bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and their soluble receptors (sTNF‐α‐Rp55 and slL‐6R) serum levels in systemic lupus erythematodes
Authors: Robak E. , Sysa-Jędrzejowska A. , Robak T. , Stępień H. , Woźniacka A. , Waszczykowsk E.
Published: March 2007

We investigated a possible association between serum concentrations of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and their soluble receptors (sTNF‐α‐Rp55 and sIL‐6R) using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 55 patients with systemic lupus erythematodes (SLE) and 16 healthy controls. We also examined a possible association between the serum levels of these peptides and SLE activity, as well as TNF‐α and IL‐6 concentrations and the levels of their soluble receptors. The median concentrations of TNF‐α, sTNF‐α‐Rp55 and IL‐6 were significantly higher in SLE patients than in normal individuals. In contrast, there was no difference between the serum level of sIL‐6R in both groups. We found positive correlations between the serum concentrations of TNF‐α and IL‐6 as well as their soluble receptors and disease activity. There were also correlations between TNF‐α and sTNF‐α‐Rp55 as well as IL‐6 and sIL‐6R serum levels in SLE patients but there were no such correlations in the normal control group. In conclusion, an increase in the serum levels of TNF‐α, sTNF‐α‐Rp55 and IL‐6 may become useful markers for SLE activity. Patients with SLE have sIL‐6R serum concentration similar to that as in normal individuals. However, it correlates with disease activity and the level of IL‐6.
Merits and Problems in High-Threshold Methadone Maintenance Treatment
Authors: Waal Helge
Published: March 2007

Background: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in Norway emphasizes rehabilitation and control with strict intake criteria and rules for involuntary termination. Consequently, the programme should be characterized as high threshold and restrictive, which is somewhat out of tune with the general European trend towards harm reduction and diversity. Methods: The programme has undergone an extensive evaluation with quantitative and qualitative methods. Findings: MMT is at present integrated into the general health and social security system. The restrictive traits have not prevented rapid development in the capacity and coverage. Results on retention and drug use are above average for MMT programmes, but results on vocational rehabilitation are not impressive. The system is costly and some inherent structural problems cause concern. Conclusion: On this basis, central authorities have decided to keep the core structure of the programme, but to implement several changes. Medical diagnosis and evaluation should replace formal regulating criteria.
Trait Aggression and Hostility in Recovered Alcoholics
Authors: Ziherl Slavko , Čebašek Travnik Zdenka , Kores Plesničar Blanka , Tomori Martina , Zalar Bojan
Published: March 2007

There is a long-recognized association between alcohol consumption and aggressive behavior. This study was designed to examine aggression in a group of socially well-adapted recovered alcoholics (RA). The question addressed was whether the treatment, together with long-term abstinence from alcohol, could reduce aggression and hostility in RA. A group of male RA (n = 64), who did not meet the DSM-IV criteria for any psychiatric or personality disorder, were recruited to the study from aftercare groups. According to data from their group therapists, they were reliably abstinent for at least 3 years and socially well adapted. The study participants representing the control group (n = 69), diagnosed as being ‘reliable nonalcoholics’ (NA) by the Munich Alcoholism Test, were recruited from general practice. Data were derived from an in-house questionnaire on general characteristics of both groups, and aggressive and hostility traits were assessed using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). The univariate and multivariate between-groups design was used for data analysis. Taking into account the BDHI dimensions of aggression and hostility, the difference between RA and NA groups was statistically significant [Wilks’ lambda (8, 125) = 0.769; p = 0.00004]. There were statistically significant differences in the BDHI scales for indirect aggression, irritability, negativism, suspicion, resentment, and guilt. Both RA and Na groups did not differ significantly in variables that assessed physical and verbal aggression. After a 3-year abstinence, subjects from the RA group displayed signs of hostility and covert aggression.
Attachment Styles in Alcoholic Inpatients
Authors: De Rick Ann , Vanheule Stijn
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that addiction has often been identified as an attachment disorder, empirical studies on this topic are rather scarce. In our study we explore attachment style (secure vs. insecure) in alcoholic inpatients and its relationship with perceived parenting and alcohol-related and psychiatric problems in a sample of 101 alcoholic inpatients (Belgium). Our results reveal that in comparison to the securely-attached group, insecurely-attached alcoholic inpatients perceived their mother as more controlling, reported more severe psychiatric problems in the European Addiction Severity Index, had higher scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, showed more schizotypal and depressive personality traits and had more difficulties with communicating emotions (alexithymia). We argue that it makes sense to differentiate alcoholic inpatients on the basis of attachment style and that both groups (secure/insecure) need different treatment approaches.
Anxiety Disorders: Treatable regardless of the Severity of Comorbid Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Schadé Annemiek , Marquenie Loes A. , van Balkom Anton J.L.M. , Koeter Maarten W.J. , de Beurs Edwin , van Dyck Richard , van den Brink Wim
Published: March 2007

