bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studying the Effect of Fungicides in Field Conditions on Disease of Fruits of Tomatoes
Authors: Xalmuminova G. , Sulaimonova G.
Published: November 2021

Tomato is one of the most important food crops. In recent years, tomatoes have been found to be susceptible to various diseases that damage the crop. One of these diseases is black mold of tomato fruits (alternariosis). Leaves, stems and fruits of the plant are damaged. Dark brown or black lesions develop on tomato fruits. The resulting tissue damage is more common where the fruit is attached to the twig.
Nonspecific Aortoarteritis (Takayasu’s Arteritis) in Children: A Description of Cases at the New Coronavirus Infection COVID-19
Authors: Saatova G. , Furtikova A. , Almazbekova R. , Asan kyzy A. , Matkasymova A. , Zhanturaeva B.
Published: November 2021

A description of two cases of the Takayasu’s arteritis in children, who were under our observation, enrolled in the Department of Cardiology and Rheumatology of the National Center Maternity and Childhood Protection during the pandemic period of the new coronavirus infection in 2021 were presented. The Takayasu’s arteritis should be included in the structure of the differential diagnosis in children and adolescents with clinical manifestations characteristic of post-COVID syndrome.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy in Children and Adolescents in the South Region of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Matkasymova A. , Nurueva Z. , Zakirov A. , Abdullaeva Zh.
Published: November 2021

Research relevance: in recent decades, there has been a significant increase in interest in cardiomyopathies, mainly of the heart muscle, often characterized by an unclear etiology, chronic progressive course and, ultimately, cardiomegaly, progressive heart failure, arrhythmic, thromboembolic syndromes, often ending in sudden cardiac death. Materials and research methods: presentation of results after statistical studies on the clinic, diagnostics of a violation of the conducting system by cardiomyopathy in children aged 1 to 16 years, who underwent inpatient treatment in the cardioreumatology department of the Osh medical children’s clinical hospital from 2016 to 2020, according to clinical material on 67 children with dilated cardiomyopathy. Research objectives: analysis of data on 67 children from 0 to 16 years old who received inpatient treatment for heart disease at the Osh interregional children's clinical hospital from 2016 to 2020. Research results: analysis of the EchoCG data of the study showed that the nature of changes in intracardiac hemodynamics depends on the age of the child: the most pronounced shifts in EchoCG indicators, as a rule, are inherent in young children with inflammatory changes in the myocardium and dilated cardiomyopathy, less pronounced for children of other age groups. Conclusions: indicators reflect severe degree of heart damage in children of this age and indicate, most likely, a weak level of heart compensatory-adaptive mechanisms.
Fatty Liver Degeneration in Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Sadykova A. , Kadyrberdieva M. , Mamatalieva A. , Abdullaeva Zh.
Published: November 2021

Research relevance: fatty liver disease is one of the common worldwide disorders and is a public health problem, with obesity and other metabolic disorders. Research methods and materials: article is based on the publications review concerning fatty liver degeneration in cardiovascular diseases. Research objectives: to identify the course, etiology, and clinical picture of metabolic and immune changes in fatty liver degeneration. Research results: pathogenic factors associated with fatty liver disease are multifactorial and include inflammation, adipokines, intestinal dysbiosis, oxidative stress, which are established signs of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: The accumulation of fat in the liver may be associated with ectopic adipose tissue, including myocardial fat and adipose tissue surrounding the heart, which is a central aspect.
Hydrodynamics of Absorption Bubbling Apparatus
Authors: Karimov I. , Halilov I.
Published: November 2021

The article proposes an improved design of the energy-saving, compact absorption bubbling apparatus, which cleans the particles and gas mixtures in the exhaust gases of industrial enterprises, has a high absorption efficiency. As a result of theoretical research, an equation has been proposed that calculates the value of the height of the gas cushion “h”, which provides equal distribution of purified gas to the mixing sections of the apparatus and operation in a stable hydrodynamic mode. As a result, depending on this value, it is possible to calculate the gas velocities and the gas consumption supplied to the apparatus.
The Process of Weaving New Types of Adras National Textile
Authors: Sotvoldiyeva Z. , Nabidjanova N.
Published: November 2021

This article describes our experimental research on the technology of production of a new range of national textille at the production enterprise Yodgorlik LLC in Margilan and its selling.
Masking and Synergy of Sensory Indicators of Product Quality
Authors: Berketova L. , Paramonov G. , Sayapin
Published: November 2021

