stent
Authors: Tam Chor Cheung , Chan Kelvin , Lam Simon , Yung Arthur , Lam Yui Ming , Chan Carmen , Siu David , Tse Hung Fat
Published: July 2017

Objective

To evaluate the 1-year clinical outcomes of patients who received the Resolute Onyx™ stent.

Methods

This was a single-centre, retrospective registry analysis that reviewed the clinical data from all patients who were implanted with a Resolute Onyx™ stent between March 2015 and February 2016. Clinical follow-up was performed at 1 year post-implantation.

Results

A total of 252 patients received a Resolute Onyx™ stent and two patients were lost to follow-up. The mean age of the cohort was 66.9 years and 113 (45.2%) had diabetes mellitus. Thirty-eight patients (15.2%) had left main disease and 73 (29.2%) had three-vessel disease. A total of 175 patients (70.0%) had small vessel disease (<2.75 mm) and 210 (84.0%) had long lesions (>20 mm). The 1-year target lesion failure was 4.4% (11 of 250), cardiovascular death occurred in eight patients (3.2%), ischaemia-driven target lesion revascularization was undertaken in five patients (2.0%) and stent thrombosis occurred in one patient (0.4%).

Conclusion

The Resolute Onyx™ stent showed a favourable 1-year clinical performance in a real-world population.
Utilization and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine from an observational study in Europe
Authors: Matharu Manjit , Pascual Julio , Nilsson Remahl Ingela , Straube Andreas , Lum Arlene , Davar Gudarz , Odom Dawn , Bennett Lee , Proctor Christina , Gutierrez Lia , Andrews Elizabeth , Johannes Catherine
Published: July 2017

Objective

To examine treatment utilization patterns and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA for the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine in routine clinical practice.

Background

Clinical trials support onabotulinumtoxinA for the prophylaxis of headache in patients with chronic migraine, but real-world data are limited.

Design/methods

A prospective, observational, post-authorization study in adult patients with chronic migraine treated with onabotulinumtoxinA. Data were collected at the first study injection and approximately every three months for ≤52 weeks for utilization and ≤64 weeks for safety data, and summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results

Eighty-five physicians (81% neurologists) at 58 practices in the United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, and Sweden participated and recruited 1160 patients (84.2% female, median age 46.6 years). At baseline, 85.8% of patients had physician diagnoses of chronic migraine/transformed migraine and reported an average of 11.3 (SD = 6.9) severe headache days per 28 days; 50.6% had previously used onabotulinumtoxinA for chronic migraine. A total of 4017 study treatments were observed. The median number of injection sites (n = 31) and total dose (155 U) were consistent across all treatment sessions, with a median 13.7 weeks observed between sessions. At least one treatment-related adverse event was reported by 291 patients (25.1%); the most frequently reported treatment-related adverse event was neck pain (4.4%). Most patients (74.4%) were satisfied/extremely satisfied with onabotulinumtoxinA treatment.

Conclusions

Patient demographics/characteristics are consistent with published data on the chronic migraine population. Utilization of onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for chronic migraine appears to be consistent with the Summary of Product Characteristics and published PREEMPT injection paradigm. No new safety signals were identified.
Development of a Nursing Sports Bra for Physically Active Breastfeeding Women Through User-Centered Design
Authors: Morris Kristen , Park Juyeon , Sarkar Ajoy
Published: July 2017

Postpartum women who wish to engage in physical activity and breastfeed their children are at greater risk for breast soreness due to increased breast volume and sensitivity associated with breastfeeding. An apparel product that supports both good breastfeeding practices and physical activity has the potential to improve the health of both mother and child. The purpose of this research was to understand the design requirements of physically active breastfeeding women for a sports bra design. The researchers applied user-centered methods to develop a nursing sports bra prototype based on data from a focus group. The researchers created a two-layer bra concept to improve breast support and provide the convenience of nursing. Through wear trials, participants found the prototype to be successful in providing breast support with the added advantage of being able to nurse a child, resulting in a novel bra concept that addresses many needs of active breastfeeding women.
Post-yield fracture correlations to morphological and micromechanical response of poly(ε-caprolactone)-based biocomposites
Authors: Achla  , Maiti Saurindra Nath , Jacob Josemon
Published: July 2017

