bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of perfusion on neuronal development in human derived neuronal networks
Authors: Di Lisa Donatella , Andolfi Andrea , Masi Giacomo , Uras Giuseppe , Ferrari Pier Francesco , Martinoia Sergio , Pastorino Laura
Published: October 2024

Advanced in vitro models of the brain have evolved in recent years from traditional two-dimensional (2D) ones, based on rodent derived cells, to three-dimensional (3D) ones, based on human neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. To address the dynamic changes of the tissue microenvironment, bioreactors are used to control the in vitro microenvironment for viability, repeatability, and standardization. However, in neuronal tissue engineering, bioreactors have primarily been used for cell expansion purposes, while microfluidic systems have mainly been employed for culturing organoids. In this study, we explored the use of a commercial perfusion bioreactor to control the culture microenvironment of neuronal cells in both 2D and 3D cultures. Namely, neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iNeurons) were cultured in 2D under different constant flow rates for 72 h. The impact of different flow rates on early-stage neuronal development and synaptogenesis was assessed by morphometric characterization and synaptic analysis. Based on these results, two involving variable flow rates were developed and applied again in 2D culture. The most effective protocol, in terms of positive impact on neuronal development, was then used for a preliminary study on the application of dynamic culturing conditions to neuronal cells in 3D. To this purpose, both iNeurons, co-cultured with astrocytes, and the human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y were embedded into a hydrogel and maintained under perfusion for up to 28 days. A qualitative evaluation by immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy was carried out to assess cell morphology and the formation of a 3D neuronal network.
Prediction of a novel two-dimensional superatomic Cd6S2 monolayer for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Wang Zhifang , Gui Zaijun , Yan Chen , Li Dan , Yuan Qinqin , Cheng Longjiu
Published: October 2024

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides possess a significant specific surface area, adjustable bandgaps, and excellent optical absorption properties, rendering them highly conducive to photocatalytic applications. Herein, a MoS2-like 2D superatomic Cd6S2 monolayer is predicted, wherein the octahedral Cd6 superatom unit connects with S atoms via six vertices. Chemical bonding analysis reveals that the remarkable dynamic, thermal, and mechanical stability of the Cd6S2 monolayer results from the covalent Cd–S bonds and the 6-center 8-electron (6c–8e) delocalized bond within the Cd6 core, which ensures the chemical octet rule for both the S atom and the Cd6 superatom. Demonstrating notable optical absorption coefficients and a strain-tuned energy band structure, the Cd6S2 monolayer emerges as a viable candidate for catalyzing the solar-powered splitting of water. This work offers an alternative avenue to modify or improve the properties of 2D materials for photocatalytic applications through superatomic assembly.
Multiple Lax integrable higher dimensional AKNS(-1) equations and sine-Gordon equations
Authors: Cheng Xueping , Jin Guiming , Wang Jianan
Published: October 2024

Through the modified deformation algorithm related to conservation laws, the (1+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) equations are extended to a (4+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) system. When one, two, or three of the independent variables are removed, the (4+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) system degenerates to some novel (3+1)-dimensional, (2+1)-dimensional, and (1+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) systems, respectively. Under a simple dependent transformation, the (1+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) equations turn into the classical sine-Gordon equation. Then using the same deformation procedure, the (1+1)-dimensional sine-Gordon equation is generalized to a (3+1)-dimensional version. By introducing the deformation operators to the Lax pairs of the original (1+1)-dimensional models, the Lax integrability of both the (4+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) system and the (3+1)-dimensional sine-Gordon equation is proven. Finally, the traveling wave solutions of the (4+1)-dimensional AKNS(-1) system and the (3+1)-dimensional sine-Gordon equation are implicitly given and expressed by tanh function and incomplete elliptic integral, respectively. These results may enhance our understanding of the complex physical phenomena described by the nonlinear system discussed in this paper.
Development and construction of a cost-effective non-contact instrument for measuring the dielectric constant of liquids
Authors: Hassanpouryouzband Akram , Ahadzadeh Iraj , Mehrdad Abbas , Panahpour Somayyeh
Published: October 2024

This research presents the development and construction of a cost-effective instrument, designed to measure the dielectric constant of liquids by employing a non-contact method that relies on determining the capacitance of a cell containing the liquid and its relaxation frequency. This instrument utilizes an astable multi-vibrator integrated with a resistance–capacitor network, in which the cell housing the liquid of interest functions as a capacitor element of the oscillator. The frequency of the generated oscillations is meticulously recorded using a seven-digit frequency meter with a resolution of 1 Hz. The cell was filled with an array of pure liquids with known dielectric constants, and their frequencies were subsequently recorded at ambient temperatures. An equation was fitted to the frequency–dielectric constant curve, which was used as a calibration equation to determine the dielectric constant of subsequent liquids. In addition to pure liquids, dielectric constants for solvent mixtures of varying mole fractions were also calculated using the previously established calibration equation. Our results demonstrated excellent frequency stability of the instrument, and the obtained dielectric constant values displayed significant consistency with both the experimental data and predictions made by computational methodologies. This suggests that the constructed instrument exhibits a high level of accuracy in measuring the dielectric constant of both pure and mixed liquids, establishing its potential utility in relevant research and industrial applications.
Assessing the impact of fetal-type posterior cerebral artery variations on cerebral hemodynamics
Authors: Le Thi Thanh Giang , Ryu Sang Won , Yoon Jung Jae , Nam Taekkyun , Ryu Jaiyoung
Published: October 2024

