bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strength of correlation between wildlife collision data and hunting bags varies among ungulate species and with management scale
Authors: Neumann Wiebke , Widemo Fredrik , Singh Navinder J. , Seiler Andreas , Cromsigt Joris P. G. M.
Published: October 2020

Most European ungulate species are increasing in numbers and expanding their range. For the management and monitoring of these species, 64% of European countries rely on indirect proxies of abundance (e.g., hunting bag statistics). With increasing ungulate numbers, data on ungulate-vehicle collisions (UVC) may provide an important and inexpensive, complementary data source. Currently, it is unclear how bag statistics compare with UVC. A direct comparison of these two indices is important because both are used in ungulate management. We evaluated the relationship between UVC and ungulate hunting bags across bioclimatic, regional, and local scales, using five time lags (t−3 to t+1) for the five most common wild ungulate species in Sweden. For all species, hunting bags and UVC correlated positively, but correlation strength and time lags varied across scales and among species. The two indices correlated most strongly at the local management scale. Correlation between both indices was strong for the smaller deer species and wild boar, in particular, but much weaker for moose where we found the best fit using a 2-year time lag. For the other species, indices from the same year correlated best. We argue that the reason for moose data behaving differently is that, in Sweden, moose are formally managed using a 3-year time plan, while the other species are not. Accordingly, moose hunting bags are influenced more strongly by density-independent processes than bags of the other species. Consequently, the mismatch between the two indices may generate conflicting conclusions for management depending on the method applied.
Kuranwendungen mit jodhaltigem Thermalwasser aus thyreologischer Sicht
Authors: Mikosch Peter , Trifina-Mikosch Eva , Saidler Katharina , Kellner Jennifer , Suhrau Susanne
Published: October 2020

Bei einzelnen Schilddrüsenerkrankungen (Immunthyreopathie Morbus Basedow, Immunthyreopathie Hashimoto, Struma mit Autonomie) sollte eine übermäßige Jodzufuhr vermieden werden. Betreffend alimentärer Jodzufuhr gibt es dazu reichliches Informationsmaterial. Kuranwendungen werden zu einem breiten Indikationsspektrum eingesetzt und tragen einen wichtigen Teil zur Therapie gerade chronisch degenerativen Erkrankungen, zur Rehabilitation nach Traumen oder Tumorerkrankungen bei. Eine Jodzufuhr ist auch bei Kuranwendungen mit jodhaltigem Thermalwasser möglich, das Ausmaß der Jodzufuhr ist dabei abhängig von der Applikationsform und der Expositionsdauer. Informationsmaterial dazu ist nur spärlich in der Literatur zu finden. Der Artikel betrachtet jodhaltige Kuranwendungen aus thyreologischer Sicht im Spannungsfeld von positiven und möglichen negativen Auswirkungen einer jodhaltigen Kuranwendung. Neben einem Einblick in die Physiologie und Pathophysiologie des Jodstoffwechsels und Auswirkungen auf einzelne Schilddrüsenerkrankungen wird die Intensität einer Jodaufnahme bei unterschiedlichen Kuranwendungen dargestellt. Eine Übersicht von Kurorten/Thermen mit jodhaltigem Wasser in Österreich und seinen Nachbarstaaten ergänzt von einem Algorithmus zur Selektion von Patienten für eine Kur in Kurorten mit jodhaltigem Wasser wird präsentiert, um mögliche negative jodinduzierte Schilddrüsenfehlfunktionen schon vor Kurantritt zu vermeiden. Dem klinisch tätigen Arzt wird damit eine Unterstützung in der Entscheidungsfindung bei der Auswahl bzw. Ablehnung einer jodhaltigen Kuranwendung für seine Patienten zur Verfügung gestellt.
Imaging the role of blood–brain barrier disruption in normal cognitive ageing
Authors: Verheggen Inge C. M. , de Jong Joost J. A. , van Boxtel Martin P. J. , Postma Alida A. , Jansen Jacobus F. A. , Verhey Frans R. J. , Backes Walter H.
Published: October 2020

To investigate whether blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption is a potential mechanism of usual age-related cognitive decline, we conducted dynamic contrast–enhanced (DCE) MRI to measure BBB leakage in a healthy sample, and investigated the association with longitudinal cognitive decline. In a sample of neurologically and cognitively healthy, older individuals, BBB leakage rate in the white and grey matter and hippocampus was measured using DCE MRI with pharmacokinetic modelling. Regression analysis was performed to investigate whether the leakage rate was associated with decline in cognitive performance (memory encoding, memory retrieval, executive functioning and processing speed) over 12 years. White and grey matter BBB leakages were significantly associated with decline in memory retrieval. No significant relations were found between hippocampal BBB leakage and cognitive performance. BBB disruption already being associated with usual cognitive ageing, supports that this neurovascular alteration is a possible explanation for the cognitive decline inherent to the ageing process. More insight into BBB leakage during the normal ageing process could improve estimation and interpretation of leakage rate in pathological conditions. The current results might also stimulate the search for strategies to maintain BBB integrity and help increase the proportion people experiencing successful ageing. Netherlands Trial Register number: NL6358, date of registration: 2017-03-24.
Controlled Grain Refinement of Biodegradable Zn-Mg Alloy: The Effect of Magnesium Alloying and Multi-Pass Hydrostatic Extrusion Preceded by Hot Extrusion
Authors: Jarzębska Anna , Bieda Magdalena , Maj Łukasz , Chulist Robert , Wojtas Daniel , Strąg Martyna , Sułkowski Bartosz , Przybysz Sylwia , Pachla Wacław , Sztwiertnia Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

