bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Carbon Materials by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and X‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Retzko I. , Unger W.E.S.
Published: July 2003

Since hard coating such as ta:C films are of growing interest for protecting surfaces of industrial machines and high capacity tools against wear and friction or for biomedical applications, more information about the structure‐to‐property relation is required. Therefore, core level X‐ray photoelectron sprectroscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and spectromicroscopy are used to derive chemical information about selected carbon species.
“Chemical Bonding and Molecular Geometry”: Comments on a Book Review
Authors: Gillespie R. J. , Popelier P. L. A.
Published: July 2003

Ein Modell als Stein des Anstoßes: Die kürzlich veröffentlichte Besprechung des BuchesChemical Bonding and Molecular Geometryhat zwischen den Autoren und dem Rezensenten eine Diskussion über die Gültigkeit der verwendeten Modelle und die Konsistenz der Schlussfolgerungen ausgelöst.
NMR spiral surface microcoils: Applications
Authors: Gimi Barjor , Eroglu Sertac , Leoni Lara , Desai Tejal A. , Magin Richard L. , Roman Brian B.
Published: July 2003

We describe the use of planar submillimeter diameter radio frequency (RF) microcoils at 500 MHz (11.74 T) to image biologic samples, specifically late‐stage frog oocytes (typical diameter 750–1000 μm) and isolated rat pancreatic islets (typical diameter 150–200 μm). For the frog oocyte we obtained a 25 × 25 μm in‐plane resolution on a 100 μm slice in 34 min, and for the pancreatic islets we obtained a 14 × 14 μm in‐plane resolution on a 100‐μm slice in 68 min. These results demonstrate that it is possible to obtain images of living cells with high temporal and spatial resolution under conditions where viability in maintained and functional stimulation is possible. The extension of these studies to smaller diameter microcoils or arrays of microcoils may allow magnetic resonance imaging to be performed on individual cells in culture, and could lead to in vivo assessment of cell function within biocapsules or tissue implants. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 18B: 1–8, 2003
Geometry comparisons of an 11‐T coaxial reentrant cavity (ReCav) coil
Authors: Beck B.L. , Jenkins K.A. , Fitzsimmons J.R.
Published: July 2003

The continual march to higher magnetic fields for MRI/S has brought about a change in RF coil methodology that incorporates the use of cavity designs. One such design, the ReCav coil, has shown improvement in signal‐to‐noise (SNR) over standard low‐pass birdcages. This work studies the relationship between cavity geometry and coil performance. Five variations of the ReCav were built where either the diameter ratio between the inner and outer cylinders or the extent of reentrant wall were varied. The Q‐damping and SNR were measured for each design. It is shown that the reentrant wall in the ReCav plays an important role in improving the performance of the coil. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 18B: 24–27, 2003
2‐D full wave solution for the analysis and design of birdcage coils
Authors: Spence Dan K. , Wright Steven M.
Published: July 2003

A simple 2‐D full wave model for the birdcage coil is described that includes the effects of shields, lossy layered media, and finite leg widths. This model has been implemented in Matlab, which provides a simple user interface. Using this model, various coil parameters such as signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), magnetic field homogeneity, magnetic field magnitude, etc. can be computed quickly. The efficiency of this model allows optimization of the coil geometry for particular applications. A method for finding the optimal coil radius in terms of SNR and homogeneity, given shield and sample radii, is presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 18B: 15–23, 2003.
Application of artificial neural network methods in HTS RF coil design for MRI
Authors: Pan Hui , Shen Gary X.
Published: July 2003

This article presents a new method of simulating high‐temperature superconducting (HTS) RF coils using an electromagnetically trained artificial neural network (EM‐ANN). This design is based on a spiral planar coil with distributed capacitance fabricated with Y1Ba2Cu3O7 (YBCO) films. Simulation time with this new method can be reduced to only one millionth of the time required by the commercial electromagnetic software programme HP Momentum. The new method can also exploit the properties of an artificial neural network by providing an inverse algorithm based on a resonant frequency input to derive other properties of an RF coil. This inverse algorithm using EM‐ANN is easier, faster, and more interactive than the traditional “moment method.” The simulation results also show excellent agreement with experimental measurements, with a margin of error of less than 3%. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 18B: 9–14, 2003
Characterization of lacZ‐expressing cells in the gut of embryonic and adult DβH‐nlacZ mice
Authors: Stewart Ashley L. , Anderson Richard B. , Young Heather M.
Published: July 2003

