bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How the insect central complex could coordinate multimodal navigation
Authors: Sun Xuelong , Yue Shigang , Mangan Michael
Published: December 2021

The central complex of the insect midbrain is thought to coordinate insect guidance strategies. Computational models can account for specific behaviours, but their applicability across sensory and task domains remains untested. Here, we assess the capacity of our previous model (Sun et al. 2020) of visual navigation to generalise to olfactory navigation and its coordination with other guidance in flies and ants. We show that fundamental to this capacity is the use of a biologically plausible neural copy-and-shift mechanism that ensures sensory information is presented in a format compatible with the insect steering circuit regardless of its source. Moreover, the same mechanism is shown to allow the transfer cues from unstable/egocentric to stable/geocentric frames of reference, providing a first account of the mechanism by which foraging insects robustly recover from environmental disturbances. We propose that these circuits can be flexibly repurposed by different insect navigators to address their unique ecological needs.
Cytoplasmic dynein-1 cargo diversity is mediated by the combinatorial assembly of FTS–Hook–FHIP complexes
Authors: Christensen Jenna R , Kendrick Agnieszka A , Truong Joey B , Aguilar-Maldonado Adriana , Adani Vinit , Dzieciatkowska Monika , Reck-Peterson Samara L
Published: December 2021

In eukaryotic cells, intracellular components are organized by the microtubule motors cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) and kinesins, which are linked to cargos via adaptor proteins. While ~40 kinesins transport cargo toward the plus end of microtubules, a single dynein moves cargo in the opposite direction. How dynein transports a wide variety of cargos remains an open question. The FTS–Hook–FHIP (‘FHF’) cargo adaptor complex links dynein to cargo in humans and fungi. As human cells have three Hooks and four FHIP proteins, we hypothesized that the combinatorial assembly of different Hook and FHIP proteins could underlie dynein cargo diversity. Using proteomic approaches, we determine the protein ‘interactome’ of each FHIP protein. Live-cell imaging and biochemical approaches show that different FHF complexes associate with distinct motile cargos. These complexes also move with dynein and its cofactor dynactin in single-molecule in vitro reconstitution assays. Complexes composed of FTS, FHIP1B, and Hook1/Hook3 colocalize with Rab5-tagged early endosomes via a direct interaction between FHIP1B and GTP-bound Rab5. In contrast, complexes composed of FTS, FHIP2A, and Hook2 colocalize with Rab1A-tagged ER-to-Golgi cargos and FHIP2A is involved in the motility of Rab1A tubules. Our findings suggest that combinatorial assembly of different FTS–Hook–FHIP complexes is one mechanism dynein uses to achieve cargo specificity.
Design og utvikling av et digitalt læreverk i Epilepsi og helseveiledning
Authors: Erichsen Torunn , Høium Kari
Published: December 2021

Digitale læringsressurser åpner nye muligheter for læring og samhandling. I denne artikkelen deler vi erfaringer med utviklingen av den digitale læringsressursen Epilepsi og helseveiledning, publisert på OsloMets åpne læringsplattform 2018. For å sikre kliniske relevans, har utvikling foregått som et partnersamarbeid mellom fagpersoner på OsloMet og representanter fra arbeidslivet. I utvikling av e-læringsressursen la vi til grunn PISA modellen, som er OsloMet’s instruksjon for alle læreverk som skal publiseres på universitetets åpne publiseringskanal. Det at læringsressursen er publisert åpent og gratis gjør den lett tilgjengelig, både for studenter og ansatte i praksisfeltet. Denne fleksibiliteten gjøre det mulig for studentene å benytte e-læringsressursen som en integrert del av praksisstudiene. Avslutningsvis pekes det på behov for videre forskning om hvordan teknologistøttede læringsressurser kan bidra til å styrke studentenes læring.
Journal transition to an Open Access platform
Authors: Gunnarsson Payne Jenny , Klevnäs Alison , Bergerbrant Sophie , Hyltén-Cavallius Isak , Aspaas Per Pippin
Published: December 2021

The National Library of Sweden recently launched an Open Journal Systems-based platform for Swedish Open Access journals, known as Publicera (publicera.kb.se). So far, three peer-reviewed journals from the humanities and social sciences have completed their transition onto the platform. In this episode, the editors of the journals describe the rationale behind the transition process and reflect upon the economics, workflows, technicalities and not least the long-term strategic goals of their journals in an international open science landscape. The journals are Current Swedish Archaeology (founded 1993), Kulturella Perspektiv: Svensk etnologisk tidskrift (i.e., Swedish journal of ethnology, founded 1992), and Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap (Journal of literary studies, founded 1971). The four interviewees are editors of the three journals.

First published online: December 9, 2021.
A transcription factor signature predicts the survival of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Jianyu , Liu Bo , Li Xiaoping
Published: December 2021

Background

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine cancer that manifests as abdominal masses and excessive steroid hormone levels and is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Transcription factors (TFs) deregulation is found to be involved in adrenocortical tumorigenesis and cancer progression. This study aimed to construct a TF-based prognostic signature for the prediction of survival of ACC patients.

Methods

The gene expression profile and clinical information for ACC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA, training set) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, validation set) datasets after obtained 1,639 human TFs from a previously published study. The univariate Cox regression analysis was applied to identify the survival-related TFs and the LASSO Cox regression was conducted to construct the TF signature based on these survival-associated TFs candidates. Then, multivariate analysis was used to reveal the independent prognostic factors. Furthermore, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed to analyze the significance of the TFs constituting the prognostic signature.

