bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optically Active 1‐Deuterio‐1‐phenylethane – Preparation and Proof of Enantiopurity
Authors: Küppers Julian , Rabus Ralf , Wilkes Heinz , Christoffers Jens
Published: March 2019

Enantiopure (S)‐(1‐2H)ethylbenzene was prepared in two steps from optically active (S)‐1‐phenylethanol via (R)‐(1‐chloroethyl)benzene (two inversions of configuration). Since the value for the specific rotation [α] is very low for the enantiomers of (1‐2H)ethylbenzene, the enantiopurity of the synthetic product could not be determined with certainty by polarimetry. Therefore, bis‐sulfonamides were prepared by twofold chlorosulfonation (para and ortho) of (S)‐(1‐2H)ethylbenzene and subsequent amidation with (R)‐ and (S)‐α‐phenethylamine. For both diastereoisomers, the (R,R,S)‐ and the (S,S,S)‐sulfonamides, 92 % de was determined by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Therefore, it could be concluded, that (S)‐(1‐2H)ethylbenzene had been obtained with 92 % ee.
Cold‐evoked potentials versus contact heat‐evoked potentials—Methodological considerations and clinical application
Authors: Hüllemann Philipp , Nerdal Annika , Sendel Manon , Dodurgali Dilara , Forstenpointner Julia , Binder Andreas , Baron Ralf
Published: March 2019

Background

Previous studies investigated cold‐evoked potentials (CEPs) for the assessment of the integrity of cold‐mediating A‐delta fibres and the spinothalamic tract. Nevertheless, several methodological questions remained unanswered to proceed to clinical application. How do latencies and amplitudes vary between CEPs and contact heat‐evoked potentials (CHEPs)? Are there differences between variable and fixed thermode positions or between glabrous and hairy skin? Are CEPs recordable in patients with abnormal cold processing?

Methods

A total of 16 healthy subjects were tested with CEPs and CHEPs at the face, hand and foot. Variable and fixed thermode positions, hairy and glabrous skin were compared. Three patients with abnormal cold processing were tested with CEPs and quantitative sensory testing.

Results

Compared to CEPs, CHEPs latencies were significantly longer at all locations, amplitudes were significantly larger at the face and the hand whilst comparable at the foot. CEPs and CHEPs did not differ significantly between variable and fixed thermode positions using inter stimulus intervals of 8–12 s. CEP latencies were increased by around 20% at the glabrous skin. Patients with known abnormal cold processing (central pain, polyneuropathy, Fabry's disease) showed increased N2 latencies as compared to normal controls.

Conclusions

Inter stimulus intervals of 8‐12 s allow the use of a fixed thermode position for reliable CEPs/CHEPs recording. Hairy skin stimulation results in faster latencies as compared to glabrous skin, without influencing EP amplitudes. In patients with abnormal cold processing, CEPs are recordable and increased latencies may be expected as compared to healthy controls and the healthy contralateral side.

Significance

Cold‐evoked potentials are an innovative, non‐invasive technique to assess cold detection and processing objectively. This study shows that CEP can be recorded from the hairy and glabrous skin, regardless of using fixed or variable thermode positions. Loss of A‐delta fibre function leads to an increased CEP latency, consistent with loss of cold detection in the QST.
Assessment of experimental orofacial pain, pleasantness and unpleasantness via standardized psychophysical testing
Authors: Taneja Pankaj , Olausson Håkan , Trulsson Mats , Vase Lene , Svensson Peter , Baad‐Hansen Lene
Published: March 2019

Background

Somatosensory assessment within the orofacial region may be performed using highly standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST). However, the function of the C‐tactile (CT) afferent, a nerve fibre linked to the perception of pleasant touch, is usually not evaluated. Furthermore, the perception of unpleasantness is also rarely assessed, a dimension not only limited to a painful experience. Therefore, the primary aim was to apply standardized QST stimuli as well as standardized pleasant stimuli and evaluate their potential capacity for evocation of perceived pain, pleasant and unpleasant sensations in the facial region.

Methods

Twenty‐one female participants underwent QST as per the protocol derived from the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain. For the first time, two modified protocols were used to investigate stimuli for perceived pleasantness and unpleasantness.

Results

Thermal stimuli provided separate thresholds for each sensation. From certain mechanical stimuli (e.g., vibration), overlap between the perceived sensations of pleasantness and unpleasantness was identified. It was not possible to evoke only an unpleasant sensation without a painful contribution, and both these sensations increased significantly when utilizing an increasing pinprick force (p < 0.011). Between dynamic stimuli, the brush was rated as significantly more pleasant than the cotton wool tip (p = 0.015). A quadratic model provided the best fit for velocity against mean pleasantness ratings (R2 = 0.62 ± 0.08), supporting previous CT afferent literature to some extent.

Conclusion

Stimuli were generally not isolated to one sensation, highlighting the multidimensional construct of stimulus perception and the need for scales to capture this.