In mice that express lacZ under the control of a human dopamine β‐hydroxylase gene promoter (DβH‐nlacZ mice), the nuclei of enteric neurons express the transgene, as shown by the presence of β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) staining (Mercer et al. [1991] Neuron 7:703–716). The transgene is also expressed by neural crest‐derived cells in the developing gut before their differentiation into neurons or glial cells (Kapur et al. [1992] Development 116:167–175). However, the cell types expressing the DβH‐nlacZ transgene within the developing and adult gut have not been fully characterized. Whole‐mount preparations of embryonic and adult gut were processed for histochemistry or immunohistochemistry to reveal β‐gal plus markers of undifferentiated neural crest cells (in embryos) or enteric neurons (in adults). In embryonic mice, over 90% of undifferentiated neural crest‐derived cells (identified using antibodies to p75) were β‐gal+. Importantly, crest‐derived cells at the migratory wavefront were all β‐gal+. In adult mice, only a subpopulation of enteric neurons was β‐gal+, while glial cells showed no β‐gal staining. Considerable variation was observed between the small intestine and colon in the proportion of myenteric neurons that showed β‐gal staining. We examined whether known classes of enteric neurons varied in their expression of DβH‐nlacZ. In the myenteric plexus of the jejunum and colon, large calretinin+ neurons did not express lacZ, suggesting that the incomplete penetrance of the DβH‐nlacZ transgene observed in adult mice is not random. We conclude that the DβH‐nlacZ transgene provides a reliable marker for examining the colonization of the developing gut by neural crest cells. However, in adult mice, there is variation between mice, between gut regions, and between different classes of enteric neurons in the expression of the transgene. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:208–219, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vocal circuitry inXenopus laevis: Telencephalon to laryngeal motor neurons
Authors: Brahic Catherine J. , Kelley Darcy B.
Published: July 2003

Sexually differentiated calling patterns ofXenopus laevisare conveyed to the vocal organ by a dedicated neuromuscular system. Here, we define afferents to vocal motor neurons and determine whether the connectivity of the vocal pathway is sexually differentiated. The use of fluorescent dextran amines and the isolated brain preparation readily permitted identification of anterograde and retrograde connectivity patterns. The whole‐mount preparation allowed us to observe projections in their entirety, including cells of origin of a projection (for retrograde projections), terminal fields (for anterograde connections), and fiber tracts. Major findings are the confirmation of a robust and reciprocal connection between cranial nucleus (n.) IX‐X and the pretrigeminal nucleus of the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM) as well as between DTAM and the ventral striatum (VS). Newly revealed is the extensive connectivity between the rostral subdivision of the dorsal nucleus raphe (rRpd) and candidate vocal nuclei. In contrast to previous results using peroxidase, we did not observe dramatic sex differences in connectivity, although some connections were less robust in female than in male brains. Some retrograde connections previously observed (e.g., anterior preoptic area to DTAM) were not confirmed. Plausible hypotheses are that a set of rhombencephalic neurons located in DTAM, the inferior reticular formation and n.IX‐X are responsible for generating patterned vocal activity, that activity is modulated by neurons in rRpd, and that activity in VS (particularly that evoked by conspecific calls), together with effects of steroid hormones at many sites in the vocal circuit, contribute to the initiation of calling. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:115–130, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sorting and convergence of primary olfactory axons are independent of the olfactory bulb
Authors: St. John James A. , Clarris Heidi J. , McKeown Sonja , Royal Stephanie , Key Brian
Published: July 2003

Primary olfactory axons expressing the same odorant receptor gene sort out and converge to fixed sites in the olfactory bulb. We examined the guidance of axons expressing the P2 odorant receptor when they were challenged with different cellular environments in vivo. In the mutant extratoes mouse, the olfactory bulb is lacking and is replaced by a fibrocellular mass. In these animals, primary olfactory axons form glomerular‐like loci despite the absence of normal postsynaptic targets. P2 axons are able to sort out from other axons in this fibrocellular mass and converge to form loci of like axons. The sites of these loci along mediolateral and ventrodorsal axes were highly variable. Similar convergence was observed for larger subpopulations of axons expressing the same cell surface carbohydrates. The sorting out and convergence of like axons also occurred during regeneration following bulbectomy. Olfactory axon behaviour in these models demonstrates that sorting and convergence of axons are independent of the target, which instead provides distinct topographic cues for guidance. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:131–140, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential patterns of glial fibrillary acidic protein‐immunolabeling in the brain of adult lizards
Authors: Ahboucha Samir , Laalaoui Abdelhadi , Didier‐Bazes Marianne , Montange Michelle , Cooper Howard Michael , Gamrani Halima
Published: July 2003

