bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“A ROSE BY ANY OTHER NAME”
Authors: QUIROZ PAMELA ANNE , RAGLAND TOMMIE LEE
Published: March 2007

This article uses a dramaturgical approach to analyze Chicago school reform as it is interpreted by Latino and Anglo teachers in one predominantly Latino high school. We present our analysis in the scripted form of performance science, fashioning two juxtaposed monologues that represent composites of oppositional groups encountered at the school as teachers struggled to translate reform into action. The article also identifies the conditions and assumptions in each group that yield disparate beliefs about reform, the impact of ethnicity and social class on these constructions, and a consideration of the interactions between these two groups of teachers. The belief systems confronted each other politically and sociologically, raising questions as to whether Chicago school reform operates similarly in other schools. More important, is the reform simply another ephemeral Band-Aid or a viable solution to the problems confronting the city's educational system?
Coming Back from Economic Despair: Case Studies of Small- and Medium-Size American Cities
Authors: Mayer Henry J. , Greenberg Michael R.
Published: March 2007

The authors examined a geographically and economically diverse group of 34 small- and medium-size communities that experienced long periods of economic prosperity built around a major industry or company and that then suffered economic declines when those industries substantially reduced their workforces and in some instances closed. The authors’ interviews with local officials and community leaders found that the response to this weakened economic position was typically delayed: Often, a decade or more was required before a plan of action to attract new business and diversify its employment base was developed. Environmental and labor stigmas also had to be overcome. These places provide a valuable insight into what may lie ahead for other small- and medium-size communities that could be affected by the loss of a dominant employer and others that may be faced with economic stagnation. The lack of leadership and a shared vision within a community is likely to prove economically disastrous.
Cities and Economic Development: Does the City Limits Story Still Apply?
Authors: Basolo Victoria , Huang Chihyen
Published: March 2007

The dominant explanation for city policy choices over the past two decades has been the city limits story. This scenario represents the application of public choice theory to local policy making. Theorists argue that rational self-interest by cities compels local elected officials to favor developmental policies and compete with other jurisdictions. Inefficient economic development outcomes and evolving trends in the practice of economic development prompt a reevaluation of the city limits story as the primary explanation for economic development policies. This research investigates the influence of intercity competition and other factors on the support for economic development by cities. Results from regression analyses using data from a sample survey of U.S. local economic development professionals reveal virtually no support for the city limits story. However, the population needs within cities, the support of elected officials, and the existence of formal economic development planning did influence support for economic development.
Location Choices for Research Labs: A Case Study Approach
Authors: Harding Charles F.
Published: March 2007

Economic developers must understand the location needs of business in order to identify which types of industry have the best locational fit for their communities and to design and implement programs to attract them. Market research on location needs has been relatively unsophisticated, relying on personal experiences with prospects, surveys, and other techniques, all of which have limitations. Case studies provide another approach and can give economic developers a deep understanding of the concerns of their targets. Using a base of over 25 cases, the author describes the location needs of industrial research laboratories, thereby illustrating the value of this technique.
The Quality of Jobs in Small Business
Authors: Zipp John F.
Published: March 2007

Since David Birch's work on the role of small business in job creation, a considerable amount of scholarly and practical attention has focused on small businesses. State and local governments have formulated policies to foster small business birth and growth, while scholars have tried to measure more accurately the contributions of small business to economic development. In furthering the latter, this article assesses the quality of jobs in small, medium and large establishments. In general, small businesses provide jobs with lower wages, benefits and stability, but with more creativity, interesting work, autonomy, and overall job satisfaction. The implications of this for economic development are discussed in the concluding section.
Is Employment Growth Really Coming from Small Establishments?
Authors: White Sammis B. , Osterman Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2007

Considerable controversy has surrounded the early findings of David Birch that small businesses create at least a majority of all new jobs in the United States. Compounding the controversy has been Birch himself who has disavowed his earlier conclusion. This article reexamines the issue of contribution of various size business establishments to job growth using a better dataset, a modified definition of a "small business, " and an ability to track the job-generating contributions of various size establishments across segments of the business cycle, across industry sectors and specific industries, and across differing geographic locations. In addition the article examines the role of using gross versus net job generation as the measure of job generation contribution. The article concludes that the role of establishment size varies by definition, time period, industry, and location.
An Evaluation of Industry Projections: A Case Study of the Ohio Economy
Authors: Less Larry
Published: March 2007

