bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cáncer de vesícula biliar
Authors: Arroyo Gerardo , Gentile Alberto , Parada Luis A.
Published: November 2022

Existen grandes diferencias en el mundo en la incidencia y la mortalidad por cáncer de vesícula biliar (CVB). Más aún, el CVB presenta características particulares en Sudamérica. Con el objetivo de evaluar la magnitud de este problema de salud en la región, realizamos una revisión bibliográfica sobre la epidemiología, la investigación básica y traslacional, y los ensayos clínicos llevados adelante en Sudamérica sobre CVB. Comparadas con otras áreas geográficas, las tasas de mortalidad ajustadas por edad por CVB en mujeres son muy altas, especialmente en regiones del oeste de Sudamérica. La patogenia de esta enfermedad involucra factores genéticos, alimentarios y ambientales. En comparación con otras regiones el perfil de anomalías genéticas de los genes KRAS y TP53 en CVB difiere levemente en Sudamérica, mientras que el comportamiento clínico es similar, con una mediana de supervivencia global de 6.5 a 8 meses en los casos de cáncer avanzado. En contraste con Europa y EE. UU. la colecistectomía profiláctica es común en regiones del oeste de Sudamérica. El CVB representa un verdadero problema para la salud pública, y presenta peculiaridades que exigen en forma urgente más investigación para descubrir factores de riesgo y anomalías moleculares que contribuyan a su desarrollo así como nuevas opciones de tratamiento.
Miocardiopatía por estrés asociada a quimioterapia
Authors: Naveira Martín , Corsico Santiago , Datri Lucas , Mendez Laura , Faura Victoria , Dutto Mauro , Romero Alfredo , Bella Quero Luciana , Korbenfeld Ernesto , Novas Cintia , Vera Karina , Silva Carlos
Published: November 2022

La miocardiopatía por estrés es una enfermedad infrecuente caracterizada por dolor precordial típico, elevación de las enzimas cardíacas y cambios electrocardiográficos, sin evidencia de enfermedad coronaria. Es transitoria y no tiene una causa clara desencadenante, aunque el estrés emocional es un factor que pareciera estar involucrado en la mayoría de los casos comunicados.

Como consecuencia del desarrollo diagnóstico de enfermedades cardiovasculares, en los últimos 15 años aumentaron los casos, representando entre el 1-2% de los pacientes que se presentan con dolor precordial y cambios en el electrocardiograma.

La toxicidad cardiológica por la quimioterapia y otros agentes antineoplásicos es conocida, pero el síndrome de takotsubo asociado a quimioterapia es poco frecuente y sólo se registran informes de casos.

Presentamos tres pacientes con miocardiopatía por estrés asociado a quimioterapia.
Child Stunting and Its Determinants In Migori County, Kenya
Authors:   Nairobi University, C.J. Sawe , Makau W. Kogi ,   Nairobi University, G.A.K Ettyang ,   Moi University, C.O Kimamo ,   Nairobi University
Published: November 2022

Stunting affects over 151 million children worldwide with 58 million residing in Africa and 26% from Kenya. It reflects a state of chronic malnutrition with adverse effects on child survival, cognitive development and health. This study aimed at establishing the prevalence and determinants of stunting among children aged two years and below in Migori County. This was a cross-sectional study design that sampled 92 children. Child’s age and length were obtained. ENA for SMART software computed stunting indice based on Height-for-Age (HAZ) WHO Z -scores. A total of 25% of children were stunted and 28% were girls. Those aged between 12 and 18 months recorded a prevalence of 31%. Only 45% of children were exclusively breastfed while 3% of them stopped breastfeeding at age between 19 and 24 months. Bivariate analysis showed that mother’s marital status (p=0.036), fathers’ income (p=0.025) and monthly house rent paid (p=0.042) were linked to child stunting. Logistic regression analysis revealed that fathers who were earning more than Ksh 3,000.00 per month had 4 times higher odds [OR: 4.48: 95% CI: 1.05-19.04; p=0.042] of their children being stunted while parents paying less than Ksh 3,000.00 per month for house rent had 4 times higher odds [OR: 4.46: 95% CI: 0.95-21.00; p=0.049] of their children being stunted. In conclusion, 25% of children were stunted with 28% being girls. Fathers’ monthly income and renting a house were key links to child stunting in the county. Research on determinants of child stunting with nutrition interventions targeting children aged below two years is recommended. Keywords: Determinants, stunting, Z-score, cross-sectional, age.
Pääkirjoitus 1/2022
Authors: Mauranen Anna , Nieminen Risto
Published: November 2022

Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae (AASF) on Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian julkaisusarja, jonka pitkä historia ulottuu Tiedeakatemian perustamiseen saakka. Tiedeakatemian yleisten tavoitteiden mukaisesti se haluaa edistää tieteidenvälistä vuoropuhelua ja välittää valistuneelle lukijakunnalle tietoa ajankohtaisista tieteellisen tutkimuksen kysymyksistä ja uusista haasteista. AASF:n myötä Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian julkaisutoiminta palaa juurilleen ja ottaa samalla tähän aikaan sopivan muodon: se on monitieteinen, verkossa ilmestyvä aikakauslehti.
AASF:n ensimmäiseen numeroon on koottu artikkeleita vuosina 2020 ja 2021 hyväksytyiltä uusilta Suomalaisen Tiedeakatemian jäseniltä. Näitä riittää seuraavaankin numeroon, mutta myös aiemmin valitut jäsenet, tänä vuonna valitut ja muut eturivin tutkijat voivat tarjota julkaisuun tekstejä, joissa he kertovat oman tutkimusalansa ajankohtaisista aiheista ja omista kiinnostuksen kohteistaan.
Economic Degrowth and the Collapse of Institutional Order: Theory and Propositions
Authors: Lamberg Juha-Antti , Nykänen Nooa , Taskinen Jarmo
Published: November 2022

