bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Immunoprotective Efficacy of Recombinant 14-3-3 Protein and Dense Granule Protein 10 (GRA10) as Candidate Antigens for Rabbit Vaccines against Eimeria intestinalis
Authors: Xiong Changming , He Wei , Xiao Jie , Hao Ge , Pu Jiayan , Chen Hao , Xu Liwen , Zhu Yuhua , Yang Guangyou
Published: September 2023

Eimeria intestinalis infects rabbits, causing severe intestinal coccidiosis. Prolonged anticoccidial drug use might lead to coccidia resistance and drug residues in food. Thus, vaccines are required to control rabbit coccidiosis. In this study, recombinant E. intestinalis 14-3-3 and GRA10 proteins (rEi-14-3-3 and rEi-GRA10) were obtained via prokaryotic expression and used as recombinant subunit vaccines. Fifty 30-day-old rabbits were randomly grouped as follows: PBS-uninfected group, PBS-infected group, Trx-His-S control group, and rEi-14-3-3 and rEi-GRA10 immunized groups. The rabbits were subcutaneously immunized twice at 2-week intervals, challenged with 7 × 104 sporulated oocysts, and sacrificed 14 days later. The protective effects were assessed via clinical signs, relative weight gain, oocyst reduction, mean intestinal lesion score, ACI (anticoccidial index), cytokine, and specific antibody levels in sera. The rEi-14-3-3 and rEi-GRA10 groups had higher relative weight gain rates of 81.94% and 73.61% (p < 0.05), and higher oocyst reduction rates of 86.13% and 84.87% (p < 0.05), respectively. The two immunized groups had fewer intestinal lesions (p < 0.05) and higher IgG levels (p < 0.05). Higher levels of IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ cytokines in the rEi-14-3-3 group (p < 0.05) and a higher level of IFN-γ in the rEi-GRA10 group (p < 0.05) were observed. The ACI values of the rEi-14-3-3 and rEi-GRA10 groups were 168.24 and 159.91, with good and moderate protective effects, respectively. Both rEi-14-3-3 and rEi-GRA10 induced humoral immunity in the rabbits. In addition, rEi-14-3-3 induced Th1- and Th2-type immune responses. Both recombinant proteins were protective against E. intestinalis infection in rabbits, with rEi-14-3-3 showing a better protective effect.
Emerging Strategies for the Biofabrication of Multilayer Composite Amniotic Membranes for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Fenelon Mathilde , Galvez Paul , Kalbermatten Daniel , Scolozzi Paolo , Madduri Srinivas
Published: September 2023

The amniotic membrane (AM) is the innermost part of the fetal placenta, which surrounds and protects the fetus. Due to its structural components (stem cells, growth factors, and proteins), AMs display unique biological properties and are a widely available and cost-effective tissue. As a result, AMs have been used for a century as a natural biocompatible dressing for healing corneal and skin wounds. To further increase its properties and expand its applications, advanced hybrid materials based on AMs have recently been developed. One existing approach is to combine the AM with a secondary material to create composite membranes. This review highlights the increasing development of new multilayer composite-based AMs in recent years and focuses on the benefits of additive manufacturing technologies and electrospinning, the most commonly used strategy, in expanding their use for tissue engineering and clinical applications. The use of AMs and multilayer composite-based AMs in the context of nerve regeneration is particularly emphasized and other tissue engineering applications are also discussed. This review highlights that these electrospun multilayered composite membranes were mainly created using decellularized or de-epithelialized AMs, with both synthetic and natural polymers used as secondary materials. Finally, some suggestions are provided to further enhance the biological and mechanical properties of these composite membranes.
Effect of the Cannabinoid Agonist WIN 55,212-2 on Neuropathic and Visceral Pain Induced by a Non-Diarrheagenic Dose of the Antitumoral Drug 5-Fluorouracil in the Rat
Authors: Vera Gema , López-Gómez Laura , Girón Rocío , Martín-Fontelles María Isabel , Nurgali Kulmira , Abalo Raquel , Uranga José Antonio
Published: September 2023

5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is an antineoplastic drug used to treat colorectal cancer, but it causes, among other adverse effects, diarrhea and mucositis, as well as enteric neuropathy, as shown in experimental animals. It might also cause neuropathic pain and alterations in visceral sensitivity, but this has not been studied in either patients or experimental animals. Cannabinoids have antimotility and analgesic effects and may alleviate 5-FU-induced adverse effects. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 on neuropathic and visceral pain induced by a non-diarrheagenic dose of 5-FU. Male Wistar rats received a dose of 5-FU (150 mg/kg, ip) and gastrointestinal motility, colonic sensitivity, gut wall structure and tactile sensitivity were evaluated. WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) was administered to evaluate its effect on somatic (50–100 µg ipl; 1 mg/kg, ip) and visceral (1 mg/kg, ip) sensitivity. The cannabinoid tetrad was used to assess the central effects of WIN (1 mg/kg, ip). 5-FU decreased food intake and body weight gain, produced mucositis and thermal hyperalgesia, but these effects were reduced afterwards, and were not accompanied by diarrhea. Tactile mechanical allodynia was also evident and persisted for 15 days. Interestingly, it was alleviated by WIN. 5-FU tended to increase colonic sensitivity whereas WIN reduced the abdominal contractions induced by increasing intracolonic pressure in both control and 5-FU-treated animals. Importantly, the alleviating effects of WIN against those induced by 5-FU were not accompanied by any effect in the cannabinoid tetrad. The activation of the peripheral cannabinoid system may be useful to alleviate neuropathic and visceral pain associated with antitumoral treatment.
Inhibition of Factor XI: A New Era in the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Cancer Patients?
Authors: Poenou Géraldine , Heestermans Marco , Lafaie Ludovic , Accassat Sandrine , Moulin Nathalie , Rodière Alexandre , Petit Bastien , Duvillard Cécile , Mismetti Patrick , Bertoletti Laurent
Published: September 2023

