bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Denosumab on Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Wensel Terri M. , Iranikhah Maryam M. , Wilborn Teresa W.
Published: April 2011

Osteoporosis is a degenerative bone disease affecting approximately 10 million American adults. Several options are available to prevent development of the disease or slow and even stop its progression. Nonpharmacologic measures include adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D, exercise, fall prevention, and avoidance of tobacco and excessive alcohol intake. Current drug therapy includes bisphosphonates, calcitonin, estrogen or hormone therapy, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and teriparatide. Denosumab, a receptor activator of nuclear factor‐K B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, was recently approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Patients treated with denosumab experienced significant gains in bone mineral density, rapid reductions in markers of bone turnover, and a reduced risk for new vertebral fracture. Compared with placebo, patients receiving denosumab 60 mg subcutaneously once every 6 months experienced gains in bone mineral density of 6.5–11% when treated for 24–48 months. One trial demonstrated the superiority of denosumab compared with alendronate, but the differences were small. The most common adverse reactions to denosumab include back pain, pain in extremities, musculoskeletal pain, and cystitis. Serious, but rare, adverse reactions include the development of serious infections, dermatologic changes, and hypocalcemia. The recommended dosing of denosumab is 60 mg every 6 months as a subcutaneous injection in the upper arm, upper thigh, or abdomen. Although beneficial effects on bone mineral density and fracture rate have been established in clinical trials, the risks associated with denosumab must be evaluated before therapy initiation. Of concern is the risk of infection, and denosumab should likely be avoided in patients taking immunosuppressive therapy or at high risk for infection. Therefore, bisphosphonates will likely remain as first‐line therapy. Denosumab should be considered in patients unable to tolerate or who have adherence issues or contraindications to other therapies.
Montelukast‐Induced Anxiety in Two Pediatric Patients
Authors: Skillman Katherine L. , Stumpf Janice L.
Published: April 2011

Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prophylaxis and long‐term treatment of asthma, prevention of exercise‐induced broncho‐constriction, and symptomatic relief of allergic rhinitis. In the literature, anxiety has been reported as being related to montelukast only in a retrospective analysis of clinical trial data and in surveillance studies. However, montelukast was associated with anxiety in 421 postmarketing MedWatch adverse event reports received by the FDA between 1998 and 2009. In 2009, a precaution was added to montelukast's package labeling regarding anxiety and other neuropsychiatric adverse events. We describe two pediatric patients with anxiety that manifested during montelukast therapy. The first patient was a 4‐year‐old, 16‐kg boy who experienced anxiety and sleep disturbances within 5 months of starting montelukast 4 mg at bedtime, which subsequently resolved 2 weeks after drug discontinuation. The second patient was a 6‐year‐old, 16.6‐kg girl who developed anxiety 3 weeks after her montelukast dose was increased from 4 mg to 5 mg at bedtime. Her symptoms resolved, without recurrence, within 4 weeks after the dose was reduced to the previously tolerated lower dose. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a possible (score of 3 [first patient]) and probable (score of 8 [second patient]) relationship between these patients' development of anxiety and montelukast therapy. Health care professionals should be aware of the potential for neuropsychiatric adverse effects with montelukast and should assess the need for continued therapy if anxiety is reported.
Strategies for Developing Pharmacy Residents as Educators
Authors: Aistrope Daniel S. , Attridge Russell T. , Bickley Aida R. , Browne Matthew R. , Hall Ashley D. , Miller Abigail E. , Sheahan Megan E. , Tillman Emma M. , Trinkley Katy E. ,   American College of Clinical Pharmacy
Published: April 2011

In 2009, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy appointed its first National Resident Advisory Committee and charged it with making recommendations on how residency programs should foster the development of their trainees as effective educators. Currently, many residency programs offer training in educational methods in the form of teaching certificate programs or additional rotations focused on teaching. However, these programs may not be formalized, and they vary in structure and quality. Moreover, many residency programs lack the resources to provide additional training in educational methods. Given the demand for pharmacists as educators, there is a need to train residents to teach. Therefore, the committee evaluated the literature and generated several strategies to aid in the development of pharmacy residents as educators. The committee recommends that programs should consider adopting principles and methods currently employed by successful teaching certificate programs, using distance‐learning technology, increasing training for faculty and preceptors in educational principles and methods, standardizing programs, and developing self‐learning and/or self‐assessment tools to train residents. As the need for pharmacists to serve as effective educators continues to grow, it will be important for institutions, programs, and professional organizations to invest time and resources in training pharmacy residents and defining a minimal set of criteria to ensure the quality of training.
The Impact of Hyponatremia
Authors: Patterson J. Herbert
Published: April 2011

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical consequences of hyponatremia include neurologic dysfunction, decreased mental function, cerebral edema, gait disturbances and falls, osteoporosis, and fractures. Hyponatremia can increase hospital length of stay by 1–2 days and correlates with an increased risk of intensive care unit admission. Thus, hyponatremia is associated with substantial economic and clinical consequences, as well as an increased risk of mortality, especially in individuals with very low serum sodium concentrations.
The Discoverers of the Rhodium Isotopes
Authors: Arblaster John W.
Published: April 2011

