bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution for extreme living: variation in mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase genes correlated with elevation in pikas (genus Ochotona)
Authors: SOLARI Katherine A. , HADLY Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2018

The genus Ochotona (pikas) is a clade of cold‐tolerant lagomorphs that includes many high‐elevation species. Pikas offer a unique opportunity to study adaptations and potential limitations of an ecologically important mammal to high‐elevation hypoxia. We analyzed the evolution of 3 mitochondrial genes encoding the catalytic core of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in 10 pika species occupying elevations from sea level to 5000 m. COX is an enzyme highly reliant on oxygen and essential for cell function. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (ionization of COOH), was found to be under selection in the overall protein complex. We observed a strong relationship between the net value change in this property and the elevation each species occupies, with higher‐elevation species having potentially more efficient proteins. We also found evidence of selection in low‐elevation species for potentially less efficient COX, perhaps trading efficiency for heat production in the absence of hypoxia. Our results suggest that different pika species may have evolved elevation‐specific COX proteins, specialization that may indicate limitations in their ability to shift their elevational ranges in response to future climate change.
Eating as a motivated behavior: modulatory effect of high fat diets on energy homeostasis, reward processing and neuroinflammation
Authors: BUTLER Michael J. , ECKEL Lisa A.
Published: May 2018

Eating is a basic motivated behavior that provides fuel for the body and supports brain function. To ensure survival, the brain's feeding circuits are tuned to monitor peripheral energy balance and promote food‐seeking behavior when energy stores are low. The brain's bias toward a positive energy state, which is necessary to ensure adequate nutrition during times of food scarcity, is evolutionarily conserved across mammalian species and is likely to drive overeating in the presence of a palatable, energy‐dense diet. Animal models of diet‐induced overeating have played a vital role in investigating how the drive to consume palatable food may override the homeostatic processes that serve to maintain energy balance. These animal models have provided valuable insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying homeostatic and non‐homeostatic eating, motivation and food reward, and the development of obesity and related comorbidities. Here, we provide a brief review of this literature and discuss how diet‐induced inflammation in the central nervous system impacts the neural control of food intake and regulation of body weight. The connection between diet and the immune system provides an exciting new direction for the study of ingestive behavior and the pathophysiology of obesity.
Heat shock protein family A member 6 combined with clinical characteristics for the differential diagnosis of intestinal Behçet’s disease
Authors: Feng Rui , Chao Kang , Chen Shu Ling , Sun Can Hui , Qiu Yun , Chen Bai Li , Mao Ren , He Yao , Cao Qing Hua , Xue Ling , Zeng Zhi Rong , Zhang Sheng Hong , Chen Min Hu
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the role of heat shock protein family A member 6 (HSPA6) expression alone and in combination with clinical characteristics in distinguishing intestinal Behçet’s disease (BD) from Crohn’s disease (CD) with ileocolonic involvement.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with either intestinal BD or CD were enrolled. Their clinical characteristics, disease activity, laboratory test results including hypersensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), endoscopic, pathological and radiological features were retrospectively analyzed. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure serum HSPA6 levels.

RESULTS

Among intestinal BD patients, abdominal pain and diarrhea were the leading gastrointestinal symptoms. Submucosal lymphocyte infiltration was the most common pathological finding. Computed tomography enterography features involved number of segments of less than 4 and bowel wall thickening. Independent factors were round/ellipsoid intestinal ulcer (P < 0.001), number of ulcers ≤5 (P = 0.050), elevated ulcer margin (P = 0.019), absence of aphthous ulcer (P = 0.005), bowel wall thickening >13 mm (P < 0.001) and serum HSPA6 level >3.725 ng/mL (P = 0.008) for the differential diagnosis between intestinal BD and CD. Serum HSPA6 expression was significantly elevated in intestinal BD (0.72 ± 0.39 ng/mL) compared with CD (0.50 ± 0.24 ng/mL, P = 0.000) and healthy controls (0.38 ± 0.37 ng/mL, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSION

HSPA6 in combination with clinical, radiological and pathological characteristics is useful in distinguishing intestinal BD from CD with ileocolonic involvement.
Sacred Colportage: Readers and Agency in Early Methodist Book Distribution
Authors: Snead Jennifer
Published: May 2018

John Wesley saw the production and distribution of tracts, editions and abridgements as crucial to the early Methodist movement. He enlisted his itinerant preachers as colporteurs, distributing reading material from their saddlebags. Many of them wrote versions of their own lives, edited by Wesley, who encouraged their writing while insisting that he control its publication and circulation. This combination of agency and control represents an alternative model for reading and agency in the eighteenth century. This article asks how this mode of textual distribution and access can help us understand how eighteenth‐century readers experienced agency and choice.
Safety of intra‐articular steroid injections prior to arthroplasty: Best evidence selection and risk of bias considerations
Authors: Li Hu , Xing Dan , Ke Yan , Lin Jianhao
Published: May 2018

Aim

Several systematic reviews have been performed to investigate whether intra‐articular steroid injections can increase the risk of infection in subsequent arthroplasty. However, the conclusions of these systematic reviews are discordant. The purpose of the present study was to select best evidence and consider risk of bias of these systematic reviews and to provide recommendations through the best evidence.

