bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Low-Cost UV-Vis Spectrophotometer and Its Application for the Detection of Mercuric Ions Assisted by Chemosensors
Authors: González-Morales David , Valencia Asmilly , Díaz-Nuñez Astrid , Fuentes-Estrada Marcial , López-Santos Oswaldo , García-Beltrán Olimpo
Published: February 2020

Detection of an environmental contaminant requires the use of expensive measurement equipment, which limits the realization of in situ tests because of their high cost, their limited portability, or the extended time duration of the tests. This paper presents in detail the development of a portable low-cost spectrophotometer which, by using a specialized chemosensor, allows detection of mercuric ions (Hg2+), providing effective and accurate results. Design specifications for all the stages assembling the spectrophotometer and the elements selected to build them are presented along with the process to synthesize the chemosensor and the tests developed to validate its performance in comparison with a high-precision commercial laboratory spectrophotometer.
Noise Resilient Outdoor Traffic Light Visible Light Communications System Based on Logarithmic Transimpedance Circuit: Experimental Demonstration of a 50 m Reliable Link in Direct Sun Exposure
Authors: Avătămăniței Sebastian Andrei , Căilean Alin-Mihai , Done Adrian , Dimian Mihai , Prelipceanu Marius
Published: February 2020

The usage of Visible Light Communications (VLC) technology in automotive applications is very promising. Nevertheless, in outdoor conditions, the performances of existing VLC systems are strongly affected by the sun or other sources of light. In such situations, the strong parasitic light can saturate the photosensitive element and block data communication. To address the issue, this article analyzes the usage of an adaptive logarithmic transimpedance circuit as an alternative to the classical linear transimpedance circuit. The simulation and experimental evaluation demonstrate benefits of the proposed technique, as it significantly expands the communication distance and optical noise functionality range of the VLC systems and reduces the possibility of photoelement saturation. As a result, this approach might enable outdoor VLC sensors to work in strong sun conditions, the experimental results confirming its validity not only in the laboratory but also in outdoor conditions. A reliable 50 m communication distance is reported for outdoor sunny conditions using a standard power traffic light VLC emitter and a PIN photodiode VLC sensor.
Applying Deep Learning to Continuous Bridge Deflection Detected by Fiber Optic Gyroscope for Damage Detection
Authors: Li Sheng , Zuo Xiang , Li Zhengying , Wang Honghai
Published: February 2020

Improving the accuracy and efficiency of bridge structure damage detection is one of the main challenges in engineering practice. This paper aims to address this issue by monitoring the continuous bridge deflection based on the fiber optic gyroscope and applying the deep-learning algorithm to perform structural damage detection. With a scale-down bridge model, three types of damage scenarios and an intact benchmark were simulated. A supervised learning model based on the deep convolutional neural networks was proposed. After the training process under ten-fold cross-validation, the model accuracy can reach 96.9% and significantly outperform that of other four traditional machine learning methods (random forest, support vector machine, k-nearest neighbor, and decision tree) used for comparison. Further, the proposed model illustrated its decent ability in distinguishing damage from structurally symmetrical locations.
Real-Time Onboard 3D State Estimation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Multi-Environments Using Multi-Sensor Data Fusion
Authors: Du Hao , Wang Wei , Xu Chaowen , Xiao Ran , Sun Changyin
Published: February 2020

The question of how to estimate the state of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in real time in multi-environments remains a challenge. Although the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) has been widely applied, drones cannot perform position estimation when a GNSS signal is not available or the GNSS is disturbed. In this paper, the problem of state estimation in multi-environments is solved by employing an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm to fuse the data from multiple heterogeneous sensors (MHS), including an inertial measurement unit (IMU), a magnetometer, a barometer, a GNSS receiver, an optical flow sensor (OFS), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and an RGB-D camera. Finally, the robustness and effectiveness of the multi-sensor data fusion system based on the EKF algorithm are verified by field flights in unstructured, indoor, outdoor, and indoor and outdoor transition scenarios.
The Significance of Civil Intellectuals’ Activism: A Case of Eco-Nationalistic Social Movement in Bangladesh
Authors: Huq Moshreka Aditi
Published: February 2020

This article examines how the civil intellectuals of Bangladesh oppose the state-sponsored political imposition that consistently approached to establish a coal-fired power plant, thus, risking the Sundarbans—one of the world’s largest mangrove forests. By incorporating five points of significance, this article argues that civil intellectuals, as the only acceptable spokespersons, not only play a vital ‘counteracting’ role in differing the government’s adamant decision, but also are impeded by their functional limitations. This study appraises the position of civil intellectuals in this movement through using intensive interviews, focus group discussions, and participation-observation. The results find that civil intellectuals: (1) respond to governmentality by producing counter-discourse and are struggling state hegemony through the phases of the movement; (2) conceive an eco-nationalistic ideology that is in contrast to the state’s development-nationalistic motives; (3) oppose sense of eco-governance by offering scientific counter-discourse; (4) are revealed as having significant functional limitations in associating with local people from the affected area; and (5) are inherently political entities, whose identity is understood through their reflective functional behavior. The study suggests that civil intellectuals need to solve the constraints of ‘theory’ and ‘practice’ to gain ultimate success in operating social resistance to oppose issues of injustice.
Sustainable Intensification? Increased Production Diminishes Omega-3 Content of Sheep Milk
Authors: Voutzourakis Nikolaos , Tzanidakis Nikolaos , Stergiadis Sokratis , Rempelos Leonidas , Eyre Mick , Atsali Ioanna , Franceschin Enrica , Leifert Carlo , Stefanakis Alexandros , Sotiraki Smaragda , Butler Gillian
Published: February 2020

