bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mniejszość narodowa czy narodowość? Współczesna polityka terminologiczna na Węgrzech jako odzwierciedlenie tysiącletniej tradycji państwa wielonarodowego i konsekwencja Traktatu w Trianon
Authors: Kaczmarek Karolina
Published: January 2022

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie na przyczyny zmian terminologicznych w najnowszych ustawach węgierskich dotyczących mniejszości narodowych zamieszkujących Węgry. Wykazano tu związek obecnej polityki terminologicznej rządu na Węgrzech z sytuacją diaspor węgierskich poza granicami kraju. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza dwóch terminów: mniejszość narodowa i narodowość. Przywołano historyczne procesy wpływające na powstanie wielonarodowych i wielojęzycznych Węgier, kształtowanie się systemu prawnego uwzględniającego współistnienie wielu narodowości i języków na terenie kraju, przyczyny konfliktów i próby wdrożenia rozwiązań czy to uwzględniających interesy różnych narodowości, czy to mających na celu wprowadzenie dominacji narodowości i języka węgierskiego. Po zmianie systemu politycznego pod koniec lat 80. rząd węgierski podejmował wiele kroków mających na celu poprawę sytuacji mniejszości węgierskich, które mieszkają poza ojczyzną od czasu podpisania traktatu w Trianon w 1920 roku. Taka polityka rządu miała też wpływ na sytuację mniejszości narodowych zamieszkujących obszar Węgier. Rozpoczęto prace nad nowym, nowoczesnym prawem regulującym status mniejszości narodowych, które miało stać się wzorcem dla innych krajów i argumentem w negocjacjach dotyczących mniejszości węgierskich w sąsiednich krajach. W dyskusjach nad projektem nowej ustawy o mniejszościach narodowych, ostatecznie uchwalonej w 1993 roku, powracano do najlepszych tradycji i najkorzystniejszych – dla narodowości – idei wyrażonych w ustawach wprowadzanych w XIX wieku. W przeciwieństwie do idei madziaryzacji, pojawiającej się w niektórych okresach historii Węgier, nowe prawo miało przeciwdziałać asymilacji narodowości: wspierać je strukturalnie w pielęgnowaniu własnej kultury i utrzymaniu odrębnej tożsamości. W nowej konstytucji Węgier, ogłoszonej w 2011 roku, przeprowadzono zamianę funkcjonującego wcześniej terminu mniejszość narodowa na – właśnie – narodowość. W kolejnych aktach prawnych konsekwentnie stosuje się już ten nowy termin. Znajduje to również odzwierciedlenie w tytule kolejnej ustawy „o narodowościach” uchwalonej jeszcze w 2011 roku. Trzeba tu widzieć celowe działanie o charakterze propagandowym. Zmiana terminu ma w symboliczny sposób podnieść status ludności węgierskiej mieszkającej poza granicami ojczyzny oraz zwrócić uwagę na fakt, że Węgry traktują tę ludność jako nieodłączną część jednego narodu węgierskiego.
Świadomość językowa na temat gwary wśród mieszkańców Konina i okolic
Authors: Osowski Błażej
Published: January 2022

W artykule analizowano wyniki ankiety internetowej dotyczącej świadomości językowej na temat gwary przeprowadzonej wśród mieszkańców Konina i okolic. Jest to teren ciekawy ze względów socjologicznych (intensywny rozwój miasta w latach 60. i 70. XX wieku, szybkie uprzemysłowienie regionu i liczne migracje) oraz językowych (pogranicze dialektalne oraz wpływ języka przyniesionego przez dawnych migrantów). Badano postawy, jakie wskazana grupa zajmuje wobec gwary, jak ocenia tę odmianę języka i czy się nie posługuje. Analiza 147 ankiet daje możliwość uwzględnienie takich kryteriów jak wiek, płeć, wykształcenie, miejsce zamieszkania. Dodatkowym celem tekstu jest sformułowanie wniosków, co do wykorzystania ankiety internetowej jako narzędzia w badaniu świadomości językowej na temat gwary.
Co tytuły i podtytuły krakowskich i małopolskich druków ciągłych niezależnego obiegu wydawniczego mówią o rzeczywistości, w której powstały, i spojrzeniu na świat ich autorów
Authors: Batko-Tokarz Barbara
Published: January 2022

W latach 80. prasa niezależna odegrała szczególną rolę w walce o przemiany ustrojowe w Polsce. Jednym z ważniejszych ośrodków jej funkcjonowania był Kraków. Dlatego przedmiotem analiz w tym artykule staną się tytuły i podtytuły krakowskich i małopolskich czasopism drugiego obiegu. Spojrzenie na tę prasę z perspektywy onomastyki medialnej, a zwłaszcza – onomastycznej analizy dyskursu, dobrze pokazuje specyfikę sytuacji społeczno-politycznej, w której one funkcjonowały, oraz świat wartości jej autorów i czytelników. Uwidaczniają się w nich – po pierwsze – leksemy mówiące o potrzebie rzetelnej informacji, niezależności, wolności, a po drugie – takie, które pokazywały rzeczywistość w kategoriach wojny oraz zachęcały do buntu i sygnalizowały konieczność szybkich zmian. Wszystkie tego typu zabiegi językowe miały na celu pozytywną autotoprezentację i konsolidację środowisk opozycyjnych, które wyraźnie i na różne sposoby kontestowały rzeczywistość PRL i chciały jej przeobrażeń. W tych celach autorzy tytułów sięgali także po potoczność, ironię, gry językowe i wartościowanie.
Wymiary potocznej świadomości językowej i relacje między nimi
Authors: Lustanski Joanna
Published: January 2022

