bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Marketing, Ecolabel and Purchase Intention on Food Products during Covid-19
Authors: Aulia Nariman , Gunawan Janti , Sumarsono Muniroh
Published: August 2021

The Covid-19 Pandemy has increased consumer’s awareness of the health issues and what they eat on a daily basis. Within the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) category, ecolabel is used to differentiate environmental friendly food and conventional food. However, not all of the healthy products are having ecolabel. This might happened because consumers do not know about the product, the price does not fit with their budget, the promotion does not reach the consumers and many other reasons. During the Covid-19 Pandemy, food manufacturing companies may need to adjust the massage to meet their targetted market. Therefore, this study examines how green marketing, ecolabel and Covid-19 pandemic relate to consumer’s purchase intention of food products. What aspects are they considering? An online survey was conducted in May – June 2020, involving 349 valid respondents, from 34 provinces in Indonesia. This study found that green marketing mix is positively associated with consumer attitude. Interestingly, only green products and green promotion are positively associated with the green marketing mix. Green price and green place are not significantly related to the green marketing mix. Furthermore, ecolabel and Covid-19 pandemic are positively associated with consumers’attitude. This consumers attitude is then positively associated with green food products’ buying intention. The findings of this study imply the need for food producers to allocate attention to food labelling, through good products and promotion. As of Covid-19 pandemic, this study found that the respondents will continue their healthy habit to protect themselves against health issue in the future. This offers positive signals to producers and marketing communication to develop a better communication approach for consumers.
Innovation, Current And Future Firms Performance (Study On Manufacturing Firms Listed 0n Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2018)
Authors: Elfita Rizki Amalia , Agustina Heni
Published: August 2021

Globalization in the industrial economy and the current global competitive nature are some of the main forces that need to be faced by firms to survive. Based on this statement, firms should have good strategies to gain a competitive advantage over their competitors to compete on a global scale. One of the strategies is an innovation strategy consisting of product innovation and organizational innovation. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of product innovation and organizational innovation on firm performance. The data used in this study are the financial statements of manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) year 2016 to 2018. The data were collected using a purposive sampling method. Then, the data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. The findings showed that product innovation and organizational innovation have a positive and significant effect on firm performance
Sustainability Concept in Ecotourism on Domestic Tourists of Generation Z
Authors: Binangun Joyo , Satrya I Dewa Gde
Published: August 2021

The purpose of this research is to find out the concept of sustainability in ecotourism in generation Z domestic tourists. The location of this research was conducted in Baluran National Park. This study uses a qualitative approach in which the data collected in the form of interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysed were the results of interviews with one expert from ecotourism, one manager from Baluran National Park, four Generation Z visitors and observations in the Baluran National Park environment. Data analysis techniques use data collection, data reduction, and coding in accordance with the themes discussed. Data collection methods use data triangulation techniques that are useful for establishing degrees of trust. The results of this study are the concept of understanding the importance of sustainability in ecotourism in generation Z domestic tourists is still lacking. There is awareness from generation Z about the importance of sustainable tourism, but there is still a lack of interest in participating in nature-based organizations because it does not attract packaging from the institution itself. In addition, there is still a lack of literacy reading among generation Z regarding natural knowledge, so Baluran National Park can create an interesting program for generation Z regarding basic understanding of nature in the form of online media
Analysis of the Effect of Packaging Creativity, Packaging Effectiveness and Brand Trust on Interest in Purchasing SME Products in East Java
Authors: Andrianto Novan , Shintawati Rahayu Arya
Published: August 2021

This study aims to analyze the effect of packaging creativity, packaging effectiveness and brand trust on SME product buying interest in East Java Province. The population targeted in this study were students in East Java Province who were active in management and business study programs in 2020. The number of samples in this study was determined as many as 200 people who were taken with a sampling technique in the form of purposive sampling. Data obtained through the distribution of questionnaires. The data analysis technique used in this study is multiple regression analysis. This research is considered important because the findings produced in this study are expected to be the basis for the formulation of strategies for increasing the sales performance of products produced by SMEs. The novelty of this research lies in the brand trust variable. Brand trust is chosen as a factor influencing buying interest because brand trust is the willingness of consumers to buy a particular brand with the assumption that the brand is able to meet what is expected by consumers. This research succeeded in proving that the creativity of packaging, the effectiveness of packaging and brand trust have a significant influence on the buying interest of SME products in East Java Province
Readiness to Face Society 5.0 Era, What Interpersonal Skill Does an Accounting Student Have ?: An Evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Ghofirin Mohammad , Primasari Niken Savitri
Published: August 2021

