bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring novel Islamic finance methods in support of OIC exports
Authors: Gundogdu Ahmet Suayb
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to propose a new Islamic trade finance framework for Islamic financial institution (FIs) to support exports in Organisation of Islamic Co-operation (OIC) countries.

Design Methodology Approach:

This paper introduces and proposes the recently developed Islamic finance methods of the supplier financing Wakala agreement, restricted Mudaraba and award-winning Export Credit Agency (ECA) export finance structures from the aspects of Shari’ah compliance, efficiency, simplicity for traders and risk management. This paper uses the approach of critical realism. The three-stratum approach is appropriate for Islamic product development, where the real, the actual and the empirical can be observed.

Findings:

The author argues that the ECA export financing structures, or restricted Mudaraba if preferred, with an embedded supplier financing Wakala agreement can pave the way for Islamic FIs to support exporting companies. It is also concluded that development and support of the Takaful industry are vital for the success of Islamic export financing schemes because of its role in risk management.

Originality Value:

Although very active in import financing with standard Murabaha contracts, Islamic FIs are still not able to meet the need for financing the expanding exports of OIC countries. Because of the difficulty in developing products that are both efficient and Shari’ah-compliant, export financing is the most controversial issue for the Islamic trade finance industry. Existing or proposed export finance products are heavily criticised by concerned Muslims, as they include bill discounting, akin to factoring in conventional finance. This paper introduces methods aimed at overcoming the inadequacy of existing structures.
The end of performance management: sorting the facts from the hype
Authors: Kinley Nik
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review recent developments in performance management processes and make recommendations for practice.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews historical issues and developments in performance management processes, with particular attention paid to the challenges involved in ensuring effective performance management.

Findings

The paper finds that many of the recent headlines declaring the end of performance management and at best premature and at worst misleading. Recent developments in practice are described and reviewed, and recommendations on which of the developments are worth for organizations to pursue are made based on current research.

Originality/value

There are many headlines and a fair bit of hype around performance management recently. This paper reveals the issues and research behind the hype.
Using OpenMI and a Model MAP to Integrate WaterML2 and NetCDF Data Sources into Flood Modeling of Genoa, Italy
Authors: Harpham Quillon , Lhomme Julien , Parodi Antonio , Fiori Elisabetta , Jagers Bert , Galizia Antonella
Published: April 2016

Extreme hydrometeorological events such as flash floods have caused considerable loss of life and damage to infrastructure over recent years. Flood events in the Mediterranean region between 1990 and 2006 caused over 4,500 fatalities and cost over €29 billion in damage, with Italy one of the worst affected countries. The Distributed Computing Infrastructure for Hydro‐Meteorology (DRIHM) project is a European initiative aiming at providing an open, fully integrated eScience environment for predicting, managing, and mitigating the risks related to such extreme weather phenomena. Incorporating both modeled and observational data sources, it enables seamless access to a set of computing resources with the objective of providing a collection of services for performing experiments with numerical models in meteorology, hydrology, and hydraulics. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how this flexible modeling architecture has been constructed using a set of standards including the NetCDF and WaterML2 file formats, in‐memory coupling with OpenMI, controlled vocabularies such as CF Standard Names, ISO19139 metadata, and a Model MAP (Metadata, Adaptors, Portability) gateway concept for preparing numerical models for standardized use. Hydraulic results, including the impact to buildings and hazards to people, are given for the use cases of the severe and fatal flash floods, which occurred in Genoa, Italy in November 2011 and October 2014.
Evaluating environmental education, citizen science, and stewardship through naturalist programs
Authors: Merenlender Adina M. , Crall Alycia W. , Drill Sabrina , Prysby Michelle , Ballard Heidi
Published: April 2016

Amateur naturalists have played an important role in the study and conservation of nature since the 17th century. Today, naturalist groups make important contributions to bridge the gap between conservation science and practice around the world. We examined data from 2 regional naturalist programs to understand participant motivations, barriers, and perspectives as well as the actions they take to advance science, stewardship, and community engagement. These programs provide certification‐based natural history and conservation science training for adults that is followed by volunteer service in citizen science, education, and stewardship. Studies in California and Virginia include quantitative and qualitative evaluation data collected through pre‐ and postcourse surveys, interviews, and long‐term tracking of volunteer hours. Motivations of participants focused on learning about the local environment and plants and animals, connecting with nature, becoming certified, and spending time with people who have similar interests. Over half the participants surveyed were over 50 years old, two‐thirds were women, and a majority reported household incomes of over $50,000 (60% in California, 85% in Virginia), and <20% of those surveyed in both states described themselves as nonwhite. Thus, these programs need to improve participation by a wider spectrum of the public. We interviewed younger and underrepresented adults to examine barriers to participation in citizen science. The primary barrier was lack of time due to the need to work and focus on career advancement. Survey data revealed that participants’ ecological knowledge, scientific skills, and belief in their ability to address environmental issues increased after training. Documented conservation actions taken by the participants include invasive plant management, habitat restoration, and cleanups of natural areas and streams. Long‐term data from Virginia on volunteer hours dedicated to environmental citizen science show an increase from 14% in 2007 to 32% in 2014. In general, participants in the naturalist programs we examined increased their content knowledge about ecosystems, had greater confidence in conserving them, and continued to engage as citizen scientists after completing the program.
The Potential Role of Lung Ultrasound B‐Lines for Detection of Lung Radio‐Induced Toxicity in Breast Cancer Patients after Radiation Therapy
Authors: Petruzzelli Maria Fonte , Vasti Maria Pia , Tramacere Francesco , D'Errico Maria Patrizia , Gianicolo Emilio A.L. , Andreassi Maria Grazia , Picano Eugenio , Portaluri Maurizio
Published: April 2016