Aims: Clinical and epidemiological research has shown that comorbidity is the rule rather than exception in the case of psychiatric disorders. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been clearly demonstrated to be effective in treating anxiety and avoidance symptoms in patient samples of social phobia and agoraphobia without comorbid alcohol use disorders. It has recently been shown that treatment of comorbid anxiety disorders in alcohol-dependent patients can also be very successful. The purpose of the present study was to find predictors of treatment success for comorbid anxiety disorders in alcohol-dependent patients. Methods: The study was conducted in a sample of 34 completers with a double diagnosis of alcohol dependence and agoraphobia or social phobia who received CBT for their comorbid anxiety disorder in a 32-week randomized controlled trial comparing alcohol and CBT anxiety disorder treatment with alcohol treatment alone. In the current report, treatment success was defined as a clinically significant change (recovery) on the anxiety discomfort scale. Results: The severity of comorbid alcohol dependence did not influence the beneficial effect of CBT on the anxiety disorder. Psychological distress (SCL-90), neuroticism (NEO N), conscientiousness (NEO C), gender, employment and age of onset of alcohol dependence showed some predictive value. Conclusions: Alcohol-dependent males with a comorbid anxiety disorder seem to benefit most from CBT if their alcohol dependence started after age 25, if they are employed and if their general psychopathology is less severe. The most important conclusion, however, is that even severely alcohol-dependent patients with an anxiety disorder can benefit from psychotherapy for their anxiety disorder.
Drug Use Patterns and Drug-Related Disorders of Cocaine Users in a Sample of the General Population in Germany
Authors: Kraus Ludwig , Augustin Rita , Kunz-Ebrecht Sabine , Orth Boris
Published: March 2007

Aims: The prevalence of cocaine use is still very low in Germany, but rates have been increasing over the past few decades. Patterns of drug consumption and related adverse consequences in individuals who have used cocaine were investigated in order to distinguish different types of cocaine users. Methods: Data come from two national representative surveys on substance abuse in the German general population conducted in 1997 and 2000 using self- administered questionnaires. Overall response rates were 65 and 51%, respectively. The two samples were pooled (n = 16,159) and latent cluster analysis was conducted using a sub-sample of 272 lifetime cocaine users. Results: Three clusters were derived: the majority belonged to the group of mainly unproblematic users (UPG, 80%), the second group comprised non-amphetamine poly-problem drug users (NAPPG, 12%), and a small group was composed of poly-problem drug users (PPG, 8%). Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics, consumption patterns and age of onset for licit and illicit drug use revealed significant differences between the groups. Conclusions: The majority of cocaine users in the general population are experimental or occasional users of licit and illicit drugs. Rather than being a major drug, cocaine is one of many other licit and illicit drugs. Cocaine use as part of predominantly poly-drug use behaviour is strongly associated with substance-related disorders.
Hair Cortisol as a Potential Biologic Marker of Chronic Stress in Hospitalized Neonates
Authors: Yamada Janet , Stevens Bonnie , de Silva Nicole , Gibbins Sharyn , Beyene Joseph , Taddio Anna , Newman Christine , Koren Gideon
Published: March 2007

Background: As preterm and term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) undergo multiple stressful/painful procedures, research is required that addresses chronic stress. Objectives: To determine whether (a) hair cortisol levels differed between term and preterm infants exposed to stress in the NICU and (b) an association exists between hair cortisol levels and severity of illness or indicators of acute stress. Methods: Hair cortisol levels were determined using the ELISA method (solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay, Alpco Diagnostics, Windham, N.H., USA) in 60 infants >25 weeks gestational age at birth. Results: No significant differences were found between the hair cortisol levels of term infants compared to preterm infants in the NICU. When compared to a group of healthy term infants, hospitalized infants had significantly higher hair cortisol levels (t (76) = 2.755, p = 0.004). A subgroup analysis of the term NICU infants showed a statistically significant association between total number of ventilator days and hair cortisol levels. For every extra day on the ventilator, hair cortisol levels increased on average by 0.2 nmol/g (p = 0.03). 21% of the variance in hair cortisol levels was explained by the total number of days on the ventilator. Conclusions: Hair cortisol is influenced by days of ventilation in NICU term infants. This is a potentially valid outcome for chronic neonatal stress in these infants and warrants further investigation.
HIV Tat Protein Increases Bcl-2 Expression in Monocytes Which Inhibits Monocyte Apoptosis Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha-Related Apoptosis-Induced Ligand
Authors: Zheng Lin , Yang Yida , Guocai Lu , Pauza C. David , Salvato Maria S.
Published: March 2007

