bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphoprotein gene of peste des petits ruminants virus: unsuitable for lineage determination
Authors: Pradhan Subhasree , Thangavelu A. , Srithar A. , Senthilkumar T.M.A. , Kirubaharan J. John
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of isoflurane (ISO) and sevoflurane (SEVO) anesthesia on coagulation parameters in dogs. A total of 12 dogs were used in the study in two groups as ISO(n = 6) and SEVO(n = 6), which were brought to the clinic for ovariohysterectomy. Premedication was performed by the intravenous administration of 0.3 mg/kg midazolam, followed by 5 mg/kg intravenous bolus propofol infusion. This was followed by 1.5% ISO administration in the ISO group and 2% sevoflurane administration in the SEVO group for anesthesia maintenance. Before anesthesia, prothrombin time (PT), active partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen (FIB) level were measured at the 0th minute before anesthesia, at the 15th and 30th minutes during anesthesia, and at the 0th minute and the 1st hour after anesthesia. It was observed that the changes in TT, PT, APTT, and FIB level with time were not significant in the ISO and SEVO groups. It was determined that the changes in TT between the measurements in groups at the 30th minute during anesthesia and 0th minute after anesthesia were statistically significant (P less than 0.05)
Genetic variability, character association and genetic divergence in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) accessions
Authors: Mitra Monisha , Gantait Saikat , Kundu Rajib
Published: May 2019

Present investigation was conducted in 31 groundnut accessions to assess genetic divergence, characters association involving 13 quantitative characters and path coefficients in order to identify superior accessions exhibiting higher genetic diversity. Number of pods/plant, secondary branches, kernel width, and pod yield displayed a higher level of coefficient of variation both at phenotypic and genotypic level. Genetic advance with higher heritability indicated preponderance of additive variance for pod length, pod yield, and number of pods/plant. Number of secondary branches, kernel width, pod length, and number of pods/plant revealed significant positive correlation with pod yield. Path coefficient analysis revealed exertion of high positive direct effects on pod yield through pod length, kernel width and number of pods/plant. Cluster analysis exhibited substantial diversity among 31 accessions forming 13 clusters. Two clusters [X (two accessions) and XII (one accession)] showed the largest distance, which suggests hybridization between these accessions to achieve high level of heterosis for further exploitation. Five accessions viz., TAG-24, TG-69, ICGV-02005, TG-73 and TG-80 were identified as the most divergent for future use.
The Relationship Between Patients' Safety-Related Behaviors and Safety Events and Patient Experiences in Korean Hospitals
Authors: Hwang Jee-In , Kim Sung Wan , Chin Ho Jun
Published: May 2019

Background and Purpose

There is increasing interest in patient participation in healthcare aimed at enhancing safety. The purposes of this study were to examine levels of patients' safety-related behaviors and to determine their relationships with safety events and care experiences.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 360 patients in two tertiary general hospitals in Korea. The final dataset consisted of 341 patient responses. A questionnaire was developed to collect information concerning patients' safety-related behaviors, care experiences, and the occurrence of safety events. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

On average, patients participated in 10.0 (SD 5.4) safety-related behaviors. Sixty-five (19.1%) patients reported experiencing at least one adverse event related to medical management. The mean problem score for care experience was 39.4 (SD 27.8) out of 100.0. Multiple logistic analysis showed that patients with adequate health literacy and higher activation levels were more likely to have high safety-related behavior participation levels. High participation in safety-related behaviors was negatively associated with the occurrence of safety events. However, no significant relationship was found between patient participation and the total problem scores for care experience.

Implications for Practice

These findings suggest that efforts to support patients with limited health literacy and low activation levels are needed to facilitate patient participation. Active participation in safety-related behaviors can contribute to improving patient safety.
The “Side Effects” of HIV PEP Use: Forced Reflections and Introspections on Sexual Decision-Making
Authors: O'Byrne Patrick , Orser Lauren , Jacob Jean Daniel
Published: May 2019

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HIV prevention involves giving antiretroviral medications to HIV-negative people to prevent seroconversion after HIV exposure. Available literature suggests this intervention is >80% effective. Accordingly, we implemented a nurse-led PEP program in two sexually transmitted and HIV testing clinics. As part of evaluating this project, we undertook semistructured interviews with participants who accessed PEP to understand their experiences. Twelve men participated: all were HIV-negative males who sought PEP for condomless anal sex with men. Unique to this article is the presentation of the participants' descriptions of the “side effects” they experienced. Notably, the main side effect they described related to emotional distress. Simply put, having to take a medication for 28 days forced reflection and introspection on their sexual decision-making. We feel HIV prevention workers should consider this emotional reaction when designing interventions, and ensure they provide adequate preparation and support to patients.
Fennema - Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales: Adaptaition to Turkish Culture
Authors: TAKUNYACI Mithat , MASAL Ercan , MASAL Melek , ERGENE Özkan , ERDEN Kübra
Published: May 2019

