bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(Digital Presentation) Dopamine Detection at Green Carbon Quantum Dots Based Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Elugoke Saheed E , Fayemi Omolola E , Adekunle Abolanle , Ebenso Eno
Published: November 2022

This work describes the fabrication and application of a sensor based on green carbon quantum dots/copper oxide nanocomposite for dopamine (DA) detection. The characterization of the copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs), green carbon quantum dots prepared from banana peels (gCQDs), and their composite (gCQDs/CuO) was effected through Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis. The comparative cyclic voltammogram of the CuO NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (CuO/gCQDs), gCQDs modified GCE (gCQDs/GCE), and the nanocomposite modified GCE (gCQDs/CuO/GCE) shows that the composite modified GCE has the best electrocatalytic activity towards DA detection. The Nyquist plot of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data revealed that the composite modified GCE possesses the lowest charge transfer resistance (Rct). Using the square wave voltammetry (SWV), this sensor offered a limit of detection (LoD) of 25.41 µM over a linear range of 50-200 µM. The real sample analysis of DA in dopamine hydrochloride injection shows that the proposed sensor is capable of 94.8 % DA recovery from the real sample solution. The sensor also offered selective DA detection in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA).
One-Step Attomolar Quantification of Sars-CoV2 RNAs with Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Sunshine Andrew Michael , Ake Sarah , Wang Gangli
Published: November 2022

Reliable quantification of SARS-CoV2 RNA in clinical samples presents an urgent challenge for biosensor technologies. Current benchmark methods are based on rt-qPCR technique which involve isolating RNA from samples, amplifying target RNA, then signal readout. Viral loads are reported in terms of Cq-- the number of PCR cycles before the target concentration is detectable. However, variability in instruments and methodology and a lack of standardization complicates the translation of Cq values into meaningful quantitation such as target concentration in the sample. A viral quantification has the potential to better inform prognoses, enhance treatment protocols, and improve population monitoring via waste water sampling. Herein, an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor is developed. In stark contrast to the almost exclusively adopted sample amplifications in PCR and other fast testing tools, in-situ signal amplification based on redox cycling enables one-step quantification of SARS-CoV2 RNA concentration. Signal-on mechanism and sensor specificity are based on the re-folding of nucleic acid probes in complementary to the target RNA sequence/s which alter the proximity of a redox probe to the gold microelectrodes. Initial results suggest the sensors detects viral RNA concentrations as low as 10 aM within minutes. Ongoing work is focused on procedural optimizations and reproducibility.
(Digital Presentation) Non-Enzymatic Lactose Sensor Based on Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Fiber Cloth Electrode
Authors: Jamal Mamun
Published: November 2022

Lactose (LAC) is the main sugar found mostly in milk and dairy products. LAC content is an important indication of milk quality and health issues in the food business as well as in human and animal health. The development of biosensors for lactose detection has received a lot of attention over the last 20 years due to its importance in the agricultural and healthcare industries [1-3].

In this work, an enzyme-free lactose sensor has been developed using a carbon fiber cloth electrode modified with NiO nanoparticles (NiO/CFC). At first, Ni(OH)2 precursor of NiO nanoparticles were electrodeposited on the surface of CFC by applying a constant potential of -1.0V in an electrochemical cell containing 6 mM Ni(NO3)2·6H2O solution where CFC was used as a working, Ag/AgCl (3M KCl) as reference and Pt wire as a counter electrode. Then the electrode was calcined at 100 ℃ in the presence of oxygen for 1 hr. For the confirmation of the growth of NiO nanoparticles on CFC, morphology and chemical composition of the electrode was characterized using SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy. The electrochemical properties of NiO/CFC were investigated by applying Cyclic Voltammetry, and amperometry in a 0.1M NaOH solution. NiO/CFC exhibits a fast reaction time of less than 5 s with a linear relationship of 0.5 to 3.5 mM (R2 = 0.97) at an applied voltage of +0.65 V (Fig. 1). The sensitivity was found to be 1.73 mA/mM/cm2 with a detection limit of 227 µM. The interference test of the electrode was performed in glucose, ascorbic acid, and uric acid solutions, which indicated insignificant current responses compare to lactose. As a result, it provides a sensitive, simple, and rapid amperometric sensor, which opens the way to developing an enzyme-free sensing platform to detect lactose in milk.

Acknowledgments

Ministry of Science and Technology of Bangladesh (special allocation 2021-22) for funding this research.

References

G. Halpin et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 2022, 169, 037528.

M. Jamal et al., Sci. Rep., 2019, 9, 4659.

J. Islam et al., PLoS ONE, 2021 16(3), e0248142.

Fig. 1. Amperometric current response of the NiO/CFC electrode to sequential additions of lactose ranging from 1 to 3.5 mM into a stirred 0.1 M NaOH solution.

Figure 1
The Practice of Rational Designs of Electrolyte Additives for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Shi Jiayan , Zhang Jian , Amine Rachid , Guo Juchen , Su Chi Cheung , Amine Khalil
Published: November 2022

Discovering new electrolyte additives for specific purposes has been a long-run demand for lithium batteries. With the help of the current understanding of failure mechanisms of lithium batteries, it is no longer impossible to have a rational design, instead of random trials, of electrolyte additives for lithium batteries. More excitingly, we have successfully discovered several new electrolyte additives based on chemistry knowledge. Standard characterization tools, such as NMR, MS, SEM, and XPS, are enough to verify the proposed design rules for these electrolyte additives.

Phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) is investigated as an acid scavenger to remove the acidic impurities in a commercial organic carbonate electrolyte for lithium batteries. We revealed that commercial electrolytes can be significantly improved for Li metal batteries via a simple modification with P2O5. The results indicate that adding P2O5 removes HF from the electrolyte and generates POxFy species which form a favorable SEI. The new electrolyte is also capable of eliminating transition metal leaching and particle cracking of a Li-ion cathode.

Acrylonitrile (AN) is another effective additive in carbonate-based electrolytes. It is verified as a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) enabler resulting in a uniform and dense lithium (Li) deposition. Our electrochemical and spectroscopic study reveals that AN is cathodically electropolymerized on the Li surface prior to the electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte during Li deposition. The resultant polyacrylonitrile artificial solid electrolyte interphase enables uniform nucleation and growth of Li deposition with significantly reduced side reactions.

Several oxygen scavengers will also be introduced in this poster. Based on NMR and MS results, these oxygen scavengers undergo sacrificial oxidation during the cycling of lithium batteries. The resultant electrolytes improve long-term cycling and rate performance significantly.
Cobalt-Embedded 3D Conductive Honeycomb Architecture to Enable High-Sulfur-Loading Li-S Batteries Under Lean Electrolyte Condition
Authors: Pan Hui , Wubbenhorst Michael
Published: November 2022

High sulfur loading and lean electrolyte conditions are important to achieve the high theoretical energy density of Li-S batteries.

Figure 1
PVDF-HFP Based Composite Solid Electrolyte for High Voltage NCM811 Solid-State Li-Metal Battery (SSLMB)
Authors: Ryu Je-gwang , Kim Yeong-A , Moorthy Megala , Son Uirim , Lee Seojun , Lee Yun-Sung
Published: November 2022

The composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) have attracted considerable attention because of their excellent flexibility and good compatibility with electrode materials. Our CSE was prepared by incorporating LLZO ceramic filler, lithium salt, and different concentrations of a solid plasticizer in a poly (vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer matrix. Afterwards, we examined the ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability of the CSE, and its interfacial compatibility with a Li-metal electrode. Optimized wt.% plasticizer with CSE exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 4.23 × 10–4 and 8.14 × 10–4 S cm–1 at 25 and 60 °C, respectively, with an excellent stability of up to 4.76 V vs. Li/Li+. The CSE is sandwiched between the Li-metal anode and NCM811 cathode for the fabrication of a solid-state battery (SSB), which provides a discharge capacity (163 mAh g–1) at a rate of 0.2 C (60 °C). The LiNbO3 (LNO) surface modification over the NCM811 cell provides a high discharge capacity of 198 mAh g–1, excellent rate capability, and good cycle life. Moreover, the LNO coating on the surface of the NCM811 cathode, which effectively increases the contact between the cathode and electrolyte, eventually leads to an increase in the discharge capacity. Hence, the prepared CSE is a good choice for use in SSB; moreover, the LNO coating noticeably improved the cycling stability, reversibility, and rate capability compared to a pristine NCM811 cathode in the SSB configuration.
Visualizing Reaction Distributions for Materials Validation and Failure Analysis in Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Negrete Karla , Negrete Karla
Published: November 2022

The market for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is projected to grow from 36.7 billion to 128.3 billion in less than a decade 1. Large-scale demands for more robust LIBs are limited by battery cycle life and cost. In order to expedite the development of battery technology, current analytical techniques used to validate electrode morphology must be improved. Even excellent battery materials may result in poor electrode performance due to poor processing, such as suboptimal mixing, coating, or drying. Flawed processing leads to heterogeneities at either the particle or electrode length scale, resulting in inhomogeneous transport of lithium ions and eventually degradation and failure in LIBs 2. Limited techniques can deconvolute materials from processing effects through visualization. Methods visualizing reaction distribution in LIBs include thermal imaging, which is suitable technique for macroscale pack-level analysis, and state-of-charge electronic structure maps, which are suited for molecular analysis. These techniques are unable to characterize electrode performance at the mesoscale level and thus are inappropriate for characterizing local reactivity of electrode. Optical microscopy provides a compromise between spatial resolution and experimental accessibility. However, it is constrained to graphite and a few other battery materials that change color. In this work, we explore fluorescent microscopy as a technique to visualize battery reaction distributions. A redox-active fluorescent probe molecule illuminates electrode heterogeneities, such as hot-spots or dead-zones 3. Developing facile techniques by which researchers can evaluate electrode materials beyond cell cycling will be critical for meeting future battery technology demands.

Choudhary, A. & Prasad, E. Lithium-ion Battery Market Size and Share | Industry Analysis by 2027. Allied Market Research https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/lithium-ion-battery-market.

Chung, D.-W., Shearing, P. R., Brandon, N. P., Harris, S. J. & García, R. E. Particle Size Polydispersity in Li-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 161, A422–A430 (2014).

