bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O FUTURO DO PORTUGUÊS EM ANGOLA: QUE CONCEÇÕES?
Authors: Calossa Bernardino Valente , António Queneth José Píres
Published: July 2022

Este estudo é um contributo para a discussão sobre o futuro da língua portuguesa e a constituição de uma norma em Angola. Através de um questionário aplicado a 335 participantes, entre professores e estudantes do ensino superior, foi possível verificar a perceção destes informantes sobre o assunto; os resultados evidenciam diversas atitudes e sentimentos em relação à variedade não padronizada do português falado em angola, sendo que uma parte significativa destes participantes a considera errada e, por isso, deva ser abandonada, em detrimento do padrão europeu, e outra considera que, apesar de não corresponder ao ideal, é nela que se devem basear os angolanos para a constituição da sua norma. Conclui-se, recomendando estudos representativos um pouco por todo o país para constituir uma norma.
NOMENCLATURAS DA LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA NOS PLANOS DE AÇÃO DA CPLP: PORTUGUÊS LÍNGUA O QUÊ?
Authors: Evaristo Jefferson
Published: July 2022

Os variados processos de internacionalização das línguas são realidades cada vez mais presentes no mundo globalizado. No caso do brasil, remontam já há décadas iniciativas como a dos leitorados, centros culturais brasileiros e núcleos de estudos brasileiros; cada qual, a seu modo, coopera para promover essa internacionalização de nossa língua. Porém, também a CPLP, a Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa, delibera sobre questões relacionadas à promoção da língua portuguesa no mundo, sendo um importante órgão pelo fato de, supranacional, congregar os países nos quais o português é língua materna, nacional ou oficial. Nesse sentido, em quatro ocasiões, a CPLP editou seus “Plano de Ação para a Promoção, a Difusão e a Projeção da Língua Portuguesa”. Em nosso texto, abordaremos as nomenclaturas e concepções de língua assumidas por esses quatro documentos, discutindo como elas impactam no cenário de internacionalização. Nossos resultados mostram que há certo espraiamento de concepções que, em última instância, podem significar uma incompreensão da língua em si mesma e de seu papel.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Conforte André Nemi , Duarte Isabel Margarida , Rodrigues Sónia Valente
Published: July 2022

Apresentação do dossiê CPLP, 25 anos: questões de língua
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Ribeiro Alexandre Do Amaral , De Almeida Carla Aurélia , Osório Paulo
Published: July 2022

Apresentação do dossiê O Português como Língua Pluricêntrica
Nível de atividade física e excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão bibliográfica
Authors: Rauber Suliane Beatriz , Silva Ingrid Paola Brayner Assunção , Borges Kelly Do Canto , Guimarães Wainny Rocha , Lopes Lucas Rodrigues Silva , Aquino Alisson Luiz , De Moraes José Fernando Vila Nova , Campbell Carmen Silvia Grubert
Published: July 2022

A obesidade na infância e adolescência tem crescido abruptamente nas últimas décadas. Sabe-se que baixos níveis de atividade física estão intimamente ligados ao acúmulo de gordura corporal. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever а influênciа dо nível de аtividаde físicа nо desenvolvimento de sоbrepesо e оbesidаde de criаnçаs e аdоlescentes. Pаrа а presente revisãо bibliоgráficа fоrаm feitаs buscаs nаs bаses de dаdоs Medline (Nаtiоnаl Librаry оf Medicine United Stаtes), Lilаcs (Lаtin Аmericаn аnd Cаribbeаn Heаlth Sciences), PubMed (US Nаtiоnаl Librаry оf Medicine Nаtiоnаl Institutes оf Heаlth), SciELО (Scientific Electrоnic Librаry Оnline), pоrtаl de periódicоs dа Cаpes (Cооrdenаçãо de Аperfeiçоаmentо de Pessоаl de Nível Superiоr), bаses Scоpus e Web оf Science. Оs descritоres usаdоs cоnfоrme listа dо DeCS (Descritоres em Ciênciаs dа Sаúde) /MeSH (Medicаl Subject Heаdings) fоrаm аtividаde físicа, infânciа e оbesidаde infаntil, gаstо energéticо, аssim cоmо physicаl аctivity, child, childhооd оbesity e energy expenditure, respectivаmente. Fоrаm encоntrаdоs 293 аrtigоs, publicаdоs entre 2004 e 2016 e аpós critériоs de selecãо, 12 fоrаm cоnsiderаdоs pаrа presente revisãо. А prevаlênciа de excessо de pesо em criаnçаs cоm idаde entre 5 e 9 аnоs nа regiãо Nоrte e Nоrdeste vаriоu de 25 а 30% e nаs regiões Sudeste, Sul e Centrо-Оeste de 32 а 40%. Quаndо аnаlisаdаs questões de intervençãо nо trаtаmentо dа оbesidаde, a práticа de аtividаde físicа e bоns hábitоs аlimentаres fоrаm аpоntаdоs cоmо imprescindíveis nа аlterаçãо dо quаdrо clínicо de criаnçаs e аdоlescentes obesos para uma melhor saúde e prevenção de doenças nа vidа аdultа.
“Informados sobre o câncer” –o quiz como ferramenta de auxílio ao professor de Ciências e Biologia
Authors: Siqueira Camila Machado Ferreira , Rebeca Rosilene
Published: July 2022