The present work investigates the effect of jack wood flour (JWF) content on the fracture toughness, tensile, impact, and morphological behavior of the prepared green biocomposites. From 0 to 35 wt% (volume fraction ( Φf) = 0–0.34) of JWF was incorporated as a reinforcing biodegradable filler into poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) matrix by melt compounding in a twin screw extruder. The tensile modulus increases by 80.48% at the highest Φf = 0.34, though marginal increment (13.71%) in the yield strength was registered. A sharp reduction in notched Izod impact strength (85%) was observed with increasing JWF content. The fracture toughness of the prepared biocomposites based on post-yield fracture mechanics concept was investigated by essential work of fracture (EWF) methodology. Incorporation of JWF into PCL matrix diminishes the EWF ( we), while increasing the non-essential work of fracture ( βwp). In the biocomposites, principally two mechanisms governed the fracture deformation. Large JWF particles act as stress concentration points and favor the crack initiation, while the smaller particles favor fibrillation which arrests the crack propagation enhancing the parameter βwp at lower concentration of JWF. Freeze-fractured surfaces show a degree of phase adhesion at lower Φf of JWF. The phase adhesion parameter obtained from micromechanical analysis of tensile properties suggesting the mechanical interlocking and interaction between PCL and JWF.
Shrinking lung syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus: a single-centre experience
Authors: Deeb M , Tselios K , Gladman DD , Su J , Urowitz MB
Published: July 2017

Introduction

Shrinking lung syndrome (SLS) is a rare manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), characterized by decreased lung volumes and extra-pulmonary restriction. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of SLS in our lupus cohort with emphasis on prevalence, presentation, treatment and outcomes.

Patients and methods

Patients attending the Toronto Lupus Clinic since 1980 ( n = 1439) and who had pulmonary function tests (PFTs) performed during follow-up were enrolled ( n = 278). PFT records were reviewed to characterize the pattern of pulmonary disease. SLS definition was based on a restrictive ventilatory defect with normal or slightly reduced corrected diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) in the presence of suggestive clinical (dyspnea, chest pain) and radiological (elevated diaphragm) manifestations. Data on clinical symptoms, functional abnormalities, imaging, treatment and outcomes were extracted in a dedicated data retrieval form.

Results

Twenty-two patients (20 females) were identified with SLS for a prevalence of 1.53%. Their mean age was 29.5 ± 13.3 years at SLE and 35.7 ± 14.6 years at SLS diagnosis. Main clinical manifestations included dyspnea (21/22, 95.5%) and pleuritic chest pain (20/22, 90.9%). PFTs were available in 20 patients; 16 (80%) had decreased maximal inspiratory (MIP) and/or expiratory pressure (MEP). Elevated hemidiaphragm was demonstrated in 12 patients (60%). Treatment with prednisone and/or immunosuppressives led to clinical improvement in 19/20 cases (95%), while spirometrical improvement was observed in 14/16 patients and was mostly partial.

Conclusions

SLS prevalence in SLE was 1.53%. Treatment with glucocorticosteroids and immunosuppressives was generally effective. However, a chronic restrictive ventilatory defect usually persisted.
A neuro-computational model of sequence learning in macaques: the Simultaneous Chaining Paradigm
Authors: Gasser Brad , Arbib Michael A
Published: July 2017

