bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1995
Authors: Spomer Stephen M. , Higley Leon G. , Haile Fikru J. , Foster John E.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated on a 5yrold stand during the second alfalfa growth period at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Plots were 20 X 30 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 12 Jul with a Solo 425 backpack sprayer, which delivered approximately 1 literlmin. Each plot received about 3.25 liters otwater along with the treatment. Alfalfa height at application was 64 cm. There was no rainfall during the sampling period. Plots were sampled 0 (pretreatment), 1, 7, and 14 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15inchdiam sweep net (stratified by date). Samples were frozen for later evaluation.
Corn Insect Pest Management with Recommended At-Planting Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Torrey K.D. , Leonard B.R. , Fife J.H.
Published: December 2017

Nine insecticide treatments were evaluated against soil insects in no-till corn at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station. Hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth, was used as a winter cover crop across the entire test area. An application of Gramoxone Extra (1.5 pt [form]/acre) was applied 2 wk pre-plant and again immediately post-plant to terminate all vegetation. Corn was planted no-till in a Gigger silt loam (pH = 5.9, 1.8% organic matter) on 3 Apr in plots of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 35 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP), and t-banded granules (T-BAND). A John Deere 7300 planter was modified to apply treatments through a granular applicator hopper box or as a spray directed into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 5 gpa through 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 25 psi. The number of insect damaged plants on the center 2 rows of each plot were recorded weekly for 4 wk beginning at seedling emergence. Plant stand density was measured on 11 May by sampling the 2 center rows of each plot. Intra-row skip distances between plants (>12 inches) and seedcorn yields were determined on the 2 center rows of each plot on 15 and 17 Aug, respectively. The test area was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not a factor influencing final yields. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, Nekoma, Nd, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holen Carlyle
Published: December 2017

This experiment was placed in a commercial sunflower field with approximately 25 SB larvae per plant. Plots were 4-30 inch rows by 25 ft in length. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied in 20 gpa 40 psi using a hand held CO2 sprayer on 24 Jun and followed overnight with a 1.0 inch rainfall. Larval counts were taken from 10 plants on 2 and 7 Jul. Total plant defoliation readings were taken on 7 and 16 Jul. Twenty foot of row from the center 2 rows were collected for yields on 27 Oct. A weed (ftixweed) reading was taken on 16 Jul because we perceived some differences between plots in weed competition.
Japanese Beetle Larvae Control on Potted Taxus, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Seventy 18 inch tall field potted taxus plants were grown weed and grass free in 3 gal plastic containers in a greenhouse at the Pesticide Research Center at Michigan State University. Each replication consisted of an individual plant and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Grubs were collected on 2 Sep from a heavily infested golf course fairway. Each plant was seeded with 10 grubs on 8 Sep. The rates of all treatments are given per 100 gal of finished solution. 500 mis of each solution was applied per pot.
Pple, Cm-006 Early Season Mite Control, 1995
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Sprays were applied dilute to run off with a truck-mounted, high-pressure, handgun sprayer (450 psi) in two different orchards. Plots were set up in ‘McIntosh’ apple trees, ca. 2 m high, at the Trickier farm and in ‘Delicious’ trees, ca. 3 m high, at the Furber orchard. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated four times. The sprays at the pink bud stage of CM-006 and Morestan 25WP, which was used as a standard acaricide comparison treatment at this growth stage, were applied on 12 May at the Trickier farm and 15 May at the Furber orchard. The petal fall treatment of CM-006 and Omite 30W, which was used as a standard acaricide comparison treatment, were applied on 1 Jun at the Trickier farm and on 2 Jun at the Furber orchard. Twenty-five mature leaves from either fruit clusters or terminals were randomly selected from the single tree in each plot on 16 Jun, 27 Jun, 11 Jul, 19 Jul, and 2 Aug. Leaves were brought into the laboratory immediately after being sampled and ERM and T. pyri were removed from the leaves of these samples with a Henderson-McBumie mite brushing machine. Data shown in the tables was transformed Log N(X + 1) prior to analysis with a Fisher’s Protected LSD test (P<0.05).
Control of Rice Water Weevil With Fipronil in A Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture–Eup Study, 1996
Authors: Way M.O. , Wallace R.G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was a non-replicated experimental use permit (EUP) study with 4 treatments. Plot size was 3 acres. On 26 Mar, plots were fertilized by air with 55-40-0 at 56 lb nitrogen/acre. Fertilizer was in-corporated with a “Do-all” on the same day. On 27 Mar, a designated plot was treated with Fipronil 80 WG at 0.0325 lb (AI)/acre using a large (11 nozzle, tip size80015, 50 mesh screens), 2 person, hand-held spray boom pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 10.6 gpa. Following application, the treatment was incorporated with a spike-tooth harrow. On 27 Mar, plots were drill-planted (7.5 inches between rows) with fipronil-treated or untreated seed at 90 lb/acre. Seed was treated with fipronil at 0.0325 lb (AI)/ cwt seed. All seed was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company which obtained untreated, registered seed from G&H Seed Co., Inc., Crowley, LA. Plots were “rolled” after planting to help cover seed and to create a firm seedbed. Plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24th, then drain) on 5 Apr. Rice emerged 15 Apr. No differences in emergence were detected among the plots. From emergence to application of the permanent flood onl6May(31d after rice emergence), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were treated by air with Stam 4E and Basagran at 3 qt and 1 pt/acre, respectively. On 9 May, plots were fertilized by air with urea at 55 lb nitrogen/acre. Furdan 3G at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied by air to the designated plot on 30 May (14 d after application of the permanent flood). On each of 5 Jun and 24 Jun (20 and 39 d after application of the permanent flood), twenty 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores were removed (each core containing at least 1 rice plant) from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 3 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied to the plots for the growing season was 171 lb/acre. All aerial applications were made by M&M Air Service of Beaumont, TX. Plots were not harvested due to mechanical and weather problems. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and analyzed by 1 -way ANOVA and LSD.
Efficacy of the Bollgard Gene in Transgenic Cotton Lines Against Bollworm and Tobacco Bud-Worm, 1992
Authors: Benedict J. H. , Sachs E. S. , Kohel R. J. , Correa J. C. , Berberich S. A. , Deaton W. R.
Published: December 2017

