bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Application of the Arbon and Hartman Models to the Union Cycliste International Mountain Bike World Cup
Authors: Tucker Heather , Duncan Timothy , Craven Paul A. , Goode Christopher , Scheidler James
Published: August 2023

Introduction:

Outdoor activities have accelerated in the past several years. The authors were tasked with providing medical care for the Union Cycliste International (UCI) mountain biking World Cup in Snowshoe, West Virginia (USA) in September 2021. The Hartman and Arbon models were designed to predict patient presentation and hospital transport rates as well as needed medical resources at urban mass-gathering events. However, there is a lack of standardized methods to predict injury, illness, and insult severity at rural mass gatherings.

Study Objective:

This study aimed to determine whether the Arbon model would predict, within 10%, the number of patient presentations to be expected and to determine if the event classification provided by the Hartman model would adequately predict resources needed during the event.

Methods:

Race data were collected from UCI event officials and injury data were collected from participants at time of presentation for medical care. Predicted presentation and transport rates were calculated using the Arbon model, which was then compared to the actual observed presentation rates. Furthermore, the event classification provided by the Hartman model was compared to the resources utilized during the event.

Results:

During the event, 34 patients presented for medical care and eight patients required some level of transport to a medical facility. The Arbon predictive model for the 2021 event yielded 30.3 expected patient presentations. There were 34 total patient presentations during the 2021 race, approximately 11% more than predicted. The Hartman model yielded a score of four. Based on this score, this race would be classified as an “intermediate” event, requiring multiple Advanced Life Support (ALS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) personnel and transport units.

Conclusion:

The Arbon model provided a predicted patient presentation rate within reasonable error to allow for effective pre-event planning and resource allocation with only a four patient presentation difference from the actual data. While the Arbon model under-predicted patient presentations, the Hartman model under-estimated resources needed due to the high-risk nature of downhill cycling. The events staffed required physician skills and air medical services to safely care for patients. Further evaluation of rural events will be needed to determine if there is a generalized need for physician presence at smaller events with inherently risky activities, or if this recurring cycling event is an outlier.
The 18th International Twin Congress, and a Look at Twin Research in Wales/Twin Research Reviews: Temperamental Similarities and Twin Relations; Maximizing Twin Designs; Rare Tubal Ectopic Pregnancy; Twins’ Academic Self-Concept Formation/In the Media: Identical Infant Twins Reunited; Birth of Identical-Fraternal Quadruplets; Identical Twin Comedians; ‘Twice in a Lifetime’: Meeting an Unrelated Look-Alike; Twins in the Tour de France
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: August 2023

The 18th International Society for Twin Studies convention took place between June 15−17, 2023, in Budapest, Hungary. A selective sampling of highlights from the meeting are presented. This is followed by a brief overview of ongoing twin research at the University of Aberystwyth in Wales and some twin treasures in the National Library. Next, reviews of timely research that examine temperamental similarities and twin relations, the maximization of twin research designs, a rare ectopic twin pregnancy, and twins’ academic self-concept formation are presented. The final section covers stories appearing in various media sources that are informative, enlightening, and interesting, namely a reunion of identical infant twins, the birth of identical-fraternal quadruplets, identical twin comedians, meeting an unrelated look-alike, and twins in the Tour de France.
Relative uptake of organic and inorganic nitrogen by common weed species
Authors: Warren Nicholas D. , Hobbie Erik A. , Chen Janet , Smith Richard G.
Published: August 2023

The extent to which weed species vary in their ability to acquire and use different forms of nitrogen (N) (inorganic and organic) has not been investigated but could have important implications for weed survival and weed–crop competition in agroecosystems. We conducted a controlled environment experiment using stable isotopes to determine the uptake and partitioning of organic and inorganic N (amino acids, ammonium, and nitrate) by seven common weed and non-weed species. All species took up inorganic and organic N, including as intact amino acids. Concentrations of 15N derived from both ammonium and amino acids in shoot tissues were higher in large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv] than in common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), and sorghum-sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum bicolor (L.) ssp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet & Harlan]. In contrast, the concentration of 15N derived from nitrate was higher in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) shoots than in wild oat (Avena fatua L.) shoots. Root concentration of 15N derived from ammonium was lower in sorghum-sudangrass compared with other species, except for A. retroflexus and A. fatua, while root concentration of 15N derived from nitrate was lower in A. retroflexus compared with other species, except for C. album and S. arvensis. Discriminant analysis classified species based on their uptake and partitioning of all three labeled N forms. These results suggest that common agricultural weeds can access and use organic N and differentially take up inorganic N forms. Additional research is needed to determine whether species-specific differences in organic and inorganic N uptake influence the intensity of competition for soil N.
Improvement Analysis of a Height‐Deviation Compensation‐Based Linear Interpolation Method for Multi‐Station Regional Troposphere
Authors: Wang Pengxu , Liu Hui , Wen Jingren , Zhou Bin , Qian Chuang , Zhang Yi
Published: August 2023

