bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights Resolution 234 on the Right to Nationality
Authors: Adjolohoun Horace S.
Published: July 2014

The right to a nationality is well established in international human rights law. In 1954 and 1961, the United Nations adopted the Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, respectively. Inspired by Article 15 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the two Conventions provide for a right to nationality and prohibit deprivation or denial of nationality. In 2012, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) drafted four guidelines on statelessness that expand on provisions of the 1954 and 1961 UN Conventions. They contain guidance sections directed specifically at governments, civil society organizations, legal practitioners, decision-makers and the judiciary as well as UNHCR and other UN agency staff involved in addressing statelessness.
Semantic Clustering and Processing Speed in Suzuki Violinists
Authors: Bugos Jennifer , Mazuc Jennifer
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of Suzuki violin instruction on verbal memory performance, memory strategy usage, and visual processing speed performance in child musicians and non-musicians, ages 8–12. Thirty-five participants, 18 musicians with four or more years of musical training and 17 non-musicians, completed measures of music aptitude, motor speed, music reading, intelligence, verbal memory, and processing speed. Results indicate significantly (p < .05) enhanced performance by musicians compared to non-musicians in verbal memory performance, including distraction list items, short-delay free recall trials, semantic clustering scores, and overall processing speed. These data support the hypothesis that Suzuki violin instruction leads to the development of semantic and syntactical knowledge to categorize words assisting in memory retrieval. Results underscore the role of auditory skills in early music instruction, the impact of musical training in cognitive development, and importance of providing musical training at an early age.
Utilization and Influence of Condiments Prepared From Fermented Legumes on Quality Profile of Meat
Authors: Apata E. S. , Eniolorunda O. O. , Apata O. C. , Eso L. B.
Published: July 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization and influence of condiments prepared from four fermented legumes; African locust-bean (Parkia biglobosa), melon seeds (Citrullus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max) and cotton seeds (Malvaceae gossypium). They were processed, dried, milled and 25% solution of each condiment was made using purified water. 200 g fresh beef from the thigh cut of White Fulani bull (Bos indicus) was purchased, divided into 4 parts of 50 g and 20 ml of condiments solution was injected into each beef with a syringe and needle each condiment and 50 g beef constituted a treatment thus; TO = control (No condiment), TI = Beef steak + locust bean condiment, T2 = Beef + melon seeds condiment, T3 = Beef + soybean condiment, T4 = Beef + cotton seeds condiment. The injected beef steaks were wrapped in foil paper and broiled in oven at 170 ºC for 20 mins. Data were collected on physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of processed beef and were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at p = 0.05 in a completely randomized design experiment. The results showed that cooking loss and shear force were lower in TI, while water holding capacity (WHC) and yield were higher. Protein and ash were high in TI followed by T3 while fat and fibre were significantly lower. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were significantly the same across the treatments while coliform and fungal counts were lower except in T2 and T4. Treatment1 was adjudged higher in all the eating qualities except colour and was well accepted. It is therefore, recommended that locust bean condiment be used in processing meat followed by soybean condiment. However, further investigation should be carried out on varied levels of locust bean condiment to determine the level that will give better colour which can improve the meat product acceptability and consumption.
PERFIL SOCIAL E OBSTÉTRICO DE MULHERES AVALIADAS NO PUERPÉRIO IMEDIATO
Authors: Pelai Elisa , Gardinelli Ana Cláudia Malafaia , Rocha Ana Paula Rodrigues da , Peixoto Lara Nery , Pagotto Priscila , Mantovani Alessandra Madia , Savian Nathália , Carmo Edna , Fregonesi Cristina Elena Prado Teles
Published: July 2014

The puerperium is the time when the local and systemic changes caused by pregnancy and childbirth in women return to pre-pregnancy state. Despite the increasing demand on physiotherapy in women's health, the literature on the subject is still scarce. Thus, it is important and necessary to identify the profile of women in the postpartum period in order to qualify and direct methodsof intervention. The objective of this study was to describe the profile of mothers in order to gain a more detailed social and obstetric characteristics. We evaluated 123 women with a mean age of 25 years and have collected personal data, social and obstetrical the participants. With regard to social data, the majority (52%) were white, married (56.9%) had completed high school (62.6%) and did not perform gainful occupation (52.8%). The obstetric data revealed that 75.6% were undergoing cesarean section, 91% were aged between 37 and 41 gestational weeks, 58.6% had at least 07 prenatal visits, 50.4% were primiparous, 9.8% had suffered a miscarriage and 95.1% were breastfeeding. This study can describe the social profile and obstetric postpartum women treated at a maternity hospital in the city of Presidente Prudente, such information can be interpreted and used by therapists in routine clinical and practical problem solving.
Orbital Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis (Wegener Granulomatosis): Clinical and Pathologic Findings
Authors: Muller Karra , Lin Jonathan H.
Published: July 2014

