bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring healthcare professionals’ views and approaches regarding COVID-19 vaccines
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Reyhan
Published: September 2021

Aim: While going through tough times in the fight against the pandemic, the approach of healthcare professionals to vaccination can enlighten the way of society. In our study, we aimed to investigate healthcare professionals’ views and approaches regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.

Methods: We carried out the study with a total of 500 voluntary healthcare professionals between January 2021 and April 2021. We administered a survey consisting of 15 multiple choice questions to the participants and put their responses into statistical analyses.

Results: There were a total of 500 participants, among whom 168 were males (33.6%). The mean age of the participants was 39.68 (21-62). While the number of physicians was 48 (9.6%), there were 158 (31.6%) nurses and midwives and 294 (58.8%) other healthcare personnel. Most of the participants (84.4%) thought the COVID-19 was a fatal infection. Again, the majority of participants believed in the necessity of vaccines (87%) and, especially, the COVID-19 (73.2%). Besides, the rate of those who were vaccinated against COVID-19 was 82%. Interestingly, about half of the participants (54%) believed in the protective effect of the vaccine. The participants showed ineffectiveness (34%) and side effects (28%) as the frequent reasons for non-vaccination. Among those who were positive towards vaccination, 16.7% had not been vaccinated yet. A substantial rate of the participants (67.4%) recommended the COVID-19 vaccine to those around them, but 6.8% did not. Sixty-three per cent of the participants would trust the local vaccine more. Finally, 67% of the participants thought that the vaccine would play a significant role in ending the pandemic.

Conclusion: In our study, we discovered that the vast majority of healthcare professionals were vaccinated and adopted a positive approach to vaccination. In addition, relevant training programs may help increase the number of individuals adopting entirely positive attitudes towards the vaccine.
Acute aortoiliac occlusion in a COVID-19 patient
Authors: USTAALİOĞLU İzzet , AK Rohat , YILMAZ Erdal
Published: September 2021

Although COVID-19 patients are usually seen with respiratory system symptoms, these patients may also display different symptoms. COVID-19 has been associated with a variety of prothrombotic diseases such as myocardial infarction, stroke. However, the pathogenesis of this hypercoagulation has not yet been fully clarified. In this report, we present a COVID-19 patient who was admitted with the complaint of weakness in both legs and was then diagnosed with aortoiliac occlusion.
Direct cost analysis for patients with severe asthma receiving omalizumab treatment
Authors: ATEŞ Hale , AKSU Kurtuluş , ÖZDEDEOĞLU Özlem , BAŞA AKDOĞAN Buket , KOCA KALKAN İlkay , KÖYCÜ Gözde , ONER Ferda
Published: September 2021

Aim: The present study aims to reveal direct cost analysis of patients with severe allergic asthma receiving omalizumab treatment.

Material and Methods: Twenty-two adults with severe allergic asthma who were treated with omalizumab and were routinely checked on the 16th week, 1st year, and 3rd year of treatment were included in the study. Clinical and demographic features of subjects were retrospectively documented before and after omalizumab treatment as well as pharmaceutical, emergency and hospital costs.

Results: The monthly treatment cost per patient was higher during the 16th week, 1st year, and 3rd year (€411.80±190.84, €409.7±211.57, €404.2±157.30 respectively) when compared with the pre-treatment period (€107.91±48.62) (p
Investigation of the relationship between placenta trace element levels and methylated arginines
Authors: OZTAN Ozgur , ŞİMŞİR Coşkun , TUTKUN Lutfiye , HOCAOGLU Asım , DENİZ Serdar , TÜRKSOY Vugar Ali , ALAGÜNEY Mehmet Erdem
Published: September 2021

Aim: Environmental exposure and maternal nutrition are vital for placental and fetal development during pregnancy. Essential elements such as Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu) and Selenium (Se) are important elements that are needed for human growth and development. Research indicates that methylated arginines play a key role in pregnancy and offspring outcomes. The aim of the study was to compare the placental tissue levels of trace elements and methylated arginines. In addition, to evaluate this placental trace elements and methylated arginine levels in terms of placental and birth weight. Material and Methods: This is a case-control study with 133 pregnant women. Two groups were formed: women with higher risk of exposure to chemicals (working in chemistry, metal and other industrial sectors) and those with no risk of exposure to hazardous chemicals (house wives and working in other non-hazardous workplaces). Placenta Zn, Cu, Se, ADMA, SDMA, arginine, citrulline, homoarginine and L-NMMA levels were investigated. Results: There was a positive correlation between birth weight with Cu, L-NMMA, total methylarginines; there was a negative relationship between birth weight and ADMA, SDMA, arginine, citrulline. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between trace elements such as Zn, Cu and Se with methylated arginines, except for L-NMMA (r=0.178; p
Pre-hospital antithrombotic drug use status of died COVID-19 patients
Authors: GÜNEYSU Fatih , DURMUŞ Ensar
Published: September 2021

Objectives: In this study, we determine the prehospital antithrombotic drug use rates of patients in Covid-19 mortality to reveal the differences between patients using antithrombotic drugs and those who did not to show whether antithrombotic drugs impact the duration of stay in intensive care.

