bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representações Sociais de Doente Mental na Percepção dos Cuidadores
Authors: Vasconcelos Juliana De Freitas , Vieira Anny Caroline Costa , Maranhão Thércia Lucena Grangeiro
Published: June 2015

As constantes reclamações com relação ao tratamento mental hospitalar, por parte de familiares de indivíduos portadores de transtornos mentais, motivaram o questionamento de como seria a representação de doente mental para estas pessoas. Objetivo: Conhecer as representações sociais de doença mental que possuem os familiares de pacientes psiquiátricos. Método: enquanto pesquisa qualitativa, aplicou-se um questionário de levantamento de conceitos, opiniões e sentimentos em 29 sujeitos, parentes de pacientes do Hospital Santa Tereza, Crato, estado do Ceará. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, segundo Bardin, tendo como suporte referencial teórico-metodológico a teoria moscoviciana de representação social. A análise dos dados possibilitou a estruturação das representações sociais acerca de doença mental,  elaboradas pelos familiares dos internos, em três categorias. Resultados: com relação a Concepção que os sujeitos têm de Doença mental, sobressaíram-se  duas subcategorias: Moral (desvio em relação ao comportamento normal) e Mística (algo difícil de explicar); a Concepção que os sujeitos têm do Tipo de Pessoa que tem Doença mental emergiu de forma bifurcada através de duas subcategorias: Pessoa perigosa(comportamento ameaçador) e, Pessoa como outra qualquer (um igual); por último a  Concepção que os sujeitos têm da Consequência  que tem a Doença Mental para o portador desta enfermidade,  onde sobressaíram-se  três subcategorias: Carência (portador de carências), Doença que invalida (torna a pessoa incapaz) e, Causa de sofrimento. A maioria dos sujeitos, revelou que o restabelecimento da saúde do enfermo e a sua aposentadoria  facilitariam o acompanhamento. Conclusão: as respostas definem um desejo dos sujeitos com relação à recuperação e a possibilidade de oferecer condições dignas de tratamento aos portadores de transtorno mental, através da melhoria das condições financeiras dos mesmos.
A Unified Approach to Performance Analysis of Multihop Relay Fading Channels Using Generalized Gamma Model
Authors: Kaur Amandeep , Malhotra Jyoteesh
Published: June 2015

In this paper analysis of various fading statistics of generic fading distribution, termed as
Die aktivierungsanalytische Silberbestimmung in Stoffen mit hohem Cadmiumgehalt
Authors: Lux Franz
Published: June 2015

Die bei der aktivierungsanalytischen Silberbestimmung in CdS- und CdS/ZnS-Lumineszenzstoffen störenden Kernreaktionen, vor allem die Bildung von 110mAg durch
(n,
p)-Prozeß aus 110Cd, lassen sich durch elektrolytische Abtrennung des Silbers vor der Neutronenbestrahlung ausschließen. Mit Hilfe der radioaktiven Indikatormethode wurden die Bedingungen ermittelt, unter denen sich Mikro- und Submikrogramm- Mengen Silber neben 1 g Cadmium quantitativ abscheiden lassen.
Die Geschwindigkeit des heterogenen Isotopenaustausches an der Oberfläche von Ionenkristallen
Authors: Lieser K. H. , Gütlich Ph. , Rosenbaum I.
Published: June 2015

Für den heterogenen Isotopenaustausch werden folgende Geschwindigkeitsgleichungen abgeleitet:

a) für den Fall, daß die Oberflächenreaktion geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist: In (1 - λ) = - k (n
O + n
L)t,

b) für den Fall, daß die Diffusion in der Lösung geschwindigkeitsbestimmend ist: [xxx]

(λ ist der Austauschgrad, n
O die Molzahl der austauschfähigen Ionen an der Oberfläche, n
L die Molzahl der austauschfähigen Ionen in der Lösung und t
die Zeit.)

Mit Hilfe dieser Gleichungen werden die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten des heterogenen Isotopenaustausches in den folgenden Systemen bestimmt: BaSO4/Ba++, BaSO4/SO4- -, SrSO4/Sr++, AgCl/Cl-; das Molverhältnis
n

O : n
L wird dabei innerhalb eines möglichst großen Bereiches variiert. In allen Systemen ist die Oberflächenreaktion

geschwindigkeitsbestimmend.
Functionalization of LiFePO4/C by Spontaneous Reduction of In-situ Generated Bromobenzene Diazonium Ions in Organic Media
Authors: Delaporte Nicolas , Zaghib Karim , Bélanger Daniel
Published: June 2015

Bromophenyl moieties were attached to the carbon-coated LiFePO4 (LiFePO4/C) surface by spontaneous reduction of in-situ generated 4-bromobenzene diazonium ions in organic media. The presence of the surface organic species on the grafted LiFePO4/C powders was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed a low loading (lower than 1 wt. %) of grafted molecules. The electrochemical characterization of the LiFePO4/C cathodes showed that a low loading of bromophenyl groups at the LiFePO4/C surface can enhance the rate of Li+ extraction, presumably due to the decrease of the LiFePO4/C agglomerate size and an increase of the wettability of the electrode. On the other hand, poor performances were obtained using the grafted cathode material with the highest loading of bromophenyl moieties.
Efeitos da ocupação urbana sobre a macrofauna de invertebrados aquáticos de um Igarapé da cidade de Manaus/AM - Amazônia Central
Authors: CLETO FILHO Sérgio Ernani Nogueira , WALKER Ilse
Published: June 2015

