bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Service Delivery Complexities in Mutare Urban, Manicaland Zimbabwe
Authors: Chikwature Whatmore , E Chikwature
Published: February 2019

This research study sought to identify the health service delivery challenges in urban areas using Mutare as a point of reference. Interviews, focus group discussions and observations were used to collect data from selected residents of Mutare city. Mutare city is experiencing poor service provisions and serious health service delivery challenges. This is witnessed by high doctor to patient ratio, high infant and maternal mortality rates as well as high incidences of malaria and other infectious diseases. The challenges are not limited to drugs and medical facilities, medical staff, transport, distance and referral mechanism, costs and financing of services culture and attitudes, corruption and bribery. Recommendations were made regarding the possible adjustment to existing health strategies and policies used in Zimbabwe, for the improvement of the health service delivery system of the city of Mutare. New strategies were also recommended for the improvement of the health system of the city. Lastly, some proposals were made for further research on the health service delivery challenges in rural areas so that comparisons are made to see whether the challenges are the same.
Economics of Child Labor: A Multidimensional approach
Authors: Faraz Muhammad Ahmed
Published: February 2019

This paper is a multi–county, multi-dimensional  rigorous  analysis of immensely   critical and continuously expanding socio-economic crisis that has engulfed many developing countries which calls for immediate action to preserve our present and future. This paper is an embodiment of study of all factors that are seriously responsible for promoting child labor in most of the less-developed, low-income, emerging, middle-income countries. Based on empirical data, and other research articles, this paper investigates the problem from political, social and economic and cultural aspects. This paper identifies the roots of crisis and attempts to bridge the existing gap between  policy and implementation so as to make the world child labor free.

First chapter deals with impact of poverty on child’s education, living conditions, well-being, future and their opportunities under poverty and the second chapter goes beyond income and well-being and answers to some of the most critical questions of our time related to childhood, society and public services and the third chapter namely the intergenerational perspective focus on policies and its failure and its continues impact on our societies and young at large and finally the conclusion chapter  

The primary objective of this paper is to investigate how varied factors destroy the destiny of young children and future of most of the countries sequentially and secondly to pin-point years of inefficiency in dealing with problem and finally pursued governments to refocus and act proactively. In essence, this paper explores poverty that is beyond income poverty.  This paper enlightens various hidden facts that are key and more important than income poverty. The intensity of this on-going crisis in many countries explains a structural gap between policies and implementation and the gap between research and policy design. And Ironically   this year is the deadline year for the Millennium Development Goals [MDG’s] set in year 2000, but even after 15 years of continued investment and commitment many of the goals haven’t been achieved yet, so ultimate propose of this paper elaborate a broader roadmap for achieving the MDG’s sooner. The centrality of this research project focuses on gap between state commitment and outcomes why and how prescription failed to deliver or achieve targets. But MDG’s haven’t been discussed in this paper as those the beyond the scope to this research, but its helps in creation of complete understating of failures and helps in creating a system that effectively address these issues.
PEDAGOGY THROUGH ICT: FINDINGS ON CREATIVITY OF TECHNOLOGICAL STUDENTS AND PERSEPECTIVE TEACHERS OF HARYANA
Authors: Malhotra Rahul , Malhotra Anu , Bana Veena
Published: February 2019

Education may be the largest part of triumphant foundation to emerge from the industrial age. Twentieth century nations have thrived for the reason that they identified and employed effective strategies for education and employment of the general population. The world is changing. Technology makes us smarter. In todays pedagogy, technology is not only a tool, but also a resource for accessing information. Day after day, new ways have been used to amalgamate technology into learning process. This paper deals with the imperative effect on creativity with pedagogy through information and communication technology tools. Survey method of research has been used in this work, for which the computations have been performed through chi-square test in statistical package for social sciences (SPSS).The results shows the imperative effect of use of information and communication technology tools to enhance creativity of the students.
The necessary and sufficient conditions for the solutions of elliptic problems
Authors: Gharib G M
Published: February 2019

This is the necessary and sucient conditions to the regularity of solution of elliptic problems on nonsmooth domains in R3. I study a boundary value problem for elliptic partial dierential equation.I study the regularity of solution to the problem in non smooth domain. I obtain the necessary andsucient conditions of the problem to belong to Cm+2+:
Economic crisis and participation in Adult Education: A qualitative investigation with primary teachers in Greece
Authors: Papalexopoulou Maria , Rorou Vassiliki , Karalis Thanassis
Published: February 2019

