bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Influential Nodes in Complex Networks Based on Neighborhood Entropy Centrality
Authors: Qiu Liqing , Zhang Jianyi , Tian Xiangbo , Zhang Shuang
Published: March 2021

Identifying influential nodes is a fundamental and open issue in analysis of the complex networks. The measurement of the spreading capabilities of nodes is an attractive challenge in this field. Node centrality is one of the most popular methods used to identify the influential nodes, which includes the degree centrality (DC), betweenness centrality (BC) and closeness centrality (CC). The DC is an efficient method but not effective. The BC and CC are effective but not efficient. They have high computational complexity. To balance the effectiveness and efficiency, this paper proposes the neighborhood entropy centrality to rank the influential nodes. The proposed method uses the notion of entropy to improve the DC. For evaluating the performance, the susceptible-infected-recovered model is used to simulate the information spreading process of messages on nine real-world networks. The experimental results reveal the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Is hybrid coronary revascularization really beneficial in the long term?
Authors: Wang Chuan , Li Ping , Zhang Fan , Li Jingxing , Kong Qingyu
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVES

This analysis aimed to compare both short- and long-term outcomes of hybrid coronary revascularization (HCR) with different techniques and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS

Twenty-three studies were included, covering 10 468 different patients, among whom 2403 patients underwent HCR with either simultaneous or staged method and 8065 patients underwent CABG.

RESULTS

Compared with CABG, HCR had a statistically significant lower risk of stroke [odds ratio (OR) = 0.55, P = 0.049], major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (OR = 0.69, P = 0.024) and blood transfusion (BT) (OR = 0.39, P < 0.001), whereas no significant differences were detected in mortality, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization. A network meta-analysis showed that simultaneous HCR had significantly better outcomes in stroke (OR = 0.24, P = 0.01) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (OR = 0.29, P < 0.001), and staged HCR had a significantly better outcome in BT (OR = 0.31, P < 0.001). According to the frequentist statistic results, simultaneous HCR had the highest probability of being the best treatment in terms of mortality (84%), stroke (97%), myocardial infarction (88%) and major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (99%), whereas staged HCR had the highest probability of being the best in postoperative repeat revascularization (59%) and BT (83%). However, long-term results showed no significant difference between the HCR and CABG techniques.

CONCLUSIONS

HCR appears to be a feasible option for multivessel coronary artery disease patients. Compared to traditional CABG, HCR had lower risk of adverse events in the short term, but in the long term, survival rate and freedom from major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events rate were similar between groups.
Attack by Design: Australia’s Offshore Detention System and the Literature of Atrocity
Authors: Mann Itamar
Published: March 2021

A great work of literature does more for international criminal justice than providing evidence. By couching the evidence in conceptual categories, literature can offer insights on how law should be interpreted. This review essay seeks to demonstrate this argument about legal interpretation through a reading of Behrouz Boochani’s much-acclaimed No Friend but the Mountains. In doing so, it seeks to offer a reflection on the significance of literary evidence authored by those subjected to atrocity. Boochani is far from being the first author whose work has enormous value both as literature and as testimony (an overlap that has been widely studied in the humanities and social sciences). Yet the relationship between the two is still seldom appreciated by lawyers and seldom appreciated for its value to legal theory. The essay aims to contribute to the latter discussion, specifically as it pertains to contemporary abuses against asylum seekers.
MANual vs. automatIC local activation time annotation for guiding Premature Ventricular Complex ablation procedures (MANIaC-PVC study)
Authors: Jáuregui Beatriz , Fernández-Armenta Juan , Acosta Juan , Penela Diego , Terés Cheryl , Ordóñez Augusto , Soto-Iglesias David , Silva Etelvino , Chauca Alfredo , Carreño José M , Scherer Claudia , Pedrote Alonso , Berruezo Antonio
Published: March 2021

Aims

To assess potential benefits of a local activation time (LAT) automatic acquisition protocol using wavefront annotation plus an ECG pattern matching algorithm [automatic (AUT)-arm] during premature ventricular complex (PVC) ablation procedures.

Methods and results

Prospective, randomized, controlled, and international multicentre study (NCT03340922). One hundred consecutive patients with indication for PVC ablation were enrolled and randomized to AUT (n = 50) or manual (MAN, n = 50) annotation protocols using the CARTO3 navigation system. The primary endpoint was mapping success. Clinical success was defined as a PVC-burden reduction of ≥80% in the 24-h Holter within 6 months after the procedure. Mean age was 56 ± 14 years, 54% men. The mean baseline PVC burden was 25 ± 13%, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) 55 ± 11%. Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. The most frequent PVC-site of origin were right ventricular outflow tract (41%), LV (25%), and left ventricular outflow tract (17%), without differences between groups. Radiofrequency (RF) time and number of RF applications were similar for both groups. Mapping and procedure times were significantly shorter in the AUT-arm (25.5 ± 14.3 vs. 32.8 ± 12.6 min, P = 0.009; and 54.8 ± 24.8 vs. 67.4 ± 25.2, P = 0.014, respectively), while more mapping points were acquired [136 (94–222) AUT vs. 79 (52–111) MAN; P < 0.001]. Mapping and clinical success were similar in both groups. There were no procedure-related complications.