A qualidade da água e a fauna composta pelos macroinvertebrados aquáticos do Igarapé do Mindú, o qual tem suas nascentes em áreas florestadas e atravessa a cidade de Manaus (Amazonas, Brasil), foram estudadas de 1993 a 1995. Desmatamentos e ocupação das áreas ao longo do igarapé, juntamente com a poluição orgânica doméstica causaram drásticas alterações nas características físico-químicas das águas e na composição da fauna aquática. Assim, temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, pH e sedimentos em suspensão aumentaram significativamente, enquanto que os valores de oxigênio dissolvido na água diminuíram. Esses fatores de alterações, associados com a redução natural da velocidade de corrente d'água e aumento da radiação solar, resultaram em eutrofização e mudança marcante da fauna bentônica.
Ants monopolise plant resources by shelter-construction
Authors: ESKILDSEN Louise I. , LINDBERG Annika Büchert , OLESEN Jens M.
Published: June 2015

In Ecuadorean Amazonas, Crematogaster ants (Myrmicinae) were observed to construct shelters of debris and plant trichomes covering and hiding extrafloral nectaries of Passiflora auriculata vines. This is seen as an advanced way of excluding competing ants from a food source.
Pimentas do gênero Capsicum cultivadas em Roraima, Amazônia Brasileira. I. Espécies domesticadas
Authors: BARBOSA Reinaldo Imbrozio , LUZ Francisco Joaci Freitas , NASCIMENTO FILHO Herundino Ribeiro do , MADURO Cice Batalha
Published: June 2015

Foram inventariadas as pimentas domesticadas do gênero Capsicum que são cultivadas no Estado de Roraima, extremo norte da Amazônia brasileira. O levantamento foi realizado em comunidades indígenas e não indígenas. Dos 163 acessos registrados, C. chinense Jacq. (76,7%) foi a espécie com o maior número, seguida de C. frutescens L. (9,8%), C. annuum L. (8,0%) e C. baccatum v. pendulum Wild. (5,5%). As formas de fruto mais encontradas foram "alongada" (42,9%) e "ovalada" (27,0%). C. chinense apresentou a maior diversidade de formas enquanto que as demais estavam concentradas na forma "alongada". A cor predominante dos frutos maduros foi a vermelha (64,4%). Isoladamente, C. chinense foi melhor distribuída entre as cores básicas amarela (44,8%) e vermelha (55,2%), independente das diferentes tonalidades assumidas por cada acesso (alaranjado, vermelho-escuro, etc). O nível de pungência sensorial com maior número de registros foi o "alto" (62,6%), seguido do "médio" (16,0%), "baixo" (15,3%) e "muito alto" (6,1%). Dos 105 acessos de coloração vermelha, 67,6% possuía pungência "alta" ou "muito alta". C. chinense do tipo "murupi" e "olho-de-peixe", juntamente com "malagueta" (C. frutescens) são os morfotipos mais tradicionalmente consumidos entre as comunidades indígenas locais.
Analysis of access to hypertensive and diabetic drugs in the Family Health Strategy, State of Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Barreto Maria Nelly Sobreira de Carvalho , Cesse Eduarda Ângela Pessoa , Lima Rodrigo Fonseca , Marinho Michelly Geórgia da Silva , Specht Yuri da Silva , Carvalho Eduardo Maia Freese de , Fontbonne Annick
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the access to drugs for hypertension and diabetes and the direct cost of buying them among users of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: Population-based, cross-sectional study of a systematic random sample of 785 patients with hypertension and 823 patients with diabetes mellitus who were registered in 208 randomly selected FHS teams in 35 municipalities of the state of Pernambuco. The selected municipalities were classified into three levels with probability proportional to municipality size (LS, large-sized; MS, medium-sized; SS, small-sized). To verify differences between the cities, we used the χ2 test. RESULTS: Pharmacological treatment was used by 91.2% patients with hypertension whereas 85.6% patients with diabetes mellitus used oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs), and 15.4% used insulin. The FHS team itself provided antihypertensive medications to 69.0% patients with hypertension, OADs to 75.0% patients with diabetes mellitus, and insulin treatment to 65.4%. The 36.9% patients with hypertension and 29.8% with diabetes mellitus that had to buy all or part of their medications reported median monthly cost of R$ 18.30, R$ 14.00, and R$ 27.61 for antihypertensive drugs, OADs, and insulin, respectively. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to increase efforts to ensure access to these drugs in the primary health care network.
Do Starting Salaries for Graduates Measure the Quality of Education? A Review of Studies by Russian and Foreign Authors
Authors: Roshchin Sergey , Rudakov Victor
Published: June 2015

This paper is a review of oeuvres studying the factors that determine starting salaries of university graduates. The focus is laid upon the works addressing the question: To what extent can   starting salaries for graduates be indicative of the quality of education received? We discuss the theoretical conceptions shedding light on the reasons for differences in salaries of fresh graduates: the theory of human capital, the signaling theory of education, the theory of equalizing differences, and empirical studies aimed at measuring the influence various factors have on the size of starting salaries. An analysis of the oeuvres has shown that, despite the important role played by the quality of education, there are many other factors that can have an impact on the salary size. Such factors include diversity of graduates, diversity of jobs, market imperfections, individual preferences of graduates and their strategies of entering the labor market. The provided review and critical analysis of foreign studies designed to assess the correlations between the quality of higher education and the level of starting salaries for graduates allows us to define the general requirements to data quality in case Russia adopts the system of university graduate monitoring.
A Foucauldian approach to language policy: The case of Canada
Authors: Haque Eve
Published: June 2015

