bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Ocean Acidification on Marine Organisms—Unifying Principles and New Paradigms
Authors: Hall-Spencer Jason , Thorndyke Mike , Dupont Sam
Published: October 2015

This special issue combines original research with seminal reviews of the biological impact of ocean acidification. The ten contributions cover a wide range of topics from chemical and biological responses to increased CO2 and decreased pH to socio-economical sensitivities and adaptation options. Overall, this special issue also highlights the key knowledge gaps and future challenges. These include the need to develop research strategy and experiments that factor in evolution, incorporate natural variability in physical conditions (e.g., pH, temperature, oxygen, food quality and quantity) and ecological interactions. The research presented in this special issue demonstrates the need to study more habitats (e.g., coastal, deep sea) and prioritize species of ecological or economic significance.
Les Républicains modérés de langue française en exil aux Etats-Unis sous le Second Empire : le cas de deux journaux new-yorkais
Authors: Clerc Charles
Published: October 2015

During the Second Empire, certain moderate Republicans from France, Belgium and Switzerland reached American soil following Napoleon III's Coup d'Etat. Many arrived in New York City, where they published in French a number of newspapers, two of which are the subject of study. The first, Le Républicain, expressed its protest against the Empire ; the second, Le Messager Franco-Américain, took a greater interest in American politics, motived by the impact of the Civil War. Their joint purpose was to have the French voice heard throughout the United States.
On the Conversational Basis of Some Presuppositions
Authors: Simons Mandy
Published: October 2015

n/a
Effectiveness and Drug Survival of TNF Inhibitors in the Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Heinonen Arto V. , Aaltonen Kalle J. , Joensuu Jaana T. , Lähteenmäki Jukka P. , Pertovaara Marja I. , Romu Matti K. , Hirvonen Hanna E. , Similä Aki K. , Blom Marja L. , Nordström Dan C.
Published: October 2015

Objective.

The aim of this research was to describe the effectiveness and drug survival of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to analyze the effect of concomitant treatment with conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs.

Methods.

Patients with AS identified from the National Register for Biologic Treatment in Finland starting their first TNF inhibitor treatment between July 2004 and December 2011 were included. Treatment response was measured as an improvement of 50% (or 20 mm) after 6 months of treatment onset compared to the baseline Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) score. Treatment response and 2-year drug survival were modeled with logistic regression and time-dependent Cox proportional hazard models, respectively.

Results.

The study comprised 543 patients, of whom 123 also commenced a second TNF inhibitor during the followup. Treatment was discontinued within 24 months by 25% and 28% of the users of the first and the second TNF inhibitors, respectively. BASDAI response at 6 months was achieved by 52% and 25% of the users of the first and the second TNF inhibitors, respectively. Etanercept (ETN; HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.29–0.62) and adalimumab (ADA; HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.30–0.77) were associated with better drug survival in comparison to infliximab (IFX). Also, concurrent use of sulfasalazine (SSZ; HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49–0.99) decreased the hazard for treatment discontinuation.

Conclusion.

TNF inhibitors are equipotent in the treatment of AS; however, ETN and ADA were found superior to IFX in drug survival. The use of SSZ improves treatment continuation.
Library and Information Services for Open and Distance Learning
Authors: Esse Ugwunwa Chinyere , Ohaegbulam Happiness
Published: October 2015

For Reason of it tested capabilities Open and Distance Learning Education has been widely accepted and adopted in many institutions across the worlds. Knowing that the practice of Library and information service to the ubiquitous distance learners promises to be a clear departure from the traditional library system, Academic libraries have become new actors in the process of distance learning among other factors of education and research. Libraries are reshaping its services and Mobile learning services is now represents exciting new frontiers in education and pedagogy. With the features of ‘wearable' computing and multimedia content delivery via mobile technologies, library services and mobile learning becomes feasible and offers new benefits to instructors and learners. The full cost and complexity of providing quality library services to support open and distance education tend to be underestimated.
Interactive Media Steer in Educational Television Programs
Authors: Ispir Burçin
Published: October 2015

Most distance education institutions still use traditional media such radio, television, printed materials to provide and support education. The educational materials are designed according to the students' individual necessities. So, students can maintain their own learning. The most important property of digital media is interactivity. Traditional media provide interactivity with the support of digital media. To provide a transparent learning and teaching activity in cyber space can be accomplish with interactive opportunities to all learners. In this case the most effective environment should have open access to everyone, easy to follow, unlimited information access. These specialties can be seen in web-based environments. In these days we can eliminate the noninteractive structure of traditional media with the support of web based environments. With the development of Web 2.0 technology, social media applications have gained great popularity in recent years. This chapter will explain, the contribution of Web 2.0 on television in distance education systems.
Use of Facebook as an Informal Photography Education Setting among Open and Distance Learners
Authors: Akarcay Gulbin Ozdamar , Keskin Nilgun Ozdamar
Published: October 2015

