bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STAT3 Ubiquitylation and Degradation by Mumps Virus Suppress Cytokine and Oncogene Signaling
Authors: Ulane Christina M. , Rodriguez Jason J. , Parisien Jean-Patrick , Horvath Curt M.
Published: May 2003

Mumps virus is a common infectious agent of humans, causing parotitis, meningitis, encephalitis, and orchitis. Like other paramyxoviruses in the genusRubulavirus, mumps virus catalyzes the proteasomal degradation of cellular STAT1 protein, a means for escaping antiviral responses initiated by alpha/beta and gamma interferons. We demonstrate that mumps virus also eliminates cellular STAT3, a protein that mediates transcriptional responses to cytokines, growth factors, nonreceptor tyrosine kinases, and a variety of oncogenic stimuli. STAT1 and STAT3 are independently targeted by a single mumps virus protein, called V, that assembles STAT-directed ubiquitylation complexes from cellular components, including STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, DDB1, and Cullin4A. Consequently, mumps virus V protein prevents responses to interleukin-6 and v-Src signals and can induce apoptosis in STAT3-dependent multiple myeloma cells and transformed murine fibroblasts. These findings demonstrate a unique cytokine and oncogene evasion property of mumps virus that provides a molecular basis for its observed oncolytic properties.
The Oligomerization Domain of VP3, the Scaffolding Protein of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, Plays a Critical Role in Capsid Assembly
Authors: Maraver Antonio , Oña Ana , Abaitua Fernando , González Dolores , Clemente Roberto , Ruiz-Díaz Jose A. , Castón Jose R. , Pazos Florencio , Rodriguez Jose F.
Published: May 2003

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) capsids are formed by a single protein layer containing three polypeptides, pVP2, VP2, and VP3. Here, we show that the VP3 protein synthesized in insect cells, either after expression of the complete polyprotein or from a VP3 gene construct, is proteolytically degraded, leading to the accumulation of product lacking the 13 C-terminal residues. This finding led to identification of the VP3 oligomerization domain within a 24-amino-acid stretch near the C-terminal end of the polypeptide, partially overlapping the VP1 binding domain. Inactivation of the VP3 oligomerization domain, by either proteolysis or deletion of the polyprotein gene, abolishes viruslike particle formation. Formation of VP3-VP1 complexes in cells infected with a dual recombinant baculovirus simultaneously expressing the polyprotein and VP1 prevented VP3 proteolysis and led to efficient virus-like particle formation in insect cells.
Development and Application of a Reverse Genetics System for Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Yun Sang-Im , Kim Seok-Yong , Rice Charles M. , Lee Young-Min
Published: May 2003

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a common agent of viral encephalitis that causes high mortality and morbidity among children. Molecular genetic studies of JEV are hampered by the lack of a genetically stable full-length infectious JEV cDNA clone. We describe here the development of such a clone. A JEV isolate was fully sequenced, and then its full-length cDNA was cloned into a bacterial artificial chromosome. This was then further engineered so that transcription of the cDNA in vitro would generate synthetic RNAs with authentic 5′ and 3′ ends. The synthetic RNAs thus produced were highly infectious in susceptible cells (>10
6
PFU/μg), and these cells rapidly generated a high titer of synthetic viruses (>5 × 10
6
PFU/ml). The recovered viruses were indistinguishable from the parental virus in terms of plaque morphology, growth kinetics, RNA accumulation, protein expression, and cytopathogenicity. Significantly, the structural and functional integrity of the cDNA was maintained even after 180 generations of growth in
Escherichia coli
. A single point mutation acting as a genetic marker was introduced into the cDNA and was found in the genome of the recovered virus, indicating that the cDNA can be manipulated. Furthermore, we showed that JEV is an attractive vector for the expression of heterologous genes in a wide variety of cell types. This novel reverse genetics system for JEV will greatly facilitate research into JEV biology. It will also be useful as a heterologous gene expression vector and will aid the development of a vaccine against JEV.
Eggplant Latent Viroid
, the Candidate Type Species for a New Genus within the Family
Avsunviroidae
(Hammerhead Viroids)
Authors: Fadda Z. , Daròs J. A. , Fagoaga C. , Flores R. , Duran-Vila N.
Published: May 2003

Viroids, small circular RNAs that replicate independently and in most cases incite diseases in plants, are classified into the families
Pospiviroidae
, composed of species with a central conserved region (CCR) and without hammerhead ribozymes, and
Avsunviroidae
, composed of three members lacking CCR but able to self-cleave in both polarity strands through hammerhead ribozymes. Here we report the biological and molecular properties of
Eggplant latent viroid
(ELVd). Purified circular ELVd induces symptomless infections when inoculated into eggplant seedlings. ELVd can be transmitted horizontally and through seed. Sequencing 10 complete cDNA clones showed that ELVd is a circular RNA of 332 to 335 nucleotides with high variability. This RNA can adopt a quasi-rod-like secondary structure of minimal free energy and alternative foldings that permit formation of stable hammerhead structures in plus and minus strands. The ribozymes are active in vitro and, most likely, in vivo
.
Considering the ELVd properties to be intermediate between those of the two genera of family
Avsunviroidae
, we propose ELVd as the type species of a third genus with the name
Elaviroid
.
Cell-Free Synthesis of Encephalomyocarditis Virus
Authors: Svitkin Yuri V. , Sonenberg Nahum
Published: May 2003