Objective: To investigate the effect of HIV Tat protein on Bcl-2 expression in human monocytes, and observe apoptosis of Tat-stimulated monocytes induced by TNF-α-related apoptosis-induced ligand (TRAIL). Methods: Western blot was used to detect Bcl-2 expression in monocytes stimulated by HIV Tat protein, and Annexin V and 7-AAD staining were used to detect apoptosis of monocytes induced by TRAIL. Results: HIV Tat protein increased Bcl-2 expression in human monocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin V staining showed that 51.54% of monocytes underwent apoptosis after being treated with 100 ng/ml recombinant TRAIL. When monocytes were prestimulated with HIV Tat, only 15.46% of monocytes underwent apoptosis. This effect can be inhibited by polyclonal anti-Tat serum. 7-AAD staining showed similar results. Conclusion: HIV Tat protein increases Bcl-2 expression in monocytes which inhibited apoptosis induced by TRAIL. HIV Tat protein may play an important role in the mechanisms of HIV-persistent infection in monocytes.
Carboxyl-Terminal Sequence Variation of Latent Membrane Protein 1 Gene in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Carcinomas from Eastern China and Japan
Authors: Wang Yun , Kanai Kyosuke , Satoh Yukio , Luo Bing , Sairenji Takeshi
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To elucidate variations of latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and explore the LMP1 variations of neighboring countries, China and Japan. Methods: In 12 and 8 EBVaGCs from eastern China and Japan, respectively, the C-termini of LMP1 were analyzed using PCR and sequencing. The sequences were compared with previously published strains and were characterized on a phylogenetic tree. The difference between Chinese and Japanese isolates was characterized. Results: Ten of 12 Chinese GC isolates (83.3%) and all of the 8 (100%) Japanese GC isolates belonged to the China 1 strain. Also, B95-8 type isolates were found in 2 of 12 Chinese GC. In the 18 China 1 type isolates, additional mutations outside the signature sequence changes were found. All Japanese isolates (100%) had two or more additional mutations, whereas only 5 of 10 (50%) Chinese isolates had two or more additional mutations. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0359). Conclusions: China 1 is the dominant strain in GC from eastern China and Japan. The similarity to that of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from China supports the view that China 1 strain represents a geographic-associated polymorphism rather than an NPC-associated polymorphism. Japanese isolates show more mutations than Chinese isolates, suggesting a geographic difference between Chinese and Japanese isolates in GC.
Susceptibility of Mouse Macrophage J774 to Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Moreno-Altamirano María M.B. , Sánchez-García F. Javier , Legorreta-Herrera Martha , Aguilar-Carmona Israel
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the J774 mouse macrophage cell line could be used as an in vitro model for dengue virus infection (DENV). After 3 days, infection in J774 cells was assessed by detecting dengue virus non-structural protein 1 (NSP-1) production either by dot blot or indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) of saponine-permeabilized J774 cells and then confirmed by RT-PCR (171 bp product, corresponding to the DENV-2 core). Based on the presence of NSP-1 in infected but not in non-infected cells by both IFA and dot blot, as well as the amplification of a 171-bp DENV-2-specific RT-PCR product exclusively in the infected cells, the J774 cell line was found to be permissive for dengue virus infection. As far as we know, this is the first report that the J774 mouse macrophage cell line is infected with dengue virus and, thus, that it can be used as an alternative in vitro model for dengue virus infection studies. This finding could help to further elucidate the mechanisms involved in dengue virus infection and pathogenesis.
Perceived Food Allergy in Children in 10 European Nations
Authors: Steinke Mathias , Fiocchi Alessandro , Kirchlechner Veronika , Ballmer-Weber Barbara , Brockow Knut , Hischenhuber Claudia , Dutta Manjula , Ring Johannes , Urbanek Radvan , Terracciano Luigi , Wezel Rainer
Published: March 2007

Background: Food allergy is targeted as a public health priority by the European Union Commission. Parental perception of food allergy in their offspring is a proxy measure of the potential demand for allergy medicine services in the paediatric population. Methods: A representative sample of the general population was contacted by a randomised telephone survey in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland, Slovenia and Switzerland. A standardised questionnaire was administered regarding parentally perceived food allergy reports, symptoms, foods and medical service use by their live-in children. Results: 40,246 adults were polled, yielding data on 8,825 children. Parentally perceived food allergy prevalence was 4.7% (90% CI 4.2–5.2%). The most affected age group was 2- to 3-year olds (7.2%). Single-country incidence ranged between 1.7% (Austria) to 11.7% (Finland). Milk (38.5%), fruits (29.5%), eggs (19.0%) and vegetables (13.5%) were most often implicated, although with significant age-linked variations. Medical treatment was needed by 75.7% of affected children because of a food reaction. This translates into a proxy measure for food allergy prevalence of 3.75%. Skin symptoms were widespread (71.5%), followed by gastrointestinal (27.6%) and respiratory (18.5%) symptoms. Discussion: We provide the first point prevalence of parentally perceived food allergy in the general paediatric population across the European Union. Parental reports confirm the public health significance of adverse reactions to some foods in specified age groups. Our data may inform intervention planning, cost of illness assessments and quality-of-life-enhancing public health measures.
Neuropsychobiological Evidence for the Functional Presence and Expression of Cannabinoid CB2 Receptors in the Brain
Authors: Onaivi Emmanuel S.
Published: March 2007

