bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WATOC ‐ eine Gesellschaft entwickelt sich
Authors: Jug Karl
Published: August 2010

Auf dem 4. Weltkongreß der World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC) wurde eindrucksvoll demonstriert, daß anwendungsbezogene Theorie Relevanz in der Organischen, Metallorganischen, Anorganischen und Bioorganischen Chemie hat.
Grünes Licht für Gentechnik?
Authors: Hoer Renate
Published: August 2010

Zu dieser Fragestellung hatte die Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Gen‐Diagnostik Fachleute und die Öffentlichkeit am 11. Oktober 1996 nach Kronberg/Ts. eingeladen. Als eine der Vortragenden und in der Podiumsdiskussion überzeugte Frau Prof. Dr. Helga Rübsamen‐Waigmann (Bayer AG), z.Z. Mitglied des GDCh‐Vor‐stands.
Michael Tswett und Heinrich Heine
Authors: Mädefessel‐Herrmann Kristin
Published: August 2010

Zu den Höhepunkten der diesjährigen In‐Com zählten sicher das Tswett‐Symposium und‐wie eigentlich jedes Jahr‐die Veranstaltungen zum Thema Arbeitsmarkt.
Simulation biologischer Makromoleküle mit AMBER
Authors: Lanig H.
Published: August 2010

Die Modellierung von biologischen Makromolekülen sowie deren Wechselwirkungen mit der Umgebung und/oder Liganden stellt einen wichtigen Teilbereich der Computer‐Chemie dar, besonders in der pharmazeutischen Industrie. Das sehr umfangreiche Programmpaket AMBER ist speziell an Proteinchemiker adressiert. Es wurde kürzlich in der Version 5.0 freigegeben.
Die Inhalte müssen reformiert werden!
Authors: Büschel Michael
Published: August 2010

Hier bezieht Michael Büschel, Mitglied der GDCh‐Studienreformkommission und Referent der Bundesfachtagung der Fachschaften Chemie, Stellung zur „Würzburger Denkschrift”︁.
Mit Alchemy 2000 ins nächste Jahrtausend?
Authors: Dietrich Axel , Fels Gregor
Published: August 2010

Ein Programmpaket zum Zeichnen von 2D‐ und 3D‐Strukturen, Modellieren von kleinen Molekülen bis hin zu Proteinen, Erstellen von Präsentationen ‐ und das alles am PC? Alchemy 2000 in der neuesten Version 2.0 ‐ in einem ansprechenden Gewand und mit einem nützlichen Funktionsumfang ‐ macht es möglich.
Die Chemie braucht schnelle Rechner
Authors: Harms Uwe , Lewerenz Marius
Published: August 2010

Hochleistungscomputer in der Chemie: Das ist eine mittlerweile Jahrzehnte anhaltende Erfolgsstory. Es gibt inzwischen kaum noch einem Bereich der modernen Grundlagenforschung, in dem der Einfluß von “Kollege Supercomputer” nicht zu spüren ist. Auf der Tagung “Höchstleistungsrechnen in der Chemie” tauschten sich die Experten über den neuesten Stand ihrer Wissenschaft aus.
Chemiker in der Softwarebranche
Authors: Linkersdörfer Stefan
Published: August 2010

Gegenwärtig suchen viele Chemiker und Chemikerinnen nach Alternativen zum traditionellen Berufsbild. Ein dabei noch zu wenig beachteter Bereich ist die schnell wachsende Software‐ und Informationstechnologiebranche mit ihren vielfältigen Herausforderungen.
Polymerforschung bei Bayer
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Für Polymerforschung und ‐entwicklung gibt die Bayer AG 1998 500 Millionen DM aus. Damit werden zahlreiche Projekte für die Geschäftsbereiche Kunststoffe, Kautschuk, Polyurethane und Lackrohstoffe/Sondergebiete finanziert. Wichtige Innovationen gründen beispielsweise auf photoadressierbaren Polymeren, dem immer breiteren Einsatz nanoskaliger Partikel und der neuentwickelten Hybridtechnologie.
Kreuz und quer durchs Periodensystem
Authors: Theil Werner R. , Rabe Gerd W. , Mitzel Norbert W.
Published: August 2010

In der Woche vom 16. bis 21. August fand in München ‐ bereits zum zweiten Mal nach 1967 ‐ die: „XVIIIth International Conference on Organometallic Chemistry”︁ (ICOMC) statt. Mit rund tausend Teilnehmern aus 45 Ländern war dies die vermutlich größte Internationale Chemie‐Fachtagung des Jahres 1998 in Deutschland.
Analytik in der industriellen Chemie
Authors: Hauthal Herman G.
Published: August 2010

Einsatzbereiche und Leistungsfähigkeit industrieller Analytik wachsen. Für die Prozeßüberwachung gewinnt die Inline‐Analytik mit miniaturisierten Systemkontponenten weiter an Bedeutung. Werkstofftechnik oder Katalysatorentwicklung erfordern wie die Wirkstoff‐Forschung eine hochspezialisierte Analytik ‐ so einige der Kernaussagen einer BASF‐Presseveranstaltung zum Thema Analytik.
Wer wagt, gewinnt!
Authors: Kerk Andrea
Published: August 2010

Behaupten Ihre Kommilitonen oder Kollegen, Sie hätten Flausen im Kopf? Vielleicht sind es gar keine Flausen, sondern gute Ideen — Geschäftsideen. Dann kann Ihnen womöglich der Gründerwettbewerb Science4Life helfen, Ihre Vorstellungen zu verwirklichen.
Biochemie und Molekulargenetik 1998
Authors: Kiefhaber Thomas , Wölfl Stefan , Kroll Torsten , Hammar Friederike , Schulze‐Kremer Steffen
Published: August 2010

