bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphene/SiC Interface Control Using Propane-Hydrogen CVD on 6H-SiC(0001) and 3C-SiC(111)/Si(111)
Authors: Michon Adrien , Roudon Elodie , Portail Marc , Lefebvre Denis , Vézian Stephane , Cordier Yvon , Tiberj Antoine , Chassagne Thierry , Zielinski Marcin
Published: February 2012

We have grown graphene on 6H-SiC(0001) and 3C-SiC(111)/Si (111) using propane-hydrogen CVD. This contribution studies the effects of pressure on graphene growth and on its structural properties studied through low energy electron diffraction. We show that varying pressure allows to control the formation of graphene on a (6√3×6√3)-R30° interface reconstruction (low pressure) or graphene with in-plane rotational disorder (high pressure) on both 6H-SiC(0001) and 3C-SiC(111). The effects of the SiC morphology before graphene growth are discussed in order to explain the differences observed between polytypes.
Structural Characterization of Heteroepitaxial 3C-SiC
Authors: Severino Andrea , Anzalone Ruggero , Camarda Massimo , Piluso Nicolò , La Via Francesco
Published: February 2012

In this work, we focus our attention on the characterization of 3C-SiC films, grown within a CVD reactor, on Si substrates. It will be shown how the growth procedures influence the SiC film structure and quality with the growth rate used during the growth used as example. Evaluation of crystal structure has been conducted by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Overall film quality increases if films are grown under low growth rate conditions, thanks also to an important reduction in the density of micro-twins. The trend of the full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of SiC rocking curves, considered good ‘quality indicator’ as their broadenings are affected by crystallographic defects, as a function of 3C-SiC thickness shows a saturated regime for very thick films, due to the saturation of stacking fault density after 50 μm of growth. This work wants to suggest a reasonable path for the characterization of the material structure that can be useful, anywhere and in any time, to assess if the morphology and microstructure of our films are satisfactory and to drive towards the desired improvement.
Fabrication of SiC Nanopillars by Inductively Coupled SF6/O2 Plasma
Authors: Choi Ji Hoon , Latu-Romain Laurence , Dhalluin Florian , Chevolleau Thierry , Salem Bassem , Baron Thierry , Chaussende Didier , Bano Edwige
Published: February 2012

A top-down fabrication technique for nanometer scale silicon carbide (SiC) pillars has been demonstrated by using inductively coupled SF6/O2 plasma etching. At optimal etching conditions, the obtained SiC nanopillars exhibit high anisotropy features (aspect ratio ~ 6.5) with high etch depth (>7 μm). The etch characteristics of SiC nanopillars under these conditions show a high etch rate (550 nm/min) and a high selectivity (over 60 for Ni).
Detailed Experimental Study of Mean and Gradient Stresses in Thin 3C-SiC Films Performed Using Micromachined Cantilevers
Authors: Jiao Sai , Zielinski Marcin , Michaud Jean François , Chassagne Thierry , Portail Marc , Alquier Daniel
Published: February 2012

A detailed experimental study of the mean and gradient stress, existing in the as-grown cubic silicon carbide epilayers, is presented in this paper. (100) and (111) oriented epiwafers with considerable film thickness variation have been elaborated using a horizontal low pressure chemical vapor deposition reactor. The mean and gradient stress within the 3C-SiC film were estimated from the static mechanical deformation of micromachined clamped-free beams. For both studied orientations, we observe a stress gradient inversion phenomenon that can be explained in terms of creep occurring in 3C-SiC film.
Development of Piezoelectric Diaphragm Pump
Authors: Li Tao , Goh Chin Foo , Ma Jan
Published: February 2012

In the present work, a piezoelectric diaphragm pump was designed and investigated. The pump uses a piezoelectric diaphragm transducer as the driving component, and two check valves located at the inlet and outlet to control the flow direction. The displacement of the transducer was first measured statically and dynamically. Then the vibration of check valves and the effects of chamber depth were investigated. Finally the pump performance was characterized. Maximum flow rate of 200 mL/min and pressure head of 5 mH2O can be achieved.
Electro-Optic Properties of (100)-Oriented (Pb,La(Zr,Ti)O3 Thin Film
Authors: Zhu Min Min , Du Ze Hui , Ma Jan
Published: February 2012