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia wyznaczniki tzw. potocznej świadomości językowej według koncepcji Dennisa R. Prestona, który jako pierwszy wprowadził je do amerykańskiej szkoły lingwistyki potocznej w latach 90. ubiegłego wieku. Wyróżniki te to: eksplicytna dostępność zakresu zjawisk językowych podlegających ocenie, stopień trafności tej oceny, poziom jej szczegółowości oraz umiejętność kontrolowania różnych wariantów języka. Zasadniczą cechą tych wykładników jest to, że – w odróżnieniu od typowych narzędzi do badań nad świadomością językową, które analizują warstwy i poziomy świadomości – pozwalają one na badanie sposobów, w jakie ujawnia się świadomość przeciętnego użytkownika języka, tzw. językoznawczego laika. W rodzimych badaniach fenomenu świadomości językowej wyznaczniki te nie były dotychczas opisywane i wykorzystywane, chociaż prezentują nowe możliwości eksplikacji badawczej. W niniejszym artykule do charakterystyki koncepcji Dennisa R. Prestona posłużono się częściowo przykładami użytymi przez samego badacza, a częściowo odwołano się do przykładów porównywalnych, ale pochodzących ze źródeł rodzimych, w tym egzemplifikacji językowych ekscerpowanych wśród polskiej grupy etnicznej w Kanadzie. W artykule przedstawiono również relacje między wyznacznikami potocznej świadomości językowej, które zilustrowano w sposób graficzny. Wstępna diagnoza dotycząca zdatności charakteryzowanych wyróżników w studiach nad świadomością językową użytkowników polszczyzny zachęca do pogłębionych analiz, w jakiej mierze te – względnie zobiektywizowanie – narzędzia mogą okazać się przydatne do badań nad sposobami, przez które ujawnia się świadomość językowa grup społecznych.
Język specjalistyczny dla potrzeb biznesowych w perspektywie glottodydaktycznej - projekt badań
Authors: Jaworska Mariola
Published: January 2022

Tematem artykułu jest nauczanie języka specjalistycznego dla potrzeb biznesowych, analizowane w perspektywie glottodydaktycznej. Rosnące potrzeby związane z wykorzystywaniem języków obcych w pracy zawodowej, także – w szeroko rozumianym biznesie, sprawiają, że jest to zagadnienie ważne zarówno w perspektywie dyskursu naukowego, jak i w kontekście poszukiwania nowych rozwiązań programowych. Specyfika podejmowanych działań komunikacyjnych, obejmująca nie tylko umiejętność porozumiewania się w danym języku obcym, lecz także wiedzę specjalistyczną, znajomość terminologii czy kulturowych uwarunkowań procesu komunikacji oraz zwiększające się potrzeby i oczekiwania dydaktyczne implikują konieczność prowadzenia dogłębnych analiz naukowych w zakresie kształcenia językowego dla potrzeb biznesowych. Opracowanie zawiera projekt badania odnoszącego się do wybranych aspektów kształcenia językowego na etapie szkoły wyższej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem nauczania niemieckiego języka biznesu (jako obcego). Przedstawiono znaczenie problemu oraz dotychczasowy stan wiedzy na temat kształcenia w zakresie języka specjalistycznego dla potrzeb biznesowych, a także założenia projektu, cele, problemy badawcze i metodologię. Główne pytanie badawcze dotyczy specyfiki procesu uczenia się i nauczania języka biznesu na etapie szkoły wyższej i możliwości wpływania na niego w celu jego optymalizacji. Zaprojektowane badania mają pozwolić lepiej zrozumieć rolę zmiennych indywidualnych w procesie uczenia się i nauczania języka specjalistycznego dla potrzeb biznesowych, uchwycić specyfikę strategii uczenia się w tym zakresie, jak również oszacować możliwości wykorzystywania nowych technologii oraz tekstów multimodalnych w kształceniu w zakresie języka specjalistycznego.
O nierówności płci w języku i jej skutkach. Polemika z tezami artykułu Ignacego Nasalskiego pt. „Funkcje i dysfunkcje języka inkluzywnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem asymetrii rodzajowej w języku polskim”
Authors: Szpyra-Kozłowska Jolanta
Published: January 2022

Artykuł stanowi polemikę z tezami Ignacego Nasalskiego zawartymi w tekście pt. „Funkcje i dysfunkcje języka inkluzywnego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem asymetrii rodzajowej w języku polskim” (Socjolingwistyka 2020), w którym Autor twierdzi, że system rodzajowy języków, rozumiany jako (a)symetrie między nazwami męskimi i żeńskimi, ma znikomy wpływ na sytuację społeczną kobiet, czego dowodzi różna struktura rodzajowa języków arabskiego, perskiego i polskiego, nieprzekładająca się na równouprawnienie kobiet w krajach, gdzie są one używane. W związku z tym faktem Autor kwestionuje zasadność tworzenia i stosowania nowych feminatywów w polszczyźnie. W niniejszym artykule wskazano liczne uproszczenia w argumentacji Nasalskiego, a także pomijanie przez niego wielu prac przedstawiających i dokumentujących odmienny punkt widzenia. Dotyczą one nierówności płci w języku arabskim oraz badań nad wpływem języka na nasze myślenie i zachowania, a także negatywnych konsekwencji stosowania języka wykluczającego oraz korzyści z używania form o charakterze równościowym.
Burial of a Hunnic Period Noblewoman at Karakabak, Mangystau, Kazakhstan
Authors: Astafyev A. E. , Bogdanov E. S.
Published: January 2022

