bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cellulose mercerization: Use of amino acid‐glycerol ethers as wetting agents
Authors: Varka E.‐M. A. , Savidis G. , Tsatsaroni E. G. , Elefteriadis G.
Published: April 2009

The action of a new nonconventional series of (tryptophan‐phenylalanine‐histidine and tyrosine)‐glycerol‐ether surfactants as wetting agents in hot cotton mercerization was studied. The mercerization result was evaluated with the barium hydroxide absorption number, water absorbency and moisture regain, and mechanical properties of fibers; the dyeability of the mercerized samples with a direct and reactive dye was also studied. An improvement was observed for all the above parameters in the presence of the aforementioned wetting agents despite their being used in very low concentrations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and evaluation of poly(dioctyltin maleate‐styrene‐methyl acrylate) as a stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Liu Jianping , Shang Hongzhou , Zheng Yubin , Song Xia
Published: April 2009

A novel thermal stabilizer poly(dioctyltin maleate‐styrene‐methyl acrylate) [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] was synthesized by radical solution polymerization with benzene as the solvent and 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The structure of terpolymer was characterized by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra, and thermal stability of the stabilizer was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Evaluation of [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] as thermal stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was measured by acidimeter, and the extent of changing color of PVC was measured by thermal aging method. Compatibilities of four stabilizers with PVC were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that, with the same tin content in PVC mixtures, [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] exhibited better performance as a PVC stabilizer compared with other stabilizers,such as poly(dibutylin maleate‐styrene‐methyl acrylate), DOTM, and dibutylin maleate (DBTM). Furthermore, [P(DOTM‐St‐MA)] had better compatibility with PVC in PVC processing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and application of Norfloxacin‐MIP/polysulfone blending molecular imprinted polymer membrane
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Bing
Published: April 2009

Norfloxacin‐molecular imprinted polymer was prepared by bulk polymerization with Norfloxacin (NFXC) as template molecule, Methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate (TRIM) as cross linking agent. And the imprinted polymer membranes of polysulfone‐matrix were also prepared by blending method. The structures of Norfloxacin‐molecular imprinted polymer were measured and confirmed by spectra of FTIR and TEM, respectively. Although the combination characteristic and mechanism of this molecular recognition membrane were studied by scan electro‐microscope (SEM) and combinative equation experiment, the results showed that the molecular recognition membrane represented high selectivity for Norfloxacin. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Mechanical reinforcement of poly(1‐butene) using polypropylene‐grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Yang Bing‐Xing , Shi Jia‐Hua , Li Xu , Pramoda K. P. , Goh Suat Hong
Published: April 2009

The mechanical properties of poly(1‐butene) reinforced by pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and polypropylene‐grafted MWNTs (PP‐g‐MWNTs) were evaluated. The incorporation of pristine MWNTs to PB led to an improvement in stiffness, but not in strength, ductility, and toughness. In comparison, PP‐g‐MWNTs were able to improve the stiffness, strength, and toughness of PB significantly, without compromising the ductility. The mechanical properties of PB improved with increasing amount of PP‐g‐MWNTs up to an effective MWNT content of 1.5 wt%. Further increase in the effective MWNT content led to a downturn in mechanical properties due to the existence of MWNTs bundles as observed by microscopy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and photocatalytic activity of zinc sulfide/polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Zhou Zhengfa , Feng Yan , Xu Weibing , Ren Fengmei , Ma Haihong
Published: April 2009

ZnS nanoparticles were prepared on the surface of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and methyl methacrylate (MMA)/butyl methacrylate (BMA)/acrylic acid (AA) copolymer nanofibers. The MMA–BMA–AA copolymer was synthesized by bulk radical polymerization using 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The PAN and MMA–BMA–AA copolymer nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning. Zinc ions were introduced onto the surface of the nanofibers by coordination with the carboxyl of AA. Then, sulfide ions were added to react with zinc ions to form ZnS nanoparticles. The average diameter of the nanofibers was about 300 nm, and the diameter of the ZnS nanoparticles was about 10 nm. The band position of the photoluminescence spectrum of the ZnS/PAN and MMA–BMA–AA nanocomposites had an 80‐nm blueshift in comparison with that of the corresponding bulk ZnS sample. The ZnS/PAN and MMA–BMA–AA nanocomposites had high photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenol under ultraviolet irradiation; the photocatalytic activity changed indistinctively after it was used repeatedly (6 times). The nanofibers of PAN and MMA–BMA–AA not only dispersed but also stabilized the ZnS nanoparticles. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and properties of one epoxy system bearing fluorene moieties
Authors: Liu Wenbin , Qiu Qihao , Wang Jun , Huo Zichun , Sun He , Zhao Xiuxia
Published: April 2009

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol fluorene (DGEBF) and 9,9‐bis(4‐aminophenyl) fluorene (BPF) were synthesized to introduce more aromatic structures into an epoxy system, and their chemical structures were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, NMR, and mass spectrometric analysis. The dynamic curing behavior of the DGEBF/BPF system was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. DGEBF was cured with BPF, diaminodiphenylsulfone (DDS), and diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM), and E‐44 (bisphenol A epoxide) was also cured with BPF for comparison. The thermal properties of the obtained polymers were evaluated with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The cured DGEBF/BPF system showed a remarkably higher glass‐transition temperature, better thermal stability and lower moisture absorption in comparison with the general bisphenol A epoxy resin/BPF system but approximated the heat resistance of the DGEBF/DDS and DGEBF/DDM systems. Such properties make this epoxy system very promising for heat‐resistant applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A Sensitive and Selective Fluorescent Thiol Probe in Water Based on the Conjugate 1,4‐Addition of Thiols to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Lin Weiying , Yuan Lin , Cao Zengmei , Feng Yanming , Long Lingliang
Published: April 2009

