bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where I Was Is Not Where I Am
Authors: Kant Jared Douglas , Franklin Martin , Andrews Linda Wasmer
Published: November 2023

In college, I enrolled in a class called The Therapeutic Uses of Writing—an interesting and somewhat unorthodox class in which psychology and creative writing were intertwined. As students, we were encouraged to keep journals and write about what was bothering us whenever we could. I found myself having increasing difficulty when I would read or write certain words and phrases. They would trigger anxiety and obsessions, which, in turn, would trigger the compulsion to put down what I was working on. Needless to say, this made it hard to get much writing done.

Eventually, it got bad enough that I started e-mailing my writing professors everything I had written so far, even if it wasn’t yet complete. When I finally finished a writing assignment, I would e-mail it off right after I typed the last word of the last sentence, sometimes even without spellchecking. The idea was that, even if the next thing I did was to delete my work, I wouldn’t lose the bulk of the writing. I could pick up where I had left off simply by contacting my professors and asking them to e-mail me the last file I had sent them.
Introduction
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Her eyes were what everyone noticed first. Dark and widely set, they dominated her plain, square face. Her “glare would wilt a cactus,” declared Newsweek magazine, but to Ayn Rand’s admirers, her eyes projected clairvoyance, insight, profundity. “When she looked into my eyes, she looked into my soul, and I felt she saw me,” remembered one acquaintance. Readers of her books had the same feeling. Rand’s words could penetrate to the core, stirring secret selves and masked dreams. A graduate student in psychology told her, “Your novels have had a profound influence on my life. It was like being reborn What was really amazing is that I don’t remember ever having read a book from cover to cover. Now, I’m just the opposite. I’m always reading. I can’t seem to get enough knowledge.” Sometimes Rand provoked an adverse reaction. The libertarian theorist Roy Childs was so disturbed by The Fountainhead’s atheism that he burned the book after finishing it. Childs soon reconsidered and became a serious student and vigorous critic of Rand. Her works launched him, as they did so many others, on an intellectual journey that lasted a lifetime.
From Russia to Roosevelt
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: November 2023

It was a wintry day in 1918 when the Red Guard pounded on the door of Zinovy Rosenbaum’s chemistry shop. The guards bore a seal of the State of Russia, which they nailed upon the door, signaling that it had been seized in the name of the people. Zinovy could at least be thankful the mad whirl of revolution had taken only his property, not his life. But his oldest daughter, Alisa, twelve at the time, burned with indignation. The shop was her father’s; he had worked for it, studied long hours at university, dispensed valued advice and medicines to his customers. Now in an instant it was gone, taken to benefit nameless, faceless peasants, strangers who could offer her father nothing in return. The soldiers had come in boots, carrying guns, making clear that resistance would mean death. Yet they had spoken the language of fairness and equality, their goal to build a better society for all. Watching, listening, absorbing, Alisa knew one thing for certain: those who invoked such lofty ideals were not to be trusted. Talk about helping others was only a thin cover for force and power. It was a lesson she would never forget.
A New Credo of Freedom
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: November 2023

Ayn Rand’s interest in politics was all-consuming and her literary life was at a standstill. She left The Fountainhead manuscript largely unattended and plunged into another round of organizing efforts. Wielding Channing Pollock’s name and her writing, Rand began meeting as many New York “reactionaries” as possible. She was in a city known as the reddest in America; indeed the very phrase “New York intellectual” came to connote a certain type of leftist-literary thinker with Communist sympathies. What Rand joined instead was an alternate universe of other New York intellectuals, committed to free markets and laissez-faire.
Big Sister Is Watching You
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: November 2023

When the fountainhead was published Rand was an obscure author, unknown to the literary world. By contrast, legions awaited Atlas Shrugged. Buzz had been building about the book for years. The Fountainhead’s astounding sales, still strong a decade after publication, seemed to guarantee that her next work would be a blockbuster. Rand herself was becoming a mythological figure in New York, a vivid and memorable character rarely seen by those outside the Collective. Random House fed the beast with a series of teaser ads, a press conference, and a prominent display window on Madison Avenue. The word was out: a major new novel was on the way.
Love Is Exception Making
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: November 2023

By the middle of the 1960s Rand’s popularity among young conservatives, her open support of Goldwater, and the continued appeal of her books had pushed her to a new level of mainstream visibility. As a backlash unfolded against Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society and the war in Vietnam, Rand’s ideas seemed ever more relevant and compelling. In 1967 she was a guest on Johnny Carson’s Tonight Show three times in five months. Each time she explained to Carson the fundamentals of her philosophy, the audience response was so great she earned another invitation. Ted Turner, then a little-known media executive, personally paid for 248 billboards scattered throughout the South that read simply “Who is John Galt?” Ten years after the publication of Atlas Shrugged she was at the apex of her fame.
Next-Door Neighbors
Authors: Carter Prudence L
Published: November 2023

