bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O “velho” sujeito histórico e a luta de classes na Venezuela do século XXI
Authors: Rosa Flavia Bischain
Published: March 2012

O atual debate sobre a reestruturação produtiva e as transformações no chamado “mundo do trabalho” atirou para o escanteio a velha discussão sobre o “papel histórico” do proletariado, de Marx e Engels. A influência de novos atores na luta de classes ganha destaque nas pesquisas atuais. Na contramão deste debate, emergem lutas radicalizadas do operariado venezuelano em meio à chamada “Revolução Bolivariana”. As ocupações de fábricas, as manifestações e exigências de controle operário, indicam que a reorganização das forças políticas e sindicais operárias se intensifica sob um contexto do acirramento da luta de classes nesse país.
Os “combatentes inimigos” e o governo Bush: as relações entre Executivo, Legislativo e Judiciário entre 2001 e 2008
Authors: Pacheco Cristina Carvalho
Published: March 2012

O ataque às Torres Gêmeas, em 11 de setembro de 2001, encerrou a expectativa instituída com o fim da Guerra Fria de um modelo de sociedade voltado para a valorização da economia de mercado e da democracia liberal. É neste novo cenário que se pretende compreender como as instituições domésticas americanas afetaram a atuação dos Estados Unidos no cenário internacional. O que se pretende demonstrar neste artigo é que o 11de setembro não apenas constituiu um elemento de ruptura da ordem estabelecida no plano doméstico ao longo da história do país, como também permitiu, ainda que por um breve período, a instauração de um desequilíbrio entre as instituições americanas, no qual o Executivo ocupou um espaço significativo em relação aos outros poderes. Esse desequilíbrio foi restaurado pelas decisões proferidas pela Suprema Corte dos EUA, também objeto de análise deste trabalho.
Terrorismo, medo e recrudescimento do controle: traços da política punitiva no mundo contemporâneo
Authors: Pastana Debora Regina
Published: March 2012

O tema central deste artigo é o investimento crescente no combate ao que se convencionou chamar de terrorismo pelas democracias contemporâneas, o que contribui para consolidar, ao menos no Ocidente, a figura do “Estado punitivo”. Inserido nas recentes reflexões sociológicas de Chomsky, Wacquant, Garland e Bauman, entre outros, esse tema é ainda pouco discutido pela comunidade acadêmica brasileira. O atual arranjo capitalista se generaliza quase que instantaneamente em todo o globo atrelando, de forma paradoxal, a defesa dos ideais democráticos com a necessidade de políticas autoritárias de controle social. A defesa constante da “guerra ao terror”, agindo como elo hegemônico consensual, amplia a defasagem entre o formal e o real, bem como a utilização simbólica dos instrumentos jurídicos de controle.
Building capacity in systematic review searching: a pilot program using virtual mentoring
Authors: Fyfe Trina , Dennett Liz
Published: March 2012

Introduction: A well thought out, comprehensive search is the foundation for all systematic review research. Consequently, working on a first systematic review search can be intimidating. Articles and workshops, being less intensive than one-on-one training, are unlikely to instil enough confidence in one's ability to do a good job in this process. In this pilot program, an ongoing mentoring relationship was created as a means of building capacity and confidence in systematic review searching. Description: The mentorship program occurred in a virtual environment because the mentee and mentor were at two different institutions. Outcomes: To compensate for the distance, the mentor and mentee communicated and collaborated using free online collaborative software. The process for engaging in the program was developed between both the mentor and mentee to ensure individual and shared objectives would be met. This pilot program's process involved sharing searches, reflective journaling and recording time. Discussion: Building capacity in systematic review searching with an inexperienced searcher through virtual mentoring is an effective means of building confidence and skills in systematic review searching, and in building a sustainable mentor/mentee relationship.
One Stage Reconstruction of Skull Exposed by Burn Injury Using a Tissue Expansion Technique
Authors: Cho Jae Young , Jang Young Chul , Hur Gi Yeun , Koh Jang Hyu , Seo Dong Kook , Lee Jong Wook , Choi Jai Koo
Published: March 2012

Background An area of the skull exposed by burn injury has been covered by various methods including local flap, skin graft, or free flap surgery. Each method has disadvantages, such as postoperative alopecia or donor site morbidities. Due to the risk of osteomyelitis in the injured skull during the expansion period, tissue expansion was excluded from primary reconstruction. However, successful primary reconstruction was possible in burned skull by tissue expansion.

Methods From January 2000 to 2011, tissue expansion surgery was performed on 10 patients who had sustained electrical burn injuries. In the 3 initial cases, removal of the injured part of the skull and a bone graft was performed. In the latter 7 cases, the injured skull tissue was preserved and covered with a scalp flap directly to obtain natural bone healing and bone remodeling.

Results The mean age of patients was 49.9±12.2 years, with 8 male and 2 female. The size of the burn wound was an average of 119.6±36.7 cm2. The mean expansion duration was 65.5±5.6 days, and the inflation volume was an average of 615±197.6 mL. Mean defect size was 122.2±34.9 cm2. The complications including infection, hematoma, and the exposure of the expander were observed in 4 cases. Nonetheless, only 1 case required revision.

