bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radioimmunoimaging and targeting treatment in an immunocompetent murine model of triple‐negative breast cancer using radiolabeled anti–programmed death‐ligand 1 monoclonal antibody
Authors: Pang Xiaoxi , Liu Meng , Wang Rongfu , Liao Xuhe , Yan Ping , Zhang Chunli
Published: June 2018

The overall aim of this study was to evaluate whether iodine‐131 radiolabeled monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) can be used for imaging of PD‐L1 expression noninvasively in vivo and playing synergistic effect combined with immunotherapy. Anti‐PD‐L1 mAb was radiolabeled with iodine‐131 (131I‐PD‐L1 mAb) and was characterized in vitro. Biodistribution and imaging in vivo were performed periodically. Therapy study was conducted in triple‐negative breast cancer–bearing BALB/c mice. As results, the labeling efficiencies of 131I‐PD‐L1 mAb reached 80% ± 3%, with radiochemical purity of 97% ± 1%. 131I‐PD‐L1 mAb preserved the capacity to bind living PD‐L1‐expressing cells specifically in vitro. Tumor radioactivity uptake of 131I‐PD‐L1 mAb was significantly higher than that of control groups. The xenografts were clearly imaged from 48 to 72 hours noninvasively after injection of 131I‐PD‐L1 mAb, while the xenografts were not imaged in control groups. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited, and median survival time was remarkably prolonged in combination therapy group compared with control groups. It was concluded that 131I‐PD‐L1 mAb can be a potential theranostic candidate for visualizing of PD‐L1 expression noninvasively and performing synergistic therapy in carcinomas.
Beyond ribbon cutting: Lessons from Russian manufacturers on the nuances of opening ceremonies
Authors: Gurkov Igor , Kokorina Alexandra , Saidov Zokirzhon
Published: June 2018

Opening ceremonies for new manufacturing plants are commonplace and yet, they are surprisingly under‐documented. Although these ceremonies may, at first glance, appear to simply serve as celebrations to mark the successful completion of an industrial project, they are based on symbolic actions, and usually very well planned and executed. Consequently, their underlying meaning is more complex. A study of the opening ceremonies of 56 manufacturing facilities in Russia by foreign multinationals shows that opening ceremonies also serve to demonstrate mutual acceptance of the differing motives of both the foreign investors and the local authorities for building the plant. The analysis points to recommendations regarding the timing and design of the ceremonies, as well as participants’ behavior, that can ensure that such events contribute to the attainment of organizational goals.
Trading in fine wine: Institutionalized efficiency in the Place de Bordeaux system
Authors: Ouvrard Stéphane , Taplin Ian Malcolm
Published: June 2018

Under the centuries‐old Place de Bordeaux system for selling the finest wines, winemakers do not sell directly to final consumers or to distributors. Rather, they rely on expert brokers to negotiate with merchants who have a strong knowledge of international markets. Modified in the 1980s with a process to encourage advance sales of wines still in the barrel, this complex arrangement appears decidedly out of step with growing international demand for Bordeaux wine and trends toward direct consumer contact. Yet, interviews with winemakers, brokers, and merchants reveal that wineries remain reluctant to change despite the possibility of increased profits. Respect for tradition, the bonds of trust nurtured over time, and the legitimacy of the Place de Bordeaux—coupled with the fear of not being allowed to re‐enter the market should an experiment with independence fail—continues to lead the region's wine professionals to adhere to the status quo. Assuming a cultural and normative identity that transcends its various components, the market confers intangible benefits to those who take part in it, discouraging their exit.
Description and Preliminary Outcomes of an In Vivo Exposure Group Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Porter Eliora , Romero Erin G. , Barone Melissa D.
Published: June 2018

Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is traditionally delivered individually to patients. To engage more veterans in care, an in vivo exposure group treatment was developed in an urban VA medical center. This treatment represented a modification of the in vivo exposure portion of PE, with the addition of in‐session, therapist‐assisted in vivo exposures. Here, we describe this 12‐week treatment and present preliminary outcome data. Demographics and pre‐ and posttreatment scores on the PTSD Checklist–Specific (PCL‐S) and Beck Depression Inventory–II (BDI‐II) were extracted from a program evaluation database. The sample included veterans with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) who participated in the in vivo exposure group between October 2010 and March 2014 and had available treatment outcome data (N = 43). The majority of participants in the sample were male (n = 41, 95.3%) and Black (n = 34, 79.1%). Participation in the in vivo group was associated with a significant decrease in PCL‐S scores, with a medium‐large effect size, t(42) = 5.35, p < .001, d = 0.73, and a significant decrease in BDI‐II scores, with a small effect size, t(38) = 2.55, p = .015, d = 0.23. Previous participation in an evidenced‐based treatment (EBT) was not associated with symptom change following the in vivo group. Findings suggest that in vivo exposure group therapy constitutes a promising intervention for individuals who decline EBTs or remain symptomatic after completing an EBT for PTSD. Further study of this treatment using a randomized controlled trial design is warranted.
Acceptance of bats to gates at abandoned mines
Authors: Tobin Abigail , Corbett R. J. M. , Walker Faith M. , Chambers Carol L.
Published: June 2018

