bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Declaration of Helsinki
Authors: Ashcroft Richard E
Published: November 2023

The Declaration of Helsinki is arguably the most widely known and influential guideline in medical research worldwide. Titled the “World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects,” it is an official policy of the World Medical Association (WMA). Initially promulgated in 1964, it has been revised five times, most recently in 2000. The 2000 revision was greatly controversial before, during, and after its publication, and subsequently two “clarificatory” notes have been added, in 2002 and 2004. This chapter reviews the history of the Declaration, describes its current contents, discusses its strengths and deficiencies, and gives a prognosis for its future importance and influence.
Research With Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Jonsen Albert R , Miller Franklin G
Published: November 2023

In the winter of 2005, at a time when fear of a global influenza pandemic galvanized public concern, healthy young people were volunteering to test the safety and efficacy of an experimental vaccine derived from an avian influenza virus. Scientific research with the potential to have a great public health impact thus depends on the willingness of healthy individuals to volunteer the use of their bodies. In addition to testing experimental vaccines, healthy volunteers are needed for early-phase safety testing of pharmaceutical agents, to evaluate the efficacy of various agents to prevent common diseases that cause substantial mortality and morbidity, for a wide range of studies aimed at understanding normal human biology, and as a comparison group for research aimed at understanding the nature of diseases and better ways to treat them.
Assessing and Comparing Potential Benefits and Risks of Harm
Authors: King Nancy M P , Churchill[ Larry R
Published: November 2023

Without clinical research on pediatric illnesses and medical interventions, children might receive dangerous or ineffective treatments. Yet society also has an obligation to protect children from excessive risks and foster their development, which could be threatened by enrolling them in research studies. Guidelines for pediatric research are needed to balance these aims, taking into account the fact that most children are not able to give informed consent.
Confidentiality
Authors: Gostin James G Hodge Jr,. Lawrence O
Published: November 2023

Protecting the confidentiality of individually identifiable health information that is acquired, used, disclosed, or stored in the design, performance, or analysis of human subjects research is essential to respecting the dignity and privacy of human subjects participating in clinical research. Theories of confidentiality and privacy of identifiable health data are featured in the earliest conceptions of medical ethics. These theories are replicated in research ethics that evolved in the latter half of the twentieth century. Research ethics have consistently reflected a strong respect for the autonomy of individuals participating in research studies by protecting identifiable health data used in conducting research studies. Legal requirements at the international, federal, and state levels specifically address confidentiality protections in human subjects research and other settings.
What is scleroderma?
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

This book will tell you a lot about scleroderma. But there are two things it cannot tell you: the cause of scleroderma and the cure. These are the two most important things about any disease, and it is upsetting to the patient and frustrating for the physician that there are no clear answers to the most basic questions: “How did I get this?” and “How do I get rid of this?”
Raynaud’s Phenomenon, Skin Involvement, And Finger Sores
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

This chapter relates to people with the systemic form of scleroderma, including both those with limited disease and those with diffuse disease. It does not apply to people with localized scleroderma, which is morphea and linear scleroderma.
Cutting a Good Figure: The Fashions of Venetian Courtesans in the Illustrated Albums of Early Modern Travelers
Authors: Rosenthal Margaret F
Published: November 2023

In this essay I argue that Venetian courtesans were not transgressors of dress codes but fashion trendsetters who played artfully with the visual boundaries separating women into distinct groups. My principal evidence consists of three unpublished miniature albums in manuscript dating from the 1570s to the 1590s that display courtesans and other women in various states of dress. Rather than mere mimicry of the styles of Venetian noblewomen by courtesans, these manuscripts show that courtesans selected clothing from many different groups of women both as a tool for collective identification and to create highly individualized styles. They also show that certain courtesans not only negotiated social freedoms as writers and musicians but managed as a collective to attract to the lagoon republic foreign visitors who hoped to witness them in action during annual festivals. Visitors often purchased visual representations of courtesans’ dress in the Venetian marketplace and then placed them, together with colored miniatures of other Venetian fashions of both men and women, in personal albums as memories of their visit.
On Hearing the Courtesan in a Gift of Song: The Venetian Case of Gaspara Stampa
Authors: Rycke Dawn De
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the repertories performed by Italian courtesans to such acclaim are highly problematic for the modern scholar. Indeed there is hardly a single collection or even piece that can be said with absolute certainty to have been sung by a woman, courtesan or otherwise. In what follows I offer a case study designed to interrogate the much larger problem of the courtesan’s lost music by looking at a set of polyphonic partbooks and proposing new possibilities for how female performance of solo song might be buried in written sources. My evidence is a fourvoice collection of madrigals written by Perissone Cambio in Venice (fl. 1540–50) and dedicated in 1547 to the famous female poet, singer, and lute player Gaspara Stampa (1523–54).1 Working backwards from a polyphonic madrigal book in order to uncover solo repertory is a relatively novel endeavor, as studies of women’s solo repertories generally look directly at song-type genres like frottole and lute songbooks. My own study ostensibly addresses only the practice of a single female musician, but from it I extrapolate to a hypothetical cross-section of the repertories of Italian courtesans all told, raising various questions about how courtesans made their repertories and how their singing was regarded as cultural currency.
Who’s Afraid of Giulia Napolitana? Pleasure, Fear, and Imagining the Arts of the Renaissance Courtesan
Authors: Ruggiero Guido
Published: November 2023

