bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Symposium Report: International Symposium on Ciliate Biology, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India, 04–06 April 2018
Authors: Kamra Komal , Kaur Harpreet ,   Shashi , Abraham Jeeva Susan , Somasundaram Sripoorna , Makhija Seema , Toteja Ravi , Warren Alan , Gupta Renu
Published: November 2019

Ciliated protists have attracted wide interest among researchers from the Indian subcontinent in the last few years. An International Symposium on Ciliate Biology (ISCB) 2018 was held on 04–06 April 2018 at the India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, India. The symposium represented a synergy with International Research Coordination Network for Biodiversity of Ciliates (IRCN‐BC), an affiliate society of International Society of Protistologists (ISOP). The symposium provided a platform for Indian and International delegates to exchange knowledge, present their latest research findings, and establish collaborations as well as creating a networking opportunity for undergraduate and postgraduate students. Nine foreign delegates from 5 countries and 300 Indian delegates actively participated in the event which included 22 oral and 57 poster presentations.
Can transanal natural orifice specimen extraction after laparoscopic anterior resection for colorectal cancer reduce the inflammatory response?
Authors: Zhou Sicheng , Wang Xuewei , Zhao Chuanduo , Zhou Haitao , Pei Wei , Liang Jianwei , Zhou Zhixiang , Wang Xishan
Published: November 2019

Background and Aim

Avoiding abdominal incisions is one of the unique features of natural orifice specimen extraction (NOSE) surgery. There has been no consensus on whether the avoidance of abdominal incisions can reduce the systemic inflammatory response after NOSE surgery. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of transanal NOSE, especially the inflammatory response after transanal NOSE versus mini‐laparotomy (LAP).

Methods

A total of 172 colorectal cancer patients who underwent transanal NOSE were matched with 172 patients who underwent LAP for colorectal cancer. Clinical characteristics, pathological features, perioperative parameters, and indicators of the inflammatory response were collected and compared. The inflammatory response was assessed by measuring body temperature, neutrophil count, C‐reactive protein levels, and procalcitonin levels.

Results

Patients in the NOSE group had better short‐term outcomes, such as lower incidence of wound infection, less postoperative pain, less need for anesthetic drugs, and faster recovery of intestinal function. Regarding the inflammatory response, the average body temperature of patients in the NOSE group was higher on postoperative day (POD) 2 than that in the LAP group. A higher median neutrophil count and C‐reactive protein levels were observed in the NOSE group on POD3 and POD5 than was observed in the LAP group.

Conclusions

Transanal NOSE is safe and feasible for colorectal cancer, with better short‐term outcomes. Although transanal NOSE produced a larger systemic inflammatory response than LAP in the early postoperative stages, this response did not appear to translate into infectious morbidity.
Do we still need a diverticuloscope for the flexible endoscopic septotomy of Zenker's diverticulum?
Authors: Bresteau Clément , Barret Maximilien , Guillaumot Marie‐Anne , Abou Ali Einas , Belle Arthur , Leblanc Sarah , Oudjit Ammar , Dohan Anthony , Coriat Romain , Chaussade Stanislas
Published: November 2019

Background and Aim

Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) is the most common type of diverticulum in the esophagus. The endoscopic septotomy of the diverticular wall has become a widely accepted treatment modality, but the recurrence rate is unclear. Our aim was to assess short‐term and long‐term success rates after flexible endoscopic septotomy for the treatment of ZD.

Methods

All consecutive patients treated at our department for a ZD between November 2014 and September 2018 were included. Endoscopic septotomy was conducted using a diverticuloscope or a distal attachment cap. Data were retrospectively analyzed from a prospectively collected database. We collected data concerning patients, endoscopic procedures, and short‐term clinical outcomes. All patients were reached by phone between October and December 2018 to assess long‐term results.

Results

Seventy‐seven patients were referred to our department for a ZD. Sixty patients were treated using a diverticuloscope and 17 patients with a distal attachment cap. For all 77 patients, the myotomy was technically successful. Three patients treated with a diverticuloscope reported complications. Initial treatment success was 93%. After a mean (±SEM) follow up of 23 ± 2 months, 66% of patients had persistent clinical remission. The rate of long‐term treatment success was 72% in treatment‐naïve and 50% in previously treated patients (P = 0.13). Treatment success was 68% in patients treated with the diverticuloscope versus 60% in the group treated with a cap (P = 0.75).