The article presents an overview of methods for improving the sensory characteristics of food, beverages and dishes: masking and synergy. Masking is understood as hiding undesirable or obviously negative characteristics of products by taste, smell, appearance. To mask the undesirable taste and smell, the most widely used flavor and aroma compositions, which allow not only to block the negative characteristics, but also to give the product a new taste and smell. The use of salt, sugar and its analogues, seasonings, triglycerides with a high content of fatty acids help to hide the taste negative characteristics. In pharmaceuticals, the most common way to mask the bitter taste of a drug is to encapsulate or cover the drug with polymers that block the interaction of taste receptors and the bitter compound. Masking the appearance of food products is primarily achieved by the use of dyes. Synergy is understood as an increase in the intensity of sensation (taste, smell, appearance, texture) as a result of the joint action of several modalities. It has been shown that taste and smell have a strong synergistic effect and often determine the quality of food products. Adding small amounts of salt, sugar, and food acid to a product, dish, or drink at the level of sensation thresholds allows you to enhance both the taste and aroma perception of the product. The taste sensations can also be affected by the color of the product: red and orange products are perceived more sweet, yellow with a lemon tint gives a feeling of sourness of the product, green-freshness and brown and black-increases the feeling of bitterness. The structure of a dish or drink affects the taste and olfactory indicators, so the flavor of the product is formed from the joint sensations of taste, aroma and tactile sensations in the oral cavity. The conducted marketing research on the influence of sound on taste sensations showed: so a crunchy cucumber is perceived as more delicious than a less crunchy one, and the crunch of chips is directly associated with their quality indicators.
The Impact of Ecological and Economic Systems on the Sustainable Development of the Economy
Authors: Lovkova E.
Published: November 2021

This study is aimed at studying the significance of the influence of ecological and economic systems on the sustainable development of the economy. The article deals with theoretical and applied issues of sustainable development of the economy and ecological and economic systems. The influence of ecological and economic systems on the sustainable development of the economy is revealed.
Models of Labor Supply and Demand in the Rural Labor Market
Authors: Tashpulatov A. , Fozilov A.
Published: November 2021

The article discusses the effective use of economic and mathematical methods in the field of rural employment in labor-surplus regions. A large place in the work belongs to the development of a criterion for the optimality of the labor market and limitations in the model. The main focus is on optimizing the supply and demand of labor in rural areas.
Social-Economic Problems of Development of the City of Sulyukta (Kyrgyzstan) in the Years of Independence (1991-2020)
Authors: Tairov K. , Sherov Sh. , Zhumashova G.
Published: November 2021

The article deals with the social-economic development of the city of Sulyukta. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, embarked on the path of perestroika. Economic and political difficulties are leading to major economic changes in the region. These changes have changed the economy, society and culture. The social-economic crisis throughout the post-Soviet region had a negative impact on all industries, including manufacturing. The crisis greatly affected the coal production of the city of Sulyukta. In the last years of Soviet power, especially in the first years of independence, coal production in Sulyukta fell sharply. The main reasons for this were the breakdown of old economic ties, the demands of new market conditions and low demand for coal. In this context, the economic situation in the city of Sulyukta has worsened.
Prevention of Crimes Related to the Storage and Transport of Narcotic Substances and Their Analogues
Authors: Dugushkin K.
Published: November 2021

The prevention of crimes related to the storage and transportation of narcotic substances and their analogues will not only reduce the number of crimes committed, but also stabilize the social situation in the country, creating the necessary conditions for the formation of a healthy and socially oriented nation and, thereby, increasing the authority of the Russian state in the international arena. Currently, the Internet has a great influence on the consumption of drugs, especially by minors. Solution to this problem depends not only on the state, its power, and departmental structures but also on each of us.
Phenomenological Analysis of Personality Socialization in the Process of Social Education
Authors: Sabirova M. , Ermekova A. , Abdullaeva Zh.
Published: November 2021

