bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mikroverfahrenstechnik: Neue Herausforderungen für die Prozessintensivierung
Authors: Matlosz M.
Published: August 2005

Auf der Grundlage der Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der mikrostrukturierten Reaktoren und Prozesskomponenten muss ein neuer Weg zu radikalen Innovationsinitiativen zugunsten einer leistungsfähigen Prozessintensivierung in der chemischen Industrie geöffnet werden. Um das enorme Potenzial dieser neuen Technologien auszuschöpfen, ist es jetzt dringend notwendig, Konzipierungsstrategien zu entwickeln, die nicht nur rein technische sondern auch klare wirtschaftliche Vorteile bieten. Um neue technologische Optionen in eine echte industrielle Realität zu überführen, müssen Methoden und theoretische Werkzeuge vorhanden sein, die in der Lage sind, technische Verbesserungen individueller Einheiten zur globalen Leistungssteigerung eines ganzen Produktionssystems zu nutzen.
A combined implicit–explicit algorithm in time for non‐linear finite element analysis
Authors: Curiel Sosa J. L. , de Souza Neto E. , Owen D. R. J.
Published: August 2005

An algorithm combining the numerical execution in time of implicit and explicit methods of solution is presented in this paper. The algorithm swaps between both methods as required for the analysis. The whole mesh is solved for an unique method at once, i.e. there are no partitions of the mesh for separate implicit or explicit treatment of the solution. The combination is in‐time, in such a manner that if the implicit method starts diverging the explicit one is initiated by appropriate conditions of transition. The formulation is presented first and its implementation is validated by the analysis of a key numerical example. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ramsey unsaturated and saturated graphs
Authors: Balister P. , Lehel J. , Schelp R.H.
Published: August 2005

A graph is Ramsey unsaturated if there exists a proper supergraph of the same order with the same Ramsey number, and Ramsey saturated otherwise. We present some conjectures and results concerning both Ramsey saturated and unsaturated graphs. In particular, we show that cycles Cn and paths Pn on n vertices are Ramsey unsaturated for all n ≥ 5. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of marker proteins for Bacillus anthracis using MALDI‐TOF MS and ion trap MS/MS after direct extraction or electrophoretic separation
Authors: Stump Michael J. , Black Gavin , Fox Alvin , Fox Karen F. , Turick Charles E. , Matthews Michael
Published: August 2005

Direct extraction of bacterial vegetative cells or spores followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS) has become popular for bacterial identification, since it is simple to perform and mass spectra are readily interpreted. However, only high‐abundance proteins that are of low mass and ionize readily are observed. In the case of B. anthracis spores, small acid‐soluble spore proteins (SASPs) have been the most widely studied. Additional information can be obtained using tandem mass spectrometry (MS‐MS) to confirm the identity of proteins by sequencing. This is most readily accomplished using ion trap (IT) MS‐MS. However, enzymatic digestion of these proteins is needed to generate peptides that are within the mass range of the ion trap. The use of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), or other forms of electrophoresis, allows one to focus on specific proteins of interest (e. g. the high mass exosporium glycoproteins BclA and BclB) that provide additional species‐ and strain‐specific discrimination.
Gamma irradiation of high density poly(ethylene)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate/clay nanocomposites: possible mechanism of the influence of clay on irradiated nanocomposites
Authors: Lu Hongdian , Hu Yuan , Kong Qinghong , Chen Zuyao , Fan Weicheng
Published: August 2005

A further study on mechanical properties and morphology evolution of high density poly (ethylene)/ethylene‐vinyl acetate/and organically‐modified montmorillonite (HDPE/EVA/OMT) nanocomposites exposed to gamma‐rays (0–200 kGy) has been achieved. The results showed that nanocomposites have superior irradiation‐resistant properties to HDPE/EVA blend in mechanical properties. A transmission electron microscope study verified that a face‐face ordered nanostructure had been induced by gamma‐rays. The aim of this paper is to provide a possible mechanism on how the OMT influences the general properties of irradiated nanocomposites, based on the results of thermal, flammability and mechanical behavior. Three facts are postulated to be responsible for the mechanism. The first is the segregation of nano‐dispersed clay layers not only reduces polymer oxidation but prevents crosslinking reactions. The second is the nanostructure evolution induced by gamma‐rays, which may impart nanocomposites improved elasticity. The last is due to the Hofmann degradation, whose degraded products have opposite roles, accelerating polymer oxidation or promoting crosslinking reactions. These facts interact as well as compete with others. The properties of the nanocomposites strongly depended on the prevalent effects developing with increasing irradiation doses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optically high transparency and light color of organosoluble polyamides containing trifluoromethyl and kink diphenylmethylene linkage
Authors: Liaw Der‐Jang
Published: August 2005

New polyamides were prepared directly from a diamine, bis[4‐(2‐trifluoromethyl 4‐aminophenoxy)phenyl] diphenylmethane, containing an electron‐withdrawing trifluoromethyl group and a kink diphenylmethylene linkage with various aromatic dicarboxylic acids having inherent viscosities ranging from 0.66 to 0.83 dL g−1. All the polyamides showed outstanding solubility and could be easily dissolved in amide‐type polar aprotic solvents (e.g., N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, and N,N‐dimethylformamide) and even dissolved in less polar solvents (e.g., pyridine, cyclohexanone, and tetrahydrofuran). The dielectric constants of the polyamide films were 3.37–3.87 (100 KHz) and decreased with an increase in the frequency, which ranged from 1 Hz to 100 KHz. A low coefficient of thermal expansion for the polyamides was observed in the range of 54–78 ppm/°C (by thermomechanical analysis). These polyamides showed excellent thermal stability, and the 10% weight loss temperatures were in the range of 484–507 °C in an atmosphere of nitrogen. The polymers had an initial modulus of 1.8–2.2 GPa. The polyamides with kink and electron‐withdrawing trifluoromethyl units afforded light‐color polymer films with high transmittance in the visible region (400–700 nm), and their cutoff wavelength was lower than 362 nm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4559–4569, 2005
Aromatic polyesters from naturally occurring monosaccharides: Poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene isophthalate) analogs derived from D‐mannitol and galactitol
Authors: Zamora Francisca , Hakkou Khalid , Alla Abdelilah , Rivas Manuel , Roffé Isaac , Mancera Manuel , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián , Galbis Juan A.
Published: August 2005

