bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the influences of tobacco smoke on fertility and reproduction
Authors: Florek Ewa , Marszalek Andrzej
Published: April 2003

1 The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicological influence of tobacco smoke on fertility and reproduction of Wistar female rats. The influence of tobacco smoke from the Polish ‘Popularne’ cigarette brand was studied. The experiment was conducted on three generations of animals, each generation having two litters. The initial number of animals of the parent generation FO was 192 (128 females and 64 males). Animals were passively exposed to tobacco smoke in three different concentrations based on the content of carbon monoxide (500, 1000 and 1500 mg of CO per cubic meter of air). Animals were exposed to tobacco smoke for 6 h a day, 5 days a week, during 11 weeks. 2 The analysis of indices of mating and fertility revealed the decrease in those indices with animals exposed to tobacco smoke. We also observed an increased number of mothers breading among animals exposed to tobacco smoke. In animals exposed to tobacco smoke, the dose-effect or dose-response dependencies for mating, fertility and delivery indices were found. There was no influence of tobacco smoke on the duration of pregnancy. 3 Tobacco smoke inhalation caused increased levels of carboxyhaemoglobin. 4 Tobacco smoke did not change the duration of pregnancy in rats.
Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during the first five years of life-results of a prospective birth cohort study
Authors: Luck W. , Kulig M , Bergmann R. L. , Bergmann, K. E. , Bauer C. P. , Wahn V. , Zepp F. , Forster J. , Wahn U.
Published: April 2003

Objective: To exanine links between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-exposure and urnary cotinine excretion during the first five years of life.

Design: Prospective birth cohiort study

Patients: 307 children from the Genran Multicenter Atopy Study (MAS-90)

Measurements and results: ETS-exposure was investigated by questionnaires about the parental smoking habits at home and by analysis of urinary cotinine exacetion by the children at 1 year, 4 years and 5 years of age (capillary gas-chromatography).

Results: From age 1 year to age 5 five years, the proportion of children growig up in smoker households remiained nearly constant (42%). However, 17% of the initial smoker households changed to non smoker households and vice versa. Within the smoker housholds the percentage of smoldng mothers increased from 19.9% to 25.7% and the percentage of smoking fathers decreased from 29.7% to 20.7%. 77% of the mothers and 60% of the fathers smoldng in the households when the child was 1 year old smoked continuously until children were 5 years old. The daily number of cigarettes smoked in the smoker households remained nearly constant (mean value: 6 cig/day).

Urnary cotinine excretion of the ETS-exposed children was found to peak at 1 year of age, decreasing significantly to 5 years of age (p = 0.02). From age 1 year to age 5 years there was a significant correlation between the urinary cotinine excretion of the children and the number of daily cigarettes smoked in the households (p < 0.01). At age 1 year, cotinine excretion was further influenced by the season of the year, the size of domestic apartment and the presence of an atopic mother. At age 5 years, cotinine excretion of the children living in smoker households and attending a kindergarten was significantly lower than that of children living in smoker households but not attending a kindergarten (< O.000 1).

Conclusion: Our results show that ETS-exposure passes through a peak during infancy. This suggests, that the reduced association between ETS-exposure and respiratory symptoms in children after age 2 years reported by earlier studies is due to an agedependent reduction of the ETS-exposure.
To what extent are biomonitoring data available in chemical risk assessment?
Authors: Brondeau M-T , Hesbert A , Beausoleil C , Schneider O
Published: April 2003

1 Chemical risk assessment integrates the identification of hazards and the human exposure levels which can be established from external and/or internal exposure data. 2 The availability of biomonitoring and metabolism animal data, the skin penetration ability, and the existence of atmospheric threshold limit values were examined for twelve substances of the European first list of priority existing substances. This investigation was focused on workplace exposures and on urinary biomarkers of exposure. Appropriate biomonitoring data appeared to be available for two substances: styrene and trichloroethylene. Some biomonitoring research has been conducted on acrylonitrile, buta-1,3-diene, cyclohexane, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, hydrogen fluoride, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol, however additional studies could be usefully carried out. No biomonitoring data are available for alkanes, C10-13, chloro; benzene, C10-13–alkyl derivatives; bis(pentabromophenyl)ether; diphenylether, octabromo-derivative. 3 It was concluded that in some cases, biomonitoring data are either lacking or scarce. This is rather surprising since the selection of the substances of the priority list was based on high tonnage, widespread use, extent of human exposure, and toxicological concern. The development of biomonitoring information could be helpful in assessing individual or population chemical exposure whatever the source and route, and would result in both more realistic and more accurate risk assessments.
Hemodynamic abnormalities in sodium monofluoroacetate intoxication
Authors: Chi Chih-Hsien , Lin Tin-Kwang , Chen Kuan-Wen
Published: April 2003

Hypotension is one of the most important predictors of mortality in sodium monofluoroacetate (SMFA) intoxication. This paper reports the hemodynamic response in one fatal and another survival case of SMFA intoxication. Despite correction of hypovolemia and with inotropic support, the patients remained in shock. Hemodynamic observations have provided evidence that shock after SMFA intoxication is due to diminished systemic vascular resistance and increased cardiac output. This is the first report in which such an invasive hemodynamic investigation has been recorded in a clinical case of SMFA intoxication.
Production of reactive oxygen species by man-made vitreous fibres in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Authors: Ruotsalainen Marjo , Hirvonen Maija-Riitta , Luoto Kirsi , Savolainen Kai M.
Published: April 2003