Research relevance: the article examines the ways of a person’s entry into society at different levels of development of society, the development of philosophical, psychological, pedagogical and technological sciences. Such problems are realized through a deep understanding of the concepts of ‘socialization’, ‘social education’, social studies and personality formation. Research objectives: it is necessary to determine the inclusion of younger generation in public life, social and industrial activities, their formation as human beings, the study of pedagogical practice, the specific socio-cultural situation in the country, regional conditions, as well as the principles of self-realization and self-development. Research materials and methods: the works of famous sociologists, political scientists, psychologists and educators who made a significant contribution to the development of the theory of socialization were described that arose in the West in the middle of the twentieth century such as B. Kukartz, K. Langton, K. Mollen-Hauer, T. Parsons and R. Pring. Research results: in the second half of the twentieth century, the concept of government-social (civic) education in Western Europe received priority development. Such information as social partnership and constructive “concepts of education in the spirit of distrust of the authorities” are reflected. Conclusions: on the basis of above, the content, methods and forms of social education analyses were made.
Social-Psychological Factors of Deviant Behavior of Adolescents
Authors: Ivanov D.
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to the study of social-psychological factors of deviant behavior in adolescents. The psychological characteristics of adolescence, the phenomenology of deviant behavior, types of deviant behavior are considered. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the factors of the formation of deviant behavior of minors. The authors note the lack of scientific knowledge about this. Identifying and taking into account such factors will make it possible to individualize the process of psychoprophylactic and corrective activities of a psychologist. Experimental work on the study of the socio-psychological reasons for the deviant behavior of minors is described. The analysis of the research results is presented. The study made it possible to determine the influence of socio-psychological determinants on the formation of deviant behavior in adolescents: personal and characterological characteristics, character accentuations, peculiarities of adolescent self-esteem, types of family upbringing, characteristics of parental attitudes. All this will allow in the future to develop programs of psychological prevention of deviant behavior in adolescents, taking into account their characteristics and family upbringing.
Psychological Correction of Internet Dependence of Adolescents by Art Therapy
Authors: Sevastyanova O. , Ivanov
Published: November 2021

Psychological correction of Internet addiction is possible by means of art therapy. The advantage of the method is that art therapy acts in the language of visual and plastic expression, which is especially effective in working with adolescents and allows you to use it as a tool for research, development, and harmonization in cases where it is difficult for a teenager to express his emotions verbally. Modern studies of the relationship between Internet addiction and personality traits in adolescents, the relationship between the propensity to Internet addiction and character accentuations in adolescents, and the differences in personality traits and character accentuations of Internet-addicted boys and girls have been analyzed. There is a lack of scientific research on the effectiveness of psychological correction and prevention of Internet addiction among adolescents, taking into account their personal characteristics. Identifying and taking into account such features will further individualize the process of correctional, developmental, and psychoprophylactic activity of a psychologist. A description of the study of the effectiveness of methods in adolescents is given. The results of the analysis of the personality traits of adolescents prone to Internet addiction are presented. The personality traits of adolescents prone to Internet addiction include instability of the emotional sphere, self-doubt and increased personal anxiety, a reduced level of social and emotional intelligence. These personality traits create difficulties in the adolescent's communication with others and his interaction with society and also lead to difficulties in the further socialization of the individual. This further engages teenagers in using the Internet. The analysis of personality traits made it possible to develop a program for correcting Internet addiction in adolescents. Comparative results showed that the number of subjects at risk with Internet addiction and propensity to it decreased. The effectiveness of the developed program is noted.
Problems of Grammar Material Choice in Teaching of English Language
Authors: Abdurakhmanov A. , Abdullaeva Zh.
Published: November 2021

Research relevance: this article is considering selection and organization of grammatical materials relevant in English language teaching. Research purpose: at incorrect interpretation of grammatical minimum content, students cannot fully assimilate the simplest and basic phenomena of morphology and syntax. In connection with this, determination of grammatical material quantity and content in a foreign language allows to increase the quality of learning. Research materials and methods: article analyzes differences between basic principles of selection of active and passive grammatical minimums and the criteria for selection of grammatical materials. Research results: there is requirement for teacher to choose a grammatical topic, ideologically relevant for students training and education. Conclusions: choosing a specific topic, students should be able to systematize their training from simple to complex, from simple to complex.
The Place and Role of the Formation of Grammatical Competence in Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Abdurakhmanov A.
Published: November 2021

Research relevance in this article examines the place and role of grammatical competence formation in foreign language teaching. Research purpose: providing information on cognitive, operational, motivational and reflexive criteria, which are indicators of the final completeness of grammatical competence. Research methods and materials: studies of the concepts of ‘competence’ and ‘competence’ are described on the basis of numerous opinions of scientists, educators and psychologists. Research results: with the acquisition of linguistic competence, the graduate acquires knowledge of the norms and rules that reflect the individual and general laws in the language. Conclusions: students majoring in philology or pedagogy, as future teachers, should be able to study the culture of other nations through a foreign language, as well as through analysis, synthesis, comparison, oral, written speech, dialogue, monologue.
Teaching Chemical Disciplines Using Electronic Learning and Distance Education Technologies
Authors: Orozmatova G. , Iarmatov M. , Koshnazarova Ch. , Abdullaeva Zh.
Published: November 2021

