bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hormonal control of the inflated calyx syndrome, a morphological novelty, in Physalis
Authors: He Chaoying , Saedler Heinz
Published: February 2007

The ‘Chinese lantern’ phenotype or inflated calyx syndrome (ICS) – inflated sepals encapsulating the mature berry of Physalis floridana– is a morphological novelty within the Solanaceae. ICS is associated with heterotopic expression of MPF2, which codes for a MADS‐box transcription factor otherwise involved in leaf formation and male fertility. In accordance with this finding, the MPF2 promoter sequence differs significantly from that of its orthologue STMADS16 in the related Solanum tuberosum, which does not exhibit ICS. However, heterotopic expression of MPF2 is not sufficient for ICS formation in P. floridana– fertilization is also important. Here we report that the hormones cytokinin and gibberellin are essential for ICS formation. MPF2 controls sepal cell division, but the resulting cells are small. Calyx size increases substantially only if gibberellin and cytokinin are available to promote cell elongation and further cell division. Transient expression of appropriate MPF2‐/STMADS16‐GFP fusions in leaf tissues in the presence of hormones revealed that cytokinin, but not gibberellin, facilitated transport of the transcription factor into the nucleus. Furthermore, an ICS‐like structure can be induced in transgenic S. tuberosum by ectopic expression of STMADS16 and simultaneous treatment with cytokinin and gibberellin. Strikingly, transgenic Arabidopsis ectopically expressing solanaceous MPF2‐like proteins display enhanced sepal growth when exposed to cytokinin only, while orthologous proteins from non‐solanaceous plants did not require cytokinin for this function. These data are incorporated into a detailed model for ICS formation in P. floridana.
Ocular manifestations and complications of Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: an Asian series*
Authors: Yip L. W. , Thong B. Y. , Lim J. , Tan A. W. , Wong H. B. , Handa S. , Heng W. J.
Published: February 2007

Background:  To describe the acute and late ocular manifestations and complications in toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN) and Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), and identify predictors for development of late complications.

Methods:  Cases of TEN and SJS during a 9‐year period were included. Patients with ocular involvement were reviewed for acute ocular complications. Patients with a minimum 6 months follow‐up were reviewed for late complications. Records were reviewed for their demographics, etiology, and severity of ocular involvement.

Results:  There were 117 patients with a mean age of 52.2 ± 18.6 years. Eighty‐one of these (69%) had acute ocular involvement. This was mild in 40%, moderate in 25% and severe in 4%. Adverse drug reactions were the predominant cause. Patients with thrombocytopenia had more severe acute ocular involvement. Forty‐four patients had a minimum 6 months of follow‐up and half developed late complications. Severe dry eyes and trichiatic lashes were the commonest late complications. Patients treated with topical antibiotic were more likely to have late complications, particularly dry eyes. There was no difference in the severity of acute eye involvement or late complications when SJS and TEN patients were compared. The severity of the acute ocular disease and abnormal laboratory tests were not found to be the significant risk factors of late complications.

Conclusions:  Ocular involvement is common in SJS and TEN and can be severe and blinding. The severity of acute ocular complications does not predict late complications. The diagnosis of TEN does not imply a more severe ocular involvement or increased frequency of late ocular complications compared with SJS. Care should be taken even in mild cases. Appropriate intervention during acute ocular disease may prevent late complications.
Scrutinizing incident reporting in anaesthesia: why is an incident perceived as critical?
Authors: Maaløe R. , La Cour M. , Hansen A. , Hansen E. G. , Hansen M. , Spangsberg N. L. M. , Landsfeldt U. S. , Odorico J. , Olsen K. S. , Møller J. Trier , Pedersen T.
Published: February 2007

Background:  The purpose of the present study was to measure the incidence and type of incidents that occurred in relation to anaesthesia and surgery during a 1‐year period in six Danish hospitals. Furthermore, we wanted to identify risk factors for incidents, as well as risk factors for incidents being deemed critical.

Methods:  A four‐page questionnaire describing patient data, type of anaesthesia and surgery, and occurrence of incidents was filled in for all anaesthesias in the period, and subsequently processed. The incident reporting form incorporated 59 predefined adverse events. The occurrence of one or more of these events described the incident. When the reporting anaesthetist deemed that an incident had harmed the patient, that incident was defined as critical.

Results:  A total of 64,312 anaesthesias were reported, and in 7754 of them one or more incidents occurred. A total of 8510 incidents occurred, 4077 of them were solely related to the anaesthetic procedure, 3702 described events related to physiological alterations in the patient (physiological incidents). Three hundred and twenty‐three of the incidents were deemed critical. High ASA score, high age, abdominal surgery, urgent surgery, and complex anaesthetic procedure were significant risk factors for physiological incidents and critical incidents. We could not identify a simple subset of adverse events that could adequately be used to describe the critical incidents. However, complex incidents, i.e. incidents involving more than one adverse event, were more likely to be deemed critical than simple incidents.