In network real‐time kinematic positioning of multi‐reference station, the spatial and temporal distribution of tropospheric delay is affected by both horizontal and elevation. The traditional modeling strategy of regional troposphere takes more consideration of the horizontal factor, and the incomplete consideration of the elevation factor will lead to the problem of reduced modeling accuracy, especially in the face of the scene with large regional height deviation. Based on the traditional linear interpolation method (LIM), a simple and effective height‐deviation compensation‐based linear interpolation method (HCLIM) for regional tropospheric is proposed. The modeling accuracy of troposphere and the positioning accuracy of user RTK in large height deviation region are significantly improved. The method was verified based on six experimental subnets with large height deviations from a provincial continuously operating GNSS reference stations network in central China. The results showed that: For GPS satellite modeling, compared with the traditional LIM method, the average modeling accuracy improvement rate of HCLIM method is (84.5%, 75.5%, 59.3%, 26.7%) in the elevation angle range of (10–30°/30–40°/40–50°/50–90°). For BDS satellite, the average modeling accuracy improvement rate of HCLIM method in the above four elevation angles is (83.3%, 70%, 50%, 23.5%). For the positioning performance of user RTK, The horizontal positioning accuracy and RTK fixing rate were similar under the two methods, while HCLIM method showed only slight improvement. However, in the U direction, LIM method showed obvious systematic bias, while HCLIM method showed consistent positioning accuracy, which was improved to 82.8% compared with LIM method.
Decadal Monitoring of the Hydrothermal System of Stromboli Volcano, Italy
Authors: Federico Cinzia , Inguaggiato Salvatore , Liotta Marcello , Rizzo Andrea Luca , Vita Fabio
Published: August 2023

In active volcanoes, magmatic fluids rising toward the surface may interact with shallow waters, thereby forming hydrothermal systems that record variations in magma dynamics at depth. Here, we report on a data set comprising the chemical and isotopic composition of thermal waters and dissolved gases from Stromboli Island (Aeolian Volcanic Arc, Southern Italy) that spans 14 years (2004–2018) of continuous observations. We show that the shallow thermal aquifer of Stromboli results from variable mixing between meteoric water, seawater and magmatic fluids. Gas‐water‐rock interactions occur, which induce a large spectrum of variation in both water and gas chemistry. These shallow processes do not affect the 3He/4He of helium dissolved in thermal waters, which records a magmatic signature that varies in response to changes in magma supply at depth. We show that in periods of more intense volcanic activity, the helium isotopic composition of thermal waters approaches that of the gas emitted from the magma residing at 7–10 km depth. Investigation of hydrothermal waters at active volcanoes is a promising tool to examine magmatic fluids and their shallow circulation, as well as to evaluate the state of activity of a volcano, particularly when summit areas are inaccessible.
Inequality in the Distribution of Air Pollution Attributable Mortality Within Canadian Cities
Authors: Stieb David M. , Smith‐Doiron Marc , Quick Matthew , Christidis Tanya , Xi Guoliang , Miles Rosalin M. , van Donkelaar Aaron , Martin Randall V. , Hystad Perry , Tjepkema Michael
Published: August 2023

Recent studies have identified inequality in the distribution of air pollution attributable health impacts, but to our knowledge this has not been examined in Canadian cities. We evaluated the extent and sources of inequality in air pollution attributable mortality at the census tract (CT) level in seven of Canada's largest cities. We first regressed fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) attributable mortality against the neighborhood (CT) level prevalence of age 65 and older, low income, low educational attainment, and identification as an Indigenous (First Nations, Métis, Inuit) or Black person, accounting for spatial autocorrelation. We next examined the distribution of baseline mortality rates, PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations, and attributable mortality by neighborhood (CT) level prevalence of these characteristics, calculating the concentration index, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient. Finally, we conducted a counterfactual analysis of the impact of reducing baseline mortality rates and air pollution concentrations on inequality in air pollution attributable mortality. Regression results indicated that CTs with a higher prevalence of low income and Indigenous identity had significantly higher air pollution attributable mortality. Concentration index, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient values revealed different degrees of inequality among the cities. Counterfactual analysis indicated that inequality in air pollution attributable mortality tended to be driven more by baseline mortality inequalities than exposure inequalities. Reducing inequality in air pollution attributable mortality requires reducing disparities in both baseline mortality and air pollution exposure.
Microcharcoals Reveal More Grass Than Trees During the Mid‐Holocene Optimum on the Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Wang Zisha , Miao Yunfa , Zou Yaguo , Zhao Yongtao , Han Wenxia , Zhang Hongliang , Zhang Zhigao , Gao Changhai , Zhang Ziyue , Lu Yin
Published: August 2023

Microcharcoal morphology, which changes with biofuel type in the wildfire, can be used as an index for wildfire history and vegetation evolution. Here, five loess sites across the Chinese Loess Plateau were used to establish the biofuel history of the region during the Holocene based on microcharcoal morphological records. The results suggested that consistently increasing grass biofuel dominated the mid‐Holocene (∼7,500–3,000 yr BP), and the grassland or steppe expanded in the same interval. Since the climate conditions with simultaneous high precipitation and temperature of the mid‐Holocene are the most recent paleoclimate analog for future warming, we argue that the humid and warm conditions expected under future global warming on the Loess Plateau might lead to an increase in the grass rather than trees.
Saturation of Ocean Surface Wave Slopes Observed During Hurricanes
Authors: Davis Jacob R. , Thomson Jim , Houghton Isabel A. , Doyle James D. , Komaromi William A. , Fairall Chris W. , Thompson Elizabeth J. , Moskaitis Jonathan R.
Published: August 2023

