bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association Between Osteoarticular Scores and Acute Phase Reactant Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kafeđiska Irena , Spasovski Dejan , Gruev Todor , Grličkov Mane , Cakalaroski Kočo , Serafimovski Vlado , Sotirova Tatjana , Miloševski Petar
Published: January 2009

Association Between Osteoarticular Scores and Acute Phase Reactant Levels in Rheumatoid Arthritis

The aim of this prospective control study was a quantitative evaluation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in certain time intervals, using articular indexes (set of 28 sensitive and 28 swollen joints), laboratory parameters (Hb, Hct, Er, Le and Plt) and acute phase reactants (ESR, RF, CRP); to determine which of the acute phase reactants is the most useful biochemical marker for the evaluation of disease activity in RA; to quantify the therapeutical and laboratory differences in certain time intervals in the group with and without immunomodulatory therapy with Methotrexate. Sixty patients with RA were included, 27 of who were treated with non-steroid antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Methotrexate (MTX). The control group consisted of 33 patients treated only with NSAIDs because of irregular controls. In the first group of patients the disease activity was estimated at four time intervals, and in the control group of patients at three time intervals following the scores of the articular indexes, blood cell counts, ESR and CRP in every patient. In the first group of patients decreased activity of RA was found upon every following control with a consecutive decrease in mean values of the scores of articular indexes with statistically significant differences at the four time intervals. Considering laboratory parameters, there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of Hb, Er, Plt, ESR, (p=0.0462, p=0.0076, p= 0.0058, p= 0.0003). Mean values of CRP did not show statistically significant differences, but the number of patients who were CRP negative increased (there were great standard deviations). In the group of patients treated only with NSAIDs, there were statistically significant differences in the mean values of the scores of articular indexes with an increse at every following control (in favour of progression of the disease). There were no statistically significant differences considering blood cell counts, ESR and CRP (in favour of permanently active disease). In conclusion, CRP is the most useful marker for the prospective follow-up of patients with RA.
Registration of PD 99035 Germplasm Line of Cotton
Authors: Campbell B. T. , May O. L. , Howle D. S. , Jones D. C.
Published: January 2009

PD 99035 (Reg. No. GP‐902, PI 653111) is a noncommercial breeding line of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) jointly released by the USDA‐ARS, the Clemson University Experiment Station, and Cotton Incorporated in 2007. PD 99035 was selected from a cross of PD 93043 and ‘DPL 5409’. PD 99035 possesses outstanding fiber‐quality properties, significantly better than several commercial cultivars. Specifically, PD 99035 possesses outstanding fiber strength and length potential, while also maintaining micronaire values lower than commercial cultivars. PD 99035 possesses mid‐ to late maturity and produces lint yield similar to or just below commercial cultivars. PD 99035 is best adapted within the southeastern United States, although our data also suggest it has broad adaptation across the U.S. Upland cotton production region. The combination of longer fiber length, stronger fiber strength, lower micronaire, and acceptable lint yield potential makes PD 99035 a valuable genetic resource to cotton breeding programs.
Registration of ‘Riveland’ Lentil
Authors: McPhee Kevin E. , Muehlbauer Fred J.
Published: January 2009

‘Riveland’ (Reg. No. CV‐32, PI 649919) lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) was released by the USDA‐ARS (Pullman, WA) in cooperation with Washington State University Agricultural Research Center, University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, and North Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station in June 2007. Riveland was released on the basis of exceptionally large seed size, broad adaptation to U.S. production zones, excellent seed quality, and high yield potential. Riveland was named after Neil Riveland, agronomist, North Dakota State University, Williston Research Extension Center, Williston, ND. Riveland was selected as an F5 plant row in 1998. It originated from the cross ‘Laird’/VW000412 (cross number X95L073) made by F.J. Muehlbauer in 1995. Laird is a large‐seeded yellow‐cotyledon cultivar developed in Canada by A.E. Slinkard, and VW000412 is a large‐seeded breeding line developed by V.E. Wilson, a USDA‐ARS agronomist at Pullman (retired).
Registration of ‘Florida‐07’ Peanut
Authors: Gorbet D. W. , Tillman B. L.
Published: January 2009

‘Florida‐07’ (Reg. No. CV‐104, PI 652938) peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar was developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center near Marianna, FL. It was approved for release in 2006. Florida‐07 has larger‐than‐average runner market–type seeds and pods. The growth habit of Florida‐07 is prostrate, typical of runner‐type peanut cultivars. Under irrigation in Florida, it matures about 140 d after planting, which places it in the category of medium‐late relative maturity. Release of Florida‐07 was made on the basis of its excellent pod yield potential, competitive kernel grade (percentage total sound mature kernels), high‐oleic fatty acid oil chemistry, and resistance to spotted wilt (caused by Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus) and white mold (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.).
Registration of S99‐2281 Soybean Germplasm Line with Resistance to Frogeye Leaf Spot and Three Nematode Species
Authors: Shannon J. Grover , Lee Jeong-Dong , Wrather J. Allen , Sleper David A. , Mian M. A. Rouf , Bond Jason P. , Robbins Robert T.
Published: January 2009