Conclusion:  The incidence of incidents was 12.1%, and the incidence of critical incidents was 0.5%. Incidents were more likely to be deemed critical in patients with an ASA score of III and above undergoing urgent surgery.
Preferences for shared decision making in chronic pain patients compared with patients during a premedication visit
Authors: Spies C. D. , Schulz C. M. , Weiß‐Gerlach E. , Neuner B. , Neumann T. , Von Dossow V. , Schenk M. , Wernecke K.‐D. , Elwyn G.
Published: February 2007

Background:  There is some evidence that patients’ outcomes improve if they are involved in shared decision making (SDM). A chronic pain clinic or premedication visit could be adequate settings for the implementation of SDM. So far, the patients’ preference for involvement in decision making and their desire for information have not been tested in anesthesiological settings.

Methods:  A group of chronic pain patients was compared with a group of patients in the premedication visit with respect to SDM, the desire for information and perceived involvement in care. The autonomy preference index (API, measuring preference for involvement and desire for information) and the perceived involvement in care scale (PICS, measuring patients’ perception of easier involvement by doctors and information exchange) were administered.

Results:  In total, 190 chronic pain patients and 151 patients of premedication were included in this study. Patient of the premedication visit had significantly higher SDM scores. Desire for information was high, but there were no differences between groups. Younger patients [B (estimate) =− 0.3; 95% CI (−0.4) − (−0.1)], women (B = 10.9; 95% CI 6.3–15.4) and patients with higher educational level (B = 10.1; 95% CI 5.6–14.6) had more desire for SDM. PICS scores were basically influenced by groups: chronic pain patients felt more facilitated by doctors [B =− 0.185; 95% CI (−0.4) – (−0.1)] and had more information exchange [B =− 19.5; 95% CI (−15.8) – (−2.4)] than patients in the premedication visit.

Conclusion:  In both anesthesiological settings, the desire for information was high, but patients in the premedication visit had higher SDM scores, especially young female patients with higher educational level. Real patient–physician interaction showed that premedication patients felt less involved by doctors and had less information exchange compared with the chronic pain patients. Therefore, premedication visits should be focussed more on adequate information exchange and involvement of the patient in the shared decision making process.
Oxygenation and cerebral perfusion pressure improved in the prone position
Authors: Nekludov M. , Bellander B.‐M. , Mure M.
Published: February 2007

Background:  Treatment of patients in the prone position is a well‐established method to improve oxygenation in general intensive care unit (ICU) practice. This method is rarely used in a neurosurgical ICU, considering the risk of intracranial hypertension. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of prone position on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and systemic oxygenation in patients with reduced intracranial compliance. We hypothesize that the beneficial effects of prone position can outweigh the hazardous effects on the intracranial pressure.

Methods:  Eight patients with traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were studied in the supine and prone posture. Hemodynamics, arterial oxygenation, respiratory mechanics, ICP and CPP were continuously measured.

Results:  A significant improvement in PaO2 was observed in the prone position, from 12.6 ± 1.4 kPa to 15.7 ± 3.2 kPa (P= 0.02). Both intracranial pressure and mean arterial pressure increased in the prone position, from 12 ± 6 to 15 ± 4 mmHg (P= 0.03) and from 78 ± 8 to 88 ± 8 mmHg (P= 0.005), respectively. Arterial pressure increased to a greater extent than ICP, resulting in improved CPP, from 66 ± 7 to 73 ± 8 mmHg (P= 0.03) in the prone position.

Conclusions:  The prone position can be used to improve the oxygenation as well as CPP in patients with traumatic brain injury or SAH. However, this method results in raised ICP, and should be used cautiously in patients with reduced intracranial compliance.
The Heirloom Tomato as Cultural Object: Investigating Taste and Space
Authors: Jordan Jennifer A.
Published: February 2007

This article asks how the heirloom tomato emerged as a cultural object in the late twentieth century, from something grown by individual seedsaving gardeners into a status symbol available for $7 a pound at speciality markets. This article finds that a combination of structural changes (increasing industrial farming on the one hand, and the turn to organic, local and ‘authentic’ food experiences on the other) as well as the activities of individual activist chefs and seedsavers has led to the tomatoes' emergence in a broader arena of consumption. But the article also reveals a significant spatial dimension to this apparent change in meaning. The heirloom tomato certainly emerges as a symbol of elite status in the pages of popular magazines and newspapers by the early twenty‐first century – but the act of ‘distinction’ and the marketplace in which it happens are spatially demarcated and do not interfere with the access of non‐elites to the object. Thus I offer an explanation of how this cultural object is created over time, but at the same time emphasise the importance of attending to location and spatiality in the study of taste, distinction and culture.
A New Approach to Wildlife Management in France: Regional Guidelines as Tools for the Conservation of Biodiversity
Authors: Alphandéry Pierre , Fortier Agnès
Published: February 2007

