bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REINDARST. UND ELEKTRONENSPEKTRUM DES TRIACETYLENS, TETRAACETYLENS UND PENTAACETYLENS
Authors: KLOSTER‐JENSEN ELSE
Published: February 2016

Triacetylen (II) wird aus dem Dichlorhexadiin (I) nach Literaturangaben (mit geringen Abweichungen) dargestellt; Tetraacetylen (V) wird durch oxidative Kupplung des Diacetylens (III) und Hydrolyse des gebildeten Bis‐trimethylsilyl‐Derivats (IV) gewonnen.
ChemInform Abstract: PROZESSE ZUR PRODUKTION VON ACETYLEN UND ACETYLEN‐AETHYLEN‐GEMISCHEN
Authors: NEMETH A.
Published: February 2016

In einer Zusammenfassung werden die jüngsten Entwicklungen bei der Produktion von Acetylen und Acetylen‐Äthylengemischen, die auf eine Erweiterung der Rohstoffbasen und auf eine verbesserte Wirtschaftlichkeit der Verfahren zielen, erörtert.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE WIEDERGEWINNUNG VON VINYLCHLORID BEI DER POLYVINYLCHLORIDPRODUKTION
Authors: SUBBOTIN A. I. , YANKITOVA L. N. , DENISOV V. F. , CHIKSHOV I. M. , SUKHIKH N. G.
Published: February 2016

In einer Versuchsanlage wird die Wiedergewinnung von Vinylchlorid aus den Abgasen einer Polyvinylchloridproduktion durch Adsorption an Aktivkohle SKT und AR‐3 nach einen Vierphasencyclus untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: STRUKTUR UND REAKTIVITAET POLYFUNKTIONELLER AMIDE 1. MITT. SYNTH. VON N‐(2,2‐DICHLOR‐VINYL)‐AMIDEN
Authors: ATAVIN A. S. , MIRSKOVA A. N. , ZORINA E. F.
Published: February 2016

Die durch Addition von Chloral (I) an die Amide (II) dargestellten Trichlorhydroxyäthylamide (III) lassen sich mit Zn in Äthanol‐Essigsäure bei 40°C in die Dichlorvinylamide (IV) (Ausbeute 61‐79%) überführen.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINIMIDE 13. MITT. LANGKETTIGE AMINIMIDE UND ISOCYANATE
Authors: FREIS R. E. , GRIMM R. A. , MCKILLIP W. J.
Published: February 2016

Die langkettigen Fettsäuren (I) reagieren mit Trimethylhydraziniumchlorid (II) in Gegenwart von trockenem Natriummethylat in tert‐Butanol als Lösungsmittel zu den Aminimiden (III), die durch Destillation in einem Dünnschjchtverdampfer unter Abspaltung von Trimethylamin zu den Isocyanaten (IV) thermolysiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DIE ISOMERISIERENDE VERESTERUNG VON CROTONYLCHLORID ZU VINYLESSIGSAEUREESTERN 4. MITT. DIE VERESTERUNG VON ALPHA‐HALOGENCROTONYLCHLORIDEN
Authors: OZEKI T. , KUSAKA M. , HASHIMOTO T.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Umsetzung von α‐Chlorcrotonylchlorid (I) mit den Alkoholen (II) in Gegenwart tertiärer Aminbasen, z.B. Triäthylamin (III), bilden sich nebeneinander die α‐Chlorcrotonsäureester (IV) und die durch Isomerisierung entstehenden α‐Chlorvinylessigester (V), wobei die Geschwindigkeit und der Grad der Isomerisierung von der Basizität der Amine und der Raumbeanspruchung der Amine sowie der Alkohole (II) abhängt.
ChemInform Abstract: RELATIONEN ZWISCHEN STRUKTUR UND REAKTIVITAET BEI DER RADIKALISCHEN ISOMERISIERUNG VON ALDEHYD‐DIOXOLANEN
Authors: CAZAUX M. , MAILLARD B. , LALANDE R.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Behandlung z.B. mit tert.‐Butoxy‐Radikalen erhält man aus den Dioxolanen (I) die Ester (II).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE DIMERISIERUNG VON 1,3‐DIENEN MIT EINEM NICKEL‐LIGAND‐KATALYSATOR, ANHALTSPUNKTE FUER EINEN MEHRSTUFENMECHANISMUS
Authors: BARNETT B. , BUESSEMEIER B. , HEIMBACH P. , JOLLY P. W. , KRUEGER C. , TKATCHENKO I. , WILKE G.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Reaktion des Nickelkomplexes (II) mit Isopren (I) wird die Bildung einer Zwischenstufe (III) angenommen, die z.B. bei Behandlung mit Äthylen (IV) das Cyclodecadien (V), mit C0 Limonen (VI) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMIE VON BIOAKTIVEN VERBINDUNGEN, PHOTOLYSE VON ARYLAMIDIN‐DERIVATEN IN WASSER
Authors: SU G. C. C. , ZABIK M. J.
Published: February 2016

Das Formamidin (I), ein neues Pesticid, und dessen Hydrochlorid werden mit Licht von 286 nm in Wasser bei pH 7,1 und 3,1 bestrahlt.
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNGEN VON ALPHA‐BROM‐4‐HYDROXY‐3,5‐DI‐TERT.‐BUTYL‐ACETOPHENON MIT ALKALISCHEN REAGENTIEN
Authors: VOLOD'KIN A. A. , ERSHOV V. V. , VOLOD'KINA V. I.
Published: February 2016

Durch Einwirkung von methanolischer Natronlauge auf α‐Brom‐4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐ di‐tert.‐butyl‐acetophenon (I) bei 40°C entsteht über das Natriumsalz (II) das α‐Hydroxy‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐di‐tert:butyl)‐acetophenon (IIIa) (Ausbeute 66%).
ChemInform Abstract: SELEKTIVE EXTRAKTION OXIDIERTER VERBINDUNGEN AUS TEILWEISE OXIDIERTEN SCHWEREN KOHLENWASSERSTOFFEN MIT DIMETHYLFORMAMID/WASSER
Authors: BOCCA P. L. , PACOR P. , VARIALI G.
Published: February 2016