To satisfy the most stringent criteria in terms of new cardiovascular stents, pure Zn was alloyed with 1 wt pct of Mg and subsequently subjected to plastic deformation, using conventional hot extrusion followed by multi-pass hydrostatic extrusion. A detailed microstructural and textural characterization of the obtained materials was conducted, and mechanical properties were assessed at each pass of deformation process. In contrast to pure Zn, hydrostatically extruded low-alloyed Zn is characterized by a remarkable increase in strength and ductility (YS = 383 MPa, E = 23 pct), exceeding the values needed for stents. Such behavior is associated with a dual microstructure containing fine-grained Zn, alternatively arranged with bands of a fragmented eutectic. Extensive grain refinement was achieved due to the process of continuous dynamic recrystallization. Hydrostatic extrusion changes the initial

$$ \langle 10\bar{1}0\rangle $$

⟨
10

1

¯

0
⟩

fiber texture to a 〈0002〉 and

$$ \langle 10\bar{1}1\rangle $$

⟨
10

1

¯

1
⟩

double fiber texture in which the 〈0002〉 component decreases with each pass of hydrostatic extrusion. The gradual evolution of texture components was simulated using a visco-plastic self-consistent model, which confirmed that, during hydrostatic extrusion, secondary slip systems were activated involving mostly the pyramidal one.
Rate and pressure behavior considering the fractal characteristics of structurally disordered fractured reservoirs
Authors: Al-Rbeawi Salam
Published: October 2020

The main objective of this paper is to understand the impact of the fractal characteristics of fractured reservoirs on their pressure behavior, flow rate decline, and productivity index. The paper proposes a new methodology for developing several analytical models for describing the wellbore pressure distribution and the flow rate decline trend. The proposed models consider including the fractal characteristics such as the mass fractal dimension, conductivity index of anomalous diffusion flow mechanism, fractal-network parameters, fractional-derivative order, and matrix/fracture-interaction index as well as dual-porosity media characteristics such as the storativity and interporosity flow coefficient in the analytical models of the pressure, rate, and productivity index. The study has found that: (1) Some of the fractal characteristics have a significant impact on reservoir performance, while others may not have a significant impact. (2) Fractal reservoirs exhibit better performance than the standard geometry reservoirs of single and dual-porosity media.
Algorithmic Censorship by Social Platforms: Power and Resistance
Authors: Cobbe Jennifer
Published: October 2020

Effective content moderation by social platforms is both important and difficult; numerous issues arise from the volume of information, the culturally sensitive and contextual nature of that information, and the nuances of human communication. Attempting to scale moderation, social platforms are increasingly adopting automated approaches to suppressing communications that they deem undesirable. However, this brings its own concerns. This paper examines the structural effects of algorithmic censorship by social platforms to assist in developing a fuller understanding of the risks of such approaches to content moderation. This analysis shows that algorithmic censorship is distinctive for two reasons: (1) in potentially bringing all communications carried out on social platforms within reach and (2) in potentially allowing those platforms to take a more active, interventionist approach to moderating those communications. Consequently, algorithmic censorship could allow social platforms to exercise an unprecedented degree of control over both public and private communications. Moreover, commercial priorities would be inserted further into the everyday communications of billions of people. Due to the dominance of the web by a few social platforms, this may be difficult or impractical to escape for many people, although opportunities for resistance do exist.
Durch ein Tablet gestützte Biografiearbeit bei älteren Menschen im Pflegeheim: Eine Interview-Studie mit Pflegenden
Authors: Buhtz Christian , Paulicke Denny , Wolf Mary , Hofstetter Sebastian , Schwarz Karsten
Published: October 2020

Hintergrund

Die Digitalisierung des Gesundheitswesens führt zu veränderten Prozessen und neuen Anforderungen. Dazu parallel, aufgrund des demografischen Wandels, steigen die gesellschaftliche Bedeutung der Pflege und damit die Erwartungen an den Einsatz von Technologie für die Gesundheitsversorgung. Neben einigen futuristisch anmutenden Ansätzen technischer Lösungen, ist ein Tablet zur Nutzung in der Biografiearbeit ein bereits tatsächlich eingesetztes Gerät.

Ziel

Diese Arbeit geht der Frage nach, wie Betreuungskräfte von Menschen mit Demenz ein Tablet einschätzen, dass sie bereits regulär für die Biografiearbeit einsetzen.

Methode

Es wurden teilstrukturierte Interviews durchgeführt und qualitativ interpretiert. Alle Betreuungseinrichtungen nutzten ein aus ihren eigenen Finanzmitteln gekauftes „Betreuertablet“ der Firma media4care.

