bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the potential and mechanism of Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology
Authors: Huang Xue‐Yan , Li Ting‐Ting , Zhou Lin , Liu Tao , Xiong Liu‐Lin , Yu Chang‐Yin
Published: December 2021

Objective

Study the principle and possible mechanism of Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is based on network pharmacology.

Methods

The potential targets of active ingredients of Ginkgo biloba were collected by Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database platform (TCMSP). TCMSP is a pharmacological system for drug discovery from Chinese herbal medicine. The disease targets of AD were searched and collected by the database of gene‐disease associations (DisGeNET) and literature. The obtained targets were standardized by the UniProt database. STING network platform and Cytoscape were used to construct protein‐protein interaction network (PPI) of the key targets. According to Materscape, we clarify the possible mechanism of action including Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis.

Results

The compound‐target network contains 27 active ingredients, 191 related targets, 18 key targets, including PLAU, HMOX1, TNF, INSR, MPO, MAOB, IGF2, IL1B, ESR1, BCL2, ACHE, BAX, GSK3B, PPARG, SLC2A4, NOS3, CASP3, VEGFA. GO enrichment analysis has got a total of 640 GO items, including 609 biological process (BP) items (95.1%), 16 molecular function (MF) items (2.5%) and 15 cellular component (CC) items (2.4%). After KEGG enrichment, 44 pathways were obtained.

Conclusion

Through the construction of “component‐target‐pathway”, GO biological function and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed on core targets, and the possibility of Ginkgo biloba for the treatment of AD was explored from multiple targets and pathways, which provided a new approach for multi‐target treatment.
Inadvertent mental excitement after ultrasound‐guided bilateral thoracic paravertebral block: a case report
Authors: Ye Mao , Zhou Hong‐Su , Wei Yi , Liu Fei
Published: December 2021

Background

Bilateral Paravertebral block has been used successfully for postoperative pain relief in thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic regions. Despite the need for relatively large doses of local anaesthetics, there are few reports of systemic toxicity. Here we reported a case of local anaesthetic toxicity after ultrasound‐guided bilateral thoracic paravertebral block before general anaesthesia leading to mental. To our knowledge, the onset of this patient has never been reported previously, and we will discuss the potential risk factors and preventive measures for such patients in the future.

Case information

A 38‐year‐old female patient presented for elective open resection of liver tumor, when bilateral 7th thoracic (T7) paravertebral blocks were performed under the guidance of ultrasound with 0.5% ropivacaine (3 mg/kg) in the anesthesia preparation area. After 20 minutes, the patient suddenly became extremely excited and requested to suspend the operation, because Guanyin Bodhisattva just told her that the operation would put her life in danger.

Conclusion

Although the dose of ropivacaine was up to 3 mg/kg for lumbar epidural, or 4.3 mg/kg for major nerve block based on the manufacturer’s recommendation, we believe that the bolus dosage of 0.5% ropivacaine 3 mg/kg was high for bilateral thoracic paravertebral block in this patient.
CT imaging character of different brain regions in different ages of Diannan small‐ear pigs
Authors: Zhou Lin , Niu Rui‐Ze , Zhou Hong‐Su , Wang Zheng‐Meng , Wang Feng‐Lin , Yang Xin‐Xin , Deng Issac , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong , Zhou Xin‐Fu , Xiong Liu‐Lin
Published: December 2021

Objective

To collect and establish normal data of the brain regions of Diannan small‐ear (DSE pigs, basically throughout measuring and comparing computed tomography values of the barin.

Methods

12 ordinary DSE pigs were divided into juvenile, adult, old groups based on the physiological ages (n=4) A SOMATOM Definition AS 64‐row 128‐slice 4D spiral CT scanner (SOMATOM Definition AS, Germany) was used to collect CT images of DSE pigs, record and analyze the scanning data.

Results

Compared with the juvenile group, the CT values of the right frontal lobe, right parietal lobe, right temporal lobe, left temporal lobe, and right occipital lobe were significantly higher in the elderly group. Compared with the adult group, the CT values of the right frontal lobe, left frontal lobe, right parietal lobe, right temporal lobe, left temporal lobe, and right occipital lobe of the elderly group were significantly higher.

Conclusion

The results of the study can be used to evaluate the changes in CT values of various brain regions in piglets of different ages and future pig head injury models or other studies that require CT‐based analysis.
New progress of isoflurane, sevoflurane and propofol in hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury and related molecular mechanisms based on p75 neurotrophic factor receptor
Authors: Zhu Yi , Zhou Hong‐Su , Chen Dong‐Qin , Zhou Di , Zhao Nan , Xiong Liu‐Lin , Deng Issac , Zhou Xin‐Fu , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong
Published: December 2021

