bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hugh Ross's Curious Lymphocyte Experiments
Authors: Breathnach Caoimhghin S
Published: August 2005

It is now almost 100 years since Hugh Campbell Ross began his experiments on white blood cells and cancer. By suspending peripheral blood cells in a solution of agar gel, he was able to observe changes in them provoked by various natural and artificial substances, which he named auxetics, kinetics, or augmentors, depending on the effects they produced. After his early experience he focused his attention particularly on lymphocytes in peripheral blood samples; he claimed to have observed rapid division in them, although at that time they were looked upon as end cells without a future. He contended that his results challenged what had become the orthodox view of the role of the nucleus in mitosis, asserting that cytologists had been led astray by relying on examination of fixed, dead structures. When doubt was cast on his claim to have induced cell division, his brother Ronald, Nobel laureate in physiology or medicine, came to his defense, but to no avail, and although he continued his experiments for a number of years they were quietly forgotten. Fifty years later the occurrence of mitotic division of peripheral blood lymphocytes was established beyond any doubt by Nowell and Hirschhorn.
Was Darwin a Creationist?
Authors: Cosans Chris
Published: August 2005

Throughout the Origin of Species, Darwin contrasts his theory of natural selection with the theory that God independently created each species. This makes it seem as though the Origin offers a scientific alternative to a theological worldview. A few months after the Origin appeared, however, the eminent anatomist Richard Owen published a review that pointed out the theological assumptions of Darwin's theory. Owen worked in the tradition of rational morphology, within which one might suggest that evolution occurs by processes that are continuous with those by which life arises from matter; in contrast, Darwin rested his account of life's origins on the notion that God created one or a few life forms upon which natural selection could act. Owen argued that Darwin's reliance on God to explain the origins of life makes his version of evolution no less supernatural than the special creationist that Darwin criticizes: although Darwin limits God to one or a few acts of creation, he still relies upon God to explain life's existence.
Ethical Issues in Animal Cloning
Authors: Fiester Autumn
Published: August 2005

The issue of human reproductive cloning has recently received a great deal attention in public discourse. Bioethicists, policy makers, and the media have been quick to identify the key ethical issues involved in human reproductive cloning and to argue, almost unanimously, for an international ban on such attempts. Meanwhile, scientists have proceeded with extensive research agendas in the cloning of animals. Despite this research, there has been little public discussion of the ethical issues raised by animal cloning projects. Polling data show that the public is decidedly against the cloning of animals. To understand the public's reaction and fill the void of reasoned debate about the issue, we need to review the possible objections to animal cloning and assess the merits of the anti–animal cloning stance. Some objections to animal cloning (e.g., the impact of cloning on the population of unwanted animals) can be easily addressed, while others (e.g., the health of cloned animals) require more serious attention by the public and policy makers.
The Bells Are Ringing: Tinnitus in Their Own Words
Authors: Morgenstern Leon
Published: August 2005

Tinnitus, commonly known as "ringing in the ears," is the perception of a ringing noise or other sound within the head when none exists. It is a malady that affects millions, so its occurrence among the famous comes as no surprise. Beginning with Pliny the Elder, who coined the term, this essay describes the travails of a dozen well-known subjects afflicted with this disorder, through several centuries, principally in their own words. For some it was a burden to be endured; for others, it was unendurable. Suggested remedies were many and oft-times strange; cure, even now, is nonexistent.
"Meaning-Making" in Language and Biology
Authors: Neuman Yair
Published: August 2005

The linguistic metaphor in biology adheres to a representational theory that seeks similarities between pre-given domains. The point of departure of this paper is the generative and nonrepresentational conception of metaphor. This paper argues that by adopting the nonrepresentational conception of metaphor, meaning-making may be the appropriate perspective for understanding biological systems. In both cases (the linguistic and the biological), boundary conditions between different levels of organization use micro-level disorganization to create macro-level organization.
The Emergence of Multiple Sclerosis, 1870-1950: A Puzzle of Historical Epidemiology
Authors: Talley Colin Lee
Published: August 2005

In 1868, Jean-Martin Charcot identified multiple sclerosis (MS) as a distinct nosological entity. By 1870, American neurologists became aware of the "new" disease and began to diagnose cases in the United States. For the next 50 years, however, American physicians thought it was a rare condition. From 1920 to 1950, this perception changed dramatically; by 1950, neurologists considered it among the most common neurological diseases in America. The increasing prevalence of MS between 1920 and 1950 can largely be explained as an effect of an increase in the number of trained neurologists, urbanization, a changed ecology of disease, and altered concepts of gender and disease. Physicians recognized MS more frequently because over time there were more neurologists who had the skills necessary to make the difficult diagnosis, and because patients were more likely to be seen by a trained neurologist. Significant numbers of patients with MS had been misdiagnosed with other diseases such as hysteria and neurosyphilis; over time, they were increasingly diagnosed correctly.
Ethnic Geography Dynamics: Clues from Los Angeles
Authors: Allen James Paul
Published: August 2005