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) or erythrocytes, isolated from human blood, were exposed to graded doses of asbestos (chrysotile), quartz, or man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF), i.e. refractory ceramic fibres (RCF), glasswool, or rockwool fibres. None of the MMVF affected either the viability of PMNL, as measured by trypan blue exclusion test, or induced haemolysis, whereas the positive controls, quartz and chrysotile, dose-dependently induced haemolysis in PMNL. MMVF did not increase the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the PMNL, whereas the positive controls, chrysotile and quartz, induced a marked and dose-dependent release of LDH. When PMNL were exposed to MMVF, some of the fibre types slightly increased the levels of free intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i)withinthecellsina manner similar to that induced by chrysotile or quartz. All MMVF induced a dose-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PMNL, with RCF-induced production of ROS being the most marked. Production of ROS by MMVF seemed to depend on the availability of extracellular calcium because it could be attenuated with aCa2+ channel blocker, verapamil, or a Ca2+ chelating agent, EGTA. Production of ROS may be a common pathway through which PMNL respond to MMVF-induced cell activation, but alterations of levels of free intracellular Ca2+ do not seem to be an absolute prerequisite for this effect. Fibre length seemed not to be an important factor in affecting the ability of MMVF to induce ROS production in PMNL. However, the balance between different elements in the fibre seemed importantly to affect the biological activity of a fibre.
Reproductive effects of endosulfan on male offspring of rats exposed during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Dalsenter P R , Dallegrave E , Mello J Rb , Langeloh A , Oliveira R T , Faqi A S
Published: April 2003

1 The reproductive effects of endosulfan on the male offspring of rats were examined. Dams were treated orally with 0, 1.5 or 3.0 mg endosulfan/kg from day 15 of pregnancy to postnatal day (PND) 21 of lactation. The male offspring rats were investigated at PND 65 or 140, corresponding to the pubertal and adulthood stage of development. 2 The dose of 3.0 mg endosulfan/kg induced a decrease in maternal body weight during pregnancy, but litter size and mean birth weight were not affected. Similarly, the age at testis descent and preputial separation was not affected on the male offspring. 3 The daily sperm production (6106) was permanently decreased in the highest dose group when investigated at puberty and at adulthood. At the lowest dose, however, the daily sperm production was significantly reduced only at puberty. 4 Histologically, the percentage of seminiferous tubules showing complete spermatogenesis was significantly decreased at puberty. This finding may explain the decrease in daily sperm production observed in the endosulfan-exposed male rats. 5 The results of this study show that low doses of endosulfan have no apparent effect on developmental landmarks or on the weight of reproductive and accessory sex organ. Daily sperm production was the most susceptible endpoint in the male offspring exposed to endosulfan during pregnancy and lactation. To further understand the reproductive effects of endosulfan on male rat offspring, additional reproductive and toxicokinetic studies should be carried out to determine the extent of endosulfan exposure in male rat offspring in utero and during lactation.
Acute basagranTM poisoning mimicking neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Authors: Lin T-J , Hung D-Z , Hu W-H , Yang D-Y , Wu T-C
Published: April 2003

A 27-year-old robust man, without any medical and surgical history, attempted to commit suicide by consumption of 300 cc (44.1%, 132.3 g) basagranTM, a readily available herbicide. This poisoning resulted in vomiting, fever, sweating, pipe-like muscle rigidity, sinus tachycardia, drowsiness, leukocytosis, rhabdomyolysis and hepatorenal damage.

Emperical treatment with bromocriptine was temporally associated with resolution of above signs and symptoms. His clinical presentations and the effect of bromocriptine may be indicative that basagranTm poisoning mimicks neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Clinical impact of upper gastrointestinal tract injuries in glyphosate-surfactant oral intoxication
Authors: Chang C-Y , Peng Y-C , Hung D-Z , Hui W-H , Yang D-Y , Lin T-J
Published: April 2003

1 Fifty patients with glyphosate-surfactant oral ingestion were studied with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopic grading using Zargar's modified grading system for mucosal corrosive injury. 2 Esophageal injury was seen in 68% of the patients, gastric injury in 72%, and duodenal injury in 16%. There were no grade 3 injuries. The upper gastrointestinal tract injuries caused by glyphosate-surfactant were minor in comparison with those by other strong acids. 3 The WBC count, amount of glyphosate-surfactant ingested, length of hospital stay and the occurrence of serious complications increased markedly in the group which had grade 2 esophageal injuries. Thus, the severity of the esophageal injuries may be a prognostic factor for the patient with glyphosate-surfactant ingestion. 4 The UGI endoscopy may be indicated for grading esophageal injury in patients who have ingested glyphosate-surfactant in amounts greater than 100 ml. Physicians should pay more attention to the patients with grade 2 or 3 esophageal injuries to prevent serious complications and to provide aggressive supportive care.
Roles of Leptin and Ghrelin in the Loss of Body Weight Caused by a Low Fat, High Carbohydrate Diet
Authors: Weigle David S. , Cummings David E. , Newby Patricia D. , Breen Patricia A. , Frayo R. Scott , Matthys Colleen C. , Callahan Holly S. , Purnell Jonathan Q.
Published: April 2003