Hypoxic ischemic brain injury (HIBI) is one of the most common clinical disorders, especially in neonates. The complex pathophysiology of HIBI is an important cause of disability and even death of patients, however, being without effective clinical treatments. Common anesthetics (such as isoflurane, propofol and sevoflurane) have an adverse impact on neuronal cells for HIBI via the regulation of p75 neurotrophic factor receptor (P75NTR). In order to protect the injured brains and study the effect of underlying treatments, it is particularly significant to understand and master the developmental mechanism of anesthetics for the occurrence of HIBI related molecular mechanisms. Therefore, this paper will mainly review the corresponding pathogenic and protective mechanisms about HIBI binding to the research progress of the role of P75NTR. In conclusion, the effects of neuroprotection and injured nerves are involved in the expression and activation of P75NTR, mainly increased P75NTR mRNA, protein levels and calpain‐dependent for propofol, and inducing neuronal apoptosis for isoflurane and sevoflurane, and we look forward to that connection with P75NTR, common anaesthetic and HIBI may be a new direction of research and gain perfect outcomes in the future.
Interaction among long non‐coding RNA, micro‐RNA and mRNA in glioma
Authors: Chai Yang , Liu Shun , Xie Ming‐Xiang
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development and wide application of gene sequencing, biotechnology, and informatics about cancer, it has been found that the main causes of malignant gliomas occurrence not only consist of abnormal mutations of protein‐coding genes but also abnormal expressions of non‐coding RNA (ncRNA). In this review, we summarize the interaction and mechanism between lncRNA‐miRNA‐mRNA and gliomas in occurrence, development, aggression, and migration in depth.
The role of immune cells in the course of Parkinson's disease
Authors: He Xiu‐Ying , Wang Ru‐Rong , Wang Ting‐Hua
Published: December 2021

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system. The pathological manifestations mainly consist of α‐synuclein accumulation, degeneration and death of dopaminergic neurons, and insufficient dopamine secretion. There are many pathophysiological mechanisms leading to these pathological changes. The role of autoimmunity in Parkinson's disease is one of the academic hotspots in recent years. Many types of immune cells actively participate in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, such as dendritic cells, microglia, T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, which lead to abnormal immune response in Parkinson's disease patients. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing the research progress of immune cells in Parkinson's disease.
Difference between remimazolam toluenesulfonic acid and propofol in waking quality and conscious state after general anesthesia
Authors: Li Juan , Zhou Di , Jin Yang , Zhou Hong‐Su , Fang Chang‐Le , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong , Xiong Liu‐Lin
Published: December 2021

Objective

To explore the difference of anesthesia recovery and postoperative conscious state between remimazolam toluenesulfonic acid and propofol after induction and maintenance of general anesthesia.

Methods

104 patients undergoing elective tracheal intubation general anesthesia in our hospital were randomly divided into 2 groups: Remimazolam Toluenesulfonic acid group (Group R) and Propofol group (Group P). MOAA/S score, the modified Aldrete score, recovery index, time point, a state of consciousness, interpretative vital signs and adverse events were monitored at different time.

Results

Compared with the Group P, the extubation time and orientation recovery time of the Group R were significantly shorter. When the operation time was less than 1 hour, the MOAA/S score of the Group R was shorter than that of Group P at 5 min and 15 min after the operation. To compare with the Group P, the score of MOAA/S in the Group R increased at 5 min, 20 min and 30 min after the operation. When the operation time was less than or equal to 1 h, the modified Aldrete score in the Group R was slightly higher than that in the Group P at 30 min after extubation. There was no injection pain in the the Group R, and the incidence of hypotension was lower than that of propofol.

Conclusion

Compared with Propofol, when the operation time of general anesthesia is more than 1 hour, recovery time of Remimazolam Toluenesulfonic acid is shorter, with more complete and higher‐quality recovery.
Improving SERS bioimaging of subcutaneous phantom in vivo with optical clearing
Authors: Khlebtsov Boris , Burov Andrey , Pylaev Timofey , Savkina Angelina , Prikhozhdenko Ekaterina , Bratashov Daniil , Khlebtsov Nikolai
Published: December 2021

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has proven to be a promising technique for different types of imaging including preoperative and intraoperative in vivo tumor visualization. However, the strong scattering of the turbid tissue limits its use in subcutaneous areas. In this article, we used an optical clearing technique to improve the SERS signal from a subcutaneous tumor phantom. The phantom is a 2 mm sphere of calcium alginate with incorporated petal‐like gap‐enhanced Raman tags. The use of optical clearing increases the SERS signal target‐to‐background ratio for 5 times and allow to decrease the total imaging time for at least 10 times. In addition, SERS imaging assisted with optical clearing made it possible to more precisely determine the shape and boundaries of the implanted phantom. The combination of optical clearing and SERS is a promising strategy for the clinical imaging of subcutaneous objects that are usually shielded by dermal tissue.
Upregulated SLC27A2/FATP2 in differentiated thyroid carcinoma promotes tumor proliferation and migration
Authors: Feng Kaixiang , Ma Runsheng , Li Hongqiang , Yin Keyu , Du Gongbo , Chen Xin , Liu Zhen , Yin Detao
Published: December 2021

Background

Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) accounts for the vast majority of thyroid cancer (TC) cases. The rapidly increasing incidence of TC requires the urgent identification of new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Solute carrier family 27 member 2 (SLC27A2/FATP2) plays an essential role in lipid biosynthesis and fatty acid transport. Recent studies have confirmed its involvement in a variety of diseases, including cancer.

Methods

In this study, the expression of SLC27A2 was analyzed in cancer and paracancerous tissue samples from 98 thyroid cancer patients, and we performed ROC analysis to confirm the diagnostic value. CCK8, Transwell, and other methods were used to study its effect on DTC, and the mechanism of SLC27A2 was investigated by RNA sequencing and Western blot.

