bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microtubular Organization in Tobacco Cells: Heat‐Shock Protein 90 can Bind to Tubulin in Vitro
Authors: Freudenreich A. , Nick P.
Published: February 2014

Abstract: The heat‐shock protein 90 (HSP90) from tobacco VBIO cells specifically binds to nitrocellulose that had been coated with polymerized microtubules or tubulin dimers. HSP90 is expressed preferentially during cell division and becomes down‐regulated during cell elongation. HSP90 cofractionates with tubulin dimers during affinity chromatography with sepharose coupled to the tubulin‐binding drug ethyl N‐phenylcarbamate (EPC). Binding of HSP90 to EPC‐sepharose depends on the presence of tubulin. Antibodies against tubulin and HSP90 immunoadsorb HSP90 and tubulin, respectively. These results demonstrate that HSP90 behaves as a microtubule‐binding protein in vitro.
Expression of the Ribosomal Protein S14 in Lupin Cotyledons is Stimulated by Cytokinin and Inhibited by Abscisic Acid and Light
Authors: Cherepneva Galina N. , Oelmüller R. , Kulaeva Olga N. , Kusnetsov V. V.
Published: February 2014

Abstract: Phytohormones are important intracellular components in controlling plant growth and development. By employing the differential display method, we have identified several genes which are upregulated by cytokinins and downregulated by abscisic acid in detached lupin cytoledons. One of the genes encodes the ribosomal protein S14 (rps14). The plant gene is highly homologous to rps14 genes from mammalian organisms. rps14 exhibits additional novel features: its mRNA level is developmentally expressed, and only detectable in young tissue. In addition, the steady‐state mRNA level is high in dark‐adapted lupin cotyledons and strongly down‐regulated by light. These data suggest that rps14 might play a role in coupling translational processes to endogenous (developmental and hormonal) and exogenous (light) regulatory processes during early stages of plant development.
Hydrocarbons Associated with the Developing Microspores in the Anther Loculus of Tulipa
Authors: Gubatz S. , Luftmann H. , Wiermann R.
Published: February 2014

Abstract: Hydrocarbons associated with the developing microspores in the anther loculus of Tulipa cv. Apeldoorn were investigated. They occurred mainly at chain lengths between C19 and C29. At the lower chain lengths the n‐alkanes, at higher chain lengths the alkenes dominated. During microspore development the ratio of unsaturated to saturated hydrocarbons in the extracts changed. While the content of all main hydrocarbons increased, the content of the alkanes C19, C21 and C23 increased to 3.8, 3.4 and 3.3 times the initial value compared to 2.1, 2.0 and 2.2 times in case of the alkenes C25, C27 and C29. Surface lipids from petals, leaves and ripe pollen were analyzed in comparison and these analyses confirmed that a high amount of alkenes was unique for microspores. Iso‐heptacosane was the main hydrocarbon from ripe pollen, heptacosene was a main component when microspore extracts were analyzed.
Partitioning of Soluble Calcium in the Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms) in Lake Victoria, Uganda
Authors: Tabuti J. R. S. , Oryem‐Origa H. , Mutumba G. M. , Kashambuzi J. T.
Published: February 2014

Abstract: An investigation of soluble calcium partitioning in organs of the water hyacinth growing along the shores of L. Victoria, bordering Jinja town was carried out. The levels of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the lake water were also estimated. The pH and electrical conductivity of lake water were determined.

There was a differential accumulation of Ca and oxalate between component organs of the water hyacinth. The concentration of oxalate in the various organs was more than twice that of Ca. Soluble Ca decreased with age in all organs except the leaf, while oxalate increased with age in all organs except the rhizome. There were site variations in the partitioning of both Ca and oxalate in the water hyacinth.
Cloning, Recombinant Expression and Characterization of Wild Type‐105‐Trp‐Calmodulin of the Green Alga Mougeotia scalaris
Authors: Zörb Chr , Brunner Katja D. , Perbandt M. , Betzel Chr , Wagner G.
Published: February 2014

The single calmodulin gene (CaM) of the green alga Mougeotia scalaris (Hassall) was cloned, sequenced and the CDNA inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX‐2T. The recombinant calmodulin protein (CAM) was expressed as a fusion product together with glutathione S‐transferase and isolated on glutathione sepharose. After cleavage and purification, the CaM was characterized by Ca2+‐dependent shift in SDS‐PAGE, by activation of cyclic 3′,5′nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) and sensitivity to the inhibitors trifluoperazine and calmidazolium, with native Mougeotia CaM as control. Using Ca2+ buffers in the PDE test, affinity to Ca2+ of Mougeotia CaM was found to be diminished fivefold compared to maize or bovine brain CaMs. There was also a 20‐fold increase of half maximal activation (Kact) in the PDE test for Mougeotia CaM relative to maize CaM, while the Kact of maize CaM to that of bovine brain CaM was almost the same. The derived amino acid sequences of CaM from Mougeotia and Zea mays revealed three major conservative amino acid exchanges, including unique 105‐Trp (Mougeotia) → Leu (maize). In Mougeotia CaM the 105‐Trp, including the neighbouring side chains of 92‐Phe and 141‐Phe, putatively form a hydrophobic ring interaction, as revealed by molecular modelling.
Light Harvesting and State Transitions in Cyanobacteria
Authors: van Thor J. J. , Mullineaux C. W. , Matthijs H. C. P. , Hellingwerf K. J.
Published: February 2014

