bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Justice, Social Welfare and Devolution: Nationalism and Social Policy Making in Scotland
Authors: Mooney Gerry , Scott Gill
Published: December 2011

Constitutional change in the UK in 1998 led to the establishment of devolution for Scotland, and the Scottish Parliament was reconvened in 1999 after a gap of nearly 300 years. Devolution promised the development of policies that were more in tune with ‘Scottish needs’, and was heralded as delivering ‘Scottish solutions for Scottish problems’. Now with a Scottish Nationalist Party (SNP) Government in power in Edinburgh committed to greater devolution for Scotland and with a goal of full independence for Scotland, it is timely to assess the ways in which the SNP have approach the question of social policy — and more specifically poverty and inequality. While key areas of social welfare policy, notable in relation to benefits, employment policy and most areas of taxation remain reserved to the UK parliament in London, the Scottish Parliament enjoys powers over most areas of social policy as they affect Scotland: health, housing, education, community development, regeneration and criminal justice. This paper considers some of the main influences on SNP policy making, and in particular explores its concern to develop policies that promote solidarity, cohesion and fairness. However, these are secondary to a strategy which promotes economic growth and Scottish economic competitiveness. The paper also considers the importance of nationalism for the analysis of social welfare arguing that social policy making is often central to nation building, and particularly so in the context of multi‐national devolution of the kind that has developed in the UK and elsewhere in recent times.
Social Theory and Poverty Reduction with Special Attention to Nigeria: Social‐Institutional Explanation of Small‐Scale Financial Institutions
Authors: Aideyan Osaore
Published: December 2011

Do institutions and social capital provide a viable means for advancing the goals of poverty reduction programs in low capacity states? This question has particular importance for Nigeria and Africa as a whole because of the poor performance of poverty reduction programs despite domestic and global efforts to reduce poverty in the continent. In this paper, I assess the usefulness of the informational aspects of the new institutional economics and the social network method of social capital paradigm in reducing access, information and monitoring costs faced by the poor and service providers of micro‐credit institutions in Nigeria. The general proposition of this paper is that poverty reduction can be promoted on the one hand, by designing programs to reflect some regularities (formal and informal rules and regulations) which best enhance benefits and mitigate costs faced by the poor for obtaining services, and on the other hand a mobilization of cohesive social relationships based on existing networks of semiautonomous units, that substitute for weak enforcement of contracts to reduce the service delivery costs to the poor.
Social Welfare Policy and the Psychological Needs of Low Income Women
Authors: Markward Martha J. , Yegidis Bonnie L.
Published: December 2011

This manuscript analyzes policy that addresses the psychological needs of low income women, especially those on welfare. The sociopolitical model of policy analysis was used to examine the social, political, and economic context for addressing the psychological needs of low income women. Within the context of progressive physical and mental health enactments, the analysis examines the causes of psychological needs among poor women, the approaches that have been used to address the needs of poor women, and the need for policy that can result in service delivery systems and service provision to meet the psychological needs of low income women. The results of the analysis suggest the need for policy that allows for an umbrella approach to screening women on welfare for mental health issues and providing services that are not attached to financial eligibility or child welfare involvement.
Privatisation as Proxy of Distribution: Is it possible? (The Justice Shares Mass Privatisation Case of Iran)
Authors: Atashbar Tohid
Published: December 2011

Through a privatisation scheme called the “Justice Shares Plan,” the Iranian government has privatised many state‐owned companies via dividing and distributing shares among low‐income families. This study explains and evaluates the government's plan from different aspects. The findings show that the share‐based mass privatisation initiative hasn't achieved its performance‐enhancing goals in privatised companies. The study also finds that the plan has slightly reduced the income inequality. The plan eventually could not continue to disburse dividends to stock holders due to financial and legislative difficulties.
Citizens or Objects: A Case Study in News Coverage of Poverty
Authors: Cline Andrew R.
Published: December 2011

There exists in the minds of American newspaper journalists a group called the “general audience,” and it is this group that journalists believe they serve by covering the news. The general audience ostensibly includes all citizens — the assumption being that all citizens are politically equal and are, therefore, served by a common understanding of the news created by a standardized reporting and writing process. But the needs of poor and working class are largely left out of the news because journalists see the utility of journalism in middle class terms and treat the poor as objects of reporting rather than as citizens. This essay explores the case of the Springfield News‐Leader, a daily newspaper in the Gannett chain, serving Springfield, Missouri — a small city in the southwest corner of the state — for the purpose of discovering what opportunities exist as a part of normal news coverage to serve the poor and working class.
Social Security: A New Paradigm for Reducing American Poverty
Authors: Dobelstein Andrew W.
Published: December 2011