Results

The expression of SLC27A2 was upregulated in both DTC tissues and cell lines and was correlated with clinical progression. In vitro studies further confirmed that SLC27A2 knockdown attenuated the proliferation and invasion of DTC cells. Through RNA sequence analysis and gene set enrichment analysis, we found that the MAPK pathway is the main downstream signaling pathway for the regulation by SLC27A2. SLC27A2 affects cell proliferation and differentiation by inducing changes in the proto‐oncogene C‐FOS.

Conclusions

Our results show that SLC27A2 plays an important role in tumor proliferation and migration, providing a new putative target for the diagnosis and treatment of TC.
Gender differences in the microbial spectrum and antibiotic sensitivity of uropathogens isolated from patients with urinary stones
Authors: Gu Jie , Chen Xiong , Yang Zhiming , Bai Yao , Zhang Xiaobo
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The characteristics and resistance patterns of urine bacteriology urolithiasis patients between male and female have not been extensively studied. This study aims to investigate the gender differences in microbial spectrum and antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens isolated from urolithiasis patients and provide insights for appropriate antimicrobial therapies.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively collected clinical microbiology data from urine culture in urolithiasis patients between March 2014 and December 2018 in Xiangya Hospital. Then the patients were divided into male and female groups. The microbial spectrum and frequency of susceptibility to antibiotics were compared.

Results

A total of 359 uropathogen isolates were collected from 335 patients, including 144 males (43.0%) and 191 females (57.0%). E. coli dominated in both groups, indicating higher frequency in females (53.2%) than in males (26.6%, p < 0.001), followed by E. faecalis, with higher frequency in males (15.6%) than in females (2.9%, p < 0.001). Major Gram‐negative (E. coli and K. pneumoniae) bacteria showed high sensitivity to cefoperazone/sulbactam, cefotetan, piperacillin/ tazobactam, and amikacin. In contrast, the resistance level was high to penicillin, tetracycline, and vancomycin in both groups. Gram‐positive (E. faecalis and E. faecium) isolates demonstrated high sensitivity to gentamicin and vancomycin in both groups. Furthermore, uropathogens isolated from female urolithiasis patients were more susceptible to antimicrobials than males.

Conclusions

Uropathogen microbial spectrum in female urolithiasis patients is different from males. High susceptibility antibiotics should be used empirically according to gender to avoid multidrug‐resistant bacteria increase.
Laccase‐mediated oxidation of steroid alcohols in the presence of methylated β‐cyclodextrin: from inhibition to selective synthesis
Authors: Khomutov Sergey M , Shutov Andrey A , Averin Aleksey D , Dovbnya Dmitry V , Donova Marina V
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Laccase mediator systems (LMS) possess great potential in organic synthesis for selective oxidation in mild conditions. However, their usage in steroid synthetic chemistry is limited by low aqueous solubility of the substrates. In this study, the effect of steroid complexation with methylated cyclodextrin (mCD) on LMS oxidation has been studied.

RESULTS

LMS consisted of Trametes versicolor laccase and 1‐hydroxybenzotriazole or TEMPO as redox mediators were used. The only product, ‐ 3β‐hydroxyandrost‐5‐en‐7,17‐dione (7‐keto‐DHEA) was detected during LMS oxidation of 3β‐hydroxyandrost‐5‐en‐17‐one (DHEA) at substrate concentrations within solubility. The formation of mCD complex with DHEA led to a decrease in the concentration of the reaction form of the substrate and inhibited bioconversion. When DHEA concentrations over its aqueous solubility was used, 3β,7α‐ and 3β,7β‐dihydroxyandrost‐5‐en‐17‐one (7α‐ and 7β‐OH‐DHEA) along with 7‐keto‐DHEA were formed. Both isomeric 7α‐ and 7β‐OH‐DHEA were efficiently converted to 7‐keto‐DHEA by LMS in the presence of mCD. LMS‐catalyzed oxidation of 20‐hydroxymethylpregn‐4‐en‐3‐one (HMP) in the presence of mCD resulted in a single product, pregn‐4‐en‐3‐one‐20‐carbaldehyde (20‐POA) and the reaction rate increased under elevated mCD concentrations. A preparative biochemical synthesis of 20‐POA was carried out, which has not been so far reported.

CONCLUSIONS

mCD affects LMS‐catalyzed oxidation of steroid alcohols. The mechanism includes formation of steroid‐mCD inclusion complexes that could inhibit, or facilitate oxidation depending on the structure of steroid‐CD complex and accessibility of the hydroxyl functions to the LMS action. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Diphosphine ligand‐containing model complex of [Fe]‐H2ase active site as direct phenol hydroxylation catalyst in the aqueous phase
Authors: Ma Xiaoyuan , Zhang Xia , Wang Jingchao , Li Siyi , Zhang Tianyong , Jiang Shuang , Li Bin
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Dihydroxybenzene (DHB) is a common feedstock in the pharmaceutical and dyestuff industries, which can be prepared by hydroxylation of phenol. It has great potential to find a highly selective catalyst to promote this process.

RESULTS

Two novel model complexes, FeI2(CO)2DPPE (1) and FeI2(CO)2DPPP (2), were designed and synthesized, which mimic the active site of [Fe]‐hydrogenase. IR and UV–vis spectroscopies and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the structures of complexes 1 and 2. According to the IR spectra, complexes 1 and 2 have two cis‐CO ligands, which is similar to the Fe‐GP cofactor isolated from the enzyme. The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of complex 1 revealed an angle of 93.7° between the two cis‐CO ligands, confirming the structural similarity to the active site of natural [Fe]‐H2ase. Complex 1 exhibits excellent catalytic properties in phenol hydroxylation, achieving 19.6% phenol conversion and 82.5% DHB selectivity under optimal conditions.

