bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘The Maggot Within’: The state security apparatus in Ng˜ug˜?’ s Wizard of the Crow
Authors: Okereke Emmanuel Chibuzor
Published: June 2017

In contemporary African nations, the functions performed by the state security apparatus have continued to cause trouble and divisions in the society. The state security apparatus , which is obliged to be non-partisan while carrying out assignments, has been manipulated by those in authority for their own profit. This anomalous attitude of the state security apparatus has been highlighted in fictional works of most African writers, as exemplified by Ng˜ug˜? wa Thiong'o. This paper therefore investigates the portrayal of the state security apparatus in Ng˜ug˜?’s Wizard of the Crow. The focus is how the agents of s tate security strive to uphold state power and, in doing so, deviate from their other constitutional role of protecting life and property. The paper further explores how the characters representing the state security apparatus in Wizard of the Crow promote shady business deals and as well systematize corruption. The overarching argument in this paper is that state security agents serve as instruments of misrule, oppression, deprivation and class control.
Behavior Effect of Fluoxetine in Presence of Selenium Using Albino Mice
Authors: Aburawi Suhera M. , Baayo Sumaya A.
Published: June 2017

Depression is a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and is effective antidepressant medication. Selenium is essential for good health but required only in small amounts.Aim of the study is to investigate the effects of fluxetine alone and in presence of selenium on anxiety, spontaneous motor activity and antidepressant behavior. Also, the study aims to investigate the effects of selenium on spontaneous motor activity, anxiety measure, and antidepressant behavior, using photoelectric cells, elevated plus maze and forced swimming maze.Mice were divided into 5 group (n=6). Group 1 (control), administered 1% tween 80 (5 ml/kg); group 2 administered selenium (200 µg/kg); group 3 received diazepam as a positive control (1 mg/kg); group 4 received fluoxetine (20 mg/kg); while group 5 received combined treatment of fluoxetine and selenium. All drugs injected sub acutely (three doses), mice were intraperitoneally administered at 24, 5, and 1.0 hrs before scoring. All drugs administered as suspension in 1% Tween 80 (T80). It was injected in volume 5ml/kg. Plus maze, photoelectric cells and forced swimming maze models were used.Fluoxetine has no effect on anxiety or locomotor activity; while selenium produced anxiolytic effect without changes on locomotor activity. Fluoxetine has antidepressant activity without any effect on duration of climbing. Selenium induced antidepressant effect with climbing action. Fluoxetine abolish the anxiolytic effect of selenium when administered together, but the combined treatment decreases the locomotor activity. Fluoxetine administration with selenium counteract the antidepressant effect of each other and climbing effect of selenium. Finally, selenium improves anxiety and depression behavior in albino mice, and might be used as an alternative therapy instead of fluoxetine (which treat antidepression only); but it must not be taken in combination with it.
Outcomes of laparoscopic versus open appendectomy: a comparative study
Authors: Kolhar B A. , Lamani Y. P. , Shekhar R. M. , Shankar Gururaj
Published: June 2017

Background: The advantages of laparoscopic appendicectomy over open appendicectomy were questioned because the recovery period with open appendicectomy was brief. In this study, the two techniques were compared with respect to post-operative pain and duration of us of an analgesic, complications such as vomiting, ileus, intra-abdominal abscess, wound infection, length of post-operative stay, and return to routine work.Methods: 50 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the study was subjected to either of the two procedures after randomisation and statistical analysis was done.Results: The patients who underwent laparoscopic appendicectomy had less post-operative pain with lesser analgesic use, less post- operative complications such as vomiting, ileus, wound infection, shorter hospital stay and early return to routine work.Conclusions: Laparoscopic appendicectomy is a better procedure in selected patients with acute or recurrent appendicitis.
Laparoscopic versus open incisional hernia repair: comparative non-randomized study
Authors: Mohamed Wael Barakaat Ahmed , Abdelmgeed Magdy Khalil
Published: June 2017

Background: One of the most common complications of laparotomy is Incisional hernia, with an estimated incidence of 3-20%. The objective of this study was to compare the outcome of patients after laparoscopic and open incisional hernia repair.Methods: This was a prospective observational comparative study, in Sohag University Hospital, Sohag, Egypt. All adult patients who fulfilled our inclusion criteria underwent laparoscopic or open incisional hernia repair from September 2013 to September 2016 were included in the study. Primary outcome measure of this study was recurrence rate, wound infection. And secondary outcome measure of this study was operative time, postoperative complications and hospital stay.Results: Between September 2013 and September 2016, 60 patients with incisional hernia had fulfilled our inclusion criteria were operated at the general surgery department at Sohag university hospitals, Sohag, Egypt. 31 patients had open incisional hernia repair and 29 had laparoscopic incisional hernia repair. The mean age for laparoscopic repair group was 45.69±7.66 years and for open repair group was46.94±8.08 years p value 0.543. In laparoscopic group male to female ratio 20/9 was while in open group it was16/15 p value 0.197.the mean body mass index for laparoscopic group was29.83±3.56kg/m2 and for open group30.00±3.32kg/m2 p value= 0.873. the most significant finding was hospital stay which was significantly shorter in laparoscopic incisional hernia repair group p value was 0.000 as well as wound infections were significantly lower in laparoscopic incisional hernia repair group p value was 0.05. there was no significant difference between both groups as regard operative time, bowel injury intraoperative complication postoperative complications as well as recurrence rate. The mean follows uptime was 27.24±3.04 months for laparoscopic incisional hernia group and 27.12±3.06 months for open group.Conclusions: Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair is a safe alternative to laparoscopic incisional hernia repair with a shorter hospital stay and a lower wound complication.
Lipid profile and its relevance in carcinoma breast
Authors: Rohariya Hrituraj , Gharde Pankaj , Gharde Pramita Muntode
Published: June 2017

