bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nisbet Symposium 1984 Brain Tumours
Authors: ANDERSON R.McD.
Published: March 2008

A short review of cerebral oedema associated with brain tumour is presented. Tumour oedema and its resolution is compared with experimental cold injury to the brain. An important aspect of tumour oedema is that unlike cold oedema it responds very well to steroid therapy. The reason for this steroid response is not clear but it is felt that in part it is due to diminution in the inflammatory reactions present in such tumours.
The Nisbet Symposium 1984 Brain Tumours
Authors: WIGG D.R.
Published: March 2008

Radiation oncology is currently in a phase of considerable change. Two important developments are the application of computer technology to radiotherapy and better understanding of basic radiobiology.

Tumour control probabilities are dependent on many factors including the effective dose delivered. The effective dose is limited by the tolerance of normal brain, but until quite recently tolerance of central nervous system tissues has been poorly understood.

The proper application of CT scans for radiotherapy planning of brain tumours involves close co‐operation between Radiologists and Radiotherapists. CT based, computer generated radiotherapy planning provides the means to exploit the sensitivity of normal brain tolerance to small changes in dose per fraction.

There is some reason for cautious optimism that the treatment of brain tumours with photon irradiation may be improved by exploiting existing knowledge and technology. This will require a substantial effort in clinical radiobiological and adequate staffing and equipment. The parlous state of radiotherapy in Australia is a major impediment to exploiting the current substantial developments.
Treatment of Adenocarcinoma of the Paranasal Sinuses in Tasmania
Authors: FRANKLIN C.I.V.
Published: March 2008

A survey was made of all cases of malignant tumours arising in the paranasal sinuses, occurring in the State of Tasmania between 1966 and 1982. There were 36 cases, with 25 being adenocarcinoma. Treatment was by surgery and radiotherapy in various regimes; however, there is a high rate of local recurrence. This is probably due to the dose perturbation as a result of the complex shielding often used to protect brain and orbit. The survival rate is poor, with 50% alive at 2 years and 34% alive at 5 years.
Radiological Appearances of Primary Lung Cancer in Aboriginals of the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: BATESON ERIC M.
Published: March 2008

A ten year survey (1974–1984) of all proven cases of primary lung cancer who underwent radiological investigation at the Royal Darwin Hospital was carried out, with emphasis on the differences between Aboriginals and non‐Aboriginals.

There were 41 cases for review. In general, the radiological manifestations were more advanced or extensive and there was also a tendency to diagnose inflammatory disease rather than cancer in the Aboriginal patients. The incidence of primary lung cancer appeared to be higher in the Aboriginal and may be related to their tobacco smoking habits.
Combined Discography and Metrizamide Myelography in Evaluation of Confusing Low Back Pain
Authors: DOYLE T. , TRESS B. , GILLOT R.
Published: March 2008

44 discs (in 35 patients) were diagnosed as being ruptured by combined discography and metrizamide myelography. The patients had initially presented with confusing low back pain. All the discs were subsequently shown to be ruptured at surgery. Combined discography and metrizamide myelography is suggested as a method of evaluation of selected difficult cases of confusing low back pain.
Technetium Pertechnetate Imaging in Apparent Solitary Thyroid Nodule
Authors: SUKTHOMYA VIMOL
Published: March 2008

99mTc‐pertechnetate rectilinear scans of the thyroid were performed in 272 patients judged to have solitary thyroid nodules on palpation. Eighty percent of these patients were shown to have decreased uptake in a single thyroid nodule. Further analyses were made among 82 patients who had surgery for such nodules. Again, 90 percent of these showed the scintigraphic appearance of focal decrease in uptake. Among these 82, histological evidence of carcinoma (follicular, papillary or mixed) was seen in 31 cases (37.8%), a further 31 cases showed follicular adenoma while 3 had autoimmune thyroiditis and 8 showed simple cysts. We conclude the hypofunctioning solitary nodule without clinical evidence of malignancy need not always be cancerous but the incidence I have demonstrated is high enough to warrant surgery in all patients with a palpable single nodule with reduced isotope uptake.
The Carotid Bruit: Is it a Useful Sign of Vessel Disease? A Clinical and Digital Angiographic Study
Authors: DUGDALE L.M. , GRAY A.V. , MITCHELL ANNE
Published: March 2008