Shedding light on thiol detection: A compound (see scheme) was developed as a novel, highly sensitive and selective fluorescent thiol probe, which also features suitable water solubility, functions rapidly under neutral conditions, and has excitation and emission in the visible region. Thus, it may be useful for potential biological applications.

magnified image

Compound 1 was designed and synthesized as a new fluorescent thiol probe. Probe 1 was constructed on the basis of the conjugate 1,4‐addition of thiols to α,β‐unsaturated ketones. Notably, probe 1 has suitable water solubility, which allows the sensing assay to be performed in water. Probe 1 is highly sensitive for thiols with a 211‐fold fluorescence dynamic range and a low detection limit of 9.25×10−7 M. The major features of probe 1 also include a high selectivity for thiols over other relevant biological species, excitation and emission in the visible region, rapid functioning at pH 7.4, and a good linear relationship between the fluorescence signal and the thiol concentration. Accordingly, these desirable characteristics may render probe 1 as potentially useful for biological applications.
Directional change produced by perpendicularly‐oriented microgrooves is microtubule‐dependent for fibroblasts and epithelium
Authors: Hamilton Douglas W. , Oakley Carol , Jaeger Nicolas A. F. , Brunette Donald M.
Published: April 2009

Anisotropic substrata such as micromachined grooves can control cell shape, orientation, and the direction of cell movement, a phenomena termed topographic guidance. Although many types of cells exhibit topographic guidance, little is known regarding cell responses to conflicting topographic cues. We employed a substratum with intersecting grooves in order to present fibroblasts and epithelial cells with conflicting topographic cues. Using time‐lapse and confocal microscopy, we examined cell behavior at groove intersections. Migrating fibroblasts and epithelial cells typically extended a cell process into the intersection ahead of the cell body. After travelling along the “X” groove to enter the intersection, the leading lamellipodia of the cell body encountered the perpendicular “Y” groove, and spread latterly along the “Y” groove. The formation of lateral lamellipodia resulted in cells forming “T” or “L” morphologies, which were characterized by the formation of phosphotyrosine‐rich focal adhesions at the leading edges. The “Y” groove did not prove an absolute barrier to cell migration, particularly for epithelial cells. Analysis of cytoskeletal distribution revealed that F‐actin bundles did not adapt closely to the groove patterns, but typically did align to either the “X” or “Y” grooves. In contrast microtubules (MT) adapted closely to the walls. Inhibition of microtubule nucleation attenuated fibroblast and epithelial cell orientation within the intersection of the perpendicular grooves. We conclude that MT may be the prime determinant of fibroblast and epithelial cell conformation to conflicting topographies. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absorption Spectra of 4‐Nitrophenolate Ions Measured in Vacuo and in Solution
Authors: Suhr Kirketerp Maj‐Britt , Åxman Petersen Michael , Wanko Marius , Andres Espinosa Leal Leonardo , Zettergren Henning , Raymo Françisco M. , Rubio Angel , Brøndsted Nielsen Mogens , Brøndsted Nielsen Steen
Published: April 2009

From blue to red: While four π‐conjugated nitrophenolates absorb within a relatively narrow region in solution, they cover the entire visible spectrum when isolated in vacuo (see picture). The work combines gas‐ and solution‐phase spectroscopy and provides the first benchmark of theoretical excitation energies for nitrophenolates.

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Phytosterols in 17 Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars
Authors: Yorulmaz Asli , Velioglu Y. Sedat , Tekin Aziz , Simsek Atilla , Drover John C. G. , Ates Jale
Published: April 2009

The phytosterol contents of the oils from 17 Turkish hazelnut cultivars were determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. The total phytosterol content varied from 1180.4 (Uzunmusa‐Ordu) to 2239.4 mg/kg (Cavcava), and the average was 1581.6 ± 265.1 mg/kg. One of the most significant commercial cultivars, Tombul, contained quite low total phytosterols (1297.7 mg/kg). Total and individual phytosterol contents of hazelnut cultivars were significantly different at p <0.01, except for phytostanol and campestanol. The main component was β‐sitosterol which ranged from 82.8 to 86.7% in all cultivars. This was followed by campesterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, sitostanol and stigmasterol. Interestingly, the same cultivars from different regions showed similar total phytosterol contents, and fall almost within the same range according to Duncan's test, which may indicate that the phytosterol content is highly related to the cultivar.
Well‐balancing issues related to the RKDG2 scheme for the shallow water equations
Authors: Kesserwani Georges , Liang Qiuhua , Vazquez José , Mosé Robert
Published: April 2009

Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element methods have salient features that are mainly highlighted by their locality, their easiness in balancing the flux and source term gradients and their component‐wise structure. In the light of this, this paper aims to provide insights into the well‐balancing property of a second‐order Runge–Kutta Discontinuous Galerkin (RKDG2) method. For this purpose, a Godunov‐type RKDG2 method is presented for solving the shallow water equations. The scheme is based on local DG linear approximations and does not entail any special treatment of the source terms in order to achieve well‐balanced numerical results. The performance of the present RKDG2 scheme in reproducing conserved solutions for both free surface and discharge over strongly irregular topography is demonstrated by applying to several hydraulic benchmarks. Meanwhile, the effects of different slope limiting procedures on the well‐balancing property are investigated and discussed. This work may provide useful guidelines for developing a well‐balanced RKDG2 numerical scheme for shallow water flow simulation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep patterns, sleep disturbances and sleepiness in retired Iranian elders
Authors: Malakouti Seyed Kazem , Foroughan Mahshid , Nojomi Marzieh , Ghalebandi Mir Farhad , Zandi Taher
Published: April 2009

Objectives

Complaints of sleep disturbance increase with age and many studies have reported on the relationship of sleep problems to the greater use of health services, physical and mental morbidity, functional decline, and all causes of mortality. This study aimed to examine sleep patterns and sleep disturbances in Iranian elders and correlate their sleep quality to their health status.

Methods

Four hundred men and women, aged 60 years or older, were interviewed by trained interviewers regarding their physical and mental health status. The Pittsburghh Sleep Quality Index, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) were then administered to each participant. The data gathered were analyzed using χ2‐test, t‐test, and one‐way analysis of variance and logistic regression.

Results

The results indicated that the majority of participants (82.6%) suffered from poor sleep quality and approximately one‐third (29.2%) experienced sleepiness during the daytime. Difficulty falling asleep (p ≤ 0.001) and maintaining sleep (p ≤ 0.01) and the feeling of being too hot at night (p ≤ 0.005) were significantly more prevalent in women, but men suffered more from leg twitching (p ≤ 0.01). Being female (OR = 2.52), and having GHQ scores of more than 11 (OR = 4.14) increased the risk of poor sleep quality considerably.

Conclusion

Promoting sleep hygiene education of elders in primary health care services are recommended. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How much do depressive symptoms affect cognition at the population level? The monongahela–youghiogheny healthy aging team (MYHAT) study
Authors: Ganguli Mary , Snitz Beth , Bilt Joni Vander , Chang Chung‐Chou H.
Published: April 2009

Objective

To examine the impact of subjective depressive symptoms on objective performance on tests of several cognitive domains, in a community‐based sample of older adults.

Methods

An age‐stratified sample of 2036 individuals aged 65+ years was drawn from the electoral rolls of a U.S. community, excluding individuals with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. A cognitive test battery and a modified Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression scale (mCES‐D) were completed by 1982 participants. Cognitive test scores were compared across levels of depressive symptoms, and composite scores created to represent cognitive domains of attention, language, memory, visuospatial, and executive function. Multivariable regression models tested the association of depressive symptoms with cognitive domain composite scores, adjusting for age, sex, race, and education.

Results

Most participants reported no depressive symptoms. Small differences in cognitive scores were observed on all tests among those with 0, 1–2, and ≥3 symptoms. Adjusting for demographic variables, depressive symptoms remained associated with lower performance on all cognitive composites except attention, most strongly with executive function. Depressive symptoms explained <2% of the variance in test scores, less than that explained by age or education.

Conclusion

In this population‐based sample of older adults, restricted to those with normal or only mildly impaired cognition, a relatively small proportion reported any depressive symptoms. The number of depressive symptoms had strong statistically significant associations with performance in most cognitive domains. However, depressive symptoms explained little of the variance in cognitive performance, with relatively small differences in scores among those with and without symptoms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India
Authors: Dey Subhojit , Boffetta Paolo , Mathews Anitha , Brennan Paul , Soliman Amr , Mathew Aleyamma
Published: April 2009

Estrogen receptor (ER) status is an important biomarker in defining subtypes of breast cancer differing in antihormonal therapy response, risk factors and prognosis. However, little is known about association of ER status with various risk factors in the developing world. Our case–control study done in Kerala, India looked at the associations of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer. From 2002 to 2005, 1,208 cases and controls were selected at the Regional Cancer Center (RCC), Trivandrum, Kerala, India. Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire, and 3‐way analyses compared ER+/ER− cases, ER+ cases/controls and ER− cases/controls using unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The proportion of ER− cases was higher (64.1%) than ER+ cases. Muslim women were more likely to have ER− breast cancer compared to Hindus (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.02), an effect limited to premenopausal group (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.26, 2.77). Women with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to have ER+ breast cancer (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.98). Increasing BMI increased likelihood of ER− breast cancer in premenopausal women (p for trend < 0.001). Increasing age of marriage was positively associated with both ER+ and ER− breast cancer. Increased breastfeeding and physical activity were in general protective for both ER+ and ER− breast cancer. The findings of our study are significant in further understanding the relationship of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer in the context of the Indian subcontinent. © 2009 UICC
Feasible estimation of firm‐specific allocative inefficiency through Bayesian numerical methods
Authors: Atkinson Scott E. , Dorfman Jeffrey H.
Published: April 2009

