bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumers in mental health service leadership: A systematic review
Authors: Scholz Brett , Gordon Sarah , Happell Brenda
Published: November 2016

Contemporary mental health policies call for greater involvement of mental health service consumers in all aspects and at all levels of service planning, delivery, and evaluation. The extent to which consumers are part of the decision‐making function of mental health organizations varies. This systematic review synthesizes empirical and review studies published in peer‐reviewed academic journals relating to consumers in leadership roles within mental health organizations. The Cochrane Library, Medline, and PsycINFO were searched for articles specifically analysing and discussing consumers’ mental health service leadership. Each article was critically appraised against the inclusion criteria, with 36 articles included in the final review. The findings of the review highlight current understandings of organizational resources and structures in consumer‐led organizations, determinants of leadership involvement, and how consumer leadership interacts with traditional mental health service provision. It appears that organizations might still be negotiating the balance between consumer leadership and traditional structures and systems. The majority of included studies represent research about consumer‐run organizations, with consumer leadership in mainstream mental health organizations being less represented in the literature. Advocates of consumer leadership should focus more on emphasizing how such leadership itself can be a valuable resource for organizations and how this can be better articulated. This review highlights the current gaps in understandings of consumer leadership in mental health, including a need for more research exploring the benefits of consumer leadership for other consumers of services.
Diffusion limited precipitation of alumina in magnesium aluminate spinel
Authors: Miller Jesse Aaron , Reimanis Ivar E. , Miao Weiguo , Sutorik Anthony C.
Published: November 2016

Precipitation of Al2O3 from nonstoichiometric, dense spinel was examined with the intent to design strengthened transparent ceramics. Powders of magnesium aluminate spinel, MgO·nAl2O3, with compositions n=1 and 2 were uniaxially hot‐pressed at 1873 K, hot isostatically pressed at 2073 K, and heat treated in air or vacuum at 1573 K for 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 hour. It was observed that precipitation of α‐Al2O3 in n=2 material initiated from the surface and progressed to various depths, with greater depths corresponding to treatments in air. The kinetics are shown to be limited by the diffusion of oxygen through the reacted layer. The results reveal that the environment used to densify spinel has a large influence on the evolution of the two phase microstructure during subsequent heat treatment.
Fight or flight? – Flight increases immune gene expression but does not help to fight an infection
Authors: Woestmann L. , Kvist J. , Saastamoinen M.
Published: November 2016

Flight represents a key trait in most insects, being energetically extremely demanding, yet often necessary for foraging and reproduction. Additionally, dispersal via flight is especially important for species living in fragmented landscapes. Even though, based on life‐history theory, a negative relationship may be expected between flight and immunity, a number of previous studies have indicated flight to induce an increased immune response. In this study, we assessed whether induced immunity (i.e. immune gene expression) in response to 15‐min forced flight treatment impacts individual survival of bacterial infection in the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). We were able to confirm previous findings of flight‐induced immune gene expression, but still observed substantially stronger effects on both gene expression levels and life span due to bacterial infection compared to flight treatment. Even though gene expression levels of some immunity‐related genes were elevated due to flight, these individuals did not show increased survival of bacterial infection, indicating that flight‐induced immune activation does not completely protect them from the negative effects of bacterial infection. Finally, an interaction between flight and immune treatment indicated a potential trade‐off: flight treatment increased immune gene expression in naïve individuals only, whereas in infected individuals no increase in immune gene expression was induced by flight. Our results suggest that the up‐regulation of immune genes upon flight is based on a general stress response rather than reflecting an adaptive response to cope with potential infections during flight or in new habitats.
Pseudonotohymena antarctica n. g., n. sp. (Ciliophora, Hypotricha), a New Species from Antarctic Soil
Authors: Park Kyung‐Min , Jung Jae‐Ho , Min Gi‐Sik , Kim Sanghee
Published: November 2016

A new soil ciliate, Pseudonotohymena antarctica n. g., n. sp., from King George Island, Antarctica, is described based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and its 18S rRNA gene. The new genus Pseudonotohymena is morphologically similar to the genus Notohymena Blatterer and Foissner in the following characteristics: 18 fronto‐ventral‐transverse cirri, a flexible body, undulating membranes, dorsomarginal kineties, and the number of cirri in the marginal rows. However, Pseudonotohymena differs from Notohymena particularly in the dorsal ciliature, that is, in possessing a nonfragmented dorsal kinety (vs. fragmented). In addition, the molecular phylogenetic relationship of the new species differs from that of Notohymena species. On the basis of the morphological features, the genetic data, and morphogenesis, we establish P. antarctica n. g., n. sp. In addition, the cyst morphology of this species is described.
Midlife Cognitive Ability, Education, and Tooth Loss in Older Danes
Authors: Bachkati Kristine Harrsen , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Brønnum‐Hansen Henrik , Holm‐Pedersen Poul
Published: November 2016

Objective

To examine the possible influence of cognitive ability and education at age 50 or 60 on number of teeth at age 70.

Setting

Community‐dwelling population in Copenhagen, Denmark.

