bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traumatic inferior epigastric vessel haemorrhage
Authors: Mohammed Babiker Ali , Dimassi Hani , Alshehri Fahad Mohammed
Published: February 2015

Inferior epigastric vessel (IEV) bleeding usually results in a localised rectus sheath haematoma. This condition was thought to be uncommon and sometimes overlooked or misdiagnosed. Lately the condition has become more prevalent with life threatening bleeding which may need emergency intervention to save life. A case report of IEV bleeding following trauma in a 17-year-old male is reported. A CT scan enabled localisation of the injury site and showed signs of active bleeding. Facilities for embolization didn't exist in the hospital at the time. The bleeding was life threatening which required an emergency laparotomy.

The laparotomy confirmed the source of the bleeding as the left IEV. The offending vessel was ligated and the haematoma was evacuated. The patient recovered well and his life was saved. Bleeding from the IEV is thought to be rare and the result is usually a haematoma which can be treated conservatively. The presentation is changing and there is an increase in severity and frequency of the bleeding which can endanger life. If facilities for embolization do exist, a minimally invasive procedure is the method of choice. If on the other hand they don't exist, which is the case in many hospitals; laparotomy should be performed where there is a threat to life.
Policy coherence for improved nutrition in Switzerland
Authors: Bouclaous Carmel
Published: February 2015

In Switzerland, the direct and indirect medical costs from non-communicable diseases are estimated at 51.7 billion Swiss francs per year. This essay describes the challenges faced by the Confederation in its efforts to control diet-related chronic diseases, and discusses the various factors affecting the nutrition of the population. It highlights the need to, not only, build stronger political support for prevention and health promotion, but also to ensure coherence across policies in the health, the agricultural and the trade sectors.
A Republican in a Changing World: The Political Position and Attitudes of Tadeusz Kościuszko, 1798–1817
Authors: Czubaty Jarosław
Published: February 2015

One evening in April 1814, in a Paris occupied by Russian and Prussian forces, a strange scene took place that could have annoyed some observers. During a solemn party organized by the Polish princess Teodora Jabłonowska for Russia’s ruler, Tsar Alexander I, and his brother, Grand Duke Constantine, a modestly dressed old man appeared in the doorway. When the tsar saw him, he and his brother took the man by the arms and led him through the crowd calling, “A place! A place for a great man!” The man treated with such respect by the most powerful European ruler of the day was Tadeusz Kościuszko. The sixty-eight-year-old hero of the American War of Independence and the leader of the Polish insurrection of 1794 had accepted the invitation of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, the tsar’s friend and advisor, and traveled to Paris to declare his support for rebuilding Poland under the protection of Alexander I.
Las fronteras del entendimiento en la frontera mapuche : brujería, justicia y traducción cultural en Chile durante el siglo XVIII
Authors: Valenzuela Avaca Eduardo
Published: February 2015

Las causas por maleficio en el Chile colonial constituyeron siempre un problema significativo para la justicia ordinaria. Además de los tribunales eclesiásticos, los corregidores y capitanes, en calidad de jueces locales, debieron enfrentar estas causas apelando a lo que hemos denominado matrices de comprensión, es decir, un conjunto de historias, relatos y formas de la tradición oral que constituyen la base a partir de la que operaron. Forzados a través del proceso judicial a retratar sus formas rituales, los indígenas llamados a testificar abrirán temporalmente su universo ontológico, introduciendo una serie de signos que rebasaran los marcos establecidos por esas matrices, forzando a la justicia a organizar un relato eminentemente fronterizo, situado a medio camino entre los modelos europeos de la brujería y el hermetismo de las ontologías indígenas. En este trabajo abordaremos la construcción de estos relatos fronterizos a partir del seguimiento de una causa por brujería en la frontera sur de Chile a fines del siglo XVII.
Editorial
Authors: Jiménez Sureda Montserrat
Published: February 2015

Editorial de Manuscrits vol. 32 (2014).
Sudden Cardiac Death: A Modern Pathology Approach to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kocovski Linda , Fernandes John
Published: February 2015

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is one of the most common causes of sudden cardiac death among young adults and adolescents. Unfortunately, the first manifestation of the condition may be sudden death during exertion, such as sporting activities. Other clinical symptoms include exertional dyspnea, angina, and syncope. Postmortem examination often reveals asymmetrical septal thickening and mural plaque formation in the left ventricular outflow tract. Histologic analysis shows cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, myofiber disarray, and interstitial and replacement fibrosis. Molecular analysis for known genetic abnormalities is essential to genetic counseling of living relatives of decedents to assess and reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Measuring and Sustaining the Impact of Less Commonly Taught Language Collections in a Research Library
Authors: Lenkart Joe , Teper Thomas H. , Thacker Mara , Witt Steven W.
Published: February 2015

To evaluate the current state of resource sharing and cooperative collection development, this paper examines the relationship between less commonly taught language collections (LCTL) and ILL services. The study examined multiple years of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign’s resource-sharing data. This paper provides a historical narrative for the multilingual collections, collection development strategies, reference services, and outreach initiatives that reinforce and strengthen scholarly communication and resource sharing among academic libraries. The paper concludes by examining the feasibility of aggregating, or concentrating, collections of difficult-to-acquire, low-use materials at institutions that can provide service at a regional and/or national level.
Rational Emotive Behavioural Therapy: The Evolution of a Revolution: Interview With Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis, Work Partner and Wife of Dr. Albert Ellis, the Creator of REBT
Authors: Ellis Debbie Joffe , Rovira Montse
Published: February 2015

