bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Niche partitioning between river shark species is driven by seasonal fluctuations in environmental salinity
Authors: Dwyer Ross G. , Campbell Hamish A. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Burke Colin L. , Micheli‐Campbell Mariana A. , Pillans Richard D. , Lyon Barry J. , Franklin Craig E.
Published: July 2020

Tropical rivers and estuaries are highly dynamic environments, where environmental conditions change dramatically over spatial and temporal scales. This creates both physiological and ecological challenges for euryhaline elasmobranchs, where fluctuations in salinity can impact not only osmoregulatory function but also the ability to find and acquire prey.

We investigated how spatial and temporal variation in environmental salinity influences physiological homoeostasis, habitat utilization and migration timing in two euryhaline carcharhinid sharks within a tropical river in northern Australia. Neonate and juvenile bull sharks Carcharhinus leucas and speartooth sharks Glyphis glyphis were tracked over a 4‐year period using implanted acoustic tags and an array of hydrophone receivers. Tissue samples were also collected from captured sharks and analysed for interspecific differences in plasma osmolarity, urea and electrolyte (Na+ and K+) concentrations and the stable isotopes δ13C and δ15N.

We discovered that immature C. leucas and G. glyphis segregate spatially along a salinity gradient between September and December, where the mean volume of intersection between species dropped as low as 0.01. While G. glyphis used higher salinity environments (mean salinity = 19.22) located between 30 and 70 km from the mouth of the estuary, C. leucas occupied freshwater reaches (mean salinity = 1.98) between 60 and 110 km upstream. Plasma osmolarities of both species were always hyperosmotic to the environment, with electrolyte concentrations maintained within a narrow range independent of environmental osmolarities. At the onset of the wet season, both C. leucas and G. glyphis undertook a coordinated downstream migration towards the lower estuary before returning upstream.

Carcharhinus leucas blood tissues were more enriched in δ15N and δ13C than samples collected from similar size G. glyphis, suggesting that these species not only spatially segregate within low salinity habitats but also prey on different dietary resources. Furthermore, a loss of enriched isotopic values in fin tissue with increasing body length provides further support for marine use by adult sharks in conjunction with dependence on rivers as important nursery habitat. Our results illustrate the importance of long‐term integrative studies into resource competition and the significance of discrete brackish habitats for threatened euryhaline elasmobranchs.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Performing the Home: Enacting Citizenship and Countering Jerusalem's Residency Revocation Policy
Authors: Volinz Lior
Published: July 2020

The home is an arena of political contestation. The choice, or lack thereof, of where and how one might inhabit and maintain a home is a political decision, in a political (urban) landscape. This is particularly the case in Jerusalem, where some Palestinian residents are forced into living double lives, in which they craft a carefully manicured script of their lives to present to state authorities, complete with showcase homes and furnishing, aimed at preserving their right to enter and work in their city. Palestinian Jerusalemites are legally considered stateless under Israeli law, as foreigners with a permit to reside in their home city. Israeli state actors increasingly seek to revoke their residency permits, often on the grounds of living outside the city's boundaries. I explore how Palestinian Jerusalemites perform their home through socio‐material practices, as part of an enactment of citizenship aimed at maintaining limited rights, resources and mobility in the face of urban exclusion. I propose that a focus on how residents curate their home and showcase its interior to state authorities can cast a light on previously unexplored elements of state‐citizen relations, in which residents claim rights through the materiality and social practices of the home.
Rapid adaptation for fibre degradation by changes in plasmid stoichiometry within Lactobacillus plantarum at the synthetic community level
Authors: Ben‐David Yonit , Moraïs Sarah , Bayer Edward A. , Mizrahi Itzhak
Published: July 2020

The multi‐enzyme cellulosome complex can mediate the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into soluble sugars that can serve in the production of biofuels and valuable products. A potent bacterial chassis for the production of active cellulosomes displayed on the cell surface is the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum, a lactic acid bacterium used in many applications. Here, we developed a methodological pipeline to produce improved designer cellulosomes, using a cell‐consortium approach, whereby the different components self‐assemble on the surface of L. plantarum. The pipeline served as a vehicle to select and optimize the secretion efficiency of potent designer cellulosome enzyme components, to screen for the most efficient enzymatic combinations and to assess attempts to grow the engineered bacterial cells on wheat straw as a sole carbon source. Using this strategy, we were able to improve the secretion efficiency of the selected enzymes and to secrete a fully functional high‐molecular‐weight scaffoldin component. The adaptive laboratory process served to increase significantly the enzymatic activity of the most efficient cell consortium. Internal plasmid re‐arrangement towards a higher enzymatic performance attested for the suitability of the approach, which suggests that this strategy represents an efficient way for microbes to adapt to changing conditions.
Energy sensors in drug addiction: A potential therapeutic target
Authors: López‐Gambero Antonio Jesús , Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando , Suárez Juan
Published: July 2020