CONCLUSIONS

Complex 1 is an excellent candidate for mild phenol hydroxylation catalysis. Additionally, a proposed mechanism for hydroxylation catalyzed by complex 1 is presented. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Psychotic‐like experiences associated with sleep disturbance and brain volumes in youth: Findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development study
Authors: Lunsford‐Avery Jessica R. , Damme Katherine S. F. , Vargas Teresa , Sweitzer Maggie M. , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: December 2021

Background

Sleep disturbance is characteristic of schizophrenia and at‐risk populations, suggesting a possible etiological role in psychosis. Biological mechanisms underlying associations between sleep and psychosis vulnerability are unclear, although reduced sleep‐regulatory brain structure volumes are a proposed contributor. This study is the first to examine relationships between psychotic‐like experiences (PLEs; subclinical symptoms reflecting psychosis vulnerability/risk), sleep, and brain volumes in youth.

Methods

Brain volumes of five sleep‐related structures were examined in relation to PLEs and difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) in 9,260 9‐ to 11‐year‐olds participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Analytic models examined relationships between DIMS, PLEs, and brain volumes, as well as DIMS as a mediator of brain volume–PLEs relationships. Although sleep regulation structures (i.e., thalamus, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus) were of primary interest, other potentially relevant structures to sleep‐related functioning and psychosis (i.e., hippocampus and amygdala) were also examined.

Results

PLEs were associated with increased DIMS as well as reduced volume in some, but not all, brain structures, including the thalamus and basal forebrain in children. DIMS was also associated with reduced left thalamus volume in youth. Increased DIMS partially, statistically mediated the relationship between left thalamic volume and PLEs, although the effect was relatively small.

Conclusions

Results highlight left thalamic volume as a potential neural mechanism underlying sleep disturbances and PLEs in childhood. Future studies should assess causal relationships between sleep, PLEs, and brain structure across adolescent development, interactions with other psychosis risk factors, and the role of sleep interventions in prevention of psychosis and a range of psychiatric conditions across the lifespan.
Integrating digital scholarship in dental education: Why, what, and how?
Authors: Dragan Irina F. , Hamza Tahir , McAndrew Maureen
Published: December 2021

The aim of this perspective paper is to highlight the potential role and value digital scholarship can have in dental education. The use of digital scholarship and alternative metrics for academic assessment, promotion, and tenure is growing rapidly among healthcare scholars and can complement traditional frameworks. The US dental academic institutions might consider expanding the scope of their promotion and tenure guidelines from reliance on publications and grants to a greater appreciation of the impact of the scholar's work in the digital sphere by integrating newer citation indices and altmetrics.
A report of the AGCPD task force to evaluate associations between select admissions requirements, demographics, and performance on ABGC certification examination
Authors: Myers Melanie F. , Bergner Amanda , Conway Laura , Duquette Debra , Durst Andrea L. , Yashar Beverly M. , Zhang Xue , Campion MaryAnn
Published: December 2021

Graduation from a genetic counseling graduate program accredited by the Accreditation Council of Genetic Counseling and certification obtained by passing the American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) certification examination are increasingly required to practice as a genetic counselor in the USA. Despite the ABGC certification examination serving as a gateway to the genetic counseling career, there have been no research studies to date that have examined what variables are associated with examination performance. Therefore, the Association of Genetic Counseling Program Directors established a Task Force to assess whether trainee demographics, Grade point average (GPA) and Graduate Record Exam (GRE®) percentile scores are associated with passing the ABGC certification examination on the first attempt. We surveyed accredited genetic counseling graduate programs in North America and gathered demographic data, admissions variables, and certification examination outcome data for 1,494 trainees from 24 training programs, representing approximately 60.5% of matriculants between 2007 and 2016. Univariable analysis was performed to assess associations between admissions variables and categorical outcome (pass vs. fail) on the certification examination using Wilcoxon rank‐sum or Fisher's exact test. Variables significantly associated with the categorical board outcome were then entered in a stepwise model selection procedure. In stepwise logistic regression, trainees with higher GPA (OR = 3.41; 95% CI = 1.99, 5.83), higher verbal (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.03) and quantitative (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 1.01, 1.03) GRE® scores, female trainees (OR = 2.95; 95% CI = 1.70, 5.12), and White trainees (OR 3.37; 95% CI = 2.14, 5.30) had higher odds of passing the certification examination on the first attempt. As programs move to a holistic approach to graduate admissions in order to improve access to the genetic counseling profession, our results may influence programs to provide additional preparation for the certification examination for all trainees. In addition, genetic counseling professional organizations should continue to work together to assess and eliminate outcome disparities in admissions, training, and certification processes.
Neoplastic synovial lining cells that coexpress podoplanin and CD90 overproduce CSF‐1, driving tenosynovial giant cell tumor
Authors: Chandler Andrew C. , Yakoub Mohamed , Fujiwara Tomohiro , Donlin Laura T. , Purdue Paul Edward , Healey John H.
Published: December 2021

