bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POSTMan (POST‐translational modification analysis), a software application for PTM discovery
Authors: Arntzen Magnus Ø. , Osland Christoffer Leif , Raa Christopher Rasch‐Olsen , Kopperud Reidun , Døskeland Stein‐Ove , Lewis Aurélia E. , D'Santos Clive S.
Published: February 2009

Post‐translationally modified peptides present in low concentrations are often not selected for CID, resulting in no sequence information for these peptides. We have developed a software POSTMan (POST‐translational Modification analysis) allowing post‐translationally modified peptides to be targeted for fragmentation. The software aligns LC‐MS runs (MS1 data) between individual runs or within a single run and isolates pairs of peptides which differ by a user defined mass difference (post‐translationally modified peptides). The method was validated for acetylated peptides and allowed an assessment of even the basal protein phosphorylation of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PHA) in intact cells.
How specific is my SRM?: The issue of precursor and product ion redundancy
Authors: Sherman Jamie , McKay Matthew J. , Ashman Keith , Molloy Mark P.
Published: February 2009

Selected reaction monitoring (SRM) MS is proving to be a popular approach for targeted quantitative proteomics. The use of proteotypic peptides as candidates for SRM analysis is a wise first step in SRM method design. The obvious reason for this is the need to avoid redundancy at the sequence level, however this is incidental. The true reason is that homologous peptides result in redundancy in the mass‐to‐charge domain. This may seem like a trivial subtlety, however, we believe this is an issue of far greater significance than the proteomic community is aware. This VIEWPOINT article serves to highlight the complexity associated with designing SRM assays in light of potential ion redundancy.
Proteome responses to stable hepatitis B virus transfection and following interferon alpha treatment in human liver cell line HepG2
Authors: Wang Jianghua , Jiang Dong , Zhang Henghui , Lv Sa , Rao Huiying , Fei Ran , Wei Lai
Published: February 2009

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide health problem and may develop to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. To investigate the global proteome responses of liver‐derived cells to HBV infection and IFNα treatment, 2‐DE and MS‐based analysis were performed to compare the proteome changes between HBV stably transfected cell line HepG2.2.15 and its parental cell line HepG2, as well as HepG2.2.15 before and after IFNα treatment (5000 IU/mL for 72 h). Compared to HepG2, 12 of 18 down‐regulated and 27 of 32 up‐regulated proteins were identified in HepG2.2.15. After IFNα treatment, 6 of 7 down‐regulated and 11 of 14 up‐regulated proteins were identified. Differentially expressed proteins caused by HBV infection were involved with cytoskeletal matrix, heat shock stress, kinases/signal transduction, protease/proteasome components, etc. Prohibitin showed a dose‐dependent up‐regulation during IFNα treatment and might play a potent role in anti‐HBV activities of IFNα by enhancing the crossbinding p53 expression to achieve the apoptosis of HBV infected liver cells. Down‐regulation of interferon‐stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) in HepG2.2.15 and recovery by IFNα suggested its relationship with IFNα's anti‐HBV effect.
Proteome analysis ofEdwardsiella ictaluri
Authors: Dumpala Pradeep R. , Lawrence Mark L. , Karsi Attila
Published: February 2009

Edwardsiella ictaluriis a facultative intracellular Gram‐negative bacterium causing enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), the most prevalent disease affecting farm‐raised channel catfish in the United States. Despite its economic importance, studies addressing high‐throughput proteomics were not possible because of lack of comprehensive protein database. Here, we report the first high‐throughput proteomics analysis ofE. ictaluriusing 2‐D LC ESI MS/MS and 2‐DE MALDI TOF/TOF MS. Proteins identified in this study and predicted from the wholeE. ictalurigenome were clustered into functional groups using clusters of orthologous groups (COG), and their subcellular locations were predicted. Possible functional relationships among proteins were determined using pathway analysis. The total number of uniqueE. ictaluriproteins identified using both 2‐D LC and 2‐DE approaches was 788, of which 15.48% (122) were identified by both methods while 78.43% (618) and 6.09% (48) were unique in 2‐D LC and 2‐DE, respectively. COG groupings and subcellular localizations were quite similar between our data set and proteins predicted from the whole genome. Twelve pathways were significantly represented in our dataset (p<0.05). Results from this study provided experimental evidence for many proteins that were predicted from theE. ictalurigenome annotation, and they should accelerate future functional and comparative studies aimed at understanding virulence mechanisms of this important pathogen.
Proteomic profiling of KATP channel‐deficient hypertensive heart maps risk for maladaptive cardiomyopathic outcome
Authors: Zlatkovic Jelena , Arrell D. Kent , Kane Garvan C. , Miki Takashi , Seino Susumu , Terzic Andre
Published: February 2009