Direct oral anticoagulants against activated factor X and thrombin were the last milestone in thrombosis treatment. Step by step, they replaced antivitamin K and heparins in most of their therapeutic indications. As effective as the previous anticoagulant, the decreased but persistent risk of bleeding while using direct oral anticoagulants has created space for new therapeutics aiming to provide the same efficacy with better safety. On this basis, drug targeting factor XI emerged as an option. In particular, cancer patients might be one of the populations that will most benefit from this technical advance. In this review, after a brief presentation of the different factor IX inhibitors, we explore the potential benefit of this new treatment for cancer patients.
Bacterial Communities of the Internal Reproductive and Digestive Tracts of Virgin and Mated Tuta absoluta
Authors: Bi Siyan , Wang Xiaodi , Tang Yanhong , Lei Kexin , Guo Jianyang , Yang Nianwan , Wan Fanghao , Lü Zhichuang , Liu Wanxue
Published: September 2023

Microorganisms can affect host reproduction, defense, and immunity through sexual or opportunistic transmission; however, there are few studies on insect reproductive organs and intestinal bacterial communities and their effects on mating. Tuta absoluta is a worldwide quarantine pest that seriously threatens the production of Solanaceae crops, and the microbial community within tomato leafminers remains unclear. In this study, 16s rRNA sequencing was used to analyze bacterial communities related to the reproductive organs and intestinal tracts of tomato leafminers (the sample accession numbers are from CNS0856533 to CNS0856577). Different bacterial communities were found in the reproductive organs and intestinal tracts of females and males. Community ecological analysis revealed three potential signs of bacterial sexual transmission: (1) Mating increased the similarity between male and female sex organs and intestinal communities. (2) The bacteria carried by mated individuals were found in unmated individuals of the opposite sex but not in unmated individuals of the same sex. (3) The bacteria carried by unmated individuals were lost after mating. In addition, the abundances of bacterial communities carried by eggs were significantly higher than those of adult worms. Our results confirm that mating leads to the transfer of bacterial communities in the reproductive organs and gut of tomato leafminers, and suggest that this community strongly influences the reproductive process.
The Importance of Inflammatory and Angiogenic Markers in the Evaluation of Early Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Maselienė Tatjana , Struckutė Emilija , Breivienė Rūta , Ramašauskaitė Diana , Dženkevičiūtė Vilma
Published: September 2023

Background: Women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) have a significantly higher risk of developing cardiovascular diseases later in life. The stratification of this risk using biomarkers during pregnancy can help to identify these women and apply early prevention. Objective: We aimed to determine proinflammatory cytokines and angiogenic markers, echocardiographic parameter changes after delivery and predict early cardiovascular disease risk in women with arterial hypertension and its complications during pregnancy. Methods: We conducted a literature search using the PubMed database for the last ten years. A total of 17 articles were included to our study and full text reviewed. Results: Four out of six studies found higher postpartum Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in women with HDP. IL–6 correlated positively with waist circumference, body mass index, and triglycerides, and negatively with high density lipoproteins (HDL). Two out of four studies found higher postpartum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in women with HDP but later concentration equalizes. One out of eight studies found higher placental growth factor (PlGF) and two out of eight found more elevated soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) in women with HDP. With decreasing PlGF and increasing sFlt-1, common carotid artery intima and media thickness, aortic root diameter, left atrial diameter, left ventricle mass, systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure increased, whereas HDL decreased. One out of four studies found higher sFlt-1/PlGF. Conclusion: IL-6 remains significantly higher after delivery. Few studies found higher TNF-α, sFlt-1, PlGF and their ratio postpartum. All studies found a correlation between angiogenic factors, IL-6, and cardiovascular disease risk factors.
Revisiting Enhanced AIS Detection Range under Anomalous Propagation Conditions
Authors: Sirkova Irina
Published: September 2023