Participants

Men and women born in 1914 (N = 302).

Measurements

Cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale at age 50 or 60. A global cognitive ability measure was used as a continuous measure and according to tertile. Information on education was gathered using a questionnaire at age 50 or 60. A clinical oral examination took place at age 70, and oral health was measured according to number of teeth (<6 vs ≥6). Baseline covariates were smoking, alcohol, sex, and income.

Results

Logistic regression analyses revealed that greater cognitive ability and educational attainment had a protective effect against risk of tooth loss. The associations were significant and persisted after adjusting for confounders and a two‐way interaction between cognitive ability and education.

Conclusion

Higher education level and cognitive ability measured at age 50 or 60 were associated with having more teeth at age 70. Whether these findings are due to the interaction of these factors with oral health, related socioeconomic factors, or other factors remains to be studied.
Effect of Reproductive History and Exogenous Hormone Use on Cognitive Function in Mid‐ and Late Life
Authors: Karim Roksana , Dang Ha , Henderson Victor W. , Hodis Howard N. , St. John Jan , Brinton Roberta D. , Mack Wendy J.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To investigate the association between reproductive history indicators of hormonal exposure, including reproductive period, pregnancy, and use of hormonal contraceptives, and mid‐ and late‐life cognition in postmenopausal women.

Design

Analysis of baseline data from two randomized clinical trials: the Women's Isoflavone Soy Health and the Early vs Late Intervention Trial of Estradiol.

Setting

University academic research center.

Participants

Naturally menopausal women (N = 830).

Measurements

Participants were uniformly evaluated using a cognitive battery and a structured reproductive history questionnaire. Outcomes were composite scores for verbal episodic memory, executive function, and global cognition. Reproductive variables included ages at pregnancies, menarche, and menopause; reproductive period; number of pregnancies; and use of hormones for contraception and menopausal symptoms. Multivariable linear regression was used to evaluate associations between cognitive scores (dependent variable) and reproductive factors (independent variables), adjusting for age, race and ethnicity, income, and education.

Results

On multivariable modeling, age at menarche of 13 and older was inversely associated with global cognition (P = .05). Last pregnancy after age 35 was positively associated with verbal memory (P = .03). Use of hormonal contraceptives was positively associated with global cognition (P trend = .04), and verbal memory (P trend = .007). The association between hormonal contraceptive use and verbal memory and executive function was strongest for more than 10 years of use. Reproductive period was positively associated with global cognition (P = .04) and executive function (P = .04).

Conclusion

In this sample of healthy postmenopausal women, reproductive life events related to sex hormones, including earlier age at menarche, later age at last pregnancy, longer reproductive period, and use of oral contraceptives are positively related to aspects of cognition in later life.
Integrated Working for Enhanced Health Care in English Nursing Homes
Authors: Cook Glenda , McNall Anne , Thompson Juliana , Hodgson Philip , Shaw Lynne , Cowie Daniel
Published: November 2016

Background

The increasingly complex nature of care home residents’ health status means that this population requires significant multidisciplinary team input from health services. To address this, a multisector and multiprofessional enhanced healthcare programme was implemented in nursing homes across Gateshead Council in Northern England.

Study Aims

To explore the views and experiences of practitioners, social care officers, and carers involved in the enhanced health care in care home programme, in order to develop understanding of the service delivery model and associated workforce needs for the provision of health care to older residents.

Methods

A qualitative constructivist methodology was adopted. The study had two stages. Stage 1 explored the experiences of the programme enhanced healthcare workforce through group, dyad, and individual interviews with 45 participants. Stage 2 involved two workshops with 28 participants to develop Stage 1 findings (data were collected during February–March 2016). Thematic and content analysis were applied.

Findings

The enhanced healthcare programme provides a whole system approach to the delivery of proactive and responsive care for nursing home residents. The service model enables information exchange across organizational and professional boundaries that support effective decision making and problem solving.

Clinical Relevance

Understanding of the processes and outcomes of a model of integrated health care between public and independent sector care home services for older people.
Towards an Integrated Understanding of Critical Upheavals: From Crisis to Contentious Politics to “All‐Encompassing Contentious Crisis”
Authors: Wang Wensheng
Published: November 2016

This article advances a general, comprehensive approach around the concept of “all‐encompassing contentious crisis” to studying critical upheavals and their historical impacts. This interpretative framework aims to reorient how we think about extraordinary events by providing a rubric for converting the scheme of seemingly unrelated destructive upheavals into an integrative model of constructive development. It appropriates the theoretical insights developed in political science and sociology to enrich historical inquiry and, furthermore, to turn crisis into a more precise and full‐fledged model of development. It is hoped that this synthesized model can not only help to lessen the barrier between historians and social scientists but also bridge the gap between event and structure in explaining historical change.
A Study on Possibility of Clinical Application for Color Measurements of Shade Guides Using an Intraoral Digital Scanner
Authors: Yoon Hyung‐In , Bae Ji‐Won , Park Ji‐Man , Chun Youn‐Sic , Kim Mi‐Ae , Kim Minji
Published: November 2016

Purpose

To assess if color measurement with intraoral scanner correlates with digital colorimeter and to evaluate the possibility of application of a digital scanner for shade selection.

