bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parasites and host population dynamics
Authors: Tompkins D M , Dobson A P , Arneberg P , Begon M E , Cattadori I M , Greenman J V , Heesterbeek J A P , Hudson P J , Newborn D , Pugliese A , Rizzoli A P , á R Ros , Rosso F , Wilson K
Published: November 2023

The role that parasites have in influencing the dynamics of their host population has been a central question in the study of wildlife diseases (Kennedy 1975; Grenfell and Dobson 1995). Ecologists and wildlife managers have typically assumed that the answer to this question is ‘No’, believing that para-sites are normally benign, specialized predators that live in a delicate balance with their hosts (Lack 1954). Whilst epidemic outbreaks of disease may cause massive host mortalities, they were explained as cases where environmental factors had disturbed the careful balance and thus rationalized as unusual exceptions to the general rule of no impact. It was even frequently argued that parasites were unlikely to impact on host population dynamics because if their actions led to the death of the host, then the parasite would also die. Theoretical and empirical evidence is now available that highlights the fallacy of this view. Since the lifetime reproductive success of parasites does not depend upon survival alone, but on the interactions between survival, reproduction, and transmission which determine the parasites ability to establish breeding offspring in new hosts, parasites can indeed have highly detrimental effects on their hosts (Box 3.1).
Tools of green chemistry
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

As the environmental and health effects of a chemical or chemical process have begun to be considered at the design stages, the approaches and the development of techniques have been quite diverse. Since the types of chemicals and the types of transformations are so varied, so too are the green chemistry solutions that have been proposed. These, however, can be broken down into several categories.

With alternative synthetic design, we look not at the ultimate molecule but at the synthetic pathway used to create it. By modifying the synthesis, we can arrive at the same final product, yet reduce or eliminate toxic starting materials, by-products, and wastes. Two of the main components of chemical synthesis are feed stocks and reaction conditions: either or both of these may be changed to produce alternative (and improved) chemical syntheses.
Examples of green chemistry
Authors: Anastas Paul T , Warner John C
Published: November 2023

There have been significant accomplishments in the area of using environmentally benign feedstocks for the manufacture of a wide variety of chemical products. Many products have traditionally been made from feed stocks that contain characteristics of concern, including toxicity, are depleting of natural resources, and/or are generated via methods that can result in environmental damage. With advances in biotechnology, biocatalysis, and biosynthesis, the use of biologically based fcedstocks has been demonstrated as a technologically viable alternative to petroleum feedstocks for a number of chemical processes.

Polymers are a very important class of compounds that have broad applications and a wide array of properties that can be exploited. The starting materials for polymers, their monomeric precursors, can run the full range of hazards like any other discreet chemical substances. One approach to using more environmentally benign starting materials for polymers is through the use of polysaccharides as the feedstock. Polysaccharide feedstocks have several advantages which make them appealing from a green chemistry perspective.
Renal and adrenal anatomy
Authors: Redman John F , Greene Graham F
Published: November 2023

The mental picture that emerges when the word anatomy appears in regard to the human anatomy is often that of pungent cadaveric body parts and monochromatic tones of brown. The anatomy as presented in this chapter should be thought of in the context of a living person in whom the vasculature is actually conveying blood and the nerves transmitting impulses and the organs moving with respiration or palpation. Structures easily visualized and under- stood when widely exposed in the laboratory can be maddeningly elusive when visualized through a limited incision. Further, the expected morphology becomes distorted and obscured by tumor growth, edema, hemorrhage, or inflammation. The knowledge of normal structures and especially relationships are therefore vital in interpreting images and performing surgery.
Staging of renal cell carcinoma
Authors: stuart Wolf J
Published: November 2023

Although RCC is increasingly detected incidentally with cross- sectional radiographic imaging, clinical clues to the presence of RCC are still useful. Additionally, aspects of the history and physical examination may lead to the consideration of advanced disease. The most common presenting symptom of RCC is hematuria, noted in 35 per cent of patients in a review of patients presenting with RCC between 1970 and 1986 (Dinney et al. 1992). In this series, in which only 10 per cent of tumors were found incidentally, 27 per cent of patients reported flank pain. Pain is thought to be due to compression or infiltration of surrounding tissue, obstruction of the collecting system or ureter, or acute expansion of the renal mass to hemorrhage.
Hereditary renal cell carcinoma and the von Hippel–Lindau gene
Authors: Maranchie Jodie K , Linehan W Marston
Published: November 2023

