bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elektronenstrahlen — neue Wege zur Reaktionskontrolle
Authors: Swiderek Petra
Published: November 2012

Ziel der Chemie ist es, Reaktionen durch einen externen Stimulus zu kontrollieren. Dies kann bedeuten, Bindungen mit einem physikalischen Werkzeug präzise zu spalten. Noch spannender ist aber, die Verknüpfung zweier Reaktionspartner zu einem komplexeren Produkt auslösen zu können, das im Ideal einer atomeffizienten Synthese das gesamte Material der Edukte enthält.
Was passiert, wenn's bunt wird
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard , Puffer Barbara , Müller Thomas
Published: November 2012

Wie Chlorophyll abgebaut wird, war lange ein Rätsel. Mittlerweile ist klar: Der Weg führt über kurzlebige fluoreszente zu unsichtbaren Chlorophyll‐Kataboliten.
Vielfalt mit schweren Ionen
Authors: Stöcker Horst
Published: November 2012

Herausragende Ergebnisse am GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung waren die Herstellung sechs neuer Elemente und mehrerer hundert neuer Isotope sowie die Entwicklung einer Krebstherapie mit schweren Ionen. Eine neue Beschleunigeranlage soll ab dem Jahr 2018 die Frage nach der Entstehung der Elemente im Weltraum beantworten.
Arzneistoffe im Polymerkleid
Authors: Rupp Severine
Published: November 2012

Lipophile Wirkstoffe lösen sich nicht in der wässrigen Umgebung unseres Körpers, eingeschlossen in ein Polymergerüst schon.
Occupational Experiences and Subjective Well‐being of Mothers of Children with ASD in Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Ya‐Lin , Lo Jin‐Ling
Published: November 2012

This study investigated the relationship between mothers' daily occupational experiences of productivity, restoration and pleasure with their subjective well‐being (SWB) and with their child's developmental skills. Forty caregivers parenting young children with autism spectrum disorders served as a convenience sample in this study.

Participants rated their occupational experience in a time diary for a 1‐week period and rated their SWB on the Positive and Negative Affect Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Their child's occupational performance and development were evaluated using the Pediatric Daily Occupation Scale and Chinese Child Development Inventory. Spearman rank correlations were used to examine the relationship of SWB to these maternal and child factors.

Mothers' pleasure levels were associated with two SWB measures: the positive affect and Satisfaction With Life Scale. Restoration levels related to positive affect only. Productivity levels and child factors were not significantly correlated with any of the SWB measures.

A larger heterogeneous sample and a longitudinal study design to explore the fluctuation and stability of occupational experiences across time are recommended to examine caregivers' adaptation and/or alterations in SWB while adapting to their child's diagnosis and special needs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Position of the conus medullaris in fetuses with skeletal dysplasia
Authors: Hoopmann Markus , Sonek Jiri , Schramm Thomas , Zubke Wolfgang , Dufke Andreas , Kagan Karl Oliver
Published: November 2012

Objectives

To examine whether reduced conus distance (CD) measurement may be a marker for impaired growth of the fetal trunk in fetuses with certain types of skeletal dysplasia.

Methods

Two hundred fifty‐four normal cases and 24 pregnancies with skeletal dysplasia were included. The fetuses with skeletal dysplasia were subdivided into two groups based on the specific diagnosis: skeletal dysplasias with a short trunk and skeletal dysplasias with a normal size trunk. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship of the CD measurement with the biparietal diameter. CD measurements in the two groups of fetuses with skeletal dysplasia were compared using z‐scores.

Results

In fetuses with skeletal dysplasia and shortened trunk, the CD measurement was significantly smaller than in the normal population (mean z‐score −3.7, p < 0.0001). CD measurements in fetuses with skeletal dysplasia but a normal trunk size were similar to the normal population (mean z‐score −0.1, p = 0.997).

Conclusions

Short CD is associated with certain types of skeletal dysplasia. As such, measuring the CD may be helpful in diagnosing these conditions. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What do French patients and geneticists think about prenatal and preimplantation diagnoses in Marfan syndrome?
Authors: Coron F. , Rousseau T. , Jondeau G. , Gautier E. , Binquet C. , Gouya L. , Cusin V. , Odent S. , Dulac Y. , Plauchu H. , Collignon P. , Delrue M.‐A. , Leheup B. , Joly L. , Huet F. , Thevenon J. , Mace G. , Cassini C. , Thauvin‐Robinet C. , Wolf J. E. , Hanna N. , Sagot P. , Boileau C. , Faivre L.
Published: November 2012

Objectives

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder with manifestations mainly involving the skeletal, ocular, and cardiovascular systems. The phenotypic variability observed in MFS makes genetic counselling difficult. Prenatal diagnosis (PND) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis are technically feasible when a causal mutation is identified, but both raise many ethical questions in this condition. Little is known about opinions and practices in such reproductive issues in MFS. The goal of this study was to report on patients' points of view and geneticists' standard practices.

Methods

Two different questionnaires were produced.