Cyanobacteria are oxygenic phototrophic prokaryotes and are considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts. Their photosynthetic machinery is functionally equivalent in terms of primary photochemistry and photosynthetic electron transport. Fluorescence measurements and other techniques indicate that cyanobacteria, like plants, are capable of redirecting pathways of excitation energy transfer from light harvesting antennae to both photosystems. Cyanobacterial cells can reach two energetically different states, which are defined as “State 1” (obtained after preferential excitation of photosystem I) and “State 2” (preferential excitation of photosystem II). These states can be distinguished by static and time resolved fluorescence techniques. One of the most important conclusions reached so far is that the presence of both photosystems, as well as certain antenna components, are necessary for state transitions to occur. Spectroscopic evidence suggests that changes in the coupling state of the light harvesting antenna complexes (the phycobilisomes) to both photosystems occur during state transitions. The finding that the phycobilisome complexes are highly mobile on the surface of the thylakoid membrane (the mode of interaction with the thylakoid membrane is essentially unknown), has led to the proposal that they are in dynamic equilibrium with both photosystems and regulation of energy transfer is mediated by changes in affinity for either photosystem.
CLAIMING THE CREDIT
Authors: Coomber Steve
Published: February 2014

Impartial decisions in the best interests of the organisation are more elusive than you might think
AFRICA'S ENTREPRENEURS
Authors: Crainer Stuart
Published: February 2014

Some of the continent's biggest and brightest businesspeople
THE SERVICE ETHIC
Authors: Collis Cathy
Published: February 2014

Kenneth Chenault joined American Express in 1981 and became its CEO and Chairman in 2001. He talks to Cathy Collis
OFFICE SPACE
Authors: Daly Neil
Published: February 2014

Neil Daly, founder of Skin Analytics, provides a guide to his beachy working home
MAKING HISTORY AT A.T. KEARNEY
Authors: Chynoweth Carly
Published: February 2014

The last decade has been a tumultuous one for the consulting firm A.T. Kearney. Now, it is mapping out an ambitious growth path to 2020. Carly Chynoweth reports
PRETTY GREEN
Authors: Ioannou Ioannis
Published: February 2014

Greenwash has become a byword for the worst kind of sustainability strategy – all talk and no action. But have we thrown the baby out with the green bathwater? There may be some commercial value in talking up your sustainability plans, as long as genuine action follows, argues Ioannis Ioannou
BEYOND CONTROL
Authors: Peterson Randall S.
Published: February 2014

What is the model of the modern major CEO? In this article from the BSR archive, Randall Peterson argues that the trend line is away from the boss whose chief weapons are fear and control. So where does the trend lead?
MY DAY
Authors: A'Hearn Terry
Published: February 2014

Terry A'Hearn is Chief Executive of the Northern Ireland Environment Agency. He opens his diary for Business Strategy Review
Passion at work and workers' evaluations of job demands and resources: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lavigne Geneviève L. , Forest Jacques , Fernet Claude , Crevier‐Braud Laurence
Published: February 2014

Vallerand et al. developed a dualistic model of passion where two types of passion are proposed: harmonious and obsessive passion. They generally predict adaptive and less adaptive outcomes, respectively. In this study, we examine whether the type of passion that employees hold toward work influences their evaluations of job demands and resources. We hypothesized that a harmonious passion for work would lead to positive evaluations of job control and support in the workplace as well as to low levels of work overload. In contrast, we hypothesized that an obsessive passion for work would lead to evaluations of work overload and to low levels of job control and support. The results of a longitudinal study supported our hypothesis.
The diversity paradox: when people who value diversity surround themselves with like‐minded others
Authors: Hackett Justin D. , Hogg Michael A.
Published: February 2014

An anomaly exists between society's push for diversity and people's preference to be with like‐minded others—a diversity paradox. Research suggests it is endemic to group life to accentuate similarity within groups and maximize differences between groups. Drawing on uncertainty–identity theory, that uncertainty motivates identification with clearly defined groups, we explore whether increasing community identification to alleviate self‐uncertainty is impacted when diversity is important. In a naturalistic experiment, values match and placing importance on diversity each predicted community identification. Uncertainty decreased identification when diversity was important. Greater identification emerged when diversity and value similarity were important. This effect, strong under low uncertainty, did not emerge under high uncertainty. Findings are discussed in terms of the antagonism between society's push for diversity and research on the psychology of groups.
How does stigma spoil relationships? Evidence that perceived discrimination harms romantic relationship quality through impaired self‐image
Authors: Doyle David Matthew , Molix Lisa
Published: February 2014

