bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demeter, tlie vislied ‘Eartli: Greece
Authors: Motz Lotte
Published: November 2023

THE earliest farming communities of Greece are dated to the seventh millennium B.C.E. and were centered in the fertile regions. A truly splendid civilization originated in the third millennium on the island of Crete, dazzling in its sophistication and accomplishments, and closely related to a similar, somewhat later culture on the mainland. The two groups share so many common elements that they are designated in conjunction with one another as Minoan-Mycenaean civilization.
Language in Mind
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

Viewed from a modern perspective, the universe of signs that Ramon Llull describes seems naively anthropocentric: he attributes to every entity a value relevant only to human beings. Llull’s universe is not only anthropocentric but also intensely logocentric: each entity’s value consists chiefly in its contribution to the human soul’s experience of truth. That experience is the central concern of all Llull’s projects for evangelism, moral reform, and spiritual perfection. Consequently, his writings devote more attention to questions of epistemology and psychology than to almost all other philosophical topics. Both logically and practically, his concern for the soul’s experience of truth precedes his interest in the arts of eloquence. Hence, the artful exercise of language is always a means to an end for Llull. Of course, we might say the same for Augustine or Cicero, insofar as they regard eloquence not as an end in itself, but as an instrument for persuading, instructing, and delighting. Llull could probably accept these broad classical objectives of eloquence and even the methods employed to achieve them, but he would understand them strictly according to his own general principles of epistemology and psychology. Like most aspects of Llull’s work, his theories of knowledge and mind await comprehensive study.
Beauty in Language
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

Achieving beauty in language is the objective that Ramon Llull most often ascribes to the arts of eloquence. This focus seems narrower than the conventional definition of rhetoric as the “art of speaking well,” which both vernacular and Latin poetics invariably repeat. It may reflect Llull’s preference for a somewhat old-fashioned view of the arts curriculum: twelfth-century authorities who teach ethics through the trivium also tend to identify rhetoric largely as the art of verbal ornament. Yet his attitude also parallels that of the great contemporary preacher Remigio de’ Girolami, who usually mentions rhetoric in his learned writings only as an art of verbal ornament. At times Llull even seems to exclude completely Christian use of the arts of eloquence, in terms that recall the most severe patristic opponents of pagan learning. Still, he does recognizes in his Libre de contemplacio (240.22-24) that language is not innately sinful: it expresses truth or falsehood equally well. In this respect, Llull faithfully follows Augustine’s recommendation (DC 4.2.3) to exploit all the means of eloquence for the ends of Christian instruction. In general, Llull’s conception of rhetorical ornament probably parallels most closely the view expressed in Grosseteste’s De artibus liberalibus, which grants rhetoric the use of ornament for the sake of moving the emotions in moral instruction, but considers appeals to the passions unnecessary to teaching truth.
Order
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

After beauty, order is the aspect of discourse most often mentioned in Ramon Llull’s precepts on eloquence. His accounts of rhetoric invariably relate order closely to beauty, an association already commonplace in late antique encyclopedists such as Fortunatianus and Cassiodorus.’ Although this regular mention of order and its close association with beauty certainly implies the importance of order for eloquence, Llull nonetheless devotes far less attention to order than he does to beauty. His specific suggestions regarding arrangement rarely exceed the recommendations cited above regarding the correct placement of words at the beginning, middle, or end of one’s discourse. At the same time, the comments that he does offer extend the definition of order far beyond the concern for disposition taught in Ciceronian rhetoric (De inv. 1.7.9; Rhet. ad Her. 1.2.3). Llull’s conception of order typically includes not only the arrangement of words in discourse but also propriety in speaking, which he treats as cognate linguistic and ethical modes of orderliness. This broad view of order and its invariable association with beauty define an aesthetics that serves the natural theology of Llull’s Great Art. Every creature signifies the Creator according to the beauty (or better, dignity) of its place in the order of creation. Llull in effect treats speech (and even individual words) as one of those creatures.
Propriety in Speaking
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

In addition to beauty and order, the other major aspect of eloquence that Llull mentions most often is propriety. This typically consists of regard for the appropriate conditions or occasions of speaking. These usually include the three occasions of time, place, and audience best known from Isidore of Seville (Etym. 2.16.1), as well as miscellaneous aspects of delivery and appeal to the audience. Enumerating these conditions of propriety in speaking is a commonplace in moral literature on speech and in preaching manuals. Superlative illustrations of each genre’s treatment are Albertano da Brescia’s Ars loquendi et tacendi and Humbert of Roman’s De eruditione praedicatorum.
Llull’s Sermons
Authors: Johnston Mark D
Published: November 2023

In addition to the many preceptive and descriptive accounts of eloquence that appear in Ramon Llull’s oeuvre, his writings also include many collections of model discourses that illustrate his own practical application of rhetoric and preaching. Virtually all of these model discourses are sermons. Hence, although they do not display the general exercise of artful communication proposed in the Rethorica nova, we might expect them to illuminate Llull’s conceptions of sacred eloquence. However, even as specimens of the preacher’s art his collections of model sermons present two broad limitations.
The President, The Speaker, and The Press
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

After The fall 1994 election, the Republican leadership visited the Clinton White House for an introductory session. Their meeting was, in the words of newly elected Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich, “great:” The Democratic president and Republican congressional leaders acknowledged the need to minimize unfunded mandates and apply the laws of the land to Congress as well. They also agreed on the need for a presidential line-item veto. In sum, the meeting was constructive and cordial.