Although not characterized as a program designed to address the problems of poverty, Social Security, the linchpin of America's social welfare enterprise, impacts poverty more significantly than most of the usually identified anti‐poverty programs. For examples, more children receive Social Security benefits than those on welfare, and Social Security payments are modified to provide low income earners with proportionately higher benefits than their higher earning counterparts. Affirming the validity of Social Security the recent National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform represents a changed environment for Social Security policy development, and it has proposed several Social Security initiatives that would expand its reach more deeply into the jungle of poverty. Recognizing the limitations of existing social welfare anti‐poverty programs, collapsing the cash assistance functions of these programs into Social Security would contribute significantly to reducing poverty in the United States. Such an endeavor, however, would not only require a realignment of America's social welfare programs, but would increase the fiscal burdens born by Social Security. Such proposals could reduce the poverty rate by 3 percent or more, but they also call further attention to the failure of the payroll tax to sustain not only current Social Security commitments, let alone satisfy any further obligations Social Security might assume by virtue of its expanded role. This paper provides the gateway for further study of the poverty reducing potential of Social Security.
Scholarly Support for Social Security: A Political History of Prevailing Beliefs, and of the Growing Number of Works Demonstrating that the “Conventional” Often Is Not “Wisdom”
Authors: Skidmore Max J.
Published: December 2011

Max J. Skidmore examines the current “conventional wisdom” regarding Social Security, and discusses a dozen of the growing number of books countering prevailing beliefs. He demonstrates that the “conventional” often is not “wisdom,” but rather received dogma inspired by well‐financed special interests.
Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Reduces Fat-Specific Expression and Activity of 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 and Inhibits Release of Free Fatty Acids
Authors: Gögebakan Özlem , Andres Janin , Biedasek Katrin , Mai Knut , Kühnen Peter , Krude Heiko , Isken Frank , Rudovich Natalia , Osterhoff Martin A. , Kintscher Ulrich , Nauck Michael , Pfeiffer Andreas F.H. , Spranger Joachim
Published: December 2011

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) has been suggested to have direct effects on nonislet tissues. GIP also reportedly increased glucose uptake and inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes after inhibition of the intracellular cortisone-cortisol shuttle 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). We here analyzed whether GIP modifies lipid metabolism and further elucidated the relation between GIP, 11β-HSD1, and fatty acid metabolism. GIP reduced activity of 11β-HSD1 promoter constructs and the expression and activity of 11β-HSD1 in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. This was paralleled by a reduction of free fatty acid (FFA) release and a reduced expression of key enzymes regulating lipolysis in adipose tissue. Preinhibition of 11β-HSD1 completely abolished GIP-induced effects on FFA release. To investigate the acute effects of GIP in humans, a randomized clinical trial was performed. GIP lowered circulating FFAs compared with saline control and reduced expression and ex vivo activity of 11β-HSD1 and adipose triglyceride lipase expression in subcutaneous fat biopsies. Our data suggest that GIP reduces FFA release from adipose tissue by inhibition of lipolysis or by increased reesterification. This process appears to depend on a modification of 11β-HSD1 activity. In general, the presented data support that GIP has direct and insulin-independent effects on adipose tissue.
Thel-α-Lysophosphatidylinositol/GPR55System and Its Potential Role in Human Obesity
Authors: Moreno-Navarrete José María , Catalán Victoria , Whyte Lauren , Díaz-Arteaga Adenis , Vázquez-Martínez Rafael , Rotellar Fernando , Guzmán Rocío , Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Pulido Marina R. , Russell Wendy R. , Imbernón Mónica , Ross Ruth A. , Malagón María M. , Dieguez Carlos , Fernández-Real José Manuel , Frühbeck Gema , Nogueiras Ruben
Published: December 2011

GPR55 is a putative cannabinoid receptor, and l-α-lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is its only known endogenous ligand. We investigated 1) whether GPR55 is expressed in fat and liver; 2) the correlation of both GPR55 and LPI with several metabolic parameters; and 3) the actions of LPI on human adipocytes. We analyzed CB1, CB2, and GPR55 gene expression and circulating LPI levels in two independent cohorts of obese and lean subjects, with both normal or impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Ex vivo experiments were used to measure intracellular calcium and lipid accumulation. GPR55 levels were augmented in the adipose tissue of obese subjects and further so in obese patients with type 2 diabetes when compared with nonobese subjects. Visceral adipose tissue GPR55 correlated positively with weight, BMI, and percent fat mass, particularly in women. Hepatic GPR55 gene expression was similar in obese and type 2 diabetic subjects. Circulating LPI levels were increased in obese patients and correlated with fat percentage and BMI in women. LPI increased the expression of lipogenic genes in visceral adipose tissue explants and intracellular calcium in differentiated visceral adipocytes. These findings indicate that the LPI/GPR55 system is positively associated with obesity in humans.
The Impact of Frequent and Unrecognized Hypoglycemia on Mortality in the ACCORD Study
Authors: Seaquist Elizabeth R. , Miller Michael E. , Bonds Denise E. , Feinglos Mark , Goff David C. , Peterson Kevin , Senior Peter ,   for the ACCORD Investigators
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between frequent and unrecognized hypoglycemia and mortality in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study cohort.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 10,096 ACCORD study participants with follow-up for both hypoglycemia and mortality were included. Hazard ratios (95% CIs) relating the risk of death to the updated annualized number of hypoglycemic episodes and the updated annualized number of intervals with unrecognized hypoglycemia were obtained using Cox proportional hazards regression models, allowing for these hypoglycemia variables as time-dependent covariates and controlling for the baseline covariates.