Various racial and ethnic groups experience economic, political and social marginalization. As a result, members of these groups sometimes cohere around a pan-minority identity at whose basis lie the experiences of subordination and inequality. At the same time, members of these groups can also maintain ethno-specific identities that signify their very different social and cultural histories and relationships to U.S. society. I apply this line of thought to the analyses of identity formation and cultural boundary maintenance (Lamont 2000) between the African American and Latino youths in this study.
Intervention Research
Authors: Fraser Mark W , Richman Jack M , Galinsky Maeda J , Day Steven H
Published: November 2023

When social workers draw on experience, theory, or data in order to develop new strategies or enhance existing ones, they are conducting intervention research. This relatively new field involves program design, implementation, and evaluation and requires a theory-based, systematic approach. Intervention Research presents such a framework. The five-step strategy described in this brief but thorough book ushers the reader from an idea’s germination through the process of writing a treatment manual, assessing program efficacy and effectiveness, and disseminating findings. Rich with examples drawn from child welfare, school-based prevention, medicine, and juvenile justice, Intervention Research relates each step of the process to current social work practice. It also explains how to adapt interventions for new contexts, and provides extensive examples of intervention research in fields such as child welfare, school-based prevention, medicine, and juvenile justice, and offers insights about changes and challenges in the field. This innovative pocket guide will serve as a solid reference for those already in the field, as well as help the next generation of social workers develop skills to contribute to the evolving field of intervention research.
The Child Welfare Unit
Authors: Hanna Michele D
Published: November 2023

Like that of many social service agencies, the organizational culture of public child welfare agencies is hierarchical in nature. At the top of the hierarchy is the state office or county administrators and at the bottom are the frontline workers. In between may be a number of levels of middle management, depending on the state’s administrative organization. Within the broader context of management, the level of management is dependent on the scope of responsibility (Menefee, 2004)—the lower the level of management, the narrower the scope of supervisory responsibility. In general, the child welfare agency is a workplace organized around the supervisory group or team or the child welfare unit, in which one supervisor is responsible for the supervision of a small number of frontline workers (Child Welfare League of America [CWLA], 1984). The effective child welfare unit supervisor must, therefore, understand group dynamics and development (Menefee, 2004; Salus, 2004).
Staring How We Look
Authors: Garland-Thomson Rosemarie
Published: November 2023

From a very young age we are told not to stare, and one hallmark of maturation is the ability to resist (or at least hide) our staring behavior. And yet, rarely do we master the impulse. Despite the complicated role it plays in our development, and its unique brand of visual enticement, staring has not been considered before as a suitable object for socio-cultural analysis. What is it about certain kinds of people that makes it impossible to take our eyes off them? Why are some visual stimuli irresistible? Why does staring produce so much anxiety? Drawing on examples from art, media, fashion, history and memoir, Garland-Thomson defines staring, explores the factors that motivate it, and considers the targets and the effects of the stare. A bodily inventory then enumerates how stares actually operate in daily life. A section on "Bodies" focuses on the question of size and scale as key indicators of normalcy, while certain body parts show themselves to be disproportionately arresting, as passages on "Faces" "Hands" and "Breasts" reveal. A concluding chapter on "Beholding" considers the frisson at play between starer and staree and offers an alternative way of understanding visual communication between people. Featuring over forty illustrations, Staring captures the stimulating combination of symbolic, material and emotional factors that make staring so irresistible while endeavoring to shift the usual response to staring, shame, into an engaged self-consideration. Elegant and provocative, this book advances new ways of thinking about visuality and the body that will appeal to readers who are interested in the overlap between the humanities and human behaviors.
A Parent’s Guide To Raising Grieving Children
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn
Published: November 2023

When children lose someone they love, they lose part of their very identity. Life, as they knew it, will never be quite the same. The world that once felt dependable and safe may suddenly seem a frightening, uncertain place, where nobody understands what they’re feeling. In this deeply sympathetic book, Phyllis R. Silverman and Madelyn Kelly offer wise guidance on virtually every aspect of childhood loss, from living with someone who’s dying to preparing the funeral; from explaining death to a two year old to managing the moods of a grieving teenager; from dealing with people who don’t understand to learning how and where to get help from friends, therapists, and bereavement groups; from developing a new sense of self to continuing a relationship with the person who died. Throughout, the authors advocate an open, honest approach, suggesting that our instinctive desire to “protect” children from the reality of death may be more harmful than helpful. “Children want you to acknowledge what is happening, to help them understand it,” the authors suggest. “In this way, they learn to trust their own ability to make sense out of what they see.” Drawing on groundbreaking research into what bereaved children are really experiencing, and quoting real conversations with parents and children who have walked that road, the book allows readers to see what others have learned from mourning and surviving the death of a loved one. In a culture where grief is so often invisible and misunderstood, the wisdom derived from such first-hand experience is invaluable. Filled with compassion and common sense, A Parent’s Guide to Raising Grieving Children: Rebuilding Your Family after the Loss of a Loved One offers readers a wealth of solace and sound advice, and even--where one might least expect it--a measure of hope.
Someone I Love Is Dying
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn
Published: November 2023