Social networks refer to the websites providing its users with opportunities to express themselves in online environments, to communicate with other users, to join the groups available on the internet and to contribute to already existing contents with their ideas, comments and similar content. The current study examines the profiles of open and distance learners who joined a particular Facebook group created with a content related to distance education on photography, and their general reasons to use Facebook. The group was created in an informal way by the graduates of Anadolu University Open Education Faculty Photography and Cameraman Education Associate Degree Program. For data collection purposes, the members of this Facebook group were sent a questionnaire. According to the results, it was found that Facebook enables its users to communicate with each other effectively and help them keep their interest in photography in a general sense. In addition, it can be claimed that Facebook encourages lifelong learning and informal learning by facilitating knowledge sharing and communication processes among its users outside the curricula of educational institutions, or the courses or workshops offered by educational or social agencies. Finally, it provides an ideal environment for the learners to share the photographs they take and to receive feedback and comments about these photographs.
Distribution of Artificial Intelligence in Digital Games
Authors: Downey Shaun , Charles Darryl
Published: October 2015

This paper reports on the creation of an application capable of producing intelligent character behavior based on distribution of Artificial Intelligence. To develop, test and experiment on applied Artificial Intelligence, computer games are quickly becoming the ideal simulation test bed for the implementation of computer generated AI. The application of Artificial Intelligence algorithms create immersive game-play where human players can interact with non-player characters and interactions with the environment helps shape the way in which games are played. A-Star pathfinding utilizes a heuristic function implementing cost of moving through a virtual world, this actively affects how an agent responds to a situation and can alter its decision making. This paper describes the implementation of the A-Star algorithm combined with gameplay mechanics used to simulate multi-agent communication within a randomly generated game-world.
A Novel Bio-Inspired Approach for Multilingual Spam Filtering
Authors: Bouarara Hadj Ahmed , Hamou Reda Mohamed , Amine Abdelmalek
Published: October 2015

In today's digital world the email service has revolutionized the sphere of electronic communication. It has become a veritable social phenomenon in our daily life. Unfortunately, this technology has become incontestably the original source of malicious activities especially the plague called undesirable emails (SPAM) that has grown tremendously in the last few years. The battle against spam emails is extremely fierce. This paper deals with an intelligent spam filtering system called artificial heart-lungs system (AHLS) mimicked from the biological phenomenon of general circulation and oxygenation of blood. It is composed of different steps: Selection to stop automatically emails with undesirable identifier. Multilingual pre-processing to treat the problem of multilingual spam emails and vectoring them. Heart filter and lungs filter to classify unwelcome email in the spam folder and welcome email in the ham folder to present them to the recipient. The method uses an automatic updating of learning basis and black list, and a ranking step to order the spam mails according to their spam relevancy. For the authors' experimentation, they have constructed a new dataset M.SPAM composed of emails pre-classified as spam or ham with different language (English, Spanish, French, and melange) and using the validation measures (recall, precision, f-measure, entropy, accuracy and error, false positive rate and false negative rate, ROC and learning curve). The authors have optimized the sensitive parameters (text representation technique, lungs filters, and the size of initial leaning basis). The results are positive compared to the result of other bio-inspired techniques (artificial social bees, artificial social cockroaches), supervised algorithm (decision tree C4.5) and automatic algorithm (K-means). Finally, a visual result mining tool was developed in order to see the results in graphical form (3d cub and cobweb) with more realism using the functionality of zooming and rotation. The authors' aims are to eliminate a large proportion of unwelcome email, treated the multilingual emails, ensuring an automatic updating of their system and poses a minimal risk of eliminating ham email.
Preliminary analysis on mowing and harvesting grass along riverbanks for the supply of anaerobic digestion plants in north-eastern Italy
Authors: Boscaro Davide , Pezzuolo Andrea , Grigolato Stefano , Cavalli Raffaele , Marinello Francesco , Sartori Luigi
Published: October 2015

The increasing demand of vegetal biomass for biogas production is causing competition with food production. To reduce this problem and to provide new opportunities it is necessary to take into consideration different kinds of vegetable biomass that are more sustainable. Grass from the maintenance of non-cultivated areas such as riverbanks has not yet been fully studied as a potential biomass for biogas production. Although grass has lower methane potential, it could be interesting because it does not compete with food production. However, there is a lack of appropriate technologies and working system adapted to these areas. In this paper, different systems that could be available for the mowing and harvesting of grass along riverbanks have been preliminarily assessed through the evaluation of the field capacity, labour requirement, economic and energy aspects. The splitting of the cutting and harvesting phases into operations with different machinery seems to be the best system for handling this biomass. However, these solutions have to take into consideration the presence of obstacles or accessibility problems in the harvesting areas that could limit the operational feasibility and subsequent correct sizing.
Applying Side-chain Flexibility in Motifs for Protein Docking
Authors: Liu Hui , Lin Feng , Yang Jian-Li , Wang Hong-Rui , Liu Xiu-Ling
Published: October 2015