Caves and abandoned mines provide roosting habitat for bat species that depend on subterranean conditions. Disturbances at caves (e.g., commercial development, recreation) limit their availability to bats, in some cases shifting use to abandoned mines. However, abandoned mines pose public safety hazards and often are gated to reduce risk to humans while maintaining access to bats. To date there is limited information on species‐specific acceptance of gates at abandoned mines. We designed our research objectives to determine short‐term (1 week) behavioral responses of bats to gating, including gate material and height above ground, mid‐term (<1 yr) changes in bat use before and after gate installation, and long‐term changes (≥4 yrs) in use and factors influencing species presence. We used an in situ mock gate experiment, comparison of bat use before and after gating, and genetic identification of guano in gated mines for our short‐, mid‐, and long‐term studies, respectively. In our short‐term study, bats increased energetically demanding behaviors following gate installation. Although we detected no difference in responses to gate material or height, a less maneuverable bat species circled, collided, and landed more frequently on gates than did an agile species. In the mid‐term study, activity remained stable or increased at 73% of mines after gating compared to before gating, although number of maternity colonies decreased. In the long‐term study, elevation, portal area, number of mine levels, and entrances were more important than gates in predicting presence of 4 bat species, including 2 subterranean obligates. Species‐specific responses to gates appeared based on morphology and vocalization characteristics. Responses to gates shifted from negative in our short‐term study to positive in our long‐term study. Gate age and mine characteristics were more important predictors of use for most species than gate design. Although the complexity of subterranean habitats makes them difficult to replicate and many factors may influence how bats use this habitat, gates designed for bats (bat‐compatible) appear effective for many species. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.
Natural Abundance Carbon Isotopic Analysis Indicates the Equal Contribution of Local Synthesis and Plasma Uptake to Palmitate Levels in the Mouse Brain
Authors: Lacombe R. J. Scott , Giuliano Vanessa , Chouinard‐Watkins Raphaël , Bazinet Richard P.
Published: June 2018

Saturated fatty acids are the most abundant fatty acids in the brain, however, there has been some debate regarding the ability of intact dietary saturated fatty acids to be incorporated into the brain. In the present study, we use compound specific isotope analysis to measure the natural abundance carbon isotopic signature of brain, liver, and blood palmitic acid (PAM) and compare it to the dietary PAM and sugar isotopic signatures to calculate the relative contribution of both the incorporation of intact and endogenously synthesized PAM to these pools. Mice were equilibrated to the study diet, and extracted fatty acids were analyzed with gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the carbon isotopic signature of PAM (δ13CPAM). Liver, serum total, and serum unesterified fatty acid δ13CPAM ranged between −20.6 and −21.1 mUr and were approximately 8.5 mUr more enriched in 13C when compared to the dietary PAM signature. Brain δ13CPAM was found to be more enriched than liver or blood pools (−16.7 ± 0.2 mUr, mean ± SD). Two end‐member‐mixed modeling using the carbon isotopic signature of dietary PAM and dietary sugars determined the contribution of synthesis to the total tissue PAM pool to range between 44% and 48%. This suggests that endogenous synthesis and dietary PAM are near equal contributors to brain, liver, and blood PAM pools. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that brain PAM levels are maintained by both local endogenous synthesis and through the uptake of intact PAM from the blood.
Reflux Precipitation Polymerization: A New Platform for the Preparation of Uniform Polymeric Nanogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Fan Mingliang , Wang Fang , Wang Changchun
Published: June 2018

Reflux precipitation polymerization (RPP) represents an effective approach that enables to prepare various types of polymeric nanogels with precise control over the morphology and structure. Owing to facile loading or modification by a variety of functional moieties, rationally designed nanogels pose the possibility to attain a platform for tailoring functional properties that could be widely used for various biomedical applications, such as multifunctional drug delivery, enrichment of functional peptides, separation of specific proteins, as well as detection of circulating tumor cells. This feature article highlights RPP as a promising polymerization strategy that provides access to facile generation of modular nanostructures or multifunctional properties in a diverse range of biomedical applications, proving that RPP has great potential to become one of the most attractive polymerization techniques in polymer chemistry.
CO2‐Breathing Polymer Assemblies via One‐Pot Sequential RAFT Dispersion Polymerization
Authors: Zeng Min , Huo Meng , Feng Yujun , Yuan Jinying
Published: June 2018

ABC triblock copolymer assemblies with reversible “breathing” behaviors based on poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate]‐b‐poly(benzyl methacrylate)‐b‐poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (POEGMA‐b‐PBnMA‐b‐PDEA) are fabricated via one‐pot sequential reverisble addition‐fragmentation chain transfer dispersion polymerization. Using a POEGMA as the macromolecular chain transfer agent, chain extension with BnMA and DEA is conducted in ethanol, where PBnMA acts as the core‐forming block, and the PDEA block endows the solvophilicity and CO2‐responsiveness. With the increment of the DP of PBnMA, the morphology of the assemblies evolves from spheres to worms, and to vesicles, while it degenerates from conglutinated vesicles to spheres as the DP of PDEA increases. After replacing ethanol with water, the morphologies of these assemblies remain unchanged, while their size decreases due to the collapse of the hydrophobic PDEA chains. Interestingly, due to the protonation and deprotonation of PDEA blocks, both the spheres and vesicles manifest a reversible expansion/shrinkage upon alternative CO2/Ar stimulation, exhibiting distinctive breathing feature.
An exploratory study of ownership and governance interrelationships in traditional and hybrid farmer cooperatives
Authors: Grashuis Jasper
Published: June 2018

