bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern Scientific Understanding of the «Conceptspiritual and Moral Education»: Practical Aspect
Authors:   Voronezh State Pedagogical University, Veretennikova Svetlana Viktorovna
Published: July 2021

Problem and goal. The study is devoted to the understanding of the pedagogical community of the key category of the current regulatory legal acts in the field of education – “spiritual and moral education.” The implementation of one or another legally enshrined norm is carried out by specific subjects, who must first of all comprehend it, fill it with content and, as a result, implement it in their professional activities. In this regard, the search for an answer to the question “How is” spiritual and moral education “understood in modern scientific and pedagogical discourse?” was the purpose of this study. Research base and literature. The research was carried out on the basis of publications presented in the NEB eLIBRARY.RU. The article provides an overview of scientific works published in 2019 on the pedagogical category “spiritual and moral education”. The material for the review was publications posted on the portal in the free access, the authors of which share their experience or the experience of pedagogical collectives in the implementation of spiritual and moral education. Research results. In the presented review, attention is focused on publications of a practical nature, which accounted for ⅔ of all the works under consideration. The review of publications devoted to the experience of implementing spiritual and moral education is based on the technology of education proposed by N.E. Shchurkova. All publications are conditionally divided into those where the technology of spiritual and moral education is presented in a holistic manner, and those where its separate component is revealed; on publications devoted to spiritual and moral education in lesson activities and in extracurricular activities. Conclusion. The overwhelming number of publications is devoted to the organization of the external “moral” side of spiritual and moral education, while the spiritual component of the category under consideration is rarely in demand by modern authors. The description of the experience of the authors of the publications under consideration contains mainly a list of activities, while the description of the experience in organizing the semantic search activity of students in works is rare.
Prospects for the Development of Pedagogical Skills of Employees of the Children’s Health and Education Center
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Tertychnyi Alexey Vladimirovich , Tertychnaya Valentina Tikhonovna ,   Novosibirsk School (college) of Olympic reserve
Published: July 2021

In the context of the changes taking place in Russian society, increasing requirements for the quality of health improvement and education in the system of additional education for children, heads of institutions and staff of methodological services want to have a real strategy for organizing activities to improve the professional level of teachers. The publications on this issue are a reflection of efforts to raise the professional level and methodological culture of teachers in this field, but they are largely spirited activities of the team of specialists and do not describe the whole process. The aim of the study is to develop an author’s system for evaluating the activity of teachers in supplementary education institutions for children to improve their professional skills and to evaluate the possibilities of stimulating this process. Methodology and methods. A personal-oriented and value-based approach was used. Research methods: analysis and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, legislative provisions of the education system and normative documents for supplementary education of children, study of reports of heads of methodical associations for the academic year 2019-2020, and observation Discussions with the administration and teachers of the children’s health and education centre. The results of the research are presented in the article. Priority directions in methodological activities of teachers of the Novosibirsk Department of Education.The organizational functions in the methodological associations for sports of the Department of Education and Science and factors for the management of teachers’ methodological activities are considered. A rating of teacher activity has been developed. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of teaching methods has been carried out, and internal and external factors affecting their effectiveness have been identified. Conclusion. The results of the study can be used in such municipal institutions to organize the professional development of teachers.
REPRODUCTIVE TOXICOLOGY: Impact of endocrine disruptors on neurons expressing GnRH or kisspeptin and pituitary gonadotropins
Authors: Roepke Troy A , Sadlier Nicole C
Published: July 2021

Reproduction is a complex process that is controlled centrally via a network of hypothalamic neurons to modulate the pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and subsequently pituitary gonadotropins. The gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone, drive gametogenesis and hormone production from the gonads. The hypothalamic-pituitary exchange is controlled by gonadal steroids through negative and positive feedback mechanisms via steroid receptors. Due to the expression of these receptors, GnRH neurons, the hypothalamic neurons that control them, and pituitary gonadotropes are sensitive to exogenous compounds that interact with steroid and nuclear receptors or alter hormone production and metabolism. The compounds, called endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs), are ubiquitous and persistent in human environments and could bioaccumulate in the body. EDCs include plasticizers (like bisphenol A), dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides, flame retardants, and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS). Numerous studies have reported that perinatal, juvenile, or adult exposure to these EDCs, primarily in rats, disrupt the hypothalamic control of pituitary gonadotropin production leading to disruption of gonadal steroid production and estrous cyclicity. The purpose of this review is to evaluate these studies primarily focusing on GnRH and kisspeptin neurons and anterior pituitary gonadotropins and to discuss the need for deeper investigations into the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
Motivos de la inactividad física infantil: Una visión de niños, padres y entrenadores
Authors: Tellez Vasquez Mydori Harumi , Betancourt Ocampo Diana , Jaimes Reyes Ana Laura , Rubio Sosa Héctor Igor , González González Alejandro
Published: July 2021