The pathology of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly Wegener granulomatosis, typically features a granulomatous and sometimes necrotizing vasculitis targeting the respiratory tract and kidneys. However, orbital involvement occurs in up to 60% of patients and is frequently the first or only clinical presentation in patients with systemic or limited forms of GPA. Orbital GPA can cause significant morbidity and potentially lead to complete loss of vision and permanent facial deformity. Fortunately, GPA is highly responsive to medical treatment with corticosteroids combined with cyclophosphamide or, more recently, rituximab. Therefore, it is imperative for this disease to be accurately diagnosed on orbital biopsy and distinguished from other histologically similar orbital lesions. Herein, we review the clinical and pathologic findings of orbital GPA, focusing on the differentiation of this disease from other inflammatory orbital lesions.
Progesterone Receptor and PTEN Expression Predict Survival in Patients With Low- and Intermediate-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Estrella Jeannelyn S. , Broaddus Russell R. , Mathews Amber , Milton Denái R. , Yao James C. , Wang Huamin , Rashid Asif
Published: July 2014

Context.—The PI3K-AKT-mTOR (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–AKT–mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway plays a crucial role in a subset of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). In breast and endometrial carcinoma, activation of this pathway inhibits progesterone receptor (PR) expression.

Objective.—To determine whether combined low expression of PR and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), a negative regulator of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway, is a prognostic factor.

Design.—A total of 160 resected PanNETs (89 low grade and 71 intermediate grade) were analyzed for PR and PTEN immunohistochemical positivity and staining was correlated with metastasis-free survival (MFS) and overall survival (OS). Progesterone receptor staining was scored as positive by using 1% or greater as cutoff. Weak/faint staining in greater than 90% of tumor cells was considered low PTEN positivity.

Results.—Most PanNETs (110 cases, 69%) were both PR and PTEN positive, 45 (28%) were either PR or PTEN positive, and only 5 (3%) had a PR-negative and PTEN-low profile. Combined PR-PTEN positivity was significantly associated with MFS in patients with stage I and II disease (P <.001) and OS in all patients (P < .001) and remained a significant predictor of survival after adjusting for other factors. Patients with PR-negative–PTEN-low PanNETs had the shortest median MFS and OS, compared to those with tumors that were either PR or PTEN positive and with tumors positive for both PR and PTEN (P ≤ .001).

Conclusion.—Combined immunohistochemical assessment of PR and PTEN may help identify a small subset of PanNETs with more aggressive behavior and may aid in risk stratification.
Uterine Angioleiomyoma: A Rare Variant of Uterine Leiomyoma
Authors: Garg Garima , Mohanty Sambit K.
Published: July 2014

Uterine angioleiomyoma is an extremely rare and unique variant of leiomyoma. It usually occurs in middle-aged women, who commonly present with menorrhagia, abdominal pain, or abdominal mass. The lesions are either single or multiple and manifest as submucosal, intramural, or subserosal whorled nodules. Microscopy of the individual nodule shows interlacing fascicles of spindle cells swirling around thick-walled blood vessels. Angioleiomyoma usually lacks mitotic figures, pleomorphism, or necrosis, although cases with marked nuclear atypia and multinucleated giant cells have been reported. The tumor cells are immunoreactive for smooth muscle actin, desmin, h-caldesmon, and progesterone receptor, with a low Ki-67 labeling index. Because these lesions are vascular, they may undergo spontaneous rupture and pose a life-threatening emergency, especially in pregnancy. There are no specific imaging findings; therefore, a preoperative diagnosis is extremely difficult. It is important to recognize this entity and differentiate it from a malignancy, particularly when angioleiomyoma shows significant cytologic atypia or raised cancer antigen 125 levels by thorough sampling. When required, a proper immunohistochemical panel should be used to arrive at a correct diagnosis. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on uterine angioleiomyoma and its clinical relevance.
Mathematical Explorations: A New Twist on Collaborative Learning
Authors: Butman Stephanie M.
Published: July 2014

Research on students' learning has made it clear that learning happens through an interaction with others and through communication. In the classroom, the more students talk and discuss their ideas, the more they learn. However, within a one-hour period, it is hard to give everyone an equal opportunity to talk and share their ideas. Organizing students in groups distributes classroom talk more widely and equitably (Cohen and Lotan 1997).
Hook and Hold
Authors: Brown Jennifer R.
Published: July 2014

Set sail to explore powerful ways to use anchor charts in mathematics teaching and learning.
Learning Mathematics through Minecraft
Authors: Bos Beth , Wilder Lucy , Cook Marcelina , O'Donnell Ryan
Published: July 2014

The Common Core State Standards can be taught with Minecraft, an interactive creative Lego®-like game. Integrating Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (iSTEM) authors share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K—grade 6 classrooms.
Primary Closure of Elective Toe Amputations in the Diabetic Foot—Is it Safe?
Authors: Lakstein Dror , Lipkin Alexander , Schorr Louis , Feldbrin Zeev
Published: July 2014

Background

Toe amputation is the most common partial foot amputation. Controversy exists regarding whether to primarily close toe amputations or to leave them open for secondary healing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of closed toe amputations in diabetic patients, with respect to wound healing, complications, and the need for further higher level amputation.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the results of 40 elective or semi-elective toe amputations with primary closure performed in 35 patients treated in a specialized diabetic foot unit. Patients with abscesses or necrotizing fasciitis were treated emergently and were excluded. Patients in whom clean margins could not be achieved due to extensive cellulitis or tenosynovitis and patients requiring vascular intervention were excluded as well. Outcome endpoints included wound healing at 3 weeks, delayed wound healing, or subsequent higher level amputation.