The aim of this study is to adapt the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales developed by Fennema and Sherman in 1976 to Turkish language and culture. Data were collected from 1123 middle-school students and 967 high-school students a in order to adapt the scale to Turkish culture. The scale was first translated from its original version in English to Turkish by three linguists, and then the translation was revised upon consultation with two domain experts and one measurement and evaluation expert. None of the scale items were discarded during these stages. The construct validity of the Turkish translation of the scale was examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis was conducted using Item Analysis, Cronbach’s Alpha, internal consistency coefficient, and split-half correlation. Exploratory factor analysis and reliability calculations were conducted on SPSS 20.0, and the confirmatory factor analysis calculations were conducted on the Lisrel 8.7 software package. Following the validity and reliability studies, the scale is composed of nine subscales and 108 items as in the original form. As a result of the adaptation of the Fennema-Sherman Mathematics Attitude Scales, a valid and reliable scale suitable for Turkish and Turkish cultures was obtained.
Organization of rairoad storage-retrieval systems
Authors: Titova Tamila , Pokrovskaya Oksana
Published: May 2019

Objective: To develop a conceptually basic framework for organizing railroad storage-retrieval systems. Methods: Analytical method was applied. Results: A brief analysis of literature references, dedicated to the problems of organizing transportation process by means of railroad transport, was carried out. The conceptual framework of storage-retrieval systems was justified. It was demonstrated that the delivery system might be regarded as a storage-retrieval system. Features of scientific novelty as well as aspects of practical application of the results were pointed out. Conceptual content of the suggested storage-retrieval delivery system of highly-profitable freight for integrated transport and logistic customer service was described. Typical charts of organizing transportation process with the use of storage-retrieval systems were developed and displayed in graph form. A mathematical economic model designed to assess the structure of terminal network was presented. Efficiency of the model in question was studied through the example of the Novosibirsk transportation hub. Parameters of freight delivery were calculated by the principle “from a logistical object to a logistical object” according to the current chart and those being developed. The results of conducted calculations for the current logistical object, located at the station K, were presented in figures and comparative tables according to different delivery options. Calculation data of economic efficiency of the proposal showed that OAO Russian Railways will restore the profit lost from client attrition, that command the services of private logistical objects in places of uncommon use, by means of generating its own terminal network for handling a range of unitized cargo at baseline freight stations and providing clients with a wide range of additional services. Practical importance: Application of proposals in OAO “Russian Railways” transport and logistical business will make it possible to improve cost-effectiveness of Russian Railways Holding Company operation by developing client-centeredness and integrity of the implemented service.
Overview of the route public transport mathematical models
Authors: Gorbachev Alexey
Published: May 2019

Objective: To survey international and domestic experience of building mathematical models for timetable and schedule presentation. Methods: The analysis of applicability of the current international experience in transport management in the sphere of public route transport was carried out. It particularly concerned scheduling for ex-USSR countries. Results: The necessity to develop special-purpose mathematical models of route public transport schedule was justified. The schedule models in question being serviceable under the limitations of current technology-based standards and traffic management restrictions in Russia. Practical importance: Implementation and development of domestic intelligence systems, designed to organize the management of public route transport operation, is of great relevance for economic development of the country.
From the conceptual analysis experience: free associative experiment
Authors: Grigorieva Irina V. , Tumanova Aynakul B.
Published: May 2019

The study is devoted to the conceptual analysis description using the experimental method. We present a brief overview of key concepts: conceptual analysis, conceptual stages of analysis, free associative experiment. The results of the research experience of the concept “steppe” are indicated. The actual materials for the study were direct associations of respondents. During the conducted study we use the following methods and techniques: survey, observation, quantitative and statistical method, descriptive method, methods of generalization and systematization, etc.
Scientific terms in Arseny Tarkovsky’s poetic lexicon
Authors: Voronova Tatyana A.
Published: May 2019

This research is devoted to the linguistic aspect of Arseny Aleksandrovich Tarkovsky’s lyrics. We have considered such an uncharacteristic for the poetic text lexical layer as scientific terminology, which in the poems of Arseny Tarkovsky is not a single phenomenon. In linguistics, terminological vocabulary is usually referred to the category of unambiguous words that do not allow for double interpretation. However, in the space of a poetic text, the scientific term often loses its uniqueness, acquires additional semantic shades and figurative meanings, and becomes the author’s original metaphor. The aim of the study is to analyze the semantic transformations and increments acquired by scientific terms in the poetic works of Arseny Tarkovsky, as well as the comparison of the identified meanings with the original meaning of these terms. We consider the single terms, as well as terminology and phraseology. In most of the poetic texts we have chosen for analysis, there is a semantic transformation or metaphorization of terms within a holistic figurative context. Changes that we reveal in the semantics of terminological vocabulary constitute the elements of an integral poetic system. Interpretation of a particular lexical unit, as well as understanding the reasons for its appearance in the text, often requires the involvement of information of an autobiographical nature.
M.A. Bulgakov and V.E. Meyerhold: to the poetics of the avant-garde form “upside down theatre” and the erotic reception of the French theatre “nude”
Authors: Kolchanov Vladimir V.
Published: May 2019

