bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of thermal hydrocracking with thermal cracking of Athabasca bitumen at low conversions
Authors: Logie R B , Ranganathan R , Pruden B B , Denis J M
Published: April 2018

The thermal hydrocracking process involves hydrogen addition as opposed to carbon removal in the thermal cracking process. Upgrading of Athabasca bitumen by thermal hydrocracking has been studied in the Energy Research Laboratory of CANMET for several years. This
process allows flexibility in controlling pitch conversions, and at high conversions it produces more distillable oil than do coking processes. Low-conversion thermal hydrocracking is also important from the viewpoint of transporting the product through pipelines. The present investigation deals
with low-conversion thermal aspects of hydrocracking. A comparison is made with data from thermal cracking or visbreaking. Tests were conducted with Athabasca bitumen feed in a 1-barrel /day high pressure pilot plant. Properties of products such as viscosity, gravity, sulphur, nitrogen, saturates,
olefins, aromatics, benzene insolubles and asphaltenes were analyzed. Data on hydrogen consumption and hydrocarbon gas-make were also obtained. The thermal hydrocracking process was found to produce less naphtha and hydrocarbon gases than thermal cracking for the low-conversion conditions. The
hydrocracked distillates contained less olefin than those from thermal cracking. The viscosity results indicated that pitch conversion of about 50% was sufficient to meet pipeline viscosity specifications. This showed that the hydrocracking process is more flexible than coking because the
bitumen can be transported with minimum upgrading.
Fluidized-bed combustion an emerging technology
Authors: Friedrich F D
Published: April 2018

New combustion technology is required to meet the twofold challenge of utilizing increasingly low-grade fuels and simultaneously reducing emissions harmful to the environment. In this respect, the paper identifies fluidized-bed combustion as one of the most
promising new technologies, which furthermore has reached commercial demonstration in small sizes. The fluidized combustion process is described together with its advantages, disadvantages and potential applications. The current state of the art is summarized. Also, the objectives and status of the
federal fluidized-combustion demonstration program is reviewed.
Thermal hydrocracking of Athabasca bitumen: comparison of computer simulated values of feed and product vaporization with CANMET pilot plant data
Authors: Patmore D J , Pruden B B
Published: April 2018

To devise a kinetic model of the CANMET hydrocracking process, it is necessary to know the degree of vaporization of liquid in the reactor. This has been determined for a variety of conditions using a computer simulation. The present study was carried out to
compare these results with experimental vaporization data obtained for conditions in the hot separator. In the range of conditions studied - 300 to 400°C and 10.44 to 17.34 MPa - there was reasonable agreement between calculated values (F c ) and experimental data (F E ) considering all the
possible experimental errors, 72% of all FE being within 10% of F The following relationships were found for bitumen and hydrocracked products respectively: FE (3 ' 3 + 0.9) + (0.85 ± 0.07)Fc FE = (1.8 ± 1.2) + (0.95 ± 0.04)Fc There was closer agreement between FE and F at
13.89 MPa than for the other two pressures considered. The use of vaporization data in the estimation of average liquid residence time is discussed. Calculations for several pilot plant runs emphasize that the discrepancy between spacetime and average liquid residence time can be very large. At a
space velocity of lh-1 the residence time can be over twice the space-time.
The effects of pore size in MoO3 -CoO-A1203 hydrocracking catalysts
Authors: Hardin A H , Ternan M , Packwood R H
Published: April 2018

Effects of variations in mean pore diameter in four series of catalysts have been determined for hydrodesulphurization, hydrodenitrogenation and conversion reactions of Athabasca bitumen. Standard tests were made on a blank alumina support and three
cobalt/molybdenum/alumina catalyst series having the compositions 1.1:2.2, 4.4:8.8 and 3.0:15.0 m % CoO:Mo03 respectively. Catalysts were prepared by solution impregnation of A100H, followed by extrusion, dehydration and calcining at a series of temperatures between 500°C and 1100°C.
Several median pore diameter ranges were tested for each catalyst. Some physical properties of the prepared catalysts were measured. Median pore diameter distributions, determined by Hg penetration, had values between 7.0 and 100.0 nm. Pore volumes varied between 0.25 and 0.65 mLg-1. Surface areas,
determined by nitrogen BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) were found to vary from 1 to 200 m2g-1. Used catalysts were de-oiled by benzene extraction prior to analysis by electron microprobe and prior to analysis for deposited coke content. A 25.4-mm diameter, 0.381 m long stainless-steel tubular
reactor was filled with a fixed bed of catalyst. Premixed bitumen and hydrogen were bottom-fed to the reactor at a liquid hourly space velocity of 1.0. Standard operating conditions of 13.9 MPa, PI0°C and 800 L of H2 per litre of feed were used in all cases. The catalysts were all presulphided
with bitumen immediately prior to the studied reactions. Mounted and sectioned catalyst specimens were analyzed radially for distributions of Fe, Ni, V and S. The electron microprobe analyses indicated distinct variations in the radial distributions of Fe, Ni, V and S across the catalysts. Effects
of pore size variations on hydrodesulphurization, hydrodenitrogenation, pitch conversion and coke formation were determined. The results indicated maxima for mass per cent sulphur removal for pores near 15 nm for two catalysts. As well, the rates per unit area for S and N removal increased as mean
pore diameters increased to about 50 nm, after which the rates appeared to be constant.
High performance liquid chromatographic hplc method for type analysis of hydrocarbons in synthetic fuel naphta
Authors: Beshai J E , George A E
Published: April 2018