This is the fifth in a series of reviews on the circumstances surrounding the discoveries of the isotopes of the six platinum group elements. The first review on platinum isotopes was published in this Journal in October 2000 (), the second on iridium isotopes in October 2003 (), the third on osmium isotopes in October 2004 () and the fourth on palladium isotopes in April 2006 ().
A Healthy Future: Platinum in Medical Applications
Authors: Cowley Alison , Woodward* Brian
Published: April 2011

The world’s growing population demands increasing access to advanced healthcare treatments. Platinum is used to make essential components for a range of medical devices, including pacemakers, implantable defibrillators, catheters, stents and neuromodulation devices. The properties of platinum which make it suitable for medical device applications include its bio-compatibility, inertness within the body, durability, electrical conductivity and radiopacity. Components can be manufactured in a variety of forms, from rod, wire and ribbon to sheet and foil, plus high-precision micromachined parts. As well as biomedical device components, platinum also finds use in anticancer drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin.
Social Justice Advocacy in Nursing: What is It? How do we Get There?
Authors: Paquin Siobhan O'Mahony
Published: April 2011

Social justice advocacy is an expectation of all nurses as expressed in the professional codes that guide nursing practice. Nursing literature reflects this shift in the focus of nursing advocacy, providing insight into the potentials and challenges associated with nursing's evolution toward a broader social justice advocacy model. This article describes the concept of social justice advocacy as currently reflected in professional codes and nursing literature and contrasts this with the individual patient–nurse advocacy model, which continues to dominate in nursing practice today. Challenges associated with movement toward a social justice advocacy model and options for addressing these hurdles are also discussed.

Nurses work individually and with others for social justice and to advocate for laws, policies and procedures designed to bring about equity.

(Canadian Nurses Association [CNA], 2008, p. 21)
Principles for Establishing Trust When Developing a Substance Abuse Intervention with a Native American Community
Authors: Lowe John , Riggs Cheryl , Tribal Elder Jim Henson
Published: April 2011

This article traces the development of a research project with a Native American community. Four principles were used to guide the development of the “Community Partnership to Affect Cherokee Adolescent Substance Abuse” project using a community-based participatory research approach. The principles suggest that establishing trust is key when developing and conducting research with a Native American community.
The Life of a Bill: A Nursing Experience
Authors: Davis Ellen , Mangini-Vendel Michele
Published: April 2011

In an effort to better understand the process of health policy to advocate for increased legislative support for the nurse practitioner (NP) role, the authors attended the Nurse in Washington Internship (NIWI) sponsored by the Nursing Organizations Alliance from March 14–16, 2010. The restrictions on NP practice must be removed if we are to meet the health care needs of the populace. This article is a condensed discussion of the process of health policy.
Horizontal Violence and the Socialization of New Nurses
Authors: King-Jones Malena
Published: April 2011

This article discusses research on horizontal violence in nursing, focusing on the cycle of horizontal violence within nursing education and how it impacts the socialization of newly graduated nurses. Michel Foucault's (1969,1980) work is used to provide a framework for understanding the socialization of nurses and for addressing horizontal violence experienced by nursing students, to help them prepare for the work environment.
Evaluating Shared Governance: Measuring Functionality of Unit Practice Councils at the Point of Care
Authors: Fray Beverly
Published: April 2011

Measuring the functionality of Unit Practice Councils (UPCs) in institutions on the Magnet journey is a rare occurrence. The Jackson Health System Unit Practice Council Functionality Measurement Tool is one of the first such attempts to provide an objective way to assess whether UPCs function in the way they were envisioned to perform.
Characteristics Transformation of Humic Acid During Ozonation and Biofiltration Treatment Processes
Authors: Lin Yen‐Hui , Hsien Hsin‐Jung
Published: April 2011

Characteristics transformation of humic acid extracted from natural water during the ozonation and biofiltration treatment processes was investigated based on the analyses of total organic carbon, UV absorbance, infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. With ozone doses of 1, 4, and 7 mg/L, high‐molecular‐weight humic acid was cleaved into low‐molecular‐weight particles and accumulated at group 6 (molecular weight ≤4000 g/mole) on the Sephadex G‐75 (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, Uppsala, Sweden) fraction. Furthermore, the molecular‐size distribution of organic compounds by Sephadex G‐25 was shifted from groups 2 (molecular weight = 4000 to 400 g/mole) and 3 (molecular weight = 400 to 180 g/mole) to groups 2, 3, and 4 (molecular weight ≤180 g/mole) under ozone doses of 1 and 4 mg/L. An increased ozone dose destroyed functional groups C = C and C‐O of aromatic and phenolic compounds and increased UV‐insensitive biodegradable organic carbon for subsequent biofiltration.
Distribution and Mobilization of Pollutants in the Sediment of a Constructed Floating Wetland Used for Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflow Events
Authors: Van de Moortel Annelies M. K. , Du Laing Gijs , De Pauw Niels , Tack Filip M. G.
Published: April 2011

