bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unprecedented large solvent (H2O vs D2O) isotope effect in semiconductors photooxidation
Authors: Núñez Oswaldo , Madriz Lorean , Carvajal David , Tatá José , Vargas Ronald
Published: March 2019

Glucose in water (L2O, L = H or D) at pH = 7 (phosphate buffer) is oxidized in presence of Bi2WO6 and light. An unusually large solvent isotope effects,
and 6.8, have been measured using solar light and solar simulator, respectively. These large values come from the contribution of the equilibrium L2O ⇄ L+ + OL− previous to the rate‐limiting step (rls) and the kinetic one (proton transfer) involved at the transition state. The reaction is faster when [L+] increases; therefore, L+ species instead of OL− one participates in the photooxidation. The rls is the 1 e− reduction‐adsorption of H+ on the Bi2WO6 surface (Bi2WO6/Bi2WO6‐H, −0.6 V vs NHE). Subsequently, O2 reduction to L2O, as driving force, occurs at the catalyst conduction band (CB). Linear sweep voltammetry when Bi2WO6 is used as cathode shows two reduction processes: H+/H2 and O2/O2.−. The last one‐electron reduction occurs at −0.2 V vs NHE and the first one at −0.4 V vs NHE. Both show solvent isotope effect, although the
are 2.4 and 1.9, respectively, quite smaller than the value obtained in the photooxidation due to the influence of the bias on the transition state symmetry in the first case and through water O2 reduction in the second. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the reduced and adsorbed H (Bi2WO6‐H2) is oxidized to Bi2WO6‐H at approximately 0.2 V vs NHE. Positive conduction band potential of Bi2WO6 (+0.5 V vs NHE) establishes the difference with other semiconductors where oxidation (L2O/L+,OL.) instead of reduction has been proposed as rls in photooxidation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Phenolphthalein‐Containing Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s by Direct Polycondensation for Proton Exchange Membrane
Authors: Huang Qingqi , Zhang Shanshan , Yu Huaguo , Liu Huiping , Xiao Fanhua , Liao Huiying
Published: March 2019

A series of novel phenolphthalein‐containing sulfonated poly(arylene ether phosphine oxide)s (sPAEPP) with various sulfonation degrees were synthesized by direct polycondensation. The structure of sPAEPP was confirmed by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and IR spectroscopy. The high‐molecular weight of these polymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The transparent, tough, and flexible membranes could be achieved by solution casting. The macroscopic properties and microstructure of the obtained membranes were investigated in detail. The results showed that these sPAEPP membranes displayed excellent properties in terms of swelling, proton conductivity, and methanol permeability. For example, sPAEPP‐100 membrane exhibited an appropriate water uptake of 33.1%, a swelling ratio of only 11.7% (lower than 20.1% of Nafion 117), a proton conductivity of 0.11 S cm−1 (similar to that of Nafion 117) at 80 °C, and a methanol permeability of 4.82 × 10−7 cm2 s−1. Meanwhile, it also presented outstanding oxidative stability. Atomic force microscope (AFM) micrographs showed that the hydrophilic domains of the sPAEPP‐100 membrane formed connected and narrow ionic channels, which contributed to its high proton conductivity and good dimensional stability. As a result, sPAEPP‐100 membrane displays excellent application prospect for fuel cells. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1097–1104
Crystal Structure, Sensitiveness and Theoretical Explosive Performance of Xylitol Pentanitrate (XPN)
Authors: Stark Kelly‐Anne S. , Alvino Jason F. , Kirkbride K. Paul , Sumby Christopher J. , Metha Gregory F. , Lenehan Claire E. , Fitzgerald Mark , Wall Craig , Mitchell Mark , Prior Chad
Published: March 2019

Xylitol pentanitrate (XPN) is a little‐studied nitrate ester of similar molecular structure to the military energetic materials pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and nitroglycerin (NG). XPN was crystallised from a mixture of ethanol and water by slow evaporation and studied by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. XPN crystallises in the centrosymmetric monoclinic space group P21/n, with a calculated density of 1.852 g cm−3. Sensitiveness analysis of the energetic material revealed it to be a primary explosive, significantly more sensitive than PETN to friction and impact. The calculated heat of formation of XPN, −500.48 kJ mol−1, and the density were exploited utilising the Cheetah 7.0 suite of programs to predict explosive performance parameters. The theoretical explosive performance of XPN was comparable to the calculated explosive parameters of erythritol tetranitrate (ETN), PETN and cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX).
The T99K variant of glycosylasparaginase shows a new structural mechanism of the genetic disease aspartylglucosaminuria
Authors: Pande Suchita , Guo Hwai‐Chen
Published: March 2019