Transgenic cotton lines expressing an insecticidal protein produced by a modified crylA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (i.e., Bollgard Gene, Monsanto Company) were planted 1 May near College Station, Texas. Field plots were 4 row (40 inch centers) X 30 ft. Treatments (i.e., cotton lines) were arranged in a split plot RCBD and each plot replicated was 6 times. The main plot was lepidopteran control (i.e., unsprayed or sprayed with Karate (0.03 lb[AI]/acre) to suppress tobacco budworm, bollworm and other lepidopteran pests) and subplots were 6 cotton lines. Plots for lepidopteran suppression (with a conventional foliar insecticide) were sprayed on 8, 15, 24 Jul, 3, 10, and 18 Aug with Karate using a backpack CO2 powered sprayer and a 2-row handheld spray boom. The entire test was planted with in-furrow insecticide and oversprayed as needed in season for control of insect pests, such as thrips, aphids, boll weevil and cotton fleahopper. Efficacy of transgenic Bollgard cottons against target lepidopteran pests was determined by examining 20 flower buds and 20 bolls per plot on 8, 15, 24 Jul, 3, 10, and 18 Aug for bollworm/tobacco budworm feeding injury, and taking seedcotton yields/plot. Supplemental soil moisture was provided as needed by furrow irrigation during the season, usually within 48-h following a lepidopteran control application. The plots were handharvested (60 ft from middle 2 rows).
Tart Cherry, Control of American Plum Borer and Sesiid Borers with a Chemical Insecticide and an Entomopathogenic Nematode, 1996
Authors: Kain D. P. , Agnello A. M.
Published: December 2017

Lorsban 4EC and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, formulated as the commercial product Cruiser, were tested for the control of APB and the sesiid borers in two tart cherry orchards. The infestation in both was relatively low. Efficacy of the following treatments was evaluated in each orchard: Lorsban applied by handgun on 24 May (petal fall), of 24 May + 30 Jul (APB 2nd flight peak); Cruiser applied by handgun or injector on 26 Jun (1st generation larvae present) or on 26 Jun + 16 Aug (2nd generation larvae present). The treatments were arranged in a CR design with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment in each orchard. Handgun applications were made at 350 psi. The trunk was sprayed to runoff from ground level to the lowest scaffold limbs. Care was taken to direct the spray stream into openings in the bark. An average of 2 gal of finished spray was applied per tree/application. Injector applications were made using a backpack sprayer, equipped with a single adjustable stream nozzle (Spraying Systems Co., Model 5500 Adjustable Conejet 18x), driven by CO2 at 70 psi, inserted into all openings in the bark from ground level to the lowest scaffold limbs, and sprayed until the point of flooding. An average of 0.3 gal of finished spray was applied per tree/application. Control of APB and sesiid larvae was evaluated, in Oct, by removing bark from the point of all openings in the bark to the edge of live cambium, and counting all live larvae that could be found. Larvae were categorized as APB or sesiid.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Tennessee, 1997
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Burgess E. E. , Thompson R.
Published: December 2017

