bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-speed imaging of titanium cathode spots in a high-current vacuum arc thruster
Authors: Michaux E , Julien J , Mazouffre S
Published: January 2025

The apparent movement of plasma emission sites across the cathode surface of a 30 W high-current vacuum arc thruster is examined using high-speed imaging. Images captured at a frame rate of 450 000 fps reveal the temporal evolution of the cathode spot distribution over the course of a single current pulse. Films were recorded with a titanium cathode and a copper anode. A comparison with the discharge current shows a locally high current density, on the order of 109 A m−2. Quantitative analysis on clustering of cathode spots, and the mapping of their trajectory over the cathode surface offer insights into the cathode erosion dynamics.
Analytical modeling and TCAD simulation of surface potential and drain current for pocket doped negative capacitance field-effect transistor
Authors: Malvika  , Talukdar Jagritee , Choudhuri Bijit , Mummaneni Kavicharan
Published: January 2025

In this work, a 2D analytical model for a Highly Doped Double Pocket Double Gate NCFET (HDDP-DG-NCFET) device has been developed. The proposed device HDDP-DG-NCFET comprises double gate, ferroelectric material, highly doped pockets at the edge of source-channel and drain-channel junction and spacers. The double gate and the silicon doped HfO2 ferroelectric material provides better electrostatic control over the channel and improved subthreshold swing, respectively. The body is made more confined against the junction walls by incorporating a thin, highly doped region of a similar doping, which serves to reduce the extent of depletion regions that further increases the channel length for gate control and reduces short channel effects. Further, the device consists of spacers which increase the ON current. The HDDP-DG-NCFET provides I

ON
, I

OFF
, I

ON
/I

OFF
ratio and SS of 2.1 × 10−3 A/μm, 2.65 × 10−13 A/μm, 0.79 × 1010 and 25.5 mV/decade, respectively. The framework of the model is derived from the Poisson’s equation, LK equation and solved utilizing appropriate boundary conditions. The developed model is projected for several device variables, including electric field, surface potential and drain current. Afterward, to verify the model’s accuracy, Sentaurus TCAD has been utilized for device simulation, and a good agreement with 85–95% precision is witnessed. The comprehensive and structured analysis of device is provided by examining variations in dimensions of device, ferroelectric material and oxide materials. The presented analysis shows that, the proposed HDDP-DG-NCFET device has significant potential for low power applications.
Model-agnostic assessment of dark energy after DESI DR1 BAO
Authors: Dinda Bikash R. , Maartens Roy
Published: January 2025

Baryon acoustic oscillation measurements by the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (Data
Release 1) have revealed exciting results that show evidence for dynamical dark energy at
∼ 3σ when combined with cosmic microwave background and type Ia supernova
observations. These measurements are based on the w
0
w

a
CDM model of dark energy. The evidence
is less in other dark energy models such as the wCDM model. In order to avoid imposing a dark
energy model, we reconstruct the distance measures and the equation of the state of dark energy
independent of any dark energy model and driven only by observational data. Our results show that
the model-agnostic (in terms of late-time models) evidence for dynamical dark energy from DESI is
not significant. Our analysis also provides model-independent constraints on cosmological
parameters such as the Hubble constant and the matter-energy density parameter at
present. Although we used CMB distance priors (not full CMB data) from a ΛCDM early-time
model, our results remain largely similar for other cosmological models, provided that these
models do not differ significantly from the standard model.
Decoupled gravitational wave equations in spherical symmetry from curvature wave equations
Authors: Mukkamala Gowtham Rishi , Pereñiguez David
Published: January 2025

Black hole perturbation theory on spherically symmetric backgrounds has been instrumental in establishing various aspects about the gravitational dynamics close to black holes, and continues to be an interesting avenue to confront current challenges in gravitational physics. In this paper, we present an approach to perturbation theory in spherical symmetry that addresses simultaneously some conceivably inconvenient aspects of the traditional methods. In particular, focusing on Schwarzschild's background we are able to derive a decoupled wave equation, for a single complex variable, by simply computing one component of the curvature wave equation satisfied by a complex self-dual version of the Riemann tensor. The real and imaginary parts of the variable consist only of even and odd pieces of the metric fluctuation, respectively, and both satisfy the Regge-Wheeler equation. Besides providing a systematic derivation of decoupled equations, an immediate corollary of our results is the isospectrality between even and odd sectors. We conclude by discussing potential extensions of our formalism to include matter and higher orders in perturbation theory.
High power, high beam quality and narrow linewidth diode-end-pumped Nd:YAG seed laser at 1319 nm for a sodium guide star laser system
Authors: Shen Yu , Wen Ning , Wen Ya , Gao Hongwei , Bian Qi , Bo Yong , Peng Qinjun
Published: January 2025