(100)-oriented PLZT ((Pb1-x, Lax) (Zry,Ti1-y)1-x/4O3, x/y=9/65) films of up to ~ 1.23 μm have been developed on LaAlO3single crystal substrate by magnetron sputtering. The as-grown PLZT thin films exhibit high optical transparency in visible and near-infrared light wavelength and high quadratic (Kerr) EO coefficients. Prism coupler measurements reveal that the PLZT thin films possess large refractive index, as high as 2.524 in TE model and 2.481 in TM model. The transparency of >70% in the range of λ= 500-1200 nm, the optic band gap of 3.42 eV and the quadratic electro-optic (EO) coefficient of 3.38 x 10-17(m/V)2have been measured in the films. Due to the large EO coefficient and the micrometric thickness, the as-developed PLZT films have great potential in developing longitudinal-or transverse-type EO devices in electric and optic field
Seasonal cycle and source analyses of aerosol optical properties in a semi-urban environment at Puijo station in Eastern Finland
Authors: Leskinen A. , Arola A. , Komppula M. , Portin H. , Tiitta P. , Miettinen P. , Romakkaniemi S. , Laaksonen A. , Lehtinen K. E. J.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. We introduce a four-year (2006–2010) continuous data set of aerosol optical properties at Puijo in Kuopio, Finland. We study the annual and diurnal variation of the aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients, hemispheric backscattering fraction, scattering Ångström exponent, and single scattering albedo, whose averages over this period were 11.1 Mm−1 (at 550 nm), 1.5 Mm−1 (at 670 nm), 0.13, 1.9, and 0.83, respectively. The scattering coefficient peaked in the spring and autumn, being 2–4 times those in the summer and winter. An exception was the summer of 2010, when the the scattering coefficient was elevated to ~300 Mm−1 by the plumes from forest fires in Russia. The absorption coefficient peaked in the winter with values of 2–3 times those in the summer. The single scattering albedo was lowest in the winter when more biomass burning derived, soot-containing aerosols were present. The optical properties varied also with wind direction and time of the day, indicating the effect of the local pollutant sources and the age of the particles. Peak values in the single scattering albedo were observed when the wind blew from a paper mill and from the sector without local pollutant sources. These observations were linked to the sulphate-rich aerosol from the paper mill and the oxygenated organics in the aged aerosol, which both are known to increase the scattering characteristics of aerosols. Changes in the single scattering albedo in the morning and afternoon in the summertime were linked to the increased traffic density at these hours. The scattering and absorption coefficients were found to be decreased by clouds. The effect was stronger for the scattering than absorption, indicating preferential activation of the more hygroscopic aerosol with higher scattering characteristics. What happens to the aerosol optical properties during a cloud event when the air masses come from different directions with different local sources, is under a more detailed inspection. Also, more aerosol mass spectrometry data will be analyzed in order to strengthen our knowledge about the role of the chemical composition of the aerosol particles in their activation into cloud droplets.
Observations of total peroxy nitrates and total alkyl nitrates during the OP3 campaign: isoprene nitrate chemistry above a south-east Asian tropical rain forest
Authors: Aruffo E. , Di Carlo P. , Dari-Salisburgo C. , Biancofiore F. , Giammaria F. , Lee J. , Moller S. , Evans M. J. , Hopkins J. R. , Jones C. , MacKenzie A. R. , Hewitt C. N.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Measurements of total peroxy nitrates (ΣRO2NO2, ΣPNs), total alkyl nitrates (ΣRONO2, ΣANs) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were made above the surface of a Malaysian tropical rain forest in Borneo, using a laser-induced fluorescence instrument developed at the University of L'Aquila (Italy). This new instrument uses the direct excitation of NO2 at 532 nm in order to measure its concentrations detecting by the NO2 fluorescence at wavelengths longer than 610 nm. ΣPNs and ΣANs are indirectly measured after their thermal dissociation into NO2. Observations showed enhanced levels of NO2 during nighttime, an increase of ΣPNs during the afternoon and almost no evident diurnal cycle of ΣANs. The diurnal maximums of 200 pptv for ΣPNs and ΣANs are well below the peaks reported in other forest sites. A box model constrained with measured species, reproduces well the observed ΣPNs, but overestimates ΣANs concentrations. The reason of this model-observation discrepancy could be a wrong parameterization in the isoprene nitrates (INs) chemistry mechanism. Sensitivity tests show that: (1) reducing the yield of INs from the reaction of peroxy nitrates with NO to almost the lowest values reported in literature (5%), (2) reducing the INs recycling to 70% and (3) keeping the INs dry deposition at 4 cm s−1, improve the agreement between modelled and measured ΣANs of 20% on average. These results imply that in the tropical rain forest, even if ΣPNs and ΣANs concentrations are lower than those observed in other North American forests, the yield and dry deposition of INs are similar. Another comparable result is that in the INs oxidation its recycling dominates with only a 30% release of NO2, which has implications on tropospheric ozone production and aerosol budget.
Organic molecular markers and signature from wood combustion particles in winter ambient aerosols: aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and high time-resolved GC-MS measurements in Augsburg, Germany
Authors: Elsasser M. , Crippa M. , Orasche J. , DeCarlo P. F. , Oster M. , Pitz M. , Gustafson T. L. , Pettersson J. B. C. , Schnelle-Kreis J. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Zimmermann R.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The impact of wood combustion on ambient aerosols was investigated in Augsburg, Germany during a winter measurement campaign of a six-week period. Special attention was paid to the high time resolution observations of wood combustion with different mass spectrometric methods. Here we present and compare the results from an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) and gas chromatographic – mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysed PM1 filters on an hourly basis. This includes source apportionment of the AMS derived organic mass by using positive matrix factorisation (PMF) and analysis of levoglucosan as wood combustion marker, respectively. In the measurement period nitrate and organics are the main contributors to the defined submicron particle mass with 28% and 35%, respectively. To the latter wood combustion organic aerosol (WCOA) contributes 23% on average and 27% in the evening and night-time. Conclusively, wood combustion has a strong influence on the organics and overall aerosol composition. Levoglucosan accounts for 14% of WCOA mass with a higher percentage in comparison to other studies. The ratio between the mass of levoglucosan and organic carbon amounts to 0.06. This study is unique in the one-hour time resolution comparison between the wood combustion results of the AMS and the GC-MS analysed filter method at a PM1 particle size range. This comparison of the concentration courses of the PMF WCOA factor, levoglucosan estimated by the AMS data and the levoglucosan measured by GC-MS is highly correlated, and a detailed discussion on the contributors to the wood combustion marker ion at mass-to-charge ratio 60 will be given. This offers a suitable application possibility for the description of the wood combustion course by the WCOA factor and the levoglucosan concentration estimated by AMS data. However, quantitative description of the levoglucosan concentration estimated by the AMS data is difficult due to the offset of latter compared to measured levoglucosan by the GC-MS.
The scientific basis for a satellite mission to retrieve CCN concentrations and their impacts on convective clouds
Authors: Rosenfeld D. , Williams E. , Andreae M. O. , Freud E. , Pöschl U. , Rennó N. O.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The cloud -mediated radiative forcing is widely recognized as the main source of uncertainty in our knowledge of the anthropogenic climate forcing and in our understanding of climate sensitivity. Current outstanding challenges are (1) global measurements of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the cloudy boundary layer from space, and, (2) disentangling the effects of aerosols from the thermodynamic and meteorological effects on the clouds. Here we present a new concept for a way to overcome these two challenges, using relatively simple passive satellite measurements in the visible and IR. The idea is to use the clouds themselves as natural CCN chambers by retrieving simultaneously the number of activated aerosols at cloud base, Na, and the cloud base updraft speed. The Na is obtained by analyzing the distribution of cloud drop effective radius in convective elements as a function distance above cloud base. The cloud base updraft velocities are estimated by double stereoscopic viewing and tracking of the evolution of cloud surface features just above cloud base. In order to resolve the vertical dimension of the clouds, the field of view will be 100 m for the microphysical retrievals, and 50 m for the stereoscopic measurements. The viewing geometry will be 30 degrees off nadir eastward, with the Sun in the back at 30 degrees off zenith westward, which requires a Sun synchronous orbit at 14:00 LST. Having measured simultaneously the thermodynamic environment, the vertical motions of the clouds, their microstructure and the CCN concentration will allow separating the dynamic from the CCN effects. This concept is being applied in the proposed satellite mission named Clouds, Hazards and Aerosols Survey for Earth Researchers (CHASER).
Florecimiento del patronazgo de la Candelaria a orillas del lago Titicaca con la imagen de Copacabana
Authors: Talbot Eliane
Published: February 2012