Methods

The systematic reviews that compared the infection rates of arthroplasty with or without previous intra‐articular steroid injection were identified. The methodological quality and risk of bias of included systematic reviews were assessed by the AMSTAR instrument and ROBIS tool, respectively. Heterogeneity information within each variable was extracted from the included studies. The Jadad algorithm was then used to determine which systematic reviews can provide the best evidence.

Results

Six systematic reviews were eligible for inclusion. The Jadad decision‐making tool suggested that two reviews with highest AMSTAR score should be selected. According to the ROBIS tool, there were three systematic reviews with low risk of bias and three with high risk of bias. As a result, two systematic reviews conducted by Charalambous et al. and Marsland et al. with highest AMSTAR scores and low risk of bias were selected as the best evidence.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that intra‐articular steroid injections prior to arthroplasty did not increase infection rates severely after the operation. However, the strength of recommendation is weak due to the limitations of current evidence. Further high‐quality primary studies are still required.
The architecture of the Iron Age II fortified settlement at Muweilah (Sharjah, United Arab Emirates)
Authors: Karacic Steven , Händel Marc , Hammer Emily , Magee Peter
Published: May 2018

Excavations at Muweilah have uncovered twelve buildings encircled by two pairs of walls and ditches. We have published preliminary studies of several buildings. Research has now progressed to a stage where it is possible to produce a more complete analysis of the architecture. In this report, we present a detailed discussion of the fortifications and each building with its installations. Our assessment of the architecture identified the repeated combination of three rooms in many of the buildings in the Central Area of Muweilah. Moreover, a detailed study of the fortifications revealed several means of accessing Building II, the columned hall, in the Western Area. These findings offer insights into the organisation of Iron Age II settlements in south‐eastern Arabia.
Glass and glass production in the Oman peninsula in antiquity reconsidered – chemical and mineralogical investigation of sands
Authors: Van Ham‐Meert Alicia , Dillis Sarah , Overlaet Bruno , Degryse Patrick
Published: May 2018

A batch of green‐ and amber‐coloured glass chunks and unguentaria dating from the first century CE was found in 2007 at Dibba al Hisn, a site on the Arabian Sea coast of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Its elemental and isotopic composition revealed the glass to be of a previously unknown plant ash glass type, different from known contemporary Roman, Mesopotamian, and Indian glass. The Sr isotopic composition of the glass corresponds to locally available plants, pointing to the possible existence of a first‐century CE local glass production centre. To explore this possibility, sands from around the UAE were analysed to establish their suitability for glass making and correspondence with the Dibba finds. This paper presents the results of the elemental analysis of fourteen sands. The analysis, performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES), revealed all sands to be rich in lime and alumina. X‐ray diffraction revealed the presence of calcite and other carbonate minerals, as well as antigorite and quartz. Comparison of the sand compositions to average first‐century CE non‐Roman glass found at Dibba showed them to be unsuitable as raw material for producing the glass of Dibba. The evidence thus identifies this glass batch as imported, contrary to what was suggested before. This paper also reviews the occurrence of thick‐walled unguentaria in the region.
Impact of resuscitation fluid bag size availability on volume of fluid administration in the intensive care unit
Authors: Horst S. , Kawati R. , Rasmusson J. , Pikwer A. , Castegren M. , Lipcsey M.
Published: May 2018

Background

Iatrogenic fluid overload is associated with increased mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU). Decisions on fluid therapy may, at times, be based on other factors than physiological endpoints. We hypothesized that because of psychological factors volume of available fluid bags would affect the amount of resuscitation fluid administered to ICU patients.

Methods

We performed a prospective intervention cross‐over study at 3 Swedish ICUs by replacing the standard resuscitation fluid bag of Ringer's Acetate 1000 mL with 500 mL bags (intervention group) for 5 separate months and then compared it with the standard bag size for 5 months (control group). Primary endpoint was the amount of Ringer's Acetate per patient during ICU stay. Secondary endpoints were differences between the groups in cumulative fluid balance and change in body weight, hemoglobin and creatinine levels, urine output, acute kidney failure (measured as the need for renal replacement therapy, RRT) and 90‐day mortality.

Results

Six hundred and thirty‐five ICU patients were included (291 in the intervention group, 344 in the control group). There was no difference in the amount of resuscitation fluid per patient during the ICU stay (2200 mL [1000‐4500 median IQR] vs 2245 mL [1000‐5630 median IQR]), RRT rate (11 vs 9%), 90‐day mortality (11 vs 10%) or total fluid balance between the groups. The daily amount of Ringer's acetate administered per day was lower in the intervention group (1040 (280‐2000) vs 1520 (460‐3000) mL; P = .03).