In 1562 the young Venetian noble Luigi Dolfin visited the noted Florentine courtesan Giuliana Napolitana, and after making a deal with her that she would come sleep with him at his lodgings, he left her four gold scudi and went about his business, one imagines anticipating with pleasure his night of pleasure. Such were the prerogatives of men, upper class and rich. They could buy the artful services of beautiful, cultured, and desirable women and in the process confirm their place on top of society as well as their power and masculinity. But the smooth power of wealth and status in this case was overturned by the young and, strange as it may sound, equally powerful Giuliana. Her power, however, is less easily recognizable because it lies in places where many are not used to looking for such things: in gender, sex, and ultimately in fantasy and illusion, perhaps her most developed arts as a courtesan. But make no mistake: her power was no illusion, as Luigi Dolfin, with all his more traditional social, economic, and masculine power, learned to his regret.
Missile Warfare And The American Imperium Operation Praying Mantis The Persian Gulf April 18, 1988
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

The Cold War Was A Period Of Putative World Peace punctuated by countless small wars-and some that were not so small. From Berlin to Cuba, Korea to Vietnam, the two superpowers focused much of their national energy-and their national treasure-on an effort to gain an advantage over the other, or at least to prevent the other from gaining an advantage. The weapons grew increasingly sophisticated and terrible as both sides developed nuclear capability as well as ever-larger rocket engines to increase warhead “throw weight” in a grisly calculation of mutual deterrence.
“Restructuring” and Functional Structure
Authors: Cinque Guglielmo
Published: November 2023

Even if each of the proposed analyses captures one or another aspect of restructuring, it is fair to say that none of them manages to answer the two most basic questions that the phenomenon raises; namely, why it should exist at all, and why it should exist with those particular verb classes (modal, aspectual, and motion).
Early Childhood
Authors: Gregg Gary S
Published: November 2023

When “pediatric” infant-care practices successfully protect against the many threats to survival, they cultivate basic trust and a “symbiotic” interdependence similar to that Sudhir Kakar describes for Hindu India and Takeo Doi for Japan. In traditional MENA milieus, weaned toddlers then move into much less predictable worlds: of hunger that is less reliably satisfied, of nearly continuous ailments and discomforts, and of fears of dangerous creatures and invisible beings—conditions found many preindustrial societies. Toddlers often find themselves competing for attention, affection, and prized foods, and for boys, at least, this competition may be intensified by shaming comparisons with siblings, relatives, and peers. Girls take on housework and caretaking responsibilities that both curtail their freedom and enable them to make valuable contributions to the household; boys are mostly left to play.
External Aids for Management of Memory Impairment
Authors: Sohlberg Mckay Moore
Published: November 2023

The characteristic that most distinguishes the population of individuals who have acquired brain injury (ABI) is the heterogeneity of their symptoms. Neurogenic conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, tumor, anoxic events (e.g., drowning or cardiac arrest), and infectious diseases comprise a vast array of complex and unique impairments in people’s ability to learn and carry out everyday tasks (Coehlho et al., 1996; Sohlberg & Mateer, 2001). In spite of their heterogeneity, individuals with ABI share the disabilities of social isolation and diminished independence in home and community functioning (Dawson & Chipman, 1995; Ledorze & Brassard, 1995; Zicht, 1992).
Pharmacologic Management of Spastic Hypertonia
Authors: Francisco Gerard E
Published: November 2023

Spastic hypertonia is a costly complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that contributes to the loss of motor abilities. Along with associated impairments, it results in functional limitations, such as inability to use the hand in daily activities and difficulty with transfers and gait. When severe, it may cause pain and lead to contractures and other permanent deformities. Lance (1980) defined spasticity as “motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome.” While this is the most commonly used definition, it does not accurately describe the entire spectrum of motor disorders observed in clinical practice. Indeed, recent investigations suggest that spastic hypertonia may not be the sole cause of these impairments and functional limitations. (Ada et al., 1998; Gracies, 2001; Gracies et al., 2002; Levin et al., 2000; Sgouros & Seri, 2002) Rather, the abnormalities associated with the upper motor neuron syndrome—dystonia, co contraction of agonists and antagonists, clonus, weakness, incoordination—are also believed to play important, if not predominant, roles.
Politics
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

