bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Se questo č cibo. Sociologia degli alimenti GM
Authors: Domaneschi Lorenzo
Published: June 2021

- Public concern around genetically modified food has increasingly raised in the past few years, across public opinion, medical and biological research as well as economic and sociological research. This paper presents a specific sociological way to analyze this particular field, drawing on the theory of social practices. it suggests to focus the attention specifically on the practices of GM foods consumption in order to search out through them the specific kind of food governance.

Key-words: Sociology of food, risk, practice theory, food consumption, GM food, food governance.

Parole-chiave: Sociologia dell'alimentazione, rischio, teoria della pratica, consumo alimentare, OGM, food governance.
Binge Eating Disorder e regolazione affettiva: cibo, emozioni, relazioni
Authors: Guiducci Valentina
Published: June 2021

- The work aims to draw a descriptive and explanatory picture of Binge Eating Disorder, basing on the key concept of affective regulation. It is proposed, as an explanation model of the disorder, the hypothesis of Taylor, Bagby and Parker (1997, 2000), who conceptualized Eating Disorders as self-regulation disorders, focusing on the construct of affect regulation. It refers to the acts that modulate emotions experienced and expressed (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Kopp, 1989; Schor, 1994). The reference to attachment theory, as privileged theoretical framework for understanding the construct of affect regulation, is introduced to discuss pathogenetic and clinical implications (Santona and Zavattini, 2009). The review of the empirical results of the studies that examined the relationship between Binge Eating Disorder and emotional dysregulation, shows how the characteristic of this disorder is a poor capacity to modulate dysphoric feelings and to differentiate emotions from bodily sensations. The desire to eat is experienced as a compulsive craving, that represents for the patient the only possible response to emotional dysregulation (Whiteside et al., 2007).

Key-words: Binge Eating Disorder, food, emotions, affective regulation, bulimia, shape.

Parole-chiave: Binge Eating Disorder, cibo, emozioni, regolazione affettiva, bulemia, vergogna.
La trama della famiglia anoressica: reti di relazioni e di rappresentazioni
Authors: Delogu Anna Maria
Published: June 2021

- Anorexia nervosa is a complex pathology that has been studied through different paradigma (Onnis, 2004; Treasure, Schimdt, van Furth, 2006). The different authors who studied anorexia nervosa seem to agree about the hypothesis of a multi-factors pathogenesis in which a very important role is played by the relational aspects and, specifically, by family relationships, in the beginning and in the going on of this pathology. Nevertheless, Reiss (1989) pointed out we have to consider both practising and represented family, that is the role of family relationships (i.e. observed interactions) and individual representations. The practising family has been studied by systems theory paradigm, which found very typical transactional patterns in anorexic families, such as enmeshment and triangulation (Minuchin et al., 1980; Selvini Palazzoli et al., 1988; 1998). On the other hand, attachment theory studied the represented family and the role of insecure attachment models in psychopathology onset (Bowlby, 1973; Main, 1996). Many studies have underlined the prevalence of insecure attachment models and unresolved attachment status in response to loss or to trauma in anorexic patients and their mothers, pointing out the role of transgenerational transmission (Cole-Detke, Kobak, 1996; Fonagy et al., 1996; Ward et al., 2001; Ammaniti, Mancone, Vismara, 2001; Ramaciotti, Sorbello, Pazzagli, Vismara, Mancone, Pallanti, 2001).

Key-words: anorexia nervosa, adolescence, family, relationships, internal working models.

Parole-chiave: anoressia nervosa, adolescenza, famiglia, relazioni, modelli operativi interni.
The Shifting Borders of Medicalization: Perspectives and Dilemmas of Human Enhancement
Authors: Maturo Antonio
Published: June 2021

- While medicalization is the process of extending the medical gaze on human conditions through the mechanism of pathologization, human enhancement actions are implemented towards normal conditions. In this sense, human enhancement can not be considered either health care or health promotion because its aim is optimization, not healing nor prevention. As the borders between normality and pathology are blurred, biomedical interventions aiming at improving a normal individual today could be conceived as health care practices directed towards a sick person tomorrow. Therefore, human enhancement actions should be analyzed through the lenses of the medicalization-theory proposed by Conrad - but on a long-term scale. Under an ethical perspective, human enhancement interventions - being very heterogeneous - should be analyzed case-by-case.

Keywords: medicalization, human enhancement, medicine, normality, health promotion, disease.

Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, miglioramento umano, medicina, normalitÀ, promozione della salute, malattia.
The Shifting Engines of Medicalization
Authors: Conrad Peter
Published: June 2021

- Social scientists and other analysts have written about medicalization since at least the 1970s. While early critics of medicalization focused on psychiatry (Szasz, 1970) or a more general notion of medical imperialism (Illich, 1975), sociologists began to examine the processes of medicalization and the expanding realm of medicine (Freidson, 1970; Zola, 1972). As sociological studies on medicalization accumulated (see Conrad, 1992; 2000) it became clear that medicalization went far beyond psychiatry and was not always the product of medical imperialism, but of more complex social forces. The essence of medicalization became the definitional issue: defining a problem in medical terms, usually as an illness or disorder, or using a medical intervention to treat it. While the medicalization process could be bidirectional and partial rather than complete, there is strong evidence for expansion rather than contraction of medical jurisdiction.

Keywords: consumerism, managed care, medicalization, medicine, ADHD, sociology of health.

Parole chiave: consumerismo, managed care, medicalizzazione, medicina, ADHD, sociologia della salute.
The Medicalization of Ugliness
Authors: Ghigi Rossella
Published: June 2021

- The history of Western scientific and philosophical thought with regard to the human body is marked by a fascination for establishing the parameters of an ideal body shape. During the nineteenth century physiognomy and cosmetic surgery both took inspiration from the illusion of perfect geometrization of the body and its parameterization. The legitimation of cosmetic surgery, in particular, was based on the medicalization of deviations from ideal forms (normal and normative at the same time) of the body, producing the body as an object operable in potentia. This still occurs today particularly in physician-patient interactions and in media discourse. Through an analysis of cosmetic surgery texts (produced respectively by the most important Italian society for plastic surgery, a clinic and a handbook of cosmetic plastic surgery for surgeons) repertoires reading physical appearance through the lenses of normality and pathology are investigated. Based on a qualitative survey of plastic surgeons, the inertia encountered by the process of medicalization of ugliness in everyday practice is discussed.

Keywords: cosmetic surgery, medicalization, social costruction of the body, ugliness, normalization

Parole chiave: chirurgia estetica, medicalizzazione, costruzione sociale del corpo, bruttezza, normalizzazione
At the Core of Life. The Medicalization of Society in Michel Foucault
Authors: Mori Luca
Published: June 2021

- In this article I try to describe Foucault's conception of the medicalization process. After briefly outline the conception of power proposed by Foucault, I show the central role played by the biomedical devices. The main thesis of this interpretation are two. Firstly, I try to point out how medicine and the biological disciplines form a kind of knowledge which is essential to the birth of the modern State. Secondly, I consider how Foucault definition of biopolitics is the result of an overlap between political power and the specific regimes of truth entailed in biomedical sciences.

Keywords: Foucault, power, medicalization, biopolitics, state science, police.

Parole chiave: Foucault, potere, medicalizzazione, biopolitica, scienza dello stato, polizia.
Four Meanings of Medicalization: Childbirth as a Case study
Authors: Christiaens Wendy , van Teijlingen Edwin
Published: June 2021

- Medicalisation is a commonly used and ‘easily' understood concept among health care providers and researchers as well as in popular culture, but it is contested within medical sociology. This paper distinguishes between four meanings bestowed on medicalisation to enhance its conceptual clarity, using the example of childbirth as an illustration. Within the first generation of medicalisation theory, largely covering the ideas of Freidson, Conrad and Illich, we distinguish between three layers of meaning: (a) the origin of the medical model; (b) medical imperialism; and (c) iatrogenesis. The first meaning refers to the origin of the medical knowledge. In the second meaning daily life becomes increasingly defined in terms of health and illness, hence incorporating a growing number of life domains and social problems. The power of the medical discourse and the associated social control are central issues. The third meaning is represented by the critical or conflict sociological approach, in which medicalisation is interpreted as an exaggeration of medical control, hence emphasising its iatrogenic (‘sick-making') effects. The second generation medicalisation theory addresses a changed and more complex organisation of health care. New medicalisation tendencies surpass the old ones, adding a new layer of meanings to the concept: the optimalisation of normal characteristics or processes. Hence, normal phenomena become problematic and a new consuming market is created. A key message from our paper is that poor conceptualisation of medicalisation as an analytical tool endangers the quality and comparability of social scientific research and interdisciplinary collaboration.

Keywords: medicalization, birth, iatrogenesis, medical imperialism, sociology of health, health care.

Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, parto, iatrogenesi, imperialismo medico, sociologia della salute, assistenza sanitaria.
Metaphors in Action in Medical Practice
Authors: Tomelleri Stefano
Published: June 2021

- This article presents the results of an interdisciplinary research based on the study of metaphors at work during the medical visits of 5 oncologists 3 males, (respectively 41, 43, and 60 year old), 2 females (respectively 41 and 58 year old) for a total of 61 clinical talks that have been videotaped at an hospital in Northern Italy. The choice to study metaphors at work in medical practice greatly depends on our research experience and the realization that both doctors and patients had recourse to them during clinic talks and the use of such metaphors played a complex role that could not merely be referred to the exemplification of clinic concepts and words. From the analysis of recorded conversations we have discovered that the use of metaphors favoured: a) the contextualization of clinic conversations within wider macro-social structures; b) the definition of behaviours, roles, and decisional processes linked to social representations; c) the creative solution for the often irreconcilable tension between the subjective and bodily aspects of what we can call illness, the objective and impersonal character of its clinic definition (disease), and its social dimension (sickness).

