bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anxiety Levels of Short and Long Sleepers
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

As a test of the hypothesis that consistent short sleepers tend to be non-worriers while consistent long sleepers tend to worry, the anxiety levels of 17 short and 17 long sleepers were compared. Contrary to this hypothesis, we found that short sleepers showed significantly higher levels of anxiety than long sleepers.
Open-Field Behavior as a Function of Age, Sex, and Repeated Trials
Authors: Bond Nigel , Di Giusto Eros
Published: September 2011

Unhandled male and female rats, 28, 56, and 112 days old, received 10 trials in an open-field. All groups showed a decline in ambulation in the early trials, followed by an increase later in the series. 28-day-old animals showed no change in defecation across trials, whereas the 56- and 112-day groups showed an increase in defecation on the middle trials. Further ambulation and defecation were negatively correlated at 56 and 112 days but not at 28 days. As such, the changes in ambulation and defecation in the 56- and 112-day groups were both seen as reflecting the differential habituation of approach and avoidance tendencies. The results also show that defecation is not a reliable measure of emotionality in 28-day-old rats.
Comparison of Reported Religious Experience in Caucasian, American Indian, and Two Mexican American Samples
Authors: Hood Ralph W. , Hall James R.
Published: September 2011

Intense religious experience was investigated in four samples matched on sex, age, social economic status, education, religious membership, and importance of religion. As predicted the American Indian and Mexican American samples ( ns = 18) reported more intense religious experiences than either the Caucasian or acculturated Mexican American samples.
Heart-Rate Changes in Improved Spider-Phobic Patients
Authors: Taylor C. B.
Published: September 2011

Two spider-phobic patients were treated with a participant-modeling therapeutic approach. Continuous ambulatory heart rates were measured before and after treatment on a spider course laid out so that subjects encountered a variety of spider-related stimuli and environs. Heart rates were also measured during treatment. Despite behavioral improvement pre- to post-treatment for both subjects, the two subjects' heart rates exhibited opposite effects pre- to post-treatment, results consistent with the notion that behavioral improvement and physiological changes do not necessarily occur simultaneously in phobic subjects.
Interpersonal Trust Behavior as Related to Subjective Certainty and Outcome Value
Authors: Bridges Judith S. , Schoeninger Douglas W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the relationship between outcome value, subjective certainty, and trust behavior, using a nonzero-sum game and a Communication Questionnaire which investigated factors related to self-disclosure. The results showed strong support for the relationship between subjective certainty and trust behavior and weak support for the relationship between outcome value and trust.
Test-Retest Reliabilities of Continuous Scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Carskadon Thomas G.
Published: September 2011

Test-retest reliabilities of continuous scores on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator scales were examined for 64 male and 70 female college students, using an 8-wk. test-retest interval. Reliabilities were generally satisfactory ( rs ranging from .73 to .87) with the exception of scores for males on the Thinking-Feeling scale ( r = .56).
Matching in Multiple Schedules Using Long Component Durations
Authors: Bradshaw C. M. , Szabadi E. , Bevan P.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 3 rats in multiple variable-interval variable-interval schedules, employing 10-min. component durations, conformed to Herrnstein's Matching Law.
Antecedents of Change in Attitudes of Males and Females
Authors: Plax Timothy G. , Rosenfeld Lawrence B.
Published: September 2011

To isolate personality variables descriptive of attitudinal changes for males and females, subjects (82 males, 74 females) completed a variety of nonprojective personality tests, received a counterattitudinal message, and indicated pre- and posttest attitudes toward the message topic. The results of a stepwise multiple discriminant analysis indicated differences which are descriptive of males and females exhibiting different amounts of attitudinal change. Females exhibiting high attitudinal change were characterized as obliging and changeable, while high changing males were ordered, dependent and unstable; females exhibiting low attitudinal change were characterized as aggressive and unchanging, while males with low attitudinal change were forceful, efficient, and well-informed.
Establishing a Reinforcement Network to Increase Consultants' Effectiveness in Training Parental Behavioral Management
Authors: Evans J. Gary
Published: September 2011

A home-based behavior-management project can be effectively maintained to ensure maximum behavioral change in a child with minimum involvement by a consultant if an effective reinforcement network is established to monitor and reinforce significant adults in the child's environment with the focus being the primary child “shaper.” One case is presented and this concept is applied to care facilities outside the home.
Involving Adolescents as Active Participants in Their Own Treatment Plans
Authors: Janzen William B. , Love William
Published: September 2011

