bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL SUPPLY CHAIN PROCESS ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION / PROCESŲ ANALIZĖ IR OPTIMIZACIJA STATYBINIŲ MEDŽIAGŲ TIEKIMO GRANDINĖJE
Authors: Pan Nai-Hsin , Lee Ming-Li , Chen Sheng-Quan
Published: September 2011

This paper provides a systematic approach for the analysis and design of construction supply chain operation models. Based on the Supply Chain Operations Reference Model of the Supply Chain Council, this research studies sup- ply and demand behavior, using a bridge superstructure construction process as a case study. This paper uses the SCOR Model and applies Dynamic Simulation software, namely, “SIMPROCESS”, to assist in establishing a hierarchical model to explore the behavior of the construction supply chain process and develop a performance evaluation method that can help improve the supply chain management (SCM) of the construction project. Santrauka Šiame darbe sistemingai analizuojami ir kuriami statybų tiekimo grandinės procesų modeliai. Remiantis etaloniniu tiekimo grandinės procesų modeliu, kurį sudarė Tiekimo grandinės taryba, nagrinėjama pasiūlos ir paklausos elgsena, at-vejui tirti pasirinkus tilto perdangų statybos procesą. Naudojant SCOR modelį ir dinaminio modeliavimo programinę įrangą “SIMPROCESS”, darbe sudaromas hierarchinis modelis, leidžiantis nagrinėti procesų pobūdį statybų tiekimo grandinėse, ir sukuriamas veiklos efektyvumo vertinimo metodas, kuris gali padėti pagerinti statybų projekto tiekimo grandinės valdymą (TGV).
Increased Numbers of Preexisting Memory CD8 T Cells and Decreased T-bet Expression Can Restrain Terminal Differentiation of Secondary Effector and Memory CD8 T Cells
Authors: Joshi Nikhil S. , Cui Weiguo , Dominguez Claudia X. , Chen Jonathan H. , Hand Timothy W. , Kaech Susan M.
Published: September 2011

Memory CD8 T cells acquire effector memory cell properties after reinfection and may reach terminally differentiated, senescent states (“Hayflick limit”) after multiple infections. The signals controlling this process are not well understood, but we found that the degree of secondary effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation was intimately linked to the amount of T-bet expressed upon reactivation and preexisting memory CD8 T cell number (i.e., primary memory CD8 T cell precursor frequency) present during secondary infection. Compared with naive cells, memory CD8 T cells were predisposed toward terminal effector (TE) cell differentiation because they could immediately respond to IL-12 and induce T-bet, even in the absence of Ag. TE cell formation after secondary (2°) or tertiary infections was dependent on increased T-bet expression because T-bet+/− cells were resistant to these phenotypic changes. Larger numbers of preexisting memory CD8 T cells limited the duration of 2° infection and the amount of IL-12 produced, and consequently, this reduced T-bet expression and the proportion of 2° TE CD8 T cells that formed. Together, these data show that over repeated infections, memory CD8 T cell quality and proliferative fitness is not strictly determined by the number of serial encounters with Ag or cell divisions, but is a function of the CD8 T cell differentiation state, which is genetically controlled in a T-bet–dependent manner. This differentiation state can be modulated by preexisting memory CD8 T cell number and the intensity of inflammation during reinfection. These results have important implications for vaccinations involving prime-boost strategies.
Nucleosides fromPhlebotomus papatasiSalivary Gland Ameliorate Murine Collagen-Induced Arthritis by Impairing Dendritic Cell Functions
Authors: Carregaro Vanessa , Sá-Nunes Anderson , Cunha Thiago M. , Grespan Renata , Oliveira Carlo J. F. , Lima-Junior Djalma S. , Costa Diego L. , Verri Waldiceu A. , Milanezi Cristiane M. , Pham Van My , Brand David D. , Valenzuela Jesus G. , Silva João S. , Ribeiro José M. C. , Cunha Fernando Q.
Published: September 2011

Among several pharmacological compounds, Phlebotomine saliva contains substances with anti-inflammatory properties. In this article, we demonstrated the therapeutic activity of salivary gland extract (SGE) of Phlebotomus papatasi in an experimental model of arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis [CIA]) and identified the constituents responsible for such activity. Daily administration of SGE, initiated at disease onset, attenuated the severity of CIA, reducing the joint lesion and proinflammatory cytokine release. In vitro incubation of dendritic cells (DCs) with SGE limited specific CD4+ Th17 cell response. We identified adenosine (ADO) and 5′AMP as the major salivary molecules responsible for anti-inflammatory activities. Pharmacologic inhibition of ADO A2A receptor or enzymatic catabolism of salivary nucleosides reversed the SGE-induced immunosuppressive effect. Importantly, CD73 (ecto-5′-nucleotidase enzyme) is expressed on DC surface during stage of activation, suggesting that ADO is also generated by 5′AMP metabolism. Moreover, both nucleosides mimicked SGE-induced anti-inflammatory activity upon DC function in vitro and attenuated establishment of CIA in vivo. We reveal that ADO and 5′AMP are present in pharmacological amounts in P. papatasi saliva and act preferentially on DC function, consequently reducing Th17 subset activation and suppressing the autoimmune response. Thus, it is plausible that these constituents might be promising therapeutic molecules to target immune inflammatory diseases.
Prenatal Secondhand Cigarette Smoke Promotes Th2 Polarization and Impairs Goblet Cell Differentiation and Airway Mucus Formation
Authors: Singh Shashi P. , Gundavarapu Sravanthi , Peña-Philippides Juan C. , Rir-sima-ah Jules , Mishra Neerad C. , Wilder Julie A. , Langley Raymond J. , Smith Kevin R. , Sopori Mohan L.
Published: September 2011