This article examines recent developments in the field of policy studies in order to consider their applicability for the study of language policy and planning. In particular, Foucauldian insights into power and discourse offer the possibility of moving beyond the primarily descriptive nature of language policy studies and force a reconsideration of the premise upon which policy making is based: the starting point of the “problem” for which a policy solution is needed. By analyzing the proceedings of the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1963–1970) in order to trace the development of Canada’s Official Languages Act (1969), this paper reflects on the possibilities for developing a broader set of theoretical and methodological approaches to our work as scholars in the field of language policy.
Collaborative Italian: Using technology to support student-led language teaching
Authors: Goria Cecilia
Published: June 2015

Collaborative Italian—Collit—is an online language learning program for adult students of Italian in higher education with at least a B1 level of the Common European Framework. Collit is free, open and extracurriculum. Collit provides the learners with a communicative learning experience based on collaboration and social interaction. It promotes social constructivism and embraces Web 2.0 pedagogies by relying on the openness of the online environment and social media. Collit emphasises ownership of learning by encouraging student-controlled intended learning outcomes and tasks, and student-generated learning content, consistent with the cognitive and the experiential approaches to course design onto which Collit is theoretically grounded.On this basis, Collit addresses questions concerned with the effectiveness of open pedagogies for student-led language learning. This contribution presents Collit as a case study for the investigation of novel language learning dynamics supported by the web and social media.
Le CLIC en ligne : enjeux et réponses
Authors: Le Thiec Morgan
Published: June 2015

Le CLIC en ligne est un cours de français langue seconde gratuit destiné aux immigrants adultes. Financé par Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada, le projet a été élaboré par le Centre des Niveaux de compétence linguistique canadiens. Du point de vue de l’ALAO, le défi était de rejoindre un public complexe : niveau de langue parfois faible ; compétences variables en informatique ; priorité des urgences familiales et/ou professionnelles. La communication proposée permet de situer le projet, ses enjeux pour l’apprentissage des langues officielles du Canada, et de présenter les réponses apportées aux difficultés rencontrées. Ces réponses tiennent compte des travaux sur la compétence langagière, sur le français langue seconde pour adultes ou encore des bilans réalisés sur les dispositifs linguistiques d’intégration des immigrants.
Étudier à l’université en français dans le contexte minoritaire ouest-canadien : ce que peut nous apprendre le dessin réflexif
Authors: Lemaire Eva
Published: June 2015

Plusieurs universités canadiennes offrent, en contexte minoritaire, la possibilité aux étudiants issus de l’immersion et des écoles francophones de suivre des études en français. Le présent article propose d’explorer plus particulièrement le vécu d’élèves qui, après un secondaire en immersion, ont choisi de poursuivre leurs études aux côtés de francophones natifs, au campus Saint-Jean de l’Université de l’Alberta. La recherche, qualitative, repose sur la réalisation par 24 étudiants de dessins réflexifs puis de textes explicatifs permettant d’obtenir une représentation imagée de leur vécu. Cette étude exploratoire tend à montrer que les étudiants d’immersion autant que leurs pairs francophones natifs éprouvent un sentiment partagé, entre amour pour le français et frustration par rapport aux difficultés langagières rencontrées au niveau universitaire. Elle montre également comment la diversité sociolinguistique et socioéducative apparait à la fois comme une source de tensions et une source d’enrichissement mutuel.
The Effect of Dynamic Testing With Electronic Prompts and Scaffolds on Children’s Inductive Reasoning: A Microgenetic Study
Authors: Resing Wilma C. M. , Tunteler Erika , Elliott Julian G.
Published: June 2015

The study aimed to gain insight into children’s variability in inductive reasoning problem-solving strategies. Visual–spatial series completion tasks were employed that drew on the novel use of electronic tangibles. Two approaches were contrasted: repeated practice alone and repeated practice with the addition of dynamic training. Participants were 38 children aged 6–9 years, who were allocated to 1 of 2 treatment conditions. In condition one, children had opportunities for repeated practice on 4 sessions. The children in the second condition received the same repeated practice sessions but, in addition, were also provided with training. Transfer of learning was measured before and after the practice and training sessions. During the sessions, the children were presented with series completion tasks using tangible objects, each time with a 1–week interval. In comparison with the repeated practice alone condition, the children with additional training showed significantly greater gains in performance (accuracy and efficiency). Findings clearly showed inter- and intravariability in children’s use of problem-solving strategies, which decreased after training. There was evidence of transfer of inductive reasoning from the original series completion task (using concrete, discrete elements) to a series completion task with numbers and geometric forms. In summary, this study revealed individual differences and variability in the sorts of help required, (more) stable progression of these results, and the child’s ability to transfer learning to novel tasks and situations.
Sustainability of a sanitation program in flooded areas of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Gomes Maria Cecilia Rosinski Lima , Moura Edila Arnaud Ferreira , Borges Pedro João Paulo , Bezerra Maria Mercês , Brito Otacílio Soares
Published: June 2015