Both the theoretical and empirical literature on the estimation of allocative and technical inefficiency has grown enormously. To minimize aggregation bias, ideally one should estimate firm and input‐specific parameters describing allocative inefficiency. However, identifying these parameters has often proven difficult. For a panel of Chilean hydroelectric power plants, we obtain a full set of such parameters using Gibbs sampling, which draws sequentially from conditional generalized method of moments (GMM) estimates obtained via instrumental variables estimation. We find an economically significant range of firm‐specific efficiency estimates with differing degrees of precision. The standard GMM approach estimates virtually no allocative inefficiency for industry‐wide parameters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of nucleoside analogs of 1,4‐oxathiane, 1,4‐dithiane, and 1,4‐dioxane
Authors: Szarek Walter A. , Vyas Dolatrai M. , Achmatowicz Barbara
Published: April 2009

The two regioisomers 6‐chloro‐9‐(1, 4‐oxathian‐3‐yl)‐9H‐purine (5) and 6‐chloro‐9‐(1,4‐oxathian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine (6) were obtained when 3‐acetoxy‐1,4‐oxathiane (3) was subjected to the acid‐catalyzed fusion procedure; compound 3 was prepared by a Pummerer reaction with 1,4‐oxathiane 4‐oxide (2). The nucleoside analog 6 could he converted into the adenine derivative 7 and 9‐(1,4‐oxathian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine‐6(1H)thione (8). The following nucleoside analogs have also been synthesized: 6‐chloro‐9‐(1,4‐dithian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine (13), 9‐(1,4‐dithian‐2‐yl)adenine (14), 9‐(1,4‐dithian‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine‐6(1H)thione (15), and 6‐chloro‐9‐(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐yl)‐9H‐purine (18).
Reaction of some heterocyclic ketones with lithium dimethyl copper
Authors: Cromwell N. H. , Pokorny D. J.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of lithium dimethyl copper with several heterocyclic ketones results in a 1,4‐addition and introduction of a methyl group on the heterocyclic ring. In some cases, addition to the carbonyl also occurs.
The chemistry of 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)dione (isatoic anhydrides) 1. The synthesis of N‐substituted 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)diones
Authors: Hardtmann Goetz E. , Koletar Gabor , Pfister Oskar R.
Published: April 2009

Three methods for the preparation of N‐substituted 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)diones (isatoic anhydrides) (1) utilizing 2‐chloro‐, 2‐nitrobenzoic acids and N‐unsubstituted isatoic anhydrides as starting materials, are described.
On the reactions between ethyl benzoylacetate and anisidines
Authors: Venturella Pietro , Bellino Aurora
Published: April 2009

4‐Hydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐3‐[(m‐methoxyphenylimino)‐phenylmethyl]‐2‐quinolone (6) was a by‐product of the condensation of ethyl benzoylacetate and m‐anisidine; no corresponding products were obtained from p‐ and o‐anisidine. From o‐anisidine, 2‐phenyl‐8‐methoxy‐4‐quinolone (1c) was isolated and characterized; the same reaction also gave 2‐phenyl‐4‐o‐anisidyl‐1‐8‐methoxy‐quinoline (11) and the Schiff base (14) as by‐products; the crotonamide (15) also isolated, is a possible intermediate of the cyclization. The direct condensation of anisidines with ethyl benzoylacetate in diphenyl ether and the transformations of some intermediates were studied.
Homolytic aromatic substitution by heterocyclic free radicals. Reaction of 3‐quinolyl and 8‐quinolyl radicals with aromatic compounds
Authors: Hassanaly Parina , Vernin Gaston , Dou Henri J. M. , Metzger Jacques
Published: April 2009

Free radicals obtained from 3‐ and 8‐aminoquinolines were studied in various aromatic substrates. Isomer percent, reaction yields, and overall reactivities towards benzene are recorded.
Improved preparation and characterization of unsaturated γ‐lactones
Authors: Wineburg John P. , Abrams Cyril , Swern Daniel
Published: April 2009

Improved, high yield procedures for the preparation of unsaturated γ‐lactones (I‐IV) from saturated γ‐lactones (V) are described. Compounds V are first converted to the sodium salts of the corresponding γ‐hydroxy acids (VI) (100%) which are oxidized within fifteen minutes to the γ‐keto acids (VII) (75–85%) by bromine at pH 6‐7.5. Acid‐catalyzed reaction of VII with acetic anhydride at room temperature for fifteen minutes yields γ‐acetoxy‐γ‐lactones (VIII) (70–90%). Pyrolysis of VIII at 200–330° yields I‐IV (70–95%), the composition of which depends on whether strongly acidic contaminants have been completely removed from VIII prior to pyrolysis. In selected cases studied, fractional distillation permits the isolation of pure unsaturated lactones. Nmr has been extensively used to determine purity at each step and the composition of mixtures of I‐IV.
Synthèse et réactivité des bromhydrines dérivées de la chromone
Authors: Merle A. , Descotes G.
Published: April 2009

Les dérivés bromohydroxylés 2 de la chromone (1) sont obtenus principalement par addition de N‐bromosuccinimide dans le diméthylsulfoxyde. Les configurations et conformations de 2 sont précisées par RMN. Les alcoolates alcalins provoquent une regression de cycle de 2 en conduisant à la formyl‐2 benzofuranone‐3 (8).
Novel synthesis of unsymmetrically substituted s‐tetrazines
Authors: Lang S. A. , Johnson B. D. , Cohen E.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of unsymmetrical 3‐aryl and 3‐heterocyclic s‐tetrazines has been examined and the scope of the reaction and the product distribution is discussed. The products included unsymmetrical and symmetrical s‐tetrazines, hydrazines, diimides, tetrazoles and triazoles with the composition of the mixtures with respect to structural type varying with the individual reactions. Some transformations with the system are discussed.
Synthesis of acridines from diphenylamine‐2‐carboxaldehydes prepared via the mcfadyen‐stevens reaction
Authors: Graboyes Harold , Anderson Elvin L. , Levinson Sidney H. , Resnick Theodore M.
Published: April 2009