Parental, particularly maternal, smoking increases the risk for childhood allergic asthma and infection. Similarly, in a murine allergic asthma model, prenatal plus early postnatal exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke (SS) exacerbates airways hyperreactivity and Th2 responses in the lung. However, the mechanism and contribution of prenatal versus early postnatal SS exposure on allergic asthma remain unresolved. To identify the effects of prenatal and/or early postnatal SS on allergic asthma, BALB/c dams and their offspring were exposed gestationally and/or 8–10 wk postbirth to filtered air or SS. Prenatal, but not postnatal, SS strongly increased methacholine and allergen (Aspergillus)-induced airway resistance, Th2 cytokine levels, and atopy and activated the Th2-polarizing pathway GATA3/Lck/ERK1/2/STAT6. Either prenatal and/or early postnatal SS downregulated the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet and, surprisingly, despite high levels of IL-4/IL-13, dramatically blocked the allergen-induced mucous cell metaplasia, airway mucus formation, and the expression of mucus-related genes/proteins: Muc5ac, γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors, and SAM pointed domain-containing Ets-like factor. Given that SS/nicotine exposure of normal adult mice promotes mucus formation, the results suggested that fetal and neonatal lung are highly sensitive to cigarette smoke. Thus, although the gestational SS promotes Th2 polarization/allergic asthma, it may also impair and/or delay the development of fetal and neonatal lung, affecting mucociliary clearance and Th1 responses. Together, this may explain the increased susceptibility of children from smoking parents to allergic asthma and childhood respiratory infections.
Management of Cardiac Tamponade: A Comperative Study between Echo-Guided Pericardiocentesis and Surgery—A Report of 100 Patients
Authors: Gumrukcuoglu Hasan Ali , Odabasi Dolunay , Akdag Serkan , Ekim Hasan
Published: September 2011

Background. Cardiac tamponade (CT) represents a life-threatening condition, and the optimal method of draining accumulated pericardial fluid remains controversial. We have reviewed 100 patients with CT at our institution over a five-year period and compared the results of echo-guided pericardiocentesis, primary surgical treatment, and surgical treatment following pericardiocentesis with regard to functional outcomes.Methods. The study group consisted of 100 patients with CT attending Yuzuncu Yil University from January 2005 to January 2010 who underwent one of the 3 treatment options (echo-guided pericardiocentesis, primary surgical treatment, and surgical treatment following pericardiocentesis). CT was defined by clinical and echocardiographic criteria. Data on medical history, characteristics of the pericardial fluid, treatment strategy, and follow-up data were collected.Results. Echo-guided pericardiocentesis was performed in 38 (38%) patients (Group A), primary surgical treatment was preformed in 36 (36%) patients (Group B), and surgical treatment following pericardiocentesis was performed in 26 (26%) patients (Group C). Idiopathic and malignant diseases were primary cause of tamponade (28% and 28%, resp.), followed by tuberculosis (14%). Total complication rates, 30-day mortality, and total mortality rates were highest in Group C. Recurrence of tamponade before 90 days was highest in Group A.Conclusions. According to our results, minimal invasive procedure echo-guided pericardiocentesis should be the first choice because of lower complication and mortality rates especially in idiopathic cases and in patients with hemodynamic instability. Surgical approach might be performed for traumatic cases, purulent, recurrent, or malign effusions with higher complication and mortality rates.
Functional Implications of Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3‐Mediated Tau Phosphorylation
Authors: Hanger Diane P. , Noble Wendy
Published: September 2011

