bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Acknowledgment of Individual Autonomy in European Digital Legislation: From Meta-Principle to Explicit Protection in the Data Act
Authors: Gartner Maximilian
Published: February 2023

Individual autonomy has been explicitly recognized in the European Union’s 2022 Data Act proposal. This article shows that such unprecedented inclusion of autonomy in an EU regulatory framework targeting the digital domain marks a paradigm shift for digital-sector legislation away from mostly tacit recognition of autonomy as a meta-principle to a more aggressive regulatory posture. It contextualizes this nascent development by highlighting the turn towards the protection of mental privacy in recent sector-relevant legislation and investigates the intent and scope of Article 6 of the Data Act proposal in light of an increasing regulatory focus on so-called dark patterns.
Low-dimensional structures in silicon and diamond implanted with high-energy ions
Authors: Ali Noor Hussein
Published: February 2023

Using the method of electronic paramagnetic resonance, the monocrystalline samples of silicon and of natural diamond implanted with high-energy ion was studied. The local magnetic ordering of a system of unpaired electrons has been discovered.
Synthesis and studying of structural, surface topography and optical properties of Mgx Zn1-xO thin Films by spray pyrolysis method
Authors: D. Jaafer Mustafa
Published: February 2023

In the present paper, MgxZn1-xO thin films were synthesized with a wide composition range x=(0.25, 0.5, 0.75) using a spray polyposis technique at 450 °C. The X-ray data analysis revealed that the films were polycrystalline with hexagonal and cubic structures. The preferential orientation of all films was absorbed along (002). Structural parameter such as average crystallite size, dislocation density and micro-striation were also investigated. AFM results show that the surface topography and the surface quality of the deposited thin film can be controlled by the Mg2+ content of MgxZn1-xO thin films. The UV-Visible analysis show that the optical absorption values decrease with the increase of Mg2+ concentration. It is observed that the band gap increases as the Mg2+ concentration increases. The reflectance spectra of MgxZn1-xO thin films shifted towards the lower wavelength with the increase of Mg2+ concentration. The extinction coefficient was slightly decreased and shifted towards higher energies with the increase of Mg2+ contents. These results demonstrate the high quality of single crystal MgxZn1-xO films and their potential in high-performance deep ultraviolet optoelectronic devices.
Preparation of Titanium dioxide Nano powder and deposits the powder on Titanium slides
Authors: Hasaan Khalidah
Published: February 2023

The research aims to prepare titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle powder in a chemically based method depending on the principle of top-to-bottom construction, and to use the prepared powder to coat titanium strips and study their properties for medical applications. The powder was prepared by the reaction of titanium trichloride with ammonium hydroxide and by appropriate standard conditions of temperature and pressure, and then put the reaction product from the previous process in an ultrasonic device where the solution turns into a colloidal white-colored state. Synthetic tests were performed using X-ray diffraction technique, results showed the presence of titanium dioxide granules with residues of ammonium compounds, we also examined the granular size of this foam liquid and the particle sizes were in micrometers. The prepared compound is placed in a centrifuge machine where we obtain a white powder and then dry it in a 100 ° C. The atomic force microscopy tests showed that the granular volume of the prepared TiO2 was about 80-60 nanometers. A titanium strip was coated with a thin layer of the prepared nonmetric powder. The corrosion tests were performed for the slide. The curves of the open circuit and the tafel show an improvement in the metal behavior after coating with the powder, which increases its resistance to corrosion
Labor migration and its impact on economic status
Authors: Shrestha Mohan Kumar
Published: February 2023

The present study entitled Labor Migration and its Impact in Bhaktapur has been carried out with the main objective to identify the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of international labor migrants' households, This study was conducted by applying descriptive type of research by using survey based research design. International labour migration is a process which is very significant. Remittance from abroad is supporting the national economy to a great extent. Unemployment is a burning issue and foreign employment is providing employment to many from across Nepal. Foreign currency has weight and with the high exchange rate it can really be rewarding Work and Wage is mostly determined by skill, education and fluency. People are surviving and at the same time hoping that sooner or later foreign employment will be a blessing. It is just a matter of years spend abroad by the migrants that will improve the economic condition of the respective households. Level of income for migrant households has increased but expenditure also increased respectively. Standard of living and quality of food are raised of their family. Unemployment lack of agricultural land and poverty are important factors for emigration associated with origin. Likewise, high wage rate, easy availability of unskilled works and no need of higher education other important factors associated destination. Some positive and negative impacts also seem in foreign employment.
Virtual diplomacy: a dominant mode of foreign policy conduct in the covid-19 world
Authors: Magar Gyan Bahadur
Published: February 2023