105 Aus oxidierten Schwerölen können Säuren und nster mit Ulmöulyiluuumuiu selektiv abgetrennt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE NEUE SYNTH. FUER PHENYLESSIGSAEURE‐DERIVATE UNTER VERW. VON METHYL‐METHYLTHIOMETHYL‐SULFOXID
Authors: OGURA K. , TSUCHIHASHI G.
Published: February 2016

Die Aldehyde (I) reagieren mit dem Sulfoxid (II) in Gegenwart von Triton B zu den Kondensationsprodukten (III), die photolytisch zu (IV) isomerisiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. UND EINIGE EIGENSCHAFTEN DER VINYLOGEN VON 4,4′‐DICARBALKOXY‐, 4,4′‐DICYAN‐ UND 4,4′‐DIAROYL‐BENZOL
Authors: GRINEV G. V. , DOMBROVSKII V. A. , YANOVSKAYA L. A.
Published: February 2016

Terephthal‐aldehyd (Ia) und 1,4‐Bis‐β‐formylvinyl‐benzol (Ib) setzen sich mit Carbalkoxymethyl‐ (IIa), Cyanmethyl‐ (IIb) bzw. den Aroylmethyl‐phosphonlln säure‐diäthylestern (IIc) zu den Verbindungen (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: EIN NEUER SYNTH.‐WEG ZU 1,2‐DIPHENYLCYCLOPROPEN
Authors: PERKINS W. C. , WADSWORTH D. H.
Published: February 2016

3‐Chlor‐l ,2‐diphenyl‐cyclopropeny1ium‐tetrachloraluminat (I) wird in Dimethylformamid und 1,2‐Dichloräthan mit der äquimolaren Menge an Dimethylamin‐boran (II) bei 0°C zum 1,2‐Diphenylcyclopropen (III) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. UND RK. VON DICHLORCARBEN IN KATIONISCHEN MIZELLEN IN WAESSRIGER PHASE 1. MITT. CYCLOADDITION AN ALKENE
Authors: JOSHI G. C. , SINGH N. , PANDE L. M.
Published: February 2016

In Gegenwart von Cetyltrimethylammoniumchlorid (I) bzw. dem Detergens Cetrimid kann aus Chloroform (II) mit KOH glatt Dichlorcarben (III) erhalten und direkt abgefangen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. VON 1,1‐DIHYDRO‐OCTAFLUOR‐INDAN AUS 2,3,4,5,6‐PENTAFLUORTOLUOL UND TETRAFLUORAETHYLEN
Authors: IVANOVA E. P. , KARPOV V. M. , PLATONOV V. E. , TATAUROV G. P. , YAKOBSON G. G. , YAKHLAKOVA O. M.
Published: February 2016

11A Beim Durchleiten der Dämpfe von 2,3,4,5,6‐Pentafluor‐toluol (I) mit Tetrafluoräthylen (II) (20 Ltr./Std.) durch ein Quarzrohr bei 650 ‐ 680°C erhält man ein Gemisch aus Dihydro‐octafluorindan (III) (28 ‐ 32%), Hexa= fluor‐benzol (IV) (5 ‐ 8%), Perfluor‐toluol (V) (7%) und (I) (25 ‐ 30%).
ChemInform Abstract: FORMALDEHYD‐HARZE 100. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON PHENANTHREN UND 9‐METHYLPHENANTHREN MIT FORMALDEHYD
Authors: GOMI A. , NAKATANI K. , KUNIEDA N. , KINOSHITA M. , IMOTO M.
Published: February 2016

Bei der säurekatalysierten Additions‐Kondensations‐Reaktion von Phenanthren (I) mit Formaldehyd in Eisessig und Schwefelsäure als Katalysator entstehen Di‐, Tri‐, Tetra‐ und Pentamere von Methylenphenanthrenen, z.B. (II) und (III), 9‐Methylolphenanthren (IV) und das Acetoxymethyl‐Derivat des tetrameren Methylenphenanthrens.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON BENZALCHLORID UND ALPHA,ALPHA‐DICHLOR‐DIPHENYLMETHAN MIT GLYCERINMONO‐ UND ‐DICHLORHYDRIN
Authors: CHIZH G. K. , VISHNEVETSKII V. M. , MOSHCHINSKAYA N. K. , KONOVALOVA L. F. , IVANOV V. G.
Published: February 2016

Die Benzalchloride (I) reagieren mit dem Glycerindichlorhydrin (II) bei 100°C zu den Ketalen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PHARMAKOLOGISCH INTERESSANTE DIALKYLAMINOALKYL‐BENZIMIDAZOLE 3. MITT.
Authors: PAGLIETTI G. , SPARATORE F.
Published: February 2016

4‐Brom‐acetophenon (I) kann zum 4‐Brom‐3mitro‐acetophenon (II) nitriert werden, in welchem das Brom‐Atom gegen Amino‐Gruppen unter Bildung von (III) ausgetauscht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DIE SYNTHESE VON CUMARINO‐ALPHA‐PYRONEN UND FUROCUMARINEN 12. MITT. DIE SYNTHESE VON 4‐HYDROXY‐2‐OXO‐2H‐FURO(2,3‐F)BENZOPYRAN‐DERIVATEN
Authors: SHAIKH Y. A. , TRIVEDI K. N.
Published: February 2016

Die Hydroxycumarine (I) ergeben bei der Bromierung in Essigsäure die Brom= Verbindungen (II), aus denen bei der Hydrolyse mit Natriumcarbonatlösung unter Ringkontraktion die Hydroxybenzofurane (III) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOCHROMANON‐(4) UND SUBSTITUIERTE ISOCHROMENE
Authors: THIBAULT J.
Published: February 2016

Das durch Chlorierung des Säurechlorids (I) mit Chlor bei 180°C, anschlie= βende Veresterung mit Äthanol und Umsetzung des Esters (III) mit der Natriumverbindung (IV) erhaltene Benzyloxyacetat (V) ergibt bei der Dieckmann‐Cyclisierung mit Natriumäthylat in Dimethylsulfoxid über den β‐Ketoester (VI) das Isochromanon (VII) in einer Ausbeute von 40%.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR KENNTNIS VON N‐(PHENYL)‐PYRIDINIUMSALZEN 2. MITT. REAKTIVITAET DES N‐(3‐NITRO‐4‐CHLORPHENYL)‐PYRIDINIUMCHLORIDS
Authors: LIPKE BODO , LACHMANN CHRISTEL , SCHMIDT REINHARD
Published: February 2016

