bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation into intraerythrocytic and extraerythrocytic acid-base and electrolyte changes after long-term ammonium chloride administration in dogs
Authors: Schober Karsten E.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To investigate the effect of ammonium chloride-induced urine acidification on acid-base status (ABS) of blood, plasma, and erythrocytes, and to compare the diagnostic value of acid-base analysis for erythrocytes with that for blood and plasma.

Design

Ammonium chloride (100 mg/kg of body weight) was administered orally every 12 hours for 8 consecutive days. The ABS was determined daily in venous blood, plasma, and lysed, packed erythrocytes (erythrolysate) and in urine. In plasma and erythrocytes, concentrations of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) were analyzed.

Animals

16 clinically normal (8 treated and 8 control) dogs.

Procedure

The acid-base analysis (standard pH, standard bicarbonate concentration, base excess, and carbon dioxide tension) in blood, plasma, and erythrocytes was determined by use of the CO2, O2 gas equilibration method. Determination of urine ABS (pH, concentrations of acids and bases, net acid-base excretion, and baseacid quotient) was performed by titration methods. Determination of concentrations of Na+ and K+ in erythrocytes was performed by flame photometry, and in plasma, by use of ion-specific electrodes.

Results

Ammonium chloride caused metabolic acidosis in blood and plasma, but no change of ABS in erythrocytes. The concentrations of K+ in plasma and erythrocytes did not change in treated dogs; however, the concentrations of Na+ in plasma and erythrocytes decreased significantly (P <0.05) after ammonium chloride administration. Urinary acid excretion increased significantly (P<0.05) in treated dogs; urine pH was between 4.51 and 5.49 at all times.

Conclusions

Ammonium chloride administration (100 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) causes substantial blood and urine acidification but does not influence erythrocyte ABS. In this study, determination of erythrocyte ABS did not provide any additional benefit in diagnosing metabolic acidosis, compared with analysis of blood. (Am J Vet Res 1996; 57:743–749)
Effects of various methods of preservation on the stability of uric acid in frozen canine urine
Authors: Bartges Joseph W. , Osborne Carl A. , Felice Lawrence J. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Lulich Jody P. , Chen Menglan
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effects of dilution and alkalinization, separately and together, on the stability of uric acid in canine urine stored at −20 C.

Design

Prospective-controlled study.

Animals

5 dogs with confirmed ammonium urate uroliths, 6 Beagles, and 6 mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure

Dogs were fed a 31.4% protein (dry weight), meat-based diet for 21 days, and urine samples were collected on day 22. Urine samples were preserved, using combinations of dilution and alkalinization, and divided into 1-ml aliquots for storage at −20 C for 1 to 12 weeks. Urine uric acid concentrations were measured, using high-performance liquid chromatography, on day of collection (baseline), and after 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.

Results

Alkalinization did not have a significant effect on reproducibility of measurements of uric acid concentrations in urine; however, dilution did have a significant effect. Compared with baseline, uric acid concentrations in urine samples collected from dogs with ammonium urate uroliths and Beagles and diluted 1:10 or 1:20 with deionized water were not different after storage for 1 to 12 weeks. Uric acid concentrations in urine samples collected from mixed-breed dogs did not differ from baseline values during the 12-week storage period whether samples were undiluted or were diluted 1:10 or 1:20 with deionized water.

Conclusions

Measurements of uric acid concentration are most reproducible in canine urine samples stored at −20 C for 1 to 12 weeks when samples are diluted 1:20 with deionized water.

Clinical Relevance

To ensure reproducibility of measurements of uric acid concentration in urine samples collected from dogs affected with urate uroliths, urine should be diluted 1:20 with deionized water. Alkalinization is not necessary, and is not recommended because of the additional step in processing and its potential to interfere with measurement of other urinary analytes. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:787–790)
Comparison among strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus for their ability to cause reproductive failure
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Vorwald Ann C. , Lager Kelly M. , Brockmeier Susan L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare the virulence of selected strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) relative to reproductive performance of pregnant gilts.

Design

16 pregnant gilts (principals) were exposed oronasally to 4 strains (vaccine strain RespPRRS, field strains VR-2385, VR-2431, and NADC-8, 4 gilts/strain) of PRRSV on or about day 90 of gestation. 4 pregnant gilts (controls) were kept under similar conditions, except for exposure to PRRSV. Samples and specimens obtained from gilts, pigs (before ingestion of colostrum), and fetuses were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibody.

Animals

20 pregnant gilts.

Procedure

The virulence of each strain of PRRSV was evaluated mainly on the clinical status of the corresponding litters at farrowing.

Results

Most gilts remained clinically normal throughout the study and farrowed normally at or near the expected farrowing time. All virus strains crossed the placenta of principal gilts to infect fetuses in utero. The number of late-term dead fetuses (which appeared to be the best measure of relative virulence) ranged from 0 for litters of control gilts and gilts exposed to strain RespPRRS, to 38 for gilts exposed to strain NADC-8. All principal gilts became viremic and developed antibody against PRRSV. All strains persisted in alveolar macrophages of at least some principal gilts for at least 7 weeks after exposure.