Harris, S. J. & Lu, P. Effects of Inhomogeneities—Nanoscale to Mesoscale—on the Durability of Li-Ion Batteries. J. Phys. Chem. C 117, 6481–6492 (2013).
Data-Driven State of Health (SOH) Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: O'Boyle Kiernan , Park Jonghyun , Ajiboye Damola
Published: November 2022

As lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) become increasingly more common, accurate and efficient methods must be developed to predict their state of health (SOH). Battery management systems (BMS) could be greatly improved with an accurate prediction of SOH, which would result in better battery performance and ensure safety. While using advanced electrochemical modeling and simulations to predict SOH is accurate, the models are extremely complex, and significant computational time is required. Machine learning has proven to decrease the time needed to compute and maintain the accuracy of predictions. In this work, XGBoost, which has the advantage of fast computation time and scalability, is utilized as the machine learning algorithm to predict SOH using dataset from a physics-based battery degradation model. Datasets are generated using dynamic cycling protocols to consider the realistic fluctuating charge and discharge cycles in real transport and stationary applications. The developed method can predict SOH using multiple combinations of degradation parameters as input. Accumulated charge and discharge, state of charge, and applied current are found to be important datasets to accurately predict SOH. The proposed method can predict the SOH of batteries in a significantly shorter time than current electrochemical models while maintaining the high accuracy required for a BMS.
Thin-Separator for Low-Melting Point Thermal Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Baggett Andrew , Alvarez Pugliese Christian E , Botte Gerardine G.
Published: November 2022

Thermal Batteries have been used extensively as the primary power source for defense applications, with operating temperatures that typically operate above 400 °C. The battery uses a solid electrolyte that is inactive at ambient temperature and can be stored with little to no power loss for long periods (>25 years)[1]. Recent efforts have been done in the implementation of high porosity ceramic felt separators for electrolyte immobilization in thermal batteries [2], which resulted in a higher specific energy density of the thermal cells with ceramic felt compared to the traditional MgO separators, due to the increased ionic conductivity of the separator layer.

In this research, a low melting point eutectic electrolyte (CsBr-LiBr-KBr) was immobilized in ceramic felt separators and tested for the LiSi/FeS2 system. Reducing the melting point of the electrolyte has several advantages such as reducing the activation time and the amount of pyrotechnic material needed to activate the battery, and it also opens the opportunity to lower temperature applications (275-400 °C) such as geothermal instrumentation[3]. Findings of this work will be presented at the meeting.

[1] R. A. Guidotti and P. Masset, “Thermally activated (‘thermal’) battery technology. Part I: An overview,” J. Power Sources, vol. 161, no. 2, pp. 1443–1449, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.013.

[2] A. Yazdani, M. Sanghadasa, and G. G. Botte, “Integration of ceramic felt as separator / electrolyte in lithium salt thermal batteries and the prospect of rechargeability,” J. Power Sources, vol. 521, no. January, p. 230967, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230967.

[3] R. A. Guidotti and F. W. Reinhardt, “Guidotti, R. A., & Reinhardt, F. W. Characterization of the LiSi/CsBr-LiBr-KBr/FeS (2) System for Potential Use as a Geothermal Borehole Power Source (1999). Characterization of the LiSi/CsBr-LiBr-KBr/FeS (2) System for Potential Use as a Geothermal Borehole Power Source,” . Sandia National Lab No. SAND99-1702C. United States, 1999.
A Scalable Method for Improving Zn Crystallinity for Low-Gassing Alkaline Batteries
Authors: Lenhart Brian , Lateef Saheed Adewale , Zuraw Michael , Mustain William Earl
Published: November 2022

The corrosion of zinc particles in alkaline environments is an energetically parasitic process that produces hydrogen gas as a byproduct. This “gassing” phenomenon is thermodynamically favorable in standard zinc-alkaline battery chemistries. Building hydrogen pressure within these primary cells can eventually lead to cell rupture, leaking the high-pH electrolyte and slurry from the cell, often destroying the electronic device that the cell was meant to power. One of the particle-level variables that can control the gassing and corrosion rate is the particle crystallinity. As the crystallinity of the zinc particles is enhanced (larger grains and fewer grains per particle), a reduction in the rate of this undesirable gassing phenomenon is expected.

In this study, we demonstrate a systematic method for enhancing zinc particle crystallinity by thermally growing zinc grains. Since thermally growing zinc grains requires temperature exposure above the melting point of metallic zinc, an oxide layer is first grown around the outside of the particle surface. Oxides tend to have significantly higher melting temperatures than their metallic counterparts and this is true in the zinc/zinc oxide case where the melting temperature of metallic zinc is 420 oC and the melting temperature of zinc oxide is 1975 oC. Forming a thin oxide layer around the particle allows the metallic zinc core to be recrystallized whilst simultaneously retaining the particle shape. Following the grain growth step, the oxide layer is easily washed away with a quick acetic acid treatment. Outlined in this work is a detailed study on the scalable three-step process for growing zinc grains and enhancing bulk zinc powder crystallinity by the following: 1) oxide layer formation, 2) grain growth, and 3) oxide layer removal. Following the treatment, both achievable capacity and the corrosion rate were tested. It will be shown that the higher crystallinity particles have superior performance and lower gassing than traditional Zn powders without the treatment.
Temperature-Dependent Molten Chloride Salt Corrosion of Nickel Alloys
Authors: Brankovic Sonja , Singh Preet M , Ranjan Devesh
Published: November 2022