Wie ähnlich sind Faltungsintermediate dem nativen Protein, und welches ist der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Schritt bei der Proteinfaltung? Unterstützen neue Ribozyme die RNA‐Welt‐Hypothese? In der Genomforschung ist die Hälfte der Zeit um ‐ erreichte man auch die Hälfte der angestrebten Ziele? Und welche Datenbank informiert den Suchenden über den Stand der Genomforschung? Die diesjährigen Trendberichte gehen diesen Fragen nach.
Freier Wissenschaftsjournalist
Authors: Nordwig Hellmuth
Published: August 2010

Von dem Laboralltag weg sein und doch ganz eng mit der Wissenschaft verbunden bleiben ‐ das ist die Freiheit und mitunter auch das Korsett der Journalisten, die für und über die Wissenschaft schreiben.
Aluminium, Blei, Uran … und 40 weitere Elemente
Authors: Seifert Mathias
Published: August 2010

Während sich die meisten Tagungen für chemische Analytik methodischen Fortschritten zur Lösung praktischer Probleme und innovativer Techniken widmen, stehen bei der jährlich stattfindenden Arbeitstagung “Mengen‐ und Spurenelemente” in Jena die winzigen Mengen anorganischer Substanzen und ihre Bedeutung für Mensch, Tier und Umwelt im Vordergrund.
Chemie — nur noch ein Schulfach für Minderheiten?!
Authors: Guth Oliver , Sostmann Stefan
Published: August 2010

Jungchemiker der Regionalgruppe Mülheim/Ruhr besuchten Chemie‐Leistungskurse benachbarter Gymnasien — hoffentlich der Beginn eines intensiveren Kontakts zwischen interessierten Schülern und jungen Chemikern.
Wissenschaft im Zeichen der Maus
Authors: Karst Uwe
Published: August 2010

Vor der Haustür von Mickey Mouse in Orlando/Florida fand in diesem Jahr die Pittcon, die größte jährliche Tagung und Messe der Analytischen Chemie statt. Doch nicht die Maus, sondern vor allem ein gelungenes wissenschaftliches Programm, eine attraktive Ausstellung und 30000 Teilnehmer sorgten für eine kurzweilige Veranstaltung zum fünfzigsten Jubiläum der Pittcon.
Geistiges Eigentum in den Biowissenschaften
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: August 2010

Peter Seeburg, einer der bedeutendsten Molekulargenetiker und Neurobiologen Deutschlands, wird beschuldigt, er habe bei der Herstellung des ersten gentechnisch erzeugten Arzneimittels, dem menschlichen Wachstumshormon, vor etwa 20 Jahren fremde Eigentumsrechte mißachtet und Fehlinformationen veröffentlicht. Auch die Wissenschaftsredaktion der Frankfurter Allgemeinen hat sich an dieser Kritik beteiligt. Übersehen wird dabei jedoch der Verhaltenskodex, der zumindest in den Geburtsjahren der Molekularbiologie weltweit bestand.
… glauben wir an die Chemie
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: August 2010

Bayer will „das beste und effizienteste integriert chemisch‐pharmazeutische Unternehmen auf der Welt werden”︁. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wird das Unternehmen bis 2010 mindestens 30% des Umsatzes in Nordamerika machen. Investitionen in F+E, in Sachanlagen und in Akquisitionen sollen das überproportionale Wachstum in den USA beschleunigen.
Wilhelm Fresenius: Chemiker und Citoyen
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: August 2010

Knapp 34 Jahre alt ist einer der Ersten in der “Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker in Hessen”, als er am 13. Män 1947 aufgenommen wird. Das neue Mitglied meldet sich gleich für sieben Fachgruppen und Arbeitskreise an: Wilhelm Fresenius, der die seither vergangenen 52 Jahre als Wissenschaftler, Unternehmer, Herausgeber und Bürger erlebt hat.
Benno Hess: Auf den Schultern von Riesen
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: August 2010

Die Biochemie hat sich in den vergangenen 50 Jahren eine einzigartige Stellung zwischen den klassischen Disziplinen Chemie, Physik, Medizin und Physiologie erobert. Welche Entdeckungen, Konzepte und Methoden in diese Zeit fallen und welche Entwicklung die Forschung genommen hat, zeigt in einem persönlichen Ausschnitt mit den wissenschaftlichen Themen “Bakteriorhodopsin” und “oszillierende Reaktionen” der ehemalige Direktors des MPI für Ernährungsphysiologie in Dortmund: Benno Hess.
Meilensteine der Kunststoffchemie
Authors: Mädefessel‐Herrmann Kristin
Published: August 2010

Die letzten 50 Jahre gelten bei vielen als das Kunststoffzeitalter. Erst bejubelt, dann verteufelt, mittlerweile eher nüchtern betrachtet, haben Polymere eine wechselvolle Geschichte hinter sich. Ihren Aufstieg beleuchten beispielhaft einige Kunststoffe der Bayer AG.
In memoriam Ulrich Schöllkopf
Authors: Schneider Christoph
Published: August 2010