Conclusion

Strains of PRRSV vary in virulence.

Clinical Relevance

The effects of PRRSV on reproductive performance are strain dependent and this should be considered in making a tentative diagnosis on the basis of clinical observations. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:834–839)
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult horses and concentration of the drug in serum, body fluids, and endometrial tissues after repeated intragastrically administered doses
Authors: Giguère Steeve , Sweeney Raymond W. , Bélanger Myriam
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in adult horses.

Design

2-dose oral and IV cross-over trial followed by multiple oral doses.

Animals

8 clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure

Enrofloxacin was administered at dosages of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight to 4 horses and 5.0 mg/kg to 4 other horses. Each dose was given by the intragastric and IV routes, using a cross-over design. After the first intragastric dose, 5 additional doses were administered at 12-hour intervals. Enrofloxacin concentrations were measured in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, urine, CSF, and endometrial tissues.

Results

Disposition of enrofloxacin after IV administration conformed to a 2-compartment model with an elimination half-life of 5.95 and 6.09 hours for the low and high dose, respectively. After the first intragastric administration, time to peak concentration was 1.0 ± 0.35 and 1.25 ± 0.43 hours, and the bioavailabihty was 57.39 ± 8.45 and 62.52 ± 19.65% for the low and high dose, respectively. After multiple intragastric administration, peak serum concentration (at 72 to 96 hours) was 2.62 ± 0.61 μg/ml for the low dose and 5.97 ± 1.56 μg/ml for the high dose. After multiple intragastric doses, synovial fluid, urine, and endometrial tissue concentrations exceeded serum concentrations. Peritoneal fluid and CSF concentrations were lower than serum concentrations.

Conclusions

Computer modeling of the pharmacokinetic variables suggested that a single daily IV administered dose of 5.5 mg/kg, or orally administered doses of 7.5 mg/kg every 24 hours or 4.0 mg/kg every 12 hours, would be effective in horses. Additional studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy and safety of these dosages in a clinical setting. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1025–1030)
Generation of in vitro natural cytotoxicity of horse lymphocytes against sarcoid-derived tumor cells not expressing major histocompatibility complex antigens
Authors: Broström Hans , Troye-Bomberg Marita , Perlmann Peter
Published: January 2024

Objective

To analyze in vitro lymphocyte-mediated immune responses of horses with sarcoids against allogeneic sarcoid cells containing endogenous retrovirus but not expressing major histocompatibility complex antigens.

Design

Lymphocyte-mediated immune reactions were assessed by means of proliferative responses in mixed lymphocyte tumor cell culture (MLTC) assay and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against various equine target cells.

Animals

12 horses with sarcoid tumors and 15 control horses.

Procedure

Blood lymphocytes were cocultured in MLTC with allogeneic sarcoid cells (Mc-1, BayMc-1), equine testis cells, or normal equine dermal fibroblasts. Lymphocytes were assayed for proliferative responses by [3H]thymidine uptake and for cytotoxicity against the same targets by 51Cr release assay. The lymphocyte populations were analyzed for some common surface markers.

Results

Lymphocytes from horses with sarcoids exerted an anamnestic proliferative response in MLTC against Mc-1 cells, but this procedure never generated cytotoxic lymphocytes. However, lymphocytes from all horses cultured in medium with 10% allogeneic serum only had selective, natural cytotoxicity against Mc-1 that was generated without DNA synthesis. Approximately 80% of the lymphocytes disappeared during culture; however the remaining population of small, viable lymphocytes indicated a decrease of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, but numbers of T cells with receptors for Helix pomatia A hemagglutinin were unaffected. Few lymphocytes had Fc-receptors for IgG, were complement-reactive positive cells, or were B cells expressing surface immunoglobulin.

Conclusions

Results may indicate a natural defense system, which preferentially recognizes and lyses tumor cells that are deficient in surface expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens, without intervention of conventional T-cell receptors or antibodies. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:992–999)
Use of tilmicosin for treatment of pasteurellosis in rabbits
Authors: McKay Sharon G. , Morck Douglas W. , Merrill John K. , Olson Merle E. , Chan Siu C. , Pap Kathleen M.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine tilmicosin concentrations in serum and tissues of rabbits given a single dose of 25 mg of tilmicosin/kg of body weight. To examine the effects of tilmicosin treatment (25 mg/kg, SC) in rabbits with pasteurellosis.

Procedure

After receipt of tilmicosin, healthy New Zealand White female rabbits (n = 3 at each time) were euthanatized at 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hours for collection of blood samples and tissue specimens; 4 rabbits served as untreated controls. Rabbits (male and female) with pasteurellosis (n = 42) also were treated. Tilmicosin concentration was determined in serum, lung, and uterine tissues. Rabbits with pasteurellosis were treated with tilmicosin. Response was monitored, using bacteriologic culturing and antibiotic resistance and susceptibility testing, and by scoring clinical signs of disease.

