bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma: A rare pitfall in transthoracic fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Kumar Rajiv , Sidhu Hardeep , Mistry Rajesh , Shet Tanuja
Published: August 2008

Primary pulmonary Hodgkin's lymphoma (PPHL) is extremely rare. At an extranodal location such as the lung this lymphoma is likely to be confused with the more commonly occurring carcinomas at this site.

We report the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings of a PPHL in a 36‐year‐old male with a view to discuss the pitfalls and clues to the accurate cytologic diagnosis. This patient presented with a large, heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the anterior segment of right upper lobe without any evidence of nodal involvement.

A CT‐guided transthoracic FNAC of this mass revealed large connective tissue fragments with entrapped voluminous cells amidst a polymorphous population of eosinophils, polymorphs, and lymphocytes. The large cells showed abundant often stripped off cytoplasm, an irregular nucleus with nucleolus and were initially diagnosed as non‐small cell carcinoma of the lung. In view of the locally advanced stage, patient received a carboplatin and gemcite‐based chemotherapy with complete response but postchemotherapy patient refused local surgery. Two years later, the patient developed enlarged nodes which were diagnosed as Hodgkin's lymphoma, and a review of prior lung tumor confirmed the diagnosis of PPHL. Hence the rare diagnosis of PPHL should be kept in mind when a cytopathologist observes large cells embedded in collagenous tissue fragments with dominant cell dispersal amidst an inflammatory infiltrate in an aspirate from a primary lung tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:666–669. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retraction halos: Nature's dotting pen in effusion cytology processed by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain
Authors: Yang Grace C. H. , Papellas Julianna
Published: August 2008

Effusion cytology is challenging when solitary adenocarcinoma cells resemble histiocytes or mesothelial cells, and when adenocarcinomas look like histiocytic hyperplasia. It is also challenging to locate rare tumor cells in markedly inflammatory background. Over a period of 9 years, 9,474 cases of body cavity fluids including 3,642 cases of pleural, 1,900 cases of peritoneal and 345 cases of pericardial effusions and 3,587 cases of pelvic washes were processed with Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain. Retraction halos around spherical solitary cells and tissue fragments were observed whenever the background was inflammatory, whereas absent around histiocytes or histiocytic aggregates, and inconspicuous around solitary mesothelial cells. Retraction halos were helpful when the tumor fragments are obscured by marked inflammation, the quantity of tumor fragments is sparse, or the tumor cells resemble histiocytes or mesothelial cells. In short, retraction halos are nature's dotting pen for effusion cytology and are particularly useful in challenging cases. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:613–617. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions show increased S‐phase fraction compared to corresponding primary tumors
Authors: Kleinberg Lilach , Pradhan Manohar , Tropé Claes G. , Nesland Jahn M. , Davidson Ben , Risberg Björn
Published: August 2008

The objective of this study was to analyze large‐scale genomic patterns during disease progression from primary tumor to effusion in ovarian carcinoma, and to study the association between DNA ploidy parameters in effusions, proliferation/survival markers, and clinicopathologic characteristics. DNA ploidy status, DNA index (DI), and S‐phase fraction (SPF) were compared in 22 matched primary carcinomas (all prechemotherapy specimens) and effusions (14 prechemotherapy and 8 postchemotherapy specimens) using image analysis. The association between these parameters and previously studied cell survival/proliferation biomarkers, previous administration of chemotherapy, chemotherapy response and survival was analyzed in a larger series of 54 effusions. The majority of specimens were aneuploid irrespective of anatomic site, with no significant differences in DI. SPF was significantly higher in effusions compared to matched primary tumors (P = 0.007 for all 22 pairs, P = 0.011 for 14 matched prechemotherapy specimens). Higher SPF was related to higher Ki‐67 score (P = 0.045), and both SPF and DI were directly associated with higher level of Survivin (P < 0.001 for both). DI and SPF in effusions showed no association with histological grade, FIGO stage, residual disease volume, previous chemotherapy, response to chemotherapy at primary disease, recurrence or survival. Ovarian carcinoma cells in effusions have increased proliferation compared to corresponding primary tumors, as evidence of disease progression. DNA ploidy parameters in cancer cells in effusions are unaltered by chemotherapy and appear to be unrelated to chemotherapy response and to survival, suggesting that large‐scale genomic patterns at this anatomic site are not useful in segregating patients into prognostic groups. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:637–644. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
meta‐Phosphonobenzoic Acid: A Rigid Heterobifunctional Precursor for the Design of Hybrid Materials
Authors: Rueff Jean‐Michel , Caignaert Vincent , Chausson Sophie , Leclaire André , Simon Charles , Perez Olivier , Le Pluart Loïc , Jaffrès Paul‐Alain
Published: August 2008