Drifting buoy observations of ocean surface waves in hurricanes are combined with modeled surface wind speeds. The observations include targeted aerial deployments into Hurricane Ian (2022) and opportunistic measurements from the Sofar Ocean Spotter global network in Hurricane Fiona (2022). Analysis focuses on the slope of the waves, as quantified by the spectral mean square slope. At low‐to‐moderate wind speeds (<15 m s−1), slopes increase linearly with wind speed. At higher winds (>15 m s−1), slopes continue to increase, but at a reduced rate. At extreme winds (>30 m s−1), slopes asymptote. The mean square slopes are directly related to the wave spectral shapes, which over the resolved frequency range (0.03–0.5 Hz) are characterized by an equilibrium tail () at moderate winds and a saturation tail () at higher winds. The asymptotic behavior of wave slope as a function of wind speed could contribute to the reduction of surface drag at high wind speeds.
Amplified Interannual Variation of the Summer Sea Ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctic After the Late 1990s
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Chen Xiaodan , Huang Sihua , Wen Zhiping
Published: August 2023

The sea‐ice extent (SIE) in the Weddell Sea plays a crucial role in the Antarctic climate system. Many studies have examined its long‐term trend, however whether its year‐to‐year variation has changed remains unclear. We found an amplified year‐to‐year variance of the Weddell Sea SIE in austral summer since 1998/1999 in observational datasets. Analyses of sea‐ice concentration budget and surface fluxes indicate that it is the thermodynamic process that drives the amplification of SIE variations, rather than the sea‐ice‐drift‐related dynamic process. Compared to 1979–1998, the Southern Annular Mode in the preceding spring shows a closer linkage with the Weddell Sea SIE in 1999–2021 through a stronger and more prolonged impact on sea surface temperature, which thermodynamically modulates local sea ice via changing surface heat and radiation fluxes. Our study helps advance the understanding of extreme low Antarctic‐SIE records occurring in recent decades and improve future projections of the Antarctic sea‐ice variability.
Dynamical Complexity Transitions During High‐Intensity Long Duration Continuous Auroral Activities (HILDCAA) Events: Feature Analysis Based on Neural Network Entropy
Authors: Oludehinwa I. A. , Velichko A. , Ogunsua B. O. , Olusola O. I. , Odeyemi O. O.
Published: August 2023

In this study, we examine the dynamical complexity transitions during HILDCAA events. HILDCAA preceded by an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME) storm recovery phase, HILDCAA preceded by a Corotating Interaction Region (CIR) storm recovery phase, and non‐storm driven HILDCAA and geomagnetically quiet periods were investigated using the Auroral Electrojet index time series. Neural Network Entropy (NNetEn) was used to capture the dynamical complexity transitions during these sporadic events. The NNetEn was able to decipher the distinct dynamical features associated with the emergence of HILDCAA and the geomagnetically quiet periods. Our analysis revealed a high value of NNetEn during HILDCAA signifying that the complexity levels of the coupled solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere system for HILDCAA, driven by different interplanetary structures were high with no significance difference. Thus, indicating that during HILDCAA, the dynamical behavior of the underlying physical processes due to the energy deposition driven either by ICME, CIR or non‐storm HILDCAA remain the same. However, a deciphering feature of dynamical complexity between the geomagnetically quiet period and HILDCAA events was evident. It was noticed that as the HILDCAA emerges, the NNetEn depicts an increment in entropy value signifying that the complexity levels of the coupled solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere system increases, and as the dynamics transcend to its recovery state, a reduction in entropy was observed implying a decline in complexity levels. Low values of NNetEn revealing lower complexity levels are found to be associated with geomagnetically quiet periods.
Transcriptome-based prediction of drugs, inhibiting cardiomyogenesis in human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Cherianidou Anna , Kappenberg Franziska , Seidel Florian , Acharya Aviseka , Papazoglou Panagiota , Srinivasan Sureshkumar Perumal , Hescheler Jürgen , Peng Luying , Leist Marcel , Hengstler Jan G. , Rahnenführer Jörg , Sachinidis Agapios
Published: August 2023

Animal studies for embryotoxicity evaluation of potential therapeutics and environmental factors are complex, costly, and time-consuming. Often, studies are not of human relevance because of species differences. In the present study, we recapitulated the process of cardiomyogenesis in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway to identify a key cardiomyogenesis gene signature that can be applied to identify compounds and/or stress factors compromising the cardiomyogenesis process. Among the 23 tested teratogens and 16 non-teratogens, we identified three retinoids including 13-cis-retinoic acid that completely block the process of cardiomyogenesis in hiPSCs. Moreover, we have identified an early gene signature consisting of 31 genes and associated biological processes that are severely affected by the retinoids. To predict the inhibitory potential of teratogens and non-teratogens in the process of cardiomyogenesis we established the “Developmental Cardiotoxicity Index” (CDI31g) that accurately differentiates teratogens and non-teratogens to do or do not affect the differentiation of hiPSCs to functional cardiomyocytes.
Feasibility of an implantable bioreactor for renal cell therapy using silicon nanopore membranes
Authors: Kim Eun Jung , Chen Caressa , Gologorsky Rebecca , Santandreu Ana , Torres Alonso , Wright Nathan , Goodin Mark S. , Moyer Jarrett , Chui Benjamin W. , Blaha Charles , Brakeman Paul , Vartanian Shant , Tang Qizhi , David Humes H. , Fissell William H. , Roy Shuvo
Published: August 2023

