bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Accuracy of Urinary PCA3 for Prostate Cancer in Thai Patients With PSA Levels of 3 to 10 ng/ml Undergoing an Initial Prostate Biopsy
Authors: Limudomporn Pasin , Sathirapongsasuti Nuankanya , Worawichawong Suchin , Sirisreetreeru Pokket , Kongcharoensombat Wisoot , Kijvikai Kittinut , Jittawera Samapat , Kocharoenwat Jitpanu , Jenjitranant Pocharapong
Published: July 2023

Purpose:

To examine the diagnostic accuracy of the urinary prostate cancer gene 3 score for prostate cancer in Thai patients with prostate-specific antigen levels of 3 to 10 ng/ml undergoing an initial prostate biopsy.

Materials and methods:

In this prospective, single-center study, urine samples were collected after prostate massage. Urinary prostate cancer gene 3 mRNA levels were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Data, including age, biopsy results, preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels, prostate-specific antigen density, prostate-specific antigen velocity, prostate volume, and prostate imaging findings, were collected between June 1, 2020, and May 15, 2021.

Results:

The median prostate-specific antigen level of the 70 included patients was 6.31 ng/ml. Sixteen patients had positive biopsy results (22.9%). The prostate cancer gene 3 score (695.09 vs 268.79, P < .01), prostate-specific antigen density (0.19 vs 0.13, P < .01), and prostate-specific antigen velocity (2.68 vs 0.44, P < .01) significantly differed between the positive and negative biopsy groups. The predictive power of the prostate cancer gene 3 score was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. At a prostate cancer gene 3 score threshold of 366.02, the sensitivity and specificity were 78.57% and 79.25%, respectively. Meanwhile, the areas under the curve of the prostate cancer gene 3 score, prostate-specific antigen velocity, and prostate-specific antigen density were better than that of prostate-specific antigen for predicting a positive biopsy.

Conclusion:

Our study confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of prostate cancer gene 3 for predicting a positive biopsy in Thai men with prostate-specific antigen levels of 3 to 10 ng/mL. Combining the prostate cancer gene 3 score and prostate-specific antigen derivatives might be helpful for identifying patients who can avoid unnecessary biopsies and subsequent complications.
Deep Learning–Based Kernel Adaptation Enhances Quantification of Emphysema on Low-Dose Chest CT for Predicting Long-Term Mortality
Authors: Park Hyungin , Hwang Eui Jin , Goo Jin Mo
Published: July 2023

Objectives

The aim of this study was to ascertain the predictive value of quantifying emphysema using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) post deep learning–based kernel adaptation on long-term mortality.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study investigated LDCTs obtained from asymptomatic individuals aged 60 years or older during health checkups between February 2009 and December 2016. These LDCTs were reconstructed using a 1- or 1.25-mm slice thickness alongside high-frequency kernels. A deep learning algorithm, capable of generating CT images that resemble standard-dose and low-frequency kernel images, was applied to these LDCTs. To quantify emphysema, the lung volume percentage with an attenuation value less than or equal to −950 Hounsfield units (LAA-950) was gauged before and after kernel adaptation. Low-dose chest CTs with LAA-950 exceeding 6% were deemed emphysema-positive according to the Fleischner Society statement. Survival data were sourced from the National Registry Database at the close of 2021. The risk of nonaccidental death, excluding causes such as injury or poisoning, was explored according to the emphysema quantification results using multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

The study comprised 5178 participants (mean age ± SD, 66 ± 3 years; 3110 males). The median LAA-950 (18.2% vs 2.6%) and the proportion of LDCTs with LAA-950 exceeding 6% (96.3% vs 39.3%) saw a significant decline after kernel adaptation. There was no association between emphysema quantification before kernel adaptation and the risk of nonaccidental death. Nevertheless, after kernel adaptation, higher LAA-950 (hazards ratio for 1% increase, 1.01; P = 0.045) and LAA-950 exceeding 6% (hazards ratio, 1.36; P = 0.008) emerged as independent predictors of nonaccidental death, upon adjusting for age, sex, and smoking status.

Conclusions

The application of deep learning for kernel adaptation proves instrumental in quantifying pulmonary emphysema on LDCTs, establishing itself as a potential predictive tool for long-term nonaccidental mortality in asymptomatic individuals.
Use of the Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) to Reconstruct Full-thickness Eyelid Defects
Authors: Ma Tao , Xu Lianji , Chen Yanming , Zhang Junyi , Han Xinming , Si Yewei , Wang Shuang , Jiang Libin
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to introduce the use of an acellular dermal matrix (ADM) as a posterior lamellar substitution for full-thickness eyelid reconstruction after malignant tumor excision. After resection of the malignant eyelid tumors, anterior lamellar defects were repaired using direct sutures and pedicled flaps in 20 patients (15 men and 5 women). ADM was used to replace the tarsal plate and the conjunctiva. All patients were followed up for 6 months or more to assess the functional and esthetic outcomes of the procedure. The flaps survived in all but 2 cases, wherein they necrosed due to insufficient blood supply. The functionality and esthetic outcomes were excellent in 10 and 9 patients, respectively. There were no changes in visual acuity or corneal epithelial damage after the surgery. The eyeball movement was good. Corneal irritation no longer appeared, and patient comfort was maintained. Furthermore, no tumor recurrence occurred in any patient. ADM is a valuable posterior lamellar material for the full-thickness reconstruction of eyelid defects after the resection of malignant tumors on the eyelids.
Application of Immediate Implant Placement Techniques in Peri-implantitis Modeling
Authors: Zhang Hongming , Yuan Yun , Wu Xiaolin , Xue Hanxiao , Yu Runping , Huang Hui
Published: July 2023

