bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards sustainable fisheries: Assessing co-management effectiveness for the Columbia River Basin
Authors: Diver Sibyl
Published: September 2009

Co-management theory argues that incorporating local knowledge into fisheries science decision-making can lead to more sustainable fisheries through improved fishery dynamics, reduced harvest pressure, and increased regulatory compliance. The Maine lobster fishery, Japanese fishing cooperatives, and Alaska’s Community Development Quota Program are all considered successful models of fisheries co-management. Co-management arrangements between Pacific Northwest treaty tribes and state managers were first established in the 1970s, following court decisions upholding the tribes’ treaty rights to fish. However, the long-term effectiveness of Pacific Northwest salmon fisheries co-management is not fully understood. Here I present an historical analysis of co-management effects for the Columbia River salmon fishery, from both an ecological and social perspective. My research objectives are to (1) evaluate the perceived impact of tribal participation in salmon fishery management decisions (2) assess social, economic, and ecological impacts of fisheries co-management, and (3) understand barriers to co-management efforts in terms of institutional and political frameworks. Building on Evelyn Pinkerton’s research, I use archival materials, scientific literature, and interviews with key actors to define key developments in Columbia River salmon fishery co-management, including legal decisions and the establishment of tribal fish commissions. I then conduct a preliminary analysis of co-management effectiveness over time. Initial results suggest that tribal participation in fisheries management has led to ecologically and socially sustainable fisheries management practices in the Columbia River basin, although political disagreements have held back progress. For example, tribal fisheries co-management has led to improved ecological management practices, including new requirements for counting fish harvest levels and monitoring of habitat quality. Co-management has created economic opportunities, such as niche markets for native-caught fish and added-value processing, which can generate larger profits from smaller fish harvests. Increasing tribal fisheries capacity through co-management has also forwarded community efforts to ensure cultural survival by maintaining traditional fishing practices. Institutional and political barriers to co-management that include sovereignty issues, regulatory conflicts, and funding needs present challenges to resolving habitat management problems for the region.
Recent development of the mononuclear phagocyte system: in memory of Metchnikoff and Ehrlich on the 100th Anniversary of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Authors: Chang Zong‐Liang
Published: September 2009

Monocytes/macrophages are critical for both immunity and homoeostasis. They are the outposts of the immune system in detecting invading pathogens or foreign antigens for homoeostatic clearance and antigen processing for the initiation and effector stages of both innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, monocytes/macrophages often function as control switches for immune system balance between pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory reactions. In the beginning of this article, I would like to briefly introduce the achievements of Metchnikoff and Ehrlich in immunology, including Metchnikoff's cell theory, since they have both greatly influenced the advancement of modern immunology. Additionally, I will honour the 100th anniversary of the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Next, I would like to emphasize the concept of the MPS (mononuclear phagocyte system) by examining recent developments regarding the MPS. Thus the article consists of three parts. The first part describes the regulation of growth and differentiation in the MPS. The second part addresses how the key macrophage transcription factor genePU.1and thecsf1r(colony‐stimulating factor‐1 receptor gene) play a critical role in haematopoietic myelopoiesis, or the generation of the cells of the MPS. The third part describes PMA‐induced monocyte/macrophage differentiation and immune modulation of suppressor macrophages. Finally, this review discusses the latest findings and implications regarding the MPS and macrophages.
Activity-dependent translocation of neurogranin to neuronal nuclei
Authors: Garrido-García Alberto , Andrés-Pans Beatriz , Durán-Trío Lara , Díez-Guerra F. Javier
Published: September 2009

Long-term changes of synaptic plasticity depend on protein synthesis and transcription. Ng (neurogranin) is a small protein concentrated at dendrites and spines of forebrain neurons, involved in synaptic plasticity through the regulation of CaM (calmodulin)-mediated signalling. Ng presents a central IQ motif that mediates its binding to CaM and PA (phosphatidic acid) and that can be phosphorylated by PKC (protein kinase C). In the present manuscript, we report that Ng displays a strong nuclear localization when expressed in cell lines and hippocampal neurons, either alone or fused to GFP (green fluorescent protein; GFP–Ng). Furthermore, using subcellular fractionation and immunocytochemical techniques, we were able to localize endogenous Ng in the nuclei of rat forebrain neurons. Nuclear localization of Ng depends on its IQ motif and is reduced by binding to cytoplasmic CaM. Also, PKC stimulation induces a transient nuclear translocation of Ng in acute hippocampal slices. A similar translocation is observed in the neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus after the induction of generalized seizures in adult rats. In summary, the results of the present study show that a fraction of rat brain Ng is localized in the neuronal nuclei and that synaptic activity regulates its translocation from the cytoplasm. The possible involvement of Ng in the regulation of intranuclear Ca2+/CaM-dependent signalling and gene expression is discussed.
Energy transfer between Cr3+ and Ni2+ in transparent glass ceramics containing β-Ga2O3 nanocrystals
Authors: Luo Jin , Wu Botao , Zhu Bin , Zhou Shifeng , Yang Hucheng , Ye Song , Lakshminarayana Gandham , Qiu Jianrong
Published: September 2009

