bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brownian motion in the Hilbert space of quantum states and the stochastically emergent Lorentz symmetry: A fractal geometric approach from Wiener process to formulating Feynman’s path-integral measure for relativistic quantum fields
Authors: Varshovi Amir Abbass
Published: April 2024

This paper aims to provide a consistent, finite-valued, and mathematically well-defined reformulation of Feynman’s path-integral measure for quantum fields obtained by studying the Wiener stochastic process in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert space of quantum states. This reformulation will undoubtedly have a crucial role in formulating quantum gravity within a mathematically well-defined framework. In fact, this study is fundamentally different from any previous research on the relationship between Feynman’s path-integral and the Wiener stochastic process. In this research, we focus on the fact that the classic Wiener measure is no longer applicable in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces due to fundamental differences between displacements in low and extremely high dimensions. Thus, an analytic norm motivated by the role of the fractal functions in the Wilsonian renormalization approach is worked out to properly characterize Brownian motion in the Hilbert space of quantum states on a compact flat manifold. This norm, the so-called fractal norm, pushes the rougher functions (physically the quantum states with higher energies) to the farther points of the Hilbert space until the fractal functions as the roughest ones are moved to infinity. Implementing the Wiener stochastic process with the fractal norm, results in a modified form of the Wiener measure called the Wiener fractal measure, which is a well-defined measure for Feynman’s path-integral formulation of quantum fields. Wiener fractal measure has a complicated formula of non-local terms but produces the Klein–Gordon action at the first order of approximation. Using complex integrals to compensate for the removal of non-local terms appearing in higher orders of approximation, the Wiener fractal measure turns into a complex measure and generates Feynman’s path-integral formulation of scalar quantum fields. This brings us to the main objective of this study. Finally, some various significant aspects of quantum field theory (such as renormalizability, RG flow, Wick rotation, regularization, etc.) are revisited by means of the analytical aspects of the Wiener fractal measure.
Reconstruction of symmetric teleparallel gravity with energy conditions
Authors: Mahmood Irfan , Sohail Hira , Ditta Allah , Shekh S. H. , Yadav Anil Kumar
Published: April 2024

This research investigates the impact of modified gravity on cosmic scales, focusing on [Formula: see text] cosmology. By applying energy conditions, the study reconstructs various [Formula: see text] models, considering an accelerating Universe, quintessence, and a cosmological constant [Formula: see text]. Using up-to-date observational data, including the Supernova Pantheon sample and cosmic chronometer data, Hubble constants [Formula: see text] are estimated as [Formula: see text] km/s/Mpc (from [Formula: see text] data) and [Formula: see text] km/s/Mpc (from pantheon compilation of SN Ia data). The matter energy density parameter ([Formula: see text]) is calculated as [Formula: see text] (OHD) and [Formula: see text] (SN Ia). Furthermore, as a function of red-shift [Formula: see text], explicit expressions of [Formula: see text] and the EOS parameter [Formula: see text] are produced, and their graphical analysis describes the late time acceleration of the Universe without the usage of dark energy.
A Modified Firefly Algorithm for Solving Optimization Problems
Authors: Chaudhary Kaylash
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a modified metaheuristic algorithm named the modified Firefly algorithm. Any metaheuristic algorithm will have exploration and exploitation steps, and the goal of modification is to maintain a balance between them. The improvement relies on movement equations, alterations to the algorithm’s structure by introducing a single loop, and a selection of movement equations at random. Two movement equations are included in the improved method and are randomly selected. This guarantees both regionally and globally focused solution-finding. This prevents the algorithm from getting stuck at a local minimum. Comparing the modified version to the original Firefly method, just one for loop is used, reducing the algorithm’s complexity. The algorithm’s performance is evaluated with 35 traditional benchmark test functions and 10 CEC2019 test functions. According to the findings, the suggested method performed optimally in 24 traditional benchmark test functions and best in the six remaining benchmark test functions. The improved algorithm produced the best outcomes in seven of the 10 CEC2019 test functions. In contrast, the Firefly algorithm produced optimal results in 18 classical benchmark test functions and the best results in 6 CEC2019 test functions. The proposed algorithm is compared with other variants of the Firefly algorithm for common test functions in the literature. The results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other variants in most test functions.
Pectin Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Uşan Huseyin , Kariper S. Esra Bolsu , Kariper I. Afşin , Koç Dilek İmren
Published: April 2024

In today’s energy wars, the decrease in fossil fuels and the increase in pollution reuses the question of energy and clean merit production. For this reason, supercapacitor electrodes are available for supercapacitor applications, which are synthesized using biodegradable materials or hybrids by taking nature as an example. In synthesizing our example electrode pectin, we will examine the methods of obtaining pectin, which is abundant in nature and can be used effectively in terms of its physicochemical properties, by purification or synthesis methods. Supercapacitors are essential in storing energy with their fast charge/discharge properties. This includes using pectin and other materials in energy storage systems. We will present other materials preferred in supercapacitor applications and modified compilations of these applications. In conclusion; a porous material such as pectin has a large surface area. Materials with large surface areas are very suitable electrodes for charge storage in supercapacitor applications. If some problems in pectin production and electrical conductivity can be resolved, it will be a very suitable natural electrode material for supercapacitors.
Selenium-Doped Biochar for Removal of Anionic Acid Red and Cationic Crystal Violet Dye
Authors: Velayudhan Jayanthi , Subramanian Sangeetha
Published: April 2024