Results

Serum tilmicosin concentration reached 1.91 ±0.18 μg/ml after 2 hours, decreased to 0.77 ± 0.07 μg/ml by 8 hours, and was below minimum inhibitory concentrations for Pasteurella multocida at 24 hours. Terminal half-life in serum was 5.97 hours. Lung and uterus concentrations were 14.43 ± 1.34 and 11.57 ± 0.09 ppm at 2 hours, and were 5.10 ± 1.05 and 8.87 ± 1.66 ppm at 24 hours, respectively. 69% (29/42) of rabbits with pasteurellosis responded favorably in 3 days. Second treatment was required in 31% (13/42), and 5 of these rabbits had clinical signs on day 6; 2 of these 5 had improved. Treatment success rate was 93% (39/42). Of the rabbits that were culture positive on day 0, 35% (6/17) remained positive on day 3. 1 of 6 rabbits was culture positive on day 6.

Conclusion

Tilmicosin (25 mg/kg, SC) was an effective treatment for pasteurellosis in New Zealand White rabbits.

Clinical Relevance

Tilmicosin treatment of pasteurellosis in rabbits is useful in research rabbits and in those destined for meat production. A single dose of antibiotic minimizes stress-associated handling. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1180-1184)
Single intravenous and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in healthy llamas
Authors: Lackey Margaret N. , Belknap Ellen B. , Greco Deborah S. , Fettman Martin J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate in healthy llamas after IV administration of a single bolus and after repeated parenteral administration.

Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Animals

19 clinically normal, adult male llamas for the single-dose trial and 10 of the 19 llamas for the multiple-dose trial.

Procedure

In the first trial, llamas were given gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight, IV) as a single bolus, and serum gentamicin concentration was monitored over the next 48 hours. 2 months later, llamas were given gentamicin (2.5 mg/kg) IV for the first day, then IM every 8 hours for 7 days. Serum gentamicin concentration and indices of renal function and damage were monitored during the 7 days.

Results

There were no significant dose- or time-related differences in clearance of the drug; volume of distribution; apparent coefficients of the distribution and elimination phases, α and β, respectively; mean residence time; or distribution (t½α) and elimination phase (tt/2β) half-lives. The 5 mg/kg IV kinetic study revealed t½β, of 14.5 ± 5.06 minutes and t½β of 166 ± 20.5 minutes. The 2.5 mg/kg IV kinetic study revealed t½α of 17.7 ± 6.59 minutes and t½β of 165 ± 40.3 minutes. Peak serum gentamicin concentration averaged 10.10 μg/ml in the multiple-dose trial, and trough concentration averaged 1.50 μg/ml.

Conclusions

Dose effects were not observed for gentamicin clearance, volume of distribution, or half-lives. Multiple dosing at 2.5 mg/kg every 8 hours does not appear to cause renal impairment in healthy llamas.

Clinical Relevance

Gentamicin pharmacokinetic variables in llamas appear to resemble those in other ruminant species. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1193–1199)
Effects of pentoxifylline on hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Geor Raymond J. , Burger Katherina
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine whether pentoxifylline treatment altered hematologic, rheologic, electrolyte, or blood gas test results of Thoroughbreds during submaximal treadmill exercise.

Animals

5 healthy Thoroughbreds that had raced within the past year and had no history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage.

Procedure

Mixed venous blood samples were obtained before exercise, at treadmill speeds of 9 and 13 m/s, and 20 minutes after exercise; hematologic, rheologic, electrolyte, and blood gas test results were determined.

Results

Pentoxifylline treatment resulted in a 45% reduction in RBC filtration pressures for horses at rest. The improved RBC filterability persisted during treadmill exercise. Horses treated with pentoxifylline had a greater decrease in Po2 values and a lesser increase in plasma lactate concentration during treadmill exercise.

Conclusion

Administration of pentoxifylline improved RBC deformability of horses at rest and during treadmill exercise.

Clinical Relevance

Improved RBC deformability resulting from pentoxifylline treatment may reduce exercise-associated shear stress in pulmonary capillaries, thereby attenuating exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1364-1368)
Effect of pubic symphysiodesis on acetabular rotation and pelvic development in guinea pigs
Authors: Mathews Kyle G. , Stover Susan M. , Kass Philip H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate the effect of premature closure of the pubic symphysis on pelvic development.

Animals

18, 21-day-old male guinea pigs.

Procedure

The pubic symphysis was surgically approached in 10 guinea pigs of the symphysiodesis group and in 4 of the sham-operated group; 4 guinea pigs served as unoperated controls. The pubic symphysis was destroyed by use of electrocautery in the 10 guinea pigs of the symphysiodesis group. All guinea pigs were allowed to grow to skeletal maturity and were euthanatized at 33 weeks of age. Body weight was recorded throughout the study and was compared between groups. Histologic examination of the symphyses confirmed premature closure of the pubic symphyseal growth plates in guinea pigs of the symphysiodesis group. Pelvic measurements taken from pretreatment radiographic views and from video images of harvested pelves were compared between groups.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups with regard to pretreatment radiographic variables, rate of weight gain, or body weight at any time. Pubic symphysiodesis resulted in significant narrowing of the caudal aspect of the pelvis, narrowing and shortening of the pubic bones, and outward rotation of the acetabula.