Das Pyridiniumsalz (I) kann nur in schlechter Ausbeute mit Hydrazinhydrat (IIä) zum Hydrazinderivat (IIIa) umgesetzt werden, das ′sich lediglich als Benzylidenderivat (IIIb) isolieren läßt. Letzteres erhält man in 13,5%iger Ausbeute direkt aus (I) und Benzaldehydhydrazon.
ChemInform Abstract: FUNKTIONELL SUBSTITUIERTE PIPERIDINE UEBER EINE HETEROCYCLOADDITION
Authors: RIJSENBRIJ P. P. M. , LOVEN R. , WIJNBERG J. B. P. A. , SPECKAMP W. N. , HUISMAN H. O.
Published: February 2016

N‐2,2,2‐Trichloräthyliden‐p‐toluolsulfonamid (I) liefert mit den Dienen (IIa) bis (IIc) die Addukte (IIIa)‐(IIIc), die zu (Va)‐(Vc) hydriert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE SYNTH. VON URACILDERIVATEN
Authors: MEINDL H. , ACKERMANN H.
Published: February 2016

Durch Reaktion der Dimethylsulfat‐Dialkylamid‐Addukte (I) mit dem Harnstoff (II) in DMF werden die Zwischenprodukte (III) erhalten (nicht isoliert), die sich beim Erhitzen mit Na‐methylat/Methanol zu den Pyrirnidinsalzen (IV) cyclisieren; diese werden mit HCl zu den Uracilen (V) (2"l‐93% Ausbeute) hydrolysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER EINIGE ACENAPHTHAPHENAZINE
Authors: GUHA S. K. , BANERJI K. D. , SEN K. K.
Published: February 2016

Zur Darstellung der Acenaphthaphenazine (III) werden die o‐Phenylendiamine (I) mit den Acenaphthenchinonen (II) durch Erhitzen in Eisessig kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTITUMOR‐AKTIVE STOFFE IN SCHMETTERLINGSFLUEGELN
Authors: PETTIT G. R. , HOUGHTON L. E. , ROGERS N. H. , COOMES R. M. , BERGER D. F. , REUCROFT P. R. , DAY J. F. , HARTWELL J. L. , WOOD H. B.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Untersuchung der Insektengruppe Lepidoptera wurden aus den Flügeln der aus Asien stammenden Schmetterlinge Catopsilia crocale und Pieris rapae cruavora Antitumor‐aktive Stoffe extrahiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ANNULENE 17. MITT. AZA(17)ANNULENE
Authors: SCHROEDER GERHARD , HEIL GUENTER , ROETTELE HERBERT , OTH JEAN F. M.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion des Cyclooctatetraens (I) mit dem Nitren (II) (aus N‐p‐Nitro‐benzolsulfonyloxy‐urethan und Triäthylamin) liefert unter anderem die Addukte (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON BETA‐(METHYL‐O,M‐CARBORANYL)‐ALPHA,BETA‐DIFLUORVINYL‐LITHIUM AUS BETA‐(METHYL‐O,M‐CARBORANYL)‐ALPHA,BETA‐DIFLUOR‐ALPHA‐CHLOR‐AETHYLEN
Authors: ZAKHARKIN L. I. , LEBEDEV V. N.
Published: February 2016

Butyllithium liefert mit β‐(Methyl‐o‐carboranyl)‐cgβ‐difluor‐a‐chloräthylen (I) die Lithium‐Verbindung (II), die in die Carbonsäure (III) übergeführt werden kann (Ausbeute 30%).
ChemInform Abstract: BLDG. SILICIUMORGANISCHER VERBINDUNGEN 45. MITT. SYNTH. VON 1,3,3,5,5,8,8‐HEPTAMETHYL‐1,3,5,8‐TETRASILA‐BICYCLO(2,2,2)OCTAN
Authors: FRITZ G. , HAEHNKE M.
Published: February 2016

Die beständige, kristalline Titelverbindung (II) wird durch Umsetzung des durch Spaltung des Phenylsilyl‐Derivates (Ia) mit Brom erhaltenen Bromsilyl‐Derivats (Ib) (Ausbeute 95%) mit Bromoform und Li gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3‐ALKYLEN‐DITHIOLO‐PHOSPHITE
Authors: NIFANT'EV E. E. , ZAVALISHINA A. I. , SOROKINA S. F. , CHERNYAK S. N.
Published: February 2016

Beim Verseifen der Di‐alkylthio‐phosphorigsäurechloride (I) in Gegenwart von Trialkylamin erhält man nicht die erwarteten Säuren (II), sondern die Trithiophosphite (III), die vermutlich durch Disproportionierung von (II) entstanden sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND NEUARTIGE UMLAGERUNGEN BEI DER MASSENSPEKTROSKOPIE VON 10‐PHENYL‐PHENOXAPHOSPHIN UND EINIGEN SEINER DERIVATE
Authors: GRANOTH ITSHAK , LEVY JACK B. , SYMMES COURTLAND JUN.
Published: February 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) wird durch Erhitzen des Äthers (I) mit n‐Butyl‐Li in Hexan und nachfolgende Umsetzung mit Phenylphosphordichlorid dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: METALLCYANURAT‐VERBINDUNGEN DIREKT AUS METALLSALZEN UND HARNSTOFF
Authors: TAYLOR R. M.
Published: February 2016

Die Darstellung von früher aus Cyanursäure synthetisierten Metallcyanuraten von Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, F e und Mn direkt wird aus entsprechenden Metallsalzen oder ‐oxiden mit einem Überschuß an geschmolzenem Harnstoff versucht.
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXBLDG. MIT HYDROXYCARBONSAEUREN UND POLYALKOHOLEN IN METAVANADATLOESUNGEN
Authors: PREUSS F. , ROSENHAHN L.
Published: February 2016

Beim Ansäuern von Metavanadatlösungen mit Hydroxycarbonsäuren wie Schleimsäure, Mesoweinsäure, Äpfelsäure, Chinasäure und Mandelsäure bilden sich neben Dekavanadationen 1 z 1‐, 1:2‐ oder 2:1‐Komplexe des Vanadin(V) mit den Säuren, die spektrophotometrisch nachgewiesen wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBERGANGSMETALLCHALKOGENVERBINDUNGEN, TETRAPHENYLARSONIUM‐ UND TETRAPHENYLPHOSPHONIUMCHLORO‐ UND FLUOROCHROMATE(VI) UND GRAVIMETRISCHE BESTIMMUNG DES CHROMS ALS TETRAPHENYLARSONIUMCHLOROCHROMAT(VI)
Authors: DIEMANN E. , AHLBORN E. , MUELLER A.
Published: February 2016

