bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical investigation of a three-dimensional FRP-retrofitted reinforced concrete structure's behaviour under earthquake load effect in ANSYS program
Authors: Altun F. , Birdal F.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. In this study, a 1:3 scaled, three-storey, FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymer) retrofitted reinforced concrete model structure whose behaviour and crack development were identified experimentally in the laboratory was investigated analytically. Determination of structural behaviour under earthquake load is only possible in a laboratory environment with a specific scale, as carrying out structural experiments is difficult due to the evaluation of increased parameter numbers and because it requires an expensive laboratory setup. In an analytical study, structure was modelled using ANSYS Finite Element Package Program (2007), and its behaviour and crack development were revealed. When experimental difficulties are taken into consideration, analytical investigation of structure behaviour is more economic and much faster. At the end of the study, experimental results of structural behaviour and crack development were compared with analytical data. It was concluded that in a model structure retrofitted with FRP, the behaviour and cracking model can be determined without testing by determining the reasons for the points where analytical results are not converged with experimental data. Better understanding of structural behaviour is analytically enabled with the study.
Seawater capacitance – a promising proxy for mapping and characterizing drifting hydrocarbon plumes in the deep ocean
Authors: Wynn J. C. , Fleming J. A.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Hydrocarbons released into the deep ocean are an inevitable consequence of natural seep, seafloor drilling, and leaking wellhead-to-collection-point pipelines. The Macondo 252 (Deepwater Horizon) well blowout of 2010 was even larger than the Ixtoc event in the Gulf of Campeche in 1979. History suggests it will not be the last accidental release, as deepwater drilling expands to meet an ever-growing demand. For those who must respond to this kind of disaster, the first line of action should be to know what is going on. This includes knowing where an oil plume is at any given time, where and how fast it is moving, and how it is evolving or degrading. We have experimented in the laboratory with induced polarization as a method to track hydrocarbons in the seawater column and find that finely dispersed oil in seawater gives rise to a large distributed capacitance. From previous sea trials, we infer this could potentially be used to both map and characterize oil plumes, down to a ratio of less than 0.001 oil-to-seawater, drifting and evolving in the deep ocean. A side benefit demonstrated in some earlier sea trials is that this same approach in modified form can also map certain heavy placer minerals, as well as communication cables, pipelines, and wrecks buried beneath the seafloor.
Image of a subsurface current core in the southern South China Sea
Authors: Tang Q. S. , Wang D. X. , Li J. B. , Yan P. , Li J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. A legacy seismic transect acquired on 30 and 31 May 2009 in the southern South China Sea (SCS) was reprocessed to reveal the thermohaline structure of the water column. In the study region, a mesoscale subsurface lens with extraordinary features was detected at (113.5° E, 11.5° N). It is centered at 45 m depth, occupies both the subsurface and intermediate water from 250 to 600 m, and has a diameter of around 60 km. The simulated results from Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model reveal an eddy-induced subsurface current running southwestward along the deep basin edge and suggest that the imaged lens is a snapshot of the subsurface current core rather than a subsurface eddy.
Wave-turbulence scaling in the ocean mixed layer
Authors: Sutherland G. , Christensen K. H. , Ward B.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Microstructure measurements were collected using an autonomous freely rising profiler under a variety of different atmospheric forcing and sea states in the open ocean. Here, profiles of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, ε, are compared with various proposed scalings. In the oceanic boundary layer, the depth dependence of ε was found to be consistent with that expected for a purely shear-driven wall layer. This is in contrast with many recent studies which suggest higher rates of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation in the near surface of the ocean. However, many dissipation profiles scaled with a Stokes drift-generated shear, suggesting there may be occasions where the shear in the mixed layer are dominated by wave-induced currents, which often causes turbulence to extend beyond the mixed layer depth. Integrating ε in the mixed layer yielded results that 1% of the wind power referenced to 10 m is being dissipated here.
Daily scale winter-time sea surface temperature variability and the Iberian Poleward Current in the southern Bay of Biscay from 1981 to 2010
Authors: Esnaola G. , Sáenz J. , Zorita E. , Fontán A. , Valencia V. , Lazure P.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The combination of remotely sensed gappy sea surface temperature (SST) images with the missing data filling Data Interpolating EOFs (DINEOF) technique followed by a Principal Component Analysis of the reconstructed data, has been used to identify the time evolution and the daily scale variability of the winter-time surface signal of the Iberian Poleward Current (IPC) during the 1981–2010 period. An exhaustive comparison with the existing bibliography, and the vertical temperature and salinity profiles related to its extremes over the Bay of Biscay area, show that the obtained time series accurately reflect the variability of the IPC. A physical mechanism involving both atmospheric and oceanic variables is proposed in relation to the variability of the IPC. It jointly takes into account several mechanisms that have separately been related to the variability of the IPC, i.e. the south-westerly winds, the Joint Effect of Baroclinicity And Relief (JEBAR) effect, the topographic β effect and a weakened North Atlantic Gyre. This mechanism emerges from an atmospheric 500 hPa circulation anomaly that has not a simple relationship with any of the most common North Atlantic teleconnection patterns. It then generates mutually coherent SST and sea level anomaly patterns in the North Atlantic area due to the action of anomalous wind-stress and heat-fluxes, and locally, it also generates the conditions for the mentioned mechanisms in the Bay of Biscay area.
Snow specific surface area simulation using the one-layer snow model in the Canadian LAnd Surface Scheme (CLASS)
Authors: Roy A. , Royer A. , Montpetit B. , Bartlett P. A. , Langlois A.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Snow grain size is a key parameter for modeling microwave snow emission properties and the surface energy balance because of its influence on the snow albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity. A model of the specific surface area (SSA) of snow was implemented in the one-layer snow model in the Canadian LAnd Surface Scheme (CLASS) version 3.4. This offline multilayer model (CLASS-SSA) simulates the decrease of SSA based on snow age, snow temperature and the temperature gradient under dry snow conditions, whereas it considers the liquid water content for wet snow metamorphism. We compare the model with ground-based measurements from several sites (alpine, Arctic and sub-Arctic) with different types of snow. The model provides simulated SSA in good agreement with measurements with an overall point-to-point comparison RMSE of 8.1 m2 kg−1, and a RMSE of 4.9 m2 kg−1 for the snowpack average SSA. The model, however, is limited under wet conditions due to the single-layer nature of the CLASS model, leading to a single liquid water content value for the whole snowpack. The SSA simulations are of great interest for satellite passive microwave brightness temperature assimilations, snow mass balance retrievals and surface energy balance calculations with associated climate feedbacks.
Acetabular Version on Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Analysis of Two Different Measuring Techniques
Authors: Muhamad Abd R. , Freitas Joana M. , Bomar James D. , Hosalkar Harish
Published: December 2012