This paper describes how a medical model philosophy was used within a token economy system in a group home for 9 girls. Consequently the girls became passive participants and as a result the token economy system became ineffectual. To improve the situation four recommendations were made. A child should not be labeled during the course of treatment, a child should be allowed to assist in identifying the problem to be dealt with, a child should be actively involved in assessing whether a treatment plan is most suitable for her, and a child should be involved in assessing treatment effectiveness and determining what variables were responsible for improvement. The implementation of these recommendations resulted in significant reductions in acting out and in improvement in interpersonal relationships.
Children's Concepts of Good and Bad Behavior
Authors: Hill Kenneth A. , Hill Carol L.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous definitions of good and bad acts were acquired from 30 children, ages 6 to 12 yr. As predicted, 15 younger children ( M = 8 yr.) expressed concepts of good that were largely dependent upon the negation or absence of bad behavior, e.g., “Being good is not breaking windows,” while their concepts of bad did not require such negation for definition. However, 15 older children ( M = 11⅔ yr) offered definitions of both good and bad behavior which stressed prosocial and adverse effects on other people, respectively.
Conceptual Tempo and Mother-Child Interaction: Results from a Longitudinal Intervention Program
Authors: Falender Carol A. , Heber Rick
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of the child's participation in longitudinal intervention upon his conceptual tempo and to assess the relation of maternal and child latencies to their structured teaching interaction. Results indicated some effects of treatment upon tempo, but ruled out the effect of mother/child matching or differing latencies upon patterns of interaction. Instead both maternal and child behaviors were affected by maternal latency. Mothers with short latencies and children of mothers with short latencies exhibited more positive interactions and fewer negative interactions. Findings were interpreted in terms of the general dimension of tempo.
An Alternative Procedure for Assessing Effects of Psychological Androgyny
Authors: De Fronzo James , Boudreau Frances
Published: September 2011

Previous research on psychological androgyny has used either one-way analysis of variance or multiple regression to examine the impact of masculinity and femininity on behavior and attitudes. This paper describes a two-way analysis of variance procedure which permits a test for a potential interaction effect of masculinity and femininity. The utility of the procedure was demonstrated through an analysis of the effects of the masculinity and femininity factors of the Bem Sex-role Inventory on the expected family size of 264 college women.
Occupational Mobility of Children and Grandchildren of Early Settlers and Residents of a Rural Midwestern Community
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

Occupational data are presented for 121 male youth who graduated from high school between the years of 1907 and 1967, their fathers, and their employed children. In addition, data indicating husband's occupation are presented for 99 female graduates who married, their fathers, and employed children. Data for 11 single employed females and their fathers are reported. Occupational mobility was computed for each generation, using Warner's index, for both farm and non-farm youth. Results show more between-generation mobility than previous studies would predict, with as many moving by at least one status level as staying the same between first and second generation. Most second-generation mobility was upward; third-generation mobility was divided with both upward and marked downward mobility exhibited. The findings support the ideology that opportunities for occupational mobility are available in the United States.
Self-Reward and External Reward: Methodological Considerations and Contingency Instructions
Authors: Tirrell Frederick J. , Mount Michael K. , Scott Norman A.
Published: September 2011

In light of inconsistent procedures and results found in past studies comparing self-reward and external reward, the present study examined the dimensions of self-reward as a self-controlling response and the role of contingency instructions in external reward. Four groups of 10 subjects each who had indicated interest in increasing their reading speed repeatedly practiced a 1-min. speed reading exercise. Subjects in the self-reward group engaged in low probability behaviors which involved persistence and goal-oriented behaviors; and the reward used freely available stimuli which were self-selected, self-managed, and self-administered. The externally rewarded and contingency-informed group increased reading speed more than all other treatments. The self-rewarded group was marginally greater than an externally rewarded and contingency uninformed group and a performance feedback control group. No difference was found between the control group and the externally rewarded and contingency-uninformed group.
Development of Passive Avoidance in Young Chicks: Dependence on Inhibition
Authors: Brown Cathryn P.
Published: September 2011

Chicks were tested at 16 hr., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 days posthatch for short-term response suppression to a novel auditory stimulus, indexed by drinking suppression (Exp. 2), for passive avoidance in a situation requiring extended response suppression, or for active-avoidance conditioning (Exp. 1). A different pattern of development was evident in active- and extended passive-avoidance tasks (Exp. 1). The former showed minimal improvement with age. Both short-term (Exp. 2) and extended passive avoidance improved significantly after Day 3, despite some short-term suppression at 16 hr. Although extended passive avoidance was no more difficult than active avoidance by Day 10, both trials to criterion and percentage success indicated its greater difficulty prior to Day 3. Implications for the involvement of general inhibitory control in the age-dependence of passive avoidance were discussed.
Richness of Vocabulary: An Attributional Analysis
Authors: Bradac James J. , Davies Robert A. , Courtright John A. , Desmond Roger J. , Murdock Johnny I.
Published: September 2011