Background: Breast cancer has emerged as a rapidly growing cancer in India and has already replaced cervical cancer. According to global cancer statistics for the year 2008, breast cancer resulted in 46 million deaths. In Asia, incidence rate of breast cancer is lower but is drastically rising. Nevertheless, while dyslipidemia [high LDL-C (low density Lipo-protein-cholesterol) and low HDL-C (high density lipo-protein-cholesterol) levels] has controversial role in this disease; the specific influence of dyslipidemia in breast cancer initiation and progression is not completely understood. So, we undertook this study.Methods: The study was conducted in the department of general surgery, at Medical College and allied Hospital, in Central rural India between year 2012 and 2014. It was a case control study with a sample size of 50 female participants attending the surgery in patient department, fitting in the inclusion criteria as cases and 50 matching controls. The Data was entered in master chart was statistically analyzed by using SYSTAT version 11 and tests were applied accordingly.Results: Age is a crucial factor in malignancy, most of the studies show malignancy presents more in elder population when compared to young ones. In most patients were between 31-50 years. The youngest patient was of 36 years and the oldest was 78 years. The mean age of the patients affected was 48.54 years which is close to the values in other studies. This study also demonstrated significantly high (p value<0.01) serum TC (total cholesterol) levels of post-menopausal study group (32%, more) as compared to post-menopausal control group. The increase in Serum TC levels was more in post-menopausal study group as compared with pre-menopausal study group. Present study had not shown a significant difference (p value >0.05) between serum levels of HDL-C levels in pre-and post-menopausal control group and study group, though post-menopausal cases had slightly lower values of HDL-C when compared with pre-menopausal controls.Conclusions: We conclude from this study that there is a definite positive correlation between carcinoma breast and fasting lipid profile. The pre-and post-menopausal cases showed significant correlation as far as Total Cholesterol and LDL. Whereas there was no significant correlation between HDL, VLDL and TG (triglycerides). Body mass index has no relation with carcinoma breast.
Management of isolated shaft femur fractures by traction and single-leg spica cast in children
Authors: Kumar Indrajeet , Kumar Rahul , Choudhry Laljee
Published: June 2017

Background: Objective of the study was to find out the advantages of traction and single-leg spica cast in treatment of isolated femoral shaft fracture in children. Study design was Descriptive and place of the study was Darbhanga Medical College and hospital, Laheriasarai, Darbhanga, Bihar, India.Methods: 24 patients, age below 10 years, with a mean age of 5.37 years range with closed isolated femoral shaft fractures were included in the Study. Patients having compound fractures and those with associated injuries were excluded from the study. Spica cast was applied under sedation after preliminary skin traction, however immediate spica was given in children less than 2 year and those who had less than 2 cm shortening on telescopy. Follow up was done in OPD after 1,4,8,12,24 weeks with check x-rays taken at every visit.Results: 24 children were included in the study, with a mean age of 5.37 years range (2 months to 10 years). Average duration of skin traction was 14.8 days range (0-21) days. Average duration of hospital stay was 16 days range (2-22) days. Average time for fracture union was 7.4 weeks range (4-12) weeks. At final follow-up, 2 patient had Limb -Length Discrepancy (LLD) of 1.5 cm, 2 had LLD of 1 cm, 4 had LLD of 0.5cm, while 18 children had no LLD. None of the patients had short legged gait. None of the patients needed cast removal for any cast related complication.Conclusions: Traction followed by spica cast is a safe and effective method for closed fracture shaft of femur with very low risk of complication and can be done in children in less than 10 years of age.
A comprehensive study on acute non-traumatic abdominal emergencies
Authors: Malviya Ajay , Hussain Ashfaque , Bulchandani Hitesh P. , Bhardwaj Girish , Kataria Subhash
Published: June 2017