The final version of the Zapata Plan did not reach the Joint Chiefs until two days before D-Day, making it too late to conduct their own study. Not that it mattered. The CIA’s revised plan had taken on a sense of urgency in light of the approaching rainy season and the imminent arrival in Havana of two Soviet destroyers and one hundred Cuban pilots trained in Czechoslovakia to fly more than twenty Soviet MIG fighter jets not yet assembled in Cuba. In a remarkable understatement, General Lemnitzer declared that the use of MIGs ‘‘would have pretty well complicated the operation.’’
Introduction
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

In the winter of 1811-1812, Innocenzo Campanelli, a notary and sometimes employee of the Barberini family, sent a description of his native village to Prince Maffeo Barberini, the new owner of the stato of Monte Libretti. The stato was an extensive territory northeast of Rome comprising six villages, one of which was Campanelli’s village of Nerola. In Campanelli’s obviously biased geography, Nerola was “the most celebrated village of the province of Sabina,” and the Sabina was the most ancient (and therefore most important) province of Italy. Campanelli combined his historical assessment with a survey of the village’s most impressive sons (and one exceptional daughter), notable buildings, and potential for agricultural and industrial development. The author courted Maffeo as a patron — a potential benefactor who could address some of the village’s problems — its abandoned houses, declining families, and stub-born residents who were committed to following the “deadly example” of their ancestors by quitting the perfect air of Nerola to do agricultural work in the malaria-ridden valleys below. Maffeo Barberini could help make a different future for down-and-out Nerola, building on its strengths to restore its ancient glories. Campanelli’s assessment of Nerola since antiquity inscribed in prose what eighteenth-century Italians throughout the peninsula commemorated in stone about their local communities. The self-made historian memorialized in part for political aims, hoping to focus the attention of a governing authority in Rome on what could be done for his village.
Before It Was a Dirty Word
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

That Antonio, Taddeo, and Francesco could successfully traverse the Roman countryside disguised as a charcoal seller, a hunter, and a lowly priest was not as impossible as it might seem. The true identity of visitors to the countryside could be difficult to discern. At the Fair of Farfa in the spring of 1645, residents of Nerola believed that they were paying the village tax burden to a real papal tax collector. But charlatans peddled many wares at Farfa — and this one offered counterfeit receipts in exchange for village taxes. A few days later the villagers learned that both the tax collector and the receipts were fakes, and that papal oﬃcials still expected the prompt payment of what the villagers had paid the impostor.
The Adversary as Patron
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

Standing up to the Barberini necessitated a politically constructed unanimity about the meaning of the village constitution in Nerola. However, not all the disputes within the neighboring village of Monte Libretti produced such a coherent vision. Villagers in Monte Libretti who disagreed with each other had the additional burden of facing their adversaries on a regular basis in the village piazza. While the Nerolani unanimously supported the clarity of hunting rights promised in the statuto, residents in the neighboring village of Monte Libretti struggled with a number of dilemmas for which the statuto provided no answers. One key issue for villagers was access to medical care and education, but experts in both were in short supply and their salaries sometimes beyond what strained communal finances could afford. Other dilemmas required participants in the consiglio to wrestle with what constituted the “public good” for Monte Libretti. Those trying to define in material terms this abstract concept were mostly illiterate or semi-literate people whose work lives were centered in the agricultural and pastoral economy of the region. They were among the most poorly educated people in early modern society, and yet they were actively engaged in one of its most challenging forms of government, representative government, although the ordinary dilemmas it encountered at the village level have received little historical scrutiny and the key terms of its debates have not received extensive analysis.
Paternalism and Politics Benevolent Adversaries, Antagonistic Patrons
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

The Barberini’s activities in service of the Buon Governo’s agenda provided an essential conduit of information between the villagers and the Papal Congregation. The other notable shift in the countryside was the ever-increasing activity on the part of the Barberini family in other aspects of village life. Such interference was promoted by the Barberini as an example of their paternal concern for their vassals. The enormous literary output of the family maps this noble worldview and its policies during the eighteenth-century, when lordship, as defined by the Barberini, became a near obsessive concern for the family. The dimensions of this lordship will be explored here not only in terms of how the Barberini imagined them, but also in terms of how they were received in the villages of the stato. The wide-ranging letters of the family allow us to gauge village response to the Barberini throughout the territory, a response that it is usually easiest to see for well-documented villages like Monte Libretti. The Barberini letters are an invaluable repository of information about the villages whose communal archives are now vanished, but which during the eighteenth century still existed, although they were not always accessible to the noble family.
The War for the American Mind
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

