bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resource Allocation in Flow-Constrained Areas with Stochastic Termination Times
Authors: Ganji Moein , Lovell David J. , Ball Michael O. , Nguyen Alex
Published: October 2009

A stochastic air traffic flow management problem arises when airspace congestion is predicted, usually because of a weather disturbance, so that the number of flights passing through a volume of airspace must be reduced. In the United States, in such situations, the FAA identifies the congested volume of airspace and implements an airspace flow program to regulate traffic. An optimization model was formulated for the assignment of dispositions to flights whose preferred flight plans pass through the congestion. For each flight, the disposition can be either to depart as scheduled but via a secondary route that avoids the congestion or to use the originally intended route but to depart with a controlled departure time and accompanying ground delay. The capacity of the congested area may increase once the weather activity clears. The model is a two-stage stochastic program that represents the time of this capacity windfall as a random variable and determines expected costs given a second-stage decision, conditioning on that time. The goal is to minimize the expected cost over the entire distribution of possible capacity increase times.
Revised Process for Work Zone Decision Making Based on Quantitative Performance Measures
Authors: Hartmann Thomas W. , Gene Hawkins H.
Published: October 2009

Work zones create one of the most challenging environments for drivers. Implementing work zones on freeways creates many issues, especially regarding mobility. Decisions made regarding work zones should be informed by quantitative data, collected in work zones, to ensure that the mobility impacts of the work zone treatments implemented are mitigated. This paper details the development of a new decision-making process that addresses the shortcomings in the current decision-making processes. The new process incorporates a performance measure–treatment matrix, which recommends multiple performance measures, each chosen to measure the mobility impacts particular to a specific work zone implementation. Most important, the revised decision-making process incorporates a feedback loop. Quantitative data collected in work zones are analyzed after the work zone is complete, to determine the impacts specific decisions had on mobility in the work zone. The lessons learned in previous work zones are then incorporated into the decision-making process to lessen the mobility impacts of future work zones. This paper develops the new decision-making process, focusing on mobility measures, and examines the issues with the application of the process.
Downstream Effects of Speed Photo–Radar Enforcement and Other Speed Reduction Treatments on Work Zones
Authors: Medina Juan C. , Benekohal Rahim F. , Hajbabaie Ali , Wang Ming-Heng , Chitturi Madhav V.
Published: October 2009

The effects of automated speed photo–radar enforcement (SPE) and traditional speed reduction treatments (speed feedback trailer, presence of police vehicles with emergency lights on and off, and combinations of the speed feedback trailer and police presence) on speed were studied at a location 1.5 mi downstream of the actual treatment (spatial effects). Three data sets from two Interstate highway work zones were used. Field data consistently showed significant spatial (downstream) effects for SPE. The combination of speed feedback trailer and police vehicle with emergency lights off had downstream effects in some cases but to a lesser degree than SPE. Other treatments showed no significant downstream effects. For free-flowing traffic, SPE reduced the average downstream speed by 2 to 3.8 mph for cars and by 0.8 to 5.3 mph for trucks. Also, SPE reduced speeding cars by 7.1% to 23.4% (except for cars in median in Data Set 1), and speeding trucks by 4.2% to 48.3% (except for trucks in shoulder in Data Set 3). For the general traffic stream, SPE reduced the average downstream speed by 1.1 to 2.9 mph on cars and by 0.9 to 3.3 mph on trucks. When SPE was used, the percentage of speeding cars and trucks in the general traffic stream was reduced by 2.9% to 28.6%, and by 7.5% to 36.1%, respectively. SPE also reduced the percentage of cars in the general traffic stream exceeding the speed limit by more than 10 mph in virtually all cases, and eliminated such trucks in all but one case.
Multilevel Assessment of the Impact of Rain on Drivers’ Behavior
Authors: Billot Romain , El Faouzi Nour-Eddin , De Vuyst Florian
Published: October 2009

For all road managers, inclement weather events are a source of uncertainty that can affect traffic operations and safety. Regarding safety, various studies reveal significant effects of adverse weather conditions on the frequency and severity of crashes. Regarding mobility, because of a lack of data, there are few comprehensive studies, although the quantification of the effects of adverse weather on traffic represents the first step toward the development of weather-responsive traffic management strategies. This study deals with the analysis of the impact of rain on drivers’ behavior and traffic operations. First, a generic methodology for assessing the effect of weather on traffic is proposed through a multilevel approach: from individual traffic data, the rain impact is assessed at a microscopic level (time headways, spacing). Next, the same data were used to extend the study to a mesoscopic and a macroscopic level. The mesoscopic level deals with the effects of rain on platoons, and the macroscopic level resides in the analysis of the impact of rain on the fundamental diagram enabling weather-responsive macroscopic traffic simulation. Second, following this approach, an empirical study is carried out from individual data collected on a French interurban motorway. Weather data were provided by a weather station located near the test site. The results exhibit a significant impact of rain on drivers’ behavior and traffic operations, which increases with the intensity of rainfall.
Simulating Transportation for Realistic Engineering Education and Training
Authors: Liao Chen-Fu , Liu Henry X. , Levinson David M.
Published: October 2009

