bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal surface displacement derived from DInSAR, Rankin Inlet, Nunavut
Authors: Short N , LeBlanc A -M , Bellehumeur-Génier O
Published: July 2016

This map shows the relative ground surface displacement between the major terrain units during one summer in the area of Rankin Inlet. The ground displacement was derived using differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (DInSAR) data for the summer of
2015. DInSAR data came from the Canadian RADARSAT-2 satellite which operates with a C-band SAR. Stable ground represents locations where either no vertical change was calculated or where displacement was within the expected range of error (± 1.0 cm). Downward displacement represents, in
general, ground surface lowering (subsidence) on the order of 1.0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 4.0, 4.0 to 6.0, 6.0 to 8.5, and 8.5 to 14.0 cm. Other possible causes of apparent downward displacement could be associated with downward surface water table movement throughout the summer and sediment erosion. Upward
displacement represents a surface rise of 1.0 to 5 cm, which is only 0.3% of the total coverage of the DInSAR map. Areas of no data result from a loss of interferometric coherence. These are typically water and other relatively smooth surfaces from which there is no radar return, or where there
has been significant ground surface disturbance and the radar returns cannot be correlated.
Down syndrome: An overview
Authors: Wajuihian Samuel Otabor
Published: July 2016

Optometrists as primary eye care providers examine patients from diverse populations, including those with special needs such as Down syndrome. Down syndrome is a chromosomal abnormality associated with several health conditions including vision anomalies such as refractive, accommodative and vergence anomalies, as well as ocular pathology. In this article, a narrative review of Down syndrome including the background, historical perspective, aetiology and genetic mechanisms, types, epidemiology, as well as the physical and medical profile of Down syndrome is presented.Keywords: Down syndrome review; Trisomy 21; historical perspective; etiology; types and epidemiology; features; Optometrist
Development and Validation of a Data-Based Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adults in Eastern Rural Area of Rwanda
Authors: Yanagisawa Ayumi , Sudo Noriko , Amitani Yukiko , Caballero Yuko , Sekiyama Makiko , Mukamugema Christine , Matsuoka Takuya , Imanishi Hiroaki , Sasaki Takayo , Matsuda Hirotaka
Published: July 2016

This study aimed to develop and evaluate the validity of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for rural Rwandans. Since our FFQ was developed to assess malnutrition, it measured energy, protein, vitamin A, and iron intakes only. We collected 260 weighed food records (WFRs) from a total of 162 Rwandans. Based on the WFR data, we developed a tentative FFQ and examined the food list by percent contribution to energy and nutrient intakes. To assess the validity, nutrient intakes estimated from the FFQ were compared with those calculated from three-day WFRs by correlation coefficient and cross-classification for 17 adults. Cumulative contributions of the 18-item FFQ to the total intakes of energy and nutrients reached nearly 100%. Crude and energy-adjusted correlation coefficients ranged from -0.09 (vitamin A) to 0.58 (protein) and from -0.19 (vitamin A) to 0.68 (iron), respectively. About 50%-60% of the participants were classified into the same tertile. Our FFQ provided acceptable validity for energy and iron intakes and could rank Rwandan adults in eastern rural area correctly according to their energy and iron intakes.
Self-Management Interventions to Prevent Depression in People with Mobility Limitations
Authors: Driver Simon J. , Froehlich-Grobe Katherine , Sanches Katherine D.
Published: July 2016

Introduction

This focused review reports on the impact of self-management interventions on depression in people with a mobility disability.

Method

There were two phases to the search including a comprehensive scoping review of the literature examining multiple secondary conditions impacted by self-management programs (Phase 1) and a focused review of the literature detailing the impact of self-management interventions on depression (Phase 2). CINAHL, PubMed, and PsyclNFO were searched for articles published between January 1988 through August 2014 and studies were screened by the first author based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

Twenty-five studies met criteria with results, demonstrating a mixed effect of self-management programs on depression. Sixteen studies included an intervention and control/comparison group, of which eight (50%) had a significant effect on depression. A further nine studies did not include a control/comparison group and five found significant changes in depression and four found no change. Eighteen out of 25 studies (72%) were rated as having moderate-to-high bias and nine different outcome measures were used across studies.

Discussion

Based on the mixed findings and varied approaches adopted for intervention and outcome assessment, future research should adopt a more rigorous methodological approach to examine self-management interventions on depression.
Les cellules souches musculaires restent viables et gardent leurs fonctionnalités plusieurs jours après la mort
Authors: Latil Mathilde , Rocheteau Pierre , Chrétien Fabrice
Published: July 2016

Dernièrement, nous avons montré que les cellules souches du muscle (cellules satellites), tout comme les cellules souches hématopoïétiques, survivent très longtemps dans les tissus après la mort chez l’homme et la souris. Ces cellules restent fonctionnelles et capables de se différencier in vitro et in vivo. Nous avons modélisé in vitro l’absence d’oxygène (anoxie), très vite observée dans les tissus après la mort et mis en évidence que, de façon surprenante, les cellules satellites du muscle résistent à des séjours prolongés en anoxie et plus longtemps que lorsque les cellules sont entourées d’oxygène ambiant (normoxie). Cette caractéristique, propre aux cellules souches, déclenche une réponse de ces cellules qui induit un état de quiescence plus profond que nous avons décrit et qualifié de «dormance cellulaire». Ces travaux montrent la possibilité d’utiliser les tissus post mortem comme source de cellules souches pour leur étude ou la thérapeutique.
La laparoscopie chez le cheval
Authors: Perrin Roland
Published: July 2016

Laparoscopy in the horse.

