bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absorption, quenching, and enhancement by tracer in acetone/toluene laser-induced fluorescence*
Authors: Chang Guang , Yu Xin , Peng Jiangbo , Yu Yang , Cao Zhen , Gao Long , Han Minghong , Wu Guohua
Published: September 2020

To measure the equivalent ratio distribution of the two-stage lean premixed (DLP) flame, we propose using acetone/toluene planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) technology to simultaneously measure the concentrations of the two components. Appropriate excitation laser wavelength and filters are used to assess the influence of acetone and toluene on each other’s fluorescence signal at room temperature. Experimental results show that acetone has a strong absorption effect on toluene’s fluorescence signal, the effective absorption cross-section is 5.77 × 10−20 cm−2. Acetone has an obvious quenching effect on the toluene fluorescence signal, and the Stern–Volmer coefficient is 0.50 kPa−1. The collisions between the molecules of toluene and acetone will lead to the enhancement of the fluorescence signal of acetone, and the enhancement coefficient is exponential with the acetone’s concentration. The quantitative relationship between the fluorescence intensity and the concentrations of the two tracers is obtained by establishing the photophysical model of toluene and acetone’s fluorescence signals.
Improving the performance of crystalline Si solar cell by high-pressure hydrogenation*
Authors: Dai Xi-Yuan , Zhang Yu-Chen , Wang Liang-Xin , Hu Fei , Yu Zhi-Yuan , Li Shuai , Li Shu-Jie , Yang Xin-Ju , Lu Ming
Published: September 2020

We report an approach of high-pressure hydrogenation to improve the performance of crystalline Si (c-Si) solar cells. As-received p-type c-Si wafer-based PN junctions were subjected to high-pressure (2.5 MPa) hydrogen atmosphere at 200 °C, followed by evaporating antireflection layers, passivation layers, and front and rear electrodes. The efficiency of the so prepared c-Si solar cell was found to increase evidently after high-pressure hydrogenation, with a maximal enhancement of 10%. The incorporation of hydrogen by Si solar cells was identified, and hydrogen passivation of dangling bonds in Si was confirmed. Compared to the regular approach of hydrogen plasma passivation, the approach of high-pressure hydrogenation reported here needs no post-hydrogenation treatment, and can be more convenient and efficient to use in improving the performances of the c-Si and other solar cells.
Nonclassicality of photon-modulated atomic coherent states in the Schwinger bosonic realization*
Authors: Wang Jisuo , Meng Xiangguo , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: September 2020

We theoretically introduce two new photon-modulated atomic coherent states (ACSs) via using the Schwinger bosonic representation of the angular momentum operators (the sequential operations

J
±
n

) on an ACS, and investigate their nonclassicality using the Wigner distribution, photon number distribution, and entanglement entropy. It is found that photon-modulated ACSs possess more stronger nonclassicality than the original ACS in certain regions of τ, the nonclassicality enhances with increasing number n of the operations J
± and the operation

J

+
(
−
)

n

enhances the entanglement in the region of small (large) τ.
Numerical simulation on ionic wind in circular channels*
Authors: Zhang Gui-Wen , Yang Jue-Kuan , Lin Xiao-Hui
Published: September 2020

Ionic wind induced by direct-current corona discharge has attracted considerable interest because of its low energy consumption, low noise emission, flexible designs, and lack of moving parts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the configuration parameters to improve the velocity of the ionic wind. Accordingly, this study develops a three-dimensional (3D) model of circular tube with multi-needle-to-mesh electrode configurations, in this model, the influences of various parameters were explored such as the mesh gap, the distribution of needle electrodes, the number of needle electrodes, and the radius of the circular channel. The numerical research results showed that the mesh gap, the distribution of needle electrodes, and the radius of the circular tube significantly affected the velocity of the ionic wind. When mesh gap is 12 mm, which indicates that there is an optimal mesh gap which can enhance the velocity of the ionic wind. What is more, changing the distribution of needle electrodes and increasing the number of needle electrodes can effectively improve the velocity of the ionic wind, the optimum distribution α of needle electrodes is 0.7–0.9, which greatly increase the velocity of the ionic wind. However, for multi-needle-to-mesh structure, the improvement of the radius of the circular channel is conducive to enhance the velocity and improve the velocity distribution.
Enhancing classification accuracy of fNIRS-BCI using features acquired from vector-based phase analysis
Authors: Nazeer Hammad , Naseer Noman , Khan Rayyan Azam , Noori Farzan Majeed , Qureshi Nauman Khalid , Khan Umar Shahbaz , Khan M Jawad
Published: September 2020

Objective. In this paper, a novel methodology for feature extraction to enhance classification accuracy of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)-based two-class and three-class brain–computer interface (BCI) is presented. Approach. Novel features are extracted using vector-based phase analysis method. Changes in oxygenated

Δ

H
b
O

and de-oxygenated

(

Δ

H
b
R

) haemoglobin are used to calculate four novel features: change in cerebral blood volume (

Δ
C
B
V

), change in cerebral oxygen exchange (

Δ
C
O
E

), vector magnitude (|L|) and angle (k).

