bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Face Mask Consumption and Medical Waste Generation During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran: Challenges and Problems
Authors: Hossini Hooshyar , Atashkar Sheida , Massahi Tooraj
Published: July 2021

Background: The outbreak of COVID-19 has caused a devastating pandemic scenario in the world. The mortality rate has increased and new socio-economic challenges are emerging. Millions of gloves, gowns, face masks, and face shields are used daily to prevent airborne transmission and facilitate the treatment of COVID-19. Mismanagement of these wastes can lead to increased concerns due to their contamination potential. A comprehensive plan to improve the management of medical wastes in every country requires awareness of the current status of solid waste. Objectives: The study aimed to calculate and estimate the consumption rate of face masks and medical waste generation rate during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. Also, the performance of different departments of medical waste management and future challenges are discussed. Methods: The daily consumption of face masks and medical waste generation were calculated based on the population data, the percentage of the urban population, face mask acceptance rate, the number of face masks needed per person per day, total COVID-19 confirmed cases, and medical waste generation rate (kg/bed/day). Results: The consumption of face masks in Iran is estimated at 46576000 pieces per day. Also, the three provinces of Tehran (9,560,000 pieces), Khorasan Razavi (3,825,600 pieces), and Isfahan (3,523,200 pieces) have the highest consumption rate of masks, respectively. Increasing the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has increased the medical waste generation rate. Until April 3, 2021, more than 1,920,394 cases of COVID-19 have been confirmed in Iran, and calculations show that the medical waste generation rate in Iran is about 7,585.56 tons per day. Conclusions: COVID-19 is a highly infectious and problematic disease. The continuous increase in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases has increased face mask consumption rate and medical waste generation rate, and as a result, new challenges have emerged in the field of solid waste management. These emerging challenges in managing solid waste during the COVID-19 pandemic necessitate the development of appropriate waste management policies and strategies.
A Search for Traces
Authors: Paulau Stanislau , O'Meara Thomas F. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

This article describes the presence of Karl Rahner in philosophical, theological, and propagandistic works published in the Soviet Union or published outside the USSR and distributed within it. Some references to Rahner appeared in self-published works without the approval of Soviet censors. These included the works of Orthodox theologians such as Sergej Želudkov and Alexander Men’. Other references to Rahner appeared in anti-religious propaganda and in works by Marxist-Leninist philosophers such as Bronislavas Juozas Kuzmickas. By 1992, the year following the collapse of the USSR, Rahner began to receive a more favorable reception in the writing of philosophers such as Elena B. Timerman.
La historia del Mercosur Social a la luz de la teoría constructivista
Authors: Barceló Nastasia
Published: July 2021

El Mercado Común del Sur fue establecido en 1991 con la celebración del Tratado de Asunción, donde Brasil, Argentina, Paraguay y Uruguay acordaron formar un mercado común en la Subregión del Cono Sur. Desde entonces, la prioridad ha sido la profundización de una integración económica y comercial entre los Estados miembros. Sin embargo, a medida que el Mercosur se fue consolidando, surgieron otras demandas que ampliaron las áreas de actuación del bloque. Particularmente en los años 2000, es posible notar el crecimiento de una dimensión social, preocupada con agendas no económicas y con la inclusión de diversos organismos estatales y no-estatales en el debate y la formulación de las políticas públicas. El presente trabajo busca analizar al Mercosur Social, empleando el abordaje constructivista de las Relaciones Internacionales, para ver cómo incidió el mecanismo de socialización por aprendizaje, en un momento que puede ser entendido como de autorreflexión crítica.
STEM education practices and moral character education: McSTEM?
Authors: Yilmaz Ferat , Ayaz Elcin
Published: July 2021

The paper deals with the problems of the relationship between the practice of STEM education, which focuses only on scientific disciplines, knowledge, skills and abilities, and opposing views according to which educational practices consisting of scientific or academic disciplines such as STEM and educational practice focus on morality, values and virtues, ie directly considers the possibilities of these differences in attitudes and approaches to education to can be considered together. This paper aims to discuss whether STEM can be considered on the basis of moral character with the support of a compilation piece. In this direction, the discussion in question has been processed and expanded separately from the standpoint of each STEM discipline - science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The paper uses methods of analysis and discourse as a theoretical analysis to investigate the mentioned issue, which examined whether approaches such as STEM-E, STEM-C and STEM-A have a moral point of view. As a result of the literature review, it was concluded that STEM applications can be resolved on a moral basis. Accordingly, suggestions were given to teachers on how to maintain STEM practices within an ethical framework.
Why can't we do it as teachers: English language teaching from the perspectives of secondary school teachers
Authors: Maviş Sevim , Dursun Fevzi
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to discover the issues in teaching English from the perspective of teachers. The qualitative method was employed in the study by using semi-structured interview forms to 19 teachers from a central Black Sea region province of Turkey. The teachers highlighted the impact of learning-teaching process, teacher training, teacher-stakeholder relationship and students during the study. According to the teachers, students' prejudices against foreign language learning, interest in the subject, awareness of the importance of language learning, speaking skills, participation in the lesson and the environment they take the courses affect the language learning process. Nevertheless, the reasons for the problems are a lot more complex than this. The students are also need to be supported by the education system, by the parents and by teachers in this process. For instance, the results shows that there is a need for activities that will make students more active, and more suitable environments and materials (i.e. books) are needed for English language teaching. Also, the teachers need to the support of parents, administrators, and the other teachers to become more efficient. This research once again reveals the importance of interrelation of all factors and stakeholders as well as students' willingness and thoughts in teaching English.
A WIHIC exploration of secondary school science classrooms: A case study from Trinidad & Tobago
Authors: Maharaj-Sharma Rawatee
Published: July 2021