The five-county metropolitan region of Los Angeles has such large ethnic populations that it can show ethnic geography trends and patterns not easily identified in smaller places. I use Los Angeles to illustrate three dynamics that seem neglected in the urban literature. First, significant out-movement from poor, more central areas of Los Angeles into suburbs means that Blacks, Latinos, and Asians are no longer trapped in such neighborhoods, as was the case a half century ago. Second, many suburbs, particularly those built after about 1970, contain racially and ethnically diverse populations, some with very low levels of residential segregation between groups. Last, rates of ethnic group intermarriage with other groups are higher outside each group's area of residential concentration, and Blacks and Whites in Los Angeles are more likely to be married outside their respective groups than in the U.S. as a whole. All this evidence suggests the value of studying Los Angeles and suburbs as indicators of the nation's future ethnic geography.
Building and Maintaining Urban Water Infrastructure: Phoenix, Arizona, from 1950 to 2003
Authors: Burns Elizabeth K , Kenney Eric D
Published: August 2005

Clean urban water, distributed and collected through centralized regional infrastructure, is a driving force in development of the rapidly growing metropolitan regions of the arid Southwest. This study examines the internal magnitude and location of water infrastructure in the city of Phoenix, Arizona, from 1953 to 2003. Regional building-permit data were the basis for identifying six cycles of boom-and-bust real estate activity. Using Water Services Department GIS files, we find that the grid of 1-mile arterial streets provided a systematic framework for incremental water infrastructure expansion. Over this 50-year period, the water system consolidated existing settlements with private water sources and aggressively provided revenue-generating services to an expanding customer base. By 1994–2003, however, new urban fringe development existed only at the northern and southwestern boundaries of this extensive central city. Water infrastructure activities now increasingly included replacement for intensified service, renovation, maintenance, and repair. Detailed analyses of this and other urban water systems provide an additional source of broad insights into processes of both external fringe development and internal land intensification.
The City as an Image-creation Machine: A Critical Analysis of Vancouver's Olympic Bid
Authors: McCallum Katherine , Spencer Amy , Wyly Elvin K
Published: August 2005

The strategic mobilization of images, visual metaphors, and other forms of graphical rhetoric has always been central in place promotion. Images of place have assumed even greater importance, however, with the rise of locational tournaments of cities bidding for the "right" to host high-stakes transnational spectacles. In this paper, we adapt Harvey Molotch's pioneering theory of the urban growth machine to illuminate the contemporary enterprise of city bids for the Olympic Games. Taking Vancouver's successful bid for the 2010 Winter Games as a case study, we use a visual methodology framework to analyze the manifest (explicit, surface) and latent (implicit, subtle) visual narrative strategies used to craft a carefully considered representation of the city. Our analysis of the official Bid Questionnaire and the video presentation to the International Olympic Committee documents the sophisticated process by which a city is constructed to embody pristine urban nature, multicultural social harmony, and vibrant local cultures of sport in keeping with the spirit of Olympism. Whether imagined cities like this are effective is irrelevant: cities understand that half of their advertising budget is wasted (they just don't know which half). The expanding symbolic economies of tourism, conventions, and hallmark events require that urban growth machines develop and operate a full suite of image creation machines, each attuned to the real and perceived desires of an elusive transnational audience in a perpetual movable feast of locational consumption.
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Case Study in Real Estate Appraisal: Temecula Olive Oil Company
Authors: Summers Nancy
Published: August 2005

This paper introduces geographers to the field of commercial real estate appraisal using the case study of the Temecula Olive Oil Company site in Aguanga, California. The appraisal was prepared by the author while an employee of Tierra West Appraisal & Land Use Dynamics, Inc. in Hemet, California, for Citizens Business Bank for purposes of new loan financing. The 26-acre site consists of level-to-rolling topography, expansive views, a lake and campsite, 5 acres of olive and grape agriculture, a business office, barn, storage shed, winery and olive press, and proposed event room. The steps necessary to properly appraise the site include concepts and analyses familiar to geographers, such as research into appropriate market areas, map interpretation and land use, slope analysis, strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats (SWOT), and highest and best use. Real estate appraisal is a multidisciplinary field that incorporates aspects from geography, economics, finance, environmental planning, and law. Typical appraisal tools include aerial photos, topographic maps, as well as handheld computers, GIS, and GPS.
). This is a summary of an example of an actual appraisal, and so does not conform to the normal style and format of typical academic papers. Several terms that are routinely used in appraisals are used here, such as referring to the parcel under consideration as the subject property, and references to other works are lacking.
Desire and Generic Differentiation in Trouvere Song
Authors: Dell Helen
Published: August 2005