Results

Fifty geneticists filled in the questionnaire. Twenty‐two per cent thought that PND was acceptable, 72% debatable and 6% not acceptable. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis was more often reported acceptable (34% of answers). Results varied according to the physician's experience with the disease. Fifty‐four answers were collected for patients' questionnaires. Most of them (74%) were favourable to the development of prenatal testing, and believed that the choice should be given to parents. However, only a minority would opt for prenatal diagnosis for themselves.

Conclusion

This study showed that the majority of patients were in favour of PND and that opinions among practitioners varied widely, but that overall, practitioners favoured a systematic multidisciplinary evaluation of the couple's request. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning from Project Management Implementation by Applying a Management Innovation Lens
Authors: Thomas Janice L. , Cicmil Svetlana , George Stella
Published: November 2012

Management innovation is a complex and dynamic process of organizational change that is not well understood. Drawing from the innovation and organizational change literatures, and using project management as an example of one particular form of management innovation, we operationalize this project management innovation process by identifying types of innovation events defined by the pace and scope of the change implemented. Linking innovation events into a journey, we map complex innovation journeys and provide empirically based insight into how value is created and destroyed through the selection and dynamics of innovation events that either support or detract from historical project management trajectories. We conclude by providing practical insights for those who contemplate undertaking such a journey.
Simulation and process flow of radiation sensors based on chalcogenide glasses for in situ measurement capability
Authors: Ailavajhala Mahesh , Mitkova Maria , Butt Darryl P.
Published: November 2012

In this work we present data about electronic devices based on a planar structure; inert electrode/nanophase chalcogenide glass/inert electrode in close proximity with a source of silver (Ag) oriented laterally over the chalcogenide glass film. The conductivity of the devices changes with radiation and it can be measured by contacting the two inert electrodes. Spacing of the electrodes was chosen after an in‐depth investigation into the electric field (E‐field) and E‐field energy displacement simulations with the aid of COMSOL multi‐physics software. Simulations have been used to enlighten a specific device structure to perform in situ measurements. Bias voltages, inert electrode material and thickness of the films were used as standards for all different types of simulations while only varying the spacing and the geometries to affect the E‐fields. It has been established from the experimental results that a 1 V bias is the most appropriate for the device performance and this is the voltage used in the simulations. The key motivation for this research is to find appropriate dimensions and geometry, which do not cause a change in conduction as a direct result of the applied E‐field, but rather effectively contribute to the establishment of only the radiation induced change of the device conductivity. The process flow for the device fabrication is described and data from the device performance are presented as well. The radiation induced Ag doping is mapped in the device volume using electron dispersion X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reaction wheel fault tolerant control for spacecraft attitude stabilization with finite‐time convergence
Authors: Hu Qinglei , Huo Xing , Xiao Bing
Published: November 2012

The problem of fault tolerant attitude stabilization with finite‐time convergence is investigated for spacecraft with redundant actuators. On the basis of the sliding mode control technique, a robust controller is derived with uncertain inertia parameters, actuator faults, and external disturbances explicitly addressed. It is shown that finite‐time reachability into the small neighborhood of sliding surface, and faster time convergence of attitude orientation are achieved. To address actuator input constraints, an adaptive fault tolerant controller is further proposed. One feature of the proposed strategy is that the design of the fault tolerant control does not require any fault detection and isolation mechanism to detect, separate, and identify actuator faults. The attitude stabilization performance using the controller is evaluated through a numerical example. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
INVERTEBRATE AND FISH ASSEMBLAGE RELATIONS TO DISSOLVED OXYGEN MINIMA IN LOWLAND STREAMS OF SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA
Authors: Justus B. G. , Mize S. V. , Wallace J. , Kroes D.
Published: November 2012

Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in lowland streams are naturally lower than those in upland streams; however, in some regions where monitoring data are lacking, DO criteria originally established for upland streams have been applied to lowland streams. This study investigated the DO concentrations at which fish and invertebrate assemblages at 35 sites located on lowland streams in southwestern Louisiana began to demonstrate biological thresholds.

Average threshold values for taxa richness, diversity and abundance metrics were 2.6 and 2.3 mg/L for the invertebrate and fish assemblages, respectively. These thresholds are approximately twice the DO concentration that some native fish species are capable of tolerating and are comparable with DO criteria that have been recently applied to some coastal streams in Louisiana and Texas. DO minima >2.5 mg/L were favoured for all but extremely tolerant taxa. Extremely tolerant taxa had respiratory adaptations that gave them a competitive advantage, and their success when DO minima were <2 mg/L could be related more to reductions in competition or predation than to DO concentration directly.

