bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dictyosteliummyosin-IE is a fast molecular motor involved in phagocytosis
Authors: Dürrwang Ulrike , Fujita-Becker Setsuko , Erent Muriel , Kull F. Jon , Tsiavaliaris Georgios , Geeves Michael A. , Manstein Dietmar J.
Published: January 2006

Class I myosins are single-headed motor proteins, implicated in various motile processes including organelle translocation, ion-channel gating, and cytoskeleton reorganization. Here we describe the cellular localization of myosin-IE and its role in the phagocytic uptake of solid particles and cells. A complete analysis of the kinetic and motor properties of Dictyostelium discoideum myosin-IE was achieved by the use of motor domain constructs with artificial lever arms. Class I myosins belonging to subclass IC like myosin-IE are thought to be tuned for tension maintenance or stress sensing. In contrast to this prediction, our results show myosin-IE to be a fast motor. Myosin-IE motor activity is regulated by myosin heavy chain phosphorylation, which increases the coupling efficiency between the actin and nucleotide binding sites tenfold and the motile activity more than fivefold. Changes in the level of free Mg2+ ions, which are within the physiological range, are shown to modulate the motor activity of myosin-IE by inhibiting the release of adenosine diphosphate.
Determination of Cyanide in Blood by Isotope-Dilution Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Murphy Karen E , Schantz Michele M , Butler Therese A , Benner Bruce A , Wood Laura J , Turk Gregory C
Published: January 2006

Background: Cyanide (CN) is a lethal toxin. Quantification in blood is necessary to indicate exposure from many sources, including food, combustion byproducts, and terrorist activity. We describe an automated procedure based on isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (ID GC/MS) for the accurate and rapid determination of CN in whole blood.

Methods: A known amount of isotopically labeled potassium cyanide (K13C15N) was added to 0.5 g of whole blood in a headspace vial. Hydrogen cyanide was generated through the addition of phosphoric acid, and after a 5-min incubation, 0.5 mL of the headspace was injected into the GC/MS at an oven temperature of −15 °C. The peak areas from the sample, 1H12C14N+, at m/z 27, and the internal standard, 1H13C15N+, at m/z 29, were measured, and the CN concentration was quantified by ID. The analysis time was 15 min for a single injection.

Results: We demonstrated method accuracy by measuring the CN content of unfrozen whole blood samples fortified with a known amount of CN. Intermediate precision was demonstrated by periodic analyses over a 14-month span. Relative expanded uncertainties based on a 95% level of confidence with a coverage factor of 2 at CN concentrations of 0.06, 0.6, and 1.5 μg/g were 8.3%, 5.4%, and 5.3%, respectively. The mean deviation from the known value for all concentrations was <4%.

Conclusion: The automated ID GC/MS method can accurately and rapidly quantify nanogram per gram to microgram per gram concentrations of CN in blood.
Methodologic European External Quality Assurance for DNA Sequencing: The EQUALseq Program
Authors: Ahmad-Nejad Parviz , Dorn-Beineke Alexandra , Pfeiffer Ulrike , Brade Joachim , Geilenkeuser Wolf-Jochen , Ramsden Simon , Pazzagli Mario , Neumaier Michael
Published: January 2006

Background: DNA sequencing is a key technique in molecular diagnostics, but to date no comprehensive methodologic external quality assessment (EQA) programs have been instituted. Between 2003 and 2005, the European Union funded, as specific support actions, the EQUAL initiative to develop methodologic EQA schemes for genotyping (EQUALqual), quantitative PCR (EQUALquant), and sequencing (EQUALseq). Here we report on the results of the EQUALseq program.

Methods: The participating laboratories received a 4-sample set comprising 2 DNA plasmids, a PCR product, and a finished sequencing reaction to be analyzed. Data and information from detailed questionnaires were uploaded online and evaluated by use of a scoring system for technical skills and proficiency of data interpretation.

Results: Sixty laboratories from 21 European countries registered, and 43 participants (72%) returned data and samples. Capillary electrophoresis was the predominant platform (n = 39; 91%). The median contiguous correct sequence stretch was 527 nucleotides with considerable variation in quality of both primary data and data evaluation. The association between laboratory performance and the number of sequencing assays/year was statistically significant (P <0.05). Interestingly, more than 30% of participants neither added comments to their data nor made efforts to identify the gene sequences or mutational positions.

Conclusions: Considerable variations exist even in a highly standardized methodology such as DNA sequencing. Methodologic EQAs are appropriate tools to uncover strengths and weaknesses in both technique and proficiency, and our results emphasize the need for mandatory EQAs. The results of EQUALseq should help improve the overall quality of molecular genetics findings obtained by DNA sequencing.
Entwicklung multifunktionaler Kalibriernormale für die optische 3D-Mikroskopie (Development of Multifunctional Standards for Optical 3D Microscopy)
Authors: Gräper Arne , Kraft Arne , Seewig Jörg , Reithmeier Eduard
Published: January 2006

Die Notwendigkeit, flächenhaft strukturierte Oberflächen zu charakterisieren, führt vermehrt zum Einsatz optischer 3D-Mikroskopie in der Fertigungsmess- und Prüftechnik. Im Gegensatz zu den konventionell verwendeten taktilen Messsystemen, für die geeignete Normen und Prüfkörper zur Verfügung stehen, erweist sich die Rückführung mittels optischer 3D-Messtechnik gewonnener Daten als schwierig. Bedingt durch die Eigenheiten des jeweils verwendeten Systems kommt es zum Auftreten individueller Fehlertypen, die nur durch die Entwicklung und Kombination geeigneter Normale charakterisiert werden können.
Zerstörungsfreie Haftfestigkeitscharakterisierung von Full-Wafer-Bondverbindungen (Non-destructive strength characterization of full-wafer-bonds)
Authors: Rabold Martin , Doll Alexander , Kröner Michael , Goldschmidtböing Frank , Woias Peter
Published: January 2006