The world economy moves from the industrial era 4.0 to the era of society 5.0 so it is certain this has an effect on the shift in the role of accountants in their work. In this 4.0 era, the existence of interpersonal skills is increasingly needed along with the demands for change due to the massive digital technology in the work of accountants. This paper explains the situation of changing the industrial era 4.0 to society 5.0, the interpersonal skills of accounting students in their relationship to readiness to face era 5.0, as well as analyzing the best ways to develop skills in this digital era. The interpersonal skills presented are the results of research on accounting students undergoing digital-based learning. The resulting discussion shows that the community is moving towards an era of society 5.0. Digitalization and shift in the role of the accounting profession in era 4. 0 this time will be directed to develop big data to solve various problems in the era of society 5.0. Interpersonal skills are increasingly important, especially the leadership dimension. Therefore, the development of digital- based accounting student learning such as case studies, Class Polling and Surveys, discussion groups, and others is considered to be adaptable to prepare them to become accountants in the eraofsociety5.0.
Memorias alrededor de la investigación en física en la UNISON
Authors: Rodríguez Mijangos Ricardo Antonio
Published: August 2021

En este texto autobiográfico se esbozan las vivencias del autor relacionadas con su labor en el desarrollo de la ciencia en Sonora. Colección "La mirada del búho" 2
OS AVANÇOS DA NEUROCIÊNCIA E A APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: De Souza Molina Cristiane
Published: August 2021

A educação ganha importância inusitada, na contemporaneidade, quando se podem provar as formas pedagógicas onde se utilizam  de ensino aprendizagem  eficientes e precisas onde se possa reorganizar o sistema nervoso  que se desenvolve a todo o momento, produzindo novos comportamentos. É nesta situação contextual que se atribuiu esta pesquisa tendo a priori como objetivo de esclarecer as notórias contribuições diretas e indiretas da neurociência para se formar  docentes. Em primeiro instante, foram atrelados autores em que os escritos que se interligam com a neurociência. Reuniram-se autores que trataram da formação docente e, em um último momento, realizou-se o fato de correr para o mesmo ponto entre os escritos com o objetivo de ligar os conhecimentos neurocientíficos de maneira a poder fazer um redirecionamento tendo como auxílio a serem empregados no que se refere de formação de professores. Iniciando este presente estudo, podemos pontuar e fazer a apresentação de algumas conclusões: a aprendizagem é sequência da neuroplasticidade; o cérebro humano não finaliza o seu processo de desenvolvimento, ocorre à reestruturação ele se organiza de forma simultânea e constante.
Information Seeking Behavior and Utilization of Social Media for Agricultural Information by Farmers of Prayagraj District of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Kushwaha Siddharth , Mazhar Syed H.
Published: August 2021

Social media is becoming very important implement in agriculture to edge people to people due to its capacity to connect with farmers and agribusiness people around the globe over hug geographical distances. At present time there are 2.078 billion social media user in the world. The study was conducting in purposely selected Prayagraj district of Uttar Pradesh of also purposely two selecting blocks two villages from each block. Selected for the study Thus, in all, four villages thirty farmers were selected randomly. Thus, total 120 respondents were selected randomly and interviewed with the help of well semi structured schedule. The statistical tools/technique was used to computing the data and information. Descriptive research design was followed for the analysis. Maximum number respondents communicate through social media and WhatsApp is highly exposed and adopted by the respondents in the study area. Smart phones, computer usage and internet should be promoted among stakeholders (esp. farmers).majority of the respondents information getting through Kisan SMS Portal. The highest utilization level of the respondents about social media programme was WhatsApp with a weighted mean score of 1.58 and it was ranked first, followed by the Kisan SMS Portal a weighted mean score was 1.43 with ranked was second, while YouTube was ranked third and so on.
Plant diversity patterns and soil nitrogen dynamics after controlled burnings applied to restore mountain grasslands and create resilient landscapes
Authors:   , Múgica Azpilicueta Leire
Published: August 2021

This PhD thesis encompasses three scientific works that focus on the effects of the decoupling regimes of fire and herbivory disturbances on the soils and on the dynamics of the vegetation. Altogether, the results of this doctoral dissertation highlight the risk associated to the decoupling of the burning and grazing practices and their consequences to the N terrestrial cycle and the maintenance of the community biodiversity. Eventually, the promotion of a targeted herbivory after burnings with the purpose of exerting enough control on particular troublesome species is recommended: it delays the application of controlled burnings in mountain grasslands, which recurrence and intensity may imply undesired effects in the soils, the vegetation and the N cycle. Given the current global change scenario (climate change and changing land-uses), it is necessary to understand traditional management regimes that preserve biodiversity in cultural landscapes of mountain areas, and to apply suitable emulating practices that maintain mechanisms and processes that constitute the basis of the resilient landscapes.
Reescrevendo o Percurso da Psicologia Existencial: Um Retorno a Kierkegaard
Authors: Feijoo Ana Maria Lopez Calvo de , Protasio Myriam Moreira
Published: August 2021