Intensifying agricultural production alters food composition, but this is often ignored when assessing system sustainability. However, this could compromise consumer health and influence the concept of “sustainable diets”. Here, we consider the milk composition of Mediterranean dairy sheep, finding inferior fatty acid (FA) profiles with respect to consumer health as a result of a more intensive system of production. Semi-intensive management produced 57% more milk per ewe, with a 20% lower fat content (but inferior fat composition). The milk had a nutritionally poorer fatty acid (FA) profile, with an 18% lower omega-3 FA concentration (n-3) (19% fewer long-chain n-3s) and a 7% lower monounsaturated FA concentration but a 3% higher saturated FA (9% higher in C14:0) concentration compared to ewes under traditional, extensive management. A redundancy analysis identified close associations between fat composition and animal diets—particularly concentrate supplementation and cultivated pasture grazing—and n-3 was associated with grazing in diverse, native mountain pastures. This paper questions if identifying such key elements in traditional systems could be deployed for “sustainable intensification” to maintain food quality while increasing output.
Spatially Explicit Mapping of Historical Population Density with Random Forest Regression: A Case Study of Gansu Province, China, in 1820 and 2000
Authors: Wang Fahao , Lu Weidong , Zheng Jingyun , Li Shicheng , Zhang Xuezhen
Published: February 2020

This study established a random forest regression model (RFRM) using terrain factors, climatic and river factors, distances to the capitals of provinces, prefectures (Fu, in Chinese Pinyin), and counties as independent variables to predict the population density. Then, using the RFRM, we explicitly reconstructed the spatial distribution of the population density of Gansu Province, China, in 1820 and 2000, at a resolution of 10 by 10 km. By comparing the explicit reconstruction with census data at the township level from 2000, we found that the RFRM-based approach mostly reproduced the spatial variability in the population density, with a determination coefficient (R2) of 0.82, a positive reduction of error (RE, 0.72) and a coefficient of efficiency (CE) of 0.65. The RFRM-based reconstructions show that the population of Gansu Province in 1820 was mostly distributed in the Lanzhou, Gongchang, Pingliang, Qinzhou, Qingyang, and Ningxia prefecture. The macro-spatial pattern of the population density in 2000 kept approximately similar with that in 1820. However, fine differences could be found. The 79.92% of the population growth of Gansu Province from 1820 to 2000 occurred in areas lower than 2500 m. As a result, the population weighting in the areas above 2500 m was ~9% in 1820 while it was greater than 14% in 2000. Moreover, in comparison to 1820, the population density intensified in Lanzhou, Xining, Yinchuan, Baiyin, Linxia, and Tianshui, while it weakened in Gongchang, Qingyang, Ganzhou, and Suzhou.
Understanding Rural Water Services as a Complex System: An Assessment of Key Factors as Potential Leverage Points for Improved Service Sustainability
Authors: Valcourt Nicholas , Walters Jeffrey , Javernick-Will Amy , Linden Karl , Hailegiorgis Betelhem
Published: February 2020

Rural water supply services worldwide consistently fail to deliver full public health impacts as intended due to a low service sustainability. This failure is increasingly attributed to weak local systems composed of social, financial and environmental factors. Current approaches in the water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) sector for understanding and improving these systems typically focus on the strength and capacity of these factors, but not the interactions between them. We contend that these approaches overlook the inherent complexity and context-specific nature of each local system. To assess this complexity, we conducted four participatory factor mapping workshops with local stakeholders across multiple rural water contexts to identify the factors and interactions that support service sustainability. We then evaluate the potential for factors to act as strategic leverage points based on influence, dependence and feedback metrics that arise from their interactions with other factors. We find that while participants across the contexts tend to identify a common set of factors, the interactions amongst those factors and their individual ability to influence service sustainability varies considerably across contexts. These findings suggest that a more intentional focus on factor interactions in WASH systems could lead to more effective strategies for improving service sustainability.
Higher Academic Qualifications, Professional Training and Operating Performance of Audit Firms
Authors: Chen Yahn-Shir , Yang Chung-Cheng , Yang Yi-Fang
Published: February 2020