Conclusions

The amount of resuscitation fluid administered to ICU patients was not affected by the size of the available fluid bags. However, altering fluid bag size could have influenced fluid prescription behavior.
Placental growth factor as an indicator of fetal growth restriction in late‐onset small‐for‐gestational age pregnancies
Authors: Anderson Ngaire , De Laat Monique , Benton Samantha , von Dadelszen Peter , McCowan Lesley
Published: May 2018

Background

At‐risk small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) pregnancies in New Zealand are identified using Doppler ultrasound; fetuses with Doppler abnormalities are considered growth restricted (FGR). Low maternal placental growth factor (PlGF) has also been associated with late‐onset FGR.

Aims

To investigate whether low PlGF at diagnosis of late‐onset SGA identifies the same fetuses classified FGR by detailed Doppler studies, and the association between low PlGF and adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

Among an historical database of normotensive suspected SGA pregnancies (fetal abdominal circumference <10th percentile) ≥32 weeks gestation, the ability of low PlGF (<5th percentile) to identify FGR infants was investigated. ‘Initial FGR’ was an abnormal umbilical artery resistance index (RI) or estimated fetal weight <3rd customised centile. ‘Secondary FGR’ was abnormal internal carotid RI, cerebro‐placental ratio and/or mean uterine artery RI. Development of hypertensive disease and adverse perinatal outcomes were compared by PlGF status.

Results

Of 136 SGA pregnancies, 56 (41.1%) had initial FGR. Of the remaining, 20 (25.0%) had secondary FGR, 17 (21.3%) low PlGF. The sensitivity of low PlGF identifying secondary FGR was 0.30 (95% CI 0.14–0.50), specificity 0.83 (0.70–0.92), positive predictive value 0.47 (0.23–0.72) and negative predictive value 0.70 (0.57–0.81). Overall, low PlGF occurred in 44/136 (32.4%) pregnancies and was associated with gestational hypertensive disease (63.6% vs 15.2%, P < 0.01), adverse perinatal outcome (34.1% vs 15.2%, P = 0.01) and very low birthweight (customised centile 2.2 vs 6.8, P < 0.01).

Conclusions

At diagnosis of late‐onset SGA, low PlGF was poor at identifying Doppler‐defined FGR. Low PlGF identified pregnancies at risk of hypertensive disease, adverse perinatal outcome and very low birthweight.
Current status of ovarian cancer surgical management. Argument for centralisation of care in Australia
Authors: Carter Jonathan , Pather Selvan , Nascimento Marcelo
Published: May 2018

In Australia, ovarian cancer remains the most common cause of death among all the gynaecological malignancies, largely due to the fact that patients present at an advanced stage. Cytoreductive surgery has for a number of decades been the cornerstone of initial treatment for patients with advanced disease, where a smaller volume of residual disease (optimal cytoreduction) results in an improved outcome. Evidence indicates that optimal cytoreduction is best achieved by a certified gynaecological oncologist, and that subsequent management by a dedicated multidisciplinary team (MDT) results in patients more likely to receive ‘evidenced based guideline care’ and be offered participation in clinical trials. Patients managed by an MDT have been shown to have improved survival, their care to be cost effective and that they experience a high level of satisfaction and improved quality of life. Centralisation of care for patients with ovarian cancer should be considered gold standard care.
Building Beyond the Bypass Road: Urban Migration, Ritual Eating, and the Fate of the Joint Family in Patna, India
Authors: Kantor Hayden S.
Published: May 2018

The anthropology of urban migration in South Asia has emphasized the plight of marginalized people and conflicts over public space. But the precarity of agriculture and inadequacy of basic state services has increasingly compelled rural middle‐class families in Bihar, India, to establish a foothold in the country's booming cities. Because they aim to remain located in both the urban and rural spheres, urban migration reconfigures kinship relations so that the joint family household becomes a non‐cohabitating entity. Constructing a house in the city depends on rural consumption practices that are distinct from the individual‐oriented consumerism of the urban middle class. The gr̥h praveś, the Hindu house consecration ceremony and feast, legitimizes this transition. The hosts negotiate their hybrid identity as urban migrants through the event's food practices. For instance, adulteration scandals have prompted concerns about provisioning milk in the city. The consumption of milk‐based specialty foods during the gr̥h praveś reflects the family's effort to deploy nourishing, familiar foods that reassert ties to their village community while also signaling aspirations to prosperity and a modern, cosmopolitan identity. Moments of ritual excess extend overflowing hospitality to guests human and divine, providing material proof of the family's unity and ambitions. [urban migration, feasting, house construction, ritual, kinship]
Letter: improvements in mental health after faecal microbiota transplantation—an underexplored treatment‐related benefit?
Authors: Mullish B. H.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Jalanka et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14443 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14668.
Letter: concordance of SVR4 and SVR12 following direct‐acting anti‐viral treatment in Egypt
Authors: El Kassas M. , Funk A. L. , Abd El Latif Y. , Vasiliu A. , Sherief A. , Shimakawa Y. , Youssef N. , El Tahan A. , Elbadry M. , Farid A. M. , El Shazly Y. , Doss W. , Esmat G. , Fontanet A.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Omar et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14428.
Editorial: validating reliability of the eosinophilic oesophagitis histological scoring system (EOE‐HSS)—an important first step
Authors: Conner J. R. , Kirsch R.
Published: May 2018