Results

LASSO Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression identified a 13-TF prognostic signature comprised of CREB3L3, NR0B1, CENPA, FOXM1, E2F2, MYBL2, HOXC11, ZIC2, ZNF282, DNMT1, TCF3, ELK4, and KLF6. The risk score based on the TF signature could classify patients into low- and high-risk groups. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that patients in the high-risk group had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) compared to the low-risk patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that the prognostic signature predicted the OS of ACC patients with good sensitivity and specificity both in the training set (AUC > 0.9) and the validation set (AUC > 0.7). Furthermore, the TF-risk score was an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions

Taken together, we identified a 13-TF prognostic marker to predict OS in ACC patients.
Characterization and expression analysis of the SPL gene family during floral development and abiotic stress in pecan (Carya illinoinensis)
Authors: Wang Min , Mo Zhenghai , Lin Ruozhu , Zhu Cancan
Published: December 2021

SQUAMOSA promoter binding protein-like (SPL) genes are a type of plant-specific transcription factors that play crucial roles in the regulation of phase transition, floral transformation, fruit development, and various stresses. Although SPLs have been characterized in several model species, no systematic analysis has been studied in pecans, an important woody oil tree species. In this study, a total of 32 SPL genes (CiSPLs) were identified in the pecan genome. After conducting phylogenetic analysis of the conserved SBP proteins from Arabidopsis, rice, and poplar, the CiSPLs were separated into eight subgroups. The CiSPL genes within the same subgroup contained very similar exon-intron structures and conserved motifs. Nine segmentally duplicated gene pairs in the pecan genome and 16 collinear gene pairs between the CiSPL and AtSPL genes were identified. Cis-element analysis showed that CiSPL genes may regulate plant meristem differentiation and seed development, participate in various biological processes, and respond to plant hormones and environmental stresses. Therefore, we focused our study on the expression profiles of CiSPL genes during flower and fruit development. Most of the CiSPL genes were predominantly expressed in buds and/or female flowers. Additionally, quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses confirmed that CiSPL genes showed distinct spatiotemporal expression patterns in response to drought and salt treatments. The study provides foundation for the further exploration of the function and evolution of SPL genes in pecan.
Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of mid-Permian synapsid extinctions
Authors: Didier Gilles , Laurin Michel
Published: December 2021

Given a phylogenetic tree that includes only extinct, or a mix of extinct and extant taxa, where at least some fossil data are available, we present a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account (i) the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct and (ii) the whole phylogenetic tree to estimate extinction times, whilst previous methods do not consider the diversification process and deal with each branch independently. Because of this, our method can estimate extinction times of lineages represented by a single fossil, provided that they belong to a clade that includes other fossil occurrences. We assess and compare our new approach with a standard previous one using simulated data. Results show that our method provides more accurate confidence intervals. This new approach is applied to the study of the extinction time of three Permo-Carboniferous synapsid taxa (Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae) that are thought to have disappeared toward the end of the Cisuralian (early Permian), or possibly shortly thereafter. The timing of extinctions of these three taxa and of their component lineages supports the idea that the biological crisis in the late Kungurian/early Roadian consisted of a progressive decline in biodiversity throughout the Kungurian.
EDUCAÇÃO ESTÉTICA E TRABALHO DOCENTE: A ANIMAÇÃO NO PROCESSO DE SOCIALIZAÇÃO DA ARTE
Authors: Schutz-Foerste Gerda Margit , Botelho Monteiro Thalyta
Published: December 2021

O presente artigo analisa processos de socialização da arte no trabalho docente com animação. Discute os conceitos de Educação Estética (VIGOTSKI, 1991, 1994, 2010) e Trabalho (MARX 2010, LUKÁCS 1966, 1978, FRIGOTTO 2008) em situações concretas da práxis docente. A pesquisa qualitativa com inspiração na pesquisa-ação (MONCEAU, 2005) objetivou analisar a prática de três professoras de arte da Educação Básica, no município de Vitória, no ano de 2019. Os registros foram realizados em diários de bordo, questionários, gravações e observações em sala de aula, com atividades gravadas. Os resultados apontam para os processos de socialização da arte, promovendo Educação Estética e corroborando a noção de trabalho como princípio educativo. A animação nos espaços escolares redimensiona o trabalho docente para além de uma atividade de produção mecânica.
EDUCAÇÃO, ESTÉTICA E FORMAÇÃO DOCENTE
Authors: Fonseca da Silva Maria Cristina Da Rosa , De Souza Chisté Leite Priscila
Published: December 2021

Apresentação do dossiê.
Perancangan Video Musik Naratif untuk Menambah Kesadaran Remaja Tingkat Akhir Mengenai Bahaya Obsessive Love Disorder
Authors: Kurniawan Michael Aldi , Yudani Hendian , Wirawan I Gusti Ngurah
Published: December 2021

Obsessive Love Disorder merupakan suatu kondisi di mana seseorang terobsesi dengan orang yang mereka cintai. Mereka merasa harus melindungi bahkan mengendalikan pasangan nya secara obsesif. Yang menjadi permasalahan adalah banyak remaja yang tidak sadar akan adanya hal ini, dan akhirnya terjebak di dalam sebuah hubungan yang tidak sehat karena sikap obsesif tadi. Maka dari itu, dilakukan perancangan video musik naratif untuk menambah kesadaran remaja tingkat akhir mengenai bahaya dari Obsessive Love Disorder. Perancangan menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif dan 5W+1H, diikuti dengan riset pada target audiens dan para ahli. Hasil dari perancangan ini adalah sebuah video musik naratif yang bermanfaat untuk menambah kesadaran remaja tingkat akhir mengenai bahaya dari Obsessive Love Disorder.
Unsur Sinematografi untuk Mendukung Ketegangan dalam Film Sasmita Narendra
Authors: Ramadhan Rony
Published: December 2021