Δ
C
B
V

is the sum and

Δ
C
O
E

is difference of

Δ

H
b
O

and

Δ

H
b
R

, whereas |L| is magnitude and k is angle of vector. fNIRS signals of seven healthy subjects, corresponding to left-hand index finger tapping (LFT), right-hand index finger tapping (RFT) and rest are acquired from motor cortex using multi-channel continuous-wave imaging system. After removing physiological and instrumental noises from the acquired signals, the four novel features are calculated. For validation, conventional temporal, spatial and spatiotemporal features; mean, peak, slope, variance, kurtosis and skewness are also calculated using

Δ

H
b
O

and

Δ

H
b
R

. All possible two-feature and three-feature combinations of the novel and conventional features are then used to classify two-class (LFT vs RFT) and three-class (LFT vs RFT vs rest) fNIRS-BCI using linear discriminant analysis. Main results. Results demonstrate that combination of four novel features yields significantly higher average classification accuracies of 98.7 ± 1.0% and 85.4 ± 1.4% as compared to 68.7 ± 6.9% and 53.6 ± 10.6% using conventional features for two-class and three-class problem, respectively. Validation of proposed method on an open access database containing RFT, LFT and dominant side foot tapping tasks for 30 subjects also shows improvement in average classification accuracies for two-class and three-class fNIRS-BCIs. Significance. This study provides a step forward in improving the classification accuracies of state-of-the-art fNIRS-BCIs by showing significant improvement in classification accuracies of two-class and three-class fNIRS-BCIs using novel features extracted by vector-based phase analysis.
Brazilian amazon indigenous peoples threatened by mining bill
Authors: Rorato Ana C , Camara Gilberto , Escada Maria Isabel S , Picoli Michelle C A , Moreira Tiago , Verstegen Judith A
Published: September 2020

The Brazilian Amazon has the highest concentration of indigenous peoples in the world. Recently, the Brazilian government sent a bill to Congress to regulate commercial mining in indigenous lands. This work analyzes the risks of the proposed mining bill to Amazonian indigenous peoples and their lands. To evaluate the possible impact of the new mining bill, we consider all mining license requests registered in Brazil’s National Mining Agency that overlap indigenous lands as potential mining areas in the future. The existing mining requests cover 176 000 km2 of indigenous lands, a factor 3000 more than the area of current illegal mining. Considering only these existing requests, about 15% of the total area of ILs in the region could be directly affected by mining if the bill is approved. Ethnic groups like Yudjá, Kayapó, Apalaí, Wayana, and Katuena may have between 47% and 87% of their lands impacted. Gold mining, which has previously shown to cause mercury contamination, death of indigenous people due to diseases, and biodiversity degradation, accounts for 64% of the requested areas. We conclude that the proposed bill is a significant threat to Amazonian indigenous peoples, further exposing indigenous peoples to rural violence, contamination by toxic pollutants, and contagious diseases. The obligation of the government is to enforce existing laws and regulations that put indigenous rights and livelihoods above economic consideration and not to reduce such protections.
Regional and county flows of particulate matter damage in the US
Authors: Sergi Brian , Azevedo Inês , Davis Steven J , Muller Nicholas Z
Published: September 2020

Despite several decades of declining emissions, the health costs of particulate matter (PM2.5) in the US remain substantial, with more than $1 trillion in annual damages. We analyze the inter-county impacts of PM2.5 for 2008, 2011, and 2014 and find that even though emissions from point sources have fallen over this period, the share of PM2.5 attributable to pollution transported across county and state boundaries is still considerable in many localities. Importantly, the benefits of reduced emissions are not uniformly distributed nationwide, with 26% of counties—concentrated in the South, Midwest, and Pacific Northwest—experiencing worsening health damages since 2008. Around 30% of all US counties receive 90% of their health damages from emissions in other counties, and these damage-importing counties also tend to have lower median incomes. Our results support continued state and federal cooperation to meet air quality standards and reduce the damages caused by PM2.5 from transported air pollution.
Enhancement of wear and erosion-corrosion resistance of Inconel 718 alloy by liquid nitriding
Authors: Xue Ling , Wang Jun , Li Longyi , Chen Guang , Sun Lan , Yu Shaoqiang
Published: September 2020