Physical activity from childhood and throughout adult life allows a low-risk profile to be maintained compared to many conditions. This study aimed to identify the difficulties that lead to physical inactivity in children. For the study, there was a sample of 2,621 children from 13 cities in the country, 3,754 parents of these children, and 134 coaches from different schools in the Mexican Republic. A questionnaire of 17 open and closed questions was used to obtain children's information; the questionnaire was an adaptation of the instrument State of Play: Youth Sports Survey (The Aspen Institute, s.f.). Parents were asked what they felt might be the main challenges they had in fostering physical and/or sporting activity in their children. Finally, coaches were asked the main reasons why children do not play sports or physical activity. In the general sample of children, the results showed that the main aspect of their physical inactivity relates to responsibilities; parents mentioned, as the main cause, the lack of time, and coaches reported misused the technology.
América Latina: ¿Un paraíso de la contaminación ambiental?
Authors: Freire-Vinueza Camila , Meneses Karla , Cuesta Gustavo
Published: July 2021

[Introducción]: El deterioro ambiental a nivel mundial es un tema de constante preocupación que ha desencadenado múltiples esfuerzos por encontrar sus determinantes, como también cuestionamientos del estilo de crecimiento que adoptan los distintos países. [Objetivo]: Evidenciar empíricamente la relación entre la contaminación, el ingreso por persona y la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en América Latina. [Metodología]: Empleando un panel de datos de mínimos cuadrados generalizados factibles (MCGF) anuales desde 1980 al 2015 en 15 países de América Latina, utilizando la teoría de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (CKA) y el paraíso de la contaminación ambiental (PCA). [Resultados]: Se encuentra que mayores niveles de IED están asociados con incrementos de la contaminación, pero esta relación se logra invertir cuando las economías latinoamericanas mejoran su ingreso per cápita por encima de los 10 380 USD, en promedio. [Conclusiones]: Se comprueba la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental y hay indicios de que la región latinoamericana es considerada un paraíso de la contaminación ambiental, hallazgos que suman a los esfuerzos para revisar las políticas de atracción de IED en la región.
Diagnóstico de las prácticas comunes del manejo de residuos en localidades marginadas: Un caso de estudio
Authors: Aguilera-Flores Miguel Mauricio , Garay-Fernández Ana Karen , Contreras-Ramírez Mayra Luisa , Ávila-Vázquez Verónica , Rodríguez-Martínez Yesika Yuriri
Published: July 2021

[Introducción]: Actualmente, el manejo adecuado de los residuos es uno de los retos ambientales a los que se enfrentan todos los países, en sus etapas de recolección, tratamiento y disposición. Generalmente, en cada nación, las autoridades gubernamentales prestan especial atención a las grandes ciudades, discriminando a localidades rurales; esto, derivado de una falta de recurso económico y técnico para tratar y disponer adecuadamente los residuos en estos sitios, por lo cual quedan como responsables las poblaciones de dar un manejo propio a sus residuos; sin embargo, no se tienen documentadas sus prácticas para tal fin. [Objetivo]: Se realizó un diagnóstico del manejo actual que se les da a los residuos en tres localidades rurales con grado medio de marginación, correspondientes a Colonia Hidalgo, Ejido Zaragoza y Plan de Guadalupe en Sombrerete (Zacatecas, México). [Metodología]: La información se obtuvo de la aplicación de un cuestionario tipo encuesta a una muestra representativa de cada una de las localidades. [Resultados]: Se determinó que la quema incontrolada de residuos es la práctica más realizada; los residuos orgánicos se utilizan como alimento para ganado en condiciones insalubres; los residuos susceptibles a reciclaje se separan, pero solo se vende una parte; los sacos de fertilizantes se reutilizan, y los contenedores de pesticidas se queman en condiciones incontroladas; prácticas que afectan el ambiente y la salud de la gente. [Conclusiones]: Se evidencia la falta de atención por parte de autoridades gubernamentales en el manejo de residuos en localidades rurales y marginadas, donde se recurre a prácticas insostenibles.
Calidad de plántulas de Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq. producida en sustratos inoculados con hongo micorrízico arbuscular
Authors: Falcón Oconor Emir , Cobas López Milagros , Bonilla Vichot Marta , Rodríguez Leyva Orfelina , Romero Castillo Caridad Virgen , Rodríguez Leyva Eliabin
Published: July 2021

[Introducción]: La asociación micorrícica es una estrategia nutricional desarrollada por algunas plantas y hongos que les asegura un beneficio mutuo. [Objetivo]: Evaluar el efecto de la utilización de cepas de hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) en el crecimiento y calidad de la planta Swietenia mahagoni L. Jacq. cultivadas en sustratos orgánicos. [Metodología]: El experimento se desarrolló en el vivero del Centro de Estudio de Tecnología Agroforestal, Universidad de Guantánamo (UG), entre enero y abril de 2019. Con un diseño completamente al azar, se evaluaron las combinaciones de dos factores: sustratos (cascarilla de cacao + fibra de coco + aserrín de pino compostados en proporción 6:2:2 y 2:6:2) y cepas de HMA (Glomus cubense, Rhizophagus intraradices, Funneliformis mosseae y sin inoculación). Se evaluó la altura, el diámetro del cuello de la raíz, el área foliar, la masa seca de la parte aérea y radical, esbeltez, índice de Dickson, colonización micorrízica y el índice de calidad de la planta. [Resultados]: Se encontraron interacciones significativas (p ≤ 0,001) entre los factores para todas las variables evaluadas. Existió un efecto diferenciado de las micorrizas en el crecimiento de la caoba antillana. Las cepas de micorrizas Glomus cubense, Rhizophagus intraradices y Funneliformis mosseae, en el sustrato dos (60 % fibra de coco), propiciaron incrementos significativos en el crecimiento y calidad de la planta. [Conclusiones]: Es evidente la importancia de la asociación micorrízica para obtener plántulas de Swietenia mahagoni de alta calidad para el establecimiento de plantaciones.
Impacto de un pasivo ambiental petrolífero en el área y flora vascular a orillas del lago Titicaca, Perú
Authors: Huisa B. Dennis X. , Loza-Del Carpio Alfredo L.
Published: July 2021