RESULTS

Participants in the intensive group reported a mean of 1.06 hypoglycemic episodes (self-monitored blood glucose <70 mg/dL or <3.9 mmol/L) in the 7 days preceding their regular 4-month visit, whereas participants in the standard group reported an average of 0.29 episodes. Unrecognized hypoglycemia was reported, on average, at 5.8% of the intensive group 4-month visits and 2.6% of the standard group visits. Hazard ratios for mortality in models including frequency of hypoglycemic episodes were 0.93 (95% CI 0.9–0.97; P < 0.001) for participants in the intensive group and 0.98 (0.91–1.06; P = 0.615) for participants in the standard group. The hazard ratios for mortality in models, including unrecognized hypoglycemia, were not statistically significant for either group.

CONCLUSIONS

Recognized and unrecognized hypoglycemia was more common in the intensive group than in the standard group. In the intensive group of the ACCORD study, a small but statistically significant inverse relationship of uncertain clinical importance was identified between the number of hypoglycemic episodes and the risk of death among participants.
Genetic Predictors of Weight Loss and Weight Regain After Intensive Lifestyle Modification, Metformin Treatment, or Standard Care in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Delahanty Linda M. , Pan Qing , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Watson Karol E. , McCaffery Jeanne M. , Shuldiner Alan , Kahn Steven E. , Knowler William C. , Florez Jose C. , Franks Paul W. ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE

We tested genetic associations with weight loss and weight regain in the Diabetes Prevention Program, a randomized controlled trial of weight loss–inducing interventions (lifestyle and metformin) versus placebo.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Sixteen obesity-predisposing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested for association with short-term (baseline to 6 months) and long-term (baseline to 2 years) weight loss and weight regain (6 months to study end).

RESULTS

Irrespective of treatment, the Ala12 allele at PPARG associated with short- and long-term weight loss (−0.63 and −0.93 kg/allele, P ≤ 0.005, respectively). Gene–treatment interactions were observed for short-term (LYPLAL1 rs2605100, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.032; GNPDA2 rs10938397, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.016; MTCH2 rs10838738, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.022) and long-term (NEGR1 rs2815752, Pmetformin*SNP = 0.028; FTO rs9939609, Plifestyle*SNP = 0.044) weight loss. Three of 16 SNPs were associated with weight regain (NEGR1 rs2815752, BDNF rs6265, PPARG rs1801282), irrespective of treatment. TMEM18 rs6548238 and KTCD15 rs29941 showed treatment-specific effects (Plifestyle*SNP < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Genetic information may help identify people who require additional support to maintain reduced weight after clinical intervention.
Clinical Usefulness of a New Equation for Estimating Body Fat
Authors: Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Silva Camilo , Catalán Victoria , Rodríguez Amaia , Galofré Juan Carlos , Escalada Javier , Valentí Victor , Rotellar Fernando , Romero Sonia , Ramírez Beatriz , Salvador Javier , Frühbeck Gema
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE

To assess the predictive capacity of a recently described equation that we have termed CUN-BAE (Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator) based on BMI, sex, and age for estimating body fat percentage (BF%) and to study its clinical usefulness.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted a comparison study of the developed equation with many other anthropometric indices regarding its correlation with actual BF% in a large cohort of 6,510 white subjects from both sexes (67% female) representing a wide range of ages (18–80 years) and adiposity. Additionally, a validation study in a separate cohort (n = 1,149) and a further analysis of the clinical usefulness of this prediction equation regarding its association with cardiometabolic risk factors (n = 634) was carried out.

RESULTS

The mean BF% in the cohort of 6,510 subjects determined by air displacement plethysmography was 39.9 ± 10.1%, and the mean BF% estimated by the CUN-BAE was 39.3 ± 8.9% (SE of the estimate, 4.66%). In this group, BF% calculated with the CUN-BAE showed the highest correlation with actual BF% (r = 0.89, P < 0.000001) compared with other anthropometric measures or BF% estimators. Similar agreement was found in the validation sample. Moreover, BF% estimated by the CUN-BAE exhibits, in general, better correlations with cardiometabolic risk factors than BMI as well as waist circumference in the subset of 634 subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

CUN-BAE is an easy-to-apply predictive equation that may be used as a first screening tool in clinical practice. Furthermore, our equation may be a good tool for identifying patients at cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes risk.
Association of Biochemical B12 Deficiency With Metformin Therapy and Vitamin B12 Supplements
Authors: Reinstatler Lael , Qi Yan Ping , Williamson Rebecca S. , Garn Joshua V. , Oakley Godfrey P.
Published: December 2011

OBJECTIVE

To describe the prevalence of biochemical B12 deficiency in adults with type 2 diabetes taking metformin compared with those not taking metformin and those without diabetes, and explore whether this relationship is modified by vitamin B12 supplements.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Analysis of data on U.S. adults ≥50 years of age with (n = 1,621) or without type 2 diabetes (n = 6,867) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999–2006. Type 2 diabetes was defined as clinical diagnosis after age 30 without initiation of insulin therapy within 1 year. Those with diabetes were classified according to their current metformin use. Biochemical B12 deficiency was defined as serum B12 concentrations ≤148 pmol/L and borderline deficiency was defined as >148 to ≤221 pmol/L.