The definitive treatment for end-stage renal disease is kidney transplantation, which remains limited by organ availability and post-transplant complications. Alternatively, an implantable bioartificial kidney could address both problems while enhancing the quality and length of patient life. An implantable bioartificial kidney requires a bioreactor containing renal cells to replicate key native cell functions, such as water and solute reabsorption, and metabolic and endocrinologic functions. Here, we report a proof-of-concept implantable bioreactor containing silicon nanopore membranes to offer a level of immunoprotection to human renal epithelial cells. After implantation into pigs without systemic anticoagulation or immunosuppression therapy for 7 days, we show that cells maintain >90% viability and functionality, with normal or elevated transporter gene expression and vitamin D activation. Despite implantation into a xenograft model, we find that cells exhibit minimal damage, and recipient cytokine levels are not suggestive of hyperacute rejection. These initial data confirm the potential feasibility of an implantable bioreactor for renal cell therapy utilizing silicon nanopore membranes.
Revealing intrinsic domains and fluctuations of moiré magnetism by a wide-field quantum microscope
Authors: Huang Mengqi , Sun Zeliang , Yan Gerald , Xie Hongchao , Agarwal Nishkarsh , Ye Gaihua , Sung Suk Hyun , Lu Hanyi , Zhou Jingcheng , Yan Shaohua , Tian Shangjie , Lei Hechang , Hovden Robert , He Rui , Wang Hailong , Zhao Liuyan , Du Chunhui Rita
Published: August 2023

Moiré magnetism featured by stacking engineered atomic registry and lattice interactions has recently emerged as an appealing quantum state of matter at the forefront of condensed matter physics research. Nanoscale imaging of moiré magnets is highly desirable and serves as a prerequisite to investigate a broad range of intriguing physics underlying the interplay between topology, electronic correlations, and unconventional nanomagnetism. Here we report spin defect-based wide-field imaging of magnetic domains and spin fluctuations in twisted double trilayer (tDT) chromium triiodide CrI3. We explicitly show that intrinsic moiré domains of opposite magnetizations appear over arrays of moiré supercells in low-twist-angle tDT CrI3. In contrast, spin fluctuations measured in tDT CrI3 manifest little spatial variations on the same mesoscopic length scale due to the dominant driving force of intralayer exchange interaction. Our results enrich the current understanding of exotic magnetic phases sustained by moiré magnetism and highlight the opportunities provided by quantum spin sensors in probing microscopic spin related phenomena on two-dimensional flatland.
A portable regulatory RNA array design enables tunable and complex regulation across diverse bacteria
Authors: Liu Baiyang , Samaniego Christian Cuba , Bennett Matthew R. , Franco Elisa , Chappell James
Published: August 2023

A lack of composable and tunable gene regulators has hindered efforts to engineer non-model bacteria and consortia. Toward addressing this, we explore the broad-host potential of small transcription activating RNA (STAR) and propose a design strategy to achieve tunable gene control. First, we demonstrate that STARs optimized for E. coli function across different Gram-negative species and can actuate using phage RNA polymerase, suggesting that RNA systems acting at the level of transcription are portable. Second, we explore an RNA design strategy that uses arrays of tandem and transcriptionally fused RNA regulators to precisely alter regulator concentration from 1 to 8 copies. This provides a simple means to predictably tune output gain across species and does not require access to large regulatory part libraries. Finally, we show RNA arrays can be used to achieve tunable cascading and multiplexing circuits across species, analogous to the motifs used in artificial neural networks.
Hydrogenation of different carbon substrates into light hydrocarbons by ball milling
Authors: Li Linfeng , Vozniuk Olena , Cao Zhengwen , Losch Pit , Felderhoff Michael , Schüth Ferdi
Published: August 2023

The conversion of carbon-based solids, like non-recyclable plastics, biomass, and coal, into small molecules appears attractive from different points of view. However, the strong carbon–carbon bonds in these substances pose a severe obstacle, and thus—if such reactions are possible at all—high temperatures are required1–5. The Bergius process for coal conversion to hydrocarbons requires temperatures above 450 °C6, pyrolysis of different polymers to pyrolysis oil is also typically carried out at similar temperatures7,8. We have now discovered that efficient hydrogenation of different solid substrates with the carbon-based backbone to light hydrocarbons can be achieved at room temperature by ball milling. This mechanocatalytic method is surprisingly effective for a broad range of different carbon substrates, including even diamond. The reaction is found to proceed via a radical mechanism, as demonstrated by reactions in the presence of radical scavengers. This finding also adds to the currently limited knowledge in understanding mechanisms of reactions induced by ball milling. The results, guided by the insight into the mechanism, could induce more extended exploration to broaden the application scope and help to address the problem of plastic waste by a mechanocatalytic approach.
Global determinants of insect mitochondrial genetic diversity
Authors: French Connor M. , Bertola Laura D. , Carnaval Ana C. , Economo Evan P. , Kass Jamie M. , Lohman David J. , Marske Katharine A. , Meier Rudolf , Overcast Isaac , Rominger Andrew J. , Staniczenko Phillip P. A. , Hickerson Michael J.
Published: August 2023