A rapid method has been developed which provides type distribution analysis of the saturated, olefinic and aromatic hydrocarbons in the naphtha fraction (IBP - 200 0 C). The method employs a dual-column high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) system of
p-Porasil and diamine bonded phase sorbents with n-hexane as a mobile phase. A complete characterization takes 20 min and requires only 2.5 pL of sample. The results are not dependent on interpretation by the analyst as in the Standard Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption (FIA) method. It is also more
suitable for naphthas from synthetic fuels because they usually contain considerably higher amounts of olefinic hydrocarbons. Separations are reproducible and the separated fractions are suitable for further analysis. The method could also be automated and the results reported in a printout. A
number of naphtha samples produced by the hydrocracking of Cold Lake bitumen and Lloydminster and Boscan heavy oils under various operating conditions were analyzed.
Impact of excessive aromatics in oil sand syncrudes on production and quality of middle distillate fuels
Authors: Wilson M F
Published: April 2018

Increased production from oil sands and heavy crude deposits is expected in Canada during the next two decades. Current processes for upgrading Athabasca bitumen produce synthetic crudes of such high aromatics content that diesel and jet fuels produced from oil
sand distillates do not meet current specifications. It is expected that the increasing demand for these fuels will exert pressure on existing refineries and some relaxation of specifications in Canada is anticipated. Doubts also exist regarding the "burnability" of heating fuels from synthetic
crudes. Some progress is expected in future upgrading methods and in downstream refining. However, research and development in new process technologies will be required in order to solve these problems.
Système de diagnostic optique pour la mesure des températures et des concentrations des espèces dans les gaz
Authors: Hughes P M , Parameswaran T
Published: April 2018

A technique termed "coherent, anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy" (CARS) has been developed at the Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory of CANMET's Energy Research Laboratories for the measurement of temperature and species concentration. The advantages
of this technique over conventional probing methods are improved temporal and spatial resolution; it is nonintrusive and turbulence parameters can be determined. This report discusses the theoretical basis for such a technique and some of the practical considerations involved in the optical
arrangement. To apply this technique successfully, it was necessary to develop sophisticated software and hardware. The incorporation of these and the optics into a CARS system is discussed, together with the theory of its application.
A new deconvolution method for analysis of probability density distribution spectra observed in gamma-ray interrogation measurements of multi-phase flows
Authors: Liu D D S
Published: April 2018

A numerical method for the deconvolution of probability density distribution spectra (PDDS) has been developed. It is based on principles of the least square and the Newton-Raphson iteration algorithm. The PDDS were obtained from measurements of multi-phase flows
using a gamma-ray interrogation technique developed recently in the Synthetic Fuels Research Laboratory of the Energy Research Laboratories, CANMET in collaboration with the Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited. The deconvoluted PDDS contain information on the
hydrodynamic parameters of multi-phase flow phenomena. Fundamental equations for the numerical method were translated into a Fortran program for practical applications. Examples of PDDS deconvolutions for both simulated and observed spectra are given.
Optical diagnostic system for the measurement of gas temperature and species concentration
Authors: Hughes P M , Parameswaran T
Published: April 2018

A technique termed "coherent, anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy" (CARS) has been developed at the Combustion and Carbonization Research Laboratory of CANMET's Energy Research Laboratories for the measurement of temperature and species concentration. The advantages
of this technique over conventional probing methods are improved temporal and spatial resolution; it is nonintrusive and turbulence parameters can be determined. This report discusses the theoretical basis for such a technique and some of the practical considerations involved in the optical
arrangement. To apply this technique successfully, it was necessary to develop sophisticated software and hardware. The incorporation of these and the optics into a CARS system is discussed, together with the theory of its application.
Effect of hydrocracking Athabasca bitumen on sulphur-type distribution in the naphtha fraction
Authors: George A E , Pruden B B , Sawatzky H
Published: April 2018

The effect of increasing hydrocracking severity of Athabasca bitumen on sulphur content of the products and on sulphur compound type distribution in the naphtha fraction boiling at temperatures up to 200 ° C has been investigated. Products from both thermal
and catalytic hydrocracking were compared. Increased severity of hydrocracking increased the proportion of lighter products and decreased the overall amount of sulphur. Another factor which affected sulphur content was the migration of sulphur from heavier to lighter fractions. It was apparent that
measured sulphur content of hydrocracked products reflected a combination of the above factors. The main sulphur compound types in the naphtha product in descending order were residual sulphur, aliphatic sulphides and aromatic sulphides. The catalytic product has a higher mercaptan content and lower
concentrations of residual sulphur, aliphatic sulphides and aromatic sulphides than the noncatalytically-cracked product. A modification of the procedure for potentiometric titration of sulphides in hydrocracked naphtha products that have high olefinic content is described.
Analyse électrochimique des systèmes à électrolyte solide et à électrode
Authors: Canaday J D , Kuriakose A K , Ahmad A , Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

