bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of climatic changes on future irrigation water requirement in the Middle East and North Africa's region: a case study of upper Egypt
Authors: Gabr Mohamed Elsayed
Published: June 2023

Freshwater shortages in the Middle East and North Africa's region (MENA) cause serious issues, while climate change causes even more issues. The current study examines how climate change may impact future irrigation requirements in Egypt's Upper Region using the medium greenhouse emission RCP 4.5 and high emission RCP 8.5 scenarios. Based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the Fifth Assessment Report, the climatic projections for RCPs 4.5 and 8.5 for the years 2023–2080 and 2081–2100 were used to determine the patterns of temperature and rainfall in the upper Egypt territory. The CROPWAT model was employed to estimate reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and net irrigation water requirement (NIWR) for the upper Egypt territory key crops sugar cane, potatoes, berseem clover (alfalfa), dry bean, wheat, cotton, maize, and tomato based on the predicted meteorological conditions. Five different scenarios for the key crops' future irrigation needs were calculated. The results reveal that under RCP 4.5 greenhouse emission for the periods 2023–2080 and 2081–2100, respectively, the overall NIWR for all examined crops increases by 5.1 and 5.9% in comparison to the current (2022) total NIWR for all crops. The total NIWR for all crops analyzed increases by 7.7 and 9.7% under the RCP 8.5 greenhouse emission scenario for the periods 2023–2080 and 2081–2100, respectively, in contrast to the current total NIWR for all crops. It is important to consider changes in water resource management in the MENA region, such as applying modern irrigation systems, using crop pattern rotation strategies with minimal water demands, and changing crop calendars or the times and locations of cropping activities.
PML versus minimum $${\chi }^{2}$$: the comeback
Authors: Amengual Dante , Fiorentini Gabriele , Sentana Enrique
Published: June 2023

Arellano (J Econ 42:247–265, 1989a) showed that valid equality restrictions on covariance matrices could result in efficiency losses for Gaussian PMLEs in simultaneous equations models. We revisit his two-equation example using finite normal mixtures PMLEs instead, which are also consistent for mean and variance parameters regardless of the true distribution of the shocks. Because such mixtures provide good approximations to many distributions, we relate the asymptotic variance of our estimators to the relevant semiparametric efficiency bound. Our Monte Carlo results indicate that they systematically dominate MD and that the version that imposes the valid covariance restriction is more efficient than the unrestricted one.
The Effectiveness of eHealth Interventions for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Kupila Sakris K. E. , Joki Anu , Suojanen Laura-U. , Pietiläinen Kirsi H.
Published: June 2023

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of eHealth interventions for weight loss and weight loss maintenance among adults with overweight or obesity through a systematic review of systematic reviews.

Recent Findings

This study included 26 systematic reviews, covering a total of 338 original studies, published between 2018 and 2023. The review indicates that eHealth interventions are more effective than control interventions or no care and comparable to face-to-face interventions. The effect sizes remain relatively small when comparing eHealth interventions to any control conditions, with mean differences of weight loss results from − 0.12 kg (95% CI − 0.64 to 0.41 kg) in a review comparing eHealth interventions to face-to-face care to − 4.32 kg (− 5.08 kg to − 3.57 kg) in a review comparing eHealth interventions to no care. The methodological quality of the included studies varies considerably. However, it can be concluded that interventions with human contact work better than those that are fully automated.

In conclusion, this systematic review of systematic reviews provides an updated understanding of the development of digital interventions in recent years and their effectiveness for weight loss and weight loss maintenance among adults with overweight or obesity. The findings suggest that eHealth interventions can be a valuable tool for delivering obesity care to more patients economically. Further research is needed to determine which specific types of eHealth interventions are most effective and how to best integrate them into clinical practice.
Simultaneous roots for vectorial problems
Authors: Chinesta Francisco , Cordero Alicia , Garrido Neus , Torregrosa Juan R. , Triguero-Navarro Paula
Published: June 2023

In this manuscript, we design an iterative step that can be added to any numerical process for solving systems of nonlinear equations. By means of this addition, the resulting iterative scheme obtains, simultaneously, all the solutions to the vectorial problem. Moreover, the order of this new iterative procedure duplicates that of their original partner. We apply this step to some known methods and analyse the behaviour of these new algorithms, obtaining simultaneously the roots of several nonlinear systems.
Acute and Chronic Urticaria Diagnosis and Management Taking into Account Their Differences
Authors: Salman Andac , Porras Nasser Mohammad , Gimenez-Arnau Ana M.
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review

Urticaria is a frequent disorder that can present with erythema, edema, and pruritus involving the skin and mucous membranes. Early diagnosis and proper management of the urticaria according to the type (i.e., acute vs chronic) is of utmost importance to reduce the burden of the disease and prevent psychosocial comorbidities. In this review, we aim to summarize the diagnosis and management of acute and chronic urticaria with emphasis on the differences.

Recent findings

Autoimmune mechanisms (type I or type IIb autoimmunity) have been recently defined in the pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria. Despite the high rates of symptom control in both acute and chronic urticaria with the existing treatment options, new treatments are still needed in a subset of patients. Promising treatment targets in CSU include Bruton’s tyrosine kinase, Siglec-8, or IL-4/13.