Loss of body fat by caloric restriction is accompanied by decreased circulating leptin levels, increased ghrelin levels, and increased appetite. In contrast, dietary fat restriction often decreases adiposity without increasing appetite. Substitution of dietary carbohydrate for fat has been shown to increase the area under the plasma leptin vs. time curve (AUC) over the course of 24 h. This effect, if sustained, could explain the absence of a compensatory increase in appetite on a low fat diet. To clarify the effect of dietary fat restriction on leptin and ghrelin, we measured AUC for these hormones in human subjects after each of the following sequential diets: 2 wk on a weight-maintaining 35% fat (F), 45% carbohydrate (C), 20% protein (P) diet (n = 18); 2 wk on an isocaloric 15% F, 65% C, 20% P diet (n = 18); and 12 wk on an ad libitum 15% F, 65% C, 20% P diet (n = 16). AUC for leptin was similar on the isocaloric 15% F and 35% F diets (555 ± 57 vs. 580 ± 56 ng/ml·24 h; P = NS). Body weight decreased from 74.6 ± 2.4 to 70.8 ± 2.7 kg on the ad libitum 15% F diet (P < 0.001) without compensatory increases in food consumption or AUC for ghrelin. Proportional amplitude of the 24-h leptin profile was increased after 12 wk on the 15% fat diet. We conclude that weight loss early in the course of dietary fat restriction occurs independently of increased plasma leptin levels, but that a later increase in amplitude of the 24-h leptin signal may contribute to ongoing weight loss. Fat restriction avoids the increase in ghrelin levels caused by dietary energy restriction.
Liquid Crystalline Behavior of α-Substituted Oligothiophenes
Authors: Yamada Takashi , Azumi Reiko , Tachibana Hiroaki , Sakai Hideki , Abe Masahiko , Bäuerle Peter , Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi
Published: April 2003

Thermal behaviors of α-disubstituted oligothiophenes were investigated. 5,5″-Dicyanoterthiophene having thiophene rings as the rigid core exhibited a nematic liquid crystalline phase at 205 °C on cooling. It should be emphasized that this molecule lacks in a flexible substituent such as a long alkyl chain.
NO Reduction by CH4 over Well-Structured Pt Nanocrystal Supported on γ-Al2O3
Authors: Balint Ioan , Miyazaki Akane , Aika Ken-ichi
Published: April 2003

Platinum nanocrystals, having mainly (100) structure, have been prepared by a colloid method and then supported on γ-Al2O3. The catalytic test of Pt(100)/Al2O3 for the NO/CH4 reaction showed that the formation of NH3 and CO side products was prevented in contrast to the conventional Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst that gives relatively high selectivity to NH3 and CO.
Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Material Containing 12-Molybdophosphate Bulk-Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Wang Enbo , Hu Changwen
Published: April 2003

The hybrid inorganic–organic electroactive material containing 12-molybdophosphate was synthesized and firstly used as a bulk-modifier to fabricate a chemically modified carbon paste electrode (CPE). The hybrid material bulk-modified CPE (HM-CPE) exhibits stable electrochemical behavior and good electrocatalytic activity. The remarkable advantage of the HM-CPE is its excellent reproducibility of surface renewal.
Histidine and Thermal Copolymers of Amino Acids Containing Histidine as Prebiotic Inhibitor for the Template-Directed Formation of Oligoguanylate on a Poly(C) Template
Authors: Kawamura Kunio , Kuranoue Kazuhiro
Published: April 2003

Possibility of the cooperative chemical evolution of nucleic acids and proteins has been investigated using the template-directed formation of oligoguanylate with amino acids and thermal copolymers of amino acids, in which strong inhibition by histidine containing thermal copolymer and histidine itself was observed. The inhibition is regarded as prebiotic enzymatic activities for the hydrolysis of activated nucleotide monomer and the formation of pyrophospho-capped oligoguanylate.
Synthesis of a New Tridentate Anthracene Ligand Bearing (i-Pr)2P Group at 1,8-Positions: Facile Bond Switch on Tetracoordinate Boron Atom
Authors: Yamashita Makoto , Watanabe Kentaro , Yamamoto Yohsuke , Akiba Kin-ya
Published: April 2003

9-Borylanthracene 12 was prepared from 1,8-bis(diisopropylphosphino)-9-bromoanthracene (5) and the X-ray structure of 12 shows a tetrahedral boron atom coordinated by only one of the two (i-Pr)2P groups. However, anthracene protons were observed symmetrically in 1H NMR even at −80 °C, clearly indicating that the intramolecular bond-switching process is taking place very rapidly in solution.
A Novel Self-Assembled Porphyrin Polymer Constructed by a Pd(II)–Pyridine Interaction
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Ayabe Masatsugu , Shinkai Seiji
Published: April 2003

A novel self-assembled polymer, which has a fibrous structure with enough long and many large inside cavities, was constructed by a pyridine–Pd(II) interaction from one mole of pyridine-containing porphyrin derivative and four moles of Pd(II) complex.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Layered Zinc Phosphate: (C3H4N2)3Zn4(HPO4)(PO4)2 with Imidazole Coordinating to Zn Atoms
Authors: Cui Aili , Yao Youwei
Published: April 2003

A new two-dimensional hybrid zinc phosphate with electro-neutral open-framework has been hydrothermally synthesized by using imidazole as a structure-directing agent, whose structure is characterized with 3-, 4-, 5-, and 12-ring layers and coordination bonds between imidazole groups and zinc atoms, resulting in primary building units of ZnO2N2 and ZnO3N.
Surface Modification of Aluminosilicate Nanofiber “Imogolite”
Authors: Yamamoto Kazuya , Otsuka Hideyuki , Wada Shin-Ichiro , Takahara Atsushi
Published: April 2003

