bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A European Perspective: Potential of Grid and Storage for Balancing Renewable Power Systems
Authors: Weitemeyer Stefan , Kleinhans David , Wienholt Lukas , Vogt Thomas , Agert Carsten
Published: November 2015

Increasing transmission grid capacities and the use of storage devices are two options often considered to balance the fluctuations originating from variable renewable energy sources (VRES) in power supply systems. We investigate which storage characteristics are most beneficial for integrating a high share of VRES into a fully connected European power system. By applying a modeling approach to long‐term meteorological and load data, we find that a suitable combination of solar and wind capacities permits the cost‐effective integration of very high shares of VRES if complemented with the installation of small, highly efficient storage systems and fully flexible backup capacities. Our simulations also show that the grid is used significantly for approximately 3/4 of the time to balance surpluses and deficits. The results emphasize that the expansion of the European transmission grid is an important option to consider for the reduction of the required balancing measures for integrating very high shares of VRES.
Degradation of cefdinir by Candida Sp. SMN04 and MgO nanoparticles—An integrated (Nano‐Bio) approach
Authors: Adikesavan Selvi , Nilanjana Das
Published: November 2015

The present study evaluates the effect of integrated nano‐bio approach involving nanoscale magnesium oxide (n‐MgO) and yeast Candida sp. SMN04 on cefdinir degradation in aqueous medium. The nanoparticle was chemically synthesized and characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDAX analysis, and particle size analyser. Nano‐bio integrated system was prepared using chemically synthesized n‐MgO (10 mg mL−1), coated onto the surface of yeast cells without causing any lethal effects to the cell. Cefdinir (250 mg L−1) degradation was studied using individual and nano‐bio integrated system both. Nano‐bio integrated system was found to be more effective for cefdinir degradation compared to native yeast cell. The adherence of nanoparticles on the surface of the yeast cells increased the permeability of the cell membrane, thereby enhancing the entry of cefdinir into the cell. The kinetic data showed the half‐life of cefdinir, which was 1.46 days for integrated system and 2.97 days for native yeast, which confirmed that the integrated approach reduced the half‐life to less than half of the time taken by the yeast alone. This study signifies the potential efficacy of the nano‐bio integrated approach to serve as an effective remedial tool for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 706–714, 2016
Morphotectonics and ridge jumpings in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Suo Y. H. , Li S. Z. , Yu S. , Zhang Z. , Li X. Y. , Guo L. L.
Published: November 2015

The Indian Ocean experienced a complex tectonic evolution after its initial rifting since the Late Cretaceous, including three major jumpings and reorganizations of mid‐ocean ridges at 80 Ma, 60 Ma, and 40 Ma, respectively, which had important impacts on the present‐day tectonic pattern and physiography. We develop a new division principle on submarine morphotectonics and subdivide the Indian Ocean into first‐ to fourth‐order tectonic geomorphologic units and four growth phases, by integrating bathymetric and gravity anomaly data within a regional plate kinematic framework. The Southwest Indian Ocean (SWIO), the Central Indian Ocean (CIO), and the Southeast Indian Ocean (SEIO) comprise the first‐order geomorphologic units, based on tectonic symmetry and seafloor‐spreading rates. Four second‐order units with plate ages of >80 Ma, 80–60 Ma, 60–40 Ma, and 40–0 Ma, respectively, are divided in the Indian Ocean, based on dramatic changes in the direction of the main fracture zones due to three ridge jumping events. Third‐order units are characterized either by positive gravity anomaly associated with transform faults or oceanic core complexes (OCCs) or by negative gravity anomaly associated with hotspots or continental fragments of East Gondwana. The third‐order units are subdivided into fourth‐order units. Typical fourth‐order units are characterized either by gravity values of less than −46 mGal associated with hotspot‐related crustal thickening or greater than 46 mGal associated with OCC‐related or other unconfirmed tectonic‐related crustal thinning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of aberrant hippocampal mossy fiber connections: Ex vivo mesoscale diffusion MRI and microtractography with histological validation in a patient with uncontrolled temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Modo Michel , Hitchens T. Kevin , Liu Jessie R. , Richardson R. Mark
Published: November 2015