Tau is primarily a neuronal microtubule‐associated protein that has functions related to the stabilisation of microtubules. Phosphorylation of tau is an important dynamic and regulatory element involved in the binding of tau to tubulin. Thus, highly phosphorylated tau is more likely to be present in the cytosolic compartment of neurons, whereas reduced phosphate burden allows tau to bind to and stabilise the microtubule cytoskeleton. Highly phosphorylated forms of tau are deposited in the brain in a range of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer′s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with Pick bodies. A key candidate kinase for both physiological and pathological tau phosphorylation is glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3). Multiple phosphorylation sites have been identified on tau exposed to GSK‐3 in vitro and in cells. In this review, we highlight recent data suggesting a role for GSK‐3 activity on physiological tau function and on tau dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease.
Overshooting of clean tropospheric air in the tropical lower stratosphere as seen by the CALIPSO lidar
Authors: Vernier J.-P. , Pommereau J.-P. , Thomason L. W. , Pelon J. , Garnier A. , Deshler T. , Jumelet J. , Nielsen J. K.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The evolution of aerosols in the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere between June 2006 and October 2009 is examined using the observations of the space borne CALIOP lidar aboard the CALIPSO satellite. Superimposed on several volcanic plumes and soot from an extreme biomass-burning event in 2009, the measurements reveal the existence of fast-cleansing episodes in the lower stratosphere to altitudes as high as 20 km. The cleansing of the layer, which extends from 14 to 20 km, takes place within 1 to 4 months during the southern tropics convective season that transports aerosol-poor tropospheric air into the lower stratosphere. In contrast, the convective season of the Northern Hemisphere summer shows an increase in the particle load at the tropopause consistent with a lofting of air rich with aerosols. These aerosols can consist of surface-derived material such as mineral dust and soot as well as liquid sulfate and organic particles. The flux of tropospheric air during the Southern Hemisphere convective season derived from CALIOP observations is shown to be 5 times at 16 km and 20 times at 19 km larger, respectively, than that associated with flux caused by slow ascent through radiative heating. These results suggest that convective overshooting is a major contributor to troposphere-to-stratosphere transport with concomitant implications for the Tropical Tropopause Layer top height, the humidity, the photochemistry and the thermal structure of the layer.
Modelling atmospheric OH-reactivity in a boreal forest ecosystem
Authors: Mogensen D. , Smolander S. , Sogachev A. , Zhou L. , Sinha V. , Guenther A. , Williams J. , Nieminen T. , Kajos M. K. , Rinne J. , Kulmala M. , Boy M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We have modelled the total atmospheric OH-reactivity in a boreal forest and investigated the individual contributions from gas phase inorganic species, isoprene, monoterpenes, and methane along with other important VOCs. Daily and seasonal variation in OH-reactivity for the year 2008 was examined as well as the vertical OH-reactivity profile. We have used SOSA; a one dimensional vertical chemistry-transport model (Boy et al., 2011a) together with measurements from Hyytiälä, SMEAR II station, Southern Finland, conducted in August 2008. Model simulations only account for ~30–50% of the total measured OH sink, and in our opinion, the reason for missing OH-reactivity is due to unmeasured unknown BVOCs, and limitations in our knowledge of atmospheric chemistry including uncertainties in rate constants. Furthermore, we found that the OH-reactivity correlates with both organic and inorganic compounds and increases during summer. The summertime canopy level OH-reactivity peaks during night and the vertical OH-reactivity decreases with height.
Spatial-temporal variations of surface ozone and ozone control strategy for Northern China
Authors: Tang G. , Wang Y. , Li X. , Ji D. , Gao X.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The Project of Atmospheric Combined Pollution Monitoring over Beijing and its Surrounding Areas, was an intensive field campaign conducted over northern China between June 2009 and September 2011 to provide an in-depth understanding and a comprehensive record of ozone (O3), respirable suspended particulate (PM10), fine particle (PM2.5), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other air pollutants in this quickly developing region of China. In this campaign, 25 stations in an air-quality monitoring network provided regional-scale spatial coverage. In this study, we analyzed the data on O3 and NOx levels obtained at the 22 sites over northern China between 1 September 2009 and 31 August 2010. Our goal was to investigate the O3 spatial-temporal variations and control strategy in this area. Significant diurnal, and seasonal variations were noted, with the highest concentrations typically found at around 03:00 p.m. (LT) and in June. The lowest concentrations were generally found during early morning hours (around 06:00 a.m.) and in December. Compared with July and August, June has increased photochemical production due to decreasing cloudiness coupled with reduced O3 loss due to less dry deposition, inducing an O3 peak appearing in June. The averaged O3 concentrations were lower in the plains area compared with the mountainous area due to the titration effects of high NOx emissions in urban areas. When the characteristics of O3 pollution in different regions were distinguished by factor analysis, we found high levels of O3 that exceeded China's National Standard throughout the plains areas, especially over Beijing and the surrounding areas. An integrated analysis with emissions data, meteorological data, and topography over northern China found that the meteorological results were the main factors that dominated the spatial variations of O3, with the presence of abundant emissions of precursors in this area. The smog production algorithm and space-based HCHO/NO2 column ratio were used to show the O3-NOx-VOCs sensitivity and examine the control strategy of O3 over northern China. The results show that summer O3 productions in the plains and northern mountainous areas were sensitive to VOCs and NOx, respectively. Our results are helpful for redefining government strategies to control the photochemical formation of air pollutants over northern China and are relevant for developing urban agglomerations worldwide.
Nanograssed Micropyramidal Architectures for Continuous Dropwise Condensation
Authors: Chen Xuemei , Wu Jun , Ma Ruiyuan , Hua Meng , Koratkar Nikhil , Yao Shuhuai , Wang Zuankai
Published: September 2011