The synthesis and characterization of a new series of aromatic polyesters based on D‐mannitol and galactitol are described. These polyesters were obtained by polycondensation reaction of the terephthaloyl chloride or isophthaloyl chloride and 2,3,4,5‐tetra‐O‐methyl‐D‐mannitol or 2,3,4,5‐tetra‐O‐methyl‐galactitol in o‐dichlorobenzene. All the new polyesters were characterized by elemental analyses, GPC, IR, and NMR. They were soluble in chloroform, but insoluble in water and other polar oxygenated solvents. They showed a notable hygroscopicity, lower for those containing isophthalic units. DSC and X‐ray diffraction studies showed that D‐mannitol‐based polyesters were stiffer and less crystalline than those derived from galactitol, which presented a noticeably lower thermal stability. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4570–4577, 2005
Effective fixation of carbon dioxide into poly(glycidyl methacrylate) in the presence of pyrrolidone polymers
Authors: Yamamoto Shin‐Ichi , Kawabata Katsuyuki , Moriya Osamu , Endo Takeshi
Published: August 2005

The homopolymer (PGMA) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and the copolymer of GMA with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone were prepared under radical conditions and employed for the fixation of CO2 with LiBr as a catalyst, in which the oxirane groups were transformed into five‐membered cyclic carbonate groups. For the fixation of CO2 into the oxirane groups on PGMA, poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone), in which the catalyst was impregnated before the reaction, was found to be an effective additive. This was exploited for the reaction using the copolymer containing both the oxirane and pyrrolidone moieties. The oxirane groups on the copolymer were also converted readily to the cyclic carbonates through the fixation of CO2. In such use of the pyrrolidone structures on the polymers, the fixation of CO2 could be carried out effectively in a diluted chlorobenzene solution and also under solvent‐free conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4578–4585, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of poly(2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate) copolymers containing pendant, self‐complementary multiple‐hydrogen‐bonding sites
Authors: Elkins Casey L. , Park Taigyoo , McKee Matthew G. , Long Timothy E.
Published: August 2005

The synthesis and characterization of copolymers containing 2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate and a quadruple‐hydrogen‐bonding site, 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidone methacrylate (UPyMA), are described. An analogous dimeric hydrogen‐bond‐containing copolymer based on 2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate and methacrylic acid (PEHMA‐co‐MAA) was also synthesized for comparative purposes. The glass‐transition temperatures of the poly(2‐ethylhexyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidone methacrylate) (PEHMA‐co‐UPyMA) series increased linearly with increasing UPyMA content. Creep compliance measurements as a function of temperature indicated a decrease in the creep compliance with increasing UPyMA content over the range of 1–10 mol % UPyMA. Melt rheological analysis also showed an increase and lengthening of the plateau modulus as a function of frequency with increasing UPyMA content, as well as increasing complex viscosity as a function of temperature. The analogous PEHMA‐co‐MAA copolymer, which contained 11 mol % methacrylic acid, showed, in the melt rheological analysis, behavior similar to that of the PEHMA‐co‐UPyMA copolymer containing only 1 mol % UPyMA units. The multiple‐hydrogen‐bond‐containing copolymers were successfully analyzed with time–temperature superposition for the construction of master curves. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4618–4631, 2005
Infrared‐to‐visible upconversion luminescence in neodymium‐doped bismuth–borate glass
Authors: Oprea Isabella‐Ioana , Hesse Hartmut , Betzler Klaus
Published: August 2005

The upconversion luminescence in Nd3+‐doped bismuth–borate glass, excited by 0.8 µm light, was studied in the visible spectral region. Four distinct emission bands were found. From their kinetics, two mechanisms can be shown to be responsible for all four lines: energy‐transfer upconversion, slightly dominating, and excited state absorption. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a [Mo8O26]4–Cluster Derivative with 4‐MePyH+. First β‐Octamolybdate Derivative with π–π Stacking
Authors: Aguado R. , Pedrosa M. R. , Arnáiz F. J.
Published: August 2005

Dioxobis(pyridine‐2‐thiolate‐N, S)molybdenum(VI) (MoO2(Py‐S)2), reacts with of 4‐methylpyridine (4‐MePy) in acetonitrile, by slow diffusion, to afford the title compound. This has been characterized by elemental analysis, IR and1H NMR spectroscopy. The X‐ray single crystal structure of the complex is described. Structural studies reveal that the molecular structure consists of a β‐Mo8O26polyanion with eight MoO6distorted edge‐shared octahedra with short terminal Mo–O bonds (1.692–1.714 Å), bonds of intermediate length (1.887–1.999 Å) and long bonds (2.150–2.473 Å). Two different types of hydrogen bonds have been found: N–H···O (2.800–3.075 Å) and C–H···O (3.095–3.316 Å). The presence of π–π stacking interactions and strong hydrogen bonds are presumably responsible for the special disposition of the pyridinic rings around the polyanion cluster.
Fixation of Sulphur Dioxide by Manganese(II)‐Schiff Base Complexes: Thermal Stability of these Adducts and the Possible Conversion of the Coordinated SO2 to Sulphate
Authors: Maneiro Marcelino , Fernández Beatriz , Gómez‐Fórneas Esther , Rodríguez M Jesús , Pedrido Rosa , Romero M. José , Bermejo Manuel R.
Published: August 2005