Results

Out of 40 amputations, 38 healed well. Thirty amputations healed by the time of stitch removal at 3 weeks and eight had delayed healing. In two patients the wounds did not heal and subsequent higher level amputation was eventually required.

Conclusions

In carefully selected diabetic foot patients, primary closure of toe amputations is a safe surgical option. We do not recommend primary closure when infection control is not achieved or in patients requiring vascular reconstruction. Careful patient selection, skillful assessment of debridement margins and meticulous technique are required and may be offered by experienced designated surgeons in a specialized diabetic foot unit.
Flagellar synchronization through direct hydrodynamic interactions
Authors: Brumley Douglas R , Wan Kirsty Y , Polin Marco , Goldstein Raymond E
Published: July 2014

Flows generated by ensembles of flagella are crucial to development, motility and sensing, but the mechanisms behind this striking coordination remain unclear. We present novel experiments in which two micropipette-held somatic cells of Volvox carteri, with distinct intrinsic beating frequencies, are studied by high-speed imaging as a function of their separation and orientation. Analysis of time series shows that the interflagellar coupling, constrained by lack of connections between cells to be hydrodynamical, exhibits a spatial dependence consistent with theory. At close spacings it produces robust synchrony for thousands of beats, while at increasing separations synchrony is degraded by stochastic processes. Manipulation of the relative flagellar orientation reveals in-phase and antiphase states, consistent with dynamical theories. Flagellar tracking with exquisite precision reveals waveform changes that result from hydrodynamic coupling. This study proves unequivocally that flagella coupled solely through a fluid can achieve robust synchrony despite differences in their intrinsic properties.
Assessing the Scholarly Communication Attitudes and Practices of Faculty: Lessons from a “Failed” Survey
Authors: Laughtin-Dunker Kristin
Published: July 2014

INTRODUCTION This paper reports on a survey administered to faculty at Chapman University to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices with regard to scholarly communications, in order to help the new scholarly communications librarian plan appropriate library programs and services to meet faculty needs. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM The survey was adapted from the Institute on Scholarly Communications’ “Faculty Involvement in Scholarly Communications Opportunity Assessment Instrument” for a faculty audience in early fall 2013. It “failed” in that it faced long administrative delays and was met with a low response rate when finally published in December 2013. However, the responses received were enough to deduce general trends and gaps in faculty knowledge about scholarly communications, including a misunderstanding of the meaning of open access, misconceptions about its quality, concern with how publicly accessible research and data could be used by others, and a desire for information on how to manage, preserve, and share data. NEXT STEPS Both the survey results and the obstacles encountered in the survey’s administration provided important lessons in how to structure, market, and assess the impact of future scholarly communications discussions, such as those surrounding the university’s upcoming institutional repository. While the survey itself might have “failed,” these lessons can be applied to future endeavors in order to contribute to the long-term success of the faculty and the university as a whole.
Space‐time model for repeating earthquakes and analysis of recurrence intervals on the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, California
Authors: Nomura Shunichi , Ogata Yosihiko , Nadeau Robert M.
Published: July 2014

We propose a stochastic model for characteristically repeating earthquake sequences to estimate the spatiotemporal change in static stress loading rate. These earthquakes recur by a cyclic mechanism where stress at a hypocenter is accumulated by tectonic forces until an earthquake occurs that releases the accumulated stress to a basal level. Renewal processes are frequently used to describe this repeating earthquake mechanism. Variations in the rate of tectonic loading due to large earthquakes and aseismic slip transients, however, introduce nonstationary effects into the repeating mechanism that result in nonstationary trends in interevent times, particularly for smaller‐magnitude repeating events which have shorter interevent times. These trends are also similar among repeating earthquake sites having similar hypocenters. Therefore, we incorporate space‐time structure represented by cubic B‐spline functions into the renewal model and estimate their coefficient parameters by maximizing the integrated likelihood in a Bayesian framework. We apply our model to 31 repeating earthquake sequences including 824 events on the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas Fault and estimate the spatiotemporal transition of the loading rate on this segment. The result gives us details of the change in tectonic loading caused by an aseismic slip transient in 1993, the 2004 Parkfield M6 earthquake, and other nearby or remote seismic activities. The degree of periodicity of repeating event recurrence intervals also shows spatial trends that are preserved in time even after the 2004 Parkfield earthquake when time scales are normalized with respect to the estimated loading rate.
Deep crustal structure in the eastern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Christeson G. L. , Van Avendonk H. J. A. , Norton I. O. , Snedden J. W. , Eddy D. R. , Karner G. D. , Johnson C. A.
Published: July 2014