On the White House lawn afterwards, the Republicans told the assembled journalists just that. “We say to the White House press corps: We had a great positive meeting;” recalled Gingrich. “We’re going to be able to work a lot more than people think. And we began to list these [areas of agreement]. The second question we were asked [was] ‘What do you think it will break down over?’” That question was symptomatic of a widely documented tendency of the press to focus on conflict, not consensus.
Learning From Strategic and Issue Coverage
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

In This and the following chapter, our focus is on learning from news. Learning from news can be explicit or implicit. Explicit learning—the focus of this chapter—concerns the acquisition of factual knowledge from news stories about campaigns and public policy debates. Implicit learning—the focus of Chapter 7—concerns the acquisition or activation of attitudes, especially those about the motivations and trustworthiness of political actors.

Here, we raise three questions about learning from news. If strategic news deals primarily with the game of politics—winning and losing, self-interest, and performance and artifice—can people be expected to learn anything of consequence from such coverage? We will argue that strategic coverage typically carries information about both the maneuvers and tactics of political positioning and about problems and solutions. So, it is possible for consumers of strategic news to acquire substantive as well as strategic information from exposure to game-oriented political reporting.
Activating The Public’s Cynicism About Politics
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

Our Central arguments, forecast in Chapters 2 and 3 are: (I) strategic frames for political news activate cynical responses to politicians, politics, governance, campaigns, and policy formation; (2) issue frames, by contrast, may depress cynical reactions or, at least, fail to activate them. This chapter provides results testing these hypotheses across a series of studies in contexts including print and televised news, a simulated campaign, and a public policy debate. To our knowledge, these studies are the first to directly evaluate the impact of strategic coverage on audience cynicism.

Research on the nature and assessment of what we call political cynicism has a long and rich history. That history is occluded in part by various labels attached to this concept and its kin. Political alienation (and alienation more generally), mistrust, lack of confidence, powerlessness, political inefficacy, apathy, meaninglessness, normlessness, as well as other terms and phrases have served as synonyms.
Contagious Cynicism
Authors: Cappella Joseph N , Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

The Thesis of our research has been that the structures of news about politics have direct effects on the public’s cynicism about politics, government, policy debates, and campaigns. But there may also be an indirect effect on the press itself. The public’s trust in this institution is falling; in part, this may be due to the media’s own sowing of the seeds of public distrust. In other words, the elevation of public distrust of political institutions and processes may have attached itself to the bearers of information about those institutions—the news media themselves.

Recent data suggest that the public agrees that the press is part of the problem. The October 1994 Times Mirror survey on “The People, The Press and Politics” showed that seven in ten surveyed believe that the media make it more difficult for society to solve its problems.
Jean-Paul Sartre: Writer, Militant, Graphomaniac
Authors: Porter Dennis
Published: November 2023

In Past Imperfect, his study of French intellectuals during the decade following World War II, Tony Judt follows Tocqueville in tracing the typical relationship between intellectuals and political power in France back to the last decades of the ancien regime :
A Tale of Two Stories: Exodus vs. Holocaust
Authors: Goldberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Jews’ interest in these stories is not “current events”: it’s survival. The first story reflects Jewish anxiety over the survival of American Jewry, the second over the survival of Jews around the world, and the third over the survival of the State of Israel. In sum, all these stories touch in Jews the same raw-nerve issue-—the survival of the Jewish People.
Surviving the Holocaust: What Survived? How? And Nu ... ?
Authors: Goldberg Michael
Published: November 2023

On April 8, 1992, a plane carrying Yasser Arafat disappears from radar and goes down somewhere over the Libyan desert. For hours, there is no word about the plane’s fate or that of its passengers: Arafat is presumed dead. But just when all seems lost, he miraculously reappears. He is not severely hurt or injured. Reporters covering the story recount how, once again, Arafat has cheated death. Without a trace of irony, they go on to characterize him as a “survivor.”
A New Sinai, a New Torah, and the 614th Commandment
Authors: Goldberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Over a quarter century ago, Emil Fackenheim projected a Holocaust-framed vision of Jewish survival that was an eerie reworking of the traditional, Exodus-based rationale for the Jewish People’s existence. Citing Elie Wiesel’s comparison of the Holocaust to Sinai in terms of “revelatory significance,” Fackenheim wrote that post Auschwitz, “we [Jews] must endure because we are commanded to endure.” Traditionally, Jews believed that 613 commandments were given as Torah at Mount Sinai. But Fackenheim heard from the “Commanding Voice of Auschwitz,” the new Sinai, a new Torah teaching a new, 614th commandment: “Jews are forbidden to hand Hitler a posthumous victory.”
Right to Bodily Access
Authors: McDonagh Eileen L
Published: November 2023

The Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade affirmed that women have the right of privacy to make choices about their own reproductive lives without state interference. The flaw in this perspective, however, is that it is not the state that imposes wrongful pregnancy: it is the fetus. The obvious question is why in over twenty years of reasoning about abortion rights the Court has failed to see that the primary right at stake is a woman’s right to be free of the fetus’s intrusion of her bodily integrity and liberty and, concomitantly, the state’s obligation to set her free to the degree that it does so for others whose bodily integrity and liberty has been imposed on by private parties. To find the answer to that question, we must turn not to the law but to the culture that the law reflects. As legal scholar Mary Ann Glendon notes, law can be thought of as a branch of rhetoric, a form of cultural hermeneutics and stories that interpret the world.
The Politics of Consent
Authors: McDonagh Eileen L
Published: November 2023

Pro-life advocates have generally been responsible for making the personhood of the fetus the key issue in the abortion debate, the point on which women’s right to terminate a pregnancy is presumed to stand or fall. Yet pro-choice advocates have also misdirected attention to what the fetus “is” rather than what it “does:’ This was evident at the very outset, in 1973, when the Court established the constitutionality of abortion rights in Roe. When pro-choice lawyer Sarah Weddington first argued the case before the Court in 1971, she linked the right to privacy to abortion rights precisely on the grounds that the “law had never treated the fetus as a person.” Later, when she reargued Roe in 1972, she spent most of her time dealing with the issue of “when life begins” as the key determinant of women’s right to terminate pregnancy.
De Electione Humana
Authors:   Regan
Published: November 2023

Questio est de electione humana. Et primo queritur utrum homo habeat liberam electionem suorum actuum aut ex necessitate eligat. Et uidetur quod non libere set ex necessitate eligat. Dicitur enim Ier. X “Non est hominis uia eius, nec uiri est ut ambulet et dirigat gressus suos.” Set illud respectu cuius homo habet libertatem, eius est, quasi in ipsius dominio constitutum. Ergo uidetur quod homo suarum uiarum et suorum actuum liberam electionem non habeat.
The Great Ultimate (T’ai-chi)
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

According to both himself and his biographer, Chu Hsi was interested in questions of cosmology from his early childhood. At age three, when his father pointed skyward to tell him, “This is heaven,” he is reported to have asked, “What is above heaven?” And at age four or five, Chu asked, “What is heaven-in-itself (t’ien-t’i), and what lies beyond its peripheries?” At age seven, while other children were playing in the sand, he sat by himself and drew in it the Eight Trigrams, the cosmological symbols of the Book of Changes.
Personal Cultivation (Hsiu-sheng)
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

The affirmation that human nature is perfectible, that the human being naturally possesses a desire to transcend the narrow goals of self-survival and self satisfaction, implies that this desire is somehow possible of fulfillment. But how? A way by which such fulfillment is to be realized must be shown. Without specifying a way, there is no assurance that the theory can be tested, and without testing, the theory remains empty—a powerless wish or, rather, a wish capable of destroying the person through frustration and incapable of its own fulfillment.
Chu Hsi’s Critics
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

The history of Chinese thought demonstrates epochal shifts, albeit differently from Western thought. I am speaking not just of philosophy here but of the al ternation between philosophical speculation and philological interests, in a civi lization dominated by book learning. For example, the classical period presented a spectrum of concerns, from morality and politics to the metaphysical Tao. The Han period witnessed some development in metaphysicals and much textual exegesis in an effort to absorb the legacy of the classical past.
Chu Hsi’s Relevance
Authors: Ching Julia
Published: November 2023

Long before Chu Hsi’s system was declared state orthodoxy, Chu himself asserted his inheritance of the true mantle of the ancient sages, which had been lost since Mencius but was rediscovered by Chou Tun-yi and the Ch’eng brothers. He speaks of this in several places, being the first person to refer to the “orthodox line of the Tao” (Tao-t’ung). Especially in his preface to the annotated edition of the Doctrine of the Mean, he offers Tzu-ssu, Confucius’s grandson, as author of the Doctrine of the Mean. It was compiled, according to him, to safeguard Confucius’s spiritual legacy, derived from the ancient sage-kings
The Ancestors in Canaan
Authors: Hiebert Theodore
Published: November 2023