In this research, a quantitative approach (semi-structured interviews) is used to investigate the views of primary education teachers, concerning their participation in continuing education programs. The investigation of the motives and barriers to their participation is based on the Morstain & Smart and Cross typologies, while the present researchs findings are compared to those of a quantitative research in Greece. As it turns out from the findings of the research, the recent severe economic crisis largely restrains the primary education teachers options for participation in continuing education and lifelong learning.
Implementation and performance analysis of a new family of coherent 3-dimensional space/phase/frequency spread optical code for OCDMA networks
Authors: Monga Himanshu , Kaler R S
Published: February 2019

In his paper, we have demonstrated the feasibility of a spectrally efficient wavelength-division-multiplexing-compatible optical code-division multiple-access system using 16 phase-locked laser lines within a 40-GHz tunable window as frequency and an ultrahigh frequency resolution spectral phase encoderâ€“decoder. Coding and decoding slots using binary [0,Ï€ ] phase chips were demonstrated for four users at 5 Gb/s, and a single coded signal was separated from four copropagating signals, with bit-error rate <10 -9.
TEACHERS PERCEPTION OF PUNISHMENT AS CONTROL METHODS FOR SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENT IN OREDO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF EDO STATE
Authors: FA Ehiaghe
Published: February 2019

This study examines teachers perception of punishment as control methods for secondary school students in Oredo Local Government Area of Edo State the rate of indiscipline amongst students in our secondary schools has assumed an alarming magnitude which has occasioned or elicited various control methods as perceived by teachers. The research design adopted was descriptive. The finding of the study revealed that, there is no significant difference between the professional training of a teacher in the perception on the enforcement of punishment by the teacher due to sex. Data was analyzed using descriptive, frequency count and t-test of mean difference statistics with SPSS. The study recommends that opportunities should be made available for both serving teachers and principals to attend in service training programmes, seminars and workshops on the control of students behaviour and punishment. At every level in the course of training a teacher should have some aspects of the legal implication of teachers actions and behaviour should be taught in order to minimize the rate of litigation by parents and students against school authorities.
The Antecedents toward Self-Directed Learning among Distance Learner in Malaysian Public Universities
Authors: Annuar Nursyamilah , Shaari Roziana
Published: February 2019

This paper reviews the underpinning theories and past literature on self-directed learning in relation to self-efficacy by distance learner in higher learning institutions. There is little research available that systematically traces the extent to which individual and external factors play a role in level of self-directed learning ability. Subsequently, a number of hypotheses and a framework of self-directed learning are proposed. There are four hypotheses proposes which are there is a positive significant effect of motivation of self-directed learning; there is a significant positive effect of life satisfaction with self-directed learning; there is a mediate effect of self-efficacy which is significant and positive between motivation with self-directed learning; and there is a mediate effect of self-efficacy which is a significant and positive between life satisfaction and self-directed learning. The paper proposes that the students self-directed learning is influenced by or have relationship with students motivation and life satisfaction.
THEORETICAL BASES FOR BANK STRATEGIC RISK MANAGEMENT UNDER THE IMPACT OF MACRO- AND MICROENVIRONMENT
Authors: Prosalova Veronika , Smolyaninova Elena , Smolyaninova Olesya
Published: February 2019

Purpose of research. The purpose of this research is to examine the theoretical bases for banking strategic risks management through examining the impact of micro- and macroenvironment on the credit performance. . Research method. The authors of this research used such methods as: research and analysis of legal framework, study of In this study, the authors have used such methods of scientific research as the study and analysis of the regulatory framework , the study of monographic publications and articles, analysis. Results. The authors propose to specify the notion of strategic management. Thus the principles of strategic management were developed and specific characteristics of commercial banks financial management have been defined. Besides that the notion of financial risk of the credit organization was specified and new approach to commercial banksâ€™ risk management, based on their origin was developed.

Implementation of the results. The results can be used for the publications on different aspects of this topic and in the educational process of the education institutions. Theoretical aspects connected to the difficulty of evaluating banking risks and described in the paper, can be of interest in the process of developing practical measures on preventing or minimizing extent of exposure of the banking system to the risks in general.