Unsur dramatik pada cerita memiliki peran penting dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari proses penciptaan karya film. Terdapat empat unsur dramatik yaitu conflict, curiosity, surprise, dan suspense. Keempat unsur tadi merupakan unsur-unsur penting dalam membangun dramatisasi pada sebuah film. Film “Sasmita Narendra” adalah sebuah film fiksi bergenre thriller dengan latar belakang kehidupan sosial budaya masyarakat Yogyakarta yang dikerucutkan pada polemik kehidupan sosial yang terjadi dalam hubungan pernikahan. Konsep karya pada film ini adalah bagaimana membangun salah satu unsur dramatik yaitu ketegangan dengan menerapkan unsur sinematografi. Proses perwujudan karya ini dilakukan melalui analisis pada tiap sequence dengan titik ketegangan yang telah ditentukan untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana ketegangan tersebut dapat dibangun dengan unsur sinematografi. Unsur sinematografi tersebut antara lain adalah komposisi, angle kamera, pergerakan kamera, dan pencahayaan.
All‐Ceramic Coding Metastructure for High‐Temperature RCS Reduction
Authors: Ji Chen , Peng Jinqiang , Yuan Liming , Huang Cheng , Luo Xiangang
Published: December 2021

Metasurfaces provide a new avenue for backscattering reduction due to their strong capability of manipulating electromagnetic wave. However, most of the previously reported low‐scattering metasurfaces are very sensitive to temperature and their performance will be disabled under high‐temperature environment. Herein, an all‐ceramic metastructure is proposed for high‐temperature backscattering reduction at microwave frequencies. Such a metastructure consists of two kinds of refractory ceramics such as Al2O3and TiB2. The ceramics of Al2O3adopts two different coding meta‐atoms for generating 1‐bit reflection phase, while the ceramics of TiB2acts as a metallic reflection plane due to its good electrical conductivity. Wideband radar‐cross‐section (RCS) reduction can be realized with appropriate arrangement of the coding meta‐atoms. Both the simulated and experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed all‐ceramic metastructure can achieve 10 dB RCS reduction over a wide frequency band ranging from 4.9 to 13.1 GHz, and its RCS reduction property is still remained even as the environment temperature is increased to 1000 °C. In addition, it has good angle stability under oblique incidence; good thermal stability is also verified by long‐term temperature test and thermal‐cycling test. This study provides a simple way to construct the low‐scattering material in high‐temperature applications.
Nanotheranostics of Pre‐Stenotic Vessels By Target Touch‐On Signaling of Peptide Navigator
Authors: Yu Seung Eun , Chung Seyong , Ha Hyun‐Su , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Baek Sewoom , Kim Tae Young , Lee Songhyun , Yoon Hyo‐Jin , Chung Soon Won , Lee Jung Bok , Shin Young Min , Kim Hye‐Seon , Kim Si Young , Park Joon‐Sang , Kim Chang‐Soo , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: December 2021

Navigation of nanoparticles to target sites of blood flow disturbance markedly upgrades the diagnostic paradigm in vascular medicine. The theranostic treatment of pre‐stenotic vessels can prevent the irreversible occlusion process effectively. Here, these nanotheranostic functions are established by displaying CDK9(cyclin‐dependent kinase 9)‐targeting peptide (P.) onto nanovesicles (NV) and liposomes using the navigation function and subsequent binding‐on signaling of P. as a game‐changer. When rabbit vessels are allografted with injecting contrast‐loaded P. liposomes, the case‐dependent stenotic degree after 2–6 weeks can be diagnosed accurately within 2–4 days via computed tomography imaging with cross‐validation in a mouse model of partial carotid ligation. Furthermore, the anti‐CDK9 signaling of P. NV is activated post‐targeting and effectively prevents vascular stenosis by suppressing inflammation and lipotoxicity in the vessels, serum, and/or liver. CDK9 targeting is confirmed using computer, in vitro, and in vivo models. This study demonstrates an unprecedented nanotheranostic function for future clinical applications.
Polysalicylic Acid Polymer Microparticle Decoys Therapeutically Treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Brannon Emma R. , Kelley William J. , Newstead Michael W. , Banka Alison L. , Uhrich Kathryn E. , O'Connor Colleen E. , Standiford Theodore J. , Eniola‐Adefeso Omolola
Published: December 2021

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain problematic due to high mortality rates and lack of effective treatments. Neutrophilic injury contributes to mortality in ALI/ARDS. Here, technology for rapid ARDS intervention is developed and evaluated, where intravenous salicylic acid‐based polymer microparticles, i.e., Poly‐Aspirin (Poly‐A), interfere with neutrophils in blood, reducing lung neutrophil infiltration and injury in vivo in mouse models of ALI/ARDS. Importantly, Poly‐A particles reduce multiple inflammatory cytokines in the airway and bacterial load in the bloodstream in a live bacteria lung infection model of ARDS, drastically improving survival. It is observed that phagocytosis of the Poly‐A microparticles, with salicylic acid in the polymer backbone, alters the neutrophil surface expression of adhesion molecules, potentially contributing to their added therapeutic benefits. Given the proven safety profile of the microparticle degradation products—salicylic acid and adipic acid—it is anticipated that the Poly‐A particles represent a therapeutic strategy in ARDS with a rare opportunity for rapid clinical translation.
High‐Energy Aqueous Ammonium‐Ion Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Chen Qiang , Jin Jialun , Song Mengda , Zhang Xiangyong , Li Hang , Zhang Jianli , Hou Guangya , Tang Yiping , Mai Liqiang , Zhou Liang
Published: December 2021

