bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beliefs and practices of diabetic patients in Vhembe district of Limpopo Province
Authors: Shilubane Hilda , Netshikweta Lizzy , Ralineba Tshinyadzo
Published: May 2016

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic condition affecting over 18 million people worldwide. It can lead to debilitating complications and premature death if not effectively controlled. South Africa, like any sub-Saharan countries and the world at large, is no exception. The prevalence of diabetes among South African adults has increased by 50% from 2009 to date, and an increase of some 11 million new diabetes diagnoses is expected by the year 2020.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the beliefs and management practices of patients with DM in Vhembe district, Limpopo province.Setting: The study was conducted at Vhembe district clinics. Methods: A probability, purposive sampling was used to sample 100 diabetic patients. Data were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 19.0. Descriptive statistics, frequencies, and percentages were used to summarise the data from the study.Results: The majority of the respondents had poor management practice of feet care and annual eye examinations. Twenty four (24.0%) of the respondents believed that DM can be cured and 22 (22.0%) did not believe that diet helps in the management of DM.Conclusion: The belief that DM is curable can have a negative effect as patients can quit taking treatment once the disease is under control. This happens irrespective of the national guidelines for the management of DM. Therefore, some strategies should be sought that could enhance the implementation of the guidelines in order to combat the disease.
Promoting reading skills or wasting time? Students’ perceived benefits of reading in an intermediary programme at the Vaal University of Technology
Authors: Scott Linda , Saaiman Elaine
Published: May 2016

Notwithstanding the substantial transformation of education in South Africa in the last 20 years, specifically to redress the past inequalities, the challenges are ongoing. These challenges include tertiary institutions having to accommodate a culturally and linguistically diverse group of students, often second-language (L2) English speakers, in an English lingua franca classroom. This study investigated the reading attitudes and habits of students in an intermediary programme of a tertiary institution and any perceived changes to these attitudes or habits, as well as their perceptions of the promotion of reading by the programme. On successful completion of the intermediary programme, students register for the compulsory first-year English distance learning course and are required to complete a placement test. Results for students who attended the intermediary programme were compared with those of students who did not attend the intermediary programme but registered directly for mainstream. The teaching of reading appeared invaluable at the tertiary level with the indication that students’ attitudes and behaviour changed and that they inter alia realised the academic value thereof, made decisions to take up reading as a hobby and discovered new genres.Keywords: Reading; Linguistically diverse
Schizoaffective Disorder in an acute psychiatric unit: Profile of users and agreement with Operational Criteria (OPCRIT)
Authors: Singh Ryola , Subramaney Ugasvaree
Published: May 2016

Background: Schizoaffective Disorder is a controversial and poorly understood diagnosis. Experts disagree on whether it is a discrete disorder; whether it is on a spectrum between Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia or whether it even exists. Lack of individual research attention given to this disorder, changing diagnostic criteria and hence poor diagnostic stability have all contributed to the dearth of knowledge surrounding Schizoaffective Disorder.
Objectives: To describe the profile of mental health care users (MHCUs) diagnosed with Schizoaffective Disorder and determine the degree of agreement between the clinicians’ diagnosis and Operational Criteria (OPCRIT).

Method: All MHCUs at Helen Joseph Hospital psychiatric unit with Schizoaffective Disorder between 01 January 2004 and 31 December 2010 were included. The demographic, clinical and treatment profiles as well as data required for OPCRIT were extracted from hospital records and discharge summaries.

Results: Most MHCUs with Schizoaffective Disorder were female (68.89%), with a mean age of illness onset of 25 years (SD ± 7.11), had a family history of mood disorders (76.92%) and displayed impaired functioning. Majority (80%) were treated with at least one antipsychotic and one mood stabiliser. No agreement was found between the clinicians’ diagnosis and OPCRIT.

Conclusion: While the profile of MHCUs with Schizoaffective Disorder in this study is similar to other studies, the lack of agreement between the clinicians’ and OPCRIT diagnoses calls for further research using larger population samples and a dimensional approach to diagnoses in order to improve understanding and management of Schizoaffective Disorder.
Exclusive language: The tool to empower and create identity
Authors: Geyser-Fouche Ananda
Published: May 2016

