bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kompleks Situs Ki Buyut Trusmi Cirebon: Tinjauan Bangunan Kuna
Authors: Mujabuddawat Muhammad Al
Published: March 2017

Ki Buyut Trusmi Complex Site is one of one hundred and twelve Kabuyutan Sites in Cirebon. The number of Kabuyutan Site in Cirebon is a phenomenon which makes the Kabuyutan Site become a feature of the development of Islam in this region. This Site is one of the largest and most important Kabuyutan in Cirebon because the large size of the complex sites, the history of its construction, along with pilgrims and an important tradition that is still preserved until now. This site has a number of relics of material objects in the form of objects and buildings that stand on the site of complex spatial patterns. This paper reviews all forms of attributes that provide evidence of the antiquity of the buildings standing on it. The research in this paper uses observation, description, and interpretation methods which is supported by bibliographical studies. The results of this paper reveals that almost all the buildings change with the addition in the structural parts of the buildings as a result of renovation, in addition to this, there are new buildings constructed to complement the facilities which support the pilgrims. This paper presents the results of antiquity identification of all existing buildings in the complex Site spatial scope which becomes a trusted reference of the characteristics of Islamic archaeological remains in Cirebon area.Kompleks Situs Ki Buyut Trusmi adalah salah satu dari 112 Situs Kabuyutan yang ada di Kabupaten Cirebon. Banyaknya Situs Kabuyutan di wilayah Cirebon merupakan sebuah fenomena yang membuat Situs Kabuyutan menjadi ciri dari perkembangan Islam di wilayah ini. Situs ini merupakan salah satu Situs Kabuyutan yang terbesar dan terpenting di Kabupaten Cirebon mengingat besarnya fisik kompleks situs, sejarah pembangunannya, serta para peziarah dan tradisi penting yang masih dipertahankan hingga saat ini. Situs ini memiliki sejumlah peninggalan objek material berupa benda dan bangunan yang berdiri di dalam pola keruangan kompleks situs. Tulisan ini meninjau segala bentuk atribut yang memberikan bukti-bukti kekunaan dari bangunan-bangunan yang berdiri di dalamnya. Penelitian dalam tulisan ini menggunakan metode observasi lapangan, deskripsi, dan penafsiran yang didukung oleh data referensi pustaka. Hasil dari tulisan ini mengungkapkan hampir seluruh bangunan berubah dengan penambahan pada bagian-bagian struktur bangunan sebagai akibat dari renovasi, selain itu terdapat pula bangunan-bangunan baru yang dibangun untuk melengkapi fasilitas-fasilitas yang mendukung peziarah yang datang. Tulisan ini menyajikan hasil identifikasi kekunaan dari seluruh bangunan yang ada di dalam lingkup keruangan kompleks Situs yang secara umum menjadi referensi dari ciri tinggalan arkeologi Islam di wilayah Cirebon.
Tinggalan Arkeologi Masa Kolonial di Wilayah Kepulauan Maluku: Sebuah Evaluasi Hasil Penelitian
Authors: Mansyur Syahruddin
Published: March 2017

Balai Arkeologi Ambon dengan wilayah kerja meliputi Provinsi Maluku dan Maluku Utara (selanjutnya disebut wilayah Kepulauan Maluku) telah menetapkan tema penelitian yang sesuai dengan kondisi wilayah kerjanya. Salah satu tema yang dikembangkan dalam pelaksanaan penelitian arkeologi di Balai Arkeologi Ambon adalah tema Pengaruh Kolonial di Nusantara. Hal ini, tentu saja tidak lepas dari sejarah kebudayaan yang pernah ada dan berkembang di wilayah Kepuluan Maluku. Seperti diketahui bahwa sejarah kedatangan bangsa asing terutama bangsa Eropa di nusantara diawali oleh faktor ekonomi yaitu perdagangan rempah-rempah, dimana wilayah Kepulauan Maluku merupakan pusat produksi dua jenis rempah-rempah yaitu cengkeh dan pala. Dalam konteks inilah, penelitian arkeologi yang dilaksanakan oleh Balai Arkeologi Ambon melalui tema Pengaruh Kolonial berupaya untuk mengkaji lebih jauh berbagai aspek yang terkait dengan masa penguasaan bangsa Eropa di wilayah Kepulauan Maluku. Makalah ini akan merangkum berbagai hasil penelitian arkeologi yang dilakukan oleh Balai Arkeologi Ambon sejak didirikan pada tahun 1995 hingga saat ini. Selanjutnya, akan dipaparkan ruang lingkup penjelasan yang tercakup dalam berbagai hasil penelitian yang telah dilaksanakan. Makalah ini juga berupaya melakukan evaluasi terhadap berbagai aspek terkait dengan tema pengaruh kolonial khususnya di wilayah Kepulauan Maluku. Archaeological Institute of Ambon with work areas include Maluku and North Maluku (hereinafter referred to as the Moluccas Islands) has set the theme of the research in accordance with the conditions of their working area. One of the themes developed in the implementation of archaeological research at the Institute of Archaeology of Colonial Influence Ambon is a theme in the archipelago. It is, of course, can not be separated from the cultural history that ever existed and flourished in the area of Moluccas Islands. As it is known that the history of the arrival of foreigners, especially Europeans in the archipelago preceded by economic factors, namely the spice trade, which is the center of the Maluku Islands of production of two types of spices are cloves and nutmeg. In this context, archaeological research carried out by the Archaeological Institute of Ambon through the Colonial Influence theme seeks to further examine various aspects linked to the control of European nations in the Moluccas Islands. This paper will summarize the results of archaeological research carried out by the Archaeological Institute of Ambon since its inception in 1995 until today. Furthermore, an explanation will be presented scope covered by the various studies that have been conducted. This paper also attempts to evaluate the various aspects related to the theme of colonial influence, especially in the Maluku Islands.
Projections of Future Land Use in Bangladesh under the Background of Baseline, Ecological Protection and Economic Development
Authors: Hasan Shaikh , Deng Xiangzheng , Li Zhihui , Chen Dongdong
Published: March 2017