The development of novel electrochemical energy storage devices is a grand challenge. Here, an aqueous ammonium‐ion hybrid supercapacitor (A‐HSC), consisting of a layered δ‐MnO2 based cathode, an activated carbon cloth anode, and an aqueous (NH4)2SO4 electrolyte is developed. The aqueous A‐HSC demonstrates an ultrahigh areal capacitance of 1550 mF cm−2 with a wide voltage window of 2.0 V. An amenable peak areal energy density (861.2 μWh cm−2) and a decent capacitance retention (72.2% after 5000 cycles) are also achieved, surpassing traditional metal‐ion hybrid supercapacitors. Ex situ characterizations reveal that NH4+ intercalation/deintercalation in the layered δ‐MnO2 is accompanied by hydrogen bond formation/breaking. This work proposes a new paradigm for electrochemical energy storage.
3D Printed Skin‐Inspired Flexible Pressure Sensor with Gradient Porous Structure for Tunable High Sensitivity and Wide Linearity Range
Authors: Zhu Guotao , Dai Hongtao , Yao Yao , Tang Wenlai , Shi Jianping , Yang Jiquan , Zhu Liya
Published: December 2021

Advanced nanomaterials and novel microstructures have been developed to achieve flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors with high sensitivity and wide linearity range. However, the theoretical relationships between the sensitivity and the structure of the flexible pressure sensor have rarely been established. Consequently, the sensitivities of the sensors cannot be controlled and tailored for practical application. In this work, a skin‐inspired flexible pressure sensor with gradient porous structure is proposed. Based on the stress distribution of finite element analysis (FEA), the quantitative descriptions between the sensitivity and sensor structure parameters are derived. Then, carbon black (CB)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites are successfully fabricated with desired gradient porous structures by 3D printing technology. Encouragingly, the skin‐inspired gradient structure sensor shows good sensitivity (0.0048 kPa−1) over the ultrawide linear range of 0–500 kPa. Meanwhile, the sensor shows excellent stability and durability during over 500 compression cycles. Taking advantage of these excellent sensing properties, the skin‐inspired gradient porous sensor is demonstrated in the application of voice recognition, grasp sensing, and intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) interface pressure monitoring.
Comparative anatomy and ontogeny of appendicular skeleton of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775) (Anguimorpha, Anguidae) and a pattern of hindlimb loss in Anguinae
Authors: Klembara Jozef , Yaryhin Oleksandr , Majerová Jana , Hain Miroslav
Published: December 2021

We present a detailed anatomy of the pectoral girdles, pelvic girdles, and hindlimbs of adult and juvenile specimens of Pseudopus apodus (Pallas, 1775). We compared the individual bones of the appendicular skeleton of P. apodus with those of Anguis fragilis and species of Ophisaurus living in North America, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. We found no anatomical features in P. apodus in common with the species of Ophisaurus living in only North America, North Africa, and Southeast Asia. Additionally, we present the prehatching ontogeny of the pelvic girdle of P. apodus and A. fragilis and the prehatching ontogeny of the hindlimb of P. apodus. In the ontogeny of the pelvic girdle of P. apodus, it is possible to distinguish the ossification centers of ilium, ischium, and pubis. In contrast, in the ontogeny of A. fragilis, no ossification centers of ilium, ischium, and pubis are present, and no hindlimb element was detected. In Stage 1 of ontogeny in Pseudopus, the femur and tibia are present; in Stage 2, the nodule representing the fibula appears; and in Stage 3, in addition to the femur, tibia, and fibula, four tarsal elements are present. This anatomical condition corresponds to the anatomical composition of the hindlimb of the adult O. koellikeri. In Stage 4, the involution of all tarsal elements and fibula begins, and in the last two prehatching stages, only femur and tibia remain; this condition is present not only in the adults of Pseudopus, but also in those of several other species of Ophisaurus.
Unraveling the promise and limitations of CRISPR/Cas system in natural product research: Approaches and challenges
Authors: Biswas Protha , Anand Uttpal , Ghorai Mimosa , Pandey Devendra Kumar , Jha Niraj Kumar , Behl Tapan , Kumar Manoj , Chauhan Radha , Shekhawat Mahipal S , Dey Abhijit
Published: December 2021

An incredible array of natural products is produced by plants that serve several ecological functions, including protecting them from herbivores and microbes, attracting pollinators, and dispersing seeds. In addition to their obvious medical applications, natural products serve as flavoring agents, fragrances, and many other uses by humans. With the increasing demand for natural products and the development of various gene engineering systems, researchers are trying to modify the plant genome to increase the biosynthetic pathway of the compound of interest or blocking the pathway of unwanted compound synthesis. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 has had widespread success in genome editing due to the system's high efficiency, ease of use, and accuracy which revolutionized the genome editing system in living organisms. This study highlights the method of the CRISPR/Cas system, its application in different organisms including microbes, algae, fungi, and also higher plants in natural product research, and its shortcomings and future prospects.
In Vitro Schistosomicidal Activities of the Leaf Extracts from Casearia sylvestris Varieties
Authors: Carvalho Flávio A. , da Silva Breno C. , Oda Fernando B. , Junior Júlio C. P. , Crevelin Eduardo J. , Crotti Antônio E. M. , Caldas Lizandra G. M. , dos Santos André G.
Published: December 2021