Sediments in combined sewer overflow treatment systems may exhibit elevated pollutant concentrations. Concentrations measured in the sediment of a floating treatment wetland ranged from 0.17 to 1.6 (cadmium), 28 to 142 (copper), 10 to 33 (chromium), 50 to 141 (manganese), 5 to 20 (nickel), 50 to 203 (lead), and 185 to 804 (zinc) mg/kg dry matter and 7.4 to 17 (iron), 2 to 8 (total nitrogen), and 1.3 to 4.4 (total phosphorus) g/kg dry matter. During overflow events, the entering water volumes can disturb the sediments. A greenhouse experiment was set up to evaluate the possible mobilization of pollutants through disturbation. The disturbation did not result in an increased mobilization of cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, zinc, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon towards the pore and surface water. Calcium concentrations in the surface water increased for all sediments, as a result of release from the exchangeable sediment pool and dissolution of carbonates. Geochemical speciation modeling indicated that, in the pore water, the free ion form was the most abundant for calcium, iron, manganese, cadmium, and nickel, with its fraction increasing with time.
Effect of Anaerobic HRT on Biological Phosphorus Removal and the Enrichment of Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms
Authors: Coats Erik R. , Watkins David L. , Brinkman Cynthia K. , Loge Frank J.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this research was to develop a better understanding of the dynamic effects of anaerobic hydraulic retention time (HRT) on both enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) performance and enrichment of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs). The research was conducted using laboratory‐scale sequencing batch reactors inoculated with mixed microbial consortia and fed real wastewater. Exposing microorganisms to extended anaerobic HRTs is not recommended for EBPR configured systems. In this research, however, longer anaerobic exposure did not negatively affect performance even if volatile fatty acids were depleted. Further, extended anaerobic HRTs may positively affect phosphorus removal through enhanced aerobic uptake. The EBPR consortia also appear to maintain reserve energetic capacity in the form of polyphosphate that can be used to survive and grow under variable operational and environmental conditions. Finally, the tested EBPR systems yield mixed microbial consortia enriched with PAOs (specifically Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis) at approximately 7.1 to 21.6% of the total population.
A regio- and stereoselective three-component synthesis of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Rahmati Abbas
Published: April 2011

An efficient one-pot method for regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions has been developed. The method involves employing a three-component condensation reaction of an aromatic aldehyde and ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate or 1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione in the presence of 1,2,4-triazol-3-amine at 90°C.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support Instruction: Do We Know Tomorrow What We Know Today?
Authors: Settles Julie , Jeffries Pamela R. , Smith Terri M. , Meyers Jennifer S.
Published: April 2011

This study compared two instructional and evaluation methods for teaching advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) to health care professionals who were taking the ACLS course for the first time. Outcomes of the instruction were measured on completion of the course and at 3 months and 6 months postinstruction to identify differences in participants’ knowledge retention, skills competency, and self-efficacy in performing ACLS. In addition, satisfaction with the teaching method was evaluated. The two methods of teaching and evaluating competencies for ACLS were (1) traditional classroom instruction plus practice and evaluation with monitors (low-fidelity simulation); and (2) classroom instruction plus practice with high-fidelity patient simulators. Participants in the study were 148 health care professionals or health care students who were novices in ACLS preparation. Participants were recruited from a large Midwest school of nursing and school of medicine, a Midwest physicians’ assistant program, and a not-for-profit hospital. The findings showed no significant differences in ACLS knowledge, skills, self-efficacy, or learner satisfaction immediately after instruction or at 3 to 9 months posttraining. Retention of ACLS knowledge and skills competency over time was low in both groups; recommendations and interventions are discussed based on the study results.
Perceptions, Orientation, and Transition Into Nursing Practice of Accelerated Second-Degree Nursing Program Graduates
Authors: Penprase Barbara
Published: April 2011

This study discusses factors that influence newly graduated accelerated second-degree nursing students to remain at the bedside. It also identifies areas for improvement within the program curriculum to better prepare these unique nursing graduates for the transition into nursing practice. Twenty-nine graduate second-degree nursing students were surveyed 3 months after graduation from an accelerated second-degree nursing program. Key findings indicated that preceptorship within nursing courses and orientation programs was the most significant factor in preparing the graduates for the transition from student nurse to registered nurse. Also important to the successful transition into practice was the acceptance and support of the nursing staff on the clinical unit. The participants overwhelmingly cited preceptorships, at both the student nurse and recent graduate levels, as critical to preparing them for the transition from student nurse to registered nurse.
Reflecting on Research: Sharpening Nurses’ Focus Through Engaged Learning
Authors: Wendler M. Cecilia , Samuelson Sheryl , Taft Lois , Eldridge Kimmy
Published: April 2011

Background:

The Bedside Scientist Institute is a basic research course provided for nurses using an engaged, interactive learning environment. This qualitative study evaluated the course outcomes.

Methods:

A large Magnet
®
-designated teaching hospital provided the setting for both the education and the study. Coding categories and themes were identified from 16 interviews; a focus group confirmed the study findings.