RESULTS

Biochemical B12 deficiency was present in 5.8% of those with diabetes using metformin compared with 2.4% of those not using metformin (P = 0.0026) and 3.3% of those without diabetes (P = 0.0002). Among those with diabetes, metformin use was associated with biochemical B12 deficiency (adjusted odds ratio 2.92; 95% CI 1.26–6.78). Consumption of any supplement containing B12 was not associated with a reduction in the prevalence of biochemical B12 deficiency among those with diabetes, whereas consumption of any supplement containing B12 was associated with a two-thirds reduction among those without diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Metformin therapy is associated with a higher prevalence of biochemical B12 deficiency. The amount of B12 recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2.4 μg/day) and the amount available in general multivitamins (6 μg) may not be enough to correct this deficiency among those with diabetes.
Promoting Student Interest in Science
Authors: Xu Jianzhong , Coats Linda T. , Davidson Mary L.
Published: December 2011

The authors of this article argue both the urgency and the promise of establishing a constructive conversation among different bodies of research, including science interest, sociocultural studies in science education, and culturally relevant teaching. With the instructional practices of eight exemplary African American elementary teachers serving their investigative site, they begin to develop a theory for promoting student interest in science. They argue that this emerging theory is distinguishable by three broad propositions: having a genuine interest, scaffolding student interest, and offering multiple standpoints. They further show that their theory based on these three related propositions has provided an important framework to better understand a number of important issues in science education (e.g., early interest in science and hands-on science activities).
A Case Study of School-Linked, Collective Parent Engagement
Authors: Lawson Michael A. , Alameda-Lawson Tania
Published: December 2011

This article explores the social processes and outcomes associated with a school-linked, community-based program that successfully engages Latino parents and children in a low-income school community. Framed by an ethnographic, embedded case study design, the authors collected data from 32 Latino parents. The findings detail parents’ experiences when first entering the neighborhood and how these experiences shape their engagement with other parents in the program and neighborhood community. We conclude that efforts engaging low-income parents as communities of practice hold special promise for reducing barriers to children’s learning, especially when school leaders, community-based organizations, and social researchers leverage their resources and capital in ways that support parents’ efforts, insights, and aspirations.
Development and Evaluation of a High-Fidelity Canine Patient Simulator for Veterinary Clinical Training
Authors: Fletcher Daniel J. , Militello Roberta , Schoeffler Gretchen L. , Rogers Catherine L.
Published: December 2011

High-fidelity human patient simulators have been used for decades in medical education to provide opportunities for students to practice technical skills, diagnostic and therapeutic planning, and communication skills in a safe environment. A high-fidelity canine patient simulator (CPS) was developed using components from a human patient simulator and a low-fidelity foam core canine mannequin. Ninety-six veterinary students participated in cardiopulmonary arrest scenarios in groups of three to five students. Afterwards, participants were asked to complete an anonymous online survey describing their experiences. A total of 70 students (73%) completed the survey. All of the students (100%) felt that the simulator session expanded their cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) knowledge base, and 97% responded that their skills and abilities had improved. Students also expressed positive opinions about the CPS, with 89% agreeing or strongly agreeing that the CPS was realistic and 73% agreeing or strongly agreeing that the scenarios generated emotions similar to real clinical situations. Most participants (98.5%) agreed or strongly agreed that the simulator was an engaging learning experience. Students commonly commented that the simulations allowed them to practice communication and teamwork skills and were more effective than paper-based, problem-oriented learning opportunities and lecture. Students also commented that they wanted more opportunities to participate in simulation exercises. These results suggest that high-fidelity veterinary simulation is an engaging educational methodology that addresses some limitations of other forms of problem-based learning. More studies are needed to quantitatively determine the effectiveness of this novel veterinary educational technology in comparison with more traditional approaches.
MIND THE GAP: CANADA'S DIFFERENT CRIMINAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL STANDARDS OF FAULT
Authors: Roach Kent
Published: December 2011

This paper critically assesses the gap between Canada's criminal law standards of fault articulated in the 1950s and 1970s and its constitutional standards of criminal fault articulated in the 1980s and 1990s. This gap is explained in terms of the Court's ambivalence about subjective fault principles as manifested by its acceptance of criminal negligence. It is also explained by the Court's unique treatment of section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as a right that, unlike any other right in the Charter, is only subject to reasonable limitation under section 1 of the Charter in extraordinary emergency situations. The paper then suggests that the gap between criminal and constitutional fault standards is not sustainable and can only be closed if the Court rethinks its approach to the limitation of section 7 rights. Maintenance of the gap may erode respect for common-law presumptions of subjective fault. If this occurs, Canada's apparently robust approach to the constitutionalization of fault will have actually diminished respect for and protection of subjective fault principles.
THE HABIBI LIBEL TRIAL: DEFAMATION AND THE HIDDEN-COMMUNITY BASIS OF CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: Bilsky Leora
Published: December 2011