It’s impossible to describe the shock of hearing that your loved one has a serious illness that will lead to his or her death. And as if it’s not enough to digest this terrible news yourself, you have to figure out a way to integrate it into the heart of your family, and to keep that family going at the same time. Everything changes, from your daily routines to your vocabulary for talking to each other and with your children about this shadow that now hangs over the family. While dealing with your own great impending loss, you also need to be tuned into the changing needs of every family member, including the one who is ill.
After a Parent’s Death: A World Upside Down
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn
Published: November 2023

There’s no time line for pain. The funeral and the first worst days are over, but there will be countless difficult and harrowing days ahead. It is tremendously disorienting to return to the life you once had, minus your partner, because in many ways, that life does not exist any longer. You are now living between a tomorrow that will not happen and one that you never could have anticipated. Calm, happy days when your family moves smoothly through its routines are a thing of the past, and it may be a long time before they return.
After a Friend’s Death: Invisible Mourners
Authors: Silverman Phyllis R , Kelly Madelyn
Published: November 2023

The death of a friend is a little-explored and little-explained loss. Unlike the families of the dead, friends who grieve are often forgotten mourners, rarely receiving much support and guidance. For the young, in particular, a friend’s death is a challenge to their developing sense of self. It is through friendships that children expand beyond the family and begin to create a world of their own on their journey toward maturity. When a friend dies, they lose control of that world. Gila reflects on how Mara’s suicide destroyed her expectation that friendship is forever:
Cultural Relativism About Human Rights
Authors: Talbott William J
Published: November 2023

Anyone from a democratic country who claims human rights ought to be universal can expect to be accused of cultural imperialism. Lee Kwan Yew, the former prime minister of Singapore, is probably the best-known contemporary exponent of this argument. Under Lee, Singapore was nominally a democracy with a democratically elected government, but Lee was unabashed in imitating the techniques of the communists and even the Roman Catholic church for securing a one-party state. This included not only the suppression of any political opposition, but also the suppression of any criticism of the government in the press. In Singapore under Lee, almost all of the domestic news media were owned by the government, and all foreign news media were subject to strict regulation.
Handbook of Japanese Mythology
Authors: Ashkenazi Michael
Published: November 2023

Japanese gods, too numerous to count, are known collectively as yaoyorozu-no-kamigami--the eight million. They are the cast of a vast, complex mythology that encompasses two religions, three cultures, and three millennia, one whose ancient deities are still hard at work today. Handbook of Japanese Mythology makes it easy to travel this vast yet little-known mythological landscape. The book reveals the origins of Japan’s myths in the very different realms of Buddhism, Shinto, and folklore, and explores related mythologies of the Ainu and Okinawan cultures and recent myths arising from Japan’s encounters with modernization. It then offers vivid retellings of the central Shinto and Buddhist myths, plus descriptions of major historical figures, icons, rituals, and events. For students or long-time enthusiasts, it is the ideal guide for investigating Japanese reverence for the sun, the imperial family, and the virtues of purity and loyalty. Readers will also learn why sumo wrestlers stomp before each match, how a fussy baby creates thunder, why Japan has a god for soccer, and much more.
Mythic Time and Space
Authors: Ashkenazi Michael
Published: November 2023

The two dominant mythical timelines of Japanese thought, from Buddhism and from Shintō, are radically different in their origins as well as their beginnings, but they converge and eventually meld into a single progression centering on Japan and the Japanese people. One reason, perhaps, why the Japanese had no difficulty in reconciling Shintō and Buddhist myths is that each of these mythical traditions leaves large sections of the account blank, or at best, sketched in rather perfunctorily, so that it can be “filled in” by the other.