This study continues a series of publications describing the fi ndings of excavations at the Karakabak cemetery on the Mangyshlak Peninsula, dating to the Hunnic period. Burial 11 was that of a girl dressed in an outfi t imitating a royal vestment. The reconstructed headdress consisted of a cape decorated with round, gold plaques and a diadem-type headband of red cloth with mask-shaped plaques. The central forehead plaque is a replica of Hellenistic gorgoneia. Similar masks were found in the Volga basin and the Northern Black Sea region. Temporal mask-plaques, carved of wood and covered with gold foil, have no parallels but follow the archaic Scythian tradition. Belt and shoe buckles were not attached to belts and were not used in everyday life. In terms of style and technique, the gold casing with an embossed geometric design on a wooden base belongs to a series of artifacts of the so-called Shipovo horizon. The buckle frames are shaped as stylized birds of prey with spread wings. The forehead plaque and details of the shoe straps are paralleled by those from Altynkazgan. The Karakabak artifacts are unique for the Aral-Caspian region, providing yet another indication of close cultural ties with the Hunnic world. All details of the outfi t were likely manufactured at a nearby workshop (the Karakabak settlement) in the second half of the 5th or fi rst half of the 6th century for the burial of a nomadic noblewoman.
Hephthalite Coin from an Early Medieval Burial at Gorny-10, Northern Altai
Authors: Seregin N. N. , Tishin V. V. , Stepanova N. F.
Published: January 2022

We describe a silver coin found in one of the burials at Gorny-10 cemetery in northern Altai, excavated by expeditions from the Altai State University in 2000–2003. The coin was discovered in a destroyed burial of children (No. 46) along with other informative artifacts, which are rather uncommon in such burials. Judging by horse harness and ornaments, the assemblage falls in the interval from the late 6th to early 8th century AD. The coin is an imitation of the drachm of the Sasanian shah Pērōz I to classify as type or emission 287, according to R. Göbl, that is one of the most common types of Hephthalite coins. The elemental concentration of the specimen has a high content of silver and no gold. The specimen has no analogs in North or Central Asia. It could have been brought to the forest-steppe Altai by Türks, who conquered the Hephthalite Empire in the fi rst decades of the late 6th century AD.
Purposes of punishment by deprivation of liberty
Authors: Tryncevski Yuriy V.
Published: January 2022

The purpose of the study is to raise questions about the purposes of criminal punishment in the form of deprivation of liberty, taking into account new realities, including new technologies.

The main results of the study reflect the problems of imperfection of punishments in the form of deprivation of liberty from the point of view of achieving the purposes of crime prevention and rehabilitation of the convicted person.

Conclusions are formulated regarding the discrepancy between the purposes of punishment and practice, which has negative consequences for the effectiveness of the system, its legality and the degree to which it provides justice; the need more attention to the effective communication of the purposes of punishment to offenders.
Automated system for determining heat lossesof the educational audience. Hardware part
Authors: Godovnikov Evgeniy A. , Petuhova Olga A. , Pronkina Tatiana V. , Usmanov Ruslan T. , Shitselov Anatoliy V.
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the structure of the hardware and internetworking of automated room heat loss identification system on example of the Ugra State University classroom. The temperature controller has been developed taking into account the specifics of the room. A heat meter with telemetry capability has been selected.
Yunus Emre’de İdeal Dünyanın Unsurları
Authors: AKIN Cüneyt
Published: January 2022

Yunus Emre gibi cennet sevdası veya cehennem kaygısından geçmiş (cennet cennet dedikleri, birkaç huri birkaç melek) bir dervişin, idealinde herhangi bir “dünya”dan çok, Allah’a kavuşma (bana seni gerek seni) söz konusu olabilir; ancak, “Yunus Emre’nin şiirlerinden yola çıkarak içinde bulunduğumuz dünyaya dair sorunlar çözüme kavuşturulabilir ve ideal bir dünya tasarlanabilir.” diye düşünebiliriz. “Yunun Emre’nin sözlerinin çağları aşarak bugünlere ulaşması, bugünün dünyasında ona ne kadar ihtiyaç duyulduğunun da bir göstergesidir.” Diyebiliriz; zira, şiirlerindeki evrensel mesajlar, bugünün insanlığının ortak dertlerine şifa niteliği taşımaktadır; çünkü, yirminci yüzyılın Âşık Veysel’indeki dava, Yunus Emre için de aynı davadır. Bu davanın adı, “insanlık davası”dır. Bugüne kadar yaşamış olan ve yaşadığı çağı aşan sözlere sahip olan kişiler, insanlık için hep yol gösterici olmuşlar ve ideal olan ne varsa insanlığa sunmaya çalışmışlardır. Bu kişilerin başını Yunus Emre, Âşık Veysel gibi ozanlar ve Cengiz Aytmatov gibi yazarlar çekmişlerdir. Çalışmada, Yunus Emre’nin ideal dünyasının unsurları, şiirlerinden yola çıkılarak dikkatlere sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Allah aşkı, tevhit düşüncesi, ahlaklı olmak, tanış olmak, işi kolay kılmak, sevmek sevilmek, gönüller yapmak, hoşgörülü olmak, arif olmak, kendini beğenmemek, aç gözlü olmamak, kıskanç olmamak ve cömert olmak, sabırlı olmak ve öfkelenmemek, dedikodu yapmamak, iftira etmemek ve en önemlisi ise, doğru olmak, yenilikçilik gibi, Yunus Emre’nin ideal dünyasının içinde yer alması gereken unsurlar olarak tasnif edilebilecek başlıklar sıralanmıştır. Elbette ki, bu başlıkların sayısı çoğaltılabilir. Çalışmada, sadece Yunus Emre Divanı’nda yer alan şiirler incelenmiştir.
Yunus Emre’nin Şiirlerinde Dünya Tasviri
Authors: VANLI Murat
Published: January 2022