Equine laparoscopy was described for the first time in the seventies. Thanks to the work of Wilson in the eighties, it has developped and is currently widely used by veterinary surgeons. Several types of procedures have been reported : (1) explorative laparoscopy is used for diagnosis and biopsy ; (2) organs such as ovary, intraabdominal testicle and kidney can be removed ; (3) gastro-intestinal diseases can be prevented like strangulated inguinal hernia by hernioraphy of the internal inguinal ring ; (4) repair of organs can be performed such as ruptured bladder in the foal ; and (5) pain of the ovary ligaments can be treated. This article describes the caracteristics of laparoscopy in the horse
Évolutions épidémiologiques et nouvelles contraintes dans la lutte contre les myiases ovines
Authors: Jacquiet Philippe , Alzieu Jean-Pierre , Liénard Emmanuel , Grisez Chistelle , Prévot Françoise , Bergeaud Jean-Paul , Bouhsira Emilie , Franc Michel , Dorchies Philippe
Published: July 2016

Sheep myiasis : recent developments in epidemiology and novel constraints in control.

The blowfly (Lucilia sericata), the fleshfly (Wohlfahrtia magnifica) and the nasal-bot fly (Oestrus ovis) are important pests for the sheep industry. Moreover, sporadic opthalmomyiasis cases due to O. ovis are reported in human beings worldwide. In the last 20 years, the epidemiology of ovine myiasis showed considerable evolution in France with a marked spreading of their geographical distribution. A large array of chemical compounds is still available to control these parasites in meat sheep. However, due to revised milk withdrawal times, many efficient chemical compounds are now forbidden in dairy sheep. In the same time, alternative methods to chemical treatments are still in their infancy. Therefore, the information towards sheep breeders and veterinarians is of critical importance to detect clinical cases as soon as possible and for the global survey of these parasitosis.
L’automatisation en bactériologie: c’est maintenant !
Authors: Reglier-Poupet Hélène
Published: July 2016

L’automation en bactériologie est beaucoup plus tardive qu’en biochimie et en hématologie en raison de la complexité de l’analyse bactériologique, surtout au stade analytique. Cependant ses avantages sont devenus incontournables et répondent aux exigences de la Norme AFNOR ISO15189 à laquelle sont soumis les laboratoires d’analyses médicales. De plus, les biologistes disposent actuellement d’un choix conséquent d’appareils dans le domaine de l’analyse cytologique (urines), de la coloration, de l’ensemencement-incubation-lecture, de la culture en milieu liquide (hémoculture, mycobactéries), de l’identification bactérienne ou encore de la détermination de la sensibilité aux antibiotiques couplés à des systèmes experts, régulièrement actualisés. L’inconvénient majeur de cette évolution irréversible reste financier obligeant pour le surmonter à des regroupements, le plus caractéristique étant celui de la génomique accessible à plusieurs disciplines médicales et biologiques, d’où un développement à part. Une autre conséquence est un intérêt moindre du biologiste pour ces domaines conquis par l’automation telle la taxonomie…
D2 Region of the 28S RNA Gene: A Too-Conserved Fragment for Inferences on Phylogeny of South American Triatomines
Authors: Guerra Ana Letícia , Alevi Kaio Cesar Chaboli , Banho Cecília Artico , de Oliveira Jader , da Rosa João Aristeu , Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira Maria Tercília
Published: July 2016

The brasiliensis complex is composed of five triatomine species, and different approaches suggest that Triatoma lenti and Triatoma petrochiae may be the new members. Therefore, this study sought to analyze the phylogenetic relationships within this complex by means of the D2 region of the 28S RNA gene, and to analyze the degree of polymorphism and phylogenetic significance of this gene for South American triatomines. Phylogenetic analysis by using sequence fragments of the D2 domain did not allow to perform phylogenetic inferences on species within the brasiliensis complex, because the gene alignment composed of a matrix with 37 specimens exhibited only two variable sites along the 567 base pairs used. Furthermore, if all South American species are included, only four variable sites were detected, reflecting the high degree of gene conservation. Therefore, we do not recommend the use of this gene for phylogenetic reconstruction for this group of Chagas disease vectors.
Molecular and Serological Evidence of Leishmania Infection in Stray Dogs from Visceral Leishmaniasis–Endemic Areas of Bangladesh
Authors: Akter Shirin , Alam Mohammad Zahangir , Nakao Ryo , Yasin Golam , Kato Hirotomo , Katakura Ken
Published: July 2016