The environmental impact of untreated dye effluent is a concern due to potential mutagenic and allergic effects. This study aims to develop a cost-effective selenium-doped biochar as an adsorbent material to remove acid red (AR) and crystal violet (CV) dyes from water. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were produced using chemical and biological synthesis methods. The SEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and BET surface analysis methods were used to characterize the biochar and selenium-doped biochar (Se-AC and BSe-AC) samples. Surface modification with SeNPs resulted in an increase in surface area to 14.560[Formula: see text]m2/g for Se-AC and 85.456[Formula: see text]m2/g for BSe-AC. Different adsorption isotherms (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) and adsorption kinetic models (pseudo-firstorder, pseudo-secondorder, and intra-particle diffusion kinetics) were investigated to understand the adsorption patterns of biochar, Se-AC, and BSe-AC. The maximum adsorption capacities of biochar, Se-AC, and BSe-AC for AR and CV dye were found to be between 0.48[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and 7.51[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text], 2.31[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and 7.86[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text], and 6.88[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text] and 9.09[Formula: see text]mg[Formula: see text]g[Formula: see text], respectively, at 313[Formula: see text]K. The obtained negative [Formula: see text] indicates effective adsorption, while a positive [Formula: see text] suggests an endothermic reaction for both dyes. BSe-AC is an eco-friendly alternative to biochar for removing AR and CV.
Chemical Synthesis of Bimetallic Ag/Co Nanoparticles for Colorimetric Detection of Cr3+ and Fe3+ and Its Catalytic Performance
Authors: Xing Yan , Hu Guo-Mao , Zhang Ya , Guo Dan-Dan , Dong Xiong-Tao , Gao Li-Guo , Ma Xiang-Rong , Gao Xu-Chun , Meng Yu , Bai Miao-Miao
Published: April 2024

Precious metal nanoparticles, especially Ag-based nanoparticles due to their strong surface plasma effect and excellent catalytic performance, have been widely applied in environmental remediation and detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous solution. In this study, first, bimetallic Ag/Co nanoparticles (Ag/Co NPs) modified by sodium citrate were synthesized by chemical reduction method. Second, bimetallic Ag/Co NPs were used as colorimetric probe for detecting [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] in aqueous solution simultaneously for the first time. The results showed that the probe had high specificity towards [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] among the tested metal ions. When [Formula: see text] was mixed with Ag/Co NPs, the solution quickly changed from yellow to pink, meanwhile, the UV–Vis absorption intensity declined at 400[Formula: see text]nm and a new prominent absorption band was formed at 530[Formula: see text]nm. While [Formula: see text] was mixed with Ag/Co NPs, the solution quickly changed from yellow to nearly colorless. The linear relationship between absorbance of bimetallic Ag/Co NPs at 400[Formula: see text]nm and −log of [Formula: see text] concentration is 1[Formula: see text]nM to 10[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M, which [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The limit of detection (LOD) for this study was 1.14[Formula: see text]nM. Similar to [Formula: see text], the LOD for [Formula: see text] was calculated 16.3[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]M. In addition, the catalytic performance of bimetallic Ag/Co NPs was evaluated by methylene blue (MB) in the presence of H2O2. The catalytic degradation efficiency of bimetallic Ag/Co NPs was about 4.8 times greater than monometallic Ag NPs, confirming Ag and Co NPs had obviously synergistic effect. Therefore, this result made bimetallic Ag/Co NPs had potential application in the field of environmental remediation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Nanoparticles for Improved Antimicrobial Performance
Authors: Hossain Nayem , Al Tajim Tanjid , Islam Safiul , Islam Mohammad Aminul , Abdullah Md. , Chowdhury Mohammad Asaduzzaman , Rahman Md. Majibur
Published: April 2024

Graphene is considered an excellent material for biomedical applications because of its outstanding antimicrobial performance. However, the high synthesis cost and complexity make it difficult to apply this material in numerous fields. This research focuses on synthesizing graphene nanoparticles (NPs) cost-effectively and simply. Cost-effective chemicals were used here for synthesizing graphene NPs. A simple and easy technique has been followed throughout the process. The synthesized graphene NPs were characterized by ultraviolet–visible (UV) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and antimicrobial analyses. TEM analysis revealed the size and structure of nanosized graphene NPs. Excellent antimicrobial properties 99.99% bacterial inhibition against gram-negative bacterium E. coli have been obtained. The findings indicate the potential applications in different biomedical sectors for their improved antimicrobial properties.
Evolution of Natural Ferroan Brucite Under Different Atmospheres
Authors: Zhao Shifeng , Wu Zhiming , Lv Fengzhu , Liao Libing , Lv Guocheng
Published: April 2024