Two clear-air over-the-horizon propagation mechanisms affecting the Automatic Identification System (AIS) detection range are considered. Comparison results are presented between the path loss due to tropospheric ducting and path loss due to tropospheric scattering (troposcatter) for the AIS frequencies. The calculations are based on the well-known parabolic equation approximation to the wave equation, in which a simple troposcatter formula is incorporated. In most studied cases, the ducting ensures a significantly greater reduction in path loss than troposcatter even when the AIS frequencies are not well trapped in the duct. Emphasis is placed on the elevated trapping layers, and some features that may make ducting propagation less favorable in terms of increasing the AIS detection range are discussed.
PrlaeA Affects the Production of Roquefortine C, Mycophenolic Acid, and Andrastin A in Penicillium roqueforti, but It Has Little Impact on Asexual Development
Authors: Marcano Yudethzi , Montanares Mariana , Gil-Durán Carlos , González Kathia , Levicán Gloria , Vaca Inmaculada , Chávez Renato
Published: September 2023

The regulation of fungal specialized metabolism is a complex process involving various regulators. Among these regulators, LaeA, a methyltransferase protein originally discovered in Aspergillus spp., plays a crucial role. Although the role of LaeA in specialized metabolism has been studied in different fungi, its function in Penicillium roqueforti remains unknown. In this study, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 technology to disrupt the laeA gene in P. roqueforti (PrlaeA) aiming to investigate its impact on the production of the specialized metabolites roquefortine C, mycophenolic acid, and andrastin A, as well as on asexual development, because they are processes that occur in the same temporal stages within the physiology of the fungus. Our results demonstrate a substantial reduction in the production of the three metabolites upon disruption of PrlaeA, suggesting a positive regulatory role of LaeA in their biosynthesis. These findings were further supported by qRT-PCR analysis, which revealed significant downregulation in the expression of genes associated with the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) responsible for producing roquefortine C, mycophenolic acid, and andrastin A in the ΔPrlaeA strains compared with the wild-type P. roqueforti. Regarding asexual development, the disruption of PrlaeA led to a slight decrease in colony growth rate, while conidiation and conidial germination remained unaffected. Taken together, our results suggest that LaeA positively regulates the expression of the analyzed BGCs and the production of their corresponding metabolites in P. roqueforti, but it has little impact on asexual development.
2,2′-Trisulfanediyldibenzoyl Chloride
Authors: Aitken R. Alan , Campbell Alexandra H. , Fletcher Chloé E. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z.
Published: September 2023

The X-ray structure of the title compound, formed at low conversion in the reaction of thiosalicylic acid with thionyl chloride, has been determined. The acid chloride groups are oriented to permit an attractive non-bonding O…S interaction. Mechanisms are suggested for the formation of this unexpected product. 1H and 13C NMR data are also reported for the first time for the major reaction product, 2-mercaptobenzoyl chloride.
Adhesion Performance of Rubber Modified Asphalt in Chip Seal: A Molecular Dynamic Study
Authors: Wu Meng , You Zhanping , Jin Dongzhao
Published: September 2023

Chip seals are widely used for asphalt pavement maintenance, yet the understanding of the interaction between asphalt and aggregates embedded in the asphalt layer remains limited. This paper aims to quantify the interaction between asphalt and aggregate at the microscope level to better understand their adhesion performance in chip seals. Rubber-modified and neat asphalt models are established and verified based on various parameters, including density, viscosity, solubility, glass-transition temperature (Tg), and cohesive energy density (CED). Subsequently, nanoindentation simulation is employed to analyze the adhesion force and interface stress between aggregates and asphalt, considering different embedded depths and pull-off speeds. The adhesion energy between asphalt and silica is also calculated. The results indicate that rubber-modified asphalt exhibits lower density, CED, solubility parameters, and Tg while having higher viscosity than neat asphalt. The adhesion force and interface stress display a quadratic relationship with embedded depths and pull-off speeds. Furthermore, the bond between rubber-modified asphalt and silica is stronger than that between neat asphalt and silica. These findings advance the comprehension of asphalt–aggregate adhesion in chip seals and offer insights for optimizing chip seal design through molecular simulation, thereby potentially enhancing asphalt pavement performance.
Does the Elapsed Time from Bleaching and the Use of Sodium Ascorbate Influence the Bond Strength of Resin Cement to Bleached Enamel?
Authors: Lopes Ana Lílian Correia , Ribeiro Mara Eliane Soares , Barbosa Jorge Henrique Pinheiro , da Costa da Rocha Max Pinto , da Silva e Souza Júnior Mário Honorato , Loretto Sandro Cordeiro
Published: September 2023

The objective of this study was to evaluate different delaying times after bleaching and the use of different sodium ascorbate (SA) concentrations (10% and 35%) in the bond strength of adhesive cementation to enamel. This study used 54 sound bovine incisors, which were randomly assigned to the following groups: G1 (unbleached/control+ adhesive cementation (AC)); G2 (bleached + AC after 7 days); G3 (bleached + 10% SA + AC after 24 h); G4 (bleached + 10% SA + AC after 7 days); G5 (bleached + 35% SA + AC after 24 h); and G6 (bleached + 35% SA + AC after 7 days). After bleaching, G3, G4, G5, and G6 received an application of SA before the cylinders build up with RelyX Veneer cement. The samples were subjected to microshear test, and the results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. Group one presented the highest mean bond strength (19.1 MPa) and G3 the lowest (16.96 MPa). There was no statistical difference between the groups tested (p ˃ 0.05). The fracture pattern observed was predominantly mixed. The adhesive cementation may be performed 24 h after bleaching when SA (10% or 35%) is used or after 7 days, without compromising bond strength.
Phase Field Simulation of the Effect of Second Phase Particles with Different Orientations on the Microstructure of Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Wu Yan , Xiong Jinlin , Wang Shuo , Yang Junsheng , Wang Mingtao
Published: September 2023