At a time when the conservation of biodiversity has already inspired a number of public policies on nature, the ORGFSH (regional guidelines for the management of wildlife and its habitats) represent an attempt to rethink the French approach to wildlife management. This study of the way in which the ORGFSH were drawn up in three regions reveals considerable disparities and highlights the difficulties that arise from attempting to create chains of co‐operation (new groupings) between the various categories of actors, particularly the influential hunting world and their significant conflicts with environmental groups. The cumulative effect of a series of public policies on biodiversity is gradually refining the available tools and knowledge which can be applied in the context of consultation‐based territorial procedures. The ORGFSH afford an insight into the way the concepts of wildlife management they convey may be related to two very different worlds. On the one hand, they are still partially attached to the institutional models and alliances which have characterised the French countryside since the age of triumphal agricultural productivism, when the management of ordinary fauna belonged by right to hunting. On the other hand, they testify to the existence of a concept of environmental management derived directly from the model of biodiversity conservation.
Function of the Independent Personal Pronouns in Lakota
Authors: Ingham Bruce
Published: February 2007

This paper treats the two Lakota independent personal pronoun sets. Although morphologically simple, the definition of the usage of these pronouns and the choice of the particular set is quite involved. The factors involved seem to be partly distributional and partly semantic. The 3rd person set is more complex in its usage than the 1st and 2nd person set, partly because 3rd person can be morphologically unmarked in Lakota. One set can occur in company with a coreferent noun and is in a sense ‘‘deletable’’. The other set is less easily deletable and often constitutes a core element of the sentence.1
Dynamics of orthographic standardization in Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin
Authors: DEUBER DAGMAR , HINRICHS LARS
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin, both English‐derived contact languages that coexist with standard English (StE) in their respective settings, are traditionally oral languages for which no orthographic standard has yet been established. Aided by a significant increase in written usage in computer‐mediated communication (CMC), the past decade has seen tendencies towards grass‐roots standardization in the orthography of these two languages. In this paper we (1) identify the dynamics of orthographic standardization for each of the varieties using corpora of CMC data (in particular e‐mails and discussion forums posts), (2) discuss the differential results for the two varieties based on the different sociolinguistic situations of Jamaica and Nigeria, and (3) point to possible consequences for language planning in the two countries. We conclude that, without any state‐driven initiative toward the standardization of Pidgin/Creole orthography, the gap between the orthographic systems usually recommended by linguists, or “experts” (cf.Sebba, 1998a), and the practices that are being established by “users” is likely to widen further.
English for peace: toward a framework of Peace Sociolinguistics
Authors: FRIEDRICH PATRICIA
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT:  As of the 1990s, the world witnessed a growing concern for issues of peace and an emerging awareness of the relationship between communication and peace. As part of this new order, Peace Linguistics has branched out of Linguistics as a specialized field in Peace Studies, one that hopes to influence the ways we communicate and educate. However, despite its potential contribution, Peace Linguistics has not been systematized into a theoretical model. What is more, the viability of Peace Sociolinguistics as a subfield of Peace Linguistics has not been addressed at all. This paper reports on the emergence of Peace Linguistics, starts the discussion on Peace Sociolinguistics, and points at possible directions and goals for such a discipline. It also suggests that the universe of Englishes is an ideal testing ground for these explorations, given the many situations of potential linguistic conflict associated with an international language.
Patrick O’Farrell and the Irish History Wars, 1971–1993
Authors: MALCOLM ELIZABETH
Published: February 2007

While Patrick O’Farrell's achievements as an historian of the Irish and of Catholicism in Australia are well recognised, little attention has been paid to his significance as an historian of Ireland. This article takes his two major Irish monographs, published in 1971 and 1975, and considers how they influenced leading Irish political historians of the 1970s and 1980s. In doing so, the article examines the crisis created for historians by the Northern Ireland Troubles. It demonstrates that the work of O’Farrell, which called into question the primacy of politics and of the nation state, helped open up new avenues for the analysis of Irish culture and identity. Yet, at the same time, such an approach challenged the republican reading of Irish history as a struggle against colonialism, and thus O’Farrell's work attracted severe criticism.
“This Special Shell”: The Church Building and the Embodiment of Memory
Authors: CLARK JENNIFER
Published: February 2007

Religious, congregational, individual, and community memories are embodied in church buildings. Under normal circumstances these memories sit harmoniously together. Once the church building is destined for closure, however, the equilibrium of the memory platforms is disrupted, often causing conflict. The value of associating memory with a building is questioned, especially when such attachments are seen to impede the rationalisation of church assets. Through the process of closure and afterwards, the memory patterns and associations are reorganised, redrawn, and reprioritised. This article examines these memory shifts in the context of Australian religious history from the 1970s to the present day. Special attention is given to the Uniting Church in Australia.
The Forgotten History of the Protestant Crusade: Religious Liberalism in Ireland1
Authors: RIDDEN JENNIFER
Published: February 2007

Irish historians do not generally identify religious liberalism as a feature of the 1820s. Instead, they have mapped religious conflict onto increasingly binary conflicts in the socio‐economic, cultural, and political spheres. The “Second Reformation” missionary movement put evangelicals and Catholics on a direct collision course and, consequently, historians have argued that it was a key factor in the emergence both of Irish Catholic nationalism and Protestant defensive co‐operation. However, the Crusade also produced a strong Protestant backlash alongside the growing sectarian conflict. In County Limerick, for example, two versions of Church of Ireland opposition emerged during 1820, among high church clergy including Bishop Jebb and among liberal Protestant gentlemen. Instead of closing down debate into rigid binary opposition along sectarian lines, the Limerick evidence shows that the Crusade produced a much more complex religious, social, and political debate than historians have recognised which, in turn, made possible a wider range of responses to key Irish problems.
Occupational Segregation and the Tipping Phenomenon: The Contrary Case of Court Reporting in the USA
Authors: Jacobsen Joyce P.
Published: February 2007