The circle of Willis (CoW) is a critical, arterial structure that ensures balanced, cerebral-blood supply. The fetal-type posterior cerebral artery (f-PCA) is a CoW variant that can significantly affect hemodynamics and elevate the risk of cerebrovascular diseases. This study used computational fluid dynamics simulations and a patient-specific, three-dimensional model to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of the f-PCA variants on cerebral-blood flow and key hemodynamic indices—such as time-averaged wall-shear stress (TAWSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), pulsatility index, and resistive index. The fetal ratio (FR) is defined as the ratio of the diameter of the posterior communicating artery (PCoA) to that of the first segment (P1) of the PCA. Our findings indicate that as the FR increases, the contribution of the basilar artery to the second segment (P2) of PCA decreases significantly. Specifically, the flow rate through ipsilateral P1 decreased by 40.0% for FR = 1 and 70.9% for FR = 2, with the internal carotid artery (ICA) compensating for this reduction. Moreover, variations in f-PCA led to significant increases in TAWSS and OSI in key arterial segments (including the ipsilateral P1, PCoA, and the anterior communicating artery), which are associated with a higher risk of aneurysm initiation and growth. Under conditions of unilateral stenosis in the ipsilateral ICA, f-PCA models exhibit a more complex and pronounced impact on blood flow than models without f-PCA, emphasizing the need for detailed hemodynamic assessments in clinical evaluations and preoperative planning to mitigate the risks associated with CoW anatomical variations.
Spectral densities, structured noise and ensemble averaging within open quantum dynamics
Authors: Holtkamp Yannick Marcel , Godinez-Ramirez Emiliano , Kleinekathöfer Ulrich
Published: October 2024

Although recent advances in simulating open quantum systems have led to significant progress, the applicability of numerically exact methods is still restricted to rather small systems. Hence, more approximate methods remain relevant due to their computational efficiency, enabling simulations of larger systems over extended timescales. In this study, we present advances for one such method, namely, the numerical integration of Schrödinger equation (NISE). First, we introduce a modified ensemble-averaging procedure that improves the long-time behavior of the thermalized variant of the NISE scheme, termed thermalized NISE. Second, we demonstrate how to use the NISE in conjunction with (highly) structured spectral densities by utilizing a noise generating algorithm for arbitrary structured noise. This algorithm also serves as a tool for establishing best practices in determining spectral densities from excited state calculations along molecular dynamics or quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics trajectories. Finally, we assess the ability of the NISE approach to calculate absorption spectra and demonstrate the utility of the proposed modifications by determining population dynamics.
Thermal transport of flexural phonons in a rectangular plate
Authors: Rivas Álvarez G. , Benítez Rodríguez E. , Bastarrachea-Magnani M. A. , Martínez-Mares M. , Méndez-Sánchez R. A.
Published: October 2024

The quantum thermal transport of elastic excitations through a two-dimensional elastic waveguide between two thermal reservoirs is studied. We solve the classical Kirchhoff–Love equation for rectangular plates and explore the dispersion relation for both the symmetric and antisymmetric solutions. Then, we study the phonon transport of these modes within the second quantization framework by analyzing the mean quadratic displacement, from which the energy density current, the temperature field, and conductance are determined. We identify the relevant modes contributing to thermal transport and explore the average temperature difference to reach the high-temperature limit. We expect our results to pave the way for understanding phonon-mediated thermal transport in two-dimensional mesoscopic quantum devices.
The evolution of the bubble collapse morphology between two cylinders within a confined space
Authors: Shen Junwei , Ying Jiaze , Liu Wenda , Zhang Shurui , Zhang Yuning , Zhang Yuning
Published: October 2024

This work investigates the dynamic bubble behaviors between two cylinders within a confined space using high-speed photographic experiments and Kelvin impulse theory. First, the evolution of the collapse morphologies of bubbles located at the origin and along the y axis between two cylinders is qualitatively investigated. The effects of the cylinder spacing and bubble ordinate on the characteristics of the bubble deformation and the liquid velocity are then explored. The variations of the bubble interface velocities, the roundness of the bubble cross section, and the bubble radius are quantitatively analyzed. The conclusions can be summarized as follows: (1) The experimental bubble collapse phenomena at the origin can be divided into three cases: hourglass-shaped collapse, “8”-shaped collapse, and capsule-shaped collapse. Bubble collapse at the y axis can also be divided into three scenarios: awl-shaped collapse, spindle-shaped collapse, and inverted triangle-shaped collapse. (2) The cylinder spacing and the bubble ordinate significantly affect the experimental bubble collapse behaviors and the theoretical liquid flow field. (3) High-velocity liquid regions are generated around the bubble when it oscillates freely, and the nearby cylinders always lead to low-velocity regions between them and the bubble. The closer the bubble is to the cylinder, the smaller the low-velocity regions and the larger the high-velocity regions.
Energy band management of corn-like ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions for efficient light harvesting and enhanced photocatalysis
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhou Lifang , Hong Chunshui , Gao Po , Zhao Shihua , Zhu Wencai
Published: October 2024