Rigid meta‐phosphonobenzoic acid 2 possesses two functional groups (phosphonic acid and carboxylic acid) both having the aptitude to associate with a metallic precursor to form hybrid materials. The hydrothermal reactions of compound 2 with MnCl2·4H2O or Co(NO3)2·6H2O produce, respectively, the isostructural layered materials M(H2O)(PO3C6H4CO2H) (3, M = Mn; 4, M = Co) characterized by the presence of the free carboxylic acid groups in the interlayer space (space group P21/n). The reaction of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O with 2 produces two different materials depending on the pH of the reaction media. At low pH (pH < 4.1), the isostructural material Zn(H2O)(PO3C6H4CO2H) (5) is formed possessing ZnII atoms octahedrally coordinated. At higher pH, generated by the addition of urea in the hydrothermal reaction, Zn3(H2O)2)(PO3C6H4CO2)2 (6) is formed (orthorhombic; space group Pcan). In material 6, the phosphonic acid and the carboxylic acid groups are linked to the inorganic network. One of the two ZnII centres is tetrahedrally coordinated and the other is surrounded by a trigonal bipyramid. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
InCl3‐Catalyzed Rapid 1,3‐Alkoxy Migration in Glycal Ethers: Stereoselective Synthesis of Unsaturated α‐O‐Glycosides and an α,α‐(1→1)‐Linked Disaccharide
Authors: Nagaraj Paramathevar , Ramesh Namakkal G.
Published: August 2008

InCl3 catalyzes a facile stereoselective 1,3‐migration of allylic ethers of glycals to afford 2‐C‐methylene‐ and 2,3‐unsaturated‐α‐O‐glycosides in high yields. The reaction is rapid (10 min), requires only 20 mol‐% of the catalyst, and is compatible with acid‐labile functional groups such as epoxides and acetals. This methodology provides a convenient alternative to the Ferrier rearrangement. A direct synthesis of an α,α‐(1→1)‐linked disaccharide derivative by a domino process is also reported.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Electrochemistry of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes (CNx) with Different Nitrogen Content and Its Application in Simultaneous Determination of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers
Authors: Dong Junping , Qu Xiaomin , Wang Lijun , Zhao Chongjun , Xu Jiaqiang
Published: August 2008

The bamboo‐shaped nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNx) with different nitrogen content were synthesized using Fe‐containing SBA‐15 molecular sieve as catalyst with thermal decomposition. The CNx nanotubes prepared were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. The results suggest that there are a larger amount of defective sites on CNx nanotubes surfaces due to the nitrogen doping and CNx nanotube with higher nitrogen content possesses lower graphitic ordering in the framework. Furthermore the effects of nitrogen content on the electrochemistry of CNx modified electrodes were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). CNx modified electrodes exhibit better electrocatalytic activities to the oxidation of hydroquinone. Moreover CNx with lower nitrogen content is in favor of the electron transfer between dihydroxybenzene and electrode surface, while CNx with higher nitrogen content possesses high surface adsorptive ability. CNx modified electrodes can be applied to determine dihydroxybenzene isomers directly and simultaneously by linear sweep voltammetry technique without previous separation.
Biological fixation of fibrous materials to bone using chitin/chitosan as a bone formation accelerator
Authors: Kawai Tomoyuki , Yamada Takeki , Yasukawa Akio , Koyama Yoshihisa , Muneta Takeshi , Takakuda Kazuo
Published: August 2008

Biological fixation or anchorage of fibrous materials to bone by bone ingrowth into the spaces between fibers is a major concern in developing novel medical implants, including artificial ligaments. Toward this end, we evaluated the efficacy of chitin/chitosan as a bone formation accelerator. Specimens of polyester nonwoven fabric coated with chitin/chitosan were implanted into holes drilled into the distal ends of rat femora. Uncoated fabric specimens were used as controls. At 1 or 2 weeks after implantation, the specimens were retrieved, and the fixation strength was measured by mechanical testing. Histological sections of 2‐week implantation specimens were prepared, and the area of new bone tissue formed in the spaces between the fibers of the fabric was measured. The chitin/chitosan coating significantly increased the fixation strength and the area of bone tissue formed in the spaces between the fibers. The mean fixation strength of chitin/chitosan‐coated fabric specimens was more than twice that of the controls at 2 weeks after implantation. These results demonstrated that the chitin/chitosan coating effectively induced bone formation in the spaces between the fibers and enhanced biological fixation of the fibrous materials to the bone. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Monitoring the sensorial quality and aroma through an electronic nose in peaches during cold storage
Authors: Infante Rodrigo , Farcuh Macarena , Meneses Claudio
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND: The poor eating quality of fresh peaches transported to far markets is one of the main problems that fresh‐fruit exporting countries have to face. This research is focused on the evaluation of the sensorial quality, with emphasis on aroma, of four peach cultivars kept in long‐term storage, through maturity parameters, sensorial attributes and electronic nose (e‐nose) assessments. Fruits were stored at 0 °C and 90% elative humidity, for 14, 28 and 42 days. Evaluations were carried out after the fruit was taken out of cold storage and after a variable period of ripening at 21 °C, until flesh firmness reached 1–2 kgf.

RESULTS: On fruit recently harvested, the e‐nose was suitable for discriminating among cultivars, even if it corresponded to an early pre‐climacteric phase. As cold storage proceeded, liking degree, and specially aroma, declined for each cultivar tested. Cultivars showed different behavior patterns for liking degree and especially aroma during cold storage. Flavor showed significant correlation with sweetness (r = 0.92), juiciness (r = 0.92) and texture (r = 0.93), but not with aroma and acidity, being these last ones being independent from each other.

