bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality of oxytocin and tranexamic acid for the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania
Authors: Ammerdorffer Anne , Rushwan Sara , Timms Rebecca , Wright Philip , Beeson Leanne , Devall Adam J. , Mammoliti Kristie‐Marie , Alwy Al‐beity Fadhlun M. , Galadanci Hadiza , Hofmeyr G. Justus , Singata‐Madliki Mandisa , Qureshi Zahida , Lambert Pete , Gallos Ioannis D. , Coomarasamy Arri , Gülmezoglu A. Metin
Published: June 2022

Objective

To check the quality of oxytocin and tranexamic acid—two recommended products for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)—used in facilities taking part in an implementation research project to improve PPH diagnosis and management.

Methods

Between September 2020 and August 2021, oxytocin and tranexamic acid products used in the study facilities in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, and Tanzania were collected and transported in cold storage for analysis. Samples were analyzed according to the International (oxytocin) and British Pharmacopeia (tranexamic acid) standards.

Results

Of the 17 unique oxytocin products, 33 individual measurements were made. Only six unique products had adequate content and no related substances exceeding the recommended limits. Of 14 tranexamic acid samples, 10 showed adequate content. One product in Kenya and two products in Nigeria from different manufacturers had a high content of related substances, which classified them as substandard.

Conclusion

While we were unable to investigate the origin regarding poor manufacturing or poor storage or both, the high number of substandard oxytocin samples is of great concern. Most of the tranexamic acid samples had adequate content but the presence of impurities in multiple products is worrying and requires further study.
FIGO and the International Confederation of Midwives endorse WHO guidelines on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors:   FIGO PPH Technical Working Group, Begum Ferdousi , Beyeza Jolly , Burke Thomas , Evans Cherrie , Hanson Claudia , Lalonde Andre , Meseret Yodit , Oguttu Monica , Varmask Poonam , West Florence , Wright Alison
Published: June 2022

Synopsis

FIGO and the International Confederation of Midwives produced two joint statements endorsing WHO guidelines on prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
Innovations in the prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: Analysis of a novel medicines development pipeline database
Authors: McDougall Annie R.A. , Goldstein Maya , Tuttle Andrew , Ammerdorffer Anne , Rushwan Sara , Hastie Roxanne , Gülmezoglu A. Metin , Vogel Joshua P.
Published: June 2022

Background

A significant barrier to improving prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a lack of innovative medicines that meet the needs of women and providers, particularly those in low‐and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The Accelerating Innovation for Mothers (AIM) project established a new database of candidate medicines under development for five pregnancy‐related conditions between 2000 and 2021.

Objective

To systematically identify and rank candidates for prevention and treatment of PPH.

Search Strategy

Adis Insight, Pharmaprojects, WHO ICTRP, PubMed, and grant databases were searched to develop the AIM database.

Selection Criteria

AIM database was searched for candidates being evaluated for PPH prevention and treatment, regardless of phase.

Data Collection and Analysis

Candidates were ranked as high, medium, or low potential based on prespecified criteria. Analysis was primarily descriptive, describing candidates and development potential.

Main Results

Of the 444 unique candidates, only 39 pertained to PPH. One was high potential (heat‐stable/inhaled oxytocin) and three were medium potential (melatonin, vasopressin and dofetilide via nanoparticle delivery).

Conclusion

The pipeline for new PPH medicines is concerningly limited, lacking diversity, and showing little evidence of novel technologies. Without significant investment in early‐phase research, it is unlikely that new products will emerge.
Challenges in updating national guidelines and essential medicines lists in Sub‐Saharan African countries to include WHO‐recommended postpartum hemorrhage medicines
Authors: Ng'ang'a Joyce , Chitimbe Tabeth , Mburu Rosemary , Rushwan Sara , Ntirushwa David , Chinery Lester , Gülmezoglu A. Metin
Published: June 2022

Despite the 2017 WHO recommendations on tranexamic acid (TXA) for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), the 2018 uterotonic recommendations (which included heat‐stable carbetocin (HSC) for the prevention of PPH) and their inclusion in the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML), both drugs are still underused or not used at all to manage PPH in many countries with a high burden. HSC is currently being registered in low‐ and middle‐income countries and its policy inclusion is limited and slow. TXA (also heat stable) is available in many countries but is not registered for PPH treatment, which may have contributed to the delay in its inclusion in national guidelines and EMLs. For both drugs, national guidelines will need to be revised and updated for their optimal uptake. We implemented an advocacy initiative to accelerate the necessary normative policy change to ensure access to quality‐assured and heat‐stable medicines for the prevention and treatment of PPH in Sub‐Saharan African countries. Our initiative aimed to raise awareness of the importance of recently recommended medicines for the prevention and treatment of PPH and support the process to update PPH guidelines and EMLs to include these drugs. We highlight the lessons learned during the initiative, including the challenges and opportunities identified in updating PPH policies at the national level.
The role of the “no compression” sonographic technique in identification and removal of an etonogestrel contraceptive implant: A case report
Authors: Sium Abraham Fessehaye , Wolderufael Mekdes , Grentzer Jaclyn M.
Published: June 2022