Key-words: medicalization, metaphor, disease, illness, sickness, oncology.

Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, metafora, disease, illness, sickness, oncologia.
Demedicalization and Remedicalization of Male Circumcision in Great Britain and the United States
Authors: Carpenter Laura M.
Published: June 2021

- This study explicates the theoretically important, yet inadequately specified, processes of demedicalization and remedicalization by comparing the histories of male circumcision in Great Britain and the United States. Although circumcision was medicalized to a similar degree in both countries before World War II, by the 1960s, circumcision was almost completely demedicalized in Britain and almost universal in the U.S. Since then, circumcision has become partially demedicalized in the U.S. Medical professionals and insurance/healthcare systems drove demedicalization in both countries; in the U.S., grassroots activists also played a critical role, while medical community "holdouts" resisted demedicalization. Recent research indicating that circumcision inhibits HIV transmission is differentially likely to produce remedicalization in the two nations, given differences in circumcision prevalence, HIV epidemiology, insurance/health systems, activism opportunities, and status of religious groups. Future research should theorize the life cycle of medicalization, explore comparative cases, and attend more closely to medical "holdouts" from previous eras, prevalence and duration of medicalized practices, and barriers to non-medical interpretations.

Keywords: medicalization, demedicalization, remedicalization, health, circumcision, sociology.

Parole chiave: medicalizzazione, demedicalizzazione, rimedicalizzazione, salute, circoncisione, sociologia.
L'accesso sociale: il nuovo sportello sociale. La sperimentazione della Regione Emilia-Romagna e l'esperienza della Provincia di Bologna
Authors: Forni Maura , Paltrinieri Fabrizia , Ragazzini Francesca
Published: June 2021

- After an overall framing of the main features of the "welfare access", the article analyses the experimentations by the Emilia Romagna Region and the experience of the Province of Bologna in the field of "social counters". Within the year 2003, the Emilia Romagna region has promoted and sustained a regional experimentation in order to start up a number of "social counters", as required by the Regional Law L.R. 2/03, art. 7. The regional welfare reform provided for the development of a network of counters on the regional territory, in order to answer for the citizens' access to the local system of social and sociomedical services. Following up such an experimentation, the communes belonging to the Province of Bologna opted for the sharing of the same informational system, which had already been positively tested, was working in one of the sociomedical territorial districts and was strongly orientated towards integration. The choice greatly marked the development of the social counters project in the Province of Bologna: the peculiar sharing of the same software by the whole of the provincial territory has been a fundamental element, which allowed to carry out not only the territorial social counters project, but also an effective provincial network of such social desks.

Keywords: welfare; access; social counters network; integration; social system.
PrioritÀ cliniche in sanitÀ: governare la domanda con il coinvolgimento dei professionisti
Authors: Mariotti Giuliano
Published: June 2021

- Creating order: this is the first step needed to prevent the collapse of the public healthcare system. Clinical priority for the healthcare services is a model to create an explicit order based on patients' needs, to guarantee timely referrals. This supports the idea that, despite the general perception that health care is difficult to access, availability of out-patient diagnostic procedures may be sufficient to meet the requirements of patients with major diagnostic needs. In Italy, the Homogeneous Waiting Groups (Raggruppamenti di attesa omogenei, RAO) model is being applied. It involves all those who are part of the process of providing a referral: the family doctor, the booking service (Cup) and the specialist. The model is based on identifying categories for the access to referrals. These allow the prescribers to establish in advance the length of wait considered adequate for a specific patient. To manage a system as complex as this one, it may be useful the socalled "facilitation" management technique. The aim is to guarantee the ongoing improvement of the quality of services, to make waiting times adequate to the clinical needs of citizens and the patients themselves more satisfied. Our experience encourages us to organise educational initiatives and joint courses for family doctors and specialists to reinforce the former's ability to increase their knowledge of appropriateness. At the same time, the involvement of family doctors and specialists may increase the level of concordance regarding the attribution of priority levels and adherence to guidelines' keywords. This will need to be evaluated as such schemes are adopted more widely.

