bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building insights : craft, collective care, and architectural theoria in an itinerant workshop
Authors:   , Sklavounos Ionas
Published: October 2024

This dissertation explores the implications of a resurgent interest in “traditional crafts” for architectural theory, particularly in relation to contemporary investigations of tacit knowledge in architecture. Tacit knowledge refers to forms of human understanding that elude explicit articulation, as they are tied to bodily skill, practical experience, and cultural contexts. Such dimensions have historically been downplayed by canonical disciplinary theories. This study examines how projects of recovering “traditional” building crafts can contribute to an architectural theory that is more receptive and sensitive to tacit aspects of architectural knowledge. It does so by focusing on the works of the crafts collective “Boulouki – Itinerant Workshop on Traditional Building Techniques” of which I am a co-founder. Specifically, it examines three projects centered on the reconstruction of kalderimia (dry stone paths) and other vernacular structures in remote areas of mountainous and island Greece. By engaging local residents, craftspeople, and participants from diverse backgrounds, these projects bridge an interest in “traditional” building crafts with a contemporary sensibility around the care of landscapes that have historically been neglected or marginalized. To explore the theoretical implications of these participatory projects, the thesis uses concepts drawn from histories of vernacular building and early modern crafts in the Balkans and Europe, alongside contemporary debates in architectural theory. In terms of methodology, it draws on frameworks of reflective practice and thick description and utilizes a wealth of empirical data as captured in field notes, sketches, interviews, and a wide range of material from the collective’s archive. The dissertation follows the journeys of the travelling workshop from the mountain settlements of Tzoumerka and Zagori (NW Greece) to the volcanic island of Therasia, in the Aegean Sea. Through a close examination of these projects, it traces artisanal engagements with tacit knowledge, analyzes them through key historical concepts, and explores their relevance for contemporary architectural theory. The study of Boulouki’s work also correlates the insights gained on-site with two particular areas of theoretical discourse: architecture as a medium of cultural memory, and contemporary investigations into more-than-human agency in architecture. Drawing from the insights gained in Boulouki’s projects, the thesis argues that an architectural theory sensitive to tacit dimensions of knowledge would also need to mediate these two distant discourses of cultural memory and more-than-human agency – engaging architects in a dialogue that enriches and deepens our understanding of both.
La problemática de la existencia de equidad e igualdad social en el (obligado) acceso al automóvil eléctrico
Authors: Tenas Alós Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2024

La sostenibilidad y la justicia social son dos conceptos fundamentales, cuya interrelación en la búsqueda de un desarrollo equitativo y duradero es muy estrecha. La sostenibilidad alude a la capacidad de satisfacer las necesidades existentes por las personas en la actualidad, pero sin comprometer la capacidad de satisfacer dichas necesidades de las futuras generaciones. Dicho concepto, por tanto, abarca no solo la protección al medio ambiente, si bien es un punto fundamental, pero también el uso responsable de los recursos naturales, la gestión de los residuos y la reducción de la huella ecológica causada por particulares y grandes empresas. Por su parte, la justicia social implica la equidad e igualdad de oportunidades para todos los seres humanos, independientemente de cuál sea su origen, género, raza o condición socioeconómica. Si bien resulta compleja la obtención de una justicia social plena, pues los condicionantes de posición social y contactos siempre influirán, la responsabilidad de la administración es disminuir lo máximo posible las diferencias existentes entre unos y otros. Con esta nueva monografía, el grupo de investigación ECONOMIUS-J, de la Universidad San Jorge, aborda, en su vertiente jurídica, algunas de las cuestiones de mayor actualidad que actualmente influyen en la cuestión de la justicia y equidad social. Se trata de la tercera monografía del grupo de investigación. Tras las dos primeras, centradas en mayor medida en la obtención limpia de energía y circunscribiéndose a la materia medioambiental, el paso lógico devenía en ampliar el campo de investigación y analizar su incidencia en las personas y los colectivos más vulnerables.
Information and communications technology (ICT) competencies and capabilities of teachers in public high schools: basis for an enhancement plan
Authors: Villo May
Published: October 2024