Background

Both increased anteversion and retroversion of the acetabulum can lead to clinical problems. Although computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard in acetabular version imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming increasingly popular. We conducted this retrospective study to answer the following questions: 1) can the bony landmarks necessary to outline and measure acetabular version on MRI be consistently and reproducibly identified; 2) are soft-tissue (labral) landmarks comparable to bony landmarks for the measurement of acetabular version?

Methods

Twenty-nine MRI torsional profile examinations were studied. A total of 232 readings (116 each for right and left sided acetabulae) were involved. Acetabular anteversion angle (AAA) was measured using two different methods (i.e. bony acetabulum landmarks and labrum), by two investigators, at two separate times.

Results

Mean age was 13 years, 8 months with a range of 14 years. There were 12 male patients and 17 female. It was possible to consistently identify bony and labral landmarks in all MR images. AAA measurements using both methods were consistent and reproducible. When comparing the two methods to each other we found them to be in excellent agreement with an ICC of 0.943 (95% confidence interval, 0.927 to 0.956), 37% of all readings were in perfect agreement and 97% were within 5 degrees. The mean difference in measurement between methods was 1.34 degrees.

Conclusion

Measurement of acetabular version using MRI remains consistent independent of the method used (bone versus labrum). MRI can provide adequate information for calculating acetabular version.
Assessment of the Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy on the Thyroid Vascularization of Patients with Autoimmune Hypothyroidism by Color Doppler Ultrasound
Authors: Höfling Danilo Bianchini , Chavantes Maria Cristina , Juliano Adriana G. , Cerri Giovanni G. , Knobel Meyer , Yoshimura Elisabeth M. , Chammas Maria Cristina
Published: December 2012

Background. Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) frequently alters thyroid vascularization, likely as a result of the autoimmune process. Objective. To evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the thyroid vascularization of patients with hypothyroidism induced by CAT using color Doppler ultrasound parameters. Methods. In this randomized clinical trial, 43 patients who underwent levothyroxine replacement for CAT-induced hypothyroidism were randomly assigned to receive either 10 sessions of LLLT (L group, n=23) or 10 sessions of a placebo treatment (P group, n=20). Color Doppler ultrasounds were performed before and 30 days after interventions. To verify the vascularity of the thyroid parenchyma, power Doppler was performed. The systolic peak velocity (SPV) and resistance index (RI) in the superior (STA) and inferior thyroid arteries (ITAs) were measured by pulsed Doppler. Results. The frequency of normal vascularization of the thyroid lobes observed in the postintervention power Doppler examination was significantly higher in the L than in the P group (P=0.023). The pulsed Doppler examination revealed an increase in the SPV of the ITA in the L group compared with the P group (P=0.016). No significant differences in the SPV of the STA and in the RI were found between the groups. Conclusion. These results suggest that LLLT can ameliorate thyroid parenchyma vascularization and increase the SPV of the ITA of patients with hypothyroidism caused by CAT.
Optimization Study on Supercritical Electrodeposition of Nickel Nanowire Arrays Using AAO Template
Authors: Wang Jau-Kai , Char Jir-Ming , Lien Pei-Jung
Published: December 2012

