bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Smoking habits, knowledge about and attitudes toward smoking among employees in health institutions in Serbia
Authors: Stojanovic Miodrag , Musovic Dijana , Petrovic Branislav , Milosevic Zoran , Milosavljevic Ivica , Visnjic Aleksandar , Sokolovic Dusan
Published: May 2013

Background/Aim. According to the number of active smokers, Serbia occupies a
high position in Europe, as well as worldwide. More than 47% of adults are
smokers according to WHO data, and 33.6% according to the National Health
Survey Serbia in 2006. Smoking physicians are setting a bad example to
patients, they are uncritical to this habit, rarely ask patients whether they
smoke and rarely advise them not to smoke. These facts contribute to the
battle for reducing the number of medical workers who smoke, as well as the
number of smokers among general population. The aim of the study was to
determine the smoking behavior, knowledge and attitudes and cessation advice
given to patients by healthcare professionals in Serbia. Methods. A
stratified random cluster sample of 1,383 participants included all types of
health institutions in Serbia excluding Kosovo. The self administrated
questionnaire was used to collect data about smoking habits, knowledge,
attitudes and cessation advice to patients given by health professionals in
Serbia. Results. Out of 1,383 participants, 45.60% were smokers, of whom
34.13% were physicians and 51.87% nurses. There were 46.4% male and 45.4%
female smokers. The differences in agreement with the statements related to
the responsibilities of health care professionals and smoking policy are
significant between the ?ever? and ?never? smokers, and also between
physicians and nurses. Twenty-five percent of nurses and 22% of doctors
claimed they had received formal training. However, only 35.7% of the
healthcare professionals felt very prepared to counsel patients, while 52.7%
felt somewhat prepared and 11.6% were not prepared at all. Conclusions.
According to the result of this survey, there are needs for more aggressive
nationwide non-smoking campaigns for physicians and medical students.
Experiences from countries where physicians smoke less and more effectively
carry out smoking cessation practices need to be shared with Serbian
physicians in order to improve their smoking behavior and smoking cessation
practices.
Transforming Growth Factor-β–Induced Cross Talk Between p53 and a MicroRNA in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Deshpande Supriya D. , Putta Sumanth , Wang Mei , Lai Jennifer Y. , Bitzer Markus , Nelson Robert G. , Lanting Linda L. , Kato Mitsuo , Natarajan Rama
Published: May 2013

Elevated p53 expression is associated with several kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanisms are unclear. We report that expression levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β), p53, and microRNA-192 (miR-192) are increased in the renal cortex of diabetic mice, and this is associated with enhanced glomerular expansion and fibrosis relative to nondiabetic mice. Targeting miR-192 with locked nucleic acid–modified inhibitors in vivo decreases expression of p53 in the renal cortex of control and streptozotocin-injected diabetic mice. Furthermore, mice with genetic deletion of miR-192 in vivo display attenuated renal cortical TGF-β and p53 expression when made diabetic, and have reduced renal fibrosis, hypertrophy, proteinuria, and albuminuria relative to diabetic wild-type mice. In vitro promoter regulation studies show that TGF-β induces reciprocal activation of miR-192 and p53, via the miR-192 target Zeb2, leading to augmentation of downstream events related to DN. Inverse correlation between miR-192 and Zeb2 was observed in glomeruli of human subjects with early DN, consistent with the mechanism seen in mice. Our results demonstrate for the first time a TGF-β–induced feedback amplification circuit between p53 and miR-192 related to the pathogenesis of DN, and that miR-192–knockout mice are protected from key features of DN.
The forgotten goiter: casuistic contribution and considerations for the choice of surgical approach
Authors: Avenia Nicola , Santoprete Stefano , Monacelli Massimo , Lucchini Roberta , Cirocchi Roberto , Sanguinetti Alessandro , Triola Roberta , Vannucci Jacopo , Corsi Alessia , Avenia Stefano , Puma Francesco
Published: May 2013

Aim. A residual mediastinal thyroid (“forgotten goiter”) is a well-known, though uncommon, complication of total thyroidectomy. Materials of study. The authors analyze their experience with three cases of goiter forgotten, observed in a series of 2946 thyroid resections in the period 2005–2010. In the study, a preoperative CT of the chest with three-dimensional reconstruction was always performed to examine the topographical relationships of the lesion. Excision was performed through cervicotomy, cervicosternotomic approach and cervicosternotomy, and posterolateral right thoracotomy. Results. There were no complications. Histological examination was suggestive of malignancy in one case (follicular carcinoma with pulmonary metastases). Discussion. The indication for surgery in cases of forgotten goiter is intrinsic to the diagnosis. Preoperative evaluation with accurate topographic imaging is required in all cases in order to understand the nature and location of mediastinal pathological tissue and to identify the most suitable access route. The cervicotomy is the ideal access for low surgical trauma and is easily extendable into a partial or complete sternotomy. A thoracotomy, on the other hand, which is usually reserved for the right side, must be planned preoperatively.
Between Politics and Equations
Authors: Brantlinger Andrew
Published: May 2013