Objectives:

To explore the use of immediate implant placement technique in peri-implantitis modeling, shorten the modeling period, and obtain similar effects.

Materials and Methods:

Eighty rats were divided into 4 groups: immediate placement (IP), delayed placement (DP), IP-ligation (IP-L) and DP-ligation (DP-L). In the DP and DP-L groups, implants were placed 4 weeks after tooth extraction. In the IP and IP-L groups, implants were placed immediately. Four weeks later, the implants were ligated to induce peri-implantitis in the DP-L and IP-L groups.

Results:

Nine implants were lost (3 in the IP-L and 2 each in the IP, DP, and DP-L group). The bone level decreased after ligation, and the buccal and lingual bone levels were lower in IP-L versus DP-L. The implant pullout strength was decreased after ligation. Micro-CT showed bone parameters were decreased after ligation, and the percent bone volume was higher in IP versus DP. Histology showed that the percent of CD4+ cells and IL-17+ cells was increased after ligation and higher in IP-L versus DP-L.

Conclusions:

We successfully introduced immediate implant placement into the modeling of peri-implantitis and observed similar bone resorption and more soft tissue inflammation in a shorter time.
Reconstruction of Medial Canthal Ligament With Autogenous Fascia Lata Graft
Authors: Wang Yan , Yuan Yuan , Pang Long
Published: July 2023

Background:

An eyelid malignant tumor invading the medial canthus is a serious eyelid disease that requires extensive resection and complex destruction. The medial canthus ligament is especially difficult to repair because its reconstruction often requires special materials. In this study, we described our reconstruction technique using autogenous fascia lata.

Methods:

Data from 4 patients (4 eyes) who had medial canthal ligament defects after Mohs resection of eyelid malignant tumors were reviewed from September 2018 to August 2021. The reconstruction of the medial canthal ligament using autogenous fascia lata was performed in all of the patients. If combined with the upper and lower tarsus defects, autogenous fascia lata was split into 2 branches to repair the tarsal plate.

Results:

The pathologic diagnosis was basal cell carcinoma in all patients. The mean follow-up time was 13.6±3.51 months (range, 8–24 mo). There was no tumor recurrence, infection, or graft rejection. All patients achieved good eyelid movement and function and were satisfied with their medial angular shape and cosmetic contour.

Conclusions:

Autogenous fascia lata is a good material to repair medial canthal defects. It is easy to take and effectively maintains eyelid movement and function with satisfactory postoperative effects.
Spatial pattern and differential expression analysis with spatial transcriptomic data
Authors: Qin Fei , Luo Xizhi , Cai Bo , Xiao Feifei , Cai Guoshuai
Published: July 2023

The emergence of spatial transcriptomic technologies has opened new avenues to investigate gene activities while preserving the spatial context of tissues. Utilizing data generated by such technologies, the identification of spatially variable (SV) genes is an essential step in investigating tissue landscapes and biological processes. Particularly in typical experimental designs such as case-control or longitudinal studies, identifying SV genes between groups is crucial for discovering significant biomarkers or developing targeted therapies for diseases. However, current methods available for analyzing spatial transcriptomic data are still in their infancy, and none of the existing methods are capable of identifying SV genes between groups. To overcome this challenge, we developed SPADE forspatialpatternanddifferentialexpression analysis to identify SV gene in spatial transcriptomic data. SPADE is based on a machine learning model of Gaussian process regression with a gene-specific Gaussian kernel, enabling the detection of SV genes both within and between groups. Through extensive simulations and real data analyses, we have demonstrated the superior performance of SPADE compared to existing methods in detecting SV genes within and between groups. The SPADE source code and documentation are publicly available athttps://github.com/thecailab/SPADE.
A Biochemical Description of Postsynaptic Plasticity – with Timescales Ranging from Milliseconds to Seconds
Authors: Li Guanchun , McLaughlin David W. , Peskin Charles S.
Published: July 2023