Integrating insights from new institutional  economics and studies on the collapse of past empires, we sketch a process model that links economic degrowth to the collapse of institutional orders. Our thought experiment starts from emphasizing the importance of institutions and enforcement mechanisms in maintaining a sufficient level of economic activity to sustain public costs. We flip this established logic and elucidate the negative role of economic degrowth in the weakening of the public sector’s ability to enforce institutional rules. Internal and external shocks further shake the stability of the institutional order and, at some point, individuals’ belief in institutional rules and norms weakens, resulting in system-wide collapse of the institutional order. We use historical literature on the collapse of Roman Empire as an “experimental prototype” (Meyer, Gaba, & Colwell, 2005: 471) to inspire and illustrate our thought experiment.
Femtometreistä valovuosiin: neutronitähdet eksoottisen aineen laboratoriona
Authors: Vuorinen Aleksi
Published: November 2022

The Standard Model of particle physics describes the basic properties and interactions of all known elementary particles at an astonishingly good level, and predictions derived from it have time and again been experimentally verified. One of its parts, namely the theory of the strong nuclear interaction, Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), has however proven to be computationally extremely demanding. In particular, the properties of matter described by QCD are at the moment still largely unknown in the limit of high baryon density.

Very recently, the study of dense QCD matter has taken important steps forward owing largely to new observational data originating from a distant but very effective laboratory: neutron stars. The cores of these extremely compact stars contain the densest form of matter in our present-day Universe, and the properties of this matter are reflected on the measurable macroscopic properties of the stars themselves. In this review article, I will introduce this active field of research, placing particular emphasis on recent efforts to discover an entirely new phase of matter - cold and dense quark matter - inside the cores of the most massive neutron stars.
Graded Care Profile, una herramienta para casos de negligencia infantil.
Authors: Expósito Antonio Luis Molina , López Moreno Rocío , Rodríguez Sánchez María Luisa
Published: November 2022

Este artículo plantea que la herramienta Graded Care Profile (GCP) es útil en el contexto español para mejorar el trabajo con familias donde se han detectado situaciones de negligencia infantil. Identificamos características de la relación entre profesionales y familia que limitan la eficacia de programas basados en la evidencia. Siguiendo propuestas de la Evidencia basada en la práctica proponemos la relación entre profesionales y familia como factor que puede mejorar la eficacia de cualquier intervención. En este sentido, identificamos elementos de la relación entre profesionales y familia que llevan al rechazo de la intervención utilizando conceptos de Michel Foucault, en especial las relaciones de poder.  Planteamos el Perfil de Niveles de Cuidados (nombre de la adaptación española del GCP) como herramienta que ayude a salvar la distancia entre investigación y práctica profesional, así como una oportunidad para trabajar la alianza terapéutica de manera complementaria a otras técnicas o instrumentos. Para llegar a esta conclusión se parte de información cualitativa aportada por profesionales que trabajan con familias con menores en situación de riesgo. Los resultados confirman que es una herramienta de aplicación asequible y que puede mejorar la estructuración de la formulación, el seguimiento del caso y los acuerdos con la familia a la que se atiende: las personas que participaron en el estudio afirmaron que la validez aparente era adecuada y que su principal ventaja era la estructuración/organización de la evaluación/tratamiento/informes. Resaltamos que el instrumento toma como objeto de evaluación la relación entre persona cuidadora y menor, compatible con una perspectiva de parentalidad positiva, y da protagonismo al punto de vista del/la menor como criterio para decidir si los cuidados son de calidad, cubren sus necesidades y se les da prioridad. Es necesario llevar a cabo más investigación para conocer las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española y el punto de vista de las familias respecto al instrumento.
Gasto y políticas educativas en España. La relevancia de la asignación para el rendimiento académico
Authors: Montes-Pineda Oscar , López Rupérez Francisco
Published: November 2022

La literatura académica ha venido a indicar que el gasto educativo resulta una condición necesaria para mejorar la calidad del desempeño académico, aunque no suficiente, pues a partir de cierto umbral parece más importante el cómo que el cuánto dinero se gasta. Ello hace que su asignación – qué tipo de gasto y en que contextos– juegue un papel central en el debate político y social sobre cómo mejorar los resultados del aprendizaje. En España, desde la Ley General de Educación (LGE) de 1970, pueden contarse hasta ocho las leyes orgánicas básicas dedicadas a la educación en niveles anteriores a la universidad. Esta investigación intentará ahondar en este debate en el caso de España, analizando cómo dos asignaciones relevantes, la extensión de la escolarización en su etapa infantil y la repetición de curso, han influido sobre el rendimiento académico. Para ello, analizará primero los efectos del gasto educativo escolar sobre el rendimiento académico (en ciencias) de los alumnos (de 15 años) casi al final de su etapa obligatoria, y a partir de ello, estudiará los efectos marginales del incremento del gasto por razones de repetición de curso y de educación infantil, tomado en consideración especialmente el factor titularidad - pública o privada - de la enseñanza. Empleando la muestra española de la base de datos PISA 2015 y de las Cuentas de la Educación, se definen un grupo de modelos lineales jerárquicos siguiendo el enfoque de la función de producción educativa, donde el gasto educativo se construye y representa como un recurso escolar. Los resultados alcanzados sugieren que, aunque el dinero importa, una adecuada asignación podría elevar los resultados académicos de los alumnos. La clave en esta ecuación pasa por valorar las decisiones de inversión educativa sobre bases empíricas
Επιδράσεις της πρόσβασης και της διαθεσιμότητας αλκοόλ στο σπίτι στη χρήση αλκοόλ από νεαρούς εφήβους
Authors: Komro Kelli A. , Maldonado-Molina Mildred M. , Tobler Amy L. , Bonds Jennifer R. , Muller Keith E.
Published: November 2022

