bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fly Ash on the Electrochemical Performance of 316L Stainless Steel Concrete Reinforcement in Saline Environments Attacked by Acid Rain
Authors: Tsouli Sofia , Lekatou Angeliki G. , Goutzos Pantelis , Kleftakis Spyridon
Published: November 2021

The present study investigates the effect of fly ash (FA) as a corrosion inhibitor on the electrochemical performance of 316L stainless steel concrete reinforcement in a simulating concrete pore solution exposed to a coastal environment that is severely polluted by acid rain (AR). The corrosion behavior of 316L stainless steel is examined by means of cyclic (reverse) polarization in order to evaluate the susceptibility of 316L rebars to localized corrosion. A slightly alkaline solution simulating corroded concrete that has exposed the reinforcement directly to acid rain attack (pH ≈ 8) was chosen as electrolyte. The solution contained Ca(OH)2 partially replaced by FA (0 wt.% - 25 wt.%), an acid rain simulating solution and 3.5 wt% NaCl. The beneficial effect of FA partially replacing Ca(OH)2 (up to 20 wt.% FA) on the corrosion resistance of 316L rebars was manifested by slower corrosion kinetics, nobler corrosion potentials and less susceptibility to localised corrosion. However, these trends were reversed at 25 wt.% FA. The above performance was compared with the corrosion performance in the same electrolyte but without the addition of 3.5 wt.% NaCl.
Fatigue strength evaluation of a 13%Cr supermartensitic stainless steel by the thermographic method
Authors: Tavares Sérgio S.M. , Abib Bruna , Kenedi Paulo , Alves Odivaldo C. , Almeida Brígida B.
Published: November 2021

The fatigue limits of a 13Cr super-martensitic stainless steel from a hot rolled seamless tube were determined for three heat treatment conditions, including the as received quenched and tempered (QT) condition, quenched (Q), and quenched and double tempered (Q-DT). These heat treatments were applied to produce different microstructures and different tensile mechanical properties. The microstructures were characterized by microscopy and magnetic methods. The fatigue strength was accessed through the utilization of the thermographic technique. The results show that fatigue limits measured were between 38% and 44% of the ultimate strength. The as quenched condition gave the higher fatigue limit (444 MPa). However, the material has the lower dutility at this condition. The results aid to decide the best heat treatment condition and give support to design in applications where dynamic loadings are expected
Designing a knowledge management system for Naval Materials Failures
Authors: Melanitis Nikolaos , Giannakopoulos George , Stamatakis Konstantinos , Mouzakis Dionysios , Koutsomichalis Aggelos
Published: November 2021

NAVMAT Research project attempts an interdisciplinary approach by integrating Materials Engineering and Informatics under a platform of Knowledge Management. Failure analysis expands into forensics engineering for it aims not only to identify individual and symptomatic reasons of failure but to assess and understand repetitive failure patterns, which could be related to underlying material faults, design mistakes or maintenance omissions. NAVMAT approach utilizes a focused common-cause failure methodology for the naval and marine environment, to begin with. It will eventually support decision making through appropriate Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Processing methods. The presented work describes the design of a knowledge based system dedicated to effective recording, efficient indexing, easy and accurate retrieval of information, history of maintenance and secure operation concerning failure incidents of marine materials, components and systems in a fleet organisation. Based on materials failure ontology, utilising artificial intelligence algorithms and modern approaches in data handling, NAVMAT aims at the optimisation of naval materials failure management and the support of decision making in Maintenance and Repair Operations (MRO), materials supplies and staff training.
A Health Monitoring Modelling Case Study: Humidity Effects on Engine Deterioration Prediction
Authors: Apostolidis Asteris , Stamoulis Konstantinos P.
Published: November 2021

This work focuses on humidity effects of turbofan engines, in order to identify the magnitude of the error in operational conditions and the implications on maintenance decision support. More specifically, this paper employs a set of different methods, including semi-empirical corrections used in engine test beds, performance simulation models and analysis of historical data, in order to investigate the effects of humidity. We show that varying humidity can have a noticeable influence on the performance of the engine. These discrepancies cannot be currently quantified by health monitoring systems. Simulation and test bed correlations indicate a decrease of EGT of 0.35% per 1wt% of absolute humidity, which varies worldwide between 0 and 3wt%. Consequently, deviations in EGTM can be up to 1%, a figure which can be up to 12K for a modern civil turbofan. In practice, variations in ambient humidity have the potential to conceal possible deterioration in engine components. Following, the flight historical data were corresponded to historical humidity data. The two methods were identified to provide comparable results, indicating a higher EGTM for increasing ambient humidity. Overall, it was concluded that EGTM corrections for ambient humidity is an area of significant interest, especially for newer engine types where accurate diagnostics are of increasing importance.
Model-Based Structural Health Monitoring of Box Girders
Authors: Silionis Nicholas E. , Anyfantis Konstantinos N.
Published: November 2021

In the recent years, interest has been expressed towards incorporating Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems to ship hulls in order to transition from preventive to predictive maintenance procedures. In this work, an initial approach is undertaken to investigate the capabilities of a model-based method treating damage identification as an optimization problem solved using a genetic algorithm. An idealization of the hull structure is considered based on hull girder theory that allows for lab scale experimental testing. Specifically, a box girder is considered with a circular discontinuity as the generalized damage that causes extensive stress redistribution, replicating the effect of hull damage modes of interest. A three-point bending load case is considered to emulate still water bending loads. Damage is considered to exist, and the goal of the proposed strategy is to provide a prediction on its location and magnitude (level 2 SHM). This is achieved using strain measurements obtained from sensors located on theoretical zero-strain directions as inputs to the optimization scheme treating the damage identification problem. Results from both assessment strategies highlighted the influence of measurement-related uncertainties on the method’s predictive capabilities.
Crack recognition automation in concrete bridges using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Zoubir Hajar , Rguig Mustapha , Elaroussi Mohammed
Published: November 2021