CONCLUSION: Post‐harvest storage life of peaches is limited by loss of quality. ‘Tardibelle’ peaches showed the highest quality attribute scores after 42 days of cold storage. This evidences the availability of commercial peach cultivars which are able to withstand long‐term storage periods, allowing far markets to be reached with high quality standards. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Relationships of rapeseed strength properties to seed size, colour and coat fibre composition
Authors: Tańska Małgorzata , Konopka Iwona , Rotkiewicz Daniela
Published: August 2008

BACKGROUND: The size and strength of rapeseeds are factors likely to determine their suitability for storage and processing. The mechanical properties of whole seeds depend mainly on their coat composition. This study investigates variations in seed strength and colour between different‐sized rapeseeds. The paper also presents an explanation of the differences in seed mechanical properties through analyses of coat fibre composition.

RESULTS: The strength properties of seeds were dependent on seed size and correlated with seed equivalent diameter. All measured strength indices showed that seeds of diameter above 2 mm were the most resistant. The mechanical properties of seeds were also correlated with the colour of seed surface, indicating that the most resistant seeds were those with values of H > 60°, S < 15% and I < 19% in the HSI colour space. The resistance of individual seeds was attributed to the surface density of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, especially cellulose and lignin.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the highest mechanical resistance shown by the largest and blackest rapeseeds can be associated with the high surface density of fibre components in the seed coat. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
An examination of the efficacy of the 8 cm maximal tumor diameter cutoff for the subdivision of AJCC stage II osteosarcoma patients
Authors: Kim Min Suk , Lee Soo‐Yong , Cho Wan Hyeong , Song Won Seok , Koh Jae‐Soo , Lee Jun Ah , Yoo Ji Young , Shin Duk Seop , Jeon Dae‐Geun
Published: August 2008

Background

In the revised AJCC staging system a maximal tumor diameter of 8 cm was adopted as a cutoff for the subdivision of IIA and IIB osteosarcoma, but this cutoff was chosen based on limited information.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 347 patients with stage II osteosarcoma that were treated at our institute. We plotted a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of maximal tumor diameter for the prediction of subsequent metastasis, and calculated diagnostic indices according for different cutoffs.

Results

A maximal tumor diameter greater than 8 cm was found to predict subsequent metastasis with a sensitivity of 76.3%, a specificity of 49.5%, and a positive predictive value of 49.0% Almost half of stage IIB patients subsequently developed metastasis, whereas only a quarter of stage IIA patients did so. Tumor size had no prognostic relevance for proximal humeral tumors.

Conclusions

The present study shows that an 8 cm maximal tumor diameter cutoff is useful for subdividing AJCC stage II osteosarcoma patients in terms of predicting of a subsequent metastatic event. Our results suggest that the IIA and IIB subdivision in the AJCC staging system provides a basis for risk‐adapted therapy when used in combination with other prognostic factors. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanostructure Evolution in Poly(propylene) During Mechanical Testing
Authors: Stribeck Norbert , Nöchel Ulrich , Funari Sérgio S. , Schubert Tom , Timmann Andreas
Published: August 2008

Slow continuous mechanical tests of oriented poly(propylene) (PP) are monitored by combined two‐dimensional (2D) ultra‐small‐angle X‐ray scattering (USAXS) and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Patterns are transformed to the 3D chord distribution (CDF), a real‐space representation of nanostructure. From the CDF, topological parameters of the semicrystalline domain structure are extracted and discussed. A continuous‐strain test shows fracture and release of weak lamellae (2–10% strain). Beyond that we see conversion of lamellae into needles. As all layers are consumed the material breaks. Fatigue is studied in load‐reversal (between 10 and 35% strain). We report cyclic (damped) crystallization, layer break, and relaxation melting.

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D‐instantons and effective couplings in intersecting D‐brane models
Authors: Akerblom N.
Published: August 2008

This article is basically a rendition of the author's PhD thesis. We are concerned with two aspects of intersecting D6‐brane models: We treat some of the effects that are induced by E2‐instantons and we consider one‐loop corrections to the gauge kinetic functions in the low‐energy effective field theory. Owing to the genesis of this article, we begin in Sect. 1 with a general introduction covering the question why to consider string theory as a candidate theory of nature. After that, in Sect. 2, we go over some topics related to field theory instantons and finally discuss the instanton generated superpotential in supersymmetric QCD (SQCD), the so‐called Affleck–Dine–Seiberg (ADS) superpotential. In Sect. 3 we then proceed to reproduce the ADS superpotential in an intersecting D6‐brane realization of SQCD as the effect of a single E2‐instanton. In order to do so, we first explicate the necessary formalism for calculating the E2‐instanton contribution to the superpotential, then construct a (local) intersecting D6‐brane realization of SQCD, and finally show that the formalism indeed leads to the Affleck–Dine–Seiberg superpotential. In Sect. 4 we consider one‐loop corrections to the gauge kinetic functions. These one‐loop corrections are related quite intricately to gauge threshold corrections which we compute for intersecting D6‐brane models on the ℤ2× ℤ2toroidal orbifold. An analysis of the formulas for calculating the E2‐instanton contribution to the superpotential raises the question whether this contribution is a holomorphic quantity. In Sect. 5 we take up this question showing that it is indeed holomorphic. In addition, we discuss under which circumstances one can expect E2‐instanton corrections to the gauge kinetic functions.
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (a) 205/8
Authors: Ghafari Mohammad
Published: August 2008