13. yüzyılın sonları ile 14. yüzyılın başlarında yaşadığı düşünülen Yunus Emre’nin (ö. 720/1320 ?) tarihi şahsiyeti menkıbelerle iç içe geçmiş durumdadır. Mutasavvıf kimliğinin yanı sıra büyük bir şair olan Yunus Emre, daha 14. yüzyıldan başlayarak Âşık Paşa, Kaygusuz Baba gibi kıymetli takipçiler bulmuş, şöhretiyle günümüze kadar ulaşmış ve aradan geçen 700 senede binlerce şairi etkilemiştir. Yunus Emre'nin seyr ü sülûk ehline nasihatlarını içeren ve 600 beyitten oluşan mesnevi nazım şeklinde yazılmış Risâletü’n-Nushiyye ve 417 şiirden müteşekkil Divan’ı olmak üzere iki eseri mevcuttur. Bu makalede, Divan'ındaki şiirlerinden hareketle Yunus Emre'nin dünya hakkındaki düşüncelerini tespit ve tahlil edeceğiz. Onun, dünyanın yaratılışı hakkındaki düşüncelerini, dünyayı benzettiği unsurları, dünya ile mukayese ettiği mefhumları ve dünya hakkındaki umumî telakkilerini ele alacağız. Bu makalede, millî ve Türkçenin kurucu şairi olan Yunus Emre’nin Divanı’ndan hareketle metin merkezli verilerin incelenmesi yöntemiyle dünya hakkındaki duygu ve düşünce tasavvuru ortaya konulmuştur.
Yunus Emre’nin Şiirlerinde Dilbilimsel Bir Kategori Olarak Kanıtsallık
Authors: ASLAN DEMİR Sema
Published: January 2022

Bu makalede Yunus Emre’nin şiirleri kanıtsallık (evidentiality) kategorisi açısından incelenecektir. XIII. yüzyılda Orta Anadolu’da yaşayan Yunus Emre, Anadolu sahası Oğuz Türkçesinin en önemli temsilcilerinden biridir. Sade bir dille derin anlamlı şiirler yazan Yunus Emre’nin şiirlerinde kanıtsallık kategorisi, farklı bilgi türlerinin işaretlenmesiyle etkin bir biçimde yer bulmuştur. Kanıtsallık; cümledeki bilginin kaynağını, bilgiye ne şekilde ulaşıldığını gösteren dilbilimsel bir kategoridir. Bilginin kaynağı, gramatikal veya sözlüksel olarak belirtilebilmektedir. Konuşur bilgiye doğrudan, söz gelimi eyleme katılarak ya da tanıklık ederek erişebileceği gibi bir aracı yardımıyla veya akıl yürüterek, dolaylı yollarla da erişebilir. Yunus Emre’nin şiirlerinde -miş ve imiş; aracılı ulaşılan bilgileri (ikinci el bilgi, üçüncü el bilgi, folklorik bilgi), çıkarıma dayalı bilgileri (algısal ve/veya mantıksal), kısacası bütün dolaylı bilgi türlerini işaretleyebilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı, Yunus Emre’nin şiirleri çerçevesinde, Eski Anadolu Türkçesinde hangi dolaylı bilgi türlerinin işaretlendiğini göstermek ve dönemin dilbilimsel manzarasını kanıtsallık kategorisi açısından aydınlatmaktır.
Olumsuzluğun Yunus Emre’nin Şiir Diline Yansıması
Authors: ERDEM Mevlüt
Published: January 2022

Bir cümlenin doğruluğunu reddeden olumsuz yapılar evrenseldir ve olumsuzluk kategorisi biçimbilgisi, sözdizimi ve anlambilimi etkileşimini içerir. Bu makalede Yunus Emre’nin şiir dilinde olumsuzluk kategorisi (özellikle ad cümlelerinin olumsuzluğu, sözcüksel olumsuzluk ve varlıksal olumsuzluk yapıları) Eski Anadolu Türkçesi örnekleriyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Yunus Emre’nin şiir dilinde olumsuzluğun oldukça belirgin olduğu ve Yunus Emre’nin şiir diline dair izler taşıdığı görülür. Yunus Emre’nin incelenen iki eserinde (Yunus Emre Divanı ve Risâletü’n-Nushiyye) her bir olumsuzluk işaretleyicisi zaman zaman Türkiye Türkçesindeki kullanımlarından farklılaşır. Ad cümlelerini olumsuzlaştıran degül sözcüğü, bilinen işlevi yanında belirli bir fiil çekiminden sonra gelir ve bütün vurguyu kendi üzerine çeker. Yunus Emre adları, sıfatları ve zamirleri olumsuzlaştıran sUz (-suz, -süz) ve Farsçadan kopyalanan bī- sözcüksel olumsuzlaştırma biçimini, diğer olumsuzluk araçları gibi, sıkça kullanır. Yunus Emre’ye özgü yapıları ortaya çıkaran varlıksallık olumsuzlaştırıcısı yok’tur. Yok sözcüğü, Yunus Emre’nin şiirlerinde daha çok sahiplik ifade eder. Yunus Emre’nin şiirlerinde sözcüksel olumsuzlaştırıcı -sUz ile yok arasında yakın bir bağlantı vardır. Bazen aynı sözcük yok ile bazen de -sUz ile olumsuzlaştırılır: çāresüz, bīçare ~ çārem yok. Yok sözcüğü aynı zamanda iç cümleciklerin yüklemi konumunda (Suçı yok kişinün baglanmaz eli) da bulunabilir. Yunus Emre’nin şiirlerinde oldukça görünür olan olumsuz yapıların bir kısmı Yunus Emre’ye özgü dilsel özellikler taşır. Bu yapıların bu kadar belirgin ve dikkat çekici olması Yunus Emre’nin düşünce dünyasını daha açık ve anlaşılır hȃle getirmek istemesiyle açıklanabilir.
Yunus Emre Divanı’nda Kalp, Dil, Hatır/Hâtır, Gönül, Yürek ve Cân Sözcüklerinin Eşdizimlilikleri
Authors: UYSAL Bilal
Published: January 2022