O objetivo deste estudo é mostrar que a psicologia existencial e suas repercussões na clínica têm início no pensamento de Søren Aaybe Kierkegaard (1813-1855). Defendemos que há uma narrativa pregressa, esquecida e, portanto, inexplorada, da psicologia que se constitui nas condições de possibilidade da perspectiva existencial. Uma releitura das obras psicológicas de Kierkegaard nos permite reescrever outro percurso da psicologia, que ocorre à margem do que é mais conhecido e divulgado. Por meio de uma revisão narrativa da literatura de autores que constituíram sua compreensão da psicologia existencial fazendo referência ao pensamento de Kierkegaard, concluímos que as apropriações das teses desse filósofo ocorrem de diferentes formas, de acordo com a perspectiva epistemológica que as inspiram: psicologia empírica, psicologia existencial-humanista e psicologia existencial. Com este estudo identificamos que os elementos que diferenciam essas perspectivas, tanto no que diz respeito à formulação da psicologia como da clínica psicológica, são, respectivamente, os conceitos de liberdade e subjetividade humana e a compreensão de relação.
Sandwiched in the Workplace
Authors: Chan Catherine S.
Published: August 2021

According to Ronald Robinson’s ‘theory of collaboration,’ non-European
mediating elites helped regulate and maintain imperialism. This chapter
argues that not all collaborators were crucial to the rise and decline of
colonies. A peek into the circumstances of Macanese employment in
Hong Kong shows a more practical aspect of how early colonial establishments
were built through the services of migrant workers, who toiled in
lower- and middle-ranking administrative positions in the public and
private offices. Reassessing existing claims that Macanese workers were
victims of racial prejudice, the careers of three Macanese men reveal the
normative reasons behind their stagnant careers, as well as an alternative
understanding of the terms of collaboration between colonial governments
and their subjects from the migrant perspective.
Epilogue: A Place in the Sun
Authors: Chan Catherine S.
Published: August 2021

As the Second World War unfolded in Hong Kong, it created various crises
that intensified pre-existing racial tensions in the colony. In exchange for
the liberties and safety of being ‘neutral’ or third nationals, Anglicized
Macanese rushed to revoke their British status in favor of Portuguese
certificates. Some sought refuge in Macau, where they would live, perhaps
for the first time ever, side-by-side with Macanese subjects who were
different in terms of cultural and political orientation. Despite acquiring
Portuguese status, three Anglophile Macanese—Eddie Gosano, Leo
d’Almada e Castro and Clotilde Barretto—continued to work for the
British government, risking their lives for the BAAG. The Epilogue ends
with the aftermath of the war and a reappraisal of the resilience of
identity.
Evaluasi Penerapan Sistem Akuntansi Pengeluaran Kas di PT. HAsjrat Abadi Cabang Kendari
Authors: Yayuk abriyani gani Astri
Published: August 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah penerapan sistem akuntansi pengeluaran kas yang dilakukan oleh PT. Hasjrat Abadi Cabang Kendari sudah memenuhi syarat pengendalian intern yang memadai atau belum. Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data kualitatif sedangkan sumber datanya menggunakan data sekunder. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa 1) Sistem akuntansi pengeluaran kas dengan cek pada PT. Hasjrat Abadi Cabang Kendari sudah cukup baik namun masih ada sedikit kekurangan pada pembayaran seharusnya kreditur ketika menerima cek juga menerima satu bukti kas keluar, akan tetapi di PT. Hasjrat Abadi Cabang Kendari tidak menerima bukti kas keluar. Sehingga bukti kas keluar seharusnya dibuat dalam rangkap tiga; 2) Sistem akuntansi pengeluaran kas dengan dana kas kecil penyelenggaraannya dilakukan dengan cara imprest system, dalam pelaksanaan pengeluaran kas dengan dana kas kecil masih ada perangkapan tugas yaitu fungsi kasir merangkap sebagai pemegang dana kas kecil.
Four years of global carbon cycle observed from OCO-2 version 9 and in situ data, and comparison to OCO-2 v7
Authors: Peiro Hélène , Crowell Sean , Schuh Andrew , Baker David F. , O'Dell Chris , Jacobson Andrew R. , Chevallier Frédéric , Liu Junjie , Eldering Annmarie , Crisp David , Deng Feng , Weir Brad , Basu Sourish , Johnson Matthew S. , Philip Sajeev , Baker Ian
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite has been provided information to estimate carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes at global and regional scales since 2014 through the combination of CO2 retrievals with top-down atmospheric inversion methods. Column average CO2 dry air mole fraction retrievals has been constantly improved. A bias correction has been applied in the OCO-2 version 9 retrievals compared to the previous OCO-2 version 7r improving data accuracy and coverage. We study an ensemble of ten atmospheric inversions all characterized by different transport models, data assimilation algorithm and prior fluxes using first OCO-2 v7 in 2015-2016 and then OCO-2 version 9 land observations for the longer period 2015- 2018. Inversions assimilating in situ (IS) measurements have been also used to provide a baseline against which to compare the satellite-driven results. The times series at different scales (going from global to regional scales) of the models emissions are analyzed and compared to each experiments using either OCO-2 or IS data. We then evaluate the inversion ensemble based on dataset from TCCON, aircraft, and in-situ observations, all independent from assimilated data. While we find a similar constraint of global total carbon emissions between the ensemble spread using IS and both OCO-2 retrievals, differences between the two retrieval versions appear over regional scales and particularly in tropical Africa. A difference in the carbon budget between v7 and v9 is found over this region which seems to show the impact of corrections applied in retrievals. However, the lack of data in the tropics limits our conclusions and the estimation of carbon emissions over tropical Africa require further analysis.
The MIPAS global climatology of BrONO2 2002–2012: a test for stratospheric bromine chemistry
Authors: Höpfner Michael , Kirner Oliver , Wetzel Gerald , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin , Haenel Florian , Johansson Sören , Orphal Johannes , Ruhnke Roland , Stiller Gabriele , von Clarmann Thomas
Published: August 2021