Inconel 718 alloy is often used for the oil and gas industry, which usually failed due to the erosion-corrosion of multi-phase flow. In this study, we expect to enhance the wear and erosion-corrosion resistance of Inconel 718 alloy by liquid nitriding and a high-hardness nitrided layer with the thickness of about 9.5 μm on the surface of Inconel 718 alloy was formed by liquid nitriding. Wear and erosion-corrosion tests were performed on untreated and nitrided Inconel 718 alloys. Results show that abrasive wear and adhesive wear occurred in both nitrided and untreated samples at different temperatures (25 °C, 100 °C and 200 °C). The width and depth of the wear track and the wear rate of the nitrided samples are all smaller than that of the untreated samples. Liquid nitriding significantly improves the wear resistance of Inconel 718 alloy because of the high-hardness nitrided layer. The nitrided Inconel 718 alloy exhibited an improvement of almost 80.3% in the erosion-corrosion resistance compared to their untreated counterparts. The weight loss rate of the erosion-only shows an obvious reduction after liquid nitriding. The surface nitrided layer with high hardness effectively protects the substrate, and prevents the material from the erosion-corrosion of multi-phase flow consisting of the SiO2 particles and the acidic solution, so that the total weight loss of nitrided Inconel 718 alloy decreased evidently.
Spatial entanglement and state engineering via four-photon Hong–Ou–Mandel interference
Authors: Ferreri A , Ansari V , Brecht B , Silberhorn C , Sharapova P R
Published: September 2020

The phenomenon of entanglement is the basis of quantum information and quantum communication processes. Entangled systems with a large number of photons are of great interest at present because they provide a platform for streaming technologies based on photonics. In this paper we present a device which operates with four-photons and based on the Hong–Ou–Mandel interference. The presented device allows to maximize the degree of spatial entanglement and generate the highly entangled four-dimensional Bell states. Furthermore, the use of the interferometer in different regimes leads to fast interference fringes in the coincidence probability with period of oscillations twice smaller than the pump wavelength. We have a good agreement between theoretical simulations and experimental results.
Evaluating the effect of grain size distribution on thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials
Authors: Das Priyabrata , Bathula Sivaiah , Gollapudi Srikant
Published: September 2020

The influence of grain size (d) on the thermal conductivity (k) of thermoelectric (TE) materials has been well established through experimental studies. However, the effect of grain size distribution, described by S

n
, on k has not been reported before. Since thermal conductivity is a key contributor to the figure of merit (ZT) for thermoelectric materials, studying the effect of grain size distribution, an important microstructural descriptor, on k is necessary. In the current study we are evaluating the effect of S

n
on the k of thermoelectric materials by using data reported in literature on bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) and lead telluride (PbTe). We first check for correlations between k and d. In literature, mathematical correlations between lattice thermal conductivity (k

l
) and d have already been reported but the same is missing for electronic thermal conductivity (k

e
) and d. By analysing literature data for bismuth telluride and lead telluride at 300 K, we identified a linear correlation between k

e
and d, wherein an increase in d leads to an increase in k

e
. This dependence of k

e
on d was combined with the dependence of k

l
on d to establish the overall dependence of k on d. Subsequently, the grain size distribution effect was imposed by using a log normal distribution. The analysis revealed that for a given grain size, an increase in S

n
leads to lowering of the thermal conductivity of the material. The analysis was also extended to bimodal grain size distributions wherein the microstructure was designed in a way to contain a mixture of both nanocrystalline and microcrystalline grains.
Multimodal analysis of gene expression from postmortem brains and blood identifies synaptic vesicle trafficking genes to be associated with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Gao Xiaoya , Huang Zifeng , Feng Cailing , Guan Chaohao , Li Ruidong , Xie Haiting , Chen Jian , Li Mingchun , Que Rongfang , Deng Bin , Cao Peihua , Li Mengyan , Lu Jianjun , Huang Yihong , Li Minzi , Yang Weihong , Yang Xiaohua , Wen Chunyan , Liang Xiaomei , Yang Qin , Chao Yin-Xia , Chan Ling-Ling , Yenari Midori A , Jin Kunlin , Chaudhuri K Ray , Zhang Jing , Tan Eng-King , Wang Qing
Published: September 2020

Objective

We aimed to identify key susceptibility gene targets in multiple datasets generated from postmortem brains and blood of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

We performed a multitiered analysis to integrate the gene expression data using multiple-gene chips from 244 human postmortem tissues. We identified hub node genes in the highly PD-related consensus module by constructing protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Next, we validated the top four interacting genes in 238 subjects (90 sporadic PD, 125 HC and 23 Parkinson’s Plus Syndrome (PPS)). Utilizing multinomial logistic regression analysis (MLRA) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC), we analyzed the risk factors and diagnostic power for discriminating PD from HC and PPS.

Results

We identified 1333 genes that were significantly different between PD and HCs based on seven microarray datasets. The identified MEturquoise module is related to synaptic vesicle trafficking (SVT) dysfunction in PD (P < 0.05), and PPI analysis revealed that SVT genes PPP2CA, SYNJ1, NSF and PPP3CB were the top four hub node genes in MEturquoise (P < 0.001). The levels of these four genes in PD postmortem brains were lower than those in HC brains. We found lower blood levels of PPP2CA, SYNJ1 and NSF in PD compared with HC, and lower SYNJ1 in PD compared with PPS (P < 0.05). SYNJ1, negatively correlated to PD severity, displayed an excellent power to discriminating PD from HC and PPS.