Significance

The battery of QST tests from the DFNS protocol has been modified to investigate pleasant and unpleasant sensations. This allows the evaluation of psychophysical properties across standardized dimensions to provide a thorough view of somatosensory function and to better understand the affective spectrum of somatosensory function.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of memantine for the prevention or treatment of chronic pain
Authors: Kurian Rouvin , Raza Kazim , Shanthanna Harsha
Published: March 2019

Background and Objective

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors are involved in pain signalling and neuroplasticity. Memantine has been shown to have analgesic properties in pre‐clinical and small clinical studies. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the efficacy of memantine to prevent or reduce chronic pain.

Databases and data treatment

MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases were searched for comparative trials using memantine, either against placebo or active medications, for chronic pain in adults. Pain relief was considered our primary outcome. Meta‐analyses were conducted if outcomes were reported in two or more studies. Outcomes were reported as mean differences (MD) or risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Quality was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Results

Among 454 citations, 15 studies were included with populations predominantly consisting of neuropathic conditions and fibromyalgia. Overall, we observed unclear reporting of randomization and allocation methods, apart from potential for publication bias. Among the 11 studies looking at chronic pain treatment, the difference in end pain score with memantine was not significant: MD = −0.58 units (95% CI −1.31, 0.14); I2 = 82% (low quality). In two surgical studies using memantine for pain prevention, memantine decreased pain intensity: MD = −1.02 units (95% CI −1.38, −0.66); I2 = 0%. Dizziness was significantly more common with memantine: RR = 4.90 (95% CI 1.26, 18.99); I2 = 52% (moderate quality).

Conclusion

The current evidence regarding the use of memantine for chronic pain is limited and uncertain. Despite its potential, pain relief achieved in clinical studies is small and is associated with an increase in dizziness.

Significance

Despite a sound rationale, the benefit of using memantine for chronic pain is unclear. Our systematic review and meta‐analysis show that memantine may have the potential to decrease pain. However, it can also increase common adverse effects. Considering the small number of studies with potential for bias and inconclusive evidence, there was low to very low certainty. Hence, no clear recommendations can be made about its routine clinical use until larger and more definitive studies are conducted.
Genetic instability of in vitro cell lines: Implications for genetic toxicity testing
Authors: Li Jinpeng , Settivari Raja S. , LeBaron Matthew J.
Published: March 2019

Cell line‐based in vitro testing has been widely used as an important component of the genotoxicity testing battery; however, the use of cell lines is constrained by several limitations, including the genetic drift and variability. A study recently reported in the literature comprehensively examined genomic changes in a large number of cell lines and reported extensive genetic variations within the same cell lines across passage numbers and laboratories, even for single‐cell derived subclones. The primary objective of this communication is to raise awareness and stimulate discussion within the genotoxicity testing community of the extent of genetic variability of cell lines in general and how these variables could potentially influence the results and reproducibility of genotoxicity testing. Meanwhile, some recommendations for good cell culture practices are highlighted to mitigate, at least to some extent, the concern about genetic variation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:559–562, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Power link functions in an ordinal regression model with Gaussian process priors
Authors: Li D. , Wang X. , Dey D. K.
Published: March 2019

Link functions and random effects structures are the two important components in building flexible regression models for dependent ordinal data. The power link functions include the commonly used links as special cases but have an additional skewness parameter, making the probability response curves adaptive to the data structure. It overcomes the arbitrary symmetry assumption imposed by the commonly used logistic or probit links as well as the fixed skewness in the complementary log–log or log–log links. By employing Gaussian processes, the regression model can incorporate various dependence structures in the data, such as temporal and spatial correlations. The full Bayesian estimation of the proposed model is conveniently implemented through RStan. Extensive simulation studies are carried out for discussion in model computation, parameterization, and evaluation in terms of estimation bias and overall model performance. The proposed model is applied to the PM2.5 data in Beijing and the Berberis thunbergii abundance data in New England. The results suggest that the proposed model leads to important improvement in estimation and prediction in modeling dependent ordinal response data.
Evolution characteristics of spontaneous combustion in three zones of the goaf when using the cutting roof and release pressure technique
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Li Liyang , Guo Zhibiao , Chang Tinghao
Published: March 2019

The changes associated with the cutting roof and release pressure mining method in the three zones that are susceptible to spontaneous combustion in the goaf with “Y” type ventilation system were studied. For the investigated underground coal mine working face, its three zones of spontaneous combustion have a “U” type ventilation system for the traditional mining method and a “Y” type ventilation system for the cutting roof and release pressure mining method. These systems were monitored using a beam tube method, and the evolution characteristics of spontaneous combustion of the three zones was analysed. The monitoring data showed that when using a traditional mining method with a “U” type ventilation system, the scattered tropical zone converts into the oxidation heating zone after 68.5 m in the goaf, and the suffocative zone presents after 85.5 m. For the cutting roof and release pressure mining method together with a “Y” type ventilation system, the scattered tropical zone converts into the oxidation heating zone after 84 m in the goaf, and the suffocative zone appears after 198.8 m. Compared to traditional mining, the width of the oxidation heating zone increases when using the cutting roof and release pressure method. To prevent spontaneous combustion of the goaf, the comprehensive techniques of the pressure balance for fire control, ground fissure sealing, working face sealing, retained roadways guniting and inert gas fire extinguishing have been used in the studied coal mine. The CO concentration of the goaf is less than 300 ppm during the mining process. Safe mining of the tested working face shows that the cutting roof and release pressure technique can be applied to control the coal seam spontaneous combustion.
The experimental study of microwave heating on the microstructure of oil shale samples
Authors: Zhu Jingyi , Yang Zhaozhong , Li Xiaogang , Qi Shuangyu , Fang Quantang , Ding Yi
Published: March 2019