We developed a system for complete replication of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) in a test tube by using an in vitro translation extract from Krebs-2 cells. Efficient virus synthesis occurred in a narrow range of Mg
2+
and EMCV RNA concentrations. Excess input RNA impaired RNA replication and virus production but not translation. This suggests the existence of a negative-feedback mechanism for regulation of RNA replication by the viral plus-strand RNA or proteins.
Extensive Cross-Reactivity of CD4+Adenovirus-Specific T Cells: Implications for Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy
Authors: Heemskerk Bianca , Veltrop-Duits Louise A. , van Vreeswijk Tamara , ten Dam Monique M. , Heidt Sebastiaan , Toes Rene E. M. , van Tol Maarten J. D. , Schilham Marco W.
Published: May 2003

Adenovirus (Ad)-specific T-cell responses in healthy adult donors were investigated. Ad5, inactivated by methylene blue plus visible light, induced proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the majority of donors. Responding T cells were CD4+and produced IFN-γ upon restimulation with infectious Ad5 and Ads of different subgroups. T-cell clones showed distinct cross-reactivity patterns recognizing Ad serotypes from either one subgroup (C), two subgroups (B and C), or three subgroups (A, B, and C). This cross-reactivity of Ad-specific T cells has relevance both for Ad-based gene therapy protocols, as well as for the feasibility of T-cell-mediated adoptive immunotherapy in recipients of an allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Modern treatment of acromegaly
Authors: Merza Z
Published: May 2003

Acromegaly is an endocrine disorder characterised by increased morbidity and mortality. It is usually caused by a growth hormone secreting pituitary adenoma and is manifested by a variety of clinical features. Surgery is usually the treatment of choice, however over the last few years, several new methods of treatment have been developed. A recent consensus on the targets for treatment has led to multiple studies being conducted to assess the efficacy of the currently available options. This review examines the evidence for and against these treatments.
Impact of respiratory viral infections on cystic fibrosis
Authors: Wat D
Published: May 2003

The life expectancy for patients with cystic fibrosis has improved remarkably over the last 20 years. Progressive deterioration of pulmonary function continues despite the aggressive use of antimicrobials. The absence of fever, neutrophilia, and systemic symptoms suggest that during pulmonary exacerbations other non-bacterial factors may have played a part. Some have suggested respiratory viruses as main suspects. So far, few data have illustrated the relationship of respiratory viruses and cystic fibrosis. By gaining further knowledge of this relationship, one may change future clinical practice and boost the survival of these patients.
Results of a programme to improve house staff use of metered dose inhalers and spacers
Authors: Lee-Wong M , Mayo P H
Published: May 2003

Purpose

Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and spacers are used widely in the treatment of asthma. Medical personnel who are responsible for training patients must themselves be proficient with the devices. The proficiency of a group of new medical interns with use of MDI and spacer devices was determined, and improvement in their use of these devices was sought.

Subjects

Fifty six medical interns tested at the start of their first house staff training year.

Methods

The ability of medical interns to use MDIs and spacers was assessed using a visual scoring system before and after a large group lecture emphasising proper device use and once again after an intensive one-on-one training session with an attending physician.

Results

Initially, only 5% used an MDI perfectly. This improved to 13% after a lecture and demonstration, and 73% after an intensive one-on-one session. Almost no new interns could use a collapsible or tube spacer properly initially. This improved to 15% and 29% respectively after a lecture. After one-on-one training, correct technique was increased to 69% for collapsible spacer and 95% for the tube spacer. Analysis of individual steps of MDI use showed that interns had particular difficulty in coordinating actuation with inhalation. The tube spacer appeared easiest to learn.

Conclusions

Incoming medical house staff have limited ability to use MDI with and without spacers. A large group lecture is relatively ineffective when compared with a one-on-one training session in training with these devices.
Recurrent autumnal psychosis
Authors: Joshi P , Wicks A C , Munshi S K
Published: May 2003

Acute confusional states in the older patient often have a remediable cause. Every effort should be made to ascertain the cause so that appropriate treatment can be given and future episodes prevented. A patient is described who presented with recurrent episodes of acute psychosis after ingestion of Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade).
Functional Genomics of P450S
Authors: Schuler Mary A. , Werck-Reichhart Daniele
Published: May 2003

Plant systems utilize a diverse array of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) in their biosynthetic and detoxicative pathways. Those P450s in biosynthetic pathways play critical roles in the synthesis of lignins, UV protectants, pigments, defense compounds, fatty acids, hormones, and signaling molecules. Those in catabolic pathways participate in the breakdown of endogenous compounds and toxic compounds encountered in the environment. Because of their roles in this wide diversity of metabolic processes, plant P450 proteins and transcripts can serve as downstream reporters for many different biochemical pathways responding to chemical, developmental, and environmental cues. This review focuses initially on defining P450 biochemistries, nomenclature systems, and the relationships between genes in the extended P450 superfamily that exists in all plant species. Subsequently, it focuses on outlining the many approaches being used to assign function to individual P450 proteins and gene loci. The examples of assigned P450 activities that are spread throughout this review highlight the importance of understanding and utilizing P450 sequences as markers for linking biochemical pathway responses to physiological processes.
Chloroplast Movement
Authors: Wada Masamitsu , Kagawa Takatoshi , Sato Yoshikatsu
Published: May 2003