Five experiments demonstrated a positive relationship between a speaker's lexical diversity level and listeners' judgments of his socioeconomic status, competence, emotional state, and communication effectiveness. Two other language variables, lexical density and syntactic diversity, did not yield such relationships. Level of lexical diversity did not consistently affect listeners' attitudes toward neutral concepts described by speakers, nor did it affect perceptions of speakers' trustworthiness. Subjects were 426 male and female undergraduates at the University of Iowa. Generally the results indicate the existence of a stereotype for lexical diversity, and, in light of recent evidence that socioeconomic status is not in fact a determinant of diversity, they point to the need for an exploration of the genesis of persons' beliefs about attributes associated with richness of vocabulary.
The Personal Attribute Inventory as a Self Concept Scale: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Parish Thomas S. , Eads Gerald M. , Adams David E.
Published: September 2011

Self-concept scores on the 100-item Personal Attribute Inventory of 6 male and 36 female college students were significantly correlated (.80) with their scores on the 75-item “Unfavorable” subscale and (—.73) on the 75-item “Favorable” subscale of the Adjective Check List. In a second study with 16 males and 34 females, 4-wk. test-retest reliability for the inventory was .83.
Cueing and List Organization in the Recall of Categorized Lists
Authors: Sowder Calvin D.
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment examined the effects on recall of (a) blocked and random sequential organization during presentation of categorized lists, (b) presence or absence of category item cues at recall, and (c) presence or absence of category label cues at recall. 24 subjects in the blocked-presentation condition and 24 subjects in the random-presentation condition learned and recalled lists in all of the four conditions of cues at recall. Significant effects were noted for both category label and category item cues following blocked presentation, but only category label cues significantly affected recall following random presentation. More words per category were recalled for blocked than for random list presentation. The presence of item cues at recall suppressed the words per category recalled.
Avoidance and Escape Responses in the Larval Leopard Frog
Authors: Janes William A. , Falkenberg Virginia P. , Pappas Nicholas , Tamura Richard , Clark William
Published: September 2011

To investigate the ability of larval Rana pipiens to respond to a discriminated avoidance situation light was used as the conditioned stimulus (CS), while the two unconditioned stimuli (UCS) consisted of scrambled electric shock and being chased. An avoidance response occurred when the tadpole crossed the goal line prior to the onset of the shock. An escape response occurred when the subject crossed the goal line after the onset of the shock but prior to being chased. A chase response occurred when the subject had to be chased across the goal line. A subject was considered to have learned the avoidance response when it made 7 avoidance responses during any 10 consecutive trials. The number of subjects reaching this criterion went from 0% on Day 1 to 100% on Day 12.
Mood Variation Patterns Based on Factor Analysis
Authors: Howarth Edgar
Published: September 2011

10 mood scales were self-administered by two subjects, one male and one female, over a 30-day period. Mood evaluations were obtained morning and evening for a total of 600 measurements per subject to study personality by P-technique. Factor analysis yielded more factors in the evening data than in the morning mood variation. Factors included arousal, superego, and sociability.
Interpersonal Trust, Trustworthiness and Shoplifting in High School
Authors: Wright Thomas L. , Kirmani Afshan
Published: September 2011

Scores of 106 male and 108 female high school students on Rotter's trust scale and self-reports of anti-social behavior and shoplifting indicated scores on Rotter's scale were related to self-reported untrustworthy behavior for girls. Low trusters more than high trusters tended to perceive others as distrusting students. Data are discussed in terms of the literature.
Mate Separation and Emotional Attachment in Romantic Love Relationships: Does Absence Make the Heart Grow Fonder?
Authors: Pellegrini Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The study tested the comparative consensual validity of each member of a pair of contradictory common sensical expressions concerning intimate relationships. In a survey of 720 single young adults (360 males, 360 females), roughly 70% of the males and 72% of the females endorsed “Absence makes the heart grow fonder” as a truer statement than “Out of sight, out of mind.” Theoretical and methodological implications for the study of interpersonal attraction are discussed.
Effect of Group Composition on Group Process: Homogeneity vs Heterogeneity on Task and People Dimensions
Authors: Seltzer Joseph , Kilmann Ralph H.
Published: September 2011

An experimental study was designed to test whether task composition, people composition, or their interaction affected various aspects of group process, e.g., satisfaction, influence, conflict, communication, etc. Each composition variable was varied according to homogeneous or heterogeneous characteristics resulting in a 2 × 2 design. 18 groups of 5 persons each were distributed in the 4 cells and responded to a decision-making task. The results indicate a significant interaction effect between task and people composition, suggesting that the effect of each on group process is dependent on the state of the other, although task composition had the dominant impact in this study.
Use of Osgood's Semantic Differential
Authors: Finstuen Kenn
Published: September 2011