Conclusion

The flexible endoscopic septotomy for the treatment of ZD is a safe and effective treatment of ZD, with or without a diverticuloscope.
Editing of an effector gene promoter sequence impacts plant‐Phytophthora interaction
Authors: Ochola Sylvans , Huang Jie , Ali Haider , Shu Haidong , Shen Danyu , Qiu Min , Wang Liyuan , Li Xi , Chen Han , Kange Alex , Qutob Dinah , Dong Suomeng
Published: November 2019

Pathogen avirulence (Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance (R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions for a long time, it is still not clear how Avr gene expression patterns impact plant‐microbe interactions. Here, we selected PsAvr3b, which shows a typical effector gene expression pattern from a soybean root pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To modulate gene expression, we engineered PsAvr3b promoter sequences by in situ substitution with promoter sequences from Actin (constitutive expression), PsXEG1 (early expression), and PsNLP1 (later expression) using the CRISPR/Cas9. PsAvr3b driven by different promoters resulted in distinct expression levels across all the tested infection time points. Importantly, those mutants with low PsAvr3b expression successfully colonized soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene Rps3b. To dissect the difference in plant responses to the PsAvr3b expression level, we conducted RNA‐sequencing of different infection samples at 24 h postinfection and found soybean immune genes, including a few previously unknown genes that are associated with resistance. Our study highlights that fine‐tuning in Avr gene expression impacts the compatibility of plant disease and provides clues to improve crop resistance in disease control management.
Self‐determination and future goals in a sample of adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Di Maggio I. , Shogren K. A. , Wehmeyer M. L. , Nota L.
Published: November 2019

Background

In recent years, increased attention has been directed towards the importance of identifying the future goals of people with intellectual disability (ID) and promoting their abilities to design their future. Consistent with these, the first aim of this study is to investigate the future goals of people with ID in terms of content and temporal distance. Moreover, the second aim of this study is to test the predictive role of self‐determination on the number of future goals reported by people with ID.

Methods

In this study, 96 young adults with ID were involved and a mixed method design was chosen. Specifically, qualitative procedures (consensual qualitative analyses) and quantitative procedures (structural equation modelling) were carried out.

Results

The results showed that the future goals of people with ID are characterised by different factors related to autonomy, health/well‐being, interpersonal relations and personal growth. Moreover, self‐determination (assessed with Self‐Determination Questionnaire—Version for Adults) predicts a higher number of future goals reported by people with ID.

Conclusions

These results suggest the importance of providing adequate support to the development of self‐determination.
U.S. Banking Sector Operational Losses and the Macroeconomic Environment
Authors: ABDYMOMUNOV AZAMAT , CURTI FILIPPO , MIHOV ATANAS
Published: November 2019

Using supervisory data from large U.S. bank holding companies (BHCs), we find that BHCs incur more operational losses in adverse macroeconomic conditions driven significantly by the higher frequency and severity of tail events. Among different operational risk types, we find that losses from BHCs' failure to meet obligations to clients or from the design of their products are particularly countercyclical. We also show that larger and more leveraged BHCs have a higher macroeconomic sensitivity of operational risk. Overall, our findings provide new evidence regarding U.S. banking organizations' exposure to macroeconomic shocks with implications for risk management practices and supervisory policy.
Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 and lysosomal dyshomeostasis in Parkinson disease
Authors: Cogo Susanna , Manzoni Claudia , Lewis Patrick A. , Greggio Elisa
Published: November 2019

Over the last two decades, a number of studies have underlined the importance of lysosomal‐based degradative pathways in maintaining the homeostasis of post‐mitotic cells, and revealed the remarkable contribution of a functional autophagic machinery in the promotion of longevity. In contrast, defects in the clearance of organelles and aberrant protein aggregates have been linked to accelerated neuronal loss and neurological dysfunction. Several neurodegenerative disorders, among which Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal dementia, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis to name a few, are associated with alterations of the autophagy and endo‐lysosomal pathways. In Parkinson disease (PD), the most prevalent genetic determinant, Leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), is believed to be involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicle traffic, autophagy and lysosomal function. Here, we review the current understanding of the mechanisms by which LRRK2 regulates lysosomal‐based degradative pathways in neuronal and non‐neuronal cells and discuss the impact of pathogenic PD mutations in contributing to lysosomal dyshomeostasis.

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Online comment‐based prediction of cosmetic ingredient's sensory irritation using gradient boosting algorithm
Authors: Jiang Biao , Wang Huijuan , Cheng Li , Zi Yusha , He Congfen , Den Yi‐Ann
Published: November 2019

Background

The worldwide prevalence of “sensitive skin” group is estimated at being close to 40%. The main trigger for sensitive skin is the misuse of cosmetics products. Majority of the in vitro studies on cosmetic ingredients developed for topical application to the skin are not able to describe sensory irritation, such as stinging, burning, itching, and tingling. Besides, most of the in vivo tests often encounter problems such as limited number of subjects and usage scenarios deviate from reality.

Objective

A gradient boosting algorithm is adopted in our context to integrate multisource of information including skin types, sensory response, and cosmetics ingredients to predict sensory irritation.

Method

In this study, online comments were preprocessed to construct a multi‐dimensional structured data including skin types, sensory response, and cosmetics ingredients. A gradient boosting regression model was developed where sensory response was predicted based on the abovementioned structured input. The predictions were validated by in vivo test and were shown favorably when comparing with the state‐of‐the‐art results from related works.

Result

46 007 samples were collected after data cleaning and were used in model developing. Results showed that the model was capable to predict the sensory response of 16 skin types to different ingredients (R = 0.71, P < 10−10). In addition, this model was validated using data from in vivo studies and presented a value of 75% on specificity, 88.9% on sensitivity, and 82.4% on accuracy.