Does the link between national community and criminal law reflect a practical limitation on the jurisdiction of domestic courts or is there a more intrinsic relation between the two? This question stands at the centre of the ongoing debate over the principle of universal jurisdiction – the ability of third-party national courts to adjudicate criminal cases that involve communities outside their territories. This article suggests that we can find the key for understanding the community basis of criminal law in the neighbouring field of libel law. At its centre stands the libel trial of Emile Habibi against the editors of Al-Sinara that took place in 1988–90. Libel law provides an interesting arena for exploring the community component of criminal law, as it takes its guidelines for recognizing defamation from an ‘imagined community.’ Habibi, an Arab citizen of Israel, a writer, and a political leader, was accused by the editors of Al-Sinara of having collaborated with the Zionist forces during the war of 1948 and having thereby contributed to the Palestinian Nakba (the catastrophe). Habibi sued in an Israeli court, arguing that such accusations amounted to defamation. The case raises several fundamental issues: can the story of the Palestinian Nakba of 1948 be told in an Israeli court? what are the normative implications of recognizing this narrative? and more broadly, are national courts capable of distancing themselves from the demands of ‘heroic history’ and recounting the perspective of the defeated? As the article shows, the legal process offers moments of subversion and resistance and invites the court to acknowledge the ramifications of adhering to the hegemonic Zionist narrative of the 1948 war.
COVENANTS FOR THE SWORD
Authors: Ristroph Alice
Published: December 2011

How, and how much, can constitutional law restrain state violence? Though American constitutional law purports to regulate policing and punishment in various ways, as a practical matter these uses of force are restrained little by constitutional doctrine. This article examines explanations for that phenomenon. As Thomas Hobbes observed, it is difficult if not impossible to establish a truly independent authority to interpret and enforce legal restrictions on sovereign power. Furthermore, in order for law to restrain the state, we need a conception of the state; we need to know what entity is the subject of constitutional law. We lack clear answers to that question, and as a consequence, putative legal restraints on state violence remain largely ineffective.
POLICING MORALITY: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND THE CRIMINALIZATION OF INCEST
Authors: Dubber Markus D
Published: December 2011

This article provides a critical analysis of so-called morals offences in general and the offence of incest in particular, within the context of the distinction between law and police as basic modes of governance and against the backdrop of the judgments by the German Constitutional Court in the Incest Case (2008) and the US Supreme Court in Lawrence v Texas (2003).
‘NECESSITY KNOWS NO LAW’: ON EXTREME CASES AND UNCODIFIABLE NECESSITIES
Authors: Harel Alon , Sharon Assaf
Published: December 2011

This article analyses the category of extreme cases – cases involving catastrophic consequences the avoiding of which requires severe measures (e.g. torture, shooting a plane in 9/11 situations, etc). We first reject two traditional solutions to extreme cases: deontology/threshold deontology (as traditionally understood) and consequentialist solutions. Our proposal maintains that what is most pernicious is not the violation of moral rules as such but their principled or rule-governed violation. Maintaining a normative distinction between acts performed under the direction of principles/rules, on the one hand, and unprincipled, context-generated acts, acts performed under the force of circumstances, on the other, allows for accommodating the necessity of infringements in extreme cases within a (non-conventional) deontological framework. Agents who perform acts under extreme cases ought not to be guided by rules or principles. Instead, they ought to make particular judgments not governed by rules. We also establish that this solution follows from the Kantian conception of human dignity.
THE CONSTITUTION AND THE RIGHT OF SELF-DEFENCE
Authors: Stewart Hamish
Published: December 2011

This paper explores the implications of the idea of a constitution appropriate to a liberal-democratic state for the law of self-defence. The law governing self-defence, like other laws, must also a test of substantive legality appropriate to the constitution: it must be one that could not reasonably be rejected by a person who is a member of a civil condition created with the purpose of curing the insecurities of the state of nature. While this test of substantive legality is insufficiently powerful to determine all the details of the law of self-defence, it does have several important implications. First, the positive law must recognize a right of self-defence in the core case where the defender responds with necessary and proportionate force to a wrongful threat; second, the positive law must also provide at least an excuse leading to acquittal where the defender is reasonably mistaken about one of the conditions in the core case. Furthermore, the positive law must acquit a person who uses necessary and proportionate force to repel an innocent threat because the civil condition can provide no reason for punishing such a person.
Psychanalyse et anthropologie (I) : un rendez-vous manqué ?
Authors: Scubla Lucien
Published: December 2011

Cet article tente de montrer que les prémisses individualistes de la théorie psychanalytique, aggravées par une propension au dogmatisme, l’ont empêchée de s’enrichir au contact de l’ethnographie, et en particulier d’amender une conception fautive des relations entre les générations et entre les sexes, inhérente au complexe d’Œdipe. Néanmoins il soutient que certaines intuitions de Freud peuvent encore fournir des pistes très utiles pour l’anthropologie.
Questions écrites à André Green
Authors: Green André
Published: December 2011

Cet article publie les réponses d’André Green aux questions posées par la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle sur l’efficace de la psychanalyse autour de la question plus large de l’émancipation individuelle. À cet exercice, l’auteur se montre pessimiste, sans doute, que la plupart de ses pairs, interrogés à la même occasion. La psychanalyse vise à diminuer la dépendance vis-à-vis des fixations infantiles, affirme-t-il, et pourtant, ajoute-t-il, « si le sujet ayant fait une analyse serait capable de s’affranchir de ses tendances masochistes, ce serait un avantage non négligeable ».
Questions écrites à Roland Gori
Authors: Gori Roland
Published: December 2011