This research was designed to demonstrate the heuristic value of Osgood's semantic differential method for assessing the psychological meaning of concepts and attitudes. Using citations listed in the Psychological Abstracts, semantic differential frequencies for 751 articles were tallied. Articles were extracted on an annual basis from 1952 through 1976. Employing a classification scheme based on types of research, the semantic differential studies identified were further analyzed by content-domain areas.
Predicting Interpersonal Behavior from a Measure of Expectancy for Interpersonal Control
Authors: Dudley Gary E.
Published: September 2011

Recent research in interpersonal skills and processes led to the exploration of the feasibility of predicting interpersonal behavior from an expectancy measure. The development of an instrument to predict certain interpersonal behaviors was devised from the social learning theory framework of J. B. Rotter. The instrument, the Interpersonal Control Scale, was similar in rationale, design, and construction to Rotter's I-E Scale. Results suggested that persons who express an internal orientation with respect to interpersonal relations spend more time conversing with a stranger than persons who express an external orientation. Implications for social learning theory are discussed, and suggestions are offered regarding the potential usefulness of the scale in research on interpersonal functioning.
Teachers' Reinforcement of Sex-Preferred Behaviors in Dutch Preschools
Authors: Fagot Beverly I.
Published: September 2011

4-yr.-old children were observed in three Dutch preschools. Significant sex differences in play were found in all schools. These differences were similar to those reported in studies of American preschools. In contrast to American preschool teachers who have been reported to reinforce feminine-preferred behaviors for both boys and girls, these Dutch preschool teachers reinforced children for behaviors preferred by their own sex.
Community Tenure and an Assessment of Readiness for Discharge and Community Living
Authors: Growe Glenn A. , Klass David B. , Rudolf David , Strizich Michael
Published: September 2011

The prediction of community tenure after discharge of a group of state hospital patients was examined using a recently developed rating scale designed to assess patients' readiness for discharge and community living. Length of community stay was negatively correlated with a predischarge rating of belligerent behavior. Ratings of other dimensions of behavior often believed to be of considerable clinical importance did not relate to community tenure. The findings suggest that social factors are important in the readmission process.
Pay Incentives and Work Motivation Past and Present
Authors: Shapiro H. Jack
Published: September 2011

The paper examines the known relationship between pay incentives and motivation from an historical and current time perspective. It introduces the idea that, although pay incentive plans are effective tools in increasing one's motivation, they can be made more effective by examining and taking into account the behavioral needs and wants of the employee. This can be done by attempting to increase an individual's perception of his self-worth and in turn his positive reaction to an incentive pay plan.
Derivation of Parent Norms for the Maryland Parent Attitude Survey: Application to Parents of Developmentally Delayed Children
Authors: Slough Nancy M. , Kogan Kate L. , Tyler Nancy B.
Published: September 2011

The Maryland Parent Attitude Survey developed by Pumroy was employed to study child-rearing attitudes of mothers of normal and developmentally delayed preschool-aged children. Data were collected from 167 mothers of normal children and 55 mothers and 38 fathers of children with a mild to moderate delay. Because Pumroy's original non-parent normative data were not consistent with findings for our sample, all the scores of the parents of the developmentally delayed children were compared with new normative data collected from the mothers of the non-handicapped children. Differences between the two groups of mothers were found on two of the four scales but no significant differences were found between the scores of mothers and fathers of the delayed children across the scales. Further examination of the data supported findings previously described in the literature.
Challenging Stereotypes of Creativity in School and Leisure
Authors: Lett W. R. , Williams A. J. , Poole Millicent E.
Published: September 2011

44 students were selected from 1,000 metropolitan sixth-graders as “highly creative” on the basis of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and were asked to complete a diary covering one week of their school and leisure time activities. Some anticipated differences between various categories of creative children emerged, but the differences were explicable at a prima facie level. In their leisure activities the creative sample did not appear to differ at all in terms of creative interest or output from their less gifted peers.
Conceptual Structure of the Multidimensionality of Locus of Control
Authors: Bar-Zohar Yaakov , Nehari Miriam
Published: September 2011

A multidimensional structure that can serve as a base for a systematic investigation of locus of control is presented. This structure includes three dimensions, Behavioral Outcomes, Control Ideology, and Situational Contents. Each dimension contains several factors. Five points are identified along the I-E continuum. Starting from extreme internality and moving towards extreme externality, the points are effort, ability, objective obstacles, powerful others, and chance or luck. A systematic investigation of the multidimensionality of the locus of control, based on the proposed structure, is recommended to add clarity to the research and increase its generalizability. A suggestion for the design of multidimensional instruments assessing locus of control is offered.
Stimulus Size and the Measurement of Imprinting
Authors: Demarest Jack
Published: September 2011