Highly ordered and nanometer-scaled nickel wire arrays were successfully prepared by supercritical electrodeposition method using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The results show that the well-ordered and free-standing nickel nanowire arrays can be constructed uniformly on a titanium-coated silicon wafer after removing the AAO template. The diameter and length of the nickel nanowire in the arrays can be obtained, about 100 nm and 10 um, respectively. Based on Box-Behnken design and Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a regression model was built by fitting the experimental results with a polynomial equation. The current density, pressure, and temperature are critical important factors of the growth mechanism of deposited nanowires. The optimal length of nanowires, 10.03 μm, can be achieved at the following conditions: current density 0.23 A/cm2, pressure 107 bar, and temperature 53°C.
Model-Driven Engineering for Software Product Lines
Authors: Jézéquel Jean-Marc
Published: December 2012

Modeling variability in the context of software product-lines has been around for about 25 years in the research community. It started with Feature Modeling and soon enough was extended to handle many different concerns. Beyond being used for a mere description and documentation of variability, variability models are more and more leveraged to produce other artifacts, such as configurators, code, or test cases. This paper overviews several classification dimensions of variability modeling and explores how do they fit with such artifact production purposes.
The Probability That a Measurement Falls within a Range of Standard Deviations from an Estimate of the Mean
Authors: Houston Louis M.
Published: December 2012

We derive a general equation for the probability that a measurement falls within a range of n standard deviations from an estimate of the mean. So, we provide a format that is compatible with a confidence interval centered about the mean that is naturally independent of the sample size. The equation is derived by interpolating theoretical results for extreme sample sizes. The intermediate value of the equation is confirmed with a computational test.
DCT Watermarking Approach for Security Enhancement of Multimodal System
Authors: Paunwala Mita , Patnaik S.
Published: December 2012

We have addressed a novel watermarking algorithm to support the capacity demanded by the multimodal biometric templates. Proposed technique embeds watermark in low frequency AC coefficients of selected 8 × 8 DCT blocks. Selection of blocks accomplishes perceptual transparency by exploiting the masking effects of human visual system (HVS). Embedding is done by modulating the coefficient magnitude as a function of its estimated value. Neighborhood estimation is used for the weighted DC coefficients from eight neighboring DCT blocks. The weights of the DC coefficients are calculated from local image intrinsic property. For our experimentation we have used iris and finger prints as the two templates which are watermarked into standard test images. The robustness of the proposed algorithm is compared with the few state-of-the-art literature when watermarked image is subjected to common channel attacks.
Moderate Weight Loss Decreases Oxidative Stress and Increases Antioxidant Status in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Del Ben Maria , Angelico Francesco , Cangemi Roberto , Loffredo Lorenzo , Carnevale Roberto , Augelletti Teresa , Baratta Francesco , Polimeni Licia , Pignatelli Pasquale , Violi Francesco
Published: December 2012

Background. Oxidative stress is enhanced in metabolic syndrome (MetS) and believed to contribute to accelerated atherosclerosis. Weight loss is associated with lowered oxidative stress. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional study in 92 consecutive patients with metabolic syndrome and 80 without. A dietary intervention with moderately low-calorie diet (600 calories/day negative energy balance) was carried out in 53 of metabolic syndrome patients. Oxidative stress, assessed by sNOX2-dp and urinary 8-iso-PGF2α, and antioxidant status, assessed by serum levels of vitamin E and adiponectin, were measured before and after 6 months. Results. Serum vitamin E/cholesterol ratio was significantly lower in metabolic syndrome compared to controls () and decreased by increasing the number of metabolic syndrome components (). After six months, 23 and 30 patients showed >5% (group A) or <5% (group B) weight loss, respectively. Urinary 8-iso-PGF2α (−39.0%), serum sNOX2-dp (−22.2%), adiponectin (+125%), and vitamin E/cholesterol ratio (+129.8%) significantly changed only in A group. Changes in body weight and in serum adiponectin were independent predictors of vitamin E/cholesterol ratio variation. Conclusion. Our findings show that in metabolic syndrome moderate weight loss is associated with multiple health benefits including not only oxidative stress reduction but also enhancement of antioxidant status.
Use of Lacosamide in Children with Refractory Epilepsy
Authors: Buck Marcia L. , Goodkin Howard P.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVES

Lacosamide was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2008 for adjunctive therapy for focal onset seizures in patients 17 years of age and older. The efficacy of this agent in adults has led clinicians to consider lacosamide for children with refractory seizures.

METHODS

The MEDLINE database (1950–June 2012) was searched for abstracts containing lacosamide as the key term. Additional references were obtained from the manufacturer and the bibliographies of the articles reviewed. All available English-language case reports and clinical trials were included in the evaluation.

RESULTS

Several case series studies have been published which support the use of lacosamide in children with refractory seizures. In the papers published to date, 30% to 50% of children experienced at least a 50% reduction in seizure frequency, similar to results obtained in clinical trials in adults. Children with focal onset seizures were most likely to benefit from treatment, while results in children with generalized seizures or multiple seizure types were mixed. Adverse effects in children were similar to those seen in adults, with dizziness, headache, and nausea occurring most frequently. Lack of efficacy has been the most common cause of discontinuation.

