bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Assoziation von Methyl‐, Äthyl‐ und n‐Propylamin in gesättigten aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen (nach Dampfdruckmessungen)
Authors: Wolff H. , Höpfner A. , Höpfner H.‐M.
Published: April 2015

Es werden die Dampfdruckisothermen der Systeme Methylamin‐n‐Butan, Methylamin‐n‐Nonan, Äthylamin‐n‐Butan, Äthylamin‐n‐Hexan und n‐Propylamin‐n‐Hexan bei Temperaturen zwischen meist +20 und –55 °C bestimmt. Über die aus den gemessenen Isothermen erhaltenen Aktivitätskoeffizienten werden mit Gleichungen von Prigogine und Mitarbeitern sowie mit Beziehungen, die in einer vorausgegangenen Arbeit entwickelt wurden, folgende, die Assoziation der Amine kennzeichnende Größen berechnet:

Monomerenbruchteil und Assoziatbruchteile,

mittlere Zähligkeiten,

Assoziationskonstanten,

Assoziationswärmen sowie

Verdampfungs‐ und Solvatationswärmen.

Aus den berechneten Daten folgt, daß die betrachteten Systeme sich bei der Assoziation ähnlich verhalten wie das früher untersuchte System Methylamin‐n‐Hexan: Die mittlere Zähligkeit der Aminassoziate ist gering, verglichen mit der mittleren Zähligkeit der Alkoholassoziate unter ähnlichen Bedingungen; die Gleichgewichtskonstanten der unterschiedlichen Assoziationsstufen sind verschieden, die Assoziationswärmen dieser Stufen aber annähernd gleich.

Darüber hinaus lassen die berechneten Werte erkennen, daß die Assoziation mit zunehmender Länge der aliphatischen Kette des Amins zurückgeht. Hierbei stellen bei Betrachtung im Konzentrationsmaß die Kohlenwasserstoffe mit größerer Kettenlänge schwächere Verdünnungsmittel als die Kohlenwasserstoffe mit kleinerer Kettenlänge dar.

Schließlich belegen die ermittelten Daten, daß die unspezifische Wechselwirkung zwischen den Aminmolekeln und die Wechselwirkung zwischen Amin‐ und Kohlenwasserstoffmolekeln nicht sehr verschieden voneinander sein können. Dies spricht dafür, daß die Anwendung der Prigogineschen Theorie bei den betrachteten Systemen berechtigt ist.
Chemisorption und Zerfall der Wassermolekel an reinen Nickeloberflächen bei niedrigen Temperaturen
Authors: Suhrmann R. , Heras J. M. , Viscido Heras L. De , Wedler G.
Published: April 2015

Die Chemisorption von Wassermolekeln an dünnen, im Ultra‐Hochvakuum aufgedampften Ni‐Filmen wird bei Temperaturen zwischen 77° und 273°K untersucht. Bei 77° und 90°K nimmt der elektrische Widerstand R des Films bei Adsorption von H2O‐Molekeln zu, das Elektronenaustrittspotential ϕ ab. Aus den Änderungen, die R und ϕ durch die Chemisorption gemessener Anzahlen von H2O‐Molekeln erfahren, lassen sich folgende Rückschlüsse auf den Zustand der adsorbierten Molekeln ziehen:

Bei 77° und 90°K werden die H2O‐Molekeln derart an der Ni‐Oberfläche adsorbiert, daß der positive Pol der molekularen Dipole vom Metall fortweist. Das aus der Abnahme von ϕ errechnete resultierende Dipolmoment der H2O‐Molekel im adsorbierten Zustand ist kleiner als das im freien Zustand. Bereits bei 195°K und insbesondere bei 273°K tritt ein Zerfall der H2O‐Molekeln am Ni‐Film ein, der sich in einer zusätzlichen Widerstandszunahme und in einem Anwachsen des Austrittspotentials äußert. Die Bruchstücke werden an der Ni‐Oberfläche gebunden und verändern die elektronische Wechselwirkung zwischen den nachfolgend adsorbierten H2O‐Molekeln und der Metalloberfläche in der Weise, daß die Adsorption von H2O‐Molekeln nun bei 273°, 195°, 90° und 77°K eine Abnahme von R hervorruft, die bei 273°K durch Desorption wieder rückgängig gemacht werden kann.
Schwingungsspektren homologer und stellungsisomerer n‐Alkanderivate 4. Mitteilung: Infrarot‐ und ramanspektroskopische Untersuchungen an homologen geradkettigen Nitroalkanen
Authors: Geiseler G. , Kessler H.
Published: April 2015

Eine größere Zahl homologer Nitroalkane im Bereich von C1 bis C10 wurde infrarot‐ und ramanspektroskopisch untersucht. Durch Spektrenvergleich ließ sich ein großer Teil der Banden Normalschwingungen zuordnen.

Sehr lagekonstant sind die Banden der symmetrischen und asymmetrischen NO2‐Valenzschwingungen; sie zeigen jedoch in Abhängigkeit von der Kettenlänge ein deutlich alternierendes Verhalten, das mit zunehmender C‐Zahl immer schwächer wird.

Charakteristisch sind auch die NO2‐Knick‐ und ‐Nickschwingungen im Gebiet unterhalb 700 cm−1; bei den primären Verbindungen verschiebt sich erstere mit wachsender Kettenlänge zu niederen, letztere dagegen zu höheren Frequenzen.

Die CN‐Schwingungsbande der homologen endständigen Nitroparaffine spaltet ab Nitropropan auf; als Ursache dafür wird das Auftreten von Rotationsisomeren angenommen.