The study on the evolution of natural ferroan brucite (MgFe(OH)[Formula: see text] was beneficial to discovering the function of brucite in the geologic cycle and directing the reasonable utilization of brucite resources. In this study, natural MgFe(OH)2 was characterized in detail and Rietveld refinement was employed to determine the precise content and existing environment of Fe[Formula: see text]. The reaction products of MgFe(OH)2 under various atmospheric conditions, including CO2, O2 and a mixed atmosphere of CO2 and O2 were innovatively investigated to gain insights into the evolution process and the crucial role played by Fe[Formula: see text]. Accordingly, the evolution mechanism of MgFe(OH)2 under different atmospheres was afforded based on the characterization and molecular simulations like electron transfer and binding energy. Fe[Formula: see text] in MgFe(OH)2 layers could be oxidized by O2 easily and give positive layers, CO[Formula: see text] produced by CO2 dissolving in water simultaneously was attracted to finally produce CO[Formula: see text] intercalated MgFe- layered double hydroxides (MgFe-CO[Formula: see text]-LDHs) which could be used as adsorbents, catalysts and so on. This process was supported by thermodynamics and also the dominant evolution route due to the dynamic reason. The existence of Fe[Formula: see text] in MgFe(OH)2 resulted in the diversity of the evolution products. This work highlighted the composition and structure of evolution products of natural MgFe(OH)2 under different environment as well as its possible application field.
Study of Surface Chemistry, Temperature and Strain Rate on the Tensile Properties of Monolayer Graphene Oxide
Authors: Tai Zhe , Guo Zhangxin , Niu Weijing , Chen Qi , Chai Gin Boay , Liang Jianguo , Li Yongcun
Published: April 2024

The mechanical properties of graphene oxide (GO) during tensile fracture were studied using molecular dynamics methods, and the influence of hydroxyl and epoxy groups on the mechanical properties of GO was explored. In addition, the changes in mechanical properties of GO under different temperatures and strain rates were studied to gain a deeper understanding of its mechanical behavior. The results indicate that hydroxyl and epoxy groups have a significant influence on the elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain of GO. The presence of hydroxyl and epoxy groups can alter the molecular structure of GO, thereby affecting its ultimate stress and strain. When the number of hydroxyl groups is 16 and the number of epoxy groups is 20, the ultimate stress decreases by about 31% and the elastic modulus decreases by about 20%. The variation of elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain of GO with temperature was studied at three temperatures: 300[Formula: see text]K, 500[Formula: see text]K, and 800[Formula: see text]K. As the temperature increases, the amplitude of atomic vibration increases and internal defects and cracks in GO continue to form and expand. At the same time, its coefficient of thermal expansion also increases, causing deformation and loosening of the crystal structure, resulting in a decrease of about 10% in the ultimate stress of GO, and a slight decrease in the ultimate strain and elastic modulus. Finally, the influence of different strain rates on the mechanical properties of GO was studied. As the strain rate increases, the intermolecular interactions within GO are rapidly altered, and the previously loose structure gradually becomes tightly ordered, resulting in an increasing trend in the elastic modulus, ultimate stress, and ultimate strain of GO.
Evaluating the Effect of Metal, Nonmetal, and Co-Doping on Brookite TiO2
Authors: Dharmale Neerja , Mahamune Rupesh , Krishnaiah Modugu , Kar Jayanta Kumar
Published: April 2024

The study utilizes the OLCAO-LBFGS-GGA-PBESol method to investigate the structural properties of both doped and undoped brookite TiO2. Electronic characteristics are explored employing the OLCAO-LBFGS-MGGA-TB09+c approach. Detailed analyses of Density of States (DOS) and Partial Density of States (PDOS) are conducted to understand band structures. Both doped and undoped scenarios exhibit a direct bandgap. Moreover, doping induces a reduction in the bandgap value, enhancing its potential for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications. The study also establishes a strong agreement between the derived lattice parameters and bandgap for pure brookite TiO2 and experimental lattice parameters and bandgap value.
Patterns dynamics in a diffusive prey–predator system with ratio-dependent functional response in a planar domain
Authors: Yan Xiang-Ping , Zhang Cun-Hua
Published: April 2024

This paper is concerned with a classical two-species prey–predator reaction–diffusion system with ratio-dependent functional response and subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary condition in a two-dimensional rectangle domain. By analyzing the associated eigenvalue problem, the spatially homogeneous Hopf bifurcation curve and Turing bifurcation curve of system at the constant coexistence equilibrium are established. Then when the bifurcation parameter is in the interior of range for Turing instability and near Turing bifurcation curve, the amplitude equations of the original system near the constant coexistence equilibrium are obtained by multiple-scale time perturbation analysis. On the basis of the obtained amplitude equations, the stability and classifications of spatiotemporal patterns of the original system at the constant coexistence equilibrium are discussed. Finally, to verify the validity of the obtained theoretical results, numerical simulations are also carried out.
Competitive exclusion and coexistence in a general two-species stochastic chemostat model with Markov switching
Authors: Zhu Jialu , Feng Tao , Qiu Zhipeng
Published: April 2024

