bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geoffrey Vickers and a systemic approach to globalization
Authors: Blunden Margaret
Published: July 2005

Geoffrey Vickers' insights, more than a quarter of a century ago, into key dynamics of globalization derive from his application of systems thinking to social and political systems, and in particular his appreciation of the systemic nature of human history. Vickers, an isolated voice at the time, was among a small number of scholars insisting on the importance of culture, as a major factor in human experience, domestic stability and conflict. Following the end of the Cold War, the potential for cultural conflict within and between countries has become obvious. Before the term globalization was in current usage, Vickers identified one of its central dynamics, the tension between homogenization and localization. A stable future depended, he argued, on sustaining a pattern of different cultures: richer, small and varied, yet complementary enough to make possible their symbiosis on a crowded planet. The nation state, which like all systems needed to have sufficient coherence to enable it to act effectively in its environment, continued to be of key importance. Vickers argued that stability within and between states, and between states and their natural environment, would require much increased levels of regulation at both national and international levels. Thus, increasing constraints on individual autonomy were needed if impending threats to human survival were to be avoided. Vickers' insights and powers of prediction are important, not just as a historical curiosity, but as a distinguished illustration of the value of systems thinking for the understanding of global affairs. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tenth Oxford Conference Organized by the Oxford International Biomedical Centre (OIBC)
Authors: Grzywna Zbigniew J. , Michalec Anna
Published: July 2005

A series of events organized at Mansfield College and Magdalen College School by Oxford International Biomedical Centre from March 29th to April 1st 2004, is reported. There were more than 60 active participants (speakers, moderators and discussants) plus the general audience. A special programme for the group of five youngsters from developing and restructuring countries, for the first time in the 10 years history of OIBC conferences, was also run.
TrkB signaling regulates the developmental maturation of the somatosensory cortex
Authors: Lush Mark E. , Ma Long , Parada Luis F.
Published: July 2005

In the rodent central nervous system, the region of the cortex that responds to facial whisker stimulation is anatomically segregated into discrete regions called barrels. Each barrel is made up of layer IV cortical neurons that receive input from a separate whisker via innervation from the thalamus. It has been shown that neurotrophins play important roles in the development and plasticity of thalamic axon innervation into the visual and retrosplenial cortex. We now extend those findings to the investigation of the role of neurotrophin signaling in barrel cortex formation. We show that the neurotrophin receptor TrkB is expressed in the thalamus and cortex during the time of cortical innervation. The two TrkB ligands, brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin‐4 (NT‐4), are expressed in the cortex at this time. Mice lacking TrkB demonstrate a developmental delay in the segregation of thalamic axons within barrels. In TrkB mutants, thalamic axons are abnormally uniform within layer IV of the cortex at postnatal day 4 compared to their control littermates, but show clear segregation into barrels 2 days later. This phenotype is recapitulated in BDNF mutant mice, but not in NT‐4 mutant mice. These results demonstrate that BDNF is the sole TrkB ligand responsible for this phenotype. Analysis of conditional knockout mice that lack TrkB within the cortex, and not the thalamus, does not show a delay in thalamic axon segregation. These results indicate that TrkB expression in thalamic axons is important for the appropriate timing of barrel cortex development.
Age‐related oxidative protein damages in central nervous system of rats: modulatory role of grape seed extract
Authors: Balu Muthaiya , Sangeetha Purushotham , Murali Ganesan , Panneerselvam Chinnakannu
Published: July 2005

Oxidative stress has been shown to play a major role in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Protein modification is one of the important consequences of oxidative stress. In the present study, we evaluated the role of grape seed extract on memory, reactive oxygen species production, protein carbonyls (PCO), and thiol status in discrete regions of central nervous system of young and aged rats. Male albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into four groups: Group I—control young rats, Group II—young rats treated with grape seed extract (100 mg/kg BW) for 30 days, Group III—aged control rats and Group IV—aged rats supplemented with grape seed extract (100 mg/kg BW) for 30 days. Memory loss was observed in the aged rats. Age associated increase in reactive oxygen species production and protein oxidation was observed in the spinal cord; cerebral cortex, striatum and the hippocampus regions of aged rats (Group III). The levels of total thiol, non‐protein thiol, protein thiols were found to be significantly decreased in spinal cord and all the brain regions studied in aged rats when compared to young rats. Supplementation of aged rats with grape seed extract showed increased memory performance and declined reactive oxygen species production, decreased protein carbonyl levels and improved thiol levels. These findings demonstrated that grape seed extract enhanced the antioxidant status and decreased the incidence of free radical induced protein oxidation in aged rats thereby protecting the central nervous system from the reactive oxygen species.
The Hoàng Lê Nhât Thông Chí and Historiography of Late Eighteenth-Century Ðai Viêt
Authors: Dutton George
Published: July 2005

The Hoàng Lê nhât thông chí is an indispensable text for the study of late eighteenth-century Vietnamese history and especially the Tây So'n uprising. Its influence on subsequent historiography, however, has often been overlooked. This article examines the text, its content and genre, and demonstrates its historiographical impact on both nineteenth-and twentieth-century histories of the Tây So'n period.
The Emergence of Technological Development and the Question of Native Identity in the Netherlands East Indies
Authors: Moon Suzanne
Published: July 2005