We use air gun data recorded by ocean bottom seismometers to constrain the velocity structure along Gulf of Mexico Basin Opening Line 4, a profile extending from the northwestern Florida peninsula across the Florida Escarpment to the central Gulf of Mexico. Moderately thinned continental crust with a Moho depth of 32–33 km, average sediment thickness of 6 km, and an average crustal thickness of 27 km is interpreted on the northeast end of the profile offshore Florida. Thinned and intruded continental crust is identified over a horizontal distance of 225 km where the crustal layer thins from 25 km to 6–7 km; mean seismic velocities of the crust in this region increase from 6.55 km/s to 6.95 km/s from northeast to southwest and are evidence for increased magmatic input as rifting developed. Oceanic crust with an average thickness of 5.6–5.7 km is observed over a distance of 175 km on the southwest end of the profile, with an extinct spreading ridge with an axial valley morphology imaged on a coincident seismic reflection profile. Anomalously high upper oceanic crust velocities of 6.0–6.7 km/s are interpreted as massive basalt flows and could reflect increased temperatures during emplacement. Integrating well, seismic reflection and our seismic refraction data allow us to estimate a full‐spreading rate of 2.2 cm/yr for seafloor spreading along the profile; this indicates that oceanic crust was emplaced at a slow‐spreading center.
Saltwater‐freshwater mixing dynamics in a sandy beach aquifer over tidal, spring‐neap, and seasonal cycles
Authors: Heiss James W. , Michael Holly A.
Published: July 2014

The biogeochemical reactivity of sandy beach aquifers is closely linked to physical flow and solute transport processes. Thus, a clearer understanding of the hydrodynamics in the intertidal zone is needed to accurately estimate chemical fluxes to the marine environment. A field and numerical modeling study was conducted over a 1 year timeframe to investigate the combined effects of tidal stage, spring‐neap variability in tidal amplitude, and seasonal inland water table oscillations on intertidal salinity and flow dynamics within a tide‐dominated, microtidal sandy beach aquifer. Measured and simulated salinities revealed an intertidal saline circulation cell with a structure and cross‐sectional mixing zone area that varied over tidal, spring‐neap, and seasonal time scales. The size of the circulation cell and area of the mixing zone were shown for the first time to be most affected by seasonal water table oscillations, followed by tidal amplitude and tidal stage. The intertidal circulation cell expanded horizontally and vertically as the inland water table declined, displacing the fresh discharge zone and lower interface seaward. Over monthly spring‐neap cycles, the center of the circulation cell shifted from beneath the backshore and upper beachface to the base of the beach. Salinity variations in the intertidal zone over semidiurnal tidal cycles were minimal. The dynamics of the circulation cell were similar in simulations with and without a berm. The highly transient nature of intertidal salinity over multiple time scales may have important implications for the types and rates of chemical transformations that occur in groundwater prior to discharge to the ocean.
Face the consequences: Learning about victim's suffering reduces sexual harassment myth acceptance and men's likelihood to sexually harass
Authors: Diehl Charlotte , Glaser Tina , Bohner Gerd
Published: July 2014

Prior research has shown that (1) better knowledge about the consequences of rape goes along with less rape‐supportive attitudes and lower rape proclivity, and (2) empathy with the victims correlates negatively with sexual aggression. In two experiments, the authors combined these approaches in order to reduce sexual harassment myth acceptance (SHMA) and the likelihood to sexually harass (LSH). In Study 1, 101 male and female university students read a report describing sexual harassment as either serious or harmless, and completed scales assessing dispositional empathy and SHMA. Results showed that higher empathy was associated with lower SHMA; furthermore, learning about the seriousness (vs. harmlessness) of sexual harassment led to lower SHMA, particularly in participants low in empathy. Gender differences in SHMA were fully explained by gender differences in empathy. In Study 2, perspective taking, a crucial aspect of empathy, was manipulated. One hundred nineteen male and female participants read either a neutral text or a description of a sexual harassment case, which was written either from the female target's or from the male perpetrator's perspective; then they completed scales measuring SHMA and (only male participants) LSH. The target's perspective led to lower SHMA and to lower LSH than did the neutral text, whereas no such effect was found for the perpetrator's perspective. Implications for intervention programs are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 40:489–503, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Unexpected Addition of Acetic Acid to ortho‐Electron‐ Deficient Alkynyl‐Substituted Aryl Aldehydes Catalyzed by Palladium(II) Acetate
Authors: Zhang Jianbo , Han Xiuling
Published: July 2014

An unexpected addition of acetic acid to ortho‐electron‐deficient alkynyl‐substituted aryl aldehydes catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate was achieved, which provided a convenient method for the synthesis of dihydroisobenzofurans in moderate to good yields. The electron‐withdrawing groups attached to alkynes may play an important role for the cyclization.

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N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Brønsted Base Cascade Catalysis: Base‐Controlled Selective Synthesis of Multifunctional Benzofuran‐3‐ones or Flavone Derivatives from the Reaction of 3‐(2‐Formylphenoxy)propenoates with Imines
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Wang Zi‐Tian , Cheng Ying
Published: July 2014

The N‐heterocyclic carbene/Brønsted base cascade catalysis in the reaction of 3‐(2‐formylphenoxy)propenoates with N‐Boc‐arylimines has been studied. Both multifunctional benzofuran‐3‐ones and benzopyran‐4‐ones (flavone derivatives) were selectively synthesized in good yields simply by regulating the loading of the base catalyst.

