bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Van der Waals interlayer potential of graphitic structures: From Lennard–Jones to Kolmogorov–Crespy and Lebedeva models
Authors: Kozioł Zbigniew , Gawlik Grzegorz , Jagielski Jacek
Published: August 2019

The experimental knowledge on interlayer potential of graphitic materials is summarized and compared with the computational results based on phenomenological models. Besides Lennard–Jones approximation, the Mie potential is discussed, as well as the Kolmogorov–Crespy model and equation of Lebedeva et al. An agreement is found between a set of reported physical properties of graphite (layer binding energies, compressibility along c-axis in a broad pressure range, Raman frequencies for bulk shear and breathing modes under pressure), when a proper choice of model parameters is taken. It is argued that anisotropic potentials, Kolmogorov–Crespy and Lebedeva, are preferable for modeling, as they provide a better, self-consistent description. A method of fast numerical modeling, convenient for the accurate estimation of the discussed physical properties, is proposed. It may be useful in studies of other van der Waals homo/heterostructures as well.
Painlevé integrability of the supersymmetric Ito equation*
Authors: Cen Feng-Jie , Zhao Yan-Dan , Fang Shuang-Yun , Meng Huan , Yu Jun
Published: August 2019

A supersymmetric version of the Ito equation is proposed by extending the independent and dependent variables for the classic Ito equation. To investigate the integrability of the N = 1 supersymmetric Ito (sIto) equation, a singularity structure analysis for this system is carried out. Through a detailed analysis in two cases by using Kruskal’s simplified method, the sIto system is found to pass the Painlevé test, and thus is Painlevé integrable.
Polarization dependence of gain and amplified spontaneous Brillouin scattering noise analysis for fiber Brillouin amplifier*
Authors: Mu Kuan-Lin , Shang Jian-Ming , Tang Li-Hua , Wang Zheng-Kang , Yu Song , Qiao Yao-Jun
Published: August 2019

The polarization dependences of gain and amplified spontaneous Brillouin scattering (ABS) noise for fiber Brillouin amplifier (FBA) are analyzed through theories, simulations, and experiments. Modified vector propagation equations for calculating the gain of the probe signal and the ABS noise are derived and analyzed in the Stokes spaces. In simulations and experiments, we prove that the gain of the probe signal and the ABS noise are strongly dependent on the relative state of polarization (SOP) of the pump and probe signals. The closer the relative SOP of the pump and probe signals is, the more obvious ABS noise suppression effect will be brought by increasing the power of the input probe signal.
The unique magnetic damping enhancement in epitaxial Co2Fe1−xMnxAl films*
Authors: Li Shu-Fa , Cheng Chu-Yuan , Meng Kang-Kang , Chen Chun-Lei
Published: August 2019

Uniform precession dynamics and its magnetic damping are investigated in epitaxial Co2Fe1−x
Mn
x
Al films by using the time-resolved magneto–optical Kerr effect under out-of-plane configuration. The decay time of uniform precession mode decreases, and thus the magnetic damping increases with the increase of external field. Moreover, the decay time decreases as x decreases, so that the enhancement of magnetic damping occurs in Fe-rich sample. Furthermore, the decay time decreases as the excitation fluence increases, which drops rapidly at low magnetic field comparing with the slow reduction at high magnetic field. This unique magnetic damping enhancement is attributed to the enhancement of homogeneous magnetization.
N.A. Nordenskiöld’s Polar Expeditions and the Russian Society (To the 140th anniversary of the first voyage through the Northeast Passage)
Authors: Yu Skrydlov A
Published: August 2019

Understanding of the necessity to study the Northeast Passage in the Russian government circles was preceded by a long period of individual enthusiasts’ activities. One of them - N.A. Nordenskiöld made the first navigation from the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans in 1878-1879 and proved that the Northeast Passage existed. Nordenskiöld was born in Finland, which was part of the Russian Empire at that period. Despite his emigration to Sweden, the most important part of his activities was the Russian polar seas studies. His expeditions had the great importance for science and became prerequisites for the further polar region research programs. Based on a wide range of historical sources the article examines Nordensheld’s contacts with Russian businessmen, scientific organizations and scientists. Nordenskiöld linked the shipping along the Northern Sea Route to the development of trade in Siberia. Nordenskiöld’s studies coincided with the Russian industrialists M.K. Sidorov’s and A.M. Sibiryakov’s interests so they provided organizational and financial support to the scientist. The Nordenskiöld’s polar expeditions results were scientifically examined by the Russian leading scientific institutions - St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and the Russian Geographical Society, where they were highly evaluated. Creating classical scientific works about the Russian North scientists used Nordenskiöld’s data. S.O. Makarov and D.I. Mendeleev were inspired by Nordenskiöld’s scientific success and proposed a project to study the Arctic region with a new type of ships – icebreakers.
The History of Explorations of the Arctic Region: the Nuclear-Powered Icebreaker Lenin
Authors: Prishchepa A
Published: August 2019