In this study, the phase field method has been used to study the effect of second phase particles with different shapes and different orientations on the grain growth of AZ31 magnesium alloy, after annealing at 350 °C for 100 min. The results show that the shape of the second phase particles would have an effect on the grain growth; the refinement effect of elliptical particles and rod-shaped particles was similar, and better than the spherical particles; the spatial arrangement direction of the second phase particles had no significant effect on the grain growth. On the other hand, when the microstructure of AZ31 magnesium alloy contained second phase particles with different shapes, the effect of mixing different shapes of second phase particles on the grain refinement was enhanced gradually with the decrease im the volume fraction of spherical particles.
Effects of Chemicals Exposure on the Durability of Geopolymer Concrete Incorporated with Silica Fumes and Nano-Sized Silica at Varying Curing Temperatures
Authors: Paruthi Sagar , Rahman Ibadur , Husain Asif , Hasan Mohd Abul , Khan Afzal Husain
Published: September 2023

Durable concrete significantly reduces the spalling caused by chemical damage. The objective of current research is to substitute cement with supplementary such as fly ash (FA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and alccofine (AF). Additionally, the impact of nano-silica (NS) and silica fumes (SF) on the GPC durability when cured at various temperatures has been attempted. In order to perform this, GPC samples were produced by combining NS and SF at proportions of 0.5% NS + 5% SF, 1% NS + 10% SF, and 1.5% NS + 15% SF, and then cured at temperatures of 27 °C, 60 °C, 90 °C, and 120 °C, respectively. In this research, all concrete specimens were continuously immersed for twelve weeks under four different chemicals, i.e., HCl (2%), H2SO4 (2%), NaCl (6%), and Na2SO4 (6%). The influence of chemical attack on the qualities of concrete was examined by evaluating the water absorption, sorptivity, loss of mass, and loss of GPC strength. The durability aspect is also studied by visual appearance and mass loss under harmful chemical attack. The combination of GPC with integrated NS and SF affords great resistance against chemical attacks. The percentages of these two components are 1.5% and 15%. For GPC specimens, when cured at 90 °C, the resultant strength is found at its maximum.
Comparison of Various Intrinsic Defect Criteria to Plot Kitagawa–Takahashi Diagrams in Additively Manufactured AlSi10Mg
Authors: Nur Mohammed Intishar , Soni Meetkumar , Awd Mustafa , Walther Frank
Published: September 2023

Selective laser melting is a form of additive manufacturing in which a high-power density laser is used to melt and fuse metallic powders to form the final specimen. By performing fatigue and tensile tests under various loading conditions, the study sought to establish the impact of internal defects on the specimens’ fatigue life. Scanning electron microscopy and finite element simulation were conducted to determine the defect characteristics and the stress intensity factor of the specimens. Four different methods were used to determine the intrinsic defect length of the specimen, using data such as grain size, yield strength, and hardness value, among others. Kitagawa–Takahashi and El-Haddad diagrams were developed using the results. A correction factor hypothesis was established based on the deviation of measured data. Using Paris law, fatigue life was determined and compared to the experimental results later. The study aims to select one or more approaches that resemble experimental values and comprehend how internal defects and loading situations affect fatigue life. This study’s findings shed light on how internal defects affect the fatigue life of selective laser-melted AlSi10Mg specimens and can aid in improving the fatigue life prediction method of additively manufactured components, provided an appropriate intrinsic crack criterion is selected.
Punching Shear Failure Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Close-in Explosion
Authors: Liu Sheng , Xu Xiangyun , Zhou Bukui , Yang Kezhi
Published: September 2023

The susceptibility of reinforced concrete (RC) slabs to punching shear failure is heightened when subjected to close-in explosion loads, leading to a wider range of damage caused by the resultant leakage shock wave through the punching hole. Consequently, it is crucial to analyze the conditions for punching shear failure and the size of the punching hole in RC slabs. This study investigates the punching shear failure of RC slabs under close-in explosions through numerical simulation and theoretical analysis. Initially, a finite element model is developed to examine the distribution of the explosion load on the slab’s surface. Subsequently, the critical explosion load for punching shear failure is determined using a damage criterion specific to RC slabs. Additionally, a calculation model based on the twin shear stress yield criterion is established to predict the punching hole’s radius. To validate the accuracy of this method, a comparison is conducted with existing test results.
Morphology Controlled Deposition of Vanadium Oxide (VOx) Nanoparticles on the Surface of Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Hazardous Organic Dyes
Authors: Shaik Mohammed Rafi , Aldhuwayhi Fatimah N. , Al-Mohaimeed Amal Mohammed , Hatshan Mohammad Rafe , Kuniyil Mufsir , Adil Syed Farooq , Khan Mujeeb
Published: September 2023

