bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neoliberal Politics in Turkey
Authors: Erensü Sinan , Madra Yahya M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the multiple trajectories of neoliberal politics in Turkey from 1980 onward by putting economic and sociological dynamics of neoliberalism in dialogue with ethnographic and anthropological analyses of its political configurations. The first two sections trace the two formative moments of neoliberal politics in Turkey as responses to the crisis conjunctures of the 1970s and 1990s. These sections provide an account of neoliberal politics informed by class struggles at the macro-historical level. The subsequent two sections analyze the same historical periods at the level of micropolitics from two perspectives: (a) the formations of violence characterizing the enactment of neoliberalization processes, and (b) the subjective processes through which neoliberalism harnesses economies of desire. The final section returns to the macro-historical level and offers critical reflections regarding the direction of the economic politics that is emerging as the institutional architecture of neoliberal governmentality is being dismantled under Erdoğan’s “new Turkey.”
The Transformation of Political Cinema in Turkey since the 1960sA Change of Discourse
Authors: Çetin-Erus Zeynep , Demoğlu M. Elif
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes the transformation of political films in Turkey from the 1960s to the late 2010s. With the repression of labor movements after the 1980 military coup and parallel to neoliberal developments around the world, political cinema in Turkey changed dramatically. Earlier films, though in limited numbers, displayed overt political Marxist messages and, similar to radical political film movements of the time, aimed to move the audience to take action against exploitation. In comparison, in the absence of organized movements and under an oppressive political environment for a large part of the four decades since the 1980 military coup, more contemporary films have been political by displaying the lack of solidarity and struggle against that oppression. Accordingly, films with direct political messages aiming to move audiences to action are replaced with those exposing the shortcomings of the system with their portrayal of individuals squeezed in an existentialist impasse. As such, films, even the rare ones that aim to address contemporary sociopolitical issues, are now focused on the state of inability to express one’s self or criticize. The chapter focuses on films of Yılmaz Güney, the most prominent Turkish filmmaker, writings of Young Cinema members in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and films of Nuri Bilge Ceylan, a leading figure in contemporary Turkish cinema, with a particular focus on Ahlat Ağacı (2018) to analyze the evolution of political filmmaking in Turkey.
Healthcare Supply Chains
Authors: Betcheva Lidia , Erhun Feryal , Jiang Houyuan
Published: September 2020

Historically, healthcare supply chains have commonly been associated with the procurement and logistics of healthcare supplies and services. However, recent developments in healthcare render this understanding too narrow. This chapter broadens the definition of supply chains in healthcare ecosystems by using concepts from traditional supply chains and supply chain management. The chapter groups healthcare supply chains into four main categories: health services, pharmaceutical, special health services, and health humanitarian supply chains. Next, the chapter discusses the key strategies, challenges, and risks as well as the existing research for these categories. The chapter concludes with a short discussion on future research.
Logistics in Emerging Markets
Authors: Oke Adegoke , Maltz Arnie
Published: September 2020

The world has become flatter and supply chains have become globally interconnected; efficient cross-border and cross-national supply, production, and distribution of goods and services has become an imperative for global firms. Emerging markets play a major role in the global economy as sources of raw materials, producers of finished goods, and potential markets for goods and services. The efficacy of logistics and supply chain activities is crucial to facilitating global commerce. Yet, there is insufficient knowledge of the intricacies of logistics and supply chain operations in emerging markets in the mainstream supply chain literature. This chapter draws from various literature sources and case examples to discuss logistics challenges and success stories of logistics operations in emerging markets. We contextualize our investigation within the framework of economic, political, infrastructure, competency, and social–cultural factors as they relate to and influence logistics operations in emerging markets. We conclude the chapter by discussing imminent challenges that are yet to be overcome as well as potential opportunities to improve logistics and supply chain operations in emerging markets in the future.
Supply Chain Structure and Competitor Relationship
Authors: Wu Jing , Xu Yang
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses recent relevant empirical research using the supply chain structure observed in the actual data, including shock propagation in the supply chain network, social capital, and supply chains, and cross-border supply chains. It also introduces some commonly used empirical methods and databases, and provides the corresponding financial theoretical basis for the conclusions of these studies. Finally, the chapter suggests a new angle to fully utilize the supply chain structure to identify the competitor relationship and the competition intensity. The chapter indicates that higher supply chain overlap increases the correlation of the competitors’ economic performance, suggesting that sharing supply chains reduce competition. This conclusion is helpful for entrepreneurs to better manage firm competitions.
Human Resource Management in an Industry 4.0 Era
Authors: Srinivasan Ravi , Kumar Maneesh , Narayanan Sriram
Published: September 2020