This article examines the emergence of twentieth-century technological development policies in the Netherlands East Indies from broader welfare policies formulated in the nineteenth century. Identity became particularly important in policymaking as officials disputed whether differences between Javanese and European culture could explain why the Javanese did not flourish under colonial rule, and whether encouraging Javanese to become more like Europeans would solve ‘Native’ welfare problems. Technical experts, whose development projects would increasingly define what a ‘developed’ Native would be, became crucially important players in debates about ‘Europeanizing’ the indigenous people.
A COURTLY LOVER AND AN EARTHLY KNIGHT TURNED SOLDIERS OF CHRIST IN MACHAUT'S MOTET 5
Authors: Maurey Yossi
Published: July 2005

The tenor occupies a special role in vernacular motets of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries: not only does it underpin the melodies of the upper voices contrapuntally, it also provides intellectual and interpretative undergirding for the texts of these pieces. The biblical or liturgical context of a tenor, drawing on well-understood exegetical and literary traditions, often facilitates an allegorical reading of the upper voices, and vice versa. Because of the foundational nature of the tenor within the Ars nova motet in particular, the identification of the exact musico-liturgical sources of this voice, where possible, is of special significance. While the origins of most of Machaut's twenty-one Latin tenors have been identified, the tenor of one work, Motet 5 (Aucune gent/Qui plus aimme/ T. Fiat voluntas tua, hereafter M5), is alleged to have a most unusual source. I offer new observations about the tenor of M5 that emphasise certain compositional procedures congruent with Machaut's practice in writing his motets and may tie together the various secular and sacred references in the piece.
‘AL GIOCO SI CONOSCE IL GALANTUOMO’: ARTIFICE, HUMOUR AND PLAY IN THE ENIGMI MUSICALI OF DON LODOVICO AGOSTINI
Authors: Stras Laurie
Published: July 2005

In 1571 and 1581, the Ferrarese cleric-musician Don Lodovico Agostini published two books each containing, amongst other pieces, a group of madrigals cryptically notated as musical puzzles, advertised as enigmi musicali on their title pages. The enigmi are aptly named; no doubt the composer would have delighted in the doppiosenso, or double entendre, inherent in the term, for they are musical riddles in both a formal and a metaphorical sense. Their content and their very existence in print pose an intriguing array of questions beyond the obvious enquiries regarding the identifying characteristics of the genre and the identity of their composer. Certainly, the enigmi musicali invite speculation about the nature of music as a pastime in late sixteenth-century courtly Italy. Agostini's enigmi musicali are secular, polyphonic vocal works, but they cannot be classed simply as madrigals, nor are they representative of so-called lighter genres of villanelle or canzonette. They exist somewhere on the fringe of the repertoire, with a specific character that reaches in towards the (to us) more familiar forms of Italian secular music, but that also reaches out to and overlaps with other spheres of play and philosophical engagement. So where may the enigmi be placed within the wider compass of early modern social recreation, and what factors might have motivated their composition and their use? Furthermore, if we accept them as evidence of some sort of collective diversion, how are they intended to amuse – are they humorous or cerebral, or both?
EUNUCHI CONJUGIUM: THE MARRIAGE OF A CASTRATO IN EARLY MODERN GERMANY
Authors: Frandsen Mary E.
Published: July 2005