By conceptualizing farmer cooperatives as systems of attributes, this paper explores possible combinations and complementarities between ownership and governance characteristics to inform common responses to increases in member heterogeneity and industry competition. With an empirical study of survey data from U.S. farmer cooperatives, a strong general complementarity is found between the pursuit of investor‐oriented objectives and the delegation of control to decision specialists with specific knowledge. The novel result indicates many farmer cooperatives make sacrifices in user ownership and user control, which in theory improves competitiveness but also further complicates the conceptualization of cooperative performance, survival, and longevity.
The impact of implementing a fall prevention educational session for community‐dwelling physical therapy patients
Authors: Ott Lynda Dee
Published: June 2018

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a fall prevention educational session on fall risk knowledge, use of fall prevention interventions and the number of falls in community‐dwelling older persons attending physical therapy.

Design

This pilot study used a mixed method design consisting of a quantitative pretest–posttest quasi‐experimental design followed by a qualitative interview.

Method

An educational intervention was given with pre‐ and posttest questionnaires to determine the outcome measures of: (a) fall risk knowledge; (b) number of participants implementing fall prevention techniques; and (c) the number of falls sustained for 60 days post the educational sessions. The Health Belief Model served as the theoretical underpinnings for development and presentation of two educational sessions.

Results

Eight of 20 participants completed the fall prevention educational sessions and subsequent evaluation. An increase in fall risk knowledge (p = 0.031) and implementation of fall prevention techniques was noted. One fall was sustained 60 days after therapy discharge.
Memory of Chirality as a Prominent Pathway for the Synthesis of Natural Products through Chiral Intermediates
Authors: Hardwick Tomas , Ahmed Nisar
Published: June 2018

The ability of a chiral molecule to be able to transform from one structure to another, whilst remembering its original molecular information by means of an appropriate transition state is an abstract notion that may very well play a key role in important synthetic processes, and has thus attracted a considerable amount of attention among the chemistry community. Here, we have highlighted this concept of “memory of chirality” (MOC) and extended it beyond the case of a simple molecule to larger and more complex natural products. Updated approaches that have recently been elucidated to obtain these asymmetric natural products are described, some of which may, until now, have been overcomplicated or overlooked.
Association of plasma nitrite levels with obesity and metabolic syndrome in the Old Order Amish
Authors: Akram F. , Fuchs D. , Daue M. , Nijjar G. , Ryan A. , Benros M. E. , Okusaga O. , Baca‐Garcia E. , Brenner L. A. , Lowry C. A. , Ryan K. A. , Pavlovich M. , Mitchell B. D. , Snitker S. , Postolache T. T.
Published: June 2018

Objectives

Plasma nitrite is a metabolite of nitric oxide and reflects endogenous nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. Although plasma nitrites were previously linked with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), the direction of association remains inconsistent, possibly due to sample heterogeneity. In a relatively homogeneous population, we hypothesized that nitrite levels will be positively associated with overweight/obesity and MetS.

Methods

Fasting nitrite levels were measured in 116 Old Order Amish (78% women). We performed age‐and‐sex‐adjusted ancovas to compare nitrite levels between three groups (a) overweight/obese(−)MetS(−), (b) overweight/obese(+)MetS(−) and (c) overweight/obese(+)MetS)(+). Multivariate linear regressions were conducted on nitrite associations with continuous metabolic variables, with successive adjustments for demographics, body mass index, C‐reactive protein and neopterin.

Results

Nitrite levels were higher in the obese/overweight(+)MetS(+) group than in the other two groups (p < 0.001). Nitrites were positively associated with levels of triglycerides (p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (p = 0.048), high‐density lipoprotein/cholesterol ratio (p < 0.0001) and fasting glucose (p < 0.0001), and negatively correlated with high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p < 0.0001). These associations were robust to adjustments for body mass index and inflammatory markers.

Conclusion

Further investigation of the connection between obesity/MetS and plasma nitrite levels may lead to novel dietary and pharmacological approaches that ultimately may contribute to reducing the increasing burden of obesity, MetS and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Proposal for standardized prenatal ultrasound assessment of the fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia by the European reference network on rare inherited and congenital anomalies (ERNICA)
Authors: Russo Francesca Maria , Cordier Anne‐Gael , De Catte Luc , Saada Julien , Benachi Alexandra , Deprest Jan ,   on behalf of the Workstream Prenatal Management, ERNICA European reference network
Published: June 2018

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a rare disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. Antenatal ultrasound screening identifies more than 70% of cases, providing the opportunity for in utero referral to a tertiary care center for expert assessment and perinatal management. Additional genetic and morphologic assessment may be used to rule out associated anomalies. In isolated cases, the outcome may be predicted prenatally by medical imaging. The combination of lung size and liver herniation is a widely accepted method to stratify fetuses into groups with an increasing degree of pulmonary hypoplasia and corresponding mortality rates. Ultrasound measurement of the observed to expected lung‐to‐head ratio (o/e LHR) is most widely used. The o/e LHR is an independent predictor of survival and short‐term morbidity. Finally, evaluation of stomach position has recently been introduced as an indirect method to estimate severity of the disease in left‐sided defects, as it has been shown to correlate with the proportion of intrathoracic liver. Herein, we propose a protocol for the standardized ultrasound assessment of fetuses with isolated CDH and individualized prediction of neonatal outcome.
Measurement of the limiting subcell in multijunction space solar devices by restricted‐wavelength‐range illumination
Authors: Arcadi Francesco , Parravicini Jacopo , Campesato Roberta , Casale Mariacristina , Greco Erminio , Binetti Simona
Published: June 2018