The three-phase cell consisting of reactant gases, porous electrodes, and a solid electrolyte is described in electrochemical terms. Electrode processes that cause polarization phenomena are also discussed. The use of two-probe and three-probe techniques is
presented together with examples of results obtained for a number of systems.
Mechanical properties and freezing and thawing durability of concrete incorporating a ground granulated blast-furnace slag
Authors: Malhotra V M
Published: April 2018

This report gives results of laboratory investigations to determine the mechanical properties and freezing and thawing durability of concrete incorporating a granulated blast-furnace slag from a Canadian source. A series of fifteen 0.06 m3 concrete mixtures were
made with water-to-(cement + slag) ratios ranging from 0.70 to 0.45. The percentage of slag used as a replacement for normal portland cement ranged from 0 to 100% by weight. All mixtures were air entrained. A number of test cylinders and prisms were cast for determining the mechanical properties
and freezing and thawing resistance of concrete. The test results indicate that the ground-granulated blast-furnace slag can be used with advantage as a partial replacement for portland cement in concrete at 50% or lower replacement levels, especially at W/C + S of about 0.55 or lower. At 7
days, irrespective of the W/C + S, and regardless of the percentage replacement of the cement by the slag investigated, the compressive strength of concrete incorporating slag is lower than that of the concrete made with normal portland cement. At all W/C + S, and at all percentages of replacement,
the flexural strength of slag concrete is comparable with, or greater than, the corresponding strength of the control concrete. Durability of air-entrained slag concrete exposed to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing is satisfactory, as evidenced by the high durability factors
achieved.
Revue des développements dans la flottation de la cassitérite : progrès et considérations physico-chimiques
Authors: Andrews P R A
Published: April 2018

Le progrès dans le domaine de la flottation de la cassitérite a suivi un cours varié et diversifié. Les premières expériences portaient principalement sur l'utilisation de collecteurs, comme les carboxylates ou les sulfates d'alkyle,
la sélectivité étant obtenue par un mélange approprié d'activateur, de déprimant et de régulateur de pH. Actuellement, les études sont concentrées davantage sur la synthèse de collecteurs spécifiques dérivés des acides arsonique,
phosphonique, sulfosuccinamique et humique, ainsi que sur les possibilités de nouvelles techniques, comme l'électroflottation ou la flottation par air dissous. Nous présentons une revue complète des progrès dans le domaine de la flottation de la cassitérite pour chacun
des grands systèmes de collecteurs. Il s'agit notamment de l'acide oléique et de l'oléate de sodium, des sulfates et des sulfonates d'alkyle, des dérivés des acides sulfosuccinamique, alkylhydroxamique, arylarsonique et alkylphosphonique et des collecteurs cationiques. Nous
incluons aussi la flottation au moyen de divers autres collecteurs. Pour chaque système de flottation, nous discutons de la charge superficielle, du point isoélectrique, des limites des pH auxquels la flottation est possible; des concentrations maximales et minimales de collecteur, de la
dépression, de l'activation (y compris la pseudodépression et la pseudoactivation) et des mécanismes d'adsorption des collecteurs. Lorsque c'est possible, nous mentionnons le genre de technique et l'échelle de l'essai, ce qui peut comprendre l'angle de contact, la fixation des
bulles d'air ou une étude à l'échelle réelle. La cassitérite est souvent associée à des silicates et des oxydes de fer dont les caractéristiques de flottation sont semblables. Les différences de comportement entre la cassitérite et les deux
minéraux associés les plus communs, la topaze et la tourmaline, sont étudiés pour chacun des systèmes de collecteurs, lorsqu'ils sont présents dans chaque système collecteur. La plupart des collecteurs anioniques importants ont été utilisés quelque
part à un moment donné; l'acide styrènephosphonique, utilisé à Altenberg, en Allemagne de l'Est, semble le plus sélectif. D'autres techniques comme la sulfuration, la réduction électrolytique, l'aggrégation sélective, la flottation à deux
liquides, la flottation avec porteur et la flottation par air dissous sont mentionnées. L'agrégation sélective et la flottation par air dissous sont considérées comme des techniques possibles pour la récupération des particules de cassitérite de moins de
5mn.
Mineralogical study of the platinum-group element distribution and associated minerals from three stratigraphic layers, bird river sill, Manitoba
Authors: Cabri L J , Laflamme J H G
Published: April 2018