Background: Abdominal pain is one of the most common reasons for visit to the emergency room. Acute appendicitis is the commonest cause. An accurate diagnosis is essential for the correct treatment, which in many cases will prevent the death of the patient. Mainstay of diagnosis is history and physical examination. If this information is inadequate to establish a diagnosis and urgent or immediate operation is unnecessary, the periodic re-examination helps document the progression of the disease and often avoids unnecessary surgical intervention. Today the combination of improved diagnostic procedures, antibiotic and better anaesthesia and preoperative and postoperative patient care has led to a decrease in morbidity and mortality of patients with acute abdomen. The objective of this study was to determine the various causes of non-traumatic acute abdominal emergencies, their incidence, management and mortality in both sexes and all age groups >12 years age.Methods: The Study was conducted on 1353 patients of non-traumatic abdominal emergencies admitted in the department of surgery, associated group of hospitals attached to Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, Jodhpur over a period of 1 year extending from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015.Results: Most common cause of acute non-traumatic emergency in our study is acute appendicitis 61.71% of the patients. Out of 1353 cases of non-traumatic acute abdominal emergencies, 217 (16%) were managed conservatively while 1136 (84%) were operated. 96.64% cases of acute appendicitis were operated and only 3.36% underwent conservative management. The rate of operative intervention in acute intestinal obstruction and acute cholecystitis was 89.09% and 85.71% respectively. 81.89% cases of hollow viscus perforation were operated while 18.11% were treated conservatively. Only 18.18% cases of liver abscess underwent operation while all patients of Meckel's Diverculititis were managed operatively. All patients of acute pancreatitis were managed conservatively. Overall mortality in our study of acute non-traumatic abdominal emergencies was 3.39%.Conclusions: It can be concluded that acute non-abdominal emergencies admitted in the hospital constitute a major chunk of surgical patients, majority requiring operative management with limited mortality.
Hand sewn versus stapler anastomosis in elective gastro intestinal surgeries
Authors: R. Banurekha , S. Sadasivam , K. Sathyamoorthy
Published: June 2017

Background: The technique for intestinal anastomosis in elective gastrointestinal surgeries depends on site, bowel calibre and underlying disease. The decision to choose hand sewn or stapler anastomosis depends on surgical experience and preference. The objective of this study was to study the outcome of hand sewn anastomosis compared with stapler anastomosis in elective gastrointestinal surgeries.Methods: Retrospective comparative study was conducted in surgical wards of a tertiary referral hospital from July’2013 to June’2016. Data analysed with independent samples T-test to compare mean values between methods and Chi-square tests used to compare proportion of the two values.Results: Significant difference in duration of procedure, return of bowel sounds, starting of oral feeds, hospitalization days, return to work noted in stapler anastomosis compared with hand sewn anastomosis in subtotal gastrectomy and gastrojejunostomy. No difference in appearance of bowel sounds in right hemicolectomy and other resection and anastomoses group, no difference in return to work in right hemicolectomy group, no difference in starting of oral feeds in low anterior resection group. Other parameters were statistically significant in right hemicolectomy, low anterior resection and other resection and anastomosis groups. No significant difference observed in anastomotic leak between hand sewn and stapler methods. There was no mortality in stapler group.Conclusions: Stapler method significantly reduces duration of surgery, has early recovery with less mortality. Stapling is quick to perform in inaccessible situations like low colorectal anastomosis. Stapler anastomosis can be used safely and effectively in elective gastrointestinal surgeries.
Feasibility of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (TEP) in rural centre in India
Authors: Sawarkar Prashant , Zade Ranjana , Dhamanaskar Suchine , Gathe Bhupendra , Sawardekar Pradip , Khade Amol
Published: June 2017

Background: Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most frequently performed operations in general surgery worldwide. Routinely used gold standard Lichtenstein technique gives a long scar and more post-operative pain. TEP has demonstrated favourable short-term results, with regards to reduced postoperative stay, pain and earlier return to physical activity in comparison with open mesh repairs.Methods: This study was prospective observational study in which 75 patients were included for TEP repair and followed for the outcome measured as the time taken for operation, incidence of intra operative and post-operative complications, severity of pain at post-operative day 1, 1 week, 1 month and 6 months after operation, return to work and cost effectiveness of inguinal hernia repair.Results: We have enrolled the 75 patients from 16 to 80 years out of which 34 (45.3%) patients were from age group 50 to 70 years.  47 (62.7%) patients operated on right side and 58 (77.4%) were operated for indirect hernia. Mean time taken for TEP was 81.5 minutes with minimum of 45 minutes and maximum of 135 minutes. There was single most complications of Pneumoperitoneum in 24 (32.0%) which was benign and managed conservatively. Other complications include bleeding in 4 (5.3%) and vas injury in one (1.3%). the mean duration of time taken for return to work was 11 days. The mean cost of TEP was Rs. 5932 with minimum of Rs. 4327 and maximum of Rs. 7742.Conclusions: The laparoscopic (TEP) repair is well established surgery for primary hernia repair and the other open tension free Lichtenstein technique is still regarded as a gold standard for inguinal hernia repair. The laparoscopic hernia surgery attempting similar claims underwent controversies with conflicting results. Laparoscopic (TEP) inguinal hernia repair gives greater patient’s satisfaction and better cosmetic results than open (Lichtenstein) repair.
Ranula in an adult case series
Authors: Chavan Shahaji , Kshirsagar Vinayak , Bendre Mahendra , Ambre Sagar Ramesh , Banik Rahul , Tripathi Nishant , Sharma Vishal
Published: June 2017

The ranula is a cyst like mass arising from sublingual gland. It originates from extravasation of mucus from sublingual gland. Ranula can be simple and plunging. The name came from latin word means frog. The ranula can be seen in intraoral and it affects the submandibular space and adjacent structure in the neck. This paper reviews case series of two case of ranula one in floor of mouth and one in the floor and affecting the submandibular space plunging ranula; both case been successfully treated marsupialization were done in first case and excision of the sublingual gland were done in second case. No complication was observed during intraoperative and postoperative period and both patients are in follow up there is no recurrence in 1 year period till now.
A study of infections in neonatal intensive care unit at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Ingale Hemangi D , Kongre Vaishali A. , Bharadwaj Renu S.
Published: June 2017