For over a decade, until recently, it was thought that marijuana acts by activating brain-type cannabinoid receptors called CB1, and that a second type called CB2 cannabinoid receptor was found only in peripheral tissues. Neuronal CB2 receptors in the brain had been controversial. We reported the discovery and functional presence of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the mammalian brain that may be involved in depression and drug abuse and this was supported by reports of identification of neuronal CB2 receptors that are involved in emesis. RT-PCR, immunoblotting, hippocampal cultures, immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy, and stereotaxic techniques with behavioral assays were used to determine the functional expression of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the rat brain and mouse brain exposed to chronic mild stress or treated with abused drugs. RT-PCR analyses supported the expression of brain CB2 receptor transcripts at levels much lower than those of CB1 receptors. In situ hybridization revealed CB2 mRNA in cerebellar neurons of wild-type but not of CB2 knockout mice. Abundant CB2 receptor immunoreactivity (iCB2) in neuronal and glial processes was detected in the brain. The effect of direct CB2 antisense oligonucleotide injection into the brain and treatment with JWH015 in motor function and plus-maze tests also demonstrated the functional presence of CB2 cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system. In humans, there was a high incidence of Q63R polymorphism in the CB2 gene in Japanese alcoholics and depressed subjects. Contrary to the prevailing view that CB2 cannabinoid receptors are restricted to peripheral tissues and predominantly in immune cells, we demonstrated that CB2 cannabinoid receptors and their gene transcripts are widely distributed in the brain. This multifocal expression of iCB2 in the brain suggests that CB2 receptors may play broader roles than previously anticipated and may therefore be exploited as new targets in the treatment of depression and substance abuse.
Amisulpride versus Risperidone Treatment for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Patients with Dementia of the Alzheimer Type: A Randomized, Open, Prospective Study
Authors: Lim Hyun-Kook , Pae Chi-Un , Lee Chul , Lee Chang-Uk
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of both amisulpride and risperidone for treating the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). Twenty-eight patients with DAT were randomly assigned to treatment with either amisulpride or risperidone for 8 weeks. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed with the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) scale. The Simpson-Angus Rating Scale, the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale were used for the assessment of side effects. The NPI and CGI-S scores were significantly decreased over time in both treatment groups without any significant group difference and time by treatment group interaction effect (F = 71.85, p < 0.0001). There were no serious adverse events in both groups. This study showed that either amisulpride or risperidone would be effective and tolerable for treating patients with DAT. Adequately powered studies with a head-to-head comparison design will be mandatory to draw any definite conclusion.
Incidence of Obesity Does Not Appear to Be Increased after Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Brazilian Children: Role of Leptin, Insulin, and IGF-1
Authors: Papadia Carla , Naves Luciana A. , Costa Sandra S.S. , Vaz Janete A.R. , Domingues Lucilia , Casulari Luiz Augusto
Published: March 2007

Background/Aims: It has been reported that children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in developed countries show an increased risk of overweight and obesity in adolescence and adulthood. However, the majority of patients who came to our observation in Brazil have low or normal body weight and only one of them was obese. Therefore, we have decided to assess some biochemical parameters possibly related to the intermediate metabolism and body composition in these patients. Methods: Two groups of subjects were studied: 27 survivors of childhood ALL (14.0 ± 4.2 years old; post-treatment interval 8.6 ± 3.9 years) (ALL group) and 17 healthy subjects (12.8 ± 4 years old) (control group) selected on the basis of their kinship with the patients. Results: 14/27 patients of the ALL group and 4/17 of the control group had leptin levels higher than the normal range for age and sex (p < 0.05). The leptin level was significantly higher in the ALL group (15.5 ± 1.8 ng/ml) than in the control group (10.7 ± 2 ng/ml) (p < 0.05). When adjusted by sex, BMI z-score, and age, the level of leptin in patients of the ALL group was 8.5 higher than in subjects of the control group (p = 0.006). Leptin/insulin correlation in the ALL group was 0.08 and in the control group it was +0.585 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The data indicate the presence of alterations in the homeostatic regulatory mechanisms controlling body weight in Brazilian patients treated for ALL in childhood, still, it did not lead to obesity in the absence of favorable environmental conditions.
A Case of Heterotopic Pregnancy in the Absence of Risk Factors
Authors: Anastasakis Eleftherios , Jetti Anand , Macara Lena , Daskalakis George
Published: March 2007

Objective: To reinforce the risk of heterotopic pregnancy in a natural cycle when intrauterine pregnancy and abdominal pain co-exist. Method: A single case report with a literature review. Results: Our case was associated with significant haemorrhage, laparotomy and salpingectomy. The obstetric outcome was favourable in this case. The literature review demonstrates the diagnostic difficulties as well as treatment options. Conclusions: Sonographic diagnosis of a heterotopic pregnancy is not always possible. Patients with abdominal pain and intrauterine pregnancy should heighten the clinician’s suspicion of a heterotopic pregnancy.
Induction of Early Meconium Evacuation Promotes Feeding Tolerance in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Shim So-Yeon , Kim Han-Suk , Kim Do-Hyun , Kim Ee-Kyung , Son Dong Woo , Kim Beyong Il , Choi Jung-Hwan
Published: March 2007

Background: A delay in reaching full enteral feeding is linked to poorer outcome in preterm neonates. Meconium retention has been viewed as a cause of bowel dysfunction in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Thus, adequate evacuation of meconium could help to promote feeding tolerance. Objectives: Our goal was to determine the effect of the induction of early meconium evacuation on feeding tolerance in VLBWI. Methods: An observational study involving two subsequent periods was performed in inborn infants with birth weights of <1,500 g, before (control) and after (study) the induction of early meconium evacuation by routine glycerin enema. The total duration of these periods was from January 2003 to December 2005. To evaluate feeding tolerance, we measured time to achieve full enteral feeding. Complications such as sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis were compared. Results: The study group achieved full enteral feeding significantly faster than the control group (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.8–4.8), and this effect was more definite in infants with a birth weight of <1,000 g (HR = 4.6; 95% CI = 1.9–11.1). The study group passed first meconium faster than the control group (median = 1.4 vs. 3.7 days; p < 0.001). Sepsis, especially as determined by positive culture in central venouscatheter, was significantly reduced in the study group (7.7 vs. 27.8%; p = 0.02). Conclusions: The induction of early meconium evacuation had a significantly positive effect on feeding tolerance and sepsis prevention in VLBWI.
The Assessment of Newborn Iron Stores at Birth: A Review of the Literature and Standards for Ferritin Concentrations
Authors: Siddappa Ashajyothi M. , Rao Raghavendra , Long Jeffrey D. , Widness John A. , Georgieff Michael K.
Published: March 2007

