bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inklusivisme en eksklusivisme: ‘n Studie van twee tendense
Authors: Venter Pieter M.
Published: November 2009

Inclusivism and exclusivism: A study of two trendsThe identity of the church can be either inclusivist or exclusivist. Van Ruler’s theocratic theology views the church as being an inclusive community in service of God’s kingdom. It is the vehicle God uses to introduce his kingdom into the world. According to Van Ruler, however, the church also shows a unique character based on its relationship with Jesus Christ. Although the church can take many forms, Van Ruler’s opinion is that the Christian Church could be advised by Old Testament Israel in this regard. This study shows that both inclusivist and exclusivist trends are present in the Old as well as the New Testament. The New Testament inherited the debate between these two opposing stances from the time of the Second Temple. Returning from exile, Sadocitic priests propagated an exclusivist identity for the Judaeans. Their viewpoint was based on the programme of Ezekiel 40–48, as is illustrated in the literature of Ezra–Nehemiah, the Priestly Writing, Chronicles and Jubilees. On the other hand, indeed there was an inclusivist approach as well, as is depicted in the books of Jonah, Ruth, Trito-Isaiah and even Numbers and Joshua. The conclusion drawn from the study is that both exclusivist and inclusivist trends are present in the Bible. Although the church does not have any other option in the present postmodern world but to be primarily an inclusive community, it should also show some form of exclusivism.
Hugo field pea
Authors: Bing Deng-Jin , Beauchesne Don , Sloan Al , Gan Yantai , Vera Cecil , McLaren Debbie , Chang Kan-Fa
Published: November 2009

Hugo is a high-yielding field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar with yellow cotyledons. It has a semi-leafless leaf type, and is powdery mildew resistant. It has round seed shape, medium seed size and high seed coat integrity. The cultivar is adapted to field pea growing regions in western Canada. Key words: Field pea, Pisum sativum, cultivar description
Immobilized Enzymes
Authors: Guisan Jose M. , Betancor Lorena , Fernandez‐Lorente Gloria
Published: November 2009

Different protocols for enzyme immobilization are here discussed. On one hand, very simple immobilization protocols are commented, e.g. physical adsorption of enzymes on fully stable supports. On the other hand, more complex but much more efficient multipoint covalent immobilizations are also discussed. In general, all immobilization protocols are discussed on the basis of a multiple point of view: (i) the cost‐effectiveness of the immobilization (enzymes are immobilized for the very inexpensive biodiesel synthesis as well as for the production of very high added value drugs) (ii) re‐utilisation of immobilized derivatives in different type of reactors and (iii) the use of immobilization techniques in order to improve functional enzyme properties. This last point of view constitutes a main goal of this review: (a) monomeric enzymes may be highly stabilized by multipoint covalent immobilization, (b) multimeric enzymes may be stabilized via immobilization and post‐immobilization techniques, (c) lipase activity may be increased by interfacial immobilization, (d) enzyme selectivity can be also modulated by performing different immobilization protocols (e.g. involving different regions of the enzyme surface, promoting different rigidity in such regions and so on). In general, a solution for each different problem has been offered including some future prospects that will be available when other technologies will be strongly improved (e.g. use of monoclonal antibodies, use of magnetic nanoparticles and so on).
Microbiological Induced Corrosion and Inhibition
Authors: Perego Patrizia , Fabiano Bruno
Published: November 2009

Microbial corrosion refers, by definition, to the degradation of materials due to the activity of a wide variety of microorganisms, usually embedded in a gel matrix—the biofilm—attached to the surface. The feature of MIC (microbial induced corrosion) is connected to three factors: microorganisms involved (bacteria, algae, moulds or fungi, individually or in combination), material, and environment (solution and conditions). In particular, degradation of metallic structures derives from the activity of a wide variety of microorganisms, either directly participating in electrochemical reactions on the metal surface or producing aggressive metabolites capable of making the environment corrosive. A wide range of microorganisms may be involved in corrosion processes, such as chemical attack of metals, concrete and other materials, by means of the by‐products of microbe metabolism, for example, sulfuric and carbonic acids, hydrogen sulfide or ammonia; attack of metal by a process in which the corrosion reaction is sustained by the combined action of microbes and metal or by a combination of bacteria; depassivation of metal surfaces and induction of corrosion cells; depolarization of cathodic reaction; microbial attack of organic materials (e.g., paint coatings, plastic linings), degradation of inhibitors, conversion of natural inorganic compound (e.g., sulfur). Remedial actions are similar to those taken to avoid corrosion, but must be applied much more rigorously, as once it starts, it is extremely difficult to stop MIC. Preventive actions include optimum design of the plant at the early stage and proper material selection based on expected operative and environmental conditions.
Monoclonal Antibodies, Human, Engineered
Authors: Helguera Gustavo , Daniels Tracy R. , Rodríguez José A. , Penichet Manuel L.
Published: November 2009