Corn-like ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions are designed and prepared by the solvothermal method and the subsequent covering process. They construct a type II core–shell heterojunction structure. This structure adjusts the relative positions of electron energy levels and generates a strong and broad absorption band, while emitting weak visible light. It also facilitates the transfer of photoexcited carriers through the interface and the confinement of the same by the different components of the nanostructure. Separation of electrons and holes makes them possible to drift to the surface of ZnO and Ag2S and to participate in the redox reactions. In addition, the presence of many defects produces many active sites on the surface of the lattice. So, the ZnO/Ag2S heterojunctions exhibit excellent photocatalytic properties in the first and second cycles of the photocatalytic process. It degrades 97.7% Rhodamine B only in 18 min. This study plays a significant role in promoting visible light catalysis, the efficiency of wastewater treatment technology, and the water environment on the earth.
The formation and post-formation processes of vortex rings discharged from laminar starting jets
Authors: Zheng Haojun , Gao Lei , Yu Simon C. M.
Published: October 2024

Motivated by biological systems, vortex rings can enhance the propulsive efficiency in industrial systems. To study the vortex properties during the formation and post-formation stages, impulsively starting jets are investigated by simulations. The effects of the stroke ratio and nozzle geometry are studied at a fixed jet Reynolds number of 2500. The stroke ratio at the formation number is found to be not enough to produce a vortex ring with maximum circulation. The stroke ratio is suggested to be about twice as large as the formation number. An alternative criterion based on the circulation ratio is proposed to describe the onset of pinch-off. This criterion states that the pinch-off would start when the vortex ring attains about 80% of the total jet circulation. During the formation stage, the scaling laws for vortex trajectories and circulation are proposed for continuous formation. By combining the suggested scaling relations and Saffman's velocity formula, the evolution of non-dimensional energy can be predicted. During the post-formation stage, the scaling laws for vortex properties (e.g., the vortex ring diameter, translational velocity, and circulation) are found to be independent of both the nozzle configuration and the vortex Reynolds number. On the grounds of the invariance of impulse in vortex decay, the scaling laws of vortex motion are derived for the non-dimensional energy, circulation, and diffusivity scale of the vortex core. In consequence, the normalized energy and circulation found in experiments can be successfully derived from the similarity model for both nozzle configurations.
Exact solution of the generalized Riemann problem for the Eulerian droplet model with particle pressure
Authors: Zhang Yanyan , Chen Junjie
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we investigate the generalized Riemann problem for the Eulerian droplet model with particle pressure. By introducing two new state variables, the generalized Riemann problem for a system of balance law (nonhomogeneous system) is neatly transferred into the Riemann problem for a system of conservation law (homogeneous system). Four different kinds of exact solutions are presented in fully explicit forms, which are given in terms of two nonconstant states separated by a shock or a generalized rarefaction wave or by a combination of such wave profiles.
Large-eddy simulations of the cavitation impact performance in reflux self-excited oscillating nozzles
Authors: Wang Lianan , Fan Shidong , Fang Zhenlong , Li Xiuneng , Wu Wei
Published: October 2024

Existing research on reflux self-excited oscillating nozzles (RSONs) has primarily focused on flow drag reduction and combustion mixing, with relatively little investigation of their impact on cavitation. This study employs the large-eddy simulation framework to conduct numerical simulations of the three-dimensional cavitating jet generated by an RSON. We analyze the impact of vortex dissipation and the nozzle throat structure on the cavitation phenomena and the evolution of vortex structures. Further analysis examines the impact pressure, pulse frequency, cavitation phenomena, and distribution patterns of vortex structures in the flow field for RSONs and an organ pipe nozzle under inlet pressures of 7, 14, and 21 MPa. The results show that the dissipation of spanwise vortices is jointly determined by the shape of the nozzle outlet and the intensity of vortex structures, with nozzles featuring a reflux structure producing faster dissipation. The main frequency of jet pulsation initially increases and then decreases with the development of the jet. The impact pressure of the jet is closely related to the intensity of the cavitation cloud and the location of its collapse. The RSON with a throat structure produces the maximum impact pressure near the nozzle outlet. This study deepens our understanding of the RSON flow field characteristics and provides a scientific basis for RSON applications in a broad range of fields.
Numerical and experimental study of the cavitation performance of a composite propeller
Authors: Li Miaomiao , Hong Yi , Si Bingqi , Ding Yongle , Tang Zhihao , Wang Rongguo , He Xiaodong
Published: October 2024

Cavitation, which is harmful and unavoidable, has troubled people for a long time and it is urgent to be solved. A composite propeller has the potential ability to improve the cavitation performance because of its distinctive hydro-elastic characteristic, but the related research is limited. In this paper, the cavitation performance of a composite propeller under uniform and non-uniform wake flow is investigated numerically and experimentally. A cavitation coupling simulation method is presented for predicting the cavitation performance of a composite propeller. Cavitation tests are conducted at a cavitation tunnel. The calculated and tested results of cavitation hydrodynamic performance and cavitation patterns are discussed and analyzed. The results show that they are quite consistent, more importantly, cavitation has a significant impact on the hydro-elastic response of a composite propeller.
Large eddy simulation of highly underexpanded sonic jets from elliptical nozzles
Authors: Baaziz Sarah , Boukharfane Radouan
Published: October 2024