The nuclear-powered icebreaker Lenin contributed greatly to the exploration of the arctic regions of the USSR. In the 1950s, the national economy of the USSR made a successful recovery. Jobs related to the development of northern and arctic territories were resumed. For the Soviet Union, expanding exploration of the country’s arctic regions was a top priority. It was presented before research scientists and polar explorers by the country’s highest leaders. Voyages in the Arctic were limited by a short period of navigation due to the thick layer of ice. The movement of vessels in the arctic regions was often impeded by ice, affecting navigation and communication with areas of the arctic and subarctic belts. During this time, powerful icebreakers would come to the aid of the ships. They helped pass communication along the Northern Sea Route from the west to the east of the Soviet Union. The 20th Congress of the CPSU (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) directed the public at working on creating nuclear installations for transportation purposes. The industrial expansion, which could be seen in the growth of the national economy in the arctic and northern territories of the USSR, required the creation of a powerful fleet of icebreakers for escorting caravans of ships and providing navigation along the Northern Sea Route. In this case, the stakes were placed on icebreaking vessels. These were ships which could independently remain in the arctic territories for quite a long time without refueling or ports of call. At the beginning of the design process of the nuclear-powered ship Lenin, the Soviet Union had previous experience in constructing icebreakers and nuclear installations. Thanks to the joint work of scientists, engineers, and technicians came a ship which confirmed the high specifications. It was successfully used in the most difficult conditions of navigation at arctic latitudes.
The Arctic region in the economic and geographical concept of Vladimir Dehn
Authors: Ulyanova S B , Anosova N E , Fisheva A A
Published: August 2019

The article discusses the views on the Arctic region of Russia expressed by V.E. Dehn (1867-1933), an outstanding Russian researcher in the field of economic geography who developed the theoretical background of this science and contributed to the organization of teaching economic geography in theuniversities of St.Petersburg (Leningrad).The analysis of the book collection created by V. Dehnin 1902 at the Economic Geography Department at St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute which was regularly replenished with various publications on commodity science, railway engineering, aviation, statistics, geopolitics and other materialsenabled the authors to look into the «intellectual laboratory» of V. Dehn. In his assessments of the prospects for the Arctic region development, V. Dehn used the descriptions of sea polar expeditions, ethnographic surveys of the life of the aboriginal population, governmental reports and scientific reviews of the regional economy development, etc. Within the framework of sectoral economic and geographical concept, V. Dehn’s interest in the North region wasdue to the prospects for the development of forestry and timber industry in Russia. V. Dehnreferred to transport inaccessibility and low population density as the main obstacle for the economic development of the Arctic territories and Siberia. Hence, the researcher paid special attention to railway construction projects developed in the early twentieth century, considering them the primary factor in the colonization of the North. The historical development has shown that the colonization of the Arctic in the twentieth century was associated with the discovery of rich mineral deposits in the region and their industrial production. The researcher highlighted the global importance of the Northern Sea Route as a transport corridor.
Little-known resource expeditions of A.F. Gebel and G.F. Gebel on the Kola Peninsula in the late 19th – early 20th centuries
Authors: Shabalina O V , Kazakova K S
Published: August 2019

The article presents the results of a study to identify new possible historical sources and determine their informational potential for historical reconstruction of the process of preparing and conducting little-known expeditionary researches of mineralogist A.F. Gebel and naturalist, ornithologist H.F. Gebel on the Kola Peninsula in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Within the framework of humanitarian and system approaches, the research methodology was based on general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, archival, source study, problem-chronological, comparative, historical-genetic (retrospective) methods. The studies of the North-West of the Russian Empire represented a separate area of expeditionary academic research. At that time, private expeditions were organized, related to the development of industry in Russia, which made necessary the study of internal natural resources, mainly in the European part of Russia and the comprehensive studies of the extreme northern and arctic regions. The revealed archival materials of the fund of the Office of the Conference of the Academy of Sciences and the personal fund of the Director of the Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences A.F. Gebel represent a multidimensional complex thematic body of sources, consisting of creative, personal, organizational, administrative, protocolar, reporting documentation and business correspondence. Sources for studying the biography and expeditionary activity of H.F. Gebel were obituaries and lifetime published reporting expedition materialspaper presents the results of a study to identify new possible historical sources and determine their informational potential for historical reconstruction of the process of preparing and conducting little-known expeditionary researches of mineralogist A.F. Gebel and naturalist, ornithologist H.F. Gebel on the Kola Peninsula in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Within the framework of humanitarian and system approaches, the research methodology was based on general scientific methods of scientific knowledge, archival, source study, problem-chronological, comparative, historical-genetic (retrospective) methods
Geographical and statistical descriptions of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea, made by Russian officers of the General Staff and Navy in the XIX – early XX centuries
Authors: Mikhailov A A , Sosnina M N
Published: August 2019