Der Sonderforschungsbereich 416 hatte geladen, und viele waren gekommen. Das Symposium „Chemical and Biological Synthesis and Transformation of Natural Products and Analogues”︁ zu Ehren des im letzten Jahr verstorbenen Ulrich Schöllkopf war hochkarätig besetzt, Die Themen der Vorträge in Göttingen reichte von der Entwicklung neuer Synthesemethoden bis hin zu medizinischen Fragen.
Pfizer — Von der Produkt‐ zur Indikationskompetenz
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Pfizer, das gegenwärtig drittgrößte Pharmaunternehmen der Welt, besteht jetzt 150 Jahre. Innovative Arzneimittel für Mensch und Tier haben in den letzten acht Jahren die Umsätze verdoppelt, Gewinne und F&E‐Aufwand verdreifacht. Der Wert des Unternehmens, von Forbes 1999 als „Company of the Year”︁ benannt, stieg auf das Achtfache auf 160 Mrd. US$, eine Position unter den Top Ten aller Industrieunternehmen.
Beyond otherness: exploring diverse spatialities and mobilities of childhood and youth populations
Authors: Holt Louise , Costello Lauren
Published: August 2010

This paper sets the context for the special edition. The themed collection begins to address questions raised about the level of engagement of Geographies of Children and Youth with wider social and cultural theory. We argue that there are some commonalities with critiques levelled at Population Geography, and suggest that dialogue between the two subdisciplines provides a useful way forward. We suggest going beyond the ‘otherness’ of childhood to consider how children, young people, and adults are dissected and connected by axes of difference and similarity which reproduce broader‐scale ‘population’ (in)equalities. Key themes emerging from this dialogue by the papers in the special edition include an emphasis on small‐scale micro‐mobilities (e.g. between the school and home, and around locales), which are essential aspects of everyday life. Despite their importance, these micro‐mobilities have been somewhat neglected by population geographers as they do not create sustained demographic shifts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiasthmatic action of dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans from fruits ofForsythia viridissimaon asthmatic responses to ovalbumin challenge in conscious guinea‐pigs
Authors: Lee Jin Hee , Lee Ji Yun , Kim Tae Doo , Kim Chang Jong
Published: August 2010

It was reported previously that dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans fromForsythia viridissimafruits, which are traditional medicines for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, have antiinflammatory effects. In this study, the effects on the immediate‐phase response (IAR) and late‐phase response (LAR) following aerosolized‐ovalbumin challenge in ovalbumin‐sensitized guinea‐pigs were evaluated by measuring the specific airway resistance (sRaw), recruitment of leukocytes and chemical mediators in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) as well as a histopathological survey. Arctiin and matairesinol at 12.5 mg/kg significantly (p< 0.05) decreased sRaw by 51.83% and 43.15% in IAR and by 47.41% and 35.43% in LAR, respectively, whereas arctigenin at 25 mg/kg was significantly active, compared with the controls. Furthermore, arctiin and arctigenin dose‐dependently inhibited histamine, and the activities of phospholipase A2(PLA2) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) in BALF, respectively, whereas matairesinol inhibited EPO and PLA2at 12.5 mg/kg and histamine at 50 mg/kg, in addition, they moderately improved the infiltration of eosinophils, compared with controls. Dexamethasone, cromolyn and salbutamol significantly inhibited sRaw in both IAR and LAR, and the recruitment of leukocytes and chemical mediators, whereas salbutamol did not alter chemical mediators, in BALF. These results indicate the three lignans have antiasthmatic effects which were less active than those of the reference drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How Does Tourism Planning Contribute to Sustainable Development?
Authors: Simão João Neto , Partidário Maria do Rosário
Published: August 2010

Perhaps like few other industries, tourism depends and is built on environmental, physical and cultural local resources. In this sense, and as suggested by the scientific community and international agencies, sustainability should be a driver for tourism sector development. For this purpose, three main issues are relevant: the interpretation of the meaning of sustainability reflected in the vision of the destination for the sector; stakeholders' participation, balancing different approaches; and a strategic planning that calls for long‐term view and action. The aim of this study is to assess whether the tourism planning of the destinations contributes to sustainable development. We have reviewed 11 local/regional tourism plans existing in Portugal, and the conclusions point to a vague interpretation of the concept of sustainability, to a type of planning that is closed to public participation with a lack of discussion on the kind of sustainability to implement and to difficulties in committing to strategic planning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
When Should Radiotherapy Be Used after Radical Prostatectomy? The RADICALS-RT Trial
Authors: Parker Christopher C. , Clarke Noel W. , Kynaston Howard , Sydes Matthew R.
Published: August 2010

Despite two recent trials of the role of early radiotherapy following radical prostatectomy, there remains no consensus as to best practice and clinicians tend to base their decisions around MDT discussion and pathological risk factors. This paper develops the argument for international Intergroup trial, RADICALS-RT, which is now recruiting, and which is our opportunity to resolve this important issue.
Feline Asthma: What's New and where might Clinical Practice be Heading?
Authors: Venema Christine , Patterson Coretta , Venema Christine M
Published: August 2010

Practical relevance Feline bronchial asthma is one of the most commonly diagnosed respiratory conditions of cats. Clinical signs range from intermittent wheezing and coughing, which can compromise quality of life, to episodes of severe dyspnea that can be life-threatening.

Clinical challenges Feline asthma can be easily disregarded as a simplistic condition. However, much about its pathophysiology remains obscure. There is no gold standard method of diagnosis, and current approaches are associated with various limitations. Also, feline asthma is typically treated with long-term glucocorticoid therapy, which can have significant consequences.