Synaptic plasticity (long term potentiation/depression (LTP/D)), is a cellular mechanism underlying learning. Two distinct types of early LTP/D (E-LTP/D), acting on very different time scales, have been observed experimentally – spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP), on time scales of tens of ms; and behavioral time scale plasticity(BTSP), on time scales of seconds. BTSP is a candidate for the mechanism for rapid learning of spatial location by hippocampal place cells. Here a computational model of the induction of E-LTP/D at a spine head of a synapse of a hippocampal pyramidal neuron is developed. The single compartment model represents two interacting biochemical pathways for the activation (phosphorylation) of the kinase (CaMKII) with a phosphatase, with Ion inflow described by NMDAR, CaV1, and Na channels. The biochemical reactions are represented by a deterministic system of differential equations. This single model captures realistic responses (temporal profiles with the differing timescales) of STDP and BTSP and their asymmetries for each (STDP or BTSP) signaling protocol. The simulations detail several mechanisms underlying both STDP and BTSP, including i) the flow ofCa2+through NMDAR vs CaV1 channels, and ii) the origin of several time scales in the activation of CaMKII. The model also realizes a priming mechanism for E-LTP that is induced byCa2+flow through CaV1.3 channels. Once in the spine head, this small additionalCa2+opens the compact state of CaMKII, placing CaMKII “in the ready” for subsequent induction of LTP.
Detecting differential transcript usage in complex diseases with SPIT
Authors: Erdogdu Beril , Varabyou Ales , Hicks Stephanie C. , Salzberg Steven L. , Pertea Mihaela
Published: July 2023

Differential transcript usage (DTU) plays a crucial role in determining how gene expression differs among cells, tissues, and different developmental stages, thereby contributing to the complexity and diversity of biological systems. In abnormal cells, it can also lead to deficiencies in protein function, potentially leading to pathogenesis of diseases. Detecting such events for single-gene genetic traits is relatively uncomplicated; however, the heterogeneity of populations with complex diseases presents an intricate challenge due to the presence of diverse causal events and undetermined subtypes. SPIT is the first statistical tool that quantifies the heterogeneity in transcript usage within a population and identifies predominant subgroups along with their distinctive sets of DTU events. We provide comprehensive assessments of SPIT’s methodology in both single-gene and complex traits and report the results of applying SPIT to analyze brain samples from individuals with schizophrenia. Our analysis reveals previously unreported DTU events in six candidate genes.
Molecular and structural basis of the heterochromatin-specific chromatin remodeling activity byArabidopsisDDM1
Authors: Osakabe Akihisa , Takizawa Yoshimasa , Horikoshi Naoki , Hatazawa Suguru , Negishi Lumi , Berger Frédéric , Kakutani Tetsuji , Kurumizaka Hitoshi
Published: July 2023

The chromatin remodeler DECREASE IN DNA METHYLATION 1 (DDM1) deposits the histone H2A variant H2A.W and silences transposons inArabidopsis thaliana. However, the molecular mechanisms by which DDM1 specifically targets the nucleosome containing H2A.W and allows chromatin writers to access heterochromatin remained elusive. Here, we show that DDM1 promotes remodeling of the H2A.W nucleosome and requires interactions with the H2A.W-specific C-terminal tail. The cryo-EM structure of the DDM1-H2A.W nucleosome complex revealed that DDM1 binds to the N-terminal tail of H4 and the nucleosomal DNA. Comparison with the cryo-EM structure of the nucleosome containing H2A.W suggested that DDM1 increases the DNA end flexibility of nucleosomes. Based on these biochemical and structural results, we propose that the chromatin remodeling activity of DDM1 with the heterochromatin-specific H2A.W contributes to the maintenance of repressive epigenetic marks in heterochromatin by providing DNA methyltransferases with access to nucleosomal DNA.
Upgrade ofD+ software for hierarchical modeling of X-ray scattering data from complex structures in solution, fibers and single orientations
Authors: Balken Eytan , Ben-Nun Itai , Fellig Amos , Khaykelson Daniel , Raviv Uri
Published: July 2023

This article presents an upgrade of theD+ software [Ginsburget al.(2019).J. Appl. Cryst.52, 219–242], expanding its hierarchical solution X-ray scattering modeling capabilities for fiber diffraction and single crystallographic orientations. This upgrade was carried out using the reciprocal grid algorithm [Ginsburget al.(2016).J. Chem. Inf. Model.56, 1518–1527], providingD+ its computational strength. Furthermore, the extensive modifications made to the Python API ofD+ are described, broadening the X-ray analysis performed withD+ to account for the effects of the instrument-resolution function and polydispersity. In addition, structure-factor and radial-distribution-function modules were added, taking into account the effects of thermal fluctuations and intermolecular interactions. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate the usage and potential of the added features.
Convolutional neural network-based deep learning model for air quality prediction in October city of Egypt
Authors: Elshaboury Nehal , Mohammed Abdelkader Eslam , Al-Sakkaf Abobakr
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Modern human society has continuous advancements that have a negative impact on the quality of the air. Daily transportation, industrial and residential operations churn up dangerous contaminants in our surroundings. Addressing air pollution issues is critical for human health and ecosystems, particularly in developing countries such as Egypt. Excessive levels of pollutants have been linked to a variety of circulatory, respiratory and nervous illnesses. To this end, the purpose of this research paper is to forecast air pollution concentrations in Egypt based on time series analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

Deep learning models are leveraged to analyze air quality time series in the 6th of October City, Egypt. In this regard, convolutional neural network (CNN), long short-term memory network and multilayer perceptron neural network models are used to forecast the overall concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter 10 µm in diameter (PM10). The models are trained and validated by using monthly data available from the Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency between December 2014 and July 2020. The performance measures such as determination coefficient, root mean square error and mean absolute error are used to evaluate the outcomes of models.