The aim of this research was to identify the ICT capabilities of public high schools and educators in Division of Rizal. This includes the profile of educators- respondents in terms of age; gender; length of years of teaching ICT; maximum educational degree; trainings attended, or learnings acquired related to ICT; and assessment of level of ICT competencies of the respondents in terms of knowledge and skills in basic computer/ ICT operation; usage of ICT as an instrument for teaching / learning; and use of the Internet and web applications to teaching/ learning. This study used descriptive research that includes 62 teachers and 4 ICT Administrators from the public high schools in the schools from Division of Rizal. This is a male-dominated study, composed of young respondents with a good number of years in service. Based on the findings, teacher- respondents are highly competent on creating a new spreadsheet (enter data), creating a new document and slide show. Furthermore, some respondents believed that they are competent because they can format cells, copy, delete and rename files, change font and layout, and edit an existing slide show. Also, most of the ICT coordinators have a 5-year basic computer training course that helps them integrate the technology with the curriculum. They gauge themselves competent in creating materials for students’ use (e.g., hand-outs, tests) and communicating with student(s) and/or students' parents as well as communicating with colleagues/other professionals. Furthermore, respondents are also competent to access research and best practices (e.g., preparation, tracking, assessment, and reporting) for teaching and curriculum administration. Further, this means schools should support the need of teachers when it comes to employing ICT- based skills. There is a need for continuous training and upgrading of facilities and equipment that will support teachers’ demand regarding it.
APLICAÇÃO DA SISTEMATIZAÇÃO DE ENFERMAGEM AO PACIENTE PORTADOR DE DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Ribeiro Larissa Alves , Oliveira Aline Neves
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by a total or partial deficiency of the hormone insulin. Nursing interventions promote actions aimed at maintaining the autonomy of diabetic patients. The objective of this study was to analyze a specific case of DM using the nursing care systematization based on blood glucose measurement data. Blood glucose data were collected from April to June 2024. The measurements included data taken before lunch, two hours after lunch, before dinner, and two hours after dinner, which formed the basis of the spreadsheet. The blood glucose data collected between April and June showed variations in values at different times of the day; however, the peaks of blood glucose did not differ significantly between the analyzed months. Nonetheless, in June, there was a notable difference in blood glucose peaks related to changes in weather and temperature. It is concluded that nurses should have continuous training on DM to ensure quality care, promote better disease management, and improve patients' quality of life, as their proactive and informed approach can significantly impact treatment adherence and therapeutic plans.
SAÚDE MENTAL NA ERA DA TECNOCIÊNCIA
Authors: Silva Dalleth Marie Vicente da , Aragão Guilherme de Menezes Lima , Hognon Komi Akoete , Soares Letícia Maria Gomes
Published: October 2024

A tecnociência, conforme definida pelo filósofo Latour (2000), é a inseparabilidade entre ciência e tecnologia, que juntas moldam e transformam o mundo moderno, ou seja , a ciência não acontece de forma isolada mas está sempre conectada à tecnologia .Essa junção não cria apenas novas ferramentas e inovações, mas também impulsiona inovações que afetam diretamente a sociedade e o dia a dia, transformando nossa relação com o mundo e os modos de interação com ele. Este artigo explora os impactos da tecnociência na saúde mental dentro do ambiente corporativo, com ênfase nas práticas administrativas de empresas brasileiras. Analisam-se tanto os efeitos positivos dos avanços das tecnologias digitais na produtividade e flexibilidade quanto os desafios, ansiedade e isolamento digital. O artigo também discute como as empresas podem implementar estratégias para reduzir esses riscos e promover um ambiente de trabalho mais saudável e equilibrado.
A IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DE CÍRCULOS DE JUSTIÇA RESTAURATIVA E CONSTRUÇÃO DE PAZ COMO ESTRATÉGIAS DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS PARA REDUZIR A VIOLÊNCIA ESCOLAR: UMA CONTRIBUIÇÃO PARA ALCANÇAR OS ODS 4 E 16
Authors: Silva Clécia Ribeiro da , Júnior Edson José de Souza , Ferreira Stéphany Gutierrez Costa
Published: October 2024

Este artigo propõe uma análise aprofundada da problemática da violência escolar, com foco no bullying e cyberbullying, e explora as possibilidades de intervenção por meio dos Círculos de Justiça Restaurativa e Construção de Paz. Com o intuito de demonstrar a relevância dessas práticas como políticas públicas colaborativas, a pesquisa concentra-se na criação de um ambiente escolar seguro e propício ao desenvolvimento humano integral, alinhado com as metas dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 4 (Educação de Qualidade) e 16 (Paz, Justiça e Instituições Eficientes). O presente artigo visa responder a seguinte questão: Como a aplicação dos Círculos de Justiça Restaurativa e Construção de Paz pode ser configurada como uma política pública eficaz para a redução da violência no ambiente escolar? O objetivo geral é demonstrar a importância de prevenir e reprimir o bullying e o cyberbullying nas relações no sistema de educação básica, visando criar um ambiente escolar seguro que favoreça o desenvolvimento humano integral e o cumprimento das metas da Agenda 2030, em especial as metas vinculadas aos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) 4 e 16. A metodologia adotada consiste em uma revisão bibliográfica e para a construção do corpus teórico, foram privilegiados autores que discutem a aplicação dos círculos de justiça restaurativa e construção de paz, tais como Evans e  Vaandering (2018), Felizardo (2017),  Moreira (2024), Moreira e Souza Júnior (2024), Neves (2016), Pranis (2010), Santos e Souza Júnior (2023), Silva (2017), Souza (2020) e Zehr (2008), dentre outros. Na seção de análise e discussão dos resultados, são descritas as políticas públicas colaborativas existentes e é examinada a implementação dos Círculos de Justiça Restaurativa em escolas, avaliando seus impactos na redução da violência e na promoção de um ambiente mais pacífico e seguro. Também são discutidas a necessidade de articulação entre o Poder Judiciário Goiano e a sociedade civil, o que está acontecendo a partir do projeto Pilares. Por fim, são consideradas algumas ações que podem contribuir para o alcance dos ODS 4 e 16, e são sugeridas recomendações para a formulação de políticas públicas preventivas na prevenção e redução da violência no ambiente escolar. O artigo conclui com sugestões para futuras pesquisas e o desenvolvimento contínuo de práticas restaurativas e cultura de paz, dentro e fora do contexto educacional.
PERSONALIZED APPROACHES IN MANAGING PERIODONTAL DISEASES: THE ROLE OF BIOMARKERS IN DIABETES AND HYPERTENSION
Authors: Silva Suzana Carolina Ramos
Published: October 2024