A general synthesis of acridines has been developed using diphenylamine‐2‐carboxaldehydes. Diphenylamine‐2‐carboxylic acids are converted to their p‐toluenesulfonylhydrazides which are decomposed using a modified McFadyen‐Stevens reaction to yield an aldehyde derivative which affords the acridine upon treatment with mineral acid.
Acetylenic ketones. I. Reaction of aroylphenylacetylenes with compounds containing an active methylene group
Authors: Baddar F. G. , Al‐Hajjar F. H. , El‐Rayyes N. R.
Published: April 2009

Aroylphenylacetylenes reacted with ethyl phenylacetate and benzyl cyanide in the presence of sodium ethoxide to give 6‐aryl‐3,4‐diphenyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones (2) and 4‐aroyl‐2,3‐cis‐diphenyl‐crotonitriles (11), respectively. The structure and configuration of the products are based on chemical and spectroscopic evidence.
Mannich reactions. Synthesis of 4,5‐dihydropyrrolo[l,2‐a]quinoxalines, 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐lH‐pyrrolo[l,2‐a] [l,4]diazepines and 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐pyrrolo[ 1,2‐a] [ 1,4]benzodiazepines
Authors: Raines Stephen , Chai Sie Yearl , Palopoli Frank P.
Published: April 2009

l‐(2‐Aminophenyl)pyrrole (I) and l‐[2‐(aminomethyl)]phenylpyrrole hydrochloride (III) undergo cyclization reactions with aldehydes and ketones to form 4,5‐dihydropyrrolo[l,2‐a]‐ quinoxalines and 5,6‐dihydropyrrolo[l,2‐a][l,4]benzodiazepines, respectively. It was also found that the use of the free base of compounds corresponding to III do not cyclize directly but lead instead to the intermediate Schiff bases which are subsequently cyclized to the desired benzodiazepines by treatment with hydrochloric acid.
Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part DCLV.. Two stereoisomers of 1‐benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐4,5‐dimethylpiperidin‐2‐one
Authors: Kametani Tetsuji , Huang Shyh‐Pyng , Ihara Masataka , Fukumoto Keiichiro
Published: April 2009

The stereochemistry of two diastereoisomers of 1‐benzyl‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐4,5‐dimethylpiperidin‐2‐one (IV), which is an intermediate for synthesis of pentazocine (I), was elucidated.
Some reactions of 1‐lithio‐2‐n‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridine. VI. Synthesis of β‐substituted pyridines
Authors: Knaus E. E. , Ondrus T. A. , Giam C. S.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of the ambident anion 1‐lithio‐2‐n‐butyl‐1,2‐dihydropyridine (1) with several electrophilic reagents has been investigated. Direct methods for the introduction of amino, bromo, β‐pyridyl, arylselenyl, alkanesulfonyl and methyl substituents into the β‐position of pyridine are described.
Pyridazines. LXXXIV. Studies on borohydride reduction of pyridazine compounds
Authors: Kadaba P. K. , Stanovnik B. , Tišler M.
Published: April 2009

Imidazo[1,2‐b]pyridazine, s‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazine and tetrazolo[1,5‐b]pyridazine and some derivatives thereof were reduced with sodium borohydride to give the corresponding 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro derivatives. A mechanism for these reductions is proposed and reduction at the C7‐C8 bond occurs before the reduction of the C6N5 bond. Substituents at position 7 and/or 8 cause a significant decrease in the extent of reduction or lead to a 5,6‐dihydro derivative by competitive attack at the 6 position.
The reaction of aromatic aldehydes with methyl‐substituted 4H‐pyrido [1,2‐α] pyrimidin‐4‐ones
Authors: Yale Harry L. , Spitzmiller Ervin R.
Published: April 2009

Sodium methoxide in methanol was the single effective reagent for the reactions between 2,8‐dimethyl‐, 3, 2,9‐dimethyl‐, 1, and 2,3,9‐trimethyl‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐α]pyrimidin‐4‐one, 2, and either benzaldehyde or 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzaldehyde. The phenylethenyl derivatives that were formed had the trans‐configuration. Although an excess of aldehyde and sodium methoxide as well as long heating periods were employed, with 1 and 2 reaction occurred only at the 2‐methyl substituent; with 3, however, a trace amount of the 2,8‐bis‐(phenylethenyl) derivative was also isolated.
Heterocyclic compounds. VI. Synthesis of poly nuclear thienopyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Manhas M. S. , Amin S. G.
Published: April 2009

Quinazoline derivatives have received great interest because of their potential biological activity. This communication describes a facile method for the synthesis of substituted thiophenopyrimidones. 2‐Amino‐3‐earbethoxy‐4,5‐tetramethylenethiophene on heating with substituted imidoyl‐chlorides, iminoethers, iminothioethers or thioamides affords thiophenopyrimidones. By using this method a number of such compounds of varying complexity were synthesized which are otherwise not so easily accessible.
Tetraethyl 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,5,6‐pyridinetetracarboxylate
Authors: Carabateas P. M. , Williams Gordon L.
Published: April 2009