Background: As infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates, early diagnosis and prompt treatment can prevent its serious consequences. The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of infections in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a tertiary care hospital and to study their risk factors, causative organisms and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.Methods: Appropriate samples were collected from all neonates with clinical signs and symptoms of infections. Isolation of microorganisms, their identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was done according to standard microbiological techniques.Results: Among 1210 neonates admitted in the NICU, 393 (32.4%) were clinically suspected infections. The prevalence of Septicemia, Pneumonia, and Meningitis were 6%, 1.5%, 0.7% respectively. The predominant organisms causing neonatal infection were Gram negative bacteria followed by fungi and Gram positive bacteria. Among Gram negative bacteria, the antimicrobial resistance was highest for third generation Cephalosporins [Ceftazidime (81.1%), Cefotaxime (60.3%)]. In Gram positive bacteria highest resistance was observed for Penicillin and Ampicillin (91.3%). Methicillin resistance was observed in 91.6% of Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS). All isolates of Candida parapsilosis were sensitive to Fluconazole, Voriconazole but resistant to Amphotericin B. Predominant risk factors were low birth weight (87.7%) and prematurity (75%). Maternal risk factors were pregnancy induced hypertension (13.4%) and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (10.1%). The case fatality rate was 20.7%.Conclusions: There is a need of strict infection control measures and rational antibiotic policy to reduce the economic burden of hospital and community due to neonatal infections.
Clinical profile of Dengue infection in infants a tertiary teaching hospital experience
Authors: Lakshmikantha Keshavamurthy Mysore , Veerappa Basavaraja Gangasamudra , Bai B. Anitha , Benakappa Naveen
Published: June 2017

Background: Dengue viral infection caused by arthropod borne flavivirus has become endemic worldwide. India contributes to a tune of 20% of global burden. The clinical manifestation ranging from benign dengue fever (DF) to life threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)/ dengue shock syndrome (DSS), has varied nonspecific features in infants. study was undertaken during our peak dengue season to know the clinical profile and outcome of dengue viral infection in infants.Methods: This is a prospective observational study. All infants with features suggestive/ clinical suspicion of dengue were enrolled with parental consent. Their demographic detail, history, clinical features were collected, categorised and treated according to WHO 2012 dengue guidelines.Results: A total of 86 infants were enrolled. Male female ratio was 2.44:1. Majority of infants were in Category B (63.9%) Fever being the most common presentation, Gastrointestinal and Respiratory symptoms, CNS manifestation like convulsion/ altered sensorium was noticed in 3.4% cases. Majority of cases were in critical phase (80%), recovery phase with fluid overloaded (edema) features were present in 7% cases. Thrombocytopenia was seen in all infants. Infants in Category C needed ionotropes, ventilator support and blood products, whereas those in other two categories did not. Recovery was seen in 94.25% and mortality was 4.6%.Conclusions: This study highlights the varied presentation of dengue in infants and to have a high index of clinical suspicion for dengue in infants presenting with nonspecific symptoms, for effective care of this dynamic disease.
The effects on carotid artery intima-media wall thickness and development of atherosclerosis in children on anti-epileptic drug monotherapy
Authors: Ksoo Rosina , Sharma Rakesh , Kaushal R. K. , Jhobta Anupam
Published: June 2017

Background: Children with seizure disorder and requiring long-term anti-epileptic drugs are predisposed for development of atherosclerosis. We monitored the carotid artery intima wall thickness of the children on Anti-epileptic drug monotherapy along with their lipid profile for a period of one year.Methods: Children under 18 years, who were newly diagnosed with epilepsy or were already on anti-epileptic drug monotherapy were included in the study period of one year. They were then prospectively followed-up at three months and again between the sixth and twelfth month’s period. A high-resolution B-mode ultrasound using a 5-7 MHz linear transducer was employed for measuring the thickness of the carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). The biochemical parameters including fasting lipid profile, body mass index and dietary habits were also taken.Results: A total of 130 children were included in the study. The values of cIMT observed were 0.38 mm (0.1 mm) and 0.41 mm (0.1mm) in the new (control) and old cases respectively. The values of cIMT were significantly increased in patients receiving Carbamazepine (CBZ) and Phenytoin after 3 months of therapy and with increase in age and duration of intake of anti-epileptic drugs. There were no gender differences in the value of cIMT.Conclusions: The values of serum cholesterol, LDL and HDL were significantly increased in children on CBZ and valproic acid. There was no difference in the lipid profiles of children on Phenytoin and Phenobarbitone. However, the atherogenic indices of the children taking any of the four anti-epileptic drugs were normal.
Dermatoglyphics in infants with isolated, non-familial cleft lip palate- a case control study from Southern India
Authors: Anish Lia Sarah , S. G. Sowmya , Shenoy Rathika , Shetty Vikram
Published: June 2017