A high power, high beam quality and narrow linewidth Nd:YAG 1319 nm pulsed seed laser for sodium beacon is demonstrated, which was dual-end-pumped by the low quantum loss 885 nm quasi-continuous wave laser diodes (LDs). The resonator was based on a ring convex–convex structure with a dual-rod configuration. Adjusting the effective pump size in the crystal and the temperature of the LDs to realize the optimal size ratio of the pump beam and laser mode was analyzed finely. An output power of up to 25 W at 1319 nm has been obtained, operating at 800 Hz with a pulse duration of 140 μs, corresponding to a high optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 18%. The average beam quality factor of M
2 was measured to be 1.25. To the best of our knowledge, this is both the highest output power and the highest beam quality at 1319 nm for the 885 nm LDs end-pumped with the pulse oscillator. This result provides a 1319 nm seed laser for a sodium guide star laser system, with high quality (high power, high beam quality and narrow linewidth), and also better stability.
Generalized hetero-associative neural networks
Authors: Agliari Elena , Alessandrelli Andrea , Barra Adriano , Centonze Martino Salomone , Ricci-Tersenghi Federico
Published: January 2025

Auto-associative neural networks (e.g. the Hopfield model implementing the standard Hebbian prescription) serve as a foundational framework for pattern recognition and associative memory in statistical mechanics. However, their hetero-associative counterparts, though less explored, exhibit even richer computational capabilities. In this work, we examine a straightforward extension of Kosko’s bidirectional associative memory, namely a three-directional associative memory, that is a tripartite neural network equipped with generalized Hebbian weights. Through both analytical approaches (using replica-symmetric statistical mechanics) and computational methods (via Monte Carlo simulations), we derive phase diagrams within the space of control parameters, revealing a region where the network can successfully perform pattern recognition as well as other tasks. In particular, it can achieve pattern disentanglement, namely, when presented with a mixture of patterns, the network can recover the original patterns. Furthermore, the system is capable of retrieving Markovian sequences of patterns and performing generalized frequency modulation.
Convergence properties of Markov models for image generation with applications to spin-flip dynamics and to diffusion processes
Authors: Monthus Cécile
Published: January 2025

In the field of Markov models for image generation, the main idea is to learn how non-trivial images are gradually destroyed by a trivial forward Markov dynamics over the large time window

[
0
,
t
]

converging towards pure noise for

t
→
+
∞

, and to implement the non-trivial backward time-dependent Markov dynamics over the same time window

[
0
,
t
]

starting from pure noise at t in order to generate new images at time 0. The goal of the present paper is to analyze the convergence properties of this reconstructive backward dynamics as a function of the time t using the spectral properties of the trivial continuous-time forward dynamics for the N pixels

n
=
1
,
.
.
,
N

. The general framework is applied to two cases : (i) when each pixel n has only two states

S
n

=
±
1

with Markov jumps between them; (ii) when each pixel n is characterized by a continuous variable xn
that diffuses on an interval

]

x
−

,

x
+

[

that can be either finite or infinite.
IoT- Enabled soil moisture management for precision plant sprinkler system for organic farming
Authors: Maghirang M S , Maaño R , Santonil H S , Canela D N , De La Roca M J , Buban D J , Maaño R A
Published: January 2025

In daily operations related to farming, watering stands out as crucial yet labour-intensive task regardless of weather conditions. The traditional way of watering crops involves manual irrigation, which poses challenges such as inefficiency, labour intensity, and uneven water distribution that often results in overwatering in some areas leading to potential crop yield losses. It requires two important aspects: when and how much to water. With that, this project study aimed to provide an alternative way of irrigating crops and embrace automation to increase crop productivity, less water consumption, and reduce labour intensity. Farmers can benefit from automated watering systems to optimize irrigation practices. To address farming challenges, a microcontroller-based irrigation system with Arduino microcontroller, soil moisture sensors, relay modules, and water sprinkler was developed. This system aids in transitioning from traditional farming to digital farming, boosting productivity and allowing real-time monitoring via a mobile app. Additionally, it is integrated into a railing system to automate irrigation based on the crops’ watering needs. It offers a solution to labor-intensive manual watering and farming and is claimed to be effective based on the evaluation results, which yielded strong agreement in functionality, effectiveness and efficiency, with scores of, 4.24, 4.17, and 4.1 respectively. It has the potential to be an innovation in the development of more eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practices.
iPond: An Internet of Things–Based Water Quality Monitoring System for Fishpond
Authors: Gulifardo Ahlihya Bianca E. , Balane Buen Jasper D. , Ebora Mark T. , Serrano Melissa R. , Ellazar Erwin P. , Nicolas Ariel V. , Maaño Ronaldo C.
Published: January 2025