CONCLUSIONS

Lacosamide appears to be a useful adjunct therapy in children with refractory seizures. Clinical trials are under way that may provide more definitive information on the efficacy and safety of lacosamide in children and allow clinicians to determine the appropriate place of this antiseizure drug in pediatric epilepsy management.
Clinical Pharmacy Faculty Interventions in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Eight-Month Review
Authors: LaRochelle Joseph M. , Ghaly Marina , Creel Amy M.
Published: December 2012

OBJECTIVES

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Society of Critical Care Medicine have documented the importance of pharmacist involvement in pediatric care. Numerous studies have reported the impact of clinical pharmacy interventions in various adult care settings. However, in the pediatric critical care setting, the impact has not been well documented. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical pharmacy faculty interventions in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

METHODS

A pediatric clinical pharmacy faculty member performed and documented clinical interventions in a level I, 18-bed, tertiary care PICU. Information gathered included medication name, specific intervention performed, basic patient demographics, and length of stay from May to December 2009.

RESULTS

During the study period, there were 893 interventions performed on 159 patients over 66 days of service. (Average of 5.5 interventions/patient, and 34 interventions/100 patient PICU days.) Dosing recommendations and pharmacokinetics were the most common type of intervention (28.8% and 21.4%, respectively). Antibiotics and sedatives/analgesia were the most common drug classes in which interventions were made (34.4% and 20.3%, respectively). Ninety-eight percent of all interventions were accepted by the medical staff. The estimated annual cost savings from these interventions was $119,700.

CONCLUSIONS

The average number of interventions per patient in this study was higher than that reported in the literature to date. Dosing recommendations and pharmacokinetics were the most commonly recommended interventions documented. Although this study showed considerable cost savings by a pharmacy clinical faculty member, further study of economic benefits is needed.
New Prospective for the Management of Low-Risk Pulmonary Embolism: Prognostic Assessment, Early Discharge, and Single-Drug Therapy with New Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Squizzato Alessandro
Published: December 2012

Patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) can be stratified into two different prognostic categories, based on the presence or absence of shock or sustained arterial hypotension. Some patients with normotensive PE have a low risk of early mortality, defined as <1% at 30 days or during hospital stay. In this paper, we will discuss the new prospective for the optimal management of low-risk PE: prognostic assessment, early discharge, and single-drug therapy with new oral anticoagulants. Several parameters have been proposed and investigated to identify low-risk PE: clinical prediction rules, imaging tests, and laboratory markers of right ventricular dysfunction or injury. Moreover, outpatient management has been suggested for low-risk PE: it may lead to a decrease in unnecessary hospitalizations, acquired infections, death, and costs and to an improvement in health-related quality of life. Finally, the main characteristics of new oral anticoagulant drugs and the most recent published data on phase III trials on PE suggest that the single-drug therapy is a possible suitable option. Oral administration, predictable anticoagulant responses, and few drug-drug interactions of direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors may further simplify PE home therapy avoiding administration of low-molecular-weight heparin.
L’offre active de services de santé en français en Ontario : une mesure d’équité
Authors: Bouchard1 Louise , Beaulieu Marielle , Desmeules Martin
Published: December 2012

Cet article fait état d’une recherche sur l’offre active de services en français en Ontario. L’étude avait pour objectifs de recenser les définitions de l’offre active de services en français; d’identifier les pratiques d’offre active (facilitateurs ou obstacles); d’identifier les indicateurs de mesure de l’offre active et de proposer des recommandations permettant d’améliorer l’offre active de services en français. À cette fin, une revue documentaire, une enquête auprès de professionnels oeuvrant dans le domaine de la planification des services de santé en français ainsi qu’un atelier de cartographie conceptuelle ont été entrepris.
Défis associés à l’offre de services de santé et de services sociaux en français au Manitoba : perceptions des professionnels
Authors: de Moissac Danielle , de Rocquigny Janelle , Giasson Florette , Tremblay Cindy-Lynne , Aubin Natalie , Charron Marc , Allaire Gratien
Published: December 2012

Les services de santé et les services sociaux en français ne sont accessibles qu’auprès d’un quart de la population francophone au Manitoba (de Moissac, 2011). Une pénurie de professionnels pouvant offrir des services en français est perçue comme un obstacle important pour les usagers qui recherchent ces services et pour les professionnels qui voudraient assurer un suivi en français pour leurs clients. Une hésitation à s’identifier comme francophone et un manque de connaissance des ressources disponibles en français contribuent-ils à cette perception de pénurie? Cet article traite des défis entourant l’offre de services de santé et de services sociaux en français au Manitoba et suggère des pistes de solutions.
Redécouverte du Carex echinodes (Cyperaceae) sur le territoire québécois
Authors: Bergeron Alexandre , Charrier Matthieu , Pellerin Stéphanie
Published: December 2012