The present study describes by means of immunohistochemistry the comparative distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive cells in the forebrain and midbrain of three species of lizards: Eumeces algeriensis, Scincoidae; Agama impalearis, Agamidae; Tarentola mauritanica, Gekkonidae. In the species studied, the different types and proportions of glial cells expressing GFAP showed considerable variation. These cells include radial glia, oval cells, tanycytes, ependymocytes, glia limitans, and astrocytes. In Eumeces, astrocytes are particularly abundant and their processes form numerous perivascular end‐feet; in addition well‐differentiated ependymal cells and glia limitans express GFAP. These mature glial features are concordant with the relatively advanced phylogenetic level of Eumeces. In Tarentola, relatively few GFAP‐expressing glial cells are observed, consisting mainly of radial glia and tanycytes. These features indicate a relatively immature state of the glial cell populations in this species. In Agama, GFAP‐immunostained cells are confined to the periventricular and subpial brain areas; the ventricular lining contains numerous GFAP‐immunopositive tanycytes and well‐differentiated glia limitans. This pattern indicates that the glial cell profile in Agama exhibits characteristics intermediate between Eumeces and Tarentola, a feature which is discordant with the relatively primitive phylogenetic level of Agamidae compared to Gekkonidae. Together, the results of the present study provide novel data on the characterization of GFAP‐expressing cell populations in different species of lizards. We suggest that the different glial patterns observed in the lizard brain correlates with developmental and functional aspects. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:159–171, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overlapping distributions of orexin/hypocretin‐ and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers in rat brain regions mediating arousal, motivation, and stress
Authors: Baldo Brian A. , Daniel Roger A. , Berridge Craig W. , Kelley Ann E.
Published: July 2003

A double‐label immunohistochemical study was carried out to investigate overlap between dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DβH) ‐immunopositive projections and the projections of hypothalamic neurons containing the arousal‐ and feeding‐related peptide, orexin/hypocretin (HCRT), in rat brain. Numerous intermingled HCRT‐immunopositive and DβH‐immunopositive fibers were seen in a ventrally situated corridor extending from the hypothalamus to deep layers of the infralimbic cortex. Both fiber types avoided the nucleus accumbens core, caudate putamen, and the globus pallidus. In the diencephalon, overlap was observed in several hypothalamic areas, including the perifornical, dorsomedial, and paraventricular nuclei, as well as in the paraventricular thalamic nucleus. Intermingled HCRT‐containing and DβH‐containing fibers extended from the hypothalamus into areas within the medial and central amygdala, terminating at the medial border of the lateral subdivision of the central nucleus of the amygdala. Dense overlap between the two fiber types was also observed in the periaqueductal gray, particularly in the vicinity of the dorsal raphe, as well as (to a lesser extent) in the ventral tegmental area, the retrorubral field, and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Hypocretin‐containing cell bodies, located in the perifornical and lateral hypothalamus, were embedded within a dense plexus of DβH‐immunopositive fibers and boutons, with numerous cases of apparent contacts of DβH‐containing boutons onto HCRT‐immunopositive soma and dendrites. HCRT‐containing fibers were observed amid the noradrenergic cells of the locus coeruleus, and in the vicinity of the A1, A2, and A5 cell groups. Hence, the projections of these two arousal‐related systems, originating in distinctly different parts of the brain, jointly target several forebrain regions and brainstem monoaminergic nuclei involved in regulating core motivational processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:220–237, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interference with anoikis‐induced cell death of dopamine neurons: Implications for augmenting embryonic graft survival in a rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Marchionini Deanna M. , Collier Timothy J. , Camargo Maria , McGuire Susan , Pitzer Mark , Sortwell Caryl E.
Published: July 2003

One promising therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease is transplantation of embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue. Unfortunately, up to 95% of grafted cells die, many via apoptosis. In this study we attempted to prevent anoikis‐induced cell death, which is triggered during the preparation of cells for grafting, and examine the impact on graft viability and function. We utilized the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin‐C (tenascin) and an antibody (Ab) to the cell adhesion molecule L1 to specifically mimic survival signals induced by cell–matrix and cell–cell interactions. In vitro, both tenascin‐ and L1 Ab‐treated cultures doubled the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (THir) neurons compared to control. Additionally, cell survival assays determined that tenascin and L1 Ab‐treated cell suspensions yielded more metabolically active and fewer dead cells than control suspensions. In contrast to the culture results, tenascin‐ and L1 Ab‐treated mesencephalic grafts did not yield an increase in the number of THir neurons using our standard grafting paradigm (3 μl of 100,000 cells/μl). However, under low‐density conditions (3 μl of 3,000 cells/μl), tenascin augmented grafted THir neuron survival. These findings are consistent with the view that cell density can dramatically influence the degree of stress placed on THir neurons and consequently affect the success of survival strategies in vivo. In conclusion, pretreatment with tenascin may prove beneficial to prevent anoikis in dilute cell suspension grafts, while long‐term in vivo delivery methods need to be explored to determine if L1 can prevent anoikis in grafts of mesencephalic dopamine neurons after transplantation. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:172–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Translocation of presynaptic delta opioid receptors in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray after swim stress
Authors: Commons Kathryn G.
Published: July 2003