Von den Schwingungen des Alkylrestes zeigen alternierendes Verhalten sowohl hinsichtlich Frequenzlage als auch Intensität die CH‐Valenzschwingungen, die CH‐Knickschwingungen im Gebiet bei etwa 1400 cm−1 und zwei Bandenfolgen bei etwa 800 cm−1.
Kernquadrupolkopplung von Na23 in Natriumdithionatdihydrat, Na2S2O6·2H2O
Authors: Berthold Ingo , Weiss Alarich
Published: April 2015

Es wurde das KMR‐Spektrum von Na23 in Einkristallen von Natriumdithionatdihydrat, Na2S2O6 · 2H2O, bei Zimmertemperatur untersucht. Für die Kopplungskonstante |e2qQ/h| ergibt sich 2362,7 ± 2,0 kHz; der Asymmetrieparameter η beträgt 0,3509 ± 0,0005. Die Richtungskosinus des Kopplungstensors werden angegeben. Mit Hilfe eines Punktladungsmodells konnten die verschiedenen Richtungen des Quadrupolkopplungstensors den verschiedenen Natriumionen im Gitter zugeordnet werden.
Über die Art des Zwischenproduktes bei der anodischen Oxydation von Ameisensäure in saurem Leitelektrolyten
Authors: Vielstich W. , Vogel U.
Published: April 2015

Bei der anodischen Oxydation von Ameisensäure in saurem Leitelektrolyten entsteht ein Zwischenprodukt, das etwa im Doppelschichtbereich die Elektrodenoberfläche blockiert. Grundsätzlich kann es sich hierbei um Kohlenoxyd, Oxalsäure oder adsorbierte Formiatradikale handeln.

Durch qualitative Untersuchungen mit der potentiostatischen Dreieckspannungsmethode wird gezeigt, daß die Vergiftungserscheinung auf adsorbierte Formiatradikale zurückzuführen ist.
Untersuchungen über die RNA‐Replikation des RNA‐Phagen M 12
Authors: Ammann J. , Delius H. , Hofschneider P. H.
Published: April 2015

Die Rolle der Proteinsynthese für die Replikation der M 12 Phagen‐RNA wurde durch Chloramphenicolhemmung der Proteinsynthese während des Infektionszyklus untersucht. Die Replikation der M 12 RNA findet ungestört nur statt, wenn in den ersten 17 min nach Infektion Proteinsynthese möglich ist. Eine Hemmung der Proteinsynthese, beginnend mit der Infektion, verhindert die M 12 RNA‐Replikation. Spätere Hemmung, beginnend zwischen 7 und 17 min nach Infektion, läßt die M 12 RNA‐Replikation, gemessen durch 32P‐Inkorporation, zu, blockiert jedoch den Anstieg „reifer”︁ infektiöser M 12 RNA. Hieraus wird geschlossen, daß für die M 12 RNA‐Replikation die Induktion von zwei phagenspezifischen Proteinen erforderlich ist.

Isolierung und Eigenschaften einer doppelsträngigen, replikativen RNA‐Form des Phagen M 12 werden beschrieben.
UV‐Inaktivierung von Phagen‐DNS in der Wirtszelle als Funktion des Vermehrungsstadiums
Authors: Eckart Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

Nach Adsorption eines Phagen an das Wirtsbakterium wird die DNS in dieses injiziert. Während der sich anschließenden Vermehrung der Phagen‐DNS bis zur Entstehung reifer Phagen ändert sich kontinuierlich die UV‐Empfindlichkeit des Systems. Am Beispiel des Phagen T 1 wird über diese Veränderung für native und UV‐vorbestrahlte Phagen berichtet und gezeigt, welche Schlüsse auf das In‐ und Reaktivierungsgeschehen aus den Resultaten gezogen werden können.
Die Spaltung von Pyrophosphaten an molekularen Matrizen – eine Modellreaktion zur enzymatischen Transphosphorylierung
Authors: Cramer Friedrich , Hennrich Norbert , Kampe Wolfgang
Published: April 2015

Cyclodextrine bilden mit Molekülen geeigneter Größe Einschlußverbindungen, d.h. Verbindungen, in denen die Partner räumlich eng ineinanderpassen und nur durch van der Waalssche Kräfte oder Wasserstoffbrücken zusammengehalten werden. Die Bildungswärmen dieser Einschlußverbindungen liegen meist zwischen 5 und 10 keal. Pyrophosphate mit geeigneten Substituenten, z.B. Diphenylpyrophosphat bilden auch in verdünnter wäßriger Lösung Einschlußverbindungen mit Cyclodextrin; in diesem Komplex gerät die Pyrophosphatbindung in große Nähe der Hydroxylgruppen des Zuckers, es ereignet sich eine spontane Transphosphorylierung unter Spaltung der Pyrophosphatbindung. Die Reaktion ist in hohem Maße substituentenabhängig; nur solche Pyrophosphate werden gespalten, die in den Cyclodextrin‐Hohlraum passen.
Über den Struktureffekt unpolarer Teilchen in wäßriger Lösung Zusammenfassender Bericht
Authors: Hertz H. G.
Published: April 2015