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted with 291 patients admitted to the xxx University Training and Research Hospital emergency department between March 13 and December 1, 2020. Patients whose PCR test was positive and who died in our hospital were included in the study.

Results: The median number of days in the intensive care unit of patients using acetylsalicylic acid (7; 3-11) was longer than patients who were not using acetylsalicylic acid (5; 1-10) (p=0.041). Also, the median days in the intensive care unit of patients who were not using any antithrombotic drug (5; 1-10) was shorter than patients who were using an antithrombotic drug (7;3-11) (p=0.032). There was no difference in patients using or not using other antithrombotic drugs (p=0.640) or acetylsalicylic acid and other antithrombotic drugs (p=0.979).

Conclusion: This study shows that the prehospital use of aspirin has a positive effect on survival as it prolongs the length of stay in the intensive care unit. Since it is known that one of the most important causes of death in Covid-19 is hypercoagulopathy and considering the irreversible antiplatelet activity of aspirin and since this activity lasts for up to 10 days, the result seems reasonable.
Effects of High-Sucrose and High-Saturated Fat Diets on Learning Abilities in Old Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Lee Ji Min , Otoo Tahmarah , Brito Marisol , Jaimes Amanda , Martinez Arlene , Trevitt Jennifer
Published: September 2021

With an increase in longevity, many studies have explored the influences of different lifestyle factors on successful aging. This study hypothesizes that older rats fed with a nutritionally balanced standard diet would perform better on learning tasks than rats fed with either a high-sucrose or a high-saturated fat. It also hypothesizes that older rats fed with a high-sucrose diet would perform better than those fed with a high-saturated fat. The learning abilities of the 15-month-old rats (N = 36) were assessed by conducting forward and reverse learning tasks using a T-maze apparatus. The results showed that rats on a nutritionally balanced diet performed significantly better on both learning tasks than those on either the high-sucrose or the high-saturated fat (p’s < .05). This may be due to the fact that the high-sucrose and high-saturated fat diets exacerbated a cognitive decline in geriatric rats. There was no significant difference between the learning abilities of the rats on a high-sucrose or high-saturated fat diet (p’s > .05). This finding suggests that, at an older age, both high-sucrose and high-saturated fat diets have a similarly detrimental influence on cognitive health.
Akan vowel harmony the word structure conditions and the floating vowels
Authors: Stewart John M.
Published: September 2021

Clements, in an account of Akan vowel harmony [1981b], has a separate autosegmental tier for the harmonic feature category [Advanced Tongue Root]. He claims to demonstrate the superiority of his autosegmental framework over the segmental framework adopted in an earlier account of Akan vowel harmony by ScLachter and Fromkin [1968], namely that of Stanley [1967] and CLomsky and Halle [1968]. However, although the segmental framework in question is indeed unsatisfactory in certain respects as it stands, it can be readily modified to meet Clement's objections without recourse to the autosegmentalization of the harmonic feature category.
Kilba equational sentences
Authors: Schuh Russell G.
Published: September 2021

Kilba, a Chadic language of Gongola State, Nigeria, has a number of enclitic particles which one can reasonably argue function as copulas in equational sentences. Li and Thompson [1977] have described a widespread phenomenon in language history whereby anaphoric elements become copulas. The copular particles of Kilba present a particularly interesting case of this phenomenon in that, first, proximal/distal distinctions of the demonstratives from which the copulas derive have shifted to tense distinctions in equational sentences, and second, the original pronominal and the innovative copular functions are not clearly separable, creating functional ambiguity.
The fortis feature in Jju Kaje and initial study
Authors: McKinney Norris P.
Published: September 2021

The fortis feature in JJu (more widely known as Kaje) divides the consonants of the language (except the simultaneous labiovelar plosives kp and gb) into a set of fortis ones and a set of their lenis counterparts. Minimal pairs and other words contrasting in the presence or absence of the fortis feature were studied with the aid of spectrograms. oscillograms. and a tape repeater-segmenter aystem for isolating time portions and measuring their durations. A variety of acoustic cues to the fortis feature was observed. The time span of a consonant is partitioned here into complete occlusion. partial occlusion and final transition. The principal experimental result reported here is that the partial occlusion portion of the fortis plosives and affricates was found to be consistently longer than that of the lenis ones.
Vowel harmony in Akan a consideration of Stewarts word structure conditions
Authors: Clements George N.
Published: September 2021

Stewart [1983] presents a new framework for the analysis of Akan vowel harmony in which Word Structure Conditions (WSCs) are introduced to account for word-level phonotactic regularities. It is shown here that the WSCs, rather than simplifying the analysis of Akan, impose unnecessary complexity on it, requiring us to restate the unitary process of vowel harmony as a number of formally unrelated rules. It is concluded that with one further modification, the analysis of Clements [1981] can be maintained.
Comparison in Bambara an infinitival verb phrase
Authors: Charles-Luce Jan
Published: September 2021