Conclusions

The pubic symphyseal growth plates contribute significantly to development of the pelvis. Premature closure of these growth plates (pubic symphysiodesis) results in outward rotation of the acetabula, which might be beneficial in some cases of canine hip dysplasia; however, this rotation is accompanied by concomitant narrowing pf the caudal aspect of the pelvis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1427-1433)
Effects of mold proteases on the biological activity of allergenic pollen extracts
Authors: Rosenbaum Michele R. , Esch Robert E. , Schwartzman Robert M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of mold extracts with high protease activity on the biological activity of allergenic tree, grass, and weed extracts, using in vivo and in vitro methods, in atopic dogs.

Animals

15 dogs with history and clinical signs of atopy. All dogs had strong positive reactions (3+ or 4+) to 1 or more preselected allergens and negative reactions (0) to molds.

Procedure

Mold extracts and saline solution were coincubated separately with tree, grass, and weed pollen extracts at 4 C for 30 and 180 days. Skin end-point titration (30-day incubation) and ELISA inhibition (30- and 180- day incubations) tests were performed on all samples. The biological activity of pollen extracts coincubated with mold extracts was compared with that of pollen extracts coincubated with saline solution.

Results

In the skin end-point titration test, weed pollen extracts coincubated with a mixed mold extract lost a statistically significant amount of biological activity, compared with saline coincubated controls. In the ELISA inhibition test, grass and weed pollen extracts incubated with a mixed mold extract lost a significant amount of biological activity, compared with saline coincubated controls. A significant correlation in the measurement of biological activity was found between a loss of end-point dilution in the skin end-point titration test and a decrease in relative potency, as measured by the ELISA inhibition test for allergenic grass and weed extracts.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Mold proteases can decrease the biological activity of certain grass and weed pollen extracts when coincubated in the same vial for 30 days. Separation of mold and pollen extracts, when preparing immunotherapy vaccines, may help prevent loss of pollen extract potency and increase the vaccine’s stability and efficacy. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1447-1452)
Antibody responses of cattle to outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida A:3
Authors: Confer A. W. , Nutt S. H. , Dabo S. M. , Panciera R. J. , Murphy G. L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To quantify the serum antibody responses to Pasteurella multocida A:3 outer membrane proteins (OMP) for cattle vaccinated with the homologous serogroup and to correlate those responses with the extent of experiment tally induced pneumonia.

Animals

29, 5- to 8-month-old beef-type calves.

Procedure

Calves were vaccinated SC or by aerosol exposure on davs 0 and 7 with live or killed P multocida or phosphate-buffered saline solution (control) and subsequently challenge exposed with virulent P multocida. Antibody responses to P multocida A:3 outer membranes were quantified, using an ELISA. Antibody responses to individual OMP were detected by immunoblot analysis (western blot) and were quantified by densitometry. Antibody responses were compared among groups of calves and for various times after vaccination. Regression analyses were used to determine whether significant correlations existed between lesion scores and antibody responses to either whole outer membranes or to individual OMP

Results

By ELISA, antibody responses to outer membranes for calves aerosol vaccinated with live P multocida were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those for control calves or for killed P multocida vaccinates. There was a significant (P<0.05) correlation between lesion score and antibody responses to outer membranes. By western blotting and densitometry, antibodies to 11 prominent OMP (100, 97, 90, 85, 74, 53, 46 35, 32, 21, and 16 kd) were identified and quantified. In experiment 1, SC vaccination with live P multocida increased antibody binding to all protein bands except 85- 74-, and 35-kd bands. Aerosol vaccination with live P multocida stimulated increases in antibody binding to all bands except 100 and 16 kd. Antibody responses to the 97-, 90-, 74-, and 35- kd bands were significantly (P <0.05) greater for live aerosol vaccinates than for control calves. In experiment 2, antibody responses were not different between the killed P multocida vaccinates or control calves. Antibody responses for live P multocida aerosol vaccinates were significantly (P <0.05) greater than those for control calves for the 100-, 90-, 85-, 74-, 53-, 35-, and 16-kd bands. Regression analyses indicated significant correlations (P <0.05) between lesion score and antibody responses to the 100-, 90-, 53-, 46-, 35-, and 32-kd OMP.

Conclusions

Several OMP of P multocida type A:3 may be important for stimulating immunity to the organism in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1453-1457)
Bacterial growth, inflammatory cytokine production, and neutrophil recruitment during coliform mastitis in cows within ten days after calving, compared with cows at midlactation
Authors: Shuster D. E. , Lee E. K. , Kehrli M. E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To define causes of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis after parturition.

Animals

12 healthy Holstein cows assigned to 2 groups. Group-1 cows (n = 6) had calved between 6 and 10 days earlier. Group-2 cows (n = 6) were in midlactation.

Procedure

Cows from each group were paired and challenge exposed with Escherichia coli in 1 mammary gland. Mastitis severity was determined by bacterial concentration in milk, pyrexia, and milk production. Measures of host defense were neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression, leukocyte recruitment, and cytokine production.

