bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postpartum Metabolic Function in Women Delivering a Macrosomic Infant in the Absence of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kew Simone , Ye Chang , Sermer Mathew , Connelly Philip W. , Hanley Anthony J.G. , Zinman Bernard , Retnakaran Ravi
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with fetal macrosomia and maternal postpartum dysglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction. Indeed, in practice, a prior pregnancy that resulted in a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) delivery is often considered presumptive evidence of GDM, whether or not it was diagnosed at the time. If this clinical assumption is correct, however, we would expect these women to exhibit postpartum metabolic dysfunction. Thus, to test this hypothesis, we assessed metabolic function during and after pregnancy in a cohort of women stratified according to the presence/absence of GDM and LGA delivery, respectively.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 562 women underwent metabolic characterization, including oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), in late pregnancy and at 3 months’ postpartum. The women were stratified into three groups: those with neither GDM nor LGA delivery (nonGDM, n = 364), those without GDM but with LGA delivery (nonGDM–LGA, n = 46), and those with GDM (n = 152).

RESULTS

On logistic regression, GDM predicted postpartum glucose intolerance (OR 4.1 [95% CI 2.5–6.8]; P < 0.0001), whereas nonGDM–LGA did not (P = 0.65). At 3 months’ postpartum, the mean adjusted levels of fasting glucose and area under the glucose curve on the OGTT were significantly higher in the GDM women compared with either nonGDM or nonGDM–LGA (all P < 0.05), with no differences between the latter two groups. In a similar manner, mean adjusted insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index) and β-cell function (Insulin Secretion-Sensitivity Index-2) were lower in GDM women compared with either nonGDM or nonGDM–LGA (all P < 0.05), again with no differences between the latter two groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Women with nonGDM–LGA do not exhibit postpartum metabolic dysfunction, arguing against the assumption of undiagnosed GDM in these patients.
Elimination of Chloramphenicol in Rainbow Trout Receiving Medicated Feed
Authors: Bilandžić Nina , Varenina Ivana , Tanković Sanin , Kolanović Božica
Published: October 2011

Elimination of Chloramphenicol in Rainbow Trout Receiving Medicated Feed

Chloramphenicol muscle residue levels in rainbow trout were determined after oral administration of 84 μg kg-1d-1 of chloramphenicol for four days. Samples were taken one day before treatment and for 43 days after the treatment was over. Chloramphenicol was analysed using an in-house enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA) validated against the criteria of the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Validation parameters confirmed that the method was appropriate for the detection of chloramphenicol at levels below the minimum required performance limit (MRPL) of 0.3 μg kg-1. The highest chloramphenicol levels were observed on the first day after the treatment had ended (144.3 μg kg-1). Elimination was significant over the first seven days; significant differences were detected between days 1 and 3 (p<0.001), 3 and 5 (p<0.001), and 5 and 7 (p<0.05). Chloramphenicol levels dropped below MRPL to 0.17 μg kg-1 on day 9 after the end of treatment. From day 11 to 43, chloramphenicol residues were detectable in a range from 0.091 μg kg-1 (highest) to 0.011 μg kg-1 (lowest). Our results indicate that trout muscle tissue could be compliant with health requirements for consumption 10 days after withdrawal from chloramphenicol treatment.
Notable Radiophysicists and Radiochemists in Croatia by 1945
Authors: Hanžek Branko , Franić Zdenko , Branica Gina
Published: October 2011

Znameniti radiofizičari i radiokemičari u Hrvatskoj do 1945

U ovome preglednom radu dan je uvid u život i rad doajena znanosti o zračenju i zaštite od zračenja u Hrvatskoj do 1945. godine. Efektivni počeci znanosti o zračenju, pa tako i zaštite od zračenja na području Hrvatske sežu čak do kraja 19. stoljeća. Fizičari i kemičari bili su među prvima mogućim žrtvama izloženosti ionizirajućem zračenju, pa su tako i bili prvi koji su upozoravali na štetne učinke radijacije na žive organizme. Pretraživanje dostupnih arhiva i poznate literature nije samo rasvijetlilo život i rad doajena znanosti o zračenju već je omogućilo sistematičan uvid u do sada nepoznate detalje važne za povijest i razvoj znanosti o zračenju, zaštite od zračenja, kao i o medicinskoj fizici. Sve to pokazuje da Hrvatska od samoga početka ne samo da slijedi najsuvremenije znanstvene spoznaje iz tih područja, već i njima aktivno pridonosi.
Comparison of numerical methods for light propagating in fibers with high steps of refractive index
Authors: Zegadło K. , Karpierz M.
Published: October 2011

Fast development of complex structures like microstructural fibers, photonic nanowires or slot waveguides requires numerical tools to predict a light propagation. There are many works concerning weakly guided case, but the microstructural fibers need algorithm for a high step of the refractive index. In this paper, three approximate methods are compared. The comparison concerns a structure consisting of circular cores surrounded by cladding for different values of the refractive index steps. Application of these methods in chromatic dispersion case is also presented. It is shown that certain conditions prefer two dimensional scalar algorithms (based on approximated methods) than three dimensional ones. This allows us to implement more efficient and less complicated methods.
Kinematic Analysis of Canoe Stroke and its Changes During Different Types of Paddling Pace - Case Study
Authors: Zahálka František , Malý Tomáš , Malá Lucie , Doktor Martin , Větrovský Jan
Published: October 2011