Findings

The CNN model exhibits the best performance in terms of forecasting pollutant concentrations 3, 6, 9 and 12 months ahead. Finally, using data from December 2014 to July 2021, the CNN model is used to anticipate the pollutant concentrations 12 months ahead. In July 2022, the overall concentrations of SO2 and PM10 are expected to reach 10 and 127 µg/m3, respectively. The developed model could aid decision-makers, practitioners and local authorities in planning and implementing various interventions to mitigate their negative influences on the population and environment.

Originality/value

This research introduces the development of an efficient time-series model that can project the future concentrations of particulate and gaseous air pollutants in Egypt. This research study offers the first time application of deep learning models to forecast the air quality in Egypt. This research study examines the performance of machine learning approaches and deep learning techniques to forecast sulfur dioxide and particular matter concentrations using standard performance metrics.
A qualitative assessment of the eResearch Knowledge Centre’s support practices in the Human Sciences Research Council in Pretoria, South Africa
Authors: Baudin Hanlie , Mapulanga Patrick
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to assess whether the current eResearch Knowledge Centre’s (eRKC) research support practices align with researchers’ requirements for achieving their research objectives. The study’s objectives were to assess the current eRKC research support services and to determine which are adequate and which are not in supporting the Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC) researchers.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses interviews as part of the qualitative approach. The researcher chose to use interviews, as some aspects warranted further explanation during the interview. The interviews were scheduled using Zoom’s scheduling assistant. The interviews were semi-structured, guided by a flexible interview procedure and supplemented by follow-up questions, probes and comments. The research life cycle questions guided the interviews. The data obtained were coded and transcribed using MS Excel. The interview data were analysed, using NVivo, according to the themes identified in the research questions and aligned with the theory behind the study. Pre-determined codes were created in line with the six stages of the research life cycle and applied to group the data and extract meaning from each category. Interviewee responses were assigned to groups in line with the stages of the research life cycle.

Findings

The current eRKC research support services are aligned with the needs of HSRC researchers and highlight services that could be expanded or promoted more effectively to HSRC researchers. It proposes a new service, data analysis, and suggests that the eRKC could play a more prominent role in research impact, research data management and fostering collaboration with HSRC research divisions.

Research limitations/implications

This study is limited to assessing the eRKC’s support practices at the HSRC in Pretoria, South Africa. A more comprehensive study is needed for HSRC research services, capabilities and capacity.

Practical implications

Assessment of eRKC followed a comprehensive interviewee schedule that followed Raju and Schoombee’s research life cycle model.

Social implications

Zoom’s scheduling assistant may have generated Zoom fatigue and reduced productivity. Technical issues, losing time, communication gaps and distant time zones may have affected face-to-face interaction.

Originality/value

eRKC research support practices are rare in South Africa and most parts of the world. This study bridges the gap between theory and practice in assessing eRKC research support practices.
CEO gender and social versus economic value creation of social enterprises: an attention-based view
Authors: Lin Hsing-Er , Yu Andy , Choi Jeongho , Tsao Chiung-Wen , Stambaugh Jeff , Taylor Dina L.
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the effects of CEO gender on social enterprise (SE) value creation and the moderating effect of selective attention on SEs’ dual goals (i.e. relative attention to social versus economic goals).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors surveyed 596 active Taiwanese SEs to rate independent and moderating variables and received 191 responses (109 female and 82 male CEOs). The authors used external SE experts to evaluate each SE’s economic and social value creation, lowering the threat of common method bias and enhancing data quality.

Findings

Social value creation is higher with female chief executive officer (CEOs) (than with male CEOs), whereas economic value creation tends to be lower. But, attentional selection (i.e. changes in attention) to economic goals by female CEOs mitigates the negative relationship between female CEOs and economic value creation.

Practical implications

Gender diversity in the top management team is critical for dual-goal attainment. Decision-makers’ attention focus could vary along with the situation to achieve the desired outcomes. Thus, creating an attention structure under a given situation may help guide the decision-making process toward the desired performance for SEs.

Originality/value

Little research brings the attention-based view to investigate the effects of managerial gender roles on the dual-goal performance (i.e. social versus economic value creation) of SEs and test its contingency, and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to do so. This study also adopted a unique research design asking outside SE experts to provide the performance data.
Exploring alternatives for a low-carbon future: cases of strategic environmental assessment from Tanzania
Authors: Rweyendela Amani George , Pauline Noah Makula , Lema Godwin Adiel
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This study seeks to offer empirical insights into the role of alternatives analysis within strategic environmental assessment (SEA) in implementing low-carbon development (LCD) as part of Tanzania's efforts to tackle climate change.