The objective of this work is to study the establishment and diffusion of one of the most famous Marian worships, the one of the Virgin of Candelaria, in one of the sanctuaries of greater notoriety in Hispano–America: Copacabana. This worship bloomed thanks to an old association of the Virgin Mary with the metaphor of the light which could embody a large variaty of meanings: It helped to escape the dangers of the sea, to have abundant harvests, to leave the galleries of a mine and to turn the Indians to Christianity. In Copacabana, the cult to the Virgin facilitated the implantation of evangelisation. Furthermore, the cult would not have achieved the success that it had without the fervent participation of the Christian Spaniards who became its more devotee faithfuls.
Announcements / Anuncios
Authors: BSJ BSJ
Published: February 2012

Announcements / Anuncios
THE INFLUENCE OF CORRUPTION ON CORPORATE GOVERNANCE STANDARDS: SHARED CHARACTERISTICS OF RAPIDLY DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Authors: Caron Michelle I. , Ficici Aysun , Richter Christopher L.
Published: February 2012

This article evaluates the relationship between the level of corruption in rapidly developing economies and corporate governance processes therein.  Previous literature illustrates a strong relationship between corporate governance and corruption and suggests that in countries with high levels of corruption, firms lack efficient corporate governance practices.  Similarly, countries with deficient corporate governance practices and low levels of compliance to these standards breed corruption leading to a wide range of transparency dilemmas.  This study delves deeper through careful examination regarding the level of compliance with corporate governance standards and the pervasive effects of corruption on the governance processes of firms with specific regard to rapidly developing economies as well as offering comparisons and similarities of shared characteristics among these countries.
Female Roles and the Rise of Actresses, 1915–c. 1950
Authors: Stock Jonathan P. J.
Published: February 2012