203 consecutive patients for Digital subtraction angiography of the cranio‐cervical vessels were also assessed for audible bruits in the neck. The sensitivity of bruit as an indicator of carotid disease is 0.57, with specificity of 0.83. The presence of a bruit is a strong indication for angiography by the simple and safe method of DSA.
Localised Popliteal Artery Abnormalities in Otherwise Fit Young Adults
Authors: COWAN IAN
Published: March 2008

Popliteal artery entrapment and cystic adventitial disease of the popliteal artery are uncommon conditions which have received little attention in the radiology literature. In both conditions, a resting AP arteriogram may be normal and extra techniques are required to demonstrate or exclude abnormality. To show popliteal entrapment a normal or equivocal arteriogram should be repeated with forced extension of the knee and forced plantar flexion of the ankle, and to demonstrate cystic adventitial disease a lateral view may be needed. Failure to perform these views may lead to misdiagnosis and inadequate treatment, with potentially serious consequences.

A case of each abnormality is presented and both conditions are described, with a brief review of the literature.
Huge Ameloblastoma of the Jaw (Report of three cases)
Authors: PRAMULIO T.H.S. , SAID H.M. , KOZLOWSKI K.
Published: March 2008

Three cases of ameloblastoma of the jaw of unusually large size are reported. Two of them were in adult Africans and one in a 10 year‐old Indonesian boy.
High Resolution CT Scanning of the Bronchial Tree. CT Bronchography: Technique & Clinical Application
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE S.W. , SIMPSON LAURENCE , MURPHY FIONA
Published: March 2008

A protocol for a high resolution examination of the bronchial tree is described and the axial anatomy illustrated. Our early clinical experience is described and the potential applications of our technique discussed. At this stage, it appears that the examination is most useful in the study of bronchiectasis, endobronchial lesions, tumour staging prior to surgery planning, (particularly plastic reconstruction), and for the characterization of lesions of tracheobron‐chopathia osteochondroplastica.

We believe conventional technique is inadequate in the display of detailed anatomy of the bronchial tree in CT sections. A protocol consisting of thin slicing, high resolution reconstruction (targeting G.E.) and displaying in a wide extended window setting is presented. This greatly enhances the anatomical detail visible. The clinical application of this technique is discussed with respect to endobronchial lesions, developmental variations and degenerative diseases of the bronchial tree.
Scattered Radiation Doses during Cardiac Studies using a U‐arm type Fluoroscopy system
Authors: HERON J.C. LE , MITCHELL A.W.
Published: March 2008

With the advent of image intensifier systems incorporating a U‐arm with parallelogram support, a greater awareness of scattered radiation levels is needed, in particular to cardiologists. Depending on the projection, the cardiologist can now be subjected to scatter from the primary side of the patient, giving rise to much higher leyels of scattered radiation. Doses to cardiologists were measured for typical cardiac studies on such an image intensifier system. Doses to the eyes and thyroid were below the limits recommended by the ICRP, but if the principle of AJLARA. is to be adhered to consideration needs to be given to a secondary barrier, in addition to the lead apron, to provide protection to the eyes and thyroid of the cardiologist.
The Ultrasonic and Angiographic Appearances of Wilms Tumours in Adults
Authors: MORRISON I.S.
Published: March 2008

The ultrasonic findings in three cases of Wilms Tumour (nephroblastoma) in adults are described. The appearances are not distinctive and do not help to differentiate these tumours from renal adenocarcinoma (hypernephroma). In the two cases in which angiography was performed a distinctive pattern has been seen and this may be helpful in distinguishing nephroblastoma from renal adenocarcinoma.
Radiology of Skiing Injuries
Authors: SHERRY EUGENE
Published: March 2008

Skiing is the fastest growing winter sport in Australia. This paper describes the radiological features of the common skiing injuries. It is based on the author's experience of having treated 6,050 such injuries. With the further expansion of skiing, it is important that medical practitioners at both the primary and specialist levels be familiar with the radiological features of this popular sport.
“The Apparent Mid Zone Pneumatocele in the Intensive Care Patient”
Authors: CAMERON DR. D. C.
Published: March 2008

An apparent air‐filled cyst is often seen projected through the right hilum in patients managed in an Intensive Care Unit. This may cause problems of interpretation but does not have the clinical significance of the developing acquired pneumatocoele. The radiographic appearances are discussed.