DO generally had an inverse relation to the amount of agriculture in the buffer area; however, DO concentrations at sites with both low and high amounts of agriculture (including three least‐disturbed sites) declined to <2.5 mg/L. Thus, although DO fell below a concentration that was identified as an approximate biological threshold, sources of this condition were sometimes natural (allochthonous material) and had little relation to anthropogenic activity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Property rights and international investment in information technology services
Authors: Jandhyala Srividya
Published: November 2012

Many modern information technology services are increasingly being produced in a host country to serve clients in an offshore location. As a result, the internationalization of service functions is beginning to resemble that of their more traditional manufacturing counterparts. This paper examines the role of formal and de facto property rights protection in the offshore location choice of information technology services. I also explore the role of a firm's global subsidiary network and its experience with similar property rights regimes. Using investment data based on 152 firms and their international information service investments between 2002–2006, the empirical results highlight the role of de facto property rights protection and related experience in location choice.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taking industry structuring seriously: A strategic perspective on product differentiation
Authors: Makadok Richard , Ross David Gaddis
Published: November 2012

Given legal impediments to consolidation and collusion, firms often resort to product differentiation to attain market power. This paper provides a formal analysis of product differentiation as a tool for such industry structuring at both the firm and industry level. We examine: how industry structure differs when firms collaborate on their differentiation decisions, and when the profitability of such collaboration is greatest; how an individual firm's differentiation decisions affect subsequent market outcomes under price competition, such as margin, market share, and profit; how mere differentiation differs from a ‘differentiation advantage’; and how changing a firm's differentiation affects its rivals through both positive externalities (by restraining rivalry) and negative externalities (by shifting competitive advantage). Our results have implications for empirical research, strategy theory, and pedagogy.
Die neuen Alkalimetall‐Sulfidoferrate K9[FeIIIS4](S2)S, (K/Rb)6[FeIII2S6], Rb8[FeIII4S10] und K7[FeII/IIIS2]5
Authors: Schwarz Michael , Haas Miriam , Röhr Caroline
Published: November 2012

A series of new potassium and rubidium sulfido ferrates were synthesized from iron and sulfur using elemental potassium and Rb2S as alkali element sources. The structures of all title compounds were determined by means of single‐crystal X‐ray data. Isolated ortho anions [FeIIIS4]5–, together with disulfide and sulfide anions, are the structure elements in K9[FeS4](S2)S (monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 1068.58(2), b = 787.480(10), c = 2372.96(3) pm, β = 102.9670(10)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0325). The diferrates A6[FeIII2S6], among which only the sodium and the cesium salts were known so far, contain dimers of two edge‐sharing [FeS4] tetrahedra. The potassium and the monoclinic form of the rubidium compound (monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 772.50(1)/796.06(5), b = 1251.24(2)/1291.35(8), c = 1002.80(1)/1032.40(6) pm, β = 127.5260(10)/127.163(4), Z = 2, R1 = 0.0356/0.0466) crystallize with the Cs3GaSe3 structure type. The second, orthorhombic form of Rb6[FeIII2S6] is isotypic to the cesium ferrate (orthorhombic, space group Cmca, a = 1884.36(3), b = 695.660(10), c = 1296.09(2) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0220) forming the Ba3AlSb3 structure type. The rubidium ferrate Rb8[Fe4S10] crystallizes with a new structure type (triclinic, space group P$\bar{1}$, a = 744.65(3), b = 851.21(3), c = 1042.77(4) pm, α = 77.990(2), β = 85.244(2) γ = 81.051(2)°, Z = 1, R1 = 0.0537). The structure exhibits novel tetrameres [Fe4S10]8– of edge‐sharing tetrahedra, which represent segments of the well‐known chain compounds A[FeS2]. K7[FeII/IIIS2]5 (monoclinic, space group C2/c, a = 2790.1(3), b = 1153.74(13), c = 720.17(8) pm, β = 102.746(8)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0407) exhibits SiS2 analogous chains of edge‐sharing [FeS4] tetrahedra and contains iron in oxidation states II and III in a 2:3 ratio. This compound is an interesting “intermediate” inbetween the ferrate(III) K[FeIIIS2] and K3[FeII/IIIS2]2, with a 1:1 ratio of FeII:FeIII.
$ \mathcal{N} $ = 2 vacua in generalized geometry
Authors: Graña Mariana , Orsi Francesco
Published: November 2012

Abstract

We find the conditions on compactifications of type IIA to four-dimensional Minkowski space to preserve
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 2 supersymmetry in the language of Exceptional Generalized Geometry (EGG) and Generalized Complex Geometry (GCG). In EGG, off-shell
$ \mathcal{N} $
=2 supersymmetry requires the existence of a pair of SU(2)R singlet and triplet algebraic structures on the exceptional generalized tangent space that encode all the scalars (NS-NS and R-R) in vector and hypermultiplets respectively. We show that on shell
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 2 requires, except for a single component, these structures to be closed under a derivative twisted by the NS-NS and R-R fluxes. We also derive the corresponding GCG-type equations for the two pairs of pure spinors that build up these structures.
A Survey of the Sources of Noise in fMRI
Authors: Greve Douglas N. , Brown Gregory G. , Mueller Bryon A. , Glover Gary , Liu Thomas T. ,   Function Biomedical Research Network
Published: November 2012

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive method for measuring brain function by correlating temporal changes in local cerebral blood oxygenation with behavioral measures. fMRI is used to study individuals at single time points, across multiple time points (with or without intervention), as well as to examine the variation of brain function across normal and ill populations. fMRI may be collected at multiple sites and then pooled into a single analysis. This paper describes how fMRI data is analyzed at each of these levels and describes the noise sources introduced at each level.
Socioeconomic Differences in Multipartner Fertility Among Norwegian Men
Authors: Lappegård Trude , Rønsen Marit
Published: November 2012