The injection of high-pressure jets into quiescent air poses significant challenges in fluid dynamics, pertinent to various industrial engineering applications. This study used large eddy simulations on a massively parallel computational framework, employing a grid of over 600 million nodes, to investigate the behavior of highly underexpanded sonic jets from elliptical nozzles at a nozzle pressure ratio of 15. Three elliptical nozzles, with aspect ratios of 1.5, 2.2, and 3.0, each having a sectional area equivalent to that of a circular jet with a diameter of D=1 mm, were analyzed. The aim was to clarify the gasdynamic and mixing characteristics of these jets to guide the design of next-generation injectors. A detailed analysis of the flow provided insights into the mechanisms of turbulence generation and Reynolds stress anisotropy. This was achieved using the componentality contour approach and a modified barycentric color mapping scheme, offering valuable reference data for developing lower-order models. The results indicate a non-axisymmetric radial expansion of the jet boundary in all elliptical injectors, leading to an axis switch phenomenon. The use of elliptical orifices was found to reduce jet penetration, mitigating issues such as fuel impingement in small engine combustion chambers and promoting improved air–fuel mixing quality.
Flow field characteristics and vibration responses of saddle-shaped membrane structures
Authors: Li Dong , Shen Renyang , Zhu Qiyin , Lu Leiyu , Ding Hao , Yang Xiaoqiang
Published: October 2024

Elastically mounted flexible membrane roofs exposed to flows are prone to vortex-induced vibrations and even aero-instability due to the strong fluid–structure interaction (FSI). This study is to investigate the FSI mechanism in the saddle-shaped membrane structure over a range of Reynolds numbers and wind directions in laminar flows, by bridging structural vibration responses and flow dynamics. The aeroelastic characteristics of membrane structures, including statistics of displacement responses, oscillation frequency, and oscillation damping ratios, were identified from the perspective of time and frequency domains. Simultaneously, the particle image velocimetry system was employed to visualize the flow features, including velocity vector, turbulence intensity, and vortex evolution in both space and time. The flow modes were further decomposed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to capture the salient aspects of the flow. Three patterns of POD modes are identified, and the first mode plays the dominant role in POD modes. It showed that as the wind Reynolds number increases, the space between the shear layer and membrane surface would be narrowed, and resultantly the vortices turn out smaller in scale and closer in space. This trend leads to an increase in the frequency of vortex shedding and a stronger FSI effect. When the frequency of vortex shedding approaches the fundamental frequency of structures, the vibration of the membrane would be shifted from turbulent buffeting to vortex-induced resonance, featured with lock-in frequency, significant amplified displacement, and negative aerodynamic damping ratio.
Synergistic corrosion inhibition of 4-hydroxypyridine and halogen ions: Insights from interfacial nonlinear spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Huihui , Feng Rongjuan , Ren Xiaorui , Wang Dong , Guo Yuan , Zhang Zhen
Published: October 2024

4-Hydroxypiridine (4-HPy) is a green chemistry corrosion inhibitor for low-carbon steel, valued for its environmental compatibility and low toxicity. Despite lower initial effectiveness than 4-mercapto/4-aminopyridine, 4-HPy’s performance is markedly enhanced by halogen ions. By employing second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy combined with electrochemical methods, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and in situ UV spectroscopy, this study elucidates the synergistic enhancement mechanism of 4-HPy with Cl−, Br−, and I− in 0.5 mol/L HCl solution. Time-dependent SHG measurements showed a two-step process of rapid adsorption and subsequent orientation change, with a proposed mechanism to interpret the temporal changes in SHG intensity. Deducing the adsorption kinetic equations and their application to the experimental data yields the adsorption rate (kad) and orientation change rate (Kre). Halogens reduce the orientation angle of 4-HPy, facilitating its adsorption on the substrate surface and effectively inhibiting corrosion via distinct mechanisms. Cl− and Br− ions primarily adsorb onto the metal surface, forming an adsorption film that not only enhances the subsequent adsorption of 4-HPy but also provides a protective effect for the metal surface. Conversely, I− forms mainly complexes with 4-HPy in solution, co-adsorbs onto the metal surface, and demonstrates a significant synergistic effect. This study revealed the synergistic efficacy hierarchy among halogen ions, with the order 4HPy + NaCl < 4HPy + NaBr < 4HPy + NaI. This study enhances our molecular-level understanding of the synergistic mechanism between halogen ions and corrosion inhibitors and provides valuable insights for designing and developing effective corrosion inhibitors.
Constructive agents nullify the ability of destructive agents to foster cooperation in public goods games
Authors: Dong Yuting , He Zhixue , Shen Chen , Shi Lei , Tanimoto Jun
Published: October 2024