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 3 per cent of adult cancers and occurs most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades of life. It is responsible for over 12 000 deaths per year in America (Boring et al. 1994). For nearly two decades, investigators have attempted to unravel the mysteries of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by examining families that carry a predisposition for kidney tumors. Families have been identified that carry a predilection for each of the common histologic subtypes of RCC. Large lineages have permitted identification of precise defects that lead to malignant transformation in both familial and sporadic kidney cancer. Through a better understanding of the genetics and biochemistry of renal malignancy we hope to develop new therapeutic strategies for RCC prevention, treatment, and cure.
Preclinical animal models for the investigation of biological approaches to the therapy of neuroblastoma
Authors: Wigginton Jon M
Published: November 2023

Neuroblastoma (NBL) is the most common extracranial solid tumor among children (Young and Miller 1975) and the most common neoplasm overall among infants less than 1 year of age. It accounts for approximately 8–10 per cent of all childhood cancers. Several aspects of the biology and/or clinical presentation of neuroblastoma are predictive of patient outcome, and have facilitated the development of risk-based strategies for patient management. Although age and stage are among the most import- ant prognostic indicators (Breslow and McCann 1971, Evans et al. 1987), other factors that have been reported to be associated with adverse prognosis in patients with neuroblastoma include elevation of serum ferritin concentrations, presence of unfavorable histology, amplification of the Nzmyc oncogene, diploid DNA content, deletions of the short arm of chromosome 1, over- expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), low expression of the cellular adhesion molecule CD44, low-level expression of TrkA, and increased tumor vascularity (Castleberry 1997, Katzenstein and Cohn 1998; Matthay 1997).
Prognostic indicators: localized disease
Authors: Bruno Dieter , Paulson David F
Published: November 2023

Although renal cell carcinoma (RCC) comprises only 2 per cent of adult cancers, it is the third most common genitourinary malignancy with an incidence of 28 800 new cases in 1998 and an associated mortality of 11 300 lives (Parker et al. 1997). The classic triad of gross hematuria, flank pain, and a palpable mass has been used to describe the presentation of RCC; however, historically only 10 per cent of patients present in this fashion (Jayson and Sanders 1998; Figlin 1999). The modern advent of computerized tomography (CT) and ultrasound has revolutionized the diagnosis of RCC with incidentally detected tumors being the rule rather than the exception (Storkel et al. 1989; Engelmann et al. 1988).
Evaluation of the renal mass and the role of renal biopsy
Authors: Shah Ojas , S.Taneja Samir
Published: November 2023

The evaluation of the renal mass has changed dramatically in recent years, largely due to the availability of imaging modalities such as ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In addition to enhancing our ability to evaluate known renal masses, these imaging techniques have changed the means by which most tumors are diagnosed. The number of tumors incidentally noted on radiologic examination for unrelated symptoms has increased with the increasing use of advanced radiologic imaging over the last 40 years (Rodriguez et al. 1995) (see Table 21.1). As such, our evaluation of the renal mass is very different from what it was 20 years ago. In this chapter, we discuss the important aspects of renal mass evaluation including a review of available diagnostic imaging modalities, differential diagnosis, and the role of invasive diagnostic techniques.
Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy
Authors: Chan David Y , Kavoussi Louis R
Published: November 2023

Radical nephrectomy is the standard of care for the management of renal tumors (Robson 1963). Over the years, technical modifications have focused on extent of dissection and addressed issues such as the removal of the ipsilateral adrenal gland and the role of lymphadenectomy (Sagalowsky et al. 1994; Sandock et al. 1997; Giuliani et al. 1990; Johnsen and Hellsten 1997; Kardar et al. 1998). Nephron-sparing or partial nephrectomy has also altered the management of small (< 4 cm) renal cell carcinoma (Novick et al. 1991; Polascik et al. 1995; Duque et al. 1998; Van Poppel et al. 1998; Wunderlich et al. 1998; Hafez et al. 1998). However, all these studies validate the point that surgical extirpation remains the only curative procedure for localized renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
Immunologic therapy for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Pantuck Allan J , Zisman, Amnon , Belldegrun Arie
Published: November 2023

Conventional therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with a poor response rate and few patients are long- term survivors. Patients with advanced disease have an average survival of less than a year from the time of diagnosis (Elson et al. 1988). Although quite controversial and being challenged by recent studies, traditionally it has been felt that nephrectomy does not benefit survival when metastases are present (deKernion et al. 1978) and the objective response rate to conventional chemotherapy is only 6 per cent and of very short duration (Yagoda et al. 1995). However, up to 1–5 per cent of RCC patients will experience spontaneous tumor regression, mainly involving their pulmonary metastases (Papac 1996).
Natural history and prognostic factors associated with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hoffman David M J , Figlin Robert A
Published: November 2023