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm line S99‐2281 (Reg. No. GP‐361, PI 654356) was developed at the University of Missouri–Delta Center and released by the University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. It is an F4 plant selection composited in the F5 generation from the cross of N90‐516 × S92‐1069. S99‐2281 is a productive, early group V (relative maturity 5.2) soybean line with broad resistance to soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) HG types (races), southern root knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood], and reniform nematode [Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford and Oliveira)]. It also carries the Rcs3 gene for resistance to all known races of frogeye leaf spot, caused by Cercospora sojina K. Hara. In combined analyses over 3 yr, S99‐2281 yielded 3 and 7% more than ‘Manokin’ in southeast Missouri trials (15 tests) and in Uniform Group IVs Tests–Southern States (39 tests), respectively. It will be useful as an elite parent in soybean breeding programs to develop productive soybean cultivars with broad resistance to frogeye leaf spot and resistance to multiple nematode species.
Registration of ‘Cavalier’ Soybean
Authors: Helms T. C. , Nelson B. D. , Goos R. J.
Published: January 2009

‘Cavalier’ soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (Reg. No. CV‐499, PI 654358) was first tested as ND02‐2019, and was developed by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University. Cavalier was released in January 2008 and is a Maturity Group 00 conventional cultivar (00.7), generally adapted as a full‐season cultivar from 48 to 49° N latitude. Cavalier was released because it has (i) resistance to race 4 of Phytophthora sojae (M.J. Kaufmann and J.W. Gerdemann), (ii) high yield in North Dakota environments, (iii) lodging resistance, and (iv) tolerance to iron‐deficiency chlorosis.
Natural convection in a differentially heated enclosure with triangular roof
Authors: Saha Sumon , Hasan Noman , Feroz Chowdhury Md
Published: January 2009

A numerical study has been carried out for laminar natural convection heat transfer within a two-dimensional modified square enclosure having a triangular roof. The vertical sidewalls are differentially heated considering a constant flux heat source strip is flush mounted with the left wall. The opposite wall is considered isothermal having a temperature of the surrounding fluid. The rest of the walls are adiabatic. Air is considered as the fluid inside the enclosure. The solution has been carried out on the basis of finite element analysis by a non-linear parametric solver to examine the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics. Different heights of the triangular roof have been considered for the present analysis. Fluid flow fields and isotherm patterns and the average Nusselt number are presented for the Rayleigh numbers ranging from 103 to 106 in order to show the effects of these governing parameters. The average Nusselt number computed for the case of isoflux heating is also compared with the case of isothermal heating as available in the literature. The outcome of the present investigation shows that the convective phenomenon is greatly influenced by the inclined roof height. Keywords: Natural convection, triangular roof, Rayleigh number, isoflux heating. Doi:10.3329/jme.v39i1.1826 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. ME39, No. 1, June 2008 1-7
Tribological properties of termally sprayed WC cermet coating under extreme operating conditions
Authors: Nuruzzaman DM , Nakajima Akira , Mawatari Toshifumi
Published: January 2009

In this study, tribological properties of thermally sprayed WC-Cr-Ni cermet coating were investigated experimentally under lubricated rolling with sliding contact conditions. Hi-HVOF sprayed WC cermet coatings were deposited onto the axially ground, blasted and circumferentially ground roller specimens made of carburized hardened steel. Under extreme operating conditions such as contact pressure PH = 1.4 GPa, slip ratio s = - 28.0% and mating surface roughness Rmax = 6.0 Âµm, the effects of substrate surface finish on the tribological properties of the cermet coating were examined. It was found that cermet coating showed a long life and durability was not influenced by the substrate surface finish. It was also found that coefficient of friction, oil film formation, surface temperature and oil film thickness were not much influenced by the substrate surface finish. On the other hand, surface hardness, surface roughness and coating material loss were significantly influenced depending on the substrate surface finish. Keywords: Substrate surface finish, Tribological properties, WC-Cr-Ni cermet doi:10.3329/jme.v39i1.1828 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. ME39, No. 1, June 2008 13-17
Effects of radiation on natural convection flow around a sphere with uniform surface heat flux
Authors: Akhter Tahmina , Alim MA
Published: January 2009

The effects of radiation on natural convection flow around a sphere with uniform surface heat flux have been investigated in this paper. We have considered here a sphere with uniform surface heat flux immersed in a viscous incompressible optically thick fluid. The governing equations are first transformed into non-dimensional form and the resulting nonlinear systems of partial differential equations are then solved numerically using Finite-difference method with Keller-box scheme. We have focused our attention on the evolution of the shear stress in terms of local skin friction coefficient and the rate of heat transfer in terms of local Nusselt number. Also, velocity as well as temperature profiles are shown graphically for some selected values of radiation parameter (Rd), surface temperature parameter (D) and Prandtl number (Pr). Keywords: Thermal radiation, Prandtl number, natural convection, uniform surface heat flux. doi:10.3329/jme.v39i1.1834 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, vol. ME39, No. 1, June 2008 50-56
Soret effects due to natural convection between inclined plates with magnetic field
Authors: Raju MC , Varma SVK , Reddy PV , Saha Sumon
Published: January 2009