Understanding the neurobiology and functional connectivity of hippocampal structures is essential for improving the treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. At the macroscale, in vivo MRI often reveals hippocampal atrophy and decreased fractional anisotropy, whereas at the microscopic scale, there frequently is evidence of neuronal loss and gliosis. Mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus (DG), with evidence of glutamatergic synapses in the stratum moleculare (SM) putatively originating from granule cell neurons, may also be observed. This aberrant connection between the DG and SM could produce a reverberant excitatory circuit. However, this hypothesis cannot easily be evaluated using macroscopic or microscopic techniques. We here demonstrate that the ex vivo mesoscopic MRI of surgically excised hippocampi can bridge the explanatory and analytical gap between the macro‐ and microscopic scale. Specifically, diffusion‐ and T2‐weighted MRI can be integrated to visualize a cytoarchitecture that is akin to immunohistochemistry. An appropriate spatial resolution to discern individual cell layers can then be established. Processing of diffusion tensor images using tractography detects extra‐ and intrahippocampal connections, hence providing a unique systems view of the hippocampus and its connected regions. Here, this approach suggests that there is indeed an aberrant connection between the DG and SM, supporting the sprouting hypothesis of a reverberant excitatory network. Mesoscopic ex vivo MR imaging hence provides an exciting new avenue to study hippocampi from treatment‐resistant patients and allows exploration of existing hypotheses, as well as the development of new treatment strategies based on these novel insights. Hum Brain Mapp 37:780–795, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parenting Predictors of Delay Inhibition in Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Preschoolers
Authors: Merz Emily C. , Landry Susan H. , Zucker Tricia A. , Barnes Marcia A. , Assel Michael , Taylor Heather B. , Lonigan Christopher J. , Phillips Beth M. , Clancy‐Menchetti Jeanine , Eisenberg Nancy , Spinrad Tracy L. , Valiente Carlos , de Villiers Jill ,   the School Readiness Research Consortium
Published: November 2015

This study examined longitudinal associations between specific parenting factors and delay inhibition in socioeconomically disadvantaged preschoolers. At Time 1, parents and 2‐ to 4‐year‐old children (mean age = 3.21 years; N = 247) participated in a videotaped parent–child free play session, and children completed delay inhibition tasks (gift delay‐wrap, gift delay‐bow, and snack delay tasks). Three months later, at Time 2, children completed the same set of tasks. Parental responsiveness was coded from the parent–child free play sessions, and parental directive language was coded from transcripts of a subset of 127 of these sessions. Structural equation modelling was used, and covariates included age, gender, language skills, parental education, and Time 1 delay inhibition. Results indicated that in separate models, Time 1 parental directive language was significantly negatively associated with Time 2 delay inhibition, and Time 1 parental responsiveness was significantly positively associated with Time 2 delay inhibition. When these parenting factors were entered simultaneously, Time 1 parental directive language significantly predicted Time 2 delay inhibition whereas Time 1 parental responsiveness was no longer significant. Findings suggest that parental language that modulates the amount of autonomy allotted the child may be an important predictor of early delay inhibition skills. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chinese adaptation of Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ‐CCA): A psychometric evaluation in Chinese children
Authors: Liu Wen , Chen Liang , Tu Xintian
Published: November 2015

This study validated a Chinese adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ‐CCA), a self‐report instrument that evaluates two emotion regulation (ER) strategies, based on the process model of ER. The ERQ‐CCA was evaluated using a sample of 1381 Chinese children aged between 7 and 12 years. The internal consistencies of the two factors indicated adequate reliability. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed good support as the structure proved to be identical with that of the original instrument. Multigroup CFA supported an invariant factor solution of the ERQ‐CCA across several demographic variations (gender, age, registered permanent residence and migrant status) in different groups. Test–retest correlations over a 2‐month period were calculated using a subsample of children (N = 70). Convergent validity was evaluated in relation to the model dimensions of the ERQ‐CCA, Chinese version of the Children's Depression Inventory, and Chinese version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents. Results indicated that the ERQ‐CCA has generally satisfactory reliability and validity in investigating the use of two ER strategies during the middle childhood developmental period.
Ghana's Economic Recovery Programme and the Globalisation of Ashanti Goldfields Company Ltd
Authors: Nikoi Ebenezer
Published: November 2015

Ashanti Goldfields Company (Ashanti) was a small gold mining company until Ghana's implementation of the economic recovery programme in 1983. Subsequently, Ashanti was transformed into a multinational gold mining company, with six producing mines in four African countries and seven major exploration projects and publicly listed on six international financial markets. The present study shows that Ashanti's globalisation derives from the combined effects of the economic recovery programme, specific government incentives and Ashanti's own business strategies. The study demonstrates how a local company in a low‐income country could utilise opportunities created by government policies to profitably globalise its operations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpretation of infrared spectra for OM characterization of soil structural surfaces of Bt‐horizons
Authors: Ellerbrock Ruth H. , Leue Martin , Gerke Horst H.
Published: November 2015