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), or kala-azar, is mainly caused by two closely related Leishmania species, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani. Leishmania infantum is responsible for zoonotic VL, with dogs as the main reservoir host in the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. In the Indian subcontinent, VL is caused by L. donovani and is considered anthroponotic, although the only known vector, the sand fly, is zoophilic in nature. The role of domestic and stray dogs in VL transmission is still unclear in this area. We screened 50 stray dogs from VL-endemic areas of Bangladesh for serological and molecular evidence of Leishmania infection. We detected anti-Leishmania antibodies in six (12%) dog serum samples using rK39 immunochromatographic tests. We observed Leishmania kinetoplast DNA in 10 (20%) buffy coat DNA samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), five of which were positive based on internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR. A sequencing analysis of the amplified products confirmed that the parasitic DNA was derived from L. donovani. Our findings support the hypothesis that stray dogs are an animal reservoir for L. donovani in this endemic region. Further studies are required to determine the precise role of dogs in the epidemiology of VL in Bangladesh.
Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: Prevalence and Pathotype Distribution in Children from Peruvian Rural Communities
Authors: Acosta Gonzalo J. , Vigo Natalia I. , Durand David , Riveros Maribel , Arango Sara , Zambruni Mara , Ochoa Theresa J.
Published: July 2016

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) are common pathogens of childhood gastrointestinal infections worldwide. To date, research tracking DEC has mainly been completed in urban areas. This study aims to determine the prevalence and pathotype distribution of DEC strains in children from rural Peruvian communities and to establish their association with malnutrition. In this prospective cohort, 93 children aged 6–13 months from rural communities of Urubamba (Andes) and Moyobamba (jungle) were followed for 6 months. Diarrheal and control stool samples were analyzed using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction to identify the presence of virulence genes of DEC strains. The overall isolation rate of DEC was 43.0% (352/820). Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC, 20.4%), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 14.2%), and diffusely aggregative E. coli (DAEC, 11.0%) were the most prevalent pathotypes. EAEC was more frequently found in Moyobamba samples (P < 0.01). EPEC was the only strain significantly more frequent in diarrheal than asymptomatic control samples (P < 0.01). DEC strains were more prevalent among younger children (aged 6–12 months, P < 0.05). A decline in height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) was observed in 75.7% of children overall. EAEC was more frequently isolated among children who had a greater HAZ decline (P < 0.05). In conclusion, DEC strains were frequently found in stool samples from children in rural communities of the highlands and jungle of Peru. In addition, children with a greater decline in their growth rate had higher EAEC isolation rates, highlighting the importance of this pathogen in child malnutrition.
Clinical Features and Transmission Pattern of Hepatitis A: An Experience from a Hepatitis A Outbreak Caused by Two Cocirculating Genotypes in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dahanayaka Niroshana J. , Kiyohara Tomoko , Agampodi Suneth B. , Samaraweera Pradeep K. , Kulasooriya Gayani K. , Ranasinghe Jagath C. , Semage Saveen N. , Yoshizaki Sayaka , Wakita Takaji , Ishii Koji
Published: July 2016

