bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using tyrosinase as a monophenol monooxygenase: A combined strategy for effective inhibition of melanin formation
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hyuk , Baek Kiheon , Lee Ju‐Eun , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: October 2015

Tyrosinase is a binuclear copper‐containing metalloprotein that leads the fast and regio‐selective o‐hydroxylation of monophenols to o‐diphenols. However, the subsequent second oxidation to produce o‐quinones, i.e., melanin precursors, from the o‐diphenols has restricted its use to the production of functional o‐diphenol derivatives. Herein, we present a combined strategy for the effective inhibition of melanin formation in tyrosinase reaction, which allows the use of tyrosinase as a monophenol monooxygenase. The o‐diphenolic products were protected from being oxidized in the tyrosinase reaction by borate ions and L‐ascorbic acid (LAA). Borate‐o‐diphenol complexes were favorable formed at high pH and consequentially protected the o‐diphenolic products from the catecholase activity of tyrosinase. LAA not only directly reduced the byproduct, o‐quinones, into o‐diphenols but also assisted the completion of the tyrosinase reaction cycle by removing a hydroxyl group attached to the copper metal cluster at the active site of the met‐form tyrosinase. The regio‐selective o‐hydroxylation of 7,4'‐dihydroxyisoflavone (daidzein) to produce 7,3',4'‐trihydroxyisoflavone (3'‐ODI) was successfully carried out by whole E. coli cell biotransformation with heterologously expressed tyrosinase from Bacillus megaterium. The yield of this o‐hydroxylation of 5 mM daidzein in one‐pot 400 mL reaction was ca. 100% in 90 min and the productivity was 16.3 mg 3'‐ODI · L−1  ·  h−1  ·  DCW mg−1, which is considerably higher than that of other monooxygenases. The method effectively abolished melanin synthesis, so that the o‐diphenolic product remained stable without enzyme inactivation. Other monophenolic phytochemicals such as resveratrol and genistein could be subjected to the same strategy. After 1 h, 1 mM of genistein and resveratrol were both converted to orobol and piceatannol, respectively, with ca. 95% conversion yield. These results support the strong potential of tyrosinase as a monooxygenase for regio‐selective o‐hydroxylation of various monophenolic compounds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 735–743. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce odd chain‐length fatty alcohols
Authors: Jin Zhu , Wong Adison , Foo Jee Loon , Ng Joey , Cao Ying‐Xiu , Chang Matthew Wook , Yuan Ying‐Jin
Published: October 2015

Fatty aldehydes and alcohols are valuable precursors used in the industrial manufacturing of a myriad of specialty products. Herein, we demonstrate the de novo production of odd chain‐length fatty aldehydes and fatty alcohols in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by expressing a novel biosynthetic pathway involving cytosolic thioesterase, rice α‐dioxygenase and endogenous aldehyde reductases. We attained production titers of ∼20 mg/l fatty aldehydes and ∼20 mg/l fatty alcohols in shake flask cultures after 48 and 60 h respectively without extensive fine‐tuning of metabolic fluxes. In contrast to prior studies which relied on bi‐functional fatty acyl‐CoA reductase to produce even chain‐length fatty alcohols, our biosynthetic route exploits α‐oxidation reaction to produce odd chain‐length fatty aldehyde intermediates without using NAD(P)H cofactor, thereby conserving cellular resource during the overall synthesis of odd chain‐length fatty alcohols. The biosynthetic pathway presented in this study has the potential to enable sustainable and efficient synthesis of fatty acid‐derived chemicals from processed biomass. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 842–851. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nepenthes: volle Kanne ein kleines Ökosystem
Authors: Sander Johannes
Published: October 2015

Die “Blumen des Bösen” (nach “Les Fleurs du Mal” von Charles Baudelaire) wie fleischfressende Pflanzen bisweilen genannt werden, verheißen Tieren oft nichts Gutes. Doch es gibt auch Symbiosen zwischen ihnen und bestimmten Tieren und manchmal beherbergen sie sogar kleine Ökosysteme. Jetzt wurden die komplexen Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Kannenpflanze Nepenthes bicalcarata und der Ameisenart Camponotus schmitzi im Detail untersucht: Während die Pflanzen den Ameisen Wohnraum und Nahrung zur Verfügung stellen, schützen die Ameisen ihren Wirt vor Verunreinigungen und Stickstoffverlust.
Auf der Suche nach der genetischen Basis von Ekto‐ und Endoparasitismus der Plattwürmer
Authors: Fromm Bastian , Bachmann Jutta , Bachmann Lutz
Published: October 2015

Plattwürmer (Plathelminthes) sind bilateral symmetrische, abgeflachte Tiere und kommen in Süß‐ und Salzwasser, aber auch in feuchter Erde oder verrottendem Holz vor. Unter den bisher ca. 30.000 bekannten Arten finden sich nahezu alle denkbaren Übergänge zwischen freilebender und rein parasitischer Lebensweise.
Randomized clinical trial on the effect of fibrin sealant on latissimus dorsi donor-site seroma formation after breast reconstruction (Br J Surg 2012; 99: 1381–1388)
Authors: Soumian S , Al-Ani S , Sterne G
Published: October 2015

The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Development of Melting System for Measurement of Trace Elements and Ions in Ice Core
Authors: Hong Sang‐Bum , Lee Khanghyun , Hur Soon‐Do , Hong Sungmin , Soyol‐Erdene Tseren‐Ochir , Kim Sun‐Mee , Chung Ji‐Woong , Jun Seong‐Joon , Kang Chang‐Hee
Published: October 2015