A conference series on magnetism has been organized in Germany under the auspices of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe. The first meeting of this series (SCM2001) was held in September 2001. The Third Seeheim Conference on Magnetism (SCM2007) took place from 26 to 30 August 2007. The aim of the conference was to bring together scientists working in the field. SCM2007 was focused on the magnetism of nanostructured materials, interfaces, multilayers and nanoparticles. The most recent results were presented in the form of plenary lectures, invited and contributed talks and posters. A total number of 230 papers correlating nanostructures and magnetic properties were selected for presentation. Throughout the meeting 75 talks were given; the remaining 155 papers were scheduled for poster presentation.

The topical areas were:

1. Hard and soft magnetic materials

– Permanent magnets and ferrites

– Amorphous alloys

– Nanocrystalline materials

– Domain walls, modeling and hysteresis

2. Magnetic memories

– MRAM

– TMR, GMR

– CPP‐GMR

3. Domain walls, modelling and hysteresis

4. Spin dependent transport properties

– Magneto‐resistance

– Magneto‐impedance

– Giant magneto‐resistance (multilayers, magnetic tunnel junctions, ultrafine particles, other materials, magnetic semiconductors)

– Magneto‐optics

– Magneto‐resistance in transition metal oxides

5. Thin films and particles

– Superlattices

– Ultrathin films

– Multilayers

– Ultrafine particles

– Dots

– Current induced magnetization, spin torque, injection and accumulation

– Surfaces and interfaces

– Magnetic fluids and nanoparticles

6. Magnetic interactions

– Exchange interactions (multilayers, transition metals and compounds, rare earth and compounds)

– Crystal field anisotropy

– Magneto‐elastic interactions

7. Magnetization processes

– Dynamic effects in nanomaterials

– Relaxation, spin waves and solitons

8. Applications

– Recording media and devices

– Magnetic sensors and memory

– Magneto‐optics

– Measurement techniques

There were more than 200 registered participants from 37 countries, representing academic institutions and industry.

We look forward to welcoming again all the participants of SCM2007 at the fourth Seeheim conference, planned for 2010. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
First‐principles study on the concentrations of native point defects in high‐dielectric‐constant binary oxide materials
Authors: Zheng J. X. , Ceder G. , Chim W. K.
Published: August 2008

The intrinsic concentrations of point defects in high‐k binary oxide materials of HfO2, ZrO2, Y2O3 and La2O3 are evaluated on the basis of first‐principles calculations. Oxygen defects are found to dominate over a wide range of the oxygen chemical potential. Neutral oxygen vacancies are likely to be responsible for electron trapping in the investigated materials. In HfO2 and ZrO2, oxygen Frenkel pairs are likely to form. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Model of inelastic impact of unit loads
Authors: Piatkowski Tomasz , Sempruch Janusz
Published: August 2008

In this study, the authors present a model of the inelastic impact of bodies that takes place during handling of unit loads (cubiform parcels). A modified non‐linear Kelvin model is proposed, in which the relationships between object strains and elastic and damping forces of the impact are represented by power functions. The results of analytical investigations on the proposed model were confirmed by experiments consisting in tests of free fall of the load on rigid ground and on elastic beam. The developed model allows the assessment of the influence of mechanical properties of loads and conveyor‐line deflection mechanisms as well as impact velocity, on the dynamic forces exerted on the manipulated objects during the impact. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate process capability using principal component analysis
Authors: Shinde R. L. , Khadse K. G.
Published: August 2008

Wang and Chen (Qual. Eng. 1998; 11:21–27) have defined process capability indices (PCIs) for multivariate normal processes data using principal component analysis (PCA). Veevers (Statistical Process Monitoring and Optimization. Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 1999; 241–256) has suggested a multivariate capability index based on the first principal component (PC). In this paper we demonstrate the problem in the definition of PCIs given by Wang and Chen (Qual. Eng. 1998; 11:21–27) and the non‐suitability of PCI given by Veevers (Statistical Process Monitoring and Optimization. Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 1999; 241–256) through some examples. We also suggest an alternative method for assessing multivariate process capability based on the empirical probability distribution of PCs. This method has been performed on industrial and simulated data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Project management using point graphs
Authors: Ishaque Mashood , Zaidi Abbas K. , Levis Alexander H.
Published: August 2008

A graph‐based approach for scheduling and monitoring temporal events and activities in a system engineering project is presented. It attempts to overcome some of the limitations of traditional project management approaches by allowing specifications of real‐time milestones, and by breaking the finish‐start barrier between the activities. An example of a residential construction project is used to illustrate the approach. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Customized birth weight: coefficients and validation of models in a UK population
Authors: Sahota D. S. , Kagan K. O. , Lau T. K. , Leung T. Y. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: August 2008

Objectives

To produce a customized birth weight model in a UK population.

Methods

This was a population‐based, multiethnic, retrospective cohort study of 42 583 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies resulting in a live birth at 37–42 weeks of gestation between 1997 and 2005. Multivariate analysis was undertaken and a double cross‐over approach was employed to validate the models estimating customized birth weight.