In this paper, a stochastic framework with a general nonmonotonic response function is formulated to investigate the competition dynamics between two species in a chemostat environment. The model incorporates both white noise and telegraph noise, the latter being described by Markov process. The existence of a unique global positive solution for the stochastic chemostat model is established. Subsequently, by using the ergodic theory of Markov process and utilizing techniques of stochastic analysis, the critical value differentiating between persistence in mean and extinction for the microorganism species is explored. Moreover, the existence of a unique stationary distribution is proved by using stochastic Lyapunov analysis. Finally, numerical simulations are introduced to support the obtained results.
Magnetoresistance and Magnetocapacitance Effect in Magnetic Tunnel Junction with Perpendicular Anisotropy of Magnetic Electrodes Tb22−δCo5Fe73/Pr6O11/Tb19−δCo5Fe76
Authors: Krupa Mykola
Published: April 2024

This paper presents the results of studies of the effects of magnetoresistance and magnetocapacitance in magnetic tunnel junctions [Formula: see text]Co5[Formula: see text]/Pr6[Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text]Co5[Formula: see text] with perpendicular anisotropy of magnetic electrodes and a paramagnetic barrier layer. Experimentally measured values of tunnel magnetic resistance and tunnel magnetic capacitance in such contacts exceed 100% at room temperature. The paper analyzes the effect of magnetization reversal of one of the electrodes on the conductivity of magnetic tunnel junctions with electrodes that have perpendicular anisotropy. It is shown that significant changes in tunnel magnetic resistance and tunnel magnetic capacity in such contacts can be explained by the separation of electrons with major and minor spin polarization in the inverse nanolayer in the interface region. The separation of polarized electrons is caused by the magnetomotive force acting on the electron spin in a strongly gradient magnetic field. Such a magnetomotive force occurs with antiparallel magnetization of the magnetic electrodes and it has opposite directions for major and minor polarized electrons. As a result of the spatial separation of polarized electrons in the inversion layer, an inhomogeneous distribution of the electron density along the direction of magnetization of the magnetic contacts occurs. As a result, an additional Coulomb barrier between the magnetic electrodes and the dielectric nanolayer appears in the tunnel contacts and an additional spin capacitance appears.
Investigating the Dielectric Behavior of Zethrene-Inspired Nanoscale System: Monte Carlo Approach
Authors: Eraki H. , Saber N. , Fadil Z. , Mhirech A. , Kabouchi B. , Bahmad L. , Karam Steve , Raorane Chaitany Jayprakash , AlSayyari Abdulrahman A. , Kim Seong-Cheol
Published: April 2024

The dielectric properties of a mixed Zethrene-inspired nanoscale system ([Formula: see text]-1, [Formula: see text]-5/2) have been analyzed in detail using the Monte Carlo approach (MCa) in this study. First, the most stable configurations in different planes were investigated. Then, the influences of the physical factors, namely the coupling interaction factor, on the thermal behaviors of the polarization and the susceptibility of the studied nanostructure have been examined for nonzero temperatures and fixed external electric field values. It was found that the obtained transition temperature point relies weakly on the coupling interaction. Finally, the effects of the physical factors on the electric hysteresis cycles were discussed.
Silica Coating of Nickel–Iron Nanocomposite by Chemical Reduction Method
Authors: Dhanalakshmi G. , Ravichandran V.
Published: April 2024

The study of magnetic nanostructures is interesting because of its applications. Some of them are the development of magnetic refrigerators, ferrofluids, drug delivery systems, fabrication of devices with giant magnetoresistance effects, and high-frequency transformers. The physical and chemical properties of metal changes due to silica coating. The interaction potential can be manipulated using surface coatings and also the particle shape can be controlled. Nanoparticles with a proper surface coating are of interest for several other applications in optoelectronic devices and in the biomedical field. Thus, developing a new synthetic route for these particles and investigating the stability of magnetic materials are of great importance. Silica coating improves the chemical stability and electrical resistivity of the material. In this study, Ni3Fe (core) nanoparticles were prepared and the silica shell for this core was synthesized. The as-prepared X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and 300°C annealed sample of Ni3Fe/SiO2 shows a characteristic hump in the low angle range confirming the presence of amorphous cristobalite phase of SiO2. The size of the Ni3Fe cluster in the Ni3Fe/SiO2 composite was estimated to be 8[Formula: see text]nm and 9[Formula: see text]nm, respectively, for the as-prepared and annealed samples. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements show the Ni3Fe to silica ratio to be 59:41. A small decrease in the coercivity value, is probably due to morphological changes associated with the coating. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies of the as-prepared and annealed Ni3Fe/SiO2 powder particles are of flowerlike morphology and in agglomeration. The impedance spectra were found at room temperature for the as-prepared samples.
Basin modelling workflow applied to the screening of deep aquifers for potential CO
2
storage
Authors: Lemgruber-Traby Adriana , Cacas Marie-Christine , Bonte Damien , Rudkiewicz Jean-Luc , Gout Claude , Cornu Tristan
Published: April 2024