Conclusions

This study highlights that SVT genes, especially SYNJ1, may be promising markers in discriminating PD from HCs and PPS.
Most important carpological anatomical characters in the taxonomy of Apiaceae
Authors: Kljuykov Eugene V , Zakharova Ekaterina A , Ostroumova Tatiana A , Tilney Patricia M
Published: September 2020

Carpological anatomical characters are important in the taxonomy of Apiaceae. At present, it is necessary to include them in any critical revision of taxa of every rank, to characterize species and genera and to identify groups of related taxa. To create standardized descriptions of these taxa, we have compiled a list of taxonomically important fruit anatomical characters. This list includes 15 characters and 79 character states. Fruit anatomical characters are often constant in genera and can characterize genera or groups of closely related genera. However, the same anatomical character can occur in distant taxa. All anatomical characters are illustrated on schematic transverse sections of mericarps or in photographs.
‘Sacrifice zone’: The environment–territory–place of disposable lives
Authors: de Souza Marcelo Lopes
Published: September 2020

‘Sacrifice zone’ is how a certain type of segregated and stigmatized space has become internationally known. In such a space, the physical and mental health and the quality of life of human beings are compromised in the name of ‘economic development’ or ‘progress’ – but ultimately for the sake of capitalist interests. This article offers a discussion of how environmental issues, power relations and the production of subjectivity intersect in the production of a kind of space that is typical of how residential segregation correlates with patterns of industrial location and the neglect of the health and well-being of the poor by the state apparatus in the (semi) periphery of the capitalist world system.
Parasitoids, Nematodes, and Protists in Populations of Striped Cucumber Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Coco Angela M , Lewis Margaret T , Fleischer Shelby J , Tooker John F
Published: September 2020

The striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius), is an important pest of cucurbit production in the eastern United States, where most commercial producers rely on insecticides to control this pest species. Biological control provides an alternative to insecticide use, but for A. vittatum, top-down control has not been well developed. In the northeastern United States, two parasitoid species, Celatoria setosa (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Centistes diabroticae (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been reported from A. vittatum, but their distribution is poorly known. To determine whether these parasitoid species are attacking A. vittatum in Pennsylvania and the amount of mortality they provide, we characterized the parasitoid dynamics in two distinct efforts. First, we reared parasitoids from beetles captured at two research farms. Second, we focused on one of these farms and dissected beetles to quantify both parasitoid and parasite species attacking A. vittatum. Both efforts confirmed Cl. setosa and Cn. diabroticae, and parasitism rates varied widely between locations and among years (4–60%). Unexpectedly, our dissections revealed that a potentially undescribed nematode species (Howardula sp.) as the most common parasite in the community. We also discovered gregarine protists. Despite being smaller than females, males were more commonly attacked by parasitic species, but we detected no relationship between the size of beetles and abundance of parasitic species in A. vittatum. This work provides a baseline understanding of the parasitoid and parasite community attacking A. vittatum and advances opportunities for conservation biological control using these natural-enemy species.
Management of pregnancy-related hypertensive disorders in patients infected with SARS CoV-2: pharmacological and clinical issues
Authors: Fogacci Silvia , Fogacci Federica , Favari Elda , Toth Peter P , Borghi Claudio , Cicero Arrigo F G
Published: September 2020

Coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19) continues to spread throughout the world. It is known that among patients with hypertension, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, or cardiovascular diseases, COVID-19 is associated with greater morbidity and mortality compared with patients without these conditions. This correlation is of great importance in pregnant women affected by COVID-19, since it usually leads to the development of a serious clinical complication. In particular, managing hypertensive disorders in pregnancy can be problematic because antihypertensive medications may interact pharmacologically with drugs used to treat COVID-19. This review focuses on the safety of drug treatment for COVID-19 in pregnant women treated with antihypertensive medication. Several databases were searched to identify relevant literature. A few antihypertensive drugs and antithrombotic treatments are known for having a beneficial effect in the management of hypertension and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. In this review, we focus on the expected drug–drug interactions with the experimental agents most often used to treat COVID-19. The current indications for the management of hypertension-related disorders in pregnancy maintain their validity, while the risk of pharmacological interaction with the currently tested anti-SARS-CoV-2 medications is relatively low.
COVID-19 as a Stressor: Pandemic Expectations, Perceived Stress, and Negative Affect in Older Adults
Authors: Whitehead Brenda R
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic is appraised as a stressor influences perceived stress (PS) and psychological well-being during the event. Here, the association of older adults’ expectations concerning the pandemic’s duration and impact with PS and negative affect (NA) is investigated. Based on the stress and coping framework, PS is expected to mediate the association between COVID-19 expectations and NA.

Methods

Seven hundred fourteen residents of the United States and aged 60 and older completed an anonymous online survey in late March 2020 reporting PS, NA, and expectations regarding the pandemic.

Results

Regression analyses controlling for demographic factors revealed that more dire pandemic expectations significantly predicted PS and NA directly, and the effects on NA were significantly mediated by PS.