Audience Because of its prevalence, general practitioners encounter asthma regularly. Refractory cases are often managed by veterinary internists and pulmonologists.

Patient group Asthma can be diagnosed in cats of any age but is usually seen in young to middle-aged adults (mean 4 years, range 1–15 years). There is no sex predilection, but the Siamese breed appears to be overrepresented.

Evidence base While the standard clinical approach to feline asthma has changed little in recent years, new research has provided greater insight into many aspects of this complex disease and new strategies are being studied. This article reviews the current literature in order to raise awareness of how advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of feline asthma may be determining the future direction of clinical practice.
Pleural Effusion in the Cat: A Practical Approach to Determining Aetiology
Authors: Beatty Julia , Barrs Vanessa
Published: August 2010

Practical relevance Diverse disease processes result in sufficient fluid accumulation within the pleural space to cause respiratory compromise. Determining the underlying aetiology is key to appropriate management. This review outlines a practical approach to cases of pleural effusion, focusing on early recognition and confirmation of pleural space disease, stabilisation of the patient and logical diagnostic investigation. It emphasises the importance of a holistic approach, incorporating fluid analysis with other clinical data to determine the underlying aetiology.

Clinical challenges Cats with pleural effusion often have severe respiratory compromise at presentation. Careful handling and prompt and adequate stabilisation, incorporating supplemental oxygen and therapeutic thoracocentesis, is essential to avoid respiratory failure. The typical, stepwise approach to the case must be adapted and the clinician may have to proceed, at least initially, without the luxury of information gained from a full history and physical examination. The challenge is to juggle stabilisation, localisation and confirmation of pleural effusion, owner communication and minimally invasive examination while remaining vigilant for clues that allow ranking of the differentials to formulate a diagnostic plan.

Evidence base Appropriately designed studies to determine the utility of diagnostic techniques in cases with confirmed aetiology are limited. The evidence supporting this review is grade II, III and IV, comprising a small number of prospective studies, several case series, reviews, extrapolation from other species, pathophysiological justification and combined clinical experience of those working in the field.
Alternative Sampling Site for Blood Glucose Testing in Cats: Giving the Ears a Rest
Authors: Zeugswetter Florian K , DrVetMed Laura Rebuzzi , MagVetMed Sonja Karlovits
Published: August 2010

Background and study rationale Home monitoring is an important part of the long-term management of diabetic cats. Despite the extensive use of glucometers in this species, up until now only the pinna of the ear has been validated as a testing site. This cross-sectional study investigated the feasibility and validity of sampling from the metacarpal/metatarsal pads in hospitalised cats with various diseases.

Investigations The large pads were compared with the ear as a sampling site in 75 cats. Lancing the pads was tolerated very well. If the initial drop of blood was too small, an adequate volume of blood was almost always achieved by squeezing the pads. No significant differences were observed in first-attempt success rate or glucose values between the two sites. Due to the inability to obtain an adequate volume of blood or struggling, no measurement was possible in four cats.

Practical relevance While further work is necessary to assess the utility of this technique, especially in the home environment, the results indicate that the metacarpal pads, in particular, may offer a viable alternative testing site for the measurement of blood glucose concentrations, especially if ear sampling fails.
A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands
Authors: Williams John
Published: August 2010

Based on John Williams' meticulous documentation of his travels, this 1837 volume offers an insight into the perilous life of a missionary in the early nineteenth century. The author, an ironmonger by trade, set sail for the South Sea Islands in 1817 with the intention of spreading the gospel and introducing modern technology to the region. As well as recounting the frequent threats to his safety from angry natives, war, natural disaster and disease, Williams provides detailed surveys of the peoples, languages and natural environment he encountered and describes with great exuberance and humour 'the impression made upon barbarous people by their first intercourse with civilised man'. Made more poignant by the author's death at the hands of cannibals just two years after the book's publication, this is an extraordinary account of the perseverance and ingenuity of a man who became a hero and martyr for the Protestant missionary movement.
Memoirs of Libraries
Authors: Edwards Edward
Published: August 2010

This monumental work, first published in 1859, covers The history of libraries from classical times to The mid-nineteenth century, in Britain, Europe and America. The author was influential in founding municipal libraries in nineteenth-century Britain and regarded access to good libraries as crucial to education and civilisation. Volume 1, divided by The author into five 'books', is reissued here in two parts. The first two books deal with classical and medieval libraries, examining English and European monastic libraries in depth. Book 3 describes The core collections of The British Museum and other major university, ecclesiastical and public libraries of Britain and Ireland. Book 4 discusses The principal libraries of America and Book 5 those of continental Europe, from France to Hungary and Russia. The final volume (in four 'books') sets out Edwards' views on all aspects of library management, from physical layout and classification to rules and regulations.
The Missionary Life and Labours of Francis Xavier Taken from his own Correspondence
Authors: Venn Henry
Published: August 2010

A founding member of the Jesuit order, Francis Xavier (1506–1552) travelled as a missionary to India, Japan and China in the mid-sixteenth century. He is traditionally associated with legends of miraculous works and the conversion of tens of thousands of people. This controversial 1862 biography by the Anglican missionary clergyman Henry Venn (1796–1873) uses Xavier's own words to examine the future saint's character and private thoughts. Xavier's correspondence reveals a sensitive, energetic and occasionally vengeful man who was not averse to employing aggressive means. Containing numerous letters printed in full, Venn's chronicle provides an analysis of Xavier's mission, methods and achievements from a non-Catholic perspective. Venn also explores Xavier's close friendship with the Jesuits' founder Ignatius Loyola, and probes the facts behind previous biographers' tales of miracles. The book ends with a detailed and challenging appraisal of the overall success of the worldwide Roman Catholic mission since the sixteenth century.
The Coming of Evolution
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: August 2010