In this paper, we report on spectroscopic studies of Cr3+/Ni2+ codoped transparent glass ceramics containing β-Ga2O3 nanocrystals. Energy transfer between Cr3+ and Ni2+ in the Cr3+/Ni2+ codoped glass ceramics has been investigated by steady state emission spectra, time-resolved emission spectra, and excitation spectra. The nonradiative energy transfer has been confirmed from the decrease in the Cr3+ fluorescence lifetime after Ni2+ codoping. The energy transfer efficiency is estimated and the energy transfer mechanism is discussed.
Vibration-rotation pattern in acetylene. II. Introduction of Coriolis coupling in the global model and analysis of emission spectra of hot acetylene around 3 μm
Authors: Amyay Badr , Robert Séverine , Herman Michel , Fayt André , Raghavendra Balakrishna , Moudens Audrey , Thiévin Jonathan , Rowe Bertrand , Georges Robert
Published: September 2009

A high temperature source has been developed and coupled to a high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer to record emission spectra of acetylene around 3 μm up to 1455 K under Doppler limited resolution (0.015 cm−1). The ν3-ground state (GS) and ν2+ν4+ν5 (Σu+ and Δu)-GS bands and 76 related hot bands, counting e and f parities separately, are assigned using semiautomatic methods based on a global model to reproduce all related vibration-rotation states. Significantly higher J-values than previously reported are observed for 40 known substates while 37 new e or f vibrational substates, up to about 6000 cm−1, are identified and characterized by vibration-rotation parameters. The 3 811 new or improved data resulting from the analysis are merged into the database presented by Robert et al. [Mol. Phys. 106, 2581 (2008)], now including 15 562 lines accessing vibrational states up to 8600 cm−1. A global model, updated as compared to the one in the previous paper, allows all lines in the database to be simultaneously fitted, successfully. The updates are discussed taking into account, in particular, the systematic inclusion of Coriolis interaction.
Breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation in Lennard-Jones glassforming mixtures with different interaction potential
Authors: Affouard F. , Descamps M. , Valdes L.-C. , Habasaki J. , Bordat P. , Ngai K. L.
Published: September 2009

The breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation was investigated for three glass-forming models composed of mixtures of Lennard-Jones A-B particles, which have been constructed by modifying the shape of the interaction potential between A particles. By performing molecular dynamics simulations, we show that these mixtures intrinsically possess different organizations. The breakdown of the Stokes–Einstein relation particularly occurs at different temperatures for each type of particles and it is directly related to the dynamical decoupling between A and B particles and the formation or not of paths where fast particles show jumplike motions. The effective size of each particles and the fraction of slow and fast particles were also determined. Similarity with silicate glasses including mixed alkali effect is discussed.
Diffusion in the lamellar phase of a rod-sphere mixture
Authors: Cinacchi Giorgio , De Gaetani Luca
Published: September 2009

Molecular dynamics computer simulations have been used to study translation diffusivity in the lamellar phase of a model rod-sphere mixture. This liquid-crystalline phase is characterized by layers of rods, with the spheres preferentially located in the interlayer region. Notwithstanding the ordered nature of this stratified phase, spheres have been seen to diffuse isotropically across the sample. Their mean square displacement does not manifest any subdiffusive behavior. The same holds for the mean square displacement of rods in the direction perpendicular to the director. On the contrary, the mean square displacement of rods parallel to the director exhibits, at intermediate times, a subdiffusive regime, albeit tenuous, caused by the layered nature of the lamellar phase. Rods nevertheless prefer to diffuse along rather than transverse to the director. The mechanism of diffusion is analogous to that previously observed in systems of pure rods in their smectic phase. The presence of spheres, chiefly positioned as they are in the interlayer region, is of aid to monitor the central instants of the progression of a rod from one to an adjacent stratum. Time dependent pair positional correlation functions have been calculated, which are consistent with a local temporary nematization concomitant to a rod passage.
True temperature measurement on metallic surfaces using a two-color pyroreflectometer method
Authors: Hernandez D. , Netchaieff A. , Stein A.
Published: September 2009

In the most common case of optical pyrometry, the major obstacle in determining the true temperature is the knowledge of the thermo-optical properties for in situ conditions. We present experimental results obtained with a method able to determine the true temperature of metallic surfaces above 500 °C when there is not parasitic effect by surrounding radiation. The method is called bicolor pyroreflectometry and it is based on Planck’s law, Kirchhoff’s law, and the assumption of identical reflectivity indicatrixes for the target surface at two different close wavelengths (here, 1.3 and 1.55 μm). The diffusion factor ηd, the key parameter of the method, is introduced to determine the convergence temperature T∗, which is expected to be equal to the true temperature T. Our goal is to asses this method for different metallic surfaces. The validation of this method is made by comparison with thermocouples. Measurements were made for tungsten, copper, and aluminum samples of different roughnesses, determined by a rugosimeter. After introducing a theoretical model for two-color pyroreflectometry, we give a description of the experimental setup and present experimental applications of the subject method. The quality of the results demonstrates the usefulness of two-color pyroreflectometry to determine the temperatures of hot metals when the emissivity is not known and for the commercially important case of specular surfaces.
Frequency dependent dielectric and mechanical behavior of elastomers for actuator applications
Authors: Molberg Martin , Leterrier Yves , Plummer Christopher J. G. , Walder Christian , Löwe Christiane , Opris Dorina M. , Nüesch Frank A. , Bauer Siegfried , Månson Jan-Anders E.
Published: September 2009