Schistosomiasis, a tropical disease caused by flatworms, may affect the liver, spleen, bladder, and intestine. Casearia sylvestris Swartz, a medicinal plant, displays antiprotozoal, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiulcer activities. We have evaluated the in vitro schistosomicidal activity of two C. sylvestris varieties against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms at concentrations between 12.5 and 200 μg/mL. At 100 and 200 μg/mL, the ethanolic C. sylvestris var. sylvestris leaf extract enriched in casearin‐like diterpenes eliminated 100 % of the parasites after incubation for 72 h and 48 h, respectively, whilst the same extract at 200 μg/mL eliminated 96 %, 100 %, and 100 % of the parasites after incubation for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. On the other hand, the hydroalcoholic C. sylvestris var. lingua leaf extract at 200 μg/mL eliminated 60.4 and 66.7 % of the parasites after incubation for 48 and 72 h, respectively. The presence of casearin‐like diterpenes and glycosylated flavonoids was confirmed based on chromatographic techniques and mass spectrometry data.
Prebiotic Membranes and Micelles Do Not Inhibit Peptide Formation During Dehydration
Authors: Cohen Zachary R. , Kessenich Brennan L. , Hazra Avijit , Nguyen Julia , Johnson Richard S. , MacCoss Michael J. , Lalic Gojko , Black Roy A. , Keller Sarah L.
Published: December 2021

Cycles of dehydration and rehydration could have enabled formation of peptides and RNA in otherwise unfavorable conditions on the early Earth. Development of the first protocells would have hinged upon colocalization of these biopolymers with fatty acid membranes. Using atomic force microscopy, we find that a prebiotic fatty acid (decanoic acid) forms stacks of membranes after dehydration. Using LC‐MS‐MS (liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry) with isotope internal standards, we measure the rate of formation of serine dipeptides. We find that dipeptides form during dehydration at moderate temperatures (55 °C) at least as fast in the presence of decanoic acid membranes as in the absence of membranes. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that protocells could have formed within evaporating environments on the early Earth.
Pericardioesophageal fistula
Authors: Mohamed Amr
Published: December 2021

Late‐onset chest pain, dysphagia, or endocarditis‐like symptoms after atrial fibrillation ablation could be an alarm for fatal complications as Esophagoatrial or Pericardioesophageal fistula. If the diagnosis is delayed, mortality will be inevitable.
Severe neurologic impairment and respiratory failure after fall and hip fracture in an elderly woman
Authors: Rostagno Carlo , Maiani Silvia , Di Donato Rosa , Bandini Giulia , Grassi Enrico , Fainardi Enrico
Published: December 2021

Fat embolism syndrome is a rare complication of long bone fractures and orthopedic surgery. We report a case of a 90‐year‐old woman who developed severe neurologic impairment and respiratory failure few hours after an accidental fall complicated by fracture of the left femur neck and left humerus.
Reversible blindness after erroneous prescription of closantel: A case report
Authors: Cheraghmakani Hamed , Jafari Reza , Karimpour‐razkenari Elahe , Ghazaeian Monireh
Published: December 2021

A 20‐year‐old girl was referred with vision loss upon closantel use. Plasma exchange and high‐dose corticosteroid pulse therapy were administered. A 2.5‐year follow‐up showed improved vision and increased layer thickness of the peripheral nerve fiber. Early treatment with plasma exchange and high‐dose corticosteroid therapy can be beneficial to reverse closantel toxicity.
An eye‐catching atypical illustration of the evaluation and management of AL amyloidosis secondary to myeloma
Authors: Khan Shamis , Premji Sarah , Huang Quillan , Verstovsek Gordana , Bushan Sita , Yellapragada Sarvari Venkata
Published: December 2021

We present a case of a 58‐year‐old male patient who presented to his primary care clinic with complaints of eye swelling and fatigue. Workup ultimately led to a diagnosis of AL amyloidosis secondary to myeloma based on SLiM‐CRAB criteria. We discuss his diagnostic workup, treatment, and subsequent relapse.
Rehabilitation of ectodermal dysplasia patient with a telescopic denture in the maxilla and mandibular implant assisted overdenture: A case report
Authors: Alajami Heba , Saker Jamal
Published: December 2021

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is a heritable disease, characterized by hypodontia, hypotrichosis, and anhidrosis. This clinical report demonstrates prosthetic rehabilitation of a patient complaining of impaired mastication and the odd appearance of her jaws. Maxillary telescopic overdenture and implant‐supported mandibular prostheses were fabricated to improve mastication, speech, and esthetics of the patient.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Allyl−Aryl Cross‐Electrophile Coupling via Allylic C−F Bond Activation
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Kobayashi Yutaro , Takahashi Ikko , Morioka Ryutaro , Ichitsuka Tomohiro , Ichikawa Junji
Published: December 2021

Nickel‐catalyzed reductive cross‐coupling of allylic difluorides with aryl iodides was achieved via allylic C−F bond activation. Based on this protocol, a series of γ‐arylated monofluoroalkenes were synthesized in moderate to high yields with high Z‐selectivities. Mechanistic studies suggest that the C−I bonds of the aryl iodides and the C−F bonds of the allylic difluorides were cleaved via oxidative addition and β‐fluorine elimination, respectively, where the oxidative addition of less reactive C−F bonds was avoided to permit their transformation.
Olefin Metathesis in Confinement: Towards Covalent Organic Framework Scaffolds for Increased Macrocyclization Selectivity
Authors: Emmerling Sebastian T. , Ziegler Felix , Fischer Felix R. , Schoch Roland , Bauer Matthias , Plietker Bernd , Buchmeiser Michael R. , Lotsch Bettina V.
Published: December 2021

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer vast structural and chemical diversity enabling a wide and growing range of applications. While COFs are well‐established as heterogeneous catalysts, so far, their high and ordered porosity has scarcely been utilized to its full potential when it comes to spatially confined reactions in COF pores to alter the outcome of reactions. Here, we present a highly porous and crystalline, large‐pore COF as catalytic support in α,ω‐diene ring‐closing metathesis reactions, leading to increased macrocyclization selectivity. COF pore‐wall modification by immobilization of a Grubbs‐Hoveyda‐type catalyst via a mild silylation reaction provides a molecularly precise heterogeneous olefin metathesis catalyst. An increased macro(mono)cyclization (MMC) selectivity over oligomerization (O) for the heterogeneous COF‐catalyst (MMC:O=1.35) of up to 51 % compared to the homogeneous catalyst (MMC:O=0.90) was observed along with a substrate‐size dependency in selectivity, pointing to diffusion limitations induced by the pore confinement.
Piers′ Borane‐Induced Tetramerization of Arylacetylenes
Authors: Hasenbeck Max , Müller Tizian , Averdunk Arthur , Becker Jonathan , Gellrich Urs
Published: December 2021

We herein report that the reaction of Piers′ borane, i. e. HB(C6F5)2, with an excess of arylacetylenes at room temperature leads to tetramerization of the acetylene and the diastereoselective formation of boryl‐substituted tetra‐aryl‐tetrahydropentalenes. The reaction mechanism was investigated by isotope labeling experiments and DFT computations. These investigations indicate that a series of 1,2‐carboboration reactions form an octatetraene that undergoes an electrocyclization. Two skeletal rearrangements then presumably lead to the formation of the tetrahydropentalene core. Overall, this intricate and unprecedented transformation comprises five carbon‐carbon bond formations in a single reaction.
Enhancing Hydrogen Evolution by Optimizing the Hydrogen Adsorption on Titanium Monoxide Nanodot‐Decorated Cobalt Sulfide Nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Binyu , Zhou Yang , Cao Yang , Wang Xiaohong , Zhang Kexi , Tu Jinchun , Ding Lei
Published: December 2021

Modulating the local electronic state of metal compounds through interfacial interaction has become a key method for manufacturing high‐performance hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts. The electron‐rich active sites can promote the adsorption of hydrogen, which accelerates the Volmer step and thereby enhances the electrocatalytic performance of HER. Here, we found that the strong interfacial interaction between TiO nanodots (TiO/Co−S) and Co−S nanosheets could advantageously improve the performance toward HER of electrocatalyst. Meanwhile, XPS results showed that modulating the local electronic structure of the TiO nanodots produces electron‐rich regions on Co. As a result, the overpotential of the TiO/Co−S nanocomposite at 10 mA cm−2 was 107 mV, and the Tafel slope was 83.3 mV dec−1. This study focused on the effect of the solid‐solid interface on the local electronic structure of the catalytic metal active sites and successfully improved the catalytic activity of transition metal materials in HER catalysis.
Smoke and heat accelerate and increase germination in fire‐prone temperate grassy ecosystems
Authors: Hodges Joshua A. , Price Jodi N. , Nicotra Adrienne B. , Neeman Teresa , Guja Lydia K.
Published: December 2021

Fire increases seedling recruitment by reducing competition for space and resources. As such, many species in fire‐prone ecosystems germinate in response to fire cues such as smoke and heat. A notable exception is fire‐prone temperate grassy ecosystems, where >20 yr of research has found that fire‐cued germination is rare. We tested the hypothesis that fire cues promote germination in temperate grassy ecosystems of south‐eastern Australia. We treated seeds of 55 common species with smoke, heat, and a combination of smoke and heat and tracked germination over time. We analyzed the effect of all combinations of treatments on germination speed and percent germination. Interestingly, we found that smoke and heat combined—which is more ecologically relevant to an actual fire than smoke and heat alone—was needed to increase germination speed, a mostly unstudied component of the germination ecology of grassy ecosystems. Smoke alone increased percent germination. Both plant family and seed traits influenced the germination response to smoke and heat. Poaceae species were the most responsive (in both speed and percent germination) to smoke alone. Water permeability of the seed coat was a key determinant of whether species responded to heat alone, smoke alone, or combined smoke and heat. Species with water‐impermeable seed coats responded to heat alone for both speed and percent germination. Species with water‐permeable seed coats germinated faster in response to combined smoke and heat and percent germination was increased by smoke alone. In contrast with more than two decades of research—our study of this large and representative group of species demonstrates that fire (via smoke and heat) is an important germination cue in fire‐prone temperate grassy ecosystems of south‐eastern Australia.
Fish carcasses alter subyearling Chinook salmon dispersal behavior and density but not growth in experimental mesocosms
Authors: Dunkle Matthew R. , Dunbeck Ryan A. , Caudill Christopher C.
Published: December 2021