The temporal and spatial scale of interest of CO
2
storage studies lies in between reservoir and basin models. While reservoir modelling software is best fitted to address some of the multiphysics issues related to the behaviour of CO
2
once injected into the subsurface (adsorption, dissolution, near injection wellbore mechanics and temperature, and, in some cases, fluid rock interaction) within a human timescale, basin modelling tools handle better the full basin volume and time-scale heterogeneities that impact the storage potential and risk associated with CO
2
injection. This study takes a basin modelling approach to provide an assessment of the influence of geological evolution on CO
2
storage capacity, both at the reservoir level, by helping to estimate the amount of CO
2
that can be stored in its connected porosity, and at the cap-rock level, by assessing the seal integrity. Our basin model also captures the evolution of the pressure plume induced by the CO
2
injection, taking into account the pressure and temperature fields, aquifer connectivity and permeability, and seal integrity, on a much shorter timescale than is usually considered by such a model. The results show the impact of basin evolution on aquifer properties and consequently on the dissipation of the induced pressure plume. They also highlight the large-scale influence of the CO
2
on the pressure field both vertically along the stratigraphic column, when the pressure plume reaches shallower aquifers through unconformities, and horizontally, when good aquifer injectivity and connectivity allows the pressure plume to dissipate widely.
Oxygen Redox in Alkali-Ion Battery Cathodes
Authors: Menon Ashok S. , Ogley Matthew J.W. , Genreith-Schriever Annalena R. , Grey Clare P. , Piper Louis F.J.
Published: April 2024

Current high-energy-density Li-ion batteries use stoichiometric Li 3d transition metal oxides as positive electrodes, which are conventionally described purely by transition-metal redox during routine operating windows. Their practical specific capacities (mAh/g) may be increased by widening their operational voltage window, using Li-excess compositions, or a combination of the two, both of which have shown increasing evidence of O participation in the charge-compensation mechanism. Understanding how this influences the electrochemical performance of these cathodes has been of great interest. Therefore, this review summarizes the current understanding of O participation in alkali-ion battery cathode charge compensation. Particular scrutiny is applied to the experimental observations and theoretical models used to explain the consequences of O participation in charge compensation. The charge-compensation mechanism of LiNiO2 is revisited to highlight the role of O hole formation during delithiation and is discussed within the wider context of Li-excess cathodes.
Superallowed Nuclear Beta Decays and Precision Tests of the Standard Model
Authors: Gorchtein Mikhail , Seng Chien-Yeah
Published: April 2024

For many decades, the main source of information on the top-left corner element of the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa quark mixing matrix, V

ud
, was superallowed nuclear β decays with an impressive 0.01% precision. This precision, apart from experimental data, relies on theoretical calculations in which nuclear structure–dependent effects and uncertainties play a prime role. This review is dedicated to a thorough reassessment of all ingredients that enter the extraction of the value of V

ud
from experimental data. We try to keep balance between historical retrospect and new developments, many of which occurred in just the past 5 years. They have not yet been reviewed in a complete manner, not least because new results are forthcoming. This review aims to fill this gap and offers an in-depth yet accessible summary of all recent developments.
Abortive Infection of Animal Cells: What Goes Wrong
Authors: Embry Aaron , Gammon Don B.
Published: April 2024

Even if a virus successfully binds to a cell, defects in any of the downstream steps of the viral life cycle can preclude the production of infectious virus particles. Such abortive infections are likely common in nature and can provide fundamental insights into the cell and host tropism of viral pathogens. Research over the past 60 years has revealed an incredible diversity of abortive infections by DNA and RNA viruses in various animal cell types. Here we discuss the general causes of abortive infections and provide specific examples from the literature to illustrate the range of abortive infections that have been reported. We also discuss how abortive infections can have critical roles in shaping host immune responses and in the development of virus-induced cancers. Finally, we describe how abortive infections can be applied to basic and clinical research, underscoring the importance of understanding these fascinating aspects of virus biology.
Enhancing Structural Integrity, Optical Properties, and Room Temperature Formaldehyde Sensing Through Optimized Spray Deposition Rates
Authors: Rajkumar D. , Umamahesvari H.
Published: April 2024

This study explores the impact of deposition rate on the properties of TiO2 thin films produced via spray pyrolysis, focusing on their application in gas sensors. The analysis covers structural, morphological, optical, and gas sensing characteristics of TiO2 films deposited at rates between 1 and 2.5 ml min−1. Studies show optimizing TiO2 film deposition rates at 2 ml min−1 significantly enhances formaldehyde detection, improving selectivity and achieving a rapid response of 7.52 at 20 ppm concentration. This study underscores the pivotal role of deposition rate optimization in augmenting the gas-sensing efficacy of TiO2 films, particularly for formaldehyde detection at ambient conditions. Optimal deposition rates are instrumental in enhancing sensor performance. The synergistic application of XRD and Raman spectroscopy unequivocally confirmed the presence of the TiO2 anatase phase, which is of paramount significance in gas sensing applications. FESEM furnished high-resolution insights into the surface morphology, revealing a spherical architecture. Furthermore, UV–vis spectroscopy was employed to assess the optical band gap of the films, which exhibited a decrement correlating with the rate of deposition. Notably, a deposition rate of 2 ml min−1 markedly improved the TiO2 films’ sensing performance. These insights are critical for developing cost-effective, high-performance gas sensors for cutting-edge applications.
Influence of proteolytic cleavage of ENaC’s γ subunit upon Na+ and K+ handling
Authors: Ray Evan C. , Nickerson Andrew , Sheng Shaohu , Carrisoza-Gaytan Rolando , Lam Tracey , Marciszyn Allison , Zhang Lei , Jordahl Alexa , Bi Chunming , Winfrey Aaliyah , Kou Zhaohui , Gingras Sebastien , Kirabo Annet , Satlin Lisa M. , Kleyman Thomas R.
Published: April 2024

