bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Insights into Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Chickpea: Mechanisms and Sustainable Breeding Strategies
Authors: Avinash Nakkala , Janeja Harmeet Singh
Published: May 2024

“Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, the agent responsible for Fusarium wilt, poses a serious risk to the global production of chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). There are different races of this soil-borne pathogen, and each one has a different amount of virulence, which makes crop resilience difficult. Early yellowing and late wilting are two indicators of chickpea wilt that cause significant output losses. Complex genetic interactions are involved in chickpea resistance to Fusarium wilt. Resistance against particular pathogen races is conferred by a number of resistance genes, including h1, h2, and h3. Breeding procedures include both cutting-edge genomic techniques like marker-assisted selection (MAS) and traditional techniques like hybridization and backcrossing. By facilitating the accurate identification and stacking of resistance genes, MAS speeds up breeding. To treat this illness, it is essential to comprehend the genetic diversity of Fusarium wilt races, figure out the genetic basis of resistance, and use efficient breeding techniques. The goal of developing resilient chickpea varieties through the integration of genomic techniques and traditional breeding is to provide sustainable crop production in the face of changing disease problems”.
Characterization of Mixed Amine Functionalized Carbon Nanotube from Nigerian Sub Bituminous Coal
Authors: Michael Odineze C. , Odigure Joseph O. , Mohammed Alhassan , Abdulkareem Ambali S.
Published: May 2024

It is a known fact that the behaviour and performance of any sorbent material such as functionalized CNTs is dependent on its inherent or modified micro structural property. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) adsorbent was produced and characterized from Nigerian Sub-bituminous coal obtained in Udi, Enugu state. This is to determine the suitability of the mixed amine functionalized CNT adsorbent for CO2 adsorption, inorder to help in the mitigation of global warming. A mixture of two amines (Mono ethanol Amine (MEA) and Tri ethanol amine (TEA)) of different proportion was immobilized into the pores of the Carbon nanotube by wet impregnation method. The prepared adsorbent was characterized before and after amine modification with X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Transition Electron Microspore (TEM) Scanned Electron Microscope (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) technique. Results from the XRD analysis shows that there is a drastic decrease in the height of the peaks at 2θ = 27, which correspond to 100 for CNT-MEA x-TEA y composites. This can be attributed to the filling of the pores by the amine in the Carbon nanotube. Similarly, there is a dominating appearance of amine functional group at different peaks of the FTIR spectrum.  Furthermore, the internal morphology of the adsorbent as revealed by the TEM image shows that the dominant product is a twisted multi-walled CNT, which is partly filled with metal-like particles from the catalyst. The SEM image depicts a clear variation in the surface chemistry of the various CNTs initiated by differences in the mixed amine formulation. Finally, observation from the BET analysis shows a decrease in the surface area, total pore volume and pore size of the CNTs adsorbent after it was modified with Amine. All of these result shows that combination of the two different amines, can further improve the adsorption capacity of functionalized CNT sorbents for CO2 adsorption, in mitigating global warming.
Compact self‐constructing recurrent fuzzy neural network with decision feedback for quadrature amplitude modulation signaling systems
Authors: Chang Yao‐Jen , Ho Chia‐Lu
Published: July 2011

This paper proposes a novel adaptive decision feedback equalizer (DFE) based on compact self‐constructing recurrent fuzzy neural network (CSRFNN) for quadrature amplitude modulation systems. Without the prior knowledge of channel characteristics, a novel training scheme containing both compact self‐constructing learning (CSL) and real‐time recurrent learning algorithms is derived for the CSRFNN. The proposed CSL algorithm adopts two evaluation criteria to intelligently decide the number of fuzzy rules that are necessary. The real‐time recurrent learning is performed simultaneously with the CSL at each time instant to adjust DFE parameters. The proposed DFE is compared with several neural network‐based DFEs on a nonlinear complex‐valued channel. The results show that the CSRFNN DFE is superior to classical neural network DFEs in terms of symbol‐error rate, convergence speed, and time cost. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Characterization of Amyloid Fibrils Using Coarse‐Grained Normal Mode Analysis
Authors: Yoon Gwonchan , Kwak Jinhak , Kim Jae In , Na Sungsoo , Eom Kilho
Published: July 2011

Recent experimental studies have shown that amyloid fibril formed by aggregation of β peptide exhibits excellent mechanical properties comparable to other protein materials such as actin filaments and microtubules. These excellent mechanical properties of amyloid fibrils are related to their functional role in disease expression. This indicates the necessity of understanding how an amyloid fibril achieves the remarkable mechanical properties through self‐aggregation with structural hierarchy. However, the structure‐property–function relationship still remains elusive. In this work, the mechanical properties of human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) are studied with respect to its structural hierarchies and structural shapes by coarse‐grained normal mode analysis. The simulation shows that hIAPP fibril can achieve the excellent bending rigidity via specific aggregation patterns such as antiparallel stacking of β peptides. Moreover, the length‐dependent mechanical properties of amyloids are found. This length‐dependent property has been elucidated from a Timoshenko beam model that takes into account the shear effect on the bending of amyloids. In summary, the study sheds light on the importance of not only the molecular architecture, which encodes the mechanical properties of the fibril, but also the shear effect on the mechanical (bending) behavior of the fibril.
One‐Dimensional Nanostructures of Ferroelectric Perovskites
Authors: Rørvik Per Martin , Grande Tor , Einarsrud Mari‐Ann
Published: July 2011