Diplomacy provides an important framework for negotiation and cooperation on pertinent issues of bilateral, regional, and global importance among state and non-state actors in the international community. As machinery to implement foreign policy discourse for realizing the core national interests of a country, its importance in the statecraft and global governance is considerably crucial at all times. Given the global adverse impacts of COVID-19 and consequential stringent measures taken up by countries, seamless movements of people across national frontiers have been largely limited. In the pre-COVID scenario, both state and non-state actors engaged more in direct diplomatic intercourses than in virtual ones whereas virtual diplomacy continues to gain ground even in the present New Normal. This article critically examines whether virtual diplomacy remains a dominant mode of inter-state behavior in the COVID-19 context, and also endeavors to assess the future of virtual diplomacy in post-COVID global politics. For this research analysis purpose, qualitative research methodologies such as content analysis, collection of qualitative data through a survey among professionals involved in diplomatic and non-diplomatic fields, and empirical data on Nepal’s virtual and non-virtual diplomatic engagements based on press releases published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal in 2020 are primarily used.
अध्यात्म र मानव जीवन {Spirituality and Human Life}
Authors: न्यौपाने Neupane ताराप्रसाद Taraprasad
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख अध्यात्म र मानव जीवनसँग सम्बन्धित रहेको छ । यस लेख अन्तर्गत अध्यात्म के हो ? पूर्वीय दर्शनले दुःख, धर्म, कर्म, पाप, प्रारब्ध, लोभ, मोह क्रोधबाट जीवनलाई कसरी मुक्ति प्राप्त गर्न सकिन्छ भन्ने कुराको समीक्षण गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनको उद्देश्यका रूपमा अध्यात्म र मानव जीवनको सम्बन्ध पहिल्याउनु, अध्यात्म र भौतिकवादले सृष्टि, जन्म, मृत्यु, सुख, दुःख र प्रारब्धबारे विवेचना गर्नु रहेको छ । जीवनलाई कसरी सुख, शान्त, आनन्दमय बनाउन सकिन्छ, सांसारिक मायाजालबाट कसरी मुक्ति मिल्दछ । सम्पूर्ण पाश्चात्य र पूर्वीय दर्शनले मानवजीवनलाई हेर्ने दृष्टिकोण केलाउनु रहेको छ । आजको मानव जीवन, हाम्रा चार ओटै धर्म, पूर्वी र पश्चिमी दुवै दर्शनको एउटै लक्ष्य सुखको खोजी गर्नु रहेको छ । आज अध्यात्म र विज्ञानको समन्वय गरी यस संसारलाई समृद्ध बनाउन सकिने कुरामा जोड दिइएको पाइन्छ । {The presented article is related to spirituality and human life. What is spirituality under this article? Eastern philosophy has reviewed how life can be freed from suffering, religion, karma, sin, desire, greed, and anger. The purpose of the present study is to find the relationship between spirituality and human life, to discuss about creation, birth, death, happiness, sorrow and predestination by spirituality and materialism. How can life be made happy, peaceful, joyful, how can one be freed from worldly illusions. All western and eastern philosophies have different views on human life. Human life today, our four religions, both Eastern and Western philosophies have the same goal of seeking happiness. Today, it is emphasized that this world can be enriched by coordinating spirituality and science.}
आधारभूत तहमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीहरुको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमता
Authors: रिजाल Rijal अम्बिकादेवी Ambikadevi
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत आलेखमा आधारभूत तहमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीहरुको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमताको अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यसमा आधारभूत तह अन्तर्गत कक्षा सातमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थीहरूको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमताको पहिचान गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखको उद्देश्य विद्यार्थीहरुको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमता पहिचान गर्नु, भाषिक पृष्ठभूमि, विद्यालय प्रकृति र लैङ्गिकताका आधारमा कक्षा सातमा अध्ययनरत् विद्यार्थीहरुको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमता पहिचान गर्नु रहेको छ । यसमा परिमाणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचाको अनुप्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस लेखको तयारीका क्रममा क्षेत्रीय अध्ययन पद्धतिको प्रयोग गरी सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । यस लेखको तयारीका क्रममा प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक स्रोतबाट सामग्री सङ्कलन गरिएको छ । अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमता सम्बन्धी जम्मा १० पूर्णाङ्कको प्रश्नावली निर्माण गरी परीक्षण गर्दा विद्यार्थीहरुको अनुच्छेद लेखनमा सहभागी विद्यार्थीहरुबाट लेखिएको अनुच्छेद