The development of a cystic space projected through the hilum, more often on the right, has been observed frequently in patients in Intensive Care wards. These should not be interpreted as acquired pneumonatocoeles. The basis for this radiographic abnormality has been discussed.
Spectrum of Non Atretic Biliary Tract Obstruction in Children
Authors: CAMPO MARGARET DE
Published: March 2008

11 cases of biliary tract obstruction with bile duct dilatation have been seen at the Royal Children's Hospital over a 4 year period.

Pathologies included choledochal cysts, calculi, lyphoma and a post operative stricture. Ultasound correctly diagnosed the nature of the obstruction in 9 cases.

Illustrative case studies are presented, and the specific ultrasound features are discussed.
Uterine Lipoma: Ultrasound and C.T. Appearances
Authors: DAVIES ROGER P. , HANNAN ROBERT F. , MILIAUSKAS JOHN R.
Published: March 2008

Uterine lipoma is an uncommon tumour of the post‐menopausal woman. The ultrasound and computed tomographic appearances are described. As this tumour may simulate benign cystic teratoma of the ovary, features are described which distinguish these, including positive confirmation of location within the uterus and absence of the typical dermoid plug.
Radiographic Features of Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , KENNEDY J. , LEWIS I.C.
Published: March 2008

Radiographic Findings in Progressive Pseudo‐rheumatoid Arthritis of Childhood were analysed on the basis of 5 of our own cases and a review of the literature. Our conclusion is that Progressive Pseudorheumatoid Arthritis of Childhood is a heterogenous disease and at least two different forms with distinctive radiographic features do exist.
Lumbar Facet Joint Block: A Simplified Technique
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE S.W.
Published: March 2008

Lumbar facet joint arthropathy is now recognized as an important cause of lumbago and sciatica. Intra‐articular block with local anaesthetics and steroids can confirm symptomatic facet arthropathy. A simplified technique for lumbar facet joint block is described to facilitate safe and rapid intra‐articular therapy.
Ultrasonic Demonstration of Anicteric Biliary Obstruction
Authors: PANT C. S. , GUPTA R.K. , JENA A. , PRAKASH R. , VIJ J.C.
Published: March 2008

25 non jaundiced patients with dilatation of the biliary tree are presented. In 22 of these cases the cause of obstruction was shown either by ultrasound alone, on radionuclide (RN) study or at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) and was subsequently proven at surgery. In 2 cases ultrasound showed dilatation of the common duct, which was proved to be non‐obstructive dilatation on ERCP. One patient had multiple benign hepatic cysts with intrahepatic biliary dilatation and was not subjected to surgery. Twenty out of 23 patients with obstructive dilatation showed a variable rise in serum alkaline phosphatase. Bile duct size did not show any correlation with serum alkaline phosphatase levels. It is stressed that ultrasound is a more sensitive indicator of obstructive biliary disease than clinical and biochemical parameters.
Merkel Cell Carcinoma – A Potentially Aggressive Disease
Authors: BOYAGES J. , EARL M.J. , STEVENS S.M.B.
Published: March 2008

The clinical and pathological findings in a case of disseminated Merkel cell carcinoma initially diagnosed by light and electron microscopy are presented to illustrate the potentially aggressive behaviour of this uncommon small cell tumour of the skin. The literature is briefly reviewed with discussion of management and of the contribution to that of fine needle aspiration cytology of an intra‐abdominal metastasis.
Radiation Exposure in Radiology of the Lumbar Spine
Authors: PETTY R.J. , LAU LAWRENCE S.W.
Published: March 2008

A limited survey of relative skin surface radiation doses was carried out for the three methods of radiological examination of the lumbar spine. The average doses were; for CT – 38.25 mGy, for Myelography – 11.32 mGy and for Plain Film – 1.77 mGy. Gonadal doses measured during the survey were consistently low (0.2 to 0.3 mGy) and the use of gonad shields was found to have no measurable effect. The measurements also indicated extremely high surface doses at the iliac crest during Myelography (up to 181.66 mGy).
Cine‐Fluororadiographic Evaluation of the Bjork‐Shiley Prosthesis — A Serial Post‐Operative Follow‐up in 400 Patients
Authors: RAJANI M. , MUKHOPADHYAY S. , MAHESHWARI R. , IYER R. , VENUGOPAL P. , BHARGAVA S.
Published: March 2008