The practice of transportation engineering and planning has evolved substantially over the past several decades. A new paradigm for transportation engineering education is required to engage students better. Simulation tools have been used by transportation professionals to evaluate and analyze the potential impact of design or control strategy changes. Simulation, which can effectively convey complex transportation concepts, is particularly valuable in transportation education. The use of simulation in transportation education gives students the opportunity to apply different control strategies in a risk-free environment and teaches them transportation engineering methodologies. Despite its advantages, simulation has not been widely adopted in transportation engineering education. Its use in undergraduate transportation courses is sporadic; the reported efforts have been primarily in upper-level technical elective courses. A suite of web-based simulation modules has been developed and incorporated into undergraduate transportation courses at the University of Minnesota. The Simulating Transportation for Realistic Engineering Education and Training (STREET) research project was recently awarded a grant by the National Science Foundation to develop web-based simulation modules, to improve instruction in transportation engineering courses, and to evaluate their effectiveness. The ultimate goal of the STREET project is to become the epicenter for the development of simulation-based teaching materials that provide undergraduates with an interactive learning environment. Given the hands-on aspect of simulation, the hope is that its use will improve student understanding of critical concepts in transportation engineering, and will also enhance student interest in transportation engineering and thereby increase their presence in the field. The intention is to disseminate the results and teaching materials to other colleges so they can integrate these online modules into their curricula.
Activities to Enhance Civil Engineering Recruitment and Coordination with Industry
Authors: Hubbard Bryan J. , Hubbard Sarah M.
Published: October 2009

With many transportation professionals soon reaching retirement age, the industry is facing challenges. A key component to the success of the profession is recruiting new employees with the technical and managerial skills to take on future challenges. This paper outlines how one civil engineering school addressed the challenge of declining enrollments by working cooperatively with industry to meet three goals: to increase the visibility of civil engineering as a career, to expand coordination with employers, and to enhance recruitment of students. To meet the goals, a number of strategies were pursued; these included expanding activities for freshmen, participating in K–12 outreach programs, revising the civil engineering career course, expanding the career fair to include a freshman showcase, facilitating civil engineering internships for freshmen, designating a single point source for industry communications, enhancing tools for coordination with employers, increasing opportunities for student employment, updating recruiting materials, using students and alumni as ambassadors, and fostering student interaction through activities. The recruiting activities discussed in this paper not only brought in new students but also fostered cooperation with industry and the engagement of existing students, which may contribute to enhanced retention. Many activities described in this paper can be implemented at other colleges, and some of the strategies identified are appropriate for employers seeking to enhance the effectiveness of their activities on campus.
The impact of therapeutic modality on outcomes following repair of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: an administrative data analysis
Authors: O'Kelly Cian J. , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Austin Peter C. , Wallace M. Christopher , Urbach David
Published: October 2009

Object

Enrolling a selected sample of ruptured intracranial aneurysms, the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) found endovascular coiling to be superior to microsurgical clipping. The performance of coiling in a more general population of ruptured aneurysms has not been adequately studied.

Methods

Using provincial administrative data from Ontario, the authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) who underwent aneurysm repair. The exposure was defined as endovascular versus surgical aneurysm repair. The prespecified primary outcome was time to death or readmission for SAH. Data from the entire cohort were analyzed using a multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards model. Propensity scores were used to compare a matched subgroup of patients with aneurysms who had similar baseline characteristics. The potential impact of unmeasured confounding was assessed using sensitivity analysis.

Results

Between 1995 and 2004, 2342 aneurysms were clipped and 778 were coiled in Ontario. The proportion of aneurysms treated by coiling increased steadily over time. In the adjusted analysis of the entire cohort, endovascular coiling was associated with a significantly increased hazard of death or SAH readmission (hazard ratio 1.25 [95% CI 1.00–1.55], p = 0.04). Similar results were obtained from the propensity score matched analysis (hazard ratio 1.25 [95% CI 1.04–1.50], p = 0.02). Measures of procedural morbidity and mortality were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions

The results of the current analysis call into question the generalizability of the ISAT to all ruptured aneurysms. Given the limitations inherent in this form of analysis, further clinical studies—rigorously assessing the performance of endovascular therapy in patients with non-ISAT-like aneurysms—are indicated.
Induction of panic attack by stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus
Authors: Wilent W. Bryan , Oh Michael Y. , Buetefisch Cathrin M. , Bailes Julian E. , Cantella Diane , Angle Cindy , Whiting Donald M.
Published: October 2009