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Regioselective Ring‐Opening Nucleophilic Addition of Aziridines through Photoredox Catalyst
Authors: Sun Hongnan , Yang Chao , Lin Run , Xia Wujiong
Published: July 2014

A mild and efficient procedure was developed for the regioselective ring‐opening nucleophilic addition reactions of aziridines via visible light photoredox catalysis, that provides a practical synthetic access to 1,2‐bifunctional compounds. Furthermore, the regioselective synthesis of non‐racemic amino ethers from chiral aziridine could also be achieved under mild conditions. Finally, a possible reaction mechanism was proposed and further supported by control experiments.

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Synthesis of Benzocoumarins and Characterization of Their Photophysical Properties
Authors: Kim Dokyoung , Xuan Qui Pham , Moon Hyunsoo , Jun Yong Woong , Ahn Kyo Han
Published: July 2014

Benzocoumarins (benzochromenones) are π‐extended coumarins and constitute a promising family of photonic materials. Disclosed here are syntheses and characterization of the photophysical properties of a series of benzo[g]coumarins and benzo[f]coumarins that contain both an electron donor and an electron acceptor which are electronically conjugated through the benzocoumarin core. The maximum absorption and emission wavelengths of benzo[g]coumarins are at longer wavelengths than the corresponding benzo[f]coumarins, as the former family has favourable intramolecular charge transfer from the donor to the acceptor moiety due to linear conjugation. The emission behaviour of the benzocoumarins is dependent on solvent due to their dipolar nature. The fluorescence of benzo[f]coumarins that have a dimethylamino donor at the C9 or C7 position is much weaker in polar media such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and water compared with that of the corresponding benzo[g]coumarins. Comparison of a benzo[g]coumarin and a benzo[h]coumarin that have the same donor and acceptor groups shows that the Stokes shift of the former is larger than the latter. The benzo[g]coumarin series is highly promising for bioimaging applications because they are known to be two‐photon excitable around 900 nm, an optimum biological optical window. The synthetic routes established here provide a basis to obtain functional benzocoumarin derivatives.
Frontal ostium neo‐osteogenesis and patency after Draf III procedure: a computer‐assisted study
Authors: Ye Ting , Hwang Peter H. , Huang Zhenxiao , Huang Qian , Xian Junfang , Li Cheng , Zhou Bing
Published: July 2014

Background

Stenosis of the frontal neo‐ostium after Draf III procedure has been associated with inflammatory risk factors. However, the degree to which neo‐osteogenesis contributes to postsurgical stenosis of the frontal neo‐ostium is unclear.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients with chronic frontal sinusitis who underwent Draf III procedure and had been followed for at least 12 months were included. Paranasal sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were performed 7 days and 1 year postoperatively. The frontal neo‐ostium cross‐sectional area and the amount of frontal neo‐osteogenesis were measured by a standardized protocol using triplanar radiologic viewing software. Association between the severity of frontal neo‐osteogenesis and the patency of the neo‐ostium was analyzed, as was the correlation between the extent of neo‐osteogenesis and the preoperative Global Osteitis Scoring Scale (GOSS), Lund‐Mackay score (LMS), Lund‐Kennedy score (LKS), serum eosinophil count, and history of previous surgery.

Results

At 1 year postoperatively, significant inverse correlation was found between the size of the frontal neo‐ostium and the extent of neo‐osteogenesis. According to a multiple linear regression model, the severity of neo‐osteogenesis was positively correlated with preoperative GOSS and negatively correlated with asthma (p < 0.05). Additionally, there was no association between extent of neo‐osteogenesis and the preoperative LMS, LKS, serum eosinophil count, and history of previous surgery.

Conclusion

Neo‐osteogenesis has a significant impact on the patency of the frontal neo‐ostium but appears unrelated to inflammatory factors. Patients with a higher risk for developing neo‐osteogenesis can be identified preoperatively based on GOSS; these patients may benefit from closer monitoring during the follow‐up period.
Proteintemplat‐vermittelter Acyltransfer: eine chemische Methode für die Markierung von Membranproteinen an lebenden Zellen
Authors: Reinhardt Ulrike , Lotze Jonathan , Zernia Sarah , Mörl Karin , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G. , Seitz Oliver
Published: July 2014

Eine neue Methode zur chemischen Proteinmarkierung läuft mit hoher Zielspezifität innerhalb weniger Minuten ab und ermöglicht eine freie Wahl des Reportermoleküls. Sie beruht auf Peptidtemplaten, die einen Thioester und ein N‐terminales Cystein so ausrichten, dass eine Acyltransferreaktion bei nanomolarer Konzentration möglich wird. Das Zielprotein wird N‐terminal mit einem 22 Aminosäure langen Cys‐E3‐Peptid (Akzeptor) ausgestattet, das mit einem Reporter‐tragenden K3‐Peptid (Donor) ein Coiled‐Coil bilden kann. Dadurch wird die Übertragung des Reportermoleküls auf den Akzeptor am Zielprotein ausgelöst. Weil die Ligierung der wechselwirkenden Peptide vermieden wird, ist der Massenzuwachs am Zielprotein minimal. Zur Veranschaulichung der Methode werden die rasche Fluoreszenzmarkierung und die fluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchung des humanen Y2‐Rezeptors an lebenden Zellen gezeigt.
Chemical Sealing of Nanotubes: A Case Study on Sb2S3
Authors: Sarkar Suresh , Guria Amit K. , Patra Biplab K. , Pradhan Narayan
Published: July 2014