Conclusion

The use of a complete automatic protocol for LAT annotation during PVC ablation procedures allows to achieve similar clinical endpoints with higher procedural efficiency when compared with conventional, manual annotation carried out by expert operators.
RecombinationLactococcus lactisexpressingHelicobacter pylorineutrophil-activating protein A attenuates food allergy symptoms in mice
Authors: Zhang Ke , Mirza Wajid Ameen , Ni Peng , Yu Mingyang , Wang Chen , Wang Bin , Chang Shuailei , Yue Limin , Zhang Rongguang , Duan Guangcai
Published: March 2021

Background

Food allergy has been a significant public health issue with growing severity, prevalence and limited treatments. The neutrophil-activating protein A subunit (NapA) of Helicobacter pylori has been shown to have therapeutic potential in allergic diseases.

Methods

The NapA expression efficiency of recombinant Lactococcus lactis(L.lactis) were determined. The effects of recombinant bacterium on food allergy in Balb/c mice were also investigated.

Results

NapA were delivered and expressed efficiently via L. lactis. The engineered bacterium ameliorated food allergy symptoms (acute diarrhea and intestinal inflammation) and decreased serum histamine levels. In addition, the secretion of OVA-specific IgG2a, IFN-γ was promoted and the level of IL-4, OVA-specific IgE was restrained.

Conclusions

The recombinant strain may attenuate food allergy in mice through immune regulatory effect, which may be a promising approach for preventing or treating food allergy.
The “sailing-ship effect” as a technological principle
Authors: De Liso Nicola , Arima Serena , Filatrella Giovanni
Published: March 2021

The “sailing-ship effect” is the process whereby improvements to an incumbent technology (e.g. sail) are intentionally sought as a new competing technology (steam) emerges. Despite the fact that the effect has been referred to by quite a few scholars in different technological battles, the effect itself seems to have been taken for granted rather than organically defined and investigated. In this paper, within the context of evolutionary “appreciative theorizing” à la Nelson and Winter, through in-depth study of technological battles between old and new technologies, we transform what was an unfinished concept into a structured, fully-fledged, tool of analysis.
Population structure and gene flow of Geoffroy’s cat (Leopardus geoffroyi) in the Uruguayan Savanna ecoregion
Authors: Bou Nadia , Soutullo Álvaro , Hernández Daniel , Mannise Natalia , González Susana , Bartesaghi Lucía , Pereira Javier , Merino Mariano , Espinosa Caroline , Trigo Tatiane C , Cosse Mariana
Published: March 2021

Felids are among the species most threatened by habitat fragmentation resulting from land-use change. In the Uruguayan Savanna ecoregion, about 30% of natural habitats have been lost, large felids have been eradicated from most of the region, and the impact of anthropogenic threats over the smaller species that remain is unknown. To develop management strategies, it is important to enhance knowledge about species population structure and landscape connectivity, particularly when land-use change will continue and intensify in the next years. In this study, we evaluate the population structure and gene flow of Geoffroy’s cat in the Uruguayan Savanna ecoregion. We generated a matrix of 11 microsatellite loci for 70 individuals. Based on Bayesian approaches we found that within the Uruguayan Savanna, Geoffroy’s cat shows high levels of genetic variability and no population structure. However, we observed genetic differences between individuals from the Uruguayan Savanna and those from the contiguous ecoregion, the Argentinian Humid Pampa. Four first-generation migrants from Humid Pampa were identified in the Uruguayan Savanna, suggesting a stronger gene flow in the west-east direction. We detected a past bottleneck followed by a subsequent recovery in Geoffroy’s cat populations in both ecoregions. These results lay the groundwork to understand the population dynamics and conservation status of Geoffroy’s cat in the Uruguayan Savanna ecoregion, and provide baseline data to establish population monitoring.
Histopathological Growth Patterns and Survival After Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastasis: An External Validation Study
Authors: Höppener Diederik J , Galjart Boris , Nierop Pieter M H , Buisman Florian E , van der Stok Eric P , Coebergh van den Braak Robert R J , van Amerongen Martin J , Balachandran Vinod P , Jarnagin William R , Kingham T Peter , Doukas Michail , Shia Jinru , Nagtegaal Iris D , Vermeulen Peter B , Koerkamp Bas Groot , Grünhagen Dirk J , de Wilt Johannes H W , D’Angelica Michael I , Verhoef Cornelis
Published: March 2021

Background

After resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM), 2 main histopathological growth patterns can be observed: a desmoplastic and a nondesmoplastic subtype. The desmoplastic subtype has been associated with superior survival. These findings require external validation.