An infinitival verb phrase is generated to express comparison in Bambara. In particular, the comparative verb INFINITIVE MARKER + INTRANSITIVE phrase has the structure: VERB + NP + POSTPOSITION. The structural constraints on the comparative verb phrase are not specific to comparison, but are the more general constraints resulting from concatenating verb phrases. However, a special structural and pragmatic relation is established between the head clause and the comparative infinitival verb phrase. This relation has consequences for the structure of the NP in the comparative phrase and for deletion of lexical items within the comparative phrase. In this respect, the comparative infinitival phrase behaves differently from non-comparative infinitival verb phrases.
Underspecification and low vowel harmony in Okpe
Authors: Pulleyblank Douglas
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the effect of [ATR] vowel harmony on low vowels in Okpe, an Edoid language of Nigeria. The relevant facts can be summarized as follows: Low vowel stems condition [-ATR] forms on affixes. Low vowel affixes surface as [+low] in [-ATR] contexts and as [-low] when in [+ATR] contexts. Of particular interest is the additional fact that an underlyingly low vowel surfaces as [-low], [-ATR] in certain [+ATR] environments. To explain these alternations, it will be argued that low vowels are underlyingly unspecified for vocalic features. Redundancy rules, supplied for the most part by Universal Grammar, interact with the vowel harmony system and rules of syllabification to derive the non-low variants of under1yingly low vowels. By positing underspecified forms, it will be shown that no ad hoc rules need to be stipulated.
Raising in Berber
Authors: Sadiqi Fatima
Published: September 2021

Raising in Berber has been selected for study for two main reasons: firstly, this syntactic operation which has hardly received any attention up to now involves areas which are central to the understanding of the whole syntactic structure of Berber. Secondly, Raising in general is considered by Chomsky and most linguists as being a universal feature of natural languages. However, although Chomsky does not question the existence of Raising to Subject, which he subsumes under the general rule of NP movement, he seems to strongly reject the rule of Raising to Object, claiming that what this rule does can easily be carried out by means of one of his constraints, the "Tensed S Constraint". The goals of the present paper are twofold: the one hand, it aims to show that although Chomsky considers Raising to Subject as an essentially movement rule, this rule seems to operate in Berber without syntactic movement. On the other hand, the paper aims to show that Chomsky's theoretical suggestions in the domain of Raising to Object are highly questionable, if not utterly wrong. A number of arguments supporting these two views are based on Berber data.
An outline of Lulubo phonology
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2021

This article outlines the phonology of Lulubo, a little known Central Sudanic language spoken in the southern Sudan. An account is given of the phonemic inventory (vowels, consonants, and tones), vowel harmony, syllable structure, special features of ideophones, and vowel elision.
La modalite d'incompatibilite-dominance en Hawsa
Authors: Attouman Mahaman Bachir
Published: September 2021

Cet article presente une analyse descriptive du fonctionnement d'une modalite en hawsa que nous avons nommee modalite d'incompatibilite-dominance introduite par inaa •••• inaa Nous y avons examine les problemes relatifs a sa construction et a sa valeur, i.e. sa relation avec la determination et l'ordre du rapport de dominance.
Downstep in Pari the tone system of a western Nilotic language
Authors: Andersen Torben
Published: September 2021

Pari, a Western Nilotic language, has a terraced-level tone system with total downstep. Although Pari could be analyzed as having three basic tone levels and automatic downstep, there is morphological evidence that it has two basic tone levels and non-automatic downstep. Furthermore, there is evidence that downstep is the manifestation of a floating high tone. Floating tones thus behave differently from tones of deleted vowels. In spite of many surface differences between Pari and Luo, a related language, a single tone change accounts for their underlying differences.
Some Yoruba quantifier words and semantic interpretation a reply to a critique
Authors: Lawal Adenike S.
Published: September 2021

The empirical support for Adewole's critique of my paper (in this issue), "Some Yoruba quantifier words and semantic interpretation" [LawaI 1986], comes from a literary text Atoto Arere [Adewole p. 4]. Adewole's approach, which is characteristic of traditional or taxonomic linguistics, has been found to be most unreliable in dealing with questions of empirical fact and is strongly rejected in present day linguistics. Our study of the semantic interpretation of some Yoruba quantifier words was based on native speaker judgements/tests, specifically Y oruba speakers in Horin township of Kwara State of Nigeria.
Final vowel shortening in Luganda
Authors: Hyman Larry M. , Katamba Francis X.
Published: September 2021

A process by which long vowels are shortened in "final position" has been noted by a number of linguists, e.g. Ashton et al [1954], Tucker [1962], Cole [1967], Stevick [1969], Katamba [1974], Clements [1986]. It is generally assumed that this shortening is characteristic of word-ends such that the process can even serve as a criterion for phonological word division. Despite the attention given to final vowel shortening (FVS), the relevant facts have not been exhaustively described. In this descriptive account, we show that FVS is a much more complex phenomenon than the Luganda literature suggests. We observe, for instance, that FVS does not work the same on nouns as it does on verbs and that an empirically adequate analysis must take into account the source of such word-final length, e.g. underlying vs. derived. In our solution, FVS first applies at the end of a phonological word (PW) and then again at the end of a clitic group (CG). In order for the facts to fall out from this analysis, we argue that at the PW level (1) the final vowel of verb forms is not affected because it is extrametrical, i.e. "invisible" and (2) the second mora of a monosyllabic stem is not affected because it is accented.
Igbo adjectives as morphophonologized relatives
Authors: Maduka-Durunze Omen N.
Published: September 2021