Sri Lanka is one of the intermediate-endemic areas for hepatitis A virus (HAV), and concerns exist about the increasing HAV-susceptible population. In fact, Sri Lanka recorded a large hepatitis outbreak, possibly hepatitis A, around the end of the Sri Lankan war. It included more than 14,000 patients consisting of local residents, internally displaced personnel, and military personnel in the main combat zone. The outbreak had slowed down by October 2009; however, acute viral hepatitis continued to occur sequentially among military personnel. We obtained clinical information and serum samples from 222 patients with acute hepatitis who visited the Military Hospital Anuradhapura between January and September 2010. Samples were subjected to laboratory testing including HAV-immunoglobulin M and genotyping. Most patients (98.2%) were confirmed as having hepatitis A belonging to two subgenotypes: IA and IIIA. We did not observe any differences in clinical or biochemical features among patients with subgenotypes IA and IIIA except for pale stools and upper abdominal discomfort. During the investigation period, we observed a serial outbreak caused by identical HAV strains with an interval in line with that of typical HAV incubation periods. Most patients in the first outbreak were found in the training center, and patients in the second outbreak were found in multiple places where soldiers were assigned after the training center. These findings indicate that a strain of HAV diffused from one place to another along with movement of infected persons among the HAV-susceptible population. HAV vaccination for high-risk groups, such as young soldiers, is necessary.
Model development of dust emission and heterogeneous chemistry within the
Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system and its application over
East Asia
Authors: Dong Xinyi , Fu Joshua S. , Huang Kan , Tong Daniel , Zhuang Guoshun
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model has been further developed in terms of simulating natural wind-blown dust in this study, with a series of modifications aimed at improving the model's capability to predict the emission, transport, and chemical reactions of dust. The default parameterization of initial threshold friction velocity constants are revised to correct the double counting of the impact of soil moisture in CMAQ by the reanalysis of field experiment data; source-dependent speciation profiles for dust emission are derived based on local measurements for the Gobi and Taklamakan deserts in East Asia; and dust heterogeneous chemistry is also implemented. The improved dust module in the CMAQ is applied over East Asia for March and April from 2006 to 2010. The model evaluation result shows that the simulation bias of PM10 and aerosol optical depth (AOD) is reduced, respectively, from −55.42 and −31.97 % by the original CMAQ to −16.05 and −22.1 % by the revised CMAQ. Comparison with observations at the nearby Gobi stations of Duolun and Yulin indicates that applying a source-dependent profile helps reduce simulation bias for trace metals. Implementing heterogeneous chemistry also results in better agreement with observations for sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfate (SO42−), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous oxides (NOx), and nitrate (NO3−). The investigation of a severe dust storm episode from 19 to 21 March 2010 suggests that the revised CMAQ is capable of capturing the spatial distribution and temporal variation of dust. The model evaluation also indicates potential uncertainty within the excessive soil moisture used by meteorological simulation. The mass contribution of fine-mode particles in dust emission may be underestimated by 50 %. The revised CMAQ model provides a useful tool for future studies to investigate the emission, transport, and impact of wind-blown dust over East Asia and elsewhere.
Potentially bioavailable iron delivery by iceberg-hosted sediments and
atmospheric dust to the polar oceans
Authors: Raiswell Robert , Hawkings Jon R. , Benning Liane G. , Baker Alex R. , Death Ros , Albani Samuel , Mahowald Natalie , Krom Michael D. , Poulton Simon W. , Wadham Jemma , Tranter Martyn
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Iceberg-hosted sediments and atmospheric dust transport potentially bioavailable iron to the Arctic and Southern oceans as ferrihydrite. Ferrihydrite is nanoparticulate and more soluble, as well as potentially more bioavailable, than other iron (oxyhydr)oxide minerals (lepidocrocite, goethite, and hematite). A suite of more than 50 iceberg-hosted sediments contain a mean content of 0.076 wt % Fe as ferrihydrite, which produces iceberg-hosted Fe fluxes ranging from 0.7 to 5.5 and 3.2 to 25 Gmoles yr−1 to the Arctic and Southern oceans respectively. Atmospheric dust (with little or no combustion products) contains a mean ferrihydrite Fe content of 0.038 wt % (corresponding to a fractional solubility of  ∼  1 %) and delivers much smaller Fe fluxes (0.02–0.07 Gmoles yr−1 to the Arctic Ocean and 0.0–0.02 Gmoles yr−1 to the Southern Ocean). New dust flux data show that most atmospheric dust is delivered to sea ice where exposure to melting/re-freezing cycles may enhance fractional solubility, and thus fluxes, by a factor of approximately 2.5. Improved estimates for these particulate sources require additional data for the iceberg losses during fjord transit, the sediment content of icebergs, and samples of atmospheric dust delivered to the polar regions.
Gas chromatography vs. quantum cascade laser-based N2O flux measurements using a novel chamber design
Authors: Brümmer Christian , Lyshede Bjarne , Lempio Dirk , Delorme Jean-Pierre , Smith Jeremy J. , Fuß Roland , Moffat Antje M. , Hurkuck Miriam , Ibrom Andreas , Ambus Per , Flessa Heinz , Kutsch Werner L.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Recent advances in laser spectrometry offer new opportunities to investigate soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide. During two field campaigns conducted at a grassland site and a willow field, we tested the performance of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) connected to a newly developed automated chamber system against a conventional gas chromatography (GC) approach using the same chambers plus an automated gas sampling unit with septum capped vials and subsequent laboratory GC analysis. Through its high precision and time resolution, data of the QCL system were used for quantifying the commonly observed non-linearity in concentration changes during chamber deployment, making the calculation of exchange fluxes more accurate by the application of exponential models. As expected, the curvature in the concentration increase was higher during long (60 min) chamber closure times and under high flux conditions (FN2O > 150 µg N m−2 h−1) than those that were found when chambers were closed for only 10 min and/or fluxes were in a typical range of 2 to 50 µg N m−2 h−1. Extremely low standard errors of fluxes, i.e. ~0.1 % of the flux value, were observed regardless of linear or exponential flux calculation when using QCL data. Thus, we recommend reducing chamber closure times to a maximum of 10 min when high-frequency measurements are available to keep soil disturbance low and conditions around the chamber plot as natural as possible. If instrumentation with high-frequency resolution is available, sampling times from 1 to 5 s proved to be sufficient for robust flux determination assuring standard errors of N2O fluxes still being on a relatively low level. Despite low signal to noise ratios, GC was still found to be a useful method to determine soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O at longer time scales, i.e. seasons to years, e.g., when the main focus of the study is to investigate site budgets. Intriguingly, the consistency between GC and QCL-based campaign averages was better under low than under high N2O efflux conditions, although single flux values were highly scattered during the low efflux campaign. Furthermore, the QCL technology provides a useful tool to accurately investigate the highly debated topic of diurnal courses of N2O fluxes and its controlling factors. Our new chamber design reduces the disturbance of the soil and complies with high quality requirements of long-term observation studies and research infrastructures.
Performance and applicability of a 2.5-D ice-flow model in the vicinity of a dome
Authors: Passalacqua Olivier , Gagliardini Olivier , Parrenin Frédéric , Todd Joe , Gillet-Chaulet Fabien , Ritz Catherine
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Three-dimensional ice flow modelling requires a large number of computing resources and observation data, such that 2-D simulations are often preferable. However, when there is significant lateral divergence, this must be accounted for (2.5-D models), and a flow tube is considered (volume between two horizontal flowlines). In the absence of velocity observations, this flow tube can be derived assuming that the flowlines follow the steepest slope of the surface, under a few flow assumptions. This method typically consists of scanning a digital elevation model (DEM) with a moving window and computing the curvature at the centre of this window. The ability of the 2.5-D models to account properly for a 3-D state of strain and stress has not clearly been established, nor their sensitivity to the size of the scanning window and to the geometry of the ice surface, for example in the cases of sharp ridges. Here, we study the applicability of a 2.5-D ice flow model around a dome, typical of the East Antarctic plateau conditions. A twin experiment is carried out, comparing 3-D and 2.5-D computed velocities, on three dome geometries, for several scanning windows and thermal conditions. The chosen scanning window used to evaluate the ice surface curvature should be comparable to the typical radius of this curvature. For isothermal ice, the error made by the 2.5-D model is in the range 0–10 % for weakly diverging flows, but is 2 or 3 times higher for highly diverging flows and could lead to a non-physical ice surface at the dome. For non-isothermal ice, assuming a linear temperature profile, the presence of a sharp ridge makes the 2.5-D velocity field unrealistic. In such cases, the basal ice is warmer and more easily laterally strained than the upper one, the walls of the flow tube are not vertical, and the assumptions of the 2.5-D model are no longer valid.
Determination of heavy metal fractions in the sediments of oxbow lakes to detect the human impact on the fluvial system (Tisza River, SE Hungary)
Authors: Tamás M. , Farsang A.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Hungary is rich of natural values, but often the condition of them does not meet our expectations. Oxbow lakes and floodplain areas of the South-Plain represent very significant value, not only from landscape, ecological or national tourism point of view, but it is also important from conservation aspect. The scale and ecological risk of contaminations deducted on rivers that are trapped in floodplains, especially in beds of oxbow lakes, can be judged by examining the sediment of the oxbow lakes. Though data from sludge analysis can provide information about the condition of the oxbow lakes, from which long-term processes or potential ruination of oxbow lakes can be concluded. In autumn 2011 we have collected samples of sediment from seven oxbow lakes of Lower-Tisza, out of these four were located in floodplain and three outside the dam. Following the suggested method of Commission of the European Communities Bureau of Reference we analyzed the sample's arsenic, zinc, cadmium, lead, nickel, cobalt, manganese, chromium and copper content with four step BCR sequential extraction, in this way we defined the acid extractable, reducible, oxidisable and residual phases of the heavy metals can be found in the sediment. It can be stated in all fractions that the contamination matter content in floodplain oxbow lakes is higher than outside the dam. Arsenic, manganese and zinc are present in the sediment of the oxbow lakes in an easily mobilizable form. Regarding the third fraction of arsenic a high metal proportion (15 %
Heavy snow loads in Finnish forests respond regionally asymmetrically to projected climate change
Authors: Lehtonen Ilari , Kämäräinen Matti , Gregow Hilppa , Venäläinen Ari , Peltola Heli
Published: July 2016