In this work the WIHIC (What is Happening In this Classroom) instrument was used to assess the types of interactions, from students' perspectives, that occur in two science classrooms in Trinidad & Tobago. It was the first attempt to use the WIHIC instrument in the research context. An exploratory case study research design in the quantitative paradigm was employed in the assessment. The findings reveal that classroom interactions were dominated by student-centered interactions that mapped onto the student cohesiveness and cooperation scales of the WIHIC instrument. A high level of interaction in the investigation and involvement scales was also determined. What was surprising however, was the low level of teacher supportive interactions and interactions which demonstrated teacher impartiality as reported from students' perspective.
Stavovi vaspitača o značaju ključnih obrazovnih kompetencija za celoživotno učenje u radu sa decom predškolskog uzrasta
Authors: Mićović Miljana
Published: July 2021

U teorijskom delu rada biće reči o uticaju globalnih promena na shvatanje obrazovanja i ciljeve obrazovanja. Te promene dovode do implementacije novih koncepata u formalno obrazovanje, kao što su celoživotno učenje i ključne kompetencije za celoživotno učenje. Nove koncepcije neizostavni su deo svih nivoa obrazovanja, a u ovom radu akcenat će biti na predškolskom nivou. U predškolskom uzrastu najveći uticaj na razvoj dece imaju roditelji, vaspitači i zajednica u kojoj dete živi. Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ispitaju stavovi vaspitača o značaju vaspitno-obrazovnog rada sa decom predškolskog uzrasta na razvoju pojedinačnih ključnih obrazovnih kompetencija za celoživotno učenje, odnosno da se uvidi kojim kompetencijama vaspitači daju prednost u radu, a kojima ne pridaju poseban značaj. Korišćeni su rezultati istraživanja koje je sprovedeno u julu i avgustu 2019. godine, na uzorku od 149 vaspitača sa teritorije Beograda, Pančeva i Ivanjice. Korišćena je deskriptivna metoda. Tehnika koju smo koristili je anketiranje, a instrument anketni upitnik. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju da vaspitači najveći značaj pridaju razvoju kompetencija pismenosti i matematičkim kompetencijama i da postoji razlika u pridavanju značaja određenim kompetencijama u radu sa decom predškolskog uzrasta, koje su uslovljene godinama radnog staža i mestom rada vaspitača. Izdojili bismo digitalne i jezičke kompetencije kao kompetencije kojima vaspitači pridaju najmanji značaj u radu sa decom predškolskog uzrasta, što se kosi sa trendovima u oblasti obrazovanja.
Liens entre les satisfactions au travail et dans la vie : identification d’une typologie de profils
Authors: St-Gelais Véronique , Gosselin Eric , Foucher Roland
Published: July 2021

Introduction et objectifs- Cette recherche vise à analyser la nature potentiellement polymorphique de la relation entre la satisfaction au travail et la satisfaction dans la vie; polymorphie impliquant la coexistence de divers modèles relationnels, dont les effets d’entraînement, de compensation et de segmentation. Les objectifs spécifiques de l’étude sont de vérifier s’il est possible d’élaborer une typologie de profils de relation entre la satisfaction au travail et celle dans la vie, de déterminer si certaines caractéristiques individuelles sont associées à l’adoption d’un profil particulier et de vérifier l’existence de liens entre le profil relationnel et l’engagement organisationnel.Méthode- La collecte des données, recueillies par un questionnaire auto-administré auprès d’un échantillon de 460 enseignants (taux de réponse = 38 %), a été effectuée dans le cadre d’une enquête portant sur le stress et la qualité de vie au travail.Résultats– Les résultats permettent de dégager deux conclusions générales. Premièrement, il est pertinent d’envisager l’existence de cinq profils relationnels entre la satisfaction au et hors travail au lieu des trois auxquels on fait traditionnellement référence. Deuxièmement, les analyses révèlent que les profils de relation entre les satisfactions varient selon l’état civil et le stress au travail et qu’ils sont reliés à l’engagement organisationnel.Conclusion- Ces observations suscitent la réflexion quant à une reconsidération de l’interface entre les domaines de satisfaction et supportent une révision du modèle traditionnel de la relation unique entre ces attitudes.
I nuovi scambi tra medici e pazienti: le parole della medicina
Authors: Carrassi Antonio M.
Published: July 2021