Evaluation is an often neglected component of the industry projections process at the state level. A case study for Ohio shows that multiple regression techniques have resulted in better projections than those generated by linear time-trend extrapolations or shift-share modeling. However, analysis and output have generally not been well documented for future review. Past projections of industry employment for the Ohio economy have relied too heavily on the national industry projections. It is very important that key economic variables for the state economy, like population and income, be incorporated into the modeling process so that state projections are not so dependent on national trends. Better research will improve the likelihood that the projections will yield sound planning and policy decisions.
Import Substitution and Local Economic Development
Authors: Persky Joseph , Ranney David , Wiewel Wim
Published: March 2007

Import substitution deserves more consideration as a theoretical basis for local economic development policies. Its role in promoting local growth is theoretically well-founded. Less clear is the extent to which public policies can promote it. In order to facilitate experimentation, the article discusses several examples of analyses and programs that can be used to select target industries for import substitution policies. One approach uses changes in location quotients to identify potential targets; another approach focuses on the potential impact of redirecting purchases by local governments to targeted industries.
Porter's Model for Geographic Competitive Advantage: The Case of New Hampshire
Authors: Kaufman Allen , Gittell Ross , Merenda Michael , Naumes William , Wood Craig
Published: March 2007

This essay illustrates how considerations of a region's dynamic industrial structure may assist public policymakers, particularly with regard to the formulation of state technology policies. The essay explores one state's (New Hampshire) economic development to accomplish three main purposes: to evaluate generalizations regarding the importance of geographical concentration on industrial performance, the refinement of common notions of government participation in state development, and to suggest guidelines for using an enhanced understanding of state industrial dynamics to lay the foundation for public policy initiative. The analysis suggests that state policymakers can make use of models of area/regional competitive advantage, particularly Michael Porter's "diamond" framework from The Competitive Advantage of Nations, but they must do so carefully because each state has a unique economic and political history that shapes its industrial structure and the possibilities for economic growth.
Rural Environmental and Economic Development Attitudes: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: McBeth Mark K.
Published: March 2007

Environmental preservation and economic development are two issues that divide the rural community. Rural areas are often viewed as expressing anti-environmental and pro-growth attitudes; this study calls into question this latter assumption. The findings suggest that environmental and economic values are equally salient in the rural value structure. The rural development professional must possess accurate knowledge of environmental concerns.
An Uphill Struggle to Resist Downward Harmonization in Puebla, Mexico: The Case of Volkswagen Workers
Authors: Vanderbush Walt
Published: March 2007

Among the contentious aspects of the debate over the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was the effect that the trade agreement was likely to have on jobs and wages for workers in Mexico and the United States. Proponents of NAFTA noted that the outcomes would vary by economic sector, but they generally agreed that automobile workers in Mexico would benefit due to the infusion of new capital and greater access to the U.S. market. In this article, I argue that the case of Volkswagen workers in Puebla, Mexico, suggests a different outcome. Evidence is presented that during the period preparing for NAFTA and through the first 3 years of its application, Volkswagen workers' rights have been weakened and their wages reduced. Preliminary support is offeredfor a thesis of NAFTA-driven downward harmonization for workers on either side of the U.S.-Mexico border
A Case Study of the Enterprise Zone Program: “EZ” Avenue to Minority Economic Development?
Authors: Wallace Sherri Leronda
Published: March 2007

This article explores Pennsylvania’s enterprise zone program as an economic development strategy in one city—Philadelphia. Given the underlying corporate-centered focus of economic development policies, it focuses on whether such policies can effectively reduce the high rate of joblessness for central-city residents as well as increase the rate of business development for minority business owners. To have a long-term impact on minority communities, economic development policies should identify ways to increase minority economic development through entrepreneurship and job creation strategies.
MEN'S CAREGIVING
Authors: GERSTEL NAOMI , GALLAGHER SALLY K.
Published: March 2007

This article extends recent scholarship on masculinity by analyzing the effects of social structure, social relations, and gendered caregiving ideology on the care men give to kin and friends. To be sure, men spend significantly less time giving care than do women. However, much variation is contingent on the women in men's lives: It is primarily the characteristics of men's families (including wives' caregiving; the presence of young children, especially daughters; and the availability of siblings, especially sisters) more than employment or gendered caregiving ideology that shape the amount and kind of caregiving men provide. Our findings suggest that although men's caregiving is variable and socially patterned, it is contingent on women: Wives and daughters pull men into caregiving, while adult sisters substitute for them.
CHILDREN AND THE GENDER GAP IN FOREIGN POLICY ISSUES
Authors: BJERELD ULF
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to contribute to the discussion of how the gender gap in foreign and security policy issues can be explained by examining how early the gender differences manifest themselves. All told, 251 Swedish children between the ages of six and nine were interviewed about their views on foreign aid, refugee policy, weapons exports, armed resistance, self-defense, and concern or fear about the outbreak of war. Opinion differences between boys and girls were then compared to the differences between adult men and women. The results showed that the differences between boys and girls were very small or nonexistent. Only in the question of fear about the outbreak of war did girls differ significantly from boys, displaying a much higher degree of worry. In the conclusion, these results are discussed in relation to different theories about the causes of the gender gap in foreign policy issues.
BRINGING THE MEN BACK IN:
Authors: RESKIN BARBARA F.
Published: March 2007