This article used some postmodern literary theories of philosophers such as Jean-Fran�ois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Jacques Derrida and Julia Kristeva to scrutinise a selection of texts from the post-exilic period with regard to the exclusive language employed in these texts. Lyotard�s insights relate to and complement Foucault�s concept of �counter-memory�. Foucault also focuses on the network of discursive powers that operate behind texts and reproduce them, arguing that it is important to have a look from behind so as to see which voices were silenced by the specific powers behind texts. The author briefly looked at different post-exilic texts within identity-finding contexts, focusing especially on Chronicles and a few Qumran texts, to examine the way in which they used language to create identity and to empower the community in their different contexts. It is generally accepted that both the author(s) of 1 & 2 Chronicles and the Qumran community used texts selectively, with their own nuances, omissions and additions. This study scrutinised the way the author(s) of Chronicles and the Qumran community used documents selectively, focusing on the way in which they used exclusive language. It is clear that all communities used such language in certain circumstances to strengthen a certain group�s identity, to empower them and to legitimise this group�s conduct, behaviour and claims � and thereby exclude other groups.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: Based on postmodern literary theories, this article compares the exclusive language used in Chronicles and in the texts of the Qumran community, pointing to the practice of creating identity and empowering through discourse. In conclusion, the article reflects on what is necessary in a South African context, post-1994, to be a truly democratic country.Keywords: Exclusive language; inclusive; Jean-Fran�ois Lyotard, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu; Derrida; Qumran Chronicles
Brachial branches of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve: A case report with its clinical
significance and a short review of the literature
Authors: Stylianos Kapetanakis , Konstantinos Giatroudakis , Pavlos Pavlidis , Aliki Fiska
Published: May 2016

The medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MACN) is a branch of the brachial plexus with a great variation within its branches. Knowledge of these variations is critical to neurologists, hand surgeons, plastic surgeons, and vascular surgeons. The aim of this study was to search for variations of the MACN and to discuss their clinical significance. For this study, six arm cadavers from three fresh cadavers were dissected and examined to find and study possible anatomical variations of the MACN. The authors report a rare case of a variation of the MACN, in which there are four brachial cutaneous branches, before the separation to anterior (volar) and posterior (ulnar) branch, that provide sensory innervation to the medial, inferior half of the arm, in the area that is commonly innervated from the medial brachial cutaneous nerve. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of this nerve variation. This variation should be taken into serious consideration for the differential diagnosis of patients with complaints of hypoesthesia, pain, and paresthesia and for the surgical operations in the medial part of the arm.
Quality of life of cerebral palsy patients and their caregivers: A cross sectional study in a
rehabilitation center Khartoum-Sudan (2014 – 2015)
Authors: Mohammed Fadwa M. S. , Ali Suad M. , Mustafa Mutaz A. A.
Published: May 2016

