bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vapor Activity of Selected Compounds Against the Horn Fly and Stable Fly, 1977
Authors: Beadles M. L. , Meurer J. H.
Published: March 2022

Vapor effect of 190 compounds, effective against the stable fly, was determined against 0- to 1-day-old horn flies. Technical grade compounds, unless otherwise noted, were dissolved in acetone, and 0.5 ml of a solution containing 10 or 1 ma per 0.5 ml was pipetted onto a 90-cm-diam filter paper in a 100-cm diam petri dish bottom. Dishes were held on a hot plate at 37.8±0.5°C for 1 h before exposing 25 unsexed host-reared horn flies to the vapor emanating from the candidate toxicants. The flies were held 1.5 cm above the filter paper by inverting a 2nd petri dish bottom over a screen wire on the rim of the dish of toxicant.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1977
Authors: Hall F. R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized design with 3 replicates of Red Delicious apple trees. Sprays were applied with single hand gun from a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450 psi. All plots except the check were treated May 16, 31 and June 14 with approximately 4.5 gal. of spray solution applied per tree. In addition, all plots received Captan 50W at 2 lb/100 and Guthion 50W at 0.5 lb/100 gal at each spray date. From each tree, 25 leaves Were randomly sampled at 4-8’ on each sampling date. ERM and other mites were brushed onto glass plates and counted on the day of sampling.
Apple, White-Marked Tussock Moth: Effect of Pesticides in the Laboratory and Field, 1977
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

The recommended rates of each pesticide were mixed with water in 1L containers in the laboratory. Styrofoam cups (270 ml) containing apple cuttings with all but 4 leaves removed were dipped in each mixture. Larvae in the fourth and fifth instar were immediately added to the cups. Each treat-ment was replicated 4 times with 10 larvae per cup. Mortality readings were taken at 24 h. intergals for 5 days. Larvae were considered dead only when they did not move when poked with a probe.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1977
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Asquith Dean
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spraygun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump on June 13, July 8 and July 22 to all plots. General purpose sprays of 1.5 lb captan 50W, 0.25 lb Guthion 50W, and 1 lb Sevin 50W/100 gallons dilute were applied at intervals of ca. 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 63.88°F, June 66.23°F, July 74.34°F, and August 72.67°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 0.88, June 2.91, July 5.75, and August 2.57. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, twospotted spider mite, and A. fallacis was evaluated by making several counts of mites on random samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticides Test, 1977
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied dilute to run-off with a hand sprayer (450 psi) petal fall through 6th cover sprays on May 16, May 31, June 13, June 27, July 13, July 27, and Aug 8. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on 6 tree plots (Mcintosh, Cortland, Rhode Island Greening, Golden Delicious, and Red Rome) arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest 150 Mcintosh and 150 Cortland apples were scored from each replication. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 100 spur leaves selected randomly from Rhode Island Greening trees on Aug22. The number of leaves infested with spotted tentiform leafminers was also recorded on these trees during a search from the ground to eye level once around the outer circumference of the canopy on Aug 22.
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1977
Authors: Swift Fred , Los Lorraine
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on 13 year old apple trees, cultivars Red Delicious, Sungold and Stayman, at the Rutgers Fruit Research Center, Cream Ridge, NJ. Single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design were sprayed to run-off using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a hand-gun. All treatments were applied at a rate of 8 gallons per tree and 350 psi except for those listed in Table 3, which were applied at 10 gallons per tree and 200psi. Pre-bloom treatments (Table 1) were appled on March 29 (XE-333) or April 11 (Oil) to 2 replicates of Red Delicious. Post-bloom treatments were applied as follows: those in Table 2 to 2 replicates of Red Delicious and July 14; those in Table 3 to 3 replicates (one of each variety) on July 15 and August 8; and those in Table 4 to 3 replicates (1 Red Delicious, 2 Stayman) on August 25. Other Chemicals applied to all plots during the season were Imidan, carbaryl, endosulfan and captan. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 25 leaves per replicate (33 leaves for data in Table 4), pooling the leaves for each replicate, then brushing the mites onto glass plates and counting all stages.
Laboratory Toxicity Test, Rosy Apple Aphid, 1977
Authors: Travis J. W. , Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

The direct contact toxicity of several insecticides to the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphisplantaginea was assessed by using a laboratory sprayer. The sprayer was operated in such a manner as to simulate the dilute application method. The sprayer was operated for 1.5 sees and a 20 sec settling period was allowed after each application. The estimate of the average spray deposit weight is 25.5 mg/cm2. The 95% confidence interval is 25.3 to 25.7 mg/cm2. After each application the sprayer was washed with acetone and distilled water. Water was used as the liquid carrier of the insecticides. Each dosage was replicated twice with 20 apterous aphids/replicate. Distilled water was sprayed on 20 apterous adult aphids as a control for each replicate. The aphids were collected from the orchard and taken into the laboratory on infested leaf terminals. The aphids were separated into groups of 20 apterous adults and placed in petri dishes lined with filter paper. After treatment the aphids were placed on Rome apple seedlings previously dipped in the same insecticide dosage. The seedlings and aphids were held in screen cages ventilated with rotating fans. Temperatures ranged from 21°C to 27°C. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48-hr post-treatment.
Six-Spotted Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Bullock Robert C.
Published: March 2022