O câncer é uma doença endêmica responsável por elevado número de mortes no Brasil e no mundo. A maioria das mortes provocadas pelo câncer pode ser atribuída as práticas comportamentais de riscoe,por isso, a prevenção assume um papel de destaque na preservação da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos. Nesse sentido, a sensibilização para os danos e hábitos de prevenção podem configurar uma estratégia preventiva efetiva entre os alunos do ensino básico. Atualmente, a Educação em Saúde (ES) é a abordagem mais indicada para trabalhar este tema. Assim, esse trabalho teve como objetivo a análise e avaliação de um quiz eletrônico, elaborado com intuito de auxiliar o professor de Biologia para desenvolver a ES na escola, evidenciando o tema câncer. O quiz “Informados sobre o Câncer” foi elaborado no siteTop Quiz. São 12 questões de múltipla escolha sobre prevenção, informação e tratamento do câncer. Dez acadêmicos do curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Unicentro participaram da análise e avaliação do quiz, enfatizando os principais pontos positivos e negativos desta ferramenta didática. Destacou-se entre os comentários positivos o caráter lúdico e a facilidade de compreensão e assimilação de um assunto complexo como o câncer, como sugestão de aprimoramento foi proposto aumentar o tempo de resposta das questões mais longas e a substituição da plataforma escolhida. A participação na revisão e aprimoramento deste recurso didático, permitiu aos futuros professores de Ciências e Biologia atuarem como participantes ativos na melhoria de um instrumento pedagógico que poderá ser utilizado na prática docente de ES com o tema câncer.
Trilhas como atividade física oferecida pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em Florianópolis: percepções dos participantes e responsáveis
Authors: Constantini Marina Isolde , Quinaud Ricardo Teixeira , Blum Rukmini Amaral , Rech Cassiano Ricardo , Marino Alcyane
Published: July 2022

Este estudo objetivou identificar as percepções dos participantes e das profissionais da saúde sobre o Grupo “Trilhando Saúde” na Unidade Básica de Saúde do Rio Vermelho, em Florianópolis. Trata-se de um estudo participante, com abordagem qualitativa. Fizeram parte do estudo 18 pessoas, sendo 15 usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde e três profissionais da saúde. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados incluem roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, observação participante e diário de campo, registrados por gravador e smartphone. Os dados foram organizados com auxílio do software NVivo 11 e analisados por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. A concepção de saúde dos participantes flutua entre as lógicas pautadas na doença e na saúde, sendo influenciadas pela concepção das profissionais da saúde e as práticas realizadas. Os participantes relatam benefícios físicos (melhora da aptidão física, equilíbrio, agilidade) e psicológicos (disposição, relaxamento e felicidade), além da interação social. A especificidade do Grupo “Trilhando Saúde” na natureza ainda possibilitou identificação das características do bairro e mudança de comportamento em favor da conservação ambiental.
Programa Saúde na Escola: aspectos históricos da saúde do escolar e reflexões sobre a intersetorialidade
Authors: Pereira Fabricio Moraes , Da Conceição Letícia Carneiro , Paixão Carlos Jorge , Do Nascimento Liliane Silva
Published: July 2022

Este trabalho é parte integrante da dissertação de mestrado intitulada “Percepções, vivências e perspectivas de professores sobre o Programa Saúde na Escola” e se apresenta de forma a discutir a saúde do escolar no Brasil, a construção do Programa Saúde na Escola, seu contexto histórico e aspectos relativos às ações intersetoriais entre educação e saúde. O mesmo é pautado em pesquisa bibliográfica de diferentes tipos de obras, a fim de constituir um estudo e reflexões cientificamente relevantes diante da temática abordada. Percebe-se a historicidade da saúde do escolar no Brasil em consonância com os avanços dos estudos em saúde pública no mundo, bem como emissão de portarias interministeriais no contexto do Sistema Único de Saúde. Promove-se a discussão acerca da intersetorialidade e perspectivas enquanto modo de gestão e seus impactos na sociedade e na saúde do escolar. Conclui-se que, apesar do percurso histórico inconstante, a saúde do escolar se tornou uma das vertentes das políticas de promoção da saúde de grande importância para a nação brasileira e que ainda necessita de ações organizadas e bem geridas para efetivar uma dinâmica intersetorial satisfatória.
Editorial
Authors: Camello Thereza Cristina Ferreira
Published: July 2022

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Carotid artery disease: knowing the numbers
Authors: Heyes Adam , Crichton Alexander , Rajagopalan Sriram
Published: July 2022

Ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack are of particular interest to the vascular surgeon as over one-third of all strokes are caused by thromboembolism from a stenotic carotid artery, making carotid artery stenosis the leading cause of stroke. If detected early, stenosis can be managed medically, surgically or endovascularly. However, treatment decisions depend on the timing of the transient ischaemic attack and the degree of stenosis, and must be balanced against procedural risk. This article discusses the evidence outlining the epidemiology, measurement and surgical management of carotid artery stenosis that inform national guidelines. Vascular and non-vascular trainees should understand these guidelines because of the potentially debilitating or fatal consequences of untreated carotid stenosis.
El sistema de correlaciones de los calendarios mayas clásico y k'iche'
Authors: Barrera Atuesta Carlos
Published: July 2022