Conventional rigid docking algorithms have been unsatisfactory in their computational results, largely due to the fact that protein structures are flexible in live environments. In response, we propose to introduce the side-chain flexibility in protein motif into the docking. First, the Morse theory is applied to curvature labeling and surface region growing, for segmentation of the protein surface into smaller patches. Then, the protein is described by an ensemble of conformations that incorporate the flexibility of interface side chains and are sampled using rotamers. Next, a 3D rotation invariant shape descriptor is proposed to deal with the flexible motifs and surface patches; thus, pairwise complementarity matching is needed only between the convex patches of ligand and the concave patches of receptor. The iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm is implemented for geometric alignment of the two 3D protein surface patches. Compared with the fast Fourier transform-based global geometric matching algorithm and other methods, our FlexDock system generates much less false-positive docking results, which benefits identification of the complementary candidates. Our computational experiments show the advantages of the proposed flexible docking algorithm over its counterparts.
A Slope Constrained 4th Order Multi-Moment Finite Volume Method with WENO Limiter
Authors: Sun Ziyao , Teng Honghui , Xiao Feng
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a new and better suited formulation to implement the limiting projection to high-order schemes that make use of high-order local reconstructions for hyperbolic conservation laws. The scheme, so-called MCV-WENO4 (multi-moment Constrained finite Volume with WENO limiter of 4th order) method, is an extension of the MCV method of Ii & Xiao (2009) by adding the 1st order derivative (gradient or slope) at the cell center as an additional constraint for the cell-wise local reconstruction. The gradient is computed from a limiting projection using the WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory) reconstruction that is built from the nodal values at 5 solution points within 3 neighboring cells. Different from other existing methods where only the cell-average value is used in the WENO reconstruction, the present method takes account of the solution structure within each mesh cell, and thus minimizes the stencil for reconstruction. The resulting scheme has 4th-order accuracy and is of significant advantage in algorithmic simplicity and computational efficiency. Numerical results of one and two dimensional benchmark tests for scalar and Euler conservation laws are shown to verify the accuracy and oscillation-less property of the scheme.
Modeling and Simulation of the Interstitial Medium Deformation Induced by the Needle Manipulation During Acupuncture
Authors: Deleuze Yannick , Thiriet Marc , Sheu Tony Wen-Hann
Published: October 2015

In this paper, we study the effects of inserted needle on the subcutaneous interstitial flow. A goal is to describe the physical stress affecting cells during acupuncture treatment. The model consists of the convective Brinkman equations to describe the flow through a fibrous medium. Numerical studies in FreeFem++ are performed to illustrate the acute physical stress developed by the implantation of a needle that triggers the physiological reactions of acupuncture. We emphasize the importance of numerical experiments for advancing in modeling in acupuncture.
A Compact Third-Order Gas-Kinetic Scheme for Compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Pan Liang , Xu Kun
Published: October 2015

In this paper, a compact third-order gas-kinetic scheme is proposed for the compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations. The main reason for the feasibility to develop such a high-order scheme with compact stencil, which involves only neighboring cells, is due to the use of a high-order gas evolution model. Besides the evaluation of the time-dependent flux function across a cell interface, the high-order gas evolution model also provides an accurate time-dependent solution of the flow variables at a cell interface. Therefore, the current scheme not only updates the cell averaged conservative flow variables inside each control volume, but also tracks the flow variables at the cell interface at the next time level. As a result, with both cell averaged and cell interface values, the high-order reconstruction in the current scheme can be done compactly. Different from using a weak formulation for high-order accuracy in the Discontinuous Galerkin method, the current scheme is based on the strong solution, where the flow evolution starting from a piecewise discontinuous high-order initial data is precisely followed. The cell interface time-dependent flow variables can be used for the initial data reconstruction at the beginning of next time step. Even with compact stencil, the current scheme has third-order accuracy in the smooth flow regions, and has favorable shock capturing property in the discontinuous regions. It can be faithfully used from the incompressible limit to the hypersonic flow computations, and many test cases are used to validate the current scheme. In comparison with many other high-order schemes, the current method avoids the use of Gaussian points for the flux evaluation along the cell interface and the multi-stage Runge-Kutta time stepping technique. Due to its multidimensional property of including both derivatives of flow variables in the normal and tangential directions of a cell interface, the viscous flow solution, especially those with vortex structure, can be accurately captured. With the same stencil of a second order scheme, numerical tests demonstrate that the current scheme is as robust as well-developed second-order shock capturing schemes, but provides more accurate numerical solutions than the second order counterparts.
Dynamics and Instability of a Vortex Ring Impinging on a Wall
Authors: Ren Heng , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: October 2015