KCNJ11 null mutants, lacking Kir6.2 ATP‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channels, exhibit a marked susceptibility towards hypertension (HTN)‐induced heart failure. To gain insight into the molecular alterations induced by knockout of this metabolic sensor under hemodynamic stress, wild‐type (WT) and Kir6.2 knockout (Kir6.2‐KO) cardiac proteomes were profiled by comparative 2‐DE and Orbitrap MS. Despite equivalent systemic HTN produced by chronic hyperaldosteronism, 114 unique proteins were altered in Kir6.2‐KO compared to WT hearts. Bioinformatic analysis linked the primary biological function of the KATP channel‐dependent protein cohort to energetic metabolism (64% of proteins), followed by signaling infrastructure (36%) including oxidoreductases, stress‐related chaperones, processes supporting protein degradation, transcription and translation, and cytostructure. Mapped protein–protein relationships authenticated the primary impact on metabolic pathways, delineating the KATP channel‐dependent subproteome within a nonstochastic network. Iterative systems interrogation of the proteomic web prioritized heart‐specific adverse effects, i.e., “Cardiac Damage”, “Cardiac Enlargement”, and “Cardiac Fibrosis”, exposing a predisposition for the development of cardiomyopathic traits in the hypertensive Kir6.2‐KO. Validating this maladaptive forecast, phenotyping documented an aggravated myocardial contractile performance, a massive interstitial fibrosis and an exaggerated left ventricular size, all prognostic indices of poor outcome. Thus, Kir6.2 ablation engenders unfavorable proteomic remodeling in hypertensive hearts, providing a composite molecular substrate for pathologic stress‐associated cardiovascular disease.
Complex micelles formed from two diblock copolymers for applications in controlled drug release
Authors: Li Guiying , Guo Lei , Ma Songmei , Liu Junshen
Published: February 2009

Double‐responsive core‐shell‐corona complex micelles for applications in drug release were formed from self‐assembly of two diblock copolymers PtBA‐b‐ PNIPAM and PtBA‐b‐P4VP. The two diblock copolymers coaggregated into core‐shell complex micelles in acidic water with the hydrophobic PtBA blocks as the common core and soluble PNIPAM/P4VP blocks as the mixed shell. Increasing temperature or pH value, the micelles converted into core‐shell‐corona micelles because of the collapse of PNIPAM or P4VP blocks as the inner shell and soluble P4VP or PNIPAM chains stretching outside as the outer corona. The anti‐inflammation drug naproxen (NAP) was loaded as the model drug in micelles in acidic water and released because of the ionization of NAP in alkaline solutions. Compared with pure core‐shell micelles, release of NAP from core‐shell‐corona complex micelles avoided the burst diffusion and the release rate is more easily controlled by tuning the composition of the mixtures or by adjusting the pH of the medium. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1804–1810, 2009
Synthesis and properties of carbamate‐ and amine‐containing poly(phenylacetylenes)
Authors: Saeed Irfan , Khan Fareha Zafar , Shiotsuki Masashi , Masuda Toshio
Published: February 2009

The 3‐ and 4‐aminophenylacetylenes protected by t‐butoxycarbonyl (t‐Boc) and 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) groups (3a–6a) were synthesized and polymerized using [(nbd)RhCl]2 (1) and [(nbd)Rh+‐η6‐PhB−Ph3] (2) catalysts. The t‐Boc‐containing polymers [poly(3a) and poly(4a)] were obtained in high yield (82–91%). Among the Fmoc‐protected monomers, the para‐derivative polymerized well [poly(6a); yield = 85–94%], whereas its meta‐substituted analogue did not afford high molecular weight polymer in good yield [poly(5a); yield = 10–15%]. The use of KN(SiMe3)2 as a cocatalyst in conjunction with 1 led to a dramatic increase in the molecular weight of the polymers. The acid‐ and base‐catalyzed removal of the t‐Boc and the Fmoc groups, respectively, generated primary amine‐containing polymers [poly(3b)–poly(6b)] which cannot be obtained directly by the polymerization of the corresponding monomers. The solubility characteristics of the polymers bearing protected amino groups were quite different from those of the unprotected ones, the former being soluble in polar solvents, whereas the latter displayed poor solubility even in polar protic or highly polar aprotic solvents. The attempts to accomplish the free‐standing membrane fabrication by solution casting were successful only for poly(3a), and an augmentation in the gas permeability and CO2/N2 permselectivity was discerned in comparison with the unsubstituted poly(phenylacetylene) and poly(m‐t‐butyldimethylsiloxyphenylacetylene). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1853–1863, 2009
Type of social support matters for prediction of posttraumatic growth among cancer survivors
Authors: Schroevers Maya J. , Helgeson Vicki S. , Sanderman Robbert , Ranchor Adelita V.
Published: February 2009

Objective: Previous research in people with cancer on social support and psychological well‐being has mainly focused on the short‐term negative outcomes of adjustment. Little is known about the role of social support in the experience of positive outcomes in the long term. This study examined the relation between emotional support in the period following diagnosis and the experience of positive consequences of the illness, so called posttraumatic growth, at 8 years after diagnosis. We focused on three distinct types of emotional support: perceived availability, actual received, and dissatisfaction with received emotional support.

Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in a sample of 206 long‐term cancer survivors. Social support was assessed with the Social Support List (SSL) at 3 months and 8 years after diagnosis. Positive consequences of the illness were assessed with the Silver Lining Questionnaire (SLQ) at 8 years after diagnosis. Correlation‐ and regression analyses were used to examine the associations of initial levels of emotional support with the long‐term report of posttraumatic growth.

Results: Regression analyses showed that more received emotional support at 3 months after diagnosis significantly predicted a greater experience of positive consequences of the illness at 8 years after diagnosis. This association remained significant, when controlling for concurrent levels of emotional support at 8 years after diagnosis.