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TCGT) is a rare neoplasm affecting the synovium of joints, bursae, and tendon sheaths. The overproduction of colony‐stimulating factor‐1 (CSF‐1) by a minority of the tumor population works in a paracrine fashion to drive tumor growth. Pathology of the reactive, monocytic component has been well elucidated, whereas the populations of neoplastic cells and all the sources of CSF‐1 overproduction are incompletely characterized. Podoplanin (PDPN), or gp38, is a cell surface glycoprotein that is expressed on fibroblast‐like synovial cells and upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and many cancers; it governs cell mobility, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and other functions and is associated with lymphangiogenesis and poor prognosis in many solid tumors, which underscores its local and possible systemic effects. We found higher PDPN expression in TGCT than in internal controls of patients' healthy synovium. Flow cytometry partitioned PDPNhigh cells into PDPNhighCD90+ and PDPNhighCD14+ populations. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the PDPNhighCD90+ cells revealed that CSF‐1 expression was 10‐fold higher than in PDPNhighCD14+ cells. Therefore, we conclude that the lining fibroblast‐like synovial cells, which express PDPNhighCD90+, are responsible for the overproduction of CSF‐1 and for driving tumor growth.
Elaboration and characterization of nanoemulsion with orange essential oil and pectin
Authors: Sanchez Antonio , García María Carmen , Martín‐Piñero María José , Muñoz José , Alfaro‐Rodríguez Maria‐Carmen
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Nanoemulsions formulated with citric essential oils are currently of interest because of their physical and chemical properties and multiple applications in areas such as the food industry or agrochemicals. These are thermodynamically unstable and have almost Newtonian flow behaviour, but a suitable formulation allows systems to be obtained with good physical stability and rheological properties. The addition of pectin makes this possible. In this work, food nanoemulsions formulated with pectin, orange essential oil (5 wt%), and Tween 80 were obtained by microfluidization. First, the effect of Tween 80 concentration from 1 to 5 wt% on emulsions without pectin was evaluated. Then, pectin was added to the most stable nanoemulsion obtained and two variables were studied: the pectin solution concentration (from 2 to 6 wt%) and the pectin/emulsion ratio (1:1 or 2:1) at a fixed pectin concentration.

RESULTS

Rheological, laser diffraction, and multiple light scattering techniques were employed to determine the content of Tween 80 that results in the most stable nanoemulsion without pectin, which was 3 wt%. In addition, these techniques were used to determine the structure and physical stability of the nanoemulsions containing orange essential oil and pectin. The results obtained showed that the emulsions containing 2 wt% pectin were destabilized before 24 h. Furthermore, the emulsion with 6 wt% pectin and a 2:1 pectin/emulsion ratio showed the highest viscosity and the lowest mean diameters, and therefore the greatest stability.

CONCLUSION

This work extends the knowledge of formulation of nanoemulsions and using essential oils. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Genotypic differences in the synergistic effect of nitrogen and boron on the seed yield and nitrogen use efficiency of Brassica napus
Authors: Wang Youqiang , Zhao Zhe , Wang Sheliang , Shi Lei , Xu Fangsen
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is highly sensitive to nitrogen (N) and boron (B) deficiency; however, the synergistic effects of these elements on rapeseed production are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of co‐application of N and B on seed yield, N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of rapeseed. Three rapeseed cultivars (W10, ZS11 and HG) were treated with different N and B application rates, and the seed yield, N uptake and NUE were examined in 2‐year field experiments.

RESULTS

The application of B fertilizer (4.5, 9 kg borax ha−1) improved N uptake, NUE and seed yield. However, the magnitude of increase in seed yield by B fertilization was dependent upon the rate of N supply and genotype. The benefit of B was much greater at 180 kg N ha−1 than at 0 or 60 kg N ha−1. The combination of N and B also improved N remobilization from sources (stems and husks) to sinks (seeds) and increased N recovery efficiency (NRE). Compared with the B‐inefficient cultivar W10, the B‐efficient cultivars ZS11 and HG were superior in growth, seed yield, N uptake and NUE on B deficient soils. Furthermore, B‐efficient cultivars showed great potential in saving N input, and the yield increased by more than 40% under B deficiency conditions.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights a markedly synergistic effect of N and B nutrition on rapeseed NUE and yield production and shows that B‐efficient genotypes can increase yield and reduce N inputs under B‐deficient conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Management of postoperative microvascular compromise and ischemia reperfusion injury in breast reconstruction using autologous tissue transfer: Retrospective review of 2103 flaps
Authors: Coriddi Michelle , Myers Paige , Mehrara Babak , Nelson Jonas , Cordeiro Peter G. , Disa Joseph , Matros Evan , Dayan Joseph , Allen Robert , McCarthy Colleen
Published: December 2021

Background

Although rates of microvascular thrombosis following free‐flap breast reconstruction are low, debate persists about the optimal methods to restore blood flow and prevent ensuing flap shrinkage or fibrosis. Here we evaluate our management of microvascular compromise, including both a review of our approach for restoring blood flow and addressing the ensuing inflammatory changes following ischemia reperfusion.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of autologous free tissue transfer breast reconstructions from 1/2010 to 1/2020. Patients who had flaps requiring take‐back for salvage were identified. Management of microvascular compromise and ischemia reperfusion injury were recorded.