Der Prüfung der Hypothese Franks, daß unpolare Teilchen in wäßriger Lösung in Form der sogenannten Eisbergbildung hydratisiert sind, wird ein Vorschlag zur begrifflichen Präzisierung der im allgemeinen intuitiv gebrauchten Bezeichnungen Strukturvermehrung bzw. ‐verminderung vorausgeschickt. Der Strukturgrad ist hiernach charakterisiert durch die Schärfe der Maxima verschiedener orientierungsabhängiger molekularer Verteilungsfunktionen. Da ein exakter Beweis für eine Strukturvermehrung nicht zu erbringen ist, werden folgende physikalisch‐chemische Eigenschaften wäßriger Lösungen von Molekülen mit Alkylgruppen im Hinblick auf eine mögliche Strukturaussage diskutiert: Thermodynamische Eigenschaften inkl. Gashydratbildung, Zähigkeit, elektrische Leitfähigkeit, dielektrische und kernmagnetische Relaxationszeit, chemische Verschiebung der Kernresonanzlinie, Schallabsorption und Schallgeschwindigkeit, Wärmeleitfähigkeit und diamagnetische Suszeptibilität. Das Ergebnis läßt sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: Gewisse Eigenschaften zeigen, daß eine Strukturzunahme vorhanden ist, andere Beobachtungen geben zu erkennen, daß die Zahl der Wasserstoff‐Brückenbindungen in der Lösung abnimmt. Es folgt somit, daß die Strukturvermehrung so beschaffen ist, daß dabei ein Abbau oder eine Deformation der H‐Brücken stattfindet.
Thermodynamische Untersuchungen an den Systemen der Silber‐ und Kupfer(I)halogenide III. Mitteilung: Das Zustandsdiagramm Silberbromid‐Kupfer(I)bromid
Authors: Nölting Jens
Published: April 2015

Das System AgBrCuBr ist vom Standpunkt der Fehlordnungserscheinungen besonders interessant. Es ist mit den verschiedensten Methoden untersucht worden und kann heute als geklärt angesehen werden. Die Messung der spezifischen Wärme an einem Mischkristall mit dem Molenbruch xAgBr = 0,33 könnte die Richtigkeit des von Jost und v. Salmuth, Teltow und Frenzel aufgestellten Zustandsdiagramms bestätigen.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an der Azogruppe
Authors: Kortüm G. , Rau H.
Published: April 2015

Anknüpfend an frühere Arbeiten [1], in denen wir uns mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen der Ausprägung der Schwingungsstruktur von Elektronenbanden und der Starrheit des absorbierenden Moleküls und mit der “strukturzerstörenden” Wirkung der Azogruppe [2] beschäftigten, haben wir die Spektren von Azomethan und Azobenzol neu aufgenommen und versucht, das Termschema der beiden Verbindungen durch Aufschlüsselung der Spektren aufzustellen. Wir kommen auf Grund unserer Messungen zu etwas anderen Ergebnissen als frühere Autoren.
A Review on Chitin and Chitosan Polymers: Structure, Chemistry, Solubility, Derivatives, and Applications
Authors: Zargar Vida , Asghari Morteza , Dashti Amir
Published: April 2015

Chitin and chitosan are considerably versatile and promising biomaterials. The deacetylated chitin derivative chitosan is a useful and interesting bioactive polymer. Despite its biodegradability, it has many reactive amino side groups, which offer possibilities of chemical modifications, formation of a large variety of beneficial derivatives, which are commercially available or can be made available via graft reactions and ionic interactions. This study looks at the contemporary research in chitin and chitosan towards structure, properties, and applications in various industrial and biomedical fields.
And the GIST is: When one has a GIST, think of an association!
Authors: Stratakis Constantine A.
Published: April 2015

Patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors have been found to have other cancers more frequently than expected by chance in a population study. The findings are supportive of a genetic predisposition being more frequent in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, although other reasons cannot be excluded; clinicians need to bear in mind the possible association of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with another primary cancer.
Effect of tamsulosin on the pharmacokinetics of dutasteride in Chinese male healthy volunteers
Authors: Li Huafang , Yang Jiansong , Zhao Hongxin , Fossler Michael J. , Wang Chunrong
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of tamsulosin (0.2 mg) on the pharmacokinetics of dutasteride (0.5 mg) in a group of healthy Chinese male volunteers. This was an open‐label, single‐sequence, 3‐period, drug–drug interaction phase 1 study. Twenty‐four healthy Chinese male volunteers were enrolled and administered a single dose of 0.5 mg dutasteride and, following a 28‐ to 30‐day washout period, 0.2 mg tamsulosin once daily for 7 days. On day 5, subjects received 0.2 mg tamsulosin coadministered with 0.5 mg dutasteride. Serum dutasteride and tamsulosin concentrations were monitored. In the presence or absence of tamsulosin, there were no apparent changes in dutasteride AUC and Cmax. Adverse events reported were mild to moderate in intensity and resolved by the end of the study. In healthy Chinese male volunteers, tamsulosin 0.2 mg at steady state had no apparent effect on dutasteride pharmacokinetics. Dutasteride and tamsulosin when administered alone or in combination were well tolerated.
Retaining biodiversity in intensive farmland: epiphyte removal in oil palm plantations does not affect yield
Authors: Prescott Graham W. , Edwards David P. , Foster William A.
Published: April 2015

The expansion of agriculture into tropical forest frontiers is one of the primary drivers of the global extinction crisis, resulting in calls to intensify tropical agriculture to reduce demand for more forest land and thus spare land for nature. Intensification is likely to reduce habitat complexity, with profound consequences for biodiversity within agricultural landscapes. Understanding which features of habitat complexity are essential for maintaining biodiversity and associated ecosystem services within agricultural landscapes without compromising productivity is therefore key to limiting the environmental damage associated with producing food intensively. Here, we focus on oil palm, a rapidly expanding crop in the tropics and subject to frequent calls for increased intensification. One promoted strategy is to remove epiphytes that cover the trunks of oil palms, and we ask whether this treatment affects either biodiversity or yield. We experimentally tested this by removing epiphytes from four‐hectare plots and seeing if the biodiversity and production of fruit bunches 2 months and 16 months later differed from equivalent control plots where epiphytes were left uncut. We found a species‐rich and taxonomically diverse epiphyte community of 58 species from 31 families. Epiphyte removal did not affect the production of fresh fruit bunches, or the species richness and community composition of birds and ants, although the impact on other components of biodiversity remains unknown. We conclude that as they do not adversely affect palm oil production, the diverse epiphyte flora should be left uncut. Our results underscore the importance of experimentally determining the effects of habitat complexity on yield before introducing intensive methods with no discernible benefits.
Successful percutaneous trans‐catheter treatment of left ventricular assist device outflow graft stenosis with a covered stent
Authors: Retzer Elizabeth M. , Tannenbaum Sara A. , Fedson Savitri E. , Kim Gene H. , Sayer Gabriel T. , Paul Jonathan D. , Nathan Sandeep , Jeevanandam Valluvan , Friant Janet , Uriel Nir , Shah Atman P.
Published: April 2015