A central element of the history of huju in the 20th century is the emergence of female performers: this in a tradition formerly dominated by men, some of whom impersonated female roles. This chapter focuses on issues pertaining to and associated with these new performers. Treated as a case study in the field of music and gender, and drawing on theoretical proposals from several fields, the chapter begins in the same historical area as that discussed in Chapter 1 but ranges beyond the former chapter's historical confines to consider some later data also.
Huju and The Politics of Revolution, POST-1949
Authors: Stock Jonathan P. J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines how music becomes inscribed with social power. Topics considered include the reorganization of huju troupes in the new People's Republic of China, post-1949; the impact of the specialist composer since the 1950s; the changing role of the performer; and the expression of political content in dramatic situations, words, actions, and music. Regional opera styles, such as Shanghai opera, it turns out, led the way in the reform of traditional opera in mainland China, with adaptations applied in these styles later transplanted to more established historical forms such as Beijing opera. It is argued that music in huju makes a special contribution to the ‘envoicing’ of the weak, a tendency that becomes problematic at times when the ordinary folk who people these operas must be portrayed as dauntless revolutionaries. Ironically, perhaps, the operas produced at the most publicly politicized periods of China's recent history are those that now appear the least eloquent in terms of their political argument.
Loyola's Bees
Authors: Haskell Yasmin
Published: February 2012

This is the first dedicated study of the classical-style, Latin didactic poetry produced by the Society of Jesus in the early modern period. The Jesuits were the most prolific composers of such poetry, teaching all manner of arts and sciences: meteorology and magnetism, raising chickens and children, the arts of sculpture and engraving, writing and conversation, the social and medicinal benefits of coffee and chocolate, the pious life and the urbane life. The book accounts for this investment in so secular a genre by considering the Society's educational and ideological values and practices. Extensive quotation from the poems reveals their literary qualities, compositional methods, and traditions. The poems also command scholarly attention for what they reveal about social, cultural, and intellectual life in this period.
Cultivating Science: French ‘Meteorological’ Georgic
Authors: Haskell Yasmin Annabel
Published: February 2012

In the eighteenth century, the publication of scientific books boomed following the switch to the vernacular. The decline of Latin and Greek, the availability of translations, and the adoption of novel ways of presenting scientific information increased the population of potential audiences during this period. This chapter explores some of the Jesuit Latin poems on scientific subjects before the transition to vernacular. It aims to determine the extent to which the Jesuits anticipated and participated in the vulgarizing mission of textbooks writers later in the century. In general, Jesuits were regarded as scientific educators owing to their contributions to the growing interest in science. During the eighteenth century, the trend was for the production of the facile side of science and illustrated books; however, French Jesuits did not adhere to the growing trend. Although they curbed their poetic powers on playful and topical objects like the secular science writers, their poems and works were devoid of instructive or diverting diagrams and pictures. They also capitalized on poems that were written in Latin at a time when the language rarely attracted noble and bourgeois readers, and in a genre that could be hardly described as novel.
Breaking Ground: Scientific Poetry in Enlightenment Rome
Authors: Haskell Yasmin Annabel
Published: February 2012

During the Enlightenment period, the French Jesuits were busy planting ornamental natural philosophy in the Virgilian soil; however, their counterparts in Rome were tilling rougher grounds and sowing Lucretius's seeds far below the surface. While, in general, French Jesuits are commended for leading Italy intellectually and culturally in the Enlightenment period, it was the Italian Jesuits who produced the most rigorous scientific didactic poems. Indeed, the best-known ‘Lucretian’ poem of the period was written by the Frenchman Cardinal Melchoir de Polignac; however, he was surpassed by the seventeenth-century Italian Jesuit Tommaso Ceva with his Philosophia novo-antiqua, and moreover was debunked by Benedict Stay, a young prodigy who wrote his magnum opus, the Philosophiae recentoris libri x [= Pr]. This chapter discusses the development of scientific poetry in the age of the Enlightenment in Rome. Its focus is on the analysis of some of the exemplary works of Roman poets. The chapter also provides an overview of the contemporary Italian criticism on didactic poetry, particularly those related to scientific subjects.
Arts of Life: The Poetry of Inner and Outer Refinement
Authors: Haskell Yasmin Annabel
Published: February 2012