A series of manganese(II) complexes of general formula MnLn(H2O)m (where H2Ln are substituted N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐diimino‐2,2‐dimethylethane) have been prepared by electrochemical synthesis and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic techniques, magnetism and by studying their redox reversibility character by cyclic and normal pulse voltammetry. The reactivity of these complexes with sulphur dioxide has been investigated in the solid state and in toluene slurries at room temperature. The studies of the reversibility of the reaction (desorption studies) by thermogravimetrical analysis (TGD) have shown a different behaviour among the SO2‐adducts (from irreversible to totally reversible fixing), pointing to different SO2 binding modes. Thus, adducts 10, 12 and 14, kept the SO2 after TGD, signifying S–bridged SO2 binding mode, while TGD for 8, 9 and 13 revealed the lability of their SO2, attributable to ligand bound SO2 coordination. The manganese(II) precursor 4 is that one which has the ability of reversily fixing a major quantity of SO2 and undergoes the sulphato reaction to form 11 also.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Effect of Non Bonding Interactions in Crystal Packing of Two Mixed‐Ligand Metal Complexes with Glycolato and 2,2′‐Dipiridylamine and with Benzilato and Imidazole
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M. , García‐Martínez Emilia , Castiñeiras Alfonso , Janiak Christoph
Published: August 2005

Two new mixed‐ligand complexes [Fe(HG)2(dipyam)] (1) (HG = glycolato and dipyam = 2,2′‐dipyridylamine) and [Cu(HB)2(im)2]·2H2O (2) (HB = benzilato and im = imidazole) have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterised by X‐ray diffraction. In both cases the metallic centre is in an octahedral environment, strongly distorted in 2 (4+2 coordination). The α‐hydroxycarboxylato ligands (glycolato or benzilato) present different coordinative behaviour, bidentade chelate through the hydroxyl oxygen and one carboxy oxygen in 1 and through the two oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group in 2. The complexes are extended into 2D frameworks through hydrogen bonding and π···π or C‐H···π interactions. The complexes were also characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and UV‐vis spectroscopy and room temperature magnetic measurements.
Protein Unfolding: 1H‐NMR Studies of Paramagnetic Ferricytochrome c‐550 from Horse Heart
Authors: Jiménez Hermas R. , Ruiz de Sola Esther , Moratal José M. , Arbona Maria
Published: August 2005

Electronic transfer protein cytochrome c‐550 from horse heart is studied in the unfolded state by means of paramagnetic 1H NMR. The protein contains 104 aminoacid residues and a heme group with low spin FeIII ion in the oxidized form of protein. The global secondary structure is of the α‐helix type as occurs in the case of very other cytochromes c investigated such as cyt c‐550 from Thiobacillus versutus or cyt c‐551 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have studied the coordination characteristic and electronic properties of heme iron horse heart ferricytochrome c‐550 at increasing denaturing conditions (up to 3.1 M GuHCl and 288‐323 K). The 1H T1 values of the signals were measured and some resonance assignments made based on EXSY experiments. The electronic structure of the iron(III) is discussed on the basis of the temperature dependence of the isotropic shifts and relaxation times. These results show that it is produced a change of spin, from low‐spin iron(III) (2T2, S=1/2) in the folded state to high‐spin iron(III) (6A1, S=5/2) in the unfolded state. It seems to be possible that in the opened structure the ferricyt c‐550 loses one axial ligand (His/‐) appearing the spin transition.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of (C3H12N2)0.75[FeII1.5FeIII1.5(AsO4)F6]
Authors: Bazan B. , Mesa J. L. , Pizarro J. L. , Peña A. , Arriortua M. I. , Rojo T.
Published: August 2005

A new iron(II)‐iron(III) mixed valence fluoro‐arsenate compound templated by propanediammonium cations has been synthesized by using mild hydrothermal conditions. The crystal structure has been solved from single‐crystal x‐ray diffraction data. This phase crystallizes in the Imam space group with the unit‐cell parameters a = 7.566(2), b = 11.034(3) and c = 13.233(5) Å. The compound exhibits a three‐dimensional framework constructed from two kinds of chains which delimit cavities in which the pro pane diammonium cations are located. Mössbauer and diffuse reflectance spectroscopies confirm the presence of Fe(II, III) mixed valence cations and the existence of slightly distorted octahedral environments for the metallic centres. Magnetic measurements indicate the existence a three‐dimensional antiferromagnetic ordering at 6 K. However, at low temperatures, a small hysteresis loop is observed. The values of the remanent magnetization and coercitive field are 400 emu/mol and 1180 G, respectively. These results are in good agreement with the existence of a ferromagnetic component due to a spin descompensation by the mixed valence nature of this phase.
Metal Complexes of New Mixed Oxaaza‐Macrocyclic Ligands. X‐Ray Crystal Structure of L1, L2, [SrL2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 and [BaL2(NCS)2(CH3CN)]·CH3CN
Authors: López‐Deber Montserrat , Bastida Rufina , Fernández‐Fernández Maria del Carmen , Macías Alejandro , Rodríguez Adolfo , Valencia Laura
Published: August 2005

A new mixed oxaaza‐macrocyclic ligand, L1, has been obtained by direct synthesis between 1,4‐bis‐(2′‐formylphenyl)‐1,4‐dioxabutane and the diamine 2,2′‐ethylenedioxydiethylamine. The dialkylated ligand L2, bearing two nitrobenzyl pendant groups, has been prepared and transitional, post‐transitional and Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ metal complexes have been synthesized in order to elucidate the coordination preferences.