Land is one of the important input resources in a highly populous and land-scarce country such as Bangladesh. When different factors change (such as, geophysical, proximity, socioeconomic and climatic), there are dramatic changes in the spatial pattern of land uses. Thus, shedding light on the dynamics of land use and land cover changes has great importance for finding the changing pattern of land use in Bangladesh. In the present study, we predicted the land use and land cover changes from 2010 to 2030 under baseline, ecological protection priority and economic growth scenarios in Bangladesh. On this basis, we applied a previously developed Dynamics of Land Systems (DLS) model to simulate the changes in land uses according to the driving mechanisms. The findings indicate that cultivated land declines and built-up area expansion is common under all three scenarios. However, the future land use demand shows differences under different scenarios. The results under the ecological protection priority scenario shows that forest area and grassland will increase more, while under economic growth scenario, built-up area will expand dramatically in the future. The present research results furnish meaningful decision-making information for planners to conserve and/or exploit land resources in Bangladesh in a more sustainable manner.
Les vagues d'érosion
Authors: Lismonde Baudouin , Lagmani Abdallah
Published: March 2017

Current markings or scallops

The scallops pattern on the wall of limestone cave result from the interaction of a soluble surface and an turbulent flow. The main results of Curl, particularly, the dependance of the velocity flow on the flute length are presented.
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IN RELATION TO INFORMAL URBAN SETTLEMENTS
Authors: ADEGUN Olumuyiwa Bayode
Published: March 2017

Green infrastructure plays a critical role in environmentally sustainable urbanization in developing countries. Based on a review of academic outputs, this paper explores green infrastructure in the context of informal urban settlements. It identifies three ways informal settlements are connected to green spaces and natural ecosystems functioning as urban green infrastructure and then shows examples of benefits derived (ecosystem services) by the urban poor from these connections. Undesirable aspects and negative outcomes, regarded as ecosystem disservices, from the connection to natural ecosystems are also pointed out. The potentials of enhancing ecosystem services in terms of improving quality of life and the environment in informal settlements came to the fore. This work contributes to the growing body of knowledge on urban green infrastructure from the perspective of informal settlements in developing countries.
Authors: ZOLOTAREVA Milena
Published: March 2017

Architectural and urban planning activity has always been the most important component of the social and political life of any country and has always been subject to regulation. However, the nature, scope and organization of this regulation were different and depended on many factors. Russia was no exception in this respect. Since the Petrine time, the control system and regulation of architectural and construction process have constantly become more complex. In the Petrine era, the urban planning activities were involved in the orbit of government reforms. The primary targets were to change the principles of construction of urban society, to introduce the principles of regularity in all spheres of the public life, to form the regulatory structures of architectural and construction processes. Urban planning process in civil construction was one of the central areas of focus of the Russian urban development policy within the period of the late 17th century – the first half of the 18th century. The first half of the 18th century was marked by a significant step from the city of the Middle Ages towards the Modern Age city including all its elements, such as social and economic, organizational and political, urban planning, architectural and artistic.
Learner Acceptance of Using Virtual Patient Encounters to Train Foreign Healthcare Professionals in Swedish
Authors: Fors Uno G. H. , Courteille Olivier
Published: March 2017

Healthcare professionals need good communication skills to be able to communicate with patients. In such provider-patient communication, the professional needs to be well understood by the patient, but also be able to understand subtle parts of a medical history taking dialogue with worried, sick or mentally affected patients. Virtual Patients (VPs) – learning environments that simulate encounters between a patient and a physician – were used to prepare 26 immigrating professionals in Swedish for healthcare practitioners. The professionals were speaking nine different foreign languages and used two different VP systems to train patient communication. Almost all participants welcomed the use of VPs for training communication in healthcare Swedish and 19 of the 26 users indicated that they considered that VPs should be mandatory to use in future courses. Targeted individual training in provider-patient communication with Virtual Patients seems to be of great educational value and well accepted by immigrating healthcare professionals.
Home Care Systems for the Management of Patients with Mental Disorders
Authors: Haritou Maria , Koutsouris Dimitris
Published: March 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the various aspects involved in the development of a home care system for the management of dementia, based on the experience of ALADDIN implementation. The ALADDIN platform aims to provide a trustworthy and reliable solution supporting patients and their informal carers in the management of the disease from home. Based on a set of monitoring parameters and measuring scales feeding a reconfigurable Event Detection mechanism used for Risk Assessment and Analysis, the system aims to early detect symptoms predicting decline, avoid emergencies and secondary effects and thus prolong the period that patients can remain safely cared at home. Informal carers are also monitored by the system whereas additional features supporting networking, education and cognitive stimulation are also integrated along with decision support tools for the clinicians. It is an open, secure, interoperable, integrated IT-solution designed according to Service Oriented Architecture principles and credible methodologies for patient follow-up, risk detection and adaptive care.
Barriers to Accessing Healthcare Services in Developing Nations
Authors: Alghodaier Hussah , Al-Nasser Lubna , Al-Shehri Ali , Khalifa Mohamed , Househ Mowafa , Alsalamah Majid , El-Metwally Ashraf
Published: March 2017