Engineering the dropwise condensation of water on surfaces is critical in a wide range of applications from thermal management (e.g. heat pipes, chip cooling etc.) to water harvesting technologies. Surfaces that enable both efficient droplet nucleation and droplet self‐removal (i.e. droplet departure) are essential to accomplish successful dropwise condensation. However it is extremely challenging to design such surfaces. This is because droplet nucleation requires a wettable surface while droplet departure necessitates a super‐hydrophobic surface. Here we report that these conflicting requirements can be satisfied using a hierarchical (multiscale) nanograssed micropyramid architecture that yield a gobal superhydrophobicity as well as locally wettable nucleation sites, allowing for ˜65% increase in the drop number density and ˜450% increase in the drop self‐removal volume as compared to a superhydrophobic surface with nanostructures alone. Further we find that synergistic co‐operation between the hierarchical structures contributes directly to a continuous process of nucleation, coalescence, departure, and re‐nucleation enabling sustained dropwise condensation over prolonged periods. Exploiting such multiscale coupling effects can open up novel and exciting vistas in surface engineering leading to optimal condensation surfaces for high performance electronics cooling and water condenser systems.
Cross auditory‐spatial learning in early‐blind individuals
Authors: Chan Chetwyn C.H. , Wong Alex W.K. , Ting Kin‐Hung , Whitfield‐Gabrieli Susan , He Jufang , Lee Tatia M.C.
Published: September 2011

Cross‐modal processing enables the utilization of information received via different sensory organs to facilitate more complicated human actions. We used functional MRI on early‐blind individuals to study the neural processes associated with cross auditory‐spatial learning. The auditory signals, converted from echoes of ultrasonic signals emitted from a navigation device, were novel to the participants. The subjects were trained repeatedly for 4 weeks in associating the auditory signals with different distances. Subjects' blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent responses were captured at baseline and after training using a sound‐to‐distance judgment task. Whole‐brain analyses indicated that the task used in the study involved auditory discrimination as well as spatial localization. The learning process was shown to be mediated by the inferior parietal cortex and the hippocampus, suggesting the integration and binding of auditory features to distances. The right cuneus was found to possibly serve a general rather than a specific role, forming an occipital‐enhanced network for cross auditory‐spatial learning. This functional network is likely to be unique to those with early blindness, since the normal‐vision counterparts shared activities only in the parietal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Failures in psychodynamic psychotherapy
Authors: Gold Jerry , Stricker George
Published: September 2011

This article addresses the issue of failures in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Drawing on the clinical and research literatures, and utilizing our clinical experiences, we first describe and define criteria for success and failure in treatment. We then review five factors that can lead to failure: client factors, therapist factors, technical factors, relationship factors, and environmental factors. We illustrate our presentation with a case example, and conclude by discussing ways in which the likelihood of failures in psychodynamic treatment can be lowered. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 67:1–10, 2011.
Electromagnetically induced transparency‐based slow and stored light in warm atoms
Authors: Novikova I. , Walsworth R.L. , Xiao Y.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews recent efforts to realize a high‐efficiency memory for optical pulses using slow and stored light based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in ensembles of warm atoms in vapor cells. After a brief summary of basic continuous‐wave and dynamic EIT properties, studies using weak classical signal pulses in optically dense coherent media are discussed, including optimization strategies for stored light efficiency and pulse‐shape control, and modification of EIT and slow/stored light spectral properties due to atomic motion. Quantum memory demonstrations using both single photons and pulses of squeezed light are then reviewed. Finally a brief comparison with other approaches is presented.
Room‐temperature synthesis and characterization of porous CeO2 thin films
Authors: Chu Dewei , Masuda Yoshitake , Ohji Tatsuki , Kato Kazumi
Published: September 2011

CeO2 thin films with hexagonal‐shaped pores were successfully prepared by a facile electrodeposition at room temperature combined with an etching process. By using electrodeposited ZnO nanorods as a soft template, the morphology, and microstructure of the CeO2 could be controlled. TEM observation indicated that as‐prepared CeO2 film is composed of nanocrystals with average size of several nanometers, while XPS analysis showed the coexistence of Ce3+ and Ce4+ in the film. The photoluminescence properties of CeO2 films were measured, which showed much higher sensitivity compared to bare substrate.
Structural Colors: From Plasmonic to Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Xu Ting , Shi Haofei , Wu Yi‐Kuei , Kaplan Alex F. , Ok Jong G. , Guo L. Jay
Published: September 2011

In addition to colorant‐based pigmentation, structure is a major contributor to a material's color. In nature, structural color is often caused by the interaction of light with dielectric structures whose dimensions are on the order of visible‐light wavelengths. Different optical interactions including multilayer interference, light scattering, the photonic crystal effect, and combinations thereof give rise to selective transmission or reflection of particular light wavelengths, which leads to the generation of structural color. Recent developments in nanofabrication of plasmonic and carbon nanostructures have opened another efficient way to control light properties at the subwavelength scale, including visible‐light wavelength selection, which can produce structural color. In this Concept, the most relevant and representative achievements demonstrated over the last several years are presented and analyzed. These plasmonic and carbon nanostructures are believed to offer great potential for high‐resolution color displays and spectral filtering applications.
Effects ofn-3 fatty acids, EPAv. DHA, on depressive symptoms, quality of life, memory and executive function in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a 6-month randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sinn Natalie , Milte Catherine M. , Street Steven J. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Coates Alison M. , Petkov John , Howe Peter R. C.
Published: September 2011