To reduce sex differences in employment outcomes, we must examine them in the context of the sex-gender hierarchy. The conventional explanation for wage gap—job segregation—is incorrect because it ignores men's incentive to preserve their advantages and their ability to do so by establishing the rules that distribute rewards. The primary method through which all dominant groups maintain their hegemony is by differentiating the subordinate group and defining it as inferior and hence meriting inferior treatment. My argument implies that neither sex-integrating jobs nor implementing comparable worth will markedly improve women's employment status because men can subvert these mechanisms or even change the rules by which rewards are allocated. As evidence, I show that occupational integration has failed to advance women appreciably, and I argue that comparable worth is not likely to be much more effective. Instead, we must seek political analyses and political solutions.
CONVICTED RAPISTS' PERCEPTIONS OF SELF AND VICTIM:
Authors: SCULLY DIANA
Published: March 2007

This article is an attempt to bridge the gap between feminist structural explanations for rape and the social psychological mechanisms that make it possible for some men in patriarchal societies to feel neutral about sexual violence toward women. The concept of role taking is used to analyze the perceptions of self and victim held by 79 convicted rapists. Men who defined their behavior during sexual encounters as rape saw themselves from the perspective of their victim through reflexive role taking, had inferred their victims' experience through synesic role taking, and used this awareness to further their plan of action. Men who did not define their behavior as rape did neither reflexive nor synesic role taking and appeared incapable of understanding the meaning of sexual violence to women. The majority of both groups did not experience role-taking emotions, that is, guilt, shame, or empathy, which symbolic interactionists posit are the mediators of self-control. I argue that the gender imbalance of power and the status of women as property are the social factors that render normative emotions inoperative in sexual violence.
BARGAINING WITH PATRIARCHY
Authors: KANDIYOTI DENIZ
Published: March 2007

This article argues that systematic comparative analyses of women's strategies and coping mechanisms lead to a more culturally and temporally grounded understanding of patriarchal systems than the unqualified, abstract notion of patriarchy encountered in contemporary feminist theory. Women strategize within a set of concrete constraints, which I identify as patriarchal bargains. Different forms of patriarchy present women with distinct “rules of the game” and call for different strategies to maximize security and optimize life options with varying potential for active or passive resistance in the face of oppression. Two systems of male dominance are contrasted: the sub-Saharan African pattern, in which the insecurities of polygyny are matched with areas of relative autonomy for women, and classic patriarchy, which is characteristic of South and East Asia as well as the Muslim Middle East. The article ends with an analysis of the conditions leading to the breakdown and transformation of patriarchal bargains and their implications for women's consciousness and struggles.
“BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD PLACE”:
Authors: GLAZER NONA Y.
Published: March 2007

Surveying job segmentation within nursing, this article analyzes attempts by professional registered nurses and nursing educators to resist the deskilling of nursing. In so doing, they have reinforced race and class segmentation within nursing. The article concludes with a discussion of class, race, and gender stratification and suggests that resistance to deskilling may reinforce inequalities among women.
SEPARATING THE MEN FROM THE GIRLS:
Authors: MESSNER MICHAEL A. , DUNCAN MARGARET CARLISLE , JENSEN KERRY
Published: March 2007

This research compares and analyzes the verbal commentary of televised coverage of two women's and men's athletic events: the “final four” of the women's and men's 1989 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball tournaments and the women's and men's singles, women's and men's doubles, and the mixed-doubles matches of the 1989 U.S. Open tennis tournament. Although we found less overtly sexist commentary than has been observed in past research, we did find two categories of difference: (1) gender marking and (2) a “hierarchy of naming” by gender and, to a certain extent, by race. These differences are described and analyzed in light of feminist analyses of gendered language. It is concluded that televised sports commentary contributes to the construction of gender and racial hierarchies by marking women's sports and women athletes as “other,” by infantilizing women athletes (and, to a certain extent, male athletes of color), and by framing the accomplishments of women athletes ambivalently.
MOTHERHOOD AND THE OBFUSCATION OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE:
Authors: HILL SHIRLEY A.
Published: March 2007