The nanostructure of natural aluminosilicate nanofiber “imogolite” under acidic conditions was directly confirmed by observation with atomic force microscope (AFM) for the first time. The outer surface of imogolite was successfully hydrophobidized by chemisorption of a phosphonic acid derivative with an alkyl chain.
New Insulinomimetic Zinc(II) Complexes of Nicotinamide and its Derivatives: X-ray Structure and Biochemical Activity
Authors: Ueda Eriko , Yoshikawa Yutaka , Kishimoto Noriko , Tadokoro Makoto , Yanagihara Naohisa , Sakurai Hiromu , Kojima Yoshitane
Published: April 2003

Three Zn(II) complexes with nicotinamide(na), nicotinemethylamide(nma), and nicotineethylamide(nea) were found to have in vitro insulinomimetic activities. X-ray structure analysis of [Zn(nea)2(H2O)2(SO4)]n showed that each nitrogen atom of two nea molecules locates trans, and the two water molecules and each oxygen atom of the two sulfates coordinate to a Zn(II) ion, forming an octahedral geometry of Zn(N2O4) unit in an inorganic polymer crystal. The Zn(II) complexes with na, nma, and nea exhibited higher insulinomimetic activities, respective IC50 values (50% inhibition concentration of the complex in the free fatty acids release from rat adipocytes) being 1.34, 1.12, and 0.96 mM, than that of ZnSO4 (IC50 = 1.52 mM).
Solid-State Specific and Unidirectional Photoisomerization of 3-Substituted Propyl to 1-Substituted Propyl Cobaloxime Complexes via 2-Substituted Propyl Complexes
Authors: Ohgo Yoshiaki , Kurashima Futoshi , Hiraga Yoshito , Ishida Kanako , Takatsu Naoko , Arai Yoshifusa , Takeuchi Seiji
Published: April 2003

Solid state-specific (γ→β→α)photoisomerization of 3-cyanopropyl and 3-(methoxycarbonyl)propyl cobaloxime complexes were found to occur on visible-light irradiation. There exist considerable differences in the reaction rates, which have no relation to the basicity of the axial ligand. In the former series of complexes, the rate constant (k2) for the second step (β→α) is much faster than that (k1) for the first step. However, in the latter series of complexes, the rate constant (k2) for the second step tends to decrease extremely, and thus, k2 become smaller than k1.
Selective Si–Si Bond Cleavage of Decaisopropylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexasilane with Hydrobromic Acid and Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Meguro Akira , Sakurai Haruaki , Kato Kei , Kyushin Soichiro , Matsumoto Hideyuki
Published: April 2003

In the reactions of decaisopropylbicyclo[2.2.0]hexasilane (1) with hydrobromic acid and hydrochloric acid, the bridgehead Si–Si bond of 1 was selectively cleaved to give 1-halo-1,2,2,3,3,4,5,5,6,6-decaisopropylcyclohexasilanes. The X-ray crystallographic analysis of the products indicates that the cis-addition of the acids to the Si–Si bond is preferable.
A New Screw-Sense Switchable Polysilylene with Quantized and Superposed Helicities
Authors: Fujiki Michiya , Motonaga Masao , Tang Hong-Zhi , Torimitsu Keiichi , Zhang Zhong-Biao , Koe Julian R , Watanabe Junji , Terao Ken , Sato Takahiro , Teramoto Akio
Published: April 2003

A new rod-like polysilylene bearing a β-branched alkyl group, poly[(S)-3,7-dimethyloctyl(2-ethylbutyl)silylene], was found to undergo a thermo-driven, helix–helix transition at −7 °C in isooctane associated with the discontinuous changes in the singlet σ–σ* excitation energy in the silicon backbone in the switching temperature region.
Estimation of the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Tokyo from Their Observed Increments of the Atmospheric Averaged Concentrations above the Background Concentrations
Authors: Miyoshi Takao , Makide Yoshihiro
Published: April 2003

Emissions of 21 VOCs in the Tokyo area were estimated from the increments of the averaged concentrations on weekdays above the background concentrations. Their relative data were converted to actual emissions per capita based on statistical information of several compounds. The correlation with CFC substitutes was indicated to be most useful.
Origin of Microporosity of Ammonium Dodecatungstophosphate Unveiled by Single Crystal Structure Analysis
Authors: Ito Takeru , Hashimoto Masato , Uchida Sayaka , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: April 2003

The single crystals of ammonium dodecatungstophosphate were successfully synthesized and the structure was analyzed. The intrinsic crystal structure (cubic, Pn3- m) had no cavity. It follows that the microporosity observed for the powdery sample originated from narrow spaces surrounded by the fine nanocrystallites.
Selective Synthesis of Methanol from CO + H2 over Pd Sulfide in the Presence of H2S
Authors: Koizumi Naoto , Miyazawa Akihiro , Furukawa Takuro , Yamada Muneyoshi
Published: April 2003

Both bulk and SiO2-supported Pd sulfides were found to show methanol synthesis activity from CO + H2 (syngas). SiO2-supported Pd sulfide yielded 120 g kg-cat−1 h−1 of methanol at 613 K, 5.1 Mpa and 20 m3 (STP) kg-cat−1 h−1. In the presence of H2S 120 ppm in concentration, it preserved 40% of the activity that was obtained under the sulfur-free conditions.
Palladium-Catalyzed Cyclizations of 1,6-Dienes in the Presence of Lewis Acids
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Kim Jung Duk , Han Je Wook
Published: April 2003

Palladium-catalyzed cyclizations of several 1,6-dienes were accomplished by utilizing a catalytic amount of additives. Use of Lewis acids gave the endocyclic compounds, while use of silver(I) salts gave the exocyclic compounds.
Potentiometric SCN− Selectivity of Polymer Membranes with Fixed Organotin Compounds
Authors: Moriuchi-Kawakami Takayo , Aoto Hiroshi , Fujimori Keiichi , Shibutani Yasuhiko
Published: April 2003

