bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
National Systems of Governance and Managerial Prerogatives in the :Evolution of Work Systems England, Germany, and Denmark Compared
Authors: Kristensen Peer Hull
Published: November 2023

When it became clear, more than a decade ago, that the ‘Fordist ‘ system of work organization and control was not a universal template for organizing production and exchange throughout capitalist economies for all times, and that other work systems, i.e. ‘flexible specialization ‘ (Sabel 1982; Piore and Sabel 1984) and ‘diversified quality production ‘ (Streeck 1992) even challenged the competitive superiority of Fordist mass production under ‘the new competition ‘ (Best 1990), both managerial ideas and the science of industrial organization changed rapidly. According to Mueller and Loveridge in this volume, managers of multinational corporations, be they British, German, or American, are now adopting policies affected by these new ideas and are trying to enforce new designs of work systems, of corporate governance, and of supplier and customer relations on their business units across the world. A new universal template for the design of work systems is seemingly being adopted, imitated, and implemented in a world where the rhetoric of globalization helps to legitimize managerial changes.
From Continent to Periphery: PLA Doctrine, Strategy and Capabilities Towards 2000*
Authors: Godwin Paul H B
Published: November 2023

In the late spring of 1985, shortly after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the former USSR, the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (CMC) directed a radical change in the armed forces’ training and preparation for war. The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA-as all the military services and branches are collectively designated) was instructed that it was no longer necessary to prepare for an “early, major and nuclear war” with the Soviet Union. Henceforth, the PLA’s doctrine, strategy and operational concepts would be focused on preparing for the most probable form of future conflict: local, limited war (jubu zhanzheng) around China’s periphery. The decade following the CMC’s directive has seen the Chinese armed forces begin the transition towards a more modem, flexible military force as they changed their organizational structure, command and control, and training to focus on possibly unexpected, potentially intensive military conflict along China’s borders and maritime territories. These changes paralleled the end of the Cold War and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, which eliminated any significant military threat to China’s northern borders for at least another decade.
Contract Law and the Economics of Interorganizational Trust
Authors: Deakin Simon , Wilkinson Frank
Published: November 2023

Following the seminal study of Macaulay (1963), writers in the socio-legal tradition have generally assumed that the system of contract law is marginal to the process of business contracting. The juridification of commercial relations through contract and regulatory law is seen as inimical to the emergence and preservation of trust. Organization theorists also view legalistic procedures and sanctions both as a threat to trust and as ineffective in restoring trust when contractual relations break down (Sitkin and Roth 1993).
Lack of Trust, Surfeit of Trust: Some Causes of the Innovation Crisis in German Industry
Authors: Kern Horst
Published: November 2023

Arguments which build on the notion of trust—or on parallel categories like ‘networks of civic engagement’, ‘co-operation culture’, ‘social capital’ —came into fashion some years ago. Often they associate good performance in the production of highly valued social goods with organizations that are blessed with a broad stock of trust. ‘Innovation’ is an example of a set of activities which trust organizations are said to perform well. Neotocquevillian currents in American social science exhibit this type of thinking as well as approaches to economic development which, more or less explicitly, rely on Alfred Marshall’s idea of ‘industrial districts’. It is my opinion that these arguments exaggerate the benevolent effects of trust too far and that the analysis of trust which they bring to the fore is sometimes rather misleading.
Trust and the Transformation of Supplier Relations in Indian Industry*
Authors: Humphrey John
Published: November 2023

In the past decade, trust has surfaced as a critical issue in several strands of social science. Rapid industrial development in Germany, Japan, and Italy during the 1970s and 1980s gave support to the idea that economic development is facilitated when interorganizational relations are based on trust. In their different ways, the industrial districts of the Third Italy and Baden-Wlirttemberg and the networks of firms organized by large enterprises in Japan have brought the issue of trust to the fore.1 In the developing world, the issue has been discussed much less, but development agencies have begun to turn their attention to the question of the social conditions for economic development. In 1996, the World Bank set up a group to study the question of social capital, and a recent paper by Knack and Keefer (1996) explored the link between levels of trust and economic growth. Trust is emerging as the new ‘missing factor’ that explains why some countries develop rapidly and others lag behind. Societies that have higher levels of trust appear to grow faster.
Transfers, Commitments, and Issue Linkage in International Environmental Negotiations
Authors: Carraro Carlo , Siniscalco Domenico
Published: November 2023