Kinematic Analysis of Canoe Stroke and its Changes During Different Types of Paddling Pace - Case Study

The aim of the study was to describe and evaluate movements of an elite canoeist when different paddling paces are applied. One of the tasks consisted of finding differences in time-space characteristics of selected markers in the referencing system canoeist's body - canoe. 3D kinematic analysis was used for identification and comparison of selected parameters. The study confirmed that an elite canoeist has a high level of movement similarity in all types of stroke rates; differences were mainly found in time sequence of applied strokes. To evaluate properly the racing stroke rate, start, flying start, 200m pace, 500m pace, and 1000m pace were chosen. One of the evaluated parameters was the boat velocity that was 2.1-4.5 ms-1 at start, 3.2-5.2 ms-1 at flying start, 3.9-6.1 ms-1 at 200m pace, 3.9-5.9 ms-1 at 500m pace and 3.0-5.4 ms-1 at 1000m pace. Vertical change of the position of the right hand was 0.77 m at start, 0.73 m at flying start, 0.87 at 200m pace, 0.89 at 500m pace and 0.81 m at 1000m pace.
Heart Rate Responses and Training Load During Nonspecific and Specific Aerobic Training in Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes
Authors: Haddad Monoem , Chaouachi Anis , Wong Del , Castagna Carlo , Chamari Karim
Published: October 2011

Heart Rate Responses and Training Load During Nonspecific and Specific Aerobic Training in Adolescent Taekwondo Athletes

The efficacy of replacing generic running with Taekwondo (TKD) specific technical skills during interval training at an intensity corresponding to 90-95% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the HR responses and perceived exertion between controlled running and high-intensity TKD technical interval training in adolescent TKD athletes. Eighteen adolescent, male TKD athletes performed short-duration interval running and TKD specific technical skills (i.e. 10-20 [10-s of exercise interspersed with 20 s of passive recovery]) in a counterbalanced design. In both training methods, HR was measured and expressed as the percentage of HR reserve (%HRres). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE, Borg's category rating-10 scale), Banister's training impulse (TRIMP) and Edwards' training load (TL) were used to quantify the internal training load. Recorded cardiovascular responses expressed in %HRres in the two training methods were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the two training methods induced similar training loads as calculated by Banister and Edwards' methods. Perceived exertion ranged between "hard" and "very hard" during all interval training sessions. These findings showed that performing repeated TKD specific skills increased HR to the same level, and were perceived as producing the same training intensity as did short-duration interval running in adolescent TKD athletes. Therefore, using specific TKD kicking exercises in high-intensity interval training can be applied to bring more variety during training, mixing physical and technical aspects of the sport, while reaching the same intensity as interval running.
Functional Abilities as a Predictor of Specific Motor Skills of Young Water Polo Players
Authors: Aleksandrović Marko , Radovanović Dragan , Okičić Tomislav , Madić Dejan , Georgiev Georgi
Published: October 2011

Functional Abilities as a Predictor of Specific Motor Skills of Young Water Polo Players

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of functional abilities on specificmotor skills. A total number of 92 male water polo players (age 12±0.5 years, body height 156.96±22.3 cm, body weight 51.02±33.18 kg) with at least two years' experience, were enrolled in the study. The investigation protocol consisted of standardized anthropometric measurements, estimation of maximum oxygen uptake, determination of the lung function values, specific swim tests and swim tests with a ball. The factor analysis was used for the estimation of the structure of specific motor skills. The influence of functional abilities on specific motor skills was estimated by regression analysis. Out of 15 correlations in total between the variables of space of functional abilities of water polo players, 6 were significant at the level of 95% (between the variables of aerobic power and lung function) and all of the correlations (15) between the variables of specific motor skills in water polo players were significant at the 99% level. Only one principal component, the General factor of specific motor skills in water polo (GFSWP) was obtained by way of factorization of the tests of specific motor skills, so the GFSWP represents the latent space of specific motor skills as a criterion. The regression analysis showed that functional abilities (as group predictors) (p= 0.00) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (as a separate variable) have a significant influence on GFSWP (the criterion). The results of the study pointed out the impact of functional abilities on specific motor skills of selected young water polo players. This may be important for the selection and effective coaching in the early period of training and can affect the development of more appropriate and specific training programmes for optimal physical fitness preparation in young water polo players.
Energy Expenditure Combining Strength and Aerobic Training
Authors: Vilaça José , Bottaro Martim , Santos Catarina
Published: October 2011

Energy Expenditure Combining Strength and Aerobic Training

The combination of Strength Training (ST) with Aerobic Training (AT) exercises in the same training session, which commonly appears in literature as the concurrent training, is widely used in fitness and physical condition programs, especially when the aim is to increase the energy expenditure during and after training session. The aim of this study was to identify, through literature, whether the combination of exercises of the ST with exercises of the AT allows changes in body composition and energy expenditure during and after the training session. Chronic studies have showed a positive effect on body composition (decreased in relative body fat) when the ST are combined with AT. Similarly, the acute effects of the order of combining these two types of exercise does not seem to affect energy expenditure, measured by oxygen consumption (VO2), during the training session and only change this expenditure in the first 15 minutes after the training session. In conclusion, we can say that the studies indicate that the combination of exercises of the ST with exercises of the AT has a positive effect on changes in body composition, and energy expenditure during and after training sessions.
Neuromuscular Compression Garments: Effects on Neuromuscular Strength and Recovery
Authors: Bottaro Martim , Martorelli Saulo , Vilaça José
Published: October 2011