Patient satisfaction with the healthcare services is critical to addressing the barriers to accessing healthcare. Many combined factors are responsible for the poor accessibilities to primary healthcare centers. Less availability of prescription drugs and less thoroughness of care are most frequently associated with high rates of patient dissatisfaction. The low satisfaction rates of patients need to be investigated further to promote prevention programs and increase utilization of healthcare services by patients. The purpose of this book chapter is to analyse the critical dimensions that influence patient satisfaction with primary healthcare services in six gulf countries.
Cloud-Based Healthcare Systems
Authors: Shawish Ahmed , Salama Maria
Published: March 2017

Healthcare is one of the most important sectors in all countries and significantly affects the economy. As such, the sector consumes an average of 9.5% of the gross domestic product across the most developed countries; they should invoke smart healthcare systems to efficiently utilize available resources, vastly handle spontaneous emergencies, and professionally manage the population health records. With the rise of the Cloud and Mobile Computing, a vast variety of added values have been introduced to software and IT infrastructure. This chapter provides a comprehensive review on the new Cloud-based and mobile-based applications that have been developed in the healthcare field. Cloud's availability, scalability, and storage capabilities, in addition to the Mobile's portability, wide coverage, and accessibility features, contributed to the fulfillment of healthcare requirements. The chapter shows how Cloud and Mobile opened a new environment for innovative services in the healthcare field and discusses the open research issues.
Experiment and Numerical Simulation on Non-Magnetic Prestressed Beam
Authors: Jiang Shi Yong , Fei Wei , Yao Wei Lai , Li Xue Yang
Published: March 2017

In order to meet demanding of non-magnetic, changing the reinforcement ratio, the degree of prestress and cross section form, four partially prestressed concrete beam (3 T shape section, 1 rectangle section) were made with CFRP as longitudinal reinforcement and stirrup. The results show that: the pure bending sections of the test beams conform the plane-section assumption; the beams with bigger rate of reinforcement or with stronger prestress tends to appear more cracks with smaller spacing and width, also their cracking load were higher with relatively lesser deflection. The cracking load and ultimate load of T-shape beam are slightly larger than the rectangular beam’s, but their deflections are similar nearly. Based on experimental research, nonlinear finite element analysis software ANSYS was utilized to establish the model, the results of numerical simulation and experiments showed good agreement.
The Influence of Alkaline Treatment of Plant Fibres on Tensile Properties of Single Fibres and Composites
Authors: Chaishome Jedsada , Rattanapaskorn Satip
Published: March 2017

The hypothesis pursued in this work is that by removing hemicellulose and pectin from plant fibres by alkaline treatment, the fibre tensile performance could be improved. Flax fibres were examined as reinforcement. The highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) resulted for fibre treated with 3% by weight of NaOH solution (up to 12% increase in UTS and 18% increase in Young’s modulus, compared to untreated fibres). A 15% reduction in cross-sectional area of the fibres was observed. Tensile performance of treated (a percentage of fibre volume fraction (Vf %) of 30%) and untreated (Vf % of 34%) fibre reinforced polypropylene composites manufactured by the vacuum forming process, were compared. A decrease of UTS and Young’s modulus of the treated material was observed with an increase in consolidation time. The UTS of the treated material was 3.82% lower than that of the untreated material.
Minimizing Property Variation in Natural Fiber Reinforcements for Green Composite Materials Applications
Authors: Diaz Leslie Joy L. , Hagad Stella Marie , Santiago Peter June M.
Published: March 2017

Properties of composite materials are often predicted from properties of its component materials. In the case of green composites that are typically filled with natural fibers however, a large deviation from predictions is observed due to the large property variation in natural fibers. In this study, techniques have been developed to minimize the effect of the said variations, which included the determination of a fiber useful length and critical length, and the utilization of controlled chemical treatment to remove unwanted fiber components that interfere in fiber-matrix interfacial bonding. The abaca fiber was determined to have a diameter of 190 + 2 mm in about two-thirds of the fiber length in the middle section. A large variation in fiber diameter was observed at the root and tip sections such that the diameter could be as high as 200 mm at the root while the tip tapers to 110 to 165 mm. The useful length with constant diameter was determined to be about 2000 mm at the middle section. The critical length of this useful length was found to be 3.15 mm. The tensile strength was also determined to have an average of 970 MPa when measured at 15 mm gauge lengths but is found to decrease up to 796 MPa with increasing gauge lengths up to 35 mm. This superior tensile strength of abaca is also associated to the 2-3o microfibril misorientation from the axis of the fiber. Use of the fibers in composite as continuous and unidirectional filler at 5% loading to unsaturated polyester (tensile strength of 40 MPa) resulted to a tensile strength of 48 MPa. The tensile strength increased to 71 MPa when chemically treated continuous fiber was employed. Alkali treatment at relatively high temperature improved the surface morphology of the fiber, with waxes and lignin removed from the surface and activating the surface with hydroxyl functional groups, that essentially improved the wettability of the polymer to the fiber, and densified the fiber with the closure of its lumens.
Influence of Plasticizers on the Electrical Conductivity of Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/Lithium-Montmorillonite (Li-MMT) Polymer Composite Electrolyte
Authors: Galvan Mitch Irene Kate N. , Diaz Leslie Joy L.
Published: March 2017