Στόχοι: Σκοπός της παρούσας μελέτης ήταν να διερευνήσει τις επιδράσεις της παροχής αλκοόλ από τους γονείς και της διαθεσιμότητας αλκοόλ στο σπίτι στην πορεία των νεαρών εφήβων όσον αφορά τη χρήση αλκοόλ και την πρόθεση για χρήση. Σχεδιασμός: Τα στοιχεία αποτελούν μέρος μια μακροχρόνιας μελέτης της χρήσης αλκοόλ μεταξύ εφήβων διαφορετικών εθνικοτήτων που διέμεναν σε αστικές περιοχές, οι οποίοι εντάχθηκαν τυχαία σε ομάδα ελέγχου μιας παρέμβασης πρόληψης. Χώρος: Τα στοιχεία συλλέχθηκαν από μια ομάδα νέων που φοιτούσαν σε δημόσια σχολεία στο Σικάγο, Ιλλινόις (2002-2005) και τους γονείς τους. Συμμετέχοντες: Το δείγμα αποτελούνταν από 1.388 μαθητές και τους γονείς τους, οι οποίοι εντάχθηκαν τυχαία στην ομάδα ελέγχου καθώς ήταν παρόντες και συμπλήρωσαν ερωτηματολόγια κατά την έναρξη της μελέτης, στην έναρξη της φοίτησής τους στην έκτη τάξη του Δημοτικού (ηλικία 12). Το δείγμα ήταν κυρίως χαμηλού εισοδήματος, αφροαμερικανοί και Λατίνοι. Μετρήσεις: Οι μαθητές συμπλήρωσαν ερωτηματολόγια αυτοαναφοράς, όταν ήταν στην 6η Δημοτικού, στην πρώτη και τη δευτέρα Γυμνασίου (ηλικίες 12 έως 14 ετών, ποσοστά απαντήσεων 91% με 96%). Επίσης, συμπλήρωσαν ερωτηματολόγια και οι γονείς των μαθητών της έκτης Δημοτικού (ποσοστό απαντήσεων 70%). Ευρήματα: Η αναφορά των μαθητών, στην ηλικία των 12 ετών, σχετικά με την παροχή αλκοόλ από τους γονείς και τη διαθεσιμότητα αλκοόλ στο σπίτι, και η αντίστοιχη των γονέων σχετικά με την παροχή αλκοόλ στο παιδί τους και τη δυνατότητα πρόσβασης του αλκοόλ στο σπίτι, συνδέθηκαν με σημαντική αύξηση στην πορεία χρήσης αλκοόλ από τους εφήβους, καθώς και την πρόθεση για χρήση αλκοόλ στις ηλικίες 12 έως 14 ετών. Η αναφορά των μαθητών για τη λήψη αλκοόλ από τους γονείς ή στο σπίτι κατά τη διάρκεια του τελευταίου περιστατικού κατανάλωσης αλκοόλ αποτέλεσαν τους πιο ισχυρούς παράγοντες πρόβλεψης για την αύξηση της χρήσης αλκοόλ και της πρόθεσης για χρήση αλκοόλ με την πάροδο του χρόνου. Συμπεράσματα: Τα αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι είναι επικίνδυνο να επιτρέπουν οι γονείς στα παιδιά να πίνουν κατά τη διάρκεια της πρώιμης εφηβείας. Όταν αυτά τα συμπεράσματα συνδυαστούν με τους κινδύνους που συνδέονται με την πρόωρη έναρξη της χρήσης αλκοόλ, γίνεται σαφές ότι οι γονείς μπορούν να παίξουν ένα σημαντικό ρόλο στην πρόληψη. ΛΕΞΕΙΣ ΚΛΕΙΔΙΑ: έφηβοι, αλκοόλ, γονείς, πρόσβαση, πρόσβαση στο σπίτι
Το νοσοκομείο ως θεραπευτικός οργανισμός
Authors: Main T.
Published: November 2022

Το κείμενο που ακολουθεί δημοσιεύθηκε για πρώτη φορά τον Μάιο του 1946 στο Αμερικάνικο επιστημονικό περιοδικό Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. Μία ομάδα 5 ψυχιάτρων, συνεργατών του περιοδικού είχε επισκεφθεί τον Απρίλιο του 1945 επτά Ευρωπαϊκές χώρες για να μελετήσει τις ψυχιατρικές τεχνικές και τα προγράμματα που ανέπτυσσαν τα σώματα Στρατού, Ναυτικού και Αεροπορίας για την ψυχική αποκατάσταση στρατιωτών που είχαν ψυχικά καταρρεύσει στη διάρκεια του πολέμου. Η ομάδα επέλεξε το λεγόμενο πείραμα του Northfield, το οποίο αφορούσε στην αξιοποίηση ψυχιατρικών νοσοκομείων στην πόλη του Birmingham, στην Αγγλία, για την ψυχική αποκατάσταση 800 στρατιωτών κυρίως δια μέσου της ομαδικής θεραπείας. Η ομάδα των Αμερικανών ψυχιάτρων εντυπωσιάστηκε από τις δεξιότητες των Άγγλων συναδέλφων τους στην τήρηση των βασικών αρχών της ψυχολογίας των ομάδων με την εφαρμογή αποτελεσματικών προγραμμάτων ομαδικής θεραπείας. Τα προγράμματα αυτά αποτέλεσαν τη βάση για την ανάπτυξη των θεραπευτικών κοινοτήτων σε ολόκληρο τον κόσμο.
Διακίνηση ναρκωτικών: ήρθε ο καιρός να καταργηθεί η θανατική ποινή
Authors: Griffith Edwards
Published: November 2022

Το παρόν άρθρο υποστηρίζει ότι η εκτέλεση των ατόμων που καταδικάζονται για διακίνηση ναρκωτικών και άλλες παραβάσεις που σχετίζονται με τα ναρκωτικά είναι μια ποινή, η οποία θα πρέπει να καταργηθεί, καθώς αφενός μεν είναι αναποτελεσματική ως πολιτική και αφετέρου αποτελεί αποτρόπαια παραβίαση των ανθρωπίνων δικαιωμάτων [1]. Το συμπέρασμα που θα παρουσιαστεί είναι αποτέλεσμα σοβαρής διερεύνησης των αντικρουόμενων επιχειρημάτων, με πλήρη σεβασμό στο γεγονός ότι οι διαφορετικοί πολιτισμοί έχουν διαφορετικές πεποιθήσεις ως προς το τι σημαίνει δικαιοσύνη. Το άρθρο αυτό, συνεχίζοντας, υποστηρίζει ότι η διεθνής επιστημονική κοινότητα για τις εξαρτήσεις έχει ευθύνη να προωθήσει τη θέση όσων υποστηρίζουν την κατάργηση της θανατικής ποινής. Η σιωπή δεν μπορεί να αποτελέσει κατάλληλη απάντηση σε τέτοιες συνεχείς και παράλογες δικαστικές «δολοφονίες».
Landesrecht Thüringen
Authors: Knauff Matthias
Published: November 2022