Implementing the solution chemistry, herein, we report the sealing of both ends of Sb2S3 semiconductor nanotubes following the diffusion‐controlled deposition of the sealing material, AgSbS2. As a consequence, unique dumbbell‐shaped hollow nanocapsules having a binary–ternary epitaxial heterojunction were formed in solution. Whereas these capsule‐shaped nanostructures were obtained by the introduction of Ag0 nanocrystals just after the formation of Sb2S3 nanotubes, the addition of Ag0 at the beginning of the process, prior to the formation of nanotubes, changed the growth pattern, and solid nanorods of Sb2S3 were formed. The details of the chemistry involved in the formation of these nanostructures were investigated and are discussed herein.
Catalytic Methylation of CH Bonds Using CO2 and H2
Authors: Li Yuehui , Yan Tao , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: July 2014

Formation of CC bonds from CO2 is a much sought after reaction in organic synthesis. To date, other than CH carboxylations using stoichiometric amounts of metals, base, or organometallic reagents, little is known about CC bond formation. In fact, to the best of our knowledge no catalytic methylation of CH bonds using CO2 and H2 has been reported. Described herein is the combination of CO2 and H2 for efficient methylation of carbon nucleophiles such as indoles, pyrroles, and electron‐rich arenes. Comparison experiments which employ paraformaldehyde show similar reactivity for the CO2/H2 system.
Paenilamicin: Structure and Biosynthesis of a Hybrid Nonribosomal Peptide/Polyketide Antibiotic from the Bee Pathogen Paenibacillus larvae
Authors: Müller Sebastian , Garcia‐Gonzalez Eva , Mainz Andi , Hertlein Gillian , Heid Nina C. , Mösker Eva , van den Elst Hans , Overkleeft Herman S. , Genersch Elke , Süssmuth Roderich D.
Published: July 2014

The spore‐forming bacterium Paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of American Foulbrood (AFB), a fatal disease of honey bees that occurs worldwide. Previously, we identified a complex hybrid nonribosomal peptide/polyketide synthesis (NRPS/PKS) gene cluster in the genome of P. larvae. Herein, we present the isolation and structure elucidation of the antibacterial and antifungal products of this gene cluster, termed paenilamicins. The unique structures of the paenilamicins give deep insight into the underlying complex hybrid NRPS/PKS biosynthetic machinery. Bee larval co‐infection assays reveal that the paenilamicins are employed by P. larvae in fighting ecological niche competitors and are not directly involved in killing the bee larvae. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities qualify the paenilamicins as attractive candidates for drug development.
PyBidine/Copper Catalyst: Asymmetric exo′‐Selective [3+2] Cycloaddition using Imino Ester and Electrophilic Indole
Authors: Awata Atsuko , Arai Takayoshi
Published: July 2014

Electrophilic indoles having two electron‐withdrawing groups undergo nucleophilic attack at C2 and electrophilic functionalization at C3. This is the first enantioselective formal [3+2] cycloaddition using electrophilic indoles. The PyBidine/Cu catalyst smoothly promoted highly enantio‐ and exo′‐selective [3+2] cycloaddition using imino esters and 3‐nitroindoles. This reaction provides a method for the preparation of diverse and complex chiral pyrroloindoline compounds.
Furanosyl Oxocarbenium Ion Stability and Stereoselectivity
Authors: van Rijssel Erwin R. , van Delft Pieter , Lodder Gerrit , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Filippov Dmitri V. , Codée Jeroen D. C.
Published: July 2014

Lewis acid mediated substitution reactions using [D]triethylsilane as a nucleophile at the anomeric center of the four pentofuranoses, ribose, arabinose, xylose, and lyxose, all proceed with good to excellent stereoselectivity to provide the 1,2‐cis adducts. To unravel the stereoelectronic effects underlying the striking stereoselectivity in these reactions we have mapped the energy landscapes of the complete conformational space of the oxocarbenium ions of the four pentofuranoses. The potential energy surface maps provide a detailed picture of the influence of the differently oriented substituents and their mutual interactions on the stability of the oxocarbenium ions and the maps can be used to account for the observed stereoselectivities of the addition reactions.
Spectroscopic Capture and Reactivity of a Low‐Spin Cobalt(IV)‐Oxo Complex Stabilized by Binding Redox‐Inactive Metal Ions
Authors: Hong Seungwoo , Pfaff Florian F. , Kwon Eunji , Wang Yong , Seo Mi‐Sook , Bill Eckhard , Ray Kallol , Nam Wonwoo
Published: July 2014

High‐valent cobalt‐oxo intermediates are proposed as reactive intermediates in a number of cobalt‐complex‐mediated oxidation reactions. Herein we report the spectroscopic capture of low‐spin (S=1/2) CoIV‐oxo species in the presence of redox‐inactive metal ions, such as Sc3+, Ce3+, Y3+, and Zn2+, and the investigation of their reactivity in CH bond activation and sulfoxidation reactions. Theoretical calculations predict that the binding of Lewis acidic metal ions to the cobalt‐oxo core increases the electrophilicity of the oxygen atom, resulting in the redox tautomerism of a highly unstable [(TAML)CoIII(O.)]2− species to a more stable [(TAML)CoIV(O)(Mn+)] core. The present report supports the proposed role of the redox‐inactive metal ions in facilitating the formation of high‐valent metal–oxo cores as a necessary step for oxygen evolution in chemistry and biology.
Electrical Network of Single‐Crystalline Metal Oxide Nanoclusters Wired by π‐Molecules
Authors: Tsunashima Ryo , Iwamoto Yoshifumi , Baba Yusuke , Kato Chisato , Ichihashi Katsuya , Nishihara Sadafumi , Inoue Katsuya , Ishiguro Katsuya , Song Yu‐Fei , Akutagawa Tomoyuki
Published: July 2014