The interplay between periodontal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension underscores the complexity of systemic health and the necessity for personalized treatment strategies. Periodontal diseases (PD) are chronic inflammatory conditions that can significantly impact overall health, particularly in patients with comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension. In this context, biomarkers, which are biological molecules indicative of pathological processes, have emerged as essential tools for monitoring inflammation and tailoring therapeutic interventions to enhance the effectiveness of periodontal treatments. Recent studies highlight the importance of personalized strategies that address both oral health and systemic implications, particularly in managing glycemic levels and reducing cardiovascular complications. By taking a holistic approach to inflammation, it becomes possible to disrupt the cyclical relationship between these conditions, thereby improving the quality of life for affected individuals. The advancements in diagnostics and biomarker technologies hold promise for revolutionizing the treatment of periodontal diseases, enabling healthcare providers to offer more effective and targeted interventions, especially for vulnerable populations like those with diabetes and hypertension. This integrated approach enriches the field of periodontology and emphasizes the critical connections between oral health and overall well-being. It reinforces the need for a multidisciplinary perspective when managing chronic conditions, suggesting that collaborative efforts among various healthcare providers can lead to more comprehensive care and better outcomes for patients. In conclusion, the ongoing research and innovation in biomarker application in periodontal care not only have the potential to enhance oral health management but also to foster improvements in systemic health, highlighting the interconnectedness of these two domains.
SELO HORMONE FREE E O FIM DO MITO DO USO DE HORMÔNIOS EM FRANGOS DE CORTE
Authors: Oliveira Ana Julia Gagine , Silva Gabriela Santos da , Dias Jefferson Elyon Santiago , Rodrigues Lukas Lincoln de Moura , Domiciano Thayna da Silva , Lucio Cristina F.
Published: October 2024

Os consumidores estão cada vez mais preocupados com os alimentos que consomem, com a era digital é cada vez mais fácil encontrarmos informações, mas nesse meio existem as famosas Fake News, dentre essas falsas informações existe uma que segue firme, que é a presença de hormônios nos frangos de corte. Com o intuito de desmistificar essa ideia, realizamos um levantamento com o objetivo de instruir os consumidores com informações verdadeiras referente aos alimentos que estão sendo consumidos/produzidos e mostrar que o uso de hormônios é um mito. Foi realizada uma pesquisa baseadas em artigos, livros e material técnico científico relacionados ao tema. Segundo as pesquisas foi constatado que não existem efeitos positivos com base na utilização exógena de hormônios no crescimento das aves de corte, ou seja, dessa forma não existe vantagem técnica ou desempenho que justifique a sua aplicação na indústria avícola. Em 2014 a Indústria Brasileira de Aves adquiriu um selo de qualidade, onde ajudaria a desmitificar, afim de serem utilizados pelas agroindústrias em seus produtos, com a possibilidade de ser utilizado o Selo “HORMONE FREE” ou a seguinte frase “SEM HORMÔNIOS, CONFORME DETERMINA A LEGISLAÇÃO BRASILEIRA”. A Ubabef (União Brasileira de Avicultura) acredita que a inclusão da frase no rótulo deve dar mais segurança ao consumidor. A Ubabef (União Brasileira de Avicultura) acredita que a inclusão da frase no rótulo deve dar mais segurança ao consumidor.
Furan
Authors: Arican Yagmur Emre
Published: October 2024

Furan, a volatile compound with a strong etheric odor and flammability, is a crucial component in the industrial context, producing various chemicals such as pyrrole, thiophene, tetrahydrofuran, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. It is also used as a solvent for resins in organic synthesis and is present in many foods, including carbohydrates, unsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids, vitamin C, and amino acids, due to thermal processes and high-energy radiation used in the food manufacturing industry. Furan and its derivatives are utilized in the refining of tobacco and as flavoring agents in specific products.

Furan can be generated and emitted into the environment due to human activities like combustion, fire, exhaust, and cigarette smoke. When heated, it enhances oxidative processes in lipids and proteins, impacting free radicals and antioxidant defense. Furan is a toxic substance that can cause skin irritation, burns, headaches, dizziness, shortness of breath, and loss of consciousness. Its vapor is narcotic and acts as a central nervous system depressant, leading to pulmonary edema and potentially death. Both acute oral or dermal exposure and chronic exposure are linked to significant toxicity.