With the current trend of miniaturization and portability of electronic gadgets, the development of polymer composite electrolyte (PCE) gained much research interest. In this study PAN matrix was plasticized with various dimethyl formamide (DMF)/ propylene carbonate (PC) ratios. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that both DMF and PC reduce the crystallinity of PAN. Yet, films with higher amount of PC caused much decrease in crystallinity, which is indicated by lowering of full with at half maximum (FWHM) at the utmost 57% when the DMF/PC ratio is 1:2. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis also revealed that glass transition temperature (Tg) of PAN decreased from 83.34°C to 50.27°C when plasticized with pure DMF and to temperature lower than ambient condition when PC alone was used. Upon incorporation of 15 wt% Li-MMT, PCEs with pure DMF exhibited the highest electrical conductivity, which is 3.6x10-8 S/cm based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This suggests that the electrical conductivity is not dictated by the decrease on polymer host crystallinity alone. The type of plasticizer and appropriate combination was shown to have an effect wherein the plasticizer that causes higher degree of solvation and has lower boiling point is thought to provide more hopping sites for electrons due to higher amount of broken bonds in the nitrile group of PAN.
Down, but not out: Recent decline of Berg–Breede River whitefish (Barbus andrewi) in the upper Hex River, South Africa
Authors: Shelton Jeremy M. , Impson N. Dean , Graham Shaun , Esler Karen J.
Published: March 2017

The Berg–Breede River whitefish, Barbus andrewi, an endangered Cape Floristic Region endemic, was once widespread in both the Berg and Breede River catchments. However, its distribution has been strongly reduced, apparently by human-related activities, over the last century, and the Hex River now contains one of the last recruiting populations within its native range. This population was last surveyed by Christie who found that the species occurred in six pools over a 9-km stretch of the upper Hex River. We re-surveyed fish populations at Christie’s sites in 2015 to evaluate differences in the fish community between 2002 and 2015. Our data indicated that the distribution of B. andrewi in the Hex River has declined from six to four pools and that its density in the study area in 2015 (0.57 fish per 100 m2 ± 0.31 fish per 100 m2 ) was more than fivefold lower than that recorded in 2002 (3.39 fish per 100 m2 ± 1.40 fish per 100 m2 ). Moreover, small size classes of B. andrewi (< 10 cm) were largely absent in 2015, indicating recruitment failure in recent years. Habitat degradation, exacerbated by a severe flood in 2008, and recent invasions by predatory non-native fishes (smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu and sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus) are identified as likely causes of this decline. Cape kurper, Sandelia capensis, another native species, was relatively common in 2002 but not recorded in 2015, whereas the density of native Breede River redfin, Pseudobarbus burchelli, was higher in 2015 than in 2002. Urgent conservation actions including managing non-native fish invasions and mitigating agricultural impacts on aquatic habitat are required to prevent further decline, and possible extirpation, of the Hex River population of B. andrewi.Conservation implications: Urgent conservation actions including preventing further increases in the abundance and distribution of non-native fishes, and improving habitat and water quality through mitigating agricultural impacts, are required to prevent further decline, and possible extirpation, of the Hex River population of B. andrewi.
Defining an Industry: What is the Size and Scope of the Australian Building and Construction Industry
Authors: De Valence Gerard
Published: March 2017

This is a reprint from Vol 1, no 1, which has not previously been available in electronic format.The analysis and understanding of the conduct and performance of an industry begins with a study of its structure. However, before analysing an industry's structure it is necessary to define the industry and identify its size, scope and scale to establish its true economic contribution. This paper discusses the size and scope of the Australian building and construction industry, firstly froma traditional industry economics approach by firm size and business characteristics using data fron three construction industry surveys done over 15 years by the ABS. Secondly, data from an industry 'cluster' perspective is shown. The objective of the paper is to compare the differences found in industry size and scope in the structure-conduct-performance approach and the alternative industry cluster approach. Each model reveals different characteristics of the industry. The conclusion finds that the building and construction industry is a case where the traditional structure-conduct-performance model cannot be easily applied.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 4
Authors: Yu Gavin
Published: March 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for English Language Teaching, Vol. 10, No. 4, 2017
Selected aspects of legal protection of graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in the European Union – between works and designs
Authors: Czub Krzysztof
Published: March 2017