Recognized as one of the most influential thinkers and psychologists, Albert Ellis PhD (1913-2007) revolutionized Psychology when he created the first cognitive psychotherapy, Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy. After he passed away, Dr. Debbie Joffe Ellis continues spreading his legacy around the world. Psychologist, lecturer, writer, trainer, she dedicates her life to disseminate REBT and extend it through different statements, from the social to the educational, from the academic to the clinical. In this interview, she goes through her own history and her husband’s one, bringing us closer to understanding Albert Ellis as the leading figure in his field, and the oneness they experienced through their professional and personal relationship.
Rythmes dans les activités formatives et professionnelles : une compréhension des temporalités dans la construction des processus de professionnalisation
Authors: Roquet Pascal
Published: February 2015

L’approche par les rythmes permet de mieux saisir l’organisation temporelle et le mouvement temporel dans la compréhension des processus de professionnalisation. La différenciation macro temporel/méso temporel/micro temporel donne le cadre conceptuel d’interprétation de la variation des rythmes dans la construction des activités formatives et professionnelles. Afin d’opérationnaliser cette approche, les résultats de travaux antérieurs seront réinterrogés sous l’angle d’une base rythmique. En saisissant la singularité la singularité des processus de professionnalisation, les rythmes temporels éclairent les articulations possibles entre les rythmes individuels et les rythmes institutionnels.
Building our youth for the future
Authors: Bekker Linda‐Gail , Johnson Leigh , Wallace Melissa , Hosek Sybil
Published: February 2015

Adolescents and young adults are at increased risk for HIV due to the many developmental, psychological, social, and structural transitions that converge in this period of the lifespan. In addition, adolescent deaths resulting from HIV continue to rise despite declines in other age groups. There are also young key populations (YKPs) that bear disproportionate burdens of HIV and are the most vulnerable, including young men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender youth, young people who inject drugs, and adolescent and young adult sex workers. As a society, we must do more to stop new HIV infections and untimely HIV‐related deaths through both primary and secondary prevention and better management approaches. Using an interwoven prevention and treatment cascade approach, the starting point for all interventions must be HIV counselling and testing. Subsequent interventions for both HIV‐negative and HIV‐positive youth must be “adolescent‐centred,” occur within the socio‐ecological context of young people and take advantage of the innovations and technologies that youth have easily incorporated into their daily lives. In order to achieve the global goals of zero infections, zero discrimination and zero deaths, a sustained focus on HIV research, policy and advocacy for YKPs must occur.
Real‐time Contrast‐Enhanced Sonographically Guided Biopsy or Radiofrequency Ablation of Focal Liver Lesions Using Perflurobutane Microbubbles (Sonazoid)
Authors: Park Hee Sun , Kim Young Jun , Yu Mi Hye , Jung Sung Il , Jeon Hae Jeong
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To evaluate the utility of Kupffer‐phase imaging by real‐time contrast‐enhanced sonography using the perflurobutane microbubble contrast agent Sonazoid (GE Healthcare, Oslo, Norway) in guiding biopsy or radiofrequency (RF) ablation of focal liver lesions.

Methods

A total of 75 patients (mean age, 59.7 years) who were referred for percutaneous biopsy (n = 42) or RF ablation (n = 33) were included in the study. Grayscale sonography and contrast‐enhanced sonography using Sonazoid were performed in all patients before the procedure. The conspicuity of each targeted liver lesion on grayscale sonography, vascular‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography, and Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography was graded using a 5‐point scale. Lesion detection rates were calculated, and the conspicuity of the lesions among the imaging modalities was compared. The technical success of the procedures was also assessed.

Results

The procedures were conducted in 66 patients (biopsy in 41 and RF ablation in 25) under real‐time guidance by Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography. Lesion detection rates were 77.3% (58 of 75), 84.0% (63 of 75), and 92.0% (69 of 75) on grayscale sonography, vascular‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography, and Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography, respectively, and were significantly different among the 3 modalities (P= .034). Overall, lesion conspicuity was significantly increased on vascular‐phase and Kupffer‐phase contrast‐enhanced sonography compared to grayscale sonography (P < .001). Technical success rates for the procedures were 95.2% (40 of 42) for biopsy and 69.7% (23 of 33) for RF ablation.