Igbo adjectives are semantically, syntactically and morphophonologically derived. Underlyingly, they are relatives that are phonologized into a suppietive form. For this reason they cannot occur in predicative position, unlike adjectives in English. They are in two sets: the relative, polar set, which can be emphasized and further suppleted, and the non-relative, antipodal or taxonomic set, which cannot be emphasized, except perhaps by way of ideophonic periphrasis. Non-emphatic adjectives are also often ambiguous because of their inevitable incorporation of two copulas, one stative and neutral, the other active and cognate. One implication of all this is that 'Adj' is not a primitive syntactic category in Igbo and as such is not needed for its formal description. Another is that on the basis of formal behavioural criteria, a proper census of true adjectives in Igbo can now be taken.
A study of the stylistic markers of the language of cartoons in Nigeria
Authors: Alimi Modupe M.
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses the stylistic characteristics of the language of cartoons in some Nigerian newspapers. The analysis focuses on printing styles, stylistic registers, and textual features. The author concludes that the informal style (exemplified by the occurrence of Pidgin English, colloquial forms, loan blends, ellipsis, and telegraphic sentences) characterizes the language of the cartoons. Thus, cartoonists use language as an artistic medium in which various options of language are explored for effective communication.
The conditional particle ka in Waama.pdf
Authors: Rowe Jennifer
Published: September 2021

The particle ka in Waama has an underlying conditional function, and serves most frequently to set up possible worlds in the minds of interlocutors. By virtue of its function as a conditional, it can also mark topics. It occurs as the basis of conditional-type structures, including conditionals, contrafactuals, and concessions. It also serves to express options, exceptions, and complements of some verbs of uncertainty. When functioning within a discourse, ka may also serve to introduce an adverbial time clause which recapitulates given information.
Language typology and reconstruction the prenasalized stops of Kisi
Authors: Childs G. Tucker
Published: September 2021

The findings of language typologists can contribute to understanding synchronic variation where no diachronic facts are available. By establishing what happens universally, one can extrapolate as to the past and perhaps as to the future of a language on the basis of synchronic evidence. One approach within such a framework concentrates on a typologically unusual or marked feature on the assumption that its derivation may be established from less highly marked features. This paper discusses the typologically unusual prenasalized stops of Kisi, a Mel language belonging to the Southern Branch of (West) Atlantic. The approach adopted here is based on the process-oriented framework developed by Joseph Greenberg.
Tone Sandhi and vowel deletion in Margi
Authors: Tranel Bernard
Published: September 2021

Within the theoretical framework of nonlinear phonology, this paper proposes an account of tone sandhi and vowel deletion in Margi, a Chadic language spoken in Northern Nigeria. The database is Hoffman's Grammar of the Margi Language. Language-specific tonal processes in Margi are shown to originate in tone trapping, i.e., the impossibility for a tone to anchor to a skeletal slot by a universal mechanism. The paper identifies the circumstances leading to tone trapping (e.g., Vowel Elision) and formalizes the various tone-rescue processes available both word-internally and across words. Whereas trapped high tones are always saved (either taking over low-tone vowel positions or giving rise to contour tones), trapped low tones may remain trapped throughout a derivation and thus receive no phonetic realization (by universal convention).
NCs in Moghamo prenasalized onsets or heterosyllabic clusters
Authors: Casali Roderic F.
Published: September 2021

This paper is concerned with the analysis of nasal-plus-oral-stop sequences in Moghamo, a Grassfields Bantu language of Cameroon. Although Stallcup [1978] tentatively analyzed these sequences as heterosyllabic clusters, the evidence suggests that they are actually prenasalized syllable onsets. First, the distribution of NCs closely parallels that of unambiguous onsets: they occur both initially and medially in words of several grammatical categories. Instances of unambiguous heterosyllabic clusters, by contrast, are rare. Second, while the nasal portion of noun-initial NCs was historically a prefix, it appears to be part of the root synchronically. Third, the nasal portion of an Niger-Congo does not appear to be phonologically tone-bearing. Finally, the contention that NCs are on-sets is supported by native speaker intuitions.
Lines on the classification of Ethopian-Semitic
Authors: Fellman Jack
Published: September 2021