Pocos problemas relacionados con el estudio de la cultura maya han ocasionado tanta confusión y discusión académica, y han demostrado ser tan persistentes en el último siglo, como el asunto de la correlación entre alendarios mesoamericanos y cristianos. En este artículo se abordará el problema del desfase entre las Ruedas Calendáricas de los calendarios mayas clásico y k’iche’, partiendo del estudio de sus respectivos portadores de año y las diferentes fechas de año nuevo celebradas por sus custodios ancestrales: los ajq'ijab de las tierras altas de Guatemala. Los análisis indican que las cuentas de los días clásica y k’iche’ son distintas, pero complementarias, y constituyen unsistema coordinado de estructuras simétricas de tiempo que sincronizan sus ciclos astronómicos y simplifican el cómputo de eventos para facilitar la adecuada planeación de actividades rituales, políticas, sociales, científicas y culturales.
Agencia y control social en la frontera: los gobernadores del Tucumán y los ataques indígenas del Chaco, 1670-1700
Authors: Villanueva Javier Hipólito
Published: July 2022

Durante el reinado de Carlos II de Habsburgo, los gobernadores del Tucumán gestionaron el problema de las incursiones de los nativos chaqueños a través de la negociación y la búsqueda de consenso con diferentes actores sociales, en especial locales. A su vez, la solución del conflicto contó con dos opciones: la vía evangelizadora y la vía militar, de las cuales, en general, los gobernadores prefirieron la segunda. Así, se desarrolló en la jurisdicción un proceso de militarización.
Las expediciones científicas y la visualización imperial de la Amazonía peruana, 1790-1801
Authors: Peralta Ruiz Víctor
Published: July 2022

Se analiza el proceso de visualización y visibilización imperial de la población amazónica del virreinato del Perú a partir de tres momentos: la presencia de la expedición botánica de Joseph Dombey, Hipólito Ruiz y José Pavón entre 1777 y 1788, la estadía de la expedición de Alejandro Malaspina en 1790 y la confección del Quadro del Perú de 1799 por José Ignacio de Lecuanda y Luis Thiebaut. Se destaca la polémica intervención interpretativa no solo de los expedicionarios, sino de los ilustrados criollos peruanos en la confección de un discurso sobre poblaciones amazónicas que nunca visitaron.
Modified Newton-residual interpolation for division of focal plane polarization image demosaicking
Authors: Liu Xinlong , Yang Linjie , Wang Luping
Published: July 2022

With the improvement of semiconductor processing technology, polarization sensors using division of focal plane have gradually become the mainstream method of polarization imaging. Similar to the color restoration method of the Bayer array sensor, the spatial information of polarized image is also recovered through the polarization demosaicking algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new modified Newton-residual interpolation polarization image demosaicking algorithm based on residual interpolation, which is suitable for a monochrome or color polarization filter array. First, we use the modified Newton interpolation method to generate edge-sensitive guiding images. Then, we carry out the improvement of the guide process during the residual interpolation by performing variance statistics on the local window image in the guiding process, so that the edges and flat image blocks have different guiding weights. Finally, we obtain edge-preserving results by applying these two improvements, which reduces the zipper effect and edge confusion. We compare the results of various algorithms on experimental data, demonstrating that our algorithm has impactful improvements in the evaluation metrics based on the ground-truth images.
Single-shot optical surface profiling using extended depth of field 3D microscopy
Authors: Martinez Pol , Bermudez Carlos , Artigas Roger , Carles Guillem
Published: July 2022

The measurement of three-dimensional samples at high speed is essential for many applications, either due to the requirement for measuring samples that change fast over time, or due to the requirement of reducing the scanning time, and therefore inspection cost, in industrial environments. Conventionally, the measurement of surface topographies at high resolution typically requires an axial scanning of the sample. We report the implementation of a technique able to reconstruct surface topographies at high resolution, only from the acquisition of a single camera shot, dropping the need to perform an axial scan. A system prototype is reported and assessed as an ultra-fast optical surface profiler. We propose robust calibration and operation methods and algorithms to reconstruct surface topographies of optically-rough samples, and compare the experimental results with a reference confocal optical profiler.
Optical force calculation in the ray-optics regime for beams with arbitrary complex amplitude profiles
Authors: Sindhu Malik Karuna , Boruah Bosanta R.
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we propose an augmented ray-optics model for computation of the optical force on spherical microscopic particles due to a beam with an arbitrary complex amplitude profile. The force calculation is based on simple analytical expressions derived considering relevant beam and lens parameters. The proposed model can provide the net optical force for a beam whose intensity or amplitude as well as phase profile in the entrance pupil of the lens can be arbitrary. Accuracy of the augmented model is demonstrated by comparing numerically with the existing model and with the experimental observations considering a focused vortex beam.
Epidemiological and evolutionary consequences of different types of CRISPR-Cas systems
Authors: Chabas Hélène , Müller Viktor , Bonhoeffer Sebastian , Regoes Roland R.
Published: July 2022

Bacteria have adaptive immunity against viruses (phages) in the form of CRISPR-Cas immune systems. Currently, 6 types of CRISPR-Cas systems are known and the molecular study of three of these has revealed important molecular differences. It is unknown if and how these molecular differences change the outcome of phage infection and the evolutionary pressure the CRISPR-Cas systems faces. To determine the importance of these molecular differences, we model a phage outbreak entering a population defending exclusively with a type I/II or a type III CRISPR-Cas system. We show that for type III CRISPR-Cas systems, rapid phage extinction is driven by the probability to acquire at least one resistance spacer. However, for type I/II CRISPR-Cas systems, rapid phage extinction is characterized by an a threshold-like behaviour: any acquisition probability below this threshold leads to phage survival whereas any acquisition probability above it, results in phage extinction. We also show that in the absence of autoimmunity, high acquisition rates evolve. However, when CRISPR-Cas systems are prone to autoimmunity, intermediate levels of acquisition are optimal during a phage outbreak. As we predict an optimal probability of spacer acquisition 2 factors of magnitude above the one that has been measured, we discuss the origin of such a discrepancy. Finally, we show that in a biologically relevant parameter range, a type III CRISPR-Cas system can outcompete a type I/II CRISPR-Cas system with a slightly higher probability of acquisition.
Specific Nucleic AcId Ligation for the detection of Schistosomes: SNAILS
Authors: Webb Alexander James , Allan Fiona , Kelwick Richard J. R. , Beshah Feleke Zewge , Kinung’hi Safari Methusela , Templeton Michael R. , Emery Aidan Mark , Freemont Paul S.
Published: July 2022