Masculine desire in trouv�re song is a product of generic differentiation, posed as opposition. The generic affiliation of a song is linked to the relation of the lyric subject to the object of his desire, in particular through the difference made by the inclusion or exclusion of narrative elements in songs. Two songs, representative of two trouv�re genres, the chanson and the pastourelle, are examined in some detail, with the aim of distinguishing between the claims of the lyric subject and the hidden desire which emerges against his claims. Lacanian psychoanalytic theory assists in bringing these hidden desires to the light.
Exile and the Poetic Standpoint of the Troubadour Bertran de Born
Authors: Diggelmann Lindsay
Published: August 2005

Thanks to his close connections to the Plantagenets and his surviving poems, the twelfth-century troubadour Bertran de Born is a figure of interest to historians and literary scholars alike. In two poems addressed to Matilda, daughter of Henry II, Bertran examines themes of separation, dislocation, and exile in the context of what at first appears to be a standard 'courtly love' text. The idea of exile recurs at several other points in his work alongside his more obvious concerns of love, feudal politics, and crusading, providing an interesting angle for a fresh assessment of Bertran's poetic corpus.
The Other Story: Female Friendship in the Middle English Ywain and Gawain
Authors: Findon Joanne
Published: August 2005

The Middle English romance Ywain and Gawain elaborates its primary theme, a concern with trowth and luf, through its depiction of the friendship between two women – the aristocratic heroine Alundyne and her faithful maidservant Lunet. Their relationship generates the main components of the chivalric plot and grounds the thematic agenda of the romance in private female speech, thus presenting an alternative to the competitive male ethos of the chivalric romance.
Philosophy and Metaphor: The Significance of Christine's 'Blunders'
Authors: Green Karen
Published: August 2005

Three cases where Christine de Pizan seems to have transformed her sources are discussed. The first involves a fusion of the Tiburtine and Cumean sibyls, the second Christine's treatment of the poetic muses, and the third the image of felicité humaine introduced at the beginning of Le Livre du corps de policie. It is argued that where Christine transforms her sources she is making a distinct philosophical point. In the third of these transformations she shows a subtle appreciation of the sexism of a traditional philosophical metaphor, which she cleverly undermines and subverts.
'The dark and vicious place': The Location of Sexual Transgression and its Punishment on the Early Modern English Stage
Authors: Madelaine Richard
Published: August 2005

In those texts from Kyd to Ford that explore the interconnections between lust, tyranny and death, the 'dark and vicious place' is a generic location that connotes both illicit desire and the grave. Singular in significance, this intimate stage space is literally a plurality of locations ranging beyond the bedchamber, from bower and sunless spot to closet and tomb. Where exactly these sites are located on the stage is seldom clear, though they can only serve their purpose if clearly visible to the audience. As sites of both sexual transgression and murder, they have emblematic functions that play on the notion of false security, sometimes intensifying the sensationalism of the situation and sometimes invoking the witness-function of audience and stage audience. Chronologically, there is an increasing tendency for dramatists to use more 'domestic' versions of the 'dark and vicious place'.
Clothing Bodies, Dressing Rooms: Fashioning Fecundity in The Lisle Letters
Authors: Mann Catherine
Published: August 2005

One of the preparations for early modern childbirth was obtaining the necessary material goods for the pregnancy, birth, and lying-in. Indeed, for noble families, childbirth was marked by the increase in bought and borrowed possessions surrounding and enclosing the body of the pregnant woman. Traditionally and historically, both mother and father had defined roles to play in preparing for the birth of a child. But it was not just parents who participated in the materiality of childbirth rituals; servants, too, had their part to play. Through the objects and clothes that male servants provided, men were able to prepare for pregnancy in ways that broader society deemed legitimate and necessary. The role of Lord Lisle's man, John Husee, in procuring bedding and clothing for Lady Lisle's lying-in reveals a crucial episode in the material and emotional construction of early modern maternity.
Barking Up the Wrong Tree? The Significance of the chienet in Old French Romance
Authors: Ramm Ben
Published: August 2005

The presence of dogs in medieval literary texts frequently attracts comment for reasons of symbolism or illustration, but rarely has the specifically narrative function of this creature been subjected to critical analysis. Cultural conceptions of the dog during the medieval period are characterized by a fundamental ambiguity; it is represented either as an unclean, quasi-heretical hell-hound, or else gentrified and even partly humanized as man's best friend. This paradox might invite a reading of the dog as something liminal or undecidable, an abjection which contaminates those literary texts in which the dog has a specific narrative function. Using examples from a number of mostly Old French texts, it is argued that this function often reveals a chaotic current in the text, demonstrating the workings of a disruptive underside of language which cannot be properly represented, but which disturbs the ordered system of the narrative.
Athelston and English Law: Plantagenet Practice and Anglo-Saxon Precedent
Authors: Young Helen
Published: August 2005