Furan is present in both professionally produced and handmade meals, contributing to their taste. In adults, susceptibility to furan exposure is due to coffee, while grains are considered the largest contributor to furan exposure in children and adolescents. High concentrations of furans are found in roasted coffee, heat-treated foods, and crispy and dry products like toast or bread crusts. Health institutions are apprehensive about furan’s deleterious characteristics, as studies conducted on rodents have demonstrated its toxicity primarily impacts the liver.
Glucose and Fructose in Food Safety
Authors: Izol Ebubekir
Published: October 2024

Food, directly affects human health. The phrase ’you are what you eat’ describes the importance of food for humans. Therefore, food safety is very important. Unfortunately, today, consciously or unconsciously, the contents of foods are tampered with, and food safety is put at great risk. Foods that are a source of healing are thus transformed into harmful substances. Glucose and fructase are carbohydrates that can be added externally to foods. The biggest cause of an important disease such as diabetes is the increase in carbohydrates in the blood. These two sugars lead to an increase in blood sugar. Synthetic and natural ones are easily added to foods. Therefore, in this chapter, the importance and effects of glucose and fructose sugars on food safety are compiled with current studies.
Heavy Metal Analysis and Health Effects in Foods
Authors: Aydin Firat , Aydin Isil
Published: October 2024

Heavy metals are elements that are toxic to living organisms above a certain concentration. These elements, which exist in nature, are taken in by living things through air, water and food. They have various effects in the body. Since the amount is important for toxic effects, their analytical analysis is very important. In this study, the toxic effects of heavy metals taken with food in the body and analysis methods are explained.
Ochratoxins
Authors: Bilinmis Izem , Ozsoy Senanur , Ozgunes Hilal
Published: October 2024

In this section, ochratoxins are described in general, and their effects on human health and the toxic effects are particularly discussed. Ochratoxins are considered to be among the mycotoxins with significant health implications due to their widespread presence in food and feed. Among the ochratoxin types, Ochratoxin A was mainly mentioned, because Ochratoxin A is the most prevalent and relevant fungal toxin of this group. Ochratoxins are a group of naturally occurring mycotoxins produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. These toxins are known to contaminate various agricultural commodities such as cereals, coffee beans, grapes, and nuts, particularly under conditions of high humidity and poor storage. Chronic exposure to ochratoxins, primarily through contaminated food, has been associated with kidney disease (nephropathy) in humans. In addition, ochratoxins have carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, mutagenic and teratogenic toxic effects. Many countries have set maximum limits for ochratoxin levels in food and feed to protect public health. Strategies to prevent ochratoxin contamination include good agricultural practices, proper storage conditions, and regular monitoring of food and feed supplies.
Mobbing in Health Care
Authors: Cifci Sema
Published: October 2024

Mobbing is considered as one of the most serious psychosocial threats in working environment. It can be defined as an attempt to coerce a person at work through false ac- cusations, psychological violence, pressure, bullying, humiliation, general and emotional harassment, or terror. Based on the saying that if there are people around, there can be mobbing, so anyone can be subjected to mobbing in any country, culture, or organization. This phenomenon can be encountered everywhere in social life, especially in hierarchical structures and uncontrolled organizations. Healthcare institutions are organizations with a complex structure where work stress is quite high, and it is of utmost importance to provide error-free services within this complexity. Healthcare staff, who already have to work under heavy workloads and with insufficient resting periods, are negatively affected by mobbing incidents in health institutions. The quality of life of healthcare staff who experience social and psychological depression is significantly decreased. A strong ethical culture must be established to prevent mobbing in the workplace. In-service training seminars on mobbing must be planned for the healthcare staff at regular intervals. It is also vital to establish a strong and effective performance system in the workplace. In this context, the uncertainty of assignment and authorization among the healthcare staff must be eliminated. Working hours must also be arranged in a way that will optimize the work and private life of the healthcare staff. On the other hand, legal regulations for mobbing offences must be enforced.
Biological Methods Used in Gene Therapy
Authors: Gulhan Baris
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy is used to prevent or treat genetic diseases. To treat genetic diseases, transfer of genes that correct the effects of the mutation that causes the disease to the patient. In gene therapy, the therapeutic gene is transferred to target cells through a vector and viral vectors are most used. Retroviruses (lentiviruses), adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, and herpes virus vectors are common as viral vectors. In this section, biological methods used especially in gene therapy stages examined.
Gene Therapy in Oncology
Authors: Arvas Hayati , Urakci Zuhat
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy refers to any method aimed at treating or alleviating a disease by genetically modifying a patien’s cells. Gene therapy for cancer is carried out by the integration of a genetic substance in a host cell by means of viral or non-viral vectors. Delivery of therapeutic nucleic acids such as genes, oligonucleotides, microRNAs (miRNA) or small combatant RNAs (siRNA) to cancer cells allows fighting cancer by inactivating oncogenes or reestablishing the production of cancer suppressor genes. Cancer remains a prevalent cause of death worldwide because of high recurrence rates after traditional treatments and lack of early detection. The traditional treatments currently used in cancer therapy are insufficient in controlling the disease and reducing mortality rates. The diversity of gene therapy holds promise for cancer treatment. As studies on gene therapy mature, it is anticipated that it will become more prevalent in clinical practice to help make cancer a manageable disease.
Gene Therapy in Hereditary Diseases
Authors: YüCel Ilyas , Binici Mahir
Published: October 2024