Aspartylglucosaminuria (AGU) is an inherited disease caused by mutations in a lysosomal amidase called aspartylglucosaminidase (AGA) or glycosylasparaginase (GA). This disorder results in an accumulation of glycoasparagines in the lysosomes of virtually all cell types, with severe clinical symptoms affecting the central nervous system, skeletal abnormalities, and connective tissue lesions. GA is synthesized as a single‐chain precursor that requires an intramolecular autoprocessing to form a mature amidase. Previously, we showed that a Canadian AGU mutation disrupts this obligatory intramolecular autoprocessing with the enzyme trapped as an inactive precursor. Here, we report biochemical and structural characterization of a model enzyme corresponding to a new American AGU allele, the T99K variant. Unlike other variants with known 3D structures, this T99K model enzyme still has autoprocessing capacity to generate a mature form. However, its amidase activity to digest glycoasparagines remains low, consistent with its association with AGU. We have determined a 1.5‐Å‐resolution structure of this new AGU model enzyme and built an enzyme–substrate complex to provide a structural basis to analyze the negative effects of the T99K point mutation on KM and kcat of the amidase. It appears that a “molecular clamp” capable of fixing local disorders at the dimer interface might be able to rescue the deficiency of this new AGU variant.
Light waveguiding in bioinspired peptide nanostructures
Authors: Apter Boris , Lapshina Nadezda , Handelman Amir , Rosenman Gil
Published: March 2019

Basic optical properties of bioinspired peptide nanostructures are deeply modified by thermally mediated refolding of peptide secondary structure from α‐helical to β‐sheet. This conformational transition is followed by the appearance in the β‐sheet structures of a wideband optical absorption and fluorescence in the visible region. We demonstrate that a new biophotonic effect of optical waveguiding recently observed in peptide/protein nanoensembles is a structure‐sensitive bimodal phenomenon. In the primary α‐helical structure input, light propagates via optical transmission window demonstrating conventional passive waveguiding, based on classical optics. In the β‐sheet structure, fluorescent (active) light waveguiding is revealed. The latter can be attributed to completely different physical mechanism of exciton‐polariton propagation, characterized by high effective refractive index, and can be observed in nanoscale fibers below diffraction limit. It has been shown that peptide material requirements for passive and active waveguiding are dissimilar. Original biocompatibility and biodegradability indicate high potential future applications of these bioinspired waveguiding materials in precise photobiomedicine towards advanced highly selective bioimaging, photon diagnostics, and optogenetics.
Emerging and developing situational interest during children's tablet‐mediated biology learning activities at a nature center
Authors: Jung Yong Ju , Zimmerman Heather Toomey , Land Susan M.
Published: March 2019

This study qualitatively investigated how children's situational interests were triggered and developed during the Tree Investigators project, an outdoor, tablet‐mediated biology learning program. Utilizing a situative learning framework, we elucidate a comprehensive account of the children's expression and development of science‐related situational interests. Video recordings of five dyads of children (aged 9–11) were collected during summer camp sessions at a nature center. Video‐based analyses were conducted to identify patterns of the children's situational interest development while they learned about tree life cycles at the camp. Our analyses focused on how the children's interactions with the physical settings (e.g., mobile app, trees) and other people (e.g., peers) triggered and maintained situational interest in different ways. Our findings contribute to an understanding of the relationships between children's situational interests, cognitive and emotional engagements, and socio material interactions, especially in an outdoor, tablet‐mediated education environment. In order to support children's situational interests, our findings suggest including tactile and open‐ended activities, considering the different influences of the same resources to different children, and respecting diverse areas of interests within peers.
Review of oncological emergencies in small animal patients
Authors: Tumielewicz Katrina L. , Hudak Danielle , Kim Jennifer , Hunley David W. , Murphy Lisa A.
Published: March 2019

Oncological emergencies can occur at any time during the course of a malignancy and need to be recognized promptly to maximize successful outcomes. Emergencies are characterized as chemotherapy‐induced, paraneoplastic syndromes, or directly related to the neoplasm. Prompt identification with treatment of these emergencies can prolong survival and improve quality of life, even in the setting of terminal illness. This review aims to educate the reader on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and treatment of some of these emergencies, and to review the current veterinary literature to help educate veterinarians in primary and tertiary facilities to know how to diagnose and treat these serious conditions.
On the global well‐posedness of the tropical climate model
Authors: Li Jinlu , Zhai Xiaoping , Yin Zhaoyang
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we mainly study the Cauchy problem of the tropical climate model in negative‐order Besov spaces. By using the iterative scheme and compactness argument, we first establish the local well‐posedness of the model and then we can extend this local solution to be global if the initial data is sufficient small.
Stabilization and asymptotic behavior of non local damped wave equations
Authors: Nicaise Serge
Published: March 2019