Conclusion

Our approach that is based on a variant of the gradient boosting algorithm provided an adequate solution for understanding the sensory irritation of cosmetic ingredients.
Perceived naturalness of facial expression after hyaluronic acid filler injection in nasolabial folds and lower face
Authors: Philipp‐Dormston Wolfgang G. , Schuster Bernd , Podda Maurizio
Published: November 2019

Background

In addition to having a younger and more attractive appearance after facial aesthetic treatment, patients desire natural‐looking and long‐lasting results.

Objective

To evaluate perceived naturalness of dynamic facial expressions after treatment with hyaluronic acid fillers in nasolabial folds (NLFs) and lower face wrinkles and folds.

Methods

Subjects requiring treatment of moderate‐to‐severe NLFs and at least one other lower face indication were treated with hyaluronic acid fillers. Assessments included perceived naturalness, attractiveness and age, NLF severity, aesthetic improvement, satisfaction, and safety.

Results

Sixty‐three subjects were enrolled. Six months after treatment, naturalness of facial expression was maintained or enhanced for ≥98% of subjects, attractiveness was enhanced for ≥61% of subjects, and ≥34% of subjects looked younger, as assessed by investigators and an independent evaluator. Wrinkle severity had improved at least 1 grade for ≥54% of subjects at Month 12. Aesthetic improvement was reported for ≥92% of subjects 12 months after treatment. Satisfaction with treatment outcome was high. Local tolerability events and adverse events were mainly mild or moderate and resolved spontaneously.

Conclusion

Hyaluronic acid treatment in NLFs and lower face was well tolerated and achieved natural‐looking results, long‐lasting aesthetic improvement, and high satisfaction with treatment outcome.
“It’s got its own life, and you can’t contain it”: A qualitative study of patient and health professional experiences of diabetes care
Authors: Watermeyer Jennifer , Hume Victoria , Seabi Tshegofatso , Pauly Bruno
Published: November 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore the perspectives of patients and health professionals on facilitators and barriers to care in a diabetes clinic in urban South Africa.

Background

Although much attention has been given to the science behind diabetes management, a qualitative approach to exploring experiences, facilitators and barriers to care may have considerable value in understanding and improving diabetes care.

Design

We conducted a qualitative study in the context of a 3‐year collaboration at a diabetes clinic. The present study formed part of the preparatory phase to the larger project.

Methods

Linguistically and culturally matched research assistants collected data over a period of 18 months. Methods included interviews, focus groups, ethnographic observations and informal discussions with 38 patients and health professionals. Data from each participant group were transcribed, translated and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis principles and thereafter triangulated. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist was followed.

Results

Initial findings suggest that factors can be classified into three overarching themes: relationships, health systems and the interplay between disease and the lifeworld. System resource pressures, the nuances of team interactions and a complex healthcare site may adversely affect care, even at sites where there are elements of good practice.

Conclusions

The collective psychosocial experience of patients appears to conflict with the biomedical approach to diabetes management. The all‐consuming nature of the disease, together with contextual and systemic factors, plays a significant role in influencing experiences of care.

Relevance to clinical practice

While systemic and contextual influences on experiences of diabetes care may be difficult to modify, our study suggests a need to focus on ways of enhancing relationships within the clinic and seeking to understand the lifeworld of the patient.
Removing situation descriptions from situational judgment test items: Does the impact differ for video‐based versus text‐based formats?
Authors: Schäpers Philipp , Lievens Filip , Freudenstein Jan‐Philipp , Hüffmeier Joachim , König Cornelius J. , Krumm Stefan
Published: November 2019

Recent research has shown that many text‐based situational judgment test (SJT) items can be solved even when the situational descriptions in the item stems are not presented to test takers. This finding challenges the traditional view of SJTs as low‐fidelity simulations that rely on ‘situational’ (context‐dependent) judgment. However, media richness theory and construal level theory suggest that situation descriptions presented in a richer and more concrete format (video format) will reduce uncertainty about inherent requirements and facilitate the perception that the situation is taking place in the here and now. Therefore, we hypothesized that situational judgment would be more important in video situation descriptions than in text situation descriptions. We adapted a leadership SJT to realize a 3 (situation description in the item stem: video vs. text vs. none) × 2 (response format: video response options vs. text response options) between‐subjects design (N = 279). Participants were randomly assigned to one of the six conditions. The removal of video‐based situation descriptions in item stems led to an equivalent decrease in SJT scores as the removal of text‐based situation descriptions in item stems (video‐based version: Cohen's d = 0.535 vs. text‐based version: Cohen's d = 0.531). SJT scores were also contingent on the presentation format of both situation descriptions and response options: The highest scores were observed when situation descriptions and response options were presented in the same format. Implications for SJT theory and research are discussed.

Practitioner points

The presentation format did not moderate the effect of omitting situation descriptions in SJTs – that is, the context dependency of SJT performance did not increase when the SJT was administered in a video‐based rather than a text‐based format.

The elimination of situation descriptions in item stems had a medium effect on overall test scores: SJT scores were significant lower without situation descriptions in comparison to SJT scores with situation descriptions (video‐based version: Cohen's d = 0.535 vs. text‐based version: Cohen's d = 0.531).