[Introducción]: Por décadas, petróleo crudo en emulsión con aguas de formación discurrieron desde un pasivo ambiental petrolífero a orillas del lago Titicaca; [Objetivo]: planteándose estimar la superficie terrestre afectada y degradada por dicha fuente contaminante y determinar su efecto en la flora y vegetación silvestre en Ahuallani, Puno-Perú. [Metodología]: Se delimitó el área mediante imágenes Landsat, diferenciándose zonas de mayor o menor impacto mediante software QGIS, georreferenciándose los bordes del área in situ; se evaluó la flora y vegetación con cuadrantes de 1 m2 distribuidos aleatoriamente, los datos se analizaron mediante índices de diversidad Shannon-Wiener, Simpson y Jaccard, y prueba de Kruskall Wallis según zonas homogéneas. [Resultados]: El área total afectada alcanzó 96.54 ha, de las cuales en 94.8 ha (98.2 %) conformaron una zona de dispersión (ZD) del fluido contaminante, donde se diferenció una superficie degradada de 29.7 ha con absoluta ausencia de vegetación y otra área de halófitas de 65.1 ha. Se diferencia además una zona circundante al pozo desde donde brotaba el petróleo crudo (ZP) y una zona del canal (ZC), ambas conformaron el 1.8 % del área afectada. Mayor diversidad florística presentó la ZP con 22 especies, el área de halófitas sólo presentó tres; la densidad fue estadísticamente similar con 30.33 plantas/m2 para la ZP, 20.33 plantas/m2 para ZC y 13.67 plantas/m2 para el área de halófitas. Así mismo, para ZP el H’ = 0.90±0.33a y la D = 0.72±0.13, para ZC el H’ = 0.90±0.33a y la D = 0.67±0.15, finalmente para ZD el H’ = 0.16±0.11b y la D = 0.49±0.10, según J’ ZP y ZD (19.35% similitud), y la densidad vegetacional ZD = 30.33, ZC = 20.33 y ZD = 13.67. [Conclusiones]: Resaltando en esta última la abundancia natural de Sarcocornia pulvinata, con potencial valor para implementar estrategias de fitorremediación en la localidad.
Deporte, violencia y masculinidad en Norbert Elias y Eric Dunning. Una lectura orientada al ámbito escolar
Authors: Patierno Nicolás , Kopelovich Pablo
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to analyze sport and violence with special reference to football, denaturing those representations by which it is presumed that this practice can be considered “violent” in itself. In contrast, and following the contributions of Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning, we understand football and violence as antagonistic categories, since in explicit agreement with the hypothesis of these authors, one of the original purposes of sport is the mitigation of violence. We will try to retrace the paths by which football has been stigmatized by discouraging its practice in some educational fields. Complementarily, we will study the influence of some constitutive categories of the problem posed, such as masculinity, fanaticism, “football stamina” and media sensationalism, among others. Following this line, the conclusion invites us to recover the educational value of sport, more precisely, its relevance in the processes of socialization and recognition of the rules.
Estrategias de mediación según los principios pedagógicos de un proyecto implementado desde la Universidad Nacional con personas menores de edad ubicadas en albergues institucionales del Patronato Nacional de la Infancia
Authors: Camacho Oviedo Maureen , Rodríguez Araya Roxana , Carranza Marchena Priscilla , Ulate Oviedo Silvia
Published: July 2021

This article describes the way in which the mediation strategies were assessed in terms of the guiding principles of the Pedagogical Project for the Institutionalized Children: Universidad Nacional (UNA) and Patronato Nacional de la Infancia (PANI), which are: interdisciplinarity, pedagogical space, pedagogical intention, game, and flexibility. These strategies were developed by the team of professionals, who worked in all the educational services taught: I and II cycle, Preschool, Special Education, Math, English, Physical Education, Music, Counseling, Arts, and Fine Arts. The information analyzed was gathered from the study of the didactic plannings designed by the professionals of the different areas and their corresponding systematizations, which show that the teachers comprehended the principles of the project and applied them accordingly. As a conclusion, a reflection on the need of pedagogical proposals adapted to the reality and needs of diverse educational populations is provided.
Modelo institucional de la orientación en el sistema educativo público costarricense
Authors: Gamboa Jiménez Alejandra , Fallas Vargas Manuel Arturo , Ramírez Mora Shirley
Published: July 2021