Yunus Emre, günümüzde dahi rahatlıkla anlaşılabilen bir şairdir. O, arı duru Türkçesi ile Oğuz Türkçesinin teşekkülü safhasında önemli bir rol üstlenmiş ve bir medeniyet dilinin inşaasında adeta mihenk taşı rolü oynamıştır. Yunus Emre bir aşk, sevgi, muhabbet insanıdır. Çalışmada, Yunus Emre Divanı’nında bu duyguların insanda tecelli ettiği yerler olarak görülen kalp, dil (Far.), hatır/hâtır, gönül, yürek ve cân sözcüklerinin eşdizimlilikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Eşdizimlilik (collocation) genellikle iki veya daha fazla sözcüğün yaygın olarak aynı dizimde bulunması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Eşdizimlilik yan yana kullanılan sözcükler olarak algılanmakla birlikte, zaman zaman araya başka sözcükler de girebilir veya sözcüklerin sıralaması da değişebilir. Bu çalışmada şiirde anlamsal bütünlük oluşturan birimlerde (beyit veya dörtlükler) anlamlı ve yaygın birliktelikler eşdizimlilik olarak ele alınmıştır. Sözcüklerin eşdizimli olabilmeleri için divanda en az 3 kez eşdizimli olmalarına dikkat edilmiştir. Yunus Emre Divanı’nda kalp, dil (Far.) ve hatır/hâtır sözcüklerinin eşdizimlilik oluşturmadığı gönül, yürek ve cân sözcüklerinin ise eşdizimlilik oluşturduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmada ele alınan her sözcüğün Yunus Emre Divanı’nda ifade ettiği anlam, Güncel Türkçe Sözlük (GTS) ve Kubbealtı Lugatı’ndan (KB) alıntı ile açıklanmıştır, bu sözcüklerin edebiyatta nasıl karşılık buldukları hakkında da bilgi verilmiş, bu sözcükle verilen mesaj üzerinde durulmuştur. İncelenen sözcüklerden elde edilen bulgular, bu sözcükler birbirlerine oldukça yakın anlam değeri taşımalarına rağmen, her birisinin farklı sözcüklerle eşdizimlilik oluşturdukları ve bu yapıların da oldukça farklı duygu değerlerine sahip oldukları görülmüştür. Bu nedenle yakın anlamlı olarak değerlendirebileceğimiz sözcüklerin farklı nüansları ifade ettikleri tespit edilmiştir.
Noticias del BID: Vol. 8, no. 7, septiembre 1981
Authors:   Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
Published: January 2022

Noticias del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Noticias del BID: Vol. 8, no. 5, julio 1981
Authors:   Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
Published: January 2022

Noticias del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Noticias del BID: Vol. 8, no. 2, abril 1981
Authors:   Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo
Published: January 2022

Noticias del BID, publicación mensual que tiene por objetivo informar acerca de las actividades del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.
Ensino Não Presencial e Limitações Digitais. Análise de Indicadores da Produção Científica entre 2004 e 2021
Authors: Pereira Junior Errol Fernando Zepka , Novello Tanise Paula , Ferraz Rafael Camarg , Melo Pedro Antônio de , D'avila Livia Castro
Published: January 2022

Em decorrência da pandemia da Covid-19 emergiu a necessidade de outras formas de viver decorrentes do isolamento social. Os processos de ensinar e-learning (não presencial) apoiado pelas tecnologias digitais se tornou uma alternativa. O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar os indicadores da produção científica mundial acerca das limitações digitais no ensino E-learning. Nesse sentido foi realizada uma busca de produções científicas no período de 2004 a 2021 que versam sobre a temática da limitação digital. A partir do refinamento da busca definiu-se 375 trabalhos que serão discutidos nesse artigo. A partir da análise apresentam-se os indicadores desta produção, com destaque para Taiwan, e uma conversa teórica acerca dos tipos de educação não presencial, trabalhados como: Educação a distância; A educação presencial apoiada pelas TIC; A educação presencial com 20% de sua operacionalização a distância; e educação emergencial remota (Covid-19).
Palavras-chave: Ensino não presencial. Limitação digital. Produção científica. Bibliometria.
Pyrrole as an Important Scaffold of Anticancer Drugs: Recent Advances
Authors: Mateev Emilio , Georgieva Maya , Zlatkov Alexander
Published: January 2022

With the significant increase of patients suffering from different types of cancer, it is evident that prompt measures in the development of novel and effective agents need to be taken. Pyrrole moiety has been found in various active compounds with anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antibacterial, lipid-lowering and anticancer properties. Recent advances in the exploration of highly active and selective cytotoxic structures containing pyrrole motifs have shown promising data for future investigations. Accordingly, this review presents an overview of recent developments in the pyrrole derivatives as anticancer agents, with a main focus towards the key moieties required for the anti-tumor activities. Pyrrole molecules comprising prominent targeting capacities against microtubule polymerization, tyrosine kinases, cytochrome p450 family 1, histone deacetylase and bcl-2 proteins were reported. In addition, several mechanisms of action, such as apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibiting kinases, angiogenesis, disruption of cell migration, modulation of nuclear receptor responsiveness and others were analyzed. Furthermore, in most of the discussed cases we provided synthesis schemes of the mentioned molecules. Overall, the utilization of pyrrole scaffold for the design and synthesis of novel anticancer drugs could be a promising approach for future investigations.
Parametric Analysis of Rainfall Variability Over Some Selected Locations in Nigeria
Authors: O. A Falaiye , A. G Olaitan , S. C Nwabachili
Published: January 2022

Rainfall is one meteorological parameter that affects virtually all human activities. For instance, the amount of rainfall received in an area is an important determining factor in estimating or quantifying the amount of water available to meet various demands, such as agricultural, industrial, domestic water supply, and power generation. Climate change has generally been accepted to be a result of the emission of excess greenhouse gases. It has caused an increase in flooding, severe and more frequent droughts, increase in wildfires, and heatwaves in various parts of the globe. Climate change is said to have a considerable impact on the variability in hydro-meteorological variables such as rainfall, temperature, and evaporation. In this study, we carry out a parametric analysis of rainfall variability over some selected locations in Nigeria and determine the trend using surface observation data from seven weather stations. The datasets of rainfall used in this study were acquired; from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET) for a period of 30 years (1980 to 2010) from seven locations; which are Abuja, Enugu, Ikeja, Ilorin, Maiduguri, Port Harcourt, and Sokoto, representing the six geographical zones of Nigeria. The results gotten showed an upward movement in the trend line which indicated an increase in the amount of rainfall received by the study areas. While some Cities (Maiduguri, Sokoto) received a large increase in the amount of rainfall received yearly, others received a slight increase such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, Ilorin, Abuja and Enugu.
The Mediating Effects of Key Audit Matters on the Relationship Between Audit Quality and Earnings Management: Evidence from Jordan
Authors: Alqam Mohammad Ahmad , Hamshari Yaser Mohd , Ali Haitham Yousef
Published: January 2022