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is group of disorders characterized by long-term disabilities that affect the quality of life (QoL) of both patients and those caring for them. Objective: The objective of this study was to measure the QoL of CP patients and their caregivers and determine the factors affecting both of them. Methods: This was a cross-sectional facility-based study. 65 caregivers of children with CP aged 4–18 years completed a self-structured questionnaire. Descriptives of the samples were displayed, and logistic regression was used in the analysis. Results: The scores of overall QoL of both children and caregivers were low, however, variations were observed among different domains. Both health-related and sociodemographic factors were found to affect the QoL of children and caregivers. The increase in the degree of disability and presence of complications decreased the children QoL while the availability of health insurance improved it. Whereas the QoL of the caregiver was affected by his/her occupation, the degree of child disability did not affect it. Conclusions: This study showed that many feasible changes can be adopted to improve the QoL of CP patients and their caregivers.
Long-term trends of surface ozone and its influencing factors at the Mt Waliguan GAW station, China – Part 1: Overall trends and characteristics
Authors: Xu Wanyun , Lin Weili , Xu Xiaobin , Tang Jie , Huang Jianqing , Wu Hao , Zhang Xiaochun
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone is an important atmospheric oxidant, greenhouse gas and atmospheric pollutant at the same time. The oxidation capacity of the atmosphere, climate, human and vegetation health can be impacted by the increase of the ozone level. Therefore, long-term determination of trends of baseline ozone is highly needed information for environmental and climate change assessment. So far, studies on the long-term trends of ozone at representative sites are mainly available for European and North American sites. Similar studies are lacking for China and many other developing countries. Measurements of surface ozone were carried out at a baseline Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) station in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau region (Mt Waliguan, 36°17′ N, 100°54′ E, 3816 m a.s.l.) for the period of 1994 to 2013. To uncover the variation characteristics, long-term trends and influencing factors of surface ozone at this remote site in western China, a two-part study has been carried out, with this part focusing on the overall characteristics of diurnal, seasonal and long-term variations and the trends of surface ozone. To obtain reliable ozone trends, we performed the Mann–Kendall trend test and the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) analysis on the ozone data. Our results confirm that the mountain-valley breeze plays an important role in the diurnal cycle of surface ozone at Waliguan, resulting in higher ozone values during the night and lower ones during the day, as was previously reported. Systematic diurnal and seasonal variations were found in mountain-valley breezes at the site, which were used in defining season-dependent daytime and nighttime periods for trend calculations. Significant positive trends in surface ozone were detected for both daytime (0.24 ± 0.16 ppbv year−1) and nighttime (0.28 ± 0.17 ppbv year−1). The largest nighttime increasing rate occurred in autumn (0.29 ± 0.11 ppbv year−1), followed by spring (0.24 ± 0.12 ppbv year−1), summer (0.22 ± 0.20 ppbv year−1) and winter (0.13 ± 0.10 ppbv year−1), respectively. The HHT spectral analysis identified four different stages with different positive trends, with the largest increase occurring around May 2000 and October 2010. The HHT results suggest that there were 2–4a, 7a and 11a periodicities in the time series of surface ozone at Waliguan. The results of this study can be used for assessments of climate and environment change and in the validation of chemistry–climate models.
Projection of North Atlantic Oscillation and its effect on tracer transport
Authors: Bacer Sara , Christoudias Theodoros , Pozzer Andrea
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) plays an important role in the climate variability of the Northern Hemisphere with significant consequences on long-range pollutant transport. We investigate the evolution of pollutant transport in the 21st century influenced by the NAO under a global climate change scenario. We use a free-running simulation performed by the ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model coupled with the ocean general circulation model MPIOM, covering the period from 1950 until 2100. We find that NAO trends will continue to interchange in the future considering variable length periods, while the overall trend (150 years) is weakly positive. To investigate the future NAO effects on transport we consider carbon monoxide tracers with exponential decay and constant interannual emissions. We find that at end of the century south-west Mediterranean and Africa will see higher pollutant concentrations with respect to the past. On the contrary, central Europe and a wider part of north Europe will benefit from increased pollutant depletion. Therefore, under a global climate change scenario local air quality conditions over Europe and North Africa, influenced by North Atlantic teleconnection activity, will become more extreme.
Global impacts of tropospheric halogens (Cl, Br, I) on oxidants and composition in GEOS-Chem
Authors: Sherwen T. , Schmidt J. A. , Evans M. J. , Carpenter L. J. , Großmann K. , Eastham S. D. , Jacob D. J. , Dix B. , Koenig T. K. , Sinreich R. , Ortega I. , Volkamer R. , Saiz-Lopez A. , Prados-Roman C. , Mahajan A. S. , Ordóñez C.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We present a simulation of the global composition of the troposphere which includes the chemistry of halogens (Cl, Br, I). Building on previous work within the GEOS-Chem model we include emissions of inorganic iodine from the oceans, anthropogenic and biogenic sources of halogenated gases, gas phase chemistry, and a parameterised approach to heterogeneous halogen chemistry. Consistent with Schmidt et al. (2016) we do not include sea-salt de-bromination. Observations of halogen radicals (BrO, IO) are sparse but the model has some skill in reproducing these. IO shows both high and low biases in different datasets, BrO concentrations though appear to be modelled low. Comparisons to the very sparse observations dataset of reactive Cl species suggests the model represents a lower limit on impacts due to likely underestimates in emissions and therefore burdens. Inclusion of Cl, Br, I results in a general improvement in simulation of ozone (O3) concentrations, except in polar regions where the model now underestimates O3 concentrations. Halogen chemistry reduces the global tropospheric O3 burden by ∼ 15 %, with the O3 lifetime reducing from 26 days to 22 days. Global mean OH concentrations of 1.34 ×106 molecules cm−3 are 4.5 % lower than in a simulation without halogens, leading to an increase in the CH4 lifetime (6.5 %) due to OH oxidation from 7.48 years to 7.96 years. Oxidation of CH4 by Cl is small (∼ 1 %) but Cl oxidation of other VOCs (ethane, acetone, and propane) can be significant (∼ 9–18 %). Oxidation of VOCs by Br is smaller, representing 2.1 % of the loss of acetaldehyde and 0.6 % of the loss of formaldehyde.
Decadal variations in atmospheric water vapor time series estimated using ground-based GNSS
Authors: Alshawaf Fadwa , Dick Galina , Heise Stefan , Simeonov Tzvetan , Vey Sibylle , Schmidt Torsten , Wickert Jens
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Ground-based GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) have efficiently been used since the 1990s as a meteorological observing system. Recently scientists used GNSS time series of precipitable water vapor (PWV) for climate research. In this work, we use time series from GNSS, European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA-Interim) data, and meteorological measurements to evaluate climate evolution in Central Europe. The assessment of climate change requires monitoring of different atmospheric variables such as temperature, PWV, precipitation, and snow cover. PWV time series were obtained by three methods: 1) estimated from ground-based GNSS observations using the method of precise point positioning, 2) inferred from ERA-Interim data, and 3) determined based on daily surface measurements of temperature and relative humidity. The other variables are available from surface meteorological stations or received from ERA-Interim. The PWV trend component estimated from GNSS data strongly correlates with that estimated from the other data sets. The linear trend is estimated by straight line fitting over 30 years of seasonally-adjusted PWV time series obtained using meteorological measurements. The results show a positive trend in the PWV time series at more than 60 GNSS sites with an increase of 0.3–0.6 mm/decade. In this paper, we compare the results of three stations. The temporal increment of the PWV correlates with the temporal increase in the temperature levels.
HAI – A new, airborne, absolute, twin dual-channel, multi-phase TDLAS-hygrometer
Authors: Buchholz Bernhard , Afchine Armin , Klein Alexander , Schiller Cornelius , Krämer Martina , Ebert Volker
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The novel Hygrometer for Atmospheric Investigations (HAI) realizes a unique concept for simultaneous gas-phase and total (gas-phase + evaporated cloud particles) water measurement. It has been developed and suc-cessfully employed for the first time on the German HALO research aircraft. This new instrument combines direct Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (dTDLAS) with a first-principle evaluation method to allow absolute water vapor measurements without any initial or repetitive sensor calibration using a refer-ence gas or a reference humidity generator. HAI contains two completely independent dual-channel (closed-path, open-path) spectrometers, one at 1.4 µm and one at 2.6 µm, which allow together to cover the entire at-mospheric H2O range from 1 to 40 000 ppmv with a single instrument. Both spectrometers comprise each a separate, wavelength-individual extractive, closed-path cell for total water (ice and gas-phase) measurements. Additionally, both spectrometers couple light into a common, open-path-cell outside of the aircraft fuselage for a direct, sampling-free and contactless determination of the gas-phase water content. This novel twin du-al-channel setup allows for the first time multiple self-validation functions i.e. in particular a reliable, direct, in-flight validation of the open-path channels. During the first field campaigns, the in-flight deviations be-tween the independent and calibration-free channels (i.e. closed-path to closed-path and open-path to closed-path) were on average in the 2 % range. Further, the fully autonomous HAI hygrometer allows measurements up to 240 Hz with a minimal integration time of 1.4 ms. The best precision is achieved by the 1.4 µm closed-path cell at 3.8 Hz (0.18 ppmv) and by the 2.6 µm closed-path cell at 13 Hz (0.055 ppmv). The requirements, design, operation principle and in-flight performance of the hygrometer are described in this work.
Biogeochemical characteristics of a long-lived anticyclonic eddy in the eastern South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Cornejo D'Ottone Marcela , Bravo Luis , Ramos Marcel , Pizarro Oscar , Karstensen Johannes , Gallegos Mauricio , Correa-Ramirez Marco , Silva Nelson , Farias Laura , Karp-Boss Lee
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Mesoscale eddies are important, frequent, and persistent features of the circulation in the eastern South Pacific (ESP) Ocean, transporting physical, chemical and biological properties from the productive shelves to the open ocean. Some of these eddies exhibit subsurface hypoxic or suboxic conditions and may serve as important hotspots for nitrogen loss, but little is known about oxygen consumption rates and nitrogen transformation processes associated with these eddies. In the austral fall of 2011, during the Tara Oceans expedition, an intrathermocline, anticyclonic, mesoscale eddy with a suboxic (< 2 µmol kg−1 of O2), subsurface layer (200–400 m) was detected  ∼  900 km off the Chilean shore (30° S, 81° W). The core of the eddy's suboxic layer had a temperature-salinity signature characteristic of Equatorial Subsurface Water (ESSW) that at this latitude is normally restricted to an area near the coast. Measurements of nitrogen species within the eddy revealed undersaturation (below 44 %) of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitrite accumulation (> 0.5 µM), suggesting that active denitrification occurred in this water mass. Using satellite altimetry, we were able to track the eddy back to its region of formation on the coast of central Chile (36.1° S, 74.6° W). Field studies conducted in Chilean shelf waters close to the time of eddy formation provided estimates of initial O2 and N2O concentrations of the ESSW source water in the eddy. By the time of its offshore sighting, concentrations of both O2 and N2O in the subsurface oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) of the eddy were lower than concentrations in surrounding water and “source water” on the shelf, indicating that these chemical species were consumed as the eddy moved offshore. Estimates of apparent oxygen utilization rates at the OMZ of the eddy ranged from 0.29 to 44 nmol L−1 d−1 and the rate of N2O consumption was 3.92 nmol L−1 d−1. These results show that mesoscale eddies affect open-ocean biogeochemistry in the ESP not only by transporting physical and chemical properties from the coast to the ocean interior but also during advection, local biological consumption of oxygen within an eddy further generates conditions favorable to denitrification and loss of fixed nitrogen from the system.
HESS Opinions: Repeatable research: what hydrologists can learn from the Duke cancer research scandal
Authors: Fienen Michael N. , Bakker Mark
Published: May 2016