During their employment in space applications, InGaP/InGaAs/Ge‐based multijunction solar cells undergo strong particle bombardments that decrease their performances. As InGaP is more resistant to radiation, the whole device is usually designed in “top‐limited” configuration. Then the development of high‐efficiency and reliable devices needs standard techniques for identifying the limiting subcell before and after irradiation. We here present a specific method to determine the limiting subcell and matching current in multijunction solar cell. This approach is based on using simultaneously a solar simulator and a suitable supplemental lamp for illuminating the cell in a restricted wavelength range where the top subcell only responds. The technique is tested on beginning‐of‐life and irradiated 3‐junction InGaP/InGaAs/Ge solar cells, and its reliability is discussed.
Differences in inherited risk among relatives of hereditary prostate cancer patients using genetic risk score
Authors: Helfand Brian T. , Chen Haitao , Fantus Richard J. , Conran Carly A. , Brendler Charles B. , Zheng Siquan Lilly , Walsh Patrick C. , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng
Published: June 2018

Purpose

Family history assigns equivalent risk to all relatives based upon the degree of relationship. Recent genetic studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be used to calculate a genetic risk score (GRS) to determine prostate cancer (PCa) risk. We sought to determine whether GRS can stratify PCa risk among individuals in families considered to be at higher risk due their family history of PCa.

Materials and Methods

Family members with hereditary PCa were recruited and genotyped for 17 SNPs associated with PCa. A GRS was calculated for all subjects. Analyses compared the distribution of GRS values among affected and unaffected family members of varying relationship degrees.

Results

Data was available for 789 family members of probands including 552 affected and 237 unaffected relatives. Median GRSs were higher among first‐degree relatives compared to second‐ and third‐degree relatives. In addition, GRS values among affected first‐ and second‐degree relatives were significantly higher than unaffected relatives (P = 0.042 and P = 0.016, respectively). Multivariate analysis including GRS and degree of relationship demonstrated that GRS was a significant and independent predictor of PCa (OR 1.52, 95%CI 1.15‐2.01).

Conclusion

GRS is an easy‐to‐interpret, objective measure that can be used to assess differences in PCa risk among family members of affected men. GRS allows for further differentiation among family members, providing better risk assessment. While prospective validation studies are required, this information can help guide relatives in regards to the time of initiation and frequency of PCa screening.
The Mechanism of Cyclodehydrofluorination on γ‐Alumina
Authors: Sharapa Dmitry , Steiner Ann‐Kristin , Amsharov Konstantin
Published: June 2018

The cyclodehydrofluorination of fluorinated arenes on the thermally activated γ‐aluminum oxide is found to be very effective for the rational synthesis of nanographenes and related carbon based nanostructures by bottom‐up approach. In this work we performed an extended DFT study of cyclodehydrofluorination which shed light on the mechanism of this important transformation. The fundamental mechanistic insights provide the guidelines for further improvement of the synthesis of well‐defined nanographenes via CF bond activation.
Outstanding Water‐Resistance Pd‐Co Nanoparticles Functionalized Mesoporous Carbon Catalyst for CO Catalytic Oxidation at Room Temperature
Authors: Han Weiliang , Dong Fang , Zhao Haijun , Tang Zhicheng
Published: June 2018

CO complete oxidation at room temperature under moisture has the key difficulty in low loading of noble metal compounds. In this paper, a series of Pd−Co functionalized mesoporous carbon‐based (meso‐C) catalysts were masterly designed, and meso‐C support was prepared by the hard template method. Pd−Co/meso‐C catalysts exhibited the high catalytic activity of CO oxidation, the superior Pd−Co/meso‐C catalyst showed excellent water‐resistance, which could maintain 100% conversion beyond 200 h at room temperature. Through a series of characterizations, the superior Pd−Co/meso‐C catalyst possessed higher activity due to smaller cobaltosic oxide (Co3O4) particle size, excellent reducibility, abundant surface active oxygen species, higher tetravalent Pd content, etc. Therefore, it was concluded that the reaction mechanism of CO oxidation on Pd−Co/meso‐C followed the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood + Redox mechanism according to above characterization and activity results. The deactivation of noble metal catalyst was reasonably solved by controlling the dispersion and particle size of Pd−Co.
A Multi‐Responsive Cd–Viologen Complex: Photochromism, Photomodulated Fluorescence, and Luminescent Sensing
Authors: Qiu Xing‐Tai , Shi Qing , Zhang De‐Quan , Lin Qing‐Feng , Sun Yan‐Qiong
Published: June 2018

By incorporating a viologen moiety into a framework, a multiresponsive 2D bilayered luminescent Cd–viologen complex {[Cd1.5(Cebpy)(Hbtc)Cl]⋅H2O}n, (1, Cebpy=1‐carboxyethyl‐4, 4’‐bipyridine, H3Hbtc=1, 3, 5‐benzenetricarboxylic acid) has been synthesized. The reversible photochromism from light brown to dark bluish‐grey is implemented due to the favourable spatial stack of the electron donor and acceptor. The photochromic component of the organic linkers can modulate the luminescence of compound 1 under irradiation by using a Xenon lamp. At the same time, compound 1 shows a good potential in luminescent sensing for colored transition metal cations. Thus, multiphotofunctionality, viz. photoluminescence, photochromism as well as the derivate fluorescent responses to irradiation and colored transition metal cations have been combined in the Cd–viologen complex 1, which is the first example in the Cd–viologen‐based photochromic hybrid materials.
Charge Transport in Novel Phenazine Fused Triphenylene Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Gowda Ashwathanarayana , Jacob Litwin , Singh Dharmendra P. , Douali Redouane , Kumar Sandeep
Published: June 2018