Proponents of critical mathematics (CM) argue that it has the potential to be more equitable and socially empowering than other approaches to mathematics education. In this article, the author presents results from a practitioner research study of his own teaching of CM to low-income students of color in a U.S. context. The results pertain to the evolution of his reflections about the potentially enhancing relationship between the critical and the mathematical components of CM and the nature of student empowerment as he designed and taught with CM materials. The results point to curricular and instructional factors that present serious barriers to effective implementation of CM at the secondary level.
Role of radio on agricultural development: A review
Authors: Khanal Shree Ram
Published: May 2013

This article discusses the role of radio in agricultural development of Nepal. The work is based on the review of some selected texts. The author’s main position here is that Nepal's present radio boom bears a high scope for a significant role in the promotion of agriculture, and that discoursing this issue should get due importance since Nepalese economy is highly dependent on agricultural products. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 5, 2011, Page 201-206 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v5i1.8054
Structure and Anonymity of the Bitcoin Transaction Graph
Authors: Ober Micha , Katzenbeisser Stefan , Hamacher Kay
Published: May 2013

The Bitcoin network of decentralized payment transactions has attracted a lot of attention from both Internet users and researchers in recent years. Bitcoin utilizes a peer-to-peer network to issue anonymous payment transactions between different users. In the currently used Bitcoin clients, the full transaction history is available at each node of the network to prevent double spending without the need for a central authority, forming a valuable source for empirical research on network structure, network dynamics, and the implied anonymity challenges, as well as guidance on the future evolution of complex payment systems. We found dynamical effects of which some increase anonymity while others decrease it. Most importantly, several parameters of the Bitcoin transaction graph seem to have become stationary over the last 12–18 months. We discuss the implications.
Linking Traffic Noise, Noise Annoyance and Life Satisfaction: A Case Study
Authors: Urban Jan , Máca Vojtěch
Published: May 2013

The primary purpose of this study was to explore the link between rail and road traffic noise and overall life satisfaction. While the negative relationship between residential satisfaction and traffic noise is relatively well-established, much less is known about the effect of traffic noise on overall life satisfaction. Based on results of previous studies, we propose a model that links objective noise levels, noise sensitivity, noise annoyance, residential satisfaction and life satisfaction. Since it is not clear whether a bottom-up or top-down relationship between residential satisfaction and life satisfaction holds, we specify models that incorporate both of these theoretical propositions. Empirical models are tested using structural equation modeling and data from a survey among residents of areas with high levels of road traffic noise (n1 = 354) and rail traffic noise (n2 = 228). We find that traffic noise has a negative effect on residential satisfaction, but no significant direct or indirect effects on overall life satisfaction. Noise annoyance due to road and rail traffic noise has strong negative effect on residential satisfaction rather than on overall life satisfaction. These results are very similar for the road and railway traffic contexts and regardless of whether the model assumes the top-down or bottom-up direction of the causation between life satisfaction and residential satisfaction.
The Central Carbon and Energy Metabolism of Marine Diatoms
Authors: Obata Toshihiro , Fernie Alisdair , Nunes-Nesi Adriano
Published: May 2013

Diatoms are heterokont algae derived from a secondary symbiotic event in which a eukaryotic host cell acquired an eukaryotic red alga as plastid. The multiple endosymbiosis and horizontal gene transfer processes provide diatoms unusual opportunities for gene mixing to establish distinctive biosynthetic pathways and metabolic control structures. Diatoms are also known to have significant impact on global ecosystems as one of the most dominant phytoplankton species in the contemporary ocean. As such their metabolism and growth regulating factors have been of particular interest for many years. The publication of the genomic sequences of two independent species of diatoms and the advent of an enhanced experimental toolbox for molecular biological investigations have afforded far greater opportunities than were previously apparent for these species and re-invigorated studies regarding the central carbon metabolism of diatoms. In this review we discuss distinctive features of the central carbon metabolism of diatoms and its response to forthcoming environmental changes and recent advances facilitating the possibility of industrial use of diatoms for oil production. Although the operation and importance of several key pathways of diatom metabolism have already been demonstrated and determined, we will also highlight other potentially important pathways wherein this has yet to be achieved.
Simultaneous Determination of Structurally Diverse Compounds in Different Fangchi Species by UHPLC-DAD and UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS
Authors: Sim Hee-Jung , Kim Ji , Lee Kang , Hong Jongki
Published: May 2013

Two bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids, two morphine alkaloids, one aporphine alkaloid, syringaresinol and aristolochic acid І were selected as marker compounds and simultaneously analyzed using an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-diode array detection (UHPLC-DAD) method. These marker compounds were used for the quality control of Fangchi species of different origins, including Sinomenium acutum, Stephania tetrandra, Cocculus trilobus and Aristolochia fangchi. A reversed-phase UHPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of structurally diverse markers in different Fangchi species. In addition, an UHPLC-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) method was used for marker identification in Fangchi species, which provided diagnostic MS/MS spectral patterns that were dependent upon the marker structures. The UHPLC-MS/MS data were used to confirm and complement the UHPLC-DAD quality evaluation results. Additionally, magnoflorine and syringaresinol were observed for the first time in S. tetrandra and C. trilobus, respectively. Twenty different Fangchi species samples were analyzed for aristolochic acid I, syringaresinol and the alkaloids using the UHPLC-DAD and MS/MS method. Based on the levels of markers and principal component analysis (PCA), this method allowed for the clear classification of the samples into four different groups representing samples originating from the four species.
Standardized Sample Preparation Using a Drop-on-Demand Printing Platform
Authors: Holthoff Ellen , Farrell Mikella , Pellegrino Paul
Published: May 2013