Immunolabeling for the delta opioid receptor (DOR) is localized primarily to axon terminals in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). However, rather than on the plasma membrane, DOR immunoreactivity is usually located within the cytoplasmic compartment, often associated with dense‐core vesicles. In this study, the hypothesis that a behavioral stimulus, a cold water swim stress (3 minutes at 4°C; CWSS), could initiate the translocation of the DOR was tested. The subcellular distribution of DOR was examined using a preembedding immunogold‐labeling method and ultrastructural analysis in control rats and in rats that had a CWSS. In both cases, dense‐core vesicles associated with DOR labeling were often within 100 nm of the plasma membrane. When the dense‐core vesicles were near the plasma membrane, sometimes electron‐dense “tethers” appeared between the vesicle and the plasma membrane. However, in rats exposed to CWSS, there was a decrease in immunolabeling associated with dense‐core vesicles that were near the plasma membrane and a significant increase in DOR immunoreactivity associated with the plasma membrane. In addition, there was a significant increase in the fraction of DOR immunoreactivity associated with large clear‐core vesicles; possibly early endosomes. Moreover, after a CWSS, dense‐core vesicles containing DOR immunoreactivity could be visualized fusing with the plasma membrane of synaptic boutons. These data suggest the involvement of DOR in the vlPAG in the behavioral response to CWSS. Furthermore, the results support the hypothesis that the cell surface distribution of presynaptic receptors can be regulated in an activity‐dependent manner by virtue of transport via dense‐core vesicles. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:197–207, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal expression of tachykinin‐related peptides and gene transcript during postembryonic development of Drosophila
Authors: Winther Åsa M.E. , Siviter Richard J. , Isaac R. Elwyn , Predel Reinhard , Nässel Dick R.
Published: July 2003

The gene Dtk, encoding the prohormone of tachykinin‐related peptides (TRPs), has been identified from Drosophila. This gene encodes five putative tachykinin‐related peptides (DTK‐1 to 5) that share the C‐terminal sequence FXGXRamide (where X represents variable residues) as well as an extended peptide (DTK‐6) with the C‐terminus FVAVRamide). By mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS), we identified ion signals with masses identical to those of DTK‐1 to 5 in specific brain regions. We have analyzed the distribution of the Dtk transcript and peptides, by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry during postembryonic development of the central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila. Antiserum against a cockroach TRP that cross‐reacts with the DTKs was used for immunocytochemistry. Expression of transcript and peptides was detected from first to third instar larvae, through metamorphosis to adult flies. Throughout postembryonic development, we were able to follow the strong expression of TRPs in a pair of large descending neurons with cell bodies in the brain. The number of TRP‐expressing neuronal cell bodies in the brain and ventral nerve cord increases during larval development. In the early pupa (stage P8), the number of TRP‐expressing cell bodies is lower than in the third instar larvae. The number drastically increases during later pupal development, and in the adult fly about 200 TRP‐expressing neurons can be seen in the CNS. The continuous expression of TRPs in neurons throughout postembryonic development suggests specific functional roles in both larval and imaginal flies and possibly also in some neurons during pupal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:180–196, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pretectotectal pathway: An ultrastructural quantitative analysis in cats
Authors: Baldauf Zsolt B. , Wang Xiang‐Ping , Wang Siting , Bickford Martha E.
Published: July 2003

Both the pretectum (PT) and the superior colliculus (SC) play an important role in directing eye movements and in sensorimotor coupling. A reciprocal connection between the PT and the SC has been described, which suggests a strong interplay between these two structures. We injected the cat SC with retrograde tracers and examined the labeled pretectotectal (PTT) cells at the light and electron microscopic level. PTT cells were distributed mostly in the nucleus of the optic tract and 93.1% contained gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). We also observed that PTT cells are located outside of pretectal regions distinguished by dense retinal terminals and clusters of cells that contain calbindin. This suggests that the GABAergic PTT cells are distinct from the GABAergic pretectogeniculate cells that have been previously described as being distributed within these regions. Finally, to determine the synaptic targets of PTT terminals, we injected the PT with anterograde tracers and examined terminals labeled in the SC at the ultrastructural level. The labeled PTT terminals were beaded fibers that were distributed mainly within the stratum griseum superficiale (SGS) of the SC. Using postembedding immunocytochemistry, 94.5% were found to be GABAergic. The PTT terminals were mostly small in size and primarily contacted GABA‐negative dendrites (88.1%) and in some cases somata (4.7%). The remainder terminated on GABAergic dendrites (7.2%). Our results suggest that the PTT cells constitute a separate population of GABAergic efferent cells in the PT, which may function to inhibit the activity of non‐GABAergic SC efferent cells in the SGS. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:141–158, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendritic domains of nociceptive‐responsive parabrachial neurons match terminal fields of lamina I neurons in the rat
Authors: Bourgeais Laurence , Gauriau Caroline , Monconduit Lenaïc , Villanueva Luis , Bernard Jean‐François
Published: July 2003