Riverine populations that dwell in flooded forests (várzea) require suitable solutions for sanitation. An experimental project was started in 1998, using double-vault toilets in seasonally flooded houses in the Brazilian Amazon. The objective was to improve the health of inhabitants using adequate sanitation technology and health education. The focus of the present study was the assessment of that intervention. We compiled information from reports, local assessments, and interviews with users. In 2012, 14 years after the beginning of the project, 44% of the double-vault toilets were still in use. The main benefits noticed were awareness of the importance of toilets for reducing outdoor human waste and providing comfort, privacy, and safety for families. The sanitation project succeeded in reducing open defecation and raised the interest and demand for toilets. However, there is still a need for improving the construction of toilets and to better adapt them to flooded environments. We also include suggestions for improving the toilets and their use in flooded areas.
Choice of root canal irrigants by Serbian dental practitioners
Authors: Tosic Goran , Miladinovic Milan , Kovacevic Milorad , Stojanovic Miodrag
Published: June 2015

Background/Aim. Root canal treatment is considered to be the one of the most
important procedures in endodontic treatment. To irrigate the root canal it
is most common to use sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorhexodine,
ethylenediami-netetraacetic acid (EDTA), local anesthetic solution, while the
most used in Serbia is hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The aim of this survey was
to reveal the preferred root canal irrigants used by general dental
practitioners in Serbia and to determine the influence of the continuing
education program, delivered over the 3-year observation period, on work
habits of dental practitioners. This was the first comprehensive survey of
this nature carried out in Serbia. Methods. The survey was conducted in two
instances, a 4-month observation period each, from November 1, 2009 to March
1, 2010 and from November 1, 2012 to March 1, 2013. Internet Web Page Survey
was posted on the official web site of the Serbian Association of Private
Dentists. In the first survey, 569 completed questionnaires were subjected to
analysis. In the next attempt (3 years later), the survey was launched again
and 615 completed questionnaires were analyzed using the same criteria. The
statistical analysis was carried out with simple descriptive statistics
applying the ?2 test, at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results. The first
survey included 569 dental practitioners, while 3 years later the number of
them was 615. Analyzing the questionnaires revealed the number of 10 to 30
interventins on the root canal montly. The most commonly used irrigant
solution was H2O2 in 2009, while in 2012 it was yet H2O2, but also NaOCl,
chlorhexodine, and a little less EDTA. Conclusion. This study shows
significant changes in the irrigation protocol applied in Serbian dental
community. After 3 years of observation, NaOCl became widely accepted as the
irrigant of choice, whereas H2O2 lost its popularity.
Schalenhärtung mittels Hochgeschwindigkeits-Abschreckung* Teil 2
Authors: Frerichs F. , Fritsching U. , Lübben Th. , Sander S. , Schüttenberg S.
Published: June 2015

Kurzfassung

Ein zentrales Zieldieser Arbeit war die Ermittlung von Prozessfenstern, innerhalb derer eine Schalenhärtung mit unlegierten Stählen möglich ist. Dabei mussten drei Kriterien erfüllt werden, damit eine Schalenhärtung als sinnvoll angesehen wird: Erstens muss eine ausreichende Härtung am Rand vorliegen und zweitens muss ein signifikanter Härteabfall zum Kern der Bauteile erfolgen. Das dritte und wichtigste Kriterium ist die Erzeugung von möglichst hohen Druckeigenspannungen am Rand durch sehr große Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten, die dazu beitragen sollen, die Lebensdauer der Bauteile zu erhöhen. In den Untersuchungen, die in einer speziellen Anlage für Hochgeschwindigkeits-Abschreckung durchgeführt wurden, ist es gelungen, mit Wasser hohe Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten zu erzeugen und zu messen. Aus den erzielten Ergebnissen der experimentellen Untersuchungen und begleitenden Wärmebehandlungssimulationen konnten Prozessfenster für zylindrische Bauteile aus unlegierten Stählen ermittelt werden, bei denen alle drei oben genannten Bedingungen erfüllt sind. Im letzten Schritt wurden an Zahnrädern und zylindrischen Bauteilen in enger Kooperation mit der Forschungsstelle für Zahnräder und Getriebebau (FZG) an der TU München bzw. der Fa. Hilti Lebensdaueruntersuchungen durchgeführt. Neben diesen experimentellen Untersuchungen an Wellen werden in dieser Arbeit auch ausgewählte Ergebnisse aus den Bereichen Werkzeugauslegung mittels Strömungssimulation, Wärmeübergangsbestimmung, Wärmebehandlungssimulation und Lebensdaueruntersuchungen vorgestellt.
Cytotoxic effect of methanol extract of Conyza bonariensis on DMBA-induced skin carcinogenesis: An in vivo study
Authors: Saleem Mohammad , Naseer Faiza , Hussain Khalid , Alamgeer -
Published: June 2015

In the present study, we examined the cytotoxic effect of Conyza bonariensis (methanolic extract). The skin carcinogenesis was induced in two stages, first, applying tumor initiator, 7-12-dimethyl benz(a)antheracene and thereafter applying croton oil, a tumor promotor in Swiss albino mice. The morphological alterations observed and measured during the induction of skin ulceration, included; cumulative number of papilloma, tumor yield and tumor burden. C. bonariensis extract (300 and 600 mg/kg/day) was applied locally on mice skin for 16 weeks. The higher dose (600 mg/kg/day) inhibited the tumor formation up to 40% and showed a significant decline in cumulative number of papilloma of continuous group. The results indicated that extract increased the reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase  and catalase, and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to carcinogen group. Histopathological changes showed papilomatosis and ulceration in carcinogen control group.  HPLC analysis indicated the presence of  flavonoid i.e. quercetin which may be responsible for the cytotoxic action of C. bonariensis methanol extract.  
EFFECT OF VITAMIN-MINERAL PREMIX ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF BABY CHICK RANIKHET DISEASE VACCINE IN CHICKS
Authors: Sadekuzzaman M , Islam MA , Hossain MT , Akter S
Published: June 2015

