bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentential negation in early child English
Authors: THORNTON ROSALIND , TESAN GRACIELA
Published: December 2012

Starting with the seminal work of Klima & Bellugi (1966) and Bellugi (1967), young English-speaking children have been observed to pass through a stage at which their negative utterances differ from those of adults. Children initially usenotorno, whereas adults use negative auxiliary verbs (don't,can't, etc.). To explain the observed mismatches between child and adult language, the present study adopts Zeijlstra's (2004, 2007, 2008a, b) Negative Concord Parameter, which divides languages according to whether they interpret negation directly in the semantics with an adverb, or license it in the syntactic component, in which case the negative marker is a head and the language is a negative concord language. Our proposal is that children first hypothesize that negation is expressed with an adverb, in keeping with the more economical parameter value. Because English is exceptional in having both an adverb and a head form of negation, children must also add a negative head (i.e.n't) to their grammar. This takes considerable time as the positive input that triggers syntactic negation and negative concord is absent in the input for standard English, and children must find alternative evidence. The Negative Concord Parameter accounts for an intricate longitudinal pattern of development in child English, as non-adult structures are eliminated and a new range of structures are licensed by the grammar.
FOUR INSCRIPTIONS FROM GREATER KNOSSOS AND THE ROAD TO ITS PORT AT HERAKLION (CRETE)
Authors: Bowsky M.W.
Published: December 2012

Four inscriptions of Hellenistic to Early Roman date were found in rescue excavations undertaken during the construction of public housing at the location Bedevi, east of Leophoros Knossou in the suburbs of modern Aghios Ioannis (Heraklion). These four inscriptions constitute an intriguing group as they provide evidence of a rural installation where a vessel with an inscribed lid was stored, a sepulchral site and private worship of Artemis, as well as a point between ancient Heraklion and Knossos where a Roman road crossed the Chrysopigis stream. In antiquity this area was part of the greater Knossos area, albeit closer to Heraklion than to Knossos. These four inscriptions provide new evidence for the nature of this area and for the northern road connections of Roman Knossos, particularly the road that linked Knossos with its harbour at Heraklion.
Personal names in the composition and transmission of Bede's prose Vita S. Cuthberti
Authors: Tinti Francesca
Published: December 2012

While writing his prose Vita S. Cuthberti, Bede appears to have made deliberate choices as to which personal names to spell out. Some of those which he omitted, however, can be found in the marginal annotations of three later manuscripts of the work. A number of these names are also mentioned in the earlier Lindisfarne Vita, but some others have only been preserved through those marginalia. The article examines the monastic milieu within which efforts were made throughout several centuries to remember and transmit the names of the people who had witnessed Cuthbert's sanctity without interfering with Bede's text.
Creating the cloud-tent-ship conceit in Exodus
Authors: Wilcox Miranda
Published: December 2012

The enigmatic description of the columna nubis in lines 71b–92 of the Old English Exodus juxtaposes images of substances that shield God's people from their hostile environment; understanding the relations among these protective coverings requires cultural and literary knowledge not explicitly articulated in Exodus. Metaphors and typologies developed in Arator's sixth-century Historia apostolica and subsequently conventionalized in Bede's eighth-century Expositio actuum Apostolorum, texts used in the Anglo-Saxon monastic curriculum, provide an interpretative framework for the complicated accretion of images in Exodus. Using insights about metaphorical processing from cognitive science, this article argues that the Exodus-poet crafted a sophisticated tripartite conceit to generate a pastoral relationship with his audience, first by adapting metaphoric mappings from Arator and Bede and then by extending their domains with culturally specific entailments about how ships and tents functioned as protective covers in Anglo-Saxon material culture.
Ant-lore in Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Cesario Marilina
Published: December 2012

Two Old English versions of a sunshine prognostication survive in the mid-eleventh century Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 391, p. 713, and in a twelfth-century addition to Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 115, 149v–150r. Among standard predictions promising joy, peace, blossom, abundance of milk and fruit, and a great baptism sent by God, one encounters an enigmatic prophecy which involves camels stealing gold from the ants. These gold-digging ants have a long pedigree, one which links Old English with much earlier literature and indicates the extent to which Anglo-Saxon culture had assimilated traditions of European learning. It remains difficult to say what is being prophesied, however, or to explain the presence of the passage among conventional predictions. Whether the prediction was merely a literary exercise or carried a symbolic implication, it must have originated in an ecclesiastical context. Its mixture of classical learning and vernacular tradition, Greek and Latin, folklore and Christian, implies an author with some knowledge of literary and scholarly traditions.
Plus ça change: four decades of African studies bibliography
Authors: McIlwaine John
Published: December 2012