This article analyzes male fertility, with a particular focus on multipartner fertility, for cohorts born 1955 to 1984 in Norway. We find that socioeconomically disadvantaged men have the lowest chance of becoming fathers and the lowest likelihood of fathering multiple children in stable unions. Multipartner fertility, on the other hand, is positively associated with both disadvantage and advantage: higher-order birth risks with a new partner are more prevalent among men with low as well as high socioeconomic status. An intervening factor among disadvantaged men may be a higher union dissolution risk, and an elevated risk among advantaged men may be associated with their higher preferences for children and other features that make these men more attractive to women as partners and fathers of future children.
Minimizers of the Willmore functional with a small area constraint
Authors: Lamm Tobias , Metzger Jan
Published: November 2012

We show the existence of a smooth spherical surface minimizing the Willmore functional subject to an area constraint in a compact Riemannian three-manifold, provided the area is small enough. Moreover, we partially classify complete surfaces of Willmore type with positive mean curvature in Riemannian three-manifolds.
Immune factors and fatty acid composition in human milk from river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China
Authors: Urwin Heidi J. , Zhang Jian , Gao Yixiong , Wang Chunrong , Li Lixiang , Song Pengkun , Man Qingqing , Meng Liping , Frøyland Livar , Miles Elizabeth A. , Calder Philip C. , Yaqoob Parveen
Published: November 2012

Breast milk fatty acid composition may be affected by the maternal diet during gestation and lactation. The influence of dietary and breast milk fatty acids on breast milk immune factors is poorly defined. We determined the fatty acid composition and immune factor concentrations of breast milk from women residing in river/lake, coastal and inland regions of China, which differ in their consumption of lean fish and oily fish. Breast milk samples were collected on days 3–5 (colostrum), 14 and 28 post-partum (PP) and analysed for soluble CD14 (sCD14), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, TGF-β2, secretory IgA (sIgA) and fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of breast milk differed between the regions and with time PP. The concentrations of all four immune factors in breast milk decreased over time, with sCD14, sIgA and TGF-β1 being highest in the colostrum in the river and lake region. Breast milk DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) were positively associated, and γ-linolenic acid and EPA negatively associated, with the concentrations of each of the four immune factors. In conclusion, breast milk fatty acids and immune factors differ between the regions in China characterised by different patterns of fish consumption and change during the course of lactation. A higher breast milk DHA and AA concentration is associated with higher concentrations of immune factors in breast milk, suggesting a role for these fatty acids in promoting gastrointestinal and immune maturation of the infant.
Favourable effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles in gestational diabetes: a randomised clinical trial
Authors: Asemi Zatollah , Tabassi Zohreh , Samimi Mansooreh , Fahiminejad Taherh , Esmaillzadeh Ahmad
Published: November 2012

Although gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity, there is no consensus as to the optimal approach of nutritional management in these patients. The present study was designed to assess the effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles of pregnant women with GDM. The present randomised controlled clinical trial was performed among thirty-four women diagnosed with GDM at 24–28 weeks of gestation. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either the control diet (n 17) or the DASH eating pattern (n 17) for 4 weeks. The control diet was designed to contain 45–55 % carbohydrates, 15–20 % protein and 25–30 % total fat. The macronutrient composition of the DASH diet was similar to the control diet; however, the DASH diet was rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy products, and contained lower amounts of saturated fats, cholesterol and refined grains with a total of 2400 mg Na/d. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 4 weeks of intervention to measure fasting plasma glucose, glycated Hb (HbA1c) and lipid profiles. Participants underwent a 3 h oral glucose tolerance tests and blood samples were collected at 60, 120 and 180 min to measure plasma glucose levels. Adherence to the DASH eating pattern, compared with the control diet, resulted in improved glucose tolerance such that plasma glucose levels reduced at 60 ( − 1·86 v. − 0·45 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·02), 120 ( − 2·3 v. 0·2 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·001) and 180 min ( − 1·7 v. 0·22 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·002) after the glucose load. Decreased HbA1c levels ( − 0·2 v. 0·05 %, Pgroup= 0·001) was also seen in the DASH group compared with the control group. Mean changes for serum total ( − 0·42 v. 0·31 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·01) and LDL-cholesterol ( − 0·47 v. 0·22 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·005), TAG ( − 0·17 v. 0·34 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·01) and total:HDL-cholesterol ratio ( − 0·6 (sd 0·9) v. 0·3 (sd 0·8), Pgroup= 0·008) were significantly different between the two diets. Additionally, consumption of the DASH diet favourably influenced systolic blood pressure ( − 2·6 v. 1·7 mmHg, Pgroup= 0·001). Mean changes of fasting plasma glucose ( − 0·29 v. 0·15 mmol/l, Pgroup= 0·09) were non-significant comparing the DASH diet with the control diet. In conclusion, consumption of the DASH eating pattern for 4 weeks among pregnant women with GDM resulted in beneﬁcial effects on glucose tolerance and lipid profiles compared with the control diet.
Age-dependent changes in the ratio of (R)- and (S)-2-butanol released by virgin females of Dasylepida ishigakiensis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Fujiwara-Tsujii N. , Yasui H. , Wakamura S. , Mochizuki F. , Arakaki N.
Published: November 2012