Insecticide treatments were evaluated in a 1-yr stand of alfalfa at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill. Plots were 20 ft X 20 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Blocks were separated by 15-ft alleys. Eleven insecticide treatments were applied on 3 Mar when 68% of the tips were damaged and alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) averaged 1.55 larvae/sweep. Chemicals were applied using a tractor-mounted CO2-powered 10-ft boom sprayer at the rate of 30 gpa. AWL samples were collected on 1,7, 14, 21, and 29 May using a 15-inch insect net, and consisted of 5 pendulum sweeps from each plot. A 5 ft X 20 ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 29 May to determine green weight yields. Moisture content of alfalfa was 70.58%.
Evaluation of Fulfill for Control of Cotton Aphids, 1996
Authors: Parajulee M. N. , Slosser J. E. , Idol G. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 20 Jun in 40-inch rows (8-row X 75-ft plots) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Chillicothe. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 insecticide treat-ments and a check replicated 4 times. Cotton was inspected for aphids on 2, 9, and 15 Aug. Ten leaves from the top half and 10 leaves from the lower half of plants from each plot were examined, and the numbers of aphids were recorded on each inspection date. Pre-treatment counts were made and the insecticide treatments were applied on 19 Aug. Treatments were applied with a John Deere High Cycle 6000 sprayer. Spray drops were used to provide three nozzles per row, delivering 9.7 gpa at 40 psi. Post-treatment aphid counts were made at 4, 6, and 13 DAT.
Insecticide Evaluation I, 1997
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in 3 miniblocks, each ⅓ acre, of 19-yr-old trees on MM.lll rootstock. Trees measured 15 ft in height and 14 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree replica tions per treatment, with 2 replications per mini-block in a randomized block design. Each replicate was surrounded by 1 unsprayed tree on each side. Insecticides were applied as complete sprays to both sides of the trees with a Swanson DA5OOA airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gpa. Dates of application were 4 Apr [delayed dormant (DD)], 10 Apr [pink (P)], 12 May [petal fall (PF)], 21 May [10-20 mm fruit diameter], 27 May [first cover (lC)], 11 Jun [second cover (2c)], 24 Jun [third cover (3C)], 8 Jul [fourth cover (4C)], 22 Jul [fifth cover (5C)], 5 Aug [sixth cover (6C)], 19 Aug [seventh cover (7C)], and 2 Sep [eighth cover (8C)I. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agri-Mycin, COCS, Dithane, Nova, Penncozeb, Topsin-M, and Ziram. Treatment effect was determined by counting arthropods on test trees periodically during the season. RAA control was determined by counting colonies per tree. Control of WALH was determined by counting nymphs on the underside of 25 leaves per tree. Effect of treatments on STLM was determined by counting all tissue-feeder mines during a 5 minute period per tree. Control of SA was evaluated by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of 10 terminals per tree. Effect of treatments on MAL was determined by counting adults and larvae on 10 terminals per tree. Treatment effect against ERM and ARM was determined by sampling 25 leaves per tree (4 replications), removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting motile stages with a binocular microscope. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 100 picked apples and up to 100 drop apples per replication on 23 Sep.
Evaluation of Insecticide Treatments on Sweet Corn, 1996
Authors: Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was direct seeded into 2 rows per 6-ft beds on 2 Jun 1996 and maintained with standard cultural practices at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station at Tifton. A total of 490 lb/A of 10-10-10 were applied to sandy clay loam field plots and irrigation regularly with an overhead sprinkler system. Scouting was initiated on 27 Jun and continued weekly until harvest. Seven weekly applications of insecticide were made from 2 Jul to 13 Aug and 10 stalks were scouted per plot 96–120 h after each application. Small (lst-3rd instar) and large (4th-6th instar) larvae of corn earworm and fall armyworm were recorded per 5-stalk sample. Corn was harvested from 20 stalks on 20 Aug and ears were categorized as severely, slightly, or not damaged and percentage of marketable corn was estimated as the percent of ears with no or only slight damage. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and LSD tests for separation of means (SAS).
Reliability and performance of the Swiss Emergency Triage Scale used by paramedics
Authors: Grosgurin Olivier , Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Suppan Laurent , Simon Josette , Villar Adolfo , Trombert Véronique , Marti Christophe , Sarasin François P. , Rutschmann Olivier T.
Published: December 2017

Objectives

No general emergency department triage scale has been evaluated for prehospital triage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the reliability and the performance of the Swiss Emergency Triage Scale (SETS) used by paramedics to determine the emergency level and orientation of simulated patients.

Patients and methods

In a prospective cross-sectional study, 23 paramedics evaluated 28 clinical scenarios with the SETS using interactive computerized triage software simulating real-life triage. The primary outcome was inter-rater reliability regarding the triage level among participants measured by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Secondary outcomes were the accuracy of triage level and the reliability and accuracy of orientation of patients of at least 75 years to a dedicated geriatric emergency centre.

Results

Twenty-three paramedics completed the evaluation of the 28 scenarios (644 triage decisions). Overall, ICC for triage level was 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.77–0.99). Correct emergency level was assigned in 89% of cases, overtriage rate was 4.8%, and undertriage was 6.2%. ICC regarding orientation in the subgroup of simulated patients of at least 75 years was 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.61–0.89), with 93% correct orientation.

Conclusion

Reliability of paramedics rating simulated emergency situations using the SETS was excellent, and the accuracy of their rating was very high. This suggests that in Switzerland, the SETS could be safely used in the prehospital setting by paramedics to determine the level of emergency and guide patients to the most appropriate hospital.
Patient Safety in Hospitals: What We Do and What We Need—Focus Groups With Stakeholders of Hospitals in Southern Germany
Authors: Dinius Julia , Gaupp Rainer , Becker Sonja , Göritz Anja S. , Körner Mirjam
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To provide the basis for designing an interprofessional patient safety training for medical treatment teams, the current situation regarding patient safety and existing training programs in southern German hospitals should be explored. Moreover, need-based content regarding the subject areas teamwork, safety culture, and patient involvement should be derived, a conducive learning format suggested, and wishes and concerns regarding the training explored.