The low frequency mechanical and dielectric behavior of three different elastomers has been investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and dielectric spectroscopy, with the aim of accounting for the frequency dependence of the characteristics of the corresponding dielectric elastomer actuators. Satisfactory agreement was obtained between the dynamic response of the actuators and a simple model based on the experimental data for the elastomers, assuming that the relatively large prestrains employed in the actuators to have little influence on the frequency dependence of their effective moduli. It was thus demonstrated that the frequency dependence of the actuator strain is dominated by that of the mechanical response of the elastomer, and that the frequency dependence of the dielectric properties has a relatively minor influence on the actuator performance.
The influence of In composition on InGaAs-capped InAs/GaAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors
Authors: Lin Wei-Hsun , Chao Kuang-Ping , Tseng Chi-Che , Mai Shu-Cheng , Lin Shih-Yen , Wu Meng-Chyi
Published: September 2009

The influence of an additional InGaAs-capped layer on the performance of InAs/GaAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) is investigated. For the device with a 15% InGaAs-capped layer, a significant response at 7.9 μm is observed for the QDIP device. The results suggest that with the additional InGaAs-capped layer, the detection wavelengths of the InAs/GaAs QDIPs could be shifted to a longer-wavelength infrared range. A further increase in the In composition will not help to obtain an even longer-wavelength detection, which is attributed to the cancellation of a lower InGaAs state, and InAs-QD bandgap shrinkage resulted from the relaxed compressive strains of the InGaAs layer with a higher In composition.
Effects of SrRuO3 buffer layer thickness on multiferroic (Bi0.90La0.10)(Fe0.95Mn0.05)O3 thin films
Authors: Wu Jiagang , Wang John
Published: September 2009

Multiferroic (Bi0.90La0.10)(Fe0.95Mn0.05)O3 (BLFMO) thin films were deposited on SrRuO3 (SRO) buffered Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si(100) substrates with variable buffer layer thicknesses by using off-axis radio frequency sputtering. The orientation of BLFMO thin films is dependent on the SRO buffer layer thickness, which leads to a change in ferroelectric behavior. Due to the low leakage currents arising from the orientation change in association with the variation in SRO buffer layer thickness and the La and Mn codoping, well saturated P-E hysteresis loops (2Pr∼210.0 μC/cm2 and 2Ec∼525.5 kV/cm) are shown for the (111)-oriented BLFMO thin film at room temperature and 1 kHz. It also demonstrates little ferroelectric fatigue on 109 switching cycles. Moreover, the BLFMO thin film exhibits the enhanced magnetic behavior as compared to pure BFO thin films, due to the canting of antiferromagnetically ordered spins.
A thermal self-consistent field theory for the calculation of molecular vibrational partition functions
Authors: Roy Tapta Kanchan , Prasad M. Durga
Published: September 2009

A new approach for the calculation of anharmonic molecular vibrational partition functions is developed based on a separable ansatz to the thermal density matrix. The parameters appearing in the effective single particle Hamiltonians that generate the thermal density matrices are determined variationally. The resulting equations are the thermal analogs of the vibrational self-consistent field approximation. The method has the formal property that the free energy calculated by this approach is an upper bound to the exact free energy. Thermodynamic quantities calculated by this approach are generally in good agreement with the results of numerically converged calculations. This approach is more efficient than the standard sum over state approaches in that the computational resources scale with N4 where N is the number of vibrational degrees of freedom. Thus it can be applied to fairly large systems.
Photoreflectance and contactless electroreflectance measurements of semiconductor structures by using bright and dark configurations
Authors: Kudrawiec R. , Misiewicz J.
Published: September 2009

Experimental setup for measurements of photoreflectance (PR) and contactless electroreflectance (CER) spectra in bright and dark configurations is described in this work and applied to study various semiconductor structures. The innovative solution in this setup is the possibility to measure PR and CER spectra in both experimental configurations with the same halogen lamp, monochromator, detector, and only very small modification in the optical path. In this setup the measurement conditions for the two experimental configurations are very similar, and the obtained PR and CER spectra can be compared and discussed in the context of the unwanted constant photovoltaic (PV) effect, which appears in the bright configuration when the sample is illuminated by the spectrum of white light instead of the monochromatic light. It has been clearly shown that for (i) epitaxial layers, (ii) quantum wells, and (iii) quantum dots, exactly the same spectral features are observed in both configurations at room temperature. It means that from the viewpoint of the detection of optical transitions, it is not important what configuration is used since the white light-induced PV effect does not influence the energy of optical transitions in these structures.
Polymer reptation for molecular assembly of copper phthalocyanine
Authors: Duan Xiaoli , Tang Qingxin , Qiu Jie , Niu Yanhua , Wang Zhigang , Hu Wenping
Published: September 2009