The paper considers geographical and statistical descriptions of the Murmansk coast of the Barents Sea, prepared in the XIX – early XX centuries by officers of the Russian General Staff and Navy, analyzes the contribution of military and navy specialists in the study of polar and circumpolar territories of the Russian North. Already in the 1820s, research on the Murmansk coast was also carried out by officers-hydrographers of the Navy Department, whose purpose was to clarify map and establish sea routes. In the 1830s and 40s, military geography and military statistics were formed in the Imperial Military Academy (later the General Staff Academy) as separate branches of knowledge. The latter fulfilled the functions of a generalizing science, the purpose of which was to analyze from a military point of view the widest possible range of data (geographical, demographic, economic, etc.) on a particular territory. Following this principle, the officers of the General Staff, who in the 1840-60s were making military and statistical reviews of Arkhangelsk province, which included the Murmansk coast (L.L. Shtyurmer, A.E. Zimmerman, N.N. Kozlov, and others), tried to make the description of the complex character. A new impulse for the study of the Murmansk coast by military experts was given in the 1880s by the idea of creating a naval base in the Barents Sea, which would provide the possibility of a cruising war against Britain or other strong maritime power. In general, in the XIX – early XX centuries, military specialists made a significant contribution to the study of the Murmansk coast, the collection and synthesis of information on geography, hydrography, ethnography of the Murmansk coast and the Russian North as a whole,
Scientific approaches to defining the territorial boundaries of the Arctic
Authors: Federov V P , Zhuravel V P , Grinyaev S N , Medvedev D A
Published: August 2019

The article deals with the problem of determining the boundaries of the Arctic territories belonging to the Arctic. The authors identified political, economic and other factors affecting the definition of territories belonging to the Arctic. Documents of subarctic countries, in particular, Canada, USA, Norway, etc., are considered. It is noted that in the Arctic countries there is no universal understanding of the territories belonging to the Arctic and the Arctic zone. It is especially difficult to determine the southern borders of the Arctic. Also there is no international agreement or treaty that unambiguously and unequivocally define the legal status of the Artic. In USSR main criteria for identifying the southern boundary of the Arctic were the Arctic Circle, the mean multiyear 10ºC isotherm of July, and the permafrost zone. However, the use of variables leads to the “mobility” of the Arctic boundaries, especially in the face of climate change on the planet. On the basis of Russian domestic documents, the boundaries of the territories that are included in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation are determined. The authors draw attention to the need for Russia to protect its sovereignty in the Arctic, the elimination and correction of errors in this direction.
Information support tools for regional security management in the Arctic
Authors: Bystrov V , Masloboev A , Putilov V
Published: August 2019

The research work is oriented to methodology and information technologies development for security network-centric control of regional socio-economic systems (by the example of Arctic zone of Russia). It is necessary to significant and relevant scientific problem solving of regional security decentralized control efficiency enhancement of the Arctic regions which are exposed to impact by the set of heterogeneous factors, that condition high risks of natural, technogenic and socio-economic emergency and crisis situations appearance. The main scope of our investigation is information infrastructure of the multi-level distributed system for Arctic regional security organizational management. For problem solving under research new models and methods, providing efficiency enhancement of that system functioning at the expense of activities adequate information and analytical support and coordination of the organizationally heterogeneous security control actors, have been developed. The article deals with the development problems of an integrated network-centric information infrastructure for regional security management support in the Arctic regions. For this type problem-solving application of the developed complex methodology, including a network-centric control model, simulation and conceptual modeling, multi-agent technologies, design and implementation methods of distributed information management systems has been proposed. The description of research and work-out results is given, namely the polymodel complex, the multi-agent modeling technology and the decision-making support system in the field of regional security by the example of Murmansk region. The received results constitute the foundation for regional security network-centric control system development. Research developments allow to operability and managerial decision-making efficiency enhancement in the field of Arctic regional security support and control subject to impact of heterogeneous factors. The represented results are applicable for new security distributed control system synthesis of various nature and scale complex objects, and for functioning operability and precision enhancement of the already existing security support systems of critically significant objects and infrastructures of Arctic region.
Developing the technology of foodstuffs using ingredients rich in ω-3 PUFA
Authors: Volchenko V , Grokhovsky V , Glukharev A , Nesvyashchenko S
Published: August 2019