Abstract. In the past decade, difficulties encountered in reproducing the results of a cancer study at Duke University resulted in a scandal and an investigation which concluded that tools used for data management, analysis, and modeling were inappropriate for the documentation of the study, let alone the reproduction of the results. New protocols were developed which require that data analysis and modeling be carried out with scripts that can be used to reproduce the results and are a record of all decisions and interpretations made during an analysis or a modeling effort. In the hydrological sciences, we face similar challenges and need to develop similar standards for transparency and repeatability of results. A promising route is to start making use of open source languages (such as R and Python) to write scripts and to use collaborative coding environments (such as Git and github.com) to share our codes for inspection and use by the hydrological community. An important side-benefit to adopting such protocols is consistency and efficiency among collaborators.
Mesoscale eddies and submesoscale structures of Persian Gulf Water off the Omani coast in spring 2011
Authors: L'Hégaret Pierre , Carton Xavier , Louazel Stephanie , Boutin Guillaume
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Persian Gulf produces high-salinity water (Persian Gulf Water, PGW hereafter), which flows into the Sea of Oman via the Strait of Hormuz. Beyond the Strait of Hormuz, the PGW cascades down the continental slope and spreads in the Sea of Oman under the influence of the energetic mesoscale eddies. The PGW outflow has different thermohaline characteristics and pathways, depending on the season. In spring 2011, the Phys-Indien experiment was carried out in the Arabian Sea and in the Sea of Oman. The Phys-Indien 2011 measurements, as well as satellite observations, are used here to characterize the circulation induced by the eddy field and its impact on the PGW pathway and evolution. During the spring intermonsoon, an anticyclonic eddy is often observed at the mouth of the Sea of Oman. It creates a front between the eastern and western parts of the basin. This structure was observed in 2011 during the Phys-Indien experiment. Two energetic eddies were also present along the southern Omani coast in the Arabian Sea. At their peripheries, ribbons of freshwater and cold water were found due to the stirring created by the eddies. The PGW characteristics are strongly influenced by these eddies. In the western Sea of Oman, in 2011, the PGW was fragmented into filaments and submesoscale eddies. It also recirculated locally, thus creating salty layers with different densities. In the Arabian Sea, a highly saline submesoscale lens was recorded offshore. Its characteristics are analyzed here and possible origins are proposed. The recurrence of such lenses in the Arabian Sea is also briefly examined.
The Construction of Characteristic of Sports Humanistic Education and Harmonious Campus for Colleges and Universities
Authors: Hu Xiuying
Published: May 2016