With the advent of Industry 4.0, the role of a “typical” worker will change drastically. The new roles will require greater cognitive, problem-solving, and collaboration skills, to name a few. This shift requires that the current human resource management (HRM) practices change in accordance with the future role of the worker. To date, HRM has been focused on identifying workers who are well suited for performing tasks that improve efficiencies of the firm. Instead, new HRM practices need to focus on acquiring and managing the workforce that leverages Industry 4.0 technologies. This chapter identifies the changing landscape of work with respect to supply chain management. Specifically, it identifies the changes that will be ushered in for operations, procurement, logistics, and customer management as a result of Industry 4.0 technologies. Next, the chapter identifies the skills gap, reorganization of work, and changing role of blue- and white-collar workers involved in Industry 4.0 technology usage in daily work. Finally, it provides a framework that can be used by HRM professionals to acquire and reskill their workforce using the ability–motivation–opportunity framework.
Startup Suppliers on the Rise
Authors: Wagner Stephan M. , Kurpjuweit Stefan
Published: September 2020

Firms are keen to benefit strategically from startups by applying new technologies, products, or services that increase productivity of processes and competitiveness of products. Besides tapping into entrepreneurial innovations through traditional collaboration models such as corporate venture capital or R&D alliances, firms have increasingly begun engaging with startups upon supplier relationships. These buyer–supplier relationships, which are asymmetric by nature, create opportunities for both sides to access, leverage, and combine a partner’s complementary resources as well as to apply new and valuable capabilities, which may ultimately lead to a mutual competitive advantage. However, many attributes that make startups highly attractive partners for increasing the productivity of processes or the innovativeness of products create substantial challenges for buying firms when collaborating with these young firms. Recent empirical evidence suggests that startups are increasingly considered as a new supplier type, which requires the adaptation of conventional supplier management processes and practices by buying firms to achieve desired relationship outcomes. Against this background, this chapter’s purpose is to elaborate on how firms can use ‘procurement’ processes to benefit strategically from startups and how to manage startups as suppliers. The chapter identifies specific challenges that arise from these asymmetric partnerships and provides insights from an in-depth case study of the BMW Startup Garage, offering firms guidance on how to overcome these challenges. The chapter shows how the automaker establishes buyer–supplier relationships with startups and a fast track into BMW. Finally, the chapter also provides recommendations for future research endeavors.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes, Mechanisms, and Steps Toward Prevention
Authors: Choi Se Hoon , Tanzi Rudolph E.
Published: September 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly; it is clinically characterized by progressive memory loss and catastrophic cognitive dysfunction. Neuropathologically, the brains of AD patients are characterized by abundant beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuroinflammation. To date, this fatal disease ranks as the sixth leading cause of death; 5.8 million people in the United States are estimated to have the disease, and the total incidence of AD-related dementia is projected to grow to 16 million by 2050. Currently, there is no cure or any reliable means for pre-symptomatic diagnosis of AD. AD is a genetically heterogenous and multifactorial disease, and a variety of molecular mechanisms have been suggested to underlie its etiology and pathogenesis. A better understanding of pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of AD pathology and symptoms would accelerate the development of effective therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating AD. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the pathogenetic and molecular mechanisms underlying AD along with current therapeutic and lifestyles interventions being investigated for the prevention and treatment of this devastating neurological disorder.
The Positioning of Social Justice: Critical Challenges for Career Development
Authors: Irving Barrie A.
Published: September 2020