Research is beginning to reveal negative effects of perceived discrimination on romantic relationship quality among members of devalued groups, yet potential mechanisms driving these effects remain underexplored. In the current work, we examined the mediating role of self‐image. Data from two cross‐sectional studies with samples composed of racial minorities (Study 1) and sexual minorities (Study 2) provided support for a model, whereby the negative association between perceived discrimination and romantic relationship quality is partially mediated by impaired self‐image. As proposed, results from bootstrapping analyses revealed significant indirect effects of perceived discrimination on relationship quality through self‐image. Implications of social identity threats for the romantic relationships and families of members of stigmatized groups are discussed along with other potential mechanisms.
Individual prediction model for lamivudine treatment response in hepatitis B virus e antigen‐positive chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Lee Hyun Woong , Kang Wonseok , Ahn Sang Hoon , Lee Heon Ju , Hwang Jae Seok , Sohn Joo Hyun , Jang Jae Young , Han Ki Jun , Kim Ja Kyung , Kim Do Young , Paik Yong Han , Lee Chun Kyon , Choi Ik‐Seong , Lee Kwan Sik , Han Kwang‐Hyub
Published: February 2014

Background and Aims

Although prolonged lamivudine (LAM) therapy is associated with the emergence of LAM‐resistant mutations, it is still a commonly used therapy in many Asian countries because of its established long‐term safety and low cost. The aim of our study was to assess the predictors of long‐term LAM treatment response and to establish an individual prediction model (IPM) for hepatitis B virus e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion in HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

Methods

This was a multicenter analysis of 838 patients treated with LAM between January 1999 and August 2004. Of these, 748 patients were followed up for at least 24 months.

Results

The median age was 43.0 years (range, 19–79 years) and the mean duration of LAM monotherapy was 34.2 ± 0.7 months. In the multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.974, P < 0.001), baseline alanine aminotransferase level (OR = 1.001, P = 0.014), and baseline hepatitis B virus DNA level (OR = 0.749, P < 0.001) were independent factors for HBeAg seroconversion. Based on the predictors, an IPM was established. Patients were classified into high (> 50%), intermediate (30–50%), or low (≤ 30%) response groups based on their probability of HBeAg seroconversion according to the IPM. The cumulative HBeAg seroconversion rate at 6 years for the high, intermediate, and low response groups was 66.0%, 48.5%, and 21.8%, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

An IPM was developed based on predictors of HBeAg seroconversion in HBeAg‐positive CHB patients on LAM monotherapy. This model will allow screening of LAM responders prior to the commencement of antiviral treatment.
Household Members of Persons with Alzheimer's Disease: Health Conditions, Healthcare Resource Use, and Healthcare Costs
Authors: Suehs Brandon T. , Shah Sonali N. , Davis Cralen D. , Alvir Jose , Faison Warachal E. , Patel Nick C. , van Amerongen Derek , Bobula Joel
Published: February 2014

Objectives

To compare medical condition burden, healthcare resource use, and healthcare costs of household members (HHMs) of individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) with those of HHMs of matched individuals without AD.

Design

Retrospective cohort study based on administrative claims data collected between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2011.

Setting

Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug (MAPD) plan.

Participants

MAPD plan members with a diagnosis of AD (International Classification of Disease Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, code 331.0) were selected and linked to a HHM to form patient‐HHM dyads. AD dyads were matched to non‐AD dyads.

Measurements

Health‐related endpoints, including medical condition burden, healthcare resource use, and direct healthcare costs, were measured during 36 months of continuous health plan enrollment.

Results

Individuals with AD (n = 1,861) were linked to HHMs (n = 1,861), and these AD dyads were matched to 1,861 non‐AD patient–HHM dyads. AD HHMs had greater medical condition burden scores than non‐AD HHMs, with mood disorders, anxiety disorders, insomnia, substance abuse or dependence, cardiovascular disease, and rheumatoid arthritis being more prevalent in AD HHMs. Emergency department and outpatient service use were more common in AD HHMs than in non‐AD HHMs, and AD HHMs had greater healthcare costs.

Conclusion

HHMs of individuals diagnosed with AD demonstrated greater medical condition burden, healthcare resource use, and direct healthcare costs than non‐AD HHMs. These findings demonstrate the significant clinical and financial impact of AD on HHMs of individuals with AD.
Oral helminthic infestations
Authors: Hassona Yazan , Scully Crispian , Delgado‐Azanero Wilson , de Almeida Oslei P.
Published: February 2014

Oral infections caused by helminths (worms) are rarely encountered in clinical practice, and consequently, there is a paucity of information in the medical and dental literature about these conditions. In the present article, we review the English literature related to oral helminthic infestations. The main oral infections caused by helminths include four roundworm (trichinosis, trichuriasis, filariasis, and larva migrans) and three tapeworm infections (cysticercosis, sparganosis, and echinococcosis). Cases are mainly encountered in endemic areas and mainly present a benign clinical picture. The diagnosis of oral helminthic infections is mostly established after histopathological examination, which shows parasitic larvae lined by fibrous tissue and inflammatory cells. Surgical excision is the preferred treatment of isolated oral lesions caused by helminths; however, patients should undergo thorough medical evaluation to exclude the possible involvement of other body systems.
Success rates of different management techniques for impacted mandibular canines and associated complications in children and adolescents
Authors: Sajnani Anand K. , King Nigel M.
Published: February 2014

Aim

The aim of the present study was to investigate the success rate of various treatment modalities and complications associated with the occurrence and treatment of impacted mandibular permanent canines.