It is important to match the stimulus and response formats in SJTs.
Disturbed eating behaviours do not impact treatment response in a paediatric obesity chronic care treatment programme
Authors: Fogh Mette , Lund Morten A V , Mollerup Pernille M , Johansen Mia Ø , Melskens Rikke H , Trier Cæcilie , Kloppenborg Julie T , Hansen Torben , Holm Jens‐Christian
Published: November 2019

Aim

This study investigates the prevalence of disturbed eating behaviours in children and adolescents initiating obesity treatment, and how the prevalence varies with age, sex and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation score (SDS). Secondly, it examines whether the presence of disturbed eating behaviours at enrolment is associated with the degree of weight loss after 12 months of treatment.

Methods

A total of 3621 patients aged 3–18 years enrolled in a multidisciplinary obesity treatment programme were studied. Follow‐up data after a median of 12.4 months were available for 2055 patients. Upon entry, patients were assessed for the following disturbed eating behaviours: meal skipping, emotional eating, overeating and rapid eating. Height and weight were measured at baseline and follow‐up.

Results

At enrolment, median age was 11.4 years, median BMI SDS was 2.87, and 82.2% of patients exhibited one or more disturbed eating behaviours. The prevalence of meal skipping, emotional eating and rapid eating increased with age (P < 0.01). Patients who reported overeating or rapid eating exhibited a 0.06–0.11 higher BMI SDS at enrolment than patients without these disturbed eating behaviours (P < 0.02). After 1 year of treatment, BMI SDS was reduced in 75.7% of patients, and the median reduction was 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.22–0.27). Overeating was associated with a higher degree of weight loss, while meal skipping, emotional eating and rapid eating did not associate with the degree of weight loss at follow‐up.

Conclusions

Disturbed eating behaviours were highly prevalent in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity, and varied with age and sex. After 1 year of treatment, the degree of obesity improved, regardless of the presence of disturbed eating behaviours at treatment initiation.
Dry scaly skin in a 12‐year‐old boy
Authors: Ghosh Sudip K , Mondal Satarupa
Published: November 2019

See Answer
Egg storage and breeder age impact on egg quality and embryo development
Authors: Nasri Hedia , van den Brand Henry , Najjar Taha , Bouzouaia Moncef
Published: November 2019

Prolonged hatching egg storage (>7 days) influences internal egg quality and embryo survival during both storage and subsequent incubation. Moreover, effects of storage of hatching eggs interact with the breeder age. The aim of this review was to investigate how this interaction between storage duration and breeder age affects egg, embryo, hatchling and chicken characteristics. Prolonged storage resulted in a reduction in egg quality in both young and old breeders. This reduction was more pronounced in young flocks than in older flocks. For example, albumen pH increased more after 8 days of storage in younger flocks than in older flocks. Additionally, the embryonic morphological stage appears to increase as well with storage duration, but this increase is again more pronounced in younger flocks than in older flocks. Short storage (<7 days) seems to increase hatchability of eggs from young breeders, probably as a result of albumen liquefaction with consequently better oxygen availability for the embryo. However, long storage (>7 days) resulted in a decline in hatchability, which was stronger in older breeders than in younger breeders. Prolonged storage duration resulted in lower chicken quality in both young and old breeders, but interaction between storage duration and breeder age on multiple chicken quality parameters is not clear. Based on this review, it can be concluded that (a) Short storage can improve hatchability of eggs from young breeders, but not from older breeders. (b) Negative impact of long storage appears to be lower with young breeders than with old breeders. (c) Adapted storage conditions related to the age of breeders might be an option to reduce negative effects of prolonged storage on hatching egg quality and chicken quality.
Facial changes related to brachycephaly in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with Chiari‐like malformation associated pain and secondary syringomyelia
Authors: Knowler Susan P. , Dumas Eleonore , Spiteri Michaela , McFadyen Angus K. , Stringer Felicity , Wells Kevin , Rusbridge Clare
Published: November 2019

Background

Recent studies including an innovative machine learning technique indicated Chiari‐like malformation (CM) is influenced by brachycephalic features.

Objectives

Morphometric analysis of facial anatomy and dysmorphia in CM‐associated pain (CM‐P) and syringomyelia (SM) in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS).

Animals

Sixty‐six client‐owned CKCS.

Methods

Retrospective study of anonymized T2W sagittal magnetic resonance imaging of 3 clinical groups: (1) 11 without central canal dilation (ccd) or SM (CM‐N), (2) 15 with CM‐P with no SM or <2 mm ccd (CM‐P), and (3) 40 with syrinx width ≥4 mm (SM‐S). Morphometric analysis assessed rostral skull flattening and position of the hard and soft palate relative to the cranial base in each clinical group and compared CKCS with and without SM‐S.