Antibodies are unique proteins of the immune system that exhibit high affinity and specificity, which have emerged as powerful molecular tools with a broad range of applications in research, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. Since the 1970s, the hybridoma technology allowed the large‐scale generation of rodent monoclonal antibodies with selectivity for a single antigen. However, the therapeutic efficacy of these antibodies was disappointing due to inefficient activation of the human effector functions, short half‐life, and elevated immunogenicity that in some cases resulted in severe allergic reactions. The recombinant DNA technology allowed the engineering of a new generation of therapeutic antibodies by replacement of the murine components of antibodies with their human counterparts. This process started with the generation of mouse/human chimeric antibodies, followed by humanized antibodies, and finally fully human antibodies, each step significantly diminishing the immunogenicity of the antibodies. Importantly, the presence of the human fragment crystallizable (Fc) region in these antibodies makes them more effective in patients. These improvements resulted in a class of drugs that exhibit high specificity and functionality with less, if any, immunogenicity and toxicity, emerging as the fastest growing class of biological therapeutics. A rapidly growing number of human‐engineered antibodies are being used as therapeutic agents alone or in combination with other therapeutic interventions for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases that include cancer, transplant rejection, allergy, and autoimmune disorders. Further, modifications in the structure of antibodies that modulate or add new biological properties are broadening the range of their clinical applications.
Mycoplasma Contamination of Cell Cultures
Authors: Uphoff Cord C. , Drexler Hans G.
Published: November 2009

The contamination of cell cultures by mycoplasmas remains one of the major problems encountered in biological research and biotechnology using cultured cells. Mycoplasmas can produce extensive changes and growth arrest in cultures they infect; the possible sequelae of contamination are legion. These organisms are resistant to many of the antibiotics that are in common use in cell cultures. This problem has become more widely appreciated since the introduction of sensitive, rapid, and efficient methods for the detection of cell culture mycoplasmas. This article attempts to provide a concise review of the current knowledge on (1) the main characteristics and the taxonomy of mycoplasmas; (2) the incidence and sources of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures, the mycoplasma species most commonly detected in cell cultures, and the effects of mycoplasmas on the function and activities of infected cell cultures; (3) the various techniques available for the detection of mycoplasmas with particular emphasis on the most reliable detection methods; (4) the various methods available for the elimination of mycoplasmas highlighting antibiotic treatment; and (5) the recommended procedures and working protocols for the detection, elimination, and prevention of mycoplasma contamination. The availability of accurate, sensitive, and reliable detection methods and the application of robust and successful elimination methods provide a means for overcoming the insidious threat posed by mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures.
Off‐Line Analysis in Animal Cell Culture
Authors: Büntemeyer Heino
Published: November 2009

The cultivation of mammalian cellsin vitrorequires special environmental conditions. Except primary cells taken directly from an organ, cultured cells usually derive from immortal or immortalized cell lines. The cells may be genetically engineered or manipulated by transfection or fusion techniques. The behavior of this new cell depends very much on the origin of the basal cell line.

While some requirements are general for every cell, others can be very special for one cell line. All cells need isotonic conditions of about 300 mosmol/kg. Usually the cells need oxygen and also a carbon source (mostly glucose). As the cells cannot synthesize the essential amino acids and vitamins, they have to be supplied. Some additional components may basically not be needed for surveillance, but they can support the cells to optimize cell growth and productivity. This knowledge leads to complex media formulations that seldom contain less than 40 different components. During optimization of culture conditions and process strategies a detailed analysis of the nutrient requirements has to be performed. Many different analysis methods have to be established in a laboratory to comply with this extensive task.

In this article methods for almost all media compounds are described. All methodsthat are described in detail in this article, were developed, adapted, or checked in the laboratory for suitability of analysis of cell culture media and supernatants. They should be easily transferable to similar laboratory conditions. In this article, the methods for the analysis of proteins are only very briefly described. For each protein, special conditions and methods may apply. In general, the characterization of proteins includes a variety of steps. Methods for the analysis of amino acid sequence, glycosylation, molecular weight, heterogeneity, and activity have to be employed. A description of all these procedures would be beyond the scope of this article. For this reason, protein separation methods such as electrophoresis and protein and peptide chromatography are not included here.