Four compounds were evaluated in dilute sprays vs. six-spotted mite in a block of single-row-bedded, 9-year-old grapefruit trees. The single-tree plots were replicated 2 times/treatment in randomized blocks. Applications were made on Apr 20 with a John Bean Royalier JK-20T hydraulic sprayer operated at 300 psi and equipped with a double Boyce handgun. Trees were sprayed to ‘run-off’. At the indicated pre- and post-treatment intervals, 10 infested leaves per tree were collected into pint Mason jars containing 50% alcohol and brought to the lab. Each jar was vigorously shaken and then leaves removed separately and surface, rinsed into the funnel of a Millipore filter system with a stream of 50% alcohol from a wash bottle. The leaf-wash and decanted jar liquid were then drawn through the filter. Mites on the filter disc were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope.
Control of Citrus Thrips with Temik 15G, 1977
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Two rates of Temik 15G (5 and 10 lb ai/acre) were applied Feb 15’77 to orange, grapefruit, and lemon trees at the Yuma Citrus Experiment Station. The materia! was spread with a 4-ft Gandy Fertilizer Spreader pulled by a small (garden-type) John Deere tractor. A 4-ft band was applied down the rows on each side of the trees. Each plot consisted of 6 trees and treatments were replicated 4 times. The entire test area was roto-tilled between rows and flood irrigated on Feb 15’77.
Pecan, Pecan Weevil and Hickory Shuckworm Management, 1977
Authors: Harris Marvin K. , Cutler Bradford L.
Published: March 2022

Pecan, Pecan Weevil and Hickory Shuckworm Management, 1977: Test blocks were established at Hidden Valley Farms near Hamilton, TX in Hamilton County in August 1977. Each block consisted of at least 10 trees and pretreatment monitoring of adult pecan weevil emergence from the soil and nut development was conducted to time applications. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity John Bean Speed Sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff. Torak was applied on a 7 day interval and the other materials on about a 10 day interval until adult pecan weevil emergence was virtually complete. Nut samples with shucks intact were gathered before shuck split on 7 October 1977 from each treatment, returned to the lab and frozen and then the shucks were examined for hickory shuckworm and the nuts cracked and examined for pecan weevil eggs and larvae. No phytotoxicity to foliage or nuts was noted from the materials used. Torak gave the best control of hickory shuckworm and adequate control of pecan weevil, Sevin gave the best control of the pecan weevil and adequate control of hickory shuckworm.
Yellow Pecan Aphid Control on Pecan, 1976
Authors: Holloway Rodney L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental trees were maintained in a commercial orchard near Johnston, South Carolina leased by the Entomology Department. Treatments were made to specific areas of trees known to be infested with yellow aphids. Pretreatment aphid counts were made and efficacy was determined by comparing these with post treatment aphid counts. Materials were applied with a compressed air sprayer to the point of run-off, and mortality determined 24 hours later. All treatments were replicated three times.
Cabbage Looper and Cabbage Webworm Control on Collars, 1977
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticultural Substation, Cullman, Alabama. Col lard transplants were set on August 11, 1977, in plots consisting of 6 rows (44-inch centers) x 30 ft separated by 5-ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on August 30, September 9, 14, 20, and 28. The initial application was made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 sprayer. Heavy rains and wetsoil necessitated knapsack sprayer application for the 4 subsequent treatments. All treatments were made at 50 gal/acre. On September 13and 20 stand ratings were made. Two factors, average plant size and percent defoliation (nearest 5%), were used to determine treatment effectiveness. Plant size was based on a 1-5 scale, where 1 = smallest plants in all treatments and 5 = the largest plants on a given date.
European Corn Borer Control on Sweet Corn, 1977
Authors: Holdsworth R. P.
Published: March 2022

The sweet corn was planted June 10 in Brookston silty clay loam in 4 rows 200 ft by 30 inches. Each treatment plot consisted of 50 ft of row, with 4 treatments replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer 150 gal/A on July 7 (8-9 leaf whorl), 15 (11 leaf whorl), 20 (tassel emergence) and 29 (pollen shedding). The entire plant was covered by the first 3 sprays, but spray was directed to stem and leaf axils only (not all leaf surfaces) on the last spray. Borers were counted on August 8 by dissecting 25 plants per plot. None of the insecticides were phytotoxic. Orthene and Pounce performed satisfactorily, considering the extended interval between the last 2 sprays.
Laboratory Screening for Control of Alfalfa Looper, Winter 1976-77
Authors: Halfhill J. E.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory screening for control of larvae of the alfalfa looper was conducted by dipping bouquets of the foliage of 5 greenhouse-grown 30- to 40-day-old ‘Perfected Freezer’ pea seedlings in 1-liter solutions of the insecticides, swirling the foliage until it was thoroughly wetted and then infesting the treated foliage with larvae. The solutions were prepared by dissolving the insecticide in 20 ml of acetone and mixing that with 1 liter of tap water to which 5 drops of wetting agent were added. Additional dilutions were prepared by decanting 500 ml of the original solution and mixing it with 500 ml of tap water to which 3 drops of wetting agent were added. Excess solution was shaken from the foliage which was then air dried for 2 hours. The dry, treated bouquets were placed individually into 2-liter polyethylene canisters that were closed with cheesecloth after the bouquets were infestedwith the test insects. Each of the 3 replicates of each treatment was infested with five, second-to third- and five fourth- to fifth-stage larvae from the laboratory culture. The efficacy of each treatment was determined by examining the foliage for feeding damage and the larvae for mortality every 24 hours after infestation until mortality was complete or had stabilized (usually in 3 to 4 days). The test was conducted in the greenhouse at 20°C with a 16-hour photophase (partially augmented by artificial lighting).
Pea Aphid Control on Peas, 1977
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Cancelado Rafael E.
Published: March 2022