The second major section of the Yahwist’s epic begins in Genesis 9 with the family of Noah, the only human survivors of the flood, and concludes with the emigration of Jacob’s family to Egypt in Genesis 45-50. Its narratives are dominated by stories of Israel’s ancestors residing in the Canaanite hill country that made up the heartland of biblical Israel. Of these ancestors, the families of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are given by far the most attention. The stories of these three families in the hills of Canaan reveal most about the Yahwist’s environment and his attitudes toward it in this part of the epic.
Meeting Malcolm
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric
Published: November 2023

First, I don’t profess to be anybody’s leader. I’m one of 22 million Afro-Americans, all of whom have suffered the same things. And I probably cry out a little louder against the suffering than most others and therefore, perhaps, I’m better known. I don’t profess to have a political, economic, or social solution to a problem as complicated as the one which our people face in the States, but I am one of those who is willing to try any means necessary to bring an end to the injustices that our people suffer. Malcolm X, in By Any Means Necessary: Speeches, Interviews, and a Letter, by Malcolm X
In Malcolm’s Shadow: Masculinity And The Ghetto In Black Film
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric
Published: November 2023

I’m the man you think you are. And if it doesn’t take legislation to make you a man and get your rights recognized, don’t even talk that legislative talk to me. No, if we’re both human beings we’ll both do the same thing. And if you want to know what I’ll do, figure out what you’ll do. I’ll do the same thing-only more of it.
Spike’s Malcolm
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric
Published: November 2023

When you teach a man to hate his lips, the lips that God gave him, the shape of his nose that God gave him, the texture of the hair that God gave him, the color of the skin that God gave him, you’ve committed the worst crime that a race of people can commit. And this is the crime you’ve committed This is how you imprisoned us. Not just bringing us over here and making us slaves. But the image that you created of our motherland and the image that you created of our people on that continent was a trap, was a prison, was a chain, was the worst form of slavery that has ever been invented by a so-called civilized race and a civilized nation since the beginning of the world. Malcolm X, in Malcolm X: The Last Speeches
Using malcolm: heroism, collective memory, and The crisis of black males
Authors: Dyson Michael Eric
Published: November 2023

It’s not wrong to expect justice. It’s not wrong to expect freedom. It’s not wrong to expect equality. If Patrick Henry and all of the Founding Fathers of this country were willing to lay down their lives to get what you are enjoying today, then it’s time for you to realize that a large, ever-increasing number of Black people in this country are willing to die for what we know is due us by birth. Malcolm X, in Malcolm X: The Last Speeches
The Queer Politics of Michel Foucault
Authors: Halperin David M
Published: November 2023

Fill in the blank. X is to contemporary AIDS activists as Norman 0. Brown or Herbert Marcuse was to student radicals of the New Left. Alternatively, if American labor organizers of the 1930s might all be imagined to have carried about with them in their back pockets a copy of The Communist Manifesto, and if antiwar demonstrators and campus protesters of the late 1960s might all be imagined to have carried about with them in their jeans a copy of Life Against Death or Love’s Body, Eros and Civilization or One-Dimensional Man, what book do we imagine the more reflective members of ACT UP to carry about with them in their leather jackets? What is the single most important intellectual source of political inspiration for contemporary AIDS activists—at least for the more theoretically-minded or better-outfitted among them? When I conducted an admittedly unsystematic survey in 1990 of various people I happened to know who had been active in ACT UP/New York during its explosive early phase in the late 1980s, and when I put those questions to them, I received, without the slightest hesitation or a single exception, the following answer: Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I.
The Ties that Bind: Race and Sex in Pudd’nhead Wilson
Authors: Jehlen Myra
Published: November 2023

Literary fictions can no more transcend history than real persons. Though certainly not universally acknowledged, in the current criticism this truth has replaced the former truth that literature was a thing apart. Once banned from the interpretation of books for violating the integrity of the imagination, considerations of race and sex (and of class) have entered into even the most formalist readings. 1 Race and sex are now found organic to problems of organic form. As a result, those problems have become vastly more complicated than when a literary work was thought to invent its own sufficient language. For then the task of the critic, though complex, was also simple; it was to show how all parts worked together, in the conviction that coherence would be revealed. A poem or story was a puzzle for which critics could be sure they had all the pieces and that these dovetailed. Now neither assurance is available; one cannot be certain a work seen as engaged in history is internally coherent, or that the issues it treats finally hang together. This development is not altogether congenial to literary critics who mean to analyze works, not to dismantle them. But if we take literature’s link to history seriously, we will have to admit that it renders literature contingent, like history itself.
Good-bye, Columbus? Notes on the Culture of Criticism
Authors: Gates Henry Louis
Published: November 2023