This study investigates, in the anesthetized rat, the dendritic extent of parabrachial (PB) neurons whose nociceptive response to noxious stimuli has been previously recorded with an extracellular micropipette. The PB neurons were then injected with biocytin through the recording micropipette, via a juxtacellular technique. The dendritic arborization of individual PB neurons was carefully compared with the projections of medullary (trigeminal) and spinal lamina I neurons. The latter projections were labeled in separate animals that received injections of Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin restricted to the superficial layers of spinal or medullary dorsal horn. We report here that: 1) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the face have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I trigeminal projections, i.e., in the caudal portion of PB area, around the external medial and the caudal part of the external lateral subnuclei; and 2) PB neurons excited chiefly by noxious stimulation of the paw or the tail have their dendritic tree located primarily within the field of lamina I spinal projections, i.e., in PB mid‐extent, around the borderline between the external lateral and both the lateral crescent and the superior lateral subnuclei. Our results suggest the presence of an extensive excitatory axodendritic link between lamina I projections and PB nociceptive neurons around the lateral crescent and the external medial subnuclei. These findings strengthen the possibility of involvement of a subgroup of PB neurons in nociceptive processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:238–256, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial patterns of mammalian brain aging: Distribution of cathepsin D–immunoreactive cell bodies and dystrophic dendrites in aging dogs resembles that in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bi Xiaoning , Head Elizabeth , Cotman Carl W. , Lynch Gary
Published: July 2003

Elevated levels of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D are found in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and co‐occur with intraneuronal tangles. The present study tested whether increases in cathepsin D would emerge during aging in another mammalian species. Regional brain patterns of cathepsin D immunostaining were compared in dogs ages 0.35 to 16 years. Accumulations of immunopositive material were evident in neuronal cell bodies in many forebrain sites in middle‐age to old dogs (≥6 years). Three types could be distinguished: (1) dense aggregates with no particular position within the cell body; (2) crescent‐shaped “caps” that occupied one pole of the cell body; and (3) very dense “spikes” that extended from the cell body for variable distances into the apical dendrite; these spikes were found in only a few areas, most notably the subiculum and layer V of neocortex. The spikes appeared between ages 2 and 5 years and increased steadily with age thereafter. Spikes were found in the subiculum in the aged human brain but only infrequently; they were, however, present in large numbers in AD brains. These results established that brain aging in dogs is (1) well advanced by middle age, (2) varies markedly across regions, and (3) in at least some of its aspects (dystrophic dendrites) is prominent in areas known to exhibit pathology early in the course of AD. Combined with previous results for rats, these findings indicated that changes in cathepsin D observed in AD, in particular in the temporal lobe, reflect a generalized mammalian pattern of brain aging. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:371–381, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression pattern of monoamine oxidases in sensory organs and neural crest derivatives
Authors: Vitalis Tania , Alvarez Chantal , Chen Kevin , Shih Jean C. , Gaspar Patricia , Cases Olivier
Published: July 2003

Serotonin (5‐HT) has been shown to act as a morphogen in craniofacial and heart development and in the migration of neural crest derivatives. Some of these structures are capable of capturing 5‐HT during development, but nothing is known about the localization of the main monoamine degradation enzymes, monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B, in these developing tissues. We generated a highly specific antibody to MAOB; immunoreactivity is entirely abolished in brain extracts or brain sections of mice lacking MAOB. From the use of this antibody and specific riboprobes, we report that MAOB is expressed early in a variety of neural crest derivatives, in facial sensory organs, and in the heart. From E11.5 to P0, MAOB was found to be strongly expressed in the following neural crest derivatives: the aorta, cranial mesenchyme (developing bones, sensory neurons of the cranial ganglia, cartilages, thyroid, and striate muscles), dental mesenchyme, several soft palate derivatives, and boundary cap cells (E11.5‐P4). Boundary cap cells contribute to the formation of nerve exit‐entry points between the central and the peripheral nervous systems. Several facial sensory organs also contained MAOB mRNA, protein, and activity. High MAOB expression was noted in the olfactory placode, the dorsal part of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory nerve layer (probably the ensheathing glia), the cochlear ganglionic cells, the taste buds, and the Merkel cells in the vibrissae follicles. Finally, we found that MAOB is massively expressed in the pharyngeal organ, heart, liver, and mast cells. In contrast, MAOA expresssion was restricted to the sympathetic ganglia and to the meningeal and capillary blood vessels. The pattern of MAOB expression generally matched the previously reported patterns of expression of the plasma 5‐HT transporter expression or of the histamine biosynthetic enzyme L‐histidine decarboxylase, suggesting a role for MAOB in fine regulation of the levels of 5‐HT and histamine in the developing embryo. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:392–403, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of output connections from the inferior colliculus to the optic tectum in barn owls
Authors: Nieder Bärbel , Wagner Hermann , Luksch Harald
Published: July 2003

We studied the development of the projection from the external nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICX) to the optic tectum (OT) in the barn owl. The projection was labeled by tracer application in vitro to either the OT or the ICX, or by staining ICX cells intracellularly with biocytin. The axons of ICX neurons bifurcated into an ascending branch that projected toward the OT and a descending branch that coursed caudally to an unknown target in the brainstem. Axons of the ICX were observed to grow into the OT from embryonic day 16 (E16) on. From E22 on, side branches of the axonal projections could be found within the OT. At the day of hatching (E32), the projection displayed a dorsoventral topography comparable to the adult owl; however, atopically projecting cells remained. The complexity of the axonal arborization in the adult barn owl was found to be slightly increased compared with the hatchling. The terminal area of individual ICX cells in the OT of the adult barn owl was still broad, a finding that had not been expected from the sharply defined physiological response properties of the bimodal neurons in the space map of the OT. However, the width of the termination zone was in accordance with the large dendritic tree of the adult ICX cells, because both spanned comparable angles in their respective maps. Our data suggest that a coarse projection from the ICX to the OT can develop without coherent sensory input and may, therefore, be innately determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 464:511–524, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modelling and simulation of fluid structure interaction by meshfree and FEM
Authors: Zhang Lucy T. , Wagner Gregory J. , Liu Wing K.
Published: July 2003