Results

Sixteen of 28 measured variables were associated to SM‐S compared to CM‐N and CM‐P. Of these 6 were common to both groups. Predictive variables determined by discriminant analysis were (1) the ratio of cranial height with cranial length (P < .001 between SM‐S and CM‐N) and (2) the distance between the cerebrum and the frontal bone (P < .001 between SM‐S and CM‐P). CM‐P had the lowest mean height of the maxillary area.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

CKCS with CM‐P and SM‐S have cranial brachycephaly with osseous insufficiency in the skull with rostral flattening and increased proximity of the hard and soft palate to the cranial base. Changes are greatest with CM‐P. These findings have relevance for understanding disease pathogenesis and for selection of head conformation for breeding purposes.
Preliminary evaluation of fecal fatty acid concentrations in cats with chronic kidney disease and correlation with indoxyl sulfate and p‐cresol sulfate
Authors: Summers Stacie , Quimby Jessica M. , Phillips Robert Kyle , Stockman Jonathan , Isaiah Anitha , Lidbury Jonathan A. , Steiner Joerg M. , Suchodolski Jan
Published: November 2019

Background

Straight‐ and branched‐chain (BCFA) short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are produced by colonic microbiota and have both beneficial and deleterious effects in humans with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Fecal SCFAs in cats with CKD have not been described.

Objective

To characterize fecal SCFA concentrations in cats with CKD as compared to healthy geriatric cats and correlate SCFA to serum indoxyl sulfate (IS) and p‐cresol sulfate (pCS) concentrations.

Animals

Twenty‐eight cats with CKD (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] stages 2, 3, and 4) and 11 older (≥ 8 years) healthy geriatric cats.

Methods

Prospective, cross‐sectional study. Voided feces were analyzed using stable isotope dilution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to determine fecal concentrations of SCFAs. Serum concentrations of IS and pCS were measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results

Fecal isovaleric acid concentrations were significantly higher in CKD cats(P = .02) Cats with IRIS CKD stage 3 and 4 had significantly higher fecal isovaleric acid concentrations compared to healthy geriatric cats (P = .03), but not compared to IRIS CKD stage 2 cats. Total fecal concentrations of BCFAs were found to correlate weakly with serum creatinine concentration (rho, 0.33; P = .05), blood urea nitrogen concentration (rho, 0.40; P = .01), and pCS concentration (rho, 0.35; P = .04).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Fecal isovaleric acid concentrations were higher in CKD cats, particularly in late stage disease, compared to healthy geriatric cats. Fecal BCFA concentrations correlated with pCS and were higher in cats with muscle wasting, providing evidence for malassimilation of protein in CKD cats.
Depletion study and withdrawal period calculation of florfenicol in the crucian carp (Carassius auratus) following multiple intramuscular injections
Authors: Yang Fan , Zhang Chao‐Shuo , Wang Han , Yang Fang
Published: November 2019

The previously adopted marker residue for florfenicol (FF) in China was only florfenicol amine (FFA); however, the marker residue has been changed to FF plus FFA since the end of 2017. The previous official withdrawal period determined based on the only concentration of FFA may no longer be suitable. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the depletion profiles of FF and FFA and further calculate the withdrawal period in the crucian carp (Carassius auratus) based on the new marker residues. Florfenicol was intramuscularly administered at 10 mg/kg bodyweight daily for five consecutive days to crucian carps reared in freshwater at 10°C. After the last dose, plasma and tissue samples were randomly collected from 10 fish at different time points. The FF and FFA concentrations were simultaneously determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a fluorescence detector and further subjected to noncompartmental analysis. The elimination half‐life (h) of FF in different tissues decreased as follows: liver (39.1) > kidney (36.3) > skin plus muscle (34.6) > plasma (31.7), whereas that of FFA decreased as follows: kidney (41.4) > skin plus muscle (39.4) > liver (39.3) > plasma (35.7). Considering a maximum residue limit of 1 μg/g for the total concentration of FF and FFA in the skin plus muscle, a withdrawal period of 6 days was calculated based on the upper limit of the one‐sided 95% confidence interval.
Learning English Through Out‐of‐School Exposure: How Do Word‐Related Variables and Proficiency Influence Receptive Vocabulary Learning?
Authors: De Wilde Vanessa , Brysbaert Marc , Eyckmans June
Published: November 2019

This study aimed to investigate which word‐related variables play a role in Dutch‐speaking children's L2 word learning through out‐of‐school exposure prior to classroom instruction in the foreign language. We used different measures to investigate the role of frequency, concreteness, cognateness, and age of acquisition (AoA) in receptive vocabulary learning. The results showed that cognateness and L1 AoA were important predictors of receptive word knowledge for all the participants. The findings confirmed that cognateness is important in vocabulary learning and that less proficient learners tend to guess the meaning of words based on their L1. The results also showed significant interactions between proficiency and cognateness, frequency, AoA, and concreteness, indicating that more proficient L2 learners are open to L2‐related variables such as L2 word frequency. This indicates that word‐related variables contribute in different ways according to learners’ proficiency levels.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded the Open Data badge. All data are publicly accessible through the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/ndr47/ and via the IRIS database at https://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Evidence for a role of protein phosphorylation in the maintenance of the cnidarian–algal symbiosis
Authors: Simona Fabia , Zhang Huoming , Voolstra Christian R.
Published: November 2019