The ‘tipping’ phenomenon, whereby an occupation switches from dominance by one demographic group to dominance by another, has occurred in various occupations. Multiple causes have been suggested for such switches, including several related to technological change, both through effects on the performance of the work and through the effect of changing demand for different occupations. The court reporting occupation provides a novel setting for testing the relevance of various proposed causes for the increased feminization of many occupations. In this case, many of the general correlates, including declining wages, are not found; rather the phenomenon is related to the earlier feminization of the clerical workforce and the increased identification of court reporting with clerical work.
Employment Tribunals and Acas: evidence from a survey of representatives
Authors: Latreille Paul L. , Latreille Julie A. , Knight K. G. (‘Ben’)
Published: February 2007

We report findings from a survey of representatives in Employment Tribunal cases, focusing on their views regarding the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (Acas). As in the earlier, smaller survey of lawyers by White (1989), Acas officers are found to be influential and effective in promoting settlement, and high levels of satisfaction are reported.
Reducing ammonia loss from urea and improving soil‐exchangeable ammonium retention through mixing triple superphosphate, humic acid and zeolite
Authors: Ahmed O. H. , Aminuddin H. , Husni M. H. A.
Published: February 2007

Ammonia losses from soil following fertilization with urea may be large. This laboratory study compared the effect of four different, urea–triple superphosphate (TSP)–humic acid–zeolite, mixtures on NH3 loss, and soil ammonium and nitrate contents, with loss from surface‐applied urea without additives. The soil was a sandy clay loam Typic Kandiudult (Bungor Series). The mixtures significantly reduced NH3 loss by between 32 and 61% compared with straight urea (46% N) with larger reductions with higher rates of humic acid (0.75 and 1 g kg−1 of soil) and zeolite (0.75 and 1 g kg−1 of soil). All the mixtures of acidic P fertilizer, humic acid and zeolite with urea significantly increased soil NH4 and NO3 contents, increased soil‐exchangeable Ca, K and Mg, and benefited the formation of NH4 over NH3 compared with urea without additives. The increase in soil‐exchangeable cations, and temporary reduction of soil pH may have retarded urea hydrolysis in the microsite immediately around the fertilizer. It may be possible to improve the efficiency of urea surface‐applied to high value crops by the addition of TSP, humic acid and zeolite.
A software framework for fast prototyping of meta‐heuristics hybridization
Authors: Lau Hoong Chuin , Wan Wee Chong , Halim Steven , Toh Kaiyang
Published: February 2007

Hybrids of meta‐heuristics have been shown to be more effective and adaptable than their parents in solving combinatorial optimization problems. However, hybridized schemes are also more tedious to implement due to their increased complexity. We address this problem by proposing the meta‐heuristics development framework (MDF). In addition to being a framework that promotes software reuse to reduce developmental effort, the key strength of MDF lies in its ability to model meta‐heuristics using a “request, sense and response” schema, which decomposes algorithms into a set of well‐defined modules that can be flexibly assembled through a centralized controller. Under this scheme, hybrid schemes become an event‐based search that can adaptively trigger a desired parent's behavior in response to search events. MDF can hence be used to design and implement a wide spectrum of hybrids with varying degrees of collaboration, thereby offering algorithm designers quick turnaround in designing and testing their meta‐heuristics. Such technicality is illustrated in the paper through the construction of hybrid schemes using ant colony optimization and tabu search.
CLAY RESOURCES AND TECHNICAL CHOICES FOR NEOLITHIC POTTERY (CHALAIN, JURA, FRANCE): CHEMICAL, MINERALOGICAL AND GRAIN‐SIZE ANALYSES*
Authors: MARTINEAU R. , WALTER‐SIMONNET A.‐V. , GROBÉTY B. , BUATIER M.
Published: February 2007

Many authors have considered pottery manufacturing constraints and sociocultural elements as factors in change in past civilizations over time. The main issue of this research is to better understand the reasons for changes, or choices, in pottery raw materials. The very precise and detailed stratigraphy and cultural succession of occupations is based on dendrochronological data from the lake‐dwelling sites of Chalain (Jura, France). Petrographic, palaeontological and chemical analyses were used to determine the nature and origins of the raw materials used by the Neolithic potters. Stratigraphy and dendrochronological data were used to reconstruct in detail the evolution dynamics of fabric changes. Several raw material sources were identified for many of the pottery groups. Each of them was sampled for qualitative experimental tests of pottery forming. The experimental results show a high variability between the sediments tested. This variability was quantitatively estimated by XRF, XRD, the Rietveld method, calcium carbonate quantification and laser grain‐size analyses of matrices, indirect measures of plasticity. These analytical results allow a better understanding of the differences observed in the experimental tests. On the basis of these experimental and analytical results, changing parameters such as pottery manufacturing constraints, mineralogical characteristics of raw materials and sociocultural factors are considered. In conclusion, all the social and technical parameters, in each archaeological context, must be taken into account for a better understanding of the changes occurring throughout the chronological sequence.
TRACING THE RESOURCES OF IRON WORKING AT ANCIENT SAGALASSOS (SOUTH‐WEST TURKEY): A COMBINED LEAD AND STRONTIUM ISOTOPE STUDY ON IRON ARTEFACTS AND ORES*
Authors: DEGRYSE P. , SCHNEIDER J. , KELLENS N. , WAELKENS M. , MUCHEZ PH.
Published: February 2007