As next-generation clean and renewable energy technologies like concentrating solar power (CSP) systems and molten salt-cooled reactors (MSR) operate at ever higher temperatures (HT) to increase efficiency, their structural material and molten salt selection becomes increasingly important. To understand the corrosion behavior of candidate alloys to be used as materials for storage tanks, heat exchangers, and piping, seven alloys (Hastelloy N, Haynes 242, Haynes 214, Hastelloy C-276, Haynes 230, Haynes 224, Haynes 244) are immersed in purified 45.8 MgCl2- 38.5 KCl- 15.7 NaCl wt% chloride salt for 100 hours at 650°, 725°, and 800°C. After the exposure tests, the alloys are analyzed using SEM and EDS to determine the extent of salt infiltration and primary corrosion mechanisms. In addition, room-temperature XRD analysis provides quantitative information about the alloys’ corrosion products. These findings contribute important insight for molten salt energy system communities.
Design of Anti-Fouling Membrane Coatings for Desalination
Authors: Truong Brandon , Freire-Gormaly Marina
Published: November 2022

Desalination of brackish water and sea water has become increasingly implemented worldwide to combat drinking water shortages. This is especially true in remote regions where access to both fresh water and the nation’s electricity grid are missing. Renewable energy-powered reverse osmosis desalination plants seek to deliver potable water by utilizing standalone energy sources such as solar or wind, to power intermittently operated water filtration. The intermittent nature of operation, however, introduces enhanced fouling of the membrane surface due to a favorable environment for foulants to collect and grow. Thus, membrane coatings have been developed to reduce fouling occurrence.

Described herein are the efforts to construct a reverse osmosis system to mimic remote plants, as well as the investigation of anti-fouling membranes under intermittent operations. A lab-scale reverse osmosis (RO) system is developed to allow testing and monitoring of water treatment processes. Multiple sensors used to measure water quality and permeate flow were incorporated inline to gather data in real time. Cross-flow RO cells utilizing flat sheet membranes enable simple sample preparation and analysis. Membrane coating technology used to improve treatment performance through enhanced antifouling properties was studied. Several coating possibilities were considered for criteria such as: cost, antifouling & anti-scaling properties, and water output quality. Polydopamine is a previously studied membrane coating, although thus far research has only extended to salt rejection of NaCl. There is a lack of research surrounding various membrane coatings when subject to real water sources, which contain a variety of salts and organic material. Additionally, intermittent operation has not been investigated. In this research, the coatings are tested under these conditions to determine their efficacy in reducing and delaying onset of membrane fouling.
Development of “Tunable” Gallium Nitride (GaN) Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP) Slurry Formulations
Authors: Cahue Kiana A. , Keleher Jason J.
Published: November 2022

Wide band gap (WBG) semiconductors have become of great interest in order to extend Moore’s Law beyond the limitations of current Si IC technology. WBG material, more specifically gallium nitride (GaN), is known to operate at greater switching speeds, temperatures, and frequencies leading to enhanced processing performance. However, as a result of its chemical properties, GaN is chemically inert impeding the ability to effectively planarize the surface at low chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) processing time and with minimized defectivity. It is widely reported that material removal on the Ga-face of the substrate is highly dependent on the oxidation of the surface to form Ga2O3. This work will focus on exploiting the surface oxidation mechanism of GaN in a low-shear force environment. By modulating the slurry composition (i.e., nanoparticle, oxidizer, redox-active additives), the factors that drive removal rate can be further understood in order to develop an optimized slurry-substrate environment that will promote greater material removal. To evaluate the reactions at the slurry-substrate interface and probe at the removal rate mechanism, a suite of dynamic analytical techniques (i.e., atomic force microscope, scanning electron microscope, profilometer, contact angle, zeta potential, and particle size) will be utilized.
Crmnv and Crmntiv Heas Elastic Properties for Use in Beam Exit Windows for MW Irradiation Facilities
Authors: Mohammed Yousuf , Curtis Nathan , Moorehead Michael , Hash Jon-Luke , Couet Adrien , Vennekate John , Ciovati Gianluigi , Baumgart Helmut , Elmustafa Abdelmageed
Published: November 2022

The choice of a material and the engineering design that is intended to lead to a beam exit window capable of sustaining mechanical and thermal loads in a high-radiation environment, while minimizing the beam loss and maximizing the window lifetime is discussed. Thin titanium windows have been typically used in industrial accelerators in the tens of kW beam power [1].

The focus of this research is to conduct fundamental studies related to the choice of a material, from a material science point of view, for MW-class beam exit windows and an engineering design, including parameters such as the window size, thickness, and cooling scheme, suitable for industrial accelerators. CrMnV and CrMnTiV HEAs were selected for this study. According to Yang et al., [2], 1.1 and 6.6% should be expected as the criteria for forming high entropy stabilized solid solution phases. The two parameters of the CrMnV and CrMnTiV alloys are and respectively. Therefore, the two alloys are expected to be solid solution.