The cultivation of aquatic species faces a significant challenge due to water quality degradation, which impacts farming operations and poses a threat to livelihoods. To contribute to advancing aquaculture informatics and enabling more precise and convenient monitoring of aquaculture ponds, this study introduces an IoT-based Water Quality Monitoring System for Fishponds. This system is designed to measure pH and salinity values in real-time, aiming to address the pressing need for continuous monitoring and management of water quality parameters for cultivating milkfish (Chanos chanos). Users can remotely access and control measurements by integrating the prototype with the Blynk IoT system, ensuring that water quality remains within optimal thresholds or 6.5 to 8.5 pH for acidity and 18 to 29 ppt for salinity. In addition, the system is equipped with an alert system to notify end-users when the parameters exceed predetermined limits promptly. The prototype received an average functionality score of 4.325 and an efficiency score of 4.13. The error percentages recorded were 0.027% for acidity, 0.187% for salinity, and 4.36% for overall effectiveness. This system enhances cultivation security, enabling farmers to make informed decisions and take timely actions to maintain optimal water quality conditions in fishponds.
Biochemical and sensory characteristics of the fermented golden apple snail extract with the addition of kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) leaves at several ratios
Authors: Asmono S L , Rahmawati  , Arifiana N B , Andini DP , Syarief M
Published: January 2025

Golden Apple Snail (GAS) (Pomacea canaliculate L.) is a source of macro nutrient which have the potential to be the main raw material for biostimulants for plant growth. Biostimulants are made through a fermentation process and produce an unpleasant aroma. The addition of organic ingredients which have strong aromatic compounds such as Kaffir Lime peel leaves is expected to cover up the unpleasant aroma of the GAS extract produced. Apart from that, users of this biostimulant will not be disturbed by the aroma of GAS extract when applied in the field. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the characteristics of the fermentation results of GAS extract with the addition of Kaffir Lime leaves in four GAS extract formulations: lime leaves, including a ratio (ml:gr) of 100:0 (GAS extract without lime leaves); ratio 100:1; 100:5; 100:10. Kaffir Lime leaf slices measuring 1-2 cm2 are mixed in the fermentation process which is carried out for 21 days. Anova analysis and Duncan’s advanced test showed that there were significant differences in aroma parameters, but there were no differences in C-Organic, N-Total, P2O5, K2O, and C/N Ratio, color and consistency. The aroma produced from fermentation in the 100:10 ratio formulation is the aroma of Kaffir Lime leaves with a strong quality and can cover the fishy aroma of GAS. Therefore, the addition of Kaffir Lime leaves can have the potential to improve the aroma quality of the GAS Biostimulant product, but does not reduce the nutrient content in it.
Management of waste and water to support rice cultivation in narrow land of residential area
Authors: Anshori A , Suswatiningsih T E , Budiarti S W
Published: January 2025

Waste and water are resources, and with proper management will be beneficial for human life and environmental sustainability. Study aimed to examine utilization of canned waste, livestock waste and rice husk, in variations of water management, for supporting rice cultivation, in narrow land of residential area. Study was conducted in Sleman, Indonesia. Canned waste as ‘pot’. Livestock waste and rice husk charcoal were functioned as planting media. It’s supported by water management. Variation of water management applied were ‘pot’ without hole (00), holes 5 cm from ‘pot’ surface (05), hole 10 cm from ‘pot’ surface (10), and hole at ‘pot’ base (15), reflect Randomized Completely Block Design with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Results showed that utilization of canned waste, livestock waste and rice husks with proper water management supports development of rice plant. Water management at 00 and 05 gave the best results. Results of treatment 00 were grain of 46.40 gram ‘pot’−1, straw biomass of 40.54 gram ‘pot’−1 and root biomass of 25.54 gram ‘pot’−1, and carbon absorption in grain of 24.90 gram ‘pot’−1, in straw of 18.18 gram ‘pot’−1 and in root of 10.95 gram ‘pot’−1. Waste utilization provides economic and environmental benefits.
Extraction and identification of phenolic compounds in ethanol extract of Protium javanicum leaves at different solvent concentrations
Authors: Yusasrini N L A. , Kencana Putra I N , Mayun Permana D G , Nocianitri K A
Published: January 2025

Protium javanicum is an indigenous Indonesian plant belonging to the Burceraceae family, utilized in traditional medicine. The leaves possess bioactive constituents including phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, and terpenoids, which have possible antioxidant properties. The isolation of these phenolic compounds can be achieved through extraction using ethanol as a solvent. Phenolic compounds exhibit varying chemical characteristics and polarity. The polarity of the ethanol solvent significantly enhances the solubility of phenolic compounds. This study aimed to determine the ethanol concentration that produces Protium javanicum leaf extract with optimal antioxidant activity. This study utilized five distinct levels of solvent concentration: 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, and 50%. The findings suggested that a 90% ethanol solvent yielded extracts exhibiting the maximum antioxidant activity (IC50 = 20.60 ppm), total phenolic concentration of 243.81 mg GAE/g, a yield of 21.90%, and total flavonoids of 33.02 mg QE/100g. The extract contains substances classified as flavonoids, terpenoids, and amino acids. This group of flavonoids exhibits potential as an antioxidant.
Characteristic and prebiotic index of instant multigrain rice
Authors: Kurniawati E , Putri R P , Wahyono A , Yudiastuti S O N , Pinandita C P
Published: January 2025