मध्यम स्तरको रहेको देखिन्छ । भाषिक पृष्ठभूमीका आधारमा अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमताको तुलना गर्दा दोस्रो नेपाली भाषीहरुको तुलनामा पहिलो नेपालीभाषी विद्यार्थीहरुको लेखन क्षमता केही उच्च रहेको पाइएको छ । लैङ्गिकतको आधारमा अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमताको तुलना गर्दा छात्र विद्यार्थीहरुको तुलनामा छात्रा विद्यार्थीहरुको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमता केही बढी प्रतिशत अगाडि रहेको छ । विद्यालय प्रकृतिको आधारमा हेर्दा निजि विद्यालयको भन्दा सामुदायिक विद्यालयको अनुच्छेद लेखन क्षमता माथि रहेको निष्कर्ष प्राप्त भएको छ । प्रस्तुत लेखले निर्दिष्ट विषय क्षेत्रमा अध्ययन, अनुसन्धान गर्न चाहने तथा यसविषयमा सरोकार राख्नेहरूलाई नीतिगत तथा प्रयोगात्मक तहमा सहयोग पुर्याउने विश्वास गरिएको छ ।
माग्नेको गीत कवितामा ध्वन्यार्थ
Authors: भण्डारी Bhandari शकुन्तला Shakuntala
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत अध्ययन ‘माग्नेको गीत’ कवितामा निहित ध्वन्यार्थको अध्ययनसँग सम्बन्धित रहेको छ । ‘माग्नेको गीत’ कविताको शीर्षक ,पद÷पदावली र प्रकरणमा के कस्तो ध्वन्यार्थ रहेको छ भन्ने जिज्ञासालाई पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययन कार्यको अनुशासनमा बसी सङ्कलन गरिएको सामग्रीलाई गुणात्मक अनुसन्धान ढाँचाको अनुप्रयोग गरी समीक्षण गरिएको छ । निम्न वर्गका अतिशय उत्पीडन अभिव्यञ्जित भएको ‘माग्नेको गीत’ कवितामा मान्छेले मान्छेलाई हेला, घृणा र शोषण गर्नु हुँदैन, सहयोग गरी आत्मीयता देखाउनु पर्छ भन्नु नै यसको ध्वन्यार्थ हो । अतः उक्त कवितामा प्रयुक्त साक्ष्यबाट अभिव्यञ्जित अर्थ ध्वनि सिद्धान्तका दृष्टिले उत्कृष्ट रहेको आकलन गर्न सकिन्छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन कार्यबाट ध्वन्यार्थसँग सम्बन्धित क्षेत्रमा अध्ययन गर्ने अध्येताहरूलाई अपेक्षित सहयोग मिल्ने विश्वास लिइएको छ ।
माध्यमिक नेपाली भाषापाठ्यक्रमको समीक्षात्मक मूल्याङ्कन {Critical evaluation of secondary Nepali language course}
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari भारती Bharati
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख माध्यमिक नेपाली भाषापाठ्यक्रमको समीक्षासँग सम्बन्धित रहेको छ । यस लेखमा पाठ्यक्रम विकास केन्द्रद्वारा वि. सं. २०७१ सालमा माध्यमिक तह कक्षा ९ र १० का लागि निर्मित नेपाली भाषापाठ्यक्रमको तत्वगत समीक्षा गरिएको छ । यस आलेखको उद्देश्य माध्यमिक नेपाली भाषापाठ्यक्रमको समीक्षण गर्नु, भाषापाठ्यक्रमको परिचय दिनु, अङ्गहरु तथा समीक्षाका आधारहरु निरुपण गर्नु, तत्वगत विवेचना गर्नु, सबल र दुर्वल पक्षहरु निरुपण गर्नु रहेका छन् । यसमा भाषापाठ्यक्रमका तत्व अन्तर्गत पाठ्यक्रमको परिचय, तहगत सक्षमता, कक्षागत सिकाइ उपलब्धि, विधाको क्षेत्र, क्रम तथा विस्तृतीकरण, सिकाई सहजीकरण प्रक्रिया र मूल्याङ्कन प्रक्रियाको चर्चा गरिएको छ । भाषापाठ्यक्रमलाई समयसापेक्ष बनाउने प्रयत्न गरिएको, पाठ्यक्रमलाई उपयोगी, प्रयोगात्मक र व्यावहारिक बनाइएको, भाषिक सक्षमतालाई महत्व दिइएको, सिपमा आधारित भई सिकाइ उपलब्धि निर्धारण गरिएको क्षमता अभिवृद्धि गर्न रचनामुखी विषयवस्तु राखिएको, विधा तथा पाठ्य विषयको छनोट र स्तरणगत उपयुक्ततामा पर्याप्त ध्यान दिइएको नस्ता निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ ।
पढाइ सीप शिक्षणका सन्दर्भमा पठन संस्कृति {Reading culture in the context of teaching reading skills}
Authors: सोडारी Sodari सुजन Sujan
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख पढाइ सीप शिक्षणका सन्दर्भमा पठन संस्कृतिसँग सम्बन्धित रहेको छ । यस लेखमा भाषिक सिप शिक्षणको परिचय, आवश्यकता, पढाइ सिप शिक्षणको सन्दर्भमा पठन संस्कृतिको फाइदा र विकासका आधारहरूको बारेमा चर्चा गर्नु यस लेखको प्रमुख उद्देश्य रहेको छ । यो अध्ययन गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानमा आधारित रहेको छ । यस लेखमा वर्णनात्मक र विश्लेषणात्मक विधिको उपयोग गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा द्वितीय स्रोतको सामग्रीको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । पठन संस्कृतिको विकास गर्नका लागि बालबालिकाहरूमा पढ्ने बानीको विकास गर्नु जरुरी छ । विद्यार्थीहरूमा पठनरुचि बढ्दै जाने र त्यसले अन्तत: समग्र शिक्षण सिकाइमै सकारात्मक प्रभाव पार्ने सुनिश्चित हुनेहुनाले पठनमैत्री वातावरण सिर्जना गर्नुपर्छ । पठन संस्कृतिले मानिसलाई अध्ययनशील बनाउन सहयोग गर्छ । यसले विद्यार्थीको पढाइमा समेत सकारात्मक नतिजा ल्याउन सहयोग पुग्दछ । विद्यार्थीको ज्ञानको भण्डार फराकिलो हुनुको साथै उसमा अनुभव र परिपक्कता जस्ता सद्गुणको पनि विकास हुन्छ । विद्यार्थीमा सिर्जनशीलता र कल्पनाशीलताको प्रचुर विकास हुन्छ । नैतिक चरित्रवान व्यक्तित्व निर्माण गर्न पनि पठन संस्कृतिले कुनै न कुनै किसिमले सहयोग गरिरहेकै हुन्छ । घर, समाज र विद्यालयमा पठनमैत्रि वातावरण बनाउन विशेष जोड दिनु पर्दछ । अत: शिक्षक, विद्यालय परिवार र अभिभावकको पठन संस्कृतिको विकासमा ठूलो भूमिका रहेको हुन्छ । प्रस्तुत लेखबाट पठन संस्कृतिको बारेमा सैद्धान्तिक जानकारी लिन चाहने सम्बद्ध सरोकारवालाका लागि सहयोग पुग्ने विश्वास लिइएको छ l
Cultural and Sexual Violence on Women: Reading Sidhwa’s Cracking India
Authors: Gautam Mani Bhadra
Published: February 2023