Durch Umsetzung mit dem Arsonium‐ bzw. Phosphoniumchlorid wurden aus den entsprechenden K‐Salzen die Titelverbindungen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXE VON WOLFRAM(IV) MIT TERTIAEREN PHOSPHINEN UND ARSINEN
Authors: BUTCHER A. V. , CHATT J. , LEIGH G. J. , RICHARDS P. L.
Published: February 2016

Nach einer verbesserten Methode werden 11 Komplexe (I) und ein Tetrachlorokomplex mit dem Liganden 1,2‐Bis‐[diphenylphosphino]‐äthan durch Zugabe des Liganden zu einer Mischung aus WCl6 und Zn‐Amalgam in CH2Cl2 mit Ausbeuten zwischen 22 und 42% dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIMERES (CYCLOHEXYLIMINO‐METHOXY‐METHYL)‐GOLD(I), EIN NEUER TYP EINER ORGANOMETALL‐VERBINDUNG
Authors: MINGHETTI GIOVANNI , BONATI FLAVIO
Published: February 2016

Die Verbindung (I) entsteht durch Reaktion einer Suspension von Chloro‐triphenylphosphin‐gold(I) mit methanolischer KOH und Cyclohexylisocyanid.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON TRIS‐(TRIPHENYLPHOSPHIN)‐PLATIN(0) 2. MITT. DARST. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON BORTRICHLORID‐ UND TRIMETHYLALUMINIUM‐ADDUKTEN VON PLATIN(0)
Authors: DURKIN T. R. , SCHRAM E. P.
Published: February 2016

Die Umsetzung von Tris‐[triphenylphosphin]‐platin mit BCl3 liefert den Komplex (I), während die Reaktion des Tetrakis‐[phosphin]‐Komplexes zu (I) neben dem 1:1‐Addukt aus BCl3 und dem Phosphin führt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETISCHE ARBEITEN IN DER REIHE DER AROMATISCHEN ERYTHRINA‐ALKALOIDE 21. MITT. STRUKTUR DES UMLAGERTEN HYDROXYLACTAMS C18H23NO4 VOM SCHMELZPUNKT 220 GRAD
Authors: MONDON ALBERT , AUMANN GERD , OELRICH ECKHARD
Published: February 2016

Wie bereits berichtet, werden bei der Wolff‐Kishner‐Reduktion des Erythrinan‐ Derivates (Ia) u.a. zwei isomere Lactame (IIa) und in geringer Menge das Umlagerungsprodukt (III) gebildet.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOSIDE 75. MITT. SYNTHETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AN NUCLEOSID‐ANTIBIOTICA 9. MITT. TOTALSYNTH. VON GOUGEROTIN
Authors: WATANABE KYOICHI A. , FALCO ELVIRA A. , FOX JACK J.
Published: February 2016

Der Ester (Ib) der C‐Substanz (Ia) (Nucleosidanteil von Gougerotin) wird mit der Aminosäure (II) mit Triäthylamin/Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid zu (III) gekuppelt und anschließend zum Ester (IV)hydrogenolysiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AUFGESTAEUBTE CADMIUMOXID‐ UND INDIUMOXID/ZINNOXID‐FILME ALS TRANSPARENTE ELEKTRODEN FUER CADMIUMSULFID
Authors: MEHTA R. R. , VOGEL S. F.
Published: February 2016

Die Eigenschaften der durch reaktives Zerstäuben erhaltenen CdO‐ und In2O3/ SnO2‐Filme werden behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANO‐MAGNESIUMVERBINDUNGEN BEI DER ORGANISCHEN SYNTH.
Authors: WAKEFIELD B. J.
Published: February 2016

Nach einer Einführung in die Konstitution von Grignard‐Reagentien werden die Reaktionen von unsolvatisierten, normal solvatisierten und stark solvatisierten Organo‐Magnesiumverbindungen beschrieben.
Effect of temperature Ramp on hydrocarbon desorption profiles from zeolite ZSM‐12
Authors: Daldoul Insaf , Auger Serge , Picard Pierre , Nohair Bendaoud , Kaliaguine Serge
Published: February 2016

Zeolite ZSM‐12 with different Si:Al molar ratios and one‐dimensional channels with 12 oxygen ring apertures (12R) was synthesized and characterized by different techniques such as: X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area (BET), elemental analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of adsorbed pyridine, and NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD). The synthesized samples were tested as hydrocarbon (HC) trap adsorbents using toluene and ethylene as heavy and light probe molecules for HCs in the exhaust stream at engine cold‐start. High heating rate desorption experiments were performed using the Phytronix Laser Diode Thermal Desorption system (S‐960 LDTD) coupled with an Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI) chamber (Phytronix Technologies, Canada) after adsorption of toluene‐ethylene mixtures. Three heating rates, which reflect the actual heating rates of the catalytic muffler, were used for the desorption process: 3 °C/s, 5 °C/s, and 9 °C/s. For all solids considered in this study, the two HCs desorbed above 240 °C, which is the light‐off temperature of the three‐way catalyst. Ag‐ZSM‐12 with different Si:Al ratios was found the most appropriate HC trapping adsorbent in spite of its slightly lower adsorption capacity. A high desorption temperature for ethylene and toluene was associated with the large density of strong Lewis acid sites in this solid.
Soil CO2 Emissions and Drivers in Rice–Wheat Rotation Fields Subjected to Different Long‐Term Fertilization Practices
Authors: Liu Yi , Hu Cheng , Mohamed Ibrahim , Wang Jing , Zhang Guoshi , Li Zhiguo , Chen Fang
Published: February 2016