Linked content

This article is linked to Warners et al and Pai et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14559 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14658.
Editorial: let's take a break from studying the PPI‐fracture association
Authors: Targownik L. E.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Torvinen‐Kiiskinen et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14589 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14666.
Editorial: genotype 3 HCV—who still needs ribavirin in a pan‐genotypic era?
Authors: Sadler M. D.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to von Felden et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14592 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14648.
Editorial: genotype 3 HCV—who still needs ribavirin in a pan‐genotypic era? Authors’ reply
Authors: von Felden J. , Vermehren J. , Schulze zur Wiesch J. , Sarrazin C. , Christensen S.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to von Felden et al and Sadler papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14592 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14646.
Editorial: retreatment of DAA‐failures—no problem at all?
Authors: Maasoumy B. , Höner zu Siederdissen C.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Modi et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi/org/10.1111/apt.14604.
Letter: adoption of uniform nomenclature is crucial for estimating the true risk of HBV reactivation in patients treated with direct‐acting antivirals for hepatitis C
Authors: Mücke M. M. , Mücke V. T. , Vermehren J.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This aritcle is linked to Butt et al paper. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14426.
Editorial: validating reliability of the eosinophilic oesophagitis histological scoring system (EOE‐HSS)—an important first step. Authors’ reply
Authors: Pai R. K. , Bredenoord A. J. , Feagan B. G. , Jairath V.
Published: May 2018

Linked content

This article is linked to Warners et al and Conner and Kirsch papers. To view these articles https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14559 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14633.
Editorial: faecal incontinence—the hidden burden of inflammatory bowel diseases. Authors' reply
Authors: Vollebregt P. F. , van Bodegraven A. A. , Markus‐de Kwaadsteniet T. M. L. , van der Horst D. , Felt‐Bersma R. J. F.
Published: May 2018

Linked content

This article is linked to Vollebregt et al and Cañete and Domènech papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14599 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14637.
Editorial: let's take a break from studying the PPI‐fracture association—Authors’ reply
Authors: Torvinen‐Kiiskinen S. , Tolppanen A.‐M. , Koponen M. , Tanskanen A. , Tiihonen J. , Hartikainen S. , Taipale H.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Torvinen‐Kiiskinen et al and Targownik papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14589 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14640.
Editorial: chronic hepatitis B combination therapy—emerging success as proof‐of‐concept for future hepatitis B eradication?
Authors: Nhu Q. M. , Pockros P. J.
Published: May 2018

Linked Content

This article is linked to Qiu et al. To view this article visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14629.
Letter: serum HBcrAg is a useful marker for disease monitoring, predicting treatment response and disease outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus infection—authors' reply
Authors: Mak L.‐Y. , Yuen M.‐F.
Published: May 2018

Linked content

This article is linked to Mak et al and Wang et al papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14376 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14673.
Randomised clinical trial: faecal microbiota transplantation by colonoscopy plus vancomycin for the treatment of severe refractory Clostridium difficile infection—single versus multiple infusions
Authors: Ianiro G. , Masucci L. , Quaranta G. , Simonelli C. , Lopetuso L. R. , Sanguinetti M. , Gasbarrini A. , Cammarota G.
Published: May 2018

Background

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly effective treatment against recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Far less evidence exists on the efficacy of FMT in treating severe Clostridium difficile infection refractory to antibiotics.

Aim

To compare the efficacy of two FMT‐based protocols associated with vancomycin in curing subjects with severe Clostridium difficile infection refractory to antibiotics.

Methods

Subjects with severe Clostridium difficile infection refractory to antibiotics were randomly assigned to one of the two following treatment arms: (1) FMT‐S, including a single faecal infusion via colonoscopy followed by a 14‐day vancomycin course, (2) FMT‐M, including multiple faecal infusions plus a 14‐day vancomycin course. In the FMT‐M group, all subjects received at least two infusions, while those with pseudomembranous colitis underwent further infusions until the disappearance of pseudomembranes. The primary outcome was the cure of refractory severe Clostridium difficile infection.

Results

Fifty six subjects, 28 in each treatment arm, were enrolled. Twenty one patients in the FMT‐S group and 28 patients in the FMT‐M group were cured (75% vs 100%, respectively, both in per protocol and intention‐to‐treat analyses; P = 0.01). No serious adverse events associated with any of the two treatment protocols were observed.