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt eine zerstörungsfreie Testmethode, um die Haftfestigkeit von Bondverbindungen zu bestimmen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein modifizierter Blistertest entwickelt, bei dem die Länge eines künstlich erzeugten Risses in Kombination mit dem dafür aufgewendeten Druck ein Maß für die Haftfestigkeit der Bondverbindung darstellt. Zur Geometriefindung wurden verschiedene Teststrukturen untersucht. Das druckunabhängige Verhältnis von Verdrängungsvolumen zu neu generierter Rissfläche bei wachsender Rissausbreitung ist hierbei der entscheidende Faktor, welcher für den zerstörungsfreien Charakter der Testmethode verantwortlich ist.
Automatische Segmentierung von Messpunktwolken in regelgeometrische Elemente (Automatic Segmentation of Measurement Point Clouds to Geometric Primitives)
Authors: Westkämper E. , Stotz Martin , Effenberger Ira
Published: January 2006

Die zu verarbeitenden Messpunktwolken werden auch in der Mikrosystemtechnik durch die Verfügbarkeit leistungsfähiger moderner Sensorik wie z.B. der Mikro-Computertomographie immer größer. Vorgestellt wird ein Verfahren, mit dem Messpunktwolken vollautomatisch in einzelne Teilpunktwolken, die regelgeometrische Elemente beschreiben, segmentiert werden können. In die Teilpunktwolken lassen sich dann für Vermessungen mit Fit-Verfahren die entsprechenden Objekte einpassen.
On the Correlation Between Hydrophobicity, Liposome Binding and Cellular Uptake of Porphyrin Sensitizers
Authors: Ben‐Dror Shimshon , Bronshtein Irena , Wiehe Arno , Röder Beate , Senge Mathias O. , Ehrenberg Benjamin
Published: January 2006

A crucial factor in choosing a porphyrin or analogous photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is its ability to incorporate into the cells. For hydrophobic compounds that partition passively into the cytoplasmic membrane, a partition coefficient between an organic solvent and water, P, is one factor that could be used to predict the molecule's ability to diffuse into biomembranes. We synthesized several porphyrins, modified with two, three or four meso‐substituents and studied their spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The octanolwater partitioning coefficients, log P, were calculated as a parameter for hydrophobicity. We found these porphyrins to be very hydrophobic, with log P values in the range of 8.9–11.8. These were correlated with the binding constants of these porphyrins into liposomes, Kb, as well as to their uptake by cells. The correlation between the estimated log P and Kb is nearly linear but negative, indicating, apparently, that there is lesser binding to liposomes with increased hydrophobicity. On the other hand, all of the studied porphyrins are taken up by cells, but there is no clear correlation between cellular uptake and the log P or Kb. Lipinski's pharmacological “rule of 5” predicts poor permeation of drugs into cells when log P is greater than five. This may be relevant for diffusional binding to liposomes, where aqueous aggregation can interfere strongly with cellular uptake. In such extreme conditions, neither liposome binding nor other rules seem to predict porphyrin behavior in vitro.
Photostability of Bacteriochlorophyll a and Derivatives: Potential Sensitizers for Photodynamic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Limantara Leenawaty , Koehler Peter , Wilhelm Brigitte , Porra Robert J. , Scheer Hugo
Published: January 2006

The photostabilities of bacteriochlorophyll a and several of its derivatives, which are of interest as potential sensitizers in photodynamic tumor therapy, were investigated. The pigments were irradiated with light >630 nm in organic solvents (acetone, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, methanol, ethanol, n‐propanol, 2‐propanol and toluene) and in aqueous detergent solutions (cetyl‐trimethyl‐ammonium bromide [CTAB], lauryldimethyl‐aminoxide [LDAO] or sodium dodecyl‐sulfate [SDS] and Triton X‐100 [TX100]). Their stabilities in these different solvents were determined in the presence and absence of an external sensitizer (pyromethyl‐pheophorbide a), oxygen, sodium ascorbate and inert gas (Ar) or vacuum. The photodegradation products of bacteriochlorophyll a in acetone solution were isolated, purified by HPLC and analyzed by their absorption spectra and mass spectroscopy. Besides the well‐known dehydrogenation products, such as [3‐acetyl]‐chlorophyll a, which were obtained as by‐products, the major products had low absorption in the visible‐near infrared spectral range. The spectral signature of the major component of these products was characteristic of linear open‐chain tetrapyrroles, but they lacked the characteristic protonation‐deprotonation behavior and reactivity of bilins with Zn++.
In VivoMonitoring the Changes of Interstitial pH and FAD/NADH Ratio by Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Healing Skin Wounds
Authors: Mokrý Michal , Gál Peter , Vidinský Boris , Kušnír Jaroslav , Dubayová Katarína , Mozeš Štefan , Sabo Ján
Published: January 2006