Schistosomiasis, also known as bilharzia or snail fever, is a debilitating neglected tropical disease (NTD), caused by parasitic trematode flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, that has an annual mortality rate of 280,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa alone. Schistosomiasis is transmitted via contact with water bodies that are home to the intermediate host snail which shed the infective cercariae into the water. Schistosome lifecycles are complex, and while not all schistosome species cause human disease, endemic regions also typically feature animal-infecting schistosomes that can have broader economic and/or food security implications. Therefore, the development of species-specific Schistosoma detection technologies may help to inform evidence-based local environmental, food security and health systems policy making. Crucially, schistosomiasis disproportionally affects low- and middle-income (LMIC) countries and for that reason, environmental screening of water bodies for schistosomes may aid with the targeting of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions and preventive chemotherapy to regions at highest risk of schistosomiasis transmission, and to monitor the effectiveness of such interventions at reducing the risk over time. To this end, we developed a DNA-based biosensor termed Specific Nucleic AcId Ligation for the detection of Schistosomes or ‘SNAILS’. Here we show that ‘SNAILS’ enables species-specific detection from genomic DNA (gDNA) samples that were collected from the field in endemic areas.
Evaluating the efficacy of the HITSystem 2.1 to improve PMTCT retention and maternal viral suppression in Kenya: Study protocol of a cluster-randomized trial
Authors: Mokua Sharon , Maloba May , Wexler Catherine , Goggin Kathy , Staggs Vincent , Mabachi Natabhona , Maosa Nicodemus , Babu Shadrack , Hurley Emily , Finocchario-Kessler Sarah
Published: July 2022

Background

Gaps in the provision of guideline-adherent prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) services and maternal retention in care contribute to nearly 8000 Kenyan infants becoming infected with HIV annually. Interventions that routinize evidence-based PMTCT service delivery and foster consistent patient engagement are essential to eliminating mother-to-child transmission of HIV. The HITSystem 2.1 is an eHealth intervention that aims to improve retention in PMTCT services and viral load monitoring, using electronic alerts to providers and SMS to patients. This study will evaluate the impact, implementation, and cost-effectiveness of HITSystem 2.1.

Method

This cluster randomized trial will be conducted at 12 study hospital (6 intervention, 6 control). Pregnant women living with HIV who have initiated PMTCT care ≤36 weeks gestation are eligible. Women enrolled at control hospitals will receive standard-of-care PMTCT services. Women enrolled at intervention hospitals will receive standard-of-care PMTCT services plus enhanced HITSystem 2.1 tracking. Mixed logistic regression models will compare the arms on two primary outcomes: (1) completed guideline-adherence PMTCT services and (2) viral suppression at both delivery and 6 months postpartum. We will assess associations between provider and patient characteristics (disclosure status, partner status, depression, partner support), PMTCT knowledge, and motivation with retention outcomes. Using the RE-AIM model, we will also assess implementation factors to guide sustainable scale-up. Finally, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted.

Discussion

This study will provide insights regarding the development and adaptation of eHealth strategies to meet the global goal of eliminating new HIV infections in children and optimizing maternal health through PMTCT services. If efficacious, implementation and cost-effectiveness data gathered in this study will guide scale-up across Kenyan health facilities.

Trial registration

This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04571684) on October 1, 2020.
The fisheries and aquaculture sector in Latin America: Exports to East Asia and production
Authors: Muñiz Rebeca De las Mercedez Jaime , Jimber del Río Juan Antonio , Jiménez Beltrán Francisco Javier , Vera Gilces Paúl
Published: July 2022

The Asian giant has agitated foreign trade in Latin America due to easy access to this market, tariff policies, and international agreements. In the face of a globalized world, in the last decade fisheries and aquaculture entrepreneurs of Latin American countries have taken on the challenge of getting their products known at International Fisheries and Aquaculture Exhibition fairs in Asian countries, which has generated an increase in the exportation of their products. Fishing and aquaculture exports are a variable of the economy of each country reflected in the gross domestic product and foreign exchange results. The present research work analyzed the fishing and aquaculture sector through the first difference Generalized Method of Moments estimator to establish the behavior of exports from Latin American countries to Asia, the production of each Latin American country, and the subsequent effect on the economic growth of the fishing and aquaculture sector during the period 2012–2019. The findings of this article suggest the significant positive relationship between output and economic growth, and a non-significant negative relationship between exports to East Asia and the economy.
“I always find myself very tired and exhausted”: The physical impact of caring; a descriptive phenomenological study of the experiences of prostate cancer caregivers in Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Owoo Benedicta , Ninnoni Jerry Paul K. , Ampofo Evelyn Asamoah , Seidu Abdul-Aziz
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Prostate cancer is a significant public health burden and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. This study, therefore, explored how caring affects the physical health of family caregivers of prostate cancer patients.