With approximately 38 500 new cases and 16 600 deaths expected in the US in the year 2002, renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the seventh leading cause of cancer, accounting for 3 per cent of malignancies in men (Greenlee et al. 2000). Males are affected twice as frequently as females, with RCC most commonly developing in the fifth and sixth decades of life. There has been a steady increase in the incidence of RCC since the 1970s, which is only partly explained by incidentally discovered tumors found by widespread use of modern imaging techniques (Chow et al. 1999). Worldwide mortality is predicted to exceed 100 000 in 2000 (Motzer et al. 1996).
The surgical management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Rucker G Bino , Poppas Dix P
Published: November 2023

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an enzymatic defect of steroid synthesis transmitted in an autosomal recessive pattern. CAH refers to a group of disorders that manifest with varying degrees of physical stigmata including virilization of female patients. The degree of stigmata differs according to the under- lying enzyme deficit altering cortisol formation in the adrenal gland. The most commonly encountered defect is that of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme. Our attention will be focused on the surgical management of the virilized female with 21-hydroxylase deficiency since this is the most common type of CAH patient encountered (New and Newfield 1997).
Lateral transperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy
Authors: Shichman Steven , Sosa, R Ernest , Vaughan E Darracott
Published: November 2023

Laparoscopic adrenalectomy has recently become the standard technique for the surgical removal of the adrenal gland. Gagner et al. (1992) first reported laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Since then, many reports have confirmed the advantages of laparoscopic adrenalectomy over open surgery: Laparoscopy offers a shorter length of stay (LOS) in hospital, a decrease in postoperative pain, a shorter time to return to preoperative activity level, and improved cosmesis, and reduces complications in the fragile Cushingoid patient (MacGillivary et al. 1996; Gagner 1996; Gagner et al. 1996, 1997).
Dementias
Authors: Volicer Ladislav
Published: November 2023

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia and progresses in four stages. Management of the patient should include a palliative care approach which includes a decision-making process ahead of time. The use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and tube feeding is seen critically. Also, transfer to an acute medical setting poses serious risks, such as confusion and falls, to the patients. As side effects are rarely reported appropriately, drug treatment must be restricted wherever possible. Also, in lifethreatening infections, very often the use of analgesics and antipyretics, maybe with the help of oxygen, may assure comfort without the use of antibiotics. Support for family members must start with diagnosis and continue after the death of the patient with berea-done in the garden. Last week, Mr Gray got lost when shopping in a neighborhood in which he was born and had to be brought home by the police. His wife, concerned about his condition, insisted that he saw a physician.
Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Walker Paul W
Published: November 2023

Important considerations for the management of pressure ulcers include the goals of treatment, patient preferences, expected outcomes, and both the benefits and burdens of treatment. The dogma that all pressure ulcers are caused by poor quality care and that all patients should undergo treatment directed at healing these lesions is not substantiated. Although pressure ulcers can usually be prevented, it must remembered that, in high-risk patients, even the most exemplary care may not prevent their development. In patients with advanced disease it should be acknowledged that repositioning, debridement, dressing changes, and nutritional interventions can cause significant discomfort with no resulting benefit. For select patients, the goal of providing comfort through the use of analgesic drugs, and the selection of appropriate support surfaces and dressings, may be considered the most desirable approach to management.
Managing the Dying Patient
Authors: Sykes Nigel P
Published: November 2023

require careful attention as death approaches are respiratory problems, pain, and restlessness or agitation. Oxygen should not be the automatic response to breathlessness, and both dyspnea and cough can be eased by the use of opioids and benzodiazepines in carefully titrated doses. Choking is a common symptom in bulbar impairment but is not a cause of death. Anti-cholinergic drugs are helpful in the relief of noisy respiration caused by retained secretions, but it is also important to provide adequate explanations for the patient’s family and friends. Myoclonus must be distinguished from agitated restlessness, as the implications for choice of medication are different. It may be appropriate to use sedatives for restlessness but the aim is the relief of distress, not the achievement of a particular level of sedation. Families and carers are the ones who have to go on living. Care should be taken to discover their needs for information and support, and provide for them. Death is also stressful for professional staff who, if they are to continue to be effective, require appropriate training and the opportunity to share feelings about the care they have given.
Refusal and Withdrawal of Treatment
Authors: Bernat James L
Published: November 2023

Refusal of medical treatment is an implicit part of the doctrine of informed consent. Competent patients and the authorized surrogate decision makers of incompetent patient have the right to refuse all forms of treatment, including life-sustaining treatment without which they will die, and also including artificial hydration and nutrition. Physicians must respect valid treatment refusals by patients and surrogates. Physicians should attempt to enhance patients’ communicative and psychological capacities to maximally permit them to participate in their health decisions. Physicians who feel that patients or surrogates have made a bad decision to stop treatment can try to negotiate a time-limited trial of treatment. Patients undergoing withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment require excellent palliative care to prevent them from suffering. Studies have shown, however, that many dying patients are not receiving proper palliative care. Hospital ethics committees can help assure protection of the patient’s interest in situations in which treatment conflicts arise between patients and their surrogates, and their physicians.
Cultural Aspects of Care
Authors: Oliver David Oliviere David
Published: November 2023