Neuromuscular Compression Garments: Effects on Neuromuscular Strength and Recovery

Graduated compression stockings have been used as a mechanical method of deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis for several years. Several studies have demonstrated an increase in mean deep venous velocity, reduced venous pooling, improved venous return, and increase blood lactate clearance in subjects who wore graduated compression stockings during exercise. A possible improvement in venous return during and after exercise may facilitate the clearance of metabolites produced during exercise. Also, studies have suggested that compressive clothing can promote tissue regeneration and consequently positively benefit the muscle function following strenuous exercise. However, the results from the previous studies are controversial. Also, the majority of the studies investigated the effects of compression stockings and there is a lack of studies using different compression garments such as compression shorts, shirts and sleeves. Thus, the purpose of this text is to briefly review the possible effects of compression garments on exercise performance and muscle recovery.
Associations Between Rate of Force Development Metrics and Throwing Velocity in Elite Team Handball Players: a Short Research Report
Authors: Marques Mário , Saavedra Francisco , Abrantes Catarina , Aidar Felipe
Published: October 2011

Associations Between Rate of Force Development Metrics and Throwing Velocity in Elite Team Handball Players: a Short Research Report

Performance assessment has become an invaluable component of monitoring participant's development in distinct sports, yet limited and contradictory data are available in trained subjects. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ball throwing velocity during a 3-step running throw in elite team handball players and selected measures of rate of force development like force, power, velocity, and bar displacement during a concentric only bench press exercise in elite male handball players. Fitteen elite senior male team handball players volunteered to participate. Each volunteer had power and bar velocity measured during a concentric only bench press test with 25, 35, and 45 kg as well as having one-repetition maximum strength determined. Ball throwing velocity was evaluated with a standard 3-step running throw using a radar gun. The results of this study indicated significant associations between ball velocity and time at maximum rate of force development (0, 66; p<0.05) and rate of force development at peak force (0, 56; p<0.05) only with 25kg load. The current research indicated that ball velocity was only median associated with maximum rate of force development with light loads. A training regimen designed to improve ball-throwing velocity in elite male team handball players should emphasize bench press movement using light loads.
Can Energy Cost During Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise be Predicted by the OMNI-RES Scale?
Authors: Vianna Jefferson , Reis Victor , Saavedra Francisco , Damasceno Vinicius , Silva Sérgio , Goss Fredric
Published: October 2011

Can Energy Cost During Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise be Predicted by the OMNI-RES Scale?

The aim of the present study was to assess the precision of the OMNI-RES scale to predict energy cost (EC) at low intensity in four resistance exercises (RE). 17 male recreational body builders (age = 26.6 ± 4.9 years; height = 177.7 ± 0.1 cm; body weight = 79.0 ± 11.1 kg and percent body fat = 10.5 ± 4.6%) served as subjects. Initially tests to determine 1RM for four resistance exercises (bench press, half squat, lat pull down and triceps extension) were administered. Subjects also performed resistance exercise at 12, 16, 20, and 24% of 1RM at a rate of 40 bpm until volitional exhaustion. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) using the OMNI-RES were obtained during and after all RE. EC was calculated using VO2 and the caloric values of VO2 for non-protein RER. Regression analyses were performed for every RE, using EC as the dependent and RPE as the predictor variable. The triceps extension, lat pull down and bench press, RPE correlated strongly with EC (R > 0.97) and predicted EC with a error of less than 0.2 kcal.min-1. In conclusion, RPE using the OMNI-RES scale can be considered as an accurate indicator of EC in the bench press, lat pull down and triceps extension performed by recreational bodybuilders, provided lower intensities are used (up to 24% of 1-RM) and provided each set of exercise is performed for the maximal sustainable duration. It would be interesting in future studies to consider having the subjects exercise at low intensities for longer durations than those in the present study.
Problem of Lattice Rotation Due to Plastic Deformation. Example of Rolling of f.c.c Materials
Authors: Wierzbanowski K. , Wroński M. , Baczmański A. , Bacroix B. , Lipinski P. , Lodini A.
Published: October 2011

Problem of Lattice Rotation Due to Plastic Deformation. Example of Rolling of f.c.c Materials

Rotations of grain crystal lattice are responsible for texture formation during plastic deformation. The classical definition of lattice rotation leads in some cases to different texture predictions than the definition based on the orientation preservation of selected sample directions and/or planes. For example, if classical <110>{111} slip is taken into account for f.c.c. materials, the former approach enables to predict both copper and brass types of rolling texture, while classical approach predicts only the first one. The analysis of rolling process was done for two types of lattice rotation and in function of grain-matrix interaction parameter used in a deformation model. Correlation factors estimating the similarity of predicted and experimental textures as well as the shares of ideal orientations are discussed.
The Kinetics of Phase Transformations During Continuous Cooling of the Ti6Al4V Alloy from the Single-Phase β Range
Authors: Dąbrowski R.
Published: October 2011