Lead and strontium isotope analyses were performed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) on Roman to Byzantine iron artefacts and iron ores from the territory of ancient Sagalassos (south‐west Turkey), to evaluate Pb and Sr isotopes for provenance determination of ores for local iron production. It can be demonstrated that for early Roman artefacts and hematite iron ore processed in early Roman times from Sagalassos proper, as well as for magnetite placer sands and early Byzantine raw iron from the territory of the city, Sr isotopes are much less ambiguous than Pb isotopes in providing clearly coherent signatures for ore and related iron objects. Late Roman iron objects were produced from iron ores that as yet remain unidentified. Early Byzantine iron artefacts display more scatter in both their Pb and Sr isotope signatures, indicating that many different ore sources may have been used. Our study demonstrates that iron objects can be precisely analysed for their Sr isotopic composition, which, compared to Pb isotopes, appears to be a much more powerful tool for distinguishing between chronological groups and determining the provenance of raw materials.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BLUE PIGMENT ON CHINESE BLUE‐AND‐WHITE PORCELAIN OF THE YUAN AND MING DYNASTIES (ad 1271–1644)*
Authors: WEN R. , WANG C. S. , MAO Z. W. , HUANG Y. Y. , POLLARD A. M.
Published: February 2007

The chemical compositions of the glazes and pigments of 39 blue‐and‐white porcelains of Ming Dynasty date and three of Yuan date were examined by SR‐XRF. Both the analysis of the Fe/Mn ratio in the light blue areas of the glaze and a comparison of the Fe/Mn values between light blue, dark blue and clear glaze areas reveals that the samples can be divided into three groups. The results indicate that there are two significant changes of provenance of blue pigment during the Ming Dynasty and that some kinds of pigment were most probably imported from the Middle East. Considering literature records and other scholars’ studies, an outline picture of the pigment used on Chinese blue‐and‐white porcelain produced in Jingdezhen in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties is presented.
MARINE RESOURCES IN THE MESOLITHIC AND NEOLITHIC AT THE GROTTA DELL’UZZO (SICILY): EVIDENCE FROM ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF MARINE SHELLS*
Authors: MANNINO M. A. , THOMAS K. D. , LENG M. J. , PIPERNO M. , TUSA S. , TAGLIACOZZO A.
Published: February 2007

Oxygen isotopes in shell carbonate samples from the marine rocky‐shore intertidal gastropod Monodonta turbinata (Born) are investigated in both modern analogue specimens and in archaeological specimens from the Grotta dell’Uzzo (Sicily). Variations in shell edge values of δ18O in living specimens collected monthly over two years are closely correlated with monthly seawater temperatures measured at the time of collection, showing that the species can be used for palaeoseasonality studies. Analyses of shell edge δ18O values in archaeological specimens, from Mesolithic through to early Neolithic phases at the Grotta dell’Uzzo, enabled the inference of various seasons of collection of shellfish and how such seasonality varies between the different phases of occupation. Interesting similarities and differences exist between the seasons of marine shellfish exploitation and the seasons inferred from the vertebrate zooarchaeological assemblages. A major inference drawn from the analyses and discussion is that the exploitation of all marine resources (fish and shellfish) increased in the later Mesolithic and early Neolithic periods.
MOLECULAR AND ISOTOPIC DEMONSTRATION OF THE PROCESSING OF AQUATIC PRODUCTS IN NORTHERN EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC POTTERY*
Authors: CRAIG O. E. , FORSTER M. , ANDERSEN S. H. , KOCH E. , CROMBÉ P. , MILNER N. J. , STERN B. , BAILEY G. N. , HERON C. P.
Published: February 2007

A number of charred surface residues, adhering to ceramic containers, were obtained from various coastal and inland sites in north‐west Europe dating from the sixth to the fourth millennium cal bc. In order to investigate the use of these vessels and in particular to identify any marine products, the residues were subjected to carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis. Variation in carbon isotope ratios between different samples indicated that some vessels may have been used to process marine products. This analysis was corroborated by specific identification of aquatic products following structural and isotopic characterization of lipids extracted from selected samples.
Correlates of Exercise Participation in Adolescents
Authors: Ammouri Ali A. , Kaur Harsohena , Neuberger Geri B. , Gajewski Byron , Choi Won S.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to determine correlates of exercise participation among adolescents.