Depressive symptoms may increase the risk of progressing from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to dementia. Consumption ofn-3 PUFA may alleviate both cognitive decline and depression. The aim of the present study was to investigate the benefits of supplementing a diet withn-3 PUFA, DHA and EPA, for depressive symptoms, quality of life (QOL) and cognition in elderly people with MCI. We conducted a 6-month double-blind, randomised controlled trial. A total of fifty people aged >65 years with MCI were allocated to receive a supplement rich in EPA (1·67 g EPA+0·16 g DHA/d;n17), DHA (1·55 g DHA+0·40 g EPA/d;n18) or then-6 PUFA linoleic acid (LA; 2·2 g/d;n15). Treatment allocation was by minimisation based on age, sex and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale, GDS). Physiological and cognitive assessments, questionnaires and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes were obtained at baseline and 6 months (completers:n40; EPAn13, DHAn16, LAn11). Compared with the LA group, GDS scores improved in the EPA (P = 0·04) and DHA (P = 0·01) groups and verbal fluency (Initial Letter Fluency) in the DHA group (P = 0·04). Improved GDS scores were correlated with increased DHA plus EPA (r0·39,P = 0·02). Improved self-reported physical health was associated with increased DHA. There were no treatment effects on other cognitive or QOL parameters. Increased intakes of DHA and EPA benefited mental health in older people with MCI. Increasingn-3 PUFA intakes may reduce depressive symptoms and the risk of progressing to dementia. This needs to be investigated in larger, depressed samples with MCI.
The Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: New Insight on Social Change from Ban Non Wat
Authors: Higham Charles
Published: September 2011

The expansion of copper-base metallurgy in the mainland of Eurasia began in the Near East and ended in Southeast Asia. The recognition of this Southeast Asian metallurgical province followed in the wake of French colonial occupation of Cambodia and Laos in the nineteenth century. Subsequently, most research has concentrated in Thailand, beginning in the 1960s. A sound chronology is the prerequisite to identifying both the origins of the Bronze Age, and the social impact that metallurgy may have had on society. This article presents the revolutionary results of excavations at the site of Ban Non Wat in northeast Thailand within the broader cultural context of Southeast Asian prehistory, concluding that the adoption of copper-base metallurgy from the eleventh century BC coincided with the rise of wealthy social aggrandizers.
Progressive Policy Making in a Conservative Age? Civil Rights and the Politics of Federal Education Standards, Testing, and Accountability
Authors: Rhodes Jesse Hessler
Published: September 2011

Recent research on the politics of contemporary policymaking has centered the contributions of diverse conservative forces. Conservatives are viewed as the chief proponents of marketizing reforms featuring retrenchment of social programs, privatization of social services, deregulation, and tax reduction, as well as of disciplining policies that impose more stringent behavioral requirements on beneficiaries, employ testing and reporting to monitor recipient performance, and impose sanctions for non-compliance. These developments are often viewed as fostering a less egalitarian politics, especially for historically disadvantaged groups.

I examine the rise of standards, testing, accountability, and limited school choice policies in federal education policymaking, which are widely viewed as embodying the same conservative interests and ideologies that have shaped policymaking in other areas. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, I show that certain civil rights organizations, not conservative forces, provided much of the impetus for federal standards, testing, and accountability reforms, which they viewed as measures for raising the achievement of disadvantaged students. Tracing the origins and consequences of these policies, my research reveals that entrepreneurial progressives can achieve significant legislative successes that they believe will accomplish progressive objectives. However, these policy victories have yielded mixed substantive results, and they have also unleashed complex and unanticipated consequences.
A Return to a National Origin Preference? Mexican Immigration and the Principles Guiding U.S. Immigration Policy
Authors: DeSipio Louis
Published: September 2011

The provocative question raised by Rogers Smith's “Living in a Promiseland? Mexican Immigration and American Obligations” is whether the tortured history of U.S.-Mexican relations and the racialized context of Mexican immigrant reception can best be ameliorated through targeted immigration policies that would create added opportunities for Mexican migrants relative to others. I argue that the current, more universally-principled system of U.S. immigration policy, supplemented by an inclusive legalization program, can better serve the needs of potential Mexican migrants and Mexican immigrants resident in the United States. Also, I am more skeptical than Smith is about the depths of Mexico's commitment to seeking binational strategies to address the needs of its émigrés abroad.
Immigration Politics
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2011

“You are a Greek Jew? I thought all Greeks were Orthodox?” As a Jewish-American growing up in New York City, whose paternal grandparents were Jews who had emigrated from Greece in the 1920s, I was frequently asked this question by well-meaning—if confused—friends and acquaintances. Indeed, while “Greek Jew” has always been a central aspect of my multiply-hyphenated American identity, in fact my grandfather Morris Isaac, né Izaki, was from Salonika and, it turns out, he himself grew up as a Turkish Jew under the Ottoman Empire, only to discover after World War I that he was in fact (now) not a Turkish but a Greek Jew (which was not, in the parlance of his time, synonymous with being an authentic “Greek”). Greek (Orthodox) or Jewish? Greek or Turkish? Pogroms, wars, “ethnic cleansings,” and sometimes even genocides have been undertaken to resolve such questions, and indeed my ancestors experienced all of these things in the opening decades of the twentieth century. For my family, such traumas are part of the story of how my grandparents came to leave Greece and migrate to the US and become Americans and US citizens (alas, many of their relatives were not able to leave, and most ultimately perished at the hands of the Nazis).
Investigating Speech Perception in Children With Dyslexia: Is There Evidence of a Consistent Deficit in Individuals?
Authors: Messaoud-Galusi Souhila , Hazan Valerie , Rosen Stuart
Published: September 2011

Purpose

The claim that speech perception abilities are impaired in dyslexia was investigated in a group of 62 children with dyslexia and 51 average readers matched in age.