Für alle Studenten und in der Praxis Tätigen sind Kenntnisse des Landesrechts unabdingbar. Das Studienbuch erörtert angefangen vom Landesverfassungsrecht über das allgemeine Verwaltungsrecht insbesondere das Polizei- und Ordnungsrecht, das Kommunalrecht sowie das Bau- und Umweltrecht. Mit den Ausführungen zum Haushaltsrecht ist das Werk gleichermaßen unabdingbare Arbeitshilfe für alle im Landesdienst tätigen Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter. Die nicht nur studien-, sondern in hohem Maße praxisrelevanten Fragestellungen des öffentlichen Wirtschaftsrechts werden ebenfalls behandelt. Die 2. Auflage behandelt zudem das Datenschutz- und das Umweltrecht.

Mit Beiträgen von
Prof. Dr. Hermann-Josef Blanke, Universität Erfurt; Prof. Dr. Michael Brenner, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Sebastian Raphael Bunse, Universität Erfurt; Prof. Dr. Matthias Knauff, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Prof. Dr. Anna Leisner-Egensperger, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Prof. Dr. Matthias Werner Schneider, Hochschule Schmalkalden und Dr. Udo Schneider, Verwaltungsgericht Meiningen.
Populist Narratives in the Czech 2021 General Elections: ‘Hero Fights, Ruler Protects?’ The Linkage between Brand Archetypes and Populist Narratives
Authors: Ostrá Daniela
Published: November 2022

Using Critical Discourse Analysis and a qualitative dataset of social media communication, this article traces the transformation of Czech Prime Minister Andrej Babiš’s populist narrative before the Czech parliamentary elections in 2021. It argues that while in the 2013 and 2017 elections the prime minister’s central political narrative was based only on anti-elitist populism, it had already moved towards complete populism by the elections in 2021. In Babiš’s central narrative, one can find not only a reference to the will of the people and criticism of political elites, but also the exclusion of specific groups. The article suggests that a change in the archetype of the political brand of Babiš, who began his career in politics with a combination of the archetypes of a hero and a rebel, may also have a role in the changing of the narrative. However, Babiš entered the electoral clash in 2021 as prime minister and part of the establishment, which forced his move to the archetype of ruler. As this empirical study shows, the complete populist narrative is very compatible with the ruler’s archetype.
Economic and Pandemic Performance Voting in the 2021 Czech National Election
Authors: Linek Lukáš , Škvrňák Michael
Published: November 2022

The literature on how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected vote choice provides evidence of both ‘rally-’round-the-flag’ effects and the influence of perceived government pandemic performance. However, this evidence concerns short-term effects. Much less is known about how COVID-19-related economic changes and government measures in response to the pandemic have affected vote choice over a longer period. Using a post-election survey from the Czech Republic fielded in October 2021, we examine the effect of pandemic-related issues on support for governing parties in an election one and a half years after the pandemic started, focusing on a general evaluation of the economy and of government pandemic performance and on individual economic and health-related experiences of COVID-19. First, a negative health-related experience of COVID-19 did not affect vote choice. Second, only business loss negatively affected governmental support; job loss had no effect. Third, retrospective evaluations of the national economy and government pandemic performance affected vote choice, while retrospective evaluation of one’s personal economic situation did not. Fourth, the majority of the above-mentioned effects drove support for the dominant governing party (ANO) and only in a limited way support for the junior cabinet partner (ČSSD).
Preferential Voting in the Elections to the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic
Authors: Vartazaryan Gor , Škultéty Oliver
Published: November 2022

After the October 2021 elections to the Chamber of Deputies in the Czech Republic, the most discussed topic has been preferential voting due to the surprising results for the coalition of the Czech Pirate Party and the Mayors and Independents. This fact led us to pursue a comprehensive analysis of preferential voting in the Czech Republic. Taking a broad perspective, this study of the Czech Republic explores the mechanisms of preferential voting in flexible-party lists. Preferential voting is analysed at the party-electorate level. This article proves that a flexible-party list system can have significantly different results compared to other systems in accordance with the number of votes per voter and the threshold for candidates. It also finds evidence that sub-party competition is significantly higher for coalitions where the degree of preferential voting is higher. The ideological stance of a political party does not play a role in the use of preferential votes.
When Preferential Voting Really Matters: Explaining the Surprising Results of Parties in Electoral Coalitions
Authors: Balík Stanislav , Hruška Jan
Published: November 2022

Preferential voting in a proportional list system is an essential means by which voters can significantly influence which particular politician will represent them. However, preferential voting takes on a new dimension when several parties run on the same list as a coalition. In this case, the intra-party competition may become inter-party competition, where one or more parties may gain significantly from preferential voting at the expense of their partners. Despite this, research on this topic has been significantly neglected. Using the case of the 2021 Czech general election, where two newly formed electoral coalitions (SPOLU and PIRSTAN) run, we examine the nature of preferential voting in this different context of electoral coalitions. In the first part of the analysis, when we analyzed the characteristics of all candidates of both coalitions, we first confirmed that the candidate effect commonly observed in the case of conventional candidate lists also exists in this context. At the same time, we found that the candidate effect (through the adequate distribution of influential characteristics across parties in a coalition) can also affect the inter-party competition (as was the case of the PIRSTAN coalition). In the second part of the analysis, we found that in the context of electoral coalitions, party characteristics can also have a substantial effect on preferential voting (as was the case of the SPOLU coalition). Thus, both of these categories of effects can exist in the case of coalition lists, and both can affect inter-party competition. Nevertheless, future research is needed to confirm whether these findings are generally valid or whether the Czech case is somehow deviant. Existing research on this topic does not allow for a comparison.
Sabrina P. Ramet, Vladimir Dordević, and Christine M. Hassenstab: Civic and Uncivic Values in the Czech Republic: Value Transformation, Politics, Education, and Gender Equality
Authors: Hloušek Vít
Published: November 2022