I had originally thought of calling this piece, with a startlinglack of originality, ‘Forty years on’. It is after all exactly forty years since my own existing interests in African bibliography became formalised when I followed the option ‘Oriental and African bibliography’ at the School of Library Studies, University College London, taught by J.D. Pearson, the Librarian of the School of Oriental and African Studies. I later came to teach thisoption myself, from 1965 onwards, and indeed to follow Pearson by becoming the second to hold a chair entitled ‘Professor of the Bibliography of Asia and Africa in the University of London’. And in 2002 it will be forty years since SCOLMA (Standing Committee on Library Materials on Africa) was founded, the body that has done most in the U.K. to respond to the perceived needs of African bibliography, and one with which I have been associated for many years.
Out-of-print and secondhand: A view of the antiquarian book trade.
Authors: Wilson Paul
Published: December 2012

In this essay I seek to describe some of the workings of the secondhand and antiquarian book trade relating to Africa, in which I've been involved for twenty years. I apologise in advance if the account appears overly autobiographical, but in a sense there is no alternative to this method of presentation: there is no standard path to becoming a bookseller, no course on which to enrol and no qualification to achieve, as there is with librarianship. Those involved in the field become so for all number of reasons, those who stay involved do so through a love of books that sometimes borders on a passion, a passion mirroring that of their most avid customers. Lurking beneath the bookseller exterior we often find the nascent psychology of that fascinating species, the book collector. (Incidentally, I've never been happy with the term ‘Africana’, which in any case, and according to the Oxford English Dictionary definition, relates particularly to books on Southern or South Africa; however there seems to be no alternative label, and when it came to register a name for a new website, it was this that I chose. Nevertheless it throws up some odd expressions, including one I saw in a catalogue some years ago, which described an item as “An interesting and unusual Africanum”.)
Africana at Northwestern University
Authors: Panofsky Hans
Published: December 2012

The bibliographic array for the study of Africa and African scholarship has reached proportions which were unthinkablefiftyyears ago at the birth ofAfrican Studies Programs. Not only has the bibliographic coverage marshalled material in all areas of research but this coverage is readily available at the click of a computer in most corners of the globe. In an ideal world the actual resources would also be accessed with ease and digital speed. Indeed much research material is readily obtained in microfilm, microform, and CD-Rom format. However the bulk of retrospective, archival, ephemeral, and manuscript literature is to be found only in a few selected centres often far removed from students and scholars, especially those based in Africa.
The Ghana Library Services
Authors: Evans Evelyn JA
Published: December 2012

Looking back over the steps undertaken before the Ghana Library Services were established, it seems very important that so much preliminary work was embarked on. First a country-wide survey was made, and a detailed plan worked out of the future development, taking into account the educational system, the general standard of literacy and the rate of its increase, the languages in common use, population distribution, the transport and communication systems, the demand - as opposed to the need - for books, the pattern of local authorities and their view on the principles of library provision and - very importantly - who would ultimately be responsible for the financial needs of the library system, the purpose of the library provision and what it hoped to achieve, the resources needed for the Services and draft estimates for the first five years.
Documenting Kano ‘Market’ Literature
Authors: Furniss Graham
Published: December 2012

From the earliest period of the production of printed Roman script books in the north of Nigeria, a primary concern was the economics of book production. The conundrum was how to break out of the ‘chicken and egg situation’ whereby it was not possible to ‘create’ a reading public unless there were sufficient, affordable, and readable books that a potential reader would want to read; on the other hand, without an existing commercial market for books, how could any publisher continue to publish? (East 1943). The main government-funded agency, the Northern Region Literature Agency (NORLA), that undertook the publication of the overwhelming majority of Hausa language books in the 1950s (Skinner 1970), was forced to close when its losses became unsustainable.
Detection of Ocean Wave Parameters Using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data
Authors: Chaturvedi Sudhir Kumar , Shanmugam Palanisamy , Yang Chan-Su , Guven Ugur
Published: December 2012

This study describes the estimation of spherical wave parameters that appears in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images acquired over the coast of Chukk, Micronesia. The main causes for the interaction of SAR signals with ocean waves can be retrieved through the Bragg scattering mechanism. Dominant wavelengths were retrieved by means of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis in terms of peak frequency responses. Sea surface slopes were then obtained from the dispersion relation with consideration of different water wave conditions for each subset area, and wave heights were estimated with the use of dominant wavelengths and sea surface slopes. The work presented in this paper may be useful to retrieve the various wave parameters over different regions. The method used is a novel technique to correlate the relationship between SAR image parameters and dispersion relation.
Global chemistry‐climate modeling and evaluation
Authors: Eyring Veronika , Lamarque Jean‐Francois
Published: December 2012