The crystal structures of the ligands L1 and L2 and the complexes [SrL2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 and [BaL2(NCS)2(CH3CN)]·CH3CN have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The structures reveal the presence of mononuclear endomacrocyclic complexes where the pendant arms radiate away from the ligand.
Heteronuclear Nickel‐Iron Complexes and the Crystal Structure of [Fe2(CO)6(μ3‐S)2{Ni(dppe)}]
Authors: Lozano A. Abel , Santana M. Dolores , García Gabriel , Barclay J. Elaine , Davies Siân C. , Evans David J.
Published: August 2005

A series of heteronuclear nickel‐iron complexes [Fe2(CO)6(μ‐SH)(μ3‐S){NiCl(PPh3)2}] (1), [Fe2(CO)6(μ‐SH)(μ3‐S){NiCl(dppe)}] (2), [Fe2(CO)6(μ3‐S)2{Ni(PPh3)2}] (3), [Fe2(CO)6(μ3‐S)2{Ni(dppe)}] (4) and [Fe2(CO)6(μ‐SPh)(μ3‐S){NiCl(dppe)}] (5) have been prepared. The structure of 4 has been determined by X‐ray crystallography. The central metal‐sulfur core of 4 has a trigonal bipyramidal shape with a NiFe2 base plane with two axial sulfur atoms. Each iron atom is 5‐coordinate forming a distorted square pyramid; the nickel is square planar coordinated by two sulfur atoms and two phosphorus atoms.
Tricarbonyl Derivatives of Manganese(I) with Diphosphinite Chelating Ligands
Authors: Bravo Jorge , Castro Jesús A. , Freijanes Eduardo , García–Fontán Soledad , Lamas Elvira M. , Rodríguez‐Seoane Pilar
Published: August 2005

Reaction of [MnBr(CO)3L] [L = Ph2POCH2CH2OPPh2, L1, {(CH3)2CH}2POCH2CH2OP{CH(CH3)2}2, L2] with AgO3SCF3 and AgO2CCF3 in dichloromethane afforded the new complexes [Mn(O3SCF3)(CO)3L] and [Mn(O2CCF3)(CO)3L], respectively. Substitution of O3SCF3 resulted in the new species [Mn(SCN)(CO)3L], [Mn(NCCH3)(CO)3L](O3SCF3) and, in the case of L2, [Mn(CN)(CO)3L2]. By contrast, any attempt to displace the O2CCF3 ligand in the same way was unsuccessful. After maintaining for some days the complex [Mn(CH3CN)(CO)3L1](O3SCF3) in dichloromethane at room temperature, the new complex [MnCl(CO)3L1] was formed. All the new complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and IR and NMR spectroscopies. In the case of [Mn(O3SCF3)(CO)3L1], [Mn(O2CCF3) (CO)3L1], [MnCl(CO)3L1], [Mn(CH3CN) (CO)3L2] (O3SCF3), [Mn(CN)(CO)3L2] and [Mn(O2CCF3)(CO)3L2], together with the previously synthesized complex [MnBr(CO)3L2], suitable crystals for X‐ray structural analysis were isolated. In all of them the Mn atom adopts six‐coordination by bonding to the three CO ligands, the two P atoms of L and either one C atom (CN), one oxygen atom (O2CCF3, O3SCF3), one N atom (CH3CN, SCN) or the halogen atom (Cl, Br).
High Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of New Members of the RuSr2(RE, Ce)2Cu2O10 Family (RE = Y, Dy)
Authors: Gallardo‐Amores José Manuel , Martínez José Luis , Morán Emilio
Published: August 2005

New members of the RuSr2(RE2−x, Cex)Cu2O10 family of magnetically ordered phases have been synthesized under high pressure / high temperature conditions for RE = Y (x = 0.5, 0.7) and Dy (x = 0.5). All compounds show tetragonal symmetry with cell parameters a ≈ 3.82 Å and c ≈ 28.4 Å. Magnetic susceptibility vs temperature measurements show ferromagnetic behaviour of these compounds with TM = 120–140 K, depending on Ce content. These compounds are semiconducting and tend to transform into insulator, by increasing Ce content, as observed by the temperature dependence of the resistance.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of [Fe(bpe)4(H2O)2](TCNQ)2 (bpe = trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane and TCNQ = tetracyanoquinodimethane)
Authors: Galet Ana , Muñoz M. Carmen , Agustí Gloria , Martínez Víctor , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José Antonio
Published: August 2005

The synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of [Fe(bpe)4(H2O)2](TCNQ)2 (1) are reported. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic P$\bar{1}$ space group, a = 13.481(5), b = 14.887(3), c = 16.663(4) Å, α = 101.048(18), β = 112.84(2), γ = 90.92(2)°, V = 3009.6(14) Å3, Z = 2. The iron atom defines a compressed octahedron with the equatorial positions occupied by the bpe molecules which act as monodentate ligands and the two axial positions occupied by water molecules. The TCNQ− radical counterions are uncoordinated and interact by pairs defining (TCNQ)22− units strongly coupled antiferromagnetically. The iron(II) atoms are in the high spin state and its magnetic behaviour indicates the occurrence of zero‐field splitting of the S = 2 ground state.
Crystal Structure of the Ordered Double Perovskite, Sr2NiTeO6
Authors: Martín L. Ortega‐San , Chapman J. P. , Cuello G. , González‐Calbet J. , Arriortua M. I. , Rojo T.
Published: August 2005