The graphical user interfaces have become one of the most important means in software marketing over the last decades. This phenomenon occurs with particular intensity in relation to simple, non-specialized software. The users of such programs and devices with installed software of that kind are guided in choosing the product by its “look & feel” impression rather than by considering its, usually deeply hidden, technical solutions (the “engine”). This is understandable especially in the context of the development of mobile technologies, which are present in an increasing number of devices for everyday use. The “look” of a computer program is the display generated when a computer runs that program. The “feel” of a computer program is its function, overall purpose and performance (the easiness of use, promptness of operation) which is partly determined by the structure of the program and the sequence of commands it contains . Thus, the look and feel incorporate two aspects of a program for the user: visual and operational.
The dramatization of the Holy Week in Švėkšna church in the first half of the 19th century
Authors: Giniūnienė Asta
Published: March 2017

The article for the first time analyses the decoration parts of the Christ’s tomb of the second halfof the 18th century found a few years ago in Švėkšna church. The Christ’s tomb from the oldchurch was transferred to the  new church, which was built in 1804 and used until the  4thdecade of the 19th century. On the basis of the sources and remained fragments we can statethat this was a complicated structure of the Paschal decoration designed under the Europeanbaroque scenery principles. It was composed of the paintings on boards and canvas and mis-cellaneous accessories. The  Christ’s tomb paintings are characterised by a  symbolic allegoriccontent and artistry. The prophets of the Old Testament and characters the New Testamentreflecting the Paschal Triduum liturgy were depicted in the decoration. The survived outlinepaintings of Adam and Eve in Paradise, Noah waiting for the Saviour, and Angels Lamentingover the Death of Jesus are the exceptional iconography images in the Lithuanian church art.The decorations of the Christ’s tomb were created by the professional masters who decoratedthe churches in Samogitia in the second part of the 18th century. The images of suffering anddead Jesus used in the figuration of the Paschal Triduum influenced the spread of the Passionscenes. This is supported by an interesting archival fact about the shrine with a group of sculp-tures depicting the tomb of Christ in the Švėkšna churchyard.The fragments of the Paschal decorations in the Švėkšna church are important baroque scen-ery exhibits, which are valuable for the history of the Lithuanian church art and scenography.The investigation of the Holy Week figuration in the Švėkšna church is a valuable illustrationof this multidimensional cultural, religious and artistic phenomenon.
Lack of IL-1R8 in neurons causes hyperactivation of IL-1 receptor pathway and induces MECP2-dependent synaptic defects
Authors: Tomasoni Romana , Morini Raffaella , Lopez-Atalaya Jose P , Corradini Irene , Canzi Alice , Rasile Marco , Mantovani Cristina , Pozzi Davide , Garlanda Cecilia , Mantovani Alberto , Menna Elisabetta , Barco Angel , Matteoli Michela
Published: March 2017

Inflammation modifies risk and/or severity of a variety of brain diseases through still elusive molecular mechanisms. Here we show that hyperactivation of the interleukin 1 pathway, through either ablation of the interleukin 1 receptor 8 (IL-1R8, also known as SIGIRR or Tir8) or activation of IL-1R, leads to up-regulation of the mTOR pathway and increased levels of the epigenetic regulator MeCP2, bringing to disruption of dendritic spine morphology, synaptic plasticity and plasticity-related gene expression. Genetic correction of MeCP2 levels in IL-1R8 KO neurons rescues the synaptic defects. Pharmacological inhibition of IL-1R activation by Anakinra corrects transcriptional changes, restores MeCP2 levels and spine plasticity and ameliorates cognitive defects in IL-1R8 KO mice. By linking for the first time neuronal MeCP2, a key player in brain development, to immune activation and demonstrating that synaptic defects can be pharmacologically reversed, these data open the possibility for novel treatments of neurological diseases through the immune system modulation.
A developmental insurance policy
Authors: Saiz Nestor , Hadjantonakis Anna-Katerina
Published: March 2017

Why does a totipotent state linger within the inner cell mass of mouse embryos?
The role of sulfur dioxide in stratospheric aerosol formation evaluated by using in situ measurements in the tropical lower stratosphere
Authors: Rollins A. W. , Thornberry T. D. , Watts L. A. , Yu P. , Rosenlof K. H. , Mills M. , Baumann E. , Giorgetta F. R. , Bui T. V. , Höpfner M. , Walker K. A. , Boone C. , Bernath P. F. , Colarco P. R. , Newman P. A. , Fahey D. W. , Gao R. S.
Published: March 2017

Stratospheric aerosols (SAs) are a variable component of the Earth's albedo that may be intentionally enhanced in the future to offset greenhouse gases (geoengineering). The role of tropospheric‐sourced sulfur dioxide (SO2) in maintaining background SAs has been debated for decades without in situ measurements of SO2 at the tropical tropopause to inform this issue. Here we clarify the role of SO2 in maintaining SAs by using new in situ SO2 measurements to evaluate climate models and satellite retrievals. We then use the observed tropical tropopause SO2 mixing ratios to estimate the global flux of SO2 across the tropical tropopause. These analyses show that the tropopause background SO2 is about 5 times smaller than reported by the average satellite observations that have been used recently to test atmospheric models. This shifts the view of SO2 as a dominant source of SAs to a near‐negligible one, possibly revealing a significant gap in the SA budget.
Magnetospheric balance of solar wind dynamic pressure
Authors: Lopez Ramon E. , Gonzalez Walter D.
Published: March 2017