The mechanical properties of CrMnV and CrMnTiV solid solution HEAs exit window prior to E-beam irradiation were measured using nanoindentation. The nanoindentation testing was carried out using XP Nanoindenter tester equipped with a three-sided diamond Berkovich indenter tip with maximum displacement of 2000 nm. The hardness is measured as 5.2 and 6.1 GPa for the bulk CrMnV and CrMnTiV solid solution HEAs at a depth of indentation of 900 nm respectively, Fig. 1. We also observe that both solid solution CrMnV and CrMnTiV HEAs depict indentation size effect.

References

Chmielewski A.G., Zimek, Z., Panta P., Drabik W., Radiat. Phys. Chem. 45 1029 (1995).

Yang, X. and Y. Zhang, Prediction of high-entropy stabilized solid-solution in multi-component alloys. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2012. 132(2-3): p. 233-238.

Figure 1
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Rexnbmotaw Thin Films Prepared By RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Al Keyyam Ibrahim , Mohamed Yousuf S , Baumgart Helmut , Ghariban Nasser , Elmustafa Abdelmageed
Published: November 2022

High Entropy Alloys (HEAs) and Refractory High-Entropy Alloys (RHEAs) are novel potential materials for high-temperature applications [1]. NbMoTaW, a RHEAs, such as the one in Fig. 1, possess superior mechanical properties, combining high strength, outstanding thermal stability, and resistance to softening at high temperatures [2]. The influence of adding Vanadium [3], Tantalum [4], and Rhenium [5] to NbMoTaW alloys on the bulk mechanical behavior was investigated by the previous studies. In this research, the effect of adding Rhenium with different (Re0, Re0.5, Re1) on the microstructure and the mechanical properties of NbMoTaW thin films will be nvestigated. The larger the enthalpy of mixing in negative values, the higher the binding force between the elements, which has been enhanced with Rhenium addition. As for the entropy of mixing, it increased from 11.53 to 13.38 for Re0 and Re1, respectively. The higher the mixture entropy suggests a more stable solid solution. This is confirmed by calculating the thermodynamic parameters proposed by Yang et. Al [6] where they suggested that a mixture with δ < 6.6 and Ω > 1.1 correspond to solid solution formation. The anticipated crystal structure for the three samples is BCC structure according to the valence electron concentration (VEC) theory, where the VEC values were less than 6.87 as suggested by Gou et. Al [7]. The RexNbMoTaW HEAs thin films are fabricated using RF magnetron sputtering. The film thickness, deposition power, and temperature impact on the films’ characteristics are studied. Field emission (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and nanoindentation are used to investigate the RexNbMoTaW thin films’ crystal structure, surface morphology, and mechanical properties. The mechanical properties of the thin films will be compared with their counterpart bulk materials.

References

Kim, H., et al., International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2019. 80: p. 286-291.

Feng, X., et al., Materials Letters, 2018. 210: p. 84-87.

Senkov, O.N., et al., Intermetallics, 2011. 19(5): p. 698-706.

Han, Z.D., et al., Materials Science and Engineering: A, 2018. 712: p. 380-385.

Zhang, J., et al., Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2020. 827.

Yang, X. and Y. Zhang, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 2012. 132(2-3): p. 233-238.

Guo, S., et al., Journal of Applied Physics, 2011. 109(10): p. 103505.

Figure 1
The Development of Paper-Based Electrodes to Detect Glucose
Authors: Begay Makeiyla , Wilson Katelyn , Charley Jasmine , Platero Justin , Nelwood Michael , Francis Samantha , Mhatre Apurv , Varman Arul Mozhy , Soundappan Thiagarajan
Published: November 2022

A high costing screen-printed electrode, the electrochemical software required, and a electrochemistry laboratory are all needed to conduct a electrochemical test. The need for this type of technology on the Navajo Nation is important because it would allow them to have real-time, on-site detection that is cost effective. This would allow the Navajo Nation to detect and analyze compounds that may cause severe health issues.

The materials that are required to fabricate these paper-based electrodes are chromatography paper, a wax printer, electrochemically active and conductive ink, electrochemistry equipment, buffer solution, and the compound that is being tested.

First we would get chromatography paper and print the electrode outline, designed at Navajo Technical University, using the wax printer. The next step is to coat the electrodes with the conductive ink and add gold or copper nano-particles, which will act as our catalyst. Then we get our compound, which is Glucose in this case, and test multiple different concentrations. With the electrochemical software we are able to use different types of techniques like Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and Cyclic voltammetry (CV) to test Glucose.

We hope to continue testing with these electrodes to improve our techniques and ensure that we are able to test paper-based electrodes on multiple different compounds. Another goal of our project is to develop a way to conduct these tests while in the field.
Pentlandite Catalysts for the Electrochemical Hydrogenation of Alkynols in a Zero-Gap Electrolyzer
Authors: Pellumbi Kevinjeorjios , Wickert Leon , Kleinhaus Julian Tobias , Wolf Jonas , junge Puring Kai , Siegmund Daniel , Apfel Ulf-Peter
Published: November 2022

Electrosynthetic methods are considered to be crucial in the sustainable transformation of the chemical industry. Being an integral part of many synthetic pathways, the electrification of hydrogenation reactions gained increasing interest in recent years. However, for the large-scale industrial application of electrochemical hydrogenations, low-resistance zero-gap electrolyzers operating at high current densities and high substrate concentrations, ideally applying noble-metal-free catalyst systems, are required. In this work, we demonstrate the successful development of an electrochemical hydrogenation process towards application at the example of the semi-hydrogenation of alkynols.