600 patients have undergone posthetic valve replacement using the Bjork‐Shiley valve at A.I.I.M.S. between October, 1974 and June, 1983. In 400 patients cine fluororadiography has been performed and the opening angle of the disc was measured in all these cases by the method described by Venkataraman et al in 1980. Of the 400 patients, 88 had follow‐up of less than 6 months, and the rest between 6 months and 72 months. Thrombosis of the prosthetic valve was diagnosed by plain cine only in 11 cases and all cases showed restriction of movement with an opening angle less than 40° or no movement at all. All 11 cases were re‐operated and thrombectomy only was done. One patient died and the remaining ten patients are under serial plain cine review at intervals of 3 months showing normal movements to the present.

Serial cine fluororadiography is a simple, inexpensive and reliable non‐invasive technique for detection of early thrombosis of Bjork‐Shiley prosthetic valves.
Obstruction of the Third Portion of the Duodenum
Authors: PTASZNIK JACK , JONES BRONWYN , POLGA JAMES P.
Published: March 2008

Obstruction of the horizontal limb of the duodenum is relatively uncommon. Most of the reported cases have revolved around the controversial entity of the “superior mesenteric artery syndrome”. We describe four patients with obstruction of the third portion of the duodenum due to widely differing disease processes which, however, share some common radiographic findings.
Imaging in Neuroblastoma — All Year Experience
Authors: ALCOCK M.K. , MORRIS L.L. , LeQUESNE G.W. , SAVAGE J.P.
Published: March 2008

A review of the casenotes and imaging investigations of 30 patients with neuroblastoma presenting to the Adelaide Children's Hospital over a 12 year period between 1970 and 1982 was carried out.

The aims of imaging are presented.

The changing patterns of imaging of neuroblastoma over the period have been discussed. In essence, there has been a major shift in imaging emphasis to computerised tomography and ultrasonography. Angiography and intravenous urography now have little or no place in a modern imaging protocol for neuroblastoma.

Bone scintigraphy is a mandatory investigation for the exclusion of skeletal metastases. Bone marrow biopsy is. performed routinely.

A protocol for the imaging of malignant neuroblastoma has been suggested.
Lateral Displacement of the Bladder
Authors: MALLIKARJUNAIAH G.S. , SOLOMON BANUMATHY , RAMAMURTHY B.S.
Published: March 2008

Bladder displacement, to either the left or right side of the mid‐line implies the presence of a mass or mass effect due to an abnormality of the surrounding structures. Most causes of lateral displacement of the bladder have been illustrated and discussed in the literature. Some significant causes of lateral displacement of the bladder not previously described are now presented.
Tuberculosis in the Aboriginal: a Radiological Perspective
Authors: BATESON ERIC M.
Published: March 2008

A review was carried out of the X‐rays of 434 notified cases of active tuberculosis from the Darwin Region of the Northern Territory for the period from January 1969 to December 1983.

More than fifty per cent were Aboriginal although they form only twenty per cent of the population.

Pulmonary disease was the most common form in both races. Primary manifestations and generalised involvement of the lungs were found only in Aboriginal patients. There was a significant number of patients with glandular tuberculosis but radiological interest was confined to three Aboriginal patients who presented as appendicitis, pyloro‐duodenal obstruction and splenic calcification. Spinal tuberculosis was uncommon and the radiological manifestations of spinal abscess and paraplegia were also restricted to the Aboriginals.
Hemangioma of the Mandible (A case report)
Authors: SAHA MADAN M. , KAPOOR RAVI
Published: March 2008

A rare case of hemangioma of the mandible in a 26 year old female is presented with brief review of literature.
The Radiology of Bronchial Atresia Radiographic, CT and Bronchography Correlation
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE , SIMPSON LAURENCE , STREETON JONATHAN
Published: March 2008