Research relevance: in 2020 year, due to COVID-19 conditions, educational institutions of all levels began to be forced to organize the educational process using e-learning and distant learning technologies. This process was not easy for students nor for teachers. It was especially difficult to study natural sciences, for example, chemistry from a distance. Research materials and methods: e-learning is based on distant learning technologies, electronic libraries, scientific materials in electronic format, as well as on use of information and telecommunication networks and many programs for remote communication with students. Research results: organization of learning process with using e-learning and distant learning technologies has some advantages. Conclusions: in distant learning of chemical disciplines, the course consists mainly of same stages as in traditional education: activation of fundamental chemical concepts; explanation of topic, expected results and new material; reflection or generalization, student assessment and homework.
The Role of Teachers’ ICT Skills in the Development of Scientific Views of High School Students
Authors: Abdullayeva Z.
Published: November 2021

The article discusses the development of the learning process in the new information society, the importance of using new technologies, their application in the learning process. It also emphasizes the importance of inculcating teachers’ knowledge and skills in the formation of the worldview of high school students using ICT tools, and notes that the application of new technologies in the learning process is an important feature of the modern learning process.
Chemical Problems and Environmental Education
Authors: Aliyeva G.
Published: November 2021

Ecological problems are considered one of the most important problems of the globalized world in the article. It’s noticed that the negative attitude of the population to the environment causes to creating available problems. Therefore, it must be paid special attention to the ecological education among children and students at school and preschool educational institution. Everybody must get knowledge on ecology must form ecological worldview at the separate stages of education ecological discipline must be actualized. Forming responsibility feeling to the nature on pupils is given priority. Teachers form such an opinion on pupils that knowing Chemistry it`s possible to organize the product that doesn’t damage the environment in a word a wasteless technology. The regular attitude to the environment is formed as a result of ecological knowledge. Because of this it must be ecological knowledge, ecological culture and ecological ethics. It’s important to bring up people who have ecological worldview for eliminating ecological problems. Different methods must be applied for complete explaining of the ecological problems to pupils. Pupils must be informed about the sources which pollute the environment, the pollutant which spreads on the biosphere from the sources, their effect on human body, flora and fauna and the ecological problems of the region. First it must pay more attention to practical experiences together with provided child’s psychological features for forming ecological worldview on pupils. The world’s scientists’ thinking about eliminating ways of the deplanement that climate changes create are given priority. Here the main purpose is to minimize the damages of Climate changes to the environment and anthropogenic effect. Many matters are implemented in the direction of saving global climate all over the world. The reasons of terrible and tragic diseases that are cured for a long time (COVID, Aids, bird flu, swine influenza, hepatitis and etc.), genetic diseases that are observed among children (thalassemic, hemophilia, immune deficiency), dead and early birth of children that worry humanity and the world scientists are considered as the main problem.
Applying Social Forms: The Project Method in Teaching Foreign Languages
Authors: Juraeva M.
Published: November 2021

The article discusses applying the project method as one social forms of teaching foreign languages. The author of the article considers that in project work students learn to cooperate, and cooperative learning fosters in them such moral values as mutual assistance, desire and ability to empathize; it improves general culture of communication and social behavior in general, forms creative abilities and activity of students, i. e. there is an inseparable process of training and education, and leads students to practical possession of a foreign language.
Evaluation of the effects of donepezil, memantine and α-lipoic acid combined administration in amnesia rats on impaired cognitive functions in terms of behavioural, apoptotic, cholinergic and glutamatergic systems
Authors: AYKAÇ Aslı , ÖZBEYLİ Dilek , PEKOL Gizem , ŞEHİRLİ Ahmet Özer
Published: November 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible protective effects of alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA), donepezil and memantine combined therapy in the scopolamine-induced amnesia rat model.

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible protective effect of donepezil, memantine and alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) combined therapy in the scopolamine-induced amnesia rat model.

Methods: In this study, the effect of combined therapy used in the treatment of scopolamine-induced amnesia on behavioural parameters was evaluated using Y-maze and new object recognition (NOR) test. In addition, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype M1, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins [B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) / Bcl-2 associated X (Bax) ratio, caspase (casp) -3, and -9] expression levels were evaluated using the western blot method in the frontal cortex and hippocampus regions.

Results: The main findings of this study demonstrated that in scopolamine-induced amnesia rats, cognitive dysfunction determined by both the Y-maze and the NOR test were reversed with the combined treatment of memantine, donepezil and α-LA. According to immunoblotting results in both brain regions, scopolamine-induced decreased M1, BDNF, Bcl-2 / Bax ratio and increased NR2B, casp-3 and -9 expression levels were found to be reversed to almost control values with combined treatment.

Conclusion: Consistent with the literature, our study results suggest that the positive contribution of α-LA to the combined treatment of donepezil and memantine, which is used in the routine treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, may be a treatment option in the future.