Results

Of 2103 flaps were used in the breast reconstructions, 47 flaps required take‐back for microvascular compromise (2.2%). Most flaps were either completely salvaged (n = 29, 61.7%) or partially salvaged (n = 5, 10.6%). Thirteen (27.7%) were a total flap loss, for an overall rate of 0.8% (including 3 flaps with no salvage attempt). Management of microvascular compromise most often included revision of the anastomosis (n = 33, 70.2%), thrombectomy (n = 27, 57.4%), tissue plasminogen activator administration (n = 26, 55.3%), and vein grafts (n = 18, 38.3%). Management of ischemia reperfusion included intraoperative steroids (n = 33, 70.2%), postoperative steroids (n = 17, 38.6%), and postoperative therapeutic anticoagulation (n = 27, 61.3%). Of 34 salvaged flaps, 5 (14.7%) had partial flap loss and/or fat necrosis on clinical examination at an average follow‐up of 2.7 ± 2.8 years.

Conclusions

Salvage of microvascular compromise in autologous breast reconstruction should include restoration of blood flow and management of ischemia reperfusion injury. Attention to both is paramount for successful outcomes.
Eight‐node hexahedral elements for gradient elasticity analysis
Authors: Yuan Wenchen , Sze Kam Yim
Published: December 2021

Computational analysis of gradient elasticity often requires the trial solution to be C1 yet constructing C1 finite elements is not trivial. Further to the recent success of 4‐node quadrilateral and 4‐node tetrahedral elements which employ only displacement and displacement gradient as the nodal dofs, this paper develops 8‐node hexahedral elements for gradient elasticity analyses by the generalized discrete Kirchhoff and the relaxed hybrid‐stress methods. Both methods require a C0 displacement interpolation which is quadratic complete in the Cartesian coordinates. Starting from the 8‐node hexahedron with only displacement and displacement gradient as the nodal dofs, it is noted that another 6 mid‐face nodes and a condensable bubble node with displacement dofs are required for the quadratic completeness. The dofs of the mid‐face node are then constrained to those of the corner nodes defining the same element face. The C0 displacement of the resultant 8‐node hexahedron is quadratic complete only when all element faces are flat. Though the quadratic completeness of the two 8‐node elements has been partially compromised, the relaxed hybrid‐stress element model is marginally more accurate than the previously devised 4‐node tetrahedral elements.
Association between the examination rate of treatment‐resistant schizophrenia and the clozapine prescription rate in a nationwide dissemination and implementation study
Authors: Yasui‐Furukori Norio , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Hasegawa Naomi , Ochi Shinichiro , Numata Shusuke , Hori Hikaru , Hishimoto Akitoyo , Onitsuka Toshiaki , Ohi Kazutaka , Hashimoto Naoki , Nagasawa Tatsuya , Takaesu Yoshikazu , Inagaki Takahiko , Tagata Hiromi , Tsuboi Takashi , Kubota Chika , Furihata Ryuji , Iga Jun‐ichi , Iida Hitoshi , Miura Kenichiro , Matsumoto Junya , Yamada Hisashi , Watanabe Koichiro , Inada Ken , Shimoda Kazutaka , Hashimoto Ryota
Published: December 2021

Background

The decision to initiate clozapine treatment should be made on an individual basis and may be closely related to the early detection of treatment‐resistant schizophrenia (TRS), although there is evidence that the early use of clozapine results in a better response to treatment. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between the examination rate of TRS and the prescription rate of clozapine.

Methods

After attending a 1‐day educational program on schizophrenia based on the "Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia," we asked the participating facilities to submit records of whether or not TRS was evaluated for each patient. We calculated the clozapine prescription rate from the schizophrenic patients prescribed clozapine and all of the schizophrenic patients. Forty‐nine facilities in 2017 were included in the study.

Results

There were dichotomous distributions in the examination rate of TRS and a non‐normal distribution in the prescription rate of clozapine. There was a significant correlation between the prescription rate of clozapine and the examination rate of TRS (r
s = 0.531, P = 1.032 × 10−4). A significant difference was found in the prescription rate of clozapine between the three groups of facilities according to the examination rate of TRS.

Conclusion

As a preliminary problem for the use of clozapine, in Japan, the examination rate of TRS varies, and there are many facilities that typically do not consider the possibility of TRS; this trend leads to a low rate of clozapine use. Clearly, further clinician training is needed for the early detection and appropriate management of TRS that includes an explanation of TRS and how to introduce clozapine therapy to patients and their families.
Pediatric AML patients with acute‐onset cardiomyopathy in the setting of Streptococcus viridans bacteremia after anthracyclines
Authors: Sabet Kazuhiro , Panigrahi Arun , Chung Jo , Dayan Yoni
Published: December 2021

We reviewed three very similar cases of acute‐onset heart failure in children with acute myeloid leukemia who received anthracyclines during their treatment. All three children were diagnosed with recent Streptococcus viridans bacteremia and had persistent tachycardia prior to acute‐onset heart failure with near‐complete resolution within weeks. We hypothesize their heart failure was secondary to sepsis‐induced cardiomyopathy with anthracycline‐induced cardiac myocyte damage as a predisposing factor. We suggest prophylaxis and methods of early detection to prevent and better treat acute heart failure in pediatric oncology patients receiving anthracyclines.
Positivity, creativity, and reappraisal's emotion regulation efficacy
Authors: Li Yue , Zhang Ze , Wang Yuechen , Guo Tingting , Zhang Ying , Li Ziyi , Luo Jing
Published: December 2021