“If the war did n’t happen to kill you,” one of George Orwell’s characters observed, “it was bound to start you thinking.” The remark might have been applied with special accuracy to Americans. Safely distant from the war zone, they had unique opportunities for reflection. In Europe the swift crisis of 1914 had swept both governments and peoples over the brink with scant time for thought about the war’s meaning. In the months that followed, the proximity of the fighting had helped to keep men’s minds fastened closely on the war’s immediate tasks, rather than its ultimate significance.
The Political Economy of War: The Home Front
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

When America at last entered the stalemated war, the beleaguered Allies quickly dispatched missions of supplication across the Atlantic. Before the end of April 1917, high-level French and British delegations had arrived in Washington, seeking manpower, materiel, and, above all, money. The money was at first easily forthcoming, as Congress opened wide the doors to the United States Treasury. And the booming American economy was already supplying much of the Allied demand for munitions and foodstuffs. But manpower was another matter. Wash-ington instantly recoiled from the request of the Europeans that American soldiers be amalgamated into the Allied armies.
Creating Wild Places from Domesticated Landscapes
Authors: Conte Christopher
Published: November 2023

There is a complex history and geography behind the ways that wilderness ideas have permeated particular places across the globe. My own experience with the global forces of wilderness protection comes from the Amani Nature Reserve (ANR) in Tanzania’s East Usambara Mountains. In 1997, the Tanzanian government formally established the ANR in order to protect a patchwork of biologically rich forests that had eluded the development of the timber and tea industries, which began to exploit the area in the 1950s. With the rhetorical inclusiveness now characteristic of the international conservation lobby, the law designated the forest preserves for the material, scientific, and ecological benefit of all “stakeholders.”1 The government called for local participation in forest conservation, while arguing that the ANR’s pristine wilderness attributes should lead to its international recognition as a biosphere reserve or a world heritage site, a status which would further impinge upon indigenous power to determine how the forest might be used.
“Public Women” and Sexual Politics During the American Civil War
Authors: Clinton Catherine
Published: November 2023

War produces cultural shifts so dramatic that sexual attitudes, mores, and morality undergo sea changes when nations are under siege. Why should the American Civil War be any different? Yet unearthing evidence on this topic continues to be challenging, for as Civil War scholar Bell Wiley complained, families censored soldiers’ letters, and veterans avoided this topic in their reminiscences. A legacy of silence on sexual subjects remained in force for nearly a century after the war. Regardless of reticence, the Civil War created the largest increase in the sex trade in nineteenth-century America, perhaps the single greatest growth spurt in the nation’s history. During the antebellum period, brothels flourished throughout the United States, in bustling port cities as well as rural hamlets. “Blue” guides were published for major cities along the eastern seaboard; New Orleans had its own guide, which ran to several editions. Many women who sold sexual services were affiliated with “houses,” but even larger numbers operated independently as “streetwalkers.” Evidence indicates that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of nineteenth-century women were involved with a system of concubinage of “kept women” through private contractual arrangements with individual men. Whatever these combined numbers amounted to, they were overshadowed by the figures for those who participated in a more “casual” sex trade.
The Other Side of Freedom Destitution, Disease, and Dependency among Freedwomen and Their Children during and after the Civil War
Authors: Downs Jim
Published: November 2023

He found her lying in a ditch a few miles away from a Union camp in Augusta, Georgia. The war had been over for almost a year, yet she lay there in the dirt under the hot August sun as if she were a recent casualty from battle. By the end of war, she certainly was free, but the slow and often unorganized reconstruction of the South did not offer her a clear road to freedom. Instead, as the Bureau agent who discovered her explained, she had been going “from pillar to post and had fallen on her knees.” After finding her lying in the dirt, the Bureau agent brought her to the Freedmen’s Hospital in Augusta, Georgia. There, a Bureau physician examined her body and diagnosed her as blind, and then later concurred that her blindness must have resulted from syphilis. While it is difficult to determine the validity of the doctor’s diagnosis—as many medical professionals in the nineteenth century associated disease, particularly venereal disease, with social circumstance and morality—questions concerning her condition nonetheless remain.
Politics and Petticoats in the Same Pod Florence Fay, Betsey Bittersweet, and the Reconstruction of Southern Womanhood, 1865–1868
Authors: Rubin Anne Sarah
Published: November 2023