Methods

Qualitative design (focus groups) in five hospitals with different levels of care involving a total of 39 members of interprofessional teams, administration, and quality management team. Structured contents analysis was used for evaluation.

Results

The need for training to improve patient safety was highlighted. Related contents regarding the subject areas were derived: teamwork (team-building exercises, interprofessional teamwork, interprofessional communication), safety culture (dealing with criticism, appraisals, open handling of errors/proactive error reporting), and patient involvement (inclusion of patients and/or relatives, question types). The combination of e-learning and interprofessional in-person training was emphasized as a conducive learning format. The desire for practical tips, Continuing Medical Education credits, and intuitive review of theories was expressed.

Conclusions

The study initially presents the current situation regarding patient safety, existing training, teamwork, safety culture, and patient involvement in southern German hospitals and gives recommendations for related content and learning format. Based on our results, we recommend to develop a combination of e-learning and interprofessional in-person training. This training should systematically link all three subject areas and address the derived content from the focus groups to improve patient safety.
Review article: Best practice management of common knee injuries in the emergency department (part 3 of the musculoskeletal injuries rapid review series)
Authors: Strudwick Kirsten , McPhee Megan , Bell Anthony , Martin‐Khan Melinda , Russell Trevor
Published: December 2017

Knee injuries are a common presentation to the ED and are often difficult to assess and definitively diagnose due to the patient's acute pain, effusion and guarding. The quality of ED care provided to patients with fractures or soft tissue injuries of the knee is critical to ensure the best possible outcomes for the patient. This rapid review investigated best practice for the assessment and management of common knee injuries in the ED. Databases were searched in 2017, including PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, TRIP and the grey literature, including relevant organisational websites. Primary studies, systematic reviews and guidelines were considered for inclusion. English‐language articles published in the past 12 years that addressed the acute assessment, management, follow‐up plan or prognosis were included. Data extraction of included articles was conducted, followed by quality appraisal to rate the level of evidence where possible. The search revealed 2250 articles, of which 54 were included in the review (n = 8 primary articles, n = 28 systematic reviews, n = 18 guidelines). This rapid review provides clinicians managing fractures and soft tissue injuries of the knee in the ED, a summary of the best available evidence to enhance the quality of care for optimal patient outcomes. There is consistent evidence to support undertaking a thorough history and physical examination, including the application of special tests and clinical decision rules for imaging. In the undifferentiated knee injury, expedited follow up and further imaging is recommended to improve patient outcomes and cost‐effectiveness.
Indoor renovation and diabetes mellitus: Evidence from a cohort study
Authors: Zhang Nan , Hu Xiang , Zeng Tian Shu , Zhang Jiao‐Yue , Tian Sheng‐Hua , Min Jie , Huang Han‐Tao , Zheng Juan , Deng Xiu‐Ling , Chen Lu‐Lu
Published: December 2017

Highlights

Household or workplace renovations increase 2hPG levels and diabetes risk

Stratified analysis by age, gender, BMI, and hypertension showed that the differences in each subgroup were not significant.
Comparative performance of pharmacogenetics‐based warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed races in Thai population
Authors: Chumnumwat Supatat , Yi Kong , Lucksiri Aroonrut , Nosoongnoen Wichit , Chindavijak Busba , Chulavatnatol Suvatna , Sarapakdi Ajjima , Nathisuwan Surakit
Published: December 2017

Aim

This study was conducted to compare predictive accuracy of the available pharmacogenetics (PGx)‐guided warfarin dosing algorithms derived from Caucasian, Asian, and mixed population to identify a suitable algorithm for Thai population.

Methods

Ten warfarin dosing algorithms derived from different population including Caucasian, East Asian, South‐East Asian, and mixed races were selected and tested with clinical and genetic data of Thai patients. Comparative performances of these algorithms were tested using mean dose error (MDE) between actual warfarin maintenance dose (AWMD) and predicted dose generated by each dosing algorithm, and percentage of ideal dose prediction (IDP). Sensitivity analysis for predictive accuracy was also conducted by stratifying patients into low (AWMD ≤21 mg/wk), intermediate (AWMD >21 to <49 mg/wk), and high maintenance dose (AWMD ≥49 mg/wk) groups.

Results

Data of 165 patients were included for the analyses. Mean actual warfarin dose of the study population was 25.03 ± 10.53 mg/wk. Large variability of MDE, ranging from −12.11 to 11.24 mg/wk, among algorithms was observed. International Warfarin Pharmacogenetics Consortium, Gage et al, and Ohno et al algorithms had comparable performances to Sangviroon et al algorithm, as observed by MDE of <1 mg/wk with percentage of IDP ≥40%. Further sensitivity analyses among patients requiring low and intermediate maintenance doses confirmed such findings with IDP percentage ranging from 37.8% to 59.2%. Among high‐dose group, only Ohno et al and Sarapakdi et al algorithms had acceptable performance.