Case Report

Left ventricular assist devices improve survival in patients with advanced heart failure but can be associated with significant complication including infection, pump thrombosis, and de novo severe aortic insufficiency. Outflow graft stenosis is a much more rare complication, but one with significant hemodynamic consequences. Surgical repair is often necessary, but many patients are too high risk for further surgical intervention. We describe the first case of left ventricular assist device outflow graft stenosis treated with percutaneous trans‐catheter placement of a covered stent.
TRAF2 regulates peripheral CD8+ T‐cell and NKT‐cell homeostasis by modulating sensitivity to IL‐15
Authors: Villanueva Jeanette E. , Malle Elisabeth K. , Gardam Sandra , Silveira Pablo A. , Zammit Nathan W. , Walters Stacey N. , Brink Robert , Grey Shane T.
Published: April 2015

In this study, a critical and novel role for TNF receptor (TNFR) associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is elucidated for peripheral CD8+ T‐cell and NKT‐cell homeostasis. Mice deficient in TRAF2 only in their T cells (TRAF2TKO) show ∼40% reduction in effector memory and ∼50% reduction in naïve CD8+ T‐cell subsets. IL‐15‐dependent populations were reduced further, as TRAF2TKO mice displayed a marked ∼70% reduction in central memory CD8+CD44hiCD122+ T cells and ∼80% decrease in NKT cells. TRAF2TKO CD8+CD44hi T cells exhibited impaired dose‐dependent proliferation to exogenous IL‐15. In contrast, TRAF2TKO CD8+ T cells proliferated normally to anti‐CD3 and TRAF2TKO CD8+CD44hi T cells exhibited normal proliferation to exogenous IL‐2. TRAF2TKO CD8+ T cells expressed normal levels of IL‐15‐associated receptors and possessed functional IL‐15‐mediated STAT5 phosphorylation, however TRAF2 deletion caused increased AKT activation. Loss of CD8+CD44hiCD122+ and NKT cells was mechanistically linked to an inability to respond to IL‐15. The reduced CD8+CD44hiCD122+ T‐cell and NKT‐cell populations in TRAF2TKO mice were rescued in the presence of high dose IL‐15 by IL‐15/IL‐15Rα complex administration. These studies demonstrate a critical role for TRAF2 in the maintenance of peripheral CD8+ CD44hiCD122+ T‐cell and NKT‐cell homeostasis by modulating sensitivity to T‐cell intrinsic growth factors such as IL‐15.
Pd(OAc)2/AgOAc Catalytic System Based Bidentate Ligand Directed Regiocontrolled C–H Arylation and Alkylation of the C‐3 Position of Thiophene‐ and Furan‐2‐carboxamides
Authors: Padmavathi Rayavarapu , Sankar Rathinam , Gopalakrishnan Bojan , Parella Ramarao , Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda
Published: April 2015

A contemporary method is reported for the Pd(OAc)2/AgOAc catalytic system based bidentate ligand directed, regioselective C–H activation and C–C bond formation at the C‐3 position of thiophene‐ and furan‐2‐carboxamides, which are derived from 8‐aminoquinoline or 2‐(methylthio)aniline. The Pd‐catalyzed C–H arylation of thiophene‐ and furan‐2‐carboxamides with a variety of aryl iodides and heteroaryl iodides was highly regioselective and afforded C‐3‐arylated thiophene‐2‐carboxamides and furan‐2‐carboxamides in good to very good yields. The bidentate ligand directed Pd(OAc)2/AgOAc based strategy was also successfully employed for benzylation and alkylation reactions of the thiophene‐2‐carboxamides. These reactions occurred with high regioselectivity to afford the C‐3‐benzylated and C‐3‐alkylated thiophene‐2‐carboxamides in good yields. The observed regioselectivity of these reactions was confirmed by X‐ray crystal structure analyses of compounds 3e, 5a, and 6a.
The Development of a Versatile Trifunctional Scaffold for Biological Applications
Authors: Vaněk Václav , Pícha Jan , Fabre Benjamin , Buděšínský Miloš , Lepšík Martin , Jiráček Jiří
Published: April 2015

We describe the synthesis of a trifunctional scaffold constructed from a planar core of trimesic acid derivatized with three propargylamine moieties. The scaffold was attached to a solid‐phase resin through the carboxylic group of a fluorinated alkyl spacer arm. The orthogonal protection of two of the alkyne groups with triethylsilyl and triisopropylsilyl moieties enabled modular and efficient derivatization of the scaffold with three different azides by using solid‐phase synthesis on amphiphilic ChemMatrix resin. We showed that a fluorine label can be used to quantify the content of fluorine‐containing compounds by 19F NMR spectroscopic analysis after cleavage from the resin. We have thus designed a versatile and convenient tool that could be useful for simple and rapid solid‐phase syntheses of combinatorial libraries of the scaffold‐based compounds, for example as new protein binders.
Phenolic and microbial‐targeted metabolomics to discovering and evaluating wine intake biomarkers in human urine and plasma
Authors: Urpi‐Sarda Mireia , Boto‐Ordóñez María , Queipo‐Ortuño María Isabel , Tulipani Sara , Corella Dolores , Estruch Ramon , Tinahones Francisco J. , Andres‐Lacueva Cristina
Published: April 2015