The problems of developing functional foods enriched with ω-3-polyunsatturated fatty acids are discussed in this article. Cod liver is chosen as a source of such valuable substances. The problems of processing and using the cod liver are reviewed. A method of using of microwave-cooked cod liver without sterilization as a base of a series of production is proposed. The results of experimental researches of developing and choosing an optimal composition of different products (meat and fish sausages with addition the cod liver or its oil with microwave-cooked cod liver, bakery products) are shown. The composition of frankfurters with fish mince, meat and cod liver oil has been optimized.Basic composition of frankfurters with meat, fish protein isolate (FPI), and cod liver has been chosen and then optimized both for main ingredients (meat, fish, and cod liver) and for additives (fermented rice, guar gum). The technology of bakery products using fish oil as a bakery agent (combining with glutathione from inactivated yeasts) has been developed. The characteristics of the gluten with such bakery agents has been studied. Test bakings have been carried out for such bread with addition of algae, bran, and milk thistle. All samples have been evaluated for sensory and structural characteristics.
Extrusion as an element of resource and energy saving technologies for processing of underutilised cartilage fish of the Northern Basin
Authors: Golubeva O A , Greekov E O , Malaeva A V
Published: August 2019

Currently one of the main objectives of the domestic fishery complex development is to increase the efficiency of aquatic biological resources (ABR) extraction and optimize their processing. Accelerating rate of ABR processing is associated with the search and implementation of energy-saving, low-waste and waste-free technologies to increase the number and expand the diversity of feed and food products. Starry ray (Raja radiata) is valuable raw material containing significant amount of high-quality protein, as well as a number of important trace elements for nutrition, such as cobalt, nickel, fluorine, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, sulfur, chlorine, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, sodium, vitamin PP and others. High content of chondroitin sulfate in starry ray meat makes it an indispensable component of functional nutrition, as well as in the production of special feeds. The study of grinding process of frozen raw material from starry ray on a piston-type extrusion unit with cooled working bodies allowed to determine rational grinding regimes with the lowest possible energy costs. The subsequent organoleptic evaluation of the obtained minced meat confirmed that the product has homogeneous structure and crumbly, juicy texture. In order to establish the shelf life of the semi-finished product produced, standard tests were carried out to determine the quality and safety parameters during its storage. To do this, organoleptic indicators were monitored, and the dynamics of fluctuations of nitrogen content of volatile bases being the indicator of the prevailing type of damage to this product. The determination of nitrogen in volatile bases was carried out using titrimetry. The results of the study can be used in the development of feed mixtures.
Energy efficient systems and regimes at fish products drying processes
Authors: Pokholchenko V , Smirnova A
Published: August 2019

When designing modern technologies and modes of food raw material processing, it is necessary to use technological systems allowing to make products safe for the consumer and with minimal labor and energy costs. Modern processing complexes need methods of raw material processing are essential to reduce the cost of production and improve the efficiency of technological equipment. To increase the productivity of technological lines and the level of development of a modern enterprise, an integrated approach to improving processes and equipment is required, provided that the finished products are of high quality. Scientific and design developments of the authors associated with the improvement of the efficiency of technological equipment are aimed at solving the following technical and operational tasks: improving the efficient and economical use of resources; enhancing the quality, uniformity and environmental safety of products; increasing the productivity of the processes and reducing their complexity. The design of the equipment is based on providing the efficient processing modes, identified on the basis of the laws of the processes under study. The technology of dried fish snacks production with heat pump using was developed. The designed original unit for effective mechanical processing of minced fish is utilized in technology.
Comparative analysis of temperature loggers used in the development of regimes for heat treatment of food production in autoclaves
Authors: Stolyanov A , Zhuk A , Kaychenov A , Kuranova L
Published: August 2019