The microstructure of oil shale plays a vital role in the seepage and production of shale oil and gas and can be modified by microwave irradiation. In this study, the experimental work aims to visualize and analyze the microstructure of oil shale under microwave heating with different heating parameters by traditional two‐dimensional (optical microscope and scanning electron microscope) and advanced three‐dimensional (micro‐CT) methods. Volumetric reconstructions of oil shale before and after microwave heating were completed to directly visualize the pore structure and fracture network of the samples. The similarities and differences between microwave heating and conventional heating were also investigated. Finally, based on the three‐dimensional CT data, the porosity and the degree of anisotropy of the samples were calculated. Traditional two‐dimensional imaging methods showed that microwave heating led to more pores and fractures due to the differential thermal stress caused by rapid heating, which differed from conventional heating. Porosity calculations based on the CT image data indicated that a long heating time and a high output power could lead to a large porosity value. Oil shale obtained by drilling horizontally into the bedding plane showed the largest porosity and lowest heterogeneity of pore distribution after heating and had a different fracture morphology. The results from this study are important for the exploitation of oil shale using microwave heating, and the application of these analytical techniques is useful for the evaluation of the flow behavior of transformation products.
Characteristics of Devonian extensional magmatic activity in the Jiefangyingzi area, northern margin of the North China Plate
Authors: Wang Xing‐An , Liu Zheng‐Hong , Li Shi‐Chao , Jiang Xiao‐Jun
Published: March 2019

This paper presents geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data relating to Devonian magmatic activity in the Jiefangyingzi area, northern margin of the North China Plate (NCP). LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb dating indicates that the Erfendi granites formed in the Middle Devonian and yield a concordant weighted mean age of 384.7 ± 2.5 Ma. The zircons have negative εHf(t) values ranging from −5.8 to −31.3 and two‐stage Hf‐model ages of TDM2 = 1,735–3,217 Ma.206Pb/238U ages of zircon grains from a quartz–schist sample in the Shaiwusu Formation vary from 410 to 322 Ma, with a peak at 380 Ma, indicating that magmatic activity peaked during the Late Devonian. The Erfendi granites are silica‐ and alkali‐rich and calcium‐ and magnesium‐poor. The Erfendi granites belong to peraluminous rocks and have clear negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.49–0.84); P, Ti, and Nb depletions; Nd, Zr, and U enrichments; and high Ga/Al ratios, similar to aluminous A‐type granites. This suggests the Erfendi granites were generated by partial melting of lower crustal rocks. Geochemically, the Erfendi granites are A2‐type granites, reflecting a post‐collision tectonic setting. The southward subduction of the Palaeo‐Asian Oceanic Plate during the Early Palaeozoic formed Bainaimiao volcanic arc at the northern NCP and Deyanqimiao island arc. The collision between the Deyanqimiao island arc and the Bainaimiao volcanic arc was recorded by the Xibiehe molasse deposition and the Badangshan volcanic rocks at the northern margin of the NCP during the Late Silurian to Early Devonian. As a consequence, the Jiefangyingzi area experienced intense post‐collision extensional magmatism during the Middle Devonian, which generated massive A2‐type granites at the northern margin of the NCP. This collision was also recorded by the back‐arc deposition of the Late Carboniferous Shaiwusu Formation.
Sex differences in the incidence and clearance of anal human papillomavirus infection among heterosexual men and women in Liuzhou, China: An observational cohort study
Authors: Wei Feixue , Su Yingying , Yao Xingmei , Cui Xuelian , Bian Lihong , Yin Kai , Yu Xiaojuan , Zhuang Chunlan , Bi Zhaofeng , Huang Shoujie , Li Mingqiang , Wu Ting , Xia Ningshao , Zhang Jun
Published: March 2019

Anal cancer is primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in both men and women. However, little is known about the sex differences in the natural history of anal HPV infection in a heterosexual population. From May 2014 to March 2016, perianal/anal canal (PA) swab samples were collected semiannually from 2,302 heterosexual men and 2,371 heterosexual women aged 18–55 years old in Liuzhou, China. The specimens were genotyped for HPV DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) and clearance rate ratio (CRR) were used to analyze the sex differences of incidence and clearance by Poisson regression, respectively. The incidences of PA oncogenic HPV in men and women were 3.4 per 1,000 person‐months and 8.6 per 1,000 person‐months, respectively, with an IRR of 0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.29–0.54 for men versus women) (p < 0.0001). The CRR of PA oncogenic HPV infection for men versus women was 1.54 (95% CI, 1.17–2.03) (p = 0.0022). At 12 months, 44% (20/45) of HPV 16/18 infections among women remained positive, whereas no (0/7) infections persisted among men (p = 0.0350). Both the higher incidence and slower clearance of anal carcinogenic HPV infection among women may lead to a higher burden of anal cancer among women than among men in a heterosexual population.
In vitro and in silico hormonal activity studies of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)terephthalate, a di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate substitute used in medical devices, and its metabolites
Authors: Kambia Nicolas K. , Séverin Isabelle , Farce Amaury , Moreau Emmanuel , Dahbi Laurence , Duval Claire , Dine Thierry , Sautou Valérie , Chagnon Marie‐Christine
Published: March 2019