Panic attacks are sudden debilitating attacks of intense distress often accompanied by physical symptoms such as shortness of breath and heart palpitations. Numerous brain regions, hormones, and neurotransmitter systems are putatively involved, but the etiology and neurocircuitry of panic attacks is far from established. One particular brain region of interest is the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). In cats and rats, electrical stimulation delivered to the VMH has been shown to evoke an emotional “panic attack–like” escape behavior, and in humans, stimulation targeting nuclei just posterior or anterior to the VMH has reportedly induced panic attacks. The authors report findings obtained in an awake patient undergoing bilateral implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes into the hypothalamus that strongly implicates the VMH as being critically involved in the genesis of panic attacks. First, as the stimulating electrode progressed deeper into the VMH, the intensity of stimulation required to evoke an attack systematically decreased; second, while stimulation of the VMH in either hemisphere evoked panic, stimulation that appeared to be in the center of the VMH was more potent. Thus, this evidence supports the role of the VMH in the induction of panic attacks purported by animal studies.
NF-KappaB Independent Activation of a Series of Proinflammatory Genes by Hydrogen Sulfide
Authors: Stuhlmeier Karl M. , Bröll Johann , Iliev Boyan
Published: October 2009

A stress response has the potential to induce greater resistance to subsequent stress damage. We tested whether hydrogen sulfide (H2S), an important signaling molecule, also used therapeutically, and known for detrimental effects, might induce a protective stress response. Therefore, the response of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) treated with sodium hydrosulfide and mice exposed to H2S were examined. In both cases a profound and long lasting induction of the stress-response could be detected. However, despite the sustained presence of large levels of HO-1 and HSP-70, proinflammatory effects of exposure to IL-1β or H2S itself were not ameliorated. On the contrary, at H2S concentrations significantly lower than 10 ppm—the current maximal allowable concentration of H2S in many countries—COX-2, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β and TNFα were dose dependently elevated. Importantly, in FLS, short-term exposure to H2S resulted in the activation of all three MAPK. In addition, mitochondrial activity was also significantly impaired at relatively low H2S concentrations. The transcription factor NF-κB is essential for the activation of most proinflammatory genes. However, the data presented imply that H2S activates proinflammatory genes in FLS through non-NF-κB-dependent pathways. Stress proteins reportedly act by blocking NF-κB activation, a mechanism that would explain the inability of stress proteins to prevent H2S mediated inflammatory processes. The presented data, showing MAPK activation, NF-κB-independent activation of a number of proinflammatory genes and mitochondrial damage, help to provide a better understanding of the biological and pathophysiological effects of exposure to H2S.
Blood Glutathione Peroxidase-1 mRNA Levels Can Be Used as Molecular Biomarkers to Determine Dietary Selenium Requirements in Rats
Authors: Sunde Roger A. , Thompson Kevin M. , Evenson Jacqueline K. , Thompson Britta M.
Published: October 2009

Transcript (mRNA) levels are increasingly being used in medicine as molecular biomarkers for disease and disease risk, including use of whole blood as a target tissue for analysis. Development of blood molecular biomarkers for nutritional status, too, has potential application that parallels opportunities in medicine, including providing solid data for individualized nutrition. We previously reported that blood glutathione peroxidase-1 (Gpx1) mRNA was expressed at levels comparable to major tissues in rats and humans. To determine the efficacy of using blood Gpx1 mRNA to assess selenium (Se) status and requirements, we fed graded levels of Se (0–0.3 μg Se/g as selenite) to weanling male rats. Se status was determined by liver Se concentration and selenoenzyme activity, and selenoprotein mRNA abundance in liver and blood was determined by ribonuclease protection analysis. Liver Se and plasma glutathione peroxidase-3 and liver Gpx1 activities indicated that minimal Se requirements were at 0.08 μg Se/g diet. When total RNA was isolated from whole blood, Gpx1 mRNA in Se-deficient rats decreased to 10% of levels in Se-adequate (0.2 μg Se/g diet) rats. With Se supplementation, blood Gpx1 mRNA levels increased sigmoidally to a plateau with a minimum Se requirement of 0.08 μg Se/g diet, whereas glutathione peroxidase-4 mRNA levels were unaffected. Similarly, Gpx1 mRNA in RNA isolated from fractionated red blood cells decreased in Se-deficient rats to 23% of Se-adequate levels, with a minimum Se requirement of 0.09 μg Se/g diet. Additional studies showed that the preponderance of whole blood Gpx1 mRNA arises from erythroid cells, most likely reticulocytes and young erythrocytes. In summary, whole blood selenoprotein mRNA levels can be used as molecular biomarkers for assessing Se requirements, illustrating that whole blood has potential as a target tissue in development of molecular biomarkers for use in nutrition as well as in medicine.
Endogenous Opioids Regulate Expression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A New Paradigm for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Zagon Ian S. , Rahn Kristen A. , Turel Anthony P. , McLaughlin Patricia J.
Published: October 2009