We present a novel model, SCP1, of monkey sequence learning that takes the processes of stimulus recognition and motor planning seriously in addressing a robust dataset on list learning obtained through the Simultaneous Chaining Paradigm (SCP). Strikingly, SCP violates stimulus-response (S-R) mappings in that after several different lists are learned, monkeys are able to conserve this learning on a new list which is “conserved” in the sense that the jth element is specified as the jth element of any one of the previously learned lists. We demonstrate list acquisition as a result of multiple concurrent learning processes that together contribute to competent performance. In addition to reproducing behavioral results, we offer observations linking the work to macaque neurophysiology.
Energy Balance–Related Behavior and Anthropometric Measures Among Adolescents Across Three Educational Levels: A Cross-Sectional Study in Dutch Schools
Authors: Ridder Monica A. M. , Koning Maaike , Visscher Tommy L. S. , Hirasing Remy A. , Seidell Jacob C. , Renders Carry M.
Published: July 2017

Energy balance–related behavior on schooldays and beliefs about school-based interventions may differ between students in different educational levels, sexes, and BMI (body mass index) categories. In Zwolle (the Netherlands), 1,084 adolescents (13-15 years) at 9 secondary schools completed a questionnaire. Overweight prevalence (boys 18.1%, girls 19.3%) increased with decreasing educational level, especially in boys. Girls reported healthier behavior than boys regarding daily consumption of fruit (35% vs. 29%), vegetables (58% vs. 48%), ≤1 snack/candy (36% vs. 26%), ≤3 glasses of sugared drinks (80% vs. 73%; all p < .05). Unhealthier dietary behaviors were associated with lower educational level, except for eating sugary and savory snacks. Snacks and sugared drinks consumed at school were mostly brought from home (61.6% and 68.5%, respectively). Overweight students reported less frequent consumption of daily breakfast, snacks, and sugared drinks than nonoverweight students. Of all students, 40% spent ≥1 hour per day cycling to school. Lower educational level students reported less organized sports activities than higher level students, but more outside play and other activities. Overweight was associated with cycling to school (boys) and participating in organized sports (girls). More girls than boys were interested in lessons about healthy nutrition (44.4% vs. 31.7%). To stimulate physical activity, boys suggested more physical education classes (63%), girls advised more variation (47%) and choice (43%). A healthy school canteen (57%) and offering free fruit (67%) were suggested as promising interventions to stimulate healthy behavior. Educational and environmental interventions to tackle unhealthy dietary and physical activity behavior should be developed in collaboration with parents and tailored to educational level and gender.
Optimisation of injection-related parameters using the non-linear programming by quadratic Lagrangian algorithm for a marine medium-speed diesel engine
Authors: Hu Nao , Yang Jianguo , Zhou Peilin
Published: July 2017

The match of an injector with the combustion chamber was studied through computational fluid dynamics simulation under four different engine loads. Four design parameters including the start of injection, spray angle, injector protrusion length and swirl ratio were examined. The Latin hypercube together with a non-linear programming by quadratic Lagrangian algorithm were used in the optimisation. Comparisons were made in the engine loads in terms of the optimisation history, objectives, sub-objectives and design parameters. The commonalities of the design parameters of the optimums were summarised. Additionally, a detailed combustion process comparison was conducted on the same engine loads (100% and 25% engine loads) between the optimum and baseline designs, respectively. Finally, the effects of the design parameters on the objective were investigated by the response surface methodology. The results indicate that the non-linear programming by quadratic Lagrangian method is an effective algorithm to spot the optimums with the best trade-off between nitrogen oxides and soot emissions. The optimisation process presents better qualities at 100% and 75% engine loads than in the case of 50% and 25% engine loads. The design parameters of the optimum under each engine load have something in common, namely, that they all prefer late injection, low swirl, large injection angle and slightly smaller nozzle protrusion length. Besides, start of injection and swirl ratio have larger influence on the objective as opposed to the nozzle protrusion length and spray angle. The large start of injection together with the small swirl ratio can reduce the objective significantly and vice versa. A large nozzle protrusion length with a small spray angle contributes to the reduction of the objective and so does the combination of a small nozzle protrusion length with a large spray angle.
Convergence or Divergence? Do Parties and Outside Groups Spend on the Same Candidates, and Does It Matter?
Authors: Kolodny Robin , Dwyre Diana
Published: July 2017