Materials and Methods

The L*a*b* values of the five shade tabs (A1, A2, A3, A3.5, and A4) were obtained with an intraoral scanner (TRIOS Pod) and a colorimeter (ShadeEye). Both devices were calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions before measurements. Color measurement values were compared with paired t‐test, and a Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship of two methods.

Results

The L*a*b* values of the colorimeter were significantly different from those of the digital scanner (p < 0.001). The L* and b* values of both methods were strongly correlated with each other (both p < 0.05). The device repeatability in both methods were reported to be excellent (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, color measurements with digital intraoral scanners and computer‐assisted image analysis were in accordance with those of the colorimeter with respect to L* and b* values; however, all the coordinates of shade tabs were significantly different between two methods.

Conclusions

The digital intraoral scanner may not be used as the primary method of color selection in clinical practices, considering significant differences in color parameters with colorimeter. The scanner's capability in shade selection should be further evaluated.
Methods and Processes of Developing the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology – Veterinary (STROBE‐Vet) Statement
Authors: Sargeant J.M. , O'Connor A.M. , Dohoo I.R. , Erb H.N. , Cevallos M. , Egger M. , Ersbøll A.K. , Martin S.W. , Nielsen L.R. , Pearl D.L. , Pfeiffer D.U. , Sanchez J. , Torrence M.E. , Vigre H. , Waldner C. , Ward M.P.
Published: November 2016

Background

Reporting of observational studies in veterinary research presents challenges that often are not addressed in published reporting guidelines.

Objective

To develop an extension of the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement that addresses unique reporting requirements for observational studies in veterinary medicine related to health, production, welfare, and food safety.

Design

Consensus meeting of experts.

Setting

Mississauga, Canada.

Participants

Seventeen experts from North America, Europe, and Australia.

Methods

Experts completed a pre‐meeting survey about whether items in the STROBE statement should be modified or added to address unique issues related to observational studies in animal species with health, production, welfare, or food safety outcomes. During the meeting, each STROBE item was discussed to determine whether or not rewording was recommended and whether additions were warranted. Anonymous voting was used to determine consensus.

Results

Six items required no modifications or additions. Modifications or additions were made to the STROBE items 1 (title and abstract), 3 (objectives), 5 (setting), 6 (participants), 7 (variables), 8 (data sources/measurement), 9 (bias), 10 (study size), 12 (statistical methods), 13 (participants), 14 (descriptive data), 15 (outcome data), 16 (main results), 17 (other analyses), 19 (limitations), and 22 (funding).

Conclusion

The methods and processes used were similar to those used for other extensions of the STROBE statement. The use of this STROBE statement extension should improve reporting of observational studies in veterinary research by recognizing unique features of observational studies involving food‐producing and companion animals, products of animal origin, aquaculture, and wildlife.
Legally Queer: The Construction of Sexuality in LGBQ Asylum Claims
Authors: Vogler Stefan
Published: November 2016

Using court decisions, interviews with legal actors, and ethnographic observations, this paper analyzes the development of sexual identity classifications for sexual minorities seeking asylum in the United States and argues that the adjudication of such claims works to consolidate and regulate sexual identities but also creates possibilities for recognizing marginalized queer identities. Asylum seekers must prove their sexual identities, and immigration officials must classify claimants as belonging to a protected group. At the inception of queer asylum law in 1990, protected categories were highly circumscribed, but the indeterminacy of the law allowed advocates and asylum seekers to challenge existing categories and stake out new claims based on their sexualities. Against the backdrop of extant criticisms of the asylum process for queers, this paper suggests that the way asylum law has been elaborated, adapted, and interpreted, particularly in approximately the past decade, offers possibilities for making unique identity claims that are not recognized in existing scholarship.
17,β‐estradiol inhibits hepatitis C virus mainly by interference with the release phase of its life cycle
Authors: Magri Andrea , Barbaglia Matteo N. , Foglia Chiara Z. , Boccato Elisa , Burlone Michela E. , Cole Sarah , Giarda Paola , Grossini Elena , Patel Arvind H. , Minisini Rosalba , Pirisi Mario
Published: November 2016

Background & Aims

Oestrogen and oestrogen‐mediated signalling protect from hepatitis C virus through incompletely understood mechanisms. We aimed to ascertain which phase(s) of hepatitis C virus life cycle is/are affected by oestrogens.

Methods

Huh7 cells infected with the JFH1 virus (genotype 2a) were exposed to dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, progesterone and 17β‐estradiol (tested with/without its receptor antagonist fulvestrant). Dose–response curves were established to calculate half maximal inhibitory concentration values. To dissect how 17β‐estradiol interferes with phases of hepatitis C virus life cycle, its effects were measured on the hepatitis C virus pseudo‐particle system (viral entry), the subgenomic replicon N17/JFH1 and the replicon cell line Huh7‐J17 (viral replication). Finally, in a dual‐step infection model, infectious supernatants, collected from infected cells exposed to hormones, were used to infect naïve cells.