Plasticizers added to polyvinylchloride used in medical devices can be released into patients’ biological fluids. The substitution of di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by alternative plasticizers is essential but their safety must be demonstrated. DEHP, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl)terephthalate (DEHT) and their metabolites were investigated using level 2 Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development bioassays to screen for in vitro hormonal changes. Differences between the DEHP and DEHT metabolites were observed. Albeit weak, the hormonal activities of DEHT‐derived metabolites, e.g., 5‐OH metabolite of mono‐(ethylhexyl)terephthalate (5‐OH‐MEHT), were detected and the results of docking experiments performed on estrogen receptor alpha and androgen receptor agreed with the biological results. A co‐stimulation of human estrogen receptor alpha and human androgen receptor was also observed. With regard to steroidogenesis, a 16‐fold increase in estrogen synthesis was measured with 5‐OH‐MEHT. Therefore, even if DEHT remains an interesting alternative to DEHP because of its low migration from medical devices, it seems important to verify that multi‐exposed patients in neonatal intensive care units do not have urinary levels of oxidized metabolites, in particular 5‐OH‐MEHT, suggesting a potential endocrine‐disrupting effect.
Effect of perfluorooctanesulfonate exposure on steroid hormone levels and steroidogenic enzyme activities in juvenile Silurana tropicalis
Authors: Fort Douglas J. , Mathis Michael B. , Fort Chelsea E. , Fort Hayley M. , Fort Troy D. , Guiney Patrick D. , Weeks John A.
Published: March 2019

The impact of the perfluoro‐chemical, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), on gonadal steroidogenesis during sexual differentiation in Silurana tropicalis was examined because of its ubiquity in the environment, bioaccumulative nature and potential to disturb endocrine activity. A partial life cycle study exposing S. tropicalis to varying concentrations of PFOS 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg PFOS/L [nominal]) was conducted. Gonad and plasma samples were collected from juvenile control specimens and organisms exposed to PFOS from early embryo through 150 days post‐metamorphosis. Gonad CYP17, aromatase and 5α‐reductase activities were measured. Plasma estradiol, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and gonadal testosterone were measured in both males and females. Increased plasma DHT and gonadal testosterone were found in PFOS‐treated juvenile male S. tropicalis compared to controls. Decreased plasma estradiol, but not testosterone, was detected in PFOS‐treated female S. tropicalis compared to controls. Plasma DHT was not detected and an increase in gonadal testosterone was detected in PFOS‐treated female frogs. Female S. tropicalis exposed to PFOS exhibited a concentration‐related decrease in the mean aromatase activity, but not 5α‐reductase. PFOS exposure in male frogs induced a concentration‐related increase in 5α‐reductase activity, but did not alter aromatase activity compared to control frogs. A concentration‐related increase in CYP 17,20‐lyase activity, but not 17‐hydroxylase activity, was found in both female and male S. tropicalis exposed to PFOS.
3D printed polymer–mineral composite biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: Fabrication and characterization
Authors: Babilotte Joanna , Guduric Vera , Le Nihouannen Damien , Naveau Adrien , Fricain Jean‐Christophe , Catros Sylvain
Published: March 2019

Applications in additive manufacturing technologies for bone tissue engineering applications requires the development of new biomaterials formulations. Different three‐dimensional (3D) printing technologies can be used and polymers are commonly employed to fabricate 3D printed bone scaffolds. However, these materials used alone do not possess an effective osteopromotive potential for bone regeneration. A growing number of studies report the combination of polymers with minerals in order to improve their bioactivity. This review exposes the state‐of‐the‐art of existing 3D printed composite biomaterials combining polymers and minerals for bone tissue engineering. Characterization techniques to assess scaffold properties are also discussed. Several parameters must be considered to fabricate a 3D printed material for bone repair (3D printing method, type of polymer/mineral combination and ratio) because all of them affect final properties of the material. Each polymer and mineral has its own advantages and drawbacks and numerous composites are described in the literature. Each component of these composite materials brings specific properties and their combination can improve the biological integration of the 3D printed scaffold. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B:2579–2595, 2019.
Downregulation of miR‐1224 protects against oxidative stress‐induced acute liver injury by regulating hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: Cheng Wenting , Liu Guo‐pan , Kong Dehua , Huang Wei , Sun Ying , Zhao Danmei
Published: March 2019

Objective

To study the effect of microRNA‐1224 (miR‐1224) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O
2)‐induced oxidative stress injury in hepatocytes, and explore its underlying mechanism.