In the ancient didactic poems, man is regularly presented as a product of cultivation or as an object of art. In the preceding chapters, Jesuit poets framed snapshots of ideal life in Virgilian terms. While there are no specific examples of classical verses and poems that dealt on the preservation of physical, mental and spiritual life, procreation, and child-rearing, Ovid's Ars amatoria and Remedia amoris provided models for poets writing conventions of sexual and social relations. However, Ovid's immoral morality poems had to be handled with great care by the didactic poets of the Society of Jesuits. In Horace, whose satire of human foibles was more chaste, the Jesuits found a perfect model for the purpose of modern moralizing. In his Ars poetica, Jesuits began to cast life as art and art as life. This chapter explores the role of art as conceived by the Society of Jesuits, including its spiritual, social, and cultural poetry. It also discusses the paradox of the paucity of the Jesuit didactics devoted to the religious life. Although the Jesuits wrote a great quantity of Latin theological and devotional verses, they nevertheless succeeded because of their preservation of its secular interior. This approach was a perfect vehicle for winning the hearts of the Catholic public for disseminating Jesuit culture in a manner that was as inoffensive as it was invisible.
Conclusion
Authors: Haskell Yasmin Annabel
Published: February 2012

National loyalties and literary tastes generally compete with institutional and ideological alliances, as was the case of the Jesuits, where there was an unspoken conflict of taste between the classicism and patriotism of Rapin and the mannerisms of his Neopolitan contemporaries. Although Neopolitan Jesuits were aware of the existence of a Rapinian model, they were more inclined to imitate local, non-Jesuit, Latin authors. As with the literary terms, the didactic poems of Jesuits also exhibit diverse aims as various as their geographical and chronological contexts. Although their poems were dominated by individual aims and intentions, Jesuit didactic poetry nevertheless exhibited uniform lineament. Most Jesuit didactic poems were tailored after Virgil's Georgics and the Virgilian form. There were also various mechanisms of internal imitation wherein a group of poems share thematic preoccupations and stylistic idiosyncrasies. Jesuit didactic poetry is also characterized by an emphasis on experience and usefulness, on orderliness, on difficulty embraced and surmounted, and on efforts divinely ordained and rewarded.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Michael , Johnston Ron
Published: February 2012

Geography straddles the main divide within academic life, with the humanities and social sciences on the one side and the natural and life sciences on the other. The discipline's roots lie in both traditions, but as it evolved into a fully-fledged research discipline in the second half of the twentieth century, so a split became increasingly apparent between physical geography and human geography. This book explores the history of British geography, focusing on the long period before its formal institution as an academic discipline within the country's universities as well as the process of institutionalisation. It discusses various themes, including the environment and place; space, maps and mapping; geography as ‘useful knowledge’; and physical geography.
The domestication of the earth
Authors: Simmons Ian
Published: February 2012

The domestication of the earth entails the enfolding of ‘nature’ into human life and society. This chapter focuses on the millennia of the Holocene, when human societies consisted of food collectors and agriculturalists who essentially lived off recently fixed solar energy. In the course of its last 100 years, geography has from time to time taken in, and focused its attention on, diverse approaches to its subject matter. But as a ground bass to these variations, the relation between humans and the environment has persisted, though sometimes virtually at sotto voce level. In part, geography's attention has concentrated on landscapes as visible demonstrations, past and present, of these interrelations, but it has also taken an approach based explicitly on late-twentieth-century ecological theory. This chapter examines humans as hunter-gatherers during prehistoric times, along with the emergence of agriculture in Britain.
Place description, regional geography and area studies: the chorographic inheritance
Authors: Clout Hugh
Published: February 2012

The uncertain relationship between studying regions (or places) and focusing on themes (or systematic processes) has characterised geography since the ancient Greeks, with ‘chorography’ being the term employed to define the art of ‘describing the parts of the Earth’. Geography had been taught in British universities since at least the sixteenth century, when students at the University of Oxford were instructed about maps, globes and discoveries. This chapter examines the manifestation of regional studies in British geography during the twentieth century, paying attention to the institutional structures and some of the individuals involved, as well as the publications that appeared. In particular, the chapter discusses place description, regional geography and area studies.
Order in space
Authors: Johnston Ron
Published: February 2012

The 1960s saw a series of major changes in geographical practice in Britain, which interacted with similar changes in North America, where they started in the mid-1950s. To some, these constituted a ‘conceptual revolution’, creating a ‘new geography’. Others argued that evolution better described the changes. Whether revolution or evolution, however, the changes were substantial. The ‘revolution’ comprised several interrelated components: a concern for scientific rigour; an argument that quantitative methods formed a necessary component of this more rigorous approach to the portrayal and analysis of geographic information; a claim that human geographers should focus on searching for spatial order in the patterning of human activities, rather than on definition of regions characterised by their uniqueness; a desire that human geographers' work should be applied to a wide range of ‘real-world’ problems. This chapter deals with geography, functional regions and spatial order as well as spatial pattern and spatial behaviour, spatial statistics and the epistemology of spatial analysis.
Global, national and local
Authors: Taylor Peter J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes how the concept of geographical scale has been handled in British geography over the last century. With geography meaning, literally, ‘writing about the Earth’, it would seem that the matter of scale should be largely settled: geographers are the ‘global scientists’. In practice this has not been the case and, in fact, the global has been a relatively neglected scale of geographical analysis. Most geographers have spent most of their time ‘writing about their country’ and those from Britain have been no exception. This chapter explores how and why this privileging of the national scale has operated in a century of British geography. It also discusses geographical scale as a social construction, commercial geography and political geography, geography for national and local planning, urban geography, glocalisation and world cities.
Geographers and sexual difference: feminist contributions
Authors: McDowell Linda
Published: February 2012