‘Green Giant 531’ peas were planted April 29 at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station. Plots were 16 x 46 ft, randomized in complete blocks with 3 replications. The insecticides were applied June 21, 28, and July 6, in 60 gal water/acre at 176 psi, using a tractor-drawn boom sprayer. Counts were made 1 day before spraying and 1 day after spraying. The samples were taken with a vacuum machine. Each sample consisted of 10 “put-down” of the 8-inch diameter vacuum hose (3.5 sq ft/plot) after vigorously shaking the pea plants at each sample site.
Control of European Corn Borer on Bell Peppers, 1977
Authors: Kennedy George G. , Wade Henry F.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set out on May 11, 1977, 1.25 ft apart in 32single-row plots 20 ft long and 3.75 ft wide at the North Carolina State University Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. Adjacent plots were separated within rows by 10 ft and across rows by 11.25 ft of bare ground. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Temik granules were applied in a 2-inch band and incorporated into the upper 6 inches of soil immediately prior to setting the transplants. Sprays were applied weekly from July 1 through August 5 using a CO2-powered, back-pack sprayer equipped with 3 hollow-cone nozzles delivering 35 gal/acre at 40 psi. European corn borer control was assessed by harvesting all mature green, ripening, and ripe fruit from each plot on July 28, August 5, and 11 and examining them for injury characteristic of corn borer larval feeding.
Aphid Eradication Insecticide Foliar Spray Study on Potatoes, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potatoes were planted May 4, 1976, in a mineral clay loam soil at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York. Individual plots were 2 rows wide on a 36-inch row spacing; plot size was 6 x 30 ft. Plot design was randomized block with 3 replications. Fertilization consisted of 1500 lb 10-20-20/acre of NPK in 2, in-row side bands at planting. A preemergence herbicide, Sencor, was applied at 1 lb ai/A on May 5, 1976. Potato seed pieces (size B) were treated with Mertect and Agway Potato Seed Treatment 8D at 1 lb/100 lb of seed at planting. Foliar broadcast spays were applied with a CO2 bottle sprayer using a 6-ft hand-held aluminum boom at 30 psi. Three back-to-back summer sprays were applied July 15, Aug5 and 18, 1976, at a spray volume of 90 gpa. Insecticide sprays were combined with Bravo 6F used at 0.75 qt/A; the check plot received fungicide only.
Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides for Potato Leafhopper Control and Yield of Potatoes, 1977
Authors: Libby John L. , Longridge J. L.
Published: March 2022

Two-row, 50-ft plots with rows 36 inches apart were planted with “B-size” certified seed of the ’Superior’ cultivar at the University of Wisconsin Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin, on May 9. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as granules mixed with the fertilizer and banded in-furrow through a Lockwood 2-row potato planter at planting on May 9. The Di-Syston layby treatment was applied on June 23 and hilled in. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%) with a pH 6.0. Yields were taken August 27. The total rainfall between planting and vine killing on August 18 was 11.63 inches. Insect counts were taken with 15-inch diameter sweet net.
Potato Leafhopper Control and Potato Yields, 10-Day Interval Spray Program, 1977
Authors: Longridge J. L. , Libby John L.
Published: March 2022

Two-row, 54-ft plots with rows 36 inches apart were planted with “B-size” certified seed of the ’Superior’ cultivar at the University of Wisconsin Research Farm, Arlington, Wisconsin, on May 9. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied by a tractor-drawn, 18-ft-boom sprayer delivering 60 gallon of spray per acre. Sprays were applied on June 30, July 11, 22, August 1, and 11. The soil type was Piano silt loam (sand 12%, silt 70%, clay 18%) with O.M. 30 tons per acre and pH 6.0. Rainfall between planting on May 9 and vine killing on August 27 was 12.13 inches. Yields were taken on September 8. Insect counts were taken with a 15-inch-diameter sweep net.
Tomatoes: Control of Tomato Fruitworm, 1977: Test 2
Authors: Chalfant R. B.
Published: March 2022

Tomatoes (1 gm seed/200 gam Jiffy-Mix) were planted with a plug mix planter Jun 7‘77. Plots were 1-row (6-ft row spacing), 25-ft long with four replications in randomized complete blocks. Sprays were applied Jul 22, 29, Aug 19, 25, with a hand-held, 1-nozzle, compression type sprayer at 30 pai, 100 ga/acre. Soil was a loamy sand. Twenty-five fruit/plot were harvested on Sep 1 and examined for fruitworms.
Control of Whitefly in Greenhouse Tomatoes with Temik, 1978
Authors: Linduska James J. , Hochmuth Robert C.
Published: March 2022