The Kinetics of Phase Transformations During Continuous Cooling of the Ti6Al4V Alloy from the Single-Phase β Range

The paper reports on a study of the kinetics of phase transformations during continuous cooling of the alpha-beta Ti6Al4V titanium alloy from the β range. After cooling from 1020°C at a rate higher than critical the martensitic β ← α' transformation occurred. At rates lower than critical in addition to the martensitic reaction also the diffusional β ← α transformation took place. Metallographic examination of samples cooled at various rates within the range of diffusional transformations, revealed variations in the α phase morphology changing from lamellar, after cooling at between 7.3 and 0.015°C/s, to granular, as observed after cooling at 0.012°C/s. The phase transformations were also clearly seen in dilatometric curves.
Sintered Materials for Bipolar Plates
Authors: Włodarczyk R. , Dudek A.
Published: October 2011

Sintered Materials for Bipolar Plates

This study presents an analysis of opportunities of the application of stainless steel for interconnectors in fuel cells. The investigations also included microstructural analysis of sintered materials in terms of use of them as interconnectors in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Corrosion resistance in sinters made of a stainless steel was analysed in sulphate solutions; general corrosion resistance and pitting corrosion resistance were tested in the presence of chloride ions. Due to the multifunctionality of materials for interconnectors, selection of these materials is extremely difficult. Results of the investigations of corrosion resistance prove that corrosion resistance is connected with the structure of material and chemical composition of sinters.
Tribological Properties of Rail Steel in Straight Moderately Loaded Sections of Railway Tracks
Authors: Bąkowski H. , Posmyk A. , Krawczyk J.
Published: October 2011

Tribological Properties of Rail Steel in Straight Moderately Loaded Sections of Railway Tracks

The paper describes the examination results of tribological properties of three types of steels used and suggested for rails manufacturing. The tests concentrated on loads, sliding and rolling speeds similar to those occurring in real conditions i.e. rolling track operation. Average loaded conditions were assumed and applied at straight railway track sections. Slight track declivity and high/low speeds of locomotive were considered. "Amsler" stand was used for laboratory tests. Three types of steels i.e. two pearlitic steels: WHT - without heat treatment, HT - with heat treatment (with the microstructure of fine pearlite) as well as one bainitic steel suggested for rail production have been tested. The measurements of wear, hardness, friction coefficient as well as structural changes at surface layers of the tested rollers have been performed during the test.
Minimization of Maximum Errors in Universal Approximation of the Unit Circle by a Polygon
Authors: Borkowski Józef
Published: October 2011

Minimization of Maximum Errors in Universal Approximation of the Unit Circle by a Polygon

This paper presents a universal approximation of the unit circle by a polygon that can be used in signal processing algorithms. Optimal choice of the values of three parameters of this approximation allows one to obtain a high accuracy of approximation. The approximation described in the paper has a universal character and can be used in many signal processing algorithms, such as DFT, that use the mathematical form of the unit circle. One of the applications of the described approximation is the DFT linear interpolation method (LIDFT). Applying the results of the presented paper to improve the LIDFT method allows one to significantly decrease the errors in estimating the amplitudes and frequencies of multifrequency signal components. The paper presents the derived formulas, an analysis of the approximation accuracy and the region of best values for the approximation parameters.
A New Diagnosing Method of the Internal Structure of the Titanium Fan of a Jet Engine with Laser Ultrasonics
Authors: Swornowski Paweł
Published: October 2011

A New Diagnosing Method of the Internal Structure of the Titanium Fan of a Jet Engine with Laser Ultrasonics

Advanced metallic material processes (titanium) are used or developed for the production of heavily loaded flying components (in fan blade construction). The article presents one process for diagnosing the blade interior by means of laser ultrasonography. The inspection of these parts, which are mainly made of titanium, requires the determination of the percentage of bonded grain sizes from around 10 to 30 μm. This is primarily due to the advantages of a high signal-to-noise ratio and good detection sensitivity. The results of the research into the internal blade structure are attached.
Contribution to the biogeography of arctic-alpine fungi: first records in the Southern Carpathians (Romania)
Authors: Ronikier A.
Published: October 2011

Contribution to the biogeography of arctic-alpine fungi: first records in the Southern Carpathians (Romania)

A list of 24 species collected in the alpine zone of the Southern Carpathians is given. Fourteen species are new to Romania and the Southern Carpathians; five have not been previously reported from the Carpathian Mts. A synopsis of the geographical distribution of eleven species representing the arctic-alpine element is included. The seven most interesting species, Inocybe alboperonata, I. microfastigiata, I. nespiakii, I. oreina, Lactarius brunneoviolaceus, L. nanus, and Russula heterochroa, are described and illustrations of their microcharacters are given.
The lichen flora of Svalbard
Authors: Øvstedal D. , Tønsberg T. , Elvebakk A.
Published: October 2011