Soil CO2 emissions are key components of global carbon cycling. Hence, knowledge of their drivers is important for estimating, and modifying, carbon storage pools. To extend knowledge of these drivers, results of a long‐term (31‐year) experiment in a rice–wheat rotation field in subtropical Central China were analyzed to determine effects on soil CO2 flux (FCO2) of various fertilization practices and related environmental factors including soil organic matter (SOM), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total potassium (TK) contents; activities of three soil enzymes (acid phosphatase, urease, and catalase); and soil temperature, pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), bulk density and porosity. The results clearly show that FCO2 was sensitive to changes in soil nutrient conditions under different long‐term fertilization practices. Notably, it was significantly higher in plots receiving organic manure applications than in those receiving only chemical fertilizers (N, NP, and NPK) and unfertilized plots. Correlation analysis showed that FCO2 was significantly correlated with the soil's SOM, TN, TP, and MBC contents, acid phosphatase and urease activities, and several physicochemical soil properties including pH, CEC, bulk density and porosity. However, no significant correlations were observed between FCO2 and either TK content or catalase activity. The findings suggest that at given temperature and soil moisture contents, variations in soil CO2 emissions associated with the fertilization practices are strongly related to SOM, and the nutrient contents, microbial and enzyme activities, and physicochemical properties of the soil.
Differential requirement for de novo lipogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma of mice and humans
Authors: Li Lei , Che Li , Tharp Kevin M. , Park Hyo‐Min , Pilo Maria G. , Cao Dan , Cigliano Antonio , Latte Gavinella , Xu Zhong , Ribback Silvia , Dombrowski Frank , Evert Matthias , Gores Gregory J. , Stahl Andreas , Calvisi Diego F. , Chen Xin
Published: February 2016

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) are the most prevalent types of primary liver cancer. These malignancies have limited treatment options, resulting in poor patient outcomes. Metabolism reprogramming, including increased de novo lipogenesis, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) catalyzes the de novo synthesis of long‐chain fatty acids from acetyl‐coenzyme A and malonyl‐coenzyme A. Increased FASN expression has been reported in multiple tumor types, and inhibition of FASN expression has been shown to have tumor‐suppressing activity. Intriguingly, we found that while FASN is up‐regulated in human HCC samples, its expression is frequently low in human ICC specimens. Similar results were observed in mouse ICC models induced by different oncogenes. Ablating FASN in the mouse liver did not affect activated AKT and Notch (AKT/Notch intracellular domain 1) induced ICC formation in vivo. Furthermore, while both HCC and ICC lesions develop in mice following hydrodynamic injection of AKT and neuroblastoma Ras viral oncogene homolog oncogenes (AKT/Ras), deletion of FASN in AKT/Ras mice triggered the development almost exclusively of ICCs. In the absence of FASN, ICC cells might receive lipids for membrane synthesis through exogenous fatty acid uptake. In accordance with the latter hypothesis, ICC cells displayed high expression of fatty acid uptake‐related proteins and robust long‐chain fatty acid uptake. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that FASN dependence is not a universal feature of liver tumors: while HCC development is highly dependent of FASN and its mediated lipogenesis, ICC tumorigenesis can be insensitive to FASN deprivation; our study supports novel therapeutic approaches to treat this pernicious tumor type with the inhibition of exogenous fatty acid uptake. (Hepatology 2016;63:1900‐1913)
The genetic tumor background is an important determinant for heterogeneous MYCN‐amplified neuroblastoma
Authors: Bogen Dominik , Brunner Clemens , Walder Diana , Ziegler Andrea , Abbasi Reza , Ladenstein Ruth L. , Noguera Rosa , Martinsson Tommy , Amann Gabriele , Schilling Freimut H. , Ussowicz Marek , Benesch Martin , Ambros Peter F. , Ambros Inge M.
Published: February 2016

Amplification of MYCN is the signature genetic aberration of 20–25% of neuroblastoma and a stratifying marker associated with aggressive tumor behavior. The detection of heterogeneous MYCN amplification (hetMNA) poses a diagnostic dilemma due to the uncertainty of its relevance to tumor behavior. Here, we aimed to shed light on the genomic background which permits hetMNA in neuroblastoma and tied the occurrence to other stratifying markers and disease outcome. We performed SNP analysis using Affymetrix Cytoscan HD arrays on 63 samples including constitutional DNA, tumor, bone marrow and relapse samples of 26 patients with confirmed hetMNA by MYCN‐FISH. Tumors of patients ≤18m were mostly aneuploid with numeric chromosomal aberrations (NCAs), presented a prominent MNA subclone and carried none or a few segmental chromosomal aberrations (SCAs). In older patients, tumors were mostly di‐ or tetraploid, contained a lower number of MNA cells and displayed a multitude of SCAs including concomitant 11q deletions. These patients often suffered disease progression, tumor dissemination and relapse. Restricted to aneuploid tumors, we detected chromosomes with uniparental di‐ or trisomy (UPD/UPT) in almost every sample. UPD11 was exclusive to tumors of younger patients whereas older patients featured UPD14. In this study, the MNA subclone appears to be constraint by the tumor environment and thus less relevant for tumor behavior in aggressive tumors with a high genomic instability and many segmental aberrations. A more benign tumor background and lower tumor stage may favor an outgrowth of the MNA clone but tumors generally responded better to treatment.
Abrus agglutinin is a potent anti‐proliferative and anti‐angiogenic agent in human breast cancer
Authors: Bhutia Sujit K. , Behera Birendra , Nandini Das Durgesh , Mukhopadhyay Subhadip , Sinha Niharika , Panda Prashanta Kumar , Naik Prajna Paramita , Patra Samir K. , Mandal Mahitosh , Sarkar Siddik , Menezes Mitchell E. , Talukdar Sarmistha , Maiti Tapas K. , Das Swadesh K. , Sarkar Devanand , Fisher Paul B.
Published: February 2016