Multigrain rice is a blend of various grains and legumes. This study aimed to develop instant multigrain rice that is rich in protein and dietary fiber, as well as to determine the prebiotic index. Five formulations were tested, all based on 40% brown rice, 20% corn, and 10% sorghum, with varying proportions of protein sources from soybean and edamame: M2 with 40% soybean; M3 with 30% soybean and 10% edamame; M4 with 20% soybean and 20% edamame; M5 with 10% soybean and 30% edamame; and M6 with 40% edamame. M1, consisting of 100% brown rice, served as the control. A non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which included five treatments and three replications, was used to assess the treatments. The results indicated that the best formulation, based on both chemical and sensory properties, was M4, which included 30% brown rice, 20% corn, 10% sorghum, 20% soybean, and 20% edamame. This formulation had a water content of 10.52%, protein content of 17.8%, fat content of 10.05%, and dietary fiber content of 10.35%. The sensory properties (aroma, color, taste, and texture) were well-liked by the panelists, and the prebiotic activity was measured at 1.08.
Improvement Nutrient Uptake of Robusta Coffee Seedlings (Coffea canephora) through the Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Mycorrhiza
Authors: Ali F Y , Kusumaningtyas R N , Pratita D G , Kusuma S I , Arifiana N B , Rosdiana E
Published: January 2025

Improving the quality of coffee plant growth is one of the keys to a coffee plantation’s success in Indonesia, as it strives to produce high-quality coffee. Good nutrient uptake in plants is a determining factor in producing plants that have good growth. The research was carried out with the aim of increasing nutrient uptake in coffee seedlings through the application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM). The research was carried out from April to September 2024 at the Wire House and Bioscience Laboratory, Politeknik Negeri Jember. The study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using a combination of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza at several doses as a treatment. The results showed that both PGPR and VAM enhanced nutrient absorption efficiency. The combination of PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria) and Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) significantly increases the wet and dry weight of plants, the effectiveness of nutrient assimilation, encompassing vital components such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, represents a significant aspect of consideration. Combinations of PGPR 10 g.plant−1 with mycorrhiza 10 g.plant−1 (P4) and PGPR 15 g.plant−1 with mycorrhize 10 g.plant−1 (P5), showed optimal synergy that supported the growth of coffee plants and their resistance to environmental stress.
Strategies for Increasing Rice Productivity in Lowland Rainfed Fields Environment-Friendly Systems
Authors: Aristya V E , Nugroho W A , Samijan  , Minarsih S , Hindarwati Y
Published: January 2025

Indonesia’s efforts to increase rice production are driven by the goal of becoming the world’s food granary by 2045. Rainfed lowlands currently occupy 46% of all rice cultivation and hold the potential for expanding national rice production but encounter biophysical constraints and low rice productivity. Land management neglecting environmental sustainability threatens sustainable rice production. This study examines alternative technologies that can be applied to lowland rainfed paddy fields to increase productivity and environmental sustainability. This systematic literature review uses 40 references, 81% of which are primary journals related to rainfed agroecosystems, rice cultivation, and environmentally friendly systems. Research showed that efforts to advance rice productivity in rainfed fields were pursued through environmentally friendly technologies and optimization of land management, including using superior varieties, planting technology, timing of planting, water resource management, balanced fertilization, pest/disease control, and appropriate harvesting practices. Drought-adaptive varieties were the solution to increasing plant populations and shortening harvest time. Balanced organic and inorganic fertilization was also essential in managing rainfed lowland rice fields. Furthermore, the farmers’ active role, infrastructure, social, economic, and environmental support have encouraged environmentally friendly technological innovations to attain food self-sufficiency.
Supplementation varying level Nano Se-Yeast on blood haematological profile of laying quails
Authors: Pantaya D , Ningsih N , Yulinarsari A P , Hanif M , Ningrum NAS
Published: January 2025

The research was conducted to evaluate the haematological profiles of laying quails before and after receiving a Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine. The varying doses of Nano Se-yeast (Selenium-yeast) probiotics were tested for their effects on hematological profile such us, hemoglobin (Hb), erythrocytes, hematocrits, MCV, MCH, MCHC, leucocyte (WBC), neutrophile, lymphocytes, monocytes, and trombosit of laying quails. Two hundred laying quails were randomly allocated into four treatments and each treatment consisted of five replicates, with ten birds in each replicate. The first treatment was a control (T0), basal diet without supplementation Nano Se-Yeast, while the second (T2), third (T3), and fourth (T4) treatments were administered basal feed supplemented with Se-yeast containing 1x 108 CFU/g at levels of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g/per kg of feed. The quails received vaccinations with ND vaccine strain La Sota seven days following treatment with yeast supplementation. Blood samples were taken forty-eight hours before vaccine and three days after the vaccine. The results show MCV and MCHC profiles were found to be significantly affected by yeast treatment, but hemoglobine, erythrocytes, hematocrites, MCH, RDW-CV, leucocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and thrombosit were not significantly affected, particularly before vaccine treatment. This finding suggests that Se-yeast supplementation is beneficial under little-stress conditions.
Development of a Hybrid Energy-Powered IoT-Based Monitoring and Control System for Smart Fish Farming
Authors: Wibowo Fitri , Deviarni Ika M. , Nabila  , Choirudin Ahmad
Published: January 2025