This article through the methods of statistic, expert interview, survey and so on. It is with improving the students' humane accomplishment as the goal and enhancing the humanistic value of the characteristics of sports. Exploring the effective new approach of the sports humanistic education: Suiting the local condition to conduct the humanistic education of sports which has regional characteristic; Making use of the advantage of the multidisciplinary knowledge and encourage to excavate the humanities sports market; Trying to play a maximum of sports humanistic education value, magnifying the sports humanities education function, making the campus environment more harmonious. 
Book-Tax Differences and the Persistence of Earnings and Accruals: Tunisian Evidence
Authors: Dridi Wiem , Adel Boubaker
Published: May 2016

This study aims to investigate whether the persistence of earnings, accruals and cash flows are influenced by the difference between accounting and taxable income (book-tax differences; BTD). This investigation helps in two research lines. First we have expanded the literature that interprets the BTD. We used the discretionary part of the BTD to estimate managerial manipulation. Our contribution is to use a different method to estimate the BTD through the residual of a multiple regression. Secondly, we attempted to investigate whether discretionary BTD appear to serve as a useful signal of earnings persistence. We test the model with a sample of 21 listed Tunisian firms in the period from 2003 to 2012. The results illustrate the importance of BTD in indicating the persistence of earnings and accruals.
Exploring the Glass Ceiling and Sticky Floor in Malaysia
Authors: Abidin Wan Liyana Mariah Wan Zainal , Noor Zaleha Mohd , Ngah Wan Azman Saini Wan
Published: May 2016

Usage of quantile regression is preferred nowadays to examine the gender earnings differentials across the earnings distribution. Based on Household Income Survey of 2009 and 2012, this paper examines the issue in Malaysia. The objective of this study is to evaluate the extent of gender earnings differentials across the earnings distribution in 2009 and 2012, whether the glass ceiling or sticky floor exists in the labour market in Malaysia. Based on the pooled quantile regression analysis, the established results indicate that the earnings gap is increasingly larger towards the bottom of the earnings distribution, a finding that is consistent with the existence of sticky floor in both years. Besides, the gender earnings gap is also accelerating between 75th to 90th percentiles, reflecting that the glass ceiling also prevails at the top of the earnings distribution in both years. Furthermore, it is noted that the impact of sticky floor is greater than glass ceiling. Nonetheless, further findings denote that the extent of sticky floor had been reduced whilst glass ceiling had increased within the period.
Some Legal Aspects of Non-judicial Foreclosure in Case of Default on Credit Contract in Vietnam
Authors: Le Thuy Thi Thu , Do Tuan Minh
Published: May 2016

This paper aims to present the authors’ examination of some aspects of Vietnam’s positive law regarding non-judicial foreclosure. Upon default, a bank as a secured creditor may enforce his security right over the collateral that is understood as foreclosure. Foreclosure includes judicial foreclosure and non-judicial foreclosure. In the way of non-judicial foreclosure, a secured creditor can take possession and dispose the secured property without a court’s involvement. So, it may save the secured creditor time and cost. The law governing the non-judicial foreclosure should not only provide the efficient mechanics of self-help repossession but also protections to a grantor. It should be examined whether Vietnamese law meets this requirement. By this study, some drawbacks and shortages of Vietnamese law in relation to non-judicial foreclosure are exposed and then some recommendations for improvement of positive law of Vietnam governing the exercise of the non-judicial foreclosure are presented. 
Historical Mindedness and the World at Large: E. A. Freeman as Public Intellectual
Authors: Jones H. S.
Published: May 2016