Method

To test whether there was robust evidence of speech perception deficits in children with dyslexia, speech perception in noise and quiet was measured using 8 different tasks involving the identification and discrimination of a complex and highly natural synthetic “bee”–“pea” contrast (copy synthesized from natural models) and the perception of naturally produced words.

Results

Children with dyslexia, on average, performed more poorly than did average readers in the synthetic syllables identification task in quiet and in across-category discrimination (but not when tested using an adaptive procedure). They did not differ from average readers on 2 tasks of word recognition in noise or identification of synthetic syllables in noise. For all tasks, a majority of individual children with dyslexia performed within norms. Finally, speech perception generally did not correlate with pseudoword reading or phonological processing—the core skills related to dyslexia.

Conclusions

On the tasks and speech stimuli that the authors used, most children with dyslexia did not appear to show a consistent deficit in speech perception.
Methodological Practice and Policy for Organisationally and Socially Relevant is Research: An Inclusive–Exclusive Perspective
Authors: Davison Robert M , Martinsons Maris G
Published: September 2011

In this research paper, we argue that the tendency of Information Systems (IS) researchers to work with a rather parsimonious set of research methods, notably those that follow the positivist tradition, demonstrates a significant degree of methodological exclusiveness. We contend that such an exclusive practice is both counterproductive to good IS research and unethical. Further, it severely and unreasonably limits the extent to which IS research and researchers can contribute to both pressing organisational problems and the scholarly literature. We synthesise our position in a set of four arguments that guide our discussion of the nature and consequences of methodological exclusiveness, as well as possible solutions. We end the paper with an exposition of steps that could be taken to address the current situation.
Orthopaedic trauma from road crashes: is enough being done?
Authors: Donaldson Lachlan H , Brooke Kathryn , Faux Steven G
Published: September 2011

A file review of patients presenting to the Emergency
Department of St Vincent?s Hospital with
fractures sustained in a road crash was completed
to describe patterns of orthopaedic injury, acute
intervention and separation as well as the cost of
care for adult road crash victims. One-hundred and
eighty-seven patients were included. 65.8% were
male; 48.1% were pedestrians. Differing patterns
of injury corresponded to the role of the patient in
the road crash (eg, pedestrian, driver of vehicle,
etc). The mean length of stay was 8.8 days. 35.2%
of patients were prescribed a different analgesic at
discharge to that which they had received in the
previous 24 hours. 35.8% had a documented
discussion regarding insurance matters, usually
with a social worker. 11.9% were discharged to
inpatient rehabilitation. 56.2% had orthopaedic follow-
up arranged at discharge, while 4.8% were
discharged to an outpatient rehabilitation clinic.
The mean overall cost was $13 336, with patients
aged over 65 costing the most.
The quality of acute care for fractures sustained in
road crashes could be improved with evidencebased
analgesia management, increased screening
for psychiatric sequelae, enhanced assistance
with insurance matters and vocational issues, and
closer follow-up. Further research into the impact
of these factors on long-term recovery is warranted.
The cost and compensability of trauma patients
Authors: Curtis Kate , Dickson Cara , Black Deborah , Nau Thomas
Published: September 2011

Injury in Australia was responsible for 400 000
hospitalisations in 2002. This study aimed to
examine the direct costs of trauma patients in a
Level 1 trauma centre and determine the compensability
of those patients. Data on all admitted
patients (206) filling trauma criteria were collected
prospectively over a 3-month period (November
2006 to January 2007). A 10-question survey was
completed on each patient to record mechanism
of injury, third party private health insurance or
workers compensation, and direct costs were also
obtained. 30% of trauma admissions had an injury
severity score (ISS)> 15 (n = 62; median ISS =9;
range, 1?56). Median length of stay was 3 days
(range, 1?126). Almost half (47%) of the patients
were involved in road trauma, and 29% in falls.
More than half (53.4%) were eligible for compensation
(21.8% of patients had full hospital health
insurance cover, 21.4% third party insurance and
9.2% workers compensation). The mechanism of
injury with the highest median cost per patient was
assault, followed by pedal cyclists, pedestrians
then motor vehicle collisions.
Integration of low temperature and light signaling during cold acclimation response in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Catalá Rafael , Medina Joaquín , Salinas Julio
Published: September 2011