The surfaces of macropores or aggregates can act as hot spots for biogeochemical processes and solute transport during preferential flow. For the characterization of organic matter (OM) at macropore surfaces non‐destructive methods have been applied such as diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFT). However, effects of organic components on DRIFT signal intensities are often difficult to distinguish from those of mineral components. Here, DRIFT spectra from intact earthworm burrow walls and coated cracks were re‐evaluated to improve the interpretation of C–H and C=O bands. We compared DRIFT and transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of entire samples that were from the same pedogenetic soil horizon (Bt) but different in mineral composition and texture (i.e., glacial till vs. loess). Spectra of incinerated samples were subtracted from the original spectra. Transmission FTIR and DRIFT spectra were almost identical for entire soil samples. However, the DRIFT spectra were affected by the bulk mode bands (i.e., wavenumbers 2000 to 1700 cm−1). These bands affected spectral resolution and reproducibility. The ratios between C–H and C=O band intensities as indicator for OM quality obtained with DRIFT were smaller than those obtained from transmission FTIR. The results demonstrated that DRIFT and transmission FTIR data required separate interpretations. DRIFT spectroscopy as a non‐destructive method for analyzing OM composition at intact surfaces in structured soils could be calibrated with information obtained with the more detailed transmission FTIR and complementary methods. Spectral subtraction procedure was found useful to reduce effects of mineral absorption bands. The improved DRIFT data may be related to other soil properties (e.g., cation exchange capacity) of hot spots in structured soils.
Color, sensory and physicochemical attributes of beef burger made using meat from young bulls fed levels of licuri cake
Authors: de Gouvêa Ana AL , Oliveira Ronaldo L , Leão André G , Assis Dallyson YC , Bezerra Leilson R , Nascimento Júnior Nilton G , Trajano Jaqueline S , Pereira Elzania S
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND:

Licuri cake is a biodiesel byproduct and has been tested as an alternative feed additive for use in cattle production. This study analyzed the color, sensory and chemical attributes of burger meat from bovines. Thirty‐two young Nellore bulls were used, housed in individual pens and distributed in a randomized experimental design with four treatments: no addition or the addition of 7, 14 or 21% (w/w) licuri cake in the dry matter of the diet.

RESULTS:

Interactions between the licuri cake level and the physicochemical variables (P > 0.05) were observed. Additionally, an interaction was observed between the licuri cake level and the burger beef color parameter lightness index (L*) (P = 0.0305). The L* value was positively and linearly correlated with the proportion of licuri cake in the diet of young bulls. The level of inclusion of licuri cake did not affect (P > 0.05) the sensory characteristics; the variables were graded between 6 and 7, indicating good overall acceptance.

CONCLUSION:

Up to 21% (w/w) licuri cake can be included in the diet of young bulls without negatively impacting on beef burger quality. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Importance of tumor size as a prognostic factor after partial liver resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications on the current AJCC staging system
Authors: Goh Brian K. P. , Teo Jin‐Yao , Chan Chung‐Yip , Lee Ser‐Yee , Jeyaraj Premaraj , Cheow Peng‐Chung , Chow Pierce K. H. , Ooi London L. P. J. , Chung Alexander Y. F.
Published: November 2015

Background

Presently, the impact of tumors size as a prognostic factor after curative liver resection (LR) for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains controversial. This study was performed to determine the prognostic factors of patients undergoing LR for solitary HCC with special emphasis on the importance of tumor size.

Methods

Between 2000 and 2013, 560 patients underwent curative LR for solitary primary HCC which met the study criteria.

Results

One‐hundred and seventy‐eight patients underwent major hepatectomies and the overall in‐hospital mortality was 2.0%. There were 282 patients (50.4%) with liver cirrhosis. The 5‐year overall survival (OS) was 64% and recurrence free survival (RFS) was 50%, respectively. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that cirrhosis, microvascular invasion and size were independent predictors of RFS and cirrhosis, microvascular invasion and age were independent prognostic factors of OS. Subset analysis demonstrated that tumor size was a prognostic factor for solitary HCC with microvascular invasion (AJCC T2) but not solitary HCC without microvascular invasion (AJCC T1).

Conclusions

Size, microvascular invasion, and cirrhosis are independent prognostic factors of RFS for solitary HCC after LR. Tumor size is an important prognostic factor in T2 but not T1 solitary tumors. These findings suggest that the current AJCC TNM staging system may need to be revised. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:89–93. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association of polymorphisms in translesion synthesis genes with prognosis of advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Zhang Xuelin , Chen Qun , Chen Jia , He Chunya , Mao Jianlin , Dai Yuechu , Yang Xi , Hu Wei , Zhu Chengchu , Chen Baofu
Published: November 2015

Background and Objectives

Translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases enable cells to bypass or overcome DNA damage during DNA replication and contributes to genomic instability and cancer. Inhibition of the expression of TLS genes enhances the sensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TLS genes and clinical outcome of advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy.

Methods

A total of 16 SNPs were genotyped and analyzed in 302 advanced NSCLC patients (discovery set), and the results were further validated in additional 428 NSCLC patients (validation set).

Results

Analyses revealed significant associations of two SNPs, rs3213801 and rs3792136, with overall survival, with the lowest combined P values of 0.003 and 0.016, respectively. These effects also remained in stratification analyses by clinical variables. Furthermore, the number of risk genotypes of the two SNPs showed a cumulative effect on overall survival (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Genetic polymorphisms in the TLS genes might serve as potential predictive biomarkers of prognosis of advanced NSCLC patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;113:17–23. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser‐assisted delivery of vitamin C, vitamin E, and ferulic acid formula serum decreases fractional laser postoperative recovery by increased beta fibroblast growth factor expression
Authors: Waibel Jill S. , Mi Qing‐Sheng , Ozog David , Qu Le , Zhou Li , Rudnick Ashley , Al‐Niaimi Firas , Woodward Julie , Campos Valerie , Mordon Serge
Published: November 2015

Background and Objective

Laser‐assisted drug delivery is an emerging technology to achieve greater penetration by existing topical medications to reach desired targets in the tissue. The objective of this research was to study whether laser‐assisted delivery of Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic immediately postoperatively of fractional ablative laser could improve wound healing. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the potential molecular markers involved in this wound‐healing process.