Nanorods, nanowires, and nanotubes of ferroelectric perovskites have recently been studied with increasing intensity due to their potential use in non‐volatile ferroelectric random access memory, nano‐electromechanical systems, energy‐harvesting devices, advanced sensors, and in photocatalysis. This Review summarizes the current status of these 1D nanostructures and gives a critical overview of synthesis routes with emphasis on chemical methods. The ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the 1D nanostructures are discussed and possible applications are highlighted. Finally, prospects for future research within this field are outlined.
Studies on electro‐conductive yarns prepared byin situchemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole
Authors: Maiti Syamal , Das Dipayan , Sen Kushal
Published: July 2011

This work deals with preparation, characterization, and performance of electro‐conductive yarns prepared byin situchemical and electrochemical polymerization of pyrrole. Box‐Behnken design in conjunction with response surface analysis has been used to study the electrochemical polymerization process. The effect of electrochemical process parameters on the electrical resistivity has been reported. Further, the electrical and electromechanical behaviour of the electro‐conductive yarns thus produced has also been reported. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Analysis of hollow fiber reverse osmosis membrane module of axial flow type
Authors: Kumano Atsuo , Matsuyama Hideto
Published: July 2011

Several analyses of hollow fiber reverse osmosis (RO) modules in which permeate water flows from the outer to the inner side of the membrane have been attempted over the past 20 years. In our previous work, an FCP (Friction Concentration Polarization) model showed good agreement with a wide range of actual performance data of a hollow fiber RO membrane module of radial flow type. In this work, this analytical model was applied to axial flow type hollow fiber modules. The performance of the axial flow type module with high packing density of hollow fibers was analyzed, taking into consideration the axial concentration profile in the module. It was confirmed that this model showed good agreement with experimental data for an axial flow type RO membrane module. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of monolithic HPLC stationary phase with self‐assembled molecular recognition sites for 4‐aminophenol
Authors: Baykara Ersin , Tunc Yeliz , Ulubayram Kezban
Published: July 2011

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) monolith for selective recognition of 4‐aminophenol (4‐AMP) was prepared by in situ polymerization technique as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) stationary phase. For this purpose, several 4‐AMP imprinted monoliths were synthesized by using only methacrylic acid (MAA), acrylamide (AAM), or isobornyl methacrylate (IBMA) in the presence of high amount of crosslinker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA), and these polymeric monolith columns were connected to HPLC to evaluate their separation capabilities. By selection of appropriate functional monomer and optimization of polymerization conditions, MAA‐based monolithic MIP showed good flow through properties, high selectivity to the templated molecule, and high resolution in the separation of paracetamol and its main impurity, 4‐AMP. Besides, effective binding site density and dissociation constant of this monolith were estimated by using frontal chromatography and found as 7.95 μmol/g and 1.06 mM, respectively. Surface area of the same monolith was found as 23.48 m2/g from multipoint BET analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Covulcanization of LLDPE/EMA blends using dicumyl peroxide
Authors: Borah Jyoti S. , Naskar Kinsuk , Chaki Tapan K.
Published: July 2011

The effect of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) content on the gel fraction, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE)/ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate (EMA) blends were studied. Gel content of the blends increases with increasing DCP content, and EMA is more prone to crosslinking than LLDPE. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to study the effect of DCP crosslinking on percent crystallinity and crystalline structure of the blends and individual components. At lower level of DCP loading, crosslinking process does not have significant effect on the crystalline structure of the LLDPE, which was confirmed from the percent crystallinity and lattice distance value. However, at higher DCP content, percent crystallinity decreases significantly. At lower EMA concentration (<50%), percent crystallinity and lattice distance remain unchanged up to 2 wt % of DCP. For EMA contents of more than 50 wt %, increasing DCP content reduces the crystallinity of the blends and increases the lattice distance. The highest level of mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties was observed for 60/40 LLDPE/EMA blends at 2 wt % DCP. Addition of LLDPE‐g‐MA (3 wt %) as a compatibilizer enhances the properties of the vulcanizates. Blends crosslinked with DCP up to 0.3 wt % can easily be reprocessed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Effects of solvent polarity on the reaction of phenol with tolylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate
Authors: Yang Peng Fei , De Han Yong , Li Tian Duo , Li Jun Ying
Published: July 2011

Using tolylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate as standard compound, the relationship between NCO absorbance and concentration was studied with in situ FTIR. The linear relationship appeared correct only for concentrations lower than 0.4 mol L−1. Then, the urethane reaction kinetics of phenol with tolylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate were investigated in different solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide, cyclohexanone, n‐butyl acetate, 1,4‐dioxane, and xylene. It showed that solvents largely affected reaction rates. The reaction was largely accelerated in polar solvents, following the order of dimethyl sulfoxide > cyclohexanone > n‐butyl acetate > 1,4‐dioxane > xylene. It was in contrast to the alcohol–diisocyanate reaction. Finally, an appropriate reaction mechanism was proposed. The HO bond in phenol was polarized under the influence of solvents, which made the combination of hydrogen to nitrogen and alkoxyl group to carbenium easier. After that the solvent was dissociated and the carbamate generated. The kinetic equation could be derived as v = k′K·[S:] [ROH]·[R′NCO]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of novel Hibiscus sabdariffa‐g‐poly(EA) copolymer
Authors: Chauhan Ashish , Kaith Balbir Singh
Published: July 2011

In this article, the morphologic transformation of Hibiscus sabdariffa, a natural fiber through graft copolymerization with ethyl acrylate using ceric ammonium nitrate–nitric acid initiator system, has been reported. Different reaction parameters such as temperature, time, initiator concentration, monomer concentration, and pH were optimized to get maximum graft yield (117.3%). The graft copolymer thus formed was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron micrographs, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential thermogravimetric analysis techniques. The graft copolymer was found to be moisture, chemical, and thermal resistant. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation and characterization of styrene acrylate emulsion surface sizing agent modified with rosin
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Hu Huiren
Published: July 2011