Preclinical investigations utilizing murine experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as well as clinical observations in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), may suggest alteration of endogenous opioid systems in MS. In this study we used the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX) to invoke a continuous (High Dose NTX, HDN) or intermittent (Low Dose NTX, LDN) opioid receptor blockade in order to elucidate the role of native opioid peptides in EAE. A mouse model of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-induced EAE was employed in conjunction with daily treatment of LDN (0.1 mg/kg, NTX), HDN (10 mg/kg NTX), or vehicle (saline). No differences in neurological status (incidence, severity, disease index), or neuropathological assessment (activated astrocytes, demyelination, neuronal injury), were noted between MOG-induced mice receiving HDN or vehicle. Over 33% of the MOG-treated animals receiving LDN did not exhibit behavioral signs of disease, and the severity and disease index of the LDN-treated mice were markedly reduced from cohorts injected with vehicle. Although all LDN animals demonstrated neuropathological signs of EAE, LDN-treated mice without behavioral signs of disease had markedly lower levels of activated astrocytes and demyelination than LDN- or vehicle-treated animals with disease. These results imply that endogenous opioids, evoked by treatment with LDN and acting in the rebound period from drug exposure, are inhibitory to the onset and progression of EAE, and suggest that clinical studies of LDN are merited in MS and possibly in other autoimmune disorders.
Women Empowerment in Different Household Issues of Bangladesh
Authors: Zaman Umme Rumana , Rahman Md Mizanur , Hussain Syed Md Akram , Zaki Mahbub
Published: October 2009

During the last few decades, developing countries in the world has been going through an intensive transformation process related to change in demographic and in the use of human capital. These changes have important implications for women empowerment which they tend to systematically alter the marginal utility of consumption over the life cycle. Considering this view, this cross sectional study was aimed to find out the level of women empowerment in purposively selected areas of Bangladesh. A total 206 married women were interviewed face to face using structured questionnaire. To assess the level of women empowerment, a series of questions were asked with a view to assessing the level of participation in different household and family matters. On the basis of 18 variables, a composite level of women empowerment was assessed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using computer simulation and categorized into three groups. It was found that 40% had poor level of empowerment, 19% had fair and 41 had good level of women empowerment. Bi-variate analysis revealed that level of women empowerment was found to be high among the respondents living in urban areas, less number of children, religion Islam, higher level of education of husband and wife, working status of husband and wife, monthly family income and living in pucca house condition (p<0.05). However, no statistically significant association was found between current age of husband and wife, age at marriage and spousal age difference (p>0.05). Though the study had some limitations, but the study finding would be helpful for policymakers concerning implementing the programme for empowering women through different intervention programmes. Key words: Women Empowerment, Household Decision Making, Bangladesh   DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3591 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 41-45
The Influence of Shape on Parallel Self-Assembly
Authors: Miyashita Shuhei , Nagy Zoltán , Nelson Bradley J. , Pfeifer Rolf
Published: October 2009

Self-assembly is a key phenomenon whereby vast numbers of individual components passively interact and form organized structures, as can be seen, for example, in the morphogenesis of a virus. Generally speaking, the process can be viewed as a spatial placement of attractive and repulsive components. In this paper, we report on an investigation of how morphology, i.e., the shape of components, affects a self-assembly process. The experiments were conducted with 3 differently shaped floating tiles equipped with magnets in an agitated water tank. We propose a novel measure involving clustering coefficients, which qualifies the degree of parallelism of the assembly process. The results showed that the assembly processes were affected by the aggregation sequence in their early stages, where shape induces different behaviors and thus results in variations in aggregation speeds.
Map-Based Repowering and Reorganization of a Wind Resource Area to Minimize Burrowing Owl and Other Bird Fatalities
Authors: Smallwood K. Shawn , Neher Lee , Bell Douglas A.
Published: October 2009

Wind turbines in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area (Alameda/Contra Costa Counties, California, USA) generate about 730 GWh of electricity annually, but have been killing thousands of birds each year, including
The Relationship between Odour Annoyance Scores and Modelled Ambient Air Pollution in Sarnia, “Chemical Valley”, Ontario
Authors: Atari Dominic Odwa , Luginaah Isaac N. , Fung Karen
Published: October 2009

This study aimed at establishing the relationship between annoyance scores and modelled air pollution in “Chemical Valley”, Sarnia, Ontario (Canada). Annoyance scores were taken from a community health survey (N = 774); and respondents’ exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were estimated using land use regression (LUR) models. The associations were examined by univariate analysis while multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the determinants of odour annoyance. The results showed that odour annoyance was significantly correlated to modelled pollutants at the individual (NO2, r = 0.15; SO2, r = 0.13) and census tract (NO2, r = 0.56; SO2, r = 0.67) levels. The exposure-response relationships show that residents of Sarnia react to very low pollution concentrations levels even if they are within the Ontario ambient air quality criteria. The study found that exposure to high NO2 and SO2 concentrations, gender, and perception of health effects were significant determinants of individual odour annoyance reporting. The observed association between odour annoyance and modelled ambient pollution suggest that individual and census tract level annoyance scores may serve as proxies for air quality in exposed communities because they capture the within area spatial variability of pollution. However, questionnaire-based odour annoyance scores need to be validated longitudinally and across different scales if they are to be adopted for use at the national level.
Electromagnetic Biostimulation of Living Cultures for Biotechnology, Biofuel and Bioenergy Applications
Authors: Hunt Ryan W. , Zavalin Andrey , Bhatnagar Ashish , Chinnasamy Senthil , Das Keshav C.
Published: October 2009