The Shintō mythical timeline can be divided into four eras. The first is the mythical era of the heavenly and earthly kami. This is the time for the creation of the heavens and earth, and for their population and organizing. The end of this era sees the earth created in all its aspects, and the earth kami subdued by the proper authority of the heavenly kami. The second era is that of the emperors. It details the lives of the emperors and their rule from the earliest and most mythical to the historical. The third era, of heroes, deals with the activities of a string of powerful warriors and heroes, many with a grain of historical fact. Some of the heroes fought to extend the imperial reign, and others fought for their kin and clan.
Using a Spatial Modeling Approach to Explore Ecological Factors Relevant to the Persistence of an Estuarine Fish (Fundulus heteroclitus) in a PCB-Contaminated Estuary
Authors: Nacci Diane E , Walters Steven , Gleason T , Munns W R
Published: November 2023

Although population (or any ecological) models do not reflect ecological realism completely, they provide an opportunity to systematically explore biological and ecological factors that affect population vitality, condition, or persistence. Their role in ecological risk assessment is further developed in this application of RAMAS GIS where models and data from a series of research studies were used to generate spatial projections reflecting effects of short-term or chronic, multigenerational exposure to toxic pollutants on resident fish populations. Specifically, real and simulated site-specific genetic, demographic, and toxicological information was incorporated into spatial population projections to explore the potential contributions to population persistence of a) connectivity among subpopulations (e.g., source–sink dynamics), and b) adaptive demographic variation among subpopulations. Populations of a small, nonmigratory flsh species, Fundulus heteroclitus (mum-michogs), resident to a highly contaminated estuary are being studied to improve predictions of population-level effects associated with exposures to dioxin-like compounds (DLCs), including the most toxic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners.
Endocrine Disruption in Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) on the Swedish Baltic Coast: Population-Level Effects of Male-Biased Broods
Authors: Hanson Niklas
Published: November 2023

Humans are, and have always been, dependent on the earth’s ecosystems. As the human population grows, the needs for ecosystems services (e.g., food production) increase. However, the growth of the human population in combination with increased per capita consumption has also led to large-scale degradation of ecosystems (Vitousek et al. 1997; Hughes and Tanner 2000; Tilman and Lehman 2001; Myers and Worm 2003; Penn 2003). The release of environmental toxicants is closely linked to the consumption of resources and has historically had severe effects on several ecosystem services, for example, restrictions on the consumption of fish from polluted waters. Besides health effects on humans, there is also the risk of a decline, or even extinction, of important species. Ever since the publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962, environmental toxicants have been on the political agenda. With increasing knowledge of environmental effects, restrictions and bans have been applied to some of the most examined toxicants, for example, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls).
Muslims in Post-Independence India
Authors: Wilkinson Steven I
Published: November 2023

Many observers think that the outlook for India’s 13 percent Muslim minority is bleak. The Congress Party, the post-independence guarantor of secularism and minority rights, has been losing power in India’s state assemblies since the 1960s, to a host of different ethnic and regional parties. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the party’s grip on power at the national level was shaken by two different political movements: one based around middle-caste and lower-caste interests, and the other around an aggressively anti-minority Hindu nationalism. In the 1999 parliamentary (Lok Sabha) elections, one of these movements, in the shape of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), finally won enough seats to form a stable coalition in New Delhi.
Islam in China
Authors: Armijo Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Although there have been Muslims in China since the time of the Prophet Mohammad, few people today are aware of China’s large Muslim population and their complex history of survival living among a people and culture renowned for their ability to absorb and assimilate outsiders. Over the centuries, the Muslim population evolved from a small settlement of Persian and Arab traders along the southeast coast of China to a large and diverse population scattered throughout the country. Muslims in China today represent China’s most geographically dispersed minority groups, as well as the most urbanized and the most integrated into all walks of life.
A Church of Immigrants
Authors: Erickson John H
Published: November 2023

By the 1860s Orthodoxy had become a significant part of the culture of the native peoples of Alaska, but in the mainland United States it had made very little impact. Consular officials, shipping agents, and merchants from Greece and Russia provided an Orthodox presence in a handful of port cities, but organized church life was only beginning. Orthodoxy seemed destined to remain on the fringes of American life. Within a few decades, however, this situation changed dramatically. Beginning in the late 1880s, a growing tide of immigration from Eastern Europe, the Balkans, and the Middle East made Orthodoxy one of the fastest-growing faiths in America. One of the first Orthodox parishes in the continental United States was organized in New Orleans in 1864 by a group of Greek cotton traders under the direction of Nicholas Benakis, the local consul of the kingdom of Greece.
New World Faiths
Authors: Butler Jon
Published: November 2023

Many people believe that the piety of the Pilgrims typified early American religion. However, by the 1730s Catholics, Jews, and Africans had joined Native Americans, Puritans, and numerous other Protestants in the colonies. Jon Butler launches his narrative with a description of the state of religious affairs in both the Old and New Worlds. He explores the failure of John Winthrop's goal to achieve Puritan perfection, the controversy over Anne Hutchinson's tenacious faith, the evangelizing stamina of ex-slave and Methodist preacher Absalom Jones, and the spiritual resilience of the Catawba Indians. The meeting of these diverse groups and their varied use of music, dance, and ritual produced an unprecedented evolution of religious practice, including the birth of revivals. And through their daily interactions, these Americans created a living foundation for the First Amendment. After Independence their active diversity of faiths led Americans to the groundbreaking idea that government should abandon the use of law to support any religious group and should instead guarantee free exercise of religion for everyone.
Religion and the American Revolution
Authors: Butler Jon
Published: November 2023