This study examines how low-income African American mothers of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) cope with the reproductive implications of having passed a genetic disease on to their children. Based on in-depth interviews with 29 African American mothers, I found that most mothers knew about SCD prior to having a child with the disease; many knew they were carriers of the sickle cell trait. In explaining why this knowledge did not lead them to alter their reproductive behaviors, mothers invoked a theme of medical mismanagement; that is, they said the genetic screening programs for SCD did not provide them with enough medical knowledge about the disease. The implication that adequate knowledge about SCD would have affected their childbearing choices, however, is contradicted by their subsequent reproductive behaviors. I argue that the SCD diagnosis threatened motherhood, an important cultural value among low-income African American women, and that they protected their reproductive autonomy by obfuscating SCD medical knowledge.
WARRIOR NARRATIVES IN THE KINDERGARTEN CLASSROOM
Authors: JORDAN ELLEN , COWAN ANGELA
Published: March 2007

The “social contract” becomes part of the lived experience of little boys when they discover that the school forbids the warrior narratives through which they initially define masculinity and imposes a different, public sphere; masculinity of rationality and responsibility. They learn that these narratives are not to be lived but only experienced symbolically through fantasy and sport in the private sphere of desire. Little girls, whose gender-defining fantasies are not repressed by the school, have less lived awareness of the social contract.
FAMILY EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND GENDER ROLE ATTITUDES
Authors: CASSIDY MARGARET L. , WARREN BRUCE O.
Published: March 2007

Data from 590 college graduates are used to assess the relationship between family employment status and gender role attitudes for a predominately European American sample. The women in this study are employed full time, part time, or are full-time homemakers, and all report being married to men employed full time. The men in the study are all employed full time and report having wives who are employed full time, part time, or are full-time homemakers. Controlling for the effects of selected background factors, full-time employed women are the most supportive of nontraditional family gender roles, followed by part-time employed women. The attitudes of homemakers are more similar to those of the men. Few significant differences exist when comparing the men with full-time employed wives, those with part-time employed wives, and men married to homemakers. The findings suggest an important link between work experiences, lifestyle choices, and gender role attitudes, particularly for women.
SEXISM IN GRADUATE SCHOOL CLASSROOMS
Authors: MYERS DANIEL J. , DUGAN KIMBERLY B.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the reactions of graduate students to perceived gender bias in their classes, using survey data from 254 social science graduate students in seven Ph.D.-granting departments in three universities. In addition to summarizing reported rates of gender-biased behavior in classrooms, we test hypotheses connecting perceptions of sexist behavior with students' emotional reactions, levels of distraction, and subsequent performance. Results are mixed, depending on students' perceptions of professors as either sensitive or insensitive to gender issues. Second, we use a model of social influence to test for negative effects of reported sexist behavior on students' perceptions of professors' expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. Strong support is demonstrated for these hypotheses.
MESSAGES OF EXCLUSION
Authors: GAMSON JOSHUA
Published: March 2007

This article examines two disputes within sex and gender movements, using them to think through inclusion/exclusion processes, the place of such explosions in the construction of collective identity, and the gendered nature of social movements. Literatures on collective identity emphasize the ways boundary negotiation reinforces the solidarity necessary for collective action and note benefits of solid boundaries, yet downplay the role of internal conflict in the making of collective identities. The cases examined here both involved the explicit expulsion of some “members”: the North American Man/Boy Love Association from the International Lesbian and Gay Association, and transsexuals from the Michigan Womyn's Music Festival. An incongruence between practical participation and symbolic exclusion suggests that internal movement debates are best understood as public communications, depending heavily on the communicative environment. Finally, these stories raise questions about the gendered nature of collective identity construction in social movements more generally.
BECOMING MOTHERS AND FATHERS
Authors: SANCHEZ LAURA , THOMSON ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

This study used two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households (1987 to 1988 and 1992 to 1994) to examine the effect of the transition to parenthood on the division of labor among married couples, hypothesizing that parenthood would produce a more differentiated gender division of labor, but that attitudes and preparental division of labor would moderate parenthood. There were no effects of parenthood nor direct or moderating effects of gender attitudes on husbands' employment or housework hours, with the exception that fathering more than one child results in slightly longer employment hours. Motherhood increases wives' housework hours and reduces employment hours. Wives' traditional gender attitudes reduce their employment, but not their housework. Women married to full-time breadwinners have the largest reductions in employment after motherhood. Last, wives' initial economic dependency increases wives' subsequent housework and husbands' employment. Parenthood crystallizes a gendered division of labor, largely by reshaping wives', not husbands', routine.
CREATING PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHANGE
Authors: SCOTT ELLEN K.
Published: March 2007