“Dear Mister Editors of the Southern Home Journal,” began a letter in that Baltimore newspaper’s inaugural issue in November 1867. I got your perlite letter last week a asking of me to write to you and tell the news down here in this “Deistrick,” so called—and went right straight and jined a sewing society, besides making my old men take to going to lodge meetings again, that I might hear all as was a going; for I don’t know which is the best place to pick up news—a sewing society where no gentlemen is admitted, or a mason’s lodge where no ladies is allowed.
Panic and Prejudice
Authors: Wilentz Sean
Published: November 2023

Panic turned into despair for New York’s workers in the late 1830s and early 184os. The mass unemployment that followed the financial collapse was bad enough, prompting one newspaper to wonder how this “awful fact” had come to pass in the free and equal United States.1 The situation worsened over the next five years. Wage rates for those craft workers and laborers lucky enough to find work fell by about one-third between 1836 and 1842; in the worst years, real wages also fell ( Figs. 3 and 5). Unemployment deepened. In 1843 New Yorkers finally glimpsed the start of a recovery of business and higher wages-but within two years of the depression’s end the city was swamped with refugees from the Irish famine and from agrarian and political crises in Germany. With this sudden expansion of the supply of cheap labor, New York’s manufacturers and master craftsmen, already buoyed by the return of commercial prosperity, further expanded and extended the subdivision and contracting of work. By the late 1840s, New York’s position as the nation’s leading manufacturing site was secure, and the split labor market and the fragmentation of the artisan system were complete.
Introduction
Authors: Deagon Andrea
Published: November 2023

Many changes, both in and out of the classroom, are challenging us to reexamine how we teach Latin and Greek: the rapid pace of communication, new technologies, the explosion of new knowledge, the growing diversity in our schools and communities. Educators and employers recognize the need for graduates who have good communication skills, who understand diverse cultures, who can work with people from different backgrounds, who can solve problems, and who can work collaboratively. The language classroom is one place where all these skills can be taught. It is in the Latin and Greek classroom that we can teach students how to communicate, how to synthesize new knowledge, how to respond to other cultures, how to solve problems, and how to collaborate.
Ancient Greek in Classroom Conversation
Authors: Saffire Paula
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers four topics: (1) why to use conversational ancient Greek in a beginning course in the language, (2) how to do it, (3) obstacles to overcome, and (4) future possibilities. I shall concentrate on how, giving specific recommendations as well as a transcript of classroom conversation. I begin with the question why because unless teachers are convinced that the enterprise is worthwhile, it will hardly matter how. My remarks are based principally on direct observation or reports by students and teachers, and are bolstered by the research of scholars. I have used spontaneous, conversational ancient Greek in the classroom for over twenty years, originally at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1972–74) and recently at Butler University (1989–present). Other professors who have done this are Eliot Youman at Mercer University, Joel Farber at Franklin & Marshall College, Catherine Freis at Millsaps College, Jeffrey Wills at the University of Wisconsin, and David Kovacs at the University of Virginia. Information was gleaned through conversations, remarks overheard, student questionnaires, and letters. (As others of you try this method, I would appreciate hearing about your experience.)
Black Agency after Slavery
Authors: Rodrigue John C
Published: November 2023

Among the more significant developments in Reconstruction historiography during the past generation has been the ascendancy of the concept of black historical agency to the status of conventional wisdom. It is no longer new or original to see slaves and former slaves as historical agents who seized the initiative in destroying slavery and laying the foundations of the free black community, or to view the destruction of slavery as a revolutionary rendering of American society and ideals in which black people played a pivotal role. These seminal insights, first articulated by W. E. B. Du Bois and other black scholars early in the twentieth century, were largely although not entirely ignored by the historical profession before the 1960s. They subsequently gained increasing currency until by the 1980s they came to serve as a veritable point of departure in the writing on black life after slavery. Revisionist works—from John Hope Franklin’s From Slavery to Freedom(1947) to the publications of the Freedmen and Southern Society Project—championed the principles of this previously overlooked scholarship and with it blazed a trail for later historians to follow. This essay will survey the recent literature on the origins and development of the free black community in the South after slavery. As the previous essay reviewed studies of the structural transformation of the postbellum southern economy, this one will concentrate on interpretations of the daily, local efforts of former slaves to achieve economic independence.
China’s Golden Age
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