Conclusions

Kupffer‐phase imaging by contrast‐enhanced sonography using Sonazoid increases the conspicuity of the liver lesions compared to grayscale sonography, and it is useful for real‐time guidance of percutaneous biopsy or RF ablation of focal liver lesions.
The Schmidt Reaction
Authors: Wrobleski Aaron , Coombs Thomas C. , Huh Chan Woo , Li Sze‐Wan , Aubé Jeffrey
Published: February 2015

The classical form of the Schmidt reaction involves the reaction of a carbon‐centered electrophile with hydrazoic acid with loss of nitrogen, usually with a rearrangement that forms a new carbon‐nitrogen bond. Although the conversion of a ketone into an amide is the most commonly used variation, mechanistically related versions utilize an aldehyde, acid, or a carbocation generated from an alkene or alcohol as the electrophilic component. In recent years, the definition of the Schmidt reaction has been modified to include analogous reactions in which the hydrazoic acid is replaced by an alkyl azide, promoted by Lewis acids. The use of an alkyl azide uniquely permits the formulation of intramolecular Schmidt reactions of the azide with a carbonyl or carbocationic electrophile.
The Neber Rearrangement
Authors: Berkowitz William F.
Published: February 2015

An early investigation of the Beckmann rearrangement led Neber to discover that treatment ofO‐sulfonyl ketoximes with base led to the formation of 2H‐azirines. Neber's subsequent papers described in detail the full panoply of reactions, intermediates, and byproducts associated with the reaction, including α‐amino ketones formed by acidic hydrolysis of the azirines. This chapter is devoted to the base‐promoted rearrangement of oximeO‐derivatives, commonlyO‐sulfonates, representing the original “Neber” rearrangement, and the corresponding reaction ofN,N,N‐trimethylhydrazonium iodides, the “modified Neber” rearrangement, discovered by Smith.
Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organotrifluoroborate Salts
Authors: A. Molander Gary , Jean‐Gérard Ludivine
Published: February 2015

Organotrifluoroborates are partners for cross‐coupling that have emerged as complementary and often unique alternatives to other organoboron reagents. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of all cross‐coupling reactions of the various classes of organotrifluoroborates that have been carried out through August, 2009.

The chapter introduces the subject with a discussion of mechanistic considerations concerning the cross‐coupling, followed by a brief discussion of the stereochemical aspects of the transformation. The scope and limitations of the reactions are subsequently discussed, first in terms of the organotrifluoroborate and then the electrophilic partner of the reaction.

Potential side reactions that are encountered are outlined with useful suggestions on how these can be avoided in practice. Applications in synthesis are described, detailing how organotrifluoroborates have been utilized in the construction of natural products, materials of all types, and pharmacologically active substances. A comparison to other cross‐coupling methods rounds out the descriptive part of the chapter.

A detailed outline of experimental considerations and protocols has been assembled, gleaning information from the vast array of published procedures to assemble an overview of the most successful conditions. Representative procedures are included for each class of organotrifluoroborate coupling partner, and the tables provide a comprehensive listing of individual reactions.
Catalytic, Asymmetric, Intramolecular Carbon–Hydrogen Insertion
Authors: P. Doyle Michael , Liu Yu , Ratnikov Maxim
Published: February 2015

The insertion of a chiral‐ligated metal carbene into an aliphatic C‐H bond to construct a carbon‐carbon bond imparts asymmetry into the resultant molecule to form enantiomerically enriched lactones, lactams, and cycloalkane derivatives and returns the chiral‐ligated metal to its catalytically active state. Insertion is favored by electron‐donating groups adjacent to the C‐H bond that undergoes insertion, and is disfavored by electron‐withdrawing groups. Chiral dirhodium(II) carboxamidates have proven to have the greatest breadth of high selectivities, but other classes of catalysts are selective in specific cases. Although there are examples of iodonium ylides as reactants, diazo compounds are the reactants of choice for these reactions. Diazocarbonyl compounds, especially diazoacetates and diazoacetamides, have reactivities and selectivities that are most suitable for high product yields and high stereoselectivities. This reaction is optimally designed for the formation of five‐membered ring compounds using diazoacetates and diazoacetamides and of four‐membered ring products with constrained diazoacetamides. Access to lignan lactones, baclofen, deoxyxylolactone, and rolipram, among others, exemplify the efficiencies of this methodology relative to other synthetic approaches.
Cycloadditions of Carbonyl Ylides Derived from Diazocarbonyl Compounds
Authors: M. Hodgson David , H. Labande Agnès , Muthusamy Sengodagounder
Published: February 2015

[3 + 2] cycloadditions of carbonyl ylides with dipolarophiles provides a synthetically powerful way to make a variety of 5‐membered oxacycles. One of the best ways to generate carbonyl ylide intermediates is by transition metal‐catalyzed loss of nitrogen from diazocarbonyl compounds and trapping of the resultant metallocarbenes by a carbonyl group.

This chapter covers the metal‐catalyzed intra‐ and intermolecular cycloadditions of carbonyl ylides derived from diazocarbonyl compounds with various dipolarophiles. The literature up to the end of 2011 is covered.

A comprehensive discussion is provided of mechanism and stereochemistry, regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and asymmetric cycloadditions. The structural scope at the diazo group, of the carbonyl group forming the ylide, and of the dipolarophile is delineated. A systematic analysis is presented of the scope and limitations of intra‐ and intermolecular cycloadditions of cyclic diazocarbonyl‐derived carbonyl ylides from ketones, esters, amides or imides, including cycloadditions of aromatic pyrylium and isomünchnone ylides. The generation of acyclic carbonyl ylides from aldehydes, ketones, or imides and their cycloadditions is also reviewed. Finally, important applications to the total synthesis of natural products and a critical comparison with other methods for carbonyl ylide generation‐cycloaddition are presented.
Ermittlung und Beurteilung chemischer Verunreinigungen der Luft von Innenraumarbeitsplätzen (ohne Tätigkeit mit Gefahrstoffen) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2014]
Authors: Breuer Dietmar , Sagunski Helmut , Ball Michael , Hebisch Ralph , von Hahn Nadja , Lahrz Thomas , Nitz Gerda , Pannwitz Karl‐Heinz , Rosenberger Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

