bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The wave-field from an array of periodic emitters driven simultaneously by a broadband pulse
Authors: Dixon Steve , Hill Samuel , Fan Yichao , Rowlands George
Published: June 2013

The use of phased array methods are commonplace in ultrasonic applications, where controlling the variation of the phase between the narrowband emitters in an array facilitates beam steering and focusing of ultrasonic waves. An approach is presented here whereby emitters of alternating polarity arranged in a one-dimensional array are pulsed simultaneously, and have sufficiently wide, controlled bandwidth to emit a two-dimensional wave. This pulsed approach provides a rapid means of simultaneously covering a region of space with a wave-front, whereby any wave that scatters or reflects off a body to a detector will have a distinct arrival time and frequency. This is a general wave phenomenon with a potential application in radar, sonar, and ultrasound. The key result is that one can obtain a smooth, continuous wave-front emitted from the array, over a large solid angle, whose frequency varies as a function of angle to the array. Analytic and finite element models created to describe this phenomenon have been validated with experimental results using ultrasonic waves in metal samples.
An integral equation formulation for the diffraction from convex plates and polyhedra
Authors: Asheim Andreas , Peter Svensson U.
Published: June 2013

A formulation of the problem of scattering from obstacles with edges is presented. The formulation is based on decomposing the field into geometrical acoustics, first-order, and multiple-order edge diffraction components. An existing secondary-source model for edge diffraction from finite edges is extended to handle multiple diffraction of all orders. It is shown that the multiple-order diffraction component can be found via the solution to an integral equation formulated on pairs of edge points. This gives what can be called an edge source signal. In a subsequent step, this edge source signal is propagated to yield a multiple-order diffracted field, taking all diffraction orders into account. Numerical experiments demonstrate accurate response for frequencies down to 0 for thin plates and a cube. No problems with irregular frequencies, as happen with the Kirchhoff–Helmholtz integral equation, are observed for this formulation. For the axisymmetric scattering from a circular disc, a highly effective symmetric formulation results, and results agree with reference solutions across the entire frequency range.
Investigation on the effect of aperture sizes and receiver positions in coupled rooms
Authors: Xiang Ning , Escolano Jose , Navarro Juan M. , Jing Yun
Published: June 2013

Some recent concert hall designs have incorporated coupled reverberation chambers to the main hall that have stimulated a range of research activities in architectural acoustics. The coupling apertures between two or more coupled-volume systems are of central importance for sound propagation and sound energy decays throughout the coupled-volume systems. In addition, positions of sound sources and receivers relative to the aperture also have a profound influence on the sound energy distributions and decays. This work investigates the effect of aperture size on the behavior of coupled-volume systems using both acoustic scale-models and diffusion equation models. In these physical and numerical models, the sound source and receiver positions relative to the aperture are also investigated. Through systematic comparisons between results achieved from both physical scale models and numerical models, this work reveals valid ranges and limitations of the diffusion equation model for room-acoustic modeling.
Surface contributions to radiated sound power
Authors: Marburg Steffen , Lösche Eric , Peters Herwig , Kessissoglou Nicole
Published: June 2013

This paper presents a method to identify the surface areas of a vibrating structure that contribute to the radiated sound power. The surface contributions of the structure are based on the acoustic radiation modes and are computed for all boundaries of the acoustic domain. The surface contributions are compared to the acoustic intensity, which is a common measure for near-field acoustic energy. Sound intensity usually has positive and negative values that correspond to energy sources and sinks on the surface of the radiating structure. Sound from source and sink areas partially cancel each other and only a fraction of the near-field acoustic energy reaches the far-field. In contrast to the sound intensity, the surface contributions are always positive and no cancelation effects exist. The technique presented here provides a method to localize the relevant radiating surface areas on a vibrating structure. To illustrate the method, the radiated sound power from a baffled square plate is presented.
A beam based method for target localization: Inspiration from bats' directivity and binaural reception for ultrasonic sonar
Authors: Guarato Francesco , Windmill James , Gachagan Anthony
Published: June 2013

The process of echolocation is accomplished by bats partly using the beam profiles associated with their ear shapes that allow for discrimination between different echo directions. Indeed, knowledge of the emitted signal characteristic and measurement of the echo travel time from a target make it possible to compensate for attenuation due to distance, and to focus on filtering through the receivers' beam profiles by comparing received echoes to the original signal at all frequencies in the spectrum of interest. From this basis, a beam profile method to localize a target in three-dimensional space for an ultrasonic sensor system equipped with an emitter and two receivers is presented. Simulations were conducted with different noise levels, and only the contribution of the receivers' beam profiles was considered to estimate the orientation of the target with respect to the receivers. The beam pattern of the Phyllostomus discolor's ear was adopted as that of a receiver. Analyses of beam resolution and frequency ranges were conducted to enhance the accuracy of orientation estimates. The choice of appropriate resolution and frequency ranges guarantee that error mean values for most of the orientations are within [0.5°, 1.5°], even in noisy situations: Signal-to-noise ratio values considered in this work are 35 and 50 dB.
Ultrasonic recording system without intrinsic limits
Authors: Andreassen Tórur , Surlykke Annemarie , Hallam John , Brandt David
Published: June 2013