Temik at the rate of 2.0 lbs ai/a and 4.0 lbs ai/a was applied with a shaker can, preplant to greenhouse beds on May 16‘78. Both treatments were incorporated 3-4 inches into the medium. Soil temperature at the 4 inch depth at the time of preplant application was 21°C. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Marglobe tomatoes were transplanted in the greenhouse on May 18‘78. The tomatoes were transplanted in 8'6" x 6' beds, 16 inches from the sides of the beds and 16 inches between plants. The beds were lined with plastic and 3 bales of Pro Mix A media were added per bed. Each bed was large enough to accommodate 2 rows, each row containing 5 plants. Greenhouse whiteflies were randomly introduced into the greenhouse on Jun 2 and 9 on 12 trifoliate tomato leaves from another greenhouse. Plants were pollinated, fertilized, and pruned in accordance with recommendations furnished by the Department of Horticulture, University of Maryland. Whitefly counts were made on 25 randomly selected trifoliate leaflets/plot. Yield data included pounds of fruit per treatment and number of fruit per treatment.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1978
Authors: Amaya Luz M. , Cancelado Rafael E. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Insecticidal sprays were applied July 20 to the second cutting of second year alfalfa at Rosemount, Minnesota. Plots were 21 x 68 ft, randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied in 60 gal water/acre at 175 psi with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer. Arthropods were sampled with a 15-inch sweep-net (50 sweeps/plot) 4 days after treatment.
Alfalfa Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Pienkowski R. L. , Blakeslee R. D. , Wolf D.D.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied May 10‘78 to a 3 year old stand of Saranac AR alfalfa in Montgomery Co., Virginia. On the treatment date the alfalfa height was 14.3 inch (S.E. = 0.46). Spray volume was 20 gal/a. Spray water pH was 7.4. Air temperature ranged from 13-16°C with R.H. of 60% and wind speed 2-6 mph. Treatments were replicated 4 times in 25 ft x 25 ft plots selected on a completely random manner. Furadan 4F at 0.5 lb/a was used as a standard treatment for comparison. Samples consisted of 15 pendulum sweeps per plot using a 15 inch net. Insect counts were transformed to log (X + I) prior to statistical analysis. Yield samples were taken using a flail forage harvester which cut and bagged the forage from a 3 ft x 25 ft swath per plot. The green yield was weighed in the field; with a subsample taken, weighed, dried, and reweighed to determine dry weight yield. Soil pH was 5.8, calcium level was medium, magnesium between low and medium, phosphate high, and potassium between medium and high.
Control of Corn Leaf Aphids on Barley, 1977
Authors: Akers R. C. , Roberts J.E.
Published: March 2022

Barley was planted at the C. N. Brown farm Bedford County, Va. Sept 20. Plots were 0.01 acre and replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied Nov 1 using a “back-pack” CO2 pressurized sprayer with a three ft boom. The boom had three (BC6, 70°) nozzles ten inches apart. This system delivered 21.5 GPA at 40 psi.
Coastal Bermudagrass, Fall Armyworm Suppression, Tifton, 1977
Authors: Martin P. B.
Published: March 2022

A ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.) hay pasture (5-6 inch high) growing in Tifton sandy loam soil and possessing a considerable amount of crabgrass was moderately infested with fall armyworms, and low densities of Mocis spp. and other foliage-feeding Lepidopteran larvae. Treatments were applied in water as 45 gal/acre with a Solo® 425 back-pack sprayer having a 8006 nozzle, except that a shaker can was used for the bait. Plots were 10 x 12 ft and surrounded by 20 ft of untreated grass. The design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Six sweeps with a 15 inch (in dia) net were taken on 2 sides of the plot, counted in the field and dumped back into the plot. Air temperature during the test period was ca. 9-32°C and little rain occurred.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1978
Authors: Hower Arthur A.
Published: March 2022

The test field had been in continuous corn for 3 years. Corn was planted no-till in 30 in, six row plots 45 ft long with 4 replications in a randomized block design. Five insecticides were compared at 11 material-rate combinations. The treatments were evaluated by root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1 -6 system and on yield.
Effect of Application of Granular Insecticides on Control of Rootworm Larvae, 1978
Authors: Sechriest Ralph E. , Roskcamp Gordon K.
Published: March 2022

Counter, Furadan, and Lorsban were each applied by 5 different techniques which might closely simulate present planting equipment methods. The experiment at Macomb was planted on April 29 and at Cerro Gordo on May 2. Both field trials were randomized complete blocks with 4 replicates. Each plot was a single row 100 ft long on 30 in. centers. The standard application was a 7-in. bander which applied the insecticides in front of the presswheel and most of the material was lightly mixed into the upper 1/2 - 1 in. of soil in a 7-in. band over the planted row. The furrow placement delivered the granular formulations by a hose into the rear opening of the planter shoe. The material was placed in contact with the seed in approximately a 1 -in. band at the level of the seed. The second comparison consisted of placing the normal bander directly against the rear of the shoe which placed some of the material from the 7-in. band directly into the seed furrow on the seed and the remainder of the formulation was distributed on the soil as it was flowing together behind the shoe over the seed furrow opening. The actual granular insecticide distribution was in a 1-2 in. vertical band from the level of the seed to the soil surface. The granules were also distributed in a band over the presswheel tract with no soil incorporation. A 14-in. bander was used to apply the granular formulations in the standard placement in front of the presswheel. Since the presswheel was not as wide as the 14-in. band, the center portion of the band was lightly incorporated but the edges of the band received little incorporation into the soil surface. These application techniques were evaluated using Counter, Furadan, and Lorsban because no plant phytotoxicity due to seed contact was known to exist.
Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm Control, 1978
Authors: Price Richard G. , Young Jerry H. , Ree Bil , Guilavogui Foday
Published: March 2022