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is activated in vitro by post-translational proteolysis. In vivo, low Na+ or high K+ diets enhance ENaC proteolysis, and proteolysis is hypothesized to contribute to channel activation in these settings. Using a mouse expressing ENaC with disruption of a key proteolytic cleavage site, this study demonstrates that impaired proteolytic activation of ENaC’s γ subunit has little impact upon channel open probability or the ability of mice to adapt to low Na+ or high K+ diets.
Commensal microbiota regulate aldosterone
Authors: Moore Brittni N. , Medcalf Alexandra D. , Muir Rachel Q. , Xu Chudan , Marques Francine Z. , Pluznick Jennifer L.
Published: April 2024

We explore the role of the gut microbiome in regulating aldosterone, a hormone closely linked to blood pressure and cardiovascular disease. Despite the recognized importance of the gut microbiome in host physiology, the relationship with circulating aldosterone remains largely unexplored. We demonstrate that suppression of gut microbiota leads to increased levels of plasma and urinary aldosterone. These findings underscore the potential of the gut microbiota to influence aldosterone regulation, suggesting new possibilities for treating hypertension.
Animal models to study cognitive impairment of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Imenez Silva Pedro H. , Pepin Marion , Figurek Andreja , Gutiérrez-Jiménez Eugenio , Bobot Mickaël , Iervolino Anna , Mattace-Raso Francesco , Hoorn Ewout J. , Bailey Matthew A. , Hénaut Lucie , Nielsen Rikke , Frische Sebastian , Trepiccione Francesco , Hafez Gaye , Altunkaynak Hande O. , Endlich Nicole , Unwin Robert , Capasso Giovambattista , Pesic Vesna , Massy Ziad , Wagner Carsten A. ,   on behalf of the CONNECT Consortium
Published: April 2024

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and its prevalence increases with progressive loss of kidney function. MCI is characterized by a decline in cognitive performance greater than expected for an individual age and education level but with minimal impairment of instrumental activities of daily living. Deterioration can affect one or several cognitive domains (attention, memory, executive functions, language, and perceptual motor or social cognition). Given the increasing prevalence of kidney disease, more and more people with CKD will also develop MCI causing an enormous disease burden for these individuals, their relatives, and society. However, the underlying pathomechanisms are poorly understood, and current therapies mostly aim at supporting patients in their daily lives. This illustrates the urgent need to elucidate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets and test novel therapies in appropriate preclinical models. Here, we will outline the necessary criteria for experimental modeling of cognitive disorders in CKD. We discuss the use of mice, rats, and zebrafish as model systems and present valuable techniques through which kidney function and cognitive impairment can be assessed in this setting. Our objective is to enable researchers to overcome hurdles and accelerate preclinical research aimed at improving the therapy of people with CKD and MCI.
Response and Damage Characteristics of Segmental Tunnel Lining under Various Dynamic Load Conditions
Authors: Chai Jinling , Wang Ke , Wang Shihao , Wang Yong , Liu Yi
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates segmental lining, developing a numerical model to explore the dynamic interaction between saturated soil and the lining structure, and analyses the effects of the angle of incident load and the wavelength‐to‐diameter ratio on the displacement, deformation, and distribution of the plastic zone of the structure. The findings demonstrate that the structure experiences vertical compressive deformation during ground shock predominantly. The structure can be categorised into the major deformation region (with an angle within 60° of the vertical direction) and the minor deformation region (with an angle within 30° of the horizontal direction), determined by the structure’s radial deformation. The maximum radial velocity of the nodes in the major deformation area is greater and swifter, whereas the maximum radial velocity of the nodes in the minor deformation region is lesser and mostly equivalent in extent. The maximum radial displacement of the nodes in the major deformation area is highly receptive to the loading wavelength–diameter ratio (L/D) (the ratio of the load wavelength to the structure’s outer diameter) when the wavelength‐to‐diameter ratio (L/D) is small (1 ≤ L/D ≤ 5). Conversely, the maximum radial displacement in the minor deformation area is considerably sensitive to the wavelength–diameter ratio when 5 ≤ L/D ≤ 30. The total displacement and velocity of the structure remain unaffected by the angle of load incidence. However, it affects the maximum deformation of the structure as well as the location where the maximum node velocity occurs. In addition, the joint surface of the structure experiences the highest plastic strain at an angle of load incidence of 60°.
The Impact of Positive Self‐Perceptions of Aging on Subjective Well‐Being through the Mediation of Psychological Resilience among Community‐Dwelling Older Adults during COVID‐19 in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Jia-Jen , Liu Li-Fan , Shea Jeanne Laraine
Published: April 2024