Results

After challenge exposure, group-1 cows had more rapid E coli growth, higher peak bacterial concentration, and higher fever. Leukocyte recruitment was poor in 1 group-1 cow that had peracute mastitis. In contrast, leukocyte recruitment in 5 other group-1 cows began sooner than that in group-2 cows. In these group-1 cows, prechallenge-exposure milk somatic cell counts (SCC) were significantly lower than those in group-2 cows. Pre-challenge-exposure SCC were correlated to stimulated CD18 expression (R2 = 0.79), and both measures correlated inversely with bacterial growth rate (R2 = -0.75). Values for tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1, and interleukin 8 in group-1 cows after challenge exposure were greater than or equal to those in group-2 cows.

Conclusions

Weak leukocyte recruitment to the mammary gland is associated with increased severity of coliform mastitis. Impaired production of cytokines measured is not a cause of increased susceptibility to coliform mastitis in early lactation.

Clinical Relevance

Low milk SCC after calving may increase susceptibility to severe coliform mastitis. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1569–1575)
Acceptance of skin grafts by isogenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Ristow Sandra S. , Avila Jeanene M. de , Baldwin Thomas J. , Wheeler Paul A. , Thorgaard Gary H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To test the immunocompetence of isogenic families of rainbow trout by measuring their ability to accept or reject skin grafts.

Animals

3 families of isogenic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), produced by mating homozygous females and homozygous males, plus 4 Chinook salmon (O tshawytscha) were used in these experiments.

Procedure

Grafts (allografts, members of the same family; autografts, donor and recipient were the same fish; and xenografts, O tshawytscha as donor) were exchanged. Grafts were applied on day 0 and removed on day 21, placed in neutral-buffered formalin, and embedded in paraffin. Lymphocytes and nuclei were counted in representative stained sections in the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Results were analyzed by univariate analysis, using the Shapiro-Wilk statistic.

Results

Autografts were retained and minimal histologic changes were apparent. Allografts were histologically similar to autografts. Xenografts were rejected.

Conclusions

Results indicate that the immune system of isogenic rainbow trout is unable to distinguish between family members within isogenic families, but that a vigorous response is mounted against Chinook salmon xenografts. The isogenic rainbow trout are immunocompetent with respect to the phenomenon of graft rejection. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1576–1579)
Field testing of prophylactic measures against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in calves in a California dairy herd
Authors: Harp James A. , Jardon Phillip , Atwill E. Rob , Zylstra Mike , Checel Stephanie , Goff Jesse P. , Simone Claudio De
Published: January 2024

Objective

To test the ability of oral vaccination or probiotic treatment with lactic acid-producing bacteria to protect calves from Cryptosporidium parvum infection under field conditions.

Animals

134 Holstein calves born on a dairy farm where cryptosporidiosis was endemic.

Procedure

Calves were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups at birth. Calves in the vaccine group received an oral dose of C parvum vaccine within several hours of birth. Calves in the bacteria group received an oral dose of lactic acid-producing bacteria daily for the first 10 days after birth. Control calves were not treated. All calves were monitored for diarrhea and fecal shedding of C parvum oocysts for 3 weeks.

Results

There were no significant differences in the incidence of diarrhea and oocyst shedding among the 3 groups.

Conclusions

Neither vaccination nor probiotic treatment was effective in preventing C parvum infection in calves under field conditions. High numbers of C parvum in the environment may have overwhelmed any potential benefits of these regimens. Further work is necessary to develop effective prophylaxis against C parvum under field conditions. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1586–1588)
Transfer of colostral antibodies from queens to their kittens
Authors: Casal Margret L. , Jezyk Peter F. , Giger Urs
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine systemic immunity in kittens, including transfer of maternal immunoglobulins from the queen to kittens, and subsequent decay of passively obtained immunoglobulins.

Animals

6 healthy queens and their 46 kittens.

Procedure

Immunoglobulin concentrations were measured in serum, colostrum, and milk of queens and in their kittens' sera. Decay rate constants and half-lives of maternally derived immunoglobulins were determined. To determine intestinal absorption, foreign IgG was given to kittens at 6- to 8-hour intervals after birth, and bovine IgM was given to kittens at birth.

Results

Immunoglobulin concentrations of milk and colostrum did not differ significantly after removal of milk fat. Mean IgG concentration was higher in colostrum/milk, whereas mean IgA and IgM concentrations were lower than those in the queens' serum. No IgG or IgA was detected in any of the precolostral serum samples obtained from kittens. Small amounts of IgM were present in the sera from 5 kittens at birth. Transferred IgG and IgA decreased rapidly with half-lives of 4.4 ± 3.57 and 1.93 ± 1.94 days, respectively. Serum IgM concentration increased irregularly during the first week of life, followed by a steady increase. Foreign IgG given up to 12 hours after birth was detected in kittens' serum, whereas IgG given at or after 16 hours was not found in any kitten's serum.