Although the castrato played a central role in seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century musical life, he occupied a position at the margins of early modern society. As a consequence of the surgical alteration of his body and the superior musical training that he received as compensation for his ‘acquiescence’ in that act, he found himself navigating a path through a bifurcated world. For him, the surgery had both public and private consequences: while society would publicly celebrate his vocal virtuosity, it would also circumscribe his private activities, and withhold from him the right to marry, or to enjoy an intimate relationship with a woman. As he soon realised, the realities of his special status meant that many of those who would revel in his phenomenal vocal abilities would also ridicule him as effeminate and as a sexual misfit, and would accuse him, ironically, of possessing a voracious sexual appetite that rendered him a threat to women. When he travelled north to work in German-speaking societies, particularly those in which the Lutheran confession held sway, that simple migratory act instantly compounded the number of those qualities that contributed to his ‘Otherness’: while in his homeland his standing as an emasculate and a musician already set him apart from others, in Lutheran regions, his status as a foreigner, an adherent of an outlawed (and highly suspect) confession, and a member of a privileged group that moved in the rarefied atmosphere of the local court all served to intensify his marginality.
Sprache und Denken: Neue Argumente und Befunde zu einem alten Thema
Authors: Schweizer Karin , Erdfelder Edgar
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Artikel präsentiert einen Überblick über mehrere neuere Beiträge zum Themenkreis “Sprache und Denken“ sowie über Theo Herrmanns einschlägige Arbeiten. Anders als die meisten Debatten der Vergangenheit - jedoch im Einklang mit dem Ansatz Theo Herrmanns - thematisieren die hier zusammengefassten Beiträge das Verhältnis von Sprache und Denken in bidirektionaler Perspektive: Einflüsse der sprachlichen Einbindung einer Information auf dadurch angestoßene Denkprozesse werden ebenso angesprochen wie umgekehrt Einflüsse von Denkprozessen und der Repräsentation von Wissen auf das Verständnis und auf die Produktion sprachlicher Äußerungen. Die berichteten Befunde belegen die Einflüsse der Sprache auf das Denken im Sinne eines linguistischen Relativismus, und sie demonstrieren zugleich die große Bedeutung konzeptgetriebener Verarbeitungsprozesse beim Sprachverstehen. Insgesamt zeigen sie damit, dass Theorien der Sprachrezeption und Sprachproduktion, die vor- oder nachsprachliche Denkprozesse ausklammern, zu kurz greifen.
Sprachverarbeitung: Theorienkonkurrenz oder Gegenstandsflexibilität?
Authors: Groeben Norbert
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Es werden Theorienkonkurrenzen aus der Geschichte der Sprachverarbeitungspsychologie thematisiert und analysiert. An Beispielen aus den Bereichen modulare Sprachverarbeitung, propositionale vs. mentale Modelle und wörtliche vs. figurative Bedeutung wird argumentiert, dass es sich um unechte Theorienkonkurrenzen handelt, die für die fast unbegrenzte Flexibilität des sprachlichen Gegenstandes sprechen.
Psychologische Aspekte der Allergischen Rhinitis
Authors: Kaspers Frank A.
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund und Fragestellung: Die allergische Rhinitis ist die häufigste atopische Erkrankung, ihre Prävalenz scheint stetig zuzunehmen. Wie bei anderen chronischen Erkrankungen ist ein Einfluss psychischer Faktoren auf das Krankheitsgeschehen wahrscheinlich. Methode: Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit stellt Befunde aus 70 Jahren Forschung zur Psychologie der allergischen Rhinitis zusammen. Diese werden in ein Gliederungsraster integriert, das die Einordnung biopsychosozialer Bedingungsfaktoren erlaubt und die Manifestation auf verschiedenen Verhaltens- und Erlebensebenen berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen: Krankheitsverhalten, Laienstörungskonzepte, Neurotizismus und psychophysiologische Stressreaktivität stellen psychologische Aspekte dar, die zur Chronizität der Erkrankung und zur subjektiven Beeinträchtigung beitragen. Es besteht in diesem Bereich noch erheblicher Forschungsbedarf.
Konsumhäufigkeit von Cannabis als Indikator für biopsychosoziale Belastungen bei Schweizer Jugendlichen
Authors: Brodbeck Jeannette , Matter Monika , Moggi Franz
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Biopsychosoziale Korrelate von niederfrequentem Cannabiskonsum werden in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Fragestellung: Ab welcher Konsumhäufigkeit von Cannabis zeigen sich bei Adoleszenten Unterschiede in biopsychosozialen Belastungen gegenüber Nichtkonsumenten? Methodik: In einer Fragebogenerhebung wurden 5 448 16-18-jährige Schweizer Jugendliche untersucht. Ergebnisse: Bereits ab einer Konsumhäufigkeit von 1-3× pro Monat stand Cannabiskonsum in Zusammenhang mit häufigerem täglichen Tabakkonsum, häufigerem Alkoholkonsum, mit mehr körperlichen Beschwerden und mehr psychosozialen Belastungen. Frauen wiesen ab monatlichem Konsum eine negativere Lebenseinstellung und ab einer Konsumhäufigkeit von 1-2× pro Woche eine erhöhte Depressivität auf. Schlussfolgerung: Bereits monatlicher Cannabiskonsum ist ein Indikator für höhere biopsychosoziale Belastungen und sollte im Hinblick auf gegebenenfalls umfassendere Interventionen weiter abgeklärt werden.
Psychometrische Argumente für die Verwendung untransformierter Skalenwerte im Inventar zur Erfassung interpersonaler Probleme (IIP-D)
Authors: Becker Peter , Mohr Andrea
Published: July 2005

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Im Manual des Inventars zur Erfassung interpersonaler Probleme (IIP-D) wird die Verwendung ipsatierter Skalenwerte empfohlen, weil dadurch der Einfluss eines vermuteten Störfaktors eliminiert werde. Fragestellung: Sollten Testanwender dieser Empfehlung folgen oder besser untransformierte Skalenwerte verwenden? Methode: 129 Erwachsene beantworteten das IIP-D sowie das Trierer Integrierte Persönlichkeitsinventar (TIPI). Es wurden Faktorenanalysen berechnet und die Reliabilitäten und Validitäten der untransformierten und ipsatierten IIP-D-Skalenwerte vergleichend gegenübergestellt. Ergebnisse: Die internen Konsistenzen, die auf ipsatierten Werten basieren, liegen deutlich niedriger als diejenigen ausgehend von untransformierten Werten. Eine Faktorenanalyse der untransformierten Werte liefert einen ersten Faktor “Gesamtmaß interpersonaler Probleme“, der hoch mit Neurotizismus und bedeutsam mit Introversion und Unverträglichkeit korreliert. Zwei weitere Faktoren entsprechen dem Circumplexmodell des interpersonalen Verhaltens in einer rotierten Variante. Schlussfolgerungen: Die ermittelten psychometrischen Befunde und ein klinisches Fallbeispiel sprechen für die Verwendung untransformierter Werte.
Polar cap size during 14–16 July 2000 (Bastille Day) solar coronal mass ejection event: MHD modeling and satellite imager observations
Authors: Rastätter L. , Hesse M. , Kuznetsova M. , Sigwarth J. B. , Raeder J. , Gombosi T. I.
Published: July 2005