For almost all suppliers of special equipment or chemicals cited in this article, a listing of the home pages (World Wide Web) can be found at the end of this article. All other products may be delivered by local suppliers. When a method is described in detail, an equivalent apparatus of any supplier may also be suitable.
Monooxygenases, Bacterial: Oxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Smith Thomas J.
Published: November 2009

Bacteria that grow using alkenes as their carbon and energy source produce monooxygenase enzymes that catalyze the initial step in alkene metabolism: oxygenation of the alkene to give an epoxide functional group. Among the best characterized groups of alkene‐oxidizing enzymes are multicomponent soluble alkene monooxygenases (AkMOs) that have a binuclear iron active site and are homologous to soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methane‐oxidizing bacteria. AkMOs have attracted attention because of their ability to produce valuable chiral epoxides, often with high enantiomeric excess as well as their capacity to bioremediate pollution caused by chlorinated alkenes such as trichloroethene (TCE). At least one industrial process for epoxide production has been developed using AkMO‐expressing cells as the biocatalyst. AkMOs fromRhodococcus rhodochrousB‐276,Xanthobacter autotrophicusPy2, andMycobacteriumspp. have been characterized biochemically and genetically, and systems for genetic modification and directed evolution have been developed, which open the way to use of genetic methods to manipulate the properties of these potentially very useful enzymes. Other alkene‐utilizing bacteria that elaborate the flavin active‐center styrene monooxygenase also have potential for synthesis of chiral epoxides, especially molecules with aromatic substituents. Di‐iron center monooxygenases, including membrane‐associated enzymes unrelated to the soluble di‐iron AkMOs, from bacteria that do not naturally grow on alkenes also catalyze enantioselective epoxygenation of alkenes. Future genetic improvements in the catalytic properties of stereoselective alkene‐oxidizing enzymes, together with a drive toward less polluting and more renewable technology, may lead to greater commercial exploitation of these enzymes for bioremediation and synthesis of chiral epoxides.
Plant Cell Cultures, Photosynthetic
Authors: Widholm Jack M.
Published: November 2009

Photoautotrophic (PA) tissue cultures that rely entirely upon light for energy and CO2for carbon have been initiated from a total of 29 species of higher plants. The species include C4 and Crassulacean acid metabolism species, legumes, and a number of important crop plants. However, no grasses have been grown successfully. PA culture initiation is time‐consuming and appears to be associated with long‐term adaptation physiologically and apparently genetically, since once initiated the cultures can be bleached and then rapidly become photosynthetically competent again. In addition, a series of unusual mutations have also been found in thepsbAgene leading to triazine herbicide resistance in PA cultures in contrast to those found with triazine‐resistant weeds. A large number of physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological studies have been carried out especially with theChenopodium rubrumandGlycine maxcell lines. The cultures can be grown in fermenters, hence, seem ideal for compound and macromolecule production, although the overall record of valuable secondary compound production has been disappointing. PA cultures are useful for many studies since they are axenic, grow relatively rapidly, are easy to view microscopically, can be heavily14C labeled using14CO2, are in easily changed medium for compound addition and removal and other conditions are readily altered, and the cells are easily extracted.
Pluronic Polyols—Cell Protection
Authors: Murhammer David W.
Published: November 2009

Pluronic polyols, especially Pluronic F‐68, are commonly added to cell culture media to protect insect and mammalian cells from the hydrodynamic stress resulting from sparging. This article describes the relevant properties of Pluronic polyols, the ability of Pluronic polyols to protect insect and mammalian cells from sparging and agitation, and the application of Pluronic polyols to cell culture.
Proteins: Thermal Unfolding
Authors: Lonescu Roxana , Shi Li
Published: November 2009

Thermal unfolding represents an important tool to evaluate protein stability and is extensively used in the development of protein‐based products. In order to assess the protein preference to maintain its folded (active) conformation, the protein is exposed to increasing levels of denaturing stress (temperature in the case of thermal unfolding) and protein stability is determined based on the stress level required to produce a significant fraction of unfolded protein. This chapter provides a description of theory and experimental technique, as well as multiple examples of the application of protein thermal unfolding in the development of therapeutic protein products. The first part describes several experimental techniques used for data acquisition and thermodynamic models needed to perform data analysis of thermal unfolding. The following section provides a detailed description of the factors that affect the thermal stability: protein structure, presence of ligands or excipients, and solvent conditions. Finally, examples of thermal unfolding studies used to support various stages of product development are presented, including protein molecular design, manufacture and purification process development, and stable formulation selection. Thermal unfolding in combination with results provided by other techniques can also be used in high‐throughput screening for a variety of applications and for protein characterization.
PseudomonasApplications
Authors: Rehm Bernd H. A.
Published: November 2009