Results: The main findings of this study demonstrated that in scopolamine-induced amnesia rats, cognitive dysfunction determined by both the Y-maze and the NORT test were reversed with the combined treatment of memantine, donepezil and α-LA. In addition, decreased BDNF, M1, bcl-2/bax ratio and increased NR2B, caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression levels due to scopolamine in both regions were improved with α-LA, donepezil and memantine combined therapy.

Conclusion: The results of our study and other study results in the literature suggest that α-LA may be a future treatment option due to its positive contribution to the effects of other drugs used in the routine treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
The Investigation of Tissue Composition Effects on Dose Distributions Using Monte Carlo Method in Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy
Authors: ARAS Serhat
Published: November 2021

Objective: Radiation dose calculations in the prostate brachytherapy practices have very high importance in terms of the success of treatment. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether there is a significant dose difference between the radiation dose calculations performed in water medium and prostate cancer-diagnosed patients by using the Monte Carlo method.
Methods: The radiation dose calculations were performed on 20 prostate patients by using the BrachyDose Monte Carlo code. Phantom geometry derived from real patients computed tomography (CT) data was created to use in dose calculations. Water material was assigned to all voxels within the prostate volume for dose comparison with CT derived phantom. 125I (Amersham, OncoSeed, 6711), 103Pd (Theragenics Co., TheraSeed, 200) and 131Cs (IsoRay Medical) commercial brachytherapy seed models were used in dose calculations.
Results: It was observed that there are significant dose differences between the water medium and the prostate tissue. The differences between D90 dose values in prostate tissue and water medium were calculated as 7.2-10.5%, 9.1-13.4% and 5.4-8.3% for 125I, 103Pd and 131Cs brachytherapy seed sources, respectively.
Conclusions: It was concluded that material compositions of different organs and tissues in the human body should be considered for more accurate brachytherapy dose calculations.
The Estimation of Standard Portion Sizes Using Food Photographic Booklet Among University Students in Turkey
Authors: ALMASİ Negin , RAKICIOĞLU Neslişah
Published: November 2021

Objective: To examine estimation of standard portion size and, the influence of different food plates on the estimation of food portion size, using photograph booklet in students.

Methods: The sample consisted of 300 students, aged 18-35 years old from different academic departments. The student’s general characteristics were asked by using a questionnaire, and anthropometric measurements were taken. Students were asked to select the standard portion sizes of each food from a photographic booklet, which was developed by the researchers. Dietary guidelines for Turkey were used for assessing the quantity of standard portion size of foods of a photographic booklet (1).

Results: The findings of the present study indicate that the food group which the most students provided the accurate estimation was protein foods (36.0%), pursued by grains (35.1%), dairy (29.2%), fruits and vegetables group (28.9%). The most and the least accurate estimated foods were found boiled potato (64%) and cheese (3.7%), respectively. The percentages of the accurate estimation of standard portion size for five foods (meatball, meat cubes, shredded chicken, egg, yogurt) in 24 foods were higher in females than men (p
Creating a Global Legal and Policy Database and Document Repository: Challenges and Lessons Learned From the World Health Organization Sexual, Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health Policy Survey
Authors: Katwan Elizabeth , Bisoborwa Geoffrey , Butron-Riveros Betzabe , Bychkov Sergei , Dadji Kwami , Fedkina Natalia , Jayathilaka C. Anoma , Kumar Dhiraj , Li Zhao , Mehta Rajesh , Raina Neena , Siddeeg Khalid , Ferguson Laura , Handlos Line Neerup , Sheffel Ashley , Kiarie James , Festin Mario R. , Diaz Theresa
Published: November 2021

The World Health Organization (WHO) has collected information on policies on sexual, reproductive, maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health (SRMNCAH) over many years. Creating a global survey that works for every country context is a well-recognized challenge. A comprehensive SRMNCAH policy survey was conducted by WHO from August 2018 through May 2019. WHO regional and country offices coordinated with Ministries of Health and/or national institutions who completed the questionnaire. The survey was completed by 150 of 194 WHO Member States using an online platform that allowed for submission of national source documents. A validation of the responses for selected survey questions against content of the national source documents was conducted for 101 countries (67%) for the first time in the administration of the survey. Data validation draws attention to survey questions that may have been misunderstood or where there was a lot of missing data, but varying methods for validating survey responses against source documents and separate analysis of laws from policies and guidelines may have hindered the overall conclusions of this process. The SRMNCAH policy survey both provided a platform for countries to track their progress in adopting WHO recommendations in national SRMNCAH-related legislation, policies, guidelines and strategies and was used to create a global database and searchable document repository. The outputs of the SRMNCAH policy survey are resources whose importance will be enriched through policy dialogues and wide utilization. Lessons learned from the methodology used for this survey can help to improve future updates and inform similar efforts.
Measuring the Protective Effect of Health Insurance Coverage on Out-of-Pocket Expenditures During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Peruvian Population
Authors: Hernández-Vásquez Akram , Rojas-Roque Carlos , Barrenechea-Pulache Antonio , Bendezu-Quispe Guido
Published: November 2021