Ergebnisse

Vier Betreuungskräfte in drei verschiedene Einrichtungen wurden interviewt. Mediale Inhalte auf dem Tablet in Form von Videos, Bildern und Musik werden in Einzel- und Gruppenbetreuung genutzt. Berichtet wird, dass der Einsatz des Tablets bei den Bewohnern als Erzählstimulus wirkt und die Biografien dadurch mit Informationen aus erster Hand angereichert werden konnten. Das Gerät wird in den Einrichtungen nicht als alleinige Beschäftigungsmöglichkeit, sondern als Ergänzung zum bisherigen Angebot gesehen. Die betreuenden Personen wünschen sich teilweise eine ruhigere Umgebung.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Geräte wurden von den Befragten als für ihre Praxis tauglich wahrgenommen und wurde von den Bewohnern gut angenommen. Strukturierte intensive Schulungen zu dem Gerät fanden nicht statt, werden aber von allen Teilnehmenden gewünscht.
Maturating Articular Cartilage Can Induce Ectopic Joint-Like Structures in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Miura Shinichirou , Tsutsumi Rio , Agata Kiyokazu , Endo Tetsuya
Published: October 2020

Osteoarthritis is a huge health burden to our society. Seeking for potential ways to induce regeneration of articular cartilage (AC) that is intrinsically limited, we focused on the interaction between two opposing joints. To evaluate the role of the interaction of opposing regions of AC for joint maturation, we amputated digits at the distal interphalangeal level without injuring the articular surface of the intermediate phalanx (P2) and observed that the zonal organization of AC was defective. We then removed the P2 bone without injuring the articular surface of the proximal phalanx (P1), and the remaining part of the digit was amputated near the distal interphalangeal level. The distribution pattern of type II collagen and proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) suggested that maturation of AC in P1 was delayed. These two experiments suggested that an interaction between the opposing AC in a joint is necessary for maturation of the zonal organization of AC in neonatal digits. To test if an interaction of the joints is sufficient to induce articular cartilage, a proximal fragment of P2 was resected, inverted, and put back into the original location. Newly formed cartilage was induced at the interface region between the AC of the inverted graft and the cut edge of the distal part of P2. Type II collagen and PRG4 were expressed in the ectopic cartilage in a similar manner to normal AC, indicating that neonatal AC can induce ectopic joint-like structures in mice comparable with what has been reported in newts and frogs. These results suggest that the neonatal joint could be a source of inductive signals for regeneration of AC.

Lay Summary

In this study, we experimentally show that neonatal mice appear to have the capacity to regenerate articular cartilage (AC) in digits. It is already known that mice can regenerate a digit tip after amputation, but do not regenerate in response to amputations at more proximal levels. Therefore, it has been thought that mammalian joint structures are non-regenerative. However, we found that normal digit AC can induce AC-like structures in a non-joint region when it is placed next to the cut edge of a bone, suggesting that the normal AC has regenerative capacity in certain situations in neonatal mice.

Future Works

Joint disorders are a huge health problem of our society. The results of this study suggest that neonatal AC could be a potential source of inductive signals for regeneration of AC. The discovery of these inductive signals will aid in developing regenerative therapies of a joint in human.
Das Dispositiv der Andacht
Authors: Schmidt Christian
Published: October 2020

Der Beitrag schlägt mit dem ›Dispositiv der Andacht‹ ein Modell für ein Netz von Subjektivierungsstrategien vor, in dem sich geistliche Spiele vor der Zeit des Theaters verorten lassen. Er stellt die Prämisse der Alterität des mittelalterlichen Theaters zurück, um einen Zugriff zu gewinnen, der nicht leitend am Theater der Neuzeit orientiert ist. Die theater- und literaturgeschichtliche Perspektive, die dadurch in den Hintergrund gerät, lässt sich in den geistlichen Dramentraditionen der Frühen Neuzeit wieder einholen. Für eine Erfindung des frühneuzeitlichen Theaters aus der Perspektive des Spätmittelalters.
Parliamentary Democracy by Default: Applying the European Convention on Human Rights to Presidential Elections and Referendums
Authors: Kovács Kriszta
Published: October 2020

This paper is concerned with the Convention’s “democracy clause,” that is Article 3 of Protocol No. 1, which provides for the right to free elections. Why should it be described as a “democracy clause” and what is its significance for today? The paper first sketches out the drafting history, which reveals that while the framers were keen to preserve their inherited domestic institutions, they also thought it crucial to promote democracy. The Convention invokes but does not define democracy. It is within the Court’s competence to elucidate its meaning. The Court holds that pluralist democracy is the only system compatible with the Convention. This paper argues that Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 further presupposes a representative legislature. It does not require member states to introduce a specific system of elections and representation, but it obliges them to conform to parliamentary democracy. Thus, the Court’s model of democracy rests on two pillars: pluralism and parliamentarism. It subscribes to pluralist democracy theories but contradicts the monolithic conception endorsed by Carl Schmitt. The Court’s model has the potential to offer a robust account of democracy. Yet, Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 has never lived up to its potential. The Court’s relevant jurisprudence is inadequate to address the contemporary antidemocratic shifts that are underway in certain member states. Hence, the paper suggests that the Court’s power to apply this clause is not limited to general elections but also extends to presidential elections and referendums.
FinTech revolution: the impact of management information systems upon relative firm value and risk
Authors: Mitra Sovan , Karathanasopoulos Andreas
Published: October 2020