Addiction is defined as the repeated exposure and compulsive seek of psychotropic drugs that, despite the harmful effects, generate relapse after the abstinence period. The psychophysiological processes associated with drug addiction (acquisition/expression, withdrawal, and relapse) imply important alterations in neurotransmission and changes in presynaptic and postsynaptic plasticity and cellular structure (neuroadaptations) in neurons of the reward circuits (dopaminergic neuronal activity) and other corticolimbic regions. These neuroadaptation mechanisms imply important changes in neuronal energy balance and protein synthesis machinery. Scientific literature links drug‐induced stimulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways along with presence of neurotrophic factors with alterations in synaptic plasticity and membrane excitability driven by metabolic sensors. Here, we provide current knowledge of the role of molecular targets that constitute true metabolic/energy sensors such as AMPK, mTOR, ERK, or KATP in the development of the different phases of addiction standing out the main brain regions (ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala) constituting the hubs in the development of addiction. Because the available treatments show very limited effectiveness, evaluating the drug efficacy of AMPK and mTOR specific modulators opens up the possibility of testing novel pharmacotherapies for an individualized approach in drug abuse.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic evaluation of meropenem plus fosfomycin in paediatrics
Authors: Martins Frederico S. , Zhu Peijuan , Heinrichs M. Tobias , Sy Sherwin K. B.
Published: July 2020

Aims

The objective of the current study was to evaluate paediatric dosing regimens for meropenem plus fosfomycin that generate sufficient coverage against multidrug‐resistant bacteria.

Methods

The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models of meropenem and fosfomycin were developed from previously published pharmacokinetic studies in five populations: healthy subjects of Japanese origin, and healthy adults, geriatric, paediatric and renally impaired of primarily Caucasian origins. Pharmacodynamic (PD) analyses were carried out by evaluating dosing regimens that achieved a ≥90% joint probability of target attainment (PTA), which was defined as the minimum of the marginal probabilities to achieve the target PD index of each antibiotic. For meropenem, the percentage of time over a 24‐hour period wherein the free drug concentration was above the minimum inhibitory concentration (fT > MIC) of at least 40% was its PD target. The fosfomycin PD index was described by fAUC/MIC of at least 40.8.

Results

For coadministration consisting of 20 mg/kg meropenem q8h as a 3‐hour infusion and 35 mg/kg fosfomycin q8h also as a 3‐hour infusion in a virtual paediatric population between 1 month and 12 years of age with normal renal function and a corresponding body weight between 3 and 50 kg, a joint PTA ≥ 90% is achieved at MICs of 16 and 64 mg/L for meropenem and fosfomycin coadministration, respectively, against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Conclusion

The current study identified potentially effective paediatric dosing regimens for meropenem plus fosfomycin coadministration against multidrug‐resistant bacteria.
Proteinase‐activated receptor 1: A target for repurposing in the treatment of COVID‐19?
Authors: Sriram Krishna , Insel Paul A.
Published: July 2020

In the search to rapidly identify effective therapies that will mitigate the morbidity and mortality of COVID‐19, attention has been directed towards the repurposing of existing drugs. Candidates for repurposing include drugs that target COVID‐19 pathobiology, including agents that alter angiotensin signalling. Recent data indicate that key findings in COVID‐19 patients include thrombosis and endotheliitis. Activation of proteinase‐activated receptor 1 (PAR1), in particular by the serine protease thrombin, is a critical element in platelet aggregation and coagulation. PAR1 activation also impacts on the actions of other cell types involved in COVID‐19 pathobiology, including endothelial cells, fibroblasts and pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells. Vorapaxar is an approved inhibitor of PAR1, used for treatment of patients with myocardial infarction or peripheral arterial disease. We discuss evidence for a possible beneficial role for vorapaxar in the treatment of COVID‐19 patients and other as‐yet non‐approved antagonists of PAR1 and proteinase‐activated receptor 4 (PAR4).

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID‐19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc
Propensity score analysis of overall survival between first‐ and second‐generation EGFR‐TKIs using real‐world data
Authors: Ito Kentaro , Murotani Kenta , Kubo Akihito , Kunii Eiji , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Shindoh Joe , Asada Kazuhiro , Imaizumi Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Kosuke , Karayama Masato , Okuno Motoyasu , Inui Naoki , Hataji Osamu , Morikawa Sayako , Hayai Shunsaku , Suda Takafumi , Abe Takashi , Tsuda Takeshi , Yamagichi Teppei , Kimura Tomoki , Oya Yuko , Yoshida Tatsuya , Hida Toyoaki
Published: July 2020

We constructed a data set of EGFR‐mutant non–small‐cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients, and compared the overall survival of first‐generation (1G), and second‐generation (2G) EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in clinical practice using a propensity score. We reviewed the clinical data of consecutive EGFR‐mutated NSCLC patients who received EGFR‐TKI therapy between January 2008 and August 2017 at 11 institutions in Japan. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). When comparing OS between 1G and 2G EGFR‐TKIs, propensity score analyses were performed using 2 methods: matching and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). (Clinical Trial information: UMIN000030121) In total, 1400 patients from 11 institutions were enrolled in this study, and the data from the 1366 patients who received only EGFR‐TKI therapy were analyzed (gefitinib [GEF], N = 732; erlotinib [ERL], N = 416; afatinib, N = 218). Median OS times (months [95%CI]) were 29.7 [27.5‐33.5] in the 1G group (gefitinib, 32.0 [28.1‐35.8]; erlotinib, 27.5 [23.9‐31.7]), and 38.6 [32.2‐NR] in the 2G group (afatinib), respectively. The trend of longer OS for afatinib against 1G EGFR‐TKIs remained, even after adjusted by propensity score. (unadjusted, hazard ratio [HR] 0.676, P = .0023; adjusted by IPTW, HR 0.685 P < .0001; adjusted by matching, HR 0.725, P = .0418). Exploratory analysis showed that OS using the 2G EGFR‐TKI was superior to that of the 1G EGFR‐TKIs, suggesting the potential of sequential therapy of 2G EGFR‐TKI followed by osimertinib. (HR 0.419, P = .0519) Real‐world data analysis using 1354 data records, using propensity scoring, indicated that 2G EGFR‐TKI had a trend of longer OS compared with 1G EGFR‐TKIs.
Synthetic lethality strategies: Beyond BRCA1/2 mutations in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Hu Yunlong , Guo Mingzhou
Published: July 2020