Dynamics and instability of a vortex ring impinging on a wall were investigated by means of large eddy simulation for two vortex core thicknesses corresponding to thin and thick vortex rings. Various fundamental mechanisms dictating the flow behaviors, such as evolution of vortical structures, formation of vortices wrapping around vortex rings, instability and breakdown of vortex rings, and transition from laminar to turbulent state, have been studied systematically. The evolution of vortical structures is elucidated and the formation of the loop-like and hair-pin vortices wrapping around the vortex rings (called briefly wrapping vortices) is clarified. Analysis of the enstrophy of wrapping vortices and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in flow field indicates that the formation and evolution of wrapping vortices are closely associated with the flow transition to turbulent state. It is found that the temporal development of wrapping vortices and the growth rate of axial flow generated around the circumference of the core region for the thin ring are faster than those for the thick ring. The azimuthal instabilities of primary and secondary vortex rings are analyzed and the development of modal energies is investigated to reveal the flow transition to turbulent state. The modal energy decay follows a characteristic –5/3 power law, indicating that the vortical flow has become turbulence. Moreover, it is identified that the TKE with a major contribution of the azimuthal component is mainly distributed in the core region of vortex rings. The results obtained in this study provide physical insight of the mechanisms relevant to the vortical flow evolution from laminar to turbulent state.
Simulation of Two-Dimensional Scramjet Combustor Reacting Flow Field Using Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes WENO Solver
Authors: Huang Juan-Chen , Lai Yu-Hsuan , Guo Jeng-Shan , Yang Jaw-Yen
Published: October 2015

The non-equilibrium chemical reacting combustion flows of a proposed long slender scramjet system were numerically studied by solving the turbulent Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations. The Spalart-Allmaras one equation turbulence model is used which produces better results for near wall and boundary layer flow field problems. The lower-upper symmetric Gauss-Seidel implicit scheme, which enables results converge efficiently under steady state condition, is combined with the weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme to yield an accurate simulation tool for scramjet combustion flow field analysis. Using the WENO schemes high-order accuracy and its non-oscillatory solution at flow discontinuities, better resolution of the hypersonic flow problems involving complex shock-shock/shock-boundary layer interactions inside the flow path, can be achieved. Two types of scramjet combustor with cavity-based and strut-based fuel injector were considered as the testing models. The flow characteristics with and without combustion reactions of the two types combustor model were studied with a transient hydrogen/oxygen combustion model. The detailed results of aerodynamic data are obtained and discussed, moreover, the combustion properties of varying the equivalent ratio of hydrogen, including the concentration of reacting species, hydrogen and oxygen, and the reacting products, water, are demonstrated to study the combustion process and performance of the combustor. The comparisons of flow field structures, pressure on wall and velocity profiles between the experimental data and the solutions of the present algorithms, showed qualitatively as well as the quantitatively in good agreement, and validated the adequacy of the present simulation tool for hypersonic scramjet reacting flow analysis.
Estimativa do volume de Acacia mangium utilizando técnicas de redes neurais artificiais e máquinas vetor de suporte
Authors: Cordeiro Márcio Assis , Pereira Nayara Natacha de Jesus , Binoti Daniel Henrique Breda , Binoti Mayra Luiza Marques da Silva , Leite Hélio Garcia
Published: October 2015

Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se mostrar os resultados das estimativas volumétricas de Acacia mangium, obtidas pelo modelo de Schumacher e Hall, comparando-os com as metodologias de aplicação de redes neurais artificiais e máquinas vetor suporte. Para que fosse possível essa análise comparativa, foram utilizados dados de cubagens de 31 árvores de povoamentos de Acacia mangium, localizados no norte do estado do Amapá. Os dados apresentavam idade variando de 14 a 17 anos. As árvores-amostra foram cubadas em seções relativas, realizando medições de diâmetros e espessuras das cascas ao longo do fuste em 14 seções, baseando-se nos seguintes percentuais das alturas totais: 0,05%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% e 95%, sendo o volume total com casca obtido pela aplicação da fórmula de Smalian. De modo geral, as metodologias que diferem da tradicional apresentaram resultados estatisticamente superiores.
Primeira ocorrência de Terastia meticulosalis predando sementes de Erythrina crista-galli no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Pedron Leandra , Costa Ervandil Corrêa , Garlet Juliana , Boscardin Jardel , Machado Dayanna Do Nascimento , Bolzan Lisandro Cunha
Published: October 2015

O presente estudo objetivou identificar a espécie de inseto que danifica sementes de Erythrina crista-galli L. De novembro de 2012 até janeiro de 2013 no município de Santa Maria, RS, foram escolhidas seis árvores de E. crista-galli e retiradas seis vagens de cada. As vagens, devidamente embaladas e identificadas, foram levadas ao laboratório de Entomologia Florestal da UFSM e acondicionadas em recipientes plásticos até a emergência dos adultos. Os espécimes emergidos foram identificados como Terastia meticulosalis, que consumiram 15,42% das sementes, constituindo essa a primeira ocorrência de T. meticulosalis predando sementes de E. crista-galli, no Rio Grande do Sul.
Distribuição da vespa da galha do eucalipto
Authors: Puretz Barbara Oliveira , Potrich Michele , Miranda Fabiani Dores Abati , Lozano da Silva Everton Ricardi , Freddo Álvaro Rodrigo
Published: October 2015