Carex echinodes (Fernald) P.E. Rothr., Reznicek & Hipp, inclus dans la section des Ovales Kunth, est une espèce difficile à distinguer des 2 autres espèces de carex du « complexe du C. tenera ». Il a été élevé au rang d’espèce en 2009 à la suite d’études de son ADN et de son nombre de chromosomes. Passé inaperçu dans la flore québécoise depuis plus de 100 ans, C. echinodes a récemment été localisé au Bois-de-Saraguay sur l’île de Montréal. Une recherche dans plusieurs herbiers révèle aussi que cette espèce a déjà été récoltée sur le territoire québécois sans jamais avoir été identifiée correctement. Pour aider à son identification, nous présentons les caractéristiques morphologiques et les habitats des 3 espèces de carex du « complexe du C. tenera ». Nous ajoutons une description détaillée du C. echinodes et un portrait de sa répartition géographique. Finalement, nous soulignons l’importance de la conservation des forêts urbaines et celle d’accorder dans les meilleurs délais un statut de rareté au C. echinodes.
Inventaire automnal des odonates au Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean : découverte d’une population du sympétrum tardif
Authors: Savard Michel
Published: December 2012

Des inventaires d’odonates réalisés entre le 18 septembre et le 12 octobre 2011 ont révélé la présence d’une importante population du sympétrum tardif (Sympetrum vicinum) dans les étangs de castor du parc national de la Pointe-Taillon, au nord du lac Saint-Jean. L’empreinte écologique du castor permettrait à cette libellule de subsister localement au nord de son aire de répartition connue, dans la zone tempérée mixte du Québec.
Premières mentions des araignées (Araneae) Phidippus audax Hentz, 1845 (Salticidae) et Tetragnatha viridis Walckenaer, 1841 (Tetragnathidae) au Québec
Authors: Brisson Jean Denis , Simard Claude , Brodeur Jean , Martineau David
Published: December 2012

Nous rapportons, pour la première fois au Québec, la présence de l’araignée sauteuse Phidippus audax Hentz, 1845 (Salticidae Blackwall, 1841) et de la tétragnathe verte Tetragnatha viridis Walckenaer, 1841 (Tetragnathidae Menge, 1866). Nous décrivons les conditions de leur découverte et commentons leur répartition. Nos observations concernant l’araignée P. audax suggèrent que cette espèce soit à la fois une espèce indigène (trouvée en milieu naturel en Mauricie et à Longueuil), mais aussi une espèce introduite comme en témoigne sa découverte dans des camions importés du Minnesota. La tétragnathe verte fut trouvée à 2 endroits éloignés (Contrecoeur et Terrebonne), dans des habitats très différents au cours des mois de juin et de septembre 2010.
Découverte d’un couple de l’escargot de Bourgogne au Québec et quelques remarques sur nos escargots Hélicidés (Mollusques)
Authors: Brisson Jean Denis , Roy Rachèle , Ouellet Benoit-Olivier , Nadeau Philippe
Published: December 2012

Les Hélicidés du Québec ne comprennent officiellement que l’escargot des jardins ou l’escargot des Vikings (Cepaea hortensis), une espèce amphi-atlantique, ainsi que l’escargot des bois (Cepaea nemoralis). Une troisième espèce s’y ajoute, l’escargot de Bourgogne (Helix pomatia), et elle fait partie des espèces dont l’Agence canadienne d’inspection des aliments ne permet pas l’importation vivantes. En 2007, la découverte de 2 individus et, 5 années plus tard, la recapture vraisemblable du premier spécimen qui avait été relâché démontrent que l’escargot de Bourgogne est capable de passer l’hiver à Québec. Nous présentons un aperçu de la famille des Hélicidés pour le Québec avec l’historique des premières mentions et décrivons les conditions de la découverte de ces 2 spécimens.
Biodiversité du secteur marin de la péninsule de Manicouagan : une aire marine protégée en devenir
Authors: Provencher Lizon , Nozères Claude
Published: December 2012

Le secteur marin situé au large de la péninsule de Manicouagan (700 km2), dont l’écosystème complexe laissait présager une diversité et une productivité importantes, est en voie de devenir une aire marine protégée. La configuration topographique s’apparentant à celle d’un plateau continental et le mélange de l’eau douce des rivières avec les eaux salées de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent créent des conditions favorables à une diversité de niches écologiques allant des vastes battures de l’estran jusqu’aux eaux profondes à plus de 300 m dans le chenal laurentien. Nous avons caractérisé cette diversité en étudiant le fond marin et les invertébrés benthiques de 2001 à 2008 à l’aide de divers engins d’échantillonnage. Plus de 400 espèces animales ont été recensées. Ces espèces se regroupent en communautés plus ou moins distinctes réparties sur tout le territoire en fonction de la profondeur et de la nature du fond marin. Nous dressons ici un portrait de cette diversité d’espèces benthiques qui habitent l’aire marine de Manicouagan.
O processo estratégico em médios negócios paulistanos: o percurso do plano à prática
Authors: Blandy Beatriz De Azevedo , João Belmiro Do Nascimento
Published: December 2012