Similar to many fish, juvenile Pacific salmon rearing in temperate streams face a growth and survival bottleneck early in their first summer due to limitations in space and food. Fish carcasses have been shown to affect juvenile salmon growth in many systems, but carcasses likely also alter behavioral and dispersal response of hatchery‐origin young‐of‐the‐year salmon. We tested the social and emigration response of subyearling chinook salmon to carcasses of Pacific lamprey or rainbow trout using semi‐open flow‐through mesocosm experiments. We expected the presence of carcasses to increase salmon growth and density while decreasing intraspecific aggression and downstream emigration compared to controls without carcasses. Consistent with expectations, salmon emigrated at lower rates when carcasses were present, resulting in significantly higher holding densities. Contrary to our expectations and results from previous studies, we did not detect differences in growth rate of juvenile salmon among treatments. Our findings suggest that indirect responses of consumers to concentrated resources may have measurable effects on density mediated by movement behaviors. Differences in lamprey and trout decomposition also suggest that carcass traits mediate the behavioral responses of consumers and incorporation of carcass subsidies into food webs.
Next‐generation ultrasonic recorders facilitate effective bat activity and distribution monitoring by citizen scientists
Authors: Lundberg Piia , Meierhofer Melissa B. , Vasko Ville , Suutari Miina , Ojala Ann , Vainio Annukka , Lilley Thomas M.
Published: December 2021

Time and budgetary resources are often a limiting factor in the collection of large‐scale ecological data. If data collected by citizen scientists were comparable to data collected by researchers, it would allow for more efficient data collection over a broad geographic area. Here, we compare the quality of data on bat activity collected by citizens (high school students and teachers) and researchers. Both researchers and citizen scientists used the same comprehensive instructions when choosing study sites. We found no statistically significant difference in total bat activity minutes recorded by citizens and researchers. Instead, citizen scientists collected data from a wider variety of habitats than researchers. Involvement of citizens also increased the geographical coverage of data collection, resulting in the northernmost documentation of the Nathusius’s pipistrelle so far in Finland. Therefore, bat research can benefit from the use of citizen science when participants are given precise instructions and calibrated data collection equipment. Citizen science projects also have other far‐reaching benefits, increasing, for example, the scientific literacy and interest in natural sciences of citizens. Involving citizens in science projects also has the potential to enhance their willingness to conserve nature.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium(II) Amine Complexes: The Role of Primary Aryl‐ or Alkylamine Binding and Applications in the Buchwald‐Hartwig Amination Reaction
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Cheng , Chen Ming‐Tsz
Published: December 2021

N‐heterocyclic carbene‐palladium(II) amine complexes bearing primary aryl‐ or alkylamines were synthesized. The prepared complexes were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as NMR spectroscopy. These complexes exhibited good catalytic activities for the Buchwald‐Hartwig amination reaction of aryl chlorides to afford arylated anilines under mild conditions. All reactions were carried out in air and all starting materials were used as supplied without purification. 21 expected coupling products were obtained in moderate to high yields under optimum conditions.
Empirical equations for flexural residual strengths in concrete with low volumetric fractions of hook‐end steel fiber
Authors: Nzambi Aaron Kadima Lukanu Lwa , Ntuku Jeandry Bule , de Oliveira Dênio Ramam Carvalho
Published: December 2021

The characterization of steel fiber concrete in a flexural test or tensile uniaxial test requires greater control of loading rate by the speed applied in the test machine, to be able to report more accurately the behavior of displacements or crack openings in micro‐scale possible. In general, in the pre‐dimensioning process, it is often discarded the characterization tests and the main standards do not provide theoretical design recommendations concerning the residual strengths of fibrous concrete. Some empirical models in the literature attempt an approximation of the theoretical design values, but they present greater dispersion in the results. This article proposes empirical equations for predicting the residual strengths of the steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), for small fiber volume fractions (approx. < 0.8%). Experimentally notched beams subjected to three‐point bending tests were collected, with the concrete matrix composed of hook‐end steel fiber and the experimental residual strengths presenting the softening behavior in the load‐opening ratio curve of the crack. The experimental residual strengths were compared with other empirical models found in the literature. The results showed that the maximum stress of the steel fiber pullout model established satisfactory relationships with the residual stresses in flexure. The empirical proposed residual strength model presented lower variability of dispersion around 10%, the mean absolute percentage error of 8%, compared to other usual empirical models and had the same material class with the experimental results, proving to be a viable alternative for pre‐design and dosage optimization for SFRC.
Commentaries on “Abductive Theory Construction”
Authors: Kardes Frank , Fischer Eileen , Spiller Stephen , Labroo Aparna , Bublitz Melissa , Peracchio Laura , Huber Joel
Published: December 2021