In this study we analyze allusion from the novel by M.A. Bulgakov “The Fatal Eggs”, which, according to most literary critics, see the relations between M.A. Bulgakov and V.E. Meyerhold. Meanwhile, the theatrical avant-garde form of “upside down theatre” and the erotic reception of the French theater “nude”, denoted in it, say the opposite. They point to the political and social and public atmosphere that denies them, which is developing in the era of J.V. Stalin’s knocking together of the indisputable sample of the imperial spectacle. While indulging the tastes of the leader to be printed, M.A. Bulgakov uses sarcasm and hints that the further development of the experimental, constructivist theater will lead to the “brilliant revolutionary-artist” (S.S. Mokulsky) to impending death.
MICROBIAL PATTERN AND ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT DR. SOETOMO HOSPITAL, SURABAYA
Authors: A.A.W. I Wayan Putra , Irwanto Irwanto , Dharmawati Ira , Setyaningtyas Arina , Puspitasari Dwiyanti , Wahyu Agung Dwi , Kuntaman Kuntaman
Published: May 2019

Gram-negative bacterial are known as common pathogen caused infection in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Microbial Pattern and Antibiotic Susceptibility are needed as clinical data for selected appropriate antibiotic therapy. In PICU Dr. Soetomo hospital until now still lacking of Microbial Pattern and Antibiotic Susceptibility data. This descriptive study is to recognized Microbial Pattern and Antibiotic Susceptibility in PICU patients from blood, urine, sputum, stool, cerebrospinal fluid, endotracheal tube, pus swab and pleural fluid culture specimens. Patients whose admitted into PICU without signs of infections were excluded from the study. The inclusion criteria are patients with sign infection as follows: fever < 36,5°C or > 37.5°C, leukocyte < 4000/mm3 or > 10000/mm3, marker infections CRP >10 mg/L or PCT >0,3 ng/mL, bradycardia or tachycardia, tachypnea, infiltrates on chest X-ray, turbid urine, dysuria, thrombophlebitis, abdominal pain or tenderness, and mucous or skin lesion. Medical record data from 2011 to 2016, revealed 1138 patients had positive microbial culture result, wherein positive result came from blood 44.46%, urine 19.15%, sputum 11.59%, stool 8.96%, cerebrospinal fluid 7.50%, endotracheal tube 4.04%, pus swab 2.89%, and pleural fluid 1.41%. The microorganisms found in PICU Dr. Soetomo was dominated with gram negative bacteria. Commonest bacterial that recognized from blood was B. cepacea, urine was E. coli, sputum was P. aeruginosa, Stool was E. coli, Cerebrospinal fluid was S. cohnii, endotracheal tube was K. pneumoniae ESBL, pus swab was S. aureus, and pleural fluid was S. maltophilia. Both gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria isolates revealed multiple drug resistance to commonly used antibiotic, but still had good susceptibility for antibiotic such as; amikacin, cefoperazone-sulbactam, linezolid, vancomycin and carbapenem group.
DETECTION OF TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR- (TNF- ) GENE PROMOTERS POLYMORPHISM AMONG LIVER CIRRHOSIS PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IN SURABAYA, INDONESIA
Authors: Wungu Citrawati Dyah Kencono , Amin Mochamad , Ruslan S. Eriaty N. , Purwono Priyo Budi , Kholili Ulfa , Maimunah Ummi , Setiawan Poernomo Boedi , Lusida Maria Inge , Soetjipto Soetjipto , Handajani Retno
Published: May 2019

Polymorphisms in TNF-α gene promoter region are known of its role in the production of TNF-α which may influences the pathogenesis of liver disease. SNPs in positions 238 and 308 of TNF-α gene promoters may affect the production of these cytokines. This study was aimed to detect Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) on -238 and -308 positions in the TNF-α gene promoter among liver cirrhosis patients with HBV infection in Surabaya, Indonesia. This was descriptive exploratory research with cross sectional study design using serum liver cirrhosis patients with HBV infection in Endoscopy Outpatient Clinic Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya from April-May 2017. SNPs at -238 and -308 on TNF-α gene promoter (rs361525 and rs1800629 respectively) were detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) with primers specific for the TNF-α promoter region and restriction enzymes NcoI and MspI. The genotypes of TNF-α gene promoter were assessed according to the length of the fragments produced in RFLP. Serum TNF-α levels was measured by commercial ELISA. In this study, as much as 149 positive HBsAg patients was found in Endoscopy Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya. From those amount, as much as 30 liver cirrhosis patients with positive HBsAg were obtained. From 2/30 (6.7%) patients showed the GA heterozygote SNP either position -238 or -308. No patient had the AA genotype. Median blood TNF-α level in women (38 ng / L) was higher than in men (33 ng / L). TNF-α levels in patients with GA heterozygote genotype at -238 and -308 in this research was not different than wild-type (GG genotype). Among patients with liver cirrhosis due to chronic HBV infection in Surabaya, Indonesia, Surabaya, we found GA polymorphisms the TNF-α promoter gene at positions -238 and -308 in 6.7% patients, and did not find homozygous AA polymorphisms. Further studies including larger numbers of patients from various ethnic backgrounds in Indonesia are needed to provide robust data on TNF-α gene promoter polymorphisms and their role in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis with HBV infection in this country.
Pulmonary nodules volumetry. Variability in Results After Manual Correction of Contours
Authors: Rozengauz E. V. , Nesterov D. V. , Al’derov Z. A. , Korablin N. M.
Published: May 2019