The effect of small uniform magnetic field on separation of a binary mixture for the case of a fully developed natural convection between two heated inclined plates has been investigated in this paper. Neglecting the induced electric field the equations governing the motion, temperature and concentration are solved by simple perturbation technique, in terms of dimensionless parameter measuring buoyancy force. The expressions for velocity, temperature and concentration are obtained. The effects of Hartmann number (M), thermal diffusion number (td), the buoyancy force parameter (N) and the inclination angle (Ï) of the plates with the horizontal are studied on the flow and heat transfer quantities. Keywords: Natural convection, thermal diffusion, magnetic field, incompressible fluid, binary mixture. doi:10.3329/jme.v39i2.1848 Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. ME39, No. 2, Dec. 2008 65-70
Smokeless Tobacco Use and Religiousness
Authors: Gillum Frank , Obisesan Thomas O. , Jarrett Nicole C.
Published: January 2009

Although smoking shows a strong negative association with religiousness, no studies have appeared of use of smokeless tobacco (ST) and religiousness. To assess an association of use of ST and religiousness, data from 9,374 men aged 17 years and over with complete data on self-reported frequency of attendance at religious services and use of smokeless tobacco were analyzed. Among men aged 17-29 years, 4.9% of frequent attenders (>=24 times/y) and 9.4% of others (
Relief evolution in the hinterland of the Pivka river
Authors: Kovačič Gregor
Published: January 2009

The article discusses relief evolution in the catchment area of the highest situated permanent spring of the Pivka river – the Pivšce karst spring near the village Zagorje. The discussed landscape, which lies on the southernmost edge of the Upper Pivka valley, shows several geomorphological particularities, which are the result of different geomorphogenetic processes in the past. The basic characteristics of the present relief were shaped in the Pliocene when also the original valley of the Pivka river was formed. The region was more profoundly transformed by Pleistocene processes, which strongly altered the surface. Apart from karstic relief forms, there are several small dry stream channels on the land surface, which were carved by torrents. The two most distinctive relief features are the karst polje situated between the villages Koritnice, Bač and Knežak, which is covered with rubble and gravel-like clastic sediments, and the dry valley of the former Pivka river lying southwest from Koritnice.
Karst and saltwater intrusion mapping using electric resistivity tomography: case study at the site of Cap Rhir, Southern Morocco
Authors: Toto El Arbi , Basri Mohamed El , Al‐Hajari Saif Ali , Hafid Mohamad , Benammi Mohamed , Ibenbrahim Aomar
Published: January 2009

A 2D electrical resistivity method was used to survey the site of Cap Rhir, which is located on the Atlantic Coast, about 30 km north of Agadir, Southern Morocco. This site was proposed by the National Office of Electricity (ONE) for the construction of a large thermal plant for the provision of electrical power to the region. Nineteen 2D electrical resistivity tomography profiles with electrode spacings of 3 m and 5 m were acquired across the study area using the dipole‐dipole electrode configuration. The apparent resistivity measurements were taken by the Sting R8 system (AGI) and the inversion of the data was accomplished by the EarthImager 2D software.

The integration of the apparent resistivity inversion results, the surface geology and the borehole cores data indicate, in addition to the near surface topsoil cover, two prominent high and low resistivity areas on all the resistivity profiles. The high resistivity readings of up to 2000 Ohm.m correlate with the very compact reef limestone that crops out in the southern portion of the study area and with the more or less resistive block‐faulted limestone that occurs in the northern portion of the study area.

Nevertheless, the most important findings that might have a negative impact on the thermal plant project construction, local ecosystems and groundwater resources farther inland, are the low resistivity anomalies that dominate all the 2D resistivity profiles at relatively shallow depth. They show low resistivity values between 10 Ohm.m and 20 Ohm.m and have geometrical forms of alternating nearly spherical and elongate bodies. In accordance with the outcrops and the borehole cores, these features are likely to represent saltwater‐filled buried karstic cavities connected by channels, caused by limestone dissolution. An alternative interpretation could be that excessive carbonate dissolution has resulted only in a nested network of large communicating pores filled with marine waters. Major faults, spanning the entire study area, were imaged on the resistivity profiles; sharp cliffs were also identified and were interpreted as marks of ancient shorelines.
Fabrication and Electromechanical Characterization of a Piezoelectric Structural Fiber for Multifunctional Composites
Authors: Lin Yirong , Sodano Henry A.
Published: January 2009

The use of piezoceramic materials for structural sensing and actuation is a fairly well developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, just as advanced composites offer numerous benefits over traditional engineering materials for structural design, actuators that utilize the active properties of piezoelectric fibers can improve upon many of the limitations encountered when using monolithic piezoceramic devices. Several new piezoelectric fiber composites have been developed; however, almost all studies have implemented these devices such that they are surface‐bonded patches used for sensing or actuation. This paper will introduce a novel active piezoelectric structural fiber that can be laid up in a composite material to perform sensing and actuation, in addition to providing load bearing functionality. The sensing and actuation aspects of this multifunctional material will allow composites to be designed with numerous embedded functions, including structural health monitoring, power generation, vibration sensing and control, damping, and shape control through anisotropic actuation. This effort has developed a set of manufacturing techniques to fabricate the multifunctional fiber using a SiC fiber core and a BaTiO3 piezoelectric shell. The electromechanical coupling of the fiber is characterized using an atomic force microscope for various aspect ratios and is compared to predictions made using finite element modeling in ABAQUS. The results show good agreement between the finite element analysis model and indicate that the fibers could have coupling values as high as 68% of the active constituent used.
Acetylide aus Alkylpropiolaten als Bausteine zur C3‐Homologisierung
Authors: Tejedor David , López‐Tosco Sara , Cruz‐Acosta Fabio , Méndez‐Abt Gabriela , García‐Tellado Fernando
Published: January 2009

Aller guten Dinge sind drei: Metallacetylide aus Alkylpropiolaten ermöglichen C3‐Homologisierungen, bei denen Produkte mit vielfältigen Reaktivitätsprofilen erhalten werden, die ohne Funktionalisierung direkt weiterreagieren können. Metallfreie Acetylide, die durch den Angriff eines starken Nucleophils auf das Alkylpropiolat entstehen, können durch verschiedene Dominoreaktionen mit geeigneten Elektrophilen vielfältige Gerüste aufbauen.