Cet article publie les réponses de Roland Gori aux questions posées par la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle sur l’efficace de la psychanalyse autour de la question plus large de l’émancipation individuelle. Il ne peut exister en tout état de cause, dit en substance l’auteur, que des moments, plus ou moins fugaces, de libération, certainement pas un état permanent. Car l’expérience de l’analyse, dit-il encore, « met en évidence à quel point les sujets aiment leur servitude et leur aliénation qui non seulement les exemptent de la culpabilité de penser, mais encore constituent les moyens privilégiés pour obtenir l’amour ».
Être ce que l'on devient. En réponse à « Questions aux psychanalystes »
Authors: Conesa Élisabeth
Published: December 2011

Cet article publie les réponses d’Élisabeth Conesa aux questions posées par la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle sur l’efficace de la psychanalyse autour de la question plus large de l’émancipation individuelle. Ce texte donne à voir la spécificité d’une analyse jungienne.
Questions écrites à Jean-Luc Donnet
Authors: Donnet Jean-Luc
Published: December 2011

En répondant au questionnaire proposé par Mauss, Jean-Luc Donnet évoque cursivement les traces de sa formation psychanalytique dans les années 1960-1970, et tente de restituer le climat de l’époque ainsi que les auteurs non analytiques qui ont marqué sa pensée. Il s’efforce aussi de faire écho aux questions relatives au statut actuel de la Psychanalyse dans le monde social et culturel.
Dépendance et émancipation : retour sur Mannoni
Authors: Vatin François
Published: December 2011

Cet article* propose une relecture de l’important ouvrage d’Octave Mannoni, Psychologie de la colonisation , paru en 1950. La démarche se décompose en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, l’ouvrage de Mannoni est contextualisé par un travail historiographique aussi fin que possible sur les conditions de son écriture et de sa réception en son temps. Il s’agit de dégager sa lecture des scories, produit de l’histoire coloniale et néo-coloniale encore vive, qui ont conduit à un fréquent contresens sur ce texte, souvent présenté comme une défense du colonialisme au nom de la psychanalyse, alors même que l’engagement anticolonialiste de Mannoni est indiscutable. Ce premier travail accompli, il devient possible de décontextualiser le texte pour mettre en évidence son originalité et son importance pour une théorie du don et, plus généralement, pour penser les relations possibles entre psychanalyse et sciences sociales. Cet ouvrage apparaît alors comme la critique la plus virulente qui soit du colonialisme, dont elle atteint au cœur toute légitimation comme « don de civilisation », mais aussi comme une source d’inspiration possible, dans de multiples champs d’analyse, pour penser des relations sociales de domination qui ne se réduisent pas à une « exploitation » au sens de la vulgate marxiste. * Déjà publié dans son intégralité dans l’édition numérique de la Revue du MAUSS semestrielle n? 37, 1 er semestre 2011.
Essai de psychanalyse du don
Authors: Viard Bruno
Published: December 2011

Cet article veut répondre à la question de l’approfondissement du paradigme du don du côté de la psychologie et même de la psychanalyse. Quid de la conscience du bon et du mauvais donneur, et pour le second, de son inconscient ? Ce n’est pas à Freud que sera posée cette question, mais à partir de l’œuvre aussi profonde que méconnue de Paul Diel. Le projet est de frayer un passage de la sociologie vers la psyché à partir de l’hypothèse que la sexualité est seconde, elle-même commandée par les vicissitudes du besoin d’estime. Il en découle une autre définition de l’inconscient aisément articulable avec le paradigme du don.
Comment je suis devenu (relativement) autonome
Authors: Flahault François
Published: December 2011

La manière, dont, en pratique, nous acquérons une relative autonomie ne correspond guère à la conception de l’autonomie véhiculée par la tradition philosophique, de Platon et les Stoïciens à Kant. En suivant un fil autobiographique, l’auteur décrit certaines étapes essentielles de cette acquisition : don premier des parents ; socialisation et pluralité des cercles relationnels ; attention portée aux choses et aux gens (sérendipité) comme antidote aux pressions de conformité ; progrès dans la connaissance de soi et perception plus adéquate de ses relations avec les autres.
Psychanalyse, politique, désidentification
Authors: Cingolani Patrick
Published: December 2011

L’article reprend les interrogations de Cornélius Castoriadis sur psychanalyse et émancipation. Mais au lieu de s’appuyer sur la catégorie díautonomie , il tente d’approcher l’expérience analytique telle que Castoriadis la circonscrit dans une auto-altération, en la mesurant à l’aune des pratiques et des pensées du XIX e siècle qui ont cherché à conceptualiser l’émancipation. L’article insiste ainsi sur l’altération réciproque, que provoquent sur le je, et le dispositif analytique et le dispositif de l’émancipation. Puis, chemin faisant, à partir notamment des travaux de Rancière, il cherche à préciser le lien de la psychanalyse à ce que Rancière désigne comme le « partage du sensible » et plus généralement à la politique.
Quel projet politique contre la domination bureaucratique ? Castoriadis et Lefort à Socialisme ou Barbarie (1949-1958)
Authors: Poirier Nicolas
Published: December 2011