We present a titanium (Ti) melting head divided into three zones as an improved melting system for decontaminating ice‐core samples. This system was subjected to performance tests using short ice‐core samples (4 × 4 cm2, ~5 cm long). The procedural blanks (PBs) and detection limits of ionic species, with the exception of , were comparable with published values, but for elements the experimental procedures should be refined to obtain valid Zn concentrations due to the PB of ~90.0 ± 16.2 ng/L. The improved melting system efficiently decontaminated the samples, as verified by the concentration profiles of elements and ions in the melted samples from the three melting‐head zones. The recovery of trace elements in ice‐core samples was ~70–120% at ~100 ng/L in artificial ice cores. Because of the memory effects between ice‐core samples melted in series, the melting system should be rinsed at least 5–6 times (in a total volume of ~2.5 mL deionized water) after each melting procedure. Finally, as an application of this technique, trace elements were measured in ice‐core samples recovered from the East Rongbuk Glacier, Mount Everest, (28°03′N, 86°96′E, 6518 m a.s.l.), and the concentrations of trace elements following mechanical chiseling and the melting method were compared.
Synthesis and Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase‐1 Inhibition of Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Derivatives
Authors: Han Seo‐Jung , Lee Gwi Bin , Kwak Hyun Jung , Pagire Suvarna H. , Kim Ji Young , Pagire Haushabhau S. , Park Sung Bum , Chae Chong Hak , Lee Joo Yun , Kim Ki Young , Rhee Sang Dal , Kim Hee Youn , Shin Sun Hye , Bae Myung Ae , Park Mi‐jin , Kim Dooseop , Lee Duck Hyung , Ahn Jin Hee
Published: October 2015

We identified azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives that are active diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐1 (DGAT)‐1 inhibitor. Among the azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane series, compound 6b showed good in vitro activity toward human DGAT‐1, selectivity toward DGAT‐2, and liver microsomal stability. Compound 6b exhibited no CYP inhibition, hERG binding, or cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, compound 6b reduced the level of plasma triglyceride after oral administration in mice.
Quantification of paraquat in postmortem samples by gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry and review of the literature
Authors: Moreira Pedro Nuno , de Pinho Paula Guedes , Baltazar Maria Teresa , Bastos Maria Lourdes , Carvalho Félix , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge
Published: October 2015

Paraquat (PQ) is an herbicide implicated in numerous fatalities, mainly caused by voluntary ingestion. Several methods have been used to quantify PQ in plasma and urine samples of intoxicated humans as a predictor of clinical outcome. There is no validated method for the analysis of PQ in postmortem samples. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an analytical method, using gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry (GC‐IT/MS) after solid‐phase extraction, to quantify PQ in postmortem samples, namely in whole blood, urine, liver, lung and kidney, to cover the routes of distribution, accumulation and elimination of PQ. The method proved to be selective as there were no interferences of endogenous compounds with the same retention time as PQ and ethyl paraquat (internal standard). The regression analysis for PQ was linear in the range 0–10 µg/mL. The detection limits ranged from 0.0076 µg/mL for urine to 0.047 µg/mL for whole blood, and the recoveries were suitable for forensic analysis. The proposed GC‐IT/MS method provided an accurate and simple assay with adequate precision and recovery for the quantification of PQ in postmortem samples. The proof of applicability was performed in two fatal PQ intoxications. A review of the analytical methods for the determination of quaternary ammonium herbicides is also provided for a better understanding of the presently available techniques. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantification of tramadol and O‐desmethyltramadol in hair samples by gas chromatography–electron impact/mass spectrometry
Authors: Pinho Sandra , Oliveira Ana , Costa Isabel , Gouveia Carla Alexandra , Carvalho Félix , Moreira Roxana Falcão , Dinis‐Oliveira Ricardo Jorge
Published: October 2015

Over recent years, hair has become the ideal matrix for retrospective investigation of chronic abuse, including for tramadol. However, in order to exclude the possibility of external contamination, it is also important to quantify simultaneously its main metabolite, O‐desmethyltramadol (M1), which presence in hair reflects systemic exposure. In the present study a methodology aimed at the simultaneous quantification of tramadol and M1 in human hair was developed and validated for the first time. After decontamination of hair samples (60 mg), tramadol and M1 were extracted with methanol in an ultrasonic bath (~5 h). Purification was performed by solid‐phase extraction using mixed‐mode extraction cartridges. Subsequently to derivatization, analysis was performed by gas chromatography–electron impact/mass spectrometry (GC‐EI/MS). The method proved to be selective. The regression analysis for both analytes was shown to be linear in the range of 0.1–20.0 ng/mg with correlation coefficients of 0.9995 and 0.9997 for tramadol and M1, respectively. The coefficients of variation oscillated between 3.85 and 13.24%. The limits of detection were 0.03 and 0.02 ng/mg, and the lower limits of quantification were 0.08 and 0.06 ng/mg for tramadol and M1, respectively. The proof of applicability was performed in hair samples from six patients undergoing tramadol therapy. All samples were positive for tramadol and M1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated HPLC‐UV method for determination of naproxen in human plasma with proven selectivity against ibuprofen and paracetamol
Authors: Filist Monika , Szlaska Iwona , Kaza Michał , Pawiński Tomasz
Published: October 2015