A series of core‐shell type cationic soap‐free latex were prepared by using styrene(St), butyl acrylate(BA), and methyl methacrylate(MMA) as main materials and introducing rosin as the functional monomer. Cationic starch (CS‐8), which has low relative viscosity, was used as the emulsifier and dispersant. The influencing factors of the reaction were studied and the optimal conditions were achieved. Then the products were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), FT‐IR, laser particle sizer, and particle charge detector (PCD). The results showed that the excellent performance and good sizing effects of SAE were achieved when the reaction conditions were as follows: the starch amount was 8 wt %, the charge of the initiator (APS) was 0.5%, and the amount of rosin was 2 wt %. Under these conditions, the particle size of the latex was around 100 nm and had a narrow distribution, and the charge density of latex was 0.61 mmol L−1. The water‐resistant performance of paper was improved significantly when SAE was modified with rosin, and the Cobb value decreased by 46.8% compared to that of the paper sized by SAE without rosin. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Design, synthesis, and imaging study of a photoactive polymer containing aryl substituted diazoketo groups
Authors: Liu Lu , Zou Yingquan
Published: July 2011

A photoactive polymer containing aryl substituted diazoketo groups was prepared by radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and photoactive 2‐(2‐diazo‐3‐oxo‐3‐(4‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐propionyloxy)‐ethyl methacrylate. Upon UV irradiation at 365 nm, the diazoketo groups of the copolymer underwent the Wolff rearrangement and afforded ketenes that reacted with water to provide carboxylic moieties that could be removed by basic developer. It was demonstrated that this photoactive polymer could be used as a novel single component positive photoresist. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Combined effect of organic phosphate sodium and nanoclay on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Zhao Shicheng , Xin Zhong , Zhang Jing , Han Ting
Published: July 2011

Combined effect of α‐nucleating agent (NA) sodium 2,2′‐methylene‐bis(4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl) phosphate (NA11) and nanoclay (NC) on the mechanical properties and crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was investigated by mechanical testing, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical testing results indicated that the separate addition of NA11 and NC only increased the stiffness of iPP while the combined addition of NA11, NC, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP‐g‐MA) simultaneously improved stiffness and toughness of iPP. Compared to pure iPP, the tensile strength, the flexural modulus, and impact strength of iPP composites increased 9.7, 38.6, and 42.9%, respectively. The result indicated good synergistic effects of NC, NA11, and PP‐g‐MA in improving iPP mechanical properties. WAXD patterns revealed NA11, and NC only induced the α‐crystals of iPP. SEM micrograph showed that the PP‐g‐MA could effectively improve the dispersing of NC in iPP. Finally, the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of neat iPP and PP nanocomposites was described by Caze method. The result indicated that the addition of NA overcame the shortcoming of low crystallization rate of NC nanocomposites and maintained the excellent mechanical properties, which is another highlight of the combined addition of NAs and nanoclay. Meanwhile, the result showed that nuclei formation and spherulite growth of iPP were affected by the presence of NA and nanoclay. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphology and properties of PP/EPDM binary blends and PP/EPDM/nano‐CaCO3 ternary blends
Authors: Gong Lei , Yin Bo , Li Lan‐peng , Yang Ming‐bo
Published: July 2011

In this article, the morphology, crystallization, and rheological behaviors of polypropylene (PP)/ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer (EPDM) binary blend and PP/EPDM/calcium carbonate nanoparticles (nano‐CaCO3) ternary blend were investigated. Two processing methods, i.e., direct extrusion and two‐step extrusion, were employed to prepare the PP/EPDM/CaCO3 blend. The influence of EPDM and nano‐CaCO3 respectively on phase morphology and properties of PP/EPDM blend and PP/EPDM/CaCO3 blend were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic rheometer. The crystallinity and crystallization temperature of PP/EPDM blend were improved in comparison to pure PP due to addition of EPDM, but kept invariable with the increased EPDM loading. As the EPDM content was increased, the mobility of PP molecular chains was weakened. Compared with direct extruded blend, less and finer nano‐CaCO3 was dispersed in matrix of two‐step extruded blend. Accordingly, the increased nano‐CaCO3 in matrix gave rise to a weaker increment in crystallinity and crystallization temperature of two‐step extruded blend, and a later platform of tanδ curve. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)/phosphotungstic acid/attapulgite composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cells
Authors: Wen Sheng , Gong Chunli , Shu Yao‐Chi , Tsai Fang‐Chang , Yeh Jen‐Taut
Published: July 2011

Novel composite sulfonated poly(ether sulfone)(SPES)/phosphotungstic acid (PWA)/attapulgite (AT) membranes were investigated for direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). Physical–chemical properties of the composite membranes were characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, SEM‐EDX, water uptake, tensile test, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability. Compared with a pure SPES membrane, PWA, and AT doping in the membrane led to a higher thermal stability and glass transition temperature (Tg) as revealed by TGA and DSC. Tensile test indicated that lower AT content (3%) in the composite can significantly increase the tensile strength, while higher AT loading demonstrated a smaller contribution on strength. Proper PWA and AT loadings in the composite membranes can increase the proton conductivity and lower the methanol cross‐over. The proton conductivity of the SPES‐P‐A 10% composite membrane reached 60% of the Nafion 112 membrane conductivity at room temperature while the methanol permeability was only one‐fourth of that of Nafion 112 membrane. This excellent performances of SPES/PWA/AT composite membranes could indicate a potential feasibility as a promising electrolyte for DMFC. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Web 2.0 according to Wikipedia: Capturing an organizing vision
Authors: Gorgeon Arnaud , Swanson E. Burton
Published: July 2011

