bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defect mode combs and specific optical field distribution in a multi-defect photonic crystal
Authors: Glukhov Igor , Moiseev Sergey
Published: November 2024

The transmission spectra of a one-dimensional multi-defect photonic structure formed by the combination of identical distributed Bragg reflectors and dielectric layers (defect layers) are studied. The numerical results demonstrate the appearance of one or more defect mode combs in the photonic bandgap region of such a photonic structure. The dependence of the transmission spectrum on the total number and thicknesses of the defect layers is analyzed. The relationship between the spatial distribution of the optical field magnitude for different defect modes and the total number of defect layers is investigated. The possibility of selective suppression of defect modes by applying the absorbing layers is demonstrated.
iPhone-based anomaloscope for accessible, accurate color vision testing
Authors: Rezeanu Dragos , Kuchenbecker James A. , Neitz Maureen , Neitz Jay
Published: November 2024

Red–green color vision deficiency (CVD) is the most common single-locus genetic disorder in humans, but our ability to accurately diagnose the subtype and severity of red–green CVD in the clinic is limited. The most widely used diagnostic tools are subject to both Type I and Type II errors, while highly accurate tests are expensive, time-consuming, and not widely available. In this study, we present an iPhone-based color matching test that uses a combination of optics and software to achieve the diagnostic accuracy of an anomaloscope and the convenience of pseudoisochromatic plates. In validation testing, the device correctly diagnosed 100% of participants, as verified by genetic testing.
Temperature correction method and verification of the CW193 sun–sky photometer
Authors: Zhu Jibiao , Zheng Yu , Gui Ke , Li Lei , Zhao Hujia , Wang Yupeng , Zhang Xiaochun , Zhao Hengheng , Zhang Xutao , Liang Yuanxin , Che Huizheng , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: November 2024

The performance of the CW193 photometer in the 1020 and 1640 nm infrared channels is highly temperature-dependent owing to the influence of the detector material. To eliminate the temperature dependency of the CW193 photometer in the infrared channels, and to improve aerosol optical depth (AOD) inversion accuracy, we obtained observational data using the CW193 photometer at the Beijing-CAMS site of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), together with reference observational data obtained concurrently using a CE318-T photometer at the same site. Comparison and validation with AERONET data revealed correlation coefficients of 0.978 and 0.991 and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.027 and 0.011 for 1020 and 1640 nm channel irradiance, respectively. The correlations between the irradiance ratio and temperature in the 1020 and 1640 nm channels of the CW193 photometer and the reference photometer were analyzed using both linear and exponential models to derive temperature correction coefficients for these channels. The derived temperature correction coefficients were employed in calibrating digital number values for the 1020 and 1640 nm channels of the CW193 photometer to eliminate the impact of temperature. Irradiance in the 1020 and 1640 nm channels of the CW193 photometer obtained after temperature correction, validated against the corresponding AERONET reference data, revealed that the correlation coefficients were all 1, and that the RMSEs were 0.005 and 0.001, respectively. These results indicate that observation datasets obtained using the infrared channels of the CW193 photometer after temperature correction have excellent agreement with the AERONET observation datasets. Consequently, the process of temperature correction effectively eliminates the impact of temperature and enhances the accuracy of AOD inversion in the infrared channels of the CW193 photometer.
Rapid stochastic spatial light modulator calibration and pixel crosstalk optimization
Authors: Schroff P. , Haller E. , Kuhr S. , La Rooij A.
Published: November 2024

Holographic light potentials generated by phase-modulating liquid-crystal spatial light modulators (SLMs) are widely used in quantum technology applications. Accurate calibration of the wavefront and intensity profile of the laser beam at the SLM display is key to the high fidelity of holographic potentials. Here, we present a new calibration technique that is faster than previous methods while maintaining the same level of accuracy. By employing stochastic optimization and random speckle intensity patterns, we calibrate a digital twin that accurately models the experimental setup. This approach allows us to measure the wavefront at the SLM to within λ/170 in ~ 5 minutes using only 10 SLM phase patterns, a significant speedup over state-of-the-art techniques. Additionally, our digital twin models pixel crosstalk on the liquid-crystal SLM, enabling rapid calibration of model parameters and reducing the error in light potentials by a factor of ~ 5 without losing efficiency. Our fast calibration technique will simplify the implementation of high-fidelity light potentials in, for example, quantum-gas microscopes and neutral-atom tweezer arrays where high-NA objectives and thermal lensing can deform the wavefront significantly. Applications in the field of holographic displays that require high image fidelity will benefit from the novel pixel crosstalk calibration, especially for displays with a large field of view and increased SLM diffraction angles.
Depth expansion of a light-field head-mounted display using dual-focal lens array
Authors: Maeda Yasutaka , Watanabe Hayato , Sasaki Hisayuki , Handa Takuya , Arai Jun
Published: November 2024