Existing studies have revealed a paradoxical phenomenon in public goods games, wherein destructive agents, harming both cooperators and defectors, can unexpectedly bolster cooperation. Building upon this intriguing premise, our paper introduces a novel concept: constructive agents, which confer additional benefits to both cooperators and defectors. We investigate the impact of these agents on cooperation dynamics within the framework of public goods games. Employing replicator dynamics, we find that unlike destructive agents, the mere presence of constructive agents does not significantly alter the defective equilibrium. However, when the benefits from constructive agents are outweighed by the damage inflicted by destructive agents, the addition of constructive agents does not affect the ability of destructive agents to sustain cooperation. In this scenario, cooperators can be maintained through a cyclic dominance between cooperators, defectors, and destructive agents, with constructive agents adding complexity but not fundamentally changing the equilibrium. Conversely, if the benefits from constructive agents surpass the harm caused by destructive agents, the presence of constructive agents nullifies the ability of destructive agents to foster cooperation. Our results highlight the nuanced role of constructive agents in cooperation dynamics, emphasizing the necessity of carefully assessing incentive balances when encouraging cooperation.
Insights into glass surface dynamics from fast scanning calorimetry studies of softening and vaporization of ultrathin molecular films
Authors: Kaur Rinipal , Ladau Abigail , Bhattacharya Deepanjan , Sadtchenko Vlad
Published: October 2024

Chemical and physical processes on the surfaces of amorphous solids have been the focus of many studies over the past decades. These studies have established that dynamics in a thin layer near a glass surface are often dramatically faster than those in the glass bulk. Nevertheless, recent advances also emphasize the need for new experimental techniques capable of characterizing the structure and dynamics of the near-surface regions in glassy materials at the molecular length scale. Using a quasi-adiabatic fast scanning calorimetry (FSC) technique, we have investigated softening and vaporization of pure amorphous methylbenzene films of moderately heightened kinetic stability with thicknesses ranging from 1 to 20 nm. The analysis of the FSC thermograms reveals the existence of a high fictive temperature (liquid-like) layer on the surface of the solid glass with a thickness of 3.5 ± 0.5 nm or seven molecular diameters. Furthermore, the width of the boundary between liquid-like and solid layers in the films is less than 1 nm. These preliminary findings compliment and substantiate past determinations of the mobile surface layer thicknesses obtained by introduction of nanoparticles or spectroscopic molecular probes to near-surface regions of amorphous samples. The developed FSC methodology will advance the theoretical and computational research by providing calorimetric data on the enhanced interfacial dynamics phenomenon in a variety of low-molecular-weight amorphous materials.
Sec23IP recruits VPS13B/COH1 to ER exit site–Golgi interface for tubular ERGIC formation
Authors: Du Yuanjiao , Fan Xinyu , Song Chunyu , Chang Weiping , Xiong Juan , Deng Lin , Ji Wei-Ke
Published: October 2024

VPS13B/COH1 is the only known causative factor for Cohen syndrome, an early-onset autosomal recessive developmental disorder with intellectual inability, developmental delay, joint hypermobility, myopia, and facial dysmorphism as common features, but the molecular basis of VPS13B/COH1 in pathogenesis remains largely unclear. Here, we identify Sec23 interacting protein (Sec23IP) at the ER exit site (ERES) as a VPS13B adaptor that recruits VPS13B to ERES–Golgi interfaces. VPS13B interacts directly with Sec23IP via the VPS13 adaptor binding domain (VAB), and the interaction promotes the association between ERES and the Golgi. Disease-associated missense mutations of VPS13B–VAB impair the interaction with Sec23IP. Knockout of VPS13B or Sec23IP blocks the formation of tubular ERGIC, an unconventional cargo carrier that expedites ER-to-Golgi transport. In addition, depletion of VPS13B or Sec23IP delays ER export of procollagen, suggesting a link between procollagen secretion and joint laxity in patients with Cohen disease. Together, our study reveals a crucial role of VPS13B–Sec23IP interaction at the ERES–Golgi interface in the pathogenesis of Cohen syndrome.
Organization of a cytoskeletal superstructure in the apical domain of intestinal tuft cells
Authors: Silverman Jennifer B. , Krystofiak Evan E. , Caplan Leah R. , Lau Ken S. , Tyska Matthew J.
Published: October 2024

Tuft cells are a rare epithelial cell type that play important roles in sensing and responding to luminal antigens. A defining morphological feature of this lineage is the actin-rich apical “tuft,” which contains large fingerlike protrusions. However, details of the cytoskeletal ultrastructure underpinning the tuft, the molecules involved in building this structure, or how it supports tuft cell biology remain unclear. In the context of the small intestine, we found that tuft cell protrusions are supported by long-core bundles that consist of F-actin crosslinked in a parallel and polarized configuration; they also contain a tuft cell–specific complement of actin-binding proteins that exhibit regionalized localization along the bundle axis. Remarkably, in the sub-apical cytoplasm, the array of core actin bundles interdigitates and co-aligns with a highly ordered network of microtubules. The resulting cytoskeletal superstructure is well positioned to support subcellular transport and, in turn, the dynamic sensing functions of the tuft cell that are critical for intestinal homeostasis.
Benchmarking the non-flow contributions to the elliptic flow parameter (v2) in proton-proton collisions
Authors: Abdulhamid M I , Hamed A M , Osama E A , Rateb M , Sadoun N K , Sawy F H
Published: October 2024