Is Web 2.0 more than a buzzword? In recent years, technologists and others have heatedly debated this question, even in Wikipedia, itself an example of Web 2.0. From the perspective of the present study, Web 2.0 may indeed be a buzzword, but more substantially it is also an example of an organizing vision that drives a community's discourse about certain new Information Technology (IT), serving to advance the technology's adoption and diffusion. Every organizing vision has a career that reflects its construction over time, and in the present study we examine Web 2.0's career as captured in its Wikipedia entry over a 5‐year period, finding that it falls into three distinct periods termed Germination, Growth, and Maturation. The findings reveal how Wikipedia, as a discourse vehicle, treats new IT and its many buzzwords, and more broadly captures the careers of their organizing visions. Too, they further our understanding of Wikipedia as a new encyclopedic form, providing novel insights into its uses, its community of contributors, and their editing activities, as well as the dynamics of article construction.
MicroRNA expression is differentially altered by xenobiotic drugs in different human cell lines
Authors: Rodrigues Alice C. , Li Xin , Radecki Laura , Pan Yu‐Zhuo , Winter Jerrold C. , Huang Min , Yu Ai‐Ming
Published: July 2011

Several noncoding microRNAs (miR or miRNA) have been shown to regulate the expression of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Xenobiotic drug‐induced changes in enzyme and transporter expression may be associated with the alteration of miRNA expression. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of 19 xenobiotic drugs (e.g. dexamethasone, vinblastine, bilobalide and cocaine) on the expression of ten miRNAs (miR‐18a, ‐27a, ‐27b, ‐124a, ‐148a, ‐324‐3p, ‐328, ‐451, ‐519c and −1291) in MCF‐7, Caco‐2, SH‐SY5Y and BE(2)‐M17 cell systems. The data revealed that miRNAs were differentially expressed in human cell lines and the change in miRNA expression was dependent on the drug, as well as the type of cells investigated. Notably, treatment with bilobalide led to a 10‐fold increase of miR‐27a and a 2‐fold decrease of miR‐148a in Caco‐2 cells, but no change of miR‐27a and a 2‐fold increase of miR‐148a in MCF‐7 cells. Neuronal miR‐124a was generally down‐regulated by psychoactive drugs (e.g. cocaine, methadone and fluoxetine) in BE(2)‐M17 and SH‐SY5Y cells. Dexamethasone and vinblastine, inducers of drug‐metabolizing enzymes and transporters, suppressed the expression of miR‐27b, ‐148a and −451 that down‐regulate the enzymes and transporters. These findings should provide increased understanding of the altered gene expression underlying drug disposition, multidrug resistance, drug–drug interactions and neuroplasticity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reappraising the surface anatomy of the pterion and its relationship to the middle meningeal artery
Authors: Ma Siyan , Baillie Louisa J.M. , Stringer Mark D.
Published: July 2011

Despite its clinical importance, the surface anatomy of the pterion is inconsistently reported. This study reappraises the surface marking of the pterion and its relationship to the middle meningeal artery (MMA). The position and morphology of the pterion were analyzed in the Frankfurt plane in 76 adult skulls and 50 adult cranial cone beam CT scans. Relationship to the anterior branch of the MMA was examined in the skulls. Measurement reproducibility was assessed in a 20% randomly selected sample. In the skulls, the majority of pteria were sphenoparietal (78%), followed by epipteric (16%) and frontotemporal (5%). The center of the pterion was a mean of 26 ± 4 mm behind and 11 ± 4 mm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture; measurements were reproducible and consistent between sides and genders. Distances from the frontozygomatic suture were slightly greater (29 and 16 mm, respectively) in cranial CTs. A one centimeter circle centered on the midpoint of the pterion overlapped the anterior branch of the MMA in 68% of skulls; the artery was a few millimeters posterior in the remainder. Mean skull thickness at the midpoint of the pterion was 4.4 mm compared to 1 mm at its thinnest point in the squamous temporal bone. In conclusion, in most adults, the pterion lies within a one centimeter diameter circle 2.6 cm behind and 1.3 cm above the posterolateral margin of the frontozygomatic suture (which is easily palpable in vivo). This region overlaps the anterior branch of the MMA in two‐thirds of cases. Clin. Anat. 25:330–339, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A unilateral accessory flexor carpi ulnaris muscle observed during cadaveric dissection
Authors: Alvin Matthew , Alan Nima , Leone Jennifer , Fredieu John R.
Published: July 2011

Musculature anomalies in the upper limb are common and may result in limb posture deformities or compression neuropathies. In this study, we describe a rare case of accessory flexor carpi ulnaris muscle observed during dissection ofthe forearm as part of a graduate gross anatomy course. Clin. Anat. 24:971–973, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intramolecular CH Oxidative N‐Allylation of C‐Homoallylhydrazones to 5‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrazolines Catalyzed by the [Pd(OAc)2]/BIMINAP System
Authors: Dang Thanh‐Tung , Abdellah Ibrahim , Canac Yves , Chauvin Remi
Published: July 2011