Light-field head-mounted displays (HMDs) can reconstruct focus-adjustable three-dimensional (3D) images, thereby reducing vergence-accommodation conflict. However, the narrow depth of field (DOF), which dictates the range within which a 3D image can be clearly displayed, poses significant challenges. We propose a light-field HMD equipped with an expanded DOF using a dual-focal lens array comprising microlenses of different focal lengths arranged in a checkerboard pattern. Simulation analysis revealed that the proposed light-field HMD has two depth-dependent peaks in the modulation transfer function. Furthermore, we developed a monocular optical bench prototype and confirmed that the DOF was expanded by using two different peaks corresponding to the 3D image depth.
Long room-temperature valley lifetimes of localized excitons in MoS2 quantum dots
Authors: Wang Hong-Jyun , Chen Yu-Ting , Pan Ting-Yu , Yuan Chi-Tsu , Chou Wu-Ching , Chang Sheng Hsiung , Lee Yueh-Chien , Shen Ji-Lin
Published: November 2024

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which exhibit valley polarization characteristics, are very promising materials for the realization of valleytronic devices. To implement practical applications, a long valley lifetime at room temperature is necessary. Here, we demonstrate that diethylenetriamine (DETA)-functionalized MoS2 quantum dots (QDs) exhibit long valley lifetimes for localized excitons at room temperature. Based on polarization-resolved photoluminescence (PL) dynamics, the degree of circular polarization of defect-bound localized excitons in MoS2 QDs are found to be between 21% and -22%. The observed room-temperature valley lifetimes for excitons in MoS2 QDs are more than 58 ns, much larger than those in MoS2 monolayers (≤ 4 ps). The decay of polarization-resolved PL and the dynamical degree of circular polarization can be modeled by using a rate equation approach. This model is based on intervalley scattering in dark exciton states and relaxation from dark exciton states to localized exciton states. Such a long-lived valley lifetime at room temperature could be significant for future valleytronics applications.
Continuous laser printing of surface relief gratings on azopolymer films
Authors: Senel Oktay , Pedersen Cody , Gruppuso Benjamin , Farzan Zay , Strobelt Jonas , McGee David J.
Published: November 2024

A maskless single beam process for photofabrication of surface microstructures is reported. A continuously moving azopolymer film is illuminated with structured polarized light from a 488 nm laser and spatial light modulator, driving the formation of surface relief gratings in real time. The structures were replicated using nanoimprint lithography, and exhibited a maximum diffraction efficiency of order 30% at 633 nm. Using the period tunability of the spatial light modulator, surface gratings were fabricated that diffract red, green, and blue light along a common direction, illustrating the potential of this fabrication platform in the field of structured color.
Rotationally shearing interferometer for exoplanet detection: mathematical derivation, theory, and simulation
Authors: Montes-Flores Manuel , Garcia-Torales Guillermo , Strojnik Marija
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical derivation and simulation for the application of a rotationally shearing interferometer (RSI) in the detection of exoplanets. The study focuses on the interaction between wavefronts from a distant star and its orbiting planet, exploring the generation and manipulation of interferometric patterns. Key optical elements, such as Dove prisms and Risley prisms, are analyzed for their role in isolating the planet’s signal by introducing phase shifts and rotations. A rigorous mathematical model is developed to describe these wavefront interactions, phase modulations, and spatial frequency shifts. The theoretical framework provided serves as the foundation for understanding signal processing within the RSI and facilitating future experimental validation. The simulation results demonstrate the potential of RSI in exoplanet detection by effectively distinguishing planetary signals from stellar noise through precise phase and spatial frequency manipulation.
Red diode-pumped SESAM and Kerr-lens modelocked alexandrite lasers
Authors: Grätzer Tobias , Zeyen Manuel , Hug Daniel , Resan Bojan
Published: November 2024

We report quantum-well SESAM and Kerr-lens modelocked alexandrite lasers pumped by red laser diodes emitting at 638 nm. The SESAM modelocked laser emits 95 fs pulses with an average output power of 315 mW at a pulse repetition rate of 84 MHz with a peak power of 35 kW and a pulse energy of 3.8 nJ. The Kerr-lens modelocked laser emits 44 fs pulses with an average output power of 110 mW at 100 MHz pulse repetition rate, corresponding to 22 kW of peak power and a pulse energy of 1.1 nJ. The combination of direct diode pumping with robust SESAM modelocking or sub-50 fs pulses generated by Kerr-lens modelocking enables various ultrafast laser applications.
Thermal optical aberrations correction via postprocessing in a raw domain
Authors: Xu Jiahui , Zhuge Zhengyue , Zhang Wenguan , Xu Hao , Qiu Tianchen , Xu Zhihai , Li Qi , Chen Yueting
Published: November 2024

Optical imaging systems are susceptible to severe performance degradation when exposed to extreme temperature fluctuations. While extensive athermalization can mitigate such environmental effects, the complex design process, material limitations, and prohibitive cost greatly restrict its practical application. Herein, we propose what we believe to be a novel postprocessing scheme to compensate for the thermal-induced degradation. We simulate degraded raw image pairs based on optical point spread functions (PSFs) across a range of temperatures. To perform effective restoration, a PSF-guided neural network is specially designed. Experiments conducted on a customized digital-single-lens-reflex (DSLR) camera lens demonstrate that our solution successfully removes the thermal optical aberrations in both synthetic and experimentally captured scenes. Notably, our proposed approach outperforms several state-of-the-art (SOTA) deblurring methods, showcasing great promise for broad applicability in thermal-challenged imaging systems.
Parallel laser fabrication of electrically conductive graphitic columns in diamond
Authors: Krueger Marta , Booth Martin J. , Salter Patrick S.
Published: November 2024