IGAC/SPARC Workshop on Global Chemistry‐Climate Modeling and Evaluation; Davos, Switzerland, 21–24 May 2012 The study of chemistry‐climate interactions represents an important focus of global change research. The interacting factors relating atmospheric chemistry and climate strongly couple the emerging issues of climate, stratospheric ozone depletion, and air quality, from both scientific and policy perspectives. Understanding how the chemistry and composition of the atmosphere may change over the 21st century is essential in preparing adaptive responses or establishing mitigation strategies. A changing atmosphere not only drives climate change but also directly impacts human health, agricultural productivity, and natural ecosystems. Provision of high‐quality, policy‐relevant information on the current state of climate and its possible future states, as well as options for mitigation, control, change, and adaptation, are thus strongly dependent on progress in modeling.
Internationalization of Psychological Research: Publications and Collaborations of the United States and Other Leading Countries
Authors: Adair John G. , Huynh Cam-Loi
Published: December 2012

We undertook this study to assess whether trends toward declining U.S. dominance and increasing international authorship exist in psychology journals. We collected data on the national affiliations of authors in 16 primary and 3 secondary journals from the United States, and 4 international journals published over 3 decades. Although analyses showed the United States continued to dominate overall and in most specialties, there were significant declines in the proportion of U.S.-authored publications after the year 2000, most in experimental psychology and least within social/personality and clinical/health psychology. In primary journals, publications were largely (97.8%) from the United States, and 13 leading countries defined by publication performance: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (U.K.). The topic focus (on experimental psychology) of the 13 leading countries differed from that emphasized in the United States. (clinical/health psychology). Frequency of international collaborations steadily increased across the period of study, mostly among leading countries of comparable achievement, in proximity, or with similar language and culture. Research collaborations involving U.S. psychologists were more often with colleagues from other states than with those from other countries. Although the study suggests that productivity within psychology may be just as imbalanced internationally as it has been for decades, a great deal has changed: the United States is no longer seen as the sole contributor; the research of other countries, especially from Western Europe, have risen to where at least in certain fields it has taken on a larger role in shaping the direction of research.
World Trends in Psychological Research Output and Impact
Authors: O'Gorman John , Shum David H. K. , Halford W. Kim , Ogilvie James
Published: December 2012

Research output and impact are important indices of the health of individual fields of science. The present study analyzed publications and citations in psychology recorded in Web of Science for the years 1996 to 2010 for 73 countries, and the association of output with indices of national development. Authors with affiliations to institutions in the United States or Western Europe were the major contributors over the period, with output and impact being highly correlated. Authors from the United States showed the single largest contribution to publications and citations, but their output, in terms of percentage share of world output, has decreased over the period. A nation's gross domestic income per head of population was related to output. The level of development of a country, its ratings on economic and political freedom, and its score on individualism–collectivism were also related to output, but when income per capita was held constant, the correlations with these other variables became statistically nonsignificant. Ways in which psychological research can be promoted beyond Europe and North America are briefly considered.
Cultural Variation in Balance ofNonverbal Conversationand Talk
Authors: Mejía-Arauz Rebeca , Roberts Amy D. , Rogoff Barbara
Published: December 2012

This study examines cultural variation in the use of a balance of nonverbal conversation and talk for social coordination among children learning how to fold origami figures. Participants were 102 same-gender similar-age triads of first through third grade children from communities in México and California that varied in relation to Indigenous histories and experience with Western schooling (and related practices) across generations. Children from communities with Mexican Indigenous histories in the United States and in Mexico coordinated their interactions with a balance of nonverbal conversation and talk more often than children from communities with extensive histories of Western schooling, who relied more exclusively on talk. We suggest that especially articulate nonverbal conversation may occur in some communities with Mesoamerican Indigenous histories.
AAC Collaboration Using the Self-Anchored Rating Scales (SARS): An Aphasia Case Study
Authors: Fox Lynn E.
Published: December 2012

The self-anchored rating scale (SARS) is a technique that augments collaboration between Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) interventionists, their clients, and their clients' support networks. SARS is a technique used in Solution-Focused Brief Therapy, a branch of systemic family counseling. It has been applied to treating speech and language disorders across the life span, and recent case studies show it has promise for promoting adoption and long-term use of high and low tech AAC. I will describe 2 key principles of solution-focused therapy and present 7 steps in the SARS process that illustrate how clinicians can use the SARS to involve a person with aphasia and his or her family in all aspects of the therapeutic process. I will use a case study to illustrate the SARS process and present outcomes for one individual living with aphasia.
Stakeholders as Partners: Making AAC Work Better
Authors: Ogletree Billy T.
Published: December 2012

Challenges associated with the provision of AAC treatment can be daunting, especially in light of the intense training requirements of many populations. Stakeholder training can optimize treatment efforts led by speech-language pathologists (SLP) and result in co-training relationships where the SLP and stakeholder appreciate and adapt to family and other variables that often impact treatment success. In this article, I will provide a brief review of concepts and literature central to the use of stakeholders as trainers, discuss benefits of stakeholder involvement in training including a heightened awareness of family systems and events, and present a short illustrative case describing a successful AAC treatment where stakeholder training was implemented. I will introduce the concept of AAC stakeholders as trainers and the reader will learn about the Communication Partner Instruction model (Kent-Walsh & McNaughton, 2005) as a possible vehicle for training.
The strong diamagnetic behaviour of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates
Authors: Galehdar A. , Nicholson K. J. , Callus P. J. , Rowe W. S. T. , John S. , Wang C. H. , Ghorbani K.
Published: December 2012