The main concepts of this research can become a base for further scientific and practical research in the field of rationalizing the banking risks management system.
THE EFFECT OF INTERNALIZED OF VALUES ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN RELATION TO ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT: PT. PERTAMINA (PERSERO) UNIT II DUMAI REFINERY, INDONESIA CASE STUDY
Authors: Farradinna Syarifah , Omar Fatimah , Halim Fatimah Wati
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop and test models of the internalization value of organizational culture that appears to determine the characteristics of organizational commitment among employees of PT. Pertamina (Persero) Unit II Dumai Refinery, Indonesia. The internalized of values organizational culture was related to the organizational commitment dimension (affective, normative, and continuance). Likewise, organizational commitment was correlated to the internalized of values organizational culture (clean, competitive, confident, customer focused, commercial, and capable). It seems that higher internalized of values organizational culture associated with higher of commitment in organization, vice versa. Internalized of values organizational culture dimensions interaction showed no greater value than organizational commitment based on sociodemographic variables, this shows demographic factors should know better human resources and cultural values.
Checking presence of excess volatility in forecasting volatility of a set of market indexes through an empirical comparison of three GARCH models
Authors: Boutabba Islem Ahmed
Published: February 2019

Classical financial theory is based on Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Several researchers likeSchiller (1981) (1990), Le Roy and Porter (1980) have extensively argued for the invalidity of EMH. Volatility excess has been detected and highlighted by many researchers; however it has not been explained very well by EMH. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study to identify the variable characteristics of volatility by comparing three GARCH models (GARCH, E-GARCH and GRJ-GARCH) over five different market indexes to examine prediction of returns volatility.This comparison led us to detect several volatility characteristics like volatility clustering and leverage effect. This change in volatility regime is an irrefutable proof of the presence of volatility excess.Given the inability of classical financial theory in explaining volatility excess, researchers started to focus on behavioural finance (Barret and Saphister (1996)).
Translating the Takaful Islamic Insurance: An Analytical Approach
Authors: Olorogun Lukman Ayinde
Published: February 2019

In the last decades, Muslim societies have experienced multiple processes of modernization, as an example, in the area of finance. This marked among other things, the rise of Islamic finance particularly Islamic insurance (takaful). As a consequence, the number of Muslim literates in finance has increased tremendously as well as the number of texts, concerning Islamic legal rulings on Islamic financial transactions which involve Islamic insurance engaged in these finances. At the same time, the Islamic insurance has been channeled to compete or totally eradicate conventional insurance in the new Muslim financial markets or at least in the Islamic countries, and these has triggered disputes among the scholars as to the viability and originality of the Islamic insurance. The disputes over the originality and viability of Islamic insurance to replace conventional insurance might contribute to the emergence, in the Muslim countries, of a tradition of scholarly debates that would stress re-evaluation and innovation of the existing body of knowledge.
Quality of Life and Nutrition During Pregnancy
Authors: Mirsanjari Mitra
Published: February 2019

A communitys transition towards modernity and urbanization leads to lifestyle changes that influence an individuals health through modifications in physical activity and nutritional habits. Women of childbearing age, particularly during pregnancy require special attention with regards to nutrition because their health potentially affects the well being of the entire community beside herself and the fetus. The aim of this study was to explore the association between quality of life and the nutrition knowledge and dietary intake among a group of pregnant women in Malaysia. A cross sectional survey was carried out to explore the association of knowledge, attitudes and healthy nutritional practices with quality of life during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. In this study, nutritional habits during pregnancy were significantly associated with social functioning, vitality and physical functioning. A basic understanding of the influence a healthy lifestyle has on physical and emotional well being during pregnancy helps the mother and family members to have a positive attitude towards the need for healthy behaviors in regard to nutrition and physical activity. The findings of this study show the importance of nutritional intake and behavior with respect to their effects on dimensions of health quality.
A Contribution made by Shokan Ualikhanov to the History of Middle Ages in Central Asia
Authors: Serubaeva Aurika Temirkhanovna , Sarsambekova Arna Saparkalievna
Published: February 2019

Shokan Ualikhanov is a scientist who made a huge contribution to the history of Central Asia. Shokans works were not only known worldwide while he was alive but also were of great value to science these days. He was not only noticed by virtue of his special talent, knowledge, good observance and high intelligent skills and being an orientalist hopeful about the future among the highly-qualified Russian scientists but also on top of that he was the first Kazakh scientist who left a considerable mark on European science and culture. Followed by the outstanding Marko Polo, Shokan Ualikhanovs travel to Kashgar was the first brave deed by giving a many-sided discription of blind spots in Cetral Asia and introducing them to Europe. In this research Shokan Ualikhanovs contibution to the study of the history of Middle Ages in Cetral Asia was realized, his works in this field were analized.
PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS’ TENDENCY TO BECOME A MANAGER: SAMPLE OF GAZIANTEP PROVINCE
Authors: Muzaffer Mavigok Muzaffer , Cetin Cevdet , Golpek Filiz , Kose Zeynep
Published: February 2019