Sabrina P. Ramet, Vladimir Dordević, and Christine M. Hassenstab: CIVIC AND UNCIVIC VALUES IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: VALUE TRANSFORMATION, POLITICS, EDUCATION, AND GENDER EQUALITY Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 2022, 257 pages.
Optical fibre networks
Authors:   Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
Published: November 2022

This POSTnote describes the present and potential applications of optical fibres and examines issues arising from the current regulatory framework within which they and competing technologies operate
BSE & slow viruses
Authors:   Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
Published: November 2022

This POSTnote examines the current state of knowledge of ‘slow viruses’ such as BSE, the evidence relevant to the public health implications and uncertainties which remain
Global warming
Authors:   Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology
Published: November 2022

This POSTnote summarises current knowledge on global warming, and examines some remaining uncertainties which are relevant to decision-makers.
السيـاسـة الخـارجيـة الأمـريكيـة ومُفكـرُوهـا
Authors: الشمـري صـلاح مهـدي هـادي
Published: November 2022

يعـد (بيـري أنـدرسـون) مـن أبـرز المـؤرخيـن واحـد اقطـاب الفكـر الليبـرالـي اليسـاري فـي الـولايـات المتحـدة الأمـريكيـة والعـالـم، وهـو بـريطـانـي الأصـل ولـد فـي لنـدن بتـاريـخ 11/9/1938م، انتهـى بـه المقـام استـاذاً فـي جـامعـة كـاليفـورنيـا الأمـريكيـة. وميـزة نقـد أو طـرح (بيـري أنـدرسـون) انـه انتقـد الـرأسمـاليـة مـن داخلهـا، فهـو البـريطـانـي الـذي انتهـى بـه المقـام فـي الـولايـات المتحـدة الأمـريكيـة ويتحـدث مـن داخـل دولتيـن، والتـي تعـد مـن أهـم الـدول الـرائـدة فـي القسـم الـرأسمـالـي. فعيـن (بيـري أنـدرسـون) التقطـت مـا عجـزت أعيـن الـذيـن حـالـت ضبـابيـة الأيـديـولـوجيـا اليمينيـة المتصـاعـدة، أو الانتمـاء إلـى هـذا العـالـم الجـديـد المهيمـن عـن رؤيتـه فـي الخطـوط البـارزة للسيـاسـة الخـارجيـة الأمـريكيـة منـذ نشـأت الـولايـات المتحـدة حتـى يـومنـا هـذا .
قراءة في علاقات ايران الإقليمية والدولية
Authors: منكاش زينب عبدالله
Published: November 2022

هذا الكتاب هو احد مؤلفات الاستاذ الدكتور عبد الحميد العيد الموساوي الذي بحث فيه عن اهم القضايا الخاصه بالعلاقات التي تنتهجها ايران في اطار علاقاتها الإقليمية والدولية ، اذ يبين هذا الكتاب موجبات القدره الايرانيه في ادارتها للتحولات التي تعترض انطلاقها خارجيا ، فضلا عن تقديم الخيارات الايرانيه في الاقتراب المباشر وغير المباشر من اعدائها وهذا من خلال مظاهر القدره الاستراتيجيه الايرانيه التي باتت تمثل تالفا للممكن التي بحوزتها تستخدمها كحوافز مقصوده الصناعه لاكتساب القوه وتراكمها وما قضيه البرنامج النووي الايراني الا نموذجا عملياتيا لذلك.
PEMANFAATAN SEKAM PADI SEBAGAI PEMCAMPUR MEDIA TUMBUH PADA BUDIDAYA JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Authors: Tejo Sutejo , Sari Ariza Kurnia
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh persentase penambahan sekam padi pada media tumbuh terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi jamur tiram putih (pleurotus ostreatus). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di desa F Trikoyo Kecamatan Tugumulyo Kabupaten Musi Rawas, pada bulan Februari 2020 sampai dengan bulan Mei 2020, dengan ketinggian tempat 72 meter diatas permukaan laut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) non faktorial, yang terdiri dari 6 (enam) taraf perlakuan dan 4 (empat) ulangan. Adapun perlakuan persentase penambahan sekam padi adalah sebagai berikut : P0 =Penambahan 0 % Sekam Padi Perbaglog, P1=Penambahan 5 % Sekam Padi Perbaglog, P2=Penambahan 10 % Sekam Padi Perbaglog, P3           =Penambahan 15% Sekam Padi Perbaglog, P4=Penambahan 20 % Sekam Padi Perbaglog, P5 =Penambahan 30 % Sekam Padi Perbaglog. hHasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa, Perlakuan penambahan media sekam padi 20% (P4) menunjukan hasil berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan misellium baglog dan bobot segar panen dan berpengaruh tidak nyata terhadap lebar tudung buah, panjang tangkai tubuh buah, diameter tangkai tubuh buah, jumlah tubuh buah.
APLIKASI KOMPOS JERAMI PADI DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI BEBERAPA VARIETAS TANAMAN JAGUNG MANIS (Zea mays sacharata Sturt)
Authors: Safriyani Etty , Hermanto Hermanto
Published: November 2022