Veröffentlicht in der ReiheAnalytische Methoden zur Prüfung gesundheitsschädlicher Arbeitsstoffe: Luftanalysen, 11. Lieferung, Ausgabe 1998

Der Artikel enthält folgende Kapitel:

Einleitung

Definitionen

Innenräume

Innenraumarbeitsplätze

Stoffe in der Innenraumluft

Messstrategie

Vorermittlung

Planung der Messung

Messung unter Nutzungsbedingungen

Messung unter Ausgleichsbedingungen

Messstrategie für Arbeitsplätze

Messverfahren

Grundlegende Feststellungen

Gase

Flüchtige organische Verbindungen

Schwerflüchtige organische Verbindungen

Stäube und Fasern

Luftwechsel

Beurteilungswerte

Grenzwerte

Richtwerte

Leitwerte

Referenzwerte

Beurteilung von Messergebnissen

Anhang
Pater, Walter
Authors: Adams James Eli
Published: February 2015

Walter Pater (1839–94) was the leading critical voice of aestheticism in Victorian England.
Studies in the History of the Renaissance
, his most famous work, celebrated aesthetic experience as the highest reward of human life, as well as the artist's freedom from orthodox morality and belief. Drawing on the skepticism of modern science and on continental thought, his essays on literature and art were highly controversial but influenced a number of major late Victorian and modernist writers, including Oscar Wilde and W. B. Yeats. He wrote extensively on romanticism and on ancient Greek culture. His novel
Marius the Epicurean
explores the relations between aesthetic experience and religious belief.
Schreiner, Olive
Authors: Burdett Carolyn
Published: February 2015

The South African‐born novelist and writer, Olive Schreiner, was for much of the twentieth century best known for her most famous novel,
The Story of an African Farm
. Feminist scholarship towards the end of the century precipitated a more thorough reassessment of Schreiner's varied writings that include polemic, short stories, allegories, reflective historical essays and prose argument, as well as novels. The importance of her contribution to New Woman debates, to socialist and feminist activism during the 1880s, and to the fraught racial and class politics of South Africa in the period between 1890 and 1920 have begun to be better recognized and assessed.
Skeletal overgrowth syndrome caused by overexpression of C‐type natriuretic peptide in a girl with balanced chromosomal translocation, t(1;2)(q41;q37.1)
Authors: Ko Jung Min , Bae Jun‐Seok , Choi Jin Sun , Miura Kohji , Lee Hye Ran , Kim Ok‐Hwa , Kim Nayoung KD , Oh Sun Kyung , Ozono Keiichi , Lee Choon‐Ki , Choi In Ho , Park Woong‐Yang , Cho Tae‐Joon
Published: February 2015

Chromosomal translocation of 2q37.1 just distal to the NPPC gene coding for C‐type natriuretic peptide (CNP) and subsequent overproduction of CNP have been reported to cause a skeletal overgrowth syndrome. Loeys–Dietz syndrome (LDS) is one of marfanoid overgrowth syndromes, of which subtype IV is caused by haploinsufficiency of transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFB2). We report on a girl with clinical phenotypes of overgrowth syndrome, including long and slim body habitus, macrodactyly of the big toe, scoliosis, ankle valgus deformity, coxa valga, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, and aortic root dilatation. Karyotyping revealed a balanced chromosomal translocation between 1q41 and 2q37.1, and the breakpoints could be mapped by targeted resequencing analysis. On chromosome 2q37.1, the translocation took place 200,365 bp downstream of NPPC, and serum level of the amino terminal of CNP was elevated. The contralateral site of translocation on chromosome 1q41 disrupted TGFB2 gene, presumed to cause its haploinsufficiency. This case supports the concept that NPPC is overexpressed because of the loss of a specific negative regulatory control in the normal chromosomal location, and demonstrates the effectiveness of targeted resequencing in the mapping of breakpoints. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Androgens and innate immunity in rehabilitated semi‐captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) from Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Prall Sean P. , Ambu Laurentius , Nathan Senthilvel , Alsisto Sylvia , Ramirez Diana , Muehlenbein Michael P.
Published: February 2015

Despite the implications for the development of life‐history traits, endocrine–immune trade‐offs in apes are not well studied. This is due, in part, to difficulty in sampling wild primates, and lack of methods available for immune measures using samples collected noninvasively. Evidence for androgen‐mediated immune trade‐offs in orangutans is virtually absent, and very little is known regarding their pattern of adrenal development and production of adrenal androgens. To remedy both of these deficiencies, sera were collected from orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) (N = 38) at the Sepilok Orangutan Rehabilitation Centre, Sabah, Malaysia, during routine health screenings. Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (DHEA‐S) were assayed, along with two measures of functional innate immunity. DHEA‐S concentrations, but not DHEA, increased with age in this sample of 1–18 year old animals. DHEA concentrations were higher in animals with higher levels of serum bacteria killing ability, while DHEA‐S and testosterone concentrations were higher in animals with reduced complement protein activity. Patterns of DHEA‐S concentration in this sample are consistent with patterns of adrenarche observed in other apes. Results from this study suggest that in addition to testosterone, DHEA and DHEA‐S may have potent effects on immunological activity in this species. Am. J. Primatol. 77:642–650, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cyclisierung eines 1,4‐Diborabutadienliganden mit CO unter Einbeziehung beider Atome
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Ye Qing , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dewhurst Rian D. , Radacki Krzysztof
Published: February 2015