Discussion

Findings provide evidence that expectations about a pandemic influence the extent to which older adults experience stress and NA in the midst of a pandemic event. Implications for mental health are discussed.
Redshift of earthquakes via focused blind deconvolution of teleseisms
Authors: Bharadwaj Pawan , Meng Chunfang , Fournier Aimé , Demanet Laurent , Fehler Mike
Published: September 2020

We present a robust factorization of the teleseismic waveforms resulting from an earthquake source into signals that originate from the source and signals that characterize the path effects. The extracted source signals represent the earthquake spectrum, and its variation with azimuth. Unlike most prior work on source extraction, our method is data-driven, and it does not depend on any path-related assumptions, for example, the empirical Green’s function. Instead, our formulation involves focused blind deconvolution (FBD), which associates the source characteristics with the similarity among a multitude of recorded signals. We also introduce a new spectral attribute, to be called redshift, which is based on the Fraunhofer approximation. Redshift describes source-spectrum variation, where a decrease in high-frequency content occurs at the receiver in the direction opposite to unilateral rupture propagation. Using the redshift, we identified unilateral ruptures during two recent strike-slip earthquakes. The FBD analysis of an earthquake, which originated in the eastern California shear zone, is consistent with observations from local seismological or geodetic instrumentation.
Flaminio Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64), EU:C:1964:66, [1964] ECR 585, 15 July 1964
Authors: O'Meara Noreen
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Flaminio Costa v ENEL (Case 6/64), EU:C:1964:66, [1964] ECR 585, 15 July 1964. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
Attorney General for New South Wales v Trethowan [1932] AC 526, Privy Council
Authors: Webb Thomas E.
Published: September 2020

Essential Cases: Public Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Attorney General for New South Wales v Trethowan [1932] AC 526, before the Privy Council. This case concerned whether provisions enacted by an earlier legislature could bind the legislative choices of future legislatures. It should be noted that this case relates to a dominion legislature. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Thomas Webb.
The Principles of Land Law
Authors: Lees Emma
Published: September 2020

The Principles of Land Law provides a framework through which readers can gain a sophisticated understanding of the modern land law system. Firstly, the text explains the key learning objectives. Principles are summarised to conclude each chapter with a comprehensive overview of the topic at hand. Key cases are explained while examples illustrate problems and possible solutions. The aim is to ensure that readers understand how to apply the core principles to land law scenarios accurately, while also conducting their own critical analysis of the subject area. Topics covered include personal and property rights in land, land registration, adverse possession, freehold, leases and mortgages, ownership, and human rights and property law.
Anson's Law of Contract
Authors: Beatson FBA Jack , Burrows FBA, QC (Hon) Andrew , Cartwright John
Published: September 2020

Anson’s Law of Contract offers an accurate and authoritative account of the law and its underlying principles. This 31st edition continues to provide comprehensive and detailed coverage of all topics covered on modern contract law courses, and has been revised and updated to incorporate all notable developments in case law, legislation, and academic debate. Topics covered include, in the first part, the agreement, the formation of the contract, and promissory estoppel. The second part looks at the terms of the contract, exemption clauses, and unfair terms. Next the book looks at incapacity, mistake, misrepresentation and non-disclosure, duress, and illegality. The fourth part considers performance and discharge. The next part looks at damages and specific remedies. The sixth part of the book covers third parties, assignment and agency in terms of the limits of the contractual obligation.
Selwyn's Law of Employment
Authors: Emir Astra
Published: September 2020

Selwyn’s Law of Employment is regarded as essential reading by law students and practising lawyers, and those studying employment law in a business or professional environment. This edition continues Norman Selwyn’s practical approach to the subject providing a succinct account of all areas of employment law. Both individual and collective employment law issues are considered, alongside a broad range of UK and EU case law. New to this edition, the text provides coverage of new legislation including the Trade Secrets (Enforcement, etc) Regulations 2018, the Employment Rights (Miscellaneous Amendments) Regulations 2019 and the Parental Bereavement (Leave and Pay) Act 2018.
22. Policing—Powers, Accountability, and Governance
Authors: Elliott Mark , Thomas Robert
Published: September 2020

This chapter is concerned with three key constitutional issues relating to policing. First, it considers the extent and limits of the powers of the police—and, correlatively, the relevant rights of individuals. Second, it examines the arrangements for overseeing the police and holding it to account. Third, it addresses police governance, including the recent introduction of Police and Crime Commissioners and the balance between political direction and police independence.
Land Law
Authors: Bevan Chris
Published: September 2020

Academically rigorous yet welcoming and fully attuned to the needs of the student reader, Land Law represents a new breed of textbook, blending traditional and contemporary teaching approaches to guide its readers to a confident understanding of the subject. With a lively, engaging writing style and distinctive way of speaking directly to students, anticipating questions and areas of confusion, Bevan’s book does not simply set out the law but actively teaches it. Clear explanations are complemented by frequent, carefully-crafted visual aids and topics are broken down into sections that are easy to digest and navigate. “Key case” boxes offer concise insights on leading cases, spurring further reading of primary material, and “Future directions” conclusions for each chapter consider future implications and likely reforms. Balancing brevity with detail and rigour with accessibility, Land Law is a truly modern textbook that supports and motivates its readers, helping them to understand and enjoy what can be a complex subject.
International Human Rights Law
Authors: Smith Rhona K. M.
Published: September 2020