Kompos jerami padi merupakan salah satu pupuk organik yang dapat memperbaiki sifat fisik, kimis dan biologo tanah sehingga dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman jagung manis. Penelitian bertujuan untuk untuk mengevaluasi peran kompos jerami padi dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tomat. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di di Desa Wonosari Kecamatan Megang Sakti Kabupaten Musi Rawas. Penelitian berlangsung dari Maret sampai Mai 2021. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial. Yang terdiri  dua faktor perlakuan dan tiga kali ulangan.  Perlakuan yang dicobakan sebagai berikut : Varietas Jagung Manis (V) yang terdiri dari:V1 = Bonanza, V2 = Secada, V3 = Paragon. Kompos Jerami Padi (J) terdiri dari: J1 = 10 ton/ha setara dengan 1,8 kg per/petak, J2 = 15 ton/ha setara dengan 2,7 kg per/ petak, J3 = 20 ton/ha setara dengan 3,6 kg per/ petak. Analisis data menggunakan analisa sidik ragam yang dilanjutkan dengan uji BNJ.  Aplikasi varietas  paragon (V3), kompos jerami 20 ton/ha (J3), dan interaksi varietas  parago dan kompos jerami 20 ton/ha (V3J3) mengasilkan pertumbuhan dan produksi jagung manis terbaik dibanding kan dengan perlakuan lainnya.
KELAYAKAN FINASIAL DAN EKONOMI PETERNAKAN ITIK PETELUR DI KABUPATEN MUSI RAWAS
Authors: Suryati Nila , Yarda Verry , Prima Julia
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kelayakan finansial, ekonomi dan pasar usaha ternak itik petelur di Kabupaten Musi Rawas. Kriteria kelayakan usaha yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah NPV, IRR, Net B/C Ratio, Payback Period dan BEP. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kasus (Case Study) dengan penentuan lokasi secara sengaja (Purposive). Analisis kelayakan dilakukan dengan menggunakan tingkat faktor diskonto 11 % dan diperkirakan (forcasting) selama 20 tahun. Hasil analisis kelayakan finansial menunjukkan bahwa usaha ternak itik petelur di Kabupaten Musi Rawas secara finansial layak diusahakan dengan nilai NPV sebesar Rp.1.887.775.849, IRR sebesar 39 %, Net B/C Ratio sebesar 1,45, Payback Period selama 2,87 tahun, BEP Produksi sebanyak 419.413 butir dan BEP Harga sebesar Rp.2.113.  Hasil analisis kelayakan ekonomi juga menunjukkan bahwa usaha ternak itik petelur di Kabupaten Musi Rawas secara ekonomi layak diusahakan dengan nilai NPV sebesar Rp.3.033.342.472, IRR sebesar 55 %, Net B/C Ratio 1,61, Payback Period 1,30 tahun, BEP Produksi sebesar 368.238 butir dan BEP Harga sebesar Rp.2.319. Berdasarkan analisis pasar, usaha ternak itik petelur di Kabupaten Musi Rawas  layak diusahakan. Dilihat dari jumlah permintaan telur itik yang semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya dan adanya peluang untuk mengekspor telur itik ke luar Kabupaten Musi Rawas. Nilai estimasi kenaikan permintaan telur itik lima tahun yang akan datang yaitu sebesar 0,4% tiap tahunnya.
Student Interest of the Faculty of Agriculture, Musi Rawas University For Entrepreneurship in Agriculture
Authors: Andrei  , Wiranata Randa , Wahyudi Firdinan
Published: November 2022

This study aims to determine the interest of students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Musi Rawas University in entrepreneurship in agriculture. This research was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture, Musi Rawas University from October 2020 to January 2021. The research method used in this research was a descriptive survey method for students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Musi Rawas University. The sampling method uses stratified random sampling, namely by paying attention to a level (strata) in the population elements. In stratified random sampling, population elements are grouped at certain levels with the aim of sampling to be evenly distributed throughout the study program and the sample representing the character of all heterogeneous population elements. The data generated from this study will be analyzed using descriptive analysis methods and interval scales. The results showed that the level of student interest in entrepreneurship seen from the average value of the research results indicator was 32, which means that the interest of students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Musi Rawas University in entrepreneurship in agriculture was in the interesting category.
PENGARUH KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL EKONOMI TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI KOPI DI DESA GUNUNG RAYA KECAMATAN TANJUNG SAKTI PUMU KABUPATEN LAHAT
Authors: Hartini Indra
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pendapatan petani kopi dan menganalisis karakteristik sosial ekonomi yang mempengaruhi pendapatan petani kopi di Desa Gunung Raya, Kecamatan Tanjung Sakti Pumu, Kabupaten lahat. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara purposive dengan pertimbangan bahwa sebagian besar matapencaharian penduduk di wilayah tersebut adalah petani kopi. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Mei 2019. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 55 petani responden yang dihitung menggunakan rumus Slovin dan teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah Simple Random Sampling.Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa usahatani kopi di Desa Gunung Raya sudah menguntungkan dan layak diusahakan, upaya untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan pelatihan untuk mengolah biji kopi menjadi kopi bubuk sehingga dampak ekonomi lebih dirasakan oleh petani kopi. Karakteristik sosial ekonomi yang mempengaruhi pendapatan petani kopi di Desa Gunung Raya ini adalah kepemilikan luas lahan, tingkat pendidikan, pengalaman berusahatani dan biaya sarana produksi sedangkan umur petani dan jumlah tanggungan keluarga tidak mempengaruhi pendapatan petani kopi.
APLIKASI RIZOBIUM DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN KEDELAI (Glycine max (L.) Merril)
Authors: Safriyani Etty , Novi Novianto , Rian Fahrobi
Published: November 2022

Aplikasi rhizobium pada tanaman kedelai merupakan salah satu tehnologi budidaya yang  dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk anorganik terutama nitrogen dan menigkatkan produkstifitas tanaman.  Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran rhizobium dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman tanaman kedelai. Penelitian telah dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Tugumulyo Kabupaten Musi Rawas Provinsi Sumatra Selatan dengan ketinggian tempat 68 mdpl, pada bulan Februari sampai dengan Mei 2021. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak kelompok (RAK)  non faktorial, terdiri dari enam perlakuan dan empat kali ulangan dengan dosis. D0 : tanpa rhizobium, D1 : 2,5 gram rhizobium/ kg benih, D2 : 5 gram rhizobium/kg benih, D3 : 7,5 gram rhizobium/ kg benih, D4 : 10 gram rhizobium/kg benih, D5 :  12,5 gram rhizobium/ kg benih. Parameter yang diamati meliputi: tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, kadar klorofil, jumlah polong per tanaman, bobot 100 butir, jumlah bintil akar, berat basah berangkasan, panjang akar, bobot butir pertanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa bahwa dosis 7,5 gram rhizobium dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman kedelai.
Transforming Our Classrooms and Ourselves
Authors: Wright Jake ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2022