Abstract. This study examined the impacts of projected climate change on heavy snow loads on Finnish forests, where snow-induced forest damage occurs frequently. We used for snow-load calculations daily data from five global climate models under representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, as statistically downscaled onto a high-resolution grid using a quantile-mapping method. Our results suggest that projected climate warming results in regionally asymmetric response on heavy snow loads in Finnish forests. In eastern and northern Finland, the annual maximum snow loads on tree crowns were projected to increase during the present century, opposite to southern and western parts of the country. The change was rather similar both for heavy rime loads and wet snow loads, as well as for frozen snow loads. Only the heaviest dry snow loads were projected probably to decrease almost over the whole of Finland. Our results accord with previous snowfall projections indicating typically increasing heavy snowfalls over the areas with mean temperature below –8 °C. In spite of some uncertainties related to our results, we conclude that the risk for snow-induced forest damage is likely to increase in the future in the eastern and northern parts of Finland, i.e. in the areas experiencing the coldest winters in the country. The increase is partly due to increase in wet snow hazards but also due to more favourable conditions for rime accumulation in more humid but still cold enough future climate.
Technical note: GODESS – a profiling mooring in the Gotland Basin
Authors: Prien Ralf D. , Schulz-Bull Detlef E.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. This note describes a profiling mooring with an interdisciplinary suite of sensors taking profiles between 180 and 30 m depth. It consists of an underwater winch, moored below 180 m depth, and a profiling instrumentation platform. In its described setup it can take about 200 profiles at pre-programmed times or intervals with one set of batteries. This allows for studies over an extended period of time (e.g. two daily profiles over a time of 3 months). The Gotland Deep Environmental Sampling Station (GODESS) in the Eastern Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea is aimed at investigations of redoxcline dynamics. The described system can be readily adapted to other research foci by changing the profiling instrumentation platform and its payload.
Sub-basin scale sea level budgets from satellite altimetry, Argo floats
and satellite gravimetry in the North Atlantic
Authors: Kleinherenbrink Marcel , Riva Riccardo , Sun Yu
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In this study for the first time an attempt is made to close the sea level budget on a sub-basin scale in terms of trend, annual amplitude and residual time series, after removing the trend, the semi-annual and annual signals. To obtain errors for altimetry and Argo full variance-covariance matrices are computed using correlation functions and their errors are fully propagated. For altimetry we apply a geographically dependent intermission bias (Ablain et al., 2015), which leads to differences in trends up to 0.8 mm yr−1. Since Argo float measurements are non-homogeneously spaced, steric sea levels are first objectively interpolated onto a grid before averaging. For the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) gravity fields full variance-covariance matrices are used to propagate errors and statistically filter the gravity fields. We use four different filtered gravity field solutions and determine which post-processing strategy is best for budget closure. As a reference the standard 96-degree DDK5-filtered CSR solution is used to compute OBP. A comparison is made with two anistropic Wiener-filtered CSR solutions up to d/o 60 and 96 and a Wiener-filtered 90-degree ITSG solution. Budgets are computed for ten polygons in the North Atlantic, defined in a way that the error on the trend of Ocean Bottom Pressure (OBP) + steric sea level remains within 1 mm yr−1. Using the anisotropic Wiener filter on CSR gravity fields expanded up to spherical harmonic degree 96, it is possible to close the sea level budget in nine-out-of-ten sub-basins in terms of trend. Wiener-filtered ITSG and the standard DDK5-filtered CSR solutions also close the trend budget, if a Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) correction error of 10–20 % is applied, however the performance of the DDK5-filtered solution strongly depends on the orientation of the polygon due to residual striping. In seven-out-of-ten sub-basins the budget of the annual cycle is closed, using the DDK5-filtered CSR or the Wiener-filtered ITSG solutions.The Wiener-filtered 60- and 96-degree CSR solution in combination with Argo lack amplitude and suffer from what appears to be hydrological leakage in the Amazon and Sahel regions. After reducing the trend, semi-annual and annual signals, 24–53 % of the residual variance in altimetry-derived sea level time series is explained by the combination of Argo steric sea levels and Wiener-filtered ITSG OBP.Based on this, we believe that the best overall solution for the OBP component of the sub-basin scale budgets is the Wiener-filtered ITSG gravity fields. The interannual variability is primarily a steric signal in the North Atlantic, so for this the choice of filter and gravity field solution is not really significant.
Effects of Seasonal Snow Cover on Hydrothermal Conditions of the Active
Layer in the Northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Chen Ji , Sheng Yu , Wu Qingbai , Zhao Lin , Li Jing , Zhao Jingyi
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Snow cover significantly influences the moisture and thermal properties of the active layer in permafrost regions. Seasonal snow cover, soil temperature, and moisture were monitored in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) from December 2012 to February 2015. According to field data, the following conclusions were drawn. (1) The snow season in this region is predominantly during spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November), the thickness of individual snowfall events is usually less than 5 cm, and the duration of land surface snow cover is generally no longer than 5 days. (2) Removal of seasonal snow cover is beneficial for cooling the active layer in a whole year and in other seasons with the exception of summer. Further analysis on the ground temperature in the active layer shows that the cooling effect of the snow removal maybe results from the high thermal resistivity of snow, the delay of snowfall time in autumn, and the drastic decrease of moisture content in the active layer. (3) Seasonal snow cover maintains the high water content of the active layer. Snow removal can therefore lead to a rapid decrease of soil moisture content. A small decrease in water content of the active layer at the natural snow site (NSS) is related with less rainfall during the monitoring period. Significant differences between the NSS and the snow removal site (SRS) may depend predominantly on the inhibitory action of snow cover on the evaporation capacity of surface soil because of its cooling and shading effects during the daytime and in summer.
Surface mass balance and water stable isotopes derived from firn
cores on three ice rises, Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica
Authors: Vega Carmen P. , Schlosser Elisabeth , Divine Dmitry  V. , Kohler Jack , Martma Tõnu , Eichler Anja , Schwikowski Margit , Isaksson Elisabeth
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Three shallow firn cores were retrieved in the austral summers of 2011/12 and 2013/14 on the ice rises Kupol Ciolkovskogo (KC), Kupol Moskovskij (KM), and Blåskimen Island (BI), all part of the Fimbul Ice Shelf (FIS) in western Dronning Maud Land (DML), Antarctica. The cores were dated back to 1958 (KC), 1995 (KM) and 1996 (BI) by annual layer-counting using high-resolution oxygen isotope (δ18O) data, and by identifying volcanic horizons using non-sea salt sulphate (nssSO42−) data. The water stable isotope records show that the atmospheric signature of the annual snow accumulation cycle is well preserved in the firn column, especially at KM and BI. We are able to determine the annual surface mass balance (SMB), as well as the mean SMB values between identified volcanic horizons. Average SMB at the coastal KM and BI sites (0.68 m w.e. yr−1 and 0.70 m w.e. yr−1) was higher than the more inland KC site (0.24 m w.e. yr−1), and there was greater temporal variability as well. Trends in the SMB and δ18O records from the KC core over the period of 1958–2012 agree well with other previously investigated cores in the area and thus the KC site could be considered as the most representative of the climate of the region. Cores from KM and BI appear to be more affected by local meteorological conditions and surface topography. Our results suggest that the ice rises are suitable sites for the retrieval of longer firn and ice cores, but that BI has the best preserved seasonal cycles of the three records and is thus the most optimal site for high-resolution studies of temporal variability of the climate signal. Deuterium excess data suggests a possible role of seasonal moisture transport changes on the annual isotopic signal. In agreement with previous studies, large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns most likely provide the dominant influence on water stable isotope ratios preserved at the core sites.
Degree quantifiers, bare quantifiers and intensifiers in the midfield: A new look at quantification at a distance
Authors: Authier J.-Marc
Published: July 2016