Methods

An international multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients treated surgically for CRLM at 3 tertiary hospitals in the United States and the Netherlands. Determination of histopathological growth patterns was performed on hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of resected CRLM according to international guidelines. Patients displaying a desmoplastic histopathological phenotype (only desmoplastic growth observed) were compared with patients with a nondesmoplastic phenotype (any nondesmoplastic growth observed). Cutoff analyses on the extent of nondesmoplastic growth were performed. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results

In total 780 patients were eligible. A desmoplastic phenotype was observed in 19.1% and was associated with microsatellite instability (14.6% vs 3.6%, P = .01). Desmoplastic patients had superior 5-year OS (73.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 64.1% to 84.0% vs 44.2%, 95% CI = 38.9% to 50.2%, P < .001) and DFS (32.0%, 95% CI = 22.9% to 44.7% vs 14.7%, 95% CI = 11.7% to 18.6%, P < .001) compared with their nondesmoplastic counterparts. A desmoplastic phenotype was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio for death of 0.36 (95% CI = 0.23 to 0.58) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.37 to 0.66) for cancer recurrence. Prognosis was independent of KRAS and BRAF status. The cutoff analyses found no prognostic relationship between either OS or DFS and the extent of nondesmoplastic growth observed (all P > .1).

Conclusions

This external validation study confirms the remarkably good prognosis after surgery for CRLM in patients with a desmoplastic phenotype. The extent of nondesmoplastic growth does not affect prognosis.
On the linkage between influence matrices in the BIEM and BEM to explain the mechanism of degenerate scale for a circular domain
Authors: Chen Jeng-Tzong , Lee Jia-Wei , Huang Yi-Ling , Shao Cheng-Hsiang , Lu Cheng-Hsuan
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we proposed two ways to understand the rank deficiency in the continuous system (boundary integral equation method, BIEM) and discrete system (boundary element method, BEM) for a circular case. The infinite-dimensional degree of freedom for the continuous system can be reduced to finite-dimensional space using the generalized Fourier coordinates. The property of the second-order tensor for the influence matrix under different observers is also examined. On the other hand, the discrete system in the BEM can be analytically studied, thanks to the spectral property of circulant matrix. We adopt the circulant matrix of odd dimension, (2N + 1) by (2N + 1), instead of the previous even one of 2N by 2N to connect the continuous system by using the Fourier bases. Finally, the linkage of influence matrix in the continuous system (BIE) and discrete system (BEM) is constructed. The equivalence of the influence matrix derived by using the generalized coordinates and the circulant matrix are proved by using the eigen systems (eigenvalue and eigenvector). The mechanism of degenerate scale for a circular domain can be analytically explained in the discrete system.
Study on antidepressant mechanism of Radix Bupleuri–Radix Paeoniae Alba herb pair by metabonomics combined with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection technology
Authors: Zhou Yuzhi , Li Tian , Zhu Shiwei , Gong Wenxia , Qin Xuemei , Du Guanhua
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Radix Bupleuri–Radix Paeoniae Alba (BP), a traditional Chinese medicine herb pair, has treated depression by coordinating the liver in Chinese classical medicine books and modern research. This study aims to verify the antidepressant effect of BP by behavioural examination, and reveal the underlying antidepressant mechanisms of BP.

Methods

The antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) of BP were observed by behavioural indicators and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) metabonomics techniques combined with the related analysis platforms.

Key findings

BP could significantly improve the depressive behaviour of CUMS rats. Compared with the model group, body weight (P < 0.05), the number of crossing (P < 0.001) and rearing (P < 0.01) and sucrose preference rate (P < 0.01) were significantly enhanced, and the immobility time was shortened in the forced swimming test (P < 0.001) of the BP group. In metabonomics study, 35 depression-related metabolites were identified by 1H NMR and UHPLC-MS/MS metabonomics by comparing model and control groups. BP could significantly retrieve 17 depression-related metabolites. Thirteen depression-related metabolic pathways were found through Met-PA and BP could regulate seven metabolic pathways.

Conclusions

BP herb pair had significantly antidepressant effect, which provides a basis for further finding drug targets.
Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 on Women Refugees in South Africa
Authors: Mutambara Victoria M , Crankshaw Tamaryn L , Freedman Jane
Published: March 2021

The global COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns and restrictions have had uneven impacts on populations and have deepened many pre-existing inequalities along lines of race, ethnicity, class, gender. Refugees have been shown to be particularly negatively impacted in many countries, with existing structures of violence and insecurity worsened by the immediate consequences of the pandemic through policy responses which largely ignore their needs whether by excluding them from targeted COVID-19 mitigation measures, or by imposing restrictions which directly impact on their well-being. Our research with refugee women in Durban, South Africa, illustrates the ways in which COVID-19 has exacerbated their insecurities and intensified structural violence which renders them vulnerable. More importantly, it seems that the impacts of COVID-19 are not just short term but will deepen the violence and insecurities experienced by these women in the longer term if these are not addressed by government and relevant NGOs and civil society organizations.
Cold War Refugees: South Korea’s Entry into the International Refugee Regime, 1950–1992
Authors: Kim Nora Hui-Jung
Published: March 2021