Conclusions Successful coverage was performed by tissue expansion surgery in burned skull primarily and no secondary reconstruction was needed. Although the risks of osteomyelitis during the expansion period were present, constant coverage of the injured skull and active wound treatment helped successful primary reconstruction of burned skull by tissue expansion.
Surgical Treatment of Dermatomal Capillary Malformations in the Adult Face
Authors: Kim Yoojeong , Oh Suk Joon , Lee Junsang , Yang Jihoon , Koh Sung Hoon , Jung Sung Won
Published: March 2012

Background Facial capillary malformations (CMs) rarely recede; they often become darker and raised in proportion to their growth. These malformations may hypertrophy in adulthood, resulting in increased disfigurement and dysfunction. Laser treatment is considered a first-line therapy for focal CMs, but thick wide lesions, which are accompanied by hypertrophy and have a well-circumscribed nodularity, may be treated with surgical excision and reconstruction.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of 25 consecutive patients who had undergone complete or partial excisions of facial capillary malformations in our unit. After the excisions, the defects that encompassed their facial aesthetic units were subsequently covered by various methods, including primary closures, local flaps, expanded flaps, split-thickness skin grafts, and full thickness skin grafts.

Results The data demonstrated satisfactory results and reliability. Our patients were treated without significant complications, and all of the patients were moderately or fully satisfied with the outcome of their surgeries.

Conclusions Among the many reconstructive options for adult patients with facial capillary malformations, thick split-thickness skin grafts can be a good choice for the coverage of widely excised wounds.
In Vivo Performance and Structural Relaxation of Biodegradable Bone Implants Made from MgZnCa Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Wessels Victor , Le Mené Gwénaël , Fischerauer Stefan F. , Kraus Tanja , Weinberg Annelie‐Martina , Uggowitzer Peter J. , Löffler Jörg F.
Published: March 2012

A study of Mg‐based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) as biodegradable bone implants is presented. The implantation site can affect performance, so the BMGs were evaluated in vivo in rat femurs using µ‐CT scans at various times for more than 90 days. Estimates of H2 evolution correlate well with previous in vitro studies and bone–implant contact is similar to that for Ti pins. One potential drawback of Mg‐based BMGs in this application is embrittlement due to structural relaxation. Here, relaxation at 20 and 37 °C is examined, and an increase in the characteristic relaxation time, from 10 to 30 days at 20 °C, is observed as Zn increases from 29 to 32 at.%, correlating with dramatically reduced hydrogen evolution.
X‐Space MPI: Magnetic Nanoparticles for Safe Medical Imaging
Authors: Goodwill Patrick William , Saritas Emine Ulku , Croft Laura Rose , Kim Tyson N. , Krishnan Kannan M. , Schaffer David V. , Conolly Steven M.
Published: March 2012

One quarter of all iodinated contrast X‐ray clinical imaging studies are now performed on Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients. Unfortunately, the iodine contrast agent used in X‐ray is often toxic to CKD patients’ weak kidneys, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. Hence, we are pioneering a new medical imaging method, called Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI), to replace X‐ray and CT iodinated angiography, especially for CKD patients. MPI uses magnetic nanoparticle contrast agents that are much safer than iodine for CKD patients. MPI already offers superb contrast and extraordinary sensitivity. The iron oxide nanoparticle tracers required for MPI are also used in MRI, and some are already approved for human use, but the contrast agents are far more effective at illuminating blood vessels when used in the MPI modality. We have recently developed a systems theoretic framework for MPI called x‐space MPI, which has already dramatically improved the speed and robustness of MPI image reconstruction. X‐space MPI has allowed us to optimize the hardware for five MPI scanners. Moreover, x‐space MPI provides a powerful framework for optimizing the size and magnetic properties of the iron oxide nanoparticle tracers used in MPI. Currently MPI nanoparticles have diameters in the 10‐20 nanometer range, enabling millimeter‐scale resolution in small animals. X‐space MPI theory predicts that larger nanoparticles could enable up to 250 micrometer resolution imaging, which would represent a major breakthrough in safe imaging for CKD patients.
Preparation of biomimetic‐bone materials and their application to the removal of heavy metals
Authors: Sun Bo , Tian Hui‐Yun , Zhang Chun‐Xue , An Gang
Published: March 2012