The Middle English romance Athelston deals with an issue that was extremely topical to the time of writing at the end of the fourteenth century, that is, treason. Two concepts of treason, personal and institutional, are opposed in the text. The work seeks to retrieve the Anglo-Saxon past through the operation of historical nostalgia in which Saxon history shown as a time of divine blessing and intervention. It also speaks directly to contemporary concerns by establishing an opposition between established English custom and foreign innovation in terms of royal power and prerogative. This is done through the treatment of the law and legal procedure, specifically surrounding the issue of treason. As a result the work can be read as an assertion of English national identity through the deployment of Anglo-Saxon history and the affirmation of English law in comparison to French models.
The Scriblerian Sublime
Authors: Fanning Christopher
Published: August 2005

This essay argues against the easy assumption of a shift in eighteenth- century aesthetics away from neoclassical satire toward a "preromantic" sublime. With particular attention to the engagement of Pope and Swift with Longinus, a methodology common to both Scriblerian satire and On the Sublime can be articulated, one that employs categories of identity and difference to produce both satiric and sublime effects. In particular, both Longinus and the Scriblerians develop a sense of performative textuality most evident in the vivid use of typography by Swift, Pope, and Sterne. What is in Longinus a critical self-reflexivity becomes a self-conscious material performance in the satirists.
The Hunted Stag and the Beheaded King
Authors: Carson Anne Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Seventeenth-century poets of postwar England address the aftermath of regicide through traditional elegy and funereal lament. As the century wears on, however, artists come to write about the beheading of the king using a more sophisticated sentimental idiom. Poets such as John Denham, Margaret Cavendish, and Andrew Marvell utilize the allegorical figure of the stalked deer to illustrate more clearly the brutality of which men are capable and to vivify the pain and suffering experienced by the vanquished monarch. This essay examines their methods and reasons for fusing Charles's memory with the pathetic symbol of the hunted stag.
Authorship, Print, and Public in Chesterfield's Letters to His Son
Authors: Dean Ann C.
Published: August 2005

The Earl of Chesterfield was no celebrator of the universal, the printed, or the public. But his private letters, written in manuscript for a single reader, eventually became a printed book that sold well and remains in print today. In the letters the earl advised his son, repetitively and exhaustively, about how to impress and influence the people around him. He attempted to affect a distant audience through the medium of his son's flawless behavior. In creating this mediated address to an absent public, Chesterfield began the process that would make him a popular author of cheap printed books.
Wit and The Spectator's Ethics of Desire
Authors: Kraft Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

An ethical analysis is particularly apt for explaining sites of contested values. The Spectator papers demonstrate the term "wit" to be such a site, revealing rather than resolving the various cultural demands, energies, and desires attached to language in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. In his extended series on wit, Joseph Addison fuses politics, epistemology, and aesthetics in the value-laden discourse that is the tool as well as the product of internalized regulation, but as he does so he also reveals the power and appeal of the habits of mind and language he is attempting to discredit and replace.
Recent Studies in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century
Authors: McKeon Michael
Published: August 2005

An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of the works received by SEL for consideration follow.
Staying Out Late: Anne Finch's Poetics of Evening
Authors: Miller Christopher
Published: August 2005

This essay explores the innovative significance of Anne Finch's poem, A Nocturnal Reverie (1713): as a gender inflected revision of Virgil's tropes of pastoral retirement and twilight closure in the Eclogues; and as an imaginative engagement with Milton's scenes of epithalamium, sleep, and nocturnal vagrancy in Paradise Lost. The essay argues that by enacting a mental state of reverie, Finch mediates between two models of Miltonic night wandering—the Penseroso's vocational deliberation and Eve's involuntary dream of Satanic transgression. It concludes by showing how the poem anticipates the rise of a later-eighteenth-century poetics of evening.
Pope, John Rackett, and the Slave Trade
Authors: Pritchard Jonathan
Published: August 2005

Within the last decade, a number of studies have considered how slavery features in the work of Alexander Pope. Valuable though such accounts have been to our critical understanding, a complementary chapter of Pope's life has been neglected. John Rackett, the poet's nephew, was for many years an officer in Britain's merchant marine. This article elaborates on Pope's correspondence and conversation to show both that Rackett was an active participant in the slave trade and that the poet himself moved in slaving circles. Literary history finally affords a new perspective on the interdependent economies of the English Atlantic world.
Modern Warfare in Early-Eighteenth-Century Poetry
Authors: Richardson John
Published: August 2005