At its heart, the American Revolution was a profoundly secular event. The Declaration of Independence said little about religion. Instead, it discussed disputes over English parliamentary authority, the rights of colonial legislatures, and foolish mistakes made by English politicians. Yet religion played interesting, occasionally surprising, and sometimes contradictory roles in the American Revolution.
Buddhists, Hindus, And Sikhs In America
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B
Published: November 2023

Buddhists, Hindus, and Sikhs in America explores the challenges that Asian immigrants face when their religion--and consequently culture--is "remade in the U.S.A." Peppered with stories of individual people and how they actually live their religion, this informative book gives an overview of each religion's beliefs, a short history of immigration--and discrimination--for each group, and how immigrants have adapted their religious beliefs since they arrived. Along the way, the roles of men and women, views toward dating and marriage, the relationship to the homeland, the "brain drain" from Asia of scientists, engineers, physicians, and other professionals, and American offshoots of Asian religions, such as the Hare Krishnas and Transcendental Meditation (TM), are discussed.
American Sikhism Evolves
Authors: Mann Gurinder Singh , Numrich Paul David , Williams Raymond B
Published: November 2023

Sikhs in the United States are deeply aware that they live in a country whose culture they did not create. Conflict between the wearing of Sikh symbols and the law of the land reminds them constantly of this reality. Such conflicts date from the first days of immigrationin the early 191Os, a Sikh named Veer Singh was denied citizenship because he “refused to doff his turban” while taking the oath of citizenship. Sikhs were permitted to join the U.S. army with their turbans and fight in World War I, but more recently they have been barred from joining the army on those grounds, although a lawsuit in Chicago is currently testing that prohibition. Similarly, Sikhs have suffered discrimination and have even been dismissed from their jobs for refusing to remove their turbans and wear the caps or hard hats assigned to postal or construction workers.
Catholics in the New World
Authors: Fisher James T
Published: November 2023

On April 14, 1528, a band of 400 Spanish explorers in fourships made landfall on the west coast of Florida, in a bay not far from the present-day city of Sarasota. The expedition was led by red-bearded Panfilo de Narvaez, a one eyed former governor of Cuba. His second in command was 37-year-old Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, a veteran of several military campaigns on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire and the heir to a family with large landholdings near the southern Spanish coastal city of Cadiz. After being deposed as governor of Paraguay, Cabeza de Vaca would return in chains to Cadiz in 1543, the same port to which Christopher Columbus, the devoutly Catholic explorer from Genoa, had returned bound in irons following his third voyage to the New World, in 1500. Cabeza de Vaca, like Columbus, was subject to the whims of his sponsors and the resentments of his subordinates. His setbacks, however, could not diminish the magnitude of his achievement as the first European to travel across the North American continent, from Florida to the Gulf of California.
Introduction
Authors: Barton John
Published: November 2023

The great figures of any nation’s history may be important for either of two reasons: for what they do, or for what they are afterwards thought to have done. Historians of ancient Israel have commonly been interested in figures of the first kind. Studies of the origins of Israel used to be concerned with the identity and character of Moses or of the patriarchs; nowadays they are more likely to concentrate on the nameless groups that constituted the ‘tribes of Yahweh’ from which the nation may have taken its origins: but in either case the concern is with those who, not simply in name but in historical reality, made Israel what it was.
The Prophets m the Canon
Authors: Barton John
Published: November 2023

Biblical scholars sometimes lament that for all their labours over the last hundred years and more, people still read the Bible in just the same way as they did before critical study began. Sometimes, indeed, this dejection lowers their confidence to such an extent that they begin to ask whether biblical criticism was a mistake in the first place. The study of the prophets, however, can be claimed as one of the success stories in the history of the critical study of the Bible. Within the mainstream of Christian thought in the West, ‘prophecy’ has come to mean something very close to what it means in critical Old Testament scholarship.
Modes of Reading the Prophets
Authors: Barton John
Published: November 2023

How does a critical reading of the Bible differ from pre-critical or non-critical readings? Many possibilities suggest themselves: an ability to question the accuracy of the text, an eye for inconsistencies, a concern for a book’s original, historical setting, and so on. No doubt there is some truth in most such proposals. It seems to me, however, that one of the most crucial distinguishing marks of a critical approach to the Bible - or, indeed, to any book - is some attention to the genre of texts. Reading the Bible critically means knowing what kind of literature particular portions of the text are, and therefore what sort of question it makes sense to ask of it.
Prophetic Foreknowledge of the Present Day
Authors: Barton John
Published: November 2023