International Human Rights Law provides a concise introduction for students new to the subject. Clearly written and broad in scope, this popular text gives a concise introduction to international human rights, including regional systems of protection and the key substantive rights. The author skillfully guides you through the complexities of the subject, making it accessible to those with little or no prior legal and/or international knowledge. Key cases and areas of debate are highlighted throughout, and a wealth of references to cases and further readings are provided at the end of each chapter. The book continues to be relied upon by students worldwide as the first book to turn to for clear and accurate coverage. It discusses the United Nations; the United Nations’ organizational structure; regional protection of human rights; Europe; the Americas; Africa; key treaties and mechanisms for monitoring, implementing, and enforcing human rights; substantive rights; equality and non-discrimination; the right to life; freedom from torture; cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment or punishment; the rights to liberty of person; equality before the law; the right to a fair trial; the right to self-determination; freedom of expression; the right to work; the right to education and human rights education; minority rights; and group rights.
21. The right to education and human rights education
Authors: Smith Rhona K. M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the right to education and human rights education in international human rights law. It covers access to education, the nature of education, academic freedom, the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to education, achieving universal education on human rights, teaching non-discrimination, and the United Nations Decade of Human Rights Education.
Company Law
Authors: Dignam Alan , Lowry John
Published: September 2020

Titles in the Core Text series take the reader straight to the heart of the subject, providing focused, concise, and reliable guides for students at all levels. Company Law provides an account of the key principles of this area of law. It aims to demystify this complex subject. Chapter introductions provide summaries of various aspects of company law and further reading provide the tools for further research and study. This volume includes coverage of new case law such as Rossendale BC v Hurstwood Properties (A) Ltd [2019] EWCA Civ 364; BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA [2019] EWCA Civ 112; Global Corporate Ltd v Hale [2018] EWCA Civ 2618; Parr v Keystone Healthcare Ltd [2019] EWCA Civ 1246; Sevilleja Garcia v Marex Financial Ltd [2018] EWCA Civ 1468; and Re Sprintroom Ltd; Prescott v Potamianos [2019] EWCA Civ 932. On corporate governance the latest developments surrounding the UK Corporate Governance Code and Stewardship Developments 2020 together with Wates Corporate Governance Principles for Large Private Companies are discussed.
English Legal System
Authors: Wilson Steve , Rutherford Helen , Storey Tony , Wortley Natalie , Kotecha Birju
Published: September 2020

English Legal System gives an understanding of the operation of the law and the legal system which is essential to the laying of a solid foundation upon which to build further legal studies. After offering practical advice on how to study the English legal system, an overview is given of the nature of law, the sources of law, how the English legal system operates, the courts of England and Wales, and some of the important institutions and personnel of the law. How legislation is made and how it is interpreted are discussed. How judges make law and how this process is governed by the doctrine of judicial precedent are explored. The rule coming from a case, the ratio decidendi, and other statements of law, obiter dicta, are explained. The book considers the impact of membership of the European Union (EU) and being a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The institutions and personnel of the law, such as juries, judges, and lawyers are covered. The criminal process, from arrest to trial to sentencing, is explained and analysed. Resolution of disputes through the civil courts and tribunals is explained, as is the civil process. Alternative methods of dispute resolution, e.g. mediation and arbitration, are also considered.
Steiner & Woods EU Law
Authors: Costa Marios , Peers Steve
Published: September 2020

Now in its fourteenth edition, Steiner & Woods EU Law is regarded as a trusted EU law book. The book offers a careful blend of institutional and substantive coverage and focuses on explaining the law clearly, as well as raising areas for debate. Part I of the book charts a brief history of the development of the European Union and looks at the institutions of the Union, EU law and general principles of law. Part II provides a framework of enforcement and looks at remedies in national courts, state liability, preliminary references, direct action for annulment and union non-contractual liability. Part III considers the internal market, comprising harmonisation, customs union, free movement of goods and aspects of individuals’ free movement rights including citizenship, economic rights and social rights. It also introduces key principles relating to discrimination and competition policy. Finally, the book examines the legal issues raised by the controversial Brexit process.
Trusts & Equity
Authors: Watt Gary
Published: September 2020