Methods

Seventy‐four southern Chinese children and adolescents who received treatment for impacted mandibular canines over a 27‐year period were included in the analysis. Treatment modalities and complications that had been recorded in the clinical and surgical notes and that could be diagnosed from the available radiographs were noted.

Results

The most commonly‐performed treatment for the correction of an impacted mandibular canine was surgical removal of the impacted tooth (n = 59). In cases where surgical exposure of the impacted canine followed by bonding an attachment was performed (n = 7), the average time required for the canine to erupt postoperatively through the soft tissue was 12.2 months (±10.2 months). Lack of movement of the tooth after traction was the only complication reported in these patients (n = 3). The most frequently‐reported postoperative sequela observed for all treatment modalities was swelling of the soft tissues around the surgical site (n = 6), and this was persistent even after 48 h.

Conclusions

The success rate after surgical intervention and orthodontic traction was 57.1%.
Efficacy of acellular dermal matrix and autogenous connective tissue grafts in the treatment of gingival recession defects among Asians
Authors: Taiyeb Ali Tara B. , Shapeen Izrawatie M. , Ahmed Hameeda Bashir , Javed Fawad
Published: February 2014

Introduction

The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and subepithelial connective tissue grafts (sCTG) in the treatment of Miller class I and II gingival recession (GR) defects.

Methods

Six patients with eight GR sites were randomly assigned to the test group (GR defects treated with ADM) and control group (GR defects treated with sCTG). Recession height (RH) and width, probing depth, keratinized gingiva, clinical attachment level, and full mouth plaque and bleeding scores were measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Results

The differences in mean changes were insignificant between the two groups in all parameters. In both groups, improvements from baseline to 3 and 6 months were significant for mean RH reduction and clinical attachment gain. A significant increase in the mean keratinized gingiva width was observed in both groups at 3 and 6 months.

Conclusion

ADM and sCTG yield similar outcomes when used in the treatment of GR defects.
No Signs of Intracranial Arterial Vasoconstriction in Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Baracchini Claudio , Farina Filippo , Ballotta Enzo , Meneghetti Giorgio , Manara Renzo
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The current theories to explain the pathophysiology of transient global amnesia (TGA) involve epilepsy, migraine, and hippocampal ischemia which might be determined by venous congestion or arterial vasoconstriction triggered by Valsalva‐associated maneuvers in susceptible individuals.

METHODS

Seventy‐five TGA patients [mean age 60.3 ± 8.0 years, 44 (59%) females] and 75 age‐ and gender‐matched controls were enrolled into a case–control study and underwent extracranial and transcranial arterial echo‐color Doppler sonography.

RESULTS

Intracranial arterial obstructions of the posterior circulation were neither observed in TGA patients nor in controls. There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to intima–media thickness of the common carotids (.73 ± .07 vs. .72 ± .06), cervical vessel atherosclerosis (13% vs. 15%), >50% intracranial stenosis of the anterior circulation arteries (3% vs. 3%), resistance index values of the vertebral arteries at rest and during Valsalva maneuver (.69 ± .08 vs. .67 ± .09) and pulsatility index values of the major intracranial arteries at rest and during Valsalva maneuver. No difference in all study items was found between patients assessed during or soon after the TGA episode.

CONCLUSIONS

Extra‐intracranial atherosclerosis does not play a pathogenic role in TGA and no supporting evidence for the arterial vasoconstriction hypothesis of TGA emerged from this study.
Lithium Toxicity and PRES: A Novel Association
Authors: Fitzgerald Ryan T. , Fitzgerald Caris T. , Samant Rohan S. , Kumar Manoj , Ramakrishniah Raghu , Van Hemert Rudy , Angtuaco Edgardo J.
Published: February 2014

We report two cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) occurring in association with supra‐therapeutic serum lithium levels. Although the neurologic manifestations of lithium toxicity are well known, this is, to our knowledge, the first report describing a link between lithium toxicity and PRES. We discuss the current understanding of the pathogenesis of PRES and suggest mechanisms by which lithium may play a role in its development.
Better than nothing: Evolution of autonomous selfing under strong inbreeding depression in an alpine annual from the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau
Authors: ZHANG Chan , ZHOU Guo‐Ying , YANG Yong‐Ping , DUAN Yuan‐Wen
Published: February 2014