An efficient molecular assembly in vacuum and on solid state surface is demonstrated by using copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) as the candidate molecule wherein the assembly is dependent on the coassistance of the reptation of polymer chains and the π-π interactions of CuPc. The films assembled by this method exhibit high electronic performance, e.g., the carrier mobility based on the assembled CuPc films is improved by one order compared to that of the devices based on unassembled CuPc films, indicating their prospective application in organic electronics.
Toward full carbon interconnects: High conductivity of individual carbon nanotube to carbon nanotube regrowth junctions
Authors: Tuukkanen S. , Streiff S. , Chenevier P. , Pinault M. , Jeong H.-J. , Enouz-Vedrenne S. , Cojocaru C. S. , Pribat D. , Bourgoin J.-P.
Published: September 2009

A versatile chemical vapor deposition (CVD) based method for the fabrication and electrical measurement of individual carbon nanotube junctions was developed. ferritin or Fe particles were grafted on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and used as catalysts for the subsequent growth of secondary MWNT by CVD. Junctions were then individually connected. The conductivities of the MWNTs and of the junction were measured. Statistical data show that the conductance of the MWNT-MWNT junction is similar to that of MWNT. This result paves the way for the use of carbon nanotubes as electrical interconnects in electronic applications.
Weakly bound complexes trapped in quantum matrices: Structure, energetics, and isomer coexistence in (para-H2)N(ortho-D2)3 clusters
Authors: Cuervo Javier Eduardo , Roy Pierre-Nicholas
Published: September 2009

The ground state of mixed (para-H2)N(ortho-D2)3 clusters of sizes ranging from N=8 to 37 is examined by means of the path integral ground state method. The chemical potential is calculated and reveals that magic numbers are consistent with those found in pure para-H2 and ortho-D2 clusters. The structural features of the mixed clusters are examined by analyzing density profiles, one-dimensional Pekeris distribution functions of the (ortho-D2)3 subsystem, and by direct visualization of density isosurfaces of the systems. The heavier (ortho-D2)3 complex resides in the center of the cluster for the various sizes under consideration. It is found that certain cluster sizes favor either equilateral, or near-linear isosceles (ortho-D2)3 configurations, while others show a coexistence between those two triangular geometries.
Microelectromechanical system assembled ion optics: An advance to miniaturization and assembly of electron and ion optics
Authors: Fox J. , Saini R. , Tsui K. , Verbeck G.
Published: September 2009

Deep-reactive ion etching of n-doped silicon-on-insulator is utilized to make ion optical components to aid in the miniaturization of mass analyzers. The microelectromechanical system components are bound to aluminum nitride substrates and employed three-dimensional assembly. The assembly methods are tested for breakdown (Vb), durability, and alignment. Demonstration of ion manipulation is shown with a 1 mm Bradbury–Nielsen gate, 500 μm Einzel lens, 500 μm coaxial ring ion trap, and reflectron optics. Data are presented showing the resolution, attenuation, and performance of each of these devices. We demonstrate advantages and disadvantages of this technology and its applications to mass analysis.
Role of low-frequency power in dual-frequency capacitive discharges
Authors: Ahn S. K. , Chang H. Y.
Published: September 2009

Changes in plasma characteristics depending on low-frequency power in dual-frequency capacitive discharges were found from the measurement of electrical characteristics and electron energy probability functions. It is shown that as the low-frequency (2 MHz) power increases for the fixed high-frequency (27.12 MHz) current, the ion bombardment energy, and the ion flux onto the electrode increase simultaneously. It is also shown that the coupling between the low-frequency power and the ion flux originates from change in electron heating mechanisms when varying the low-frequency power. Depending on the discharge pressure, changes in the collisional electron heating in the bulk plasma and participation of the secondary electron emission in the ionization process are observed.
Holders for in situ treatments of scanning tunneling microscopy tips
Authors: Ishida Nobuyuki , Subagyo Agus , Ikeuchi Akira , Sueoka Kazuhisa
Published: September 2009

We have developed holders for scanning tunneling microscopy tips that can be used for in situ treatments of the tips, such as electron bombardment (EB) heating, ion sputtering, and the coating of magnetic materials. The holders can be readily installed into the transfer paths and do not require any special type of base stages. Scanning electron microscopy is used to characterize the tip apex after EB heating. Also, spin-polarized scanning tunneling spectroscopy using an Fe coated W tip on the Cr(001) single crystal surface is performed in order to confirm both the capability of heating a tip up to about 2200 K and the spin sensitivity of the magnetically coated tip.
Time-resolved specular and off-specular neutron reflectivity measurements on deuterated polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) blend thin films during dewetting process
Authors: Ogawa Hiroki , Kanaya Toshiji , Nishida Koji , Matsuba Go , Majewski Jaroslaw P. , Watkins Erik
Published: September 2009

We performed time-resolved specular and off-specular neutron reflectivity measurements on blend thin films 42 and 98 nm thick of deuterated polystyrene and poly(vinyl methyl ether) during dewetting process induced by the phase separation in two phase region using a time-of-flight neutron reflectometer. In the specular measurements we found that the phase separation directed to the depth direction occurred near the air interface as well as near the Si substrate during the incubation period before dewetting. In addition we also found that the phase separation occurred asymmetrically at the two interfaces and inhomogeneously in the film plane, showing that the dewetting was induced by the composition fluctuation mechanism. Off-specular reflectivity was analyzed, for the first time, to evaluate kinetics of structure formation in the film plane during the dewetting process. We found in the analysis that the droplets formation in micrometer scale occurred in the late stage of dewetting.
An experimental and theoretical study on vibrational structure in the B̃–X̃ transition of CH2CHS
Authors: Nakajima Masakazu , Schmidt Timothy W. , Sumiyoshi Yoshihiro , Endo Yasuki
Published: September 2009