Heat treatment processes carried out in an autoclave at a temperature from 60 up to 130 °C are usually applied in the canned food production. Actual process lethality value is used as a criterion determining the product readiness and its microbiological safety. It is computed by summing the lethal effect values of heating obtained at different temperatures recorded inside the tin can with product. Loggers (thermographs) are special technical means of temperature measurement and recording in an electronic storage device, used to automate the task of obtaining product temperature kinetics. The article provides a comparative analysis of the widespread Thermochron DS1922T (used in the Thermochron protector capsule) and Ellab TrackSense PRO loggers, which protection class allows working in conditions (water, high temperatures and pressure) specific for typical heat treatment product regime. The logger Ellab TrackSense PRO was accepted as an etalon. Loggers recorded the temperature at the least heated point of the autoclave sterilization chamber during all processes. The graphs of temperature kinetics for pasteurization and sterilization processes were received in series of experiments. Thermochron thermographs absolute and relative errors, declared by the manufacturer, are experimentally verified. In result, the conclusion and recommendations of thermal recorder Thermochron DS1922T utilization are given.
Information and analytical support for the industrial and ecological safety management of Arctic communications
Authors: Yakovlev S , Putilov V , Masloboev A
Published: August 2019

The article is devoted to information technologies for ensuring the technogenic-ecological safety of the Arctic communications development. Creation of information technologies requires taking into account of global, federal, regional features and developing of modern methods and approaches to hazards and risks modeling and assessing. An assembly technology for weakly structured problem-oriented information in the field of Arctic regions safety management has been developed. A feature of the technology is the use of modifiable structures - patterns, which ensures the automation of the project domain conceptual model generation. An information and analytical system to support emergency control planning at the level of potentially hazardous industrial objects and complexes has been developed. By integrating the functions of accessing to the normative and methodical foundation, of generating the typical planning documents, of risk estimating and of maintaining the safety management archive the system ensures the fast generation of the necessary plans and documents for the prevention and elimination of typical industrial and natural accidents. The system was tested during the designing of planning documents for a number of potentially dangerous objects and complexes of the Murmansk region and the applied problems solving in field of Northern Sea Route ecological safety. The obtained results provide a time reduction and a labor saving for the design and coordination of managerial decisions in the socio-economic and natural-technogenic regional crisis situations. Developments can also be used to new systems synthesize for distributed safety management of complex socio-economic objects, as well as to improve the operability and accuracy of existing systems for safety support of critically important objects and infrastructures.
Island as a memorial site in the sacral landscape of the Arctic regions of the Russian North
Authors: Tamitskiy A M , Terebikhin N M
Published: August 2019

Sacral localities along with the works (monuments) of hierotopic art intrinsic to them hold the most prominent positions in the hierarchy of landmark places and constitute the backbone of establishment (elaboration) of the remembrance landscapes for local and ethnic communities in the Arctic Regions of the Russian North. Sacral topoi are the focal points for storage and transfer of the ultimate, comprehensive and innermost knowledge (memory) of all aspects and modalities of the universe constitution. Fundamental memorability of a sacred place is determined by its appeal to metaphysics, to the origins and the arche, the principles and foundations of existence, as well as by its commitment to the supertemporal rhythms ofremembering the eternal(eternal memory represented in the chronotope of themyth of eternal return). The system of sacral places serving as the sacred framework of the remembrance landscape for the Arctic peoples places special emphasis to the topos of the island which becamethe protosymbol of the Russian civilizationdue to its powerful numinous potential and semiotic status. This research was conducted in reliance upon folklore and ethnographic materials as well as ecclesiastical and historical sources revealing the semiotics and commemorative generating potential of theisland developmental sitein the sacral landscape of the Russian North Arctic regions. Studying the island topos as a place of remembrance in the sacral landscape of the Arctic territories and aquatic areas allows for the conclusion that all cult sites and sanctuaries of the northern indigenous peoples (the Sami, the Nenets and the Vepsians), as well as all the monuments of the orthodox hierotopy specific for the island territories of the Russian North, manifest themselves as eternal keepers of enduring values, commandments and implications of human existence in the sacred space of the high latitudes.
Prerequisites and innovative aspects of Arctic tourism development
Authors: Kuchumov A V , Testina Ya S , Boykova Yu M
Published: August 2019

Nowadays, the study of the Arctic region highlights, and countries show increasingly greater attention in the developing of Arctic zone. Every country, that owns even a small territory in the Arctic region, tries to use this opportunity to develop tourism and drawing of tourist’s attention. Recently, the question of developing tourism in Arctic is risen more often. Tourism can become a major industry for the regions of Russian North, comparable with the transport or producing sectors. The article shows the Arctic zone as a promising region for the development in the tourist sector. It analyses the legislation documents, which characterize the regulation of activities in the Arctic at the international level. It was found out that the analyzed documents do relate to the activities of enterprises of the tourism industry in the Arctic only indirectly. Based on the analysis the development of legal and methodological documents regulating the tourism industry at the international and regional levels was proposed. In the article, based on an analysis of the structure of tourist flows in the Arctic countries and the structure of tourist routes presented in the Arctic regions of Russia, it was concluded that it is necessary to support regional development. For effective distribution of financial support, it is recommended to use the “Arctic tourism index” as an optimal mechanism for reflecting the overall development of the regions in the tourism industry, taking into account the existing socio-economic conditions. “Arctic tourism index” should become an approved assessment tool that characterizes the participants of the tourism market in the Arctic not only in the Russian Federation, but also at the international level.
Museum of Geology and Mineralogy of I.V. Bel’kov (Geological Institute of the KSC RAS): on the threshold of the 90th anniversary
Authors: Kompanchenko A A , Yu Sidorov M
Published: August 2019