Cancer cells are often characterized by abnormalities in DNA damage response including defects in cell cycle checkpoints and/or DNA repair. Synthetic lethality between DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways has provided a paradigm for cancer therapy by targeting DDR. The successful example is that cancer cells with BRCA1/2 mutations are sensitized to poly(adenosine diphosphate [ADP]‐ribose)polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Beyond the narrow scope of defects in the BRCA pathway, “BRCAness” provides more opportunities for synthetic lethality strategy. In human pancreatic cancer, frequent mutations were found in cell cycle and DDR genes, including P16, P73, APC, MLH1, ATM, PALB2, and MGMT. Combined DDR inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents are under preclinical or clinical trials. Promoter region methylation was found frequently in cell cycle and DDR genes. Epigenetics joins the Knudson's “hit” theory and “BRCAness.” Aberrant epigenetic changes in cell cycle or DDR regulators may serve as a new avenue for synthetic lethality strategy in pancreatic cancer.
Primary pneumococcal peritonitis can be the first presentation of a familial complement factor I deficiency1
Authors: Ugrinovic S , Firth H , Kavanagh D , Gouliouris T , Gurugama P , Baxendale H , Lachmann P J , Kumararatne D , Gkrania-Klotsas E
Published: July 2020

Primary pneumococcal peritonitis is a rare infection that has been described in women but has not been previously linked with immunodeficiency. The complement system plays a central role in immune defence against Streptococcus pneumoniae and, in order to evade complement attack, pneumococci have evolved a large number of mechanisms that limit complement-mediated opsonization and subsequent phagocytosis. We investigated an apparently immunocompetent woman with primary pneumococcal peritonitis and identified a family with deficiency for complement factor I. Primary pneumococcal peritonitis should be considered a possible primary immunodeficiency presentation.
Dietary macronutrient regulation of acyl and desacyl ghrelin concentrations in children with Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS)
Authors: Alsaif Maha , Pakseresht Mohammadreza , Mackenzie Michelle L. , Gaylinn Bruce , Thorner Michael O. , Freemark Michael , Field Catherine J. , Prado Carla M. , Haqq Andrea M.
Published: July 2020

Background

The effects of dietary macronutrients on orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones in children are poorly understood.

Objective

To explore effects of varying dietary macronutrients on appetite‐regulating hormones [acyl ghrelin (AG) and desacyl ghrelin (DAG), glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and insulin] in children with PWS and healthy children (HC).

Design

Randomized, cross‐over experiments compared two test diets [high protein‐low carbohydrate (HP‐LC) and high protein‐low fat (HP‐LF)] to a STANDARD meal (55% carbohydrate, 30% fat, 15% protein). Experiment 1 included ten children with PWS (median age 6.63 years; BMI z 1.05); experiment 2 had seven HC (median age 12.54 years; BMI z 0.95). Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 60‐minute intervals for 4 hours. Independent linear mixed models were adjusted for age, sex and BMI z‐score.

Results

Fasting and post‐prandial AG and DAG concentrations are elevated in PWS children; the ratio of AG/DAG is normal. Food consumption reduced AG and DAG concentrations in both PWS and HC. GLP‐1 levels were higher in PWS after the HP‐LC and HP‐LF meals than the STANDARD meal (P = .02‐0.04). The fasting proinsulin to insulin ratio (0.08 vs 0.05) was higher in children with PWS (P = .05) than in HC. Average appetite scores in HC declined after all three meals (P = .02) but were lower after the HP‐LC and HP‐LF meals than the STANDARD meal.

Conclusion

Altered processing of proinsulin and increased GLP‐1 secretion in children with PWS after a high protein meal intake might enhance satiety and reduce energy intake.
Fungal endophthalmitis: A 20‐year experience at a tertiary referral centre
Authors: Bhullar Gursimrat K. , Dawkins Rosie C. H. , Paul Rodger A. , Allen Penelope J.
Published: July 2020

Importance

Fungal endophthalmitis is an uncommon and serious intraocular infection, often with poor outcomes. This study examines the trend in this disease over 20 years, to inform clinician decision‐making and optimize patient outcomes.

Background

Due to infrequent presentation of fungal endophthalmitis, there is limited understanding to formulate a standardized approach to management.

Design

A prospective case series over the period January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2018.