Objective. To study variability of volumetric of the pulmonary nodules volumetry after manual correction of their contours.

Material and methods. Twenty-seven nodules uncircumscribed from the vascular structures and pleura were selected. A linear regression model was used to investigate the impact of the size of a nodule, the area of its contact with the adjacent structures on variability in results.

Results. The linear regression model based on contact area and nodule size can correctly predict volumetry variability.

Conclusion. Even after manual segmentation volumetry remain suitable method for size assessment of lung nodules. Segmentation should be made with the same person because of significant difference of interobserver and intraobserver variabilities.
Looking for Fracturing Sand That is Cheap and Local
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: May 2019

Proppant buyers insist on the “lowest cost for an appropriate sand.” That assessment was offered by Hayden Gillespie, president and chief operating officer of Black Mountain Sand, one of the mining companies that has driven down sand prices by building sand mines within a couple of hours’ drive from where it is used.

Cheap sand is easy to find in the Permian Basin, where regional sand mines have glutted the market. Nearby suppliers have an unbeatable price advantage over distant mines, which not long ago produced most of the sand used for propping fractures.

Appropriate is harder to define. The rules are changing as customers try new mixes of sand size and find that production data does not support many of the old standards.

In the Eagle Ford, oil companies are using sand size ranges that stretch the traditional API size specifications beyond recognition (Fig. 1). Rather than using old standards such as 40/70 mesh—the biggest grains must fit through a screen of 40 wires per inch, and the smallest cannot go through a screen of 70 wires per inch—they are using 40/140, where minimal sifting is required. Fracturing sand buyers still have needs, but they vary.

“I believe until all the companies are merged into one there will be different ideas” about how to get the most out of the local geology, said Mike Fleet, executive vice president for mining operations for Vista Proppant and Logistics.

The challenge for proppant suppliers is matching customer desires with the sand they mine.  

“Vista has a hand-in-hand relationship with our customers,” Fleet said. The goal is to give them what they need, but “we can only do what mother nature puts in the ground,” he said.

Vista’s biggest mine, which is near Fort Worth, Texas, delivers grains ranging from mid-sized (40/70) to unusually small grains that it calls 200 mesh, via its logistics network to customers in Texas and Oklahoma. Vista also has in-basin mines in the Permian Basin, it is building its first mine in Oklahoma, and it is looking for a location for a mine in the Eagle Ford, said Chris Favors, vice president for business relations at Vista.

In the South Texas play, the competition includes mines selling low-cost options. such as 40/140. This product contains most of the finer grain sand dug up from local pits, with processing to remove clay and fine dirt.

The approach is more like the original river sand mined for the first fractures rather than products sold with grains within the strict size limits set by API standards. Gillespie describes his sand as a “coarse 100 mesh.” It mixes some larger grains with 100-mesh sand.

ConocoPhillips has long experience in the Eagle Ford and has done extensive testing there to evaluate completions, including one of the only research projects that collected core samples of fractured rock around a well (URTeC 2670034). Based on its well performance analysis, it is open to offers on new proppant specifications.
Technology Focus: Intelligent Operations (May 2019)
Authors: Hudson John
Published: May 2019

Technology Focus

When I was a chemical engineering student, my cohort joked about the relative merits of McCabe-Thiele and Ponchon-Savarit (graphical distillation design methods) and which of these they liked better. Perhaps as a petroleum engineering student, you did the same with Horner and Blasingame. While still useful for understanding the basic physics behind design, by the 1990s, actual equipment design and performance assessments already were being performed typically by increasingly sophisticated computer programs. These programs would eventually invert problems such as these, from one in which the performance of a design is demonstrated to one in which an optimization problem is specified and then iterated to find the best design. The movement away from graphical design methods to physics-based modeling was an inflection point with profound effects—for example, pilot plants mostly disappeared while confidence in engineering outcomes dramatically improved.

We are approaching a similarly profound inflection point. Many of the advances that will drive this transition have already happened, such as bandwidth and computing costs dropping to almost nothing with access becoming nearly universal, sensors becoming plentiful and the information they provide increasingly rich, and business models changing from a buy/own/use approach to an everything-as-a-service model. Business opportunities now no longer wait for needed technology, but they may be limited by the rate at which we adapt our processes and culture.