Today state-of-the-art bioacoustic research requires high-sample-rate, multi-channel, and often long-term recording systems. Commercial systems are very costly. This paper proposes and demonstrates an ultrasonic recording system design that is arbitrarily scalable. The system is modular and based on retail components and open source software/hardware. Each module has four microphones and modules can be combined to extend the coverage area, obtain higher spatial recording resolution, and/or add recording redundancy. The system is designed to have no inherent scalability limits. The system has been deployed in four different test settings. The first setup tests the system's ability to make medium-term recordings (1 to 2 min) with many microphones. The second setup tests the robustness of the system, being deployed throughout the Danish winter with only minor issues. The third setup integrates the system in a mobile robot as an echolocating guidance system, while the fourth setup demonstrates full-spectrum transducer calibration. In most respects this system's hardware specification surpasses all competitors on the market at a quarter of the price. Tests demonstrate that large deployments are feasible and accurate ultrasonic measurements can be obtained.
Combination of acoustical radiosity and the image source method
Authors: Koutsouris Georgios I. , Brunskog Jonas , Jeong Cheol-Ho , Jacobsen Finn
Published: June 2013

A combined model for room acoustic predictions is developed, aiming to treat both diffuse and specular reflections in a unified way. Two established methods are incorporated: acoustical radiosity, accounting for the diffuse part, and the image source method, accounting for the specular part. The model is based on conservation of acoustical energy. Losses are taken into account by the energy absorption coefficient, and the diffuse reflections are controlled via the scattering coefficient, which defines the portion of energy that has been diffusely reflected. The way the model is formulated allows for a dynamic control of the image source production, so that no fixed maximum reflection order is required. The model is optimized for energy impulse response predictions in arbitrary polyhedral rooms. The predictions are validated by comparison with published measured data for a real music studio hall. The proposed model turns out to be promising for acoustic predictions providing a high level of detail and accuracy.
Reproduction of random pressure fields based on planar nearfield acoustic holography
Authors: Robin Olivier , Berry Alain , Moreau Stéphane
Published: June 2013

This article discusses an open-loop approach based on planar nearfield acoustic holography (P-NAH) for the reproduction of random pressure fields, mainly intended for the measurement of vibroacoustic properties of plane panels. The main application is the simulation of turbulent boundary layer excitation in a laboratory environment, as an alternative to in-flight or wind tunnel experiments. The problem under study is the synthesis of random pressure distributions on a plane reproduction surface using acoustic monopoles distributed on a plane source surface facing the reproduction surface. The problem of reproducing a pressure distribution on a plane surface is addressed using the theoretical framework of P-NAH, which is extended to random pressure fields with corresponding imposed cross-spectral density functions. Results of numerical simulations are presented for the reproduction of a diffuse acoustic field, and a subsonic and supersonic turbulent boundary layer. The influence on the reproduction accuracy of the respective sizes of the two planes, their separation and the reproduction source separation are studied. The reproduction approach shows to be effective for the reproduction of diffuse acoustic field and turbulent boundary layer, but with different requirements in terms of plane separation and reproduction sources separation. In the specific case of subsonic turbulent boundary layer and associated sub-wavelength correlation scales reproduction, possible improvements of the method are suggested.
Anisotropy of dynamic acoustoelasticity in limestone, influence of conditioning, and comparison with nonlinear resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Renaud G. , Rivière J. , Haupert S. , Laugier P.
Published: June 2013

Anisotropy of wave velocity and attenuation induced by a dynamic uniaxial strain is investigated by dynamic acoustoelastic testing in limestone. Nonlinear resonance spectroscopy is performed simultaneously for comparison. A compressional resonance of the sample at 6.8 kHz is excited to produce a dynamic strain with an amplitude varied from 10−7 to 10−5. A sequence of ultrasound pulses tracks variations in ultrasonic velocity and attenuation. Variations measured when the ultrasound pulses propagate in the direction of the uniaxial strain are 10 times larger than when the ultrasound propagation occurs perpendicularly. Variations consist of a “fast” variation at 6.8 kHz and an offset. Acoustically induced conditioning is found to reduce wave velocity and enhance attenuation (offset). It also modifies “fast” nonlinear elastodynamics, i.e., wave amplitude dependencies of ultrasonic velocity and attenuation. At the onset of conditioning and beyond, different excitation amplitudes bring the material to non-equilibrium states. After conversion of velocity-strain dynamic relations into elastic modulus-strain dynamic relations and integration with respect to strain, the dynamic stress-strain relation is obtained. Analysis of stress-strain hysteresis shows that hysteretic nonlinear elasticity is not a significant source of the amplitude-dependent dissipation measured by nonlinear resonance spectroscopy. Mechanisms causing conditioning are likely producing amplitude-dependent dissipation as well.
Predicting the effect of hearing loss and audibility on amplified speech reception in a multi-talker listening scenario
Authors: Woods William S. , Kalluri Sridhar , Pentony Shareka , Nooraei Nazanin
Published: June 2013