The understanding of any patient is impossible without the understanding of their culture, whether this is the wider culture of their ethnic group, nationality, or religion or the more specific culture within individual families. The place of culture in the ‘total’ holistic approach of palliative care should always be considered, and the issues of culture and ethnicity should be addressed in both direct and indirect patient care. These various strands and components need to be considered in the assessment and intervention with each individual patient and family, involving them closely in this assessment process. In the care of patients with neurological disease there may be specific concerns related to disability or personal care, and these issues must be considered to ensure good-quality palliative care for patients and their families.
Calcium: Controls and Triggers
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

It is almost impossible to overemphasize the role of calcium in advanced biological systems (Fig. I0.1). Everywhere one turns in the study of controls over metabolic pathways there is a calcium-dependent step (Table l 0.1). Again, outside cells calcium is involved in multiple structural and cross linking functions which we refer to mainly in later sections of this chapter.
Nickel and cobalt: remnants of early life?
Authors: Fraústo da Silva J J R , Williams R J P
Published: November 2023

We start this chapter with the remark that the functions of these two elements appear to belong to very primitive systems indeed. In some sense it looks as if the elements were at their most useful when metabolism was based on such chemicals as CH4, CO, and H2, but that after the advent of dioxygen their value diminished.
A Self-help Guide for Sufferers
Authors: Levitt Michael
Published: November 2023

It seems nowadays that we are happy to discuss almost every aspect of our health, and reveal to doctors, psychologists, phone-in hosts and their audiences, in fact almost anyone who will listen, our most personal and intimate problems. There remains one last taboo, one last subject for which people will suffer in silence - problems relating to their bowels. This reluctance is seen by many within the medical profession as being a significant cause of the increase in bowel cancer within the developing world. ‘The Bowel Book’ is a frank, entertaining, and accessible book offering advice on these and related problems, from the view of a medical specialist with many years experience of dealing with these problems. The book provides advice on every type of problem such as haemorrhoids, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and colitis. Most importantly, it highlights the early warning signals of such life threatening illnesses such as bowel cancer. Along the way it discusses and assesses alternative treatments such as colonic irrigation, and controversially contests some of the widely held views on the benefits of high fibre diets. A book that everyone will need at some point in their lives.
Practice building – relationships within the practice
Authors: Trevor Burke F J , Freeman Ruth
Published: November 2023

The image of the dental team has, therefore, changed. The term no longer represents the single-handed dentist working with a dental nurse but rather the dentist as team leader, working in a multi-handed practice in unison with a practice manager, receptionists, dental nurses, hygienists and so forth. Reflecting this change, the General Dental Council in 1998 revisited the Report of the Inquiry into Education and Training of Personnel Auxiliary to Dentistry (‘The Nuffield Report’ 1993) to provide clear and concise guidelines on the training and clinical duties of professions complimentary to dentistry (PsCD).
Mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: Koehler Carla M
Published: November 2023

The chapter focuses on the intensively studied area of protein import into mitochondria and protein maturation within mitochondria. Existing knowledge relies heavily on work done in yeast; recent identification of diseases that result when these processes are disrupted is providing valuable insights into human mitochondrial biogenesis.
Clinical aspects of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies
Authors: Pulkes T , Hanna MG
Published: November 2023

Human diseases caused by impaired respiratory chain function have been increasingly recognized in recent years.1–13 Although neurological diseases are the commonest consequence of such respiratory chain dysfunction, it is now apparent that virtually any tissue in the body can be affected (see Table 5.1). This is perhaps unsurprising when one considers the central role of the respiratory chain in normal cell and tissue function. The neurological diseases associated with respiratory chain impairement are collectively known as the mitochondrial encephalomyopathies, a term which reflects the common involvement of both the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle in these patients.
Nuclear gene mutations in mitochondrial disorders
Authors: Zeviani Massimo , Pandolfo Massimo
Published: November 2023

The OXPHOS takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it is mediated by the respiratory chain and ATP synthase. From a genetic standpoint, the respiratory chain is unique, as it is formed through the complementation of two genetic systems, nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Because of this dual genetic control, OXPHOS disorders can result from mutations in mitochondrial or nuclear genes, encoding either structural components of the five enzymes, or factors controlling their expression, assembly, function and turnover.
The effects of mitochondrial DNA mutations on cell function
Authors: James Andrew M , Murphy Michael P
Published: November 2023