Divisions based on the assumption that men and women are different from one another permeate all areas of social life as well as varying across space and between places. In the home and in the family, in the classroom or in the labour market, in politics, and in power relations, men and women are assumed to be different, to have distinct rights and obligations that affect their daily lives and their standard of living. Thirty years ago, there were no courses about gender in British geography departments. This chapter discusses the challenges to geographical knowledge, and to the definition of knowledge more generally, that have arisen from critical debates about the meaning of difference and diversity in feminist scholarship. It examines a number of significant conceptual ideas, namely: the public and the private; sex, gender and body; difference, identity and intersectionality; knowledge; and justice. Finally, it comments on the role of feminism in the academy as a set of political practices as well as epistemological claims.
The State of the Political
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: February 2012

This book offers a broad-ranging re-interpretation of the understanding of politics and the state in the writings of three major German thinkers, Max Weber, Carl Schmitt, and Franz Neumann. It rejects the typical separation of these writers on the basis of their allegedly incompatible ideological positions, and suggests instead that once properly located in their historical context, the tendentious character of these interpretative boundaries becomes clear. The book interprets the conceptions of politics and the state in the writings of these three thinkers by means of an investigation of their adaptation and modification of particular German traditions of thinking about the state, or Staatsrechtslehre. Indeed, when the theoretical considerations of this state-legal theory are combined with their contemporary political criticism, a richer and more deeply textured account of the issues that engaged the attention of Weber, Schmitt and Neumann is possible. Thus, the broad range of subjects discussed in this book include parliamentarism and democracy in Germany, academic freedom and political economy, political representation, cultural criticism and patriotism, and the relationship between rationality, law, sovereignty and the constitution. The study attempts to restore a sense of proportion to the discussion of the three authors' writings, focusing on the extensive ideas that they shared rather than insisting on their necessary ideological separation. It is a detailed re-appraisal of a crucial moment in modern intellectual history, and highlights the profound importance of Max Weber, Carl Schmitt and Franz Neumann for the history of European ideas.
In search of the Katechon? Carl Schmitt and the problem of political order
Authors: Kelly Duncan
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on the work of Carl Schmitt during the Weimar Republic, though the limiting of focus to this period requires a few preliminary words. Chronologically, the movement from Imperial Germany to the Weimar Republic roughly coincides with Weber's untimely death in 1920. Schmitt's rapid rise to prominence within the academy and ‘high society’ during the second half of the 1920s, up to his famous role in the Preiβenshclag of 1932, provides one reason for concentrating on his writings in this period. Furthermore, the discussion suggests that the case that his Weimar writings bear the closest resemblance to Weber's thought.
Singing the unspeakable
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses narratives, which give coherence to the chaos of experience. The chapter begins by studying the gapped narrative, where cannibalism became a recurring theme of English songs and broadsides during the nineteenth century. Plotless narratives and the other Child ballads are examined in the latter portion of the chapter.
‘God was in France all Friday’: incoherence from the inside
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses a comparison of the scholarly criteria used to describe ‘nonsense’ with the attitudes of singers, in the mutually related areas of lexical corruption and narrative collapse. The anxiety of corruption and nonsense and narrative collapse in the Child ballads of Nelson Ridley are examined in this chapter. The chapter concludes that incoherence is the state of not being whole or of being ‘not all there’.
The intertextuality of the song fragment
Authors: Constantine Mary-Ann , Porter Gerald
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the way song fragments function in the work of four novelists: James Joyce, D.H. Lawrence, Christina Stead, and Charles Dickens. It considers silencing, particularly of women, as an aspect of fragmentation. It shows that women have long been associated with silence, despite having a cultural stereotype of garrulousness. The chapter also determines that intertexts empower the reader due to the ‘multi-accentuality’ of cultural texts and practices.
Introduction
Authors: Hodgson Katharine
Published: February 2012

This introductory chapter discusses the poetry of Ol′ga Berggol′ts. Unable to pretend to accept the values of the Stalin era without reservation, Berggol′ts combined in her poetry idealistic enthusiasm and Party loyalty with feelings of doubt and disillusion which question everything the Soviet establishment purported to stand for. The chapter then sets out the purpose of the book, which is to explore ways in which the poet sets her own individual emotions and experience at the core of her writing, while retaining a strong sense that those emotions and experiences were shared by her readers. The study contends that Berggol′ts succeeds in giving voice to the complexities of the Soviet experience, and that her engagement with these complexities has contributed to critical neglect of her writing.
The poetic self
Authors: Hodgson Katharine
Published: February 2012