Results

Progesterone and testosterone showed no inhibitory effect on hepatitis C virus; dehydroepiandrosterone was only mildly inhibitory. In contrast, 17β‐estradiol inhibited infection by 64%‐67% (IC50 values 140‐160 nmol/L). Fulvestrant reverted the inhibition by 17β‐estradiol in a dose‐dependent manner. 17β‐estradiol exerted only a slight inhibition (<20%) on hepatitis C virus pseudo‐particles, and had no effect on cells either transiently or stably (Huh7‐J17 cells) expressing the N17/JFH1 replicon. In the dual‐step infection model, a significant half maximal inhibitory concentration decline occurred between primary (134 nmol/L) and secondary (100 nmol/L) infections (P=.02), with extracellular hepatitis C virus RNA and infectivity being reduced to a higher degree in comparison to its intracellular counterpart.

Conclusions

17β‐estradiol inhibits hepatitis C virus acting through its intracellular receptors, mainly interfering with late phases (assembly/release) of the hepatitis C virus life cycle.
ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 74 (ERF74) plays an essential role in controlling a respiratory burst oxidase homolog D (RbohD)‐dependent mechanism in response to different stresses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yao Yuan , He Run Jun , Xie Qiao Li , Zhao Xian hai , Deng Xiao mei , He Jun bo , Song Lili , He Jun , Marchant Alan , Chen Xiao‐Yang , Wu Ai‐Min
Published: November 2016

Recent studies indicate that the ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR VII (ERF‐VII) transcription factor is an important regulator of osmotic and hypoxic stress responses in plants. However, the molecular mechanism of ERF‐VII‐mediated transcriptional regulation remains unclear.

Here, we investigated the role of ERF74 (a member of the ERF‐VII protein family) by examining the abiotic stress tolerance of an ERF74 overexpression line and a T‐DNA insertion mutant using flow cytometry, transactivation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays.

35S::ERF74 showed enhanced tolerance to drought, high light, heat and aluminum stresses, whereas the T‐DNA insertion mutant erf74 and the erf74;erf75 double mutant displayed higher sensitivity. Using flow cytometry analysis, we found that erf74 and erf74;erf75 lines lack the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in the early stages of various stresses, as a result of the lower expression level of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG D (RbohD). Furthermore, ERF74 directly binds to the promoter of RbohD and activates its expression under different abiotic stresses. Moreover, induction of stress marker genes and ROS‐scavenging enzyme genes under various stress conditions is dependent on the ERF74−RbohD−ROS signal pathway.

We propose a pathway that involves ERF74 acting as an on–off switch controlling an RbohD‐dependent mechanism in response to different stresses, subsequently maintaining hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
Control of Arabidopsis lateral root primordium boundaries by MYB36
Authors: Fernández‐Marcos María , Desvoyes Bénédicte , Manzano Concepción , Liberman Louisa M. , Benfey Philip N. , del Pozo Juan C. , Gutierrez Crisanto
Published: November 2016

Root branching in plants relies on the de novo formation of lateral roots. These are initiated from founder cells, triggering new formative divisions that generate lateral root primordia (LRP). The LRP size and shape depends on the balance between positive and negative signals that control cell proliferation.

The mechanisms controlling proliferation potential of LRP cells remains poorly understood. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana MYB36, which have been previously shown to regulate genes required for Casparian strip formation and the transition from proliferation to differentiation in the primary root, plays a new role in controlling LRP development at later stages.

We found that MYB36 is a novel component of LR development at later stages. MYB36 was expressed in the cells surrounding LRP where it controls a set of peroxidase genes, which maintain reactive oxygen species (ROS) balance. This was required to define the transition between proliferating and arrested cells inside the LRP, coinciding with the change from flat to dome‐shaped primordia. Reducing the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in myb36‐5 significantly rescues the mutant phenotype.

Our results uncover a role for MYB36 outside the endodermis during LRP development through a mechanism analogous to regulating the proliferation/differentiation transition in the root meristem.
The Practical Application Of 3D Vision in the Field: Measuring Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus) Antler Growth Velocities
Authors: Lichti Derek D. , Steward Jeremy , Chow Jacky C. K. , Matyas John
Published: November 2016

Advances in three‐dimensional (3D) optical imaging have made possible precise and accurate measurements of many scenes, ranging from engineering to architecture to art. However, measurements of some 3D objects are more difficult to obtain than others, particularly if the edges do not feature regular geometry, the colour is dark and variable, and if the object moves haphazardly. Such objects occur regularly in biology, and the present study illustrates some of the challenges of evaluating such objects. The growing antlers of three live reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is presented as an example of how 3D imaging, specifically time‐of‐flight range imaging, can be used to solve to a reasonable extent a problem that is very difficult to approximate using traditional techniques. Mean antler growth velocities of the order of 7 to 9 mm/day were estimated, using the proposed methodology, from data of these three animals collected over a seven‐week period.
Grief's Rationality, Backward and Forward
Authors: Cholbi Michael
Published: November 2016