This study investigates the development of the polar cap area as simulated by global magnetohydrodynamic models of the Earth's magnetosphere during the 14–16 July 2000 (Bastille Day) event. Around 1440 UT on 15 July, a magnetic cloud hit the magnetosphere and in the following hours high levels of activity in the magnetosphere and ionosphere were driven by the frequent changes in solar wind conditions. We compare the size of the polar cap (region of open magnetic field lines) as computed with two MHD models (UCLA‐GGCM and BATSRUS) with observation data obtained from the IMAGE and Polar satellites. The two models in general reproduce the changes of the polar cap size that are seen by the satellite imagers. The range of modeled polar cap sizes, however, is limited to about 50–80% of the size range seen by the imagers and the shapes of the polar caps sometimes differ considerably among the models and compared to the observations. We found that a smoothing of solar wind parameters occurs, suggesting that solar wind inputs are stored in the magnetospheric system over a certain “memory” timescale. Cross‐correlations are computed between smoothed solar wind input and the time history of the resulting polar cap size. Modeled magnetospheric “memory” timescales are estimated to be less than 12 min, whereas the satellite image data suggest a timescale of more than 20 min. The driver of magnetospheric activity in the models was found to be the Bz (north‐south) component of the solar wind magnetic field and to a lesser degree, the Akasofu ε parameter which is closely related to Bz but is also influenced by the solar wind velocity Vx and magnetic field By. N, Vx, and Pdyn ∝ NVx2 show some degree of anticorrelation with observed polar cap sizes, but anticorrelations are barely significant for polar caps computed from either model. Memory timescales and reaction time delays could be derived from some of the parameters within the limits of statistical significance of the correlation coefficients.
Nonlinear inertial and kinetic Alfven waves
Authors: Dubinin E. , Sauer K. , McKenzie J. F.
Published: July 2005

A two‐fluid (multifluid) model is used to study nonlinear kinetic (inertial) Alfven waves (solitons, oscillitons, periodic waves). The stationary wave dispersion equation yields the range of the wave speeds in which solitary waves are possible. Kinetic Alfven waves propagating almost perpendicular to the magnetic field exhibit a maximum of the phase speed (a positive dispersion followed by a negative one) which modifies the properties of solitons. At velocities greater than the maximum phase speed, soliton structure exists containing an oscillating core. Such structures, called oscillitons, also exist for other wave modes whose dispersion curves (ω − k) have an inflection point, e.g., the magnetoacoustic (whistler) mode, which gives rise to an extremum in the phase velocity. In a multifluid approach for a bi‐ion plasma, the main properties of oscillatory kinetic Alfven and magnetoacoustic waves are similar to those in a proton‐electron plasma. Assessment of kinetic effects (the Vlasov equations) shows that a maximum of the phase speed of kinetic Alfven wave remains but shifts to smaller k, and therefore the existence of oscilliton‐type solutions with embedded coherent oscillations at f ≤∼ 0.8 fp (fp is the proton gyrofrequency) is expected. In a multi‐ion Maxwellian plasma, a maximum moves further to smaller k (f ≤∼ 0.8fi, where fi is the heavy ion gyrofrequency) and even can cease when oxygen ions are injected to a proton‐electron plasma. The possibility of applying these results to observations carried out on the auroral field lines and near the magnetopause is discussed.
Propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave energy in the magnetosphere
Authors: Loto'aniu T. M. , Fraser B. J. , Waters C. L.
Published: July 2005

Recent satellite and conjugate observations of Pc 1 electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves have cast doubt on the validity of the long‐standing bouncing wave packet (BWP) model that describes their propagation in the magnetosphere. A study was undertaken using the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) E and B field data to further the understanding of the propagation characteristics of Pc 1 EMIC waves in the middle magnetosphere. CRRES covered the region L = 3.5–8.0, magnetic latitude up to ±30°, and magnetic local time 1400–0800. From 6464 hours of observation a total of 248 EMIC wave events were identified. For the first time the Poynting vector for Pc 1 EMIC waves is presented in the dynamic spectral domain permitting the study of energy propagation of simultaneous waves located in different frequency bands. The maximum wave energy flux for the events was 25 μW/m2, averaging range 1.3 μW/m2, with the direction of wave energy propagation independent of wave frequency but dependent on magnetic latitude. EMIC wave energy propagation was bidirectional both away and toward the equator, for events observed below 11° ∣MLat∣. Unidirectional wave energy propagation away from the equator was observed for all events located above 11° ∣MLat∣. This supports the concept of unidirectional EMIC wave energy propagation away from a broad source region centered on the geomagnetic equator. No measurable energy was observed propagating equatorward beyond the source region, in contradiction to the BWP paradigm.
Dual‐satellite observations of the motions of flux transfer events: Statistical analysis with ISEE 1 and ISEE 2
Authors: Kawano H. , Russell C. T.
Published: July 2005

