bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Child Molesters Who Abduct
Authors: Prentky Robert A. , Knight Raymond A. , Burgess Ann W. , Ressler Robert , Campbell John , Lanning Kenneth V.
Published: September 2018

This study examined the differences between 97 abducting and 60 nonabducting child molesters on selected typological and antisocial/criminal variables. Although the results supported one a priori hypothesis, they disconfirmed two others and yielded an unpredicted but theoretically interesting abductor covariate. Our hypothesis that child abductors would more likely be classified as “low” in their contact with children (i.e., have little or no contact with children outside of their offenses) than the nonabductors was supported. In contrast, our hypotheses that the abductors were more likely to be characterized by a history of antisocial and criminal behavior as well as a greater degree of aggression were not supported. Abductors were found to be lower in social competence than the child molesters who never abducted their victims. The results were discussed in terms of abduction as is victim control strategy that is more likely employed by offenders with poor social and interpersonal skills. The complex interrelation among social competence, weapons, and sadism for abductors and nonabductors was explored.
The Moderating Impact of Social Support Following Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Testa Maria , Miller Brenda A. , Downs William R. , Panek Denise
Published: September 2018

The role of social support in moderating the impact of childhood sexual abuse on adult psychological adjustment was examined. Subjects included 475 women, age 18-45, some of whom were currently receiving treatment, others who were not. Women in the treatment group were receiving therapy for either alcoholism, for being battered, or for mental health problems. The comparison group was drawn from two sources: a random household sample and a sample of women attending drinking driver classes. Among both groups, women who had been sexually abused exhibited more psychological symptoms and lower self-esteem compared to those who were not abused. Latency of disclosure of childhood sexual abuse had no impact on long-term consequences of the abuse for either the treatment or the comparison group. However, among women in the comparison group, those who experienced supportive reactions following disclosure of sexual abuse had fewer psychological symptoms and somewhat higher self-esteem relative to those who did not receive support. Social support had no apparent effect on the long-term adjustment of women in the treatment group. Possible explanations for this pattern and directions for future research are discussed.
Sex, Race, Age, and Violent Offending
Authors: Sommers Ira , Baskin Deborah
Published: September 2018

Although there is an increase in attention being paid to race and sex variations in crime and delinquency, little has been done to disaggregate the “gender-ratio” problem in order to account for participation in particular offenses, specifically different types of violent crime. Virtually all of the research pertaining to the interaction of gender, race and -violent crime focuses on murder and dichotomizes race into white and black, or white and nonwhite. This paper uses New York City arrest data to examine the extent of violence within various race-sex-crime subgroups. Rates of violent offending (i.e., homicide, robbery, assault, and burglary) are presented for black, Hispanic and white males and females.

Regardless of violent crime type, black and Hispanic females exhibited high rates of offending relative to white females. Furthermore, the violent offending rates of black females paralleled those of white males. These findings suggest that an examination of gender differences in violent offending, independent of race, will produce incomplete and potentially misleading interpretations. The paper also provides a social structural explanation of the disproportionate involvement of black females (and males) in violent crime.
Joint Consequences of Parental Alcoholism and Childhood Sexual Abuse, and Their Partial Mediation by Family Environment
Authors: Yama Mark F. , Tovey Stephanie L. , Fogas Bruce S. , Teegarden Lisa A.
Published: September 2018

This study investigated the effects of childhood sexual abuse and parental alcoholism in a sample of university women. Current symptoms of anxiety and depression were measured together with retrospective reports of subjects’ families of origin. Using a 2X2 factorial design, main effects on symptoms were obtained for sexual abuse and parental alcoholism, but their interaction was not significant. With respect to family environment, a history of sexual abuse was associated with perceptions that families of origin had less cohesion, more conflict, less emphasis on moral-religious matters, less emphasis on achievement, and less of an orientation towards intellectual, cultural, and recreational pursuits. Similarly, subjects who had alcoholic parents reported less family cohesion, more conflict, and less emphasis on moral-religious matters. Results of analyses of co variance suggested that family environment was a mediator of current symptoms of anxiety, but not symptoms of depression.
Trends and Patterns of Justifiable Homicide: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Alvarez Alexander
Published: September 2018

This paper reports the first national level analysis of police and citizen justifiable homicides for a twelve year period. Utilizing data from the Comparative Homicide File, trends and characteristics of police and citizen justifiable homicides are described and reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to comparing justifiable homicides to criminal homicides. The results establish that while similar to criminal homicide, police and citizen justifiable homicides differ significantly in terms of factors such as circumstance, relationship, weapons, and racial characteristics.
Borderline Personality in Perpetrators of Psychological and Physical Abuse
Authors: Dutton Donald G. , Starzomski Andrew J.
Published: September 2018

The present study is an extension of research that examined the relationship between borderline personality organization (BPO), anger (assessed with the Multidimensional Anger Inventory [MAI]), and wife abuse in 120 men who had committed wife assault. Seventy-five female partners reported on physical and psychological abuse by the men, using the Conflict Tactics Scale and the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory. The men's BPO self-report scores correlated significantly with their partners' reports of their abusiveness as assessed by these scales. Three self-report subscale scores on the MAl and one on the BPO scale accounted for 50% of the variance in their partners' reports of domination and isolation, and for 35% of the women's reports of emotional abuse.
Bad Data and the “Evil Empire”: Interpreting Poll Data on Gun Control
Authors: Kleck Gary
Published: September 2018

Abusing the National Rifle Association (NRA) is always good sport for the intelligentsia and for gun-control true believers. Weil and Hemenway (pp. 353-365 in this issue) apparently could not resist the temptation to take some cheap shots at the “evil empire,” hanging their case on some dubious data from a commercial survey. Fun aside, two things are clear about this article. First, its conclusions bear little relationship to the evidence. The authors' survey data, even if taken at face value, simply do not support the authors' conclusions. Second, the data are in any case so seriously flawed that no reliable conclusions of any kind could be drawn from them on the subjects that the authors address.
Ethical and Legal Duties in Conducting Research on Violence: Lessons From the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study
Authors: Monahan John , Appelbaum Paul S. , Mulvey Edward P. , Robbins Pamela Clark , Lidz Charles W.
Published: September 2018

This article addresses the ethical and legal duties that must be confronted in any study of the risk of interpersonal violence in the community. Ongoing research-the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study-on the markers of violence among released mental patients is taken as illustrative. Methods by which the researchers are discharging their legal and ethical duties are described and justified. Strategies center around the duty to protect research subjects from their own violence, and the duties to protectresearch staff and third parties from subjects' violence. By airing these rarely discussed issues, the authors hope to initiate a professional dialogue on crucial ethical and legal aspects of the research process.
Reliability and Diagnostic Efficacy of Parents’ Reports Regarding Children’s Exposure to Marital Aggression
Authors: O’Brien Mary , John Richard S. , Margolin Gayla , Erel Osnat
Published: September 2018

Mothers, fathers, and 8- to 11-year-old children from 181 two-parent families independently reported on the occurrence of husband-to-wife physical aggression and wife-to-husband physical aggression; parents additionally indicated whether the child had been witness to the aggression. First this study examined interspousal agreement regarding whether parents have been physically aggressive toward one another and whether the child has witnessed interparental physical aggression. There was moderate agreement between parents as to the occurrence of physical aggression and only fair agreement as to whether the child saw or heard the aggression. Second, this study explored the diagnosticity of a joint parent report as an indicator of child exposure to marital aggression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are presented separately for husbands’ and wives’ aggression, indicating the explicit trade-off between true positives (sensitivity) and false positives (one minus specificity) in using the joint parent report as a diagnostic indicator. Standard ROC analysis suggests that the joint parent report is equally diagnostic in predicting children’s reports of exposure to husbands’ and wives’ aggression. Finally, decisions regarding how to use parent reports as an indicator of children’s exposure to marital aggression are discussed as depending on the base rate of child reports of exposure and the objective sought in classifying children and/or families.
Grandmother Dishonored: Violence Against Women by Male Partners in American Indian Communities
Authors: Chester Barbara , Robin Robert W. , Koss Mary P. , Lopez Joyce , Goldman David
Published: September 2018

Extensive and scrupulously conducted research during the past decade has established the issue of violence against women by male partners as both an international human rights issue and a public health problem of national concern. This research has rarely been extended into communities of color, and, in particular, to American Indian women.

This article presents conceptual and methodological factors involved in conducting research with American Indian women, a comprehensive literature review of available data, assertions regarding abuse of women by male partners in American Indian communities, and directions for future research.

“Our grandmother, the earth, is a woman, and in mistreating your wife, you will be mistreating her. Most assuredly you will be abusing our grandmother if you act thus.” (Winnebago man)
Relationship Between Alcohol Consumption and Victim Behaviors Immediately Preceding Sexual Aggression by an Acquaintance
Authors: Harrington Nicole T. , Leitenberg Harold
Published: September 2018

A survey of 942 female college students (85% return rate) from four New England colleges and universities indicated that 25% had been victims of sexual aggression by an acquaintance since the age of 16. Fifty-five percent of the victims indicated they were at least somewhat drunk at the time of the sexual aggression. Those who felt they were at least somewhat drunk reported engaging in higher levels of consensual sexual activity with the aggressor immediately prior to the assault and reported lower levels of resistance than those who were not at all drunk. The implications these results may have for increased vulnerability to sexual aggression are discussed.
Abusive Behavior in the Workplace: A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Keashly Loraleigh , Trott Virginia , MacLean Lynne M.
Published: September 2018

Dealing with hostile interpersonal relationships at work has been the topic of many popular books and workshops. Yet, with the exception of sexual harassment, there is surprisingly little mention in the organizational research literature on the nature, extent, and costs of abusive work interactions. These more frequent, more tolerated, and, thus, more damaging interpersonal interactions involve hostile verbal and nonverbal nonphysical behaviors directed by one or more persons towards another. The primary aim is to undermine the other to ensure compliance. In this study, we examined the extent to which students experienced nonsexual nonphysical abusive behavior on their jobs, the impact of this experience on job satisfaction, the characteristics of the actor and target, and responses to these behaviors, particularly turnover. The results indicate that although most of the students had very positive interactions at work, exposure to abusive behavior was familiar, was relatively frequent, and had a negative impact on the targets. The actors tended to be bosses and older than the targets. The quality of the interpersonal relationships at work was related to job satisfaction and intention to leave. The implications of these results are discussed with respect to individual, situational, and organizational factors that may be related to the presence and impact of abusive interpersonal interactions. Avenues for research on the nature, extent, and impact of these behaviors at both the individual and organizational levels are identified.
Psychometric Properties of the Child-to-Parent Aggression Questionnaire in a Clinical Sample of Adolescents Who Abuse Their Parents: Prevalence and Gender Differences
Authors: Del Hoyo-Bilbao Joana , Gámez-Guadix Manuel , Orue Izaskun , Calvete Esther
Published: September 2018

The main objective of this study was to validate the child-to-parent aggression questionnaire (CPAQ) in a clinical sample of adolescents who aggress against their parents. The second aim was to analyze the child-to-parent violence (CPV) prevalence and gender and age differences among these adolescents. The third aim was to analyze the frequency of CPV against mothers and fathers. The CPAQ was completed by 169 adolescents (49 girls) with a mean age of 16.26 years (SD = 1.56) who had committed CPV. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit for four related factors (physical-aggression against mother, physical-aggression against father, psychological-aggression against mother, psychological-aggression against father). Hierarchical models indicated that these factors could be accounted for by broader dimensions of psychological versus physical aggression, and aggression against mother versus father.
The Intersection of Stalking and the Severity of Intimate Partner Abuse
Authors: Brady Patrick Q. , Hayes Brittany E.
Published: September 2018

Using data from the Chicago Women’s Health Risk Study (N= 464), this study examined the intersection of stalking and the severity of intimate partner abuse while controlling for previously identified risk factors of intimate partner homicide. Findings indicate that (a) victims of life-threatening abuse by an intimate partner were significantly more likely toexperience stalking than victims of nonlethal abuse; (b) after controlling for key risk factors, stalking increased the risk of life-threatening abuse; and (c) threats to kill the victim if she left was the only significant stalking-related behavior that increased the risk for life-threatening abuse. In addition, an offender’s prior record and a higher number of previous abusive incidents increased the risk of life-threatening abuse. Implications for prevention and future directions for research are discussed.
Dangerous Liaisons: Examining the Connection of Stalking and Gun Threats Among Partner Abuse Victims
Authors: Logan TK , Lynch Kellie R.
Published: September 2018

Little is known about the scope and nature of how guns are used to threaten (ex)partners particularly during periods of stalking, which often occurs after victims leave their abusers. This study examines survey results from over 500 women from across the United States who contacted the National Domestic Violence Hotline. Specifically, this study (a) describes the prevalence and characteristics of partner abuse victims who were and were not stalked and who were and were not threatened with guns, (b) compares types of gun threats experienced by partner abuse victims who were and were not stalked, (c) examines worries about gun threats for those who were and were not stalked among partner abuse victims not threatened with a gun, and (d) assesses factors associated with advice to obtain a gun for personal safety. This article also provides open-ended comments selected to highlight themes from the quantitative information around participant fears and worries about gun threats and stalking. Findings from this study show one-third of the participants had experienced threats with guns, and one-fifth of those without gun threats worried their (ex)partner would harm them with a gun. Furthermore, there was a significant association between stalking and gun threats, as three-fourth of those who were threatened with a gun reported being stalked. Victims who experienced stalking were also more likely to report their (ex)partner threatened others with guns and were more likely to carry a firearm on their body or in their car, which suggests stalkers who threatened with guns may pose a significant risk to public safety. Implications for future research are discussed.
Cognitive Therapy and Rational-Emotive Therapy: A Dialogue
Authors: Ellis Albert , Young Jeffrey , Lockwood George
Published: September 2018

In the dialogue that follows, proponents representing rational-emotive therapy (RET) and cognitive therapy discuss ways in which they would conceptualize and treat various case examples. The similarities and differences in approaches are then examined. It was found that RET takes biological factors heavily into account, whereas cognitive therapy sees learning as primary in the development of emotional disorders; that RET focuses mainly on absolutistic thought, whereas cognitive therapy emphasizes faulty perceptions and inferences as much as absolutistic thought as targets for intervention; and that RET’s style is forceful and directive, whereas cognitive therapy’s style is gentle and more collaborative. In addition, the two approaches were found to differ in their goals for treatment: RET advocates an effort to minimize or eliminate the client’s “musts” and “shoulds”; cognitive therapy aims at moderating such absolutistic thought. Possible factors explaining the origin of these differences are explored.
The Treatment of Morbid Jealousy: A Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: September 2018

Jealousy can be seen as rational or undisturbed when people strongly desire love and affection from others but do not dogmatically insist that they absolutely must have it. When they are irrationally or self-defeatingly jealous, they usually have a number of irrational beliefs leading to their feelings of insecurity, rage, and low frustration tolerance. These are described in this article and several cognitive, emotive, and behavioral methods are presented that are commonly used in rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) to reduce irrational jealousy.
The Role of the Sexual Behavior/Attractiveness Schema in Morbid Jealousy
Authors: Dolan Mairead , Bishay Nagy R.
Published: September 2018

The article reviews the literature on morbid jealousy with special emphasis on the psychopathology. It describes a study investigating the role of sexual behavior/attractiveness schema in the nonpsychotic morbid jealousy syndrome by comparing 40 morbidly jealous and 40 nonjealous subjects. The results demonstrate significant differences between jealous and nonjealous subjects on measures of the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of jealousy and support the usefulness of a cognitive model in the conceptualization of jealousy. Significant associations are observed between measures of sexual behavior/attractiveness schema and emotional and behavioral disturbance but also with a tendency to persistently misinterpret neutral situations as a threat to key relationships.
Articulated Thoughts and Styles of Self-Presentation in Heterosexual Anxiety
Authors: Bates Glen W. , Jackson Henry J. , Lawrence Jeanette
Published: September 2018

This study adopted a self-presentation perspective to examine cognitive factors involved in maintaining social anxiety in men in heterosexual situations. The self-regulatory appraisals of 25 socially anxious and 25 nonanxious men were compared using a modified version of the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations (ATSS) procedure (Davison, Robins, & Johnson, 1983). Subjects viewed videotapes of two enacted situations between a male actor and a female actor which differed on whether the individuals were strangers or acquaintances. The subjects were instructed to identify with different male actors who depicted contrasting styles of self-presentation. In contrast to nonanxious men, socially anxious subjects consistently made pessimistic self-appraisals, articulating more negative self-focused thoughts, and displaying negative self-other biases. However, nonanxious men showed equivalent levels of self-focused negative thoughts in response to representations of a protective style of self-presentation. Unexpectedly, for all subjects, the less intimate first meeting situation elicited more negative self-focused thoughts than did the more intimate dating situation. The findings are discussed in terms of self-regulatory components of self-presentational styles and the implications for treatment of social anxiety.
Ericksonian Approaches to Psychotherapy: From Objective to Constructed Reality
Authors: Matthews William J.
Published: September 2018

Psychotherapy historically has operated within an expert model context. Within this frame, patients present their symptomatology to the therapist expert for diagnosis and intervention. The work of Milton Erickson has offered an alternative perspective in which the idea of the problem is shifted from one of pathology to one in which the individual’s strengths and resources are utilized. This paper discusses the Ericksonian approaches from a postmodernist narrative perspective. Ericksonian hypnotherapy is considered from this epistemological frame, particularly the role and value of expectancy in creating a new therapeutic narrative.
Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Panic Disorder in Elderly Adults: Two Case Studies
Authors: Rathus Jill H. , Sanderson William C.
Published: September 2018

Cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) has been repeatedly proven efficacious in the treatment of panic disorder (PD); however, information about the efficacy of this treatment with geriatric patients is lacking. The current paper outlines treatment course and outcome for two elderly PD patients receiving CBT. J. B. was a 70-year-old White male with a 51-year history of PD; A. B. was a 69-year-old White female with a 25-year history of PD. Diagnoses were made on the basis of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R patient version (SCID-P). Both subjects received manual-driven CBT. Four primary treatment components consisted of psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, and systematic exposure. Subjects completed symptom measures before and after treatment and at a follow-up evaluation. Results support the efficacy of the treatment for both patients, as panic attacks, fear and avoidance, and general symptomatology were substantially reduced at post- and follow-up assessments. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of CBT with elderly patients and the nuances of treating elderly patients with this treatment procedure.
Roots of Contemporary Cognitive Theories in the Individual Psychology of Alfred Adler
Authors: Watts Richard E. , Critelli Joseph W.
Published: September 2018

This paper examines attributions to the influence of Alfred Adler by primary theorists from contemporary cognitive and cognitive-behavioral theories of personality and psychotherapy. Although Adler’s influence is often not recognized by the mainstream of applied psychologists, a number of leading theorists have acknowledged Adler as a major source of their ideas. Circumstances leading to this discrepancy are examined.
Adlerian and Constructivist Psychotherapies: An Adlerian Perspective
Authors: Shulman Bernard H. , Watts Richard E.
Published: September 2018

This paper discusses selected areas of common ground and areas for mutual edification and future dialogue between Adlerian and Constructivist psychotherapies.
Adlerian and Constructivist Psychotherapies: A Constructivist Perspective
Authors: Jones John V. , Lyddon William J.
Published: September 2018

This article seeks to contribute to a greater dialogue between Adlerian and constructivist psychotherapies by discussing (a) the many similarities between Adlerian and constructivist camps in terms of philosophical, theoretical, and practical considerations, (b) some unique features of individual psychology that may augment specific approaches in constructivist psychotherapy, (c) some of the unique features of constructivism that Adlerians may find enriching to their approach, and, (d) how this integrative dialogue may relate to the contemporary context of theoretical integration.
Cognitive Organization in Sociotropic and Autonomous Inpatient Depressives
Authors: Baker Kurt D. , Nenneyer Robert A. , Barris Bradley P.
Published: September 2018

Blatt, Beck, and others theorize the existence of two depressive states (labeled anaclitic/sociotropic and introjective/autonomous) as well as corresponding personality types vulnerable to these forms of depressive affect. This study tested two hypotheses. First, we hypothesized that there would be a significant degree of convergence between the two most popular measures of these depressive states in the categorization of inpatient subjects. Second, we predicted distinctive cognitive vulnerabilities underlying these two clinical subtypes. Sixty-three diagnosed inpatient depressives were administered the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) and the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (SAS). The Implication grid (Impgrid) technique was then used to assess presumed cognitive vulnerabilities. Results provided little support for the proposed convergent validity between subscales of the DEQ and SAS, perhaps resulting from the unreliability of the former measure. As predicted, however, hypothetical shifts on achievement constructs oh the Impgrid precipitated more cognitive change for autonomous individuals as identified by the SAS than did shifts on dependency constructs. In contrast, for sociotropic subjects shifts in both the dependency and achievement domains carried similarly substantial implications for their self-construing.
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Schizophrenia: A Case Study
Authors: Bradshaw William
Published: September 2018

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) has rarely been applied as the primary treatment for the multiple, severe and persistent problems that characterize schizophrenia. This case study describes the process of CBT in the long-term outpatient care of a young woman with schizophrenia. The study highlights the adaptation of cognitive-behavioral strategies to the unique needs of schizophrenia and presents data regarding clinical outcomes in this case. Measures of psychosocial functioning, severity of symptoms, attainment of treatment goals and hospitalization data were used to assess change over the 3- year treatment period and at 1-year follow-up. Results indicate considerable improvement in all outcome variables and maintenance of treatment gains. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of cognitive-behavioral interventions in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Cognitive Therapy and the Narrative Trend: A Bridge Too Far?
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A.
Published: September 2018

In his article on the possible integration of cognitive and narrative therapies, Ramsay argues that (1) the evolution of traditional cognitive approaches has moved them in a constructivist direction, (2) remaining metatheoretical differences need not impede attempts at integration of the models, and (3) the incorporation of narrative concepts and procedures holds considerable prospects for the further sophistication of cognitive therapy. In response, I share reservations about each of these propositions, based on a concern about deep-going differences between cognitive and constructivist approaches at the level of their preferred epistemologies, values, and procedures. Ultimately, I contend that genuinely progressive integration of cognitive and narrative models can only proceed if attention is given to these divergences, and if cognitive therapists accommodate their traditional theories to enhance their congruence with the novel perspectives they would like to assimilate.
The Efficacy of Short-Term Rational-Emotive Education: A Follow-Up Evaluation
Authors: Wilde Jerry
Published: September 2018

This study evaluated the efficacy of a four-session rational-emotive education (REE) curriculum and the endorsement of irrational beliefs in elementary school children. Ninety-five 4th-grade students received four 30-minute lessons of REE instruction. A two-tailed t-test administered to examine differences between pre- and posttest scores on The Idea Inventory was statistically significant, t (1,94) = 5.90, p <. 0001.

Part 2 of this study attempted to determine if the changes in rational thinking found following treatment in 4th grade had been maintained 4 years later. A two-tailed i-test administered to examine the differences between pretest scores in 4th grade and posttest scores on The Idea Inventory in 8th grade was statistically significant, t (1,59) = 5.62, p <. 0001, suggesting the gains in rational thinking achieved following treatment had been maintained. To ensure this maintenance of rational thinking was not merely the result of maturation, 8th graders who had not received treatment were compared with treatment subjects. Nontreatment subjects’ endorsement displayed significantly more irrational beliefs than the 8th graders who had received treatment in 4th grade, r (1, 116) = 2.02, p < 05.
Is It True That Men Are From Mars and Women Are From Venus? A Test of Gender Differences in Dependency and Perfectionism
Authors: Spangler Diane L. , Burns David D.
Published: September 2018

Several theorists have proposed that dependency and perfectionism differentially characterize depression in women and men. Structural equation modeling was conducted on a sample of 427 patients with mood disorders to test the hypotheses that: (1) depressed women exhibit greater dependency than depressed men, (2) depressed men exhibit greater perfectionism than depressed women, (3) dependency is more related to depression in women, (4) perfectionism is more related to depression in men, (5) reductions in dependency during treatment are more associated with recovery in women, and (6) reductions in perfectionism during treatment are more associated with recovery in men. No support was found for any of the hypothesized gender differences. Women and men did not differ in the level of dependency or perfectionism, or in the correlation between these variables and depression. In addition, changes in dependency and perfectionism during treatment were not differentially associated with changes in depression in women and men.
Hypotheticals in Cognitive Psychotherapy: Creative Questions, Novel Answers, and Therapeutic Change
Authors: Newman Cory F.
Published: September 2018

The use of hypothetical questions as a creative therapeutic process is explored and described. Hypothetical questions start with the client’s actual life situation—in whatever way the client construes and lives it—and triggers a search for what could be. Hypotheticals are thought experiments in which the client is challenged to think beyond the usual, common obstacles and constraints of everyday life, and to imagine “what if?” in its most constructive sense. This exercise—which requires both therapist ingenuity and client open-mindedness—can shed light on the clients’ expectations, desires, motives, decision-making process, and methods of solving problems. Hypotheticals also enable clients to paint a picture of how they might be able to change the course of their lives, and to live by a more voluntary, meaningful script. Four classes of hypotheticals are reviewed, along with some representative, corresponding sets of questions.
Applying Client Creativity to Recurrent Problems: Constructing Possibilities and Tolerating Doubt
Authors: Mooney Kathleen A. , Padesky Christine A.
Published: September 2018

Cognitive therapists are encouraged to work with underlying assumptions rather than core beliefs when helping clients with recurrent problems. The importance of engaging client creativity to solve recurrent problems is emphasized along with three central themes: construction of new possibilities, a persistent focus on the new underlying assumptions rather than the old, and tolerance for ambiguity and doubt. A detailed case example is presented to demonstrate this approach. Also, the use of cultural or personal icons to enhance client creativity is illustrated.
Cognitive-Experiential Reprocessing and Rape: A Case Study
Authors: Slaton Karen D. , Lyddon William J.
Published: September 2018

Women who have been raped often experience profound psychological and emotional changes due, in part, to the difficulty inherent in assimilating this experience. Rape survivors may alter their entire world view, and may develop cognitive schemas that are maladaptive and dysfunctional. In order to assist women in constructing more adaptive schemas, it is often necessary to access and reprocess trauma-related beliefs. In this article, cognitive-experiential reprocessing (CER) is introduced as a viable approach for reprocessing the trauma of rape. In the context of a case study involving a young rape survivor, the rationale, goals, and practical considerations of CER are outlined.
Sunk Costs and Resistance to Change
Authors: Leahy Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Normative models of decision making imply that individuals will utilize a hedonic calculus about future utility ratios (subjective utilities) in considering current alternatives. In contrast, descriptive models of actual decision making indicate that individuals utilize heuristics, ignore base rates, and consider previous decisions when considering future choices. Sunk costs are reflected in basing future decisions on previous commitments or investments, thereby ignoring subjective utility expectations. The effects of sunk costs on resistance to change are discussed and interventions to overcome these effects are examined.
A Relational Approach to Training and Supervision in Cognitive Psychotherapy
Authors: Safran Jeremy D. , Muran J. Christopher
Published: September 2018

In this article we outline a number of principles and strategies relevant to training and supervision in cognitive psychotherapy from a relational perspective. Although a number of principles are discussed, two emerge as most fundamental. First, it must be remembered that in supervision, as in therapy, everything takes place within a relational context and can only be understood within that context. The supervisor must thus always be monitoring the nature and quality of the relationship with the therapist. Second, supervision should be experiential in nature. This is true both because of the dangers incurred by reifying the therapeutic process, as well as the difficulties incurred when the learning process takes place primarily at a conceptual level.
Covert Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Children: A Case Study
Authors: Detweiler Michael F. , Albano Anne M.
Published: September 2018

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) comprises both cognitive and behavioral components. It is not surprising, therefore, that there has been a considerable emphasis on applying cognitive-behavioral techniques in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder for the past 20 or so years. Although a great number of individuals afflicted with obsessive-compulsive disorder are suffering from cognitive symptoms, the success rate in using traditional cognitive-behavioral techniques in targeting these covert symptoms has unfortunately been somewhat low. This article provides a case study utilizing a cognitive-behavioral treatment used to successfully treat obsessive-compulsive disorder in a 10-year-old Caucasian male with severe “just right” cognitive compulsions. Treatment outcome is discussed in terms of various assessment measures administered at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and 3-month follow-up, as well as weekly monitoring forms.
Cognitive Hypnotherapy in the Management of Pain
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas
Published: September 2018

This article describes the hypnotherapeutic treatment of pain. Pain is a multifaceted, complex phenomenon which can be treated successfully by hypnosis. In fact, hypnosis has been shown to be unusually well-suited to pain treatment because a successful outcome is correlated with individual differences in hypnotic susceptibility. Both general and specific considerations of hypnotherapeutic pain treatment are described. Examples of specific hypnotic routines for pain treatment are presented as well as a more extended case description.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Externalizing Problems
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Rubin Laura A. , Kahng Rita D.
Published: September 2018

This article discusses three issues related to the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with externalizing problems: (a) the heterogeneity of externalizing difficulties and cognitive behavioral interventions; (b) typical cognitions manifested by children and adolescents and their parents; and (c) developmental considerations in selecting appropriate therapeutic techniques.
Socioenvironmental and Cognitive Risk and Resources: Relations to Mood and Suicidality Among Inpatient Adolescents
Authors: Reinecke Mark A. , DuBois David L.
Published: September 2018

Socioenvironmental and cognitive risk and resources were investigated as predictors of mood and suicidality in a sample of 74 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Socioenvironmental measures included stressful life events, daily hassles, and perceived social support; cognitive measures tapped maladaptive schemas, social problem solving, and global self-esteem. Indices of mood and suicidality assessed depressive symptoms as well as anxiety, hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. In multiple regression analyses, socio environmental measures consistently accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in criterion indices of mood and suicidality. Cognitive measures, entered on a subsequent step of each regression, made significant incremental contributions to prediction for all criterion indices. Cognitive measures, furthermore, were found to mediate the associations of socioenvironmental measures to assessed levels of mood and suicidality, such that evidence of indirect effects involving the three sets of measures was found (e.g., daily hassles → maladaptive schemas → depression). Findings are consistent with socio-cognitive models that emphasize multifactorial and interrelated contributions of cognitive, social, and environmental factors to risk for emotional disturbance during adolescence. A developmentallysensitive, social-contextual paradigm for understanding the role of cognitive factors in adolescent psychopathology is recommended.
Developmental Considerations in the Use of Cognitive Therapy for Posttraumtic Stress Disorder
Authors: Vernberg Eric M. , Johnston Craig
Published: September 2018

This article discusses empirical support for cognitive behavioral therapy with children and adolescents experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Developmental features influencing the presentation of PTSD symptoms include age-related differences in arousal modulation, cause and effect reasoning, language and conceptual skills, and social information processing. Basic cognitive behavioral procedures for treating PTSD in children and adolescents include coping skills training, exposure to traumarelated stimuli, cognitive restructuring, and education and information giving. These procedures must be adapted to match developmental capabilities in language and conceptual skills, emotion regulation and coping skills, and memory. Family, contextual influences, and comorbidity should be evaluated and included in treatment planning. When indicated, treatment of PTSD should be imbedded in a broader conceptualization of the child or adolescent’s adaptive functioning, comorbid conditions, and caretaking environment.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Eng Winnie , Roth Deborah A. , Heimberg Richard G.
Published: September 2018

Social anxiety disorder, a once neglected disorder (Liebowitz, Gorman, Fyer, & Klein, 1985), has been increasingly recognized as an important clinical problem. This recognition has led to a surge of research, including numerous studies focusing on approaches to treatment. In this article, we briefly describe cognitive-behavioral treatments for social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia), provide a critical evaluation of their effectiveness, and discuss the characteristics of patients which may influence response to treatment.
Cognitive Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Resick Patricia A.
Published: September 2018

Cognitive therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder is in the early stages of development and study. This article will examine seven controlled studies that included at least a component of cognitive therapy. Two studies specifically focused on early intervention to treat PTSD and included both cognitive therapy and exposure therapy. Three studies examined cognitive processing therapy, which is predominantly cognitive therapy. Two other studies compared pure cognitive therapy with exposure therapy. Overall, cognitive therapy for PTSD appears to be highly effective compared to no-treatment, relaxation, or supportive counseling, and similar to exposure treatments. Treatment effects appear to continue through follow-up periods of up to one year. At this point, little is known about who benefits best with cognitive therapy or predictors of treatment outcome.
Cognitive Factors in Effectively Coping with Home/Career Stress
Authors: Levo Lynn M. , Biggs Donald
Published: September 2018

Many women who choose to combine family and career often report stress related to professional, parental, and marital obligations and expectations. Surprisingly, little research has examined the adequacy of women’s efforts to cope with this stress. In particular, research is needed to identify the critical cognitive variables that can influence women’s inferences about home/career stress and their choice of coping strategies. Such data would be useful for targeting the cognitive change mechanisms in any cognitive-based treatment interventions for this population.

The present study compared two models for describing critical cognitive factors that influence women’s choices of effective coping strategies for dealing with home/career stress. In the first model, two cognitive characteristics of a woman, her sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level, are viewed as the major causal factors that influence her choice of effective coping strategies. In the second model, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level are assumed to influence her cognitive appraisal of her level of stress and/or her appraisal of her resources for coping with stress, and these appraisals subsequently influence the woman’s choice of effective coping strategies.

The findings from this study provide some support for a cognitive mediated model of home/career stress-coping. In this model, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her conceptual level influence her cognitive appraisal of her resources for coping with the stressful demands, and this appraisal then influences her level of effectiveness in coping with the situation. In particular, a woman’s sex-role beliefs and her cognitive appraisal of her resources for coping with stressful home/career demands appear to be significant cognitive variables that influence her level of effective coping. Androgynous women tend to report more confidence in their ability to cope with stressful home/career demands than do feminine women, and women who appraise themselves as having more resources to cope with stressful home/career demands tend to select more effective coping strategies.
The Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Process Scale (VPPS)
Authors: Suh Chong S. , O’Malley Stephanie S. , Strupp Hans H. , Johnson Marianne E.
Published: September 2018

This article describes the development and refinement of a measure designed to assess salient aspects of the psychotherapeutic process. The VPPS consists of seven scales which can be grouped under the headings of: Exploratory Processes, Patient Involvement, and Therapist-Offered Relationship. Its reliability and other psychometric properties are considered satisfactory so that the instrument can be recommended for operational use.
The Therapeutic Alliance in Marital Therapy
Authors: Johnson Susan M. , Greenberg L. S.
Published: September 2018

This article considers the nature of the therapeutic alliance in marital therapy and suggests that it is not particularly useful to consider the alliance as a uniform phenomenon across forms of therapy, such as therapies that focus upon cognitive interventions as opposed to therapies that use more affectively oriented interventions. In different forms of therapy and at different times, different aspects of the alliance may be crucial in facilitating change.
Stress and Stress Management: A Cognitive View
Authors: Pretzer James L. , Beck Aaron T. , Newman Cory F.
Published: September 2018

Extreme variability has been observed in individual responses to stressors. It appears that a more detailed analysis of individual variation in cognitions related to stress may result in a greater understanding of their differential responses. An idiographic cognitive model of the psychological processes that mediate stress and that underlie stress management techniques is presented in the form of an illustrative series of hypotheses based on Beck’s cognitive model (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979). The model is presented in detail and is applied to a clinical case example in which traditional nomothetic stress management techniques were ineffective. The advantages and disadvantages of a more idiographic approach to stress are examined as are the implications of the cognitive view of stress for research and practice.
Cognitive Aspects of the Maintenance and Treatment of Dental Anxiety: A Review
Authors: Kent Gerry
Published: September 2018

This review focuses on two aspects of anxiety in the dental setting. The first concerns the processes involved in the maintenance of anxiety. Although patients usually experience much less discomfort than they expect, their anxiety can remain high. The processes discussed here include negative ideation, the probabilistic nature of experience, loss of control over intrusive thoughts, and memory. The second aspect concerns the therapeutic interventions designed to alleviate dental anxiety. A distinction is made between therapies that aim to alter the content of ideation and those that are designed to enhance control over symptoms of anxiety.