Auditive and cognitive influences on speech perception in a complex situation were investigated in listeners with normal hearing (NH) and hearing loss (HL). The speech corpus used was the Nonsense-Syllable Response Measure [NSRM; Woods and Kalluri, (2010). International Hearing Aid Research Conference, pp. 40–41], a 12-talker corpus which combines 154 nonsense syllables with 8 different carrier phrases. Listeners heard NSRM sentences in quiet, background noise, and in background noise plus other “jammer” NSRM sentences. All stimuli were linearly amplified. A “proficiency” value, determined from the results in quiet and the quiet-condition speech intelligibility index (SII), was used with the SII in predicting results in the other conditions. Results for nine of ten NH subjects were well-predicted (within the limits of binomial variability) in the noise condition, as were eight of these subjects in the noise-plus-jammers condition. All 16 HL results were well-predicted in the noise condition, as were 9 of the HL in the noise-plus-jammers condition. Hierarchical regression partialling out the effects of age found proficiency in noise-plus-jammers significantly correlated with results of “trail-making” tests, thought to index processing speed and attention-deployment ability, and proficiency in quiet and noise was found significantly correlated with results from a backward digit-span memory test.
Nonlinear acoustic fields in acoustic metamaterial based on a cylindrical pipe with periodically arranged side holes
Authors: Fan Li , Ge Huan , Zhang Shu-yi , Gao Hai-fei , Liu Yong-hui , Zhang Hui
Published: June 2013

Nonlinear acoustic fields in transmission-line acoustic metamaterials based on a cylindrical pipe with periodically arranged side holes are studied, in which the dispersions and characteristic parameters of the nonlinear acoustic waves are obtained with the Bloch theory, and meanwhile the distributions of the fundamental wave (FW) and second harmonic wave (SHW) in the metamaterial are simulated. Three characteristic frequency bands are defined according to the relations between the frequencies of the FW, SHW, and the low-frequency forbidden band (LFB) in the metamaterial. Especially, when the FW is in the LFB while the SHW is outside the LFB, the SHW can transmit through the metamaterial although the FW is blocked, which exhibits the possibility to extract the information from the SHW instead of the FW. In addition, experiments are carried out to measure the distributions of the acoustic pressures for the FW and SHW along the metamaterial and the experimental results are in agreement with the theory.
Reverberation suppression in cochlear implants using a blind channel-selection strategy
Authors: Hazrati Oldooz , Loizou Philipos C.
Published: June 2013

Reverberation severely degrades speech intelligibility for cochlear implant (CI) users. The ideal reverberant mask (IRM), a binary mask for reverberation suppression which is computed using signal-to-reverberant ratio, was found to yield substantial intelligibility gains for CI users even in highly reverberant environments (e.g., T60 = 1.0 s). Motivated by the intelligibility improvements obtained from IRM, a monaural blind channel-selection criterion for reverberation suppression is proposed. The proposed channel-selection strategy is blind, meaning that prior knowledge of neither the room impulse response nor the anechoic signal is required. By the use of a residual signal obtained from linear prediction analysis of the reverberant signal, the residual-to-reverberant ratio (RRR) of individual frequency channels was employed as the channel-selection criterion. In each frame, the channels with RRR less than an adaptive threshold were retained while the rest were zeroed out. Performance of the proposed strategy was evaluated via intelligibility listening tests conducted with CI users in simulated rooms with two reverberation times of 0.6 and 0.8 s. The results indicate significant intelligibility improvements in both reverberant conditions (over 30 and 40 percentage points in T60 = 0.6 and 0.8 s, respectively). The improvement is comparable to that obtained with the IRM strategy.
Acoustic method for calibration of audiometric bone vibrators. II. Harmonic distortion
Authors: Ginter Samantha M. , Margolis Robert H.
Published: June 2013

A previous report [Margolis and Stiepan (2012). “Acoustic method for calibration of audiometric bone vibrators,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 131, 1221–1225] described a reliable, inexpensive, acoustic method for calibration of audiometric bone vibrators. As a follow up to that report harmonic distortion measurements were made with the standard electromechanical method and the acoustic method using five Radioear B71 vibrators and one Radioear B81 prototype vibrator. Lower distortion was seen for measurements made with the acoustic method compared to the electromechanical method and for the Radioear B81 vibrator compared to the Radioear B71 vibrator.
Frequency-change aftereffect produced by adaptation to real and illusory unidirectional frequency sweeps
Authors: Masutomi Keiko , Kashino Makio
Published: June 2013

It was examined whether illusory and real continuities induce the frequency-change aftereffect, in which repeated exposure to a frequency sweep results in a shift in the perceived frequency change direction of a subsequent test sound. The magnitude of the aftereffect for different types of adaptors (“real sweep,” “illusory sweep,” and “sweep with gap”) was compared. Listeners judged the direction of a frequency change of the test sound and showed a significant aftereffect only for the “real sweep” adaptors. The results suggest that the illusory sweeps are processed after the stage of frequency-change detection.
Comment on “Drug Screening for ALS Using Patient-Specific Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells”
Authors: Bilican Bilada , Serio Andrea , Barmada Sami J. , Nishimura Agnes Lumi , Sullivan Gareth J. , Carrasco Monica , Phatnani Hemali P. , Puddifoot Clare A. , Story David , Fletcher Judy , Park In-Hyun , Friedman Brad A. , Daley George Q. , Wyllie David J. A. , Hardingham Giles E. , Wilmut Ian , Finkbeiner Steven , Maniatis Tom , Shaw Christopher E. , Chandran Siddharthan
Published: June 2013