Abrus agglutinin (AGG), a plant lectin isolated from the seeds of Abrus precatorius, has documented antitumor and immunostimulatory effects in murine models. To examine possible antitumor activity against breast cancer, we established human breast tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice and intraperitoneally administered AGG. AGG inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis as confirmed by monitoring the expression of Ki‐67 and CD‐31, respectively. In addition, TUNEL positive cells increased in breast tumors treated with AGG suggesting that AGG mediates anti‐tumorigenic activity through induction of apoptosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. On a molecular level, AGG caused extrinsic apoptosis through ROS generation that was AKT‐dependent in breast cancer cells, without affecting primary mammary epithelial cells, suggesting potential cancer specificity of this natural compound. In addition, using HUVECs, AGG inhibited expression of the pro‐angiogenic factor IGFBP‐2 in an AKT‐dependent manner, reducing angiogenic phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Overall, the present results establish that AGG promotes both apoptosis and anti‐angiogenic activities in human breast tumor cells, which might be exploited for treatment of breast and other cancers.
International Sentiment Spillovers in Equity Returns
Authors: Bathia Deven , Bredin Don , Nitzsche Dirk
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the extent of spillovers from US investor sentiment on G7 aggregate market, value and growth stock returns. As a proxy for investor sentiment, we include individual investor survey, measured by the University of Michigan consumer confidence index and market sentiment measured by Baker and Wurgler composite sentiment index. Using monthly data for the period January 1991 to December 2013, our results indicate the presence of significant spillover effects of US investor sentiment on G7 stock returns. Our findings from generalized impulse response functions show that aggregate market and growth stocks of all non‐US G7 countries are significantly affected by the propagation of the US market sentiment. The financial crisis of 2007 has played a significant role in affecting value stock returns in these countries. Our findings further reveal that both the rational and irrational components of the US individual investor sentiment do not play any significant role in affecting international stock returns. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional polyelectrolyte microcapsules as a contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging in blood
Authors: Yashchenok Alexey M. , Jose Jithin , Trochet Philippe , Sukhorukov Gleb B. , Gorin Dmitry A.
Published: February 2016

The polyelectrolyte microcapsules that can be accurate either visualized in biological media or in tissue would enhance their further in vivo application both as a carrier of active payloads and as a specific sensor. The immobilization of active species, for instance fluorescent dyes, quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, in polymeric shell enables visualization of capsules by optical imaging techniques in aqueous solution. However, for visualization of capsules in complex media an instrument with high contrast modality requires. Herein, we show for the first time photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of multifunctional microcapsules in water and in blood. The microcapsules exhibit greater photoacoustic intensity compare to microparticles with the same composition of polymeric shell presumably their higher thermal expansion. Photoacoustic intensity form microcapsules dispersed in blood displays an enhancement (2‐fold) of signal compare to blood. Photoacoustic imaging of microcapsules might contribute to non‐invasive carrier visualization and further their in vivo distribution.

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Honeycomb porous films as permeable scaffold materials for human embryonic stem cell‐derived retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Calejo Maria Teresa , Ilmarinen Tanja , Jongprasitkul Hatai , Skottman Heli , Kellomäki Minna
Published: February 2016

Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in developed countries, characterised by the degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a pigmented cell monolayer that closely interacts with the photoreceptors. RPE transplantation is thus considered a very promising therapeutic option to treat this disease. In this work, porous honeycomb‐like films are for the first time investigated as scaffold materials for human embryonic stem cell‐derived retinal pigment epithelium (hESC‐RPE). By changing the conditions during film preparation, it was possible to produce films with homogeneous pore distribution and adequate pore size (∼3–5 µm), that is large enough to ensure high permeability but small enough to enable cell adherence and spreading. A brief dip‐coating procedure with collagen type IV enabled the homogeneous adsorption of the protein to the walls and bottom of pores, increasing the hydrophilicity of the surface. hESC‐RPE adhered and proliferated on all the collagen‐coated materials, regardless of small differences in pore size. The differentiation of hESC‐RPE was confirmed by the detection of specific RPE protein markers. These results suggest that the porous honeycomb films can be promising candidates for hESC‐RPE tissue engineering, importantly enabling the free flow of ions and molecules across the material. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 1646–1656, 2016.
Human casein alpha s1 induces proinflammatory cytokine expression in monocytic cells by TLR4 signaling
Authors: Vordenbäumen Stefan , Saenger Thorsten , Braukmann Achim , Tahan Tamara , Bleck Ellen , Jose Joachim , Schneider Matthias
Published: February 2016

Scope

Human casein alpha S1 (CSN1S1) is a milk‐derived protein, which gives rise to sustained antibody formation after breast feeding in infancy and induces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. So far, the cellular CSN1S1 receptor is unrecognized. Our objective was to identify the receptor employed by CSN1S1 to induce proinflammatory effects.

Methods and results

CSN1S1 concentration and time dependently induced expression of IL‐1β, IL‐8, and IL‐6 in monocytic cells despite addition of polymyxin B, which completely abrogated LPS effects. Coincubation of monocytic cells with a neutralizing antibody to Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) but not to TLR2 inhibited CSN1S1‐induced effects. In TLR4/MD2/CD14‐cotransfected HEK293 cells CSN1S1 increased IL‐8 expression, while untransfected cells were completely unresponsive. Furthermore, CSN1S1‐induced IL1‐β secretion was impeded by inhibition of MyD88 and caspase‐1. Flow cytometric in vitro assays confirmed binding of CSN1S1 to TLR4. Phosphorylation of CSN1S1 by casein‐kinase 2 completely abolished proinflammatory cytokine induction and binding to TLR4.

Conclusion

CSN1S1 is a multifunctional milk protein that exerts proinflammatory properties via TLR4 and the inflammasome pathway in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner. The contribution of CSN1S1 in mother milk to the development of a potent immune system in breastfed individuals should be further assessed.
Using the entire history in the analysis of nested case cohort samples
Authors: Rivera C. L. , Lumley T.
Published: February 2016

Countermatching designs can provide more efficient estimates than simple matching or case–cohort designs in certain situations such as when good surrogate variables for an exposure of interest are available. We extend pseudolikelihood estimation for the Cox model under countermatching designs to models where time‐varying covariates are considered. We also implement pseudolikelihood with calibrated weights to improve efficiency in nested case–control designs in the presence of time‐varying variables. A simulation study is carried out, which considers four different scenarios including a binary time‐dependent variable, a continuous time‐dependent variable, and the case including interactions in each. Simulation results show that pseudolikelihood with calibrated weights under countermatching offers large gains in efficiency if compared to case–cohort. Pseudolikelihood with calibrated weights yielded more efficient estimators than pseudolikelihood estimators. Additionally, estimators were more efficient under countermatching than under case–cohort for the situations considered. The methods are illustrated using the Colorado Plateau uranium miners cohort. Furthermore, we present a general method to generate survival times with time‐varying covariates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
External Validation of Risk Stratification Models Predicting the Immediate Mortality After Open Repair of Ruptured AAA
Authors: Majd Payman , Mylonas Spyridon , Gawenda Michael , Brunkwall Jan
Published: February 2016

Background

Preoperative risk stratification of the immediate postoperative death after surgery may be helpful for the decision‐making for patients with ruptured AAAs (rAAs). The purpose of this study was to apply and validate the Glasgow aneurysm score (GAS) and the Hardman Index (HI) in predicting 30‐day/in‐hospital mortality in open surgical repair (OSR) and endovascular repair (rEVAR) of rAAAs.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of a prospectively created database including all patients with a rAAA referred to our Institution between August 1998 and December 2014. Primary outcome was 30‐day/in‐hospital mortality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors. The receiver–operator characteristic curve was used to determine the value of the HI and GAS in predicting 30‐day/in‐hospital death.