Participants

Patients with clinically diagnosed fungal endophthalmitis managed at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.

Methods

Review of the Victorian Endophthalmitis Registry for endophthalmitis episode of each patient.

Main outcome measures

Patient demographics, co‐morbidities, visual acuity (VA) at presentation, aetiology, treatment, microbiology results and final VA outcome.

Results

Eighty‐four cases of fungal endophthalmitis were identified over the study period with a median age of 43.5 years [IQR 30.8‐63.0]. Then, 65.5% (n = 55) of patients were male; 81.0% (n = 68) of these cases were secondary to endogenous causes, of which 55.9% were associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU). Among the exogenous causes, penetrating eye injury (56.3%) was the most common aetiological factor. Thirty‐nine patients (46.4%) grew Candida species from ocular fluid specimens, all of which were sensitive to fluconazole.

Conclusion and relevance

Our case series provides important insights into fungal endophthalmitis—a high degree of suspicion for fungal endophthalmitis in patients with history of IVDU, and relatively good outlook for vision when Candida is the causative organism. This should allow institutions to implement a standardized management strategy based on evidence.
Association between intraocular lens diopter and posterior capsular opacification
Authors: Hecht Idan , Dubinsky‐Pertzov Biana , Karesvuo Petteri , Achiron Asaf , Tuuminen Raimo
Published: July 2020

Importance

Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most common complication after cataract surgery.

Background

We aimed to assess the relationship between intraocular lens (IOL) diopter and formation of PCO among a consecutive real‐world registry.

Design

Cohort study.

Participants

Included were 14 264 consecutive cases of uncomplicated cataract surgery performed during 2014 to 2018 in Helsinki University Hospital in Finland.

Methods

Nd:YAG capsulotomies were used as an estimate of clinically significant PCO. A single eye of each patient and a single type of IOL were included.

Main Outcome Measure

Nd:YAG posterior capsulotomy free survival.

Results

Mean age was 73.2 ± 9.9 years and 61.8% were female. Mean follow‐up time was 25.4 ± 16.8 months. Overall PCO rates were 1.1% at 1‐year, 3.0% at 2‐year, 7.1% at 3‐year and 10.2% at 4‐year. Patients with IOL diopters (D) in the lower quartile (≤20.0 D) had significantly higher rates of PCO (1.3% at 1‐year, 4.4% at 2‐years, 9.4% at 3‐years and 14.2% at 4‐years, P < .001). A logistic regression model showed increased risk for PCO formation with lower diopter IOLs; for ≤20.0 D: OR 1.343 (95% CI: 1.132‐1.593), for ≤10.0 D: OR 2.409 (95% CI 1.203‐4.287), P < .001 for all comparisons. In a multivariant regression accounting for possible confounders, results remained consistent.

Conclusions and Relevance

Among a cohort of patients undergoing cataract surgery, use of lower diopter IOLs was associated with increased incidence of clinically significant PCO. Research into IOL biomechanics to decrease PCO may be warranted especially in lower diopter IOLs.
A case of adult‐onset longitudinal melanonychia due to nail matrix compound nevus
Authors: Güneş Pembegül , Göktay Fatih , Haneke Eckart
Published: July 2020

A case of adult‐onset longitudinal melanonychia caused by a compound nevus is described. Longitudinal melanonychias are mainly caused by melanocytic activation (hypermelanosis), lentigo (benign melanocytic hyperplasia), nevus, and melanoma. Nevi are more commonly seen in children than adults; however, melanocytic activation, atypical melanocytic proliferation, and melanoma are more frequent in adults. The majority of nail matrix nevi causing longitudinal melanonychia first appear in childhood and are junctional. Rarely, compound nevi are reported to cause longitudinal melanonychia in childhood.
Improved classification and localization approach to small bowel capsule endoscopy using convolutional neural network
Authors: Hwang Yunseob , Lee Han Hee , Park Chunghyun , Tama Bayu Adhi , Kim Jin Su , Cheung Dae Young , Chung Woo Chul , Cho Young‐Seok , Lee Kang‐Moon , Choi Myung‐Gyu , Lee Seungchul , Lee Bo‐In
Published: July 2020

Background

Although great advances in artificial intelligence for interpreting small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) images have been made in recent years, its practical use is still limited. The aim of this study was to develop a more practical convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm for the automatic detection of various small bowel lesions.

Methods

A total of 7556 images were collected for the training dataset from 526 SBCE videos. Abnormal images were classified into two categories: hemorrhagic lesions (red spot/angioectasia/active bleeding) and ulcerative lesions (erosion/ulcer/stricture). A CNN algorithm based on VGGNet was trained in two different ways: the combined model (hemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions trained separately) and the binary model (all abnormal images trained without discrimination). The detected lesions were visualized using a gradient class activation map (Grad‐CAM). The two models were validated using 5,760 independent images taken at two other academic hospitals.

Results

Both the combined and binary models acquired high accuracy for lesion detection, and the difference between the two models was not significant (96.83% vs 96.62%, P = 0.122). However, the combined model showed higher sensitivity (97.61% vs 95.07%, P < 0.001) and higher accuracy for individual lesions from the hemorrhagic and ulcerative categories than the binary model. The combined model also revealed more accurate localization of the culprit area on images evaluated by the Grad‐CAM.