The crystal structure of the ordered double perovskite Sr2MnTeO6 has been refined at ambient temperature from high resolution neutron and X‐ray powder diffraction data in the monoclinic space group I 1 2/m 1 with a = 5.6166(1) Å, b = 5.5807(1) Å, c = 7.8797(1) Å and β = 90.048(2)°. The structure is the result of out‐of‐phase (–) rotations of virtually undistorted NiO6 and TeO6 octahedra in the (0 – –) sense about two of the axes of the ideal cubic perovskite. Electron diffraction measurements have been used to confirm the proposed space group and structure.
Synthesis and Characterization of a H+ Exchanged Zirconate
Authors: Orera A. , Kuhn A. , Alvarado F. García
Published: August 2005

A new protonated oxide has been synthesized by ion exchange of lithium by proton in lithium metazirconate, Li2ZrO3. Easy and complete ion exchange has been achieved in acidic medium. Characterization of the protonated solid by means of X–ray powder diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis allow to propose the nominal formulation “H2ZrO3”. However vibrational spectroscopy suggests that a more appropriate formulation would be as an oxyhydroxide ZrO(OH)2.
Synthesis and Characterization of Pyrrolthiosemicarbazone Complexes of Palladium(II). Crystal Structures of [{Pd[C4H4NC(H)=NNC(S)NHMe](Cl)}2{μ‐Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}] and[Pd{C4H4NC(H)=NNC(S)NHMe}{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2‐P, P}](Cl)
Authors: Adrio Luis , Alberdi Gemma , Amoedo Adriana , Lata Darío , Fernández Alberto , Martínez Javier , Pereira M. Teresa , Vila José M.
Published: August 2005

Reaction of the thiosemicarbazone ligands C4H4NC(H)=NN(H)C(S)NHR (R = Me, a; Et, b) with Li2[PdCl4] gave the dinuclear complexes [Pd{C4H4NC(H)=NNC(S)NHR}(μ‐Cl)]2 (R = Me, 1a; Et, 1b) with a central Pd2Cl2 core and with deprotonation of the thiosemicarbazones at the hydrazinic nitrogen atom. Treatment of 1a and 1b with triphenylphosphine gave the mononuclear compounds [Pd{C4H4C(H)=NNC(S)NHR}(Cl)(PPh3)] (R = Me, 2a; Et, 2b), whereas reaction of 1a and 1b with tertiary diphosphines gave mono‐ and dinuclear compounds, as appropriate, with the corresponding diphosphine acting as a monodentate (6b), chelating (3a) and bridging ligand (4a, 5a, 4b, 5b). Treatment of 1a and 1b with (Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2)W(CO)5 gave the new heterobimetallic complexes 7a and 7b. The crystal structures of complexes 3a and 4a are described.
Synthesis, Characterization and Magnetic Properties of New Dinuclear Copper(II) Complexes with N,N′‐Disubstituted Dithiooxamides derived from α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Borrás J. , Carballo R. , Castiñeiras A. , Gómez‐Conde M. C. , Fernández‐Vidal M. C. , Niclós J.
Published: August 2005

Four new dinuclear copper(II) complexes have been synthesized and have the general formula [Cu2(L)(H2O)2], where L = GLYDTO [N,N′‐bis(carboxymethyl)dithiooxamide], ALADTO [N,N′‐bis(carboxyethyl)dithiooxamide], VALDTO [N,N′‐bis(1‐carboxy‐2‐methylpropyl)dithiooxamide] and LEUDTO [N,N′‐bis(1‐carboxy‐3‐methylbutyl)dithiooxamide]. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis as well as by IR, electronic and EPR spectroscopy. These techniques provided evidence for the presence of the CuNO2S chromophore. Magnetic susceptibility measurements on all the complexes in the range 4–300 K show the existence of a dominant antiferromagnetic interaction with −J values greater than 300 cm−1. Thermal decomposition behaviour of the complexes was studied by thermogravimetry.
A Direct Amination of Isoprene by Aniline – Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes
Authors: Petrushkina E.A. , Mysova N. E. , Orlinkov A. V.
Published: August 2005

The reaction of isoprene with aniline, catalyzed by Pd (acac)2–(RO)3P‐CF3COOH, (1:4:4) (R = Me, Et, acac = (CH3CO)2CH‐) in MeCN solution, results in high (up to 89 mol.%) selectivity of N–(3‐methyl‐2‐buten‐1‐yl) aniline. The presence of telomeric products in the reaction mixture is observed at a P/Pd ratio of 1:2 and 1:1. The use of (1,1,1‐trifluoro, 4‐perfluorocyclo hexyl ‐2,4‐butanedionato) palladium as the catalyst gives rise to 92 mol% mol.selectivity of telomers by the favored tail‐to‐head and head to head coupling.
Study of the Interaction of Bis(4‐pyridylthio)methane with Copper(II) Chloride and Bromide
Authors: Amoedo‐Portela Almudena , Carballo Rosa , Casas José S. , García‐Martínez Emilia , Lago‐Blanco Ana B. , Sánchez‐González Angeles , Sordo José , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M.
Published: August 2005

The new ligand bis(4‐pyridylthio)methane (4‐bpytm) (1) and its complexes [CuX2(4‐bpytm)] and [CuX2(4‐bpytm)2] (X = Cl and Br) (2 – 5) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, IR‐Raman, UV/Vis spectroscopy. The structures of (4‐bpytm) (1), [CuCl2(4‐bpytm)2] (3) and [CuBr2(4‐bpytm)2] (4) were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. X‐ray analysis of the 1:2 derivatives reveals that the copper atom has a distorted (4 + 2) octahedral environment. The copper atom is coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from four bridging 4‐bpytm ligands and two halogen atoms. The axial Cu–N bonds are considerably longer than the equatorial Cu–N bonds owing to JahñTeller distortion. CuX2 units are linked to each other through bridging 4‐bpytm ligands to form a 2D interpenetrated coordination polymer. The structural parameters of the 4‐bpytm ligand in these complexes were compared with those of the free ligand.
Molecular and Supramolecular Structures of 1‐Phenyl‐4‐phenylacetyl‐2‐thiosemicarbazide (H2L) and its Complexes with Diphenyllead(IV) Chloride and Acetate
Authors: Casas J. S. , Castellano E. E. , Ellena J. , García‐Tasende M. S. , Sánchez A. , Sordo J. , Touceda A.
Published: August 2005