The FinTech or ‘financial technology’ revolution has been gaining increasing interest as technologies are fundamentally changing the business of financial services. Consequently, financial technology is playing an increasingly important role in providing relative performance growth to firms. It is also well known that such relative performance can be observed through pairs trading investment. Therefore pairs trading have implications for understanding financial technology performance, yet the relationships between relative firm value and financial technology are not well understood. In this paper we investigate the impact of financial technology upon relative firm value in the banking sector. Firstly, using pairs trade data we show that financial technologies reveal differences in relative operational performance of firms, providing insight on the value of financial technologies. Secondly, we find that contribution of relative firm value growth from financial technologies is dependent on the specific business characteristics of the technology, such as the business application and activity type. Finally, we show that financial technologies impact the operational risk of firms and so firms need to take into account both the value and risk benefits in implementing new technological innovations. This paper will be of interest to academics and industry professionals.
Review of microwave techniques used in the manufacture and fault detection of aircraft composites
Authors: Li Z. , Wang P. , Haigh A. , Soutis C. , Gibson A.
Published: October 2020

Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation commonly used for telecommunications, navigation and food processing. More recently microwave technologies have found applications in fibre-reinforced polymer composites, which are increasingly used in aircraft structures. Microwave energy can be applied with low power (up to milliwatts) for non-destructive testing and high power (up to kilowatts) for heating/curing purposes. The state-of-the-art applications at high power include curing, three-dimensional (3D) printing, joining and recycling, whereas low-power microwave techniques can provide quality checks, strain sensing and damage inspection. Low-power microwave testing has the advantage of being non-contact, there is no need for surface transducers or couplants, it is operator friendly and relatively inexpensive; high-power microwave energy can offer volumetric heating, reduced processing time and energy saving with no ionising hazards. In this paper the recent research progress is reviewed, identifying achievements and challenges. First, the critical electromagnetic properties of composites that are closely related to the heating and sensing performance are discussed. Then, representative case studies are presented. Finally, the trends are outlined, including intelligent/automated inspection and solid-state heating.
“The Show Is Not about Race’”: Custom, Screen Culture, and the Black and White Minstrel Show
Authors: Grandy Christine
Published: October 2020

In 1967, when the BBC was faced with a petition by the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination requesting an end to the televised variety program the Black and White Minstrel Show (1958–1978), producers at the BBC, the press, and audience members collectively argued that the historic presence of minstrelsy in Britain rendered the practice of blacking up harmless. This article uses critical race theory as a useful framework for unpacking defenses that hinged on both the color blindness of white British audiences and the simultaneous existence of wider customs of blacking up within British television and film. I examine a range of “screen culture” from the 1920s to the 1970s, including feature films, home movies, newsreels, and television, that provide evidence of the existence of blackface as a type of racialized custom in British entertainment throughout this period. Efforts by organizations such as the Campaign Against Racial Discrimination, black press publications like Flamingo, and audiences of color to name blacking up and minstrelsy as racist in the late 1960s were met by fierce resistance from majority white audiences and producers, who denied their authority to do so. Concepts of color blindness or “racial innocence” thus become a useful means of examining, first, the wide-ranging existence of blacking-up practices within British screen culture; second, a broad reluctance by producers and the majority of audiences to identify this as racist; and third, the exceptional role that race played in characterizations of white audiences that were otherwise seen as historically fragile and impressionable in the face of screen content.
Limited Liberties: Catholics and the Policies of the Pitt Ministry in an Early Modern Context
Authors: Sanderson Mary Louise
Published: October 2020

This article contributes to current debates about the role of religion in governance in the late eighteenth century British Atlantic world by examining the Pitt ministry's policies regarding Catholic subjects in England, Quebec, and Ireland in an early modern context. Starting with an overview of early modern attempts to find a compromise between Catholic subjects and their Protestant rulers, this article shows how the Pitt ministry reused these earlier approaches in its efforts to respond to Catholic subjects during of the age of revolution. Focusing on the English Catholic Relief Act of 1791, the Canada Constitutional Act, and the ministry's unimplemented plans for Catholic emancipation, the article argues that these policies were all shaped in part around the idea that Catholic subjects could be allowed greater freedoms, and even access to political influence in some cases, if their faith was contained through Gallican-style restrictions. These restrictions varied from requiring new oaths to attempting to establish the government's right to select Catholic bishops. Each policy resulted in notably different outcomes based on the location and potential power of the Catholic subjects that they affected. The common goal, however, was to attenuate the Catholics’ connection to the papacy and increase government influence over the Catholic Church in British territory while also upholding the ultimate supremacy of the Anglican Church.
Surgical anatomy of the lymphatic drainage of the salivary glands: a systematic review
Authors: Abou-Foul A K
Published: October 2020

Background

Nodal metastasis in salivary gland malignancies has important clinical implications; a good understanding of their complex anatomy is paramount to the head and neck surgeon.

Methods

A contemporary and comprehensive literature review was conducted of the lymphatic drainage of the salivary glands, with special emphasis on its surgical applications.

Results

The parotid gland has extraglandular and intraglandular nodes acting as a single functional drainage unit. Intraglandular parotid notes are unique to the parotid gland, and consist of a larger superficial group and a smaller deep group. The presence of intraglandular submandibular nodes, as described by early anatomists, is much debated nowadays. The sublingual glands drain to the lingual lymph nodes, which are divided into median, intermediate and lateral groups.