Keywords: appropriateness; clinical priority; primary care; waiting lists; clinical needs.
Achille Ardigň e il paradigma socio-tecnico della Rete. Per una sociologia della sanitÀ al tempo di Internet
Authors: Moruzzi Mauro
Published: June 2021

-The Author describes in his contribution the important role played by Achille Ardigň in the age of the Internet in health-care. The analysis focuses on the techno-social paradigm of the Net, in particular with respect to the development of e-health and e-care networks. With a theoretical excursus, the Internet developments are traced back, as they shifted from system-based IT to social networks. The enormous communication power of the Net influences and radically changes the old welfare systems: a change which is analyzed by applying the theory of social systems, the studies of complexity of the Master thinker. A scenario for health-care and welfare for the near future emerges which is strongly influenced by the techno-social paradigm of the Internet.

Keywords: Ardigň, network, e-health, e-care, organization, communication, Internet.

Parole chiave: Ardigň, network, e-health, e-care, organizzazione, comunicazione, Internet.
Il rimpianto di una conversazione mancata
Authors: Taroni Francesco
Published: June 2021

- This is a tribute and a lasting memory of Achille Ardigň as a scholar, an academic an administrator and a politician. On a personal note, the short paper touches upon the intermingling of his personalities and the latitude of his knowlodge, which he always generously shared.

Keywords: tribute, e-health, digital divide, participation, responsibility, inequalities.

Parole chiave: tributo, e-health, digital divide, partecipazione, responsabilitÀ, disuguaglianze.
L'UmanitÀ di Achille Ardigň
Authors: Labate Grazia
Published: June 2021

- I met Achille Ardigň at the establishment by the Minister Foschi (Minister of Labor and Social Security) of the National Commission on the issues of family, when I was still a young researcher of IRLES (Ligure Insitut for Economic and Social research). I was appointed in the National Commission Institute on Family in the group that had to analyze the evolutionary trends in the 80's of public social policies. Working with Prof. Sgritta of the Sapienza University in Rome, with Prof. Alba Dini of the Pontifical Gregorian University and Livio Labor chairman of the ACLI, I had to study the theories of Ardigň and Donati. Hence the encounter with Ardigň was decisive. From the methodological point of view: he taught me the need to combine several disciplines, to find a common point of view, with no hegemonic pretension.

Keywords: family, maternity, Welfare, network, coresponsibility, social value.

Parole chiave: famiglia, maternitÀ, Welfare, rete, corresponsabilitÀ, valore sociale.
Il "quadrilatero" di Ardigň: genealogia e sviluppo di un paradigma emergente
Authors: Giarelli Guido
Published: June 2021

- After describing the context in which the ‘quadrilateral'of Ardigň was conceived as an innovative gnoseological tool aimed to characterize the rising Italian Health Sociology in comparison with the much more well established tradition of the Northern American and British Medical Sociology, the essay tries to trace its cultural origins: which are found, at the level of scientific debate, in the ‘great coupure' or epistemological turning point of the Thirties, which Ardigň considers the framework from which to move; and, on the other side, in the micro-macro debate which characterized the sociological discipline during the Seventies and the Eighties with the opposition between the Sociologies of the subjective action versus the Sociologies of the social system, and the attempt to get over it by making a ‘paradigm of exit from the postmodern' which could deal in depth with the intrinsic double face and the ambivalence of the social stuff. In the last part, the developments of the ‘quadrilateral'are traced in the attempts of further elaboration by its critical application to different fields of the Sociology of Health (health care systems, health reforms, quality of health care services, health inequalities) which shape an emerging new paradigm of connectionist type.

Keywords: "quadrilateral", Sociology of Health, Medical Sociology, ambivalence, connectionist paradigm, postmodern.

Parole chiave: "quadrilatero", sociologia della salute, medical sociology, ambivalenza, paradigma connessionista, postmoderno.
Osservatorio dipendenze: sistema informativo, valutazione, ricerca, qualitÀ
Authors: Saponaro Alessio , Ugolini Paolo
Published: June 2021

- The professional role of the sociologist employed by the Services for addiction and dependency of Regione Emilia-Romagna has undergone a strong process of improvement either in organizational settings and in the normative ones. His/her role and the his/her sociological functions have been strenghten by the Coordination of the Dependency Observatories. These structures have the mission of providing reliable and comparable information on the drugs and their consequences, with a specific regard to informational needs for assessment and planning by the decision makers. The Dependency Observatories have the responsability of three areas: information system, evaluation, and research. In the last year, one more dimension has been added: the quality and institutional accreditation of Services.

Keywords: professional competences, dependency services, information system, research, quality, sociology of health.

Parole chiave: competenze professionali, servizi per le tossicodipendenze, sistema informativo, qualitÀ, ricerca, sociologia della salute.
Le relazioni con il pubblico nelle Aziende Ospedaliere: un'area di intervento precipua per il sociologo. Obiettivi e metodi
Authors: Natalucci Giovanna
Published: June 2021

- The complexity of the Health-Care Service needs new methods and operational techniques borrowed from social research to find better ways to develop the relationship with citizens. The sociologist develops an effective action to facilitate the internal communication and acts as a mediator among the different professional skills. A consistent use of "focus group" permits to compare professional and personal experiences and to find out the best organizational/operational solutions starting from the customer's opinions.