Semiconducting nanomaterials based heterogeneous photocatalysis represent a low-cost, versatile technique for environmental remediation, including pollution mitigation, energy management and other environmental aspects. Herein, we demonstrate the syntheses of various heterogeneous photocatalysts based on highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG) and vanadium oxide (VOx)-based nanocomposites (HRG–VOx). Different shapes (rod, sheet and urchin forms) of VOx nanoparticles were successfully fabricated on the surface of HRG under solvo-/hydrothermal conditions by varying the amount of water and ethanol. The high concentration of water in the mixture resulted in the formation of rod-shaped VOx nanoparticles, whereas increasing the amount of ethanol led to the production of VOx sheets. The solvothermal condition using pure ethanol as solvent produced VOx nano-urchins on the surface of HRG. The as-prepared hybrid materials were characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, including X-ray diffraction, UV–vis, FTIR, SEM and TEM analyses. The photocatalytic activities of different HRG–VOx nanocomposites were investigated for the photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). The experimental data revealed that all HRG–VOx composite-based photocatalysts demonstrated excellent performance toward the photocatalytic degradation of the organic dyes. Among all photocatalysts studied, the HRG–VOx nanocomposite consisting of urchin-shaped VOx nanoparticles (HRG–VOx-U) demonstrated superior photocatalytic properties towards the degradation of dyes.
Effects of Curing Conditions on Splitting Tensile Behavior and Microstructure of Cemented Aeolian Sand Reinforced with Polypropylene Fiber
Authors: Ruan Bo , Zhou Tianyao , Yuan Zhongzheng , Singh Jenisha , Teng Jidong , Zheng Shilong , Zhang Jiasen
Published: September 2023

Aeolian sand is widely distributed in the Takramagan Desert, Xinjiang, China, which cannot be directly used as railway subgrade filling. It is beneficial for environmental protection to use fiber and cement-reinforced aeolian sand as railway subgrade filling. The present work is to explore the enhancement of tensile strength in cemented aeolian sand via the incorporation of polypropylene fibers under conditions of elevated temperature and drying curing. The purpose Is to delve into the examination of the temperature’s impact on not only the mechanical attributes but also the microstructure of cemented aeolian sand reinforced with polypropylene fiber (CSRPF). For this, a comprehensive set of tests encompassing splitting tensile strength (STS) assessments and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) examinations is conducted. A total of 252 CSRPF specimens with varying fiber content (0, 6‰, 8‰, and 10‰) are tested at different curing temperatures (30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C). The outcomes of the NMR examinations indicate that elevating the curing temperature induces the expansion of pores within CSRPF, both in size and volume, consequently contributing to heightened internal structural deterioration. STS tests demonstrate that the STS of CSRPF decreases as the curing temperature increases. Meanwhile, the STS of CSRPF increases with fiber content, with optimal fiber content being 8‰. Regression models accurately predict the STS, with the curing temperature exhibiting the greatest influence, followed by the fiber content according to sensitivity analysis. The research results provide a valuable reference for the use of CSRPF as railway subgrade filling under high temperature and drying conditions.
Fully Electromagnetic Code KARAT Applied to the Problem of Aneutronic Proton–Boron Fusion
Authors: Andreev Stepan N. , Kurilenkov Yuri K. , Oginov Alexander V.
Published: September 2023

In this paper, the full electromagnetic code KARAT is presented in detail, the scope of which is a computational experiment in applied problems of engineering electrodynamics. The basis of the physical model used is Maxwell’s equations together with boundary conditions for fields, as well as material equations linking currents with field strengths. The Particle in Cell (PiC) method for the kinetic description of plasma is implemented in the code. A unique feature of the code KARAT is the possibility of the self-consistent modeling of inelastic processes, in particular, nuclear reactions, at each time step in the process of electrodynamic calculation. The aneutronic proton–boron nuclear reaction, accompanied by the release of almost only α-particles, is extremely in demand in medicine and, perhaps, in the future, will form the basis for obtaining “clean” nuclear energy. The results of a numerical simulation within the framework of the code KARAT of the key physical processes leading to the proton–boron fusion are presented and discussed both for laser-driven plasma and for a plasma oscillatory confinement scheme.
A Comparative Study of Fuzzy Domination and Fuzzy Coloring in an Optimal Approach
Authors: Meenakshi Annamalai , Kannan Adhimoolam , Mahdal Miroslav , Karthik Krishnasamy , Guras Radek
Published: September 2023

An optimal network refers to a computer or communication network designed, configured, and managed to maximize efficiency, performance, and effectiveness while minimizing cost and resource utilization. In a network design and management context, optimal typically implies achieving the best possible outcomes between various factors. This research investigated the use of fuzzy graph edge coloring for various fuzzy graph operations, and it focused on the efficacy and efficiency of the fuzzy network product using the minimal spanning tree and the chromatic index of the fuzzy network product. As a network made of nodes and vertices, measurement with vertices is a parameter for domination, and edge measurement is a parameter for edge coloring, so we used these two parameters in the algorithm. This paper aims to identify an optimal network that can be established using product outcomes. This study shows a way to find an optimal fuzzy network based on comparative optimal parameter domination and edge coloring, which can be elaborated with applications. An algorithm was generated using an optimal approach, which was subsequently implemented in the form of applications.
Optimal Consumption and Robust Portfolio Choice for the 3/2 and 4/2 Stochastic Volatility Models
Authors: Cheng Yuyang , Escobar-Anel Marcos
Published: September 2023