This study examines the association between professional training, higher academic qualifications (educational levels) and operating performance of audit firms in Taiwan. We particularly focus on the curvilinear effects of higher academic qualifications on operating performance. We group the total sample into three categories: national, regional and local audit firms. Based on the theoretical framework in industrial economics, we establish a cross-sectional multiple regression equation to test our hypotheses. Both higher academic qualifications and professional training are positively related to the operating performance of audit firms. Professional training moderates the relation between higher academic qualifications and operating performance. Higher academic qualifications exhibit a curvilinear effect on operating performance with a reverse U-shaped relation for the national audit firms and a U-shaped relation for both regional and local audit firms. Due to data unavailability, some factors affecting the audit quality and operating performance are not included in our analysis, such as auditor teamwork, internal control system, operating policies and auditing procedures of audit firms. The findings that higher academic qualifications are positively associated with the operating performance of audit firms justify the educational policy of establishing institutes or graduate schools in accounting over the past two decades. Furthermore, audit firms skillfully exploit employees with higher academic qualifications to improve their operating performance. We are the first to document the moderating effects of professional training and the curvilinear association between higher academic qualifications and operating performance, contributing knowledge to related literature.
Morphological, Pathogenic and Toxigenic Variability in the Rice Sheath Rot Pathogen Sarocladium Oryzae
Authors: Peeters Kaat José , Haeck Ashley , Harinck Lies , Afolabi Oluwatoyin Oluwakemi , Demeestere Kristof , Audenaert Kris , Höfte Monica
Published: February 2020

Sheath rot is an emerging rice disease that leads to considerable yield losses. The main causal agent is the fungus Sarocladium oryzae. This pathogen is known to produce the toxins cerulenin and helvolic acid, but their role in pathogenicity has not been clearly established. S. oryzea isolates from different rice-producing regions can be grouped into three phylogenetic lineages. When grown in vitro, isolates from these lineages differed in growth rate, colour and in the ability to form sectors. A diverse selection of isolates from Rwanda and Nigeria, representing these lineages, were used to further study their pathogenicity and toxin production. Liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis was used to measure cerulenin and helvolic acid production in vitro and in planta. The three lineages clearly differed in pathogenicity on the japonica cultivar Kitaake. Isolates from the least pathogenic lineage produced the highest levels of cerulenin in vitro. Helvolic acid production was not correlated with the lineage. Sectorisation was observed in isolates from the two least pathogenic lineages and resulted in a loss of helvolic acid production. In planta, only the production of helvolic acid, but not of cerulenin, correlated strongly with disease severity. The most pathogenic isolates all belonged to one lineage. They were phenotypically stable, shown by the lack of sectorisation, and therefore maintained high helvolic acid production in planta.
TSPphg Lysin from the Extremophilic Thermus Bacteriophage TSP4 as a Potential Antimicrobial Agent against Both Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Pathogenic Bacteria
Authors: Wang Feng , Ji Xinyu , Li Qiupeng , Zhang Guanling , Peng Jiani , Hai Jun , Zhang Yao , Ci Baiquan , Li Hongwei , Xiong Yan , Deng Xianyu , Lin Lianbing
Published: February 2020

New strategies against antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens are urgently needed but are not within reach. Here, we present in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activity of TSPphg, a novel phage lysin identified from extremophilic Thermus phage TSP4 by sequencing its whole genome. By breaking down the bacterial cells, TSPphg is able to cause bacteria destruction and has shown bactericidal activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, especially antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, in which the complete elimination and highest reduction in bacterial counts by greater than 6 logs were observed upon 50 μg/mL TSPphg treatment at 37 °C for 1 h. A murine skin infection model further confirmed the in vivo efficacy of TSPphg in removing a highly dangerous and multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from skin damage and in accelerating wound closure. Together, our findings may offer a therapeutic alternative to help fight bacterial infections in the current age of mounting antibiotic resistance, and to shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to develop novel anti-infectives.
"A Paixão de Santa Perpétua e Santa Felicidade” (Passio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis): tradução anotada
Authors: Montesine Fávaro Aline , Nápoli Tiago Augusto , Da Cunha Lima Ricardo
Published: February 2020

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo traduzir e anotar o texto latino Passio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis (“A Paixão de Santa Perpétua e Santa Felicidade”), do séc. III d.C., que versa sobre parte das comunidades cristãs norte-africanas à época dos Severos, em especial sobre o martírio infligido às personagens que dão título à obra. Para tanto, é utilizada a edição crítica de Heffernan (2012), cotejada, quando necessário, com a versão grega do texto, como se encontra em Amat (1996).
Dido enlouquece de amor (Eneida, IV, 1-89): tradução comentada
Authors: Thamos Márcio
Published: February 2020

O trabalho apresenta uma tradução do início do Canto IV da Eneida, acompanhada de notas e seguida de comentários. No trecho, Dido faz confidências sobre sua paixão por Eneias, e a irmã Ana procura incentivá-la a um enlace matrimonial com o herói troiano. A tradução segue um parâmetro de proporcionalidade métrica adotado na transposição dos hexâmetros em decassílabos.
Pluralismo culturale in società intertropicali l’esempio brasiliano, di Gilberto Freyre
Authors: Cherobin Nicoletta
Published: February 2020