Background: Health insurance coverage is expected to protect individuals from out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures, potentially preventing them from falling into poverty. However, to date, the effect of health insurance on OOP spending during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not been fully explored. This study aimed to estimate differences in the proportion and the amount of OOP expenditures among Peruvians during the pre- and post-mandatory lockdown response to COVID-19 in 2020 according to the health insurance coverage status. Methods: This study utilized repeated cross-sectional data from the National Household Survey on Living and Poverty Conditions (ENAHO) from the first quarter of 2017 until the fourth quarter of 2020. The outcomes were (i) the proportion of individuals who incurred OOP expenditures and (ii) the monetary value of OOP expenditures. An interrupted time series analysis (ITS) and a quasi-experimental difference-in-difference (DID) analysis were performed to examine the outcomes among the control (individuals without health insurance) and treatment groups (individuals with health insurance) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: ITS analysis showed that the proportion of individuals reporting OOP expenditures after implementation of mandatory lockdown due to COVID-19 in Peru decreased in both groups, but no difference in the slope trend was found (P=.916). The average quarterly amount of OOP spending increased in both groups, but no difference in the slope trend was found (P=.073). Lastly, the DID analysis showed that the mandatory lockdown was associated with a higher amount of OOP, but there was no evidence to indicate that the higher amount was different between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The mandatory lockdown in response to the COVID-19 was associated with a higher amount of OOP expenditures and a lower likelihood of incurring OOP expenditures. However, our findings suggest that health insurance coverage does not lower OOP expenditures or reduce the likelihood of incurring OOP expenditures.
Epidemics, Lockdown Measures and Vulnerable Populations: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of the Evidence of Impacts on Mother and Child Health in Low-and Lower-Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Russo Giuliano , Jesus Tiago Silva , Deane Kevin , Osman Abdinasir Yusuf , McCoy David
Published: November 2021

Background: The aim of this research was to synthetise the existing evidence on the impact of epidemic-related lockdown measures on women and children’s health in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs). Methods: A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted of qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods evidence. Between 1st and 10th of November 2021, seven scientific databases were searched. The inclusion criteria were that the paper provided evidence on the impact of lockdown and related measures, focused on LLMICs, addressed impacts on women and child’s health, addressed epidemics from 2000-2020, was peer-reviewed, provided original evidence, and was published in English. The Joanne Briggs Institute’s critical appraisal tools were used to assess the quality of the studies, and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting. The evidence from the papers was grouped by type of lockdown measure and categories of impact, using a narrative data-based convergent synthesis design. Results: The review process identified 46 papers meeting the inclusion criteria from 17 countries that focussed on the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Ebola epidemics. The evidence on the decrease of utilisation of health services showed plummeting immunisation rates and faltering use of maternal and perinatal services, which was linked to a growth of premature deaths. Impacts on the mental health of children and women were convincingly established, with lockdowns associated with surges in depression, anxiety and low life satisfaction. Vulnerability may be compounded by lockdowns, as livelihoods were disrupted, and poverty levels increased. Conclusion: Limitations included that searches were conducted in late-2020 as new research was being published, and that some evidence not published in English may have been excluded. Epidemic-related lockdown measures carry consequences for the health of women and children in lower-income settings. Governments will need to weigh the trade-offs of introducing such measures and consider policies to mitigate their impacts on the most vulnerable.
Implementing Universal and Targeted Policies for Health Equity: Lessons From Australia
Authors: Fisher Matthew , Harris Patrick , Freeman Toby , Mackean Tamara , George Emma , Friel Sharon , Baum Fran
Published: November 2021

Background: Debate continues in public health on the roles of universal or targeted policies in providing equity of access to health-related goods or services, and thereby contributing to health equity. Research examining policy implementation can provide fresh insights on these issues. Methods: We synthesised findings across case studies of policy implementation in four policy areas of primary healthcare (PHC), telecommunications, Indigenous health and land use policy, which incorporated a variety of universal and targeted policy structures. We analysed findings according to three criteria of equity in access – availability, affordability and acceptability – and definitions of universal, proportionate-universal, targeted and residual policies, and devolved governance structures. Results: Our analysis showed that existing universal, proportionate-universal and targeted policies in an Australian context displayed strengths and weaknesses in addressing availability, affordability and acceptability dimensions of equity in access. Conclusion: While residualist policies are unfavourable to equity of access, other forms of targeting as well as universal and proportionate-universal structure have the potential to be combined in context-specific ways favourable to equity of access to health-related goods and services. To optimise benefits, policies should address equity of access in the three dimensions of availability, affordability and acceptability. Devolved governance structures have the potential to augment equity benefits of either universal or targeted policies.
Evidence-Informed Deliberative Processes for Legitimate Health Benefit Package Design − Part I: Conceptual Framework
Authors: Baltussen Rob , Jansen Maarten , Oortwijn Wija
Published: November 2021