Inherited diseases are caused by mutations or genetic changes in an individual’s DNA, leading to familial inheritance patterns. These diseases can be categorized into monogenic, multifactorial, and chromosomal diseases. Understanding the genetic basis of these diseases is crucial for identifying their causes and developing genetic counseling services. Common hereditary diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease, result from specific genetic disorders and exhibit various symptoms, which can guide early diagnosis and treatment. Knowledge of genetic risk factors and inheritance models is essential for comprehending disease susceptibility and aiding in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Genetic counseling and testing play vital roles in managing inherited diseases by assessing risks and facilitating early detection and personalized treatment plans.
The Mouth
Authors: Tasdemir Rabia
Published: October 2024

The mouth forms the beginning of the digestive system. The oral cavity is bounded externally by the lips, laterally by the cheeks, superiorly by the palate, inferiorly by the oral diaphragm, and posteriorly by the isthmus of fauces. Teeth divide the oral cavity into two separate spaces: the oral vestibule and the oral cavity proper. Teeth begin to erupt in humans around the sixth month of life, and the eruption of the 20 deciduous teeth is completed by approximately 2 years of age. Around the age of 6-7, permanent teeth begin to replace deciduous teeth, a process that is typically completed around the age of 12. The teeth, which are located in the alveoli of the mandible below and the maxilla above, consist generally of the crown, cervix, and root, with the pulp cavity containing the vascular and nervous supply of the teeth. The part of the palate that limits the mouth from above, consisting of bony structure in front, is called hard palate, and the part consisting of muscles in the back is called soft palate. The muscles palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus, which form the soft palate, also delineate the posterior boundary of the oral cavity by forming the isthmus of fauces. The tongue, which fills the oral cavity prop at rest, is a muscular organ responsible for taste perception, speech, and swallowing. The intrinsic muscles of the tongue determine its shape, while the extrinsic muscles are responsible for its movement. Taste-sensitive papillae are located on the body of the tongue (excluding filiform papillae). The inside of the mouth, which has important functions such as speech and nutrition, is always moist in healthy individuals. Moistening is provided by the major salivary glands, including the parotid gland, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and minor salivary glands located in the lips, cheeks, and palate. The blood supply to the anatomical structures of the mouth is mainly provided by branches of the external carotid artery, while venous blood drains into the internal and external jugular veins. General sensation is provided by branches of the trigeminal nerve, while taste sensation is mediated by the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerve. Motor innervation of the lips is provided by the facial nerve, the tensor veli palatini muscle of the soft palate by the mandibular nerve, and the other muscles by the pharyngeal plexus, while motor innervation of the tongue is provided by the hypoglossal nerve. Parasympathetic innervation is provided by the glossopharyngeal nerve for the area above the labial commissures and by the facial nerve for the area below.
Pharynx
Authors: Dogru Yuvarlakbas Semahat
Published: October 2024

The pharynx, which has a musculomembranous structure, is an organ belonging to both respiratory and digestive systems. It is divided into three regions considering the oral cavity, nasal cavity and larynx that it neighbors. These are nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx.

Nasopharynx; this section forms the anterior and upper part of the pharynx. The pharynx opens into the nasal cavity with choanae. Its anterior lower part is connected to the pars oralis pharyngis by the isthmus pharyngis.

In addition to functioning as part of the respiratory system, the nasopharynx is also associated with structures involved in hearing. This part of the pharynx is connected to the middle ear by a hole called the Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube. This hole is where the Eustachian tube opens into the pharynx.

Orapharynx opens to the oral cavity with the isthmus faucium on the anterior side. On the posterior side, it is a short section neighboring the 2nd and 3rd cervical vertebrae.

The laryngopharynx is located behind the larynx and terminates between the lower half of the third cervical vertebra above and the sixth cervical vertebra below. It is connected to the larynx via the aditus laryngis.