Methods

L02 cells were treated with H2O
2 (100 mmol/L) to establish the model of an oxidative stress injury in hepatocytes. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of miR‐1224 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in L02 cells. L02 cells were transfected with anti‐miR‐con (H
2O
2 + anti‐miR‐con group), anti‐miR‐1224 (H
2O
2 + anti‐miR‐1224 group), pcDNA3.1 (H
2O
2 + ctrl group), pcDNA3.1‐HGF (H
2O
2 + HGF group), si‐HGF and anti‐miR‐1224 (H
2O
2 + anti‐miR‐1224 + HGF group), si‐NC and anti‐miR‐1224 (H
2O
2 + anti‐miR‐1224 + ctrl group) by liposome method. Cells without any treatment were regarded as a negative control (NC) group. The protein expression of HGF in each group cells was detected by Western blot analysis. Cell viability and apoptosis of each group were detected by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay or flow cytometry, respectively. The interaction between miR‐1224 and HGF was measured by dual luciferase reporter gene assay.

Results

The expression of miR‐1224 was enhanced in H2O
2‐treated L02 cells and its knockdown alleviated H
2O
2‐induced suppression of viability and promotion of apoptosis. HGF is a target of miR‐1224 and its overexpression abated H
2O
2‐induced injury in hepatocytes. Moreover, silencing of HGF rescued the effect of downregulation of miR‐1224 on cell viability and apoptosis in H
2O
2‐treated L02 cell.

Conclusion

Downregulation of miR‐1224 could attenuate oxidative stress‐induced inhibition of viability and increase of apoptosis in hepatocytes by targeting HGF, which may provide a target for potential therapy of acute liver injury.
Novel colchicine derivatives enhance graft survival after transplantation via suppression of T‐cell differentiation and activity
Authors: Choi Monica‐Y , Wee Yu‐Mee , Kim Yang‐Hee , Shin Sung , Yoo Sung‐Eun , Han Duck‐Jong
Published: March 2019

Immunosuppressants are crucial in organ transplantation but their side effects are a trade‐off for long‐term use. Colchicine has been shown to be effective in various diseases, albeit with many side effects. To enhance the immunosuppressive effects of colchicine, in addition to minimizing its side effects, we attempted to synthesize new colchicine derivatives (KR compounds). In rat cardiac and pancreatic islet allograft, long‐term graft survival was identified in KR compound‐treated groups. The use of cyclosporine A (CsA) or colchicine inhibited the CD3+ and CD4+ T‐cell proliferation, whereas KR compounds inhibited the CD8+ T cells as well as CD4+ T cells. KR compounds reduced the apoptosis, interleukin‐2 receptor expression, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 phosphorylation more than CsA. These results indicate that KR compounds have a potential therapeutic value as novel agents for prevention of graft deterioration by allograft of rejection.
Pd/MOF‐199: As an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzukie Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Sanaei Mehran , Fazaeli Razieh , Aliyan Hamid
Published: March 2019

Successful deposition of Pd nanoparticles is described using MOF‐199 as a support. Various characterization techniques including FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET‐BJH, TG‐DTA, and NH3‐TPD were used to verify the efficiency of catalysts. Pd/MOF‐199 is utilized as a catalyst for Suzukie Miyaura reactions with reasonable to excellent reaction yields under reflux conditions in H2O: ethanol solvent.
Extracellular vesicles in bone and tooth: A state‐of‐art paradigm in skeletal regeneration
Authors: Jin Ying , Long Dan , Li Juan , Yu Ruichao , Song Yueming , Fang Jie , Yang Xi , Zhou Shu , Huang Shishu , Zhao Zhihe
Published: March 2019

Bone and tooth, fundamental parts of the craniofacial skeleton, are anatomically and developmentally interconnected structures. Notably, pathological processes in these tissues underwent together and progressed in multilevels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐released small organelles and transfer proteins and genetic information into cells and tissues. Although EVs have been identified in bone and tooth, particularly EVs have been identified in the bone formation and resorption, the concrete roles of EVs in bone and tooth development and diseases remain elusive. As such, we review the recent progress of EVs in bone and tooth to highlight the novel findings of EVs in cellular communication, tissue homeostasis, and interventions. This will enhance our comprehension on the skeletal biology and shed new light on the modulation of skeletal disorders and the potential of genetic treatment.
The impact of curcumin and its modified formulations on Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Farkhondeh Tahereh , Samarghandian Saeed , Pourbagher‐Shahri Ali Mohammad , Sedaghat Mahshid
Published: March 2019

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major health problem worldwide, with no effective treatment approach. Curcumin is the main ingredient of turmeric traditionally used in Asian medicine. Several experimental studies have indicated the protective effect of curcumin and its novel formulations in AD. Curcumin has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory and neurotrophic activities, proposing a strong potential to prevent neurodegenerative diseases. However, there are no sufficient clinical trials to confirm curcumin use in AD patients. Low bioavailability following oral administration of curcumin limits its usage in human. The present study was designed to gather the effects of curcumin and its modified formulations in human and experimental models of AD.
Genome‐wide analysis reveals miR‐3184‐5p and miR‐181c‐3p as a critical regulator for adipocytes‐associated breast cancer
Authors: Rajarajan Dheeran , Selvarajan Sweetha , Charan Raja Mamilla R. , Kar Mahapatra Santanu , Kasiappan Ravi
Published: March 2019