The discovery of biomarkers of intake in nutritional epidemiological studies is essential in establishing an association between dietary intake (considering their bioavailability) and diet‐related risk factors for diseases. The aim is to study urine and plasma phenolic and microbial profile by targeted metabolomics approach in a wine intervention clinical trial for discovering and evaluating food intake biomarkers. High‐risk male volunteers (n = 36) were included in a randomized, crossover intervention clinical trial. After a washout period, subjects received red wine or gin, or dealcoholized red wine over four weeks. Fasting plasma and 24‐h urine were collected at baseline and after each intervention period. A targeted metabolomic analysis of 70 host and microbial phenolic metabolites was performed using ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC‐MS/MS). Metabolites were subjected to stepwise logistic regression to establish prediction models and received operation curves were performed to evaluate biomarkers. Prediction models based mainly on gallic acid metabolites, obtained sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) for the training and validation sets of between 91 and 98% for urine and between 74 and 91% for plasma. Resveratrol, ethylgallate and gallic acid metabolite groups in urine samples also resulted in being good predictors of wine intake (AUC>87%). However, lower values for metabolites were obtained in plasma samples. The highest correlations between fasting plasma and urine were obtained for the prediction model score (r = 0.6, P<0.001), followed by gallic acid metabolites (r = 0.5–0.6, P<0.001). This study provides new insights into the discovery of food biomarkers in different biological samples.
iTRAQ‐based quantitative subcellular proteomic analysis of Avibirnavirus‐infected cells
Authors: Sun Yanting , Hu Boli , Fan Chengfei , Jia Lu , Zhang Yina , Du Aifang , Zheng Xiaojuan , Zhou Jiyong
Published: April 2015

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) enters the host cells via endocytic pathway to achieve viral replication in the cytoplasm. Here, we performed LC‐MS/MS coupled with isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification labeling of differentially abundant proteins of IBDV‐infected cells using a subcellular fractionation strategy. We show that the viral infection regulates the abundance and/or subcellular localization of 3211 proteins during early infection. In total, 23 cellular proteins in the cytoplasmic proteome and 34 in the nuclear proteome were significantly altered after virus infection. These differentially abundant proteins are involved in such biological processes as immune response, signal transduction, RNA processing, macromolecular biosynthesis, energy metabolism, virus binding, and cellular apoptosis. Moreover, transcriptional profiles of the 25 genes corresponding to the identified proteins were analyzed by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis clustered the differentially abundant proteins primarily into the mTOR pathway, PI3K/Akt pathway, and interferon‐β signaling cascades. Confocal microscopy showed colocalization of the viral protein VP3 with host proteins heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein H1, nuclear factor 45, apoptosis inhibitor 5, nuclear protein localization protein 4 and DEAD‐box RNA helicase 42 during the virus infection. Together, these identified subcellular constituents provide important information for understanding host–IBDV interactions and underlying mechanisms of IBDV infection and pathogenesis.
Highly sensitive fluorescent stain for detecting lipopolysaccharides in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhou Ayi , Cai Wanhui , Yu Dongdong , Zhu Zhongxin , Jiang Chengxi , Jin Litai
Published: April 2015

A sensitive and simple technique was developed for the visualization of gel‐separated lipopolysaccharides by using a hydrazide derivative, UGF202. As low as 0.5–1 ng total LPS could be detected by UGF202 stain, which is 2‐ and 16‐fold more sensitive than that of the commonly used Pro‐Q Emerald 300 and Keenan et al. developed silver stain, respectively. The results indicated that UGF202 stain could be a good choice for LPS determination in polyacrylamide gels.
Hand drawing of pencil electrodes on paper platforms for contactless conductivity detection of inorganic cations in human tear samples using electrophoresis chips
Authors: Chagas Cyro L. S. , Costa Duarte Lucas , Lobo‐Júnior Eulício O. , Piccin Evandro , Dossi Nicolò , Coltro Wendell K. T.
Published: April 2015

This paper describes for the first time the fabrication of pencil drawn electrodes (PDE) on paper platforms for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) on electrophoresis microchips. PDE‐C4D devices were attached on PMMA electrophoresis chips and used for detection of K+ and Na+ in human tear samples. PDE‐C4D devices were produced on office paper and chromatographic paper platforms and their performance were thoroughly investigated using a model mixture containing K+, Na+, and Li+. In comparison with chromatographic paper, PDE‐C4D fabricated on office paper has exhibited better performance due to its higher electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the detector response was similar to that recorded with electrodes prepared with copper adhesive tape. The fabrication of PDE‐C4D on office paper has offered great advantages including extremely low cost (< $ 0.004 per unit), reduced fabrication time (< 5 min), and minimal instrumentation (pencil and paper). The proposed electrodes demonstrated excellent analytical performance with good reproducibility. For an inter‐PDE comparison (n = 7), the RSD values for migration time, peak area, and separation efficiency were lower than 2.5, 10.5, and 14%, respectively. The LOD's achieved for K+, Na+, and Li+ were 4.9, 6.8, and 9.0 μM, respectively. The clinical feasibility of the proposed approach was successfully demonstrated with the quantitative analysis of K+ and Na+ in tear samples. The concentration levels found for K+ and Na+ were, respectively, 20.8 ± 0.1 mM and 101.2 ± 0.1 mM for sample #1, and 20.4 ± 0.1 mM and 111.4 ± 0.1 mM for sample #2.
The fish embryo toxicity test as a replacement for the larval growth and survival test: A comparison of test sensitivity and identification of alternative endpoints in zebrafish and fathead minnows
Authors: Jeffries Marlo K. Sellin , Stultz Amy E. , Smith Austin W. , Stephens Dane A. , Rawlings Jane M. , Belanger Scott E. , Oris James T.
Published: April 2015