Certain plants increase their freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperatures, an adaptive process named cold acclimation. Light has been shown to be required for full cold acclimation, although how light and cold signals integrate and cross-talk to enhance freezing tolerance still remains poorly understood. Here, we show that HY5 levels are regulated by low temperature transcriptionally, via a CBF- and ABA-independent pathway, and posttranslationally, via protein stabilization through nuclear depletion of COP1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that HY5 positively regulates cold-induced gene expression through the Z-box and other cis-acting elements, ensuring the complete development of cold acclimation. These findings uncover unexpected functions for HY5, COP1, and the Z-box in
Arabidopsis
response to low temperature, provide insights on how cold and light signals integrate to optimize plant survival under freezing temperatures, and reveal the complexity of the molecular mechanisms plants have evolved to respond and adapt to their fluctuating natural environment.
Quantifying why urea is a protein denaturant, whereas glycine betaine is a protein stabilizer
Authors: Guinn Emily J. , Pegram Laurel M. , Capp Michael W. , Pollock Michelle N. , Record M. Thomas
Published: September 2011

To explain the large, opposite effects of urea and glycine betaine (GB) on stability of folded proteins and protein complexes, we quantify and interpret preferential interactions of urea with 45 model compounds displaying protein functional groups and compare with a previous analysis of GB. This information is needed to use urea as a probe of coupled folding in protein processes and to tune molecular dynamics force fields. Preferential interactions between urea and model compounds relative to their interactions with water are determined by osmometry or solubility and dissected using a unique coarse-grained analysis to obtain interaction potentials quantifying the interaction of urea with each significant type of protein surface (aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbon (C); polar and charged N and O). Microscopic local-bulk partition coefficientsKpfor the accumulation or exclusion of urea in the water of hydration of these surfaces relative to bulk water are obtained.Kpvalues reveal that urea accumulates moderately at amide O and weakly at aliphatic C, whereas GB is excluded from both. These results provide both thermodynamic and molecular explanations for the opposite effects of urea and glycine betaine on protein stability, as well as deductions about strengths of amide NH—amide O and amide NH—amide N hydrogen bonds relative to hydrogen bonds to water. Interestingly, urea, like GB, is moderately accumulated at aromatic C surface. Uream-values for protein folding and other protein processes are quantitatively interpreted and predicted using these urea interaction potentials orKpvalues.
piggyBac
transposon remobilization and enhancer detection in
Anopheles
mosquitoes
Authors: O'Brochta David A. , Alford Robert T. , Pilitt Kristina L. , Aluvihare Channa U. , Harrell Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Technical advances in mosquito biology are enabling the development of new approaches to vector control. Absent are powerful forward-genetics technologies, such as enhancer and gene traps, that permit determination of gene functions from the phenotypes arising from transposon insertion mutations. We show that the
piggyBac
transposon is highly active in the germline of the human malaria vector
Anopheles stephensi
. Up to 6% of the progeny from transgenic
A. stephensi
containing a single 6-kb
piggyBac
element with a marker gene expressing EGFP had the vector in new genomic locations when
piggyBac
transposase was provided
in trans
from a second integrated transgene. The active transposition of
piggyBac
resulted in the efficient detection of enhancers, with ∼10% of the progeny with
piggyBac
in new locations with novel patterns of EGFP expression in third and fourth instar larvae and in adults. The availability of advanced transgenic capabilities such as efficient transposon-based forward-genetics technologies for
Anopheles
mosquitoes not only will accelerate our understanding of mosquito functional genomics and the development of novel vector and disease transmission control strategies, but also will enable studies by evolutionary developmental biologists, virologists, and parasitologists.
Pathogenic polyglutamine proteins cause dendrite defects associated with specific actin cytoskeletal alterations in
Drosophila
Authors: Lee Sung Bae , Bagley Joshua A. , Lee Hye Young , Jan Lily Yeh , Jan Yuh-Nung
Published: September 2011

Whereas the neurodegeneration associated with various polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases has prompted extensive studies of polyQ-induced cell death, the neuronal loss that typically appears during late stages of the diseases may not account for the preceding movement and mental disorders. The cellular basis for polyQ-induced neuronal dysfunction preceding neuronal cell death remains largely unknown. Here we report defective dendrite morphogenesis within a specific subset of neurons due to polyQ toxicity that can be dissociated from caspase-dependent cell death. Expressing pathogenic spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) or type 3 (SCA3) proteins in
Drosophila
larval dendritic arborization neurons caused neuronal type-specific dendrite phenotypes primarily affecting terminal branches. We further show that expression of pathogenic polyQ proteins in adult flies after the formation of neuronal dendrites also greatly reduced dendritic complexity. These defects are associated with disruption of dendritic F-actin structures that can be partially mitigated by increasing Rac-PAK signaling. Together, these findings suggest that specific actin cytoskeletal alterations that alter dendrite morphology and function may contribute to the pathogenesis of at least a subset of polyQ disorders, including SCA3 and SCA1.
Cytoplasmic ankyrin repeats of transient receptor potential A1 (TRPA1) dictate sensitivity to thermal and chemical stimuli
Authors: Cordero-Morales Julio F. , Gracheva Elena O. , Julius David
Published: September 2011