Fish farming plays an important role in aquaculture as water quality is a crucial factor in :ish health and growth. This article presents the design and development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Smart Fish Farming (SHIFA) system that automates the monitoring and control of key water parameters such as pH, temperature and turbidity. The system is powered by hybrid energy sources and integrates both PLN (the national electricity grid) and solar energy to ensure continuous operation even during power outages. The SHIFA system consists of sensors connected to an ESP32 microcontroller that collects water data in real time. This data is processed and displayed through the Home Assistant platform, enabling remote monitoring and automated actions, including water circulation and aeration, to maintain optimal water quality. Additionally, the system offers a user-friendly web interface for remote access and control. The SHIFA system demonstrated sensor accuracy of 98% for pH, 97% for temperature and 95% for turbidity measurements, ensuring precise monitoring of water quality parameters. This level of accuracy is expected to increase the efficiency and sustainability of :ish farms by reducing manual intervention and optimizing resource utilization through intelligent automation.
The effect of broiler bone nanocalcium citrate fortification on the color and sensory properties of Indonesian traditional beef meatballs ‘bakso’
Authors: Prayitno A H , Asrianto N , Rahmasari R , Handayani H T , Huda C , Abdil S S , Naky I A M , Mafazah L , Ramadhan M F H , Umam M S , Ramadhana W M , Wicaksono S H , Yogi R
Published: January 2025

Green synthesis can produce broiler bone nanocalcium citrate, which could serve as a novel food supplement for Indonesian traditional meatballs known as ‘bakso’. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the impact of broiler bone nanocalcium citrate fortification on the sensory properties and color of beef meatballs. Ingredients such as beef, tapioca flour, egg whites, salt, shallots, garlic, monosodium glutamate, pepper, soy protein isolate, sodium tripolyphosphate, carrageenan, ice, lime juice, and aquadest were included in the research materials. As part of the treatments, broiler bone nanocalcium citrate was added to the total meatball dough at the following percentages: P0 (0%), P1 (0.15%), P3 (0.3%), P4 (0.45%), and P5 (0.6%). The color parameters measured included lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*), with each treatment replicated four times. For the evaluation of sensory properties, 40 untrained panelists implemented a hedonic test. The hedonic parameters that were evaluated included color, flavor, taste, texture, chewiness, and overall acceptability. The hedonic test results were analyzed using non-parametric analysis through the Kruskal-Wallis hedonic test, while the data from the color measurements were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test was used for further analysis if significant differences were found (P<0.05). The results showed that different levels of broiler bone nanocalcium citrate fortification affected color measurements (lightness and yellowness) as well as sensory properties (texture, chewiness, and overall acceptability). This study concludes that fortifying beef meatballs with 0.3% broiler bone nanocalcium citrate is the best treatment, resulting in a lighter color, a more preferred texture, and chewiness.
The analysis of consumer perception on quality of canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije used importance performance analysis method
Authors: Brilliantina A , Sasmita I R A , Mardiyanto M , Kurniawati E , Fadila P T
Published: January 2025

Polije had a TEFA Canning unit that produced canned sardines. The TEFA Canning unit only produced without studying and knowing consumer satisfaction with the quality of the products produced. This study aimed to identify key attributes in quality improvement of Canned Sardines With Chili Sauce TeFa Polije based on consumer needs, and to formulate a strategy to improve the quality of canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije products. The methods used in this study were Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) and SWOT analysis. This study elaborated on 100 respondents, who were residents of Jember Regency. The results of the analysis showed that the overall performance level of canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije (3.78) still did not meet the level of importance expected by consumers (4.00). Based on the IPA matrix, priority attributes for improvement were obtained: availability of permits, availability of product information, advertising promotion, and a well-known brand. After weighting and scoring through the IFE (2.83) and EFE (3.25) matrix, the IE matrix showed the position of the canned sardines with chili sauce TeFa Polije in diagram I, which could be managed by aggressive strategies. The SWOT matrix analysis resulted in six suggested main priorities.
Optimizing the Process of Extracting Palm Fruit from Politeknik Negeri Jember Plantation into Crude Palm Oil using Taguchi Method
Authors: Susmiati Y , Rudiyanto B , Sugiyarto  , Prasetyo D A
Published: January 2025