Background: The role of genetic factors may be established by study of dermatoglyphics, therefore, any genetic abnormality during the formation of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in the early trimester maybe reflected by altered dermatoglyphics. Aim: This study aims to assess altered dermatoglyphics in children with isolated, non-familial CL/P to understand the role of genetic factors in clefting.Methods: Case control study in a cranio-facial centre comprising of 40 infants (6-9 months) with CL/P and age and gender matched controls. Finger printing was done using black duplicating ink. A p-value of 0.05 was considered significant.Results: Majority (57.5%) had left sided clefting. Ulnar loops were the predominant digital pattern in the study group but there was no statistical difference with the controls, when all the finger patterns were considered together. There was significant difference in digital patterns in between the left thumb (p=0.033), ring (p=0.048) and little fingers (p=0.029) in the two groups. Comparison between the right and left hands within the study group showed significant difference in digital patterns in the thumb (p=0.047) and little finger (p<0.001). The study group also had a wider atd angle with significance (right hand p=0.038, left p=0.003) and a lower a-b ridge count with significance (right hand p= 0.045, left p=0.012).Conclusions: There was a definite dermatoglyphic difference specifically in the left hand, which was also the major side of clefting, within subjects as well as between subjects and controls.
Early identification of risk factors and diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese children above 6 years of age
Authors: B. Minakshi , N. S. Chithambaram
Published: June 2017

Background: Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder and an emerging clinical challenge all over the world. It is considered a multiplex cardiovascular risk factor, in that each component of the cluster of abnormalities is a risk factor in its own right. The objective of the study was to identify the risk factors and diagnose metabolic syndrome early in overweight and obese children.Methods: The observational study was conducted at the Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore. Total 100 children who were overweight and obese were participated. The outcome measure of the study was considered as metabolic syndrome. In patients above 6 years who are overweight and obese, a detailed history including antenatal history, birth weight, diet history, personal history was taken. In these patient’s demographic details, anthropometric measurements weight, height, BMI, waist circumference, waist hip ratio and blood pressure were recorded. FBS, triglyceride and HDL were also done.Results: Out of 100 children studied, 61% were overweight and 39% were obese. Males were 52% and females were 48%. 92 were AGA, 6 were SGA and 2 were LGA .92% had normal FBS and 8% had high levels of FBS .85% had normal TGL and 15% more than 150mg/dl. 69% had HDL-C less than 40 mg/dl and 31% had HDL-C more than or equal to 40mg/dl. Out of 8 cases of MS, 3 had abnormal FBS and HDL-C, 2 cases had abnormal TGL and HDL-C, and 3 cases abnormal FBS, TGL and HDL-C. In the remaining 92 cases, only one metabolic abnormality was noticed in 73 cases (abnormal FBS- 2, abnormal TGL-10 and abnormal HDL-C in 61) and in remaining 19 cases none of the risk factors for MS were detected.Conclusions: By identifying these risk factors early in overweight and obese children, we can identify metabolic syndrome early and initiate necessary treatment and prevent the complications of MS.
Diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer compared to mercury in glass thermometer for measuring temperature in children
Authors: Periasami Venkatesh , Naaraayan Sridevi A. , Vishwanathan Seetha
Published: June 2017

Background: A wide variety of devices are available to record temperature from skin, oral or rectal mucosa and the tympanic membrane. The accuracy of different devices is varied and the primary objective of this study is to compare the diagnostic accuracy of digital thermometer against mercury in glass thermometer in children. The secondary objective was to determine the average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature.Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in a pediatric ward at Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Egmore, Chennai. In all 92 febrile children aged 1 month to 12 years admitted in the ward, temperature was measured at the time of admission using both digital and mercury in glass thermometers placed in each axilla after obtaining informed consent. Concordance and discordance of both measurements were determined using Pearson Correlation coefficient and Bland altman plot. Average time taken by digital thermometer to record temperature was noted.Results: There was a good correlation between mercury and digital thermometer recordings (r=0.976, p<0.001). The Bland-Altman test showed that almost all residual values (estimated-observed) are random and the fall within the 95% confidence interval. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record the temperature was 88.03 seconds (95% CI-54.58 to 121.49).Conclusions: Digital thermometer is as accurate as mercury in glass thermometer in recording temperature. The average time taken by the digital thermometer to record temperature is 88.03 ±17.07 seconds.
Serum zinc levels and effect of zinc and vitamin A supplementation in children with diarrhea: a randomized control study
Authors: Kalvakuri Nageswara Rao , Nalisetty Sushma
Published: June 2017

Background: Zinc deficiency affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases. Zinc is crucial for normal development and function of cells mediating nonspecific immunity such as neutrophils and natural killer cells. Zinc supplementation has been shown to be effective for preventing diarrhea in children. Vitamin A helps to regulate the immune system, which helps to prevent or fight off infections by making white blood cells that destroy harmful bacteria and viruses.Methods: In this randomized control study 82 children aged 6months to 5 years were randomized 52 in the group of acute diarrhoea and 30 in the control group. Blood samples were drawn for estimation of serum zinc levels. Children in the acute diarrhoea group 23 received zinc alone and 23 received zinc and vitamin A and followed up for 6 months.Results: The serum zinc levels were significantly lower in children with acute diarrhea (66.7µg/dl) as compared to that of the children in the control group (80.5433 µg/dl) (p=<0.001). The children with malnourishment had a mean zinc level that was significantly lesser (p=<0.01). In the acute diarrhea group, children receiving zinc supplementation alone, 10 of the children had at least 1 episode of diarrhea over the next 6 months. Children receiving zinc and vitamin A supplementation, there were only 5 such children with at least 1 episode of acute diarrhea.Conclusions: Combination of zinc and vitamin A supplementation in acute diarrhea decreases the chances of recurrence of diarrhoea and reduces the hospital stay significantly.
Reduced serum calcium is a risk factor for febrile seizures
Authors: B. Ushakiran C. , R. Suresh
Published: June 2017