Conclusions

Warfarin PGx‐guided dosing algorithms derived from large, mixed population performed comparably to Sangviroon et al algorithm. Certain algorithms should be avoided due to significant dose prediction error.
Cointegration and nonlinear causality among ethanol‐related prices: evidence from Brazil
Authors: Dutta Anupam
Published: December 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the causal relationships among crude oil, ethanol and sugar prices in the context of Brazil. In doing so, we consider the application of ARDL bound tests to examine whether these variables comove in the long run. Besides, we employ a recently developed nonlinear symmetric and asymmetric test for noncausality which assists us to explore the short‐run ‘lead–lag’ associations among the price indexes under review. The results of the ARDL bound test indicate that cointegration exists only when the ethanol price is used as the dependent variable. This finding suggests that oil and sugar prices lead the Brazilian ethanol prices in the long run. Moreover, the results of nonlinear causality test also confirm the existence of a short‐term unidirectional causality running from sugar to ethanol market. We also document that the impact of sugar prices on ethanol prices appears to be positive indicating that rising sugar prices will cause a growth in the ethanol prices. Our findings further demonstrate that sugar prices are not affected by the fluctuations in ethanol price. The results carry important implications for policymakers.
The national burden of influenza‐associated severe acute respiratory illness hospitalization in Zambia, 2011‐2014
Authors: Theo Andros , Tempia Stefano , Cohen Adam L , Simusika Paul , Chentulo Edward , Chikamukwa Chikama Mukwangole , Monze Mwaka
Published: December 2017

Background

Estimates of influenza‐associated hospitalization are limited in low‐ and middle‐income countries, especially in Africa.

Objective

To estimate the national number of influenza‐associated severe acute respiratory illness (SARI) hospitalization in Zambia.

Methods

We conducted active prospective hospital‐based surveillance for SARI at the University Teaching Hospital (UTH) situated in Lusaka Province during 2011‐2014. Upper respiratory tract samples were tested for influenza virus using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay. We estimated age‐specific rates of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations for the UTH using census and secondary data on respiratory hospitalizations following estimation approaches recommended by the World Health Organization. We used the UTH hospitalization rates as a proxy for Lusaka Province. These rates were adjusted for each of the remaining 9 provinces based on their prevalence of risk factors for pneumonia and healthcare‐seeking behavior. Rates were expressed per 100,000 population.

Results

SARI cases accounted for 77.1% (13 389/17 354) of respiratory admissions at the UTH; 82.7% (11 859/14 344) and 50.8% (1530/3010) among individuals aged <5 and ≥5 years, respectively. Among SARI cases tested, the influenza virus detection rate was 5.5% (152/2734), 4.8% (48/998), and 6.0% (104/1736) among individuals aged <5 and ≥5 years, respectively. The mean annual national number of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations was 6181 (95% CI: 4321‐8041—rate: 43.9; 95% CI: 30.7‐57.1); 4669 (95% CI: 3287‐6051—rate: 187.7; 95% CI: 132.1‐243.3) among children aged <5 years; and 1512 (95% CI: 1037‐1987—rate: 13.1; 95% CI: 9.0‐17.2) among individuals aged ≥5 years.

Conclusions

The burden of influenza‐associated SARI hospitalizations was substantial and was highest among children aged <5 years.
Peg‐interferon and ribavirin treatment in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients in Thailand: efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Smolders E. J. , Thammajaruk N. , de Kanter C. T. M. M. , Colbers A. , Chaiyahong P. , Cuprasitrut T. , Chittmittraprap S. , Apornpong T. , Khemnark S. , Tangkijvanich P. , Burger D. M. , Avihingsanon A.
Published: December 2017

Objective

In Thailand, 7.2% of HIV patients are co‐infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), and these patients are treated with peg‐interferon + ribavirin (PR) for their HCV infection. This study evaluates efficacy and safety of PR treatment and pharmacokinetics of ribavirin in this population.

Methods

HIV/HCV co‐infected Thai patients were treated with PR for 24 or 48 weeks. Sustained virological response 24 weeks after the end of treatment (SVR24) was used to describe efficacy. (laboratory) safety parameters and ribavirin plasma concentrations were evaluated during study visits. Ribavirin concentrations were compared with t‐tests for patients with and without anaemia (haemoglobin <10 g/dl) and SVR24.

Results

A total of 101 HIV/HCV co‐infected patients were included; 88% were male (n = 88), and 46% were infected with genotype 3. The median (IQR) start dose was 14.28 mg/kg/day. SVR24 rate was 56%. All patients reported at least one (serious) adverse event, of which 28% of patients developed anaemia. Seven patients discontinued treatment due to toxicity issues. Geometric mean (IQR) ribavirin concentration was 1.81 (1.42–2.32) mg/l at week 8 of treatment. At week 8, patients with and without anaemia and SVR had ribavirin concentrations of 2.29 and 1.63 mg/l and 1.91 and 1.74 mg/l, respectively.

Conclusions

PR treatment has comparable response rates and toxicity profile in Thai HIV/HCV co‐infected patients as in Western HIV/HCV patients. However, ribavirin plasma concentrations were comparable with previously published studies in HIV/HCV co‐infected patients, but both, just as SVR rate, were lower than in mono‐infected patients.
The lived experience of chronic headache: a systematic review and synthesis of the qualitative literature
Authors: Nichols Vivien P , Ellard David R , Griffiths Frances E , Kamal Atiya , Underwood Martin , Taylor Stephanie J C
Published: December 2017

Objective

To systematically review the qualitative literature of the lived experience of people with a chronic headache disorder.