A total of 150 (75 broiler and 75 layer) apparently healthy chicks were used to investigate the effect of vitamin-mineral premix on immune responses of Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine (Baby Chick Ranikhet Disease Vaccine, F-strain) during the period from January to March 2003. The chicks were divided into six groups namely group A, B and C for broiler and group D, E and F for layer birds consisting of 25 birds in each group. Chicks of group A, C, D and F were supplied with vitamin-mineral premix containing feed and chicks of group B and E were supplied with vitamin-mineral deficient feed. The chicks of group A, B, D and E were primarily vaccinated with 0. 1 ml of BCRDV of 1065 EID50/0. 1 ml per bird through intraocular route at the age of day 3 and were revaccinated with the same vaccine at the age of day 17. Birds of group C and F were kept as unvaccinated control. Chickens of all the groups were challenged with the virulent isolate of NDV @ 0.5 ml/bird IM (1045 EID50/0.1 ml) after two weeks of secondary vaccination. Titres were determined before and after vaccination by hemagglutination test (HI) test and serum neutralization test (SNT) was performed to measure the potency of immune serum. The HI titres of birds of groups A, B, D and E were 128, 16, 128 and 128 respectively after primary vaccination and 256, 128, 256 and 256 respectively after secondary vaccination. From the study it was found that among the experimental layer birds, no difference was noticed on the immune response to BCRDV. On the other hand, among the experimental broiler birds, birds of group A revealed higher HI titre compared to the birds of group B. Results of serum neutralization test indicated that the sera of birds possessing HI titre ?128 demonstrated a good level of virus neutralizing activity of ?7.60. The birds possessing HI titre of 128 ± 0.00 did not show any clinical signs of ND following challenge and the survivability was recorded as 100%. It may be concluded that supplementation of vitamin-mineral premix to the diet induces better immune response following vaccination with BCRDV in broiler chickens compared to the layer chickens.
IN VITRO ACARICIDAL EFFECTS OF SOME INDIGENOUS PLANTS AGAINST BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS (ARACNIDA: IXODIDAE)
Authors: Nahar L , . Anisuzzaman , Alim MA , Karim MJ , Islam KI , Mondal MMH
Published: June 2015

In vitro efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica), bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper), ata (Annona retirulata), sharifa (A. squamosa) and durba ghas (Cynodon dactylon) against Boophilus microplus (tropical cattle tick) was tested during the period from July to December 2004 in the Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. To prepare the paste, aqueous and ethanol extracts, the leaves of neem, bishkatali, ata, sharifa and leaves along with stem of durba ghas were used. Three different types of preparation of plant materials such as paste, aqueous extracts and ethanol extracts were applied in three methods such as thin layer of paste, as spray and as impregnated filter paper (IFP). Extracts were used in 0.5%, 1 % and 2% concentrations and the percent mortality of the ticks were recorded at 12, 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Among them, ethanol extract of ata at 2% concentration showed highest efficacy (100%) followed by aqueous extract of bishkatali (93.33%) at same concentrations and ethanol extract of ata (93.33%) at 1% concentration in spray on method. Among the various methods of application "spray on" method was found to be most effective followed by paste and impregnated filter paper. On the other hand, among the preparations ethanol extract was found to be more efficacious incase of ata plant only. From the study, it is revealed that ata and bishkatali have great acaricidal value against B. microplus.
ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE TONGUE OF INDIGENOUS COW (BOS INDICUS) IN BANGLADESH WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PAPILLAE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Parvez MNH , Rahaman MT
Published: June 2015

The present study was conducted on the tongue of six apparently healthy indigenous (Bos indicus) cows of different age and sex and they were collected from local market at Dinajpur district and this research work was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Dinajpur Government Veterinary College, Dinajpur during the research period from the month of July 2003 to April 2004. After proper euthanasia, the animals were killed and then the tongues of these animals were dissected out from the carcasses and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution. In the present study it was observed that the tongue of indigenous cow (Bos indicus) of Bangladesh has three parts: the root, body and an apex. The dorsum linguae was specially more pronounced in its centre and was occupied by numerous types of masticatory and gustatory papillae. The fine rasp-like filiform papillae were more numerous and directed caudally throughout the dorsum and packed closely in front of the fossa linguae throughout the tip, whereas, the club shaped fungi form papillae were irregularly distributed all over the dorsum among the filiform papillae. The broad headed lentil shaped lenticular papillae was also found in the rostral two-thirds of the dorsum but better developed along the mid-line of the tongue. The large conical papillae of the tongue of Bos indicus occurred in the rostral two-thirds of the dorsum with a higher concentration in the middle portion of the tongue, however, the small ones occurred through out the torus. The vallate papillae of the tongue of Bos indicus were 12-20 in number on either side and dispersed in two irregular rows (25-40) in total along the caudolateral two-thirds of the dorsum. The mucosa of the root of the tongue of Bos indicus did not show any specific papillae but it was rather smooth due to diffused lymphoid tissue distribution (lingual tonsil).
L'eau dans le désert libyque : dépression de Kharga (désert occidental, Egypte) (The water in Western Desert (depression of Kharga, Egypte))
Authors: Robin Marc , Bousquet Bernard
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Enregistrements radar SIR-C, images SPOTXS et P, carte géomorphologique, vestiges archéologiques d'ouvrages hydrauliques et de parcellaires antiques utilisés pendant un millénaire, associés aux observations de terrain permettent d'établir les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques et les utilisations anciennes de l'eau, dans un désert aujourd'hui hyper-aride. Les oasis actuelles, sur forage, poursuivent le soutirage d'une ressource qui fut entrepris pour les oasis les plus anciennes entre le cinquième siècle avant et le cinquième siècle après notre ère. Elles s'inscrivent à l'intérieur d'un réseau fossile dont le tracé et la largeur des lits ainsi que la répartition et l'épaisseur des dépôts alluviaux sont définis par l'imagerie spatiale. L'emboîtement des formes se comprend à partir d'une évolution chronologique sur les temps long et court des évolutions climatiques et des événements météorologiques.
Local Infiltration Analgesia in TKA Patients Reduces Length of Stay and Postoperative Pain Scores
Authors: Tripuraneni Krishna R. , Woolson Steven T. , Giori Nicholas J.
Published: June 2015