Because of their conductivity, stability, and stoichiometric flexibility, transition metal sulfides were thoroughly investigated as promising electrocatalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution but remain scarcely investigated for electrochemical hydrogenations. An initial screening of a series of first-row transition metal sulfides of the pentlandite class revealed promising activity for the electrochemical hydrogenation of alkynols in water and methanol. Based on these findings, selected catalysts were incorporated into a zero-gap electrolyzer, thereby enabling the hydrogenation of alkynols at current densities of up to 1 A cm-2, Faraday efficiencies of up to 75 %, and an alkene selectivity of 90 %. In this scalable setup we demonstrate high stability of the catalyst and the electrode for at least 100 h. Altogether, we illustrate the successful integration of a sustainable catalyst into a scalable zero-gap electrolyzer establishing electrosynthetic methods in an application-oriented manner.

Figure 1
3D Printing and Injection Molding of Polymer Composites for Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates
Authors: Vandervort Zachary E , Myers Maxwell W , Young Brian A , Hollinger Adam S
Published: November 2022

Electrically conductive polymer composites offer the potential for manufacturing lightweight, low-cost, fuel cell bipolar plates. In this work, we explore 3D printing and injection molding of these composites. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate polymer composites that will meet the United States Department of Energy technical target for bipolar plate electrical conductivity (> 100 S/cm). Samples were 3D printed with various filaments, in various printing orientations, and injection molded samples utilized various weight percentages of conductive filler. Sample compositions were then compared by measuring electrical conductivity using a four-point probe method. Conductivities greater than 250 S/cm were achieved, exceeding the DOE technical target. In addition to experimental efforts, we also develop a micromechanical model to predict conductivity based upon direction in the material, fiber alignment, fiber length and diameter, fiber concentration, and fiber conductivity. Modeling predictions show good correlation within 10% of experimental conductivity data.
Biomimetic Adsorptive Composites for Redox Remediation of Organic Pollutants
Authors: Shanahan Caitlin J. , Keleher Jason J.
Published: November 2022

Conductive hydrogels have gained interest as responsive materials for pollutant sensing and degradation in a variety of applications such as wastewater and soil remediation. There has been a significant increase in both commercial and domestic wastewater, which is output into ground sources, acting as a leading contaminant for surrounding communities. Specifically, cationic organic textile dyes such as methylene blue, methyl red, and methyl violet which are known monoamine oxidase inhibitors are prevalent pollutants. To improve remediation, this work employs a biopolymeric (i.e. polysaccharide) matrix to aid in non-covalent adsorption of pollutants to the network. Additionally, modification of the polysaccharide backbone with a conductive polymer can promote electron transfer throughout the matrix. This work employs the photoinitiation of a metal-polysaccharide complex to directly polymerize polyaniline (PANI) on the polysaccharide backbone. The PANI-functionalized composite can be utilized as a reducing substrate for the adsorptive redox remediation of the organic pollutants that occur in contaminated soils or water supplies.
Electrochemical Characterization in Neutral Electrolyte of Mixed Metal Oxide
Authors: Collazos Reina Jhon Jairo , Morales Jimmy , Hernández Julián H , Gómez Lara Kevin Steven , Avendaño Alvaro J , Dector Andrés
Published: November 2022

The mixed metal oxides, have been used in different environmental and chemical applications in view of their physical and chemical properties. In the field of electrochemistry, particularly electroanalysis, they are extensively used as functional materials due to their high surface area, mass transport, catalytic effect, and control over the local environment. [1] Mixed metal oxides providing a material with different physicochemical and morphological properties, such as, greater surface area, high dispersion, thermal stability, acid/base properties, making its application in various fields of chemistry, mainly as catalysts in various organic reactions. [2]

In this work, mixed metal oxides of CuO-Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4 ferrite were synthesized by sol–gel combustion route using glycerin as an adjuvant. [3-4] The mixed metal oxides CuO-Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4 ferrites structure was confirmed by means of X-ray powder diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphology of the sample and the vibrations of the functional groups were determined by Raman and IR-ATR spectroscopy. [3-4]

The electrochemical behavior of mixed metal oxides CuO-Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4 ferrite were determined by cyclic voltammetry using an Ag/AgCl electrode, platinum wire and a glass carbon electrode (GCE), as reference electrode, counter electrode and working electrode, respectively. It was used a solution of KNO3 (0,1 mol L-1) as electrolytic medium. The GCE was modified with mixed metal oxides obtained to analyze their electrochemical behavior.