The genusPseudomonascomprises a huge diversity of species which are adapted to very different environments. This capability to thrive in various habitats coincides with an enormous metabolic capacity of this genus which is reflected by the ability to use recalcitrant compounds as carbon source as well as to produce a wide range of secondary metabolites and biopolymers. These properties imply the production of a diversity of enzymes which have been also conceived as biocatalysts for various applications. In this review, an overview will be provided describing the current use as well as the potential use of pseudomonads and their enzymes in various biotechnological production processes. Besides the application ofPseudomonasfor the production of biocatalysts and recombinant proteins, the biosynthesis pathways of commercially relevant biopolymers/biomolecules, such as alginates, elastomeric bioplastics, and rhamnolipids, will be described. These biosynthesis pathways have been successfully subjected to metabolic engineering for the production of tailor‐made biomolecules (biomaterials). Finally, environmental applications of variousPseudomonasspecies in biodegradation of recalcitrant pollutants as well as biocontrol agents in plant growth promotion will be discussed
Rheological Behavior of Fermentation Fluids
Authors: Thomas Colin R. , Riley Grainne L.
Published: November 2009

The rheology of fermentation broths is of great importance in biotechnology. The application of rheological models to such broths is described and the Power law appears to be of most practical use for non‐Newtonian broths. Rheometer types and their applications are described. The cone and plate rheometer is favored for exo‐biopolymer fermentations. For mycelial fermentations disk spindle systems are deservedly popular when consistency and ease of use are of most importance, for example in monitoring an established fermentation. Disk turbine rheometers are often used in research environments but it has been shown recently that the use of cup and bob devices may also be feasible. For mycelial fermentations some correlations between rheological and morphological parameters are presented and discussed. Morphology is usually characterized by image analysis but this could be replaced in commercial environments by light scattering measurements of particle sizes. Some effects of non‐Newtonian broth rheology on fermenter mixing performance are described, including possible cavern formation if broths have a yield stress, however small.
Sterilization and Decontamination, Bioprocess Equipment and Biological and Products
Authors: Roberts Peter L.
Published: November 2009

Equipment and materials used during the manufacture of biotechnology products are commonly sterilized by heat treatment, using autoclaving or dry‐heat, for the inactivation of microorganisms. In the case of liquids, filtration is used. These procedures are standardized in order to ensure effective sterilization. Other methods that are used include fumigation with gaseous disinfectants, gamma and ultraviolet irradiation, and liquid disinfectants. Materials derived from biological sources, such as cells or growth media, are also tested for viruses. In the case of media, supplements or final products, various methods such as heat treatment, solvent/detergent, low pH or virus filters can be used to inactivate or remove viruses without affecting the material itself. Where necessary the effectiveness of such procedures can be confirmed by validation studies. In addition to conventional microorganisms, other agents such as prions/TSEs are also of concern. Regulatory and safety issues associated with sterilization also need to be taken into account.
Biotechnology in Tea Processing
Authors: Mullick Ashim
Published: November 2009

Tea is the second most consumed beverage in the world after water. In recent years, the health benefits of both green and black tea have been actively investigated. Several key bioactives such as epicatechin, epigallacatechin gallate, theaflavins, theannine, and black tea polyphenols have been identified and have been linked to unique health benefits. These health benefits imply that there is significant potential to develop functional teas that deliver efficacious levels of tea bioactives. The health benefits that are useful in the context of developing functional teas relate to (i) improvement in vascular function for epicatechin and black tea polyphenols, (ii) antiobesity or weight loss with epigallocatechin gallate as the bioactive, (iii) cholesterol‐lowering and antiinflammatory effect for theaflavins, and (iv) a calm or relaxed mental state and improved immunity due to theanine. In addition to the health benefits, the flavor of tea is an important attribute and it can be manipulated using tea aroma compounds. The requisite levels of these molecules are different from the currently existing levels. Biotechnology is the primary route to deliver efficacious levels of these bioactives in tea and also for engineering the tea flavor using tea aroma. The biotechnological approaches that are useful are (i) the engineering of the biosynthetic pathway; (ii) the enzymatic/microbial biosynthesis of the molecules of interest; and (iii) extraction of these molecules from tea, purification and subsequent incorporation into the tea product. These approaches are discussed with specific examples to establish the current status of the technology and the future applications for the development of functional teas.
Thermostable Proteins
Authors: Chan Joo Jeong , Je Yoo Young
Published: November 2009

Instability of proteins is one of the major limiting factors in industrial applications. Enhancing protein stability is one of the hottest issues in industrial biotechnology. Thorough understanding of important factors related to protein thermostability and structural features of thermostable proteins may allow successful design of protein thermostability without deleterious effects on functionality and activity. Moreover, critical view on merits and demerits of different protein engineering methods including rational design, directed evolution, and computational protein design will give a guideline to engineer proteins for industrial applications. Practically, combination of rational design or computational protein design and directed evolution can overcome the defects of each method to design a better suited protein.
Transient Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells: Promises and Challenges for Medical Biotechnology
Authors: Hacker David L. , Baldi Lucia , Adam Myriam , Wurm Florian M.
Published: November 2009