Ein (1,4‐Dibora‐1,3‐butadien)eisen‐Komplex wurde durch stöchiometrische Reaktion eines Eisenbis(borylen)‐Komplexes mit Diphenylacetylen erhalten. Dessen Umsetzung mit CO und PMe3 führte zu einem ungewöhnlichen ylidischen B2C3O‐Sechsring, der sowohl an die PMe3‐Gruppe als auch an das nullwertige Eisenkomplexfragment gebunden ist. Diese Reaktion ist eines der sehr seltenen Beispiele für die Einbindung beider Atome des CO‐Moleküls in ein Ringsystem.
Zur Rolle der Elektronenstruktur des heteronuklearen Oxidclusters [Ga2Mg2O5].+ in der thermischen Aktivierung von Methan und Ethan: ein ungewöhnlicher Dotierungseffekt
Authors: Li Jilai , Wu Xiao‐Nan , Schlangen Maria , Zhou Shaodong , González‐Navarrete Patricio , Tang Shiya , Schwarz Helmut
Published: February 2015

Der heteronukleare Oxidcluster [Ga2Mg2O5].+, der ein ungepaartes Elektron an einem verbrückenden Sauerstoffatom (Ob.−) besitzt, wurde mittels Fouriertransformations‐Ionenzyklotronresonanz‐Massenspektrometrie (FT‐ICR‐MS) auf seine Reaktivität gegenüber Methan und Ethan untersucht. In diesen Experimenten wird sowohl in der Reaktion mit Methan als auch mit Ethan die Übertragung eines Wasserstoffatoms (hydrogen‐atom transfer, HAT) vom Substrat auf den Cluster beobachtet. Die Reaktionsmechanismen konnten durch quantenchemische Rechnungen aufgeklärt werden. Die durch die theoretischen Untersuchungen verdeutlichte Rolle von Spindichte und Ladungsverteilung für HAT‐Prozesse vertieft das mechanistische Verständnis von C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierungen und stellt zudem eine wichtige Orientierung für das rationale Design von Katalysatoren unter besonderer Betonung von Dotierungseffekten dar.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization with Acidic Monomers
Authors: Adali‐Kaya Zeynep , Tse Sum Bui Bernadette , Falcimaigne‐Cordin Aude , Haupt Karsten
Published: February 2015

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial receptors which can be tailored to bind target molecules specifically. A new method, using photoinitiated atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for their synthesis as monoliths, thin films and nanoparticles is described. The synthesis takes place at room temperature and is compatible with acidic monomers, two major limitations for the use of ATRP with MIPs. The method has been validated with MIPs specific for the drugs testosterone and S‐propranolol. This study considerably widens the range of functional monomers and thus molecular templates which can be used when MIPs are synthesized by ATRP, as well as the range of physical forms of these antibody mimics, in particular films and lithographic patterns, and their post‐functionalization from living chain‐ends.
Cooperative Bond Activation and Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide at a Group 13 Metal Center
Authors: Abdalla Joseph A. B. , Riddlestone Ian M. , Tirfoin Rémi , Aldridge Simon
Published: February 2015

A single‐component ambiphilic system capable of the cooperative activation of protic, hydridic and apolar HX bonds across a Group 13 metal/activated β‐diketiminato (Nacnac) ligand framework is reported. The hydride complex derived from the activation of H2 is shown to be a competent catalyst for the highly selective reduction of CO2 to a methanol derivative. To our knowledge, this process represents the first example of a reduction process of this type catalyzed by a molecular gallium complex.
Superprotonic Conductivity of a UiO‐66 Framework Functionalized with Sulfonic Acid Groups by Facile Postsynthetic Oxidation
Authors: Phang Won Ju , Jo Hyuna , Lee Woo Ram , Song Jeong Hwa , Yoo Kicheon , Kim BongSoo , Hong Chang Seop
Published: February 2015

Facile postsynthetic oxidation of the thiol‐laced UiO‐66‐type framework UiO‐66(SH)2 enabled the generation of UiO‐66(SO3H)2 with sulfonic acid groups covalently linked to the backbone of the system. The oxidized material exhibited a superprotonic conductivity of 8.4×10−2 S cm−1 at 80 °C and 90 % relative humidity, and long‐term stability of the conductivity was observed. This level of conductivity exceeds that of any proton‐conducting MOF reported to date and is equivalent to the conductivity of the most effective known electrolyte, Nafion.
Cyclization of a 1,4‐Diborabutadiene Ligand with Both Atoms of CO
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Ye Qing , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dewhurst Rian D. , Radacki Krzysztof
Published: February 2015