In plants with infrequent pollinator services, the benefits of reproductive assurance could be eroded by severe ovule discounting and inbreeding depression (ID). However, it remains unclear how selfing evolves under complete pollinator failure and strong ID. We examined the mating system and ID under netting and robbing conditions in Comastoma pulmonarium (Turcz.) Toyok. (Gentianaceae), an alpine annual experiencing a high ratio of nectar robbery on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. Comastoma pulmonarium produced seeds via selfing at the study site. No pollinator was observed and thus the nectar was consumed exclusively by robbers. Inbreeding depression occurred in the life stages of seed mass and germination, and the cumulative ID was much higher than 0.5 under netting and robbing conditions. Overall, in comparison with netting, the magnitude of ID under robbing conditions tended to decrease. Our results suggested that selfing could assure reproduction for plants under complete pollinator failure and strong ID, supporting the “better than nothing” role of selfing and providing one of the few cases of the evolution of selfing under strong ID.
Sporogenesis and gametogenesis of Delavaya toxocarpa (Sapindaceae) and their systematic implications
Authors: CAO Li‐Min , CAO Ming , LIU Jian‐Hui , WANG Zhi‐Xin , LIN Qiong , XIA Nian‐He
Published: February 2014

In order to investigate the embryological characteristics of Delavaya toxocarpa Franch. and provide a basis for further understanding the phylogeny within Sapindaceae s.l., we studied the sporogenesis and gametogenesis of D. toxocarpa using the conventional paraffin section method. The results were as follows: anthers are tetrasporangium; tapetum is typically secretory type; cytokinesis in the microsporecyte meiosis is of the simultaneous type and microspore tetrads are tetrahedral; mature pollen contains two cells; the ovary is bilocular with two ovules per locule; placentation is axial; the ovule is amphitropous, bitegmic, and crassinucellate; the chalazal megaspore in a linear tetrad becomes functional; and the development of megaspore is of the polygonum type. Most similarities shared by the species observed suggest that the species and genera of Sapindaceae s.l. have phylogenetic consistency. The distinctive trait, lacking hypostase, indicates Delavaya (and Handeliodendron) might be more primitive than other genera in Sapindaceae. Moreover, some characters, such as opposite palmate compound leaf, apical thyrse, rounded seed without wing, 2 hemitropous ovules per locule, and lacking aril, indicate the close relationship between Delavaya, Aceraceae, and Hippocastanaceae. The preliminary data about the embryological and morphological characteristics in Delavaya might justify the basic systematic position of this genus in the family Sapindaceae s.s.
Use of site occupancy models for targeted monitoring of the cheetah
Authors: Andresen L. , Everatt K. T. , Somers M. J.
Published: February 2014

The cheetah Acinonyx jubatus has suffered dramatic range contractions and population declines as a result of habitat degradation, prey depletion and conflict with humans. Of further concern is that many of Africa's remaining cheetah populations persist in human‐dominated and highly fragmented landscapes, where their ecology is poorly understood and population data are lacking. Presence–absence surveys may be a practical means to collect these data; however, failing to account for detection error can lead to biased estimates and misleading inferences; potentially having deleterious consequences for species conservation. The goal of this study was to identify how an occupancy modelling technique that explicitly accounts for detectability could be used for quantifying cheetah status in human‐impacted landscapes. Replicated camera‐trap and track surveys of 100‐km2 sample units were used to estimate the proportion of area occupied by cheetahs and to determine the survey effort required to inform conservation planning. Based on our results, 16 km [±standard error (SE) = 12–22] of walking or 193 camera‐trap nights (±SE = 141–292) are required to confirm cheetah absence at a given 100‐km2 grid cell (with 95% certainty). Accounting for detection resulted in an overall cheetah occurrence estimate of 0.40 (SE = 0.13), which is 16% higher than the traditional presence–absence estimate that ignores detection error. We test a priori hypotheses to investigate factors limiting cheetahs using an occurrence probability model of their preferred prey. The results show that both cheetahs and their prey were strongly negatively influenced by human settlements. Our study provides an unbiased estimate of occurrence that can be used to compare status across different sites and as a basis for long‐term monitoring. Based on our results, we suggest that track and/or camera‐trap surveys coupled with site occupancy models may be useful for targeted monitoring of cheetahs across their distribution.
Sneaker males are not necessarily similar to females in colour in a sexually monochromatic cichlid
Authors: Ota K. , Awata S. , Morita M. , Kohda M.
Published: February 2014

In species with alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs), males employing different tactics usually have different appearance. The clearest difference is body size: bourgeois males that monopolize access to females are larger than sneaker males that steal fertilizations from them. Sneakers are also known to be often dull in colour compared with bourgeois males and rather resemble females. However, this typical colour pattern is unlikely in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid Neolamprologus mondabu: we observed sneaking by two distinctive colour morphs, namely, black (which is apparently conspicuous against the background) and white (which is apparently background‐matching). Because breeding females are black, this observation indicates that one type of sneakers contrasts female appearance. In this study, we conducted field studies to determine the expression of body colour in relation to ARTs in this fish. Body colour was dependent on size, but not sex and maturation, with black individuals being larger than white ones. Together with the presence of intermediate grey colour expressed by intermediate‐sized individuals, this fish could ontogenetically changes their body colour from white to black. Both sexes of black individuals occupied feeding territories, but white individuals were non‐territorial, indicating that the black body signals the possession of a feeding territory. Sexually active females were invariably black, whereas sexually active males were both black and white in colour. Few of the largest black males held harems, which included several female territories, whereas the remaining males were bachelors with no female territories. These bachelor males invested more in testes than harem males, suggesting that bachelors employ sneaking tactics, which is corroborated by our sneaking observations. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that sneakers are entirely dissimilar to females in appearance. Herein, we discuss why sneakers are dichromatic in relation to their life histories.
Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus – potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water
Authors: Givens C.E. , Bowers J.C. , DePaola A. , Hollibaugh J.T. , Jones J.L.
Published: February 2014

Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are Gram-negative marine bacteria naturally found in estuaries such as the Gulf of Mexico and can be pathogenic to humans. We quantified both of these organisms in fish, oyster, sediment, and water using culture-independent (quantitative PCR; qPCR) and culture-dependent (direct plating-colony hybridization; DP-CH) techniques during the transition period between winter and spring. We correlated these levels to environmental conditions and to abundance of total bacteria and total vibrio. By qPCR, fish intestine samples had the highest V. vulnificus densities and were 2·7, 3·5, and 4·2 logs greater than oyster, sediment and water samples, respectively. Densities of V. parahaemolyticus in fish samples by qPCR were 1·0, 2·1, and 3·1 logs greater than oyster, sediment and water samples, respectively. Similar differences between sample types were also observed by DP-CH. The difference between the more favourable and less favourable environmental conditions identified in this study was small (mean salinity 4·3 vs. 13 ppt). However, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were consistently detected in fish intestines, but infrequently detected and at lower levels in oysters and during the less favourable period. This trend was observed by qPCR and DP-CH, indicating fish intestines are a significant source of pathogenic vibrios in the environment.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This is the first study to report the densities of Bacteria 16S rRNA, Vibrio 16S rRNA, Vibrio vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus in fish intestine, oyster, sediment and water samples, as well as compare these values through culture-dependent and culture-independent methodology. Vibrio vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were detected in samples of fish intestines by qPCR and colony hybridization when conditions were less favourable for their occurrence in the environment. In contrast, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus were infrequently detected and at lower levels in other niches examined. These results indicate that fish intestinal tracts are a significant source of these pathogens.
Nurses, formerly incarcerated adults, and Gadamer: phronesis and the Socratic dialectic
Authors: Marlow Elizabeth , Nosek Marcianna , Lee Yema , Young Earthy , Bautista Alejandra , Hansen Finn Thorbjørn
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the first phase of an ongoing education and research project guided by three main intentions: (1) to create opportunities for phronesis in the classroom; (2) to develop new understandings about phronesis as it relates to nursing care generally and to caring for specific groups, like formerly incarcerated adults; and (3) to provide an opportunity for formerly incarcerated adults and graduate nursing students to participate in a dialectical conversation about ethical knowing. Gadamer's writings on practical philosophy, phronesis, and the Socratic dialectic provide the philosophical foundation and framework for the project. The first phase in the project was a 4‐h class within a graduate‐level health promotion course during which 30 nursing students and three formerly incarcerated panelists engaged in a dialectic conversation about what it means to care for formerly incarcerated adults in a meaningful way. After the class, two focus groups were conducted, one with the students and one with the formerly incarcerated panelists. Findings articulated participants' prejudices and assumptions prior to the class, expanded sense of phronesis, and ability to consider nursing practice within a larger ethical framework. Panelists and students left the class with a deeper understanding of one another and expressed an openness towards continued dialectic conversations together. Use of the Socratic dialectic within nursing curricula reflects a current and critical trend in nursing education to bring non‐epistemologic forms of knowledge into the classroom.
Comparison between the Combination of Gabapentin, Ketamine, Lornoxicam, and Local Ropivacaine and Each of these Drugs Alone for Pain after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Kotsovolis Georgios , Karakoulas Konstantinos , Grosomanidis Vasileios , Tziris Nikolaos
Published: February 2014

Background

The main purpose of the study was to test whether the combination of gabapentin (600 mg 4 hours before surgery, 600 mg after 24 hours), ketamine (0.3 mg/kg before anesthesia), lornoxicam (8 mg before anesthesia and 8 mg/12 hours), and local ropivacaine (5 mL 7.5% at insertion sites) provides superior analgesia to each of these drugs alone in the first 24 hours after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The secondary purpose was to examine whether this combination has less opioid‐related side effects.

Methods

This was a 2‐center randomized placebo‐controlled trial. One hundred forty‐eight patients, between 18 and 70 years of age, were randomly assigned to 6 groups (28 in each group) with the use of computer software: A(gabapentin/ketamine/lornoxicam/ropivacaine); B(gabapentin/placebo/placebo/placebo); C (placebo/ketamine/placebo/placebo); D (placebo/placebo/lornoxicam/placebo); E (placebo/placebo/placebo/ropivacaine); and F (placebo/placebo/placebo/placebo). Only the principal investigator was aware of patients' allocation and provided drugs and placebo in covered prefilled syringes. The primary outcome of the study was the 24‐hour morphine consumption. Secondary outcomes were frequency of opioid‐related side effects (nausea, vomiting, sedation, pruritus, and dysuria).