Motivated by different models of damped nanorods and nanoplates, we introduce an abstract framework of non local damped second order evolution equations. We analyze the stability and the asymptotic behavior of such evolution equations. We then illustrate our general results by some stability results for some models of damped nanorods and nanoplates.
Proving the equivalence of c-extremization and its gravitational dual for all toric quivers
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Morteza , Zaffaroni Alberto
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The gravitational dual of c-extremization for a class of (0, 2) two-dimensional theories obtained by twisted compactifications of D3-brane gauge theories living at a toric Calabi-Yau three-fold has been recently proposed. The equivalence of this construction with c-extremization has been checked in various examples and holds also off-shell. In this note we prove that such equivalence holds for an arbitrary toric Calabi-Yau. We do it by generalizing the proof of the equivalence between a-maximization and volume minimization for four-dimensional toric quivers. By an explicit parameterization of the R-charges we map the trial right-moving central charge c

r
into the off-shell functional to be extremized in gravity. We also observe that the similar construction for M2-branes on ℂ4 is equivalent to the ℐ-extremization principle that leads to the microscopic counting for the entropy of magnetically charged black holes in AdS4 × S
7. Also this equivalence holds off-shell.
The holographic non-abelian vortex
Authors: Tallarita Gianni , Auzzi Roberto , Peterson Adam
Published: March 2019

Abstract

We study a fully back-reacted non-abelian vortex solution in an extension of the holographic superconductor setup. The thermodynamic properties of the vortex are computed. We show that, in some regime of parameters, the non-abelian vortex solution has a lower free energy than a competing abelian vortex solution. The solution is dual to a finite-temperature perturbed conformal field theory with a topological defect, on which operators related to the Goldstone modes of a spontaneously broken symmetry are localized. We compute numerically the retarded Green function of these operators and we find, in the classical approximation in the bulk, a gaplessℂℙ1excitation on the vortex world line.
From QCD Strings to WZW
Authors: Donahue John C. , Dubovsky Sergei , Hernández-Chifflet Guzmán , Monin Sergey
Published: March 2019

Abstract

According to the Axionic String Ansatz (ASA) confining flux tubes in pure gluodynamics are in the same equivalence class as a new family of integrable non-critical strings, called axionic strings. In addition to translational modes, axionic strings carry a set of worldsheet axions transforming as an antisymmetric tensor under the group of transverse rotations. We initiate a study of integrable axionic strings at general number of space-time dimensions D. We show that in the infinite tension limit worldsheet axions should be described by a peculiar “pseudofree” theory — their S-matrix is trivial, but the corresponding action cannot be brought into a free form by a local field redefinition. This requirement fixes the axionic action to take a form of the O(D − 2) Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) model.
Has your wifi left you wide open to cybercrime?
Authors: Schofield Greig
Published: March 2019

Picture your own home. You've spent significant budget ensuring your property is physically secure, only to discover that criminals have been silently robbing you, without so much as setting foot on your front porch. You believed you'd created a fortress but didn't notice the hole in the wall that left you vulnerable to criminals. It's every single homeowner's worst nightmare. However, it's also a very real metaphor for many businesses in the UK who, despite becoming more vulnerable, have left the door to cybercrime unknowingly ajar.

IT security is now a corporate priority and businesses are investing significant funds into sophisticated firewalls that enable their systems to become effectively inaccessible.

But many of those businesses fail to notice the growing hole in their IT defences that leaves both the business and its workers exposed – their wifi network. Defective wifi practice, along with an insufficient understanding of the obvious signs of cyberthreats, can unwittingly provide cyber criminals with surreptitious access to sensitive information, explains Greig Schofield of Netmetix.
The Sovereign Right to Spy
Authors: Lubin Asaf
Published: March 2019

Many, if not most, international legal scholars share the ominous
contention that espionage, as a legal field, is devoid of meaning. For them,
any attempt to extrapolate the lex lata corpus of
the international law of intelligence, let alone its lex
scripta, would inevitably prove to be a failed attempt, as
there is simply nothing to extrapolate. The notion that international law is
moot as to the question of if, when, and how intelligence is to be
collected, has been repeated so many times that it has attained the status
of a dogma. Professor Afsheen John Radsan, former assistant general cousel
to the CIA, has gone so far as to suggest that those academics interested in
the very field should “move on to other projects—with grace.” Dr. Lubin
began his presentation by gracefully declining Radsan's invitation further
challenging the existing discourse for lacking a sufficient degree of
intellectual rigor.
Remarks by May Sabe Phyus
Authors: Phyus May Sabe
Published: March 2019

Okay, I do not know how many of you know about Myanmar, so we are
situated in Southeast Asia, bordering China, India, Bangladesh, and
Thailand. Myanmar is the second largest country in Southeast Asia.
Remarks by Elizabeth Cafferty
Authors: Cafferty Elizabeth
Published: March 2019

The UN Security Council did pass that first resolution in 2000, so
Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security. But that was, as I think my
colleagues have alluded to, only the first in what is now a whole suite of
resolutions. I think you have also heard we are a little resolutioned
out.
Introductory Remarks by Hélène Tigroudja
Authors: Tigroudja Hélène
Published: March 2019

Good morning, everybody, and welcome to this extraordinary panel on the
operationalization of international law, beyond the state, so it is a very
ambitious title and it is a very ambitious question, and we are trying to
discuss a bit more about the private actors and the role and the place of
the private actors in international society, but not only private actors as
such but private actors in their relationship with other classical subjects
of international law of states across an international
organization.
Introductory Remarks by Rebecca Ingber
Authors: Ingber Rebecca
Published: March 2019