Numerous postoperative pain protocols exist for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). We compared the length of stay, early range of motion (ROM), and pain scores of a control group with a femoral nerve block to those of a group with femoral nerve block and local infiltration analgesia following TKA.

In a consecutive series of patients undergoing primary TKA at a Veteran’s Administration hospital, 40 patients (40 TKAs) who had local infiltration analgesia were compared to a historical group of 43 patients (43 TKAs) who had a long-acting femoral nerve block without local infiltration analgesia. Local infiltration analgesia consisted of intraoperative injection of 150 mL of 300 mg ropivacaine, 30 mg ketorolac, and 500 μg epinephrine using 50 mL into each of 3 areas: (1) posterior capsule, (2) medial and lateral capsule, and (3) anterior capsule and subcutaneous tissues. A 17-gauge intra-articular catheter was used to inject an additional 100 mg of ropivacaine on postoperative day 1. The control group had a single-shot femoral nerve block using 150 mg of ropivacaine with epinephrine. Mean length of stay for the local infiltration analgesia group compared to controls was 3.2±1.4 days vs 3.8±1.6 days, respectively (
P
=.03). No significant differences existed in average ROM (6 weeks), discharge hematocrit, transfusions, and temperature. Mean pain scores were lower in the local infiltration analgesia group on postoperative day 1 (
P
=.04), but not on postoperative day 2 or 3. Maximum visual analog scale scores (
P
<.01) were reduced in the local infiltration analgesia group.

Our early experience with local infiltration analgesia demonstrated a significantly reduced length of stay due to decreased postoperative pain.
Teaching Staff’s and Students’ Initial Perceptions and Satisfaction With Teaching and Learning via the Blackboard LMS
Authors: Al-Malki Norah , AbdulKarim Abdul Halim , Shoie Alallah Fouad
Published: June 2015

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the degree of teaching staff’s and Students’ satisfaction with the teaching and learning experience via the Blackboard â„¢ Learning Management System (LMS), recently acquired by King Abdulaziz University (KAU) as an online solution supporting distance education programs. Teaching staff’s and students’ perceptions about the e-courses offered via the LMS were collected in four areas: 1) E-course Content, 2) LMS Ease of Use and Performance, 3) Communication Facilitation, and 4) Delivery Methods. The respondents’ observations on these topics were gathered via two short, Likert-scale questionnaires which were distributed during the Summer Semester of 2014. The researchers sought, through this preliminary investigation, to identify issues which might impact the implementation of the Blackboard LMS in the Distance Education programs in KAU. Generally, the results indicate a relatively high satisfaction rating of the LMS from both groups of users.
Séparation des composés phénoliques de la margine
Authors: Elboughdiri Noureddine , Jamoussi Bassem , Hannachi Ahmed , Romdhane Mehrez , Abderraba Abdelmenef
Published: June 2015

Les techniques de traitement de la margine pratiquées par les pays producteurs d'huile d'olives (Tunisie, Maroc, Italie…) telles que le traitement par lagunage, le traitement par électrocoagulation et le traitement électrochimique, sont orientées vers la dégradation des composés phénoliques pour réduire leur DCO (demande chimique en oxygène) et leur DBO5 (demande biologique en oxygène). Notre travail constitue un nouvel axe de recherche puisqu'il rentre dans le cadre de la mise au point d'un procédé de récupération de produits valorisables présents dans la margine. Il vise à identifier les composés phénoliques à hautes valeurs commerciales après séparation par trois techniques (extraction, distillation fractionnée et entrainement à la vapeur d'eau), suivies des analyses par chromatographie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse. Ces analyses ont permis de déterminer la teneur de ces composés dans deux qualités de margine de nature et de provenance différentes.
Valorisation des agrégats issus de bétons de démolition dans la fabrication de nouveaux bétons
Authors: Hussain Hallshow , Levacher Daniel , Quenec’h Jean-Louis , Bennabi Abdelkrim , Bouvet Fabien
Published: June 2015

This study concerns the reuse and the valorization of raw waste materials. The main objective consists in the use of aggregates issued from the concrete for making a new manufactured one. In literature, many investigations have stated on the fact that the reuse of the sand (size < 5 mm) is more difficult than the reuse of gravels. Effectively most of pollutants are fine size particles thus they can be concentrated with the sand. Also the sands have a greater specific surface and so they need more water by absorption, what poses a problem at different levels of workability, for the resistance to 28 days and to the level of durability. In this study, we have decided to run tests on the resistance of mortars recycled to 100 % aged of 28 days and a number of tests have been performed on cylindrical concrete samples with only reused gravel to 100 %. Here the used aggregates are clean because waste are coming from samples tested in laboratory. That allows us to characterize the performances of concrete with reused aggregates without pollutants. Results are good, the fall of the resistance by recycling gravels does not exceed 11 % for a fixed characteristic resistance of 26 MPa.