Nearly all of the theories of Quantification at a Distance (QAD) that have been put forth in the past fifteen years have assumed that degree quantifiers are first merged in the derivation as a midfield (VP-) event-quantifying adverbs. This has one important consequence, pointed out in Bouchard and Burnett (2007: 8), which is that if the restriction of the quantifier in QAD is assumed to be a set of events and if the event variable is introduced in the left periphery of the VP, “the term Quantification at a Distance [...] is, in fact, a misnomer. There is nothing ‘long distance’ about the semantic composition of QAD; it simply proceeds via adjacency.” In this article, I aim to challenge this view. I first introduce novel empirical evidence, which I believe unambiguously supports a movement derivation of QAD. Specifically, I show that the degree quantifiers in QAD have the same distribution as bare quantifiers like tout ‘everything’ and rien ‘nothing’, which are arguments of the verb and are therefore first-merged VP-internally, yet are spelled out in the midfield. This leads me to re-examine the data that have led to the hypothesis that a movement analysis of QAD is undesirable and show that alternative explanations can be provided for them. Finally, I offer a new account of QAD, one that reconciles a movement derivation with the facts that have led to its demise.
Two ways of encoding location in Greek: Locative applicatives and prepositions
Authors: Daskalaki Evangelia , Mavrogiorgos Marios
Published: July 2016