Welcome to our fantastic panel. I am Rebecca Ingber. I am an associate
professor at BU Law School, and I am going to be your host today. We are
doing this panel in a little bit of an unusual style. Our panel is “Military
Commissions: Are they Lawful? Are they Worth It?” If you did not intend to
come hear the answer to that question, you are in the wrong place. Feel free
to file out, but as though do, feel free to take the empty seats in the
middle here.
Remarks by David Newman
Authors: Newman David
Published: March 2019

Okay. As you can see, I cannot wait to get started, so we really
appreciate that.
Remarks by Michel Paradis
Authors: Paradis Michel
Published: March 2019

Thank you. I am going to start with the policy question, and
particularly how it is framed in the title of the panel, the broader
question presented, which is “military commissions, are they lawful and are
they worth it?” I think the second part is slightly the wrong question,
because it should not just be are they worth it, it should not just be
whether they are more convenient, whether they are useful to conceal
evidence of torture, whether they are useful to satisfy Congress's Not In My
Backyard inclinations. It is are they necessary?
New Robust Peacekeeping
Authors: Lyons Scott W.
Published: March 2019

Peacekeeping, conceptually, was designed to be traditionally defensive
in nature with a neutral, unarmed, multinational force maintaining or
monitoring peace. The first major example of a United Nations peacekeeping
force dates to the initial Arab-Israeli conflict with the UN Truce
Supervision Organization (UNSTO), established in May 1948. The peacekeepers
were there to observe and maintain the ceasefire and assist in any terms of
the armistice agreements following the initial fighting with the partition
of the British Mandate in Palestine and the later declaration of the State
of Israel. The Security Council Resolution
“Instruct[ed] the
United Nations Mediator in Palestine, in concert with the Truce Commission,
to supervise the observance of the above provisions, and decide[d] that they
shall be provided with a sufficient number of military observers.” UNTSO was
followed by a variation, the United Nations Military Observer Group in India
and Pakistan, which was to observe and report violations of the ceasefire
along the contested border. Both of these original UN peacekeeping
operations are still in existence after seventy years. This original concept
of peacekeeping was based upon the United Nation's principle that the
organization would act to prevent conflict between states following the
atrocities committed during World War II through its neutrality. However,
the term “peacekeeping” is not found anywhere within the United Nations
Charter. It is instead inferred under both Chapter VI and Chapter VII powers
to resolve disputes.
Remarks by Paul Schwartz
Authors: Schwartz Paul
Published: March 2019

Thank you so much, and I would also like to thank Lydia and Karen, and
tell you that Kurt Wimmer told me that when he told his partners at
Covington that he was going to speak here, just how many of them remembered
Professor Vagts with such fondness, and just how the ripple effect of his
life has been felt by so many. Thank you for being here and we are all very
happy to remember Professor Vagts’ memory, and to cherish it with
you.
Remarks by Kristina Irion
Authors: Irion Kristina
Published: March 2019

Hello to everyone. It is sometimes difficult to come from Europe and
talk about a rather formalistic legal approach to data protection to a legal
audience in the United States. I have to say when I read the
Wall Street Journal at breakfast, it was a
good moment. They are not going to rip me apart.
Remarks by Hugh Stevenson
Authors: Stevenson Hugh
Published: March 2019

When I checked in I asked, “Well, where is this session taking place?”
and they said, “In the Hall of Battles,” which I thought sounded a little
ominous, because there are some tensions involved in this topic of privacy,
and particularly privacy and the free flow of information.
Use of Deadly Force by Peacekeepers When Carrying out Law Enforcement
Operations
Authors: Wills Siobhán
Published: March 2019

In this Article, I argue that there is inconsistency and confusion at
the heart of UN policy on use of deadly force by peacekeepers and that this
lack of clarity has resulted in deaths and injuries to people that pose no
threat to UN forces or anybody else and have not engaged in any violent
activities or indeed in any type of crime. Such deaths and injuries are
likely to recur if the United Nations continues to use the same rules of
engagement for law enforcement operations as it does for operations aimed at
curtailing violence by parties to an armed conflict. The problem would be
greatly mitigated if the United Nations were to formally commit to applying
customary international human rights law standards on use of force in all
circumstances except those to which international humanitarian law
applies.
Robust Peacekeeping and Self-Defense
Authors: Oswald Bruce “Ossie”
Published: March 2019

In this Article I focus on the use of force in self-defense by United Nations peacekeepers that are members of military contingents. This is an important matter because the use of force in self-defense remains the foundation for the use of force inallUnited Nations peace operations—including aggressive or robust peacekeeping.
Remarks by Jonathan Drake
Authors: Drake Jonathan
Published: March 2019