Results:

Culture change was facilitated by enlarging the perceptual field, reflecting on research evidence and the practice-research interface, and focusing on a new vision for evidence-based practice. Half of the nurses who participated returned to formal education.

Conclusion:

Participating in the Bedside Scientist Institute was transformative. The course opened participants’ minds to question traditional practice, developing champions for research.
Health Science Students’ Experiences of Group Supervision of the Bachelor’s Thesis
Authors: Utriainen Kati , Ahonen Sanna-Mari , Kangasniemi Mari , Liikanen Eeva
Published: April 2011

This study aimed to describe health science university students’ experiences of group supervision of the bachelor’s thesis. Sixty-one students responded to questions on an open data collection form, and the data were analyzed by using qualitative inductive content analysis. According to the students, group supervision is supportive in terms of joint learning as well as commitment-enhancing and participative learning, but it also can be useless from the viewpoint of an individual student’s own thesis. Teachers’ role as experts and active directors of the group, students’ commitment to learn together, and workable practical organization of the group were promoting factors, whereas students’ timetable problems, mismatch between received and needed supervision, and difficulties in supervising other students were restraining factors. The results can be used for developing group supervision in higher health education.
Facebook: A Tool for Nursing Education Research
Authors: Amerson Roxanne
Published: April 2011

Facebook is an online social networking Web site that allows users to connect with other users. Nurse educators can use this technology to advance nursing research. Social networks provide new opportunities for locating potential research participants and maintaining contact during the research process. The purpose of this article is to explain how the researcher used Facebook to locate previous nursing students to ask them to participate in a qualitative study. Between 2006 and 2008, 22 nursing students had participated in international trips over a 3-year period. Because the students had graduated and moved to other geographical areas, the researcher had little or no contact information to use to follow-up with them. The researcher used Facebook to locate 18 of the 22 nursing graduates and invite them to participate in a qualitative research study. A discussion of the process and the potential ethical issues are provided.
Value of Web-Based Learning Activities for Nursing Students Who Speak English as a Second Language
Authors: Koch Jane , Salamonson Yenna , Du Hui Yun , Andrew Sharon , Frost Steven A. , Dunncliff Kirstin , Davidson Patricia M.
Published: April 2011

There is an increasing need to address the educational needs of students with English as a second language. The authors assessed the value of a Web-based activity to meet the needs of students with English as a second language in a bioscience subject. Using telephone contact, we interviewed 21 Chinese students, 24 non-Chinese students with English as a second language, and 7 native English-speaking students to identify the perception of the value of the intervention. Four themes emerged from the qualitative data: (1) Language is a barrier to achievement and affects self-confidence; (2) Enhancement intervention promoted autonomous learning; (3) Focusing on the spoken word increases interaction capacity and self-confidence; (4) Assessment and examination drive receptivity and sense of importance. Targeted strategies to promote language acculturation and acquisition are valued by students. Linking language acquisition skills to assessment tasks is likely to leverage improvements in competence.
Use of a Script Concordance Test to Assess Development of Clinical Reasoning in Nursing Students
Authors: Deschênes Marie-France , Charlin Bernard , Gagnon Robert , Goudreau Johanne
Published: April 2011

The methods for assessing and measuring clinical reasoning as it pertains specifically to nurses are inadequate, if not nonexistent. The purposes of this methodological study were to develop a script concordance test and conduct a preliminary validation of its psychometric qualities. A script concordance test was created and the test scoring grid was constructed using the combined-score method and based on the responses of a panel of 15 experts. Thirty first-year bachelor of nursing students completed the test. The scores for the experts and students were compared with a
t
test, and the reliability of the scores was measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. A statistically significant difference was found between the scores of the experts and novices. The scores’ reliability is high. The script concordance test is an innovative instrument that provides a standardized method for assessing nurses’ clinical reasoning.
Update on Newer Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: April 2011

This article briefly reviews the novel atypical second-generation antipsychotic drugs iloperidone (Fanapt
®
), asenapine (Saphris
®
), and lurasidone (Latuda
®
), all of which have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration since 2009. Each is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, and asenapine has an additional indication for bipolar disorder. Very little information is available on their use in other disorders, pediatric and geriatric patients, and during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Their overall efficacy is no different than other antipsychotic drugs, but they do have different side effect profiles. Because of their unique pharmacologies and different tolerability profiles, they may be a more effective alternative for patients who do not respond to or cannot tolerate other antipsychotic drugs.
Optical Quality and Visual Discrimination Capacity After Myopic LASIK With a Standard and Aspheric Ablation Profile
Authors: Anera Rosario G. , Castro José J. , Jiménez José R. , Villa César , Alarcón Aixa
Published: April 2011

PURPOSE:

To determine whether the eye’s optical quality is correlated to the visual discrimination capacity of patients treated with LASIK using two different ablation algorithms.