Design/methodology/approach

The study design is cross-sectional multi-case. It draws on six SEA cases from Tanzania. Data were collected from SEA reports and subsequently analysed qualitatively using content analysis. The analysis framework was derived from the best practice literature and focused on determining whether and how alternatives were identified, assessed and selected and where and how LCD aspects were included.

Findings

The findings reveal that the practice of alternatives analysis is generally weak and varied. Gaps identified include neglect of alternatives, lack of transparency, a focus on mitigating harm, lack of inclusiveness and partial integration of LCD considerations.

Practical implications

Many countries are still developing their SEA systems, which requires building on local experience and adapting to local circumstances. Tanzanian SEA practitioners appear to place little weight on alternatives analysis and perform SEA using outdated, impact-based approaches. The study outlines policy recommendations for working more effectively with alternatives in Tanzania and comparable contexts.

Originality/value

There is a noticeable lack of scholarly emphasis on SEA processes that effectively identify, evaluate and select alternatives aligned with explicit societal values and concerns. This study focuses on the alternatives analysis stage, offering novel insights into the potential for constructing a desirable, low-carbon future. The cases studied show that an LCD-focused analysis is feasible and can be improved with the right theoretical and methodological approaches.
Large‐scale changes in macrobenthic biodiversity driven by mangrove afforestation
Authors: Chen Guogui , Gu Xuan , Capinha César , Lee Shing Yip , Cui Baoshan , Yang Fang , Lin Yufeng , Jia Mingming , Wang Mao , Wang Wenqing
Published: July 2023

Large‐scale anthropogenic mangroves have been constructed in coastal regions worldwide but our understanding of their ecological effects is limited. In particular, the question of whether and how anthropogenic mangroves influence biodiversity patterns remains elusive.

Here, we investigated the influence of large‐scale anthropogenic mangroves on biodiversity patterns of mangrove macrobenthos. Specifically, we measure and seek to explain differences in species richness, abundance, assemblage composition and distance‐decay effect before and after the construction of anthropogenic mangroves.

We surveyed assemblages of gastropod, bivalve and crab species over a wide latitudinal extent (24–28°N) in subtropical China. For each, we calculated species richness, abundance, assemblage composition and distance‐decay relationship before and after the construction of anthropogenic mangroves.

After the large‐scale anthropogenic mangroves, we found species richness of gastropods, bivalves and crabs increased by 23.81%, 100% and 20%, respectively. The distance‐decay effects of gastropods and bivalves decreased by 25% and 91.43%, while that of crabs remained virtually unchanged, which mediated by increased dispersal rate of macrobenthos. With mangrove plantation, compositional similarity of crab and bivalve assemblages increased by 28.57% and 38.46%, suggesting that large‐scale monospecific planting exacerbate biotic homogenization. Altogether, these results indicate that large‐scale anthropogenic habitats increase the diversity of mangrove macrobenthos and change taxonomic compositions by reducing distance‐decay effects and increasing dispersal rate of macrobenthos.

Synthesis and applications. We emphasize that afforestation of coastal wetlands can drive major changes in benthonic communities. Monitoring and assessing the ecological effects of the anthropogenic habitats for the presence of functional faunas will be important in determining the future coastal restoration and maintaining economic aquaculture. Quantifying those effects in terms of regional biodiversity composition will contribute to the management of coastal restoration to be based upon macroevidence rather than a one‐sided local perspective.
Dominant species determine grazing effects on the stability of herbaceous community production at multiple scales in drylands
Authors: Zuo Xiaoan , Gornish Elise S. , Koerner Sally E. , van der Plas Fons , Wang Shaopeng , Liang Maowei
Published: July 2023

Sustainable provision of critical ecosystem services in drylands is reliant on their stability under anthropogenic disturbances. Livestock grazing and shrub encroachment are the primary drivers of disturbance that impact their biodiversity and production dynamics. However, the effects of grazing on the stability at multiple scales, particularly following the transition from grass‐dominated to shrub‐encroached drylands, is still largely unexplored.

Here, we conducted comparable sheep‐grazing experiments in two types of drylands (grass‐dominated vs. shrub‐encroached grasslands) on the Mongolia Plateau to explore the effects of grazing and shrub encroachment on biodiversity and stability at multiple scales. We examined how grazing affected the temporal stability of aboveground biomass in herbaceous communities in both grass‐dominated and shrub‐encroached grasslands, through two potential mechanisms: insurance effects and changes in the population‐level stability of individual species.

We found that an increase in sheep grazing intensity had significant and negative effects on insurance effects by decreasing both species asynchrony and spatial asynchrony but it had no effects on population stability, consequently leading to reductions in herbaceous community stability of the grasslands. However, grazing‐increased insurance effects cancelled out grazing‐decreased population stability, contributing to no changes in the community stability of shrub‐encroached grasslands. Likely, because grazing‐induced reductions in the relative abundance of the dominant species were more noticeable in shrub‐encroached grasslands than that of in grasslands. Moreover, the grazing‐decreased abundance of dominant species was directly correlated to increases in insurance effects in shrub‐encroached grasslands but not in grasslands, despite the positive relationships between population stability and the relative abundance of the dominant species in both grass‐dominated and shrub‐encroached drylands.