Since 2005, the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS) has been exploring the use of Geospatial Technologies in a Human
Rights Context. These efforts began under the auspices of the Science and
Human Rights Program, and focused primarily on establishing whether and to
what extent satellite imagery could be used to document human rights
violations resulting from armed conflict. In partnership with Amnesty
International, the project's first applications of this technology involved
using visible and near-infrared satellite imagery to investigate reports of
villages being burned in Darfur, Sudan. These efforts established the
usefulness of satellite imagery as a tool that allowed investigators access
areas that would otherwise be completely off-limits due to governmental
restrictions, security considerations, remoteness, or some combination of
all three. They likewise established a model of collaboration that has
proven itself time and again in the application of these new tools to human
rights responses.
Introductory Remarks by Pieter Bekker
Authors: Bekker Pieter
Published: March 2019

Welcome to this panel on “Intractable Conflicts: The Effectiveness of
International Dispute Resolution Mechanisms.” There appears to be a negative
connotation associated with the term “intractable conflicts.” By describing
a conflict as “intractable,” are we not ascribing a defeatist meaning to it?
The program description, the drafting of which neither the panelists nor the
moderator were involved in, would seem to confirm this negative connotation,
where it suggests that intractable conflicts might “compromise international
law.” This panel will take a critical look at the issues surrounding
“intractable conflicts” by examining, and perhaps questioning, the very
notion of “intractable conflicts” and by highlighting how conflicts that
might seem intractable at first blush actually have seen positive
developments and even outcomes through the use of existing international law
processes. Therefore, this panel is not all about doom and gloom or about
how international law has failed in practice.
The Future of Multilateralism
Authors: Kwakwa Edward
Published: March 2019

Multilateralism can be seen as the greatest source of legitimacy and
inclusiveness in the international system. In thinking of multilateralism, I
am inspired by Harlan Grant Cohen's Editorial Comment in the January 2018
issue of the American Journal of International
Law, in which he explains that multilateralism is a
process that is more inclusive than unilateralism or bilateralism. Following
that definition, it would imply, for example, that cooperation activities at
the United Nations (UN), with its membership of 193 States, are more a
reflection of multilateralism than cooperation activities at the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), with its
membership of thirty-six states, or at the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), with its membership of twenty-nine states. But by the
same token, efforts at multilateralism could be harder to achieve results,
given that achieving consensus among 193 countries would be more challenging
than doing so among a smaller number of countries. It would also stand to
reason that regional or plurilateral arrangements are less reflective of
multilateralism than are multilateral arrangements. But of course,
multilateralism should not only be viewed against a yardstick of numbers,
but also in terms of legitimacy, effectiveness and impact of activities and
outputs.
Women's Rights, Human Rights and the Criminal Law or, Feminist Debates
and Responses to [De]Criminalization and Sexual and Reproductive
Health
Authors: Ahmed Aziza
Published: March 2019

My comments today seek to highlight how social and economic rights
advocates, particularly those concerned with the right to health, engage
with ongoing debates about the role of criminal law in human rights. In
particular, I emphasize how many “right to health” campaigns fight for the
decriminalization of laws that result in the arrest of marginalized
communities or health workers. This trend within right to health advocacy
complicates what has been called the anti-impunity turn in human rights. In
other words, although many scholars have correctly highlighted the rise of a
carceral agenda in human rights, there is also ongoing, and perhaps growing,
emphasis on decriminalization in the context of social and economic rights.
This presentation gives a brief overview of the fight for decriminalization
in the context of the right to health, highlights the challenges faced by
advocates of in those campaigns, and reflects on some cautionary tales
emerging from these fights for decriminalization.
What Is to Be Done? Can Human Rights Advocates Reframe Their Relationship
with the Punitive State?
Authors: Eisert Carrie
Published: March 2019

In March 2018, Amnesty International published the Body
Politics: Criminalization of Sexuality and Reproduction
series, a new resource to equip its global movement, as well as partners and
advocates, to challenge unjust criminalization of sexual and reproductive
actions, decisions, and gender expression. The series includes a book-length
primer that provides our overarching theoretical analysis regarding states’
resort to criminalized approaches to sexuality and reproduction, an overview
of international human rights standards that apply to these issues, case
studies, and substantive issue annexes on abortion, sex work, sex outside of
marriage, adolescent sexuality, conduct during pregnancy (such as drug use),
same-sex sexuality and HIV exposure, non-disclosure, and
transmission.
The Legitimacy of IO Rule-Making
Authors: Alvarez José E.
Published: March 2019