Conclusions

A pseudomembrane‐driven FMT protocol consisting of multiple faecal infusions and concomitant vancomycin was significantly more effective than a single faecal transplant followed by vancomycin in curing severe Clostridium difficile infection refractory to antibiotics. Clinical‐Trials.gov registration number: NCT03427229.
Novel operative approach to double primary cancers of the breast and thyroid and its effects on cosmesis and the accuracy of follow‐up examinations
Authors: Tori Masayuki , Shimo Toshirou , Yoshidome Katsuhide
Published: June 2018

For the treatment of double primary cancer of the breast and thyroid, endoscopic thyroidectomy might be an excellent option in terms of cosmesis; however, it may not offer curability, and it makes the accuracy of follow‐up examinations difficult. The postoperative scars after endoscopic thyroidectomy may modify the estimation of recurrence. To achieve improve cosmesis and the accuracy of follow‐up examination, we developed a novel method for thyroid surgery: hybrid‐type endoscopic thyroidectomy (HET). Here we report two cases of double primary cancer, one synchronous and the other metachronous. HET lobectomy and HET total thyroidectomy were performed in combination with some modifications of breast surgery. In each case, the postoperative course was uneventful, and cosmetic satisfaction was very high. Furthermore, there were no problems during the follow‐up period. Based on our results, HET could become a standardized treatment of double primary cancers.
Understanding dual realities and more in VR
Authors: Pan Xueni , Hamilton Antonia F. de C.
Published: May 2018

The five commentaries on our paper (Pan & Hamilton, 2018, Br. J. Psychol.) provide a useful summary of the key issues we raise, and also bring to the foreground some new and important questions, touching on a range of issues including presence and the conceptualization of dual realities. We highlight here some important themes and directions for future investigation.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Wonnacott Sue , Bermudez Isabel , Millar Neil S , Tzartos Socrates J
Published: May 2018

This themed section of the British Journal of Pharmacology is the product of a conference that focussed on nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) that was held on the Greek island of Crete from 7 to 11 May 2017. ‘Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors 2017’ was the fourth in a series of triennial international meetings that have provided a regular forum for scientists working on all aspects of nAChRs to meet and to discuss new developments. In addition to many of the regular participants, each meeting has also attracted a new group of scientists working in a fast‐moving area of research. This themed section comprises both review articles and original research papers on nAChRs.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.11/issuetoc/
Recent advances in targeting ion channels to treat chronic pain
Authors: Stevens Edward B , Stephens Gary J
Published: May 2018

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc
Correspondence of Pubertal Neuroendocrine and Tanner Stage Changes in Boys and Associations With Substance Use
Authors: Marceau Kristine , Kirisci Levent , Tarter Ralph E.
Published: May 2018

This study examined correspondence between timing (onset) and tempo (rate) of sexual maturation prospectively (average ages 11–16 years) measured by gonadal hormones and secondary sex characteristics (Tanner stage) using dual‐process models, and associations of these measures with substance use (SU) involvement in boys at age 16 years (N = 534, 77.5% White/22.5% Non‐White). All measures of timing were highly associated. Early Tanner stage timing often predicted slower increases in gonadal steroids, but not the reverse; patterns varied by ethnicity. Hormone and Tanner stage measures were similar earlier in development but diverged later in development. In White boys only, early timing of the pubertal rise in testosterone was associated with increased SU involvement, suggesting a physiological rather than psychosocial mechanism of association.
A Versatile Parameterization for Measured Material Manifolds
Authors: Soler Cyril , Subr Kartic , Nowrouzezahrai Derek
Published: June 2018

A popular approach for computing photorealistic images of virtual objects requires applying reflectance profiles measured from real surfaces, introducing several challenges: the memory needed to faithfully capture realistic material reflectance is large, the choice of materials is limited to the set of measurements, and image synthesis using the measured data is costly. Typically, this data is either compressed by projecting it onto a subset of its linear principal components or by applying non‐linear methods. The former requires many components to faithfully represent the input reflectance, whereas the latter necessitates costly extrapolation algorithms. We learn an underlying, low‐dimensional non‐linear reflectance manifold amenable to rapid exploration and rendering of real‐world materials. We can express interpolated materials as linear combinations of the measured data, despite them lying on an inherently non‐linear manifold. This allows us to efficiently interpolate and extrapolate measured BRDFs, and to render directly from the manifold representation. We exploit properties of Gaussian process latent variable models and use our representation for high‐performance and offline rendering with interpolated real‐world materials.
Self‐similarity Analysis for Motion Capture Cleaning
Authors: Aristidou A. , Cohen‐Or D. , Hodgins J. K. , Shamir A.
Published: June 2018

Motion capture sequences may contain erroneous data, especially when the motion is complex or performers are interacting closely and occlusions are frequent. Common practice is to have specialists visually detect the abnormalities and fix them manually. In this paper, we present a method to automatically analyze and fix motion capture sequences by using self‐similarity analysis. The premise of this work is that human motion data has a high‐degree of self‐similarity. Therefore, given enough motion data, erroneous motions are distinct when compared to other motions. We utilizemotion‐wordsthat consist of short sequences of transformations of groups of joints around a given motion frame. We search for the K‐nearest neighbors (KNN) set of each word using dynamic time warping and use it to detect and fix erroneous motions automatically. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our method in various examples, and evaluate by comparing to alternative methods and to manual cleaning.
Introduction
Authors: Brown G.
Published: May 2018