Musium of Geology and Mineralogy of I.V. Bel’kov of the Geological Institute (GI) of the Kola Science Centre of the RAS is located in Apatity city, Murmansk region, in the FRC KSC RAS building. Officially, the Museum GI was created in 1957, although it has been leading its history since the 30s of 20th century. The history of the Museum is closely connected with the names of such outstanding researchers of the Kola North as academician A. E. Fersman and doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences I. V. Bel’kov. In 2009, the Museum was named after I. V. Bel’kov. The exposition of the Museum is the most complete collection of minerals and rocks of the Kola region. Among them are rare and new minerals, which are unique in their assiciation, forms of crystal, sizes and beauty of colors. This give a great value to the collections and arouse great interest of visitors. Samles of minerals and rock come to Museum from different geological objects in the Kola region exclusively: Khibiny and Lovozero, Kovdor, Keivy, Pechenga etc. The presented samples of minerals, rocks and ores allow us to estimate the richness and diversity of the stone world of the Kola region. The Museum workers are engaged not only in accounting, but also in scientific and educational activities. Constant work with old collections leads to the discovery of previously unknown minerals in the region, and with the participation of employees of the GI CSC RAS, new mineral species are discovered. Every five years there is a “Catalogue of mineral species of the Kola region”, which is constantly updated. In 2020, it will be 90 years since the formation of the first Museum of geology and mineralogy in the Kola region.
Arrest of ships in the legislation of Arctic region countries: the USA and Canada
Authors: Vlasov A , Buev S
Published: August 2019

In connection with the development of international shipping, the arrest of seagoing ships is becoming even more important from a political and economic point of view. The arrest of the vessel, the cost of its maintenance in a foreign port, penalties, lack of cargo turnover lead to economic losses of tens of thousands of dollars a day. The arrest of the ship attracts the attention of state bodies and direct participants in the maritime enterprises, which should include shipowners, insurers, and charterers. In connection with the precedents of violations and unjustified arrests of courts, legal issues are becoming increasingly important. The legal procedure related to the arrest of a vessel is one of the most complex areas of the law of the sea. The law of the sea is usually divided into the international public law and the international private law. At the same time, public law is regulated by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. A large number of international declarations devoted to the relationship of states at sea. A special International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has been created, the competence of which includes issues in the field of shipping. However, we hear again and again in the news about the arrest of ships and the problems of crew members arising in connection with this. As part of this work, an analysis was made of the current legislation of the countries of the Arctic region regarding the arrest of ships. A comparative legal method of scientific research was applied in the work; the following countries were considered: the USA and Canada. The features and practice of the application of the law in North American countries, their similarities and differences are shown. Legal analysis showed that in the United States and Canada there is no uniform approach to the procedure and the grounds for the arrest of seagoing ships. According to the results of the study, legal norms and grounds were established, within the framework of which the vessel can be arrested while in territorial sea, the exclusive economic zone or in the ports of these countries. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that, in international practice, it would be expedient to unite the provisions of the three conventions regarding the arrest of seagoing ships, and by unifying maritime requirements, develop a unified Convention on the arrest of seagoing ships.
Multispectral image processing algorithms for enhanced vision systems in the Arctic
Authors: Kirillov S N , Pokrovskij P S , Baukov A A , Skonnikov P N
Published: August 2019

The issues of enhanced vision multispectral systems application for robotic complexes control in the Arctic are considered. The existing contrast enhancement methods are observed. Probability characteristics of images being subject to contrast enhancement parameters are estimated. Based on these characteristics, the authors concluded that image areas requiring the greatest contrast enhancement are the areas with low saturation and magnitude gradients, at certain brightness values. Image quality improvement method is proposed. It performs processing only in the areas where it is necessary to enhance the contrast, practically without affecting the most homogeneous or structured image parts. The processed image saturation remains due to the processing of both luminance channel and saturation channel. The algorithm proposed also provides contrast enhancement of shaded image areas. The calculated values of various objective image quality indices indicate that the contrast enhancement algorithm proposed provides better results than known approaches. In addition, different spectral range image fusion algorithm ensuring visibility in the presence of interfering factors is proposed. It differs from known methods by adaptive weight adjustment in different areas of image. The example confirming the effectiveness of the fusion method proposed is shown. For its comparison with known methods, the values of fusion objective quality indices are calculated. The fusion algorithm proposed is shown to surpass known methods by various quality assessments. The conclusion about the expediency of using the algorithms developed in technical vision systems of robotic complexes in the Arctic is made.
Development of a Geoinformation System for the Design of Wind Power Facilities in the Russian Arctic Conditions
Authors: Elistratov V V , Bogun I V , Kasina V I
Published: August 2019