The aim of our study was to evaluate the changes of interstitial pH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)/reduced nicotin‐amide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ratio in healing skin wounds using fluorescence spectroscopy in Sprague Dawley rats. In the experiment, excisional and incisional models of wound healing were used. The florescein as the pH‐sensitive probe using excitation spectra (λEm= 535 nm) was used for the measurement of pH changes, and synchronous fluorescence spectra (Δλ= 60 nm) for the monitoring of FAD/NADH ratio changes were measured from the surfaces of healing wounds. Increase of interstitial pH and FAD/NADH ratio was recorded during the time interval from the 15th to the 65th minute after surgery. The decrease of pH between the 48th and the 72nd hour after surgery as well as the increase of FAD/NADH ratio between the 72nd and the 96th hour of wound healing were recorded. The results indicate that the use of fluorescence spectroscopy may be considered as a valuable tool for non‐invasivein vivomonitoring of selected redox parameters in the early phases of wound healing.
Stocking Contribution and Growth of Largemouth Bass in Pools of the Arkansas River
Authors: Heitman N. Elizabeth , Racey Christopher L. , Lochmann Steve E.
Published: January 2006

In response to concerns about a declining population of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in the Arkansas River, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission stocked pools 5 and 9 with largemouth bass fingerlings (∼50 mm total length (TL)) marked with oxytetracycline in June 2002 at rates of 18 and 25 fish/ha, respectively. We evaluated the contribution of stocked largemouth bass to the 2002 year-class at age 0 in September 2002 and at age 1 in May 2003. Stocked largemouth bass comprised 15% in pool 5 and 20% in pool 9 of the 2002 year-class at age 0 and 10% in pool 5 and 13% in pool 9 at age 1. Contributions of stocked largemouth bass to the year-class did not differ significantly between pools (P = 0.2850 in pool 5 and 0.1824 in pool 9) or years (P = 0.3521 in fall and 0.5061 in spring). Mean lengths of stocked and wild largemouth bass did not differ significantly in either pool during fall 2002 (P = 0.2863 in pool 5 and 0.9281 in pool 9) or spring 2003 (P = 0.4809 in pool 5 and 0.1233 in pool 9). However, largemouth bass were significantly longer in pool 9 than in pool 5 at age 0 (181 mm TL versus 172 mm TL, respectively; P = 0.0113) and age 1 (204 mm TL versus 182 mm TL, respectively; P < 0.0001). Largemouth bass stocked into the Arkansas River, an open system, contributed to year-class strength to a similar degree as fish stocked into closed reservoirs and lakes.
Phenotypic stability and genetic gains in six-year girth growth of Hevea clones
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo de Souza , Fujihara Alberto Kazutoshi , Ortolani Altino Aldo , Bataglia Ondino Cleante , Bortoletto Nelson , Segnini Junior Ivo
Published: January 2006

Rubber tree [Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex Adr. de Juss.) Müell. Arg.] budgrafts of seven clones were evaluated on five contrasting sites in the plateau region of the São Paulo State, Brazil. The objective of this work was to study the phenotypic stability for girth growth. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications and seven treatments. Analysis of variance of girth at six-year plant growth indicated a highly significant clone x site interaction. Only linear sites and clone x site components of clone x year interaction were significant, indicating that the performance of clones over sites for this trait could be predicted. The clones GT 1 and PB 235 showed the greatest stability in relation to girth growth, with foreseen responses to change, introduced in the sites. The clones PB 235 and IAN 873 showed significative difference in relation to regression coefficient, representing clones with specific adaptability on favorable and unfavorable sites respectively. The clone GT 1 became the most promissory one in the study of stability and adaptability even showing low girth growth. Expected genetic gains from planting sites, along with estimates of clonal variance and repeatability of clonal means are generally greatest or close to the greatest when selection is done at the same site.
Efeito de três processos de vinificação sobre a composição química e a qualidade do vinho Cabernet Franc
Authors: Rizzon Luiz Antenor , Miele Alberto , Meneguzzo Júlio , Zanuz Mauro Celso
Published: January 2006

Foram avaliados os efeitos de três processos de vinificação sobre a composição química e a qualidade do vinho Cabernet Franc, nas safras de 1987 a 1990. As vinificações foram realizadas em escala industrial, pelos processos clássico, de termovinificação e de maceração carbônica. Avaliaram- se teor alcoólico, acidez total, açúcares redutores, cinzas, extrato seco, compostos fenólicos e voláteis e elementos minerais. Procedeu-se, também, à análise sensorial dos vinhos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de componentes principais (ACP) e à análise de variância, sendo que os três primeiros eixos explicaram 68,2% da variação total. Através da ACP, foi possível separar os vinhos de maceração carbônica dos outros dois processos de vinificação. As variáveis que apresentaram maior efeito na variação foram os álcoois superiores, os cátions e os compostos fenólicos. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que a maceração carbônica originou vinhos leves e com menor intensidade de cor, e a termovinificação e a vinificação clássica originaram vinhos com mais corpo, melhor qualidade e equilíbrio gustativo e maior tipicidade varietal.
Mecanismo genético de resistência em três cultivares de algodoeiro a Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum
Authors: Zandoná Carla , Mehta Yeshwant R. , Schuster Ivan , Alves Priscila F. R. , Bomfeti Cleide A. , Bibanco Kelen R. P. , Silva Rosana B. , Lopes Lucilene P.
Published: January 2006