The rules international organizations (IOs) make deviate considerably
from the traditional sources of international law in Article 38 of the
International Court of Justice's (ICJ) Statute and the ways those are
understood: as generated, enforced, and interpreted by states based on their
consent. As this panel demonstrates, IO “rules” take various forms—e.g.,
guidelines, recommendations, and standards—and are promulgated by not only
traditional interstate organizations but public/private hybrids,
transnational networks involving agencies inside states, private
associations of industry or other experts, or subsidiary committees of the
parties (COPs) or meetings of the parties (MOPs). These rules enjoy varying
degrees of authoritativeness, often purport to have some impact on state
and non-state actors, and depart, sometimes
quite openly, from reliance on state consent. And even when IOs turn to the
traditional sources—treaties, custom, general principles—these take
untraditional forms that blur distinctions between binding and non-binding
law. Whether these governance efforts are described as systems of “global
administrative law,” “global constitutionalism,” or “transnational legal
orders” or as new forms of “international public law,” they are certainly
different from your grandmother's public international law. Like “soft” law
before it, these governance efforts have drawn the ire of legal positivists
who ask, with some justice, what is meant by “law” if everyone (public,
private, and in-between) is a potential “lawmaker” and no one can be certain
about whether their efforts entail legal responsibility and, if so, for
whom.
Introductory Remarks by Jill Goldenziel
Authors: Goldenziel Jill
Published: March 2019

Welcome to the Business and Human Rights in Action panel, sponsored by
the ASIL Human Rights Interest Group. Business and Human Rights is an
evolving field that has gone through many changes in recent years, with new
legislative developments and private initiatives designed to improve
corporate social responsibility practices and respect for human rights.
Meanwhile, the Alien Torts Claims Act has been limited by the U.S. Supreme
Court, and stakeholders have faced challenges involving corporations in
transitional justice initiatives.
Remarks by Mary Saunders
Authors: Saunders Mary
Published: March 2019

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is an
independent, non-governmental, not-for-profit organization that develops and
publishes fully consensus-based International Standards. ISO members are
national standards bodies (NSBs), which may be government, private, or
public-private entities. 163 NSBs are members of ISO. The ISO standards
portfolio numbers more than 20,000 standards. ISO also has a large network
of liaison organizations—which can participate in the ISO process but do not
vote. These include many treaty organizations, including the World Health
Organization, Codex, the International Labour Organization (ILO), the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and so on; as
well as numerous other international organizations.
Trend of Discussions on the Promotion of the Rule of Law in the Global
Community/Sharing Information and Experiences: The UN Perspective
Authors: Alvarez Alejandro E.
Published: March 2019

The Rule of Law (RoL) builds peace, contributes to sustainable
development, and protects human rights. It is an always evolving outcome and
all countries face challenges related to the RoL.
ISDS at a Crossroads
Authors: Brower Charles N.
Published: March 2019

Let us understand what we are talking about. The standard investor-state
dispute settlement (ISDS) system: Claimant appoints an arbitrator,
Respondent appoints an arbitrator, and through various means there is an
agreement or appointment of someone to chair the proceedings. This has been
going on for years.
Remarks by Emi Nagaoka
Authors: Nagaoka Emi
Published: March 2019

When it comes to the investment agreement (IA) between Japan and the EU
or the EU member states, which means not only the investment part of the
JEEPA but also the new investment treaty that would be concluded in the
future, it is not considered that Japan and the EU have reached agreement
without the absolute standards of treatment (e.g. FET and expropriation).
Indeed, the text of the investment part of the JEEPA presented on the
European Commission's website, which has not been legally verified yet as of
today (April 5, 2018), has not stipulated said absolute standards, and such
investment part is even titled as “Investment Liberalization” implying that
only the non-discrimination provisions are provided. However, from the
viewpoint of promoting investment as well as protecting the investors in the
other countries, the level of liberalizing investment should not be
decreased nor should the coverage of the standard or treatment be limited.
In particular, FET is the most important standard of treatment for investors
and most of them have relied on FET as their legal basis where they submit
claims in the ISDS procedure. It is apparent that most countries also take
the absolute standards important and necessary and the recent IAs including
the CPTPP containing the absolute standards are considered to comply with
such countries’ perspective.
Remarks by Julian Ku
Authors: Ku Julian
Published: March 2019

I want to thank ASIL and Professor Jill Goldenziel, for inviting me to
participate in today's panel.
Remarks by Christopher Greenwood
Authors: Greenwood Christopher
Published: March 2019

I do not think those two questions are actually two different ways of
putting the same point. I think the job that faces you and to whom you owe
your duty are not quite the same thing. But in terms of what is the job of a
court or a tribunal, I have no hesitation in saying that the first job is to
settle the dispute in front of you. I am rather leery of the idea that the
primary function should be to develop international law.
Introductory Remarks by Monica Hakimi
Authors: Hakimi Monica
Published: March 2019

This is the panel on the use of defensive force against non-state
actors. We thought we would use the campaign against the Islamic State in
Iraq and Syria, ISIS, to take stock on where we are on the question of when,
if ever, states may use defensive force against non-state actors in other
states.
Remarks by Katrina Cooper
Authors: Cooper Katrina
Published: March 2019

Thank you very much, Monica, and thank you very much for the invitation
to speak on the panel. I was a senior legal advisor in Australia from 2013
to 2017, so, in fact, during this time. I think it is a terrifically
conceived panel because it is one of the most pressing and problematic
issues with which we have to deal, I think, as international legal
advisors.
Remarks by Asif Amin
Authors: Amin Asif
Published: March 2019

