bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metacognitive Assessment Model for Student Project-Based Learning through the Blended Learning Practice MOOCs
Authors: Daud Mahande Ridwan , Asma Darmawan Fitrah , Daud Malago Jasruddin
Published: September 2021

Online or blended learning assessments through LMS-MOOCs carried out in the world of education today tend to be multiple-choice assessments that are only based on low-level cognitive. In fact, to measure the metacognitive of students is quite difficult, if only using the form of multiple choice questions. Therefore, it takes the form of questions and assessments that allow students to explore their reflective and metacognitive thinking according to the characteristics of the education they are attending. Vocational education tends to apply a project-based learning (PjBL) model that requires authentic and performance-based learning assessment methods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an appropriate blended metacognitive skill assessment rubric instrument for vocational education. Metacognitive assessment was developed using research and development procedures, with students as subjects in vocational education in Makassar, Indonesia. The integration between elements of metacognitive skills: planning, monitoring, and evaluation with self-peer-teacher assessment can be an assessment method to measure students’ metacognitive thinking skills in PjBL. Especially metacognitive assessment through blended learning practice MOOCs that are in accordance with the characteristics of vocational education and can be adopted by general education.
Myocarditis and Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Bobbio Emanuele , Karason Kristjan
Published: September 2021

Activation of the inflammatory system occurs in most patients with advanced heart failure, regardless of etiology, and contributes to the pathophysiological milieu and the progression of the disease. The term inflammatory cardiomyopathy (ICM) refers to a group of disorders for which an acute or chronic myocardial inflammation is the central cause of abnormal cardiac structure or impaired cardiac function. The most common cause of inflammatory cardiomyopathy is lymphocytic myocarditis, which is most usually triggered by a viral infection, and occasionally by other infectious agents. Rare causes of specific inflammatory cardiomyopathies include cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis and eosinophilic myocarditis. Inflammatory cardiomyopathy can also occur in connection with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Typical manifestations of inflammatory cardiomyopathy include chest pain, heart failure, and arrhythmias, but these symptoms and signs are unspecific. Although non-invasive diagnostic methods are emerging, the gold standard of diagnosis is the histological examination of an endomyocardial biopsy. Owing to the invasive nature of this technique and a modest diagnostic sensitivity, its use is limited. Therefore, the identification of inflammatory cardiomyopathy is elusive and the true incidence of the condition remains unknown. In most cases of lymphocytic myocarditis, recovery occurs within a few weeks following supportive treatment. In patients with cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis or eosinophilic myocarditis the use of immunosuppressive treatment is recommended, as is the case in myocarditis associated with autoimmune disorders. Such interventions may also have beneficial effects in chronic viral myocarditis once the virus has been cleared. In severe cases, treatment with mechanical circulatory support and/or heart transplantation may be required. Randomized intervention trials including antiviral, immunomodulating, or immunosuppressive agents are lacking. Similarly, new molecular-based methods and therapies tailored to specific pathogeneses have a potential to improve diagnosis and outcomes in patients with inflammatory cardiomyopathy. Still, such techniques and interventions are to be evaluated in adequate randomized controlled studies.
The Impact Study of the Exchanges between the Microorganism Communities on the Surfaces from Constanta Roman Mosaic and Anthropic Interactions
Authors: Schröder Verginica , Turcanu-Carutiu Daniela , Honcea Adina , Grigore Sorin , Jianu Loreley-Dana
Published: September 2021

The constituent elements of the Roman Mosaic from Constanta are damaged under the activities of microorganisms present both on surfaces and in the airborne microbes. The predominance of microorganisms on the different surfaces of the edifice has led to multiple damage such as discoloration, pigmentation, wall degradation and exposed ceramic objects. Through this study we aimed to invest the diversity of microorganisms on the various substrates and levels as well as microclimate conditions. From the samples collected there were isolated and identified microorganisms, many of them with pathogenicity risks for staff and visitors. Thus, for the improvement of the surrounding conditions of the Roman Mosaic exhibition room, the need for management is aimed at reducing the microbial contaminations, based on understanding the changing conditions in the microclimate and decreasing the damage biofilm. Our study can be seen in a broader procedural in the current COVID-19 pandemic conditions.
Psyllium: A Source of Dietary Fiber
Authors: Agrawal Ranu
Published: September 2021

Dietary fiber is commonly known as roughage. Fibers are mostly present in vegetables, whole grain, nuts, legumes, and fruits. This is an indigestible part of the food obtained by plants. It includes polysaccharides such as cellulose, hemicellulose, pectic substances, mucilages, gums and lignin as well. Dietary fiber has beneficial physiological effect on health, so it is included in daily diet to decrease occurrence of several diseases. In this sequence, this chapter describes about the dietary fiber, psyllium commonly known as Isabgol which is prepared from the seed of the Plantago ovata Forsk (Psyllium ispaghula). Psyllium is hydrophilic mucilloid, has the capacity to absorb water and increases in volume while absorbing water. Psyllium consists of mixed viscous polysaccharide in which about 35% soluble and 65% insoluble polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) are present. This can be used as gelling, food thickener, emulsifying and stabilizing agents in some food products. Psyllium is a natural biopolymer which has high quantity of hemicelluloses consist of xylan backbone connected with arabinose, galacturonic acid and rhamnose units. Since last many years it is being used as therapeutic agent in several diseases like chronic constipation, inflammation of mucous membrane of GIT tract, duodenal ulcers, piles or diarrohoea etc. It may be source of renewable and biodegradable polymer.
A Study on Traditional and CNN Based Computer Vision Sensors for Detection and Recognition of Road Signs with Realization for ADAS
Authors: M. Shivanna Vinay , Chen Kuan-Chou , Wu Bo-Xun , Guo Jiun-In
Published: September 2021