The relationship between cognitive reappraisal's creativity (both novelty and appropriateness), positivity (the positive or negative attitudes), and emotion regulation efficacy was analyzed. Positivity was found to play a full mediating role between creativity and regulation effectiveness.
Improved blood glucose control, cardiovascular health and empowerment in people attending X‐PERT structured diabetes education
Authors: Wheatley Sean D , Arjomandkhah Nicola C , Murdoch Campbell , Whitaker Matthew JG , Evans Nina M , Hollinrake Paul B , Reeves Trudi E , Wellsted David , Deakin Trudi A
Published: December 2021

The aim of the audit was to assess the change in key health markers in people with, or at risk of, diabetes who attended X‐PERT structured diabetes education.

Data from X‐PERT programmes are entered into a central database. Twelve‐month changes in anthropometric and clinical variables – and diabetes medication usage – are reported for programmes run between 1 January 2017 and 31 December 2018. Where appropriate, paired t‐tests were performed.

In total, 29,703 participants were registered to attend a programme during this period, of which 23,118 (78%) attended at least one session. Of those who attended at least one session 18,039 (78%) completed a programme. Ninety‐nine percent (3342) of participants with clinical data available had type 2 diabetes. Meaningful reductions in HbA1c were seen (‐8.6mmol/mol, 95% CI ‐9.2 to ‐8.0mmol/mol [‐0.8%, 95% CI ‐0.8 to ‐0.7%]; n=2957; p<0.001); and there were statistically significant reductions in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and triglycerides to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (all p<0.001). No change in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was observed. Of the 1180 participants who were recorded as taking diabetes medication at baseline, 632 (54%) were able to reduce the number of medications they were taking and 278 (24%) were able to omit them entirely. Participant empowerment score increased by 20%.

Improvements in glycaemic control, weight management and cardiovascular disease risk, as well as reduced medication requirements and an increased feeling of empowerment, were observed in people who attended X‐PERT structured diabetes education programmes. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Hierarchical cluster analysis of herbicide modes of action reveals distinct classes of multiple resistance in weeds
Authors: Hulme Philip E
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

The number of weed species resistant to multiple herbicide modes of action (MoAs) has increased over the last 30 years and may in the future render existing herbicide MoAs obsolete for many cropping systems. Yet few predictive tools exist to manage this risk. Using a worldwide dataset of weed species resistant to multiple herbicide MoAs, hierarchical clustering was used to classify MoAs into similar groups in relation to the suite of resistant weed species they have in common. Network analyses then were used to explore the relative importance of species prevalence and similarity in cluster patterns.

RESULTS

Hierarchical clustering identified three similarly sized clusters of herbicide MoAs that were linked by the co‐occurrence of resistant weeds: Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) groups 2, 4, 5 and 9; HRAC groups 12, 14 and 15; and HRAC groups 1, 3 and 22. Cluster membership was consistent with similarities in the physiological or biochemical target of the herbicide MoAs. Network analyses revealed that the number of weed species resistant to two different MoAs was related to the number of weeds known to be resistant to each individual herbicide MoA.

CONCLUSIONS

Hierarchical cluster analysis provided new insights into the risk of weeds becoming resistant to more than one herbicide MoA. By clustering herbicide MoAs into three distinct groups, the potential exists for farmers to manage resistance by rotating herbicides between rather than within clusters, as far as crop, weed and environmental conditions allow.
A Wide Tunable Nanophosphor NaYO2:Er3+/Yb3+ by Modulating Power Density
Authors: Zhao Feng , Bian Qingfeng , Chu Yunting , Zhang Yi , Zhao Qianyun , Sun Jingchang , Li Chengren
Published: December 2021

To date, it is still a challenging topic to achieve a wide tunable emission from the same sample under the excitation of a single pump source. Herein, a new sort of nanophosphor NaYO2:Er3+/Yb3+ is prepared and characterized. In particular, the wide tunable range crossing red–yellow–green–white regions can be realized only by modulating the power density of the 980 nm semiconductor laser. The mechanism of emitting white light is discussed, and two formulae for quantitatively defining the fluorescent material's tuning ability are also offered. At the same time, the nanophosphor on hand possesses a high degree of reversibility. The nanophosphor presents comprehensive application prospects in information security, anticounterfeiting, display, and other fields.
COVID‐19‐induced adult multisystem inflammatory syndrome and fatal acute limb ischaemia
Authors: Kobe Hiroshi , Ito Akihiro , Ishida Tadashi
Published: December 2021

Key message

A case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)‐induced adult multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) and fatal acute limb ischaemia is presented. Arterial thrombosis and MIS are reported as complications of COVID‐19. This case further highlights that arterial thrombosis and MIS can occur in COVID‐19.
Using Small Molecule Absorbers to Create a Photothermal Wax Motor
Authors: Lui Brandon F. , Bardeen Christopher J.
Published: December 2021