E. A. Freeman is best remembered as an historian, but he was also an extensive contributor to the ‘higher journalism’ of the mid-Victorian period. Yet his prolific journalistic output has never attracted sustained attention from historians. This essay analyses the relationship between Freeman’s historical work and his journalism in order to explore his place in Victorian intellectual life. It asks how far his journalism was reliant upon an authority derived from his distinction as an historian. While Freeman drew rather promiscuously on a number of analytically distinct ways of understanding the relationship between history and politics, he responded to accusations of ‘antiquarianism’ and ‘historical-mindedness’ by clarifying what he saw as the role of the historian in public life. Since history, he thought, would inevitably be deployed in political controversy, the important thing was that historical error should be expunged in order to clarify political issues.
INVESTIMENTOS EM SANEAMENTO BÁSICO E AMPLIAÇÕES DAS LIBERDADES SUBSTANTIVAS
Authors: Macedo Joel De Jesus , Schuntzemberger Amanda Massaneira de Souza
Published: May 2016

Diante dos problemas decorrentes da escassez de água no mundo e atualmente assombrando os principais Estados brasileiros, cabe destacar que o saneamento é fundamental para as condições de saúde e produtividade das pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar se o investimento em saneamento implica a redução do afastamento do trabalho. Para explicar o afastamento, selecionaram-se as variáveis: gênero, cor, idade, localização da residência, anos de estudo, acesso a água tratada e acesso a rede geral de esgoto. Para alcançar o objetivo do estudo, utilizou-se um modelo econométrico Logit. Verifica-se a influência direta das variáveis sexo dos indivíduos, idade e anos de estudo ao quadrado sobre o afastamento das atividades laborais. Por outro lado, constata-se que as variáveis acesso a água tratada, acesso a rede de esgoto, cor do indivíduo, anos de estudo, idade ao quadrado e situação censitária tem relação inversa ao afastamento do trabalho por ausência de saneamento básico.
N-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-N-phenyl-4-(9,10-diphenylanthracen-3-yl)benzenamine for blue organic light-emitting diodes
Authors: Kim Young Seok , Kim Dong Young , Lee Song Eun , Kim Young Kwan , Yoon Seung Soo
Published: May 2016

In this study, we have synthesized two blue fluorescent materials based on anthracene derivatives with electron-donating diphenylamine moieties by Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. To explore their electroluminescent properties as blue emitting materials, multilayer devices were fabricated in following sequence: indium–tin-oxide (180 nm)/4,4′-bis(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)biphenyl (50 nm)/blue emitters (30 nm)/bathophenanthroline (30 nm)/lithium quinolate (2 nm)/Al (100 nm). Among them, a device using N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-N-phenyl-4-(9,10-diphenylanthracen-3-yl)benzenamine exhibited efficient blue emission with a luminous, power and external quantum efficiency of 3.11 cd/A, 2.39 lm/W, and 1.82% at 20 mA/cm2, respectively. The Commission International de L’Eclairage coordinates of this device were

at 6.0 V.
Anomalous Walker circulations associated with two flavors of the Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Tozuka Tomoki , Endo Satoru , Yamagata Toshio
Published: May 2016

The Walker circulation is the key component of the atmospheric zonal circulation in the tropics. In this study, it is shown that anomalous Walker circulations associated with two types of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) are remarkably different. During a positive canonical IOD with negative (positive) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the eastern (central to western) tropical Indian Ocean, a single‐cell anomalous Walker circulation forms over the Indian Ocean. On the other hand, a double‐cell anomalous Walker circulation with a rising branch in the central Indian Ocean is formed during a positive IOD Modoki, which is associated with positive (negative) SST anomalies over the central (eastern and western) tropical Indian Ocean. The above anomalous Walker circulations are found to develop as part of positive ocean‐atmosphere feedback. Furthermore, the above difference in the anomalous Walker circulation may affect the biennial tendency of the IOD.
Long‐term pCO2 trends in Adirondack Lakes
Authors: Seekell David A. , Gudasz Cristian
Published: May 2016

Lakes are globally significant sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. However, there are few temporally resolved records of lake CO2 concentrations and long‐term patterns are poorly characterized. We evaluated annual trends in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) based on chemical measurements from 31 Adirondack Lakes taken monthly over an 18 year period. All lakes were supersaturated with CO2 and were sources of CO2 to the atmosphere. There were significant pCO2 trends in 29% of lakes. The median magnitude of significant positive trends was 32.1 µatm yr−1. Overall, 52% of lakes had pCO2 trends greater than those reported for the atmosphere and ocean. Significant trends in lake pCO2 were attributable to regional recovery from acid deposition and changing patterns of ice cover. These results illustrate that lake pCO2 can respond rapidly to environmental change, but the lack of significant trend in 71% of lakes indicates substantial lake‐to‐lake variation in magnitude of response.
Taking a Stand: The Next 50 Years of Community Psychology
Authors: Brodsky Anne E.
Published: May 2016