Estimating the influence of interfering compounds present in the biological matrix on the determination of an analyte is one of the most important tasks during bioanalytical method development and validation. Interferences from endogenous components and, if necessary, from major metabolites as well as possible co‐administered medications should be evaluated during a selectivity test. This paper describes a simple, rapid and cost‐effective HPLC‐UV method for the determination of naproxen in human plasma in the presence of two other analgesics, ibuprofen and paracetamol. Sample preparation is based on a simple liquid–liquid extraction procedure with a short, 5 s mixing time. Fenoprofen, which is characterized by a similar structure and properties to naproxen, was first used as the internal standard. The calibration curve is linear in the concentration range of 0.5–80.0 µg/mL, which is suitable for pharmacokinetic studies following a single 220 mg oral dose of naproxen sodium. The method was fully validated according to international guidelines and was successfully applied in a bioequivalence study in humans. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trade‐offs in corporate sustainability: you can't have your cake and eat it
Authors: Hahn Tobias , Figge Frank , Pinkse Jonatan , Preuss Lutz
Published: October 2015

The mainstream of the literature on corporate sustainability follows the win–win paradigm, according to which economic, environmental and social sustainability aspects can be achieved simultaneously; indeed, corporate sustainability has often been defined by the intersection of these three areas. However, given the multi‐faceted and complex nature of sustainable development, we argue that trade‐offs and conflicts in corporate sustainability are the rule rather than the exception. Turning a blind eye to trade‐offs thus results in a limited perspective on corporate contributions to sustainable development. In order to overcome this situation, we propose an initial framework for the analysis of trade‐offs in corporate sustainability. By doing so, we pursue two aims. First, the framework serves as a starting point for a more systematic analysis of trade‐offs in corporate sustainability, as it identifies different levels and dimensions to characterize such trade‐offs. Second, it serves to contextualize the contributions to this special issue on trade‐offs in corporate sustainability. Based on the framework, we finally point to some promising avenues for future research on trade‐offs in, and a more inclusive notion of, corporate sustainability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Metatheoretical snowmen: A pedagogicalgedankenexperimentin information metatheory
Authors: Hartel Jenna
Published: October 2015

Editor's Summary

Metatheory is the highest level conceptual device used in social scientific research and determines a way of thinking and speaking about reality and its information phenomena. Today, numerous metatheories exist in information science and create a dynamic climate. There is also widespread confusion about metatheory because it is a relatively new, abstract and elusive concept for students, practitioners and scholars alike. The article introduces metatheory in information science and its ontological, methodological, social and personal implications. Then “Metatheoretical Snowmen,” a novel pedagogical strategy, is described. Metatheoretical Snowmen demystifies information metatheory through a gedankenexperiment, that is, a thought experiment. In Metatheoretical Snowmen, participants apply the characteristics of a variety of information metatheories to the life and information experience of an ordinary and affable persona: a snowman. The renderings of the snowman and its information world bring the special features of each metatheory into clear view. This approach has been implemented to positive effect as a panel presentation at international conferences in information science, including two recent Annual Meetings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T).
Comprehensive review of the anatomy and physiology of male ejaculation: Premature ejaculation is not a disease
Authors: Puppo Vincenzo , Puppo Giulia
Published: October 2015

Human semen contains spermatozoa secreted by the testes and a mixture of components produced by the bulbo‐urethral and Littre (paraurethral) glands, prostate, seminal vesicles, ampulla, and epididymis. Ejaculation is used as a synonym for the external ejection of semen, but it comprises two phases: emission and expulsion. As semen collects in the prostatic urethra, the rapid preorgasmic distension of the urethral bulb is pathognomonic of impeding orgasm, and the man experiences a sensation that ejaculation is inevitable (in women, emission is the only phase of orgasm). The semen is propelled along the penile urethra mainly by the bulbocavernosus muscle. With Kegel exercises, it is possible to train the perineal muscles. Immediately after the expulsion phase the male enters a refractory period, a recovery time during which further orgasm or ejaculation is physiologically impossible. Age affects the recovery time: as a man grows older, the refractory period increases. Sexual medicine experts consider premature ejaculation only in the case of vaginal intercourse, but vaginal orgasm has no scientific basis, so the duration of intercourse is not important for a woman's orgasm. The key to female orgasm are the female erectile organs; vaginal orgasm, G‐spot, G‐spot amplification, clitoral bulbs, clitoris‐urethra‐vaginal complex, internal clitoris and female ejaculation are terms without scientific basis. Female sexual dysfunctions are popular because they are based on something that does not exist, i.e. the vaginal orgasm. The physiology of ejaculation and orgasm is not impaired in premature ejaculation: it is not a disease, and non‐coital sexual acts after male ejaculation can be used to produce orgasm in women. Teenagers and men can understand their sexual responses by masturbation and learn ejaculatory control with the stop–start method and the squeeze technique. Premature ejaculation must not be classified as a male sexual dysfunction. It has become the center of a multimillion dollar business: is premature ejaculation—and female sexual dysfunction—an illness constructed by sexual medicine experts under the influence of drug companies? Clin. Anat. 29:111–119, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thiocoraline alters neuroendocrine phenotype and activates the Notch pathway in MTC‐TT cell line
Authors: Tesfazghi Sara , Eide Jacob , Dammalapati Ajitha , Korlesky Colin , Wyche Thomas P. , Bugni Tim S. , Chen Herbert , Jaskula‐Sztul Renata
Published: October 2015