Cette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la valorisation des déchets de chantier. L’objectif principal est l’emploi de granulats issus des bétons de démolition dans la fabrication de nouveaux bétons. Les études bibliographiques convergent sur le fait que le recyclage de sable (taille < 5 mm) est plus problématique que le recyclage de graviers. En effet du point de vue environnemental la plupart des polluants qui sont de taille très fine se concentrent dans les sables. Par ailleurs les grains de sable ont une surface spécifique plus grande et absorbent plus d’eau ; ceci pose des problèmes à différents stades de la fabrication et de la réalisation : affaissement, résistance à 28 jours et durabilité. Ainsi dans cette étude, nous avons décidé de mener des essais sur la résistance à l’âge de 28 jours de mortiers contenant des sables recyclés puis sur un certain nombre d’éprouvettes de béton avec du gravier recyclé uniquement à 100 %. Les granulats utilisés ici sont des déchets de laboratoire, autrement dit des matériaux relativement propres. Cela permet de caractériser l’évolution des performances des bétons à base de granulats recyclés ≪ non pollués ≫. Les résultats sont encourageants, la chute de la résistance en recyclant le gravier uniquement ne dépasse pas 11 % pour une résistance caractéristique visée de 26 MPa.
Discerning Critical Moments: Lessons From the Life of Derrick Bell
Authors: Stefancic Jean
Published: June 2015

None.
FLOCCULATION IN ELASTOMERIC POLYMERS CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES: JAMMING AND THE NEW CONCEPT OF FICTIVE DYNAMIC STRAIN
Authors: Robertson Christopher G.
Published: June 2015

Understanding the physics of the particle network in filled rubber is key to developing reduced energy loss compounds for automobile tires and other applications. Progress toward that goal is evident in the recent literature, which reveals some fascinating parallels between the effect of temperature on traditional glassy materials and the role of deformation on the behavior of granular materials, foams, and particle-filled polymers and pastes. The phenomenological treatment of structural relaxation (physical aging) in the nonequilibrium state of glasses, which includes the characteristic features of nonexponentiality and nonlinearity, is extended in the present work to model the progressive structural arrest (jamming) that occurs during the filler flocculation process in uncrosslinked elastomers. A new concept of fictive dynamic strain is developed for nanoparticle-reinforced rubbery polymers by drawing an analogy to the use of fictive temperature in nonequilibrium glasses. The fictive strain converges toward the actual strain as the system approaches steady state. The utility of the approach is demonstrated using literature data for the filler flocculation process of a nanoparticle-filled elastomer.
Children and Technology: Ten Ways to Help Parents Navigate Technology with Children
Authors: Hendricks Clara
Published: June 2015

As children’s librarians, we spend a great deal of time working with and advising not only children but also their parents. We provide tips on early literacy, advice about emerging readers, book recommendations for reluctant readers, and more. As technology becomes more prevalent in the lives of children, we must also serve as a resource for parents in this area. Here are ten ways children’s librarians can ensure that they can adequately help parents become confident about the role that technology plays in the lives of their children.
Impactos da produção algodoeira na economia de Mato Grosso - 2007
Authors: Silva Felipe Deodato da Silva e , Grasel Dirceu
Published: June 2015

A finalidade desta pesquisa é analisar comparativamente os impactos econômicos decorrentes da produção de algodão na economia de Mato Grosso, por meio da Matriz Insumo-Produto de Leontief, que foi construída com base no ano de 2007. Foram abordados conceitos de cadeia produtiva e agronegócio para compreender teoricamente a estrutura produtiva de um setor específico como a agricultura. Foram utilizados os índices de ligação (linkages) de Rasmussen/Hirschman e os Multiplicadores de Produção, Emprego e Renda para estimar os impactos econômicos. Percebeu-se que a atividade algodoeira sofreu influência da Lei Kandir e do aumento de produtividade resultando num crescimento produtivo acelerado nas últimas duas décadas. Apesar dos impactos econômicos significativos para a economia do estado, a produção algodoeira não apresentou indicadores que a colocasse como uma atividade chave na cadeira produtiva nem como um setor capaz de dinamizar a economia mato-grossense. Deve-se isso ao fato da cadeia produtiva do algodão em Mato Grosso restringir-se à produção agrícola e desenvolvendo-se pouca a industrialização. Acredita-se que incorporando demais elos como as indústrias de insumos agrícolas e de processamento do algodão, o setor possa apresentar um potencial maior de influência no crescimento econômico estadual.
Rational Strategies for the Selective Functionalization of Calixarenes
Authors: Lavendomme Roy , Zahim Sara , De Leener Gaël , Inthasot Alex , Mattiuzzi Alice , Luhmer Michel , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan
Published: June 2015