Novel polymer liquid membrane electrodes, in which the organotin compounds were fixed, were obtained by the reaction of PVC (poly(vinyl chloride)) with di-n-butyltin halide hydrides (nBu2SnYH, Y = F, Cl, I, Ome). The improved liquid membrane electrodes displayed good potential stability and non-Hofmeister selectivity patterns. Furthermore, the highest degree of selectivity for the SCN− ion was achieved.
Production of Acetic Acid Directly from Methane and Carbon Dioxide Using Dielectric-Barrier Discharges
Authors: Liu Chang-jun , Li Yang , Zhang Yue-ping , Wang Yu , Zou Jijun , Eliasson Baldur , Xue Bingzhang
Published: April 2003

The atomic economic reaction of acetic acid formation from methane and carbon dioxide via dielectric-barrier discharges at ambient conditions was investigated in this work. A significantly high selectivity of acetic acid (up to 5.3%) has been achieved with high conversions of methane (more than 54.1%) and carbon dioxide (more than 37.4%).
Enantioselective Radical Cross-Coupling Reactions of Silyl Enol Ethers Using Chiral Oxovanadium
Authors: Kurihara Masaaki , Hayashi Taeko , Miyata Naoki
Published: April 2003

Asymmetric induction was observed in radical cross-coupling reactions of silyl enol ethers using chiral oxovanadium generated in situ from 8-phenylmenthol and vanadium oxytrichloride in the presence of MS4A (molecular sieves-4A).
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Chloro-Bridged Dinuclear Germanium(IV) Heterocoordinate Complex with 5,14-Dihydro-6,8,15,17-tetramethyldibenzo[b,i][1,4,8,11]tetraazacyclotetradecine
Authors: Shen Xuan , Sakata Kazunori , Hashimoto Mamoru
Published: April 2003

A novel chloro-bridged dinuclear germanium(IV) complex with 5,14-dihydro-6,8,15,17-tetramethyldibenzo[b,i]-[1,4,8,11]tetraazacyclotetradecine has been synthesized and its crystal structure shows an unsymmetrical heterocoordinate dimer which has a five-coordinate square pyramid and a six-coordinate octahedron.
Synthesis of Binuclear Ligands Possessing Two Discrete Multidentate N-Heterocyclic Podand Coordination Sites and Their Bimetallic Nickel(II) Complexes
Authors: Moriuchi Toshiyuki , Nakayama Isao , Nishimura Kouichirou , Nishiyama Masahito , Mochizuki Eiko , Kai Yasushi , Hirao Toshikazu
Published: April 2003

Binuclear ligands possessing two discrete multidentate N-heterocyclic podand coordination sites connected by a flexible propylene spacer and a rigid m-xylene spacer were synthesized. Treatment of the binuclear ligands with Ni(Oac)2 afforded the bimetallic nickel(II) complexes with two discrete nickel centers. The single-crystal X-ray structure determination of the bimetallic nickel(II) complex with a propylene spacer revealed a little distorted square planar geometry at each nickel center.
The First Alkali Metal Selenothioates: Synthesis and Molecular Structure
Authors: Niyomura Osamu , Sakai Kiyotaka , Murai Toshiaki , Kato Shinzi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Tamao Kohei
Published: April 2003

The reaction of S-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl selenothioates with KF, CsF, and RbF gave the corresponding alkali metal selenothioates in moderate to good yields. The use of 18-crown-6 ether gave the products in higher yields. The molecular structure analyses of some of metal salts were carried out.
Quantitative Evaluation of Lewis Acidity of Organotin Compounds and the Catalytic Reactivity in Electron Transfer
Authors: Ohkubo Kei , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Imahori Hiroshi , Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: April 2003

The g-values of ESR spectra of superoxide (O2•−) complexes with various organotin compounds acting as Lewis acids were determined in acetonitrile at 143 K. The binding energies (ΔE) in the complexes between organotins and O2•− have been evaluated from deviation of the gzz-values from the free spin value. The ΔE values are well correlated with the catalytic reactivity of organotins as well as a series of metal ions acting as Lewis acids to promote electron transfer from cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin to O2, which would not occur in the absence of Lewis acids under otherwise the same experimental conditions.
Lewis Acid Mediated Intermolecular Vinylsilylation of Alkynes
Authors: Asao Naoki , Nabatame Kazuyuki , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: April 2003

Intermolecular vinylsilylation of the alkynes 1b–c, having an alkoxy group at the homopropargylic position, with the vinylsilane 2 proceeded in the presence of AlBr3 to give the corresponding dienylsilanes 3b–c in moderate to good yields. In contrast, no product was obtained in the reaction of 1-octyne. The AlBr3 mediated vinylsilylation of the phenylacetylene 9c, bearing methoxy group at the ortho position, also proceeded in good yield.
Regioselective Ring Opening of 1-Methyl-1-(1-naphthyl)-2,3-benzosilacyclobut-2-ene by Carbanion and Silyl Anion
Authors: Uenishi Kazuya , Imae Ichiro , Shirakawa Eiji , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: April 2003

Ring opening of 1-methyl-1-(1-naphthyl)-2,3-benzosilacyclobut-2-ene by carbanion and silyl anion was found to proceed regioselectively.
A Novel Photochromic Amorphous Molecular Material Based on Bisthienylethene with a Spiro-linker
Authors: Tian He , Chen Bingzhi , Liu Pei-Hua
Published: April 2003