The Tang Dynasty (618-907), traditionally regarded as the goldenage of China, was a time of patricians and intellectuals, Buddhist monks and Taoist priests, poetry and music, song and dance. In China’s Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty, Charles Benn paints a vivid picture of the lifestyle behind the grandeur of the Tang culture. All aspects of day-to-day life are presented, including crime, entertainment, fashion, marriage, food, hygiene, dwellings, and transportation. Attend an ancient feast to celebrate an imperial birthday, where ale was served in elaborate pitchers before a meal of fourteen hors d’oeuvres and twenty-three courses. Learn which colors concubines used for their eye makeup and beauty marks, and what their jealous wives did to discourage such enhancement. See the similarities between today’s pubs and the Tang alehouses, where women were hired to dance and sing to encourage patrons to stay longer and spend more money. Decide for yourself why Yangzhou, a city on the Grand Canal close to the Yangtze River, was considered one of the greatest cities in the Tang Dynasty. Benn translates and paraphrases his classical Chinese sources from the Tang era with fresh and polished prose. He also includes his own illustrations of everything from tools and hairstyles to musical instruments and courtyard dwellings. A history of the rise and fall of the dynasty is presented, as is a look at the societal structure of the aristocracy, bureaucracy, eunuchs, clergy, peasants, artisans, merchants, and slaves. This thorough explanation provides fascinating insight into a culture and time that is often misunderstood by Westerners and brings alive both the everyday routine and the timeless splendor of this intellectually and artistically powerful epoch. Enjoy your journey in China’s Golden Age, and come back to the present with a greater understanding of this amazing time.
Food and Feasts
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

In the late eighth century a general declared, “There is nothing that can not be eaten. Making things edible is only a question of skill fully blending sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and peppery flavors while cooking.” Once he cooked the worn-out mudguard of his saddle, and declared that his dish was very tasty.
Leisure and Entertainment
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

There was plenty of leisure during the Tang, more so than in later dynasties. By the middle of the eighth century Tang statutes recognized twenty-eight holidays on which the government granted a total of fifty eight days of leave to all mandarins throughout the empire. The rest of society-peasants, merchants, and artisans-also celebrated festivals, though probably with less time off. As already noted, the regulations provided officials with one day off every ten days (a Tang week). In addition the state gave its high-ranking employees fifteen days off in the fifth moon as a “farming holiday” and another fifteen days in the ninth moon as a “holiday for the bestowal of robes.” In all of those in stances government offices closed, permitting their personnel to spend their free time at home or in places of amusement.
Special Regional Considerations
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Prospective parents often ask, “Which is the best country to choose for international adoption?” Overall, the individual experiences of the child (including genetics, prenatal exposures, nutrition, health, and environment) are more important determinants of the child’s well-being than the colors of the flag flying over the orphanage. However, countryspecific factors also influence the health of internationally adopted children. Financial resources, basic health indicators, and societal attitudes toward abandoned children vary greatly among international adoption sending countries (see Chapter 2). The reasons why children are abandoned also differ between countries. Together, these factors shape the health, nutritional status, and development of children placed for international adoption.
Tuberculosis
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

There is more confusion about tuberculosis (TB) than any other infectious disease of internationally adopted children. Correct application and interpretation of diagnostic criteria for TB have been a source of extensive discussions among practitioners caring for these children. Proper management of potential TB infection among international adoptees is critical: unrecognized TB infection is an enormous risk to public health. A dramatic example of this occurred in 1999 in an outbreak of TB affecting 56 people in a small town in North Dakota. The source was a 9-yearold-boy adopted from the Marshall Islands. His adoptive mother presented with tuberculous hip arthritis, osteomyelitis, obturator myositis, and pelvic abscess 2 years after the adoption. Although tine tests were placed on the boy (and his twin brother) shortly after their arrival in the United States, these had not been read and no further evaluation was performed, even though the patient was 5 cm shorter and 5 kg lighter than his twin. Several other reports document transmission of TB from infants to adults.
Hepatitis B
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the most common serious infection in internationally adopted children. Nearly all children are tested in their birth countries for HBV; very few children who test positive are offered for international adoption. Exceptions include a single infected member of a sibling group. Despite negative HBV test results from the birth country in virtually all children placed for international adoption, about 5%–7% of new arrivals are infected. This discrepancy is due to tests done in the birth country being inaccurate or infection occurring after testing was completed. Infection with HBV represents risks to the infected child, the child’s family, and the community. Physicians caring for internationally adopted children should recognize the risk factors for HBV infection, appropriate diagnostic tests, their timing and interpretation, clinical features of HBV infection, need for vaccination to prevent HBV, and the basic principles of management of the HBV carrier. This chapter reviews these features of HBV infection.
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Miller Laurie C
Published: November 2023

Lactose intolerance is often blamed—incorrectly—for intestinal symptoms in internationally adopted children. Lactose intolerance, or the inability to digest and absorb the milk sugar lactose, results from deficiency of the enzyme, lactase, or more precisely, lactase-phlorizin hydrolase. Although many children come from ethnic groups with high prevalence of acquired lactose intolerance (Table 28–1), this condition is rare in infants and young children. Except under pathologic conditions, lactase remains active during the first few years of life to enable children to absorb and digest breast milk.
Stanzas
Authors: Hunter David
Published: November 2023