Career development theory and practice have the potential to foster a sense of belonging and well-being by facilitating the construction of meaningful life-careers. Social justice issues are integral, because they are concerned with fairness and equity, (in)equality, cultural diversity, psychosocial well-being, and societal values. Career development theorists, researchers, and practitioners, therefore, need a deeper understanding of the multiple and complex influences on how ‘career’ is interpreted and ‘opportunities’ are presented. Such an understanding should provide critical insight into the effects of wider sociocultural and political concerns affecting what is deemed possible in the shaping and enactment of career. Yet the term social justice is often loosely deployed or inadequately defined in contemporary career literature and tends to be absent in discussions of practice. This chapter explores the contested nature of social justice, outlines competing definitions, and considers ways in which critical social justice contributes a transformative dimension to career development.
The Role of Digital Technology in Career Development
Authors: Hooley Tristram , Staunton Tom
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyses the role of digital technologies in career development. It argues that digital technologies change the context for individuals’ careers and the opportunities that exist for the provision of career support. The implications of digital technologies for career are dependent, in part, on how technologies are believed to interact with society. They may be thought of as tools, as shapers of society, or as social practices. For individuals, digital technologies can be understood through six metaphors: (1) library, (2) media channel, (3) surveillance camera, (4) marketplace, (5) meeting place, and (6) arena. For career development professionals, the choice is using them to provide information, automated interactions, or communication. The chapter concludes by arguing that there are three main pedagogic stances (instrumental, connectivist, or critical) that can guide career development professionals in the combination of different technologies and in the resolution of the opportunities and challenges that are presented to individuals in their career building.
Queer Thinking about Language Learning: Current Research and Future Directions
Authors: Nelson Cynthia D.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the genesis of research on Queer Thinking in language education/acquisition, an area that has attracted much interest internationally over the past two decades. It outlines key themes and studies in this area and proposes new directions for future research. Research to date has focused on four main aspects: applying queer theory to language learning/teaching; analyzing sexual identities/diversity in classroom discourse; critiquing heteronormativity in language learning materials; and understanding the experiences and identity negotiations of LGBT students and teachers. More work is needed in Queer Applied Linguistics on: what queer pedagogy looks like in diverse geo-localities; how language teachers are learning to think queerly in teacher education and professional development programs; and how researchers can be supported in investigating language, sexuality, and learning and in applying Queer Thinking to other vital issues in language education.
Powerful Inscriptions: On the Semiotic Phenomenology of BDSM
Authors: Martin Richard Joseph
Published: September 2020

BDSM encompasses a range of practices—bondage and discipline (BD), dominance and submission (DS), sadism and masochism (SM)—involving the consensual exchange of power in erotic contexts. This chapter provides an overview of scholarship on BDSM, drawing on the history of academic studies of the phenomenon, ranging from the psychology of perversion, the sociology of deviance, and the feminist “sex wars” to more recent ethnographic and phenomenological turns. The chapter focuses on the importance of discourse and affect for making sense of BDSM, both for those who seek to analyze the phenomenon and for practitioners themselves. Drawing on ethnographic research and other data, the chapter shows how language and discourse are key to answering interconnected questions about the semiotics and phenomenology of BDSM (what these practices mean and how practitioners experience these practices affectively). Thus, a potential “linguistic turn” in BDSM studies is essential for future research on this erotic minority.
Viennese Operetta Canon Formation and the Journey to Prestige
Authors: Baranello Micaela
Published: September 2020

This chapter suggests that operetta served as the genre of the nouveau riche compared with the old money of opera proper at the end of the nineteenth century. For its audiences in Paris, Vienna, and London, operetta was the height of chic, offering a happier and more glamorous—if also more ridiculous—version of what they saw in their own lives. Yet a transformation occurred as the genre became less predicated on ephemeral topicality and its most admired early works came to be seen as historical, indeed canonic. Thus, Johann Strauss II’s Die Fledermaus, Franz Lehár’s Die lustige Witwe, and Emmerich Kálmán’s Die Csárdásfürstin are today among the top fifty most frequently performed operatic works worldwide. Along the way, a critical and creative evolution has occurred in the comparison of new and canonic works. This chapter is paired with Raymond Knapp’s “Canons of the American musical.”
Inside and Outside the Operatic Canon, on Stage and in the Boardroom
Authors: Holten Kasper
Published: September 2020

The opera canon—and how we perceive it—in many ways defines not just the scheduling and repertory of opera houses but also the whole structure: the opera food chain. The way a work is marketed and talked about, the way the audience and the press come to it with different expectations—all this depends to a surprisingly large extent on its place in the operatic canon. As stage director at Covent Garden, this chapter’s author felt keenly how significantly a work’s place in the canon affects the way people react to its staging. Despite its apparent rigidity, the canon can be a flexible concept, created and re-created, constantly changing. Much as it may sometimes seem that the operatic canon is restrictive, taking on a truly canonic piece can offer a strange kind of freedom in which interpretation really is creation. This chapter is paired with John Rockwell’s “Critical reflections on the operatic canon.”
The Repertory of the Italian Court Opera in Berlin, 1740–1786
Authors: Mangum John
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how a unique canonic repertory of opera seria evolved in Berlin’s Italian Court Opera under the leadership of King Friedrich II of Prussia (Frederick the Great). Thirty-one works by Johann Adolf Hasse and Carl Heinrich Graun were produced from 1740 to 1756 and then revived during the subsequent three decades, until the king’s death in 1786. Moreover, four new operas written in the antique style were produced by the theater’s director, Johann Friedrich Agricola. Even though the economic effects of the Seven Years War played a role in limiting the production of new operas, the repertory evolved in large part due to the king’s deep commitment to the old works and to his authority in selecting each year’s repertory and casting the singers. This chapter is paired with Katherine Hambridge’s “Catching up and getting ahead: The opera house as temple of art in Berlin c. 1800.”
Catching up and Getting ahead
Authors: Hambridge Katherine
Published: September 2020