Ethiopian-Semitic constitutes a compact, readily defined and homogeneous linguistic family, consisting of Ge' ez, Tigre, Tigrinya, Amharic, Argobba, Harari, Gafat, and the Gurage cluster. The most recent attempt to set up a classification of Ethiopian-Semitic was Hetzron [1972}, but this work was rather thoroughly criticized by Goldenberg [1977], and the field has yet to recover from it. The present note seeks to open the classification question anew by providing a basic, minimalist classification scheme, which can serve as a starting-off point for any future work on the subject. We begin with some of the results of Marcel Cohen [1931], "the father of Ethiopian studies" in the twentieth century. Cohen treats Tigre and Tigrinya as Northern Ethiopic, and Amharic, Harari, and the Gurage cluster as Southern Ethiopic. All are ultimately descendants of a ProtoEthiopic koine most closely resembling Ge'ez. Gurage, according to Cohen, is not a language or a linguistic unit in itself, but rather an ensemble of at least two separate and mutually unintelligible dialect clusters, Eastern Gurage and Western Gurage. Eastern Gurage consists of Wolane, Selti-Ulbarag, (and in the present state of our knowledge also Zway) , and is most closely connected with Harari. Western Gurage consists of several subgroups of dialects, in particular (a) Chaha, Ezha, Ennemor (Inor), Gumar, Gyeto (and in the present state of our knowledge Endegefi) and (b) Muher, Gogot, Masqan. Aymallel (Soddo, Kgstangiiiia), another Gurage tongue, is left unclassified by Cohen, as being perhaps intermediate between the two groups. Tentatively, he terms it North-Eastern Gurage. (Gafat and Argobba are not classified by Cohen.) Cohen's classification may be modified and/or expanded on the basis of the following points. Western Gurage tongue.
Against vowel length in Tigrinya
Authors: Buckley Eugene
Published: September 2021

The premise of this paper is that vowel length plays no role in the synchronic phonology of Tigrinya: processes affecting vowels should be treated in qualitative terms only. The evidence in favor of synchronic vowel length is weak, and stronger evidence favors an analysis in which vowel length is phonologically irrelevant. While some researchers have made use of contrastive vowel length in the modern language to account for ostensible closed-syllable shortening, the analysis presented here shows that the relevant alternations are very limited in scope and represent at best the residue of historical vowel length. The evidence presented includes word minimality, vowel coalescence, wordfinal fronting, guttural lowering, and low dissimilation, with analyses of these phenomena in purely featural terms.
Toward a typology of directional motion for African Languages
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P. , Gaines Richard
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the syntactic and semantic expression of basic directional motion and its manner counterparts across the four language phyla of Africa. We sample languages from each phylum, concentrating on basic, non-deictic, directional motion and its counterpart in which motion, direction, and manner of motion occur simultaneously. Two primary findings emerge. Across Africa, basic directional motion tends to be verb-framed with respect to direction; it conflates the semantic components Motion+Direction in verbs equivalent to 'enter, circle, traverse'. Manner of motion, while maintaining this lexicalization pattern, syntactically registers a Motion+Direction verb and its linear order relative to a Manner verb through either of two primary strategies. Manner precedes Motion+ Direction when the two verbs are conveyed through serial verb sequences, verb compounding, or verb coordination. Manner follows Motion+Direction when the former is specified as a deranked verbal form, e.g., as a gerundive, or as part of a deranked clause, e.g., a subordinate clause.
The noun classes and concord of Congo Copperbelt Swahili
Authors: Kabuya Nkulu
Published: September 2021

This paper reconsiders claims that the Swahili of the Congo Copperbelt area has a limited noun class system and an inconsistent system of agreement. It shows that there are, operating side-by-side with the simple system generally presented by scholars, a noun class and concord system of the original Bantu type, and that the prefixes of the latter are in free variation with those of their simplified versions. This free variation is discussed from grammatical, sociolinguistic, and stylistic perspectives. The conclusion reached is that by spreading change in its lexicon and morphosyntax, Congo Copperbelt Swahili has developed a system of singular/plural prefixes that will eventually replace the traditional class system.
Tone association and F₀ timing in Chichewa
Authors: Myers Scott
Published: September 2021

In Chichewa (Bantu, Malawi), a high tone is realized as a peak in fundamental frequency (fO). In this study, the timing of fO peaks relative to the duration of the high-toned syllable was measured for high tones in phrase-medial, -penultimate and -final positions. No phonetic support was found for the assumption in the literature that a phrase-medial high tone is spread over two syllables. Instead, it was found that such a high tone is realized with a significantly later fO peak than a high tone in the last two syllables. On the other hand, support was found for Kanerva's proposal that a phrase-final high tone is shifted in phonological representation to the phrase-penultimate syllable.
Observations on Kunama Tone
Authors: Connell Bruce A. , Hayward Richard J. , Ashkaba John Abraha
Published: September 2021

Njerep is a language on the edge of extinction. It is no longer spoken on a regular basis, nor is it even known well by anyone speaker. There are now, in fact, only five people who remember the language well enough to produce fragments of speech or who remember songs in the language. Our aim in this paper is to document the language to the extent possible. We have collected a wordlist of the language, a number of songs and other bits of text which, fragmentary though they are, permit some insights into the structure of the language, its genetic affiliation and its former importance in the region. Since we view language as a cultural artifact intimately connected to both the culture and the history of its speakers, the paper begins with a brief discussion of Njerep ethnography and history. We then look at evidence for the genetic affiliation of Njerep, and follow this with a description of its structural characteristics. Appendices are included which contain the Njerep wordlist, transcriptions of songs and, finally, genealogical information on the remaining speakers, which gives some insight into the sociological aspect of language contraction.
Chronogenetic staging of tense in Ruhaya
Authors: Hewson John , Nurse Derek , Mugale Henry
Published: September 2021