Recombinant protein‐based biologics are increasingly relevant in the pharmaceutical industry. Currently, mammalian cell‐based bioprocesses are a routine manufacturing procedure for complex proteins such as recombinant antibodies, and the number of new biologics produced by mammalian cells is progressively increasing. In addition, a growing number of proteins need to be rapidly screened to identify new candidates for clinical trials. To help fill this need, rapid mammalian‐based bioprocesses have been established with transient gene expression, the production of recombinant protein following gene delivery into cells without the establishment of a stable cell line. With current transient gene expression methods, the recombinant protein can be made available in milligram amounts within 1–2 weeks from the time the appropriate expression vector has been generated. Thus, pre‐clinical material can quickly enter the drug screening process (in vitroactivity tests and animal studies), and successful candidates can be identified within a short time‐frame. But the potential of this innovative technology is still far from being fully exploited and appreciated. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the past achievements and current status of the field of transient gene expression in mammalian cells as well as to discuss the future perspectives and challenges of this promising technology.
Designing for Disassembly (DfD)
Authors: Durmisevic Elma , Yeang Ken
Published: November 2009

The redundancy of existing buildings that leads to demolition and the unnecessary disposal of structures and their parts is one of the most challenging aspects of the current construction industry. This large‐scale problem of obsolescence leads to the squandering of existing materials and resources on a massive scale. Here Elma Durmisevic and Ken Yeang advocate a means by which disassembly can be designed into buildings from the outset. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organotrifluorborate und einfach koordinierte Palladiumkomplexe als Katalysatoren – die perfekte Kombination für die Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kupplung
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Canturk Belgin
Published: November 2009

Einfach koordinierte katalytische Palladiumkomplexe mit sperrigen, elektronenreichen Phosphan‐ oder N‐heterocyclischen Carbenliganden haben die Suzuki‐Miyaura‐Kupplung revolutioniert. Weitere interessante Perspektiven für diese Reaktionen ergaben sich durch die Einführung von Organotrifluorboraten als Organoborkomponenten. Die Kombination dieser beiden Neuerungen führte zu einem außerordentlich leistungsfähigen Kreuzkupplungsverfahren.
Organotrifluoroborates and Monocoordinated Palladium Complexes as Catalysts—A Perfect Combination for Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Canturk Belgin
Published: November 2009

Monocoordinated palladium catalysts derived from sterically hindered, electron‐rich phosphines or N‐heterocyclic carbenes have revolutionized the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. The emergence of organotrifluoroborates has provided important new perspectives for the organoboron component of these reactions. In combination, these two components prove to be extraordinarily powerful partners for cross‐coupling reactions.
Highly efficient catalytic system for electrophilic amination of arylzinc reagents
Authors: Daşkapan Tahir , Koca Selçuk
Published: November 2009

The effect of catalyst on the yield of amine in the amination of three classes of arylzinc reagents with acetone oximeO‐tosylate was investigated. Since they allowed the preparation of arylamines in excellent yields in the presence of a minimum amount of copper (I) or copper (II) compounds, the catalytic systems using copper (I) or copper (II) combined with a P‐, N‐ or S‐donor ligand were revealed to be the best catalysts for the electrophilic amination of arylzinc reagents with acetone oximeO‐tosylate in the presence of DMPU. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SLC/CCR7 Stimulates the Proliferation of BMDCs by the pNF‐κB p65 Pathway
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Li Rilun , Qin Jie , Zhong Cuiping , Liang Chunmin
Published: November 2009

The chemokine receptor CCR7 is highly expressed in dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and other immune effector cells. One of the high‐affinity ligand that can bind to CCR7 is the secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC). The SLC/CCR7 axis plays an important role in the immune system by inducing the chemotaxis and migration of immune effector cells. In this study, we examined the effect of SLC at different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 ng/mL) on the proliferation of bone‐marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). ELC (CCL19), another high‐affinity ligand for CCR7, was used as the control at the same time. We found that SLC directly stimulated the proliferation of BMDCs and enhanced the antigen‐presenting function and CCR7 expression. Western blot analysis showed that pNF‐κBp65 was involved in this mechanism. We also found that the NF‐κB inhibitor PDTC could specifically block the proliferation and CCR7 expression of BMDCs induced by SLC or ELC (200 ng/mL). The results suggested that there were cross‐talk signals between the chemotaxis and proliferation of BMDCs involving the SLC/CCR7 axis. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occlusal Development and Masseter Activity in Alpacas (Lama pacos)
Authors: Williams Susan H. , Sidote Joanna , Stover Kristin K.
Published: November 2009