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of how road signs can be detected and recognized to aid the ADAS applications and thus enhance the safety employing digital image processing and neural network based methods. The chapter also provides a comparison of these methods.
Application of Density Functional Theory in Coordination Chemistry: A Case Study of Group 13 Monohalide as a Ligand
Authors: Christopher Jeyakumar Thayalaraj , Paularokiadoss Francisxavier
Published: September 2021

The chemistry of Group 13 Monohalide is of great interest due to its isoelectronic relationship with carbon monoxide and dinitrogen. In recent years, theoretical and experimental studies have been evolved on the group-13 atom-based diatomic molecules as a ligand. The synthetic, characterisation and reactivity of various metal complexes have been well discussed in recent reviews. The nature of the metal bonding of these ligands of various types has been explained in addition by the variety of theoretical studies (using DFT methods) such as FMO and EDA. This chapter has a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of group 13 monohalides as a ligand in coordination chemistry.
Sensitivity to x-ray computed tomography instrument geometry errors as a function of rotation stage position, detector position, and detector size
Authors: Muralikrishnan Bala , Jaganmoha Prashanth , Shilling Meghan , Morse Ed
Published: September 2021

In two prior National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Journal of Research publications (Parts I and II) [1,2], we presented test procedures to detect instrument geometry errors in industrial cone beam X-ray computed tomography (XCT) systems. These test procedures were based on simulations performed at one position of the measurement volume (one geometrical configuration of the instrument), i.e., for fixed locations of the rotation stage (400 mm from the source) and the detector (1177 mm from the source). In a subsequent NIST Journal of Research publication (Part III) [3], we reported results from simulations performed at various combinations of the rotation stage and detector distances from the source. Because of the large number of simulations, we abstracted the information and reported key observations only. This internal report presents the underlying data generated from the simulations performed for the Part III publication and may therefore be considered an addendum to that publication.
How Long Blues
Authors: Field Douglas , Joyce Justin A.
Published: September 2021

James Baldwin Review editors Douglas Field and Justin A. Joyce interview author and Baldwin biographer James Campbell on the occasion of the reissue of his book Talking at the Gates (Polygon and University of California Press, 2021).
White Lies Matter
Authors: Boyd Herb
Published: September 2021

This review essay examines Eddie Glaude, Jr.’s new book Begin Again: James Baldwin’s America and Its Urgent Lessons for Our Own against several other recent works on Baldwin such as Bill Mullen’s James Baldwin: Living in Fire and Nicholas Buccola’s The Fire Is Upon Us.
Baldwin’s Perfect Storm
Authors: Kelleher Maureen
Published: September 2021

James Baldwin’s arrest in Paris in December 1949 gave birth to his perfect storm. His ten days in Fresnes jail weakened him physically and emotionally. He made it out, but upon release he was mired in self-doubt and enveloped in a bout of depression. He returned to his hotel, ready to try to get back to his life, however daunting that effort would be. The hotelier’s demand that he settle his bill, and do it quickly, awakened his obsession with suicide. He simply could not handle one more obstacle in his path; he chose to kill himself in his room. Ironically, he saved his life when he jumped off a chair with a sheet around his neck. In a matter of seconds his death wish was replaced by his equally obsessive need to write, witness, think, party, drink, challenge, and love.
James Baldwin and Film Beyond the American Century
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: September 2021

This article provides an introduction to this special section of James Baldwin Review 7 devoted to Baldwin and film. Jackson considers Baldwin’s distinct approach to film criticism by pairing him with James Agee, another writer who wrote fiction as well as nonfiction in several genres, and who produced a large body of film criticism, especially during the 1940s. While Agee, a white southerner born almost a generation before Baldwin, might seem an unlikely figure to place alongside Baldwin, the two shared a great deal in terms of temperament and vision, and their film writings reveal a great deal of consensus in their diagnoses of American pathologies. Another important context for Baldwin’s complex relationship to film is television, which became a dominant media form during the 1950s and exerted a great influence upon both the mainstream reception of the civil rights movement and Baldwin’s reception as a public intellectual from the early 1960s to the end of his life. Finally, the introduction briefly discusses the articles that constitute this special section.
B. Tishchenko’s music to the ballet “Yaroslavna” in the context of the revival of Russian symphonic style in the 1960s–1970s
Authors: Serov Iurii Eduardovich
Published: September 2021

This article analyzes the music to the ballet “Yaroslavna” by the prominent Russian composer of the late XX century B. Tishchenko (1939–2010). The written and staged in 1974 ballet has become one of the most remarkable musical achievements of that time. Emphasis is palced on the fact that Tishchenko composed “Yaroslavna” using all available modern orchestral means of expression on the basis of the Old Russian text “The Tale of Igor's Campaign”. Tishchenko did not seek stylization of his work, but brought the word of the nameless chronicler closer to modern era. He introduces choir to the ballet music to augment its power. The author features Tishchenko's outstanding work with orchestral texture and various instrumental timbres and colors. The novelty of this research lies in studying the music to the ballet “Yaroslavna” in the context of general vector of the revival of Russian symphonic style in the 1960s–1970s. The author notes the leading role of Boris Tishchenko in this remarkable process. The conclusion is made that the composition turned out to be multigenre, consisting of multiple parts; and that Tishchenko has broadened musical lexicon of the Russian music culture to the maximum. The music to the ballet was saturated with truly symphonic content, opened new artistic paths, and enriched modern orchestral palette.
miR-452-3p inhibited osteoblast differentiation by targeting Smad4
Authors: Wu Ming , Wang Hongyan , Kong Dece , Shao Jin , Song Chao , Yang Tieyi , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2021