Background

Chronic headaches affect 3%–4% of the population. The most common chronic headache disorders are chronic migraine, chronic tension-type headache and medication overuse headache. We present a systematic review and meta-ethnographic synthesis of the lived experience of people with chronic headache.

Methods

We searched seven electronic databases, hand-searched nine journals and used a modified Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist to appraise study quality. Following thematic analysis we synthesised the data using a meta-ethnographic approach.

Results

We identified 3586 unique citations; full texts were examined for 86 studies and 4 were included in the review. Included studies differed in their foci: exploring, patient-centred outcomes, chronic headache as a socially invisible disease, psychological processes mediating impaired quality of life, and the process of medication overuse. Initial thematic analysis and subsequent synthesis gave three overarching themes: ‘headache as a driver of behaviour’ (directly and indirectly), ‘the spectre of headache’ and ‘strained relationships’.

Conclusion

This meta-synthesis of published qualitative evidence demonstrates that chronic headaches have a profound effect on people’s lives, showing similarities with other pain conditions. There were insufficient data to explore the similarities and differences between different chronic headache disorders.
A new combined parameter predicts re-treatment for coil-embolized aneurysms: a computational fluid dynamics multivariable analysis study
Authors: Fujimura Soichiro , Takao Hiroyuki , Suzuki Takashi , Dahmani Chihebeddine , Ishibashi Toshihiro , Mamori Hiroya , Yamamoto Makoto , Murayama Yuichi
Published: December 2017

Purpose

Coil embolization is a minimally invasive method used to treat cerebral aneurysms. Although this endovascular treatment has a high success rate, aneurysmal re-treatment due to recanalization remains a major problem of this method. The purpose of this study was to determine a combined parameter that can be useful for predicting aneurysmal re-treatment due to recanalization.

Methods

Patient-specific geometries were used to retrospectively analyze the blood flow for 26 re-treated and 74 non-retreated aneurysms. Post-operatively aneurysms were evaluated at 12-month follow-up. The hemodynamic differences between the re-treatment and non-retreatment aneurysms were analyzed before and after coil embolization using computation fluid dynamics. Basic fluid characteristics, rates of change, morphological factors of aneurysms and patient-specific clinical information were examined. Multivariable analysis and logistic regression analysis were performed to determine a combined parameter—re-treatment predictor (RP).

Results

Among examined hemodynamic, morphological, and clinical parameters, slight reduction of blood flow velocity rate in the aneurysm, slight increase of pressure rate at the aneurysmal neck and neck area, and hypertension were the main factors contributing to re-treatment. Notably, hemodynamic parameters between re-treatment and non-retreatment groups before embolization were similar: however, we observed significant differences between the groups in the post-embolization average velocity and the rate of reduction in this velocity in the aneurysmal dome.

Conclusions

The combined parameter, RP, which takes into consideration hemodynamic, morphological, and clinical parameters, accurately predicts aneurysm re-treatment. Calculation of RP before embolization may be able to predict the aneurysms that will require re-treatment.
Chemoprevention of Preclinical Breast and Lung Cancer with the Bromodomain Inhibitor I-BET 762
Authors: Zhang Di , Leal Ana S. , Carapellucci Sarah , Zydeck Kayla , Sporn Michael B. , Liby Karen T.
Published: December 2017

Breast cancer and lung cancer remain the top two leading causes of cancer-related deaths in women. Because of limited success in reducing the high mortality of these diseases, new drugs and approaches are desperately needed. Cancer prevention is one such promising strategy that is effective in both preclinical and clinical studies. I-BET 762 is a new bromodomain inhibitor that reversibly targets BET (bromodomain and extraterminal) proteins and impairs their ability to bind to acetylated lysines on histones, thus interrupting downstream transcription. This inhibitor has anti-inflammatory effects and induces growth arrest in many cancers and is currently under clinical trials for treatment of cancer. However, few studies have investigated the chemopreventive effects of bromodomain inhibitors. Here, we found that I-BET 762 significantly delayed tumor development in preclinical breast and lung cancer mouse models. This drug not only induced growth arrest and downregulated c-Myc, pSTAT3, and pERK protein expression in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo but also altered immune populations in different organs. These results demonstrate the promising potential of using I-BET 762 for cancer prevention and suggest the striking effects of I-BET 762 are the result of targeting both tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Prev Res; 11(3); 143–56. ©2017 AACR.
EROSION Study (Effective Anti-Thrombotic Therapy Without Stenting: Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography–Based Management in Plaque Erosion)
Authors: Xing Lei , Yamamoto Erika , Sugiyama Tomoyo , Jia Haibo , Ma Lijia , Hu Sining , Wang Chao , Zhu Yingchun , Li Lulu , Xu Maoen , Liu Huimin , Bryniarski Krzysztof , Hou Jingbo , Zhang Shaosong , Lee Hang , Yu Bo , Jang Ik-Kyung
Published: December 2017

Background—

The initial EROSION study (Effective Anti-Thrombotic Therapy Without Stenting: Intravascular Optical Coherence Tomography–Based Management in Plaque Erosion) demonstrated that patients with acute coronary syndrome caused by plaque erosion might be stabilized with aspirin and ticagrelor without stenting for ≤1 month. However, a long-term evaluation of outcomes is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess whether the initial benefit of noninterventional therapy for patients with acute coronary syndrome caused by plaque erosion is maintained for ≤1 year.