METHODS:

Visual discrimination was evaluated by the disturbance index under low illumination (Halo v1.0 software, Laboratory of Vision Sciences and Applications) in two groups of patients who underwent LASIK with two different ablation algorithms using the Allegretto Wave Eye-Q 400 Hz laser (WaveLight AG). In the first group (standard group; 30 eyes), corneal ablations were performed with the standard algorithm (preoperative spherical equivalent refraction −3.20±1.70 diopters [D]). In the second group (Q-optimized group; 38 eyes; spherical equivalent refraction −3.40±1.90 D), the ablations were made with the Q-optimized (F-CAT) algorithm. Optical quality of the eye was calculated by the Strehl ratio measured with a double-pass device (OQAS, Visiometrics SL).

RESULTS:

After LASIK, both the Strehl ratio as well as visual discrimination capacity diminished in both groups, although the changes were significantly greater in the standard group than in the Q-optimized group.

CONCLUSIONS:

A high correlation was found between the Strehl ratio and the disturbance index in patients who underwent LASIK, regardless of the ablation algorithm applied. Optical and visual deterioration were greater after standard ablation.
Influence of Mydriatic Eye Drops on Wavefront Sensing With the Zywave Aberrometer
Authors: Taneri Suphi , Oehler Saskia , Azar Dimitri T.
Published: April 2011

PURPOSE:

To investigate a potential influence of mydriatic eye drops on wavefront sensing with the Zywave aberrometer (Technolas Perfect Vision) in terms of predicted phoropter refraction (PPR) and higher order aberrations (HOA).

METHODS:

In this prospective study, 200 myopic eyes were measured in miosis and pharmacologically induced mydriasis with an aberrometer and automated refraction. One hundred eyes were dilated with tropicamide 0.5%+phenylephrine 2.5% eye drops (tropicamide/phenylephrine group), and the remaining 100 eyes with tropicamide 0.5% (tropicamide only group). The PPR values for a pupil diameter of 3.5 mm in miosis and mydriasis, respectively, were compared and correlated to the corresponding values of automated refraction. Changes in HOAs up to the 4th order were recorded.

RESULTS:

Predicted phoropter refraction values obtained in mydriasis were less myopic than in miosis. The spherical equivalent refraction of PPR differed by an average of 0.36±0.36 diopters (D) in the tropicamide/phenylephrine group. In the tropicamide only group, the difference was 0.24±0.43 D. Sphere of PPR differed by an average of 0.33±0.36 D in the tropicamide/phenylephrine group and by an average of 0.24±0.35 D in the tropicamide only group. Patient age had no major influence on the level of difference. Automated refraction yielded a smaller difference in spherical equivalent refraction. Changes in HOA root-mean-square were statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS:

The cycloplegic effect of mydriatic eye drops should be taken into account when interpreting aberration measurements and planning a wavefront-guided ablation. Ideally, the use of mydriatic eye drops should be avoided to minimize refractive surprises.
Occupations of Older Adults: A Cross Cultural Description
Authors: Eriksson Gunilla M. , Chung Jenny C. C. , Beng Lim Hua , Hartman-Maeir Adina , Yoo Eunyoung , Orellano Elsa M. , van Nes Fenna , de Jonge Desleigh , Baum Carolyn M.
Published: April 2011

Participation in everyday occupations influences people's health and well-being. To enable individuals to do the activities they want and need to do is the main concern of occupational therapy practice. Many daily occupations are universal, but they also depend on culture. The development of the Activity Card Sort in eight countries has offered the opportunity to describe occupations across cultures. In the developmental process of culturally relevant versions of the Activity Card Sort by occupational therapists in each country, the instrument versions included samples of older adults ( N = 468). These data are used in the current description with the aim of identifying central activities across cultures and central activities for Asian and Western cultures. Te n activities were identified as being central across cultures (i.e., more than half of the older adults in all eight countries performed them). They were the following: shopping in a store, doing grocery shopping, doing dishes, doing laundry, reading books or magazines, sitting and thinking, watching television, listening to radio or music, visiting with friends and relatives, and talking on the telephone. Further, 16 additional activities central to Asian culture and 18 activities central to Western culture were identified. The identification of central activities deepens knowledge of activities with cultural significance. This knowledge is needed in clinical practice and multicultural research. This description provides a starting point for further exploration of everyday occupations among older adults.
Leaf photosynthetic properties and biomass accumulation of selected western Canadian spring wheat cultivars
Authors: Chytyk Cody , Hucl Pierre , Gray Gordon
Published: April 2011