Reaction of 3‐nitrobenzaldehyde with diethyl oxalacetate in the presence of piperidine acetate and then ammonium acetate/acetic acid gave a moderate yield of tetraethyl 1,4‐dihydro‐4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,5,6‐pyridinetetracarboxylate. This was oxidized with nitric acid to tetraethyl 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)‐2,3,5,6‐pyridinetetracarhoxylate which was hydrolyzed and decarboxylated to give 4‐(3‐nitrophenyl)pyridine.
An adaptive domain decomposition coupled finite element–boundary element method for solving problems in elasto‐plasticity
Authors: Elleithy Wael , Grzhibovskis Richards
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this paper is to present an adaptive finite element–boundary element method (FEM–BEM) coupling method that is valid for both two‐ and three‐dimensional elasto‐plastic analyses. The method takes care of the evolution of the elastic and plastic regions. It eliminates the cumbersome of a trial and error process in the identification of the FEM and BEM sub‐domains in the standard FEM–BEM coupling approaches. The method estimates the FEM and BEM sub‐domains and automatically generates/adapts the FEM and BEM meshes/sub‐domains, according to the state of computation. The results for two‐ and three‐dimensional applications in elasto‐plasticity show the practicality and the efficiency of the adaptive FEM–BEM coupling method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring psychosocial risk in families caring for a child with cancer: The psychosocial assessment tool (PAT2.0)
Authors: McCarthy Maria C. , Clarke Naomi E. , Vance Alasdair , Ashley David M. , Heath John A. , Anderson Vicki A.
Published: April 2009

Background

The Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT2.0) is a recently developed screening measure for assessing psychosocial risk in families caring for a child with cancer. This study aimed to assess the external validity of the PAT2.0 in an Australian pediatric oncology sample. Further aims included examining mothers' and fathers' PAT2.0 scores, change in psychosocial risk over time, and the relationship between treatment intensity and psychosocial risk.

Procedure

Parents of 143 children newly diagnosed with cancer completed the PAT2.0 at diagnosis (T1) and 6–8 months later (T2). A treatment intensity measure (ITR‐2) was completed by two clinical oncologists.

Results

The PAT2.0 stratified families into a 3‐tiered risk framework and was consistent with existing data from the authors of the scale. The majority of families were stratified into the Universal (lowest risk) category; more than one‐third of families had some elevated psychosocial risk. PAT2.0 scores of mothers and fathers were correlated and psychosocial risk remained relatively stable between T1 and T2. Treatment intensity scores were not related to PAT2.0 scores at T2.

Conclusions

Findings support the external validity of the PAT2.0 as a psychosocial screener. Mothers' and fathers' ratings of risk are similar; however, multi‐informant use of the PAT2.0 may be clinically useful. Psychosocial risk, as measured by the PAT2.0, is a relatively stable construct over the first months of treatment and is independent of treatment intensity. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:78–83. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wilms tumour and paternal occupation: An analysis of data from the national registry of childhood tumours
Authors: Fear N.T. , Vincent T.J. , King J.C. , MacCarthy A. , Bunch K.J. , Murphy M.F.G.
Published: April 2009

Background

Wilms tumour is an embryonal malignant tumour that accounts for 90% of childhood kidney cancers. Parental occupational exposure has been hypothesised to be a cause of childhood Wilms tumour, in particular exposure to pesticides. However, the findings are inconsistent.

Procedure

We have examined the association between paternal occupational exposures and Wilms tumour using birth registration data for cases (n = 2568) from the National Registry of Childhood Tumours (NRCT) and matched controls (n = 2,568) drawn from the general population of Great Britain. Paternal occupation, as recorded at the time of birth, was used to infer “occupational exposure” using a previously defined occupational exposure classification scheme. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were generated using conditional logistic regression with exact methods to estimate the association between each paternal occupational exposure group and childhood Wilms tumour.

Results

All odds ratios were close to 1.00 and no statistically significant associations were observed.

Conclusion

The results of this study failed to support any of the previously identified associations between paternal occupation and childhood Wilms tumour. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:28–32. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mass spectrometry‐compatible silver staining of histones resolved on acetic acid‐urea‐Triton PAGE
Authors: Pramod Khare Satyajeet , Bharat Khade , Sanjay Gupta
Published: April 2009

Acetic acid‐Urea‐Triton (AUT) PAGE is commonly used method to separate histone variants and their post‐translationally modified forms. Coomassie staining is the preferred method for protein visualization; however, its sensitivity is less than that of silver staining. Though silver staining of histones in AUT‐PAGE has been reported, the method is time‐consuming, dependent on prior staining by Amido black and has not been reported suitable for mass spectrometry. Here, we propose ‘SDS‐Silver’ method for rapid, sensitive and mass spectrometry‐compatible staining of histones resolved on AUT‐PAGE.
A proteomic‐based approach for the identification of immunodominant Cryptococcus neoformans proteins
Authors: Young Mattie , Macias Sandra , Thomas Derek , Wormley Floyd L.
Published: April 2009