In French Verse, just as in English, poets commonly group their individual lines to form larger patterns. These patterns may appear as subdivisions of the poem—as stanzas, or “strophes” as they are usually called in French; or the poem as a whole may follow a traditional pattern, or variation of it, such as sonnet form.
The News Bureaus and the New Deal
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

By the time that Franklin D. Roosevelt entered the White House in 1933, three hundred news bureaus operated in Washington. The most influential of these represented the half dozen papers that the president read in bed every morning, principally the New York Times, New York Herald Tribune, Chicago Tribune, Baltimore Sun, Washington Post, and Washington Times-Herald. Roosevelt tended to skim over their critical editorial pages, the bulk of the nation’s press having editorially opposed his election. He paid closer attention to the news stories, feeling confident that he could sway public opinion more through the reporters than through their editors and publishers. The buoyant president was “a smooth propagandist;’ Detroit News correspondent Blair Moody observed. “Every reporter in Washington knows that, and Mr. Roosevelt knows they all know it. He is trying to ‘sell’ the New Deal to the public, and makes no bones about it.” Roosevelt instituted twice-weekly press conferences where he all but seduced the reporters who packed into the Oval Office. Roosevelt’s approach to the economic crisis he had inherited bolstered his support within the Washington press corps, with most reporters favoring his bold initiatives for reform and recovery. Despite this partiality, Roosevelt had an uneasy and sometimes stormy relationship with Washington’s most influential news bureaus. No matter how artfully he flattered and rewarded their correspondents, he could not control the news they reported.
The Friends of Joe McCarthy
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

Political sentiments in the Washington press corps swung to the left during the New Deal and remained there, fanning resentment of a liberal bias in the news. The leader of the Republican Party’s conservative wing, Senator Robert Taft, blamed the media for his loss of the presidential nomination to General Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952. Despite Eisenhower’s landslide victory that fall, his running mate, Richard Nixon, smarted for years over reports that Washington correspondents had largely voted for the Democratic candidate. As Democrats had controlled the executive branch and Congress for most of the previous twenty years, Washington reporters had naturally developed a network of sources among Democratic office holders. A small band of conservative journalists resisted this trend and cultivated their sources among the opposition. Although they portrayed themselves as a beleaguered minority, they were not an inconsequential force. Some of them represented powerful newspaper chains such as Hearst and Scripps-Howard, whose editorial positions leaned decidedly toward the right. Others attracted national audiences via their radio broadcasts. They were fairly prominent and popular members of the press corps until they made the mistake of siding with a freewheeling senator from Wisconsin. The friends of Joe McCarthy soared with his celebrity and then crashed with his censure.
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Physical Activity in Hispanics/Latinos Using Pedometers and Diarie
Authors: Arredondo Elva M , Elder John P , Marshall Simon , Baquero Barbara
Published: November 2023

Assessment of the overt performance of any behavior, including physical activity, is a distinguishing feature of both behavioral assessment and behavior analysis (Kazdin, 1981). Through direct assessment, minimal inference is needed about the relationship between the actual behavior and the subject’s interpretation of that behavior. Ideal measures of physical activity are those that are objective, valid, and reliable. To meet the criterion of objectivity, observers must not allow their own feelings or interpretations to affect their recordings (Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991). Ultimately, the utility of the assessment is judged with respect to how it contributes to interventions that increase the participant’s adaptive behaviors (Hayes, Nelson, &Jarrett, 1987; Nelson, 1983; Sulzer-Azaroff & Mayer, 1991). Thus, it is important to collect as much information as possible about the behavior and the environment in which it occurs to better understand antecedents of behavior change.
Momentary Health Interventions: Where are We and Where are We Going?
Authors: Carter Brian L , Day Susan X , Cinciripini, Paul M , Wetter David W
Published: November 2023

Recent advances in communications and computer technology give health professionals several powerful new tools that can dramatically increase the effective ness of health interventions. In contrast to health interventions that take place within the professional setting, the key to momentary health interventions is their ability to capture and influence critical moments as they happen in the patient’s everyday life. For example, Newman, Consoli, and Taylor (1999) used a palmtop computer to assist in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Patients carried a portable computer designed to deliver a standard cognitive behavioral therapy for GAD. The computer-assisted treatment was shown to be effective. The success of this treatment was likely due in part to the fact that patients could use the device in their everyday environment when they felt anxious instead of traveling to the professionals’ site.
Pillars Of The Crown 1806–1810
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal, chronicled in this chapter, provoked rage and rejection in América. Crucially, but very confusingly, América’s struggles for independence began with a virtually unanimous outpouring of loyalty toward the hereditary monarchies of both Spain and Portugal. This fervent loyalty appeared with crystal clarity when two expeditions of English-speaking adventurers tried to pry pieces of América away from Spain in 1806.
Not-So-Civil Wars, 1810–1812
Authors: Chasteen John Charles
Published: November 2023