Calixarenes are widely used as molecular platforms in supramolecular chemistry. Their efficient modification is key for appending functional moieties such as binding, sensing, chiral, or hydrophilic subunits. Due to the presence of multiple identical functional groups, selective functionalization of such macrocyclic compounds is highly challenging. Indeed, the control of the chemo‐, regio‐, stereo‐ as well as iteroselectivity is required. This review describes rational methods leading to a high degree of regio‐ and/or iteroselectivity and classifies them into specific strategies. Many of these strategies are conceptually very general and hopefully will be a source of inspiration for developing selective methods for other macrocyclic platforms.
Doubly‐Charged Xe Ions Evidenced by Time Resolved RPA Measurement in the Far Field Plume of a Low‐Power HET
Authors: Gibert T. , Balika L. , Diop F. , Bouchoule A.
Published: June 2015

A low power Hall Effect Thruster (HET), based on a permanent magnet circuit, was investigated in the GREMI laboratory facility. The thruster operated in the working range between 50 and 300 W and the previously measured thrust is between 4 and 16 mN for an anodic efficiency respectively between 15% and 27%. The pulsed character of the thruster current is an important feature of this HET. The ion current's bursts are recorded at 30 and 70 cm from the exit plane in the thruster plume and are time‐resolved, which lead to a preliminary analysis of the time of flight (TOF) phenomena. This paper presents a detailed study of these bursts of ion current in the plume. The total ion current is shown to be a superposition of 2 distinct contributions of charged species.

In complement, a controlled single current interruption in stable anodic current condition leads to exactly the same features than in oscillating mode. This crucial verification garantees the validity of the time of flight origine of the two distinct contributions.

Then, the slower one is the more intense and is proportional to the ion Xe+ current whereas the faster one could be attributed either to doubly‐charged Xe++ or to superfast Xe+. The work presents a way to determine unambiguously the nature of the fast contribution by recording the Retardated Potential Analyser (RPA) signals at various repelling grid potentials with respect to time. The energy distribution of the 2 wellseparated contributions are reconstructed and confirms the contribution of doubly‐charged xenon ions (Xe++) in the plume. This way of RPA collecting data and interpretation presents the main advantage tobe an easy way for the identification of the nature of the charged species in the plume. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Courting Shareholders: The Ethical Implications of Altering Corporate Ownership Structures
Authors: Clark Williams Cynthia , Verstegen Ryan Lori
Published: June 2015

The relationship between corporate executives and shareholders has riveted the attention of business ethicists since the inception of the field. Most ethicists agree that corporate executives owe their investors the duties of loyalty, candor, and care. These fiduciary duties undergird the promises made to shareholders at the time of incorporation, placing on executives moral obligations to engage in fair dealing and to avoid conflicts of interest.

We concur that executives owe all of their existing shareholders both promise-keeping and fiduciary duties and argue that some corporate executives violate these responsibilities by attempting to withhold information from or limit information to some shareholders while courting others. We analyze the ethical implications of six techniques and tools that executives use to attract certain types of shareholders while deterring others. We conclude with recommended structural and behavioral changes to these current managerial and investor practices.
Corporations as Citizens: Political not Metaphorical
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves , Norman Wayne
Published: June 2015

At the center of our article “Citizenship, Inc.,” is a puzzle about a metaphor. Are corporations really a kind of citizen, or like citizens in some real way, or is talk of “corporate citizenship” all just a misleading metaphorical extension of the age-old concept of individual citizenship? In this reply to four very spirited responses to that article, we will not be defending our particular analysis of that metaphor so much as joining our colleagues in reflecting on the question of what academics are doing, or should be doing, when they take on the vocabulary of politics and business in this way. What can philosophers or social scientists expect to accomplish by telling fellow academics, or fellow citizens, that they should be using concepts like “corporate citizenship” one way rather than another? Is there a respectable methodology for shoring up this kind of advice? Or rather, are we all engaged in some kind of urbane political discourse attempting to push a vocabulary most likely to favor our own preferred ideological positions? We had relatively little to say on these questions in the original article, but we found many of the most interesting critiques or “friendly amendments” in the responses to be essentially about these “meta” and methodological questions (or derived from different answers to them).
Phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies in the family Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea) from China
Authors: Yuan Xiangqun , Gao Ke , Yuan Feng , Wang Ping , Zhang Yalin
Published: June 2015

Hesperiidae is one of the largest families of butterflies. Our knowledge of the higher systematics on hesperiids from China is still very limited. We infer the phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies of Chinese skippers based on three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome b (Cytb), the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1) and cytochrome oxidase I (COI)). In this study, 30 species in 23 genera were included in the Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. The subfamily Coeliadinae, Eudaminae, Pyrginae and Heteropterinae were recovered as a monophyletic clade with strong support. The subfamily Hesperiinae formed a clade, but support for monophyly was weak. Our results imply that the five subfamilies of Chinese Hesperiidae should be divided into: Coeliadinae, Eudaminae, Pyrginae, Heteropterinae and Hesperiinae. The relationships of the five subfamilies should be as follows: Coeliadinae + (Eudaminae + (Pyrginae + (Heteropterinae + Hesperiinae))).
Polymeric biomaterials for cancer nanotechnology
Authors: Cheng Jianjun , Pun Suzie H.
Published: June 2015

Jianjun Cheng and Suzie H. Pun introduce this themed issue of Biomaterials Science on polymeric biomaterials for cancer nanotechnology
Iridium-catalyzed regioselective decarboxylative allylation of β-ketoacids: efficient construction of γ,δ-unsaturated ketones
Authors: Chen Shu-Jie , Lu Guo-Ping , Cai Chun
Published: June 2015

A highly regioselective protocol is reported for the efficient construction of γ,δ-unsaturated ketones from β-ketoacids and allylic alcohols.