Using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) for bridge visual inspection automation necessitates the implementation of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNNs) to process efficiently the large amount of data collected by the UASs sensors. However, these networks require massive training datasets for the defects recognition and detection tasks. In an effort to expand existing concrete defects datasets, particularly concrete cracks in bridges, this paper proposes a public benchmark annotated image dataset containing over 6900 images of cracked and non cracked concrete bridges and culverts. The presented dataset includes some challenging surface conditions and covers concrete cracks with different sizes and patterns. The authors analyzed the proposed dataset using three state of the art DCNNs in Transfer Learning mode. The three models were used to classify the cracked and non cracked images and the best testing accuracy obtained reached 95.89%. The experimental results showcase the potential use of this dataset to train deep networks for concrete crack recognition in bridges. The dataset is publicly available at https://github.com/MCBDD-ZRE/Concrete-Bridge-Crack-Dataset- for academic purposes.
Verification and application of bird strike analysis for the design of high-speed helicopter composite cowlings
Authors: Doubrava Radek , Oberthor Martin , Bělský Petr , Cabrnoch Bohuslav
Published: November 2021

Bird strikes are an important phenomenon that must be taken into consideration when designing aircraft. A bird impact experiment provides a direct method to examine the bird strike resistance. However, the design of the aircraft structures usually involves many iterations of design-manufacturing-test and conducting bird impact experiments is not only time consuming but also costly. The aim of this work is to show the application of test verified numerical simulation for the design of composite cowlings of the high-speed helicopter.
Versorgung von Kopfverletzungen
Authors: Torney Oscar , Vajkoczy Peter
Published: November 2021

Schädelhirntraumata (SHT) sind weltweit von großer sozioökonimischer Bedeutung. Sie sind die häufigste Ursache für eine langfristige Behinderung, Erwerbsunfähigkeit und Mortalität bei jungen Erwachsenen. Für eine erfolgreiche Behandlung des SHT-Patienten ist die interdisziplinäre Betreuung durch ein spezialisiertes Team von Neuro-, MKG- und Unfallchirurgen, Neuroanästhesisten, Neurointensivmedizinern, Neuroradiologen sowie HNO-Ärzten erforderlich. Pathophysiologisch werden beim SHT primäre und sekundäre Hirnschäden unterschieden. Da sekundäre Schäden potenziell vermeid- oder zumindest limitierbar sind, sind sie das Ziel neuroprotektiver Maßnahmen im intensivstationären Setting und ein Hauptgegenstand der klinischen Forschung. Dem Hirndruckmanagement kommt hierbei eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Unterschiedliche intrakranielle Blutungstypen werden anhand ihrer Ätiologie, ihres Ausbreitungsmusters und des zugrundeliegenden Pathomechanismus differenziert. Die Versorgung
von SHT richtet sich nach der Schwere und dem Ausmaß des Traumas und reicht von einer ambulanten/stationären Überwachung bis zur notfallmäßigen Entlastungskraniotomie. Multicenter-Beobachtungsstudien, wie Center-TBI (Europa) oder TRACK-TBI (USA), helfen dabei, Behandlungsalgorithmen stetig zu verbessern und weiterzuentwickeln. Dabei sollten neueste Studienergebnisse eine schnelle Implementierung in internationalen Guidelines finden („living systematic reviews“). Präventiven Maßnahmen fällt zudem eine besondere Bedeutung zu, da sie ein Sicherheitsbewusstsein schaffen und somit behilflich sind, etwaigen schweren Kopfverletzungen vorzubeugen.
Single-center study: evaluation of sonography in Budd-Chiari syndrome
Authors: Hoffmann Tatjana , Voigtländer Hendrik , Fröhlich Eckhart , Debove Ines , Pauluschke-Fröhlich Jan
Published: November 2021

Purpose Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare disease characterized by hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction. The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic utility of ultrasound in confirming the diagnosis of BCS and to provide an overview of the clinical picture.

Materials and method In this retrospective single-center study, patients with an initial diagnosis of BCS were included. The files were analyzed concerning the ultrasound images and compared to computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Main clinical signs of BCS were collected.

Results Data of 25 patients were analyzed. Doppler sonography showed the highest sensitivity (78.9%) with the highest specificity 97.4 (%) in confirming the correct diagnosis of BCS. Main imaging signs were obstruction in the hepatic veins (68.0%, 17/25 thrombotic), collaterals (91.7%, 11/12 intrahepatic), inhomogeneous liver parenchyma (7/21), and a hypertrophied lobus caudatus (18/21) (p < 0.01). All imaging signs could be detected with sonography. Hypertrophied lobus caudatus was seen exclusively in BCS. Furthermore, portal hypertension (9/25), liver cirrhosis (9/25), and ascites (19/25) can be diagnosed as non-specific signs of BCS (p < 0.01).

The main clinical findings were elevated γ-GT levels in the laboratory (92.0%, 23/25, p < 0.01) and esophageal varices in endoscopy (12/25 p < 0.01). An association with myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) was frequently seen (10/25) (p < 0.01).