Synthesis and applications. Our results indicate that grazing can decrease the stability of herbaceous production in drylands but this negative effect is attenuated with the transition from grasslands to shrub‐encroached grasslands, suggesting that grazing effects on herbaceous community stability can be altered by shrub encroachment in drylands. Furthermore, the stability of dominant grasses plays a crucial role in stabilizing herbaceous communities and should be considered in promoting sustainable ecosystem functioning and services in drylands.
Uncovering cilia function in glial development
Authors: Bear Rachel M. , Caspary Tamara
Published: July 2023

Primary cilia play critical roles in regulating signaling pathways that underlie several developmental processes. In the nervous system, cilia are known to regulate signals that guide neuron development. Cilia dysregulation is implicated in neurological diseases, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Cilia research has predominantly focused on neurons and has overlooked the diverse population of glial cells in the brain. Glial cells play essential roles during neurodevelopment, and their dysfunction contributes to neurological disease; however, the relationship between cilia function and glial development is understudied. Here we review the state of the field and highlight the glial cell types where cilia are found and the ciliary functions that are linked to glial development. This work uncovers the importance of cilia in glial development and raises outstanding questions for the field. We are poised to make progress in understanding the function of glial cilia in human development and their contribution to neurological diseases.
Structural identification of weather impacts on crop yields: Disentangling agronomic from adaptation effects
Authors: Bareille François , Chakir Raja
Published: July 2023

A large literature has assessed the impacts of climate change on agricultural production by estimating reduced‐form models of crop yields conditionally on weather and individual fixed effects. The estimates obtained are usually interpreted as the weather impacts on yields once farmers have adapted. Yet, few attempts have documented that farmers do adapt to weather, and none have verified that these adjustments actually impact crop yields. Our objective here is to unpack how weather affects agricultural production by developing a structural model that explicitly accounts for both the plants' biophysical and farmers' behavioral responses to weather. Considering adaptation during the growing season through fertilizer and pesticide applications, our approach allows us to distinguish the “direct” weather effects (i.e., the agronomic impacts of weather changes on plant growth per se) from the “indirect” weather effects via farmers' input choices (i.e., the adaptation impacts). We estimate the underlying structural model using farm‐level data from the Meuse French department, which provides details of fertilizer and pesticide uses by crop. We show that the reduced‐form and structural estimates indicate similar weather impacts on crop yields, for a large range of sensitivity analyses. Our structural estimates indicate that the adaptation effects are sizable and that farmers' adjustments reduce projected damage from climate change. In our illustrative case, farmers' adaptation offsets between one‐quarter to two‐thirds of the negative agronomic impacts of future warming on crop yields. Our analyses exhibit that commonly used reduced‐form models of crop yields inherently capture these within‐season behavioral responses to weather.
Patients' expectations, experience and acceptability of postoperative analgesia: a nested qualitative study within a randomised controlled trial comparing rectus sheath catheter and thoracic epidural analgesia
Authors: Brearley S. G. , Varey S. , Krige A.
Published: July 2023

Adequate postoperative analgesia is a key element of enhanced recovery programmes. Thoracic epidural analgesia is associated with superior postoperative analgesia but can lead to complications. Rectus sheath catheter analgesia may provide an alternative. In a nested qualitative study (within a two‐year randomised controlled trial) focussing on the acceptability, expectations and experiences of receiving the interventions, participants (n = 20) were interviewed 4 weeks post‐intervention using a grounded theory approach. Constant comparative analysis, with patient and public involvement, enabled emerging findings to be pursued through subsequent data collection. We found no notable differences regarding postoperative acceptability or the experience of pain management. Pre‐operatively, however, thoracic epidural analgesia was a source of anticipatory fear and anxiety. Both interventions resulted in some experienced adverse events (proportionately more with thoracic epidural analgesia). Participants had negative experiences of the insertion of thoracic epidural analgesia; others receiving the rectus sheath catheter lacked confidence in staff members' ability to manage the local anaesthetic infusion pump. The anticipation of the technique of thoracic epidural analgesia, and concerns about its impact on mobility, represented an additional, unpleasant experience for patients already managing an illness experience, anticipating a life‐changing operation and dealing with concerns about the future. The anticipation of rectus sheath catheter analgesia was not associated with such anxieties. Patients' experiences start far earlier than the experience of the intervention itself through anticipatory anxieties and fears about receiving a technique and its potential implications. Complex pain packages can take on greater meaning than their actual efficacy in relieving postoperative pain. Future research into patient acceptability and experience should not focus solely on efficacy of pain relief but should include anticipatory fears, anxieties and experiences.
Local private actors in transnational policy networks: A relational approach to studying policy transfers in Asia
Authors: Saguin Kidjie , Sha Kritika
Published: July 2023