A preliminary mineralogical investigation of a total of nine hand samples from the Upper Main Chromitite, Lower Main Chromitite and the Lower Group platinumbearing zone (Scoates et al., 1987) has shown a contrasting distribution of platinumgroup elements. The
Upper and Lower Main Chromitites contain laurite as the principal platinumgroup mineral (PGM), followed by OsIrRu alloys, rare erlichmanite, irarsite and an unidentified PGM. Chromite is host to 43 vol % of the PGM; the balance occurs as inclusions in silicates (mainly clinochlore). In contrast,
nine PGM occur in the Lower Group platinumbearing zone, the most common of which are sperrylite and laurite. Kotulskite, merenskyite, hollingworthite, keithconnite and irarsite are less common, and mertieite II and another unidentified PGM are even more rare. Also, in contrast to the
stratigraphically higher chromitites, 99 vol % of the PGM in the Lower Group platinumbearing zone are included in silicates or sulphides, with the remaining 1 vol % in chromite and magnetite. Chromite in the Upper and Lower Main Chromitites has 43-46% Cr203 and contains irregular patches
and rims of higher Cr2O3 content (57-58%). The chromite is associated principally with clinochlore and grossular garnet. The texture of chromite in the Lower Group platinumbearing zone is much more variable, and the Cr203 content is lower (37-40%). Magnetite is predominant in some samples,
whereas clinochlore and serpentine are common silicates. Proton microprobe analyses of chromite from all three sample types have indicated trace contents of Ni, Zn and Ga.
Recent advances in copper electrowinning
Authors: MacKinnon D J , Lakshmanan V I
Published: April 2018

The application of solvent extraction techniques to copper leach liquors has resulted in a great deal of basic research designed to improve the copper electrowinning stage. The main objective of this research is to increase the current density, and therefore the
rate, at which copper is deposited in both refining and winning cells. This review details the methods currently being practiced to achieve high current density in copper winning cells and the consequent effects on various aspects of the electrowinning process. New cells designed for electrowinning
copper from dilute solutions are also discussed. The effect of impurities and addition agentson the growth and morphology of copper is reviewed in detail.
A digest of environmental regulations pertinent to open pit mining in Canada (current at April 1975)
Authors:   Dames and Moore, Toronto
Published: April 2018

This digest summarizes federal and provincial acts and regulations governing the environmental impact of open pit mining and lists the important agencies involved. Municipal regulations, which may be more stringent, are not considered. Experience to date shows
the maximum benefit to all involved accrues if environment related activities are considered from the earliest stages of mine planning. Agencies can and will in this case use maximum flexibility in assisting the producer conform to regulations. The trend in current legislation is towards overall
management of natural resources This, coupled with the application of "nuisance" law - ie, the freedom of the public to enjoy commonly established rights - places the onus on producers to show adequate compliance with regulations.Required land rehabilitation after mining is an example. However,
Canadian experience shows that early attention to overall management can directly enhance the success of mining. The major relevant federal legislation is the Fisheries Act, 1970 (to some extent replacing the Canada Water Act) which controls pollution of all waters (fresh and marine) supporting
fish. The Clean Air Act, 1971 is also important, together with numerous acts specific to the Northwest Territories and the Yukon. The Maritime Provinces all have acts governing disposal of wastes on land, in air, or in water; in some cases noise pollution is regulated. Quebec has enacted powerful
legislation in the Environment Quality Act 1972, which deals with all forms of pollution including noise. This is supported directly by provisions of the Mining Act 1965. Ontario has an Environmental Protection Act 1971 which has some relevance to open pit mining; the proposed Environmental
Assessment Act 1975, which will be expanded to cover mining specifically, is expected to be more pertinent. The Prairie Provinces have legislation dealing with groundwater pollution as well as acts to maintain the quality of the environment generally. Alberta additionally has the Coal Conservation
Act 1973, which includes requirements for environmental management. British Columbia also has regulations directly for coal mining, as well as the more general Mines Regulations Act 1967 and the Pollution Control Act 1967. The digest includes tables, abstracted from legislation, of objectives for
quality of mine emittants.
The disposal of solid wastes and liquid effluents from the milling of uranium ores
Authors: Moffett D
Published: April 2018

Current Canadian practice in the milling of uranium-bearing ores commonly involves fine grinding followed by acid leach/ion exchange. The acid leach may be followed instead by solvent extraction. Alkaline leaching has been done, and in situ bacteriological
leaching is of interest. Tailings disposal operations are necessary and create environmental problems. Uranium-mill wastes*are unique because of their radioactivity. Some of the radioisotopes present may require an individual control procedure. Radium-226 is particularly important because it is
the most hazardous of all isotopes found in the tailings. Acid and heavy-metal removal is conventionally done by the addition of lime, but other means are available, such as with limestone, sodium hydroxide, ammonia, silicon alloys or by sulphide precipitation. Modifications to unit operations in
the mill process may be required to produce more acceptable effluents. Increased water recycling may be necessary to meet regulatory standards.
Pit slope manual, supplement 3-1: laboratory classification tests
Authors: Gyenge M
Published: April 2018