There is a good deal of discussion currently among political scientists about the nature of political parties and the impacts of changing party–group relations. Are so-called outside groups promoting extreme candidates and, thus, contributing to polarization? Or perhaps, party-allied groups follow the party’s lead and support the same candidates the party supports. We view parties as extended party networks (EPNs) and examine the campaign spending practices of formal party organizations (the House congressional campaign committees) and some of the groups that are seen as allied with each party and some we expect to be outside each party’s network. We analyze the levels of congruence and divergence in party and group spending in the 2014 House elections. We find that most nonparty groups support the same candidates favored by the party with which they most identify, and very few are outside each party’s EPN-supporting candidates who are challenging the party’s picks.
Featured Article: Delivery of chemotherapeutic vcMMAE using tobacco mosaic virus nanoparticles
Authors: Kernan Daniel L , Wen Amy M , Pitek Andrzej S , Steinmetz Nicole F
Published: July 2017

The first-line treatment for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is chemotherapy. While generally well tolerated, off-target effects and chemotherapy-associated complications are still of concern. To overcome the challenges associated with systemic chemotherapy, we developed a biology-inspired, nanoparticle drug delivery system (nanoDDS) making use of the nucleoprotein components of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Virus-based nanoparticles, including the high-aspect ratio soft nanorods formed by TMV, are growing in popularity as nanoDDS due to their simple genetic and chemical engineerability, size and shape tunability, and biocompatibility. In this study, we used bioconjugation to modify TMV as a multivalent carrier for delivery of the antimitotic drug valine-citrulline monomethyl auristatin E (vcMMAE) targeting non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. We demonstrate successful synthesis of the TMV-vcMMAE; data indicate that the TMV-vcMMAE particles remained structurally sound with all of the 2130 identical TMV coat proteins modified to carry the therapeutic payload vcMMAE. Cell uptake using Karpas 299 cells was confirmed with TMV particles trafficking to the endolysosomal compartment, likely allowing for protease-mediated cleavage of the valine-citrulline linker for the release of the active monomethyl auristatin E component. Indeed, effective cell killing of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in vitro was demonstrated; TMV-vcMMAE was shown to exhibit an IC50 of ∼250 nM. This study contributes to the development of viral nanoDDS.

Impact statement

Due to side effects associated with systemic chemotherapy, there is an urgent need for the development of novel drug delivery systems. We focus on the high-aspect ratio nanotubes formed by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) to deliver antimitotic drugs targeted to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Many synthetic and biologic nanocarriers are in the development pipeline; the majority of systems are spherical in shape. This may not be optimal, because high-aspect ratio filaments exhibit enhanced tumor homing, increased target cell interactions and decreased immune cell uptake, and therefore have favorable properties for drug delivery compared to their spherical counterparts. Nevertheless, the synthesis of high-aspect ratio materials at the nanoscale remains challenging; therefore, we turned toward the nucleoprotein components of TMV as a biologic nanodrug delivery system. This work presents groundwork for the development of plant virus-based vehicles for use in cancer treatment.
Implementing College and Career Readiness: Critical Dimensions for Youth with Severe Disabilities
Authors: Morningstar Mary E. , Zagona Alison L. , Uyanik Hatice , Xie Jingrong , Mahal Stephanie
Published: July 2017