Method

The study adopted a descriptive phenomenological method. Twelve participants were recruited using the purposive sampling technique. A semi-structured face to face, in-depth interviews were conducted with family caregivers of patients living with prostate cancer. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the data were analysed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological approach.

Findings

The family caregiver’s experience with the physical impact associated with caregiving uncovered two significant themes with six sub-themes. “Rest and Sleep” emerged as the first central theme, with sleeplessness, fatigue, pain, and worsening pre-existing conditions as the sub-themes. The second main theme was ‘Nutrition’ with altered eating patterns and weight loss emerging as sub-themes.

Conclusion

The study suggests that family caregivers of patients treated for prostate cancer may struggle with physical consequences associated with the caregiving role, which impacts their physical health. It is of great importance, especially for nurses, to come up with measures to minimise these adverse physical effects on the family caregivers through formal education programmes and training on how to care for these patients at home.
Effects of concentration and chain length of the sequence copolymer on interfacial properties of homopolymers/sequence copolymers ternary blends: A DPD simulation study
Authors: Liu Dongmei , Bo Huifeng , Jin Yongchao , Li Deyang , Zhang Zhanxin , Gong Kai , Lin Ye , Li Sijia
Published: July 2022

The effect of the concentration and chain length of the copolymer AB with sequence length τ = 8 on the interfacial properties of the ternary mixtures A10/AB/B10 are investigated by the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. It is found that: i) As the copolymer concentration varies from 0.05 to 0.15, increasing the copolymer enrichment at the center of the interface enlarges the interface width ω and reduces the interfacial tension. However, as the concentration of the sequence copolymers further increases to 0.2, because the interface has formed micelles and the micellization could lower the efficiency of copolymers as a compatibilizer, the interfacial tension exhibits a slightly increase; ii) elevating the copolymer chain length, the copolymer volumes vary from a cylinder shape to a pancake shape. The blends of the copolymer with chain length Ncp = 24 exhibit a wider interfacial width w and a lower interfacial tension γ, which indicates that the sequenced copolymer Ncp = 24 exhibits a better performance as the compatibilizers. This study illustrates the correlations between the reduction in interfacial tension produced by the sequence copolymers and their molecular parameters, which guide a rational design of an efficient compatibilizer.
Leaf trait plasticity and site-specific environmental variability modulate the severity of visible foliar ozone symptoms in Viburnum lantana
Authors: Faralli Michele , Cristofolini Fabiana , Cristofori Antonella , Ferretti Marco , Gottardini Elena
Published: July 2022

The assessment of Visible Foliar Symptoms (VFS) is commonly adopted by forest monitoring programs to evaluate ozone impact on vegetation. The occurrence of ozone VFS may differ among individuals of the same species at the same site, and within leaves of the same individual. The aim of this study was to identify site and plant characteristics as well as functional leaf traits associated with the occurrence and severity of VFS in Viburnum lantana (an ozone-sensitive species) and at the scale of an individual site. V. lantana plants growing at one site of the ViburNeT monitoring network (Trentino, North Italy) experiencing high ozone levels were surveyed in relation to 1) sun exposure, 2) shading effect from neighbor vegetation, 3) plant height and 4) presence and severity of VFS. Leaves from three different sections of each plant were subjected to a phenotypic characterization of leaf area, dry weight, specific leaf area (SLA), chlorophyll content (ChlSPAD), percentage of VFS, and adaxial and abaxial trichome density (Tr). We showed that plants at high irradiation levels had significantly lower SLA (p<0.05), higher Tr (p<0.01) and greater ChlSPAD (p<0.01) when compared to shaded and/or west- and north-exposed plants, thus indicating a strong influence of site-specific characteristics on leaf trait plasticity. Similar differences were observed for taller vs. shorter plants and apical vs. basal branches (p<0.05). Ozone-induced VFS at leaf level were associated with lower SLA (p<0.001) and higher Tr in the abaxial leaf surface (p<0.05). Both leaf traits showed significant differences also within the south and east exposed plant category, thus suggesting the increase in leaf thickness and Tr as a potential adaptive strategy under multiple stress conditions. Our results provide evidence of a strong relationship between VFS, leaf traits and site-specific variables, offering new insights for interpreting data on the impact of ozone on vegetation.
Granzyme K initiates IL-6 and IL-8 release from epithelial cells by activating protease-activated receptor 2
Authors: Kaiserman Dion , Zhao Peishen , Rowe Caitlin Lorraine , Leong Andrea , Barlow Nicholas , Joeckel Lars Thomas , Hitchen Corinne , Stewart Sarah Elizabeth , Hollenberg Morley D. , Bunnett Nigel , Suhrbier Andreas , Bird Phillip Ian
Published: July 2022

Granzyme K (GzmK) is a tryptic member of the granzyme family of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases produced by cells of the immune system. Previous studies have indicated that GzmK activates protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) enhancing activation of monocytes and wound healing in endothelial cells. Here, we show using peptides and full length proteins that GzmK and, to a lesser extent the related protease GzmA, are capable of activating PAR1 and PAR2. These cleavage events occur at the canonical arginine P1 residue and involve exosite interactions between protease and receptor. Despite cleaving PAR2 at the same point as trypsin, GzmK does not induce a classical Ca2+flux but instead activates a distinct signalling cascade, involving recruitment of β-arrestin and phosphorylation of ERK. In epithelial A549 cells, PAR2 activation by GzmK results in the release of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. These data suggest that during an immune response GzmK acts as a pro-inflammatory regulator, rather than as a cytotoxin.
Feeding growing button mushrooms: The role of substrate mycelium to feed the first two flushes
Authors: Sonnenberg Anton S. M. , Baars Johan J. P. , Straatsma Gerben , Hendrickx Patrick M. , Hendrix Ed , Blok Chris , van Peer Arend
Published: July 2022