Results

Only groups A (6.4 mg), B (9.46 mg), and D (9.36 mg) had lower morphine consumption than control group (20.29 mg) (P < 0.001, P = 0.01, and P = 0.008, respectively). Group A was not different from B and D (P = 0.92, P = 0.93). The only difference was in episodes of nausea between groups A (n = 5) and the control group (n = 12) (P = 0.018).

Conclusion

The combination of gabapentin, ketamine, lornoxicam, and local ropivacaine does not provide superior analgesia than gabapentin alone or lornoxicam alone after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The combination reduces only the frequency of postoperative nausea, but larger studies are needed for safer results.
What happens to plant mitochondria under low oxygen? An omics review of the responses to low oxygen and reoxygenation
Authors: SHINGAKI‐WELLS RACHEL , MILLAR A. HARVEY , WHELAN JAMES , NARSAI REENA
Published: February 2014

Floods can rapidly submerge plants, limiting oxygen to the extent that oxidative phosphorylation no longer generates adequate ATP supplies. Low‐oxygen tolerant plants, such as rice, are able to adequately respond to low oxygen by successfully remodelling primary and mitochondrial metabolism to partially counteract the energy crisis that ensues. In this review, we discuss how plants respond to low‐oxygen stress at the transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and enzyme activity levels, particularly focusing on mitochondria and interacting pathways. The role of reactive oxygen species and nitrite as an alternative electron acceptor as well as their links to respiratory chain components is discussed. By making intra‐kingdom as well as cross‐kingdom comparisons, conserved mechanisms of anoxia tolerance are highlighted as well as tolerance mechanisms that are specific to anoxia‐tolerant rice during germination and in coleoptiles. We discuss reoxygenation as an often overlooked, yet essential stage of this environmental stress and consider the possibility that changes occurring during low oxygen may also provide benefits upon re‐aeration. Finally, we consider what it takes to be low‐oxygen tolerant and argue that alternative mechanisms of ATP production, glucose signalling, starch/sucrose signalling as well as reverse metabolism of fermentation end products promote the survival of rice after this debilitating stress.
Extending the Theory of Goal Ambiguity to Programs: Examining the Relationship between Goal Ambiguity and Performance
Authors: Jung Chan Su
Published: February 2014

One of the main assumptions of empirical studies conducted on the influence of goal ambiguity in public management is that goal ambiguity relates negatively to performance. However, this relationship has rarely been tested at the program level because common goal ambiguity and performance measures for disparate government programs have been scant. The availability of Program Assessment Rating Tool (PART) results for a number of federal programs provides the opportunity for an analysis testing the foregoing assumption. Measures of program goal ambiguity—target, timeline, and program evaluation—are shown to have negative relationships with different program performance scores, taking into account alternative influences or biases on performance. This analysis extends the theory of goal ambiguity by providing the first analysis of large‐sample federal programs. The theoretical and practical implications are presented in the discussion and conclusion.
Using Data to Manage for Performance at Public Universities
Authors: Rabovsky Thomas M.
Published: February 2014

As performance‐oriented reforms have become more commonplace in recent years, questions about the factors that drive organizational adoption and use of performance systems for internal management are of central importance. This article uses data taken from a survey of presidents at public universities to advance our understanding about the use of data and performance management strategies within public organizations. The central research question is, why do public administrators choose to employ performance management strategies? In addition, the author also explores variation in the extent to which public universities use performance management strategies for three tasks that are central to public management: (1) strategic planning, (2) evaluating employees, and (3) interacting with external stakeholders. Findings indicate that public universities often use performance data to help manage, but many of the causal factors that lead to data use vary across management functions.
Human and Nature‐Caused Hazards: The Affect Heuristic Causes Biased Decisions
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Sütterlin Bernadette
Published: February 2014

People are more concerned about the negative consequences of human hazards compared with natural hazards. Results of four experiments show that the same negative outcome (e.g., number of birds killed by an oil spill) was more negatively evaluated when caused by humans than when caused by nature. Results further show that when identical risk information was provided, participants evaluated nuclear power more negatively compared with solar power. The affect associated with the hazard per se influenced the interpretation of the new information. Furthermore, the affect experienced in the situation fully mediated the evaluation of the negative outcomes of a hazard. People's reliance on the affect heuristic is a challenge for acceptance of cost‐benefit analyses because equally negative outcomes are differently evaluated depending on the cause. Symbolically significant information and the affect evoked by this information may result in biased and riskier decisions.
Optimized Single-Stage Power-Split Hydraulic Hybrid City Bus
Authors: Ramdan Muhammad I. , Stelson Kim A.
Published: February 2014