Focused attention to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) and college and career readiness (CCR) has been attributed to increased secondary school reform efforts directed at ensuring all students graduate high school prepared for adulthood. To successfully experience college and careers, students must have the knowledge, skills, and experiences associated with engagement in core academics, as well as essential nonacademic competencies such as growth mindsets, problem-solving, and interpersonal engagement. This study sought out insights and perspectives from national experts to understand the skills, opportunities, and supports needed to ensure students with severe disabilities are college and career ready. The study offers research results focused on initial insights supportive of inclusive postsecondary outcomes for youth with severe disabilities.
Differential characteristics, stroke recurrence, and predictors of covert atrial fibrillation of embolic strokes of undetermined source
Authors: Hawkes Maximiliano A , Farez Mauricio F , Pertierra Lucia , Gomez-Schneider Maia M , Pastor-Rueda José M , Ameriso Sebastián F
Published: July 2017

Background and purpose

Identifying embolic strokes of undetermined source (ESUS) patients likely to harbor atrial fibrillation may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Our aim was to examine differences between ESUS and cardioembolic strokes, to evaluate stroke recurrence rate among ESUS and to identify baseline characteristics of ESUS patients who were later diagnosed with atrial fibrillation.

Materials and methods

We assessed all ischemic stroke patients admitted between June 2012 and November 2013. ESUS were compared to cardioembolic strokes at discharge. After at least 12-month follow-up, ESUS patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation were compared to those who remained as ESUS.

Results

There were 236 ischemic strokes, 32.6% were ESUS. Compared to cardioembolic strokes, ESUS were younger (p < 0.0001), had milder strokes (p < 0.05), less prevalence of hypertension (p < 0.05), peripheral vascular disease (p < 0.05), and previous ischemic stroke (p < 0.05). After follow-up, 15% of ESUS patients had stroke recurrences and 12% evidenced paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. ESUS patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation in the follow-up were older (p < 0.0001), had higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.05), and were more likely to have ≥2 infarcts in the same arterial territory in the initial magnetic resonance imaging (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Older age, small-scattered infarcts on initial magnetic resonance imaging and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate levels appear to identify ESUS patients more likely to be diagnosed of atrial fibrillation during follow-up.
A Rare Presentation of Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Postpartum Vascular Catastrophe and Brief Literature Review
Authors: Khan Fatima , Ghani Ali Raza , Mackenzie Larami , Matthew Ashwin , Sarwar Usman , Klugherz Bruce
Published: July 2017

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a very rare cause of acute coronary syndromes and can be life threatening given the rarity of the condition. It should be part of differentials in young females presenting with acute coronary syndromes without routine risk factors for coronary artery disease, especially before, during, and after pregnancy. It is closely associated with fibromuscular dysplasia and management can be very challenging at times. We present a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection presenting with recurrent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in association with fibromuscular dysplasia.
Randomized Prospective Analysis of Arthroscopic Suprapectoral and Open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis: 1 Year Follow-up
Authors: Forsythe Brian , Zuke William , Go Beatrice , Yanke Adam Blair , Verma Nikhil N. , Romeo Anthony A.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Biceps pathology typically includes pain in the anterior shoulder that is reproduced with provocative maneuvers. However, optimal treatment of patient with this diagnosis is not clear and can include tenotomy or various forms of tenodesis. As tenotomy can lead to cosmetic deformity and anterior humeral discomfort from spasms, many surgeons perform tenodesis. Technique for tenodesis includes intra-articular soft tissue fixation or osseous fixation, suprapectoral osseous fixation, and subpectoral osseous fixation. Focusing on the later two, it is unclear if there is a clinical or surgical benefit of performing an open subpectoral biceps tenodesis (OBT) versus arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis (ABT). We therefore designed this randomized clinical trial to assess these two techniques.

Methods:

Patients diagnosed with biceps tendinopathy meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized into the arthroscopic and mini-open biceps tenodesis groups. Prior to surgery, patients were asked a series of questions regarding their anterior shoulder pain and underwent a subsequent shoulder exam. Follow-up was d at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year time points, during which the shoulder exam and patient questionnaires were also d.