The surge of interest in bioenergy has been marked with increasing efforts in research and development to identify new sources of biomass and to incorporate cutting-edge biotechnology to improve efficiency and increase yields. It is evident that various microorganisms will play an integral role in the development of this newly emerging industry, such as yeast for ethanol and Escherichia coli for fine chemical fermentation. However, it appears that microalgae have become the most promising prospect for biomass production due to their ability to grow fast, produce large quantities of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, thrive in poor quality waters, sequester and recycle carbon dioxide from industrial flue gases and remove pollutants from industrial, agricultural and municipal wastewaters. In an attempt to better understand and manipulate microorganisms for optimum production capacity, many researchers have investigated alternative methods for stimulating their growth and metabolic behavior. One such novel approach is the use of electromagnetic fields for the stimulation of growth and metabolic cascades and controlling biochemical pathways. An effort has been made in this review to consolidate the information on the current status of biostimulation research to enhance microbial growth and metabolism using electromagnetic fields. It summarizes information on the biostimulatory effects on growth and other biological processes to obtain insight regarding factors and dosages that lead to the stimulation and also what kind of processes have been reportedly affected. Diverse mechanistic theories and explanations for biological effects of electromagnetic fields on intra and extracellular environment have been discussed. The foundations of biophysical interactions such as bioelectromagnetic and biophotonic communication and organization within living systems are expounded with special consideration for spatiotemporal aspects of electromagnetic topology, leading to the potential of multipolar electromagnetic systems. The future direction for the use of biostimulation using bioelectromagnetic, biophotonic and electrochemical methods have been proposed for biotechnology industries in general with emphasis on an holistic biofuel system encompassing production of algal biomass, its processing and conversion to biofuel.
Application of Δ- and Λ-Isomerism of Octahedral Metal Complexes for Inducing Chiral Nematic Phases
Authors: Sato Hisako , Yamagishi Akihiko
Published: October 2009

The Δ- and Λ-isomerism of octahedral metal complexes is employed as a source of chirality for inducing chiral nematic phases. By applying a wide range of chiral metal complexes as a dopant, it has been found that tris(β-diketonato)metal(III) complexes exhibit an extremely high value of helical twisting power. The mechanism of induction of the chiral nematic phase is postulated on the basis of a surface chirality model. The strategy for designing an efficient dopant is described, together with the results using a number of examples of Co(III), Cr(III) and Ru(III) complexes with C2 symmetry. The development of photo-responsive dopants to achieve the photo-induced structural change of liquid crystal by use of photo-isomerization of chiral metal complexes is also described.
When Blood Is Touched
Authors: Vroman Leo
Published: October 2009

The development of blood-compatible materials is reviewed. It grew from originally simplistic views of physical requirements such as surface charge and wettability, to endothelial cells seeded onto a biodegradable cast, and tissue engineering. In vitro findings grew from the discovery of one specific protein being adsorbed, to that of sequential protein adsorption with complex implications of platelet and white cell adhesion. The main challenge is still the production of small blood vessels (capillaries).
An Unsymmetrical Tetrathiafulvalene with a Fused 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Ring and Methylthio Groups
Authors: Tomura Masaaki , Yamashita Yoshiro
Published: October 2009

The title compound, 5-(4,5-dimethylthio-1,3-dithiol-2-ylidene)-1,3-diaza-2,4,6-trithiapentalene (4,5-dimethylthio [1,2,5]thiadiazolotetrathiafulvalene, molecular formula C8H6N2S7) crystallizes in the P21/n space group with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The molecular framework is planar within 0.19 Å. The molecules form a head-to-tail type of π-stacking dimer with an interplanar distance is 3.50(1) Å, where methylthio groups face away from each other. The molecules are also linked by weak intermolecular S···S heteroatom interactions [3.497(1) and 3.572(1) Å] to construct a unique one-dimensional molecular tape structure.
Medical Practices and Funeral Ceremony of the Dunkwi Anga
Authors: Mbaginta'o Ivan G.
Published: October 2009

L'auteur, mélanésien, décrit les coutumes du peuple Dunkwi vivant dans les Eastern Highlands, Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée : la pratique de la médecine, ses procédés pour obtenir la guérison ; les mesures préventives pour éviter les épidémies ; les rites observés pour les funérailles, l'enterrement, et la manière traditionnelle de traiter la veuve après la mort de son mari.
Fijian Chiefs and Constitutional Change 1874-1937
Authors: Ali Ahmed
Published: October 2009