Conclusion

This review highlights the complex arrangements of lymph nodes draining the salivary glands. It may provide a valid anatomical explanation for the nodal metastasis patterns commonly seen in salivary gland malignancy.
CPC Algorithm: Exact Area Coverage by a Mobile Robot Using Approximate Cellular Decomposition
Authors: Guruprasad K. R. , Ranjitha T. D.
Published: October 2020

A new coverage path planning (CPP) algorithm, namely cell permeability-based coverage (CPC) algorithm, is proposed in this paper. Unlike the most CPP algorithms using approximate cellular decomposition, the proposed algorithm achieves exact coverage with lower coverage overlap compared to that with the existing algorithms. Apart from a formal analysis of the algorithm, the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with two representative approximate cellular decomposition-based coverage algorithms reported in the literature. Results of demonstrative experiments on a TurtleBot mobile robot within the robot operating system/Gazebo environment and on a Fire Bird V robot are also provided.
Orange juice intake and anthropometric changes in children and adolescents
Authors: Sakaki Junichi R , Li Jing , Melough Melissa M , Ha Kyungho , Tamimi Rulla M , Chavarro Jorge E , Chen Ming-Hui , Chun Ock K
Published: October 2020

Objective:

Evaluate associations between orange juice (OJ) consumption and anthropometric parameters.

Design:

Prospective cohort study assessing the association between OJ intake and changes in BMI and height-for-ageZ-score (HAZ) using mixed linear regression.

Setting:

2004–2008, USA.

Participants:

Children from the Growing Up Today Study II (n7301), aged 9–16 years at enrollment.

Results:

OJ consumption was positively associated with 2-year change in HAZ in girls (mean (se)): 0·03 (0·01) for non-consumers, 0·03 (0·02) for 1–3 glasses/month, 0·06 (0·01) for 1–6 glasses/week and 0·09 (0·02) for ≥1 glass/d after full adjustment (Ptrend= 0·02). However, OJ consumption was not associated with 2-year change in BMI percentile (kg/m2, mean (se)): –0·44 (0·36) for non-consumers, 0·20 (0·41) for 1–3 glasses/month, –0·04 (0·34) for 1–6 glasses/week and –0·77 (0·62) for ≥1 glass/d in girls,Ptrend= 0·81; –0·94 (0·53) for non-consumers, –1·68 (0·52) for 1–3 glasses/month, –0·81 (0·38) for 1–6 glasses per week and –1·12 (0·61) for ≥1 glass/d in boys,Ptrend= 0·49.

Conclusion:

OJ consumption was favourably associated with height growth but unrelated to excess weight gain. OJ may be a useful alternative to whole fruit in the event that whole fruit intake is insufficient.
Interactive Text Graph Mining with a Prolog-Based Dialog Engine
Authors: TARAU PAUL , BLANCO EDUARDO
Published: October 2020

On top of a neural network-based dependency parser and a graph-based natural language processing module, we design a Prolog-based dialog engine that explores interactively a ranked fact database extracted from a text document. We reorganize dependency graphs to focus on the most relevant content elements of a sentence and integrate sentence identifiers as graph nodes. Additionally, after ranking the graph, we take advantage of the implicit semantic information that dependency links and WordNet bring in the form of subject–verb–object, “is-a” and “part-of” relations. Working on the Prolog facts and their inferred consequences, the dialog engine specializes the text graph with respect to a query and reveals interactively the document’s most relevant content elements. The open-source code of the integrated system is available at https://github.com/ptarau/DeepRank.
Relationships in the Implementation of Conditional Cash Transfers: The Provision of Health in the Oportunidades-Prospera Programme in Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez Viviana
Published: October 2020

This article explores interactions between the front-line officers and recipients of Oportunidades-Prospera, a conditional cash transfer (CCT) in Mexico. Like other CCTs, Oportunidades-Prospera provided monetary transfers to families with the requirement of following certain conditions, including receiving preventive healthcare and workshops. This produced constant and compulsory physician-recipient interactions. This article examines these through observations of programme delivery and interviews with physicians at health centres of two localities of Puebla. The results show that officers’ strategies of implementation and attitudes towards recipients were influenced by the programme’s use of health services as conditionalities, promoting a relationship of authority and obedience. This, however, was exacerbated by the officer’s job position. Those with a permanent contract systematically fostered authoritarian interactions compared to officers with temporary contracts. Ultimately, this study reveals factors that influence officer-recipient relationships in CCTs and their centrality for programme delivery and for the success of social policies more broadly.
Maternal resistance to diet-induced obesity partially protects newborn and post-weaning male mice offspring from metabolic disturbances
Authors: Simino Laís Angélica de Paula , Panzarin Carolina , Torsoni Marcio Alberto , Ignácio-Souza Letícia Martins , Milanski Marciane , Torsoni Adriana Souza
Published: October 2020