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of community psychology, the author looks backwards in community psychology literature and to each side in other allied disciplines to suggest three fundamental issues that are in need of critical reflection and re‐evaluation as we move toward the next 50 plus years of our field. These fundamental issues are: Defining community psychology, Doing community psychology, and Perfecting community psychology.
Stable Aqueous Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction by a Cu2O Dark Cathode with Improved Selectivity for Carbonaceous Products
Authors: Chang Xiaoxia , Wang Tuo , Zhang Peng , Wei Yijia , Zhao Jiubing , Gong Jinlong
Published: May 2016

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to produce fuels is a promising way to reduce CO2 emission and address the energy crisis. However, the H2 evolution reaction competes with CO2 photoreduction, which would lower the overall selectivity for carbonaceous products. Cu2O has emerged as a promising material for suppressing the H2 evolution. However, it suffers from poor stability, which is commonly regarded as the result of the electron‐induced reduction of Cu2O. This paper describes a simple strategy using Cu2O as a dark cathode and TiO2 as a photoanode to achieve stable aqueous CO2 reduction with a high Faradaic efficiency of 87.4 % and a selectivity of 92.6 % for carbonaceous products. We have shown that the photogenerated holes, instead of the electrons, primarily account for the instability of Cu2O. Therefore, Cu2O was used as a dark cathode to minimize the adverse effects of holes, by which an improved stability was achieved compared to the Cu2O photocathode under illumination. Additionally, direct exposure of the Cu2O surface to the electrolyte was identified as a critical factor for the high selectivity for carbonaceous products.
Binding of Chromium(III) to Transferrin Could Be Involved in Detoxification of Dietary Chromium(III) Rather than Transport of an Essential Trace Element
Authors: Levina Aviva , Pham T. H. Nguyen , Lay Peter A.
Published: May 2016

CrIII binding to transferrin (Tf; the main FeIII transport protein) has been postulated to mediate cellular uptake of CrIII to facilitate a purported essential role for this element. Experiments using HepG2 (human hepatoma) cells, which were chosen because of high levels of the transferrin receptor, showed that CrIII binding to vacant FeIII‐binding sites of human Tf effectively blocks cellular CrIII uptake. Through bio‐layer interferometry studies of the Tf cycle, it was found that both exclusion and efflux of Cr2IIITf from cells was caused by 1) relatively low Cr2Tf affinity to cell‐surface Tf receptors compared to Fe2Tf, and 2) disruption of metal release under endosomal conditions and post‐endosomal Tf dissociation from the receptor. These data support mounting evidence that CrIII is not essential and that Tf binding is likely to be a natural protective mechanism against the toxicity and potential genotoxicity of dietary Cr through blocking CrIII cellular accumulation.
A Finite Frequency Approach to H∞ Filtering for T–S Fuzzy Systems with Unknown Inputs
Authors: Chibani Ali , Chadli Mohammed , Braiek Naceur Benhadj
Published: May 2016

This paper deals with the problem of state estimation of T–S fuzzy systems subject to unknown inputs. The proposed observer is designed in finite frequency domain to reduce the conservatism generated by those designed in the entire frequency domain when the unknown input frequency ranges are known beforehand. First, a finite frequency H∞ index is introduced to measure the robustness against unknown inputs. Then, design conditions are derived in linear matrix inequality terms. Finally, an illustrative example is introduced to check the developed methodology.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Methanation and Methane Steam Reforming Reactions on Rhodium–Perovskite Systems: Metal–Support Interaction
Authors: Thalinger Ramona , Götsch Thomas , Zhuo Chen , Hetaba Walid , Wallisch Wolfgang , Stöger‐Pollach Michael , Schmidmair Daniela , Klötzer Bernhard , Penner Simon
Published: May 2016

Metal–support interaction in rhodium–perovskite systems was studied using LSF (La0.6Sr0.4FeO3−δ) and STF (SrTi0.7Fe0.3O3−δ) supports to disentangle different manifestations of strong or reactive metal–support interaction. Electron microscopy and catalytic characterization in methane steam reforming/CO2 methanation reveal that reduction in hydrogen at 673 K and 873 K causes different extents of Fe exsolution. Depending on the perovskite reducibility, Fe–Rh alloy particles are observed. No signs of strong metal–support interaction (i.e., encapsulation of metal particles) by reduced oxide species were observed. As re‐oxidation in oxygen at 873 K did not fully restore the initial structures, the interaction between Rh and the perovskites manifests itself in irreversible alloy formation. Catalytic effects are the suppression of methane reactivity with increasing prereduction temperature. The results show the limits of the strong metal–support interaction concept in complex metal–oxide systems.
A Two‐Component Alkyne Metathesis Catalyst System with an Improved Substrate Scope and Functional Group Tolerance: Development and Applications to Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Schaubach Sebastian , Gebauer Konrad , Ungeheuer Felix , Hoffmeister Laura , Ilg Marina K. , Wirtz Conny , Fürstner Alois
Published: May 2016