A large amount of pollutants are discharged from each country into the atmosphere and water systems as a result of human activity. The emissions often affect other countries, as well as the global environment. In economic terms, each polluting country benefits from using the environment as a receptacle of emissions but, at the same time, is also damaged by the resulting environmental deterioration. While the benefit is related to domestic emissions only, the damage is related to both domestic and foreign emissions that negatively affect the environment. Hence a problem of international externalities arises which, in the present institutional setting, can be solved only by voluntary agreements among sovereign countries. Such agreements have been quite common in recent years,1 and they seem to share some features: they are often characterized by cooperative behaviour among the individual countries involved; they usually have only a subgroup of the negotiating countries as signatories (partial cooperation); and they tend to use various forms of transfer, typically to the developing countries, as a key instrument for increasing the number of signatories. There are also recent attempts to link environmental negotiations to negotiations on other economic issues.
Environmental Coalitions with Heterogeneous Countries: Burden-Sharing and Carbon Leakage
Authors: Botteon Michele , Carraro Carlo
Published: November 2023

The issue of climate change control is still high on the agenda of the governments of many countries. Indeed, it is widely recognized that the existing situation cannot yet be considered sufficient to keep under control concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) (cf. Nordhaus, 1999). Despite the agreement on targets achieved in Kyoto, many issues remain unresolved. First, the protocol is not yet ratified, and ratification depends on the way policies are going to be designed to achieve the Kyoto targets (e.g. on the role of flexible instruments). Second, the protocol has to be implemented, and legal and economic issues, including monitoring and reporting, compliance, and sanctions, have to be discussed. Third, and most important, it is clear that the Kyoto protocol is only a first important step to keep GHG concentrations under control and that most of the work has yet to be done.
Centre and Provinces: China 1978–1993
Authors: Li Linda Chelan
Published: November 2023

This project was first conceived in spring 1989, before the traumatic events in Beijing unfolded to a tragic climax. The original thinking was to contribute towards the identification of factors which underlie the ‘cyclical’ pattern of national integration and disintegration throughout Chinese history, and thereby to explore the possibilities of qualitative change in political processes.

The main body of the book, which is based on my doctoral thesis at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, has, however, a narrower focus and a humbler objective. It examines how two apparently atypical provincial-level governments, Guangdong and Shanghai, have sought to achieve their objectives in investment expansion and economic development since 1978 within the constraints of the central government. The findings of this examination have, however, indicated that the central—provincial interface may be the locus where qualitative changes in political processes will first occur in China.
Dependency, Alienation, or Partnership1 The changing relatedness of the individual to the enterprise
Authors: Miller Eric
Published: November 2023

The Group Relations Programme of the Tavistock Institute, initiated in the late 1950s, was based on and contributed to the system psychodynamic framework that had emerged from the Institute’s early studies of work organization. From 1980 onwards, OPUS (an Organization for Promoting Understanding of Society) used this framework to explore underlying processes in large systems and also at the societal level (cf. Khaleelee and E. J. Miller 1985; E. J. Miller 1986). One prominent theme was the changing world of employment and work at that time. The present chapter draws on studies both of the Tavistock Institute and of OPUS, as well as of others, to review implications of past and future change for the organization and management of enterprises in the contemporary world.
A Fresh Look at Authority and Organization: Towards a spiritual approach for managing illusion
Authors: Chattopadhyay Gouranga P
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I take a fresh look at authority and organization by enquiring into the nature of some of the fundamental notions on which our image of authority is based: boundaries, process, hierarchy. Having introduced the idea, fundamental to the chapter, that all boundaries are illusions, I offer a case example which illustrates the damaging effects of treating boundaries as though they are real and fixed, rather than created in the mind. Boundaries that are intended to enable engagement with a task are shown to become a major impediment to its implementation. Since management is largely about creating and providing boundary conditions appropriate for engaging with tasks, it may be considered as the process of managing illusions (Chattopadhyay 1999 forthcoming). In addition, the notion of process is usually lost sight of while managing one’s experience as one engages with tasks. As a result, the approach becomes reductionist and many of one’s experiences are denied, largely unconsciously.
The Recovery of Meaning
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: November 2023

This chapter is written from the perspective of an organizational consultant working within a tradition grounded in the experience of psychoanalysis and the practice of ‘group relations’. The link between these two domains, as I see it, lies not so much in their theoretical underpinning as in their method of enquiry which focuses on mental acts of attending to, formulating, and seeking to interpret emotional experience within a bounded setting. In psychoanalytic work that setting is defined by the meeting between analyst and analysand; in group work by the meeting between group members and one or more ‘consultants’. In both, the object of study is what happens within this relational space: what is put into it or withheld from it or enacted within it, and why.
In the Nick of Time: Reactivating an organization through leader-initiated interactions with members of staff
Authors: Boethius Siv Boalt
Published: November 2023