Osteoblast differentiation is a complex process that is essential for normal bone formation. A growing number of studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including osteogenesis. In this study, BMP2 was used to induce MC3T3-E1 cells to construct osteoblast differentiation cell model. Then, we investigated the effect of miR-452-3p on osteoblast differentiation and the related molecular mechanism by RT-PCR analysis, Western blot analysis, ALP activity, and Alizarin Red Staining. We found that miR-452-3p was significantly downregulated in osteoblast differentiation. Overexpression miR-452-3p (miR-452-3p mimic) significantly inhibited the expression of osteoblast marker genes RUNX2, osteopontin (OPN), and collagen type 1 a1 chain (Col1A1), and decreased the number of calcium nodules and ALP activity. In contrast, knockdown miR-452-3p (miR-452-3p inhibitor) produced the opposite effect. In terms of mechanism, we found that Smad4 may be the target of miR-452-3p, and knockdown Smad4 (si-Smad4) partially inhibited the osteoblast differentiation enhanced by miR-452-3p. Our results suggested that miR-452-3p plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation by targeting Smad4. Therefore, miR-452-3p is expected to be used in the treatment of bone formation and regeneration.
Multi-functions of Protaetia brevitarsis surensis (PBS, Larvae for Food) Reported in South Korea
Authors: Cho Mi-So , Cho Young-Son
Published: September 2021

Nowadays most people in advanced countries endangered under adult diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, inflammatory disease, human oxidation, and liver-related diseases. In South Korea also very serious situation for the adults and children by the changing from vegetable food to animal food and changed labor pattern from physical labor to mental labor.

We aim to review Protaetia brevitarsis surensis (PBS)’s beneficial multi-functions on human with research reports and verification of well-known common sense in South Korea, which was commonly known as medicinally very effective in liver related diseases. PBS larvae known as cold body characteristics, so, it more effective to Yang-in(Oriental physical constitution classification method: Warm body which Jinseng, Panax ginseng, not available people) than Um-in(Cool body- Jinseng available people). The functional effects mostly known effective on liver related diseases mainly by oriental clinic and as folk remedies. However, nowadays PBS larvae’s folk remedies and other multi-functions scientifically researched and that results verified by many papers such as whitening of skin therapeutic effects, prevention of breast cancer, inflammatory disease, human oxidation, and liver-related diseases. For the increasing of medicinal effects, advanced fermentation and ethanol extraction methods will be very useful compared to non-fermentation of PBS larvae and water extraction. So, we concluded that PBS could diminish or decreasing the adult diseases and it will be very useful food and medicinal materials simultaneously for the human food and medicine by the advanced extraction methods.
Current Trend of Nutrigenomics of Geriatric Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Nicholas-Okpara Viola A. Nwachukwu , Anastacia Utazi Ifesinachi , Ezeanyanaso Chika Scholastica , Ita Blossom , Ukaba Adaeze Joy , Adegboyega Maryam Olanshile
Published: September 2021

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a growing burden in the global public health and economic systems. Older adults are more than two times predisposed to T2DM and they are more likely to develop T2DM-related complications. A complex interaction of genes, diet and environment is a key factor in the development of this chronic metabolic disorder. With nutrigenomics, researchers are beginning to understand this interaction. This review aims at examining gene-diet relationships concerning T2DM as well as the applications and potential of nutrigenomics in managing geriatric type 2 diabetes. Several genome-wide association studies have documented susceptibility genes for T2DM. Among these genes are TCFL2, PPARGγ, CAP 10, ADBR3, DPARGCIA, and ENPP genes. Several bioactive compounds in foods have also been shown to act as switches on T2DM susceptibility genes, aiding in the progression or inhibition of the disease. These findings have helped in developing nutritional recommendations that are relevant to the management of T2DM particularly in carriers of these susceptibility genes. In this comprehensive review, the current trends, and prospects of nutrigenomics as an intervention for geriatric diabetes is explained.
Comparative Studies on Effectiveness of Physical, Micronutrients, PGR and Botanical Seed Treatments on Growth and Yield of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Authors: Suryateja Kundavaramu , Rai Prashant Kumar , Jain Prashant Ankur , Khandka Sarita
Published: September 2021