Keywords: focus group, rights of citizens, contentious prevention, quality review, communication, URP.

Parole chiave: focus group, diritti dei cittadini, prevenzione del contenzioso, revisione della qualitÀ, comunicazione, URP.
Genes and human behavior: towards a new determinism on genetic basis?
Authors: De Giacomo Andrea
Published: June 2021

Multiple experimental evidence now indicates that several traits of human personality, among which temperament, social behavior, sexual preference and drug addiction are, in great part, inherited. Molecular genetics is moving to define which genetic variations are responsible for these traits and to precisely define their causative role. The patent genetic component of our behavior and our personal choices has inevitable ethical, moral and social consequences.
The protection of genetic information
Authors: Monducci Juri
Published: June 2021

The law pertaining to personal data has developed in Italy over a thirty-year span that took us from recognition of such data in the case law, in 1975, to its statutory protection, in 2003. This evolution would subsequently come to the point of specifically regulating the processing of genetic data as data revealing an individual's genetic makeup, thereby also revealing the biological future of individuals and their offspring: this information describes an individual at a core level where the deepest, most unchangeable traits are found and can therefore nurture what is nowadays referred to as genetic determinism, which reduces the person to a complex of genetic data and so ignores the whole layer of characteristics that make each of us unique. There is, then, a discriminatory risk inherent in the processing of genetic data, and equally clear are the psychological implications of such processing, so much so that the need has arisen to have rules in place aimed at regulating the biotechnologies and genetics in particular. These rules have given birth to the so-called fourthgeneration rights, inclusive of the right to ones genetic identity and the right not to know ones genetics (although this is something that had been discussed earlier, too), and it is to a discussion of these rights that this essay is devoted.
Genetic information and life insurance: international regulations and the right to underwrite in the era of post-genomic genetics
Authors: Marocco Patrizia
Published: June 2021

The completion of the Human Genome Project marked the beginning of a new era, the era of the Genome, highlighting a new understanding of human biology. The advances in genetics have raised concerns of potential discrimination against persons in various sectors - social, working, insurance - on the basis of our genetic make-up. In many countries insurers are not allowed to process any type of genetic data and regulations do not make a distinction between the various types of genetic tests. This situation may seriously jeopardise insurance companies as it can lead to adverse selection, causing a significant information unbalance in favour of insureds. Genetic tests will surely be among the most important diagnostic tools in clinical practice. It will be impossible to leave out these tests by way of legal provisions, forcing insurers to ignore such breakthrough in medical science. This is the future of medicine. Thanks to medical progress, insurers have always been able to extend insurability, reducing significantly the cost of covers. Insurance companies are always focused on customer satisfaction in compliance with any necessary and sound technical standards.
Comparative research in Sociology of Health and Illness with multilevel models. Issues and promises
Authors: Mortelmans Dimitri
Published: June 2021

In no more than a decade, the multilevel model has spread throughout social sciences, becoming one of the basic techniques in the discipline. The focus of this article lies on the use of multilevel analysis in the domain of international comparative studies. The article shows a broad picture of potential pitfalls in using multilevel analysis for the comparative researcher. The increasing popularity of the technique does entail some potential dangers researchers are not always aware of. Five of them are dealt with in the article: definitions of multilevel comparative research, the correct use of units and levels in comparative analyses, the comparability of instruments, the availability of data and indicators and stepwise multilevel analysis strategies. The conclusions places the potential pitfalls back in a broad perspective and sketches potential directions and promises of multilevel comparative research.
Quantitative data on alcohol consumption and alcohol abuse among young people: a critical review
Authors: Charrier Lorena , Cavallo Franco
Published: June 2021

Differences of aims, context, setting and methodology among existing Italian surveys on alcohol use and abuse is only one of the reasons making data comparison difficult and nearly impossible. Data often offer different and sometimes opposite images of the existing situation even on some main issues of alcohol use and abuse, such as lifetime use and excess or binge drinking among young people. A greater effort in overcoming these differences and getting to a greater harmonization of the existing surveillance systems should be undergone, in order to have a clearer picture of alcohol consumption among young people in our country.
Drinking styles of the young generations: twenty years' qualitative research
Authors: Beccaria Franca
Published: June 2021

The article analyses the complexity of the relationship between young people and alcohol and how this varies over time by using a longitudinal comparison of qualitative studies carried out in Italy. This study highlights the fact that alcoholic drinks remain central in young people's identity-building, which begins at a young age in the long alcohol socialization process within the family context. The young people from the new millennium show more similarities than differences than those from twenty years before, although noticeable is the loss of the transgressive value of drinking in favour of more exploratory and innovative styles.
The evolution of health care services: guidelines and prospects
Authors: Fea Maurizio
Published: June 2021