Background and Purpose

Breast cancer patients exposed to doses of radiation after radiotherapy could develop toxicity to lung. Lung ultrasound (LUS) is able to detect interstitial lung disease by the evaluation of B‐lines. The aim of our study was to assess the number of B‐lines to diagnose lung involvement after chest radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods

We measured LUS B‐lines in the treated and contralateral lung of 20 breast cancer patients, 1–3 months after the end of radiotherapy and 1 year after previous LUS. The sum of the B‐lines number in the 72 sites on anterior and posterior chest yielded a global B‐lines score.

Results

B‐lines were more numerous in treated (median: 21; 1st–3rd quartiles: 11–31) versus untreated hemithorax (median: 3; 1st–3rd quartiles: 1–5) in both examination at T1–3 months (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test P < 0.001) and T1 year (median: 21; 1st–3rd quartiles: 12–28 vs. median: 4; 1st–3rd quartiles: 1–10; Kolmogorov–Smirnov test P < 0.01). Within the treated hemithorax, B‐lines were more frequent in the anterior than in the posterior chest in both examination at T1–3 months (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test: P < 0.0001) and T1 year (Kolmogorov–Smirnov test: P < 0.01). Abnormal scores (B‐lines>5) were present in 17/20 treated versus 7/20 untreated hemithoraxes (85.0 vs. 35.0%, P < 0.01) in the first LUS and likewise in 16/17 treated versus 7/17 in untreated hemithorax (94.1% vs. 41.2%, P < 0.01) after 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

Among women receiving radiotherapy after breast cancer, B‐lines are present predominantly in the irradiated lung. These data suggest that B‐lines by LUS could provide, at a subclinical stage, a radiation‐free biomarker of radiotherapy‐induced lung damage.
Community structure and abundance of insects in response to early‐season aphid infestation in wild cabbage populations
Authors: LI YEHUA , STAM JELTJE M. , POELMAN ERIK H. , DICKE MARCEL , GOLS RIETA
Published: April 2016

1. Changes in the arthropod community structure can be attributed to differences in constitutively expressed plant traits or those that change depending on environmental conditions such as herbivory. Early‐season herbivory may have community‐wide effects on successive insect colonisation of host plants and the identity of the initially inducing insect may determine the direction and strength of the effects on the dynamics and composition of the associated insect community.

2. Previous studies have addressed the effect of early infestation with a chewing herbivore. In the present study, the effect of early infestation was investigated with a phloem‐feeding aphid [Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera, Aphididae)] on the insect community associated with three wild cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) populations, which are known to differ in defence chemistry, throughout the season in field experiments.

3. Aphid infestation had asymmetric effects on the associated insect community and only influenced the abundance of the natural enemies of aphids, but not that of chewing herbivores and their natural enemies. The effect size of aphid infestation further depended on the cabbage population.

4. Aphid feeding has been previously reported to promote host‐plant quality for chewing herbivores, which has been attributed to antagonism between the two major defence signalling pathways controlled by the hormones salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), respectively. Our results show no effects of early infestation by aphids on chewing herbivores, suggesting the absence of long‐term JA–SA antagonism.

5. Investigating the effects of the identity of an early‐season coloniser and genotypic variation among plant populations on insect community dynamics are important in understanding insect–plant community ecology.
Contest Duration and Dynamics are Affected by Body Size in a Potentially Subsocial Crayfish (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Authors: Costa Juliana R. , Dalosto Marcelo M. , Palaoro Alexandre V. , Santos Sandro
Published: April 2016