This manuscript reports on the elliptic flow parameter,

v

2

,

in proton-proton (p–p) collisions using PYTHIA8 event generator simulations. The typical event plane (EP) method

v

2

(EP) as the one used for the real data analysis has been adopted to measure the

v

2

of particles composed of different quark flavors, and produced at mid-pseudorapidity ∣η∣≤1 at center-of-mass energy

s

= 200 GeV and

s

= 13 TeV. The event plane has been constructed using the soft-charged particles with transverse momentum (

p

T

<

2 GeV/c) produced in various η ranges. The pseudorapidity gap technique (Δη) between the particle of interest and the soft charged particles contributed to the event plane constructions has been utilized to benchmark the non-flow contributions. The

v

2

π

±

,

π

0

,

v

2

J
∕
ψ
,
ϒ
,
K
,
D
,
B

,

and the

v

2

γ
dir

show similar pattern dependence on the transverse momentum for the same Δη, at both

s

= 200 GeV and

s

= 13 TeV. At each center-of-mass energy, the measured

v

2

shows obvious dependence on the quark flavor contents where

v

2

γ
dir

≤

v

2

J
∕
ψ
,
ϒ
,
K
,
D
,
B

≤

v

2

π

±

,

π

0

for similar Δη gap. The measured

v

2

shows slightly higher values at smaller

s

for particles of similar values of Δη gaps, particularly at small Δη gap. The measured

v

2

for all particles shows systematic decreases with increasing the Δη gap as expected from the previous experimental results. Because PYTHIA8 simulations do not incorporate final state interactions, the

v

2

(
EP
)

values reported here primarily reflect the non-flow contributions and its dependence on the quark contents, pseudorapidity gap as a function on p

T
at each center of mass–energy. These contributions should be carefully subtracted from the signal in real data analysis that employs the same event plane determination algorithm.
Radiation information, protection and awareness of healthcare professionals in terms of occupational health and safety: a two–center survey study
Authors: Çetin Muhammed Esat , Akbaş Muhammet Mikdat , Bayram Nurullah , Candemir Mustafa , Aras Serhat
Published: October 2024

The objective of this study was to assess the level of knowledge, protection and awareness of radiation among healthcare professionals. A total of 413 healthcare professionals from two major training and research hospitals in Istanbul took part in the study. The sample consisted of 26.6% physicians and 73.4% other healthcare professionals. There was considerable variation in the knowledge of radiation content in imaging techniques, with correct response rates of 89.3% for Computed Tomography, 80.1% for digital x-ray, and 52.8% for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. While 69.5% of respondents provided correct answers to questions regarding radiation protection principles, 64.4% demonstrated a lack of sufficient knowledge in this area. It is noteworthy that 48.4% of respondents incorrectly identified the medical imaging technique to which the public is most exposed. It was concluded that further training on radiation-related issues should be provided at the university level and through in-service training for healthcare professionals.
Low-damage etching of poly-Si and SiO2 via a low-energy electron beam in inductively coupled CF4 plasma
Authors: Jung Jiwon , Kim Jae-Hwi , Lim Chang-Min , Choi Jung-Eun , Bae Junil , Kim Hyung-Dong , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: October 2024

Electron-assisted etching of poly-Si and SiO2 is performed via a grid system in inductively coupled CF4 plasma. The feasibility of electron-assisted etching is discussed with a focus on the low-surface damage of the etching. The etch rate increases with electron beam energy, which indicates that the electrons assist the surface etching process. To verify this, etching of poly-Si and SiO2 is performed in several plasma conditions, which leads to differences in etch rate that depend on the presence or absence of radicals and electron beams. Poly-Si and SiO2 are not etched without radicals of CF4 plasma, but they are etched when such radicals are present. When the electron beam and radicals exist simultaneously, the etch rate increases more dramatically than in the case of a CF4 plasma without an electron beam, demonstrating that the electron beam assists the etching process. Optical emission spectroscopy is employed to verify the F radical does not affect the etch rate increase. The surface roughness is measured after electron-assisted etching and compared with the surface roughness after ion-assisted etching.
DeepCSNet: a deep learning method for predicting electron-impact doubly differential ionization cross sections
Authors: Wang Yifan , Zhong Linlin
Published: October 2024

Electron-impact ionization cross sections of atoms and molecules are essential for plasma modeling. However, experimentally determining the absolute cross sections is not easy, and ab initio calculations become computationally prohibitive as molecular complexity increases. Existing artificial intelligence -based prediction methods suffer from limited data availability and poor generalization. To address these issues, we propose Deep Cross Section Network (DeepCSNet), a deep learning approach designed to predict electron-impact ionization cross sections using limited training data. We present two configurations of DeepCSNet: one tailored for specific molecules and another for various molecules. Both configurations can typically achieve a relative L2 error less than 5%. The present numerical results, focusing on electron-impact doubly differential ionization cross sections, demonstrate DeepCSNet’s generalization ability, predicting cross sections across a wide range of energies and incident angles. Additionally, DeepCSNet shows promising results in predicting cross sections for molecules not included in the training set, even large molecules with more than 10 constituent atoms, highlighting its potential for practical applications.
A DFT study of gas molecules adsorption on TM-doped PtS2 gas nanosensors
Authors: Yang Xu , Duan Ying , Qin ZengMing , Wang Jing
Published: October 2024