Understanding global patterns of genetic diversity is essential for describing, monitoring, and preserving life on Earth. To date, efforts to map macrogenetic patterns have been restricted to vertebrates, which comprise only a small fraction of Earth’s biodiversity. Here, we construct a global map of predicted insect mitochondrial genetic diversity from cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 sequences, derived from open data. We calculate the mitochondrial genetic diversity mean and genetic diversity evenness of insect assemblages across the globe, identify their environmental correlates, and make predictions of mitochondrial genetic diversity levels in unsampled areas based on environmental data. Using a large single-locus genetic dataset of over 2 million globally distributed and georeferenced mtDNA sequences, we find that mitochondrial genetic diversity evenness follows a quadratic latitudinal gradient peaking in the subtropics. Both mitochondrial genetic diversity mean and evenness positively correlate with seasonally hot temperatures, as well as climate stability since the last glacial maximum. Our models explain 27.9% and 24.0% of the observed variation in mitochondrial genetic diversity mean and evenness in insects, respectively, making an important step towards understanding global biodiversity patterns in the most diverse animal taxon.
Effects of public-health measures for zeroing out different SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Ge Yong , Wu Xilin , Zhang Wenbin , Wang Xiaoli , Zhang Die , Wang Jianghao , Liu Haiyan , Ren Zhoupeng , Ruktanonchai Nick W. , Ruktanonchai Corrine W. , Cleary Eimear , Yao Yongcheng , Wesolowski Amy , Cummings Derek A. T. , Li Zhongjie , Tatem Andrew J. , Lai Shengjie
Published: August 2023

Targeted public health interventions for an emerging epidemic are essential for preventing pandemics. During 2020-2022, China invested significant efforts in strict zero-COVID measures to contain outbreaks of varying scales caused by different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Based on a multi-year empirical dataset containing 131 outbreaks observed in China from April 2020 to May 2022 and simulated scenarios, we ranked the relative intervention effectiveness by their reduction in instantaneous reproduction number. We found that, overall, social distancing measures (38% reduction, 95% prediction interval 31-45%), face masks (30%, 17-42%) and close contact tracing (28%, 24-31%) were most effective. Contact tracing was crucial in containing outbreaks during the initial phases, while social distancing measures became increasingly prominent as the spread persisted. In addition, infections with higher transmissibility and a shorter latent period posed more challenges for these measures. Our findings provide quantitative evidence on the effects of public-health measures for zeroing out emerging contagions in different contexts.
Cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective C−H activation/annulation to access N−N axially chiral frameworks
Authors: Li Tong , Shi Linlin , Wang Xinhai , Yang Chen , Yang Dandan , Song Mao-Ping , Niu Jun-Long
Published: August 2023

The N−N atropisomer, as an important and intriguing chiral system, was widely present in natural products, pharmaceutical lead compounds, and advanced material skeletons. The anisotropic structural characteristics caused by its special axial rotation have always been one of the challenges that chemists strive to overcome. Herein, we report an efficient method for the enantioselective synthesis of N−N axially chiral frameworks via a cobalt-catalyzed atroposelective C-H activation/annulation process. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions by using Co(OAc)2·4H2O as the catalyst with a chiral salicyl-oxazoline (Salox) ligand and O2 as an oxidant, affording a variety of N−N axially chiral products with high yields and enantioselectivities. This protocol provides an efficient approach for the facile construction of N−N atropisomers and further expands the range of of N−N axially chiral derivatives. Additionally, under the conditions of electrocatalysis, the desired N−N axially chiral products were also successfully achieved with good to excellent efficiencies and enantioselectivities.
Barcoded multiple displacement amplification for high coverage sequencing in spatial genomics
Authors: Kim Jinhyun , Kim Sungsik , Yeom Huiran , Song Seo Woo , Shin Kyoungseob , Bae Sangwook , Ryu Han Suk , Kim Ji Young , Choi Ahyoun , Lee Sumin , Ryu Taehoon , Choi Yeongjae , Kim Hamin , Kim Okju , Jung Yushin , Kim Namphil , Han Wonshik , Lee Han-Byoel , Lee Amos C. , Kwon Sunghoon
Published: August 2023

Determining mutational landscapes in a spatial context is essential for understanding genetically heterogeneous cell microniches. Current approaches, such as Multiple Displacement Amplification (MDA), offer high genome coverage but limited multiplexing, which hinders large-scale spatial genomic studies. Here, we introduce barcoded MDA (bMDA), a technique that achieves high-coverage genomic analysis of low-input DNA while enhancing the multiplexing capabilities. By incorporating cell barcodes during MDA, bMDA streamlines library preparation in one pot, thereby overcoming a key bottleneck in spatial genomics. We apply bMDA to the integrative spatial analysis of triple-negative breast cancer tissues by examining copy number alterations, single nucleotide variations, structural variations, and kataegis signatures for each spatial microniche. This enables the assessment of subclonal evolutionary relationships within a spatial context. Therefore, bMDA has emerged as a scalable technology with the potential to advance the field of spatial genomics significantly.
Realizing tight-binding Hamiltonians using site-controlled coupled cavity arrays
Authors: Saxena Abhi , Manna Arnab , Trivedi Rahul , Majumdar Arka
Published: August 2023