When and how does a state become a part of the international refugee regime, and how does a state’s role within the regime change over time? Using South Korea as a case study, this article highlights the significance of Cold War politics as a main cause of the expansion of the international refugee regime. South Korea was first entered into the international refugee regime during the US-led Korean War. And it was due to the neocolonial relationship between South Korea and the US that South Korea participated in the Vietnam War, and consequently, South Korea received its first internationally recognized refugees. Pressure from the US largely explains the burden-sharing role that South Korea played during the Indochinese refugee crisis. However, repositioning itself as a subempire in Asia and seeking enhanced international stature, South Korea signed the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, finally becoming an official member of the international refugee regime.
Gemini/GMOS optical transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b: signs of variability in an ultra-hot Jupiter?
Authors: Wilson Jamie , Gibson Neale P , Lothringer Joshua D , Sing David K , Mikal-Evans Thomas , de Mooij Ernst J W , Nikolov Nikolay , Watson Chris A
Published: March 2021

We present ground-based, spectroscopic observations of two transits of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b covering the wavelength range ≈500–950 nm using Gemini/GMOS. We use a Gaussian process framework to model instrumental systematics in the light curves, and also demonstrate the use of the more generalized Student’s-T process to verify our results. We find that our measured transmission spectrum, whilst showing overall agreement, is slightly discrepant with results obtained using HST/STIS, particularly for wavelengths shortwards of ≈650 nm. In contrast to the STIS results, we find evidence for an increasing bluewards slope and little evidence for absorption from either TiO or VO in our retrieval, in agreement with a number of recent studies performed at high-resolution. We suggest that this might point to some other absorbers, particularly some combination of recently detected atomic metals, in addition to scattering by hazes, being responsible for the excess optical absorption and observed vertical thermal inversion. Our results are also broadly consistent with previous ground-based photometry and 3D GCM predictions, however, these assumed different chemistry to our retrievals. In addition, we show that the GMOS observations are repeatable over short periods (days), similar to the HST/STIS observations. Their difference over longer periods (months) could well be the result of temporal variability in the atmospheric properties (i.e. weather) as predicted by theoretical models of ultra-hot Jupiters; however, more mundane explanations such as instrumental systematics and stellar activity cannot be fully ruled out, and we encourage future observations to explore this possibility.
A variable corona for GRS 1915+105
Authors: Karpouzas Konstantinos , Méndez Mariano , García Federico , Zhang Liang , Altamirano Diego , Belloni Tomaso , Zhang Yuexin
Published: March 2021

Most models of the low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) explain the dynamical properties of those QPOs. On the other hand, in recent years reverberation models that assume a lamp-post geometry have been successful in explaining the energy-dependent time lags of the broad-band noise component in stellar mass black holes and active galactic nuclei. We have recently shown that Comptonization can explain the spectral-timing properties of the kilo-hertz (kHz) QPOs observed in neutron star (NS) LMXBs. It is therefore worth exploring whether the same family of models would be as successful in explaining the low-frequency QPOs. In this work, we use a Comptonization model to study the frequency dependence of the phase lags of the type-C QPO in the BH LMXB GRS 1915+105. The phase lags of the QPO in GRS 1915+105 make a transition from hard to soft at a QPO frequency of around 1.8 Hz. Our model shows that at high QPO frequencies a large corona of ∼100–150 Rg covers most of the accretion disc and makes it $100{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ feedback dominated, thus producing soft lags. As the observed QPO frequency decreases, the corona gradually shrinks down to around 3–17 Rg, and at 1.8 Hz feedback on to the disc becomes inefficient leading to hard lags. We discuss how changes in the accretion geometry affect the timing properties of the type-C QPO.
The galaxy–galaxy strong lensing cross-sections of simulated ΛCDM galaxy clusters
Authors: Robertson Andrew
Published: March 2021

We investigate a recent claim that observed galaxy clusters produce an order of magnitude more galaxy–galaxy strong lensing (GGSL) than simulated clusters in a Λ cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology. We take galaxy clusters from the c-eagle hydrodynamical simulations and calculate the expected amount of GGSL for sources placed behind the clusters at different redshifts. The probability of a source lensed by one of the most massive c-eagle clusters being multiply imaged by an individual cluster member is in good agreement with that inferred for observed clusters. We show that numerically converged results for the GGSL probability require higher resolution simulations than had been used previously. On top of this, different galaxy formation models predict cluster substructures with different central densities, such that the GGSL probabilities in ΛCDM cannot yet be robustly predicted. Overall, we find that GGSL within clusters is not currently in tension with the ΛCDM cosmological model.
Sensorimotor predictions shape reported conscious visual experience in a breaking continuous flash suppression task
Authors: Skora Lina I , Seth Anil K , Scott Ryan B
Published: March 2021