The object of this chapter is to give examples of and to discuss some strategies for positive organizational change. I take as my starting-point the critical fact that any leader in any organization will, by virtue of his or her role, often become enmeshed in expectations and demands of various kinds. These constraints, conscious and unconscious, develop by interaction between employees and leader and in relation to the primary task of the organization, the structure of the work activity, and the environment of the workplace. If incorrectly handled, the constraints, by their force, can easily lead to situations in which both leader and employees lose their autonomy, creativity, and effectiveness. In the long run, as individuals or entire groups lose touch with their potential resources as well as with the primary task, the organization, in part or as a whole, may stagnate (Boalt Boethius 1983).
The Inner Drama of Role Taking in an Organization
Authors: Triest Joseph
Published: November 2023

Taking a role in an organization inevitably produces an inner drama in which internalized past figures, which are related in some way or another to the ‘role in the mind’, are brought back to life. These charged introjects meet—sometimes, clash—with the representation of the ‘organization in the mind’ and therefore influence the perception of organizational reality, the experience of the ‘self’ in the role, and finally the actual way the role is carried out (Gould 1991; Hirschhorn 1985; E. J. Miller 1985; 1993d).
Small- and Medium-Size Industrial Enterprises in France 1900-1975
Authors: Lescure Michel
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to explore the ways used by French small and medium-size manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) to adapt themselves to the new economic context of the twentieth century. It must be recalled that at the beginning of the twentieth century most French industrial sec tors were composed mainly of small- and medium-size enterprises. In 1906, France had 58 per cent of its factory labour in very small plants (employing fewer than 10 wage-earners). No more than 12 per cent of the labour force was employed in plants with more than 500 wage-earners.
Religious Values, Dependencies, and Fertility: Evidence and Implications from Israel
Authors: Goldscheider Calvin
Published: November 2023

Fertility levels among Muslims living in Israel have been higher than for other religious-national groups in Israel. The sustained higher levels among Israeli Muslims and relatively recent decline raise important questions about the role of religious value changes and how these values interact with shifts in economic development to influence fertility patterns. This chapter first documents the changing levels of fertility of Muslim Israeli women and examines some of the critical correlates of Muslim Israeli fertility change. A review is made of the long-term relative stability of Muslim fertility in Palestine and in the state of Israel, and the subsequent reduction from the mid-1970s. These changes are compared to changes in the fertility of Christian, Druze, and Jewish women in Israel.
Crisis Mortality in Seventeenth-Century Indonesia
Authors: Boomgaard Peter
Published: November 2023

Population growth in Early Modern Indonesia is generally held to have been low to very low, probably not exceeding 0.1% per annum on average. Migration was negligible and birth-rates were probably in most areas fairly high,1 which implies that the death-rate also must have been rather high. If forced to give an estimate, I would say that both (crude) rates must have been around 50 per thousand on average (Reid, 1988: 14-18; Boomgaard, 1989: 175). With the exception of a number of relatively small areas, such as Amboina, Banda and the Minahasa, reliable figures which could support this opinion are, however, not available. In this article, I look at a number of (mostly) qualitative data for the Indonesian Archipel ago, which can be used as demographic indicators, particularly as indicators for high mortality. The same data serve to arrive at a broad grouping of factors to which high mortality can be attributed and at a periodization of peaks and troughs in the death-rate.
Entrepreneurial Strategies in New Organizational Populations
Authors: Aldrich Howard E
Published: November 2023

The first organization of its kind faces a different set of challenges than one which simply carries on a tradition pioneered by thousands of predecessors in the same industry. Given the conditions facing pioneering founders, are different strategies needed for them than for imitators and borrowers? Focusing on the period during which a new form emerges is a crucial theoretical issue, because the struggle to carve out a niche for a new population involves such strong forces that the events of that period may be forever imprinted on the form that persists (Boeker, 1988, Stinchcombe, 1965). Defeat of opposing populations and co-optation of institutional actors, in particular, may cement a form in place that is resistant to change.
Innovation in Large and Small Firms
Authors: Arrow Kenneth J
Published: November 2023

This essay is intended to begin the elaboration of a theme: the interaction between the observed sizes of firms and their internal decision-making procedures. This theme is a major one in the symphony of entrepreneurial activity. The entrepreneur, as the maker and changer of economic and productive life, is usually envisaged as an individual. In the neoclassical tradition, he (or, rarely, she) is the lightning calculator, the individual who rapidly scans the field of alternative productive processes and chooses the optimum at any given set of prices. In the Austrian tradition, most notably in the work of Schumpeter,1 he is endowed with a special psychology that makes him all the more an individual in the strict sense of the word-he cannot be replaced by a machine or by a multiplicity of individuals, who would inevitably slow him down. “He travels fastest who travels alone,” says an ancient proverb.
Entrepreneurship and Culture: The Case of Freddy, the Strawberry Man
Authors: Montoya Monica Lindh de
Published: November 2023