Abstract. We present the first observational dataset of vertically resolved global stratospheric BrONO2 distributions from July 2002 until April 2012, and compare them to results of the atmospheric chemical climate model EMAC. The retrieved distributions are based on space-borne measurements of infrared limb-emission spectra recorded by the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) on Envisat. The derived vertical profiles of BrONO2 volume mixing ratios represent 10° latitude bins and three-day means, separated into sunlit and observations in the dark. The estimated uncertainties are around 1–4 pptv caused by spectral noise for single profiles as well as for further parameter and systematic errors which may not improve by averaging. Vertical resolutions range from 3 to 8 km between 15 and 35 km altitude. All leading modes of spatial and temporal variability of stratospheric BrONO2 in the observations are well replicated by the model simulations: the large diurnal variability, the low values during polar winter as well as the maximum values at mid- and high latitudes during summer. Three major differences between observations and model results are observed: (1) a model underestimation of enhanced BrONO2 in the polar winter stratosphere above about 30 km of up to 15 pptv, (2) up to 8 pptv higher modelled values than observed globally in the lower stratosphere up to 25 km most obvious during night, and (3) up to 5 pptv lower modelled concentrations at tropical latitudes between 27 and 32 km during sunlit conditions. (1) is explained by the model missing enhanced NOx produced in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere subsiding at high latitudes in winter. This is the first time that observational evidence for enhancement of BrONO2 caused by mesospheric NOx production is reported. The other major inconsistencies (2,3) between EMAC model results and observations are studied by sensitivity runs with a 1d model. These tentatively hint to a model underestimation of heterogeneous loss of BrONO2 in the lower stratosphere, a too low simulated production of BrONO2 during day as well as strongly underestimated BrONO2 volume mixing ratios when loss via reaction with O(3P) is considered additionally to photolysis. However, considering the uncertainty ranges of model parameters and of measurements, an unambiguous identification of the causes for the differences remains difficult. The observations have also been used to derive the total stratospheric bromine content relative to years of stratospheric entry between 1997 and 2007. With an average value of 21.2 ± 1.4 pptv of Bry at mid-latitudes where the modelled adjustment from BrONO2 to Bry is lowest, the MIPAS data agree with estimates of Bry derived from observations of BrO as well as from MIPAS-Balloon measurements of BrONO2.
Applying an isotope-enabled regional climate model over the Greenland ice sheet: effect of spatial resolution on model bias
Authors: Breil Marcus , Christner Emanuel , Cauquoin Alexandre , Werner Martin , Karremann Melanie , Schädler Gerd
Published: August 2021