Obesity is considered as an independent risk factor for breast cancer (BCa) and plays a major role in the breast tumor microenvironment. The etiology and mechanisms by which obesity contributes to BCa development is not yet understood. Herein, we show that in vitro coculture of BCa cells with mature adipocytes (MA‐BCa) increased proliferation, migration, and invasive phenotype of BCa cells. MA‐BCa coculture led to increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) in BCa cells that are modulated by the presence of adipocytes, we used small RNA sequencing analysis. Sequencing data revealed that 98 miRNAs were differentially expressed in MA‐BCa. Among them, miR‐3184‐5p and miR‐181c‐3p were found to be the most upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, and direct targets are FOXP4 and
PPARα, respectively. In vitro functional assays using a combination of miR‐3184‐5p inhibitor and miR‐181c‐3p mimic synergistically decreased adipocytes‐induced cell proliferation and invasive capacity of BCa cells. Gene Set Enrichment analysis indicated that transcription factors were highly enriched followed by protein kinases, oncogene, and protein regulators in MA‐BCa. GeneGo Metacore pathway analysis uncovered “NOTCH‐induced EMT pathway” was found to be the most abundant in MA‐BCa. Consistently, epithelial–mesenchymal transition‐associated markers were also increased in MA‐BCa. The disease enrichment analysis of the predict target genes revealed that diabetes mellitus was significantly affected disease in MA‐BCa. Taken together, our data suggest that miRNA‐based regulatory mechanism associated with deregulation of pathways and biological functions orchestrated by adipocytes‐secreted factors might drive the BCa progression and metastasis in obese patients.
Composite membranes of graphene oxide for CO2/CH4 separation
Authors: Norahim Nadia , Faungnawakij Kajornsak , Quitain Armando T , Klaysom Chalida
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Biogas is an alternative renewable energy produced by anaerobic digestion of various organic wastes mainly from agriculture, households and biomass and food industries. Typically, raw biogas consists of 50–70% methane (CH4), 30–50% carbon dioxide (CO2), and small amounts of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and water vapour. Purifying biogas by removing CO2 and other trace impurities is required in order to achieve higher calorific value, safe operation and to meet fuel standards. As CO2 is the second largest component of biogas, this study focused on its removal from CH4.

RESULTS

Composite membranes of blended PEG 400/Pebax 1657 polymer and graphene oxide (GO) were developed for CO2/CH4 gas separation. The effects of GO loading and PEG 400 addition on CO2/CH4 separation performance were investigated. Optimal loadings of 0.25 wt% GO and 50 wt% PEG 400 obtained the best membrane performance with 12.4 GPU of CO2 permeance and 14 of CO2/CH4 separation factor.

CONCLUSION

Incorporating GO to the polymer membrane enhanced CO2/CH4 separation, whereas PEG 400 addition increased CO2 permeance. The advantages from each component led to an enhancement of CO2 permeance and CO2/CH4 separation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Intraspecific developmental variation in the life cycle of the Andean Treefrog (Boana riojana): A temporal analysis
Authors: Goldberg Javier , Quinzio Silvia Inés , Cruz Julio César , Fabrezi Marissa
Published: March 2019

Intraspecific variation during the anuran larval period has been analyzed mainly in relation to the timing of metamorphosis and body size at metamorphosis. However, other traits may vary as well. We examined two developmental series of Boana riojana from the same population in two consecutive years and describe intraspecific variation in larvae of this species. We discuss how variation, if present, may influence its life cycle. We found that both larval series differed in the larval period length, one twice as long as the other. This variation primarily depended on when breeding occurred, metamorphosis was achieved during late spring in both generations and at similar sizes, and only the rate of larval development during premetamorphosis varied extensively between years. This is consistent with thyroid gland activity because when it became active the developmental trajectory became more canalized. No variation of staging sequence occurred in relation to the different durations of the larval period. However, in the long‐lasting series we found two different morphs. Also, integument, thyroid gland, skeleton, and testis differentiation events occurred at the same developing stages. In contrast, ovarian differentiation proceeded at the same absolute age in both series. Sexual dimorphism becomes evident within the year after metamorphosis. The intraspecific heterochrony that we describe for the larval development of B. riojana does not lead to phenotypic variation at the end of metamorphosis. We discuss the importance of analyzing growth and development independently. Each proceeds differently in time, but with an interdependence at some point, because size and shape do not vary at the end of metamorphosis.
Relating neuromuscular control to functional anatomy of limb muscles in extant archosaurs
Authors: Cuff Andrew R. , Daley Monica A. , Michel Krijn B. , Allen Vivian R. , Lamas Luis Pardon , Adami Chiara , Monticelli Paolo , Pelligand Ludo , Hutchinson John R.
Published: March 2019