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Alkylpropiolate sind Reagentien mit einem vielfältigen Reaktivitätsprofil, das sie durch C3‐Homologisierungen vollständig auf die homologisierten Produkte übertragen. Für effiziente C3‐Homologisierungen wird eine geeignete Methode zur Erzeugung des Acetylidions benötigt, die sowohl mit der konjugierten Esterfunktion als auch mit dem elektrophilen Reaktionspartner kompatibel ist. Fortschritte in dieser Richtung umfassen die katalytische Erzeugung solcher Acetylide in situ in Gegenwart von Elektrophilen. Metallorganische Ansätze haben zu stereoselektiven Reaktionen geführt, und organokatalytische Methoden haben die Grundlage für effiziente Dominoprozesse geschaffen, die in komplexen Produkten resultieren.
Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the M3N6+@C2n6− model
Authors: Chaur Manuel N. , Valencia Ramón , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M. , Echegoyen Luis
Published: January 2009

Keine Frage der Größe: Die Redoxeigenschaften endohedraler Metallnitridfullerene (MNEFs) hängen nicht von der Größe des Kohlenstoffkäfigs, sondern von dessen elektronischen Eigenschaften ab. Dies spricht für einen ionischen Aufbau der MNEFs.

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Formate as a Surface Probe for Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Solution 13C NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Tedsree Karaked , Kong Adam T. S. , Tsang Shik Chi
Published: January 2009

Die Adsorption von Ameisensäure auf unterschiedlich großen Ru‐Nanopartikeln ermöglicht die Differenzierung verschieden gebundener Formiatspezies durch 13C‐NMR‐Spektroskopie in Lösung (siehe Bild). Die chemischen Verschiebungen sind ähnlich zu denen von metallorganischen Analoga; dies lässt den Schluss zu, dass Formiat als Sonde zur Unterscheidung von Oberflächenmerkmalen gelöster Metallnanopartikel mit guter Quantifizierung und Auflösung dienen kann.

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Barrier Compression Enhances an Enzymatic Hydrogen‐Transfer Reaction
Authors: Hay Sam , Pudney Christopher R. , McGrory Tom A. , Pang Jiayun , Sutcliffe Michael J. , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: January 2009

Bindung unter Druck: Hydrostatischer Druck staucht die Ladungstransferbindung in dem binären Komplex aus Morphinon‐Reduktase und NADH4 (siehe Spektrum). Moleküldynamiksimulationen implizieren, dass die Einwirkung von Druck die Reaktionsbarriere erniedrigt, indem der dem Flavinmononucleotid und NADH zugängliche Konformationsraum innerhalb des aktiven Zentrums eingeschränkt wird. Die effektive Katalysegeschwindigkeit steigt mit zunehmendem Druck.

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The Norbornene Shuttle: Multicomponent Domino Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Helical Alkenes through Multiple CH Functionalization
Authors: Gericke Kersten M. , Chai David I. , Bieler Nikolas , Lautens Mark
Published: January 2009

Darf ich bitten? Teil des für die palladiumkatalysierte Titelreaktion vorgeschlagenen Mechanismus ist, dass das gespannte Alken Norbornen (oder Norbornadien) den Katalysezyklus wie bei einem katalytischen „Square Dance“ betritt und wieder verlässt, wobei es als Promotor und als Kupplungspartner bei der Bildung von vier C‐C‐Bindungen fungiert, von denen zwei eine schwierige C‐H‐Aktivierung erfordern.

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Aus dem Schatten ins Rampenlicht: Eisen(‐Domino)‐Katalyse
Authors: Fürstner Alois
Published: January 2009

Dornröschen: Ist die chemische Fachwelt dabei, die seit Jahrzehnten schlummernde Eisenkatalyse „wachzuküssen“? Jedenfalls scheint eine kürzlich erschienene Arbeit ein wichtiger Schritt in diese Richtung zu sein. Darin wird ein anwenderfreundliches Verfahren zur direkten Kreuzkupplung von Alkyl‐ und Arylhalogeniden vorgestellt, bei dem ein Eisenkatalysator nacheinander zwei verschiedene Elementarschritte induziert.

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Trimetallic Nitride Endohedral Fullerenes: Experimental and Theoretical Evidence for the M3N6+@C2n6− model
Authors: Chaur Manuel N. , Valencia Ramón , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M. , Echegoyen Luis
Published: January 2009

Size doesn't matter: Metallic nitride endohedral fullerenes (MNEFs) exhibit redox properties that are not dependent on the size of the carbon cage, but on its electronic properties. These findings support the ionic model of MNEFs.