The experiment was carried out at a field experimentation centre, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P). During Rabi season 2020-2021, to find out the suitable Physical, Micronutrients, PGR and Botanical seed treatments on growth and yield of Fenugreek (LFC-84). Different concentrations with different duration of seed treatments with control (untreated) were evaluated by screening 8 hours viz., Electric treatment (0.5A for 60 seconds and 1.0A for 60 seconds), Magnetic treatment (10mT for 15 min and 20 mT for 30 min), ZnSO4 (1% and 3% for 8 hrs), MnSO4 (1% and 3% for 8 hrs) Ascorbic acid (100 ppm and 300 ppm for 8 hrs), Moringa leaf extract (1% and 3% for 8 hrs). It has been reported that among all the treatments T6 - ZnSO4 -3% for 8 hrs has performed the best results in field parameters like Plant height, number of branches per plant, days required to 50% flowering, days required to 50% pod formation, days to maturity, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant (g), test weight (g), dry weight of plant (g), harvest Index (%) followed by Ascorbic acid 300 ppm for 8 hours and found to be lowest in control seeds. Hence seed treatment of Fenugreek seeds with ZnSO4 – 3% is the best treatment compared to other seed treatments.
Phenological Study of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’ Rorke) Growing in Ihiala, Anambra State, South-East, Nigeria
Authors: Angela Ochia M. , U. Kenneth Ekwealor , N. Raphael Okigbo , F. Chisom Iroka
Published: September 2021

Phenology refers to periodic biological phenomena that are correlated with climatic conditions. Very little is known about the phenological pattern of most tropical fruit trees especially in the South-East, Nigeria. The aim of this study was to provide a phenological data and baseline information on the phenology of Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-lecomte ex O’Rorke). The study was conducted with exotic species at Ihiala, South-East, Nigeria, a tropical climate. The initiation and completion of different phenophases of the tree, such as budding, leafing, flowering, fruiting and ripening were recorded at 2 weeks interval. The combination of the principal growth stages and the secondary growth stages produced 2-digit codes, were used to delineate the time-dependent phenophases. The results showed that changes in the prevailing seasons influenced the vegetative phenophases in I. gabonensis. There are splashes of rains even in the supposed dry months. Hence, bud formation, leafing and leaf fall phenophases were overlapping all through the seasons. Flowering phenophase peaked by March/April with the coming of the rains. Also fruiting and ripening peaked by June/July respectively (rainy season). Thus the study has revealed that the major seasons in the area (rainy and dry seasons) influence the various phenophases in I. gabonensis. The study has equally revealed the phenological  data and base line information on the phenology of I. gabonensis which will in the future serve as correlation between phenology and climate change in the area. The study has revealed that the phenology of I. gabonensis may not be stable or resilient since it is influenced by these changing seasons, little wonder then a shift in phenology is recorded in this study.
Development of a Snake Gourd Seed Decorticating Machine
Authors: Idowu D. O. , Owolarafe O. K.
Published: September 2021

Aims: A snake gourd seeds sheller which comprises of hopper, decorticating chamber, and the cleaning chamber was designed, fabricated and evaluated in this study.

Methodology: A 3-level factorial response surface methodology (RSM) of design expert version 6.0.8 of 2002 was used to identify the relationship between the response functions and the process variables of the device. The factors considered are shaft speed (300, 350, 400 rpm), soaking time (8, 15, and 20 minutes.), hammer diameter (115, 135 and 150 mm) and feed rate (90, 120, 150 kg/hr.) in the determination of shelling efficiency while air speed (2, 4, and 6 m/s) and angle of air injection (20, 40, 600) were used in the determination of cleaning efficiency.

 Results: The shelling efficiency was observed to increase with increase in hammer speed, hammer diameter and soaking time but decreased with increase in machine feed rate. The maximum shelling efficiency of 97.61% was recorded when the soaking time is 20 minutes, hammer speed is 400 rpm, hammer diameter is 150 mm and feeding rate is 90 kg/hr. The cleaning efficiency increases with increase in air speed and angle of air injection. The cleaning efficiency of the machine was found to be 92.5 % when the angle of injection and air speed is 600 and 5.0 m/s respectively. The effect of the speed and the angle of injection was found to be significant (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The study concluded that with the result of the performance evaluation of the machine, it is suitable for inclusion in the process line for the seed and hence its potential could be harnessed.
Protective Effect of Gallic Acid against Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Induced by High Fat Diet
Authors: Ismail Basma S. , Abdel-Reheim Eman S. , Soliman Hanan A. , Mahmoud Basant
Published: September 2021

Liver is considered as significant organ within body. Aims: Our survey aimed in illustrating protective effectiveness of gallic acid (GA) against high fat regimen nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Study design: In our study, Rats were classified into 3 groups; control, orally given fatty-sucrosed diet, gallic acid treated groups. Methodology: They were evaluated through measuring hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride, alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and gammaglutamyl-transferase; total, direct and indirect bilirubin; total protein, albumin and globulin; hepatic and adipose malondialdehyde, glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activities; glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, leptin and adiponectin; tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-17 and interleukin-1beta; fatty acid synthase, acetyl-Coenzyme A carboxylase-α  and HMGCoA reductase. Results: Our results demonstrated that GA ameliorated the elevated lipid, serum liver function enzymes, bilirubin and the decreased L.glycogen levels and serum protein profile. GA improved the hepatic and adipose antioxidants activities by decreasing MDA and increasing GST, SOD, Cat, GSH and GPx activities. GA ameliorated the elevated Glu, INS, HOMA-IR, LEP and the decreased adiponectin levels. Moreover, GA ameliorated the elevated TNF-α, IL-17, IL-1β, FAS, ACC-α and HMGCR levels. Liver and adipose histopathologies confirmed our results.