Between 1704 and 1709 large numbers of poems celebrated allied victories in the War of the Spanish Succession. Most of the poems attempted at once to adapt the heroic forms of the ancients and to represent modern battle accurately. The two aims proved incompatible. Modern war and the modern understanding of war brought constraints on representation and ideas about the nature of heroism that sit uneasily in ancient forms. By the end of the war, there seems to have been a growing realization that ancient martial models might not fit, or be made to fit, modern experience.
The Verbal System of Catalan Sign Language (LSC)
Authors: Morales-Lopez Esperanza , Boldu-Menasanch Rosa Maria , Alonso-Rodriguez Jesus Amador , Gras-Ferrer Victoria , Rodriguez-Gonzalez Maria Angeles
Published: August 2005

This article describes the predicative verbal system of Catalan Sign Language (LSC) as it is used by Deaf people in the province of Barcelona. We also present a historical perspective of the research on this topic, which provides insight into the changes that have taken place over the last few decades in sign language linguistics. The principal differences between these languages and oral ones include the visual character of their linguistic units and the use of the space in front of the signer (neutral space) to describe events of the real world. This space is broadly exploited in the verb structure, which constitutes a complex gestural form that accumulates most of the
information in the sentence and the discourse as a whole. For this reason, since the 1970s, descriptions of these verb systems have attracted the attention of numerous researchers.
Deaf Parents' Perspectives on Deaf Education
Authors: Thumann-Prezioso Carlene
Published: August 2005

For the study reported in this article, Deaf couples were interviewed at two different times regarding their views on deaf education. Questions in the first interview focused on the parents� views of their preschool children�s education as well as their opinion of their own school experiences. Questions also covered language use at school and the importance of the Deaf culture. These parents also discussed their hope that the schools would provide their Deaf children with quality education and that the curriculum would be equivalent to what the public schools used with hearing children. Additional topics dealt with the use of speech and hearing aids in school and the use of American Sign Language at home and at school. A follow-up interview took place nine years later, and while many of the same themes were addressed, new areas of concern also emerged.
Letters and Love in Colonial Spanish America
Authors: A.X.  , Earle Rebecca
Published: August 2005

Is love a modern invention? This question is perhaps not quite as ludicrous as it might appear. For nearly three decades scholars have been exploring whether contemporary ideas about love are in fact as ancient as we might believe. As a result of these investigations, some historians have concluded that our current attitudes towards love date from no earlier than the seventeenth century. This opinion was expressed most forcefully by Lawrence Stone in his 1977The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500-1800.In this path-breaking study Stone argued that recognizably modern ideas about marriage did not emerge in England until the seventeenth century. Only then did what he called “companionate marriage” develop. “Companionate marriage,” as described by Stone, was characterized by certain distinguishing features.
The Politics of Death: State Funerals as Rites of Reconciliation in Porfirian Mexico, 1876-1889
Authors: Esposito Matthew D.
Published: August 2005

In 1876, the Revolution of Tuxtepec raged in the Mexican countryside, producing more war dead for families to mourn. The timely arrival of General Manuel González on the battlefield at the hacienda of Tecoac (Tlaxcala) forced Federal Army General Ignacio Alatorre to surrender to the rebels on November 16. Without an army, President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada went into exile and the forces of General Porfirio Díaz entered Mexico City unopposed. Widespread melancholia continued through December. The journalist “Juvenal” (Enrique Chávarri) wrote about the gloomy outlook in the capital, where no serenades or social gatherings rang in the new year. Instead of patronizing restaurants, people flocked to churches to pray for a better year.
History versus Juan Diego
Authors: Poole Stafford
Published: August 2005

On April 12 1939, from his place of exile in San Antonio, Texas, José de Jesús Manríquez y Zárate, first bishop of Huejutla, Mexico, wrote a pastoral letter to his priests and people, exhorting them to work for the cause of Juan Diego’s beatification. This was the first effective step in the process of canonizing the indigenous peasant who in 1531 is said to have experienced the apparitions of Our Lady of Guadalupe. The story of these apparitions has been the subject of intense controversy, especially with regard to their historical reality and the existence of Juan Diego.
Amores Prohibidos: The Consequences of the Clash of Juridical Norms in Sixteenth Century Peru
Authors: Ramirez Susan Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Laws make criminals.

Lao-tzu, Chinese Philosopher

(circa sixth century B.C.E.)