A number of experiments were done to further our understanding of the substrate utilization in button mushroom crops (Agaricus bisporus). An analysis of the degradation of dry matter of the substrate during a crop cycle revealed that for pin formation the upper 1/3rd layer is used, for the production of flush one all layers are involved and for flush two mainly the lower 1/3 layer is used. A reduction in substrate depth leads to a decrease in yield/m2 but an apparent increase in yield per tonne of substrate with a lower mushroom quality. A short daily interruption of the connection between the casing soil with the substrate results in a delay of the first flush. Interruptions with only part of the substrate did not lead to delay in production. Daily interruption of the connection with all or only part of the substrate leads to a shift in yield from flush one to flush two but the total yield remains unchanged. The mycelial biomass in the substrate increases from filling up to pinning, has a steeper increase during flush one, and is levelling off during flush two, indicating that in the period of venting and up to/including flush one, enzymes are secreted by growing hyphae generating nutrients to feed a fixed amount of mushroom biomass for two flushes. A sidewise extension of the substrate (without casing soil, thus not producing mushrooms) showed that the substrate at a distance more than somewhere between 20–50 cm away from the casing soil does not contribute to feeding mushrooms in the first two flushes. The observations are discussed with respect to relevant previous research.
Psychosocial factors influencing smoking relapse among youth experiencing homelessness: A qualitative study
Authors: Patterson Joanne G. , Macisco Joseph M. , Glasser Allison M. , Wermert Amy , Nemeth Julianna M.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

In the United States, up to 70% of youth experiencing homelessness smoke cigarettes. Many are interested in quitting; however, little is known about psychosocial factors influencing smoking relapse in this population. This study, part of a larger project to develop an optimized smoking cessation intervention for youth experiencing homelessness, aimed to describe how psychosocial factors influence smoking relapse in this group.

Methods

This study describes the smoking relapse experiences of 26 youth tobacco users, aged 14–24 years, who were recruited from a homeless drop-in center in Ohio. We conducted semi-structured interviews to understand how stress, opportunity, and coping contribute to smoking relapse.

Results

Five themes emerged from the data: (1) smoking as a lapse in emotional self-regulation in response to stress; (2) smoking as active emotional self-regulation in response to stress; (3) social opportunities facilitate smoking in the context of emotion-focused stress coping; (4) problem-focused stress coping; and (5) opportunity facilitates smoking relapse.

Conclusions

Stress was a primary driver of smoking relapse among youth experiencing homelessness, yet social and environmental opportunities to smoke also precipitated relapse. Interventions to improve abstinence among this population should target foundational stressors, coping skills, social supports, and nicotine dependence.
Delirium and its association with short-term outcomes in younger and older patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Han Jin H. , McNaughton Candace D. , Stubblefield William B. , Pang Peter S. , Levy Phillip D. , Miller Karen F. , Meram Sarah , Cole Mette Lind , Jenkins Cathy A. , Paz Hadassah H. , Moser Kelly M. , Storrow Alan B. , Collins Sean P. ,   for the Emergency Medicine Research and Outcomes Consortium Investigators
Published: July 2022

Younger patients (18 to 65 years old) are often excluded from delirium outcome studies. We sought to determine if delirium was associated with short-term adverse outcomes in a diverse cohort of younger and older patients with acute heart failure (AHF). We conducted a multi-center prospective cohort study that included adult emergency department patients with confirmed AHF. Delirium was ascertained using the Brief Confusion Assessment Method (bCAM). The primary outcome was a composite outcome of 30-day all-cause death, 30-day all-cause rehospitalization, and prolonged index hospital length of stay. Multivariable logistic regression was performed, adjusting for demographics, cognitive impairment without delirium, and HF risk factors. Older age (≥ 65 years old)*delirium interaction was also incorporated into the model. Odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were reported. A total of 1044 patients with AHF were enrolled; 617 AHF patients were < 65 years old and 427 AHF patients were ≥ 65 years old, and 47 (7.6%) and 40 (9.4%) patients were delirious at enrollment, respectively. Delirium was significantly associated with the composite outcome (adjusted OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.02 to 2.64). The older age*delirium interaction p-value was 0.47. In conclusion, delirium was common in both younger and older patients with AHF and was associated with poorer short-term outcomes in both cohorts. Younger patients with acute heart failure should be included in future delirium outcome studies.
Patient safety culture in primary health care: Medical office survey on patient safety culture in a Brazilian family health strategy setting
Authors: Araújo Gleiton Lima , Amorim Fábio Ferreira , de Miranda Rafaela Cristina Pereira Santos , Amorim Flávio Ferreira Pontes , Santana Levy Aniceto , Göttems Leila Bernarda Donato
Published: July 2022

Study objectives

To assess the patient safety culture in Primary Health Care (PHC) setting after the transition to the Family Health Strategy (FHS) model in a Brazilian metropolitan area and compare the results between the categories of health care professionals.