Results:

A total of 38 patients were enrolled with a mean age of 43.5 ± 10.5 years and a mean BMI of 28.3 ± 5.4. All patients had arthroscopic evidence of biceps pathology and underwent either an ABT (18) or an OBT (20). All patients underwent a concomitant arthroscopic subacromial decompression. The surgical time for the ABT group, 17.2 ± 3.7 minutes, was significantly greater than the OBT group, 11.7 ± 6.1 (p<0.01). One patient was converted from the ABT group to the OBT group due to sheering of a severely attenuated tendon preventing an ABT. One patient in the OBT group required a revision tenodesis. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in strength or anterior shoulder pain at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. Additionally, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was found in clinical outcome scores (ASES, Constant subjective, WORC, KJOC) between the two groups.

Conclusion:

This randomized clinical trial suggests there is no clinical difference between the two techniques. Additionally, while the arthroscopic procedure requires more surgical time, the revision rates are not different. Besides the cosmetic concern for an additional scar, we recommend decisions to be made based on surgeon preference and experience.
Effect of Patellar Tunnel Placement on Fracture Risk after MPFL Reconstruction- A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Lukosius Eric , Bonazza Nicholas , Lewis Greg , Roush Evan , Black Kevin P. , Dhawan Aman
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Patella fracture is a rare complication after medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction. Though many of the cases in the literature have been precipitated by trauma, the surgical factors that may lead to a higher risk of fracture are not well understood. The purpose of our study was to determine if transosseous tunnels that exit through the anterior cortex of the patella, and transverse bone tunnels have lower tensile load to failure as compared to control, and may predispose to post-operative patellar fracture.

Methods:

Fresh-frozen cadaveric human patellas were randomized to one of three groups: a control group with unmodified intact patellas, a group with two transverse tunnels (TT) drilled in the superior third of the patella that did not violate the anterior cortex, and a group with two transversetunnels that breach anterior cortex of the patella (PA). Patellas were connected to a freeze clamp mechanism via the remaining quadriceps and patellar tendons. A load cell was connected in series with the quadriceps clamp to measure maximum load to failure with a maximum load of 9000N. The angle of pull was fixed at 45 degrees, with the patella set in the trochlear groove of a composite synthetic femur. Patellas were cyclically loaded to 500 N for a total of 100 cycles. Specimens that did not fail during cyclic loading were then loaded to failure defined as fracture or tendon rupture. At failure, fluoroscopy was used to confirm a fracture if present and maximum load was recorded. The mean and standard deviation (STD) for each group were recorded. ANOVA and Student-T tests were used to identify significant differences between groups.

Results:

A total of 26 patellas were randomized and tested in this study. There were 12 male and 14 female patellas ranging in age from 37-95 years. There was no significant difference in the average age among the groups (Mean = 71.4 years, STD = 11.5 years, P =0.96). None of the patellas failed during cyclic loading alone. Control, TT and PA groups failed at 1915 N (STD= 508N), 1901 N (STD= 884N), and 1640 N (STD= 625N) respectively. This represents a 14% difference in means between Control and PA and Control and TT tunnels. There was no statistically significant difference between control and TT (p=.969), control and PA (p=.321), and TT and PA (p=.488). Subset analysis of fractures only through bone tunnels did not affect the significance.

Conclusion:

Our results show that breeching of the anterior cortex and transosseous tunnels that do not breach the anterior cortex during MPFL reconstruction do not significantly decrease the load to failure when compared to native patellas and, thus, may not pose an increased risk for patellar fracture. Further research is needed to analyze if other surgical factors may predispose to this complication.
Decreased Shoulder External Rotation and Flexion are Greater Predictors of Injury than Internal Rotation Deficits: Analysis of 132 Pitcher-Seasons in Professional Baseball
Authors: Camp Christopher L. , Sinatro Alec , Spiker Andrea , Werner Brian C. , Altchek David W. , Coleman Struan H. , Dines Joshua S.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

There is a strong desire to identify modifiable risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in pitchers, that when corrected, have the potential to reduce injury burden. Although much attention has been paid to Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficits (GIRD), less is known about the value of other range of motion (ROM) deficits. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the impact and predictive capacity of shoulder and elbow ROM on shoulder and elbow injuries in professional baseball pitchers.