Abstract. In order to investigate the impact of spatial resolution on the discrepancy between simulated δ18O and observed δ18O in Greenland ice cores, regional climate simulations are performed with the isotope-enabled regional climate model (RCM) COSMO_iso. For this purpose, isotope-enabled general circulation model (GCM) simulations with the ECHAM5-wiso general circulation model (GCM) under present-day conditions and the MPI-ESM-wiso GCM under mid-Holocene conditions are dynamically downscaled with COSMO_iso for the Arctic region. The capability of COSMO_iso to reproduce observed isotopic ratios in Greenland ice cores for these two periods is investigated by comparing the simulation results to measured δ18O ratios from snow pit samples, Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) stations and ice cores. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a mid-Holocene isotope-enabled RCM simulation is performed for the Arctic region. Under present-day conditions, a dynamical downscaling of ECHAM5-wiso
(1.1∘×1.1∘) with COSMO_iso to a spatial resolution of 50 km improves the agreement with the measured δ18O ratios for 14 of 19 observational data sets. A further increase in the spatial resolution to 7 km does not yield substantial improvements except for the coastal areas with its complex terrain. For the mid-Holocene, a fully coupled MPI-ESM-wiso time slice simulation is downscaled with COSMO_iso to a spatial resolution of 50 km. In the
mid-Holocene, MPI-ESM-wiso already agrees well with observations in Greenland and a downscaling with COSMO_iso does not further
improve the model–data agreement. Despite this lack of improvement in model
biases, the study shows that in both periods, observed δ18O
values at measurement sites constitute isotope ratios which are mainly
within the subgrid-scale variability of the global ECHAM5-wiso and
MPI-ESM-wiso simulation results. The correct δ18O ratios are
consequently not resolved in the GCM simulation results and need to be
extracted by a refinement with an RCM. In this context, the RCM simulations
provide a spatial δ18O distribution by which the effects of
local uncertainties can be taken into account in the comparison between
point measurements and model outputs. Thus, an isotope-enabled GCM–RCM model
chain with realistically implemented fractionating processes constitutes a
useful supplement to reconstruct regional paleo-climate conditions during
the mid-Holocene in Greenland. Such model chains might also be applied to
reveal the full potential of GCMs in other regions and climate periods, in
which large deviations relative to observed isotope ratios are simulated.
Abrupt climate changes and the astronomical theory
Authors: Rousseau Denis-Didier , Bagniewski Witold , Ghil Michael
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Abrupt climate changes constitute a relatively new field of research, which addresses variations occurring in a relatively short time interval of tens to a hundred years. Such time scales do not correspond to the tens or hundreds of thousands of years that the astronomical theory of climate addresses. The latter theory involves parameters that are external to the climate system and whose multi-periodic variations are reliably known and almost constant for a large extent of Earth history. Abrupt changes, conversely, appear to involve fast processes that are internal to the climate system; these processes varied considerably during the past 2.6 Myr, and yielded more irregular fluctuations. In this paper, we re-examine the main climate variations determined from the U1308 North Atlantic marine record, which yields a detailed calving history of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets over the past 3.2 Myr. The magnitude and periodicity of the ice-rafted debris (IRD) events observed in the U1308 record allow one to determine the timing of several abrupt climate changes, the larger ones corresponding to the massive iceberg discharges labeled Heinrich events (HEs). In parallel, abrupt warmings, called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events, have been identified in the Greenland records of the last glaciation cycle. Combining the HE and DO observations, we study a complex mechanism that may lead to the observed millennial-scale variability corresponding to the abrupt climate changes of last 0.9 Myr. This mechanism relies on amended Bond cycles, which group DO events and the associated Greenland stadials into a trend of increased cooling, with IRD events embedded into every stadial, the latest of these being an HE. These Bond cycles may have occurred during the last 0.9 Ma when Northern Hemisphere ice sheets reached their maximum extent and volume, thus becoming a major player in this time interval’s climate dynamics. Since the waxing and waning of ice sheets during the Quaternary period are orbitally paced, we conclude that the abrupt climate changes observed during the Mid and Upper Pleistocene are therewith indirectly linked to the astronomical theory of climate.
MAPPING BUILDING INTERIORS WITH LIDAR: CLASSIFYING THE POINT CLOUD WITH ARCGIS
Authors: Parent J. R. , Witharana C. , Bradley M.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Accurate maps of building interiors are needed to support location-based services, plan for emergencies, and manage facilities. However, suitable maps to meet these needs are not available for many buildings. Handheld LiDAR scanners provide an effective tool to collect data for indoor mapping but there are no well-established methods for classifying features in indoor point clouds. The goal of this research was to develop an efficient manual procedure for classifying indoor point clouds to represent features-of-interest.We used Paracosm’s PX-80 handheld LiDAR scanner to collect point cloud and image data for 11 buildings, which encompassed a variety of architectures. ESRI’s ArcGIS Desktop was used to digitize features that were easily identified in the point cloud and Paracosm’s Retrace was used to digitize features for which imagery was needed for efficient identification. We developed several tools in Python to facilitate the process. We focused on classifying 29 features-of-interest to public safety personnel including walls, doors, windows, fire alarms, smoke detectors, and sprinklers.The method we developed was efficient, accurate, and allowed successful mapping of features as small as a sprinkler head. Point cloud classification for a 14,000 m2 building took 20–40 hours, depending on building characteristics. Although the method is based on manual digitization, it provides a practical solution for indoor mapping using LiDAR. The methods can be applied in mapping a wide variety of features in indoor or outdoor environments.
ANALYSIS OF FOUR GENERATOR ARCHITECTURES OF C-GAN, LOSS FUNCTION, AND ANNOTATION METHOD FOR EPIPHYTE IDENTIFICATION
Authors: Sajithvariyar V. V. , Aswin S. , Sowmya V. , Soman K. P. , Sivanpillai R. , Brown G. K.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The deep learning (DL) models require timely updates to continue their reliability and robustness in prediction, classification, and segmentation tasks. When the deep learning models are tested with a limited test set, the model will not reveal the drawbacks. Every deep learning baseline model needs timely updates by incorporating more data, change in architecture, and hyper parameter tuning. This work focuses on updating the Conditional Generative Adversarial Network (C-GAN) based epiphyte identification deep learning model by incorporating 4 different generator architectures of GAN and two different loss functions. The four generator architectures used in this task are Resnet-6. Resnet-9, Resnet-50 and Resnet-101. A new annotation method called background removed annotation was tested to analyse the improvement in the epiphyte identification protocol. All the results obtained from the model by changing the above parameters are reported using two common evaluation metrics. Based on the parameter tuning experiment, Resnet-6, and Resnet- 9, with binary cross-entropy (BCE) as the loss function, attained higher scores also Resnet-6 with MSE as loss function performed well. The new annotation by removing the background had minimal effect on identifying the epiphytes.