The prophets who prophesied of the grace that was to be yours searched and inquired about this salvation; they inquired what person or time was indicated by the Spirit of Christ within them when predicting the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glory. It was revealed to them that they were sen-ing not themselves but you, in the things which have now been announced to you by those who preached the good news to you through the Holy Spirit sent from heaven, things into which angels long to look (l Peter l:I0-12).
The Prophet as Theologian and Mystic
Authors: Barton John
Published: November 2023

It is not a great step from being interested in the history of Israel, past and future, because it manifests the consistency of God’s purposes, to treating particular events within it as examples of how God acts in any and every circumstance. Once attention has been concentrated more on the theological meaning of the historical process than on the details of particular episodes within it, it becomes natural to read history as an illustration of principles that in themselves are timeless, rather than to be greatly concerned with the particularity of specific events.
Introduction
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: November 2023

The “History of the Later Han Dynasty” reports the customs of Da Qin, or “Greater China,” a distant realm near the western ends of the earth. Its inhabitants were tall and shaved their heads, wore embroidered clothes, and planted silkworm mulberry trees. Their ruler occupied five palaces whose columns were made of crystal glass. Wary of natural disasters that would require him to step down and be replaced by someone else, he was known to honor this convention without complaint. That these features bear no discernible resemblance to the Roman Empire as we know it may well have something to do with the fact that access to this remote place was inconveniently blocked by “many lions and ferocious tigers which intercept and harm travelers: if the party does not include over a hundred men furnished with arms, they are invariably devoured.” Roman observers faced a similar predicament: for them, the easternmost reaches of Asia were “not easy of access; few men come from there, and seldom.” This made it difficult to visit the Seers or “Silk-People,” atheists who lived for more than two hundred years, occupied themselves with scraping silk from trees, were fierce and warlike as well as gentle and peaceful, sported blue eyes and flaxen hair, and never talked to strangers.
Eunuchs, Women, and Imperial Courts
Authors: Dettenhofer Maria H
Published: November 2023

Eunuchs have gained a secure place in ancient Chinese as well as ancient European history. Moreover, they seem to be a phenomenon that is not restricted to the ancient world or, for that matter, to any geographic or cultural region in particular. Many societies knew them and made use of them throughout the centuries. Many examples are to be found in China, India, Persia, Arabian culture, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, and Russia: eunuchs are a common anthropological feature.
Commanding and Consuming the World
Authors: Bang Peter Fibiger
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about tribute and trade, empire, and markets. This is a set of issues that Roman and Chinese history not only have in common but also present as one of the great challenges to economic history. The core of the matter is contained in the excerpt above from a speech by the Greco-Roman orator, Die Chrysostom us. There is nothing original or exceptional in his way of reasoning. The contents reflect stock themes of ancient moral and political philosophy. This is precisely why it lays bare what I shall refer to as the “paradox of agrarian empire” with such particular clarity. In the quotation we encounter Dio Chrysostomus thundering against the corrupting influences of foreign trade on the character of the Roman conquerors. Imports of foreign rarities and luxuries are described as undermining the moral strength of the imperial people. They place Rome in a position of servile dependence on her inferiors that amounts to a voluntary submission to the payment of a degrading tribute to barbarian peoples.
Mycenaean Memory And Bronze Age Lament
Authors: Burke Brendan
Published: November 2023

Ritual lament in the ancient Greek world, as it is primarily understood through epic poetry and Athenian tragedy, was a controlled, performative act of memory and mourning. In contrast to the Hittite material discussed by Rutherford (chapter 3), Greek prehistory, or the Aegean Bronze Age, has not left us any literature from which we can reconstruct belief systems about death and lament. We do, however, have a great deal of archaeological evidence for how the Mycenaeans buried their dead, beginning with the great Shaft Graves of Mycenae, dating to the early Mycenaean period, and continuing into the postdestruction phase of the Bronze Age, with the famous Warrior Vase from Mycenae.
A Place at the Table
Authors: D'Elia John A
Published: November 2023

George Eldon Ladd was a pivotal figure in the resurgence of evangelical scholarship in America during the years after the Second World War. Ladd's career as a biblical scholar can be seen as a quest to rehabilitate evangelical thought both in content and image, a task he pursued at great personal cost. Best known for his work on the doctrine of the Kingdom of God, Ladd moved from critiquing his own movement to engaging many of the important theological and exegetical issues of his day. Ladd was a strong critic of dispensationalism, the dominant theological system in conservative evangelicalism and fundamentalism, challenging what he perceived to be its anti-intellectualism and uncritical approach to the Bible. In his impressive career at Fuller Theological Seminary, Ladd participated in scholarly debates on the relationship between faith and historical understanding, arguing that modern critical methodologies need not preclude orthodox Christian belief. Ladd also engaged the thought of Rudolf Bultmann, the dominant theological figure of his day. Ladd's main focus, however, was to create a work of scholarship from an evangelical perspective that the broader academic world would accept. When he was unsuccessful in this effort he descended into depression, bitterness and alcoholism. But Ladd played an important part in opening doors for later generations of evangelical scholars, both by validating and using critical methods in his own scholarly work, and also by entering into dialogue with theologians and theologies outside the evangelical world. It is a central theme of this book that Ladd's achievement, at least in part, can be measured in the number of evangelical scholars who are today active participants in academic life across a broad range of disciplines.
The Emergence of a Strategy (1950-1954)
Authors: D'Elia John A
Published: November 2023