This article discusses the contribution that anthropology, and especially the notion of culture, can make to the study of entrepreneurship.1 In it, I will draw on ethnographic material I collected about a rural-urban entrepreneur dealing in strawberries, and try to show how anthropology can illuminate fundamental issues in entrepreneurship, and some of the processes involved in starting and running a business. Because of the nature of my data I am concerned with small-scale businesses, primarily in the developing world, but I believe that the phenomena I observed have their counterparts in modern economies, and that my discussion therefore has a general relevance.
Ethnic Entrepreneurs
Authors: Waldinger Roger , Aldrich Howard , Ward Robin
Published: November 2023

The revival of small business has been widely accompanied by the infusion of new ethnic owners into the ranks of petty proprietorship. By 1980, self employment already accounted for a substantial share of employment among those newcomers who had moved to the United States in the years since the renewal of large-scale immigration in 1965. In four of the five principal immigrant receiving metropolitan areas-New York, Los Angeles, Miami, and San Francisco-immigrant self-employment rates among males were close to or above the 10% mark, as can be seen in Table 15.1. The immigrant imprint is most dramatic in Miami, where a 30-year influx of Cuban refugees has transformed a decaying, stagnant city into a booming economy that some analysts have called the “capital of Latin America” (Rieff 1987; Levine 1985). Elsewhere, it has been more a matter of immigrants finding niches where small businesses could thrive. In industries like garments, restaurants, petty retailing, taxis, and so on, newcomers have found a supportive environment in which entrepreneurial activity has flourished-as will be seen in the chapters that follow.
Introduction
Authors: Dunford Michael , Hall Ronald , Smith Alasdair , Tsoukalis Loukas
Published: November 2023

Traditional economic theory concentrates on questions of efficiency and the maximization of global welfare, while considerations about: equity and t:he distribution of the economic pie are usually refit to more ‘nonnative’ disciplines; alternatively, they are simply assumed away as problems. But everyday politics is largely about the distribution of gains and losses among participants in any system. Depending on the nature of the latter, the relevant participants can be countries, regions, different social groups, or even individuals.
The Underestimated Contributions of Political Science to Organizational Learning
Authors: Palombara Joseph La
Published: November 2023

Organizational theory and, therefore, organizational learning, an important dimension of the former, have rarely attracted the attention of political scientists. Etheredge (1981) noted this situation two decades ago, but he added that ‘Government learning is a new interdisciplinary field of social science inquiry’ (p. 73). This judgment was premature for political science, even though in those same years the discipline moved sharply in the direction of trying to provide improved explanations for what encouraged or impeded ‘effective’ government. A good deal of the attention focused on the executive branch, which was Etheredge’s primary focus as well (1981: 76-82).
Media Choice and Organizational Learning
Authors: Buchel Bettina , Raub Steffen
Published: November 2023

A growing number of companies rely on new media1 to improve their performance (Davenport 1997). This trend can be observed across various countries and in companies of different size. There are two major reasons for the increased attention given to media within organizations. The first is that managers spend 70 to 80 per cent of their time managing information by using a wide range of media (Mintzberg 1973). The time allotted to managing information has been validated for both industrialized (Kurke and Aldrich 1983; Mintinko and Gardner 1990) and developing countries (Montgomery 1986). In addition, with the introduction of computer-mediated media, the effective and efficient use of media has become an ever more difficult task. As Davenport, Eccles, and Prusak (1992) state, ‘broadening information access and usage and enhancing the quality are key to improving business performance’ (p. 53). Although this argument sounds convincing, the efficiency and effectiveness of information management through media usage has improved little despite the fact that U.S. companies have invested $1 trillion in information technology (Malhotra 1997).
A Comparison of Linear and Nonlinear Univariate Models for Forecasting Macroeconomic Time Series
Authors: Stock James H , Watson Mark w.
Published: November 2023

This paper is inspired by four themes that run through Clive Granger’s extraordinary body of research on time series analysis and economic forecasting. First, it is plausible that the complicated forces that drive economic events introduce nonlinear dynamics into aggregate time series variables, so an important research program is modeling and exploiting these nonlinearities for forecasting (Granger, 1993; Granger and Terasvirta, 1993; Granger, Terasvirta, and Anderson, 1993; Granger and Lin, 1994; Terasvirta et al. 1994). Second, a dominant feature of economic time series data. is the considerable persistence, or long-range dependence, of those series (Granger, 1966), and the correct modeling of this persistence is a critical step in constructing reliable forecasts over medium- and long-term forecasting horizons (Granger and Newbold, 1977).
Order Selection in Testing for the Cointegrating Rank of a VAR Process
Authors: Pohl Helmut Lütke , Saikkonen Pentti
Published: November 2023