Tooth eruption and the development of occlusion are significant ontogenetic changes in the masticatory apparatus of mammals. Here, we test the hypothesis that changes in masseter activity are correlated with increased occlusal contacts at major stages of dental development in the alpaca, Lama pacos. We compare electromyographic data from the superficial and deep masseter in infant and juvenile alpacas prior to and following m1 occlusion and from adults with full permanent dentitions. The pre‐m1 and post‐m1 occlusion groups exhibit similar masseter activity durations, chewing cycle durations, and with the exception of the balancing‐side deep masseter, similar timing differences between the jaw muscles. On average, the balancing‐side deep masseter fires significantly later in the post‐m1 occlusion group. The m2–m3 group exhibits significantly longer chewing cycle length and an even later firing balancing‐side deep masseter. Increased occlusion is also associated with an increase in the relative amount of working‐side superficial and deep masseter muscle activity when compared with the balancing side muscles. Although the development of occlusal relations in infant and juvenile alpacas are associated with minor changes in masseter activation patterns, additional molar occlusal contacts increase chewing cycle duration resulting in concomitant changes in masseter recruitment patterns. Currently, we cannot rule out that musculoskeletal development influences masseter activity as demonstrated in other mammals. However, the data presented here indicate that alpacas have a relatively delayed onset of the adult motor pattern that may be correlated with changes in occlusal relations due to tooth eruption. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental Pattern of the Right Atrioventricular Septal Valve Leaflet and Tendinous Cords
Authors: Guzmán Laura Villavicencio , Mayoral Pedro Valencia , Valencia Julio Páez , Pine Stanislaw Sadowinski , Gómez Concepción Sánchez
Published: November 2009

No consensus exists regarding the precise contribution of myocardium and the atrioventricular (AV) cushion mesenchyme to the development of leaflets, tendinous cords (TCs) and papillary muscles. Furthermore, the origin and fate of the myocardium embedded in the immature mesenchyme of the AV cushions at the beginning of AV valvulogenesis is controversial. Some authors have suggested that these cells result from a mesenchyme‐to‐myocardium transformation. In contrast, other researchers have concluded that they are derived from the myocardial ventricular wall and the interventricular septum (IVS). On the other hand, it has been assumed that the AV mural and septal leaflets have the same pattern of development. However the supporting structures of the two types of leaflets are anatomically different, which could reflect some differences in the pattern of development. We have therefore investigated the morphogenetic processes involved in sculpting and maturation of the right septal leaflet (RSL) and TCs in embryonic and post‐hatching chicken hearts. The origin and fate of the myocardium embedded in the immature cushion mesenchyme at the beginning of RSL morphogenesis was also studied. For this purpose, scanning electron microscopic analysis, histological studies and immunohistochemical detection of Nkx2.5 and MEF2C were performed. Our findings indicate that the RSL and TCs present a distinct morphogenetic pattern from that of the mural leaflets. Our results also provide evidence that myocardial recruitment from the IVS, but not mesenchyme‐to‐myocardium transformation, participates in the development of the muscular region of the TCs adjacent to the IVS. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Effect of Maternal Malnutrition During Lactation on the Endometrial ERα Expression, Collagen Type, and Blood Vessels in the Rats Offspring at Puberty
Authors: Bittencourt Brasil Flávia , Silva Faria Tatiane , Barcellos Sampaio Francisco José , Fonte Ramos Cristiane da
Published: November 2009

The aim of this manuscript was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein‐energy‐restriction and energy restriction during lactation on endometrial collagen and blood vessels, uterus Erα expression, and estradiol serum levels in the rats offspring at puberty. At parturition, dams were grouped as: control group (C), with free access to standard rat chow containing 23% protein and 17,038.7 KJ/Kg; protein‐energy restricted group (PER), with free access to formulated chow containing 8% protein but made isoenergetic to the C diet (17,038.7 KJ/Kg); and energy‐restricted group (ER), which received standard rat chow containing 23% protein based on the mean ingestion of the PER group corresponding to 60% of that consumed by the control group. After weaning, all female pups had free access to standard laboratory chow until puberty, when they were killed at the diestrum stage. The uterine ERα expression was determined by Western‐Blot and estradiol serum levels by radioimmunoassay. Endometrial collagen and blood vessels were quantified by stereology. The volumetric density of blood vessels (C = 70.7 ± 2.2; PER = 29.2 ± 2.4; ER = 32.3 ± 3.6; P < 0.001) and endometrial collagen (C = 31.1 ± 1; PER = 26.9 ± 1.0; ER = 26.5 ± 0.7; P < 0.05) were significantly reduced in both malnourished groups. The ER group presented higher estradiol serum levels (C = 69.2 ± 6.4; PER = 73.4 ± 5.5; ER = 101.0 ± 5.4; P < 0.01) in relation to C and PER groups. ERα expression was greater in both malnourished groups (C = 0.11 ± 0.02; PER = 0.41 ± 0.12; ER = 0.35 ± 0.03; P < 0.05). In conclusion, maternal malnutrition during lactation caused changes in endometrial angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and Erα expression in female offspring that will appear in puberty and could affect the reproductive biology of the female offspring. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antifertility Characteristics of the N‐terminal Region of Mouse Equatorial Segment Protein
Authors: Lv Zheng‐Mei , Wang Min , Xu Chen
Published: November 2009