Many documented cases of policy transfer in Asia involve small and medium enterprises as well as public enterprises but little is known about how and why these local private actors participate in transnational policy transfer networks. We propose a relational view of policy transfer to examine how agency is exercised in these kinds of transfer networks. We develop a typology of the engagement of these private actors—solutionist and entrepreneur—based on their relational position in the policy transfer process and illustrate its usefulness using two cases of policy transfer between: (1) Yokohama (Japan) and Cebu (Philippines) and (2) Singapore and New Clark City (Philippines). A common theme in these networks is the diffused nature of agency where local private actors are pulled in to provide epistemic resources.
Policy transfer as a driver of paradigm change? Lessons from a partnership for “eco‐city” development in urban China
Authors: Romano Giulia C.
Published: July 2023

This article analyses the impacts of an international cooperation project in the field of “eco‐city” development in China, using a policy transfer perspective. It explores the relationship between policy transfers and paradigm shifts and discussing the thesis of a “Chinese art” of policy transfers, according to which Chinese policymakers operate a form of cherry‐picking that prefers technical recommendations over policy or procedural recommendations and is dictated by “national self‐interest.” Based on a longitudinal study of the transfer of a renewal paradigm to a Chinese city, Yangzhou, the study shows that the transfer resulted in significant policy change, going beyond technical aspects. Therefore, the thesis of “Chinese art” is not confirmed. However, a full‐fledged paradigm shift was not observable as elements of the old paradigm are still present. Policy transfers can thus result in paradigm shifts, but their institutionalization is likely to be slow and gradual.
Beyond the flying geese? New patterns, actors, and contestations of policy transfer in East Asia
Authors: Romano Giulia C. , Saguin Kidjie
Published: July 2023

East Asian policy transfer and diffusion is conceived as following a “flying geese” model but transformations in the region challenged this hierarchical leader‐follower relationship between countries. Based on the articles in this Special Issue, this article seeks to nuance the flying geese dynamics of policy transfer. New types of transfer agents afford a different view of agency in policy transfer. Modes of governance and administrative traditions increasingly shape transfer dynamics and its tempo. Historical relations between countries increasingly affect the perception of legitimacy and appropriateness of policies to be borrowed. Most cases point to the transfer of specialized and successful models or recipes within national and subnational entities. There is a notable variety of temporalities in transfer, often intermediated by experimentation and an active but often limited “search” for solutions. We conclude by presenting an agenda for future research about policy transfer and diffusion beyond the flying geese model in East Asia.
Co‐development among reading, math, science, and verbal working memory in the elementary stage
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Peng Peng
Published: July 2023

With a focus on within‐person effects, this study investigated mutualism among academic skills (reading, math, science) and between those skills and verbal working memory in a general population sample and groups with high or low skills from Grades 2 to 5 (2010–2016, N = 859–9040, age 6.27–13.13 years, 49% female, ethnically diverse). Mutualism was found between reading and science in all high‐ability groups, and between reading/math and verbal working memory only in high‐math students. These results remained the same when controlled for socioeconomic status and gender, and with sensitivity analyses. High‐skill students (especially high‐math students) may improve academic performance through accumulation of academic knowledge and mutualism between academic and cognition. Such mutualism may be driven by high‐quality, intensive academic practice.
On the four complementary aspects of hierarchical character relationships and their bearing on scoring constraints, expressed in a new syntax for character dependencies
Authors: Grams Markus , Richter Stefan
Published: July 2023

Morphological matrices, including the conceptualization of characters and character states and scoring thereof, still are a valuable and necessary tool for phylogenetic analyses. Although they are often seen only as numerically simplified summaries of observations for the purpose of cladistic analyses, they also hold value as collections of ideas, concepts and the current state of knowledge, conveying various hypotheses on character state identity, homology and evolutionary transformations. A common and persistent issue in scoring and analysing morphological matrices is the phenomenon of inapplicable characters (“inapplicables”). Inapplicables result from the ontological dependency (based on hierarchical relationships) between characters. Traditionally handled the same as “missing data”, inapplicables were shown to be problematic in holding the potential to result in unreasonable algorithmic preference for certain cladograms over others. Recently, though, this problem has been solved by approaching parsimony as a maximization of homology rather than a minimization of transformational steps. We herein aim to further improve our theoretical understanding of the underlying hierarchical nature of morphological characters, which causes the phenomenon of ontological dependencies and, thereby, inapplicables. As a result, we present a discussion of various character‐dependency scenarios and a new concept of hierarchical character relationships as being composed of four complementary sub‐aspects. Building on this, a new syntax for the designation of character dependencies as part of the character statement is proposed, to help identify and apply scoring constraints for manual and automated scoring of morphological character matrices and their cladistic analysis.
Intercellular mitochondrial transfer in the brain, a new perspective for targeted treatment of central nervous system diseases
Authors: Geng Ziang , Guan Shu , Wang Siqi , Yu Zhongxue , Liu Tiancong , Du Shaonan , Zhu Chen
Published: July 2023

Aim

Mitochondria is one of the important organelles involved in cell energy metabolism and regulation and also play a key regulatory role in abnormal cell processes such as cell stress, cell damage, and cell canceration. Recent studies have shown that mitochondria can be transferred between cells in different ways and participate in the occurrence and development of many central nervous system diseases. We aim to review the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the progress of central nervous system diseases and the possibility of targeted therapy.