John Wesley Judd (1840–1916) had a distinguished career, serving as both President of the Geological Society and Dean of the Royal College of Science. Before his retirement as Professor of Geology from Imperial College, he wrote this concise and accessible review of the beginnings of evolutionary theory. Judd skilfully examined the roots of an idea that, already by 1910, had profoundly influenced every branch of science and permeated the work of historians, politicians and theologians. His lively narrative introduces the key individuals, including Darwin and Lyell, who brought about this intellectual revolution. Judd analyses the principal influences that worked upon these scientists as well as the factors that permitted them to remain open to radical new views. His appreciation of the vision, courage and far-reaching impact of the work of both Lyell and Darwin, and the interplay between their ideas, is persuasively and eloquently expressed.
Indogermanische Grammatik
Authors: Hirt Hermann Alfred
Published: August 2010

Hermann Alfred Hirt (1865–1936) taught Greek, Latin and early Germanic languages at Leipzig University from 1892 to 1912 before moving to the chair of Sanskrit and comparative linguistics at Giessen. Born around the time when Bopp and Schleicher were publishing their ground-breaking work on Indo-European, and a young man when Brugmann published his monumental comparative grammar (all available in this series), Hirt began this seven-volume grammar in the 1920s soon after the exciting discovery of Tocharian and the decipherment of Hittite. The project arose out of his extensive research on the historical phonology of Indo-European vowels, which led him to consider much wider issues. Volume 3 (1927) is devoted mainly to the noun system in the Indo-European languages, focusing first on indeclinable nouns and moving on to nominal declensions. He also discusses adjectives, interjections, and gender, as well as stem formation.
Memoir of Augustus De Morgan
Authors: De Morgan Sophia Elizabeth , De Morgan Augustus
Published: August 2010

The fame of Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871), a brilliant mathematician and logician, has been eclipsed by that of his son, the celebrated ceramicist William De Morgan. However, as readers of his Memoir will discover, De Morgan senior enjoyed an equally distinguished, if turbulent, career. Collated by his wife, and published in 1882, nine years after his death, the Memoir of Augustus de Morgan chronicles the varied life of an under-appreciated genius. Biographical narrative is interleaved with his own correspondence, revealing a humorous and warm personality as well as an exceptional intellect. As the Pall Mall Gazette told its readers, 'quaint and original to the last, every word of De Morgan's correspondence is well worth reading'. Although rich in detail about his work and publications, Sophia Elizabeth's affectionate account of her husband is also sympathetic and witty, making it an ideal introduction to one of Britain's greatest minds.
A new aphid genusNeoaulacorthum(Hemiptera: Aphididae: Macrosiphini), determined by molecular and morphometric analyses
Authors: Lee W. , Kim H. , Lee S.
Published: August 2010

We performed molecular and morphological analyses to determine the generic limit of the genusAulacorthum, including several species with controversial taxonomic histories. The sequences of four mitochondrial genes,COI,COII,srRNAandlrRNA, and one nuclear gene,EF1a, implied thatAulacorthumis not monophyletic, withAulacorthum magnoliaeandAulacorthum nipponicumforming a clade that is not sister to other currently recognizedAulacorthumspecies. Morphometric analysis based on 20 morphological characters also showed thatA. magnoliaeandA. nipponicumexhibited morphological characteristics distinct from congeneric species. Based on these results, we propose a new genus,Neoaulacorthumge. n., forA. magnoliaeandA. nipponicum.
BIFLATNESS AND BIPROJECTIVITY OF BANACH ALGEBRAS GRADED OVER A SEMILATTICE
Authors: GRØNBÆK NIELS , HABIBIAN FEREIDOUN
Published: August 2010

We give sufficient conditions and necessary conditions for a Banach algebra, which is ℓ1-graded over a semi-lattice, to be biflat or biprojective. As an application we characterise biflat and biprojective discrete convolution algebras for commutative semi-groups.
ON STABILIZERS OF SOME TEICHMÜLLER DISKS IN POINTED MAPPING CLASS GROUPS
Authors: ZHANG C.
Published: August 2010

We prove that for each Riemann surface of finite analytic type (p, n) with p ≥ 2, there exist uncountably many Teichmüller disks Δ in the Teichmüller space T(S), where S = - {a point a}, with these properties: (1) the natural projection j: T(S) → T() defined by forgetting a induces an isometric embedding of each Δ into T(); and (2) the stabilizer of each Teichmüller disk Δ in the a-pointed mapping class group of S is trivial.
MODULI SPACES OF FRAMED PERVERSE INSTANTONS ON ℙ3
Authors: HAUZER MARCIN , LANGER ADRIAN
Published: August 2010

We study moduli spaces of framed perverse instantons on ℙ3. As an open subset, it contains the (set-theoretical) moduli space of framed instantons studied by I. Frenkel and M. Jardim in [9]. We also construct a few counter-examples to earlier conjectures and results concerning these moduli spaces.
ON THE RELATIVE LUSTERNIK–SCHNIRELMANN CATEGORY WITH RESPECT TO A REAL COHOMOLOGY CLASS
Authors: LI TIEQIANG , SCHÜTZ DIRK
Published: August 2010