The traumatic history of the partition violence of 1947-48 reveals the causes and consequences of religious conflict among Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. People biased the social and socio-cultural activities of another religious group and practiced taking revenge against each-other’s religion that finally proved as a cause to divide the nation. The power exercise took side of the gender politics that victimized the women. Pain and suffering of women is emanating from the cases of abduction, seduction, rape and conversion of women of different ages including widows and teenagers from the sides of Hindu-Sikh on the one hand and Muslims on the other hand. Lack of cultural consciousness and the sexual violence, for instance, parading, mutilating, disfiguring, tattooing or branding and amputating the breasts knifing open the womb, raping and killing, of course, are shocking not only for its savagery, but for what it tells us about women as objects in the male constructed society as it is done from whatever the cultural community that belongs to. The violence suffered the people of each-other community but targeted the women more from both the communities as Sikhs seem much closer to the Hindu than the Muslims. A gender based revision of the history of partition of India foregrounds female victimhood and critiques the recovery and rehabilitation operation. Thus this study centers on feminist study with the theoretical support of Aparna Basu, Ritu Menon, Kamla Bhasin, and Urbashi Butalia.
Cohabitation: Conceptual Significance and Practical Inconsistency
Authors: Uprety Mina Devi
Published: February 2023

Non-marital cohabitation is a rapidly rising universal phenomenon in this modern era. The post-modern or capitalist society, the concepts of relationships between man and woman particularly the way of thinking towards cohabitation or living relationship has seen a drastic change. The issue of cohabitation from a sociological perspective to comprehend the nature of such a shifting structure of marriage. In this context, to know the rise in rates of cohabitation and its different meanings and implications in related to the way of life in terms of personal and social relationships and consequences. It is more rational to rethink in these types of meanings and implications particularly in marriage systems. There is different social meaning and cultural significance between traditional marriage system and newly emerged cohabitation practice. This paper tries to analyze the conceptual debate and practical contradiction of cohabitation and conventional marriage system. Likewise, this study provides an analysis of causes and consequences of cohabitation in existing societies.
Demographic Effect on Engaged Learning Practice of Undergraduate Students
Authors: Upadhyaya Indra Raj
Published: February 2023

Student engagement is viewed as learners’ attention, interest, investment, and effort students expend in their work of learning. Studies and research in the field of education have revealed that students' engaged learning methods in science are increasingly focusing on aspects like behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify engaged learning and demographic influences on such practices. The study was carried out with a sample of. A Likert scale-type questionnaire of 30 items was employed with 88 undergraduate students studying chemistry on two campuses of Kathmandu. Students were found to have better engagement in all dimensions of engagement. They showed higher behavioral engaged learning practice as compared to other two dimensions. No differences were established between behavioral engagement and gender, ethnicity, and religion. Similar findings were established for cognitive and emotional engagement practices. The implications of the findings were examined, including their value for future researchers in the same field of study, science teachers, and policymakers.
Dowry Practice among Madheshi Community of Dhanusha District of Nepal Continuity and Change
Authors: Yadav Leelawati
Published: February 2023

Dowry system is a burning issue in the Nepalese and Indian society. In Nepal, dowry practice is more prevalent in the Tarai region in the border areas between Nepal and India. Dowry practice has been found mostly in higher caste and higher educated family of Madheshi people. Among them Yadav and Sah Caste has its higher and higher practices. They have been found to giving continuity of dowry to main social prestige and can't leave the social cultures that have strongly rooted in Madheshi community. It is difficult and bad situation of Tarai in regards of women violence that is directly and indirectly interlinked with dowry practice. So in this article I argued that practice of dowry is increasing day by day but the cases are in hidden way. Based on key informants this study highly demands for removing of this dowry practice from Tarai. It is needed of further research activity, effective formulation and implementation of government Laws & Policies and to punish those who are directly and indirectly involved in giving and taking dowry. Thus way it is expected that the life of young married girls could be saved in the Tarai region of Nepal, particularly in my study area.
समकालीन नेपाली कविताको संस्कृतिपरक अन्तर्विषयकता {Cultural Intersubjectivity of Contemporary Nepali Poetry}
Authors: अधिकारी Adhikari ज्ञानु Gyanu
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत अनुसन्धानात्मक लेख समकालीन नेपाली कविताको संस्कृतिपरक अन्तविर्षयकताको अध्ययनमा केन्द्रित भएर तयार पारिएको हो । यसरी अध्ययन गर्ने क्रममा समकालीन नेपाली कविताका रूपमा पछिल्लो समय प्रकाशित कवितासङ्ग्रहमा सङ्गृहीत प्रतिनिधिमूलक कवितालाई अध्ययनको आधार बनाइएको छ । नेपाली साहित्यका अन्य विधामा जस्तै समकालीन नेपाली कवितामा पनि अन्तर्विषयकताको प्रयोग भएको छ । साहित्यको विषयवस्तुभित्र साहित्येतर विषयहरू अन्तर्वस्तुका रूपमा प्रयोग हुनुलाई अन्तर्विषयकता भनिन्छ । विश्वसाहित्यमा सन्१९६० पछि उत्तरआधुनिक बहुलवादी सिद्धान्त र सांस्कृतिक अध्ययनको विकासका क्रममा अन्तर्विषयक समालोचनाको विकास भएको हो । साहित्यमा अन्तर्विषयकताको प्रयोग हुन थालेपछि यसप्रकारको साहित्यको अध्ययन–विश्लेषण गर्नका लागि अन्तर्विषयक समालोचनाको आरम्भ भएको हो । समकालीन नेपाली कवितामा संस्कृतिपरक अन्तर्विषयकताको प्रयोग केकसरी भएको छ ? भन्ने प्राज्ञिक जिज्ञासा समाधान गर्ने उद्देश्यले तयार पारिएको यस अनुसन्धानलेखमा संस्कृतिपरक अन्तर्विषयकताका अवधारणाको उपयोग गरिएको छ । समकालीन नेपाली कवितामा संस्कृतिपरक अन्तर्विषयकताका विभिन्न पक्षहरुको प्रयोग भए पनि यस अनुसन्धानात्मक आलेखमा परम्परागत संस्कृति, निर्मित संस्कृति र जातीय संस्कृति गरी संस्कृतिका तीनवटा पक्षलाई मात्र विश्लेषणको आधार बनाइएको छ । समकालीन नेपाली कवितामा संस्कृतिपरक अन्तर्विषयकता प्रभावकारी रूपमा आएको र यसले कवितालाई बहुआयामिक, बौद्धिक, गहन र स्तरीय बनाएको निष्कर्ष यस अनुसन्धानात्मक लेखमा निकालिएको छ ।
नेपालको द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापनका सहयोगी तर विस्मृत पात्र र पक्षहरु {Helpful but forgotten characters and aspects of Nepal's conflict management}
Authors: शर्मा Sharma बालानन्द Balananda
Published: February 2023