Medicine showed enormous progresses since the middle of the last century and, thanks to the overwhelming research activities, which characterized that period, the average life span of people has increased extraordinarily. Many diseases that once were considered incurable are now being successfully treated. However, the disease has often been placed at the core of the clinical process rather than the person, the individual, the patient. Even in recent years, the patient doesn’t always find in his doctor the appropriate degree of empathy, and the level of communication that would be desirable. Moreover, today we are living an extraordinary development and spreading use of digital resources and search engines. Patients exploit these tools to obtain any kind of information, included the one in the medical field. Information technology and search engines play an extremely important role in medicine, and they can be seen a pivotal communication instrument between clinicians and patients, although they can also provide inaccurate or incorrect feedback to laypeople looking for answers to health questions, who do not have enough medical knowledge to evaluate the reliability of the source. This problem has been raised by clinicians and, more generally, by health workers, who today operate with a view to greater psychological proximity to the patient, passing from a so-called Disease Centred Medicine to a clinical practice much more sensitive to the needs of the patient, to his experience, to the context in which he lives, thus achieving a Patient Centred Medicine. Listening, attention, empathy and the words that a clinician is required to use towards each patient, during the clinical routine, take on more and more value for a correct doctor-patient exchange and alliance.
The main stage of recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction: taxonomic rediversification and ecologic reorganization of marine level-bottom communities during the Middle Triassic
Authors: Friesenbichler Evelyn , Hautmann Michael , Bucher Hugo
Published: July 2021

The recovery of marine life from the end-Permian mass extinction event provides a test-case for biodiversification models in general, but few studies have addressed this episode in its full length and ecological context. This study analyses the recovery of marine level-bottom communities from the end-Permian mass extinction event over a period of 15 Ma, with a main focus on the previously neglected main phase during the Middle Triassic. Our analyses are based on faunas from 37 lithological units representing different environmental settings, ranging from lagoons to inner, mid- and outer ramps. Our dataset comprises 1562 species, which belong to 13 higher taxa and 12 ecological guilds. The diversification pattern of most taxa and guilds shows an initial Early Triassic lag phase that is followed by a hyperbolic diversity increase during the Bithynian (early middle Anisian) and became damped later in the Middle Triassic. The hyperbolic diversity increase is not predicted by models that suggest environmental causes for the initial lag phase. We therefore advocate a model in which diversification is primarily driven by the intensity of biotic interactions. Accordingly, the Early Triassic lag phase represents the time when the reduced species richness in the wake of the end-Permian mass extinction was insufficient for stimulating major diversifications, whereas the Anisian main diversification event started when self-accelerating processes became effective and stopped when niche-crowding prevented further diversification. Biotic interactions that might drive this pattern include interspecific competition but also habitat construction, ecosystem engineering and new options for trophic relationships. The latter factors are discussed in the context of the resurgence of large carbonate platforms, which occurred simultaneously with the diversification of benthic communities. These did not only provide new hardground habitats for a variety of epifaunal taxa, but also new options for grazing gastropods that supposedly fed from microalgae growing on dasycladaceans and other macroalgae. Whereas we do not claim that changing environmental conditions were generally unimportant for the recovery of marine level-bottom communities, we note that their actual role can only be assessed when tested against predictions of the biotic model.
Implications of the foliar phytochemical diversity of the avocado crop Persea americana cv. Hass in its susceptibility to pests and pathogens
Authors: Espinosa-García Francisco J. , García-Rodríguez Yolanda M. , Bravo-Monzón Angel E. , Vega-Peña Ernesto V. , Delgado-Lamas Guillermo
Published: July 2021

Phytochemical diversity (PD) can be considered as a defensive trait; it can operate through single plant secondary metabolites or usually as complex mixtures of them. We tested the more diversity-better defense hypothesis correlating the leaf plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) with the incidence of plant enemies on Hass avocado trees. We expected a negative correlation between the occurrence of plant enemies and PD metrics. Also, as intraspecific PSMs polymorphisms in plant populations are common, we studied the incidence of plant enemies on Hass avocado trees representing chemical variants (chemotypes). We expected a differential incidence of plant enemies among trees grouped by their mono and sesquiterpene + phenylpropanoid chemotypes. We analyzed foliar hexane extracts from 236 trees in 17 orchards by gas chromatography and for the incidence of red mite, thrips, whitefly, avocado branch borer, fruit rot, scab, and peduncle collar blight. The predicted negative correlation between the plant enemies’ incidence and the phytochemical metrics did not occur. To determine the relationship between enemy incidence and chemotypes we grouped the trees by cluster analysis using a matrix of PSMs in each tree. Most trees were grouped under four out of 23 chemotypes. Branch borers attacked trees of low-frequency chemotypes more frequently than trees with common chemotypes. The incidence of five plant enemies was different among the predominant chemotypes. The hypothesis of more diversity-better defense was not supported by the correlations between the phytochemical diversity and the incidence of pests and pathogens in Hass avocado orchards. Based on our results, we hypothesize that phytochemical diversity function as a defensive trait relies more on differentiation among individuals in a population than on the sole increase of chemical diversity. Also, the differential incidence of pests and pathogens on trees classified by their foliar chemotypes implies that these susceptibility or resistance markers represent potential useful tools for Hass avocado orchard pest management.
Precocious puberty in male wild boars: a possible explanation for the dramatic population increase in Germany and Europe
Authors: Maistrelli Claudia , Hüneke Hanna , Langeheine Marion , Keuling Oliver , Siebert Ursula , Brehm Ralph
Published: July 2021