The paradigm of tense and aspect contrasts in Ruhaya, an eastern Bantu language, shows considerable regularity, indication of an ordered system of contrasts. The examination of what appear to be anomalies in the system of contrasts leads to a refinement in the analysis: to the recognition of a tense system that is organised in two stages, based on a model proposed by Gustave Guillaume. Aspectual contrasts are prioritized at the first stage, tense contrasts at the second. Compound forms, which are typically combinations of Stage 2 + Stage 1 (in that order), are complex representations that are marked for both tense and aspect.
Ungeneralizable minimality in Ndebele
Authors: Downing Laura J.
Published: September 2021

A body of work in Prosodic Morphology clearly establishes the importance of prosodic constituents like the foot as templates conditioning morpheme size. A striking finding of this research is that morphological footing is independent of metrical footing in many languages, as the footing required for particular morphological processes is often not identical to that required for phonological processes like stress assignment. However, recent OT research on Prosodic Morphology has made the opposite claim. Within this theory, the Generalized Template Hypothesis (GTH) proposes that no morpheme-particular templates defining minimal and maximal size are necessary. Instead, templates are always derivable from general principles of the grammar, like independently motivated metrical footing. This paper presents evidence from Ndebele showing that the GTH is too strong. In Ndebele, several different verb forms are subject to a minimality condition. In some cases, the minimality condition can be derived through independent metrical footing, as the GTH predicts. However, in several cases it cannot, showing that morpheme-particular size constraints are still a necessary part of the grammar.
Tout ton flottant bas autorise-t-il la propogation du ton haut précedent en Dagara-Wule.pdf
Authors: Somé Penou-Achille
Published: September 2021

This study addresses the syntactic implications of low floating tones in Wule, one of the three varieties of Dagara, a language of the Voltai'c Group spoken in the northern part of Ghana and the southern part of Burkina Faso, The data show that if "peripheral" low floating tones allow a high preceding tone to spread, it is the other way around for "internal" low floating tones, In fact, the latter type of tones, like opaque consonants, always prevents a high preceding tone from spreading, This result leads to a question concerning the relationship between internal low floating tones and opaque consonants, After debating two different assumptions, it has been retained that, despite the similar syntactic implications, internal low floating tones and opaque consonants are two different linguistic entities which do not have, as such, any historical link.
Floating tones in Ga
Authors: Paster Mary
Published: September 2021

This paper provides robust empirical evidence for floating tones in Ga, a Kwa language of Ghana. As will be shown, floating tones are crucial to an analysis of verbal tense/aspect/mood distinctions. I begin by describing two tonal processes, the HL rule and Plateauing. While these are regular processes of the language, both are blocked in the perfective. I show that the blockage is the result of a floating low tone that marks the perfective, and that the floating tone marker explains other anomalous tonal effects in the perfective. I then give an analysis of floating tone prefixes that mark certain tenses/aspects/moods by associating to the subject prefix, thus overwriting the lexical tone of the subject prefix. Finally, I give examples of suffixed floating that mark tense/aspect/mood by associating to verb stems, causing the underlying stem tones to delink. In these tenses/aspects/moods, we find evidence for an underlying L vs. toneless contrast, constituting another phenomenon where, as with floating tones, there is a mismatch between the number of tones and tonebearing units. Thus, a major prediction of Autosegmental Phonology (Goldsmith 1976, Clements and Ford 1979) is borne out in Ga.
Tone Polarity in Kɔnni nouns.pdf
Authors: Cahill Michael
Published: September 2021

Since Kenstowicz et at's analysis of Moore (1988), a widespread view is that tone polarity does not exist; apparent polarity is actually dissimilation. This paper shows that an OCP-based dissimilation analysis cannot account for the full range of K:mni data, and presents a morpheme-specific POLAR constraint referring to the Noun Class 1 plural suffix. POLAR is satisfied in two or possibly three ways: the polar tone may be inserted, be already present in the input, or possibly spread from the definite suffix. The polar tone is not always on the word's edge, and for some words may even be floating. The analysis here thus supports the assertion of Newman (1995) that tone polarity is a natural pattern of language.
Four wordlists of extinct Cape Khoekhoe from the 18th century
Authors: Fauvelle-Aymar Francois-Xavier
Published: September 2021

The Khoekhoe language, a member of the Khoisan family, was widely spoken by Southern Africa pastoralists and hunters-gatherers a few centuries ago. Apart from varieties still spoken in the 20th century (such as Nama in Namibia), very little is known of the dialect spoken by the Cape Khoekhoe. This paper is a critical edition of four manuscript wordlists collected at the end of the 18th century by Robert Jacob Gordon, then commandant of the Dutch garrison at the Cape. These lists refer to several local varieties ofthe Cape Khoekhoe language, collected just before it became extinct, and display two distinct systems of clicks rendering.
Kanuri and its neighbors: When Saharan and Chadic languages meet
Authors: Cyffer Norbert
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
Gender in Bole
Authors: Gimba Alhaji Maina
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
Apophony in the verbal system of Gadang
Authors: Jungraithmayr Herrmann
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
The structure of complement clauses in Lunda
Authors: Kawasha Boniface
Published: September 2021