The author examines the social construction of racial-ethnic identity and expectations for alliances based on identity in two feminist organizations. She considers the conditions in which assumed alliances work and fail, finding that race played a different role in the search for friendship and political connection among white women and among women of color. Women of color saw racial alliances as crucial in settings dominated by whites and often felt betrayed when alliances failed. White women did not speak of their connections with one another as racial alliances, nor did they express betrayal when they failed. When assumed alliances failed, women were often surprised by unanticipated cross-racial connections. Such connections provided insight to the politically constructed nature of all alliances, even those based on identities. These insights, created in and through the differences between these activists, represent the opportunity for chosen alliances, what June Jordan calls “partnerships for change.”
WORK HARD, PLAY HARD
Authors: DRYBURGH HEATHER
Published: March 2007

Participant observation, focus groups, and in-depth interviews were used to study the professionalization of women enrolled in engineering school. Two aspects of the professionalization process were examined: adapting to the professional culture and internalizing the professional identity. The study found support for a Goffmanesque interpretation of professionalization; engineering students learn how to manage others' impressions of them as professionals to gain their trust and confidence. Women also must learn to manage impressions male engineers hold of them. They present themselves as competent, nonthreatening, and solidary members of the profession.
Treatment of Verbal Agitation with a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
Authors: Ramadan Fadi H. , Naughton Bruce J. , Bassanelli Anthony G.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to examine the safety and efficacy of paroxetine as an alternative to neuroleptic medications for the treatment of verbal agitation in demented patients. An open case series design was used, and the setting included two nursing homes and an outpatient geriatric clinic. Participants were eight consecutive nursing home residents and seven community-dwelling older adults diagnosed with dementia who exhibited verbal agitation in the form of repetitive questions or unwarranted request for attention. Patients received paroxetine orally in doses of 10 mg to 40 mg per day. The Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) was used to rate the frequency of verbal agitation. A baseline score was obtained before starting paroxetine. Six scores were then obtained at 2-week intervals over a period of 3 months. All patients had reduction (2-4 points per item) in the CMAI scores at the end of the first month of treatment with paroxetine. Scores were further reduced (up to 5 points per item, 67%-71% reduction from baseline) in five patients at the end of the third month of treatment. Most patients tolerated paroxetine well. In this report, the use of paroxetine was associated with reduction in verbal agitation. This finding supports the possibility that verbal agitation in demented patients could be a manifestation of underlying depression. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:56-59).
Anxiety and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Ferretti Louise , McCurry Susan M. , Logsdon Rebecca , Gibbons Laura , Teri Linda
Published: March 2007

This study investigated symptoms of anxiety in two samples of clinic outpatients diagnosed with Alzheimer's dis ease (AD). Clinician and caregiver reports were obtained using standardized measures to characterize a broad array of anxiety symptoms. Anxiety symptoms were reported for a substantial proportion of subjects, regardless of whether clinician or caregiver ratings were used. Anxious or worried appearance was most common (68% to 71%), followed by fearfulness, tension, restlessness, and fidgeting (37% to 57%). Sleep disturbance and various somatic symptoms were less common (8% to 34%). Although anxiety symptoms were prevalent, only 5% to 6% of subjects met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for the diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder. In both sam ples, anxiety symptoms were associated with depression, behavioral disturbances, and increased cognitive impairment. Study findings support a high occurrence of anxiety in patients with dementia, and treatments for anxiety might therefore be helpful in reducing the psychiatric burden of AD. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:52-58).
Efficacy of Metrifonate in Improving the Psychiatric and Behavioral Disturbances of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Cummings Jeffrey L. , Nadel A. , Masterman Donna , Cyrus Pam A.
Published: March 2007

Neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms are frequent and problematic components of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In two previously reported studies, metrifonate was shown to benefit behavioral symptoms as assessed by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI). In this post hoc analysis, detailed studies were completed to determine the effects of metrifonate on individual symptoms. This study was a retrospective analysis of pooled NPI data from two double- blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter 26-week studies of metrifonate that had achieved similar levels of cholinesterase inhibition. Mild-to-moderate probable AD patients received placebo (n = 222) or metrifonate (n = 450) 30 to 60 mg by weight or a 50-mg fixed dose once daily At 26 weeks, metrifonate-treated patients had significantly reduced NPI total scores ( P = .001) and fewer neuropsychiatric symptoms when compared with placebo-treated patients, includ ing hallucinations ( P = .004), agitation/aggression ( P = .006), depression/dysphoria ( P = .011), apathy ( P = .019), and aberrant motor behavior ( P = .008). Metrifonate reduced or stabilized neuropsychiatric disturbances in 60% of symptomatic patients. Almost 40% of metrifonate-treated patients had a clinically relevant reduction (≥ 30% decrease in NPI score) in their neuropsychiatric disturbances ( P = .002). High proportions of metrifonate-treated patients manifested clinically relevant reductions in anxiety (58%, P = .009), apathy (51%, P = .020), and depression/dys phoria (50%, P = .021) compared to placebo. The metrifonate-associated reductions in NPI scores were evident by week 12 and were maintained for the 26-week study period. There was an overall effect size of metrifonate of approx imately 15% on total NPI scores when compared to placebo. Metrifonate significantly reduced many of the psychiatric and behavioral symptoms of AD. The observations suggest that enhancement of cholinergic functions in AD has beneficial effects on behavior. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2001; 14:101-108).
Memory Self-Report in Alzheimer's Disease and in Age-Associated Memory Impairment
Authors: Feher Edward P. , Larrabee Glenn J. , Sudilovsky Abraham , Crook Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