Background

The wild boar population in Europe is steadily growing, one of the reasons for this increase probably being the high reproductive potential of this large mammal. Population management is important to stabilise wild boar numbers and a great deal of attention is focusing on the reasons, which might contribute to the high reproductive rates. Understanding the timing of puberty attainment provides information required for proper management practices. Knowledge of the earliest expected time of sexual maturation in male wild boars is limited, research being mostly focused on females. Previous hunting references indicate that sexual maturity in males occurs in the second year after birth. In contrast, male domestic pigs become sexually mature from about seven months of age. Thus, aims of this study were to investigate (1) whether there is a physiological ability for reproduction also in male wild boars of a younger age and (2) whether the body weight of wild boar males has a more important role than age in driving the maturation of the testis.

Methods

Male wild boar individuals were sampled during hunting drives in the eastern part of Lower Saxony in Germany. Testes with epididymides from 74 males were collected and prepared for histological examination and immunohistochemistry. The reproductive status could be ascertained based on development/occurrence of different germ cell populations using histology and based on the immunohistochemical detection of the anti-Müllerian hormone and androgen receptor.

Results

In this study, male wild boars aged nine to ten months already passed puberty and were able to reproduce if they had reached the appropriate body condition of about 29 kg dressed weight. Immunopositivity to the anti-Müllerian hormone in Sertoli cells was evident only in prepubertal animals and decreased with the onset of puberty. No immunoreaction was evident at postpuberty. The androgen receptor was detected in Sertoli cells, peritubular cells and Leydig cells, surprisingly already in Sertoli cells of prepubertal wild boars as well depending on body weight. Moreover, two-thirds of young males aged about ten months were precociously reproductively mature, showing histologically the presence of spermatozoa in testes and epididymides.

Conclusions

As piglets are mostly born in spring, also these young male individuals could target the heat of female wild boars in the winter months, resulting in the observed population increase. Therefore, a reduction in wild boar numbers should also focus on piglets of both sexes.
Speciation of Manganese in Natural Waters Using Differential Pulse Stripping Voltammetry in Correlation with Physico-chemical Parameters
Authors: Šestan Indira , Odobašić Amra , Šestan Almir , Bratovčić Amra , Ahmetović Melisa
Published: July 2021

To understand the bio-geochemical distribution, activities and environmental consequences of heavy metals, it is very important to know their physico-chemical form and the conditions under which the transformation from one form to another occurs. The bioavailability of heavy metals directly depends on the physico-chemical conditions of the environment, the concentration of anions and cations in water, the content of heavy metals as well as the ionic strength. Depending on the physico-chemical properties of water, metals are found in water as free ions or as complex compounds. Their change in the form in which metals occur is significantly influenced by pH, temperature, alkalinity, water hardness, organic matter, and biological activity. The total concentration of metal in water is only an indicator of pollution, and it is necessary to determine the form of the metal. Differential Pulse Anode Stripping Voltammery with mercury electrode was used for determination of chemical speciation. Manganese belongs to the group of essential heavy metals if its concentration does not exceed the maximum allowed value.

The aim of this work is to determine the available forms of manganese in the water of Modrac Lake in relation to the analyzed physico-chemical parameters. In addition to industrial applications, Modrac Lake is also used as an alternative source of drinking water, and it is a strategic resource for water supply of the region of north-eastern Bosnia.
Comparative Assessment of Standard Precipitation Index and Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index as Drought Evaluation Tools in Coastal Winneba-Ghana
Authors: Ankrah Johnson
Published: July 2021

In coastal Winneba-Ghana, drought occurrence negatively affects the ecosystems and agriculture and threatens food security and socio-economic livelihoods. Nevertheless, there exist dearth of information on a detailed statistical evaluation of drought indices over this area. This study made a comparative assessment of Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standard Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) over coastal-Winneba. A daily temperature and rainfall data from 1980-2019 acquired from the Ghana Meteorological Agency was used to perform SPI and SPEI. Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-correlation, and Bland and Altman plot were used to test for the strength and direction and the degree of agreement, respectively between SPI and SPEI. Results showed a strong and positive association between SPI and SPEI (0.90, 0.91, 0.84, and 0.93) at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales, respectively. Results again, showed a good degree of agreement between SPI and SPEI (-0.06138, -0.00736, -0.05211, and -0.01810) at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month timescales, respectively. Results further, showed that while both SPI and SPEI correlated strongly with each other, SPEI performed better in the detection of severe and extreme droughts at all timescales than SPI. Additionally, results showed that in the absence of temperature data to perform SPEI, the SPI can be used since the study found an acceptable degree of agreement scores between SPI and SPEI at all timescales in the study area. The study, therefore, recommends the utilization of numerous drought indices in drought performance assessment at a particular region or locality to arrive at a strong decision.
Advanced Physical Rehabilitation in Hairline Coccyx Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Jachak Shrushti , Samal Snehal
Published: July 2021

Background: The fracturing of Coccyx is an injury normally caused by trauma. A fall on the buttocks can cause a coccyx fracture that may go radiographically unnoticed. There is substantial discomfort in the patient that can persist for months. Coccygectomy is suggested in cases that, after more than 2 months of conservative treatment, demonstrate coccydynia. There is little evidence available on the feasibility of this technique, though, and it is considered to have a high complication rate. As such, it requires other treatment techniques.Here, in order to effectively minimize coccydynia in a coccyx fracture patient, we report our experience using another conservative treatment option. The care consists largely of resting, physiotherapy and analgesics.