Study Design/Material and Methods

A double blinded, prospective, single center, randomized split face trial of Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic topical formula #740019 to decrease postoperative recovery time in fractional ablative laser resurfacing for photo damage. Fifteen healthy men and women of ages 30–55 years were treated with the Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic acid serum to one side of face and vehicle to the other side of face, within 2 minutes immediately after fractional ablative CO2 laser surgery and daily during the healing process. Patients were evaluated daily on days 1–7 using photographs, patient questionnaires, and molecular evaluation.

Results

Clinically, postoperative Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic delivery resulted in decreased edema versus vehicle on postoperative day 7 and decreased erythema versus vehicle on postoperative days 3 and 5. Molecularly, the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was significantly increased at day 5 on the lesion treated with Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic acid serum compared to vehicle control on the other side.

Conclusion

This is first study to show that Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic acid correlate with more rapid wound healing post‐fractional ablative laser. Elevated bFGF could be involved in the Vitamin C, E, and Ferulic acid‐induced rapid wound healing. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:238–244, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Supramolecular Gel Approach to Minimize the Neural Cell Damage during Cryopreservation Process
Authors: Zeng Jie , Yin Yixia , Zhang Li , Hu Wanghui , Zhang Chaocan , Chen Wanyu
Published: November 2015

The storage method for living cells is one of the major challenges in cell‐based applications. Here, a novel supramolecular gel cryopreservation system (BDTC gel system) is introduced, which can observably increase the neural cell viability during cryopreservation process because this system can (1) confine the ice crystal growth in the porous of BDTC gel system, (2) decrease the amount of ice crystallization and cryopreservation system's freezing point, and (3) reduce the change rates of cell volumes and osmotic shock. In addition, thermoreversible BDTC supramolecular gel is easy to be removed after thawing so it does not hinder the adherence, growth, and proliferation of cells. The results of functionality assessments indicate that BDTC gel system can minimize the neural cell damage during cryopreservation process. This method will be potentially applied in cryopreservation of other cell types, tissues, or organs and will benefit cell therapy, tissue engineering, and organs transplantation.

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Development of Non‐Cell Adhesive Vascular Grafts Using Supramolecular Building Blocks
Authors: van Almen Geert C. , Talacua Hanna , Ippel Bastiaan D. , Mollet Björne B. , Ramaekers Mellany , Simonet Marc , Smits Anthal I. P. M. , Bouten Carlijn V. C. , Kluin Jolanda , Dankers Patricia Y. W.
Published: November 2015

Cell‐free approaches to in situ tissue engineering require materials that are mechanically stable and are able to control cell‐adhesive behavior upon implantation. Here, the development of mechanically stable grafts with non‐cell adhesive properties via a mix‐and‐match approach using ureido‐pyrimidinone (UPy)‐modified supramolecular polymers is reported. Cell adhesion is prevented in vitro through mixing of end‐functionalized or chain‐extended UPy‐polycaprolactone (UPy‐PCL or CE‐UPy‐PCL, respectively) with end‐functionalized UPy‐poly(ethylene glycol) (UPy‐PEG) at a ratio of 90:10. Further characterization reveals intimate mixing behavior of UPy‐PCL with UPy‐PEG, but poor mechanical properties, whereas CE‐UPy‐PCL scaffolds are mechanically stable. As a proof‐of‐concept for the use of non‐cell adhesive supramolecular materials in vivo, electrospun vascular scaffolds are applied in an aortic interposition rat model, showing reduced cell infiltration in the presence of only 10% of UPy‐PEG. Together, these results provide the first steps toward advanced supramolecular biomaterials for in situ vascular tissue engineering with control over selective cell capturing.

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Advertising Spending, Mood and Level of Product Information on Quality Perception
Authors: Koetz Clara , dos Santos Cristiane Pizzutti , Cliquet Gérard
Published: November 2015

The aim of this article is to investigate the influence of advertising spending and mood on consumers' perceived quality, considering scenarios with slight and severe information asymmetry as regards a product's attributes. An experimental study conducted with 385 subjects demonstrated that mood moderates the impact of advertising spending on consumers' perceived quality, specifically when these expenses are at and above the market average. Moreover, the impact of mood on perceived quality was moderated by the level of product information. These results have several theoretical and managerial implications, and may help companies to invest their advertising resources more efficiently. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid fat suppression for three‐dimensional echo planar imaging with minimized specific absorption rate
Authors: Stirnberg Rüdiger , Brenner Daniel , Stöcker Tony , Shah N. Jon
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To investigate a method for rapid water excitation with minimal radiofrequency power deposition for efficient functional MRI at ultrahigh fields.