In recent years, we have seen that the papers highlighted in this section have detailed corporate aspirations, science projects that pointed to the potential of coming technologies, and early proofs of concepts and case studies highlighting learnings. As you read the examples in this section, you will see that a change is already under way in that the methods that are being used are increasingly not oil-and-gas-specific but instead follow patterns that are being used in other industries that are perhaps a bit further into the transformation.

It is my hope that these examples will challenge and inspire. If you are an academic, will your students be ready to practice the transformed work flows that are coming? If you are a provider, are you anticipating how your services will evolve and take advantage of other emerging services? For the operator, are you evolving your capabilities, developing your staff, and working closely with the right partners to position your future success?

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org .

SPE 192627 Digitalization of a Giant Field—The Rumaila Story by Yaser Salman, Rumaila Operating Organisation, et al.

SPE 190827 Field-Scale Production Optimization With Intelligent Wells by Osho Ilamah, Nexen, et al.

SPE 189808 Data-Based Smart Model for Real-Time Liquid-Loading Diagnostics in Marcellus Shale Through Machine Learning by Amir Ansari, West Virginia University, et al.
Machine Learning Optimizes Duvernay Shale-Well Performance
Authors: Feder Judy
Published: May 2019

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 189823, “Machine Learning Applied To Optimize Duvernay Well Performance,” by Braden Bowie, SPE, Apache, prepared for the 2018 SPE Canada Unconventional Resources Conference, Calgary, 13–14 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

This paper discusses how machine learning by use of multiple linear regression and a neural network was used to optimize completions and well designs in the Duvernay shale. The methodology revealed solutions that could save more than $1 million per well and potentially deliver an improvement in well performance of greater than 50%. The work flow described rigorously analyzes the relationships between a significant number of well-completion variables, predicts results, and performs optimizations for ideal outcomes. The work flow is not Duvernay-specific and can be applied to other basins and formations.

Introduction

A fundamental problem for machine learning in many industries is that a responding variable is controlled not by one but by a number of predictor variables. Inferring the relationship between the responding variable and the predictor variables is of key importance. Interactions between predictor variables and noise in the data complicate matters further. This problem can be solved with multiple linear regression or a neural network, both of which use all of the predictor variables together. However, care must be taken to obtain a model that is truly predictive and not merely a result of overfitting the data.

In unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, well performance generally is characterized either at the well level by detailed technical work such as rate-transient analysis, microseismic, and other techniques or at the field level by statistical methods with ranges for production performance. Refinement of this statistical interpretation generally involves normalizing for only one or two key parameters, such as lateral length or tonnage. Additionally, wells usually are grouped or excluded entirely from the population for various reasons, such as substandard completion design. This introduces bias in the selected wells and reduces the sample size. As a result, this approach is limited to the key variables identified and the bias introduced by the well population selected.

The idea of using a neural network has been executed successfully in the past to optimize completions. However, data sets were limited. Recently, the use of machine learning has grown substantially by integrating more variables in the analysis, which reduces reservoir uncertainty.

The goal of the work flow described in the complete paper is to improve on previous methodology by rigorously and statistically refining estimates for well performance without excluding wells and to recommend which variables are and are not influencing well performance. The goal was accomplished through machine learning in the form of a multiple linear regression and a neural network, comparing the results from both.
Technology Focus: Multilateral and Complex-Trajectory Wells (May 2019)
Authors: Aadnøy Bernt S.
Published: May 2019

Technology Focus

When students ask me about the most important way to maximize recovery, my answer is long directional wells. These wells have revolutionized the oil industry and are drilled under conditions never imaginable years ago. One outstanding example is the Troll field in Norway. The field consists of large, very thin reservoirs, down to 30 ft thick, which are drained by multibranch horizontal wells with horizontal departures approaching 18,000 ft. Not only have many drilling challenges been overcome, but also, from a production perspective, the wells are equipped with intelligent technology such as autonomous gas stop to maintain the pressure drive for the oil. Initially of no commercial interest because of a lack of technology, this field has been a very important driver for the current state of the art for long horizontal wells. Troll has been Norway’s largest oil producer in recent years. This has been made possible by the development of long-horizontal-well technology.

The oil industry is currently undergoing a technological transformation that will add value, improve processes, and reduce cost. Future drilling engineers will have knowledge of robotics, automation, and organizational efficiency, which is highly appealing for recruitment. A prerequisite for this step change is the industry’s high level of technology.

The selected papers address various aspects of horizontal wells. A field case of how to plan and drill through highly depleted reservoirs is given in paper OTC 28517. Three depleted zones must be penetrated before drilling into the untapped reservoir with a low drilling margin. This is a good example of drilling an extended-reach well using an integrated approach between various disciplines. Another example is given in paper SPE 191436, which shows how a complex U-shaped well path from old wells can be used to obtain good reservoir exposure to drain depleted wells further. Equipment is continuously improved, and paper SPE 189947 presents new ultrasonic technology to evaluate the state of multilateral junctions.