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Selective Fluorescence Labeling of Lipids in Living Cells
Authors: Neef Anne B. , Schultz Carsten
Published: January 2009

Click chemistry in vivo: Three phosphatidic acid derivatives with alkyne groups in their fatty acid chains were synthesized and incorporated into mammalian cell membranes. Copper(I)‐catalyzed and strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions were used for their visualization (see schematic representation and fluorescence microscopic image).

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Synthesis and Characterization of Homopolymers and Copolymers Containing closo‐[B12H12]2− Boron Cage Derivatives
Authors: Yisgedu Teshome B. , Chen Xuenian , Schricker Scott , Parquette Jon , Meyers Edward A. , Shore Sheldon G.
Published: January 2009

Chains of cages: Neutral/ionic [B12H12]2− boron‐cage‐functionalized methacrylate and styrene homopolymers or copolymers (see picture) are non‐crystalline solids, Tg increases as the number of B12 cages in the chain of polystyrene increases, and homopolymers retain more weight than the copolymers when heated to 400 °C.

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New [B12H12]2− boron cage functionalized neutral and ionic methacrylate and styrene monomers (1, 2, 3) were synthesized and these monomers were used to prepare homopolymers (4, 5, 6) and copolymers with methylmethacrylate (MMA) (7, 8), 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) (11, 12, 13, 17), 2‐hydroxyethylacrylate (HEA) (14, 15, 18), acrylamide (AA) (16), and styrene (9, 10, 19) with different monomer ratios. Free‐radical initiated bulk and solution polymerization methods were used to synthesize these polymers and they were characterized by 1H NMR, 11B NMR, and IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Generally, the polymers show broad 1H NMR and 11B NMR peaks compared to their respective monomers. The copolymers have high molecular weights with higher [B12H12]2− boron cage mole ratios. All the polymers on which DSC experiments were conducted (4 b, 5 b, 6 b, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 18, and 19) are non‐glassy amorphous solids, except styrene copolymers (9, 19) and homopolymer (6 b) which show Tg values of 100, 117, and 162 °C, respectively. Copolymers 9 and 10 have higher thermal stability (320 °C) than polymers 5 b, 4 b, and 8, which are stable up to 244, 250, and 260 °C, respectively. The homopolymers retained more weight than the copolymers when they were heated to 400 °C.
Mechanism‐Guided Development of VO(salen)X Complexes as Catalysts for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyanohydrin Trimethylsilyl Ethers
Authors: Belokon Yuri N. , Clegg William , Harrington Ross W. , Maleev Victor I. , North Michael , Pujol Marta Omedes , Usanov Dmitry L. , Young Carl
Published: January 2009

Catalyze this! Detailed study of the mechanism of asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis catalyzed by VO(salen)X complexes (see figure) led to the development of VO(salen)NCS, as the most active vanadium‐based catalyst yet developed for this reaction.

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The mechanism by which oxovanadium(V)(salen) complexes1 VO(salen)X catalyze the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to benzaldehyde has been studied. The reaction kinetics indicated that the structure of the counterion (X) had a significant influence on the rate, but not on the enantioselectivity of the reaction. The less coordinating the counterion, the lower the catalytic activity; a trend that was confirmed by a Hammett analysis. Variable temperature kinetics allowed the enthalpies and entropies of activation to be determined for some catalysts, and showed that, for others, the overall reaction order changes from second order to zero order as the temperature is reduced. The order with respect to the catalyst was determined for nine of the VO(salen)X complexes and showed that the less active catalysts were active predominantly as mononuclear species whilst the more active catalysts were active predominantly as dinuclear species. Mass spectrometry confirmed the formation of dinuclear species in situ from all of the VO(salen)X complexes and indicated that the dinuclear complexes contained one vanadium(V) and one vanadium(IV) ion. The latter conclusion was supported by cyclic voltammetry of the complexes, by fluorescence measurements and by the fact that catalyst deactivation occurs when reactions are carried out under an inert atmosphere. Based on this evidence, it has been deduced that the catalysis involves two catalytic cycles: one for catalysis by mononuclear VO(salen)X species and the other for catalysis by dinuclear species. The catalytic cycle involving dinuclear species involves activation of both the cyanide and aldehyde, whereas the catalytic cycle involving mononuclear species activates only the aldehyde, thus explaining the higher catalytic activity observed for catalysts which are predominantly active as dinuclear complexes. Based on these mechanistic results, two new VO(salen)X complexes (X=F and NCS) were predicted to form highly active catalysts for asymmetric cyanohydrin synthesis. VO(salen)NCS was indeed found to be the most active catalyst of this type and catalyzed the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to thirteen aldehydes. In each case, high yields and enantioselectivities were obtained after a reaction time of two hours at room temperature using just 0.1 mol % of the catalyst.
Size Effect of 3D Aggregates Assembled from Silver Nanoparticles on Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering
Authors: Kahraman Mehmet , Aydin Ömer , Çulha Mustafa
Published: January 2009

Size matters: Nanometer‐sized gaps in aggregates of silver nanoparticles are generated by covering the nanoparticle surface with a bilayer of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The nanometer‐ to micrometer‐sized wells are lithographically generated on polydimethylsiloxane surfaces. The wells filled with the modified nanoparticles (see picture) and the effect of the aggregate size on SERS enhancement are investigated.