This book provides a detailed and conceptual analysis of trusts and equity; concentrating on those areas of the subject that are most relevant in the contemporary arena, such as the commercial context. It utilizes expertise in teaching, writing, and researching to enliven the text with helpful analogies and memorable references to extra-legal sources such as history, literature, and film. In this way, the book also stimulates students to engage critically with concepts. This new edition is not merely updated but fully revised to include a new layout and a number of features designed to make the text even more accessible to student readers, one of which is a new context feature at the start of each chapter. This new revised edition also includes the latest legal developments, including decisions of the Supreme Court on dishonesty in relation to the civil liability of strangers to trusts (Ivey v. Genting Casinos UK Ltd (t/a Crockfords Club (2017)) and on equitable relief against forfeiture (The Manchester Ship Canal Company Ltd v. Vauxhall Motors Ltd (2019)). A great many new cases in the Court of Appeal and the High Court have been added, including twenty or more in 2019 alone. Other recent devlepments including law commission reports and academic commentary are also included. Further reading and discussion of anticipated reforms has been updated throughout in light of the latest legal developments.
Innovation, governance, and capabilities: implications for competition policy
Authors: Teece David J
Published: September 2020

Oliver Williamson’s contributions to many subfields of economics are salutary. However, he was recognized by the Nobel Laureate Committee primarily for his work on the boundaries (scale and scope) of the firm. This tribute endeavors to marry Williamson’s transaction cost economics with a capabilities framework to obtain new insights into how the scope and scale of technology companies influence their competitive performance in today’s digital economy. The role of big data and learning are highlighted. Strong implications for competition policy, and for management, emerge from the fusion of the two frameworks. Such fusion yields a more granular view of management and policy issues but requires the policy analyst to understand not just industrial economics but also the technology management literature which also has useful insights for competition policy and regulatory professionals.
Effects of sphere suspension on echosounder calibrations
Authors: Renfree Josiah S , Andersen Lars N , Macaulay Gavin , Sessions Thomas S , Demer David A
Published: September 2020

Echosounders may be calibrated by suspending a solid metal sphere in the acoustic beam and adjusting the system gain so that the measured target strength (TS) equals the theoretical value for the sphere. The suspension apparatus (i.e. net bag or loop of line glued into a hole, and control lines) may appreciably scatter sound, potentially affecting the sphere-echo intensity and phase, and hence the calibration uncertainty. Here, we characterize the effects of conventional suspension materials and configurations on measurements of sphere TS and recommend approaches to mitigate the observed effects on echosounder calibrations. We show that the effects of suspension lines on both calibration accuracy and precision change with line type and increase with line diameter and acoustic frequencies above ∼100 kHz. Compared to commonly used polyamide (nylon) line, ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (PE) line has an acoustic impedance closer to that of water and therefore has a lessened effect on measurements of sphere TS. The effects may be mitigated in a practical manner using a 0.38-mm diameter, multifilament, PE line for the suspension.
To have and to hold: Emotional distress, divorce denial, and the politics of interspousal torts
Authors: Starr Keshet
Published: September 2020

While domestic abuse can manifest itself in many forms, one example of abuse within the divorce process is the denial of the religious divorce. In Jewish law, the parties must transact a bill of divorce (known as a get) before they are divorced. If a spouse refuses to cooperate with this process, they limit their former partner’s ability to date and remarry within the community, effectively maintaining coercive control post-divorce. This article will examine whether or not victims of get refusal would be able to recover monetary awards under the tort doctrine of Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress (IIED). This article will argue that while the facts of get refusal meet the central elements of the tort of IIED, these cases are unlikely to succeed in most states due to the court system’s reluctance to apply IIED to interspousal torts. The reasons behind this hesitation draw on the complex history of domestic abuse and tort law, and historical legal prioritizations of family privacy over abuse victims’ safety. Additionally, I will explore the history of the IIED tort as a vehicle for social change and examine how IIED can still play that role today. Ultimately, I will argue for the necessity of courts’ abandoning lasting vestiges of the marital privacy doctrine and providing redress to victims of this insidious form of domestic abuse.
On the convergence of a finite volume method for the Navier–Stokes–Fourier system
Authors: Feireisl Eduard , Lukáčová-Medviďová Mária , Mizerová Hana , She Bangwei
Published: September 2020

The goal of the paper is to study the convergence of finite volume approximations of the Navier–Stokes–Fourier system describing the motion of compressible, viscous and heat-conducting fluids. The numerical flux uses upwinding with an additional numerical diffusion of order $\mathcal O(h^{ \varepsilon +1})$, $0<\varepsilon <1$. The approximate solutions are piecewise constant functions with respect to the underlying polygonal mesh. We show that the numerical solutions converge strongly to the classical solution as long as the latter exists. On the other hand, any uniformly bounded sequence of numerical solutions converges unconditionally to the classical solution of the Navier–Stokes–Fourier system without assuming a priori its existence. A similar unconditional convergence result is obtained for a sequence of numerical solutions with uniformly bounded densities and temperatures if the bulk viscosity vanishes.
Evaluation of Dry and Wet Formulations of Oxalic Acid, Thymol, and Oregano Oil for Varroa Mite (Acari: Varroidae) Control in Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies
Authors: Sabahi Qodratollah , Morfin Nuria , Emsen Berna , Gashout Hanan A , Kelly Paul G , Otto Stephanie , Merrill A Rod , Guzman-Novoa Ernesto
Published: September 2020