Following the invention of cointegration by Granger (1981, 1986) and Engle and Granger (1987), time series econometrics has changed considerably. In multiple time series analysis investigating the cointegration properties at an early stage of the analysis has become standard practice by now. For this purpose! Johansen’s (1988, 1991, 1995) likelihood ratio (LR) tests are used frequently (see also Reinsel and Ahn, 1992). In that approach a vector autoregressive (VAR) process or error correction model (ECM) of some finite order is usually fitted to the data and the tests are then performed conditionally on the order being the true one. In some studies it was found, however, that the choice of the lag order or truncation lag can have an important impact on the outcome of unit root and cointegration tests (see, e.g., Schwert, 1989, Ng and Perron, 199.5, Agiagloglou and Newbold, 1996, for unit root tests in univariate time series and Reimers, 1992, and Haug, 1996: for cointegration tests in vector processes). Therefore it is of interest to investigate the relation between the choice of truncation lag and the properties of the resulting cointegration tests based on a model with a prespecified order.
From Pluralist to Patriotic Politics
Authors: Blattberg Charles
Published: November 2023

The moral and political philosophy of pluralism has become increasingly influential. To pluralists, when values genuinely conflict we should aim to strike an appropriate balance or trade-off between them, though this means accepting that compromise will be inevitable. Politics, as a result, appears as a thoroughly tragic affair. Drawing on a 'hermeneutical' conception of interpretation, the author develops an original account of practical reasoning, one which assumes that, though making compromises in the face of conflicts is indeed often unavoidable, there are times when reconciliation, as distinct from compromise, is feasible. For this to be so, however, citizens must strive to converse - and not just negotiate - with each other, thus fulfilling the good that is at the heart of their shared political community. This is the central message of the patriotic alternative to pluralist politics that the author defends here.
Globalization and ‘Risk Society’
Authors: Hanseth Ole , Braa Kristin
Published: November 2023

Globalization is widely acknowledged to be an important contemporary phenomenon. Globalization and technology are mutually reinforcing drivers of change. The role of IT as a key factor to bring about this change is often thought of as an opportunity to enhance control and coordination, while opening access to new global markets and businesses (Ives and Jarvenpaa 1991). Bartlett and Ghoshal (1998) claim that firms operating in these global markets will be at a serious strategic disadvantage if they are unable firmly to control their worldwide operations and manage them in a globally coordinated manner. According to their model, corporations are focusing on closer coordination of increasingly more complex and global processes.
Conservative Success: Organization and Infrastructure Evolution at SKF
Authors: Dahlbom Bo , Hanseth Ole , Ljungberg JAn
Published: November 2023

SKF is world leader in the production of ball and roller bearings, having 15-20 per cent of the world market. Ever since it was established in 1907 it has been a global, production- and distribution-focused company, selling the very same type of products all over the world. Of course SKF has changed throughout this period. However, what is most striking with the company—in particular compared with the picture of modern global organizations painted by current management literature—is its stability. SKF is changing, but in small steps. As with the overall company, the information technology (IT) infrastructure has evolved slowly and in relative harmony with the organizational changes. This chapter will outline the successful co-evolution of SKF and its infrastructure. We shall see how, in recent decades, SKF has relied on a strategy for building infrastructures focusing on standardization and hence stability, in effect having an institutional perspective on its organization, focusing on inertia and the cultivation of entrenched infrastructures (Hanseth 1996). This is in obvious conflict with the focus of modern management literature on dynamics and flexibility and on radical and rapid organizational change, designing infrastructures from scratch.
Infrastructure Strategy Formation: Seize the Day at Statoil
Authors: Monteiro Eric , Hepsø Vidar
Published: November 2023

Oil and gas operations are a key industry in Norway, representing 15.5 per cent of GDP. At the time of writing, Statoil is the largest producer in Norway and the second largest exporter of oil worldwide. Statoil-the State of Norway’s Oil Company Ltd. (Den norske stats oljeselskap A/S)-is in themiddle of a metamorphosis. After years sheltered from unbiased competition guaranteed through a broad, political coalition, Statoil is transforming itself into an internationally oriented, competitive enterprise. Statoil is learning to operate in a competitive market at the same time as it diversifies. It is no longer only an oil producer, but supports a whole chain of businesses from exploration of oil and gas fields, to the development of field installations and transportation systems, and the operation and maintenance of a number of offshore production platforms and pipeline systems. Statoil is changing into an integrated energy supplier.
Global and Local Dynamics in Infrastructure Deployment: The Astra Hassle Experience
Authors: cordella Antonio , Simon kai A
Published: November 2023