SPE 191271 Extended-Reach Wells in Unconsolidated Sands in Bolivia by Gabriel Dordoni, Pluspetrol Bolivia

OTC 28971 Correlation of Numerical Simulation and Digital-Image-Correlation Strain Measurements for a Multilateral Junction While Subjected to High Internal Pressure by Aihua Liang, Halliburton, et al.

SPE 192672 Wireline Tractor Conveyance—A Technology Game Changer for the Gulf of Thailand by Sarunya Jongnarungsin, Mubadala Petroleum, et al.
Technology Focus: Cementing and Zonal Isolation (May 2019)
Authors: DeBruijn Gunnar
Published: May 2019

Technology Focus

Cementing and zonal isolation are critical through the life cycle of the well. As I read through the cementing papers that were presented this year, I observed discussions on cementing and zonal isolation during drilling, completion, and abandonment activities.

I am encouraged that we, as an industry, continue to refine and tweak our practices to solve zonal-isolation and cementing challenges in every well environment in which we work. Numerous papers not included here target improving cementing applications. Discussions about the mitigation of losses, low-density slurries, foam-cement slurries, spacer design, centralizer programs, expanding agents, flexible cement, and the management of narrow pressure margins are spread throughout SPE conferences. As cementing techniques are improved, so, too, are the cement-evaluation methods and work flows. The proof of zonal isolation is important to many, including resource owners, operators, regulators, land owners, and other stakeholders.

As we drill longer extended-reach and horizontal wells, we continue the quest for zonal isolation using new technologies. Paper SPE 191561 discusses the mitigation of mud channels in horizontal wells drilled with nonaqueous drilling fluids. Academia has been experimenting and investigating placement practices. Recommended additional reading paper SPE 191989 explores the balance of buoyancy and eccentricity in both regular and irregular geometries.

Another technology that is becoming more prevalent is the use of managed-pressure drilling, which leads to the need to understand managed-pressure cementing (MPC). Recommended additional reading paper SPE 191344 provides a case study for the use of MPC in both riserless mud recovery and con-trolled mud level applications.

Abandonment is the final zonal-isolation activity in the well life cycle. The application of alternate materials continues to be discussed in all of our conferences. Paper SPE 193118 demonstrates the use of bismuth and thermite as an abandonment material. Paper SPE 191607 discusses the activation (and proof) of shales for zonal isolation. And finally, recommended additional reading paper SPE 191335 provides insight into the ultimate objective of cement-plug integrity.

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org .

SPE 191989 Displacement Efficiency for Primary Cementing of Washout Sections in Highly Deviated Wells by Alondra Renteria, University of British Columbia, et al.

SPE 191335 Cement Plug Hydraulic Integrity—The Ultimate Objective of Cement Plug Integrity by Axel-Pierre Bois, CURISTEC, et al.

SPE 191344 Experience Using Managed-Pressure Cementing Techniques With Riserless Mud Recovery and Controlled Mud Level in the Barents Sea by E. Claudey, Enhanced Drilling, et al.

SPE 193965 Caprock Restoration in Well Abandonment: Fit-for-Purpose Well-Abandonment Design Through Work Flow Optimization and Integrated Assessment by Jing Zhi Kueh, Petronas, et al.
As Exciting as Watching Scale Grow: Real-Time Observations Generate New Control Ideas
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: May 2019

Anne Neville wants engineers to look at scale buildup differently. A pipe-clogging buildup of calcium carbonate is not simply the product of reactions in a chemical stew found in a hot, pressured space to the professor at the University of Leeds.

The factors controlling how and where scale grows into a problem are also a function of how fast the gas and fluids are moving, whether the flow is smooth or turbulent, and critically, the surface at the edge of the flow.

A rough surface is more likely to allow scale to take hold and an oil coating can limit calcium carbonate scale, as can corrosion competing for surface space. Coatings on the pipe have an effect depending on differences that can be microscopic.

As the director of the Institute of Functional Surfaces at the university’s engineering school, Neville is upfront about an obsession with every little detail related to surfaces, from new steel in the ground to the top of scale growth.

“The word we keep coming back to is surface, surface, surface,” Neville said during the keynote speech at the SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. Her message at the recent meeting in Galveston, Texas, was that in the future those managing scale growth will consider many more variables.

There is value in classic lab tests designed to measure which crystals form—clear glass jars are filled with water, scale-creating components, and perhaps a chemical designed to inhibit growth.

But other testing will be needed because the environment in a glass jar cannot replicate the effect of all the surfaces that can alter growth in a well.

“When I predict scale I want to know what kind of things make things grow and what things predict how it grows,” Neville said.

To do so, the institute has developed devices to observe and measure the growth of scale crystals as it is happening. High-power magnification and ultrasensitive scales are used to quantify the results.

The institute’s 75 scientists are interested in a range of topics beyond scale on surfaces, including lubrication, developing new coatings, and studying corrosion.