Reaction of 1‐phenyl‐4‐phenylacetyl‐2‐thiosemicarbazide (H2L) with diphenyllead(IV) dichloride and acetate afforded the complexes [PbPh2Cl2(H2L)2] and [PbPh2L]. The ligand and the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. In the asymmetric unit of crystals of the ligand there are four independent molecules of H2L and four molecules of water, which associate in the lattice as two independent sheets. The complex [PbPh2Cl2(H2L)2]·4MeOH has slightly distorted all‐trans octahedral geometry around the lead atom, and the fact that the ligand is S‐bound rather than O‐bound suggests that PbPh2Cl2 behaves as a “soft” Lewis acid. Hydrogen bonds involving NH groups, Cl atoms and MeOH molecules form a three‐dimensional supramolecular structure. In [PbPh2L]·Me2CO, the L2− anion bridges between two metal centres, binding to one strongly via the N and S atoms and weakly via the O atom, and to the other via the O atom, thus creating polymeric chains along the b axis. The double deprotonation and metallation of H2L induce significant changes in its configuration and lengthen the C‐S and C‐O bonds, suggesting an evolution of the dianion towards a thiol‐enol form.
Study of the Dielectric Properties of the Perovskite LaMn0.5Co0.5O3–δ
Authors: Yáñez‐Vilar S. , Castro‐Couceiro A. , Rivas‐Murias B. , Fondado A. , Mira J. , Rivas J. , Señarís‐Rodríguez M. A.
Published: August 2005

Polycrystalline samples of the charge ordered mixed oxide LaMn0.5Co0.5O3−δ (TCO = 400 K) have been prepared by the nitrate decomposition method. These samples are biphasic, according to XRPD, and except one, oxygen defficient (δ ≈ 0.04‐0.05). The study of the dielectric properties of these samples reveal that LaMn0.5Co0.5O3−δ displays a high dielectric constant, specially at room temperature and low frequencies. This ε′r is seen to be strongly dependent on the particle size and not so much on the oxygen defficiency and the best properties are found in the sample with biggest particle size (ϕ = 7 μm) for which ε′r (300 K) ≈ 105 up to 2x104 Hz. Analysis of the role of the grain size and the electrode contacts on the obtained data reveal that this mixed oxide has an intrinsic dielectric constant that is rather high for this type of compounds (ε′r,∞ ≈ 30) and that is further enhanced by extrinsic Maxwell‐Wagner effects. We relate such enhanced intrinsic dielectric constant to the electronic process of charge ordering present in this material below 400 K.
Combining Speed and Accuracy to Assess Error-Free Cognitive Processes
Authors: Glickman Mark E. , Gray Jeremy R. , Morales Carlos J.
Published: August 2005

Both the speed and accuracy of responding are important measures of performance. A well-known interpretive difficulty is that participants may differ in their strategy, trading speed for accuracy, with no change in underlying competence. Another difficulty arises when participants respond slowly and inaccurately (rather than quickly but inaccurately), e.g., due to a lapse of attention. We introduce an approach that combines response time and accuracy information and addresses both situations. The modeling framework assumes two latent competing processes. The first, the error-free process, always produces correct responses. The second, the guessing process, results in all observed errors and some of the correct responses (but does so via non-specific processes, e.g., guessing in compliance with instructions to respond on each trial). Inferential summaries of the speed of the error-free process provide a principled assessment of cognitive performance reducing the influences of both fast and slow guesses. Likelihood analysis is discussed for the basic model and extensions. The approach is applied to a data set on response times in a working memory test.
Constant Latent Odds-Ratios Models and the Mantel-Haenszel Null Hypothesis
Authors: Hessen David J.
Published: August 2005

In the present paper, a new family of item response theory (IRT) models for dichotomous item scores is proposed. Two basic assumptions define the most general model of this family. The first assumption is local independence of the item scores given a unidimensional latent trait. The second assumption is that the odds-ratios for all item-pairs are constant functions of the latent trait. Since the latter assumption is characteristic of the whole family, the models are called constant latent odds-ratios (CLORs) models. One nonparametric special case and three parametric special cases of the general CLORs model are shown to be generalizations of the one-parameter logistic Rasch model. For all CLORs models, the total score (the unweighted sum of the item scores) is shown to be a sufficient statistic for the latent trait. In addition, conditions under the general CLORs model are studied for the investigation of differential item functioning (DIF) by means of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure.
Metabolic gas kinetics depend upon the level of exercise performed
Authors: Witte Klaus K.A. , Thackray Simon D.R. , Lindsay Kenneth A. , Cleland John G.F. , Clark Andrew L.
Published: August 2005

Background:

The kinetics of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the onset of and recovery from exercise are slowed in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). The aim of the present study was to establish whether the kinetics of O2 are influenced by the work rate.

Methods:

Thirteen CHF patients and 12 control subjects underwent bicycle‐based peak exercise testing with metabolic gas exchange analysis. Each subject then exercised at 15%, 25% and 50% of the maximal workload achieved until reaching steady state. Time constants for onset (Tonset) and offset (Toffset) for O2 uptake and CO2 output were correlated to the workload and the percentage of peak performed during the steady state tests.