A catalytic procedure is described for intramolecular benzoquinone‐mediated CH oxidative N‐allylation of C‐homoallylhydrazones to 5‐vinyl‐2‐pyrazolines. Depending on the steric and electronic demand of the substituents at the allylic moiety of the substrate, other six or seven membered cyclic hydrazones were obtained in moderate yields. As compared to other Pd(OAc)2/phosphine combinations, the optimal catalytic conditions are based on the Pd(OAc)2/BIMINAP system [BIMINAP=formal contraction of the acronyms BIMIP=2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐bibenzimidazole and BINAP=2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl in a 10 % ratio. In a preliminary attempt, the use of the enantiopure (R)‐BIMINAP ligand was shown to provide the corresponding 5‐vinyl‐2‐pyrazoline in 75 % yield and 30 % ee in the (+)‐enantiomer, whereas the analogous (R)‐BINAP ligand afforded the same product in only 47 % yield and 10 % ee. The results highlight the specific value of the electron‐poor atropochiral BIMINAP ligand in catalysis and, in particular, oxidative catalysis.
Energy Saving in Crude Oil Atmospheric Distillation Columns by Modifying the Vapor Feed Inlet Tray
Authors: Arjmand M. , Moreno L. , Liu L.
Published: July 2011

Optimization of a typical crude oil atmospheric distillation unit and reduction of energy conservation were carried out through modifying the implementation and change in the flash zone of the tower. A conventional procedure in such units involves the combination of liquid and vapor product of the prefractionation train surge drum upon introduction to the tower. However, it is theoretically illustrated and represented by simulation means that introducing the vapor feed into the upper stages of the distillation column separately can lead to an energy saving of 12.6 % in the condenser duty, an increased liquid‐to‐gas flow (L/G) at certain points of the column, and hence to a reduction in diameter and investment costs of new tower designs of approximately US$ 0.7 million a–1. The proposal can be put into practice without the need of additional equipments or additional cost of difficult rerouting the streams. An industrial case study of a steady‐state crude oil distillation unit is given by simulation provision of AspenHysys™.
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Impeller Design Parameters on the Performance of a Multiphase Baffle‐Stirred Reactor
Authors: Iranzo A. , Barbero R. , Domingo J. , Cuadra D. , Costa J. , Martín J. F. , Ullán R. V. , Barredo J. L.
Published: July 2011

The turbulent gas‐liquid flow field in an industrial 100‐m3 stirred tank was calculated by using computational fluid dynamics based on the finite‐volume method. Turbulent effects were modeled with the shear stress transport model, and gas‐liquid bubbly flow was modeled with the Eulerian‐Eulerian approach using the Grace correlation for the drag force interphase momentum transfer. The relative motion between the rotating impeller and the stationary baffled tank was considered by using a multiple frames of reference algorithm. The effects of Rushton and pitched‐blade impeller design parameters such as blade geometry, location, and pumping direction on the mixing performance were investigated. It was found that a combination of Rushton turbines with up‐pumping pitched‐blade turbines provides the best mixing performance in terms of gas holdup and interfacial area density. The approach outlined in this work is useful for performance optimization of biotechnology reactors, as typically found in fermentation processes.
Inferential Control of Reactive Destillation Columns – An Algorithmic Approach
Authors: Paramasivan G. , Kienle A.
Published: July 2011

Decentralized control system design comprises the selection of a suitable control structure and controller parameters. Here, mixed integer optimization is used to determine the optimal control structure and the optimal controller parameters simultaneously. The process dynamics is included explicitly into the constraints using a rigorous nonlinear dynamic process model. Depending on the objective function, which is used for the evaluation of competing control systems, two different formulations are proposed which lead to mixed‐integer dynamic optimization (MIDO) problems. A MIDO solution strategy based on the sequential approach is adopted in the present paper. Here, the MIDO problem is decomposed into a series of nonlinear programming (NLP) subproblems (dynamic optimization) where the binary variables are fixed, and mixed‐integer linear programming (MILP) master problems which determine a new binary configuration for the next NLP subproblem. The proposed methodology is applied to inferential control of reactive distillation columns as a challenging benchmark problem for chemical process control.
A Simple Explicit Equation for the Saturation Temperature of Humid Air
Authors: Mitrovic J.
Published: July 2011

Based on the Clausius‐Clapeyron equation and the ideal gas hypothesis for the gas phase, an explicit equation is derived for the saturation temperature of humid air. In order to account for the real gas effects in the vapor phase, the expression is then modified by using the state equation of a pure water two‐phase (vapor‐liquid) system at equilibrium recommended by Wagner and Pruss. Unlike other equations, it does not require knowledge of the relative humidity. The new equation describes the saturation temperature of humid air as a function of humidity ratio x and system pressure p in the following ranges: 0 < x < 0.2; 0.5 bar < p < 16 bar. As a side product, a simple expression for relative humidity is deduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Ag3(SO3F)4: A Rare Example of a Mixed‐Valent AgII/AgI Compound Showing 1D Antiferromagnetism.
Authors: Michalowski Tomasz , Malinowski Przemyslaw J. , Derzsi Mariana , Mazej Zoran , Zaglicic Zvonko , Leszczynski Piotr J. , Grochala Wojciech
Published: July 2011

The known title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with Z = 4 (powder XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Rare Earth—Iron Oxide Chalconides with the La2Fe2O3Se2 Structure.
Authors: Charkin D. O. , Plotnikov V. A. , Sadakov A. V. , Omel'yanovskii O. E. , Kazakov S. M.
Published: July 2011

The new compounds Ce2Fe2O3S2 and Pr2Fe2O3S2 are synthesized by solid state reactions of Ce or Pr, S, and Fe2O3 (1000 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild Biomolecule‐Assisted Route for Preparation of Flower‐Like AgBiS2 Crystals.
Authors: Liu Haitao , Zhong Jiasong , Liang Xiaojuan , Zhang Jingfeng , Xiang Weidong
Published: July 2011