Tests for physical properties, index properties and uniaxial strength of the rock substance are described in this supplement. These tests are used mainly for classification; uniaxial strength may be used directly in stability analysis. The water content test is
based on accurate weighing of a rock sample before and after oven drying. Porosity is determined by measuring the displacement in water of a sample sealed with paraffin wax. Swelling pressure and swelling strain indexes are measured in an apparatus similar to the soil consolidation test machine. The
slake durability index measures the disintegration of a sample when agitated during two cycles of drying and wetting. Uniaxial strength and failure strain are determined from stress-strain measurements while loading to failure. The point load strength index is measured in an apparatus that subjects
the specimen to opposed point loads. Tensile strength is determined from the Brazilian test.
Pit slope manual, supplement 3-2: laboratory test for design parameters
Authors: Gyenge M , Herget G
Published: April 2018

This supplement describes tests to determine strength and elastic properties of rock substance and of discontinuities in rock. Elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio are determined from stress-strain measurements during uniaxial compression. The ultrasonic elastic
constants are determined from measurements of sound velocity. Triaxial compressive strength is determined by loading a cylindrical sample axially and laterally. Residual angle of friction of rock specimens is determined from shear strength measurements along a sawcut plane. Discontinuity shear
strengths are determined by the direct shear test, and by triaxial testing. Strength properties of crushed rock are determined by triaxial testing. Time dependent deformation and strength properties of rock specimens are determined by long-term uniaxial compressive tests.
Pit slope manual, supplement 3-5: sampling and speciment preparation
Authors: Gyenge M , Ladanyi B
Published: April 2018

Sampling is influenced by geology and geography of a mine site, and by the requirements of design. Rock samples are usually obtained by coring with diamond drills or occasionally by removing surface blocks. Soil can be sampled by auger or, if undisturbed samples
are required, by tube sampler. Undisturbed samples of cohesive soil can also be obtained by cutting blocks of soil from the side or bottom of a trench. Rock specimens for triaxial testing must be carefully ground to produce parallel, flat ends to a close tolerance. Shear box specimens are carefully
aligned and then grouted into the shear box. "Undisturbed" soil specimens can be cut from field samples with special tools; however some disturbance is inevitable. Clay specimens must be protected from drying.
Pit slope manual, supplement 4-1: computer manual for seepage analysis
Authors: Marlon-Lambert J
Published: April 2018

FEFPM performs a steady-state seepage analysis to determine fluid pressures, flow quantities, rates and direction of groundwater slopes. It assumes either planar or radially symmetric flow, linear in a finite element in a porous medium. It computes the location
of phreatic surface for unconfined flow problems, material type and permeability for a specific soil element, and fluid potential and stream function values. The program generates nodes and elements of a finite element mesh during iterations to locate a phreatic surface and automatically limits the
flow regime to the slope profile
Block flow slope instability
Authors: Coates D F , Yu Y S
Published: April 2018

When structural conditions of a slope do not favour plane shear sliding, or the rock mass is not sufficiently ductile to permit rotational sliding, slope instability, if it occurs, must be due to breakdown of the rock substance. The breakdown would be initiated
at points of high stress. After local crushing, the load is transferred to adjacent zones, subjecting them to excessive stress and leading to further crushing. Consequently, crushing of rocks at points of high stress is the pertinent failure mechanism. Rational analysis for this type of slope
instability local crushing or progressive failure is not fully developed at present and obviously much research work has to be done before a useful engineering tool is established. In spite of this difficulty, however, an analysis procedure with examples is suggested based on a probabilistic
approach making use of the best available information on stress conditions in a slope and material properties of the rock mass. This in turn will provide a means of appraising the effects of incremental slope changes on benefits and costs.
Canadian base metal mining in the 1970s
Authors: Hedley D G F
Published: April 2018

The Canadian hase metal mining industry in the 1970's is examined to determine the source of production, mining method used, number and size of mines, employment figures, costs, and productivity. Overall, the industry appears to be in a state of decline. Metal
production in the latter half of the decade has been below the first half, and Canada's share of world markets has decreased steadily for most metals. The number of underground mines has decreased by 40% while paradoxically the percentage of base metal production from underground mines has
increased in the last part of the decade and represents the major producing sector. Although technical innovations have been made which have improved efficiency and productivity at the underground work place, this has not resulted in any noticeable increase in productivity on a mine or mine site
basis, whereas productivity in open pit mining has increased. An increasing percentage of the underground ore tonnage is being mined by cut-and-fill methods which are the most expensive and have low productivities. Research and development could halt further decline in base metal production.
Underground mining is considered to be most critical, particularly cut-and-fill and other methods are required, especially for ore below 1000 m. A worthwhile area of research is to improve productivity. All aspects of mining will have to be examined to identify bottlenecks and to find out how
existing technology can be applied to raise productivity on a mine-wide basis.
CANMET's rock mechanics research at the Kidd Creek mine
Authors: Hedley D G F , Herget G , Miles P , Yu Y S
Published: April 2018