Accounts of predictive processing propose that conscious experience is influenced not only by passive predictions about the world, but also by predictions encompassing how the world changes in relation to our actions—that is, on predictions about sensorimotor contingencies. We tested whether valid sensorimotor predictions, in particular learned associations between stimuli and actions, shape reports about conscious visual experience. Two experiments used instrumental conditioning to build sensorimotor predictions linking different stimuli with distinct actions. Conditioning was followed by a breaking continuous flash suppression task, measuring the speed of reported breakthrough for different pairings between the stimuli and prepared actions, comparing those congruent and incongruent with the trained sensorimotor predictions. In Experiment 1, counterbalancing of the response actions within the breaking continuous flash suppression task was achieved by repeating the same action within each block but having them differ across the two blocks. Experiment 2 sought to increase the predictive salience of the actions by avoiding the repetition within blocks. In Experiment 1, breakthrough times were numerically shorter for congruent than incongruent pairings, but Bayesian analysis supported the null hypothesis of no influence from the sensorimotor predictions. In Experiment 2, reported conscious perception was significantly faster for congruent than for incongruent pairings. A meta-analytic Bayes factor combining the two experiments confirmed this effect. Altogether, we provide evidence for a key implication of the action-oriented predictive processing approach to conscious perception, namely that sensorimotor predictions shape our conscious experience of the world.
Partitioned glioma heritability shows subtype-specific enrichment in immune cells
Authors: Ostrom Quinn T , Edelson Jacob , Byun Jinyoung , Han Younghun , Kinnersley Ben , Melin Beatrice , Houlston Richard S , Monje Michelle ,   GLIOGENE Consortium, Amos Christopher I , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S , Bernstein Jonine L , Bondy Melissa L , Claus Elizabeth B , Houlston Richard S , Il’yasova Dora , Jenkins Robert B , Johansen Christoffer , Lachance Daniel , Lai Rose , Melin Beatrice S , Merrell Ryan T , Olson Sara H , Sadetzki Siegal , Schildkraut Joellen , Shete Sanjay , Walsh Kyle M , Amos Christopher I , Bondy Melissa L
Published: March 2021

Background

Epidemiological studies of adult glioma have identified genetic syndromes and 25 heritable risk loci that modify individual risk for glioma, as well increased risk in association with exposure to ionizing radiation and decreased risk in association with allergies. In this analysis, we assess whether there is a shared genome-wide genetic architecture between glioma and atopic/autoimmune diseases.

Methods

Using summary statistics from a glioma genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analysis, we identified significant enrichment for risk variants associated with gene expression changes in immune cell populations. We also estimated genetic correlations between glioma and autoimmune, atopic, and hematologic traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), which leverages genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations and patterns of linkage disequilibrium.

Results

Nominally significant negative correlations were observed for glioblastoma (GB) and primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = −0.26, P = .0228), and for non-GB gliomas and celiac disease (rg = −0.32, P = .0109). Our analyses implicate dendritic cells (GB pHM = 0.0306 and non-GB pHM = 0.0186) in mediating both GB and non-GB genetic predisposition, with GB-specific associations identified in natural killer (NK) cells (pHM = 0.0201) and stem cells (pHM = 0.0265).

Conclusions

This analysis identifies putative new associations between glioma and autoimmune conditions with genomic architecture that is inversely correlated with that of glioma and that T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells are involved in mediating glioma predisposition. This provides further evidence that increased activation of the acquired immune system may modify individual susceptibility to glioma.
Sciatic-to-Femoral Nerve End-to-End Coaptation for Proximal Lower Extremity Function in Patients With Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Technical Note and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lubelski Daniel , Pennington Zach , Tuffaha Sami , Moore Amy , Belzberg Allan J
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND

Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is an acute-onset anterior horn disease resulting in flaccid paralysis of extremities, trunk, facial, and cervical musculature in children following upper respiratory or gastrointestinal viral illness. Nerve transfer procedures have been shown to restore function.

OBJECTIVE

To present a technical description of sciatic-to-femoral nerve transfers in 4 children with AFM.

METHODS

Retrospective review of relevant cases was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 4 cases are presented of young children with persistent quadriparesis in the setting of AFM, presenting between 4 and 15 mo following initial diagnosis. Electromyography showed denervation of muscles innervated by the femoral nerve, with sparing of the sciatic distribution. The obturator nerve was also denervated in all patients. We therefore elected to pursue sciatic-to-femoral transfers to restore active knee extension. These transfers involved end-to-end coaptation of a sciatic nerve fascicle to the femoral nerve motor branches supplying quadriceps muscles.