The objective of this special issue of Colorectal Disease is to collate the opinions of a global group of experts on the key issues in colorectal cancer that we all felt needed improving for the benefit of patients with this disease. More than 150 experts from all over the world have contributed to this edition. The symposium proceedings do not just reflect the opinions of the expert panel members but also the views of an invited expert audience. The format of the day was to invite the lead experts to give short presentations, followed by a round table discussion, and voting by the entire expert audience. The result was to agree the improvements that needed to be made, not just in the UK but globally.
A personal perspective of the development of MRI for Total Mesorectal Excision surgery
Authors: Heald R. J.
Published: May 2018

In this personal account Professor Heald discusses the international implementation of total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer and the development of a generation of “specimen‐orientated” surgeons. He describes the importance of the surgeon, radiologist and pathologist working together to improve techniques in all three disciplines and the research challenges for the future.
Session 1: The evolution and development of the multidisciplinary team approach: USA, European and UK experiences – what can we do better?
Authors: Wale A. , Wexner S. D. , Saur N. M. , Massarotti H. , Laurberg S. , Kennedy E. , Rockall A. , Sebag‐Montefiore D. , Brown G.
Published: May 2018

The process of determining the best treatments that should be offered to patients with newly diagnosed colon and rectal cancer remains highly variable around the world. The aim of this expert review was to agree the key elements of good quality preoperative treatment decision making.
Session 2: What causes liver metastases – lymph nodes or is it something else?
Authors: Siddiqui M. , Nagtegaal I. , Santiago I. , Knijn N. , Berho M. , Mirnezami A. , Rao S. , Brown G.
Published: May 2018

The traditional view of progression of disease in cancer is the sequential spread of tumour to locoregional lymph nodes and then to distant metastases. However, this view may need to be challenged and modern pathology techniques such as immunohistochemistry and tumour profiling can provide us with a greater insight into the pathways and mechanisms of distant spread. Professor Nagtegaal discusses the evidence for reconsidering the current paradigm and reflects on the need for further investigation into mechanisms of distant metastatic spread.
Session 2: Extramural vascular invasion and extranodal deposits: should they be treated the same?
Authors: Balyasnikova S. , Haboubi N. , Wale A. , Santiago I. , Morgan M. , Cunningham D. , Mason M. , Berho M. , Brown G.
Published: May 2018

Professor Nagtegaal has already highlighted that lymph nodes are probably not responsible for the development of liver metastases. If they are not, then is there another mechanism? Professor Haboubi addresses the question of extranodal deposits – their frequency and their importance in the development of metastatic disease. The experts review the evidence and discuss whether this information will alter treatment decisions and staging systems in the future.
Session 3: Intra‐operative radiotherapy – creating new surgical boundaries
Authors: Patel A. , Chang G. , Wale A. , Chong I. , Rutten H. , Nicholls J. , Hawkins M. , Steele R.J.C. , Marks J. , Brown G.
Published: May 2018

In patients with advanced and recurrent colorectal cancer, surgical resection with clear margins is the greatest challenge and is limited by known anatomical constraints. Preoperative or intra‐operative assessment of the limits of surgical dissection may help to explore the possibility of improving resectability through either targeted external beam radiotherapy or intra‐operative radiotherapy. Professor Chang reviews the evidence base and potential advantages and disadvantages of this approach, whilst the expert panel agree a consensus on the evidence for assessment and therapy of such patients.
Session 3: Beyond TME and radiotherapy MRI evaluation of rectal cancer treatment response
Authors: Patel U. B. , Blomqvist L. , Chau I. , Nicholls J. , Brown G.
Published: May 2018

Magnetic resonance imaging plays an increasingly important role in evaluating the effect of cancer treatment. Imaging alone cannot predict pathological complete response and imaging interpretation should be combined with clinical information and endoscopy findings to predict complete response. Professor Blomqvist reviews current and future imaging techniques and whether the quantitative can add significant or important prognostic information over the current qualitative techniques.
LEARNING BY BREWING: HOMEBREWING LEGALIZATION AND THE BREWING INDUSTRY
Authors: McCullough Michael , Berning Joshua , Hanson Jason L.
Published: May 2018

In 1978, H.R. 1337 was signed into Federal law allowing for the home production of beer at the national level forever changing the U.S. brewing industry. Like the repeal of Prohibition, states were granted the right to enact their own homebrewing laws, resulting in a heterogeneous rollout of legalized homebrewing. This research examines the relationship between homebrewing legislation and the growth of the beer industry across the United States, and finds that enacted legislation has had a significant effect on the structure and growth of the brewing industry. (JEL L51, N42, Q18)
The effect of lighting changes on simultaneous colour contrast: a new aspect of colour rendition
Authors: Rizzi Alessandro , Bonanomi Cristian , Blaso Laura , Li Rosi Ornella , Fumagalli Simonetta
Published: May 2018