Theory and Methods

The suitability of the spectral response of a single rectangular radiofrequency pulse (rect) as a replacement of conventional fat saturation in segmented three‐dimensional (3D) echo planar imaging (EPI) is explored. A pulse duration formula for lipid signal nulling independent of the small‐tip‐angle approximation is derived and tested by means of simulations and experiments at 3 and 7 Tesla (T).

Results

Compared with conventional binomial‐11 water excitation, the single rect method is more selective and less sensitive to shim imperfections. In functional MRI, a significant measurement speedup (25%) and specific absorption rate reduction (from 44% to 1% at 7T) compared with conventional fat saturation are achieved. Furthermore, magnetization transfer effects are reduced resulting in up to 25% higher brain tissue signal‐to‐noise ratio.

Conclusion

The proposed method is well suited for whole‐brain functional MRI, not only at ultra‐high fields, as it maximizes the sensitivity per unit time and at the same time minimizes radiofrequency power deposition. It requires little implementation effort and may thus be used in other spatially nonselective imaging methods that require fat suppression at minimal specific absorption rate and time requirements. Magn Reson Med 76:1517–1523, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Analysis and numerics for an age‐ and sex‐structured population model
Authors: Pokojovy Michael , Skvarkovskyi Yevhenii
Published: November 2015

We study a linear model of McKendrick‐von Foerster‐Keyfitz type for the temporal development of the age structure of a two‐sex human population. For the underlying system of partial integro‐differential equations, we exploit the semigroup theory to show the classical well‐posedness and asymptotic stability in a Hilbert space framework under appropriate conditions on the age‐specific mortality and fertility moduli. Finally, we propose an implicit finite difference scheme to numerically solve this problem and prove its convergence under minimal regularity assumptions. A real data application is also given. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 32: 706–736, 2016
High porosity, responsive hydrogel copolymers from emulsion templating
Authors: Ovadia Maya , Silverstein Michael S
Published: November 2015

Hydrogels, three‐dimensional hydrophilic polymer network structures, can absorb many times their dry weight in water. PolyHIPEs are highly porous polymers synthesized within high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs). Here, the water uptakes in novel hydrogel polyHIPE copolymers of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, a non‐ionic monomer) and methacrylic acid (MAA, an ionic monomer) were investigated. The PHEMA‐based polyHIPE had a density of 0.14 g cm−3, void diameters of 50–100 µm and a void‐dominated Fickian water uptake of around 10.4 g g−1. The polyHIPE density increased, and the porous structure became less polyHIPE‐like, with increasing MAA content, reflecting a reduction in the stability of the HIPE. The water uptake increased with increasing pH for all the copolymers and the water absorption mechanism changed from Fickian at pH 2 to anomalous, dominantly case II, at pH 10. The maximum uptake of 18.2 g g−1 at pH 10, for a HEMA to MAA mass ratio of 1/1, was ascribed to hydrogel‐swelling‐driven void expansion. The hydrogel's absorptive and responsive properties were amplified by the polyHIPE's porous structure. These results demonstrate that the compositions of hydrogel polyHIPE copolymers can be designed to enhance their water uptake. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
3D‐printed external light trap for solar cells
Authors: Dijk Lourens van , Paetzold Ulrich W. , Blab Gerhard A. , Schropp Ruud E. I. , di Vece Marcel
Published: November 2015

We present a universally applicable 3D‐printed external light trap for enhanced absorption in solar cells. The macroscopic external light trap is placed at the sun‐facing surface of the solar cell and retro‐reflects the light that would otherwise escape. The light trap consists of a reflective parabolic concentrator placed on top of a reflective cage. Upon placement of the light trap, an improvement of 15% of both the photocurrent and the power conversion efficiency in a thin‐film nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) solar cell is measured. The trapped light traverses the solar cell several times within the reflective cage thereby increasing the total absorption in the cell. Consequently, the trap reduces optical losses and enhances the absorption over the entire spectrum. The components of the light trap are 3D printed and made of smoothened, silver‐coated thermoplastic. In contrast to conventional light trapping methods, external light trapping leaves the material quality and the electrical properties of the solar cell unaffected. To explain the theoretical operation of the external light trap, we introduce a model that predicts the absorption enhancement in the solar cell by the external light trap. The corresponding calculated path length enhancement shows good agreement with the empirically derived value from the opto‐electrical data of the solar cell. Moreover, we analyze the influence of the angle of incidence on the parasitic absorptance to obtain full understanding of the trap performance. © 2015 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the interplay of cell thickness and optimum period of silicon thin‐film solar cells: light trapping and plasmonic losses
Authors: Tamang Asman , Sai Hitoshi , Jovanov Vladislav , Hossain Mohammad I. , Matsubara Koji , Knipp Dietmar
Published: November 2015