The endosymbiotic relationship between cnidarians and photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae provides the foundation of coral reef ecosystems. This essential interaction is globally threatened by anthropogenic disturbance. As such, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cnidarian–algal association. Here we investigated phosphorylation‐mediated protein signalling as a mechanism of regulation of the cnidarian–algal interaction, and we report on the generation of the first phosphoproteome for the coral model system Aiptasia. Mass spectrometry‐based phosphoproteomics using data‐independent acquisition allowed consistent quantification of over 3,000 phosphopeptides totalling more than 1,600 phosphoproteins across aposymbiotic (symbiont‐free) and symbiotic anemones. Comparison of the symbiotic states showed distinct phosphoproteomic profiles attributable to the differential phosphorylation of 539 proteins that cover a broad range of functions, from receptors to structural and signal transduction proteins. A subsequent pathway enrichment analysis identified the processes of “protein digestion and absorption,” “carbohydrate metabolism,” and “protein folding, sorting and degradation,” and highlighted differential phosphorylation of the “phospholipase D signalling pathway” and “protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum.” Targeted phosphorylation of the phospholipase D signalling pathway suggests control of glutamate vesicle trafficking across symbiotic compartments, and phosphorylation of the endoplasmic reticulum machinery suggests recycling of symbiosome‐associated proteins. Our study shows for the first time that changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins between aposymbiotic and symbiotic Aiptasia anemones may play a role in the regulation of the cnidarian–algal symbiosis. This is the first phosphoproteomic study of a cnidarian–algal symbiotic association as well as the first application of quantification by data‐independent acquisition in the coral field.
Lifetime coastal and oceanic foraging patterns of male Guadalupe fur seals and California sea lions
Authors: Aurioles‐Gamboa David , Szteren Diana
Published: November 2019

Carcasses of adult and subadult male Guadalupe fur seals (GFSs) are beached on Isla Magdalena, representing about 73% of all GFSs beachings since 2003. Analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in dentin collagen from male GFSs was used in an attempt to distinguish animals from two possible locations of origin: the oceanic Guadalupe Island (GI) and the coastal San Benito Islands (SBI). Samples of conterminous and contemporary California sea lions (CSLs) were included as representative of coastal predators. Two distinct groups of GFSs were evident based on δ13C values: coastal GFSs with higher δ13C values than CSLs, and oceanic GFSs with lower δ13C values than CSLs. Significant temporal trends were observed in the δ15N values; values for oceanic GFSs and CSLs increased annually (0.082‰ and 0.089‰, respectively), while those for coastal GFS decreased annually by 0.183‰. The isotopic segregation of oceanic and coastal GFS males, presumably from GI and SBI respectively, has been present at least since the mid‐1990s. This segregation may be due to dissimilar ingestion of prey from oceanic vs. coastal origin prior to their seasonal co‐occurrence in the Gulf of Ulloa.
The Effect of Unfocused Direct and Indirect Written Corrective Feedback on Rewritten Texts and New Texts: Looking into Feedback for Accuracy and Feedback for Acquisition
Authors: NICOLÁS–CONESA FLORENTINA , MANCHÓN ROSA MARÍA , CEREZO LOURDES
Published: November 2019

This study attempts to add new empirical evidence on the language learning (operationalized and measured in terms of several dimensions of accuracy) that may derive from accessing and processing written corrective feedback (WCF) on one's own writing. The research questions examined potential interactions between type of WCF (direct vs. indirect), type of errors (grammar vs. nongrammar), and the perspective of feedback (accuracy vs. acquisition) in a single research design. To this end, 46 English majors at a Spanish university participated in a pretest–posttest design, with 2 intervention groups (those receiving direct or indirect WCF and asked to process it via written languaging) and a control group (who wrote and rewrote their texts without the help of WCF but also engaged in languaging). The analyses conducted show (a) limited appropriation of the WCF received, (b) positive short‐term and longer term benefits resulting from the combined effect of WCF and written languaging, and (c) differential effects of type of WCF on error types. These findings are discussed from the perspective of current theory and research on the manner in which WCF may contribute to language learning in terms of the dual distinction between feedback for accuracy and feedback for acquisition.
Topographic characteristics of the left atrial medial isthmus
Authors: Piątek‐Koziej Katarzyna , Hołda Jakub , Bolechała Filip , Kopacz Paweł , Koziej Mateusz , Chłosta Marcin , Tyrak Kamil , Jasińska Katarzyna A. , Hołda Mateusz K.
Published: November 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to provide detailed topography of the left atrial medial isthmus (situated between the right inferior pulmonary vein ostium and the medial part of the mitral annulus).

Methods

Two hundred human hearts (Caucasian, 22.5% females, 48.7 ± 4.9 years old) were investigated.

Results

The mean length of the medial isthmus was 42.4 ± 8.6 mm. Additionally, the medial isthmus line was divided by the oval fossa into three sections with equal mean lengths (upper: 14.2 ± 7.2 vs middle: 14.1 ± 6.1 vs lower: 14.9 ± 4.6 mm; P > .05). The left upper section of the atrial wall was thinner than the lower section (2.5 ± 1.1 vs 3.4 ± 1.6 mm; P < .0001). This study noted three separate spatial arrangements of the isthmus line. Type I (54.5%) had an oval fossa located outside the isthmus line; type II (32.5%) had an oval fossa crossed by the isthmus line, and type III (13.0%) had an oval fossa rim located tangentially to the isthmus line. In 68.5% of the examined specimens, the isthmus area had a smooth surface. Conversely, the remaining 31.5% had additional structures within its borders such as diverticula, recesses, and tissue bridges.