This manuscript derives optimal consumption and investment strategies for risk-averse investors under the 4/2 stochastic volatility class of models. We work under an expected utility (EUT) framework and consider a Constant Relative Risk Aversion (CRRA) investor, who may also be ambiguity-averse. The corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman (HJB) and HJB–Isaacs (HJBI) equations are solved in closed-form for a subset of the parametric space and under some restrictions on the portfolio setting, for complete markets. Conditions for proper changes of measure and well-defined solutions are provided. These are the first analytical solutions for the 4/2 stochastic volatility model and the embedded 3/2 model for the type of excess returns established in the literature. We numerically illustrate the differences between the 4/2 model and the embedded cases of the 1/2 model (Heston) as well as the 3/2 model under the same data, and for two main cases: risk-averse investor in a complete market with consumption, and ambiguity-averse investor in a complete market with no consumption. In general, the 4/2 and 1/2 models recommend similar levels of consumption and exposure, while the 3/2 leads to significantly different recommendations.
A Multi-Layer Breast Cancer Model to Study the Synergistic Effect of Photochemotherapy
Authors: Flont Magdalena , Jastrzębska Elżbieta
Published: September 2023

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. The development of new and effective therapeutic approaches in the treatment of breast cancer is an important challenge in modern oncology. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures are most often used in the study of compounds with potential anti-tumor nature. However, it is necessary to develop advanced three-dimensional (3D) cell models that can, to some extent, reflect the physiological conditions. The use of miniature cancer-on-a-chip microfluidic systems can help to mimic the complex cancer microenvironment. In this report, we developed a 3D breast cancer model in the form of a cell multilayer, composed of stromal cells (HMF) and breast cancer parenchyma (MCF-7). The developed cell model was successfully used to analyze the effectiveness of combined sequential photochemotherapy, based on doxorubicin and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin. We proved that the key factor that allows achieving the synergistic effect of combination therapy are the order of drug administration to the cells and the sequence of therapeutic procedures. To the best of our knowledge, studies on the effectiveness of combination photochemotherapy depending on the sequence of the component drugs were performed for the first time under microfluidic conditions on a 3D multilayered model of breast cancer tissue.
An Unpowered Knee Exoskeleton for Walking Assistance and Energy Capture
Authors: Tang Xinyao , Wang Xupeng , Xue Yanmin , Wei Pingping
Published: September 2023

In order to reduce the energy consumption of human daily movement without providing additional power, we considered the biomechanical behavior of the knee during external impedance interactions. Based on the theory of human sports biomechanics, combined with the requirements of human–machine coupling motion consistency and coordination, an unpowered exoskeleton-assisted device for the knee joint is proposed in this paper. The effectiveness of this assisted device was verified using gait experiments and distributed plantar pressure tests with three modes: “not wearing exoskeleton” (No exo.), “wearing exoskeleton with assistance “ (Exo. On), and “wearing exoskeleton without assistance” (Exo. Off). The experimental results indicate that (1) This device can effectively enhance the function of the knee, increasing the range of knee movement by 3.72% (p < 0.001). (2) In the early stages of the lower limb swing, this device reduces the activity of muscles in relation to the knee flexion, such as the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and soleus muscles. (3) For the first time, it was found that the movement length of the plantar pressure center was reduced by 6.57% (p = 0.027). This basic principle can be applied to assist the in-depth development of wearable devices.
Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors with Improved Contact via Localized Joule Heating
Authors: Shi Fangyuan , Gao Shengguang , Li Qichao , Zhang Yanming , Zhang Teng , He Zhiyan , Wang Kunchan , Ye Xiaowo , Liu Jichao , Jiang Shenghao , Chen Changxin
Published: September 2023

Two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) is considered an ideal building block for field-effect transistors (FETs) owing to its unique structure and intriguing properties. To achieve high-performance BP-FETs, it is essential to establish a reliable and low-resistance contact between the BP and the electrodes. In this study, we employed a localized Joule heating method to improve the contact between the 2D BP and gold electrodes, resulting in enhanced BP-FET performance. Upon applying a sufficiently large source–drain voltage, the zero-bias conductance of the device increased by approximately five orders of magnitude, and the linearity of the current–voltage curves was also enhanced. This contact improvement can be attributed to the formation of gold phosphide at the interface of the BP and the gold electrodes owing to current-generated localized Joule heat. The fabricated BP-FET demonstrated a high on/off ratio of 4850 and an on-state conductance per unit channel width of 1.25 μS μm−1, significantly surpassing those of the BP-FETs without electrical annealing. These findings offer a method to achieve a low-resistance BP/metal contact for developing high-performance BP-based electronic devices.
Asymmetric and Flexible Ag-MXene/ANFs Composite Papers for Electromagnetic Shielding and Thermal Management
Authors: Ye Xiaoai , Zhang Xu , Zhou Xinsheng , Wang Guigen
Published: September 2023