A COMPARISON OF RANDOM FOREST AND LIGHT GRADIENT BOOSTING MACHINE FOR FOREST ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION USING A COMBINATION OF LANDSAT, ALOS PALSAR, AND AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA
Authors: Tamiminia H. , Salehi B. , Mahdianpari M. , Beier C. M. , Johnson L. , Phoenix D. B.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Sustainable forest management is a critical topic which contributes to ecological, economical, and socio-cultural aspect of the environment. Providing accurate AGB maps is of paramount importance for sustainable forest management, carbon accounting, and climate change monitoring. The main goal of this study was to leverage the potential of two machine learning algorithms for predicting AGB using optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) datasets. To achieve this goal random forest (RF) and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) models were deployed to predict AGB values in Huntington Wild Forest (HWF) in Essex County, NY using continuous forest inventory (CFI) plots. Both models were trained and evaluated based on airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, Landsat imagery, advanced land observing satellite (ALOS) phased array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR), and their combination. The integration of airborne LiDAR, optic, and SAR datasets provided the best results in terms of root mean square error (RMSE) and mean bias error (MBE). The RF model outperformed the LightGBM in all scenarios (LiDAR, Landsat 5, ALOS PALSAR, and their combination). The RF model was able to predict AGB values with the RMSE of 51.90 Mg/ha and MBE of −0.189 Mg/ha for the combination of LiDAR, optic, and SAR data, while LightGBM estimated the AGB values with the RMSE of 52.78 Mg/ha and MBE of −0.253 Mg/ha. LightGBM is more sensitive to noise and there are lots of hyperparameters that need to be tuned which highly affect its performance.
MODELING ROLLERS USING TERRESTRIAL LIDAR POINTS IN A HOT-ROLLING STEEL MILL
Authors: Deshpande S. S. , Falk M. , Plooster N.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Terrestrial lidar scanners are increasingly being used in numerous indoor mapping applications. This paper presents a methodology to model rollers used in hot-rolling steel mills. Hot-rolling steel mills are large facilities where steel is processed to different shapes. In a steel sheet manufacturing process, a steel slab is reheated at one end of the mill and is passed through multiple presses to achieve the desired cross-section. Hundreds of steel rollers are used to transport the steel slab from one end of the mill to the other. Over a period of use, these rollers wore out and need replacement. Manual determination of the damage to the rollers is a time-consuming task. Moreover, manual measurements can be influenced by the operator’s judgment. This paper presents a methodology to model rollers in a hot-rolling steel mill using lidar points. A terrestrial lidar scanner was used to collect lidar points over the roller surfaces. Data from several stations were merged to create a single point cloud. Using a bounding box, lidar points on all the rollers were clipped and used in this paper. The clipped data consisted of the roller as well as outlier points. Depending on the scan angles of scanner stations, partial surfaces of the rollers were scanned. A right-handed coordinate frame was used where the X-axis passed through the centers of all the rollers, Y-axis was parallel to the length of the first roller, and the Z-axis was in the plumb direction. Using a standard diameter of the roller, model roller points were created to extract the rollers. Both the lidar data and the model points were converted to rectangular prism-shaped voxels of dimensions 15.24 mm (0.05 ft) × 15.24 mm in the X and Z directions and extending over the entire width of the roller in the Y-direction. Voxels containing at least 40 lidar points were considered valid. Binary images of both the lidar points and the model points were created in the X-Z axes using the valid voxels. The roller locations in the lidar image were located by performing 2D FFT image matching using the model roller image. The roller points at the shortlisted locations were fitted with a circle equation to determine the mean roller diameters and mean center locations (roller’s rotation axis). The outlier points were filtered in this process for each roller. The elevation at the top of every roller was determined by adding their radii and Z-coordinates of its centers. Incorrectly located and/or modeled rollers were identified by implementing moving-average filters. Positively identified roller points were further analyzed to determine surface erosions and tilts. The above methodology showed that the rollers can be effectively modeled using the lidar points.
MULTI-SCENARIO SPATIAL MODELING OF PLTAL DISTRIBUTION IN INDONESIA TO SUPPORT CLEAN AND AFFORDABLE ENERGY
Authors: Ihsan K. T. N. , Sihotang E. , Anggraini T. S.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Increasing consumption of non-renewable energy has become a topic of global problems today due to its limited availability with a high potential for environmental damage. Seeing these problems, it is necessary to develop renewable energy that is more environmentally friendly and has great potential in Indonesia. One of Indonesia’s potentials is an archipelago country with the second-largest coastline in the world with a coastline of 108,000 km. This causes Indonesia to have quite a large potential for ocean currents, namely around 1.5 m/s and reaching 2.5–3.4 m/s for the Nusa Tenggara region. The energy of ocean currents has the potential to be developed because of its relatively stable and predictable nature. Good planning by observing the potential resources and energy needs spatially is needed in the process of managing and utilizing energy in a maximum and sustainable manner. This study aims to analyze areas that have the potential to generate ocean current energy in Indonesia and utilize spatial and socioeconomic elements to determine the effective and efficient distribution of Ocean Current Power Plants (PLTAL), especially for coastal areas and small islands. This study will integrate multi-dynamic spatial data, such as ocean current data, electrification needs of each region, economic and transportation data, as well as a model of potential land availability based on remote sensing data. The result of this research is in the form of priority analysis of PLTAL development in Indonesia in terms of energy output, spatial aspects, and socioeconomic aspects. It is hoped that the results of this study can be used as considerations and solutions for policymakers in making decisions regarding the development of PLTAL in Indonesia, especially to meet the energy needs of coastal areas and small islands.
LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS IN THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA USING NLCD DATA
Authors: Jeyachandran I.
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Land cover change is critical to be monitored as land cover change has significant impacts on flooding, ground water recharge, and urban air temperature. In this paper, key findings from a land cover change analysis study performed in the State of California are presented. National Land Cover Database (NLCD) data from the Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC) was used for this study. Time series of NLCD data during the time period of 2001 through 2016 was used for the analysis. NLCD data processing was done in ArcMap 10.6.1. This paper includes the methodology in detail, and the results of the analysis. Results of the study indicate a significant increase in impervious surfaces, and a significant decrease in forest land cover.
Direct Bayesian model reduction of smaller scale convective activity conditioned on large scale dynamics
Authors: Polzin Robert , Müller Annette , Rust Henning , Névir Peter , Koltai Péter
Published: August 2021