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine tumor (NET). Previous research has shown that activation of Notch signaling has a tumor suppressor role in NETs. The potential therapeutic effect of thiocoraline on the activation of the Notch pathway in an MTC cell line (TT) was investigated. Thiocoraline was isolated from a marine bacterium Verrucosispora sp. MTT assay (3‐[4, 5‐dimethylthiazole‐2‐yl]‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) was used to determine the IC50 value and to measure cell proliferation. Western blot revealed the expression of Notch isoforms, NET, and cell cycle markers. Cell cycle progression was validated by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Notch isoforms and downstream targets were measured using real‐time PCR. The IC50 value for thiocoraline treatment in TT cells was determined to be 7.6 nmol/L. Thiocoraline treatment decreased cell proliferation in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The mechanism of growth inhibition was found to be cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Thiocoraline activated the Notch pathway as demonstrated by the dose‐dependent increase in mRNA and protein expression of Notch isoforms. Furthermore, treatment with thiocoraline resulted in changes in the expression of downstream targets of the Notch pathway (HES1, HES2, HES6, HEY1, and HEY2) and reduced expression of NET markers, CgA, and ASCL1. Thiocoraline is a potent Notch pathway activator and an inhibitor of MTC‐TT cell proliferation at low nanomolar concentrations. These results provide exciting evidence for the use of thiocoraline as a potential treatment for intractable MTC.
The Genus Neolitsea of Lauraceae: A Phytochemical and Biological Progress
Authors: Cao Yuan , Gao Xiao‐Li , Su Guo‐Zhu , Yu Xue‐Long , Tu Peng‐Fei , Chai Xing‐Yun
Published: October 2015

As one of the biggest genera in Lauraceae, Neolitsea owns a great application potential in industrial and traditional medical fields. Modern phytochemical and biological investigations revealed its structural diversity and diverse activities. This review summarizes the most recent progress on this regards, hopefully to provide a reference for full use and development of the Neolitsea resource.
Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Extracts of Ferula heuffeliiGriseb. ex Heuff. and Its Metabolites
Authors: Pavlović Ivan , Petrović Silvana , Milenković Marina , Stanojković Tatjana , Nikolić Dejan , Krunić Aleksej , Niketić Marjan
Published: October 2015

The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of isolates (CHCl3 and MeOH extracts and selected metabolites) obtained from the underground parts of the Balkan endemic plant Ferula heuffelii Griseb. ex Heuff. were assessed. The CHCl3 and MeOH extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity, being more pronounced against Gram‐positive than Gram‐negative bacteria, especially against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC=12.5 μg/ml for both extracts) and Micrococcus luteus (MIC=50 and 12.5 μg/ml, resp.). Among the tested metabolites, (6E)‐1‐(2,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐3,7,11‐trimethyl‐3‐vinyldodeca‐6,10‐dien‐1‐one (2) and (2S*,3R*)‐2‐[(3E)‐4,8‐dimethylnona‐3,7‐dien‐1‐yl]‐2,3‐dihydro‐7‐hydroxy‐2,3‐dimethylfuro[3,2‐c]coumarin (4) demonstrated the best antimicrobial activity. Compounds 2 and 4 both strongly inhibited the growth of M. luteus (MIC=11.2 and 5.2 μM, resp.) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC=22.5 and 10.5 μM, resp.) and compound 2 additionally also the growth of Bacillus subtilis (MIC=11.2 μM). The cytotoxic activity of the isolates was tested against three human cancer cell lines, viz., cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), chronic myelogenous leukemia (K562), and breast cancer (MCF‐7) cells. The CHCl3 extract exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against all cell lines (IC50<11.0 μg/ml). All compounds strongly inhibited the growth of the K562 and HeLa cell lines. Compound 4 exhibited also a strong activity against the MCF‐7 cell line, comparable to that of cisplatin (IC50=22.32±1.32 vs. 18.67±0.75μM).
Penicamedine A, a Highly Oxygenated Hexacyclic Indole Alkaloid from Penicillium camemberti
Authors: Zhu Hucheng , Chen Chunmei , Wang Jianping , Li Xiao‐Nian , Wei Guangzheng , Guo Yi , Yao Guangmin , Luo Zengwei , Zhang Jinwen , Xue Yongbo , Zhang Yonghui
Published: October 2015

A highly oxygenated hexacyclic indole alkaloid, penicamedine A (1), bearing a rare furan ring, was isolated from the culture broth of Penicillium camemberti, together with two known analogs, iso‐α‐cyclopiazonic acid (2) and cyclopiazonic acid (3). The structure of 1 was elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses including NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS. Its absolute configuration was further confirmed unambiguously by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Compound 1 was evaluated for anti‐HIV activity with p24 assays and tested for cytotoxic activities against five human cancer cell lines, including HL‐60, SMMC‐7721, A‐549, MCF‐7, SW480, and the immortalized non‐cancerous human pulmonary epithelial cell line BEAS‐2B by MTS method.
Plant Volatilome in Greece: a Review on the Properties, Prospects, and Chemogeography
Authors: Kantsa Aphrodite , Sotiropoulou Stavroula , Vaitis Michail , Petanidou Theodora
Published: October 2015