En 1880, six ans après la Cession, le Conseil des Chefs demanda une représentation fidjienne dans le Conseil Législatif. Le régime colonial déclara que le Commissaire Indigène représentait les Fidjiens. Les premiers Fidjiens entrèrent dans le Conseil Législatif en 1904, quand le gouverneur nomma deux personnes choisies sur une liste présentée par le Conseil des Chefs. Les Fidjiens furent satisfaits dans l'ensemble jusqu'aux années 30,

quand le gouvernement décida de donner le droit

de vote aux Indiens, et à ce moment les Fidjiens

soulevèrent des questions sur leurs propres droits,

Dans les années 30 quand les Indiens réclamèrent

le suffrage universel, les Fidjiens firent bien com-

prendre qu'ils étaient opposés à un système qui pourrait permettre que le contrôle politique soit transféré aux Indiens. Le gouvernement spécifia de nouveau sa politique de la primauté des intérets fidjiens et en 1937 abandonna le principe électif des Municipalités de Suva et Levuka, et

l'adoucit dans le Conseil Législatif où il retint sa

majorité officielle et admit 5 Européens, 5 Indiens

(dans les deux cas, trois élus et deux nommés) et

5 Fidjiens désignés parmi le Conseil des Chefs.
Takapoto. La prospérité, retour aux îles
Authors: Pollock Nancy J.
Published: October 2009

A temporary movement of Tuamotuan people back to their atoll of Takapoto was noted in 1975. This is seen as an example of reverse drift from the cities, as these people had been resident in Tahiti prior to their return, but with unemployment there and the economic possibilities of making copra and pearl shell money on their home atoll, life looked better on the atoll. A regular air service to and from Tahiti was an additional positive factor in this move. But this may be only a temporary or 'boom' period of increase in the atoll population, for the economic advantages may be short-lived.
Bandes et clans en Australie : pourquoi des clans patrilinéaires et localisés ?
Authors: Testart Alain
Published: October 2009

II y a encore un important désaccord parmi les anthropologues sur l'organisation des groupes locaux chez les aborigènes australiens. Quel est le rapport entre, d'une part, le groupe « propriétaire » de la terre ou clan patrilinéaire totémique qui est attaché à des sites et pistes sacrés et, d'autre part, le groupe exploitant la terre ou bande qui constitue le groupe résidentiel et économique de base ? Cet article tente de montrer que (1) bien que le clan ait principalement une signification religieuse et rituelle, il a néanmoins un rôle économique, et que (2) bien qu'il y ait sans aucun doute possible une grande flexibilité dans la composition de la bande, les faits suggèrent pourtant que cette flexibilité s'organise autour de noyaux nettement patrilinéaires. La patrilinéarité du clan constitue l'aspect idéologique d'une société où les bandes ont une tendance vers la patrilocalité. Le reste de l'article cherche à montrer les fondements de ce complexe patrilinéaire-patrilocal, particulièrement dans l'environnement désertique de l'Australie de l'ouest et du centre.
Les organismes constructeurs de l'atoll de Takapoto
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Pierre , Denizot Michel
Published: October 2009

Les organismes constructeurs de l'atoll de Takapoto. On the outer slope and on the margin of the reef, there are few differences between the reef builders of Takapoto and those of the other atolls. The coral fauna is more abundant on the west coast (leeward-side), compared to what is located on the east coast (windward-side). On the other hand, in the lagoon, the coral fauna is poor (14 genus — mainly Porites) and the populations are heterogeneous, the southern coral patches being most prosperous.

The vegetable reef builders are abundant and belong to four main groups : the bulky calcareous algae (Porolithon, Chevaliericrusta), the algae sea- lawns (Jania), the consolidating algae and the Cyanophycae of the bottom. Compared to the corals, the calcareous algae enjoy a particular importance in the building process, both on the reef front and in the lagoon. That comes from the small number of functionnal channels between the lagoon and the ocean; as a result, the renewal of water is slow and the salinity is high.
Prospections archéologiques de l'îlot Fenuaino et des vallées Aiurua et Vaiote à Tahiti
Authors: Garanger José
Published: October 2009

Exposé des prospections archéologiques effectuées dans la zone sud-est de l'ancien district de Tautira, désertée par l'habitat contemporain. Plusieurs structures ont été inventoriées dont de nombreux marae. Leur comparaison met en évidence leur grande diversité à l'intérieur d'une même vallée et d'une vallée à une autre. L'hypothèse d'une première installation du culte de Oro dans la région de la Vaiote est envisagée. Ces prospections ont en outre confirmé la grande densité de l'ancien peuplement des zones montagneuses de la presqu'île de Taiarapu.
The Southeast Asian Foundations of Oceanic Agriculture : A Reassessment
Authors: Yen Douglas
Published: October 2009

The assumption of the Southeast Asian origin of Oceanic agriculture is examined on the following bases:

a) The root crop precedence to rice as the widely adopted food staple in SE Asia, and the significance of this precedence to agricultural diffusion into Oceania.

b) A review of recent evidence in regard to a).

c) The significance of early environmental adaptations in New Guinea that could indicate that agriculture there was as early as any such adaptation in the world.