The pathophysiology of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases is caused by increased cell death and dysfunction due to the accumulation of mutations to mtDNA. While disruption to oxidative phosphorylation is central to mtDNA diseases, many other factors such as Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, increased oxidative stress, and defective turnover of mitochondrial proteins may also contribute. The relative importance of these processes in causing cell dysfunction and death is uncertain. It is also unclear whether these damaging processes lead to the disease phenotype through affecting cell function, increasing cell death or a combination of the two.
Bone Emergencies
Authors: Eakin Ruth
Published: November 2023

Cancer patients are at risk of severe and distressing bone pain, with or without associated pathologic fractures. Given the relatively high percentage of cancers which metastasize to bone, this type of clinical presentation is not uncommon. In the emergency setting, clinical examination and plain X-rays are often all that are required to diagnose the majority of problems quickly. The importance of appropriate management cannot be underestimated if good palliative care is to be part of modern medicine.
Acute Pain Emergencies
Authors: Kelly Sheila , Corcoran Bernadette
Published: November 2023

Pain is something we feel. It can be described as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential damage, or described in terms of such damage.

Pain recognition, assessment, and management have been shown to be challenging. Pain measurement is necessarily subjective. There are no objective measures of pain as in blood tests, or X-rays. Observation of physical signs and change in behavioral patterns may provide some information.
Hematologic Emergencies
Authors: O’Connell Niamh , McCann Shaun R
Published: November 2023

Many advances and new treatments are becoming available for patients with cancer. Hematologic complications in cancer patients are most often due to the therapy administered and occasionally due to the malignancy itself. This chapter suggests guidelines to the management of these problems in patients undergoing treatment for cancer.
Biomineralization Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry
Authors: Mann Stephen
Published: November 2023

This book describes the principles and concepts of biomineralization and their application in the new field of biomimetic materials chemistry. The main focus is on the principles and concepts that arise from a chemical perspective of biomineralization. After surveying the major types of biominerals (chapter 2) the general principles of biomineralization are discussed (chapter 3), followed by a detailed description of the chemical aspects of biomineralization (chapter 4). The next four chapters are concerned with the process of biomineralization, including boundary-organized biomineralization (chapter 5), organic matrix-mediated biomineralization (chapter 6), morphogenesis (chapter 7) and biomineral tectonics (chapter 8). The final chapter describes how current knowledge of biomineralization is inspiring new biomimetic strategies in synthetic materials chemistry.
Last Days
Authors: Lee Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

This chapter of the book is about death itself. You may not feel ready to read it but it is here if you need it, and it can wait. The time surrounding death is intensely personal and intimate. I have had the great privilege of listening to carers talk about the deaths of their loved ones. Sometimes the events they described felt too private for me to write about. Yet all those concerned have read this chapter and have agreed to share their stories in this way. Our hope is that those facing death may gain strength and courage from reading them. Some of the common experiences that precede death are recounted, followed by very moving descriptions of the moment of death. The chapter and the book ends with the carers’ descriptions of letting go of their loved one to whatever lies ahead.
Alternatives to four clinical and research traditions in malingering detection
Authors: Faust David
Published: November 2023

The best scientific methodology does not ensure success, nor the worst failure, as the soundness of methodology and the productiveness of scientific efforts are linked probabilistically (Faust and Meehl 2002). However, the odds of a positive yield may be enhanced, or greatly enhanced, depending on the methodology employed. The detection of malingering presents some intellectually fascinating and deep methodological challenges, and our capacity to meet them may determine, more than anything else, the productivity and success of our research and, ultimately, of our clinical efforts in this domain.
Illness falsification in children: pathways to prevention?
Authors: Libow Judith A
Published: November 2023

Illness falsification by young people has received only limited attention although retrospective data on adult patients with factitious disorder suggests that medical deception can begin during adolescence or even earlier. Certainly many children have ambiguous or chronic, undiagnosed medical problems, often categorized generically as psychosomatic or somatoform illness. While it is particularly difficult to assess both intent to deceive and motivation for secondary gain in children, recent reviews have documented a small but intriguing number of cases of intentional medical deception by children as young as 10 years, spanning a wide range of symptoms from rather crudely induced bruises to very elaborately induced infections and other complex medical puzzles.
Malingering, insurance medicine, and the medicalization of fraud
Authors: Locascio John
Published: November 2023