I recently asked the dean of a prestigious liberal arts college if he thought that his school would ever have, as Berkeley has, a majority nonwhite enrollment. “Never,” he replied candidly. “That would completely alter our identity as a center of the liberal arts.” The assumption that there is a deep connection between the shape of a college curriculum and the ethnic composition of its students reflects a disquieting trend in American education. Political representation has been confused with the “representation” of various ethnic identities in the curriculum, while debates about the nature of the humanities and core curricula have become marionette theaters for larger political concerns. The cultural right, threatened both by these demographic shifts and by the demand for curricular change, has retreated to a stance of intellectual protectionism, arguing for a great and inviolable “Western tradition” which contains the seeds, fruit, and flowers of the very best that has been thought or uttered in human history. The cultural left demands changes to accord with population shifts in gender and ethnicity (along the way often providing searching indictments of the sexism and racism that have plagued Western culture and to which the cultural right sometimes turns a blind eye). Both, it seems to me, are wrongheaded.
Modern Doubt to Antimodern Commitment: Paule Marshall and William Demby
Authors: Hall James C
Published: November 2023

It is typical to invoke in accounts of sixties American cultural history the moral devastation of the Vietnam War. This is appropriate given the great ‘ rift in American life it created, the range of imaginative responses it elicited, and the significant investment of intellectual energy it demanded. But the Vietnam War does not represent the whole of the imaginative encounter with wars of decolonization in the sixties. Not surprisingly, wars of liberation fought on the African continent were of great concern to AfricanAmerican artists and intellectuals. While W.E.B. Du Bois’s dreams for a grand Pan-African coalition were never realized, the process by which African nations organized and fought for their independence from the imperial powers inspired a wide range of black creative intellectuals in the United States to rethink accepted strategies of gradual acceptance into the Enlightenment inspired American polity.
Hate Radio
Authors: Williams Patricia J
Published: November 2023

Three years ago I stood at my sink, washing the dishes and listening to the radio. I was tuned to rock and roll so I could avoid thinking about the big news from the day before—George Bush had just nominated Clarence Thomas to replace Thurgood Marshall on the Supreme Court. I was squeezing a dot of lemon Joy into each of the wineglasses when I realized that two smoothly radio-cultured voices, a man’s and a woman’s, had replaced the music.
Rape on Soaps
Authors: Brooks Dianne L
Published: November 2023

Why does a person watch Dallas and in my case, why does a serious intelligent feminist like watching Dallas? It releases primitive feelings in me, I go dizzy, hate, love, loathe, feel disgusted, condemn and often dash away a tear. … My leisure reading consists 90 percent of feminist books, but when I’m watching Dallas with my girl friend and Pamela comes down the stairs wearing a low-necked dress, then we shout wildly: just look at that slut, the way she prances around, she ought to be called Prancela. Bobby is a decent chap, like my eldest brother, and Jock is like my father, so I can hate them intensely too … I like to let it all hang out, a sort of group therapy, mostly together with friends.
Pop Justice
Authors: Karpin Isabel
Published: November 2023

Anyone who was a regular TV viewer in the United States from April to August 1993 would have to conclude that the American mass media was obsessed with circulating stories of familial breakdown.1 If it wasn’t reporting the story of the adopted child2 returned to her biological parents after two years, it was telling of a child switched at birth who was now struggling to find a familial ground on which to rest her daughterhood.3 Or the story of a woman locked in a battle over custody of a child conceived through sexual intercourse with a man who contracted her services under a surrogacy agreement.4 Those five months were a turbulent time for the nuclear family, where new kinds of parents were floated and endlessly negotiated:
Introduction
Authors: Chancer Lynn S
Published: November 2023

“One of the areas where the media are most likely to be successful in mobilising public opinion within the dominant framework of ideas is on issues about crime and its threat to society,” wrote Stuart Hall and several colleagues from the Birmingham Centre for Cultural Studies in 1978. “What debate there is tends to take place almost exclusively within the terms of reference of the controllers,” they continued, “and this tends to repress any play between dominant and alternative definitions.” Those viewpoints which challenge dominant perspectives, Hall and his colleagues argued, seldom shine in the spotlight of contemporary mass culture (Hall et al. 1978).
Crime News Crime Fear and Women’s Everyday Lives
Authors: Daly Kathleen , Chasteen Amy L
Published: November 2023

On any given day when we pick up a newspaper, listen to the radio, or watch television, the crime and justice stories we read and hear about bear little relationship to the “reality” of crime. While the content of crime stories can vary by medium and market, crime news focuses disproportionately on violent offenses and atypical cases. The most serious types of crimes—whether forms of street crime, intimate violence, or elite crimer—eceive the greatest media coverage. The crimes considered “newsworthy” are “ingenious, vicious, audacious” acts (Katz 1987, p. 50); they feature unusual, dramatic, or whimsical circumstances and famous or high-status people (Roshier 1973). The most sensational crimes—what we term celebrated cases—combine several newsworthy elements. For several decades, scholars have noted a disjuncture between what crimes “make the news” and the wider world of crime from studies and statistics (Barak 1994a; Ericson, Baranek, and Chan 1989; Fishman 1978; Surette 1992; Warr 1991). Scholars are less sure, however, about how crime in the news (or in television drama) affects people’s attitudes and beliefs about crime or the formation of public policy toward crime.
Love and Theft: “Racial” Production and the Social Unconscious of Blackface
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