Avoir cherché à penser la démocratie en tant qu’expérience, et non comme une réalité sociologique dont il faudrait dresser la typologie ou comme une forme institutionnelle qui constituerait l’un des objets privilégiés de la philosophie politique, est sans conteste le principal apport de Claude Lefort et de Cornelius Castoriadis à la pensée politique critique contemporaine. Cette expérience démocratique, Lefort et Castoriadis ne l’ont certes pas pensée de la même manière, et c’est à l’analyse de ces divergences, durant la période de Socialisme ou Barbarie , que cet article entend réfléchir. La finalité d’un mouvement antibureaucratique porté par la classe ouvrière devait s’entendre, d’après Lefort, au sens d’une lutte permanente menée contre la domination bureaucratique sans que cette contestation soit subordonnée aux objectifs d’une prise de pouvoir sous la direction d’un parti révolutionnaire. Pour Castoriadis, au contraire, l’objectif légitime d’un mouvement prolétarien ne devait pas être simplement la résistance aux nouvelles formes de domination et d’exploitation dans le cadre du capitalisme bureaucratique, mais plus largement l’exercice du pouvoir sous la forme d’une démocratie directe redéfinie comme autogestion ouvrière de la société.
Réification et reconnaissance. Une discussion avec Axel Honneth
Authors: Lazzeri Christian
Published: December 2011

Cet article revient sur la question de la réification telle qu’elle a été ré-élaborée dans le cadre de la reformulation récente de la théorie de la reconnaissance d’Axel Honneth. Il examine en premier lieu l’approfondissement du concept de reconnaissance originaire proposé par Honneth en en discutant certaines difficultés ; il analyse la définition du concept de réification en montrant laquelle parmi ses différentes définitions possibles se révèle la plus appropriée pour la théorie de la reconnaissance ; il offre enfin une perspective plus précise que celle de Honneth dans l’analyse des processus sociaux qui conduisent aux attitudes réifiantes en croisant les concepts de reconnaissance, d’empathie et de réification.
Le caractère social : le chaînon manquant entre marxisme et psychanalyse ?
Authors: Spurk Jan
Published: December 2011

La notion de « caractère social » n’est pas seulement le centre des explications de la subjectivité conforme au capitalisme du « freudo-marxisme » ; elle est également un des piliers de la théorie critique de l’École de Francfort et un des terrains de désaccord le plus combattu de ce courant. De plus, elle nous aide à comprendre notre société et les difficultés pour la dépasser. L’article situe d’abord l’émergence des questions qui ont permis l’élaboration de cette notion. Il reconstruit ensuite les fondements de cette notion au sein des théories freudienne et marxienne, son développement au sein de la théorie critique, en insistant sur les contributions de Fromm, Adorno et Marcuse ainsi que sur leurs désaccords. Il pose enfin la question de savoir si cette notion est une matrice de la compréhension de la subjectivité contemporaine et l’explication de l’impossibilité de dépasser le capitalisme.
Droite contre Gauche. Une antinomie de la raison politique
Authors: Fourquet François
Published: December 2011

L’article pense la relation entre religion, démocratie et droits de l’homme (DDH) relativement aux arguments suivants. 1) L’opposition « droite » contre « gauche » est la virtualisation et la symbolisation de la guerre civile en conflit politique. 2) La démocratie et les droits de l’homme constituent une religion séculière qui rend possible une virtualisation de la guerre civile qui peut être recevable en tant que telle également par les religions non chrétiennes dans le monde. 3) On peut considérer le choc des civilisations comme la virtualisation des guerres de religion. Au fond, cette approbation générale pour la tolérance religieuse et les droits de l’homme ne signifie pas que nous assisterions au déclin de l’Occident mais plutôt à l’avènement d’une religion séculière mondialisée susceptible d’intégrer toutes les autres religions ou valeurs séculières.
Le temps de l'individuation sociale
Authors: Fernandez Benjamin
Published: December 2011

Fille de la modernité des Lumières, la figure du sujet libre est en passe d’être liquidée par les discours de la « postmodernité ». Désabusé des grands idéaux et affranchi des normes collectives, caractérisé par sa différence irréductible et ses potentialités d’« hybridation », l’individu « postmoderne » jouirait d’une liberté de fait dans un monde désormais ouvert et fluide, qui le dispenserait des exigences de lutte contre l’aliénation et pour l’émancipation sociale. Pourtant, la critique radicale du sujet moderne n’a pas été assez vigilante à la cohérence entre l’émergence de ce nouvel individu et le triomphe de l’ homo economicus , guidé par son seul intérêt dans les maillages, marché mondialisé. Sommé de s’adapter aux transformations du libéralisme planétarisé, sa liberté « nomade » n’est qu’une errance dans les flux du « nouveau monde » fluide, alors que toute politique se réduit à la gestion des flux économiques et de leurs rythmes. Penser la question de la libération suppose alors d’identifier les pouvoirs qui organisent les rythmes sociaux en faveur de l’économie de marché (d’une individualisation capitaliste), pour amorcer une nouvelle individuation sociale qui permette une participation des individus à la créativité sociale, aux choix de société .
Les liaisons numériques. Dangereuses ou vertueuses ?
Authors: Borel Simon
Published: December 2011