Hazard detection systems must be evaluated with appropriate test material concentrations under controlled conditions in order to accurately identify and quantify unknown residues commonly utilized in theater. The existing assortment of hazard reference sample preparation methods/techniques presents a range of variability and reproducibility concerns, making it increasingly difficult to accurately assess optically- based detection technologies. To overcome these challenges, we examined the optimization, characterization, and calibration of microdroplets from a drop-on-demand microdispenser that has a proven capability for the preparation of energetic reference materials. Research presented herein focuses on the development of a simplistic instrument calibration technique and sample preparation protocol for explosive materials testing based on drop-on-demand technology. Droplet mass and reproducibility were measured using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The results presented here demonstrate the operational factors that influence droplet dispensing for specific materials (e.g., energetic and interferents). Understanding these parameters permits the determination of droplet and sample uniformity and reproducibility (typical R2 values of 0.991, relative standard deviation or RSD ≤ 5%), and thus the demonstrated maturation of a successful and robust methodology for energetic sample preparation.
Sustainability and Interest Group Participation in City Politics
Authors: Berry Jeffrey , Portney Kent
Published: May 2013

Many cities across the United States have embraced programs aimed at achieving greater sustainability. This may seem surprising, particularly since adopting aggressive environmental protection programs is regarded by some as inimical to economic development. An alternative perspective is that in the modern city sustainability can be part of an economic development strategy. What is largely missing from the literature on sustainable cities’ policies and programs is systematic analysis of the political dynamics that seem to affect support for, and adoption and implementation of, local sustainability policies. To explore the actual behavior of cities with respect to sustainability and economic development policies, two original databases on 50 large U.S. cities are used. One source of data is composed of survey responses from city councilors, agency administrators, and leaders of local advocacy groups in each of these cities. The second database contains information as to what these 50 cities actually do in terms of sustainable programs and policies. In testing a series of hypotheses, findings suggest that: a high number of programs aimed at achieving sustainability is linked to the inclusion of environmental advocacy groups; that this relationship is not compromised by business advocacy; and that inclusion of environmental groups in policymaking seems to be supported, rather than impeded, by high rates of economic growth by the cities.
Thyroiditis de Quervain
Authors: Klett R. , Braun S. , Zimny M. , Schenke S.
Published: May 2013

Background: Subacute thyroiditis is a usually self-limiting disease of the thyroid. However, approximately 0.5–15% of the patients require permanent thyroxine substitution. Aim was to determine predictive factors for the necessity of long-term hormone-replacement (LTH). Patients, methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 72 patients with subacute thyroiditis. Morphological and serological parameters as well as type of therapy were tested as predictive factors of consecutive hypothyroidism. Results: Mean age was 49 ± 11 years, f/m-ratio was 4.5 : 1. Thyroid pain and signs of hyperthyroidism were leading symptoms. Initial subclinical or overt hyperthyroidism was found in 20% and 37%, respectively. Within six months after onset 15% and 1.3% of the patients developed subclinical or overt hypothyroidism, respectively. At latest follow-up 26% were classified as liable to LTH. At onset the thyroid was enlarged in 64%, and at latest follow-up in 8.3%, with a significant reduction of the thyroid volume after three months. At the endpoint the thyroid volume was less in patients in the LTH group compared with the non-LTH group (41.7% vs. 57.2% of sex-adjusted upper norm, p = 0.041). Characteristic ultrasonographic features occurred in 74% of the patients in both lobes. Serological and morphological parameters as well as type of therapy were not related with the need of LTH. Conclusions: In this study the proportion of patients who received LTH was 26%. At the endpoint these patients had a lower thyroid volume compared with euthyroid patients. No predictive factors for LTH were found.
Genetic diversity of androdioecious Osmanthus fragrans (Oleaceae) cultivars using microsatellite markers
Authors: Duan Yifan , Wang Xianrong , Xiang Qibai , Liang Lili , Li Xuexia , Liu Yulian , Li Meng
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: For cultivar classification, identification, and genetic improvement, microsatellite markers were developed to analyze the genetic diversity of androdioecious Osmanthus fragrans cultivars.

• Methods and Results: Fifteen microsatellite markers were developed from sequences downloaded from the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which included two with null alleles. These primers were screened on 62 typical androdioecious O. fragrans cultivars belonging to four groups (Asiaticus, Albus, Luteus, and Aurantiacus). The number of alleles ranged from two to six, with a mean of 3.7 per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.1000 to 0.9091 and from 0.1287 to 0.9167, respectively. Results from structure analyses indicated that Asiaticus and Albus were genetically mixed, and Luteus and Aurantiacus were partially genetically differentiated.