Conclusions

Milk and colostral immunoglobulin concentrations did not differ significantly. The half-lives of maternally derived IgG and IgA in kittens were shorter than those reported in dogs. IgG given at or after 16 hours of life was not absorbed by neonatal kittens.

Clinical Relevance

Queen's milk obtained anytime during lactation may be used as a replacement for colostrum as a source of antibodies for neonatal kittens. Kittens at risk for neonatal isoerythrolysis must only be removed from the queens during the first day of life. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1653–1658)
Indicators of postoperative pain in cats and correlation with clinical criteria
Authors: Smith Julie D. , Allen Sheila W. , Quandt Jane E. , Tackett Randall L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To identify clinical indicators that may help identify postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy.

Animals

Healthy, laboratory animal source cats.

Procedure

Clinical indicators of pain were identified, and relief from pain in response to butorphanol was studied in 5 groups of cats. 10 cats had 1 hour of general anesthesia only, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight. Another 10 cats had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.3 mg butorphanol/kg. 10 cats received 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg, IM, only. Samples and recorded data were obtained before, during, and after the anesthesia period. Clinical variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, PCV, and blood glucose concentration. Results were compared with changes in norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol concentrations.

Results

Cats that did not receive analgesics had higher cortisol concentration than did cats without surgery and cats that received butorphanol after surgery. Systolic blood pressure measured by ultrasonic Doppler was found to be predictive of cortisol concentration, using a multiple linear regression model.

Conclusions

Cortisol concentration increased in response to surgical stress and pain, and this increase was diminished by use of butorphanol.

Clinical Relevance

Systolic blood pressure was the best clinical predictor of postoperative pain. (Am J Vet Res 1996;209:1674–1678)
Use of plasma clearance of inulin for estimating glomerular filtration rate in cats
Authors: Brown Scott Alan , Haberman Christopher , Finco Delmar R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate utility of a method for estimating glomerular filtration rate after a single IV injection of inulin.

Animals

Cats that were renal intact (n = 3) or had renal mass reduced by partial nephrectomy (n = 6).

Procedure

Plasma clearance of inulin (PCIn) was taken as the quotient of the administered dose of inulin (150 mg) divided by the area under the plasma inulin concentration versus time curve determined by 3 methods (PCIn1 – PCIn3). Results for PCIn were compared with simultaneously obtained values for urinary clearance of exogenous creatinine (CCr), an accepted method for the estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats.

Results

Values for PCIn were closely related (R2 ranged from 0.951 to 0.972, P < 0.0001 in all instances) to CCr. However, PCIn3 provided an estimate of GFR that consistently overestimated CCr.

Conclusion

Determination of PCIn by use of PCIn1 and PCIn2 provided a reliable estimate of GFR in cats of this study.

Clinical Relevance

Determination of PCIn appears to provide a reliable estimate of GFR in cats with early-stage renal disease and no evidence of derangement of body fluid status. In particular, PCIn2, which requires only 3 determinations of plasma inulin concentration, should be considered when an estimate of GFR is sought in a cat with suspected early-stage renal disease. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1702–1705)
Optimizing performance of a qualitative zinc sulfate turbidity test for passive transfer of immunoglobulin G in calves
Authors: Hudgens Kirsten A. R. , Tyler Jeff W. , Besser Thomas E. , Krytenberg Denise S.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine optimal zinc sulfate test solution concentration tor detecting failure ot passive transfer in calves.

Animals

235 calves (1 to 8 days old) from a calf-rearing operation in central Washington state.

Procedure

Zinc sulfate turbidity tests, using 200-, 250-, 300-, 350-, and 400-mg/L test solutions, were performed on calf serum. These increasing concentrations were evaluated for detection of failure of passive transfer Using 1,000 mg of IgG,/dl as the threshold for adequate passive transfer, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of classification were determined by comparing the zinc sulfate test results with serum IgG, concentration (mg/dl) measured by radial immunodiffusion.

Results

The 200-mg/L zinc sulfate turbidity test solution was 100% sensitive; however, specificity was only 25 5% Increasing concentrations of zinc sulfate test solution up to 350 mg/L improved specificity with either no change or small decreases in sensitivity.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

The endpoint of the traditional 208-mg/L zinc sulfate turbidity test for failure of passive transfer in calves is too high. Increased test solution concentrations improve specificity with only minor adverse effects on sensitivity. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1711–1713)
Progression of Aleutian disease in natural and experimentally induced infections of mink
Authors: Jackson M. Keven , Ellis LeGrande C. , Morrey John D. , Li Zhi-Zhong , Barnard Dale L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To study temporal changes in amounts of viral DNA in blood leukocytes over long periods, and to determine whether severity of the disease is greater in experimentally induced, compared with natural, infection.

Animals

18 naturally and 6 experimentally infected black mink; 26 naturally infected brown mink.

Procedure

Polymerase chain reaction amplification to detect viral DNA in blood and counter-immune electrophoresis to detect serum antibody were performed at regular intervals.