In this paper, the implementation of a 3‐D parallel CFD code using the meshless method. Reproducing Kernel Particle Method (RKPM) is described. A novel procedure for implementing the essential boundary condition using the hierarchical enrichment method is presented. The Total Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulations using Finite Element Method are developed and implemented in the parallel code. The flow past a cylinder problem served as examples throughout the paper. Both methods have shown promising results compared with analytical solution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental method for determining the effects of strain gradients in a granular material
Authors: Kuhn Matthew R.
Published: July 2003

The paper presents an algorithm for use with the discrete element method to study possible strain‐gradient effects in granular materials. The algorithm produces an intentionally non‐uniform displacement pattern by applying external (body) forces to the particles within a simulated granular assembly. The paper describes a method for adjusting the external forces to attain the intended gross displacement pattern, but while allowing individual particles to be in equilibrium among neighbouring particles. The performance of the algorithm is tested in an example of quasi‐static deformation, and the algorithm's performance is measured in three respects. The algorithm is shown to enforce the intended displacement pattern, to allow particles to equilibrate among neighbouring particles, and to produce a smooth distribution of the external forces among particles. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variationally consistent framework for the design of integrator and updates of generalized single step representations for structural dynamics
Authors: Kanapady R. , Tamma K. K. , Zhou X.
Published: July 2003

A variationally consistent framework leading to the concise design of both the ‘integrator’ and the associated ‘updates’ as related to the single step representations encompassing the so‐called LMS methods for structural dynamics is described. The present paper shows for the first time, a consistent treatment involving both the ‘integrator’ and ‘updates’ that are inherent in the general context of designing the time integration process. Furthermore, the framework encompasses not only all the existing time integration algorithms that are dissipative and non‐dissipative within the scope of LMS methods but also contains new optimal algorithms useful for practical applications—in the sense of accuracy, stability, numerical dissipation and dispersion, and overshoot characteristics of computational algorithms for time dependent problems encountered in structural dynamics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new numerical approach for solving high‐order non‐linear ordinary differential equations
Authors: Zhu Songping , Phan Hung Thanh
Published: July 2003

There have been many numerical solution approaches to ordinary differential equations in the literature. However, very few are effective in solving non‐linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), particularly when they are of order higher than one. With modern symbolic calculation packages, such as Maple and Mathematica, being readily available to researchers, we shall present a new numerical method in this paper. Based on the repeated use of a symbolic calculation package and a second‐order finite‐difference scheme, our method is particularly suitable for solving high‐order non‐linear differential equations arising from initial‐value problems. One important feature of our approach is that if the highest‐order derivative in an ODE can be written explicitly in terms of all the other terms of lower orders, our method requires no iterations at all. On the other hand, if the highest‐order derivative in an ODE cannot be written explicitly in terms of all the other lower‐order terms, iterations are only required before the actual time marching begins. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling of twin‐roll strip casting processes
Authors: Cruchaga M. A. , Celentano D. J. , Lewis R. W.
Published: July 2003

In this work, a twin‐roll strip casting industrial process is analysed using a fixed‐mesh finite element formulation able to deal with unsteady incompressible thermally coupled flows including phase‐change and non‐Newtonian effects assumed to account for the flow behaviour during the whole cooling conditions. The weak form of the full Navier–Stokes equations is obtained using a generalized streamline operator in order to stabilize its numerical response while a temperature‐based algorithm is applied to describe the latent heat release. This proposed methodology is tested in a two‐dimensional analysis of a twin‐roll casting problem where an evaluation of different thermal and flow patterns is performed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal stress calculation in 2D time domain BEM for wave propagation in anisotropic media
Authors: Haixiao Liu , Chuhan Zhang
Published: July 2003

A scheme of internal stress calculation is established in the time domain boundary element method (BEM) for wave propagation in anisotropic media. For an internal point, total stresses can be achieved by introducing the high‐precision formulas of numerical differentiation and using the displacement solutions around the internal point. This technique is tested and applied to two numerical examples. The results show that it is not only reliable but also accurate enough, and can be utilized in the stress analysis of dynamic problems, especially those of wave propagation in anisotropic media. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical solution technique of hypersingular integral equation for curved cracks
Authors: Chen Y. Z.
Published: July 2003