• Conclusions: These markers will be useful for genetic study of androdioecious O. fragrans cultivars and facilitate cultivar classification, particularly for the cultivar groups Luteus and Aurantiacus.
Development of microsatellite markers for the neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Falahati‐Anbaran Mohsen , Stenøien Hans K. , Pélabon Christophe , Bolstad Geir H. , Perez‐Barrales Rocio , Hansen Thomas F. , Armbruster W. Scott
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed to assess polymorphism and level of genetic diversity in four Mexican populations of the neotropical vine Dalechampia scandens (Euphorbiaceae).

• Methods and Results: Thirty‐seven microsatellite markers representing bi‐, tri‐, tetra‐, and pentanucleotide microsatellite repeats were developed. In total, 166 alleles were identified across 54 individuals. The number of alleles varied from one to 11 with an average of 4.49 alleles per locus. All loci except one were highly polymorphic between populations, whereas considerably less variation was detected within populations for most loci. The average observed and expected heterozygosities across study populations ranged from 0 to 0.63 and 0 to 0.59, respectively, for individual loci, and a deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed for most loci.

• Conclusions: The developed markers may be useful for studying genetic structure, parentage analysis, mapping, phylogeography, and cross‐amplification in other closely related species of Dalechampia.
An improved clearing and mounting solution to replace chloral hydrate in microscopic applications
Authors: Villani Thomas S. , Koroch Adolfina R. , Simon James E.
Published: May 2013

• Premise of the study: This study presents Visikol™, a new proprietary formulation that can be used as an efficient replacement for chloral hydrate as a clearing agent for microscopic examination. In the United States, chloral hydrate is regulated and therefore difficult to acquire.

• Methods and Results: Fresh and dry samples of the following plants: ginger (Zingiber officinale), maté (Ilex paraguariensis), lime basil (Ocimum americanum), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and mouse‐ear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), were cleared using Visikol or chloral hydrate solution and compared using a light microscope.

• Conclusions: This new method can be used successfully to clear specimens, allowing identification of diagnostic characteristics for the identification of plant materials. Visikol is as effective as chloral hydrate in providing clarity and resolution of all tissues examined. Tissues become transparent, allowing observation of deeper layers of cells and making it effective in research, botanical and quality control, and for educational applications.
TESTING RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS HYPOTHESIS IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Puah Chin-Hong , Wong Shirly Siew-Ling , Liew Venus Khim-Sen
Published: May 2013

The application of rational expectations hypothesis (REH) in macroeconomic research has marked a revolution in economic thinking, and the magnitude of its impact on the world of economics is undeniably significant. However, the extent to which REH applies in real-world settings is ambiguous even though the concept of REH is well established in economics literature because empirical evidence from previous studies is clearly mixed. This study used survey data on gross revenue and capital expenditures to examine the validity of REH in Malaysian manufacturing business expectations. Empirical results indicated that the manufacturers’ expectations are being irrationally constructed in terms of gross revenue predictions but comply with REH properties in Muth's sense in the case of capital expenditures forecasts. Therefore, manufacturing firms in Malaysia are encouraged to incorporate more relevant information into their gross revenue predictions to provide more accurate and realistic forecasting.
INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS TO BUSINESS ENTRY IN ADVANCED ECONOMIES
Authors: Kosi Tanja , Bojnec Štefan
Published: May 2013

The paper empirically examines the impact of freedom from regulation in different institutional areas on business entry rate in 10 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries over the period 1995–2007. Employing the feasible generalized least squares econometric approach, it discloses a positive association between business entry and the overall institutional freedom. Economic freedom in different institutional areas, however, does not appear to have the same importance for business entry. Institutional freedoms that are the most beneficial for business creation are product market freedom, property rights freedom, and freedom from corruption. This implies that simple and inexpensive administration procedures, competitive product markets, and transparent and effective legal/judicial system help promote business creation. Business entry is also positively associated with macroeconomic prosperity in terms of employment growth and the development of information and communication technology industry.
La mobilité dans la "ville durable" : la construction de l’évidence du Tramway par des dynamiques transactionnelles
Authors: Hamman Philippe
Published: May 2013

L’article interroge le développement durable urbain en France à partir des politiques de déplacements, en retenant l’exemple du tramway dans deux grandes agglomérations : Montpellier et Strasbourg. La dimension transversale de ces projets urbains est analysée sous l’angle de la diversité de leurs acteurs et de leurs processus, participant de la fabrique de la ville, plutôt que rapportée uniquement à la question des transports. Cette approche relationnelle permet de penser ensemble la ville et l’environnement comme les deux pôles d’un même enjeu, l’opérationnalisation de la « ville durable » ; ses traductions concrètes passent par un ensemble de transactions sociales débouchant sur des compromis pratiques que les projets de tramways rendent particulièrement visibles.
Élaboration d’un protocole de suivi de la fréquentation au sein de la Réserve naturelle marine de la Réunion, France, Océan Indien
Authors: Lemahieu Anne , Pennober Gwenaëlle , David Gilbert , Lavigne Franck , Pothin Karine , Gérard Léa
Published: May 2013