Novel phenazine–fused triphenylene discotic liquid crystals (DLCs) tethered with alkanethiols and alkoxy chains are synthesized. The condensation of 4,5‐dibromobenzene‐1,2‐diamine with triphenylene‐1,2‐diquinone discotic core, followed by the reaction with alkanethiols gives heterocyclic phenazine–fused triphenylene based DLCs. The intermediate dibromo–substituted phenazine and final alkanethiol substituted phenazine–fused triphenylene derivatives exhibit a wide range of stable enantiotropic hexagonal columnar phase, which was characterised by polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies. We have also investigated the photophysical properties of all phenazine compounds using dilute solution of anhydrous chloroform. The charge carrier mobility was measured for one representative compound by time of flight method which revealed that phenazine–fused triphenylene discotic mesogen exhibits p‐type (hole) mobility of the order of 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. The novel mesogens reported here present a wide temperature stability with good charge mobility and optical properties. These mesogens have shown potential applications for solar cells, sensors, organic light emitting diodes and other electro‐optical device applications.
Small Structural Changes at the N‐position of the Tropane Core Control the Mechanism of Nortropane Derivatives Binding to Dopamine Transporter
Authors: Kukk Siim , Järv Jaak
Published: June 2018

A series of N‐substituted tropane derivatives were synthesized and their interactions with the dopamine transporter were analyzed using kinetic methods. This series was designed to distinct the structural features that induce the change in the binding mechanism, in which some compounds form an isomerized complex with the protein. The main structural features determining the kinetic and equilibrium characteristics of the ligands are discussed.
Guanidine‐Containing Phenyl‐Pyrrole Compounds as Probes for Generating HIV Entry Inhibitors Targeted to gp120
Authors: Belov Dmitry S. , Curreli Francesca , Kurkin Alexander V. , Altieri Andrea , Debnath Asim K.
Published: June 2018

Asp368 in the HIV‐1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 plays a critical role in binding to the Arg59 of the primary cellular receptor CD4 through forming a salt‐bridge to initiate HIV‐1 entry and infection. The molecules capable of interfering with the entry of virus to host cells are termed HIV‐1 entry/attachment inhibitors. Earlier, we designed N‐(2‐amino‐1‐(5‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)ethyl)‐5‐(4‐chloro‐3‐fluorophenyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxamide series compounds as entry inhibitors targeted to HIV‐1 gp120. Here, we report the incorporation of guanidine moiety to replace free amine in some of those HIV‐1 entry inhibitors. Guanidine group is expected to simulate Arg59 and interact with Asp368 of the gp120 to form salt‐bridge and thus blocking the binding of HIV‐1 with the cell receptor CD4. The resulting compounds were tested against Env‐pseudotyped HIV‐1, and few of them showed low μM inhibition. The guanidines also showed higher aqueous solubility than compounds with a free amine. One of the guanidines, N‐(2‐(2‐guanidinoacetamido)‐1‐(4‐(hydroxymethyl)thiazol‐2‐yl)ethyl)‐5‐(4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxamide (10), is expected to be a lead for further optimization.
Theoretical Studies on the Fixation of CO2 with Propylene Oxide Catalyzed by Squaramide/TEAB
Authors: Hu Xiao , Wang Ping , Liu Wei , Wang Yong
Published: June 2018

The chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO2) with propylene oxide catalyzed by a binary squaramide/TEAB catalyst, leading to a five‐membered cyclic propylene carbonate, has been fully investigated by density functional theory (DFT). Our results reveal that the overall reaction involves three elementary steps: the epoxide ring opening, CO2 electrophilic attack, and intramolecular cyclization. The rate‐determining step of the catalytic reaction is found to be the ring‐opening step with an energy barrier of 28.4 kcal/mol in mesitylene solvent, which is kinetically more favourable than that of non‐catalytic CO2 fixation with a relatively higher barrier of 68.8 kcal/mol. The remarkable catalytic activity originates from the stabilization effect of squaramide on the oxyanionic transition states with multiple hydrogen bonding.
Goal Setting in Reading
Authors: Schramer Natalie
Published: June 2018

Voices From the Classroom essays share readers’ reflections on teaching experiences, advice for new teachers, and perspectives on current issues.
Holographic four-point functions in the (2, 0) theory
Authors: Rastelli Leonardo , Zhou Xinan
Published: June 2018

Abstract

We revisit the calculation of holographic correlators for eleven-dimensional supergravity on AdS
7 × S
4. Our methods rely entirely on symmetry and eschew detailed knowledge of the supergravity effective action. By an extension of the position space approach developed in [1, 2] for the AdS
5 × S
5 background, we compute four-point correlators of one-half BPS operators for identical weights k = 2, 3, 4. The k = 2 case corresponds to the four-point function of the stress-tensor multiplet, which was already known, while the other two cases are new. We also translate the problem in Mellin space, where the solution of the superconformal Ward identity takes a surprisingly simple form. We formulate an algebraic problem, whose (conjecturally unique) solution corresponds to the general one-half BPS four-point function.
Respiratory Complications After Colorectal Surgery: Avoidable or Fate?
Authors: Jurt Jonas , Hübner Martin , Pache Basile , Hahnloser Dieter , Demartines Nicolas , Grass Fabian
Published: June 2018