Synopsis

Utilization of the “no compression” technique during sonography of the upper arm is vital in removing a deep contraceptive implant safely.
Controlling scaffold conductivity and pore size to direct myogenic cell alignment and differentiation
Authors: Basurto Ivan M. , Muhammad Samir A. , Gardner Gregg M. , Christ George J. , Caliari Steven R.
Published: June 2022

Skeletal muscle's combination of three‐dimensional (3D) anisotropy and electrical excitability is critical for enabling normal movement. We previously developed a 3D aligned collagen scaffold incorporating conductive polypyrrole (PPy) particles to recapitulate these key muscle properties and showed that the scaffold facilitated enhanced myotube maturation compared with nonconductive controls. To further optimize this scaffold design, this work assessed the influence of conductive polymer incorporation and scaffold pore architecture on myogenic cell behavior. Conductive PPy and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) particles were synthesized and mixed into a suspension of type I collagen and chondroitin sulfate prior to directional freeze‐drying to produce anisotropic scaffolds. Energy dispersive spectroscopy revealed homogenous distribution of conductive PEDOT particles throughout the scaffolds that resulted in a threefold increase in electrical conductivity while supporting similar myoblast metabolic activity compared to nonconductive scaffolds. Control of freezing temperature enabled fabrication of PEDOT‐doped scaffolds with a range of pore diameters from 98 to 238 μm. Myoblasts conformed to the anisotropic contact guidance cues independent of pore size to display longitudinal cytoskeletal alignment. The increased specific surface area of the smaller pore scaffolds helped rescue the initial decrease in myoblast metabolic activity observed in larger pore conductive scaffolds while also promoting modestly increased expression levels of the myogenic marker myosin heavy chain (MHC) and gene expression of myoblast determination protein (MyoD). However, cell infiltration to the center of the scaffolds was marginally reduced compared with larger pore variants. Together these data underscore the potential of aligned and PEDOT‐doped collagen scaffolds for promoting myogenic cell organization and differentiation.
Diagnostic accuracy of the Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM‐5 (PC‐PTSD‐5) within a civilian primary care sample
Authors: Williamson Meredith L. C. , Stickley Mariah M. , Armstrong Trey W. , Jackson Kaylee , Console Katie
Published: June 2022

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the Primary Care Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Screen for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) (PC‐PTSD‐5) as a screening tool for the identification of PTSD among a civilian sample receiving behavioral health treatment within a primary care setting. Validation within a civilian sample will increase the generalizability of the PC‐PTSD‐5 as a brief screening measure to identify PTSD within primary care practices.

Method

The present study is a retrospective review of data (N = 198) collected as part of a patient registry for an integrated behavioral health consultation service within a primary care clinic. The PC‐PTSD‐5 was administered as part of a standardized set of brief screening measures and a standard clinical interview. Diagnostic validation was accomplished via a consensus model between a board‐certified family medicine physician and a licensed psychologist along with medical/psychology trainees.

Results

Fifty‐two participants (26.26%) out of 198 who completed the PC‐PTSD‐5 were diagnosed with PTSD. The PC‐PTSD‐5 demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve = 0.933, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.901–0.965). A cutoff score of 4 maximized sensitivity (sensitivity% = 100) while maintaining acceptable specificity (specificity% = 85.2). This score also maximized efficiency (κ[0.5] = 0.77, SE = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.67–0.86) and maintained a good (≥0.60) quality index for specificity (κ[0] = 0.61).

Conclusion

The PC‐PTSD‐5 maintained strong diagnostic accuracy within a civilian primary care sample.
Transforming growth factor‐beta 1: A new factor reducing hepatic SHBG production in liver fibrosis
Authors: Briansó‐Llort Laura , Fuertes‐Rioja Lidia , Ramos‐Perez Lorena , Salcedo‐Allende Maria Teresa , Hernandez Cristina , Simó Rafael , Selva David M.
Published: June 2022

Low plasma sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) levels are present in fatty liver disease, which represents a spectrum of diseases ranging from hepatocellular steatosis through steatohepatitis to fibrosis and irreversible cirrhosis. We have previously determined that fat accumulation reduces SHBG production in different nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse models. In the present work, we are interested in elucidating the molecular mechanisms reducing SHBG plasma levels in liver fibrosis. For this purpose, in vivo studies were performed using the human SHBG transgenic mice developing liver fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Our results clearly showed that CCl4 induced liver fibrosis and reduced SHBG production by reducing hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF‐4α). The SHBG reduction could be influenced by the increase in transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1), which was increased in mice developing liver fibrosis. Therefore, we decided to evaluate the role of TGF‐β1 in regulating hepatic SHBG production. Results obtained in both HepG2 cells and human SHBG transgenic mice showed that TGF‐β1 reduced significantly SHBG messenger RNA and protein levels. Mechanistically TGF‐β1 downregulated P1‐HNF‐4α isoforms and increased P2‐HNF‐4α isoforms via Smad3 and Stat3 pathways through TGF‐β1 receptor I, resulting in transcriptional repression of the SHBG gene. Taken together, we found for the first time that TGF‐β1 is a new factor regulating hepatic SHBG production in liver fibrosis. Further research is needed to determine the role of this reduction in hepatic SHBG production in the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Cellular context determines primary characteristics of human TRPC5 as a cold‐activated channel
Authors: Ptakova Alexandra , Mitro Michal , Zimova Lucie , Vlachova Viktorie
Published: June 2022