The lichen flora of Svalbard

742 species, including 151 reported for the first time, are treated from Svalbard (exclusive of Bjørnøya). New to science are: Bryocaulon hyperborea Øvstedal (also known from Greenland), Buellia insularis Øvstedal, Lepraria svalbardensis Tønsberg, Placynthium pulvinatum Øvstedal (also recorded from mainland Norway), Rhizocarpon dahlii Øvstedal, R. tephromelae Øvstedal, and Tephromela lucifuga Øvstedal & Tønsberg. New combinations are: Aspicilia major (Lynge) Øvstedal, Aspicilia punctiformis (Lynge) Øvstedal, Cetraria racemosa (Lynge) Øvstedal, Miriquidica picea (Lynge) Øvstedal, and Stereocaulon compactum (I. M. Lamb) Øvstedal. Information on morphology, anatomy, chemistry, substrate preferences and distribution is included for all taxa. Keys to genera and species are provided. Separate keys are provided for sorediate species on rock and on soil/bryophytes. 6 % of the species are defined as cosmopolitan. More than one third has a bipolar distribution, whereas about 60 % are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere, 52 species are high-arctic and lacking from Fennoscandia, and 12 species are at present known as Svalbard endemics.
Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization and Cytogenetic Analysis in Pediatric Acute Leukemias
Authors: Dawson A.J. , Yanofsky R. , Vallente R. , Bal S. , Schroedter I. , Liang L. , Mai S.
Published: October 2011

Most patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (all) are reported to have acquired chromosomal abnormalities in their leukemic bone marrow cells. Many established chromosome rearrangements have been described, and their associations with specific clinical, biologic, and prognostic features are well defined. However, approximately 30% of pediatric and 50% of adult patients with all do not have cytogenetic abnormalities of clinical significance. Despite significant improvements in outcome for pediatric all, therapy fails in approximately 25% of patients, and these failures often occur unpredictably in patients with a favorable prognosis and “good” cytogenetics at diagnosis. It is well known that karyotype analysis in hematologic malignancies, although genome-wide, is limited because of altered cell kinetics (mitotic rate), a propensity of leukemic blasts to undergo apoptosis in culture, overgrowth by normal cells, and chromosomes of poor quality in the abnormal clone. Array comparative genomic hybridization (acgh— “microarray”) has a greatly increased genomic resolution over classical cytogenetics. Cytogenetic microarray, which uses genomic dna, is a powerful tool in the analysis of unbalanced chromosome rearrangements, such as copy number gains and losses, and it is the method of choice when the mitotic index is low and the quality of metaphases is suboptimal. The copy number profile obtained by microarray is often called a “molecular karyotype.” In the present study, microarray was applied to 9 retrospective cases of pediatric all either with initial high-risk features or with at least 1 relapse. The conventional karyotype was compared to the “molecular karyotype” to assess abnormalities as interpreted by classical cytogenetics. Not only were previously undetected chromosome losses and gains identified by microarray, but several karyotypes interpreted by classical cytogenetics were shown to be discordant with the microarray results. The complementary use of microarray and conventional cytogenetics would allow for more sensitive, comprehensive, and accurate analysis of the underlying genetic profile, with concomitant improvement in prognosis and treatment, not only for pediatric all, but for neoplastic disorders in general.
The Role of Transglutaminases in the Pathophysiology of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Ablin Richard , Jiang Wen
Published: October 2011

Quantification of the enzymatic activity of macromolecules has been a longstanding adjunctive approach in the diagnosis and prognosis of a variety of diseases, including cancer.[...]
Health Care Strategies to Promote Earlier Presentation of Symptomatic Breast Cancer: Perspectives of Women and Family Physicians
Authors: Heisey R. , Clemons M. , Granek L. , Fergus K. , Hum S. , Lord B. , McCready D.R. , Fitzgerald B.
Published: October 2011

Background: Many women with symptoms suggestive of a breast cancer diagnosis delay presentation to their family physician. Although factors associated with delay have been well described, there is a paucity of data on strategies to mitigate delay. Objectives: We conducted a qualitative research project to examine factors related to delay and to identify health care system changes that might encourage earlier presentation. Methods: Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who sought care 12 weeks or more after self-detection of breast cancer symptoms and with family physicians whose practices included patients meeting that criterion. Results: The women and physicians both suggested a need for clearer screening mammography guidelines for women 40–49 years of age and for better messaging concerning breast awareness. The use of additional hopeful testimonials from breast cancer survivors were suggested to help dispel the notion of cancer as a “death sentence.” Educational initiatives were proposed, aimed at both increasing awareness of “non-lump” breast cancer symptoms and advising women that a previous benign diagnosis does not ensure that future symptoms are not cancer. Women wanted empathic nonjudgmental access to care. Improved methods to track compliance with screening mammography and with periodic health exams and access to a rapid diagnostic process were suggested. Conclusions: A list of “at-risk situations for delay” in diagnosis of breast cancer was developed for physicians to assist in identifying women who might delay. Health care system changes actionable both at the health policy level and in the family physician’s office were identified to encourage earlier presentation of women with symptomatic breast cancer.
Early-Onset Breast Cancer: What do We Know about the Risk Factors?
Authors: Narod S.A.
Published: October 2011

If a woman develops invasive breast cancer in the left breast at age 30, the probability of her developing breast cancer in the right breast by age 40 is about 5% (0.5% per year) 1.[...]
Introducing Countercurrents—A New Feature of Current Oncology
Authors: Foulkes W.D.
Published: October 2011