Design: A secondary analysis was conducted of data from a cross‐sectional survey of 300 adolescents seen at an urban clinic. Using descriptive statistics and path analysis, we examined the direct and indirect effects of independent variables on exercise participation.

Results: Independent variables accounted for 15% of variance in exercise participation. In gender‐stratified models, independent variables explained 18% of the variance for females. Older females were associated with lower exercise participation scores (β=−.273, p<.001). Adolescent females who reported a strong relationship with parent(s) reported higher exercise participation scores (β=.146, p<.05). Females with higher perception of environmental opportunities for exercise were associated with higher exercise participation (β=.180, p<.05). Depressive symptoms had the strongest indirect effect (β=−.10) on exercise participation via behavior‐specific cognitions/affect factors among females.

Conclusion: The results support that interventions to increase exercise should focus on older female adolescents. Providing information about environmental opportunities for exercise, enhancing relationship with parents, and intervening with adolescents at risk for depression might improve exercise rates in female adolescents.
Perceptions of Older Adults Regarding Evacuation in the Event of a Natural Disaster
Authors: Rosenkoetter Marlene M. , Covan Eleanor Krassen , Cobb Brenda K. , Bunting Sheila , Weinrich Martin
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Objectives: To investigate the evacuation needs and beliefs of older adults in 2 counties in Georgia; to identify health risk factors; and to provide public health and emergency management officials with planning information.

Design: A descriptive survey using The Older Adult Disaster Evacuation Assessment.

Sample: 139 lower socioeconomic participants at congregate meal sites.

Results: Hurricane Katrina significantly influenced decisions to evacuate in disasters. Over 70% said they would definitely evacuate in the future and nearly 16% would probably evacuate, yet over 13% reported “maybe” or “no.” Multiple logistic regressions suggest that those who do not trust their TV and county officials' information would have only 1/4 the odds of definitely evacuating. Those who say they would not follow their county officials' advice have only 1/3 the odds of definitely evacuating. Primary health problems were decreased mobility (40.1%), hypertension (70.5%), and arthritis (53.2%). Forty‐six percent would need transportation; approximately 40% lived alone; and about 40% had fair or poor health.

Conclusions: Trust and belief in county officials and the media were the best predictors of willingness to evacuate. Participants in this study would need assistance with transportation, preparation, and support for serious health problems in order to evacuate. Further study is needed with a larger, more representative sample.
Screening of Turkish Women for Postpartum Depression Within the First Postpartum Year: The Risk Profile of a Community Sample
Authors: Dindar Ilknur , Erdogan Semra
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) and potential risk factors giving rise to PPD among Turkish women.

Design: A descriptive design and random survey method were used.

Sample: Collected from 9 public health centers, the sample consisted of 679 mothers within their first year after delivery.

Measurements: The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and a risk factor questionnaire were used during home visits.

Results: The EPDS results revealed a 25.6% prevalence of higher‐level depression (12 or above) and a 16.7% prevalence of lower‐level depression. Maximum prevalence occurred at 2, 8, 10, and 12 months postpartum. Seventeen independent variables were found to be associated with the elevated scores on EPDS. Strong predictors of depression were as follows: previous psychiatric illness (odds ratio [OR] 15.95); smoking (OR 4.17); lower economic status (OR 4.10); relationship problems with husband (OR 3.49) or mother‐in‐law (OR 2.53); dissatisfaction in social relations (OR 1.53); previous loss of a baby (OR 7.49); and giving birth to a baby girl (OR 2.54).

Conclusions: PPD is common among Turkish women. There is an increased need to educate public and health care practitioners about PPD. Public health nursing interventions, in particular, need to be developed to provide support to postpartum women.
The Effect of Denture Cleansing Solutions on the Retention of Yellow Hader Clips: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Varghese Reena M. , Masri Radi , Driscoll Carl F. , Romberg Elaine
Published: February 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the retention of yellow Hader clips after exposure to various denture cleansers.

Methods: Seven groups of 18 yellow Hader clips each were soaked for the equivalent of 6 months of clinical use in the following denture cleansing solutions: Polident Regular, Polident Overnight, Efferdent, 5.25% Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl, 1:10 dilution) 15 min/day, NaOCl (1:10 dilution) 8 hours/day, water and dry (control) group. A Universal Testing Machine, set at a crosshead speed of 2 in/min, pulled each clip once, and the peak load‐to‐dislodgement was recorded and used as a measure to reflect changes in the retention of the Hader clips. Data were analyzed by a one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's HSD test. A p value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Denture cleansing solutions affected the retentive values of yellow Hader clips (F= 6.102, p≤ .0001). Sodium hypochlorite solution, 15 min/day for 6 months, caused an increase in the retentive values of the clips tested with a mean peak load‐to‐dislodgement of 22.63 ± 1.29 N. In addition, clips soaked in water showed no difference in retentive values when compared with all other groups. Furthermore, Polident Regular, Polident Overnight, Efferdent, and NaOCl (8 hours/day) had no effect on the retentive values of yellow Hader clips.