The human transient receptor potential canonical 5 (TRPC5) is a calcium‐permeable, nonselective cation channel expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and also in other tissues such as the kidney, synovium, and odontoblasts. TRPC5 has been recently confirmed to play a key role in spontaneous, inflammatory mechanical, and cold pain. Although TRPC5 activation is known to be cold sensitive, it is unclear whether this property is intrinsic to the channel protein and whether or to what extent it may be determined by the cellular environment. In this study, we explored the cold sensitivity of human TRPC5 at the single‐channel level using transiently transfected HEK293T cells. Upon decreasing the temperature, the channel demonstrated prolonged mean open dwell times and a robust increase in the open probability (Po), whereas the amplitude of unitary currents decreased ~1.5‐fold per 10°C of temperature difference. In the absence of any agonists, the temperature dependence of Po was sigmoidal, with a steep slope within the temperature range of 16°C–11°C, and exhibited saturation below 8–5°C. Thermodynamic analysis revealed significant changes in enthalpy and entropy, suggesting that substantial conformational changes accompany cold‐induced gating. The mutant channel T970A, in which the regulation downstream of G‐protein coupled receptor signaling was abrogated, exhibited higher basal activity at room temperature and a less steep temperature response profile, with an apparent threshold below 22°C. An even more pronounced decrease in the activation threshold was observed in a mutant that disrupted the electrostatic interaction of TRPC5 with the endoplasmic reticulum calcium sensor stromal interaction molecule 1. Thus, TRPC5 exhibits features of an intrinsically cold‐gated channel; its sensitivity to cold tightly depends on the phosphorylation status of the protein and intracellular calcium homeostasis.
Preparing for implementation of an entrustable professional activity assessment framework
Authors: Quinonez Rocio B. , Tittemore Ashley , Mason Matthew , Broome Angela , Wolcott Michael , Kornegay Elizabeth C. , Duqum Ibrahim , Fearnow Bethany , Phillips Keith , King Jack , Swift Edward J.
Published: June 2022

Following the adoption of competency‐based education in dentistry in the 1990s, entrustable professional activities (EPAs) were introduced in the field of medicine in the mid‐2000s to help educators better determine the competence of trainees. More recently, the field of dental education has begun exploring EPAs as a framework for assessing competence while ensuring compliance with accreditation standards. This paper explores one dental school's process of preparing for implementation of a major curriculum change using an EPA assessment framework, shifting away from the use of singular assessments for competency determination to a global and longitudinal approach using a constellation of data to determine practice readiness. This paper describes how the EPA framework was developed, including the complementary capacities, assessment tool development and programming, and data reporting to follow learner progression and determine practice readiness. We discuss lessons learned leading up to implementation, and we position this perspective as a space to describe opportunities and complexities to consider when using a longitudinal assessment system. We attend to the tension between the current language of Commission of Dental Accreditation Standards as “competencies” and the evolving conversation of operationalizing EPAs while addressing accreditation Standards. To do this, we describe the process of finalizing our EPA framework and preparing for initial implementation in a new curriculum.
On the cop number of graphs of high girth
Authors: Bradshaw Peter , Hosseini Seyyed Aliasghar , Mohar Bojan , Stacho Ladislav
Published: June 2022

We establish a lower bound for the cop number of graphs of high girth in terms of the minimum degree, and more generally, in terms of a certain growth condition. We show, in particular, that the cop number of any graph with girth and minimum degree is at least . We establish similar results for directed graphs. While exposing several reasons for conjecturing that the exponent in this lower bound cannot be improved to , we are also able to prove that it cannot be increased beyond . This is established by considering a certain family of Ramanujan graphs. In our proof of this bound, we also show that the “weak” Meyniel's conjecture holds for expander graph families of bounded degree.
Local development organisations in Saharan regions of North Africa: Expanding horizons
Authors: Hamamouche Meriem Farah , Faysse Nicolas , Kuper Marcel , Lejars Caroline , Errahj Mostafa , Kadiri Zakaria , Ben Aissa Nadhira , Benmihoub Ahmed
Published: June 2022

Local development organisations are now widespread in rural regions of North Africa. In the past, these organisations were usually only involved in a few sector‐specific activities. This study investigated the activities of 24 local development organisations in the Saharan regions of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The fields of action of these organisations have expanded in the past decade, thanks to their increased capacity to handle relations with other actors. They have become active in defining what development means at the local level, although public administrations do not yet acknowledge such a role.
Impacts of regional uplift of the Tibetan Plateau on local summer precipitation and downstream moisture budget: A simulation study
Authors: Yang Kai , Chen Jinghua , Lu Chunsong , Li Junjun , Liu Tianyu , Deng Liping , Li Yanwei
Published: June 2022