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The size influence of 3D silver nanoparticle aggregates on surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is investigated. Micrometer‐ and nanometer‐sized wells prepared on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces are filled with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)‐coated silver nanoparticles. A concentration of CTAB around its critical micelle concentration is used not only to form a bilayerlike structure around the nanoparticles and thus generate nanometer‐sized gaps in the aggregates, but also to improve the compatibility of the surface charge properties of the silver nanoparticles with the surface of PDMS and thus successfully fill the wells by assembly of silver nanoparticles into 3D structures. A resonance‐free enhancement factor of 107 can be easily achieved on larger aggregates, and the enhancement factor increases with decreasing size of the 3D aggregates, which is contrary to reported studies on conventional silver clusters. We find that the number of silver nanoparticles in the 3D aggregate should be less than 200–300 for optimal SERS performance.
Proposal of switching power amplifier using small‐capacity linear amplifier and LC filter
Authors: Kamada Jo , Funato Hirohito , Ogasawara Satoshi
Published: January 2009

High efficiency and low noise in output voltage and current are required in audio‐video equipment, medical apparatus, and many other applications. This paper proposes a power amplifier in which a PWM inverter is used as the main circuit. In the proposed power amplifier, a hybrid filter consisting of a simple conventional type LC filter and a small‐capacity linear amplifier is connected to the inverter output. The linear amplifier is inserted in series to the filter capacitor to improve the filtering effect of the LC filter. Switching ripples and LC resonances are considerably suppressed by controlling the amplifier using the proposed method, thus implementing a low‐distortion switching power amplifier. The effects of the proposal circuit are verified by simulation and experiments. As a result, the proposed circuit achieves low noise about THD=0.68% in simulation and THD=1.5% in experiment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(10): 1–10, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10161
Cycle analysis of low and high H2 utilization SOFCs/gas turbine combined cycle for CO2 recovery
Authors: Taniuchi Takuya , Sunakawa Daisuke , Nagahama Mitsuyuki , Araki Takuto , Onda Kazuo , Kato Toru
Published: January 2009

Global warming is mainly caused by CO2 emission from thermal power plants, which burn fossil fuel with air. One of the countermeasure technologies to prevent global warming is CO2 recovery from combustion flue gas and the sequestration of CO2 underground or in the ocean. SOFC and other fuel cells can produce high‐concentration CO2, because the reformed fuel gas reacts with oxygen electrochemically without being mixed with air, or diluted by N2. Thus, we propose to operate the multistage SOFCs under high utilization of reformed fuel for obtaining high‐concentration CO2. In this report, we have estimated the multistage SOFCs' performance considering H2 diffusion and the combined cycle efficiency of multistage SOFC/gas turbine/CO2 recovery power plant. The power generation efficiency of our CO2 recovery combined cycle is 68.5% and the efficiency of conventional SOFC/GT cycle is 57.8% including the CO2 recovery amine process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(10): 38–45, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10165
Analysis and measurement of consumer electric power generation at the time of grid‐interconnection of clustered photovoltaic power generation systems
Authors: Matsuda Katsuhiro , Wada Masaru , Furukawa Toshiyuki , Watanabe Masahiro , Kobayashi Hiromu
Published: January 2009

Since photovoltaic generators (PV) have been mainly introduced in residential areas, it is necessary to consider the consequences of setting up large numbers of PVs locally. In such a situation, it will be difficult to manage the voltage in distribution lines, because the reverse power supplied from the PV raises the voltage of the power lines. In this study, a large PV system was connected to a distribution system, and for every inverter the authors used simulations to verify the appraisal of systematic voltage and the electric power generation. As a result, the authors verified that power factor control is more effective than output control. In addition, the authors verified that with each user the power generation becomes more unequal. In the future, when a large PV system is connected to a distribution system, the problem of unsatisfactory equalization of demand for home appliance usage may arise. A method for determining the set value for the inverter for each user was proposed in order to solve this problem, and the effectiveness of the proposed technique was verified through simulations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(10): 46– 58, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10166
Formation of HoIII Trinuclear Clusters and GdIII Monodimensional Polymers Induced by ortho and para Regioisomers of Pyridyl‐Functionalised β‐Diketones: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Andrews Philip C. , Deacon Glen B. , Frank René , Fraser Benjamin H. , Junk Peter C. , MacLellan Jonathan G. , Massi Massimiliano , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Murray Keith S. , Silberstein Morry
Published: January 2009

Reaction of GdCl3(H2O)6 and 1,3‐bis(pyridin‐4‐yl)propane‐1,3‐dione in methanol with an excess of triethylamine produced a monodimensional polymeric chain [Gd(p‐dppd)3(H2O)]∞, whereas treatment of HoCl3(H2O)6 with 1,3‐bis(pyridin‐2‐yl)propane‐1,3‐dione yielded a trinuclear cluster [Ho3(o‐dppd)3(μ3‐OH)2(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2. The compounds were characterised by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and magnetism, and their structures were investigated by X‐ray crystallography. The 8.20‐μB magnetic‐moment value of the polymeric [Gd(p‐dppd)3(H2O)]∞, between 300 and 20 K, and the magnetisation isotherms (2–20 K; fields 0–5 T), are in agreement with essentially uncoupled single‐ion Gd3+ f7 centres, a small decrease in μeff below 20 K being indicative of zero‐field splitting. A temperature‐dependent dc‐susceptibility and magnetisation investigation of the trinuclear (triangular) [Ho3(o‐dppd)3(μ3‐OH)2(H2O)4Cl2]Cl2 revealed that spin‐orbit and ligand‐field effects on the Ho3+ centres, leading to thermal depopulation of Zeeman levels and consequent decreases in μeff values with decreasing temperature, are occurring rather than weak intra‐cluster antiferromagnetic coupling. Frequency‐ and temperature‐dependent ac‐susceptibility studies on this homometallic Ho3+ cluster did not show clear evidence for slow magnetisation reversal, characteristic of single‐molecule magnetism (SMM), and this contrasts with such behaviour recently reported, elsewhere, for a Dy3+ triangle having the same core structure but with different chelating {O,O} ligands.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
An Unsymmetrical Mixed‐Valent Divanadium(IV/V) Complex
Authors: Sarkar Anindita , Pal Samudranil
Published: January 2009