In this paper, a hypersingular integral equation for curved cracks in plane elasticity is formulated and presented. This paper describes a new numerical technique for solution of deep curved cracks in plane elasticity. In this method, the crack curve length is taken as the co‐ordinate in the hypersingular integral equation of the curved crack problems. The curved crack configuration maps on the real axis with interval (‐a,a), where ‘2a’ is the arc length of the crack. The original hypersingular integral equation is converted into other hypersingular integral equation which is formulated on the curve length co‐ordinate, or on (‐a,a). The hypersingular integral equation is solved numerically. Numerical examples prove that higher efficiency has been achieved in the suggested method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body images of 4–8‐year‐old girls at the outset of their first artistic gymnastics class
Authors: Poudevigne Melanie S. , O'Connor Patrick J. , Laing Emma M. , R. Wilson Alissa M. , Modlesky Christopher M. , Lewis Richard D.
Published: July 2003

Objective

The primary objective of this investigation was to compare body images of 54 girls (4–8 years old) who were beginning their first gymnastics class to 54 age‐matched (±1 year) and % body fat‐matched (±3%) girls not participating in gymnastics.

Method

Ratings of actual and ideal body size and a computed measure of body dissatisfaction (actual minus ideal) were obtained. Body composition was measured with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry.

Results

Girls beginning gymnastics did not differ significantly from controls on (mean ± SD) actual (2.2 ± 1.4 vs. 2.1 ± 1.4), ideal (1.8 ± 1.3 vs. 1.8 ± 1.5), or body dissatisfaction (0.39 ± 1.8 vs. 0.26 ± 1.4) scores.

Discussion

Body images of 4–8‐year‐old girls beginning their first artistic gymnastics class do not differ from non‐gymnast controls matched on age and % body fat. This observation casts doubt on the idea that young girls who are dissatisfied with their body and want to be smaller are more likely to enroll in gymnastics classes than girls without this type of body dissatisfaction. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 244–250, 2003.
The role of palatable food and hunger as trigger factors in an animal model of stress induced binge eating
Authors: Hagan Mary M. , Chandler Paula C. , Wauford Pamela K. , Rybak Rachel J. , Oswald Kimberly D.
Published: July 2003

Objective

Dieting and stress are etiological factors in eating disorders, and dieting strongly predicts stress‐induced overeating in the nonclinical population. We developed an animal model of binge eating in sated rats that is evoked by stress, but only in rats with a history of caloric restriction and only if highly palatable food (HPF) is available after stress. This study investigated the effect of known binge triggers, a taste of HPF and of hunger, on this type of binge eating.

Method

Female rats were cycled through the R/S protocol but this time were given just a taste of HPF with ad lib regular chow. After another R/S cycle, rats were stressed during restriction (while hungry) and were given HPF and chow.

Results

Although binge eating did not occur if only chow was available after stress, just a taste of HPF sufficed to increase chow intake to more than 160% (p < 0.001) of rats with a history of restriction only, stress‐only, or neither. Hunger increased the proportion of chow consumed by both restricted groups, but stress magnified this hunger‐induced overeating by increasing HPF intake to 137% of restriction‐only rats (p < 0.001).

Discussion

These effects suggest that binge eating in this model is motivated by reward, not metabolic need, and parallels observations of binge triggers described in clinical binge‐eating disorders. This strengthens the validity of using this animal model to target the physiology and treatment of eating disorders preceded by dieting and stress. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 183–197, 2003.
Anxiety and psychoactive substance use disorder comorbidity in anorexia nervosa or depression
Authors: Jordan Jennifer , Joyce Peter R. , Carter Frances A. , Horn Jacqueline , McIntosh Virginia V.W. , Luty Suzanne E. , McKenzie Janice M. , Mulder Roger T. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: July 2003

Objective

This study considered whether the prevalence and type of anxiety and psychoactive substance use disorder (PSUD) diagnoses differ between women with spectrum anorexia nervosa (AN) (N=40) and women with major depressive disorder (N = 58) participating in outpatient clinical trials.

Method

Anxiety and PSUD diagnoses (according to criteria in the 3rd Rev. ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) were assessed using structured clinical interviews. Comparisons were made between AN subtypes (restricting or binge eating/purging) and by history of depression within the AN sample.

Results

A high prevalence of obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD) was found in women with AN. However, social phobia, simple phobia, and PSUD were significantly elevated in both women with depression and women with AN. Prevalences were similar for anxiety and PSUD diagnoses between AN subtypes.

Discussion

Women with anorexia or depression were comparable in all respects, except for the elevated OCD prevalence in AN, emphasizing the need to use clinical comparison groups to avoid inadvertently attributing elevated prevalences of comorbid conditions to specific disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 211–219, 2003.
Binge eating and psychopathology in severely obese adolescents
Authors: Isnard Pascale , Michel Gregory , Frelut Marie‐Laure , Vila Gilbert , Falissard Bruno , Naja Wadih , Navarro Jean , Mouren‐Simeoni Marie‐Christine
Published: July 2003

Objective

The authors describe binge eating and psychopathology in severely obese adolescents who are seeking treatment for obesity and search for specific psychological features that may be associated with binge eating.