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a series of sensitivity experiments were conducted to study the individual and overall effects of the various topographic uplifts of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) on regional climate variability. The presence of the southern slope of the TP facilitates the maintenance and development of the South Asia High (SAH), which produces a positive cyclic response between local precipitation and SAH, so that the northern branch of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM) maintains the water vapor supply. At the same time, the southern slope of the TP has a positive effect on the mid‐latitude tropospheric anomalous cyclone and anticyclone systems which promotes the downstream advancement of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) and is favourable for the transfer of water vapor and convective clouds downstream. The role of the TP platform is mainly due to the lifting of moisture generated by its local heating, which favours the formation of local convective clouds and precipitation while causing nonadiabatic warming of the troposphere. Water vapor transported from the TP could affect precipitation in central‐eastern China (CEC). However, the supply of water vapor in Southern East China (SEC) mainly comes from the southeast coast of China. The Tibetan Plateau sensitive areas (TPSA) have impacts on the water vapor transport path. Removing the TPSA favours an increase in precipitation and convective clouds in SEC. The removal of topographic disturbances favours the convergence and dispersion of water vapor at mid‐latitudes. The mid‐latitude dynamical anomaly may form a standoff with the low‐latitude dynamical system. This leads to inefficient precipitation and convective generation processes, a weakened monsoon advance over land, and a southward shift in the rainfall belt.
Application of the biosurfactant produced by Bacillus velezensis MMB‐51 as an efficient synergist of sweet potato foliar fertilizer
Authors: Ru Yunrui , Liu Jiawen , Xu Peijing , Gao Wenhui , Sun Di , Zhu Jingrong , Liu Cong , Liu Weijie
Published: June 2022

This study focused on the application of a microbial biosurfactant as a synergist of the foliar fertilizer. A biosurfactant‐producing Bacillus velezensis MMB‐51 was firstly isolated, which produced the peak yield of 2.287 g/L biosurfactant BS‐51 at the optimum fermentation condition. The chemical nature of BS‐51 was identified as lipopeptide consisting of surfactin and fengycin, which exhibited a low CMC of 11.0 mg/L in ddH2O and a good stability in wide ranges of temperature, pH and NaCl concentration. The BS‐51 was then applied as a synergist of three common sweet potato leaf fertilizers. The result showed that BS‐51 increased the contact area of fertilizer with leaf surface by 51%–93% and the moving speed of fertilizer on the inclined leaf surface by 272%–459%, indicating that BS‐51 decreased the surface tension of three‐leaf fertilizers. BS‐51 also increased the fertilizer residue after it slipped from the inclined leaf surface from 18.5%–21.5% to 29.4–31.2% depending on their types, thereby improving the utilization efficiency of foliar fertilizer. In addition, B. velezensis MMB‐51 secretion inhibited the growth of sweet potato pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata. Therefore, B. velezensis MMB‐51 could act as an efficient synergist of crop foliar fertilizer with antifungal activity.
Identification of the zeroth‐order coefficient and fractional order in a time‐fractional reaction‐diffusion‐wave equation
Authors: Wei Ting , Zhang Yun , Gao Dingqian
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we investigate an inverse problem of recovering the zeroth‐order coefficient and fractional order simultaneously in a time‐fractional reaction‐diffusion‐wave equation by using boundary measurement data from both of uniqueness and numerical method. We prove the uniqueness of the considered inverse problem and the Lipschitz continuity of the forward operator. Then the inverse problem is formulated into a variational problem by the Tikhonov‐type regularization. Based on the continuity of the forward operator, we prove that the minimizer of the Tikhonov‐type functional exists and converges to the exact solution under an a priori choice of regularization parameter. The steepest descent method combined with Nesterov acceleration is adopted to solve the variational problem. Three numerical examples are presented to support the efficiency and rationality of our proposed method.
New traveling wave solutions for Gilson–Pickering equation in plasma via bifurcation analysis and direct method
Authors: Elmandouh Adel A. , Elbrolosy Mamdouh E.
Published: June 2022

This work aims to study the wave propagation for the Gilson–Pickering equation appearing in plasma. By using an appropriate wave transformation, this equation is converted into a singular dynamical system that can then be converted into a regular dynamical system through a suitable point transformation for the independent variable. We demonstrate that both systems have the same first integral. In light of the topological equivalence between the phase orbits of both systems, we give a brief description of each system's phase plane. On the basis of the bifurcation analysis, we introduce two theorems summarizing the conditions on the parameters giving rise to periodic and solitary solutions, besides the conditions of unbounded wave solutions. Consequently, we construct some parametric wave solutions which are periodic, solitary, and unbounded wave solutions. We perform a numerical study to clarify these solutions graphically and to confirm the efficacy of the analytical study. We also analyze the influence of the parameters on some of the obtained solutions numerically.
Octonion short‐time linear canonical transform
Authors: Gao Wen‐Biao , Li Bing‐Zhao
Published: June 2022

We investigate the octonion short‐time linear canonical transform (OCSTLCT) in this paper. First, we propose the new definition of the OCSTLCT, and then several important properties of newly defined OCSTLCT, such as bounded, shift, modulation, time‐frequency shift, inversion formula, and orthogonality relation, are derived based on the spectral representation of the octonion linear canonical transform (OCLCT). Second, by the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for the OCLCT and the orthogonality relation property for the OCSTLCT, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle for the OCSTLCT is established. Finally, we give an example of the OCSTLCT.
Exploring the kinetic selectivity of drugs targeting the β1‐adrenoceptor
Authors: Sykes David A. , Jiménez‐Rosés Mireia , Reilly John , Fairhurst Robin A. , Charlton Steven J. , Veprintsev Dmitry B.
Published: June 2022