An ultrashort pulsed laser focused beneath the surface of diamond can breakdown the lattice and induce graphite, and can hence be used for the fabrication of electrical connections embedded in the diamond bulk. In this work, an adaptive hologram displayed on a liquid crystal spatial light modulator is used to simultaneously generate multiple foci and correct for aberrations associated with refraction at the diamond interface. Arrays of graphitic columns are thus laser written with a single scan through the thickness of the diamond, improving fabrication times by more than an order of magnitude. The electrical characteristics of the fabricated structures are analyzed as a function of the number and lateral spacing of foci in an array, and compared with results where structures are fabricated sequentially with a single laser focus.
Wavefront detection and reconstruction method for the active optical system of a large FOV space camera based on a self-reference light source
Authors: Zhang Liu , Zheng Xiaoyi , Zan Shikai , Lv Xueying , Zhang Fan
Published: November 2024

The application of active optical technology in a large field-of-view (FOV) pushbroom imaging space camera (PISC) can compensate for optical system aberrations caused by the space environment in real time. Additionally, it can improve the resolution while ensuring high imaging quality and enhance the value of remote-sensing data. The existing reference light sources (RLS) cannot meet engineering requirements; therefore, a method of setting a planar sampling mirror array in the plane area of a space camera’s secondary mirror aperture is proposed for wavefront detection and reconstruction. Using the wavefront aberrations of a near-realistic distorted optical system as a benchmark, through numerical calculations and simulation analysis, the RMS value of the fitting residuals between the wavefront and the primary mirror shape in each FOV is less than λ/100. The experimental results are basically consistent with the simulation and theory, and the fitted surface residual RMS = 8.7 nm.
Nonlinear optical properties of lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 for ultrafast pulse generation
Authors: Jiang Ning , Chu Hongwei , Pan Zhongben , Pan Han , Zhao Shengzhi , Li Dechun
Published: November 2024

Halide perovskites have attracted much attention in the field of nonlinear optics due to their strong quantum constraint, obvious exciton effect, and structural diversity. In this paper, lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals were synthesized with a size of 50–100 nm. The prepared CsPbBr3 nanocrystals were deposited on the conical microfibers so that the nonlinear optical absorption features can be obtained. Based on a balanced twin-detector system, the modulation depth of the prepared CsPbBr3 nanocrystals was determined as 9.2% and 7.2% at 1 µm and 1.5 µm, respectively. When the CsPbBr3 saturable absorber (SA) was inserted into the Yb-doped fiber laser (YDFL), a stable noise-like pulse (NLP) mode-locking operation was obtained at a central wavelength of 1034 nm with a pulse duration of 415 fs. In the negative dispersive Er-doped fiber laser (EDFL), both the bound-state mode-locking operation with a pulse width of 971 fs and the conventional soliton mode-locking with a pulse width of 799 fs can be achieved at 1531 nm for the first time. These findings not only pave the way for a deeper understanding of the nonlinear optical properties in CsPbBr3 nanocrystals but also provide a solid platform for further exploration of applications in ultrafast photonics.
Sub-100 Hz intrinsic linewidth 852 nm silicon nitride external cavity laser
Authors: Nejadriahi Hani , Kittlaus Eric , Bose Debapam , Chauhan Nitesh , Wang Jiawei , Fradet Mathieu , Bagheri Mahmood , Isichenko Andrei , Heim David , Forouhar Siamak , Blumenthal Daniel J.
Published: November 2024

We demonstrate an external cavity laser with intrinsic linewidth below 100 Hz around an operating wavelength of 852 nm, selected for its relevance to laser cooling and manipulation of cesium atoms. This system achieves a maximum CW output power of 24 mW, a wavelength tunability over 10 nm, and a side-mode suppression ratio exceeding 50 dB. This performance level is facilitated by careful design of a low-loss integrated silicon nitride photonic circuit serving as the external cavity combined with commercially available semiconductor gain chips. This approach demonstrates the feasibility of compact integrated lasers with sub-kHz linewidth centering on the needs of emerging sensor concepts based on ultracold atoms and can be further extended to shorter wavelengths via selection of suitable semiconductor gain media.
Moiré effect in combined planar and curved objects off-axis
Authors: Saveljev Vladimir , Lee Jaehoon
Published: November 2024

We investigated the moiré effect in combined objects with dissimilar curvatures (such as a flat surface combined with a cylinder) off the axis when the center of the cylinder is not on the camera axis. The theory is based on projections. The formula for the period of the moiré patterns in combined objects was obtained in a form similar to the on-axis case. An overall picture of the period was constructed. Specific specimens of the period behavior are described, including two primaries, five derived, and their progressions (transformations). Experiments confirm the theory. The region in the parameter space most suitable for measurements was found. The results can be used in minimization, nanoparticles, and measurements.
Role of the Pancreatic Islet Microvasculature in Health and Disease
Authors: Aplin Alfred C. , Aghazadeh Yasaman , Mohn Olivia G. , Hull-Meichle Rebecca L.
Published: November 2024