This research aims to study the effect of steaming time and imbibition water percentage on oil extraction from palm fruit. The independent variables used in this research were steaming time of 60, 90, and 120 minutes and imbibition water percentage of 15%, 20%, and 25%. The steaming process before extraction is carried out to facilitate the decomposition of the fruit flesh and speed up the release of oil from the palm fruit flesh. Research parameters include oil yield and quality of the oil produced, such as water content, free fatty acid (FFA) content, and impurity content. The data obtained were analyzed using the Taguchi method. Research has found that variations in steaming time and percent imbibition water had a significant effect on the yield and quality of the palm oil produced. Steaming for 120 minutes with an imbibition water percentage of 25% provides optimal yield and oil quality results. Steaming Time (A) has the most significant effect on CPO yield, as indicated by both the SNR and Mean values. These findings are expected to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the palm oil extraction process.
Borophene bottom-up syntheses: a critical review
Authors: Innis Neil R , Marichy Catherine , Journet Catherine , Bousige Colin
Published: January 2025

The ever-expanding portfolio of two-dimensional (2D) materials now also includes metallic boron sheets, known as borophene. Initially predicted by simulation in 1997, borophene was first synthesized in 2015. This 2D form of boron exists under various polymorphic structures, the most observed being

β

12

and

χ
3

. Borophene fills a crucial gap in the 2D material repertoire thanks to its intrinsic metallicity and relative stability in air. However, in view of practical applications including borophene, it is crucial to master its synthesis to enable controlling its structure and thus tuning its properties. This review focuses on its current bottom-up syntheses, i.e. physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition. Indeed, borophene’s structure is different from the bulk boron one, which excludes its top–down synthesis. The impact of substrate characteristics, temperature, pressure conditions, and precursor molecules on borophene’s phase and domain size is analyzed, along with key characterization techniques. The review extends to hydrogenated borophene and bilayer borophene for a comprehensive understanding of boron bonding and substrate interactions. Given the importance of ambient stability and transferability of 2D boron layers for device applications, a thorough comprehension of borophene oxidation is imperative. The review thus also discusses potential solutions to mitigate oxidation-related challenges.
Optimized harmonic PWM implementation in a reduced switch count MLI with quadruple boosting using PSO for solar PV applications
Authors: Ahmad Salman , Ahmad Jahangeer , Bakhsh Farhad Ilahi
Published: January 2025

The reduced switch multilevel inverters are used in many applications specially in renewable energy system. They have a smaller number of semiconductor devices, complexity and thus lower cost and power losses. A reduced-switch multilevel inverters (MLIs) with quadruple boosting capability have been investigated in this study by implementing an optimized harmonic pulse width modulation (OPWM) technique. As an example, a nine-level quadruple boosting inverter, operating at fundamental frequency, is analysed to reduce the dominant lower order harmonics such as third, fifth, and seventh-order harmonics in the output voltage along with control on fundamental component. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed to obtain the optimize the switching angles using a constrained nonlinear objective function. The computational results have been used to simulate the nine-level quadruple boost inverter and results shows a significant reduction in lower order harmonics. The simulation results have been verified on a prototype of nine-level quadruple boost inverter.
Adaptive Kalman filter-based time synchronization algorithm for civil aviation communication
Authors: Guo Jihong , Li Zuyan
Published: January 2025

The traditional synchronization algorithms often struggle to meet the stringent requirements of civil aviation communication. This paper proposes an adaptive time synchronization algorithm based on Kalman filtering (KF) to enhance the synchronization performance of civil aviation communication systems. Firstly, a dynamic clock model is established considering the characteristics of civil aviation communication, with clock offset and drift as state variables. Moreover, a step-by-step detection strategy is employed to adaptively adjust the detection range based on the statistical characteristics of synchronization errors, thereby improving the algorithm’s robustness and convergence speed. To evaluate the algorithm’s performance, a civil aviation communication system-level simulation platform is built based on ICAO standards, and various typical scenarios, such as take-off, landing, and cruising, are designed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves significant improvements in synchronization accuracy, convergence speed, and robustness compared to classical synchronization algorithms based on phase-locked loops (PLL) and early late gates (ELD).
Mechanics of Expression
Authors: Albrecht Eduardo
Published: January 2025