A mancha angular do algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum) causada por Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum (Xam) é uma doença de importância econômica para o Brasil, e sua severidade depende de fatores climáticos e da cultivar. A doença não é controlada por produtos químicos sendo que seu controle depende da utilização de sementes sadias, e resistência varietal. DeltaOPAL, EPAMIG Liça, e Fibermax 986 são importantes fontes de resistência a Xam, pois além de resistência, apresentam boas características agronômicas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o mecanismo de resistência à mancha angular envolvendo cruzamentos entre as três cultivares resistentes e a suscetível BRS Ita 90, em casa de vegetação. Populações parentais, F1 e F2 foram avaliadas após inoculação com um isolado agressivo de Xam. As três cultivares apresentaram mecanismos diferentes de resistência. Nas cultivares DeltaOPAL e EPAMIG Liça a resistência é conferida por um gene dominante, enquanto que em Fibermax 986, a resistência é dada por dois genes dominantes, independentes e complementares.
Development of the osteoblast phenotype of serial cell subcultures from human bone marrow
Authors: Rosa Adalberto Luiz , Beloti Márcio Mateus
Published: January 2006

Bone marrow cells have been used for testing biocompatibility of bone substitute materials that would be applied in maxillofacial and orthopedic surgeries. However, it remains unclear whether cells in serial subcultures retain the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts. The purpose of this study was to compare the development of osteoblast phenotype of serially passaged cells from human bone marrow. Cells from first to third passage were cultured (2x10(4) cells/well) in supplemented culture medium. Cells were incubated at 37ºC in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air. Cell attachment was assessed at 4 and 24 h. At 7, 14 and 21 days, cell proliferation, cell viability, total protein content and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were evaluated. Bone-like formation was evaluated at 14 and 21 days. Data were compared by two-way ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test. Cell attachment, cell viability and total protein content were not affected by serial subcultures. However, serial subcultures did interfered negatively with osteoblast differentiation as shown by osteoblast parameters observed in second and third subcultures, such as continuous cell proliferation, lower ALP activity and bone-like formation in comparison to first subculture. Therefore, it is important to evaluate cell ability to growth and differentiate before selecting the cell population for studies that investigate the biocompatibility of materials to replace bone tissue.
Periapical cyst repair after nonsurgical endodontic therapy: case report
Authors: Valois Caroline R.A. , Costa-Júnior Edson Dias
Published: January 2006

This article presents the procedures that must be considered for periapical cyst repair after nonsurgical endodontic treatment. The case of a periapical cyst associated to the left maxillary lateral incisor is reported. Nonsurgical root canal therapy was performed and lesion healing was confirmed radiographically after 24 months. Differential diagnosis, endodontic infection control, apical foramen enlargement and filling of the cystic cavity with a calcium hydroxide paste were important procedures for case resolution.
Efeito de dietas que contêm cana-de-açúcar ou silagem de milho sobre as características das carcaças de novilhos confinados
Authors: Brondani Ivan Luiz , Restle João , Arboitte Miguelangelo Ziegler , Menezes Luís Fernando Glasenapp de , Alves Filho Dari Celestino , Amaral Gláucia Azevedo do , Pazdiora Raul Dirceu
Published: January 2006

Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as características quantitativas e qualitativas da carcaça e da carne de doze novilhos Charolês, submetidos a dois tratamentos alimentares durante a fase de terminação em confinamento, aos 30 meses de idade: TC- cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum ssp.) e TM- silagem de milho (Zea mays), compondo 43,65 e 45,14% da matéria seca (MS) da dieta, respectivamente. A dieta oferecida foi isonitrogenada, com 11,76% proteína bruta na MS, o concentrado foi constituído de grão de sorgo moído, farelo de arroz desengordurado e farelo de soja, de igual composição para os tratamentos, com adição de uréia junto ao TC. Os animais foram mantidos em regime de confinamento até que a média dos tratamentos atingiu o peso de abate de 420 kg (TC - 110 dias e TS - 88 dias). O peso de carcaça quente foi 214,23 e 222,23 kg para TC e TS, respectivamente. A percentagem de rendimento de carcaça quente foi de 50,71 e 52,60%, (P=0,0612) e a de carcaça fria de 50,38 e 52,24% (P=0,0478). A quebra no resfriamento não diferiu entre os tratamentos alimentares (P=0,7901); comportamento igual obteve-se para conformação (P=0,3334), espessura de gordura subcutânea (P=0,9262), área do músculo Longissimus dorsi em kg e em % (P=0,5834; P=0,2094, respectivamente). As carcaças dos novilhos do TC apresentaram maior percentagem de corte serrote (50,04 vs. 49,36%, P=0,0984). Os cortes dianteiro e costilhar não foram diferentes (P=0,9963 e P=0,1295) entre os tratamentos. A percentagem de músculo foi superior para TS em relação ao TC, de 70,67 e 68,08% (P=0,0142), comportamento similar ao da percentagem de gordura na carcaça 11,92 e 15,58 % (P=0,0137) para TC e TS, respectivamente.
Solo sódico tratado com gesso agrícola, composto de lixo urbano e vinhaça
Authors: Santos Maria de F. G. dos , Oliveira Francisco A. de , Cavalcante Lourival F. , Medeiros José F. de , Souza Carlos C. de
Published: January 2006