An electronic excitation spectrum of the B̃–X̃ transition of the CH2CHS (vinylthio, thiovinoxy) radical was observed in the range of 21 800–23 400 cm−1 by fluorescence depletion spectroscopy. Vibrational assignments for the depletion spectrum were made with the help of a theoretical excitation spectrum computed from results of ab initio calculations. The previously observed emission spectrum [M. Nakajima et al., J. Chem. Phys. 126, 044307 (2007)] was also reassigned based on the present theoretical study. Rotational band contours observed in the depletion spectrum show a large variation due to a vibrational-level dependence of the excited state lifetime. However, no obvious vibrational mode dependence of the lifetime was observed.
Infrared spectroscopy of the protonated nitrogen dimer: The complexity of shared proton vibrations
Authors: Ricks Allen M. , Douberly Gary E. , Duncan Michael A.
Published: September 2009

The proton-bridged dimers of nitrogen, e.g., N2–H+–N2 and N2–D+–N2, are produced in a pulsed-discharge supersonic nozzle source, mass selected in a reflectron time-of-flight spectrometer, and studied with infrared photodissociation spectroscopy using the method of messenger atom tagging with argon. Both complexes are studied from 700–4000 cm−1. These spectra reproduce the high frequency vibrations seen previously but discover many new vibrational bands, particularly those in the region of the shared proton modes. Because of the linear structure of the core ions, simple vibrational spectra are expected containing only the antisymmetric N–N stretch and two lower frequency modes corresponding to proton stretching and bending motions. However, many additional bands are detected corresponding to various combination bands in this system activated by anharmonic couplings of the proton motions. The anharmonic coupling is stronger for the H+ system than it is for the D+ system. Using anharmonic proton vibrations computed previously and combinations of computed harmonic frequencies, reasonable assignments can be made for the spectra of both isotopomers. However, advanced anharmonic computational treatments are needed for this system to confirm these assignments.
Extremely anisotropic, direction-dependent elastic grain interaction: The case of ultrathin films
Authors: Welzel U. , Kumar A. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: September 2009

The elastic grain interaction in a 50-nm-thick Pd thin film sputter deposited on a single-crystalline Si substrate has been investigated employing x-ray diffraction residual stress analysis. The occurrence of pronouncedly nonlinear sin2 ψ-plots (i.e., plots of the lattice strain for a particular hkl reflection versus the squared sine of the inclination angle of the diffraction vector with respect to the surface normal ψ) in diffraction stress analysis for the 200 and 222 reflections revealed anisotropic grain interaction of severity not observed before near free surfaces. Application of a direction-dependent elastic grain-interaction model showed that the grain interaction perpendicular to the surface is of Reuss character, whereas the in-plane grain interaction is of Voigt character.
Accounting for the exact degeneracy and quasidegeneracy in the automerization of cyclobutadiene via multireference coupled-cluster methods
Authors: Li Xiangzhu , Paldus Josef
Published: September 2009

The automerization of cyclobutadiene (CBD) is employed to test the performance of the reduced multireference (RMR) coupled-cluster (CC) method with singles and doubles (RMR CCSD) that employs a modest-size MR CISD wave function as an external source for the most important (primary) triples and quadruples in order to account for the nondynamic correlation effects in the presence of quasidegeneracy, as well as of its perturbatively corrected version accounting for the remaining (secondary) triples [RMR CCSD(T)]. The experimental results are compared with those obtained by the standard CCSD and CCSD(T) methods, by the state universal (SU) MR CCSD and its state selective or state specific (SS) version as formulated by Mukherjee et al. (SS MRCC or MkMRCC) and, wherever available, by the Brillouin–Wigner MRCC [MR BWCCSD(T)] method. Both restricted Hartree-Fock (RHF) and multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) molecular orbitals are employed. For a smaller STO-3G basis set we also make a comparison with the exact full configuration interaction (FCI) results. Both fundamental vibrational energies—as obtained via the integral averaging method (IAM) that can handle anomalous potentials and automatically accounts for anharmonicity– and the CBD automerization barrier for the interconversion of the two rectangular structures are considered. It is shown that the RMR CCSD(T) potential has the smallest nonparallelism error relative to the FCI potential and the corresponding fundamental vibrational frequencies compare reasonably well with the experimental ones and are very close to those recently obtained by other authors. The effect of anharmonicity is assessed using the second-order perturbation theory (MP2). Finally, the invariance of the RMR CC methods with respect to orbital rotations is also examined.
Pressure-induced collapse of ice clathrate and hexagonal ice mixtures formed by freezing
Authors: Andersson Ove , Johari G. P.
Published: September 2009