बिक्रम सम्बत २०५२ (सन् १९९६) बाट तत्कालीन नेकपा (माओवादी)ले सुरु गरेको सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वले गर्दा नेपालमा जुन परिमाणमा मानवीय, सामाजिक र आर्थिक चोट र पीडा पर्न गयो त्यसको पूर्ण तथ्य बाहिर आउने सम्भावना न्यून छ । द्वन्द्वले साधारण नागरिकको जीवन प्रणाली नराम्ररी बिथोल्यो, हजारौं परिवार बिचल्लीमा परे र अनाहकमा धेरैले मृत्यु–वरण गर्नुपर्यो। कतिको सिन्दुर पुछियो, नाबालक टुहुरा बने, कमाउने व्यक्ति अस्ताउंदा वृद्ध र बालक सडकमा धकेलिए । त्यस्तै, सशस्त्र द्वन्द्वले नित्याएको मनोवैज्ञानिक दुष्प्रभावको सही लेखा जोखा पनि कहिल्यै हुन सकेन । हरेक नेपालीले द्वन्द्व जतिसक्दो चांडो टुङ्गियोस् भन्ने चाहना राखेका थिए । राज्यमा नेपालीले नेपालीलाई नै मार्ने क्रम रोकिनु पथ्र्यो, धेरैको ज्यान गएपछि मात्र रोकियो। यस क्रममा स्वदेशी र विदेशी धेरै व्यक्ति र संगठनले आफ्नो स्तरबाट खेल्न सक्ने भूमिका निर्वाह गरे र न्यायोचित जस पनि लिए । तर मुलुकमा थप रक्तपात जोगाउन अन्य अनगिन्ति व्यक्ति वा समूहले पनि अनौपचारिक वा औपचारिक तहमा आ–आफ्नो तर्फबाट अहम भूमिका निर्वाह गरे, तर नेपथ्यमै रहे। त्यस्ता गुणकारी व्यक्ति वा संस्थालाई यथोचित नमन गर्नै पर्दछ । यसै सन्दर्भमा, नेपालको शान्ति प्रक्रियामा प्रत्यक्ष वा परोक्षरुपले सम्झनयोग्य भूमिका निर्वाह गरी थप रक्तपात हुनबाट नेपाली समाजलाई जोगाएका केही पात्र र पक्षहरुकाबारे प्रस्तुत लेखमा केही चर्चा गर्ने प्रयास गरिएको छ ।

{Due to the armed conflict started by the then CPN (Maoist) from Bikram Sambat 2052 (year 1996) in Nepal, JuneHuman, social and economic injuries and pain have been inflicted on the scale, and the full truth is unlikely to come outis The conflict has severely disrupted the lives of ordinary citizens, leaving thousands of families stranded and helplessMany had to die. Whose vermilion has been wiped away, minors have become orphans, old people and children have lost their livelihood Pushed into the street. Similarly, there will never be an accurate account of the psychological effects of armed conflictcould not Every Nepali wanted the conflict to end as soon as possible. Nepali to Nepali in the state The killing process had to be stopped, it was stopped only after many people died. In this process, many people, domestic and foreign, and The organization played the role it could play at its level and took whatever was justified. But more in the country Countless other individuals or groups also do their part, informally or formally, to prevent bloodshed Played an important role, but remained in the background. Such meritorious persons or institutions should be properly bowed down. In this context, more bloodshed by directly or indirectly playing a memorable role in Nepal's peace process In this article, an attempt has been made to discuss some of the characters and aspects that saved Nepali society from happening.}
Geo-psychology of Nepal as a ‘Small State’
Authors: Pulami Manish Jung
Published: February 2023

What is ‘small’ in the small states? What is the geo-psychology of Nepal as a small state? Scholars have not been able to conclude what is ‘small’ in small states. The economy, population, territory, and military elements have been regarded as criteria responsible for the smallness of the small states. The study has investigated the psychological ‘self’ and ‘forced’ positioning as a small state. Further, the study argues that the smallness in Nepal is the psychological construction determined by the geographical positioning of the country as well as through social phenomena of interaction (cognitive process) and experiential form. The study forwards the argument that Nepal as a small state is the outcome of the geopolitical reasoning and geopolitical imagination of the ‘other’. The smallness of Nepal is intersubjective, a psychological construct, which was shaped through shared experience, particularly in relation to the neighbours. The study contests the traditional idea of quantitative analysis of smallness in a state, unfolding the collective national psyche of small states which are mainly impacted by geography and intersubjective interactions. Furthermore, the study’s conceptual framework is based on the idea of ‘geopsychology’, which takes ‘geography’ as a determining factor of state psychology. The qualitative study examines the origin of smallness in Nepal using secondary data sources from academic journals, books, reports, and online platforms.
Environment and Culture: Adaptations that have Shaped Nepal
Authors: Rai Anu
Published: February 2023

Nepal has a wide variety of environmental conditions owing to its unique geographical position, wide ranging altitude (59 m to 8848.86 m), and diverse climatic conditions. To adapt to such environmental conditions, different cultural practices have been adopted; specific cultures enabled harmonization with the environment. In this study, I have discussed how different cultural practices came into being because of diverse environmental conditions in Nepal. I have shed light on select cultural practices of different ethnic groups enabling adaptation to the environment. Conversely, I have also provided instances of how cultural practices have shaped the environment settings. To undertake this study, I have employed literature review on ecological anthropology of Nepal. Key Informant Interviews and observations have further complemented the study. The study helps to understand the prominent role of environmental conditions in shaping cultural practice in Nepal. This informs the cultural resilience that Nepalese society have exhibited over time and provides an appreciation of environmental cultural relations.
Umpiring Technology and Tactical and Strategic Privacy in Cricket
Authors: DC Suman
Published: February 2023