Créée en 2007, La Réserve Naturelle Marine de La Réunion (RNMR) vise à préserver un récif frangeant qui s’étend sur près d’une quarantaine de kilomètres de linéaire côtier sur la façade occidentale de l’île. Rendue fortement attractive par ses nombreux atouts balnéaires, cette côte a été en proie à une urbanisation croissante au cours des dernières décennies. De façon concomitante, l’accroissement de la fréquentation et l’apparition de nouvelles pratiques nautiques ont alimenté la source potentielle d’impacts sur le milieu, ainsi que les risques de conflits. En vue d’apporter un meilleur éclairage sur ces problématiques et parce que la mesure de l’efficacité d’une AMP ne peut désormais plus se cantonner aux seuls indicateurs biologiques du milieu, une vaste campagne nationale visant à développer un cadre méthodologique commun de mesure de la fréquentation maritime a été initiée (Agence des Aires Marines Protégées). C’est dans ce contexte et par le biais de cette étude que la RNMR se pourvoit dès 2010 d’un cadre méthodologique et opérationnel de suivi de la fréquentation afin de développer et d’intégrer à leurs plans de gestion des indicateurs socio-économiques qui serviront, entre autres, à mesurer l’efficacité de la gestion. Entre janvier et juillet 2010, pas moins de 10 catégories d’usages dont les activités de baignade, plage, sports de glisse et pêche ont fait l’objet d’un suivi depuis un Ultra-Léger-Motorisé et à l’aide d’un appareil photographique. 48 vols ont été répartis sur cette période selon une stratification temporelle pré-établie (Été/Hiver, Vacances/Périodes scolaires, semaine/week-end et matin/Après-midi). Les données ont été intégrées à une Base d’Information Géographique offrant un arsenal d’outils d’analyse spatiale et statistique. Les premiers résultats font état d’une « fréquentation différentielle » dans le temps et l’espace, dont les pics peuvent atteindre près de 10 000 usagers. La moitié des usagers reste concentrée sur une faible portion du linéaire côtier équivalente à 8 % de la longueur totale de la réserve et se répartit sur 4 principaux sites (Boucan-Canot, l’Ermitage, la Saline et Etang-Salé) qui s’avèrent être les plus pourvus en aménités (dépressions d’arrière-récif, sable corallien) et en aménagements (stationnements, bars, maîtres-nageurs sauveteurs). En outre, le protocole de suivi de la fréquentation de la RNMR présente de nombreuses potentialités en termes de gestion et de capitalisation scientifique, lesquelles sont présentées en discussion.
La consommation énergétique à Calcutta (Inde) : du confort thermique aux statuts sociaux
Authors: Pellegrino Margot
Published: May 2013

Cet article analyse une pratique de consommation énergétique à forte retombée : l’utilisation croissante de l’air conditionné à l’intérieur des espaces publics et privés indiens. Pour répondre à la question « La climatisation est-elle nécessaire ? », nous avons étudié, à partir d’un travail de terrain à Calcutta, le lien entre mesure technique et perception subjective du confort thermique, et entre consommation énergétique et pratiques sociales, en s’appuyant sur une approche méthodologique à la fois sociale et ingénieurale. L’étude a permis de montrer comment une donnée physique objective, dans ce cas la température, renvoie à des perceptions subjectives variables. L’étude montre de la même façon que le rapport entre perception subjective (confort thermique) et pratique énergétique (utilisation des climatiseurs) n’est pas linéaire. Les résultats de cette étude permettent finalement de comprendre que les comportements énergétiques d’une partie de l’échantillon enquêté sont déterminés par une aspiration sociale, qui vise à démontrer, à travers la possession d’un objet (le climatiseur) et la modalité de son utilisation (indépendante d’une nécessité réelle et perçue), l’appartenance à un statut social précis et identifiable. Du coup, la définition du confort thermique elle-même ne peut pas se passer de l’analyse sociale : dans le cas étudié, elle ne dépend pas seulement d’une réponse physique subjective à une donnée environnementale, mais elle relève également des représentations propres à chacune des catégories sociales.
Inhaled Carbon Monoxide Accelerates Resolution of Inflammation via Unique Proresolving Mediator–Heme Oxygenase-1 Circuits
Authors: Chiang Nan , Shinohara Masakazu , Dalli Jesmond , Mirakaj Valbona , Kibi Megumi , Choi Augustine M. K. , Serhan Charles N.
Published: May 2013