Fighting is a costly behavior, consuming both time and energy. As a result, the benefits of acquiring resources must outweigh these costs. Resource value will thus influence willingness to invest in a contest through its objective (the intrinsic properties of the resource) and subjective value (context/state dependent). In burrowing crayfish, subjective resource value may vary with life stage: adults, subadults, and juveniles differ in their ability to obtain resources. As juveniles cannot dig their own burrows, we hypothesize that earlier life stages will exhibit lower aggression than later life stages. To test this, we evaluated contests between paired individuals according to their cephalothorax length (CL), encompassing different life stages of Parastacus brasiliensis. To quantify aggression levels, we recorded contest duration, the frequency of low and highly aggressive behaviors, the time to escalate to highly aggressive behaviors, the probability of initiating contests with highly aggressive behaviors, and the latency to initiate a contest. We examined the relationship between these dependent variables and CL (independent variable) using GLMs to test how aggressive behaviors develop. Contest duration increased with pair mean, winner's and loser's CL. Frequency of low aggressive behaviors increased with CL, whereas highly aggressive behaviors, latency, and time to reach highly aggressive behaviors were unrelated to CL. Smaller individuals had a higher probability of initiating contests with highly aggressive behaviors. Self‐assessment explains the contest dynamics of P. brasiliensis, with smaller individuals giving up sooner, probably due to lower energy and time budgets.
The prevalence of erectile dysfunction in men attending cardiac rehabilitation: an audit in East London
Authors: Williams Paul , Bandhoo Swallay , McBain Hayley , Mulligan Kathleen , Steggall Martin J.
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), how it is perceived and the percentage seeking treatment for the condition in a population of men with cardiovascular disease (CVD) attending a cardiac rehabilitation programme in East London, UK. One hundred male subjects aged between 30 and 88 years attending a cardiac rehabilitation centre in East London participated in the study. An audit of men attending a cardiac rehabilitation programme was conducted. Participants completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF‐5) to ascertain the severity of ED, an adapted ‘bother score’ item from the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) to investigate the extent to which participants were bothered by the symptoms of their ED and questions related to both ED treatment‐seeking and beliefs about the impact of cardiac medication on ED. Demographic and clinical data were also collected. The audit was carried out between January and September 2014. Out of 117 male participants, 100 were audited (85·5% uptake). Prevalence of ED in this cohort was 80%, and 38% were suffering with moderate or severe ED. Older men had significantly higher levels of ED, and participants with severe ED were significantly more bothered by their condition. Those of Asian or British Asian descent reported significantly higher levels of ED severity than men from white ethnic backgrounds. Sixty‐five percent of men with ED had never spoken to a health care professional (HCP) about the condition, and 35% believed that their medication had a deleterious effect on erectile function. High incidences of ED remain undetected in this patient population. The study stresses the importance for HCPs to discuss ED with patients within primary care and cardiac rehabilitation programmes, which in turn could reduce mortality in those at risk of a future cardiac event as well as facilitate access to ED treatment.
Banking Efficiency in the Enlarged European Union: Financial Crisis and Convergence
Authors: Gallizo José L. , Moreno Jordi , Salvador Manuel
Published: April 2016

The aim of this study is to analyse whether the great shock occasioned by the financial crisis and the reaction from national governments have compromised the process of financial integration in the EU. This question is important because banking union is a cornerstone of the European integration process. We estimated the evolution of cost and profit efficiency in the enlarged EU during the period from 2000 to 2013 using Bayesian frontier stochastic models (SFA), and analysed the convergence among countries using the beta and sigma convergence tests. Our results show that the outbreak of the financial crisis interrupted the convergence and gave rise to a new divergence process. These results suggest that major reforms in European banking should be adopted by EU regulators in order to strengthen financial integration.
Piezopotential‐Induced Schottky Behavior of Zn1−xSnO3 Nanowire Arrays and Piezophotocatalytic Applications
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ting , Chang Kao‐Shuo
Published: April 2016

This article presents the piezotronic‐ and piezophototronic effect‐enhanced photocatalysis (piezophotocatalysis) of Zn1−xSnO3 (ZTO) nanowires fabricated through a two‐step hydrothermal reaction. The highlights of this research include (1) tailoring hydrothermal synthesis parameters to obtain well‐aligned LN‐type single‐crystalline ZTO nanowire arrays; (2) exploring the piezopotential‐driven piezotronic and piezophototronic effects of ZTO nanowires; (3) identifying Schottky barrier height variations; and (4) exploiting synergistic piezophotocatalysis for decomposing methylene blue (MB). Transmission electron microscopy, electron probe energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses reveal highly crystalline Zn‐deficient ZTO nanowires. The band gap is estimated to be approximately 3.8 eV. The ZTO nanowires exhibit piezopotential‐modulated piezotronic and piezophototronic effects. The corresponding Schottky barrier height variation is calculated using thermionic emission‐diffusion theory. The calculated photodegradation rate constant k of the sample, under pressure from ultrasonic vibration and a piece of glass, is approximately 1.5 × 10−2 min−1, approximately four times higher than that of ZTO nanowires in the absence of stress. The observed synergistic piezophotocatalysis is attributed to (1) band bending of ZTO nanowires; (2) application of alternating ultrasonic vibration; (3) MB mass transfer enhancement; and (4) abundant active reaction sites generated from ZTO nanowire surface sweeping.
Characterization and immune response expression of the Rig‐I‐like receptor mda5 in common carp Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Zhu Y. Y. , Xing W. X. , Shan S. J. , Zhang S. Q. , Li Y. Q. , Li T. , An L. , Yang G. W.
Published: April 2016