The magnetopause is the boundary established by pressure balance between the solar wind flow in the magnetosheath and the magnetosphere. Generally, this pressure balance is represented to be between the solar wind, the dynamic pressure, and the magnetic pressure of Earth's dipole field. The plasma actually in contact with the magnetosphere is the slowed, compressed, and heated solar wind downstream of the shock. The force exerted on the magnetosheath plasma is the J × B force produced by the Chapman‐Ferraro current that flows on the magnetopause. Under typical solar wind conditions of relatively high magnetosonic Mach number flow (>6), this simple picture is a reasonable description of the situation. However, under conditions of low solar wind magnetosonic Mach number flow (~2) the force on the solar wind plasma is not exerted at the magnetopause and must be exerted at the bow shock by currents that connect to the Region 1 currents. In this paper we present observations from two magnetopause crossings observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft to compare and contrast the force balance with the solar wind for two situations with very different solar wind magnetosonic Mach numbers.
Weakening and shift of the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex: Internal variability or forced response?
Authors: Seviour William J. M.
Published: March 2017

Recent studies have proposed that the Arctic stratospheric polar vortex has weakened and shifted away from the North Pole during the past three decades. Some of these studies suggest that this trend has been driven by a decline in Arctic sea ice leading to enhanced zonal wave number 1 waves propagating into the stratosphere and that it has in turn contributed to a recent wintertime surface cooling over North America and some parts of Eurasia. Here trends in several measures of the location and strength of the stratospheric polar vortex from 1980 to 2016 are examined in two reanalysis products. All measures show weakening and equatorward shift trends, but only one measure, the vortex centroid latitude, has a trend which is statistically significant at the 95% level in both reanalyses. By comparing large ensembles of historical simulations with preindustrial control simulations for two coupled climate models, the ensemble mean response of the vortex is found to be small relative to internal variability. There is also no relationship between sea ice decline and trends in either vortex location or strength. Despite this, individual ensemble members are found to have vortex trends similar to those observed, indicating that these trends may be primarily a result of natural internally generated climate variability.
Capitalism
Authors: Smith Kenneth
Published: March 2017

A necessary preliminary step toward defining the concept of “capitalism” is to define the concept of “capital.” This said, it is surprising how often this preliminary step is not taken. This entry gives a brief account of what is meant by the term “capital” before going on to say what is meant by the concept “capitalism.” In order to do this, both Marxist and Weberian perspectives on this question are considered. The entry then considers other writers on this subject – Hilferding, Keynes, Galbraith, Schumpeter, and, more recently, Piketty. It is argued that what critics and supporters alike often label “capitalist” economic systems might be more accurately characterized as “highly developed mercantile economies.”
Globalization
Authors: Gulmez Didem Buhari
Published: March 2017

This entry is a critical introduction to the ongoing debates about the oft‐cited but elusive concept of globalization to which different meanings are attributed by different schools and disciplines that investigate the rising interconnectedness and cognitive shifts in the current era from diverse theoretical perspectives and with a great variety of methodological approaches. Apart from distinguishing globalization from globality, transnationalization, and globalism, the entry provides an overview of some influential theses of globalization scholars covering glocalization, grobalization, and world society, among others. It concludes with a section that dwells on various normative approaches to globalization including, for example, hyperglobalism, counter‐globalism, and alter‐globalism.
Where is the Dialectic in the Community‐Diversity Dialectic?
Authors: Hill Jean L.
Published: March 2017

Agent‐based modeling has provided some interesting investigations of the hypothesis that there is a dialectical relationship between sense of community and diversity. A close look at those models strongly suggests that only models in which the attributes of agents are fixed completely support that hypothesis. Models which acknowledge that diversity is contextually defined, and thus changeable, suggest that there is no inherent dialectical relationship between the two values. Rather, it is the context of the setting, the way in which the setting is socially constructed, that determines whether a strong sense of community can exist in highly diverse settings.
Doing More with Less: Building Dynamic Capabilities for Eco‐Efficiency
Authors: Kabongo Jean D. , Boiral Olivier
Published: March 2017

This article sheds light on the manner in which managers perceive, develop and integrate dynamic capabilities for eco‐efficient activities inherent to industrial ecology. The research employs a case study of 12 Canadian facilities involved in the processing of a wide variety of waste materials. Findings from the experiences of 60 managers interviewed reveal that capabilities for industrial ecology largely depend upon the integration and coordination of competencies, innovations and new routines related to several functional areas: innovation and technological development; control of residual material flows; adjustments in human resources; management of environmental constraints; and networking and marketing. These dynamic capabilities are developed and integrated through a four‐stage process: local experimentation, internal operationalization, enlargement/cross‐functional integration and strategic consolidation. The paper contributes to the extant literature related to dynamic capabilities and the natural resource‐based view by offering an understanding of those factors necessary for the success of industrial ecology, and also by demonstrating the functional and dynamic nature of such factors. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Palladium‐Catalyzed Isomerization/(Cyclo)carbonylation of Pentenamides: a Mechanistic Study of the Chemo‐ and Regioselectivity
Authors: Limburg Bart , Gloaguen Yann , de Bruijn Hans M. , Drent Eite , Bouwman Elisabeth
Published: March 2017