This chapter charts the changing status in Berlin of operatic repertoire associated with Friedrich II (Frederick the Great), from the gradual disappearance of opera seria by Carl Heinrich Graun and Johann Adolph Hasse to the survival of Benda’s melodramas and Singspiele, not least as throwbacks to the time of the honored Prussian monarch. Berlin’s critical commentators in this period are remarkable for their historical self-consciousness, and it’s possible to detect an emerging—and precocious—canonical discourse in the years around 1800, manifested both in the promotion of the lately arrived Gluck as a classic of the German stage, and in the proposals to create an operatic museum, intended to preserve respected theater pieces as standards of known worth. This chapter is paired with John Mangum’s “The repertory of the Italian Court Opera in Berlin, 1740–1786.”
The Mingling of Opera Genres
Authors: Simon Yannick
Published: September 2020

This chapter analyzes in depth the operas performed in the late nineteenth century in Rouen. The repertory that was produced from 1882 in the new Théâtre des Arts illustrates how a provincial theater would differ significantly, in terms of the genres presented, from the Opéra or the Opéra-Comique in Paris. Like all regional theaters, the one in Rouen adapted itself to the constraints of a national system shaped by Parisian production, but it was also expected to defer to local tastes and performing conditions. The public thus saw a much greater variety of genres than was presented in the capital city. The new works produced there were often objects of local pride; for example, since Pierre Corneille had been born locally, the theater produced Jules Massenet’s setting of Le Cid. This chapter is paired with Patrick Taïeb and Sabine Teulon Lardic’s “The evolution of French opera repertories in provincial theaters: Three epochs, 1770–1900.”
From Recycled Performances to Repertory
Authors: Burden Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces how often-performed canonic works did not emerge in London’s King’s Theatre until the end of the eighteenth century, seen in the special popularity of opera buffa. From its opening in 1704, the King’s Theatre offered only operas written and produced in Italy, and it was unusual for a piece to be kept on stage for more than five years. The piece that broke that rule was La buona figliuola, the setting by Niccolò Piccinni of Carlo Goldoni’s libretto on Samuel Richardson’s novel Pamela. First performed in Rome in 1760, the opera was given in London almost every year from 1766 to 1796, and ten other pieces in that genre also appeared unusually often. This chapter is paired with Jennifer Hall-Witt’s “Repertory opera and canonic sensibility at the London Opera, 1820–1860.”
Extremely Gusty Winds from a Viewpoint of Aerodynamic Force
Authors: Maeda Junji , Takeuchi Takashi , Tomokiyo Eriko , Tamura Yukio
Published: September 2020

To quantitatively investigate a gusty wind from the viewpoint of aerodynamic forces, a wind tunnel that can control the rise time of a step-function-like gust was devised and utilized. When the non-dimensional rise time, which is calculated using the rise time of the gusty wind, the wind speed, and the size of an object, is less than a certain value, the wind force is greater than under the corresponding steady wind. Therefore, this wind force is called the “overshoot wind force” for objects the size of orbital vehicles in an actual wind observation. The finding of the overshoot wind force requires a condition of the wind speed recording specification and depends on the object size and the gusty wind speed.
Prediction of Non-Synoptic Wind Speeds
Authors: Lombardo Franklin T. , Zickar Alexander S.
Published: September 2020

Winds generated from non-synoptic events cause significant losses globally. This chapter focuses specifically on winds generated from thunderstorms. Thunderstorm-generated winds produce the highest recorded wind speeds in many worldwide locations, which makes them important for the design of structures. Prediction of these wind speeds is then a crucial step in the design process. This chapter discusses a simple, step-by-step procedure for predicting thunderstorm-generated wind speeds using a location in the United States as an illustrative example. This procedure includes data recording/archival, storm-type classification, reducing data dependence, estimating a rate of occurrence, and fitting a probability distribution, including consideration of multiple storm types. Examples from the existing literature are also shared to give the reader a comprehensive look at what has been done on the topic to this point. Based on the illustrative example and the existing literature, physical and probabilistic differences from synoptic prediction methods and analysis are also elucidated. These differences include higher variability of thunderstorm-generated winds, regionality of the wind climate, and topics such as wind directionality and changes in frequency and intensity. Rarely used simulation techniques that help address robustness of current predictions as well as handle the finite spatial dimensions in the analysis and prediction of non-synoptic winds are also covered. Future work on non-synoptic wind speed prediction is touched on, including additional parsing of non-synoptic storms into subtypes and a comprehensive non-synoptic model similar to what has been done for tropical cyclones.
The Psychobiology of Listening
Authors: Bodie Graham D. , Wolvin Andrew D.
Published: September 2020