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are polymodal signal detectors that respond to a wide array of physical and chemical stimuli, making them important components of sensory systems in both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Mammalian TRPA1 channels are activated by chemically reactive irritants, whereas snake and
Drosophila
TRPA1 orthologs are preferentially activated by heat. By comparing human and rattlesnake TRPA1 channels, we have identified two portable heat-sensitive modules within the ankyrin repeat-rich aminoterminal cytoplasmic domain of the snake ortholog. Chimeric channel studies further demonstrate that sensitivity to chemical stimuli and modulation by intracellular calcium also localize to the N-terminal ankyrin repeat-rich domain, identifying this region as an integrator of diverse physiological signals that regulate sensory neuron excitability. These findings provide a framework for understanding how restricted changes in TRPA1 sequence account for evolution of physiologically diverse channels, also identifying portable modules that specify thermosensitivity.
Neither Ascent nor Decline: “Parvaz” (Flying)
Authors: Djavahery Djavad
Published: September 2011

Djavad Djavaheri's “Parvaz” (Flying) is a Meditation on the Concept of time and manifold perceptions of it. Does one second mean the same to two pilots, one in a commercial plane and the other in a fighter plane? What does the fighter pilot experience in that fateful moment on which his whole destiny depends— a moment indistinguishable from any other by the pilot in a commercial plane on his routine journey in clement weather? And from men to machines: how do we, in the age of artificial memories, microchips, and nanoseconds, translate time into both power and impotence against a background of cultures, themselves rendered intelligible only by making allowances for ambiguities, nuances, and uncertainties?

Closer to the context of this story, consider the situation of a man at the end of his time.
Neighboring Cultures: Central Asia, Afghanistan, China
Authors: Hitchins Keith
Published: September 2011

The Coverage Accorded Central Asia and Afghanistan in the Encyclopaedia Iranica is remarkably broad. No significant aspect—geography, history, the economy, society, or culture—has been neglected, while the articles on the Iranian religious, economic, and cultural presence in China summarize existing scholarship and suggest new avenues of investigation. Taken together, the articles on Afghanistan provide an assessment of its unique place within the Iranian world, while those on Central Asia and China evaluate the importance of Iranian influences and trace the fate of Iranian peoples and cultures. Numerous articles stand as original contributions to their respective subjects and contain up-to-date and, in many cases, exhaustive bibliographies.
Exploring Issues Associated with Female Sexual Offenders
Authors: McLeod David
Published: September 2011

Book Review
Developmental Surface Dysgraphia: What is the Underlying Cognitive Impairment?
Authors: Romani Cristina , Ward Jamie , Olson Andrew
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive causes underlying spelling difficulties in a case of developmental surface dysgraphia, AW. Our results do not support a number of possibilities that could be the cause of AW's poor orthographic lexicon, including difficulties in phonological processing, phonological short-term memory, configurational visual memory, and lexical semantic memory. We have found instead that AW performs poorly in tasks that involve detection of the order of adjacent letters in a word or the order of adjacent units in strings of consonants or symbols. Finally, he performs poorly in tasks that involve reconstructing the order of a series of complex visual characters (Japanese and Hindi characters) especially when these are presented sequentially. We advance the hypothesis that AW's poor spelling and good reading skills stem from an underlying pattern of cognitive abilities where a very good visual configurational memory is coupled with a poor ability to encode serial order. This may have resulted in a holistic word-based reading strategy, which, together with the original problem of encoding order, may have had detrimental effects for the acquisition of spelling.
On Certain Limitations Accompanying Readers’ Interpretations of Corrections in Episodic Text
Authors: Wilkes A. L. , Reynolds D. J.
Published: September 2011

Where information concerning an ongoing event is acquired piecemeal over time, it may become necessary to correct a particular item of information after it is first encountered. Previous work (Johnson & Seifert, 1994; Wilkes & Leatherbarrow, 1988) has shown that if the content targeted for correction is thematically salient, neither a delayed nor an immediate correction may be sufficient to suppress its influence when subjects are subsequently tested for their comprehension of the message sequence as a whole. The present experiments are aimed at clarifying the conditions under which corrections fail to achieve their intended effects. In Experiment 1, message sequences were prepared in which the correction occurred midway in the text. It was found that the pre- or post-correction status of a message had no bearing on how it was interpreted on a later test of comprehension; both types of statements were equally likely to be associated with inferences based on the discredited message. In Experiment 2 the message targeted for correction could be directly linked to only one other message in the overall sequence. Despite this reduction in the scope of the correction, illegitimate inferences based on the discredited source continued to be made during comprehension testing. These results suggest that the critical inferences were made at the time of comprehension testing and are interpreted as providing support for the minimalist stance on the incidence of on-line inferencing during normal reading.
No Way to Treat your Mother: Understanding Petit Jehan de Saintré's Rage
Authors: Emerson Catherine
Published: September 2011

The surprising ending of Antoine de La Sale's fictionalized portrait of Jean de Saintré raises a number of questions concerning both the conduct of the two protagonists and the generic status of the work itself. Although it has been noted that the central relationship is defined in terms of mother and son, previous studies have not recognized the full implications of this reading and the extent to which it can elucidate the questions posed by the closing section. La Sale's writing exploits linguistic ambiguities and his audience's awareness of their multiple meanings to paint a portrait of a relationship that does not cease to be subjected to a maternal paradigm. In doing so, he presents an (albeit restricted) critique of the infantilizing tendencies of courtly society and court combat at the end of the Middle Ages.