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the well‐being of older adults has been highlighted as a significant public health concern. In this study, we investigated the role of psychological resilience in mediating the relationship between positive self‐perceptions of aging (SPA) and the subjective well‐being (SWB) of community‐dwelling older adults in Taiwan during the pandemic. We collected data through face‐to‐face interviews conducted from October 2021 to February 2022, involving 1,095 participants aged 50 years or above residing in a southern city in Taiwan. More than half of the study participants were female, aged 65 or older, and had less than a high school education. More than two thirds were married and/or living with partners. More than a third had two or more noncommunicable diseases. We calculated scores for SWB, positive SPA, and psychological resilience and examined correlations among the outcome and predictor variables. Our findings indicated that higher positive SPA was significantly associated with better SWB among community‐dwelling older adults in Taiwan and that this association was mediated by psychological resilience. Specifically, after controlling for covariates, structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis revealed a significant main effect of positive SPA on SWB (b = 0.412, β = 0187, and p  <  0.001), while bootstrap mediation analysis showed a statistically significant indirect mediating effect from positive SPA on SWB via psychological resilience (0.597, 95% bootstrap CIs = [0.445, 0.749], and p  <  0.001). These findings highlight the potential importance of cultivating positive self‐perceptions of aging and implementing resilience‐centered interventions to promote well‐being among Chinese older adults in the community.
New Genus and Two New Species of Notocotylidae Lühe, 1909 (Digenea), from Russia: Morphomolecular Data
Authors: Izrailskaia Anna V. , Tatonova Yulia V. , Belousova Yulia V.
Published: April 2024

The study of the trematodes of the family Notocotylidae Lühe, 1909, is continued using an integrated approach based on new data. A new genus, Pseudonotocotylus n. gen., has been identified, and two species new to science, Notocotylus multipapillus n. sp. and Pseudonotocotylus martynenkoi n. sp., have been discovered. The life cycle and morphology of developmental stages of the new species are described, and the molecular data for nuclear (28S) and mitochondrial markers (cox1 and nad1) are presented. Sequences of cox1 and nad1 mtDNA genes were obtained for five previously studied notocotylid species for the first time. Phylogenetic relationships within Notocotylidae were inferred from the analysis of these markers, and the results obtained reveal some subtle differences in some of the notocotylid species despite their morphological similarities. Based on the differences in gene sequences among the species, two additional criteria are proposed to divide the genus Notocotylus into Notocotylus and Pseudonotocotylus n. gen. The criteria are based on, first, having the Pulmonata or Prosobranchia group of snails as the first intermediate host and, second, molecular properties, as shown by substitutions specific to genus at various nucleotide locations in alignments for 28S and cox1.
CD106 in Tumor-Specific Exhausted CD8+ T Cells Mediates Immunosuppression by Inhibiting TCR Signaling
Authors: Naoi Yuto , Morinaga Takao , Nagasaki Joji , Ariyasu Ryo , Ueda Youki , Yamashita Kazuo , Zhou Wenhao , Kawashima Shusuke , Kawase Katsushige , Honobe-Tabuchi Akiko , Ohnuma Takehiro , Kawamura Tatsuyoshi , Umeda Yoshiyasu , Kawahara Yu , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Kiniwa Yukiko , Yamasaki Osamu , Fukushima Satoshi , Kawazu Masahito , Suzuki Yutaka , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi , Hanazawa Toyoyuki , Ando Mizuo , Inozume Takashi , Togashi Yosuke
Published: April 2024

T-cell exhaustion is a major contributor to immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Blockade of key regulators of T-cell exhaustion, such as programmed death 1, can reinvigorate tumor-specific T cells and activate antitumor immunity in various types of cancer. In this study, we identified that CD106 was specifically expressed in exhausted CD8+ T cells in the TME using single-cell RNA sequencing. High CD106 expression in the TME in clinical samples corresponded to improved response to cancer immunotherapy. CD106 in tumor-specific T cells suppressed antitumor immunity both in vitro and in vivo, and loss of CD106 in CD8+ T cells suppressed tumor growth and improved response to programmed death 1 blockade. Mechanistically, CD106 inhibited T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling by interacting with the TCR/CD3 complex and reducing its surface expression. Together, these findings provide insights into the immunosuppressive role of CD106 expressed in tumor-specific exhausted CD8+ T cells, identifying it as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.

Significance: CD106 is specifically expressed in tumor-specific exhausted CD8+ T cells and inhibits the TCR signaling pathway by reducing surface expression of the TCR/CD3 complex to suppress antitumor immunity.
CRISPR–Cas9 Screening Identifies KRAS-Induced COX2 as a Driver of Immunotherapy Resistance in Lung Cancer
Authors: Boumelha Jesse , de Castro Andrea , Bah Nourdine , Cha Hongui , de Carné Trécesson Sophie , Rana Sareena , Tomaschko Mona , Anastasiou Panayiotis , Mugarza Edurne , Moore Christopher , Goldstone Robert , East Phil , Litchfield Kevin , Lee Se-Hoon , Molina-Arcas Miriam , Downward Julian
Published: April 2024