In this study, the full‐length complementary (c)DNA of common carp Cyprinus carpio melanoma differentiation‐associated gene 5 (mda5) was cloned. The complete open reading frame of C. carpio mda5 contained 2982 bp and encodes 993 amino acids. The deduced amino acids contained six functional domains: two caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARD), a conserved restriction domain of bacterial type III restriction enzyme (ResIII), a DExD/H box‐containing domain (DEXDc), a helicase super family C‐terminal domain (HELICc) and a C‐terminal regulatory domain (RD). The mda5 gene was expressed in all tested tissues, with high levels in the gills and spleen, while lower expressed in gonad and blood. The copy numbers of mda5 were increased in the liver, spleen, head kidney and the mucosal‐associated immune tissues such as the foregut, hindgut, gills and skin after stimulation with polyinosinic polycytidylic [poly(I:C)] and Aeromonas hydrophila. The myxovirus resistance gene (mx) messenger (m)RNA levels in the spleen, head kidney, foregut and gills were significantly up‐regulated after poly(I:C) injection. When injected with poly(I:C), mda5 and mx transcripts were also significantly induced in vitro. These results implied that mda5 might be involved in both antiviral and antibacterial innate immune processes in C. carpio. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of Fish Biology © 2016 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles
Hosts and transmission of the crayfish plague pathogen Aphanomyces astaci: a review
Authors: Svoboda J , Mrugała A , Kozubíková‐Balcarová E , Petrusek A
Published: April 2016

The crayfish plague pathogen, Aphanomyces astaci Schikora, has become one of the most well‐studied pathogens of invertebrates. Since its introduction to Europe in the mid‐19th century, it has caused mass crayfish mortalities, resulting in drastic declines of local populations. In contrast, North American crayfish usually serve as latent carriers, although they may also be negatively affected by A. astaci infections under some circumstances. Recent research benefiting from molecular tools has improved our knowledge about various aspects of A. astaci biology. In this review, we summarize these advances, particularly with respect to the host range and transmission. We highlight several aspects that have recently received particular attention, in particular newly confirmed or suspected A. astaci hosts, latent A. astaci infections in populations of European crayfish, and the relationship between A. astaci genotype groups and host taxa.
Exophthalmia in wild‐caught cod (Gadus morhua L.): development of a secondary barotrauma effect in captivity
Authors: Humborstad O‐B , Ferter K , Kryvi H , Fjelldal P G
Published: April 2016

Capture‐based aquaculture (CBA) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) has become increasingly important in recent years, and increased attention is being paid to animal welfare issues linked to these activities. Earlier studies showed that some cod develop secondary exophthalmia in captivity. This study investigated the development of secondary exophthalmia in two groups of wild‐caught cod, one of which was exposed to rapid decompression causing acute barotrauma (treatment group) while the other was not (control group). Photographs and radiographs before and up to 33 days after barotrauma revealed a significant increase in overall eye protrusion caused by an accumulation of gas in the orbita in the treatment group, first observed on day 9 after decompression, while no protrusions were observed in the control group. Barotrauma was thus identified as an important trigger for the development of secondary uni‐ or bilateral exophthalmia of wild‐caught cod. Two underlying mechanisms are suggested, where the more likely is residual swim bladder gas taking the route of least resistance, while the less likely is the exsolution of gas from the blood. Our results have implications for a wide range of contexts in which cod are rapidly brought to the surface from great depth.
Functional characterization of 22 novel CYP2D6 variants for the metabolism of Tamoxifen
Authors: Hu Xiao-Xia , Zhou Quan , Lan Tian , Huang Xiang-Xin , Liang Bing-qing , Dai Da-Peng , Cai Jian-Ping , Hu Guo-Xin
Published: April 2016

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the catalytic characteristics of 24 CYP2D6 allelic isoforms found in Chinese Han population on the metabolism of tamoxifen in vitro.

Methods

Recombinant CYP2D6 microsomes of distinguished genotypes were used to characterize the corresponding enzyme activity towards tamoxifen. About 5–2500 μm tamoxifen was incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. Using high-performance liquid chromatography to detect the products, the kinetic parameters Km, Vmax and intrinsic clearance (Vmax/Km) of N-desmethyltamoxifen were determined.

Key findings

Of the 24 tested allelic variants, the differences of intrinsic clearance value were shown as follows: CYP2D6.89 was much higher than wild-type CYP2D6.1, 2 allelic isoforms (CYP2D6.88 and D336N) exhibited similar intrinsic clearance values as the wild-type enzyme, two variants displayed weak or no activity, while the rest 19 variants showed significantly reduced intrinsic clearance values ranging from 7.46 to 81.11%.

Conclusion

The comprehensive assessment of CYP2D6 variants provides significant insights into allele-specific activity towards tamoxifen in vitro, suggesting that most of the carriers of these alleles might be paid more attention when using CYP2D6-mediated drugs clinically.
Up the Hill and Across the Aisle: Discovering the Path to Bipartisanship in Washington
Authors: Beckmann Matthew N.
Published: April 2016