CONCLUSION

We present technical descriptions of bilateral sciatic-to-femoral nerve neurotization for the restoration of quadriceps function in 4 patients with AFM. The sciatic nerve fascicles are a reasonable alternative donor nerve for patients with proximal muscle paralysis and limited donor options in the lower extremity.
Imitation
Authors: Ungemah Joe
Published: March 2021

This chapter follows the short, troubled history of Uber’s corporate culture and how a leader’s behavior can permeate an entire organization, turning the workplace environment toxic and hostile to underrepresented groups of employees. A deeper look at role modeling via the classic Bobo doll study demonstrates how simply observing someone else’s behavior can lead to either socially beneficial or harmful outcomes. On a subtler level, expectations held by others, and particularly those in power, can result in their fulfillment through unconscious words and action, termed the Pygmalion effect, as demonstrated with a study of teacher expectations and student IQ. Imitation, through either role modeling or conforming to expectations, lies at the heart of a culture’s establishment and rigidity.
Choice
Authors: Ungemah Joe
Published: March 2021

This chapter dives into why people sometime feel paralyzed by decisions. Challenging conventional wisdom that more choice is better, the chapter explains how choice can lead to cognitive overload, as demonstrated first by the story of a failed electronics retailer and then by a study involving a fruit jam display at a California farmers market. Yet choice is critical to a happy and prolonged life, as shown with some novel research involving houseplants in a nursing home setting. The chapter concludes on the compounding nature of decisions, where cause and effect is never as simple as it seems, as demonstrated by the Hindenburg disaster. Implications for the workplace include providing employee choice where it matters most, promoting worker autonomy, and recognizing human biases toward oversimplifying successes and failures.
Conformity
Authors: Ungemah Joe
Published: March 2021

This chapter speaks about Asch’s classic study about how individuals will conform to the group even in the face of unambiguously true information. Similar trends were witnessed in the real world during the Bay of Pigs fiasco, where President Kennedy’s top advisors succumbed to groupthink and failed to recognize Cuba’s military strength and foresight in predicting the planned US invasion. Contrary to common sense, individuals tend to resolve the cognitive dissonance they experience when faced with group pressure by changing their deeply held (and objectively true) opinions. Conformity to work processes is necessary in any workplace environment, but when taken to the extreme, it can lead to false perceptions about agreement, a lack of speaking out, and ultimately poor decision-making.
The Music in Berlin: Spaces and Places
Authors: Alexander Phil
Published: March 2021

In a complement to the networks and styles of the previous chapter, this chapter offers a detailed analysis of the spaces that frame the Berlin klezmer scene. It draws on the influence of British cultural studies to locate this scene within the characteristic fluidity and bricolage aesthetics of the city’s wider street-level musical culture—brought to life here through description and analysis of the sonic profusion of Mauerpark’s weekly “mini-festival.” The chapter then moves on to explore in depth ways in which we might understand “Jewish space,” including the important role of music in the mediation of German-Jewish space. The majority of the chapter then looks in detail at the official/unofficial spatial spectrum that frames several characteristic klezmer venues in the city: a long-running and appealingly shabby club/bar; a contemporary arthouse theater program; a well-established, friendly yet surprisingly formal dance night; and the lively space of a West Berlin kosher cafe. It then discusses in depth the three klezmer jam sessions that take place in the city, considering each of these sessions as its own version of a wider “scene,” with reference to the work of Will Straw and others. The last part of the chapter discusses how several unofficial spaces that have developed recently point to a possible paradigm shift in the presentation and reception of Yiddish musical culture in the city, seen in the ground-level complex of Yiddish cultural activities established over the last six years in the Neukölln district. Once again, the solid theoretical underpinning is brought to life by strong ethnographic description and interviews.
Placing Berlin in the Music
Authors: Alexander Phil
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents the third element fundamental to an overall picture: the music itself, with specific focus on the relationship between music, text, and the city. The chapter begins with a wider discussion of music’s role in sounding urban geographies. This is then set against the indeterminacy and ambiguities of “placing” klezmer music—a result of mid-twentieth-century rupture, subsequent postwar cultural submergence, and the transnationalism of its contemporary revival. The main body of the chapter is devoted to the specific ways that the city of Berlin is articulated through its klezmer music. In order to do this, the chapter takes as its starting point sociologist Adam Krims’s flexible concept of “urban ethos,” applying this for the first time to the processes of traditional music. Through detailed analysis of a series of musical examples, it shows the important ways in which the city of Berlin is made meaningful in its klezmer music—how exactly, through both music and text, the city functions as a significant musical-semantic unit. The musicians discussed include ?Shmaltz!, Daniel Kahn, and Knoblauch Klezmer Band, and the analysis is supported by detailed transcriptions and interview material. Throughout the chapter and through the work of these different artists, certain themes reappear—themes particularly pertinent to Berlin and Jewish musical production. These include notions of escape, borders, and transgression and the dialogue between visible and hidden histories. The chapter also uses David Kaminsky’s theorization of the “New Old Europe Sound” to question and problematize some of the urban expressions discussed.
The Drama of History
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: March 2021