Results:

Patients had lower peak oxygen uptake () and the relation between ventilation and carbon dioxide output was steeper in patients than controls. Toffset for both oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from peak exercise was significantly greater in the patients than the controls and correlated with peak (r=0.56, p<0.005 and r=0.58, p<0.005). Tonset and Toffset for o2 were increased in patients for each of the steady state tests and peak correlated with T for recovery of o2 (r=0.44; p<0.05 from 15%, r=0.35; p=<0.05 from 25%, and r=0.54; p<0.01 from 50%). There was a correlation between the Tonset (r=0.42; p<0.0005 for O2 and r=0.23; p<0.05 for CO2) and Toffset (r=0.49; p<0.0001 for O2 and r=0.42; p<0.0005 for CO2) and oxygen uptake as a percentage of peak exercise.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that the time constants of onset and offset for oxygen are dependent upon the degree of exertion performed relative to the individual's peak capacity.
Describing safe motherhood programs for priority setting: The case of Burkina Faso
Authors: Hounton S.H. , Meda N. , Hussein J. , Sombie I. , Conombo G. , Graham W.J.
Published: August 2005

Objective: This study was implemented to describe safe motherhood programs in Burkina Faso for planning and programming purposes. Methods: Twenty safe motherhood programs were described from November 2003 through May 2004 using a structured questionnaire, interviews with safe motherhood program managers and document reviews. Results: Only 2 of the 20 programs were designed to improve the availability of comprehensive emergency obstetric care, and only 2 comprehensively addressed all components of skilled attendance at delivery. Other gaps identified included poor availability of baseline data, few monitoring measures, and lack of planning for evaluation needs. National geographical coverage was also uneven. Conclusion: A systematic overview of safe motherhood programs in a country can help to set priorities and aid in decision making for the allocation of resources towards contextually relevant strategies to curtail maternal mortality and severe morbidity. Planning for program design and evaluation may also be aided by such a process.
An Anatomical Study of the Anterior Interosseous Nerve and its Innervation of the Pronator Quadratus Muscle
Authors: SVÍŽENSKÁ I. , ČIŽMÁŘ I. , VIŠŇA P.
Published: August 2005

This anatomical study of 40 upper limbs from cadavers investigated the branching pattern of the anterior interosseous nerve in its distal part using the operating microscope. An articular branch to the wrist joint and/or the distal radioulnar joint was only found in seven of the 40 specimens and was always a small terminal continuation of the anterior interosseous nerve after the nerve had passed through the pronator quadratus and innervated it. Therefore, we do not recommend division of the anterior interosseous nerve from the dorsal approach through the interosseous membrane before it gives off its muscular branches to the pronator quadratus. This risks damage of the innervation of this muscle of importance for initiation of hand pronation.
Hawthorne, Pearl, and the Primal Sin of Culture
Authors: BUDICK EMILY MILLER
Published: August 2005

In his long critical essay entitled simply “Hawthorne” (published in 1879), Henry James narrates the story of his own coming to know Hawthorne's most famous work of fiction, The Scarlet Letter. Speaking in an impersonal third person, James, “who was a child at the time,” explains that he

remembers dimly the sensation that book produced, and the little shudder with which people alluded to it, as if a peculiar horror were mixed in its attractions. He was too young to read it himself, but its title, upon which he fixed his eyes as the book lay upon the table, had a mysterious charm. … Of course it was difficult to explain to a child the significance of poor Hester Prynne's blood-coloured A. But the mystery was at last partly dispelled by his being taken to see a collection of pictures (the annual exhibition of the National Academy), where he encountered a representation of a pale, handsome woman, in a quaint black dress and white coif, holding between her knees an elfish-looking little girl, fantastically dressed and crowned with flowers. Embroidered on the woman's breast was a great crimson A, over which the child's fingers, as she glanced strangely out of the picture, were maliciously playing. I was told that this was Hester Prynne and little Pearl, and that when I grew older I might read their interesting history.
From Swarthy Ape to Sympathetic Everyman and Subversive Trickster: The Development of Irish Caricature in American Comic Strips between 1890 and 1920
Authors: SOPER KERRY
Published: August 2005

Observed from a distance, the prevalence of ethnic stereotyping in late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century cartooning in the United States is disturbing. All one can see, initially, is that turn-of-the-century readers seemed to enjoy seeing blacks, Native Americans, and non-Anglo immigrants reduced to simplistic caricatures and made to say and do outrageously stupid things. The Distorted Image, the Balch Institute's exposé on the evils of ethnic caricature, agrees with this assessment, suggesting that “the strips from the early years of this century [the twentieth] are inevitably suffused with crude, even gross stereotypes” in which blacks and ethnic immigrants are “maligned and mistreated with blithe insouciance.” However, a closer inspection of particular characters, mediums, and creators, reveals that there was greater complexity to these “crude” images – a rich history, in fact, of shifting meanings and uses. There were, of course, some blatantly racist depictions of ethnic minorities in cartoons and comic strips during this period, but there was also a complex spectrum of ethnic characters who played out shifting comedic and social roles. By properly contextualizing some of these cartoons – considering how meanings and uses changed according to where the cartoons appeared, who created them, and who read them – many images that initially seem just like more entries in a long line of gross stereotypes begin to reveal layered, ambivalent, and even sympathetic codings.
IT’S ALL IN THE TIMING: COITAL FREQUENCY AND FERTILITY AWARENESS-BASED METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
Authors: SINAI IRIT , ARÉVALO MARCOS
Published: August 2005