The Kidd Creek mine of Texasgulf Metals Company started as an open pit and later converted to an underground operation. In 1972, a cooperative rock mechanics research project was initiated between the company and the Mining Research Laboratories of CANMET.
Research was concerned with stability of the hanging wall pit slope as it was undercut by the underground operations and with ground control aspects of the blasthole open stoping method employed underground. Geotechnical investigations on critical joint orientations and shear resistance along these
discontinuities indicated that a plane or rotational shear type of instability of the hanging wall slope was unlikely. This was cohfirmed by two- and three-dimensional finite element models, although sloughing of the hanging wall shear zone was predicted. Further confirmation on slope stability was
obtained by monitoring slope displacement which showed a cause-and-effect relationship while mining was taking place and the magnitude was within the limits predicted from the two finite element models. During the time these studies were being done, stopes were being blasted through at the southern
end while the pit was being deepened at the northern end. No instability of the pit walls interrupted either operation and the pit was completed in 1977. Underground, field stress measurements were taken down to a depth of 850 m, indicating that the stress regime was similar to that in other mines
in northern Ontario with horizontal stresses being greater than vertical stresses. Deformation measurement around underground stopes showed that expansion of the footwall shear zone was ten times greater than the pillar wall. There was a distinct cause-and-effect relationship between blasting and
deformation. Pillar strength was estimated using a size/strength relationship, obtained from testing samples up to 25 cm in diameter, incorporated into an empirical strength equation. A preliminary analysis on pillar stability suggested that stresses on the pillar edge and corners could be of the
same magnitude as pillar strength. This could explain the cases of pillar sloughing, but adverse structural geology could also have caused this sloughing.
Geological disposal of high-level radioactive wastes
Authors: Coates D F , Larocque G , Geller L
Published: April 2018

The importance of nuclear powered electricity generation in helping to solve Canada's future energy requirements is well documented. It is also well known that whereas nuclear reactors are technically feasible, they also involve serious human and environmental
problems which remain to be solved. One problem is safe disposal of the various types of radioactive wastes. Mining waste and mill tailings containing toxic radium are produced in large quantities. It is believed about 80 million tonnes have already accumulated at Elliot Lake, Ontario, alone and
that this may increase by the year 2000 to several hundred million tonnes. These tailings are large in bulk but relatively low in radioactivity. Wastes from nuclear generating stations, on the contrary, are highly radioactive but relatively small in volume. This report provides a brief overview of
how electricity is generated by means of nuclear power, and gives reasons which render safe disposal of high-level nuclear wastes a particularly difficult and multifaceted problem. It is suggested that under Canadian conditions deep underground burial of these wastes in mined-out facilities within
igneous rocks is the most acceptable solution.
Development of a zirconia electrolyte for use in a steel-making oxygen probe
Authors: Wheat T A
Published: April 2018

A novel wet-chemical method has been developed to produce finely divided lime-stabilized zirconia from solutions of zirconyl chloride and calcium formate. The process involves the formation of a hydrated zirconium hydroxide precipitate and the adsorption of
calcium ions onto the precipitate surface. The mixture is subsequently spray-frozen, freeze-dried and finally calcined to produce a reactive and homogeneous material. Using this technique, a series of materials was prepared containing between zero and sixteen mole per cent calcium oxide. It was
demonstrated that the single most important parameter that controls the development of a high-density body during subsequent processing is the degree of dispersion of the raw material prior to the initial fabrication stage. In order to develop an impermeable body, which is required for an oxygen
probe application, the materials were first dispersed by ball-milling in alcohol containing a dissolved powder lubricant and binder. The resulting de-agglomerated and reactive material could then be processed into a 99% theoretically dense product at 1500°C using conventional cold pressing
and sintering techniques. It has been shown that the maximum thermal-shock resistance is developed in material having a composition of 7.6 mole per cent calcium oxide in the zirconia. The microstructure developed in this partially stabilized material is in contrast to that developed in either the
pure or fully stabilized materials, both of which have a markedly inferior thermal shock resistance. X-ray and optical data have been obtained that support a recently proposed model in which the high thermal-shock resistance was attributed to the development of a microcrack network that is initiated
during firing and extended during subsequent thermal cycling. The use of partially stabilized material as the electrolyte in laboratory oxygen concentration cells demonstrated that a stable and reproducible emf output could be obtained. Subsequently, field trials showed that this particular material
could be used successfully in commercial oxygen probe assemblies to reduce the scatter in the signal output to 2.9 mv. This performance exceeded the original design requirements for a standard deviation of not greater than 8 mv in a one-volt signal.
Technical review of ore dressing investigations of canadian titaniferous ores conducted at CANMETfrom 1950 to 1975
Authors: Raicevic D
Published: April 2018

This report gives summaries of investigations related to the mineralogy and concentration of ores and sands from Canadian titaniferous deposits, conducted at the Mines Branch (presently CANMET) between 1950 and 1975. The mineralogy of each ore sample received and
the mineral dressing methods applied for preparation of a separate iron concentrate, a separate titanium concentrate, or a combined iron-titanium concentrate suitahle for production of iron and titania slag, are outlined in general terms. Only a summary of the results from each investigation is
recorded because details of the mineralogy, the methods applied and the results obtained can be found in the individual reports of the original investigations.*** The possibility of bringing some of the more promising titaniferous deposits into production is also
discussed.
SY-2, SY-3 and MRG-1 Report on the collaborative analysis of three canadian rock samples for use as certified reference materials - supplement 1
Authors: Abbey S
Published: April 2018