Conclusions

Diagnostic sensitivity and classification of small bowel lesions using a convolutional neural network are improved by the independent training for hemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions. Grad‐CAM is highly effective in localizing the lesions.
When Fathers Are Involved: Examining Relational and Psychosocial Health among Military Families
Authors: Mallette Jacquelyn K. , O'Neal Catherine Walker , Winkelman Richardson Evin , Mancini Jay A
Published: July 2020

Father involvement can promote the psychosocial health of family members (i.e., fathers, mothers, and children). However, the association between father involvement and individual members' psychosocial health may depend on the quality of the marital relationship and the perceptions of the reporting family member. Research with multiple reporters from the same family is needed identify how family members perceive the impact of father involvement on family member well‐being. Using a risk and resilience theoretical framework applied to a family systems perspective, the current study examines associations between father involvement, family flexibility, marital quality, and psychosocial health with a sample of 207 military families (including fathers, mothers, and their adolescents). After accounting for military context, a conditional structural equation model was used to examine the associations between fathers' involvement and family members' psychosocial health. Family flexibility was examined as a mediator between these associations and marital quality as a moderator. Findings suggest that when fathers are more involved, both mothers and fathers report less family flexibility, and that family flexibility was positively associated with family member (father, mother, and adolescent) well‐being. Further, father involvement was indirectly related to mothers' psychosocial health through family flexibility, and father involvement was directly associated with better psychosocial health for fathers and adolescents. Marital quality moderated these associations for fathers, mothers, and adolescents. Given the combined benefits of father involvement, family flexibility, and positive marital relationships, clinical efforts to provide information to increase knowledge and skills around maintaining a healthy relationship could serve to promote psychosocial health by improving marital quality and family flexibility.
Using unnatural amino acids to selectively label proteins for cellular imaging: a cell biologist viewpoint
Authors: Elia Natalie
Published: July 2020

Twenty‐five years ago, GFP revolutionized the field of cell biology by enabling scientists to visualize, for the first time, proteins in living cells. However, when it comes to current, state‐of‐the‐art imaging technologies, fluorescent proteins (such as GFP) have several limitations that result from their size and photophysics. Over the past decade, an elegant, alternative approach, which is based on the direct labeling of proteins with fluorescent dyes and is compatible with live‐cell and super‐resolution imaging applications, has been introduced. In this approach, an unnatural amino acid that can covalently bind a fluorescent dye is incorporated into the coding sequence of a protein. The protein of interest is thereby site‐specifically fluorescently labeled inside the cell, eliminating the need for protein‐ or peptide‐labeling tags. Whether this labeling approach will change cell biology research is currently unclear, but it clearly has the potential to do so. In this short review, a general overview of this approach is provided, focusing on the imaging of site‐specifically labeled proteins in mammalian tissue culture cells, and highlighting its advantages and limitations for cellular imaging.
Combined effects of an anthropogenic (forest harvesting) and natural (extreme rainfall event) disturbance on headwater streams in New Zealand
Authors: Baillie Brenda Robin , Evanson Anthony William , Kimberley Mark Owen , Bergin David Oliver
Published: July 2020

Although extreme hydrological events are a natural component of river ecosystem disturbance regimes, their frequency is predicted to increase with climate change. Anthropogenic activities have the potential to exacerbate the impact of such disturbances but there are few studies on the combined effects of both anthropogenic and extreme hydrological disturbances on stream ecosystems.

We investigated the recovery of stream ecosystems over a 5‐year period following the impact of an anthropogenic (forest clear‐cut harvesting) and an extreme rainfall disturbance (estimated one‐in‐100 year average return interval) that generated debris flows in three headwater streams in New Zealand.

Initially, most of the riparian vegetation was eliminated and showed little recovery 1 year later. Subsequent riparian recovery was led by wind‐borne, light‐demanding, pioneering exotic weed species, lengthening and altering the long‐term successional and recovery trajectories to a pre‐disturbance composition of indigenous shrubs.

Stream shade, water temperature, and habitat had largely recovered after 5 years. However, the contribution of large wood to channel morphology and in‐stream habitat was compromised due to diminished wood supplies in the stream channel and a hiatus in up‐slope wood inputs until the riparian vegetation re‐establishes and the next crop of trees matures.

After an initial decline, most indigenous fish taxa thrived in the post‐disturbance conditions, with significant increases in densities and biomass. The more sensitive fish taxa were scarce or absent, particularly those taxa that prefer pools with overhead and in‐stream cover provided by riparian vegetation and wood. Recovery of these taxa was outside the time frame of this study. Riffle dwelling fish communities were more resilient than pool dwelling fish communities.

Invertebrate densities showed a similar response to fish. Post‐event invertebrate community composition differed from that typically found in post‐harvest headwater streams, comprising comparatively lower proportions of Chironomidae, Oligochaetes, and Mollusca taxa, and higher proportions of Trichoptera taxa. Progression toward pre‐event community composition was evident 5 years after the event.