Background: Serum ferritin measurements are used in clinical populations to estimate total body iron stores and the risk of subsequent iron deficiency or overload. The lack of normative newborn serum ferritin concentration data between 23 and 41 weeks has led to difficulty in establishing the incidence and degree of abnormal iron status in the neonatal period. Objectives: The primary objective of this review was to summarize the maternal and gestational factors that determine ferritin concentrations in full-term and pre-term newborn infants and to generate comprehensive reference values. The secondary objective was to assess serum ferritin concentrations in newborn infants at risk for abnormal fetal iron metabolism, including maternal diabetes mellitus, intrauterine growth restriction and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Methods: Serum ferritin and gestational age data at birth from 457 low-risk pre-term and term infants of 23–41 weeks gestation obtained from 35 published studies reviewed from a period of 25 years and from recently collected data from our centers were assessed by regression analysis. Slopes and intercepts of the high-risk groups were compared with the standard curve. Results: Umbilical cord serum ferritin concentrations increased with advancing gestational age, from a mean of 63 µg/l at 23 weeks to 171 µg/l at 41 weeks gestation (p < 0.001). The infants of diabetic mothers had a lower intercept than the control infants (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Iron deficiency and overload have been implicated in neurodevelopmental impairments. Normative cord serum ferritin data may permit a more precise assessment of infants who are at risk for abnormal iron status at birth.
Zinc Protoporphyrin/Heme in Large-for-Gestation Newborns
Authors: Kleven Kelsey J. , Blohowiak Sharon E. , Kling Pamela J.
Published: March 2007

Background: Zinc protoporphyrin/heme (ZnPP/H) ratios are indicators of incomplete erythrocyte iron delivery. ZnPP/H is more sensitive than measures of iron stores, such as plasma ferritin, in identifying early pre-anemic iron-deficient erythropoiesis. Cord ZnPP/H ratios are elevated in conditions associated with fetal hypoxia, such as diabetes mellitus during pregnancy. In chronic fetal hypoxemia, erythrocyte and hemoglobin syntheses are accelerated and iron is incorporated into erythrocytes. Cord ZnPP/H ratios are correlated with fetal size after diabetic pregnancy. Because fetal size is a surrogate for diabetes control, it is unclear whether glycemic control in diabetes mellitus or fetal size was the major determinant of ZnPP/H ratios and disturbed erythrocyte iron delivery. Objective: Our goal was to examine whether ZnPP/H ratios were elevated or were associated with growth in large-for-gestation newborns born to mothers without the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Methods: In cord blood samples from large and appropriately grown healthy newborns, we measured ZnPP/H and indices of erythropoiesis and iron status. Analyses included simple linear regression, Fisher’s exact, and unpaired t testing. Results: In the absence of diabetes mellitus, ZnPP/H in 25 large and 24 appropriately grown healthy newborns was similar, and the ratios were within the limits of previously reported normal cord ZnPP/H. Ratios were not correlated with plasma ferritin levels. In large newborns, but not appropriately grown newborns, ZnPP/H ratios were positively correlated with fetal growth (p < 0.03) and estimates of body hemoglobin (p <0.04). Conclusions: Despite 33% greater body hemoglobin mass observed in healthy large, compared to appropriately grown newborns, mean ZnPP/H was normal. Iron incorporation into erythrocytes in large newborns appears adequate. Because the association of ZnPP/H with size and estimated body hemoglobin was observed only in large newborns, factors determining ZnPP/H may differ between large and appropriately grown newborns.
Antiviral Activity of Purified Human Breast Milk Mucin
Authors: Habte Habtom H. , Kotwal Girish J. , Lotz Zoë E. , Tyler Marilyn G. , Abrahams Melissa , Rodriques Jerry , Kahn Delawir , Mall Anwar S.
Published: March 2007

Human breast milk is known to contain numerous biologically active components which protect breast fed infants against microbes, viruses, and toxins. The purpose of this study was to purify and characterize the breast milk mucin and determine its anti-poxvirus activity. In this study human milk mucin, free of contaminant protein and of sufficient quantity for further analysis, was isolated and purified by Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration and cesiumchloride density-gradient centrifugation. Based on the criteria of size and appearance of the bands and their electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, Western blotting together with the amino acid analysis, it is very likely that the human breast milk mucin is MUC1. It was shown that this breast milk mucin inhibits poxvirus activity by 100% using an inhibition assay with a viral concentration of 2.4 million plaque-forming units/ml. As the milk mucin seems to aggregate poxviruses prior to their entry into host cells, it is possible that this mucin may also inhibit other enveloped viruses such as HIV from entry into host cells.
Role of Ciprofloxacin in Its Synergistic Effect with Fosfomycin on Drug-Resistant Strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Yamada Sakuo , Hyo Yukiyoshi , Ohmori Sachiyo , Ohuchi Masanobu
Published: March 2007