Conclusion: This in vitro study demonstrated that the retention of yellow Hader clips used in implant overdentures is unaffected when soaked in commercial effervescent denture cleansers (Polident 5 Minute, Polident Overnight, and Efferdent) for six simulated months. Sodium hypochlorite statistically increased the single‐pull retentive values of the clips, an effect that may not be beneficial. Increased retentive values may be associated with reduced durability of clips; further research is needed to address this issue.
Magnetic Retention for Obturators
Authors: Al‐Salehi Samira K. , Calder Ian D. , Lamb David J.
Published: February 2007

Prosthetic rehabilitation can be challenging in cases of maxillectomy or developmental defect. This article describes a case in which a magnetically retained, implant‐supported denture was used to restore the maxilla following hemi‐maxillectomy. Use of the Oral Health Impact Profile before and after treatment showed a marked diminution in the number of adverse impacts 2 weeks post‐placement and during review 6 months later.
Influence of Chewing and Clenching on Salivary Cortisol Levels as an Indicator of Stress
Authors: Tahara Yasuaki , Sakurai Kaoru , Ando Tomohiko
Published: February 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of chewing and clenching on salivary cortisol levels as an indicator of stress.

Materials and Methods: Seventeen healthy dentulous subjects were given arithmetic exercises to perform within a 20‐minute time limit in order to elicit stress (stress loading). In the first experiment (chewing), after stress loading, the subjects were asked to chew a paraffin wax while reading printed material (books, magazines, etc.) in silence for 10 minutes. The same procedure was then carried out again for control purposes, but this time the subjects were not required to chew wax. In the second experiment (light clenching), after stress loading, the subjects were required to carry out 5 seconds of light clenching followed by 5 seconds of rest repeatedly over a 3‐minute period. The whole 3‐minute process was repeated a total of three times. The control data for this second experiment consisted of measurements taken during the rest periods. Saliva specimens were collected in both experiments both before stress loading and after each procedure during 1‐minute intervals to measure cortisol levels.

Results: In the chewing experiment, salivary cortisol levels were significantly reduced by chewing, compared with those in the controls (p < 0.05). This reduction in salivary cortisol was observed during chewing over a 10‐minute period following stress loading. In the clenching experiment, salivary cortisol levels also showed a significant reduction during clenching, compared with those in the controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: These results suggest that chewing and clenching promote relaxation in subjects under stress.
Cost Effectiveness of the B Type Natriuretic Peptide, Electrocardiography, and Portable Echocardiography for the Assessment of Patients from the Community with Suspected Heart Failure
Authors: Lim Tiong Keng , Dwivedi Girish , Hayat Sajad , Collinson Paul O , Senior Roxy
Published: February 2007

To analyze the cost efficiency of guidelines proposed by the European Society of Cardiology for investigation of patients in the community with suspected heart failure (HF). The guidelines recommend electrocardiography (ECG) and/or measurement of N‐terminal pro B type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) prior to referral for echocardiography. Portable echocardiography is a new but validated technique for the evaluation of HF. Accordingly, 137 suspected HF patients (mean age 71±13 years) from the community underwent ECG and NTproBNP estimation prior to portable echocardiography. Cost effective analysis for ECG, NTproBNP, portable echocardiography and a combination of these; to define valvular heart disease, right ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction were compared. The cost of abnormal NTproBNP followed by portable echocardiography, abnormal ECG followed by portable echocardiography and portable echocardiography alone for the detection per case of left ventricular systolic dysfunction were  €313,  €310, and  €296 respectively and that for detection per case of any of the aforementioned cardiac abnormalities were  €198,  €223, and  €170 respectively. Portable echocardiography alone for the assessment of suspected HF patients resulted in a cost reduction of up to  €1083 for the detection per case of cardiac abnormality. While a strategy where initial NTproBNP estimation is cost effective in detecting any causes of heart failure, portable echocardiography remains the most costeffective strategy to assess patients from the community with suspected heart failure.
Visual dysfunctions and ocular disorders in children with developmental delay. II. Aspects of refractive errors, strabismus and contrast sensitivity
Authors: Nielsen Lisbeth Sandfeld , Skov Liselotte , Jensen Hanne
Published: February 2007

Purpose:  To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors, strabismus and reduced contrast sensitivity in an unselected group of children with developmental delay (DD), and to propose extensions to the existing guidelines to assess the number of examinations required to optimally support children with DD.

Methods:
  A total of 923 children with IQ ≤ 80, aged 4–15 years, from Copenhagen County, Denmark, were ophthalmically examined. The prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus and the presence of reduced contrast sensitivity were recorded and related to level of IQ.

Results:  Among the 923 children, the following prevalences were found: significant hyperopia (≥ + 3 D) 15.3%; myopia (< − 0.5 D) 10.8%, and astigmatism (< − 1 cyl D) 20.6%. Strabismus was found in 26.8% of subjects (esotropia in 14.9%, exotropia in 10.3%, and other forms, including mixed types, in 1.6%). Refractive errors and strabismus were significantly correlated with low IQ. Reduced contrast sensitivity was correlated with age, visual acuity and level of IQ.