The paper describes history and evolution of out patient's departments for alcoholism, with reference to national and regional norms and laws. Cultural and epistemic factors has been very important toward the develop of department's system, and made a strong influence on their organization. Epidemiological data shows that young people don't approach out patient's department and get little intake with therapeutic network. It is necessary therefore to improve specific opportunities for young people, particularly for those who are harmful and hazardous consumers. It suggests some useful criteria to identify good practices for young people's approach and treatment.
Drinking and driving: training the "prevention multipliers"
Authors: Rolando Sara , Beccaria Franca , Ermacora Antonella , Marinaro Laura
Published: June 2021

In the period 2007-2009 the Ministry of Health and the CCM (the Desease Control Center), in accordance with the Piemonte Region and the ASL CN2 Alba-Bra, have realized 88 training courses in 11 regions involving 2427 "multipliers of prevention", including Health Service workers, law enforcement officers, driving school teachers, Motor Registry and Traffic Authority officers, teachers, instructors (provisional licences). The project provided the participants with methodological and teaching tools for the activation of prevention actions of road accidents caused by the consumption of alcohol, pharmaceuticals and illegal drugs, targeted at young learner drivers, new licence-holders, and high-risk drivers.
Young people, alcohol and accidents: a prevention proposal
Authors: Carbone Paola , Casini Elisa , Ferrari Anna
Published: June 2021

The study of the relationship between car accidents by young people and alcohol use is very interesting. The national statistics highlight that if numbers are small - about 3% of total - car accidents related to alcohol or other psychoactive substances abuse have the most serious consequences, especially for the youngest people (Higson e Winter, 2003; Sweedler, Biecheler e Laurel, 2004; ISTAT, 2008). From reading statistics two observations appear: the phenomenon is probably underestimated and there are not enough studies about psychological causes inducing young people to driving after drinking. It is to improve the knowledge about this phenomenon, both from the epidemiologic and psychological view, that the "Sportello per i Giovani" in the P.S. of Hospital S. Eugenio in Roma has been created. The Sportello in P.S. is a prevention model - Active Prevention (Carbone, 2003; 2009) - which, on the one hand, wants to know how many youngsters go to P.S. because of accident traumas and with which psychological characteristics, on the other hand, wants to offer a prevention space for each type.
Social determinants, lifestyles and health
Authors: Campostrini Stefano
Published: June 2021

The link between social determinants, risk factors and health outcome has been demonstrated globally. More research is still required, however, to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these relationships. Although further study is still needed to define better the measures of social determinants (in relation to both health outcome and risk factors), a data collection system (surveillance) already exists for risk factors that can provide information about these relationships. In particular, the observation of changes over time and trends can offer unique information on the effectiveness of health promotion programmes and policies for decreasing (or increasing) health inequalities.
Disuguaglianze di salute e dinamiche migratorie
Authors: Tognetti Bordogna Mara
Published: June 2021

Immigration, worldwide phenomenon, in particularly in growth in Italy, is a resource and a major challenge for the medical welfare. In addition, the immigration constitute resources as many immigrants fall in this job market becomes critical element because it helps to differentiate the question of health in our country. This new demand in addition to defy operators can determine and determines inequalities in access, use and quality of its provision to the detriment of migrants. In particular, in the essay will highlight new health inequalities caused by the presence of migrants.
Social inequalities in health: stigma
Authors: Lonardi Cristina
Published: June 2021

This essay offers a reading of the social inequalities in health through the Health Related Stigma perspective, explaining its different meanings and its deeper implications in the lives of those affected by stigma.
FragilitÀ, teoria e pratica: da un approfondimento sul tema ad un progetto di ricerca sul campo per identificare determinanti di fragilitÀ clinica e vulnerabilitÀ sociale e suggerire approcci migliorativi in popolazioni a maggiore rischio
Authors: Apolone Giovanni , Greco Maria Teresa , Roberto Anna
Published: June 2021

The study titled "Economic and financial sustainability of health services, equity, and quality of care: objectives pursued through a strategic alliance between health, research and citizenship" launched the project "Equity in Health", based on the idea that also social variables may affect the access to health care. A pilot study was conducted on a sample of patients in general practice and, from its results, a greater study was designed to identify the epidemiology of fragility and vulnerability and to evaluate health service access indicators. This article is focused on pilot study's results and on the design of the main study.
Le inequitÀ di salute nella Regione Europea e la nuova strategia per la salute dell'Organizzazione Mondiale della SanitÀ
Authors: Ziglio Erio , Hannefeld Johanna , Bertola Andrea
Published: June 2021