This paper provides a functional and descriptive study of complement clauses in Lunda, a language spoken in Zambia. While the structure of infinitival complement clauses is analogous to that found in many languages, other types of complement clauses present unique morpho syntactic features. Some dependent constructions are introduced by complementizers which agree in person and number with the subject of the main clause. These complementizers derive from personal possessive pronouns rather than from the verb of saying, as is the case in some Bantu languages, and they have other functions besides introducing embedded clauses. Other clauses disallow complementizers and the verb shows no temporal reference, coding either the perfect or progressive aspect. The interpretation of time in such clauses is dependent on that of the main clause.
Topics in Taita tone II
Authors: Odden David
Published: September 2021

This paper describes aspects of tone in the Mbololo dialect of Taita, compariing it to the Dembwa dialect described in Odden (2001). A salient feature of tone in the language is a covert lexical distinction between words with final H versus those with no final tone. Phrasal tone alternations provide ample evidence allowing the recovery of this underlying distinction. The language also has a process of rightward H tone shift, also found in languages such as lita and Dembwa Taita. In contrast to Dembwa Taita, where language-internal evidence clearly indicates that surface shift is the result of general spreading and restricted de linking, the patterns of spread and delinking in Mbololo Taita are perfectly matched, so that there is no synchronic evidence for a two-step account of tone shift.
On the origin of tonal classes in Kinande noun stems
Authors: Kenstowicz Michael
Published: September 2021

This paper investigates the Proto-Bantu origins of the principal tonal classes in Kinande nonderived mono- and disyllabic nominal stems. The temary H vs. L vs. 0 distinction in the final syllable of the current language is traced back to a binary H vs. L contrast in Proto Bantu on the basis of two strata of reconstruction: first, a shallow one based on c. 200 PB cognates shared with the closely related Lacustrine languages Runyankore, Haya, and lita, and second, a deeper one based on c. 100 PB cognates shared with the more distantly related Congolese languages Tembo, Luba, and Lingala. A chronology of tone changes is postulated in which different sequencing of the same changes as well as altemative phonologizations of ambiguous phonetic structures playa key role.
Plural strategies in Yoruba
Authors: Ajiboye Ọládiípọ̀
Published: September 2021

This paper accounts for the strategies that Yorùbá adopts to mark plural. One way in which plural is marked syntactically is by certain plural words. The plural word can either interpret the noun as plural directly as in the case of àwọn and quantifying words such as púpọ̀ ‘many’ and méjì ‘two’; or it can be realized on a primitive adjective (in the form of COPY) or on a demonstrative (in the form of wọ̀n-). Such elements in turn make available the plural interpretation of the noun they modify. The paper proposes that these plural words possess a covert or an overt [PLURAL] feature, which percolates onto the NP. This analysis of plural marking predicts that there are two ways by which languages may (overtly) mark their nouns for plural cross-linguistically. Languages like Yorùbá, which do not show agreement, mark plural syntactically and make use of a plural feature percolation mechanism, while languages like English, which show agreement, mark plural morphologically and use a plural feature-matching mechanism. It further demonstrates that in Yorùbá, an NP can be freely interpreted as singular or plural in specific discourse context and proposes a general number analysis to account for this type of case. As to the syntax of these plural words, It is proposed that like other non-morphological plural marking languages (e.g., Halkomelem (British Columbia, Canada) as in Wiltschko 2008), Yorùbá plural words are adjuncts that are adjoined to the host head (noun or modifier/demonstrative).
Prenominal relative clauses in Ethiopian languages: From inside and from outside
Authors: Wu Tong
Published: September 2021

The main objective of this data-oriented study is to give a synchronic typological overview of Ethiopian prenominal relative clauses, both from the inside and from the outside. By “inside”, I mean to compare prenominal relative clauses in the Ethiopian area in order to show how they are different from and/or similar to each other. By “outside”, I extend the comparison to beyond Ethiopian languages and include other African languages with or without prenominal relative clauses and languages from elsewhere with prenominal relative clauses. These comparisons will show to what extent Ethiopian prenominal relative clauses are typologically marked or ordinary. However, the inside comparison will be given more attention. Furthermore, synchronic comparison naturally leads us to questions concerning language evolution and language contact. These questions have always been in the center of studies of the Ethiopian Language Area and will be discussed here.
Three-place predicates in West African serializing languages
Authors: Ameka Felix K.
Published: September 2021