Presenting Symptoms and Diagnosis: : A 21-year-old girl had increased pain i.e. coccydynia after a traffic accident( RTA) induced by coccyx fracture. She visited physiotherapy department with complaints of pain in coccyx area, tenderness, difficulty in mobility (pain while standing from sitting position) and difficulty in performing activities of daily living (ADL). Patient gives history of road traffic accident 2 months ago, a autorickshaw dashed the patient from behind. She went to orthopedic department where X-ray was performed and she diagnosed with hairline coccyx fracture. On inspection, patient was in pain, her NPRS score was 8. Her pain was aggravated by movements and relieved at rest. Patient came with slight stooping posture. On palpation we did found that the swelling and tenderness was present with tightness. Whereas on musculoskeletal assessment, we found that there was decreased range of motion, hypomobile joints, increased tone and muscle spasm.

Therapeutic Intervention and Outcomes: Patient was on medical treatment and bed-rest, treated with the analgesic and use of ring cushion was advised. She was also advised to reduce the weight bearing on buttocks. Cross-strapping of buttocks was done. After the completion of bed-rest, her condition was improved but she was having pain and could not perform squatting activities and other activities of daily living. Physiotherapy treatment was planned for the same.

Conclusion: Timely physiotherapy treatment is quite helpful to perform her everyday activities independently. This case study reveals the patient with hairline coccyx fracture experience full recovery after conservation management.
A Study on C-Reactive Protein Levels in Pancreatic Diseases and Its Prognostic Significance
Authors: Durge Shubham , Ramteke Harshal , (Pate) Meenakshi Yeola
Published: July 2021

Background: Pancreatic diseases are one of the most prevalent challenges faced by surgeons throughout their work. Unless and until surgery is noted for its complications, the most traditional management line has always been conservative. As a diagnostic tool for it, amylase and lipase have been used to date, but some prognostic methods such as CRP are being used in this research, assessing its importance as a prognostic tool

Objectives: 

To measure levels of CRP in patients of pancreatic diseases and evaluating if CRP concentrations expect the magnitude of the disease.

To assess the accuracy levels of CRP in diagnosing pancreatic diseases by assessing with CT diagnosing.

To find out correlation between levels of C-reactive protein and CT findings in pancreatic diseases.

Methodology: It is a prospective observational study completed on the patients of pancreatic diseases. It will be conducted at Surgery Department, JNMC and AVBRH, Sawangi (Meghe), DMIMS Wardha (DU).

Results: The result would be undertaken in SPSS software

Conclusion: Conclusion will be based on findings for study of protocol
Assessment of Risk Factors in the Causation & Outcomes of Diabetic Foot
Authors: Kumar Chava Aravind , Mahakalkar Chandrashekhar , (Pate) Meenakshi Yeola
Published: July 2021

Background: Diabetic foot identifies   a Diabetic patient foot that has a potential risk of pathological risk effects that includes inflammation, ulceration and deep tissue destruction consistent with neurological   disorders, differing degrees of Peripheral arterial disease , and lower limb with  metabolic complications. An ulcer is a breach of the continuity of skin, epithelium of mucous membrane in the body which is caused by removal of necrotic tissue . Foot ulcers may be caused by numerous medical conditions. The key to treatment is daily sterile dressing till the formation of healthy granulation tissue, infection control by appropriate use of antibiotics, surgical interventions such as debridement or amputation if needed.

Methods: It will be a observational study, done on the patients with Diabetic foot . It will be conducted at Dept. of General Surgery, J.N.M.C. and AVBRH, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha of DMIMS (DU). The study will be conducted on patients of foot ulcers.

Objectives:

To evaluate the microbiological and clinical characteristics of diabetic foot infection

To analyze the outcomes of a patient with diabetic foot with underlying risk factors HBA1c, Hypertension, Smoking, Diabetic Neuropathy, Recurrence, Obesity, Peripheral arterial diseases.

To analyze the association of Risk factors in the causation of Diabetic foot.

To predict outcome parameters based on Risk factors and its treatment modalities.

Results: The results will be analyzed after data collection in SPSS software.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn on findings of study.
Awareness of Myopia amongst Parents of School Going Children in a Survey Done in a Tertiary Care Centre in Vidarbha Region, India
Authors: Muley Sonal , Saoji Chetan , Pande Nikhil , Sanghavi Shruti
Published: July 2021

Background: There is a increase in prevalence and burden of myopia in India, hence extent of myopia awareness among Indian parents is required to prepare future public health initiatives and interventions. Hence a survey was conducted.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the level of myopia awareness among a group of parents based in Vidarbha region of India.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey, 150 parents with at least one child under the age of 16 years participated in the study. Age, gender, educational qualification and number of children were asked, the amount of time a child spends on his device, the acceptable distance between the eyes and device screen, the preventive measures of myopia and awareness of symptoms of myopia in their children were collected via a written questionnaire.