O objetivo desse trabalho foi mapear a distribuição da vespa da galha do eucalipto no mundo, destacando estados do Brasil e cidades do Paraná. Para isto, foi realizado levantamento bibliográfico dos lugares de ocorrência da vespa da galha, Leptocybe invasa. Foi registrada a ocorrência deste inseto em duas cidades no estado do Paraná. Foram elaborados mapas temáticos, atualizados, representando as áreas de distribuição da vespa no mundo e, posteriormente, nos estados brasileiros. Além disso, foi elaborado o mapa do Paraná com as novas áreas de ocorrência de L. invasa.
Modelo de incremento em área basal para árvores de araucária de uma floresta inequiânea
Authors: Costa Emanuel Arnoni , Finger César Augusto Guimarães , Hess André Felipe
Published: October 2015

O presente estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo matemático para descrever o incremento periódico anual em percentagem para a área basal de árvores de Araucaria angustifolia, com dados coletados de rolos de incrementos extraídos radialmente do tronco de 109 árvores distribuídas em larga amplitude diamétrica. Os atributos dendrométricos e morfométricos foram testados por regressão linear múltipla como variáveis independentes e suas interações com variáveis dummy como descritoras das classes de posição social. O modelo resultante explica 80% da variação total do incremento periódico anual em área basal percentual com as variáveis formal de copa e a relação altura/diâmetro para árvores de todas as posições sociais, juntamente com o comprimento e proporção de copa das árvores dominantes classificadas por variável dummy. As variáveis morfométricas, principalmente as que caracterizam as dimensões da copa, são indicadas para o desenvolvimento de modelos de crescimento de árvores individuais de araucária.
Qualidade de painéis LVL produzidos com madeira de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla
Authors: Guimarães Junior José Benedito , Protásio Thiago De Paula , Mendes Rafael Farinassi , Mendes Lourival Marin , Guimarães Bárbara Maria Ribeiro , De Siqueira Humberto Fauller
Published: October 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a qualidade de painéis LVL produzidos com a madeira de cinco clones de Eucalyptus urophylla. Para cada clone foram produzidos cinco painéis LVL, com lâminas de 2 mm de espessura, adesivo resorcinol-formaldeído com gramatura de 320 g m-², pressão de 1,47 MPa durante o período de 8 h a temperatura ambiente. De maneira geral, todos os clones apresentaram potencial para a produção de painéis LVL, com destaque para o clone 26, por apresentar melhor desempenho com relação às propriedades físicas e resistência à colagem.
Produção de erva-mate e conservação de Floresta com Araucária
Authors: Signor Pablo , Gomes Gabriela Schmitz , Watzlawick Luciano Farinha
Published: October 2015

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar um erval nativo por procedimentos silviculturais, de produtividade e densidade de Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil. (erva-mate) e caracterizar quanto à florística, fitossociologia e estrutura diamétrica do remanescente florestal. Para identificar os procedimentos silviculturais, utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada. A produtividade foi determinada pela biomassa comercial de I. paraguariensis. Para a análise da vegetação, foram instaladas duas unidades amostrais permanentes, somando 1,25 ha, onde foram considerados todos os indivíduos com circunferência a 1,30 m do solo (CAP) ≥ 31,4 cm, dos quais se registrou o CAP, a identificação botânica e as coordenadas XY na parcela, além de todos os indivíduos de erva-mate compondo o sistema produtivo. Os procedimentos silviculturais se caracterizaram pela roçada, abertura do dossel e condução da regeneração natural, favorecendo I. paraguariensis e Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) Kuntze, além da criação de gado bovino. A densidade de I. paraguariensis foi de 634 árv.ha-1, com produtividade de 2.030 kg.ha-1 em colheitas trienais. Foram encontradas 22 espécies, com predominância de Myrtaceae e Aquifoliaceae. A espécie de maior valor de importância e de cobertura foi A. angustifolia e a distribuição diamétrica mostrou maior concentração de indivíduos nas menores classes.
A global simulation of brown carbon: implications for photochemistry and direct radiative effect
Authors: Jo D. S. , Park R. J. , Lee S. , Kim S.-W. , Zhang X.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Recent observations suggest that a certain fraction of organic carbon (OC) aerosol effectively absorbs solar radiation, which is also known as brown carbon (BrC) aerosol. Despite much observational evidence of its presence, very few global modeling studies have been conducted because of poor understanding of global BrC emissions. Here we present an explicit global simulation of BrC in a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem), including global BrC emission estimates from primary (5.7 and 4.3 Tg C yr-1 from biomass burning and biofuel) and secondary (5.7 Tg C yr-1 from aromatic oxidation) sources. We evaluate the model by comparing the results with observed absorption by OC in surface air in the United States, and with single scattering albedo observations at AERONET sites all over the globe. The model successfully reproduces the observed seasonal variations, but underestimates the magnitudes, especially in regions with high secondary source contributions. Our global simulations show that BrC accounts for 24 % of the global mean OC concentration, which is typically assumed to be scattering. We find that the global direct radiative effect of BrC is nearly zero at the top of the atmosphere, and consequently decreases the direct radiative cooling effect of OC by 17 %. In addition, the BrC absorption leads to a general reduction of NO2 photolysis rates, whose maximum decreases occur in Asia up to −9 % (−19 %) on an annual (spring) mean basis. The resulting decreases of annual (spring) mean surface ozone concentrations are up to −6 % (−14 %) in Asia, indicating a non-negligible effect of BrC on photochemistry in this region.
Variations in heart failure hospitalisation rates by socioeconomic status, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Ore Timothy
Published: October 2015