Pioneer Brand 4789A was planted on May 15 at the South Central Research Station, Chickasha, Oklahoma, at 18 lb per acre. Eight-row plots, 150 ft long, replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design were used. Spray applications were made with a John Deere Hi-Cycle 600 sprayer traveling at a speed of 4 mph at 40 psi. Insecticide applications consisted of 5 gal of total spray mixture per acre, with one number 8 (Spraying Systems) nozzle per row. Seven applications were made between July 11 and August 25th. Intervals between applications ranged from 6 to 9 days. Plots were irrigated with 1 inch of water on July 10, 27, August 17,18 and Sept 7. Rainfall during the treatment period was as follows: July 15, .18 inch; July 23, .47 inch; July 24, .02 inch; Aug 4, .04 inch; Aug 5, trace; Aug 16, .4 inch; Aug 19, .55 inch; and Aug 20, .32 inch for a total of 1.98 inch. Damage was estimated by collecting at random 100 fruits prior to spraying from the upper one-third of the plants in each plot. Heliothis populations were considered light to moderate through the testing period. Heliothis sp. determinations are as follows: Aug 1, 41% JH. zea, 59% JH. virescens; Aug 8, 10% JH. zea, 90% H.virescens; and on Aug 15 and 22 the Heliothis population was 100% H.virescens. Cotton was harvested on October 24th. Yields were determined by picking burr cotton from 20 ft of row per plot from each replicate and converting to pounds of lint per acre.
Cotton Insecticide Efficacy On

H.

Zea

and

H.

Virescens

on the Loessial Hills of Northeast Louisiana, 1977
Authors: Williams B. R. , Rogers R. L. , Clower D. F. , Koonce K. L.
Published: March 2022

Deltapine 16 acid delinted seed was planted on May 11‘77 at 10 lb per acre. Treatments were placed in plots 8 rows (40-inch) by 80 ft and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were made with an International 660 Hi-Clear sprayer with a compressed air system equipped with 2X-3 hollow-cone spray tips per row delivering 2.5 gpa at 3.5 mph and 60 psi. Eight applications were made between July 30 and Sept 20. Plots were not irrigated. Rainfall was moderate and did not affect treatment applications. Damage was evaluated by randomly examining 25 fruits from the upper one-third of plants in each plot. Boll weevil popu-lations were extremely light. Pretreatment sampling indicated 32% Heliothis damaged squares and 20% live larvae on July 30.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays,

M.

Sanguinipes

, Bozeman, Montana, Winters 1976-77 and 1977-78
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared nymphs from a non-diapause laboratory strain were used in the bioassays. Dosages of all toxicants were based on microgram Al per gram of body weight. Treated nymphs were held in acetate tubes with ends made of hardware cloth.
Laboratory Evaluation of Granular Insecticides for Rice Striped Stem Borer Control. IRRI Laboratory, 1977
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Valencia S. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were tested using two application methods. In a paddy water-broadcast experiment, insecticide granules at the rate of 0.5 kg ai/ha were placed in porcelain pots containing a 50-day-old rice plant. The second application method was with insecticide granules in gelatin capsules, which were inserted into the root zone at a depth of about 3 cm beside the plant and 3 cm below the soil surface. Plants were held in an air-conditioned room at 27 i 1°C. At indicated days after treatment (DAT) stem portions were cut and removed and 20 freshly hatched larvae were placed on the stem. Treatments were replicated four times with one cut stem serving as a replicate.
Grain Sorghum, Suppression of Aphids and Effect on Associated Arthropods, Tifton, 1977
Authors: Martin P. B. , Wiseman B. R.
Published: March 2022

Grain sorghum planted Apr 23 in 3 ft rows (middle to middle) and in sandy loam soil was treated for greenbugs just prior to the boot stage (June 21). Four row x 85 ft plots (separated by 2 untreated rows) were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replicates. Pesticides were applied (1 application) in water as 24 gal/acre at 45 psi with a John Deere Hi-Cycle sprayer by traveling over the field twice. Three D2-13 nozzles were used/row; one was over the top and 2 dropped 30 in. and directed onto the under surface of the leaves. On sampling dates a rapid examination of all leaves (3-5 min/sample) on ten shoots was made. Three of these samples were made/plot to estimate aphid numbers. Sweeps for other arthropods were 3 series of 25 with a 15 inch (in dia) net across the tops of 2 rows in each plot. Also, at 4 weeks three searches of 10 adjacent heads were made in each plot. Yields were estimated from two 10-ft samples from the center of the 2 middle rows for each plot. Weather conditions were hot and dry.
Apple, Summer Mite Control Treatments, 1978
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Acaricide treatments were applied in midseason to young Greening trees. They were applied with a Hardie high pressure hydraulic sprayer operating at 600 psi. The trees were sprayed to runoff. Single-tree treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized, complete-block design. The mite populations were sampled at about 1, 2, and 3 wks after treatment. Twenty leaves were collected from each replicate and brushed with a machine of a modified Henderson-McBurnie type. The dislodged mites were trapped on the surface of a revolving glass plate in a thin layer of polyvinyl alcohol (Emcol 5100). Sections of the plate were counted using a dissecting binocular microscope; from the counted sections the total number of mites on the plate was calculated. On Jun 19 and Jul 18 terminals on which a high population of European red mites existed were brought into the experimental block and 4 terminals per tree were taped to the trees to be treated. This was an attempt to build up the population.
Western Spruce Budworm Countol with Lannate, 1978
Authors: Markin George P. , Johnson David
Published: March 2022