We examined two patients with bronchial atresia. Both cases involved the left upper lobe: the anterior and the lingular segments respectively. Mucoid impaction and hyperinflation seen with radiography or computed tomography (CT) are typical findings. Bronchography in conjunction with bronchoscopy is an efficient means to confirm the atretic segment as well as the patency of the proximal bronchi respectively.
“A Case of Autosomal Recessive Form of Cranio‐Metaphyseal Dysplasia with Unusual Features and with Bone Fragility”
Authors: VENTRUTO V. , AMETRANO O. , D'AVANZO G. , BRUNA M. DELLA , STABILE M. , LONARDO F. , MARASCA F. , TORTORA P.
Published: March 2008

A case of cranio‐metaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) with unusual radiographic Findings and multiple spontaneous fractures is presented. The parental consanguinity is in favour of an autosomal recessive form. The differential diagnosis of this case among the various genetic entities with metaphyseal flaring and/or cranial hyperostosis is discussed.
Lumbar Neurofibromas The CT Appearance and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: LAU LAWRENCE S.W. , PETTY PETER G.
Published: March 2008

In 2000 consecutive CT examinations of the lumbar spine, there are 4 proven cases of neurofibroma. The typical CT appearance is presented and differentiation from other causes of nerve root enlargement discussed. CT is recommended as the examination of choice in the pre‐operative evaluation of neurofibromas.
Barytes Board: A Cost Effective Radiation Barrier Material for use in Diagnostic X‐Ray Suites
Authors: ALTER GEORGE C. CO , METCALFE ER E.
Published: March 2008

The need for cost saving in hospital construction is becoming acute. This paper describes the investigation of Barytes Board as an alternative to lead ply for use in diagnostic X‐ray suites.

Barytes Board when used on both sides of a protective wall will provide 2 mm lead equivalance at 100 kVp for approximately half the cost of lead ply.
Scleroderma – A Possible Contra‐Indication to Lumpectomy and Radiotherapy in Breast Carcinoma
Authors: RANSOM DAVID T. , M.B.Ch.B. FIONA G. CAMERON
Published: March 2008

A patient with scleroderma predominantly involving the skin and lungs developed breast cancer. She underwent lumpectomy and axillary dissection, followed by radiotherapy to the breast, axilla and supraclavicular area. She developed a severe fibrotic reaction involving the entire radiation field, resulting in very poor cosmesis and marked reduction in shoulder function.
Computed Tomography of Adult Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Authors: O'NEIL R.A. , ALBERTYN L.E. , PERRETT L.V. , SAGE M.R.
Published: March 2008

The CT appearances of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis (HSE) were examined in a retrospective study of seventeen patients aged from 13 to 79 years (average 48 years). Forty‐two examinations were performed on a combination of second and third generation scanners.

The most frequent finding was a low density area in the temporal lobe (95%) with sparing of the basal ganglia (88%). Other features included mass effect (76%), enhancement (71%) and haemorrhage (24%).

These were not seen as commonly in initial scans. However, of nine scans performed on or before the 5th day of illness, 7 (78%) were abnormal.
Spondylolysis: What does this mean? A Review
Authors: PIERCE MARK E.
Published: March 2008

Spondylolysis is a common lesion, but its pathology and clinical significance are still not fully understood. A review of the literature on these aspects of spondylolysis is presented.

Spondylolysis is probably an acquired lumbar stress fracture. When bilateral, as it commonly is, it may be complicated by spondylolisthesis. Indirect evidence suggests that spondylolysis may cause acute back pain. Isotope bone scans and radiological findings help in the clinical management of these patients.

Unilateral spondylolysis does not cause chronic back pain, nor disability. Spondylolisthesis, on the other hand, may cause chronic back pain. Pain suffered by patients with bilateral spondylolysis is probably due to spondylolisthesis. Neurological complications are rare.
The Cauda Equina Syndrome: A Rare Extra‐Articular Manifestation of Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Case Report
Authors: TRAVIS R.C. , BYRNE P.
Published: March 2008

A patient with long standing ankylosing spondylitis later developed a rare complication, the cauda equina syndrome, and associated lumbar thecal diverticulae. The pathogenesis of this condition and its investigation using radiological techniques are discussed.
Primary Brain Lymphoma
Authors: LEANEY BARRY J. , MARTIN JOHN J. , LAWSON JAMES B. , QUONG GEORGE C. , LIEW KUEN H.
Published: March 2008