Grief is our emotional response to the deaths of intimates, and so like many other emotional conditions, it can be appraised in terms of its rationality. A philosophical account of grief's rationality should satisfy a contingency constraint, wherein grief is neither intrinsically rational nor intrinsically irrational. Here I provide an account of grief and its rationality that satisfies this constraint, while also being faithful to the phenomenology of grief experience. I begin by arguing against the best known account of grief's rationality, Gustafson's strategic or forward‐looking account, according to which the practical rationality of grief depends on the internal coherence of the component attitudes that explain the behaviors caused by grief, and more exactly, on how these attitudes enable the individual to realize states of affairs that she desires. While I do not deny that episodes of grief can be appraised in terms of their strategic rationality, I deny that strategic rationality is the essential or fundamental basis on which grief's rationality should be appraised. In contrast, the heart of grief's rationality is backward‐looking. That is, what primarily makes an episode of grief rational qua grief is the fittingness of the attitudes individuals take toward the experience of a lost relationship, attitudes which in turn generate the desires and behaviors that constitute bereavement. Grief thus derives its essential rationality from the objects it responds to, not from the attitudes causally downstream from that response, and is necessarily irrational when the behaviors that constitute an individual's grieving are inappropriate to the object of that grief. So while the strategic rationality of an episode of grief contributes to whether it is on the whole rational, no episode of grief can be rational unless the actions that constitute grieving accurately gauge the change in a person's normative situation wrought by the loss of her relationship with the deceased.
Molecular markers of putative spermatogonial stem cells in the domestic cat
Authors: Bedford‐Guaus SJ , Kim S , Mulero L , Vaquero JM , Morera C , Adan‐Milanès R , Veiga A , Raya Á
Published: November 2016

Contents

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are an important tool for fertility preservation and species conservation. The ability to expand SSCs by in vitro culture is a crucial premise for their use in assisted reproduction. Because SSCs represent a small proportion of the germ cells in the adult testis, culture success is aided by pre‐enrichment through sorting techniques based on cell surface‐specific markers. Given the importance of the domestic cat as a model for conservation of endangered wild felids, herein we sought to examine culture conditions as well as molecular markers for cat SSCs. Using a cell culture medium for mouse SSCs supplemented with glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), germ cells from prepuberal cat testes remained viable in culture for up to 43 days. Immunohistochemistry for promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger (PLZF) protein on foetal, prepuberal and adult testis sections revealed a pattern of expression consistent with the labelling of undifferentiated spermatogonia. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) with an antibody against epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM) was used to sort live cells. Then, the gene expression profile of EPCAM‐sorted cells was investigated through RT‐qPCR. Notably, EPCAM (+) cells expressed relatively high levels of CKIT (CD117), a surface protein typically expressed in differentiating germ cells but not SSCs. Conversely, EPCAM (‐) cells expressed relatively high levels of POU domain class 5 transcription factor 1 (POU1F5 or OCT4), clearly a germ line stem cell marker. These results suggest that cat SSCs would probably be found within the population of EPCAM (–) cells. Future studies should identify additional surface markers that alone or in combination can be used to further enrich SSCs from cat germ cells.
Mandibular position and movements: Suitability for diagnosis of sleep apnoea
Authors: Martinot Jean‐Benoit , Borel Jean‐Christian , Cuthbert Valérie , Guénard Hervé Jean‐Pierre , Denison Stéphane , Silkoff Philip E. , Gozal David , Pepin Jean‐Louis
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Mandibular movements (MMs) and position during sleep reflect respiratory efforts related to increases in upper airway resistance and micro‐arousals. The study objective was to assess whetherMMidentifies sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) in patients with moderate to high pre‐test probability.

Methods

This was a prospective study of 87 consecutive patients referred for an in‐laboratory sleep test. Magnetometer‐derivedMMsignals were incorporated into standard polysomnography (PSG). Respiratory events detected withMManalysis were compared withPSGfor respiratory disturbance index (RDI) with a blinded scoring. All records were scored manually according to American Academy of Sleep Medicine rules. Primary outcome was to rule‐in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) defined asRDIcut‐off value ≥5 or 15/h total sleep time (TST).

Results

High concordance emerged betweenMMandPSG‐derivedRDIwith high temporal coincidence between events (R2 = 0.906;P < 0.001). The mean diagnostic accuracy ofMMforOSASusingRDI MMcut‐off values of 5.9 and 13.5 was 0.935 (0.86–0.97) and 0.913 (0.84–0.95), with a mean positive likelihood ratio (LLR+) of 3.73 (2.7–20.4) and 8.46 (2.3–31.5), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves atPSGcut‐off values of 5 and 15/hTSThad areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 (95%CI: 0.89–0.99) and 0.97 (95%CI: 0.91–0.99) (P < 0.001), respectively.MManalysis accurately identifiedSDBat different levels of severity.