Abstract. We pursue a simpliﬁed stochastic representation of smaller scale convective activity conditioned on large scale dynamics in the atmosphere. For identifying a Bayesian model describing the relation of different scales we use a probabilistic approach (Gerber and Horenko, 2017) called Direct Bayesian Model Reduction (DBMR). The convective available potential energy (CAPE) is applied as large scale ﬂow variable combined with a subgrid smaller scale time series for the vertical velocity. We found a probabilistic relation of CAPE and vertical up- and downdraft for day and night. The categorization is based on the conservation of total probability. This strategy is part of a development process for parametrizations in models of atmospheric dynamics representing the effective inﬂuence of unresolved vertical motion on the large scale ﬂows. The direct probabilistic approach provides a basis for further research of smaller scale convective activity conditioned on other possible large scale drivers.
Arctic Sea Ice Thickness Estimation Based on CryoSat-2 Radar Altimeter and Sentinel-1 Dual-Polarized SAR
Authors: Karvonen Juha , Rinne Eero , Sallila Heidi , Uotila Petteri , Mäkynen Marko
Published: August 2021

Abstract. We present a method to combine CryoSat-2 (CS-2) radar altimeter and Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to obtain sea ice thickness (SIT) estimates for the Barents and Kara Seas. Our approach yields larger spatial coverage and better accuracy compared to estimates based on either CS-2 or SAR alone. The SIT estimation method developed here is based on interpolation and extrapolation of CS-2 sea ice thickness (SIT) utilizing SAR segmentation and segmentwise SAR texture features. The SIT results are compared to SIT data derived from the AARI ice charts, to ORAS5. PIOMAS and TOPAZ4 ocean-sea ice data assimilation system reanalyses, and to daily MODIS based ice thickness charts. Our results are directly applicable to the future CRISTAL mission and Copenicus programme SAR missions.
Building Longitudinal Datasets From Diverse Historical Data in Australia
Authors: McCalman Janet
Published: August 2021