I argue that Philosophy as a Way of Life (PWOL) represents a distinct pedagogy that differs from philosophy’s signature pedagogy because of PWOL’s differing views of what philosophy is and how it is successfully practiced. I further argue that this pedagogy is radical in two senses. First, PWOL is technically radical because it naturally incorporates cutting-edge pedagogical techniques that promote student success. Second, I argue that PWOL is transformatively radical because it seeks to transform students’ understanding of themselves and the world around them. Following this argument, I discuss my own experiences implementing a PWOL-based course as a case study of PWOL’s radical nature.
Etnoeducação e educação básica diferenciada para povos indígenas e comunidades quilombolas no Brasil: um desafio para a promoção do etnodesenvolvimento
Authors: Moraes Nelson Russo de , Souza Fernando da Cruz
Published: November 2022

O debate no campo da educação é sem dúvida um dos mais acalorados no meio acadêmico e científico dada suas perspectivas interdisciplinares e crescentemente complexas, especialmente por seus desafios de inclusão mesmo em sociedades com grande diversidade cultural. A produção e a reprodução do conhecimento dentro das realidades históricas, antropológicas e decorrentes dos direitos e políticas públicas voltadas para indígenas (povos originários do Brasil) e quilombolas (comunidades tradicionais brasileiras) é uma seara desafiadora para a academia, especialmente ao considerar em seu cerne que sempre existirão a educação social e a educação escolar. Esta comunicação, produz articulação entre três conjuntos de pesquisas sobre a etnoeducação como subsídio para a educação escolar diferenciada para indígenas e quilombolas, realizados em duas universidades públicas (UNESP e UFT) sob articulação do grupo de pesquisa GEDGS (Grupo de Estudos em Democracia e Gestão Social), entre os anos de 2015 e 2021. O primeiro conjunto traz pesquisas complementares financiadas pela UNESP e pelo CNPq sobre o investimento de organizações sociais internacionais em projetos educacionais em comunidades tradicionais amazônicas; o segundo conjunto articula os resultados de duas pesquisas sobre políticas públicas de educação indígena e, por fim, uma última pesquisa traz uma importante percepção sobre a oralidade (inclusive intergeracional) como veículo para a produção de conhecimentos escolares. As pesquisas, cujos documentos completos já foram devidamente publicados, convergem para aspectos substanciais à qualidade da educação diferenciada para indígenas e quilombolas, que perpassa pela etnoeducação, por sua vez lastreada sobre o conceito de etnodesenvolvimento.
Vivências com a Natureza e os Limites Invisíveis: Contatos Primordiais entre Projetos Educativos no Brasil e em Portugal
Authors: Damasceno Mônica Maria Siqueira , Mazzarino Jane Marcia , Figueiredo Aida
Published: November 2022

Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever[A1] duas experiências de vivências com a natureza: um no município do Crato, estado do Ceará, Região Nordeste do Brasil, outro em Coimbra, na província da Beira Litoral, Região do Centro, Portugal. Os projetos têm suas singularidades, mas também convergências, o que possibilita a realização do estudo. Observaram-se as crianças participantes, registrando-se as ocorrências e analisando-se o que sucede em decorrência das atividades. As análises são compostas por três dimensões: ambientes, mediadores e métodos. Os dados empíricos apontam que, mesmo que de forma diferenciada, ambas as experiências favorecem o desenvolvimento infantil em seus diversos aspectos, conforme o foco dos métodos. Enquanto nas vivências com a natureza a interação com o contexto natural esteve focada em gerar experiências que exploravam os sentidos, no Limites Invisíveis buscava-se provocar experiências de aprendizagem. Em ambas as propostas o ambiente natural parece despertar nas crianças o que está latente, que não emerge, muitas vezes, por falta deste contato primordial com ambientes naturais.
Spatiotemporal variability of precipitation and surface temperature in the southern mesoregion of amazonas, Brazil, during the occurrence of ENSO
Authors: Souza Sara Angélica Santos de , Querino Carlos Alexandre Santos , Ferreira Nilson Clementino , Moura Marcos Antônio Lima , Biudes Marcelo Sacardi , Machado Nadja Gomes , Vogt Rômulo Henrique Marmentini , Querino Juliane Kayse Albuquerque da Silva , Rohleder Luciano Augusto Souza
Published: November 2022

Impacts of El Niño – Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climatic phenomena in the southern mesoregion of the Amazon is still poorly understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the impacts of ENSO of moderate and strong categories on precipitation (ppt) and surface temperature (ts) in the southern mesoregion of Amazonas. The research was carried out with ppt data obtained by the product TRMM_3B43 and ts of the product MOD11C3 in the municipalities of Apuí, Boca do Acre, Canutama, Humaitá, Lábrea, Manicoré and Novo Aripuanã. The Niño Indices were obtained from the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration. Ts was organized into averages and ppt in seasonal totals from 1998 to 2019, to obtain its provisional climatological normal in the dry and wet seasons. The results showed that ENSO significantly influenced the pattern of ppt and ts in the southern mesoregion of Amazonas. El Niño (EN) had more impact on changing the pattern of ppt and ts than La Niña (LN). The largest reductions in ppt and increases in Ts occurred in the EN periods of 1998/01 and 2015/16, while the occurrence of LN decreased the ppt more expressively in the periods of 2007/08 and 2011/12.
Unveiling Exclusion: A Conceptual Exploration of Parent Pedagogicalisation
Authors: Bruin Marieke , Nevøy Anne
Published: November 2022