Conclusions: The findings suggest that getting support from family and friends, characterized by reassuring, comforting, and problem‐solving, in the period following diagnosis is an important resource that may help cancer survivors to find positive meaning in the cancer experience. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics analysis of liver pathological calcification suggests a role for the IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 in myofibroblast function
Authors: Kalantari Fariba , Auguste Patrick , Ziafazeli Tahereh , Tzimas George , Malmström Lars , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Boismenu Daniel , Vali Hojatollah , Chevet Eric
Published: February 2009

To date the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which liver pathological calcifications occur and are regulated are poorly investigated. To study the mechanisms linked to their appearance, we performed a proteomics analysis of calcified liver samples. To this end, human liver biopsies collected in noncalcified (N), precalcified (P), and calcified (C) areas of the liver were subjected to weak ion exchange chromatography, SDS‐PAGE, and LC‐ESI MS/MS analyses. As we previously demonstrated that alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) expressing myofibroblasts were involved in liver pathological calcification, we performed a targeted analysis of actin cytoskeleton remodeling‐related proteins. This revealed dramatic changes in protein expression patterns in the periphery of the calcified areas. More particularly, we found that IQGAP1 and IQGAP2 proteins were subjected to major expression changes. We show that IQGAP1 expression within P and C areas of the liver correlates with the high abundance of myofibroblasts and that IQGAP1 is specifically expressed in these cells. In addition, we find that IQGAP1 is part of a protein complex including β‐catenin and Rac1 mainly in P and C regions of the liver. These results suggest that IQGAP1 may play a critical role in the regulation of cytoskeleton remodeling in liver myofibroblasts in response to liver injury and consequently impact on their function.
Quantitative nuclear proteomics reveals new phenotypes altered in lymphoblastoid cells
Authors: Brennan Paul , Shore Angharad M. , Clement Mathew , Hewamana Saman , Jones Catrin M. , Giles Peter , Fegan Christopher , Pepper Christopher , Brewis Ian A.
Published: February 2009

B‐lymphocytes are essential for the production of antibodies to fight pathogens and are the cells of origin in 95% of human lymphomas. During their activation, and immortalisation by Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) which contributes to human cancers, B‐lymphocytes undergo dramatic changes in cell size and protein content. This study was initiated to compare the proteome of two B‐cell lines, from the same individual, that reflect different patterns of activation, one is EBV negative and the other is EBV positive. Using isobaric tags, LC‐MALDI TOF‐TOF and subcellular fractionation, we quantified 499 proteins from B‐cells. From a detergent lysed protein extract, we identified 34 proteins that were differentially expressed in EBV‐immortalised B‐cells. By analysing a nuclear extract, we identified a further 29 differentially expressed proteins with only four proteins shared between the two extracts, illustrating the benefit of subcellular fractionation. This analysis has identified proteins involved in the cytoskeletal phenotype of activated B‐cells and the increased antigen recognition in EBV‐immortalised cells. Importantly, we have also identified new regulators of transcription and changes in ribonuclear proteins that may contribute to the increased cell size and immortalisation of lymphoblastoid cells.
Assessing wind profile effects on the global atmospheric torque
Authors: Miranda P. M. A. , Martins J. P. A. , Teixeira M. A. C.
Published: February 2009

The impact of a new approach to the evaluation of surface gravity wave drag (GWD) is assessed. This approach uses linear theory, but incorporates the effects of wind profile shear and curvature, by means of a second‐order WKB approximation. While the theory predicts the possibility of either drag enhancement or reduction, depending on the wind profile, results obtained with the ERA‐40 reanalysis data clearly indicate the predominance of local drag enhancement. However, the global impact of shear on the atmospheric axial GWD torque comes mostly from regions with predominantly easterly flow, contributing to a slight reduction of the bias found in different studies of the global angular momentum budget. The relative correction due to shear on linear GWD is found not to depend too strongly on the levels chosen for the computation of the low‐level wind derivatives. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Are liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem quadrupole fragmentation ratios unequivocal confirmation criteria?
Authors: Kaufmann Anton , Butcher Patrick , Maden Kathryn , Widmer Mirjam , Giles Kevin , Uría Diana
Published: February 2009

Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) ratios as provided by tandem mass spectrometers are used to confirm positive residue findings (e.g. veterinary drugs or pesticides). The Commission Decision 2002/657/EEC defines tolerance levels for MRM ratios, which are intended to prevent the reporting of false positives. This paper reports findings where blank sample extracts have been spiked by a drug (difloxacin) and the corresponding measured MRM ratios significantly deviated from MRM ratios observed in matrix‐free solution. The observation was explained by the formation of two different [M+H]+ analyte ions within the electrospray ionization (ESI) interface. These two ions vary only by the site of analyte protonation. Since they are isobaric, they are equally transmitted through the first quadrupole, but are differently fragmented in the collision chamber. The existence of two isobaric ions was deduced by statistical data and the observation of a doubly charged analyte ion. It was hypothesized that the combined presence of [M+H]+ and [M+2H]2+ implies the existence of two different singly charged ion species differing only by the site of protonation. Low‐ and high‐energy interface‐induced fragmentation was performed on the samples. The surviving precursor ion population was mass selected and again fragmented in the collision chamber. Equal product ion spectra would be expected. However, very different product ion spectra were observed for the two interface regimes. This is consistent with the assumption that the two postulated isobaric precursor ions show different stability in the interface. Hence the abundance ratio among the two types of surviving precursor ions will shift and change the resulting product ion spectra. The existence of the postulated singly charged ions with multiple chargeable sites was finally confirmed by successful ion mobility separation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 Is Necessary for the Migration of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Toward Human Glioma
Authors: Ho Ivy A. W. , Chan Kelly Y. W. , Ng Wai-Hoe , Guo Chang M. , Hui Kam M. , Cheang Philip , Lam Paula Y. P.
Published: February 2009