Each sport has an allotted area for innovative tactics and strategies, while some sports go beyond the sporting rules and regulations. The use of present-day technologies in sports has helped teams and management better understand their rivals’ strategies and tactics through tactical and strategic analysis, and the teams always look for such type of resources to prepare their teams accordingly. The use of sports technology at various levels, from training to officiating a match, itself might reveal a team’s tactics and strategies to its opponents and to a greater group, which could influence the team’s plan and the way it has been executed. For an instance, different umpiring technologies are used in the sports like cricket to execute the game in a fair manner. Imagine a scenario where umpiring technology invades the privacy of the players' tactics and strategies by disclosing them while officiating the game. In the meantime, the implementation of umpiring technology has not been investigated from the perspective of athletes’ tactical and strategic privacy. Therefore, this research paper aims to investigate the dimensions of umpiring technology in sports in relation to strategic and tactical privacy and to imply how the responsible uses of sports technology can be made for the betterment of overall sports. In the process, this research investigates concepts of strategy, tactics, and privacy in relation to pertinent ideas like gamesmanship in sports. Following that, these concepts are applied in a couple of cases in international cricket matches, demonstrating whether the sports technology can reveal a team’s tactical and strategic privacy to various parties. In a broader sense, this research can assist individuals in comprehending various aspects of using sports technology responsibly.
Evolution of Nepal’s National Security Council and National Security Policy
Authors: Sharma Rajendra
Published: February 2023

In a democratic system, there is a discussion about who will be the "guardian of the guards." For this, the military is made answerable to the parliament and parliamentary oversight bodies are established to make military affairs transparent and accountable to the civilian government. Democratic countries have adopted security policies in which the civilian government controls security strategy and priorities, which were previously handled by the military. A high-level body has been established in various countries to provide strategic direction to the country. For example, the National Security Act of 1947 established the National Security Council (NSC) in the United States; the United Kingdom established one in 2010; and India and Nepal both established one in the post-1990. In Nepal, the NSC of 1990, with only two members and the Prime Minister as chairperson, was unable to bring civilians and military personnel together, resulting in a security dilemma. However, Constitution of Nepal (2015) explicitly enjoins the NSC to formulate security policy and other strategic policies. The Nepali security policy, namely the National Security Policy (NSP), was enacted for the first time in 2016 by the government. This NSP was said to be revised by th e government in 2019, but what about the policy and what were the NSC’s roles in policy formulation are still kept secret to date?In this backdrop, this paper focuses on whether and to what extent the government takes geopolitics and security sensitivities of Nepal into account while formulating the NSP and constituting the NSC. This will focus on raising the government's security priority and will aid in identifying the factors influencing the evolution of the NSC and NSP. Hence, the research question addressing this objective is mainly, "What are the factors contributing to the evolution and development of NSC and NSP in Nepal?" For this, the academic literature, domestic laws, and national security and defense policy were studied. In addition, semi-structured questionnaires were used to interview experts on national security in an attempt to explore the evolution of NSC and NSP in general and the practicality of security governance in particular. This paper concludes by defending the necessity of the NSP and NSC in articulating the security vision and maintaining some continuity in the future security vision of Nepal's decision-makers.
The Nepali Army’s Contribution to Nation Building
Authors: Bhat Anand Singh
Published: February 2023

The nation-building process involves various approaches such as democratization, inclusiveness, promotion of nationalism, unification, internal restructuring for cultural promotion, and developmental activities to build the loyalty of peripheral people towards the centre. The Nepali State has been employing the Nepali Army as a strategic means to build the Nepali Nation. However, how the Nepali Army has contributed to nation building since its establishment is area that is under-explored. Hence, this article focuses on some of these important strategies using nation-building theories. It is argued that the Nepali army has been significantly contributing to nation building through territorial unification, internal restructuring, and developmental activities in support of nation building since the unification of Modern Nepal. This study initially discusses the contribution of the Nepali Army in territorial unification by conquering principality states and internal restructuring through consolidation of administration and promotion of nationalism. Thereafter, it delves into the integration of local folk cultures to build the Nepali Culture and inscription symbols. Finally, the article analyses developmental works in support of nation building that connects peripheral remote places with the capital city Kathmandu. A conceptual framework based on Saunders' Research Onion Peeled Method is applied with purposive sampling and document study from John Galtung and Stein Rokkan's theoretical lenses has been applieed. The article finds that the Nepali Army initially contributed to the nation building through a unification campaign before consolidating nationalism in the 1950. Further, the Nepali Army continued participating in development activities to link the periphery to the center.
Rethinking National Security in the Context of Nepal
Authors: Pandey Muskan , Jha Gunjan
Published: February 2023

This paper explores discourses of rethinking national security and the modern security challenges of Nepal, especially targeting the factors of both comprehensive and human security. The existing literature on Nepal has discussed the issues of threats such as fraud, cyber-crime, corruption, transnational organized crime, such as, illegal migration, identity politics raised by ethnic and religious groups, transit hub of narcotics, political disputes, economic downturns etc., and suggests ways of addressing those threats in both policies and implications. Security practices in Nepal sustains a gap in addressing non-traditional security mechanisms where the basic issues of the security dilemma, socio-cultural cohesion, political strength, diplomatic support, and military readiness are widely overlooked. In such a context, this paper explores the undergoing modern security challenges in Nepal based on a holistic approach. The critical constructivism perspective has been applied to rethink different dimensions of national security. This paper raises pertinent questions for strategic intervention in the contemporary context considering Nepal’s geostrategic importance, diplomatic presence, and national interest. The conclusion of the paper portrays the ways of ensuring national security which eventually helps security professional researchers and scholars.
Emotional Intelligence on Organizational Performance with the Moderating Effect of Organizational Culture in the Banking Sector in Sri Lanka: A Systematic Review
Authors: M. Shiraz Nilam  , G.T. Madagamage  , G. D.V. R. Senadheera
Published: February 2023