We investigated memory self-report in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-assodated memory impairment (AAMI). AD and AAMI patients and healthy elderly subjects were administered a self-report memory questionnaire, memory tests, a family-rated memory questionnaire, and a depression scale. The AD group reported worse memory than the control group, but many individual AD subjects reported normal memory. This finding confirms clinical observations that unawareness of memory loss is common in AD but variable across patients. Multiple regression analysis revealed that worse memory self-ratings were associated with greater dementia severity and higher depression scores. In the AAMI group, memory self-ratings were predicted by family ratings of memory ability but not by memory test scores. There was a nonsignificant trend for depression scores to predict memory self-ratings. Finally, level of self-repor, ted memory ability did not differ for AD and AAMI, contradicting clinical lore that memory complaint is a useful diagnostic indicator.
Effect of Gauge Length on Compression Properties of Unidirectional Fiber Composites
Authors: Scobbo J.J. , Nakajima N.
Published: March 2007

Compression modulus and strength have been measured for unidirectional carbon fiber/thermoplastic matrix composites Values obtained from the use of a Northrop loading fixture are compared to those from an IITRI fixture Low Northrop modulus values are explained using buckling theory and the effect of fiber curvature within the lam inate. Also, data are compared tor composites with different fiber forms with emphasis on fiber curvature.
Carbon Fibers from Oriented Polyethylene Precursors
Authors: Dong Zhang
Published: March 2007

In this research, an effort is made to produce carbon fibers from a highly ordered and oriented polyethylene fiber. Sulfonation of the fiber is studied as a method of stabilizing this thermoplastic fiber for higher temperatures of carbonization. The effect of time, temperature, tension and medium of sulfonation is being studied systematically. The progress of reactions and the extent of stabilization is studied by thermal analyses (Dif ferential Scanning Calorimetry and Thermogravimetric Analysis). Other techniques like Scanning Electron Microscopy and Instron Tension Testing are used to investigate the changes in morphology of the fibers with stabilization treatment. Also, the properties of the carbon fibers produced from these precursors are investigated.
Speaking Up
Authors: Kassing Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2007

Previous researchers have considered the nature of dissent as well as the audiences to whom employees express dissent. Absent in these treatments is a specific focus on the actual dissent strategies that employees use. The purpose of this study was to assess strategies employees use to express upward dissent within contemporary organizations. Employees completed a survey instrument that asked them to provide a dissent account. Five distinct strategies emerged from an interpretive thematic analysis of the accounts. Results indicated that employees used direct-factual appeal, repetition, solution presentation, circumvention, and threatening-resignation strategies for expressing upward dissent.
Reconsidering the Organizational Identification Questionnaire
Authors: Miller Vernon D. , Allen Mike , Casey Mary K. , Johnson John R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the internal dimensions of the Organizational Identification Questionnaire (OIQ). Results of factorial analytic tests of cross-sectional and longitudinal data indicate that the OIQ is unidimensional across organizations and time, but that only 12 of 25 items contribute meaningfully to the scale. Furthermore, these 12 items essentially constitute an affective measure of organizational commitment, not organizational identification as theorized. A discussion of these results examines the implications of these findings toward the future use of the OIQ scale.
On the Links in Vertical Communication Chains
Authors: Dansereau Fred
Published: March 2007