The study of chloroplast movement made a quantum leap at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Research based on reverse-genetic approaches using targeted mutants has brought new concepts to this field. One of the most exciting findings has been the discovery of photoreceptors for both accumulation and avoidance responses in Arabidopsis and in the fern Adiantum. Evidence for the adaptive advantage of chloroplast avoidance movements in plant survival has also been found. Additional discoveries include mechano-stress-induced chloroplast movement in ferns and mosses, and microtubule-mediated chloroplast movement in the moss Physcomitrella. The possible ecological significance of chloroplast movement is discussed in the final part of this review.
Protective Effect of Keratinocyte Growth Factor against Lung Abnormalities Associated with Hyperoxia in Prematurely Born Rats
Authors: Frank Lee
Published: May 2003

We used a prematurely born rat/hyperoxia model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) to test whether keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) treatment would protect against the development of several serious (cardio-)pulmonary complications of early life exposure to hyperoxia. KGF significantly protected against hyperoxic lethality (13-day survival rate = 50/64 (78%) for the O2-KGF vs. 29/66 (44%) for the O2-saline group, p < 0.001). Although KGF failed to protect against hyperoxic inhibition of normal postnatal alveoli formation and early pulmonary fibrosis, KGF consistently had a significant protective/preventive effect against the development of pulmonary hypertension during hyperoxia as reflected in comparative right ventricular hypertrophy: mean increase = +35% above normal for the O2-saline group vs. +3% for the O2-KGF premature rat group (p < 0.01).
The Grade of Acute Thymus Involution in Neonates Correlates with the Duration of Acute Illness and with the Percentage of Lymphocytes in Peripheral Blood Smear
Authors: Glavina-Durdov Merica , Springer Oskar , Ćapkun Vesna , Saratlija-Novaković Žana , Rozić Damir , Barle Miroslava
Published: May 2003

In various stressful conditions, the thymus is subjected to incidental involution, mostly due to the thymocytolytic effect of secreted glucocorticosteroids. The aim of this study was to examine acute thymic involution in sick neonates and to compare the morphological grade with some clinical and laboratorial parameters. The influence of the illness on thymus tissue was investigated in 100 neonates who were treated and died in a neonatology intensive care unit. The preterm infants (n = 73) were born before the 37th week of gestation. Analysis of 57 placentas showed inflammation in 32% and circulatory disturbances in 23% of the cases. The causes of death were confirmed by autopsy: 35 were preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome without infection, 22 were malformed, and 10 had birth trauma or asphyxia. In contrast, 29 of the preterm infants had an infection, mostly pneumonia or sepsis, and 4 of the term infants had such infections. Acute thymus involution was histologically graded (0–4) according to the method of van Baarlen (see text). Resting state (grade 0) was found in 25 of 38 neonates who lived <12 h. In 13 of 38 neonates who lived <12 h, thymus involution suggested prenatal stress. The grade of thymus involution related to the duration of illness (p < 0.001). Placental inflammation was associated with features of thymus involution (p < 0.048). Infection as a cause of death was connected to advanced thymus involution (p < 0.001). In preterm newborns, infection was more often connected with acute thymus involution than was respiratory distress syndrome (p < 0.003). Among the parameters measured in all avaiable peripheral blood samples taken 24 h before death, only the lymphocyte count related to the grade of acute thymus involution (p < 0.05), with an increase in percentage of lymphocytes in peripheral blood smears from grade 0 to 2 and a decrease from grade 2 to 4. Although the white blood cell count is highly variable, a low percentage of lymphocytes might be a sign of advanced accidental thymus involution following acute stress.
Application of the Open-Lung Concept during Positive-Pressure Ventilation Reduces Pulmonary Inflammation in Newborn Piglets
Authors: van Kaam Anton H. , Dik Willem A. , Haitsma Jack J. , De Jaegere Anne , Naber Birgitta A. , van Aalderen Wim M. , Kok Joke H. , Lachmann Burkhard
Published: May 2003

It has been shown that application of the open-lung concept (OLC) during high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) attenuates pulmonary inflammation. We hypothesized that this attenuation could also be achieved by applying the OLC during positive-pressure ventilation (PPV). After repeated whole-lung lavage, newborn piglets were assigned to one of three ventilation groups: (1) PPVOLC; (2) HFOVOLC, or (3) conventional PPV (PPVCON). After a ventilation period of 5 h, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed a reduced influx of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, interleukin 8, and thrombin activity in both OLC groups as compared with the PPVCON group. There were no differences in tumor necrosis factor alpha levels. We conclude that application of the OLC during PPV reduces pulmonary inflammation as compared with conventional PPV and that the magnitude of this reduction is comparable to that of HFOV.
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Community Sample of Subjects with Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Lanng Charlotte , Mortensen Dennis , Friis Merete , Wallin Lene , Kay Lise , Boesby Steen , Jørgensen Torben
Published: May 2003