A presente tradução em língua italiana, de minha autoria, expõe o relatório geral apresentado pelo intelectual nordestino, Gilberto Freyre, à 30ª sessão de estudos do Instituto Internacional de Civilizações Diferentes, realizada em Lisboa, de 15 a 18 de abril de 1957, sobre o aspecto cultural dos problemas de pluralismo étnico e cultural em comunidades intertropicais. Este texto foi publicado, pela primeira vez no Brasil, em 1968, dentro de um conjunto de ensaios intitulado Brasis, Brasil e Brasília onde o autor aborda temas sociais - sociológicos, antropológicos e até políticos - de interesse geral, e não apenas brasileiro, e sob critério principalmente científico.
Tradução do "Hino à Vênus", no proêmio do De rerum natura
Authors: Aguiar Saulo Santana , De Albertim Alcione Lucena
Published: February 2020

Este trabalho pretende realizar uma tradução do proêmio do poema De rerum natura, de Lucrécio, composto na primeira metade do século I a. C., e expoente máximo da tradição poética épico-didática na literatura latina. Em nossa tradução, damos prioridade a uma maior proximidade com o texto original, permitindo ao leitor entrever na leitura da versão em português certas nuances de sentido e significado do original latino que, fatidicamente, uma tradução mais livre ou poética viria a pôr de lado, em detrimento das qualidades literárias que essas possam ter em relação à tradução que ora apresentamos. Como todo ato de traduzir demanda a escolha de certas possibilidades que se quer transmitir ao público leitor, o que necessariamente implica na aceitação da parte do tradutor dos prováveis defeitos que decorram dessas escolhas, atentamos para o fato de que foi de nosso intento levar à baila uma tradução que, abstendo-se de recriar o ritmo e a sonoridade em português dos metros latinos empregados no poema, primasse por esclarecer ao máximo o sentido do texto original, mesmo que isso nos levasse a cair no prosaico. Acreditamos que assim podemos seguir o quanto nos for possível uma linha de fidelidade à significação primeva da obra, que buscamos expor aos leitores.
Flux de télécommunications et indicateurs socio-économiques. Une tentative d'analyse de données multidimensionnelle
Authors: Bakis Henry , Walfard Dominique
Published: February 2020

L'interprétation des disparités régionales en équipements de télécommunication est insatisfaisante : il est indispensable en effet de réunir des informations sur les flux de télécommunications d'une part, sur les caractéristiques socio-économiques des régions d'autre part. Nous présenterons d'abord les individus (régions) et les variables retenues ; nous commenterons ensuite les variables (traitements statistiques simples : moyennes, maximum, minimum, écart-type) avant de présenter la méthode et les résultats issus d'une analyse de données.
The MANTO Project : Telematics - opportunities and risks for traffic and settlement
Authors: Keller Peter
Published: February 2020

The MANTO research project carried out in the years 1984-1987 at the Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology (ETH) at Zürich and Lausanne examines possible trends in telematics, mainly looking at their impact on transport and settlement but also studying their effects on society, economy and environment.

The rapid spread of new telematics applications is associated with opportunities as well as risks. Telematics can be used, on the one hand, to effect large-scale decentralisation and small-scale mingling of functions in towns and villages and, on the other hand, to more rationally manage or substite traffic. Both help conserve our finite land and energy resources and bring about a reduction of pollution urgently needed. At the same time, use of telematics should be made to improve the employment situation and to create educational opportunities throughout the country and the economy. Finally, telematics applications which reverse tendencies of social isolation should be developed and promoted.

Such opportunities and development do not just happen. On the contrary, there is a great need for action. But there is also still scope for action. If the opportunities are to be seized and the risks avoided, we cannot just wait to learn from other people's experience. For economics' and society's sake, active participation in developing this technology is required. Deliberate action is called for.
Handling geographic information : a telecommunication service provider's perspective
Authors: Cavill Marina
Published: February 2020

Much of a telecommunication service providers' activity depends on geographic information : on knowing where things are and understanding how they relate to each other. Many aspects of decision making -for management, planning, investment -depend on it. Large sums of money are spent on collecting geographic information, but using it to its full potential is difficult. New developments in information technology now offer a real possibility for improvement in the use and handling of geographic information. This paper will discuss why a telecommunication service provider, like Telecom Australia, needs to bç able to effectively handle geographic data and how geographic information system technology can be used to integrate the collection, processing, storage, retrieval and analysis of large amounts of such data. A pilot project set up to assist in forecasting telecommunication demand will be discussed.
L'organisation spatiale de la firme : modes de transaction et technologies de l'information
Authors: Paché Gilles
Published: February 2020