Results

Coefficients confirmed the findings of previous studies, indicating that birth weight was strongly influenced by maternal ethnicity, age, parity, body mass index, smoking, fetal gender and gestational age at delivery.

Conclusions

We have derived models to determine customized or predicted birth weight in a UK population that are both robust and reproducible. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profiling of astrocyte properties in the hyperammonaemic brain: Shedding new light on the pathophysiology of the brain damage in hyperammonaemia
Authors: Lichter‐Konecki U.
Published: August 2008

Acute hyperammonaemia (HA) causes cerebral oedema and severe brain damage in patients with urea cycle disorders (UCDs) or acute liver failure (ALF). Chronic HA is associated with developmental delay and intellectual disability in patients with UCDs and with neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with chronic liver failure. Treatment often cannot prevent severe brain injury and neurological sequelae. The causes of the brain oedema in hyperammonaemic encephalopathy (HAE) have been subject of intense controversy among physicians and scientists working in this field. Currently favoured hypotheses are astrocyte swelling due to increased intracellular glutamine content and neuronal cell death due to excitotoxicity caused by elevated extracellular glutamate levels. While many researchers focus on these mechanisms of cytotoxicity, others emphasize vascular causes of brain oedema. New data gleaned from expression profiling of astrocytes acutely isolated from hyperammonaemic mouse brains point to disturbed water and potassium homeostasis as regulated by astrocytes at the brain microvasculature and in the perisynaptic space as a potential mechanism of brain oedema development in hyperammonaemia.
LIPGENE food-exchange model for alteration of dietary fat quantity and quality in free-living participants from eight European countries
Authors: Shaw Danielle I. , Tierney Audrey C. , McCarthy Sinead , Upritchard Jane , Vermunt Susan , Gulseth Hanne L. , Drevon Christian A. , Blaak Ellen E. , Saris Wim H. M. , Karlström Brita , Helal Olfa , Defoort Catherine , Gallego Raquel , López-Miranda José , Siedlecka Dominika , Malczewska-Malec Małgorzata , Roche Helen M. , Lovegrove Julie A.
Published: August 2008

Controlled human intervention trials are required to confirm the hypothesis that dietary fat quality may influence insulin action. The aim was to develop a food-exchange model, suitable for use in free-living volunteers, to investigate the effects of four experimental diets distinct in fat quantity and quality: high SFA (HSFA); high MUFA (HMUFA) and two low-fat (LF) diets, one supplemented with 1·24 g EPA and DHA/d (LFn-3). A theoretical food-exchange model was developed. The average quantity of exchangeable fat was calculated as the sum of fat provided by added fats (spreads and oils), milk, cheese, biscuits, cakes, buns and pastries using data from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of UK adults. Most of the exchangeable fat was replaced by specifically designed study foods. Also critical to the model was the use of carbohydrate exchanges to ensure the diets were isoenergetic. Volunteers from eight centres across Europe completed the dietary intervention. Results indicated that compositional targets were largely achieved with significant differences in fat quantity between the high-fat diets (39·9 (sem0·6) and 38·9 (sem0·51) percentage energy (%E) from fat for the HSFA and HMUFA diets respectively) and the low-fat diets (29·6 (sem0·6) and 29·1 (sem0·5) %E from fat for the LF and LFn-3 diets respectively) and fat quality (17·5 (sem0·3) and 10·4 (sem0·2) %E from SFA and 12·7 (sem0·3) and 18·7 (sem0·4) %E MUFA for the HSFA and HMUFA diets respectively). In conclusion, a robust, flexible food-exchange model was developed and implemented successfully in the LIPGENE dietary intervention trial.
Overexpression of ornithine aminotransferase: consequences on amino acid homeostasis
Authors: Ventura Gabrielle , De Bandt Jean-Pascal , Segaud Frédéric , Perret Christine , Robic Daniel , Levillain Olivier , Le Plenier Servane , Godard Cécile , Cynober Luc , Moinard Christophe
Published: August 2008

Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is a reversible enzyme expressed mainly in the liver, kidney and intestine. OAT controls the interconversion of ornithine into glutamate semi-aldehyde, and is therefore involved in the metabolism of arginine and glutamine which play a major role in N homeostasis. We hypothesised that OAT could be a limiting step in glutamine–arginine interconversion. To study the contribution of the OAT enzyme in amino acid metabolism, transgenic mice that specifically overexpress human OAT in the liver, kidneys and intestine were generated. The transgene expression was analysed byin situhybridisation and real-time PCR. Tissue (liver, jejunum and kidney) OAT activity, and plasma and tissue (liver and jejunum) amino acid concentrations were measured. Transgenic male mice exhibited higher OAT activity in the liver (25 (sem4)v.11 (sem1) nmol/min per μg protein for wild-type (WT) mice;P < 0·05) but there were no differences in kinetic parameters (i.e.Kmand maximum rate of reaction (Vmax)) between WT and transgenic animals. OAT overexpression decreased plasma and liver ornithine concentrations but did not affect glutamine or arginine homeostasis. There was an inverse relationship between ornithine levels and OAT activity. We conclude that OAT overexpression has only limited metabolic effects, probably due to the reversible nature of the enzyme. Moreover, these metabolic modifications had no effect on phenotype.
Stapled closed technique for laryngectomy and pharyngeal repair
Authors: Ahsan F , Ah-See K W , Hussain A
Published: August 2008

Background and aims:

Total laryngectomy is a recognised treatment for advanced laryngeal carcinoma. Traditionally, pharyngeal repair is performed with layered sutures. We describe our experience with a technique of closed pharyngoplasty using a linear stapler device.