Background: Febrile seizure (FS) is the most common cause of convulsions in children. The objective of present work was to study the association between serum electrolytes and febrile seizures.Methods: Children in the age group of 6 month to 6 years with febrile seizures satisfying inclusion criteria and equal number of age and sex matched controls were subjected to estimation serum electrolytes and compared using appropriate statistical methods.Results: Serum Calcium levels in children with febrile seizures were reduced and this observation was statistically significant.Conclusions: Definite association was found between serum calcium levels and the occurrence of febrile seizures. Although serum calcium levels were not in the hypocalcemic range, they were decreased enough to cause a statistical significance in precipitating febrile seizures.
A HLH is a rare fatal condition easily misdiagnosed as infectious disease
Authors: Moinuddin Md. Khaja , R. Premalatha
Published: June 2017

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by clonal proliferation of the morphologically normal antigen processing cells, i.e. macrophages and CD8 lymphocytes in the involved tissue, due to uncontrolled activation of inflammatory cytokines. Two major forms include Familial HLH and infection associated hemophagocytic syndrome. Both these forms of HLH proceed with a generalized disease process i.e. fever, rashes and weight loss. Hence it is easily misdiagnosed as any infectious disease. So, a high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis. With the help of clinical and laboratory criteria we can easily diagnose it without any genetic testing.
Unusual presentation of tonsillolith in a child
Authors: Verma Manish , Tailor Manish , Thada Beena
Published: June 2017

Tonsilloliths are calcified structures that form in the palantine tonsillar crypts. Tonsilloliths are uncommon in pediatric age group and usually present with pain, referred pain (ear), foreign body sensation, abscess and halitosis. This interesting case present with expulsion of mysterious ladyfinger seeds like structures from oral cavity.
Case report on neonatal renal failure due to prenatal exposure of Telmisartan
Authors: Agrawal Poonam , Upadhyay Manas , Upadhyay Rajlaxmi , Satpathy Saroj Kumar
Published: June 2017

Telmisartan is an antihypertensive medication, which acts as an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and has an inhibitory effect on the renin-angiotensin system. Angiotensin receptor blockers(ARBs) are contraindicated in pregnancy (category D); adverse effects have been reported in both animal and human pregnancies, but still pregnant mothers do come with this medication with consequent neonatal adverse complications. We report 2 such cases of adverse neonatal outcomes in hypertensive mothers exposed to Telmisartan during pregnancy.
Bronze baby syndrome an infrequent complication of phototherapy: a case report
Authors: Prasad G. Shiva , Savithri B Sri Lalitha , Padhy Sadasiba , Sethi Rajesh Kumar
Published: June 2017

Phototherapy is a common mode of treatment for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Bronze baby syndrome is an infrequent complication of phototherapy. The characteristic feature is a grayish-brown discoloration of the skin, plasma and urine. The pigment responsible for the discoloration has not been properly identified and pathogenesis remains still unelucidated. The bronze color disappears spontaneously and the findings are compared to other causes of dusky-hued skin in the neonate. The bronze baby syndrome is usually innocuous but can signal life-threatening disease for which investigations should be performed routinely.
Comparison of Effect of Clonidine Added to Bupivacaine-Fentanyl Mixture on the Quality of Spinal Anaesthesia and Peri-Op Analgesia with Bupivacaine-Fentanyl or Bupivacaine-Clonidine Mixture in Major Orthopaedic Lower Limb Surgeries
Authors: Shah Milin Raju , Diwan Gauri
Published: June 2017

Introduction: With side effects of central neuroaxial opioids or of high dose intrathecal clonidine in combination with bupivacaine in spinal anaesthesia, my study is to ascertain if small dose of clonidine when added to bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture improves spinal anaesthesia, without producing side effects, as compared to bupivacaine-fentanyl or bupivacaineclonidine mixture. Methods: It’s a prospective, double blinded randomised study of 90 ASA grade I-II patients, aged between 20-60 yrs, of either sex, weighing between 40-70 kgs, scheduled for major orthopaedic surgeries. Patients were randomly divided into 3 groups of 30 patients each as Group I (BCF): Bupivacaine 0.5%H 2.6ml + Fentanyl 20mcg + Clonidine 30mcg Group II (BC): Bupivacaine 0.5%H 2.6ml + Clonidine 30mcg Group III (BF): Bupivacaine 0.5%H 2.6ml + Fentanyl 20mcg Duration of sensory and motor blockade and effective analgesia mean time till two segment regression, haemodynamic profile, post-op pain and analgesia requirement were recorded. Results: The duration of sensory and motor blockade, effective analgesia and mean time till two segment regression were significantly longer in group BCF as compared to group BC (P – 0.002) and in group BC as compared to group BF (P – 0.01). The incidence of intra-op pain and requirement of postop analgesia in the first 24 hours was significantly more in group BF as compared to other groups (P-0.01). Conclusion: Low dose Clonidine when added to Bupivacaine-Fentanyl mixture improves the quality of peri-op analgesia without significant side effects.
To Study the Functional Outcome of Primary Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty in the Management of Unstable Inter-Trochanteric Fracture of Femur among Elderly
Authors: Agrawal Parth Vinod , Wagh Nitin , Pangavane Sandeep
Published: June 2017