Knowing plant volatile chemodiversity and its distribution is essential in order to study biological processes, to estimate the plants' value in use, and to establish sustainable exploitation practices. Yet, attempts to collect and assess data on scent diversity and properties in well‐defined geographical areas are rare. Here, we developed a geo‐referenced database of the plant volatilome in Greece by consolidating the results included in 116 research articles published in the last 25 years. The data set compiled includes 999 volatile organic compounds distributed into 178 plant taxa, 59 genera, and 19 families. Distillation is the acquisition method almost exclusively used, whereas headspace techniques that would allow the study of subtle ecological processes are generally lacking. Sesquiterpenes show the greatest richness of compounds, followed by monoterpenes and aliphatics. We assess the volatility of the compounds using the normal boiling point (nBP) as its reverse indicator, and we present the volatility spectra of the blends of the genera studied. Mean nBPs vary among genera, with maximal differences as wide as 118.4°. Finally, we feature basic chemodiversity maps for three aromatic plants, and discuss their importance and prospects as a special case of natural resources maps.
An evaluation of case formulation training and consultation with probation officers
Authors: Minoudis Philip , Craissati Jackie , Shaw Jake , McMurran Mary , Freestone Mark , Chuan Stuart J. , Leonard Ania
Published: October 2015

Background

Formulation is a core competency of mental health professionals, drawing on a variety of sources of information. In England and Wales, the current strategy for offenders with personality disorder places formulation‐led management, generally by probation staff, at its core, but reliability and validity of the process remain unclear.

Aims

The first aim was to evaluate a checklist previously designed to establish quality of formulation, and the second to measure the impact of training and consultation on the ability of probation officers to formulate cases.

Methods

The inter‐rater reliability, test–re‐test reliability and internal consistency of the McMurran formulation checklist were calculated from the scores derived from randomised formulations completed by probation officers from fictitious case vignettes. The impact of training was measured by comparing pre‐ and post‐training formulations of these vignettes. Practice cases formulated by probation officers at psychologist‐facilitated consultation meetings over a 6‐month period were used to measure the impact of consultation. All formulations were scored blind by independent experts.

Results

Inter‐rater reliability, test–re‐test reliability and internal consistency of the scale were all acceptable. Training and practice did not significantly improve the probation officers' formulations.

Conclusions

The purpose and utility of formulation may vary according to the context in which it is applied. Progress in developing formulation skills may depend on the nature and length of the previous experience of this skill. Future research should take account of such variance, with this scale as a potentially useful aid in monitoring progress.

Implications

The capacity for teaching formulation to probation officers could be investigated further by comparing the process with formulation development by mental health experts with previously extensive formulation experience.

Formulation will probably need to be adapted to meet the needs of the context in which it is developed.

The relationship between formulation and management outcome was not investigated here and would be a further important step. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Biomimetic Hydroxylation Catalysis with a Bis(pyrazolyl)imidazolylmethane Copper Peroxide Complex
Authors: Wilfer Claudia , Liebhäuser Patricia , Hoffmann Alexander , Erdmann Hannes , Grossmann Oleg , Runtsch Leander , Paffenholz Eva , Schepper Rahel , Dick Regina , Bauer Matthias , Dürr Maximilian , Ivanović‐Burmazović Ivana , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: October 2015

Bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands are excellent components of model complexes used to investigate the activity of the enzyme tyrosinase. Combining the N donors 3‐tert‐butylpyrazole and 1‐methylimidazole results in a ligand that is capable of stabilising a (μ‐η2:η2)‐dicopper(II) core that resembles the active centre of tyrosinase. UV/Vis spectroscopy shows blueshifted UV bands in comparison to other known peroxo complexes, due to donor competition from different ligand substituents. This effect was investigated with the help of theoretical calculations, including DFT and natural transition orbital analysis. The peroxo complex acts as a catalyst capable of hydroxylating a variety of phenols by using oxygen. Catalytic conversion with the non‐biological phenolic substrate 8‐hydroxyquinoline resulted in remarkable turnover numbers. In stoichiometric reactions, substrate‐binding kinetics was observed and the intrinsic hydroxylation constant, kox, was determined for five phenolates. It was found to be the fastest hydroxylation model system determined so far, reaching almost biological activity. Furthermore, Hammett analysis proved the electrophilic character of the reaction. This sheds light on the subtle role of donor strength and its influence on hydroxylation activity.
Electrocatalytic Dioxygen Reduction by Carbon Electrodes Noncovalently Modified with Iron Porphyrin Complexes: Enhancements from a Single Proton Relay
Authors: Sinha Soumalya , Aaron Michael S. , Blagojevic Jovan , Warren Jeffrey J.
Published: October 2015

Oxygen reduction in acidic aqueous solution mediated by a series of asymmetric iron (III)‐tetra(aryl)porphyrins adsorbed to basal‐ and edge‐ plane graphite electrodes is investigated. The asymmetric iron porphyrin systems bear phenyl groups at three meso positions and either a 2‐pyridyl, a 2‐benzoic acid, or a 2‐hydroxyphenyl group at the remaining meso position. The presence of the three unmodified phenyl groups makes the compounds insoluble in water, enabling catalyst retention during electrochemical experiments. Resonance Raman data demonstrate that catalyst layers are maintained, but can undergo modification after prolonged catalysis in the presence of O2. The introduction of a single proton relay group at the fourth meso position makes the asymmetric iron porphyrins markedly more robust catalysts; these molecules support higher sustained current densities than the parent iron tetraphenylporphyrin. Iron porphyrins bearing a 2‐pyridyl group are the most active catalysts and operate at stable current densities ≥1 mA cm−2 for over 5 h. Comparative analysis of the catalysts with different proton relays also is reported.
Reversible Assembly of a Supramolecular Cage Linked by Boron–Nitrogen Dative Bonds
Authors: Dhara Ayan , Beuerle Florian
Published: October 2015