The end of the millennium has represented a period of substantial change in the pharmaceutical industry. The wave of mergers and acquisitions is an obvious indicator of a changing sector. The creations of Novartis, Pharmacia & Upjohn, and AstraZeneca have emphasized the fact that business in the pharma-industry is no longer what it used to be. The industry has faced a radically shifting client base and revised business economics that have squeezed profits. As a result, drug-makers have had to downsize, consolidate, and reorganize. In an industry where a product’s life cycle rarely lasts more than a dozen years, and profits are no longer guaranteed, efficiency has taken on a new urgency.
Organizational Identity as Moral Philosophy: Competitive Implications for Diversified Corporations
Authors: Barney Jay B , Stewart Alice C
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that organizational identity (01) can, in some circumstances, be a source of competitive advantage for firms. This chapter also argues that, as the level of diversification in a corporation increases, 01 must be defined in increasingly abstract terms. One way firms can define an abstract identity is as moral philosophy-statements of right and wrong around which employees can rally and which can influence a broad range of business decisions. In this sense, 01 as moral philosophy can become a source of sustained competitive advantage for firms.
Markets and Meanings: Re-Imagining Organizational Life
Authors: Gay Paul du
Published: November 2023

According to the French philosopher and cultural theorist Gilles Deleuze (1992: 6), ‘marketing has become the soul of the corporation’ .1 A provocative statement certainly, but one that, at first sight, appears to founder upon the rock of empirical verification. In the UK, for example, marketing, along with other dis ciplines of symbolic expertise such as design and communication, still seems to suffer a subordinate professional and organizational status in comparison to that enjoyed by the expertise of finance, production, and accounting (Armstrong 1989). However, to dismiss Deleuze on these grounds alone could be a mistake, for might there not be developments afoot that, amongst many other things, are in the process of problematizing traditional hierarchies of organizational expertise? Certainly, many contemporary programmes of organizational reform contain an explicit critique of finance and accounting, for example.
Self-Absorption and Self-Seduction the Corporate Identity Game
Authors: Christensen Lars Thoger , Cheney George
Published: November 2023

Contemporary organizations are-no matter what sector they occupy or what products or services they produce-in the communication business-that is, in the business of expressing themselves deliberately in their environments. And for good reasons. The market of today seems to be demanding well crafted identities, identities that are able to stand out and break through the clutter. At the same time, organizations are expected to be able to adapt, modify, or radically alter their identities at a moment’s notice. As a consequence, organizations are investing more resources than ever in articulating, expressing, and celebrating their identities. But who is listening to them? And who really cares about the careful and, often, detailed considerations behind these organizational efforts? In a world saturated with corporate symbols asserting uniqueness and calling for attention and interest, such questions are important to ask not only for academic reasons but also because they invite organizations to reconsider radically the role that their formal communication campaigns play in the market of symbols and messages of today.
The Immigrant Niche in Global City-Regions: Concept, Patterns, Controversy
Authors: Waldinger Roger
Published: November 2023

As America enters the twenty-first century, it is now clear that the twentieth was the century of immigration. True, the doors closed in the mid-1920s-and for many, especially during the dark days of World War II, they remained fatally shut until it was too late. But even during the heyday of immigration restriction, the back door remained open, which means that the Mexican presence also then grew. However, the advent of a temporary migrant farm labor program in 1943-known as the Bracero program-augured the shape of things to come: immigration began growing in the late 1940s, and the path has been ever upwards, indeed at an ever sharper slope. At the end of the century, the numbers of newcomers added up to the fiow seen at the century’s dawn.
Governing Cities and Regions: Territorial Restructuring in a Global Age
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the most striking features of the late twentieth century world is the rise of cities and regions as important spaces and as actors in national and global politics. This is all the more remarkable in that it defies the wisdom of generations of modernization theorists who argued that there was an inexorable trend to inte gration within consolidated nation-states. Equally it calls into question some of the theories of globalization. Both modernists and postmodernists have argued that globalization and European integration will mark the “end of territory” (Badie 1995), superseding both the nation-state and the territorial units within it. In a world of instant communication, free trade, frictionless capital fiows, and global culture, this would seem a logical outcome. Yet once again the integrationists have been confounded. Instead of a homogeneous world order, we are faced with a resurgence of regionalist movements, minority nationalisms, and the renais sance of cities as global actors. Observers have ceased to regard this conjunction of globalization and regionalization as a paradox and to appreciate that both are related to each other as the nation-state faces twin pressures from above and below. Political, economic, and social space is restructuring, at various territorial levels and new types of regulation are emerging.
State Representatives To International Organizations
Authors: Watts Sir Arthur
Published: November 2023