In this article the authors describe the principle of the new health promotion strategy for the reduction of health inequities over the 53 member countries of the European Region of the World Health Organization. A dramatic reduction of health inequities is one of the central objectives of this new strategy known as Health2020. In this chapter the authors, besides describing the reasons that brought the European Office of the WHO (European Region) to develop a new health strategy summarize the various elements of inequity in Europe. Intervention approaches are revisited by the authors in an innovative in a new stream of credible intervention for challenging health inequities in the European continent.
Health inequities in the European Region and the new health policy frame work of the World Health Organization
Authors: Ziglio Erio , Hannefeld Johanna , Bertola Andrea
Published: June 2021

In this chapter the authors describe the rationale of a new health strategy for the promotion, and protection of population health and for the reduction of health inequities. At the time of writing, this strategy - known as Health 2020 - is being developed by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe in collaboration with its 53 member states. A dramatic reduction of health inequities is one of its central objectives. The authors describe the reasons that brought about the development of a new health strategy, and summarize the various patterns of health inequities in Europe. Policy approaches are revisited in search of credible interventions for tackling health inequities in the WHO European Region.
Welfare and health systems models: commonalities and peculiarities
Authors: Bertin Giovanni
Published: June 2021

The welfare systems have been consolidated in the second half of the last century. The transition of post modernity society has incresed the signs of the crisis and pushed for their redefinition. The current changes depend on globalitation, but also by increased local autonomy. This article has tried to take stock of the international dibate on the welfare and health sistems classification. In the second part, this article evidence the differences between regionals welfare system and propose a new classification. The regionals health systems are different from each other, and have characteristics unrelated to the regional welfare systems.
My Page, My Home and Electronic Health Dossier. Notes for a New Business Governance
Authors: Moruzzi Mauro
Published: June 2021

Starting from the concept of "high communication", in general and within healthcare in particular, the article illustrates and discusses the changes produced at the social and organizational level by the advent of the Web 2.0 and of its most evolved forms, up to the new "My Page" and "My Home" (respectively, the personalized web page of the citizen and of the professional or company), destined to characterize, in the next future, the mutual relationships between citizens, business and public administrations.
Towards a network model? Reflections on regional social and health models of governance
Authors: Marzulli Michele
Published: June 2021

The goal of this paper is to determine the prevalent governance model in regional social and health systems, in the Italian setting. At the end of a long period of institutional reforms, it appears indeed that a model of regulation is emerging based on networks and on the participation of the citizens. However, in analysing standard procedures, one observes the persistence of ordered hierarchies and bureaucracies, in which public institutions are at the centre of decision-making processes, whether on the local level or centralized. This is particularly visible if one analyses the management of financial resources that are meant to support policies.
What does citizens' participation teach about the re-organization process of health care services?
Authors: Pellegrino Vincenza , Nicoli Maria Augusta
Published: June 2021

The interactions between individuals and institutions become more complicated for many reasons: pressure for subjective recognition grows; polical sites where people can debate on health care issues and on the the values about clinical services are diminishing. In this sense, it is important to plan health care pathways developed with the collaboration between doctors and patients. Therefore citizens' participation could be considered a way in order to re-think collectively the main structures of the local welfare.
The House Of Health: the need for a new welfare
Authors: Calvaruso Claudio , Frisanco Renato
Published: June 2021

Under a conception of community welfare, the "Health home" (Casa della salute) allows the re-organization of primary care and the implementation of the "initiative medicine" based on the integration and participation of professionals, associations and citizens. Starting from an analysis of the regional laws, the article presents the results of a comparative research on the Health homes of different Italian areas. The organizational analysis is based on structural indicators, functional indicators and process indicators.
How Roles and Professions Change
Authors: Moirano Fulvio
Published: June 2021

The article describes the changes in the health care professions and in the social roles. Starting from the present situation, some evidences are analyzed in order to provide some insights on the evolution of the Italian Health Care Service. Notably two kinds of factors are taken into considerations: internal ones (that is, health care organization and professions) and external ones.
A French paradox according to epidemiologists. On the development of the Sociology of Health in France
Authors: Calvez Marcel
Published: June 2021

The article discusses a paradox pointed out by epidemiologists and consisting in the quasi-absence of French sociologists in research on social determinants of health whereas references to Durkheim and Bourdieu are central in that field. It considers the handbooks of medical sociology and sociology of health published since the 1970s and gives an overview of the theoretical frameworks in use in French sociology of health. It examines the formation of this orientation in three periods to which correspond three layers of research topics and approaches: the foundation in the 1960s in which American medical sociology compensates partly the limitations of French sociology, the institutionalization in the 1970s marked by a firm orientation towards qualitative sociology, and the consolidation during the Aids years. These orientations are replaced in their institutional context and related to strategic choices made by researchers.
Lo sviluppo della Sociologia della salute: rassegna dei contesti e delle fasi, dei temi e del suo futuro in India
Authors: Akram Mohammad
Published: June 2021