Methods

The PubMed databank, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databank, and Wanfang Data were searched to identify the experiments of intracellular mitochondrial transferrin central nervous system. The focus is on the donors, receptors, transfer pathways, and targeted drugs of mitochondrial transfer.

Results

In the central nervous system, neurons, glial cells, immune cells, and tumor cells can transfer mitochondria to each other. Meanwhile, there are many types of mitochondrial transfer, including tunneling nanotubes, extracellular vesicles, receptor cell endocytosis, gap junction channels, and intercellular contact. A variety of stress signals, such as the release of damaged mitochondria, mitochondrial DNA, or other mitochondrial products and the elevation of reactive oxygen species, can trigger the transfer of mitochondria from donor cells to recipient cells. Concurrently, a variety of molecular pathways and related inhibitors can affect mitochondrial intercellular transfer.

Conclusion

This study reviews the phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer in the central nervous system and summarizes the corresponding transfer pathways. Finally, we propose targeted pathways and treatment methods that may be used to regulate mitochondrial transfer for the treatment of related diseases.
Sensitivity of North American grassland birds to weather and climate variability
Authors: Maresh Nelson Scott B. , Ribic Christine A. , Niemuth Neal D. , Bernath‐Plaisted Jacy , Zuckerberg Benjamin
Published: July 2023

Grassland birds in North America have declined sharply over the last 60 years, driven by the widespread loss and degradation of grassland habitats. Climate change is occurring more rapidly in grasslands relative to some other ecosystems, and exposure to extreme and novel climate conditions may affect grassland bird ecology and demographics. To determine the potential effects of weather and climate variability on grassland birds, we conducted a systematic review of relationships between temperature and precipitation and demographic responses in grassland bird species of North America. Based on 124 independent studies, we used a vote‐counting approach to quantify the frequency and direction of significant effects of weather and climate variability on grassland birds. Grassland birds tended to experience positive and negative effects of higher temperatures and altered precipitation. Moderate, sustained increases in mean temperature and precipitation benefitted some species, but extreme heat, drought, and heavy rainfall often reduced abundance and nest success. These patterns varied among climate regions, temporal scales of temperature and precipitation (<1 or ≥1 month), and taxa. The sensitivity of grassland bird populations to extreme weather and altered climate variability will likely be mediated by regional climates, interaction with other stressors, life‐history strategies of various species, and species’ tolerances for novel climate conditions.
Auswirkungen der COVID‐19‐Pandemie auf die stationäre Dermatochirurgie in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der DESSI‐Umfrage
Authors: Balakirski Galina , Hofmann Silke C. , Isselmann Nataliia , Giordano Anna , Dippel Edgar , Löser Christoph R.
Published: July 2023

Hintergrund

Das Ziel der Arbeit war die Untersuchung einer möglichen Beeinträchtigung der stationären Dermatologie und Dermatochirurgie in Deutschland durch die COVID‐19‐Pandemie.

Methodik

Eine Online‐Umfrage zum Einfluss der pandemiebedingten Maßnahmen auf die stationäre Patientenversorgung wurde an alle deutschen dermatologischen Kliniken versandt. Nur eine Person pro Klinik sollte teilnehmen. Die Datenauswertung erfolgte überwiegend deskriptiv. Unterschiede zwischen Universitätskliniken und Nicht‐Universitätskliniken wurden mittels Chi‐Quadrat‐Test errechnet.

Ergebnisse

Von den 113 dermatologischen Kliniken mit stationärer Patientenversorgung erhielten wir 45 (39,8%) zumindest teilweise ausgefüllte Fragebögen. Davon stammten 25 (55,6%) aus Universitätskliniken, 18 (40%) aus Lehrkrankenhäusern von Universitäten, 1 (2,2%) aus einem Krankenhaus ohne Lehrauftrag und ein Teilnehmer (2,2%) machte keine Angaben zur Tätigkeitsstätte. Über die Hälfte (57,8%) der Umfrageteilnehmer berichteten, dass viele elektive Eingriffe in ihren Kliniken zu Beginn der COVID‐19‐Pandemie abgesagt werden mussten, dennoch konnten die meisten Kliniken (75,6%) notwendige Eingriffe (wie bei malignem Melanom) weiterhin durchführen. Nur 28,9% (13/45) der Teilnehmer berichteten, dass die Dermatochirurgie in ihrer Klinik nach der COVID‐19‐Pandemie auf ihr Ausgangsniveau zurückgekehrt ist. Ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Universitätskliniken und Nicht‐Universitätskliniken hinsichtlich COVID‐19‐bedingter Einschränkungen bestand nicht.

Schlussfolgerungen

Trotz ihrer Heterogenität zeigen die Ergebnisse der Umfrage eine insgesamt deutliche und langfristige pandemiebedingte Einschränkung der stationären Dermatologie und Dermatochirurgie in Deutschland.