Connolly and Moray's (1964) method for calculating the expected chance level of following in birds in the laboratory imprinting situation was shown to vary as a function of the size of the imprinting stimulus. A modification of the original formula was proposed to take into account these size differences. Data from a study on size preferences during imprinting were included to demonstrate the significant influence of following by chance.
Factor Analytic Examination of Role Attitudes of Married Women
Authors: Cohen P. M. , Burdsal C. A.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire dealing with the attitudes married women have regarding their sex-related roles was administered to 139 married women in the Wichita, Kansas area. 16 factors underlying the attitudes married women held regarding female roles were uncovered: marital satisfaction, sex-role frustration, traditional values, value about motherhood, feelings about men, age, breaking the stereotype, membership in the feminist movement, opinion of men, relationships with women, financial equality in marriage, resentment of versus enjoyment of the homemaker role, income, educational achievement orientation, acceptance of the housewife role, acceptance of the marital decision.
Controlling Self-Inflicted Biting of a Retarded Child by the Differential Reinforcement of other Behavior
Authors: Luiselli James K. , Helfen Carol S. , Colozzi Gail , Donellon Sally , Pemberton Bruce
Published: September 2011

The self-inflicted biting of a retarded child was controlled in three classroom settings using a program of differential reinforcement of other behavior. The functional control of the reinforcement contingency was demonstrated through use of a multiple-baseline design.
Effects of Consistent to Partial Reinforcement or Partial Reinforcement in the Amsel Frustration Effect
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

In a “double alley” study the intensity of the frustration effect was dependent upon the prior development of fractional anticipatory goal responses in the first alley. A group maintained on 50% reinforcement in Goal Box 1 showed the frustration effect with run speeds, then with goal speeds in the second alley.
Correlates of Two Measures of Fear of Success in Women
Authors: Reviere Rebecca , Posey Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

Fear of success was measured in 40 college women first with the usual projective technique and second with an objective fear of success scale. The two measures showed a low correlation of .37. The projective measure was not significantly correlated with self-concept, anxiety, the Mf scale of the MMPI, or with attitudes toward women. The objective measure was significantly correlated with anxiety and self-concept.
Cognitive Correlates of Multidimensional Trait Anxiety
Authors: Morelli George , Friedman Barry
Published: September 2011

Endler and Okada's (1975) S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness, modified to measure cognitive irrationality, was administered to college students (46 women and 28 men) in introductory psychology. Positive correlations (.36—.75) between self-reported anxiety and irrationality were found. Differences in the ranges of correlations in different situations ate discussed. The advantages of employing the modified inventory and some theoretical problems in Rational-Emotive Theory as a comprehensive theory of personality and as psychotherapy are considered.
Internal-External Control and Black College Students' Attributions of Causality for Own and Others' Performance
Authors: Lesure G. Evelyn
Published: September 2011

Forty-three black college students, classified as internal of external on Rotter's I-E Scale, were presented hypothetical situations in which their and a black male's semester grade point average was an A. Thereafter subjects made attributions of causality for their own and others' performance. Internal attributions (ability or effort) for own and others' school performance were more frequently made by subjects who were external on the ideological dimension of control (belief in the general role that society plays in controlling outcomes) and internal on the personal dimension of control (belief in own competence in controlling outcomes). Conversely a greater proportion of external attributions (luck or difficulty of task) for own and others' school performance were made by subjects who were internal on the ideological dimension but external on the personal level of control. Internality on both levels of control yielded more internal attributions. Externality on both dimensions of control resulted in more external attributions.
Returning Good for Evil: How to Be Seen as a Likable Individual
Authors: Hewitt Jay , Goldman Morton
Published: September 2011

Subjects evaluated a confederate in a positive or negative light. The confederate either agreed or disagreed with the content of the evaluation and then went on to give the subject a positive or negative evaluation. Finally the subject rated her liking for the confederate. Of primary interest was the relationship between the subject's prior evaluation of the confederate and subsequent liking. Consistent with a prediction derived from attribution theory, subjects were more attracted to the confederate when their prior evaluation of her had been unfavorable rather than favorable.
Two-Point MMPI Code Types and Academic Achievement: Replication and Reanalysis
Authors: Kokosh John
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to relate two-point MMPI code types to choice and success in physical and social science majors. Four hypotheses, derived from an earlier study, were tested: (a) the 3-4/4-3 students are the modal code types in sociology, (b) the 4-9/9-4 students are the modal code types in history, (c) the 2-7/7-2 students in the physical sciences are significantly above the mean on GPA for their majors, and (d) the 8-9/9-8 students in the social sciences are significantly below the mean on GPA for their majors. Strong support was found for the first two hypotheses, and moderate support was found for the third. Finally the need for replications of this kind of research was emphasized.
Spontaneous Alternation Behavior as a Function of Intertrial Detention Environment
Authors: Terry William S.
Published: September 2011