Methods and Results—

Among 53 patients who completed clinical follow-up, 49 underwent repeat optical coherence tomography imaging at 1 year. Median residual thrombus volume decreased significantly from 1 month to 1 year (0.3 mm
3
(0.0–2.0 mm
3
] versus 0.1 mm
3
[0.0–2.0 mm
3
];
P
=0.001). Almost half of the patients (46.9%) had no residual thrombus at 1 year. Minimal effective flow area remained unchanged (2.1 mm
2
[1.5–3.8 mm
2
] versus 2.1 mm
2
[1.6–4.0 mm
2
];
P
=0.152). Among 53 patients, 49 (92.5%) remained free from major adverse cardiovascular event for ≤1 year: 3 (5.7%) patients required revascularization because of exertional angina and 1 (1.9%) patient had gastrointestinal bleeding.

Conclusions—

One-year follow-up optical coherence tomography demonstrated a further decrease in thrombus volume between 1-month and 1-year follow-up. A majority (92.5%) of patients with acute coronary syndrome caused by plaque erosion managed with aspirin and ticagrelor without stenting remained free of major adverse cardiovascular event for ≤1 year.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02041650.
Burying the Hatchet for Catch-Up: Open Innovation among Industry Laggards in the Automotive Industry
Authors: Cano-Kollmann Marcelo , Awate Snehal , Hannigan T.J. , Mudambi Ram
Published: December 2017

What happens when firms in an oligopolistic industry find themselves lagging behind in a potentially dominant technology? If R&D costs are significant and catch-up is key, technology laggards must turn to each other and open up their innovation processes in order to survive. This article uses a real options framework to explain the motives of bitter rivals to engage in collaborative relationships in order to catch up with industry leaders in specific technologies. It shows that ex ante, their interests converge and this lays the foundation of “catch-up alliances”: competitors open up to catch up. However, they often bring vastly different resources to the alliance and, in the process of cooperation, what they learn may cause their interests to diverge. Furthermore, some participants may discount a technology trajectory on the basis of what they learn, and terminate efforts in that area. Therefore, the “road not taken” may be a valuable outcome of the open innovation alliance. This article uses the case of a global alliance in hybrid electric drivetrain automotive technology as the study context, and it analyzes the implications for managers facing similar decisions.
Bringing Agency and Social Structure Back Into Organization Development: Toward a Practice of Habitus Consulting
Authors: Shimoni Baruch
Published: December 2017

Using my consulting experience, I offer a practical perspective to problem solving in organization development (OD) interventions, defined as “habitus-oriented consulting” (HOC). Building on Bourdieu’s action theory, HOC frames organizational problems neither only as psychological phenomena derived from individuals’ psychological dispositions, nor only as structural phenomena derived from the social context (defined here as individual and systemic orientations), as mainstream OD often defines them. Instead, HOC frames organizational problems as sociological phenomena, derived from individuals’ social dispositions, or habitus, produced by the organization’s social structure. Using the example of conflict among members of a highly skilled surgical unit in a hospital in Israel, I show how HOC can be used by OD consultants to intervene in organizations by exploring and understanding social structure, participant agency, patterns of habitus, relations between objective positions, and the whole of the organization.
Hypercementosis Associated with ENPP1 Mutations and GACI
Authors: Thumbigere-Math V. , Alqadi A. , Chalmers N.I. , Chavez M.B. , Chu E.Y. , Collins M.T. , Ferreira C.R. , FitzGerald K. , Gafni R.I. , Gahl W.A. , Hsu K.S. , Ramnitz M.S. , Somerman M.J. , Ziegler S.G. , Foster B.L.
Published: December 2017

Mineralization of bones and teeth is tightly regulated by levels of extracellular inorganic phosphate (Pi) and pyrophosphate (PPi). Three regulators that control pericellular concentrations of Pi and PPi include tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), progressive ankylosis protein (ANK), and ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1). Inactivation of these factors results in mineralization disorders affecting teeth and their supporting structures. This study for the first time analyzed the effect of decreased PPi on dental development in individuals with generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) due to loss-of-function mutations in the ENPP1 gene. Four of the 5 subjects reported a history of infraocclusion, overretained primary teeth, ankylosis, and/or slow orthodontic tooth movement, suggesting altered mineral metabolism contributing to disrupted tooth movement and exfoliation. All subjects had radiographic evidence of unusually protruding cervical root morphology in primary and/or secondary dentitions. High-resolution micro–computed tomography (micro-CT) analyses of extracted primary teeth from 3 GACI subjects revealed 4-fold increased cervical cementum thickness ( P = 0.00007) and a 23% increase in cementum density ( P = 0.009) compared to age-matched healthy control teeth. There were no differences in enamel and dentin densities between GACI and control teeth. Histology revealed dramatically expanded cervical cementum in GACI teeth, including cementocyte-like cells and unusual patterns of cementum resorption and repair. Micro-CT analysis of Enpp1 mutant mouse molars revealed 4-fold increased acellular cementum thickness ( P = 0.002) and 5-fold increased cementum volume ( P = 0.002), with no changes in enamel or dentin. Immunohistochemistry identified elevated ENPP1 expression in cementoblasts of human and mouse control teeth. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel dental phenotype in GACI and identify ENPP1 genetic mutations associated with hypercementosis. The sensitivity of cementum to reduced PPi levels in both human and mouse teeth establishes this as a well-conserved and fundamental biological process directing cementogenesis across species (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00369421).
Analysing the Motivational Needs Amongst Policemen: Maslow's Theory Revitalised
Authors: Gupta Nikhil Jaiprakash
Published: December 2017