Background/Aim: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) affects about 15–20% of the population of the Western countries. Traditionally, IBS has been an exclusion diagnosis, but recently definitions have emerged from population-based research. The aim of this population-based study was to evaluate any association between gastrointestinal pathophysiology and IBS in subjects with symptoms of IBS compared to subjects with no abdominal complaints. Methods: From a random sample of 2,656 participants, subjects with IBS (32) together with subjects without abdominal complaints (26), were invited for further evaluation. IBS was defined as more than weekly experience of abdominal pain and distension, and in addition either borborygmia or altering stool consistency. The diagnostic work-up consisted of gastroscopy, manometry and 23-hour pH and pressure recordings of the oesophagus, lactose tolerance test, barium enema, measurement of colonic transit time, and rectoscopy. Results: Compared to the group without abdominal complaints significantly more subjects with IBS had spasms of the colon (OR = 10.2 (1.2–87.3)), and abnormal contractions of the oesophagus at manometry (OR = 9.1 (1.1–78.2)). Furthermore, there was a non-significant tendency towards spasms at 23-hour pH and pressure recordings (OR = 3.58 (0.4–35.2)), and more discomfort at lactose tolerance test (OR = 5.8 (0.6–51.3)) in persons with IBS compared to subjects without abdominal complaints. Conclusion: The results of this population-based study indicate that signs of gastrointestinal dysmotility and hyperperception are more prevalent in subjects with IBS than in subjects without abdominal complaints.
Chronic Cholestasis Associated with Turner’s Syndrome: 12 Years of Clinical and Histopathological Follow-Up
Authors: Wardi Joram , Knobel Boleslaw , Shahmurov Mark , Melamud Enrique , Avni Yona , Shirin Haim
Published: May 2003

Clinically significant liver disease is probably a rare condition in Turner’s syndrome and only a few cases of severe liver disease have been described. The natural history of patients with Turner’s syndrome and elevated cholestatic liver enzymes is unclear. We report a case with a long history of intrahepatic cholestasis and without clinical or histopathological progression in 12 years of follow-up. Like some other reports our case suggests, also histologically, that the liver disease in these patients runs a benign course.
A New Continuous Automated Assay for the Determination of Intestinal Lactase
Authors: Sall I. , Férard G.
Published: May 2003

Background: A reliable, sensitive and practicable method for the measurement of intestinal lactase activity is needed. Method: The assay is based on the continuous measurement of released glucose by a coupled hexokinase/glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (HK/G6PDH) reagent. Results: The procedure was first optimized for lactase from rat intestinal mucosa. The optimum pH is 6.5 and apparent Km was 17 mmol/l for lactose. The procedure was also adapted on a Cobas Mira automated analyzer; progress curves of the reaction rate can be continuously monitored. The automated assay correlated strongly with the conventional method of Dahlqvist (r2 = 0.996). The described method has also been applied to human intestinal mucosa biopsies after determination of the catalytic properties of human enzyme (optimum pH 6.0 and apparent Km 34 mmol/l). Conclusion: The HK/G6PDH method is reliable, rapid, sensitive and easy to perform both manually as well as in the automated version. It is optimized for human and rat intestinal lactase.
Inhibitory Effects of Bifidobacterium longum on Experimental Ulcerative Colitis Induced in Mice by Synthetic Dextran Sulfate Sodium
Authors: Fujiwara Mutsunori , Kaneko Tsutomu , Iwana Hirokazu , Taketomo Naoki , Tsunoo Hajime , Kanno Jun , Ohkusa Toshifumi , Okayasu Isao
Published: May 2003

Background/Aims: The relationship between alterations in intestinal microflora and ulcerative colitis is still not clear. Whether improvement in bacterial populations might be a new strategy for prevention or treatment needs to be tested. Methods: Ulcerative colitis was induced in mice by oral administration of synthetic dextran sulfate sodium (molecular weight 54,000). Inhibitory effects of concomitant treatment with Bifidobacterium longum were assessed in terms of total colon length and severity of histological changes. In addition, changes of microflora and short-chain fatty acids were tested in fecal samples and compared before and after treatment. Results: Administration of B. longum significantly inhibited both shortening of total colon length and the severity of ulcerative colitis compared to controls. It was confirmed that the administered B. longum resided in the gut and blocked the decrease of lactobacilli in fecal samples in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Conclusions: Oral administration of B. longum exerts marked inhibitory effects on ulcerative colitis in mice.
Effects of the Soluble Fibre Pectin on Intestinal Cell Proliferation, Fecal Short Chain Fatty Acid Production and Microbial Population
Authors: Fukunaga Tetsuya , Sasaki Masaya , Araki Yoshio , Okamoto Toshihiko , Yasuoka Takashi , Tsujikawa Tomoyuki , Fujiyama Yoshihide , Bamba Tadao
Published: May 2003

Aim: Although pectin, a dietary fibre, has been suggested to possess some trophic effects on the intestine, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of pectin on rat intestinal cell proliferation and the intraluminal environment. Methods: Control and pectin-fed rats were given a fibre-free elemental diet (ED) and an ED containing 2.5% pectin, respectively. On the 15th day, the length, weight and number of Ki-67-positive cells from each intestinal segment, and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbial population in the caecum were measured. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) concentration and GLP-2 receptor (GLP-2R) mRNA levels in the epithelium were also determined. Results: Pectin supplementation resulted in significant increases in the length, weight, and number of Ki-67-positive cells in the ileum, caecum and colon. Although pectin supplementation did not affect the caecal microbial flora that produced SCFAs, the caecal SCFA content was significantly increased. Pectin supplementation also induced an increase in the plasma GLP-2 concentration, but did not affect the GLP-2R mRNA levels in the small intestine. Conclusions: The increases in the caecal SCFAs and plasma GLP-2 levels induced by pectin supplementation may cause mucosal proliferation in the lower intestinal tract.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Angiogenesis in Gastric Hyperplastic Polyp – Association with Polyp Size
Authors: Kawada Mayumi , Seno Hiroshi , Wada Manabu , Suzuki Katsumasa , Kanda Naoki , Kayahara Takahisa , Fukui Hirokazu , Sawada Mitsutaka , Kajiyama Toru , Sakai Masahiko , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: May 2003