Egawa
et al.
recently showed the value of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for modeling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in vitro. Their study and our work highlight the need for complementary assays to detect small, but potentially important, phenotypic differences between control iPSC lines and those carrying disease mutations.
One Is Better than Two: TCR Pairing and GVHD
Authors: Vincent Benjamin G. , Serody Jonathan S.
Published: June 2013

T lymphocytes that express dual TCRs are found more frequently in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (Morris
et al.
, this issue).
T Cells Take Notice of Distinct Mutations in Cancer Cells
Authors: Callahan Margaret K.
Published: June 2013

Cancer-specific mutations in melanoma are recognized by tumor-infiltrating T cells and may explain the clinical activity of some immunotherapies.
A Coat Connects Obesity with Heart Disease
Authors: Tonelli Adriano R.
Published: June 2013

Perivascular adipose tissue surrounding coronary arteries may contribute to heart disease.
The role of private pesticide vendors in preventing access to pesticides for self-poisoning in rural Sri Lanka
Authors: Weerasinghe Manjula , Pearson Melissa , Peiris Ravi , Dawson Andrew H , Eddleston Michael , Jayamanne Shaluka , Agampodi Suneth , Konradsen Flemming
Published: June 2013

In 15% to 20% of self-poisoning cases, the pesticides used are purchased from shops just prior to ingestion. We explored how pesticide vendors interacted with customers at risk of self-poisoning to identify interventions to prevent such poisonings. Two strategies were specifically discussed: selling pesticides only to farmers bearing identity cards or customers bearing pesticide ‘prescriptions’. Vendors reported refusing to sell pesticides to people thought to be at risk of self-poisoning, but acknowledged the difficulty of distinguishing them from legitimate customers; vendors also stated they did want to help to improve identification of such customers. The community did not blame vendors when pesticides used for self-poison were purchased from their shops. Vendors have already taken steps to restrict access, including selling low toxic products, counselling and asking customer to return the next day. However, there was little support for the proposed interventions of ‘identity cards’ and ‘prescriptions’. Novel public health approaches are required to complement this approach.
Sustained reductions in emergency department laboratory test orders: impact of a simple intervention
Authors: Chu Kevin H , Wagholikar Amol S , Greenslade Jaimi H , O'Dwyer John A , Brown Anthony F
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To determine whether a pathology request form allowing interns and residents to order only a limited range of laboratory blood tests prior to consultation with a registrar or consultant can reduce test ordering in an emergency department (ED).

Methods

A prospective before-and-after study in an adult tertiary-referral teaching hospital ED was conducted. A pathology request form with a limited list of permissible tests was implemented for use by junior medical officers. Tests for patients 16 years and older presenting in a 20-week pre-intervention period from 19 January 2009 were compared with those in a corresponding 20-week post-intervention period from 18 January 2010. Main outcome measures were the number and cost of blood tests ordered.

Results

24 652 and 25 576 presentations were analysed in the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively. The mean number of blood tests ordered per 100 ED presentations fell by 19% from 172 in the pre- to 140 in the post-intervention period (p=0.001). The mean cost of blood tests ordered per 100 ED presentations fell by 17% from $A3177 in the pre- to $A2633 in the post-intervention period (p=0.001). There were falls in the number of coagulation profiles (11.1 vs 4.8/100 patients), C-reactive protein (5.6 vs 2.7/100 patients), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (2.5 vs 1.3/100 patients) and thyroid function tests (2.2 vs 1.6/100 patients).

Conclusions

Pathology request forms limiting tests that an intern and resident may order prior to consultation with a registrar or consultant are an effective low maintenance method for reducing laboratory test ordering in the ED that is sustainable over 12 months.
Postcastration analgesia in ponies using buprenorphine hydrochloride
Authors: Love E. J. , Taylor P. M. , Whay H. R. , Murrell J.
Published: June 2013

Buprenorphine has recently obtained UK Marketing Authorisation for horses. The analgesic effects are long lasting, and have considerable potential for postoperative pain relief. This observer blinded, randomised study aimed to evaluate postsurgical analgesia in ponies premedicated with buprenorphine prior to castration under intravenous anaesthesia. Ponies received either 0.01 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) buprenorphine (group B) or an equivalent volume of 5 per cent glucose (group C) given intravenously before induction of anaesthesia. Pain was assessed and recorded using dynamic interactive visual analogue scores (DIVAS 0–100) and a Simple Descriptive Scale (SDS 0–3) (high scores=most pain) before and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 hours after anaesthesia. Rescue analgesia was given if DIVAS>40 mm. Data were analysed using the Mann‐Whitney U test at P<0.05. Median (range) areas under the curve for DIVAS were 63 (0–383) mm hour in group B and 209 (0–391) mm hour in group C (P=0.0348). The SDS was lower in group B than in group C (P=0.038). Three group B and five group C animals required rescue analgesia. Buprenorphine did not produce any serious adverse effects. Buprenorphine at 0.01 mg/kg BW intravenously administered before anaesthesia provided near‐comprehensive postoperative analgesia after surgical castration in ponies.
The role of caveolae in regulating calcitonin receptor-like receptor subcellular distribution in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Tang Jiang Qiong , Sun Fei , Wang Yu Hua , Chen Lin Xi , Yao Chao Hua , Fu Xiao Qin , Zhang Liang , Qin Xu Ping
Published: June 2013