Boron–nitrogen dative bonds provide a suitable motif for reversible, yet strong and directed interactions, leading to the highly efficient self‐assembly of small organic building blocks into supramolecular cage structures. A bipyramidal [2+3] assembly, as the first example of a supramolecular cage mediated by BN dative bonds that exists as a discrete species in solution, is quantitatively obtained from a tribenzotriquinacene‐based trisboronate ester and 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane. Thermodynamic equilibria of cage formation are investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry and fully reversible cage opening can be observed at elevated temperatures.
Dinuclear Gold(I) Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamato Complex: Cytotoxic and Antimigratory Activities on Cancer Cells and the Use of Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Sun Raymond Wai‐Yin , Zhang Ming , Li Dan , Zhang Zhi‐Feng , Cai Hong , Li Mian , Xian Yue‐Jiao , Ng Seik Weng , Wong Alice Sze‐Tsai
Published: October 2015

A dinuclear gold(I) pyrrolidinedithiocarbamato complex (1) with a bidentate carbene ligand has been constructed and shows potent in vitro cytotoxic activities towards cisplatin‐resistant ovarian cancer cells A2780cis. Its rigid scaffold enables a zinc(II)‐based metal–organic framework (Zn‐MOF) to be used as a carrier in facilitating the uptake and release of 1 in solutions. Instead of using a conventional dialysis approach for the drug‐release testing, in this study, a set of transwell assay‐based experiments have been designed and employed to examine the cytotoxic and antimigratory activities of 1@Zn‐MOF towards A2780cis.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Structures of Na2Mg3(OH)2 (SO4)3·4H2O and K2Mg3(OH)2 (SO4)3·2H2O.
Authors: Kubel Frank , Cabaret‐Lampin Marie
Published: October 2015

The title compounds are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of MgO, MgSO4, Na2SO4, or K2SO4 with small amounts of H2O by heating to 150 °C for 12 h and drying.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure and Electrochemical Properties of Layered La2Li2x(CO3)1‐xO2+2x.
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Kobayashi Genki , Hirayama Masaaki , Kanno Ryoji
Published: October 2015

La2Li2x(CO3)1‐xO2+2x (x = 0.15) is prepared by solid‐state reaction of Li2CO3 and La2(C2O4)3 at 600 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green Synthesis of a Layered Titanate, Potassium Lithium Titanate; Lower Temperature Solid‐State Reaction and Improved Materials Performance.
Authors: Ogawa Makoto , Morita Masashi , Igarashi Shota , Sato Soh
Published: October 2015

KxTi2‐x/3Lix/3O4 (x: 0.8) is prepared by solid state reaction of K2CO3, Li2CO3, and TiO2 in a molar ratio of 2.4:0.8:10.4 (800 °C, 20 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Malonic Ester Amide Synthesis: An Efficient Methodology for Synthesis of Amides.
Authors: Mahajan Pankaj S. , Mahajan Jyoti P. , Mhaske Santhosh B.
Published: October 2015

A general and efficient methodology for the decarboxylative acylation of various amines by diethyl malonates is developed furnishing one‐carbon homologated amides in good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Catalysis: Highly Functionalized Cyclopentadienes Prepared by Intermolecular Cyclization of Ynamides and Propargylic Carboxylates.
Authors: Rettenmeier Eva , Schuster Andreas M. , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Gade Christoph A. , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: October 2015

A wide range of highly substituted cyclopentadienes can be synthesized under mild reaction conditions and with complete atom economy.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Selective C—F Activation of Polyfluoroarenes with Triethylsilane: A Facile Access to Partially Fluorinated Aromatics.
Authors: Chen Zhao , He Chun‐Yang , Yin Zengsheng , Chen Liye , He Yi , Zhang Xingang
Published: October 2015

The efficient and versatile title reaction gives access to fluoroarenes which are difficult to synthesize otherwise.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Direct Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones with Hantzsch Ester: Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Amines.
Authors: Nguyen Quynh Pham Bao , Kim Taek Hyeon
Published: October 2015

The parallel synthesis of a series of secondary and tertiary amines is achieved by the direct reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones with a biomimetic and safe reducing agent under solvent‐ and catalyst‐free as well as metal‐ and acid‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Selective Oxidation of Primary and Secondary Alcohols Catalyzed by Ruthenium‐bis(benzimidazole)pyridinedicarboxylate Complex Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant.
Authors: Zhou Xian‐Tai , Ji Hong‐Bing , Liu Sheng‐Gui
Published: October 2015

The title oxidation proceeds under mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding aldehydes and ketones in good yields and excellent selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Water‐Promoted Synthesis of Enaminones: Mechanism Investigation and Application in Multicomponent Reactions.
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Zhou Rihui , Wan Jie‐Ping
Published: October 2015

An efficient and green approach for the highly stereoselective synthesis of (Z)‐enaminones (III) is given.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline Catalyzed One Pot Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles.
Authors: Nasreen Aayesha
Published: October 2015

α‐Aminonitriles are easily synthesized under mild conditions via a one‐pot three‐component reaction of aldehydes, amines, and trimethylsilyl cyanide in the presence of L‐proline as the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Construction of Aliphatic Polycycles Utilizing Platinum‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 2‐(Enynyl)cycloalkenals.
Authors: Han Jin Wook , Lee Ji Ho , Oh Chang Ho
Published: October 2015