The females of the white grub beetle, Dasylepida ishigakiensis, release two enantiomers of 2-butanol, (R)-2-butanol and (S)-2-butanol. The ratio describing the relative proportions of these two enantiomers (R/S ratio) has not yet been investigated. (R)-2-Butanol has been shown to attract males in laboratory and field experiments, whereas (S)-2-butanol tends to inhibit them. To determine the R/S ratio of the 2-butanol emitted by virgin females, we collected 2-butanol from young (53 days old), mature (63 days old) and old females (73 days old) using water, extracted with an SPME fibre and subsequently injected into GC-MS. The major component of the 2-butanol emitted by the young females was (R)-2-butanol, but as the females aged, the component ratio favoured (S)-2-butanol. Young females released an 80:20 mixture of (R)- and (S)-2-butanol, whereas old females released a 45:55 mixture. The EAG response of male antennae to a 50:50 ratio (racemic mixture) showed a similar dose-response curve to that of (R)-2-butanol. The male orientation responses to (R)-2-butanol decreased when the relative proportion of (S)-2-butanol increased. An inhibitory and/or masking effect of (S)-2-butanol on male orientation behaviour was also observed in the flight tunnel assay. These results suggest that males are more strongly attracted to young females than to old females. We also discuss the possibility of using 2-butanol isomers as a control or monitoring agent for this insect.
‘Time-Sense’: Railways and Temporality in Colonial India
Authors: PRASAD RITIKA
Published: November 2012

This paper traces the establishment of standardized railway time in colonial India between 1854 and 1905, and explores how the colonized—as passengers and population—negotiated the temporal re-structuring introduced through railways. Millions were affected by the process through which the time of a single meridian was selected as an all-India railway time, and gradually deemed civil time, continuing even today as Indian Standard Time. The paper explores everyday responses to this dramatic change in ‘time-sense’ engendered through railways, both as speedy transport and as standardized time. This allows for a historical analysis of how individuals and societies deal in practice with abstract technological transformations, and of how colonized populations have navigated the modernizing intervention of imperialist states. It argues that the ways in which the population of colonial India accepted, contested, and appropriated the temporal standardization instituted through railways and railway time challenged imperial policies determined by reified presumptions of metropolitan versus colonial ‘time-sense’. Since these responses were often analogous to how people and societies across the globe were responding to temporal standardization, they disrupt imperial strategies that used time-sense to locate colonized populations outside of History, in effect excluding them from their own present. They thus serve to materially de-stabilize a narrative of colonial time-lag and to reclaim the historical present as a time in which the colonizer and colonized exist contemporaneously. Consequently, they reconfigure modernity as an experiential rather than as a normative historical present.
Revisiting prehistoric sites in the Göksu valley: a GIS and social network approach
Authors: Bikoulis Peter
Published: November 2012

Using a variety of quantitative approaches, interactions between prehistoric sites in the Göksu valley and south-central Anatolia are modelled within their wider multi-regional and diachronic socio-economic networks to assess the prominence and influence of communities in south-central Anatolia from the Late Chalcolithic to the end of the Early Bronze Age (c. 4200–2000 BC). Since the 1950s, some have understood the valley as significant in terms of movement and communication through the Taurus mountain chain that divides the southern Anatolian plateau from the Mediterranean coast. This view is called in to question through the application of geospatial and computational methods, namely least cost pathway and social network analyses. Archaeologists use least cost pathway analysis to model movement in the past. Similarly, social network analysis is used to model contact and interaction in the past. The approach adopted in this paper seeks to combine the two methods to investigate social structure and the nature of interaction in late prehistoric south-central Anatolia. The results suggest that views of the Göksu valley as the primary or a prominent means of connecting the southern Anatolian plateau and the Mediterranean coast may need to be reassessed.
The house of Tarkondimotos: a late Hellenistic dynasty between Rome and the East
Authors: Wright Nicholas L.
Published: November 2012

Despite its regional hegemony over eastern Kilikia and a prominent role in three Roman civil wars, the house of Tarkondimotos has maintained little more than a shadowy existence on the fringe of historical accounts of the first centuries BC to AD. This paper collates the biographical and relational data of all known or conjectured members of the Tarkondimotid dynasty and its court, and places them within a historical context.
A monument of early Byzantine Sardis: architectural analysis and graphic reconstruction of Building D
Authors: Karydis Nikolaos D.
Published: November 2012