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect of ciprofloxacin (CPFX) and fosfomycin (FOM) on CPFX-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Methods: The synergistic effect was evaluated using the fractional inhibitory concentration index, acute bactericidal effect and morphological observation. Results: In the fractional inhibitory concentration index experiments, the combination of CPFX with FOM showed a synergistic effect in 20 of 74 (27.0%) strains of P. aeruginosa. From the morphological observations, it was determined that CPFX affected the outer membrane structure. CPFX combined with FOM caused striking morphological changes, resulting in bacteriolysis. A time lag experiment suggested that the addition of CPFX prior to FOM produced more pronounced bactericidal activity than the addition of FOM prior to CPFX. Conclusions: These results indicate that the combination of CPFX with FOM induces a synergistic effect on CPFX-resistant P. aeruginosa strains. The role of CPFX is thought to be related to damage of the outer membrane, enhancing FOM penetration.
Resting Metabolic Rate of Elderly Vietnamese
Authors: Nhung Bui Thi , Khan Nguyen Cong , Hop Le Thi , Lam Nguyen Thi , Khanh Nguyen Le Bao , Lien Do Thi Kim , Nakamori Masayo , Hien Vu Thi Thu , Kassu Afework , Yamamoto Shigeru
Published: March 2007

Background/Aims: To evaluate the FAO/WHO/UNU equations for predicting resting metabolic rate (RMR) in elderly Vietnamese. Methods: A cross-sectional study involving healthy and elderly subjects was carried out at the Basic Nutrition Department, National Institute of Nutrition, Vietnam. A total of 75 subjects who had a normal body mass index (BMI) were divided into two groups according to sex. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and anthropometric indices were recorded. Equations derived by linear regression of RMR and body weight were compared to the FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) predictive equations. Results:The mean age of males and females were 65.03 ± 4.0 and 66.48 ± 4.61 years, respectively. Mean RMRs (MJ/kg/day) were 0.0963 ± 0.0121 for males and 0.0925 ± 0.0117 for females. Compared to the FAO/WHO/UNU equations, our findings were 10.9 and 11.1% lower in males and females, respectively (p < 0.05). Conclusion:Our findings suggest that the FAO/WHO/UNU equations may overestimate RMR in elderly Vietnamese. Further studies to find out the most appropriate equation or to establish new predictive equations for RMR in elderly Vietnamese should be conducted.
Acute Effect of Leptin and Ghrelin Injection on Postprandial Glycogen and Lipid Synthesis in Rats
Authors: Bassil Maya S. , Mrayati Maha M. , Hwalla Nahla C. , Obeid Omar A.
Published: March 2007

Aim: The study was designed to investigate the immediate (1 h) effect of leptin and ghrelin injection on in vivo postprandial hepatic glycogen and lipid synthesis. Animals andMethods: Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed a semisynthetic control diet ad libitum. Overnight-fasted rats were gavaged with 4 ml of water containing 1.25 g of the diet and immediately injected intraperitoneally with 4 mCi of 3H2O. After 1 h, rats were either intraperitoneally injected with saline (control), leptin (20 µg/rat) or ghrelin (10 µg/rat) and sacrificed 1 h later. Blood, liver and epididymal fat pads (EFP) were taken for analysis. Results: Plasma triglyceride level was higher in the leptin group compared to control. Leptin injection reduced hepatic glycogen synthesis while glycogen accumulation was not affected and ghrelin injection did not affect hepatic glycogen synthesis. Both hepatic and EFP lipogenesis were not affected by leptin or ghrelin. Conclusion: Leptin and ghrelin administration had no immediate effect on hepatic and adipose tissue lipogenesis. Leptin reduced in vivo postprandial hepatic glycogenesis and increased plasma triglyceride level which may be due to reduced uptake by peripheral tissues. Thus, leptin was found to exert an immediate effect on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism unlike that of ghrelin.
NO2/NO3 Plasma Profile under Different Parenteral Nutrition Regimens in Newborns
Authors: Dalgıç Nazan , Hasanoğlu Alev , Tümer Leyla , Koç Esin , Ergenekon Ebru , Cinasal Gülden , Bukan Neslihan
Published: March 2007