The Drama of History: Ibsen, Hegel, Nietzsche offers a new interpretation of Henrik Ibsen’s drama and brings to light new aspects of G. W. F. Hegel’s and Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, especially their theorizing of drama and theater. This study emphasizes the centrality of philosophy of theater in nineteenth-century philosophy and demonstrates how drama functions as an artform that offers insight into human historicity and the conditions of modern life. In this way, The Drama of History: Ibsen, Hegel, Nietzsche seeks to deepen and actualize the relationship between philosophy and drama—not by suggesting that either philosophy or drama should have the upper hand, but by indicating how a sustained dialogue between them can bring out the best in both.
Introduction
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: March 2021

The Introduction offers an overview of the relationship between philosophy and drama in the Nineteenth Century. It demonstrates how philosophy and drama share an orientation toward history and how this orientation, in turn, is related to the breakthrough of a modern mindset and a proto-modernist art and theater.
Modern Values (A Doll’s House)
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: March 2021

“Modern Values” discusses the relationship between Ibsen’s drama and Hegel’s philosophy of art. With a focus on A Doll’s House, it shows how Ibsen, along Hegelian lines, investigates the costs of ahistorical and aestheticizing mindsets. In this way, he brings out the relevance of Hegel’s critique of naïve, romanticizing attitudes. However, with his determination to develop drama beyond its late romantic instantiations, Ibsen also points beyond the limitations of Hegel’s understanding of art.
Introduction
Authors: Douglas Heather
Published: March 2021

This introductory chapter explains the emphasis of this book, which is about how women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) interact with the legal system over time. It explains the importance of the law to many women across the world who experience IPV. The chapter identifies the legal systems that women interact with, including civil protection orders, family law, criminal law, child protection systems, and immigration law. In talking about their experience with law, women focus on their relationships with different justice actors on their legal journey, including child protection workers, police, lawyers, and judges. This focus explains the structure of the book. This chapter also considers the importance of women’s stories in informing law reform.
Bureaucrats Bewildered
Authors: Eden Jeff
Published: March 2021

Using Kazakhstan as a case study, this chapter shows how the atheist officials charged with policing religion in the Soviet Union quickly lost track of the religious policies they were tasked with enforcing. Meanwhile, bureaucrats at local levels were often oblivious or even indifferent to those policies. Beyond the bureaucratic confusion and malaise, there was also significant confusion among officials over the very nature of Islam in the Soviet Union. What was the point of “registering” mosques, for example, if Kazakh Muslims, with their legacy of nomadism, did not need mosques? What was the point of monitoring mullas and other Islamic leaders when each Muslim is, according to tradition, ritually autonomous and self-sufficient? By showing the grey areas where enforcement met devotional practice, this chapter argues that Soviet Muslims were given a broad space for religious activity not only thanks to Stalin’s policies, but also through bureaucratic incompetence, indifference, and bewilderment.
Science, Perception, and Objectivity
Authors: Quadri Junaid
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 takes as a case study Bakhīt’s discussion of the validity of relying on astronomical calculations to determine the month of Ramadan to discuss his remarkable openness to the modern scientific enterprise. In particular, I examine his shift from a procedural approach to this question that stressed the importance of methods and norms that were internal to the fiqh tradition, to an epistemological approach that stressed the importance of knowledge as determined by science. The introduction of certain technologies to Egypt was accompanied by a new salience being given to science and particular notions of scientific truth. Here we examine the impact of the telescope in facilitating a view of knowledge, including fiqhī knowledge, as scientistic and representationalist, itself dependent upon a notion of reality best understood by what Timothy Mitchell has called the colonial conception of the “world-as-picture”—namely, the idea that the world is composed of the two distinct realms of representation and reality, the second of which can be achieved through specifically scientific precision.
The History of Jazz
Authors: Gioia Ted
Published: March 2021

The History of Jazz, 3rd edition, is a comprehensive survey of jazz music from its origins until the current day. The book is designed for general readers and students, as well as those with more specialized interest in jazz and music history. It provides detailed biographical information and an overview of the musical contributions of the key innovators in development of jazz, including Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Billie Holiday, Coleman Hawkins, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Ella Fitzgerald, Miles Davis, John Coltrane, Ornette Coleman, and others. The book also traces the evolution of jazz styles and includes in-depth accounts of ragtime, blues, New Orleans jazz, Chicago jazz, swing and big band music, bebop, hard bop, cool jazz, avant-garde, jazz-rock fusion, and other subgenres and developments. The volume also provides a cultural and socioeconomic contextualization of the music, dealing with the broader political and social environment that gave birth to the music and shaped its development—both in the United States and within a global setting.
Narrative Resilience
Authors: Cyrulnik Boris
Published: March 2021