Since heavy metals react with some components in bone, it can be surmized that these components would strongly fix heavy metals. Hydroxyapatite and a series of substituted‐apatites that are likely to exist in bone were prepared under near‐physiological conditions with the aim of developing materials that are capable of effectively removing low concentrations of heavy‐metal ions at near‐neutral conditions. The obtained apatites were characterized by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. They were also tested for their ability to remove Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr, and As. The carbonate‐substituted apatite exhibited very strong fixation of Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cr3+, and moderately strong fixation of Hg2+. Based on a heavy‐metal‐fixing mechanism, a bone‐like composite, with chitosan as the saccharide portion and a polyaspartyl polymer as the protein portion, was synthesized via co‐precipitation. The biomimetic composite was excellent at removing Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, and Cr3+, with removal percentages as high as 99.8% and residual concentrations as low as 0.01 mg/L. However, the composite had little fixation of Cr2O72−, CrO42−, or H3AsO3. When Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III), the percent removed increased greatly. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 229–240, 2013
Kein Ende für Totalsynthesen von Strychnin in Sicht? Lektionen für Strategien und Methoden in der Totalsynthese
Authors: Cannon Jeffrey S. , Overman Larry E.
Published: March 2012

Von Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts an bis in die Gegenwart hinein haben sich Chemiker mit dem komplexen Indol‐Alkaloid Strychnin beschäftigt. In diesem Aufsatz wollen wir untersuchen, weshalb Strychnin bis zum heutigen Tag eine bedeutende Zielstruktur für direkte Syntheseversuche ist. Wir werden eine Reihe von Syntheserouten zu Strychnin diskutieren, um so letztlich ihren Einfluss auf die Entwicklung von Strategien und Methoden in der organischen Synthese aufzuklären.
Is There No End to the Total Syntheses of Strychnine? Lessons Learned in Strategy and Tactics in Total Synthesis
Authors: Cannon Jeffrey S. , Overman Larry E.
Published: March 2012

From the 19th century to the present, the complex indole alkaloid strychnine has engaged the chemical community. In this Review, we examine why strychnine has been and remains today an important target for directed synthesis efforts. A selection of the diverse syntheses of strychnine is discussed with the aim of identifying their influence on the evolution of the strategy and tactics of organic synthesis.
New heteroaromatic polyazomethines containing naphthyridine moieties: Synthesis, characterization, and biological screening
Authors: Hussein Mahmoud A. , Abdel‐Rahman Mona A. , Geies Ahmed A.
Published: March 2012

A new series of heteroaromatic polyazomethines containing 1,8‐naphthyridine moieties in the polymer backbone were synthesized with a solution polycondensation technique. A new heteroaromatic monomer containing 1,8‐naphthyridine moieties (4‐ethoxy‐2,7‐dicarboxaldehyde‐1,8‐naphthyridine) was synthesized with an analogous synthetic sequence and confirmed by elemental and spectral data. The resulting polymers were characterized by elemental, spectral analyses, solubility and viscometry measurements. All the synthesized polyazomethines had better solubility in polar aportic solvents. The thermal properties of those polymers were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and differential thermal analysis measurements and correlated to their structural units. All the polymers had nearly similar maximum polymer decomposition temperatures, which were in the range 557–577°C. A very large difference between the glass transitions (92–222°C) was observed. In addition, with gel permeation chromatography, the molecular weight determination of selected examples of those polymers was evaluated. The values of the average molecular weight for polyazomethines 7b and 7c were 34,914 and 24,859, respectively. On the other hand, the biological screening of all of the synthesized polyazomethines was performed in variety of bacteria and fungi. Most of the polyazomethines showed a significant influence against Gram‐negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the most active polymers was 0.05 mg/mL. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Bone Marrow Stem Cell Abnormality and Diabetic Complications
Authors: Fujimiya Mineko , Nagaishi Kanna , Yamashita Tomohisa , Ataka Koji
Published: March 2012

Long‐lasting diabetes impairs the function of multiple organs, which consists of degeneration of various tissues with increasing apoptosis of target cells. Recently, we found that hyperglycemia induced the appearance of abnormal cells in the bone marrow and cell fusion between bone marrow‐derived cells and hepatocytes, peripheral neural cells, or renal tubular cells occurred in diabetic animals. Fused cells in these organs expressed TNFα, and accelerated apoptosis, suggesting that these events might be a cause of diabetic complications. In this review, we propose a new concept that bone marrow stem cell abnormality causes diabetic complications, and this concept might provide new strategies for treatment of diabetes‐associated tissue damage. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enriched Environment Increases the Myelinated Nerve Fibers of Aged Rat Corpus Callosum
Authors: Zhao Yuan‐Yu , Shi Xiao‐Yan , Qiu Xuan , Lu Wei , Yang Shu , Li Chen , Chen Lin , Zhang Lei , Cheng Guo‐Hua , Tang Yong
Published: March 2012

In this study, the effect of enriched environment (EE) on the spatial learning of aged rats was examined, and then the effects of EE on the aged corpus callosum (CC) were investigated by means of the modern stereological methods. We found that EE significantly improved the spatial learning of aged rats. The CC volume, the total volume of the myelinated fibers and total volume of the myelin sheaths in the CC, the total length of the myelinated fibers in the CC of enriched rats were significantly increased when compared to standard rats. The increase of the myelinated fibers in enriched rat CC might provide one of the structural bases for the enrichment‐related improvement of the spatial learning. This study provided, to the best of our knowledge, the first evidence of environmental enrichment‐induced increases of the CC and the myelinated fibers in the CC of aged rats. Anat Rec, , 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Synthesis, Structures, and Reactivities of Pincer‐Type Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Two Proton‐Responsive Pyrazole Arms
Authors: Yoshinari Akihiro , Tazawa Akira , Kuwata Shigeki , Ikariya Takao
Published: March 2012