Malingering is a concept that spans law and medicine and has important societal consequences. Disability-related programmes in both the public and private sectors are faced with increasing numbers of disability claims despite improved health care and job design (the disability paradox). As a result, medical providers face questions of malingering and related issues with increasing frequency. However, there is a paucity of data as to the demographics and exact magnitude of the problem. Changes in medical technology, confusion between medical and legal concepts, and unrecognized clinical assumptions make malingering difficult to analyse and document, and may result in risk to unskilled analysts. To be most effective, the analyst must: distinguish malingering from fraud; understand the difference between the clinical and analytical role; know the limits of medical data; and apply functional concepts in a disciplined manner.
Introduction to the economics of infectious disease
Authors: Roberts Jennifer A
Published: November 2023

Infection is an ever-present threat to the health of populations. Its control is of the utmost importance. Scarce resources are used to care for those who are sick and to prevent or control the transmission of infection. Productive capacity is constrained by infection, and trading relationships are disrupted. Thus, infection poses an economic problem that needs to be addressed. The characteristics of infectious disease raise important issues for economists seeking to apply their tools in this area.
Basic Theory of Surface States
Authors: Davison Sydney G , Stęślicka Maria
Published: November 2023

The theory of surface states underlies our knowledge of the behaviour of electrons at solid surfaces, which is of paramount importance in understanding the mechanisms by which solid-state devices operate and catalytic reactions proceed. Although the subject is viewed through the "theoretical eye" of a physicist, the topics are treated in an elementary fashion, so the book should also appeal to both theoretical and experimental surface scientists from chemistry, materials science, and electronic engineering. The main features of the presentation are: its pedagogical, model-based approach, detailed step-by-step derivations of all the equations, smooth progression through the simple wave-function matching techniques to the more sophisticated Green-function methods and, finally, the historical theme, which traces the evolution of the subject, from its funding by the Nobel Laureate Igor Tamm in 1932, through the invention of the transistor in 1947 by Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain, to the recent developments.
Niels Bohr’s Times
Authors: Pais Abraham
Published: November 2023

The life of Niels Bohr spans times of revolutionary change in science itself as well as in its impact on society. As the curtain rises, the reality of atoms is still under debate, the structure of atoms still a matter of conjecture, the atomic nucleus is not yet discovered, practical applications of atomic energy, for good or evil, are not even visible on the far horizon. All that changed during Bohr’s life, much of it under his own influence. He was the first to understand how atoms are put together, he played a leading role in the development of the theory of the atomic nucleus, and he was the godfather of nuclear medicine. He was also th first to bring to the attention of leading statesmen the need for openness betwe1:m West and East, a need resulting from the advent of formidable new weapdms developed during and after World War II. Time and again he would stress that openness was essential for political world stability.Even more profound than new discoveries and perceptions regarding the structure of matter are new physical laws discovered in that same period. Here the key concepts are relativity theory and quantum theory. Bohr was the principal figure in elucidating the revisions of the philosophical foundations of physics needed for a comprehension of quantum phenomena. I have been told that Vladimir Horowitz once commented on Mozart’s music that it is too easy for beginners and too hard for experts. The same can be said of quantum physics. In this book I attempt to outline for beginners how most experts think about quantum theory.
In on the Act—searching the record
Authors: Lovegrove Roger
Published: November 2023

In England and Wales, long before the establishment of the large game estates, dramatic changes to the landscape through the removal of forest cover, drainage of wetlands, and conversion of land to agriculture had already removed huge areas of natural habitat for many species. Mammals such as Pine Marten and Wild Cat, and birds including harriers and eagles had already been pushed back into their final refuges. We have already considered the impact that the fur trade had on a range of fur-bearing mammals. It is necessary now to concentrate on the third major factor, that of deliberate persecution, to establish the legal framework that was put in place in the sixteenth century for statutory control of these ‘vermin’, and to examine the processes of implementation of those laws through the parishes.
Why Have Prenatal Tests?
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank
Published: November 2023

The decision you make about prenatal testing may be one of the most important of your life. This is why it must be your decision, not your doctor’s, your friend’s or anybody else’s. There are some abnormalities you may not wish to know about, and some prenatal tests have a risk of miscarriage. If you choose to limit testing, an abnormality that could have been detected may go unrecognized. On the other hand, choosing to have all the tests available can ‘medicalize’ what might otherwise been a happy and normal pregnancy.
Prenatal testing: 10–14 weeks
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank
Published: November 2023

New tests and scanning techniques mean it is possible to detect most of the abnormalities that can be diagnosed before birth, by the time a fetus is 13 weeks, or three months old. Many prenatal tests are now done early in pregnancy—at 10–14 weeks. The later tests of pregnancy—ultrasound, amniocentesis, and mid trimester serum screening—are still important and widely used. But there are obvious advantages of early testing. If nothing is found you can relax and enjoy your pregnancy. If an abnormality or an increased risk is found, you can make any decisions before you have announced your pregnancy to the world.
Prenatal testing: 15–17 weeks
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank
Published: November 2023