Education has been a crucial process which has a significant role in the lifetime of individuals and societies since the ancient times and considered to be the system which enables economic, political and social system to be sustained. The fact that education system is important in terms of both education and economy necessitates large-scale investments and availability of substantive financial resources for education service to be provided. This imperative requires efficient management of primary schools in many countries in which public funding of education is at present. Efficient management of primary schools depends on school principals. In certain countries, principal may be someone out of school although in other countries as Turkey, teachers may become principals. To what extend can principals help the school, teachers, students and their environment? Analyzing the primary school teachers tendency to become principal is of vital importance in terms of contributing the possible studies which will be conducted. Main purpose of this study is to determine whether or not primary school teachers tendency to become a principal varies according to gender, age, graduation grade and period of service. In the study, a survey was conducted to 486 primary school teachers who worked in Gaziantep in 2012 2013 school year under general survey model. In consequence of the study, it is observed that personal tendency to become a manager changes by gender.
STEM NASA Undergraduate Research in a Minority - Serving Community College
Authors: Vaninsky Alexander , Angulo Nieves
Published: February 2019

The paper analyses undergraduate research in a minority - serving community college and provides an example of a specially developed mathematics program aimed at academic preparation leading to the increase of the efficiency of the following field work at the NASA premises.
A THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE TOURISM BUSINESSES MARKETING PLAN AND MANAGEMENT PROCESS
Authors: DURMAZ Yakup , KuleoÄŸlu Belma
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to identify the importance of marketing plan and management practices at tourism businesses. To perform of this aim, the literature was searched and some related studies which  published at the marketing area were used. According to the results of the study, it was found that marketing plan and its management process is an important factor increasing both sales and profit rates at tourism busienesses.
Checking presence of excess volatility in forecasting volatility of a set of market indexes through an empirical comparison of three GARCH models
Authors: Boutabba Islem
Published: February 2019

Classical financial theory is based on Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). Several researchers like Schiller (1981) (1990), Le Roy and Porter (1980) have extensively argued for the invalidity of EMH.Volatility excess has been detected and highlighted by many researchers; however it has not been explained very well by EMH. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study to identify the variable characteristics of volatility by comparing three GARCH models (GARCH, E-GARCH and GRJ-GARCH) over five different market indexes to examine prediction of returns volatility. This comparison led us to detect several volatility characteristics like volatility clustering and leverage effect. This change in volatility regime is an irrefutable proof of the presence of volatility excess.Given the inability of classical financial theory in explaining volatility excess, researchers started to focus on behavioural finance (Barret and Saphister (1996)).
Influence of educational program directed at patients with prehypertension and hypertension on pressure values, biochemical variables, arterial stiffness and expression of metalloproteinases 2 and 9
Authors: Valente Flavia Mariana , Andrade Days Oliveira de , Bonvicine Cristiane , Mendes Alessandra Beatriz Balduino , Borges Marielle Martins , Cesarino Claudia Bernardi , Martin Luciana Neves Cosenso , Fernandes Leticia Aparecida Barufi , Carrai Larissa Helena Marques , Lacchini Riccardo , Santos J. E Tanus , Vilela Martin J. Fernando
Published: February 2019

Considering that chronic disease treatment is seen as a challenge to health professionals, the adherence to therapy has been studied in several variables, such as socio-economic aspects, medicines, habits of daily life and food. The aim of the proposed study is to evaluate the influence of an educational program directed at patients with prehypertension and hypertension on pressure levels, biochemical variables, arterial stiffness and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). It is a case-control study. The participants will be allocated to three groups: 50 individuals with normal blood pressure;  80 with prehypertension; and 80 patients with hypertension in outpatient follow up with controlled blood pressure levels. Socio-demographic and behavioral data will be collected through interviews. Blood will be collected for biochemical analysis and the determination of MMP levels. Arterial stiffness will be evaluated through ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The level of significance will be set to 5% (p<0.05).
A Review of the Causes of Workplace Violence and its Preventive Measures - The Management Perspective
Authors: Mubashir Ali Syed , Rahat Ali Syed
Published: February 2019

In the recent past, workplace violence has gained a lot of attention for business managers and academic researchers alike. This paper will highlight and discuss some of the causes for workplace violence along with some possible remedies based on the review of available literature and empirical analysis. The identified factors are divided into three categories i.e. Societal, economic and management related. Provide Coaching or Counseling, taking disciplinary action and to establish a violence-protection policy are among some of the possible remedies and strategies to prevent or deal with the workplace violence.
Smoking during pregnancy, diet and levels of some micronutrients in adolescents with primary hypertension
Authors: Yaneva Kolarova , Angelova N., M. , Nedkova V. , Bozhinova A. , Gospodinov K. , Tisheva S. , Tzonzarova M.
Published: February 2019

Primary hypertension frequency in children is determined by cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, smoking and inappropriate diet. The success of strategies for its prevention is dependent on a plurality of perinatal and postnatal risk factors.