Background: Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis, and plays an important role in tumor enlargement. COX-2 is expressed in human gastric and colorectal tumors, and the expression increases in a tumor size-dependent manner. In the present study, we attempted to examine the COX-2 expression pattern in gastric hyperplastic polyp, a non-tumorous lesion. Patients and Methods: Fifty-eight gastric hyperplastic polyps, obtained by endoscopic polypectomy, were immunostained with anti-COX-2 and antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibodies. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by von Willebrand factor immunostaining. Results: In larger gastric hyperplastic polyps, COX-2 was expressed mainly on the luminal side of the polyp stroma, while it was absent in smaller polyps. A significant correlation between COX-2 immunoreactivity and polyp size was observed (p < 0.01). High VEGF expression and MVD were observed mainly in the same stromal region of the polyps where COX-2 was expressed. Both VEGF expression and MVD were also correlated with polyp size significantly (ps < 0.01). Conclusions: COX-2 expression increased in a size-dependent manner in non-tumorous hyperplastic polyps, suggesting that COX-2 expression is not necessarily linked to epithelial cell transformation. Moreover, COX-2 may participate in polyp enlargement through angiogenesis by promoting VEGF production.
Influence of Training Volume and Acute Physical Exercise on the Homocysteine Levels in Endurance-Trained Men: Interactions with Plasma Folate and Vitamin B12
Authors: König D. , Bissé E. , Deibert P. , Müller H.-M. , Wieland H. , Berg A.
Published: May 2003

The interrelation between physical exercise and plasma levels of homocysteine (Hcy), vitamin B12, and folic acid has not been examined. Therefore, we investigated the influence of extensive endurance training and acute intense exercise on plasma concentrations of total Hcy, vitamin B12, and folic acid in 42 well-trained male triathletes. Examinations and blood sampling took place before and after a 30-day endurance training period as well as before and 1 and 24 h after a competitive exercise (sprint triathlon). Following the training period, no significant change in Hcy levels could be detected for the whole group. Subgroup analysis in quartiles of training volume revealed that – as compared with the lowest quartile (low-training group: 9.1 h training/week) – athletes in the highest training quartile (high-training group: 14.9 h training/week) exhibited a significant decrease in Hcy levels (from 12.7 ± 2.3 to 11.7 ± 2.4 µmol/l as compared with levels of 12.5 ± 1.5 and 12.86 ± 1.5 µmol/l in the low-training group; p < 0.05). The plasma folate levels were significantly higher in the high-training group at all points of examination (p < 0.05). 1 h and 24 h after competition, the Hcy concentration increased in all athletes independent of the previous training volume (24 h: 12.3 ± 1.8 vs. 13.5 ± 2.6 µmol/l; p < 0.001), although the increase was decisively stronger in the low-training group. 1 h after competition, the plasma folate concentration increased (7.03 ± 2.1 vs. 8.33 ± 2.1 ng/ml; p < 0.05) in all athletes. Multivariate analysis showed that the exercise-induced increase in the Hcy levels was dependent on baselines levels of folate and training volume, but not on the vitamin B12 levels. In conclusion, although intense exercise acutely increased the Hcy levels, chronic endurance exercise was not associated with higher Hcy concentrations. Moreover, athletes with the highest training volume, exhibiting also the highest plasma folate levels, showed a decrease in Hcy levels following the training period as well as a much lower increase of the Hcy concentration after acute intense exercise. The combined effect of training and higher plasma folate levels to reduce Hcy should be investigated in future studies.
Effect of the Degree of Hydrogenation of Fish Oil on the Enzymatic Activity and on the Fatty Acid Composition of Hepatic Microsomes from Young and Aged Rats
Authors: Morgado Nora , Sanhueza Julio , Nieto Susana , Valenzuela Alfonso
Published: May 2003

By modifying the degree of hydrogenation of dietary fat, it is possible to modify the fatty acid composition and the biochemical activity of cellular tissues. The age can be another variable influencing these modifications. The effect of isocaloric diets containing oils with different degrees of hydrogenation: fish oil (FO, 0.3% trans), partially hydrogenated fish oil (PHFO, 29% trans), or highly hydrogenated fish oil (HHFO, 2.3% trans), in the fatty acid composition (cis and trans isomers) of hepatic microsomes from young (70-day-old) and aged (18-month-old) rats, in the microsomal cytochrome P-450 (C-450) content, and in the aminopyrine N-demethylase (AND), aniline hydroxylase (AH), NADPH cytochrome P-450 reductase (NCR), UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT), and GSH-S transferase (GST) enzymatic activities were studied. Fatty acid composition and n–6/n–3 ratio of microsomal membranes was modified to a higher extent in young rats. C-450 content and AND activity were reduced when the degree of hydrogenation of dietary fat was increased in the young and the aged rats. AH activity was higher after the PHFO diet in the young rats only. NCR activity was reduced in the young animals when the hydrogenation of the fat was increased. However, in aged rats the enzyme exhibited a higher activity after the PHFO and HHFO diet. UGT and GST activities where not affected by the level of hydrogenation of the dietary fat in both the young and the aged rats. However, UGT activity was higher in the young rats, while GST activity was higher in the aged animals. We conclude that hydrogenation of dietary fat can modify the fatty acid composition of hepatic microsomes, young animals being more sensitive to these changes than aged animals. These effects were also reflected in the amount and/or the activity of some molecular components of the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase enzyme system. Microsomal trans fatty acid composition is not affecting the activity of the enzymes, the age of the animals being the most important factor
Metabolic Profile of Pre-Pregnancy, Pregnancy and Early Lactation in Multiple Lambing Sakız Ewes
Authors: Özpınar Aysel , Fırat Ayşen
Published: May 2003