Appeals for bipartisan diplomacy pepper popular commentary, often with wistful references to a bygone era where leaders (like Lyndon Johnson and Everett Dirksen) set aside partisan point scoring to serve the public interest. Here we reconsider the elements driving bipartisan contact in Washington. Stepping back from popular narratives, we situate the president‐opposing leader relationship within a more general class of institutional bargaining, leading to the prediction that bipartisan negotiation emerges from a particular combination of incentives and institutions—namely, when the president is strong politically (rendering opposing leaders willing to compromise) but opposing party leaders are strong institutionally (rendering them crucial to passing the deal). Utilizing Presidential Daily Diaries, hypotheses are tested against original data on presidents' personal interactions with opposing Senate leaders across 40 years, 20 Congresses, and eight presidencies (1961–2000).
Multi‐methods approach to characterizing the magnitude, impact, and spatial risk of Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) bycatch in small‐scale fisheries in Malampaya Sound, Philippines
Authors: Whitty Tara Sayuri
Published: April 2016

Addressing the urgent conservation threat of marine mammal bycatch in small‐scale fisheries requires information on bycatch magnitude, gear types, population impacts, and risk. However, data on these proximate attributes are widely lacking in developing countries. This study used a multi‐methods approach integrating boat surveys and interviews with fishermen (n = 526) to assess proximate attributes of bycatch for the Critically Endangered subpopulation of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Malampaya Sound, Philippines. Given an updated population estimate of 35 individuals (CV = 22.9%), the estimated rate of bycatch fatalities exceeds the potential biological removal rate. Spatial overlap scores were calculated to characterize overlap between dolphins and fisheries as a proxy of bycatch risk. These scores identified particularly high risk areas that could be prioritized for gear bans. However, completely reducing bycatch risk would require more widespread bans beyond these high risk areas. Implementing gear restrictions will be immensely challenging, given serious obstacles to fisheries management at this site. The multi‐methods approach describes the urgency of the bycatch problem and the changes required for mitigation, setting the stage for identifying and evaluating potential solutions. It can be readily applied to developing country sites to guide more efficient and complete data collection and conservation efforts.
Evaluation of the Explorer Endoscopy Mask© for esogastroduodenoscopy in children: a retrospective study of 173 cases
Authors: Potié Arnaud , Prégardien Caroline , Pirotte Thierry , Stephenne Xavier , Scheers Isabelle , Wanty Catherine , Smets Françoise , Sokal Etienne , Veyckemans Francis
Published: April 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability and safety of the Explorer Endoscopy Mask® (EM) as an alternative to endotracheal intubation in children undergoing elective esogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) under general anesthesia (GA).

Methods

This study was a retrospective observational study. The study was undertaken at the pediatric digestive endoscopy suite in the Cliniques universitaires Saint‐Luc, Brussels, Belgium. We retrospectively analyzed the occurrence of minor and major airway‐related adverse effects during pediatric EGD procedures performed under GA with the EM between June 2014 and March 2015.

Results

During the study period, 173 patients underwent EGD. Their mean age was 8.4 years (median: 9.1 years, range 4 months to 16 years). Mean duration of endoscopy (from insertion to removal of the endoscope) was 12.6 min (median: 12 min, range 3–47 min). The use of EM was uneventful in 159 (92%) cases. There were 24 airway‐related adverse events in 14 children. Hypoxemia (SpO2 <90%) (13 events, 7.5%) was the most commonly encountered complication followed by laryngo‐ or bronchospasm (five events, 2.89%), cough (five events, 2.89%), and intubation (one event, 0.58%). No cases of regurgitation/aspiration were observed.

Conclusions

Our data support the EM use in pediatric EGD. There were few transient respiratory adverse events which were easily solved with minor interventions.
Encountering the Body at the Site of the Suicide: A Population‐Based Survey in Sweden
Authors: Omerov Pernilla , Pettersen Rossana , Titelman David , Nyberg Tommy , Steineck Gunnar , Dyregrov Atle , Nyberg Ullakarin
Published: April 2016

Encountering the body of a child who died by suicide at the site of death is believed to be especially harmful for bereaved parents. We investigated the association between encountering the body at the site of the suicide and psychological distress in 666 suicide‐bereaved parents. Parents who had encountered their child's body at the site of the suicide (n = 147) did not have a higher risk of nightmares (relative risk [RR] 0.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–1.35), intrusive memories (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.84–1.13), avoidance of thoughts (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.74–1.27), avoidance of places or things (RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.66–1.25), anxiety (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.64–1.33), or depression (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.63–1.42) compared with parents who had not encountered the body (n = 512). Our results suggest that losing a child by suicide is sufficiently disastrous by itself to elicit posttraumatic responses or psychiatric morbidity whether or not the parent has encountered the deceased child at the site of death.
Phasal Syntax = Cyclic Phonology?
Authors: Cheng Lisa Lai‐Shen , Downing Laura J.
Published: April 2016

This paper addresses three central questions in the phonology–syntax interface: What does phonology know about syntax? Does phrasal phonology “know” about syntax directly or indirectly (i.e., mediated by prosodic constituents such as Intonation Phrase)? When does the phonology–syntax interaction take place? Most current phase‐based theories of the interface assume a strict cyclic model of derivation, in which the output of each spell‐out domain directly feeds the phonology. We argue instead for an indirect model in which phonology is mainly conditioned by phase edges and accesses syntax only when the syntactic derivation is complete. We motivate the model mainly with data from Bantu languages that have played a leading role in the development of current theories of the phonology–syntax interface.
Are the ‘rules’ for times in set up and duration of red cell transfusion too strict?
Authors: Foley K. , Poles D. , Mistry H. , Gray A. , Bolton‐Maggs P. H. B.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To discover if any adverse clinical effects have been reported to the UK haemovigilance scheme, Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) relating to delays in set up of transfusion or extended transfusion time for red cell units.