Chytyk, C. J., Hucl, P. J. and Gray, G. R. 2011. Leaf photosynthetic properties and biomass accumulation of selected western Canadian spring wheat cultivars. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 305–314. Current studies indicate wheat straw as a viable source for the production of cellulosic ethanol. Since photosynthetic performance impacts the overall success of the mature plant, this study aimed to measure the photosynthetic vigour of 11 spring wheat cultivars during field development as well as their biomass composition at maturity to determine which would be optimum for ethanol production. All cultivars had similar maximal quantum yields of photosystem II photochemistry (FV/FM), normalized difference vegetation index and biomass composition in the field. However, differences were observed in photosynthetic rate, with McKenzie having the highest light-saturated maximal rate of CO2 uptake (A max) and apparent quantum yield of CO2 uptake (Φapp CO2), while also having the best water use efficiency. Snowbird was found to have the lowest CO2-compensation point (Γ*) and A max. Upon subjecting wheat samples to photoinhibitory conditions, McKenzie and Kyle were found to be the most resistant and susceptible, respectively, with a difference of 11% in FV/FM. Abundance of xanthophyll pigments were not found to be a contributing cause to differential photoinhibitory resistance as there was not a noticeable difference between cultivars. Although some cultivars were found to have enhanced photosynthetic traits over others, these were slight and did not contribute to changes in plant biomass. However, McKenzie did present a higher cellulose content, which would be favourable for ethanol production.
Review: Breeding common bean for resistance to insect pests and nematodes
Authors: Singh Shree , Schwartz Howard
Published: April 2011

Singh, S. P. and Schwartz, H. F. 2011. Review: Breeding common bean for resistance to insect pests and nematodes. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 239–250. Various insect pests and nematodes cause severe losses (35–100%) globally to the yield and quality of dry and green common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objectives of this review are to briefly describe major insect pests and nematodes in the Americas, breeding strategies and methods used, and research progress achieved. We also describe integrated genetic improvement for resistance to multiple insect pests and nematodes and cultivar development. Breeding for resistance to one insect pest or nematode at a time has been practiced in most instances. Backcross, pedigree, and bulk-pedigree breeding methods have been used. Considerable progress has been made in genetics and germplasm enhancement for resistance to bean pod weevil (Apion godmani Wagner), tropical bruchid (Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman), leafhoppers (Empoasca kraemeri Ross and Moore), and root- knot nematode (Meloidogyne species). However, improvement in resistance to Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say), lesion (Pratylenchus species) and soybean cyst (Heterodera glycines) nematodes, and other regional insect pests has been minimal or non-existent. Furthermore, dry or green common bean cultivars with high levels of resistance to one or more insect pests and nematodes are rare. Breeding strategies for integrated and simultaneous genetic improvement of multiple qualitatively and quantitatively inherited resistances for cultivar development are briefly described.
Proteomics analysis of salt-induced leaf proteins in two rice germplasms with different salt sensitivity
Authors: Lee Dong-Gi , Woong Park Kee , Young An Jae , Geol Sohn Young , Ki Ha Jung , Yoon Kim Hak , Won Bae Dong , Hee Lee Kyung , Jun Kang Nam , Lee Byung-Hyun , Young Kang Kyu , Joo Lee Jeung
Published: April 2011

Lee, D.-G., Park, K. W., An, J. Y., Sohn, Y. G., Ha, J. K., Kim, H. Y., Bae, D. W., Lee, K. H., Kang, N. J., Lee, B.-H., Kang, K.-Y. and Lee, J. J. 2011. Proteomics analysis of salt-induced leaf proteins in two rice germplasms with different salt sensitivity. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 337–349. This study was conducted to investigate salt-stress-related physiological responses and proteomics changes in the leaves of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars. Shoot growth and water content of rice leaves were more severely reduced in Dalseongaengmi-44 than in Dongjin under salt stress. The salt-sensitive Dalseongaengmi-44 exhibited a greater increase in sodium ion accumulation in its leaves than the salt tolerant Dongjin. Comparative analysis of the rice leaf proteins using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE) revealed that a total of 23 proteins were up-regulated under salt stress. Based on matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and/or electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry analyses, the 23 protein spots were found to represent 16 different proteins. Ten of the identified proteins were previously reported to be salt-responsive proteins, while six, class III peroxidase 29 precursor, beta-1,3-glucanase precursor, OSJNBa0086A10.7 (putative transcription factor), putative chaperon 21 precursor, Rubisco activase small isoform precursor and drought-induced S-like ribonuclease, were novel salt-induced proteins. Under salt stress, fragmentation was increased in several proteins containing the Rubisco large chain. The results of these physiological and proteomics analyses provide useful information that can lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of salt-stress responses in rice.
High night temperature and plant growth regulator effects on spikelet sterility, grain characteristics and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants
Authors: Mohammed A. R. , Tarpley L.
Published: April 2011

Mohammed, A. R. and Tarpley, L. 2011. High night temperature and plant growth regulator effects on spikelet sterility, grain characteristics and yield of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) plants. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 283–291. The presence of seasonally high night temperature (HNT) as a result of global warming, occurring during the critical stages of development, could reduce rice yield and quality. To understand how a combination of HNT and plant growth regulators (PGR; α-tocopherol and glycine betaine) affects yield and yield-related parameters of rice plants, we conducted three pot experiments under two levels of night temperature (NT; 27 and 32oC) with or without PGR treatments. Plants were subjected to a HNT through the use of continuously controlled infrared heaters, starting 20 d after emergence (DAE), from 2000 until 0600. Plants were treated with α-tocopherol and glycine betaine 20 DAE. The NT had no effect on number of productive tillers, main-stem panicle length or number of primary branches per panicle; however, reduced yield resulted from significant effects on spikelet sterility (SS), and grain length, width, and weight. The grains located at the base of the panicle showed decreased length and width compared with grains located at the tip of the panicle. Application of glycine betaine increased grain yield by predominantly decreasing SS in rice plants, suggesting the potential future use of glycine betaine to help partially prevent HNT damage to rice.
Accipiter hard red winter wheat
Authors: Fowler D. B.
Published: April 2011