Internet est-il un vecteur d’émancipation, de socialisation et de démocratisation ou, à l’inverse, un processus pathologique d’aliénation, de déconstruction du social et du politique ? Cette interrogation donne lieu, selon les acteurs et les auteurs, à des réponses aussi diverses que contradictoires. Cependant, elles s’articulent toutes autour de l’idée de l’émergence d’une nouvelle socialité virtuelle et de la place qui y est dévolue au don, à la gratuité et à la reconnaissance. Assistons-nous à l’apothéose de l’esprit du don via le partage tous-tous en ligne ou, au contraire, à sa dilution dans l’immédiateté communicationnelle ? Quels rapports la socialité virtualisée entretient-elle avec les autres types de rapports sociaux (réciprocité et fonctionnalité) : cohabitation, rupture, dépassement ? Cet article propose d’apporter un diagnostic pratique et théorique partiel de l’état actuel des liaisons numériques en distinguant trois types d’interprétation du don virtuel : le don virtuel comme don pur, don agonistique régénéré ou comme donnant-donnant transparent.
L'émancipation aujourd'hui
Authors: Flipo Fabrice
Published: December 2011

Nous rappelons les trois grandes voies de l’émancipation moderne, libérale, socialiste et communiste. Toutes les trois sont progressivement remises en cause, dans la seconde moitié du XX e siècle, par les guerres, la décolonisation, la crise écologique et l’effondrement soviétique. Devons-nous renoncer à l’universalisme et à l’émancipation ? Non, les pensées postmodernes, notamment l’écologisme, cherchent à ouvrir d’autres voies.
Du mythe moderne de l'autonomie à l'hétéronomie de la Nature. Fondements pour une écologie politique
Authors: Gauthier François
Published: December 2011

La particularité de la modernité a été de se penser suivant la catégorie normative de l’autonomie contre l’idée d’un fondement extérieur propre au régime hétéronome des sociétés religieuses. Produits de ce mythe dont la particularité est précisément de refuser qu’il est un mythe, l’idéalisme et le libre marché constituent les réponses paradigmatiques de la pensée moderne en quête d’une morale autonome. Après avoir esquissé en quoi ces morales sont au fond hétéronomes et constaté que le projet d’autonomie moderne est irréalisable, autrement dit que la démocratie et l’humanisme ne suffisent pas pour endiguer l’illimitation capitaliste, il est avancé que la nature telle qu’elle apparaît dans le discours écologiste actuel (et dans le mouvement pour la décroissance) ouvre sur la possibilité d’une écologie politique, c’est-à-dire d’un régime démocratique dont l’hétéronomie assumée serait la Nature.
S'individuer, s'émanciper, risquer un style (autour de Simondon)
Authors: Bidet Alexandra , Macé Marielle
Published: December 2011

On suppose trop souvent que les relations (appropriation, domination, libération...) viennent après la constitution des termes mis en rapport – sujets, objets, groupes. La pensée de « l’individuation » proposée par Gilbert Simondon permet d’échapper à ce substantialisme. Elle ne regarde pas les individus comme des donnés mais comme des dynamiques d’autoconstitution qui sont en relation permanente avec d’autres manières d’être, d’autres rythmes, d’autres gestes. Et les milieux dans lesquels ils agissent se présentent moins comme des contextes que comme des ensembles de dissonances, qui sont autant de réserves de devenir . On se donne ainsi les moyens de concevoir autrement les possibilités d’émancipation individuelle et collective : dans une situation de tension entre un « moment » de l’individu et du milieu, s’ouvre en effet l’espace d’une relation à soi où l’individu s’arrache au déjà fait, sort de ses limites, réélabore une manière d’être, réinvente les formes de son insertion dans le monde.
Le nouvel Adam libéral
Authors: Michéa Jean-Claude
Published: December 2011

Ce texte reprend le dernier chapitre de l’ouvrage de Jean-Claude Michéa, Le complexe d’Orphée. La gauche, les gens ordinaire et la religion du progrès (Climats, Paris, 2011). Dans ce passage, l’auteur montre, avec son tranchant habituel, combien il lui paraît illusoire de tenter de s’opposer à la démesure inhérente au capitalisme. Pour se développer, le capitalisme a en effet eu besoin de faire fond sur les ressources morales héritées des ordres précapitalistes : il peut donc, désormais, s’en débarrasser. Ce qui nous laisse sans garde-fous.
Les Épicuriens ou la sagesse de l'économie
Authors: Helmer Étienne
Published: December 2011

Pour les philosophes épicuriens de l’Antiquité, l’économie est la forme concrète de la vie éthique dans ses dimensions individuelle et sociale. La discipline des désirs, centrée sur le concept de limite, promeut la complétude et l’autosuffisance contre l’accumulation, et permet ainsi une économie sociale fondée sur l’amitié et le don. Dans ce cadre, la richesse n’est plus un danger mais un auxiliaire possible en vue du bonheur, conçu comme ataraxie. La vie économique domestique, tant familiale que matérielle, devient ainsi la matrice d’un rapport libre et heureux au monde, c’est-à-dire du propre de l’homme. L’éthique épicurienne est une sagesse possible de l’économie.