We report thermal conductivity κ measurements of the pressure-induced collapse of two mixtures of ice and tetrahydrofuran (THF) clathrate hydrate formed by freezing aqueous solutions, THF⋅23 H2O and THF⋅20 H2O, one containing twice as much excess water than the other. On pressurizing, κ of the solid mixture first decreases at the onset pressure of ∼0.8 GPa, as occurs for collapse of pure ice, reaches a local minimum at a pressure of ∼1.0 GPa, and then increases as occurs for the collapse of the pure clathrate THF⋅17 H2O. This shows that in the apparently homogeneous mixture, the ice and the clathrate collapse as if the two were in a mechanically mixed state. The manner in which the clathrate aggregate can arrange in the solid indicates that ice occupies the interstitial space in the tightly packed aggregates and H2O molecules belonging to the lattice of one form hydrogen bond with that of the other, a feature that is preserved in their collapsed states. On decompression, the original clathrate is partially recovered in the THF⋅20 H2O mixture, but the collapsed ice does not transform to the low density amorph. We surmise that on irreversible transformation to the original clathrate, the aggregates expand. Any pressure thus exerted on the small domains of the collapsed ice with a hydrogen bonded interface with the clathrate aggregates could prevent it from transforming to the low density amorph. Measurements of κ are useful in investigating structural collapse of crystals when dilatometry is unable to do so, as κ seems to be more sensitive to pressure-induced changes than the volume.
GaAs/AlAs coupled multilayer cavity structures for terahertz emission devices
Authors: Kitada Takahiro , Tanaka Fumiya , Takahashi Tomoya , Morita Ken , Isu Toshiro
Published: September 2009

GaAs/AlAs coupled multilayer cavity structures are proposed as terahertz emission devices. Two cavity modes with an optical frequency difference in the terahertz region can be realized when two cavity layers are coupled by an intermediate distributed Bragg reflector multilayer. Interference between the enhanced light fields of the cavity modes has been demonstrated by the simultaneous injection of two cavity-mode lights using an ultrashort pulse laser. Such coupled multilayer cavity structures are promising for use as compact and room temperature operable terahertz emission devices based on difference frequency generation by the cavity-mode lights.
Electrical tuning of exciton g factors in quantum dot molecules: Effect of hole localization
Authors: Sheng Weidong
Published: September 2009

We present a theoretical study of electron and hole g factors in stacked self-assembled InAs/GaAs quantum dots. The exciton ground and first excited states in the quantum dot molecules are found to exhibit opposite resonances in their g factors in the presence of a small vertical electric field, which is very different from the monotonic behavior of their counterparts in single quantum dots. While the g factor of the electronic ground state is seen to have little variation as the applied electric field increases, the relocalization of the hole states in coupled quantum dots is found to account for the resonant behavior of the exciton g factors. Our theoretical result agrees well with a recent experiment.
Electrical behavior of electrospun heterostructured Ag–ZnO nanofibers
Authors: Lin Dandan , Wu Hui , Qin Xiaolu , Pan Wei
Published: September 2009

In this work, the electrical behavior of heterostructured Ag–ZnO nanofibers was studied by varying the Ag content. The electric conductivity of the hybrids follows the percolation theory and can reach as high as 115 S cm−1 due to the electron transfer highway provided by Ag phase. Typical low-voltage varistor behavior, with nonlinear coefficient of ∼10, was observed for samples with proper Ag concentration. Possible mechanism was elucidated by means of the morphology and distribution of Ag additives throughout the ZnO host.
Mesoscopic phenomena in Au nanocrystal floating gate memory structure
Authors: Chan K. C. , Lee P. F. , Dai J. Y.
Published: September 2009

A resonant tunneling process is demonstrated in the HfAlO/Au nanocrystals/HfAlO trilayer nonvolatile memory (NVM) structure on Si, where the electrons tunnel back and forth to the Au nanocrystals due to the various mesoscopic behaviors. The electron tunneling behavior in this trilayer structure exhibits dissimilar resemblance to those in double-barrier tunnel junctions taking into account of the correlation of Coulomb blockade effect. The observed specific tunneling process is beneficial in studying the interplays of various mesoscopic physics and application of single electron devices into NVM.
Ortho-para mixing interaction in the vinyl radical detected by millimeter-wave spectroscopy
Authors: Tanaka Keiichi , Hayashi Masato , Ohtsuki Mitsuhiko , Harada Kensuke , Tanaka Takehiko
Published: September 2009

Ortho -para mixing interaction due to the coupling of nuclear and electron spins was detected for the first time by millimeter-wave spectroscopy of the deuterated vinyl radical H2CCD. The ground state of H2CCD is split by the deuteron tunneling into two components 0+ and 0− separated by ΔE0=1186.794(16) MHz. Rotational levels in the 0+ and 0− states, one being an ortho level and the other a para level, are coupled by the interaction expressed by ⟨0±|H′|0∓⟩=(δaF/2)S⋅(I1−I2), where I1 and I2 are spins of the two protons and S is the electron spin. The δaF constant has been determined to be 68.06(52) MHz. The para to ortho conversion rate constant is predicted to be 1.2×105 s−1 torr−1.
The Effects of Mirror Reflections and Planar Rotations of Pictures on the Shape Percept of the Depicted Object
Authors: Cornelis Els V K , van Doorn Andrea J , Wagemans Johan
Published: September 2009