Conclusion The present study demonstrates that sonography is an appropriate tool for the diagnosis of BCS and should be used as the first imaging procedure.
Granulomatose mit Polyangiitis – Manifestationen im Kopf-Hals-Bereich
Authors: Steinke Kim Vanessa , Welkoborsky Hans-Jürgen
Published: November 2021

Die Granulomatose mit Polyangiitis ist eine seltene chronische rheumatologische Systemerkrankung, die mit einer Vaskulitis der kleinen und mittleren Gefäße einhergeht. Am häufigsten betrifft sie die oberen Atemwege, die Lunge und die Nieren. Die Beschwerden sind unspezifisch, häufig beklagen die Patienten anfangs eine Nasenatmungsbehinderung, Borkenbildung in der Nase, Ulzera der Mundschleimhäute oder Epistaxis. Nicht selten wird deshalb der Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Arzt zu Beginn der Krankheit hinzugezogen. Langfristig können schwerwiegende kardiale, renale oder pulmonale Komplikationen auftreten. Die Ätiologie ist bis heute nicht komplett geklärt. Als Therapie wird eine Immunsuppression eingeleitet. Klinische und laborchemische Kontrollen sind lebenslang obligat.
Burn-on statt Burn-out: Selbstfürsorge und funktionale
Bewältigungsstrategien schützen PsychotherapeutInnen vor
psychischen Belastungen während der Corona-Pandemie
Authors: Schwartzkopff Laura , Schüller Johanna , Müller-Engelmann Meike
Published: November 2021

Ziel der Studie Durch die Corona-Pandemie sind PsychotherapeutInnen mit
neuen beruflichen Herausforderungen konfrontiert. Im Hinblick auf die zu
gewährleistende PatientInnenversorgung, erscheint die Frage nach Risiko-
und Schutzfaktoren zum Erhalt des Wohlbefindens während der Pandemie
relevant, um Folgeerscheinungen wie Burnout vorzubeugen. Dies ist die erste
Studie, die den Einfluss von Bewältigungs- und
Selbstfürsorgestrategien auf die psychische Belastung ambulant
arbeitender PsychotherapeutInnen in Deutschland während der
Corona-Pandemie untersuchte.

Methodik Von April bis Juni 2020 nahmen 155 PsychotherapeutInnen an der
Online-Fragebogenstudie teil. Untersucht wurden neben beruflichen
Veränderungen, die Stressbelastung, Burnout-Symptome und das
Wohlbefinden. Darüber hinaus wurde der Einfluss aktiver und vermeidender
Bewältigungsstrategien sowie verschiedener Arten der
Selbstfürsorge (z. B. berufliche Unterstützung,
Achtsamkeit für arbeitsbezogenen Stress und die Balance zwischen Berufs-
und Privatleben) auf die psychische Belastung untersucht.

Ergebnisse PsychotherapeutInnen waren während der Pandemie im
Schnitt 1,22 Stunden pro Woche weniger therapeutisch tätig als vor der
Pandemie. 38% der Behandlungen erfolgten per Videotherapie. Vermeidende
Bewältigungsstrategien waren mit einem erhöhten Stresserleben
assoziiert, was wiederum höhere Burnout-Werte und ein geringeres
Wohlbefinden vorhersagte. Eine gute Work-Life-Balance, eine gute
tägliche Balance im Arbeitsalltag und aktive
Bewältigungsstrategien wirkten sich hingegen positiv aus. Entgegen der
Erwartung hing Achtsamkeit für berufsbezogenen Stress mit einem
geringeren Wohlbefinden zusammen.

Diskussion Die Balance zwischen Berufs- und Privatleben kann als eine
präventive Maßnahme dienen, um Stress während der
Corona-Pandemie zu reduzieren und dadurch das Burnoutrisiko zu senken und das
Wohlbefinden zu verbessern. Vermeidende Bewältigungsstrategien stellen
hingegen einen Risikofaktor für ein erhöhtes Stresserleben
während der Pandemie dar und begünstigen Burnout sowie ein
geringeres Wohlbefinden.

Schlussfolgerung Diese Studie lieferte Hinweise darauf, wo
präventive Maßnahmen zur Stressprophylaxe und zum Erhalt des
Wohlbefindens von PsychotherapeutInnen perspektivisch ansetzen könnten,
um dazu beizutragen, dass diese Ihre PatientInnen während der Pandemie
weiterhin gut versorgen können.
Verhaltenssüchte in der psychosomatisch-psychotherapeutischen
Versorgung
Authors: Wölfling Klaus , Zeeck Almut , te Wildt Bert , Resmark Gaby , Morawa Eva , Kersting Anette , von Wietersheim Jörn , Müller Astrid
Published: November 2021

Ziel der Studie Verhaltenssüchte treten in der Regel mit
komorbiden psychischen Störungen auf und werden immer noch
unterdiagnostiziert. Ziel dieser multizentrischen Querschnittsuntersuchung war
es, die geschätzte Punktprävalenz von Verhaltenssüchten
bei konsekutiven Patient*innen, die wegen anderer Diagnosen in der
Psychosomatik behandelt wurden, zu erheben.

Methodik An der Studie nahmen 801 Patient*innen aus acht
psychosomatischen Universitätskliniken teil. Die Erfassung von
Verhaltenssüchten erfolgte anhand standardisierter
Fragebögen.