Resolution of acute inflammation is an active event accompanied by biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPM). We employed a systems approach to determine the impact of CO in resolution active programs during self-limited inflammation in mice. Compared with ambient air, inhaled CO gas (250 ppm) significantly limited PMN infiltration (∼44%, 6 h) into peritoneum and shortened resolution interval from 4 to 2 h. We profiled exudate lipid mediators (LM) via metabololipidomics, CO reduced leukotriene B4 (21 ± 11 versus 59 ± 24 pg/mouse, 6 h), and elevated SPM including resolvin (Rv) D1 (27 ± 4 versus 16 ± 5 pg/mouse) and maresin 1 (26 ± 9 versus 15 ± 3 pg/mouse). With human macrophages, SPM (10 pM–10 nM) elevated heme oxygenase (HO)-1 (∼50%, 8 h). CO also enhanced HO-1 expression and accumulation of RvD1 and RvD5, an action reversed by blockage of a key SPM biosynthesis enzyme 15-lipoxygenase type 1. Compared with normoxia, CO increased ∼30% phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan with human macrophage, which was further enhanced by SPM (∼100%). This CO increased phagocytosis was blocked by 15-lipoxygenase inhibition, and SPM stimulated phagocytosis was diminished by HO-1 inhibition. In murine peritonitis, both pre- and posttreatment with CO inhalation significantly increased macrophages carrying ingested apoptotic PMN in exudates and enhanced PMN apoptosis. Taken together, these results indicate that CO accelerates resolution of acute inflammation, shortens resolution intervals, enhances macrophage efferocytosis, and temporally regulates local levels of lipid mediator/SPM. Moreover, they provide proresolving mechanisms for HO-1/CO, which is part of the SPM-initiated resolution circuit.
Roles of Adipocytes and Fibroblasts in Activation of the Alternative Pathway of Complement in Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice
Authors: Arend William P. , Mehta Gaurav , Antonioli Alexandra H. , Takahashi Minoru , Takahashi Kazue , Stahl Gregory L. , Holers V. Michael , Banda Nirmal K.
Published: May 2013

The complement system is involved in mediation of joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis, with evidence suggesting activation of both the classical and alternative pathway (AP). The AP is both necessary and sufficient to mediate collagen Ab–induced arthritis, an experimental animal model of immune complex–induced joint disease. The AP in mice is dependent on MASP-1/3 cleavage of pro–factor D (pro-FD) into mature factor D (FD). The objectives of the current study were to determine the cells synthesizing MASP-1/3 and pro-FD in synovial tissue. Collagen Ab–induced arthritis was studied in wild-type C57BL/6 mice, and the localization of mRNA and protein for FD and MASP-1/3 in synovial adipose tissue (SAT) and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) was determined using various techniques, including laser capture microdissection. SAT was the sole source of mRNA for pro-FD. Cultured differentiated 3T3 adipocytes, a surrogate for SAT, produced pro-FD but no mature FD. FLS were the main source of MASP-1/3 mRNA and protein. Using cartilage microparticles (CMPs) coated with anti-collagen mAb and serum from MASP-1/3−/− mice as a source of factor B, pro-FD in 3T3 supernatants was cleaved into mature FD by MASP-1/3 in FLS supernatants. The mature FD was eluted from the CMP, and was not present in the supernatants from the incubation with CMP, indicating that cleavage of pro-FD into mature FD by MASP-1 occurred on the CMP. These results demonstrate that pathogenic activation of the AP can occur in the joint through immune complexes adherent to cartilage and the local production of necessary AP proteins by adipocytes and FLS.
The comparison of bolus tracking and test bolus techniques for computed tomography thoracic angiography in healthy beagles
Authors: Cassel Nicolette , Carstens Ann , Becker Pieter
Published: May 2013

Computed tomography thoracic angiography studies were performed on five adult beagles using the bolus tracking (BT) technique and the test bolus (TB) technique, which were performed at least two weeks apart. For the BT technique, 2 mL/kg of 300 mgI/mL iodinated contrast agent was injected intravenously. Scans were initiated when the contrast in the aorta reached 150 Hounsfield units (HU). For the TB technique, the dogs received a test dose of 15% of 2 mL/kg of 300 mgI/mL iodinated contrast agent, followed by a series of low dose sequential scans. The full dose of the contrast agent was then administered and the scans were conducted at optimal times as identified from time attenuation curves. Mean attenuation in HU was measured in the aorta (Ao) and right caudal pulmonary artery (rCPA). Additional observations included the study duration, milliAmpere (mA), computed tomography dose index volume (CTDI[vol]) and dose length product (DLP). The attenuation in the Ao (BT = 660 52 HU ± 138 49 HU, TB = 469 82 HU ± 199 52 HU, p = 0.13) and in the rCPA (BT = 606 34 HU ± 143 37 HU, TB = 413 72 HU ± 174.99 HU, p = 0.28) did not differ significantly between the two techniques. The BT technique was conducted in a significantly shorter time period than the TB technique (p = 0.03). The mean mA for the BT technique was significantly lower than the TB technique (p = 0.03), as was the mean CTDI(vol) (p = 0.001). The mean DLP did not differ significantly between the two techniques (p = 0.17). No preference was given to either technique when evaluating the Ao or rCPA but the BT technique was shown to be shorter in duration and resulted in less DLP than the TB technique.
Combined thrombin-collagen injection for the management of an iatrogenic pseudoanuerysm in the popliteal region
Authors: McCarthy Eoghan , O′Mahony Niamh , Ryan Mark , Guiney Michael
Published: May 2013

Pseudoaneurysm formation is a rare but recognized complication of total knee arthroplasty (TKR), with fewer than 20 cases described in the literature. Multiple management techniques have been described for such pseudoaneurysms. As thrombin injection is an established technique, we report a case of a post-TKR tibioperoneal pseudoaneurysm successfully occluded via percutaneous injection of a dual thrombin-collagen preparation.
Etiology and significance of incidentally detected focal colonic uptake on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Purandare Nilendu C , Gawade Sachin K , Puranik Ameya D , Agrawal Archi , Shah Sneha , Rangarajan Venkatesh
Published: May 2013