Background

Current guidance for duration of transfusion is based on outdated studies that do not reflect current UK Blood Service practices. Recent evidence suggests that the ‘30‐min rule’ could be extended without adverse effects.

Methods

Aggregated data from reports to SHOT covering a 5‐year period (2010–2014) were reviewed in order to identify adverse clinical outcomes related to delay in set up of a red cell transfusion of more than 30 min after removal from cold storage, or total transfusion time of longer than 5 h.

Results

Five years of data from SHOT shows that there were no adverse clinical events related to delays in setting up transfusion or extended transfusion time between 2010 and 2014. There were a total of 382 reports which included 143 delays in set‐up, and 239 episodes where transfusion took longer than 5 h.

Conclusions

Delays in set up of transfusion and extended transfusion time did not result in any adverse clinical outcomes. Current guidance may be too stringent and lead to increased wastage.
Time, rhythm and the creative economy
Authors: Jones Phil , Warren Saskia
Published: April 2016

Creative practice is fetishised in the policy discourse of post‐industrial economies as a driver of growth and social inclusion. Conceptually, we advance Lefebvre's incomplete rhythmanalysis project by combining the ideas of dressage and arrhythmia to give novel insights into contradictions within the contemporary creative economy. Our analysis shows dressage (practices learned through repetition) being used as a means to impose unsustainable (‘arrhythmic’) patterns of working within the creative sector. Cultural intermediaries, practitioners whose work focuses on engaging communities with the benefits of the creative economy, are today finding themselves chasing short‐term, bureaucratic demands on their time, which operate counter to the rhythms of creative production. This paper draws on interviews and activity diaries kept by intermediaries collected as part of a large AHRC‐funded project. We conclude that the rhythmic regimes being imposed on intermediaries by policymakers and funders are in fact driving out the very creative practices they are intended to foster. This contradiction has major implications for growth, social inclusion and wellbeing in an age of neoliberal austerity.
Imiquimod treatment for Equus caballus papillomavirus infection in equine aural plaques
Authors: Zakia Luiza S. , Olivo Giovane , Basso Roberta M. , Mira Juliana , Herman Mariana , Araujo Joao P. , Borges Alexandre S. , Oliveira‐Filho José P.
Published: April 2016

Background

Aural plaques are a dermatopathy associated with Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV). This disease affects horses of all ages, genders and breeds, and causes sensitivity of the ears.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of 5% imiquimod cream for the treatment of aural plaques and to compare the PCR detection of EcPV 3, 4, 5 and 6 before and after treatment.

Animals

Eight horses diagnosed with aural plaques (14 ears) were used. Three mares with unilateral aural plaques were used as untreated controls.

Methods

Imiquimod cream was applied every 48 h until complete resolution of the aural plaques was observed. Animals were evaluated clinically for 180 days after the end of treatment. PCR for detecting EcPV 3, 4, 5 and 6 was performed using aural plaque biopsies collected before and at 90 days after the end of treatment.

Results

Clinical resolution was observed in 93% of the treated ears. Imiquimod treatment promoted the clearance of EcPV in 71.4% of the treated ears. Clinical remission of the aural plaques and changes in EcPV DNA positivity between the first and second biopsies were not observed in the control group. In 75% of horses, sedation was required in order to carry out pretreatment cleaning.

Conclusions

The results of this study support the hypothesis that 5% imiquimod cream may be used as an effective treatment for aural plaques in horses.
Comparison of intraocular pressure measurements using rebound (TonoVet®) and applanation (TonoPen‐XL®) tonometry in clinically normal alpacas (Vicugña pacos)
Authors: McDonald Jessica E. , Knollinger Amy M. , Dustin Dees D. , MacLaren Nicole E.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) estimates in eyes of healthy alpacas (Vicugña pacos) using rebound (TonoVet®) in comparison with applanation (TonoPen‐XL®) tonometry.

Methods

Complete ophthalmic examinations were performed on forty healthy alpacas (80 eyes). IOP measurements using both TonoVet® and TonoPen‐XL® tonometers were obtained OU. Data were analyzed, using a doubly repeated‐measures anova design and Student's paired t‐test, with P ≤ 0.05 considered significant.

Results

The mean IOP values ±SD via rebound tonometry were 14.20 mm ± 2.58 mm OD, 14.22 mm ± 2.90 mm OS, and 14.21 ± 2.73 mmHg OU (range 8.67–20.67 mmHg). The IOP values ±SD via applanation tonometry were 12.49 ± 2.81 mmHg OD, 12.53 ± 2.79 mmHg OS, and 12.51 ± 2.78 mmHg OU (range 6.00–19.33 mmHg). There was a significant difference (P = 0.002) in the IOP obtained between the tonometers, with the rebound tonometer having a 1.7 mmHg (0.69–2.71 mmHg, 95% confidence interval (CI)) higher IOP compared to the applanation tonometer. No significant differences in IOP were found between OD and OS. Age, gender, and breed did not significantly affect IOP values.