Therapeutic management of acute and chronic urticaria is still challenging despite the highly effective treatments. In addition to symptomatic treatment, elicitation of the pathogenesis of both forms of urticaria and clear understanding of the nature of the disease by the patient are essential. Urticaria has still a high impact on the patients’ quality of life warranting the studies on the pathogenesis, novel treatment options, and the factors determining which patients with acute urticaria will likely develop chronic urticaria.
Therapeutic plasma exchange for anti-glomerular basement membrane disease with dialysis-dependent kidney failure without diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Authors: Watanabe Hideaki , Yamana Hayato , Okada Akira , Matsui Hiroki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: June 2023

Background

Anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is treated with immunosuppressive medications and plasma exchange. However, whether plasma exchange, in addition to pulse glucocorticoid therapy, would benefit patients with anti-GBM disease with dialysis-dependent kidney failure without diffuse alveolar hemorrhage remains unclear.

Methods

Using the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, we identified patients diagnosed with anti-GBM disease with dialysis-dependent kidney failure and without diffuse alveolar hemorrhage from July 2010 to March 2020. We compared in-hospital mortality within 10 days of hospitalization between patients who received therapeutic plasma exchange in addition to pulse glucocorticoid therapy and those who received pulse glucocorticoid therapy alone. Overlap weighting based on propensity score was performed to adjust for potential confounders.

Results

We identified 207 eligible patients; 168 patients received therapeutic plasma exchange plus pulse glucocorticoid therapy, while 39 patients received pulse glucocorticoid therapy alone. The mean dose of therapeutic plasma exchange was 52.2 ml/kg/day of albumin and/or fresh frozen plasma. Therapeutic plasma exchange in addition to pulse glucocorticoid therapy was associated with a lower in-hospital mortality risk in the unweighted (10.7% versus 28.2%; risk difference, 17.5%; 95% confidence interval, 2.6–32.4%; P = 0.02) and weighted analyses (11.5% versus 28.4%; risk difference, 17.0%; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–32.5%; P = 0.03) than pulse glucocorticoid therapy alone.

Conclusions

This retrospective cohort study using a national database suggests that therapeutic plasma exchange may improve the in-hospital prognosis of anti-GBM disease with dialysis-dependent kidney failure and without diffuse alveolar hemorrhage.

Graphical abstract
Vulnerability and Resilience to Drought and Saltwater Intrusion of Rice Farming Households in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Authors: van Aalst M. A. , Koomen E. , de Groot H. L. F.
Published: June 2023

Adverse impacts of climate and environmental hazards are unevenly distributed between socioeconomic groups due to differences in exposure, vulnerability and resilience. This study examines the distribution of vulnerability and resilience to drought and salt intrusion impacts among rice farmers in the rural Mekong Delta in Vietnam. By defining both aspects independently, we can study potential differences in the socio-economic factors that steer them and analyse how these two aspects of adaptive capacity are related. Using fixed-effect regressions, we find that poorer communes are more vulnerable to direct environmental impacts (loss in rice yield). Several household characteristics that reflect a low socioeconomic status, such as low asset values, small plots, and limited education level, are linked with higher vulnerability to direct drought impacts. High vulnerability does, however, not necessarily translate to low resilience, which we proxy by measuring indirect impacts (loss in household income). Several household activities and characteristics help mitigate indirect impacts. Our results suggest that the least resilient household group consists of smallholder, asset-low households that are unable to diversify to non-crop agriculture or off-farm employment. Supportive policies targeting this particular socioeconomic group to enable transition to non-crop or off-farm labour would substantially improve their resilience to future environmental events. Distinguishing between resilience and vulnerability enables a broader understanding of the mechanisms influencing the distribution of direct and indirect adverse impacts, which enables drafting targeted policy measures for specific socioeconomic groups.
Indigenous Agave Use in the Ocampo Caves Vicinity, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Authors: Hanselka J. Kevin
Published: June 2023

The symbiotic relationship between people and the genus Agave spans millennia and a vast geographical area encompassing Mexico, the southwestern United States, and the Texas borderlands. In the early 1950s, Richard MacNeish's investigations in Tamaulipas yielded evidence of past agave use in the mountains of northeastern Mexico. Excavations in the Ocampo Caves revealed 9,000 years of sporadic occupations by hunter-gatherers, mixed forager-farmers, and finally, periodic visits by residents of nearby agricultural villages. Although these discoveries are incompletely published—and existing publications largely underemphasize the range of utilized wild resources in favor of domesticated maize, beans, and squash—agave is among the wild plant taxa most often mentioned in use throughout the Holocene. Unpublished field notes, curated plant assemblages recovered during MacNeish's excavations, and data from recent archaeological survey complement the published literature to explore the role of this prominent plant in this important archaeological region.
Case example of a jail-based cancer prevention clinical trial: Social determinants of health framework, novel experimental design, and retention strategies to facilitate long-term follow-up of clinical trial participants
Authors: Kennedy Pablo , Ratnaparkhi Rubina , Lee Jaehoon , Glenn Jason E. , Kelly Patricia J. , Kimminau Kim S. , Assimonye Stephanie , Ramaswamy Megha
Published: June 2023

Clinical trials conducted with incarcerated populations are rare. We present a case example of one such jail-based cancer prevention clinical trial to demonstrate the importance of including a theory-driven approach to intervention framing, novel experimental designs to boost access to low-risk trials, and retention strategies for long-term follow-up of hard-to-reach populations. As such we offer a social determinant of health framework to ensure cancer prevention research is conducted through the lenses of health promotion and health equity. Deviations from the gold-standard randomized control design, transparent systematic allotment, and street-based outreach retention strategies contribute to the feasibility of conducting clinical trials in carceral settings and after people leave jail. Best practices presented can be used in design and conduct of future clinical trials with criminal legal system-involved populations.
Predictors of spontaneous remission and recovery among women with untreated perinatal depression in India and Pakistan
Authors: Fuhr Daniela C. , Sikander Siham , Vanobberghen Fiona , Weobong Benedict , Rahman Atif , Weiss Helen A.
Published: June 2023

Background

Mothers with perinatal depression can show different symptom trajectories and may spontaneously remit from depression, however, the latter is poorly understood. This is the first study which sought to investigate predictors of spontaneous remission and longer-term recovery among untreated women with perinatal depression.

Methods

We analysed data from two randomised controlled trials in women with perinatal depression in India and Pakistan. Analyses were restricted to women in the control groups who did not receive active treatment. Generalised estimating equations and logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for within-person correlation.

Results

In multivariable analyses, remission was associated with a husband who is not working (adjusted OR, aOR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.02–4.11), lower Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score at baseline (aOR = 0.43, 95% CI 0.20–0.90 for score of ≥20 vs. 10–14) and better social support at baseline (aOR = 2.37, 95% CI 1.32–4.27 for high vs. low social support).

Conclusions

Women with low baseline severity may remit from perinatal depression with adequate social support from family and friends. These factors are important contributors to the management of perinatal depression and the prevention of clinical worsening, and should be considered when designing low-threshold psychological interventions.
Transforming mental healthcare in higher education through scalable mental health interventions
Authors: Brown Adam D. , Ross Nicole , Sangraula Manaswi , Laing Andy , Kohrt Brandon A.
Published: June 2023

A significant number of young people throughout the world are experiencing mental health concerns. Many young people will develop their first mental health concerns or will be managing their symptoms while enrolled in institutions of higher education. Although many colleges and universities are aware of the significant mental health needs among their students, the mental health and psychosocial needs of students often exceed the availability of resources and cultural and contextual barriers, such as stigma, may further impede access to care. Such gaps and barriers in mental health may lead to poor prognosis as well as negative educational and social outcomes. We propose that non-specialist delivered mental health and psychosocial interventions may play a critical role in reducing the gaps in care for students in higher education. In particular, non-specialist delivered care can complement existing specialized services to provide stepped models of care. Importantly, the adaptation and implementation of non-specialist delivered mental health and psychosocial support interventions in higher education may lead to innovative strategies for increasing access to care in this context, but may lead to adaptations that could apply to contexts outside of higher education as well.
Responding to the impact of COVID-19 on the mental health and well-being of health workers in LMICs
Authors: Hoover Jerilyn , Bolton Paul , Clonchmore Ashley , Sussman Linda , Frymus Diana
Published: June 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened mental health among health workers around the world. With a projected global shortage of 10.2 million health workers by 2030, further exacerbated by COVID-19, taking action to support health worker mental health needs to be an integral component of investments to overcome this gap and build resiliency of systems for the future. Health workers are functioning in highly stressful environments at great personal risk to provide services that improve quality of life and save lives. To reduce burnout and early exits from the workforce, health workers must be protected and equipped to work in supportive environments, manage stress, and access mental health services when needed. This article explores the impact of COVID-19 on health worker mental health and proposes actions for health systems and workplaces to support health workers which draw on available evidence and examples of USAID-supported partner activities.
A comparison of National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance definitions to physician review for central-line–associated bloodstream infections
Authors: Kim Justin J. , Kang HeeEun , Khan Asif N. , Wang Rebecca , Casale Stephanie C. , Adams Barker Caitlin M. , Calderwood Michael S. , Stewart Kathleen O.
Published: June 2023

For 147 hospital-onset bloodstream infections, we assessed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the National Healthcare Safety Network surveillance definitions of central-line–associated bloodstream infections against the gold standard of physician review, examining the drivers of discrepancies and related implications for reporting and infection prevention.
Hospital return-to-work practices for healthcare providers infected with severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Authors: Rupp Mark E. , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. , Starlin Richard , Quick Jessica , Snyder Graham M. , Passaretti Catherine L. , Stevens Michael P. , Cawcutt Kelly
Published: June 2023

A survey of academic medical-center hospital epidemiologists indicated substantial deviation from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance regarding healthcare providers (HCPs) recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) returning to work. Many hospitals continue to operate under contingency status and have HCPs return to work earlier than recommended.
ON THE SHORTEST DISTANCE FUNCTION IN CONTINUED FRACTIONS
Authors: SHI SAISAI , ZHOU QINGLONG
Published: June 2023

Let$x\in [0,1)$be an irrational number and let$x=[a_{1}(x),a_{2}(x),\ldots ]$be its continued fraction expansion with partial quotients$\{a_{n}(x): n\geq 1\}$. Given a natural numbermand a vector$(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m})\in [0,1)^{m},$we derive the asymptotic behaviour of the shortest distance function$$ \begin{align*} M_{n,m}(x_{1},\ldots,x_{m})=\max\{k\in \mathbb{N}: a_{i+j}(x_{1})=\cdots= a_{i+j}(x_{m}) \ \text{for}~ j=1,\ldots,k \mbox{ and some } i \mbox{ with } 0\leq i \leq n-k\}, \end{align*} $$

which represents the run-length of the longest block of the same symbol among the firstnpartial quotients of$(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{m}).$We also calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the level sets and exceptional sets arising from the shortest distance function.
Comparison of the biology of Frankliniella intonsa and Megalurothrips usitatus on cowpea pods under natural regimes through an age-stage, two-sex life table approach
Authors: Tang Liang-De , Guo Ling-Hang , Shen Zhen , Chen Yong-Ming , Zang Lian-Sheng
Published: June 2023

Two thrips, Megalurothrips usitatus (Bagnall) and Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) are major pests of cowpea in South China. To realistically compare the growth, development and reproductive characteristics of these two thrips species, we compared their age-stage, two-sex life tables on cowpea pods under summer and winter natural environmental regimes. The results showed that the total preadult period of M. usitatus was 8.09 days, which was significantly longer than that of F. intonsa (7.06 days), while the adult female longevity of M. usitatus (21.14 days) was significantly shorter than that of F. intonsa (25.77 days). Significant differences were showed in male adult longevity (10.68 days for F. intonsa and 16.95 days for M. usitatus) and the female ratio of offspring (0.67 for F. intonsa and 0.51 for M. usitatus), and the total preadult period of M. usitatus (16.20 days) was significantly longer than that of F. intonsa (13.66 days) in the winter regime. The net reproductive rate (summer: R0 = 85.62, winter: R0 = 105.22), intrinsic rate of increase (summer: r = 0.3020 day−1, winter: r = 0.2115 day−1), finite rate of increase (summer: λ = 1.3526 day−1, winter: λ = 1.2356 day−1) and gross reproduction rate (summer: GRR = 139.34, winter: GRR = 159.88) of F. intonsa were higher than those of M. usitatus (summer: R0 = 82.91, r = 0.2741, λ = 1.3155, GRR = 135.71; winter: R0 = 80.62, r = 0.1672, λ = 1.1820, GRR = 131.26), and the mean generation times (summer: T = 14.73 days, winter: T = 22.01 days) of F. intonsa were significantly shorter than those of M. usitatus (summer: T = 16.11 days, winter: T = 26.25 days). These results may contribute to a better understanding of the bioecology of different thrips species, especially the interspecific competition between two economically important cowpea thrips with the same ecological niche in a changing environment.
Pathways of Nitrous Oxide Production in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific Oxygen Minimum Zone
Authors: McCoy Daniel , Damien Pierre , Clements Daniel , Yang Simon , Bianchi Daniele
Published: June 2023

Oceanic emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) account for roughly one‐third of all natural sources to the atmosphere. Hot‐spots of N2O outgassing occur over oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), where the presence of steep oxygen gradients surrounding anoxic waters leads to enhanced N2O production from both nitrification and denitrification. However, the relative contributions from these pathways to N2O production and outgassing in these regions remains poorly constrained, in part due to shared intermediary nitrogen tracers, and the tight coupling of denitrification sources and sinks. To shed light on this problem, we embed a new, mechanistic model of the OMZ nitrogen cycle within a three‐dimensional eddy‐resolving physical‐biogeochemical model of the Eastern Tropical South Pacific (ETSP), tracking contributions from remote advection, atmospheric exchange, and local nitrification and denitrification. The model indicates that net N2O production from denitrification is approximately one order of magnitude greater than nitrification within the ETSP OMZ. However, only ∼32% of denitrification‐derived N2O production ultimately outgasses to the atmosphere in this region (contributing ∼36% of the air‐sea N2O flux on an annual basis), while the remaining is exported out of the domain. Instead, remotely produced N2O advected into the OMZ region accounts for roughly half (∼57%) of the total N2O outgassing, with smaller contributions from nitrification (∼7%). Our results suggests that, together with enhanced production by denitrification, upwelling of remotely derived N2O contributes the most to N2O outgassing over the ETSP OMZ.
Detection of Mars Normal Modes From S1222a Event and Seismic Hum
Authors: Lognonné P. , Schimmel M. , Stutzmann E. , Davis P. , Drilleau M. , Sainton G. , Kawamura T. , Panning M. P. , Banerdt W. B.
Published: June 2023

We present the first detection of normal modes on Mars using the vertical records from InSight's broad‐band seismometer following the marsquake that occurred on sol 1222. The proposed catalog lists 60 potential eigenfrequencies between 3 and 12 mHz. Due to their low signal‐to‐noise ratio, these normal modes were detected using the phasor walkout approach. The normal modes amplitudes are consistent with the upper limit of the S1222a magnitude and with high quality factors. Additionally, we provide the first detection of a Martian hum before the quake for several of these frequencies. The proposed frequencies are at about 1‐sigma of those predicted by published models based on body wave travel time inversions. Our detection of normal modes is the first made on a terrestrial planet other than Earth and opens the way for future interior models that incorporate both normal modes frequencies, surface waves velocities and body wave travel times.
Multi‐Scale Rupture Growth With Alternating Directions in a Complex Fault Network During the 2023 South‐Eastern Türkiye and Syria Earthquake Doublet
Authors: Okuwaki Ryo , Yagi Yuji , Taymaz Tuncay , Hicks Stephen P.
Published: June 2023

A devastating doublet of earthquakes with moment magnitude MW 7.9 and MW 7.6 earthquakes contiguously occurred in SE Türkiye near the NW border of Syria. Here we perform a potency‐density tensor inversion to simultaneously estimate rupture evolution and fault geometry for the doublet. We find the initial MW 7.9 earthquake involved discrete episodes of supershear rupture and back‐rupture propagation, and was triggered by initial rupture along a bifurcated splay of the East Anatolian Fault. The second MW 7.6 event was triggered by the earlier MW 7.9 event, and it involved more extensive supershear rupture along a favorably curved fault, and was likely stopped by geometric barriers at the fault ends. Our results highlight the multi‐scale cascading rupture growth across the complex fault network that affects the diverse rupture geometries of the 2023 Türkiye earthquake doublet, contributing to the strong ground shaking and associated devastation.
Paleomagnetism From Central Iran Reveals Arabia‐Eurasia Collision Onset at the Eocene/Oligocene Boundary
Authors: Song Peiping , Ding Lin , Zhang Liyun , Cai Fulong , Zhang Qinghai , Li Zhenyu , Wang Houqi , Jafari Morteza Khalatbari , Talebian Morteza
Published: June 2023

We present two robust and well‐dated paleomagnetic poles from upper Eocene and Oligocene volcanics in the Urumieh‐Dokhtar magmatic arc, Central Iran. These two poles place Iran ∼3.7°–3° of latitude south of its present position between ca. 40 and 23 Ma. Our new paleomagnetic declination data indicate that the Central Iran block may have experienced a ∼11.6° clockwise rotation since the Late Eocene. We integrated our new data with the retrodeformed margins of the Zagros collision zone and contemporaneous Arabia positions to better constrain the age and configuration of the Arabia and Eurasia assembly process. In our model, the Arabia‐Eurasia collision occurred first in the western Main Zagros suture between ca. 35 and 30 Ma and then diachronously spread eastwards. Our paleogeographic reconstruction and initial continental collision timing supports the Arabia‐Eurasia collision as a first‐order driver of global cooling, Red Sea rifting, and Mediterranean extension.
Self‐Reversed Magnetization in Sediments Caused by Greigite Alteration
Authors: Chang Liao , Pei Zhaowen , Xue Pengfei , Wang Shishun , Wang Zhaoping , Krijgsman Wout , Dekkers Mark J.
Published: June 2023

Multipolarity remanence in greigite‐bearing sediments has long been recognized, but the cause of this anomalous remanence behavior is not well understood. Here, we use electron microscopic and magnetic analyses to investigate the origin of such multipolarity in Miocene greigite‐bearing sediments from the Pannonian Basin (Hungary). We find a magnetic softening and partial transformation of iron sulfides to magnetite and pyrrhotite from “single‐polarity” to “multi‐polarity” samples. The inward alteration of sulfide grains is topotactic and is size‐dependent with higher alteration in smaller grains. We propose a multi‐phase self‐reversal chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) mechanism in altered greigite: the neoformed magnetite/pyrrhotite shell acquires a CRM coupled in the opposite direction to the primary CRM of the greigite core, likely through magnetostatic interactions or interfacial exchange interactions between the closely contacting core and shell. This new greigite self‐reversal model can explain the commonly observed antiparallel polarities and has broad geochronological, tectonic and paleoenvironmental implications.
Olivine Fabrics in the Oceanic Lithosphere Constrained by Pn Azimuthal Anisotropy
Authors: Takeuchi Nozomu , Isse Takehi , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Shiobara Hajime , Sugioka Hiroko , Ito Aki , Utada Hisashi , Yamada Tomoaki
Published: June 2023

We constrain olivine fabrics in the oceanic lithosphere using active and passive seismic observations of Pn azimuthal anisotropy. We first analyze active‐source data derived from a broadband ocean bottom seismometer array that was deployed in the Northwestern Pacific. We infer the azimuthal dependence of the Pn velocity, including the 2ϕ and 4ϕ terms of the sinusoidal functions, where ϕ is the back azimuth. We observe a skewed azimuthal dependence of the Pn velocity, with a large peak‐to‐peak amplitude of about 12%. Similar features are observed using an independent data set of teleseismic Pn waves. We constrain the direction of the crystallographic axes of olivine to explain the observed azimuthal dependence and identify A‐type olivine with a slightly dipping a‐axis and slightly tilting b‐axis being compatible with our observations. In contrast, we find that D‐type olivine with any direction of crystallographic axes cannot explain our observations. Secondary deformation and recrystallization in the older Pacific may be responsible for this strong and complex seismic anisotropy in the study region.
Understanding Drivers of Salinity and Temperature Dynamics in Barataria Estuary, Louisiana
Authors: Hu Kelin , Meselhe Ehab A. , Reed Denise J.
Published: June 2023

Barataria Estuary is an economically and ecologically important estuary in coastal Louisiana, USA. Due to rapid wetland loss, extreme Mississippi River flood and drought events (e.g., the flood of 2019 and the drought of 2022), devastating storm events (e.g., Hurricane Ida in 2021), eustatic sea‐level rise (SLR), high subsidence rates, and human activities, temporal and spatial variability of salinity and temperature in the estuary is highly complex. This study comprehensively investigates environmental drivers that govern salinity and temperature dynamics, as well as the effects of a proposed large‐scale, land‐building diversion of Mississippi River water. A three‐dimensional (3D), process‐based hydrodynamic, salinity and temperature transport model system is formulated and implemented. Three different modeling domains are set up for nested computations. The model system is validated for the year 2018 against measurements of water level, salinity, and temperature. A series of numerical experiments are then carried out to quantitatively examine impacts of various environmental drivers, as well as nearshore density stratification and local baroclinic forcing. The drivers include wind, rainfall, freshwater point‐source diversion, SLR, and Mississippi River discharge. Interestingly, the analysis shows that the proposed Mid‐Barataria diversion and rainfall can cause a reduction of annual salinity up to 14 and 10 ppt, respectively. Neglecting the effect of nearshore density stratification could underestimate salinity by up to 9 ppt. The well‐mixed estuary can be adequately modeled using depth‐averaged models. However, to adequately capture proper salinity and temperature stratification, it is necessary to use 3D models for the coastal regional domain.
Circulation and Cross‐Shelf Exchanges in the Northern Shelf of the Southwestern Atlantic: Dynamics
Authors: Combes Vincent , Matano Ricardo P. , Palma Elbio D.
Published: June 2023

The strong interaction between the Brazil Current and the adjacent shelf is clearly visible in satellite‐derived products (sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll‐a concentration). Assessments of circulation features and cross‐shelf exchanges from these products are, however, limited to the surface layer. Here we analyze the regional circulation and dynamics using the results of a suite of process‐oriented, high‐resolution numerical experiments. Passive tracers and Lagrangian floats characterize the exchanges between the shelf and the open ocean, identifying regions of high variability, and assessing the contribution of small‐scale eddies to the cross‐shelf mass exchanges. We estimate that 0.2–0.4 Sv of the shelf transport variability between 34°S and 25°S comes from ocean internal variability which represents ∼50%–70% of the total variability. Between 25°S and 21°S, internal ocean variability represents more than 90% of the shelf transport variability. We find that generation of cyclonic eddies is more frequent (>15% of the time) at the shelfbreak bights. The core of these eddies contains fresher, colder, and more nutrient‐rich shelf waters. Maps of satellite chlorophyll‐a concentration suggest that the horizontal and vertical exchanges of mass associated with these eddies are a critical element of the primary production cycle.
Chemotherapy-induced executioner caspase activation increases breast cancer malignancy through epigenetic de-repression of CDH12
Authors: Wang Yuxing , Wang Ru , Liu Xiaohe , Liu Menghao , Sun Lili , Pan Xiaohua , Hu Huili , Jiang Baichun , Zou Yongxin , Liu Qiao , Gong Yaoqin , Wang Molin , Sun Gongping
Published: June 2023

Cancer relapse and metastasis are major obstacles for effective treatment. One important mechanism to eliminate cancer cells is to induce apoptosis. Activation of executioner caspases is the key step in apoptosis and was considered “a point of no return”. However, in recent years, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that cells can survive executioner caspase activation in response to apoptotic stimuli through a process named anastasis. Here we show that breast cancer cells that have survived through anastasis (anastatic cells) after exposure to chemotherapeutic drugs acquire enhanced proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, cadherin 12 (CDH12) is persistently upregulated in anastatic cells and promotes breast cancer malignancy via activation of ERK and CREB. Moreover, we demonstrate that executioner caspase activation induced by chemotherapeutic drugs results in loss of DNA methylation and repressive histone modifications in the CDH12 promoter region, leading to increased CDH12 expression. Our work unveils the mechanism underlying anastasis-induced enhancement in breast cancer malignancy, offering new therapeutic targets for preventing post-chemotherapy cancer relapse and metastasis.
Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics
Authors: Weigard Alexander , McCurry Katherine L. , Shapiro Zvi , Martz Meghan E. , Angstadt Mike , Heitzeg Mary M. , Dinov Ivo D. , Sripada Chandra
Published: June 2023

Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms are believed to result from disrupted neurocognitive development. However, evidence for the clinical and predictive value of neurocognitive assessments in this context has been mixed, and there have been no large-scale efforts to quantify their potential for use in generalizable models that predict individuals’ ADHD symptoms in new data. Using data drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD), a consortium that recruited a diverse sample of over 10,000 youth (ages 9–10 at baseline) across 21 U.S. sites, we develop and test cross-validated machine learning models for predicting youths’ ADHD symptoms using neurocognitive abilities, demographics, and child and family characteristics. Models used baseline demographic and biometric measures, geocoded neighborhood data, youth reports of child and family characteristics, and neurocognitive tests to predict parent- and teacher-reported ADHD symptoms at the 1-year and 2-year follow-up time points. Predictive models explained 15–20% of the variance in 1-year ADHD symptoms for ABCD Study sites that were left out of the model-fitting process and 12–13% of the variance in 2-year ADHD symptoms. Models displayed high generalizability across study sites and trivial loss of predictive power when transferred from training data to left-out data. Features from multiple domains contributed meaningfully to prediction, including neurocognition, sex, self-reported impulsivity, parental monitoring, and screen time. This work quantifies the information value of neurocognitive abilities and other child characteristics for predicting ADHD symptoms and provides a foundational method for predicting individual youths’ symptoms in new data across contexts.
Fetal inflammatory response and risk for psychiatric disorders
Authors: Gibson Blake , Goodfriend Eli , Zhong Yongqi , Melhem Nadine M.
Published: June 2023

Inflammation contributes to numerous neuropsychiatric disorders, especially those that first appear in childhood. Maternal intrauterine environment, including the placenta, has a role in brain development and risk for neuropsychiatric disorders. This study examines the link between fetal inflammatory syndrome (FIRS), which is placental inflammation in the peri-partem period, and neuropsychiatric disorders during childhood.This is a retrospective cohort study using data from electronic medical records over a 19-year period at one women’s hospital. The study includes 4851 children born with placentas meeting criteria for and 31,927 controls identified with normal placentas born during the same period. To be diagnosed with FIRS placenta must contain chorionic vasculitis and/or funisitis. Children had to be in study period for at least 5 years. The primary outcome of the study is incidence of neuropsychiatric disorders during childhood. The secondary outcomes were psychiatric medications prescribed, and psychiatric hospitalizations and treatment. Children born to placentas meeting criteria for FIRS were more likely to be diagnosed with neuropsychiatric disorders (OR = 1.21, CI 95% [1.09,1.35]). Specifically, they were more likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (OR = 1.35, CI 95% [1.08, 1.67]), ADHD (OR = 1.27, CI 95% [1.07, 1.49]), conduct disorder (OR = 1.50, CI 95% [1.24, 1.81]), PTSD (OR = 2.46. CI 95% [1.21, 5.04]), adjusting for maternal history of psychiatric disorders, intra-partem substance use, and prescriptions of anti-inflammatory drugs. Children born with placental inflammation are at an increased risk to develop neuropsychiatric disorders. This has profound implications for future research, and early detection, monitoring, and treatment in these children.
Transcriptional changes in specific subsets of Drosophila neurons following inhibition of the serotonin transporter
Authors: Bonanno Shivan L. , Krantz David E.
Published: June 2023

The transcriptional effects of SSRIs and other serotonergic drugs remain unclear, in part due to the heterogeneity of postsynaptic cells, which may respond differently to changes in serotonergic signaling. Relatively simple model systems such as Drosophila afford more tractable microcircuits in which to investigate these changes in specific cell types. Here, we focus on the mushroom body, an insect brain structure heavily innervated by serotonin and comprised of multiple different but related subtypes of Kenyon cells. We use fluorescence-activated cell sorting of Kenyon cells, followed by either bulk or single-cell RNA sequencing to explore the transcriptomic response of these cells to SERT inhibition. We compared the effects of two different Drosophila Serotonin Transporter (dSERT) mutant alleles as well as feeding the SSRI citalopram to adult flies. We find that the genetic architecture associated with one of the mutants contributed to significant artefactual changes in expression. Comparison of differential expression caused by loss of SERT during development versus aged, adult flies, suggests that changes in serotonergic signaling may have relatively stronger effects during development, consistent with behavioral studies in mice. Overall, our experiments revealed limited transcriptomic changes in Kenyon cells, but suggest that different subtypes may respond differently to SERT loss-of-function. Further work exploring the effects of SERT loss-of-function in other circuits may be used help to elucidate how SSRIs differentially affect a variety of different neuronal subtypes both during development and in adults.
TRIB1 regulates liver regeneration by antagonizing the NRF2-mediated antioxidant response
Authors: Sun Xinyue , Wang Shuai , Miao Xiulian , Zeng Sheng , Guo Yan , Zhou Anqi , Chen Ying , Chen Yifei , Lv Fangqiao , Fan Zhiwen , Wang Yutong , Xu Yong , Li Zilong
Published: June 2023

Robust regenerative response post liver injuries facilitates the architectural and functional recovery of the liver. Intrahepatic redox homeostasis plays a key role in liver regeneration. In the present study, we investigated the contributory role of Tribbles homolog 1 (Trib1), a pseudokinase, in liver regeneration and the underlying mechanism. We report that Trib1 expression was transiently down-regulated in animal and cell models of liver regeneration. Further analysis revealed that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) repressed Trib1 transcription by evicting liver X receptor (LXRα) from the Trib1 promoter. Knockdown of Trib1 enhanced whereas over-expression of Trib1 suppressed liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. Of interest, regulation of liver regenerative response by Trib1 coincided with alterations of intracellular ROS levels, GSH levels, and antioxidant genes. Transcriptional assays suggested that Trib1 influenced cellular redox status by attenuating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity. Mechanistically, Trib1 interacted with the C-terminus of Nrf2 thus masking a potential nuclear localization signal (NLS) and blocking nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. Finally, correlation between Trib1 expression, Nrf2 nuclear localization, and cell proliferation was identified in liver specimens taken from patients with acute liver failure. In conclusion, our data unveil a novel pathway that depicts Trib1 as a critical link between intracellular redox homeostasis and cell proliferation in liver regeneration.
Differentially private knowledge transfer for federated learning
Authors: Qi Tao , Wu Fangzhao , Wu Chuhan , He Liang , Huang Yongfeng , Xie Xing
Published: June 2023

Extracting useful knowledge from big data is important for machine learning. When data is privacy-sensitive and cannot be directly collected, federated learning is a promising option that extracts knowledge from decentralized data by learning and exchanging model parameters, rather than raw data. However, model parameters may encode not only non-private knowledge but also private information of local data, thereby transferring knowledge via model parameters is not privacy-secure. Here, we present a knowledge transfer method named PrivateKT, which uses actively selected small public data to transfer high-quality knowledge in federated learning with privacy guarantees. We verify PrivateKT on three different datasets, and results show that PrivateKT can maximally reduce 84% of the performance gap between centralized learning and existing federated learning methods under strict differential privacy restrictions. PrivateKT provides a potential direction to effective and privacy-preserving knowledge transfer in machine intelligent systems.
Absence of localization in interacting spin chains with a discrete symmetry
Authors: Kloss Benedikt , Halimeh Jad C. , Lazarides Achilleas , Bar Lev Yevgeny
Published: June 2023

Novel paradigms of strong ergodicity breaking have recently attracted significant attention in condensed matter physics. Understanding the exact conditions required for their emergence or breakdown not only sheds more light on thermalization and its absence in closed quantum many-body systems, but it also has potential benefits for applications in quantum information technology. A case of particular interest is many-body localization whose conditions are not yet fully settled. Here, we prove that spin chains symmetric under a combination of mirror and spin-flip symmetries and with a non-degenerate spectrum show finite spin transport at zero total magnetization and infinite temperature. We demonstrate this numerically using two prominent examples: the Stark many-body localization system (Stark-MBL) and the symmetrized many-body localization system (symmetrized–MBL). We provide evidence of delocalization at all energy densities and show that delocalization persists when the symmetry is broken. We use our results to construct two localized systems which, when coupled, delocalize each other. Our work demonstrates the dramatic effect symmetries can have on disordered systems, proves that the existence of exact resonances is not a sufficient condition for delocalization, and opens the door to generalization to higher spatial dimensions and different conservation laws.
Regulating the proximity effect of heterocycle-containing AIEgens
Authors: Zhang Jianyu , Tu Yujie , Shen Hanchen , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Sun Jianwei , Zhang Haoke , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: June 2023

Proximity effect, which refers to the low-lying (n,π*) and (π,π*) states with close energy levels, usually plays a negative role in the luminescent behaviors of heterocyclic luminogens. However, no systematic study attempts to reveal and manipulate proximity effect on luminescent properties. Here, we report a series of methylquinoxaline derivatives with different electron-donating groups, which show different photophysical properties and aggregation-induced emission behaviors. Experimental results and theoretical calculation reveal the gradually changed energy levels and different coupling effects of the closely related (n,π*) and (π,π*) states, which intrinsically regulate proximity effect and aggregation-induced emission behaviors of these luminogens. With the intrinsic nature of heterocycle-containing compounds, they are utilized for sensors and information encryption with dynamic responses to acid/base stimuli. This work reveals both positive and negative impacts of proximity effect in heterocyclic aggregation-induced emission systems and provides a perspective to develop functional and responsive luminogens with aggregation-induced emission properties.
Coherent optical control of a superconducting microwave cavity via electro-optical dynamical back-action
Authors: Qiu Liu , Sahu Rishabh , Hease William , Arnold Georg , Fink Johannes M.
Published: June 2023

Recent quantum technologies have established precise quantum control of various microscopic systems using electromagnetic waves. Interfaces based on cryogenic cavity electro-optic systems are particularly promising, due to the direct interaction between microwave and optical fields in the quantum regime. Quantum optical control of superconducting microwave circuits has been precluded so far due to the weak electro-optical coupling as well as quasi-particles induced by the pump laser. Here we report the coherent control of a superconducting microwave cavity using laser pulses in a multimode electro-optical device at millikelvin temperature with near-unity cooperativity. Both the stationary and instantaneous responses of the microwave and optical modes comply with the coherent electro-optical interaction, and reveal only minuscule amount of excess back-action with an unanticipated time delay. Our demonstration enables wide ranges of applications beyond quantum transductions, from squeezing and quantum non-demolition measurements of microwave fields, to entanglement generation and hybrid quantum networks.