Aims and Objectives: To evaluate the results with regard to function, to restoring proper limb length after surgery and to study the associated complications in intertrochanteric fractures treated by cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty in elderly. Methodology: This is a prospective study of 25 cases of Intertrochanteric fractures admitted to a tertiary care center between August 2013 and November 2015 treated with Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for intertrochanteric fractures. Cases were taken according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: In our study of 25 cases, there were 14 male and 11 female patients with mean age of 72.8 years. 80% of the cases admitted were due to trivial trauma, 20% due to RTA with left side being more common side affected. According to OTA classification Type 31A2.2 fractures accounted for 60% of cases & Type 31A2.3 accounted for 40 %.. Mean duration of hospital stay was 13.2 days and mean time of full weight bearing was 4.7days in our patients. Excellent was seen in 24% cases Fair to Good results were seen in 72% of cases in our study according to Harris Hip Score. Conclusion: From our study we conclude that Cemented Bipolar Hemiarthroplasty for intertrochanteric fractures in elderly reduced the complications of prolonged immobilisation, prolonged rehabilitation, marked residual deformities and need for revision surgeries. The procedure offered, faster mobilization, rapid return to pre injury level, improved the quality of life.
Magnetic Resonance Venography Proving its Utility and Standard over Clinical Findings in Diagnosing Cases of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis - A Case Series
Authors: Kakade Abhay G. , Malhotra Rajat
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Cerebral venous thrombosis is an uncommon disorder commonly seen in young, earlier this incidence was likely underestimated before the introduction of much accurate & non-invasive imaging modality. Now it has estimated that five to eight cases may be seen per year at a single tertiary-care center. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis is crucial; because timely and appropriate therapy can reverse the disease process and significantly reduce the risk of acute complications and long-term sequelae. Since the possible causes and clinical manifestations of thrombosis are multiple and varied, imaging plays a primary role in the diagnosis. A wide range of cross-sectional imaging methods and venographic techniques can be used to detect abnormalities in the brain parenchyma as well as the cerebral veins and venous sinuses. Materials and Methods: In this study so far 50 patients have been prospectively taken with suspicion of intracranial vascular lesions & were referred to radiology department for MRI Brain with venography irrespective of age and sex. The study has been conducted taking up 50 patients as per the eligibility criteria with written informed consent. Siemens Magnetom Essenza 1.5 Tesla machine was used for the study. Multi-sequential study in coronal, sagittal and axial sections was taken. Results: This study provides a survey of common clinical findings in suspected cases of cerebral venous thrombosis and in several other disorders that may include a venous thrombotic process as a component. The normal venous anatomy has also been reviewed and potential pitfalls related to image interpretation are described. Conclusion: Finally it was concluded from this study, that majority of the patients diagnosed on MR imaging; were seen to be affected with intra-cerebral veins thrombosis. This study proves MR Venography as standard modality in establishing the early diagnosis of CVT in correlation with non-specific clinical findings.
Comportamiento mecánico y dinámico de una mezcla asfáltica con adición de fibras
Authors: Reyes Ortiz Oscar Javier , Troncoso Rivera Juan Ricardo , Reyes Lizcano Fredy Alberto
Published: June 2017

El artículo refiere el análisis experimental en el laboratorio, del efecto de la adición de fibras de polipropileno por vía seca (reemplazo de material granular por fibra) sobre las propiedades mecánicas y dinámicas de una mezcla. Inicialmente se caracteriza el material granular y asfalto CA60/70, se realiza el diseño de la mezcla asfáltica de granulometría 0/10 (IDU RSV 2002) y asfalto de acuerdo con la metodología Marshall; se evalúa el efecto de fibras sobre las propiedades mecánicas mediante la evaluación de la estabilidad y fluencia, y dinámicamente por su valor de deformación permanente y modulo dinámico. Los resultados muestran un efecto positivo de las fibras en la modificación de la mezcla asfáltica. El modulo dinámico aumenta en un 45% promedio en un porcentaje de adición de 0.60%; la deformación permanente disminuye en 27.6% para una adición de fibras de 0.60% y 48.8% para la adición de fibras de 0.75%, respectivamente. Este comportamiento refleja otra alternativa eficaz para mejorar la mezcla asfáltica, aumentando la resistencia a la disgregación por efecto abrasivo del tráfico y retardando el inicio y propagación del agrietamiento por ahuellamiento.
Evaluación de la demanda sísmica fuera del plano en edificios
Authors: Carrillo León Wilmer Julián , González Peñuela Giovanni
Published: June 2017