Lightweight, flexible, and electrically conductive thin films with high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness and excellent thermal management capability are ideal for portable and flexible electronic devices. Herein, the asymmetric and multilayered structure Ag-MXene/ANFs composite papers (AMAGM) were fabricated based on Ag-MXene hybrids and aramid nanofibers (ANFs) via a self-reduction and alternating vacuum-assisted filtration process. The resultant AMAGM composite papers exhibit high electrical conductivity of 248,120 S m−1, excellent mechanical properties with tensile strength of 124.21 MPa and fracture strain of 4.98%, superior EMI shielding effectiveness (62 dB), ultra-high EMI SE/t (11,923 dB cm2 g−1) and outstanding EMI SE reliability as high as 96.1% even after 5000 cycles of bending deformation benefiting from the unique structure and the 3D network at a thickness of 34 μm. Asymmetric structures play an important role in regulating reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves. In addition, the multifunctional nanocomposite papers reveal outstanding thermal management performances such as ultrafast thermal response, high heating temperatures at low operation voltage, and high heating stability. The results indicate that the AMAGM composite papers have excellent potential for high-integration electromagnetic shielding, wearable electronics, artificial intelligence, and high-performance heating devices.
Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanosheets Decorated with Zinc-Cadmium Sulfide for Type-II Heterojunctions for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Yousaf Ammar Bin , Imran Muhammad , Farooq Muhammad , Kausar Samaira , Yasmeen Samina , Kasak Peter
Published: September 2023

In this study, we fabricated graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets with embedded ZnCdS nanoparticles to form a type II heterojunction using a facile synthesis approach, and we used them for photocatalytic H2 production. The morphologies, chemical structure, and optical properties of the obtained g-C3N4–ZnCdS samples were characterized by a battery of techniques, such as TEM, XRD, XPS, and UV-Vis DRS. The as-synthesized g-C3N4–ZnCdS photocatalyst exhibited the highest hydrogen production rate of 108.9 μmol·g−1·h−1 compared to the individual components (g-C3N4: 13.5 μmol·g−1·h−1, ZnCdS: 45.3 μmol·g−1·h−1). The improvement of its photocatalytic activity can mainly be attributed to the heterojunction formation and resulting synergistic effect, which provided more channels for charge carrier migration and reduced the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. Meanwhile, the g-C3N4–ZnCdS heterojunction catalyst also showed a higher stability over a number of repeated cycles. Our work provides insight into using g-C3N4 and metal sulfide in combination so as to develop low-cost, efficient, visible-light-active hydrogen production photocatalysts.
The Fast and One-Step Growth of ZnO Nanorods on Cellulose Nanofibers for Highly Sensitive Photosensors
Authors: Alvi Naveed ul Hassan , Mulla Mohammad Yusuf , Abitbol Tiffany , Fall Andreas , Beni Valerio
Published: September 2023

Cellulose is the most abundant organic material on our planet which has a key role in our daily life (e.g., paper, packaging). In recent years, the need for replacing fossil-based materials has expanded the application of cellulose and cellulose derivatives including into electronics and sensing. The combination of nanostructures with cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) is expected to create new opportunities for the development of innovative electronic devices. In this paper, we report on a single-step process for the low temperature (<100 °C), environmentally friendly, and fully scalable CNF-templated highly dense growth of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods (NRs). More specifically, the effect of the degree of substitution of the CNF (enzymatic CNFs and carboxymethylated CNFs with two different substitution levels) on the ZnO growth and the application of the developed ZnO NRs/CNF nanocomposites in the development of UV sensors is reported herein. The results of this investigation show that the growth and nature of ZnO NRs are strongly dependent on the charge of the CNFs; high charge promotes nanorod growth whereas with low charge, ZnO isotropic microstructures are created that are not attached to the CNFs. Devices manufactured via screen printing/drop-casting of the ZnO NRs/CNF nanocomposites demonstrate a good photo-sensing response with a very stable UV-induced photocurrent of 25.84 µA. This also exhibits excellent long-term stability with fast ON/OFF switching performance under the irradiance of a UV lamp (15 W).
Recent Tendency on Transition-Metal Phosphide Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Alkaline Media
Authors: Yoon Seo Jeong , Lee Se Jung , Kim Min Hui , Park Hui Ae , Kang Hyo Seon , Bae Seo-Yoon , Jeon In-Yup
Published: September 2023

Hydrogen energy is regarded as an auspicious future substitute to replace fossil fuels, due to its environmentally friendly characteristics and high energy density. In the pursuit of clean hydrogen production, there has been a significant focus on the advancement of effective electrocatalysts for the process of water splitting. Although noble metals like Pt, Ru, Pd and Ir are superb electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), they have limitations for large-scale applications, mainly high cost and low abundance. As a result, non-precious transition metals have emerged as promising candidates to replace their more expensive counterparts in various applications. This review focuses on recently developed transition metal phosphides (TMPs) electrocatalysts for the HER in alkaline media due to the cooperative effect between the phosphorus and transition metals. Finally, we discuss the challenges of TMPs for HER.
Bromine Ion-Intercalated Layered Bi2WO6 as an Efficient Catalyst for Advanced Oxidation Processes in Tetracycline Pollutant Degradation Reaction
Authors: Chava Rama Krishna , Kang Misook
Published: September 2023

The visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments is a promising strategy for addressing water pollution problems. This work highlights the use of bromine-ion-doped layered Aurivillius oxide, Bi2WO6, to synergistically optimize the morphology and increase the formation of active sites on the photocatalyst’s surface. The layered Bi2WO6 nanoplates were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal reaction in which bromine (Br−) ions were introduced by adding cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)/tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB)/potassium bromide (KBr). The as-synthesized Bi2WO6 nanoplates displayed higher photocatalytic tetracycline degradation activity (~83.5%) than the Bi2WO6 microspheres (~48.2%), which were obtained without the addition of Br precursors in the reaction medium. The presence of Br− was verified experimentally, and the newly formed Bi2WO6 developed as nanoplates where the adsorbed Br− ions restricted the multilayer stacking. Considering the significant morphology change, increased specific surface area, and enhanced photocatalytic performance, using a synthesis approach mediated by Br− ions to design layered photocatalysts is expected to be a promising system for advancing water remediation.
Electrical, Optical, and Transport Properties of Semiconductors
Authors: Orsini Andrea , Salvatori Stefano
Published: September 2023

Nanostructured semiconductors have driven the research in electronic and optoelectronic devices in the new millennium era [...]
Refeeding Syndrome in Older Hospitalized Patients: Incidence, Management, and Outcomes
Authors: Terlisten Kevin , Wirth Rainer , Daubert Diana , Pourhassan Maryam
Published: September 2023

Refeeding syndrome (RFS) is a serious metabolic disturbance that manifests after reintroducing nutrition to severely malnourished individuals. Especially susceptible are older patients, due to higher malnutrition rates, although the incidence remains uncertain. Our study aimed to assess the occurrence and management of RFS in malnourished older hospitalized patients. This prospective study included 156 malnourished older patients, with malnutrition identified using the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form. We evaluated critical biochemical parameters at admission and for ten days after starting nutritional therapy. Using the consensus evidence-based approach, we managed and evaluated RFS. We also tracked mortality and unexpected hospital readmissions for six months after discharge. The average patient age was 82.3 ± 7.5 years, with 69% female. Patients showed hypophosphatemia (23%), hypomagnesemia (31%), and hypokalemia (6%) on admission. Prior to nutritional replenishment, patients were classified as being at low (64%), high (30%), or very high risk (6%) for RFS. After nutritional therapy, 14% and 5% developed imminent and manifest RFS, respectively. There were no significant differences in six-month post-discharge mortality rates or unexpected hospital readmissions between patients with or without RFS. Despite adherence to guideline-recommended management, RFS can persist. No elevated mortality was noted in RFS patients, potentially due to early diagnosis and treatment.
Can Kindergarten Meals Improve the Daily Intake of Vegetables, Whole Grains, and Nuts among Preschool Children? A Randomized Controlled Evaluation
Authors: Berlic Maja , Battelino Tadej , Korošec Mojca
Published: September 2023

Surveys have indicated that preschool children do not consume adequate amounts of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and nuts. This cross-sectional intervention study aimed to investigate whether a meticulously crafted meal plan for children of kindergarten age (5–6 years) could effectively enhance their daily intake of nutritious foods. Ninety-four healthy children from six kindergartens were enrolled in the study and were randomly assigned to a prototype group (PG) and a control group (CG). The PG kindergartens (n = 4) received a prototype 5-day meal plan that included regulated portions of vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and nuts adhering to dietary guidelines. Conversely, the CG kindergartens (n = 2) adhered to their standard meal plan. Participants maintained their usual eating habits outside of kindergarten and during weekends. Using the dietary assessment tool Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition (OPEN), combined with a 7-day dietary record of food consumed inside and outside the kindergarten, the average daily intake of specific food groups was assessed and compared with the Dietary Guidelines for Children. A total of 57 participants completed the study, 40 from the PG and 17 from the CG. Among the PG participants, the average daily intake of vegetables, whole grains, and nuts compared with the guideline recommendations was significantly higher than in the CG. Notably, only meals consumed within the kindergarten setting significantly improved the overall intake, with the outside intake having no significant effect. This study underscores the vital role of a well-designed and precisely executed meal plan in kindergartens in improving children’s intake of healthy foods. The findings could help drive positive changes in child nutrition within educational environments.
Influence of Maternal Diet and Environmental Factors on Fetal Development
Authors: Duttaroy Asim K.
Published: September 2023

This Special Issue of Nutrients, “Influence of Maternal Diet and Environmental Factors on Fetal Development”, requests articles on the roles of maternal diet and environmental factors such as microbiota, plastics, and endocrine disruptive chemicals impact fetal development [...]