Motives of race, status, economics and guilt are always clustered here.
The Blackening of America: Popular Culture and National Cultures
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

Jim Crow and Zip Coon seemed unlikely candidates for a national cultural form. and yet, as the Democratic Review admitted in 1845, the idea had a certain plausibility. “The lowest description of American farce,” to be sure, “still in its elements, not without originality, considerable invention, and a rich vein of burlesque humor, is the !Ethiopian drama” (“American” 219). (Perhaps an orthographical adjustment would take care of everything.) In what possible way could a host of white men in blackface and motley rags, given to unvarnished obscenity and anticipating the phallic hucksters of Huckleberry Finn’s Royal Nonesuch, be considered representative of a national art form? This question was bound to be debated in the 1840s, the years of blackface minstrelsy’s greatest popularity as well as of an intense investment on the part of many Americans in the idea of cultural and political nationalism.
“The Seeming Counterfeit’’: Ear Blackface Acts, the Body, and Social Contradiction
Authors: Lott Eric
Published: November 2023

In January 1831 William Lloyd Garrison founded the Liberator in Boston, setting in motion one of the great radical movements in American history. A little more than a year later, twenty-four-year-old T. D. Rice toured the northeastern sea-board with his celebrated “Jim Crow” act, landing in New York in November 1832. These twin instances of white racial discourse, one middle class and one working class, were dialectical partners not only in their literal coincidence but also in their shared ambivalences. For just as Garrison’s abolitionism was marred by a good deal of paternalist condescension toward the people he wished to liberate, so Rice’s blackface acts mixed equal parts of ridicule and wonder in regard to blacks and black culture. Both ambivalences, moreover, arose from class as much as racial feeling, and it was indeed the way these social categories merged with and repelled each other that defined the political moment in which abolitionism and blackface minstrelsy appeared.
Fantasizing Plenitude Re-Reading Desire in Megda, by Emma Dunham Kelley
Authors: Tate Claudia
Published: November 2023

Now, I had no idea of writing a love-story when I began, nor have I any idea of making it into one now; I am giving the facts of the case, and no more. If I put more sentiment than wisdom in it, pardon me; it is the fault of the age we live in. Yet a little sentiment now and then, has never been known to hurt anybody; it is only when it is carried to extreme that it is objectionable, and then-it but verifies the old adage-”Extremes are dangerous:’ In the girl’s oedipal fantasy, the mother is split into two figures: the pre-oedipal wonderful good mother and the oedipal evil stepmother. The good mother, so the fantasy goes, would never have been jealous of her daughter or have prevented the prince (father) and the girl from living happily together. So for the oedipal girl, belief and trust in the goodness of the pre-oedipal mother, and deep loyalty to her, tend to reduce the guilt about what the girl wishes would happen to the (step)mother who stands in her way.
“All goals become graves”: The Rainbow and Wartime Censorship
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: November 2023

Following a hearing at London’s Bow Street Magistrates Court on 13 November 1915, D. H. Lawrence’s novel The Rainbow,published on 30 September, was suppressed under the 1857 Obscene Publications Act. This hearing gave the first official sanction to the view that Lawrence’s writings allowed unchecked expression of unhealthy sexual themes, which posed a threat to public morals and public decency. In the language of the Hicklin rule, The Rainbowtended to “deprave and corrupt.” Declaring it “advisable in the public interest that a statement be made,” Herbert Musket, speaking for the prosecution, pronounced the following: To him personally it was a matter for the most profound regret that it should have been necessary for the protection of public morals and public decency in literary productions to bring this disgusting, detestable and pernicious work under the notice of the Court. Although there might not be an obscene word to be found in the book, it was in fact a mass of obscenity of thought, idea, and action, wrapped up in language which in some quarters might be considered artistic and intellectual. It was difficult to understand how Messrs Methuen could have lent their great name to the publication of this bawdy volume.
Postwar Hysteria: The Case of Lady Chatterley’s Lover
Authors: Parkes Adam
Published: November 2023