Analog quantum simulators rely on programmable and scalable quantum devices to emulate Hamiltonians describing various physical phenomenon. Photonic coupled cavity arrays are a promising alternative platform for realizing such simulators, due to their potential for scalability, small size, and high-temperature operability. However, programmability and nonlinearity in photonic cavities remain outstanding challenges. Here, using a silicon photonic coupled cavity array made up of $$8$$
8
high quality factor ($$Q$$
Q
up to$$\, \sim 7.1\times {10}^{4}$$

~
7.1
×

10

4

) resonators and equipped with specially designed thermo-optic island heaters for independent control of cavities, we demonstrate a programmable photonic cavity array in the telecom regime, implementing tight-binding Hamiltonians with access to the full eigenenergy spectrum. We report a $$\sim 50\%$$
~
50
%
reduction in the thermal crosstalk between neighboring sites of the cavity array compared to traditional heaters, and then present a control scheme to program the cavity array to a given tight-binding Hamiltonian. The ability to independently program high-Q photonic cavities, along with the compatibility of silicon photonics to high volume manufacturing opens new opportunities for scalable quantum simulation using telecom regime infrared photons.
An interpretable multiparametric radiomics model of basal ganglia to predict dementia conversion in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Park Chae Jung , Eom Jihwan , Park Ki Sung , Park Yae Won , Chung Seok Jong , Kim Yun Joong , Ahn Sung Soo , Kim Jinna , Lee Phil Hyu , Sohn Young Ho , Lee Seung-Koo
Published: August 2023

Cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD) severely affects patients’ prognosis, and early detection of patients at high risk of dementia conversion is important for establishing treatment strategies. We aimed to investigate whether multiparametric MRI radiomics from basal ganglia can improve the prediction of dementia development in PD when integrated with clinical profiles. In this retrospective study, 262 patients with newly diagnosed PD (June 2008–July 2017, follow-up >5 years) were included. MRI radiomic features (n = 1284) were extracted from bilateral caudate and putamen. Two models were developed to predict dementia development: (1) a clinical model—age, disease duration, and cognitive composite scores, and (2) a combined clinical and radiomics model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated for each model. The models’ interpretabilities were studied. Among total 262 PD patients (mean age, 68 years ± 8 [standard deviation]; 134 men), 51 (30.4%), and 24 (25.5%) patients developed dementia within 5 years of PD diagnosis in the training (n = 168) and test sets (n = 94), respectively. The combined model achieved superior predictive performance compared to the clinical model in training (AUCs 0.928 vs. 0.894, P = 0.284) and test set (AUCs 0.889 vs. 0.722, P = 0.016). The cognitive composite scores of the frontal/executive function domain contributed most to predicting dementia. Radiomics derived from the caudate were also highly associated with cognitive decline. Multiparametric MRI radiomics may have an incremental prognostic value when integrated with clinical profiles to predict future cognitive decline in PD.
Shifting the mindset culture to address global educational disparities
Authors: Hecht Cameron A. , Murphy Mary C. , Dweck Carol S. , Bryan Christopher J. , Trzesniewski Kali H. , Medrano Fortunato N. , Giani Matt , Mhatre Pratik , Yeager David S.
Published: August 2023

Educational outcomes remain highly unequal within and across nations. Students’ mindsets—their beliefs about whether intellectual abilities can be developed—have been identified as a potential lever for making adolescents’ academic outcomes more equitable. Recent research, however, suggests that intervention programs aimed at changing students’ mindsets should be supplemented by programs aimed at the changing the mindset culture, which is defined as the shared set of beliefs about learning in a school or classroom. This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical origin of the mindset culture and examines its potential to reduce group-based inequalities in education. In particular, experiments have identified two broad ways the mindset culture is communicated by teachers: via informal messages about growth (e.g., that all students will be helped to learn and succeed), and formal opportunities to improve (e.g., learning-focused grading policies and opportunities to revise and earn credit). New field experiments, applying techniques from behavioral science, have also revealed effective ways to influence teachers’ culture-creating behaviors. This paper describes recent breakthroughs in the U.S. educational context and discusses how lessons from these studies might be applied in future, global collaborations with researchers and practitioners.
Anti-cancer potentiality of linoelaidic acid isolated from marine Tapra fish oil (Ophisthopterus tardoore) via ROS generation and caspase activation on MCF-7 cell line
Authors: Dutta Ananya , Panchali Titli , Khatun Amina , Jarapala Sreenivasa Rao , Das Koushik , Ghosh Kuntal , Chakrabarti Sudipta , Pradhan Shrabani
Published: August 2023