Well, two previous speakers already laid out everything so maybe I will
just pass now. No, I will continue here.
A leader indeed is a leader in deed: The relationship of ethical leadership, person–organization fit, organizational trust, and extra-role service behavior
Authors: Kerse Gökhan
Published: March 2019

In this study, the effect of ethical leadership on extra-role service behavior, and the role of person–organization fit and organizational trust on this effect were examined. A multi-level research model was established in the research and hypotheses were tested within this model. The data of this research study were obtained from 205 workers of two hospitals (public and private), in a certain province in Turkey. The obtained findings demonstrated that ethical leadership strengthened the trust in the organization both directly and over person–organization fit. Moreover, based on the findings, it was determined that ethical leadership increased extra-role service behavior by means of organizational trust. The theoretical and practical implications of all of the findings were discussed and evaluated in the context of national culture.
The association between intake of dietary lycopene and other carotenoids and gestational diabetes mellitus risk during mid-trimester: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Gao Qin , Zhong Chunrong , Zhou Xuezhen , Chen Renjuan , Xiong Ting , Hong Miao , Li Qian , Kong Man , Han Weizhen , Sun Guoqiang , Yang Xuefeng , Yang Nianhong , Hao Liping
Published: March 2019

This study aimed to determine whether increased carotenoids intake was associated with reduced risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We performed a cross-sectional analysis using data from Tongji Maternal and Child Health Cohort study. The dietary carotenoids intake of 1978 pregnant women was assessed using a researcher-administered FFQ before undertaking an oral glucose tolerance test at 24–28 weeks. Multivariate logistic and linear regression analyses were used to obtain the effect estimates. Participants in the highest quartile of lycopene intake showed a lower risk of GDM (OR 0·50; 95 % CI 0·29, 0·86;Pfor trend= 0·007) compared with those in the lowest quartile; each 1 mg increase in lycopene consumption was associated with a 5 % (95 % CI 0·91, 0·99;Pfor trend= 0·020) decrease in GDM risk. No significant association was found between α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin intake and GDM risk. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested an inverse association between lycopene intake and fasting blood glucose (FBG) (Pfor trend< 0·001); each 1 mg increase in lycopene intake was associated with 0·005 (95 % CI 0·002, 0·007;Pfor trend< 0·001) mmol/l decrease in FBG. Interaction analysis indicated consistent effect on each age or pre-BMI subgroup; however, a stronger protective effect of lycopene intake against GDM was observed among primigravid women (OR 0·20; 95 % CI 0·07, 0·55 in the highestv. the lowest quartile of intake;Pfor interaction= 0·036). In conclusion, dietary lycopene intake was mainly assumed via reducing FBG to decrease GDM risk, and the protection was relatively increased among primigravid women.
A NOTE ON THE ‘NEW APULEIUS’ (3.20 STOVER, P. 100)
Authors: Shumilin Mikhail
Published: March 2019

Lines 3.20–2 of the text published by Justin Stover as Apuleius’ De Platone 3 are printed by him as follows:

improbat deinde eos qui negantis homines in seruitute habeant aut qui omnino eiusdem ciuitatis nationem belli iure diruant aut qui hostium spolia deorum aedibus adfigant.

He [sc. Plato] then rebukes those who hold people in slavery against their will, or else who destroy utterly the people of that same city by right of war, or who hang the spoils of enemies on the shrines of the gods. (transl. J. Stover)
From Hill tribes to Indigenous Peoples: The localisation of a global movement in Thailand
Authors: Morton Micah F. , Baird Ian G.
Published: March 2019

This article presents a chronology of the growth of the concept of Indigeneity in Thailand, analysing the particular ways in which the global Indigenous movement has taken root in the country. In Thailand, transnational support networks and the opening of political associational space played key roles in facilitating the growth of, first, a regional, and later a national Indigenous movement during the 1980s and early 2000s, respectively. Indigenous Peoples in Thailand are asserting their identity by drawing on a new concept of Indigeneity being promoted by the United Nations and other international advocacy organisations that identifies them not only as first peoples, but crucially as colonised or oppressed peoples. Indigenous Peoples in Thailand are further asserting both their cultural distinctiveness and their compatibility with the Thai nation. The Indigenous movement in Thailand differs from movements in Australia, Canada, and the United States where Indigenous Peoples must perform their cultural distinctiveness to maintain political recognition, and in turn are accused of being not different enough when exercising their rights. In Thailand, rather, Indigenous Peoples are accused of being not Thai enough in their efforts to push for any political recognition. While the Thai government denies the relevance of the concept of Indigeneity to Thailand, it is clear that the Indigenous movement in Thailand has grown since the early 2000s. In fact, state policies between the 1950s and early 2000s contributed toward the scaling-up of a pan-Hill tribe identity among the core groups associated with the movement.
The local translation of global indigeneity: A case of the Chittagong Hill Tracts
Authors: Uddin Nasir
Published: March 2019