Among the many metrics used to compute the colour rendition of a light source which have been investigated in recent years, most consider only the spectral power distribution of the light source being tested. To highlight aspects not usually considered in the development of colour rendition metrics, and to propose future directions for alternative approaches consistent with human visual perception, an experiment was conducted to examine colour appearance variations on certain spatial visual content configurations, in other words the effects of illusions under different light sources. Results indicate that stronger simultaneous contrast configurations have a more unpredictable variation in appearance. Therefore, it is proposed that colour spatial distribution should be considered for the future generation of rendering metrics.
Metformin use in the first year after kidney transplant, correlates, and associated outcomes in diabetic transplant recipients: A retrospective analysis of integrated registry and pharmacy claims data
Authors: Vest L. S. , Koraishy F. M. , Zhang Z. , Lam N. N. , Schnitzler M. A. , Dharnidharka V. R. , Axelrod D. , Naik A. S. , Alhamad T. A. , Kasiske B. L. , Hess G. P. , Lentine K. L.
Published: May 2018

While guidelines support metformin as a therapeutic option for diabetic patients with mild‐to‐moderate renal insufficiency, the frequency and outcomes of metformin use in kidney transplant recipients are not well described. We integrated national U.S. transplant registry data with records from a large pharmaceutical claims clearinghouse (2008‐2015). Associations (adjusted hazard ratio, 95% LCLaHR95% UCL) of diabetes regimens (with and excluding metformin) in the first year post‐transplant with patient and graft survival over the subsequent year were quantified by multivariate Cox regression, adjusted for recipient, donor, and transplant factors and propensity for metformin use. Among 14 144 recipients with pretransplant type 2 diabetes mellitus, 4.7% filled metformin in the first year post‐transplant; most also received diabetes comedications. Compared to those who received insulin‐based regimens without metformin, patients who received metformin were more likely to be female, have higher estimated glomerular filtration rates, and have undergone transplant more recently. Metformin‐based regimens were associated with significantly lower adjusted all‐cause (aHR 0.180.410.91), malignancy‐related (aHR 0.450.450.99), and infection‐related (aHR 0.120.320.85) mortality, and nonsignificant trends toward lower cardiovascular mortality, graft failure, and acute rejection. No evidence of increased adverse graft or patient outcomes was noted. Use of metformin‐based diabetes treatment regimens may be safe in carefully selected kidney transplant recipients.
871. ALLIUM AMPELOPRASUM var BABINGTONII
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: May 2018

The bulbil‐bearing and proliferous wild leek, Allium ampeloprasum L. var. babingtonii (Borrer) Syme, from the south‐western coasts of England and Ireland is illustrated. Its history is described and suggestions for its cultivation are given.
Transforming growth factor‐β signal regulates gut bending in the sea urchin embryo
Authors: Suzuki Haruka , Yaguchi Shunsuke
Published: May 2018

During gastrulation, one of the most important morphogenetic events in sea urchin embryogenesis, the gut bends toward the ventral side to form an open mouth. Although the involvement of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signals in the cell‐fate specification of the ectoderm and endoderm along the dorsal–ventral axis has been well reported, it remains unclear what controls the morphogenetic behavior of gut bending. Here, using two sea urchin species, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Temnopleurus reevesii, we show that TGF‐β signals are required for gut bending toward the ventral side. To search for the common morphogenetic cue in these two species, we initially confirmed the expression patterns of the dorsal–ventral regulatory TGF‐β members, nodal, lefty, bmp2/4, and chordin, in T. reevesii because these factors are appropriate candidates to investigate the cue that starts gut bending, although genetic information about the body axes is entirely lacking in this species. Based on their expression patterns and a functional analysis of Nodal, the dorsal–ventral axis formation of T. reevesii is likely regulated by these TGF‐β members, as in other sea urchins. When the Alk4/5/7 signal was inhibited by its specific inhibitor, SB431542, before the late gastrula stage of T. reevesii, the gut was extended straight toward the anterior tip region, although the ectodermal dorsal–ventral polarity was normal. By contrast, H. pulcherrimus gut bending was sensitive to SB431542 until the prism stage. These data clearly indicate that gut bending is commonly dependent on a TGF‐β signal in sea urchins, but the timing of the response varies in different species.
MicroRNA‐29b regulatesDNAmethylation by targeting Dnmt3a/3b and Tet1/2/3 in porcine early embryo development
Authors: Zhang Zhiren , Cao Yunqing , Zhai Yanhui , Ma Xiaoling , An Xinglan , Zhang Sheng , Li Ziyi
Published: May 2018