O manejo inadequado da água de irrigação tem causado problemas de salinidade e sodicidade do solo nos perímetros irrigados com redução significativa na produtividade das culturas. Objetivando-se avaliar os efeitos da necessidade do gesso (NG): 0 e 40%, do composto de lixo urbano (CLU): 0 e 20 t ha-1 e do período de incubação com vinhaça: 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias, sobre a recuperação de um solo sódico do projeto de irrigação São Gonçalo, no Estado da Paraíba, conduziu-se um experimento em casa-de-vegetação, do CCA/UFPB. Usou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial: 2 x 2 x 4, com três repetições e o algodoeiro herbáceo, cultivar CNPA-7H, como cultura teste. O gesso + CLU aumentou a percentagem de emergência (%E), a biomassa seca (BS) e o Ca2+ e diminuiu os teores de Na+ e o pH nos lixiviados, em relação ao solo incubado com vinhaça, enquanto o Ca2+ aumentou com a NG mas diminuiu com o CLU. Para os períodos de incubação ocorreu redução linear nos teores de Na+ na presença da NG e do CLU, isolados, e quando associados constatou-se redução também do Ca2+ e da condutividade elétrica (CE) em efeitos quadráticos e aumento do pH. A incubação do solo apenas com vinhaça concorreu para aumentar a %E e a CE em efeitos quadráticos e reduzir, de forma linear, a BS e o Ca2+.
Germinação e formação de mudas de coqueiro irrigadas com águas salinas
Authors: Marinho Francisco J. L. , Gheyi Hans R. , Fernandes Pedro D.
Published: January 2006

O cultivo de coqueiro vem crescendo no Nordeste, com aumento de produtividade, quando irrigado. Sendo comuns na região águas salinas e se considerando a carência de dados de pesquisa de salinidade em coqueiro anão-verde (Cocos nucifera L.), objetivou-se, através deste trabalho, avaliar os efeitos da irrigação com águas salinas (CEa = 2,2, 5, 10, 15 e 20 dS m-1) sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas, até 120 dias após semeadura (fase I), estendendo-se a avaliação, posteriormente, após repicagem para o viveiro, quando passaram a ser irrigadas com água de CEa = 2,2 dS m-1, durante 120 dias (fase II), estudando-se o efeito residual dos níveis de salinidade aplicados na fase I. Em ambos os experimentos, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As águas salinas foram preparadas com adição de NaCl comercial. Na primeira fase, o incremento da CEa não influenciou significativamente a germinação que variou de 80 a 97,5%, porém afetou a velocidade de germinação e o crescimento das plântulas; na fase de sementeira, a salinidade afetou a fitomassa total a partir de 5,4 dS m-1; o sistema radicular foi a variável mais afetada pela salinidade. Na fase II, as plantas oriundas de germinação sob condições de alta salinidade, após passarem a ser irrigadas com água de 2,2 dS m-1, cresceram no mesmo ritmo daquelas germinadas sem estresse salino.
Comportamento da cultura do tomateiro sob diferentes tensões de água no solo em ambiente protegido
Authors: Sá Nelson S. A. de , Pereira Geraldo M. , Alvarenga Marco A. R. , Mattioli Wesley , Carvalho Jacinto de A.
Published: January 2006

A cultura do tomateiro corresponde a uma atividade expressiva no Brasil, bastante exigente em água e, sob cultivo protegido, a irrigação deve ser usada para o suprimento hídrico total. O manejo adequado da irrigação é importante não apenas por suprir as necessidades hídricas das plantas mas, também, por minimizar problemas com doenças e lixiviação de nutrientes, além de gastos desnecessários com água e energia. Visando definir critérios para o manejo da irrigação, avaliou-se, através deste trabalho, o efeito de diferentes tensões de água no solo sobre o comportamento produtivo do tomateiro de crescimento indeterminado, híbrido Raísa N, em ambiente protegido, na região de Lavras, MG. O experimento foi instalado em casa de vegetação com delineamento em blocos casualizados, tendo quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de seis níveis de tensões de água no solo como indicativos do momento de irrigar. As tensões preestabelecidas foram 15, 30, 50, 70, 120 e 170 kPa e os resultados permitiram concluir-se que, para a obtenção de maiores produtividades de frutos totais, frutos comerciais e menor incidência de frutos com podridão apical, as irrigações devem ser realizadas quando as tensões de água no solo a 0,10 m de profundidade estiverem em torno de 80 kPa. Também foi possível observar que a eficiência no uso da água apresentou resposta linear crescente com o aumento da tensão de água no solo.
Balanço energético de uma cultura de tomate
Authors: Teixeira Carlos A. , Lacerda Filho Adílio F. de , Pereira Sidney , Souza Luís H. de , Russo José R.
Published: January 2006

É importante destacar que o consumo de energia envolvido ao longo do cultivo de tomate depende de fatores que tornam complexa a sua estimativa. Neste trabalho considerou-se, basicamente, a energia contida na mão-de-obra, no combustível necessário à produção e aplicação de fertilizantes, inseticidas, fungicidas e na produção e operação de tratores e equipamentos, durante o desenvolvimento da cultura. A metodologia utilizada para se obter o balanço energético da cultura foi proposta por Serra et al. (1979). O consumo de energia total observado foi igual a 2.661.945 MJ ha-1, enquanto a planta do tomateiro produziu 26.013 MJ ha-1. A energia solar global média disponível foi igual a 2.515.303 MJ ha-1 e a produtividade média de tomate foi igual a 23,94 t ha-1.
O inconsciente freudiano entre Lou-Andréas Salomé e Victor Tausk
Authors: Oliveira Luiz Eduardo Prado de
Published: January 2006

O presente artigo trata de "O inconsciente", texto metapsicológico escrito por Freud em 1915. Viso, aqui, indicar as diferentes abordagens e fontes que o influenciaram na elaboração deste conceito, assim como os impasses que precisou resolver e a importância da transferência no âmbito da clínica e da teoria. Discutirei cada um dos sete capítulos do referido trabalho.
As quatro dimensões do despertar - sonho, fantasia, delírio, ilusão
Authors: Jorge Marco Antonio Coutinho
Published: January 2006