A new isomerizing ring‐closing amidocarbonylation reaction is reported using Pd catalysis with bulky diphosphane ligands. From terminal as well as internal pentenamide isomers (PAs), cyclic imides were obtained in good yield (92 %) with cationic Pd catalysts supported by bis‐PCg ligands (PCg=6‐phospha‐2,4,8‐trioxa‐1,3,5,7‐tetramethyladamant‐6‐yl). An excess of strong acid is required to obtain high selectivity for imide products. From a low‐temperature NMR study it was deduced that N coordination of the amide moiety is responsible for a high selectivity to cyclic imide products. In weakly acidic conditions, O coordination of the amide functionality leads to the formation of cyanoacids (i.e., 5‐cyanovaleric acid, 2‐methyl‐4‐cyanobutyric acid and 2‐ethyl‐3‐cyanopropionic acid). It is proposed that the formation of these cyanoacids occurs through a novel intramolecular tandem dehydrating hydroxycarbonylation reaction of PAs. This reaction also occurs in intermolecular versions of amidocarbonylation with mixtures of alkene and amide substrates. Experiments with N‐alkylated amides have been instrumental in developing mechanistic models. The strong acid co‐catalyst ensures double‐bond isomerization to occur faster than product formation, resulting in the same product mixture, irrespective of the use of terminal or internal pentenamides. The remaining challenge is to arrive at the desired adipimide by overcoming the undesirable regioselectivity caused by chelation of the amide.
Peptide‐Coated Semiconductor Polymer Dots for Stem Cells Labeling and Tracking
Authors: Meng Zihui , Guo Lei , Li Qiong
Published: March 2017

Stem cell therapy is rapidly moving toward translation to clinical application. To elucidate the therapeutic effect, a robust method that allows tracking of the stem cells over an extended period of time is required. Herein, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) are demonstrated for their use in bright labeling and tracking of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and in vivo. The Pdots coated with a cell‐penetrating peptide (R8) showed remarkable endocytic uptake efficiency that was 15 times higher than that of carboxyl Pdots and more than 200 times than that of bare Pdots. The Pdot‐labeled MSCs can be traced for 15 generations in vitro and tracked over 2 weeks in vivo after subcutaneous transplantation. The labeled MSCs administered through the tail vein were preferentially accumulated in the lung; this was distinctive from the distribution of free Pdots, which were primarily distributed in the liver. Based on the properties of bright labeling, excellent tracking capability, and great biocompatibility, the Pdots will be valuable in the applications of stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
19F NMR Spectroscopic Analysis of the Binding Modes in Triple‐Helical Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)/MicroRNA Complexes
Authors: Tähtinen Ville , Granqvist Lotta , Murtola Merita , Strömberg Roger , Virta Pasi
Published: March 2017

Triplex‐forming peptide nucleic acids (TFPNAs) were targeted to double‐helical regions of 19F‐labeled RNA hairpin models (a UA‐rich duplex with a hexaethylene glycol (heg) loop and a microRNA model, miR‐215). In addition to conventional UV‐ and circular dichroism (CD)‐based detection, binding was monitored by 19F NMR spectroscopy. Detailed information on the stoichiometry and transition between the triple‐helical peptide nucleic acid (PNA)/RNA and (PNA)2/RNA binding modes could be obtained. γ‐(R)‐Hydroxymethyl‐modified thymine‐1‐yl‐ and 2‐aminopyridin‐3‐yl‐acetyl derivatives of TFPNAs were additionally synthesized, which were targeted to the same RNA models, and the effect of the γ‐(R)‐hydroxymethyl group on binding was studied. An appropriate pattern of γ‐(R)‐hydroxymethyl modifications reduced the stability of the ternary complex and preferred stoichiometric binding to the miR‐215 model.
Organic Microporous Nanofillers with Unique Alcohol Affinity for Superior Ethanol Recovery toward Sustainable Biofuels
Authors: Cheng Xi Quan , Konstas Kristina , Doherty Cara M. , Wood Colin D. , Mulet Xavier , Xie Zongli , Ng Derrick , Hill Matthew R. , Lau Cher Hon , Shao Lu
Published: March 2017

To minimize energy consumption and carbon footprints, pervaporation membranes are fast becoming the preferred technology for alcohol recovery. However, this approach is confined to small‐scale operations, as the flux of standard rubbery polymer membranes remain insufficient to process large solvent volumes, whereas membrane separations that use glassy polymer membranes are prone to physical aging. This study concerns how the alcohol affinity and intrinsic porosity of networked, organic, microporous polymers can simultaneously reduce physical aging and drastically enhance both flux and selectivity of a super glassy polymer, poly‐[1‐(trimethylsilyl)propyne] (PTMSP). Slight loss in alcohol transportation channels in PTMSP is compensated by the alcohol affinity of the microporous polymers. Even after continuous exposure to aqueous solutions of alcohols, PTMSP pervaporation membranes loaded with the microporous polymers outperform the state‐of‐the‐art and commercial pervaporation membranes.
Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Glucose to Gluconic Acid over Activated Carbon‐Supported Gold Clusters
Authors: Liu Chao , Zhang Junying , Huang Jiahui , Zhang Chaolei , Hong Feng , Zhou Yang , Li Gao , Haruta Masatake
Published: March 2017