Ergebnisse Bei 24,1% der Patient*innen ergab sich der
Verdacht auf mindestens eine Verhaltenssucht. Der überwiegende Teil
dieser Patient*innen beschrieb Symptome einer isolierten
Verhaltenssucht. Basierend auf den Fragebögen wurden folgende
Prävalenzraten geschätzt: Störung durch
Glücksspielen 3,4%, pathologische Internetnutzung 1,9%,
pathologisches Kaufen 16,7%, hypersexuelle Störung 5,4%
und suchtartiges Sporttreiben 3,5%. Hinweise auf einen Zentrumseffekt
oder Einfluss des Settings (ambulant, tagesklinisch, stationär) waren
nicht erkennbar.

Diskussion Die vorliegende klinische Stichprobe deutet auf eine hohe
Verbreitung von Kaufsuchtsymptomen bei Patient*innen in
psychosomatisch-psychotherapeutischer Behandlung hin. Von Kaufsucht sind
insbesondere Frauen betroffen. Demgegenüber leiden Männer eher
an Glücksspiel- und Sexsucht. Insgesamt ergibt sich eine hohe Belastung
durch Verhaltenssuchtsymptome. Bis dato werden Verhaltenssüchte
häufig noch unterdiagnostiziert.

Schlussfolgerung Patient*innen in
psychosomatischer-psychotherapeutischer Versorgung leiden häufig unter
Symptomen einer Verhaltenssucht, was in der Behandlung berücksichtigt
werden sollte.
Recent Advances on Piancatelli Reactions and Related Cascade Processes
Authors: Cai Yunfei , Zhong Sishi , Xu Lei
Published: November 2021

The Piancatelli reaction, which is the rearrangement of 2-furylcarbinol to cyclopentenone, involves a key furanoxonium ion intermediate and a furan ring opening-4π electrocyclization process. In recent years, the original oxa-Piancatelli reaction has been extended to a large family of aza- and carbo-Piancatelli reactions and related cascade processes, providing a powerful platform for the construction of diverse functionalized cyclopentenones and polycyclic cyclopentanones. Meanwhile, chiral Brønsted/Lewis acid based catalytic asymmetric approaches to Piancatelli reactions have also been achieved for the assembly of highly valued chiral cyclopentenone scaffolds. In this short review, we present an overview of the recent developments in these areas and focus primarily on reports published in the last five years.

1 Introduction

2 Diastereoselective Oxa-, Aza- and Carbo-Piancatelli Reactions

3 Diastereoselective Cascade Piancatelli Reactions

4 Asymmetric Piancatelli Reactions and Related Cascade Processes

5 Miscellaneous Furanoxonium Ion-Based Rearrangements

6 Conclusion
Towards examining and addressing the danger of unaccompanied migrant minors going missing
Authors: Brantl Isabelle , Michalitsi-Psarrou Ariadni , Klein Barbara , Pertselakis Minas , Ntanos Christos , Vergeti Danai
Published: November 2021

The phenomenon of missing children is complex, further complicated by the specific circumstances of missing unaccompanied migrant minors. Owing to the (often forced) migration, these children have moved through different countries with diverse legislation and work practices. The international nature of these cases leads to confusion about the responsibility of different actors. Additionally, for these cases, little data are available. This article critically assesses current work practices in the EU. It also introduces a new practical solution based on empirical data from 26 international expert interviews, proposing a new alert system for missing children cases to improve the efficiency in responding to them and the international communication between stakeholders to improve the situation of missing unaccompanied migrant minors. The solution is currently in use by three organisations and has already been used in more than 85 real-life cases. It is concluded that it holds the potential to connect actors in a new, efficient way and prevent children, and unaccompanied migrant minors particularly, from falling off the grid. It is also highlighted that the situation of unaccompanied migrant minors is highly disadvantaged, and new, homogenous legislation among the EU member states that does not discriminate against the rights of migrant minors is imperative. New research should also actively involve them to better grasp their situation before and during their disappearance.
Achieving the paradoxical goals of modeling
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: November 2021

A selective decay framework encourages both fidelity and stability in weather and climate simulations.
Data-driven thermoelectric modeling: Current challenges and prospects
Authors: Mbaye Mamadou T. , Pradhan Sangram K. , Bahoura Messaoud
Published: November 2021

Recent advancements in computing technologies coupled with the need to make sense of large amounts of raw data have renewed much interest in data-driven materials design and discovery. Traditional materials science research relies heavily on experimental data to gauge the properties of materials. However, this paradigm is purely based on trial and error and ongoing research can take decades to discover new materials. Data-driven modeling tools such as machine learning and its proven libraries can help speed up the materials’ discovery process through the implementation of powerful algorithms on readily available material datasets mined from the ever-increasing private- and government-funded material databases. In this Perspective, we applied various machine learning models on tens of hundreds of thermoelectric compounds obtained from density functional theory calculation results. In our preliminary analysis, we made use of pymatgen and the powerful materials science library matminer to add and explore key material features that have the propensity to accurately predict our achievable target output. We evaluated the accuracy and performance of our models with the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error, and K-fold cross-validation metrics and identified the most important descriptors for our materials. Finally, we reviewed the current state-of-the-art in data-driven thermoelectric materials’ design and discovery, its current challenges, and prospects.
Cavitation generation and inhibition. II. Invisible tail wing of cloud cavitation and non-cavitation control mechanism
Authors: Jin Weiwei
Published: November 2021