Material and methods:

Ten total laryngectomies were performed from July 2002 to July 2004, using an Ethicon TLC 75 linear stapler for pharyngeal closure. Data collected included age, sex, staging, endoscopic assessment, surgical margins and post-operative course (including complications and swallowing).

Results:

Patients comprised eight men and two women. The mean age was 55.4 years. Six patients had stage T4endolaryngeal carcinoma and four had stage T3. Four patients underwent pre-operative radiotherapy. Clear surgical margins were achieved in all patients. One patient developed a pharyngocutaneous fistula. Patients resumed oral intake at 48 hours, or at 72 hours if they had undergone pre-operative radiotherapy. Patients' mean hospital stay was seven days.

Conclusion:

This stapled closed technique for pharyngoplasty is efficient and eliminates the risk of wound contamination, thus theoretically reducing the risk of tumour seeding. In addition, we were able to commence patients on oral fluids at a mean of 48 hours after surgery. The mean hospital stay was seven days. We recommend this technique as an alternative for repairing the pharynx in patients undergoing total laryngectomy for endolaryngeal carcinoma.
Estimating the nonlinear response of tropical ocean to extratropical forcing in a coupled climate model
Authors: Yang Haijun , Wang Lu
Published: August 2008

The nonlinear response of the tropical ocean to the extratropical forcing is quantitatively estimated using a coupled climate model. Preliminary results based on sensitivity experiments show that the tropical response attributed to nonlinear processes is less than 10% of the linear response for annual mean climatology. This occurs mainly because the ocean circulations, especially the meridional overturning circulation, tend to change proportionally with external forcings. This work provides a practical estimate of oceanic nonlinear response to global climate change in a complex model system, which in turn may allow the assessment of future climate change from the linear extrapolation of current climate.
The Single Bioequivalence Study's Impact on the Dossier Broker
Authors: DiCicco Richard L.
Published: August 2008

This paper identifies the major trends that will affect the future of the classic pharmaceutical dossier broker, among them: the possibility of the single bioequivalence (BE) study between the USA and the European Union providing for interchangeable final approved Abbreviated New Drug Applications with granted marketing authorisations; current dossier fee waivers; and, the forward integration of active pharmaceutical ingredient suppliers in Europe. This paper offers a look at the impact of these trends on brokers, and suggests several strategies to help business development professionals in the generic dossier broker industry (who read the Journal of Generic Medicines) in adjusting their careers, with the common objective to bring affordable medicines to those who need them.
Darling–Dennison resonance and Coriolis coupling in the bending overtones of the ÃAu1 state of acetylene, C2H2
Authors: Merer Anthony J. , Yamakita Nami , Tsuchiya Soji , Steeves Adam H. , Bechtel Hans A. , Field Robert W.
Published: August 2008

Rotational analyses have been carried out for the overtones of the ν4 (torsion) and ν6 (in-plane cis-bend) vibrations of the ÃAu1 state of C2H2. The v4+v6=2 vibrational polyad was observed in high-sensitivity one-photon laser-induced fluorescence spectra and the v4+v6=3 polyad was observed in IR-UV double resonance spectra via the ground state ν3 (Σ+u) and ν3+ν4 (Πu) vibrational levels. The structures of these polyads are dominated by the effects of vibrational angular momentum: Vibrational levels of different symmetry interact via strong a-and b-axis Coriolis coupling, while levels of the same symmetry interact via Darling–Dennison resonance, where the interaction parameter has the exceptionally large value K4466=−51.68cm−1. The K-structures of the polyads bear almost no resemblance to the normal asymmetric top patterns, and many local avoided crossings occur between close-lying levels with nominal K-values differing by one or more units. Least squares analysis shows that the coupling parameters change only slightly with vibrational excitation, which has allowed successful predictions of the structures of the higher polyads: A number of weak bands from the v4+v6=4 and 5 polyads have been identified unambiguously. The state discovered by Scherer et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 85, 6315 (1986)], which appears to interact with the K=1 levels of the 33 vibrational state at low J, is identified as the second highest of the five K=1 members of the v4+v6=4 polyad. After allowing for the Darling–Dennison resonance, the zero-order bending structure can be represented by ω4=764.71, ω6=772.50, x44=0.19, x66=−4.23, and x46=11.39cm−1. The parameters x46 and K4466 are both sums of contributions from the vibrational angular momentum and from the anharmonic force field. For x46 these contributions are 14.12 and −2.73cm−1, respectively, while the corresponding values for K4466 are −28.24 and −23.44cm−1. It is remarkable how severely the coupling of ν4 and ν6 distorts the overtone polyads, and also how in this case the effects of vibrational angular momentum outweigh those of anharmonicity in causing the distortion.
Thermomagnetic convection in a vertical layer of ferromagnetic fluid
Authors: Suslov Sergey A.
Published: August 2008