In a mixed‐valence polyoxometalate, electrons are usually delocalized within the cluster anion because of low level of inter‐cluster interaction. Herein, we report the structure and electrical properties of a single crystal in which mixed‐valence polyoxometalates were electrically wired by cationic π‐molecules of tetrathiafulvalene substituted with pyridinium. Electron‐transport characteristics are suggested to represent electron hopping through strong interactions between cluster and cationic π‐molecules.
Prediction of dyes solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide (CMM EOS)
Authors: Hallaji Sani Ahmad , Arif Amin , Salehi Mohammad Ali , Asgarpour Khansary Milad
Published: July 2014

On the basis of the M‐factor theory, A new piece‐wise equation of state has been developed elsewhere for prediction of compressibility factor. On the basis of this model, a novel model for the special case of Tr<1.1 together with a specialized parameter was developed also. Critical modification on the model is proposed and applied in this work as a result of critical assessment of model application in solute solubility prediction in supercritical carbon dioxide. Two relationships were obtained for S12 that must be implemented together with this equation of state. Using this new modified model, the solubility prediction/correlation will be a straightforward calculation. © 2014 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sociodemographic and hispanic acculturation factors and isolated anotia/microtia
Authors: Hoyt Adrienne T. , Canfield Mark A. , Shaw Gary M. , Waller Dorothy K. , Polen Kara N.D. , Ramadhani Tunu , Anderka Marlene T. , Scheuerle Angela E. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: July 2014

Background

It has been observed in several studies that infants with anotia/microtia are more common among Hispanics compared with other racial/ethnic groups. We examined the association between selected Hispanic ethnicity and acculturation factors and anotia/microtia in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.

Methods

We examined data from mothers of 351 infants with isolated anotia/microtia and 8435 unaffected infants from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study with an expected delivery date from 1997 to 2007. Sociodemographic, maternal, and acculturation factors (e.g., age, maternal education, household income, body mass index, gestational diabetes, folic acid, smoking, alcohol intake, study center, parental birthplace, and years lived in the United States, maternal language) were assessed as overall risk factors and also as risk factors among subgroups of Hispanics (United States‐ and foreign‐born) versus non‐Hispanic whites.

Results

Compared with non‐Hispanic whites, both United States‐ and foreign‐born Hispanic mothers demonstrated substantially higher odds of delivering infants with anotia/microtia across nearly all strata of sociodemographic and other maternal factors (adjusted odds ratios range: 2.1–11.9). The odds of anotia/microtia was particularly elevated among Hispanic mothers who emigrated from Mexico after age five (adjusted odds ratios = 4.88; 95% confidence interval = 2.93–8.11) or who conducted the interview in Spanish (adjusted odds ratios = 4.97; 95% confidence interval = 3.00–8.24).

Conclusion

We observed that certain sociodemographic and acculturation factors are associated with higher risks of anotia/microtia among offspring of Hispanic mothers. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:852–862, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toxicity Endpoint Selections for a Simazine Risk Assessment
Authors: Silva Marilyn , Iyer Poorni
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

California uses simazine at one of the highest levels for states in the United States (approximately 2.5 million lbs 2006–2010). Simazine causes neuroendocrine disruption and mammary cancer in test animals. A risk assessment was prioritized by the California Department of Pesticide Regulation because of the nondietary concern for simazine exposure to occupational/nonoccupational simazine users, resident nonusers, and bystanders (especially children and children exhibiting pica) at greatest risk.

METHODS

No observed effect levels (NOELs) from animal studies as well as human exposure data were used to determine nondietary values for the above populations. Registrant‐submitted and open literature studies focusing on oral (major human route) effects for simazine and the major metabolites desisopropyl‐s‐atrazine and diaminochlorotriazine were reviewed as part of the hazard identification process.

RESULTS

Developmental, reproduction, and chronic studies provided the lowest NOELs for the acute (5 mg/kg/day), subchronic (0.56 mg/kg/day), and chronic (0.52 mg/kg/day) exposure durations, respectively. A benchmark dose (95th percentile) was calculated for mammary tumorigenesis, assuming a threshold mechanism in rats (benchmark dose lower limit [95th percentile; BMDL05]: 2.9 mg/kg/day). Margins of exposure and uncertainty factors (100–300×, depending on exposure scenario) were used to characterize risk for designated population subgroups.