Fundamental to the establishment of Spanish colonial power in America was the formation of a system of laws and the invention or extension of institutions needed to implement them. In Peru, a more systematic imposition of Spanish regulation began in the 1540s with the introduction of the New Laws (1542), which were directed to the west coast of South America in 1543 by the first appointed Viceroy, the ill-fated peninsular noble, thecaballero(gentleman) Blasco Nuñez Vela.
Potential-Averaged Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Tian Z. Q. , Li W. H. , Mao B. W. , Zou S. Z. , Gao J. S.
Published: August 2005

This paper describes a novel technique called potential-averaged surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (PASERS) which has several advantages over SERS. A PASERS spectrum is acquired when the electrode is rapidly modulated between two potentials by applying a square-wave voltage. The potential-averaged SERS spectrum contains all the information on the surface species at the two modulated potentials, and each individual SERS spectrum can then be extracted by deconvolution. By properly choosing the two modulating potentials, one can obtain SERS spectra of surface species at electrode potentials where SERS-active sites are normally unstable. PASERS also leads to a unique way of studying complex interfacial kinetic processes by controlling the voltage pulse height, frequency, and shape. Moreover, the measurement of time-resolved spectra in the very low vibrational frequency region can be achieved by PASERS with the use of a conventional scanning spectrometer with a single-channel detector. In this paper, the main advantages of PASERS are illustrated by studying two typical SERS systems, i.e., thiocyanate ion and thiourea adsorbed at silver electrodes, respectively. It is shown that the potential-averaging method can be applied as a common method to many other existing spectroelectrochemical techniques.
Perceptions of Driver Distraction by Cellular Phone Users and Nonusers
Authors: Wogalter Michael S. , Mayhorn Christopher B.
Published: August 2005

The present study examined the perceptions of cellular phone users and nonusers on issues relating to vehicle control and driver distraction. Participants were asked if they own a cellular phone; if so, how much they use it; and their beliefs regarding cellular phone use while driving, including actions involving the use of cellular phones which could potentially cause vehicular accidents and the need for laws. A total of 330 individuals participated; 72% owned a cellular phone. The results indicate that nonusers of cellular phones believed more strongly than users that cellular phone use while driving negatively affects driving performance and that talking on the cellular phone could potentially cause an accident, and they also had a greater preference for new laws limiting such acts. Cellular phone users, more than nonusers, preferred no laws limiting cellular phone use and believed more strongly that other people driving while using a cellular phone were more dangerous than themselves doing the same. Implications of these results are discussed. Actual or potential applications of this research include interventions that limit driver distractibility.
Comprehending Product Warning Information: Age-Related Effects and the Roles of Memory, Inferencing, and Knowledge
Authors: Hancock Holly E. , Fisk Arthur D. , Rogers Wendy A.
Published: August 2005

Two experiments were conducted to determine if age affects comprehension for explicit and implied warning information and, if so, to reveal the nature of such effects. Experiment 1 measured younger (18-23 years) and older (65-75 years) adults' comprehension for real-world warnings via a verification test presented immediately after reading the warnings or after a delay. In Experiment 2, younger (18-22 years) and older (64-76 years) participants also read fabricated warnings that were inconsistent with real-world knowledge. In both experiments, older adults frequently failed to infer the correct hazard and safety information. The older adults also had trouble understanding warning information even when it was explicitly stated (when no inferences were required), especially when memory demands were high and product-specific knowledge could not be used. That many of the older adults did not understand commonly used product warnings indicates that the wording on many household products is not conducive to being understood by everyone who uses them. Actual or potential applications of this research include the recommendation that designers of product labels, warnings, and instructions should consider minimizing memory load and maximizing opportunities for knowledge application when designing consumer warnings.
Convergence of Self-Report and Archival Crash Involvement Data: A Two-Year Longitudinal Follow-Up
Authors: Arthur Winfred , Bell Suzanne T. , Edwards Bryan D. , Day Eric Anthony , Tubre Travis C. , Tubre Amber H.
Published: August 2005

This study constructively extends Arthur et al. (2001) by assessing the convergence of self-report and archival motor vehicle crash involvement and moving violations data in a 2-year longitudinal follow-up. The relationships among these criteria, conscientiousness, and driving speed were also assessed using both predictive and postdictive criterion-related validation designs. Data were collected from a 2-year follow-up sample of 334 participants. Results suggested a lack of convergence between self-report and archival data at both Time 1 and Time 2. In addition, the predictor/criterion relationships varied across research design and data source. An actual application of our findings is that the interpretation of relationships between specified predictors and crash involvement and moving violations must be made within the context of the criterion-related validation design and criterion data source. Specifically, predictive designs may produce results different from those of postdictive designs (which are more commonly used). Furthermore, self-report data appear to include a broader range of incidents (more crashes and tickets), and thus researchers should consider using self-report data when they are interested in including lower threshold crashes and tickets that may not be reported on state records (e.g., because of the completion of a defensive driving course)
Aging and Response Selection in Spatial Choice Tasks
Authors: Proctor Robert W. , Vu Kim-Phuong L. , Pick David F.
Published: August 2005