Twenty synchronized Sakız ewes (aged 3–4 years) were used in this study. Blood samples were taken once in pre-pregnancy and at the 100th day of pregnancy. At the 120th day of pregnancy and the 10th day postpartum, blood samples were collected every 2 h for 24 h from 10 ewes. Plasma progesterone and estradiol-17β levels were estimated by radioimmunoassay. Plasma cholesterol levels were determined by colorimetric method. Plasma progesterone levels increased during pregnancy and especially late pregnancy and decreased to basal values during lactation. Plasma estradiol-17β and cholesterol levels were not significantly different between pre-pregnancy, pregnancy and early lactation periods. The insignificant rise in plasma cholesterol during pregnancy showed that pregnancy toxemia may not occur in multiple lambing ewes when fed a balanced diet sufficient in energy and protein levels. The increased plasma progesterone level above normal observed during pregnancy and especially late pregnancy may be interpreted as a feature of multiple lambing breeds.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Relations to Dietary and Lifestyle Variables in a General Population Sample
Authors: Trichopoulou Antonia , Bamia Christina , Kalapothaki Victoria , Spanos Evangelos , Naska Androniki , Trichopoulos Dimitrios
Published: May 2003

Background/Aims: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is generally considered to have beneficial effects in humans. There is, however, limited information concerning the role of lifestyle variables, including diet, on blood DHEA levels. We have undertaken a study of DHEA determinants in a general population sample of adult Greeks. Methods: The sample consisted of 620 apparently healthy men and women aged 35–65 years, from all over Greece, participating in the EPIC study. Plasma DHEA was determined by radioimmunoassay. Nutritional intakes were ascertained through an interviewer-administered validated food frequency questionnaire, which also contained information on lifestyle variables. Statistical analyses were undertaken through simple cross-tabulations and by modelling the data through multiple regression. Results: DHEA declines sharply with age and there is some evidence that the decline may be sharper in men than in women. Protein intake was significantly inversely associated with plasma levels of DHEA, whereas other dietary factors, energy expenditure and anthropometric variables were unrelated to this hormone. Alcohol intake and tobacco smoking tended to be positively related to DHEA, but the respective associations were not statistically significant. Conclusion: There has been a growing interest in replacement of DHEA in ageing adults. If confirmed, our results would indicate that a reduction in protein intake could have qualitatively similar effects.
Lung Attenuation Measurements in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Smit Hans J.M. , Golding Richard P. , Schramel Franz M.N.H. , Devillé Walter L. , Manoliu Radu A. , Postmus Pieter E.
Published: May 2003

Background: High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) attenuation measurements may be more sensitive in finding early emphysematous changes in relatively young subjects than lung function measurements. Objectives: To define lung attenuation parameters in smokers and never-smokers. Methods: A prospective comparative study in a university hospital setting was designed with 20 healthy smoking and 20 nonsmoking volunteers. Attenuation measurements on spirometrically controlled HRCT at three levels in the upper half of the lungs at 10% and 90% of vital capacity (VC10% and VD90%) were done, and lung function measurements were performed. Results: Mean lung attenuation (MLD) and pixel index (PI) were correlated with lung function and smoking history. Small attenuation differences in the left and right lung were found but no sex-related differences. At main carina (MC) level, the PI was higher at VC90% (p < 0.0001) but lower at VC10% (p < 0.01) compared to the apex. Age correlated with attenuation parameters at VC10%, whereas for pack-years no correlation was found. There were attenuation correlations with VC (PI: R = 0.31, p < 0.05 at VC10%/90%), residual volume (MLD: R = –0.31, p < 0.05 at VC10%), and total lung capacity (PI: R = 0.31, p < 0.05 at VC10%/VC90%). Conclusions: Lung attenuation during inspiration was lower at the MC level than at the top, but higher on expiratory scans. No sex-related differences were found. Lung attenuation decreases with age on expiratory scans. This seemed to be of more importance than the amount of pack-years of smoking. A relationship with lung function parameters is not uniformly proven.
Serum Concentration of D-Dimers as a Marker of the Activation of the Fibrinolytic System in Patients Undergoing Bronchoscopic and Thoracoscopic Investigations
Authors: Schreiber J. , Knolle J. , Lüdicke R. , Florschütz G. , Rosahl W.
Published: May 2003