In this study, we report the β1‐adrenoceptor binding kinetics of several clinically relevant β1/2‐adrenoceptor (β1/2AR) agonists and antagonists. [3H]‐DHA was used to label CHO‐β1AR for binding studies. The kinetics of ligand binding was assessed using a competition association binding method. Ligand physicochemical properties, including logD7.4 and the immobilized artificial membrane partition coefficient (KIAM), were assessed using column‐based methods. Protein Data Bank (PDB) structures and hydrophobic and electrostatic surface maps were constructed in PyMOL. We demonstrate that the hydrophobic properties of a molecule directly affect its kinetic association rate (kon) and affinity for the β1AR. In contrast to our findings at the β2‐adrenoceptor, KIAM, reflecting both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions of the drug with the charged surface of biological membranes, was no better predictor than simple hydrophobicity measurements such as clogP or logD7.4, at predicting association rate. Bisoprolol proved kinetically selective for the β1AR subtype, dissociating 50 times slower and partly explaining its higher measured affinity for the β1AR. We speculate that the association of positively charged ligands at the β1AR is curtailed somewhat by its predominantly neutral/positive charged extracellular surface. Consequently, hydrophobic interactions in the ligand‐binding pocket dominate the kinetics of ligand binding. In comparison at the β2AR, a combination of hydrophobicity and negative charge attracts basic, positively charged ligands to the receptor's surface promoting the kinetics of ligand binding. Additionally, we reveal the potential role kinetics plays in the on‐target and off‐target pharmacology of clinically used β‐blockers.
Lethal and sublethal effects of insecticides used in the management of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on the predator Cycloneda sanguinea L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: da Silva Wanderson Rosa , Pereira Renata Cunha , Mendonça Laís Viana Paes , Peçanha Ludimila Simões , de Sales Abreu Letícia Moamad , Abib Pedro Henrique Nogueira , Samuels Richard Ian , Picanço Marcelo Coutinho , Silva Gerson Adriano
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND

The application of synthetic insecticides is the main strategy used to reduce the damage caused by the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella in commercial Brassica crops. However, incorrect insecticide use can cause biological and ecological disturbances in agroecosystems. Cycloneda sanguinea is a generalist voracious predator and is distributed widely in cultivated and noncultivated ecosystems. This study investigated the efficiency of four insecticides for the control of P. xylostella and the lethal and sublethal effects of these insecticides on C. sanguinea.

RESULTS

Spinosad (92% mortality) and chlorfenapyr (76% mortality) were highly toxic to P. xylostela. However, chlorantraniliprole (10% mortality) and methomyl (no mortality) were ineffective against this pest. Chlorantraniliprole was the only insecticide that was highly toxic to C. sanguinea by contact (90% mortality), however, it was nontoxic following the ingestion of chlorantraniliprole‐contaminated aphids. Interestingly, ingestion of prey contaminated with methomyl and chlorfenapyr was highly toxic (100% mortality) to C. sanguinea. Spinosad was nontoxic to C. sanguinea via exposure to contaminated surfaces and following ingestion of contaminated prey. However, direct contact of the insects with both methomyl and spinosad significantly affected C. sanguinea flight activity (vertical flight and free‐fall flight), whereas chlorfenapyr impacted vertical flight only.

CONCLUSION

These findings showed that chlorantraniliprole was not only ineffective for the control of P. xylostela, but was also highly toxic to C. sanguinea. The results indicated that spinosad was efficient against P. xylostela and was of low toxicity to C. sanguinea; however, the deleterious effects of this insecticide on flight behavior could result in reduced predatory efficiency. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
A model‐based meta‐analysis of immune‐related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment for NSCLC
Authors: Zhang Renwei , Kong Daming , Chen Rong , Guo Yuchen , Jian Weizhe , Han Mengyi , Zhou Tianyan
Published: June 2022

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become a vital part of the therapeutic landscape for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in recent years benefiting from their remarkable efficacy. However, ICIs are associated with potentially life‐threatening immune‐related adverse events (irAEs). This study aims to quantify dose dependence and additional influencing factors of both any grade and grade greater than or equal to 3 irAEs in patients with NSCLC treated by ICIs. The trial‐level irAE data was collected and pooled from 129 cohorts in 81 clinical studies. A logit‐transformed meta‐regression model was applied to derive the quantitative relationship of irAE rate and ICI exposure. Programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) or programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) inhibitors showed no dose dependence in patients with NSCLC, whereas cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA‐4) inhibitors exhibited a statistically significant dose dependence when used alone or combined with PD‐1 or PD‐L1 inhibitors. Besides, therapy line and combination of ICIs with chemotherapy or target therapy were significant covariates. Hopefully, the results of this study can improve clinicians’ awareness of irAEs and be helpful for clinical decisions during ICI treatment for NSCLC.
Nigerian teachers' self‐reported climate science literacy and expressed training needs on climate change concepts: Prospects of job‐embedded situative professional development
Authors: Eze Emmanuel , Nwagu Eric K. N. , Onuoha Joseph C.
Published: June 2022