Lannate 1.82 (Methomyl) was applied on grand fir at three dosage rates by helicopter against 4 th and 5 th instar larvae of the wastern spruce budworm in central Idaho, June 26-28. Lannate was mixed with water (a total applied volume of I gal per acre) and applied with 8002 nozzle tips at 45 mph and 50 ft above tree tops at rates of 8 oz, 4 oz, and 2 oz ai per acre. Spray plots were ca 50 acres in size and at 5000-5500 elevation. Five plots were treated at each dosage rate with five untreated plots serving as controls. Populations expressed as mean number of larvae/100 buds were determined 24 hr before spray and at 3 intervals in each plot.
Control of Hackberry Butterfly Larvae on Sugarberry Trees, 1978
Authors: Oliveria F. L. , Solomon J. D.
Published: March 2022

In August, during the second defoliation, preliminary tests were conducted to determine the efficacy of carbaryl for controlling A. celtis larvae. The insecticide was mixed with water and applied with a backpack mist blower at 1.25 lb (Sevin Sprayable 80%) per acre (5 gal diluted spray containing I lb ai/A). Heavily infested sugarberry trees 6 to 20 ft tall were selected; 7 and 10 frees selected at random were treated at Catfish Point, Mississippi, and Choctaw Bar, Arkansas, respectively, while 4 trees remained untreated at each location. Two 18-inch branches were selected at rando on each tree and the number of larvae counted before treatment (prespray count) and again 24 hrs after treatment (postspray count). A “t” test for unpaired plots was used to test for significance at the .05 level.
Apple, Pyrethroid Test, 1978
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Various pyrethroid insecticide schedules were evaluated for insect control and their influence on the mite predator, Strethoruspunctum. Sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a Golden Delicious and a Red Delicious tree. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 GPA/altemate side spray driven at 2 mph. Spray dates for the treatments were: May 25, Jun 5, 15, 26, Jul 7, 17, 28, Aug 7, 17, 28, and Sep 7. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, captan, and zineb. Average temperatures were: May 58.6°F, Jun 68.5°F, Jul 70.4°F, and Aug 74.1°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 5.67, Jun 3.24, Jul 7.98, and Aug 2.46. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite and the two-spotted spider mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 90 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S.punctum was evaluated by 3 min. counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jun 27 and 2 picked samples on Aug 28 and Sep 19. Apple samples averaged 165 fruits/replicate and 494/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Space Fumigation Tests Against Selected Greenhouse Pests, 1978
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Pilitt Dana R. , Neal John W. , Cawley Bryant M.
Published: March 2022

Pesticidal dusts, aerosols, or ULV fogs were tested as space fumigants against selected greenhouse pests held on either host plants or on insect rearing media by fumigation of 1100 ft3 sealed trailers in Baltimore, Md., on July 25-27, 1978. Preweighed dusts were introduced from outside through the rear door; aerosols and EC’s were released by an applicator from within the trailer. Dusts were formulated in HiSil 233 and propelled by CO2; aerosols were formulated with freon or water and propane/isobutane. EC’s were commercial formulations and were applied either with water (1:1), or without water (on the last day). Two methods of application were used for the EC’s, a Micro-Gen/Bold Model E10 110 VAC powered unit from Micro-Gen Equipment Corp., 8127 Vidor Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78216, and a spinning disk, battery-powered unit from Micron West, Inc., 8582 Katy Freeway, Houston, Texas 77024. Doors were opened 10 min. after pesticide release, and insects were removed after 30 minutes. Temperature during the test period ranged from 22° to 28°C.
Control of Tea Scale on Camellia, 1978
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Self R. L. , Cobb G. S.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-nine 2-3 ft tall, container grown camellias heavily infested with tea scale were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in 3 gal plastic pots. Test materials were applied May 15 and again May 29’78. Chevron X-77 spray-sticker was added to all treatments but Exhalt 800, at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal of spray mixture. The foliage of all plants was sprayed to runoff using compressed air sprayers. Treatments were replicated 3 times, one plant constituting a replication. Plants were allowed to dry and then were returned to a plastic greenhouse. Efficacy of the treatments wa; determined on June 16 by examining 100 adult female tea scales per plait. Mortality counts were made with the use of a stereo-microscope by examining each scale insect aid scoring it as living if normally colored and full-bodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.
Poplar Tent-Maker Control on Poplar, 1978
Authors: Schultz P. B.
Published: March 2022

A research block of poplars, hybrid Androscoggin, 3-5m high was used for insecticide evaluation. Larvae of the poplar tent-maker were defoliating the trees. Spray applications were made to the portions of the tree where active larvae were congregating within folded leaves. A single application applied to run-off was made on September 15 using a knapsack sprayer. Results were evaluated by collecting 4 folded leaves that contained larvae and counting live larvae in each leaf 72 hour after treatment.
Scots Pine,

D.