The fish embryo toxicity (FET) test has been proposed as an alternative to the larval growth and survival (LGS) test. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the sensitivity of the FET and LGS tests in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) and to determine if the inclusion of sublethal metrics as test endpoints could enhance test utility. In both species, LGS and FET tests were conducted using 2 simulated effluents. A comparison of median lethal concentrations determined via each test revealed significant differences between test types; however, it could not be determined which test was the least and/or most sensitive. At the conclusion of each test, developmental abnormalities and the expression of genes related to growth and toxicity were evaluated. Fathead minnows and zebrafish exposed to mock municipal wastewater-treatment plant effluent in a FET test experienced an increased incidence of pericardial edema and significant alterations in the expression of genes including insulin-like growth factors 1 and 2, heat shock protein 70, and cytochrome P4501A, suggesting that the inclusion of these endpoints could enhance test utility. The results not only show the utility of the fathead minnow FET test as a replacement for the LGS test but also provide evidence that inclusion of additional endpoints could improve the predictive power of the FET test. Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:1369–1381. © 2015 SETAC
5‐HTTLPR differentially predicts brain network responses to emotional faces
Authors: Fisher Patrick M. , Grady Cheryl L. , Madsen Martin K. , Strother Stephen C. , Knudsen Gitte M.
Published: April 2015

The effects of the 5‐HTTLPR polymorphism on neural responses to emotionally salient faces have been studied extensively, focusing on amygdala reactivity and amygdala‐prefrontal interactions. Despite compelling evidence that emotional face paradigms engage a distributed network of brain regions involved in emotion, cognitive and visual processing, less is known about 5‐HTTLPR effects on broader network responses. To address this, we evaluated 5‐HTTLPR differences in the whole‐brain response to an emotional faces paradigm including neutral, angry and fearful faces using functional magnetic resonance imaging in 76 healthy adults. We observed robust increased response to emotional faces in the amygdala, hippocampus, caudate, fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and lateral prefrontal and occipito‐parietal cortices. We observed dissociation between 5‐HTTLPR groups such that LALA individuals had increased response to only angry faces, relative to neutral ones, but S′ carriers had increased activity for both angry and fearful faces relative to neutral. Additionally, the response to angry faces was significantly greater in LALA individuals compared to S′ carriers and the response to fearful faces was significantly greater in S′ carriers compared to LALA individuals. These findings provide novel evidence for emotion‐specific 5‐HTTLPR effects on the response of a distributed set of brain regions including areas responsive to emotionally salient stimuli and critical components of the face‐processing network. These findings provide additional insight into neurobiological mechanisms through which 5‐HTTLPR genotype may affect personality and related risk for neuropsychiatric illness. Hum Brain Mapp 36:2842–2851, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Family history of cancer and risk of pediatric and adolescent Hodgkin lymphoma: A Children's Oncology Group study
Authors: Linabery Amy M. , Erhardt Erik B. , Richardson Michaela R. , Ambinder Richard F. , Friedman Debra L. , Glaser Sally L. , Monnereau Alain , Spector Logan G. , Ross Julie A. , Grufferman Seymour
Published: April 2015

Family history of lymphoid neoplasm (LN) is a strong and consistently observed Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) risk factor, although it has been only marginally examined in pediatric/adolescent patients. Here, healthy control children identified by random digit dialing were matched on sex, race/ethnicity and age to HL cases diagnosed at 0–14 years at Children's Oncology Group institutions in 1989–2003. Detailed histories were captured by structured telephone interviews with parents of 517 cases and 783 controls. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) RNA detection was performed for 355 available case tumors. Two analytic strategies were applied to estimate associations between family cancer history and pediatric/adolescent HL. In a standard case–control approach, multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In a reconstructed cohort approach, each relative was included as a separate observation, and multivariate proportional hazards regression was used to produce hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. Using the latter, pediatric/adolescent HL was associated with a positive family history (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06–1.36), particularly early‐onset cancers (HR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.06–1.59) and those in the paternal lineage (HR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.16–1.65), with a suggested association for LN in first‐degree relatives (HR = 3.61, 95% CI: 0.87–15.01). There were no discernable patterns for EBV+ versus EBV– HL. The clustering of LN within pedigrees may signal shared genetic susceptibility or common environmental exposures. Heritable genetic risk variants have only recently begun to be discovered, however. These results are consistent with other studies and provide a compelling rationale for family‐based studies to garner information about genetic susceptibility to HL.
Potential use of Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom as fermenting agent and source of natural antioxidant additive in livestock feed
Authors: Abdullah Noorlidah , Lau Ching‐Ching , Ismail Siti Marjiana
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND

Fermenting feed has gained a lot of popularity in recent years owing to its renowned benefits to the livestock and feed quality. In the current study, Lentinus squarrosulus mushroom mycelium was tested for its potential as a fermenting agent and source of natural antioxidant in the feed.

RESULTS

Phenolic content of methanolic and hot water extracts of the mycelium culture and its fermented maize ranged from 94.01 to 386.59 mg gallic acid equivalents g−1 extract while the DPPH radical scavenging, CUPRAC, reducing power (RPA) and β‐carotene bleaching (BCB) antioxidant activity had EC50 values ranged from 15.30 to 120.3, 0.74 to 4.71, 1.86 to 13.5 and 0.01 to 0.21 mg mL−1, respectively. At 1.0–20.0 mg mL−1, the extracts retarded 21.02–55.35% of lipid deterioration. Pearson correlation analysis revealed the phenolic content of the extracts has moderate correlation with DPPH (r = 0.589) and RPA (r = 0.580), also a high correlation with BCB antioxidant activity (r = 0.872). In principal component analysis, DPPH, CUPRAC and RPA were seen to be clustered tightly together while BCB antioxidant activity was grouped with the phenolic content.