The broad spectrum of C.T. findings in a group of 15 patients with primary brain lymphoma are reviewed. An attempt has been made to emphasize the more typical lesion characteristics, including location, definition, multiplicity and attenuation, both prior to and following contrast administration. Clinical presentation, changing C.T. appearances following radiotherapy and ultimate prognosis are briefly described. Differential diagnoses and their significance for management are discussed.
Demonstration of Intrabiliary Rupture of Hepatic Hydatid Cysts by Retrograde Cholangiography
Authors: DOYLE T.C.A. , ROBERTS‐THOMSON I.C. , DUDLEY F.J.
Published: March 2008

Intrabiliary rupture of hepatic hydatid cysts was demonstrated by retrograde cholangio‐graphy in five cases of hydatidosis complicated by abdominal pain, jaundice or cholangitis. The bile duct contained typical laminated membrane in two cases, daughter cysts in two cases and membrane fragments in one case. In three of five cases there was marked displacement of the left and right hepatic ducts due to the location of the cyst close to the Mum of the liver. Endoscopic sphincterotomy resulted in spontaneous passage of biliary hydatid material in two cases in whom rupture was accompanied by jaundice and cholangitis.
Perirenal Cobwebs: A Sign of Aortic Aneurysm Rupture
Authors: ALBERTYN LYNDA E.
Published: March 2008

Since venous collaterals were described in 1981 as causing linear densities in the perirenal fat, the list of causes of perirenal cobwebs has continued to grow. Inflammatory and neoplastic processes, particularly those originating in the kidney, may produce similar appearances.

If no cause for the cobwebs is found in the kidney, extrarenal pathology should be considered, in particular acute pancreatitis and aortic aneurysm rupture.

Four patients are described who all demonstrated unilateral perirenal cobwebs in association with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. It is postulated that blood enters the perinephric fat through weak points in the renal fascia caused by the entrance of vessels.
Tubal Intramural Polyps: Incidence and Radiographic Demonstration
Authors: REASBECK JANE , WYNN‐WILLIAMS GILES , GILLETT WAYNE
Published: March 2008

A review of hysterosalpingograms performed between January 1979 and June 1983 showed the incidence of polyps at the cornual region of the fallopian tube to be 10.5%. A subsequent, limited review, based on a change in radiographic technique suggested that the in cidence may be even higher when the abnormalities are actively sought and optimally demonstrated.

The purpose of this report is to bring these tubal abnormalities to the attention of radiologists, in the hope that increased recognition will result in greater understanding of their pathogenesis and significance.
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma in a Child —A Case Report
Authors: KAPOOR RAVI , GOMBER SUNIL , SAHA MADAN M. , CHATURVEDI UMA , MITTAL S.K. , GUPTA A.K.
Published: March 2008

A very rare case of pleural mesothelioma occuring in an 11 year old male child is presented. The diagnosis was initially suspected on ultrasound and later confirmed by computed tomography (CT), bronchogram and biopsy.
Leiomyoma Causing Massive Gastrointestinal Blood Loss A Case Report
Authors: WALTERS N.A. , THOMSON K.R.
Published: March 2008

A case of small bowel leiomyoma causing prolonged and considerable gastrointestinal blood loss is presented. The typical angiographic findings of these tumours and their differential diagnosis is discussed.
Dynamic CT Discography: An Evaluation of a New Technique
Authors: BUIRSKI GRAHAM , WATT IAIN
Published: March 2008

A comparison has been made of CT Discography with standard discograms in 19 consecutive patients (51 discs).

An assessment of the degree and presence of nuclear degeneration on axial scans was com parable to the images obtained by lateral and Ap discograms. CT confirmed that the injection of contrast medium was nuclear in position particularly in technically difficult patients. It readily distinguished a posterolateral nuclear prolapse from the artefact caused by extravasation from the needle tract. Symptomatic discs were iden tified in 10 patients all of which had posterior disc bulges on prediscogram CT images. The presence of a normal disc contour on CT does not, however, exclude nuclear degeneration or prolapse: this was seen in 10 asymptomatic discs. In the postoperative patient, CT provided useful information about the facet joints and the solidity of fusion grafts. Flexion and extension axial images (dynamic studies) provided no further useful information.