This is a conceptual paper based on a systematic literature review. For many years, the topic of emotional intelligence and organizational performance has caught the interest of researchers and practitioners. Much of the interest in these two areas is motivated by explicit and implicit assumptions that both the emotional intelligence of individuals and organizational culture are associated with organizational performance. While the associations between emotional intelligence and organizational performance and organizational culture have been studied independently, few studies have examined the relationship between the three variables. This paper aims to advance understanding of the effects of emotional intelligence on organizational performance with the moderating role of organizational culture by reviewing the literature of previous studies. This study reviewed 52 journal articles from the Scopus database and other sources. The study culminates with the development of a conceptual framework that can be used in future empirical studies.
Key Words: Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Performance, Organizational Culture, Banking Sector
An Examination of the Effectiveness of Economic Recovery and Growth Plan in Nigeria
Authors: M. F. Bello  , A. A. Neba
Published: February 2023

Right from the independence and especially since the return to democratic governance in 1999, the successive governments in Nigeria have made concerted efforts in economic and development planning. Nigeria’s quest for a sustainable development roadmap has been a torturous one since independence with various plans and policies developed to fast-track the economy. However, no meaningful change has been witnessed thus making all successive governments come up with different development blueprints on how to rejig the economy. The Buhari Administration has come up with the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), a Medium-Term Plan for 2017-2020 which was built on the Strategic Implementation Plan (SIP) to restore economic growth while leveraging the ingenuity and resilience of the Nigerian people. It is sufficient to say that the Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP) was a medium-term, all-around developmental initiative that focused on restoring growth, investing in people, and building a globally competitive economy. The main objective of this paper is to examine the performance of the plan as a developmental state paradigm for “Nigeria's economic recovery”. Data were generated from secondary sources. The study revealed that, even though ERGP was implemented properly, its expected positive impact on GDP growth, reduction of inflation, and unemployment is not satisfactory. Accordingly, restructuring of the economy through diversification needs to be seriously sustained in Nigeria.

Keywords: Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (ERGP), Nigerian Populace, Strategic Implementation Plan, Nigerian Economy, Development Planning
Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) for Primary Retrograde Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Haider Syed F. , Haider Syed F. , Huang Joe T. , Mehra Shyamin , Shakir Huzaifa
Published: February 2023

Acute aortic dissection is an emergent and life-threatening condition. Retrograde Type A dissection (RTAD) can occur primarily or due to a complication of Type B dissection that often requires open repair, a highly morbid operation. While management of Type A and Type B dissections is clear, the literature is sparse regarding management of RTAD. We describe a case where the patient presented with a Type B dissection complicated by retrograde propagation, resulting in RTAD. We performed a Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair (TEVAR) as an alternative to standard open repair. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was discharged with resolution of the false lumen. Instead of treating a radiographic finding with a highly morbid operation, it is important to evaluate if an endovascular approach is a reasonable option to treat RTAD. Each case must be evaluated individually, but we believe that TEVAR may be an alternative intervention in specific cases.
GAMBARAN PELAYANAN SOSIAL LANJUT USIA DI SUMATERA BARAT
Authors: Aris  , Wiswinartin
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini merupakan kajian pustaka yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana pelayanan sosial lanjut usia di studi Sumatera Barat. Perawatan Lanjut usia  berbasis institusi di  Sumatera Barat dilaksanakan oleh Panti Sosial Tresna Werdha (PSTW) yang dikelola oleh pemerintah maupun swasta. Sedangkan perawatan lanjut usia berbasis komunitas (Community based), dapat berupa Lembaga Kesejahteraan Sosial (LKS) Lanjut Usia (LU). Terkait perawatan lanjut usia berbasis rumah tangga adalah bentuk pelayanan pendampingan dan perawatan lanjut usia di rumah yang dilakukan oleh keluarga inti. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode analisis isi (content analysis). Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah jurnal dan artikel perawatan  terhadap lanjut usia di Indonesia. Data yang disajikan adalah data yang berbentuk kata yang memerlukan pengolahan supaya ringkas dan sistematis). Sedangkan instrumen penulisan dalam artikel ini adalah daftar checklist klasifikasi bahan tulisan, skema/peta penulisan dan format catatan penulisan.
IMPLEMENTASI IMPLEMENTASI CEDAW DALAM MENGATASI TINDAK KEKERASAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP KAUM PEREMPUAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Kesuma Habibah Aura , Afriansyah Renaldi , Anggriany Reva Dwy
Published: February 2023

Kasus kekerasan seperti pelecehan seksual, kekerasan dalam rumah tangga (KDRT), serta diskrimiatif lainnya masih sangat sering kita dengar di telinga kita. Sangking banyaknya kasus kekerasan seksual yang terjadi di kehidupan kita, terkadang kita malah terkesan acuh dan kemudian di biarkan begitu saja. Sehingga semakin lama diskriminasi yang ada di Indonesia ini sering sekali sudah seperti budaya yang harus di maklumi. Fenomena ini bisa terjadi di mana saja, tidak terkecuali di lingkungan pendidikan. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis mencoba menganalisis mengenai diskriminasi dan kekerasan seksual dalam dunia pendidikan yang ada di Indonesia, khususnya yang sering dialami oleh kaum perempuan.
Craft industries and ribbon development: place change along the Colombo-Kandy road, Sri Lanka
Authors:   Dept. of Textile & Apparel Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Ranathunga G. , Wickramarachchi N. ,   Trobe University, Australia, Grodach C. ,   Urban Planning and Design, Monash University, Australia, Karunarathne V. ,   Dept. of Textile & Apparel Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Ratnayake R. ,   Dept. of Town & Country Planning, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Published: February 2023