The position in international law of diplomats (Chapters 3 and 6), consuls (Chapter 4), and special ad hoc missions (Chapter 5) has its roots in older and relatively wellestablished practices for the representation of States in their official dealings with other States. By contrast, only in modern times have States needed to consider the position of their representatives to international organisations, and the position of those organisations and their officials in relation to States (both those which arc members of the organisation in question and those which are not).
The Effect of Rights on Political Culture
Authors: Koskenniemi Martti
Published: November 2023

I wish to make two arguments. First, while the rhetoric of human rights has historically had a positive and liberating effect on societies, once rights become institutionalized as a central part of political and administrative culture, they lose their transformative effect and are petrified into a legalistic paradigm that marginalizes values or interests that resist translation into rights-language. In this way, the liberal principle of the ‘priority of the right over the good’ results in a colonization of political culture by a technocratic language that leaves no room for the articulation or realization of conceptions of the good.
A Human Rights Policy for the European Community and Union: The Question of Competences
Authors: Weiler I H H , Fries Sybilla C
Published: November 2023

The question of Community competences in the field of human rights came back into sharp focus with the publication of the Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) on the development and consolidation of democracy and the rule of law and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, submitted by the Commission on 24 July 1997. It was followed, in October of that same year, by an Opinion of the Legal Service of the Council on this proposal, a restricted document which, however, was widely leaked and circulated. The exchange is by now obsolete. First, the Commission and Council reached a cosy, don’t ask don’t tell, compromise reflected in an amended set of Commission proposals. The Commission would get the sizeable funds it required to spread the good word of human rights; so long as the Commission formally accepted a legal regime which would expunge any official reference to a Community human rights policy relating to any activity in and by the Member States, the Council would not ask how exactly the Commission was spending the money and turn a blind eye even to funding instances which egregiously contravened that very policy.
From Strasbourg to Amsterdam: Prospects for the Convergence of European Social Rights Policy
Authors: Sciarra Silvana
Published: November 2023

The main purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate the persistent circulation within the European Union of international labour standards which are either inherent in the cultural and legal traditions of Member States or have become a relevant part thereof because of the slow and yet penetrating influence of international organizations. This argument will be developed in order to show that the interdependence of international legal sources is one of the many variables characterizing the construction and consolidation of social rights within the European Union. The existence of different levels of decision-making, whereby nation States strenuously defend the competence, and indeed the better ability, of domestic legislatures to intervene in social matters, is a significant sign of the specificity and perhaps of the unpredictability of European integration in this field.
The Role of the European Parliament: Past and Future
Authors: Rack Reinhard , Lausegger Stefan
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews the work of the European Parliament in the field of human rights both within and outside the European Union and provides some proposals for improvements.’ Parliament, as the only democratically elected Community institution, has long deemed itself to have a particular vocation for the promotion of human rights—even prior to the first direct elections in 1979-and, over the years, it has developed its own policy approach in this field. As human rights were not of primary concern in the early stages of the European Communities, this provided an opportunity for Parliament to bring human rights within its own sphere of influence, as it regarded human rights protection as an essential part of the activities of the European Union. There was a special reason for Parliament’s activities in this field: by making human rights a sphere of activity, and by linking them to other policies, the European Parliament could expand its powers and responsibilities to topics which did not actually fall within its normal remit. A good example of this is the role played by Parliament in the introduction of the policy of conditionality, on which it has exerted a major influence.
Enforcement of Judgments in Europe
Authors: Kennett W A
Published: November 2023

The idea of a European Judicial Area has gathered force since the negotiation of the Amsterdam Treaty amending the TEU and conferring competence on the European Community in relation to measures of ‘judicial cooperation’. One of the areas targeted for rapid attention is improvement in the recognition and enforcement of civil judgments in Europe - with plans for the mutual recognition of judgments. This book (i) explains the significance of the fact that judicial cooperation now falls within the EC Treaty; (ii) sets out the background of measures and proposals which will form the basis for further work by the European Commission in developing legislative proposals; (iii) compares the enforcement frameworks of selected national laws (England, Germany, France, Sweden, Spain); (iv) examines in detail the existing position in relation to key enforcement issues (obtaining information about a debtor’s assets, provisional and protective measures, service of documents, exequatur, transfrontier garnishee orders and the transfrontier enforcement of injunctions) under the selected national laws and European/international instruments; and (v) assesses the scope for improvements in collaboration between Member States and the obstacles that may impede harmonisation. The book will provide an invaluable source of reference for practitioners and policy-makers, and will also be of assistance as a starting point for those who want to engage in further comparative research on the topics covered.
CPT Standards within the Context of the Council of Europe
Authors: Murdoch Jim
Published: November 2023

Any assessment of criminal justice involves more than scrutiny of efficiency and effectiveness. At the close of a century in which human dignity and physical integrity have scarcely been adequately respected, there is at least now an acceptance that the exercise of state authority must be balanced with respect for fundamental values. Symbolism is now important.
Globalization and the Right to :Development
Authors: Orford Anne
Published: November 2023

The changes to the international system that have taken place since the break up of the Soviet Union have significantly altered the capacity of international law to protect and promote human rights. In particular, the increase in the speed and scale of trade and financial liberalization poses major challenges to international human rights law. Developments such as the Asian financial crisis, protests about the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the controversy surrounding the negotiation of the Multilateral Agreement on Investment, the activities of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank and the re-emergence in many states of economic nationalism and protectionism have all contributed to putting globalization on trial. Human rights activists and scholars argue that a focus on economic globalization, the power of transnational corporations and the effects of the activities of international economic institutions must be placed at the center of campaigns to promote and protect human rights.
The Sad Fate of the Theft Act 1968
Authors: Smith John
Published: November 2023

The most important item of legislation in the field of substantive criminal law in twentieth-century England was the Theft Act 1968. Apart from road traffic offences, stealing is by far the most common criminal offence. The 1968 Act ended centuries of piecemeal development of the common law offence of larceny and related crimes and gave the law a fresh start with, effectively, a new code for this branch of the law. As we now approach the end of the century, after thirty years of the operation of the Act, it is a good time to see how it has fared in the courts and to what extent the intentions of those who framed it have been fulfilled.
Regulatory Competition vs Harmonization in EU Environmental Law
Authors: Faure Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses a topic which, in a European legal perspective, concerns the subsidiarity principle. In this presentation, the subsidiarity principle is addressed from an economic perspective. The central question of European environmental law from an economic perspective is whether we need harmonization of the conditions of competition (in other words harmonization of environmental standards) to reach the goals of the EC Treaty, as laid down in Article 2. This being essentially an economic question, economic methodology will be used to answer it.
Property Rights In Money
Authors: Fox David
Published: November 2023

Property Rights in Money is a systematic study of how proprietary interests in (ownership of and transactions in) money are transferred and enforced as part of a payment transaction. The book begins by considering the different kinds of property recognised by the law which perform the economic functions of money. It describes how the nature of an owner's proprietary interest differs depending on the kind of property that is treated as money. The main body of the work provides a detailed account of how property rights in money are transferred from one person to another, and the proprietary consequences when a transfer of money is ineffective. For example, the work considers the consequences for the passing of property in money when a person pays the money by mistake, through the fraud of another or through a breach of his or her duties as a trustee or a company director. The author provides a coherent explanation of the proprietary effect of money transfers whether made via a transfer of coins or banknotes or, as is now more common, through a bank payment system. The final section of the book considers how a person can enforce his property rights in money, and the legal remedies open to him to recover his money once it is in the hands of a person who is not entitled to it.
Multiple Interfaces
Authors: Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

Within present-day generative grammar (the Minimalist program, Chomsky 1995, 1998), it is generally postulated that autonomous syntax (I-language) provides information to two kinds of performance systems-sensori-motor systems and systems of thought. These systems are taken to be indivisible and unitary; that is, all sensori-motor systems access one interface-level, and all systems of thought access a distinct interface-level. This as sumption is at issue in the present chapter, which opts for a model where the systems of thought access multiple interface-levels. It is claimed that there are three such levels: Thematic Form, Grammatical Form, and Discourse Form-and that the information exchanged at these levels pertains to the information assembled at the V-domain, the I-domain, and the C-domain, respectively. A conceptual argument for the idea that these three syntactic domains exchange information with the systems of thought via designated interfaces is based on the way the computational system works at these three domains. In addition, a handful of empirical arguments are presented, many of which are related to the concept of ‘chain ‘, which must be interpreted differently from what is standardly assumed in a model with multiple interfaces to the systems of thought.
Descent and Diffusion: The Complexity of the Pilbara Situation
Authors: Dench Alan
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a case study of a group of Australian languages for which it is especially difficult to determine whether shared innovations are the result of genetic inheritance from a common ancestor or are the result of contact. In the preceding chapter of this volume, Dixon demonstrates the difficulty of determining clear genetic groupings across the Australian continent as a whole. This chapter shows that similar problems of indeterminacy can hold at the lowest level of language comparison in the Australian context.