The pancreatic islet vasculature comprises microvascular endothelial cells surrounded by mural cells (pericytes). Both cell types support the islet by providing (1) a conduit for delivery and exchange of nutrients and hormones; (2) paracrine signals and extracellular matrix (ECM) components that support islet development, architecture, and endocrine function; and (3) a barrier against inflammation and immune cell infiltration. In type 2 diabetes, the islet vasculature becomes inflamed, showing loss of endothelial cells, detachment, and/or trans-differentiation of pericytes, vessel dilation, and excessive ECM deposition. While most work to date has focused either on endothelial cells or pericytes in isolation, it is very likely that the interaction between these cell types and disruption of that interaction in diabetes are critically important. In fact, dissociation of pericytes from endothelial cells is an early, key feature of microvascular disease in multiple tissues/disease states. Moreover, in beta-cell replacement therapy, co-transplantation with microvessels versus endothelial cells alone is substantially more effective in improving survival and function of the transplanted cells. Ongoing studies, including characterization of islet vascular cell signatures, will aid in the identification of new therapeutic targets aimed at improving islet function and benefiting people living with all forms of diabetes.
Elevated vesicular Zn2+ in dorsal root ganglion neurons expressing the transporter TMEM163 causes age-associated itchy skin in mice
Authors: Tong Fang , Liu Shuai , Zhang Chen , Gu Xicheng , Yang Huan , Zhou Bin , Wang Yun-Yun , Chen Jianwei , Qu Qianhui , Gong Ye , Pan Haili , Liang Chen , Li Changlin , Zhang Xin , Han Qingjian
Published: November 2024

The prevalent itching condition associated with aging, historically referred to as senile pruritus, diminishes quality of life. Despite its impact, effective treatments remain elusive, largely due to an incomplete understanding of its pathological cause. In this study, we reveal a subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons enriched with Zn2+ that express the vesicular Zn2+ transporter TMEM163. These neurons form direct synapses with and modulate the activity of spinal NPY+ inhibitory interneurons. In aged mice, both the expression of TMEM163 and the concentration of vesicular Zn2+ within the central terminals of TMEM163+ primary afferents show marked elevation. Importantly, the excessive release of vesicular Zn2+ significantly dampens the activity of NPY+ neurons, triggering the disinhibition of itch-transmitting neural circuits and resulting in chronic itch. Intriguingly, chelating Zn2+ within the spinal dorsal horn effectively relieves itch in aged mice. Our study thus unveils a novel molecular mechanism underlying senile pruritus.
A critical analysis of UK media characterisations of Long Covid in children and young people
Authors: Connor Chloe , Kranert Michael , Mckelvie Sara , Clutterbuck Donna , McFarland Sammie , Alwan Nisreen A.
Published: November 2024

Long Covid is the continuation or development of symptoms related to a SARSCoV2 infection. Those with Long Covid may face epistemic injustice, where they are unjustifiably viewed as unreliable evaluators of their own illness experiences. Media articles both reflect and influence perception and subsequently how people regard children and young people (CYP) with Long Covid, and may contribute to epistemic injustice. We aimed to explore how the UK media characterises Long Covid in CYP through examining three key actor groups: parents, healthcare professionals, and CYP with Long Covid, through the lens of epistemic injustice. A systematic search strategy resulted in the inclusion of 103 UK media articles. We used an adapted corpus-assisted Critical Discourse Analysis in tandem with thematic analysis. Specifically, we utilised search terms to locate concordances of key actor groups. In the corpus, parents highlighted minimisation of Long Covid, barriers to care, and experiences of personal attacks. Mothers were presented as also having Long Covid. Fathers were unmentioned. Healthcare professionals emphasised the rarity of Long Covid in CYP, avoided pathologising Long Covid, and overemphasised psychological components. CYP were rarely consulted in media articles but were presented as formerly very able. Manifestations of Long Covid in CYP were validated or invalidated in relation to adults. Media characterisations contributed to epistemic injustice. The disempowering portrayal of parents promotes stigma and barriers to care. Healthcare professionals’ narratives often contributed to negative healthcare experiences and enacted testimonial injustice, where CYP and parents’ credibility was diminished due to unfair identity prejudice, in their invalidation of Long Covid. Media characterisations reveal and maintain a lack of societal framework for understanding Long Covid in CYP. The findings of this study illustrate the discursive practices employed by journalists that contribute to experiences of epistemic injustice. Based on our findings, we propose recommendations for journalists.
Burden and risk factors of suspected cholangiocarcinoma in high Opisthorchis viverrini endemic rural communities in southern Lao PDR
Authors: Homsana Anousin , Southisavath Phonesavanh , Kling Kerstin , Hattendorf Jan , Vorasane Savina , Paris Daniel Henry , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Sayasone Somphou , Odermatt Peter
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a major contributor to hepatobiliary mortality in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). Infection with the carcinogenic trematode Opisthorchis viverrini (OV), acquired through consumption of insufficiently-cooked river fish, is a known risk factor for the development of CCA. Together with OV, other risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of CCA. We conducted this study to identify the burden of CCA and identify risk factors in high-risk communities in Lao PDR.