The relationship between audit quality and earnings management has not been tested with consideration of key audit matters as a mediating variable. This study examined whether audit quality (AQ) decreases earnings management (EM) in shareholding corporations through improving key audit matters (KAMs) in Jordan’s emerging environment. A regression analysis was carried out on a sample that included financial reports and auditor reports of 105 industrial and service shareholdings companies listed on the Amman Stock Exchange (ASE) from 2017 to 2019. The study found a negative relationship between audit quality and earnings management. The results showed that audit quality increases key audit matters, which, in turn, decreases earnings management. Also, the study confirmed the mediating effect of KAMs between audit quality and earnings management. The study confirms the importance of key audit matters to provide more relevant and useful information for the users of financial reports and provides important indications to the regulatory authorities and standards bodies that key audit matters should be given more attention regarding the way that they are presented and disclosed.
Building Innovation Capabilities on Collaboration and Market Orientation for Improving Marketing Performance of Wood Furniture Craft
Authors: Maryono  , Farida Naili , Ngatno  , Prabawani Bulan
Published: January 2022

This research aims to test the direct influence of market orientation and innovation capabilities collaboration, with relationship marketing orientation and excellence as mediating variables, on the marketing performance of the micro industry of wood furniture handicrafts. The data was collected using questionnaires submitted by 242 people, and the analysis was carried out using SmartPLS software. The significant impact of collaborative innovation ability and relational marketing orientation on market orientation was shown to have no effect on competitive advantage. The innovation capabilities of collaborating are known to have no significant impact on marketing performance. Competitive advantage has a relationship with marketing performance, and relational marketing orientation has a significant impact on the ability of collaborative innovation. It was also found that relationship marketing orientation has a significant effect on marketing performance. This study is related to improving the marketing performance of the micro industry of wood furniture handicrafts, which has a limited scope, so the results of this study can't be generalized. It was also difficult to determine if there was any bias from the respondents. The marketing orientation of relationships and competitive advantages have contributed significantly to marketing performance. The wood furniture handicraft micro industry must improve collaboration capabilities with dealers and customers and use this as a strategic component to improve the marketing performance of the woodcraft industry. The novelty of this research is related to the capability of collaboration innovation, which is able to improve the marketing performance of small industries.
Likelihood of Insurance Coverage on Damages Due to Level of Insecurity in Nigeria: Logistic Modeling Approach
Authors: Cynthia Orumie Ukamaka , Bartholomew Desmond Chekwube , Obite Chukwudi Paul , Lawrence Kiwu Chizoba
Published: January 2022

Insurance serves as a protection against the unexpected and it is one of the most effective risk management tools that protect individuals from being bankrupt due to various contingencies. The binary logistic regression model approach was used to model the described dataset; the model so obtained was statistically significant. All the levels of education were statistically significant in predicting the odds of having insurance cover except for primary education level. Also, employment status and age were statistically significant in predicting the likelihood for insurance cover in Nigeria. The results showed that individuals who move from no formal education to obtain Higher education level are 21.66 times more likely to obtain insurance cover and individuals who move from no formal education to obtain Secondary education level are 2.63 times more likely to obtain insurance cover. The odd ratio is not significant for moving from no formal education to Primary education and therefore should not be interpreted. Further, individuals who move from being unemployed to being employed are more likely to obtain insurance cover. Education has the highest impact in predicting the likelihood for one to have insurance cover in Nigeria. This paper recommends overhauling of the educational system in order to revamp this sector.
Experiences of Conscious Patients Undergoing Tracheal Intubation; A Qualitative Study
Authors: Labaf Ali , Asghari Fariba , Samadi Shahram , Abdollahi Atefeh , Zobeiry Seyran , Molavi Kamyar
Published: January 2022