To determine whether caveolae and caveolin-1 affect the distribution of calcitonin receptor-like receptors (CLR) in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) membranes, we have used VSMCs cell line A10. We found that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) reduced CLR protein in the VSMC membrane in a time-dependent manner, which was dramatically decreased after 4 h CGRP treatment, and remained at a low level after 16 h. CGRP8-37 or β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) blocked this effect, without changing the total levels of CLR protein and mRNA in the cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that CLR bound to caveolin-1 in cell membrane fractions. Confocal laser microscopic studies confirmed this co-localization relationship at the cell plasma membrane. Thus, our data indicate that the structural integrity of caveolae plays an important role in regulating subcellular distribution of CLR.
The release of copper-induced phytosiderophores in barley plants is decreased by cadmium stress
Authors: Kudo Kazuaki , Kudo Hiroaki , Fujikawa Yaeko Koizumi , Kawai Shigenao
Published: June 2013

A variety of factors affect the release of the mugineic acid family of phytosiderophores (PS) from the roots of graminaceous plants. We investigated the effects of copper (Cu) toxicity with or without cadmium (Cd) toxicity on PS release in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Minorimugi). To characterise the effect of Cu toxicity on PS release, 10 μmol·L−1 Cu (a 100-fold higher concentration than the control condition) was added to the plant culture medium. The results showed that PS release from the roots was stimulated in response to Cu toxicity. In a second experiment, 5 μmol·L−1 Cu was added to the medium with or without the addition of 5 μmol·L−1 Cd. In this experiment, the release of PS was drastically reduced in response to Cd. We suggest that Cu toxicity in barley is a signal that activates PS release by plant roots, whereas PS release induced by Cu toxicity is strongly attenuated by Cd toxicity. We propose that inhibition of PS release could be one of the harmful effects of Cd toxicity in plants. Our results provide new information about one of the responses of graminaceous plants to heavy metal stress.
Evaluating the effect of seismic surveys on fish — the efficacy of different exposure metrics to explain disturbance
Authors: Handegard Nils Olav , Tronstad Tron Vedul , Hovem Jens Martin
Published: June 2013

To assess potential disturbance effects on fish from seismic air-gun surveys, we described several metrics to characterize the exposures from such surveys, including the number of emissions by area and time, and metrics based on accumulated sound exposure levels (SEL). For the SEL-based metrics we used both a simple spherical–geometrical model and a model that incorporated physical sound propagation properties such as bottom topography and the vertical difference in sound speed. We applied the metrics to two experiments in Norwegian waters (the Nordkappbanken and Vesterålen experiments) where fish distributions and fisheries were affected by the air-guns, but where the disturbance was stronger in the Nordkappbanken case. The metrics based on the number of emissions by area and time showed a stronger impact in the Nordkappbanken case. For the SEL-based metrics, the simple sound propagation model failed because of artificially elevated levels close to the emissions, but for the more complex propagation model, contrary to expectations, a stronger SEL was found in the Vesterålen case. We conclude that simple sound propagation models should be avoided and that the reliance on sound energy metrics like SEL for disturbance effects must be interpreted with caution.
Population social structure and gizzard shad density influence the size-specific growth of bluegill
Authors: Oplinger Randall W. , Diana Matthew J. , Wahl David H.
Published: June 2013

Many bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) populations are stunted and consist mainly of smaller individuals. There has been much recent interest in determining factors that influence the growth of bluegill so that management remedies can be designed to alleviate stunting. Bluegill population size structure is unlikely controlled by any one factor. Instead, multiple variables likely interact to regulate adult size. We used Akaike’s information criterion to determine how various environmental variables influence the size-specific growth of bluegill at 50, 100, and 150 mm total length (TL) in 16 lakes. Eight models related to prey availability, lake productivity, lake habitat, predation pressure, intraspecific competition, angling pressure, gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) density, and population social structure were constructed. Population social structure had the greatest effect on the size-specific growth rates of fish at 50 mm TL. At this size we found a significant negative relationship between size-specific growth rates and the mean age of maturation of males in the population. Size-specific growth rates at 100 and 150 mm TL were negatively related to gizzard shad density. These results suggest that management actions that help to increase the numbers of large males and reduce gizzard shad density would help alleviate stunting in bluegill populations.
Evaluation ofStreptomycesspp. for their plant-growth-promotion traits in rice
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Subramaniam , Vadlamudi Srinivas , Apparla Shravya , Bandikinda Prakash , Vijayabharathi Rajendran , Bhimineni Ratna Kumari , Rupela Om
Published: June 2013