Results: Eighty-three participants (55.33%) thought that the safe distance between device screen and eyes was less than 30cms. Fifteen 10% (15/150) participants were aware that outdoor activity and natural light has a preventive effect on myopia and onset and progression. 16.66% (25/150) and 63.33% (95/150) of the participants, respectively, were aware that looking into the distance and taking regular breaks from device use prevent myopia onset and progression. Hundred (66.66%, 100/150) participants reported that regular eye check-ups were important for children. Overall, only 14 participants (9.33%) were aware that all 4 strategies are important for myopia management. Majority of the participants reported that their children spent 2 hours on screen (73.33%,110/150), none of the participants reported study time of 4 hours or more than 4 hrs, 15 participants reported study time of 3 hours (10 percent), 25 participants reported screen time of 1 hour (16.66%). Majority of the participants were not aware of the rule of 20-20-20, looking into the distance in online study and prolonged screen time (73.33%,110/150).

Only twenty participants reported headache and tiredness (9.7%) in their children, no other symptoms were recognised.

Conclusion: Survey demonstrated a poor level of awareness of protective role of outdoor activity in its onset and progression. Importance of regular eye check-ups and outdoor activity and risks of smart device usage should be included in awareness programs and other health education programs.
Sphingolipid metabolism in the development and progression of cancer: one cancer's help is another's hindrance
Authors: Piazzesi Antonia , Afsar Sumaiya Yasmeen , van Echten‐Deckert Gerhild
Published: July 2021

Cancer development is a multistep process in which cells must overcome a series of obstacles before they can become fully developed tumors. First, cells must develop the ability to proliferate unchecked. Once this is accomplished, they must be able to invade the neighboring tissue, as well as provide themselves with oxygen and nutrients. Finally, they must acquire the ability to detach from the newly formed mass in order to spread to other tissues, all the while evading an immune system that is primed for their destruction. Furthermore, increased levels of inflammation have been shown to be linked to the development of cancer, with sites of chronic inflammation being a common component of tumorigenic microenvironments. In this Review, we give an overview of the impact of sphingolipid metabolism in cancers, from initiation to metastatic dissemination, as well as discussing immune responses and resistance to treatments. We explore how sphingolipids can either help or hinder the progression of cells from a healthy phenotype to a cancerous one.
Revelation in Abrahamic Faiths
Authors: Weidner Veronika
Published: July 2021

In the Abrahamic faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, the phenomenon and concept of “revelation” is of utmost importance, yet it is also ambiguous and multifaceted. Whereas all three religions share similarities regarding the scope of phenomena to which the term “revelation” refers, they nevertheless differ in what the more specific content of revelation is said to be. What is more, the respective concept of revelation is diverse even within each religious tradition. This entry elucidates what the term “revelation” relates to and what it means, in order to better understand what fundamentally characterizes these so‐called revealed religions.
In Vivo Experiments Provide Evidence That Flavobacterium psychrophilum Strains Belonging to Multilocus Sequence Typing Clonal Complex ST191 Are Virulent to Rainbow Trout
Authors: Knupp Christopher , Faisal Mohamed , Wiens Gregory D. , Brenden Travis O. , Loch Thomas P.
Published: July 2021

Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD), causes significant economic losses worldwide, particularly in farmed Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Over the last decade, multilocus sequence typing has revealed >30 clonal complexes (CCs) globally, comprised of >320 F. psychrophilum sequence types (STs). Despite the large number of CCs worldwide, CC-ST10, which is currently the largest CC affecting Rainbow Trout, has been the primary focus of F. psychrophilum virulence studies, leaving the role of other CCs as primary causes of BCWD epizootics unclear. To this end, fingerling Rainbow Trout were experimentally challenged with F. psychrophilum strains belonging to the CC now recognized as the second largest in the world (CC-ST191) alongside CC-ST10 strains. Cumulative percent mortality was 100% in 7-month-old Rainbow Trout and between 27.8% and 61.1% in 8-month-old Rainbow Trout. All examined F. psychrophilum STs were virulent to Rainbow Trout, and no significant differences in virulence between CC-ST10 and CC-ST191 were detected. Due to their wide distribution and high pathogenic potential, both CC-ST191 and CC-ST10 F. psychrophilum strains are excellent candidates for further research aimed at preventing and controlling BCWD.
Effects of the Build Direction on Mechanical Performance of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V under Different Loadings
Authors: Sun Wenbo , Ma Yu E , Zhang Weihong , Qian Xudong , Huang Wei , Wang Zhenhai
Published: July 2021

Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) of Ti6Al4V, one of additive‐manufactured titanium alloys, has a great potential to be applied in aviation structural components. At present, the fracture behaviors of Ti6Al4V manufactured by LPBF under different loading conditions, especially under torque, bending, and shear loading, is still insufficient. To meet this demand, three different build direction samples (0° sample, 45° sample, and 90° sample) are designed herein. Four different mechanical testing (compression, three‐point bending, double shear, and torsion testing) are carried out. Load versus displacement curves and torque versus twisting angle curves are measured and studied. Fracture surfaces are compared and analyzed. It is shown that the 45° sample has the highest compressive Young's modulus (136 GPa) and the 90° sample has the highest flexural strength (948 MPa). The ultimate compressive displacement of the 0° sample is 1.84 times larger than that of the 90° sample. And the bend angle of the 90° sample is 1.95 times larger than that of the 0° sample.
SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA Detection by a Cellphone‐Based Amplification‐Free System with CRISPR/CAS‐Dependent Enzymatic (CASCADE) Assay
Authors: Silva Filipe S. R. , Erdogmus Eda , Shokr Ahmed , Kandula Hemanth , Thirumalaraju Prudhvi , Kanakasabapathy Manoj K. , Hardie Joseph M. , Pacheco Luis G. C. , Li Jonathan Z. , Kuritzkes Daniel R. , Shafiee Hadi
Published: July 2021

CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)‐based diagnostic technologies have emerged as a promising alternative to accelerate delivery of SARS‐CoV‐2 molecular detection at the point of need. However, efficient translation of CRISPR‐diagnostic technologies to field application is still hampered by dependence on target amplification and by reliance on fluorescence‐based results readout. Herein, an amplification‐free CRISPR/Cas12a‐based diagnostic technology for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA detection is presented using a smartphone camera for results readout. This method, termed Cellphone‐based amplification‐free system with CRISPR/CAS‐dependent enzymatic (CASCADE) assay, relies on mobile phone imaging of a catalase‐generated gas bubble signal within a microfluidic channel and does not require any external hardware optical attachments. Upon specific detection of a SARS‐CoV‐2 reverse‐transcribed DNA/RNA heteroduplex target (orf1ab) by the ribonucleoprotein complex, the transcleavage collateral activity of the Cas12a protein on a Catalase:ssDNA probe triggers the bubble signal on the system. High analytical sensitivity in signal detection without previous target amplification (down to 50 copies µL−1) is observed in spiked samples, in ≈71 min from sample input to results readout. With the aid of a smartphone vision tool, high accuracy (AUC = 1.0; CI: 0.715 – 1.00) is achieved when the CASCADE system is tested with nasopharyngeal swab samples of PCR‐positive COVID‐19 patients.
Fast Charging of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Review of Materials Aspects
Authors: Weiss Manuel , Ruess Raffael , Kasnatscheew Johannes , Levartovsky Yehonatan , Levy Natasha Ronith , Minnmann Philip , Stolz Lukas , Waldmann Thomas , Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens Margret , Aurbach Doron , Winter Martin , Ein‐Eli Yair , Janek Jürgen
Published: July 2021

Fast charging is considered to be a key requirement for widespread economic success of electric vehicles. Current lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) offer high energy density enabling sufficient driving range, but take considerably longer to recharge than traditional vehicles. Multiple properties of the applied anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials influence the fast‐charging ability of a battery cell. In this review, the physicochemical basics of different material combinations are considered in detail, identifying the transport of lithium inside the electrodes as the crucial rate‐limiting steps for fast‐charging. Lithium diffusion within the active materials inherently slows down the charging process and causes high overpotentials. In addition, concentration polarization by slow lithium‐ion transport within the electrolyte phase in the porous electrodes also limits the charging rate. Both kinetic effects are responsible for lithium plating observed on graphite anodes. Conclusions drawn from potential and concentration profiles within LIB cells are complemented by extensive literature surveys on anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials—including solid‐state batteries. The advantages and disadvantages of typical LIB materials are analyzed, resulting in suggestions for optimum properties on the material and electrode level for fast‐charging applications. Finally, limitations on the cell level are discussed briefly as well.
Lewy Body–like Inclusions in Human Midbrain Organoids Carrying Glucocerebrosidase and α‐Synuclein Mutations
Authors: Jo Junghyun , Yang Lin , Tran Hoang‐Dai , Yu Weonjin , Sun Alfred Xuyang , Chang Ya Yin , Jung Byung Chul , Lee Seung‐Jae , Saw Tzuen Yih , Xiao Bin , Khoo Audrey Tze Ting , Yaw Lai‐Ping , Xie Jessica Jiaxin , Lokman Hidayat , Ong Wei‐Yi , Lim Grace Gui Yin , Lim Kah‐Leong , Tan Eng‐King , Ng Huck‐Hui , Je Hyunsoo Shawn
Published: July 2021

Objective

We utilized human midbrain‐like organoids (hMLOs) generated from human pluripotent stem cells carrying glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) and α‐synuclein (α‐syn; SNCA) perturbations to investigate genotype‐to‐phenotype relationships in Parkinson disease, with the particular aim of recapitulating α‐syn– and Lewy body–related pathologies and the process of neurodegeneration in the hMLO model.