THE AIM of this study was to investigate the influence of potential risk factors like maternal smoking during pregnancy and the diet throughout the first year of the child for primary hypertension occurrence and the level of certain trace elements in children with primary hypertension. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted among 61 students aged 10-17 years with hypertension and a control group of 20 normotensive children. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the diet of the infant were determined and studied by conducting a survey. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the serum levels of the trace elements Zn, Cu, Cr. The data was processed statistically using Statgraphics. RESULTS: We found that 47.5% of the mothers of children with hypertension had smoked during pregnancy. 80.4% of children with hypertension were formula fed and only 19.6% of them were breast-fed. Significantly lower levels of serum zinc (9,90 ± 1,63 Î¼mol / l) were found in  66.6% of the children with hypertension. Serum copper levels were  statistically significantly lower in 50 % of the children (6,76 ± 2,96 Î¼mol / l). All patients with hypertension had significantly lower chromium (0,68± 0,26 Î¼mol / l). CONCLUSION : Smoking mother during pregnancy and formula feeding during the first year of life can probably be considered risk factors for early hypertension manifestation. The status of trace elements Zn, Cu, Cr showed a deficit in children with hypertension. Given the role of these micronutrients in cholesterol metabolism, their low serum levels may lead to early, preclinical vascular changes.
The Application of Cultural Model for Literacy through Legends to Enhance Speaking Ability of Second Semester English Students of Sriwijaya University
Authors: Sari Fitri Suci Puspita Sari , Inderawati Rita , Blani Zuraida
Published: February 2019

This study aimed to find out whether or not there was any significant difference in speaking ability of the students who were taught by implementing CML (Cultural Model for Literacy) through legends and those who were not. The sample was 41 undergraduate students enrolled in English course at FKIP of Sriwijaya University which were taken by purposive sampling method from 85 total of population. This study used one of the quasi-experimental designs that were pretest posttest non equivalent control group or comparison group design. The students were divided into two groups the experimental and control groups. The experimental group was required to do some phases in treatment of 16 meetings including pre-test and posttest in accordance with introducing new model of teaching speaking that was CML through legends. The data were obtained through speaking test by measuring their oral interpretations to know the students speaking ability. The test was administered twice as pre-test and post-test in both groups. The results indicated that there were any significant differences at level 0.05 level found in the data which were analyzed by using paired sample t-test (t=12.156>t-table=2.080) and independent sample t-test (t=3.252, p<0.05). The results also showed that CML through legends could enhance students speaking ability of the second semester English students of Sriwijaya University.
Problem of Companies Financial Analyses Derivatives Evaluation
Authors: Nazal Abdullah Ibrahim
Published: February 2019

This article concentrates on derivatives evaluation in financial report. As result to search, derivatives have negative affection and positive affection practically. Derivatives have cost in current time but return in future is not clear because of expecting possibility. In spite of its cost it must give value to increase assets value or reduce liabilities value or reduce cost or reduce tax or make profit at time of making financial report. Negative affection comes from transfer risk of loss which transfers loosing responsibility it added new type of risk. By comparing between derivatives and traditional choices to face risk, there is different in evaluation as result to degree of responsibility, source of its value, Liquidity, currency risk, product market price risk, credit risk and linked with other selling contract risk. Searcher recommended to reduce ignorance by explains the real looser and looser ability to buy loss which limit derivatives transfer loss in order to make financial report useful. Its difficulty comes from promising to give product and promising to buy price in future regardless of loss which needs grantee to apply promising or give suitable compensation. Some things consider as standards may not accept expecting rules for pricing as some currencies price which just apply by monetary policy.
The impact of sports on above-the-average and high-performing students achievements in Hungarian and Romanian higher education institutions
Authors: Kovacs Klara
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we apply such a complex indicator of student achievement to study the effect of sporting habits on higher education students achievement in Romania and Hungary in the Partium region. We created a complex indicator based on 12 dimensions and re-coded the index to a binominal variable: measuring above-the-average and high-performing student achievement. Consequently, our main research question is whether sporting habits contribute to becoming a member of the above-the-average or high-performing student groups. In our analysis, we control for the effect of social background variables and examine also the effects of subjective wellbeing (happiness and life satisfaction), self-assessment on health and resilience (mental fitness, flexibility, adaptability to changed conditions) as the positive influence of these latter factors on student achievement has been verified by others and our previous studies as well.  In the frame of our research, Higher Education for Social Cohesion Cooperative Research and Development in a Cross-border Area (HERD, HURO/0901/253/2.2.2.) a survey was carried out in the three countries of the Partium region (Hungary, Romania, Ukraine). The Ukrainian subsample was eliminated from the current analysis due to low headcounts and biased effects, thus our database included 2619 students. According to our results free-time sporting, subjective health status and resilience increase the likelihood to belong to the above-the-average group, while the two regular forms of sporting and mental fitness promote students to belong to the high-performing group. The level of subjective well-being decreases the likelihood to belong to both student groups. These support the assumption that sporting students are more engaged towards their studies and work as well and consider their studies as more meaningful. Such an attitude serves as a motivational factor for finishing their studies even more successfully, continuing their studies even at the doctoral level. These positive personality traits, values and attitudes that are also related to sporting define advantages in academic and personal lives and the labour market through the transfer-effect of sports.
THE EMERGENCE OF STATE SPHERE IN SOCIAL MEDIA: A POLITICAL BALKANIZATION IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Mohamed Badrul , Yusoff Mohammad Agus , Mohd Zain Zawiyah , Efendi Dori
Published: February 2019