This chapter looks at the poetic self in Berggol′ts's writing as a literary construct, informed not purely by biographical experience, but by literary tradition and other texts. An outline of Berggol′ts's views on lyric poetry is followed by a discussion of how the poetic self is constituted in her work, and an exploration of the multiple and conflicting discourses which construct the ‘I’ in her early writing, as well as of the preoccupation with contrast and contradiction in her poetic self-representation during the 1930s and 1940s. The rest of the chapter focuses on Berggol′ts's exploration of the possibilities for creating a unified poetic self which is capable of assuming a representative role as the voice of a generation. The whole discussion is informed by the question of the female poetic voice and its associations within Russian literary culture.
Medieval Prosopographies and the Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Nelson Janet L. , Pelteret David A. E. , Short Harold
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the origins of the project, the historian's concepts of database entities, ‘humanities computing’, and the new dynamics of collaboration. Prosopography in the sense of biographical compendia of exemplary males, especially office-holders in the service of the state, or church, grew out of those. As other papers in this volume show, an electronic database offers huge potential advantages over the old handwritten card-index methods of assembling a prosopography. This model, of standards adoption and standards building, is no less relevant to projects such as PASE, PBE, and other prosopographical projects. It holds out the realistic prospect, for example, of creating a compendium of all Anglo-Saxon materials, whether historical, literary, linguistic, visual or archaeological.
: Contextual and Non-Contextual Histories of Political Thought
Authors: Kelly P. J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on how the history of political ideas has been approached in the context of British political science. This has the consequence that the discussion ranges over commentators who are explicitly not historians. It claims that the current British approaches to the study of past political thought have domestic origins in the development of the study of politics in British Universities, especially Oxford, Cambridge, and LSE. The first section accounts for different approaches to the study of political ideas in British political science by examining conceptions of the history of political thought. It shows how institutional history is connected to the development of a genre, and how this history has not been dependent on the direct import of Continental or American intellectual fashions or personalities. The second section delineates the three main British approaches to the study of the history of political ideas in the post-war period.
: Visions of Freedom
Authors: O’Sullivan Noël
Published: February 2012

This chapter considers four of the most influential visions that characterized the response to totalitarianism, and in particular the various concepts of limit they provide, since those are the basis of the opposition which each vision sought to oppose to the totalitarian ideal. The first vision is the positivist one of Karl Popper, for whom the logic of scientific method offers the only genuine knowledge of man and society. The second great vision is that of Berlin, who abandons positivism and instead presents the human condition in tragic terms, on the grounds that it is intrinsically characterized by a plurality of incommensurable and conflicting values. A third vision situates positivism in a naturalistic portrait of the human condition. Finally, there is the ‘civil’ vision of Michael Oakeshott, which is ultimately grounded in a radical, anti-reductionist conception of human freedom.
Economic Policies: From Pace-Setter to Beleaguered Player
Authors: Dyson Kenneth
Published: February 2012

This chapter traces how rapidly evolving mechanisms of EU governance have affected German economic policy since the Treaty of Maastricht was agreed in 1991. Its central theme is the transition of Germany from ‘pace-setter’ in the constitutive politics of designing EMU to ‘beleaguered player’ in the regulative politics of its implementation, from Germany as policy model to Germany as the main problem. Europeanization has both reinforced traditional policy beliefs in ‘sound’ finance and acted as a catalyst for domestic policy reforms by strengthening the domestic discourse of competitiveness. It has also led to significant pressures for institutional reconfiguration, notably within the federal executive, federal-state relations, and the Bundesbank. The chapter questions the traditional assumption of a goodness of ‘fit’ between German and EU economic policies, in part because of unintended effects from the EMU and in part because, despite emphasis on a consensus about the ‘social market’ economy, Germany lacks a unitary economic policy model.
Virtual Reality, Relative Accuracy: Modelling Architecture and Sculpture with VRML
Authors: Greenhalgh Michael
Published: February 2012