Methods

We generated and characterized hMLOs from GBA1−/− and SNCA overexpressing isogenic embryonic stem cells and also generated Lewy body–like inclusions in GBA1/SNCA dual perturbation hMLOs and conduritol‐b‐epoxide–treated SNCA triplication hMLOs.

Results

We identified for the first time that the loss of glucocerebrosidase, coupled with wild‐type α‐syn overexpression, results in a substantial accumulation of detergent‐resistant, β‐sheet–rich α‐syn aggregates and Lewy body–like inclusions in hMLOs. These Lewy body–like inclusions exhibit a spherically symmetric morphology with an eosinophilic core, containing α‐syn with ubiquitin, and can also be formed in Parkinson disease patient–derived hMLOs. We also demonstrate that impaired glucocerebrosidase function promotes the formation of Lewy body–like inclusions in hMLOs derived from patients carrying the SNCA triplication.

Interpretation

Taken together, the data indicate that our hMLOs harboring 2 major risk factors (glucocerebrosidase deficiency and wild‐type α‐syn overproduction) of Parkinson disease provide a tractable model to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms for progressive Lewy body formation. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:490–505
Electrochemical Activation of Diverse Conventional Photoredox Catalysts Induces Potent Photoreductant Activity**
Authors: Chernowsky Colleen P. , Chmiel Alyah F. , Wickens Zachary K.
Published: July 2021

Herein, we disclose that electrochemical stimulation induces new photocatalytic activity from a range of structurally diverse conventional photocatalysts. These studies uncover a new electron‐primed photoredox catalyst capable of promoting the reductive cleavage of strong C(sp2)−N and C(sp2)−O bonds. We illustrate several examples of the synthetic utility of these deeply reducing but otherwise safe and mild catalytic conditions. Finally, we employ electrochemical current measurements to perform a reaction progress kinetic analysis. This technique reveals that the improved activity of this new system is a consequence of an enhanced catalyst stability profile.
Hygroscopic Double‐Layer Gel Polymer Electrolyte toward High‐Performance Low‐Temperature Zinc Hybrid Batteries
Authors: Yan Changyuan , Wang Yangyang , Chen Zixuan , Deng Xianyu
Published: July 2021

Aqueous zinc hybrid batteries have been rapidly developed to overcome the sluggish kinetics of divalent zinc ions in the cathode of Zn‐based batteries. However, their cycle life is limited by water decomposition during the operation, specifically at low current rate for long‐term cycles. Herein, we propose a zinc hybrid battery with excellent adaptability of low‐temperature, at which the water decomposition is seriously restrained. The battery involves a hygroscopic double‐layer gel polymer electrolyte, in which one layer close to the LiFePO4 cathode provides Li+, and the other layer close to the Zn anode provides Zn2+. The use of the double‐layer electrolyte can both weaken the water reactivity and increase the salt concentration, leading to a high‐performance of the batteries. It enables the hybrid batteries to operate at −20 °C and achieve stability for over 300 cycles with a capacity retention of 85.14 % and Coulombic efficiency of ∼100 % at a low current rate of 85 mA g−1. Moreover, the spontaneous hygroscopic system, opposite to that of “water‐in‐salt”, can efficiently reduce manufacturing costs and improve ionic conductivity. This provides an advanced pathway for designing electrolytes to achieve high‐performance and low‐cost batteries with excellent adaptability of low‐temperature.
Correction: A product‐limit estimator of the conditional survival function when cure status is partially known
Authors: Safari Wende C. , López‐de‐Ullibarri Ignacio , Jácome M. Amalia
Published: July 2021

An error was detected in the derivation of the expression of the cumulative hazard function in a recently published paper by Safari, W. C., López‐de‐Ullibarri, I., and Jácome, M. A. (2021), A product‐limit estimator of the conditional survival function when cure status is partially known. Biometrical Journal, 63(5), 984–1005, https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.202000173. This short article aims to correct this error. There are some changes in the model notation in Section 2, the derivation of the expression of the cumulative hazard function in the Appendix, and the proofs of Lemmas 3 and 4 in the Supporting Information. Moreover, there is a small change in the generation of the values of the censoring variable in the simulation study. As a consequence, the simulation results in Section 4 are affected. A corrected version of these sections is given in the Supporting Information.
Clinical applicability of optogenetic gene regulation
Authors: Wichert Nina , Witt Martin , Blume Cornelia , Scheper Thomas
Published: July 2021

The field of optogenetics is rapidly growing in relevance and number of developed tools. Among other things, the optogenetic repertoire includes light‐responsive ion channels and methods for gene regulation. This review will be confined to the optogenetic control of gene expression in mammalian cells as suitable models for clinical applications. Here optogenetic gene regulation might offer an excellent method for spatially and timely regulated gene and protein expression in cell therapeutic approaches. Well‐known systems for gene regulation, such as the LOV‐, CRY2/CIB‐, PhyB/PIF‐systems, as well as other, in mammalian cells not yet fully established systems, will be described. Advantages and disadvantages with regard to clinical applications are outlined in detail. Among the many unanswered questions concerning the application of optogenetics, we discuss items such as the use of exogenous chromophores and their effects on the biology of the cells and methods for a gentle, but effective gene transfection method for optogenetic tools for in vivo applications.