Background: Hypercoagulability is common even after minimally invasive surgical techniques and is pathogenetically linked to postoperative thrombotic and cardiac complications. The activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems after bronchoscopic and thoracoscopic investigations has not yet been elucidated. Objective: The aim of our study was to evaluate whether bronchoscopic and thoracoscopic investigations activate the fibrinolytic system. Methods: This study assessed cross-linked fibrinogen degradation products (D-dimer) in 120 patients after bronchoscopy with and without biopsies and/or bronchoalveolar lavage and after thoracoscopy with biopsies of the parietal pleura. Results: Both bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy induced a minor but significant increase in D-dimers in most patients, reversible mostly within 24 h. In rare cases, distinct increases lasting at least 24 h occurred. Conclusions: The slight and temporary increase in serum D-dimers induced by bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy is nonsignificant in most patients; however, in some cases, the coagulation/fibrinolytic systems may become markedly activated.
Platinum-Based, Leukocyte-Depleting Chemotherapy Does Not Alter Induced Sputum Markers of Neutrophilic Inflammation in COPD Patients with Unresectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Beeh K.M. , Beier J. , Ernst M. , Kornmann O. , Buhl R.
Published: May 2003

Background: Neutrophilic inflammation is a major feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and several novel therapies aim at the suppression of neutrophils in COPD. Due to the abundance and redundancy of mediators involved in neutrophilic inflammation, there is an ongoing controversy about the feasibility of such anti-neutrophilic approaches. Systemic chemotherapy has broad side effects, including neutrophil toxicity. Objectives: In this observational study, we have measured cellular and neutrophil-related inflammatory markers in induced sputum of COPD patients with unresectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: 15 COPD/NSCLC patients were followed during their first course of chemotherapy with cisplatin (60 mg/m2 days 1 and 7) and etoposide (100 mg/m2 days 3, 4, and 5). Sputum induction was performed before, and 3 weeks after chemotherapy. Peripheral blood count, sputum total cells and differentials, and the concentrations of the inflammatory markers interleukin (IL)-8, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 in sputum supernatant were analyzed. Results: Similar to COPD controls (n = 12), COPD/NSCLC patients had increased levels of absolute and relative sputum neutrophils, IL-8, and MMP-9 at baseline, when compared with healthy controls (n = 14, p < 0.001, all comparisons). After chemotherapy, there was a significant reduction in peripheral blood leukocytes (pre: 10,736 ± 550, post: 6,536 ± 1,064 cells/µl, p = 0.002) and log neutrophils (pre: 8.9 ± 0.09, post: 8.1 ± 0.2 cells/µl, p = 0.004), whereas log sputum neutrophils (pre: 0.3 ± 0.37, post: 0.18 ± 0.3 cells × 106/ml, p = 0.1) , IL-8 (pre 15.9 ± 3.8, post: 17.7 ± 3.6 ng/ml, p = 0.7), and log MMP-9 (pre: 5.3 ± 0.57, post: 5.6 ± 0.7 ng/ml, p = 0.33) remained unchanged. Conclusion: A single course of platinum-based chemotherapy markedly decreases peripheral blood neutrophils, but has no effect on inflammatory patterns of induced sputum in COPD patients with unresectable NSCLC.
Orthodeoxia without Platypnea from Interatrial Defect Associated with Persistent Left Superior Vena cava in the Absence of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Maniscalco Mauro , Dialetto Giovanni , Tufano Giovanni , Romano Annamaria , Sofia Matteo
Published: May 2003

Orthodeoxia-platypnea is a rare but increasingly recognized syndrome of upright hypoxemia usually associated to breathlessness relieved by recumbency. We report the case of isolated orthodeoxia discovered in a military recruit who referred only fatigability as the clinical symptom after a forced march. Transesophageal echocardiography demonstrated the presence of interatrial defect ostium secundum type with the persistence of left superior vena cava draining into coronary sinus. Right-to-left shunt was visualized by peripheral saline contrast infusion, despite normal right hemodynamics at heart catheterization. Hypoxemia recovered after the percutaneous closure of the interatrial defect. Orthodeoxia and platypnea could occur as separate disease manifestations, the latter probably being a rarer acute event, whereas orthodeoxia was underestimated and potentially earlier screenable.
Cervico-Mediastinal Lymphadenopathy as a Paradoxical Response to Chemotherapy in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Janmeja A.K. , Das S.K.
Published: May 2003

We report a case of pulmonary tuberculosis who developed tuberculous mediastinal and later cervical lymphadenopathy while on antituberculous chemotherapy. She responded to the addition of oral corticosteroids to her regimen. The relevant literature regarding the pathogenesis, varied manifestations and the clinical importance of recognising a paradoxical response is discussed.
Evaluation of Geometric and Dosimetric Inaccuracies of Stereotactic Irradiation in the Rat Brain
Authors: Novotný Jr. Josef , Novotný Josef , Spěváček Václav , Dvořák Pavel , Čechák Tomáš , Liščák Roman , Brožek Gustav , Tintěra Jaroslav , Vymazal Josef
Published: May 2003