Listening is frequently considered to be synonymous with hearing. While the process of hearing is complex in itself, the process of listening extends beyond human physiology and neurobiology and includes sensory processes of vision. Indeed, as the McGurk effect suggests, the visual component of listening can dominate human perception. Listening also incorporates brain activity through cognitive functions of attention, comprehension, inference making, and memory. Other sensory processes, such as touch, taste, and smell, further impact the physiology and neurobiology of listening. This chapter utilizes research across the academic landscape to provide a theoretical framework for the physiological and perceptual components of listening that integrates perspectives of both the listener and the person (i.e., speaker) who is listened to.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Affective and Cognitive Empathy
Authors: Buck Ross , Xu Zhan
Published: September 2020

Individual differences in the ability to recognize emotion displays relate strongly to emotional intelligence, and emotional and social competence. However, there is a difference between the ability to judge the emotions of another person (i.e., emotional empathy) and the ability to take the perspective of another person, including making accurate appraisals, attributions, and inferences about the mental states of others (i.e., cognitive empathy). In this chapter, we review the concept of emotional empathy and the current state of the field, including emerging and converging evidence from neuroscience research that emotional and cognitive empathy involve doubly dissociable brain systems. We also discuss emerging literature on the physiological mechanisms underlying empathy in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We then distinguish spontaneous and symbolic communication processes to show how cognitive empathy emerges from emotional empathy during development. Development starts with the prelinguistic mutual contingent responsiveness of infant and caregiver yielding “raw” primary intersubjectivity, then secondary and tertiary intersubjectivity advances with increasing social experience, and finally cognitive empathic abilities expand in perspective taking and Theory of Mind (ToM) skills. We then present an Affect-Reason-Involvement (ARI) model to guide the conceptualization and measurement of emotional and cognitive empathy. We consider emotion correlation scores as a flexible and valid approach to empathy measurement, with implications for understanding the role of discrete emotions in decision making. Finally, we apply this reasoning to recent studies of the role of emotion and empathy in bullying.
Regulating Medicines in the United States
Authors: Lietzan Erika , Zettler Patricia J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the regulation of medicines in the United States. The US scheme for achieving the primary goals of medical product regulation is largely federal, governed by the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and two provisions of the Public Health Service Act and administered by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a federal executive branch agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services. Federal law generally requires research before a medical product enters the market, FDA authorization before market launch affirming that there is sufficient evidence of the product's safety and effectiveness, and continued monitoring and regulation after launch. These requirements and how they are implemented, however, reflect values and goals that, in some circumstances, can be in tension. The chapter then considers how the regulatory scheme for medicines seeks to reconcile these sometimes competing values and goals. It starts by describing what constitutes a medicine subject to FDA regulation and then explains how medicines reach the market, how the FDA and manufacturers assess and manage risks, and the incentives for innovation and rules for competition. The chapter also looks at innovative medical technologies that challenge the traditional US regulatory scheme, using those examples to explore the future of medicines regulation.
Socioeconomic Health Inequalities in Europe
Authors: Toebes Brigit
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the role of law and human rights in socioeconomic health inequalities in Europe. Given that socioeconomic health inequalities are largely unnecessary and avoidable, it is widely claimed that they lead to health inequities (i.e., avoidable inequalities in health). Addressing health inequities is considered to be an ‘ethical imperative’ and a ‘matter of social justice’. Human rights standards provide a moral and legal framework for assessing matters of social justice, including socioeconomic health inequalities. This chapter analyses how the main European organizations (EU and Council of Europe) address health inequalities. Specific attention is paid to the role of human rights law as a tool that may give support and priority to improving health and reducing inequities. By way of explaining how social determinants are addressed at the domestic level, the chapter discusses (the approaches to) socioeconomic health inequalities in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The chapter establishes that while not as dramatic as in the United States, socioeconomic health inequalities are a reality in Europe, and that inequalities have widened both between and within European countries. It concludes that reducing health inequalities should be a key priority in European and domestic health policy, and that human rights law plays an important role in informing what needs to be done.
Communicable and Other Infectious Diseases
Authors: Frischhut Markus