Social media has phenomenally replaced the traditional media. Blogs have transformed news reporting; YouTube has reinvented talent sourcing; and the trinity (Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube) have revolutionary changed the rules of the game of regime change. Enabling commoners to be producers and its interactiveness are the two most important characteristics that grant the ordinary citizens to be extra-ordinary. From Tinseltown to Alexandria, the roles of social media has been unstoppably growing. The world political events in the recent times, particularly the Arab Spring have shown a strong correlation between social media and democratization. Malaysias political experience in recent years, in particular the 12th General Election (GE-12) in 2008 is comparable to the Arab Spring in view of the alluring role of social media and its gladiatorial impacts in politics. The failure of Barisan Nasional (BN or National Front, the only ruling party since independence) to retain its customary two-third majority in GE-12 is a proof of peoples growing desire to enjoy democracy that among others offer free and fair elections, good-governance, and social justice which are dissimilar to existing communalism and strong government. At a glance, GE-13 in 2013 produced similar results as GE-12 which displayed fortification of democracy among citizens. In contrast, further analyses toward the details of GE-13 surfaced the revival of communalism and autoritarinism which have shown signs of decay in GE-12. Thus, this article explores the conflictual roles of social media which (has been functioning as an ideal public sphere) when the ruling party together with the state machinery invade the sphere of social media to satisfy their political agenda. This investigation showcases the anarchic sphere in social media is not only capable in catalyzing democratization, but also undermining democracy by propagating political Balkanization that propels disjointed feelings among multi-racial citizens.
The Methodology of the Prophet In Calling To Allah
Authors: Jamal Mussart , Rukhsana Nighat
Published: February 2019

The Prophets call to Islam which started from his immediate family and relatives and then extended onto and went beyond the whole of Arabian Peninsula continued throughout his life with enormous achievement. The methods he implemented in his invitation to Islam were consistent, reasonable, systematic, and realistic and they yielded success. Following this path, the Prophet established around him a group of believers and then created the community who would spread his call onto other lands. He sent letters of invitation to the heads of neighboring states as the Messenger of Allah, and thus he began to spread his call at a universal level, which accelerated in an unprecedented fashion over the following centuries.
Determining the Relationship between the Items of the Cash Flow Statement with Abnormal Output in the Companies Enlisted in Stock Exchange Organization
Authors: Ghodrati Hassan , Mohammadjani Fatemeh Haftlang , Jabbari Hossein
Published: February 2019

The continuity of the operations, growth or decrease in the business activities of any company is in line with the on time and optimized funding of cash liquidity and suitable as well as the proper use of them in investment paths in the direction of creating output and ultimately, to increase the shareholders wealth. The goal of this research is to determine the relationship between cash liquidity and abnormal output of stocks. For this purpose, 130 companies were selected by employing simple random method among the companies were enlisted in Stock Exchange Organization. Different cash liquidities included the operational and non-operational cash flows were taken as the five main independent variables, the divisible profits, financial leverage and the size of the company were defined as other independent variables; and, the abnormal output of stock was considered as dependent variable. After analyzing the pre-hypothesis by using combined multi-variable regression and based on the panel data analysis, five linear relations were assessed. The results of the research showed positive relationship between different cash flows, except tax cash flow and the abnormal output of stock. With respect to the determining coefficients which were obtained, the assessed relationship was considered very weak linear relation. The results of T.Student and Fischer showed that the assessed relationship was not significant in the statistical society level. Analyzing the non-parametric correlation showed similar results.
Development of Responsive Writing Ability: the Chance Virtual Instruction Creates
Authors: Abbasian Gholam-Reza , Bafandeh Atiyeh Zeinalian
Published: February 2019