By september 1810, Portuguese patriots and their British allies had retaken Lisbon, and, in Spain, Cádiz still defied Napoleon. Overall, however, French armies dominated the Iberian peninsula. Meanwhile, in América, juntas multiplied. All of them proclaimed loyalty to Fernando VII while denying their subservience to Spain and asserting their status as separate and equal kingdoms. If made effective, these claims themselves would end Spain’s colonial system, so the Spanish resistance government at Cádiz could never accept them. For the moment, though, the Cádiz government was tiny, fragile, isolated, and fighting for its own survival. Americano juntas in Caracas, Buenos Aires, Bogotá, and Santiago had little need to fear retaliation from Spain. Their problem for the time being lay in their own backyard, as various sorts of fighting began to tear América apart. Events in New Spain were the most dramatic.
Choices, 1778
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Winter had a way of bringing bad tidings to London. The city had learned of the Boston Tea Party, the boycott adopted by the First Continental Congress, and the military disasters at Trenton and Princeton during earlier dark winters, but the worst news yet arrived in December 1777. Londoners learned of the loss of Burgoyne’s army at Saratoga.
“A Respec Table Army”: The Grim Year, 1778
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The Continentals marched down Gulp Road toward their winter quarters, tramping past trees with scruffy brown leaves and over small patches of old snow that once had been white. On December 19 they entered the place that was to be their encampment, a site that one soldier called a “wooded wilderness.”These men were not in high spirits. Had they known of the diplomacy under way in Paris, they would have been happier, but as it was they were hungry and exhausted after weeks of campaigning, and their thin and tattered clothing offered no defence against the bite of early winter. The army’s supply system, at its best never particularly distinguished, had begun to crumble around the end of October. Some men had not savoured a good meal, or known a full stomach, for longer than they cared to remember. The officers were troubled by the plight of their soldiers and incensed that the civilian authorities seemed unable to get a handle on the army’s logistical needs. Many of the senior officers were angry with the choice of Valley Forge for winter quarters, and angrier still that such a substantive decision had resulted from the meddling of state and national officials. One was vexed that Washington had bowed to the demands of Congress. “It is unfortunate,” he said, “that Washington is so easily led.” Another fumed that it was “unparalleled in the History of Mankind to establish Winter Quarters in a Country wasted and without a single Magazine.”
The Fate of Color-Blind Citizenship
Authors: Elliott Mark
Published: November 2023

Albion Tourgée’s devotion to the cause of racial equality was extraordinary. It was impressive not merely because of his unwavering faith in the principle itself but because of his willingness to sacrifice so much to advance it. He did so as a matter of conscience. Radical individualism, as I have termed it, was a demanding ethic that led men and women of conscience to speak, write, and agitate for social justice often before the most hostile audiences or under the most adverse and unrewarding circumstances. Critics and opponents of such radicals always have been quick to look for psychological explanations for their behavior.
The Body’s Protection Plan
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory and immune responses account for many of the symptoms observed in systemic lupus. This chapter reviews concepts of immunity and inflammation; the following chapters discuss how these concepts apply to rheumatic diseases.
History, Symptoms, and Signs
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

A thorough medical evaluation is essential in order to make a diagnosis of lupus. This consultation should be performed by a rheumatologist or qualified internist. A rheumatologist is an internist (as are cardiologists, gastroenterologists, etc.) who has special expertise in diagnosing and managing diseases of the musculoskeletal and immune systems. The consultation includes several components. First, a history of the patient’s complaints is taken. On the first visit to a consultant, it is helpful to present a summary of important symptoms and signs in a concise fashion, either by making a list of them or reviewing them mentally beforehand.
Why the Aches? Arthritis, Muscles, and Bone
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The musculoskeletal system is the most common area of complaint in lupus patients. This system involves different types of tissues: the joints, muscles, bone, soft tissues, and supporting structures of joints such as tendons, ligaments, or bursae. The reader may wish to refer to Figure 13.1 as these areas are dis- cussed.
Lupus in the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The kidneys are critical to long-term health, and we have come a long way in understanding how they play a central role in many diseases. Unfortunately, in up to 40 percent of lupus patients, the disease can affect how the kidneys function. While some do not require treatment, most forms of kidney disease, termed lupus nephritis, warrant aggressive management. After discussing the functional anatomy of the kidney, the symptoms and signs of lupus nephritis are reviewed, followed by a classification of kidney disease and an overview of its therapy.