Este é um estudo de cunho exploratório e qualitativo sobre o processo estratégico, segundo abordagem que en­tende a estratégia como uma prática. Essa abordagem recebe contribuições da filosofia e das ciências sociais, apropriando-se do conceito de prática social e aplicando-o aos estudos da gestão. Através da análise do discurso de nove entrevistas com estrategistas, executivo de médios negócios apresenta uma tipologia em estágios que agrega e esclarece aspectos do processo de fazer estratégia, do ponto de vista de seus praticantes. Nesse sentido, utiliza excertos da fala dos entrevistados, aproveitando-se dos principais temas por eles abordados, para eviden­ciar os aspectos constitutivos de cada estágio.
Meiosis I chromosome segregation is established through regulation of microtubule–kinetochore interactions
Authors: Miller Matthew P , Ünal Elçin , Brar Gloria A , Amon Angelika
Published: December 2012

During meiosis, a single round of DNA replication is followed by two consecutive rounds of nuclear divisions called meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes segregate, while sister chromatids remain together. Determining how this unusual chromosome segregation behavior is established is central to understanding germ cell development. Here we show that preventing microtubule–kinetochore interactions during premeiotic S phase and prophase I is essential for establishing the meiosis I chromosome segregation pattern. Premature interactions of kinetochores with microtubules transform meiosis I into a mitosis-like division by disrupting two key meiosis I events: coorientation of sister kinetochores and protection of centromeric cohesin removal from chromosomes. Furthermore we find that restricting outer kinetochore assembly contributes to preventing premature engagement of microtubules with kinetochores. We propose that inhibition of microtubule–kinetochore interactions during premeiotic S phase and prophase I is central to establishing the unique meiosis I chromosome segregation pattern.
Mathematics and malaria
Authors: Jha Prabhat
Published: December 2012

Populations of malaria parasites are strongly influenced by their interactions with human immunity, and a better understanding of these interactions can help to explain why the risks from this potentially lethal disease vary according to location and age.
How does doxorubicin work?
Authors: Patel Anand G , Kaufmann Scott H
Published: December 2012

A new mechanism involving cleavage of a transcription factor called CREB3L1 has been proposed to explain the anti-tumour effects of doxorubicin.
Academies of the Arabic Language and the Standardization of Arabic
Authors: Gorgis Dinha T.
Published: December 2012

The termacademy, as conceptualized in the Arab world today, is often associated with Bayt al‐Hikmah (lit. House of Wisdom), a major intellectual center created by al‐Ma'mun in 830 CE. The story of the Arab Language Academy (ALA) cannot be appreciated without taking into consideration Arab achievements in the intellectual domain during the two centuries (c. 750–950) that can be said to be the climax of the Arab world's medieval period, the so‐called Islamic Golden Age, which is thought to have started by the middle of the eighth century with the transfer of the Abbasid capital from Damascus to Baghdad. Conservatives often take this period as the impetus for present‐day language standardization and cultural revival.
Acculturation in World Englishes
Authors: Sridhar Kamal K.
Published: December 2012

Linguistically and culturally, all varieties of World Englishes are an interesting and a dynamic phenomenon: interesting, because after years of contact of the native languages with English, distinctive varieties are emerging all around the world; and dynamic, because the English language is constantly evolving and changing in many cultures around the world, as the expressive resources of the English language are constantly being used to express nuances of local cultures and sensibilities. Language acculturation consists of a variety of processes of language change by which a language, not one's own, is modified to serve as an effective vehicle for the expression of one's own sociocultural and cognitive experiences. Acculturation, therefore, signifies one, some, or all of the following processes: introduction of loanwords, idioms, and derivational processes from substratum languages; use of calques, or loan translations of phrases, idioms, constructions; intrasentential mixing of units of different levels of complexity from various languages (code mixing); code switching; introduction of language‐specific conventions of speech acts and discourse types; and even poetic conventions from other languages. These processes are often at work in the transformation of a foreign language into a second language.
Acquisition Planning
Authors: Hogan‐Brun Gabrielle , Robinson Clinton , Thonhauser Ingo
Published: December 2012

Acquisition Planning (AP) is concerned with the range of language users and the distribution of literacy. As a form of language management (Spolsky, 2004) it complements and interacts with status planning (which is about the social role or function of a language) and corpus planning (used to modify the structure of a language). This interconnection is particularly evident in multilingual contexts, where (monolingual and bilingual) AP often involves status‐linked and ideology‐driven language aspects of public legitimization and institutionalization (May, 2001, p. 153). AP can be activated in formal and informal settings, at the macro or micro levels of society, and may involve top‐down or bottom‐up approaches (Kaplan & Baldauf, 1997). This chapter provides a brief overview of approaches to AP and highlights issues arising in postcolonial, post‐Soviet, and European settings, exemplified by some current European frameworks which are particularly active in AP.
African Union
Authors: Kamwangamalu Nkonko M.
Published: December 2012