Bibliographic

Kefeni, K.K.; Msagati, T.A.; Mamba, B.B. 2017, Sci. Eng. B. 215, 37–55

Veisi, S.S.; Yousefi, M.; Amini, M.M.; Shakeri, A.R.; Bagherzadeh, M. 2019, Alloy. Compd. 773, 1187–1194

Basante-Delgado, S.F.; González-Vidal, D.; Morales-Morales, J.A.; Aperador-Chaparro, W.A.; Gómez-Cuaspud, J.A. 2020 Phys. Conf. Ser. 1541, 012013

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(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical and DFT Studies for Fentanyl and Fentanyl Analogs
Authors: Wang Ling , Alves Gustavo Murilo , Dogruer Erkok Sevde , McCord Bruce
Published: November 2022

The abuse of opioids has been a critical issue to the public health for years. With the appearance of new fentanyl analogs, the overdose rates of opioids continue to bloom. Current screening methods, such as immunoassay, have difficulty detecting the full range of opioid analogues due to a wide variety of structural variations. We have been working on alternative screening methods, Electrochemical approaches, including square wave voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, quickly distinguish the group of fentanyl analogs from other opioids with lower cost and easier operations. Both screening approaches are convenient for point-of-care analysis and laboratory tests.

The electrochemical approaches utilize the SPE electrodes and PBS buffer. When the solid drugs were dissolved in the buffer solutions, then dropped on electrodes and analyzed via CHI instrument with an energy range of 0.5 – 1.8 eV. The SWV spectra identify fentanyl analogs from mixtures with the optimized condition for individual drugs, such as fentanyl, cocaine, heroin, opioids, amphetamines, and adulterants. Electrochemical approaches are less sensitive than instrumental methods, however, its operations and preparations are easier for un-trained staff. To understand the cross reaction of fentanyl analogs and impurities, as well as the metabolites, DFT calculations displayed the energy changes and pathways from parent drugs to metabolites.

The electrochemical method permits a rapid, easily operated presumptive test for opioids in different benefits. When the method coupled with other screening methods, such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy our lab have done, the method can be orthogonal to mass spectrometry and sufficiently sensitive to detect compounds at toxicological levels. As a result it should be particularly useful for the screening of opioids and other novel psychoactive substances.
(General Student Poster Award Winner - 1st Place) Nitrogen-Doped and Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Fiber Ultramicroelectrodes As Electrochemical Sensors for Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Peprah-Yamoah Emmanuel , Bishop Gregory W.
Published: November 2022

Ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) are generally defined as electrodes with sizes ≤25 µm. UMEs can be prepared by several methods including by sealing a conductive filament like thin metal wire or a single carbon fiber in a glass capillary. The small size of UMEs makes them useful as probes for measuring electroactive species in confined spaces (for example, inside living cells, etc.), and also enables very effective mass transport, resulting in rapid achievement of steady-state response and facilitating measurement of fast electrochemical reactions. Application of UMEs often requires modification of the electrode surface to improve the selectivity and the sensitivity towards the target analyte. Surface modification methods are time-consuming and may require expensive equipment. Previous research in our group demonstrated that a simple soft nitriding method could be employed to introduce surface nitrogen on carbon fiber (CF). The technique improved electrochemical response of CF-UMEs towards hydrogen peroxide (a reactive oxygen species that has been related to various malignancies and disorders) and, in separate experiments, also enabled deposition of electroactive metal nanoparticles on the UME surface. Since the presence of phosphorus heteroatoms on carbon electrodes has been shown to impart similar benefits, here we investigate a simple phosphorus doping strategy to make P-doped CF-UMEs. We compare their properties towards the electrocatalytic reduction of H2O2 to both N-doped CF-UMEs and unmodified CF-UMEs.
(Digital Presentation) Phosphonium Salts As Potential Guest Substances for Ionic Semiclathrate Hydrates
Authors: Azuma Sakura , Tsunashima Katsuhiko , Shimada Jin , Sugahara Takeshi , Tani Atsushi
Published: November 2022

Semiclathrate hydrates (SCHs) are ionic crystalline compounds consisting of an organic guest cation in several cages formed by hydrogen bonding of water1. SCHs have recently been considered for application to air conditioning systems and refrigeration systems since desirable equilibrium temperatures and the considerable decomposition enthalpies are observed in the solid-liquid equillibria2. Ionic guest substances of SCHs include quaternary onium compounds such as tetrabutylammonium2 and tetrabutylphosphonium based salts3. We report here the preparation and thermodynamic properties of SCHs based on quaternary phosphonium bromides containing an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond, as shown in Fig. 1, in comparison with the conventional saturated phosphonium salt, such as tetrabutylphosphonium bromide (P4444-Br).

The unsaturated phosphonium bromides (P444(1All)-Br and P444(2All)-Br) were synthesized by quaternarization reaction of tributylphosphine with alkenyl bromides in a nitrogen atmosphere. The aqueous solutions were prepared from 5 to 50 w/w %. After thorough stirring, the aqueous solutions were cooled in a freezer to form SCHs. The SCHs were immersed into a thermostatic bath at 268 K for at least 1 day. The temperature in the thermostatic bath was raised from 268 K at a rate of 0.1 K/step (1 step: more than 5 h). The equilibrium temperatures were defined as the temperature at which SCHs were completely dissolved. The ionic crystal structure was analyzed by a powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) technique, the dissociation enthalpy was measured by a micro differential scanning calorimeter (μDSC).