Background

The prevention of post‐operative pulmonary complications (PPC) is targeted by several enhanced recovery (ERAS) items including early mobilisation, prevention of fluid overload and omission of routine nasogastric tubes. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of ERAS on PPC.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of an institutional database including consecutive colorectal ERAS procedures from May 2011 until May 2017. Multiple logistic regressions were performed to identify risk factors for PPC among demographic, surgical characteristics and items related to the ERAS protocol.

Results

In total, 1298 patients were included; among them 120 (9.2%) had one or more PPC. Multivariable analysis retained minimally invasive surgery [odds ratio (OR) 0.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15–0.46] and compliance to the ERAS protocol of ≥ 70% (OR 0.53; CI 0.30–0.94) as protective factors. Emergency surgery (OR 2.70; CI 1.20–6.01), blood loss of ≥ 200 mL (OR 2.06; CI 1.20–3.53) and ASA score of ≥ 3 (OR 2.00; CI 1.12–3.57) were independent risk factors. Median length of hospital stay was significantly longer in patients who experienced respiratory complications (21 [4–183] vs. 6 [1–95] days, p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions

Minimally invasive surgery and high compliance with the ERAS protocol can help to prevent PPC.
Disparid and hybocrinid crinoids (Echinodermata) from the Upper Ordovician (lower Katian) Brechin Lagerstätte of Ontario
Authors: Ausich William I. , Wright David F. , Cole Selina R. , Koniecki Joseph M.
Published: June 2018

The Brechin Lagerstätte (Katian, Ordovician) from the Lake Simcoe region of Ontario, Canada contains a diverse array of echinoderms. Here, we describe seven disparid and two hybocrinid crinoids (subclass Pentacrinoidea, infraclass Inadunata), including a new disparid species belonging to the Anomalocrinidae (order Homocrinida). In total, the disparids include Anomalocrinus astrictus n. sp.; Cremacrinus guttenbergensis Kolata, 1975; C. inaequalis Billings, 1859; Daedalocrinus bellevillensis Billings, 1883; Eustenocrinus springeri Ulrich, 1925; Iocrinus trentonensis Walcott, 1883; and Isotomocrinus tenuis Billings, 1857b. The hybocrinids include Hybocrinus tumidus Billings, 1857a and Hybocystites problematicus Wetherby, 1880. Previously known from only the holotype, three additional specimens of E. springeri expand our understanding of this unusual crinoid. Nomenclatural acts include: (1) the recommended designation of D. kirki Ulrich, 1925 as a junior synonym of D. bellevillensis is followed; (2) Hybocrinus pristinus Billings, 1858 is designated as a junior synonym of H. tumidus, and previous decisions are followed to retain Hybocystites eldonensis (Parks, 1908) as a junior synonym of H. problematicus; (3) although probably assignable to Anomalocrinus Meek and Worthen, 1865, the aberrant crinoid Glaucocrinus falconeri Parks and Alcock, 1912, and its genus Glaucocrinus Parks and Alcock, 1912, are designated as nomena dubia; (4) Iocrinus similis (Billings, 1857) is also designated as a nomen dubium; and (5) Iocrinus subcrassus torontoensis Fritz, 1925 is designated a junior synonym of I. subcrassus Meek and Worthen, 1865.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/90f8580b-ed7e-4405-97b2-73c9069de7f5
A new, diminutive species ofCatopsalis(Mammalia, Multituberculata, Taeniolabidoidea) from the early Paleocene of southwestern Alberta, Canada
Authors: Scott Craig S. , Weil Anne , Theodor Jessica M.
Published: June 2018

Multituberculates were among the most taxonomically diverse mammals of the early Paleocene, having survived the catastrophic Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and radiating soon thereafter. Although their evolution during the early Paleocene saw the advent of increasingly specialized dentitions, multituberculates generally remained small, rarely exceeding body sizes greater than those of extant rabbits. A conspicuous exception is the Taeniolabidoidea, a primarily North American clade whose members include the largest multituberculates yet discovered. Taeniolabidoidea includes several genera, with one of these,Catopsalis, being speciose and geographically wide ranging. Until recently, the chronological succession ofCatopsalisappeared to document a trend of increasing body size. We report here on a new species ofCatopsalisfrom the early Paleocene of Alberta that violates this trend and suggests that the evolutionary history ofCatopsalisis considerably more complex.Catopsalis kakwanew species is not only the smallest species ofCatopsalis, but is the smallest taeniolabidoid so far discovered, with an estimated body mass between 400 g and 660 g. In contrast to previous studies, we used recently proposed regressions based on lower cheek tooth row length to estimate body masses for North American taeniolabidoids. Our results propose more modest body mass estimates, particularly for the largest taeniolabidoids. The occurrence ofC.kakwan. sp. in the late early Paleocene implies either a significant ghost lineage, or reversal of several characters, including body size, during the latter part of the early Paleocene; the more likely of these scenarios must await a better understanding of the phylogenetic position ofC.kakwan. sp.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/66d85345-49b8-4a46-ba6e-a4d4369cb3e0