Zimmermani

Control, Illinois, 1977-78
Authors: Applyby J. E. , Randell R.
Published: March 2022

A 5-acre nursery of Scots pine trees of 4-6 ft in height planted 4 feet apart and consisting of 14 rows with ca 100 trees per row was selected in Whiteside County, Illinois because of the high incidence of Zimmerman pine moth damage. On September 10, 1976, 9 trees that had symptoms of Zimmerman pine moth infestations were tagged in each of 14 rows. During May 1977 and 1978 the hardened sap exudate from previous infestations was scraped off all tagged trees. Each insecticide treatment was applied onto the same 18 trees (9 trees in each of 2 adjoining rows) for 2 consecutive years. Fall treatments: On September 14, 1976 and September 4, 1977 insecticide sprays were applied until runoff onto the branches and trunks of the trees using a 100 gallon hydraulic sprayer. Spring treatments: On April 17, 1977 and April 27, 1978 other trees in adjoining rows were treated as described in the fall applications, using the same insecticides.
Kentucky Bluegrass, Armyworm Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of 14 treatments were applied to a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the Federated Church in West Lafayette, Indiana on June 14, 1978. At the time of treatment adult moths were flying and egg deposition for the first generation had begun. Plots were 7 by 14 feet and the experiment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a boom mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. A pressure of 30 psi was maintained with a CO2 tank. Granular applications were made with a 7 foot wide John Deere granular applicator mounted on a bicycle wheeled type frame. Half of each plot was sampled on July 12 and 25. A mixture of “Diagnostic Aid” and water was applied to half of the plot with a sprinkling can and the number of larvae that emerged were counted.
Apple, Leafroller Control, 1978
Authors: Thomas John H. , Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated 5 times using Jonathan, York, Rome, Stayman, and Winesap. These 14-yr-old trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean high pressure sprayer operating at 600 psi. Cover sprays of Zolone 1 qt (100 gal/acre cone.) were applied at 7-to 10-da intervals on alternate sides from Jun 2 until Jun 30. One full cover of Zolone was applied on Aug 3. Fungicide covers included: Captan + benomyl on May 19, 26, Jun 2, 12, 20, 30, Jul 12; Phaltan on Jul 17, Aug 3; Phaltan + benomy I on Aug 18 and Sep 8. Efficacy was determined by making summer leafroll examinations and by harvest apple evaluations. Leafroll counts were made by examining each tree for 15 min on Aug 1 to 3. Harvest samples of 250 apples (50/tree) were examined for leafroller damage on the following dates: Jonathan, Sep 27; York, Oct 4; Rome, Oct 5; Stayman, Oct 11; and Winesap, Oct 16. Counts were made on Jul 26 and Aug 30 to check the impact of the insecticides on mite populations. For each count the mites on 100 leaves (20 leaves/rep) were brushed onto plates and counted.
Efficacy and Side Effects of Psylla and Codling Moth Control Programs on Pear, 1978
Authors: Riedl Helmut , Hoying S. A.
Published: March 2022