The efficacy and safety of dry and wet formulations of three nonsynthetic compounds, oxalic acid (OA), thymol (T), and oregano oil (OO), for the control of Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman infestations in honey bee (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) colonies were determined. The treatments were OA in dust, OA diluted in glycerin solvent embedded in a towel, T in dust, T in glycerin solvent and towel, OO in dry microcapsules, OO in glycerin solvent and towel, and the control. The treatments were applied weekly for 4 wk during the fall season. The rates of acaricide efficacy, weekly mite fall, bee mortality, colony survivorship, and strength, were determined for each of the treatments. All formulations, with the exemption of OO microcapsules, were effective at controlling infestations of V. destructor. The most effective formulations were T dust (96.6%), T glycerin (92.4%), and OA glycerin (79%). More than 85% of the mites were killed during the first 2 wk of treatment with T formulations, compared to less than 30% for the OA glycerin formulation. The lowest efficacy rate was for OO microcapsules (21.3%), and the only treatment that significantly increased bee mortality was OA glycerin. The rates of winter colony survival and honey bee populations were related to the varroacidal efficacy of the formulations. The implications of these findings are discussed.
How do firms in co-located clusters interact? Evidence from Greater Montreal
Authors: Turkina Ekaterina , Van Assche Ari , Doloreux David
Published: September 2020

We developed a theoretical framework to explore how firms agglomerate and develop linkages within and across co-located clusters in a competitive urban economy. We applied our framework to Montreal, where we analyzed relationships among its aerospace, information technology and artificial intelligence firms. Using network community structure analysis, we show that firm linkages largely agglomerate within industrial lines. However, there are important nuances. Clusters themselves are not homogeneous and firms specializing in similar or complementary technological subfields develop denser connections with each other. Moreover, technological similarity and complementarity, as well as a common business context, force some groups of firms to develop linkages across clusters, creating significant overlap across certain industries.
Women in extraordinary times: the impact of external jolts on professional women’s careers
Authors: Cohen Laurie , Duberley Joanne
Published: September 2020

This article examines the impact of external jolts on professional women’s careers. Although scholars have begun to address the role of context in career, little research has addressed the effects of unexpected and uncontrollable events. This is regrettable, particularly in the light of the current pandemic that appears to be impacting on us in hitherto unimaginable ways. We draw on the accounts of women professionals who appeared on the iconic BBC radio programme, Desert Island Discs. Our study culminates in two contributions: the first relates to the interplay of structure and agency in women’s accounts of jolts and their response. The second argues that jolts trigger changes in the career imagination, and potentially in professional landscapes themselves.
Case reports: mild COVID-19 infection and acute arterial thrombosis
Authors: Osilli Dixon , Pavlovica Jelena , Mane Rashi , Ibrahim Mohammed , Bouhelal Amina , Jacob Sabu
Published: September 2020

We present two cases of acute arterial thrombosis in patients who were confirmed to be SARS-CoV-2 positive. Neither of the patients had a background of underlying vascular morbidity. At the time of presentation, both patients exhibited only mild respiratory symptoms of COVID-19. After initial assessment and work-up, both patients underwent surgery for their respective vascular pathologies. They both did well post-operatively and were discharged home. This is an unusual presentation of acute arterial thrombosis in two patients with only mild symptoms of COVID-19 infection.
Primary ectopic Merkel cell carcinoma without skin involvement—report of a case with prolonged survival
Authors: Effraimidou Eleni , Kofina Konstantinia , Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Chatzipantelis Paschalis , Karanikas Michael , Lyratzopoulos Nicolaos
Published: September 2020

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare neuroendocrine malignancy that arises from the dermis, in cases of immunocompromised, middle-aged patients or on skin exposed to sunlight. It only rarely presents in extra-cutaneous locations. We present the case of a 63-year-old female with a mass in the adipose tissue of the upper arm, without skin involvement and concurrent axillary lymph node enlargement. She was treated with wide excision and lymph node dissection; pathology led to the diagnosis of Merkel cell carcinoma, and she was subsequently submitted to adjuvant radiotherapy. No signs of recurrence are present 8 years postoperatively. Primary Merkel cell carcinoma can rarely be located in the adipose tissue without skin involvement. In cases of high suspicion, preoperative MRI scan can show the extent of the lesion, as well as lymph metastases.
Infarcted ligamentum teres hepatis lipoma mimicking acute abdomen in a female patient: a case report and mini-review of the literature
Authors: Bangeas P , Bitzika S , Loufopoulos P , Drevelegkas K , Papadopoulos V N
Published: September 2020

Lipomas of the ligamentum teres hepatis are extremely uncommon. There have been only a few cases reported in the literature, including lipomas of the falciform ligament of the liver. Here we report a case of torsion and infarction of a lipoma of the ligamentum teres hepatis in a 43-year-old female patient, who presented with acute epigastric pain, nausea and vomiting. Diagnosis was based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Patient underwent exploratory laparoscopy followed by laparoscopic excision of the infracted lipoma. Finally, we also provide a mini-review of the literature in order to highlight that although rare, this pathology should be included in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen.