bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non Linear Optical, Thermodynamic Analysis and Spectroscopic Investigation of GPA Optical Materials
Authors: Liu Xiao Jing , Sun Xin , Guo Jing Hua
Published: March 2017

In this work, density functional theory (DFT) calculations with B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) basis sets was used to explore the electronic, structural, nonlinear optical and thermal properties aspects of glycine-phthalic acid (GPA) optical materials. Dipole moment, static polarizability and first hyperpolarizability analysis of the molecule have been performed. Stability of the molecule arising from hyper conjugative interactions, charge delocalization has been analyzed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. MEP study confirms GPA as an electron rich species and explains its electrophilic nature. MEP shows that this molecule has several possible sites for electrophilic/nucleophilic attack in which V(r) calculations provide insights into the order of preference. The low value of HOMO-LUMO energy gap reflects the high chemical reactivity, low chemical stability and hardness of GPA molecule. Thermodynamic properties of the title compound have been calculated at different temperatures and the results reveal that the standard heat capacities (Cp), standard entropies (S) and standard enthalpy (H) increase with rise in temperature. These results discussed in this study will upsurge the knowledge to design and synthesize new type nonlinear optical materials with exceptional chemical and physical properties.
Assessing Retinal Hazardous Effects from Phosphor Converted Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lighting with Different Correlated Color Temperature (CCT)
Authors: Shang Yu Man , Lee Li Ling , Hwang Jung Min , Wang Gen Shuh , Cheng Chin-Pao
Published: March 2017

Due to the rapid growth in the use of blue-light-based electrical panels and much brighter lighting environments, the socioeconomic impact by retinal light injury is critical. Understanding the material property and mechanisms underlying this hazard is important for both effective and user-friendly product development. The InGaN based blue LED has been applied to excite the yellow phosphor (Y3Al5O12:Ce3+) for white light generation. In this study, custom-made phosphor-converted white light emitting diode (pc-WLED) with correlated color temperature (CCT) ranging from 2700K to 6500K were used for exposure treatments to assess the potential retinal injury. We examined LED induced retinal neuronal cell damage in a rat model through functional and histopathological measurements. Electroretinography (ERG), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used for pathological examinations. The experimental results indicate that blue-rich-LED light could induce more photochemical injury to the retina after the exposure. The results of this study suggest that retinal injury is mainly induced by photosensitizer-and photopigment-mediated oxidative stress with color temperature dependent effect, and users should be more aware of this effect before switching to LED lamps for domestic lighting.
Review of Reheat Crack in Welded Joint of Low Alloy Heat-Resistant Steels
Authors: Chen Zhong Bing , Lv Yi Shi , Shi Wei , Qi Quan You , Wang Hai Bo
Published: March 2017

The current research status of reheat crack in welded joint of low alloy heat-resistant steels are outlined. Some new phenomena discovered in engineering in recent years are summarized, and related problems that remain to be studied are also presented. Reheat crack in welded joint is occurred frequently during postweld heat treatment (PWHT) or in service at elevated temperature. Mainly four mechanisms leading to reheat crack, respectively, impurity segregation grain boundary weakening, precipitation hardening, creep rupture and no-precipitation zone weakening have been generally accepted now. Several essential factors consist of parent material chemical composition, microstructure and thickness of welded joint, filler material, preheat and postheat procedures, welding energy input, PWHT parameter, and stress and strain and so on. Theoretical calculation methods, criterion of RoA (Reduction of Area) and several experimental methods are put forward to evaluate reheat crack susceptibility. Based on new issues emerged in engineering, problems of concerning reheat crack are necessary to be researched, which include at least mechanism and influence factors of new multi-element composite strengthening heat-resistant steels, the mitigation measures for increasing wall thickness weldment, the root cause analysis and prevention methods of conventional low alloy heat-resistant steels for long term service.
A Novel Application of Expanded Glass Materials in Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Cultivation
Authors: Wang Zi Ning , Liu Xing Yu , Gu Qi Yuan , Zhang Ming Jiang
Published: March 2017

Smelting waste water is typically considered as an environmental pollutant. It will contaminate watercourses, crops and aquatic organism when it is discharged into the environment. Traditionally, the metallurgy plant treats this kind of waste water with neutralization method. However, the neutralization method usually ends up with large amounts of neutralization sludge which is a typical kind of hazardous solid waste. In our research, we used an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed to treat smelting waste water which was neutralized to a certain pH. We combined the traditional neutralization method with microbial technique. The neutralized water was pumped into the bioreactor that had been inoculated with sulfite reducing bacteria on a novel expanded hollow glass bead. In our research, we decreased the lime consume and sludge production, and we decrease the metal ion and sulfate in the smelting waste water at the same time. We combined the traditional neutralization method with microbial treatment and developed a novel solution to deal with smelting waste water. After 8 weeks, the concentration of Zn2+ was decreased by 34.7%, and the concentration of SO42- was decreased by 58.3%.
Preparation of β-Cyclodextrin Polymer by Inverse-Phase Suspension Polymerization and its Capability for Phenol Removal
Authors: Cai Song Tao , Luo Jian Xin , Liu Hong Wei
Published: March 2017

β-Cyclodextrin polymer were prepared by inverse-phase suspension polymerization using epichlorohydrin (EPI) as crosslinker. The architecture has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which confirmed that cyclodextrin polymer have been synthesized successfully. β-Cyclodextrin polymer (EPI-CD) can interact with a variety of hydrophobic compounds to form inclusion complexes, such as phenol. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption reached to 58.51umol/g under the initial concentration of 120mg/L at 298K. The adsorption isotherm was fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich models. From the experimental data, it may be inferred that EPI-CD polymer was an effective adsorbent for the removal of phenol in wastewater treatment.
Enhanced Performance of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) Granules Process by Using Diatomite as Functional Carrier Material
Authors: Gu Qi Yuan , Liu Xing Yu , Wang Zi Ning
Published: March 2017

Removal of heavy metals by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) granules in upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was investigated. Diatomite was adding to stimulate the formation of SRB sludge granule as a kind of functional carrier material. The diatomite was found to be the good bacteria carrier, due to its high porous structure, which promoted the granulation in the UASB. The results indicated that the Bio-diatomite SRB granule process can be operated at HRT of 15 h, and achieve high removal rates of total Fe, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+. Compared to the Bio-diatomite SRB granule, freely suspended SRB could be washed out of the reactor. The Bio-diatomite SRB granule process can be a technical solution for heavy metal containing wastewater treatment with an efficient reduction of heavy metals.
The Research and Application Status of Inconel 600 Alloy under Extremely Situation
Authors: Zhao Heng , Liu Qing Bin , Yao Da Wei
Published: March 2017

The Inconel 600 alloy relies on high temperature strength and aggressive environment resistance for main pipes and heat exchangers for power plant. Through high energy laser beam surface treatment, upgrade oxidation performance and design based accident prevention, the durable Inconel 600 alloy is realized. At the same time, the chemical diffusion and high energy beam welding are used for wearness enhancement and chemical oxidation. It is suggested that, the laser surface treatment and hydrogen effect are accurately selected for abrasive wear resistance and high temperature oxidation, repectively. As a result, the lifespan of Inconel 600 alloy increases, the pitting concentration and cracks formation are prevented effectively.
Selective Dispersion of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Segmented Polyurethane with Different Melt Mixing Process
Authors: Jirakittidul Kittimon , Khrongsakun Krittaya , Khongkhaw Kannika , Nernplod Kusuman
Published: March 2017

Polyurethanes (PU) have been widely used in many applications since their properties can be tailored as desire. In order to improve their electrical property, PU is incorporated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The effects of different mixing times and temperatures on selective dispersion of MWCNT in segmented PU were studied. Furthermore, segmented PU based on two different soft segments; i.e. polyester (PU-ester) and polyether (PU-ether), were used. PU/MWCNT nanocomposites were prepared by an internal mixer for 4-12 minutes at 190-210°C. FESEM, DSC and LCR meter were used to characterize morphology and thermal properties. It was found that MWCNT were dispersed in soft segment of PU-ether. Good MWCNT dispersion was able to achieve at high temperature with short mixing time or low temperature with long mixing time. On the other hand, PU-ester/MWCNT nanocomposites, MWCNT preferred to disperse in hard segment and could be dispersed well in PU-ester at low mixing temperature.
Local Postweld Heat Treatment of Heterogeneous Welded Joint
Authors: Chen Zhong Bing , Sun Zhi Qiang , Lv Yi Shi
Published: March 2017

A concept of heterogeneous welded joint is proposed for researching and describing the characteristics of local postweld heat treatment (PWHT) temperature field for asymmetric thermal conductivity welded joint. Its three types have been classified according to thermal conductivity direction around the weld, separately, welded joint with transverse unidirectional thermal conductivity, transverse bidirectional thermal conductivity, transverse and longitudinal thermal conductivity. Compared with the temperature field of symmetric thermal conductivity welded joint, the highest temperature point of heterogeneous welded joint deviates from the heat device center, and uniform temperature area shrinks. In addition, longitudinal temperature difference and dramatic temperature change zone have arisen for the third type heterogeneous welded joint. In order to improve the temperature distribution, two PWHT methods called temperature compensation method and power compensation method have been put forward and developed. Several engineering applications of two methods are illustrated as examples.
New Automatic Welding Processes and Deformation Analysis for Large Aluminum Ultra-High Vacuum Chambers
Authors: Chen Ching Lung , Chang Chin Chun
Published: March 2017

A new welding technique has been developed for manufacturing large aluminum chambers for an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system. Combined with appropriate manufacturing processes, the aluminum chambers have an oil-free interior surface finished for an ultra-high vacuum environment before aluminum welding. An automatic welding system, which comprises six welding torches to implement simultaneously two longitudinal side welds of the asymmetric chamber, is introduced. In traditional manual welding, the key success factors focus on elimination as much as possible the distortions of structural assemblies. The six-torch welding and a clamp-free approach together address the issue of reducing distortion and minimizing residual stresses with a novel one-step welding process. From the beginning of CNC machining to the end of vacuum component assembly, deformations through all process sequences are measured and controlled under 0.35 mm. In this paper, both the manufacturing sequences and statistical analysis of deformation control are presented in detail.
Study on the Cutting Characteristics of Drilling CFRP Using Exterior Materials of Automobile
Authors: You Seung Hyeon , Oh Sung Hoon
Published: March 2017

Carbon fiber-reinforced plastic has been applied in various industrial areas due to outstanding mechanic characteristics including high strength and hardness as well as light-weight. For the mechanic combination after the CFRP molding, hall processing is required. In this study, generally used carbide drill and TiAIN coating carbide drill were used to proceed the experiment. Afterwards, carbide drill where point angle was changed into 90° was manufactured while evaluating thrust force and tool wear. In the experiment of carbide drill and TiAIN coating carbide drill, thrust force was reduced when major axis rotating speed increased. However, it was not much influenced by changes in moving speed. In addition, TiAIN coating has not much influenced on the processing feature. Tools with point angle changed into were measured 90° with lower tool wear and thrust force compared to two other tools while obtaining outstanding tool performance.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Hardness of Internal Crack Healing in a Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Xin Rui Shan , Ma Qing Xian , Li Wei Qi
Published: March 2017

The effect of heat treatment on microstructure and hardness of internal crack healing in a low carbon steel was studied. The internal cracks were produced into the samples by a drilling and compression method. The microstructure of crack healing zone was examined using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hardness of crack healing zone was measured using a Vickers micro-hardness testing machine (FM-800). The results show that healing temperature plays a more significant role in internal crack healing than holding time. Compared as-quenched samples with as-normalized samples under the same healing parameters, it is found that cooling speed is also an important factor for internal crack healing. The migration and enrichment of iron atoms provide material source for recrystallization and grain growth of crack healing zone. The existence of micro-voids leads to the hardness of the ferrite in the crack healing zone lower than that in the matrix.
Influence of Deposition and Laser Treatment on Some Characteristics of Medium Carbon Steel
Authors: Monkova Katarina , Monka Peter
Published: March 2017

The article deals with the influence of WC-Co deposition layer on some properties of steel C45. The coating was obtained by electro spark deposition followed by a laser treatment with three different powers of laser beam. Within experiments the tribological measurements were carried out at which wear resistance and friction coefficient were investigated. The results have shown that the highest coefficient of friction was measured at uncoated steel C45 without laser processing. The micro-hardness has been studied in three various layers of the samples. It can be said that towards the surface micro-hardness is significantly increasing. Maximum value of micro-hardness has shown steel with WC-Co coating, but after laser treatment the micro-hardness slightly decreased. Using point and line analysis, it was possible to find an evidence about mixing of C45 steel with WC-Co coating, i.e. about alloying. Based on results it is possible to say that laser treatment modifies the properties of coats applied in electro spark way along with base material.
Study on Electromagnetic Incremental Aluminium Alloy Tube Bulging with Casting Pipe
Authors: Zhu Yue Ting , Mo Jian Hua
Published: March 2017

A new method, electromagnetic incremental tube bulging with casting pipe, has been developed to manufacture corrosion resistant bi-metal pipeline as bulging aluminium alloy tube stuck to the internal surface of casting pipe. By formulating simulation parameters, electromagnetic model and structural model to do numerical simulation. The bulging tube is more homogeneous and closer to a long-straight tube when setting a casting pipe outside the aluminium pipe. Simulation results match well with the experiment. A solenoid coil discharges at different places inside the aluminium alloy tube with casting pipe a few millimetres outside the aluminium alloy tube. The aluminium alloy tube impacts on the internal surface of casting pipe instantaneously under the repulsive electromagnetic forces. The aluminium alloy tube can not be peeled off the casting pipe when tensile force reaches to 1kN. The result demonstrates that it is feasible to produce corrosion resistant bimetallic fluid pipe using electromagnetic incremental forming. The research can provide a certain reference for electromagnetic incremental aluminium alloy tube bulging.
Development of the Internal Tube Material Properties for a Self-Inflating Tire
Authors: Kim Myeong Jun , Park Tae Won , Lee Chul Hyung , Seong Inchul
Published: March 2017

In this study, the tube material for Self-Inflating Tire was synthesized. A few suitable materials for the tube material compounding process were identified through a literature review. Using the material properties of this tube, CAE modeling was done for analysis. The ANSYS Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) method was then used to consider the internal flow with the structure. In addition, a machine was prepared for testing the performance of the tube. The results of the CAE analysis were compared with results of the testing machine. The developed equipment and systems can be used for the manufacture of high-performance and safe tires. Finally, the prototype of the tube was prepared and fitted in a tire, and the driving performance of the vehicle tested. Using this test result, compatibility of the tube's material has been confirmed.
Experimental Study on Extremely Low-Cycle Material Fatigue Resistance for Two Types of Welded Structural Details
Authors: Huang Li Zhen , Qu Wei Lian , Zhao Er Nian , Zhou Qiang
Published: March 2017

Extremely low-cycle fatigue and fracture is one of the most critical damage types of the welded beam-to-column connections when the steel frame subjected to the strong earthquake excitation. The investigation on extremely low cycle fatigue behavior of welded structural details is useful for the fatigue design of welded structure. In the present study, extremely low cycle material fatigue tests were carried out to examine the fatigue failure mechanism of two types of welded structural details, which were the plate butt weld (PB) specimen and cruciform load-carrying groove weld (CLG) specimen. Fatigue tests were performed on 12 welded specimens under strain-controlled constant loading in the plastic range. The fitting S-N curves of the two types were presented. The fatigue S-N curves of the similar welded structural details in IIW Fatigue Recommendation was adopted to correlate the fatigue resistance of the two types of welded structural details. The results demonstrated that the failure mode of PB specimens was not the same as that of CLG specimens. The extremely low-cycle material fatigue strength of the investigated welded structural details was lower than expected high cycle fatigue S-N curves provided by IIW, showing shorter fatigue lives, which indicated that the cumulative damage of welded details involved ductile damage besides cyclic fatigue damage in extremely low-cycle fatigue situation.
Utilization of Sugar Sediment Waste for a Low Cost Lightweight Concrete Development with Environmental Impact Reduction
Authors: Thongtha Atthakorn , Maneewan Somchai , Punlek Chantana
Published: March 2017

Waste sugar sediment was included in the mix of lightweight concrete. The optimum mix that we identified was 10% by weight replacement of lime by sugar sediment. The resultant product exhibited the highest compressive strength of approximately 5.5 N/mm2, and demonstrated that a substantial proportion of the 872 million kgs of waste sugar sediment produced in Thailand per year could be diverted from landfills, providing substantial economic and environmental benefits. Our analysis indicates that about 13 million kgs of lime could be replaced by an equal amount of sugar sediment, 13 million kgs, per year, if the improved composition of lightweight autoclaved aerated concrete is adopted by the construction industry on a wide scale. As the cost of lime is about 2 Baht per kg, and sugar sediment is essentially a free input, an estimated 26,000,000 Baht per year savings is achievable. The economic, environmental and health impacts of reducing this industrial waste going into landfill areas by 13 million kgs per year must also be seen as substantial.
The Production of Core-Shell Structure Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Polypyrrole Composite Materials in Different Reaction Media and Further Investigation on their Core-Shell Structure
Authors: Cao Hui Li , Shi Yuan Chang , Shen Hao , Zhan Hu Dong , Liu Jiu Rong
Published: March 2017

In this paper carboxylated carbon nanotubes/polypyrrole composite (CNTs/PPy) was synthesized in different surfactants aqueous under sonication. Carboxylated CNTs was synthesized in hydrogen nitrate by ultrasonic method and coated by PPy. The synthesized CNTs/PPy in different surfactants was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscope. The FT-IR patterns illustrate that CNTs were successfully doped by PPy. The morphology of CNTs/PPy synthesized showed on the transmission electron microscope images. The composite materials sythesized without surfactant are easy reunited. It is also found the surface of CNTs/PPy synthesized in cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) is smoother than that in other surfactants. The coating effect is better with thicker coating layer. The higher magnification of HRTEM images show the PPy was deposited directly on the surface of carbon nanotubes. The final products are the ordered coaxial composite with well-defined core-shell structure.
Life Cycle Assessment of CO2 Emission of Concrete Considering Carbonation and Structural Element Types
Authors: Zhang Li Na , Li Feng Chen , Yu Xiang
Published: March 2017

Concrete industry is the main contributor of CO2 emission, and abundant studies were done for evaluating life cycle CO2 during production stage, construction stage, and use stage. The uptake of CO2 due to carbonation in service life is not detailed considered. Furthermore, the uptake of CO2 in demolition stage and the influences of structural element types on CO2 uptake performance are also not detailed considered. To overcome the weak points of current study, this paper proposed a numerical procedure about life cycle assessment of CO2 emission of concrete considering carbonation and structural element types. The CO2 emission and uptake in production stage, construction stage, use stage, and demolition stage are calculated. The influences of structural element types, shapes, and sizes on CO2 uptake performance are clarified. For concrete structures with different structural types, such as frame structures and shear-wall structures, the relative ratios for different structural element are different, hence the CO2 uptake ability are also different.
Rejuvenator Influence on Aged Binder Material Properties
Authors: Varaus Michal , Koudelka Tomas , Sperka Pavel
Published: March 2017

As the amount of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) material used in asphalt mixtures has increased recently, it is vital to address problems regarding aged binder incorporated in RAP. Asphalt binder hardens during its production process as well as during service life of pavements. External influences such as oxygen and ultraviolet radiation affect greatly bitumen characteristics. Thanks to adding rejuvenating agents, the original binder properties should be recovered and resulting asphalt binder parameters should become equal to those measured upon the reference material. In this study, four different rejuvenator agents and one neat soft binder were employed to rejuvenate the artificially aged binder by a complete blending between both constituents. Thereafter, empirical as well as performance based binder properties were examined with a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and with a bending beam rheometer (BBR). Three different dosages of each rejuvenator were added to evaluate the required amount for the original binder properties to be restored. Moreover, the softening efficiency of each agent was assessed by means of the Ring and Ball test. Finally, the optimum amount of each rejuvenator needed for the blend to achieve the target specification was determined. It can be concluded that the rejuvenators affect binder properties greatly, and mainly in a positive way. However, the data also indicate significant discrepancies between the types of the rejuvenator.
Shrinkage Behavior of CFST Members Stored in Natural Environments
Authors: Lu Wei Wei , Yang Yong Qing
Published: March 2017

To provide reasonable guidance for CFST practical structures in design and construction, shrinkage test of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) members in natural environments was presented. In order to acquire some knowledge regarding the influence of the interaction between the steel tube and core concrete during concrete shrinkage, ordinary concrete (OC) specimens exposed to the atmosphere were also performed in this test. The experimental results have been compared with predicted shrinkage strains obtained from the CEB-FIP1990 model, B3 model, GL2000 model, ACI 209 model. The research results show that the measured shrinkage strains of CFST specimens presents characteristics of seasonal variation under the influence of natural environments. Although expansive additive is added in the concrete mix, there is still strain difference between the steel tube and core concrete. The influence of steel ratio on the shrinkage behavior of CFST is unclear. The value of CFST shrinkage strain is about 50% of the OC shrinkage strain. For the early-age shrinkage of CFST, the predicted result by the ACI209 model is better than the other three models. The CEB-FIP1990 model is recommended to be used to predict the long-term shrinkage behavior of CFST.
An Experimental Study on the Structural Behaviors of HIRC Beams Using Nickel-Titanium SMA Wires
Authors: Lee Seung Jo , Park Jung Min
Published: March 2017

This paper deals with structural behavior of highly intelligent reinforced concrete (hereinafter, HIRC) beams actuated by embedded shape memory alloy wires through an extensive experimental program. The experiments were conducted under the monotonic loading condition. Based on the structural experiments involving HIRC, load-temperature deflection curve, ductility-effective depth, recovery, crack patterns, and failure mode comparison were made for investigative purposes. The results of the experiments confirmed that the ductility, recovery rates, and other properties of the HIRC specimens reinforced with SMA, wire mesh, fiber, and admixtures were superior to those of the unreinforced RCBs. The experimental results indicate that a good recovery rate in the HIRC beams could be obtained when the SMA wires were heated. Accordingly, the SMA wires could be potentially used for structural self-rehabilitation capability and deformation monitoring in architecture and civil structures.
The Method Comparison of Anti-Floating of Reinforced Concrete Slab at Underground Business Street
Authors: Wang Feng Xia , Yuan Zheng Ru , Cai Huan Xi
Published: March 2017

It’s a good mean to develop underground business street. But at South China, usually the underground water level is higher, while the weight of structures is smaller, so it causes a prominent problem—anti-floating of structures. These cases of failure including both whole anti-floating and partial anti-floating are reported occasionally. To thoroughly solve the problem of anti-floating, the foundation design of underground street structure is particularly important. At present there are two kinds of foundation design scheme of the underground street. The First is raft foundation plus anti-floating anchors, and the second is independent foundation plus waterproof plates. In this paper, according to practical underground business street, two kinds of foundation design scheme are used to calculate the foundation respectively. Conclusion are drawn: by means of raft foundation, the quantity of bars at Column pier is smaller than that by means of independent foundation; the quantity of bars at raft is bigger than that by means of waterproof plates; the quantity of bars at waterproof plate is bigger gained by means of experience coefficient method than that by mean of JCCAD.
An Experimental Study on the Strengthening Performance of RC Beams Reinforced by NSM CFRP Tendon According to the Surface Treatment of Tendon
Authors: Jung Woo Tai , Keum Moon Seoung , Kang Jae Yoon , Park Jong Sup
Published: March 2017

This study evaluates the bond performance of the CFRP tendon through pull-out test and investigates experimentally the strengthening performance according to the eventual surface treatment of the tendon on concrete beams strengthened by near-surface mounted (NSM) tendon. The pull-out test revealed that the bond strength was improved by 3 times when surface treatment was applied to the tendon. In addition, similar improvement of the bond performances was observed regardless of the execution time of the surface treatment being manually on site or at the factory during the production of the tendon. The flexural test showed that the surface treatment of the CFRP tendon improved the strengthening performance by 13%. Consequently, when using the CFRP tendon featured by low bond strength, it appears that structural reinforcement can be improved by executing beforehand surface treatment of the tendon on site.
Study on the Law of Cement-Soil Mixing Pile Composite Foundation Settlement in Ancient Tower Translocation Project
Authors: Shang Dong Fan , Wang Tie Cheng , Qiang Wan Ming , Miao Lei Qiang
Published: March 2017

Longxi Tower translocation project is the first case of high-rise ancient tower structure translocation on soft soil foundation in China. Foundation treatment protocol and building materials are essential to control soft soil foundation settlement. Depending on Longxi Tower translocation project, firstly this thesis analyzed and confirmed control factors that impact foundation settlement and deformation; then combing with project experience, it selected cement soil mixing pile composite foundation method to treat soft soil foundation; and finally it confirmed the optimal solution to treat cement soil mixing pile composite foundation through analyzing the settlement law of cement soil mixing pile composite foundation. The analysis indicated that cement soil mixing pile composite foundation settlement are obviously impacted by translocation speed and retention time; foundation settlement and deformation level increase as translocation speed decreases and retention time increases; in the case that foundation settlement difference is not beyond 1/1000 of half the distance of track beams at the bottom of building, a treatment solution was made by analyzing how cement soil mixing pile settlement changes as translocation speed, retention time and other factors. The result showed that this treatment solution saved 42% of project cost more than the previous design solution. The research result of this thesis could be taken as a reference for the future similar projects.
Pipe Stiffness of Buried Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plastic (GFRP) and Polymer Mortar Pipe with Symmetrical Cross-Section
Authors: Lee Jae Ho , Choi Jin Sang , Ok Dong Min , Kim Sun Hee , Yoon Soon Jong
Published: March 2017

Recently, glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic (GFRP) pipes are increasing trend in using in the water-supply system because of their advantages such as light-weight, corrosion resistance, etc. GFRP pipes discussed in this paper have polymer mortar layer for core sandwiched between two tape-winding glass fiber reinforced polymer plastic layers. So, GFRP pipe properties for the design such as pipe stiffness (PS) and equivalent modulus of elasticity (Eeq) is complicated to predict or to measure. In this study, we proposed the equation that can predict the equivalent pipe stiffness factor (EI) in relation to PS and Eeq using thickness of each material layer. The predicted result obtained by the equation proposed in this paper is compared with experimental result ASTM D 2412(2010). As a result, it was in the range of-3% to +7%. So, this proposed obtained according to equation can be used to design GFRP pipe used in practice.
Effects of Support Conditions to the Post-Buckling Behaviors of Axially Functionally Graded Material Rods
Authors: Gan Buntara Sthenly , Trinh Thanh Huong , Hara Takahiro , Nguyen Dinh Kien , Tran Thi Thom
Published: March 2017

The effects of support conditions to the post-buckling behaviors of rod structures made of Axially Functionally Graded Material (AFGM) are presented. The material property of the rod member is assumed to vary linearly in the axis direction of the member. The non-linear material property of the rod element is formulated in the Finite Element context. The consistent shape functions for the rod element were developed to take into account the varying material property in the finite element formulation. The geometrically non-linear behavior of the rod element is formulated in the context of the updated co-rotational formulation. The non-linear equilibrium equations are solved by using the incremental and iterative procedures in combination with the arc-length control method. The influences of the material distribution on the post-buckling behaviors of the AFGM Williams’ toggle frames under various support conditions are highlighted. As a result, the graded between two materials can increase the post-buckling behaviors of the AFGM rod element regardless of the types of support conditions. The orientation of material distributions combined with the type of support condition can increase the performance of the rod element. The fixed-fixed support condition showed the highest performance of the AFGM rod element.
Multiaxial Fatigue Life Prediction of Metallic Materials Based on Critical Plane Method under Non-Proportional Loading
Authors: Zhao Er Nian , Qu Wei Lian
Published: March 2017

The critical plane method is widely discussed because of its effectiveness for predicting the multiaxial fatigue life prediction of metallic materials under the non-proportional loading conditions. The aim of the present paper is to give a comparison of the applicability of the critical plane methods on multiaxial fatigue life prediction. A total of 205 multiaxial fatigue test data of nine kinds of metallic materials under various strain paths are adopted for the experimental verification. Results shows that the von Mises effective strain parameter and KBM critical plane parameter can give well predicted fatigue lives for multiaxial proportional loading conditions, but give poor prediction lives evaluation for multiaxial non-proportional loading conditions. However, FS parameter shows better accuracy than the KBM parameter for multiaxial fatigue prediction for both proportional and non-proportional loading conditions.
Comparison of the Interface-Capturing Behavior between LSM and MCLS
Authors: Liu Zhi Lin , Huang Yong
Published: March 2017

Numerical simulation of the moving interface is widely investigated in the fields of two-phase flow, crystal growth, molten metal casting and so on. To simulate accurately and quickly motion state of the moving interface, two types of interface-capturing method, LSM (level set method) and MCLS (mass-conserving LSM coupled with VOF (volume of fluid)), were comparatively analysed and studied. Two kinds of moving interface, rotation motion of Zaleska slotted disk interface and shearing deformation of the circle interface, were simulated. The level set advection equation was solved with IATVD (the characteristic integral-averaging finite volume method), RK-WENO (the third order Runge-Kutta method with WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory)), or the low order method, respectively. The level set function was re-initialized with modified Godunov method. Computation was implemented in different size mesh. When it is independent with mesh size, results show that the high order method, IATVD and RK-WENO, can get higher computing accuracy in LSM without topological geometry change. But computing time cost of RK-WENO is much greater than that of IATVD. For the low order method, LSM captures the moving interface in bad, however, MCLS’s numerical result is very good. But computing time cost of MCLS is much and much greater than that of LSM. For interface-capturing with topological geometry change, these two high order methods all can not capture the moving interface in good in LSM. Nevertheless, the resulting interfaces all are same as original interface in MCLS. These indicate that an appropriate numerical method and interface-capturing method can be chosen to accurately and quickly capture the related moving interface.
Comparison of Organoclay and PE-g-MA on Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Acrylonitrile-Butadiene Rubber Blends
Authors: Wacharawichanant Sirirat , Wisuttrakarn Chawisa , Chomphunoi Kasana
Published: March 2017

The effects of the montmorillonite clay surface modified with 0.5-5 wt% aminopropyltriethoxysilane and 15-35 wt% octadecylamine (Clay-ASO) and polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA) on morphology and mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber copolymer (NBR) blends were investigated and compared. The PLA/NBR blends and composites were prepared by melt mixing in an internal mixer and molded by compression molding. The ratio of PLA and NBR was 80/20 by weight and the Clay-ASO and PE-g-MA contents were 3, 5 and 7 phr. The morphology analysis showed that the addition of Clay-ASO and PE-g-MA at high content could improve the miscibility of PLA and NBR to be homogeneous blends due to the voids in the polymer matrix were decreased. The tensile properties showed Young’s modulus of the PLA/NBR/Clay-ASO composites was more than that of the PLA/NBR blends and Young’s modulus of composites increased with increasing Clay-ASO content, while the tensile strength and strain at break decreased with increasing Clay-ASO content. The incorporation of PE-g-MA 3 phr could improve the tensile strength, stress at break and strain at break of PLA/NBR blends.
Mechanical Properties Prediction of Interlayer Enhanced Laminated Carbon Fiber Composite Materials Containing Inclusions
Authors: Yao Y.Y. , Wang Xu , Dou Ru Shan
Published: March 2017

Micro structure of laminated carbon fiber composite (L-CFRP) is complex and random distributed. So that the current prediction of mechanical properties for interlayer enhanced L-CFRP is not so accurate. To solve this problem, the inclusion fibers are dealt with equivalent processing using Mori-Tanaka theory and Esshelby equivalent inclusion principle. And then the equivalent cell model of interlayer enhanced L-CFRP could be obtained. The finite element method is adopted to predict the elastic mechanical properties of interlayer enhanced L-CFRP. Through the simulation and tests, the error of this prediction method is 3.72%. So the proposed prediction method is proved to be effective.
Measurement of the Welding Full-Field Deformation of the Sheet Material with Different Curvature Based on Digital Image Correlation
Authors: Meng Fan Chang , Liang Jin , Li Jie , Wang Xiao Guang
Published: March 2017

It is of difficulties in measuring welding deformation because of high temperature and the light intensity. In this paper the traditional welding deformation measurement method are reviewed,and the features and limitations of each method were analyzed,and then focused on the non-contact optical measurement method based on the WDIC. In this paper, a noncontact measurement method based on WDIC (weak digital image correlation) is proposed to obtain full-field buckling deformation in the whole welding and cooling process. And the matching difficulties which are caused by weak speckle performance and the large deformation around the solder joint are overcome through the method of piecewise benchmarks based on the continuity of adjacent states. Based on the above methods, the experiment of the sheets welding with three different curvatures was carried on and the following conclusions are summarized based on the analysis of the buckling deformation. The formation mechanisms of out-of-plane deformation in welding area were clarified based on the experimental results. First, low carbon steel occurs buckling deformation with dish shape in welding process and saddle shape in cooling process. Second, the curvature of the sheet has a great influence on the result of the welding. The sheet with a bigger curvature has the smaller displacement in Z direction in the welding process and the smaller transverse strain in the area adjacent to the welding seam. Those measuring results can be used to analyze the influence factors of welding deformation, control the welding deformation and verify the welding numerical simulation.
Evaluation of Transfer Wicking Behavior of Fibrous Material Ensembles Used by Wildland Firefighters
Authors: He Hua Ling , Yu Zhi Cai
Published: March 2017

Moisture is widely recognized as one of the most important factors that influencing thermal comfort and thermal protective performance of firefighters. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of liquid moisture on the transfer wicking behavior from the wet underwear fabric to the dry outerwear layer within two-layer fabric assemblies, which is typically used by wildland firefighters. The obtained results indicated that the transfer wicking behavior between the entire two-layer clothing systems selected is not very obvious. Results indicated that the transfer wicking ratio was low 5 percent of water content initially held in wet fabric. The greater amount of liquid water initially held in two-layer fabric assemblies, the greater the amount of water transferred. The effect of moisture level on air permeability of bi-layer fabric constructions associated with thermo-physiological comfort properties was also investigated. Results show that the air permeability of multilayer fabrics decreased with an increase of moisture content. Compared to having no water, the air permeability reduced to 50 percent when the water content reached up to 70%. The perception gained from this work could serve as technical basis for further development of high-performance firefighter protective clothing.
An Analysis Model of the Dynamic Characteristics of Brake Pads in Response to Changes in Material Properties
Authors: Han Myeong Jae , Park Tae Won , Hwang Ink Yeong , Park Jung Min
Published: March 2017

The sense of stability during vehicle braking is largely related to brake performance. Among the brake parts, the brake pad must be working properly to ensure the braking performance and stability of the vehicle. That is, brake pads are required to maintain a uniform pressure distribution during braking. In addition, brake pads must maintain a proper braking force during rapid increases in temperature. In this study, the three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was developed to determine the distribution of the contact pressure of the brake pad. The temperature distribution on the pad surface was confirmed. The sensitivity to changes in material properties was verified using the developed model. Pad wear due to friction can be predicted by confirming the thickness variation due to heat. A fully coupled thermo-mechanical analysis of the developed FE model was performed using ABAQUS.
Study on Sensor Vibration Reduction Installation Structure with Damping Material of Ground Reflection Pressure Measurement
Authors: Li Chen , Kong De Ren , Feng Shuang Ji , Wang Man
Published: March 2017

In blast field test, strong mechanical shock and vibration affect the output of blast pressure sensors. To avoid this phenomenon, a pressure sensor vibration reduction installation structure was designed for the measurements of ground reflection pressure. The damping material was used in the installation structure. And certain blast field test had been carried out. The data from the field blast test was compared to transducers with vibration reduction and transducers without vibration reduction. The results show that the obvious effect of the vibration reduction can eliminate vibration interference. And it is suitable for the measurements of shock wave over-pressure in blast field test.
Influence of Particle Size Distribution, Energy Condition and Reactivity of the Deposited Material on Nanopatterning of Surface Layers Made of Shape Memory Materials
Authors: Blednova Zhesfina , Rusinov Peter Olegovich , Bezmogorychnaya Maria Evgenievna
Published: March 2017

The article contains a block diagram of the mechanical activation process of multicomponent shape memory materials, taking into account the variety of influencing factors. We proposed to evaluate the reactivity of the deposited material by using the energy criterion (energy intensity), determined by additivity concept as an amount of the basic material energy and energy accumulated during mechanical activation. The energy intensity of the basic material depends on the chemical and phase composition and is determined by the thermodynamic characteristics and is based on diagrams of the systems. The energy accumulated during the MA, is determined on the basis of X-ray structural analysis. We have shown experimentally that increase in fineness of grind leads to growth in the number of active centers. This enables nanopatterning of surface layers in high-velocity oxygen-fuel spraying (HVOF). Increasing the time of MA (1.5 h) promotes a more homogeneous structure during HVOF. The study results allow developing practical recommendations for effective implementation of multi-component SME materials with HVOF.
Corrosion Mechanism Analysis of a 20# Carbon Steel Lightning Rod on a Substation
Authors: Zhou Yu Tong , Wang Jiong Geng , Zheng Hong Ye , Hu Jie Zi , Zhang Jie , Hu Jia Yuan
Published: March 2017

A lightning rod on a coastal substation cracked, so the related equipment is forced to be shut down. Optical microscope, spectrometer, SEM, EDS and ion chromatograph were adopted to analyze the corrosion mechanism. Results show that the lightning rod is corroded severely. The material of this lightning rod is 20# carbon steel. The corroded part and the uncorroded part are divided into two layers. Nodulizing of pearlites is evident in the microstructure of corroded area. Both of EDS and ion chromatograph detect high concentration of chloride ion and sulfate ion from the corrosion products. In this sense, corrosion is probably induced by coastal-industrial atmosphere and rainwater pollution. Besides, improper structure of the lightning rod is also a factor to cause the corrosion.
The Efficiency of PVA Based Nanofiber Textile PVA Doped Silver Particles against Mold
Authors: Houšková Tereza , Rácová Zuzana , Ryparová Pavla
Published: March 2017

Mold and algae are primitive organisms that cause biological degradation of many type of construction materials. Subsequent remediation of damaged structures is very demanding and it is therefore necessary to take into consideration the high preventive protection against these microorganisms. In practice, as the prevention it is often use chemical products as a classical biocidal compounds. One of the modern methods of protection investigate the use of nanotechnology with biocidal ingredients, which is the main topic of this article. Silver ions and silver nanoparticles were selected as a biocide for the experiment. Research revealed that the silver in the form of nanoparticles and ions have biocidal effect against fungi and algae and it is conform to use theoretically possible them as a preventive protection against mold and algae.