Additional data received since the original report, MRP/MSL 75-132(TR), was prepared, are presented. New recommended values are assigned to several constituents.
Antimony-arsenic ore CD-1 - a certified reference material
Authors: Faye G H , Bowman W S , Sutarno R
Published: April 2018

As a facet of the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project, an antimony ore, CD-1, has been prepared as a compositional reference material. Approximately 270 kg ofraw ore was dry-ground to minus 74pm, blended, tested for homogeneity by X-ray fluorescence
and chemical methods, and bottled in 200-g units. In a "free-choice" program for the certification of CD-1, 20 laboratories provided analytical results for antimony and arsenic on each of two bottles of the ore. A statistical treatment of the data yielded recommended values for the two constituents
which are: antimony - 3.57% and arsenic - 0.66%. Although CD-1 should be protected from unnecessary exposure to air, its overall bulk composition is not expected to change significantly through oxidation of sulphides during its expected lifetime of 5-10 years.
Ceramic clays and shales of the Atlantic provinces
Authors: Bell K E , Brady J G , Zemgals L K
Published: April 2018

The work reported forms part of the Mineral Resource Determination Activity of the EMR Minerals Program. Previous reports have dealt with the clays and shales of British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. The results constitute a contribution to the knowledge base
necessary to ensure the orderly and efficient development of the ceramic industry in Canada, particularly in the clay products field. Twenty-nine samples, representative of a variety of typical clays and shales indigenous to the region, were examined to determine their composition and salient
ceramic properties. In addition, the forming and firing characteristics of ten of the samples were studied in considerable detail. The results made it possible to evaluate suitability of the material for manufacturing ceramics, to determine processing problems that might be expected, and to make
assumptions as to the most likely geological formations containing the best quality of ceramic material. High-quality china clays, or kaolins, and ball clays are not found in the region. Two well-known deposits of kaolinitic material are classified as fire clays, owing to contamination with quartz,
iron-bearing minerals and other impurities: although selected seams appear to meet requirements for medium-duty fireclay brick, the deposits as a whole are suitable only for low-duty application. Good-quality red-firing shales are abundant throughout the region, particularly where associated with
formations of Carboniferous age. These shales are notable for their substantial kaolin content,which imparts increased refractoriness and a wide firing range suitable for dense wares such as good-quality structural clay products and vitrified earthenware Pottery. The surface clays of the region are
usually common, heterogenous, red-firing materials, with the expected low fusion temperatures and short firing ranges. Those that owe their origin to nearby bedrock shales may be suitable for use in the manufacture of porous products such as partition tiles, flower pots or lowgrade earthenware, but
they find their most useful application in mixtures with other material - shales or fire clays - where the better features of one material compensate for the shortcomings of another.
Tantalum and niobium ore dressing investigations at CANMET
Authors: Raicevic D , Noblitt H L
Published: April 2018

Tantalum and niobium have become important metals with a variety of metallurgical uses. They are in short supply on a world basis and as demand is certain to increase, it is in Canada's interest to search for and develop additional resources. The purpose of the
present report is to encourage this. It describes the properties, uses and resources, both domestic and global, and gives production and consumption statistics for both metals. Tantalum is being mined in Canada only in low-grade pegmatite ores containing less than 0.2% Ta205 at Bernie Lake,
Manitoba, and is recovered by gravity concentration followed by flotation of sulphide minerals from the tantalum concentrate when a larger than normal amount of these minerals occur in the concentrate. The tantalum concentrate produced has 50% Ta2 05 grade with 65 to 75% tantalum recovery
depending on the degree of dissemination of the tantalum-bearing minerals (tantalite or wodginite,microlite and tapiolite) in the ore. The other known deposits have so far not been thoroughly explored. As for niobium, present production is by flotation from carboniatite ores containing 0.76%
Nb2O5 at St-Honoré, Québec. A deposit grading 0.5% Nb2O5 was worked at Oka, Québec between 1961 and 1976, where extensive reserves of a lower grade still exist on the original and neighbouring properties and production may resume depending on economic conditions. Another major
deposit where the grade is 0.52% Nb2 05 awaits development near Moosonee, Ontario, but improved processes with recoveries greater than 70% as at present will likely be required before new plants are built. Information on the mineralogy of the ores and their amenability to beneficiation is
intended to facilitate the evaluation of potential resources and direct future ore dressing investigations to achieve better recovery at lower cost. The report has two appendices consisting of brief reviews of ore dressing investigations related to the mineralogy and concentration of Canadian ores
conducted at CANMET; it also covers research on foreign niobium ores considered to be of interest in treating domestic ores. The summaries consist of brief descriptions of the mineralogy and analyses of the ore samples tested, state the purpose of each investigation, the methods of concentration,
results obtained, and conclusions. They also offer recommendations for future action.
Uranium ore BL-5 = a certified reference material
Authors: Faye G H , Bowman W S , Sutarno R
Published: April 2018