Conclusions

IOP readings from the rebound tonometer were statistically higher than those from the applanation tonometer; however, this is not considered clinically significant. The accuracy of rebound tonometry in diseased alpaca eyes remains to be determined.
El ahorro como estrategia de intervención social para la superación de la pobreza: estudio cualitativo sobre experiencias de ahorro de personas chilenas
Authors: Jaramillo Andrea , Daher Marianne
Published: April 2016

Vivir en situación de pobreza obliga a implementar estrategias de subsistencia, siendo un desafío generar recursos para cubrir gastos básicos, por lo que pensar en el ahorro resultaría algo ajeno. Este artículo analiza las experiencias de ahorro de un grupo de chilenos/as en situación de pobreza. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con 70 personas en seis grupos focales. Inicialmente, señalan no ahorrar, pero emergen en sus discursos estrategias de ahorro e identifican facilitadores y obstaculizadores, produciéndose además un efecto de aprendizaje al compartir sus experiencias. Se concluye que sí es posible ahorrar y se reflexiona sobre la importancia de incluirlo en intervenciones sociales públicas y privadas que apuesten por la educación financiera como herramienta para la superación de la pobreza.
The care network for drug users: what do professionals say about it?
Authors: Antunes da Costa Pedro Henrique , Marilère Casela Ana Luísa , Belchior Mota Daniela Cristina , Pizziolo Monteiro Érika , Santana de Paiva Fernando , Tibúrcio de Freitas Jéssica Verônica , Machado Munck Nathália , Mota Ronzani. Telmo
Published: April 2016

This article aimed to understand, from the framework of community psychology, the care network for drug users from professionals’ experiences, and implications of a community level work. Six semi-structured focus groups were conducted with 42 professionals from care networks of four Brazilian cities in the state of Minas Gerais. Data was analyzed through thematic content analysis. Results indicate the need of enhancing network’s operational structure and, mainly, consolidating a comprehensive and continuous care model. Professionals’ critical views of the care network lift a series of contributions to improve it, with the necessity of embracing a community level work and a resources-focus approach to drug abuse. Related to this, there is the necessity to focus care on community and its needs, by understanding it as the main element of care networks for drug users.
El desafío de incorporar las redes institucionales y comunitarias en la intervención con adolescentes infractores: una investigación acción en tres regiones del sur de Chile
Authors: Zambrano A , Muñoz, J , Andrade C
Published: April 2016

Se reportan los resultados obtenidos a partir de una investigación acción con componentes participativos, orientada a fortalecer el funcionamiento de redes institucionales y comunitarias para la intervención con adolescentes infractores de ley. El articulo da cuenta de los principales resultados obtenidos a partir de este proceso, centrando su análisis en un conjunto de dimensiones que permiten tener una panorámica acerca de los avances y desafíos que presentan los programas involucrados en el estudio. Los resultados reportan las dificultades de los equipos para incluir de modo eficiente los recursos de las redes inter institucionales dada la fragmentación de la política pública destinada a este grupo de adolescentes, así como las barreras para integrar la dimensión comunitaria en el trabajo con los jóvenes producto del formato de intervención así como las modalidades de financiamiento de los programas. Así también se evidencian mejoras en la comprensión e integración de estos componentes por parte de los equipos de los programas durante el proceso articulándose redes interinstitucionales con mejores grados de continuidad y complementariedad en su quehacer y una incorporación paulatina, aunque parcial de la dimensión comunitaria en la intervención.
Los saberes psicológicos en el neoliberalismo: el caso de las políticas sociales y la teoría del apego en Chile
Authors: Castillo Patricia
Published: April 2016

Este artículo de revisión propone una mirada al recorrido general de las construcciones teóricas provenientes del saber psicológico en el diseño de los distintos artefactos mediante los cuales el Estado interviene la vida social de los individuos. Se caracteriza, el papel de evidencia que se le asigna al saber psicológico, en el escenario contemporáneo de una política neoliberal o liberal avanzada. Se ejemplifica esta relación entre psicología y gubernamentalidad neoliberal a través del análisis del diseño de las políticas sociales de infancia en Chile, y en particular, en la instalación de la teoría del apego como propuesta de los expertos para el diseño de un sistema de protección integral para la infancia.
Víctimas en justicia restaurativa: ¿sujetos activos o en necesidad? Un estudio europeo desde la perspectiva de operadores sociales
Authors: Bolivar Daniela , Vanfraechem Inge
Published: April 2016