L'analyse des stratégies d'entreprises témoigne d'une profonde évolution. Les transactions marchandes entre agents économiquement et géographiquement disjoints tendent â se substituer progressivement aux relations dites hiérarchiques (par exemple, d'intégration verticale). Ceci est permis par une substantielle réduction des coûts de transaction, notamment grâce à l'émergence de nouvelles technologies de l'information. La firme industrielle noue ainsi des relations télématiques avec ses clients, ses fournisseurs, ses sous-traitants et ses prestataires de service considérés comme échelons régionaux autonomes. Il reste alors à savoir si l'espace géographique devient véritablement indifférencié en permettant à tous ces agents d'accéder aux mêmes opportunités économiques dans des conditions comparables.
Les débuts de la polyvalence administrative postale (1974-1979)
Authors: Pannetier Gilles
Published: February 2020

Les Pouvoirs Publics, prenant conscience dans les années 1970 de la gravité de l'exode rural et notamment du retrait des services publics dans les campagnes, ont, de 1974 à 1979, aidé la Poste, malgré la réticence de certaines administrations, à mettre en place dans les bureaux de poste ruraux une polyvalence administrative permettant à ses receveurs d’effectuer un certain nombre d'opérations pour le compte d’autres administrations ou organismes (ex : diffusion d’offres d'emploi A.N.P.E, vente d’objets fiscaux, délivrance de pièces d'identité, prêt de livres).

Même si neuf ans après son officialisation intervenue en 1979 cette polyvalence a peu progressé et n’a pas répondu tout à fait aux objectifs de ses initiateurs, du fait des réticences qu’elle a

suscitées, d’un lancement et d’un suivi parfois défaillants et d'une méconnaissance des besoins réels des populations locales, ses perspectives d’avenir et ses possibilités de relance sont loin d’être négligeables .
La PME dans la dynamique des firmes-réseaux : aspects conceptuels
Authors: Paché Gilles
Published: February 2020

Nowadays the network firm appears as an alternative model for vertical integration. It is constantly in touch, for numerous exchange relationships, with partners in the economy, among which SME are often to be found. Both flexible and adaptable, the network firm so thoroughly combines a set of competences while creating a kind of contractual sub-market . The implementation on territories of such an original type of firm questions a number of concepts and sets some problems to Regional Science. Actually, thanks to the progress of logistical techniques , proximity no longer appears as an prerequisite for the industrial system to operate efficiently, even if exists a repolarization or "network polarization ’’ which looks like new urban practices emerging.
Studies on telecommunications in Argentina. Commentaries on a bibliography relevant to the geographer
Authors: Lesko Andrés P. , Velazquez Guillermo A.
Published: February 2020

The present paper comments on a bibliography compiled by the authors. The bibliography consists of selected studies on telecommunications in Argentina dealing specifically with the telephone. Neither other two-way communication media nor mass media are included here. As research on spatial aspects of telecommunications within the geographical field in Argentina is still scarce and was inexistent until recently, the literature commented upon covers studies on telecommunications made by engineers, economists and historians, among others, dealing with technical, economic, historical and statistical issues.
Mesure des liens stratégiques à base de télécommunications entre les firmes et leurs clients, fournisseurs et partenaires commerciaux
Authors: Roche Edward Mozley
Published: February 2020

Ce rapport est fondé sur les résultats d’une enquête de juin 1990 envoyée par courrier à plusieurs milliers de sociétés, principalement en Amérique du Nord. 60 réponses environ ont été reçues, y compris les questionnaires renvoyés et les entretiens approfondis par téléphone. L’enquête couvrait un vaste éventail de questions sur les télécommunications. L’enquête faite sur les compagnies aux Etats-unis et en Europe, portait sur la mesure des liens interorganisationnels entre les firmes, leurs fournisseurs, clients et autres partenaires commerciaux. Ces liens stratégiques de télécommunications ont été mesurés selon le nombre de mégabytes transmis par mois et la longueur de temps durant lequel ces liens étaient opérationnels. Les données sont, de plus, réparties selon celui des quatre secteurs de l'organisation qui contrôle les liens comprenant : 1) achats et fabrication ; 2) marketing et ventes ; 3) distribution et service ; et 4) recherche et développement. Trois types de liens stratégiques critiques sont étudiés, incluant : a) liens firme-client, b) firme-fournisseur et c) firme-partenaire commercial. Les résultats indiquent que la grande majorité (>90 pour cent) du trafic des liens informatiques vient du secteur des achats et fabrication dans ses communications avec les clients. 10 pour cent du trafic vient des huit types de liens restants. Ces résultats semblent indiquer qu’il existe un marché important non-utilisé pour les fournisseurs de télécommunications.
Accessibility of cities in european infrastructure networks : a comparison of approaches
Authors: Bruinsma Frank R. , Rietveld Piet
Published: February 2020

This paper deals with the importance of accessibility as a factor influencing locational decions of firms at a European level. A comparative analysis will be carried out of studies dealing with this issue. Attention will be paid among others to the importance of international accessibility in comparison with the quality of local transport infrastructure. Also, the importance of non-transport factors (e.g. quality of office space or cost of labour) will be discussed.