CONCLUSIONS

Fetal developmental delays, endocrine disruption, and mammary tumors resulted from simazine treatment. Systemic and maternal/fetal effects determined the critical NOELs used in risk assessment. Margins of exposures for most scenarios were below acceptable levels, especially for children who may be bystanders where simazine is applied and children who exhibit pica. This risk characterization raises a concern for long‐term effects in humans
Expression of cholera toxin B subunit–lumbrokinase in edible sunflower seeds–the use of transmucosal carrier to enhance its fusion protein's effect on protection of rats and mice against thrombosis
Authors: Guan Chunfeng , Ji Jing , Jin Chao , Wang Gang , Li Xiaozhou , Guan Wenzhu
Published: July 2014

Lumbrokinase (LK) is a group of serine proteases with strong fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities and is useful for treating diseases caused by thrombus. Cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) has been widely used to facilitate antigen delivery by serving as an effective mucosal carrier molecule for the induction of oral tolerance. We investigate here the application of CTB as a transmucosal carrier in enhancing its fusion protein‐LKs effect to protect rats against thrombosis. Thus, in this study, CTB‐LK fusion gene separated by a furin cleavage site was expressed in seeds of Helianthus annuus L. The activity of recombinant protein in seeds of transgenic sunflower was confirmed by Western blot analysis, fibrin plate assays and GM1‐ganglioside ELISA. The thrombosis model of rats and mice revealed that the oral administration of peeled seeds of sunflower expressing CTB‐LK had a more significant anti‐thrombotic effect on animals compared with that administration of peeled seeds of sunflower expressing LK. It is possible to conclude that CTB can successfully enhance its fusion protein to be absorbed in rats or mice thrombosis model. The use of CTB as a transmucosal carrier in the delivery of transgenic plant‐derived oral therapeutic proteins was supported. In addition, for the purpose of that recombinant CTB‐LK was designed for oral administration, thus the expression of CTB‐LK in edible sunflower seeds eliminated the need for downstream processing of proteins. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:1029–1039, 2014
Anti‐social personality characteristics and psychotic symptoms: Two pathways associated with offending in schizophrenia
Authors: Van Dongen Josanne D. M. , Buck Nicole M. L. , Barendregt Marko , Van Beveren Nico M. , De Beurs Edwin , Van Marle Hjalmar J. C.
Published: July 2014

Background

Several research groups have shown that people with schizophrenia who offend do not form a homogenous group. A three‐group model claimed by Hodgins proposes distinguishing between people who start offending before the onset of psychosis (early starters), after psychosis onset but at age 34 years or under (late starters) and after psychosis onset but at age 35 years or older (late first offenders).

Aims

This study aimed to test the hypotheses (1) that the personality of early starters and non‐psychotic offenders would be similar, but different from either late‐starter group; (2) that the late‐starter groups would be more likely to have positive psychotic symptoms than non‐criminal patients with schizophrenia; and (3) that symptom types would differentiate the psychotic groups.

Methods

A retrospective file study was conducted on cases of 97 early starters, 100 late starters and 26 late first offenders all drawn from the Netherlands Institute of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology (NIFP) archives 1993–2008, 115 non‐psychotic offenders from 2005–2008 NIFP archives and 129 patients with schizophrenia and no criminal history from one general service in Rotterdam.

Results

Early starters closely resembled the non‐psychotic offenders in their premorbid anti‐social personality characteristics. The two late‐onset offending psychosis groups were more likely to have persecutory and/or grandiose delusions than non‐offenders with psychosis, but so were the early starters.

Implications

In a first study to compare subgroups of offenders with psychosis directly with non‐psychotic offenders and non‐offenders with psychosis, we found such additional support for a distinction between early and late starters with psychosis that different treatment strategies would seem indicated, focusing on personality and substance misuse for the former but psychotic symptoms for all. It remains to be seen whether the higher rate of alcohol misuse amongst late first offenders is a fundamental distinction or a function of age difference. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Foaming Process from Polystyrene/p‐Cymene Solutions Using CO2
Authors: Gutiérrez Cristina , Rodríguez Juan F. , Gracia Ignacio , de Lucas Antonio , García Maria T.
Published: July 2014

Foaming of polystyrene by previous dissolution in p‐cymene is studied using CO2 to saturate the solution followed by a rapid decompression of samples. Although during the saturation stage the polymer is plasticized and the glass transition temperature is decreased, the main advantage offered by using a solvent is the reduction of the working temperature. The effects of pressure, temperature, and initial concentration of the polymer solutions on cell size, distribution of pores, and cell density of the foams are analyzed for optimization of the foaming process in order to achieve microcellular structures. Optimum conditions were achieved at high values of pressure and concentration and low temperature.
Asymmetric Modification of TiO2 Nanofibers with Gold by Electric‐Field‐Assisted Photochemistry
Authors: Ongaro Michael , Roche Jerôme , Kuhn Alexander , Ugo Paolo
Published: July 2014

We present a new procedure for the site‐specific deposition of metal on semiconductor nanofibers (NF). The semiconductor NFs are exposed to an external electric field while irradiated with UV light. This coupling allows the generation of excited electron–hole couples and drives them to the opposite extremities of the fibers where they can react with redox species in solution. We demonstrate here that, when both UV light and electric field are simultaneously applied, a metal deposit is formed at the cathodically polarized tip of the NF in a controlled way. Such an electric‐field‐assisted photochemical (EFAP) process is suitable for highly localized photodeposition of metals, leading to semiconductor Janus objects.