This article includes reflections on the disciplinary model of Educational Counseling in the public educational system of Costa Rica, an analysis within the framework of the project Counseling Models from the Viewpoint of the Professional Performance Profile of the Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, a system highlighted by the diversity of centers, modalities, levels, and the multiple characteristics of the population it assists. Methodologically, the phenomenological design is used, contemplating both interviews with specific people in the context under study and triangulation to interlink empirical data and hiring profiles, for which the use of the tool AtlasTi tool contributed to the organization of the data. It is a conclusion that the institutional model of Educational Counseling in the Ministry of Public Education (MEP, for its acronym in Spanish) is intersected between the jurisprudential scaffolding that shapes the action of the modalities, levels, and specific context of each educational center and the demands of professional practice both for compliance with the technical guidelines issued by MEP and those that arise from emerging disciplinary situations of everyday work.
Fourth-Year Student Reflection of their Learning Process in the English Teaching Major at Universidad Nacional: A Case-Study of their Perception
Authors: Rojas Ugalde Ana , Seravalli Monge Giannina
Published: July 2021

This research was conducted with a group of 37 senior students from the English Teaching major at Universidad Nacional (UNA) in 2018, as a way of getting some important feedback of their learning process perception in order to improve the study program’s scope and design. The main objective was to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the major directly from students’ voices to define which areas need improvement as valuable input to be considered in a future curricular redesign that could meet UNA’s standards and professional profiles. The methodological strategy used included interviews and questionnaires, as well as the analysis of theories on language learning and teaching and affective and motivational factors in order to analyze if the content included in the major’s curriculum has fulfilled students’ expectations towards their professional demands. Some of the conclusions show students’ high degree of satisfaction towards the major; however, they mention important weaknesses on evaluation procedures and on content. These findings become a valid starting point to create a future introspective exercise considering some improvements this program should undergo in a future redesign process. This study could be replicated in other university majors that want to improve their own academic offer.
La enseñanza de la ética en Costa Rica
Authors: Solís Vargas Yors Guillermo
Published: July 2021

The following essay has the main aim of conducting a critical analysis of the teaching of Ethics in Costa Rica. At the beginning, this discipline will be briefly conceptualized. During the development of the topic, some texts and educational programs related to Ethics and its attention during formal educational stages in this country, such as elementary, secondary and higher education, specifically at Universidad Nacional, will be revised and discussed. Finally, the essay will be concluded with a reflection of what was previously analyzed.
Regionalización de la educación superior en la Universidad de Costa Rica: de la democratización del acceso hacia una democratización epistémica
Authors: Rodríguez Araya Marilú , Baltodano Mayorga José Daniel
Published: July 2021

This essay offers a critical analysis of the regionalization process that the University of Costa Rica has undergone. First, an overview of the combination of aspects that originated this project is shown in order to reconstruct the idea of “regionalizing the university” based on the notions, prejudices, and limitations of that time. From there on, it is inferred that the purpose of regionalization is to democratize the access to higher education following an administrative, legal, and epistemological subsidiary logic. For that reason, the proposal is to move forward from “democratizing the access” to higher education to an “epistemic democratization” that offers a decolonizing vision of knowledge. This vision will raise awareness of the limitations in the current dichotomous model of regionalization, which juxtaposes center and periphery and it is evidently controlled by the metropolitan area of the country, along with its impact on the regional campuses of the university.
Presentación
Authors: Ot´árola Guevara Marcela
Published: July 2021

Una vasta producción académica, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, ha deparado en la publicación de una profusa cantidad de artículos para este número de la Revista de Historia, la cual tuvo el placer de contar con un editor invitado, el Dr. Eduardo Madrigal Muñoz, para conformar un apartado temático dedicado a la cultura política costarricense en el que participa, además, como autor. El número consta de 21 artículos con la siguiente composición: 10 en la Sección Costa Rica, 6 en la Sección América Latina, 3 en la Sección Crítica Bibliográfica, 1 para la Sección Semblanza y 1 para la Sección Cuadernos de memoria. Todos los textos fueron gestionados en estricto apego a lo especificado en el proceso editorial y sistema de arbitraje descrito en la página web de la revista y en observancia de los criterios establecidos por los índices a los cuales ella está adscrita.
Los presbiterianos en Colombia (1856-1993): Una mirada histórica a través de su culto, liturgia y templos
Authors: Ramírez Suárez Luis Eduardo
Published: July 2021

This article explores, through a historical view of worship, liturgy, and temples, how the Presbyterian Church was established and contextualized to Colombia, facing symbolic struggles in an environment of confrontation and differentiation, first with the Catholic Church and then with the theological movements within the Protestant world, from its establishment in the mid-19th century to its consolidation in the 20th century. This exploration takes place through bibliographic and documentary research, and an analysis of the development of worship, liturgy and temples, allowing us to glimpse the changes and permanence in the imaginaries, representations and practices that materialized in the church’s institutions and discourses, and that impacted all the spheres of its reality. These changes were the product of the hermeneutical work of reading the Bible to make it relevant to its context.
Entre lo sagrado y lo profano: La identidad poblana en la primera mitad del siglo XIX
Authors: Marín Ibarra Mariana
Published: July 2021