d) That the process of genetic adaptation, i.e. domestication, was a continuous process that was to change the Oceanic agricultural systems of Oceania from their founding forms.
The Appearance of Plant and Animal Domestication in New Guinea
Authors: Golson Jack , Hughes P. J.
Published: October 2009

search Station in the upper Wahgi valley, Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea, are interpreted as indicating the beginning of agriculture in the region at about 9 000 years BP. The deposits in the swamp register an episode of accelerated erosion in the catchments explained as due to forest clearance for gardening. A contemporary channel in the swamp basin is considered to be a man-made feature, designed to remove water and allow gardening in the basin itself. Archaeological features thought to be associated with this gardening are described. Amongst them are basins possibly resulting from the wallowing of pigs, animals not indigenous to New Guinea. The date of arrival of pigs in the island ultimately from Southeast Asia, at present a matter of dispute, is discussed in relation to the question of whether the earliest New Guinea agriculture was based on native New Guinea plants or already incorporated the allegedly Southeast Asian cultigens which are dominant in contemporary New Guinea, and Pacific, agriculture.
Barracouta fishing in prehistoric and early historic New Zealand
Authors: Anderson Atholl
Published: October 2009

The New Zealand barracouta (Thyrsites atun) was the principal species caught by the Maori in southern New Zealand throughout the prehistoric and early historic periods. It is a voracious pelagic species which was taken in early autumn by an unusual type of trolling gear operated from stationary canoes in calm seas. Barracouta were caught most abundantly along the east coast of the South Island and were dried as a source of winter food. By the later prehistoric period their importance in the southern Maori diet may have exerted a strong influence upon settlement patterns.
Shellfish gathering at Nukalau Island, West New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Swadling Pamela , Chowning Ann
Published: October 2009

Shellfish are especially important to the Nukukau islanders of West New Britain Province, PNG, when fishing is poor and the weather too rough for fishing parties to go out. Today fewer shellfish species are gathered than in the past. Popular demand and the increasing size of the village community means, as is the case elsewhere in PNG, that the available shellfish stocks are becoming younger and shell size is decreasing.
Un site ancien aux îles Marquises : l'abri-sous-roche d'Anapua, à Ua Pou.
Authors: Ottino Pierre
Published: October 2009

Anapua est un abri-sous-roche situé au Sud- Ouest de l'île de Ua Pou. Il fut occupé épisodiquement par des pêcheurs depuis une époque fort ancienne (datée au 14C de 150 ± 95 ans BC). Les dépôts archéologiques s'étagent sur plus de 3,50 m et fournirent un matériel important dont entre autres de très nombreux restes ichtyologiques et coquilliers ainsi que des hameçons de nacre et des limes de corail dont l'analyse est à poursuivre.
Maurice Leenhardt et la rébellion de 1917 en Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Authors: Vasseur Jacques
Published: October 2009

Before being the initiator of the anthropological and linguistic studies in New Caledonia, Maurice Leenhardt has been from 1920 to 1926 the representative of the Mission's protestantes de Paris in the Melanesian Archipelago.During that time, on this name he had been involved, as a witness but also as an actor in the events which agitated the main island in 1917 with the result of the trial of 70 rebels.

His prolific correspondence — with his relations in France, with his wife while she was accompanying their children to Noumea, or with his natas, the native pastors having for him the role of informants — provides us with day to day information on the evolution of a rebellion that spreads panic before being repressed with the help of Melanesian volunteers, but also on the response of a man totally dedicated to a work endangered by that very rebellion.

The judiciary investigation which follows the restoration of order, misled by ignorance and intrigues, confirms that danger by leading to the indictment of a protestant chief charged with the main responsibilities, declaring the real culprits not guilty. Mostly thanks to his natas' investigations, Leenhardt succeeds to restore the truth during the last sessions.
Indentured labour and the development of plantations in Vanuatu : 1867-1922.
Authors: Adams Ron
Published: October 2009

This paper examines the phase of plantation development in Vanuatu based on the employment of indentured ni-Vanuatu labourers, a phase which lasted from 1867 to 1922, after which planters turned increasingly to Vietnam to meet their labour requirements. During this period the French reversed the initial British domination of the plantation economy but, like the British, they were never able to close the gap between their labour needs and the labour supply. The result was that neither British nor French planters were ever able to establish the sort of economic hegemony to which they aspired. Indeed, far from the development of a prosperous expatriate planter class, what emerged for many planters was a pattern of mere subsistence survival if not total failure, with the key economic role in the group being increasingly assumed by the ni-Vanuatu themselves.
Y eut-il des esclaves en Nouvelle-Bretagne ? Une critique des témoignages ?
Authors: Panoff Michel
Published: October 2009

SUMMARY By the end of the 19th century there ned symbiotic relations between some Baining groups and those Tolai living on the shore and the islands of Weberhafen (Ataliklikun Bay). Early European visitors took them to be a general state of dependency of the former on the latter. More often than not the position was described as slavery, an interpretation that was chosen and then advocated in various circles by the Roman Catholic Mission. The present paper aims at explaining why and how this may have happened. Through cross-examining all evidence available in archival and published documents of the time it should, hopefully, throw some light on such issues as intertribal relations and the history of Melanesian conversion to Christianity.
Matupit revisited : social change, local organization and the sense of place
Authors: Epstein Arnold Leonard
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