Fowler, D. B. 2011. Accipiter hard red winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 363–365. Accipiter is an intermediate height, high-yielding, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar with good stem and moderate leaf rust resistance that is registered for production in western Canada. It is a hard red winter wheat cultivar that is eligible for grades of the Canada Western General Purpose (CWGP) wheat class. The CWGP class was created in 2007 to encourage the development of cultivars to fill the high energy demands of the biofuel and livestock feed markets in western Canada. The grain yield of Accipiter was 114% of the Canada Western Red Winter Wheat class grain quality check cultivar, CDC Osprey, and 103% of the high-yielding check, CDC Falcon. High grain yield potential combined with good agronomic and disease packages make Accipiter a good fit for the CWGP class.
Optimum seeding date and rate for irrigated cereal and oilseed crops in southern Alberta
Authors: McKenzie R. H. , Bremer E. , Middleton A. B. , Pfiffner P. G. , Woods S. A.
Published: April 2011

McKenzie, R. H., Bremer, E., Middleton, A. B., Pfiffner, P. G. and Woods, S. A. 2011. Optimum seeding date and rate for irrigated cereal and oilseed crops in southern Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 293–303. High crop productivity is essential for irrigated crops and may be strongly affected by decisions of seeding date and rate. An irrigated field experiment was conducted at two locations in southern Alberta for 4 yr to compare the impact of seeding date and rate on productivity and quality of nine cereal crops and two oilseed crops. Seeding rate was only evaluated on one date in late April or early May, when maximum yields were expected. Delayed seeding reduced crop yields by 0.6 to 1.7% per day after the end of April: flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) ≤ CWRS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), feed triticale (×Triticosecale W.) ≤ CPS or SWS wheat ≤ triticale or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage ≤ durum (T. turgidum L.), feed or malt barley < canola (Brassica napus L.). Crop quality deteriorated with delayed seeding for some crops, particularly canola, malt barley and SWS wheat, but was unaffected or even slightly improved for other crops. Seeding rate generally had a smaller effect on crop yield or quality than seeding date, but triticale and SWS wheat required high seeding rates to achieve maximum yields. Early seeding and a sufficient seeding rate were required for high crop productivity of irrigated cereal and oilseed crops in southern Alberta.
Review: Breeding wheat for enhanced micronutrients
Authors: Xu Yunfeng , An Diaoguo , Li Hongjie , Xu Hongxing
Published: April 2011

Xu, Y., An, D., Li, H. and Xu, H. 2011. Review: Breeding wheat for enhanced micronutrients. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 231–237. Low concentrations or deficiencies of bioavailable iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and other essential micronutrients in human food afflict a large proportion of the world's population. Plant biofortification, to improve the mineral concentrations in the edible portions of crop plants by conventional breeding or modern transgenic approaches, is regarded as the most economical and sustainable strategy. Many researchers have demonstrated that there are significant differences in grain mineral element concentrations among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its relatives. Compared with cultivated wheat, wild wheats are potential genetic resources for enhancing micronutrient in wheat grain. An ancestral wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides) carrying the allele Gpc-B1, which is associated with increased Fe, Zn, and protein concentrations in grain, was cloned using a positional cloning strategy. Combining conventional breeding with modern genetic engineering approaches, such as introgression of genes from wild relatives into wheat, synthetic hexaploid wheat, quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis, and even gene cloning and genetic transformation, are important for developing wheat cultivars higher in micronutrients.
Crop management effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae and root growth of flax
Authors: Monreal M. A. , Grant C. A. , Irvine R. B. , Mohr R. M. , McLaren D. L. , Khakbazan M.
Published: April 2011

Monreal, M. A., Grant, C. A., Irvine, R. B., Mohr, R. M., McLaren, D. L. and Khakbazan, M. 2011. Crop management effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae and root growth of flax. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 315–324. The effects of two tillage systems, two preceding crops and the use of phosphorus (P) fertilizer on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization, root biomass and root size of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) were evaluated at two sites in Manitoba, Canada. The Brandon Research Centre Farm site had been historically managed under conventional tillage (CT), and the Manitoba Zero Tillage Research Association Farm site under reduced tillage (RT). The preceding crops were a mycorrhizal crop, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and a non-mycorrhizal crop, canola (Brassica napus L.), grown under RT or CT using rates of 0, 11 and 22 kg P ha−1 applied as monoammonium phosphate (MAP). Phosphorus was applied to the following flax crop as MAP at rates of 0 or 11 kg P ha−1. Flax root biomass was larger in all site-years when wheat rather than canola was the preceding crop. Also, AMF colonization and root size of flax increased in 3 and 2 site-years, respectively, when grown after wheat. Flax's root biomass decreased under CT and AMF colonization decreased when P was added either to the previous crop or to flax only in one site year. Weather conditions may have enhanced the effects of preceding crop, P fertilizer and tillage.
The effect of three production systems on the postharvest quality and phytochemical composition of Orléans strawberry
Authors: Fan Li , Yu Cui , Fang Chengquan , Zhang Maojun , Ranieri Marta , Dubé Claudine , Khanizadeh Shahrokh
Published: April 2011