Conclusion: Gallic acid intake exhibited a beneficial therapeutic effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease rats as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent.
Ensinar história a partir do esquecimento: um estudo de caso de educação patrimonial no Cemitério da Santa Casa, Porto Alegre/RS
Authors: Grazziotin Portal João Camilo
Published: September 2021

Este artigo é baseado numa experiência de estágio em Educação Patrimonial (UFRGS) feito no Cemitério da Santa Casa, em Porto Alegre/RS. Tomando a forma de um relato, o artigo se propôe a discutir as potencialidades de se aprender e ensinar história a partir do espaço cemiterial. Nesse sentido, foram utilizadas, para as visitas, as faces do esquecimento que estão representadas na territorialidade do espaço, bem como as diferentes manifestações estéticas e sua relação com as diferentes classes sociais presentes ali. Assim, foi proposta uma reflexão sobre o esquecimento e a história a partir de uma prática de visita mais tangente às subjetividades, fazendo uma interlocução com a divisão espacial da instituição e tecendo uma narrativa a partir das relações de poder, em oposição à “história dos grandes homens”.
Desigualdad y muerte en los confines del noroeste argentino:
Authors: Fernandez Federico , Marisel Arrueta Patricia , Matias Peralta Sebastian
Published: September 2021

Entendemos que la crisis generada por el SAR-Cov-2 globalmente reviste características de sindemia que acentúan desigualdades estructurales en los sectores vulnerables de la sociedad. La situación no es distinta en el noroeste argentino, región periférica donde se entrelazan múltiples tradiciones socioculturales. Analizamos aquí los procesos sobre los que se articulan la salud/enfermedad y la muerte, y las formas en que estas relaciones modifican las expresiones cotidianas, especialmente aquellas enraizadas en las ritualidades de la muerte. Desde un enfoque multidimensional nos proponemos comprender como la desigualdad puede reproducirse institucionalmente, y profundizar las carencias en los grupos excluidos. Así, nos interesamos por observar hechos, relatos testimoniales y entrevistas a familiares de fallecidos en este contexto, los cuales refuerzan nuestra idea de la vida y la muerte como partes indivisibles de un ciclo que persiste con fuerza y significación en los espacios públicos y privados.
Gestão da vida e da morte no contexto da COVID 19 no Brasil
Authors: Colasante Tatiana , Pereira Amanda Gomes
Published: September 2021

Com a pandemia do coronavírus no Brasil, grupos em situação de vulnerabilidade social têm sofrido mais intensamente processos de marginalização, descaso e invisibilidade. O objetivo principal deste artigo é refletir sobre a gestão da vida e da morte a partir da existência de políticas genocidas que ampliam o sofrimento social em meio a um cenário pandêmico, com subnotificações das mortes, ocultação de cadáveres e a morte social com o cerceamento dos direitos humanos. As discussões empreendidas trazem contextos que convergem para essa realidade a partir de relatos de casos de morte, dor, luto e mistanásia. A realização de entrevistas com mulheres do Maranhão, um dos estados com o maior número de pessoas em situação de pobreza no país, confirma que a pandemia ampliou os espaços de dor e de luto desse grupo em vulnerabilidade social com desemprego, dificuldades financeiras, aumento da sobrecarga de trabalho doméstico e o surgimento de problemas emocionais como ansiedade, medo e depressão.
Relato sobre internação hospitalar para procedimento cardiológico no início da pandemia de Covid-19
Authors: Menezes Rachel Aisengart
Published: September 2021

O presente texto relata a experiência da autora durante internação hospitalar para intervenção cardiológica, em março de 2020, quando teve início a pandemia do Covid-19. Por ser médica e antropóloga, ela observou as condutas dos profissionais do setor, no que concerne ao uso de máscaras e cuidados em relação ao coronavírus. O barulho na unidade hospitalar e a manutenção da consciência da paciente internada constituíram objeto de incômodo, respectivamente, para a autora e para a equipe de saúde. O relato aborda as dificuldades de adaptação de profissionais de saúde a novas situações, como as diretivas antecipadas de vontade; além dos desafios de lidar com doente lúcido e com capacidade de exercício de livre arbítrio.
Opioids: Current Science
Authors: Talmage James B. , Snyder Robert B.
Published: September 2021

Evidence shows that chronic opioid therapy is usually not beneficial; weaning patients off opioids many times results in less pain and better function, and opioid-induced hyperalgesia is real and frequent. Further evidence suggests that surgical outcomes are better if patients are weaned off opioids before surgery, and that the chronic use of opioids may adversely alter the assessment of maximum medical improvement (MMI).
Fictibacillus
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Glaeser Stefanie P.
Published: September 2021

Fic.ti.ba.cil'lus. L. masc. adj.fictus, false; L. masc. n.bacillus, a rod and also a bacterial generic name; N.L. masc. n.Fictibacillus, falseBacillus.

Firmicutes / Alphaproteobacteria / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Fictibacillus

Cells of species of the genusFictibacillusstain Gram‐stain‐positive or Gram‐variable. Morphologically rods (0.5–1 × 2–5 μm), often found in chains. Spores are spherical to ellipsoidal and located either centrally or terminally, sometimes subterminally. Spore formation can be very sparse. Colonies appear circular and slightly irregular, smooth, glossy or sometimes matt, flat, butyrous, creamy to yellowish white, and almost opaque on nutrient‐rich media. Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative. The polyamine pattern of the type species consists predominantly of spermidine and spermine. The major quinone is menaquinone MK‐7. The polar lipid profile is composed of the major compounds DPG, PG, and PE. Glycolipids are absent. The fatty acid profile comprises mainly iso‐ and anteiso‐branched fatty acids. The diagnostic diamino acid of the peptidoglycan is meso‐diaminopimelic acid.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 39.9–46.9.