This article starts from the concept of «memory-heritage» which is built through three basic channels: language, education and institutions. In the city of Puebla, the Church and the City Council relied on these channels to form citizens who are socially and morally religiously useful. Through these speeches, a collective memory was generated that began to rely on images that defended its patriotism, thus historically outstanding figures such as Iturbide or the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared, images that were part of the pantheon of national and local celebrations, becoming references of identity and educational of the angelopolitan population.
Negocios y servicios en la Ciudad de México a finales del siglo XIX. Análisis espacial y re-clasificación: el directorio de comercio de Figueroa Doménech y los criterios del Sistema de Clasificación Industrial de América del Norte
Authors: Chávez Tania , Lorenzo María Dolores , Ludlow Leonor
Published: July 2021

By examining the business guide published by Jerónimo Figueroa Doménech in his Guía general descriptiva... (1899), our aim is to show a classification approach of Mexico City economic activities. Using the North American Industrial Classification System as a reference, which for 20 years has been applied to analyze the development of economic activities in Mexico, USA and Canada, we are able to explore the distribution of business and urban services areas at the end of nineteenth century as a starting point to study this changes with an historical perspective (longue durée).
Reseña del libro: Entre la espada y la pared: pedagogías de la sexualidad en torno a moral sexual. Prostitución de hombres y formación de masculinidades en Costa Rica, de Luis Pablo Orozco Varela
Authors: Prada Ortiz Grace
Published: July 2021

Presents a review of a book written by Luis Pablo Orozco Varela who, from an interdisciplinary approach, addresses the issue of male prostitution to discuss the processes of construction that take place on men’s sexuality. After a qualitative study, carried out in areas where prostitution is practiced, and based on interviews with various actors linked to the subject under study, the author develops a manuscript that leads the reader to observe the reality of a sector of the national population and thus place it as one of the pending issues to be addressed by Costa Rican society in the 21st century.
Sebastián Plá en primera persona: Diálogo sobre teorías y epistemologías en la enseñanza de la historia
Authors: Plá Pérez Sebastián
Published: July 2021

In this interview, a conversation is held with Professor Sebastián Plá about his professional career and the epistemological traits of his thinking about pedagogy and specifically history teaching. Regarding the teaching of history, Professor Plá talks about the dimensions of school historical knowledge, the relations between historical narratives and interculturality on curriculum the school curriculum and the need to rethink educational research to reach a more democratic knowledge.
Mechanical Ventilation. Total Eclipse of the Heart (Editorial)
Authors: Landoni G. , Nardelli P. , Zangrillo A. , Hajjar L. A.
Published: July 2021

Results from recent large randomized trials investigating the use of high PEEP in patients without ARDS all suggest that high levels may increase mortality due to hypotension and bradycardia. A careful assessment of cardiac function — with particular focus on the right ventricle — should be performed before planning our ventilation strategy in any setting, including COVID-19 and ARDS in general. Mechanical ventilation should be respectful in regards of heart function, and tolerant with moderate hypoxia and hypercapnia, noninvasive (whenever possible) and synchronized.
Screening of cellulose-degrading fungi in forest litter and fungal effects on litter decomposition
Authors: Sun Siqi , Weng Yuetai , Di Xueying , Liu Zhihua , Yang Guang
Published: July 2021

Fungi were isolated using a rose bengal chloramphenicol agar as the culture medium. Congo red staining was used on sodium carboxymethyl cellulose medium to screen fungal strains that have potential to produce cellulolytic enzymes according to the cellulolytic index (CI). The ability of these isolates to break down holocellulose in three forest litter substrates (broad-leafed: Juglans mandshurica; coniferous: Larix gmelinii; broadleaf-conifer mixed: J. mandshurica and L. gmelinii) was tested over 80 days of incubation. The holocellulose content and the decomposition rule were studied. The strain with the most efficient degradation effect on natural cellulose in forest litter was selected. The growth of fungi was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrolytic circles indicated the activity of cellulase produced by the fungi, and it implied that the fungi could degrade cellulose. The results showed that eight strains were able to degrade cellulose. The strain A2 (Peniophora incarnate) showed the highest CI, while A4 (Sarocladium strictum) was most capable of degrading holocellulose in various litter substrates. The SEM micrographs revealed that A4 had the ability to invade leaf tissue and degrade holocellulose in leaves. This study could be helpful for forest litter management, which provides a new way to cleanup forest litter using cellulose-degrading fungi.
Optimization and empirical modelling of physical ‎properties of hydrothermally treated ‎oil ‎palm wood in ‎different ‎buffered media using ‎response ‎surface ‎methodology
Authors: Ebadi Seyed Eshagh , Ashaari Zaidon , Jawaid Mohammad
Published: July 2021