George Ladd moved with his family to Pasadena in the summer of 1950 and began his teaching career at Fuller Theological Seminary, a tenure that would last for more than a quarter century. The institution, though barely three years old, boasted a faculty of mostly young evangelical stars, and Ladd was thrilled to be a part of the team. Fuller was still developing its own character in those early years, especially in relation to three key issues facing the evangelical movement at large: the nature of the Bible and the definition and functions of biblical inerrancy, ecumenism and the practice of ecclesiological separatism, and the extent to which dispensationalist eschatology would shape theological discussion and ecclesiology.1 These issues were crucial to the role evangelicalism would play in American culture in the years after World War II, and they provided the talking points-and later the battle lines-in the process of shaping the seminary’s identity.
The First American Converts to Islam
Authors: Curtis Edward E
Published: November 2023

At first glance, he was an unlikely candidate for conversion to Islam. Born in 1846, Alexander Russell Webb hailed from a white, Protestant, middle-class family of printers and newspapermen in Hudson, New York. As a child, he attended Hudson-on-the-Hudson’s First Presbyterian Church, whose members included some of the town’s most powerful citizens— men such as U.S. President Martin van Buren. Despite or perhaps because of his relative position of social privilege, Webb became a religious rebel at a young age. He did not believe in the doctrine of the Trinity and he found listening to his preacher’s sermons far less spiritual than playing outdoors in God’s green earth. After the Civil War, as a young man in his twenties, Webb moved to Chicago and began a jewelry business. In 1871, this venture, like so many others, was lost during the great Chicago fire. Around the same time, Webb also formally abandoned his Christian faith and eschewed all forms of religious belief. He relied, for a time, only on reason and science for answers to his questions about the meaning of life.
Identifying Suitable Habitat for Invasive Species Using Ecological Niche Models and the Policy Implications of Range Forecasts
Authors: Herborg Leif-Matthias , Drake John M , Rothlisberger, John D , Bossenbroek Jonathan M
Published: November 2023

Ecological niche modeling seeks to address a fundamental question in ecology: What is the potential geographic distribution of an organism? The answer is central to a wide range of environmental questions (Guisan and Thuiller 2005). It can identify potential conservation zones or guide selection of areas for the reintroduction of threatened and endangered species (Araujo et al. 2004) based on their potential range. Similarly, the modeling of suitable habitat can reveal at which unsurveyed sites rare species are most likely to occur (Elith and Burgman 2002; Raxworthy et al. 2003). Based on scenarios of future climate change, land use, and habitat availability, ecological niche modeling can predict potential future shifts in species distributions (Thuiller et al. 2004).
The Laurentian Great Lakes as a Case Study of Biological Invasion
Authors: Kelly David W , Lamberti Gary A , MacIsaac Hugh J
Published: November 2023

Economic and financial factors strongly influence many human decisions and activities, which in turn can affect ecological systems and their associated services. Expansion of global trading networks and trade liberalization policies (e.g., NAFTA, GATT) may inadvertently expose ecosystems to new nonindigenous species (NIS) (Tatum et al. 2006; Tatum and Hay 2007). Levine and D’Antonio (2003) determined that accumulation of mollusk, plant pathogen, and insect NIS were all positively associated with the cumulative value of imported products to the United States. Similarly, Dehnen-Schmutz et al. (2007) noted that frequency of sale and seed price were significant predictors of invasion success for ornamental plants sold in Britain. Once established, NIS may adversely affect a variety of ecosystem services (see, e.g., Cook et al. 2007) and motivate significant expenditure on control activities (e.g., Pimentel et al. 2005; Colautti et al. 2006; Xu et al. 2007; see also chapter 8).
The Achaemenid Empire
Authors: Wiesehöfer Josef
Published: November 2023

The Achaemenid (Persian) Empire was the largest of all ancient Near Eastern “world empires,” spanning from Egypt to Central Asia and the Indus region. Its formation began after 550 B.C.E. when the petty king Cyrus of Anshan/Fars in southwestern Iran and his son Cambyses conquered the mighty Medes and the empires of Lydia, Babylonia, and Egypt. These territories were incorporated into the new “state.” For more than two hundred years, the Achaemenids faced no serious opponents. Only the conquests of Alexander the Great, between 334 and 323 B.C.E., terminated Achaemenid rule over Asia. Even then, the prevalent Persian models of governing and administration did not come to an end but heavily influenced later empire building by Alexander, the Seleucids, and the Maury’s in India.
The Byzantine Empire
Authors: Haldon John F
Published: November 2023