Across the many studies of spontaneous alternation of rats in their choice behavior in successive exposures to a T-maze, there has been little consistency in where the subjects are detained from one trial to the next. The present study showed that alternation is most likely if subjects are retained in the goal box between paired runs, with lesser but significant alternation if detention occurs either in the start box or home cage. No alternation occurs if subjects are detained in an unfamiliar, novel container. The implications of these results for method and theory of spontaneous alternation are discussed.
Honesty as a Function of Geographic Region and City Size: Explorations of a 30-Year-Old Hypothesis
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , Tevault R. Kent , Gromoll Henry F.
Published: September 2011

Merritt and Fowler's (1948) suggestion that lost letters containing money could be used to measure honesty in diverse social groups was studied. In Exp. I unstamped lost letters, some containing only an innocuous message, were dropped in Baltimore, St. Louis, Denver, and San Francisco. Significant theft was found in Baltimore and Denver. In Exp, II lost letters were dropped in two small Illinois cities and in 55 villages. Comparison of the results from St. Louis with the results from Exp. II indicated no relationship between theft rates and city size. Return rates for letters containing only the message were used as a measure of helpfulness. The results indicate regional differences in rates of helpfulness but the degree of helpfulness was not related to city size.
Self-Concept: Effects of Alcoholism, Hospitalization and Treatment
Authors: O'Leary Michael R. , Chaney Edmund F. , Hudgins Wren
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the self-concepts of 101 hospitalized alcoholics, 20 hospitalized non-alcoholics, and 20 controls using the Clinical and Research Form of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale. A moderate treatment effect on self-concept was found for the hospitalized alcoholics. Subscale scores were not related to treatment completion. Examination of the self-concept of hospitalized and normal controls suggested that the former group has a more negative self-concept than the latter. The possibility is raised that hospitalization played an unexamined but important role in previous studies of alcoholics' self-concepts.
Effect of Birth Order, Sex, and Family Size on Affiliation with Encounter Groups
Authors: Dauphinais Sarah , Leitner Dennis W.
Published: September 2011

Results of a survey of 88 central Illinois senior college students showed that birth order significantly influences willingness or unwillingness to join encounter-type groups. The research hypothesis that later-born males from larger families would be more willing to join encounter groups was supported by this study.
Priming in the Continued Word-Association Test
Authors: Preece P. F. W.
Published: September 2011

The amount of direct priming in a continued word-association test was estimated for three groups of 20 subjects, aged 12, 15, and 18 yr. No significant differences between groups were found, but there was a significant fall in the number of primed responses on retesting.
Moderators of Ratings by Significant other and Self
Authors: Clum George A.
Published: September 2011

Moderators of disagreement between 190 patients' ratings of themselves and significant others' ratings of them on dimensions of marital adjustment, self help, and social adjustment were analyzed. Disagreement was reliably predicted by the social status of the patient and for married patients whether the spouse and patient lived together. These results have implications for the assessment of outcome in psychotherapy.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXXVII. Scientific Creativity: A Relationship with Information Channels
Authors: Kasperson Conrad J.
Published: September 2011

Using peer nominations, 65 physical scientists were classified as either creative and productive, productive but not creative, or non-creative and non-productive. Each scientist was then interviewed to determine his information-receiving behaviors and attitudes. Results indicate that creative scientists are distinguished from other scientists in their use of people as sources of information and that they receive information from a wider field' of disciplinary areas.
Subjective Risk and Choice as Related to the Transitivity Condition
Authors: Dickson John W.
Published: September 2011

Subjects who did not break the transitivity condition in a simple choice situation showed a significant linear relation between choice and their rating of risk, an ordinal scale of risk in other choice situations, a self-reported level of risk taking related to the choices made. Subjects breaking transitivity did not fulfill the above conditions and were more random in choice and reported that they made risky choices. In fact there was no significant difference between the transitive and non-transitive subjects in the number of risky choices made throughout the experiment.
A Factor Analytic Study of Wppsi Scores of Educationally Deprived and Normal Children
Authors: Heil John , Barclay Allan , Endres Jeannette M. B.
Published: September 2011

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence was administered to 372 children, one group being educationally deprived and the other normal, all being Caucasian. Factor analysis showed a three-factor structure: Verbal, Performance, and Picture Completion. There were no significant differences in factor structure of the two groups, suggesting similarity of factor structures. Apparently, the homogeneity of groups on cultural and demographic variables outweighed their arbitrary assignment to differential educational experiences on the basis of existing Title I definitions of educational deprivation.
Tat-Derived Affiliation Scores and Social Behavior in Therapy Groups
Authors: Coché Erich , Spector Jack
Published: September 2011