The purpose of the work was to develop the geographic information system (GIS) for the design of wind power facilities in the Russian Arctic conditions, determine its structure and application area, taking into account climatic, topographic, geological, and other features in autonomous regions with extreme temperature values. Such a detailed research is carried out in order to design economically viable renewable energy facilities, reducing regional subsidies and the cost of electricity, as well as to determine the optimal location for the construction of energy complexes.

Analysis of the energy supply systems state in the Arctic regions showed that the main problem is the annual increase in the cost of electricity, which is caused by the limited transport accessibility for the diesel fuel (DF) delivery. An effective solution to the problems associated with improving the reliability of power supply, reducing the cost of electricity, as well as increasing environmental safety for the power supply of decentralized Russian regions with a high wind energy potential is building new wind-diesel power plants (WDPP) and modernization of the existing diesel power plants (DPP) for creation WDPP energy complexes (EC).
Grounding device for electrical networks and electrical installations in the Arctic regions
Authors: Mankov V , Efremov S , Monashkov V
Published: August 2019

The article is devoted to the features of the system grounding and device of electrical networks (EN) and electrical installations (EI) in the continental zone of the Arctic. The traditional grounding devices providing grounding of EN and EI in the Arctic regions are ineffective or their device is impossible. These conclusions are defined by parameters of climate and properties of soil in the considered zone. The most important parameters of climate are a wide year temperature difference and big depths of soil frost penetration caused by it. Soil has very high electrical resistance and has the big hardness and density. During the cold period which has big duration (up to nine and more months) there is a soil frost penetration on tens of meters, forming areas of so-called permafrost. The conditions listed above make very difficult or impossible the use of traditional ways of the protective grounding device according to regulatory requirements. Methods of researches for the Arctic zone soil such as a method of a trial electrode and vertical electric sounding are described. Their advantages, shortcomings and application conditions are given. Special ways of the device of protective grounding such as natural grounding conductors, chemical, deep laying, portable, with application of a way of warming of a surface and zone around grounding conductors, ways of special processing of soil are offered. Conditions of their application and feature of the device are given. Each of the offered ways has restrictions of field of use. So, for example, natural grounding conductors are possible in the presence of reinforced concrete foundations. Justifications for using certain materials for grounding conductors are given in the work. Coverings are suitable for soil conditions of the Arctic copper or zinc. The usage of copperplated steel grounding conductors is possible.
Long-term forecasts of the oil and gas Arctic shelf development: the existing methodical approaches and assessment of a possibility of their application
Authors: Chanysheva A F , Ilinova A A , Solovyova V M , Cherepovitsyn A E
Published: August 2019