Cross-linguistically, oblique theta roles such as location can be encoded by both adpositions and applicative morphemes. In this paper we argue that Standard Modern Greek (SMG), a language that encodes location primarily with prepositions, has a set of morphologically complex predicates that consist of an intransitive verbal root and a locative prefix, and behave like locative applicative constructions. We argue that this prefix is a low applicative head, licensing the addition of a locative DP argument to the intransitive verbal root. Specifically, this applicative head: (i) case-and theta-licenses the added argument, but being void of phi-features, it blocks its cliticization; (ii) is distinct from a homophonous free standing P semantically and syntactically; (iii) is undergoing grammaticalization, as evidenced by the emergence of a novel configuration, in which the locative predicates combine with locative PPs that retrieve semantic and syntactic information of the locative prefix. Our findings show that applicatives may come in various flavors, that a language may use both analytic and synthetic devices to encode location which are not derivationally related, and that lexical/inherent case does not necessarily reduce to a PP structure.
A Research on Reading Strategies among Non-English Major Postgraduates
Authors: Yang Yang
Published: July 2016

As a very important skill both in English teaching and learning, reading strategy has been emphasized at home and abroad for a long time. Many scholars and teachers make research on undergraduates of English major or non-English major. However, the postgraduates are often neglected. Actually, it is also imperative to make a study among postgraduates of non-English majors, getting the information of their use of reading strategies and giving some useful suggestions to them. Therefore, this paper makes a quantitative study among 40 postgraduates from College of Mechanical Engineering in Chang’an University.This study shows that postgraduates of non-English major in Chang’an university do not frequently use reading strategies to improve their reading speed and proficiency. And there is a big difference between the successful learners and unsuccessful learners in terms of the use of reading strategies.
Study of Impact on Undergraduates’ Entrepreneurial Failure based on the Model of Psychological Resilience-Knowledge Acquisition
Authors: Jing Tang , Dancheng Luo , Ye Zhao
Published: July 2016

Purpose-The entrepreneurship is a course of gaining knowledge from the failure and stimulating positive energy constantly. The entrepreneur’s psychological resilience is the key to gain knowledge (positive energy) from failure (negative energy). The education of undergraduate entrepreneurship is one of the priorities these days. Educators shall transform from “success education” to “failure education”, and combine entrepreneurial failure education with positive resilience cultivation. Through the approach of field interview, this thesis examines the impact of student entrepreneurs’ resilience after failure on knowledge acquisition and subsequent success. As a result, a learning model of student entrepreneur after business failure is discovered, which offers a practical point of reference for undergraduates’ entrepreneurship education today.
The Effectiveness of Dohsa Psycho-Motor Rehabilitation Method on Fatigue Severity, Sleep Quality, and Resilience Promotion of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Authors: Azari Azam , Kazemi-Zahrani Hamid , Khashouei Masoumeh Mohammadi
Published: July 2016