Motivation is an important management tool, especially in those organisations that are heavily dependent on the skills and ability of men rather than on machines. The police department is one such organisation which still today, despite modernisation, is human oriented. Police managers need to understand methods for motivating officers and men working under them. Maslow's Theory of Hierarchy of Needs provides a simple yet effective way of motivating employees. A study conducted in the Sindhudurg district of Maharashtra State (India) provides an insight into the motivating needs of police officers and men in the district. The study also points towards the steps that senior police managers need to take in order to have a highly motivated police force.
Issues in Transatlantic Police Cooperation
Authors: Harfield Clive
Published: December 2017

Research from a Fulbright Police Fellowship conducted in summer 2001 studying US attitudes and policies to international law enforcement cooperation is presented. Differences between UK police and the multitude of US federal agencies in approaches to investigating transnational organised crime are identified, along with the implications for conducting evidence-gathering abroad and joint operations. No one approach is either right or wrong: the key to successful investigations lies in accommodating, rather than bemoaning, political and cultural differences in attitudes to law enforcement. This article alerts investigators to some of the issues they may encounter in transatlantic cooperation. Although researched and largely written prior to 11 September 2001, the aftermath of those events has not materially affected the conclusions drawn here. Positive attitudes to cooperation have been promoted, but some differences in approach have also been enhanced.
Parental Child Abduction: A Literature Review
Authors: Lowenstein L.F.
Published: December 2017

This study undertakes the difficult task of isolating the various aspects of dealing with parents who abduct a child or children. The first section will deal very briefly with differences between parents and strangers who abduct children; the second with the causes and associated features of parent abductions. This is followed by the reaction of the child to such an abduction in the short and long term. The characteristics of parents who abduct are considered next, followed by risk assessments of parents who are likely to commit an abduction. The final section deals with the prevention of abductions and the treatment of children who have been abducted.
A Consideration of the Need for Ethics Training for Police
Authors: Hayes Colin
Published: December 2017

In this article, the author, a long-serving senior Canadian police officer, notes that the teaching of ethics to police officers in Canada and elsewhere has long been a neglected subject with very little having been written about ethics. This article details the pitfalls associated with the lack of ethics training and some instances where the lack of ethics played a significant part in the hiring process. While an effort is being made to place more emphasis on ethics in the training of police officers, the author suggests that moral values cannot be separated into professional and off-duty moral values. The moral system of values must be present all the time and no book of rules or set of policy manuals can fully determine the course of action to take.
Murder and Maugham: A Neglected Subversive?
Authors: Soothill Keith
Published: December 2017

Somerset Maugham's writings had huge audiences in the first half of the twentieth century. In much of his work the focus is on people behaving badly. What effect did his work have on his readers? This article examines his short stories, of which approximately one-fifth of the major ones have murder as their theme. Focusing on the murders that Maugham ‘creates’, the claim is that Maugham is subversive, challenging some readily made assumptions. In Maugham's scheme of things, the criminal justice system is usually inappropriate, irrelevant or produces injustice, with ‘rough justice’ usually the best that is on offer. The resourceful can get away with murder. Murder is not the most serious crime for many. Instinct rather than rationality is the best judge. Maugham also emphasises the importance of fate, thus implying we are not in control of our destinies.

The article argues that popular authors, such as Maugham, may have contributed much more than is generally recognised to the developing unease about the ‘status quo’ that ultimately led to the landslide victory of the Labour government in 1945.
The Advance of Intelligence-Led Policing Strategies: The Emperor's New Clothes?
Authors: James Adrian
Published: December 2017

The perceived ineffectiveness of traditional reactive policing methods has led to an increasing use of innovative policing strategies. This article looks beyond the rhetoric and examines the true extent of that change in the UK. Focusing on the police use of informers, the article considers the implications for the future development of police/public relations as more proactive and intrusive strategies are utilised by police.
The Co-Operation between the Police and the Public in the Detection and Prosecution of Crime
Authors: Peake John
Published: December 2017

[This is the Winning Essay of the King's Gold Medal Essay Competition of 1929. The Report of the Council together with the other awards appeared in the issue of April 1930. The Rules for the Essay Competition for 1930 will be found on p. 480].
Science and the Policeman
Authors: Jones R.
Published: December 2017

The Queen's Police Gold Medal Essay Competition, 1958, was on this subject: “In what fields, in addition to the Forensic Science Laboratories, could modern science be applied to the Police Service.” Here is the winning Essay.