Factors that make response selection more difficult, most notably incompatibility between displays and controls, degrade performance. The cost of incompatibility on performance is often much greater for older than for younger adults. To design products that accommodate decreased response selection capabilities of older adults, designers need to understand the specific ways in which response selection processes change with age. The purpose of the present paper is to review research on age-related changes in stimulus-response compatibility and response precuing effects, the two effects that are most directly linked to basic response selection processes. Several specific aspects of response selection that are particularly harmful for older adults' performance are identified. Potential applications of this research include initial guidelines for minimizing the effects of those aspects when designing for older adults.
An Evaluation of a "Time Tunnel" Display Format for the Presentation of Temporal Information
Authors: Bennett Kevin B. , Payne Michael , Walters Brett
Published: August 2005

The time tunnel display design technique combines the benefits of configural displays (salient visual properties corresponding to critical domain semantics) with the benefits of temporal information (i.e., the value of variables and properties over time). In Experiment 1 a baseline configural display and a time tunnel display were evaluated using real-time measures of system control, fault detection, and state estimation in a simulated process control task. The results provided little evidence in support of the time tunnel format. In Experiment 2 access to the temporal context was limited: Participants performed the detection and estimation tasks with static "snapshots" of system states that had been generated in Experiment 1. The overall pattern of results indicates that the time tunnel display was more effective for state estimation tasks than was the baseline configural display and or a trend display. Issues in the design of temporal displays are discussed, including representational formats and the choice of temporal time frames. Issues in the evaluation of temporal displays are also discussed, including the role of temporal information and the critical nature of participants' access to this information. Actual or potential applications of this research include design techniques for improving graphical displays and methodological insights to guide future evaluations.
Perceptual Processes Used by Drivers During Overtaking in a Driving Simulator
Authors: Gray Rob , Regan David M.
Published: August 2005

This study investigated the control strategies and decision making of drivers who were executing overtaking maneuvers in a fixed-base driving simulator. It was found that drivers were frequently inaccurate in deciding whether it was safe to overtake in front of an oncoming vehicle. One source of error in this situation was the control strategy adopted by the driver; in several instances our drivers initiated an overtaking maneuver when the oncoming car's distance was above a critical value, even though there was not sufficient time to complete a safe maneuver. Adaptation to closing speed (produced by driving on a straight open road) also had large effects on overtaking behavior. For all participants, closing speed adaptation resulted in decisions that were delayed, of higher risk, and more variable. Actual or potential applications of this research include improved training for younger drivers and the development of in-car interfaces that reduce closing speed adaptation.
Touch a Screen or Turn a Knob: Choosing the Best Device for the Job
Authors: Rogers Wendy A. , Fisk Arthur D. , McLaughlin Anne Collins , Pak Richard
Published: August 2005

Input devices enable users to interact with systems. In two experiments, we assessed whether and how task demands and user age influenced task performance for a direct input device (touch screen) and an indirect input device (rotary encoder). In Experiment 1, 40 younger (18-28 years) and 40 middle-aged to older adults(51--65 years) performed tasks using controls such as sliders, up/down buttons, list boxes, and text boxes while using a system. The optimal input device to facilitate performance was dependent on the task being performed and the age of the user. In Experiment 2, touch screen use was assessed for 20 younger (19--23 years) and 20 older adults (51--70 years). Task demands were manipulated through button size, movement distance, direction, and type of movement. Performance was moderated by the age of the user and by task demands. Actual or potential applications of this research include guidance for the optimal selection of input devices for different user populations and task characteristics.
Effects of Visual Flow Display of Flight Maneuvers on Perceived Spatial Orientation
Authors: Eriksson Lars , von Hofsten Claes
Published: August 2005

Postural responses were utilized as measures of the effectiveness of a wide-angle visual flow display in determining perceived spatial orientation (SO). The general experimental setup included a 150° × 34° wide-field display showing flight over computer-generated ground with horizon. Simulated roll maneuvers on this display induced postural sway in the observer that was registered by a head-tracker system. Two experiments with 16 participants in each investigated the effects of visual flow, display exclusions in the central visual field, and display extensions into the visual periphery. Clear vestibular and proprioceptive suppression effects were demonstrated on postural sway with the inclusion of visual flow of forward ego motion in roll maneuvers. Compared with the full view, up to 20° × 20° central field omission either did not reduce the effect or reduced the effect but, frequently, only moderately. Limiting the display area to 45° in the horizontal dimension reduced display effectiveness significantly, whereas a 105° area did not, compared with the full view. Utilizing postural responses as indications of visual display resonance with our SO mechanism, actual or potential applications of this research include the design of an interface integrating flight-adapted visual flow to counteract or reduce pilot spatial disorientation.
Predictors of Web Navigation Performance in a Life Span Sample of Adults
Authors: Laberge Jason C. , Scialfa Charles T.
Published: August 2005