Conclusion

This study is the first to describe the morphometric and topographical features of the left atrial medial isthmus. Interventions within the medial isthmus line should be performed cautiously, especially when they are transected by the oval fossa (32.5%). Careful navigation of the area is also recommended due to the possibility of existent additional structures. The latter could lead to catheter entrapment during ablation procedures.
The evolution of the modern avian digestive system: insights from paravian fossils from the Yanliao and Jehol biotas
Authors: O'Connor Jingmai K. , Zhou Zhonghe
Published: November 2019

The avian digestive system, like other aspects of avian biology, is highly modified relative to other reptiles. Together these modifications have imparted the great success of Neornithes, the most diverse clade of amniotes alive today. It is important to understand when and how aspects of the modern avian digestive system evolved among neornithine ancestors in order to elucidate the evolutionary success of this important clade and to understand the biology of stem birds and their closest dinosaurian relatives: Mesozoic Paraves. Although direct preservation of the soft tissue of the digestive system has not yet been reported, ingested remains and their anatomical location preserved in articulated fossils hint at the structure of the digestive system and its abilities. Almost all data concerning direct evidence of diet in Paraves comes from either the Upper Jurassic Yanliao Biota or the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Biota, both of which are known from deposits in north‐eastern China. Here, the sum of the data gleaned from the thousands of exceptionally well‐preserved fossils of paravians is interpreted with regards to the structure and evolution of the highly modified avian digestive system and feeding apparatus. This information suggests intrinsic differences between closely related stem lineages implying either strong homoplasy or that diet in each lineage of non‐ornithuromorph birds was highly specialized. Regardless, modern digestive capabilities appear to be limited to the Ornithuromorpha, although the complete set of derived feeding related characters is restricted to the Neornithes.
Current Evidence Lacking to Guide Clinical Practice for Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Spinal Cord Injury: A Review of the Literature and a Proposal for Future Study
Authors: Dombovy‐Johnson Marissa L. , Hunt Christine L. , Morrow Melissa M. , Lamer Tim J. , Pittelkow Thomas P.
Published: November 2019

Background/Objective

Chronic pain is commonly reported in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs), with recent prevalence reported as high as 80%. Uncontrolled pain is known to decrease quality of life, attenuate mood, and impact sleep. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for the treatment of refractory pain was first used in the SCI population in 1972. To date there have been no randomized controlled trials examining the effect of SCS on neuropathic pain post‐SCI. A literature review in 2009 identified 27 studies, the majority prior to 2000, that included at least 1 patient with SCI. Given the significant advancements in the field of SCS, this review examines the updated evidence of SCS for the treatment of neuropathic pain in individuals with SCI and provides guidance on future investigations.

Methods

MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched. All published reports, case series, and clinical trials reviewing SCS for neuropathic pain that included at least 1 individual with SCI were included.

Results

The initial search identified 376 reports, of which 22 met inclusion criteria, for a total of 69 patients. All reports were of very low quality. A majority of the reported patients were male, underwent tonic stimulation, and reportedly experienced improvement in pain and spasticity, with decreased use of pain medication.

Conclusions

The synthesized findings from primarily case studies support the safety of SCS in SCI with the suggestion of potential pain relief benefit; however, data from low‐quality studies are insufficient for informing clinical practice. A well‐designed, prospective clinical trial is proposed to further investigate this indication.
Arabidopsis GDSL1 overexpression enhances rapeseed Sclerotinia sclerotiorum resistance and the functional identification of its homolog in Brassica napus
Authors: Ding Li‐Na , Li Ming , Guo Xiao‐Juan , Tang Min‐Qiang , Cao Jun , Wang Zheng , Liu Rui , Zhu Ke‐Ming , Guo Liang , Liu Sheng‐Yi , Tan Xiao‐Li
Published: November 2019

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a devastating disease of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). To date, the genetic mechanisms of rapeseed’ interactions with S. sclerotiorum are not fully understood, and molecular‐based breeding is still the most effective control strategy for this disease. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana GDSL1 was characterized as an extracellular GDSL lipase gene functioning in Sclerotinia resistance. Loss of AtGDSL1 function resulted in enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum. Conversely, overexpression of AtGDSL1 in B. napus enhanced resistance, which was associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and salicylic acid (SA) levels, and reduced jasmonic acid levels. In addition, AtGDSL1 can cause an increase in lipid precursor phosphatidic acid levels, which may lead to the activation of downstream ROS/SA defence‐related pathways. However, the rapeseed BnGDSL1 with highest sequence similarity to AtGDSL1 had no effect on SSR resistance. A candidate gene association study revealed that only one AtGDSL1 homolog from rapeseed, BnaC07g35650D (BnGLIP1), significantly contributed to resistance traits in a natural B. napus population, and the resistance function was also confirmed by a transient expression assay in tobacco leaves. Moreover, genomic analyses revealed that BnGLIP1 locus was embedded in a selected region associated with SSR resistance during the breeding process, and its elite allele type belonged to a minor allele in the population. Thus, BnGLIP1 is the functional equivalent of AtGDSL1 and has a broad application in rapeseed S. sclerotiorum‐resistance breeding.
Pediatric drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Metterle Lauren , Hatch Leigh , Seminario‐Vidal Lucia
Published: November 2019

Background

Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) is a severe adverse drug reaction including integumentary and internal organs. An extensive literature review of DRESS in the pediatric population has not been performed.