Sardis constituted a major urban centre during the early Byzantine period, an era marked by the gradual transformation of the city into a Christian metropolis. From the fourth to the sixth century AD, Sardis maintained an important commercial, industrial and administrative role that sustained high-quality monumental construction. Yet, the major architectural types that emerged during this crucial period in the centre of the early Christian city are largely unknown to us. The unexcavated remains of the monument known as ‘Building D’ offer the best opportunity to shed light on this enigmatic aspect of the history of the city. Indeed, these remains display a late fourth century reused inscription as well as construction details typical of the early Byzantine period. They also lie in what must have been a central area of the city during this time. At first sight, this building seems hopelessly dilapidated and largely inaccessible. Still, the current paper demonstrates that a closer examination of the fabric of Building D reveals invaluable clues for its original form and function. This new exploration of the building includes the graphic recording, careful analysis and interpretation of the remains, thus providing the evidence required for the first substantiated reconstruction of a major part of the monument. The exploration reveals the articulation and structure of the primary load-bearing elements, as well as the form of the enormous vaulted canopy that covered one of the most imposing and towering spaces of early Byzantine Sardis. The article uses this reconstruction as a basis for the identification of those architectural features that help to interpret the function of the building, its role in the development of late antique Sardis as well as its position in the evolution of early Byzantine architecture in western Asia Minor.
Comparison of prevalence estimation ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisinfection by sampling slaughtered cattle with macroscopic lesionsvs.systematic sampling
Authors: ELZE J. , LIEBLER-TENORIO E. , ZILLER M. , KÖHLER H.
Published: November 2012

The objective of this study was to identify the most reliable approach for prevalence estimation ofMycobacterium aviumssp.paratuberculosis(MAP) infection in clinically healthy slaughtered cattle. Sampling of macroscopically suspect tissue was compared to systematic sampling. Specimens of ileum, jejunum, mesenteric and caecal lymph nodes were examined for MAP infection using bacterial microscopy, culture, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. MAP was found most frequently in caecal lymph nodes, but sampling more tissues optimized the detection rate. Examination by culture was most efficient while combination with histopathology increased the detection rate slightly. MAP was detected in 49/50 animals with macroscopic lesions representing 1·35% of the slaughtered cattle examined. Of 150 systematically sampled macroscopically non-suspect cows, 28·7% were infected with MAP. This indicates that the majority of MAP-positive cattle are slaughtered without evidence of macroscopic lesions and before clinical signs occur. For reliable prevalence estimation of MAP infection in slaughtered cattle, systematic random sampling is essential.
Adopting and implementing nutrition guidelines in recreational facilities: tensions between public health and corporate profitability
Authors: Olstad Dana Lee , Raine Kim D , McCargar Linda J
Published: November 2012

Objective

Little is known about how public entities can partner with industry to achieve public health goals. We investigated industry's perspective of factors that influenced their adoption and implementation of voluntary, government-issued nutrition guidelines (Alberta Nutrition Guidelines for Children and Youth, ANGCY) in recreational facilities.

Design

In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were analysed using directed content analysis.

Setting

Food services in recreational facilities.

Subjects

Seven managers from industry participated; five from companies that had adopted and implemented the ANGCY (adopters) in recreational facilities and two from companies that had not (non-adopters).

Results

Industry views nutrition guidelines through the lens of profitability. Non-adopters were unwilling to implement the ANGCY for fear of sacrificing short-term profitability, whereas adopters adhered to them in an attempt to position themselves for long-term profitability. Adopters faced barriers including few resources, no training, complex guidelines, low availability of and demand for ANGCY-compliant products, competitive pressures and substantial declines in revenue. Managers believed widespread voluntary adoption of the ANGCY was unlikely without government incentives and/or a mandate, as the environmental context for voluntary action was poor. All managers supported government-mandated implementation of the ANGCY to level the playing field upon which companies compete.

Conclusions

Public–private partnerships in recreational facilities can embrace public health goals in the short term, provided industry perceives potential for long-term financial gain. Widespread uptake of voluntary nutrition guidelines in this setting is unlikely, however, as market mechanisms do not encourage industry to sell and promote healthier options. Government legislation may therefore be warranted.
Correlation between the Grain Orientation Dependence of Color Etching and Chemical Etching
Authors: Bonyár Attila , Szabó Peter J.
Published: November 2012

A gray cast iron specimen was investigated by color and chemical etching with optical and atomic force microscopy, and the effect of grain orientation on the effectiveness of etching was examined. It was proven that the grain orientation dependence of chemical and color etching is just the opposite, and that the specimen surface after color etching is not uniformly smooth. Explanation for the layer structure of the color etched iron specimen is given.
Curiosity rover surveys Martian atmosphere and geology
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

Three months after its dramatic landing on the surface of Mars, NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), known as Curiosity, is beginning to produce a variety of initial results, scientists reported at the Geological Society of America meeting in Charlotte, N. C., on 5 November. Curiosity landed on 6 August 2012 in Gale Crater, an impact crater 155 kilometers in diameter. During the next 2 years, the mission will characterize the geologic setting and search for signs of past habitable conditions. Curiosity project scientist John Grotzinger of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) noted that Curiosity's instruments have begun sampling the Martian atmosphere. On 2 November, NASA announced that the mission's first atmospheric measurements had not detected any clear evidence of methane in the Martian atmosphere.
Tales of quakes and consequences garner 2012 AGU journalism awards
Authors: Weiss Peter
Published: November 2012