Experiência do despertar do sentido, a psicanálise é uma descoberta que visa revelar aquilo que a religião oculta, pois ela opera sobre o campo do sentido de modo inverso ao da religião. Por isso, a obra de Freud como que desemboca na análise da religião, como se ela estivesse desde o início destinada a isso. A oposição radical entre psicanálise e religião reside na forma antinômica pela qual ambas operam sobre o campo do sentido: a primeira visa obter um efeito de sentido real e a segunda, um fechamento imaginário desse campo.
Farinha de resíduos da filetagem de tilápia em rações para alevinos de piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus)
Authors: Boscolo Wilson Rogério , Signor Altevir , Feiden Aldi , Signor Arcangelo Augusto , Schaefer Luciano André , Reidel Adilson
Published: January 2006

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão de farinha de resíduos da industrialização de tilápia (FT) na alimentação de alevinos de piauçu (Leporinus macrocephalus). Cento e vinte e cinco alevinos com peso e comprimento iniciais de 0,19 ± 0,004 g e 2,37 ± 0,2 cm foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. As rações testadas continham 0; 5; 10 e 15% de FT e 0% de FT suplementada com metionina. O arraçoamento foi de 10% da biomassa quatro vezes ao dia (8, 11, 14 e 17 h). As médias dos parâmetros físico-químicos da água foram 7,89 ± 0,05, 89,93 ± 0,42, 7,15 ± 0,10 e 27,10 ± 0,95 para pH, condutividade elétrica (µS.cm-1), oxigênio dissolvido (mg.L-1) e temperatura (ºC), respectivamente. Ao final do período experimental, foram avaliadas as médias de sobrevivência (SO), peso final (PF), comprimento final (CF), ganho de peso (GP), fator de condição (FC) e conversão alimentar aparente (CA). Foram observadas diferenças quanto ao CF, CA e FC entre tratamentos, obtendo-se melhores resultados naqueles com inclusão de FT e suplementação de metionina. O CF apresentou aumento linear com platô em 8,56% de FT e a CA apresentou redução linear com platô de 8,19% de inclusão de FT. Os maiores teores de proteína bruta (PB) na carcaça foram obtidos nos tratamentos com mais de 5% de FT e 0% de FT suplementado com metionina. Pode-se incluir até 15% de FT em rações para alevinos de piauçu, melhorando seu desempenho e deposição de PB na carcaça, o que torna a FT uma fonte protéica alternativa.
Desempenho de leguminosas nativas (Adesmia) e exóticas (Lotus, Trifolium), em função do estádio fenológico no primeiro corte
Authors: Scheffer-Basso Simone Meredith , Vendruscolo Marice Cristine , Cecchetti Dileta
Published: January 2006

Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de analisar aspectos fenológicos e produtivos de leguminosas nativas (Adesmia latifolia, A. tristis) e exóticas (Lotus corniculatus, L. uliginosus, Trifolium repens), em função do estádio fenológico no primeiro corte: vegetativo (CEV) e florescimento (CEF). As plantas foram estabelecidas em monocultura, no campo, e avaliadas entre maio/2000 e setembro/2001, em Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul. Após o primeiro corte, as plantas foram desfolhadas em intervalos de 45 dias. Foram realizadas nove desfolhações no manejo CEV e sete no CEF. O estádio fenológico no primeiro corte influenciou a produção de massa seca (MS) de T. repens (CEV= 9.000 kg/ha de MS, CEF = 7.000 kg/ha de MS) e A. tristis (CEV = 4.000 kg/ha de MS, CEF = 8.000 kg/ha de MS). O L. corniculatus produziu cerca de 15.000 kg/ha de MS e A. latifolia, de 2.000 a 3.000 kg/ha de MS, independentemente do manejo. O L. uliginosus não floresceu, produzindo 7.000 kg/ha de MS no manejo CEV. As espécies nativas mostraram baixa persistência, com morte de plantas (A. tristis) e estolões (A. latifolia) no final da estação de crescimento. A maior produção de T. repens foi na primavera e a das espécies de Lotus, no verão.
Casca de algodão em substituição parcial à silagem de capim-elefante para novilhos. 2. Parâmetros ruminais e séricos, produção microbiana e excreção urinária de compostos nitrogenados
Authors: Chizzotti Mario Luiz , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Leão Maria Ignês , Valadares Rilene Ferreira Diniz , Chizzotti Fernanda Helena Martins , Magalhães Karla Alves , Marcondes Marcos Inácio
Published: January 2006

Quatro novilhos holandeses fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 259 kg, foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4 x 4 para se avaliar o efeito dos níveis de casca de algodão na dieta de novilhos sobre a concentração de nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS) e de amônia no rúmen, o pH ruminal, a excreção urinária de uréia e derivados de purinas e a produção de proteína microbiana estimada pelo método das bases purinas omasais e da excreção de derivados de purinas na urina. As dietas experimentais continham na base da matéria seca: 0, 10, 20 e 30% de casca de algodão peletizada, em substituição à silagem de capim-elefante, sendo a dieta total constituída de 60% de volumoso. Não houve efeito dos diferentes tratamentos sobre o pH e as concentrações de amônia no rúmen. A concentração de NUS e a excreção de uréia (em mg/kgPV) diminuíram, enquanto a excreção de derivados de purinas na urina e a síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen aumentaram linearmente com a inclusão da casca de algodão nas dietas. A estimativa da síntese de proteína microbiana não diferiu entre as metodologias das bases purínicas omasais e dos derivados de purina na urina. A casca de algodão mostrou-se um bom volumoso alternativo, podendo ser fornecida até o nível de 30% na MS total na dieta de novilhos de origem leiteira.
Are Students Expected to Critically Engage with Textbook Perspectives of the Second World War? A Comparative and International Study
Authors: Nicholls Jason
Published: January 2006