The year 2010 marked a milestone for the majority of African nations, as most of them celebrated the 50th anniversary of political independence and liberation from former Western colonial powers. However, as Fishman (1996, p. 5) remarks, “although the lowering of one flag and the raising of another may indicate the end of colonial status, these acts do not necessarily indicate the end of imperialist privilege in neo‐colonial disguise.” In Africa, imperialist privilege is on display especially through former colonial languages such as English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish, for they remain the chief if not exclusive medium through which African nations conduct official business in virtually all the institutions of the state, including the government and administration, the educational system, and the media. In this regard, Popham (1996) notes forcefully that while the engine of colonialism long ago ran out of steam, the momentum of its languages remains formidable, and it is against their tyranny that smaller languages fight to survive. Colonialism, says London (2003), is a state of mind in colonizer and colonized alike. It does not end when the colonists go home. Instead, it remains an unfinished business and a footprint, impacting as it does all aspects of a postcolonial polity's life, including language policy. This entry reviews the language policy statements that the African continent has made, through its institutions such as the African Union, to change the status quo and carve a place for indigenous African languages, especially in the educational system. This is done against the background of the ideologies that have informed language policies in Africa from the colonial era to the present, especially the ideology of development on the one hand, and the ideology of decolonization on the other. It argues that Africa's language policy statements remain symbolic at best, and that their only merit lies in the fact that they have helped to keep the debate on language policy in Africa alive. It argues further that language policy makers need to do more than merely make policy statements if Africa's indigenous languages are to break through and become free from the shackles of neo‐colonialism and former colonial languages. The entry concludes with suggestions as to how the breakthrough can be achieved, drawing on previous work on the role of African languages vis‐à‐vis former colonial languages in the educational system (Kamwangamalu, 1997, 2004).
Agency in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Yashima Tomoko
Published: December 2012

The concept of learner agency has been significant to applied linguistics and SLA for a long time. This is despite the fact that the term “agency” started to appear in SLA research articles fairly recently, influenced by sociocultural and poststructuralist theories. To understand the significance of agency in SLA, we need to overview the history of SLA as a discipline as well as its development and expansion.
Alderson, J. Charles
Authors: Banerjee Jayanti
Published: December 2012

In a humorous tribute to his parents, the dedication in Charles Alderson's oft‐quoted publication
Assessing Reading
(Alderson, 2000) reads: “I only hope they would not have been too disappointed that I did not become the Town Clerk of Burnley, as my mother hoped.” Though he failed to follow that exact path, Alderson's mother accurately predicted that his work would have a wide sphere of influence. Indeed, he has been described as “a major force in the advancement of language testing for the past 30 years, particularly in Europe” (ILTA Lifetime Achievement Award Committee, 2008 –
htfp://www.iltaonline.com
).
Allwright, Dick
Authors: Van Lier Leo
Published: December 2012

Dick Allwright (1938–) is one of the most influential applied linguists in the field. His main areas of interest bridge theoretical and practical concerns in the area of language education and he is the originator of an innovative and increasingly influential pedagogical movement called Exploratory Practice (EP). His work has always been closely connected to the actual language classroom and has probed the intricacies of interaction, relationships of control, and the interface between teaching and learning.
Analysis of Dialogue
Authors: Jenks Christopher
Published: December 2012

A dialogue is broadly defined as an exchange of spoken or written ideas, thoughts, and, opinions between two or more interactants. Dialogues are not monologues in that the former involve reciprocation of communication. For example, if one person speaks, then the other person is expected to respond in turn. Reciprocity within dialogues varies in temporality. A dialogue can take many months or even years to complete, as in the case when one book author responds to another. In other situations‐namely face‐to‐face communication – dialogues can end in a matter of seconds. Although, in practice, dialogues occur in a number of different situations and take place over varying degrees of time, the analysis of dialogues within applied linguistics is typically concerned with concurrent spoken interaction. This entry will discuss dialogues from this narrower conceptualization.
Analysis of Mediated Interaction
Authors: Jones Rodney H.
Published: December 2012

Usually when we think of “mediated interaction” we think of interaction that is mediated through some rather conspicuous technology. And so, for example, we speak of “computer‐mediated communication”or messages delivered via “mass media” like television, radio, or newspapers. In fact, however,allinteraction is in some waymediated—at the very least through some kind of semiotic system like language.
Analysis of Silence in Interaction
Authors: Kurzon Dennis
Published: December 2012

Silence has long been regarded as meaningful in interaction. Since the 1970s, there have appeared studies of silence, which analyze the functions of silence in interaction. At first, there were sporadic publications such as Bruneau (1973), Jensen (1973), and Johannesen (1974), but in the middle of the 1980s the first collection of papers on silence was published (Tannen & Saville‐Troike, 1985), which included a broad range of papers on silence not only in, for example, conversation, worship, witness questioning in court, and the classroom, but also from a cross‐cultural perspective. This was followed, over a decade later, by a second collection (Jaworski, 1997), which included studies of silence and politeness, markedness theory, and silence in medical interviews as well as silence “beyond language,” such as in painting and in music. Furthermore, two monographs (Jaworski, 1993; Kurzon, 1997) were published in the 1990s as well as several other articles. Linguistic research into silence has since expanded with, for example, Cortini (2001), and a further collection edited by Jaworski (2005), which includes papers on silence in institutional settings such as the classroom, television reporting, and antenatal clinics.
Anthropological Linguistics
Authors: Foley William A.
Published: December 2012