A novel photochromic amorphous molecule (Spiro-BTE) based on bisthienylethene with a spirobifluorene linker has been synthesized. The relative high photochromic quantum yields were obtained for the Spiro-BTE and the switching stability was observed for more than 200 photochromic cycles. The introduction of the spiro center for photochromic molecules provides a new guideline for the exploring new amorphous photochromic materials with high Tg, good photostability.
Organic aerosols in the air of Milan, Italy. The IIA‐CNR measurement campaign of 2000–2001
Authors: Cecinato Angelo , Scianò Maria Concetta Tomasi , di Menno di Bucchianico Alessandro
Published: April 2003

Inhalable aerosols collected in downtown Milan during a whole‐year field campaign (from November 2000 to October 2001) were investigated to determine amounts of n‐alkanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), nitrated PAH (NPAH), and monocarboxylic n‐alkanoic acids. Combustion processes including vehicle emission were confirmed as the most important sources affecting air quality, whereas release of organic material from biota contributed a few percent. The occurrence of in‐situ reactions in the atmosphere promoted by oxidants modified, to some extent, the composition of both PAH and NPAH fractions, by reducing the amount of BaP present in the aerosols and increasing that of NPAH.
Analysis by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry of biophenolic compounds in olives and vegetation waters, Part I
Authors: Bianco Armandodoriano , Buiarelli Francesca , Cartoni Giampaolo , Coccioli Franco , Jasionowska Renata , Margherita Pamela
Published: April 2003

Biophenolic compounds constitute a complex mixture in olives and derived products. In this work, ion‐spray tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography is applied to the identification and quantification of biophenols present in complex matrices such as olives and vegetation waters. The extraction and purification method for the biophenol present in both the matrices is reported. Using this approach the main biophenols found, in three different variety of olives, were: tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, oleoside methyl ester, oleoside dimethyl ester, and oleuropein. In vegetation water the biophenols are present in lower amounts than in olives.
Analysis by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry of biophenolic compounds in virgin olive oil, Part II
Authors: Bianco Armandodoriano , Buiarelli Francesca , Cartoni Giampaolo , Coccioli Franco , Jasionowska Renata , Margherita Pamela
Published: April 2003

In this study the qualitative and quantitative content of the biophenolics in virgin olive oils is evaluated by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The extraction and purification method for these compounds from virgin oils was optimised. After liquid‐liquid and solid‐phase extraction the separation of 35 of these compounds was achieved on reversed phase in gradient mode. The detection was preliminarily by UV and fluorescence, but then the final choice was ion‐spray tandem mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring mode in negative ionization, acquiring two diagnostic product ions from the chosen precursor [M—H]–. Using this last approach we obtained the best sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity. The recovery of the method ranged from 70–90% and detection limits were less than 1 ng for all the analyzed compounds.
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis of some organic acids in milk whey
Authors: Buiarelli Francesca , Cartoni Giampaolo , Coccioli Franco , Jasionowska Renata
Published: April 2003

This paper describes a method for analysing some acids of milk whey by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis. After eliminating the whey proteins by ultrafiltration, the whey underwent electrophoretic separation in the presence of anodic electroosmotic flow. The following analytes were detected: citric, orotic, uric, and hippuric acids. A procedure is described for sample preparation and the operating conditions for electrophoretic capillary separation established. Finally, orotic acid is quantitatively determined.
CO/Alkene Copolymers as a Promising Class of Biocompatible Materials, 2. Bone Growth Directed Performance of Bone Marrow Cell Spreading
Authors: Röhlke W. , Fuhrmann R. , Franke R.‐P. , Mücke A. , Voegele J. , Rieger B.
Published: April 2003

The influence of polymer polarity of three different CO/alkene copolymers on the production of bone materials by human bone marrow cells was demonstrated. The effects were measured by a specific immunohistochemical glycoprotein (osteonectin, osteopontin) test. Von Kossa staining, as an integral indicator for the formation of hard tissue on the biomaterial surfaces, visualized the obtained findings. The results clearly demonstrated an increase in mineralization activities with decreasing polarity of the tested polymers.

Von Kossa staining of octadecene‐propene‐carbonmonoxide matrix (OdPCO).

magnified image

Von Kossa staining of octadecene‐propene‐carbonmonoxide matrix (OdPCO).
Invariant tracking for planar rigid body dynamics
Authors: Rudolph J. , Fröhlich R.
Published: April 2003

A quasi‐static state feedback is proposed that achieves stable tracking for planar motions of rigid bodies and is invariant with respect to the choice of the inertial frame.
Introduction to Automatic Differentiation
Authors: Griewank Andreas , Walther Andrea
Published: April 2003

Automatic, or algorithmic, differentiation (AD) is a chain rule‐based technique for evaluating derivatives of functions given as computer programs for their elimination. We review the main characteristics and application of AD and illustrate the methodology on a simple example.
Partial Stabilization of Generalized State‐Space Systems Using the Disk Function Method
Authors: Benner P.
Published: April 2003

We consider the stabilization problem for large‐scale linear systems in generalized state‐space form. We discuss how the disk function method for matrix pencils can be used to design a partial stabilization procedure that preserves the stable poles of the system and stabilizes the unstable ones.
A novel approach to spot detection for two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis images using pixel value collection
Authors: Cutler Paul , Heald Geoffrey , White Ian R. , Ruan Jason
Published: April 2003