Flux transfer events (FTEs) are transient phenomena observed near the magnetopause, characterized by bipolar perturbations in the magnetic field component perpendicular to the magnetopause (BN). FTEs are generally thought to be the results of transient reconnection at the magnetopause. In this paper we address the direction of motion of FTEs, which is difficult with one satellite, by statistically analyzing FTEs simultaneously observed by ISEE 1 and ISEE 2 satellites, which made observations for continuous 10 years (1978–1987). Two‐point observation does not completely resolve the direction of motion; we cover it by large‐scale statistics (634 events) of the 10‐year data of ISEE. For each FTE we have determined the time lag from ISEE 1 to ISEE 2 as that which maximizes the cross‐correlation function between BNs at ISEE 1 and ISEE 2. This time lag has a significant correlation with the longitudinal distance between the two satellites, consistent with east‐west motions away from the subsolar point. The time lag shows a weaker correlation with the latitudinal distance. The significant east‐west motion suggests that FTEs in nature are likely to have a structure whose longitudinal scale is shorter than its latitudinal scale. In other words, flux rope structure is more consistent with the observations than a long‐X‐line type structure.
Resonant absorption of an Alfvén wave: Hybrid simulations
Authors: Vasquez Bernard J.
Published: July 2005

We examine the evolution of a planar Alfvén wave propagating along and across a pressure‐balanced structure. The structure has mostly a magnetic field component perpendicular to a uniform background magnetic field B0 and gives an almost sinusoidal Alfvén speed gradient across B0. The Alfvén wave propagates both oblique to the structure and B0. A hybrid simulation code with particle protons and massless fluid electrons is used to follow evolution. The structure advects little with the wave so that the wave evolves mostly in accord with a fixed Alfvén speed gradient. The Alfvén wave undergoes resonant absorption wherein one set of resonant field lines loses wave energy to another set of resonant field lines by cross‐field energy transport. We derive the timescale of the cross‐field transfer and associate it with global modes. This feature of wave evolution occurs independently of ion kinetics. On resonant field lines, wave refraction generates ever smaller scales perpendicular to B0. When the perpendicular scales are of order 10 proton inertial lengths (10c/ωpi), a nonpropagating density fluctuation begins to grow to large amplitudes. The growth saturates by exciting highly oblique, compressive, and low‐frequency waves which dissipate and heat protons. Protons are heated approximately by equal amounts along and across the local magnetic field. Heating continues until most of the resonantly absorbed Alfvén wave energy is exhausted. This process limits density fluctuations to scales across B0, which are greater than ≈ c/ωpi. This process could play a role in the solar corona where a cutoff of density fluctuations at scales near and below c/ωpi is inferred from radio observations.
Dayside magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling during IMF clock angle ∼90°: Longitudinal cusp bifurcation, quasi‐periodic cusp‐like auroras, and traveling convection vortices
Authors: Massetti S.
Published: July 2005

In spite of the great progress achieved in the understanding the Earth's magnetosphere‐ionosphere system, its configuration and dynamics during periods with large horizontal interplanetary magnetic field (IMF ∣By∣ ≫ 0) is still poorly investigated. In such time intervals, the cusp/low‐latitude boundary layer (LLBL) entry regions are characterized by a more complex magnetic reconnection topology, than during IMF Bz‐dominated periods, which in turn leads to peculiar magnetosheath plasma injections into the magnetosphere and associated ionospheric signatures. In this context, we discuss the 19 December 2002 dayside aurora activity, observed by the ITACA2 twin all‐sky camera system, along the Greenland‐Svalbard sector, during a nearly horizontal IMF (By ∼ 15 nT and Bz ∼ 0). The event originates from a longitudinally bifurcated cusp configuration and then develops into quasi‐periodic red aurora activations, between about 1000 and 1140 UT. By analyzing the Greenlandic magnetometer data, we identify a series of westward traveling convection vortices (TCVs), moving away from magnetic noon at 2–3 km/s and synchronized with the transit of red‐dominated auroral forms. We find that the auroral emission takes place in coincidence with the ionospheric footprint of the downward field‐aligned currents (counterclockwise TCVs), instead of the upward ones (clockwise TCVs), as it would be expected for precipitating electrons. This fact and several analogies with previously reported quasi‐periodic TCV activity, observed during IMF By‐dominated periods, suggest that the geomagnetic activity could be associated with FACs that are triggered by the magnetic merging on the dayside, either by inducing azimuthal pressure gradients at the magnetopause or by driving magnetopause/LLBL wave activity.
Variable morphology of Saturn's southern ultraviolet aurora
Authors: Grodent D. , Gérard J.‐C. , Cowley S. W. H. , Bunce E. J. , Clarke J. T.
Published: July 2005

The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph camera on board Hubble Space Telescope obtained 68 FUV images of Saturn's southern auroral emission between 8 and 30 January 2004, during Cassini's approach to Saturn's magnetosphere. The HST observations took place in four different solar wind regimes with a low‐field rarefaction region from 8 to 16 January, a minor compression event on 17 January, a rarefaction region with intermediate field strengths from 19 to 25 January, and a major compression region from 26 to 30 January. The images have been projected onto polar maps in order to characterize and compare the general morphology of the auroral emission. The first 20 images were obtained during a period covering about 70% of one full rotation of Saturn. They show that the bright ring of auroral emission actually consists of several arcs of different width and brightness and forming along different parallels. Overall, the auroral region is shown to rotate at ∼65% of the full planetary rotation, although the angular velocity of some isolated auroral structures constantly decrease with time, down to 20%. The strongest auroral precipitations are observed in the morning sector. The polar projections of the 48 remaining images confirm dramatic changes in morphology, characterized by different average zones. During the campaign, short intervals during which the auroral region is significantly contracted and clearly forms a spiral were followed by intervals of reinflation of the auroral region. It is suggested that the two major auroral contraction events corresponded to the arrival of the solar wind shocks observed by Cassini on 17 January and 25 January. The present analysis indicates that Saturn's auroral morphology responds to the solar wind conditions at Saturn.
Temperature dependence of tropical cirrus properties and radiative effects
Authors: Sunilkumar S. V. , Parameswaran K.
Published: July 2005