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have increasingly been used as cellular vectors for the delivery of therapeutic genes to tumors. However, the precise mechanism of mobilization remains poorly defined. In this study, MSCs that expressed similar cell surface markers and exhibited multilineage differentiation potentials were isolated from various donors. Interestingly, different MSC isolates displayed differential migration ability toward human glioma cells. We hypothesized that distinct molecular signals may be involved in the varied tumor tropisms exhibited by different MSC isolates. To test this hypothesis, gene expression profiles of tumor-trophic MSCs were compared with those of non–tumor-trophic MSCs. Among the various differentially regulated genes, matrix metalloproteinase one (MMP1) gene expression and its protein activities were enhanced by 27-fold and 21-fold, respectively, in highly migrating MSCs compared with poorly migrating MSCs. By contrast, there was no change in the transcriptional levels of other MMPs. Functional inactivation of MMP1 abrogated the migratory potential of MSCs toward glioma-conditioned medium. Conversely, the nonmigratory phenotype of poorly migrating MSC could be rescued in the presence of either recombinant MMP1 or conditioned medium from the highly migrating MSCs. Ectopic expression of MMP1 in these poorly migrating cells also rendered the cells responsive to the signaling cues from the glioma cells in vivo. However, blocking the interaction of MMP1 and its cognate receptor PAR1 effectively diminished the migratory ability of MSCs. Taken together, this study provides, for the first time, supporting evidence that MMP1 is critically involved in the migration capacity of MSCs, acting through the MMP1/PAR1 axis.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Identification of a Stroma-Mediated Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Promoting Self-Renewal of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Stem Cell Niche
Authors: Kim Jin-A , Kang Young-Ju , Park Gyeongsin , Kim Myungshin , Park Young-Ok , Kim Hanjun , Leem Sun-Hee , Chu In-Sun , Lee Jun-Seong , Jho Eek-Hoon , Oh Il-Hoan
Published: February 2009

With contrasting observations on the effects of β-catenin on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the precise role of Wnt/β-catenin signals on HSC regulation remains unclear. Here, we show a distinct mode of Wnt/β-catenin signal that can regulate HSCs in a stroma-dependent manner. Stabilization of β-catenin in the bone marrow stromal cells promoted maintenance and self-renewal of HSCs in a contact-dependent manner, whereas direct stabilization in hematopoietic cells caused loss of HSCs. Interestingly, canonical Wnt receptors and β-catenin accumulation were predominantly enriched in the stromal rather than the hematopoietic compartment of bone marrows. Moreover, the active form of β-catenin accumulated selectively in the trabecular endosteum in “Wnt 3a-stimulated” or “irradiation-stressed,” but not in “steady-state” marrows. Notably, notch ligands were induced in Wnt/β-catenin activated bone marrow stroma and downstream notch signal activation was seen in the HSCs in contact with the activated stroma. Taken together, Wnt/β-catenin activated stroma and their cross-talk with HSCs may function as a physiologically regulated microenvironmental cue for HSC self-renewal in the stem cell niche.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Multitracer assessment of dopamine function after transplantation of embryonic stem cell‐derived neural stem cells in a primate model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Muramatsu Shin‐Ichi , Okuno Tsuyoshi , Suzuki Yutaka , Nakayama Takashi , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Takino Naomi , Iida Asako , Ono Fumiko , Terao Keiji , Inoue Nobuo , Nakano Imaharu , Kondo Yasushi , Tsukada Hideo
Published: February 2009

The ability of primate embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into dopamine (DA)‐synthesizing neurons has raised hopes of creating novel cell therapies for Parkinson's disease (PD). As the primary purpose of cell transplantation in PD is restoration of dopaminergic neurotransmission in the striatum, in vivo assessment of DA function after grafting is necessary to achieve better therapeutic effects. A chronic model of PD was produced in two cynomolgus monkeys (M‐1 and M‐2) by systemic administration of neurotoxin. Neural stem cells (NSCs) derived from cynomolgus ES cells were implanted unilaterally in the putamen. To evaluate DA‐specific functions, we used multiple [11C]‐labeled positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, including [β‐11C]L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐[β‐11C]DOPA, DA precursor ligand), [11C]‐2β‐carbomethoxy‐3β‐(4‐fluorophenyl)tropane ([11C]β‐CFT, DA transporter ligand) and [11C]raclopride (D2 receptor ligand). At 12 weeks after grafting NSCs, PET demonstrated significantly increased uptake of L‐[β‐11C]DOPA (M‐1:41%, M‐2:61%) and [11C]β‐CFT (M‐1:31%, M‐2:36%) uptake in the grafted putamen. In addition, methamphetamine challenge in M‐2 induced reduced [11C]raclopride binding (16%) in the transplanted putamen, suggesting release of DA. These results show that transplantation of NSCs derived from cynomolgus monkey ES cells can restore DA function in the putamen of a primate model of PD. PET with multitracers is useful for functional studies in developing cell‐based therapies against PD. Synapse 63: 541‐548, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel portable multimedia QoS monitor: independent and high efficiency
Authors: Zhou Qingguo , Bai Shuwei , Hu Bin , Guire Nicholas MC , Li Lian
Published: February 2009