Fertility awareness-based methods of family planning help women to identify the days of the cycle they should avoid unprotected intercourse to prevent pregnancy. Therefore using fertility awareness-based methods influences the timing of sexual activity, which may affect the nature of the sexual relationship. Data are used from the clinical trials of two fertility awareness-based methods – the Standard Days Method and the TwoDay Method – to determine the frequency and timing of intercourse during the cycle, and the determinants of coital frequency. The mean coital frequency of study participants was similar to that reported by users of other methods. Results suggest that coital frequency increases with consecutive cycles of method use. At the same time the frequency of intercourse during the identified fertile days and during menses decreases. This evidence implies a behavioural change as couples get more experience using their method and communicating about the fertile days. Coital frequency was also influenced by the method used and by the study sites. Potential differences between the methods and sites that may contribute to this effect are discussed.
The Emergence of Palestinian Professional Theatre After 1967: al-Balālīn's Self-Referential Play al-עAtma (The Darkness)
Authors: Snir Reuven
Published: August 2005

Palestine, as an Ottoman province, was distanced from the main Arab cultural activities of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries; no literature bearing distinctive marks of Palestinian national identity was to be found before the First World War. After the war there was some national cultural revival, but it was mainly poetry, not fiction or theatre, that was traditionally perceived as a possible national weapon against external threats. The national revival however also covered folklore and religious culture, both of which combined some semitheatrical dimensions—the shadow theatre (khayāl al-ẓill), the storytellers (ḥakawātī; shāעir), and the peep show, that is, "Box of Wonders" or "Magic Box" (ṣundūq al-dunyā or ṣundūq al-עajab); the religious festivals, such as the traditional Prophet's birthday (mawlid) or the birthdays of saints (mawālid), the nighttime shows presented during the fast of Ramadan; and the popular peasant culture, such as the dabka dances. Modern theatrical and dramatic activities—most of them marked by European influence, whether by way of translations or adaptations—were very limited; because many of the plays were intended for staging in schools, most of them were flavored with didactic aims. Visiting troupes from Egypt and Lebanon created some public demand for theatrical activities, and in both the 1930s and the 1940s there were active Palestinian devotees of theatre, such as the brothers al-Jawzī.
A Working Relationship: the Dorothy Nevile Lees Papers Relating to Edward Gordon Craig and The Mask, at the Harvard Theatre Collection
Authors: Carroll-Horrocks Beth
Published: August 2005

The documentary reminders of Edward Gordon Craig's influence on the world of theatre are in museums and libraries all over the world, partly because he was such a prolific writer, but also because his genius and the personality that went with it were impossible to ignore. Almost every piece of paper that contains his work, whether in published form or manuscript, feels like a vital clue to the mystery of the man whose opinions about the role of theatre and art in society helped shape those worlds. Craig felt obliged by his own sense of importance to record his thoughts on paper, and his friends, family, correspondents, readers, critics, and reviewers have helped preserve his written legacy by saving those records, more of which become available to researchers every year.
Editor's Forum
Authors: Enders Jody
Published: August 2005

The previous special issue on “Theatre History in the New Millennium” issued a call for more dialogue in our written, intellectual exchanges. After various discussions with many generous and engaging members of ASTR (of whom the Editors thank, in particular, Laurence Senelick), the present issue initiates a regular feature of Theatre Survey called the Editor's Forum. A new venue designed to provide our readers with an opportunity to raise scholarly and professional concerns, issues, and questions in a collegial way, this forum will continue conversations begun in previous issues and, we hope, on occasion, initiate new ones.
Censorship of the American Theatre in the Twentieth Century. By John Houchin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. ix + 332. $75 cloth.
Authors: Witham Barry B.
Published: August 2005

Censorship is an intriguing lens through which to view theatre in the United States because it allows us to glimpse—at moments—how theatre participates in the life of a society in truly meaningful ways. These moments appeal to John Houchin, as I suspect they do to many of us who yearn to find significance in live performance and who toil in the backwater of vapid and violent film and television. Censorship, whether it be of Sapho or Angels in America, enrages and harms, but it also crystallizes the debate between those who believe the arts should support the normative culture and those who believe the theatre's obligation is to challenge authority.
Helen Faucit: Fire and Ice on the Victorian Stage. By Carol Jones Carlisle. London: Society for Theatre Research, 2000; pp. xix + 416. $42 cloth.
Authors: Marshall Gail
Published: August 2005

Helen Faucit: Fire and Ice on the Victorian Stage represents the distillation of decades of work by Carol Jones Carlisle on this eminent, but now largely forgotten, Victorian actress. The book is an impressive achievement, and one that will be of great service to the growing number of academics and students now working within the increasingly well-resourced field of Victorian theatre. As interest in the range of Victorian theatres develops, however, it is helpful to be reminded of the narratives that go to produce the spectacle of the legitimate and patent theatres. As Faucit's own family history demonstrates, that narrative was often far from legitimate itself, though it could, and in her case did, encompass a social elevation to the highest levels of English society.
Feminist Views on the English Stage: Women Playwrights, 1990–2000. By Elaine Aston. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003; pp. 238. $75 cloth.
Authors: Tycer Alicia
Published: August 2005

Elaine Aston begins Feminist Views on the English Stage by pondering why, given the optimism for English feminist theatre at the close of the 1980s, the 1990s saw a diminishing interest in women's voices. She asks, “If ‘masculinity and its discontents’ culturally and theatrically moved centre stage in the 1990s, what happened to women and to feminism?”(5) In order to counteract the prevailing view of the 1990s as a decade dominated by the overarching theme of “masculinity in crisis,” she focuses her book on women playwrights. Aston detects a theatrical backlash against the partial advances made by women playwrights during the 1980s, mirroring a backlash against feminism within popular culture in general. In contrast to the “shock fests” of the reemergent “angry young men,” who have often been charged with nihilism, she argues that the works she examines remain politically engaged. Aston explains that Feminist Views is motivated by her desire to prevent women playwrights from being “written out” of the theatrical record.