In this study, we examined the adsorption and sensing capabilities of transition metal doped PtS2 monolayers (TM = Co, Cu, Fe, Ni) towards three industrially relevant toxic and hazardous gases: CO, NO, and H2S, using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The interaction between the gases and the TM-doped PtS2 monolayer substrates was thoroughly investigated, taking into account various adsorption configurations, charge transfer phenomena, band structures, and state densities. Results indicate that the TM dopants markedly enhances the conductivity and gas adsorption capacity of PtS2 monolayer. Specifically, the TM-doped PtS2 monolayers exhibit strong adsorption properties towards CO, NO, and H2S, with the adsorption process identified as chemisorption. By analyzing the alterations in conductivity subsequent to gas adsorption, we discerned that Ni-PtS2 could potentially serve as an effective sensor for CO, NO, and H2S. Consequently, our results furnish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of PtS2-based sensors aimed at detecting these gases. Furthermore, the findings of this research offer valuable insights into the design of gas nanosensors.
Investigation of exact solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional Sakovich equation with time dependent coefficients using analytical methods
Authors: Zhang Bitong , Gao Ben
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the exact solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional variable coefficient Sakovich equation are investigated. Four distinct analytical methods, containing the unified method, the modified Kudryashov method, the modified

G

′

G

2

-expansion method and the improved Riccati sub-equation method, are implemented to find new exact solutions of this equation. Soliton and periodic soliton solutions, elliptic solutions, kink solutions and traveling wave solutions, which are expressed in polynomial, rational, trigonometric and hyperbolic forms, have been obtained and are graphically represented with the aim of exhibiting the structures and dynamic behaviors of the equation. Furthermore, we have discussed the influence of variable coefficients on soliton behaviors in detail.
Characterization of the hydrostatic core and plastic zone that form during Brinell and Vickers hardness tests
Authors: Oláh F. , Réger M. , Horváth R
Published: October 2024

During a hardness test, a hydrostatic core and a plastic zone are formed under the impression due to the load. The size and shape of the hydrostatic core and the plastic zone are greatly influenced by the tested material, the loading force and the shape of the indenter. In this study, we examine in detail the characteristics of the hydrostatic core and plastic zone formed during a Brinell and Vickers hardness test with the same (bilinear) hardening material model and with the same load using the finite element method in the ANSYS environment. The results of our resarch is concluded that the characteristics under the indenter can be determined well with finite element modeling and in the case of the Vickers procedure, the ratio of the hydrostatic core to the plastic zone is greater for all loads as in the case Brinell method.
Silicon–based integrated orbital angular momentum parity sorter
Authors: Soltani Afsoun , Babazadeh Amin , Faramarzi Hamed , Firouzeh Zaker Hossein
Published: October 2024

A silicon–based integrated orbital angular momentum (OAM) parity sorter using two-dimensional multimode interference (2D MMI) waveguides is designed and numerically analyzed. An OAM parity sorter, which sorts OAM modes according to their parity (even or odd) is an elegant device in a broad range of OAM states processing applications including quantum gates, quantum key distribution, generation of high dimensional quantum gates, quantum information, and teleportation. The presented three–part integrated parity sorter is realized based on the self–imaging and field–splitting properties of MMI structures. Its total length is 11 444 µm. The proposed device works for OAM modes with |l| ⩽ 5. The performance of OAM sorting is investigated with the results confirming the high purity (up to 98.33% and 94.45% at even and odd ports, respectively) for the telecommunication wavelength λ
0 = 1550 nm.
Far field ring beam generation based on 3-bit encoded metasurface
Authors: Huang Wenlong , Li Chenxia , Tian Ying
Published: October 2024

The encoding metasurface establishes a bridge between the physical and digital worlds, ushering in a new era of manipulating electromagnetic waves and realizing programmable metamaterials through digital coding sequences. This ‘digital metasurface,’ relying on binary logic, significantly simplifies the design process, thereby enhancing the flexibility and efficiency of controlling electromagnetic waves. While most encoding metasurfaces control beamforming for pencil-shaped beams, we propose a 3-bit encoding metasurface with a ‘well structure’ in the microwave band.The 3-bit encoding metasurface features a more extensive encoding sequence, offering increased degrees of freedom and flexibility in manipulating the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation. Its symmetric design features polarization-insensitive characteristics, suitable for generating annular beams by varying gradient-encoded numbers radially. This approach enables the production of linearly polarized omnidirectional radiation within the desired elevation angle range. Additionally, adjustments in quantity and orientation of the produced annular beams are achieved through Fourier convolution theorem. This type of annular beams holds promise for applications in various fields, including wireless radio broadcasting and wireless local area networks.
Green synthesis of carbon dots nanoparticles from edible swiftlet nest and evaluation of their antioxidant activity
Authors: Aji Mahardika Prasetya , Umar Syafril Rahmat , Octaviani Angela Christa , Arrosyid Moh Harun , Rahmawati Ita , Priyanto Aan , Marwoto Putut
Published: October 2024