Background: Countries around the world are increasingly rethinking the design of their health benefit packages to achieve universal health coverage (UHC). Health technology assessment (HTA) bodies support governments in these decisions, but employ value frameworks that do not sufficiently account for the intrinsically complex and value-laden political reality of benefit package design. Methods: Several years ago, evidence-informed deliberative processes (EDPs) were developed to address this issue. An EDP is a practical and stepwise approach for HTA bodies to enhance legitimate health benefit package design based on deliberation between stakeholders to identify, reflect and learn about the meaning and importance of values, and to interpret available evidence on these values. We further developed the conceptual framework and initial 2019 guidance based on academic knowledge exchange, analysing practices of HTA bodies, surveying HTA bodies and experts around the globe, and implementation of EDPs in several countries around the world. Results: EDPs stem from the general concept of legitimacy, which is translated into four elements – stakeholder involvement ideally operationalised through stakeholder participation with deliberation; evidence-informed evaluation; transparency; and appeal. The 2021 practical guidance distinguishes six practical steps of a HTA process and provides recommendations on how these elements can be implemented in each of these steps. Conclusion: There is an increased attention for legitimacy, deliberative processes for HTA and health benefit package design, but the development of theories and methods for such processes remain behind. The added value of EDPs lies in the operationalisation of the general concept of legitimacy into practical guidance for HTA bodies.
Evidence-Informed Deliberative Processes for Health Benefit Package Design – Part II: A Practical Guide
Authors: Oortwijn Wija , Jansen Maarten , Baltussen Rob
Published: November 2021

Background: Countries around the world are using health technology assessment (HTA) for health benefit package design. Evidence-informed deliberative processes (EDPs) are a practical and stepwise approach to enhance legitimate health benefit package design based on deliberation between stakeholders to identify, reflect and learn about the meaning and importance of values, informed by evidence on these values. This paper reports on the development of practical guidance on EDPs, while the conceptual framework of EDPs is described in a companion paper. Methods: The first guide on EDPs (2019) is further developed based on academic knowledge exchange, surveying 27 HTA bodies and 66 experts around the globe, and the implementation of EDPs in several countries. We present the revised steps of EDPs and how selected HTA bodies (in Australia, Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Scotland, Thailand and the United Kingdom) organize key issues of legitimacy in their processes. This is based on a review of literature via PubMed and HTA bodies’ websites. Results: HTA bodies around the globe vary considerable in how they address legitimacy (stakeholder involvement ideally through participation with deliberation; evidence-informed evaluation; transparency; and appeal) in their processes. While there is increased attention for improving legitimacy in decision-making processes, we found that the selected HTA bodies are still lacking or just starting to develop activities in this area. We provide recommendations on how HTA bodies can improve on this. Conclusion: The design and implementation of EDPs is in its infancy. We call for a systematic analysis of experiences of a variety of countries, from which general principles on EDPs might subsequently be inferred.
An Enhanced Clustering Method for Extending Sensing Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network
Authors: Yakubu Abdul-Wahab Nawusu  , Alhassan Abdul-Barik  , Salifu Abdul-Mumin
Published: November 2021

Extending the lifetime of a wireless sensor network is vital in ensuring continuous monitoring functions in a target environment. Many techniques have appeared that seek to achieve such prolonged sensing gains. Clustering and improved selection of cluster heads play essential roles in the performance of sensor network functions. Cluster head in a hierarchical arrangement is responsible for transmitting aggregated data from member nodes to a base station for further user-specific data processing and analysis. Minimising the quick dissipation of cluster heads energy requires a careful choice of network factors when selecting a cluster head to prolong the lifetime of a wireless sensor network. In this work, we propose a multi-criteria cluster head selection technique to extend the sensing lifetime of a heterogeneous wireless sensor network. The proposed protocol incorporates residual energy, distance, and node density in selecting a cluster head. Each factor is assigned a weight using the Rank Order Centroid based on its relative importance. Several simulation tests using MATLAB 7.5.0 (R2007b) reveal improved network lifetime and other network performance indicators, including stability and throughput, compared with popular protocols such as LEACH and the SEP. The proposed scheme will be beneficial in applications requiring reliable and stable data sensing and transmission functions.
TIME PERSPECTIVE PERCEPTION SPECIFIC AND MALADAPTATION IN ELDERLY UNDER UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS DURING PANDEMIC EMERGENCY
Authors: Васильева А.В. , Антохина Р.И. , Антохин Е.Ю.
Published: November 2021