Results

In naturally infected black mink, amounts of viral DNA were initially high, but after the appearance of antibody, viral DNA fluctuated and, in some instances, was undetectable. In other mink, small amounts of viral DNA were infrequently detected during the course of the infection. Amounts of viral DNA in leukocytes in late stages of the disease correlated with renal lesions in brown mink, but black mink had more severe lesions associated with smaller amounts of viral DNA. Severity of the disease was not enhanced in experimentally inoculated black mink.

Conclusions

After infection, leukocyte viral DNA is initially present in large amounts, but, in most mink, decreases markedly in association with the appearance of antibody. There is no difference in the progression and severity of the disease between black mink infected experimentally or naturally. Transmission of the disease may be enhanced by use of contaminated toenail clippers for blood collection. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1753–1758)
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old
Authors: Crisman Mark V. , Wilcke Jeff R. , Sams Richard A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine pharmacokinetic variables that describe the disposition of flunixin after IV administration of flunixin meglumine to foals < 24 hours old.

Animals

6 healthy foals, 2 males and 4 females (mean age, 11.6 hours; range, 6 to 22.5 hours).

Procedure

Flunixin (as flunixin meglumine) was administered to foals at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight. Flunixin concentration in plasma samples was analyzed, using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Concentration versus time profiles were analyzed according to standard pharmacokinetic techniques. Blood samples were obtained from foals by jugular venipuncture at defined intervals over a 48-hour period. Samples were centrifuged, and plasma was frozen at −70 C until analyzed. One-, two-, and three-compartment analyses were conducted. The most appropriate model was determined by Akaike's information criterion analysis.

Results

Plasma concentration versus time profiles were best described, using a two-compartment open model. Clearance was significantly lower than that determined for older foals and adult horses. Volume of distribution was larger than that determined for adults. Mean plasma halflife for healthy foals < 24 hours old was 8.5 hours.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Although additional factors (eg, dehydration or sepsis) must be considered on a case-by-case basis, flunixin meglumine should be administered differently to foals < 24 hours old, compared with adults. Under similar clinical circumstances, doses in foals should be increased by as much as 1.5 times to induce comparable therapeutic concentrations; longer dose intervals, on the basis of clinical response, would be necessary to avoid drug toxicity. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1759–1761)
Effects of temperature on hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Robertson John L. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the effect of water temperature on hematologic and biochemical analytes in hybrid striped bass.

Animals

Hybrid striped bass (reciprocal cross; female Morone chrysops × male M saxatilis) maintained in 2,000-L tanks with undergravel filters.

Procedure

Fish were acclimated to 10. 18, 24, and 29 C water for 6 weeks prior to sample collection. Hematologic and serum biochemical profiles were then determined. Values were compared among the various temperatures, and with reference intervals previously determined.

Results

Most values were within or slightly outside the established reference intervals. The following analytes deviated notably from the reference interval: leukocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were lower than the reference intervals at 10 C; glucose values were lower at 10 and 18 C; calcium values were higher at 10 and 18 C; and total protein, albumin, globulin, and chloride values were higher at 29 C.

Conclusion

Separate reference intervals should be developed for analytes which, because of temperature, deviate notably from the reference interval. Modifications of the established reference intervals, by including fish from varied temperatures, should allow use of one reference interval for analytes, with only slight variation attributable to temperature.

Clinical Relevance

Determining the effects of temperature on the hematologic and biochemical values helps develop clinical pathology as a diagnostic tool in fish. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:126–130)
Effects of ammonia and nitrate concentration on hematologic and serum biochemical profiles of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Hrubec Terry C. , Robertson John L. , Smith Stephen A.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate the effects of poor water quality on hematologic and biochemical analytes in hybrid striped bass.

Animals

Hybrid striped bass (reciprocal cross: female Morone chrysops × male M saxatilis) maintained in 2,000-L tanks with undergravel filters.

Procedure

Fish were acclimated to high ammonia (0.15 mg/L) and nitrate (200 mg/L) concentrations for 6 weeks prior to sample collection. Hematologic and biochemical profiles were determined for these fish and for fish kept under normal conditions (control). Comparisons were made among the 3 water qualities and with reference intervals determined previously.

Results

Significant differences in hematologic and biochemical analytes were observed between fish in the various groups; however, most of the values were within established reference intervals. All values from fish in the high ammonia concentration tank were either within the reference interval or not significantly different from control values. Fish from the high nitrate concentration tank had higher serum creatinine values and lower chloride values than did control fish, and both analytes were substantially outside the reference intervals.

Conclusion

High ammonia concentration of 0.15 mg/L did not affect any of the blood analytes measured. The hypercreatininemia and hypochloremia observed in fish from the 200 mg of nitrate/ml tank were considered to be pathologic changes associated with the high nitrate concentration.

Clinical Relevance

Determining the effects of water quality on hematologic and biochemical values helps to develop clinical pathology as a diagnostic tool in fish. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:131–135)
Multi-element assay of mammary secretions and sera from periparturient mares by inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectroscopy
Authors: Rook Joseph Samuel , Braselton W. Emmett , Nachreiner Raymond Francis , Lloyd James Walter , Shea Mary Ellen , Shelle John Edward , Hitzler Paula Renee
Published: January 2024

Objective

To document and determine changes in the mineral profiles of sera and mammary secretions from a population of periparturient mares.