Carbon fibers are finite conductors with a weak diamagnetic response in a static magnetic field. When illuminated with a high-frequency alternating electromagnetic wave such that the skin depth is greater than the fiber diameter, carbon-fiber composites are shown to exhibit a strong dynamic diamagnetic response. The magnetic susceptibility (χm) is controlled by the polarization angle (θ), which is the angle between the incident electric field and conductor direction. A closed form solution for this behaviour was derived using Maxwell's equations and an understanding of the induced conductor currents. The equation was verified using simulation and free space “wall” and waveguide measurements on unidirectional IM7/977-3 carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates. The measured responses ranged from non-magnetic at θ = 90°, χm = 0, up to strongly diamagnetic at θ = 30°, χm = −0.75, over the 8-18 GHz bandwidth. The experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions and computational simulations.
Critical mechanical and electrical transition behavior of BaTiO3: The observation of mechanical double loop behavior
Authors: Picht Gunnar , Webber Kyle G. , Zhang Yining , Kungl Hans , Damjanovic Dragan , Hoffmann Michael J.
Published: December 2012

Strain response of polycrystalline barium titanate (BaTiO3) was investigated under high unipolar electric field (0 to 4 kV/mm) and compressive stress (0 to 400 MPa) in the temperature range from 25 to 160 °C. In the vicinity of the Curie point (TC), nonlinear and hysteretic strain-electric field and strain-stress constitutive behaviors were observed, persisting above TC where they correspond to the well-known electric field induced double loop polarization behavior. Analogous to the electrical double loops, the mechanical (strain-stress) hysteretic behavior above TC is caused by a stress induced phase transition from the paraelectric/paraelastic to ferroelectric/ferroelastic phase; the electro-elastic (strain-electric field) hysteresis is similarly caused by an electric field induced phase transition. The stress and electric field at which transitions occur increase linearly with increasing temperature, exhibiting critical behavior typical for the first order phase transitions. The temperature limit for the induced phase transition extends up to 12 °C over TC. Results are discussed in relation to the Landau-Ginzburg-Devonshire free energy expansion.
Low temperature method for synthesis of starch-capped ZnSe nanoparticles and its characterization studies
Authors: Senthilkumar K. , Kalaivani T. , Kanagesan S. , Balasubramanin V.
Published: December 2012

A facile method for synthesis of monodispersed, starch-capped ZnSe nanoparticles at room temperature is being reported. The nanoparticles exhibited strong quantum confinement effect with respect to the bulk ZnSe. The transmission electron microscopy image indicated that the particles were well dispersed and spherical in shape. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the ZnSe nanoparticles were of the wurtzite structure, with average particle diameter of about 3.50 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of starch as passivating agent.

At the request of the editor and publisher, this article is being retracted effective 4 May 2022.
Simulation of the formation of a runaway electron beam in an overvolted gas gap breakdown
Authors: Shklyaev V. A. , Belomyttsev S. Ya. , Ryzhov V. V.
Published: December 2012

The paper reports on numerical simulation to inquire into the breakdown of a gas-filled diode in a highly inhomogeneous electric field. It is shown that early in the breakdown a runaway electron beam (RAEB) is formed in the diode and this strongly affects the rate of breakdown development. The energy gained by RAEB electrons corresponds to the electron energy gained under the same conditions in vacuum. The properties of the emission surface of the cathode determine the instant at which the beam is formed during subnanosecond voltage pulse rise time and hence the beam current and the energy spectrum of runaway electrons.
Fano antiresonance in electron transport through a parallel-coupled quantum-dot structure
Authors: Han Yu , Gong Wei-Jiang , Wang Hui-Min , Du An
Published: December 2012

The Fano effect in electron transport through a parallel-coupled multi-quantum-dot system is theoretically studied by adjusting the asymmetries of dot-lead couplings. As a result, we find that three kinds of Fano lineshapes emerge in the linear conductance spectra. Namely, when the dot-lead couplings are up-down asymmetric, two kinds of Fano effects occur with the tuning of local magnetic fluxes. The other Fano effect is observed in the case of left-right asymmetry of the dot-lead couplings, which is tightly dependent on the dot number. We then transform the Hamiltonian into molecular orbital representation and discuss the three kinds of Fano interference mechanisms in detail. It is observed that the coupling manners between the leads and molecular states are the key factors to induce the Fano antiresonance. Since the abundant Fano effects, we consider such a structure to be a candidate of a thermoelectric device. We believe that the numerical results help to understand the Fano effect of the parallel-coupled multi-quantum-dot structure.
Chiral graphene nanoribbons: Objective molecular dynamics simulations and phase-transition modeling
Authors: Akatyeva E. , Dumitrică T.
Published: December 2012