The ability to write and respond in a formal manner is an important skill in different areas. It has been seen that learners have problem with how to write and/or to respond in a formal manner. Being a quasi-experimental study, this study investigated the opportunities virtual instruction creates for the development and assessment of English responsive writing ability. The underlying premise was that virtual instruction, i.e., e-learning, can assist foreign language learners in the development of their general responsive writing ability. However, the role of instructional setting could not be so easily overlooked. So, the purpose of the present study was to recognize if there is any difference between EFL and ESL learners general responsive writing ability. In order to meet the objectives, 60 learners, divided into ESL and EFL groups, participated in this study. The ESL group consisted of 20 participants and 40 EFL learners were divided into two groups; one as the experimental group which received virtual instruction, while the other as the control group received class-based instruction. The study employed a process of exchanging emails in order to trace responsive writing ability development. Findings indicate that virtual instruction as far as the responsive writing ability was concerned, has an effective role in enhancing the learners written responses. Furthermore, these findings also show that the learners of the two EFL and ESL experimental groups significantly outperformed the EFL Control group, though the EFL experimental group outperformed both ESL and control groups. The findings also indicate that the EFL learners development depends on the researchers responsive written feedback.
Race, Culture and Political Exclusion/Inclusion: The Cases of Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Ivester Sukari
Published: February 2019

This article presents a comparison between Australia and New Zealand and the extent to which exclusionary and incorporationist dynamics became dominant in the material practices and political discourses that governed the ethno-racial conflicts in each society. It is argued that formative historical processes led to an overall stronger exclusionary trend in Australia, expressed in the formation of two distinct societies, as compared to a stronger incorporationist trend in New Zealand, expressed in the formation of one internally differentiated and highly inegalitarian society. The task of this historical analysis is to explain why this turned out to be the case. It is argued that two analytical factors account for the divergent courses taken by the two societies in question: (1) the differing capacities of the indigenous people to respond to and shape the process of group encounter and conflict; and (2) the strategies adopted by settler and colonial forces in pursuit of their interests. These analytical factors provide a framework for ultimately discussing the historical processes of state formation in both Australian and New Zealand societies.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CLINICAL PROTOCOLS IN SURGICAL DISCIPLINES
Authors: Tagarakis Georgios I , Dikeos Costas , Tsolaki Fani , Daskalopoulos Marios , Bougioukakis Petros , Tsilimingas Nikolaos , Polyzos Nikolaos
Published: February 2019

In the current article we aim to describe and show the significance of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in surgical disciplines, as this is expressed through the application of clinical protocols and clinical indicators of quality and outcome. We also probe the questions of clinical protocols assisting in hospital management, and moreover of the political and political-ethical issues for the implementation of clinical protocols in the pursuit of better hospital management. Clinical protocols are guidelines with broader scientific acceptance, helping physicians, surgeons and health staff in general, to perform a procedure or combination of procedures with the best possible results at the lowest possible cost. Clinical indicators are implemented in order to assess the achieved results; such indicators are in-hospital mortality, frequency of adverse events such as stroke or venous thromboembolism, duration of hospitalization, incidence of reoperation, incidence of re-admittance etc. The article also includes, for reasons of better understanding, two examples of clinical protocols (coronary artery surgery and total hip arthroplasty).
Physical activity could reduce violent behavior among undergraduate Sport Science students
Authors: Harafsheh Ibrahim Mohammad , Salameh Ibrahim Abdul Ghani M. , Alkhaldi Hasan
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Physical activity could reduce violent behavior among undergraduate Sport Science students and may differ according to gender. The sample of study consisted of (80) male and female students of the expected graduating students in the Faculty at a rate of (%80) from the original community. a questionnaire consisted of (10) paragraphs was used. And after doing the suitable statistical treatments it was pin-pointed that practicing the sport activities has a big role in belittling the level of violence and at a very big degree amongst students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science in theHashemiteUniversity, and there are no differences between males and females. The researchers recommended with the necessity of preparing more studies about the phenomenon of violence for the different age stages.
The Role of Deposit Money Banks on the Growth of SMEs in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Authors: Ojong Cornelius M , Arikpo Oka Felix , Anthony Ogar
Published: February 2019