When a court last month convicted seismologists of wrongdoing for how they characterized earthquake risk in the weeks preceding a deadly 2009 temblor in the city of L'Aquila, Italy, the verdict shocked scientists around the world. More than a year before that judgment came down, freelance reporter Stephen S. Hall had explored the legal case and its implications for scientists and for society in an article published in the 15 September 2011 issue of Nature. Because of the deep and compelling way in which Hall reported on the case, AGU in July chose Hall as the 2012 winner of the Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism ‐ Features. Remarkable coverage of an earthquake also stood out for judges of the other of this year's AGU journalism honors: the 2012 David Perlman Award for Excellence in Journalism ‐ News. Also in July, AGU selected a team at The Washington Post, including two staff writers, Brian Vastag and Steven Mufson, and the Post's graphics staff, to receive the Perlman Award for their superb reporting on the unusual 5.8 magnitude earthquake that shook the Washington, D. C., region in August 2011.
Studying dynamics of soil moisture patterns
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

Soil moisture variations in space and time are important to the hydrological cycle. To better understand the dynamics of the various factors affecting soil moisture patterns, Rosenbaum et al. conducted a comprehensive study in the small Wüstebach catchment in Germany, using a wireless sensor network to monitor soil moisture with high temporal and spatial resolution and broad coverage. They found large variations in spatial soil moisture patterns, which depended on soil depth and catchment wetness. Soil moisture patterns also changed seasonally and during single wetting and drying episodes. The authors showed how soil moisture variations are controlled by a wide range of factors including soil properties, topography, vegetation, groundwater, and rainfall. (Water Resources Research, doi:10.1029/2011WR011518, 2012)
Temporal variations of geyser water chemistry in the Upper Geyser Basin, Yellowstone National Park, USA
Authors: Hurwitz Shaul , Hunt Andrew G. , Evans William C.
Published: November 2012

Geysers are rare features that reflect a delicate balance between an abundant supply of water and heat and a unique geometry of fractures and porous rocks. Between April 2007 and September 2008, we sampled Old Faithful, Daisy, Grand, Oblong, and Aurum geysers in Yellowstone National Park's Upper Geyser Basin and characterized temporal variations in major element chemistry and water isotopes (δ18O, δD, 3H). We compare these temporal variations with temporal trends of Geyser Eruption Intervals (GEI). SiO2 concentrations and geothermometry indicate that the geysers are fed by waters ascending from a reservoir with temperatures of ∼190 to 210°C. The studied geysers display small and complex chemical and isotopic seasonal variations, and geysers with smaller volume display larger seasonal variations than geysers with larger volumes. Aurum and Oblong Geysers contain detectable tritium concentrations, suggesting that erupted water contains some modern meteoric water. We propose that seasonal GEI variations result from varying degrees of evaporation, meteoric water recharge, water table fluctuations, and possible hydraulic interaction with the adjacent Firehole River. We demonstrate that the concentrations of major dissolved species in Old Faithful Geyser have remained nearly constant since 1884 despite large changes in Old Faithful's eruption intervals, suggesting that no major changes have occurred in the hydrothermal system of the Upper Geyser Basin for >120 years. Our data set provides a baseline for monitoring future changes in geyser activity that might result from varying climate, earthquakes, and changes in heat flow from the underlying magmatic system.
Turbidite paleoseismology in the Calabrian Arc Subduction Complex (Ionian Sea)
Authors: Polonia A. , Panieri G. , Gasperini L. , Gasparotto G. , Bellucci L. G. , Torelli L.
Published: November 2012

The Calabrian Arc subduction system is part of the Africa–Eurasia plate boundary, is one of the most seismically active regions in the Mediterranean Sea, and has been struck repeatedly by destructive historical earthquakes. In this study, we investigate the effects of historical earthquakes on abyssal marine sedimentation through the analysis of the turbidite record. We collected gravity cores in tectonically controlled basins where the eastern Mediterranean pelagic sequence is interbedded with resedimented units. Textural, micropaleontological, geochemical, and mineralogical signatures reveal three turbidite events in the last millennium. We dated the turbidite sequences from two different cores using different radiometric methods, whereas the average time interval between successive turbidite beds was estimated from pelagic sediment thickness and sedimentation rates; chronologies were refined through age modeling that provided age ranges (2σ) of each turbidite bed. The results suggest that turbidite emplacement was triggered by three historical earthquakes recorded in the area (i.e., the 1908, 1693, and 1169 events); their magnitude, epicentral location, and associated tsunamis support causative faults located in the Ionian Sea. The source for all the turbidites, as inferred from their mineralogy, is the metamorphic basement outcropping in southern Calabria and/or northeastern Sicily. Turbidite composition and cable breaks for the 1908 event have been used to infer likely traveling paths and seismogenic faults in the subduction system. Our findings suggest that Ionian Sea turbidites represent more than 80% of sedimentation and may be seabed archives of paleo‐earthquakes capable of reconstructing seismicity back in time, during several earthquake cycles.
Extreme precipitation patterns and reductions of terrestrial ecosystem production across biomes
Authors: Zhang Yongguang , Susan Moran M. , Nearing Mark A. , Ponce Campos Guillermo E. , Huete Alfredo R. , Buda Anthony R. , Bosch David D. , Gunter Stacey A. , Kitchen Stanley G. , Henry McNab W. , Morgan Jack A. , McClaran Mitchel P. , Montoya Diane S. , Peters Debra P.C. , Starks Patrick J.
Published: November 2012