A 1,4‐dibora‐1,3‐butadiene iron complex was successfully synthesized through the stoichiometric reaction of an iron bis(borylene) complex with diphenylacetylene. This complex was treated with CO and PMe3, which led to the formation of an unusual six‐membered B2C3O ylidic ring bound to both the PMe3 group and zerovalent iron center. The reaction is a very rare example of the incorporation of both atoms of CO into a ring system.
Surface‐Induced Selection During In Situ Photoswitching at the Solid/Liquid Interface
Authors: Bonacchi Sara , El Garah Mohamed , Ciesielski Artur , Herder Martin , Conti Simone , Cecchini Marco , Hecht Stefan , Samorì Paolo
Published: February 2015

Here we report for the first time a submolecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) study at the solid/liquid interface of the in situ reversible interconversion between two isomers of a diarylethene photoswitch, that is, open and closed form, self‐assembled on a graphite surface. Prolonged irradiation with UV light led to the in situ irreversible formation of another isomer as by‐product of the reaction, which due to its preferential physisorption accumulates at the surface. By making use of a simple yet powerful thermodynamic model we provide a quantitative description for the observed surface‐induced selection of one isomeric form.
Mechanochromic Photonic‐Crystal Fibers Based on Continuous Sheets of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Sun Xuemei , Zhang Jing , Lu Xin , Fang Xin , Peng Huisheng
Published: February 2015

A new family of mechanochromic photonic‐crystal fibers exhibits tunable structural colors under stretching. This novel mechanochromic fiber is prepared by depositing polymer microspheres onto a continuous aligned‐carbon‐nanotube sheet that has been wound on an elastic poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber, followed by further embedding in poly(dimethylsiloxane). The color of the fiber can be tuned by varying the size and the center‐to‐center distance of the polymer spheres. It further experiences reversible and rapid multicolor changes during the stretch and release processes, for example, between red, green, and blue. Both the high sensitivity and stability were maintained after 1000 deformation cycles. These elastic photonic‐crystal fibers were woven into patterns and smart fabrics for various display and sensing applications.
Factors associated with high hospital resource use in a population‐based study of children with orofacial clefts
Authors: Razzaghi Hilda , Dawson April , Grosse Scott D. , Allori Alexander C. , Kirby Russell S. , Olney Richard S. , Correia Jane , Cassell Cynthia H.
Published: February 2015

Background

Little is known about population‐based maternal, child, and system characteristics associated with high hospital resource use for children with orofacial clefts (OFC) in the US.

Methods

This was a statewide, population‐based, retrospective observational study of children with OFC born between 1998 and 2006, identified by the Florida Birth Defects Registry whose records were linked with longitudinal hospital discharge records. We stratified the descriptive results by cleft type [cleft lip with cleft palate, cleft lip, and cleft palate] and by isolated versus nonisolated OFC (accompanied by other coded major birth defects). We used Poisson regression to analyze associations between selected characteristics and high hospital resource use (≥90th percentile of estimated hospitalized days and inpatient costs) for birth, postbirth, and total hospitalizations initiated before age 2 years.

RESULTS

Our analysis included 2,129 children with OFC. Infants who were born low birth weight (<2500 grams) were significantly more likely to have high birth hospitalization costs for CLP (adjusted prevalence ratio: 1.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.0–2.7]), CL (adjusted prevalence ratio: 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.1–8.1]), and CP (adjusted prevalence ratio: 2.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.3–4.0]). Presence of multiple birth defects was significantly associated with a three‐ to eleven‐fold and a three‐ to nine‐fold increase in the prevalence of high costs and number of hospitalized days, respectively; at birth, postbirth before age 2 years and overall hospitalizations.

Conclusion

Children with cleft palate had the greatest hospital resources use. Additionally, the presence of multiple birth defects contributed to greater inpatient days and costs for children with OFC. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:127–143, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Study on the interaction between ginsenoside Rh2 and calf thymus DNA by spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Wu Dudu , Chen Zhi
Published: February 2015

The interaction between ginsenoside Rh2 (G‐Rh2) and calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) was investigated by spectroscopic methods including UV–vis absorption, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, coupled with DNA melting techniques and viscosity measurements. Stern–Volmer plots at different temperatures proved that the quenching mechanism was a static quenching procedure. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) were calculated to be –22.83 KJ · mol–1and 15.11 J · mol–1 · K–1by van ’t Hoff equation, suggesting that hydrophobic force might play a major role in the binding of G‐Rh2 to ctDNA. Moreover, the fluorescence quenching study with potassium iodide as quencher indicated that theKSV(Stern–Volmer quenching constant) value for the bound G‐Rh2 with ctDNA was lower than the free G‐Rh2. The relative viscosity of ctDNA increased with the addition of G‐Rh2 and also the ctDNA melting temperature increased in the presence of G‐Rh2. Denatured DNA studies showed that quenching by single‐stranded DNA was less than that by double‐stranded DNA. The observed changes in CD spectra also demonstrated that the intensities of the positive and negative bands decreased with the addition of G‐Rh2. The experimental results suggest that G‐Rh2 molecules bind to ctDNA via an intercalative binding mode. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myoglobin structure and function: A multiweek biochemistry laboratory project
Authors: Silverstein Todd P. , Kirk Sarah R. , Meyer Scott C. , Holman Karen L. McFarlane
Published: February 2015