Background: Tracheal intubation is a life-saving action in situations such as respiratory failure. However, this therapeutic approach may produce a series of side effects and physiological stress, such as pain, insomnia, anxiety, fear, etc.
Methods: The present study is a qualitative research with a content analysis method conducted for a period of two years. This study's required information has been collected using non-structured face-to-face interviews with 22 patients hospitalized in emergency and intensive care units. The data were analyzed using open coding and MAXQDA 12.
Results: Findings from the interviews' were divided into two main categories of mental and physical experiences. Mental experiences are divided into 12 sub-categories and physical experiences into 7 sub-categories, each of them is also divided into further categories. Inability to speak is the most frequent complaint of patients in this study. The pain was the most common physical complaint of patients, mostly due to pain in the organs and pain due to blood sampling.
Conclusion: Despite special training of medical staff in emergency and intensive care units to take care of patients and to obviate their special needs, it is observing that some patients under certain conditions such as intubation still face many unmet needs.
Forecasting of outdoor air quality index using adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System
Authors: Uthayakumar Haripriyan , Thangavelu Perarasu , Ramanujam Saravanathamizhan
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The estimation of air pollution level is well indicated by Air Quality Index (AQI), which tells how unhealthy the ambient air is and how polluted it can become in near future. Hence, the predictions or modeling of AQI is always of greater concern among researchers and this present study aims to develop such a model for forecasting the AQI.
Materials and methods: A combination of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy logic (FL) system, called Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) have been considered for model development. Daily air quality data (PM2.5 and PM10) and meteorological data (temperature and humidity) over a period of March 2020 to March 2021 were used as the input data and AQI as the output variable for the ANFIS model. The performances of models were evaluated based on Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Regression coefficient (R2) and Average Absolute Relative Deviation (AARD).
Results: A total of 100 datasets is split into training (70), testing (15) and simulation (15). Gaussian and Constant membership functions were employed for classifications and the final index consisted of 81 inference (IF/THEN) rules. The ANFIS Simulation result shows an R2 and RMSE value of 0.9872 and 0.0287 respectively.
Conclusion: According to the results from this study, ANFIS based AQI is a comprehensive tool for classification of air quality and it is inclined to produce accurate results. Therefore, local authorities in air quality assessment and management schemes can apply these reliable and suitable results.
The study of a severe dust storm over Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and parts of the Indian Ocean with two operational dust forecasting models
Authors: Karami Sara
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The entry of dust particles into water areas, which has increased sharply in recent years, causes a lot of environmental damage. The Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman are among the water areas that are covered with dust many times of the year.
Materials and methods: In this study, a severe dust from July 27 to 31, 2018 is analyzed, in which a large part of the Persian Gulf, Oman Sea and the western part of the Indian Ocean was involved. To study this phenomenon from different perspectives, satellite products, visibility from synoptic stations and synoptic maps were analyzed and the output of two numerical dust models of NASA-GEOS and DREAM8-MACC were examined. To qualitative and quantitative evaluate of the model outputs, the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) of TERRA/MODIS was used.
Results: Satellite imagery shows that in this case study, parts of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman were affected by dust, and on July 30, dust particles entered the western half of the Indian Ocean. Comparison of model outputs with satellite data resulted that both models underestimate the AOD values, especially over water, and do not show well the entrance of dust particles into the eastern part of the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and the western half of the Indian Ocean.
Conclusion: Qualitative and quantitative comparison of AOD output of the two models with satellite data showed that the NASA-GEOS model had better performance and its output correlation with observational data was higher.
Air quality fluctuation monitoring and statistical data analysis during COVID-19 pandemic in Siliguri city, India
Authors: Halder Bijay , Bandyopadhyay Jatisankar
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Worldwide coronavirus created is a major problem for human health, food security, economy and many more. World Health Organisation (WHO) named this virus COVID-19. This virus is first detected in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and after that, it’s spreading over the world. Lockdown is healing the environmental condition because major Indian metropolitan cities are recovered from different pollutants. This study is to identify the air quality trend before, during and after the lockdown in Siliguri city, the third-largest city of West Bengal and this city is also a commercial and transportation hub.
Materials and methods: The air quality data have been derived from West Bengal Pollution Control Board (WBPCB) and proceed in MS-Office and ArcGIS 10.4. The air pollutant and week air quality data have been used for monitoring the environmental situation.
Results: In this study, results show that around 70%-90% of air quality is increased during strict lockdown but again air quality is decreased after lockdown gradually. The weekly air quality graph significantly changes during lockdown but after lockdown, the graph was increased. The highest air quality shows 347 before lockdown but during lockdown it’s decreased 25 on 23-24 May 2020. After lockdown public transport, industrial area and small scale industries are reopened and again the air quality increased. The highest air quality shows 353 on 14 January 2021 during unlock 8.0.
Conclusion: This pandemic taught how anthropogenic activates, like urbanization, population pressure and industrial works were endangering the environment and some caution is essential for future livelihood.
Cama de aves de corral un factor importante en la seguridad alimentaria
Authors: Ospina Barrero Maria Alejandra , Borsoi Anderlise , Peñuela Sierra Lina María , Varón López Maryeimy
Published: January 2022

La cama es un componente esencial en la producción de aves de corral, ya que habitan sobre este material la mayor parte de su ciclo productivo, por consiguiente, en ella se puede encontrar heces, bacterias entéricas, patógenos de importancia zoonótica y/o de transmisión alimentaria, plaguicidas y antimicrobianos, los cuales pueden afectar la sanidad de las aves. Después del ciclo de producción avícola, la cama es comúnmente utilizada como fertilizante orgánico para mejorar la calidad de los suelos y los cultivos. A pesar de su amplio uso en la avicultura y agricultura, se conoce poco acerca de su importancia en la seguridad alimentaria, por lo cual, la presente revisión discute acerca de los patógenos y contaminantes presentes en la cama y sus riesgos para la seguridad alimentaria, además las prácticas de manejo y tratamientos más adecuados. Información que será útil para maximizar los usos de la cama y los desechos avícolas, para que estos no representen un peligro para las personas, animales y el medio ambiente.
Evaluación de bacterias endofíticas solubilizadores de fósforo en café, una alternativa sostenible
Authors: Ramos Cabrera Efren Venancio , Delgado Espinosa Zuly Yuliana , Murillo Muñoz Robinson Andres , Muños Días Víctor Eduardo , Hoyos garcía Javier
Published: January 2022

La fertilidad del suelo se ve afectado por sus características ácidas, que causa limitaciones en la disponibilidad del fosforo debido a que se absorbe o precipita con el hierro y el aluminio. El objetivo del trabajo fue la búsqueda de bacterias endofíticas solubilizadoras de fósforo de café variedad bourbon y su evaluación en la promoción de crecimiento en el cultivo de café. Se tomaron raíces, las cuales fueron sometidas a desinfección superficial luego se aislaron y caracterizaron las bacterias, mediante asignación filogenética (16S RNAr), por último, se evaluó el efecto de la inoculación sobre el crecimiento en café en estado de semillero. Los resultados mostraron que el café tiene bacterias endofíticas solubilizadoras de fosforo, de las cuales se obtuvieron 18 cepas con asignación a Gammaproteobacterias (72 %), Firmicutes (22,3 %) y Betaproteobacterias (5,5 %). Las cepas End-F-34 y End-F-5 se destacaron por su capacidad de solubilizar fósforo, éstas se utilizaron en ensayo de inoculación en café en etapa de semillero. Se concluye que el café variedad Borbón tiene microorganismos solubilizadores de fósforo con hábito endofítica y capacidad de estimular las plantas de café en su crecimiento, estos resultados generan grandes expectativas para la utilización de las cepas como biofertilizante.
Narrating student life in a time of risk
Authors: Rau Asta , Coetzee Jan K. , Vice Amy
Published: January 2022