In this article. I suggest that McPhee (1988) identified a particular level of analysis—chains—that is compatible, not incompatible, with the approach of Dansereau, Alutto, and Yammarino (1984). Moreover, whereas McPhee focuses on vertical communication chains, Dansereau and Markham (1987) focus on the links in such chains. The article concludes by suggesting the appropriateness of focusing on chains (McPhee, 1988), as well as the links in such chains (Dansereau et al., 1984).
Group Performance in Computer-Mediated and Face-to-Face Communication Media
Authors: Olaniran Bolanle A.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the effects of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and face-to-face (FTF) media on group performance under four experimental conditions. There were CMC-only, FTF-only, FTF/CMC, and CMC/FTF groups. The study examined three variables: the number of unique ideas generated, the time to reach consensus, and the decision quality. Vigilant interaction theory was helpful in exploring the media effects on group performance. Results indicate that, in general, CMC groups generate a greater number of unique ideas than do FTF groups. However, the CMC effect was greater with CMC/FTF groups. This effect was attributed to CMC's showing a greater potential for preventing productivity loss when there is more likelihood for performance evaluation as group members anticipate future FTF interaction with their coparticipants in CMC. Results also indicate the CMC groups take longer to reach consensus than FTF groups. Decision quality was greater in both FTF/CMC and CMC/FTF groups than in either CMC- and FTF-only groups. This study affirms the need to explore group decision making as a nonunitary process and the need to combine FTF/CMC media for better group performance. The discussion includes implications and recommendations for media combination choice.
Applying Classical Ethical Theories to Ethical Decision Making in Public Relations
Authors: Pratt Cornelius B.
Published: March 2007

Public relations professionals and educators have different views about the real-world relevance of theories to public relations practice. This article links ethical theories to the management of the product recall of the Perrier Group of America. To enable public relations practitioners, as strategic communication managers, to respond effectively to potentially unethical organizational actions, this article also proposes a nonsituational theory-based approach to ethics in public relations. Finally, this article argues that an eclectic approach to problem solving be adopted because no single theory in itself is sufficient to guide the complex decision-making process that precedes the public conduct of the strategic communication manager.
Facing and Coping with Uncertainty During Organizational Encounter
Authors: Teboul JC. Bruno
Published: March 2007

Drawing from previous “encounter” work by several researchers, this investigation identifies the types of uncertainty new hires experience and documents newcomers' information-seeking strategy preferences and target reliance patterns for coping with different forms of uncertainty. Organizational newcomers' ( n = 200) uncertainty narratives reveal that new hires experience some uncertainty types more than others. Information-seeking strategy preference patterns reported in the article closely parallel those described by Miller. These patterns, although not affected by uncertainty type, are influenced by information-seeking strategy targets. New hire information target preferences were found to be influenced by type of uncertainty. Findings make a strong case for broadening the operationalization of information-seeking targets to include both intra- and extraorganizational sources. The final portion of the article discusses study limitations and directions for future research.
Assessing Emotionality in Organizational Conflicts
Authors: Gayle Barbara Mae , Preiss Raymond W.
Published: March 2007

The level of emotions remaining after an organizational conflict has the potential to alter the trajectory of organizational relationships. One hundred seventy-four employees and supervisors reported their memories of a conflict. Results from 11 different organizations indicate that the emotional nature of the recollected narratives increased if the conflicts were perceived as unresolved, remembered as an ongoing series of events, or discussed with the other persons involved in the exchanges. Also, the intensity of the recollected narratives of organizational conflict interactions was greater if the respondents were supervisors or managers or if the other persons involved were administrators. The ways recollected emotional narratives may affect future conflictual interactions and organizational relationships are discussed.
Wondering about Critical Management Studies
Authors: Tyrell Steven J.
Published: March 2007

Critical management studies is an increasingly popular specialization in organizational studies. It looks like a promising area of study, especially for scholars in organizational communication. In this essay, the authors explore the issues and tensions of critical management studies. The authors review five recent books, each of which, they argue, makes a particular contribution to the shape and direction of critical management studies, and they comment on the issues these texts raise for further consideration.
“All That We can Be”
Authors: Reardon Kathleen K. , Reardon Kevin J.
Published: March 2007

This article introduces a model presented at the recent Linkage Leadership Conference in which 10 senior executive teams worked for a week to develop strategies to effectively implement organizational change. This article demonstrates how style influences the ability to lead and relates, through the example of Army gender integration, how leader communication style can be used to increase the likelihood of radical change success.
Perspectives on Health
Authors: Huch Mary H.
Published: March 2007

On May 12, 1989, in Pittsburgh, six nurse leaders participated in a panel discussion on health at Discovery International, Inc.'s Nurse Theorist Conference. The participants were Imogene King, Nola Pender, Betty Neuman, Martha E. Rogers, Afaf Meleis and Rosemanrie Rizzo Parse. The goal of the conference was to present views on the meaning of health from different perspectives. The panel discussion provided the nurse leaders with an opportunity to engage in a dialogue about health. Five of the participants answered the questions posed and the conference keynote speaker Afaf Meleis responded. Four questions were posed to the panel relating to the meaning of health, the uniqueness of nursing, and nurse-person relationships. The dialogue of the panel discussion follows.
Therapeutic Touch and Postoperative Pain: A Rogerian Research Study
Authors: Meehan Thérèse Connell
Published: March 2007