In this paper, a novel multimedia QoS monitor, p3m (Portable MultiMedia Monitor), is presented. The main function of p3m is data package analysis and statistics. Breaking through the conventional method, this new QoS monitor moves jobs into kernel space, by which to meet the real‐time requirements of multimedia services. With the development of broadband Internet, more and more heterogeneous multimedia services and protocols have been widely deployed. As known, there are two traditional QoS monitors. One is server‐based, depending on the specific multimedia server, such as Helix. Another is tcpdump‐based, e.g. mmdump, which can measure the nature of multimedia traffic merely. However, it is still difficult to monitor the QoS of multimedia networks by these two traditional strategies. To resolve the problems, our new system adopts MMPM (MultiMedia Packages Management) mechanism which can make monitor tool become server‐independent and monitor the multimedia packets by preference, thus greatly reducing resource requirements with offering high performance. This paper describes the design and implementation of p3m and demonstrates one instance of its utility in monitoring the QoS of RTSP with Helix Server. The evaluation of p3m is also presented in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dy2Te3O9: Der erste Vertreter von Lanthanoid(III)‐Oxotelluraten der Zusammensetzung M2Te3O9
Authors: Meier Steffen F. , Höss Patrick , Schleid Thomas
Published: February 2009

Dy2Te3O9: The First Representative of Lanthanoid(III)‐Oxotellurates(IV) with the Composition M2Te3O9

Single crystals of Dy2Te3O9 could be obtained by reaction of Dy2O3 with TeO2 in a 1 : 4 molar ratio as first representative of the formula type M2Te3O9. In this oxotellurate(IV), the lanthanoid(III) cations are hepta‐ (capped trigonal prism: Dy4) and octacoordinated (bicapped trigonal prisms: Dy1–Dy3) by oxygen atoms, respectively. These dysprosium–oxygen polyhedra build up layers parallel to the (100) plane by sharing common edges as dominating feature of the crystal structure. Because of the proportionally higher Dy2O3 moiety in Dy2Te3O9 (Dy2O3 : TeO2 =1 : 3), these ∞2{[Dy4O17]22–} sheets appear more bulky and corrugated than the almost planar ∞2{[Dy2O11]16–} layers in Dy2Te4O11 (Dy2O3 : TeO2 = 1 : 4). In spite of its rather complex constitution, the tellurium–oxygen partial structure in Dy2Te3O9 shows remarkably different motifs. The six crystallographically independent Te4+ cations are each surrounded by three oxygen atoms, which form together with the lone‐pair electrons [TeO3]2– ions of ψ1‐tetrahedral shape. However, three of them show higher coordination numbers such as CN = 3+3 (Te1) and CN = 3+2 (Te2 and Te3) by strong secondary Te···O interactions with adjacent oxotellurate(IV) units, whilst the other three (Te4–Te6: CN = 3) have no secondary contacts at all. The typical 3+1‐coordination of Te4+ as in Dy2Te4O11 and generally common in other rare‐earth metal(III) oxotellurates(IV) does not occur. Also oxoditellurate(IV) units ([Te2O5]2–) as in Dy2Te4O11 or even more condensed ones ([Te3O8]4–) as in Dy2Te5O13 cannot be observed in Dy2Te3O9, owing to its proportionally smaller TeO2 moiety. Five of the [TeO3]2– ions group to screw‐like strands along the [010] direction according to ∞1{[Te5O15]10–} through strong secondary Te···O contacts, whereas the remaining [(Te6)O3]2– units reside isolated within channelsof the porous ∞2{[Dy4O17]22–} sheets. The linkage of the ∞2{[Dy4O17]22–} partial structure to achieve a framework only takes place by [(Te4)O3]2– ions through Dy3–O–Te4–O–Dy4 bridges. Between the ∞2{[Dy4O17]22–} layers as well as within their channels there is still enough space left to accommodate the stereochemically active lone‐pair electrons at the Te4+ ions.
Structure and Properties of Dimorphic CePdZn
Authors: Hermes Wilfried , Mishra Ratikanta , Müller Helen , Johrendt Dirk , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: February 2009