Precipitation regimes are predicted to shift to more extreme patterns that are characterized by more heavy rainfall events and longer dry intervals, yet their ecological impacts on vegetation production remain uncertain across biomes in natural climatic conditions. This in situ study investigated the effects of these climatic conditions on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) by combining a greenness index from satellite measurements and climatic records during 2000–2009 from 11 long‐term experimental sites in multiple biomes and climates. Results showed that extreme precipitation patterns decreased the sensitivity of ANPP to total annual precipitation (PT) at the regional and decadal scales, leading to decreased rain use efficiency (RUE; by 20% on average) across biomes. Relative decreases in ANPP were greatest for arid grassland (16%) and Mediterranean forest (20%) and less for mesic grassland and temperate forest (3%). The cooccurrence of heavy rainfall events and longer dry intervals caused greater water stress conditions that resulted in reduced vegetation production. A new generalized model was developed using a function of both PT and an index of precipitation extremes and improved predictions of the sensitivity of ANPP to changes in precipitation patterns. Our results suggest that extreme precipitation patterns have substantially negative effects on vegetation production across biomes and are as important as PT. With predictions of more extreme weather events, forecasts of ecosystem production should consider these nonlinear responses to altered extreme precipitation patterns associated with climate change.
Membrane nanotubes in myeloid cells in the adult mouse cornea represent a novel mode of immune cell interaction
Authors: Seyed‐Razavi Yashar , Hickey Michael J , Kuffová Lucia , McMenamin Paul G , Chinnery Holly R
Published: November 2012

Membrane nanotubes (MNTs) are newly discovered cellular extensions that are either blind‐ended or can connect widely separated cells. They have predominantly been investigated in cultured isolated cells, however, previously we were the first group to demonstrate the existence of these structures in vivo in intact mammalian tissues. We previously demonstrated the frequency of both cell–cell or bridging MNTs and blind‐ended MNTs was greatest between major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II+ cells during corneal injury or TLR ligand‐mediated inflammation. The present study aimed to further explore the dynamics of MNT formation and their size, presence in another tissue, the dura mater, and response to stress factors and an active local viral infection of the murine cornea. Confocal live cell imaging of myeloid‐derived cells in inflamed corneal explants from Cx3cr1GFP and CD11ceYFP transgenic mice revealed that MNTs form de novo at a rate of 15.5 μm/min. This observation contrasts with previous studies that demonstrated that in vitro these structures originate from cell–cell contacts. Conditions that promote formation of MNTs include inflammation in vivo and cell stress due to serum starvation ex vivo. Herpes simplex virus‐1 infection did not cause a significant increase in MNT numbers in myeloid cells in the cornea above that observed in injury controls, confirming that corneal epithelium injury alone elicits MNT formation in vivo. These novel observations extend the currently limited understanding of MNTs in live mammalian tissues.
Rapid purification of ribosomal particles assembled on histone H4 mRNA: a new method based on mRNA–DNA chimaeras
Authors: Prongidi-Fix Lydia , Schaeffer Laure , Simonetti Angelita , Barends Sharief , Ménétret Jean-François , Klaholz Bruno P. , Eriani Gilbert , Martin Franck
Published: November 2012

Detailed knowledge of the structure of the ribosomal particles during their assembly on mRNA is a prerequisite for understanding the intricate translation initiation process. In vitro preparation of eukaryotic translation initiation complexes is limited by the rather tricky assembly from individually purified ribosomal subunits, initiation factors and initiator tRNA. In order to directly isolate functional complexes from living cells, methods based on affinity tags have been developed which, however, often suffer from non-specific binding of proteins and/or RNAs. In the present study we present a novel method designed for the purification of high-quality ribosome/mRNA particles assembled in RRL (rabbit reticulocyte lysate). Chimaerical mRNA–DNA molecules, consisting of the full-length mRNA ligated to a biotinylated desoxy-oligonucleotide, are immobilized on streptavidin-coated beads and incubated with RRL to form initiation complexes. After a washing step, the complexes are eluted by specific DNase I digestion of the DNA moiety of the chimaera, releasing initiation complexes in native conditions. Using this simple and robust purification setup, 80S particles properly programmed with full-length histone H4 mRNA were isolated with the expected ribosome/mRNA molar ratio of close to 1. We show that by using this novel approach purified ribosomal particles can be obtained that are suitable for biochemical and structural studies, in particular single-particle cryo-EM (cryo-electron microscopy). This purification method thus is a versatile tool for the isolation of fully functional RNA-binding proteins and macromolecular RNPs.