This article details Meehan's research study concerning the conceptualization of therapeutic touch within Rogers' science of unitary human beings and an investigation of the effects of therapeutic touch on pain experience in postoperative patients. Using a single trial, single-blind, three-group design, 108 postoperative patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: therapeutic touch, a placebo control intervention which mimicked therapeutic touch, or the standard intervention of a narcotic analgesic. Using a visual analogue scale, pain was measured before and one hour following intervention. The hypothesis, that therapeutic touch would significantly decrease postoperative pain compared to the placebo control intervention, was not supported. Secondary analyses suggest that therapeutic touch may decrease patients' need for analgesic medication. Implications for further research and practice are suggested.
A Rogerian Process of Inquiry
Authors: Carboni Judith T.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a Rogerian process of inquiry that is proposed to be a creative and original method commensurate with the epistemological and ontological foundations of the science of unitary human beings and which supports the aim of Rogerian research to understand the nature of human evolution and its multiple, unpredictable potentialities. The development of this research methodology has been guided by Lincoln and Guba's (1985) paradigmatic approach to the identification of original processes of inquiry.
Challenging the Myths Surrounding Qualitative Research in Nursing
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt , Petardi Lynn Allchin , Pilkington F. Beryl , Walls Phyllis A.
Published: March 2007

The challenge of nursing in the 21st century is to ground nursing practice in nursing science. This article focuses on the role qualitative research has in advancing nursing science and the myths surrounding qualitative research in nursing. The authors challenge these myths and suggest precepts to guide future research and theory development in nursing. These precepts focus on philosophical origins concerning the nature of reality and the nature of knowing. Such understanding is vital to conducting and evaluating qualitative research.
A Case for Theory Triangulation
Authors: Bennett Jo Anne
Published: March 2007

Although theory triangulation has not received much attention in the nursing literature, its deliberate, strategic use can be an invaluable guide to reviewing literature and designing research. It can enlarge the framing of questions for orderly data collection and analysis, and can lay out a route for rational, coherent study-clustering. An example is presented that triangulates two nursing theories to address a frequently studied problem-nurses' attitudes about AIDS care. The absence of firm theoretical footing in exploring this problem has limited the application of a large, continuously growing body of empirical data. Triangulation is suggested to organize these data, to clarify apparently inconsistent findings, and to guide research. The example demonstrates how the exploration of related questions not addressed by a single theory may be aided by searching for linkages among mid-range theories, including theories from other disciplines.
Use of Neuman's Lines of Defense and Resistance in Nursing Research: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations
Authors: Gigliotti Eileen
Published: March 2007

The generation of testable nursing theory requires operationalization of the broad concepts embedded in nursing's conceptual models or grand theories. Operationalization of the Neuman systems model concepts, the flexible line of defense and the lines of resistance, are explored in this article. Conceptual and empirical concerns imposed on the researcher when employing the model are discussed.
Developing Knowledge for Preparing Teachers: Redefining the Role of Schools of Education
Authors: Thiessen Dennis
Published: March 2007

Within the search for a new relevance for higher education, the press to recast the long-standing commitment to knowledge development has provided schools of education with an opportunity to redefine teacher preparation. Knowledge development increasingly involves not only generating but also applying, integrating, and transforming knowledge; is pursued by more and more individuals and organizations outside universities; and has become a framework for both an expanded research agenda and program renewal. This article examines how the reconceptualization of knowledge development has influenced the structures and strategies used by schools of education to help beginning teachers build a knowledgeable start to their careers.
Policy into Practice: A Qualitative Inquiry into the Work of Sexuality Educators
Authors: Beck Lynn G. , Marshall Catherine
Published: March 2007

Using data gathered via interviews and observations, this article examines the impact of formal policy structures on the work of professionals dealing with adolescent sexuality. Informal structures and policies developed by these professionals are discussed. Additionally, the mechanisms by which these are developed and communicated are identified and described.
"All or None" Criteria for Professional Development Schools
Authors: Murray Frank B.
Published: March 2007

Attempts to implement the professional development school (PDS) are frustrated by a lack of consensus about the meaning of the defining characteristics of these new schools. An explication of the common criteria is given that shows how each is an implication of the others and how the PDS is not a laboratory or demonstration school. Particular attention is given to the nature of inquiry in the PDS and its relationship to other forms of academic inquiry. Finally, the lessons from the 4-year effort to implement the PDS features in selected schools in Delaware is briefly described.