The cloud-cavitation shedding mechanism was numerically investigated around the NACA 0015 hydrofoil of α = 7° and σ = 0.7, 0.67 under the identical computational conditions as in Paper I [W. Jin, AIP Adv. 11, 065028 (2021)]. We discovered the invisible tail wing and self-inhibition effects of cloud cavitation. As the invisible tail wing of cloud cavitation swings up, the generated re-entrant jet causes cavitation shedding or collapse by the “sweeping and ejection” processes and simultaneously moves away turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) from the near-wall flow fields of the leeward hydrofoil surface, stopping the cavitation generation. In low pressure regions, non-uniform TKE intensity distributions cause different water-vapor volume fractions, resulting in discontinuity of cavitation generation. The attached vortex accompanying an individual cavity is defined, which causes fluctuations and cavitation instability on the bottom of the cavity. The cavity-bubble truncation and stretching are two primary transition mechanisms from the sheet to cloud cavitation. Compared with the invisible tail wing of cloud cavitation, the fixed unilateral wing can more effectively inhibit the cloud shedding because it can redistribute energies to two hydrofoil surfaces and transfer the strong TKE intensity from the minimum to the high-pressure region, which inhibits flow boundary layer separation and achieves non-cavitation control of the hydrofoil. Energy transfer and balance are the most effective mechanisms for inhibiting cloud cavitation. Larger unilateral wing sizes result in weaker TKE intensity along the leeward hydrofoil surface as well as more significant cloud-cavitation inhibition. The TKE intensity in the leading edge of the leeward hydrofoil surface determines the fluid boundary layer separation and cloud-cavitation stability.
Next generation of nanozymes: A perspective of the challenges to match biological performance
Authors: Goya G. F. , Mayoral A. , Winkler E. , Zysler R. D. , Bagnato C. , Raineri M. , Fuentes-García J. A. , Lima E.
Published: November 2021

Nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity have been the spotlight of scientific and technological efforts to substitute natural enzymes, not only in biological research but also for industrial manufacturing, medicine, and environment healing. Notable advancements in this field along the last years relied on to the rational design of single-atom active sites, knowledge of the underlying atomic structure, and realistic ab initio theoretical models of the electronic configuration at the active site. Thus, it is plausible that a next generation of nanozymes still to come will show even improved catalytic efficiency and substrate specificity. However, the dynamic nature of the protein cage surrounding most active sites in biological enzymes adds a flexible functionality that possess a challenge for nanozyme's mimicking of their natural counterparts. We offer a perspective about where the main strategies to improve nanozymes are headed and identify some of the big challenges faced along the road to better performance. We also outline some of the most exciting bio-inspired ideas that could potentially change this field.
Hydrogen impurities in p-type semiconductors, GeS and GeTe
Authors: Nakamura Jumpei G. , Kawakita Yukinobu , Shimomura Koichiro , Suemasu Takashi
Published: November 2021

Hydrogen defects sometimes form shallow impurity levels in semiconductors, and it is an important topic for semiconductor research to investigate their details. One of the experimental methods to determine the state of hydrogen is the muon spin rotation (μSR) experiment. By observing formation of a pseudo-hydrogen atom, called muonium, it is possible to investigate the hydrogen defect levels. In a previous theoretical study, the pinning levels were calculated for various materials as a reference for hydrogen defect levels, and these levels were universally distributed near the hydrogen electrode potential. Based on the prediction, μSR experiments were performed for germanium sulfide (GeS) and germanium telluride (GeTe), where the hydrogen electrode potential is located in the bandgap for GeS, but not for GeTe. As a result, the μSR spectra showed that the muonium forms in GeS, while it does not in GeTe. In GeS, 58% of the muons formed muoniums. The activation energy was obtained as ΔE=26.2±6.9 meV. The hyperfine coupling frequency was ωc(2π)−1=1.95±0.17 GHz, and the Bohr radius of muonium was 1.3 times larger than that in vacuum. These properties indicated that the identified muonium does not form a typical impurity level that affects the electrical properties.
An investigation of the coupling of phonon-polaritons with plasmon-polaritons in hBN/nanopatterned Au layered devices
Authors: Heneghan J. D. T. , Dennis W. M.
Published: November 2021

Thin hexagonal boron nitride layers have been shown to support highly confined hyperbolic phonon-polaritons, which are of interest for light guiding applications. Localized plasmon resonances in nanopatterned metal films can exhibit subwavelength-scale confinement as well as a high local field strength that is of importance to imaging and sensor applications. In this work, the interaction between hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in a hexagonal boron nitride thin film and plasmon-polaritons in a nanopatterned gold thin film is investigated by means of finite-difference time-domain simulations of a series of coupled and uncoupled layered devices. Both far-field and near-field properties are calculated and analyzed, enabling the features due to plasmon-polaritons and phonon-polaritons, individually, to be distinguished and the coupling between these excitations to be explored and characterized.
Inferring long memory using extreme events
Authors: Kalra Dayal Singh , Santhanam M. S.
Published: November 2021

Many natural and physical processes display long memory and extreme events. In these systems, the measured time series is invariably contaminated by noise and/or missing data. As the extreme events display a large deviation from the mean behavior, noise and/or missing data do not affect the extreme events as much as it affects the typical values. Since the extreme events also carry the information about correlations in the full-time series, we can use them to infer the correlation properties of the latter. In this work, we construct three modified time series using only the extreme events from a given time series. We show that the correlations in the original time series and in the modified time series are related, as measured by the exponent obtained from the detrended fluctuation analysis technique. Hence, the correlation exponents for a long memory time series can be inferred from its extreme events alone. We demonstrate this approach for several empirical time series.
Transition from high-entropy to conventional (TiZrNbCu)1−xCox metallic glasses
Authors: Ristić Ramir , Figueroa Ignacio A. , Salčinović Fetić Amra , Zadro Krešo , Mikšić Trontl Vesna , Pervan Petar , Babić Emil
Published: November 2021