Method

A cross-sectional study was performed in Champasack and Savannakhet provinces, southern Lao PDR, where OV infection is highly endemic. We assessed hepatobiliary morbidity with abdominal ultrasound (US). In addition, multiple risk factors known or suspected to be associated with CCA were assessed such as OV infection (examined by Kato-Katz technique for stool examination), lifestyle risks (e.g. smoking and alcohol consumption by face-to-face questionnaire), co-morbidity (e.g. diabetes mellitus) and hepatitis B infection status, both serologically tested.

Results

In 3,400 participants, the overall prevalence of suspected CCA was 7.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 5.4−9.6). The suspected CCA prevalence increased with age, and was higher in men at all ages. Almost all participants (88.3%) were infected with OV. In the multivariate regression analysis, suspected CCA was positively associated with OV infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.4, 95% CI 1.7−6.5), and a history of cholecystectomy (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.5−4.9).

Conclusion

Our CCA screening in high OV prevalence rural areas of Lao PDR uncovers a high public health burden, primarily driven by elevated OV infection rates. Urgent interventions are needed to curb OV infection in these communities. Age and gender disparities in suspected CCA prevalence highlight the need for targeted efforts. Beyond OV, notable factors like a history of cholecystectomy offer valuable insights for preventive strategies. This research enhances our understanding of hepatobiliary morbidity and informs public health initiatives in Lao PDR.
Significant difference in gut microbiota Bifidobacterium species but not Lactobacillus species in colorectal cancer patients in comparison with healthy volunteers using quantitative real-time PCR
Authors: Esfandiari Fahime , Bakhshi Bita , Shahbazi Tayebe , Derakhshan-nezhad Elahe , Bahroudi Mahboube , Minaeeian Sara , Boustanshenas Mina , Alborzi Forough , Behboudi Behnam , Fazeli Mohamad Sadegh
Published: November 2024

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC), with a growing incidence trend, is one of the most diagnosed cancers and the second cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The literature has frequently focused attention on the correlation between the gut microbiota imbalance and CRC. The genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium have recently received increasing attention because of their potential in restoring alterations in the gut microflora. Therefore, this study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the presence of lactobacilli and bifidobacterial strains in the fecal samples of CRC patients compared to healthy volunteers.

Methods

From 2018 to 2019, 25 confirmed CRC patients and 25 age- and gender-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples and the presence of lactobacilli and bifidobacterial strains were quantitatively determined using quantitative real-time PCR using genus-specific 16S rDNA primers.

Results

A significant decline in the abundance of bifidobacteria in CRC patients compared to healthy individuals (p value<0.003) was observed; however, no significant difference was observed between the two groups regarding the abundance of lactobacilli (p value<0.163). Correlation analysis showed a positive association between the lack of genetic history of CRC and the numbers of gut bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.

Conclusion

As a putative gut probiotic, depletion of bifidobacteria showed significant correlation to the development and progression of CRC; therefore, therapeutic use of these probiotic bacteria could be considered a possible adjuvant approach in disease management through modulation of the microbiota.
Comparison of physician-delivered models of virtual and home-based in-person care for adults in the last 90 days of life with cancer and terminal noncancer illness during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Akhter Rabia , Stukel Thérèse A. , Chung Hannah , Bell Chaim M. , Detsky Allan S. , Downar James , Isenberg Sarina R. , Lapp John , Mokhtarnia Media , Stall Nathan , Tanuseputro Peter , Quinn Kieran L.
Published: November 2024

Objective

To measure the association between types of serious illness and the use of different physician-delivered care models near the EOL during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design, setting and participants

Population-based cohort study using health administrative datasets in Ontario, Canada, for adults aged ≥18 years in their last 90 days of life who died of cancer or terminal noncancer illness and received physician-delivered care models near the end-of-life between March 14, 2020 and January 24, 2022.

Exposure

The type of serious illness (cancer or terminal noncancer illness).

Main outcome

Physician-delivered care models for adults in the last 90 days of life (exclusively virtual, exclusively home-based in-person, or mixed).

Results

The study included 75,930 adults (median age 78 years, 49% female, cancer n = 58,894 [78%], noncancer illness n = 17,036 [22%]). A higher proportion of people with cancer (39.3%) received mixed model of care compared to those with noncancer illnesses (chronic organ failure 24.4%, dementia 37.9%, multimorbidity 28%). Compared to people with cancer, people with chronic organ failure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.61, 95% CI: 1.54 to 1.68) and those with multimorbidity ([aOR], 1.49, 95% CI: 1.39 to 1.59) had a higher odds of receiving virtual care than a mixed model of care. People with dementia had a higher odds of home-based in-person care than a mixed model of care ([aOR], 1.47, 95% CI 1.27, 1.71) and virtual care ([aOR], 1.40, 95% CI 1.20–1.62) compared to people with cancer.