Anthropological linguistics is the subfield of linguistics (and anthropology) concerned with the place of language in its wider social and cultural context, its role in forging and sustaining cultural practices and social structures. While Duranti (2001) denies that a true field of anthropological linguistics exists, preferring the term linguistic anthropology to cover this subfield, I regard the two terms as interchangeable. With some cogency, Duranti (2001) argues that due to current concerns of mainstream linguistics with the explicit analysis of the formal structures of language in contrast to anthropology's broader approach of looking at how humans make meaning through semiotic systems in cultural practices, this subfield is properly included within anthropology rather than linguistics. However, I beg to differ, believing that the current historical divisions of academic turf are just that—historical and contingent—and subject to change, and I would be loath to institutionalize such divisions by insisting on rigidly labeled compartments. The current disciplinary concerns of linguistics do not reflect its earlier history in which it was firmly enjoined to anthropology (Boas, 1940; Sapir, 1949; Haas, 1977, 1978). It is my firm hope that, over time, this more inclusive view will reassert itself, and hence my preference is to use both terms to cover this subfield, although, as titled, I will stick with the label anthropological linguistics in this article.
Anticipatory Discourse
Authors: Saint‐Georges Ingrid De
Published: December 2012

Researchers interested in anticipatory discourse are, generally speaking, concerned with discourses in or about the future. They investigate how individuals, texts, or utterances project representations of future events, states, or relations. Unlike other areas of applied linguistics, the study of anticipatory discourse is still very much in its infancy. As yet, there is no set tradition or school for the study of such discourse, even if it has often been linked with critical discourse analysis. Given this state of affairs, this article focuses on research by authors who take the study of futurity as central to their work, although not all of them designate this work as “anticipatory discourse.” The study of anticipatory discourse thus makes a central claim: futurity is an inevitable component of text, talk, and more largely of social life, because human action has an intrinsically forward‐looking nature. The study of anticipatory discourse thus proposes to add to the existing body of knowledge in discourse analysis by casting light on this future dimension of text and interaction.
Approaches to Second Language Vocabulary Teaching
Authors: Sonbul Suhad
Published: December 2012

The current view of vocabulary knowledge is that of a complex construct covering a wide range of lexical items (individual words, word families, and various types of formulaic sequences) and involving various aspects.
Assessing Multilingualism at School
Authors: Extra Guus , Vallen Ton
Published: December 2012

In this entry, the focus is on assessing both the home‐ and the school‐language repertoires of multilingual school populations in a context of increasing cultural and linguistic diversity of societies and schools—due to processes of globalization and migration.
Assessment and Evaluation: Mixed Methods
Authors: Turner Carolyn E.
Published: December 2012

This entry describes a study which falls into the category of instrument development for assessment and evaluation purposes using a mixed methods research (MMR) design.
Assessment and Evaluation:Quantitative Methods
Authors: Brown James Dean
Published: December 2012

In evaluating the English Language Institute (ELI) at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa (UHM) in the early 1990s, we carefully developed criterion‐referenced tests (CRTs) directly related to the objectives of each of our eight courses (for descriptions of all aspects of our curriculum development processes; for much more on these CRTs.
Assessment in the Classroom
Authors: Katz Anne , Gottlieb Margo
Published: December 2012

The role of assessment in the language classroom occupies an increasingly visible place in the language education literature as teachers, researchers, and test specialists examine how assessment can be woven into instruction to support language development (Davison & Leung, 2009).
Assessment of Grammar
Authors: Purpura James E.
Published: December 2012

While language educators have always acknowledged the importance of grammar in second language (L2) teaching and testing, the notion of what it means to “know” the grammar of an L2 has evolved in many ways.
Assessment of Reading
Authors: Koda Keiko
Published: December 2012

Reading comprehension is a complex process, which has been conceptualized from diverse perspectives in first‐language (L1) reading research. Reading in a second language (L2) entails even more complexity, but a definition of reading comprehension is needed if developers are to create tests that measure L2 learners' reading comprehension. This entry describes contrasting views of reading comprehension and their relation to reading assessment, and then explains differences between L1 and L2 reading and their relevance to L2 reading assessment.
Assessment of Speaking
Authors: Ginther April
Published: December 2012

Speaking is seen by language testers as the most difficult of the four language skills to assess. Assessing speaking requires that we either observe a “live” oral performance or that we capture the performance by some means for evaluation at a later time. A method for elicitation must be selected, rating scales must be developed, and interviewers and/or raters must be trained. Therefore, understanding the assessment of speaking requires examination of assessment methods, scales, and raters.