Because of multiple psychological-physical symptoms and failure to accept the reality, multiple sclerosis (MS), patients are suffering from negative mood disorders and fatigue which affects their life quality negatively. Therefore this study has been conducted to determine the effect of Dohsa Psycho-Motor Rehabilitation Method on fatigue severity, sleep quality, and Resilience promotion of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran. A quasi-experimental study with pre-test, post-test and follow up was administered on both the experimental and control groups. The population consisted of all patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis in Isfahan with clinical and MS society records. By purposive sampling 30 patients were selected for the experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. Patients completed fatigue (FSS), Scale of sleep quality (PSQI) and Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) questionnaire before the beginning of the treatment (pretest) and also later for post-test. Dohsa treatment duration was ten sessions, three sessions per week and their post test was administered 30 days later. Finally, data were analyzed using SPSS18. The results of the multivariable covariance analysis showed that Dohsa Psycho-Motor Rehabilitation Method decreases fatigue severity, increases quality of sleep, and resilience of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (p<0.001). Since MS disease has led to widespread symptoms and different clinical signs, MS patients may need psychological rehabilitation in the future, therefore Dohsa Psycho-Motor Rehabilitation Method is an effective treatment for reducing fatigue, improving sleep quality and increasing the resilience of multiple sclerosis patients.
Identifying and Prioritizing Educational Needs of Female Adolescents in Relation to Healthy Eating Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process Model
Authors: Mahmoodabad Saeed Mazloomi , Mehrabbeyk Akram , Mozaffari-Khosravi Hassan , Fallahzadeh Hossein
Published: July 2016

In order to better plan health based interventions, educators and health promoters need to make decisions in this regard. In the meantime, it should be noted that, multiple criteria decision making methods with theoretical roots and accuracy of forecasting results are less considered.

The current study is a descriptive research carried out on 15 experts working in Yazd Health Centers using purposeful sampling. In order to identify wrong eating habits of students, Delphi method is used. In the next step, these habits are compared, one by one, and scored with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Model. In the end, data are analyzed using Expert Choice 11 software.

Seven major wrong eating habits of female adolescents are identified: junk food consumption, drinking soda and sweet drinks, eating fast food, deleting main meals, improper diets, low intake of vegetables, and not eating breakfast. Among these, low intake of vegetables, eating fast food, and not eating breakfast, with weight rate of 32.4%, 19.4% and 19.3%, are specified as the first three priorities of education.

In various fields of education and health promotion, including prioritizing training needs, employing techniques with potentials of assessing multiple criteria at the same time can be highly efficient. 
Evaluation of the Patients’ Queue Status at Emergency Department of Nemazee Hospital and How to Decrease It, 2014
Authors: Askarian Mehrdad , Hesami Seyed Ali , Kharazmi Erfan , Hatam Nahid , Haghighinejad Hourvash Akbari , Danaei Mina
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND: Patients, who seek care in emergency department, are waiting in queue and the health care provision in the department seems to be too overcrowded; the extended waiting time increases dissatisfaction and delays admission of new patients. In most of the hospitals considered to be overcrowded, the discharge rate of patients is managed by the use of “theory of queues”. This study was done to observe waiting time of patients in emergency department by “queue theory analysis” and computer simulator in an Iranian hospital.

METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study in which simulation software (Arena, version 14) was used to build the 8 models. They run in a period of one month. The input information for the models was extracted from the hospital database and through sampling. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response variables of “waiting time” and “number waiting” of each level.

RESULT: In level 2A, with increased number of beds with 20 beds, the waiting time decreased to 0.45 minutes and the percentage of deaths declined to 26.2%, but the number of discharge from this level declined, too. In level 3 with increased number of beds 2 times, waiting time decreased to 74 minutes and the percentage of death declined to 3.7% but the number of discharge from this level to ICU declined, too.

CONCLUSION: This study showed the magnitude of ED overcrowding in Nemazee hospital. Increasing the bed capacity in the ED could reduce the waiting time in each part of ED.
Effects of Classroom Activities on Affective State—A Comparison of Third and Fifth Graders
Authors: Fartoukh Michael , Chanquoy Lucile
Published: July 2016

We analysed the influence of classroom activities on children’s affective states. Children perform many different activities in the course of an ordinary school day, some of which may trigger changes in their affective state and thus in the availability of their cognitive resources and their degree of motivation. To observe the effects of two such activities (listening to a text and performing a dictation) on affective state, according to grade, we asked 39 third graders and 40 fifth graders to specify their affective state at several points in the day. Results showed that this state varied from one activity to another, and was also dependent on grade level. Third graders differed from fifth graders in the feelings elicited by the activities. The possible implications of these findings for the field of educational psychology and children’s academic performance are discussed.
A Young Person’s Guide to Empirical Legal Research. With Illustrations from the Field of Medical Malpractice
Authors: van Velthoven Ben C.J.
Published: July 2016

A Young Person’s Guide to Empirical Legal Research. With Illustrations from the Field of Medical Malpractice

Legal novices are generally not very well educated in the do’s and don’ts of empirical legal research. This article lays out the general principles and discusses the most important stumbling blocks on the way forward. The presentation starts at the formulation of a research question. Next, the methodology of descriptive research (operationalization and measurement, sampling and selection bias) is briefly addressed. The main part of the article discusses the methodology of explanatory research (causal inference, experimental and quasi-experimental research designs, statistical significance, effect size). Medical malpractice law is used as a central source of illustration.