In the second part of the paper we will compare the results of three recent studies on the accessibility of about 40 European cities :

- Erlandsson and Törnqvist, who measure the total number of people who can be visited from a certain city on a return trip in one day with a duration of stay of at least four hours

- Healey and Baker, who present subjective estimates of experts on the accessibility of European cities

- Bruinsma and Rietveld who compute accessibility measures based on a gravity

type model.
New communication technologies and urban system : an approach proposal
Authors: Gargiulo Carmela , La Rocca Rosa Anna , Stanganelli Marialuce
Published: February 2020

The subject of this work is the study of the integrations and interrelations phenomena beetwen technological innovation and city. Within this study, innovation and city have been considered as dynamically complex systems. In order to consider all the variables involved in these two systems, the study has been developed examining three different scientific approaches : economic, political-istitutional and social approach.

The method selected allows to identify the main urban elements (functional and physical) involved in the diffusion process of technological innovation. The analysys of these elements allows to point out the impacts caused by technological change on urban system.
The decision-making processes in environmental matters : two italian case studies
Authors: Pappa Rocco , Fossa Giovanna , Silverii Maria Grazia
Published: February 2020

The philosophy -which has guided the growth of industrial countries- has been characterized as aspiration to unlimited quantitative increase. This increase has been based on alteration of natural system , waste of resources and dissipation of energy.

The phenomena of decrease and pollution, which invest urban and metropolitan ambits, are assuming the level of emergency and are holding such importance as to require the revision of the specific decision-making system.

The pursuit of such an aim requires a clear definition of the decision-making processes in environmental matters and the examination of the factors which compromise its efficacy, in the ampler context of the politics of territory management. The resolution of 'environmental issue' has to be compared with a different culture of transformation, which conjugate environmental values and socio-economic development.

In relation to this the research has been subdivided in these phases :

• description of environmental problems in Campania (South Italy) and in Lombardia (North Italy), with particular reference to metropolitan areas;

• study of characters and manners of course of the environmental decision¬ making processes in Campania (South Italy) and in Lombardia (North Italy). Examination of elements which compromise the effectivness of environmental decisions;

• description of actual situation about regional planning in environmental matters, in comparison with European and Italian aims;

• definition of the system of competences in environmental matters : specification of the outline of institutional and non-institutional actors, of their organizational patterns, of their ambits of action and of their ambits of competence in every enviromental matters.

The results of this study can be pinpointed in :

• definition of reference criteria for the reorganization of the decisional system in environmental matters;

• expression of hypotesis for the revision of decisional network in environmental matters, according to contents of the law which institute the Metropolitan City authority (Law 142/90).
Quartiers défavorisés et télécommunications. Approche monographique sur deux quartiers : le Val Fourré à Mantes-La-Jolie et les Pentes de la Croix-Rousse à Lyon
Authors: Bakis Henry
Published: February 2020

Existe-t-il un usage et des problèmes particuliers des télécommunications dans les quartiers les plus défavorisés ?

Cette étude fait partie d'un ensemble de travaux et réflexions s'inscrivant dans le cadre d'une collaboration entre France Télécom, la Délégation Interministérielle à la Ville (DIV) et l'Observatoire des Télécommunications dans la Ville (OTV). Elle a pour objet de fournir une approche quantitative de la relation entre télécommunications et les 400 quartiers français les plus en difficulté, ceux retenus par les opérations de Développement Social des Quartiers (DSQ) ou Développement Social Urbain (DSU).
Le programme d’application télématique de l’Union Européenne”, téléconférence Paris/Bruxelles
Authors: Babot Jacques
Published: February 2020

Monsieur BABOT se joint aux travaux de la journée d’étude au moyen d’une liaison par téléconférence.
The use of ICT in Small Swedish Entreprises
Authors: Magnusson Karin
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this study is to highlight the use of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in small Swedish enterprises (1-30 employees) located at different places in Sweden. The results are based on personal interviews with representadves of the enterprises and information collected about the communication flows of the enterprises. The survey comprised different means of communication : telephone, facsimile (fax), mail, e-mail, EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), video conference and business trips. The telephone (including the cellular telephone) was found to be the major form of communication in the small enterprises. Mail and fax also played a role along with personal contacts. The maintaining of social contact with clients and suppliers appears to be very important. The choice of communication media is dependent on the type of information to be transmitted, who the receiver is and in what phase the contact is taken. The transmission of information differs depending on the lines of business and the geographical spread of the contacts. Communication in the manufacturing business takes place within geographically limited areas where face-to-face contacts and the telephone are of great importance. A commonly used form of communication in international contacts is the fax in combination with the telephone. The number of contacts in non-manufacturing enterprises is greater than in manufacturing enterprises, and also mainly locally based. The developments in the field of telecommunications, for example the cellular telephone and the service functions of the AXE-switchboard, favour people working in small enterprises ; they can be more easily reached and their flexibility increases.
Les télécommunications, outil stratégique : l'exemple de ABB Pologne
Authors: Mastalerz Wieslawa , Épinette Olivier
Published: February 2020