Optimized reaction conditions including PtCl2 as the catalyst are developed for the cyclization of enynals to give tricyclic cycloheptadienone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Remote Aziridination of 2,4‐Dienals.
Authors: Halskov Kim Soeholm , Naicker Tricia , Jensen Magnus E. , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: October 2015

In general E:Z‐ as well as γ,δ:α,β‐selectivities <19:1 are observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Aminoindole Derivatives with Hantzsch Ester Catalyzed by Pd/C.
Authors: Xing Ruiguang , Tian Qiuping , Liu Qiang , Li Yanan
Published: October 2015

The reaction is conducted under environmentally benign conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Skeletal Rearrangement of Unsaturated Seven‐Membered Lactams into Fused Pyrrolidinolactones.
Authors: Alvarez Silvia , Dominguez Gema , Gradillas Ana , Perez‐Castells Javier
Published: October 2015

Several subsequent modifications of the lactone functionality of the reaction products are exemplified.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Cyclohepta[b]indoles via Platinum‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Formal [4 + 3]‐Cycloaddition Reaction of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbene Complex Intermediates with Siloxydienes.
Authors: Kusama Hiroyuki , Sogo Hideyuki , Saito Kodai , Suga Takuya , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: October 2015

This unique reaction allows the synthesis of the title compounds under mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Antifungal and Cytotoxic Activities of 2‐Aryl‐3‐((piperidin‐1‐yl)ethyl)thiazolidinones.
Authors: Kunzler Alice , Neuenfeldt Patricia D. , das Neves Adriana M. , Pereira Claudio M. P. , Marques Gabriela H. , Nascente Patricia S. , Fernandes Maureen H. V. , Huebner Silvia O. , Cunico Wilson
Published: October 2015

Derivatives (IVc) and (IVf) exhibit activity against Rhodotorula sp.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Aminobenzothiazole Derivatives: Search for New Antifungal Agents.
Authors: Catalano Alessia , Carocci Alessia , Defrenza Ivana , Muraglia Marilena , Carrieri Antonio , Van Bambeke Francoise , Rosato Antonio , Corbo Filomena , Franchini Carlo
Published: October 2015

Derivatives (IIe, f) show the highest activity against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida tropicalis along with no cytotoxic effect on human THP‐1 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel Nanoparticles as Semiheterogeneous Catalyst for One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐4H‐pyrans and Pyran Annulated Heterocyclic Moieties.
Authors: Khurana Jitender M. , Vij Kanika
Published: October 2015

PEG‐stabilized nickel nanoparticles catalyze one‐pot tandem Knoevenagel‐cyclocondensation reactions of aldehydes, malononitrile, and carbocyclic/heterocyclic 1,3‐diones which others a very efficient synthetic strategy to 2‐amino‐4H‐pyrans and pyran annulated heterocyclic moieties in outstandingly short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydrobenzo[g]quinoline‐5,10‐diones via Copper(II) Triflate‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Propargylaminonaphthoquinones.
Authors: Bala Balasubramanian Devi , Muthusaravanan Sivasubramanian , Perumal Subbu
Published: October 2015

An efficient synthesis of the title quinolines is developed which proceeds via a one‐pot three‐component sequential reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Multi‐Component Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives in Biocompatible Deep Eutectic Solvents.
Authors: Pednekar Suhas , Bhalerao Rahul , Ghadge Nitin
Published: October 2015

The deep eutectic solvent exhibits excellent recyclability without loss of activity up to five runs.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Three‐Component Domino Reactions for the Synthesis of 2‐Arylimidazo[1,2α]pyridines and 2‐Arylimidazo[2,1‐α]isoquinolines.
Authors: Prasanna Pitchaimani , Kumar Sundaravel Vivek , Gunasekaran Pethaiah , Perumal Subbu
Published: October 2015

A wide range of the title compounds can be synthesized via an ylide generation/annulation/fragmentation/dehydration reaction sequence.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobical Evaluation of a Novel Class of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole: Derivatives Bearing 1,2,4‐Triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine Moiety.
Authors: Luo Yin , Zhang Shuai , Liu Zhi‐Jun , Chen Wu , Fu Jie , Zeng Qing‐Fu , Zhu Hai‐Liang
Published: October 2015

Derivative (IXe) exhibits the best antibacterial activity against P.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Densely Functionalized Pyridazines and Fulvene‐Type Compounds Containing Azulene Moiety.
Authors: Devendar Badugu , Wu Chi‐Phi , Chen Chi‐Yuan , Chen Hung‐Chang , Chang Chung‐Hao , Ku Chien‐Kuo , Tsai Cheng‐Yin , Ku Chieh‐Yuan
Published: October 2015

Ethyl ethoxyazulenecarboxylate (I) is established as a valuable substrate for preparation of various title compounds, interesting building blocks for the synthesis of biologically important compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Diketonization of Alkynes and Its Application for the One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinoxaline Derivatives.
Authors: Liu Yunkui , Chen Xiaoling , Zhang Jian , Xu Zhenyuan
Published: October 2015

Gold(I)‐catalyzed reaction of alkynes with selectfluor and water as oxygen source affords 1,2‐diketones which can also be trapped with o‐phenylenediamines to give quinoxaline derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Formal Synthesis of Iridoid 9‐Deoxygelsemide.
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhao Gang
Published: October 2015