Linear stability of convection flow of ferromagnetic fluid between two vertical differentially heated plates placed in a uniform external magnetic field perpendicular to the plates is studied. Complete stability diagrams for two- and three-dimensional disturbances are presented. It is shown that two distinct mechanisms, thermogravitational and magnetic, are responsible for the appearance of three instability modes. The physical nature of all three modes is investigated in detail and the most prominent features are identified to provide guidance for future experimental investigation. Depending on the governing parameters, the instability patterns are shown to consist of vertical stationary magnetoconvection rolls and/or vertically or obliquely counterpropagating thermogravitational or thermomagnetic waves.
Bandgap renormalization in titania modified nanostructured tungsten oxide thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique for solar cell applications
Authors: Lethy K. J. , Beena D. , Mahadevan Pillai V. P. , Ganesan V.
Published: August 2008

Pure and titania modified WO3 films are prepared using pulsed laser ablation technique in an oxygen ambient of 0.12mbar at a substrate temperature of 873K. Titania incorporation effects on the microstructure, optical, and electrical properties on the tungsten oxide films are systematically investigated using techniques such as x-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and UV-visible absorption spectroscopy measurements. The resistivity measurements of the pure and titania modified WO3 films are done at room temperature. The variation of resistivity with temperature for the range of 170–450K is also investigated. The microstructural analysis indicates that titania addition strongly perturbs the tungsten oxide lattice and suppresses the grain growth. Optical measurements revealed a bandgap renormalization in tungsten oxide films for higher titania concentrations. Bandgap values of the films decrease from 3.17eV for pure WO3 to 2.7eV for 10wt% TiO2 modified WO3 films. The shifting of photoresponse of WO3 films to visible range by titania incorporation throw light on the feasibility of their application in visible-light-driven photocatalysis and in solar cells. All the films show semiconducting behavior in their temperature dependence of resistivity.
Indirect measurement of the magnetocaloric effect using a novel differential scanning calorimeter with magnetic field
Authors: Jeppesen S. , Linderoth S. , Pryds N. , Kuhn L. Theil , Jensen J. Buch
Published: August 2008

A simple and high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) unit operating under magnetic field has been built for indirect determination of the magnetocaloric effect. The principle of the measuring unit in the calorimeter is based on Peltier elements as heat flow sensors. The high sensitivity of the apparatus combined with a suitable calibration procedure allows very fast and accurate heat capacity measurements under magnetic field to be made. The device was validated from heat capacity measurements for the typical DSC reference material gallium (Ga) and a La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 manganite system and the results were highly consistent with previous reported data for these materials. The DSC has a working range from 200 to 340 K and has been tested in magnetic fields reaching 1.8 T. The signal-to-noise ratio is in the range of 102–103 for the described experiments. Finally the results have been compared to results from a Quantum Design® physical properties measuring system. The configuration of the system also has the advantage of being able to operate with other types of magnets, e.g., permanent magnets or superconducting coils, as well as the ability to be expanded to a wider temperature range.
Density-fragment interaction approach for quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical calculations with application to the excited states of a Mg2+-sensitive dye
Authors: Fujimoto Kazuhiro , Yang Weitao
Published: August 2008

A density-fragment interaction (DFI) approach for large-scale calculations is proposed. The DFI scheme describes electron density interaction between many quantum-mechanical (QM) fragments, which overcomes errors in electrostatic interactions with the fixed point-charge description in the conventional quantum-mechanical/molecular-mechanical (QM/MM) method. A self-consistent method, which is a mean-field treatment of the QM fragment interactions, was adopted to include equally the electron density interactions between the QM fragments. As a result, this method enables the evaluation of the polarization effects of the solvent and the protein surroundings. This method was combined with not only density functional theory (DFT) but also time-dependent DFT. In order to evaluate the solvent polarization effects in the DFI-QM/MM method, we have applied it to the excited states of the magnesium-sensitive dye, KMG-20. The DFI-QM/MM method succeeds in including solvent polarization effects and predicting accurately the spectral shift caused by Mg2+ binding.
On the security of a new image encryption scheme based on chaotic map lattices
Authors: Arroyo David , Rhouma Rhouma , Alvarez Gonzalo , Li Shujun , Fernandez Veronica
Published: August 2008

This paper reports a detailed cryptanalysis of a recently proposed encryption scheme based on the logistic map [A. Pisarchik et al., Chaos 16, 033118 (2006)]. Some problems are emphasized concerning the key space definition and the implementation of the cryptosystem using floating-point operations. It is also shown how it is possible to reduce considerably the key space through a ciphertext-only attack. Moreover, a timing attack allows for the estimation of part of the key due to the existent relationship between this part of the key and the encryption/decryption time. As a result, the main features of the cryptosystem do not satisfy the demands of secure communications. Some hints are offered to improve the cryptosystem under study according to those requirements.
Robust H∞ synchronization of chaotic Lur’e systems
Authors: Huang He , Feng Gang
Published: August 2008