In the context of the other “empires” being discussed in this volume, the Byzantine example is something of an anomaly. First, it was for most of its existence— from the seventh to the fifteenth century C.E.—territorially rather small (restricted largely to the southern Balkans and Asia Minor); second, although historians from the seventeenth century have called it an empire, its “emperor” increasingly came to be described by the Greek word basileus, king. Third, it was an “empire” the history of which is largely one of contraction, with occasional efforts to recover lost territories followed by further contractions, so that imperialist exploitation of foreign conquests is the exception rather than the rule. Exploitation is thus meaningful only in terms of the ways in which the state and society of Byzantium functioned—who exploited whom and how, in economic and political terms—and with respect to the cultural impact of Byzantine civilization on the outside world. In this chapter I shall be concerned for the most part with the former.
The Unfinished Revolution
Authors: Gerson Kathleen
Published: November 2023

The vast changes in family life—the rise of single, same-sex, and two-paycheck parents—have often been blamed for declining morality and unhappy children. Drawing upon pioneering research with the children of the gender revolution, Kathleen Gerson reveals that it is not a lack of “family values,” but rigid social and economic forces that make it difficult to live out those values. In the controversial public debate over modern American families, The Unfinished Revolution takes a measured approach, looking at the young adults who grew up in the tumultuous post-feminist period. Despite the entrance of women into the workforce and the blurring of once clearly defined gender boundaries, men and women live in a world where the demands of balancing parenting and work, autonomy and commitment, time and money are left largely unresolved. Gerson finds that while an overwhelming majority of young men and women see an egalitarian balance within committed relationships as the ideal, today's social and economic realities remain based on traditional-and now obsolete-distinctions between breadwinning and caretaking. In this equity vacuum, men and women develop conflicting strategies, with women stressing self-reliance and men seeking a new traditionalism. With compassion for all perspectives, Gerson argues that whether one decides to give in to traditionally imbalanced relationships or to avoid marriage completely, these approaches are second-best responses, not personal preferences or inherent attributes, and they will shift if new options can be created to help people achieve their egalitarian aspirations. The Unfinished Revolution makes clear recommendations for the kinds of workplace and community changes that would best bring about a more egalitarian family life—a new flexibility at work and at home that benefits families, encourages a thriving economy, and helps women and men integrate love and work.
Introduction
Authors: Auyero Javier , Swistun Débora Alejandra
Published: November 2023

In 1987 Sandra Martinez moved to Flammable shantytown (Villa Inflamable, located in Dock Sud, Buenos Aires). She was seven years old. At the time, her parents were working in the then federally owned YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) oil refinery. After a few years of long commutes from Florencio Varela, Sandra’s parents found a place to live right across the compound that houses YPF (now Repsol), Shell, and other petrochemical companies and storage facilities. They have all been living in the neighborhood for the last eighteen years.

Sandra is now twenty-five, is married to Carlos Martinez, and has four children. Both Carlos and Sandra used to work as cleaners in two of the compnies of the compound, but they lost their jobs years ago. These days, Carlos leaves the house every afternoon to scavenge around the center of Avellaneda, “up and down Avenida Mitre.” “On a good week, I make around $25 (US $8). Sometimes I bring stuff to sell, a pair of sneakers or something I find in the street. And I make 5 or 10 pesos.
The Compound and the Neighborhood
Authors: Auyero Javier , Swistun Débora Alejandra
Published: November 2023

Flammable shantytown is located in the district of Avellaneda, right on the southeastern border of the city of Buenos Aires, adjacent to one of the largest petrochemical compounds in the country—Polo Petroquímico y Puerto Dock Sud. The Shell Oil refinery opened here in 1931. Since then, other companies have moved into the compound. At the time of this writing, Shell refinery is the most important plant in the Polo. There is another oil refinery (DAPSA), three plants that store oil and its derivatives (Petrobras, Repsol-YPF, and Petrolera Cono Sur), several plants that store chemical products (TAGSA, Antívari, and Solvay Indupa among them), one plant that manufactures chemical products (Meranol), one dock for containers (Exolgan), and one thermoelectric plant (Central Dock Sud).

The name “Flammable” is quite recent. On June 28, 1984, there was a fire in the Perito Moreno, an oil ship that was harbored in a nearby canal. The ship exploded and produced what one elderly resident noted as the “highest flames I’ve ever seen.” After the accident, companies in the compound built a new (and, according to experts, safer) dock exclusively for flammable products. The label “Flammable” carried over to the adjacent community—formerly known simply as “the coast.”