Animals

18 clinically normal periparturient Arabian broodmares.

Procedure

Inductively coupled argon emission spectroscopy was used to measure Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, and Zn concentrations in sera and mammary secretions of periparturient mares. In addition, S was measured in mammary secretions.

Results

Serum concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and Zn remained constant throughout late pregnancy and the first 7 days of lactation. Compared with values on day 11 before foaling, mammary fluid concentrations of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, P, S, and Zn increased prior to parturition and all element concentrations, except Ca, decreased with the onset of lactation. In contrast, Na concentrations in mammary secretions decreased precipitously as parturition approached. Iron concentrations in mammary secretions remained relatively constant up to the time of parturition, decreased at parturition, and remained constant during lactation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Prior to foaling, increasing concentrations of Ca, Cu, K, Mg, P, S, or Zn in mammary secretions in concert with precipitous decreases in Na concentrations may provide a predictive index of impending parturition in the mare and a means of assessing fetal readiness for birth. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:376–378)
Efficacy of a pour-on formulation of eprinomectin (MK-397) against nematode parasites of cattle, with emphasis on inhibited early fourth-stage larvae of Ostertagia spp
Authors: Williams J. C. , Stuedemann J. A. , Bairden K. , Kerboeuf D. , Ciordia H. , Hubert J. , Broussard S. D. , Plue R. E. , Alva-Valdes R. , Baggott D. G. , Pinkall N. , Eagleson J. S.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To evaluate efficacy of topically applied eprinomectin against inhibited early fourth-stage larvae (IL4) of Ostertagia spp in calves.

Animals

4 groups (n = 6 [replicates]) for dose titration; 2 groups (n = 8 calves [replicates]) for dose confirmation.

Procedure

2 dose titration studies—0, 125, 250, and 500 μg of eprinomectin/kg of body weight—Louisiana and Georgia—and 2 dose confirmation studies of selected therapeutic dosage (500 μg/kg) in Scotland and France. Monitor calves were used to determine inhibition percentage of Ostertagia IL4. Test calves were ranked by weight in replicates of 4 (titration trials) or 2 (confirmation trials) animals each, and within replicates, were randomly allocated to treatment groups. Drug treatments were done on day 0, and animals were euthanatized by replicate, with holding time between treatment and euthanasia varying among trials from 14 to 27 days.

Results

Observations indicated high efficacy (> 99%) of 500 μg of eprinomectin/kg in removal of Ostertagia IL4. Ostertagia and Cooperia were only genera common across sites, with efficacy of aforementioned dosage against adult and larval stages of both genera consistently high (> 99%). Results of 1 or both titration studies (500 μg/kg) indicated > 99 to 100% efficacy against adult Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Bunostomum phlebotomum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Lower efficacy values were observed at minimal (125 μg/kg) dosage. In France, 500 μg/kg was 85% effective against Trichostrongylus spp adults; however, numbers of control calves infected with Trichostrongylus spp and degree of infection were low, Adverse reactions were not evident.

Conclusion

Eprinomectin given topically (500 μg) was highly effective against Ostertagia IL4 and other common nematodes of cattle. (Am J Vet Res 1997; 58:379–383)
Efficacy of fenbendazole for treatment of giardiasis in calves
Authors: O'Handley R. M. , Olson M. E. , McAllister T. A. , Morck D.W. , Jelinski M. , Royan G. , Cheng K.-J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine efficacy of fenbendazole for treatment of giardiasis in calves.

Animals

Twenty male and 15 female Holstein calves (100 to 180 kg), naturally infected with Giardia sp.

Procedure

In vitro fenbendazole susceptibility and resistance development was determined for a ruminant Giardia isolate by use of an adherence assay. Calves were treated as follows: group 1, a single administration of 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg of body weight; group 2, a single administration of 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg; group 3, 5 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 3 days; group 4, 10 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 3 days; group 5, 20 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 3 days; group 6, 0.833 mg of fenbendazole/kg, every 24 hours for 6 days; and group 7, saline solution, Fecal Giardia cysts were counted on days −3 through −1 and 1 through 7, 9, 11, 13, 21, and 28 by use of sucrose gradient concentration and staining with a fluorescent monoclonal antibody.

Results

The 50% adherence inhibition concentration was 0.024 ± 0.002 μg/ml, and resistance could not be detected after 5 weeks of continuous culture at sublethal concentration of fenbendazole (0.01 μg/kg). Fenbendazole was 100% effective in eliminating cysts from the feces within 6 days for calves in treatment groups 2–6. Reinfection was observed in some calves within the 28-day study period.

Conclusions

Fenbendazole is effective in the elimination of Giardia infections in calves, but repeat treatments may be required in reinfected animals.

Clinical Relevance

Fenbendazole is an effective and economical treatment for Giardia-associated diarrhea and growth rate reduction in calves. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:384–388)