Two modifications of CePdZn have been synthesized and structurally characterized. The high‐temperature (HT) β‐CePdZn modification forms upon quenching from the melt. The β‐CePdZn structure adopts the orthorhombic TiNiSi type and transforms to the low‐temperature (LT) α‐CePdZn modification (ZrNiAl type) upon annealing at 1080 K. Both modifications have been studied by X‐ray powder and single crystal data: P2m, a = 740.4(1), c = 402.18(5) pm, wR2 = 0.0427, 237 F2 values and 14 variables for α‐CePdZn and Pnma, a = 707.2(2), b = 441.4(2), c = 806.3(3) pm, wR2 = 0.0827, 469 F2 values and 20 variables for β‐CePdZn. The palladium and zinc atoms build up three‐dimensional [PdZn] networks in both modifications which leave channels for the cerium atoms. Both modifications show stable trivalent cerium. β‐CePdZn orders antiferromagnetically at 3.2(1) K while no magnetic ordering has been observed for α‐CePdZn down to 2 K. The course of the magnetic data points to stronger Ce(4f)–Pd(4d) hybridization in α‐CePdZn. Electronic structure calculations reveal only small differences between α‐ and β‐CePdZn regarding the total energy and the Ce(4f)–Pd(4d) hybridization.
Ontogenetic changes in leaf phenology of two co‐occurring Mediterranean oaks differing in leaf life span
Authors: Mediavilla Sonia , Escudero Alfonso
Published: February 2009

Large differences in leaf physiology and morphology between ontogenetic stages of a single woody species have often been observed. Far less attention, however, has been devoted to studying the ontogenetic changes observed in leaf phenology patterns, despite the relevance of leaf phenology in determining the leaf carbon balance and leaf and plant mortality. Leaf emergence patterns and leaf longevity were studied in the saplings and mature trees of the evergreen Quercus ilex and the deciduous Quercus faginea. Our aim here was to analyze and interpret the possible tree‐age related differences in these leaf traits. Unlike the adults, in which only one flush of leaf growth was observed, several leaf cohorts were produced within each year in the saplings. Sapling leaves showed a lower mean duration than those of the adults. However, Q. faginea saplings exhibited large plasticity in leaf longevity, which was not seen in the case of Q. ilex. The differences in leaf emergence patterns and in leaf longevity between growth stages seemed to be related to differences in resource availability for leaf production and in leaf mass per unit area, respectively. We propose that the sequential leaf development in saplings may be an important mechanism enabling tree species to cope with resource limitation in the early stages of life.
Surgical Options for Ulnar Nerve Entrapment: An Example of Individualized Decision Analysis
Authors: Gasco Jaime
Published: February 2009

The decision-making process in the diagnosis and treatment of an ulnar nerve entrapment (UNE) at the elbow is presented from the viewpoint of the patient and from that of a physician who in this case, were the same individual. The problems of diagnosis and the selection of the appropriate therapy-conservative or surgical and the choice of a particular surgical approach are discussed in the light of recent evidence-based medicine (EMB) literature.
Lysophosphatidylcholine Exhibits Selective Cytotoxicity, Accompanied by ROS Formation, in RAW 264.7 Macrophages
Authors: Park Cheon Ho , Kim Mee Ree , Han Jong‐Min , Jeong Tae‐Sook , Sok Dai‐Eun
Published: February 2009

Lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPtdCho) is a component of oxidized low density lipoprotein, and is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammation. We studied the effects of lysoPtdCho on cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, activation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen‐activated protein kinases and pro‐inflammatory gene expression in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. When cells were exposed to lysoPtdCho with various acyl chains in a culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, only 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho showed a remarkable cytotoxicity, reaching the highest level at 24 h, and elicited ROS production, suggesting that oxidative stress might be implicated in the cytotoxicity of 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho. Presumably in support of this, antioxidants such as magnolol or trolox prevented 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho‐induced cytotoxicity as well as ROS production, although only partially. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, CCL2 and CCL5 were augmented by 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho. Meanwhile, there was no structural importance of the acyl chain for the cytotoxic action of lysoPtdCho during 10 min incubation in serum‐free media. Taken together, it is suggested that in a serum‐containing medium, 1‐linoleoyl (C18:2) lysoPtdCho can cause a significant cytotoxicity through ROS production, probably accompanied by activation of ERK and induction of related inflammatory cytokines, in RAW 264.7 cells.
Psychosocial Status and Health Related Quality of Life in Relation to the Metabolic Syndrome in a Swedish Middle-Aged Population
Authors: Frisman Gunilla Hollman , Kristenson Margareta
Published: February 2009

Background: The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is a combination of risk factors related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Psychosocial factors and stress have been suggested to be important determinants.

Aim: To analyse how psychosocial factors, perceived stress and health related quality of life are related to MS, and assess if observed associations are dependent of life-style.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of a random sample of 502 men and 505 women aged 45–69, from southeast Sweden, including fasting blood samples, blood pressure, anthropometrics, self-reported data of life-style, psychosocial status and health related quality of life (SF-36). Linear regression models were adjusted for age and, in a second step, also for life-style.

Results: Men and women with MS reported lower levels of physical activity, lower scores on physical and social dimensions of SF-36, and women with MS reported stronger effect of social change compared to those without MS ( p < 0.05), but we found no differences for mental health or perceived stress. The major part of observed associations was lost after adjustment for effects of life-style.

Conclusion: Our data speak against a direct effect of social stress on MS via psychological strain but suggest an indirect pathway via a sedentary life-style.
Proteinuria in Cats
Authors: Syme Harriet M
Published: February 2009

Practical relevance Numerous tests are available to the practitioner for quantifying proteinuria. It is important to understand the advantages and limitations of these tests and how the information gained can contribute to optimal patient management.