We have developed a multiweek laboratory project in which students isolate myoglobin and characterize its structure, function, and redox state. The important laboratory techniques covered in this project include size‐exclusion chromatography, electrophoresis, spectrophotometric titration, and FTIR spectroscopy. Regarding protein structure, students work with computer modeling and visualization of myoglobin and its homologues, after which they spectroscopically characterize its thermal denaturation. Students also study protein function (ligand binding equilibrium) and are instructed on topics in data analysis (calibration curves, nonlinear vs. linear regression). This upper division biochemistry laboratory project is a challenging and rewarding one that not only exposes students to a wide variety of important biochemical laboratory techniques but also ties those techniques together to work with a single readily available and easily characterized protein, myoglobin. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(3):181–188, 2015.
Introducing ethics to chemistry students in a “Research Experiences for Undergraduates” (REU) program
Authors: Hanson Mark J.
Published: February 2015

A three‐day ethics seminar introduced ethics to undergraduate environmental chemistry students in the Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program. The seminar helped students become sensitive to and understand the ethical and values dimensions of their work as researchers. It utilized a variety of resources to supplement lectures and class discussion on a variety of issues. Students learned about the relevance of ethics to research, skills in moral reasoning, and the array of ethical issues facing various aspects of scientific research. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(2):76–80, 2015.
Association of dose escalation of octreotide long‐acting release on clinical symptoms and tumor markers and response among patients with neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Al‐Efraij Khalid , Aljama Mohammed A. , Kennecke Hagen Fritz
Published: February 2015

Patients with nonresectable metastatic neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) experience symptoms of hormone hypersecretion including diarrhea, flushing, and bronchoconstriction, which can interfere with quality of life [Anthony and Vinik (2011) Pancreas, 40:987]. Treatment with a long‐acting release formulation of octreotide, a somatostatin analog, can help to alleviate these symptoms. Although high doses of octreotide are often required for adequate symptom control, the relationship between octreotide dose escalation and symptom control in the NET context is not well quantified in the literature. A retrospective chart review was conducted of nonresectable metastatic NET patients who received a dose greater than 30 mg intramuscular octreotide long‐acting formulation (O‐LAR) at any time between January 2005 and December 2011 at the British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA). The association between dose escalation of O‐LAR, chromogranin A (CGA), 24‐h urine 5‐hydoxyindoacetate (5‐HIAA), symptom control, and radiological progression was explored. Dose escalation of O‐LAR was associated with improved symptom control in NET patients who were refractory to the standard dose levels. Reduction of serum CGA & 5‐HIAA levels by at least 10% was observed in 31% and 23% respectively. Retrospective review of imaging did not document any reductions in tumor volume. Higher doses of O‐LAR are associated with improved symptom control in NET patients. The variability in tumor marker levels in response to O‐LAR dose escalation may indicate that tumor marker levels may not be an accurate assessment of therapeutic efficacy.
Validity of anthropometric measurements for characterizing obesity among adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the St. Jude Lifetime Cohort Study
Authors: Karlage Robyn E. , Wilson Carmen L. , Zhang Nan , Kaste Sue , Green Daniel M. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Robison Leslie L. , Chemaitilly Wassim , Srivastava Deo Kumar , Hudson Melissa M. , Ness Kirsten K.
Published: February 2015

Skinfold measurements and waist‐to‐height ratios are valid and easily administered alternatives to the body mass index for the classification of body composition abnormalities in childhood cancer survivors. Clinicians should be aware of the risk of false‐negative misclassification of obesity when they are using the body mass index in this population. Those exposed to cranial radiation are at particular risk.
Identification of geographic clustering and regions spared by cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in Texas using 2 distinct cancer registries
Authors: Litvinov Ivan V. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Rahme Elham , Habel Youssef , Risser David R. , Gangar Pamela , Jennings Michelle A. , Pehr Kevin , Prieto Victor G. , Sasseville Denis , Duvic Madeleine
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCLs) (mycosis fungoides and its leukemic variant, Sezary syndrome) are rare malignancies. Reports of the occurrence of mycosis fungoides in married couples and families raise the possibility of an environmental trigger for this cancer. Although it has been suggested that CTCL arises from inappropriate T‐cell stimulation, to the authors' knowledge no preventable trigger has been identified to date.

METHODS

Using region, zip code, age, sex, and ethnicity, the authors analyzed the demographic data of 1047 patients from Texas who were seen in a CTCL clinic at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center during 2000 through 2012 (the MDACC database) and 1990 patients who were recorded in the population‐based Texas Cancer Registry between 1996 and 2010. Subsequently, data from both databases were cross‐analyzed and compared.