Health is multi-dimensional and its determinants are not just bio-medical, but also socio-cultural and politico-administrative. Sociology of health developed in twentieth century as a specialized branch of sociology to address the widening health needs of human population. Sociology of health in India passed through several phases and complemented as well incorporated disciplines often identified as medical sociology and sociology of medicine. Parsonian system theory, interactionist perspective, conflict approach, phenomenological approach and empiricism have lasting impact on various researches conducted in India in last six decades. This paper is analytical in nature and focuses on four aspects: (i) development of sociology of health as an independent branch of sociology; (ii) three phases of its development in India; (iii) contexts and popular themes; and (iv) its future.
La Sociologia della salute e della medicina in Giappone: passato, presente, futuro
Authors: Anesaki Masahira , Yamazaki Yoshihiko
Published: June 2021

This article focuses on how health & medical sociology, under the influence of American sociology, was introduced, took root and developed in Japan mainly after WWII, in the general stream of sociology and set against the social background.
Health and Medical Sociology in Japan: past, present and future
Authors: Anesaki Masahira
Published: June 2021

This article focuses on how health & medical sociology, under the influence of American sociology, was introduced, took root and developed in Japan mainly after WWII, in the general stream of sociology and set against the social background.
Il ruolo della Sociologia della salute e della medicina nell'attuale dibattito sulla inter-disciplinarietÀ nelle scienze sociali
Authors: Vignera Roberto
Published: June 2021

Since the earliest phases of its institutionalization, the sociology of health and medicine has played an increasingly central role within the more general context of sociological thinking. Its prospects are further heightened in the context of the current debate on the interactions between the social sciences and fields of knowledge like cognitive science, behavioral genetics, neurosciences, which are becoming more and more closely engaged with the study of Human Social Behavior. This mediation role, however, finds it difficult to manifest itself due to the various theoretical and epistemological inclinations that sociology has relied on to solidify its own identity and stand apart from the formal criteria used in other scholarly contexts.
The role of the Sociology of Health and Medicine in the current debate on interdisciplinarity in Social Sciences
Authors: Vignera Roberto
Published: June 2021

Since the earliest phases of its institutionalization, the sociology of health and medicine has played an increasingly central role within the more general context of sociological thinking. Its prospects are further heightened in the context of the current debate on the interactions between the social sciences and fields of knowledge like cognitive science, behavioral genetics, neurosciences, which are becoming more and more closely engaged with the study of Human Social Behavior. This mediation role, however, finds it difficult to manifest itself due to the various theoretical and epistemological inclinations that sociology has relied on to solidify its own identity and stand apart from the formal criteria used in other scholarly contexts.
Consenso informato. Una riflessione filosofico-giuridica sul tema
Authors: Borsellino Patrizia
Published: June 2021

The paper frames the issue from the philosophy of law's viewpoint to determine the current "state of health" of informed consent starting from some critical areas (like the physician-patient relationship, illnesses with poor prognosis and the endof life medical care, genetics, clinical research and practice) and from its legal sources (like judicial decisions). The author's claim is that informed consent does not need to be weakened in this historical period in order to strenghten solidarity and trust to achieve common goals for all human beings. Instead, she aims at proving that trust and solidarity should be placed in a participatory and cooperative scenario which should be fed by the respect, at the highest levels, of individual self-determination, and therefore of informed consent.
Il consenso informato nella societÀ dell'informazione
Authors: Brownsword Roger
Published: June 2021

This paper responds to the chorus of criticisms now directed at the regulatory principle of informed consent. Four claims are made. The first claim is that, in the information society, we urgently need to clarify our informational rights; the second is that we should not forget that it is through the process of informed consent that we authorise acts that would otherwise infringe these rights; the third is that we need to differentiate between the information that an agent (A) is entitled to have qua rights-holder and the sense in which A must be informed before A can give a valid consent relative to A's rights; and the fourth claim is that, if we do these things, we will see that, pace its critics, informed consent should remain a central regulative principle in the information society.
ModernitÀ, stress e ricerca dell'autogestione emotiva
Authors: Schnabel Annette , Bengs Carita , Wiklund Maria
Published: June 2021

Sociology has a longstanding tradition in describing the emotional regime of modernity as "disciplining" effect, accompanied by an increased demand for selfregulation (Elias). Recently, researchers stressed that we nowadays observe a growing informalization of emotion rules (Wouters) and an increased demand for the emotional labour (Hochschild). The tension between disciplinary limitation of emotions and their informalization is mirrored in the growing necessity to psychologically and chemically alter and optimize emotions (Neckel). Beyond a mere theoretical analysis of this tension, the article empirically explores the selfperceptions and self-management strategies of young women in Sweden in order to cope with felt oppression and stress in relation to the emotional and behavioural demands of their environment.