The pharynx is a special organ that also provides the delivery of food to the esophagus through the muscles in its structure.
Chest Wall Muscles and Breast
Authors: Babacan Serdar
Published: October 2024

The muscles of the chest are mostly muscles that start from the ribs and terminate either in the ribs at different levels or in the surrounding anatomical structures (especially the bones). There are muscles that assist in the movement of the upper extremity as well as muscles that assist in inspiration and expiration. Muscles located between the ribs are innervated by intercostal nerves, while other large muscles located further above these muscles are innervated by branches of the brachial plexus.The diaphragm, the dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities, is also responsible for respiratory movements. In addition to respiratory it has functions such as micturition, defecation, labor, and decreasing intrathoracic pressure and increasing intraabdominal pressure. Innervated by the phrenic nerve, the muscle has passages between its fibers that allow the passage of organs between the thorax and the abdominal cavity.The breast, which is located between the fasciae on the anterior chest wall, is important for women as a secondary sex character and for feeding newborns. It is important to know the structure and lymphatic drainage of the breast, especially in terms of breast cancers, which are very common among women in society.
Histology of Pulmonary Circulation & Related Structures
Authors: Keskin Seda
Published: October 2024

The pulmonary circulation is a critical component of the cardiovascular system and facilitates gas exchange between the heart and lungs. The lungs and heart are the main organs in the pulmonary circulation. In addition, the organs of the respiratory system are also involved in the circulating oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle. The process begins with the right ventricle pumping oxygen-poor blood into the pulmonary trunk, which bifurcates into the right and left pulmonary arteries. These arteries enter the lungs, where they divide into smaller arterioles and capillaries within the pulmonary alveoli, the primary site for gas exchange. After the gas exchange, pulmonary venules, which merge into larger vessels and eventually form pulmonary veins collected oxygen-rich blood. These vessels complete the pulmonary circuit by carrying oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium of the heart. Pulmonary arteries and veins show different histological features. The bronchi and bronchioles, which conduct the airways within the lungs, also play a supporting role in the pulmonary circulation. The bronchi are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium interspersed with goblet cells that secrete mucus to trap inhaled particles. The underlying lamina propria contains elastic fibres, smooth muscle and seromucous glands that facilitate airway potency and clearance. In conclusion, the pulmonary circulation is a finely tuned system that includes the right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, alveoli, capillaries and pulmonary veins. Each component exhibits specific histological features that support its function in gas exchange and blood oxygenation, which are crucial for maintaining respiratory and cardiovascular health.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Pregnancy
Authors: Akan Ayse Sule
Published: October 2024

Cardiopulmonary arrest during pregnancy is a rare occurrence. Approximately 10% of maternal deaths are attributed to cardiopulmonary arrest. The AHA guideline advises manually placing the uterus in the left lateral position during pregnant resuscitation and perimortem cesarean section. While there are many causes of cardiopulmonary arrest in the general population, in pregnant patients, causes can arise from pre-existing conditions as well as physiopathological conditions induced by pregnancy. Managing cardiopulmonary arrest during pregnancy is a challenging clinical situation. While maternal resuscitation shares many aspects with standard adult resuscitation, there are some differences, with the most significant being the presence of two patients, the mother and the fetus. Equipment and personnel for emergency cesarean section and neonatal resuscitation should be readily available. When a pregnant patient experiences arrest, they should be placed on a stretcher, and chest compressions should be initiated. Chest compressions should be performed at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute and to a depth of at least 2 inches, in the middle of the chest, just below the sternum, with minimal interruption. Airway management and basic life support should be provided, and the time of arrest should be noted. If the pregnancy is beyond 20 weeks or if the uterus is above the level of the umbilicus, manual displacement of the uterus to the left should be performed to reduce aortocaval compression. Bag-mask ventilation with 100% oxygen at a rate of at least 15 L/min should be initiated immediately with a compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2. If the patient is suitable for defibrillation, it should be administered without altering the shock energy. Studies have shown that transthoracic impedance does not change in pregnant women. Defibrillation in the mother should not be delayed due to fetal safety concerns, as minimal energy is transferred to the fetus during defibrillation. Due to physiological changes, the oxygen reserve in the pregnant woman’s lungs is limited, necessitating rapid and effective airway intervention. Therefore, intubation should be attempted using an endotracheal tube with an inner diameter of 6.0-7.0 mm by the most experienced rescuer. Multiple laryngoscopy attempts-more than twice- should be avoided, and if airway intervention fails and mask ventilation is not possible, emergency invasive airway should be established. Medical drug therapy is no different from standard adult resuscitation, and there is no need for dose adjustment in the drugs administered. Drug administration should not be stopped due to fetal teratogenicity.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Electrical and Lightning Injuries
Authors: Ozdal Emine
Published: October 2024

Abstract: Electric and lightning strikes are significant health concerns requiring prompt intervention in emergency medicine situations. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is crucial in such scenarios. In electrical injuries, serious conditions like cardiac rhythm disturbances and respiratory arrest may occur due to the effect of electric current on the body. Similarly, lightning strikes can induce sudden and severe cardiac arrhythmias.

ACLS should be applied rapidly and effectively following electric and lightning strikes. Key objectives include maintaining respiration and circulation, ensuring oxygenation, and correcting cardiac rhythm. However, specific considerations must be taken into account in these types of injuries. For instance, high levels of tissue damage and burns may result from electrical shocks, making airway management and respiratory support challenging.