Conclusion

A person’s type of serious illness was associated with different care models near the end-of-life. This study demonstrates persistent disease-specific differences in care delivery or possibly the tailoring of models of care in the last 90 days of life based on a person’s specific care needs.
Factors associated with self-reported suboptimal antiretroviral adherence and limited retention in care among people living with HIV who attend a large ART clinic in Panama City, Panama
Authors: Gabster Amanda , Díaz Fernández Félix , Pascale Juan Miguel , Orillac Angelique , Moreno-Wynter Samuel , Xavier Hall Casey D. , Flores Millender Eugenia , Wong Frank (´Frankie´) , Jhangimal Mónica , Yu-Pon Anyi , Rodríguez-Vargas Cristel , Arjona-Miranda Diógenes , Fuentes Bárbara , Henostroza Germán , Araúz Ana Belén
Published: November 2024

Background

The prevalence of HIV in Panama is estimated to be 1.0%; only 71% of individuals on antiretroviral treatment (ART) were virally suppressed in 2022. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of suboptimal adherence (≥1 missed doses in previous four weeks) and limited retention in HIV care (≥1 missed HIV care appointments in previous 12 months) among adults (aged ≥18 years) who attended the most populous urban ART Clinic in Panama City.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, participants completed a self-administered questionnaire. Univariable and bivariable analyses were used to describe the prevalence of suboptimal adherence and limited retention in HIV care. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with suboptimal adherence at p<0.05.

Results

We included 375 participants (209 identified as men, 158 as women, 8 another gender). Of those who responded, 37.3% (n = 125/335) reported suboptimal adherence: 28.6% (n = 53/185) of men, 49.0% (n = 71/145) women, 20.0% (n = 1/5) another gender; p<0.01; 18.6% (n = 69/371) reported limited retention in care:13.6% (n = 28/206) men, 24.2% (n = 38/157) women, 37.5% (n = 3/8) another gender, p = 0.01. In multivariable analyses, suboptimal adherence was associated with gender (49.0%women vs. 28.6% men, AOR = 1.86, 95%CI:0.97–3.57), depressive symptoms:46.2% severe symptoms vs. 28.1% minimal-mild, AOR = 2.19,95%CI:0.96–5.04), and lifetime intimate partner emotional violence (IPV) 48.2% vs.no emotional IPV 32.2%, OR = 1.96,95%CI:1.15–2.90, and lifetime physical IPV 46.9% vs.no physical IPV 32.6%, OR = 1.82, 95%CI:1.15–2.90. In unadjusted analyses, limited retention in care was associated with gender (24.2%women vs.13.6% men OR = 2.03, 95%CI:1.18–3.49), difficulty paying rent/mortgage/utilities (22.6% vs.14.9% no difficulty paying, OR = 1.67,95%CI = 0.98–2.83); no variables were associated in the multivariable model.

Conclusions

This study found high prevalence of suboptimal ART adherence and limited retention in care, especially among women; these factors were associated with severe depressive symptoms, as well as lifetime emotional and physical IPV. These results show the need for integrated mental health and IPV intervention for all individuals, including focused support for women.
GFPrint™: A machine learning tool for transforming genetic data into clinical insights
Authors: Sanz-Martín Guillermo , Migliore Daniela Paula , Gómez del Campo Pablo , del Castillo-Izquierdo José , Domínguez Juan Manuel
Published: November 2024

The increasing availability of massive genetic sequencing data in the clinical setting has triggered the need for appropriate tools to help fully exploit the wealth of information these data possess. GFPrint™ is a proprietary streaming algorithm designed to meet that need. By extracting the most relevant functional features, GFPrint™ transforms high-dimensional, noisy genetic sequencing data into an embedded representation, allowing unsupervised models to create data clusters that can be re-mapped to the original clinical information. Ultimately, this allows the identification of genes and pathways relevant to disease onset and progression. GFPrint™ has been tested and validated using two cancer genomic datasets publicly available. Analysis of the TCGA dataset has identified panels of genes whose mutations appear to negatively influence survival in non-metastatic colorectal cancer (15 genes), epidermoid non-small cell lung cancer (167 genes) and pheochromocytoma (313 genes) patients. Likewise, analysis of the Broad Institute dataset has identified 75 genes involved in pathways related to extracellular matrix reorganization whose mutations appear to dictate a worse prognosis for breast cancer patients. GFPrint™ is accessible through a secure web portal and can be used in any therapeutic area where the genetic profile of patients influences disease evolution.
Experiences and perspectives on rapid-test diagnosis of tuberculosis, histoplasmosis and cryptococcosis in people with advanced HIV/AIDS disease in Porto Alegre, Brazil
Authors: Brandelli Costa Angelo , Boeira Laura dos Santos , de Almeida-Segundo Damião Soares , Chaves Lara Wiehe , Sainz Laura , Silva Larissa , Garcia Dos Santos Leonardo Mello , Reis Nicole , Pasqualotto Alessandro C. , Sued Omar , Perez Freddy
Published: November 2024