Light trapping and photon management in honeycomb‐textured microcrystalline silicon solar cells are investigated experimentally and by modeling of the manufacturing process and the optical wave propagation. The solar cells on honeycomb‐textured substrates exhibit short circuit current densities exceeding 30 mA/cm2 and energy conversion efficiencies of up to 11.0%. By controlling the fabrication process, the period and height of the honeycomb‐textured substrates are varied. The influence of the honeycomb substrate morphology on the interfaces of the individual solar cell layers and the quantum efficiency is determined. The optical wave propagation is calculated using 3D finite difference time domain simulations. A very good agreement between the optical simulation and experimental results is obtained. Strategies are discussed on how to increase the short circuit current density beyond 30 mA/cm2. In particular, the influence of plasmonic losses of the textured silver (Ag) reflector on the short circuit current and quantum efficiency of the solar cell is discussed. Finally, solar cell structures with reduced plasmonic losses are proposed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13.3% efficient solution deposited Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells processed with different sodium salt sources
Authors: Berner Ulrich , Colombara Diego , de Wild Jessica , Robert Erika V.C. , Schütze Martin , Hergert Frank , Valle Nathalie , Widenmeyer Markus , Dale Phillip J.
Published: November 2015

In this work, we obtain the highest reported power conversion efficiency (13.3%) for sulfur‐free CIGSe solar cells by solution processing. Intentional sodium incorporation is achieved directly by dissolving sodium salts in the ink. The effect on solar cell properties of three sodium sources is investigated: NaCl, NaHCO2, and NaSCN. A comparison is made with absorbers grown on soda‐lime glass substrates and in the absence of sodium sources. The incorporation via sodium salts yields significantly better results, which is attributed to enhanced‐sodium availability. A comparison with identically annealed sputtered metal precursor layers capable of delivering 15.1% module efficiency suggests that the cell results are limited by the selenization procedure. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SELECTING EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS TO INCREASE MATH COMPUTATION FLUENCY VIA BRIEF EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSES
Authors: Reisener Carmen D. , Dufrene Brad A. , Clark Chelsi R. , Olmi D. Joe , Tingstrom Daniel H.
Published: November 2015

In a response to intervention RtI paradigm, the use of brief experimental analyses (BEAs) for identifying effective interventions for elementary and middle school students struggling with math is a relatively new area of research. This investigation includes two studies, both of which employed a brief multielement design and an extended analysis to evaluate the effects of a variety of empirically supported math computation fluency interventions. Results indicated variability within and across the participants in response to the empirically supported interventions. Visual analysis of the data indicated that all students responded favorably to at least one intervention during the BEA. Additionally, all students demonstrated continued performance improvements during extended analyses and an intervention phase when the indicated intervention was implemented in isolation. Thus, this investigation supports the use of BEAs in identifying effective interventions for students struggling with mathematics computation fluency.
Plasma Processing of Electrospun Li‐Ion Battery Separators to Improve Electrolyte Uptake
Authors: Laurita Romolo , Zaccaria Marco , Gherardi Matteo , Fabiani Davide , Merlettini Andrea , Pollicino Antonino , Focarete Maria Letizia , Colombo Vittorio
Published: November 2015

Atmospheric pressure non‐equilibrium plasma treatments of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) solutions and electrospun Li‐ion separators are implemented to improve fiber morphology and increase electrolyte uptake. Plasma pre‐treatment of PVdF solutions increased the viscosity and induced a morphological change of polymer chains, enabling the production of defect‐free mats with improved mechanical properties compared to those produced from non pre‐treated solutions. The post‐treatment of the electrospun separator induced a chemical modification of the PVdF surface and an increase of electrolyte uptake. A synergistic effect between the plasma treatments is reported: the electrolyte uptake of the pre&post‐treated separators is about 1200%, ten times larger than that of commercial Celgard separators.
Incidence and characteristics of early childhood wheezing, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2004–2010
Authors: Dawood Fatimah S. , Fry Alicia M. , Goswami Doli , Sharmeen Amina , Nahar Kamrun , Anjali Bilkis Ara , Rahman Mustafizur , Brooks W. Abdullah
Published: November 2015

Background

Early childhood wheezing substantially impacts quality of life in high‐income countries, but data are sparse on early childhood wheezing in low‐income countries. We estimate wheezing incidence, describe wheezing phenotypes, and explore the contribution of respiratory viral illnesses among children aged <5 years in urban Bangladesh.

Methods

During 2004–2010, respiratory illness surveillance was conducted through weekly home visits. Children with fever or respiratory illness were referred for examination by study physicians including lung auscultation. During 2005–2007, every fifth referred child had nasal washes tested for human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial viruses, and influenza and parainfluenza viruses.