Electromyography (EMG) is used to understand muscle activity patterns in animals. Understanding how much variation exists in muscle activity patterns in homologous muscles across animal clades during similar behaviours is important for evaluating the evolution of muscle functions and neuromuscular control. We compared muscle activity across a range of archosaurian species and appendicular muscles, including how these EMG patterns varied across ontogeny and phylogeny, to reconstruct the evolutionary history of archosaurian muscle activation during locomotion. EMG electrodes were implanted into the muscles of turkeys, pheasants, quail, guineafowl, emus (three age classes), tinamous and juvenile Nile crocodiles across 13 different appendicular muscles. Subjects walked and ran at a range of speeds both overground and on treadmills during EMG recordings. Anatomically similar muscles such as the lateral gastrocnemius exhibited similar EMG patterns at similar relative speeds across all birds. In the crocodiles, the EMG signals closely matched previously published data for alligators. The timing of lateral gastrocnemius activation was relatively later within a stride cycle for crocodiles compared to birds. This difference may relate to the coordinated knee extension and ankle plantarflexion timing across the swing‐stance transition in Crocodylia, unlike in birds where there is knee flexion and ankle dorsiflexion across swing‐stance. No significant effects were found across the species for ontogeny, or between treadmill and overground locomotion. Our findings strengthen the inference that some muscle EMG patterns remained conservative throughout Archosauria: for example, digital flexors retained similar stance phase activity and M. pectoralis remained an ‘anti‐gravity’ muscle. However, some avian hindlimb muscles evolved divergent activations in tandem with functional changes such as bipedalism and more crouched postures, especially M. iliotrochantericus caudalis switching from swing to stance phase activity and M. iliofibularis adding a novel stance phase burst of activity.
Influence of the amino acid composition on the ionization efficiencies of small peptides
Authors: Liigand Piia , Kaupmees Karl , Kruve Anneli
Published: March 2019

Electrospray ionization is widely used to generate gas phase ions from a variety of molecules ranging from small ions to large proteins, while the ionization mechanism is claimed to depend on the size of the molecule. For small molecules, the ionization efficiency, the amount of gas phase ions produced in the electrospray process, depends on the properties of the compound. Here, we show that the amino acid composition also influences the ionization efficiency of the oligopeptide. Additionally, we show that the ionization efficiencies of oligopeptides consisting of more than five amino acid residues are very similar to one another, and assuming equal ionization efficiencies is feasible. Therefore, accurate ionization efficiency predictions are needed mainly for small oligopeptides. For these oligopeptides, the amino acid composition can be used to estimate the ionization efficiency in an easy to use manner.
180 to 240 GHz broadband, EM‐based power amplifier using 0.5‐μm InP DHBT technology
Authors: Li Yukun , Zhang Yong , Li Xiao , Chen Yapei , Cheng Wei , Sun Yan , Lu Haiyan
Published: March 2019

This paper reports a power amplifier (PA) terahertz monolithic integrated circuit (TMIC) from 180 to 240 GHz. This amplifier is fabricated from a 0.5‐μm indium phosphide double heterojunction bipolar transistor (InP DHBT) technology, jointly with a thin‐film microstrip wiring environment. Furthermore, an electromagnetic (EM) simulation method is proposed for the parameter extraction of InP DHBTs and amplifier design. This five‐stage amplifier has >6.1 dB S21 gain from 180 to 240 GHz, peaks 10.4 dB S21 gain at 210 GHz. At 213 GHz operation, the saturated output power is 5.8 dBm with 7.3 dB large‐signal gain, and this amplifier occupies 2.52 mm2 including pads.
Weakening of the El Niño amplitude since the late 1990s and its link to decadal change in the North Pacific climate
Authors: Xu Kang , Wang Weiqiang , Liu Boqi , Zhu Congwen
Published: March 2019

The amplitude of El Niño, measured by the Nino3.4 sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) index, has exhibited an interdecadal change with a weakening trend since the late 1990s, characterized by the distinct Bjerknes stability index between 1980–1998 and 1999–2014. Statistical results suggest that this was primarily induced by the attenuation of the zonal wind stress and low‐level wind anomalies in response to the zonal equatorial SSTA gradient. The weakened atmospheric responses to the zonal equatorial SSTA gradient were associated with the obvious westward extension of the negative sea level pressure anomalies (SLPA) over the tropics. This was mainly attributed to the transition of the dominant atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific, where the Aleutian Low (AL) mode was replaced by the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) mode after the late 1990s. Numerical experiments from the long‐term historical simulations of the GFDL‐CM3 model indicate that both of the AL and NPO were dominant over the North Pacific and alternated on the interdecadal time‐scale. When the NPO mode was dominant, it became more effective at playing a role in triggering an El Niño in the central Pacific via the seasonal footprinting mechanism over the subtropical northeastern Pacific. Such a change might cause the westward shift of the tropical SLPA and the attenuated atmospheric responses to the zonal SSTA gradient, ultimately resulting in the weakening of the El Niño amplitude.
Characterization of chemical constituents and identification of absorbed components and metabolites in rat plasma of Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Ke Han , Tong Wei , Xue Rui , Lu Xiaoyan , Fan Xiaohui
Published: March 2019

Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills, the famous traditional Chinese medicine formula, composed of 42 medicinal herbs, have been widely used to treat various gynecological diseases. However, the chemical constituents and metabolic profiling of Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills remain largely unknown, which hampers improvement of the quality control and pharmacological elucidation of this formula. In the present study, a sensitive and selective ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry method was developed to separate and identify the comprehensive chemical constituents of Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills. According to the results, a total of 83 compounds were identified, including phenylpropionic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, triterpene saponins, and phthalides, and 81 compounds were first reported in Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills. Moreover, the absorbed components and metabolites in rat plasma after intragastric administration of Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills were also detected by the same analytical method. A total of 36 compounds were identified, including 21 prototypes and 15 metabolites. The latter were generated through the metabolic pathways of methylation and glucuronidation, and glucuronidated metabolites were the main constituents in the plasma. This is the first systematic study on the chemical constituents and metabolic profiling of Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills, and the results provide valuable chemical information for further elucidating pharmacological effects and mechanism of action of Fu‐Ke‐Zai‐Zao pills.
Artificial water catchments influence wildlife distribution in the Mojave Desert
Authors: Rich Lindsey N. , Beissinger Steven R. , Brashares Justin S. , Furnas Brett J.
Published: March 2019

Water often limits the distribution and productivity of wildlife in arid environments. Consequently, resource managers have constructed artificial water catchments (AWCs) in deserts of the southwestern United States, assuming that additional free water benefits wildlife. We tested this assumption by using data from acoustic and camera trap surveys to determine whether AWCs influenced the distributions of terrestrial mammals (>0.5 kg), birds, and bats in the Mojave Desert, California, USA. We sampled 200 sites in 2016–2017 using camera traps and acoustic recording units, 52 of which had AWCs. We identified detections to the species‐level, and modeled occupancy for each of the 44 species of wildlife photographed or recorded. Artificial water catchments explained spatial variation in occupancy for 8 terrestrial mammals, 4 bats, and 18 bird species. Occupancy of 18 species was strongly and positively associated with AWCs, whereas 1 species (i.e., horned lark [Eremophila alpestris]) was negatively associated. Access to an AWC had a larger influence on species’ distributions than precipitation and slope and was nearly as influential as temperature. In our study area, AWCs functioned as an important influence on wildlife occupancy, which supports the long‐held assumption that AWCs may benefit wildlife in arid habitats. We encourage managers to maintain existing AWCs, particularly those in areas forecasted to have the largest decrease in water availability. We also recommend long‐term, systematic monitoring of AWCs, which will facilitate more informed management decisions. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
Plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels predict surgical outcome in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy
Authors: Peng Jun , Zhan Yu‐Lin , Liu Ying‐Jie , Zong Yang , Xu Jian‐Guang
Published: March 2019

This study intends to investigate the predictive values of plasma Vitamin D‐binding protein (VDBP), 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], and glutathione (GSH) levels in the outcome of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) surgery. Surgery outcomes of 236 CSM patients were determined. Recovery rate was calculated according to Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores during follow‐up. CSM patients with a recovery rate >50% were assigned with good prognosis and the rest were with fair prognosis. Preoperative and postoperative neurologic function scores were compared among groups. Plasma VDBP and 25(OH)D levels, as well as GSH levels were measured by ELISA and glutathione reductase recycling assay, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient was performed to analyze the correlation among plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to evaluate the predictive value of plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels for surgical outcome. Logistic regression model was used to analyze risk factors for surgical outcome. Compared with those with fair prognosis, CSM patients with good prognosis group exhibited higher postoperative neurologic function scores, plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels, and better improvements in spinal cord compression and motions of the cervical vertebra. Plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels were favorable prognostic factors for CSM surgical outcome. The sensitivity and specificity of plasma VDBP, plasma 25(OH)D, and plasma GSH were 89.8% and 91.7%, 85.8% and 84.4%, and 79.5% and 91.7%, respectively. Our study provides evidence that higher plasma VDBP, 25(OH)D, and GSH levels may predict better surgical outcome in CSM patients.
Electrochemical performance and microstructural evolution of laser deposited Al‐Sn coating in acidic environment
Authors: Fatoba O.S. , Akinlabi E.T. , Akinlabi S.A.
Published: March 2019

Outstanding performance of materials is one of the requirements of modifying the existing materials in order to meet a global demand necessary in technology innovation. Direct laser metal deposition technique due to excellent properties has replaced conventional techniques in modifying the surface of materials. The interplay between melting, fusion and optimised laser parameters are very important factors to be considered when using laser metal deposition technique. ASTM A29 steel property was enhanced through this technique by Al‐Sn reinforcements. A 3‐kW continuous wave ytterbium laser system was employed by this process. This research investigated the microstructure and corrosion properties of fabricated laser metal deposited ASTM A29 steel. The resulting microstructure and content of the inconsequential elements in the coatings fabricated were studied to obtain the results achieved. Observation of the microstructure showed typical phase of acicular α′‐martensite attributed to rapid cooling of the molten pool. The electrochemical behaviour was investigated in 1 M HCl solution at 27 °C via potentiodynamic polarization technique. The fabricated coatings had corrosion rate of 0.03435 mm/yr, current density of 3.95 ⋅ 10−6 A/cm2, and polarization resistance of 7093.4 Ω ⋅ cm2. While the control had corrosion rate of 16.308 mm/yr and polarization resistance of 8.0631 Ω ⋅ cm2.