In acetonitrile medium, reaction of bisacetylacetonatooxovanadium(IV) {[VO(acac)2]} and acetylhydrazine (CH3CONHNH2) in a 2:1 molar ratio provides a novel, unsymmetrical, chiral, mixed‐valent, triply bridged, dinuclear vanadium(IV/V) complex having the formula [(Hdmpz)OV(μ‐acac)(μ‐O)(μ‐O2CCH3)VO(acac)] (Hdmpz = 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole). The molecular structure of the complex was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. It crystallizes in the chiral space group P212121 indicating a spontaneous resolution in the crystal. The complex is one‐electron paramagnetic and redox active. It displays VVVIV to VVVV oxidation and VVVIV to VIVVIV reduction responses. The crystal structure and EPR measurements revealed the trapped‐valent character of the complex in the solid state as well as in the solution phase. Circular dichroism spectroscopic measurements with a powdered sample revealed that the bulk material is not racemic. In solution, the existence of both enantiomers of the complex is demonstrated by the Pfeiffer effect with the use of L‐ and D‐arabinose as environment substances.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis and Reactivity of Ru(NHC)(dppp)(CO)H2 and Ru(NHC)(dppp)(CO)HF Complexes: C–H and C–F Activation
Authors: Reade Steven P. , Acton Aaron L. , Mahon Mary F. , Martin Thomas A. , Whittlesey Michael K.
Published: January 2009

The hydrido fluorido ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(PPh3)(dppp)(CO)HF] [1, dppp = 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane], which forms upon reaction of [Ru(PPh3)3(CO)HF] with dppp, reacts with IMes [1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene] to give the expected carbene‐containing hydrido fluorido complex [Ru(IMes)(dppp)(CO)HF] (2), as well as the C–H activated species [Ru(IMes)′(dppp)(CO)H] (3). The formation of the latter product results from the reaction of 2 with a base (IMes or Et3N). Displacement of PPh3 from [Ru(PPh3)(dppp)(CO)H2] by ICy (1,3‐dicyclohexylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) yields [Ru(ICy)(dppp)(CO)H2] (7), which upon reaction with Et3N·3HF, gives [Ru(ICy)(dppp)(CO)HF] (8). Thermolysis of 7 with C6F6 at elevated temperature generates 8 and [Ru(ICy)(dppp)(CO)(C6F5)H] (9). The related fluoroaryl complexes [Ru(ICy)(dppp)(CO)(C6F4CF3)H] (10) and [Ru(ICy)(dppp)(CO)(C5F4N)H] (11) are formed upon the room temperature C–F activation of C6F5CF3 and C5F5N by 7, but also by C–H activation of the partially fluorinated substrates p‐C6F4HCF3 and p‐C5F4HN.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
A portable capillary electropherograph equipped with a cross‐sampler and a contactless‐conductivity detector for the detection of the degradation products of chemical warfare agents in soil extracts
Authors: Seiman Andrus , Martin Jaanus , Vaher Merike , Kaljurand Mihkel
Published: January 2009

A fully portable CE device equipped with a capacitively coupled contactless‐conductivity detector and a cross‐injection device is put to the test in laboratory conditions. The portable device is capable of working on batteries for at least 4 h. After that, its performance is strongly affected by the drop in the high‐voltage output and analysis may be interrupted if its length exceeds a reasonable time. The concentration of the BGE affects both ionic strength and conductivity. Choosing an optimal concentration of BGE is therefore about finding a good compromise between selectivity and sensitivity. All experiments were performed using a mixture of histidine and MES with a concentration of 15 mM as BGE. The performance of the cross‐injection device is optimized by the use of internal standards. Satisfactory reproducibility is gained as the RSD of peak areas is reduced to 8% or less. LODs for different phosphonic acids are in the range of 2.5–9.7 μM. For the analysis of adsorption of phosphonic acids in sand and loamy soil samples, calibration curves are constructed. Linearity in a measured concentration range of 10–100 μM is excellent, as the squares of correlation constants are ∼1. The concentration analysis of phosphonic acids in soil extracts demonstrates that their adsorption curves in sand and loamy soil follow different adsorption isotherms.
Characterization of the 7q21‐q22 amplicon identifies ARPC1A, a subunit of the Arp2/3 complex, as a regulator of cell migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Laurila Eeva , Savinainen Kimmo , Kuuselo Riina , Karhu Ritva , Kallioniemi Anne
Published: January 2009