This article is a comparative study of perspectives of the Second World War in contemporary school history textbooks from England, Japan, Sweden, Italy and the United States. In the article the author examines the extent to which interpretations of the Second World War differ in the textbooks of each nation as well as the relationship between perspectives and contemporary political agendas. Research on developments in Germany is used as an anchor against which to compare developments in the five countries. Having described and analysed differences the author then investigates the extent to which students in the five countries may be expected to engage with perspectives offered. To construct alternative interpretations of the conflict the author supports an interpretative understanding of the discipline of history based in a neo-hermeneutic reading of the subject.
Investing in Teacher Effectiveness to Improve Educational Quality in Developing Countries: Does in-Service Education for Primary Mathematics Teachers in Sri Lanka Make a Difference to Teaching and Learning?
Authors: Johnson David
Published: January 2006

The article reports the findings of a study into the efficacy of an in-service professional development programme aimed at changing the teaching strategies of primary mathematics teachers in Sri Lanka. It highlights some of the methodological dilemmas inherent in conducting large-scale experimental research in developing countries but also demonstrates important methodological techniques in collecting ‘fine-grained’ observational data of teacher professional behaviour. The analysis attempts to answer the question whether curriculum policy renewal, accompanied by materials development and training eventually translates into desired pedagogy. It shows that most primary mathematics teachers in Sri Lanka are easily sensitised to some ‘new’ teaching strategies but find others more difficult to use routinely. Further studies are needed to clarify whether those elements of pedagogy stressed as important during training and emphasised in the teaching guides, but which have not become part of the teachers' repertoire, are resistant to cross-cultural transfer or simply unachievable due to the structural constraints of schooling in the developing world.
How College/University Presidents around the World Make Decisions
Authors: Lake Rebecca S.
Published: January 2006

The world is rapidly changing into a different kind of world where the wealth of a nation is defined by the educational level of its people. Higher education institutions throughout the world provide the means to meet today's information and knowledge requirements dictated by the ever-fluid global marketplace. Colleges and universities offer courses and programmes allowing nations to reap the benefits of an educated workforce and compete globally. College/university presidents by their position wield great power and authority to direct their respective institutions. Decisions made by presidents of colleges/universities have significant consequences on complex transnational tertiary education issues. If college/university presidents around the world are expected to make similar types of decisions to foster a borderless transnational tertiary education system, then it is important to know more about the substance of their work and how they make administrative and fiscal management decisions. The purpose of this global study was to identify ‘pre-choice’ factors employed by presidents of higher education institutions around the world when making decisions. Seven college/university presidents, one participant on each continent (North America, South America, Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe, with an island representative as a substitute for Antarctica) was selected to accommodate global distribution.
Cover Picture: Sequential Nucleation and Growth of Complex Nanostructured Films (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2006)
Authors: Sounart T. L. , Liu J. , Voigt J. A. , Hsu J. W. P. , Spoerke E. D. , Tian Z. , Jiang Y. B.
Published: January 2006

A sequential nucleation and growth process has been developed to construct complex nanostructured films step‐by‐step from aqueous solutions, as reported by Liu, Voigt, and co‐workers on p. 335. This method can be applied to a wide range of materials, and can be combined with top–down techniques to create spatially resolved micropatterns. The cover figure shows images of oriented nanowires, nanoneedles, nanotubes, nanoplates and stacked columns, wagon‐wheels, hierarchical films based on wagon‐wheels, hierarchically ordered mesophase silicate, and micropatterned flower‐like structures.

Nanostructured films with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy/chemical conversions. Low‐temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been widely investigated for the synthesis of continuous films, and arrays of oriented nanorods and nanotubes. More recently, aqueous‐phase routes have been used to produce films composed of more complex crystal structures. In this paper, we discuss recent progress in the synthesis of complex nanostructures through sequential nucleation and growth processes. We first review the use of multistage, seeded‐growth methods to synthesize a wide range of nanostructures, including oriented nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoneedles, as well as laminated films, columns, and multilayer heterostructures. We then describe more recent work on the application of sequential nucleation and growth to the systematic assembly of large arrays of hierarchical, complex, oriented, and ordered crystal architectures. The multistage aqueous chemical route is shown to be applicable to several technologically important materials, and therefore may play a key role in advancing complex nanomaterials into applications.
Inside Front Cover: High‐Performance and Stable Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Based on Fused Thiophenes (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2006)
Authors: Sun Y. M. , Ma Y. Q. , Liu Y. Q. , Lin Y. Y. , Wang Z. Y. , Wang Y. , Di C. A. , Xiao K. , Chen X. M. , Qiu W. F. , Zhang B. , Yu G. , Hu W. P. , Zhu D. B.
Published: January 2006

A series of new organic semiconductors for organic thin‐film transistors using dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene as the core have been synthesized. In work reported by Liu, Zhu, and co‐workers on p. 426, the phenyl‐substituted compound exhibited a high mobility of 0.42 cm2 V–1 s–1 and an on/off ratio of 5 × 106. Weekly shelf‐life tests of the transistors based on the bis(diphenyl)‐substituted thiophene under ambient conditions showed that the mobility was almost unchanged after more than two months, demonstrating potential for applications in future organic electronics.