Patient group Cats with chronic kidney disease or systemic hypertension, as well as geriatric cats without overt evidence of disease (including renal dysfunction), are at particular risk of proteinuria. Evidence base Several longitudinal studies of cats seen in first opinion clinics have shown an association between proteinuria and decreased survival time. However, it is unknown whether the deaths that occur in proteinuric cats are due to progression of renal disease because it is often difficult to ascribe a cause of death to a single underlying aetiology in clinical patients. It is also unknown whether proteinuria is contributing to disease progression in these cats or whether proteinuric renal disease is intrinsically more rapidly progressive.

Clinical significance More aggressive investigation and management of patients with proteinuria may be appropriate since they are more likely to have progressive disease and/or increased mortality.
NICOLAS CHESNEAU, CATHOLIC PRINTER IN PARIS DURING THE FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION
Authors: RACAUT LUC
Published: February 2009

This article explores the activities of Nicolas Chesneau, a Parisian printer active between the beginning of the French Wars of Religion and the League. While printing in the Protestant sphere has received a great deal of historiographical attention, the influence of Catholic printing on opinion forming during the French Wars of Religion remains comparatively misunderstood. Nicolas Chesneau was a militant Catholic printer whose activity responded to commercial and political pressures but also reflects a personal commitment to Catholicism. Evidence drawn from Chesneau's epistles and bibliography reveals personal relationships with authors, other printers, and patrons. Chesneau's production answered growing demand for news and religious instruction for the laity, a phenomenon that is only beginning to be understood. Analysis of his output reveals the influence of the cardinal de Lorraine who was determined to use the vernacular book to pursue his agenda of reform, often in the face of institutional opposition from the crown, the parlement, and the University of Paris. The end of Nicolas Chesneau's career is marked by a shift towards expensive in-folio books that proved to be less profitable than the short in-octavo works that distinguishes his production during the first decade of the French Wars of Religion.
COVENANTER PROPAGANDA AND CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE PUBLIC DURING THE BISHOPS' WARS, 1638–1640
Authors: WAURECHEN SARAH
Published: February 2009

This article investigates propaganda deployed in support of the Covenanting revolution in Scotland during the Bishops' Wars (1638–40). It attempts to broaden the category of ‘British’ history by focusing on discourse instead of high politics, and analyses printed tracts – complemented by select manuscript sources – to reconstruct the Covenanters' theoretical approach to creating an English public to support their cause. The novelty of the ‘explosion’ of print in England in the 1640s is now widely acknowledged, and numerous books and articles have argued about whether or not this constituted a public sphere. This article, however, presupposes a ‘space’ for public debate and focuses instead on the conceptual framework driving Covenanter appeals. It concludes that the Covenanters believed that rational debate in a public forum would expose truth, which would naturally persuade the English people to support their cause and, in turn, pressure the king into making the desired concessions. But this was not how the actual English public functioned: there was an important disparity between the theory of godly rational debate and the reality of a rather ‘wild’, competing, and self-interested plurality of publics.
WRITING THE MODERN HISTORIES OF HOMOSEXUAL ENGLAND
Authors: REAY BARRY
Published: February 2009

The most useful sexual histories are those that provide depth of context without either assuming sexual identity or anticipating its complete absence; those that do not force taxonomies; histories that resist any simple teleological account of a shift from ‘homosexuality’ as sexual excess to the homosexual as a species. This review examines attempts to write such histories – what has recently been termed the ‘new British queer history’. I will focus on some strands of male and female same-sex desires and their expression in England in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: male and female same-sex friendships, effeminacy in men and masculinity in women; and representations of lesbianism. This review discusses these histories of desires that resist present-day sexual assumptions.
New Forms of Social Assistance and the Evolution of Social Protection in Latin America
Authors: BARRIENTOS ARMANDO , SANTIBÁÑEZ CLAUDIO
Published: February 2009

This article discusses the evolution of social protection in Latin America and proposes a conceptualisation and contextualisation of new forms of social assistance. It begins by outlining the main features of social protection prior to the ‘lost decade’ of the 1980s and the changes enforced by crises and structural adjustment. It then focuses on the new forms of social assistance emerging in the region, especially conditional and unconditional income transfers and integrated anti-poverty programmes. The article draws out their common features, identifies possible underlying conceptual frameworks, and places their introduction and evolution within the broader context of the new dynamics of poverty and vulnerability in the region.
Political Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Zuckert Catherine H.
Published: February 2009

In this issue we are proud to present eight essays celebrating the lives and works of some of the most pre-eminent political philosophers who wrote in the twentieth century. These essays are authored, moreover, by some of these philosophers' most distinguished students. Their readings can and, no doubt, will be contested; it is characteristic of political philosophy that its materials – textual as well as phenomenological – are subjects of debate.
John Dewey and the Mutual Influence of Democracy and Education
Authors: Fott David
Published: February 2009

For Dewey education is the growth of mental powers, where “growth” has no fixed content but involves the increasing harmonization of individuals with society. That harmonization must respect the uniqueness of each person and his capacity for intelligence. Education aims to develop a model democratic society, which Dewey sees as similar to an ideal community of scientific inquirers. That comparison is highly questionable, however. Dewey's curricular emphases include science, geography, history, literature, and fine arts, the last two of which promote a greater appreciation for all of human life—provided society is not too separated into classes. Related to social division is what he considers the false problems of epistemology, with its separation between mind and world. But Dewey's failure to think more rigorously about the relation of philosophy to science makes his philosophy a poor bulwark against postmodernism.
John Rawls and the Task of Political Philosophy
Authors: Weithman Paul
Published: February 2009