By 1960, after almost a century of close involvement with the wider society created by colonialism, the people of Matupit had come to be known as among the most 'westernized' in Papua New Guinea. It turned out in fact that, despite the marked degree of cultural erosion in their social life, local organization was still governed by traditional structural principles of residence and descent. Now fieldwork conducted a generation later suggests, even more remarkably perhaps, that the basic combination of matriliny and virilocality still holds. But that would be an over-simple view, ignoring the way the local situation is being profoundly shaped by population growth and the tendency for increasing numbers of Matupi to settle in the towns and elsewhere. In 1960 it seemed necessary to focus on the island's internal arrangements to stress continuity ; today these have to be examined in their wider context if one is not to miss the import of major sources of change that are at work.
Sociétés à big men, sociétés à grands hommes : figures du pouvoir en Nouvelle-Guinée
Authors: Godelier Maurice
Published: October 2009

Summary.

The author develops the hypothesis which he proposed in 1982, as a result of his analysis of the traditional forms of power existing among the Baruya living in Papua New Guinea. According to this hypothesis, the Big-men and other Great-men found in New Guinea, such as masters of initiations, great warrior», shamans, etc. represent various types of societies corresponding to specific forms of kinship, of control of people and of circulation of wealth.

In that view, Big-men would be found in societies in which marriage implies bridewealth, and where wealth accumulated in order to be redistributed at the occasion of highly competitive intertribal exchanges.

The other types of Great-men, masters of male initiations, shamans, great warriors, etc. would be the personifications of power, where marriage implies mainly the direct exchange of women, and where intensive male initiations exist and competitive exchanges do not.

The author tries to imagine the social processes through which Great-men societies could have transformed themselves historically into Big-men societies. He demonstrates that in fact, Big-men are found in societies where there is no competitive exchange, so that the question of the origin of the Big-men has to be investigated again. Then, he extends his comparison to societies with chiefs, like the Mekeo, the Trobriand, or with ranks like in Vanuatu.
Prehistoric Fishing at Fa'ahia, Huahine, Society Islands, French Polynesia
Authors: Davidson Janet M. , Leach B. F. , Fraser K. , Burnside G.
Published: October 2009

Une collection d'os de poissons provenant des fouilles du locus C50 à Fa'ahia (Huahine) est analysée et les résultats sont comparés à ceux d'une étude précédente de la faune provenant d'une aire adjacente du même site. Les prises du locus C50 sont dominées par le poisson- perroquet alors que, dans l'étude précédente, le thon était dominant. Un tel contraste entre des parties adjacentes du même site est des plus inhabituels dans le Pacifique. Diverses raisons possibles pour expliquer cette différence sont examinées ; une conclusion définitive doit attendre une compréhension plus complète de la nature de ce site archéologique remarquable.
Recherche des traces de la première conquête des vallées dans le nord de la Grande Terre (Nouvelle-Calédonie). Archéologie en grotte et étude du paléoenvironnement à Koumac.
Authors: Sémah Anne-Marie
Published: October 2009

L'étude de la région de Koumac montre que le peuplement des vallées du nord de la Grande Terre a été contemporain des premiers sites côtiers à poterie Lapita, il y a environ 3000 ans. Un développement du couvert forestier lié à un changement climatique a pu favoriser cette colonisation. L'occupation s'est poursuivie de façon quasiment ininterrompue, toujours en relation avec la zone littorale ; l'industrie lithique, en plus de la céramique, semble avoir joué un rôle majeur dans la vie de ces populations. Les horizons archéologiques les plus anciens sont caractérisés par la présence d'une poterie au battoir, et les plus récents par la diffusion rapide, dans l'intérieur des terres, des objets d'origine européenne.
Forêt taboue et représentations de l'environnement à 'Uvea (Wallis). Approche ethno-archéologique
Authors: Guiot Hélène
Published: October 2009

Afin de perpétuer leur société, les Uvéens développèrent des conceptions concernant le fonctionnement de leur écosystème insulaire terrestre et mirent en œuvre des pratiques, notamment sylvicoles, visant à son entretien. Il apparaît aujourd'hui primordial de s'attacher à la restitution des représentations mentales traditionnelles concernant cet écosystème et de les confronter aux pratiques encore en vigueur. L'observation d'une relation cohérente entre ces traits culturels permettra à l'ethno- archéologie de proposer des modèles plus complets sur les modes de vie des anciens Polynésiens et sur leurs comportements vis-à-vis de l'environnement.
Analyse paléoécologique des faunes de mammifères et évolution des environnements dans le Sud de la France au cours du Pléistocene [Palaeoecological analysis of mammalian faunas and evolution of environments in South of France during the Pleistocene]
Authors: Montuire Sophie , Desclaux Emmanuel
Published: October 2009

The study of mammalian faunas had widely contributed to the knowledge of paleoenvironments during the Quaternary. The cenogram method, a graphical representation of the mammalian community structure, permits to reconstruct the environments and to infer the climatic conditions. This method has the advantage of taking in account the whole mammals present in a fossil locality. This method applied on several faunas of the South of France had shown different phases in the evolution of environments and climate during the Pleistocene.