This abstract deals with telecommunications networks as management tool Based on the case study of integrating ABB~Poland subsidiaries within their parent-company ABB International. Authors describe some characteristics of this integration by using a methodology based on the differents levels of informations flows required by the ABB activities. The paper concludes with future ways of research.
La informatizacion del sistema portuario genovés : un modelo de referencia dentro del ambito Mediterraneo
Authors: Espana Rios Inmaculada
Published: February 2020

En est a commicaciân se sintetizen los trabajos desmrrollsdos por la gus suscribe durante si période de formaciôn de que diefmtô en le Société Sistemi e Telematics Porto di Genova Spa. durante los memes de marzo y abril de 1992 can deserrollo en el canociniento de las telecomunicacdones en termines de esténdares, tecnologia EDI y sisteaas straight, setcont y setship y sus aplicaciones c orrespondientes en le actividad portuaria genovesa.

Para su exposiciûn se han diseiiado cuatro apartadoe que sintêticamente desarrollan los siguientes contenidos : 1.-Introducciôn : La Société Sistemi e Telematics Porto di Genova Spa. ; 2.-La operatividad de la red telematics portuaria ; 3. -Sistemas informâticom portuarios ; 3.1.-SWAP ; 3.2.-PORTOTEL ; 3.3.-Sisteaas de aiittmatiraciûn de terminale» de contenedores ; 3. 4. -Proyecto de automa txzaciôn para el control de entrada y salida de naves en el puerto ; 4.-Conclusiones .
System reform of postal communication in China
Authors: Lu Zi
Published: February 2020

NETCOM Vol. 6, No. 2 published my article to be entitled " Communicative Networks of Post and Telecommunication in China ", this is the second focal point that I systematically study communicative geofraphy of P-T. Using tne metnod of tninking and the basic theory of the preceding article, this article appraises the practical function of postal communicative networks, and approaches tne system reform of the postal communication in China.
The new Infrastructure and Space - ICT and the four transport systems shape different accessibilty spaces
Authors: Forsstroem Aake
Published: February 2020

The aim of this paper is to show that current changes in international politics and economy as well as in communications infrastructure technology and organisation are laying the foundations of two new types of accessibility spaces. They are on one hand a transport linked nodal structure and on the other a non-nodal communication area.

It is argued that ICT and the four systems of road, railtrack, air-corridor, and maritime passage and harbour constitute an integrated communications infrastructure in the sense that they are internally dependent by complementary and supplementary interrelations and to a degree are substitutable. This superstructure is constituted by five sets of different organisations and their networks.

There are two spatial implications of transport network linear quality. One is that the coverage of transport services are not areal but linear and another is the varied nature of network competion. This variation is differentiated in time and by spatial scale. On the separate micro and the macro scales and during the initial phases of the transport network innovations they complement and supplement each other, at later stages they tend to compet with the advantage on the side of the most modem system. Regarding the micro and the macro scale together, they cooperate in order to produce the most efficient service combination. Thus the creation of transport service chains are coming into focus rather than single transport services. The ICT networks are areal (micro-wave carrier ) or semi-areal (dense local cable networks). When ICT services are used as complements to transport services they reinforce the transport linkages and have nodal implications. Only when ICT services are used for communication purposes do they have non-nodal repercussions.

The political aim of all EU’s efforts to streamline the use of every single transport system by uniform regulations. Its economic goal is to expand growth and trade by forming a common transport policy and to support investments renewing all systems of communications. The speed and the capacity of some transport systems increases but in order to utilize these gains they have to be complemented by other transport systems.
Les référents territoriaux dans les stratégies étatiques de développement des inforoutes au Québec : la place du local
Authors: Laramée Alain
Published: February 2020

Cet article met l’accent sur la nature des références territoriales dans les activités structurant les NTIC au Québec. Il vise à analyser l’émergence d’une représentation autonome et endogène des organisations locales. Il identifier des pistes de recherche pour l’analyse d’autres cas inspirés de l’étude d’autres cas.
Mondialisation du tourisme et réseaux informatiques de réservations
Authors: Martinez Reynés Maria Rosa , Seguí Pons Joana María
Published: February 2020

Les flux touristiques ont étendu peu à peu leur réseau dans le monde entier. Le transport aérien a facilité cette mondialisation des flux en réduisant les distances et le temps des déplacements.

Cette situation a été possible également grâce à l’existence des réseaux informatiques de réservations (CRS) qui sont contrôlés par les compagnies aériennes qui opèrent dans les cinq continents.

Iberia, la compagnie aérienne espagnole a mené sa politique parallèle à son réseau de destinations mondiales. Iberia, avec Air France, Lufthansa et Sabena, détiennent l’exploitation du CRS Amadeus pour les flux nationaux, européens et iberoaméricains. Cela a facilité la situation d’ Iberia dans le marché du transport aérien, mais a donné aussi de la puissance aux relations intra et extra continentales.
Cybercities : a new way of thinking about the town planning of the future - the case of Naples
Authors: Fistola Romano , La Rocca Rosa Anna
Published: February 2020

The cable network is innervating an increasing number of italian cities in order to perform new multimedial facilities and to lift up their international competitiveness as well. Naples represent a very interesting case of troubled city which entrusts to optic fibers also its urban re-launch.