The temperature dependencies of cirrus properties are studied using a dual polarization lidar and Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere (MST) radar at the tropical station Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E). Cirrus clouds are generally observed in the altitude region 10 to 18 km, with midcloud temperature in the range −85° to −40°C. The cloud temperature decreases with increase in cloud altitude as expected. The mean cloud thickness is generally in the range 0.7 to 1.7 km. For temperatures in the range −75° to −50°C the cloud thickness is ∼1.7 km and shows a tendency to decrease at lower temperatures. The linear depolarization ratio (LDR) within the cloud shows a small increase with decrease in temperature. The cloud extinction and optical depth increases with increase in temperature. The temperature dependence of cirrus extinction/optical depth has been parameterized using different analytical forms such as exponential, linear, and polynomial, which shows that a second‐order polynomial function is well suited for describing the temperature dependence of extinction coefficient/optical depth of tropical cirrus. The climate sensitivity factor derived based on the empirical relations shows an increase with decrease in cloud optical depth. The present study, however, indicates that the cirrus becomes radiatively significant when its optical depth exceeds a threshold value of 0.03.
Long‐term slip rates and fault interactions under low contractional strain, Wanganui Basin, New Zealand
Authors: Lamarche Geoffroy , Proust Jean‐Noël , Nodder Scott D.
Published: July 2005

The newly mapped Kapiti‐Manawatu Fault System (KMFS) in southern North Island, New Zealand, accommodated ∼3.5 km of basement throw over the last 3 Myr. Along‐strike throw profiles are generated using seven stratigraphic markers, interpreted from seismic reflection profiles acquired <3 km apart. The profiles are symmetrical about their point of maximum displacement, and cumulative profiles suggest that the reverse fault system behaves coherently. The KMFS originates from the reactivation of extensional structures, with fault lengths remaining constant over time. Contractional deformation started at circa 1750 ± 400 ka. Maximum dip‐slip rates along individual faults are 1.77 ± 0.53 and 0.74 ± 0.22 mm yr−1 for the 0–120 and 120–1350 ka periods, respectively. The maximum cumulative throw rates across the KMFS are 4.9 ± 1.5 and 1.5 ± 0.5 mm yr−1 for the same periods. Long‐term strain rates across the KMFS are 2–5 times smaller than strain rates in the forearc basin of the Hikurangi subduction margin located less than 100 km to the east. The faults of the KMFS may extend to depth and link with the subducted Pacific plate.
Global MHD simulations of Saturn's magnetosphere at the time of Cassini approach
Authors: Hansen K. C. , Ridley A. J. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Achilleos N. , Dougherty M. K. , Gombosi T. I. , Tóth G.
Published: July 2005

We present the results of a 3D global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the magnetosphere of Saturn for the period of Cassini's initial approach and entry into the magnetosphere. We compare calculated bow shock and magnetopause locations with the Cassini measurements. In order to match the measured locations we use a substantial mass source due to the icy satellites (∼1 × 1028 s−1 of water product ions). We find that the location of bow shock and magnetopause crossings are consistent with previous spacecraft measurements, although Cassini encountered the surfaces further from Saturn than the previously determined average location. In addition, we find that the shape of the model bow shock and magnetopause have smaller flaring angles than previous models and are asymmetric dawn‐to‐dusk. Finally, we find that tilt of Saturn's dipole and rotation axes results in asymmetries in the bow shock and magnetopause and in the magnetotail being hinged near Titan's orbit (∼20 RS).
Ebullition of methane from peat with falling atmospheric pressure
Authors: Tokida Takeshi , Miyazaki Tsuyoshi , Mizoguchi Masaru
Published: July 2005

Recent works on CH4 emissions from peatlands have demonstrated that ebullition can be a more important emission pathway than it has been thought. However, knowledge of its features and associated environmental factors is still very limited. In this study, we investigated the quantitative relationship between the amount of CH4 emitted via ebullition and changes in the atmospheric pressure through a laboratory experiment. During the flux measurement period, ebullition was recorded almost exclusively in air‐pressure‐declining phases. The increased volume of the gas bubbles due to reduction in atmospheric pressure and the amount of released gas bubbles revealed a strong linear relation, suggesting that in situ CH4 emissions via ebullition can be estimated using this correlation. Our results clearly showed that atmospheric pressure can be one of the most important factors to control CH4 emissions from peatlands and that ebullition can be the main transport mechanism during the pressure‐falling phase.
Beta‐type stepped leader of elve‐producing lightning
Authors: Frey H. U. , Mende S. B. , Cummer S. A. , Chen A. B. , Hsu R.‐R. , Su H.‐T. , Chang Y.‐S. , Adachi T. , Fukunishi H. , Takahashi Y.
Published: July 2005