Conclusion

RDIassessed byMMis highly concordant withPSG, suggesting a role of ambulatoryMMrecordings to screen forSDBin patients with moderate to high pre‐test probability.
Towards a sociology of risk work: A narrative review and synthesis
Authors: Gale Nicola K. , Thomas Gareth M. , Thwaites Rachel , Greenfield Sheila , Brown Patrick
Published: November 2016

In this article, we define the concept of “risk work,” which aims to make visible working practices to assess or manage risk, in order to subject these practices to sociological critique. This article reviews and synthesizes existing published literature to identify components of risk work: (a) translating risk into different contexts, (b) minimizing risks in practice, and (c) caring in the context of risk. We argue that these three components of risk work raise important tensions for workers that have been inadequately explored in the literature to date. We propose that future research should additionally focus on practitioner subjectivity and identity in risk work. In addition, we argue that comparative research—across type of risk and different contexts—and methodological and theoretical diversity would enhance this emerging field of research.
Young adults in the United States and Benin reason about gendered cultural traditions
Authors: Conry‐Murray Clare , Shaw Leigh A.
Published: November 2016

This study explored emerging and young adults’ reasoning about cultural practices in West Africa. American (Study 1, n = 78, M = 20.76 years) and Beninese (Study 2, n = 93, M = 23.61 years) undergraduates were surveyed about their evaluations of corporal punishment, scarification, and schooling restrictions in conditions where the practices had gender‐neutral or gender‐specified targets. In Study 1, the majority (69%) of American participants negatively evaluated the practices, especially when targets were female. However, the majority (73%) assumed the cultural practices were consensual. In Study 2, the majority (76%) of Beninese participants negatively evaluated the practices, and their evaluations did not vary by gender of the target. Few (10%) Beninese participants assumed the cultural practices were consensual. In both studies, emerging and young adults who initially judged practices positively changed their evaluations with a change in consent.
Long‐term effects of soil management regimes on carbon contents and respiration rates of aggregate size fractions
Authors: Zhang S. , Li J. , Yang X. , Sun B.
Published: November 2016

This study investigated long‐term effects of soil management on size distribution of dry‐sieved aggregates in a loess soil together with their organic carbon (OC) and their respiratory activity. Soil management regimes were cropland, which was either abandoned, left bare fallow or cropped for 21 yr. Abandonment increased the abundance of macroaggregates (>2 mm) in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and reduced that of microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to Cropping, whereas the Fallow treatment reduced the abundance of macroaggregates at depths of 0–10 and 10–20 cm. All treatments yielded similar aggregate size distributions at a depth of 20–30 cm. The SOC content of aggregate size fractions in the surface soil from the Abandoned plots was greater (by 1.2–4.8 g/kg) than that of the corresponding fractions from the Cropped plots, but the opposite trend was observed in the subsurface soils. Conversely, the Fallow treatment reduced the SOC content of every aggregate size fraction. Smaller aggregates generally exhibited greater cumulative levels of C mineralization than larger ones. However, the bulk of the SOC losses from the soils via mineralization was associated with aggregates of >2 mm. Abandonment significantly increased the relative contribution of macroaggregates (>2 mm) to the overall rate of SOC loss, whereas the Fallow treatment significantly reduced the contribution of 0.25–2 mm aggregates to total SOC loss in the surface soil while substantially increasing their contribution in the subsurface soil.
Toward a working taxonomy of geodesign practice
Authors: Tulloch David
Published: November 2016

As an emerging area of study, geodesign discussions and publications have used practice as a vital source of inspiration and evidence of the early successes of the field. A closer examination of geodesign projects reveals some similarities and differences within the practice currently discussed as geodesign. Using 28 examples of geodesign projects, this paper identifies classes of examples that are similar. Based on the practical evidence represented in the examples, a 3‐level classification system is proposed for providing a basic taxonomy for geodesign projects. This taxonomic system characterizes the classes based on: (1) whether the examples ceded some design control to the computer; (2) whether public participation is incorporated into the design process; and (3) whether it employs complex substantive models. This taxonomy offers a means for understanding and describing the diversity of geodesign while also raising new questions about the boundaries and structure of the field.
Identification of contaminant interferences which cause positive urine reagent test strip reactions in a cage setting for the laboratory‐housed nonhuman primate, Beagle dog, and Sprague–Dawley rat
Authors: Siska William D. , Meyer Dennis J. , Schultze Albert E. , Brandoff Catherine
Published: November 2016

Background

A high incidence of unexplained positive urine reagent test strip reactions was observed in healthy, untreated laboratory‐housed nonhuman primates, Beagle dogs, and Sprague–Dawley rats. Exposure of urine to cage pan contaminants was the suspected cause of the positive reactions.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to identify cage pan contaminants which could cause positive reagent test strip reactions.

Methods

Contaminated urine was simulated by exposing water samples to cage pan contaminants, including cleaning solutions, feces from nonhuman primates, Beagle dogs, and Sprague–Dawley rats, certified laboratory animal diets, and dietary enrichments (vegetables, fruits, and food treats). Ten samples were prepared for each contaminant and analyzed for blood, glucose, bilirubin, ketones, pH, protein, urobilinogen, nitrite, and leukocyte esterase using commercially available urine reagent test strips and an automated urine chemistry analyzer.