There is a growing need to understand the stability of quasi-one-dimensional one-layer-thick graphene nanoribbons. Objective molecular dynamics based on density-functional tight-binding models are used to investigate the stability against torsional deformations of nanoribbons with bare, F-, and OH-decorated armchair edges. The prevalence of chiral nanoribbons, including homochiral ones, prompted the construction of a simple phenomenological model inspired from the Landau phase transition theory. Our model is based on atomistic data and gives the structural parameters of the nanoribbon as a function of its edge chemistry and axial strain.
Voltage stress induced reversible diode behavior in pentacene thin films
Authors: Murdey Richard , Sato Naoki
Published: December 2012

The current–voltage characteristics of a vacuum-deposited 100 nm pentacene thin film have been measured in situ under ultrahigh vacuum. Despite using bottom contact geometry with titanium for both electrodes, the I–V curves are asymmetric and the direction and degree of the diode-like behavior vary with sample and measurement history. After careful examination we have found that applying a high positive or negative bias voltage for about 24 h at elevated temperatures was sufficient to completely switch the diode forward direction. The switching action is fully reversible and the diode behavior, once switched, remains stable to repeated measurements at least over a period of several weeks.
Low-lying electronic states and their nonradiative deactivation of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine: Anab initiostudy
Authors: Guo Xugeng , Cao Zexing
Published: December 2012

State-averaged complete active space self-consistent field (SA-CASSCF) calculations have been used to locate the four low-lying electronic states of thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine (TP), and their vertical excitation energies and emission energies have been determined by means of the multistate complete active space with second-order perturbation theory (MS-CASPT2) calculations. The present results indicate that the first weak 1nπ* excited state has a Cs-symmetry structure, unlike two bright 1ππ* excited states in C2v symmetry. The predicted vertical excitation energies of the three low-lying excited states in the gas phase are 3.41, 3.92, and 4.13 eV at the restricted-spin coupled-cluster single-double plus perturbative triple excitation [RCCSD(T)] optimized geometry, respectively. On the basis of calculations, a new assignment to the observed spectra of TP was proposed, in which the 1nπ* state should be responsible for the weak absorption centred at 3.54 eV and the two closely spaced 1ππ* states account for the two adjacent absorption bands observed at 3.99 and 4.15 eV. The predicted vertical emission energies lend further support to our assignments. Surface hopping dynamics simulations performed at the SA-CASSCF level suggest that the plausible deactivation mechanism comprises an ultrafast relaxation of the 1ππ* excited states to 1nπ* excited state, followed by a slow conversion to the S0 ground state via a conical intersection. This internal conversion is accessible, since the MS-CASPT2 predicted energy barrier is ∼0.55 eV, much lower than the Franck-Condon point populated initially under excitation. The dynamical simulations on the low-lying states for 500 fs reveal that the relatively high 1ππ* excited states can be easily trapped in the 1nπ* excited state, which will increase the lifetime of the excited thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine.
The minimum-uncertainty coherent states for Landau levels
Authors: Dehghani A. , Fakhri H. , Mojaveri B.
Published: December 2012

The Glauber minimum-uncertainty coherent states with two variables for Landau levels, based on the representation of Weyl-Heisenberg algebra by two different modes, have been studied about four decades ago. Here, we introduce new two-variable coherent states with minimum uncertainty relationship for Landau levels in three different methods: the infinite unitary representation of su(1, 1) is realized in two different methods, first, by consecutive levels with the same energy gaps and also with the same value for z-angular momentum quantum number, then, by shifting z-angular momentum mode number by two units while the energy level remaining the same. Besides, for su(2), whether by lowest Landau levels or Landau levels with lowest z-angular momentum, just one finite unitary representation is introduced. Having constructed the generalized Klauder-Perelomov coherent states, for any of the three representations, we obtain their Glauber coherency by displacement operator of Weyl-Heisenberg algebra.
Experimental observation of sub-femtosecond charge transfer in a model water splitting dye-sensitized solar cell
Authors: Weston Matthew , Handrup Karsten , Reade Thomas J. , Champness Neil R. , O'Shea James N.
Published: December 2012

Charge transfer from photoexcited dye molecules to a semiconductor substrate forms the basis of dye sensitized solar cells (DSCs); the overall effectiveness of a DSC device is critically dependent upon the efficiency of this process due to competition with other de-excitation channels. In this paper, we experimentally derive timescales for the charge transfer process in model water splitting DSCs. We studied two organometallic dye complexes adsorbed onto a rutile TiO2(110) substrate, the dye molecules were deposited in ultra-high vacuum using electrospray deposition. DFT simulations were used to calculate the spatial distribution of orbitals relevant to the charge transfer process. The core-hole clock implementation of resonant photoemission spectroscopy was used to determine upper limits on charge transfer timescales for previously unoccupied orbitals, which were found to be in the low-femtosecond regime apart from one orbital found to have an upper limit in the sub-femtosecond regime.
Non-negative sparse autoencoder neural networks for the detection of overlapping, hierarchical communities in networked datasets
Authors: Michele Rajtmajer Sarah , Smith Brian , Phoha Shashi
Published: December 2012