Physical properties are one of the ‎drawbacks of oil palm wood ‎‎(OPW) and they need to ‎be ‎improved via an appropriate method. The ‎response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite ‎design (CCD) was used to evaluate and optimize the parameters of a hydrothermal treatment ‎and to create an ‎empirical model of the mass loss (ML, %), equilibrium moisture ‎content ‎‎(EMC, %), and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE24h, %)‎‏ ‏responses‎. This ‎study focused on the ‎effect of ‎hydrothermal treatment (HTT) ‎in ‎buffer solutions to control the ‎destructive effects of ‎released ‎acids ‎caused by the degradation of ‎hemicellulose acetyl groups‏.‏‎ A CCD, as ‎the most common RSM design, was applied with three treatment factors including the ‎buffer solutions ‎‎(acidic, neutral, ‎and alkaline with pH of 5 to 8), temperature (80 to 140 ‎‎°С), ‎time (40 to ‎‎‎120 ‎min), and a total of 20 ‎experiments‎.‎‏ ‏‎The results ‎showed that the ‎effect of the treatment temperature ‎was more notable ‎than time. The medium acidity (pH) variations in HTT can lead ‎to ‎the removal of ‎extractives and starch, hemicelluloses ‎hydrolysis‎, ‎the ‎destruction of the parenchymal cells wall, and ‎weight loss. Based on the variance analysis, the ‎quadratic and linear models proved to be highly significant with ‎minimal probability values (< 0.0001). The optimum conditions ‎predicted for the HTT were a pH of 7.3, a temperature of ‎112.7 ‎°С, and ‎a‏ ‏time of ‎109.6 ‎min.
On the mechanism of formation of the granular structure and interfaces in self-reinforced aluminum nitride
Authors:   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the NAS of Ukraine, Oleynik G. S. , Kotko A. V. ,   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the NAS of Ukraine
Published: July 2021

Results of an investigation by scanning electron microscopy methods of the microstructure of self-reinforced aluminum nitride obtained on the basis of aluminum nitride powder and containing 3 mass.% oxygen by plasma-chemical synthesis in the temperature range 1700-2000 °C are presented. Initial aluminum nitride was represented by the wurtzite (2H) phase. Samples were obtained by free sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere. It was established that, during sintering of AlN in the indicated temperature range, three microstructural types of the material and six types of interfaces (three types of intergranular and three types of intragranular ones) formed. The features of the microstructure of the materials are fully determined by the development of intergranular crystal-oriented polytype transitions of 2H AlNmultilayer polytypes (MP) in sintering. The sequence of successive structural transformations that determine the development of polytype transitions was established. 1. Formation of initial 2H AlN grains of the solid solution 2H AlN-O. The substitution of nitrogen by oxygen takes place. 2. The development of isomorphous delamination of the solid solution in every grain with the precipitation of an interlayer enriched in oxygen. 3. In interlayers, polytypes consisting of a series of polytypes with different number of layers (MP) form. Such an interlayer has developed base surfaces and propagates from one boundary to another in the grain, which determines the formation of a special structural state of fragments of boundaries, that border interlayers in the direction . 4. The high mobility of the indicated fragments of boundaries determines their break-off from the common boundary and formation of a grain nucleus of anisometric (plate-like) shape. This process begins already at a sintering temperature Tsint. = 1800 °C, and, at Tsint. = 2000 °C, polycrystals practically entirely consist of grains of plate-like shape. In this case, with increase in the sintering temperature, the aspect ratio (the length-to-width ratio) of such grains rises. Keywords: aluminum nitride, polytype transformations, grains, microstructure, boundaries, self-reinforcement.
Interaction in the systems Y2O3−Ln2O3 (Ln=Tb–Lu)
Authors:   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the NAS of Ukraine, Makudera A. O. , Lakiza S. M. ,   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the NAS of Ukraine
Published: July 2021

Based on the analysis of literature data from experimentally constructed phase diagrams of Y2O3 − Ln2O3 systems (Ln = Tb − Lu), as well as temperatures of polymorphic transformations of rare earth oxides (REE), tentative phase diagrams of Y2O3 − Ln2O3 systems (Ln = Tb − Lu) were constructed in wide intervals of temperatures and concentrations. Prediction of the binary phase diagrams structure of yttria − yttrium subgroup lanthanides systems was carried out on the basis of three principles: 1. Since double systems are formed by lanthanide oxides of one (yttrium) subgroup, it is very likely that in such systems continuous solid solutions will be formed between the components. 2. Intermediate binary phases are not formed in these systems. 3. The formation of continuous solid solutions occurs with a decrease in the temperatures of phase transformations in the solid state to a minimum shifted towards a lower transformation temperature of the system component. The forecast of the Y2O3 – Ln2O3 systems phase diagrams structure, where Ln = Tb – Lu, indicates the complete solubility of the components in the liquid and solid states. Binary compounds in the considered systems are not predicted. Phase transformations in the solid solutions on the basis of polymorphic modifications X, H, A, B and C of lanthanide oxides cascade at high temperatures by the peritectoid mechanism. Below 1850 °C regions of solid solutions with cubic C-structure of REE oxides are formed in the whole range of concentrations in the systems. Key words: REE oxides, yttria, polymorphs of REE oxides, phase diagram.
Study of the impregnation kinetics of basalt, carbon, oxide fibers with aluminum melts and its alloys
Authors:   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the NAS of Ukraine, Krasovskyy V. P. , Krasovskaya N. A. ,   Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science of NAS of Ukraine
Published: July 2021