To investigate antifertility characteristics of the equatorial segment protein (ESP) and its potential immunocontraceptive effect, three partially overlapping cDNA fragments P1/P2/P3, together covering the entire mouse ESP, were cloned, expressed, and purified. The roles of P1/P2/P3 in fertility were investigated through in vitro fertilization and mouse mating test. Antibodies against P1/P2 significantly reduced the rates of fertilization in vitro in the zona‐intact experiments. Coincubation of zona‐free mouse oocytes with capacitated mouse spermatozoa in the presence of antibodies against P1/P2 also inhibited sperm‐oolemma binding and fusion, while anti‐P3 antibody virtually had no effect on in vitro fertilization at the same concentration. Immunization of female BALB/c mice with N‐terminal of mouse ESP (recombinant P1 and P2) resulted in a significant decrease in the fertility rate as well as the litter size. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that mouse ESP protein was localized to the equatorial segment of acrosome of mouse sperm, and was exposed and surface‐accessible after acrosome reaction. Mouse ESP was also demonstrated to have complementary binding sites on the mouse egg plasma membrane by indirect immunofluorescence assay. These findings suggest that the N‐terminal of mouse ESP could play an important role in fertility and might be a vaccine candidate for contraception. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of a Novel Series of Isonicotinylhydrazide Derivatives
Authors: Jaju Sandip , Palkar Mahesh , Maddi Veeresh , Ronad Pradeepkumar , Mamledesai Shivalingarao , Satyanarayana Darbhamulla , Ghatole Mangala
Published: November 2009

A novel series of 14 new isonicotinyl hydrazide derivatives 2a–g, 3a–g containing a 4‐thiazolidinone / 2‐azetidinone nucleus were synthesized by reacting N′‐substituted arylidene / heteroarylidene isonicotinyl hydrazide 1a–g with thioglycollic acid in the presence of dry benzene and with chloroacetyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine, respectively. Structures of all newly synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analyses and spectral data (IR and 1H‐NMR). All the title compounds were tested for their in‐vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using Alamar‐Blue susceptibility test, and the activity is expressed as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in μg/mL. Among the series, compounds 2b, 2g, 3b, and 3g displayed an encouraging antimycobacterial activity profile as compared to that of the reference drugs isoniazid / rifampicin.
Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Activity of Novel Conformationally Restricted Triazole Derivatives
Authors: Wang Wenya , Sheng Chunquan , Che Xiaoying , Ji Haitao , Miao Zhenyuan , Yao Jianzhong , Zhang Wannian
Published: November 2009

A series of new triazole derivatives were designed and synthesized on the basis of the active site of lanosterol 14α‐demethylase from Candida albicans (CACYP51). 2‐(2,4‐Difluorophenyl)‐3‐(methyl‐(3‐phenoxyalkyl)amino)‐1‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)propan‐2‐ols show excellent in‐vitro activity against most of the tested pathogenic fungi. The MIC80 value of compound 8a against Candida albicans is 0.01 μM, which provides a good starting template for further structural optimization. The binding modes of the designed compounds were investigated by flexible molecular docking. The compounds interacted with CACYP51 through hydrophobic, van‐der‐Waals, and hydrogen‐bonding interactions.
N‐Malonyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline as a Novel Carrier for Specific Delivery of Drugs to the Brain
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Mohamed , Abuo‐Rahma Gamal El‐Din A. A. , Hassan Heba A. , Farag Hassan H.
Published: November 2009

N‐Malonyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline derivatives were synthesized and investigated as a novel carrier system for site‐specific and sustained delivery of drugs to the brain. Such carriers are expected to be stable against air oxidation due to the presence of the carbonyl group close to nitrogen of the dihydroisoquinoline. Reduction of the prepared isoquinolinium quaternary derivatives with sodium dithionite afforded a novel group of N‐malonyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline chemical delivery systems (CDS). The synthesized N‐malonyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline chemical delivery systems were subjected to various chemical and biological investigations to evaluate their ability to cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), and to be oxidized biologically into their corresponding quaternary derivatives. The in‐vitro oxidation studies showed that the designed N‐malonyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline chemical delivery system could be oxidized into its corresponding quaternary derivatives at an adequate rate. The in‐vivo distribution studies showed that these N‐malonyl‐1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline chemical delivery systems were able to cross the blood‐brain barrier at detectable concentrations.
Analyzing user interaction with the ViewFinder video retrieval system
Authors: Albertson Dan
Published: November 2009