The rising rate of childhood overweight follows the increase in maternal obesity, since perinatal events impact offspring in a diversity of metabolic disorders. Despite many studies that have linked dietary consumption, overnutrition, or maternal obesity as the mediators of fetal metabolic programming, there are gaps regarding the knowledge about the contribution of different maternal phenotypes to the development of metabolic disturbances in offspring. This study aimed to investigate whether maternal high-fat diet (HFD) consumption without the development of the obese phenotype would protect offspring from metabolic disturbances. Female mice were fed standard chow diet or a HFD for 4 weeks before mating. HFD females were classified into obesity-resistant (OR) or obesity-prone (OP), according to weight gain. OP females presented with higher adiposity, fasting serum glucose and insulin, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA). Newborn offspring from OP dams showed higher serum glucose and insulin and alteration in hepatic gene expression that may have contributed to the rise in hepatic fat content and decline of glycogen levels in the liver. Despite offspring from OR and OP females having showed similar growth after the day of delivery, offspring from OP females had higher caloric intake, fasting glucose, serum triglycerides and altered hepatic gene expression, as well as glucose and pyruvate intolerance and lower insulin sensitivity at d28 compared with offspring from OR females. Maternal pre-pregnancy serum glucose, insulin, and NEFA positively correlated with serum glucose and fat liver content and negatively correlated with hepatic glycogen in offspring. In conclusion, our results show that maternal resistance to diet-induced obesity partially protects offspring from early metabolic disturbances.
Origin of Weakened Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Southeastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Prigent Arthur , Imbol Koungue Rodrigue Anicet , Lübbecke Joke F. , Brandt Peter , Latif Mojib
Published: October 2020

Observations and reanalysis products are used to investigate the substantial weakening in the southeastern tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) variability since 2000. Relative to 1982–1999, the March‐April‐May SST variability in the Angola‐Benguela area (ABA) has decreased by more than 30%. Both equatorial remote forcing and local forcing are known to play an important role in driving SST variability in the ABA. Compared to 1982–1999, since 2000, equatorial remote forcing had less influence on ABA SSTs, whereas local forcing has become more important. In particular, the robust correlation that existed between the equatorial zonal wind stress and the ABA SSTs has substantially weakened, suggesting less influence of Kelvin waves on ABA SSTs. Moreover, the strong correlation linking the South Atlantic Anticyclone and the ABA SSTs has reduced. Finally, multidecadal surface warming of the ABA could also have played a role in the weakening of the interannual SST variability.
The Emission of Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes From Encountering Streamer Coronae Associated to the Breakdown of Lightning Leaders
Authors: Köhn C. , Heumesser M. , Chanrion O. , Nishikawa K. , Reglero V. , Neubert T.
Published: October 2020

Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are beams of high‐energy photons associated to lightning. These photons are the bremsstrahlung of energetic electrons whose origin is currently explained by two mechanisms: energizing electrons in weak, but large‐scale thundercloud fields or the acceleration of low‐energy electrons in strong, but localized fields of lightning leaders. Contemporary measurements by the Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor suggest that the production of TGFs is related to the leader step and associated streamer coronae when upward moving intracloud lightning illuminates. Based on these observations, we apply a particle‐in‐cell Monte Carlo code tracing electrons in the superposed electric field of two encountering streamer coronae and modeling the subsequent photon emission. We also perform a parameter study by solving the deterministic equations of motion for one electron. We find that this mechanism can explain the occurrence of TGFs with photons energies of several MeV lasting for tens to hundreds of μs, in agreement with observations.
Lower Hybrid Waves at the Magnetosheath Separatrix Region
Authors: Tang B.‐B. , Li W. Y. , Graham D. B. , Wang C. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Le A. , Giles B. L. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Ergun R. E. , Burch J. L.
Published: October 2020

Lower hybrid waves are investigated at the magnetosheath separatrix region in asymmetric guide field reconnection by using the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission. Three of the four MMS spacecraft observe clear wave activities around the lower hybrid frequency across the magnetosheath separatrix, where a density gradient is present. The observed waves are consistent with generation by the lower hybrid drift instability. The characteristic properties of these waves include the following: (1) the waves propagate toward the x‐line in the spacecraft frame due to the large out‐of‐plane magnetic field, which is in the same direction of the diamagnetic drift of the x‐line; (2) the wave potential is about 20% of the electron temperature. These drift waves effectively produce cross‐field particle diffusion, enabling the transport of magnetosheath electrons into the exhaust region. At last, we suggest that the lower hybrid waves at the magnetosheath separatrix region represent some unique features of asymmetric guide field reconnection, which is different from that widely observed at the magnetospheric side of magnetopause reconnection.
NAD+ metabolism: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic potential
Authors: Xie Na , Zhang Lu , Gao Wei , Huang Canhua , Huber Peter Ernst , Zhou Xiaobo , Li Changlong , Shen Guobo , Zou Bingwen
Published: October 2020

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its metabolites function as critical regulators to maintain physiologic processes, enabling the plastic cells to adapt to environmental changes including nutrient perturbation, genotoxic factors, circadian disorder, infection, inflammation and xenobiotics. These effects are mainly achieved by the driving effect of NAD+ on metabolic pathways as enzyme cofactors transferring hydrogen in oxidation-reduction reactions. Besides, multiple NAD+-dependent enzymes are involved in physiology either by post-synthesis chemical modification of DNA, RNA and proteins, or releasing second messenger cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and NAADP+. Prolonged disequilibrium of NAD+ metabolism disturbs the physiological functions, resulting in diseases including metabolic diseases, cancer, aging and neurodegeneration disorder. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of NAD+-regulated physiological responses to stresses, the contribution of NAD+ deficiency to various diseases via manipulating cellular communication networks and the potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Emerging role of tumor cell plasticity in modifying therapeutic response
Authors: Qin Siyuan , Jiang Jingwen , Lu Yi , Nice Edouard C. , Huang Canhua , Zhang Jian , He Weifeng
Published: October 2020