CONCLUSION

Overall, L. squarrosulus mycelium functioned as antioxidants via several mechanisms, involving either electron transfer or hydrogen transfer‐based reactions suggesting it as a promising fermentation agent to enhance feed nutrition and the fermented maize as a valuable feed resource. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Fast determination of octinoxate and oxybenzone uv filters in swimming pool waters by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry after solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Yılmazcan Ö , Kanakaki C. , Izgi B. , Rosenberg E.
Published: April 2015

A fast gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the analysis of the potential endocrine disrupters octinoxate and oxybenzone in swimming pool water samples based on the solvent‐free solid‐phase microextraction technique. The low‐pressure gas chromatography/mass spectrometry method used for the fast identification of UV filter substances was compared to a conventional method in terms of sensitivity and speed. The fast method proposed resulted in 2 min runs, leading to an eightfold decrease in the total analysis time and a sevenfold improvement in detection limits. The main parameters affecting the solid‐phase microextraction process were also studied in detail and the optimized conditions were as follows: fiber coating, polyacrylate; extraction mode, direct immersion; extraction temperature, 25°C; sample volume, 5 mL; extraction time 45 min; pH 6.5. Under the optimized conditions, a linear response was obtained in the concentration range of 0.5–25 μg/L with correlation coefficients in the range 0.990–0.999. The limits of detection were 0.17–0.29 μg/L, and the recoveries were 80–83%. Combined method uncertainty was assessed and found to be less than 7% for both analytes for concentrations equal to or higher than 5 μg/L. Pool water samples were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. Neither octinoxate nor oxybenzone were detected in the swimming pool water samples at concentrations above the respective limits of detection.
A Water Rights Trading Approach to Increasing Inflows to the Aral Sea
Authors: Bekchanov Maksud , Ringler Claudia , Bhaduri Anik
Published: April 2015

Tremendous development of irrigation since the 1960s combined with unbalanced water resources management led to the destruction of the ecosystems in the delta zone and the gradual desiccation of the Aral Sea, once the fourth largest freshwater lake of the world. Command‐and‐control‐based water management in the Aral Sea basin inherited from Soviet times did not create any incentives for investing in improved irrigation infrastructure, adopt water‐wise approaches, and thus maintain flows into the Aral Sea. This study examined the potential for market‐based water allocation to increase inflows to the Aral Sea while maintaining stable agricultural incomes. We find that a water trading system can improve inflows to the Aral Sea but would require significant compensation for agricultural producers. Agricultural producers can use the compensation payments to cope with reduced water supply by improving irrigation and conveyance efficiencies and by developing alternative rural activities such as livestock grazing, agro‐processing, and cultivation of low water‐consumptive crops. We also find that a water trading system would be more efficient if it includes both trade among irrigation sites and between sites and instream uses. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The protective function of galectin‐9 in liver ischemia and reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Hirao Hirofumi , Uchida Yoichiro , Kadono Kentaro , Tanaka Hirokazu , Niki Toshiro , Yamauchi Akira , Hata Koichiro , Watanabe Takeshi , Terajima Hiroaki , Uemoto Shinji
Published: April 2015

Galectin‐9 (Gal‐9) has gained attention as a multifaceted player in adaptive and innate immunity. To elucidate the role of Gal‐9, we used a mouse model of partial liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) with wild type (WT) and Gal‐9 knockout (KO) mice as well as a recombinant galectin‐9 (reGal‐9) protein. We found that the expression of Gal‐9 was enhanced endogenously in the liver especially by hepatocytes and Kupffer cells during warm IRI for a mouse liver, which causes massive destruction of liver tissue. Gal‐9 was released into the extracellular space in the liver and the highest levels in the plasma at 1 hour after reperfusion. The present study elucidates a novel role of Gal‐9 signaling in mouse liver IRI, by using Gal‐9–deficient mice and a stable form of reGal‐9 protein. In the circumstance of Gal‐9 absence, liver damage due to ischemia/reperfusion (IR) exacerbated the severity as compared with WT. On the other hand, exogenously administered reGal‐9 significantly ameliorated hepatocellular damage. It decreased the local infiltration of the inflammatory cells such as T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages, and it reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines; then, it strongly suppressed the apoptosis of the liver cells. Interestingly, severe liver damage due to IR in Gal‐9 KO mice was improved by the administration of reGal‐9. In conclusion, Gal‐9 engagement ameliorated local inflammation and liver damage induced by IR, and the present study suggests a significant role of Gal‐9 in the maintenance of hepatic homeostasis. In conclusion, targeting Gal‐9 represents a novel approach to protect from inflammation such as liver IRI. Exogenous Gal‐9 treatment will be a new therapeutic strategy against innate immunity‐dominated liver tissue damage. Liver Transpl 21:969‐981, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.
Proinflammatory Pathways: The Modulation by Flavonoids
Authors: Ribeiro Daniela , Freitas Marisa , Lima José L. F. C. , Fernandes Eduarda
Published: April 2015

Inflammation is a natural, carefully orchestrated response of the organism to tissue damage, involving various signaling systems and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. These cells are stimulated to release a myriad of mediators that amplify the inflammatory response and recruit additional cells. These mediators present numerous redundancies of functions, allowing a broad and effective inflammatory response, but simultaneously make the understanding of inflammation pathways much difficult. The extent of the inflammatory response is usually self‐limited, although it depends on the balance between the pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory signals. When that equilibrium is dislocated, a more widespread inflammatory response may take place. Flavonoids have been shown to be possible alternatives to the traditionally molecules used as anti‐inflammatory agents. In fact, the biological activities of flavonoids include the modulation of the diverse phases of inflammatory processes, from the gene transcription and expression to the inhibition of the enzymatic activities and the scavenging of the reactive species. In the present review, the inflammatory network is widely revised and the flavonoids’ broad spectrum of action in many of the analyzed inflammatory pathways is revised. This kind of integrated revision is original in the field, providing the reader the simultaneous comprehension of the inflammatory process and the potential beneficial activities of flavonoids.
Targeted disruption of the spermatid‐specific gene Spata31 causes male infertility
Authors: Wu Yuan‐Yi , Yang Yong , Xu Yong‐De , Yu Hua‐Liang
Published: April 2015