In this paper, we study a homotopy invariant cat(X, B, [ω]) on a pair (X, B) of finite CW complexes with respect to the cohomology class of a continuous closed 1-form ω. This is a generalisation of a Lusternik–Schnirelmann-category-type cat(X, [ω]), developed by Farber in [3, 4], studying the topology of a closed 1-form. This paper establishes the connection with the original notion cat(X, [ω]) and obtains analogous results on critical points and homoclinic cycles. We also provide a similar ‘cuplength’ lower bound for cat(X, B, [ω]).
The astacin metalloprotease moulting enzyme NAS-36 is required for normal cuticle ecdysis in free-living and parasitic nematodes
Authors: STEPEK GILLIAN , McCORMACK GILLIAN , BIRNIE ANDREW J. , PAGE ANTONY P.
Published: August 2010

Nematodes represent one of the most abundant and species-rich groups of animals on the planet, with parasitic species causing chronic, debilitating infections in both livestock and humans worldwide. The prevalence and success of the nematodes is a direct consequence of the exceptionally protective properties of their cuticle. The synthesis of this cuticle is a complex multi-step process, which is repeated 4 times from hatchling to adult and has been investigated in detail in the free-living nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. This process is known as moulting and involves numerous enzymes in the synthesis and degradation of the collagenous matrix. The nas-36 and nas-37 genes in C. elegans encode functionally conserved enzymes of the astacin metalloprotease family which, when mutated, result in a phenotype associated with the late-stage moulting defects, namely the inability to remove the preceding cuticle. Extensive genome searches in the gastrointestinal nematode of sheep, Haemonchus contortus, and in the filarial nematode of humans, Brugia malayi, identified NAS-36 but not NAS-37 homologues†. Significantly, the nas-36 gene from B. malayi could successfully complement the moult defects associated with C. elegans nas-36, nas-37 and nas-36/nas-37 double mutants, suggesting a conserved function for NAS-36 between these diverse nematode species. This conservation between species was further indicated when the recombinant enzymes demonstrated a similar range of inhibitable metalloprotease activities.
Genetic diversity ofBabesiainIxodes persulcatusand small mammals from North Ural and West Siberia, Russia
Authors: RAR V. A. , EPIKHINA T. I. , LIVANOVA N. N. , PANOV V. V.
Published: August 2010

Objective.The aim of this work was to study the prevalence and genetic diversity ofBabesiainIxodes persulcatusticks and small mammals from Ural and Siberia in Russia.Methods.In total, 481 small mammals and 922 questing adultI. persulcatusfrom North Ural (Sverdlovsk region) and West Siberia (Novosibirsk region) were examined for the presence ofBabesiaby nested PCR based on the 18S rRNA gene.Results.Babesia microtiof the ‘Munich’-type was found in 36·2% of blood samples of the small mammals from the Sverdlovsk region andB. microtiof the ‘US’-type in 5·3% of the animals from the Novosibirsk region.BabesiaDNA was not detected in 133 analysedI. persulcatusfrom the Sverdlovsk region; however, it was found in 24 of 789 ticks from the Novosibirsk region. Three distinctBabesiaspecies were detected inI. persulcatus. B. microti‘US’-type was identified in 10 ticks,Babesiaclosely related toB. divergens/B. capreoliin 2 ticks, andBabesiaclosely related toB. venatorum(EU1) in 12 ticks.Conclusion.To our knowledge, this is the first detection ofBabesia sensu strictoinI. persulcatusticks and ofB. microtiinI. persulcatusin the Asian part of Russia.
Animacy affects the processing of subject–object ambiguities in the second language: Evidence from self-paced reading with German second language learners of Dutch
Authors: JACKSON CARRIE N. , ROBERTS LEAH
Published: August 2010

The results of a self-paced reading study with German second language (L2) learners of Dutch showed that noun animacy affected the learners' on-line commitments when comprehending relative clauses in their L2. Earlier research has found that German L2 learners of Dutch do not show an on-line preference for subject–object word order in temporarily ambiguous relative clauses when no disambiguating material is available prior to the auxiliary verb. We investigated whether manipulating the animacy of the ambiguous noun phrases would push the learners to make an on-line commitment to either a subject- or object-first analysis. Results showed they performed like Dutch native speakers in that their reading times reflected an interaction between topichood and animacy in the on-line assignment of grammatical roles.
What is a reading error?
Authors: LABOV WILLIAM , BAKER BETTINA
Published: August 2010

Early efforts to apply knowledge of dialect differences to reading stressed the importance of the distinction between differences in pronunciation and mistakes in reading. This study develops a method of estimating the probability that a given oral reading that deviates from the text is a true reading error by observing the semantic impact of the given pronunciation on the child's reading of the text that immediately follows. A diagnostic oral reading test was administered to 627 children who scored in the 33rd percentile range and below on state-mandated assessments in reading in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Atlanta, Georgia, and California elementary schools. Subjects were African American, European American, and Latino, including Latinos who learned to read in Spanish and in English first. For 12 types of dialect-related deviations from the text that were studied, the error rates in reading the following text were calculated for correct readings, incorrect readings, and potential errors. For African Americans, many of these potential errors behaved like correct readings. The opposite pattern was found for Latinos who learned to read in Spanish first: most types of potential errors showed the high percentage of following errors that is characteristic of true errors.
Seeing the harm in harmed and harmful: Morphological processing by children in Grades 4, 6, and 8
Authors: DEACON S. HÉLÈNE , CAMPBELL EMILY , TAMMINGA MEREDITH , KIRBY JOHN
Published: August 2010