CONTEXT The study investigates the concept of parent pedagogicalisation, with the aim to explore, as well as articulate, its analytical content. The notion of parent pedagogicalisation involves normalising forces governing parents to take responsibility for children’s educational achievement, especially targeting the child who differs from the norm and whose achievement is at risk. Set against the background of current global educational tendencies aiming at standardisation and marketisation, understandings of ‘normal’ become increasingly narrower, excluding an increasing number of children. The narrowing perceptions of what is considered ‘normal’ induce a fear of exclusion from educational opportunities and subsequent, future citizenship. In this climate, parents are ascribed a significant role in the child’s education. Within this context, and especially in cases involving children considered ‘outside of normalcy’, pedagogicalisation of the parent entails educating parents about how to support their child’s educational achievement.METHODS Through empirical exploration of parents’ narratives, this study investigates the content of the concept of parent pedagogicalisation with the purpose to provide a theoretical lens that may support the identification of pedagogicalizing forces and possible implications for parents and children. The data consists of parents’ narratives on their experiences with educational follow-up after their child’s cochlear implantation. This empirical sample has been strategically chosen, consisting of a specific group of parents, who, in an educational context, are expected to be exposed to pedagogicalisation. The data contains 27 written narrative responses to an online, qualitative questionnaire with open-ended questions, and 14 follow-up interviews. FINDINGS Data analysis identified three key dimensions central to the content of the concept of parent pedagogicalisation, 1) Parents’ perceived need for knowledge, 2) An instrumental perspective on supporting the child’s learning, and 3) No respite. KEY MESSAGE Our proposition is that these dimensions make up the conceptual construct of parent pedagogicalisation. The three interwoven dimensions demonstrate a complexity and width that indicate implications for the parents and children involved. Potential implications are discussed in relation to a) Parents caught in the nexus between empowerment and disempowerment, and b) The pedagogicalisation of parents - a counterproductive paradox. The significance of parental involvement for children’s educational achievement notwithstanding, the analysis shows that parent pedagogicalisation and its inherent normalising practices may be detrimental to the parents and children involved, acting oppressive and exclusionary. Awareness of the mechanisms involved in parent pedagogicalisation may contribute to the identification and reduction of the associated exclusionary forces, thus encouraging a more inclusionary discourse.
A comparison of the warming capabilities of two Baragwanath rewarming appliances with the Hotline fluid warming device
Authors: Wilson K , Fourtounas M , Anamourlis C
Published: November 2022

Background. Accidental intraoperative hypothermia is a common and avoidable adverse event of the perioperative period and is associated with detrimental effects on multiple organ systems and postoperative patient outcomes. In a resource-limited environment, prevention of intraoperative hypothermia is often challenging. Resourceful clinicians overcome these challenges through creative devices and frugal innovations.Objective. To investigate the thermal performance of two Baragwanath Rewarming Appliances (BaRA) against that of the Hotline device to describe an optimal setup for these devices.

Methods. This was a quasi-experimental laboratory study that measured the thermal performance of two BaRA devices and the Hotline device under a number of scenarios. Independent variables including fluid type, flow rate, warming temperature and warming transit distance were sequentially altered and temperatures measured along the fluid stream. Change in temperature (ΔT) was calculated as the difference between entry and exit temperature for each combination of variables for each warming device.

Results. A total of 219 experiments were performed. At a temperature of 43.0°C and a transit distance of 200 cm, the BaRA A configuration either matched or exceeded the ΔT of the Hotline over all fluid type and flowrate combinations. The BaRA B configuration does not provide comparable thermal performance to the Hotline. Measured flowrates were noticeably slower than manufacturer-quoted values for all intravenous (IV) cannulae used.

Conclusion. A warm-water bath at 43.0°C with 200 cm of submerged IV tubing provides thermal performance comparable to the Hotline device, with all fluid type and flowrate combinations.
Back contact optimization for Sb2Se3 solar cells
Authors: Li Xue-Rui , Lin Jun-Hui , Tang Rong , Zheng Zhuang-Hao , Su Zheng-Hua , Chen Shuo , Fan Ping , Liang Guang-Xing ,   College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Published: November 2022

Antimony selenide (Sb2Se3) has advantages of low-toxicity, abundant and excellent photoelectric properties. It is widely considered as one of the most promising light-harvesting materials for thin-film solar cells. However, the power conversion efficiency of the Sb2Se3 thin-film solar cell is still far inferior to that of cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenium and perovskite solar cells. As is well known, the Sb2Se3 solar cell performance is closely related to the light absorber layer (crystallinity, composition, bulk defect density, etc.), PN heterojunction quality (charge carrier concertation, energy band alignment, interface defect density, etc.) and back-contact barrier formation, which determines the process of carrier generation, excitation, relaxation, transfer and recombination. The low fill factor is one of the core problems that limit further efficiency improvement of Sb2Se3 solar cells, which can be attributed to the high potential barrier at the back contact between the Mo electrode and Sb2Se3 absorption layer. In this work, a heat treatment is applied to the Mo electrode to generate a MoO2 buffer layer. It can be found that this buffer layer can inhibit MoSe2 film growth, exhibiting better Ohmic contact with Sb2Se3, and reducing the back contact barrier of the solar cell. The Sb2Se3 thin film is prepared by an effective combination reaction involving sputtered and selenized Sb precursor. After introducing the MoO2 buffer layer, it can also promote the formation of (hk1) (including (211), (221), (002), etc.) preferentially oriented Sb2Se3 thin films with average grain size over 1 μm. And the ratio of Sb to Se is optimized from 0.57 to 0.62, approaching to the stoichiometric ratio of Sb2Se3 thin film and inhibiting the formation of Vse and SbSe defects. Finally, it enhances the open-circuit voltage (VOC) of solar cells from 0.473 to 0.502 V, the short-circuit current density (JSC) from 22.71 to 24.98 mA/cm2, and the fill factor (FF) from 46.90% to 56.18%, thereby increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 5.04% to 7.05%. This work proposes a facile strategy for interfacial treatment and elucidates the related carrier transport enhancement mechanism, thus paving a bright avenue to breaking through the efficiency bottleneck of Sb2Se3 thin film solar cells.