Fan, L., Yu, C., Fang, C., Zhang, M., Ranieri, M., Dubé, C. and Khanizadeh, S. 2011. The effect of three production systems on the postharvest quality and phytochemical composition of Orléans strawberry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 403–409. The effects of two production systems, plastic mulch (PM) and plastic mulch with row covers (PMRC) versus the commonly used matted-row system (MRS) on postharvest fruit quality, including shelf life, fruit weight loss and juice leakage, fruit glossiness, postharvest disease caused by grey mould (Botrytis cinerea Pers.), and chemical composition of Orléans strawberry were evaluated during 2008 and 2009. Plastic mulch with row covers accelerated fruit maturity by 7 to 10 d and produced larger fruits compared with the MRS. Production systems significantly changed the total phenolic content (TPC) and total antioxidant content (TAC), but the effect varied during the harvest season. Total phenolic content was significantly higher for PMRC than MRS and PM at early harvest, but the effect was similar to PM at mid and late harvest. Total antioxidant content was significantly higher for PMRC compared with MRS and PM at all stages of fruit production, especially at late harvest. Fruit weight loss and juice leakage and the presence of grey mould during storage were lower and fruit glossiness was higher for those harvested under PMRC compared with those from MRS. No significant differences were observed for firmness, pH, titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids content (SSC) between the three production systems. Titratable acidity and SSC of PMRC were slightly higher than those from MRS and PM, but the differences were not significant. It seems that PMRC not only accelerates ripening, but also has a significant effect on pre- and postharvest fruit quality and chemical composition of the harvested fruits.
Quality characteristics of registered cultivars and advanced lines of durum wheats grown in different ecological regions of Turkey
Authors: Sakin Mehmet , Sayaslan Abdulvahit , Duzdemir Oral , Yuksel Ferhat
Published: April 2011

Sakin, M. A., Sayaslan, A., Duzdemir, O. and Yuksel, F. 2011. Quality characteristics of registered cultivars and advanced lines of durum wheats grown in different ecological regions of Turkey. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 261–271. In this study, pasta-quality-associated characteristics of 25 durum wheat genotypes were investigated. Durum wheat genotypes consisted of 13 advanced experimental lines and 12 registered cultivars that were grown in three different locations of Turkey for 2 yr. Genotype, location, year and their interactions were found to be statistically significant in terms of all investigated quality characteristics. Mean quality parameters for the genotypes varied as follows: yellowberry kernel 1.7–6.1%, pigment content 3.67–8.31 mg kg−1, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity 12.9–27.9 EU g−1, protein content 10.8–11.8% (14% mb), gluten index (GI) 12-61, sodium dodecyl sulphate-sedimentation volume 17.3–28.7 mL, specific sedimentation volume 1.60–2.52 mL. Of the genotypes, 10 contained γ-gliadin 45 and six γ-gliadin 42 proteins. Except for Zenit, none of the registered cultivars and advanced experimental lines investigated in this study were able to meet simultaneously the requirements for high-quality pasta products; yet certain experimental lines prevailing in specific quality characteristics, such as Line-Gdem-2, Line-Gdem-12 and Line-20, may be used for further breeding purposes. The results of this study also imply that grain yield and quality should be taken collectively into consideration in wheat breeding programs.
Stainless oat
Authors: Mitchell Fetch J. W. , Brown P. D. , Ames N. , Chong J. , Fetch T. G. , Haber S. M. , Menzies J. G. , Tekauz A. , Townley-Smith T. F. , Stadnyk K. D.
Published: April 2011

Mitchell Fetch, J. W., Brown, P. D., Ames, N., Chong, J., Fetch, Jr., T. G., Haber, S. M., Menzies, J. G., Townley-Smith, T. F. and Stadnyk, K. D. 2011. Stainless oat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 357–361. Stainless is a grey-hulled spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar postulated to carry the crown rust resistance gene, Pc91, which was effective against the prevalent pathotypes of crown rust races on the Canadian prairies at the time of its release. Stainless could possibly also carry one or more of the crown rust resistance genes, Pc38, Pc39, and Pc68. It had very good resistance to loose and covered smut, good resistance to the prairie stem rust races (likely due to the presence of Pg2, Pg13, and Pga) and moderate tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). Stainless had high kernel weight, intermediate percent plump kernels, intermediate percent thin kernels, and high levels of total dietary fibre. Stainless exhibited high yielding capacity in the eastern portion of the Black soil zone of western Canada where resistance to rust diseases is important. Stainless was supported for registration by the Prairie Grain Development Committee in February 2007. Stainless was registered (Reg. No. 6422) on 2008 Apr. 07.