A new metal–ligand bifunctional, pincer‐type ruthenium complex [RuCl(L1‐H2)(PPh3)2]Cl (1; L1‐H2=2,6‐bis(5‐tert‐butyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine) featuring two proton‐delivering pyrazole arms has been synthesized. Complex 1, derived from [RuCl2(PPh3)3] with L1‐H2, underwent reversible deprotonation with potassium carbonate to afford the pyrazolato–pyrazole complex [RuCl(L1‐H)(PPh3)2] (2). Further deprotonation of 1 and 2 with potassium hexamethyldisilazide in methanol resulted in the formation of the bis(pyrazolato) complex [Ru(L1)(MeOH)(PPh3)2] (3). Complex 3 smoothly reacted with dioxygen and dinitrogen to give the side‐on peroxo complex [Ru(L1)(O2)(PPh3)2] (4) and end‐on dinitrogen complex [Ru(L1)(N2)(PPh3)2] (5), respectively. On the other hand, the reaction of [RuCl2(PPh3)3] with less hindered 2,6‐di(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine (L3‐H2) led to the formation of the dinuclear complex [{RuCl2(PPh3)2}2(μ2‐L3‐H2)2] (6), in which the pyrazole‐based ligand adopted a tautomeric form different from L1‐H2 in 1 and the central pyridine remained uncoordinated. The detailed structures of 1, 2, 3, 3.MeOH, 4, 5, 6 were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
Dendronized Fullerene–Porphyrin Conjugates in ortho, meta, and para Positions: A Charge‐Transfer Assay
Authors: Krokos Evangelos , Schubert Christina , Spänig Fabian , Ruppert Michaela , Hirsch Andreas , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: March 2012

The physicochemical characterization, that is, ground and excited state, of a new series of dendronized porphyrin/fullerene electron donor–acceptor conjugates in nonaqueous and aqueous environments is reported. In contrast to previous work, we detail the charge‐separation and charge‐recombination dynamics in zinc and copper metalloporphyrins as a function of first‐ and second‐generation dendrons as well as a function of ortho, meta, and para substitution. Both have an appreciable impact on the microenvironments of the redox‐active constituents, namely the porphyrins and the fullerenes. As a matter of fact, the resulting charge‐transfer dynamics were considerably impacted by the interplay between the associated forces that reach from dendron‐induced shielding to dipole–charge interactions.
Attribute‐based perceptual mapping using discriminant analysis in a public sector passenger bus transport company: A case study
Authors: Vetrivel Sezhian M. , Muralidharan C. , Nambirajan T. , Deshmukh S. G.
Published: March 2012

This study aims at evaluating the customer expectations in a public sector passenger transport company, a crucial sector in developing countries like India. A questionnaire containing 18 quality characteristics was administered to various customers of three bus depots of one division of a state road transport undertaking in South India. Attribute‐based perceptual mapping using discriminant analysis was done to position the three depots and to identify their strengths and weaknesses. The findings would help prioritize different parameters and also provide guidelines for managers to focus on and to improve. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why the United States Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) should not extend reimbursement indications for carotid artery angioplasty/stenting
Authors: Abbott Anne L. , Adelman Mark A. A. , Alexandrov Andrei V. , Barnett Henry J. M. , Beard Jonathan , Bell Peter , Björck Martin , Blacker David , Buckley Clifford J. , Cambria Richard P. , Comerota Anthony J. , Connolly E. Sander , Davies Alun H. , Eckstein Hans‐Henning , Faruqi R. , Fraedrich Gustav , Gloviczki Peter , Hankey Graeme J. , Harbaugh Robert E. , Heldenberg E. , Kittner Steven J. , Kleinig Timothy J. , Mikhailidis Dimitri P. , Moore Wesley S. , Naylor R. , Nicolaides Andrew , Paraskevas Kosmas I. , Pelz David M. , Prichard James W. , Purdie Grant , Ricco Jean‐Baptiste , Riles Thomas , Rothwell Peter , Sandercock Peter , Sillesen Henrik , Spence J. David , Spinelli Francesco , Tan Aron , Thapar Ankur , Veith Frank J. , Zhou Wei
Published: March 2012

In recent years, many important discoveries have been made to challenge current policy, guidelines, and practice regarding how best to prevent stroke associated with atherosclerotic stenosis of the origin of the internal carotid artery. The United States Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), for instance, is calling for expert advice as to whether its current policies should be modified. Using a thorough review of literature, 41 leading academic stroke‐prevention clinicians from the United States and other countries, have united to advise CMS not to extend current reimbursement indications for carotid angioplasty/stenting (CAS) to patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis or to patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis considered to be at ``low or standard risk from carotid endarterectomy (CEA).'' It was concluded that such expansion of reimbursement indications would have disastrous health and economic consequences for the United States and any other country that may follow such inappropriate action. This was an international effort because the experts to best advise CMS are relatively few and scattered around the world. In addition, US health policy, practice, and research have tended to have strong influences on other countries.
FIESTA: An MR arthrography celebration of shoulder joint anatomy, variants, and their mimics
Authors: Yu D. , Turmezei T.D. , Kerslake R.W.
Published: March 2012

Magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography is currently the gold standard radiological investigation for shoulder joint instability. Not only does this investigation allow for identification of important disease processes, but the reduced slice thickness and increased in‐plane resolution allowed by the latest imaging sequences also gives excellent demonstration of shoulder joint internal anatomy. This article describes the technique of MR arthrography of the shoulder practiced at our institution, briefly outlining features of the FIESTA (fast imaging employing steady state acquisition) MR sequence employed, including its advantages and limitations. A pictorial review of shoulder MR arthrography performed with this technique is presented, concentrating on normal shoulder joint internal anatomy and anatomical variants that may mimic pathology. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heinrich August Wrisberg (1736–1808): Physician and anatomist
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Padmalayam Dipti , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Loukas Marios
Published: March 2012

The German Heinrich August Wrisberg made significant contributions to anatomical knowledge during the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However, very little is known of this early European physician and anatomist. Wrisberg was considered an excellent anatomist and wrote several textbooks in the field. Using standard computer search engines, this report reviews the known literature on this historic figure and notes his multiple contributions to the study of human morphology. Clin. Anat. 27:10–13, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Valve prosthesis distortion after cardiac compression in a patient who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)
Authors: Kim Eun Kyoung , Choi Seung Hyuk , Song Pil Sang , Park Sung‐Ji
Published: March 2012

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has been developed as an alternative to conventional aortic valve replacement for the treatment of symptomatic severe aortic stenosis in high‐risk patients. Nevertheless, TAVI has been associated with serious complications such as stroke, vascular injury, renal failure, and arrhythmia. Herein we describe a case of distortion of the Edward‐Sapien prosthesis (Edwards Lifesciences, USA), which was mounted on a balloon‐expandable stent, after chest compression for cardiac resuscitation in a patient who underwent TAVI for severe aortic stenosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacodynamic effects of adjunctive cilostazol therapy in patients with coronary artery disease on dual antiplatelet therapy: Impact of high on‐treatment platelet reactivity and diabetes mellitus status
Authors: Capranzano Piera , Ferreiro Jose Luis , Ueno Masafumi , Capodanno Davide , Dharmashankar Kodlipet , Darlington Andrew , Desai Bhaloo , Tello‐Montoliu Antonio , Rollini Fabiana , Angiolillo Dominick J.
Published: March 2012

Background

In patients on dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel, the adjunctive use of cilostazol is associated with enhanced platelet inhibition. However, if cilostazol exerts different pharmacodynamic (PD) effects according to levels of on‐treatment platelet reactivity remains unknown. This study aimed to determine the PD effects of cilostazol in patients with and without high on‐clopidogrel platelet reactivity (HPR) according to diabetes mellitus (DM) status.

Methods

This is a post‐hoc analysis derived from patients (n = 79) enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, crossover study comparing cilostazol with placebo in stable coronary artery disease patients on aspirin and clopidogrel therapy. In the present analysis, patients were divided according to the presence or absence of HPR (HPR and non‐HPR). HPR was defined as a P2Y12 units (PRU) > 240 as assessed by the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay. The PD effects of cilostazol were evaluated in patients with and without HPR according to DM status.

Results

Significant absolute changes in PRU values were observed after adjunctive cilostazol in both HPR [53.4 (95% CI 24.7–82.1), P = 0.001] and non‐HPR [40.8 (95% CI 28.7–52.8), P < 0.0001] patients. This difference was statistically significant in HPR patients with DM (P = 0.001), but not without DM (P = 0.24), and in non‐HPR patients with and without DM (P = 0.0001 for both). The greatest mean reduction in PRU was observed in HPR patients with DM (72.9; 95% CI 33.7–112.0). Thrombin generation was not affected by cilostazol, irrespective of HPR status.

Conclusion

Cilostazol reduces platelet reactivity both in HPR and non‐HPR patients, although these PD effects are enhanced in HPR patients with DM. Nevertheless, larger studies are needed to better evaluate possible differential effects of cilostazol on platelet reactivity by diabetes status. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid stenting of aortic coarctation in very low birth weight premature infant
Authors: Cools Bjorn , Meyns Bart , Gewillig Marc
Published: March 2012

A very low birth weight infant with severe aortic coarctation developed progressive left ventricular dysfunction and pulmonary overflow with hemorrhage, while receiving prostaglandins. To avoid morbidity from conventional surgery or percutaneous intervention, a two‐step strategy was performed at a weight of 970 g. First vascular access was obtained through sternotomy: a 3/8 mm coronary stent was deployed through a 4 French sheath in the ascending aorta; the arterial duct was clipped. At the age of 5 months, the stent was removed and the aortic arch reconstructed with an end‐to‐end anastomosis through lateral thoracotomy. This strategy was not associated with morbidity typical for premature infants with congenital heart disease. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The science behind percutaneous hemodynamic support: A review and comparison of support strategies
Authors: Burkhoff Daniel , Naidu Srihari S.
Published: March 2012

Patients in a variety of cardiovascular disease states may benefit from temporary percutaneous cardiac support, including those in acute decompensated heart failure, fulminant myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction with or without cardiogenic shock and those undergoing high‐risk percutaneous coronary intervention. The ideal percutaneous cardiac support device is safe, easy to use and versatile enough to meet the needs of various clinical situations and patient cohorts. In addition, it should provide maximal hemodynamic support and protection against myocardial ischemia. With these goals in mind, the scientific principles that govern hemodynamic effectiveness and myocardial protection as they pertain to acute support devices are reviewed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
[2]Catenanes Built Around Octahedral Transition‐Metal Complexes that Contain Two Intertwined Endocyclic but Non‐sterically Hindering Tridentate Ligands
Authors: Ayme Jean‐François , Lux Jacques , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Sour Angélique
Published: March 2012

Sterically hindering bidentate chelates, such as 2,9‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, form entwined complexes with copper(I) and other tetrahedrally coordinated transition‐metal centres. To prepare octahedral complexes containing two entwined tridentate ligands and thus apply a strategy similar to that used for making catenanes with tetrahedral metal centres, the use of the classical terpy ligand (terpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine) appears to be attractive. In fact, 6,6′′‐diphenyl‐2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine (dp‐terpy) is not appropriate due to strong “pinching” of the organic backbone by coordination to the metal and thus stable entwined complexes with this ligand cannot be obtained. Herein, we report the synthesis and coordination properties of a new family of tridentate ligands, the main features of which are their endocyclic nature and non‐sterically hindering character. The coordinating fragment consists of two 8′‐phenylisoquinolin‐3′‐yl groups attached at the 2 and 6 positions of a pyridine nucleus. Octahedral complexes containing two such entangled ligands around an octahedral metal centre, such as FeII, RuII or CoIII, are highly stable, with no steric congestion around the metal. By using functionalised ligands bearing terminal olefins, double ring‐closing metathesis leads to [2]catenanes in good yield with FeII or CoIII as the templating metal centre. The X‐ray crystallography structures of the FeII precursor and the FeII catenane are also reported. These show that although significant pinching of the ligand is observed in both FeII complexes, the system is very open and no steric constraints can be detected.
Ventilation and Respiratory Mechanics
Authors: Sheel Andrew William , Romer Lee M.
Published: March 2012

During dynamic exercise, the healthy pulmonary system faces several major challenges, including decreases in mixed venous oxygen content and increases in mixed venous carbon dioxide. As such, the ventilatory demand is increased, while the rising cardiac output means that blood will have considerably less time in the pulmonary capillaries to accomplish gas exchange. Blood gas homeostasis must be accomplished by precise regulation of alveolar ventilation via medullary neural networks and sensory reflex mechanisms. It is equally important that cardiovascular and pulmonary system responses to exercise be precisely matched to the increase in metabolic requirements, and that the substantial gas transport needs of both respiratory and locomotor muscles be considered. Our article addresses each of these topics with emphasis on the healthy, young adult exercising in normoxia. We review recent evidence concerning how exercise hyperpnea influences sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow and the effect this might have on the ability to perform muscular work. We also review sex‐based differences in lung mechanics. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1093‐1142, 2012.
Voltage‐Gated Proton Channels
Authors: DeCoursey Thomas E.
Published: March 2012

Voltage‐gated proton channels, HV1, have vaulted from the realm of the esoteric into the forefront of a central question facing ion channel biophysicists, namely, the mechanism by which voltage‐dependent gating occurs. This transformation is the result of several factors. Identification of the gene in 2006 revealed that proton channels are homologues of the voltage‐sensing domain of most other voltage‐gated ion channels. Unique, or at least eccentric, properties of proton channels include dimeric architecture with dual conduction pathways, perfect proton selectivity, a single‐channel conductance approximately 103times smaller than most ion channels, voltage‐dependent gating that is strongly modulated by the pH gradient, ΔpH, and potent inhibition by Zn2+(in many species) but an absence of other potent inhibitors. The recent identification of HV1 in three unicellular marine plankton species has dramatically expanded the phylogenetic family tree. Interest in proton channels in their own right has increased as important physiological roles have been identified in many cells. Proton channels trigger the bioluminescent flash of dinoflagellates, facilitate calcification by coccolithophores, regulate pH‐dependent processes in eggs and sperm during fertilization, secrete acid to control the pH of airway fluids, facilitate histamine secretion by basophils, and play a signaling role in facilitating B‐cell receptor mediated responses in B‐lymphocytes. The most elaborate and best‐established functions occur in phagocytes, where proton channels optimize the activity of NADPH oxidase, an important producer of reactive oxygen species. Proton efflux mediated by HV1 balances the charge translocated across the membrane by electrons through NADPH oxidase, minimizes changes in cytoplasmic and phagosomal pH, limits osmotic swelling of the phagosome, and provides substrate H+for the production of H2O2and HOCl, reactive oxygen species crucial to killing pathogens. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1355‐1385, 2012.
Uriniferous Tubule: Structural and Functional Organization
Authors: Christensen Erik Ilsø , Wagner Carsten A. , Kaissling Brigitte
Published: March 2012

The uriniferous tubule is divided into the proximal tubule, the intermediate (thin) tubule, the distal tubule and the collecting duct. The present chapter is based on the chapters by Maunsbach and Christensen on the proximal tubule, and by Kaissling and Kriz on the distal tubule and collecting duct in the 1992 edition of the Handbook of Physiology, Renal Physiology. It describes the fine structure (light and electron microscopy) of the entire mammalian uriniferous tubule, mainly in rats, mice, and rabbits. The structural data are complemented by recent data on the location of the major transport‐ and transport‐regulating proteins, revealed by morphological means (immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and/or mRNAin situhybridization). The structural differences along the uriniferous tubule strictly coincide with the distribution of the major luminal and basolateral transport proteins and receptors and both together provide the basis for the subdivision of the uriniferous tubule into functional subunits. Data on structural adaptation to defined functional changesin vivoand to genetical alterations of specified proteins involved in transepithelial transport importantly deepen our comprehension of the correlation of structure and function in the kidney, of the role of each segment or cell type in the overall renal function, and our understanding of renal pathophysiology. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:805‐861, 2012.
Role of Monosaccharide Transport Proteins in Carbohydrate Assimilation, Distribution, Metabolism, and Homeostasis
Authors: Cura Anthony J. , Carruthers Anthony
Published: March 2012

The facilitated diffusion of glucose, galactose, fructose, urate, myoinositol, and dehydroascorbic acid in mammals is catalyzed by a family of 14 monosaccharide transport proteins called GLUTs. These transporters may be divided into three classes according to sequence similarity and function/substrate specificity. GLUT1 appears to be highly expressed in glycolytically active cells and has been coopted in vitamin C auxotrophs to maintain the redox state of the blood through transport of dehydroascorbate. Several GLUTs are definitive glucose/galactose transporters, GLUT2 and GLUT5 are physiologically important fructose transporters, GLUT9 appears to be a urate transporter while GLUT13 is a proton/myoinositol cotransporter. The physiologic substrates of some GLUTs remain to be established. The GLUTs are expressed in a tissue specific manner where affinity, specificity, and capacity for substrate transport are paramount for tissue function. Although great strides have been made in characterizing GLUT‐catalyzed monosaccharide transport and mapping GLUT membrane topography and determinants of substrate specificity, a unifying model for GLUT structure and function remains elusive. The GLUTs play a major role in carbohydrate homeostasis and the redistribution of sugar‐derived carbons among the various organ systems. This is accomplished through a multiplicity of GLUT‐dependent glucose sensing and effector mechanisms that regulate monosaccharide ingestion, absorption, distribution, cellular transport and metabolism, and recovery/retention. Glucose transport and metabolism have coevolved in mammals to support cerebral glucose utilization. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:863‐914, 2012.
Structure and Dynamic Properties of Membrane Proteins using NMR
Authors: Rösner Heike I. , Kragelund Birthe B.
Published: March 2012

Integral membrane proteins are one of the most challenging groups of macromolecules despite their apparent conformational simplicity. They manage and drive transport, circulate information, and participate in cellular movements via interactions with other proteins and through intricate conformational changes. Their structural and functional decoding is challenging and has imposed demanding experimental development. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the techniques providing the capacity to make a significant difference in the deciphering of the membrane protein structure‐function paradigm. The method has evolved dramatically during the last decade resulting in a plethora of new experiments leading to a significant increase in the scientific repertoire for studying membrane proteins. Besides solving the three‐dimensional structures usingstate‐of‐the‐artapproaches, a large variety of developments of well‐established techniques are available providing insight into membrane protein flexibility, dynamics, and interactions. Inspired by the speed of development in the application of new strategies, by invention of methods to measure solvent accessibility and describe low‐populated states, this review seeks to introduce the vast possibilities solution NMR can offer to the study of membrane protein structure‐function analyses with special focus on applicability. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1491‐1539, 2012.
Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Basile David P. , Anderson Melissa D. , Sutton Timothy A.
Published: March 2012

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the leading cause of nephrology consultation and is associated with high mortality rates. The primary causes of AKI include ischemia, hypoxia, or nephrotoxicity. An underlying feature is a rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) usually associated with decreases in renal blood flow. Inflammation represents an important additional component of AKI leading to the extension phase of injury, which may be associated with insensitivity to vasodilator therapy. It is suggested that targeting the extension phase represents an area potential of treatment with the greatest possible impact. The underlying basis of renal injury appears to be impaired energetics of the highly metabolically active nephron segments (i.e., proximal tubules and thick ascending limb) in the renal outer medulla, which can trigger conversion from transient hypoxia to intrinsic renal failure. Injury to kidney cells can be lethal or sublethal. Sublethal injury represents an important component in AKI, as it may profoundly influence GFR and renal blood flow. The nature of the recovery response is mediated by the degree to which sublethal cells can restore normal function and promote regeneration. The successful recovery from AKI depends on the degree to which these repair processes ensue and these may be compromised in elderly or chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Recent data suggest that AKI represents a potential link to CKD in surviving patients. Finally, earlier diagnosis of AKI represents an important area in treating patients with AKI that has spawned increased awareness of the potential that biomarkers of AKI may play in the future. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1303‐1353, 2012.
Modulation of Voltage‐Gated Ion Channels by Sialylation
Authors: Ednie Andrew R. , Bennett Eric S.
Published: March 2012

Control and modulation of electrical signaling is vital to normal physiology, particularly in neurons, cardiac myocytes, and skeletal muscle. The orchestrated activities of variable sets of ion channels and transporters, including voltage‐gated ion channels (VGICs), are responsible for initiation, conduction, and termination of the action potential (AP) in excitable cells. Slight changes in VGIC activity can lead to severe pathologies including arrhythmias, epilepsies, and paralyses, while normal excitability depends on the precise tuning of the AP waveform. VGICs are heavily posttranslationally modified, with upward of 30% of the mature channel mass consisting of N‐ and O‐glycans. These glycans are terminated typically by negatively charged sialic acid residues that modulate voltage‐dependent channel gating directly. The data indicate that sialic acids alter VGIC activity in isoform‐specific manners, dependent in part, on the number/location of channel sialic acids attached to the pore‐forming alpha and/or auxiliary subunits that often act through saturating electrostatic mechanisms. Additionally, cell‐specific regulation of sialylation can affect VGIC gating distinctly. Thus, channel sialylation is likely regulated through two mechanisms that together contribute to a dynamic spectrum of possible gating motifs: a subunit‐specific mechanism and regulated (aberrant) changes in the ability of the cell to glycosylate. Recent studies showed that neuronal and cardiac excitability is modulated through regulated changes in voltage‐gated Na+channel sialylation, suggesting that both mechanisms of differential VGIC sialylation contribute to electrical signaling in the brain and heart. Together, the data provide insight into an important and novel paradigm involved in the control and modulation of electrical signaling. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1269‐1301, 2012.
Regulation of Transport in the Connecting Tubule and Cortical Collecting Duct
Authors: Staruschenko Alexander
Published: March 2012

The central goal of this overview article is to summarize recent findings in renal epithelial transport, focusing chiefly on the connecting tubule (CNT) and the cortical collecting duct (CCD). Mammalian CCD and CNT are involved in fine‐tuning of electrolyte and fluid balance through reabsorption and secretion. Specific transporters and channels mediate vectorial movements of water and solutes in these segments. Although only a small percent of the glomerular filtrate reaches the CNT and CCD, these segments are critical for water and electrolyte homeostasis since several hormones, for example, aldosterone and arginine vasopressin, exert their main effects in these nephron sites. Importantly, hormones regulate the function of the entire nephron and kidney by affecting channels and transporters in the CNT and CCD. Knowledge about the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of transport in the CNT and CCD and particular roles of specific channels/transporters has increased tremendously over the last two decades. Recent studies shed new light on several key questions concerning the regulation of renal transport. Precise distribution patterns of transport proteins in the CCD and CNT will be reviewed, and their physiological roles and mechanisms mediating ion transport in these segments will also be covered. Special emphasis will be given to pathophysiological conditions appearing as a result of abnormalities in renal transport in the CNT and CCD. © 2012 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol2:1541‐1584, 2012.
Analysis of current–voltage characteristics for memristive elements in pattern recognition systems
Authors: Corinto Fernando , Ascoli Alon , Gilli Marco
Published: March 2012

A topologically simple memristive‐based oscillatory network showing a wide plethora of dynamical behaviors may be a good candidate for the realization of innovative oscillatory associative and dynamic memories for the recognition of spatial–temporal synchronization states. The design of such pattern recognition systems may not leave aside a preliminary thorough investigation of the nonlinear dynamics of the network and its basic components. In a synchronization scenario with almost‐sinusoidal oscillations, each of the memristive elements used in the cells of the network under consideration features an unusual current–voltage behavior. This manuscript models the linear circuitry and the memristive element in each cell so as to capture the observed dynamics and then presents an analytical study explaining the quantitative dependence of memristive current–voltage behavior on excitation amplitude–angular frequency ratio and on initial condition on the system state. This work leads to the first rigorous classification of all possible current–voltage characteristics for a sine‐wave voltage‐driven memristive element. This analytical study shall pave way towards a better understanding of the complex and still unexplored dynamical properties of this nonlinear device, whose distinct features could improve the capabilities of future‐generation pattern recognition systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.