Research on the process of resilience encourages a systemic rather than fragmented epistemology. By combining neurological development and narrative techniques, we can observe how emotional pressures from the family and social environment form the human brain. This is how it can acquire a neuro-emotional vulnerability or, on the contrary, the protective factors needed against traumas. When the injured person’s story is consistent with the surrounding stories, the person experiences a sense of calm that regulates brain function. But when the intimate and collective stories are conflicting, the maladjusted casualty feels isolated and misunderstood, making the process of resilience difficult. We can act on the environment that acts on our brain to increase the possibility of resilience. This degree of freedom makes us responsible for organizing such an environment.
Family Resilience
Authors: Walsh Froma
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents an overview of the concept of family resilience, grounded in a multilevel systems orientation. The concept of family resilience refers to the capacity of the family as a functional system in overcoming significant life challenges. Highly stressful events and social contexts impact the whole family, and in turn, family processes facilitate the adaptation of all members, their relationships, and the family unit. A research-informed map of key processes in family resilience is outlined. Given the contextual contingency of the concept of resilience, process elements and pathways in resilience may vary with different adverse situations over time; diverse family cultures, structures, and resources; and salient socioeconomic and developmental influences. The broad application of a family resilience framework in clinical and community-based intervention and prevention is discussed and illustrated. Research challenges and recommendations are offered, emphasizing the value of mixed-method, multidisciplinary, and multilevel approaches.
The Excellent Mind
Authors: King Nathan L.
Published: March 2021

What makes for a good education? What does one need to count as well educated? Knowledge, to be sure. But knowledge is easily forgotten, and today’s knowledge may be obsolete tomorrow. Skills, particularly in critical thinking, are crucial as well. But absent the right motivation, graduates may fail to put their skills to good use. In this book, Nathan King argues that intellectual virtues—traits like curiosity, intellectual humility, honesty, intellectual courage, and open-mindedness—are central to any education worthy of the name. Further, such virtues are crucial to our functioning well in everyday life, in areas as diverse as personal relationships, responsible citizenship, civil discourse, and personal success. Our struggles in these areas often result from a failure to think virtuously. Drawing upon recent work in philosophy and psychology, the book paints a portrait of virtuous intellectual character—and of the vices such a character opposes. Filled with examples and applications, this book introduces readers to the intellectual virtues: what they are, why they matter, and how we can grow in them.
Why Good Thinking Matters
Authors: King Nathan L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the importance of good thinking in everyday life, and explains the role of intellectual virtue in good thinking. It begins by establishing the importance of character in the life well lived—something that becomes clear in light of the prospect of one’s own demise. The chapter goes on to emphasize intellectual character in particular. It then makes the case that intellectual virtues (e.g., carefulness, humility, and perseverance) foster such goods as general success in life, flourishing relationships, quality education, and the achievement of knowledge. It closes by establishing that intellectual virtues are not just for academics. Rather, they are for everyone.
The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia
Published: March 2021

The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth tells the story of young people who were street-involved from their early to middle teens and into their 20s, particularly their experiences of emerging adulthood while struggling toward young adulthood and independence. These youth experienced emerging and early adulthood earlier than other youth while living independently of guardians, detached from formal education, and working in the underground economy. After leaving their guardians they were choosing how to be different than their family, learning to cope with instability, and enjoying and protecting their independence, and they experienced some satisfaction with their ability to manage. As one youth stated, “away from my family, I learned that I was not stupid.” Their success was facilitated by harm reduction services, like access to shelter and food, that gave them time to experiment with living independently and to practice being responsible for themselves and others. Later they began to prefer nonstreet identities, and they began to think about their desires for the future. The distance between their current lives and those aspirations was the experience of feeling “in-between,” and progress toward their aspirations was often complicated by past experiences of trauma, current experiences of exclusion, coping with substances, and the mismatch between their needs and available services.
From a Single Cell to Segmental Structures
Authors: Scholtz Gerhard
Published: March 2021

Beginning with Aristotle 2400 years ago, research on crustacean embryology has a long tradition. Rathke’s 1829 landmark study on the noble crayfish initiated modern approaches. Crustaceans in general—and most of their large taxa—show a great diversity in all stages of their developmental pathways from the zygote up to the adult animal. This chapter describes the various modes of cleavage, gastrulation, germ band formation, and segmentation found in crustacean taxa. Cleavage is either total, partial, or mixed. Total cleavage can be indeterminate, without predictable cell lineage; or determinate, with a stereotyped cell division pattern. Gastrulation modes can also vary to a high degree. One finds invagination, epiboly, immigration, delamination, and a mix of some of these. Likewise, the stages of germ layer separation and the number of cells that initiate gastrulation differ. In yolk-rich eggs, a germ disk forms at the future ventral side of the embryo, and the axes and orientation of the germ are recognizable. Through elongation in the anteroposterior direction by a posterior growth zone and intercalary cell divisions, the germ disk is transformed into the germ band. As a result of a unique, stereotyped cell division pattern in the germ band of malacostracans, germ band growth and the segmentation process up to the differentiation of neuronal precursors and early limb anlagen can be analyzed at the level of individual cells. Recent morphological and molecular techniques allow a very detailed spatiotemporal resolution of developmental processes and they offer new perspectives on long-standing morphological questions.