In this article, we describe the characterization of a newly fabricated amorphous alloy system (TiZrNbCu)1−xCox covering a broad composition range from high-entropy (HEA) to Co-rich alloys (x ≤ 0.43). We investigated thermal stability, atomic and electronic structure, and magnetic and mechanical properties as a function of chemical composition x. One of the important findings is that all studied properties change their dependence on concentration x within the HEA range. In particular, it has been found that the average atomic volume deviates from Vegard’s law for x > 0.2, the concentration for which the average atomic packing fraction suddenly changes. The valence band structure, studied with ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, shows a split-band shape with 3d-states of Co approaching the Fermi level on increasing x. Due to the onset of magnetic correlations, magnetic susceptibility rapidly increases for x > 0.25. Very high microhardness increases rapidly with x. The results are compared with those for similar binary and quinary metallic glasses and with those for Cantor type of crystalline alloys.
The electron–phonon coupling constant and the Debye temperature in polyhydrides of thorium, hexadeuteride of yttrium, and metallic hydrogen phase III
Authors: Talantsev Evgueni F.
Published: November 2021

A milestone experimental discovery of superconductivity above 200 K in highly compressed sulfur hydride by Drozdov et al. [Nature 525, 73 (2015)] sparked experimental and theoretical investigations of metallic hydrides. Since then, a dozen of superconducting binary and ternary polyhydrides have been discovered. For instance, there are three superconducting polyhydrides of thorium: Th4H15, ThH9, and ThH10 and four polyhydrides of yttrium: YH4, YH6, YH7, and YH9. In addition to binary and ternary hydrogen-based metallic compounds, recently Eremets et al. (arXiv:2109.11104) reported on the metallization of hydrogen, which exhibits a phase transition into metallic hydrogen phase III at P ≥ 330 GPa and T ∼ 200 K. Here, we analyzed temperature-dependent resistance, R(T), in polyhydrides of thorium, hexadeuteride of yttrium, and in hydrogen phase III and deduced the Debye temperature, Tθ, and the electron–phonon coupling constant, λe−ph, for these conductors. We found that I-43d-Th4H15 exhibits λe−ph = 0.82–0.99, which is in very good agreement with the experimental value of λe−ph = 0.84 deduced from heat capacity measurements [Miller et al., Phys. Rev. B 14, 2795 (1976)]. For P63/mmc-ThH9 (P = 170 GPa), we deduced λe−ph(170 GPa) = 1.46 ± 0.01, which is in reasonable agreement with λe−ph computed by first-principles calculations [Semenok et al. Mater. Today 33, 36 (2020)]. Deduced λe−ph(170 GPa) = 1.70 ± 0.04 for Fm-3m-ThH10 is in remarkable agreement with first-principles calculated λe−ph(174 GPa) = 1.75 [Semenok et al., Mater. Today 33, 36 (2020)]. Deduced λe−ph(172 GPa) = 1.90 ± 0.02 for Im-3m-YD6 is also in excellent agreement with first-principles calculated λe−ph(165 GPa) = 1.80 [Troyan et al., Adv. Mater. 33, 2006832 (2021)]. Finally, we deduced Tθ(402 GPa) = 727 ± 6 K for hydrogen phase III, which implies that λe−ph(402 GPa) ≤ 1.7 in this metal.
Phase controllable four-wave mixing in the hybrid opto-electromechanical system
Authors: Qin Li-Guo , Yan Guo-Dong , Huang Jie-Hui , Wang Li-Li , Wang Hui-Ping , Wang Zhong-Yang , Gong Shang-Qing
Published: November 2021

The future quantum networks will require reversible coherent conversion and modulation between microwave and optical photons to link the quantum information-processing ability of microwave and long-distance distribution ability of optical photons. Here, we present a scheme of bi-directional phase controllable four-wave mixing (FWM) between microwave and optical fields in the hybrid opto-electromechanical system. As an intermediate interface, a nanomechanical resonator optomechanically couples both optomechanical cavities in the optical and microwave frequency domains by the radiation pressure forces. We can find the four peaks of FWM, study the effects of the phases of the driven fields on the total, absolute, and cross correlation FWMs, and achieve the laws of phase control FWM based on quantum interference. In particular, we believe that such a hybrid opto- and electro-mechanical device incorporating highly coherent and compact mechanical elements on a chip has some potential functions for electro-optic modulation. We expect that such a modulator will have a broad range of applications including in optical communications and further quantum networks.
Effect of inertia on capillary-driven breakup of drops surrounded by another fluid
Authors: Sangli Aditya N. , Riaz Amir , Bigio David I.
Published: November 2021