Results

A total of 150 patients (130 patients received OSR, 20 patients rEVAR) were included in our analysis. The 30‐day/in‐hospital mortality was 34.0 % for the entire cohort: 36.15 % for OSR group and 20.0 % for rEVAR group (p 0.210). A multivariate analysis in the OSR group evidenced that unconsciousness was a statistically significant [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 8.00] predictor of 30‐day/in‐hospital mortality. The mean GAS was 86.9 ± 16.1 for the OSR group and 88.1 ± 11.2 for the rEVAR group (p 0.773). The AUC for GAS was 0.805 among OSR patients and 0.975 among rEVAR patients. The mean HI in the OSR group was 1.11 ± 1.0 and the AUC for HI was 0.82.

Conclusions

Surgical repair of rAAAs is still associated with a considerable mortality rate. We confirmed the great discriminative ability of GAS in patients with rAAAs treated with OSR. With regard to HI, this scoring system could accurately predict early mortality after OSR in our cohort but failed to identify patients at highest risk for postoperative mortality.
Insulin‐Treated Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Undergoing Emergency Abdominal Surgery Have Worse Outcomes than Patients Treated with Oral Agents
Authors: Haltmeier Tobias , Benjamin Elizabeth , Beale Elizabeth , Inaba Kenji , Demetriades Demetrios
Published: February 2016

Background

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a known risk factor for worse outcomes after emergency abdominal surgery (EAS). However, it is unclear if the type of diabetes treatment (insulin or oral agents) has any effect on outcomes after EAS.

Methods

Matched cohort study utilizing the ACS NSQIP database. Patients with DM undergoing EAS were divided into insulin and oral agent treatment groups. A 1:1 cohort matching of insulin‐treated and oral agent‐treated patients was performed (matched for sex, age, ASA score, BMI category, operative procedure, and preoperative acute renal failure, pneumonia, SIRS, sepsis, septic shock, and corticosteroid use). Outcomes of matched insulin‐ and oral agent‐treated patients were compared with univariable and multivariable regression analysis.

Results

A total of 7401 patients with DM underwent EAS, 3182 (43 %) of which were insulin treated and 4219 (57 %) were treated with oral agents. Matching resulted in 2280 matched cases, which formed the basis of this analysis. Insulin‐treated patients were more likely to have postoperative complications (OR 1.279, CI 1.119–1.462), had a higher 30‐day mortality rate in patients with sepsis at hospital admission (OR 3.421, CI 1.959–5.974), and a longer total hospital length of stay (RC 1.115, CI 1.065–1.168) and postoperative LOS (RC 1.082, CI 1.031–1.135).

Conclusions

In patients with DM undergoing emergency abdominal surgery, insulin‐treated patients have worse outcomes than oral agent‐treated patients. Insulin‐treated patients with DM therefore should be monitored and treated more intensively in anticipation of potential complications after emergency abdominal surgery.
Management of Tracheo‐ or Bronchoesophageal Fistula After Ivor‐Lewis Esophagectomy
Authors: Lambertz R. , Hölscher A. H. , Bludau M. , Leers J. M. , Gutschow C. , Schröder W.
Published: February 2016

Background

The development of tracheo‐ or bronchoesophageal fistula (TBF) after Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy remains to be a rare complication associated with a high mortality rate.

Methods

In this retrospective study, the charts of patients with TBF after esophagectomy were analyzed in terms of individual patient characteristics, esophagotracheal complications, respiratory function, management, and outcome.

Results

Between January 2000 and December 2014, 1204 patients underwent Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer; 13 patients (1.1 %) developed a TBF. In all 13 patients, a concomitant leakage of the intrathoracic esophagogastrostomy was evident, either prior to diagnosis of TBF (metachronous TBF) or simultaneously (synchronous TBF). TBF was predominantly located in the left main bronchus (n = 6, 46.1 %) or trachea (n = 5, 38.5 %). Management of TBF included re‐thoracotomy (n = 7), interventional endoscopic (n = 10) or bronchoscopic therapy (n = 4). In the majority of patients (n = 8), management consisted of two subsequent treatment modalities. In 3 out of four patients, TBF was successfully treated by endoscopic stenting only. Five patients (38.5 %) died following a septic course with multiple organ failure.

Conclusions

The development of TBF after Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy is always combined with anastomotic leakage of the esophagogastrostomy. Treatment options primarily depend on the vascularization of the gastric conduit, the severity of the concomitant aspiration pneumonia, and the volume of the air leakage.
Social‐cognitive functioning and social skills in patients with early treated phenylketonuria: a PKU‐COBESO study
Authors: Jahja Rianne , van Spronsen Francjan J. , de Sonneville Leo M. J. , van der Meere Jaap J. , Bosch Annet M. , Hollak Carla E. M. , Rubio‐Gozalbo M. Estela , Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , Hofstede Floris C. , de Vries Maaike C. , Janssen Mirian C. H. , van der Ploeg Ans T. , Langendonk Janneke G. , Huijbregts Stephan C. J.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Early treatment of phenylketonuria (ET‐PKU) prevents mental retardation, but many patients still show cognitive and mood problems. In this study, it was investigated whether ET‐PKU‐patients have specific phenylalanine (Phe‐)related problems with respect to social‐cognitive functioning and social skills.

Methods

Ninety five PKU‐patients (mean age 21.6 ± 10.2 years) and 95 healthy controls (mean age 19.6 ± 8.7 years) were compared on performance of computerized and paper‐and‐pencil tasks measuring social‐cognitive abilities and on parent‐ and self‐reported social skills, using multivariate analyses of variance, and controlling for general cognitive ability (IQ‐estimate). Further comparisons were made between patients using tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4, N = 30) and patients not using BH4. Associations with Phe‐levels on the day of testing, during childhood, during adolescence and throughout life were examined.