60 hospitalized psychiatric patients were given a TAT which was scored for need affiliation ( nAff). These patients also participated in group psychotherapy. The behavioral observations made in the group sessions were scored for affiliative behaviors. The correlations between nAff and social behavior in the first three sessions of eight sessions of therapy were not significant. For the last three sessions, however, there was a positive and significant correlation for men and a significant but curvilinear relationship for the women. Among the latter, extreme nAff scorers showed the least affiliation, median, scorers the most gregariousness. These results support earlier findings which indicate a more direct correspondence of TAT-thought and action for men and more complex relationships for women.
Factor Analytic and Reliability Studies on the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List
Authors: Thayer Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Two factor analytic studies were conducted on a revised long form and a short form of the Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, a self-report test of transitory activation or arousal states. Although previous research indicated that the check list is composed of four independent activation factors, the present research instead suggests two general bipolar activation dimensions. However, certain evidence indicates that the concept of four separate activation factors cannot be completely abandoned. A third study showed high measurement reliability on two kinds of estimates.
Prediction of Success in a Master's Degree Program in Nursing
Authors: Sime A. Marilyn
Published: September 2011

This study examined the predictive validity of the Undergraduate Assessment Program (UP) Aptitude Test, Verbal and Quantitative scores, Remote Associates Test scores, Formula Analysis Test scores, and undergraduate grade-point average (GPA). Criterion variables consisted of Master's GPAs and faculty ratings of six student characteristics. Subjects were 52 students enrolled in the Graduate School at the University of Minnesota majoring in Nursing. Undergraduate GPA correlated .45 with Master's GPA and .35 with one faculty rating. Formula Analysis Test scores correlated from .45 to .70 with all six faculty ratings. Remote Associates Test scores and UP aptitude test verbal and quantitative scores did not correlate at a statistically significant level with any criterion measure. Results show undergraduate GPA to be a valid predictor of graduate success. Although the Formula Analysis Test scores showed predictive ability of faculty ratings, this research instrument requires further study before use as a graduate admissions measure.
The Correlation Matrix of Job Satisfaction Treated by the Guttman Smallest Space Analysis
Authors: Ben-Porat A.
Published: September 2011

This study applied the Guttman Smallest Space Analysis to a correlation matrix of job satisfaction. 96 managers and professionals rated their job satisfaction on the basis of 10 items and an over-all criterion. It was found that items' configuration is a two-banded circumplex, where intrinsic items are grouped around the criterion and extrinsic items form a peripheral circle.
Developmental Sex-Role Theory and Sex-Role Attitudes in Late Adolescents
Authors: Tarr Linda Haas
Published: September 2011

Using developmental stage theory as a framework, the author assessed the sex-role attitudes and sex-role identity of 253 college students. A relationship between cross-sex identity and flexible sex-role attitudes was postulated. The relationship was significant for both sexes. The author predicted that new attitude groups would be older, but this relationship was significant for females only. Males and females reported significant differences in parental sex-role reinforcement in the areas of emotionality and aggression but not for independence and adventuresomeness. As predicted, males with traditional attitudes reported significantly greater parental reinforcement of same-sex-typed behaviors than males with new attitudes. There were no differences for female groups.
Sexism and Sexual Problems: Societal Censure of the Sexually Troubled Male
Authors: Polyson James A.
Published: September 2011

This experiment tested the hypothesis that the sexually troubled male is perceived as having deviated from a fundamental male-role expectation and will therefore receive a more negative evaluation of mental health. A contrived verbatim account of an interviewee's reporting either personal sexual dissatisfaction or a partner's dissatisfaction was presented to 72 male and 72 female college students. The sex of the target was manipulated by identifying the interviewee as either Allen or Alice. As predicted, the male interviewee received poorer scores on the Psychological Effectiveness Scale and greater perceived likelihood of psychological disturbance. The male stimulus person was also seen as having a greater need for psychotherapy and less chance for attaining happiness in life. The results consistently showed that these negative evaluations of the male target were made by male, but not female, subjects. Discussion focused on this self-imposed psychological pressure for adequate male sexual functioning as a harmful role stereotype.
Determination of Death: Perspectives from Psychological Assessment
Authors: Woods D. J. , Royder T.
Published: September 2011