The widespread assumption that serializing languages use serial verb constructions (SVCs) to code three-participant situations and therefore lack three-place predicates and three-place mono-verbal constructions is shown not to be valid for West African serializing languages. Using Ewe (Gbe), Likpe (Na-Togo) and Akan (Tano) as exemplars, I demonstrate that these languages have trivalent predicates and various constructions in which a single verb hosts three arguments in a clause. The languages deploy three-place predicate, adpositional, SVC, and adnominal strategies to code three-participant situations. I argue that there are semantic differences between the various constructions. The hyper-transitivity of these languages might account for the presence of three-place predicate constructions.
Ternary spreading and the OCP in Copperbelt Bemba
Authors: Bickmore Lee S. , Kula Nancy S.
Published: September 2021

Bemba tonology has been described with respect to two prominent claims: H tone local spreading is binary, and is blocked by the OCP. These claims are based on Bemba, as spoken in Northern Zambia. This paper examines these two claims with respect to contemporary Bemba as it is spoken today in the Copperbelt province of Zambia. This paper shows that in Copperbelt Bemba (CB), these two aspects of H tone spreading are markedly different. In CB, local spreading is ternary, not binary, and a H will undergo binary spreading even if it causes an OCP violation. Ternary spread will be shown to follow from two rules: High Tone Doubling and Secondary High Doubling motivated by different constraints within CB tonology. In addition to documenting and describing the behavior of high tone in CB, a comparison to other cases of ternary spreading is also made.
Ịzọn verbal extensions
Authors: Blench Roger , Williamson Kay
Published: September 2021

Systems of verbal extension, consisting of affixes that alter argument structure, are widely reported in the world, and are scattered throughout Africa, where they compete with strategies such as serial verbs and auxiliaries, plus verbal collocations. The Ijoid languages can have suffixed verbal extensions, but these are constructed out of very limited segmental material. There is an example of what seems to be a composite extension, but Ijoid does not generally allow seriated extensions. The paper describes the extensions that have been identified in Ịzọn and presents an analysis of their possible semantics. Although there are broad typological similarities to other branches of Niger-Congo, there are no transparent segmental cognates, suggesting that the Ịjọ system may be innovative.
Structural patterns and strategies of codeswitching in Igbo-English bilingual discourse
Authors: Akinremi Ihuọma I.
Published: September 2021

This study identifies and describes the patterns found in Igbo-English codeswitching using a typology of codeswitching proposed in the literature. Two patterns in the three-way typology are identified. In the alternational pattern neither language dominates the other, whilst the insertional pattern involves asymmetry in the roles of the two languages, with Igbo as the matrix language that provides the morphosyntactic structure of the bilingual clause. Certain structural features of the Igbo morphosyntactic frame are identified as evidence of a matrix-embedded language asymmetry. In particular, it is demonstrated that the feature of morphosyntactic integration serves as the diagnostic for identifying the type of codeswitching within a clause and that it effectively distinguishes alternation and insertion, especially in peripheral switching. In the insertional pattern, the Igbo grammatical frame forces morphological integration of inserted English verbs but in the alternational pattern, verbs remain monolingual in the participating languages. The paper concludes that although the two patterns are attested in the Igbo-English language pair, the insertional pattern is dominant.
Conditional constructions in Makary Kotoko
Authors: Allison Sean
Published: September 2021

Kotoko is a Chadic language spoken in Cameroon, in the region just south of Lake Chad. Based on an analysis of a corpus of texts with helpful input from a mother tongue speaker of the language, this paper presents the forms and functions of conditional constructions. Like other Chadic languages (Frajzyngier 1996: 313, 327), conditionals are formally indistinguishable from certain types of temporal constructions. However, unlike other Chadic languages (e.g. Hausa, Baraïn, Lamang, Miya, Goemai, Buwal), Makary Kotoko has no overt marker for the protasis comparable to ‘if’ in English. Instead, the protasis and apodosis are joined by the marker aro ‘then’ which is semantically linked to the apodosis, but is often prosodically realized at the end of the protasis. Conditional constructions are categorized by their semantics based on classifications by Taylor (1997) and Thompson, Longacre & Hwang (2007), and the function of conditional constructions within discourse is explored.
Le conditionnel en Dzuungoo de Somogohiri
Authors: Solomiac Paul
Published: September 2021

L'examen des phrases conditionnelles du dzùùngoo et des différents encodages de l'expression de la condition et de l'irréel révèle dans cet article une grande variété de structures et de sens. L'auteur fait le tour des différents types de constructions associés au morphème du conditionnel, ainsi qu'aux différents types d'encodage à l'expression de la condition.
Conditionals in Jóola Eegimaa: A descriptive analysis
Authors: Bassene Mamadou
Published: September 2021

The present study documents and analyzes conditional constructions in Jóola Eegimaa (Eegimaa, henceforth). On the surface, Eegimaa has morphemes which denote conditionality. However, these morphemes, me and éni, do not exclusively mark conditional clauses. They are also found in various other subordinate constructions where they introduce various clauses. The heart of my argument is that in Eegimaa, intonation is the most reliable indicator of conditionality. The data has clearly shown that the morphemes me and éni can be omitted in conditional constructions. The analysis has revealed two shared acoustic features between morphologically marked conditional sentences and those conditional sentences which do not contain any conditional morphemes. These features are (1) an intonation break separating the antecedent from the consequent, and (2) the antecedent consistently ending with a falling pitch.