Australia is rich in population datasets generated to manage convicts, civilians, stock, land and the colonised and displaced First Nations people. It has also preserved all service and pension data from both world wars. Through nominal linkage using volunteers and paid research staff, it has been possible over the past twenty years to build four cradle-to-grave datasets derived from administrative cohorts: poor white babies born in a charity hospital 1858–1900; Aboriginal Victorians from 1855 to 1988; convicts transported to Van Diemen’s Land 1818-1853 and servicemen who embarked for World War I from the State of Victoria. The abundance of digitised historical sources from government archives to historical newspapers enables the practice of demographic prosopography, with a wide range of variables that have yielded new insights into Australia’s population and social history.
Long-Term Trends in Marriage Timing and the Impact of Migration, the Netherlands (1650-1899)
Authors: Störmer Charlotte , Gellatly Corry , Boele Anita , De Moor Tine
Published: August 2021

The features of historical marriage patterns have been linked to debates in social and economic history about economic growth and female agency. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the demographics of marriage prior to the nineteenth century. Here, we study trends in sex-specific ages at first marriage, regional variation and the impact of migration on marital timing in the Netherlands in the period 1650-1900. We make use of two new large historical datasets, namely an aggregation of Dutch genealogies and the transcribed marriage banns of Amsterdam. This allows us to understand the features and developments of marriage ages from a long-term perspective in what is known as one of the core-areas of the so-called European Marriage Pattern. Our results show high marriage ages for both sexes from the beginning of our study period, increasing until the mid-19th century. A closer look at regional variation reveals clear differences between the provinces and between urban and rural settings with those in the western part of the country and in urban centers marrying earlier. Migrating individuals married on average later than non-migrating individuals both compared to men and women in the receiving community, as to the ‘stayers’ in the location of origin. As later marriage implies a reduction of the window of fertility, especially for women, our results suggest that migration and increasing regional mobility might have been an important driver of the demographic shift toward higher marriage ages and lower fertility in Europe between the 17th and 19th centuries.
Tracking Couples who leave the Study Location in Historical Studies of Fertility: an Australian Example
Authors: Moyle Helen
Published: August 2021

The paper describes the methods used to create a database to study the fall of fertility in Tasmania, a colony of Australia, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The database was initially created from digitised Tasmanian vital registration data using techniques of family reconstitution. However, because of the high mobility in Australia in the 19th and early 20th centuries, couples who moved out of the colony were tracked to other places, and births and deaths that took place in other Australian colonies and other countries, such as New Zealand and England, were included in the database. A wide variety of data sources were used for this task, most of which are available on the internet. The results presented in the paper show that including families who moved outside Tasmania, either temporarily or permanently, produced a database that was more representative of the study population and provided more accurate birth histories for couples who at first glance appeared to have spent their married lives within the colony.
The Impact of Family Setting and Local Opportunities on Leaving Home and Migration Destinations of Rural Youths, The Netherlands 1860-1940
Authors: Mönkediek Bastian , Kok Jan , Mandemakers Kees
Published: August 2021

In this article we aim to study how Dutch children’s individual destinies result from the complex interplay of family setting and local conditions in a rural environment. We focus on their final move from the parental home, and we will analyse not only timing and incidence of leaving, but also the destinations. To do this, we propose a multi-level competing risk analysis of migration destinations. We focus on two groups: the children of farmers and those of rural workers. Dutch farmers and workers differ in the type of family economy in which children were integrated, and contrasting them will allow us to explain the speed, the directions, and the individual and family backgrounds of the process of leaving agriculture. We make use of the Historical Sample of the Netherlands to analyse last migrations of 8,338 children of farmers and rural workers. As we cover the entire country, we can study the full impact of regional differences on type of agriculture and inheritance, in combination with the family composition. Our results indicate significant effects of specialised versus traditional, mixed farming on the migration behaviour of farmers’ and rural workers’ children, as well as the importance of the number of siblings of the same sex and birth order. The variations in the effects of the sibship among regions with different agricultural systems demonstrate the importance of gender-specific divisions of labour on leaving home.
Students from all Layers of Society. Study Grants, Parents and the Education of their Children, 1815-2015
Authors: Marchand Wouter
Published: August 2021

This paper investigates how the system of government grants affected individual life chances for students in the Netherlands from 1815 to today, focusing on the accessibility of academic education and opportunities for social mobility. Study grants for adolescents from lower class or low-income families can promote upward intergenerational social mobility, since they remove the financial barriers of continuing education and can lead to occupations of a higher standing. By investigating the social background and careers of a sample of grant students compared to the overall student populations, this paper uncovers to what extent study grants had an effect on an individual and societal scale. During the two centuries under study the aims and size of the grant system changed, causing concerns about the effectiveness of the grants. In the entire nineteenth century grants for university students were restricted to those already enrolled, minimizing the appeal for newcomers from low-income families. The limited number of grants available prevented the system from influencing the composition of the student population fundamentally. However, this changed when the grant system was extended in 1919, and again after 1945 when grant allocation was connected to parental income level. The rapid increase of educational participation and connected democratisation from the 1960s made the grant system influential, however costly. The grant system has been a subject of ongoing political debate during the last few decades, since the grants’ effect on upward social mobility has been called into question.