A la evidente proliferación del uso de la justicia restaurativa en Europa se ha sumado evidencia que sugiere que su práctica está quedando en deuda con las víctimas de delito. Las políticas de justicia restaurativa parecen no estar constituyendo espacios genuinos de participación: las víctimas no tienen acceso a la información sobre estos servicios y su implementación aún está lejos de considerar plenamente sus necesidades. El objetivo de este estudio fue explorar las creencias que tienen los propios profesionales de justicia restaurativa y de programas de apoyo a la víctima sobre victimización y justicia restaurativa y discutir el potencial papel de estas creencias en el desarrollo de estos obstaculizadores de participación. Este estudio, de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio, utilizó metodología cualitativa y cuantitativa, e involucró una muestra de 125 profesionales de justicia restaurativa y programas de apoyo a la víctima, correspondientes a 19 países europeos. Los resultados sugieren que si bien los profesionales reconocen los beneficios que la justicia restaurativa puede ofrecer a víctimas de delitos, existen también concepciones que parecen prevenir a los profesionales de dar mayor espacio a las víctimas en la toma de decisiones.
Intervención preventiva de salud mental escolar en adolescentes: desafíos para un programa público en comunidades educativas
Authors: Leiva Loreto , George Myriam , Squicciarini Ana María , Simonsohn Ariela , Guzmán Javier
Published: April 2016

Se presenta la contribución del Programa Habilidades para la Vida a las prácticas de prevención de salud mental adolescente en escuelas de Chile. Se evalúa la intervención preventiva del programa, en particular observando si adolescentes que asistieron al taller preventivo (N =212) presentan cambio en las variables desadaptación escolar (DE) y disfunción psicosocial (DP), según su asistencia y la de sus padres. El diseño fue ex-post-facto, longitudinal prospectivo, con mediciones pre y post. El análisis consideró ANOVA de medidas repetidas y pruebas t para muestras relacionadas. Los resultados indican disminución en algunos factores de riesgo asociados a DE y la estabilidad de la DP de los adolescentes. Las implicancias de este estudio para la ciencia preventiva y políticas públicas serán discutidas.
Resonances arising from Sheltering in the Family Dynamics of Brazilian Women in situations of Violence
Authors: Krenkel Scheila , Moré Carmen , Cantera Espinosa Leonor María , De Souza Jorge Sabrina Silveira , Cunha Lima da Motta Cibele
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to analyze the repercussions of sheltering in the family dynamics of women in situations of violence. This is a qualitative study in which 12 Brazilian women who were given shelter due to have suffered from violence were interviewed. The data organization and analysis was supported by the Grounded Theory, with the help of Atlas.ti software. Before being in the shelter, the study revealed the hardening of family relations and breaking of affectional bonds as well feelings of anxiety, depression, shame, fear and humiliation. Their permanence in the shelter helped the women to create strategies of coping with violence, which in turn, contributed to their reintegration in society as well as the recovery of their dignity and citizenship.
A Task-Driven Unified Synthesis of Planar Four-Bar and Six-Bar Linkages With R- and P-Joints for Five-Position Realization
Authors: Zhao Ping , Li Xiangyun , Purwar A. , Ge Q. J.
Published: April 2016

This paper deals with the problem of integrated joint type and dimensional synthesis of planar four-bar and six-bar linkages, which could contain both revolute (R) and prismatic (P) joints, for guiding through five specified task positions of the end-effector. In a recent work, we developed a simple algorithm for analyzing a set of given task positions to determine all feasible planar dyads with revolute and/or prismatic joints that can be used to guide through the given positions. This paper extends this algorithm to the integrated joint type and dimensional synthesis of Watt I and II and Stephenson I, II, and III six-bar linkages that contain both R- and P-joints. In the process, we developed a new classification for planar six-bar linkages according to whether the end-effector can be constrained by two dyads (type I), one dyad (type II), or no dyad (type III). In the end, we demonstrate this task-driven synthesis approach with three examples including a novel six-bar linkage for lifting an individual with age disability from seating position to standing position.
A Diagnostic Technique for Particle Characterization Using Laser Light Extinction
Authors: Barboza Kris , Ma Lin , Todd Lowe K. , Ekkad Srinath , Ng Wing
Published: April 2016

Increased operations of aircraft, both commercial and military in hostile desert environments have increased the risk of micro-sized particle ingestion into engines. The probability of increased sand and dust ingestion results in increased life cycle costs in addition to increased potential for performance loss. Thus, the ability to accurately assess the amount of inlet debris would be useful for engine diagnostics and prognostic evaluation. Previous engine monitoring studies were based on the particle measurements performed a posteriori. Thus, there exists a need for in situ quantification of ingested particles. This paper describes the initial development of a line-of-sight optical technique to characterize the ingested particles at concentrations similar to those experienced by aircraft in brownout conditions using laser extinction with the end goal of producing an onboard aircraft diagnostic sensor. By measuring the amount of light that is transmitted due to the effects of scattering and absorption in the presence of particles over a range of concentrations, a relationship between particle diameters and the laser light extinction was obtained. This relationship was then used to obtain information on diameters and number densities of ingested particles. The particle size range of interest was chosen to be between 1 and 10 μm and the size distribution function was assumed to be lognormal. Tests were performed on polystyrene latex spheres of sizes 1.32 μm, 3.9 μm, and 5.1 μm in water dispersions to measure diameters and concentrations. Measurements were performed over multiple wavelengths to obtain information on the size distribution and number density of particles. Results of tests presented in this paper establish the validity of the laser extinction technique to provide real time information of ingested particles and will serve as an impetus to carry out further research using this technique to characterize particles.