Edible swiftlet nest (ESN) confers various health benefits to humans, including immune system enhancement, anti-inflammatory properties, bone strengthening, and antioxidative effect. ESN is notably rich in protein and minerals, with its proteins serving as non-enzymatic antioxidants capable of binding free radicals. However, the antioxidant capacity of ESN is comparatively lower than that of other free radical scavengers, such as carbon dots nanoparticles (CNPs). CNPs features charged ligands on their surface that act as electron donors for free radical binding. The presence of the carbon chain forming proteins in ESN suggests their potential as the primary source for CNPs formation. The enhancement of hydroxyl groups and delocalized electrons is imperative for enhancing the antioxidant activity of ESN. This study aims to enhance the antioxidant activity of ESN by converting it into CNPs nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the effective synthesis of CNPs from the ESN solution using microwave methods. This was evidenced by XRD patterns indicating CNPs formation, and an average particle size of 4.86 nm as indicated by TEM analysis. The optimal microwave heating duration of 30 min yielded CNPs with a prominent emission spectrum peak at 425 nm and significantly high intensity. Absorbance data revealed the presence of C=C bonds, consistent with aromatic CNPs bonds observed in FTIR studies. CNPs possessed hydroxyl and carboxyl linkages, suggesting their potential as antioxidants. The percent inhibition results indicated that CNPs exhibited a substantial percentage (62.5%) at a concentration of 50 mg ml−1. The free radical scavenging activity of the CNPs significantly elevated compared to ESN.
Time-resolved observation of DHR123 nano-clay radio-fluorogenic gel dosimeters by photoluminescence-detected pulse radiolysis
Authors: Gohdo Masao , Maeyama Takuya
Published: October 2024

The importance of real-time dose evaluation has increased for recent advanced radiotherapy. However, conventional methods for real-time dosimetry using gel dosimeters face challenges owing to the delayed dose response caused by the slow completion of radiation-induced chemical reactions. In this study, a novel technique called photoluminescence-detected pulse radiolysis (PLPR) was developed, and its potential to allow real-time dose measurements using nano-clay radio-fluorogenic gel (NC-RFG) dosimeters was investigated. PLPR is a time-resolved observation method, and enables time-resolved fluorescence measurement. NC-RFG dosimeters were prepared, typically consisting of 100 μM dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR123) and 2.0 wt.% nano-clay, along with catalytic and dissolving additives. We successfully achieved time-resolved observation of the increase in fluorescence intensity upon irradiation of the dosimeter. Dose evaluation was possible at 1 s after irradiation. The dose-rate effect was not observed for the deoxygenated dosimeter, but was observed for the aerated dosimeter. Besides the dose-rate effect, linear dose responses were obtained for both conditions. Furthermore, we made a novel observation of a decay in the fluorescence intensity over time in the early stages which named fluorescence secondary loss (FSL) and elucidated the conditions under which this phenomenon occurs.
Non-collagenous protein analog-induced biomimetic mineralization strategy to restore the dentin interface
Authors: Chen Ruhua , Xie Yimeng , Ma Liang , Li Bing , Yao Wei
Published: October 2024

Dentin biomineralization is a gene-regulated, cytokine-mediated, programmed process by mineralized cells to form highly ordered hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals encapsulating dentin matrix, ultimately creating a stable dentin interface. Repairing dentin damage caused by irreversible demineralization has been a significant challenge in dental regenerative medicine due to dentin’s limited biomineralization capacity. It is well established that non-collagenous proteins (NCPs)–collagen interactions and NCPs–crystal interactions influence the nucleation, deposition, arrangement, and assembly of HAP crystals during the biomineralization process. Inspired by this process, NCP analogs can be used as a biomimetic template to stabilize the intermediate mineral phases of biomineralization to achieve collagen fibrils’ hierarchical mineralization in dentin. In addition, specific functional groups can be introduced to achieve antimicrobial, anti-enzymatic, cross-linking and tissue regeneration functions to restore the microstructure and mechanical properties of demineralized dentin. Therefore, designing and developing NCP analogs are currently a hot topic in dentin biomimetic restorations. However, most existing reviews have only focused on the mineralizing effect of NCP analogs and have rarely summarized their additional functions and applications at the dentin interface. This review first summarizes the basic principles of dentin biomineralization and biomimetic mineralization and then focuses on the common classifications of NCP analogs and newly introduced functional properties. It finally discusses the applications and limitations of NCP analogs in dentin interface, providing a theoretical basis for applying NCP analogs in the minimally invasive treatment of demineralized dentin.
Unsettling Questions
Authors: Longworth Guy
Published: October 2024

Should we expect someone who knows by seeing invariably to be able to settle the questions (i) How do you know? (ii) Why do you think so? or (iii) Are you sure? I defend the following answers. First, we should not expect someone who knows that p by seeing invariably to be able to know how they know that p. Second, we should expect someone who knows that p by seeing to have conclusive reasons for thinking that p; however, in light of the first claim, we should not expect their seeing what they do invariably to figure amongst their reasons. Although one who knows by seeing need not know how they know and need not have amongst their reasons the fact that they see what they do, still their seeing what they do can play an important role in establishing surety.