We study the capillary-driven breakup of a slender drop suspended in a quiescent viscous fluid using direct numerical simulation. We focus on a parametric space comprising viscosity ratio and Ohnesorge number. While the large Ohnesorge number approximation of the problem has received experimental and theoretical attention over the years, the influence of inertia—at small Ohnesorge number—on the behavior of the slender drop is not well studied. We first validate our simulation results with previous experimental results at large viscosity ratios. We then consider the drop suspended in a quiescent fluid and systematically study the capillary-driven breakup of the drop at different Ohnesorge numbers and viscosity ratios. Our simulations reveal that the slender drop breaks up under all conditions, but the instability is transitional for some viscosity ratios. By considering both inertial and viscous effects in the ambient surrounding fluid, we show how the structure of the flow field is modified upon the introduction of inertia and how the viscosity of the surrounding fluid aids in vorticity diffusion. Finally, we extend the stability diagram for drops, which classifies them into asymptotically unstable and asymptotically stable states in a parametric space comprising viscosity ratio and Ohnesorge number. We finely probe the stability diagram and present a stability curve in the parametric space of viscosity ratio and Ohnesorge number.
How surfactants influence the drop size in sprays from flat fan and hollow cone nozzles
Authors: Sijs R. , Kooij S. , Bonn D.
Published: November 2021

Spraying is a widely used method to produce a liquid sheet that breaks up into droplets of a certain size distribution. When spraying simple liquids, it is known which experimental parameters determine the droplet size distribution. For many applications, however, surfactants are added, producing a hitherto unknown effect on the droplet size distribution. Using two generic types of spraying nozzles, we sprayed solutions of different types of aqueous surfactants and measured the droplet size distribution of the sprays. We find that the breakup of surfactant solutions is similar to that of pure water but results in droplets that are smaller. The resulting droplet size distribution can be well described using the predictions for simple liquids provided that we replace the parameter of the equilibrium surface tension with the dynamic surface tension of the surfactant solution at a surface age of 15 ms, which is the characteristic time for destabilization and breakup of the liquid sheet. By rescaling with the mean droplet size, the droplet size distributions of water and sprays with different concentrations of surfactants all collapse onto a single curve that is given by the compound Gamma function found previously for pure liquids.
Determination of the ionization region in Hall thruster plasmas with low perturbation
Authors: Doh Guentae , Park Jaehong , Lee Dongho , Kim Holak , Choe Wonho
Published: November 2021

Information on the ionization of propellant gases is invaluable for Hall thruster plasma studies because the ion beam is the source of thrust generation. This study proposes a new method that identifies the ionization location of Xe+ ions in Hall thruster plasmas by combining the laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and floating emissive probe measurements in annular and cylindrical Hall thrusters. In an annular Hall thruster, this method indicated that ionization became the largest at a few millimeters upstream of the maximum radial magnetic field, whose result agreed with a one-dimensional hybrid fluid/particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation result. On the other hand, the ionization region in a cylindrical Hall thruster was located deeper inside the discharge cavity than that of the annular thruster. In addition, a large upstream shift of the ionization region was observed with the decreasing fraction of the radial magnetic field in the cylindrical Hall thruster.
A shape memory alloy actuated release device using non-self-locking thread
Authors: Pan Xueting , Yue Honghao , Tian Yun , Yao Qi , Yang Fei , Lu Yifan
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes a novel non-explosive and resettable release device driven by shape memory alloy (SMA), which can replace the commonly used pyrotechnic device. In the scheme, a flywheel nut with bidirectional thread is connected with two screws through the non-self-locking thread, and the target adapters are fixed with the two screws and then locked into a hole by the flywheel nut. When unlocking, the offset SMA actuator releases the flywheel nut by triggering the pulley assembly and multi-level levers. Under the pulling force of the pre-tightening load of the screws, the flywheel nut rotates at high speed to unlock the screws, thus releasing the target adapters. After separation, the device can be quickly reset with the reset tool without replacing any parts. The prototype of the release device is fabricated and tested; according to the performance test results, the device can bear the maximum bi-directional preload of 10 kN and the average unlocking force is 9.73 N. The unlocking time decreases with the increase in driving voltage, and the average unlocking response time is 342 ms under 9 V voltage. Furthermore, the actuator can function well with a lifetime of more than 50 cycles. It is concluded that this scheme has potential advantages to replace the traditional non-reusable explosive driving device.
A multi-purpose high-pressure and high temperature gas-flow cell for operando optical Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Changchun , Huang Weifeng , Wei Hang , Xu Wei , Marcelli Augusto
Published: November 2021

A multi-purpose in operando optical cell with temperature and gas pressure control is described. This device allows for in operando Raman spectroscopy measurements for different applications. Its original design includes a temperature control from room temperature up to 1000°C and a heating stage that provides uniform and stable thermal conditions. The pressure control of the cell ranges from 10−1 Pa to 6 MPa, and it is compatible with different gases. Both oxidizing and reducing gases are allowed to pass through the sample surface under study. The device has been calibrated and applied to collect Raman spectra for different reaction systems under various operating temperatures and pressures.
Energy sources in diets for lambs in confinement
Authors: Pereira Taiala C. de J. , Pereira Mara L. A. , Silva Herymá G. de O. , dos Santos Alana B. , Ribeiro Leandro S. O. , Pina Douglas dos S. , Sousa Leandro B. , de Carvalho Gleidson G. P.
Published: November 2021