This chapter considers programs that collect data relating to an individuals’ psychological activity, personality dispositions, and behavioral patterns. It begins with a look at the efficacy of criminal profiling in the past and the progression to emotion coding systems in the 1980s. The chapter explores how these historical programs, as well as the theory that facial expressions are biologically connected to certain emotions, provide the foundation for modern facial emotion recognition (FER) technologies in use today. The chapter looks at how FER software is utilized by governments to monitor facial expressions, and how natural language processing (NLP) is used by authorities to ascribe meaning to written discourse. The chapter also reviews the notion of cognitive security—the idea that our thought processes are vulnerable to hacking by foreign or nefarious actors and therefore the state has the responsibility to step in to protect our mental resilience to these threats.
The Role of Economics and Education in Shaping Public Opinion about Abortion
Authors: Adamczyk Amy
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines how money and education shape attitudes about abortion. I argue that economic and educational development can shift cultural values, allowing for more tolerant perspectives. As a result, even people who are not personally wealthy or well educated are more likely to adopt liberal views. Special attention is given to China’s one-child policy. Over the past fifty years, the policy has shaped how many Chinese think about abortion, childrearing, and the ideal family size. This chapter also discusses how overall levels of economic development and education condition the influence of religious importance on attitudes. Personal religious beliefs have a greater role on disapproving attitudes in richer and more educated countries than in poorer ones, offering important insight into current abortion debates in well-developed nations. Finally, the chapter includes a discussion of how educational attainment and household income specifically shape abortion attitudes in China and the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Adamczyk Amy
Published: January 2025

This Conclusion revisits the book’s major ideas. It also considers where the world is headed from here. Using longitudinal data, the Conclusion shows that over time abortion laws have generally become more liberal. But this movement is neither straightforward nor linear. Focusing on the largest countries in the World Values Survey sample, it shows how attitudes have evolved over time and where they may be headed. Abortion laws in the Global North are moving in a progressive direction. But there are important exceptions. Moreover, the liberalization of attitudes is not straightforward. Given the history of the abortion debate, the pathway forward is likely bumpy, especially as new technological developments (e.g., in vitro fertilization, newborn survival at twenty-four weeks) and ways of understanding abortion emerge.
Employment quality and suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable mortality
Authors: Andreacchi Alessandra T , Fuller Anne E , Smith Peter M , Blair Alexandra , Harris Anne , Carnide Nancy , Pabayo Roman , Smith Brendan T , Siddiqi Arjumand , Shahidi Faraz Vahid
Published: January 2025

Suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable mortality (SDAM) – often labelled ‘deaths of despair’ – are increasing among working-aged individuals in many high-income countries. We examined the association between employment quality and SDAM in Canada. Census records from the 2006 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (n=2,805,550) were linked to mortality data from 2006-2019. Latent class analysis identified five employment quality types: standard (secure and rewarding), portfolio (rewarding but demanding), marginal (limited hours and earnings), intermittent (sporadic and unstable), and precarious (insecure and unrewarding). Poisson regression models estimated sex/gender-stratified associations between employment quality type and suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable deaths separately. We observed a consistent mortality gradient across employment quality groups, with lower-quality employment – and precarious employment in particular – associated with increased rates of SDAM relative to higher-quality (i.e., standard) employment. For example, precarious employment was associated with a more than threefold rate of drug poisoning deaths among women (RR: 3.58, 95% CI: 3.21-4.00) and a more than twofold rate of alcohol-attributable death among men (RR: 2.22, 95% CI: 2.07-2.38). Employment quality is an important determinant of SDAM, with varying associations by sex/gender. Improvements in employment conditions may help to reduce the burden of premature mortality attributable to suicide and substance use.
Reporting of concomitant and rescue topical therapies in atopic dermatitis randomised controlled trials evaluating a systemic treatment: a scoping review
Authors: Leducq Sophie , Fong Wei Chern Gavin , Williams Hywel C , Bradshaw Lucy , Thomas Kim S
Published: January 2025

Background

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating new systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD) have increased dramatically over the last decade. These trials often incorporate topical therapies either as permitted concomitant or rescue treatments. Differential use of these topicals post-randomisation introduces potential bias as they may nullify or exaggerate treatment responses.

Objectives

To determine the proportion of RCTs that clearly report the allowance or prohibition of concomitant and rescue topical treatments. Secondary outcomes involved examining the reporting of specific key parameters for these topicals.

Methods

We included AD systemic medication RCTs included in the living systematic review of Drucker et al (updated in March 2023, available at the time of this review). Inclusion criteria were published RCTs evaluating systemic immunomodulatory treatments in AD. Only anti-inflammatory topical therapies were included therapies in this review; emollients were not considered.

Results

We screened 83 AD trials and included 67 RCTs, published between 1991 and 2023. The majority adequately reported the allowance or prohibition of concomitant topical treatments (95.5%, N=64/67), but this clarity was less prevalent regarding rescue topicals (73.1%, N=49/67). All trials permitting concomitant therapies consistently reported the type, though details on potency (88.6%, N=31/35), duration (54.3%, N=19/35), application frequency (34.3%, N=12/35), and quantity (5.7%, N=2/35) were less frequently reported. Similarly, trials allowing rescue treatments often specified the type (91.2%, N=31/34) but provided limited information on potency (52.9%, N=18/34), duration (8.8%, N=3/34), application frequency (5.9%, N=2/34), and quantity (0%, N=0/34). Notably, only 23.5% (N=8/34) clearly reported the criteria for using rescue topical treatments, with the phrase "at investigator’s discretion" being used in most cases (61.8%, N=21/34). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis including impact factor, journal’s policy on adhering to CONSORT guidelines, publication year, funding, number of patients randomised and blinding status, only the publication year (≥ 2020) was associated with having better reporting for rescue topical treatments (aOR 9.55, 95% CI 1.76–39.8).