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AF7A5659-9068-4F2F-A6EC-5522A2BBA4CB
ON THE GROUP OF SEPARABLE QUADRATIC ALGEBRAS AND STACKS
Authors: PIRASHVILI ILIA
Published: June 2018

The aim of this paper is to study the group of isomorphism classes of torsors of finite flat group schemes of rank 2 over a commutative ring R. This, in particular, generalizes the group of quadratic algebras (free or projective), which is especially well studied. Our approach, however, yields new results even in this case.
On the formation and properties of fluid shocks and collisionless shock waves in astrophysical plasmas
Authors: Bret Antoine , Pe’er Asaf
Published: June 2018

When two plasmas collide, their interaction can be mediated by collisionless plasma instabilities or binary collisions between particles of each shell. By comparing the maximum growth rate of the collisionless instabilities with the collision frequency between particles of the shells, we determine the critical density separating the collisionless formation from the collisional formation of the resulting shock waves. This critical density is also the density beyond which the shock downstream is field free, as plasma instabilities do not have time to develop electromagnetic patterns. We further determine the conditions on the shells initial density and velocity for the downstream to be collisional. If these quantities fulfil the determined conditions, the collisionality of the downstream also prevents the shock from accelerating particles or generating strong magnetic fields. We compare the speed of sound with the relative speed of collision between the two shells, thus determining the portion of the parameter space where strong shock formation is possible for both classical and degenerate plasmas. Finally, we discuss the observational consequences in several astrophysical settings.
Dostoevsky and Education through Punishment
Authors: Barker Chris
Published: June 2018

In an important 1984 paper, “The Moral Education Theory of Punishment,” Jean Hampton argues that the practice of inflicting painful criminal punishments is justified only if punishment is morally educative. Hampton's suggestion forms the point of departure for this article on Dostoevsky'sCrime and Punishment. I show that Dostoevsky agrees with Hampton that punishment should aim at moral reform; however, Dostoevsky presents no evidence that self-punishment or legal punishment reliably cultivates respect for law, legal authority, oneself, or others as moral agents. Instead, Dostoevsky's post-Siberian writings are highly critical of Russian criminal justice, and emphasize that moral education comes through dialogue, reflection, and criticism. This highly individualized treatment may be experienced as painful, but it does not have to result from, and it may even be impeded by, legal “hard treatment.”
Sliding mode collision-free navigation for quadrotors using monocular vision
Authors: Mercado Diego , Castillo Pedro , Lozano Rogelio
Published: June 2018

Safe and accurate navigation for autonomous trajectory tracking of quadrotors using monocular vision is addressed in this paper. A second order Sliding Mode (2-SM) control algorithm is used to track desired trajectories, providing robustness against model uncertainties and external perturbations. The time-scale separation of the translational and rotational dynamics allows to design position controllers by giving a desired reference in roll and pitch angles, which is suitable for practical validation in quad-rotors equipped with an internal attitude controller. A Lyapunov based analysis proved the closed-loop stability of the system despite the presence of unknown external perturbations. Monocular vision fused with inertial measurements are used to estimate the vehicle's pose with respect to unstructured scenes. In addition, the distance to potential collisions is detected and computed using the sparse depth map coming also from the vision algorithm. The proposed strategy is successfully tested in real-time experiments, using a low-cost commercial quadrotor.
Completed tensor products and a global approach to p-adic analytic differential operators
Authors: BODE ANDREAS
Published: June 2018

Ardakov-Wadsley defined the sheaf $\wideparen{\Ncal{D}}$X of p-adic analytic differential operators on a smooth rigid analytic variety by restricting to the case where X is affinoid and the tangent sheaf admits a smooth Lie lattice. We generalise their results by dropping the assumption of a smooth Lie lattice throughout, which allows us to describe the sections of $\wideparen{\Ncal{D}}$ for arbitrary affinoid subdomains and not just on a suitable base of the topology. The structural results concerning $\wideparen{\Ncal{D}}$ and coadmissible $\wideparen{\Ncal{D}}$-modules can then be generalised in a natural way.

The main ingredient for our proofs is a study of completed tensor products over normed K-algebras, for K a discretely valued field of mixed characteristic. Given a normed right module U over a normed K-algebra A, we provide several exactness criteria for the functor $U\widehat{\otimes}_A$ - applied to complexes of strict morphisms, including a necessary and sufficient condition in the case of short exact sequences.
Preface to special issue: ICTAC 2015
Authors: LEUCKER MARTIN , PÉREZ JORGE A. , RUEDA CAMILO , VALENCIA FRANK D.
Published: June 2018

This issue of Mathematical Structures in Computer Science (MSCS) contains a selection of papers presented at the 12th International Colloquium on Theoretical Aspects of Computing (ICTAC 2015), which took place in Cali, Colombia, on October 29–31, 2015.
Drift Analysis and Evolutionary Algorithms Revisited
Authors: LENGLER J. , STEGER A.
Published: June 2018