Although molybdenum alkylidyne complexes such as 1 endowed with triarylsilanolate ligands are excellent catalysts for alkyne metathesis, they can encounter limitations when (multiple) protic sites are present in a given substrate and/or when forcing conditions are necessary. In such cases, a catalyst formed in situ upon mixing of the trisamidomolybenum alkylidyne complex 3 and the readily available trisilanol derivatives 8 or 11 shows significantly better performance. This two‐component system worked well for a series of model compounds comprising primary, secondary or phenolic ‐OH groups, as well as for a set of challenging (bis)propargylic substrates. Its remarkable efficiency is also evident from applications to the total syntheses of manshurolide, a highly strained sesquiterpene lactone with kinase inhibitory activity, and the structurally demanding immunosuppressive cyclodiyne ivorenolide A; in either case, the standard catalyst 1 largely failed to effect the critical macrocyclization, whereas the two‐component system was fully operative. A study directed toward the quinolizidine alkaloid lythrancepine I features yet another instructive example, in that a triyne substrate was metathesized with the help of 3/11 such that two of the triple bonds participated in ring closure, while the third one passed uncompromised. As a spin‐off of this project, a much improved ruthenium catalyst for the redox isomerization of propargyl alcohols to the corresponding enones was developed.
Peer‐counseling for women newly diagnosed with breast cancer: A randomized community/research collaboration trial
Authors: Giese‐Davis Janine , Bliss‐Isberg Caroline , Wittenberg Lynne , White Jennifer , Star Path , Zhong Lihong , Cordova Matthew J. , Houston Debra , Spiegel David
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

We conducted a randomized controlled trial of peer‐counseling for newly diagnosed breast cancer (BC) patients as a community/research collaboration testing an intervention developed jointly by a community‐based‐organization serving women with cancer and university researchers.

METHODS

We recruited 104 women newly diagnosed with BC at any disease stage. Prior to randomization, all received a one‐time visit with an oncology nurse who offered information and resources. Afterwards, we randomized half to receive a match with a Navigator with whom they could have contact for up to 6 months. We recruited, trained, and supervised 30 peer counselors who became “Navigators.” They were at least one‐year post‐diagnosis with BC. Controls received no further intervention. We tested the effect of intervention on breast‐cancer–specific well‐being and trauma symptoms as primary outcomes, and several secondary outcomes. In exploratory analyses, we tested whether responding to their diagnosis as a traumatic stressor moderated outcomes.

RESULTS

We found that, compared with the control group, receiving a peer‐counseling intervention significantly improved breast‐cancer–specific well‐being (p=0.01, Cohen's d=0.41) and maintained marital adjustment (p=0.01, Cohen's d=0.45) more effectively. Experiencing the diagnosis as a traumatic stressor moderated outcomes: those with a peer counselor in the traumatic stressor group improved significantly more than controls on well‐being, trauma and depression symptoms, and cancer self‐efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Having a peer counselor trained and supervised to recognize and work with trauma symptoms can improve well‐being and psychosocial morbidity during the first year following diagnosis of BC. Cancer 2016;122:2408–2417. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Clinical and molecular markers of long‐term survival after oligometastasis‐directed stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT)
Authors: Wong Anthony C. , Watson Sydeaka P. , Pitroda Sean P. , Son Christina H. , Das Lauren C. , Stack Melinda E. , Uppal Abhineet , Oshima Go , Khodarev Nikolai N. , Salama Joseph K. , Weichselbaum Ralph R. , Chmura Steven J.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The selection of patients for oligometastasis‐directed ablative therapy remains a challenge. The authors report on clinical and molecular predictors of survival from a stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) dose‐escalation trial for oligometastases.

METHODS

Patients who had from 1 to 5 metastases, a life expectancy of >3 months, and a Karnofsky performance status of >60 received escalating SBRT doses to all known cancer sites. Time to progression, progression‐free survival, and overall survival (OS) were calculated at the completion of SBRT, and clinical predictors of OS were modeled. Primary tumor microRNA expression was analyzed to identify molecular predictors of OS.

RESULTS

Sixty‐one evaluable patients were enrolled from 2004 to 2009. The median follow‐up was 2.3 years for all patients (range, 0.2‐9.3 years) and 6.8 years for survivors (range, 2.0‐9.3 years). The median, 2‐year, and 5‐year estimated OS were 2.4 years, 57%, and 32%, respectively. The rate of progression after SBRT was associated with an increased risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24‐1.82). The time from initial cancer diagnosis to metastasis (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.98‐0.99), the time from metastasis to SBRT (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.98‐0.99), and breast cancer histology (HR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.07‐0.37) were significant predictors of OS. In an exploratory analysis, a candidate classifier using expression levels of 3 microRNAs (miR‐23b, miR‐449a, and miR‐449b) predicted survival among 17 patients who had primary tumor microRNA expression data available.

CONCLUSIONS

A subset of oligometastatic patients achieves long‐term survival after metastasis‐directed SBRT. Clinical features and primary tumor microRNA expression profiling, if validated in an independent dataset, may help select oligometastatic patients most likely to benefit from metastasis‐directed therapy. Cancer 2016;122:2242–50. © 2016 American Cancer Society.