Methods

A cross-sectional study including 246 workers from primary health care services in Federal District, Brazil. Data collection took place from October to December 2019 through the Medical Office Survey on Patient Safety Culture (MOSPSC) application. Patient safety culture was considered positive when the score was above 60%. For comparisons between the categories of health care professionals’, the ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for composite percent positive scores, and Pearson’s chi-square or Fishers exact test for frequency and percentage of positive responses.

Results

The overall MOSPSC composite percent positive score was 49.9%. Among the 12 dimensions, only three showed a positive patient safety culture: Teamwork (73.1%), Organizational learning (62.9%), and Patient care tracking/follow-up (60.1%). The percentage of positive responses on overall quality assessment (78.1%) and overall patient safety assessment (78.0%) showed a positive evaluation. There was no significant difference in the composite percent positive score of overall MOSPSC (p = 0.135) and the percentage of positive responses on overall patient safety assessment (p = 0.156) between the categories of health care professionals. Overall quality assessment showed a significant difference between job roles (p < 0.001), in which nursing /health care technicians showed a significantly lower score than other job roles.

Conclusion

The patient safety culture assessment showed a weakness in the patient safety in the PHC services. The MOSPSC and nine of its dimensions presented a negative safety culture assessment, regardless of the high scores in the overall patient safety and quality assessments.
Changes in key recruitment performance metrics from 2008–2019 in industry-sponsored phase III clinical trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov
Authors: Brøgger-Mikkelsen Mette , Zibert John Robert , Andersen Anders Daniel , Lassen Ulrik , Hædersdal Merete , Ali Zarqa , Thomsen Simon Francis
Published: July 2022

Background

Increasing costs and complexity in clinical trials requires recruitment of more narrowly defined patient populations. However, recruitment for clinical trials remains a considerable challenge.

Aim

Our overall aim was to quantify recruitment performance in industry-sponsored phase III clinical trials conducted globally during 2008–2019 with primary aim to examine development of overall clinical trial measures (number of trials completed, number of participants enrolled, trial duration in months) and key recruitment metrics (recruitment rate, number of sites, number of patients enrolled per site).

Methods

The publicly available AACT database containing data on all trials registered at ClinicalTrials.gov since 2008 was used. The analysis was completed during three time periods from 2008–2019 of 4 years each.

Results and conclusion

Recruitment duration for industry-sponsored phase III clinical trials have increased significantly during the last 12 years from an average recruitment period of 13 months (IQR 7–23) in 2008–2011 to 18 months (IQR 11–28) in 2016–2019 (p = 0.0068). Further, phase III clinical trials have increased the number of registered sites per clinical trial by more than 30% during the last 12 years from a median number 43 sites (IQR 17–84) in 2012–2015 to 64 sites (IQR 30–118) in 2016–2019 (p = 0.025), and concurrently, the number of participants enrolled in clinical research has decreased significantly from 2012–2015 and 2016–2019 (p = 0.046). We believe that these findings indicate that recruitment for phase III clinical trials is less effective today compared to 12 years ago.
Antibiotic treatment duration for bloodstream infections in critically ill children—A survey of pediatric infectious diseases and critical care clinicians for clinical equipoise
Authors: Pong Sandra , Fowler Robert A. , Murthy Srinivas , Pernica Jeffrey M. , Gilfoyle Elaine , Fontela Patricia , Mitsakakis Nicholas , Bowen Asha C. , Seto Winnie , Science Michelle , Hutchison James S. , Jouvet Philippe , Rishu Asgar , Daneman Nick
Published: July 2022

Objective

To describe antibiotic treatment durations that pediatric infectious diseases (ID) and critical care clinicians usually recommend for bloodstream infections in critically ill children.

Design

Anonymous, online practice survey using five common pediatric-based case scenarios of bloodstream infections.

Setting

Pediatric intensive care units in Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

Participants

Pediatric intensivists, nurse practitioners, ID physicians and pharmacists.

Main outcome measures

Recommended treatment durations for common infectious syndromes associated with bloodstream infections and willingness to enrol patients into a trial to study treatment duration.

Results

Among 136 survey respondents, most recommended at least 10 days antibiotics for bloodstream infections associated with: pneumonia (65%), skin/soft tissue (74%), urinary tract (64%) and intra-abdominal infections (drained: 90%; undrained: 99%). For central vascular catheter-associated infections without catheter removal, over 90% clinicians recommended at least 10 days antibiotics, except for infections caused by coagulase negative staphylococci (79%). Recommendations for at least 10 days antibiotics were less common with catheter removal. In multivariable linear regression analyses, lack of source control was significantly associated with longer treatment durations (+5.2 days [95% CI: 4.4–6.1 days] for intra-abdominal infections and +4.1 days [95% CI: 3.8–4.4 days] for central vascular catheter-associated infections). Most clinicians (73–95%, depending on the source of bloodstream infection) would be willing to enrol patients into a trial of shorter versus longer antibiotic treatment duration.