The catalytic performance of the atomically precise gold cluster‐Au38(PET)24 (PET=2‐phenylethanethiolate), immobilized on activated carbon (AC), was investigated for the aerobic oxidation of glucose to gluconic acid. The Au38(PET)24/AC‐120 catalysts, annealed at 120 °C in air, exhibited high catalytic activity and significantly better performance than the corresponding catalysts Au38/AC‐150 and Au38/AC‐300 (treated at 150 and 300 °C to remove the protecting thiolate ligands). The high activity of the robust Au cluster was a result of the partial ligand removal, providing catalytically active sites, which were evidenced by TEM, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and Fourier‐transform IR spectroscopy. Au38(PET)24/AC‐120 also showed excellent recyclability (up to seven cycles). The turnover frequency for the Au38(PET)24/AC‐120 catalyst was 5440 h−1, which is higher than for the Pd/AC, Pd‐Bi/AC, and Au/AC under identical reaction conditions. This new ultra‐small gold nanomaterial is expected to find wide application in other catalytic oxidations.
Evaluating a new method for reconstructing forest conditions from General Land Office survey records
Authors: Levine Carrie R. , Cogbill Charles V. , Collins Brandon M. , Larson Andrew J. , Lutz James A. , North Malcolm P. , Restaino Christina M. , Safford Hugh D. , Stephens Scott L. , Battles John J.
Published: March 2017

Historical forest conditions are often used to inform contemporary management goals because historical forests are considered to be resilient to ecological disturbances. The General Land Office (GLO) surveys of the late 19th and early 20th centuries provide regionally quasi‐contiguous data sets of historical forests across much of the Western United States. Multiple methods exist for estimating tree density from point‐based sampling such as theGLOsurveys, including distance‐based and area‐based approaches. Area‐based approaches have been applied in California mixed‐conifer forests but their estimates have not been validated. To assess the accuracy and precision of plotless density estimators with potential for application toGLOdata in this region, we imposed aGLOsampling scheme on six mapped forest stands of known densities (159–784 trees/ha) in the Sierra Nevada in California,USA, and Baja California Norte, Mexico. We compared three distance‐based plotless density estimators (Cottam, Pollard, and Morisita) as well as two Voronoi area (VA) estimators, the Delincé and mean harmonic Voronoi density (MHVD), to the true densities. We simulated sampling schemes of increasing intensity to assess sampling error. The relative error (RE) of density estimates for theGLOsampling scheme ranged from 0.36 to 4.78. The least biased estimate of tree density in every stand was obtained with the Morisita estimator and the most biased was obtained with theMHVDestimator. TheMHVDestimates of tree density were 1.2–3.8 times larger than the true densities and performed best in stands subject to fire exclusion for 100 yr. The Delincé approach obtained accurate estimates of density, implying that the Voronoi approach is theoretically sound but that its application in theMHVDwas flawed. The misapplication was attributed to two causes: (1) the use of a crown scaling factor that does not correct for the number of trees sampled and (2) the persistent underestimate of the trueVAdue to a weak relationship between tree size andVA. The magnitude of differences between true densities andMHVDestimates suggest caution in using results based on theMHVDto inform management and restoration practices in the conifer forests of the American West.
Mechanisms of nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forest lichens and trees
Authors: Carter Therese S. , Clark Christopher M. , Fenn Mark E. , Jovan Sarah , Perakis Steven S. , Riddell Jennifer , Schaberg Paul G. , Greaver Tara L. , Hastings Meredith G.
Published: March 2017

We review the mechanisms of deleterious nitrogen (N) deposition impacts on temperate forests, with a particular focus on trees and lichens. Elevated anthropogenic N deposition to forests has varied effects on individual organisms depending on characteristics both of the N inputs (form, timing, amount) and of the organisms (ecology, physiology) involved. Improved mechanistic knowledge of these effects can aid in developing robust predictions of how organisms respond to either increases or decreases in N deposition. Rising N levels affect forests in micro‐ and macroscopic ways from physiological responses at the cellular, tissue, and organism levels to influencing individual species and entire communities and ecosystems. A synthesis of these processes forms the basis for the overarching themes of this paper, which focuses on N effects at different levels of biological organization in temperate forests. For lichens, the mechanisms of direct effects of N are relatively well known at cellular, organismal, and community levels, though interactions of N with other stressors merit further research. For trees, effects of N deposition are better understood for N as an acidifying agent than as a nutrient; in both cases, the impacts can reflect direct effects on short time scales and indirect effects mediated through long‐term soil and belowground changes. There are many gaps on fundamental N use and cycling in ecosystems, and we highlight the most critical gaps for understanding potential deleterious effects of N deposition. For lichens, these gaps include both how N affects specific metabolic pathways and how N is metabolized. For trees, these gaps include understanding the direct effects of N deposition onto forest canopies, the sensitivity of different tree species and mycorrhizal symbionts to N, the influence of soil properties, and the reversibility of N and acidification effects on plants and soils. Continued study of how these N response mechanisms interact with one another, and with other dimensions of global change, remains essential for predicting ongoing changes in lichen and tree populations across North American temperate forests.