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the most important features of EU law on infectious diseases. Communicable diseases not only cross borders, they also often require measures that cross different areas of policy because of different vectors for disease transmission. The relevant EU law cannot be attributed to one sectoral policy only, and thus various EU agencies participate in protecting public health. The key agency is the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Other important agencies include the European Environment Agency; European Food Safety Authority; and the Consumers, Health, Agriculture and Food Executive Agency. However, while integration at the EU level has facilitated protection of the public's health, it also has created potential conflicts among the different objectives of the European Union. The internal market promotes the free movement of products, but public health measures can require restrictions of trade. Other conflicts can arise if protective public health measures conflict with individual human rights. The chapter then considers risk assessment and the different tools of risk management used in dealing with the challenges of infectious diseases. It also turns to the external and ethical perspective and the role the European Union takes in global health.
Introduction to Medical Products Law
Authors: Lietzan Erika , Mahalatchimy Aurélie , Zettler Patricia J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of medical products law. Policymakers around the world have long recognized the need to regulate medical products, meaning interventions intended to prevent, diagnose, treat, or cure diseases and other health-related conditions. Generally speaking, these interventions can be subdivided into medicinal products and medical devices, although the distinctions between these categories can be blurred and some commercialized products comprise both. In most of the world, the rules for these two broad categories differ somewhat, although many of the basic principles are the same. Over the past century, regulators in the United States and in the European Union have developed complex frameworks for the regulation of medicines and medical devices marketed within their borders. These frameworks have evolved in response to public health crises. Both jurisdictions seek assurance that medicines and medical devices are safe and effective for their intended purposes. Policymakers in both jurisdictions, as elsewhere in the world, must also strike a balance between encouraging innovation and ensuring a steady supply of newer medical treatments while also ensuring that available medical treatments are in fact affordable for payers and patients.
Introduction to Public Health Law
Authors: Parmet Wendy E. , Frischhut Markus , Garde Amandine , Toebes Brigit
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of public health law. In contrast to healthcare law, public health law seeks to protect health at a broad population, as opposed to an individual patient, level. The field of public health emphasizes prevention and health promotion, as opposed to the treatment of disease. The chapter looks at three critical areas of public health law: communicable disease control, the control of noncommunicable diseases, and efforts to address the social determinants of health. While the United States and Europe face broadly similar questions, the answers given often differ. In part, this is because the European Union is for the most part a supranational organization, while the United States is a more integrated, albeit federal, nation state. In addition, important distinctions between the legal traditions and the value given to individual liberty versus the public good provide a focus of the comparison between the US and European approaches to public health.
Practicing Autoethnography and Living the Autoethnographic Life
Authors: Ellis Carolyn , Adams Tony E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter details the authors’ approach to doing autoethnographic research. After autoethnography is defined, its history and emergence are described within qualitative research in general and within psychology specifically. The chapter then proposes general guiding principles for those doing autoethnography, including using personal experience, acknowledging existing research, understanding and critiquing cultural experience, calling on insider knowledge, breaking silence, and maneuvering through pain, confusion, anger, and uncertainty. After a discussion of autoethnography as a process and as a product and as a method that can take a variety of representational forms, the chapter offers ways to evaluate and critique autoethnography. The chapter concludes with a discussion of autoethnography as an orientation to living and an approach that has the potential to make life better—for the writer, reader, participant, and larger culture.
Unstructured and Semistructured Interviewing
Authors: Brinkmann Svend
Published: September 2020

This chapter gives an introduction to qualitative interviewing in its unstructured and semistructured forms. Initially, the human world is depicted as a conversational reality in which interviewing takes a central position as a research method. Interviewing is presented as a social practice that has a cultural history and that appears in a variety of formats in the 21st century. A number of distinctions are introduced, which are relevant when mapping the field of qualitative interviewing between different levels of structure, numbers of participants, media of interviewing, and interviewer styles. A more detailed exposition of semistructured lifeworld interviewing is offered because this is arguably the standard form of qualitative interviewing today.
Qualitative Approaches in Internet-Mediated Research: Opportunities, Issues, Possibilities
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: September 2020