This paper analyses variations in heart failure (HF) hospitalisation rates by community socioeconomic status (SES) in Victoria,from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2014. The data was taken from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset, the Australian Bureauof Statistics’ Estimated Resident Population and Index of Relative Socioeconomic Disadvantage and the Victorian PopulationHealth Survey. There were over 38,000 HF hospitalisations over the period. The age-standardised HF rates per 10,000 populationvaried inversely (r = -0.362, p<.01) with SES across 79 Local Government Areas (LGA). The coefficient of variation for HFhospitalisation rates was 0.35 and 0.14 for all admissions, indicating that HF hospitalisations have a greater variation by LGA.Communities with high HF rates also had high rates of current smokers (r = 0.24), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (r= 0.57), renal failure (r = 0.54), diabetes (r = 0.24), musculoskeletal malignant neoplasms (r = 0.35) and Disability SupportPension recipients (r = 0.38). The average 30-day HF readmission rate was 25.5%, the second highest of all admission categories.The HF readmission rates also varied inversely (r = -0.38, p<.01) with SES. Investigating variations in HF by SES may uncovermodifiable pathways. Given the high readmission rates, comorbidities and population ageing, there is a case for improving healthoutcomes for HF patients.
Connecting physical cues and tissue patterning
Authors: Dalle Nogare Damian , Chitnis Ajay B
Published: October 2015

Several signaling pathways work together, via a protein called Amotl2a, to establish the size and shape of a zebrafish sense organ primordium.
Har världshistorien ett kön? Familj och släkt i världspolitikens mitt
Authors: Sjöberg Maria
Published: October 2015

In recent decades, gender perspectives have been adopted and elaborated in almost all research areas of history, apart from world history. A review of articles published in the Journal of World History during 2001–13 demonstrates a general pattern of gender blindness in the journal, with a few important exceptions. Several explanations for why world history neglects gender history are examined in this article. First, it has been claimed that world history has a strong materialist tradition, while gender historians work mostly with cultural perspectives. However, the articles in the Journal of World History show that world history is not unfamiliar with cultural issues or methodologies. Secondly, gender historians emphasize the complexity of gender relations, which do not accord well with prevailing explanations within world history that stress macro theories and general patterns. Thirdly, gender historians concentrate their research on women in their own countries, and this is of minor interest to scholars of world history. Fourthly, the absence of women and gender relations in writing and teaching on world history reflects the fact that almost every society in world history has had a gender order that discriminates against women in favour of men. What is lacking is a consciousness of this order. This opinion is easy to agree with, but it does not suggest ways of improving the gender consciousness of world historians. Fifthly, one opinion stresses that most women in history have lived their lives in families, while families do not play an important role in world history. This opinion relies on a view of gender history as exclusively women’s history. In order to emphasize and clarify gender as a structuring principle at the general level of societies, this article ends with an overview of a similarity of significance in almost all early modern political regencies. Dynastic thinking was established all over the world, from principalities to empires, and was everywhere constructed in terms of imagined family and kinship relations with superior masculinity and subordinated femininity. How can research in world history overlook this world-wide structure?
First records of winter sea ice concentration in the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ferry Alexander J. , Crosta Xavier , Quilty Patrick G. , Fink David , Howard William , Armand Leanne K.
Published: October 2015

We use a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to provide the first winter sea ice concentration record from two cores located within the southwest Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. To compliment the application of GAM, a time series analysis on satellite records of sea ice concentration data was used to extend the standard 13.25 year time series used for paleoceanography. After comparing GAM sea ice estimates with previously published paleo sea ice data we then focus on a new paleo winter sea ice record for marine sediment core E27‐23 (59°37.1'S, 155°14.3'E), allowing us to provide a more comprehensive view of winter sea ice dynamics for the southwest Pacific Ocean. The paleo winter sea ice concentration estimates provide the first suggestion that winter sea ice within the southwestern Pacific might have expanded during the Antarctic Cold Reversal. Throughout the Holocene, core E27‐23 documents millennial scale variability in paleo winter sea ice coverage within the southwest Pacific. Holocene winter sea ice expansion may have resulted from the Laurentide Ice Sheet deglaciation, increased intensity of the westerly winds, as well as a northern migration of the Subtropical and/or Sub‐Antarctic Fronts. Brief consideration is given to the development of a paleo summer sea ice proxy. We conclude that there is no evidence that summer sea ice ever existed at core sites SO136‐111 and E27‐23 over the last 220 and 52,000 years, respectively.
Hypoxia‐driven variations in iron and manganese shuttling in the Baltic Sea over the past 8 kyr
Authors: Lenz Conny , Jilbert Tom , Conley Daniel J. , Slomp Caroline P.
Published: October 2015