Context The use of alternative sources in ruminant feeding features advantages such as diminished dependence on traditional cereals that can be used for human consumption or monogastric animals. Aims This study was conducted to examine nutrient intake, apparent digestibility, mean growth rate, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis in lambs fed diets containing different energy sources in the concentrate. Methods The experiment involved five uncastrated Santa Inês lambs, with an initial BW of 22.85 ± 1.0 kg, which were allocated individual metabolic cages and randomly assigned to one of the following five experimental treatments: maize (MA), wheat bran (WB), sorghum (SO), mesquite pod meal (MP) and peach palm meal (PP) in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five replicates each. Diets were isoenergetic with a roughage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Key results The energy sources in the concentrate influenced (P < 0.0001) the intakes of DM and nutritional components. The apparent digestibility coefficients of the ether extract and NDFap were significantly (P < 0.05) different between WB and the other diets. The different energy sources in the concentrate (MA, WB, SO and MP) increased (P < 0.0001) the mean growth rate of the lambs. The diet containing PP as an energy source provided a smaller (P = 0.0002) N intake than that from any other diet, and the PP diet resulted in a negative N balance (P = 0.0200). Lambs fed with diets containing MP (80.38 g day−1) as an energy source showed a larger (P = 0.0007) microbial protein synthesis than did those fed with PP (24.47 g day−1). Conclusions Wheat bran, sorghum, and mesquite pod meal can completely replace maize for lambs fed diets based on 270 g kg−1 of maize. Implications A variety of unusual feed ingredients facilitates the raising of lambs in various regions, with ingredients being local and of the lowest cost, promoting benefits to sheep producers.
Desmosterol suppresses macrophage inflammasome activation and protects against vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis
Authors: Zhang Xinbo , McDonald Jeffrey G. , Aryal Binod , Canfrán‐Duque Alberto , Goldberg Emily L. , Araldi Elisa , Ding Wen , Fan Yuhua , Thompson Bonne M. , Singh Abhishek K. , Li Qian , Tellides George , Ordovás-Montanes Jose , García Milian Rolando , Dixit Vishwa Deep , Ikonen Elina , Suárez Yajaira , Fernández-Hernando Carlos
Published: November 2021

Significance

Previous work has shown that foamy macrophages accumulate desmosterol, a cholesterol biosynthetic intermediate. However, the participation of desmosterol in regulating the functions of cholesterol-laden macrophages in the physiological context of atherosclerosis has remained elusive. In this work, we selectively deplete desmosterol by overexpressing DHCR24, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of desmosterol into cholesterol, in myeloid cells and demonstrate that desmosterol content in atherosclerotic plaque macrophages controls their function and activation. Molecular analysis of macrophages isolated from lesions revealed that depletion of desmosterol increases the expression of interferon-regulated genes and genes associated with “classical” macrophage activation. Together, our work provides molecular insights into the intimate links between cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses of macrophages during atherogenesis.
Dynamic competition between a ligand and transcription factor NusA governs riboswitch-mediated transcription regulation
Authors: Chauvier Adrien , Ajmera Pujan , Yadav Rajeev , Walter Nils G.
Published: November 2021

Significance

Transcriptional pausing by RNA polymerases (RNAPs) is critical for genetic regulation, yet how RNA structures modulate this universal process is poorly understood. Combining biochemical and single-molecule fluorescence approaches, we here uncover a dynamic interplay between nascent messenger RNA structure and transcription factor NusA in modulating transcriptional pausing. Transcription factor NusA binds highly reversibly to the elongation complex to fine-tune the transcription rate. We find that ligand-induced riboswitch folding within the RNAP exit channel promotes transcriptional pausing, whereas it prevents NusA recruitment to the paused elongation complex. Taken together, our data reveal a dynamic model of transcription factor trafficking mediated by RNA cotranscriptional folding, expanding our understanding of the general transcription process.
Low-symmetry nonlocal transport in microstructured squares of delafossite metals
Authors: McGuinness Philippa H. , Zhakina Elina , König Markus , Bachmann Maja D. , Putzke Carsten , Moll Philip J. W. , Khim Seunghyun , Mackenzie Andrew P.
Published: November 2021

Significance

The strongly two-dimensional delafossite metals are among the highest-purity compounds known. Their huge low-temperature electron mean free paths of up to 20 µm allow fabrication of devices in the ballistic regime, in which the characteristic device dimension is shorter than the average distance between scattering events. Unlike any previous case in which this regime has been reached, the faceting of the nearly hexagonal Fermi surfaces leads to extremely strong directional effects. Remarkably, in the ballistic regime, this results in the transport response of squares sculpted from delafossite crystals not showing full fourfold symmetry. Although seemingly counterintuitive, our observations are consistent with the overall symmetry of the device–Fermi surface combination and fully obey the Onsager–Büttiker relations for nonlocal transport.
Introduction to Healthcare for Russian-speaking Interpreters and Translators
Authors: Crezee Ineke H. M. , Hautekiet Johanna , Rura Lidia
Published: November 2021

Health interpreters and translators often face unpredictable assignments in the multifaceted healthcare setting. This book is based on the very popular international publication (Crezee, 2013) and has been supplemented with commonly asked questions and glossaries in Russian. Just like the 2013 textbook, this practical resource will allow interpreters and translators to quickly read up on healthcare settings, familiarizing themselves with anatomy, physiology, medical terminology and frequently encountered medical conditions, diagnostic tests and treatment options.

This is an exceptionally useful and easily accessible handbook, in particular for interpreters, translators, educators and other practitioners working between Russian and English.

Russian-speakers represent a rich and diverse range of historical, religious and cultural traditions. This book covers some of those, while also describing the Russian health system, and touching on cultural beliefs and natural medicine approaches.

This unique book is an indispensable vade mecum (‘go with me’) for anyone wanting to navigate language access involving speakers of Russian in the health setting.