The judgment that human death has occurred is not easily, reliably, or confidently arrived at in increasing numbers of cases. In this paper difficulties surrounding the definition and determination of death are regarded as assessment problems to which concepts familiar to many psychologists are applicable. These concepts include multiple operational ism, exclusionary screening, false positive and false negative errors, and the idea of a “cutting score” for decisions regarding death. Recommendation is made for the examination of implicit weights used by physicians in combining information from various sources, to arrive at decisions regarding clinical death. Recent technological advances and concomitant social pressures have changed the nature of the assessment of death from a primarily criterion-related to a largely construct-oriented procedure.
Meaningfulness and Intralist Similarity in Rote Memorization
Authors: Hewitt Thomas , Newhouse Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The study examined the effect of meaningfulness and intralist similarity on serial anticipation learning by 24 volunteers who were given trigram lists to be learned by oral serial anticipation. A sign test performed on total scores for serial anticipation was significant. It was concluded that the lower the intralist similarity and the higher the meaningfulness, the faster the learning.
Physician-Patient Communication: Agreement between Them
Authors: Stubbs Derek F.
Published: September 2011

15 patients with chronic anxiety completed a questionnaire before and after therapy and the physician independently completed the questionnaire on each patient. The responses of patients and physician for each patient and question were compared by examining means, a concordance matrix, and Cohen's weighted kappa. It was concluded that agreement is greatest: (1) after therapy, (2) when relative change during therapy is greater, (3) when the average level of symptomatology expressed by the patient is nil or severe. Examination of means alone or individual questions permitted no conclusions.
Identification of Variables Most Influential in Determining Interviewers' Evaluations of Applicants in a College Placement Center
Authors: Campion Michael A.
Published: September 2011

170 applicants being interviewed by representatives of 17 different industrial and academic agencies participated. Interviewers evaluated applicants on three dimensions: over-all general impression, personal liking, and chances of further consideration. Information about the applicants was obtained from their application forms and used to predict the interviewers' evaluations. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that the best combination of predictors across all three evaluations were undergraduate grade point average, membership in a fraternity or sorority, and membership in professional societies. Slight differences were found between industrial and academic interviewers in that the former were more influenced by honors received and membership in a fraternity or sorority, while the latter were more influenced by membership in professional societies and undergraduate grade point average. Relevance of findings to previous research on interviewing is discussed.
Factor Analysis of the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory: A Replication for Preadolescents
Authors: Graybill Daniel , Gabel Harris
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of the Children's Reports of Parental Behavior Inventory (Schaefer, 1965) for 45 elementary school-age children resulted in three factors: Psychological Autonomy versus Psychological Control, Acceptance versus Rejection, and Inconsistent Discipline. These findings replicate previous research of children's and adults' views of their patents' behaviors.
Effect of Witnesses' Expertness and Manner of Delivery of Testimony on Verdicts of Simulated Jurors
Authors: Ludwig Kurt , Fontaine Gary
Published: September 2011

The impact on jurors' decision making of the type of expert witness and the manner of delivery of testimony was explored in a 3 × 2 between-subjects, factorial design. 68 undergraduate subjects read an edited, 26-page transcript of an actual criminal case in which the crucial testimony concerned the intoxication of the victim. A physician, police officer, or layperson as witness delivered that testimony against the defendant in either an opinionated or non-opinionated manner. Dependent variables were subjects' verdicts and recommended sentences. Results indicated that verdicts and sentences were most severe following testimony against the defendant by a physician and least severe following testimony against the defendant by a police officer. An interaction between the criminal charge and the manner of delivery of testimony showed that opinionated delivery was followed by more severe judgments of guilt on the relatively severe charges of first and second degree murder, whereas non-opinionated delivery was followed by more severe judgments of guilt on the charge of manslaughter. Discussion centered on both the theoretical and practical implications of the findings.
Comparative Study of Validity of the Wais and Quick Test as Predictors of Functioning Intelligence in a Psychiatric Facility
Authors: Ciula Bryan A. , Cody John J.
Published: September 2011

Data describe the relationship of the WAIS and the Quick Test to an external measure of intellectual functioning in a group of 50 psychiatric patients in maximum security. Also examined were the relationships between the two tests. The Verbal and Full Scale WAIS IQs and Quick Test IQs were statistically comparable for this adult sample.
Men's Traditional Perceptions and Attitudes about Women: Correlates of Adjustment or Maladjustment
Authors: Pleck Joseph H.
Published: September 2011

Responses to four items concerning perceptions of women workers, the fulfillment the family role gives women, discrimination against women, and attitude towards women's liberation are analyzed in relation to measures of personality and social adjustment in a representative national sample of 616 males. Traditional perceptions are correlated both with measures of adjustment and maladjustment. Negative attitude to women workers is associated with marital unhappiness, external locus of control, and low trustfulness in others. At the same time perception that women are primarily fulfilled in the family role and perception that women are not discriminated against show limited relationships with marital happiness and sense of competence at work. It is suggested that hostile, negative attitudes toward women who engage in non-traditional roles differ from attitudes which idealize the satisfaction of and absence of discrimination in women's traditional roles and reflect different personality dynamics. The former are relatively infrequent and correlate with maladjustment, while the latter enlist stronger support and are correlated with positive adjustment.