RESULTS

The current study findings, based on the MDACC database, documented geographic clustering of patients in 3 communities within the Houston metropolitan area, in which CTCL incidence rates were 5 to 20 times higher than the expected population rate. Analysis of the Texas Cancer Registry database defined the CTCL population rate for the state to be 5.8 cases per million individuals per year (95% confidence interval, 5.5‐6.0 per million individuals per year), thus confirming the observations from the MDACC database and further highlighting additional areas of geographic clustering and regions spared from CTCL in Texas.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study documented geographic clustering of CTCL cases in Texas and argued for the existence of yet unknown external causes/triggers for this rare malignancy. Cancer 2015;121:1993–2003. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Application of Polymer Interlayers in Silicon–Carbon Nanotube Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Leping , Tune Daniel D. , Shearer Cameron J. , Shapter Joseph G.
Published: February 2015

We explore the use of polymers as a conducting interlayer within silicon–carbon nanotube heterojunction photovoltaics. Three types of devices have been fabricated and characterized including silicon–carbon nanotube, silicon–conducting polymer and silicon–conducting polymer–carbon nanotube. The conducting polymers studied were polyaniline, poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate). A thin conducting polymer interlayer significantly improves photovoltaic performance by creating a better depletion layer within the underlying silicon. With the addition of a top antireflection layer, a photovoltaic device, silicon‐poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate)–carbon nanotube–poly(styrene) has been fabricated with a photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 8.7 %.
Pemphigus vulgaris of the cervix: Diagnostic difficulties associated with the Pap test
Authors: Munhoz de Paula Alves Coelho Karina , Stall Jaqueline , Henrique Condeixa de França Paulo , Cristina de Carvalho Tavares Lara , Stefanello Bublitz Giuliano , Loos Beliza , Carvalho Costa Luciana , Fronza Júnior Hercílio
Published: February 2015

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare mucocutaneous disease caused by the abnormal production of antibodies against epithelial cell surface glycoproteins, resulting in loss of cell adhesion and intraepithelial blister formation. Cervical involvement in PV has been poorly reported, and there is little information regarding the criteria about consequential cytological changes identified in a Papanicolaou‐stained cervicovaginal smear (Pap smear). Here, we report a case of PV manifesting in the cervix as well as the difficulty associated with the cytomorphological identification and interpretation of acantholytic cells. This case involved a 40‐year‐old patient with no history of Pap test abnormalities and no prior diagnosis of PV. In the cytological assessment, cells were identified both in isolation and in clusters that exhibited round nuclei of increased volume, inconspicuous nucleoli, and perinuclear halos. The patient underwent a cervical biopsy that revealed vesiculobullous lesions and morphological pattern consistent with PV. A skin biopsy confirmed this diagnosis. We concluded that knowledge of PV cytomorphology is important because difficulties associated with the identification and interpretation of acantholytic cells might be responsible for false positive diagnoses of cervical neoplasia. However, a suspected diagnosis of PV is possible if the cytological findings are carefully correlated with the clinical data. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:635–637. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
miR‐181a/b control the assembly of visual circuitry by regulating retinal axon specification and growth
Authors: Carrella Sabrina , D'Agostino Ylenia , Barbato Sara , Huber‐Reggi Sabina P. , Salierno Francesco G. , Manfredi Anna , Neuhauss Stephan C.F. , Banfi Sandro , Conte Ivan
Published: February 2015

Connectivity and function of neuronal circuitry require the correct specification and growth of axons and dendrites. Here, we identify the microRNAs miR‐181a and miR‐181b as key regulators of retinal axon specification and growth. Loss of miR‐181a/b in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) failed to consolidate amacrine cell processes into axons and delayed the growth of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons. These alterations were accompanied by defects in visual connectivity and function. We demonstrated that miR‐181a/b exert these actions through negative modulation of MAPK/ERK signaling that in turn leads to RhoA reduction and proper neuritogenesis in both amacrine cells and RGCs via local cytoskeletal rearrangement. Our results identify a new pathway for axon specification and growth unraveling a crucial role of miR‐181a/b in the proper establishment of visual system connectivity and function. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 75: 1252–1267, 2015
Seasonality of hydraulic redistribution by trees to grasses and changes in their water‐source use that change tree–grass interactions
Authors: Priyadarshini K. V. R. , Prins Herbert H. T. , de Bie Steven , Heitkönig Ignas M. A. , Woodborne Stephan , Gort Gerrit , Kirkman Kevin , Ludwig Fulco , Dawson Todd E. , de Kroon Hans
Published: February 2015

Savanna vegetation is characterized by tree–grass co‐existence that can experience intense water limitation, yet the water relations of these savanna plants are poorly understood. We examined the water sources for trees and grasses in different seasons and investigated the importance of hydraulic redistribution in three tree species inhabiting a semi‐arid savanna in South Africa. We used natural variation in H and O stable isotope composition of source waters to identify the principal water sources for these plants. We conducted an experiment by labelling deep‐soil (2.5‐m depth) with a deuterium tracer. Seasonal differences in the stable isotope composition of water in trees and grasses indicated that there was water‐source use partitioning as well as overlap. Trees and grasses used water from the topsoil after rainfall indicating overlap of water‐source use. All tree species shifted to groundwater or subsoil water use when there was no water in the topsoil indicating partitioning of water use. Grasses always used water from the topsoil. The seasonal changes in water‐source use by trees and grasses indicated possible shifts in tree–grass interactions during different periods of the year. The tracer experiment confirmed hydraulic redistribution in all the three tree species and water transfer to grasses via the topsoil. However, this occurred only in the dry season. Our observations and experimental results indicate the potential for facilitation effects by trees to their understory grasses and show that dry season hydraulic redistribution from trees to grasses could be an important facilitative mechanism maintaining tree–grass co‐existence in savannas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.