Five strains of Streptomyces (CAI-17, CAI-68, CAI-78, KAI-26, and KAI-27) were previously reported to have potential for charcoal rot control and plant growth promotion (PGP) in sorghum. In this study, those 5 Streptomyces strains were characterized for their enzymatic activities and evaluated for their PGP capabilities on rice. All the Streptomyces strains were able to produce lipase and β-1,3-glucanase; grew in NaCl (up to 8%), at pH 5–13, and at temperatures 20–40 °C; and were resistant to ampicillin, sensitive to nalidixic acid, and highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. They were highly tolerant to the fungicide bavistin but were highly sensitive to benlate, benomyl, and radonil. When evaluated on rice in the field, Streptomyces significantly enhanced tiller and panicle numbers, stover and grain yields, dry matter, root length, volume and dry weight, compared with the control. In the rhizosphere at harvest, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, dehydrogenase activity, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and % organic carbon were also found significantly higher in Streptomyces-treated plots than in the control plots. This study further confirms that the selected Streptomyces have PGP activities.
Field equations for the massive vector boson from Dirac and Weinberg formalisms
Authors: Davies Richard W. , Davies K. Thomas R. , Nydick Daniel S.
Published: June 2013

This paper is a follow-up to an earlier paper that discussed the single-particle quantum mechanics of massless bose particles. In the present paper we extend the analysis to the massive vector (j = 1) bosons that occur in electroweak interactions. As in the previous paper we make a connection between a generalization of the Dirac equation and the equations obtained by Weinberg from S-matrix field theory. The starting point is the Bargmann–Wigner generalization of the Dirac equation. This leads to the Proca equations for a vector potential field, then to Maxwell’s equations, which we finally relate to Weinberg’s equations. We spend some time analyzing the quantity Tr(Ψ(x)*Ψ(x)), where Ψ(x) is the Bargmann–Wigner wave function (a symmetric four by four matrix). Using Lagrangian and Hamiltonian density equations, we show that the trace has the interpretation of being the Hamiltonian density for the vector potential field. We also use the Lagrangian analysis to construct a conserved current via Noether’s theorem.
Low pressure line shape study of nitrogen-perturbed acetylene transitions in the ν1 + ν3 band over a range of temperatures
Authors: Povey Chad , Guillorel-Obregon Mileno , Predoi-Cross Adriana , Ivanov Sergey V. , Buzykin Oleg G. , Thibault Franck
Published: June 2013

Six nitrogen-perturbed transitions of acetylene within the ν1 + ν3 absorption band have been recorded using a three-channel diode laser spectrometer. The goal being an improved understanding of both broadening and narrowing effects of low-pressure acetylene under the influence of nitrogen gas. To this end we have examined C2H2 spectra using a hard collision Rautian profile over a range of five temperatures (213–333 K) and five pressures (5–40 Torr). From these fits we have obtained the N2-broadening and narrowing coefficients of C2H2 and examined their temperature dependence. The experimentally measured narrowing coefficients have been used to estimate the nitrogen diffusion coefficients (D12) and are presented within. The broadening coefficients and corresponding temperature dependence exponents have also been compared to that of calculations completed using a classical impact approach on an ab initio potential energy surface. We have observed good agreement between our theoretical and experimental results.
The role of estrogen receptor-α in estrogen-mediated regulation of basal and exercise-induced Hsp70 and Hsp27 expression in rat soleus
Authors: Bombardier Eric , Vigna Chris , Bloemberg Darin , Quadrilatero Joe , Tiidus Peter M. , Tupling A. Russell
Published: June 2013

We examined the influence of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) activation on estrogen-mediated regulation of heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70) and 27 (Hsp27) in soleus. Ovariectomized rats received estrogen (EST), an ERα agonist (propyl pyrazole triol, PPT), both (EST+PPT), or a sham, and they served as either unexercised controls or were subjected to exercise by having to run downhill (17 m/min, −13.5° grade) for 90 min. At 72 h postexercise, soleus muscles were removed and either immunohistochemically stained for Hsp70 and myosin heavy chain or homogenized for Western blotting for Hsp70 and Hsp27. Elevated (p < 0.05) basal Hsp70 in both type I and II fibres in the unexercised EST, PPT, and EST+PPT groups relative to unexercised sham animals was noted. Compared with Hsp70 levels in the unexercised animals, that in exercised animals was elevated (p < 0.05) in both sham and PPT groups but not in EST and EST+PPT groups. Western blot determined that Hsp27 levels were not significantly different between groups. Hence, the ability of estrogen to augment resting type I and type II muscle fibre Hsp70 content is primarily mediated via muscle ERα. However, the blunted Hsp70 response following damaging exercise in estrogen-supplemented animals does not appear to be fully accounted for by ERα-mediated effects.
FURTHER STUDIES OF HIGGS PROPERTIES AT AN ILC γγ COLLIDER
Authors: HE XIAO-GANG , LI SIAO-FONG , LIN HSIU-HSIEN
Published: June 2013