Method

Obese adolescents (n = 102) were assessed with the Binge Eating Scale (BES), the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Coopersmith's Self‐Esteem Inventory (SEI), and the Body‐Esteem subscale from the Piers–Harris Children's Self‐Concept Scale (PHCSS). They were also evaluated with the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Brief Scale for Anxiety (BSA). Two subgroups (i.e., binge eaters and non‐binge eaters) were then established according to the BES score.

Results

Binge eating symptoms were frequent in this population and the binge eating dimension was related to high levels of anxiety and depression, as well as to low levels of self‐esteem and body‐esteem. The dimensions of anxiety and depression were associated specifically with binge eaters.

Discussion

As observed in the obese adult population, binge eating symptoms were found frequently in severely obese adolescents seeking treatment and were related strongly to studied parameters. Obese adolescents who binge eat are a subgroup with high psychopathologic distress. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 235–243, 2003.
Investigating the structure of the eating inventory (three‐factor eating questionnaire): A confirmatory approach
Authors: Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Aggen Steven H. , Anderson Charles , Tozzi Federica , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: July 2003

Objective

To investigate the internal structure of the Eating Inventory using confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) methods.

Method

Female participants in a population‐based twin study (N = 1,510) completed a reduced version of the Eating Inventory as part of a larger study of eating behaviors. Two CFA estimation methods were implemented using LISREL and Mplus to evaluate three different factor structures reported in the literature.

Results

Overall results for Stunkard and Messick's (1985) three‐factor model indicated a poor fit to these data. The structure reported by Ganley resulted in an improper solution with factor correlations over 1 and several loadings estimated near 0 or with negative signs. The model proposed by Hyland et al. also fit poorly for all three models, the pattern of loadings on the Restraint factor proved most difficult to interpret.

Discussion

This study represents the first application of these confirmatory methods to the three subscales of the Eating Inventory. The instrument, as administered in this study, did not conform well to the structures proposed in previous studies. Because the Eating Inventory is recommended as a treatment planning tool, poor replication of the constructs purported to be assessed by this instrument underscores the importance of further internal validation research. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 255–264, 2003.
Metoclopramide and unintended weight gain
Authors: Sansone Randy A. , Sansone Lori A.
Published: July 2003

Objective

This paper describes the case of a 19‐year‐old female with anorexia nervosa (restricting type) who was prescribed metoclopramide (Reglan, Robins, Richmond, VA) for delayed gastric emptying. She subsequently experienced dramatic and unintended weight gain.

Results

The initial treatment of delayed gastric emptying with metoclopramide did not result in a significant change in body weight. However, an increase in the dose resulted in a 20% increase in the patient's body weight over a 2‐month period.

Discussion

The risks of weight gain that accompany the administration of metoclopramide are discussed, as well as the postulated etiology and psychological implications for the patient. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 265–268, 2003.
A characteristic reactive hypoglycemia induced by rapid change of eating behavior in anorexia nervosa: A case report
Authors: Yasuhara Daisuke , Deguchi Daisuke , Tsutsui Junko , Nagai Nobuatsu , Nozoe Shin‐ichi , Naruo Tetsuro
Published: July 2003

The relationship among reactive hypoglycemia, corresponding insulin metabolism, and eating behavior in anorexia nervosa (AN) has not been well documented.

Method

A 22‐year‐old woman with AN was admitted to Kagoshima University Hospital. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed with additional sampling at 15 minutes on the seventh hospital day when her daily caloric intake rapidly increased, reaching 2,000kcal perday.

Results

An elevated level of insulin secretion (1,190pmol/L) was observed during the very early phase (15 minutes) after glucose load, whereas corresponding blood glucose elevations were not as high (1.2mmol/L). The patient experienced asymptomatic hypoglycemia (2.1mmol/L).

Conclusions

Our findings suggested that a rapid increase of energy intake might cause reactive hypoglycemia with characteristic insulin metabolism, that is, an elevated level of insulin secretion during the very early phase. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 273–277, 2003.
Cue exposure in the treatment of resistant bulimia nervosa
Authors: Toro J. , Cervera M. , Feliu M.H. , Garriga N. , Jou M. , Martinez E. , Toro E.
Published: July 2003

Objective

It was hypothesized that binge eating (bulimia nervosa [BN]) may be caused by the anticipatory and immediate anxiety associated with certain types of food. Consequently, an extinction schedule should reduce binge eating.

Methods

Cue exposure was carried out with 6 bulimic women who had responded poorly or not at all to the usual pharmacologic or cognitive‐behavioral treatments.

Results

Binge eating and vomiting were almost totally suppressed in the 6 patients. Symptom suppression was maintained at two follow‐ups, one at 4–20 months and another at 2.5–3 years.

Discussion

Cue exposure may be effective with BN that is resistant to conventional treatments. The anxiety associated with food plays an important role in provoking and/or maintaining binge eating. Motivation to change is likely to be an important mediator. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 227–234, 2003.