Oncogenic KRAS impairs antitumor immune responses. As effective strategies to combine KRAS inhibitors and immunotherapies have so far proven elusive, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which oncogenic KRAS drives immune evasion is needed to identify approaches that could sensitize KRAS-mutant lung cancer to immunotherapy. In vivo CRISPR–Cas9 screening in an immunogenic murine lung cancer model identified mechanisms by which oncogenic KRAS promotes immune evasion, most notably via upregulation of immunosuppressive COX2 in cancer cells. Oncogenic KRAS potently induced COX2 in both mouse and human lung cancer, which was suppressed using KRAS inhibitors. COX2 acted via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to promote resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in lung adenocarcinoma. Targeting COX2/PGE2 remodeled the tumor microenvironment by inducing proinflammatory polarization of myeloid cells and influx of activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which increased the efficacy of ICB. Restoration of COX2 expression contributed to tumor relapse after prolonged KRAS inhibition. These results provide the rationale for testing COX2/PGE2 pathway inhibitors in combination with KRASG12C inhibition or ICB in patients with KRAS-mutant lung cancer.

Significance: COX2 signaling via prostaglandin E2 is a major mediator of immune evasion driven by oncogenic KRAS that promotes immunotherapy and KRAS-targeted therapy resistance, suggesting effective combination treatments for KRAS-mutant lung cancer.
Near-infrared Photoimmunotherapy Targeting Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Patient-Derived Xenografts Using a Humanized Anti-Fibroblast Activation Protein Antibody
Authors: Kobayashi Teruki , Noma Kazuhiro , Nishimura Seitaro , Kato Takuya , Nishiwaki Noriyuki , Ohara Toshiaki , Kunitomo Tomoyoshi , Kawasaki Kento , Akai Masaaki , Komoto Satoshi , Kashima Hajime , Kikuchi Satoru , Tazawa Hiroshi , Shirakawa Yasuhiro , Choyke Peter L. , Kobayashi Hisataka , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi
Published: April 2024

Esophageal cancer remains a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis, despite ongoing advancements in treatments such as immunotherapy. The tumor microenvironment, particularly cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), plays a crucial role in driving the aggressiveness of esophageal cancer. In a previous study utilizing human-derived xenograft models, we successfully developed a novel cancer treatment that targeted CAFs with near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT), as an adjuvant therapy. In this study, we sought to translate our findings toward clinical practice by employing patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models and utilizing humanized mAbs, specifically sibrotuzumab, which is an antihuman fibroblast activation protein (FAP) Ab and already being investigated in clinical trials as monotherapy. PDX models derived from patients with esophageal cancer were effectively established, preserving the expression of key biomarkers such as EGFR and FAP, as observed in primary tumors. The application of FAP-targeted NIR-PIT using sibrotuzumab, conjugated with the photosensitizer IR700DX, exhibited precise binding and selective elimination of FAP-expressing fibroblasts in vitro. Notably, in our in vivo investigations using both cell line–derived xenograft and PDX models, FAP-targeted NIR-PIT led to significant inhibition of tumor progression compared with control groups, all without inducing adverse events such as weight loss. Immunohistologic assessments revealed a substantial reduction in CAFs exclusively within the tumor microenvironment of both models, further supporting the efficacy of our approach. Thus, our study demonstrates the potential of CAF-targeted NIR-PIT employing sibrotuzumab as a promising therapeutic avenue for the clinical treatment of patients with esophageal cancer.
Implication of Corneal Refractive Surgery in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Moshirfar Majid , Kelkar Neil , Ronquillo Yasmyne C. , Hoopes Phillip C.
Published: April 2024

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked disorder due to a dystrophin mutation and is the leading cause of muscular dystrophy. DMD presents with characteristic systemic effects, including severe muscular atrophy, cardiomyopathy, and ocular manifestations. Performing corneal refractive surgeries in patients with DMD raises concerns regarding patient positioning, risk of cataracts, and other comorbid conditions. Published reports of photorefractive keratectomy, laser-assisted in situ keratomileuses, and small incision lenticule extraction are lacking in this population. Here, we discuss a patient being evaluated for a corneal refractive surgery. This article also discusses the current understanding of DMD, known ocular manifestations, and factors to consider when evaluating a patient for potential corrective vision laser surgery.
Patients with Spondylodiscitis following Chemoradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer in a Portuguese Cancer Hospital: A Case Report
Authors: Pessoa Diana , Vicente Inês , Pereira Carolina , Pina Ana , Freitas Pedro , Borges Alexandra , Sargento Isabel
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Head and neck cancer is an umbrella term for tumor manifestations across the head and neck regions, including the oral cavity, pharynx (including the naso, oro, and hypopharynx), larynx, and sinuses. Treatment options for head and neck cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, with specific treatment plans depending upon individual tumor location and staging, together with overall patient health status. Furthermore, definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has emerged as a highly effective therapeutic option for locoregional advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer. However, such therapy has also been linked to the development of spondylodiscitis. Spondylodiscitis consists of an infection starting at the vertebral endplates and spreading into the intervertebral discs, typically manifesting in adults. Case Presentation and Conclusion: This case report describes our clinical team’s experience in managing three separate cases of spondylodiscitis following CRT for head and neck tumors that presented at our clinic for diagnosis and treatment in order to identify predisposing factors that underlie the link between CRT and spondylodiscitis.