A 1.1-acre section of a 15-yr-old pear block at the U. C. Deciduous Fruit Field Station in San Jose, CA, was used to test efficacy and side effects (associate mite outbreaks) of Pydrin and Dimilin. Eight treatments (including the check) each consisting of four 16-tree replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design. Sprays were applied until runoff with a hydraulic hand gun sprayer operating at 300 psi. Pydrin treatments were timed according to tree phenology: delayed dormant (Mar 8) and at 5% (Apr 11), 40% (Apr 27), 75% (May 8), and 100% (Jun 6) leaf surface expansion. To accommodate an additional codling moth application, one-half of each replicate of the May 8 treatment was sprayed again on Jun 6. The Dimil in tests compared 2 and 3 applications at 2 rates. The third spray was applied to one-half (8 trees) of each Dimilin replicate. Four trees in the center of each replicate were selected for the evaluation. Leaf samples (96/treatment) were taken at ca. monthly intervals in spring and every 2 wk later on to record psylla eggs and nymphs, spider mites, rust mites, and phytoseiid predators. Codling moth damage was assessed at midseason (160 fruit/treatment) and at harvest (300 fruit/treatment). At the same time 25 fruit from each treatment were tested for firmness.
Grape Phylloxera, Subsurface and Foliar Insecticide Applications in Ohio, 1978
Authors: Williams Roger H.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were evaluated for control of grape phylloxera at Wooster. Plots consisted of 2 Clinton vines, with 4 replications per treatment in randomized blocks. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft in the row. Granular formulations were applied on June 28 and incorporated in the soil 1.5 ft away from vine rows and 1.5 ft outside end vines, in the form of an ellipse around the plot. Granules were distributed uniformly in the bottom of a 1.5-inch furrow and covered with soil as soon as applied. Soil moisture was good at time of application, so granular treatments were not watered-in. Foliar treatments were made on June 28 and July 11, using a hand-opdrated CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi and equipped with a Tee Jet® D2 disc and No. 25 core. Sprays were applied to vines at the rate of 100 gal/acre. A spreader-sticker, Ortho X-77, was added to all sprays, except Zolone, at 1 pt/100 gal. In sampling, 10 shoots were chosen at random from each plot, half from each side of the row. The number of galls were recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots. Fungicides were applied to the entire experimental area on Jun 2, 27, and Jul 6 at the following ai rates: Captan 1.5 lb and Benlate 0.5 lb + 1 pt Ortho X-77/100 gal. Rainfall from first application to last gall survey totaled 2.85 inches.
Rose Chafer, Bioassay to Determine Efficacy of Selected Adulticides, Ohio, 1978
Authors: Williams Roger N. , Weiss Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Field efficacy was evaluated in a portion of a commercial vineyard at North Kingsville; laboratory bioassay was conducted at the OARDC in Wooster. Grape rows were 10 ft on center with 8 ft between vines in the row. A replicate consisted of 5 adjacent vines in a row. Each treatment was applied to 4 replicates in a randomized block design. Applications were made on June 14 and June 20. The first application was made soon after rose chafer adults were first observed feeding on grape blossom buds. Sprays were applied at the rate of 100 gpa with a CO2 powered constant pressure sprayer equipped with a Tee Jet® D2 disc and No. 25 core. Treated foliage was colleged after the spray residue was dry at 0, 3, and 7 days after treatment. Two leaves were picked at random from each replicate and placed in labelled plastic bags. The bags were placed in an ice chest and transported to Wooster. Approximately 4 hr later the petioles were recut and placed in a floral tube filled with water. Modeling clay was used to seal the top of the tube to prevent leakage. Ten beetles of unknown age and a floral tube containing 2 leaves were placed in a 1-gal ice-cream carton. The carton was modified by placing a 16-mesh wire screen over the bottom and cheese cloth over the top. Each bioassay included 4 replicates. The insecting holding room was maintained at 70°F with > 80% RH under a 16-hr photoperiod. The number of live beetles was recorded at the end of 24 hr.
Citrus Mealybug Control, 1978
Authors: French J. Victor
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticides were compared to Supracide for citrus mealybug (CMB) control. Treatments were replicated three times on single-tree plots in a completely randomized design. Grapefruit trees were 9 years old (15 x 25 ft spacing) growing on sandy clay loam soil. Spray applications were made on Aug 15 using a 2-gal Hudson Sprayer with CO2 at 80 psi as a propellant. An area on each tree of ca. 20 sq ft was sprayed to runoff. At 7 da posttreatment, 10 CMB-infested fruit were collected from the sprayed area in each tree and examined under a binocular scope. Percent mortality was determined for the crawler, 2nd and 3rd nymphal, and adult stages.
Citrus Red Mite Control, Riverside, California, 1978
Authors: Brown R. D. , Jesser M. J.
Published: March 2022

Several acaricides were tested for efficacy against citrus red mite (CRM). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in single-tree plots. Trees were assigned to a replicate on the basis of their prespray CRM infestation level. Trees were sprayed on April 21 with a Hardy orchard spray gun (No. 8 orifice at 500 psi using ca. 12.5 gal/tree or 1350 gpa). On each count date, the CRM adult females were counted on 32 leaves/tree (8 four-leaf terminals, 2/quadrant).
Seed Maggot Control, 1978
Authors: Webb D. R. , Robbins P. S. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single row treatments, 36-inches apart, 15-ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A double cone seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each row and distribute the granules of insecticide. After planting, a 2-4-inch band of meat and bone meal was applied by hand over the rows. Previous tests have shown this to be an effective method of increasing damage through attraction of seed maggot flies. Each of the crops was planted in a separate plot on Jun 23. Damage counts were made Jul 5 on squash, and Jul 6 on snap beans. The total number of emerged seedlings in each row was counted, damaged individuals recorded, and an average percent damage was calculated. Efficacy counts were made on the sweet corn plot on Jul 10 by digging up 25 seeds/row, examining them for injury, and calculating an average percent damage.
Cabbage Insect Control, 1978
Authors: Hogenkamp Derk J. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Cancelado Rafael E.
Published: March 2022

‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbage was planted Jun 12’78, at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount. Plots were single row, 34-ft long, spaced 40-inches apart and randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied Jul 18, Aug 9, and Aug 23 using a 2-gal, hand operated, compressed-air sprayer delivering 76 gal water/acre at ca 40 psi. Insects were counted I day after spraying.
Control of Cabbage Looper and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1973
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Golden Acre’ cabbage was direct seeded in 2-row plots 33-feet long on Jul 18’73 using a Stanhay precision planter. Plants were thinned to 18-inches in the row and 36-inches between rows. Each plot was buffered by 2 guard rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 ,,, replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Sprays were applied Aug 29; Sep 5, 11, 19 and 26; and Oct 4, 10, and 18. Treatments were applied with a wheelbarrow-type sprayer using CO2 for spray discharge. The spray boom was equipped with drop nozzles and each row was covered by 3 nozzles. All treatments were mixed in 1.5 gallons of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/A with 40 psi. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1) 0-3% damage or odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage - few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage - moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage - most leaves with holes; 5) 51-100% damage - crown damaged and/or all leaves with holes.