This study examined morphological processing of inflected and derived words by children in Grades 4, 6, and 8. Participants were shown root forms and inflected, derived, and orthographic control items (e.g., harm, harmed, harmful, or harmony), followed by a fragment completion task (e.g., completing h a_ _). Participants were equally likely to complete the fragment with the target root (e.g., harm for h a_ _) following priming with inflected or derived forms. This reflected a morphological effect; priming scores were higher for the inflected and derived forms than for orthographic counterparts. These effects were consistent across the grades studied, suggesting that morphological processing of inflected and derived words has a similar time course across Grades 4, 6, and 8.
The 1968 Paris peace negotiations: a two level game?
Authors: MILNE DAVID
Published: August 2010

This article draws on fresh archival research to challenge Robert Putnam's ‘Two Level Game Theory’. In his seminal article, ‘Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two Level Games’, published byInternational Organizationin 1988, Putnam contended that international negotiations proceed at the domestic level and at the international level. In taking diplomatic initiatives forward, leaders are compelled to respond to the needs of domestic constituencies, through granting concessions and building coalitions, while international negotiations are pursued with one goal in mind: that any agreement will not damage the domestic political calculus. This article contends that Lyndon Johnson's actions in 1968 disprove this thesis. The President was in fact relaxed about a Richard Nixon victory in the general election as his commitment to defend South Vietnam from communism was stronger than that of his sitting Vice President, Hubert Humphrey. The President's concern for the fate of South Vietnam thus superseded his concern for his ‘normal supporters'– the Democratic Party at large – who had become so hostile towards his management of the Vietnam War.
Language as a representation of Mexican American identity
Authors: Fought Carmen
Published: August 2010

Demographic data indicate that the English of Mexican Americans is destined to play a key role in the sociolinguistic study of language variation in the United States. In fact, Mexican American speakers are reported to account for more than 12.5% of the U.S. population. In 2003, the U.S. Census released data showing that Latinos and Latinas had replaced African Americans as the largest minority ethnic group in the U.S., and by 2007, 29.2 million Americans listed their ancestry as Mexican (Pew Hispanic Center, 2009). Moreover, in addition to the large numbers of Mexicans (first generation) and Mexican Americans (second generation) living in the Southwest, we are now seeing a new representation of these ethnic groups in other areas, such as the South. For example, between 1990 and 2000, North Carolina experienced a higher percentage of growth in its Mexican American population than any other state (Wolfram, Carter & Moriello, 2004).

These statistics are important with respect to language because they reveal that a large and increasing population of English speakers in the U.S. are Latinos and Latinas of Mexican origin. Our notion of American English, then, must be extended to include the variety traditionally spoken by the children of Mexican immigrants in the U.S., generally referred to in the literature as Chicano English. In addition, if we look at the Mexican American population as a whole, we will find a number of other varieties of English spoken.
Beyond the 2nd generation: English use among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Hall-Lew Lauren , Starr Rebecca L.
Published: August 2010

The concept of immigrant generation is complex. Americans use the ordinal designations first-, second-, third-, even ‘1.5’-generation to refer to individuals' varying relationship to their family's moment of immigration. But these terms are much more fluid in practice than the rigidity of the numbers implies, and the nature of that fluidity is changing over time. Furthermore, different waves of immigration mean different experiences of generation identity; a first-generation immigrant in the 1880s entered an American community that was drastically different than the one a first-generation immigrant enters today.

One example of these shifts in the meaning of immigrant generation is among Asian Americans across the country, particularly those in California. In this paper, we discuss the relationship between language and immigrant generation with respect to Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, the region of the United States with the longest history of Chinese immigration and settlement. We focus in particular on the pronunciation of English, drawing on data collected in the Bay Area from 2008–2009 to argue that Chinese cultural and linguistic practices are gaining currency in the wider community. Our discussion looks at the experiences of third and higher immigrant generations, especially as they interact with more recent waves of immigrants, and the resulting dominance of Chinese and other Asian identities across the Bay Area. The layered and rapidly shifting Chinese American experience suggests potential future directions for the study of other immigrant communities in the United States.
SPECIFICATION TESTING IN NONLINEAR TIME SERIES WITH LONG-RANGE DEPENDENCE
Authors: Gao Jiti , Wang Qiying , Yin Jiying
Published: August 2010

This paper proposes a model specification testing procedure for parametric specification of the conditional mean function in a nonlinear time series model with long-range dependent. An asymptotically normal test is established even when long-range dependent is involved. To implement the proposed test in practice using a simulated example, a bootstrap simulation procedure is established to find a simulated critical value to compute both the size and power values of the proposed test.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR ZERO ENERGY FUNCTIONALS WITH NONPARAMETRIC REGRESSION APPLICATIONS
Authors: Wang Qiying , Phillips Peter C.B.
Published: August 2010

A local limit theorem is given for the sample mean of a zero energy function of a nonstationary time series involving twin numerical sequences that pass to infinity. The result is applicable in certain nonparametric kernel density estimation and regression problems where the relevant quantities are functions of both sample size and bandwidth. An interesting outcome of the theory in nonparametric regression is that the linear term is eliminated from the asymptotic bias. In consequence and in contrast to the stationary case, the Nadaraya–Watson estimator has the same limit distribution (to the second order including bias) as the local linear nonparametric estimator.
Changes in knowledge, perceptions, preventive behaviours and psychological responses in the pre-community outbreak phase of the H1N1 epidemic
Authors: LAU J. T. F. , GRIFFITHS S. , AU D. W. H. , CHOI K. C.
Published: August 2010