Objective: To evaluate geometric and dosimetric inaccuracies in the irradiation of the rat brain with the Leksell Gamma Knife. Materials and Methods: Altogether three types of dosimeters were employed for these measurements: (a) a thermoluminescent dosimeter, (b) a semiconductor detector and (c) a polymer gel dosimeter. The thermoluminescent dosimeter and the semiconductor detector were calibrated using an ion chamber and then implanted in the brain of a rat cadaver and used for absolute dose determination. A special glass phantom mimicking exactly the shape of the rat body filled with the polymer gel was used for measurements of the relative dose distribution and evaluation of geometric inaccuracies during the stereotactic irradiation in the rat brain. Results: Both thermoluminescent and semiconductor detectors, due to their size, measured mean doses. The observed results demonstrated that the Leksell GammaPlan can be employed for the calculation of absorbed doses in irradiation of experimental animals. In our case, it was necessary to apply a correction factor of 1.078 for the absolute absorbed dose to obtain reliable results. A comparison of calculated dose profiles using the treatment planning system in all three axes with those measured by the polymer gel dosimeter demonstrated a very good geometric agreement with the mean deviation in profile position of 0.5 mm. Conclusion: The results indicate that this technique can effectively check the geometric and dosimetric accuracy of stereotactic irradiation in the rat brain. The Leksell GammaPlan can be employed for the calculation of absorbed doses, but the correction factor of 1.078 had to be applied for the absolute dose calculations in our irradiation geometry.
Expeditious Method of Urethrovesical Junction Determination in Retropubic Colposuspension with Intraballoon Illumination of Foley Catheter
Authors: Kafali Hasan , Verit Ayhan , Verit Ferda , Demir Nurettin
Published: May 2003

Objective: To investigate the efficiency and safety of Foley catheter intraballoon illumination in determining the urethrovesical junction (UVJ) in retropubic colposuspension. Method: Our accessory set for UVJ determination is composed of a 24-french Foley catheter and a 5-mm 0° telescope. The telescope is inserted into the catheter from the urinary luminal side until the tip has reached the level of the catheter balloon. After dissection of the bladder, urethra, and paraurethral tissues to reveal the submucosal endopelvic fascia, the accessory set is inserted into the bladder and the balloon is inflated with 5 ml air and illuminated by a switch on the cold light source. To determine the right side of UVJ, the catheter is pulled slightly downward and to the right of the patient. The contralateral side of the UVJ is determined by pulling the catheter slightly downward and to the left of the patient. Result: Intraballoon illumination of the Foley catheter helps to ensure accurate placement of paraurethral sutures at UVJ. Conclusion: Intraballoon illumination for determination of UVJ is simple, safe, effective and precludes an invasive approach such as cystoscopy and cystotomy.
Evaluation of Fragmentation with Single or Multiple Pulse Setting of Lithoclast for Renal Calculi during Percutaneous Nephrolithotripsy and Its Impact on Clearance
Authors: Hemal A.K. , Goel Apul , Aron Monish , Seth Amlesh , Dogra P.N. , Gupta N.P.
Published: May 2003

Objectives: To evaluate the impact of single or multiple pulse settings of Lithoclast to fragment renal calculi, and its effect on fragment size and clearance. Material and Methods: In a prospective study 153 patients, who had been treated over a period of 35 months for renal stone disease by percutaneous nephrolithotomy, were evaluated. In 69 cases the single and in 84 cases the multiple pulse modes were used to fragment the stone intracorporeally using the pneumatic lithoclast. The 2 groups were similar with regard to patient characteristics, stone location and size. Results: Most stones were staghorn. The lithoclast was effective with good fragmentation in all cases. The mean operating and fluoroscopy times in the single and multiple pulse mode were 124.1 and 5.8, and 141.2 and 7.4 min, respectively (both differences statistically significant, p < 0.001). Immediate postoperatively residual stone fragments were seen in 16 cases with the single and 35 cases with the multiple pulse mode setting (difference statistically significant, p < 0.05). Relook procedures were required in 14 cases with the single and 22 cases with the multiple pulse setting (difference not statistically significant). No specific complication was seen related to the use of either of the two modes. On follow-up 1 patient in the multiple pulse setting developed stone recurrence after 19 months. Conclusions: The single pulse mode was associated with controlled fragmentation of the stone, formation of larger fragments which were easier to pick up, less stone scatter, shorter operating time and less exposure to fluoroscopy. The single pulse mode was also associated with statistically less chances of postoperative residual fragments.
Results of Cadaver Kidney Transplantation with Right Renal Vein Extension
Authors: Nakatani Tatsuya , Takemoto Yoshiaki , Kim Taku , Uchida Junji , Han YoungSin , Tsuchida Kenji , Yoshimura Rikio , Kawashima Hidenori , Sugimura Kazunobu
Published: May 2003

Introduction: Several methods to lengthen the renal vein of the allografts have been proposed in order to secure the surgeon’s field of vision and to allow appropriate positioning of the graft. However, its safety and complications have not been clarified. Furthermore, its long- and short-term results have not been investigated. Therefore, we studied the results of this operative procedure to confirm the safety of the technique. Methods: The right renal vein extension was utilized when the donated right kidney from a cadaver donor had sufficient length of the inferior vena cava wall. The results of 10 patients who received kidney transplantation with renal vein extension were examined. Results: None of the patients had vascular complications. The transplanted kidney functioned in all patients; 3- and 5-year graft survival was 100 and 75.0%, respectively. Conclusions: The results confirmed that this technique was safe and without complications and did not affect the long- and short- term results of patients who received cadaver kidneys. Therefore, we conclude that it is appropriate to adapt this technique when the physician judges the long renal vein suitable for the procedure.