Results

Positive reactions were common for all but one analyte and frequently associated with multiple contaminants. Blood, glucose, and protein reactions had the highest incidence and/or strongest positive reactions. Positive reactions for other reagent test strip analytes were observed, but generally of lower incidence and magnitude.

Conclusions

We identified a high incidence of contaminant interferences in a water matrix causing positive reagent test strip reactions, primarily for the blood, glucose, and protein reactions. These findings highlight the potential limited value of urine reagent test strip assays as reliable biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity in nonclinical studies, and imply that urine collection methods that minimize exposure to contaminants will likely improve the diagnostic validity of reagent test strip assays.
The novel high molecular weight Dermatophagoides farinae protein Zen‐1 is a major allergen in North American and European mite allergic dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Olivry Thierry , Dunston Stanley M. , Favrot Claude , Prélaud Pascal , Tsukui Toshiroh
Published: November 2016

Background

Atopic dogs with hypersensitivity to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) have IgE recognizing high molecular weight (MW) allergens more often than the low MW Der f 1 and 2. A new high MW Df allergen, Zen‐1, has been identified recently.

Objectives

To determine the IgE reactivity of American and European Df‐hypersensitive dogs to Zen‐1, Der f 1 and Der f 2.

Methods

We tested sera from 33 Df‐reactive dogs from the USA, 29 from Europe and 15 experimentally sensitized to Df, by ELISA against crude Df, Der f 1, Der f 2 and Zen‐1. ELISA inhibition was performed with sera reactive to Zen‐1. Intradermal testing (IDT) was also done with the same allergens in 25 other American atopic dogs.

Results

Altogether, IgE seropositivity to Zen‐1 was more prevalent (86%) than that to Der f 1 (17%) or Der f 2 (19%). The IgE reactivity to Zen‐1 was correlated to that against crude Df; this allergen alone inhibited a high percentage (median: 50%; range: 22–84%) of the binding to the crude mite extract. The seropositivity to low MW allergens was highest in experimentally sensitized dogs. Serum IgE recognition of Der f 1 was low in dogs with AD; that to Der f 2 was significantly lower in American dogs (6%) than in European ones (28%). A high prevalence of positive immediate IDT reactions to Zen‐1 confirmed the likely relevance of serological results.

Conclusions and clinical importance

This study establishes Zen‐1 as a major allergen in atopic dogs sensitized to Df.
Adipose‐derived aldehyde dehydrogenase–expressing cells promote dermal regenerative potential with collagen‐glycosaminoglycan scaffold
Authors: Matsumine Hajime , Numakura Kazuyuki , Tsunoda Satoshi , Wang Huan , Matsumine Rui , Climov Mihail , Giatsidis Giorgio , Sukhatme Vikas P. , Orgill Dennis P.
Published: November 2016

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) is an enzyme that plays an important role in retinoid metabolism and highly expressed in stem cells. This study isolated ALDH‐expressing cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue and investigated their potential to enhance healing in a full‐thickness skin wound in rats by co‐implanting them with collagen‐glycosaminoglycan (c‐GAG) scaffolds. ALDH‐positive cells were isolated by a fluorescence‐activated cell sorting technique from Lewis rat's stromal‐vascular‐fraction (SVF) and transplanted with c‐GAG scaffolds in a rat full‐thickness skin wound model. At 7 days after surgery, the microscopic appearance of c‐GAG scaffolds seeded with ALDH‐positive was compared with those of uncultured‐SVF, and cultured‐SVF adipose‐derived stromal cells (ASCs). The thickness of cellular ingrowth in the ASC group (630 ± 180 μm) was significantly thicker than that in the control (390 ± 120 μm) or SVF (380 ± 140 μm) groups, but non‐significantly thicker than that in the ALDH‐positive group (570 ± 220 μm). The thickness of regenerated collagen layer was significantly thicker in the ALDH‐positive group (160 ± 110 μm) than in the ASCs (81 ± 41 μm), the control (65 ± 24 μm), or SVF (64 ± 34 μm) groups. Immunofluorescent staining with CD31 proved that transplanted ALDH‐positive cells differentiated into vascular endothelial cells in c‐GAG scaffolds. Combined transplantation with c‐GAG scaffolds and adipose‐derived ALDH‐positive cells promoted dermal regeneration, giving a possibility that ALDH‐positive cells would greatly shorten the waiting period before secondary autologous skin grafting was possible.
Comparison of RANS and Detached Eddy Simulation Modeling Against Measurements of Leading Edge Film Cooling on a First-Stage Vane
Authors: Ravelli S. , Barigozzi G.
Published: November 2016