Neville said rust provides a benchmark for the scale study work. While there are rules of thumb to estimate the rate of corrosion, there are no similar formulas for scale.

With flow assurance problems such as calcium carbonate buildup, the answer depends on many variables, including competition from rust for a place on the surface.

Things To Consider

Researchers are looking for answers at institutions around the world. A paper by scientists from the Institute of Functional Surfaces summarizing recent advances in the understanding of scale growth offered three pages of citations.

Much of this work is fundamental research, which commonly is delivered with the warning that further work is likely to complicate early findings.

Rough surfaces encourage scale development, but some are more welcoming than others. Multiple theories have been offered to explain why molecules thrive on irregular surfaces, at least when viewed under magnification.
Sero-epidemiology of rubella in Zambia in the pre-vaccination period (2005 – 2016) as baseline for evaluation of introduction of rubella vaccine into the national immunization program
Authors: Mazaba Mazyanga Lucy , Siziya Seter , Monze Mwaka , Cohen Daniel
Published: May 2019

Background

Rubella is highly under-reported in Zambia as in most sub-Saharan countries despite being a disease of major public health concern especially among women of childbearing age. In September 2016, Zambia introduced a combined measles-rubella vaccine in children aged 0-14 years. In this study, we estimated the rubella sero-prevalence and its correlates between 2005 and 2016, a period prior to the introduction of Measles-Rubella vaccine in Zambia to provide baseline reference data for the future evaluation of its impact.

Methods

In a retrospective study, serum samples collected through the national measles surveillance program that tested negative for measles were examined for rubella IgM antibodies using the Siemens, Enzygnost® ELISA kit at the national measles laboratory accredited by WHO. Data on age, sex, province, year and month of onset were extracted from the surveillance data. Logistics regression analysis was conducted to determine independent predictors of rubella infection.

Results

Overall, a sero-prevalence of 29.2% (1313/4497) affecting mostly those between 5 and 24 years was determined. Logistics regression results indicated that only age, province, year and month were independently associated with rubella infection. The regional sero-prevalence varied from 21.8 – 37.3% peaking in the hot dry month of October. Logistics regression indicated that those in the age group 10-14 years (AOR=2.43; 95% CI [2.01 - 2.95]) were more likely while those aged <1 year less likely (AOR=0.31; 95% CI [021 - 0.48]) to have rubella compared to those aged 25 years or older. Persons in 2010 were less likely (AOR=0.12; CI [0.05, 0.28]) to have rubella infection compared to those in 2016. While rubella infections were more likely to occur between July and November compared to December, they were less likely to occur between February and May.

Conclusions

There is evidence that rubella virus was circulating in Zambia between 2005 and 2016 affecting more females than males and persons in the age group 5-24 years with a peak in the hot dry season. It is recommended that immunisation campaigns be targeted in months of lower virus transmission between February and May and in a situation of limited resources to those aged 5-24 years.
A case of a 49-year-old woman with IgG4 anti-Neurofascin155 antibody-positive CIDP in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: He Linlu , Chen Xiu , Lin Huan , Yuan Ping
Published: May 2019

Background CIDP (chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy) is an autoimmune disorder of peripheral nervous system, causing demyelination and even axonal degeneration. Recently, anti- Neurofascin155 (NF155) antibody-positive CIDP began to cut a figure. This is a special type of CIDP that progressively worsen and predominantly involving distal limbs. IgG4 anti- NF155 antibody-positive CIDP combining serum with CSF in clinical is very rare. The article displayed the clinical practice to evoke the diagnosis of IgG4 anti- NF155 antibody-positive CIDP in front of the disabling tremor and ataxia. We described a rare clinical disorder of IgG4 anti- NF155 antibody-positive CIDP with reviewing some of literatures. Case presentation A 49-year-old woman presented with an evaluation of weakness, numbness and a little ache of all her limbs for half a year. She revealed ataxia, intention tremor and wide-based gait. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) results showed the noticeably elevated protein level without pleocytosis. The findings of peripheral nerve conduction（NCV）indicated marked prolongation of distal and F-wave latencies which conformed to demyelinating polyneuropathy. And her spinal MRI illustrated a thickened right nerve root of sacrum 1-2. IgG4 NF155 antibodies of serum together with CSF were positive by indirect immunofluorescence based on NF155 transfection cells. A high-dosage mythylprednisolone pulse followed by oral prednisolone improved her symptoms. Conclusion Disabling tremor, ataxia, younger onset age, high protein levels in CSF, marked prolongation of distal and F-wave latencies, the roots or plexus of neck and lumbosacral nerves thickening on MRI, and poor response to IVIg may consider as biomarkers of IgG4 anti- NF155 antibody-positive CIDP.
Switchgrass Forage Yield and Compositional Response to Phosphorus and Potassium
Authors: Ashworth A. J. , Moore P. A. , King R. , Pote D. H. , Douglas J. L. , Jacobs A. A. , Pratt E.
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas

Recommended P and K rates are largely unknown for native grasslands.