Resistance to cancer therapy is a major barrier to cancer management. Conventional views have proposed that acquisition of resistance may result from genetic mutations. However, accumulating evidence implicates a key role of non-mutational resistance mechanisms underlying drug tolerance, the latter of which is the focus that will be discussed here. Such non-mutational processes are largely driven by tumor cell plasticity, which renders tumor cells insusceptible to the drug-targeted pathway, thereby facilitating the tumor cell survival and growth. The concept of tumor cell plasticity highlights the significance of re-activation of developmental programs that are closely correlated with epithelial–mesenchymal transition, acquisition properties of cancer stem cells, and trans-differentiation potential during drug exposure. From observations in various cancers, this concept provides an opportunity for investigating the nature of anticancer drug resistance. Over the years, our understanding of the emerging role of phenotype switching in modifying therapeutic response has considerably increased. This expanded knowledge of tumor cell plasticity contributes to developing novel therapeutic strategies or combination therapy regimens using available anticancer drugs, which are likely to improve patient outcomes in clinical practice.
CircRNA_09505 aggravates inflammation and joint damage in collagen-induced arthritis mice via miR-6089/AKT1/NF-κB axis
Authors: Yang Jinghan , Cheng Min , Gu Bingjie , Wang Jinghua , Yan Shushan , Xu Donghua
Published: October 2020

A number of circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis; however, little is known about their function and hidden molecular mechanism in immune and inflammation regulation. We investigated the role and the underlying mechanism of circRNA_09505 in RA in this study. Real-time PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are adopted to estimate the quantitative expression and localization of circRNA_09505 in macrophages. The altering effect of circRNA_09505 on inflammation is investigated in vitro and in vivo by use of macrophage cell models and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. Luciferase reporter assay and RNA-binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) are used to confirm the circRNA_09505/miR-6089 ceRNA network predicted by bioinformatics analysis. Compared with controls, the expression of circRNA_09505 is upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with RA. The proliferation and cell cycle are significantly promoted when circRNA_09505 is upregulated in macrophages, whereas knockdown of circRNA_09505 inhibits macrophage proliferation and cell- cycle progression. Besides, circRNA_09505 can act as a miRNA sponge for miR-6089 in macrophages, and promote the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12 through ceRNA mechanism. Moreover, AKT1 is a direct target of miR-6089. CircRNA_09505 can promote AKT1 expression by acting as a miR-6089 sponge via IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages. Most interestingly, knockdown of circRNA_09505 significantly alleviates arthritis and inflammation in vivo in CIA mice. These data support the hypothesis that circRNA_09505 can function as a miR-6089 sponge and regulate inflammation via miR-6089/AKT1/NF-κB axis in CIA mice.
A deep learning approach to programmable RNA switches
Authors: Angenent-Mari Nicolaas M. , Garruss Alexander S. , Soenksen Luis R. , Church George , Collins James J.
Published: October 2020

Engineered RNA elements are programmable tools capable of detecting small molecules, proteins, and nucleic acids. Predicting the behavior of these synthetic biology components remains a challenge, a situation that could be addressed through enhanced pattern recognition from deep learning. Here, we investigate Deep Neural Networks (DNN) to predict toehold switch function as a canonical riboswitch model in synthetic biology. To facilitate DNN training, we synthesize and characterize in vivo a dataset of 91,534 toehold switches spanning 23 viral genomes and 906 human transcription factors. DNNs trained on nucleotide sequences outperform (R2 = 0.43–0.70) previous state-of-the-art thermodynamic and kinetic models (R2 = 0.04–0.15) and allow for human-understandable attention-visualizations (VIS4Map) to identify success and failure modes. This work shows that deep learning approaches can be used for functionality predictions and insight generation in RNA synthetic biology.
Magnetotail reconnection onset caused by electron kinetics with a strong external driver
Authors: Lu San , Wang Rongsheng , Lu Quanming , Angelopoulos V. , Nakamura R. , Artemyev A. V. , Pritchett P. L. , Liu T. Z. , Zhang X.-J. , Baumjohann W. , Gonzalez W. , Rager A. C. , Torbert R. B. , Giles B. L. , Gershman D. J. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. J. , Qi Y. , Ergun R. E. , Lindqvist P.-A. , Burch J. L. , Wang Shui
Published: October 2020

Magnetotail reconnection plays a crucial role in explosive energy conversion in geospace. Because of the lack of in-situ spacecraft observations, the onset mechanism of magnetotail reconnection, however, has been controversial for decades. The key question is whether magnetotail reconnection is externally driven to occur first on electron scales or spontaneously arising from an unstable configuration on ion scales. Here, we show, using spacecraft observations and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, that magnetotail reconnection starts from electron reconnection in the presence of a strong external driver. Our PIC simulations show that this electron reconnection then develops into ion reconnection. These results provide direct evidence for magnetotail reconnection onset caused by electron kinetics with a strong external driver.
Tracing the cellular basis of islet specification in mouse pancreas
Authors: Sznurkowska Magdalena K. , Hannezo Edouard , Azzarelli Roberta , Chatzeli Lemonia , Ikeda Tatsuro , Yoshida Shosei , Philpott Anna , Simons Benjamin D.
Published: October 2020