The assessment of Nigerian teachers' climate science literacy and training needs on climate change concepts (i.e., causes, impacts, and solutions) are absent. This study relates teachers' climate science literacy and their expressed training needs in other climate change concepts and places teachers in groups. Following a descriptive survey design, 410 teachers were randomly sampled from 8338 public secondary school teachers in Enugu State, southeastern Nigeria. A researcher‐developed instrument passing validity and reliability tests was used for this study. We implemented frequencies, mean, t test, ANOVA, k‐means cluster analyses, and Pearson's correlation for the analyses of collected data and tested all hypotheses at a p < 0.05 level of significance. Teachers reported low to moderate climate science literacy and expressed high training needs on climate change concepts. Lower climate science literacy was related to higher expressed training needs. Four groups of teachers ensued from our cluster analyses. Sadly, teachers who possess little or less climate science literacy and expressed less or no training needs in climate change causes, impacts, and solutions constitute over half of the respondents of this study (53.90%). These are mostly science teachers. This situation, if unreversed, may lead to the transfer of misconceptions and inaccurate information on climate change to students. Our findings support the prospects of school−university partnerships, coaching, mentoring, study groups, and co‐teaching for job‐embedded situative approaches to teachers' professional development (PD) to replace an endless wait for inadequate and irregular training opportunities from the government. Questions about the climate science literacy of teacher educators also arise.
6‐2: Invited Paper: High‐ppi Fast‐Switch Display Development for Oculus Quest 2 VR Headsets
Authors: Kim Cheonhong , Klement Alex , Park Eric , Han Jason , Rao Linghui , Zhuang Jim
Published: June 2022

Recently, Meta rolled out Oculus Quest 2 all‐in‐one VR systems which have brought more virtual reality entertainment and experiences for users to discover. A 5.46″ 773 PPI (pixel per inch), 1920 RGB × 3664, fast‐switch LCD with low‐persistence backlight is used to get visual fidelity of around 21 PPD (pixel per degree) without any blur or ghost artifact. In this paper, we will present the overview of Quest 2 display architecture, performances and some of the design challenges which we have addressed.
7‐1: Invited Paper: UDC Technology for OLED Display
Authors: Lou Jun-hui , Zhang Lu , Ge Lin
Published: June 2022

UDC (Under‐Display Camera) technology is a technology breakthrough that can most likely solve the contradiction between the display integrity and front camera. It can improve the integrity of the display and the proportion of display screen. This paper analyzes the difficulties and challenges of the UDC technology, presents the progress of each key technical point and explores potential solutions. In the end, the paper introduces the UDC technology development and productions in Visionox Company.
7‐2: High Transmittance Under‐Display Camera Structure with COE
Authors: Xu Chuan X. , Yao Qi , Li Xiao H. , Shu Shi , He Wei , Xu Zhi Q. , Dong Li W. , Wang Wei J. , Gao Zhi K. , Yuan Guang C.
Published: June 2022

A novel under‐display camera structure with high transmittance up to 40.8% was proposed to increace transmittance, in which all pixel circuits and metal traces were moved to the transition zone which is right next to the UDC zone, and the circular polarizer was replaced with COE, and then the metal cathode is patterned by self‐assembly method, and the disconnected cathodes are connected together by transparent auxiliary cathode.
7‐4: Correction Algorithm for Under‐Display Camera Area on AMOLED Display
Authors: Su Shang-Yu , Lee Chao-Ting , Sung Jung-Hsuan , Pai Feng-Ting , Lin Ching-Chun
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we correct the necessary image algorithm such as sub‐pixel rendering (SPR) and de‐mura (DMR) for under‐display camera (UDC) area on AMOLED display. Because the wiring of TFT pixel circuit and structure are different between UDC and normal area, it results in color shifts and brightness nonuniformity in the UDC area. The new correction algorithms we propose are based on the existing architecture, distinguish the position coordinates of the two areas, and give a new correction method for the UDC area. The new algorithms have been integrated into the new DDIC NT37701 and have been mass‐produced for smartphone products.
8‐1: Invited Paper: Development of High Efficiency QLED Technology for Display Applications
Authors: Li Yanzhao , Chen Zhuo , Li Dong , Zhang Yuanming , Wang Tieshi , Feng Jingwen , Lu Shaoyong , Fang Bing , Li Xinguo , Xu Xiaoguang
Published: June 2022

Quantum Dot Light Emitting diodes (QLEDs) show promise in the development of next‐generation displays due to high color purity, very narrow full width half‐maximum, and high quantum yields. In this review paper we summarized the latest progress to improve the efficiency of Cd‐free QLEDs, and the recent developments on QLEDs patterning process based on ink‐jet printing and photolithography technology.
8‐5: Inkjet‐Printed Quantum Dot/Organic Semiconductor Nanohybrids for Efficient InP‐based Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Yohan , Choi Hyung Seok , Kim Jiyong , Janietz Silvia , Wedel Armin , Park Kyoung Won , Han Chul Jong , Oh Min Suk , Lee Han Dong , Kim Dong Uk , Kim Yong Woo , Kim Jiwan
Published: June 2022

The inkjet‐printing process will be the critical fabrication process for the electroluminescent (EL) quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QD‐LEDs) to meet the needs of industry users. Here, the inkjet‐printed InP‐based QD/organic semiconductor nanohybrids were applied as an emission layer in the inverted QD‐LEDs. Even though the printing process of the nanohybrids was performed in ambient air, the red and green devices show the maximum current efficiency of 9.7 cd/A and 10.4 cd/A, respectively, with the maximum luminance of over 7400 cd/m2.
9‐2: Oxide TFT behavior Under X‐Ray Irradiation in DXD Backplane
Authors: Chang YounGyoung , Yi Youngjin , Lee Hanseok , Kim JinPil , Kim JungJune , Choi Soyang , Jung Jihwan , Lim Yubeen , Park Kwon-Shik , Kim JeomJae
Published: June 2022