The advanced intermediate (XIII) can be transformed to 9‐deoxygelsemide (XV) as described elsewhere.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Modifications in Camphorimines Purely Organic or Promoted by Pt(II).
Authors: Carvalho M. Fernanda N. N. , Ferreira Ana S. D. , Herrmann Rudolf
Published: October 2015

Two new compounds are prepared starting from 3‐oxo‐camphorsulphonylimine (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Structures of Ryobunins A—C from the Leaves of Clethra barbinervis.
Authors: Sugimoto Sachiko , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: October 2015

The new ursane‐type triterpene glucoside, ryobunin A (I), a seco‐ursane type triterpene glucoside, ryobunin B (II), and one oleanane type triterpene glucoside, ryobunin C (III), are isolated along with four known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective 6‐Detrimethylsilylation of Per‐O‐TMS‐Protected Carbohydrates in the Presence of Ammonium Acetate.
Authors: Cui Yanli , Cheng Zhaodong , Mao Jianwei , Yu Yongping
Published: October 2015

A method for the regioselective removal of primary Tms groups from differently protected carbohydrates is developed using ammonium acetate as mild reagent.
ChemInform Abstract: First Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structures of Orisuaveolines A and B.
Authors: Zhang Jie , Da Shijun , Feng Xiaolin , Chen Xiaoyi , Jiang Jianhui , Li Ying
Published: October 2015

The key step in the synthesis of orisuaveolines A (VII) and B (V) is a Pictet—Spengler‐type cyclization.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of Six Isoprenylated Biflavonoids from the Leaves of Garcinia subelliptica.
Authors: Ito Tetsuro , Yokota Renpei , Watarai Tatsuya , Mori Koki , Oyama Masayoshi , Nagasawa Hideko , Matsuda Hideaki , Iinuma Munekazu
Published: October 2015

Six new biflavonoids, garciniaflavones A—F, are isolated together with five known biflavonoids and three triperpenoids.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Sharma Prashant K. , Dutta Ranu K. , Pandey Avinash C.
Published: October 2015

Review: 158 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecularly Defined Systems in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Rascon Fernando , Coperet Christophe
Published: October 2015

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanochemical Reactions and Syntheses of Oxides
Authors: Sepelak Vladimir , Duevel Andre , Wilkening Martin , Becker Klaus‐Dieter , Heitjans Paul
Published: October 2015

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Boronic Acid Mannich Reaction in Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Pyne Stephen G. , Davis Andrew S. , Ritthiwigrom Thunwadee , Au Christopher W. G. , Savaspun Kongdech , Wotherspoon Matthew
Published: October 2015

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloadditions in Heterocycle and Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Wipf Peter , Fang Zhenglai , Ferrie Laurent , Ueda Masafumi , Walczak Maciej A. A. , Yan Yongzhao , Yang Michael
Published: October 2015

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis of C‐Prenylated Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Talhi Oualid , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: October 2015

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenoids
Authors: Hill Robert A. , Connolly Joseph D.
Published: October 2015

Review: isolation and structure determination; 308 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Diversity Oriented Synthesis Through Isatin‐Based Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Wang Hang , Wan Jieping
Published: October 2015

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Establishment of Crystalline Complex Mo‐V‐Oxides as Selective Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Ueda Wataru
Published: October 2015

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homolytic Substitution at Phosphorus for C—P Bond Formation in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: October 2015

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of 1,2‐Dithioles
Authors: Ogurtsov V. A. , Rakitin O. A.
Published: October 2015

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Positive Muon and μSR Spectroscopy: Powerful Tools for Investigating the Structure and Dynamics of Free Radicals and Spin Probes in Complex Systems
Authors: McKenzie Iain
Published: October 2015

Review: 158 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies of Ionic Liquids: Structure and Dynamics
Authors: Weingartner Hermann
Published: October 2015

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold Catalysis 2.0
Authors: Braun Ingo , Asiri Abdullah Mohamed , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: October 2015

Review: 27 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hallmarks of Mechanochemistry: From Nanoparticles to Tecnology
Authors: Balaz Peter , et al. et al.
Published: October 2015

Review: more than 900 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Historical Development of Mechanochemistry
Authors: Takacs Laszlo
Published: October 2015

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Non‐relativistic Many Electron Theories: Single Reference Case
Authors: Aksu Hueseyin
Published: October 2015

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Perspective on the Evolving Field of Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bereman Michael S.
Published: October 2015

Review: 187 refs.
A new methodology for hydrodynamic similarity in bubble columns
Authors: Shaikh Ashfaq , Al‐Dahhan Muthanna
Published: October 2015

A new hypothesis has been proposed in this work for hydrodynamic similarity that can be subsequently used for scale‐up of bubble column reactors. The proposed hypothesis takes into account both global (by matching overall gas holdup) as well as local hydrodynamics (by matching time‐averaged radial profile/cross‐sectional distribution of gas holdup) to maintain similarity in two systems. The evaluation of proposed hypothesis has been accomplished utilising advanced diagnostic techniques such as gamma‐ray computed tomography (CT) and computer automated radioactive particle tracking (CARPT). In this work, we experimentally demonstrate that similarity based only on global hydrodynamics does not necessarily ensure similar mixing and turbulence in two systems. It is essential to maintain similar global as well as local hydrodynamics. The hydrodynamic similarity that can be obtained by matching the commonly used dimensionless groups was also evaluated at these experimental conditions.