Internet-mediated research (IMR) has grown expansively since the start of the 21st Century in scope, range of methodological possibilities, and breadth of penetration across disciplines and research domains. However, the use of IMR approaches to support qualitative research has lagged behind its application in supporting quantitative methods. This chapter discusses the possibilities of using IMR methods in qualitative research and considers the issues and debates that have led some qualitative researchers to be reluctant to consider IMR as a viable alternative to traditional offline methods. The chapter adopts an optimistic stance on the potential for qualitative IMR and outlines a range of possible methods and strategies, as well as examples of successful (and less successful) studies. Practical advice on tools, procedures, and guidelines for good design practice is offered. A comment on likely future scope, methods, emerging techniques, and developments in qualitative IMR is presented.
Case Study Research: In-Depth Understanding in Context
Authors: Simons Helen
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores case study as a major approach to research and evaluation. After first noting various contexts in which case studies are commonly used, the chapter focuses on case study research directly. Strengths and potential problematic issues are outlined, followed by key phases of the process. The chapter emphasizes how important it is to design the case, to collect and interpret data in ways that highlight the qualitative, to have an ethical practice that values multiple perspectives and political interests, and to report creatively to facilitate use in policymaking and practice. Finally, the chapter explores how to generalize from the single case. Concluding issues center on the need to think more imaginatively about design and the range of methods and forms of reporting required to persuade audiences to value qualitative ways of knowing in case study research.
Conducting Mixed Methods Research: Using Dialectical Pluralism and Social Psychological Strategies
Authors: Tucker Susan A. , Johnson R. Burke , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Icenogle Marjorie L.
Published: September 2020

Dialectical pluralism is both a philosophical process theory and grounded approach for producing syntheses from differences, working toward mutually beneficial solutions, and, through group processes, produces procedural/process justice in mixed methods research and evaluation. Ontologically, dialectical pluralism views reality as plural and changing. Epistemologically, it follows a dialectical, dialogical, hermeneutical approach that includes listening, interacting, and learning from the Other. After explaining how the philosophical process theory of dialectical pluralism provides a process for positively and systematically engaging with differences, we draw on concepts and findings from social psychological literatures such as positive psychology, conflict management, negotiation, small group psychology, group counseling, group dynamics, political diplomacy, deliberative democracy, and workplace justice to show how dialectical pluralism enables learning from differences and produces effective collaboration across paradigms. Implementation strategies are identified for integrating DP into mixed methods research and evaluation (MMR/E). We conclude with a brief vision for MMR/E driven by the philosophy of DP that we hope will be attractive to a wide range of practitioners working across different contexts and topics.
Community-Based Research: A Grass-Roots and Social Justice Orientation to Inquiry
Authors: Boyd Margaret R.
Published: September 2020

Community-based research challenges the traditional research paradigm by recognizing that complex social problems in the early 21st century must involve multiple stakeholders in the research process—not as subjects but as coinvestigators and coauthors. It is an orientation to inquiry rather than a methodology and reflects a transdisciplinary paradigm by including academics from many disciplines, community members, activists, and often students in all stages of the research process. Community-based research is relational research where all participants change and grow in a synergistic relationship as they work together and strategize to solve issues and problems that are defined by and meaningful to the community. This chapter is an introduction to the historical and philosophical roots of community-based research and discusses the core principles and skills useful when designing and working with community members in a collaborative, innovative, and transformative research partnership. The rationale for working within this research paradigm is discussed, as well as the challenges researchers and practitioners face when conducting community-based research. This chapter ends with a discussion of the continuing need for discussion, reflection, and case studies from the field regarding professional boundaries, institutional barriers, ethical research practices, and project evaluation.
China’s Integration into the Global Economic System: Institutional Idiosyncrasies and Emerging Patterns
Authors: Li Yuan , Taube Markus
Published: September 2020

Since the—externally enforced—opening of China to the global economy in the mid-nineteenth century, China’s integration into the global economic system has been mostly determined by a passive adoption of norms and regulatory principles developed in the West. It is only in recent years, as China’s absolute and relative economic might in the global economic system has risen dramatically, that a more active Chinese approach toward the institutional ordering of global economic interaction can be observed. This chapter looks into the parameters of China’s integration into the international system, its role in global economic governance as well as the drivers of Chinese institution building in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative.
South African Urbanization and Industrialization to 1948
Authors: Hyslop Jonathan
Published: September 2020