Wetting studies were performed by the sessile drop method using the capillary purification method of melt during the experiment in a vacuum of 2·10-3 Pa in the temperature range of 600–700 oC. The use of a dropper allows separate heating of the melt and the substrate, capillary and thermo vacuum cleaning of the melt, as well as thermo vacuum cleaning of the coatings surface. This is a model scheme of the impregnation process of non-metallic frames with matrix melts in the manufacture of composite materials by spontaneous free impregnation. Vanadium, copper and nickel metals were chosen for the coatings, which were sprayed on the materials by electron beam evaporation of metals in vacuum, and titanium, nickel powders for the coatings were used. The nature of the wetting angle dependence on the film thickness is a linear decrease in the angle with increasing film thickness. Studies have shown the possibility of using double films vanadium–copper, vanadium–nickel for the manufacture of composite materials from basalt fibers. The process of impregnation of basalt, carbon and oxide fibers with aluminum melts and its alloy with silicon in the temperature range 650–700 oC has been studied. The metal titanium, nickel powder coatings and films vanadium–copper, vanadium–nickel for the method of spontaneous free impregnation were used. Speciments of the composite material were obtained and the limit of destruction of these samples was determined. The bend strength of composites (basalt fiber 200 μm) is 270 MPa. Keywords: spontaneous free impregnation, composites, aluminium melts, basalt, carbon, oxide fibers, wetting, metal coatings and coverings.
Метод відновлення параметрів багатомодової аерозольної складової в атмосфері за даними спектральних поляриметричних вимірів
Authors: Ovsak O.S. , Vashchenko V.M. , Vid'machenko A.P. , Loza Ye.A. , Patlashenko Zh.I. , Ovsak B.O.
Published: July 2021

Запропоновано метод виявлення основних мод аерозолю в атмосферному стовпi й вiдновлення ймовiрних мiкрофiзичних параметрiв його частинок за даними вимiрювань спектральних фазових залежностей ступеня лiнiйної поляризацiї неба. Виконана тестова обробка даних вимiрювань поляризацiї неба над позицiєю ГАО (Київ, Голосiїв, Україна). У мiськiй атмосферi виявлено двi основнi аерозольнi моди: грубодисперсну й дрiбнодисперсну. Вiдновлено мiкрофiзичнi параметри цих мод для нормально-логарифмiчної функцiї розподiлу частинок за розмiрами. У грубодисперсної моди дiйсна частина показника заломлення nr = 1,45 + 0,02/ − 0,01, середньо-геометричний радiус частинок r0 = 6,7 +2,4/−1,4 мкм, дисперсiя q2 = 0,12 +0,01/−0,02, ваговий коефiцiєнт цiєї моди в аерозольнiй сумiшi k1 = 0,22. У дрiбнодисперсної моди nr = 1,45 ±0,01, r0 = 0,11 ± 0,005 мкм i q2 = 0,1 ± 0,05. Спектральнi величини вiдносного внеску газового розсiяння (на дату спостережень): B(578 нм) = 0,45 i B(390 нм) = 0,64.
A First-Principles Study of Structure, Elastic and Electronic Properties of GeTiO3 as Environmentally Innocuous Ferroelectric Perovskites
Authors: Shiferaw G.K. , Menberu M.W.
Published: July 2021

The structural parameters, elastic properties, spontaneous polarization, electronic band structure, and density of states (DOS) of GeTiO3 in tetragonal phase have been studied computationally using pseudopotential plane-wave (PP-PW) method based on the density functional theory (DFT). The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was used to estimate the exchange-correlation energies. The equilibrium lattice parameter, unit cell volume, bulk modulus and its derivative are obtained and compared with the available theoretical data. The elastic characteristics such as elastic constants, Poisson’s ratio, elastic modulus, and anisotropy factor are obtained in the pressure range 0–50 GPa. Our computed results of elastic constant satisfy Born’s stability criterion. In view of Pugh’s prediction standard, the material is taken as ductile. Once the elastic constant is calculated, the Debye temperature of GeTiO3 compound is also evaluated from the average sound velocity. The density of states, band structures, and charge-density distribution are discussed and compared with previous computational results. The calculation within Berry’s phase approach indicate a high spontaneous polarization of tetragonal GeTiO3 (1.125 C/m2). Thus, the substance is identifi ed as a promising environmentally friendly ferroelectric material.
Variability of empathy among dental students. Implications not yet understood in Latin America
Authors: Díaz-Narváez Víctor Patricio , Miranda-Carreño Fanny , Galaz-Guajardo Sebastián , Sepúlveda-Navarro Wilmer , Zúñiga-Mogollones Mario , Calzadilla-Núñez Aracelis , Torres-Martínez Pilar , Reyes-Reyes Alejandro
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Empathy is a quality that allows dentists to build an intersubjective relationship with their patients, which, among other benefits, contributes to the effectiveness of the treatment.
Objective: To determine whether there is variability in empathy levels between two populations of dental students and to describe theoretically the general implications of this variability for intervention strategies.
Materials and methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 1st-5th year dental students from the Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia (n=610; N=647) and the Universidad San Sebastián, Chile (n=535; N=800). In both groups, empathy was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (S-Version) Scale. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. Internal consistency of data was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient. A factorial analysis of variance was performed, and three factors were studied: University (U), Course (C), and Sex (S). The statistical significance level used was α<0.05 and β≤0.20.
Results: Differences in empathy level and in some of its three dimensions were observed between students from both universities and among courses (1st-5th year). No differences were found between sexes.
Conclusions: There is variability in empathy levels among dental students from both universities. Thus, the implementation of specific empathy intervention strategies in each dental medicine program offered in Latin America is required to increase empathy levels in this population.
In vitro efficacy of antibiotics against different Borrelia isolates
Authors: Veinović Gorana , Ćakić Sanja , Mihaljica Darko , Sukara Ratko , Ružić–Sabljić Eva , Tomanović Snežana
Published: July 2021