Organic phase change materials are used in actuators like wax motors. The solid→liquid phase transition that drives expansion is commonly induced by resistive heating that requires an electrical connection. The use of light to generate a phase change provides a non‐contact way to power wax motors. Here, it is demonstrated that small molecules can act as absorbers to enable a photoinduced solid→liquid melting transition in eicosane, a low molecular weight phase change material. Three different small molecule absorbers are utilized: (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl (TEMPO), azobenzene (AZOB), and guaiazulene (GAZ). The GAZ/eicosane mixture is characterized in detail because its absorption extends out to 750 nm, opening up the possibility of using near‐infrared diodes as the photon source. The GAZ/eicosane composite is incorporated into a commercial wax motor assembly and 532 nm laser light is used to lift up to 400 g. The temporal response, work and force output, and efficiency are measured, and no loss of lifting capability or degradation is observed after ten cycles of irradiation. The incorporation of small aromatic molecules with low‐energy absorption features into phase change materials can provide a general way to make light powered wax motors.
Co4N‐Decorated 3D Wood‐Derived Carbon Host Enables Enhanced Cathodic Electrocatalysis and Homogeneous Lithium Deposition for Lithium–Sulfur Full Cells
Authors: Zhang Weifeng , Xu Biyi , Zhang Longhai , Li Wei , Li Shulian , Zhang Jiaxi , Jiang Guoxing , Cui Zhiming , Song Huiyu , Grundish Nicholas , Shi Kaixiang , Zhang Bingkai , Fan Yan , Pan Feng , Liu Quanbing , Du Li
Published: December 2021

The sluggish kinetics of sulfur conversion in the cathode and the nonuniform deposition of lithium metal at the anode result in severe capacity decay and poor cycle life for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Resolving these deficiencies is the most direct route toward achieving practical cells of this chemistry. Herein, a vertically aligned wood–derived carbon plate decorated with Co4N nanoparticles host (Co4N/WCP) is proposed that can serve as a host for both the sulfur cathode and the metallic lithium anode. This Co4N/WCP electrode host drastically enhances the reaction kinetics in the sulfur cathode and homogenizes the electric field at the anode for the uniform lithium plating. Density functional theory calculations confirm the experimental observations that Co4N/WCP provides a lower energy barrier for the polysulfide redox reaction in the cathode and a low adsorption energy for lithium deposition at the anode. Employing the Co4N/WCP host at both electrodes in a S@Co4N/WCP||Li@Co4N/WCP full cell delivers a specific capacity of 807.9 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a 1 C rate. Additional experiments are performed with high areal sulfur loading of 4 mg cm−2 to demonstrate the viability of this strategy for producing practical Li–S cells.
Rotating Cylinder‐Assisted Nanoimprint Lithography for Enhanced Chemisorbable Filtration Complemented by Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Authors: Jeon Sangheon , Park Rowoon , Jeong Jeonghwa , Heo Gyeonghwa , Lee Jihye , Shin Min Chan , Kwon Young Woo , Yang Jin Chul , Park Woon Ik , Kim Ki Su , Park Jinyoung , Hong Suck Won
Published: December 2021

Rotating cylindrical stamp‐based nanoimprint technique has many advantages, including the continuous fabrication of intriguing micro/nanostructures and rapid pattern transfer on a large scale. Despite these advantages, the previous nanoimprint lithography has rarely been used for producing sophisticated nanoscale patterns on a non‐planar substrate that has many extended applications. Here, the simple integration of nanoimprinting process with a help of a transparent stamp wrapped on the cylindrical roll and UV optical source in the core to enable high‐throughput pattern transfer, particularly on a fabric substrate is demonstrated. Moreover, as a functional resin material, this innovative strategy involves a synergistic approach on the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer, which are spatially organized free‐standing perforated nanostructures such as nano/microscale lines, posts, and holes patterns on various woven or nonwoven blank substrates. The proposed materials can serve as a self‐encoded filtration medium for selective separation of formaldehyde molecules. It is envisioned that the combinatorial fabrication process and attractive material paves the way for designing next‐generation separation systems in use to capture industrial or household toxic substances.
Highly Reversible Cycling of Zn‐MnO2 Batteries Integrated with Acid‐Treated Carbon Supportive Layer
Authors: Kim Byung Gon , Park Sang Wook , Choi Hong Jun , Park Jun‐Woo , Lee Hongkyung , Choi Jeong‐Hee
Published: December 2021

Zn‐MnO2 battery with mild‐acid electrolytes has been considered as a promising alternative to Li‐ion battery for safe and cost‐effective energy storage systems (ESSs), and for full electrification. However, the governing mechanism of MnO2 electrochemistry has not been fully elucidated, hindering further advances in highly reversible MnO2 cathodes. Eventual Mn2+ ion dissolution into the electrolyte adversely triggers the irreversible loss of Mn2+ ions and the excessive precipitation of zinc hydroxyl sulfate (Zn4SO4(OH)6·xH2O, ZHS), leading to irreversible capacity loss upon prolonged cycling. To overcome these drawbacks, a rationally renovated cell structure is proposed by integrating an acid‐treated carbon supportive layer (aCSL) in the MnO2 cathode, which can play multifunctional roles rendering the additional reaction sites for the reversible formation/decomposition of ZHS and re‐utilization of the dissolved Mn2+ ions. Furthermore, the improved affinity of the aCSL toward the electrolyte is beneficial for increasing active surface area and facilitating charge transfer at the cathode side. Benefiting from these features, compared to the conventional cell configuration, the aCSL‐integrated Zn‐MnO2 cell exhibits superior cycling over 3000 cycles with negligible capacity decay (85.6% retention) at a current of 3 A g−1.