Switchgrass requires low levels of P and K in a two‐cut forage system.

There are limited forage quality gains from P and K fertilizers.

Nitrogen is a more limiting nutrient in switchgrass forage systems on marginal soils.

Finite nutrients, including P and K, are required in large quantities for many warm‐season forages. However, native perennial grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) have less of an affinity for fertilizers, although recommended P and K rates are largely unknown. Objectives were to test switchgrass forage yield response to P and K rates representative of warm‐season forages and identify compositional impacts for developing switchgrass forage fertilizer recommendations. Switchgrass cv. Alamo was subjected to two harvests per year after applications of 0, 28, 56, 112, and 224 kg P ha−1, and split applications of 0, 134, 269, 404, and 538 kg K ha−1 yr−1, from 2014 to 2016. Two sets of controls were used, a “nutrient control” (0 P and K with supplemental rates of N and S) and a “control” (no fertilizer). Harvest timing (first or second cuts) did not influence (P ≥ 0.05) P or K removal or forage yields. For all study years, the control (no supplemental fertilizer) resulted in substantially lower (P ≤ 0.05) yields than the nutrient control, meaning yield did benefit (44 and 49% increases) from supplemental nutrient applications. Therefore, minimal P and K inputs are required for a yield response, as there were very few detectable yield increases beyond the lowest tested application rates (134 kg K ha−1 and 28 kg P ha−1). Results indicate P and K are required in low amounts and that N is a more limiting nutrient in switchgrass forage systems on marginal soils of the southeast.
Short‐Term Improvement in Soil Physical Properties of Cultivated Histosols through Deep‐Rooted Crop Rotation and Subsoiling
Authors: Thériault Laura , Dessureault‐Rompré Jacynthe , Caron Jean
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas

Short rotations showed small hydraulic conductivity improvement the year of rotation.

Effects vanished the year after termination of the rotational crops.

Pore continuity appears to be disrupted by tillage operations.

The formation of a compacted layer in cultivated organic soils reduces water infiltration and can lead to the formation of a perched water table. To test the hypothesis that integrating deep‐rooted crops in a short‐term rotation could improve soil physical properties, a 3‐yr trial was conducted on two Histosols. A lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) control and three crops combinations—corn (Zea mays L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and a mix of tillage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.)—were planted for 2 yr, on subsoiled and not subsoiled plots. Then, lettuce was reintroduced on all plots the third year of the experiment. Measurements of soil penetration resistance (SPR), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks and Kfs), water table level, and matric potential were performed over time. Kfs improved in the compacted layer during the second year of the rotation compared with the lettuce control. Subsoiling improved SPR, Ks, and Kfs in some cases. Once tillage was used to reestablish lettuce in the third year, those effects disappeared quickly (<3 mo), likely due to tillage. No treatment differences in water table levels or soil matric potentials were observed at that time, indicating that the short‐term increase in Kfs did not improve deep drainage. Despite short‐term changes in the top horizons, the general drainage pattern was controlled mainly by the deeper organic layers rather than the shallow compacted layer originally identified.
Corn Era Hybrid Nutrient Concentration and Accumulation of Secondary and Micronutrients
Authors: Woli Krishna P. , Sawyer John E. , Boyer Matthew J. , Abendroth Lori J. , Elmore Roger W.
Published: May 2019

Core Ideas

We compared 1960‐ and 2000‐era hybrid secondary and micronutrient accumulation and partitioning.

Nutrient concentrations were mostly lower for 2000‐ than 1960‐era hybrids.

Whole plant and fraction nutrient content were generally greater for 2000‐era hybrids.

Greater nutrient content in modern hybrids was driven by increased overall plant growth.

Studies are limited that focus on change in concentration and accumulation of secondary and micronutrients in corn (Zea mays L.) plant fractions and across corn hybrid development periods. This research was conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the partitioning of secondary and micronutrients across vegetative and reproductive stages at the plant‐fraction level for 1960‐ and 2000‐era hybrids. Two popular hybrids for each era were grown, with measurement of nutrient concentration and content in several plant and grain fractions. Secondary and micronutrient concentrations in plant fractions were lower in 2000‐ than 1960‐era hybrids with most nutrients, except ear shoots and tassels for certain nutrients. However, nutrient content was consistently greater in 2000‐ compared to 1960‐era hybrids in the whole plant and fractions at most development stages, except tassels and ear shoots. In tassels, nutrient content was mostly smaller in 2000‐era hybrids, but in ear shoots content was similar. The accumulation rates of most nutrients per growing degree day (GDD) were greater in the reproductive period for 2000‐era hybrids, but similar among eras in the vegetative period. Remobilized nutrients from vegetative to reproductive components were similar between era hybrids, except Ca and Fe, and positive except Fe, Mn, and B. It is apparent that greater nutrient content in newer hybrids was driven mainly by associated nutrient uptake rates and greater dry matter (DM). Despite the greater nutrient content with the modern hybrids, removal with grain or stover harvest would still be small for S and micronutrients.