Flower‐like AgBiS2 crystals are prepared from mixtures of AgNO3, BiCl3, and L‐cystine dissolved in DMF (autoclave, 200 °C, 12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Optically Active Bicyclic N‐Heterocycles by Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition/Cyclization Sequences.
Authors: Worgull Dennis , Dickmeiss Gustav , Jensen Kim L. , Franke Patrick T. , Holub Nicole , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: July 2011

The diarylprolinol silyl ether‐catalyzed cyclization of dicyanoalkynes (I) with enals (II) and a hydroxylamine (III) provides access towards cyclohexano‐fused aziridines (IV) in high enantio‐ and excellent diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxy‐ and Aminophenyl Radicals from Arenediazonium Salts.
Authors: Pratsch Gerald , Anger Christian A. , Ritter Katharina , Heinrich Markus R.
Published: July 2011

Suitable reaction conditions are identified under which hydroxy‐ and aminophenyldiazonium ions (I) can undergo radical reactions with allylic chloride (II) or simple hetarenes (IV) to form new C—C bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Linear Polystyrene‐Stabilized Palladium Nanoparticles‐Catalyzed C—C Coupling Reaction in Water.
Authors: Ohtaka Atsushi , Teratani Takuto , Fujii Ryohei , Ikeshita Kanako , Kawashima Takahiro , Tatsumi Koichi , Shimomura Osamu , Nomura Ryoki
Published: July 2011

The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused several times without loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Asymmetric Synthesis of Phenylglycinols.
Authors: Pan Xingang , Jia Liangbin , Liu Xuejian , Ma Haikuo , Yang Wenqian , Schwarz Jacob B.
Published: July 2011

Highly selective hydride reduction of α‐silyloxy‐sulfinimides to afford chiral phenylglycinols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Direct Michael Addition of Acetophenone to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Li Wenjun , Wu Wenbin , Yang Juanjuan , Liang Xinmiao , Ye Jinxing
Published: July 2011

In the presence of a Jorgensen—Hayashi catalyst, δ‐keto products (III) can be obtained in good regio‐ and stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and General Synthesis of Pyrroles.
Authors: Sharland Christopher M. , Singkhonrat Jirada , NajeebUllah Muhammad , Hayes Simon J. , Knight David W. , Dunford Damian G.
Published: July 2011

A facile synthesis of variously substituted pyrroles is achieved by 5‐endo‐dig cyclization of 3‐alkynyl‐hydroxyalkanamine derivatives and subsequent in situ dehydration of the resulting hydroxy‐dihydropyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Arylations of Substituted Piperidines.
Authors: Seel Stephanie , Thaler Tobias , Takatsu Keishi , Zhang Cong , Zipse Hendrik , Straub Bernd F. , Mayer Peter , Knochel Paul
Published: July 2011

Depending on the position of the intermediate zinc complex (position 2 vs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridinone Derivatives Catalyzed by L‐Proline.
Authors: Shi Chun‐Ling , Chen Hui , Shi Da‐Qing
Published: July 2011

A sequence of condensation, addition, cyclization, and elimination is postulated for the so far unknown mechanism.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Synthesis and Crystal Structure of 4,7‐Diaryl‐2‐oxo(thio)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐5‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Han Guang‐Fan , Cui Bin , Chen Li‐Zhuang , Wang Rui‐Hua , Jin Yan
Published: July 2011

A general and highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of novel quinazolinone derivatives via a multi‐component reaction in aqueous medium is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Preparation of 3‐Substituted Quinazolinediones Directly from Anthranilic Acids and Isocyanates.
Authors: Koay Natalie , Campeau Louis‐Charles
Published: July 2011

The presented one‐pot procedure is practical for a <50 g scale and exemplarily applied to the synthesis of the novel aldose reductase inhibitor zenarestat.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Aminobenzopentathiepines by Reactions of 4‐Nitrobenzodithiol‐2‐ones with NaHS.
Authors: Khomenko Tatyana M. , Korchagina Dina V. , Komarova Nina I. , Volcho Konstantin P. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F.
Published: July 2011

The benzene ring substitution pattern of benzodithiol (I) strongly influences the reaction outcome.
ChemInform Abstract: The Formation of 3‐Ferrocenylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylates and Alkylhydrazine Insertion Products from α‐Ferrocenylmethylidene‐β‐oxocarboxylates.
Authors: Klimova Elena I. , Klimova Tatiana , Flores Alamo Marcos , Mendez Stivalet Jose M. , Ruiz Ramirez Lena , Backinowsky Leon V. , Martinez Garcia Marcos
Published: July 2011

The high regioselectivity of the reaction of α‐ferrocenylmethylidene‐β‐oxocarboxylates (I) with N‐monoalkylhydrazines (II) is noteworthy.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzisothiazoles
Authors: Sainsbury M.
Published: July 2011

Review: 26 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Gold Catalysts in Selective Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: McEwan Lynsey , Julius Melissa , Roberts Stephen , Fletcher Jack C. Q.
Published: July 2011

Review: 74 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sex‐ and Species‐Differences on Xenobiotic‐Induced Toxicity: Differences in Constitutive and Xenobiotic‐Mediated Expression of Cytochrome P450 1A Subfamily Enzymes (CYP1As)
Authors: Sekimoto Masashi
Published: July 2011

Review: 42 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Half‐Heusler Phase Related Structural Perturbations near Stoichiometric Composition FeZnSb.
Authors: Xiong Ding‐Bang , Zhao Yufeng
Published: July 2011