Results

During April 2004–July 2010, 23,609 children were enrolled in surveillance. Of these, 11,912 (50%) were male, median age at enrollment was 20 months (IQR 5–38), and 4,711 (20%) had ≥1 wheezing episode accounting for 8,901 episodes (733 [8%] associated with hospitalization); 25% wheezed at <1 year of age. Among children aged <5 years, incidences of wheezing and wheezing hospitalizations were 2,335/10,000 and 192/10,000 child‐years. Twenty‐eight percent had recurrent wheezing. Recurrent versus non‐recurrent wheezing episodes were more likely to be associated with oxygen saturation <93% (OR 6.9, 95%CI 2.8–17.3), increased work of breathing (OR 1.6, 95%CI 1.4–1.8), and hospitalization (OR 2.0, 95%CI 1.6–2.4). Respiratory viruses were detected in 66% (578/873) of episodes with testing.

Conclusion

In urban Bangladesh, early childhood wheezing is common and largely associated with respiratory virus infections. Recurrent wheezing is associated with more severe illness and may predict children who would benefit most from closer follow‐up and targeted interventions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:588–595. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Erythrocyte and platelet proteomics in hematological disorders
Authors: Chakrabarti Abhijit , Halder Suchismita , Karmakar Shilpita
Published: November 2015

Erythrocytes undergo ineffective erythropoesis, hemolysis, and premature eryptosis in sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Abnormal hemoglobin variants associated with hemoglobinopathy lead to vesiculation, membrane instability, and loss of membrane asymmetry with exposal of phosphatidylserine. This potentiates thrombin generation resulting in activation of the coagulation cascade responsible for subclinical phenotypes. Platelet activation also results in the release of microparticles, which express and transfer functional receptors from platelet membrane, playing key roles in vascular reactivity and activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Over the last decade, proteomics had proven to be an important field of research in studies of blood and blood diseases. Blood cells and its fluidic components have been proven to be easy systems for studying differential expressions of proteins in hematological diseases encompassing hemoglobinopathies, different types of anemias, myeloproliferative disorders, and coagulopathies. Proteomic studies of erythrocytes and platelets reported from several groups have highlighted various factors that intersect the signaling networks in these anucleate systems. In this review, we have elaborated on the current scenario of anucleate blood cell proteomes in normal and diseased individuals and the cross‐talk between the two major constituent cell types of circulating blood.
Landscape effects on the abundance and larval diet of the polyphagous pest Helicoverpa armigera in cotton fields in North Benin
Authors: Tsafack Noelline , Alignier Audrey , Head Graham P , Kim Jae H , Goulard Michel , Menozzi Philippe , Ouin Annie
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

The noctuid Helicoverpa armigera is one of the key cotton pests in the Old World. One possible pest regulation method may be the management of host crop in the landscapes. For polyphagous pests such as H. armigera, crop diversity and rotations can offer sequential and alternate resources that may enhance abundance. We explore the impact of landscape composition and host crop diversity on the abundance and natal host plant use of H. armigera in northern Benin.

RESULTS

Host plant diversity at the largest scale examined (500 m diameter) was positively correlated with H. armigera abundance. Host plant diversity and the cover of tomato crops were the most important variables in relation to high abundance of H. armigera. Host plant (cotton, maize, tomato, sorghum) proportions and C3 versus C4 plants did not consistently correlate positively with H. armigera abundance. Moth proportion derived from cotton‐fed larvae was low, 15% in 2011 and 11% in 2012, and not significantly related to H. armigera abundance.

CONCLUSION

Cotton crop cover was not significantly related to H. armigera abundance and may be considered as a sink crop. Landscape composition and sequential availability of host plants should be considered as keys factors for further studies on H. armigera regulation. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Impact of a stochastic parametrization of cumulus convection, using cellular automata, in a mesoscale ensemble prediction system
Authors: Bengtsson Lisa , Körnich Heiner
Published: November 2015

A stochastic parametrization for deep convection, based on cellular automata, has been evaluated in the high‐resolution (2.5 km) ensemble prediction system Hirlam Aladin Regional Mesoscale Operational NWP Ensemble Prediction System (HarmonEPS). We studied whether such a stochastic physical parametrization, whilst implemented in a deterministic forecast model, can have an impact on the performance of the uncertainty estimates given by an ensemble prediction system. Various feedback mechanisms in the parametrization were studied with respect to ensemble spread and skill, in both subgrid and resolved precipitation fields. It was found that the stochastic parametrization improves the model skill in general, by reducing a positive bias in precipitation. This reduction in bias, however, led to a reduction in ensemble spread of precipitation. Overall, scores that measure the accuracy and reliability of probabilistic predictions indicate that the net impact (improved skill, degraded spread) of the ensemble prediction system is improved for 6 h accumulated precipitation with the stochastic parametrization and is rather neutral for other quantities examined.
A Multi‐attribute Reliability Allocation Method Considering Uncertain Preferences
Authors: Chen Tie , Zheng Songlin , Liao Haitao , Feng Jinzhi
Published: November 2015