Methods

A literature search was performed to find reports of pediatric DRESS published between 1997 and March 2019. If not already included, each case was scored based on RegiSCAR criteria. Only “probable” or “definite” cases of DRESS were included in the analysis, totaling 130 cases.

Results

In the pediatric population, the average age of diagnosis for DRESS was 8.7 years old. The most common causative drugs include antiepileptics (50%) and antibiotics (30.8%). Time from drug exposure to DRESS presentation averaged 23.8 days. Common clinical symptoms include rash (99.2%) (typically morbilliform (89.2%)), fever (96.2%), eosinophilia (90%), and lymphadenopathy (74.6%). Human herpesvirus‐6 reactivation was observed in 16.1% of cases. The most commonly affected internal organ was the liver (80%), followed by the spleen (21.5%) and kidney (15.4%). Management strategies involved, either alone or in combination, included corticosteroids (intravenous 60.8% and oral 41.5%), intravenous immunoglobulins (12.3%), plasmapheresis (2.3%), and ganciclovir (1.5%). Long‐term sequelae occurred in 10.8% of patients, most commonly hypothyroidism (3.8%), liver failure (3.1%), and diabetes (2.3%). The mortality rate was 5.4%.

Conclusion

This literature review highlights the presentation and course of pediatric DRESS. Morbilliform eruption, fever, and eosinophilia appear to be clinical hallmarks of pediatric DRESS. Common causative agents, specifically carbamazepine, are comparable to the adult population. Furthermore, the mortality rate from DRESS is significant and is similar between pediatric and adult patients.
Inflammation in myocardial disease: From myocarditis to dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko
Published: November 2019

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a heterogeneous group of myocardial diseases clinically defined by the presence of left ventricular dilatation and contractile dysfunction. Among various causes of DCM, a progression from viral myocarditis to DCM has long been hypothesized. Supporting this possibility, studies by endomyocardial biopsy, the only method to obtain a definite diagnosis of myocarditis at present, have provided evidence of inflammation in the myocardium in DCM patients. A number of experimental studies have elucidated a cell‐mediated autoimmune mechanism triggered by viral infection in the progression of myocarditis to DCM. In addition, the important role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of heart failure has been recognized, and many terms including myocarditis, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and inflammatory DCM have been used for myocardial diseases associated with inflammation. This review discusses the pathophysiology of inflammation in the myocardium, and refers to diagnosis and treatment based on these concepts.
Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and childhood behavioural problems: Discrepancies between mother‐ and teacher‐reported outcomes
Authors: Parker Samantha E. , Collett Brent R. , Werler Martha M.
Published: November 2019

Background

Maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy is common and has been associated with childhood behavioural problems among offspring, specifically hyperactivity and conduct problems.

Objective

Assessments of child behaviour in many previous studies have relied on maternal or parent report. Acknowledging that results of behavioural assessments vary between informants, we examined the association between maternal acetaminophen use during pregnancy and behaviour problems in childhood based on mother‐ and teacher‐report.

Methods

A longitudinal study of 560 mother‐child pairs with data on illnesses and medication use during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental assessments during childhood was conducted. Acetaminophen use during pregnancy was captured using a standardised maternal interview, completed 1 year after delivery on average. Measures of childhood (6‐12 years of age) behaviour were obtained via mother‐ and teacher‐report, using the Child Behaviour Checklist and Teacher Report Form. Linear and log‐binomial models were used to calculate adjusted mean differences (MD) and risk ratios (RR), respectively and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for internalising, externalising, and total behaviour problems comparing acetaminophen users to non‐users. Stabilized inverse probability weights were used to account for loss to follow‐up, and adjustments for indication were made.

Results

Approximately 60% (n = 354) of women reported use of acetaminophen during pregnancy. Acetaminophen use during pregnancy was associated with an increase in total behaviour problem score and risk of clinical behaviour problems according to mother report (MD 2.2, 95% CI 0.3, 4.1 and RR 1.93, 95% CI 0.99, 3.76) but not according to teacher report. Weighting to account for participation did not alter results, while adjustment for indications of acetaminophen use greatly attenuated the associations with mother‐reported total behaviour problem score and risk of clinical behaviour problems (MD 0.1, 95% CI −2.1, 2.3 and RR 1.31, 95% CI 0.67, 2.58).

Conclusions

Acetaminophen use during pregnancy was weakly associated with mother‐reported behaviour problems and not associated with teacher‐reported problems.