Objective: Free radical production is increased by the administration of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and may be linked to its adverse effects. Some of the complications of TPN can be ameliorated by partial enteral feeding. In the present study, we investigated plasma nitrate/nitrite (NO2/NO3) levels in newborns under parenteral and enteral plus parenteral nutrition (PN). Study Design: Six categories of patients were studied: (1) 10 term infants receiving enteral feeding, (2) 10 term infants receiving PN plus enteral feeding, (3) 10 term infants receiving TPN, (4) 10 preterm infants receiving enteral feeding, (5) 10 preterm infants receiving PN plus enteral feeding, and (6) 10 preterm infants receiving TPN. Plasma nitrate/nitritelevels were measured in all infants initially and in infants receiving TPN and PN plus enteral feeding on the 1st and 5th days, 3 h after the lipid infusion. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the weighs of infants between the term and preterm groups. There was no difference in NO2/NO3 levels between the term and preterm groups. When the groups of term (groups 1, 2, 3) and preterm (groups 4, 5, 6) infants were compared separately within the groups, no statistically significant difference was found in any parameters. We also made comparison among the six groups’ gestational ages, and we found a difference between all term groups and all preterm groups except between groups 1 and 2; groups 1 and 3; groups 2 and 3; groups 4 and 5, and groups 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the baseline, 1st and 5th days NO2/NO3 levels were compared in the term and preterm groups receiving PN. Plasma NO2/NO3 levels before TPN were significantly lower in the term infants receiving parenteral fluids compared with NO2/NO3 levels of 1st day of TPN (p < 0.05). In preterm infants receiving TPN the NO2/NO3 levels before TPN were significantly lower than the levels on the 5th day of PN (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference among other NO2/NO3 levels of the patients at baseline, 1st and 5th days in the term and preterm groups. Partial enteral feeding did not change the levels of NO2/NO3 in term and preterm infants on PN. Conclusion: This study shows that TPN has some impact on nitric oxide (NO) production in newborn and partial enteral nutrition does not reduce this effect. However, since the numbers are very small these findings need to be verified by larger groups of patients.
Effect of Dietary α-Linolenic Fatty Acid Derived from Chia when Fed as Ground Seed, Whole Seed and Oil on Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Rat Plasma
Authors: Ayerza Jr. Ricardo , Coates Wayne
Published: March 2007

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cause of death in the Western world. In both the USA and the EU it accounts for over 600,000 deaths yearly. Early data showing the benefits n–3 fatty acids provide in preventing CHD disease were obtained using 20:5n–3 and 22:6n–3 fatty acids derived from fish. Recently, however, it has been shown that reduced risks of CHD and other cardiovascular diseases are found with 18:3n–3 fatty acid as well. To determine if 18:3n–3 fatty acids positively influence plasma composition, 32 male Wistar rats were fed ad libitum four isocaloric diets with the energy derived from corn oil (T1), whole chia seed (T2), ground chia seed (T3), or chia oil (T4) for 30 days. At the end of the feeding period the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were analyzed to determine serum CHOL, HDL, LDL, TG content, hemogram, and fatty acid composition. Chia decreased serum TG content and increased HDL content. Only with the T2 diet was TG significantly (p < 0.05) lower, and only with the T3 diet was HDL significantly (p < 0.05) higher, than the control diet. Chia significantly (p < 0.05) increased the 18:3n–3, 20:5n–3 and 22:6n–3 plasma contents compared to the control diet, with no significant (p < 0.05) difference among chia diets detected. Significant (p < 0.05) improvement in n–6/n–3 fatty acid ratio was observed for all chia diets when compared to the control.
Ultrasonographic Measurement of Intra-Abdominal Fat Thickness in HIV-Infected Patients Treated or Not with Antiretroviral Drugs and Its Correlation to Lipid and Glycemic Profiles
Authors: Guimarães Milena Maria Moreira , de Oliveira Júnior Antônio Ribeiro , Penido Mariana Guimarães , Queiroz Leonardo Campos , Goulart Eugênio Marcos Andrade , Greco Dirceu Bartolomeu , Machado Lucas José de Campos
Published: March 2007

Aims: To compare the intra-abdominal fat thickness measured by ultrasound between HIV-infected patients treated or not with antiretroviral drugs and to correlate these visceral adiposity measurements to other parameters of cardiovascular risks. Methods: In a transversal observational study, 160 HIV-infected patients were recruited and divided in two groups, i.e., 123 antiretroviral (ARV)-treated and 37 ARV-naïve patients. These patients were submitted to anthropometric determinations, laboratorial analysis, ultrasonographic measurements of subcutaneous and intra- abdominal fat thickness and to tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis in order to measure the body composition. Results: In the patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the intra-abdominal fat pad was significantly thicker than that of the untreated group (69 ± 21 mm, n = 123 vs. 60 ± 18 mm, n = 37; p = 0.03 Student’s t test). The intra-abdominal fat thickness correlated significantly with plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, fasting glucose, glucose measurements 2 h after dextrose load, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, weight, BMI, WHR and caliper-measured total fat percentage. Conclusion: The results showed that antiretroviral therapy is associated with increased ultrasonographic measurements of visceral adiposity. Our data demonstrated a strong correlation between intra-abdominal fat thickness and independent risk factors of cardiovascular disease: atherogenic lipid profile and insulin resistance.
Influences of Acute and Chronic Aerobic Exercise on the Plasma Homocysteine Level
Authors: Gelecek Nihal , Teoman Nursen , Ozdirenc Mehtap , Pınar Lamia , Akan Pınar , Bediz Cem , Kozan Omer
Published: March 2007