As a facet of the Canadian Certified Reference Materials Project, a uranium ore, BL-5, has been prepared as a compositional reference material. Approximately 370 kg of raw ore was dry-ground to minus 74 pm, blended, tested for homogeneity by X-ray fluorescence
and chemical methods, and bottled in 200-g units. In a "free-choice" program for certification of DL-5, 27 laboratories provided analytical results for uranium on each of two bottles of the ore. A statistical treatment of the data yielded a consensus value of 7.09 ± 0.03%. Information was
also obtained on the state of radioactive equilibrium of BL-5 and its Ra-226, Pb-210 and Th-230 content.
Flotation techniques for producing high-recovery bulk Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag concentrate from a New Brunswick massive sulphide ore
Authors: Stemerowicz A I , Leigh G W
Published: April 2018

New Brunswick has the largest ore reserves of lead, zinc and silver in Canada but has been unable to fully utilize them because of difficulty in concentrating the massive, very fine-grained sulphides. So far, the mines have not been able to produce marketable
grades of copper, lead and zinc concentrates by selective flotation without compromising recovery which is currently only 70-80% for zinc, 50-60% for lead and 40-60% for copper. In 1975, CANMET initiated a research program aimed at increasing recovery. The scheme believed to offer the
greatest potential was to produce a bulk concentrate containing all the valuable minerals and then treating this hydrometallurgically to recover the metals. An important inducement to carrying out this research was that bulk flotation could be applied to the large reserves of lowergrade,
finer-grained ores in the province which had not been exploited because they were not amenable to conventional concentration and extraction methods. One of the ores was subjected to a comprehensive investigation to develop a flotation technique for producing a bulk concentrate having a target grade
of 30% zinc with optimum recovery of zinc, lead, copper and silver. The best results were achieved by floating separate lead and zinc concentrates and then combining them to produce the desired grade of bulk concentrate. On feed assaying 8.73% zinc, 3.95% lead, 0.24% copper and 87.8
g/t silver, a bulk concentrate was produced grading 30.0% zinc, 10.75% lead, 0.68% copper and 246.9 g/t silver with recoveries of 95.3, 86.6, 76.7 and 84.6% respectively. Bulk or collective flotation of the valuable minerals into a single concentrate was not as effective. For a
similar concentrate grade, recoveries were lower by 2 to 4%. It was established that a grind of 77.5% minus 25 pm was adequate to assure optimum recovery. At this grind most of the tailing losses were sustained in the minus 4.7-pm slime fraction which can only be partially reCovered by.
flotation. Further improvement will therefore dePend on the developmént of a concentration method for slimed sulphides.
A comparative study of lightweight aggregates in structural concrete
Authors: Wilson H S
Published: April 2018

A study was made of the physical properties of five lightweight aggregates produced commercially in Canada from clays and shales, and of the properties of structural concretes incorporating these lightweight aggregates. The concretes were proportioned on the
basis of three compressive strengths. The specimens were prepared, cured and tested in accordance with ASTM specifications. The unit weights of the lightweight aggregates were between 636 and 952 kg/m3 ; one had a unit weight higher than the 880 kg/m3 permitted by ASTM. The 24-h absorptions were
between 5.1 and 15.7%. The densities of the concretes were between 1778 and 2035 kg/m3 , and the compressive strengths between 19.1 and 43.1 MPa. Using the boiling water method of accelerated curing resulted in average compressive strengths of 56, 61 and 71% of the 28-day compressive
strengths for the three levels of strength. The splittingtensile strengths were between 7 and 13% of the 28-day compressive strengths, and the flexural strengths were between 15 and 22% of the 28-day compressive strengths. The static moduli of elasticity were between 1.62 and 2.31 x 104 MPa.
The specific creeps were between 1.66 and 5.00 mm/mm/MPa and the thermal conductivities between 0.68 and 0.77 W/m°C at ambient temperatures increasing 13 to 34% at about 300°C. All the concretes except one low-strength composition appeared to resist structural damage during freeze-thaw
testing, but most exhibited some pop-outs of surface aggregates.
Zinc concentrate CZN-1 - a certified reference material
Authors: Faye G H , Bowman W S , Sutarno R
Published: April 2018

A 300-kg sample of a zinc (flotation) concentrate, CZN-1, from Kimberley, British Columbia, has been prepared as a compositional reference material. CZN-1 was ground to minus 74 pm, mixed in one lot, tested for homogeneity by X-ray and chemical methods and
bottled in 200-g units. In a "free-choice" analytical program, 30 laboratories contributed results for one or more of 21 elements in each of two bottles of CZN-1. Based on a statistical analysis of the data, recommended values have been assigned for: Ag, Al203, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, S, Sb and
Zn. Also, non-certified values have been determined for: Au, Bi, CaO, In, MgO, Se, Si02 and Sn.