MicroRNA‐29b (miR‐29b) is a member of the miR‐29 family, which targetsDNAmethyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten eleven translocation enzymes (TETs), thereby regulatingDNAmethylation. However, the role of miR‐29b in porcine early embryo development has not been reported. In this study, we examined the effects of miR‐29b in porcine in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos to investigate the mechanism by which miR‐29b regulatedDNAmethylation. The interference of miR‐29b by its special miRNAinhibitor significantly up‐regulatedDnmt3a/bandTet1but downregulatedTet2/3; meanwhile it increasedDNAmethylation levels of the global genome andNanogpromoter region but decreased globalDNAdemethylation levels. The inhibition of miR‐29b also resulted in a decrease in the development rate and quality of blastocysts. In addition, the pluripotency genesNanogandSox2were significantly downregulated, and the apoptosis genesBaxandCasp3were upregulated, but anti‐apoptosis geneBcl‐2was downregulated in blastocysts. Our study indicated that miR‐29b could regulateDNAmethylation mediated by miR29b‐Dnmt3a/b–Tet1/2/3signaling during porcine early embryo development.
How Jane Addams Expands Our View of Education as an Ethical Enterprise
Authors: Bruce Bertram C.
Published: May 2018

Jane Addams's Democracy and Social Ethics is more than a historical artifact describing the work of a prominent social reformer. It is also a significant contribution to philosophy, especially in the area of social ethics. Moreover, though less widely acknowledged, Addams's work is essential for anyone who seeks an ethical vision for education. Here, we examine these claims through three interrelated questions. First, Addams argues for a social ethics that goes beyond individual virtues, such as honesty. Yet, she situates and builds that ethics on concrete, situated personal relations. How can an all‐encompassing social ethics develop from localized individual relations? Second, Addams worked to address specific problems faced by immigrants. However, her social ethics explicitly denies that material conditions justify contentious struggle. How does a theory of social ethics relate to material conditions, especially in terms of inequities of race, class, or gender? Third, Addams always focuses on immediate problems, even engaging deeply with the situation of specific individuals. How can such local, interpersonal action be integrated with large‐scale political action? A close examination of these questions shows that Addams's work offers powerful insights into the mutually constitutive practice of engaging in pragmatist philosophy and reflective, ethically guided education, a practice that has never been more important than it is today.
Engaging Across Intractable Differences: Why, When, and How Should Educators Work With?
Authors: Lake Danielle
Published: May 2018

When should instructors encourage students to work across ideological differences and within unjust institutional structures in order to affect change? What are the dangers and challenges inherent in working across seemingly intractable differences in the community? And what is the value of such a pedagogical approach? The scholarship on feminist pragmatism, wicked problems, and democratic deliberation offers a set of tentative answers — a means forward — for instructors wrestling with these questions. In this article, Danielle Lake argues that the integrated application of insights from thinkers such as John Dewey and Jane Addams provides instructors with flexible tools that can empower students and foster place‐based systemic change. The recommendations presented here emerge through the integration and the application of their philosophical ideas in place‐based community engagement efforts with undergraduate students. In place of prescriptions or standardized formulas, Lake presents tentative observations, piecemeal strategies, and practical tools. In particular, she emphasizes the need for mutuality and reciprocity, narrative and perplexity, relationship building and cooperative action, as well as the expansion of our ethical framework in community‐based learning practices. Instructors could, for instance, do more to invite others in — and to get out of — the classroom, to broaden their scope, to engage dialogic tools, and to privilege relationships. Collaborative, tolerant activism can create critical spaces for engaging the tension within difference, supporting reflexive action subject to comprehensive oversight. By exploring the value of a hybrid feminist pragmatist approach to engaging across divisions, as well as its dangers and challenges, Lake ultimately offers strategies for mutual and transformational change.
Looking down the microscope at the big picture – Interview with Michelle Casanova
Authors: Casanova Michelle , McDonald Tein
Published: May 2018

Michelle Casanova is a widely published researcher specialising in the taxonomy of Australia's freshwater algae – as well as a rural landholder who understands the need for farmers to utilise the landscape. Michelle combines her work as a researcher with increasing involvement in management and policy through her region's Catchment Management Board and Victoria's Scientific Advisory Committee.
Living Arrangements and Older Adults' Psychological Well‐Being and Life Satisfaction in China: Does Social Support Matter?
Authors: Mao Xupeng , Han Wen‐Jui
Published: May 2018

Objective

To examine the associations between living arrangements and the psychological well‐being and life satisfaction of Chinese older adults, as well as the mediating role of social support.

Background

China has the largest elderly population of any nation, and the country's overall population is rapidly aging. At the same time, China is experiencing substantial changes in living arrangements, particularly among older adults, that may have reshaped the types and sources of social support older adults receive.

Method

Using a nationally representative longitudinal dataset from 5 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (N ≈ 5,000), we carried out structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine our research questions.

Results

Compared with elders living with their children, living alone was negatively associated with rural elders' life satisfaction, whereas urban elders living in nursing homes were more likely to be satisfied with their lives. Social support not only was important to elders' psychological well‐being and life satisfaction but also played some mediating role through receiving formal financial support.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that living arrangements had both direct and indirect effects (through social support) on older adults' psychological well‐being and life satisfaction. The mediating role played by social support differed by types and sources of social support.

Implications

Our results speak to the importance of providing social support from suitable sources for contemporary elders in China.