This chapter evaluates current possibilities for the attainment of a realistic context over the web by attempting to match the basic requirements of art history scholarship and teaching against what is currently offered and what can be expected in the future. It surveys some ongoing research in the field from the perspective of an observer and a user. The first section of the chapter discusses virtual reality modelling language (VRML) and describes a project of the Supercomputer Group at the Australian National University. This project aimed to model, using VRML, the Buddhist stupa at Borobudur. The chapter also discusses a second project which deals with the Piazza de Popolo at Rome and the reasons why this project did not employ VMRL. The second section of the chapter examines some other ways in which an ordinary lecturer may use various simple technologies to conjure context, and with more flexibility, detail and accuracy that VRML can ever achieve.
Memories of Music, Memories through Music
Authors: Harris Rachel
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the types and functions of Sibe music. It provides biographical sketches of village musicians including Ga'altu of the Anjia clan, Guo Rongxing, and a certain Shoulintai. The chapter highlights the social functions of songs and their role as vehicles of formalised expression of human relations in the Sibe community. It describes the songs and musical activities at weddings, funerals, and calendric festivals.
Introduction: Religion in the Cristero Revolt
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the Cristero Revolt in Michoacán, Mexico from 1926 to 1929. It traces the origin of the revolt from the President Plutarco Elías Calles' strict enforcement of the anticlerical provisions of Mexico's 1917 revolutionary constitution. It contends that though popular religious cultures in Michoacán were socially constructed, it did not follow that they were empty, merely instrumental, constructs. It argues that popular groups in the 1920s created multi-layered identities and reshaped not only their political ideas but also their religious beliefs and practices as they alternatively accommodated or resisted the post-revolutionary state.
Into the Catacombs: Crisis and Persecution, 1926–9
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the religious crisis in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1926 to 1929. It explains that Church-state hostilities in Michoacán intensified in 1926 when Bishop José Mora y del Río publicly reiterated the Church's opposition to constitutional provisions which prohibited the clergy from giving primary education, outlawed ecclesiastical property, and denied the Church of any judicial personality. It outlines the Church's official response to persecution during the cristero revolt and describes the experiences of persecution of Christians at the parish level.
The Cristero Rebellion, 1926–9
Authors: Butler Matthew
Published: February 2012

This chapter examines the history of the Cristero Rebellion in Michoacán, Mexico during the period from 1926 to 1929. It explains that despite Bishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flores' call for passive resistance to the regime some curas at the parish level allowed Catholics to follow their consciences and rebel if they choose. It discusses the decision of many Catholics to mix elements of hierarchical dogma with their own understandings of Catholicism and legitimate violence while holding to a basic conviction that shouldering arms in defence of los padrecitos was a moral, political and practical necessity. It provides a narrative of the various cristero revolts which broke out in east Michoacán, Mexico in 1927–29 and analyses the social base, leadership and motivations of the rebel movement.
Alfred Antony Francis Gell 1945–1997
Authors: Macfarlane Alan
Published: February 2012

Alfred Gell was widely regarded as one of the most interesting thinkers in the world in the field of the anthropology of art. His life and writings provide an interesting insight into the fashions and flows of one part of British thought in the later 20th century. While Gell will be remembered as the author of the classic ethnography on the Umeda and a splendid survey of theories of time, it is the work on art and anthropology, undertaken during the last twelve years of his short life, which will determine his wider reputation. This consists of three books. The first, and only one published during his life was Wrapping in Images: Tattooing in Polynesia (1992). The second in order of writing, though not of publication, was a collection of his essays, mostly given as seminar papers and lectures, published in 1999 as The Art of Anthropology; Essays and Diagrams and edited by Eric Hirsch. The final work was Art and Agency, An Anthropological Theory (1998).
Henry Mathison Pelling 1920–1997
Authors: Clarke Peter
Published: February 2012

Henry Pelling enjoyed the deep respect of his professional colleagues, primarily in Britain and the anglophone world and also notably in Japan. His oeuvre secured him a reputation as the foremost empirical labour historian of his generation. Between 1954 and 1963 he published no fewer than nine substantial books, despite his complaints at the way that Oxford teaching duties ate into his time as a writing scholar. Having made himself the unrivalled authority on the history of the labour movement, Pelling had branched out in the 1960s into the new field of electoral history.
Mervyn Reddaway Popham 1927–2000
Authors: Cadogan Gerald
Published: February 2012

Mervyn Popham was a questioning, quiet person, driven by an uncompromising honesty to find the truth, and always ready to doubt accepted explanations or any theory-driven archaeology for which he could find no evidential basis. He was probably the most percipient archaeologist of the Late Bronze Age of Crete and the Aegean to have worked in the second half of the 20th century, and became almost as important in the archaeology of the Early Iron Age, which succeeded the Bronze Age. In his archaeology he took an analytical-empirical approach to what he saw as fundamentally historical problems, reaching unprecedented peaks of intelligent, and commonsensical, refinement.
George David Norman Worswick 1916–2001
Authors: Artis Michael
Published: February 2012

David Worswick dedicated his life to economics and the analysis of economic policy, which resulted in several honours. In 1975 he received a D.Sc. from City University and was elected a Fellow of the Academy in 1979 — and from 1986/7 to 1988/9 he served as Chairman of its Section 9. In 1981 he was awarded the CBE. He also had a lively and fulfilling domestic life. He married Sylvia Walsh in 1940 and had three children. Their Oxford house was a home from home for many a student. He represented, not only the intellectual commitment of a generation of British economists, but also just about all the best features of a man in public life in Britain in his time.
The Origins of the Civilisation of Angkor
Authors: Higham Charles F. W.
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses the origins of the civilisation of Angkor. The location of this civilisation presents several unique advantages, such as sufficient rainfall and permanent settlement. It looks at the dynasty founded by Jayavarman in Angkor, which lasted for two-hundred years. Most of the lecture presents archaeological findings and maps, which provide a look at the ancient kingdom in Angkor.