Background and Aims: Elevated plasma homocysteine (PH) levels have been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The aims of this study were to investigate the influences of submaximal acute aerobic exercise and aerobic training on PH levels and lipid profiles. Methods: 69 volunteersubjects (21.12 ± 2.08 years) were randomized to three groups as acute, training and control groups. Examination and blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise in the acute group and before and 6 weeks later in the training and control groups. Results: A significant increase in PH concentration was recorded immediately after aerobic exercise, compared with baseline values (p = 0.001). Although, in the training group, total cholesterol (p = 0.00) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001) decreased significantly after training, no significant changes in PH concentration, HDL cholesterol (p = 0.087) and triglyceride (p = 194) levels were found. Conclusions: It can be said that the PH level increases following submaximal acute aerobic exercise, but does not alter after submaximal aerobic training due to training duration or intensity. Therefore, submaximal aerobic training decreases lipid profiles independent of the PH level.
Prevalence and Impact of Vitamin D Insufficiency in Southern Chinese Adults
Authors: Wat W.Z.M. , Leung J.Y.Y. , Tam S. , Kung A.W.C.
Published: March 2007

Introduction: Vitamin D is a vital element for bone health but the problem of vitamin D deficiency is underestimated in Hong Kong. Methods: Serum 25(OH)D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were evaluated in 382 community dwelling Chinese adults >50 years for their relation with bone mineral density (BMD) and risks of osteoporotic fractures and falls. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 69 ± 9 years. The mean 25(OH)D level was 28.3 ± 10.8 ng/ml with 62.8% of the subjects having levels <30 ng/ml. 6.3% of the subjects had elevated PTH levels. A curvilinear relation between serum PTH and 25(OH)D was found, with PTH starting to increase when 25(OH)D level fell below 30 ng/ml (r = –0.233, p < 0.05). Although subjects with vitamin D <30 ng/ml had significantly lower BMD, only sex, age and PTH but not 25(OH)D were predictors of BMD at the spine and hip. Subjects with elevated PTH levels had a 2.92-fold increased risk of falls and 2.94-fold increased risk of fractures at the hip and spine. Conclusions: Vitamin D insufficiency and its complication of secondary hyperparathyroidism is common even in subtropical region and is an important risk factor for low bone mass, falls and fractures.
Effects of Bioactive Peptide, Valyl-Prolyl-Proline (VPP), and Lactobacillus helveticus Fermented Milk Containing VPP on Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Narva Mirkka , Rissanen Jukka , Halleen Jussi , Vapaatalo Heikki , Väänänen Kalervo , Korpela Riitta
Published: March 2007

Background: Valyl-prolyl-proline (VPP), a bioactive peptide formed during the fermentation with Lactobacillus helveticus LBK-16H (L. helveticus), has been shown to increase bone formation in vitro. The aim of the study was to determine whether VPP and L. helveticus fermented milk prevent bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: During the 12-week intervention study, the OVX rats received VPP in water or L. helveticus fermented milk, containing VPP. Sham-operated rats receiving water acted as controls. The trabecular and cortical bone mineral density were determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography before the operation and at 4 and 12 weeks. The mechanical testing and ash weight analysis as well as the static and dynamic histomorphometrical parameters were assessed at the end of the intervention. Results: VPP given in water showed no clear effect on bone loss. L. helveticus fermented milk prevented bone loss by decreasing bone turnover and increasing the bone mineral density. Ovariectomycaused a 57% loss in the trabecular bone, which was attenuated by 16% in the L. helveticus group. Conclusions: VPP peptide did not prevent ovariectomy-induced bone loss, which could be due to the poor bioavailability of VPP from water solution. L. helveticus fermented milk prevented bone loss, whether this is due to the VPP peptide cannot be concluded.
Weight Loss and Quality of Life Improvement in Obese Subjects Treated with Sibutramine: A Double-Blind Randomized Multicenter Study
Authors: Di Francesco V. , Sacco T. , Zamboni M. , Bissoli L. , Zoico E. , Mazzali G. , Minniti A. , Salanitri T. , Cancelli F. , Bosello O.
Published: March 2007

Background and Aim: Obesity affects cardiovascular risk and also quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to test weight loss and impact on QoL after sibutramine treatment in obese subjects. Methods: Double-blind randomized trial on 309 outpatients (51 males, 258 females; age 41.8 ± 10.9 years, BMI 35.0 ± 3.1 kg/m2) randomized to sibutramine (n = 154) or to placebo (n = 155) treatment. A combination of sibutramine 10 mg or matching placebo and a balanced hypocaloric diet was given for 6 months with monthly evaluations. The main outcome measures were weight loss, the impact of weight on QoL, BMI, and waist circumference. Results: The mean weight reduction was 8.2 kg in the sibutramine group and 3.9 in the placebo group at 6 months (p < 0.01). 40% of the sibutramine subjects and 14% of the control subjects lost ≧10% of their body weight (p < 0.01). The improvement in the impact of weight on QoL was statistically significant only in the sibutramine group at 6 months (mean –12.5 vs. –4.5 points; p < 0.01). In the sibutramine group the reduction in BMI (–3.1 vs. –1.4 kg/m2) and waist circumference (7.7 vs. 3.5 cm) was significantly greater (p < 0.001). The incidence of adverse events was low and similar to the placebo. Conclusions: This study confirmed that sibutramine significantly enhances the effect of diet on weight loss, BMI and waist circumference reduction, and showed a significant improvement of QoL.