The problem of the development of offshore oil and gas Arctic projects has risen recently due to the depletion of traditional overland oil and gas fields, as well as the discovery of significant hydrocarbon reserves in the Arctic seas and the strategic importance of the development of that zone for the Russian Federation. The decision-making process associated with the development of these projects takes place in high level of uncertainty of external environment. Consequently, existing tools and methods of forecasting the prospects of the projects are hardly applicable due to its specificity. This article presents a special approach for assessing the prospects of oil and gas offshore Arctic projects. It consists of a theoretical base, which is the newly developed TESCIMP-methodology, practical tools for implementing it, as well as a complex approach for the assessment. The research is segmented into four stages: the analysis of the factors influencing project’s prospects as well as the key pros and cons for developing it, a two-dimensional classification of specific indicators which allocates essential and stimulating ones and forecasting the prospects of the project, identification of projects’ levels which implies the selection of appropriate TESCIMP-factors. The indicators within those factors underlie practical tools of checklist and expert surveys that help evaluate the projects’ prospects. The last stage proposes a complex approach for a further assessment, which consists of three steps and based on the combination of expert surveys and statistical methods.
Social and Islamic diffusion in the Nordic countries with the example of Sweden by year 2050
Authors: Yu Eidemiller K , Samylovskaya E A , A Kudryavtseva R-E , Alakshin A E
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this paper is to study the Muslim migration flow on the territory of Northern Europe in the last quarter of XX – first half of XXI centuries, the analysis of pattern and genesis of a new geopolitical reality in the region on the example of Sweden, as applied to its state by year 2050. In the process of writing the paper, the authors relied on advanced achievements of scientific thought, described in geographers’ fundamental research (the study was based on the theory of innovations’ diffusion by a Swedish geographer T. Hagerstrand), in sociologists’ works (theory of innovations’ diffusion by G. Tarde and E. Rogers), historians, anthropologists, economists and philosophers’ research. It is the example of Sweden which fully illustrates the paradox of the whole situation and, at the same time, allows to make the main conclusion on the basis of the study conducted in this paper. Thus, in 1975, the Muslim population of the Kingdom was 0.25%; in 2017, according to official data, every tenth citizen is Muslim. Currently, in 2019, Sweden only has a Muslim population exceeding five populations of Iceland. If the same trend continues (without repetition of the European migration crisis of 2015), by 2025-2027 every fifth, and by 2035-2040 every fourth citizen will be Muslim (Fig. 1-9 illustrate this idea). We have studied, analyzed and presented all stages of migration processes development in Sweden from 1995 to 2020 on the generalized cartographic material and predicted it for the period from 2020 to 2050, respectively. By 2020, the Muslim population of Sweden will be more than 20%. This migration diffusion will affect, first of all, 13 of the 25 largest municipalities, where the ethnic, autochthonous Swedish population will appear the minority. And in just a few years, the same situation will happen in the remaining three largest municipalities: Westeros, Orebro and Norrköping. 70% of Stockholm’s residents and every second resident of southern Sweden will be Muslims. By 2050, it is possible to split the Muslim part of Sweden, up to the administrative and territorial change of interstate borders, especially between Sweden and Denmark, where a Muslim agglomeration has already been formed between Copenhagen and Malmö.
The Islamic Community and Islamic problematics in domestic politics of Iceland (2000-2015) exemplified by the construction project of the Grand Mosque of Reykjavik
Authors: Kulik S V , Baranova T A , Bylya K N , Sosnina M N
Published: August 2019

The paper considers the problems faced by the Muslim population of Iceland in their attempts to exercise their basic rights, such as the practice of religious worship. Despite the fact that the Muslim community of Iceland is rather small, its presence is a serious irritating factor for the internal political field of Iceland, which is clearly demonstrated by the long history of the attempt to build the Grand Mosque of Reykjavik - the need for construction of which became apparent at the end of the 20th century, but the project has not been implemented to this day, due to constant opposition from the public and even local authorities. Today, the Muslim community is so negatively perceived by the Icelandic society that some politicians have made it an instrument of political struggle, and social surveys of the Muslim population show that they are often discriminated, especially in attempts to find a successful job. In Iceland, the Muslim population is now more criticized than in any other European country - this criticism is based mainly on prejudice and only intensified because of terrorist acts committed by Islamists factions in the world. The study contains disappointing conclusions that the Icelandic society in many ways tries to isolate itself from Muslims and fears that their presence may affect the cultural, economic, political life and transformation of the space in the country, which leads to a lot of discussions and polemics about the role of Muslims in the Nordic countries.
The northern dimension: The problem of spatial development and the capabilities of online technology
Authors: Glukhov V V , Tukkel I L
Published: August 2019

Digital technologies have permeated all aspects of our lives, transforming research, organizational, and business processes as well as the ways suppliers and consumers of goods and services communicate. The level of territorial development in high latitudes, including the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, is uneven. However, what is common for low-population and remote areas is the lack of units for generating knowledge and scientific and educational potential, which are theoretically necessary for building innovative systems. The presented study provides statistics that characterize the knowledge-generating potential of the Arctic territories of the Russian Federation. The technological capabilities of the 21st century make it possible to find a solution for innovative, efficient development of such territories. The authors propose a structure for multi-agent geographically distributed cooperation between the subdivisions of a single team. The localized part of the team (local agents) identifies the problem and finds agents (the remote part of the team) that can offer a globally competitive technology. The latter generally include competence centers and centers of excellence located in other territories. Then, both parts of the team glocalize the solution. The technical framework of multi-agent geographically distributed cooperation involves using online technology to organize synchronous, real-time messaging via digital information channels. This creates a fundamentally different approach to spatial development design. The online, real-time design process is organized through the interaction between the local agent and the remote agents. The result is the implementation of an efficient territorial development model: development as mastering– management – resources – hierarchy of authority – customization. Efficient operation of the localized part of a geographically distributed system requires an adequate infrastructure. Therefore, the authors aim to optimize the functional completeness of the infrastructure.