We propose the first use of a non-negative sparse autoencoder (NNSAE) neural network for community structure detection in complex networks. The NNSAE learns a compressed representation of a set of fixed-length, weighted random walks over the network, and communities are detected as subsets of network nodes corresponding to non-negligible elements of the basis vectors of this compression. The NNSAE model is efficient and online. When utilized for community structure detection, it is able to uncover potentially overlapping and hierarchical community structure in large networks.
Polyaniline micro-rods based heterojunction solar cell: Structural and photovoltaic properties
Authors: Sönmezoğlu Savaş , Taş Recep , Akın Seçkin , Can Muzaffer
Published: December 2012

The present paper reports the fabrication and photovoltaic characterization of pure and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA)-doped polyaniline (PAni) micro-rods polymer/n-Si heterojunction solar cells, and also the morphological and structural properties of pure and micro-rods PAni doping with DBSA. The device shows a strong photovoltaic behavior with a maximum open-circuit voltage Voc of 0.83 V, a short-circuit current Jsc of 14.72 mA cm−2, fill factor FF of 0.54 resulting in an estimated device efficiency η of 6.13% under simulated solar light with the intensity of 100 mW/cm2. The results indicate that the Au/DBSA-doped PAni micro-rods/n-Si heterojunction structure might be promising for the solar cell applications.
Electron acceleration by Z-mode waves associated with cyclotron maser instability
Authors: Lee K. H. , Omura Y. , Lee L. C.
Published: December 2012

We demonstrate by a particle simulation that Z-mode waves generated by the cyclotron maser instability can lead to a significant acceleration of energetic electrons. In the particle simulation, the initial electron ring distribution leads to the growth of Z-mode waves, which then accelerate and decelerate the energetic ring electrons. The initial ring distribution evolves into an X-like pattern in momentum space, which can be related to the electron diffusion curves. The peak kinetic energy of accelerated electrons can reach 3 to 6 times the initial kinetic energy. We further show that the acceleration process is related to the “nonlinear resonant trapping” in phase space, and the test-particle calculations indicate that the maximum electron energy gain Δεmax is proportional to Bw0.57, where Bw is the wave magnetic field.
Promotion of [001]-oriented L1-FePt by rapid thermal annealing with light absorption layer
Authors: Wang Liang-Wei , Shih Wen-Chieh , Wu Yun-Chung , Lai Chih-Huang
Published: December 2012

Highly [001]-oriented L10-FePt grown on SiO2‖Si is achieved by using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 400 °C. Due to the dramatic divergence of light absorption ability between Si and FePt films, Si behaves as the light absorption layer to absorb more light emitted from RTA system, which gives rise to larger thermal expansion on Si and induces in-plane tensile stress on FePt films. By raising heating rate during RTA, the transient light intensity is increased; therefore, higher in-plane tensile stress on FePt films is generated, which effectively suppresses the opening-up of in-plane hysteresis loops.
The dominance of paramagnetic loss in microwave dielectric ceramics at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Liu Lingtao , Matusevich Alena , Garg Chirag , Newman Nathan
Published: December 2012

Commercial manufacturers add transition metals and other impurities to high performance microwave ceramic compounds to improve their manufacturability. Measurements of microwave loss tangent were performed on Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3, ZrTiO4-ZnNb2O6, Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3, and BaTi4O9-BaZn2Ti4O11 ceramics. A marked increase in the loss at low temperatures is found in materials containing transition metal with unpaired d-electrons as a result of resonant spin excitations in isolated atoms (light doping) or exchange coupled clusters (moderate to high doping). The loss tangent can be drastically reduced by applying static magnetic fields. Our measurements also show that this mechanism significantly contributes to room temperature loss, but does not dominate.
A simplified GaN/AlGaN quantum cascade detector with an alloy extractor
Authors: Sakr S. , Giraud E. , Tchernycheva M. , Isac N. , Quach P. , Warde E. , Grandjean N. , Julien F. H.
Published: December 2012

We have demonstrated a GaN/AlGaN quantum cascade detector based on a simplified design of the extractor region relying on an AlGaN thick layer. The device grown by molecular beam epitaxy exhibits both TM-polarized intersubband absorption and photocurrent at room temperature at a peak wavelength of 1.87 μm. Based on the measured absorption and responsivity, we estimate the transfer efficiency of photoelectrons to the next period to be around 62%. This simplified design is robust against thickness fluctuations in the extractor region and offers prospects for ultrafast detectors.
Horticultural development of bush food plants and rights of Indigenous people as traditional custodians – the Australian Bush Tomato (Solanum centrale) example: a review
Authors: Lee L. Slade
Published: December 2012