It is necessary to envisage how the scenario of the urban system will be in the future. By the adoption of a systemic approach it is possible to define an interpretative model of the city since that seems to offer the best opportunity for envisaging the interrelations between different elements of the system.

According to this approach, the paper tries to answer to the following questions : how will be the physical system alteration due to the cable network arrangement ? how will be the functional system alteration and the change of the perspective one ? the cable network can be considered just like another urban infrastructure (such as water network, electricity network, etc.) ?

With regards to the last question the paper intends to warn the town planners to consider a cable network not at all like an urban infrastructure. The Cybercity is reasing. It is important to envisage from now new way to manage its development.
Cyberspace and users. The Scientific Ring of Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Seguí Pons Joana María , Plana-Castellvi Josep A.
Published: February 2020

The Fundaciô Catalana per a la Recerca (Catalan Research Foundation) created the Scientific Ring for the Catalan research community. The Ring establishes a very advanced digital communication network with the high-capacity transmission of data, based on fibre optic cables. It is the first high-speed network for scientific use installed by Telefonica (The Spanish public telecom operator ). The Ring provides a platform for the development of scientific projects, applications and services. Its main goal is to facilitate the development of research in Catalunya in similar conditions to those of the most advanced countries of the world.

The greatest potential source of users is university teachers, students and researchers. It can be found in the worlds of academia and research, namely universities, but is also used in the research units of some hospitals, and by the health care network, public libraries and public education centres. Education, health, the public authorities, and companies, comprise important fields for the introduction, at an international level, of the new information technologies.

The use and introduction of information technologies throughout society will not take place in the immediate future, and it is therefore too early to measure the repercussions on Catalunya.
Cyberspace and call centers. New patterns of location, outsourcing and reengineering of services in Germany
Authors: Gräf Peter
Published: February 2020

Entwicklung und Diffusion von Call Center sind Teil von Aktivitaeten im Bereich von Telearbeit und Teledienstleistungen. Call Center, zuerst nur auf Telefon-Kommunikation basiert, ist im Begriff eine Dienstleistung im Cyberspace zu werden. Dieser Beitrag bietet einen Blick auf die Call Center Innovation und ihre Dynamik in verschiedenen Teilen Deutschlands und Europas. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf Standortmustem, Outsourcingaktivitaeten und Neuformierung von Teledienstleistungen.
L’observatoire des usages de l'internet
Authors: Elie Michel
Published: February 2020

Starting from the point that the Internet offers an unlimited potential for information as well as for applications, the emerging Observatory of the Uses and practices of the Internet (O.U.I.) assigns itself the objective of monitoring and analysing the impact of the Net on our society and economy. It will provide its actors as well as governments and citizens means to understand better the potential of this new media. It will help the users to benefit the experience of others in order to develop their own uses. An independant organization, the O.U.I. will try to anticipate the future evolution and impact of the Internet with a multidisciplinary approach. Being based in France, it will have a special consideration for the francophone countries, as well as developping countries. It will proceed in close cooperation with other organizations with similar goals in order to contribute to maximize the exchange of complementary experience.
Cyber-espace et droit de la communication
Authors: Bakis Chantal
Published: February 2020

As on all territories, legal questions are arisen by the cyberspace. More, the audiovisual sector and telecommunications are submitted to the control of the public power. This note aims to make the point on this subject at the time where Internet becomes a new mode of access to a great variety of services.
La diffusion des sites web dans l’arc méditerranéen français
Authors: Duféal Marina
Published: February 2020

L’étude de l’émergence et de la diffusion des réseaux de télécommunications représente un axe de recherche de plus en plus prisé par les géographes. Le World Wide Web ne fait pas exception, et son immatérialité ne présente pas un frein à la pensée géographique même si celle-ci s’est plus souvent attachée à étudier les infrastructures des réseaux. Ainsi, la recherche géographique permet de nuancer le discours largement répandu selon lequel Internet marquerait l’abolition des différences régionales. En posant la question de l’ancrage territorial d’Internet, cet article vise à déceler les modalités de la persistance des inégalités territoriales sur le web : inégalités perceptibles à deux niveaux (représentations cartographiques et analyse de contenu pour constitu).
Economic-geographic Aspects of a Geography of Telecommunications
Authors: Grentzer Martin
Published: February 2020

IuK-Technologien gewinnen sowohl im wirtschaftlichen Handeln als auch in der raumlichen Struktur immer mehr an Bedeutung. Virtuelle Unternehmen und Tendenzen der Globalisierung sind zwei Aspekte, an denen diese Entwicklung sichtbar wird. Anhand des Einsatzes eines DV-Tools in einem transnationalen Unternehmen kônnen konkrete ràumliche Auswirkungen aufgezeigt werden. Der formulierte theoretische Ansatz einer Géographie der Kommunikation erôffnet mit Überlegungen zum space of flows neue geographische Perspektiven.