This issue of Current Oncology contains a new editorial feature that we are calling “Countercurrents.” In this invited series of short pieces, we hope to challenge some of the received wisdom in oncology. These editorials will be written by Dr. Steven Narod, Professor of Medicine at the Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, who is based at Women’s College Research Institute.[...]
Multidisciplinary Canadian consensus recommendations for the management and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sherman M. , Burak K. , Maroun J. , Metrakos P. , Knox J.J. , Myers R.P. , Guindi M. , Porter G. , Kachura J.R. , Rasuli P. , Gill S. , Ghali P. , Chaudhury P. , Siddiqui J. , Valenti D. , Weiss A. , Wong R.
Published: October 2011

Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is the third most common cause of death from cancer, after lung and stomach cancer. The incidence of hcc in Canada is increasing and is expected to continue to increase over the next decade. Given the high mortality rate associated with hcc, steps are required to mitigate the impact of the disease. To address this challenging situation, a panel of 17 hcc experts, representing gastroenterologists, hepatologists, hepatobiliary surgeons, medical oncologists, pathologists, and radiologists from across Canada, convened to provide a framework that, using an evidence-based approach, will assist clinicians in optimizing the management and treatment of hcc. The recommendations, summarized here, were developed based on a rigorous methodology in a pre-specified process that was overseen by the steering committee. Specific topics were identified by the steering committee and delegated to a group of content experts within the expert panel, who then systematically reviewed the literature on that topic and drafted the related content and recommendations. The set of recommendations for each topic were reviewed and assigned a level of evidence and grade according to the levels of evidence set out by the Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom. Agreement on the level of evidence for each recommendation was achieved by consensus. Consensus was defined as agreement by a two-thirds majority of the 17 members of the expert panel. Recommendations were subject to iterative review and modification by the expert panel until consensus could be achieved.
THE USE OF MAGNETIC COERCIVITY METHOD TO DIAGNOSE CRANE METALWARE
Authors: Starikov Maxim , Beljatynskij Andrey , Prentkovskis Olegas , Klimenko Irina
Published: October 2011

The recent problem of estimating the residual life of metal structures for handling equipment is actual, since more than 90% exhausted its regulatory resources. The current paper proposes an approach to solve this problem by using the coercive force. It is shown that in order to determinate damage of dangerous element of crane it is needed to know not only a coercive force but also a stress. Mathematical model is proposed to determine the damage of metal ware.
MAKING TRANSPORT SAFER: V2V-BASED AUTOMATED EMERGENCY BRAKING SYSTEM
Authors: Milanés Vicente , Onieva Enrique , Pérez Joshué , Simó Javier , González Carlos , Pedro Teresa de
Published: October 2011

An important goal in the field of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) is to provide driving aids aimed at preventing accidents and reducing the number of traffic victims. The commonest traffic accidents in urban areas are due to sudden braking that demands a very fast response on the part of drivers. Attempts to solve this problem have motivated many ITS advances including the detection of the intention of surrounding cars using lasers, radars or cameras. However, this might not be enough to increase safety when there is a danger of collision. Vehicle to vehicle communications are needed to ensure that the other intentions of cars are also available. The article describes the development of a controller to perform an emergency stop via an electro-hydraulic braking system employed on dry asphalt. An original V2V communication scheme based on WiFi cards has been used for broadcasting positioning information to other vehicles. The reliability of the scheme has been theoretically analyzed to estimate its performance when the number of vehicles involved is much higher. This controller has been incorporated into the AUTOPIA program control for automatic cars. The system has been implemented in Citroën C3 Pluriel, and various tests were performed to evaluate its operation.
VIABLE URBAN REDEVELOPMENTS – EXCHANGING EQUITY FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY / PERSPEKTYVUS MIESTO PERTVARKYMAS: NUOSAVO KAPITALO MAINYMAS Į EFEKTYVŲ ENERGIJOS VARTOJIMĄ
Authors: Kuronen Matti , Luoma-Halkola Jukka , Junnila Seppo , Heywood Chris , Majamaa Wisa
Published: October 2011

This research paper examines the potential of urban refurbishment projects to accommodate ambitious low-energy solutions. This can be made possible by aligning the interests of the community (energy conservation) and owner (increased value) through redeveloping the land owned by present residents being used as equity to finance the low-energy upgrades to existing dwellings. This holistic view of urban redevelopment is presented as a financial analysis model. In the paper a real-life case of the Siltamäki suburb in Helsinki, Finland, is presented and analysed. The approach used to interpret the case is the Public-Private-People Partnership (4P). It was found that the developed model allows several different scenarios to be presented for decision-making without compromising any of the stakeholder's financial interests and, that owner-occupiers can, as a result, have new energy efficient refurbishment options. The originality of this paper lies in the way the owner-occupiers’ viewpoint is included in a refurbishment and redevelopment process.

Santrauka

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos galimybės miesto atnaujinimo projektuose taikyti ambicingus energiją taupančius sprendimus. Tai gali būti įmanoma, kai pertvarkant dabartiniams gyventojams priklausančius sklypus bendruomenės interesai (energijos taupymas) derinami su savininko interesais (didesne verte), o sklypai naudojami kaip nuosavas kapitalas, iš kurio finansuojamas esamų būstų atnaujinimas diegiant energiją taupančius sprendimus. Toks holistinis požiūris į miestų pertvarkymą pateikiamas kaip finansinės analizės modelis. Darbe pristatomas ir analizuojamas realus Siltamäki priemiesčio Helsinkyje (Suomija) atvejis. Atvejui interpretuoti naudojamas viešojo sektoriaus, privačiojo sektoriaus ir žmonių partnerystės požiūris. Nustatyta, kad sukurtas modelis leidžia sprendimų priėmimui pateikti kelis skirtingus scenarijus, kurie nekelia pavojaus nė vienos suinteresuotos grupės finansiniams interesams, o gyvenantys savininkai turi galimybę rinktis iš naujų atnaujinimo variantų, siūlančių efektyvų energijos vartojimą. Naujumo šiam darbui suteikia tai, kad į atnaujinimo ir pertvarkymo procesą įtraukiamas gyvenančio savininko požiūris.
La démocratisation de l'école à Dakar : les enseignements d'une enquête biographique
Authors: Moguérou Laure
Published: October 2011

Résumé La question de la démocratisation de l’enseignement fait l’objet de recherches nombreuses dans les pays développés, mais n’a suscité que peu d’intérêt en Afrique francophone, du fait notamment d’un problème de mesure : les statistiques éducatives ne contiennent pas d’informations sur les caractéristiques des élèves et de leurs familles, tandis que les enquêtes-ménages ne sont guère comparables entre elles. Cette question est explorée ici à partir d’une enquête biographique menée en 2001. La comparaison des destins scolaires de différentes cohortes d’hommes et de femmes, en fonction notamment de leur milieu social d’origine, montre que l’école s’est ouverte à un public plus large, mais que la poursuite des scolarités au-delà du primaire reste problématique, particulièrement dans les milieux les plus touchés par la crise économique et sociale persistante. La progression manifeste des scolarités féminines tant au niveau primaire que secondaire ne leur permet toutefois pas de rattraper totalement les garçons.
Sexe du chef de ménage et inégalités scolaires à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Wayack Pambè Madeleine , Pilon Marc
Published: October 2011

Résumé Les possibilités d’éducation des enfants qui vivent dans un ménage dirigé par une femme en Afrique subsaharienne ont été bien décrites, mais on sait peu de choses sur la distribution de cet effet entre les différents enfants au sein du ménage. À partir des données censitaires de 2006 de Ouagadougou, l’article a comme double objectif de revisiter le résultat de la meilleure scolarisation des enfants par les femmes chefs de ménages en Afrique subsaharienne, et d’examiner si cette aptitude des femmes joue un rôle dans la réduction des inégalités scolaires selon le genre et le statut familial des enfants. Les résultats montrent que les enfants qui sont mieux scolarisés par les femmes que par les hommes chefs de ménage sont principalement les garçons qui leurs sont confiés. Ils montrent aussi que les ménages dirigés par les femmes sont plus discriminatoires à l’encontre des filles que ceux dirigés par les hommes.
Carabins de l'université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar : diagnostic des inégalités, autopsie des parcours
Authors: Sy Harouna
Published: October 2011

Résumé L’auteur mène une analyse construite à partir d’un questionnement sur les inégalités à la faculté de Médecine de l’université de Dakar. Cette analyse se fonde, d’un point de vue méthodologique, sur des cohortes reconstituées pour proposer une description de l’état des inégalités à l’intérieur d’un espace sociopédagogique à trois dimensions : origine sociale, profil, et parcours. L’auteur propose de montrer comment et pourquoi cette faculté est devenue un lieu de relégation où se font jour des luttes de positionnement spécifiques entre la fraction inférieure des classes moyennes et les classes populaires.
Le lien de parenté dans les jeunes générations suisses : lignées, structure et fonctions
Authors: Hammer Raphaël , Burton-Jeangros Claudine , Kellerhals Jean
Published: October 2011

Résumé Si de récents travaux sociologiques ont étudié les relations intergénérationnelles, le rôle et la place de la parenté pour les jeunes générations demeurent moins explorés. Nous présentons ici les résultats d’une enquête relative au mode d’intégration de jeunes adultes (18-25 ans) dans le réseau familial. On s’intéresse, d’un point de vue relationnel et normatif, à l’importance subjective que revêt pour eux la parenté (hors famille nucléaire). Quelle est la nature des contacts et la qualité des liens avec le groupe de parenté ? Comment se structurent ces échanges ? Quelles fonctions spécifiques remplissent les divers membres de la parenté ? Telles sont les principales lignes directrices que nous avons suivies dans nos analyses, en mettant un accent particulier sur l’appartenance lignagère et générationnelle comme facteur de différenciation des relations familiales. Nous proposons une synthèse à l’aide d’une classification hiérarchique qui permet de dégager une typologie empirique des liens que les jeunes adultes entretiennent avec leur réseau de parenté.
L'évolution démographique récente en France
Authors: Prioux France
Published: October 2011

Résumé D’après le recensement de 1999, ce sont les départements situés dans le Limousin ou à proximité dont la structure par âge est la plus vieillie, tandis que ceux de l’Île-de-France (sauf Paris) et le Nord sont les plus jeunes, car on y trouve à la fois la plus forte proportion de jeunes et la plus faible de personnes âgées de 60 ans ou plus. Depuis le dernier recensement, les départements de l’Ouest ont connu un vieillissement un peu plus rapide que la moyenne nationale, et ceux du Sud méditerranéen plutôt moins rapide. Depuis 1996, les flux d’entrées d’étrangers en France augmentent, et cette hausse concerne principalement les étrangers originaires de pays n’appartenant pas à l’Espace économique européen. La hausse de l’indicateur conjoncturel de fécondité s’est poursuivie et même accentuée en 2000. Elle est la plus forte chez les femmes de plus de 30 ans, mais la fécondité des plus jeunes aurait également augmenté. Malgré tout, la descendance finale des générations nées dans les années 1960 est en baisse, et pourrait se fixer légèrement au-dessus de 2 enfants par femme. En dépit de l’arrivée du « Pacs » (Pacte civil de solidarité), l’année 2000 a été particulièrement propice aux mariages, dont le nombre a dépassé 300 000, chiffre qui n’avait pas été atteint depuis 1983. Depuis les années 1980, la progression de la durée de vie moyenne des femmes se ralentit, tandis que celle des hommes, un moment freinée par le sida, a repris à un rythme plus élevé. Pour les hommes, les progrès sont plus importants aux âges adultes, tandis que pour les femmes, ils concernent surtout les plus âgées.
Un mariage, deux divorces ?
Authors: Festy Patrick , Kortchagina Irina
Published: October 2011

Résumé On rapproche les réponses d’hommes et de femmes divorcés à des questionnaires similaires, lors de deux enquêtes en Russie, en 1993 et 1998. Il ne s’agit pas d’anciens maris et femmes permettant une confrontation individuelle, mais d’hommes et femmes tirés d’une même base de sondage composée de couples divorcés; une comparaison statistique est donc possible. La cohérence des réponses masculines et féminines est généralement forte, en particulier sur les informations factuelles, qu’elles concernent le couple dissous ou les anciens conjoints. Sur un point de désaccord, le nombre d’enfants issus du mariage, on est surpris de vérifier que la réponse des hommes est plus fiable que celle des femmes. Un désaccord systématique sépare hommes et femmes chaque fois que la question traite du rôle respectif de l’un et de l’autre (ou de leurs familles). La place que s’attribuent les répondants est toujours plus large que celle qui leur est reconnue par « l’autre ». Serait-ce parce qu’il s’agit de couples ayant été en conflit ?
La Cité platonicienne : histoire et utopie
Authors: Charbit Yves
Published: October 2011

Résumé Depuis Malthus, plusieurs commentateurs ont relevé, dans l’œuvre de Platon, des indications quantitatives qui les ont conduits à le considérer comme un précurseur de la pensée démographique. Cet article montre que cette interprétation se heurte à plusieurs contradictions entre le texte des Lois et celui de la République et que la cohérence profonde de la pensée de Platon ne peut être mise en évidence au niveau démographique. La fascination pour les mathématiques et l’influence pythagoricienne doivent d’abord être prises en compte. Mais surtout c’est la Cité, à la fois modèle utopique idéal et construction sociale concrète, qui fournit la clé de la pensée « démographique » de Platon. Confronté au problème fondamental du pouvoir et de la justice, la solution qu’il propose est de rétablir l’harmonie entre la Cité, en tant qu’entité politique, et les citoyens qui la composent. Mais cette démarche philosophique est complétée par une polémique hostile à la démocratie, responsable selon lui de la décadence d’Athènes. La philosophie et l’histoire politique de la Grèce des IV e et V e  siècles av. J.-C. sont donc essentielles pour comprendre le sens de ces mesures, qualifiées à tort de démographiques et d’eugéniques, suspectées de relever d’une pensée totalitaire, alors qu’elles renvoient à une conception de l’homme bien différente de la nôtre.
Pour le meilleur ou pour le pire ?
Authors: Sigle-Rushton Wendy , McLanahan Sara
Published: October 2011

Résumé Pour de nombreux responsables politiques conservateurs américains, bien que les États aient réussi, moyennant de profondes réformes, à ramener vers le travail salarié les mères de famille qui vivaient de l’aide sociale, ils ont négligé une stratégie anti-pauvreté radicale : encourager la formation de familles biparentales. En comparant les revenus des familles monoparentales à ceux des familles biparentales, ils soutiennent que le mariage réduit le risque de pauvreté. À partir des données de la Fragile Families and Child Well-being Study , les auteurs montrent que comparer directement les familles formées d’un couple marié aux familles dirigées par un(e) célibataire conduit à une forte surestimation des avantages économiques du mariage. Ils démontrent que les mères célibataires et leurs partenaires sont extrêmement différents des couples de parents mariés en termes d’âge, de niveau d’instruction, d’état de santé, de comportement en matière de santé, d’emploi et de salaire. Ces écarts se traduisent par des différences importantes de revenus, qui, à leur tour, induisent des degrés différents de pauvreté. À structure familiale et durée du travail données, l’analyse des auteurs indique que la plus grande partie des écarts de pauvreté selon le type de famille peut être imputée à d’autres facteurs que la situation matrimoniale. Leurs résultats incitent également à penser que le plein emploi est indispensable pour arracher à la misère les familles pauvres, qu’elles soient ou non formées d’un couple marié.