Pancreatic islets play an essential role in regulating blood glucose level. Although the molecular pathways underlying islet cell differentiation are beginning to be resolved, the cellular basis of islet morphogenesis and fate allocation remain unclear. By combining unbiased and targeted lineage tracing, we address the events leading to islet formation in the mouse. From the statistical analysis of clones induced at multiple embryonic timepoints, here we show that, during the secondary transition, islet formation involves the aggregation of multiple equipotent endocrine progenitors that transition from a phase of stochastic amplification by cell division into a phase of sublineage restriction and limited islet fission. Together, these results explain quantitatively the heterogeneous size distribution and degree of polyclonality of maturing islets, as well as dispersion of progenitors within and between islets. Further, our results show that, during the secondary transition, α- and β-cells are generated in a contemporary manner. Together, these findings provide insight into the cellular basis of islet development.
CRISPRoff enables spatio-temporal control of CRISPR editing
Authors: Carlson-Stevermer Jared , Kelso Reed , Kadina Anastasia , Joshi Sahil , Rossi Nicholas , Walker John , Stoner Rich , Maures Travis
Published: October 2020

Following introduction of CRISPR-Cas9 components into a cell, genome editing occurs unabated until degradation of its component nucleic acids and proteins by cellular processes. This uncontrolled reaction can lead to unintended consequences including off-target editing and chromosomal translocations. To address this, we develop a method for light-induced degradation of sgRNA termed CRISPRoff. Here we show that light-induced inactivation of ribonucleoprotein attenuates genome editing within cells and allows for titratable levels of editing efficiency and spatial patterning via selective illumination.
Publisher Correction: Giant photothermal nonlinearity in a single silicon nanostructure
Authors: Duh Yi-Shiou , Nagasaki Yusuke , Tang Yu-Lung , Wu Pang-Han , Cheng Hao-Yu , Yen Te-Hsin , Ding Hou-Xian , Nishida Kentaro , Hotta Ikuto , Yang Jhen-Hong , Lo Yu-Ping , Chen Kuo-Ping , Fujita Katsumasa , Chang Chih-Wei , Lin Kung-Hsuan , Takahara Junichi , Chu Shi-Wei
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Improved detection of tumor suppressor events in single-cell RNA-Seq data
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E. , Wang Ning
Published: October 2020

Tissue-specific transcription factors are frequently inactivated in cancer. To fully dissect the heterogeneity of such tumor suppressor events requires single-cell resolution, yet this is challenging because of the high dropout rate. Here we propose a simple yet effective computational strategy called SCIRA to infer regulatory activity of tissue-specific transcription factors at single-cell resolution and use this tool to identify tumor suppressor events in single-cell RNA-Seq cancer studies. We demonstrate that tissue-specific transcription factors are preferentially inactivated in the corresponding cancer cells, suggesting that these are driver events. For many known or suspected tumor suppressors, SCIRA predicts inactivation in single cancer cells where differential expression does not, indicating that SCIRA improves the sensitivity to detect changes in regulatory activity. We identify NKX2-1 and TBX4 inactivation as early tumor suppressor events in normal non-ciliated lung epithelial cells from smokers. In summary, SCIRA can help chart the heterogeneity of tumor suppressor events at single-cell resolution.
Collecting duct cells show differential retinoic acid responses to acute versus chronic kidney injury stimuli
Authors: Papadimitriou Alexandros , Romagnani Paola , Angelotti Maria Lucia , Noor Mazhar , Corcoran Jonathan , Raby Katie , Wilson Patricia D. , Li Joan , Fraser Donald , Piedagnel Remi , Hendry Bruce M. , Xu Qihe
Published: October 2020

Retinoic acid (RA) activates RA receptors (RAR), resulting in RA response element (RARE)-dependent gene expression in renal collecting duct (CD). Emerging evidence supports a protective role for this activity in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Herein, we examined this activity in RARE-LacZ transgenic mice and by RARE-Luciferase reporter assays in CD cells, and investigated how this activity responds to neurotransmitters and mediators of kidney injury. In RARE-LacZ mice, Adriamycin-induced heavy albuminuria was associated with reduced RA/RAR activity in CD cells. In cultured CD cells, RA/RAR activity was repressed by acetylcholine, albumin, aldosterone, angiotensin II, high glucose, cisplatin and lipopolysaccharide, but was induced by aristolochic acid I, calcitonin gene-related peptide, endothelin-1, gentamicin, norepinephrine and vasopressin. Compared with age-matched normal human CD cells, CD-derived renal cystic epithelial cells from patients with autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) had significantly lower RA/RAR activity. Synthetic RAR agonist RA-568 was more potent than RA in rescuing RA/RAR activity repressed by albumin, high glucose, angiotensin II, aldosterone, cisplatin and lipopolysaccharide. Hence, RA/RAR  in CD cells is a convergence point of regulation by neurotransmitters and mediators of kidney injury, and may be a novel therapeutic target.