Conclusions

The majority of clinicians currently recommend at least 10 days of antibiotics for most scenarios of bloodstream infections in critically ill children. There is practice heterogeneity in self-reported treatment duration recommendations among clinicians. Treatment durations were similar across different infectious syndromes. Under appropriate clinical conditions, most clinicians would be willing to enrol patients into a trial of shorter versus longer treatment for common syndromes associated with bloodstream infections.
La voz del catalanismo femenino porteño durante la primera década del franquismo. Gràcia Bassa de Llorens en la revista Ressorgiment. 1939-1949
Authors: Lucci Carrero Marcela Isabel
Published: July 2022

La Guerra Civil española promovió la significación de hombres y mujeres emigrantes españoles en América que, con la llegada de Francisco Franco al poder, adhirieron al anti-franquismo del exilio republicano. El presente artículo se centra en la producción intelectual de la periodista catalana Gràcia Bassa de Llorens entre 1939 y 1949. Afincada en Argentina desde comienzos del siglo XX, colaboró con la revista Ressorgiment de Buenos Aires desde 1917 y constituye la voz femenina más consistente del catalanismo argentino. Por esa razón, se establece su posicionamiento respecto de la dictadura franquista. Se determina la integración de sus textos en la línea editorial de Ressorgiment y con el pensamiento de la diáspora republicana. Se presta atención a los cambios y las continuidades en la línea de sus artículos a partir de la llegada del franquismo, para analizar su percepción del catalanismo y de la coyuntura peninsular en el contexto de la dictadura.
De delincuentes a patriotas: prisioneros cubanos en la guerra de África, 1859-1860
Authors: Chaviano Pérez Lizbeth
Published: July 2022

Las numerosas bajas sufridas por el ejército español durante la Guerra de África (1859-1860) condujeron a la recuperación de la antigua práctica de alistar a los prisioneros confinados en cárceles norteafricanas. Durante los meses que duró la guerra, una parte de los que cumplían condena en Ceuta, Melilla y, en menor medida, el Peñón de Vélez, se incorporaron a la lucha. Un reducido número de cubanos, en su mayoría condenados por delitos comunes, no dudó en incorporarse a los combates. Un segundo grupo participó activamente en la retaguardia, ejerciendo como sanitarios en hospitales, aguadores para la tropa y otros cometidos. Participar en la guerra supuso una oportunidad para reducir sus condenas y poder recuperar la libertad perdida a través de los beneficios que concedía la Real Orden de 1862.
Mitterrand, el marlboro de izquierdas: la victoria de François Mitterrand en la prensa española (mayo-junio 1981)
Authors: Ortiz Heras Manuel , Molina García Sergio
Published: July 2022

Durante la Transición española, la política exterior fue aumentando progresivamente su importancia, aunque nunca llegó a ser una de las prioridades de los gobiernos de la UCD. Aun así, se estableció una nueva relación entre los medios de comunicación y la política internacional. El presente trabajo analiza el impacto que tuvo en la prensa española la primera victoria socialista en la V República francesa (1981), en un contexto especialmente relevante. En España, meses antes se había producido un golpe de Estado fallido y un cambio en la presidencia del Gobierno. En esa misma coyuntura, las relaciones franco-españolas se encontraban en un momento de gran tensión debido a los problemas con el terrorismo de ETA y con el bloqueo de la adhesión de España a la CEE. Y todo ello en un marco de aumento de los conflictos en la Guerra Fría y de consolidación del neoliberalismo.
El liderazgo de Berlinguer y los contrastes con el PSI de Craxi: Una relectura del enfrentamiento entre las dos izquierdas italianas
Authors: Tardivo Giuliano , Díaz-Cano Eduardo , Suárez-Vergne Álvaro
Published: July 2022

El presente trabajo profundiza en la figura de Enrico Berlinguer, secretario del Partido Comunista Italiano desde 1972 hasta 1984. Se toma en consideración la relación que Berlinguer tuvo con el PSI y su líder Bettino Craxi, así como el contexto nacional e internacional de la época. Para llevar a cabo este estudio hemos utilizado artículos de prensa, publicaciones científicas, documentos oficiales y audiovisuales, procedentes del archivo de Radio Radicale, y una entrevista con el profesor Giampiero Berti. Los resultados confirman que los contrastes fueron continuos, alimentados y protagonizados por ambos líderes; no tuvieron como único protagonista a Berlinguer; al contrario de lo que ha afirmado cierta literatura movida por intereses políticos. En las conclusiones destacamos que los resultados de esta conflictividad exacerbada fueron negativos tanto para el PCI como para el PSI y determinaron la imposibilidad de construir una alternativa de izquierdas frente a la Democracia Cristiana.
La política de memoria en Colombia. El relato histórico del Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica
Authors: García Alonso Roberto
Published: July 2022

Las sociedades que transitan del conflicto a la paz necesitan buscar la verdad, la justicia y la reparación en relación con las violaciones masivas y sistemáticas de los derechos humanos. La verdad, la historia y la memoria histórica se entienden como fundamentales para la reconciliación y juegan un papel clave en el cumplimiento de las obligaciones nacionales e internacionales del Estado. La construcción de la memoria histórica en Colombia comenzó antes de la firma de los acuerdos de paz como una iniciativa oficial del Estado entre otros mecanismos no jurisdiccionales para satisfacer los requerimientos de verdad de las víctimas del conflicto colombiano. Una dimensión importante del estudio de las políticas de memoria reside en prestar atención a las prácticas narrativas mediante las cuales se da sentido colectivo a las injusticias del pasado. Este artículo analiza el relato histórico planteado por el Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, a través de un análisis documental de la producción académica y divulgativa del Centro. Se encuentra que la selección de testimonios orales y los eventos analizados por esta institución presentan la historia del conflicto en Colombia como una suerte de memoria de persecución y resistencia, de aquellos que sufrieron, pero también resistieron la violencia de paramilitares y grupos armados con la connivencia u omisiones de miembros de la Fuerza Pública.