To investigate the changes in community responsiveness during the pre-community-outbreak phase of the H1N1 epidemic in Hong Kong, a pooled sample of 999 adults was interviewed in three surveys (S1, S2, S3) from 7 May to 6 June 2009. Over time, fewer people felt confident in staying free from H1N1 infection in the following year (S1, 63·3%; S3, 46%; P<0·001). The level of distress due to H1N1 remained modest throughout the study period. People's confidence in the government's ability to control a large-scale H1N1 outbreak declined slightly at the third survey (S1, 80·5%; S3, 73·8%; P=0·025). Across the three surveys, respondents remained vigilant with frequent adoption of preventive measures (e.g. wearing face masks in public areas when suffering from influenza-like symptoms and frequent hand-washing). The public was generally supportive of the Hong Kong government although misconceptions regarding the disease were common. Provision of evidence-based public-health education is still warranted as the disease outbreak unfolds.
An outbreak ofSalmonellaParatyphi A in a boarding school: a community-acquired enteric fever and carriage investigation
Authors: YANG H. H. , GONG J. , ZHANG J. , WANG M. L. , YANG J. , WU G. Z. , QUAN W. L. , GONG H. M. , SZU S. C.
Published: August 2010

SalmonellaParatyphi A (SPA) is rapidly becoming a common cause of enteric fever in South East Asia. A large outbreak of SPA occurred in a boarding middle school in China in 2004. There were 394 suspected cases; 95·5% were students. The highest incidence was in the youngest children (7th grade). Forty-four of 151 (29%) blood cultures and 4/54 (7·4%) rectal swabs were positive for SPA; three were from kitchen workers. The geometric mean levels of serum IgG anti-lipopolysaccharide (anti-LPS) from patients was higher than from healthy individuals [35·25 vs. 5·20 ELISA units (EU), P<0·001]. A kitchen worker with a positive rectal swab, negative blood culture and a high level of serum IgG anti-LPS (529·65 EU), was identified as a possible SPA carrier. No SPA was isolated from water or food samples. A survey of students' habits indicated drinking unboiled water as being the main reason for contracting the disease. Hand washing was the second most important factor. A food handler with possible SPA carriage could also have been a risk factor. Attention to maintaining a safe water supply, enhancing food-handler hygiene and proper hand washing can help to prevent similar outbreaks in the future.
Mild traumatic brain injury and postconcussive symptoms in children and adolescents
Authors: YEATES KEITH OWEN
Published: August 2010

The vast majority of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in children are of mild severity. Even if only a small proportion of children with mild TBI suffer negative outcomes, then mild TBI is a serious public health problem. This review summarizes the literature regarding the neurobehavioral outcomes associated with mild TBI in children and adolescents, focusing on the longstanding debate regarding postconcussive symptoms and attendant conceptual and methodological issues. The review also discusses future research directions, the long-term goal of which is to develop a comprehensive and integrated biopsychosocial model of outcomes that helps guide clinical management. (JINS, 2010,16, 953–960.)
Synchrotron UV Fluorescence Microscopy Uncovers New Probes in Cells and Tissues
Authors: Jamme Frederic , Villette Sandrine , Giuliani Alexandre , Rouam Valerie , Wien Frank , Lagarde Bruno , Réfrégiers Matthieu
Published: August 2010

Use of deep ultraviolet (DUV, below 350 nm) fluorescence opens up new possibilities in biology because it does not need external specific probes or labeling but instead allows use of the intrinsic fluorescence that exists for many biomolecules when excited in this wavelength range. Indeed, observation of label free biomolecules or active drugs ensures that the label will not modify the biolocalization or any of its properties. In the past, it has not been easy to accomplish DUV fluorescence imaging due to limited sources and to microscope optics. Two worlds were coexisting: the spectrofluorometric measurements with full spectrum information with DUV excitation, which lacked high-resolution localization, and the microscopic world with very good spatial resolution but poor spectral resolution for which the wavelength range was limited to 350 nm. To combine the advantages of both worlds, we have developed a DUV fluorescence microscope for cell biology coupled to a synchrotron beamline, providing fine tunable excitation from 180 to 600 nm and full spectrum acquired on each point of the image, to study DUV excited fluorescence emitted from nanovolumes directly inside live cells or tissue biopsies.
The Effects of Uncoupling Protein 1 and β3-Adrenergic Receptor Gene Polymorphisms on Weight Loss and Lipid Profiles in Obese Women
Authors: Kim Jung Yun , Lee Sang Sun
Published: August 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the genetic polymorphisms of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and beta 3 adrenergic receptor (β3-AR) were associated with differences in weight loss and lipid profiles in obese premenopausal women exposed to low-calorie meal replacements over a period of six weeks. Forty women between the ages of 20 and 35 were randomly divided into two groups, each of which consumed one of two low-calorie meal replacements containing either white rice or mixed rice. Although body weight, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose concentration, triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were not significantly different by the UCP1 genotype in the white rice group, there were significant differences in body weight (p = 0.041), BMI (p = 0.027), and blood glucose concentration (p = 0.047) between carriers and non-carriers of the G allele in the mixed rice group after the six-week meal replacement intervention. The β3-AR polymorphism showed no apparent affect on these parameters. Dietary fiber affects weight gain since it is closely related with absorption of nutrients. As a result, the AA type UCP1 genotype produced significant weight loss in the mixed rice group, but not in the white rice group.