The Baltic Sea has experienced three major intervals of bottom water hypoxia following the intrusion of seawater circa 8 kyr ago. These intervals occurred during the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM), Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA), and during recent decades. Here we show that sequestration of both Fe and Mn in Baltic Sea sediments generally increases with water depth, and we attribute this to shelf‐to‐basin transfer (“shuttling”) of Fe and Mn. Burial of Mn in slope and basin sediments was enhanced following the lake‐brackish/marine transition at the beginning of the hypoxic interval during the HTM. During hypoxic intervals, shelf‐to‐basin transfer of Fe was generally enhanced but that of Mn was reduced. However, intensification of hypoxia within hypoxic intervals led to decreased burial of both Mn and Fe in deep basin sediments. This implies a nonlinearity in shelf Fe release upon expanding hypoxia with initial enhanced Fe release relative to oxic conditions followed by increased retention in shelf sediments, likely in the form of iron sulfide minerals. For Mn, extended hypoxia leads to more limited sequestration as Mn carbonate in deep basin sediments, presumably because of more rapid reduction of Mn oxides formed after inflows and subsequent escape of dissolved Mn to the overlying water. Our Fe records suggest that modern Baltic Sea hypoxia is more widespread than in the past. Furthermore, hypoxia‐driven variations in shelf‐to‐basin transfer of Fe may have impacted the dynamics of P and sulfide in the Baltic Sea thus providing potential feedbacks on the further development of hypoxia.
The nature and origin of Mafic Mound in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin
Authors: Moriarty Daniel P. , Pieters Carle M.
Published: October 2015

“Mafic Mound” is a distinctive and enigmatic feature 75 km across and 1 km high near the center of the vast South Pole‐Aitken Basin (SPA). Using several modern data sets, we characterize the composition, morphology, and gravity signature of the structure in order to assess its origin. Mafic Mound is found to exhibit a perched circular depression and a homogeneous high‐Ca pyroxene‐bearing composition. Several formation hypotheses based on known lunar processes are evaluated, including the possibilities that Mafic Mound represents (1) uplifted mantle, (2) SPA‐derived impact melt, (3) a basalt‐filled impact crater, or (4) a volcanic construct. Individually, these common processes cannot fully reproduce the properties of Mafic Mound. Instead, we propose a hybrid origin in which Mafic Mound is an edifice formed by magmatic processes induced by the formation and evolution of SPA. This form of nonmare volcanism has not previously been documented on the Moon.
Threshold size for fluid inclusion decrepitation
Authors: Campione Marcello , Malaspina Nadia , Frezzotti Maria Luce
Published: October 2015

Fluid inclusions in igneous and metamorphic rocks are equilibrated at pressures reaching a few tens of kilobars at mantle depths. These microsystems experience decompression as a consequence of uplift processes, such as subaerial volcanic eruptions. On decompression, inclusion fluid overpressure is known to bring about the mechanical failure of the crystal matrix through either stretch or decrepitation, depending on ductile or brittle failure mechanism of the matrix, respectively. On the one hand, laboratory experiments performed on synthetic inclusions at one atmosphere show that the decrepitation temperature is strongly size dependent, with the smaller cavities observed to decrepitate at higher temperatures. On the other hand, natural fluid inclusions, which undergo migration through a pressure gradient, are often found intact below a critical size. Here by modeling fluid inclusions as spherical cavities in a continuous elastic medium and by adopting a nonlocal stress approach to fracturing, we demonstrate that the decrepitation phenomenon is predicted to be characterized by a threshold size of the cavity, below which decrepitation would not be allowed. In order to validate our model, two independent experimental data sets relating internal pressure to cavity size are utilized to calculate pertinent model parameters and to evaluate their consistency.
Export production fluctuations in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the Pliocene‐Pleistocene: Reconstruction using barite accumulation rates
Authors: Ma Zhongwu , Ravelo Ana Christina , Liu Zhonghui , Zhou Liping , Paytan Adina
Published: October 2015

Export production is an important component of the carbon cycle, modulating the climate system by transferring CO2 from the atmosphere to the deep ocean via the biological pump. Here we use barite accumulation rates to reconstruct export production in the eastern equatorial Pacific over the past 4.3 Ma. We find that export production fluctuated considerably on multiple time scales. Export production was on average higher (51 g C m−2 yr−1) during the Pliocene than the Pleistocene (40 g C m−2 yr−1), decreasing between 3 and 1 Ma (from more than 60 to 20 g C m−2 yr−1) followed by an increase over the last million years. These trends likely reflect basin‐scale changes in nutrient inventory and ocean circulation. Our record reveals decoupling between export production and temperatures on these long (million years) time scale. On orbital time scales, export production was generally higher during cold periods (glacial maxima) between 4.3 and 1.1 Ma. This could be due to stronger wind stress and higher upwelling rates during glacial periods. A shift in the timing of maximum export production to deglaciations is seen in the last ~1.1 million years. Results from this study suggest that, in the eastern equatorial Pacific, mechanisms that affect nutrient supply and/or ecosystem structure and in turn carbon export on orbital time scales differ from those operating on longer time scales and that processes linking export production and climate‐modulated oceanic conditions changed about 1.1 million years ago. These observations should be accounted for in climate models to ensure better predictions of future climate change.
X‐Linked Intellectual Disability Genetics
Authors: Schwartz Charles E
Published: October 2015