The South African city during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has often been viewed as moving inexorably toward the fully segregated urban space of the high apartheid era. However, insofar as this view suggests a unilinear process with an inevitable outcome, it is misleading. South African cities at the turn of the century, and even to some extent after the formation of the unified South African state in 1910, had far more porous racial boundaries than is sometimes realized. The mining revolution did generate a dramatic process of industrialization and urbanization characterized by great racial inequality and coercion. But segregationists were trying to impose a pattern on a complex hybrid reality and did not always do so effectively. Nor was state policy consistent, with repression being far less continuous than was the case under apartheid. The 1940s saw the development of a crisis, with contradictory forces and policy directions in urban society. Apartheid arose out of this context but was not the predetermined result of what had come before.
Religiosity and Political Attitudes in Turkey during the AKP Era
Authors: Aytaç S. Erdem
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the relationship between religiosity and political attitudes in Turkey during the incumbency of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). There were several restrictions on the public role and visibility of Islam in Turkey when the AKP came to power in 2002, and the party gradually lifted these restrictions over time. Did this change in the state’s policies and approach toward religion affect the political attitudes of devout Muslims? Analyses of a series of nationally representative surveys spanning the period 2002–2018 highlight that the AKP governments’ positive approach to Islamic religiosity in public life led to a rapprochement of devout Muslims with the political regime. There is no evidence that this rapprochement has been accompanied by a more pluralistic understanding of democracy, however, as more religious individuals tend to hold more populist attitudes than less religious ones.
Piety, Devotion, and Support for ShariʿaExamining the Link between Religiosity and Political Attitudes in Pakistan
Authors: Siddiqui Niloufer A.
Published: September 2020

Pakistan is widely considered to be a “religious” society, with survey data demonstrating that a high percentage of people consider religion an important part of their lives and support the implementation of shariʿa law. How does this apparent religiosity translate into political attitudes and behavior? This article examines this relationship by, first, analyzing how definitional and measurement choices have affected past research findings, and, second, through original analysis of Pew Research Center data from Pakistan using three distinct measures of religiosity. Survey results demonstrate that religious individuals hold meaningfully distinct views compared to their less religious counterparts on some issues of political importance—for example, they are more likely to support democracy. Along other outcome measures, such as concern with religious extremism and attitudes toward India, religiosity is not a consistently key factor, and its predictive value depends on how the concept is defined and measured.
Learning Linkages and Flows Between Individuals, Groups, and the Organization
Authors: Sessa Valerie I. , Notari Catrina
Published: September 2020

Continuous, lifelong learning is needed not just by individuals; groups and organizations need to learn continuously as well. Although a fair amount is known about how individuals learn and there is a growing body of literature about how groups and organizations learn, little is known about continuous learning prompted by the interface between individuals, groups, and organizations. This chapter begins by identifying parallel learning constructs and processes at the individual, group, and organizational levels and then briefly discusses a few theories that have addressed learning flow between these three levels. Finally, the authors analyze a case of an interorganizational project team encompassing subgroups from several different universities who were charged with enacting change within their institutions and sharing their learning at the project team level. While the original aim of the project was to impact student learning, the project team (and the organization housing the project team) soon discovered that in order to do so they also had to concentrate simultaneously on student (individual), faculty (group), and university (organizational) learning.
Assessing Learning Needs and Outcomes in Lifelong Learning Support Systems
Authors: Kraiger Kurt , Wolfson Natalie , Davenport Meghan K. , Beier Margaret E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes methods of assessing the learning needs and evaluating the development of individuals within the context of a lifelong learning support system. Because lifelong learning is self-directed and informal in nature, the authors propose a needs assessment and evaluation design that is customized by the learner to their unique needs. Learners are first assessed on organizationally relevant as well as lifelong learning–relevant competencies and then linked, in a matrix format, to lifelong learning opportunities within and outside the organization that suit their competency needs. The chapter then proposes that, as learners engage in lifelong learning activities, they are periodically evaluated in terms of their improvement along these competencies. This information can be used to modify individuals’ lifelong learning program as well as, on the aggregate level, to inform decisions about how to allocate organizational resources and provide evidence to support lifelong learning systems.
Anthony Downs,An Economic Theory of Democracy
Authors: Muirhead Russell
Published: September 2020

Anthony Downs’s Economic Theory of Democracy has been marginalized in normative democratic theory, notwithstanding its prominence in positive political theory. For normative theorists, the “paradox of voting” testifies to the reality of moral motivation in politics, a species of motivation foreign to Downs’s theory and central to the ideals of deliberative democracy that normative theorists developed in the 1980s and 1990s. The deliberative ideal displaced aggregative conceptions of democracy such as Downs’s model. The ensuing segmentation of normative democratic theories that assume moral motives (like deliberative democracy) and positive models of democracy that assume selfish motives (like Downs’s theory) leaves both without the resources to diagnose the persistence of ideological partisanship and polarization that beset modern democracies. Engaging Downs’s theoretical contributions, especially the median voter theorem, would constitute a salutary step toward a democratic theory that integrates normative and positive theory.