Fe0.92ZnSb (I), Fe0.88ZnSb (II), and Fe7.87Zn6.72Sb8 (III) are synthesized from the elements in evacuated fused‐silica tubes (873 K, 4 d) and characterized by powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Analysis of Bi2‐ySryIr2O7, a New Pyrochlore Solid Solution.
Authors: Cosio‐Castaneda Carlos , de la Mora Pablo , Tavizon Gustavo
Published: July 2011

Title solid solutions with 0.0 ≤ y ≤ 0.9 are synthesized by solid state reaction of IrO2, Bi2O3, and SrCO3 (873, 1073, and 1323 K for 12, 24, and 48 h in air, respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence Properties of a New Blue‐Emitting Phosphor Ce3+‐Doped CaLaGa3S7.
Authors: Yu Ruijin , Ding Weijia , Zhang Gongguo , Zhang Jianhui , Wang Jing
Published: July 2011

The title phosphor is synthesized by solid state reaction of CaS, La2S3, Ga2S3, and Ce2S3 (Ar, 950 °C, 2 h) and characterized by powder XRD, SEM, and photoluminescence spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild Hydrothermal Synthesis and Ferrimagnetism of Pr3Fe5O12 and Nd3Fe5O12 Garnets.
Authors: Guo Li , Huang Keke , Chen Yan , Li Guanghua , Yuan Lin , Peng Wen , Yuan Hongming , Feng Shouhua
Published: July 2011

Black single crystals of the title garnets are hydrothermally synthesized from solutions of Pr(NO3)3 or Nd(NO3)3, Fe(NO3)3, and KOH (autoclave, 260 °C, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Compounds in the Fresnoite Mineral Family (Ba2TiSi2O8).
Authors: Abbott Edward E. , Mann Matthew , Kolis Joseph W.
Published: July 2011

Crystals of Ba2TiSi2O8, Sr2TiSi2O8 (about 10% yield), Ba2VSi2O8, and Ba2TiGe2O8 belonging to the fresnoite family are hydrothermally prepared from aqueous solutions of Ba(OH)2 or Sr(OH)2, TiO2 or VO2, SiO2 or GeO2, and CsOH or KOH (silver ampules, autoclave, 500 °C, 5 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Building Block Approach to a Series of Substituted Keggin‐Type Inorganic—Organic Hybrids.
Authors: Du Dong‐Ying , Qin Jun‐Sheng , Yuan Gang , Lan Ya‐Qian , Wang Xin‐Long , Shao Kui‐Zhan , Su Zhong‐Min
Published: July 2011

Compounds (VI), (VIII), and (IX) are characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid‐Phase Organic Synthesis (IoLiPOS) Methodology Applied to Cross Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Hakkou H. , Carrie D. , Paquin L. , Bazureau J.‐P.
Published: July 2011

An asymmetric L‐proline‐catalyzed cross‐aldol addition of ketones to aromatic aldehydes grafted on an ionic ligand phase is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Multipurpose Gold(I) Precatalyst.
Authors: Raducan Mihai , Rodriguez‐Escrich Carles , Cambeiro Xacobe C. , Escudero‐Adan Eduardo C. , Pericas Miquel A. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: July 2011

Bis(2,4,6‐trimethoxybenzonitrile)gold(I) hexafluoroantimonate is shown to be an air stable, highly versatile precatalyst of active and robust gold complexes which catalyze the cyclopropanation of enyne (I), the methoxy cyclization of enyne (IV), and the skeletal rearrangement of enyne derivatives (IV) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: A Broadly Applicable Copper Reagent for Trifluoromethylations and Perfluoroalkylations of Aryl Iodides and Bromides.
Authors: Morimoto Hiroyuki , Tsubogo Tetsu , Litvinas Nichole D. , Hartwig John F.
Published: July 2011

The new complex (I) is employed for trifluoromethylations of aryl iodides and some selected aryl bromides (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Organoboron Compounds with Primary Alkyl Halides and Pseudohalides.
Authors: Yang Chu‐Ting , Zhang Zhen‐Qi , Liu Yu‐Chen , Liu Lei
Published: July 2011

With the crucial use of LiOtBu as the base, the copper‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of non‐activated aryl electrophiles with organoboron compounds tolerates iodide, bromide, tosylate, mesylate, and even chloride as the leaving group.
ChemInform Abstract: Triazine Functionalized Ordered Mesoporous Polymer: A Novel Solid Support for Pd‐Mediated C—C Cross‐Coupling Reactions in Water.
Authors: Modak Arindam , Mondal John , Sasidharan Manickam , Bhaumik Asim
Published: July 2011

A novel heterogeneous palladium catalyst is prepared and successfully applied in Heck, Sonogashira, and Suzuki—Miyaura reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Selective Conversion of Two Different Aldehydes to Cross‐Coupled Esters.
Authors: Hoshimoto Yoichi , Ohashi Masato , Ogoshi Sensuke
Published: July 2011

In the presence of Ni(0)/NHC catalysts, the title reaction applied to various aliphatic (prim., sec., cyclic‐sec., and tert.) and aryl aldehyde combinations proceeds with selectivities between 64 and < 99% (typically 92—98%) in favor of the products shown.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Mannich Reaction Using Iminium Salts Generated from Glycine Derivatives.
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Kusunoki Toshiki , Yoshida Mari , Kondo Koichi , Mizota Isao
Published: July 2011

Glycine derived amino ketene silyl acetals (I)/(XI) undergo a Mannich reaction with ketene silyl (thio)acetals to give aspartic acid derivatives as products.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Oganocatalytic Michael/α‐Alkylation Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehyde with Chloroacetophenone.
Authors: Li Wenjun , Li Xin , Ye Tingting , Wu Wenbin , Liang Xinmiao , Ye Jinxing
Published: July 2011