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that can cause life‐threatening meningoencephalitis in immune compromised patients. Previous, studies in our laboratory have shown that prior exposure to an IFN‐γ‐producing C. neoformans strain (H99γ) elicits protective immunity against a second pulmonary C. neoformans challenge. Here, we characterized the antibody response produced in mice protected against experimental pulmonary C. neoformans infection compared to nonprotected mice. Moreover, we evaluated the efficacy of using serum antibody from protected mice to detect immunodominant C. neoformans proteins. Protected mice were shown to produce significantly more C. neoformans‐specific antibodies following a second experimental pulmonary cryptococcal challenge compared to nonprotected mice. Immunoblot analysis of C. neoformans proteins resolved by 2‐DE using serum from nonprotected mice failed to show any reactivity. In contrast, serum from protected mice was reactive with several cryptococcal protein spots. Analysis of these spots by capillary HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS identified several cryptococcal proteins shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of cryptococcosis. Our studies demonstrate that mice immunized with C. neoformans strain H99γ produce antibodies that are immune reactive against specific cryptococcal proteins that may provide a basis for the development of immune based therapies that induce protective anticryptococcal immune responses.
Unique patterns of molecular profiling between human prostate cancer LNCaP and PC‐3 cells
Authors: Dozmorov Mikhail G. , Hurst Robert E. , Culkin Daniel J. , Kropp Bradley P. , Frank Mark Barton , Osban Jeanette , Penning Trevor M. , Lin Hsueh‐Kung
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND

Human prostate cancer LNCaP and PC‐3 cell lines have been extensively used to study prostate cancer progression and to develop therapeutic agents. Although LNCaP and PC‐3 cells are generally assumed to represent early and late stages of prostate cancer, respectively, there is limited information regarding gene expression patterns between these two cell lines and its relationship to prostate cancer.

METHODS

Comprehensive gene expression analysis was performed. Total RNA was isolated from cultured cells and hybridized to Illumina human BeadChips representing 24,526 transcripts. Bioinformatics analysis was applied to identify cell line specific genes as well as biological mechanisms, pathways, and functions related to the genes.

RESULTS

A total of 2,198 genes were differentially expressed between LNCaP and PC‐3 cells. Using a robust statistical analysis and high significance criteria, 115 and 188 genes were identified to be unique to LNCaP and PC‐3 cells, respectively. LNCaP cells maintained various metabolic pathways including a gene cluster that encodes UDP‐glucuronosyltransferases. Several transcription factors including Talα/β, GATA‐1, and c‐Myc/Max may be responsible for regulating LNCaP cell specific genes. By contrast, PC‐3 cells were characterized by their unique expression of cytoskeleton‐related genes and other genes including VEGFC, IL8, and TGFβ2.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that LNCaP and PC‐3 cells represent two distinct prostate cancer cell lineages. LNCaP cells retain many prostate cell specific properties, whereas PC‐3 cells have acquired a more aggressive phenotype. Future studies for prostate cancer research need to consider similarities and differences between these two cells and their relationship to prostate cancer. Prostate 69:1077–1090, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing molecular signatures for predicting prostate cancer recurrence
Authors: Sun Yijun , Goodison Steve
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND

The derivation of molecular signatures indicative of disease status and predictive of subsequent behavior could facilitate the optimal choice of treatment for prostate cancer patients.

METHODS

In this study, we conducted a computational analysis of gene expression profile data obtained from 79 cases, 39 of which were classified as having disease recurrence, to investigate whether advanced computational algorithms can derive more accurate prognostic signatures for prostate cancer.

RESULTS

At the 90% sensitivity level, a newly derived prognostic genetic signature achieved 85% specificity. This is the first reported genetic signature to outperform a clinically used postoperative nomogram. Furthermore, a hybrid prognostic signature derived by combination of the nomogram and gene expression data significantly outperformed both genetic and clinical signatures, and achieved a specificity of 95%.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing gene expression information for highly accurate prostate cancer prognosis beyond the current clinical systems, and shows that more advanced computational modeling of tissue‐derived microarray data is warranted before clinical application of molecular signatures is considered. Prostate 69:1119–1127, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locally range‐separated hybrids as linear combinations of range‐separated local hybrids
Authors: Henderson Thomas M. , Janesko Benjamin G. , Scuseria Gustavo E. , Savin Andreas
Published: April 2009

Range‐separated hybrid density functionals, which incorporate different fractions of exact exchange at different interelectronic separations, offer substantial advantages over conventional global hybrid functionals. However, they generally use a fixed, system‐independent range‐separation parameter, which numerical experience and formal arguments both show to be a limiting approximation. Locally range‐separated hybrids, which instead use a position‐dependent range‐separation function, should overcome this limitation, but their implementation is nontrivial. Here, we present a method which in practice converts a locally range‐separated hybrid into a linear combination of range‐separated local hybrids. Thus, unlike our previous implementation of this locally range‐separated hybrid idea, we do not need to approximate the exchange hole, and we can take advantage of existing self‐consistent local hybrid implementations to carry out self‐consistent calculations using locally range‐separated hybrid functionals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Relativistic adiabatic time‐dependent density functional theory using hybrid functionals and noncollinear spin magnetization
Authors: Bast Radovan , Jensen Hans Jørgen Aa. , Saue Trond
Published: April 2009