Conclusions

While most AD clinical trials of systemic treatments report concomitant topical treatments, reporting practices for rescue topicals were less consistent and inadequate. A standardized approach to reporting topical therapy in AD trials is needed to enhance transparency and interpretability.
Radiolytic reduction and controlling hybridization of oligodeoxynucleotides bearing phenylazothiazole groups by hypoxic X-irradiation
Authors: Tamura Kouki , Nishihara Tatsuya , Tanabe Kazuhito
Published: January 2025

We have attempted to construct a molecular system that regulates duplex formation by using X-irradiation. As a molecular system, we designed oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) bearing phenylazothiazole (PAT) groups that act as a radiation-responsive unit. The existence of PAT in the strand stabilized the duplex by intercalation, while it was decomposed to the corresponding hydrazine derivative upon hypoxic irradiation. The resulting hydrazine derivatives lost the stabilizing ability for the duplex, leading to its destabilization. In this study, we synthesized ODNs with PAT units and characterized their reaction properties upon hypoxic irradiation to regulate their duplex formation.
Refractory and Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Mucocutaneous Infections in Immunocompromised Patients: Literature Review and Proposed Definitions for Use in Clinical Trials
Authors: Chemaly Roy F , Shafat Tali , Wald Anna , Kotton Camille N , Papanicolaou Genovefa , Yong Michelle K , Miller Veronica , Komatsu Takashi E , Mullick Charu , Hodowanec Aimee C , Westman Gabriel , Khawaja Fareed , Birkmann Alexander , Ljungman Per
Published: January 2025

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most prevalent viral infections worldwide. In general, host immunity is sufficient to clear viral shedding and recurrences, although it is insufficient to prevent subsequent virologic reactivations. In immunocompromised patients, prolonged and difficult-to-treat HSV infections may develop. The diagnosis of refractory HSV infection is based on the lack of clinical response to nucleoside analogs. Antiviral resistance is confirmed via genotypic and/or phenotypic testing. To provide consensus definitions of refractory and/or resistant (R/R) HSV mucocutaneous infections for clinical trial use, the HSV Resistance Working Group of the Transplant Associated Viral Infections Forum, which includes international clinicians, scientists, industry representatives, and regulatory officials, conducted a literature review of previously published data related to R/R HSV infections in immunocompromised patients. We propose definitions of R/R HSV mucocutaneous infections, which will be subject to re-evaluation and revision based on forthcoming data and future studies.
Gender representation among sub-specialties in cardiac imaging within Europe
Authors: Berrill M , Santos C , Baltabaeva A
Published: January 2025

Introduction

Large efforts have been made in the last decade to resolve gender inequality across cardiology faculty, trial participation, research publications and journal editorial boards. However, we were unaware of specific data examining female representation in cardiovascular imaging and its subspecialties among organisations associated with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI).

Purpose

To characterise the representation of women in cardiovascular imaging sub-specialties within EACVI and affiliated national cardiac imaging organisations.

Methods

We scraped publicly available name data from over 100 online sources from EACVI and its affiliated national societies, including EACVI or national accreditation records for cardiac imaging. We recorded data on the date of appointment/accreditation and sub-specialism, when available. We delineated sub-specialisms into congenital heart disease/paediatrics (CHD/P), echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), computed tomography (CCT) or nuclear medicine (CNM). We defined gender in a binary manner as either male or female. We used the previously validated artificial intelligence (AI) system Namsor® to assign gender based on name morphology and geolocation data. We pre-set a confidence of gender-name matching of 95%.

Results

The AI was able to assign gender at 95% confidence to 12,643/13,436 (94.1%) available names. We could identify any sub-specialism in 10,840/12643 (85.7%) of names with a gender assignment. The proportion of names assigned female gender differed between sub-specialties: CHD/P 364/621 (58.6%), echocardiography 4475/8563 (52.3%), CMR 450/1071 (42.0%), CCT 92/246 (37.4%) and CNM 123/339 (36.3%) (χ2 101.8 [p<0.0001]) (Figure 1). The proportion of women varied over time, within each specialty. For example, among the 3 largest sub-specialities since 2010, the proportion of women has increased in CMR, declined in congenital/paediatric imaging and remained similar in echocardiography (Figure 2).

Conclusion(s)

Despite the development of multimodality imaging, echocardiography dominates among publicly named individuals associated with EACVI. Here and within CHD/P women are well-represented. This study has significant limitations due to AI-based gender assignments into binary categories based on name and location data. However, broadly, it may identify areas to which equity-based interventions may be most effective such as increasing representation in cardiac CT, MRI and NM.