If you have chosen to have either a blood test for Down syndrome, called mid trimester serum screening, or an amniocentesis, then these tests are carried out at this stage of pregnancy. Ultrasound examinations are not usually done at this time—it is too late for nuchal translucency screening and too early to get the best pictures of the physical structure of your fetus. Ultrasound is used to guide the needle to the correct spot during amniocentesis, and you may be offered a scan if you develop problems such as bleeding or pain.
Principal Component Models for Patterned Covariance Matrices, with Applications to Canonical Correlation Analysis of Several Sets of Variables
Authors: Flury Bernard D . , Neuenschwander Beat E
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we discuss in detail a common principal component model for dependent random vectors which arises naturally in an variety of situations. The best way to motivate it is probably by presenting some examples.

Example 5.1. Jackson (1991) reports audiometric measurements taken on N=100 men of the same age. Hearing loss (in decibel) was measured for frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, and 5000 Hz on both ears.
Orthogonal and Projection Procrustes Analysis
Authors: Gower J .C
Published: November 2023

A brief review is given in this chapter of those Procrustes methods that have strong Euclidean interpretations. That is those methods which rely on orthogonal matrices and on orthogonal projections. It is shown how all such methods can be presented in a unified framework which can be summarised in the form of an analysis of variance. This unification (i) clarifies interpretation and (ii) offers the possibility of constructing general purpose software that subsumes several known methods as well as some new ones.
Child fosterage and social parenthood
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry
Published: November 2023

Child rearing practices are fundamentally important to our understanding of Herero demography and social ecology because they can be linked to the survival of children, the fertility of women, and the structure and economy of households. Many Herero share their parenting responsibilities with friends and relatives by giving them their children to raise. This custom of child fosterage has a long history in Herero society and is well-known in other parts of Africa (Goody 1982; Frank 1987). Nearly 40 per cent of all Herero are fostered out during childhood.
The patient with somatic symptoms
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence , Moore Dr Michael , Maguire Mr Jon , Hollingbery Mr Timothy
Published: November 2023

Medically unexplained physical symptoms are common in both primary and secondary care. Somatization describes the presentation of psycho logical distress as physical symptoms. Somatising patients are high utilizers of medical care and can be frustrating patients to care for.
Higher-order disorders of gait
Authors: Nutt John G
Published: November 2023

The term ‘highest-level (or higher-order) gait disorders’ is derived from Hughlings Jackson’s concept of lowest, middle and highest levels of function in the nervous system (Jackson 1932). The highest levels of neurological function were those requiring the most complex sensory-motor integration. As an example of the anatomical distribution of these functions, Jackson assigned the anterior horn motor neurons to the lowest level, the primary motor strip to the middle-level, and the prefrontal cortex to highest level. He considered spinal muscular atrophy as a lowest-level disorder, paralysis agitans as a middle-level disorder, and general paresis as a highest-level disorder.
Unimodal sensory-motor transformation disorders
Authors: Freund Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

The act of reaching and grasping (reviewed in Chapters 2 and 3) is one of the most thoroughly examined motor behaviours in both monkeys and humans. It is particularly suitable for disentangling the different facets of the sensory-motor transformations required for the adjustment of separate eye-, head-, body- and world-referenced coordinate systems. Experimentally, different neural repertoires involved in specific aspects of this multistage process have been identified by microrecordings of monkey behaviour.
Tics and stereotypies
Authors: Jankovic Joseph
Published: November 2023

Tics are brief and intermittent movements (motor tics) or sounds (vocal or phonic tics). Simple motor tics involve only one group of muscles, causing a brief jerk-like movement. They are usually abrupt in onset and rapid (‘clonic tics’), but they may be slower, causing a briefly sustained abnormal posture (‘dystonic tics’) (Jankovic and Stone 1991)or an isometric contraction (‘tonic tics’) (Jankovic 1992). Clonic and dystonic tics may occasionally occur in patients with primary dystonia, possibly more frequently than in the general population (Stone and Jankovic 1991; Nemeth et al. 1999).
Claws, Rasps and Shells
Authors: Southwood T R E
Published: November 2023

This is the one period in the whole of the history of life when the number of different animal forms—;their diversity—;appears to have increased most dramatically. This is shown for marine animals in fig. 5.1, where the measure used is the number of orders. An ‘order’ contains species of animal of similar design (p. 4). Different species of crab are in one order (Decapoda), of woodlice in another (Isopoda); both belong to a bigger category, the class, which in this case is known as Crustacea. This sudden burst of evolution has been termed the ‘Cambrian explosion’. However as has already been mentioned, molecular studies point to many fundamental differences between the major types of animal having evolved before the Cambrian period. Also, if certain interpretations of Ediacaran animals are accepted, there is some evidence, supportive of this view, from the fossil record. The previous (Precambrian) period has been described as a ‘fuse’, the time when the potential for an explosion was established.
The World of the Dinosaurs
Authors: Southwood T R E
Published: November 2023

Throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods the movements of tectonic plates were causing the giant continent Pangaea to split up, the process becoming particularly marked in the Cretaceous (145–65 Mya). During the Jurassic the central Atlantic opened and, linking with the Tethys Ocean, split Laurasia in the north from Gondwana in the south. By the Early Cretaceous strong westerly currents flowed through these oceans, between the large land masses. At the same time the southern parts of Gondwana were dividing—;the South Atlantic was born as a narrow ocean. On the other side of Africa the Indian Ocean was beginning to form as the tectonic plate that carries India began its dramatic movement north.
The End of Adolescence
Authors: Graham Philip
Published: November 2023

On television, in the newspapers, even in textbooks of psychology, the teen years are portrayed as 'bad news'. Adolescents are seen as moody, rebellious, promiscuous, immature, aggressive and lazy. Their behaviour is seen as getting worse as we move into the twenty first century. In fact the majority of young people have none of these objectionable characteristics. Adolescents have always been stigmatised as they are today and it is widely thought that it is 'natural' for the teens to be a 'difficult' phase of life. But it is the adult world that has created the world of adolescence and the adult world that is finding it difficult to live with what it has manufactured. This book puts forward an entirely new way of looking at adolescence. Written by a leading child psychiatrist, it starts by describing the myths that pervade the popular view of adolescence. After a brief description of the history of adolescence, it goes on to examine the way the teens actually function in families, giving particular attention to approaches that result in positive outcomes. Discussing moodiness, conflict, sexual behaviour, drugs and alcohol, and eating patterns, it adopts the same questioning but positive approach. The book then looks at how the sense of frustration and failure many teenagers experience at school and in their neighbourhoods might be overcome by giving them a level of responsibility that matches their competence. This book will be of great value to parents of teenagers and those whose children are just about to become teenagers, as well as teachers, psychologists, and anyone whose work brings them in touch with young people.
Diagnosis and baseline investigation in myotonic dystrophy: a core protocol
Authors: Meola Giovanni , Hilton-Jones David
Published: November 2023

The myotonic dystrophies can be considered as clinical syndromes that include subtypes designated as myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DMI) and myotonic dystrophy type 2 (DM2), each of which is determined by a distinct genetic locus (Meola 2000). It is possible that further specific subtypes will be identified, and these will be designated DM3, etc. This nomenclature was recommended by an international panel (Ashizawa 2000) and is followed in this chapter. Alternatively, some experts reserve the term ‘myotonic dystrophy’ (myotonia atrophica, dystrophia myotonica, myotonic muscular dystrophy) for the monogenic disorder, in which a characteristic pattern of dystrophic muscle disease is accompanied by myotonia and by specific abnormalities of other systems, originally described by Steinert, and prefer a different designation for variants that are clinically and genetically distinct, such as proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM).
Pregnancy and perinatal problems in myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Rudnik-Schbneborn Sabine , Die-Smulders Christine de
Published: November 2023

Whether or not a pregnancy is potentially dangerous for a woman with muscle weakness is related not only to the cause and diagnosis of her disorder but also to the distribution and severity of weakness. Most women with myotonic dystrophy whose pregnancies have been documented belong to the classical form, with mild distal weakness and fatigue, grip myotonia and nasal speech. In general, they are ambulatory and many are not aware of their disease when planning to have children. Nonetheless, myotonic dystrophy patients face considerable risks from cardiorespiratory problems and some of them need full-time assistance to manage their family life. Myotonic dystrophy patients have a risk for anaesthetic complications and need specific advice regarding operative interventions or operative deliveries (see Chapter 8).
Support groups for myotonic dystrophy and their role: an American family perspective
Authors: Lord Shannon Miller
Published: November 2023

Rene Descartes, a seventeenth-century French philosopher, espoused a metaphysical dualism of mind and body, a concept that Western doctors perpetuated in their treatment of physical manifestations of disease, with little regard for mental and spiritual ramifications. In recent years, however, attempts are being made to bridge the schism so that mental and spiritual healing can take place along with the physical, even in the face of an incurable disease like myotonic dystrophy. Support groups of various configurations-such as private therapy groups, general support groups, social groups, family and friends, myotonic dystrophy support groups, phone friends, computer chat rooms, and other internet liaisons-offer forums for therapy and education to take place.