Indigeneity, a concept and construct, is increasingly gaining currency in academia, in the political sphere, and in public debates. Indigeneity as an active political force with international support has become a resource in identity politics. This article focuses on the dynamics of how the transnational idea of indigeneity has been nationally installed and locally translated within the context of the ethnohistory of an Indigenous movement that stemmed from local–societal relations with the state. The idea of indigeneity is seen as both local and global because it is globally circulated but locally articulated as well as globally charged but locally framed. Focusing on the Chittagong Hill Tracts, in the borderlands of South and Southeast Asia and home to 11 Indigenous groups in Bangladesh, the article argues that the local translation of global indigeneity is necessary for ensuring the rights and entitlements of Indigenous Peoples.
Assessing the Rules of Appointing Arbitrators under the EU’s Investment Court System
Authors: Kao Chi-Chung
Published: March 2019

In recent years investor–state arbitration has faced a number of criticisms, such as the pro-investor allegation, the lack of transparency and the regulatory chilling effect. In 2015, the EU proposed an Investment Court System (ICS) in the investment chapter of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership negotiated between the EU and the US. This new mechanism is designed to improve the investor–state dispute settlement mechanisms, in particular the investor–state arbitration. A unique feature of the ICS is that it deprives the right of the disputing parties to appoint arbitrators. This is an apparent departure from the common practice of conventional investor–state arbitration, such as that conducted under the rules of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes. This new approach seems to formulate itself on the pro-investor hypothesis that asserts that the appointment of an arbitrator by an investor will lead to the appointee’s bias in favour of the investor. This paper assesses whether such methodology is justifiable and necessary by discussing the pro-investor allegation and rebutting it with empirical evidence. This paper considers the challenge procedure as the more appropriate and practical safeguard against an arbitrator’s bias.
Nanoindentation Properties and Finite Element Analysis of the Rostrum of Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Li Longhai , Guo Ce , Xu Shun , Ma Yaopeng , Yu Zhiwei
Published: March 2019

This work focuses on the application of nanoindentation measurements and the finite element method for analyzing the mechanical properties of the rostrum of the outstanding driller Cyrtotrachelus buqueti Guer. Nanoindentation tests were carried out to measure the Young's modulus and hardness of the rostrum, with the results for the “dry” samples being 13.886 ± 0.75 and 0.368 ± 0.0445 GPa, respectively. The values for the “fresh” samples showed no clear difference from those of the “dry” ones. Moreover, field observation was conducted to determine the motion behaviors of the rostrum on the weevil. Micro-computed tomography technology was employed to obtain structural information about the rostrum, using 9 µm slices. A real three-dimensional model of the rostrum was created using the MIMICS application. Finally, the mechanical properties of the rostrum were determined by finite element analysis. It was concluded that the rostrum provides an ideal biological template for the design of biocomposite materials and lightweight tube-shaped structures. The properties determined in this study can potentially be applied in different fields, such as in the design of automotive hybrid transmission shafts, helicopter tail drive shafts, robotic arms, and other sandwich structures in aerospace engineering.
STANDARD BAYES LOGIC IS NOT FINITELY AXIOMATIZABLE
Authors: GYENIS ZALÁN
Published: March 2019

In the article [2] a hierarchy of modal logics has been defined to capture the logical features of Bayesian belief revision. Elements in that hierarchy were distinguished by the cardinality of the set of elementary propositions. By linking the modal logics in the hierarchy to the modal logics of Medvedev frames it has been shown that the modal logic of Bayesian belief revision determined by probabilities on a finite set of elementary propositions is not finitely axiomatizable. However, the infinite case remained open. In this article we prove that the modal logic of Bayesian belief revision determined by standard Borel spaces (these cover probability spaces that occur in most of the applications) is also not finitely axiomatizable.
A linuron-free weed management strategy for carrots
Authors: de Boer Tessa , Smith Peter , Chandler Kevin , Nurse Robert , Obeid Kristen , Swanton Clarence
Published: March 2019

The development of a linuron-free weed management strategy for carrot production is essential as a result of the herbicide reevaluation programs launched by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency in Canada for herbicides registered before 1995 and the discovery of linuron-resistant pigweed species in Ontario. Field trials were conducted in one of Ontario’s main carrot-growing regions on high organic soils in 2016 and 2017. Pigweed species seedlings were effectively controlled with PRE treatments of prometryn, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, or glufosinate. POST treatments of pyroxasulfone and metribuzin followed by predetermined biologically effective dose (≥90% control of pigweed seedlings) of acifluorfen, oxyfluorfen, fluthiacet-methyl, and fomesafen achieved excellent crop selectivity and commercially acceptable pigweed species seedling control under field conditions. Carfentrazone-ethyl or fomesafen applied PRE severely reduced seedling emergence and yield in the wet growing season of 2017. This study demonstrated clearly that an alternative linuron-free strategy can be developed for carrots. The strategy of exploring the potential to use the biologically effective dose of selected herbicides to achieve crop selectivity and control of pigweed species seedlings was verified.