Electric and lightning strikes require prompt treatment and monitoring. In addition to ACLS, the patient’s overall condition and potential complications should be considered. Depending on the severity of the injury, fluid therapy and other supportive measures should be implemented.

In conclusion, ACLS in electric and lightning strikes is a vital emergency medicine procedure. Swift and effective intervention can improve the patient’s chances of survival and help prevent long-term complications. Therefore, continuous education and updating of knowledge on electric and lightning strikes are essential for emergency medicine teams.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (Ecmo) and Assistant Tools in Resuscitation
Authors: Sanalp Menekse Tugba
Published: October 2024

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides blood flow and extracorpore al gas exchange by resting the heart and lungs in patients who develop respiratory and circulatory failure or are waiting for a heart-lung organ transplant. It is a temporary method that can provide short-term mechanical support to the heart and/or lungs in life-threatening situations. ECMO is a smaller, closed and portable version of the standard cardiopulmonary bypass device. There are 2 types of ECMO: Veno-venous (V-V) and Veno-arterial (V-A). Veno-venous (V-V) ECMO provides oxygenation in respiratory failure that does not respond to me chanical ventilation. It provides an important hemod ynamic contribution, such as allowing the right ventricle to work with less volume load and improving right ventricular functions and hypoxia. Veno-arterial (V-A) ECMO; Blood drains from the venous system and returns to the arterial system. It supports the treat ment of both respiratory and cardiac failure. The use and effectiveness of ECMO is gradually increasing in parallel with advancing technology and the increase in devices that can be easily placed on the patient and come into play quickly. ECMO is a multidisciplinary team work that requires experience, good training and knowledge. Interventional radiology, cardiovascular surgery, cardiology, intensive care team and an esthesiology clinics, as well as emergency medicine, have recently started to be on the agenda.

The main assistant devices used in resuscitation are: Defibrillator, Mechanical Chest Compression Device, Capnography, Airway Equipment, Ultrasonography, Echocardiography. The gold standard treatment for patients with ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia is rapid defibrillation. Mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation devices can be used to provide cardiac compression. Capnography provides information about ventilation, perfusion and metabolism in intubated or spontaneously breathing patients. Having key equipment at the bedside is a basic requirement for proper airway management. Ultrasonography can be used to visualize veins for central venous catheterization, identify elevated carotid artery pressure and measure central venous pressure noninvasively. Wall motion disorders are evaluated by echocardiography in patients with hemodynamic instability without a differential diagnosis, termination of resuscitation, or in patients in whom spontaneous circulation is restored.
Parapneumonic Effusion and Pleural Empyema
Authors: Sahin Atalay , Oruc Menduh
Published: October 2024

Empyema is a serious health problem that can affect individuals of all ages. Although there has been some change in treatment modalities with the advancement of technology, there is still no standard approach to treatment. The most common cause of parapneumonic empyema is parapneumonic or postpneumonic effusions. Inappropriate diagnosis and intervention can result in chronic parapneumonic empyema. This can lead to pleural thickening, which can further reduce lung and thorax volume and impair respiratory function. In more advanced cases, more invasive surgical procedures may be needed, such as thoracotomy and decortication. Alternatively, myoplasty or thoracomyplasty may be employed. As the main principle in empyema treatment is to match the stage, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial. Consequently, the primary objective is to administer appropriate antibiotics, perform appropriate drainage, and, in cases of loculation, implement early debridement (fibrinolytic therapy, VATS) in order to reduce the necessity for thoracotomy.
The Importance of Hypertension Screening in Children
Authors: Alay Ragip Afsin
Published: October 2024

High blood pressure (BP), more commonly known as hypertension (HT), is one of the significant public health issues in today’s world. The frequency of HT in children was found to be higher in boys than girls and at an M/F ratio of 15-17/7-12%. The most important purpose of detecting HT in childhood is to prevent end organ damage and HT that begins in childhood from affecting morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Two major guidelines for the definition, monitoring, and treatment of hypertension in children are available from the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP). In children aged three years and above, ESH requires BP measurement at every health examination, APP requires annual blood pressure measurement, and in children under 3 years of age, blood pressure measurement should be performed in the presence of risk factors for HT. The prevalence of HT in children is increasing, and it appears that if HT in children is not detected and controlled, it can lead to extremely adverse cardiovascular events in middle age and earlier. Every society should create monitoring and screening algorithms by determining risk factors according to life, nutrition and development level.
The Effects of Oral Screenings in Children and Adolescents on Oral Health
Authors: Simsek Derelioglu Sera , Orbak Recep , Basaran Duygucan
Published: October 2024

Oral health, dental examinations, children, early diagnosis, general health, dental indices, DMFT/dmft index, plaque index, PUFA/pufa index, IOTN.
Neonatal Screening for Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Authors: Ersoy Betul
Published: October 2024