Lawrence pointed to a continuity between Ulyssesand Lady Chatterley’s Loverwhen stating his intention to do the same thing as Joyce but in a different way. Having read Joyce’s novel, he told Compton Mackenzie: “This Ulyssesmuck is more disgusting than Casanova. I mustshow that it can be done without muck.” Mackenzie was prompted to ask: “Were Lady Chatterley and her lover conceived at that moment?”1 Following Mackenzie, some critics have argued that in Lady Chatterley’s LoverLawrence tried to counteract Joycean obscenity with obscenity of his own making.Lawrence found evidence in Joyce’s work of “a would-be dirty mind” and “deliberate journalistic dirtymindedness,” which lacked “spontaneity or real life.”Joycean obscenity was sensationalistic; it pandered to what Lawrence, in “Pornography and Obscenity” (1929), called “mob-meaning.”Joyce, that is, located sexuality in the public domain; he falsified experience by turning it into a spectacle. “Real life,” according to Lawrence, was to be found in the private world of “individual meaning.” Joyce belonged in the theater of censorship; Lawrence himself did not.
Discourses of a Buddhist King
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

However, the facts as they are known to history have given rise to differing interpretations regarding just how successful the Nayakkars were initially in winning over the perceptions of Kandy’s Sinhalese Buddhists.
A Visual Liturgy
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Many of the traditional public rites and festivals, monastic and lay, that are still performed in the villages, towns, and temples of the contemporary Sinhala Buddhist religious culture within the Kandyan region of up country Sri Lanka may be regarded, in part, as a legacy of what must have been kīrti Śr ī’s unwearied efforts to articulate not only the royal discourses I discussed in chapter 2, but also a classical Sinhalese Therav āda Buddhist religious perspective.
Royalty Reborn
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Karmic retribution, the force of human action that fuels the stream of continuous personal rebirths in the various realms of existence throughout the multitiered, conditioned cosmos of samsāra, is a bedrock principle of the classical Buddhist world view. Karma is a notion that is not just an archaic and quaint belief of past Buddhist times; it is also a continuing concept of pivotal contemporary importance for almost all Buddhists (and Hindus) in the modernizing cultural contexts of both South and Southeast Asian societies.
Implications for Theory and Method
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: November 2023

Why kīrti Śr īsought legitimacy, and how, by his various appeals to symbolic discourse of Buddhist kingship, and by his articulation of a classical Buddhist world view expressed through painting, he ultimately succeeded, are subjects for a separate historical analysis of social and religious dynamics. There are, however, other serious implications of this work that are more political, philosophical, or methodological in character, implications that transcend the historical context of the specific issues that have been scrutinized here. One of these is discussed as the focus of this chapter, and a second is considered in the postscript, chapter 6.
The Juvenile Court and the “Rehabilitative Ideal”
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

Changes in ideas about childhood and social control during the nineteenth century led Progressive reformers to create the juvenile court in 1899. The social construction of childhood and adolescence provided a conceptual rationale for a separate system of social control for young people. Social structural and cultural changes also encouraged reformers to reformulate their ideology of crime causation and penal strategies of social control. The classical criminal law attributed criminal behavior to actors’ “free will” and punished offenders for making blameworthy choices. During the nineteenth century, positivist criminology attributed criminality to antecedent forces that determined offenders’ behavior and penologists proposed to reform and treat them rather than to blame and punish them. At the dawn of the twentieth century, Progressive reformers combined these new positive theories about crime causation and social control with the new ideas about childhood and created a social welfare alternative to criminal courts to regulate criminal and noncriminal misconduct by youth.
Delinquent or Criminal?Juvenile Courts’ Shrinking Jurisdiction over Serious Young Offenders
Authors: Feld Barry C
Published: November 2023

Public frustration with crime, fear of recent increases in youth violence, homicide and offenses involving guns, and the racial characteristics of many violent young offenders fuel a popular desire to “get tough.” Widespread misgivings about the ability of juvenile courts either to rehabilitate chronic and violent young offenders or simultaneously to protect public safety bolster policies to “crack down” on youth crime and provide the impetus to prosecute larger numbers of youths as adults. These initiatives either simplify the transfer of young offenders to criminal courts and expose waived youths to substantial sentences as adults or require juvenile court judges to impose determinate or mandatory minimum sentences on those youths who remain in the juvenile system. Both strategies de-emphasize rehabilitation and individualized consideration of the offender, stress personal and justice system accountability and punishment, and base transfer and sentencing decisions on the seriousness of the present offense and prior record. Sentencing young offenders as adults increases the number of chronological juveniles (i.e., below age 18) confined in prisons and poses substantial challenges for adult correctional officials. Juvenile institutional administrators confront similar difficulties as judges confine more-serious young delinquents for longer periods.
Introduction: “In the World, but Not of It”
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