The compounding effect of forest removal from harvesting, along with riparian vegetation and wood removal by debris flows, lengthened the recovery of riparian vegetation and wood supplies with cascading effects on in‐stream habitat and biological communities.
Characterisation of amylose and amylopectin with various moisture contents after frying process: effect of starch–lipid complex formation
Authors: Li Qi , Shi Shaoxia , Dong Yaoyao , Yu Xiuzhu
Published: July 2020

Frying is commonly used to process starchy foods. This work explored the interactions of amylose (AM) and amylopectin (AP) with lipids during frying. Maize‐derived AM and AP that were adjusted to various moisture contents were fried at 180 °C. The significant effects of moisture content and formation of starch–lipid complexes were confirmed. Rheological analysis indicated that the elasticity of the fried AM paste decreased. This change was observed in AM but not in AP. Viscoelasticity decreased as the initial starch moisture content was increased. The presence of a V‐type structure was confirmed by XRD. In general, relative crystallinity decreased as moisture content was increased. On the other hand, the increasement of starch–lipid complex could elevated the degree of crystallisation. AM was more likely than AP to undergo complexation with lipids during frying. Increasing the moisture content of starch within 20%~60% promoted the formation of starch–lipid complexes.
Effect of commercial processing on polyphenols and antioxidant activity of buckwheat seeds
Authors: Klepacka Joanna , Najda Agnieszka
Published: July 2020

This study analysed the influence of technological processes used in the various buckwheat groat mills on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of common buckwheat grains and groats. Dehulling, to a greater extent, influenced the quantitative changes in rutin and caused its lowering. Due to this process, the antioxidant activity decreased to a lower degree, and the content of most phenolic acids increased. The roasting process had a negative impact on the content of phenolic compounds, causing the greatest loss in the level of coumaric acid and rutin. It was found that in shaping the health benefits of buckwheat groats, the grain processing temperature is more important than the time of the treatment. In order to obtain the best health value of buckwheat groats, the roasting process should be carried out at a temperature close to 100 °C for a time that will ensure good sensory characteristics, even if it is for several hours.
Significance of autoantibody seropositivity in children with obesity and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Yodoshi Toshifumi , Orkin Sarah , Arce‐Clachar Ana Catalina , Bramlage Kristin , Xanthakos Stavra A. , Mouzaki Marialena , Valentino Pamela L.
Published: July 2020

Background

Autoantibodies are frequently positive in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) without concurrent autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The clinical significance of this is unknown in children.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of autoantibody positivity in pediatric NAFLD and to evaluate its association with disease severity.

Methods

Multicenter, retrospective study of patients ≤18 years of age with biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD. Descriptive statistics were used and groups were compared using Wilcoxon‐Mann Whitney or χ2 testing, and multivariable logistic regression was used for binary or ordinal outcomes.

Results

One hundred and thirty six patients with a median age of 14 years were included. The median body mass index Z‐score was 2.5 (interquartile range 2.2, 2.6). Positive antinuclear antibody (ANA), anti‐smooth muscle antibody (ASMA), anti‐liver‐kidney microsomal antibody, or any combination of autoantibodies were observed in 22%, 14%, 0%, and 33% of patients, respectively. The proportion of patients with a steatosis score ≥2 was significantly higher in those with positive ANA (P = .045). In the multivariable regression analysis, positive ANA was associated with increased odds of steatosis score ≥2 (odds ratio, 5.91; 95% confidential interval, 1.50‐23.26), after controlling for potential confounders. No other significant histology differences were seen between the groups.

Conclusions

Positive ANA and ASMA are common in children with NAFLD; however, anti‐LKM positivity is not. ANA positivity is associated with more severe steatosis.
Becoming Permanent: The Transition Characteristics of Temporary Foreign Workers to Permanent Residents in Canada
Authors: Haan Michael , Yoshida Yoko , Amoyaw Jonathan , Iciaszczyk Natalie
Published: July 2020

In recent years, Canada has been not only welcoming growing numbers of temporary foreign workers (TFWs), but also, increasingly, creating pathways that allow workers and their families to become permanent residents. In this paper, we use a series of unique longitudinal files to study the factors that predict a TFW’s transition to permanence. We find that age, sex, skill level and duration as a temporary resident are all important factors for understanding who obtains legal residency in Canada, but that source country wealth is not. We discuss the implications of our findings and make suggestions for future research.
Primary immunodeficiencies in cytosolic pattern‐recognition receptor pathways: Toward host‐directed treatment strategies
Authors: van der Made Caspar I. , Hoischen Alexander , Netea Mihai G. , van de Veerdonk Frank L.
Published: July 2020

In the last decade, the paradigm of primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) as rare recessive familial diseases that lead to broad, severe, and early‐onset immunological defects has shifted toward collectively more common, but sporadic autosomal dominantly inherited isolated defects in the immune response. Patients with PIDs constitute a formidable area of research to study the genetics and the molecular mechanisms of complex immunological pathways. A significant subset of PIDs affect the innate immune response, which is a crucial initial host defense mechanism equipped with pattern‐recognition receptors. These receptors recognize pathogen‐ and damage‐associated molecular patterns in both the extracellular and intracellular space. In this review, we will focus on primary immunodeficiencies caused by genetic defects in cytosolic pattern‐recognition receptor pathways. We discuss these PIDs organized according to their mutational mechanisms and consequences for the innate host response. The advanced understanding of these pathways obtained by the study of PIDs creates the opportunity for the development of new host‐directed treatment strategies.
P‐cresyl sulfate causes mitochondrial hyperfusion in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts
Authors: Huang Tien‐Hung , Yip Hon‐Kan , Sun Cheuk‐Kwan , Chen Yi‐Ling , Yang Chih‐Chao , Lee Fan‐Yen
Published: July 2020