This paper assembles five comments on Janiszewski and van Osselaer's (this issue) article that promotes abductive research as a way to generate new psychological theory. The review process began by asking those making comments to be part of collaborative communication between themselves and Janiszewski and van Osselaer. The five comments arising from that process provide well‐honed insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the abductive research. The first commentary, by Frank Kardes, offers convincing evidence showing that the techniques of abductive thinking are similar to other explorative techniques currently being successfully used in deductive research. Eileen Fischer sees abductive thinking as integral to inductive and qualitative thinking as it facilitates the generation of new constructs and remaps established ones. Stephen Spiller explores the implication of starting from interesting and paradoxical data rather than from established theory. The research challenge then requires a focus on strategic sampling of methods, responses, and critical constructs that confirm or limit a provisional theory. Aparna Labroo articulates the benefits of abductive thinking to help resolve complex practical problems, but warns against the proliferation of multiple findings that may be difficult to validate. Finally, Bublitz and Peracchio celebrate the value of abductive research to help resolve social issues and enable the fruitful merger of publishable research with personal social action.
Sonographic assessment of low muscle quantity identifies mortality risk during COVID‐19: a prospective single‐centre study
Authors: Kremer Wolfgang M. , Labenz Christian , Kuchen Robert , Sagoschen Ingo , Bodenstein Marc , Schreiner Oliver , Wörns Marcus A. , Sivanathan Visvakanth , Weinmann Arndt , Galle Peter R. , Sprinzl Martin F.
Published: December 2021

Background

Assessment of muscle quantity by sonographic muscle indices could help identify patients at risk for fatal outcome during coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19). The aim of this study was to explore sonographic muscle indices as predictors of COVID‐19 outcome and to test the feasibility of sonographic muscle measurement in an isolation context.

Methods

Muscle indices, derived from the psoas muscle or thigh muscles, were quantified by sonography in a cohort of patients without COVID‐19 to obtain reference values for low muscle quantity. Gender‐specific median of different muscle indices were defined as threshold value for low muscle quantity. The prognostic relevance of low muscle quantity, was prospectively explored in two cohorts of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Optimal muscle index cutoff values predictive for 30 day mortality during COVID‐19 were determined by receiver operating characteristic‐area under the curve and Youden index calculation. Muscle quantity and known prognostic factors of COVID‐19 were analysed by multivariable log‐regression.

Results

Compared with other muscle indices, the psoas muscle area index (PMAI) showed the most favourable characteristics to predict outcome of COVID‐19 disease. Sonographic morphometry of patients without COVID‐19 (n = 136) revealed a gender‐specific median for PMAI (male: 291.1 mm2/m2, female 260.6 mm2/m2) as threshold value of low muscle quantity. Subsequently, COVID‐19 patients (Cohort I: n = 58; Cohort II: n = 55) were prospectively assessed by bedside sonography. The studied COVID‐19 patients developed a critical course of disease in 22.4% (Cohort I: n = 13/58) and 34.5% (Cohort II: n = 20/55). Mortality rate reached 12.1% (Cohort I: n = 7/58) and 20.0% (Cohort I: n = 11/55) within 30 days of follow up. COVID‐19 patients with a PMAI below the gender‐specific median showed a higher 30 day mortality in both COVID‐19 cohorts (log rank, P < 0.05). The optimal PMAI cutoff value (206 mm2/m2) predicted 30 day mortality of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients with a sensitivity of 72% and specificity of 78.5% (receiver operating characteristic‐area under the curve: 0.793, 95% confidence interval 0.671–0.914, P = 0.008). Multivariable log‐regression analysis of PMAI, age, gender, BMI and comorbidities confirmed an independent association of low PMAI with 30 day mortality of COVID‐19 patients (P = 0.018).

Conclusions

Sonographic morphometry provides reliable muscle quantification under hygienic precautions and allows risk stratification of patients with COVID‐19.
Deep Learning Assisted Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Tumors Based on Contrast‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Zhao Keyang , Zhang Mingzi , Xie Zhaozhi , Yan Xu , Wu Shenghui , Liao Peng , Lu Hongtao , Shen Wei , Fu Chicheng , Cui Haoyang , Fang Qu , Mei Jiong
Published: December 2021

Background

Misdiagnosis of malignant musculoskeletal tumors may lead to the delay of intervention, resulting in amputation or death.

Purpose

To improve the diagnostic efficacy of musculoskeletal tumors by developing deep learning (DL) models based on contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and to quantify the improvement in diagnostic performance obtained by using these models.

Study type

Retrospective.

Population

Three hundreds and four musculoskeletal tumors, including 212 malignant and 92 benign lesions, were randomized into the training (n = 180), validation (n = 62) and testing cohort (n = 62).

Field strength/sequence

A 3 T/T1‐weighted (T1‐w), T2‐weighted (T2‐w), diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), and contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted (CET1‐w) images.

Assessment

Three DL models based, respectively, on the sagittal, coronal, and axial MR images were constructed to predict the malignancy of tumors. Blinded to the prediction results, a group of specialists made independent initial diagnoses for each patient by reading all image sequences. One month after the initial diagnoses, the same group of doctors made another round of diagnoses knowing the malignancy of each tumor predicted by the three models. The reference standard was the pathological diagnosis of malignancy.

Statistical tests

Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (all with 95% confidential intervals [CI]) corresponding to each diagnostic test were computed. Chi‐square tests were used to assess the differences in those parameters with and without DL models. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The developed models significantly improved the diagnostic sensitivities of two oncologists by 0.15 (95% CI: 0.06–0.24) and 0.36 (95% CI: 0.24–0.28), one radiologist by 0.12 (95% CI: 0.04–0.20), and three of the four orthopedists, respectively, by 0.12 (95% CI: 0.04–0.20), 0.29 (95% CI: 0.18–0.40), and 0.23 (95% CI: 0.13–0.33), without impairing any of their diagnostic specificities (all P > 0.128).

Data conclusion

The DL models developed can significantly improve the performance of doctors with different training and experience in diagnosing musculoskeletal tumors.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2