One of the easiest randomized greedy optimization algorithms is the following evolutionary algorithm which aims at maximizing a functionf: {0,1}n→ ℝ. The algorithm starts with a random search point ξ ∈ {0,1}n, and in each round it flips each bit of ξ with probabilityc/nindependently at random, wherec> 0 is a fixed constant. The thus created offspring ξ' replaces ξ if and only iff(ξ') ≥f(ξ). The analysis of the runtime of this simple algorithm for monotone and for linear functions turned out to be highly non-trivial. In this paper we review known results and provide new and self-contained proofs of partly stronger results.
Introduction
Authors: BALISTER PAUL , BOLLOBÁS BÉLA , LEADER IMRE , MORRIS ROB , RIORDAN OLIVER
Published: June 2018

This special issue is devoted to papers from the meeting on Combinatorics and Probability, held at the Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut in Oberwolfach from the 17th to the 23rd April 2016. The lectures at this meeting focused on the common themes of Combinatorics and Discrete Probability, with many of the problems studied originating in Theoretical Computer Science. The lectures, many of which were given by young participants, stimulated fruitful discussions. The fact that the participants work in different and yet related topics, and the open problems session held during the meeting, encouraged interesting discussions and collaborations.
SPONTANEOUS GROWTH, USE OF REASON, AND CONSTITUTIONAL DESIGN: IS F. A. HAYEK’S SOCIAL THOUGHT CONSISTENT?
Authors: Servant Régis
Published: June 2018

Many commentators have pointed out the presence of a tension, even a contradiction or inconsistency, between two theses advanced by Friedrich Hayek: that the growth of institutions ought to be spontaneous rather than consciously designed, and that the conscious design of a constitution is necessary, so as to secure a desirable social order. Our paper shows via textual analysis that, far from being irreconcilable, these two theses, on the contrary, complement each other.
On keeping cool: The role of inhibition in bilingual word processing
Authors: DECLERCK MATHIEU , MEADE GABRIELA , GRAINGER JONATHAN
Published: June 2018

One of the cool aspects of the original implementation of the BIA model (van Heuven, Dijkstra & Grainger, 1998) was the discovery that inhibitory connections between language nodes and lexical representations was a necessary feature for the model to be able to simulate the target data set at that time. This demonstrates the importance of computational modeling, a key point of the present target article, since inhibitory connections were postulated to occur only between representations at the same level in the conceptual model (Grainger & Dijkstra, 1992). Top-down inhibition was subsequently dropped in the BIA+ model (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002), and the Multilink model of the present target article (Dijkstra, Wahl, Buytenhuijs, van Halem, Al-jibouri, de Korte & Rekké, 2018) goes one step further by removing all kinds of inhibitory connections, both between and within levels. Instead, the authors of the model propose that bilingual language processing relies on bidirectional excitatory connections between representations at different levels. This is curious given that even more evidence has accumulated in favor of inhibition since the original implementation of the BIA model, both between neighboring lexical representations (i.e., lateral inhibition) and from language membership representations (e.g., language nodes and tags) down to lexical representations. In this commentary, we focus on whether the exclusion of these two inhibitory processes is warranted, and how the inclusion of these processes might benefit future developments of the model.
CME: Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz
Authors: Fischli Stefan
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Die Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz (NNR-IS) kann im klinischen Alltag aufgrund der häufig unspezifischen Symptome verpasst werden und ist bei fehlender Behandlung eine potenziell lebensbedrohende Erkrankung. Die Labordiagnostik spielt eine zentrale Rolle, wobei häufig ein ACTH-Stimulationstest zur Sicherung der Diagnose notwendig ist. Die NNR-IS kann je nach Ätiologie in eine primäre (adrenale) oder eine zentrale (hypothalamisch bzw. hypophysäre) Form eingeteilt werden. Die häufigste Ursache einer NNR-IS überhaupt ist die medikamentöse Behandlung mit Glukokortikoiden, die zur zentralen NNR-IS führt. Die Ersatztherapie erfolgt mit Hydrocortison. Die Glukokortikoiddosis in der chronischen Ersatztherapie muss so hoch wie nötig, aber so tief wie möglich gewählt werden. In Akutsituationen muss jedoch eine zügige und genügend hohe Steigerung der Hydrocortisondosis erfolgen. Damit wird die Entwicklung einer Addison-Krise verhindert. Die Ersatztherapie mit Fludrocortison ist nur bei einer primären Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz notwendig.
Chancenreiche Zukunft in der Allgemeinen Inneren Medizin für die nächste Ärztegeneration
Authors: Allenbach Victoria Perpinias , Rozsnyai Zsofia , Streit Sven
Published: June 2018

Zusammenfassung. Wir stehen vor einem Mangel an Fachärztinnen und -ärzten in Allgemeiner Innerer Medizin in den Hausarztpraxen sowie im Spital bei gleichzeitig einer immer älter werdenden Bevölkerung mit meist mehreren chronischen Krankheiten (Multimorbidität). Dank mehr Studienplätzen, einem verbesserten Berufsbild der Allgemeinen Inneren Medizin und neuen Weiterbildungsangeboten ist das Interesse an der Allgemeinen Inneren Medizin angestiegen, wie Befragungen bei Studierenden andeuten. Die junge Generation von Hausärzten und Generalisten im Spital wünscht sich flexible Arbeitsbedingungen, um Beruf, Familie und Freizeit bestmöglich unter einen Hut zu bringen. Das Arbeitsklima und die Arbeitskollegen haben dabei eine hohe Priorität. Diese Wünsche müssen jetzt in eine attraktive Weiterbildung mit flexiblen Curricula und Mentoringangeboten einfliessen, damit die Nachwuchsförderung gelingt.