Recently, the digital X‐ray detector (DXD) technology requires high quality and high frame rate dynamic images, so efforts are being made to apply an oxide semiconductor (OS) thin film transistor (TFT) to the DXD backplane as a switching device instead of an amorphous Si (a‐Si) TFT. In order for the OS TFT to be used as a switching device of the X‐ray detector, it is necessary to study about the degradation parameters of the OS TFT under X‐ray irradiation. We confirmed that the threshold voltage (Vth) of the InGaZnO (IGZO) TFTs shifted negatively without s‐factor degradation according to X‐ray exposure. To understand these characteristics, we evaluated the X‐ray degradation characteristics of various methods.
12‐1: Invited Paper: Through‐OLED Display Ambient Color Sensing
Authors: Vampola Kenneth J. , Shao Guocheng , Rieutort-Louis Warren S. A. , Xu Ming , Chappalli Mahesh , Roudbari Abbas Jamshidi
Published: June 2022

Integrating an ambient light sensor behind an active OLED display maximizes the useable display area. We discuss our solution that overcomes challenges in through‐display transmission and display‐to‐sensor optical crosstalk and enables ambient color adaptation and autobrightness display features.
12‐2: High Accuracy In‐Cell Integrated Ambient Light and Color Temperature Sensor LCD
Authors: Huang Can , Bu Huanhuan , Liu Shuqi , Song Jiyue , Niu Xiaoyan , Tian Chao , Zhang Lixin , He Rui , Zha Guowei , Liu Guanghui
Published: June 2022

In this paper, we present a novel integrated light‐dependent sensor which can be used to detect the illuminance and color temperature of the ambient light. Based on the low temperature polysilimn (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT) process and photosensitivity qf PIN photodiode, the sensor can realize 0–100K lux of the monitor range and an accuracy of 0.5 lux/step. Meanwhile, it can identify the color temperature from 2000 K to 8000 K with an accuracy of ± 250 K. The LCD panel with this optical sensor could adjust brightness and color temperature adaptively according to the ambient light. It saves more space for terminal product which will also facilitates the full screen display.
12‐4: Tomography May Enable a Wavelength‐thin Camera
Authors: Travis Adrian R. L.
Published: June 2022

The author proposes that objects might be imaged from any small region on a flat panel by a wavelength‐thick array of 2‐dimensional cameras. The 1‐dimensional images formed by each camera will be combined without iteration into a 2‐dimensional image using Fourier Transforms in the manner of tomography.
15‐1: Novel Multi‐Frequency Driving of OLED for Low Power Consumption
Authors: Kwon Sangan , Kim Soondong , Yoon Changnoh , Kim Taehoon , Yang Jinwook , Choi Yongseok , Choe Wonjun
Published: June 2022

In a recent, OLED display has been required to larger and higher resolution by the years. So, display image quality and power consumption are getting important. It is necessary to reduce power consumption to increase battery usage time. Low frequency driving is the significant factor for long‐term use. We can operate low frequency driving using oxide TFT with small leakage current. However, the low frequency driving operates when the entire screen is a still image. To improve power consumption, we propose Multi‐Frequency Driving (MFD) technology. MFD is a technology that divides moving and still image areas in full screen display and drives them at different frame frequency. In this paper, we suggest what MFD technology is and how to implement the OLED driving system. And then we show how much it can improve power consumption for OLED.
15‐2: A 6.0Gbps Clock Embedded Interface for Advanced Mobile Displays
Authors: Park Dongwon , Bae Jongman , Kim Hyunsu , Amirkhany Amir , Jose Anup , Seto Frank , Stolitzka Dale , Min Kyungyoul , Choe Wonjun
Published: June 2022

Compared to the conventional clock‐forwarded scheme (MIPI D‐PHY) for display data transmission in mobile product, we propose a high‐speed clock embedded interface for advanced mobile display driving architecture. To achieve compatibility with simple interface protocol, we suggest a perturbation‐minimized D‐PHY operation. Furthermore, we propose a novel fast wake‐up CDR architecture to mitigate the intrinsic drawback comes from clock/training overhead. We demonstrate that our massproducible system successfully operates at 6.0Gbps by using a MIPI compatible design as an example.
15‐3: Cost‐effective Display Driver IC Architecture for First Frame Drop Compensation with Shared Memory Interface
Authors: Park Jin-Yong , Chung Ho-Joon , Kim Tae-Woo , Kwon Hong-Ki , Park Hyeon-Su , Lim Hyun-Wook , Lee Jae-Youl
Published: June 2022

In this paper, a new architecture is proposed to compensate for first frame drop. First frame drop occurs due to the unexpected residual voltage of the previous frame or the influence of TFT hysteresis. Therefore, in order to compensate for the first frame drop, a previous frame data is required, and a frame buffer is required to store it. As a result of the experiment, it was confirmed that the first frame drop with high performance was compensated without an additional frame buffer.
17‐2: Integrated Self‐Capacitance Touch Panel for Flexible OLED Display
Authors: Lu Feng , Li Zhe , Zhou Zihan , Zhang Jing , Yao Qijun , Ding Yuan , Lu Yung-Sheng , Chuang Jui-Chuan , Chen Chien-Chuan
Published: June 2022