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of diseases characterized by genetic defects in the enzymes involved in adrenal steroidogenesis. The most common type is 21hydroxylase (OH) deficiency. In this disease, earlier diagnosis is possible because there is a ambigius genitalia girls. However, diagnosis may be delayed in boys. In addition, salt-wasting types can be fatal, especially in boys, as they are difficult to recognize. 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) is an important identifier for newborns at risk for 21OH deficiency. Therefore, earlier diagnosis of the disease may be possible by measuring 17OHP in newborn babies on the first week of life. Threshold 17(OH)P values for the disease are calculated based on birth weight and gestational age. In this section, neonatal screening methods for CAH, the reasons for false negative or positive screening results, the status of countries in the world that perform this screening, and the cost-effectiveness of screening are explained.
Phenylketonuria
Authors: Arslan Sezai
Published: October 2024

Phenylketonuria is one of the most significant causes of dietary preventable mental retardation. As a result of a partial or complete deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is involved in the conversion of the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine, the plasma level of phenylalanine is increased above the normal level. An elevated level of phenylalanine causes neurotoxicity through various mechanisms (neurotransmitter deficiency, oxidative stress, decreased protein synthesis). Phenylketonuria is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The global prevalence of phenylketonuria is estimated to be 1:23930 live births. Studies conducted in Turkey have shown that the prevalence of hyperphenylalaninemia is 1:2785 and the prevalence of phenylketonuria is 1:4370. The most common cause of PAH deficiency is PAH gene mutations. Less common causes of hyperphenylalaninemia include disorders of BH4 metabolism, DNAJC12 deficiency and transient tyrosinemia of the newborn. In classical phenylketonuria, a diet therapy that restricts phenylalanine intake is highly effective when initiated early. Animal protein sources with a particularly high protein value are excluded from the diet. When blood phenyl alanine levels are kept within the target range (<360 µmol/L under 12 years of age, <600 µmol/L above 12 years of age), patients can complete their neuromotor development similar to their peers. Therefore, newborn screening programmes are very important for the early detection of patients with classical phenylketonuria.
Newborn Screening for Biotinidase Deficiency
Authors: Surucu Kara Ilknur
Published: October 2024

Biotinidase deficiency is an inherited metabolic disorder with a very good prognosis if diagnosed and treated early. Cost-effectiveness has been demonstrated. therefore biotinidase deficiency is covered by newborn screening in many countries around the world. In countries like Turkey, where consanguineous marriages are common, morbidity and mortality have been prevented in a large number of individuals with early treatment through national screening programs. The prevalence of biotinidase deficiency varies from country to country and from region to region. Since false positivity and negativity may occur, the diagnosis should be confirmed by quantitative method and molecular genetic analysis.
Biochemical Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
Authors: Kocabas Rahim
Published: October 2024

Diabetes mellitus is associated with a spectrum of biochemical microvascular complications that significantly impact various organs and tissues. Chronic hyperglycemia, the hallmark of diabetes, leads to vascular damage through several interconnected pathways, including increased formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, and oxidative stress. These processes contribute to endothelial dysfunction, impaired vasodilation, and inflammation, which collectively promote microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. In diabetic nephropathy, elevated glucose levels cause glomerular hyperfiltration and renal hypertrophy, leading to progressive loss of kidney function and the development of end-stage renal disease. Diabetic retinopathy, characterized by microvascular damage in the retina, can lead to vision impairment or blindness due to retinal hemorrhages, exudates, and neovascularization. Diabetic neuropathy involves damage to peripheral nerves, resulting in sensory deficits, pain, and autonomic dysfunction. Effective management of biochemical microvascular complications in diabetes includes intensive glycemic control, blood pressure management, lipid-lowering therapies, and regular screening for early detection and intervention. Targeting these pathways can help mitigate the progression of microvascular complications and improve long-term outcomes for individuals with diabetes mellitus.
Apoptosis Induced by Diabetes
Authors: Dasdelen Dervis
Published: October 2024

Apoptosis induced by diabetes refers to programmed cell death that occurs in various tissues and organs as a consequence of chronic hyperglycemia and associated metabolic disturbances. In diabetes mellitus, prolonged exposure to elevated glucose levels triggers multiple pathways leading to cellular stress, oxidative damage, and ultimately, apoptosis. This phenomenon is particularly notable in pancreatic beta cells, where apoptosis contributes to the progressive decline in insulin secretion and the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In addition to pancreatic beta cells, apoptosis is observed in endothelial cells of blood vessels, renal tubular cells, neurons, and cardiomyocytes, contributing to diabetic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. Mechanisms underlying apoptosis in diabetes involve mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of pro-apoptotic signaling pathways (such as caspase activation and Bcl-2 family proteins), and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Therapeutic strategies targeting apoptosis aim to mitigate cellular damage and preserve tissue function through interventions that improve glycemic control, reduce oxidative stress, and enhance cellular survival mechanisms.