The Imager for Sprites and Upper Atmospheric Lightning (ISUAL) on the Taiwanese FORMOSAT‐2 (formerly ROCSAT‐2) spacecraft is the first global observatory of transient luminous events (TLEs). During the first 4 months of operation a large number of elves were observed. Elves are obvious with their far ultraviolet (FUV) signature that is less attenuated by atmospheric O2 at their emission altitude compared to emission from sprites or lightning at lower altitude. About half of all elves were produced by lightning that shows a three‐step signature in the photometer signal: (1) An initial brightening in all except the FUV channels, (2) a slow brightness decrease for the next 2–5 milliseconds, and (3) an impulsive increase of signal in all channels. We interpret this specific signature as the initial breakdown with a beta‐type stepped leader followed by the bright return stroke of a negative cloud to ground (−CG) lightning. In contrast, sprites follow positive cloud to ground lightning (+CG) without a signature of initial breakdown and stepped leader. Many sprites are associated with the continuing current and can be delayed up to 100 ms after the lightning.
Shear‐forced vertical circulations in tropical cyclones
Authors: Zhang Da‐Lin , Kieu Chanh Q.
Published: July 2005

The forced secondary circulation (FSC) by the vertical shear of horizontal winds is isolated from the latent heating and friction FSCs associated with a model‐simulated hurricane vortex. This is achieved by use of a newly developed potential vorticity inversion and quasi‐balanced vertical motion equations system. Results show that latent heating forces intense updrafts in the eyewall and slow subsidence in the eye, whereas the friction‐FSC is similar to that of the Ekman pumping, with the peak ascent occurring near the top of the boundary layer in the eye. In contrast, when an environmental westerly shear is superposed with an axisymmetric balanced vortex, an anticlockwise FSC appears across the inner‐core region with the rising motion downshear and easterly sheared horizontal flows in the vertical. The resulting horizontal flows act to reduce the influence of the vertical shear inside the storm by as much as 30–40%, thus opposing the destructive roles of the vertical shear.
Minimally Invasive Approach to Management of Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Kanaan I. N.
Published: July 2005

Pituitary adenomas are the third most common benign intracranial tumor seen in neurosurgical practice. They represent ≥ 15 % of all primary intracranial tumors with 25 % prevalence as reported in autopsy series. Advances in biomedical assays, imaging studies support their diagnosis and tailor their management. The direct endonasal transsphenoidal surgery is the recommended intervention for adenoma resection in more than 95 %. The safety and efficacy of this intervention was enhanced by microsurgery and more recently by the introduction of neuronavigation, assisted endoscopy and intraoperative MRI. Anticipation of clinical, biochemical, radiological and surgical pitfalls by a multidisciplinary team is of paramount importance in improving treatment and preventing potential complications.
Pollination of Oncocyclus irises (Iris: Iridaceae) by Night‐Sheltering Male Bees
Authors: Sapir Y. , Shmida A. , Ne'eman G.
Published: July 2005

Abstract: Irises in the section Oncocyclus (Siems.) Baker (Iris: Iridaceae) grow throughout the Middle East and have large and dark‐coloured flowers but no nectar reward available to flower visitors. Consequently, no reward‐collecting pollinators have been observed visiting the flowers during daytime. The only visitors are solitary male bees (Eucera spp.: Apidae) that enter the flowers at dusk and stay there overnight. Here we describe the mating system of Oncocyclus irises, and the role of night‐sheltering male bees in their pollination system. Pollen viability in I. haynei on Mt. Gilboa was very high (> 90 %) throughout all floral life stages. Stigmas were receptive in buds and in open flowers, but not in older ones. Self‐pollination yielded no fruits in three species, confirming complete self‐incompatibility in Oncocyclus irises. On average, 1.9 flowers were visited by each male bee before it settled for the night in the last one. Moreover, Iris pollen was present on the dorsal side of 38.8 % of males caught sheltering in flower models mounted near an I. atrofusca population, indicating that pollen is transferred between flowers by night‐sheltering solitary male bees. We have surveyed 13 flowering populations of six Oncocyclus species for the presence of night‐sheltering male bees as well as for fruit set. We found a positive correlation, indicating that sexual reproduction in Oncocyclus irises is dependent on night‐sheltering solitary male bees. Based on their complete self‐incompatibility, the absence of nectar‐collecting visitors during the day, and the transfer of pollen grains by the night‐sheltering solitary male bees, we conclude that fertilization of Oncocyclus irises is totally dependent on pollination by night‐sheltering solitary male bees.
Exciton interactions in CdS nanocrystal aggregates in reverse micelle
Authors: Cao Li , Miao Yanming , Zhang Zebo , Xie Sishen , Yang Guozhen , Zou Bingsuo
Published: July 2005

Here we report the formation and spectroscopic properties of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocrystal systems: individual nanocrystal and CdS aggregates. The optical absorption and luminescence spectra of the aggregated CdS nanocrystals and individual nanocrystal show exciton aggregate and individual exciton characteristics. Although it is not Bose–Einstein condensation, such aggregated quantum dots (QDs) seem to supply us opportunity to study the interactions and condensation of excitons in multi-QDs system, not in the separated QDs system.
Theory for plasma confinement and momentum transport in snakes
Authors: Shaing K. C.
Published: July 2005

A theory for plasma confinement in snakes is developed based on the consequences of the momentum transport resulting from the symmetry-breaking-induced plasma viscosity in the vicinity of an m=1 magnetic island. Here, m is the poloidal mode number of the island. The symmetry-breaking mechanism is the distortion of the magnetic surface associated with the magnetic island embedded in the equilibrium magnetic field. It is demonstrated that a combination of the turbulence suppression and the effects of the orbit squeezing could be responsible for the observed improved plasma confinement in snakes.
Accurately solving the electronic Schrödinger equation of atoms and molecules using explicitly correlated (r12-) multireference configuration interaction. VII. The hydrogen fluoride molecule
Authors: Cardoen Wim , Gdanitz Robert J.
Published: July 2005