A series of new organic semiconductors for organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) using dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene as the core are synthesized. Their electronic and optical properties are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compounds exhibit an excellent field‐effect performance with a high mobility of 0.42 cm2 V–1 s–1 and an on/off ratio of 5 × 106. XRD patterns reveal these films, grown by vacuum deposition, to be highly crystalline, and SEM reveals well‐interconnected, microcrystalline domains in these films at room temperature. TGA and DSC demonstrate that the phenyl‐substituted compounds possess excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, weekly shelf‐life tests (under ambient conditions) of the OTFTs based on the phenyl‐substituted compounds show that the mobility for the bis(diphenyl)‐substituted thiophene was almost unchanged for more than two months, indicating a high environmental stability.
Microstructure and properties of new polyimide/polysiloxane composite films
Authors: Lü Changli , Wang Zhen , Liu Feng , Yan Jingling , Gao Lianxun
Published: January 2006

A series of novel polyimide/polydiphenylsiloxane) (PI/PDDS) composite films with different contents of DDS were prepared using sol–gel method. The noncrosslinked PI–DDS and crosslinked PIS–DDS were synthesized through cohydrolysis and condensation between DDS and polyamic acid (PAA) or aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES)‐terminated polyamic acid (PAAS). All the composite films have high thermal stability near pure PI. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) study shows that the polysiloxane from hydrolyzed DDS well dispersed in polyimide matrix, without macroscopic separation for the composite films with low content of DDS, while large domain of polysiloxane was formed in films with high DDS content. The microstructure of composite films is in accordance with the transparency of corresponding films. X‐ray study shows the PDDS is amorphous in PI matrix. The introduction of DDS into PI can improve the elongation at break and at the same time, the composite films still remained with higher modulus and tensile strength. The density and water absorption of the composite films decreased with the increasing DDS content. The composite films with DDS content below 10 wt % exhibit good solvent resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 124–132, 2006
Morphological changes in thermoplastic polyurethanes during heating
Authors: Laity P. R. , Taylor J. E. , Wong S. S. , Khunkamchoo P. , Cable M. , Andrews G. T. , Johnson A. F. , Cameron R. E.
Published: January 2006

This work investigated the thermal behavior of a series of thermoplastic poly(ether‐urethane)s containing 36–71% by weight hard segments derived from 4,4′‐methylene‐bisphenylisocyanate and butane‐1,4‐diol, with poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segments. In all materials studied, differential scanning calorimetry revealed the presence of a T1 endotherm ∼20–30°C above the annealing temperature. Morphological changes during heating were observed using small‐angle X‐ray scattering; the data was analyzed using “globular” models based on a one‐dimensional statistical lattice or the Percus–Yevick description of liquids, both of which appeared to provide good descriptions of these materials. The results indicated that the T1 endotherm coincided with the onset of morphological changes during heating. Possible explanations are discussed, based on the melting of small hard‐segment crystals or an activation energy associated with transient segmental mixing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 779–790, 2006
Rigid‐rod polymeric fibers
Authors: Chae Han Gi , Kumar Satish
Published: January 2006

This paper traces the historical development of high temperature resistant rigid‐rod polymers. Synthesis, fiber processing, structure, properties, and applications of poly(p‐phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers have been discussed. After nearly 20 years of development in the United States and Japan, PBO fiber was commercialized with the trade name Zylon® in 1998. Properties of this fiber have been compared with the properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), thermotropic polyester (Vectran®), extended chain polyethylene (Spectra®), p‐aramid (Kevlar®), m‐aramid (Nomex®), aramid copolymer (Technora®), polyimide (PBI), steel, and the experimental high compressive strength rigid‐rod polymeric fiber (PIPD, M5). PBO is currently the highest tensile modulus, highest tensile strength, and most thermally stable commercial polymeric fiber. However, PBO has low axial compressive strength and poor resistance to ultraviolet and visible radiation. The fiber also looses tensile strength in hot and humid environment. In the coming decades, further improvements in tensile strength (10–20 GPa range), compressive strength, and radiation resistance are expected in polymeric fibers. Incorporation of carbon nanotubes is expected to result in the development of next generation high performance polymeric fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 791–802, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of sodium alginate/acrylamide semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks
Authors: Şolpan Dilek , Torun Murat
Published: January 2006

Sodium alginate (NaAlg)/acrylamide (AAm) semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared with three different compositions, in which the NaAlg concentration was 1, 2, or 3% (w/v) in 50% (w/v) AAm solutions. These solutions were irradiated with a 60Co γ source at different doses. The conversion percentage was determined as follows. The NaAlg/AAm IPN hydrogels were immersed to swell in a solution of the desired pH (3–9) at 25°C. The swelling results at pHs 7.0 and 9.0 indicated that the NaAlg/AAm IPN hydrogel containing 3% NaAlg showed the maximum swelling percentage in water. The diffusion of water within the NaAlg/AAm IPN hydrogels was non‐Fickian in character. The diffusion coefficients of the NaAlg/AAm IPN hydrogels in water were calculated. The thermal properties of NaAlg, polyacrylamide, and NaAlg/AAm IPNs were determined. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100:335–342, 2006