Spata31, a novel testis‐specific gene, was first isolated from the testis of a vitamin A‐deficient rat model. To gain insight into its physiological function, Spata31‐targeted knockout mice were generated by homologous recombination. Spata31‐deficient (Spata31flox/flox; Vasa‐Cre) male mice exhibited low sperm count and premature shedding of germ cells into the lumen, ultimately causing azoospermia and male sterility. Mechanistically, the Spata31 deficiency resulted in reduced expression of the adhesion protein nectin‐3 and cytoskeletal protein β‐actin at the apical ectoplasmic specialization. Our findings demonstrate that the disruptions to the SPATA31 ortholog could be linked to human male infertility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 82: 432–440, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mean‐strain eight‐node hexahedron with optimized energy‐sampling stabilization for large‐strain deformation
Authors: Krysl P.
Published: April 2015

A method for stabilizing the mean‐strain hexahedron for applications to anisotropic elasticity was described by Krysl (2015). The technique relied on a sampling of the stabilization energy using the mean‐strain quadrature and the full Gaussian integration rule. This combination was shown to guarantee consistency and stability. The stabilization energy was expressed in terms of input parameters of the real material, and the value of the stabilization parameter was fixed in a quasi‐optimal manner by linking the stabilization to the bending behavior of the hexahedral element (Krysl, submitted). Here, the formulation is extended to large‐strain hyperelasticity (as an example, the formulation allows for inelastic behavior to be modeled). The stabilization energy is expressed through a stored‐energy function, and contact with input parameters in the small‐strain regime is made. As for small‐strain elasticity, the stabilization parameter is determined to optimize bending performance. The accuracy and convergence characteristics of the present formulations for both solid and thin‐walled structures (shells) compare favorably with the capabilities of mean‐strain and other high‐performance hexahedral elements described in the open literature and also with a number of successful shell elements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Optically Pure (S)‐1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol by a Self‐Sufficient Whole Cell Biocatalyst
Authors: Chen Xi , Mei Ting , Cui Yunfeng , Chen Qijia , Liu Xiangtao , Feng Jinhui , Wu Qiaqing , Zhu Dunming
Published: April 2015

Terminal vicinal diols are important chiral building blocks and intermediates in organic synthesis. Reduction of α‐hydroxy ketones provides a straightforward approach to access these important compounds. In this study, it has been found that asymmetric reduction of a series of α‐hydroxy aromatic ketones and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐pentanone, catalyzed by Candida magnolia carbonyl reductase (CMCR) with glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) from Bacillus subtilis for cofactor regeneration, afforded 1‐aryl‐1,2‐ethanediols and pentane‐1,2‐diol, respectively, in up to 99 % ee. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the bioreduction, lyophilized recombinant Escherichia coli whole cells coexpressing CMCR and GDH genes were used as the biocatalyst and α‐hydroxy acetophenone as the model substrate, and the reaction conditions, such as pH, cosolvent, the amount of biocatalyst and the presences of a cofactor (i.e., NADP+), were optimized. Under the optimized conditions (pH 6, 16 h), the bioreduction proceeded smoothly at 1.0 m substrate concentration without the external addition of cofactor, and the product (S)‐1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol was isolated with 90 % yield and 99 % ee. This offers a practical biocatalytic method for the preparation of these important vicinal diols.
Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome/X‐linked thrombocytopenia in China: Clinical characteristic and genotype–phenotype correlation
Authors: Liu Da‐Wei , Zhang Zhi‐Yong , Zhao Qin , Jiang Li‐Ping , Liu Wei , Tu Wen‐Wei , Song Wen‐Xia , Zhao Xiao‐Dong
Published: April 2015

Background

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) and X‐linked thrombocytopenia (XLT) are caused by mutations of the WAS gene. The genotype–phenotype association of WAS and XLT have not been fully elucidated. Here, we established the largest database of WAS in China to further determine the potential correlation between genotype and phenotype and long‐term outcome.

Procedures

We collected clinical data of 81 WAS/XLT patients, analyzed mutations of WAS gene at the genomic DNA and transcriptional/translational levels, and quantified three different patterns of WAS protein (WASp) expression in PBMCs by flow cytometry.

Results

There were 60 unique mutations identified, including 20 novel mutations and eight hotspots, from 75 unrelated families with a total of 81 affected members. Nearly all the patients with XLT had missense mutations and were WASp‐positive in the peripheral cells, while only half of the patients with missense mutations exhibited the XLT phenotype and detectable WASp. In contrast, patients with nonsense mutations, deletions, insertions, and complex mutations were WASp‐negative and developed the classic WAS phenotype. An equal number of patients with splice anomalies were either WASp‐positive or WASp‐negative. Long‐term survival rates were lower in WASp‐negative patients compared to WASp‐positive patients.

Conclusions

The clinical phenotype of classic WAS or milder XLT and long‐term outcome are potentially influenced by the effect of these defects on gene transcription and translation. Patients with missense mutations allowing expression of mutated WASp and those with splice anomalies, which result in generation of multiple products, including normal WASp, present the attenuated XLT phenotype and show better prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1601–1608. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New labour, new NHS, new‐age pharmacy?
Authors: Baines Darrin
Published: April 2015

At the turn of the century the government produced its vision for the future of pharmacy. So how did it work out?