Recently the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the LHC have found a Higgs-like boson h with a mass around 125 GeV from several decay modes. The decay mode h →γγ is one of the most important modes in studying whether h is actually the Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson. Current data indicate that h→γγ has a branching ratio larger than the SM prediction for h being identified as the SM Higgs boson. To decide whether the h discovered at the LHC is the SM Higgs boson, more data are needed. We study how γγ collider can help to provide some of the most important information about the Higgs boson properties. We show that a γγ collider can easily verify whether the enhanced h →γγ observed at the LHC hold. Different models can be tested by studying Higgs boson decay to γZ. Studying angular distribution of the γγ through on-shell production of h and its subsequent decays into a γγ pair can decide whether the Higgs-like boson h at the LHC is a spin-0 or a spin-2 boson.
DETAILED BALANCE AND SPIN CONTENT OF Λ USING STATISTICAL MODEL
Authors: BATRA M. , UPADHYAY A.
Published: June 2013

The spin structure of lambda has its special importance in analyzing the spin content of other hadrons. Assuming hadrons as a cluster of quarks and gluons (generally referred as valence and sea), statistical approach has been applied to study spin distribution of lambda among quarks. We apply the principle of detailed balance to calculate the probability of various quark–gluon Fock states and check the impact of SU(3) breaking on these probabilities particularly in sea for the Fock states containing strange quark. The flavor probability when multiplied by spin and color multiplicities of these quark–gluon Fock states results in estimating the individual contributions from valence and sea. We conclude that breaking in symmetry significantly affects the polarization of quarks inside the hyperons.
REDUCING PENGUIN POLLUTION
Authors: BHATTACHARYA BHUBANJYOTI , DATTA ALAKABHA , LONDON DAVID
Published: June 2013

The most common decay used for measuring 2βs, the phase of [Formula: see text] mixing, is [Formula: see text]. This decay is dominated by the color-suppressed tree diagram, but there are other contributions due to gluonic and electroweak penguin diagrams. These are often referred to as "penguin pollution" (PP) because their inclusion in the amplitude leads to a theoretical error in the extraction of 2βsfrom the data. In the standard model (SM), it is estimated that the PP is negligible, but there is some uncertainty as to its exact size. Now, [Formula: see text] (the measured value of 2βs) is small, in agreement with the SM, but still has significant experimental errors. When these are reduced, if one hopes to be able to see clear evidence of new physics (NP), it is crucial to have the theoretical error under control. In this paper, we show that, using a modification of the angular analysis currently used to measure [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text], one can reduce the theoretical error due to PP. Theoretical input is still required, but it is much more modest than entirely neglecting the PP. If [Formula: see text] differs from the SM prediction, this points to NP in the mixing. There is also enough information to test for NP in the decay. This method can be applied to all [Formula: see text] decays.
A METHOD FOR CONSTRUCTION OF BIVARIATE N-BAND WAVELET TIGHT FRAMES
Authors: FU ZUOXIAN , DENG CAIXIA , TANG YUANYAN
Published: June 2013

This paper presents a construction method of bivariate N-band wavelet tight frames. First, we discuss the properties of N-band scaling functions, and the construction of the corresponding wavelet tight frame as well as the explication of the formula of the wavelet tight frame. Thereafter, the decomposition and reconstruction formulas of the bivariate N-band wavelet tight frames are provided. Finally, the numerical example is given.
SPARSE RECONSTRUCTION OF HARDY SIGNAL AND APPLICATIONS TO TIME-FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Authors: QIAN TAO , LI SHUANG , MAI WEIXIONG
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we introduce a sparse recovery strategy for analytic signals in Hardy space H2(𝔻), where 𝔻 denotes the unit disk of the complex plane. The representation strategy is based on the optimization technique. We investigate the asymptotic singular values distribution of the dictionary matrix and give an estimation of the number of rows of the random matrix. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such result is given. This result demonstrates that the dictionary of the normalized Szegö kernels (or reproducing kernels) is perfect for decompositions of analytic signals. A numerical example is presented exhibiting the theory. As applications, we still work on time-frequency analysis and propose a new type of non-negative time-frequency distribution associated with mono-components in the periodic case.
A PEAK ALIGNMENT ALGORITHM WITH NOVEL IMPROVEMENTS IN APPLICATION TO ELECTROPHEROGRAM ANALYSIS
Authors: KARABIBER FETHULLAH
Published: June 2013

Alignment of peaks in electropherograms or chromatograms obtained from experimental techniques such capillary electrophoresis remains a significant challenge. Accurate alignment is critical for accurate interpretation of various classes of nucleic acid analysis technologies, including conventional DNA sequencing and new RNA structure probing technologies. An automated alignment algorithm was developed based on dynamic programming to align multiple-peak time-series data both globally and locally. This algorithm relies on a new peak similarity measure and other features such as time penalties, global constraints, and minimum-similarity scores and results in rapid, highly accurate comparisons of complex time-series datasets. As a demonstrative case study, the developed algorithm was applied to analysis of capillary electrophoresis data from a Selective 2'-Hydroxyl Acylation analyzed by Primer Extension (SHAPE) evaluation of RNA secondary structure. The algorithm yielded robust analysis of challenging SHAPE probing data. Experimental results show that the peak alignment algorithm corrects retention time variation efficiently due to the presence of fluorescent tags on fragments and differences in capillaries. The tools can be readily adapted for the analysis other biological datasets in which peak retention times vary.
PREPARATION OF NANO-TATB BY SEMIBATCH REACTION CRYSTALLIZATION
Authors: TAN XUE-RONG , DUAN XIAO-HUI , PEI CHONG-HUA , XU HONG-LIN
Published: June 2013