The performance of a showerhead arrangement of film cooling in the leading edge region of a first-stage nozzle guide vane was experimentally and numerically evaluated. A six-vane linear cascade was tested at an isentropic exit Mach number of Ma2s = 0.42, with a high inlet turbulence intensity level of 9%. The showerhead cooling scheme consists of four staggered rows of cylindrical holes evenly distributed around the stagnation line, angled at 45 deg toward the tip. The blowing ratios tested are BR = 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0. Adiabatic film cooling effectiveness distributions on the vane surface around the leading edge region were measured by means of thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC) technique. Since the experimental contours of adiabatic effectiveness showed that there is no periodicity across the span, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations were conducted by simulating the whole vane. Within the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) framework, the very widely used realizable k–ε (Rke) and the shear stress transport k–ω (SST) turbulence models were chosen for simulating the effect of the BR on the surface distribution of adiabatic effectiveness. The turbulence model which provided the most accurate steady prediction, i.e., Rke, was selected for running detached eddy simulation (DES) at the intermediate value of BR = 3. Fluctuations of the local temperature were computed by DES, due to the vortex structures within the shear layers between the main flow and the coolant jets. Moreover, mixing was enhanced both in the wall-normal and spanwise directions, compared to RANS modeling. DES roughly halved the prediction error of laterally averaged film cooling effectiveness on the suction side of the leading edge. However, neither DES nor RANS provided the expected decay of effectiveness progressing downstream along the pressure side, with 15% overestimation of ηav at s/C = 0.2.
Differential Quadrature Method for Stability and Sensitivity Analysis of Neutral Delay Differential Systems
Authors: Dong Wei , Ding Ye , Zhu Xiangyang , Ding Han
Published: November 2016

This work develops a computationally efficient stability analysis method for the neutral delay differential systems. This method can be also conveniently applied for the optimal parameter tuning of related control systems. To facilitate this development, at each sampling grid point, the time derivative of the concerned differential system is first estimated by the differential quadrature method (DQM). The neutral delay differential system is then discretized as numbers of algebraic equations in the concerned duration. By combining the obtained discretized algebraic equations, the transition matrix of the two adjacent delay time durations can be explicitly established. Subsequently, the stability boundary is estimated, and the optimal parameters for the controller design are evaluated by searching the global minimum of the spectral radius of the transition matrix. In order to solve such optimization problems with the gradient descent algorithms, this work also analytically formulates the gradient of spectral radius of transition matrix with respect to the concerned parameters. In addition, a strong stability criterion is introduced to ensure better robustness. Finally, the proposed method is extensively verified by numeric examples, and the proposed differential quadrature method demonstrates good accuracy in both parameter tuning and stability region estimation for the neutral delay differential systems.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa outer membrane lipoprotein I gene: molecular cloning, sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli
Authors: Duchêne M , Barron C , Schweizer A , von Specht B U , Domdey H
Published: November 2016

Lipoprotein I (OprI) is one of the major proteins of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Like porin protein F (OprF), it is a vaccine candidate because it antigenically cross-reacts with all serotype strains of the International Antigenic Typing Scheme. Since lipoprotein I was expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of its own promoter, we were able to isolate the gene by screening a lambda EMBL3 phage library with a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against lipoprotein I. The monocistronic OprI mRNA encodes a precursor protein of 83 amino acid residues including a signal peptide of 19 residues. The mature protein has a molecular weight of 6,950, not including bound glycerol and lipid. Although the amino acid sequences of protein I of P. aeruginosa and Braun's lipoprotein of E. coli differ considerably (only 30.1% identical amino acid residues), peptidoglycan in E. coli, are identical. Using lipoprotein I expressed in E. coli, it can now be tested whether this protein alone, without P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide contaminations, has a protective effect against P. aeruginosa infections.
DNA-binding proteins in cells and membrane blebs of Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Authors: Dorward D W , Garon C F
Published: November 2016

Naturally elaborated membrane bleb fractions BI and BII of Neisseria gonorrhoeae contain both linear and circular DNAs. Because little is known about the interactions between DNA and blebs, studies were initiated to identify specific proteins that bind DNA in elaborated membrane blebs. Western immunoblots of whole-cell and bleb proteins from transformation-competent and DNA-uptake-deficient (dud) mutants were probed with single- or double-stranded gonococcal DNA, pBR322, or synthetic DNA oligomers containing intact or altered gonococcal transformation uptake sequences. The specificity and sensitivity of a nonradioactive DNA-binding protein assay was evaluated, and the assay was used to visualize DNA-protein complexes on the blots. The complexes were then characterized by molecular mass, DNA-binding specificity, and expression in bleb fractions. The assay effectively detected blotted DNA-binding proteins. At least 17 gonococcal DNA-binding proteins were identified; unique subsets occurred in BI and BII. Certain DNA-binding proteins had varied affinities for single- and double-stranded DNA, and the intact transformation uptake sequence competitively displaced the altered sequence from a BI protein at 11 kilodaltons (kDa). A dud mutant, strain FA660, lacked DNA-binding activity at the 11-kDa protein in BI. The segregation of DNA-binding proteins within BI and BII correlates with their distinct protein profiles and suggests that these vesicles may play different roles. Although the DNA-binding proteins expressed in BII may influence the nuclease-resistant export of plasmids within BII vesicles, the BI 11-kDa protein may bind transforming DNA.