Mirror reflections and planar rotations of a picture do not result in any variations concerning the internal geometrical layout of the objects depicted in the picture. We examined to what extent these picture plane transformations gave rise to perceptual differences. A large set of pictures was generated by mirror-reflecting and rotating a set of six original photographs in the picture plane. We externalised the percepts of the depicted objects by using a direct perceptual method: the gauge-figure method. Participants had to adjust a gauge figure so that it seemed to be painted on the surface of the depicted object. From an extensive set of settings collected this way, we computed for each picture the three-dimensional interpretation—or pictorial relief—of the depicted object. On the basis of this set of pictorial reliefs, we addressed the effects of mirror reflections and rotations of pictures on the shape percept of the depicted object. Mirror-reflecting a picture around the horizontal axis resulted in large differences in pictorial reliefs, whereas mirror-reflecting pictures around the vertical axis resulted in only small differences in pictorial reliefs. Clockwise 90°, 180°, and 270° rotation affected the pictorial relief significantly. In all cases, the differences between the pictorial reliefs could be resolved by affine transformations, and could thus be ascribed to different solutions of the depth ambiguities inherent in pictures.
Contesting targets as a measurement of success in agricultural extension: a case study of the Grain & Graze Change-on-farm strategy
Authors: Price R. J. , Nicholson C. , McGuckian N.
Published: September 2009

Grain & Graze was a mixed-farming systems program conducted across nine regions of Australia over 2003–08. It had a goal of ensuring adoption of recommended practices on 6800 farms within the 5-year life of the program. This extension-based success target was further reflected in adoption targets set in contracts for each of the nine regions, and embedded into the program’s extension initiative, the Change-on-farm strategy. By 2008, the program had achieved adoption on 3200 farms. While less than half the target, this was considered by many a remarkable achievement, raising questions about the efficacy of adoption targets as a measurement of success. In a program based on devolution, regional delivery and local empowerment, the targets were contested between participants on other grounds. This paper explores how the targets were set, what Change-on-farm supported, what it achieved and how its success related to adoption targets. Using the Grain & Graze program as a case study, the paper concludes that the notion of targets as a motivator of success rather than as a measure of success is pertinent in complex systems-based research and development. The authors do not advocate avoiding targets, but suggest that both targets and the evaluation process by which success is measured be mutually negotiated in the true spirit of participatory process.
A quantitative model for age-dependent expression of the p16INK4a tumor suppressor
Authors: Tsygankov Denis , Liu Yan , Sanoff Hanna K. , Sharpless Norman E. , Elston Timothy C.
Published: September 2009

Recent work has shown that expression of the p16
INK4a
tumor suppressor increases with chronological age. Expression is accelerated by gerontogenic behaviors such as tobacco use and physical inactivity, and is also influenced by allelic genotype of a polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs10757278 that is physically linked with the

p16
INK4a

ORF. To understand the relationship between

p16
INK4a

expression, chronologic age, subject characteristics and host genetics, we sought to develop a mathematical model that links

p16
INK4a

expression with aging. Using an annotated dataset of 170 healthy adults for whom

p16
INK4a

expression and subject genotypes were known, we developed two alternative stochastic models that relate p16
INK4a
expression to age, smoking, exercise and rs10757278 genotype. Levels of

p16
INK4a

increased exponentially and then saturated at later chronologic ages. The model, which best fit the data, suggests saturation occurs because of

p16
INK4a

-dependent attrition of subjects at older chronologic ages, presumably due to death or chronic illness. An important feature of our model is that factors that contribute to death in a non

p16
INK4a

-dependent manner do not affect our analysis. Interestingly, tobacco-related increases in

p16
INK4a

expression are predicted to arise from a decrease in the rate of

p16
INK4a

-dependent death. This analysis is most consistent with the model that

p16
INK4a

expression monotonically increases with age, and higher expression is associated with increased subject attrition.
A wound-induced Wnt expression program controls planarian regeneration polarity
Authors: Petersen Christian P. , Reddien Peter W.
Published: September 2009

Regeneration requires specification of the identity of new tissues to be made. Whether this process relies only on intrinsic regulative properties of regenerating tissues or whether wound signaling provides input into tissue repatterning is not known. The head-versus-tail regeneration polarity decision in planarians, which requires Wnt signaling, provides a paradigm to study the process of tissue identity specification during regeneration. The
Smed-wntP-1
gene is required for regeneration polarity and is expressed at the posterior pole of intact animals. Surprisingly,
wntP-1
was expressed at both anterior- and posterior-facing wounds rapidly after wounding.
wntP-1
expression was induced by all types of wounds examined, regardless of whether wounding prompted tail regeneration. Regeneration polarity was found to require new expression of
wntP-1
. Inhibition of the
wntP-2
gene enhanced the polarity phenotype due to
wntP-1
inhibition, with new expression of
wntP-2
in regeneration occurring subsequent to expression of
wntP-1
and localized only to posterior-facing wounds. New expression of
wntP-2
required wound-induced
wntP-1
. Finally,
wntP-1
and
wntP-2
expression changes occurred even in the absence of neoblast stem cells, which are required for regeneration, suggesting that the role of these genes in polarity is independent of and instructive for tail formation. These data indicate that wound-induced input is involved in resetting the normal polarized features of the body axis during regeneration.
Iain Cheeseman: A strong attachment to kinetochores
Authors: Short Ben
Published: September 2009