The 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) nanoparticles were prepared by using semibatch reaction crystallization method, and the influencing factors in close relationship with the grain size and crystal morphology control, such as the concentration of reaction system and categories of surfactants, were studied in this paper. The synthesized nano-TATB particles had been characterized by SEM, XRD, thermo gravimetric/differential scanning calorimetric (TG/DSC) and N 2 physisorption. The grain size of TATB particles using nonionic surfactant as the additive ranged from 30 nm to 65 nm with a shape of spheres or ellipsoids. The broadening of the peaks and the weakening of the strength for nano-TATB were observed by XRD analysis. The corrected average particle size of nano-TATB was calculated using the Debye–Scherrer equation and the range was from 18 nm to 50 nm. TG and DSC curves revealed that thermal decomposition of nano-TATB occurred in the range of 361.5°C–385.0°C and its peak temperature was 373.7°C with a decrease of approximately 7°C compared with original TATB. Furthermore, the specific surface area (21.54 m2/g) of nano-TATB was calculated by BET method using N 2 physisorption (at 77°C).
NORMAL C-ALGEBRAS
Authors: Rao M. Sambasiva
Published: June 2013

The concept of normal C-algebras is introduced. The class of all normal C-algebras is characterized in terms of minimal prime ideals. Direct products of normal C-algebras are studied. A congruence is introduced in terms of multiplicative sets and an equivalency between the normalities of C-algebras and the respective quotient algebras is observed.
A measurement study of insecure javascript practices on the web
Authors: Yue Chuan , Wang Haining
Published: June 2013

JavaScript is an interpreted programming language most often used for enhancing webpage interactivity and functionality. It has powerful capabilities to interact with webpage documents and browser windows, however, it has also opened the door for many browser-based security attacks. Insecure engineering practices of using JavaScript may not directly lead to security breaches, but they can create new attack vectors and greatly increase the risks of browser-based attacks. In this article, we present the first measurement study on insecure practices of using JavaScript on the Web. Our focus is on the insecure practices of JavaScript inclusion and dynamic generation, and we examine their severity and nature on 6,805 unique websites. Our measurement results reveal that insecure JavaScript practices are common at various websites: (1) at least 66.4% of the measured websites manifest the insecure practices of including JavaScript files from external domains into the top-level documents of their webpages; (2) over 44.4% of the measured websites use the dangerous eval() function to dynamically generate and execute JavaScript code on their webpages; and (3) in JavaScript dynamic generation, using the document.write() method and the innerHTML property is much more popular than using the relatively secure technique of creating script elements via DOM methods. Our analysis indicates that safe alternatives to these insecure practices exist in common cases and ought to be adopted by website developers and administrators for reducing potential security risks.
Learning Abbreviations from Chinese and English Terms by Modeling Non-Local Information
Authors: Sun Xu , Okazaki Naoaki , Tsujii Jun’ichi , Wang Houfeng
Published: June 2013

The present article describes a robust approach for abbreviating terms. First, in order to incorporate non-local information into abbreviation generation tasks, we present both implicit and explicit solutions: the latent variable model and the label encoding with global information. Although the two approaches compete with one another, we find they are also highly complementary. We propose a combination of the two approaches, and we will show the proposed method outperforms all of the existing methods on abbreviation generation datasets. In order to reduce computational complexity of learning non-local information, we further present an online training method, which can arrive the objective optimum with accelerated training speed. We used a Chinese newswire dataset and a English biomedical dataset for experiments. Experiments revealed that the proposed abbreviation generator with non-local information achieved the best results for both the Chinese and English languages.
Word Sense Disambiguation by Combining Labeled Data Expansion and Semi-Supervised Learning Method
Authors: Fujita Sanae , Fujino Akinori
Published: June 2013

Lack of labeled data is one of the severest problems facing word sense disambiguation (WSD). We overcome the problem by proposing a method that combines automatic labeled data expansion (Step 1) and semi-supervised learning (Step 2). The Step 1 and 2 methods are both effective, but their combination yields a synergistic effect.

In this article, in Step 1, we automatically extract reliable labeled data from raw corpora using dictionary example sentences, even the infrequent and unseen senses (which are not likely to appear in labeled data). Next, in Step 2, we apply a semi-supervised classifier and achieve an improvement using easy-to-get unlabeled data. In this step, we also show that we can guess even unseen senses.

We target a SemEval-2010 Japanese WSD task, which is a lexical sample task. Both Step 1 and Step 2 methods performed better than the best published result (76.4 %). Furthermore, the combined method achieved much higher accuracy (84.2 %). In this experiment, up to 50 % of unseen senses are classified correctly. However, the number of unseen senses are small, therefore, we delete one senses per word and apply our proposed method; the results show that the method is effective and robust even for unseen senses.