Designs of self‐capacitance “on‐cell” touch panel were implemented in a 6.2inch foldable OLED panel with singlelayered sensor pattern. The test results showed that the self‐capacitance “on‐cell” touch panel has high sensitivity even with TFTs connected in serial of the sensor channels. Weaker retransmission effect was also found compared with its mutual‐capacitance counterpart. The self‐capacitance touch panel has shown great potential of application in future OLED display products.
18‐1: Invited Paper: Modeling and Optimizing Human‐in‐the‐Loop Visual Perception Using Immersive Displays: A Review
Authors: Sun Qi , Duinkharjav Budmonde , Patney Anjul
Published: June 2022

New and rapidly‐evolving classes of display devices bridge the gap between us and the immersive experiences of the future. The most intimate of these displays are the Virtual‐ and Augmented‐Reality (VR and AR) ones, because they are capable of presenting synthetic environments that rival those in the real world. This ecosystem of personal and highly‐immersive displays offers new challenges for research in computer graphics, display technologies, and human visual perception. While the extensive advancements in the areas of display and computer graphics technologies traditionally end at the on‐screen “image,” there are several untapped opportunities for advances that exploit the interplay between the display characteristics and how our visual system perceives them.

In this article, we review recent progress in understanding and modeling the perception of immersive displays, as well as perceptually optimizing display technologies for immersive experiences. We present this review in the form of a taxonomy that maps the various properties of modern displays with the perceptual phenomenon that most closely interacts with them. From this taxonomy, we deduce several unsolved challenges in understanding human perception of displays, as well as perceptually‐optimal characteristics of future displays.
18‐3: 3D Image‐Quality Evaluation Method Based on Image Comparison Metrics
Authors: Ha Young-sang , Mok Rang-kyun , Kim Beom-shik
Published: June 2022

We propose a method for evaluating the 3D image quality with a peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index (SSIM), which are image comparison metrics. Compare light field display (LFD) quality level with existing 3D X‐Talk evaluation and depth range evaluation method. And we proceed verification of image comparison metrics through 2D image. After creating a pattern dedicated to 3D evaluation for 3D application of image comparison metrics, 3D image quality evaluation is carried out. In summary, the present paper proposes a method for performing 3D image quality evaluation through image comparison metrics using only 3D images.
19‐2: Design Heuristics of Color Conversion Films in Micro LED Displays
Authors: Ahmed Khaled
Published: June 2022

Scaling challenges and design requirements needed to support high external color conversion efficiency (ECCE) for light emitters based on blue emitting Micro LEDs and QD color conversion films are quantified using a novel physical model. The model is shown to reproduce published data of ECCE dependence on quantum dot (QD) film thickness. Using this model, it is shown that scaling the QD film thickness from 10μm to 1μm in order to minimize cross talk and reduce manufacturing cost results in ECCE reductions of ~2x and ~10x for red and green QD films, respectively. Moreover, the blue leakage is found to be ~1% for QD film thickness of ~2.5μm.
19‐4: Triboelectric Discharging Problems in QD‐OLED Manufacturing and Solutions Using Electromagnetic Analysis
Authors: Park Hyun Sung , Na Hyeseok , Park Hyeondo , Park Sooyoung , Shin Hyundo , Cho Ara , Seo Yudeok , Kim Yongjo
Published: June 2022

Triboelectric discharging failure is one of the major quality issues of QD‐OLED display, which is the top priority failure item in the QD‐OLED manufacturing process. In order to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) failure of the QD‐OLED, triboelectric discharging phenomena of the full panel size should be assessed and proper precautions should be taken before the mask tape‐out. In this paper, ESD failure mechanism during the thin film fabrication process is investigated by using the numerical analysis and verified by experiments. ESD failure criterion of the QD‐OLED devices is characterized by using the spider mask. ESD failure rate of QDOLED displays and the electric field strength of the model are compared to establish the reliable ESD prediction model. For the first time, full panel scale ESD failure evaluation methodology is developed, and the electromagnetic behavior of the accumulated charges in the display panel is explored. Based on the newly developed methodology, ESD robust QD‐OLED panel design is suggested and experimentally verified. Finally, we achieved zero ESD defects during the production process for the QD‐OLED.
20‐2: Integration of Through Glass Via Interconnects within Thin Film Transistor Active Matrix Backplanes
Authors: Garner Sean , Vaddi Rajesh , Kanungo Mandakini , Okoro Chukwudi , Levesque Daniel , Paddock Barry , Mazumder Prantik
Published: June 2022

There is increasing interest in minimizing display bezels or creating truly borderless displays for liquid crystal, organic light emitting diode, and emerging microLED technologies. The current approach is integration of side‐bonded electrodes or wrap‐around electrodes to enable flex connector attachment on the backplane edge face or backs surface. These approaches utilize the backplane perimeter to achieve the required electrical interconnection. In contrast, metallized through glass via interconnects can be distributed across the backplane surface. This provides a more localized connection for backplane signal and power. This paper summarizes successful integration of metallized via interconnects with thin film transistors.