This study investigates interactive video retrieval. The basis for this study is that user‐ and search task‐centric research in video information retrieval can assist efforts for developing effective user interfaces and help complement the existing corpus of video retrieval research by providing evidence for the benefits of evaluating systems using such an approach. Accordingly, the results were collected and analyzed from the perspective of certain users and search tasks (i.e., information needs). The methodology of this study employed specially designed interactive search experiments to examine a number of different factors in a video retrieval context, including those that correspond to search tasks of a particular domain, interface features and functions, system effectiveness, and user interactions. The results indicated that the use and effectiveness of certain interface features and functions were dependent on the type of search task, while others were more consistent across the full experiment. Also included is a review of prior research pertaining to visual search tasks, systems development, and user interaction. ViewFinder, the prototype system used to carry out the interactive search experiments of this study, is fully described.
Biofuels, trade and sustainability: a review of perspectives for developing countries
Authors: Oosterveer Peter , Mol Arthur P.J.
Published: November 2009

Recent growth in demand for biofuels is resulting in rapid increases in their production and trade. Although this may offer interesting export opportunities for tropical countries who can produce biomass more efficiently, whether this effectively leads to growing exports depends to a large extent on the conditionalities that prevail on the major biofuel markets. Market protection by developed countries, concerns about the environmental impact of producing biofuels, and demands for securing food production are all conditions preventing the world biofuels market from being a level playing field. These conditions for international trade are not yet fixed, however, and various stakeholders struggle with the desired arrangement. This review provides an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art biofuels trade, with special emphasis on issues of access, trade barriers and sustainability relevant for developing countries. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Study of stationary phase metabolism via isotopomer analysis of amino acids from an isolated protein
Authors: Shaikh Afshan S. , Tang Yinjie J. , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila , Martín Héctor García , Gin Jennifer , Benke Peter I. , Keasling Jay D.
Published: November 2009

Microbial production of many commercially important secondary metabolites occurs during stationary phase, and methods to measure metabolic flux during this growth phase would be valuable. Metabolic flux analysis is often based on isotopomer information from proteinogenic amino acids. As such, flux analysis primarily reflects the metabolism pertinent to the growth phase during which most proteins are synthesized. To investigate central metabolism and amino acids synthesis activity during stationary phase, addition of fully 13C‐labeled glucose followed by induction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression during stationary phase was used. Our results indicate that Escherichia coli was able to produce new proteins (i.e., GFP) in the stationary phase, and the amino acids in GFP were mostly from degraded proteins synthesized during the exponential growth phase. Among amino acid biosynthetic pathways, only those for serine, alanine, glutamate/glutamine, and aspartate/asparagine had significant activity during the stationary phase. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
ChemInform Abstract: Crystallography of Chevrel Phases, MMo6T8 (M: Cd, Na, Mn, and Zn, T: S, Se) and Their Cation Mobility.
Authors: Levi E. , Gershinsky G. , Aurbach D. , Isnard O.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Carnallite, LiCl·MgCl2·7H2O.
Authors: Schmidt Horst , Euler Bernhard , Voigt Wolfgang , Heide Gerhard
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase in the Al—Yb—Zn System Between 25 and 50 at% Ytterbium.
Authors: Mazzone Donata , Manfrinetti Pietro , Fornasini Maria L.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure—Composition Sensitivity in “Metallic” Zintl Phases: A Study of Eu(Ga1‐xTtx)2 (Tt: Si, Ge, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1).
Authors: You Tae‐Soo , Zhao Jing‐Tai , Poettgen Rainer , Schnelle Walter , Burkhardt Ulrich , Grin Yuri , Miller Gordon J.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning the Sign of Photoinduced Changes in Magnetization: Spin Transitions in the Ternary Metal Prussian Blue Analogue NaαNi1‐xCox [Fe(CN)6]β·nH2O.
Authors: Pajerowski Daniel M. , Gardner Justin E. , Talham Daniel R. , Meisel Mark W.
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Magnetic Structure of Clinopyroxene‐Type LiFeGe2O6 and Revised Data on Multiferroic LiFeSi2O6.
Authors: Redhammer Guenther J. , Roth Georg , Treutmann Werner , Hoelzel Markus , Paulus Werner , Andre Gilles , Pietzonka Clemens , Amthauer Georg
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: EuTZn (T: Pd, Pt, Au) with TiNiSi‐Type Structure—Magnetic Properties and 151Eu Moessbauer Spectroscopy.
Authors: Mishra Trinath , Hermes Wilfried , Harmening Thomas , Eul Matthias , Poettgen Rainer
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Clewlike ZnV2O4 Hollow Spheres: Nonaqueous Sol—Gel Synthesis, Formation Mechanism, and Lithium Storage Properties.
Authors: Xiao Lifen , Zhao Yanqiang , Yin Jia , Zhang Lizhi
Published: November 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.