Separation of complex mixtures of proteins by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) is a fundamental component of current proteomic technology. Quantitative analysis of the images generated by digitization of such gels is critical for the identification of alterations in protein expression within a given biological system. Despite the availability of several commercially available software packages designed for this purpose, image analysis is extremely resource intensive, subjective and remains a major bottleneck. In addition to reducing throughput, the requirement for manual intervention results in the introduction of operator subjectivity, which can limit the statistical significance of the numerical data generated. A key requirement of image analysis is the accurate definition of protein spot boundaries using a suitable method of image segmentation. We describe a method of spot detection applicable to 2‐DE image files using a segmentation method involving pixel value collection via serial analysis of the image through its range of density levels. This algorithm is reproducible, sensitive, accurate and primarily designed to be automatic, removing operator subjectivity. Furthermore, it is believed that this method may offer the potential for improved spot detection over currently available software.
Proteomic analysis of eIF‐5A in lung adenocarcinomas
Authors: Chen Guoan , Gharib Tarek G. , Thomas Dafydd G. , Huang Chiang‐Ching , Misek David E. , Kuick Rork D. , Giordano Thomas J. , Iannettoni Mark D. , Orringer Mark B. , Hanash Samir M. , Beer David G.
Published: April 2003

We examined the eIF‐5A protein expression in 93 lung adenocarcinomas and 10 uninvolved lung samples using quantitative two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE) analysis with identification by mass spectrometry and 2‐D Western blots. The same tissue samples were examined for the eIF‐5A mRNA expression using oligonucleotide microarrays, and the cellular localization of the eIF‐5A protein was examined using immunohistochemical analysis on tissue arrays. Higher eIF‐5A protein expression was present in tumors showing poor differentiation, 12/13th codon K‐ras mutations, p53 nuclear accumulation, and tumors with positive lymphocytic response. The eIF‐5A mRNA was also significantly increased in lung adenocarcinomas compared to normal lung, but the eIF‐5A protein expression was not correlated to its mRNA levels indicating that the increase in the eIF‐5A protein expression in lung tumors is post‐transcriptionally/translationally/post‐translationally regulated. Patients having a higher eIF‐5A protein expression showed a relatively poorer survival suggesting the use of eIF‐5A as prognostic marker in lung adenocarcinoma. Moreover, the investigation on agents that inhibit eIF‐5A function is encouraged.
Genetic analysis of the cellularization of the Drosophila embryo
Authors: Schweisguth François , Vincent Alain , Lepesant Jean‐Antoine
Published: April 2003

Summary— The synchronous cellularization of the Drosophila embryo at the blastoderm stage provides a unique system for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in cytokinesis, using genetical and biochemical approaches. The cellularization process requires the major components of the embryonic cytoskeleton that are deposited into the egg during oogenesis. Genetical analysis indicates that it requires also the products of additional maternally‐acting genes, as well as that of a limited set of zygotically‐acting genes. The cellularization defective phenotypes associated with small deficiencies uncovering these latter loci reveal specific steps within this complex process. The molecular analysis of these genes will ultimately provide meaningful insights into the normal process of cellularization. Among them, the serendipity α gene encodes a membrane‐associated protein, which is exclusively accumulated during cellularization, and is required for the reorganization of the microfilaments as the onset of cellularization.
Technology and Learning by Factory Workers: The Stretch-Out at Lowell, 1842
Authors: Bessen James
Published: April 2003

In 1842 Lowell textile firms increased weaving productivity by assigning three looms per worker instead of two. This marked a turning point. Before, weavers at Lowell were temporary and mostly literate Yankee farm girls; afterwards, firms increasingly hired local residents, including illiterate and Irish workers. An important factor was on-the-job learning. Literate workers learned new technology faster, but local workers stayed longer. These changes were unprofitable before 1842, and the advantages of literacy declined over time. Firm policy and social institutions slowly changed to permit deeper human-capital investment and more productive implementation of technology.
Closing the Gap or Widening the Divide: The Effects of the G.I. Bill and World War II on the Educational Outcomes of Black Americans
Authors: Turner Sarah , Bound John
Published: April 2003

The effects of the G.I. Bill on collegiate attainment may have differed for black and white Americans owing to differential returns to education and differences in opportunities at colleges and universities, with men in the South facing explicitly segregated colleges. The empirical evidence suggests that World War II and the availability of G.I. benefits had a substantial and positive impact on the educational attainment of white men and black men born outside the South. However, for those black veterans likely to be limited to the South in their educational choices, the G.I. Bill had little effect on collegiate outcomes.
Money, Trade, and Power: The Evolution of Colonial South Carolina's Plantation Society. Edited by Jack P. Greene, Rosemary Brana-Shute, and Randy J. Sparks. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001. Pp. xiii, 400. $49.95.
Authors: Coclanis Peter A.
Published: April 2003

The “problem” of South Carolina has long fascinated historians of the antebellum period, particularly political historians. Why were Palmetto State politicians always so fiery, confrontational, and eager to come to blows? Many fine scholars have attempted to answer such questions over the years, and, as a result, we know more about the politics of South Carolina than we do about the politics of any other state in the antebellum South.
Organizing America: Wealth, Power, and the Origins of Corporate Capitalism. By Charles Perrow. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 259. $34.95.
Authors: Best Michael H.
Published: April 2003