Background: Incidental colonic uptake of 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) is not an infrequent finding encountered during whole body positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Almost all studies on this topic are in Western populations, which have a markedly different epidemiological profile for colorectal premalignant and malignant conditions as compared to that of the Indian subcontinent. Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the etiology of incidentally detected focal FDG uptake in the colon by comparing it with colonoscopy and histopathology. Materials and Methods: Electronic medical records of patients who underwent FDG PET/computed tomography (CT) at our institution for a 2½-year period from January 2009 to July 2011 were reviewed. There were 32 out of 9000 (0.35%) patients whose PET/CT reports mentioned incidental focal colonic FDG uptake, of which 24 patients subsequently underwent colonoscopy. Lesions which appeared neoplastic on colonoscopy were confirmed with histopathology obtained after biopsy or surgery. Colonoscopy and pathology findings were considered as gold standard. Results: Among the 24 patients who underwent a colonoscopy, 3 patients had normal findings (12.5%). A positive colonoscopy was noted in 21 patients (87.5%) with the lesion coinciding with the location described in the PET/CT report. Adenomatous polyps were detected in 12 patients (37.5%), whereas in 8 patients (25%) malignant lesions were confirmed [adenocarcinoma n = 5, non-Hodgkin′s lymphoma (NHL) n = 2, malignant melanoma n = 1]. In one patient, colonic uptake was diagnosed as inflammatory. The mean standardized uptake value max (SUV max ) for the 12 premalignant lesions was 16.9 ± 9.6 (range 7.5-37.4) and the mean SUV max for the 8 malignant lesions was 12.9 ± 5.5 (range 6.7-21.6). The difference in SUV max between the premalignant adenomatous polyps and the malignant lesions was not statistically significant (P = 0.316). Conclusions: Our study shows that a significant proportion of patients (62.5%, 20/32) showing an incidental focal FDG uptake will harbor premalignant (adenomatous polyps) or malignant lesions, and further evaluation with colonoscopy and biopsy is warranted in such cases.
Case Series: Pericardial gossypibomas detected after cardiovascular surgery: Imaging findings
Authors: Erol Cengiz , Koplay Mustafa , Paksoy Yahya , Kanat Fikret
Published: May 2013

We present the chest radiograph, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of three pericardial gossypibomas, which are rarely reported and an exceptional complication of cardiovascular surgery. The diagnosis is usually possible with surgical history, high clinical suspicion, and awareness of variable imaging findings. Usage of sponges with radiopaque markers facilitates early detection by chest radiographs and CT. In case of radiolucent gossypibomas, specific MRI features help to differentiate this pathology from other masses and diffusion-weighted images can be used to distinguish it from an abscess.
Role of transabdominal ultrasound of lung bases and follow-up in premature neonates with respiratory distress soon after birth
Authors: Ahuja Chirag Kamal , Saxena Akshay Kumar , Sodhi Kushaljeet Singh , Kumar Praveen , Khandelwal Niranjan
Published: May 2013

Background: Chest radiography has been the traditional method of diagnostic evaluation of patients of hyaline membrane disease (HMD). Lung sonography (USG) has been lately explored as an alternative modality. Aims: To explore the application of transabdominal USG of lung bases (TASL) in the evaluation of HMD in premature neonates with respiratory distress soon after birth. Settings and Design: Tertiary care institutional setup. Study duration-18 months. Follow-up-variable, up to 1 month. Prospective descriptive study. Materials and Methods: Eighty-eight consecutive patients admitted in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with gestational age <32 weeks having respiratory distress within 6 h of birth were enrolled. The diagnosis of HMD was made if the patient had negative gastric shake test and/or suggestive chest radiograph. TASL was performed in all patients within the first 24 h of life and biweekly subsequently. USG was interpreted as normal, HMD pattern, or broncho-pulmonary dysplasia (BPD) pattern. Biweekly follow-up was done for patients showing HMD till normalization of the sonographic HMD pattern, development of the sonographic BPD pattern, or death/discharge of the neonate from the hospital. Results and Conclusions: TASL showed 85.7% sensitivity, 75% specificity, 88.88% positive predictive value, and 69.2% negative predictive value for the diagnosis of HMD. The abnormal sonographic findings on day 14 had 94.1% accuracy for prediction of eventual occurrence of clinical BPD. TASL is complementary to chest radiograph in the diagnosis of HMD. It is also useful for the early prediction of BPD with the potential of reducing the cumulative radiation dose to these neonates.
Shoulder ultrasound: What you need to know
Authors: Singh Jatinder Pal
Published: May 2013

Shoulder ultrasound is consistently used in the assessment of rotator cuff and is as accurate as magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of rotator cuff tear. It can be used as a focused examination providing rapid, real-time diagnosis, and treatment in desired clinical situations. This article presents a simplified approach to scanning and image-guided intervention, and discusses common sonographically apparent shoulder pathologies.
Imaging of skull base: Pictorial essay
Authors: Raut Abhijit A , Naphade Prashant S , Chawla Ashish
Published: May 2013