Type species:Fictibacillus barbaricusGlaeser et al. 2013VP(basonym:Bacillus barbaricusTäubel et al. 2003VP).
Jatrophihabitans
Authors: Carro Lorena , Trujillo Martha E.
Published: September 2021

Ja.tro.phi.ha'bi.tans. N.L. fem. n.
Jatropha
scientific name of a botanical genus; L. pres. part.
habitans
inhabiting; N.L. part. adj. used as a masc. n.
Jatrophihabitans
inhabitant of
Jatropha
.

Actinobacteria / Actinomycetia / Jatrophihabitantales / Jatrophihabitantaceae / Jatrophihabitans

Gram‐stain‐positive, nonmotile, and nonsporulated rods. Aerobic, catalase‐positive, and oxidase‐negative. Strains have been isolated from plant tissues and different kinds of soils.
Jatrophihabitans
strains grow well on R2A agar between 20 and 30°C and pH 6–8. Peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The predominant menaquinones are MK‐9(H
4
) and MK‐9(H
6
); in addition, MK‐9(H
8
) may also be present. The main polar lipid is diphosphatidylglycerol, while phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol polymannosides, and several unidentified glycolipids, glycophospholipids, phospholipids, aminophospholipids, aminolipids, and lipids may occur. The predominant fatty acid is iso‐C
16:0
. The other major fatty acids found in some strains include anteiso‐C
17:0
, C
17:1
ω6
c
, C
17:1
ω8
c
, C
18:1
ω9
c
, C
15:0
, C
16:0
, and C
17:0
. Phylogenetically, a member of the family
Jatrophihabitantaceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 68–73.

Type species
:
Jatrophihabitans endophyticus
Madhaiyan et al. 2013
VP
.
Pararhodospirillum
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: September 2021

Pa.ra.rho.do.spi.ril'lum. Gr. pref.para‐, beside, alongside of, near, like; N.L. neut. n.Rhodospirillum, a bacterial generic name; N.L. neut. n.Pararhodospirillum, resemblingRhodospirillum.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodospirillales / Rhodospirillaceae / Pararhodospirillum

Pararhodospirillumspecies are spiral‐shaped, mesophilic, and phototrophic freshwater bacteria of theRhodospirillaceaefamily. Cells are motile by polar flagella, and photosynthetic pigments are located in internal photosynthetic membranes present as lamellar stacks. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyllaand carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series with spirilloxanthin itself lacking. Ubiquinone‐9 and rhodoquinone‐9 are the major quinones. All species are sensitive to oxygen and require anoxic or microoxic conditions for growth. They grow photoheterotrophically under anoxic conditions in the light. Photoautotrophic growth, aerobic chemotrophic growth, and fermentative growth have not been demonstrated. Growth factors are required.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 60.2–65.8 (Bd and HPLC) and 64.7–67 (GA).

Type species:Pararhodospirillum photometricumLakshmi et al. 2014VP(basonym:Rhodospirillum photometricumMolisch 1907AL).
Methylicorpusculum
Authors: Saidi‐Mehrabad Alireza , Dunfield Peter F.
Published: September 2021

Me.thy.li.cor.pus'cu.lum. N.L. neut. n.
methylum
, the methyl residue; L. neut. n.
corpusculum
, a small body; N.L. neut. n.
Methylicorpusculum
, a methyl (residue)‐using small body.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales / Methylococcaceae / Chelativorans

The genus
Methylicorpusculum
accommodates aerobic obligate methane‐oxidizing bacteria that are capable of growing at pH of 6.5–8.4 (optimum 8.0). At present, this genus comprises one characterized representative. A draft genome sequence of the type strain (
M. oleiharenae
XLMV4
T
) is available. Cells are beige to yellow‐pigmented Gram‐negative coccobacilli and are motile via a single polar flagellum. Growth occurs only on methane (CH
4
) and methanol (CH
3
OH). Cells possess particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), and carbon is assimilated via the ribulose monophosphate pathway (RuMP). An extensive intracytoplasmic membrane system similar in arrangement to that of other gammaproteobacterial (Type I) methanotrophs is present. The genus
Methylicorpusculum
is phylogenetically associated with the class
Gammaproteobacteria
, family
Methylococcaceae
, and includes a single species,
Methylicorpusculum oleiharenae
. The only known habitat for these bacteria is an oil sands tailings pond in Northern Alberta, Canada.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 46.7 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Methylicorpusculum oleiharenae
Saidi‐Mehrabad et al. 2020
VP
.
Conquering the Hypoxia Limitation for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Wan Yilin , Fu Lian‐Hua , Li Chunying , Lin Jing , Huang Peng
Published: September 2021