One of the earliest uses of the term “Sanctified church” occurs in the anthropological writings of Zora Neale Hurston. Her book The Sanctified Church is mainly an anthology of assorted primary source materials compiled and published posthumously in 1981 that features only one brief essay bearing the same title. In that essay, she defines the Sanctified church as a revitalizing phenomenon that had arisen among various groups of “saints” in America. It is not a new religion and “is in fact the older forms of Negro religious expression asserting themselves against the new.” Moreover, the Sanctified church is a “protest against the high-brow tendency in Negro Protestant congregations as the Negroes gain more education and wealth.” She identifies two branches of the Sanctified church: the Church of God in Christ and the Saints of God in Christ. The Sanctified church is closely related to three distinct Old and New World religious traditions: African religion, white “protest Protestantism,” and Haitian vaudou. In this regard, Hurston sees “shouting” as nothing more than a continuation of the African possession by the gods, acknowledges the existence of “strong sympathy” between the white and Negro “saints,” and notes the similarities between the dance of the saints and the steps seen in Haiti when a man or a woman is “mounted” by a loa, or spirit.
The Sanctified Churches and Christian Reform: Confronting the Barriers of Race, Sex, and Class
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J
Published: November 2023

One of the distinctive contributions the Sanctified church movement has made to the historical evolution of North American Protestantism is the involvement of blacks, women, and the poor at all levels of its ministry. Although some of the mainstream churches are beginning to ordain and appoint women pastors in significant numbers and are showing some interest in multiculturalism and outreach to the poor, as the twentieth century draws to a close, the Sanctified church begs for recognition as a place where poor black women and men have been empowered to do ministry since its inception during the late nineteenth century. The shifting patterns of inclusion and exclusion in these churches are governed by two primary factors, namely, the egalitarian doctrine of the Holy Spirit, on the one hand, and the impact of racist, sexist, and elitist societal norms on the other.

Considered as a matter of ethical concern, the dynamics of race in the Holiness, Pentecostal, and Apostolic churches may have more to do with the orientation toward interracial ministry than with the actual levels of white and black participation. The five “original” bodies that constitute the Sanctified church tradition-the United Holy Church of America, the Church of Christ Holiness, U.S.A., the Church of God in Christ, the Fire Baptized Holiness Church of God in the Americas, and the Pentecostal Assemblies of the World-share a similar history with regard to race.
Introduction
Authors: Farmer Craig S
Published: November 2023

For over thirty years, Wolfgang Musculus worked as a leader of the religious reformations in the cities of Augsburg and Bern. During that time, he authored a substantial corpus of writings that firmly established his reputation as a first-rate theologian and biblical scholar. One may gain some idea of his popularity as a theologian by examining the printing history of his theological magnum opus, the Loci communes sacrae theologiae. First published in 1560, this massive exercise in systematic theology was revised by Musculus for a new edition in 1561. Thereafter printings followed in 1563, 1564, 1567, 1573, and 1599. Furthermore, the work was published in English translation in 1563 and 1578 and in French in 1577, and portions were translated into German in 1618.
Musculus and the Medieval Commentators on the Feeding of the Five Thousand
Authors: Farmer Craig S
Published: November 2023

The general relation of the Protestant reformers to medieval theological and exegetical traditions is a question that modern scholarship has found difficult to answer. To a large extent, these difficulties arise from a basic impulse of the Reformation itself, an impulse to criticize and judge the past. Often when the Reformers discuss the past, they seem to reject their medieval ecclesiastical and theological heritage in toto. This rejection of the immediate past stems partly from the influence of the Renaissance ideal expressed by the slogan “ad fontes!” The true message of the gospel, they claim, can be uncovered only by jettisoning the accumulations of medieval theology and by returning to the pure biblical and patristic sources. Partly, however, these negative statements concerning the past result from the posturing that emerges in the context of heated debate. The Reformers deride medieval theology because they hold it responsible for producing the worst errors of Catholicism. Therefore, in order to evaluate the influence of medieval theology and exegesis on the Reformers, the historian must cut through the posturing of polemic; the purely negative statements, if read at face value, can blind the histo rian to the powerful and often positive influences of medieval thinking on the Reformers.
Humor in a Heartless Haven
Authors: Camfield Gregg
Published: November 2023

I find it hard to tell some truths about nineteenth-century American literary comedies of domesticity, or for that matter about any comedy, because Hobbes’s lie about laughter shows signs of being well told. It’s not that he lies completely in suggesting that laughter can contain hostility; his art lies in his use of a partial truth to disguise the rest. Nor is it that he originated the idea that laughter is aggression on a picnic, but his art also lies in his remarkable ability both to encapsulate Western culture’s classical theories of comedy as derision and to anticipate modern comic theory’s shift from ethical to psychological grounds. Nor is it that his lie has gone unchallenged, but while it may have been buried temporarily in the optimism of the Enlightenment, it arose from the grave, or rather to its gravity, about one hundred years ago in fin de si écle angst. In the last years of the nineteenth century and the first years of the twentieth, it found persuasive advocates in the likes of Sigmund Freud, whose naturalistic theory of jokes as repressed aggression exfoliates the bud of Hobbes’s lie into full flower. Now, in our own fin de si écle, an era once again dominated by the idea that human actions are nothing more than power negotiations, the idea that all comedy is naught but hostility, either sublimated from a position of weakness or voiced from a position of strength, lives.