Power-split architecture is, in theory, an excellent drive train in city bus applications because it combines the advantages of series (control flexibility) and parallel (high-efficiency power transfer) architectures. However, the power split also increases the complexity of the drive train with more component choices and control degrees of freedom that, if not properly optimized, would result in significant power loss. The hydraulic hybrid drive train has the disadvantages of the low speed limit of the hydraulic pump/motor unit and the low energy density of the hydraulic accumulator. An extensive optimization study has been done to ensure the hydraulic hybrid city bus drive train runs at optimal conditions. This study analyzes all twelve basic power-split configurations before any component or control strategy optimization is done. One input coupled configuration is found suitable for use in a power-split hydraulic hybrid city bus.
Visualization and Analysis of the Multiphase Flow in an Electromagnetically Driven Dosing Pump
Authors: Petzold Martin , Weber Jürgen , Dautry Etienne , Ohligschläger Olaf , Müller Axel
Published: February 2014

Fluids with a high proportion of dissolved air lead to an increased air release in hydraulic components. Looking at the fluid flow in a piston pump, the resulting multiphase flow may affect its metering performance. To improve effects caused by cavitation, it is necessary to detect and analyze all critical flow areas in detail.

This paper presents investigations of the multiphase flow in an electromagnetically driven dosing pump. This type of pump is suitable for metering any kind of liquid in motor vehicles in a very precise manner. Using high speed camera equipment and transparent components for the displacement chamber, the presented experimental work gives a comprehensive insight into the most relevant cavitation effects in the pump. In addition, the pressure inside the displacement chamber is measured with the help of a miniature pressure sensor. By combination of measuring data and visual recordings, cavitation phenomena can be determined precisely, so that a profound understanding of the flow behavior in the pump is achieved.
The Influence of Passive Valve Characteristics on the Performance of a Piezo Pump
Authors: Henderson Jean-Paul , Plummer Andrew , Johnston D. Nigel , Bowen Chris
Published: February 2014

In this study, a piezoelectric stack actuator is used to oscillate a piston in a single cylinder pump. The pump is intended to directly supply a hydraulic actuator for motion control, and power output of about 1kW is targeted. Flow rectification is achieved by the use of passive check valves. The valve resonant frequency is found to have a significant effect on output flow. The expected increase in pump flow rate with driving frequency has been confirmed in simulation to hold true in a certain frequency range only. In addition, check valve size and therefore orifice area has to be adequate in order not to prohibitively restrict flow. Valve spring stiffness and valve mass need to be simultaneously optimized for the area of the valve to achieve the highest flow rate.

Calculations indicate that there is a power limitation due to the high current demand and also a high temperature rise for a large continuously operated piezo stack. Thus the piezo pump appears more promising for smaller scale applications, and those that require intermittent power (i.e. a low duty cycle).
Command Feedback for Position Control of Hydraulic Machines
Authors: Elton Mark , Winck Ryder , Book Wayne
Published: February 2014

Previous research has shown that operator performance of industrial machines is superior with position control rather than rate control, except for large-workspace and dynamically slow manipulators, which includes most hydraulic machinery. This paper describes an investigation to determine why position control leads to better performance than rate control except for with dynamically slow manipulators, in an effort to increase operator performance of mobile hydraulic equipment. It examines why dynamically slow systems are an exception to the general rule, and proposes a human-machine interface (HMI), called command feedback, that leads to position control having superior performance, even in these exceptional situations.

Thirty participants performed five tasks six times using one of five HMIs. A rate and a position controller were used to manipulate a dynamically fast system and a dynamically slow system that was designed to mimic the motion of hydraulic cylinders. A new HMI that provided real-time position feedback to the operator of his/her commanded position was applied to the position controller for the dynamically slow system. Task performance was measured and comparisons were made between position and rate control. The addition of the real-time position feedback to the dynamically slow system resulted in nearly identical performance with both controllers. From these results we conclude that position control is more intuitive for fast systems when human operators do not have the physical capability to control the velocity well with rate control, and that the intuitiveness of rate control for dynamically slow systems results from the lack of position feedback because of the machine’s speed of response. Command feedback can be used to elevate operator performance of hydraulic machinery.
Design Potentials of External Gear Machines With Asymmetric Tooth Profile
Authors: Devendran Ram Sudarsan , Vacca Andrea
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the design, optimization and the performance potentials of external gear machines with asymmetric tooth profiles. Conventionally, the design of these machines is entirely based on symmetric involute profile. A design method has been developed to derive the tooth profiles based on a modified rack-cutter profile which is assumed to be used for manufacturing the gears with asymmetric involute surfaces and trochoidal fillet profiles.

The study is based on the simulation tool HYGESim (HYdraulic GEar machines Simulator) which is being developed and has been validated by the authors’ research group to accurately analyze the performance of the machine. For the purpose of this research, HYGESim was adapted to simulate the particular case of non-symmetric gear profiles.

A specific optimization procedure based on genetic algorithm was implemented to find the maximum performance of the new design, in terms of volumetric efficiency, fluid borne noise, internal pressure peaks and localized cavitation acting on the design parameters that characterize the tooth profile.

The results of the optimization process are compared to the current state of the art for external gear machines. This comparison show very high potentials for this new design principle, particularly concerning the reduction of the fluid borne noise.