Intellectual disability (ID) is a common disability affecting 2–3% of the general population. X‐linked intellectual disability (XLID) disorders, caused by the defects of genes on the X chromosome, affect 1.7 of 1000 males. Patients with XLID require long‐term family involvement, medical care and social services with enormous attendant burden and cost.

XLID is a medically important and biologically significant group of disorders for which the prospects for further progress on the understanding of their molecular basis have improved with advances in technological approaches. As such, worldwide efforts over the past 25 years have identified 124 XLID genes involved in 124 XLID syndromes and 53 nonsyndromal XLID conditions. About 70% these genes fall into three categories of biological process or function: structural molecule, catalytic activity or transcription regulatory activity. In‐depth analysis of the genes will assist with understanding not only XLID but also cognitive function and brain function in general.

Key Concepts

XLID conditions can be partitioned into two broad categories: syndromal and nonsyndromal

Molecular analysis allows for splitting XLID conditions thought to be similar

Molecular analysis allows for determining distinct XLID entities are allelic

XLID proteins fall into 3–4 major categories of function

Better understanding of XLID gene function may lead to treatment therapies
Evolutionary Aspects of Annelid Regeneration
Authors: Martinez‐Acosta Veronica G , Zoran Mark J
Published: October 2015

Annelids, like many other invertebrate animals, replace lost body parts in a process called regeneration. However, the ability to regenerate lost segments is present in some groups and not others; for example, leeches do not regenerate lost segments. Anterior and posterior regeneration involves the formation of a bud containing stem cells that differentiate into the new head or tail segments. Annelid regeneration also involves remodelling of surviving body fragments. The ability of annelids to regenerate tail segments appears to be nearly universal among species capable of regeneration. The ability to regenerate head segments, although common, is not universal and can depend on the number of segments lost. The absence and presence of regeneration across annelid groups, including closely related species, suggests that regeneration ability may be an ancient trait that has been lost in some species during annelid evolution.

Key Concepts

Annelids vary in their capability for regenerating body segments, including among closely related species.

The ability of annelids to regenerate posterior segments appears to be nearly universal.

The ability of annelids to regenerate anterior segments, although common, is not universal and is often limited depending on the number of segments lost.

Annelid regeneration may involve both epimorphic and morphallactic mechanisms.

Multiple losses and gains of regeneration ability have likely occurred during annelid evolution.

Why regenerative ability among annelids varies extensively remains unclear.

With development of new techniques for genetic analysis and microscopy, annelids are becoming important model systems for the study of regeneration.
Pathogenic Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Chromosomal Aberrations in Man
Authors: Poot Martin , Hochstenbach Ron
Published: October 2015

Structural genome variations (SVs) found in patients with ‘cytogenetic disorders’ are classified as deletions, duplications, translocations, inversions, insertion translocations and complex chromosome rearrangements. Some SVs are phenotypically neutral, butde novoSVs in isolated patients or SVs inherited from a diseased parent are generally considered pathogenic. A phenotypic effect results either from gene dosage‐dependent mechanisms, for example, haploinsufficiency, or mechanisms based on disruption of the genomic architecture, such that genes, parts of genes or regulatory elements are truncated, fused or relocated and their interactions disturbed. This mechanism predominantly affects gene expression. Third, mixed mutational mechanisms in which an SV is combined with a different mutation on the other, homologous chromosome, have been documented. Inferred mechanisms of pathogenicity need corroboration by mRNA sequencing. In addition, future studies with model systems such as inducible pluripotent stem cells from patients and transgenic organisms should substantiate current inferences regarding phenotypic effects of SVs.

Key Concepts

Structural genome variations (SVs) result either from one or two chromosome breaks; for example, terminal deletions, reciprocal translocations or from more than 2 breaks, that is, complex chromosome rearrangements.

The rate of detection and the apparent complexity of the detected SVs increase with improving resolution of detection techniques.

SVs may exert pathogenic effects by gene dosage alterations, disruption of genomic architecture and mixed mutational mechanisms.

Genes which encode proteins that engage in physical interactions with other proteins may cause phenotypic effects after gene dosage alterations.

Disruption of genomic architecture by SVs may provoke phenotypic effects by altering the transcription of genes in the vicinity of the chromosome break.

If a deletion on one chromosome is combined with a deletion or a single nucleotide variant in the same deleted segment on the other, homologous chromosome, a mixed mutational mechanism, such as ‘unmasking’, may arise.

In counselling families with at least one individual with an SV multiple, possibly pathogenic mechanisms have to be considered.