Цель исследования - определение специфики переживания психологического стресса, временной перспективы и симптоматики адаптационных нарушений у пожилых людей в чрезвычайной ситуации пандемии по сравнению с активным взрослым населением. На первом этапе были обследованы 587 человек с помощью шкалы PSM-25, затем были отобраны 100 респондентов с дезадаптационным уровнем стресса (сумма ≥155 баллов). Основную группу составили 50 человек 60-74 лет (средний возраст - 65±2,7 года), 50 человек 18-44 лет (средний возраст - 32±3,8 года) вошли в группу сравнения, которые были обследованы с помощью опросника SCL-90-R для оценки психопатологической симптоматики и опросника ZTPI для оценки восприятия временной перспективы. Выявлено наличие адаптационных расстройств в обеих группах. В группе пожилых установлена активация восприятия позитивного прошлого, что может быть адаптационным ресурсом, и большая выраженность фаталистического восприятия настоящего, что обусловливает пассивное преодоление стресса и сужает адаптационные возможности пожилых людей. Результаты исследования позволяют обозначить потенциальные «мишени» психотерапевтической работы с населением в условиях пандемического стресса с учетом возрастного фактора.

The purpose of the study - to determine the specifics of experiencing psychological stress, the time perspective and symptoms of adaptation disorders in older people in a pandemic emergency compared to the active adult population. At the first stage, 587 people were examined using the PSM-25 scale, then 100 respondents with maladaptive stress levels (sum ≥155 points) were selected. The main group consisted of 50 people aged 60 to 74 years (aver age age 65±2,7 years), 50 people aged 18 to 44 years (average age 32±3,8 years) were included in comparison group, who were examined with using the SCL-90-R questionnaire for assessing psychopathological symptoms and the ZTPI questionnaire for assessing the perception of time perspective. The presence of adaptation disorders in both groups was revealed. In the elderly group, the activation of the perception of the positive past was established, which can be an adaptive resource, and the greater severity of the fatalistic perception of the present, which causes passive overcoming with stress and narrows the adaptive capabilities of the elderly. The results of the study make it possible to identify potential «targets» of psychotherapeutic work with the population in conditions of pandemic stress, taking into account the age factor.
THE PROBLEMS OF OLDER PEOPLE AND DIRECTIONS OF MEDICAL, SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL SUPPORT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Решетова Т.В. , Лаптева Е.С. , Лукашкова В.В. , Решетов А.В.
Published: November 2021

В обзорной статье рассмотрены медицинские, психологические и социальные проблемы людей пожилого возраста в связи с пандемией. Продемонстрировано негативное влияние хронического стресса на формирование психопатологических расстройств (тревога, астения, паника, когнитивная дисфункция). На основании результатов собственного клинического опыта лечения и психологической коррекции этих психопатологических расстройств у людей старшего поколения, переживавших пандемию, а также по итогам аналогичных результатов других исследователей в разных странах, проведён анализ методов психологической поддержки при различных психопатологических расстройствах у пожилых людей. На основании результатов собственных исследований в период пандемии выявлено увеличение частоты астении и психосоматических расстройств у пациентов. Представлены алгоритмы дифференциальной диагностики и лечения астении в рамках постковидного синдрома. Описаны особенности опыта самоизоляции для пожилых людей в разных странах, проанализированы причины психической дезадаптации, формирования аддикций. Продемонстрированы алгоритм и итоги психологической поддержки, оказанной людям старшего поколения в формате работы организации социально-психологической помощи.

The review article examines the medical, psychological and social problems that older people face due to the pandemic. The article contains the analysis of the mortality rate in the older age group in different countries. It also demonstrates the negative impact of the pandemic stress on the formation of psychopathological disorders (anxiety, asthenia, panic, cognitive dysfunction). The authors carried out an analysis of psychological support methods for various psychopathological disorders among the elderly, based on both the results of their own clinical experience in the treatment and psychological correction of the disorders of older people experiencing the pandemic, and similar results of other researches in other countries. The results of the presented research during the pandemic suggest that the frequency of asthenia and psychosomatic disorders in patients was increased. The paper presents algorithms for the differential diagnosis and treatment of asthenia as part of the post-covid syndrome. The article contains an objective scientific and practical assessment of the experience of self-isolation for the elderly, as well as the analysis of the reasons for mental maladjustment and the formation of addictions. The algorithm and the results of psychological support, provided to older people by a psychosocial support organization, are demonstrated.