Methods:

Over the course of 6 seasons (2010 to 2015), a comprehensive, preseason assessment of ROM was performed on all pitchers (n=132 pitcher-seasons) invited to Major League Baseball (MLB) Spring Training Camp for a single MLB organization. Total range of motion (TROM) and deficits were also calculated. All non-traumatic shoulder and elbow injuries that resulted in at least one day out of play were identified. Using multivariate binomial logistic regression analysis to control for age, height, weight, and all other ROM measures, the factors associated with an increased risk of subsequent shoulder or elbow injury were identified.

Results:

53 shoulder (n=25) and elbow (n=28) injuries occurred during 132 pitcher-seasons. The most significant categorical risk factors associated with increased elbow injury rates included the presence of a shoulder ER deficit > 5° (OR 2.40; p=0.069) and shoulder flexion deficit > 5° (OR 2.83; p=0.042). For continuous variables, the most important factors included increasing shoulder ER deficit (OR 1.07, p=0.030), decreased shoulder flexion (OR 1.09, p=0.017), increased IR deficit (OR 1.04, p=0.068), weight (OR 1.10, p=0.012), and decreased shoulder ER (OR 1.06; p=0.076).

Conclusion:

A number of preseason ROM parameters are independent risk factors for the development of shoulder and elbow injuries during the upcoming season. This is particularly true for shoulder ER and flexion deficits. Although prior work has supported the importance of reducing GIRD in professional pitchers, this study demonstrates that deficits in shoulder ER and flexion are more significant predictors of subsequent injury.
Outcome for Arthroscopic Treatment of Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine/Subspine Related Hip Impingement
Authors: Nwachukwu Benedict Uchenna , Chang Brenda , Schairer William W. , Fields Kara G. , Nawabi Danyal H. , Kelly Bryan T. , Ranawat Anil S.
Published: July 2017

Objectives:

Extra-articular disorders of the hip are under-recognized and under-reported. Extra-articular forms of hip impingement can include anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) related subspine impingement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the outcome after arthroscopic treatment of anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)/Subspine related hip impingement.

Methods:

A prospective institutional hip preservation registry was reviewed to identify patients that underwent isolated arthroscopic AIIS decompression. Primary outcome tools captured in the registry included: the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), the Hip Outcome Score (HOS) and the international Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33). Patients with minimum one-year follow-up were included. Meaningful outcome improvement was determined based on minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Statistical analyses were primarily descriptive.

Results:

Thirty-three patients with mean follow-up 19.1 months (range: 12-44 months) were identified. All patients were female with a mean age of 26.1 (+ 10.3) years. All patients were found to have an associated labral tear and the mean acetabular version was increased at 2 and 3 o’clock (14.5 and 19.8 respectively). Mean pre-operative outcome scores on the mHHS, HOS activities of daily living (ADL), HOS Sport and iHOT-33 were 57.2 (SD+15.3), 66.9 (SD+18.8), 43.9 (SD+23.6) and 33.5 (SD+18.3) respectively. At final available follow-up, mean scores on these outcome measures were 79.5 (SD+19.0), 86.8 (SD+15.8), 70.4 (SD+32.8) and 65.0 (SD+31.0) respectively. By the one-year follow-up interval MCID had been achieved in the majority of patients across all four tools.

Conclusion:

There is a paucity of outcome evidence on AIIS/Subspine related hip impingement. This study demonstrates that isolated subspine impingement can be a cause of hip disability even in the absence of FAI. Patients with isolated subspine impingement are more likely to be women and they present with low patient reported outcome scores. Meaningful outcome improvement can be achieved however with arthroscopic AIIS decompression.