New crops are regularly being introduced into cultivation, typically accompanied by a very small agricultural knowledge base. Often, there is a lack of agronomic research information or production experience upon which to rely, nor plant varieties optimised for an agricultural system. The challenges of a new industry may be compounded by a lack of consumer awareness of the new product and value-chain models need to be developed to suit the product. Frequently the plant species being developed into a new crop is one traditionally used as a food source or for medicinal or other applications by Indigenous people. Thus a complex series of additional factors comes into play – consent of the original custodians, respect and acknowledgement of their traditional knowledge that may be exploited, and totemic, kinship and spiritual associations that may be impacted. Establishing benefit sharing for the hereditary stewards, and protection of traditional collective intellectual property is an important ethical consideration. In the 21st century, the previous unjust exploitation of the traditional knowledge of the original custodians without acknowledgement or benefit sharing, is no longer accepted. However, prevailing strategies to safeguard intellectual property and traditional knowledge associated with native plants, for instance, to ensure that benefit is captured for Indigenous hereditary custodians may be lacking or may contravene Indigenous customary law. Where scientific, cultural, ethical, legal and commercial issues interact at the emergence of a new crop industry, stakeholders from various perspectives will bring critical, sometimes conflicting, impediments to resolve. The challenges that arise in the commercial exploitation of the Australian Bush Tomato, Solanum centrale, and its horticultural development, are reviewed and the approaches to their resolution are discussed.
Atomic layer deposition of TiO2 interfacial layer for enhancing performance of quantum dot and dye co-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Lin Xiu , Yu Kehan , Lu Ganhua , Chen Junhong , Yuan Chris
Published: December 2012

Quantum dots (QDs) and dye co-sensitized solar cells have attracted substantial interest due to the enhanced light absorption for conversion efficiency improvement. To overcome the charge-collection issue and the QD degradation in the

electrolyte, here we report our investigations on adding a nano-TiO2 interfacial layer between CdS QDs and N719 dyes for enhancing the performance of the co-sensitized solar cell. Atomic layer deposition is used to fabricate conformal and uniform TiO2 interfacial layers with a thickness of 1.5, 2.2 and 3.2 nm. It has been found that the addition of a TiO2 interfacial layer can improve the device performance significantly (from 1.67% to 2.36%) through reducing the electron recombination and improving the QD stability in electrolyte, while there is an optimum thickness for the TiO2 interfacial layer.
A novel carbon–PEDOT composite counter electrode for monolithic dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Thompson Simon J , Pringle Jennifer M , Zhang Xiao Li , Cheng Yi-Bing
Published: December 2012

The development of a new counter electrode structure for monolithic dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is reported. A conducting polymer, PEDOT, is selectively electrodeposited throughout the carbon layer of the counter electrode, as confirmed by SEM. The formation of this composite allows reduced electrical resistivity, thus improving the fill factor and efficiency of devices. The improved mechanical stability of the carbon/conducting polymer composite layers makes these more suitable for use with flexible substrates, which is advantageous for the development of monolithic DSCs on plastic substrates that can be produced using roll-to-roll processes.
Effects of nano-patterned versus simple flat active layers in upright organic photovoltaic devices
Authors: Liu Yingchi , Kirsch Christoph , Gadisa Abay , Aryal Mukti , Mitran Sorin , Samulski Edward T , Lopez Rene
Published: December 2012

A scalable procedure for nano-patterning the bulk heterojunction layer in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is reported. Nano-patterning is shown to increase light absorption in poly(3-hexylthiophene) : [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT : PCBM) devices (ITO\WO3\P3HT : PCBM\Ca\Al). Nano-patterning also modifies electric fields in OPV devices, thus affecting charge harvesting. Nano-patterned OPV devices with a power conversion efficiency of 4% are presented. Comparable efficiencies are also obtained by optimization of thicknesses in a flat-layer device. Trade-offs between absorption enhancement and charge harvesting deterioration induced by nano-patterning are discussed as well as possible optimization strategies.
Autoimmune Hepatitis in Children in Eastern Denmark
Authors: Vitfell‐Pedersen Joanna , Jørgensen Marianne Hørby , Müller Klaus , Heilmann Carsten
Published: December 2012

Objectives:

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in childhood is a progressive chronic inflammatory liver disease. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical and biochemical characteristics of 33 paediatric patients diagnosed as having AIH with earlier described cohorts, and to examine the effect of early treatment strategies on the course of disease.

Methods:

A population‐based cohort of patients from January 1993 to September 2009 was identified prospectively, and the patient data were collected by a retrospective examination of the files.

Results:

Twenty‐nine patients had type 1 AIH, 2 had type 2, and 2 could not be categorised. Among the 33 children, 16 (48.5%) were girls and 17 (51.5%) were boys. Twenty‐three (69.7%) of the patients had symptoms at presentation indistinguishable from acute viral hepatitis, but in 16 (69.6%) of those the liver biopsy showed cirrhosis. Twenty (60.6%) patients were treated with prednisolone and azathioprine at the time of remission, whereas 8 (24.2%) were treated with prednisolone. One (3%) patient did not experience remission during the observation period.