The rapid diagnosis of opportunistic infections (OIs) is critical for improving the health outcomes of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study aimed to describe the feasibility of implementing a package for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, and cryptococcosis in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS disease in Porto Alegre, Brazil. The research involved two focus groups with health professionals, four in-depth interviews with healthcare managers, and twelve interviews with PLWHA. The corpus was analyzed using Descending Hierarchical Classification (DHC). The study found that the rapid test diagnosis intervention was generally well-received by patients and health professionals, improving diagnosis and treatment outcomes. However, it also identified several areas for improvement, including the need for expanded psychosocial support and enhanced coordination between health services. The findings have important implications for the development and implementation of policies and programs aimed at enhancing the diagnosis and treatment of OIs among PLWHA with advanced diseases. Further research should explore social determinants of HIV/AIDS mortality to offer valuable insights into improving prevention and treatment strategies. By prioritizing patient-centered care and improving coordination between health services, policymakers and health professionals can improve the health outcomes of PLWHA with advanced disease in Porto Alegre and other similar settings.
Incidence of long-term conditions in the Latin American community of London: A validation and retrospective cohort study of 890,922 primary care records, 2005–2022
Authors: Scuffell James , Bailey James , Dodhia Hiten , Durbaba Stevo , Ashworth Mark
Published: November 2024

Background

Minoritised populations in the United Kingdom frequently identify in multiple ethnic groupings and therefore little is known of their health needs. There were 136,062 Latin American people recorded in the 2021 UK Census across six different ethnic groups.

Aim

Characterise the incidence of long-term conditions (LTCs) and multiple LTCs (mLTCs) amongst the Latin American community of London. Compare the incidence of LTCs in the Latin American population to other ethnic groups.

Design and setting

Retrospective cohort study using pseudonymised primary care data from 890,922 individuals in an urban, superdiverse area of London from 2005–2022.

Method

Latin American individuals were identified using country of birth, language and ethnicity codes, and validated against Census findings. Multivariable competing risks regression models estimated the effect of being Latin American, compared to the White British ethnic group, on incidence of 32 LTCs and risk factors relevant to urban populations.

Results

28,617 Latin American people were identified in this cohort, 3.2% of total. In multivariable analysis, compared to the White British ethnic group, being Latin American was associated with twice the rate of HIV/AIDS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.65–2.43), 60% increased rate of diabetes (HR 1.61; 95%CI 1.47–1.77) and almost twice the rate of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (HRs 2.28; 95% CI 1.18–4.38 and 1.69; 95% CI 1.32–2.17 respectively).

Conclusion

Using commonly-recorded primary care codes accurately and reliably identifies markedly higher risks of HIV/AIDS, diabetes and joint disease among London’s Latin American population. These data can be used to target inclusive and equitable health interventions.
Gut microbiota markers in early childhood are linked to farm living, pets in household and allergy
Authors: Ljung Annika , Gio-Batta Monica , Hesselmar Bill , Imberg Henrik , Rabe Hardis , Nowrouzian Forough L. , Johansen Susanne , Törnhage Carl-Johan , Lindhagen Gunhild , Ceder Margareta , Lundell Anna-Carin , Rudin Anna , Wold Agnes E. , Adlerberth Ingegerd
Published: November 2024

Background

Children growing up on farms or with pets have a lower risk of developing allergy, which may be linked to their gut microbiota development during infancy.

Methods

Children from the FARMFLORA birth cohort (N = 65), of whom 28 (43%) lived on a dairy farm and 40 (62%) had pets, provided fecal samples at intervals from 3 days to 18 months of age. Gut microbiota composition was characterized using quantitative microbial culture of various typical anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria, with colonization rate and population counts of bacterial groups determined at the genus or species level. Allergy was diagnosed at three and eight years of age by experienced pediatricians. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify associations between farm residence or pet ownership, gut microbiota development and allergy. Adjustments were made for important potential confounders.

Results

Growing up on a farm was associated with a higher ratio of anaerobic to facultative bacteria in the first week, smaller Escherichia coli populations in colonized children in the first months of life and less frequent colonization by Clostridioides difficile at 12 months of age. Having pets in the household was associated with more frequent colonization by Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides in the first months. A higher ratio of anaerobic to facultative bacteria at one week of age, early colonization by Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Bacteroides, and reduced carriage of C. difficile at 4–12 months of age all correlated negatively with subsequent allergy diagnosis.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that lower rates of allergy in children growing up on farms or with pets may be related to early establishment of typical anaerobic commensals in their gut microbiota. However, further studies are needed to validate our observations in this small birth cohort study.
The reproducibility of protocols used to mediate a current-induced vasodilation in the human cutaneous microcirculation
Authors: Guigui Alicia , Liaigre Léa , Roustit Matthieu , Loader Jordan
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Current-induced vasodilation (CIV) can be used to assess the prostacyclin (PGI2) pathway. This study, for the first time, evaluated the reproducibility of several protocols used to mediate a CIV.

Methods

Three CIV protocols were evaluated in 10 healthy participants who completed four testing sessions. Two testing sessions were conducted on the calf, separated by a period of seven days allowing interday reproducibility to be assessed. Two testing sessions were also conducted seven days apart on the forearm. At each testing session, cutaneous microvascular assessments were conducted for one hour on the right limb of interest before assessments were immediately performed on the left limb, allowing for intersite, intraday reproducibility to be evaluated. Assessments were then repeated at the same site on the right limb, allowing for intrasite, intraday reproducibility to be evaluated. Reproducibility was assessed using the within-subject coefficients of variation and the intra-class correlation coefficients.