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de una investigación analítica y computacional, donde se propone una metodología para evaluar la demanda sísmica fuera del plano, en edificaciones de pórticos con rellenos de mampostería no reforzada. Con esta metodología se obtienen los registros de aceleración en diferentes alturas del edificio. Las ecuaciones propuestas se basan en los resultados obtenidos mediante metodologías establecidas a nivel mundial, datos registrados de una edificación construida en la ciudad de los Ángeles, la cual se encontraba completamente instrumentada durante el sismo de Northrigde – 1994; y modelos analíticos de edificios típicos analizados mediante el método de elementos finitos - FEM. Por último, se presentan curvas de aceleración respecto a la altura (utilizando la metodología propuesta) para edificios típicos con sistema estructural de pórticos con mampostería no reforzada construidos para las diferentes zonas establecidas en la microzonificación sísmica de la ciudad de Bogotá.
Ambientes virtuales para la enseñanza de la mecánica de fluidos: Algunos ejemplos simplificados aplicando ANSYS
Authors: Vargas Watson L. , Riaño Carlos A. , Pineda Lyda M.
Published: June 2017

Para que un ambiente de enseñanza virtual pueda soportar un aprendizaje real, dichos ambientes deben proveer interacciones enseñanza-aprendizaje de alto nivel. En este artículo, se muestra como una herramienta computacional como ANSYS puede proveer un ambiente virtual para el aprendizaje de la mecánica de fluidos no sólo a nivel de pregrado si no también a niveles superiores. Las simulaciones computacionales, --aplicando ANSYS/FLOTRANCFD o cualquiera otro software de capacidades similares--, en el contexto de la enseñanza de la mecánica de fluidos son de interés fundamental dado que soportan un ambiente de simulación poderoso que puede aplicarse no sólo a la comprensión de ideas y conceptos fundamentales sino tambien al diseño y optimización de procesos de aplicación práctica.
Comparación del cálculo de una estructura de pavimento flexible por elementos finitos y cálculo teórico
Authors: Reyes Ortiz Oscar Javier , Camacho Tauta Javier Fernando , Reyes Lizcano Freddy
Published: June 2017

El presente trabajo muestra una comparación entre los resultados obtenidos en deflexión, esfuerzo radial y esfuerzo vertical del cálculo de una estructura de pavimento flexible al ser analizada por el programa Praxis (Software de elementos finitos) y el programa DEPAV (software de cálculo analítico aproximado). La estructura de pavimento analizada consta de tres capas: la primera, una mezcla asfáltica, la segunda, una grava no tratada y la última, el suelo de soporte o subrasante. El estudio de la información se concentró en la capa de grava no tratada. Con base en los resultados se puede concluir que para las propiedades de los materiales que constituyen la estructura de pavimento, la deflexión, el esfuerzo radial y el esfuerzo vertical calculados a partir del programa PLAXIS y el programa DEPAV son convergentes.
Control de pH para planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales
Authors: Amaya Wilson Fabián , Cañón Óscar Alberto , Avilés Óscar F.
Published: June 2017

En este trabajo se presenta el problema de controlar el pH en una planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR), la cual recibe soluciones ácidas provenientes de la producción de jugos (pH 2-5) que se dosifica con la sustancia usada para aseo (soda cáustica 0.04%) con valores oscilatorios de pH 9-11. Se desarrolló e implementó un controlador clásico PI en un PLC comercial y se automatiza la PTAR mostrando el resultado obtenido en simulación en MatLAB.
Determinación de las constantes cinéticas y estequiométricas en un biorreactor de lodos activados convencional a escala (laboratorio para las aguas residuales de un frigorífico)
Authors: Rodríguez Chaparro Tatiana , Pérez Navarrete Eddie Albert , Vivas Mora Eneydi
Published: June 2017

El proceso de lodos activados presenta eficiencias altas (85-95%) (1) en cuanto a reducción de la materia orgánica; implementarlo en escala laboratorio es una técnica fácil y económica que brinda la posibilidad de usar y utilizar los resultados en el diseño de sistemas de tratamiento. (2) Para realizar este trabajo se utlizó el proceso de lodos activados de tipo mezcla completa con flujo continuo que se diseñó, construyó, y operó en el laboratorio de calidad de aguas de la Universidad Militar Nueva Granada. El biorractor constó de una cámara de aireación, un sedimentador, y una fuente de alimentación con agua residual de un Frigorífico en Bogotá, Colombia. La investigación se desarrolló durante tres meses, en dos fases. En la primera fase se aclimataron los lodos para obtener una concentración de biomasa alta que permitiera operación en flujo continuo, la segunda fase consistió en operar el biorreactor con la biomasa aclimatada anteriormente a diferentes edades de lodos para poder calcular als constantes cinéticas y estequeométricas. El biorreactor se operó con tiempo de retención hidráulica constante de ocho horas, y edad de lodos variable (5, 10 y 15 días). El control del sistema se realizó con la determinación diaria del pH y la temperatura y la determinación de la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO) y los sólidos suspendidos volátiles (SSV) cada tres días. Con los valores encontrados se determinaron: las constantes cinéticas y estequeométricas, y la eficiencia de remoción de materia orgánica en términos de DBO.