The skull base anatomy is complex. Numerous vital neurovascular structures pass through multiple channels and foramina located in the base skull. With the advent of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), accurate preoperative lesion localization and evaluation of its relationship with adjacent neurovascular structures is possible. It is imperative that the radiologist and skull base surgeons are familiar with this complex anatomy for localizing the skull base lesion, reaching appropriate differential diagnosis, and deciding the optimal surgical approach. CT and MRI are complementary to each other and are often used together for the demonstration of the full disease extent. This article focuses on the radiological anatomy of the skull base and discusses few of the common pathologies affecting the skull base.
Pictorial essay: Anatomical variations of paranasal sinuses on multidetector computed tomography-How does it help FESS surgeons?
Authors: Reddy Uma Devi Murali Appavoo , Dev Bhawna
Published: May 2013

With the advent of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), imaging of paranasal sinuses prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has become mandatory. Multiplanar imaging, particularly coronal reformations, offers precise information regarding the anatomy of the sinuses and its variations, which is an essential requisite before surgery.
Pictorial essay: Role of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluation of brachial plexus pathologies
Authors: Lawande Malini , Patkar Deepak P , Pungavkar Sona
Published: May 2013

Brachial plexopathies, traumatic and nontraumatic, often present with vague symptoms. Clinical examination and electrophysiological studies are useful but may not localize the lesion accurately. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with its multiplanar imaging capability and soft tissue contrast resolution plays an important role in evaluation of the abnormal brachial plexus.
Net primary productivity, allocation pattern and carbon use efficiency in an apple orchard assessed by integrating eddy covariance, biometric and continuous soil chamber measurements
Authors: Zanotelli D. , Montagnani L. , Manca G. , Tagliavini M.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Carbon use efficiency (CUE), the ratio of net primary production (NPP) over gross primary production (GPP), is a functional parameter that could possibly link the current increasingly accurate global GPP estimates with those of net ecosystem exchange, for which global predictors are still unavailable. Nevertheless, CUE estimates are actually available for only a few ecosystem types, while information regarding agro-ecosystems is scarce, in spite of the simplified spatial structure of these ecosystems that facilitates studies on allocation patterns and temporal growth dynamics. We combined three largely deployed methods, eddy covariance, soil respiration and biometric measurements, to assess monthly values of CUE, NPP and allocation patterns in different plant organs in an apple orchard during a complete year (2010). We applied a measurement protocol optimized for quantifying monthly values of carbon fluxes in this ecosystem type, which allows for a cross check between estimates obtained from different methods. We also attributed NPP components to standing biomass increments, detritus cycle feeding and lateral exports. We found that in the apple orchard, both net ecosystem production and gross primary production on a yearly basis, 380 ± 30 g C m−2 and 1263 ± 189 g C m−2 respectively, were of a magnitude comparable to those of natural forests growing in similar climate conditions. The largest differences with respect to forests are in the allocation pattern and in the fate of produced biomass. The carbon sequestered from the atmosphere was largely allocated to production of fruit: 49% of annual NPP was taken away from the ecosystem through apple production. Organic material (leaves, fine root litter, pruned wood and early fruit falls) contributing to the detritus cycle was 46% of the NPP. Only 5% was attributable to standing biomass increment, while this NPP component is generally the largest in forests. The CUE, with an annual average of 0.71 ± 0.12, was higher than the previously suggested constant values of 0.47–0.50. Low nitrogen investment in fruit, the limited root apparatus, and the optimal growth temperature and nutritional condition observed at the site are suggested to be explanatory variables for the high CUE observed.
Food availability and pCO2 impacts on planulation, juvenile survival, and calcification of the azooxanthellate scleractinian coral, Balanophyllia elegans
Authors: Crook E. D. , Cooper H. , Potts D. C. , Lambert T. , Paytan A.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Ocean acidification, the assimilation of atmospheric CO2 by the oceans that decreases the pH and CaCO3 saturation state (Ω) of seawater, is projected to have severe consequences for calcifying organisms. Strong evidence suggests that tropical reef-building corals containing algal symbionts (zooxanthellae) will experience dramatic declines in calcification over the next century. The responses of azooxanthellate corals to ocean acidification are less well understood, and because they cannot obtain extra photosynthetic energy from symbionts, they provide a system for studying the direct effects of acidification on the energy available for calcification. The orange cup coral Balanophyllia elegans is a solitary, azooxanthellate scleractinian species common on the California coast where it thrives in the low pH waters of an upwelling regime. During an 8 month study, we addressed the effects of three pCO2 treatments (410, 770, and 1230 μatm) and two feeding frequencies (High Food and Low Food) on adult Balanophyllia elegans planulation (larval release) rates, and on the survival, growth, and calcification of their juvenile offspring. Planulation rates were affected by food level but not pCO2, while juvenile survival was highest under 410 μatm and High Food conditions. Our results suggest that feeding rate has a greater impact on calcification of B. elegans than pCO2. Net calcification was positive even at 1230 μatm (~ 3 times current atmospheric pCO2), although the increase from 410 to 1230 μatm reduced overall calcification by ~ 25–45%, and reduced skeletal density by ~ 35–45%. Higher pCO2 also altered aragonite crystal morphology significantly. We discuss how feeding frequency affects azooxanthellate coral calcification, and how B. elegans may respond to ocean acidification in coastal upwelling waters.