The research project started in 2019 and by 2020 had completed the in- depth observation and collected the participatory observation data resources too. According to researchers from Moratuwa University, due to the country being locked down for two years periodically due to an unexpected COVID 19 pandemic, the huge economic backwardness that may occur in the country in the future is foreshadowed. As university researchers, conducting research predicting the future is an urgent need. The analysis of this research data revealed that traditional craft industries are a city system that has emerged over time based on geo- political, economic, social and cultural traditions of the country. The researchers explain that it is a local imperative to develop this craft village concept into a broader concept, the creative city concept, through government intervention. It will be a victory for us as researchers if we are able to convince the existing government to start a permanent program to nurture the local economy by combining the creative city concept, a greater concept, with the local tourism industry of the country. It is important to identify the existing craft-associated business model to implement the creative craft city concept. According to UNCTAD 2018, the craft industry is becoming more and more crucial for economic growth in Asian nations, both as a direct export and for destination -specific tourism (Cohen 1995; Gough and Rigg 2012; He and Gabhardt 2013; Saha and Sen 2016).Although the structure and purpose of commercial creative industries in Western cities have been extensively studied (Scott 2010, for example), this information cannot be directly applied to traditional craft industries, especially in other parts 40 of the world where histories, urbanization patterns, and agglomeration dynamics are distinct (Phelps and Wijaya 2020).Craft industries are prevalent in peri-urban cities, villages, and desakota in South and East Asian nations where the lines between urban and rural life converge (McGee 1991; Rigg 1998). They develop in a distinctive morphological pattern known as “craft ribbon development,” which runs along major thoroughfares or roadways (Cohen 1995).
Variable sinhala typeface towards responsive design: an exploration
Authors:   Department of Integrated Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka., Perera R. , Samarawickrama S. ,   Department of Integrated Design, Faculty of Architecture, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka.
Published: February 2023

Variable typography allows designers and programmers to fully leverage the capabilities of Responsive Web Design by modifying or animating the typeface. This study was conducted to analyse and design a dynamic variable Sinhala typeface that changes letters to letters or word to word. The research goals included using an existing typeface to use in making the transitions; analysing an existing Sinhala typeface to map out the issues of using the existing typeface; overcoming the issues identified by introducing a grid to develop a new typeface; and testing the legibility of the newly developed typeface, to generate different letter-to-letter or word-to-word animations using the developed typeface. Letter-to-letter or word-to-word variable transitions can be implemented in a web and interactive designs to enhance the engagement of the users with the corresponding digital medium. This Sinhala variable typeface can be combined with a variety of factors such as user interactions, mouse interactions, facial gestures, sound, light etc. This study shows the possibilities to create and design functioning Sinhala responsive variable typefaces with a well-founded framework, and possibilities to adapt them in any compatible systems.
Towards commercializing the “made in Sri Lanka” Lithium-ion batteries
Authors:   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka, Hewawasam D. , Karunathilake H. , Subasinghe L. , Witharana S.
Published: February 2023

Energy plays a crucial role in the human civilization. Today, the whole world is facing an energy crisis with the rising energy demand, fluctuating prices, supply constraints, and environmental concerns. While renewable energy resources can alleviate some of the global energy security challenges, their intermittency and non-dispatchability can cause problems. Therefore, robust energy storage systems (ESSs) are also important in the sustainable energy transition. Among the many ESS technologies, battery energy storage system (BESS) is one of the most popular methods, as they can be easily adapted to distributed applications and quickly deployed. The Lithium-ion battery (LIB) has significant benefits over other batteries. They have a longer life cycle, higher energy density, faster charge and discharge cycles, quick manufacturing and deploying processes, and lower maintenance requirements. LIB technology is one of the best candidates for a BESS, and its market share and R&D efforts are growing fast [1], [2]. Over the last 30 years, the LIB has come a long way with various improvements to make it more compact and safe while simultaneously enhancing the energy density and cycle life.
Editor's Note
Authors: Hall Susanne E.
Published: February 2023

The editor's note for issue 7.1.
IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL IN DEVELOPMENTSBUMDES IN EMPANG PANDAN VILLAGE KOTO GASIB DISTRICT SIAK REGENCY
Authors: Putra Amanu
Published: February 2023

The role of social capital and intellectual capital towards the development of BUMDes in village socio economic development is an essential element that must and needs to be developed in order to spur village economic growth. Research aims : 1) Identify the social capital of BUMDesa Pandan Makmur officers, 2) Identify the intellectual capital of BUMDesa Pandan Makmur officers, 3) Identify the performance of BUMDesa Pandan Makmur officers, and 4) analyze the relationship of social capital and intellectual capital to the performance of BUMDesa Pandan Makmur officers. This research was conducted in BUMDesa Pandan Makmur in Empang Pandan Village, Koto Gasib District, Siak Regency. Social capital, intellectual capital performance of officers are measured using likert scale analysis. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to describe the relationship of social capital and intellectual capital to officers performance. The results showed that the social capital of BUMDesa officer was formed by commitment followed by mutual respect, mutual help, values, norms, trust and participation. The intellectual capital of BUMDesa officer is formed by relational capital, structural capitan and human capital. BUMDesa employee performance is formed by work efficiency, work behavior and work effectiveness. The relationship between social capital and intellectual capital has a connection with the performance of BUMDesa employees. In terms of the development of BUMDesa Pandan Makmur for the future pay more attention to the improvement of human capital by increasing the potential of human resources or officers of BUMDesa Pandan Makmur.