Conclusions:  To our knowledge, this study is the largest on ocular disorders in children with DD. Hyperopia, astigmatism, anisometropia, strabismus and contrast sensitivity had a high prevalence, and all disorders were related to low IQ. According to the extended guidelines, an annual minimum of 565 examinations per 100 000 children (0–17 years) is required to optimally support children with DD.
Characterizing anterior cingulate activation in chronic schizophrenia: a group and single‐subject fMRI study
Authors: Harrison B. J. , Yücel M. , Fornito A. , Wood S. J. , Seal M. L. , Clarke K. , Pantelis C.
Published: February 2007

Objective:  Functional abnormalities of the dorsal anterior cingulate (dAC) region have been emphasized in schizophrenia, particularly in relation to cognitive deficits. In this study, we sought to further evaluate the notion of dAC hypofunction in chronic schizophrenia patients using a cognitive task specifically designed to activate this region, enabling both group and single‐subject level analyses.

Method:  Twelve male schizophrenia patients and 14 male healthy subjects were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and the multi‐source interference task (MSIT). Patients and healthy subjects were matched for age, gender, education, task performance and gross surface morphology of the AC region. fMRI analyses were conducted at the group and single‐subject levels using stringent whole‐brain activation thresholds.

Results:  Multi‐source interference task performance was associated with large and significant activation of the dAC and supplementary motor area (SMA) in patients and healthy subjects. Standard comparison of the two groups indicated that the patients were comparable with healthy subjects in their dAC activation, but had a small cluster of greater SMA activation, while single‐subject analyses identified minimal differences in the magnitude or spatial dispersion of dAC activation between the groups.

Conclusion:  These findings challenge existing notions of impaired dAC activation in chronic schizophrenia and suggest that the functional pathophysiology of this medial‐wall region should be considered beyond straightforward models of hypoactivation.
Potential impacts of a recent and rapidly spreading coloniser of Australian freshwaters: Oriental weatherloach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)
Authors: Keller R. P. , Lake P. S.
Published: February 2007

Abstract –  Oriental weatherloach (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus), a benthic freshwater fish species native to East Asia, was first recorded in Australian freshwater systems in 1984. Although this species is widely established around the world, very little is known about its potential impacts as an invader. We gathered field data to parameterise a mesocosm experiment investigating the impacts of Oriental weatherloach in Southeastern Australia. During this experiment, Oriental weatherloach caused significant reductions in macroinvertebrate numbers and biomass. Additionally, Oriental weatherloach were associated with elevated ammonia, nitrate/nitrite (NOx), and turbidity levels. Because of issues involved in scaling up mesocosm experiments we are not able to conclusively determine that Oriental weatherloach are having large impacts in natural systems. Our results come from mesocosms designed to mimic natural conditions, however, and they thus indicate that ecological impacts may be occurring, and underline the need for further research and control.
Competitive interactions between native and exotic salmonids: a combined field and laboratory demonstration
Authors: Blanchet S. , Loot G. , Grenouillet G. , Brosse S.
Published: February 2007

Abstract – We studied the impact of two exotic salmonid species (brook trout,Salvelinus fontinalisand rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss) on native brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) habitat, growth and survival. Habitat selection and vertical distribution between young‐of‐the‐year of the three species were examined in a stream aquarium under different sympatric and allopatric combinations. In addition, similar species combinations were introduced in a Pyrenean mountain stream (southwest France) in order to extend laboratory results to growth and apparent survival. Both laboratory and field results indicated that rainbow trout significantly affected native brown trout habitat selection and apparent survival. On the contrary, brown trout habitat, growth and apparent survival were hardly affected by brook trout. These results support the idea that rainbow trout negatively influence native brown trout, and that competition could influence the outcome of fish biological invasions in freshwater ecosystems.
The effect of pH on horseradish peroxidase‐catalyzed oxidation of melatonin: production of N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine versus radical‐mediated degradation
Authors: Ximenes Valdecir F. , Fernandes João Roberto , Bueno Vânia B. , Catalani Luiz H. , De Oliveira Georgino H. , Machado Rosângela G. P.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:  There is a growing body of evidence that melatonin and its oxidation product, N1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK), have anti‐inflammatory properties. From a nutritional point of view, the discovery of melatonin in plant tissues emphasizes the importance of its relationship with plant peroxidases. Here we found that the pH of the reaction mixture has a profound influence in the reaction rate and products distribution when melatonin is oxidized by the plant enzyme horseradish peroxidase. At pH 5.5, 1 mm of melatonin was almost completely oxidized within 2 min, whereas only about 3% was consumed at pH 7.4. However, the relative yield of AFMK was higher in physiological pH. Radical‐mediated oxidation products, including 2‐hydroxymelatonin, a dimer of 2‐hydroxymelatonin and O‐demethylated dimer of melatonin account for the fast consumption of melatonin at pH 5.5. The higher production of AFMK at pH 7.4 was explained by the involvement of compound III of peroxidases as evidenced by spectral studies. On the other hand, the fast oxidative degradation at pH 5.5 was explained by the classic peroxidase cycle.