Charles Perrow is interested in big organizations and how they shape communities, the distribution of wealth, power and income, and working lives. Today, organizations with over 500 employees employ more than half the working population in the United States. There were no such organizations in 1800. Referring to William Roy (Socializing Capital: The Rise of Large Industrial Corporations in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997) and Naomi Lamoreaux (The Great Merger Movement in American Business, 1895–1904. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985) Perrow argues that corporate capitalism was entrenched in five short years (1898–1903) during which more than half the book value of all manufacturing capital was incorporated. The firms were made giant by consolidating the assets of several firms in the same industry.
Rethinking the Great Depression: A New View of its Causes and Consequences. By Gene Smiley. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2002. Pp. xii, 179. $24.95.
Authors: Field Alexander J.
Published: April 2003

Gene Smiley provides here a narrative overview of the causes and consequences of the Great Depression. The book is intended for a general audience, and evidences a solid command of the range of literature devoted to this remarkable period. The text lacks footnotes or references, but concludes with a comprehensive annotated bibliography covering the major sources from which he has drawn. Although Smiley's approach is relatively nontechnical, readers may nevertheless not be able fully to appreciate its nuances without at least an elementary course in microeconomics and an intermediate level course in macroeconomics. Thus it may be most suitable as supplementary reading in economic history courses.
American Agriculture in the Twentieth Century. By Bruce L. Gardner. Cambridge MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2002. Pp. ix, 388. $49.95.
Authors: Dimitri Carolyn
Published: April 2003

With meticulous detail, Bruce Gardner provides insight into the evolution of U.S. agriculture over the 100-year period between 1900 and 2000. In doing so, Gardner reflects on several facets of agriculture, such as innovation, on-farm productivity, the declining number of farms, the income status of U.S. farmers, and the role of government agricultural policy. Much of Gardner's analysis relies on census data, which are fraught with shortcomings. Definitions that seem straightforward, such as “farm” or “farm operator,” are actually quite complicated, so even a seemingly simple task such as tracking the number of farms over time is not trivial. Gardner skillfully addresses the challenges presented by the deficiencies of census data.
At Home and Abroad. By Francine D. Blau and Lawrence M. Kahn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002. Pp. xi, 314. $34.95.
Authors: Seltzer Andrew
Published: April 2003

In the 1970s the United States had far higher wages than the rest of the developed world; 1979–1981 median weakly earnings of men in full-time employment were $609 in 1998 prices, compared to an average of $419 across six other developed countries. However, the United States also had a higher unemployment rate; in 1973 it was 4.8 percent compared to an average of 2.1 percent in 11 other countries. Fast forward two decades. Median real wages in the United States, although still higher than in the other countries, had fallen 5.5 percent whereas in the other countries they had increased an average of 22.6 percent. However, whereas the unemployment rate in the United States fell slightly over the period, it skyrocketed in most of the other countries, averaging 8.2 percent in the European Union in 1999. By the late 1990s the United States also differed from the rest of the developed world in a number of other labor-market outcomes. The U.S. had: a lower average duration of unemployment and less prevalent long-term unemployment, higher labor-force participation rates among both men and women, longer average hours of work over the course of the year, and greater earnings inequality.
Colliding Discourses: Western Land Laws and Native Customary Rights in North Borneo, 1881-1918
Authors: Doolittle Amity
Published: April 2003

A comparison of European tobacco plantations and native shifting cultivation in North Borneo between 1881 and 1928 illustrates the discursive and political strategies through which colonial administrators justified intervention into native land matters and articulated their vision of ‘appropriate’ land management. The discourse of rational law, scientific agriculture and commercialisation provided the tools of colonial power that pushed native people and their customary laws into an increasingly peripheral position in relationship to the centralising state.
Joshua A. Fishman (ed.), Can threatened languages be saved?
Reversing language shift, revisited: A 21st
century perspective. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2001.
Pp. xvi, 503. Pb $24.95.
Authors: England Nora C.
Published: April 2003

This volume revisits, as its title states,
the theory and practice of reversing language shift (RLS) first
proposed by Fishman in 1991. A dozen of the original case studies
are reanalyzed and several more are added, producing a rich
source of detail on some of the specific situations of language
shift and efforts to reverse it. Fishman contributes introductory
and concluding chapters as well as one of the case studies
(Yiddish); other authors cover Navajo, New York Puerto Rican
Spanish, Québec French, Otomí, Quechua, Irish,
Frisian, Basque, Catalán, Oko, Andamanese, Ainu, Hebrew,
immigrant languages in Australia, indigenous languages in
Australia, and Maori. The resulting book provides a wealth of
information about language shift and public policy directed
toward RLS, but its aims are broader than that.
Magda Stroinska (ed.), Relative points of view:
Linguistic representations of culture. New York: Berghahn
Books, 2001. Pp.xii, 228. Hb $69.95, Pb $25.00.
Authors: Occhi Debra J.
Published: April 2003

At first glance, the title of this book seems
to index major themes of linguistic anthropology; however, it
is published as volume 6 in a cultural studies series. Its
contributors' interests range from linguistics through
the expanse of humanities, illustrating how eclectic and
interdisciplinary contemporary research in area of language
and culture has become. The editor, Magda Stroinska, begins
this volume with a brief overview of several themes recurring
throughout: linguistic relativity, the search for universals,
cross-cultural identity, globalization, and translatability.
The research presented here analyzes interactions among language,
behavior, and context as they emerge in several areas of current
concern. These include metaphors and their use in speech, as well
as discourses on topics such as gender and marriage, science
versus postmodernism, internationalized business, politics,
nationalism, study abroad experiences, emotion, and religion.
The authors examine data from various sources, including original
speech data, data first discussed elsewhere, literature, and media.
Five thematic sections of two chapters each comprise this edited
volume.