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has aroused great research interest in recent years owing to its high spatiotemporal selectivity, minimal invasiveness, and low systemic toxicity. However, due to the hypoxic nature characteristic of many solid tumors, PDT is frequently limited in therapeutic effect. Moreover, the consumption of O2 during PDT may further aggravate the tumor hypoxic condition, which promotes tumor proliferation, metastasis, and invasion resulting in poor prognosis of treatment. Therefore, numerous efforts have been made to increase the O2 content in tumor with the goal of enhancing PDT efficacy. Herein, these strategies developed in past decade are comprehensively reviewed to alleviate tumor hypoxia, including 1) delivering exogenous O2 to tumor directly, 2) generating O2 in situ, 3) reducing tumor cellular O2 consumption by inhibiting respiration, 4) regulating the TME, (e.g., normalizing tumor vasculature or disrupting tumor extracellular matrix), and 5) inhibiting the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) signaling pathway to relieve tumor hypoxia. Additionally, the O2‐independent Type‐I PDT is also discussed as an alternative strategy. By reviewing recent progress, it is hoped that this review will provide innovative perspectives in new nanomaterials designed to combat hypoxia and avoid the associated limitation of PDT.
Fluorescent Nanozeolite Receptors for the Highly Selective and Sensitive Detection of Neurotransmitters in Water and Biofluids
Authors: Grimm Laura M. , Sinn Stephan , Krstić Marjan , D'Este Elisa , Sonntag Ivo , Prasetyanto Eko Adi , Kuner Thomas , Wenzel Wolfgang , De Cola Luisa , Biedermann Frank
Published: September 2021

The design and preparation of synthetic binders (SBs) applicable for small biomolecule sensing in aqueous media remains very challenging. SBs designed by the lock‐and‐key principle can be selective for their target analyte but usually show an insufficient binding strength in water. In contrast, SBs based on symmetric macrocycles with a hydrophobic cavity can display high binding affinities but generally suffer from indiscriminate binding of many analytes. Herein, a completely new and modular receptor design strategy based on microporous hybrid materials is presented yielding zeolite‐based artificial receptors (ZARs) which reversibly bind the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine with unprecedented affinity and selectivity even in saline biofluids. ZARs are thought to uniquely exploit both the non‐classical hydrophobic effect and direct non‐covalent recognition motifs, which is supported by in‐depth photophysical, and calorimetric experiments combined with full atomistic modeling. ZARs are thermally and chemically robust and can be readily prepared at gram scales. Their applicability for the label‐free monitoring of important enzymatic reactions, for (two‐photon) fluorescence imaging, and for high‐throughput diagnostics in biofluids is demonstrated. This study showcases that artificial receptor based on microporous hybrid materials can overcome standing limitations of synthetic chemosensors, paving the way towards personalized diagnostics and metabolomics.
Hybrid Organic–Inorganic–Organic Isoporous Membranes with Tunable Pore Sizes and Functionalities for Molecular Separation
Authors: Zhang Zhenzhen , Simon Assaf , Abetz Clarissa , Held Martin , Höhme Anke‐Lisa , Schneider Erik S. , Segal‐Peretz Tamar , Abetz Volker
Published: September 2021

Accomplishing on‐demand molecular separation with a high selectivity and good permeability is very desirable for pollutant removal and chemical and pharmaceutical processing. The major challenge for sub‐10 nm filtration of particles and molecules is the fabrication of high‐performance membranes with tunable pore size and designed functionality. Here, a versatile top‐down approach is demonstrated to produce such a membrane using isoporous block copolymer membranes with well‐defined pore sizes combined with growth of metal oxide using sequential infiltration synthesis and atomic layer deposition (SIS and ALD). The pore size of the membranes is tuned by controlled metal oxide growth within and onto the polymer channels, enabling up to twofold pore diameter reduction. Following the growth, the distinct functionalities are readily incorporated along the membrane nanochannels with either hydrophobic, cationic, or anionic groups via straightforward and scalable gas/liquid–solid interface reactions. The hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the membrane nanochannel is significantly changed by the introduction of hydrophilic metal oxide and hydrophobic fluorinated groups. The functionalized membranes exhibit a superior selectivity and permeability in separating 1–2 nm organic molecules and fractionating similar‐sized proteins based on size, charge, and hydrophobicity. This demonstrates the great potential of organic–inorganic–organic isoporous membranes for high‐performance molecular separation in numerous applications.
High‐Strength Flexible Membrane with Rational Pore Architecture as a Selective Radiator for High‐Efficiency Daytime Radiative Cooling
Authors: Wang Jing , Sun Junyu , Guo Taotao , Zhang Hao , Xie Min , Yang Junbo , Jiang Xinpeng , Chu Zengyong , Liu Dongqing , Bai Shuxin
Published: September 2021

Passive daytime radiative cooling, a cooling strategy with no energy consumption, has attracted significant attention as a supplement to traditional active energy cooling techniques. However, realizing a practicable radiator with excellent spectral selectivity and strength via facile, scalable, and economical manufacturing remains a challenge. In this study, a spray‐phase‐separation strategy that utilizes spray and high‐speed airflow to regulate the phase evolution kinetics during the evaporation‐induced phase separation process for rational pore architecture is proposed. The fabricated poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropene) based flexible hierarchically porous complex membrane (FHPCM) shows an excellent spectral selectivity with an average reflectance of 97.2% and 52.9% in 0.24–2.5 and 2.5–8 µm wavelength range, respectively. In addition, FHPCM demonstrates an average emittance of 93.5% in the atmospheric window with an effective thickness of 313 µm, thus realizing a sub‐ambient radiative cooling of 14.9 °C and an inaccurate noontime radiative cooling power of 100 W m−2 under an average solar intensity of ≈1250 W m−2. Outdoor applications further confirm the excellent capacity of FHPCM for cooling cars and buildings, with a maximum Tcooling of 7.4 °C. In addition, the economical FHPCM possesses good strength (64.6 MPa), flexibility, hydrophobicity, and weatherability.
Setup of 4‐Prenylated Quinolines through Suzuki‐Miyaura Coupling for the Synthesis of Aurachins A and B
Authors: Stief Laura , Speicher Andreas
Published: September 2021

A polyprenyl side chain could be introduced into the heterocyclic quinoline moiety through Suzuki‐Miyaura coupling of the corresponding quinoline‐N‐oxide with a polyprenyl boronic acid. This tool could be utilized for the synthesis of the natural product Aurachin B from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca. This prenylated quinoline could then be transformed into the related Aurachin A through an epoxidation‐ring opening cascade.