Increased circulating level of uraemic solute p‐cresyl sulphate (PCS) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is known to increase myocardial burden relevant to mitochondrial abnormalities. This study aimed at investigating mitochondrial response to PCS in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were treated with four different concentrations of PCS (3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25.0 µg/mL) to study the changes in cell proliferation, cell size and mitochondrial parameters including morphology, respiration, biogenesis and membrane potential. The lowest effective dose of PCS (6.25 µg/mL) induced mitochondrial hyperfusion with enhanced mitochondrial connectivity, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial DNA copy number and increased volume of cardiomyoblasts. After PCS treatment, phosphorylation of energy‐sensing adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) was increased without induction of apoptosis. In contrast, mitochondrial mass was recovered after AMPK silencing. Additionally, mitochondrial hyperfusion and cell volume were reversed after cessation of PCS treatment. The results of the present study showed that low‐level PCS not only caused AMPK‐dependent mitochondrial hyperfusion but also induced cell enlargement in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts in vitro.
Bidirectional links between adolescent brain function and substance use moderated by cognitive control
Authors: Kim‐Spoon Jungmeen , Herd Toria , Brieant Alexis , Peviani Kristin M. , Lauharatanahirun Nina , Lee Jacob , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Bickel Warren K. , King‐Casas Brooks
Published: July 2020

Background

No clear consensus exists as to whether neurodevelopmental abnormalities among substance users reflect predisposing neural risk factors, neurotoxic effects of substances, or both. Using a longitudinal design, we examined developmental patterns of the bidirectional links between neural mechanisms and substance use throughout adolescence.

Method

167 adolescents (aged 13–14 years at Time 1, 53% male) were assessed annually four times. Risk‐related neural processing was assessed by blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent responses in the insula during a lottery choice task, cognitive control by behavioral performance during the Multi‐Source Interference Task, and substance use by adolescents’ self‐reported cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use.

Results

Latent change score modeling indicated that greater substance use predicted increased insula activation during risk processing, but the effects of insula activation on changes in substance use were not significant. The coupling effect from substance use to insula activation was particularly strong for adolescents with low cognitive control, which supports the theorized moderating role of cognitive control.

Conclusions

Our results elucidate how substance use may alter brain development to be biased toward maladaptive decision‐making, particularly among adolescents with poor cognitive control. Furthermore, the current findings underscore that cognitive control may be an important target in the prevention and treatment of adolescent substance use given its moderating role in the neuroadaptive effects of substance use on brain development.
Recurrence or Relapse of COVID‐19 in Older Patients: A Description of Three Cases
Authors: Lafaie Ludovic , Célarier Thomas , Goethals Luc , Pozzetto Bruno , Grange Sylvain , Ojardias Etienne , Annweiler Cédric , Botelho‐Nevers Elisabeth
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

COVID‐19 has infected millions of people worldwide, particularly in older adults. The first cases of possible reinfection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) were reported in April 2020 among older adults.

DESIGN/SETTING

In this brief report, we present three geriatric cases with two episodes of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection separated by a symptom‐free interval.

PARTICIPANTS

The participants of this brief report are three cases of hospitalized geriatric women.

MEASUREMENTS/RESULTS

We note clinical and biological worsening during the second episode of COVID‐19 for all three patients. Also, there is a radiological aggravation. The second episode of COVID‐19 was fatal in all three cases.

CONCLUSION

This series of three geriatric cases with COVID‐19 diagnosed two times apart for several weeks questions the possibility of reinfection with SARS‐CoV‐2. It raises questions in clinical practice about the value of testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 infection again in the event of symptomatic reoccurrence. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:2179–2183, 2020.
“Our Land Is Not for Sale!” Contesting Oil and Translating Environmental Politics in Amazonian Ecuador
Authors: High Casey
Published: July 2020

En abril de 2019 el pueblo Waorani en la Amazonía ecuatoriana ganó una batalla legal contra planes de vender concesiones petroleras en su territorio indígena. En este artículo analizo sus relaciones con petróleo como parte de un emergente “middle ground” politico que se caracteriza por hombres Waorani trabajando en las empresas petroleras y nuevas alianzas contra la extracción de petróleo. Muchos Waorani describen su tierra (wao öme) o territorio (ögïpo) como un nexo de relaciones interdependientes entre seres humanos y no humanos amenezados por la presencia de petróleo. No lamentan la violación de una naturaleza pristina independiente de ellos mismos, sino las amenazas para las cualidades de wao öme que permitan que los humanos y otros seres “viven bien.” En el contexto de cambios generacionales y una agenda de desarrollo nacional que promueve “los derechos de la naturaleza,” activistas Waorani dependen de la abilidad de traducir wao öme como “naturaleza” y “cultura.” Aunque estas traducciones indican la fragilidad de las alianzas del “middle ground,” algunos adultos jóvenes Waorani hoy en día operan eficazmente a través de tal diferencias para desafiar el petróleo. Este middle ground en construcción demuestra que conceptos indígenas como wao öme no son fijos en oposición a’ “occidente,” sino son una parte importante de la participación reflexiva y estretégica en las politícas ambientales. [Amazonía, “middle ground,” economías extractivas, petróleo, traducción, Waorani/Huaorani, Ecuador]
Maroon Ecology: Land, Sovereignty, and Environmental Justice
Authors: Connell Robert
Published: July 2020