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths, mainly due to the lack of methods for early diagnosis and the lack of effective therapies. Recent CGH microarray studies have revealed several regions that are recurrently amplified in pancreatic cancer; these are thus likely to contain genes that contribute to cancer pathogenesis and thereby could serve as novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Here, we performed a detailed characterization of the 7q21‐q22 amplicon in pancreatic cancer to identify putative amplification target genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses in 16 pancreatic cancer cell lines and 29 primary pancreatic tumors revealed an increased copy number in ∼25% of cases in both sample groups, and the cell line data also allowed us to identify a 0.77 Mb amplicon core region containing ten transcripts. Gene expression analyses by qRT‐PCR highlighted the ARPC1A gene as having the statistically most significant correlation between amplification and elevated expression (P = 0.004). Silencing of ARPC1A by RNA interference in AsPC‐1 cells having high level amplification and expression resulted in a slight decrease in cell proliferation, but a massive reduction in cell migration and invasion. ARPC1A codes for the p41 subunit of the Arp2/3 protein complex, which is a key player in actin polymerization and thus regulates cell mobility. Taken together, our data implicate ARPC1A as a novel target for the 7q21‐q22 amplification and a regulator of cell migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer, thus making it an interesting target for antimetastasis therapy. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic medical problems and distressful thoughts of suicide in primary care patients: mitigating role of happiness
Authors: Hirsch Jameson K. , Duberstein Paul R. , Unützer Jürgen
Published: January 2009

Objective

Chronic medical problems might amplify suicide risk in later life. Feelings of happiness may reduce this risk. We tested the hypothesis that happiness attenuates the association between number of self‐reported chronic diseases and suicidal distress.

Methods

A sample of 1,801 depressed, primary care patients, 60 years of age or older, entering a clinical trial, were assessed for the presence of positive emotion, suicidal distress and self‐reported chronic medical problems.

Results

Chronic medical problems are associated with suicide ideation and, as hypothesized, happiness attenuates the relationship between self‐reported diseases and suicidal distress.

Conclusions

Decreased risk for distressing thoughts of suicide in the context of medical illness is predicted by the presence of positive emotions. Our results suggest that treatments designed to help older primary care patients identify sources of joy and enhance happiness might decrease suicide risk. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using a fluctuating tracer to estimate hyporheic exchange in restored and unrestored reaches of the Truckee River, Nevada, USA
Authors: Knust Andrew E. , Warwick John J.
Published: January 2009

The goal of this research was to compare hyporheic activity in recently restored and adjacent un‐restored reaches of the Truckee River downstream from the Reno/Sparks metropolitan area. The installation of rocky riffles and raised channel bed elevations in the restored reaches may have increased the degree of surface–subsurface interaction. A fluctuating chloride concentration signal served as the tracer, induced by the variable influx of higher salinity water several miles upstream from the study reach. The solute transport model, OTIS, was used in conjunction with the hydrodynamic model, DYNHYD5, to estimate transient storage parameters under unsteady flow conditions. The model was calibrated to chloride concentrations measured over a period of three days at six in‐stream locations representing restored and un‐restored reaches. An automated parameter estimation algorithm (SCE‐UA) was used to optimize parameters for multiple reaches simultaneously and generate a distribution of parameter estimates. Results suggest that the transient storage zone cross‐sectional area (As) is larger in the restored reaches than in the unrestored reaches, but the exchange coefficient (α) is smaller, leading to increased hyporheic residence time and hydrologic retention in the vicinity of channel reconstructions. Scenarios were used to simulate the potential effects of increased subsurface residence time on denitrification and in‐stream NO3‐N concentrations. Monte Carlo analysis was performed to assess uncertainty in the simulation results and show the potential for greater nutrient retention in the lower Truckee River as a result of channel restoration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a century of land cover and climate change on the hydrology of the Puget Sound basin
Authors: Cuo Lan , Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Alberti Marina , Richey Jeffrey E.
Published: January 2009

The Puget Sound basin in northwestern Washington, USA has experienced substantial land cover and climate change over the last century. Using a spatially distributed hydrology model (the Distributed Hydrology‐Soil‐Vegetation Model, DHSVM) the concurrent effects of changing climate (primarily temperature) and land cover in the basin are deconvolved, based on land cover maps for 1883 and 2002, and gridded climate data for 1915–2006. It is found that land cover and temperature change effects on streamflow have occurred differently at high and low elevations. In the lowlands, land cover has occurred primarily as conversion of forest to urban or partially urban land use, and here the land cover signal dominates temperature change. In the uplands, both land cover and temperature change have played important roles. Temperature change is especially important at intermediate elevations (so‐called transient snow zone), where the winter snow line is most sensitive to temperature change—notwithstanding the effects of forest harvest over the same part of the basin. Model simulations show that current land cover results in higher fall, winter and early spring streamflow but lower summer flow; higher annual maximum flow and higher annual mean streamflow compared with pre‐development conditions, which is largely consistent with a trend analysis of model residuals. Land cover change effects in urban and partially urban basins have resulted in changes in annual flow, annual maximum flows, fall and summer flows. For the upland portion of the basin, shifts in the seasonal distribution of streamflows (higher spring flow and lower summer flow) are clearly related to rising temperatures, but annual streamflow has not changed much. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.