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Visible‐Light‐Induced Regioselective Deaminative Alkylation of Coumarins via Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Tao Maoling , Wang An‐Jun , Guo Peng , Li Weipiao , Zhao Liang , Tong Jie , Wang Haoyang , Yu Yanbo , He Chun‐Yang
Published: September 2021

3‐Alkylated coumarins have many applications in medicinal chemistry, however, methods access to such structures are still limited. Herein, we report a site‐selective photocatalytic deaminative alkylation of coumarins utilizing pyridinium‐activated aliphatic primary amines as alkylation reagents. The protocol was highlighted by its mild reaction conditions, operational simplicity, and broad functional group compatibility. Moreover, this strategy enables late‐stage modification of some pharmaceuticals and natural products, thus providing an appealing approach to valuable molecules in medicinal chemistry.

magnified image
Solid Phase Synthesis of Thioether‐linked Peptide Macrocycles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular S‐Arylation and S‐Alkenylation
Authors: Yang Peng , Zhang Chao , Li Bo , He Gang , Chen Gong
Published: September 2021

A new protocol for synthesis of thioether‐linked peptide macrocycles via Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular S‐arylation and S‐alkenylation on solid phase is developed. The use of PEGA resin in mixed solvents of CH3CN and H2O is critical to suppress the undesired S‐arylation reactions with the XantPhos‐Pd‐G3 catalyst. Peptide macrocycles of varied ring size, composition, and with different thioether linkers can be prepared in moderate to good yield with one column chromatography purification.
Novel metabolic enzyme inhibitors designed through the molecular hybridization of thiazole and pyrazoline scaffolds
Authors: Sever Belgin , Türkeş Cüneyt , Altıntop Mehlika D. , Demir Yeliz , Akalın Çiftçi Gülşen , Beydemir Şükrü
Published: September 2021

New hybrid thiazolyl–pyrazoline derivatives (4a–k) were obtained through a facile and versatile synthetic procedure, and their inhibitory effects on the human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoforms I and II as well as on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were determined. All new thiazolyl–pyrazolines showed activity at nanomolar levels as hCA I, hCA II, and AChE inhibitors, with KI values in the range of 13.35–63.79, 7.01–115.80, and 17.89–48.05 nM, respectively. 1‐[4‐(4‐Cyanophenyl)thiazol‐2‐yl]‐3‐(4‐piperidinophenyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐pyrazoline (4f) and 1‐(4‐phenylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐(4‐piperidinophenyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐pyrazoline (4a) against hCAs and 1‐[4‐(4‐chlorophenyl)thiazol‐2‐yl]‐3‐(4‐piperidinophenyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐pyrazoline (4d) and 1‐[4‐(4‐nitrophenyl)thiazol‐2‐yl]‐3‐(4‐piperidinophenyl)‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐2‐pyrazoline (4b) against AChE were identified as highly potent inhibitors, superior to the standard drugs, acetazolamide and tacrine, respectively. Compounds 4a–k were also evaluated for their cytotoxic effects on the L929 mouse fibroblast (normal) cell line. Moreover, a comprehensive ligand–receptor interaction prediction was performed using the ADME‐Tox, Glide XP, and MM‐GBSA modules of the Schrödinger Small‐Molecule Drug Discovery Suite to elucidate the potential binding modes of the new hybrid inhibitors against these metabolic enzymes.
Intravenous injection of mesenchymal stem cell spheroids improves the pulmonary delivery and prolongs in vivo survival
Authors: Shimazawa Yoshihiko , Kusamori Kosuke , Tsujimura Mari , Shimomura Asuka , Takasaki Ryo , Takayama Yukiya , Shimizu Kazunori , Konishi Satoshi , Nishikawa Makiya
Published: September 2021

Background

Because of the excellent therapeutic potential, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used as cell therapeutics for various diseases. However, the survival rate and duration of MSCs after transplantation are extremely low and short, respectively. To solve these problems, in this study, we prepared multicellular spheroids of MSCs and investigated their survival and function after intravenous injection in mice.

Methods and Results

The murine adipose‐derived MSC line m17.ASC was cultured in agarose‐based microwell plates to obtain size‐controlled m17.ASC spheroids of an average diameter and cell number of approximately 170 μm and 1100 cells/spheroid, respectively. The intravenously injected m17.ASC spheroids mainly accumulated in the lung and showed a higher survival rate than suspended m17.ASC cells during the experimental period of 7 days. m17.ASC spheroids efficiently reduced the lipopolysaccharide‐induced increase in plasma concentrations of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α.

Conclusions

These results indicate that spheroid formation improved the pulmonary delivery and survival of MSCs, as well as their therapeutic potential against inflammatory pulmonary diseases.