The influence of age, subject matter knowledge, working memory, reading abilities, spatial abilities, and processing speed on Web navigation was assessed in a sample of 41 participants between the ages of 19 and 83 years. Each participant navigated a stand-alone tourism Web site to find answers to 12 questions. Performance was measured using time per trial, number of pages per trial, and number of revisited pages per trial. Age did not influence the number of total pages or repeat pages visited, which were predicted by domain knowledge, working memory, and processing speed. Age was associated with slower times per trial, and the effect remained significant after controlling for working memory, processing speed, and spatial abilities. Only with the addition of subject matter knowledge and World Wide Web experience was the age effect eliminated. Actual or potential applications of this research include redesigning Web sites to minimize memory demands and enhance visual segmentation. The data also suggest that age differences in Web navigation can be offset partially by taking advantage of older adults' prior experiences in the domain.
Cognitive Anchoring on Self-Generated Decisions Reduces Operator Reliance on Automated Diagnostic Aids
Authors: Madhavan Poornima , Wiegmann Douglas A.
Published: August 2005

Automation users often disagree with diagnostic aids that are imperfectly reliable. The extent to which users' agreements with an aid are anchored to their personal, self-generated diagnoses was explored. Participants (N = 75) performed 200 trials in which they diagnosed pump failures using an imperfectly reliable automated aid. One group (nonforced anchor, n = 50) provided diagnoses only after consulting the aid. Another group (forced anchor, n = 25) provided diagnoses both before and after receiving feedback from the aid. Within the nonforced anchor group, participants' self-reported tendency to prediagnose system failures significantly predicted their tendency to disagree with the aid, revealing a cognitive anchoring effect. Agreement rates of participants in the forced anchor group indicated that public commitment to a diagnosis did not strengthen this effect. Potential applications include the development of methods for reducing cognitive anchoring effects and improving automation utilization in high-risk domains.
The Efficacy of Naps as a Fatigue Countermeasure: A Meta-Analytic Integration
Authors: Driskell James E. , Mullen Brian
Published: August 2005

Modern requirements for extended operations in aviation, transportation, the military, and industry have led to extensive research on countermeasures to mitigate the adverse effects of fatigue. The goals of this research were to (a) summarize and integrate existing research on naps as a fatigue countermeasure using metaanalysis, (b) identify the strength and significance of the effects of naps on performance and feelings of fatigue, and (c) identify factors that may moderate the effects of napping as a fatigue countermeasure. The results of these analyses can be used to predict nap efficacy as a function of length of the nap and the postnap interval. The results of these analyses also suggest an approach to work design that takes into account the optimal effects of naps as a fatigue countermeasure. Actual or potential applications of this research include the development of optimal work schedules to minimize fatigue and increase safety.
Height Effects in Real and Virtual Environments
Authors: Simeonov Peter I. , Hsiao Hongwei , DotsonM Brian W. , Ammons Douglas E.
Published: August 2005

The study compared human perceptions of height, danger, and anxiety, as well as skin conductance and heart rate responses and postural instability effects, in real and virtual height environments. The 24 participants (12 men, 12 women), whose average age was 23.6 years, performed "lean-over-the-railing" and standing tasks on real and comparable virtual balconies, using a surround-screen virtual reality (SSVR) system. The results indicate that the virtual display of elevation provided realistic perceptual experience and induced some physiological responses and postural instability effects comparable to those found in a real environment. It appears that a simulation of elevated work environment in a SSVR system, although with reduced visual fidelity, is a valid tool for safety research. Potential applications of this study include the design of virtual environments that will help in safe evaluation of human performance at elevation, identification of risk factors leading to fall incidents, and assessment of new fall prevention strategies.
Effects of Voice Technology on Test Track Driving Performance: Implications for Driver Distraction
Authors: Ranney Thomas A. , Harbluk Joanne L. , Noy Y. Ian
Published: August 2005

This work compares the degradation in driving performance associated with secondary tasks performed with voice-based and visual/manual interfaces, including radio tuning, phone dialing, and more complex tasks involving a sequence of interactions with an in-vehicle computer system. Twenty-one participants drove an instrumented vehicle while performing a combination of car-following, peripheral target detection, and secondary tasks on a closed test track. Drivers compensated for increased task demands associated with secondary tasks by increasing their following distance. Performing secondary tasks also resulted in significant decrements to vehicle control, target detection, and car-following performance. The voice-based interface helped reduce the distracting effects of secondary task performance. Modest improvements were observed for measures of vehicle control and target detection but not for car following. The results indicated that performing in-vehicle tasks required diversion of both peripheral (visual and manual) and attentional (cognitive) resources from driving. The voice-based interface reduced the peripheral impairment but did not appreciably reduce the attentional impairment. Actual or potential applications of this research include improvements to the design of invehicle information systems and the development of evaluation protocols to assess their distraction potential.