The process allows access to highly substituted cyclopropane units, which are formed with complete diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: An Environmentally Friendly Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction Catalyzed by a Strong Broensted Acid in Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Barbero Margherita , Bazzi Stefano , Cadamuro Silvano , Dughera Stefano , Magistris Claudio , Smarra Alessandra , Venturello Paolo
Published: July 2011

In the case of less reactive aliphatic aldehydes, the corresponding dimethylacetals are used.
ChemInform Abstract: A One‐Pot Oxidation/Allylation/Oxidation Sequence for the Preparation of β,γ‐Unsaturated Ketones Directly from Primary Alcohols.
Authors: Moody Catherine L. , Pugh David S. , Taylor Richard J. K.
Published: July 2011

The one‐pot reaction is applied to a range of benzylic alcohols, as well as to allylic or unactivated carbohydrate alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Superbase Promoted Synthesis of Dienamides as Useful Intermediates for the Synthesis of α‐Ketoamides, γ‐Lactams and Cyclic Imino Ethers.
Authors: Blangetti Marco , Deagostino Annamaria , Gervasio Giuliana , Marabello Domenica , Prandi Cristina , Venturello Paolo
Published: July 2011

Alkoxydienamides (III) are synthesized by the reaction of α,β‐unsaturated acetals (I) with isocyanates in the presence of Schlossers superbase LIC—KOR.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Sequential C—O and C—C Formation via Double sp2 C—H Bond Activations to Construct 6H‐Benzo[c]chromen‐6‐ones.
Authors: Sun Chang‐Liang , Liu Jia , Wang Yang , Zhou Xiao , Li Bi‐Jie , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: July 2011

A selective C—O formation with various carboxylic acids is achieved by the direct ortho acyloxylation of the sp2 C—H bond.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of (Diphenylphosphinoyl)methyl Vinyl Sulfides, Symmetric and Asymmetric Divinyl Sulfides from Bis[(diphenylphosphinoyl)methyl] Sulfide.
Authors: Silveira Claudio C. , Rinaldi Francieli , Bassaco Mariana M. , Guadagnin Rafael C. , Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: July 2011

The reaction of (I) with carbonyl compounds is studied in the presence of NaH.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Sulfonyl Radical Formations from Sulfonylhydrazides and Oxidative Addition to Alkenes.
Authors: Taniguchi Tsuyoshi , Idota Atsushi , Ishibashi Hiroyuki
Published: July 2011

Sulfonyl radicals, generated by Fe‐catalyzed reaction of sulfonylhydrazides with air oxygen, add to a wide variety of olefins to give the corresponding β‐hydroxysulfones in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Addition‐Type Oxidation of Silylalkene Using Ozone: An Efficient Approach for Acyloin and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Igawa Kazunobu , Kawasaki Yuuya , Tomooka Katsuhiko
Published: July 2011

Acyloins (III) and (VIII) and its derivatives (IV) and (V) can be prepared from the easily available silylalkenes (I) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [4 + 2] Cycloaddition/Decarboxylation of Silyl Dienol Ethers with α,β‐Unsaturated Acid Fluorides.
Authors: Ryan Sarah J. , Candish Lisa , Lupton David W.
Published: July 2011

The title reaction produces 1,3‐cyclohexadienes with complete stereocontrol (< 95% ds.) while demonstrating a new type of reaction cascade exploiting α,β‐unsaturated acyl azoliums.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylogous Anionic Processes in the Formation and Interconversion of Tetracyclic Ring Systems.
Authors: Thornton Paul D. , Cameron T. Stanley , Burnell D. Jean
Published: July 2011

Tetracyclic derivatives are synthesized in two steps from hydroxyenynes, e.g. (I) or (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Trienamines in Asymmetric Organocatalysis: Diels—Alder and Tandem Reactions.
Authors: Jia Zhi‐Jun , Jiang Hao , Li Jun‐Long , Gschwend Bjoern , Li Qing‐Zhu , Yin Xiang , Grouleff Julie , Chen Ying‐Chun , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: July 2011

A novel activation strategy, named trienamine catalysis, is applied to the Diels—Alder reaction of 2,4‐dienals as trienamine precursors with two classes of olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Approach to Highly Functional Trisubstituted Furans via Intramolecular Wittig Reactions.
Authors: Chen Ko‐Wei , Syu Siang‐en , Jang Yeong‐Jiunn , Lin Wenwei
Published: July 2011

The strategy employs the intramolecular Wittig reaction as a key step to install the crucial furan ring.
ChemInform Abstract: An Atom Efficient Route to N‐Aryl and N‐Alkyl Pyrrolines by Transition Metal Catalysis.
Authors: Sawadjoon Supaporn , Samec Joseph S. M.
Published: July 2011

An unprecedented route to pyrrolines produces only water and ethene as side‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthetic Approach to 27‐Aryltetrabenzo[5,10,15]triazaporphyrins.
Authors: Kalashnikov Valery V. , Pushkarev Victor E. , Tomilova Larisa G.
Published: July 2011

Title compounds (III) are obtained either by thermal or microwave‐assisted reaction between phthalodinitrile, arylacetonitriles and metallic magnesium.
ChemInform Abstract: Multigram Synthesis of 1‐(Difluoromethyl)imidazoles and ‐benzimidazoles.
Authors: Levterov Vadym , Grygorenko Oleksandr O. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K. , Tolmachev Andrey A.
Published: July 2011

A practical synthesis is developed by simultaneous addition of chlorodifluoromethane and alkali.