Fig. 2 depicts the solid-liquid phase equilibrium diagram representing the phase equilibrium temperatures of SCHs. The equilibrium temperature of P444(1All)-Br SCH was higher than P4444-Br SCH. These results might be due to the steric effect of alkenyl group. As shown in Fig. 3, the ionic crystal structure of both P444(1All)-Br and P444(All)-Br SCHs were orthorhombic. The dissociation enthalpy of P444(1All)-Br SCHs and P444(2All)-Br SCHs were 188 J/g and 199 J/g, respectively. The unsaturated phosphonium bromides would be regarded as potential guest substances used for latent heat storage materials in air conditioning systems.

References

M. Oshima, et al, J. Chem. Thermodynamics, 90, 277 (2015).

H. Oyama, et al, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 234, 131 (2005).

J. Shimada, et al, Chem. Eng. Sci., 236, 116514 (2021).

Figure 1
Development of a Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Using an in-House Pulsewave Simulator to Ensure Detection of Full Pulse Waveform on Diverse Populations
Authors: Jafarizadeh Borzooye , Chowdhury Azmal , Pala Nezih , Wang Chunlei
Published: November 2022

Flexible and skin mountable wearable health monitoring devices have gained much attention in recent years due to their non-invasive approach to continuous monitoring of weak human physiological signals. In general, ultra-sensitive pressure sensors can be categorized by the operation mechanism into piezoresistive, capacitive, triboelectric, and piezoelectric sensors. Specifically, piezoresistive sensors has drawn much attention because of their fast response, broad detection range, simple structure, and relative simplicity of the signal measuring system. Despite the success of the past efforts in acquiring the full pulse waveform of the human heartbeat, their signal acquisition requires utilization of unwearable measuring equipment. In this study, the central research objective will be to do finite element analysis to optimize the design, and then to fabricate, test and finally verify wearability of the full system (including the signal acquisition portion) on the wrist. A piezoresistive pressure sensor capable of precise monitoring of arterial pulse waveform allows detection of not only the pulse but also possible irregularities in its waveform that can be potentially the harbingers of various medical conditions. Modeling of the sensor’s micro-features showed micro-features with the shape of a pyramid, size of 100 μm, angle of 50-60 degrees and spatial configuration of 1 per 300 μm realizes high sensitivity and signal level (1 mA for pulse waveform detection from the wrist). This helps to eliminate the dependability of the sensor response read-out on complex and unportable measuring devices such as sourcemeters. Furthermore, fabrication of the conductive micro-patterned sensor has been accomplished by the standard micro-fabrication techniques including photolithography and wet etching. Methods such as electrospinning, bipolar exfoliation of graphene and electrostatic spray deposition were used to ensure long term stable conductivity and operation of the device. After the fabrication, this piezoresistive sensor was fully calibrated and characterized by a developed pulse waveform simulator to ensure viability of the system to detect the full pulse waveform from the wrist with various amplitudes of excitation signal (accounting for diverse human population with different pulse strengths). The detailed results will be discussed during the presentation.
Design and Fabrication of Flexible Paper-Based, Electrochemical Sensors to Detect the Presence of Heavy Metals in Ground Water
Authors: Platero Justin , Soundappan Thiagarajan , Abdelazim Khaled , Nelwood Michael , Francis Samantha , Wilson Katelyn , Begay Makeiyla , Charley Jasmine
Published: November 2022

The history of mining and mineral extraction across the Navajo Nation has resulted in considerable contamination of the land and the groundwater resources, which is a significant environmental concern. Through a partnership between Navajo Technical University and Harvard University, we have designed and fabricated flexible, paper-based sensors in tandem with electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and anodic stripping voltammetry to determine heavy metal concentrations in test samples. We have selected to fabricate paper-based electrochemical sensors because; they are low-cost, easy to make, environmentally friendly, and can be deployed for field testing across the Navajo Nation. We have demonstrated that our electrodes have successfully oxidized lead and arsenic oxide using the techniques stated above. The performance of our electrode is comparable to commercially available electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the linear electrochemical response and sensitivity of our electrodes, for detecting heavy metals, makes them well suited for real-time sensors in field-testing applications.
(Invited) Analytical Solutions for Quality Assurance across the Battery Manufacturing Process
Authors: Liu Zhao , Vaisman Alon , Burnett Christopher
Published: November 2022

Battery performance degradation and potentially dangerous incidents such as thermal runaway and fire can originate from defects in lithium battery components or during cell assembly. Therefore, quality assurance is extremely important aspect of the manufacturing process to identify and eliminate defects that may give rise to cell failure and dangerous incidents. From validating raw material purity and monitoring electrode thickness, to inspection of component alignment and integrity during assembly, different analytical capabilities are used to ensure quality is maintained through battery manufacturing workflow. In this presentation examples of using in-line and off-line analytical characterization techniques, such as in-line basis weight and thickness measurement systems and electron microscopes, to monitor the quality during battery manufacturing process will be discussed. Advances in in-line and off-line metrology and quality control tools are an important enabler for solving the current challenges and facilitating future growth in electric propulsion and energy storage technologies.