This paper is concerned with the robust H∞ synchronization problem for a class of chaotic Lur’e systems based on delayed feedback control. The master system is assumed to be subject to an energy bounded input noise. By employing an integral inequality, a delay-dependent condition is obtained under which the chaotic master and slave systems are robustly synchronized with a guaranteed H∞ performance. The design of a desired delayed feedback controller can be achieved by solving a linear matrix inequality, and the H∞ performance index can be optimized via a convex optimization algorithm. Chua’s circuit is used as an example to demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed approach and the improvement over some existing results.
Thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of supercooled water confined in mesoporous MCM-41 studied with calorimetric, neutron diffraction, and neutron spin echo measurements
Authors: Yoshida Koji , Yamaguchi Toshio , Kittaka Shigeharu , Bellissent-Funel Marie-Claire , Fouquet Peter
Published: August 2008

Thermodynamic, structural, and dynamic properties of heavy water (D2O) confined in mesoporous silica glass MCM-41 C10, C12, and C14 were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, neutron diffraction, and neutron spin echo (NSE) measurements, respectively. The DSC data showed that no crystallization of D2O confined in C10 occurs in a temperature range between 298 and 180K, and that crystalline ice is formed at 204 and 221K for C12 and C14, respectively. For C10, the neutron radial distribution functions of confined D2O suggested a structural change in the supercooled state between 223 and 173K. For C10 sample, it has been found that the tetrahedral-like water structure is partially enhanced in the central part of pores at 173K. For all the samples, the intermediate scattering functions from the NSE measurements are fitted by the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts stretched exponential function which implies that confined supercooled D2O exhibits a wide distribution of relaxation times. For C10, C12, and C14 samples, between 298 and 240K, the relaxation times of supercooled D2O follow remarkably well the Vogel–Fulcher–Tamman equation; for C10 sample, below 240K, the relaxation times of nonfreezing D2O show an Arrhenius type behavior. From the present experimental results on calorimetric, structural, and dynamic properties, it has been concluded that supercooled D2O confined in MCM-41 C10 experiences a transition from high-density to low-density hydrogen-bonded structure at around 229K.
Full potential energy curve for N2 by the reduced multireference coupled-cluster method
Authors: Li Xiangzhu , Paldus Josef
Published: August 2008

Relying on a 56-dimensional reference space and using up to the correlation-consistent, polarized, valence-quadruple-zeta (cc-pVQZ) basis sets, the reduced multireference (RMR) coupled-cluster method with singles and doubles (CCSD), as well as its perturbatively corrected version for secondary triples [RMR CCSD(T)], is employed to generate the full potential energy curves for the nitrogen molecule. The resulting potentials are then compared to the recently published accurate analytic potential based on an extensive experimental data analysis [R. J. Le Roy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 164310 (2006)], and the vibrational term values of these potentials are compared over the entire well. A comparison with single-reference CCSD and CCSD(T) results, as well as with earlier obtained eight-reference RMR CC results, is also made. Excellent performance of RMR CCSD, and its systematic improvement with the increasing dimension of the reference space employed, is demonstrated. For the first 19 vibrationally excited levels, which are based on experimentally observed bands, we find an absolute average deviation of 8 cm−1 from the computed RMR CCSD/cc-pVQZ values. The perturbative correction for triples increases this deviation to 126 cm−1, but only to 61 cm−1 when extrapolated to the basis set limit. Both RMR CCSD and RMR CCSD(T) potentials perform well when compared to the experiment-based analytic potential in the entire range of internuclear separations.
Raman shift of stressed diamond anvils: Pressure calibration and culet geometry dependence
Authors: Baer Bruce J. , Chang Melanie E. , Evans William J.
Published: August 2008

The pressure dependence of the Raman shift of diamond for highly stressed anvils at the diamond anvil sample interface has been measured for different culet shapes up to 180 GPa at ambient temperature. By using hydrogen samples, which constitute both a quasihydrostatic medium and a sensitive pressure sensor, some of the effects of culet and tip size have been determined. We propose that the divergent results in the literature can be partly ascribed to different anvil geometries. Experiments show increasing second order dependence of the diamond Raman shift with pressure for decreasing tip size. This is an important consideration when using the diamond anvils as a pressure sensor.
Use of the absolute phase in frequency modulated continuous wave plasma reflectometry
Authors: Cunningham G.
Published: August 2008

In frequency modulated continuous wave reflectometry, used for density profile measurement in fusion plasmas, it is usual to measure the beat frequency between the launched wave and the reflected wave, and from this to calculate the position of the reflecting layer in the plasma. The absolute phase of the beat signal is usually neglected. The reason is that the phase shift between sweeps is usually comparable with or more than 2π, leading to an ambiguity that is impossible to resolve. However, recent observations on the MAST tokamak have shown that, under quiet plasma conditions (this term has to be defined), the phase shift between sweeps is small compared with 2π and the phase ambiguity can be readily resolved. The reflectometer signal is then being analyzed as an interferometer signal would normally be, and there is a substantial improvement in spatial resolution. The method is illustrated by application to small edge localized mode precursor and allows what is believed to be the first quantitative measurement of the displacement of the plasma boundary by such a precursor mode. The errors in both the absolute phase measurement and the more conventional frequency measurement are also estimated.