Conclusions:

The patients in our study appeared similar to previously published cohorts, although a female predominance was not observed. Our data suggest that early treatment including both prednisolone and azathioprine could be more effective than prednisolone alone, even if randomised controlled paediatric studies comparing these 2 different treatment regimens are needed.
Rational maps between quasilinear hypersurfaces
Authors: Scully Stephen
Published: December 2012

We prove analogues of several well-known results concerning rational maps between quadrics for the class of so-called quasilinearp-hypersurfaces. These hypersurfaces are nowhere smooth over the base field, so many of the geometric methods which have been successfully applied to the study of projective homogeneous varieties over fields cannot be used. We are therefore forced to take an alternative approach, which is partly facilitated by the appearance of several non-traditional features in the study of these objects from an algebraic perspective. Our main results were previously known for the class of quasilinear quadrics. We provide new proofs here, because the original proofs do not immediately generalise for quasilinear hypersurfaces of higher degree.
Hochschild homology of Hopf algebras and free Yetter–Drinfeld resolutions of the counit
Authors: Bichon Julien
Published: December 2012

We show that if$A$and$H$are Hopf algebras that have equivalent tensor categories of comodules, then one can transport what we call a free Yetter–Drinfeld resolution of the counit of$A$to the same kind of resolution for the counit of$H$, exhibiting in this way strong links between the Hochschild homologies of$A$and$H$. This enables us to obtain a finite free resolution of the counit of$\mathcal {B}(E)$, the Hopf algebra of the bilinear form associated with an invertible matrix$E$, generalizing an earlier construction of Collins, Härtel and Thom in the orthogonal case$E=I_n$. It follows that$\mathcal {B}(E)$is smooth of dimension 3 and satisfies Poincaré duality. Combining this with results of Vergnioux, it also follows that when$E$is an antisymmetric matrix, the$L^2$-Betti numbers of the associated discrete quantum group all vanish. We also use our resolution to compute the bialgebra cohomology of$\mathcal {B}(E)$in the cosemisimple case.
Seismic Behavior of a Single Deck Floating Roof Due to Second Sloshing Mode
Authors: Goudarzi Mohammad Ali
Published: December 2012

Second mode sloshing motion induces the vertical out-of-plane deformation of deck plate in single deck floating roof (FR) cylindrical storage tanks. This vertical deformation tends to shrink the deck plate in horizontal direction, causing elliptical deformation of pontoon. In order to evaluate seismic stress caused by the second sloshing mode, the relation between out-of-plane vertical deformation of deck plate and the radial shrinkage of pontoon is required. In this study, a simple analytical approach is proposed for calculating the shrinkage of the pontoon. The numerical analysis is also performed for five tanks with various dimensions to assess the effectiveness of introduced new method. The accuracy of proposed formulation is confirmed by comparing its results with the results of both numerical analysis and available experimental measurements. Despite existing empirical formula, geometric characteristics of considered tanks are involved in proposed formulation and it is shown that final relationship could be utilized for various ranges of tank dimensions without scaling or unit limitation. It is also found from the results of numerical analysis that the dynamic characteristics of sloshing modes are not considerably affected by the presence of floating roof.
Predicting Sagittal Plane Biomechanics That Minimize the Axial Knee Joint Contact Force During Walking
Authors: Miller Ross H. , Brandon Scott C. E. , Deluzio Kevin J.
Published: December 2012

Both development and progression of knee osteoarthritis have been associated with the loading of the knee joint during walking. We are, therefore, interested in developing strategies for changing walking biomechanics to offload the knee joint without resorting to surgery. In this study, simulations of human walking were performed using a 2D bipedal forward dynamics model. A simulation generated by minimizing the metabolic cost of transport (CoT) resembled data measured from normal human walking. Three simulations targeted at minimizing the peak axial knee joint contact force instead of the CoT reduced the peak force by 12–25% and increased the CoT by 11–14%. The strategies used by the simulations were (1) reduction in gastrocnemius muscle force, (2) avoidance of knee flexion during stance, and (3) reduced stride length. Reduced gastrocnemius force resulted from a combination of changes in activation and changes in the gastrocnemius contractile component kinematics. The simulations that reduced the peak contact force avoided flexing the knee during stance when knee motion was unrestricted and adopted a shorter stride length when the simulated knee motion was penalized if it deviated from the measured human knee motion. A higher metabolic cost in an offloading gait would be detrimental for covering a long distance without fatigue but beneficial for exercise and weight loss. The predicted changes in the peak axial knee joint contact force from the simulations were consistent with estimates of the joint contact force in a human subject who emulated the predicted kinematics. The results demonstrate the potential of using muscle-actuated forward dynamics simulations to predict novel joint offloading interventions.