This study examined the role of deposit money banks on the growth of SMEs in Yakurr Local Government Area, Cross River State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study were to examine the degree of relationship between deposit money banks credit, multiple taxations and government policies on the growth of SMEs. In order to achieve these objectives, three research hypotheses were tested at 5% level of significance. The survey research design was adopted and a well structured questionnaire was constructed to gather data for the study. The questionnaire was administered on 158 respondents comprising SMEs operators and banks staff. The Pearson product moment correlation statistical technique was applied. Findings resulting from the test revealed that deposit money banks credit had a significant relationship with the growth of SMEs. Multiple taxations and government policy summersault were found to significant affect SMEs growth. Based on these findings, the CBN was encouraged to mandate deposit money banks to set aside a certain percentage of their loanable funds for on lending to SMEs and to set up an enforcement team to ensure compliance by the banks. There was need to eliminate multiple taxation, reduce corporate taxes and strengthen government policy framework to impact significantly the growth of SMEs in Nigeria.
Validation and Investigation of Sentence Parsing Strategies: a Study of EFL Learners Psych and Language Processing
Authors: Moeenian Sahar , Abbasian Gholam Reza
Published: February 2019

Having a proper insight into understanding the human cognition in sentence processing strategies, this study explored the nature of Minimal Attachment and Late Closure strategies in relation to language proficiency levels. Facing the problem that why some EFL learners tend to parse differently (i.e., use Minimal Attachment and Late Closure Strategies), on one hand and the need to develop a reliable and valid instrument to do the respective investigation on the other hand, was the motive behind this study. By administering a Preliminary English Test (PET), three groups of Iranian adult EFL learners, both male and female were conventionally classified into three levels of proficiency. Three separate researcher-made sentence comprehension tests (each for one proficiency level) were then adopted as the main data collecting instruments through applying Think- Aloud Protocol in which all steps of instrument validation were taken. Findings revealed the use or better to say construct validity of various strategies. Meanwhile, the analyses revealed that the parsing strategies are, to some extent if not that much, associated with language proficiency levels, indicating that language proficiency level has some degree of effect on the participants use of parsing strategies as a whole, although findings on Minimal Attachment and Late Closure strategy use as two separate ones differed. While, there was not much effect of language proficiency level on Minimal Attachment strategy, the findings indicated a moderately large effect size on Late Closure strategy use and the three groups showed almost higher means on Late Closure strategy rather than the other one. Therefore, certain parsing strategies are associated with language proficiency level proving the fact that language proficiency level is an effective parameter as far as human cognition in language processing in general and sentence processing in particular are concerned. Moreover, not only is there relationship among language proficiency levels and the strategy use but the nature of relationship varies depending on language proficiency level and strategy type.
QUALITY OF LIFE OF STROKE PATIENT CAREGIVERS AT SRINAGARIND HOSPITAL, KHON KAEN PROVINCE, THAILAND
Authors: Charerntanyarak Lertchai , Singhpoo Karnchanasri , Chobchuen Roongtiwa , Kasinpila Chananya , Ngamroop Ratchada , Hadee Nutporn
Published: February 2019

Stroke is a chronic disease requiring patients to be treated for a long period of time. Patients need to been given close and attentive care, and this has an impacton the health and daily lives of caregivers. The aim of this cross-sectional descriptive study was to investigate the quality of life of stroke patient caregivers at Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen Province, Thailand. The subjects were 166 caregivers of all stroke patients who received treatment at Srinagarind Hospital during the period 1 July 10 September, 2011. The research tool was a questionnaire which was intwo parts: Part 1 was designed to collect baseline data about the patients and their caregivers, and Part 2 was the Thai version of the brief WHO quality of life assessment instrument (WHOQOL-BREF-THAI). Data were collected from the patients medical histories and from interviews conducted by the researchers and were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the overall quality of life of caregivers was at a moderate level with a mean score of92.5. In terms of each component domain of the quality of lifeinstrument, the mean scores for physical health, mental health, social relationships, and the environment were24.1, 21.3, 10.7, and 29.3 points, respectively.Even though the quality of life of caregivers was moderatelyhigh, medical professionals who provide care for stroke patients should assist and support caregivers in various ways by, for example, giving advice on sources of information which are useful to the caregivers themselves and for the physical and mental health care of the patients in. They should also provide assistance to families when they require help in continuing to care for the patients in their own homes.