We compute the potential-energy curve of the hydrogen fluoride molecule (HF) using a novel variant of the explicitly correlated multireference averaged coupled-pair functional method with a carefully selected basis set and reference space. After correcting for scalar relativistic effects and spin-orbit coupling, the potential is used to compute the dissociation energy, the equilibrium bond distance, the harmonic frequency, the anharmonicity, and the vibrational levels up to the dissociation limit. The errors in the equilibrium geometry constants compare favorably with the most elaborate (single reference) calculations of the literature. Starting at the region of R∕Å≈2,…,3, where the covalent HF bond begins to break and where single-reference methods become impractical, our potential begins to slightly underestimate the atomic interaction, which is reflected in an estimated error in the well depth of −0.2kcal∕mol.
A post-Hartree–Fock model of intermolecular interactions
Authors: Johnson Erin R. , Becke Axel D.
Published: July 2005

Intermolecular interactions are of great importance in chemistry but are difficult to model accurately with computational methods. In particular, Hartree–Fock and standard density-functional approximations do not include the physics necessary to properly describe dispersion. These methods are sometimes corrected to account for dispersion by adding a pairwise C6∕R6 term, with C6 dispersion coefficients dependent on the atoms involved. We present a post-Hartree–Fock model in which C6 coefficients are generated by the instantaneous dipole moment of the exchange hole. This model relies on occupied orbitals only, and involves only one, universal, empirical parameter to limit the dispersion energy at small interatomic separations. The model is extensively tested on isotropic C6 coefficients of 178 intermolecular pairs. It is also applied to the calculation of the geometries and binding energies of 20 intermolecular complexes involving dispersion, dipole-induced dipole, dipole–dipole, and hydrogen-bonding interactions, with remarkably good results.
Multipolar polarizabilities of the sodium atom by a variationally stable procedure
Authors: Cebim M. A. , De Groote J. J.
Published: July 2005

We present a formalism that combines a semiempirical model potential with a second-order energy correction variationally stable method to evaluate the multipolar dynamic polarizabilities of the sodium atom. In this framework, the αL(ω) up to L=4 were calculated achieving good precision including the resonance domains of ω.
Line of percolation in supercritical water
Authors: Pártay Lívia , Jedlovszky Pál
Published: July 2005

The percolation transition of the hydrogen-bonded clusters of molecules is investigated in supercritical water by Monte Carlo computer simulations. Simulations have been performed at four thermodynamic state points located above the supercritical extension of the vapor-liquid coexistence curve on the p-T phase diagram and at four state points located below this curve. It is found in a temperature range of a few hundred Kelvin that the extension of the vapor-liquid coexistence curve separates the supercritical thermodynamic states in which the water molecules form infinite hydrogen-bonded clusters from those in which the hydrogen-bonded clusters are isolated oligomers. However, the difference between the size of the hydrogen-bonded clusters at thermodynamic states located at the two sides of the extension of the coexistence curve is found to decrease with increasing temperature, and the present results suggest that this difference is likely to vanish at high enough temperatures.
Shape resonances as poles of the semiclassical Green’s function obtained from path-integral theory: Application to the autodissociation of the He2++ Σg+1 state
Authors: Nicolaides Cleanthes A. , Douvropoulos Theodosios G.
Published: July 2005

It is known that one-dimensional potentials, V(R), with a local minimum and a finite barrier towards tunneling to a free particle continuum, can support a finite number of shape resonance states. Recently, we reported a formal derivation of the semiclassical Green’s function, GSC(E), for such V(R), with one and two local minima, which was carried out in the framework of the theory of path integrals [Th. G. Douvropoulos and C. A. Nicolaides, J. Phys. B 35, 4453 (2002); J. Chem. Phys. 119, 8235 (2003)]. The complex poles of GSC(E) represent the energies and the tunneling rates of the unstable states of V(R). By analyzing the structure of GSC(E), here it is shown how one can compute the energy, Eν, and the radiationless width, Γν, of each resonance state beyond the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation. In addition, the energy shift, Δν, due to the interaction with the continuum, is given explicitly and computed numerically. The dependence of the accuracy of the semiclassical calculation of Eν and of Γν on the distance from the top of the barrier is demonstrated explicitly. As an application to a real system, we computed the vibrational energies, Eν, and the lifetimes, τν, of the He2++4, ν=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and He4He++3 ν=0, 1, 2, 3, Σg+1 states, which autodissociate to the He++He+ continuum. We employed the V(R) that was computed by Wolniewicz [J. Phys. B 32, 2257 (1999)], which was reported as being accurate, over a large range of values of R, to a fraction of cm−1. For example, for J=0, the results for the lowest and highest vibrational levels for the He2+4 Σg+1 state are ν=0 level, E0=10309cm−1 below the barrier top, τ0=6400s; ν=4 level, E4=96.6cm−1 below the barrier top, τ4=31×10−11s. A brief presentation is also given of the quantal methods (and their results) that were applied previously for these shape resonances, such as the amplitude, the exterior complex scaling, and the lifetime matrix methods.