Los cimarrones surgieron de campañas armadas de auto‐emancipación en contra de la esclavitud en las américas, siendo Jamaica la que albergó comunidades de cimarrones que ahora están organizados como formas de gobierno interculturales. La etnogénesis y lucha de los cimarrones dió lugar a una ética ambiental en donde las características de los ecosistemas locales están profundamente conectados con la memoria histórica colectiva y con la vida espiritual. Los cimarrones de Accompong de Jamaica acoplan dentro de su estructura social una visión única de la protección ambiental enraizado en sus conexiones ancestrales a la tierra. Aquí lo describimos como Ecología Cimarrona. Es esta ética que inspira su lucha contra la industria extractiva, cuyas acciones, desde el punto de vista de los cimarrones, son perjudiciales para la integridad de su tierra y su autonomía. La Ecología Cimarrona se diferencia del ambientalismo Jamaicano dominante al demandar soberanía y una redistribución soberanía como parte de la protección ambiental. Esta práctica sitúa la Ecología Cimarrona dentro del movimiento global por la justicia ambiental. Este último caso del legado de resistencia de Accompong coloca a los cimarrones como actores clave dentro de las politicas ambientales y de desarrollo del Caribe. [Cimarrones, desarrollo, extracción de recursos, justicia ambiental, soberanía]
Expression of SOLOIST/MRTFB i4, a novel neuronal isoform of the mouse serum response factor coactivator myocardin‐related transcription factor‐B, negatively regulates dendritic complexity in cortical neurons
Authors: Ishibashi Yuta , Shoji Shizuku , Ihara Daisuke , Kubo Yukimi , Tanaka Takuro , Tanabe Hiroki , Hakamata Tomoyuki , Miyata Tomoaki , Satou Natsumi , Sakagami Hiroyuki , Mizuguchi Mineyuki , Kikuchi Keietsu , Fukuchi Mamoru , Tsuda Masaaki , Takasaki Ichiro , Tabuchi Akiko
Published: July 2020

Megakaryoblastic leukemia 2 (MKL2)/myocardin‐related transcription factor‐B (MRTFB), a serum response factor (SRF) coactivator, is an important regulator of gene expression and neuronal morphology. Here, we show that different mouse MRTFB splice isoforms, including a novel fourth MRTFB isoform named spliced neuronal long isoform of SRF transcriptional coactivator (SOLOIST)/MRTFB isoform 4 (MRTFB i4), play distinct roles in this process. SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 has a short exon that encodes 21 amino acid residues ahead of the first RPXXXEL (RPEL) motif in MRTFB isoform 3. Quantitative PCR revealed that SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 and isoform 1 were enriched in the forebrain and neurons, and up‐regulated during brain development. Conversely, isoform 3 was detected in various tissues, including both neurons and astrocytes, and was down‐regulated in the developing brain. Reporter assays supported the SRF‐coactivator function of SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 as well as isoform 1. Acute expression of MRTFB isoform 1, but not isoform 3 or SOLOIST/MRTFB i4, in neuronal cells within 24 hr drastically increased endogenous immediate early gene [c‐fos, egr1, and activity‐regulated cytoskeleton‐associated protein] expression, but not endogenous actinin α1, β‐actin, gelsolin, or srf gene expression measured by qPCR. Over‐expression of SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 reduced the dendritic complexity of cortical neurons, whereas over‐expression of isoform 1 increased this complexity. Co‐expression of isoform 1 and SOLOIST/MRTFB i4 in cortical neurons revealed that isoform 1 competitively counteracted down‐regulation by SOLOIST/MRTFB i4. Our findings indicate that MRTFB isoforms have unique expression patterns and differential effects on gene expression and dendritic complexity, which contribute to shaping neuronal circuits, at least in part.

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Free riders and the optimal prize in public‐good funding lotteries
Authors: Jindapon Paan , Yang Zhe
Published: July 2020

We prove the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium in a game where players, whose preferences exhibit constant absolute risk aversion or constant relative risk aversion, contribute to a public good via lottery‐ticket purchases. Contrasting models with risk neutrality, we show that an equilibrium with a strictly positive amount of the public good may not exist without a sufficient number of participants who are not too risk‐averse. We show that players who are more risk‐averse purchase fewer lottery tickets and are more likely to free ride in equilibrium. In fact, it is possible for free riders to place a larger value on the public good than do those who contribute. In a symmetric equilibrium, we show that an upper bound exists for the amount of the public good, even though there are infinitely many participants. Furthermore, we derive a lottery prize that maximizes the amount of the public good in a symmetric equilibrium and find that such a prize always results in an overprovision of the public good.