In this article, I sketch a reading of Rawls's work that ties together many of the features that distinguish it from the work of other authors commemorated in this issue. On this reading, the two world wars and the Holocaust pressed the question of whether a just liberal democracy is possible. Seeking to defend reasonable faith in that possibility, Rawls developed a theory of justice for an ideally just liberal democracy. He argued that such a society is a “real possibility” because, given reasonable psychological assumptions, the basic institutions of a just society would engender the moral support of its citizens. In doing so, Rawls challenged alternative accounts of moral motivation that enjoyed some currency in the analytic philosophy of the time. The interpretation of Rawls's work defended here therefore locates him in the philosophical as well as the political history of the twentieth century.
Kinematic analysis of limited-dof parallel manipulators based on translational/rotational Jacobian and Hessian matrices
Authors: Lu Yi , Shi Yan , Yu Jianping
Published: February 2009

This paper proposes an approach for solving the velocity and acceleration of the limited-dof (dof n < 6) parallel kinematic machines with linear active legs by means of translational/rotational Jacobian and Hessian matrices. First, based on the established or derived constraint and displacement equations, the translational/rotational Jacobian and Hessian matrices are derived. Second, the formulae for solving inverse/forward velocities and accelerations are derived from translational and rotational Jacobian/Hessian matrices. Third, a 2SPR + UPU PKM and a 2SPS + RPRR PKM are illustrated for explaining how to use this method. This approach is simple because it needs neither to eliminate 6-n rows of an n × 6 Jacobian matrix nor to determine the screw or pose of the constrained wrench.
An articulatory view of Kinyarwanda coronal harmony
Authors: Walker Rachel , Byrd Dani , Mpiranya Fidèle
Published: February 2009

Coronal harmony in Kinyarwanda causes alveolar fricatives to become postalveolar preceding a postalveolar fricative within a stem. Alveolar and postalveolar stops, affricates and palatals block coronal harmony, but the flap and non-coronal consonants are reported to be transparent. Kinematic data on consonant production in Kinyarwanda were collected using electromagnetic articulography. The mean angle for the line defined by receivers placed on the tongue tip and blade was calculated over the consonant intervals. Mean angle reliably distinguished alveolar and postalveolar fricatives, with alveolars showing a lower tip relative to blade. Mean angle during transparent non-coronal consonants showed a higher tip relative to blade than in contexts without harmony, and the mean angle during transparent [m] was not significantly different than during postalveolar fricatives. This is consistent with a model where Kinyarwanda coronal harmony extends a continuous tip-blade gesture, causing it to be present during ‘transparent’ segments, but without perceptible effect.
Guest Editorial: Vulnerability Revisited
Authors: SCHROEDER DORIS , ARNASON GARDAR
Published: February 2009

In Jane Austen's Mansfield Park (1814), Fanny, an 18-year-old orphan who lives with her aunt Lady Bertram, received an attractive offer of marriage, which she vehemently rejected and is not prepared to reconsider.
Making Sense of the Immorality of Unnaturalness
Authors: SHEEHAN MARK
Published: February 2009

"Dissecting Bioethics," edited by Tuija Takala and Matti Häyry, welcomes contributions on the conceptual and theoretical dimensions of bioethics. The section is dedicated to the idea that words defined by bioethicists and others should not be allowed to imprison people's actual concerns, emotions, and thoughts. Papers that expose the many meanings of a concept, describe the different readings of a moral doctrine, or provide an alternative angle to seemingly self-evident issues are therefore particularly appreciated. The themes covered in the section so far include dignity, naturalness, public interest, community, disability, autonomy, parity of reasoning, symbolic appeals, and toleration.

All submitted papers are peer reviewed. To submit a paper or to discuss a suitable topic, contact Tuija Takala at tuija.takala@helsinki.fi.
Scientific Publishing: the Dilemma of Research Funding Organisations
Authors: Imboden Dieter M.
Published: February 2009

Present changes in scientific publishing, especially those summarised by the term ‘Open Access’ (OA), may ultimately lead to the complete replacement of a reader-paid to an author, or funding-paid, publication system. This transformation would shift the financial burden for scientific publishing from the Research Performing Organisations (RPOs), particularly from scientific libraries, universities, etc, to the Research Funding Organisations (RFOs). The transition phase is difficult; it leads to double funding of OA publications (by subscriptions and author-sponsored OA) and may thus increase the overall costs of scientific publishing. This may explain why – with a few exceptions – RFOs have not been at the forefront of the OA paradigm in the past. In 2008, the General Assembly of EUROHORCs, the European organisation of the heads of research councils, agreed to recommend to its member organisations at least a minimal standard of Open Access based on the Berlin Declaration of 2003 (green way of OA). In the long run, the publishing system needs some fundamental changes to reduce the present costs and to keep up its potential. In order to design a new system, all players have to cooperate and be ready to throw overboard some old traditions, lovable as they may be.