In the present study, the effectiveness of six antimicrobial agents have been tested against 24 borrelia strains isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks (11 Borrelia lusitaniae, eight Borrelia afzelii, three Borrelia garinii and two Borrelia valaisiana) and one B. lusitaniae strain isolated from human skin. The minimum inhibitory concentration range of antimicrobial agents was as follows: amoxicillin, 0.125–2 mg/L; doxycycline, 0.125–1 mg/L, ceftriaxone, 0.016–0.063 mg/L; cefuroxime, 0.063–1 mg/L; azithromycin, 0.0017–0.11 mg/L; amikacin 32–512 mg/L. Potentially pathogenic B. lusitaniae and B. valaisiana species were more susceptible to amoxicillin and azithromycin than pathogenic B. afzelii and B. garinii (P < 0.05); B. garinii, B. lusitaniae and B. valaisiana were more susceptible to doxycycline than B. afzelii (P < 0.05) while all species showed same susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefuroxime (P > 0.05). This study is the first report on in vitro susceptibility of isolates from Serbia to antimicrobial agents and the first report on susceptibility of larger number of isolates of potentially pathogenic species B. lusitaniae. We showed that antimicrobial agents in vitro inhibit growth of borrelia strains very effectively, indicating the potential of their equally beneficial use in the treatment of Lyme borreliosis.
Dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar nas capitais brasileiras: prevalência, perfil de uso e implicações para a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco
Authors: Bertoni Neilane , Szklo André Salém
Published: July 2021

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar (DEF) e explorar o fluxo lógico esperado do potencial impacto dos DEF na iniciação de cigarro convencional. Foram utilizados dados da Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas por Inquérito Telefônico (Vigitel) de 2019, que entrevistou 52.443 indivíduos de 18 anos ou mais das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal. Foram calculados as prevalências pontuais e os intervalos de confiança (IC95%) de uso atual e na vida de DEF em cada capital brasileira, e avaliado o perfil dos usuários destes dispositivos. Estimou-se a prevalência de uso na vida em 6,7% (IC95%: 6,13-7,27) e uso atual em 2,32% (IC95%: 1,97-2,68). São 2,4 milhões de indivíduos que já usaram DEF e 835 mil que usam atualmente. Cerca de 80% das pessoas que já usaram DEF têm entre 18 e 34 anos. A prevalência de uso diário e uso dual entre jovens de 18 a 24 anos foi quase 10 vezes a prevalência nas faixas etárias superiores. Mais da metade dos indivíduos que usaram DEF na vida nunca fumaram. A proporção de mulheres e de indivíduos com escolaridade mais elevada foi maior no grupo de jovens que faz uso exclusivo de DEF do que entre os que usam cigarros convencionais exclusivamente. Também, usuários de dispositivos apresentaram maior consumo abusivo de álcool. Nossos achados vão em sentido oposto ao argumento da indústria do tabaco de que o público-alvo dos DEF são fumantes adultos. E, dado que grupos, a princípio, menos propícios ao uso de cigarros convencionais estão tendo sua iniciação com o DEF, os resultados alertam sobre o possível impacto negativo da disseminação dos dispositivos sobre a exitosa experiência do Brasil no combate ao tabagismo.
Entre sirenes, rotas de fuga e exercícios de simulação: vida cotidiana sob os riscos de desastres
Authors: Valencio Norma
Published: July 2021

RESUMO Este artigo problematiza a disseminação institucional recente de dispositivos para a redução de riscos de desastres – caracterizados pela tríade sirenes, sinalização de rotas de fuga e exercícios simulados de emergência – desde uma perspectiva sociológica e em interface com o olhar antropológico. Parte-se metodologicamente da identificação de nexos significativos entre as noções de vida cotidiana, ordem social e communitas para, então, considerar as modulações entre tais nexos no que tange à (in)viabilização do bem-estar coletivo. Embora apresentados no sistema de proteção e defesa civil como sendo estratégias eficazes ante perigos consideráveis, essa reflexão sugere que tais dispositivos de redução de riscos de desastres cumpram uma finalidade subsidiária. Tratar-se-ia de retirar da sociedade uma visão mais crítica sobre as origens dos processos socioambientais geradores de tais perigos. Ao se indagar acerca do quão efetivo esse conjunto de estratégias padronizadas poderia ser diante das dinâmicas socioambientais complexas dos diferentes contextos comunitários nos quais têm sido replicadas, conclui-se que o efeito prático mais preocupante é o de, progressivamente, converter o medo coletivo de uma possível ocorrência de desastres em um meio pelo qual se buscaria naturalizar uma ordem social baseada em comportamentos sociais dóceis a uma ordem social antidemocrática.