Results

Protocol A (Pulses of 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.18 mA for 10 s each; 60 s intervals), Protocol B (0.1 mA for 60 s), and Protocol C (2 pulses of 0.1 mA for 10s each; 240 s interval) had good to excellent interday reproducibility for calf and forearm assessments. The intrasite, intraday reproducibility of each protocol was less clear. Intersite testing didn’t improve intraday reproducibility. Reproducibility was consistently unacceptable when the microvascular response to the electrical stimulation was expressed as the absolute change and the percentage change between baseline values and the maximal plateau. A microvascular response wasn’t induced ∼10% of assessments on either the calf or forearm.

Conclusions

This study indicates that a CIV is most reproducible with interday testing and when data are expressed as the maximal plateau in perfusion units or as cutaneous vascular conductance, and as the area under the curve.
A Volga–Káma-vidék nyelveinek múltidő-rendszere és morfológiai evidencialitás hiánya a mordvinban
Authors: Kubitsch Rebeka
Published: November 2024

The paper discusses the past tense system in the languages of the Volga–Kama linguistic area as well as the lack of morphological evidentiality in Mordva. The Volga–Kama linguistic area comprises Finno-Ugric (Udmurt, Mari, Komi, Mordva) and Turkic (Tatar, Chuvash, Bashkir) languages. The languages in the area, with the exception of Mordva, morphosyntactically mark indirect evidentiality through their past tense systems – this leads to at least two synthetic past tenses in their past tense system. Furthermore, the languages maintain a complex system of compound past tenses incorporating evidential and aspectual meanings. Mordva is an exception again as it does not have any compound past tenses. There are three basic patterns for the development of past tenses in the Volga–Kama area (excluding the generic past tenses that have a well-defined morpho-logical marker, and can be considered primary from a diachronic point of view): i) Predicative use of non-finite forms; ii) The combination of finite verb forms and past tense form(s) of the ‘be’ verb; iii) The combination of non-finite verb forms and the past or present tense form(s) of the ‘be’ verb. Considering the lack of grammatical evi-dentiality in Mordva, it can be established that the potential source of morphological marking of indirect evidentiality in the area is a past tense with a perfect or resultative meaning. Even though Mordva has a synthetic past tense that has structurally the same origin as other past tenses in the area, it is a habitual past tense and not a perfect one. Another potential source for evidentials in the area is the predicative use of non-finite forms – in the case of Mordva, the perfect participle has a predicative use with a passive meaning with transitive verbs, but no evidential functions have been mentioned in the literature.
Pallas expedíciójának manysi anyaga
Authors: Maticsák Sándor
Published: November 2024

The great expedition of 1768–1774, the so-called Orenburg Expedition, gathered a wealth of information about Russia’s eastern landscapes, including ethnographic and linguistic material. In my previous studies I have dealt with the Mordvin, Mari and Udmurt vocabulary of the expeditions, in this paper I present the Mansi material of the expedition led by Peter Simon Pallas. In the description of travel (Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Rußischen Reichs in den Jahren I–III.), Pallas mentions the Mansi in two places. The first part of the second volume describes the Mansis. In the first part of the third volume, Pallas publishes a 53-word table with data on the Khanti, Mansi and Mordvin. The largest part of the vocabulary is made up of numerals, but there are also names for parts of the body, animals, natural formations, god, devil, human and man. Pallas classifies the Mansi data in the header of the glossary as Sosva, but gives no information about the data providers. Based on the linguistic data, it seems likely that he had a communicator(s) who spoke not only Sosva but also a Middle-Lozva dialect. The transcription of the Mansi words in the glossary is relatively good.
Análise sobre os fatores que impactam a qualidade da educação básica dos municípios brasileiros
Authors: Santos Sara Ferreira
Published: November 2024

À luz da literatura e da relevância da educação como motor propulsor para o desenvolvimento de uma nação, o presente estudo objetivou analisar fatores que, de forma integrada, exercem influência sobre a qualidade da educação básica, a partir do Ideb, no intuito de oferecer subsídio para acompanhamento e controle com vistas à qualidade do gasto púbico em educação. Nesse interim, buscou-se analisar a associação entre fatores de governança, socioeconômicos e políticas públicas educacionais e o Ideb auferido nos municípios brasileiros, no período de 2017 e 2019. Ademais, com metodologia de natureza quantitativa, explicativa, utilizou-se o modelo estatístico Tobit. Com base na análise dos dados, infere-se que fatores de governança na gestão municipal, políticas públicas educacionais e capacidade econômica da população estão positivamente associadas ao desempenho educacional. No tocante ao nível de pobreza da região  a variável mostrou-se inversamente relacionada ao desempenho da educação. A variável orçamento, apontou uma associação negativa em relação ao Ideb, mostrando que municípios que gastaram menos alcançaram melhores resultados educacionais, revelando que o volume de gastos, por si só, não é determinante para aumentar a qualidade da educaçao. Assim, os resultados surgem como intrumento de apoio e contribuição prática, tanto para a literatura, quanto para os gestores públicos, auxiliando-os na tomada de decisão, no tocante à melhoria  do gasto público em educação, no Brasil, sugerindo que a melhora dos índices educacionais requer uma análise multifatorial, incluindo renda, capacidade de gestão, polítcas públicas educacionais.