Cheeseman is looking forward to a new era of research on chromosome segregation.
Regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding by the axonemal protein kinase CK1 in Chlamydomonas flagella
Authors: Gokhale Avanti , Wirschell Maureen , Sale Winfield S.
Published: September 2009

Experimental analysis of isolated ciliary/flagellar axonemes has implicated the protein kinase casein kinase I (CK1) in regulation of dynein. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel in vitro reconstitution approach using purified recombinant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CK1, together with CK1-depleted axonemes from the paralyzed flagellar mutant pf17, which is defective in radial spokes and impaired in dynein-driven microtubule sliding. The CK1 inhibitors (DRB and CK1-7) and solubilization of CK1 restored microtubule sliding in pf17 axonemes, which is consistent with an inhibitory role for CK1. The phosphatase inhibitor microcystin-LR blocked rescue of microtubule sliding, indicating that the axonemal phosphatases, required for rescue, were retained in the CK1-depleted axonemes. Reconstitution of depleted axonemes with purified, recombinant CK1 restored inhibition of microtubule sliding in a DRB– and CK1-7–sensitive manner. In contrast, a purified “kinase-dead” CK1 failed to restore inhibition. These results firmly establish that an axonemal CK1 regulates dynein activity and flagellar motility.
XBP1 governs late events in plasma cell differentiation and is not required for antigen-specific memory B cell development
Authors: Todd Derrick J. , McHeyzer-Williams Louise J. , Kowal Czeslawa , Lee Ann-Hwee , Volpe Bruce T. , Diamond Betty , McHeyzer-Williams Michael G. , Glimcher Laurie H.
Published: September 2009

The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a stress response pathway that is driven by the increased load of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum of highly secretory cells such as plasma cells (PCs). X box binding protein 1 (XBP1) is a transcription factor that mediates one branch of the UPR and is crucial for the development of antibody-secreting PCs. PCs represent only one class of terminally differentiated B cells, however, and little is known about the role for XBP1 in the other class: memory B cells. We have developed an XBP1fl/fl CD19+/cre conditional knockout (XBP1CD19) mouse to build upon our current understanding of the function of XBP1 in PC differentiation as well as to explore the role of XBP1 in memory cell development. Using this model, we show that XBP1CD19 mice are protected from disease in an autoantibody-mediated mouse lupus model. We also identify a novel developmental stage at which B cells express the traditional PC marker CD138 (syndecan-1) but have yet to undergo XBP1-dependent functional and morphological differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Finally, we show that memory B cells develop normally in XBP1CD19 mice, demonstrating that XBP1-mediated functions occur independently of any memory cell lineage commitment.
Evaluation of Two Hot Water Washer Disinfectors for Medical Instruments
Authors: Jette L.P. , Lambert N.G.
Published: September 2009

Two models of hot water washer disinfectors (Decomat 128 and Hospital A, Euroclean Canada Inc; Ontario, Canada) were evaluated by two methods for their efficacy in disinfecting anesthesia equipment. In the first method, three different microbial suspensions were each sealed into 30 capillary tubes. In the second method, corrugated anesthesia tubes were rinsed with suspensions of each of two bacterial strains. The tubes then underwent a standard cycle in the hot water washer disinfectors and were subsequently tested for growth of microorganisms. All experiments were repeated three times, and the temperature was registered in all cases. In the capillary test, growth was rarely detected (13/540 tubes) and the inactivation factor for both apparatus was > 5 log,,. In the rinse test, no growth was detected. The mean temperature for 15 disinfection cycles was 84.2 ± 0.8°C for Decomat 128 and 88.9 ± 0.5% for Hospital A. However, for Decomat 128 we observed a variation of 3°C from one disinfection cycle to another and a progressive reduction of 2.2°C over a series of five consecutive complete cycles. Both methods gave reproducible results. Under our experimental conditions, both hot water washer disinfectors proved to be efficacious for the disinfection of reusable anesthesia equipment.
Teicoplanin- A New Agent for Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Authors: Eggleston Mark , Ofosu Joseph
Published: September 2009

Gram-positive bacterial infections remain a serious challenge for infectious disease practitioners. Many gram-positive organisms are developing new methods of antibiotic resistance, thus rendering our standard antimicrobial agents ineffective. Penicillin G resistance, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and recently, a laboratory strain of vancomycin-resistant S aureus have become catalysts in the search for effective alternatives in the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections. This review will briefly describe an investigational agent (investigational in the US, although used widely overseas) that has been very successful in treating gram-positive bacterial infections. The antibiotic, named teicoplanin. (Merrell-Dow Pharmaceuticals) may be approved for release in the United States in the future.

Originally known as teichomycin A, teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic, chemically similar to the vancomycin-ristocetin antibiotic group. Teicoplanin was discovered following the fermentation process of Actinoplanes teichomyceticus The antibiotic has a linear heptapeptide structure and weighs approximately 2000 daltons.