We report an implementation of adiabatic time‐dependent density functional theory based on the 4‐component relativistic Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian and a closed‐shell reference. The implementation includes noncollinear spin magnetization and full derivatives of functionals, including hybrid generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals. We avoid reducing the generalized eigenvalue problem to half the dimension involving the square of excitation energies since this may introduce spurious roots and also squares the matrix condition number. Rather we impose structure in terms of hermiticity and time reversal symmetry on trial vectors to obtain even better reductions in terms of memory and run time, and without invoking approximations. Further reductions are obtained by exploiting point group symmetries for D2h and subgroups in a symmetry scheme where symmetry reductions translate into reduction of algebra from quaternion to complex or real. For hybrid GGAs with noncollinear spin magnetization we derive a new computationally advantageous equation for the full second variational derivatives of such exchange‐correlation functionals. We apply our implementation to calculations on the ns2 → ns1np1 excitation energies in the Zn, Cd, and Hg atoms (n = 4–6) and (vertical) excitation energies of UO; and we test the performance of various functionals by comparison with experimental data (group 12 atoms) or higher‐level computational results (UO). The results indicate that the adiabatic local density approximation (ALDA) is a good approximation for some GGA functionals, but not all. Furthermore, the results also indicate that ALDA is an extremely bad approximation for hybrid functionals, unless one only employs ALDA for the pure DFT contribution to the exchange‐correlation kernel and retains the fraction of exact exchange; we denote this approximation ALDAh. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Building a wireless capturing tool for WiFi
Authors: Meng Ke , Xiao Yang , Vrbsky Susan V.
Published: April 2009

WiFi is becoming increasingly prevalent nowadays, whether as a simple range extender for a home wired Ethernet interface or a wireless deployment throughout an enterprise. Wireless local area networks (WLANs) provide us with mobility, convenience, and low cost. At the same time, WiFi is unsafe and is more vulnerable than traditional Ethernet, so that anyone familiar with wireless networks can initiate an attack. One strategy to identify potentially malicious unauthorized users is through packet capturing. Although there are several software products available for packet capture, there is currently no paper in the literature that describes how to build a software tool to capture WiFi frames and its associated functions. In this paper, we present how we build our frame capture tool along with a set of implementation techniques for automatically capturing all the frames and analyzing an attack on a WiFi. In our research, we focus on the WiFi medium access control (MAC) layer for wireless network analysis. We also discuss what we learned and the limitations which we discovered when implementing the tool. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the applicability of pushover analysis for seismic evaluation of medium‐ and high‐rise buildings
Authors: Huang Kai , Kuang J. S.
Published: April 2009

The assumption that the dynamic performance of structures is mainly determined from the corresponding single‐degree‐of‐freedom system in pushover analysis is generally valid for low‐rise structures, where the structural behaviour is dominated by the first vibration mode. However, higher modes of medium‐ and high‐rise structures will have significant effect on the dynamic characteristics. In this paper, the applicability of pushover analysis for seismic evaluation of medium‐to‐high‐rise shear‐wall structures is investigated. The displacements and internal forces of shear wall structures with different heights are determined by nonlinear response history analysis, where the shear walls are considered as multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems and modelled by fibre elements. The results of the analysis are compared with those from the pushover procedure. It is shown that pushover analysis generally underestimates inter‐storey drifts and rotations, in particular those at upper storeys of buildings, and overestimates the peak roof displacement at inelastic deformation stage. It is shown that neglecting higher mode effects in the analysis will significantly underestimate the shear force and overturning moment. It is suggested that pushover analysis may not be suitable for analysing high‐rise shear‐wall or wall‐frame structures. New procedures of seismic evaluation for shear‐wall and wall‐frame structures based on nonlinear response history analysis should be developed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical studies on the application of tuned liquid dampers with screens to control seismic response of structures
Authors: Halabian A. M. , Torki M.
Published: April 2009

Tuned liquid damper (TLD) systems are nowadays increasingly being used as one of the economical and effective passive vibration absorbers. A TLD system consists of a water tank having the fundamental sloshing fluid frequency tuned to the frequency near to the natural frequency of structure. This research focuses on modelling tall buildings equipped with TLDs having inside screens subjected to strong ground motions. Strong excitation can cause wave‐breaking phenomenon and makes turbulent in shallow rectangular tanks which could also contribute to the additional damping due to TLDs. On the other hand, wire screens placed inside a liquid tank can play an important role in reducing the structural response due to increasing the inherent damping of the structure. Based on equalizing dissipated energies, a TLD equipped with internal screens can be modelled by equivalent amplitude‐dependent tuned mass damper (TMD). In this study, adopting this simple method, equations of motion for shear‐type buildings equipped with nonlinear amplitude‐dependent TMDs were developed. A complex modal analysis procedure was used to solve the governing equations. Coupling of TMD properties and structural response was solved with iteration on structural response and updating TMD properties. Performing a set of parametric studies on three proposed tall structures equipped with TLD subjected to different ground excitations showed that if the TLD is tuned to a frequency close to the natural frequency of the structure considering hardening behaviour of TLD, it could significantly reduce the seismic response (displacements and base shears) of the structures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vacuum pump system with wireless remote control
Authors: Hauser Erwin , Roth Uwe
Published: April 2009

A new vacuum pump system for chemical laboratories can be remotely operated using a mobile hand terminal, allowing the system to be conveniently stowed in laboratory units. The intuitive user guidance for the hand terminal makes working with the system extremly easy for the user.