Students speaking to students reveal how they perceive and experience risk — and specifically, risk associated with HIV — during their years attending a small university in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Data were collected in twenty focus group discussions that spanned two years and two cycles of an action research project designed to infuse HIV/AIDS-content/issues into a closely supervised third-year Sociology research methodology course. The project was undertaken in response to a call by HEAIDS (Higher Education HIV/AIDS Programme, funded by the EU) for universities to address HIV/AIDS in curricula. The intention is to prepare young graduates to respond meaningfully to HIV and AIDS when they enter the world of work in a country with alarmingly high levels of HIV prevalence and incidence. Insights from theorists Ulrich Beck (1992) and Mary Douglas (1986) on the cultural dynamics of modernity were used as lenses to view the narratives of students in relation to three key HIV risk factors: alcohol consumption, multiple and concurrent sexual partnerships, and condom use. Gender, which emerged as a cross-cutting issue, was also explored. The rich qualitative data were brought into a dialogue with selected statistics from the HEAIDS 2010 sero-prevalence survey conducted in 21 higher education institutions in the country. Data show that risk perception and risk behaviour are formulated at individual, social network, and societal/structural levels — as well as at the interface between these. Understandably there was variation in how individual students perceive, experience and negotiate risk, but overall, participating students assessed risk in terms of its immediate importance or threat to them, prioritising the now and choosing not to think about the future. Social bonding, including peer pressure, exerts considerable influence on the ways in which students construct and re-construct their perceptions of risk, and HIV/AIDS. From a structural perspective the smallness of the university and the town lulls students into trusting easily and believing that greater visibility leads to greater safety. Sex is “no big deal” and casual sexual relationships are accepted by many as the norm. Although students report high condom use in casual sexual encounters, which mitigates risk, condom use drops sharply in the context of alcohol consumption — and the often excessive consumption — which is “the order of the day”. Overall, patterns in risk perception and behaviour suggest that many student participants feel justified — by virtue of being students and free at last to explore and experience the edges of their adult life — to push the boundaries of risk.
Diagnoza kształcenia zdalnego wśród studentów i doktorantów z niepełnosprawnościami w sytuacji pandemii COVID-19 – wybrane zagadnienia raportu z badań
Authors: Gutowska Anna , Sztobryn-Giercuszkiewicz Joanna
Published: January 2022

Celem publikacji jest prezentacja wybranych wyników badań, dotyczących zdalnego kształcenia studentów z niepełnosprawnościami w polskich uczelniach w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Autorki zebrały opinie 291 studentów z różnymi niepełnosprawnościami i dokonały analizy realizacji procesu kształcenia zdalnego w sytuacji pandemii z perspektywy tej grupy. W publikacji przedstawiono doświadczenia badanych w zakresie różnych obszarów kształcenia zdalnego, jego pozytywnych i negatywnych aspektów, oceny edukacji online od strony merytorycznej i organizacyjnej, jego wpływu na sferę psychiczną, fizyczną i społeczną badanych. Przedstawiono także opinie studentów z niepełnosprawnościami na temat otrzymywanego i oczekiwanego wsparcia oraz oczekiwania badanych, co do kształcenia w systemie zdalnym, w zakresie lepszego dopasowania do ich potrzeb. W badaniach uwzględniono perspektywę studentów z różnymi rodzajami i stopniami niepełnosprawności, reprezentujących różne typy uczelni, różne kierunki, stopnie i etapy studiowania.
Poradnictwo prawne i obywatelskie świadczone na odległość dla osób z niepełnosprawnością. Obserwacje z okresu pandemii
Authors: Różycka Aleksandra
Published: January 2022

Publiczna darmowa usługa poradnictwa obywatelskiego i prawnego została zwirtualizowana jesz-cze przed państwowym „lockdownem”, wprowadzonym w związku z pandemią. Było to możliwe dzięki wcześniejszym doświadczeniom i wprowadzonym rok wcześniej zmianom prawnym i organizacyjnym, które umożliwiły od początku roku 2019 świadczenie usług zdalnych dla osób z niepełnosprawnością. Grupa ta początkowo uzyskała możliwość wyboru pomiędzy poradą udzielaną osobiście a usługami świadczonymi przy pomocy różnych środków porozumiewania się na odległość. Następnie w okresie pandemii zdalna forma porad w większości powiatów stałą się jedyną obowiązującą dla wszystkich obywateli. Tym samym osoby z niepełnosprawnością utraciły dodatkowe udogodnienia, polegające na możliwości osobistego spotkania zarówno w lokalu punktu porad, jak i w miejscu zamieszkania, lub w miejscu wyposażonym w odpowiedni sprzęt wspomagający komunikację czy z dostępem do tłumacza języka migowego. W artykule podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy w tych warunkach możliwe jest wypełnienie roli poradnictwa prawnego i obywatelskiego, biorąc pod uwagę, że problemy beneficjentów mogą być złożone, a indywidualne sytuacje dzieli znaczna odległość od ideału sprawiedliwej ochrony praw i obowiązków zawartego w systemie prawnym. Rozważono także, jakie okoliczności i formy zdalnego poradnictwa sprzyjają zachowaniu należytej jakości społecznej usług poradniczych, która wydaje się warunkować zbliżenie instytucji systemu prawnego i obowiązujących regulacji z konkretną sytuacją osobistą, a w konsekwencji zwiększa szansę na otrzymanie odpowiedniej i wartościowej porady prawnej lub obywatelskiej przez osoby z niepełnosprawnościami.