In reliability allocation, certain reliability values are assigned to subsystems and components to achieve the required system reliability. One big challenge in solving such reliability‐based design problems is how to handle the uncertain preferences of a decision maker on multiple attributes of interest. In this paper, we propose a new ordered weighted averaging (OWA) method based on an analytic hierarchy process to address the decision maker's uncertain preferences in reliability allocation. In the proposed OWA operator, a bi‐objective mathematical programming model considering both maximal entropy and minimal variance is transformed into a single‐objective mathematical programming model using an ideal‐point method. The maximum entropy minimal variance OWA operator takes full advantage of available information and avoids overestimating the decision maker's preferences. A detailed computational procedure is presented to facilitate the implementation of the proposed method in practice. An illustrative example about the powertrain of fuel cell vehicles is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in handling multiple attributes with uncertain preferences in reliability allocation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of Initial Defects at Meniscus in Oscillating Mold
Authors: Zuo Xiao Jing , Lin Ren Gan , Wang Ning , Yang Jie , Meng Xiang Ning , Zhu Miao Yong
Published: November 2015

The initially formed defects in the mold of continuous casting are likely to be expanded and propagated in the subsequent processing. Based on the principle of material mechanics, a mathematic model is proposed to describe the development of the solidifying shell at meniscus for continuous casting steel slab of low‐carbon ([C] = 0.04%) that with the cross‐section of 1200 mm × 200 mm. The influence of mechanical stress induced by the mold oscillation on the growth state of meniscus shell and the primary dendrites is evaluated in combination with a non‐sinusoidal oscillation mode of mold. The results suggest that the stress caused by the shell bending tends to exceed the critical fracture strength of initial solidifying shell at high temperature. The initial surface crack is formed easily when the upward oscillation velocity of mold exceeds 1.6 m min−1 and is located at 1.9–5.6 mm below meniscus. The subsurface crack is formed when the downward velocity oversteps 6 m min−1 during the negative strip time and is produced in the distance from 3.1 to 4.3 mm below meniscus. The growth direction of primary dendrite changed regularly along with the mold oscillation.
The ‘bother’ of obstructed defecation
Authors: Alam P. , Guzman Rojas R. , Kamisan Atan I. , Mann K. , Dietz H. P.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To examine the relationship of visual analog scale (VAS) ‘bother’ scores for obstructed defecation (OD) with demographic data, physical examination and sonographic findings of the posterior compartment.

Methods

All patients seen at a urogynecology clinic between January and October 2013 were included. Patients were diagnosed with OD if they had any of the following: incomplete bowel emptying, straining with bowel movement or need for digitation. Patients used a VAS to rate OD bother on a scale of 0–10 (0, no bother; 10, worst imaginable bother). For each patient, a comprehensive history was obtained, the International Continence Society Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification was performed and four‐dimensional translabial ultrasound volumes were recorded on maximal Valsalva maneuver. Linear and multiple regression models were used to correlate bother VAS scores with demographic, clinical and sonographic findings.

Results

Among 265 patients included in the analysis, 61% had OD symptoms with a mean VAS bother score of 5.6. OD bother scores were associated with a history of previous prolapse surgery (P = 0.0001), previous hysterectomy (P = 0.0006), descent of the posterior compartment (Bp; P = 0.004) and hiatal dimensions (Pb and Gh + Pb; P = 0.006 and P = 0.004). OD bother was associated with the following sonographic findings: true rectocele (P = 0.01), depth of rectocele (P = 0.04), descent of rectal ampulla (P = 0.02), enterocele (P = 0.03) and rectal intussusception (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

VAS bother scores are associated with both clinical and sonographic measures of posterior compartment descent. Rectal intussusception was most likely to result in highly bothersome symptoms of OD. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bayes estimates as an approximation to maximum likelihood estimates
Authors: Yamamura Kohji
Published: November 2015

Ronald A. Fisher, who is the founder of maximum likelihood estimation (ML estimation), criticized the Bayes estimation of using a uniform prior distribution, because we can create estimates arbitrarily if we use Bayes estimation by changing the transformation used before the analysis. Thus, the Bayes estimates lack the scientific objectivity, especially when the amount of data is small. However, we can use the Bayes estimates as an approximation to the objective ML estimates if we use an appropriate transformation that makes the posterior distribution close to a normal distribution. One‐to‐one correspondence exists between a uniform prior distribution under a transformed scale and a non‐uniform prior distribution under the original scale. For this reason, the Bayes estimation of ML estimates is essentially identical to the estimation using Jeffreys prior.
From Campers to Counselors: a Resource for Prospective Genetic Counseling Students
Authors: Wiesman Chana , Rose Esther , Klugman Susan , Schreiber‐Agus Nicole
Published: November 2015

When thinking about the future of the genetic counseling field, one place to start is with prospective genetic counseling graduate school applicants. Although resources and mentorship opportunities exist for genetic counselors entering the field, the process of deciding on a career, applying to graduate programs, and being admitted can be daunting. As members of the profession, we should take responsibility for ensuring that individuals have the information and resources necessary to make an educated decision about whether genetic counseling is the correct path for them and to take the initial steps along this path. In this article, we present our Genetic Counseling Boot Camp as a model for other genetic counselors to use in developing their own local programs. This type of program can benefit prospective genetic counselors as they begin their professional journeys and can also provide value for the organizers and presenters who are already seasoned in the field.