The implication of inflammation in the pathophysiology of several types of cancers has been under intense investigation. Conjugated fatty acids can modulate inflammation and present anticancer effects, promoting cancer cell death. In this paper, we evaluated the efficacy of new conjugated fatty acids isolated from marine Opisthopterus tardoore (Tapra fish) in human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7. Linoelaidic acid, a marine fish (O. tardoore) derived unsaturated fatty acids, showed effective anticancer activity against MCF-7. Cell viability (MTT) assay revealed a dose-dependent decline in cancer cell viability. It was noteworthy that 5 µM linoelaidic acid decreased the MCF-7 cell viability by 81.82%. Besides that, linoelaidic acid significantly (P< 0.05) increased the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) studied by ELISA. Not only that, linoelaidic acid significantly decreased the reduced glutathione level and increased the oxidized glutathione level in MCF-7 cells indicating the oxidative stress inside the cell. Two different cell staining methods with acridine orange-ethidium bromide and DAPI confirmed that the linoelaidic acid rendered their detrimental effect on cancer cells. To decipher the mode of apoptosis Western blotting was performed in which the expression pattern of several proteins (p53, IL-10, and IL-1ra) established the apoptosis in the studied cell lines after linoelaidic acid exposure. Hence it may be conferred that linoelaidic acid has prompt anticancer activity. Therefore this drug can be used further for the treatment of cancer.
Ion-acoustic waves in weakly ionized plasmas with charge-exchange collisions
Authors: Alharbi Abdulrahman , Schiesko L. , Minea T.
Published: August 2023

Ion-neutral charge-exchange collisions in plasmas of laboratory, space, and astrophysical origins are fundamental to understanding wave dissipation and wave generation phenomena. This paper implements a charge-exchange collision operator in the Boltzmann–Poisson system equations for a weakly ionized plasma. When considering an electric field perturbation, the governing kinetic equations provide significant results concerning the plasma conductivity and the dielectric function, appearing in simple, sensible forms. The present analysis reveals a backward wave propagation phenomenon at maximum conductivity when the wavenumber of the plasma wave is smaller than the reciprocal of the ion-neutral collisions mean free path. In addition, it is shown that ion-neutral coupling resulting from charge-exchange collisions enhances ion-acoustic waves below and beyond the ion plasma frequency and leads to the onset of a fundamental instability that overcomes Landau damping under certain circumstances. The collisionless model is recovered as a limiting case, i.e., in the asymptotic limit of a long mean free path.
Estimation and mapping of soil texture content based on unmanned aerial vehicle hyperspectral imaging
Authors: Song Qi , Gao Xiaohong , Song Yuting , Li Qiaoli , Chen Zhen , Li Runxiang , Zhang Hao , Cai Sangjie
Published: August 2023

Soil texture is one of the important physical and natural properties of soil. Much of the current research focuses on soil texture monitoring using non-imaging geophysical spectrometers. However there are fewer studies utilizing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral data for soil texture monitoring. UAV mounted hyperspectral cameras can be used for quickly and accurately obtaining high-resolution spatial information of soil texture. A foundation has been laid for the realization of rapid soil texture surveys using unmanned airborne hyperspectral data without field sampling. This study selected three typical farmland areas in Huangshui Basin of Qinghai as the study area, and a total of 296 soil samples were collected. Data calibration of UAV spectra using laboratory spectra and field in situ spectra to explore the feasibility of applying laboratory soil texture models directly to field conditions. This results show that UAV hyperspectral imagery combined with machine learning can obtain a set of ideal processing methods. The pre-processing of the spectral data can obtain high accuracy of soil texture estimation and good mapping effect. The results of this study can provide effective technical support and decision-making assistance for future agricultural land planning on the Tibetan Plateau. The main innovation of this study is to establish a set of processing procedures and methods applicable to UAV hyperspectral imagery to provide data reference for monitoring soil texture in agricultural fields on the Tibetan Plateau.
Reproducibility analysis of automated deep learning based localisation of mandibular canals on a temporal CBCT dataset
Authors: Järnstedt Jorma , Sahlsten Jaakko , Jaskari Joel , Kaski Kimmo , Mehtonen Helena , Hietanen Ari , Sundqvist Osku , Varjonen Vesa , Mattila Vesa , Prapayasatok Sangsom , Nalampang Sakarat
Published: August 2023

Preoperative radiological identification of mandibular canals is essential for maxillofacial surgery. This study demonstrates the reproducibility of a deep learning system (DLS) by evaluating its localisation performance on 165 heterogeneous cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 72 patients in comparison to an experienced radiologist’s annotations. We evaluated the performance of the DLS using the symmetric mean curve distance (SMCD), the average symmetric surface distance (ASSD), and the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). The reproducibility of the SMCD was assessed using the within-subject coefficient of repeatability (RC). Three other experts rated the diagnostic validity twice using a 0–4 Likert scale. The reproducibility of the Likert scoring was assessed using the repeatability measure (RM). The RC of SMCD was 0.969 mm, the median (interquartile range) SMCD and ASSD were 0.643 (0.186) mm and 0.351 (0.135) mm, respectively, and the mean (standard deviation) DSC was 0.548 (0.138). The DLS performance was most affected by postoperative changes. The RM of the Likert scoring was 0.923 for the radiologist and 0.877 for the DLS. The mean (standard deviation) Likert score was 3.94 (0.27) for the radiologist and 3.84 (0.65) for the DLS. The DLS demonstrated proficient qualitative and quantitative reproducibility, temporal generalisability, and clinical validity.
Structure and conductivity of ionomer in PEM fuel cell catalyst layers: a model-based analysis
Authors: Olbrich W. , Kadyk T. , Sauter U. , Eikerling M. , Gostick J.
Published: August 2023