Results

PKU‐patients showed poorer social‐cognitive functioning and reportedly had poorer social skills than controls (regardless of general cognitive abilities). Quality of social‐cognitive functioning was negatively related to recent Phe‐levels and Phe‐levels between 8 and 12 years for adolescents with PKU. Quality of social skills was negatively related to lifetime phenylalanine levels in adult patients, and specifically to Phe‐levels between 0 and 7, and between 8 and 12 years. There were no differences with respect to social outcome measures between the BH4 and non‐BH4 groups.

Conclusion

PKU‐patients have Phe‐related difficulties with social‐cognitive functioning and social skills. Problems seem to be more evident among adolescents and adults with PKU. High Phe‐levels during childhood and early adolescence seem to be of greater influence than current and recent Phe‐levels for these patients.
Genetic Myopathies Initially Diagnosed and Treated as Inflammatory Myopathy
Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Hatcher Erin , Shupak Rachel
Published: February 2016

Objectives: Differentiating genetic myopathies from inflammatory myopathies can be challenging because of multiple overlapping clinical features. Examples are presented to highlight important clinical features that assist in the differentiation between the two. Methods: Clinical features including age at onset, history, pattern of weakness, serum creatine kinase activity, electromyography findings, and muscle biopsies are reported in six patients initially thought to have an inflammatory myopathy in whom the final diagnosis was a genetic myopathy. Results: All six patients met Bohan and Peter criteria for at least probable idiopathic polymyositis and were subsequently found to have a genetic myopathy (4 DYSF, RYR1, and GNE). The key distinguishing clinical were minimal to no response to immunosuppression and atypical involvement of distal muscles in the majority of cases. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with inflammatory myopathies should be reevaluated for the possibility of a genetic myopathy if they fail to respond to a course of disease-modifying agents and/or there is atypical distal muscle involvement.
Typhoid Fever, Water Quality, and Human Capital Formation
Authors: Beach Brian , Ferrie Joseph , Saavedra Martin , Troesken Werner
Published: February 2016

New water purification technologies led to large mortality declines by helping eliminate typhoid fever and other waterborne diseases. We examine how this affected human capital formation using early-life typhoid fatality rates to proxy for water quality. We merge city-level data to individuals linked between the 1900 and 1940 Censuses. Eliminating early-life exposure to typhoid fever increased later-life earnings by one percent and educational attainment by one month. Instrumenting for typhoid fever using typhoid rates from cities that lie upstream produces results nine times larger. The increase in earnings from eliminating typhoid fever more than offset the cost of elimination.
Application of Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy for Characterization of Detrital Minerals in Karst Cave Speleothems
Authors: Zupančič Nina , Miler Miloš , Šebela Stanka , Jarc Simona
Published: February 2016

Micro-scale observations in karst caves help to identify different processes that shaped local morphology. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy inspection of speleothems from two karst caves in Slovenia, Predjama and Črna Jama, confirmed the presence of sub-angular to sub-rounded detrital fragments of clay minerals, feldspars, quartz, Fe-oxides/hydroxides, rutile and Nb-rutile, xenotime, kassite, allanite, fluorapatite, epidote, ilmenite, monazite, sphene, and zircon, between 2 and 50μm across. These occur in porous layers separating calcite laminae in the clayey coating on the layer below the surface of the speleothems, and are also incorporated within actual crystals. It is likely that they are derived from the weathered rocks of the Eocene flysch. Probably they were first transported into the caves by floodwaters forming cave sediments. Later, depending upon the climate conditions, they were moved by air currents or by water to the surface of active speleothems. They might also be redeposited from overlying soils enriched with wind-transported minerals from the flysch, or from higher passages filled with weathered flysch sediment, by drip water percolating through the fissured limestone. As some of the identified minerals are carriers of rare earth elements, Ti and Zr, their presence could affect any palaeoclimatic interpretations that are based upon the geochemical composition of the speleothems.
Directional charge separation in isolated organic semiconductor crystalline nanowires
Authors: Labastide J. A. , Thompson H. B. , Marques S. R. , Colella N. S. , Briseno A. L. , Barnes M. D.
Published: February 2016

One of the fundamental design paradigms in organic photovoltaic device engineering is based on the idea that charge separation is an extrinsically driven process requiring an interface for exciton fission. This idea has driven an enormous materials science engineering effort focused on construction of domain sizes commensurate with a nominal exciton diffusion length of order 10 nm. Here, we show that polarized optical excitation of isolated pristine crystalline nanowires of a small molecule n-type organic semiconductor, 7,8,15,16-tetraazaterrylene, generates a significant population of charge-separated polaron pairs along the π-stacking direction. Charge separation was signalled by pronounced power-law photoluminescence decay polarized along the same axis. In the transverse direction, we observed exponential decay associated with excitons localized on individual monomers. We propose that this effect derives from an intrinsic directional charge-transfer interaction that can ultimately be programmed by molecular packing geometry.
Genetic polymorphisms in C-reactive protein increase cancer susceptibility
Authors: Geng Peiliang , Sa Rina , Li Jianjun , Li Hongtao , Liu Chen , Liao Yunmei , Xiang Lisha , Wang Ning , Ou Juanjuan , Xie Ganfeng , Liang Houjie
Published: February 2016

Elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) partially induced by polymorphisms in the CRP gene have been associated with human cancer. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that CRP gene polymorphisms (+942G>C, 1846C>T) modify inherited susceptibility to cancer. We systematically identified the publications addressing the association of CRP gene polymorphisms with cancer susceptibility. Studies that fulfilled all inclusion criteria were considered eligible in this meta-analysis. We analyzed a total of 8 case-control studies. Individuals with the CC genotype were found to have an almost 4 fold higher risk of cancer than those with the GG or GC and GG genotypes. A significant association was also indicated in subgroup of colorectal cancer. Meta-analysis of 1846C>T polymorphism showed increased cancer risk in relation to the 1846 TT genotype (TT vs. CC: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01–1.31; TT vs. CT + CC; OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.03–1.32). Similar results were suggested in Caucasian populations and colorectal cancer. These data suggest that both +942G>C and 1846C>T polymorphisms in the CRP gene may influence cancer susceptibility.