Efforts in design and optimization of catalyst layers for polymer electrolyte fuel cells hinge on mathematical models that link electrode composition and microstructure with effective physico-chemical properties. A pivotal property of these layers and the focus of this work is the proton conductivity, which is largely determined by the morphology of the ionomer. However, available relations between catalyst layer composition and proton conductivity are often adopted from general theories for random heterogeneous media and ignore specific features of the microstructure, e.g., agglomerates, film-like structures, or the hierarchical porous network. To establish a comprehensive understanding of the peculiar structure-property relations, we generated synthetic volumetric images of the catalyst layer microstructure. In a mesoscopic volume element, we modeled the electrolyte phase and calculated the proton conductivity using numerical tools. Varying the ionomer morphology in terms of ionomer film coverage and thickness revealed two limiting cases: the ionomer can either form a thin film with high coverage on the catalyst agglomerates; or the ionomer exists as voluminous chunks that connect across the inter-agglomerate space. Both cases were modeled analytically, adapting relations from percolation theory. Based on the simulated data, a novel relation is proposed, which links the catalyst layer microstructure to the proton conductivity over a wide range of morphologies. The presented analytical approach is a versatile tool for the interpretation of experimental trends and it provides valuable guidance for catalyst layer design. The proposed model was used to analyze the formation of the catalyst layer microstructure during the ink stage. A parameter study of the initial ionomer film thickness and the ionomer dispersion parameter revealed that the ionomer morphology should be tweaked towards well-defined films with high coverage of catalyst agglomerates. These implications match current efforts in the experimental literature and they may thus provide direction in electrode materials research for polymer electrolyte fuel cells.
2-Photon imaging of fluorescent proteins in living swine
Authors: Costine-Bartell Beth A. , Martinez-Ramirez Luis , Normoyle Kieran , Stinson Tawny , Staley Kevin J. , Lillis Kyle P.
Published: August 2023

A common point of failure in translation of preclinical neurological research to successful clinical trials comes in the giant leap from rodent models to humans. Non-human primates are phylogenetically close to humans, but cost and ethical considerations prohibit their widespread usage in preclinical trials. Swine have large, gyrencencephalic brains, which are biofidelic to human brains. Their classification as livestock makes them a readily accessible model organism. However, their size has precluded experiments involving intravital imaging with cellular resolution. Here, we present a suite of techniques and tools for in vivo imaging of porcine brains with subcellular resolution. Specifically, we describe surgical techniques for implanting a synthetic, flexible, transparent dural window for chronic optical access to the neocortex. We detail optimized parameters and methods for injecting adeno-associated virus vectors through the cranial imaging window to express fluorescent proteins. We introduce a large-animal 2-photon microscope that was constructed with off-the shelf components, has a gantry design capable of accommodating animals > 80 kg, and is equipped with a high-speed digitizer for digital fluorescence lifetime imaging. Finally, we delineate strategies developed to mitigate the substantial motion artifact that complicates high resolution imaging in large animals, including heartbeat-triggered high-speed image stack acquisition. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated in sample images acquired from pigs transduced with the chloride-sensitive fluorescent protein SuperClomeleon.
Prospective pilot study on the relationship between seminal HIV-1 shedding and genital schistosomiasis in men receiving antiretroviral therapy along Lake Malawi
Authors: Kayuni Sekeleghe A. , Abdullahi Adam , Alharbi Mohammad H. , Makaula Peter , Lampiao Fanuel , Juziwelo Lazarus , LaCourse E. James , Kumwenda Johnstone J. , Leutscher Peter Derek Christian , Geretti Anna Maria , Stothard J. Russell
Published: August 2023

Male genital schistosomiasis (MGS) is hypothesized to increase seminal shedding of HIV-1. This prospective pilot study assessed seminal HIV-1 RNA shedding in men on long-term ART with and without a diagnosis of MGS. Study visits occurred at 0, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. MGS was diagnosed by egg positivity on semen microscopy or PCR of seminal sediment. After optimization of the HIV-RNA assay, we examined 72 paired plasma and semen samples collected from 31 men (15 with and 16 without MGS) over 12 months. HIV-1 RNA was detected in 7/72 (9.7%) seminal samples and 25/72 (34.7%) plasma samples. When comparing sample pairs, 5/72 (6.9%) showed HIV-1 RNA detection only in the seminal sample. Overall, 3/31 (9.7%) participants, all with MGS, had detectable HIV-1 RNA in semen while plasma HIV-1 RNA was undetectable (< 22 copies/mL), with seminal levels ranging up to 400 copies/mL. Two participants showing HIV-1 RNA in seminal fluid from the MGS-negative group also had concomitant HIV-1 RNA detection in plasma. The findings suggest that MGS can be associated with low-level HIV-1 RNA shedding despite virologically suppressive ART. Further studies are warranted to confirm these observations and assess its implications.