CT discography is not recommended for routine use, but may provide a useful adjunct in assessing the nucleus when the discogram has been technically difficult and in the postoperative patient. Prelimary axial scans prior to discography may be used to localise abnormal disc margins suggesting the levels at which provocational studies may be successful. This would avoid unnecessary invasive investigations at non‐bulging discs.
Choledocholithiasis —An Ultrasonic Study with Comparative Evaluation with ERCP/PTC.
Authors: Bhargava Sneh , Vashisht Sushma , Kakaria A. , Tandon R. K. , Berry M.
Published: March 2008

53 cases of choledocholithiasis evaluated by US revealed documented evidence of calculi in 34 patients giving an overall sensitivity of 64%. Factors that increase the individual accuracy of detection are the larger duct size, upper location of the calculi and technique of evaluation. The different degrees of accuracies obtained with each of the above factors is discussed.
Skeletal Manifestations of Idiopathic Bone Sclerosis
Authors: CARTER BRUCE C. , NGUYEN VUNG , CONE ROBERT O. , BLUMHARDT RALPH
Published: March 2008

Six cases of idiopathic bone sclerosis involving the distal extremities are presented. The lesion demonstrates cortical and endosteal thickening parallel to the long axis of the involv ed bone without concomittant soft tissue or other bone abnormality. Differential diagnoses are discussed. TWO cases with long‐term follow‐up demonstrate the radiographic stability of the condition arid its lack of activity with radionuclide bone imaging.
Unclassified Osteochondrodystrophies with Extreme Platyspondyly (Report of two cases)
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , SCOUGALL J. , HOCKEY A.
Published: March 2008

Two girls with different unclassified bone dysplasias characterised by severe, generalised platyspondyly are reported. In view of unrewar ding biochemical investigations the clinico‐radiographic examinations remain the most im portant method of evaluation in this group of diseases.
Ultrasound in Chest Disease: 2. Lung and Mediastinurn
Authors: FATAAR SHADLEY
Published: March 2008

Retrospective study of 41 chest ultrasound examinations on 35 patients over 12 months. Of

25 pulmonary lesions, ten demonstrated evidence of pneumonia with associated pleural fluid in five and breakdown in two. Five patients had atelectasis and nine peripheral tumours were examined, with seven of these being needled under ultrasound‐guidance. One false‐negative study attributed the pattern of alveolar cell carcinoma to bronchopneumonia. In ten patients with mediastinal prominence or mass lesions, three were due to arterial or venous dilatation, four due to cysts, and three solid mass lesions due to two retrosternal goitres and one teratoma.
Lumbar Posterior Vertebral Spur
Authors: SOPER JUDY
Published: March 2008

Ten cases of displacement of the posterior lumbar rim apophysis are presented. Four in adolescents occurring as acute injuries and six in adults with long histories of back pain. Three members of the latter group had radiological evidence of Scheuermann's Disease elsewhere in the spine. The radiological appearances of the displaced rim are discussed. Included is a case in which MRI demonstrates a bony spur attached to the posterior surface of the L4 vertebra and protruding into the spinal canal.
Radiology of Abdominal Tuberculosis
Authors: KAPOOR V.K. , CHATTOPADHYAY T.K. , SHARMA L.K.
Published: March 2008

Radiological findings in 70 cases of abdominal tuberculosis are presented and their diagnostic value assessed. Evidence of tuberculosis was seen on chest X‐ray in half of the cases while plain X‐rays of the abdomen were positiye in thee‐quarters of the cases. Chest X‐rays and abdominal X‐rays were positive respectively in 80% and 100% of the patients presenting with acute complications viz. obstruction, perforation and peritonitis. Barium studies were found to be of help in diagnosis (81%) although both false‐positive and false‐negative findings were observed. Ileocecal and colonic lesions were seen on barium enema whereas barium meal‐follow through better demonstrated the lesions in the small intestine. Barium studies were, however, inadequate in detecting multiple lesions and often incorrect in indicating the site of the lesion.

Diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis is mainly clinical and is further strengthened by positive chest and abdominal X‐rays. Barium studies corroborate the diagnosis when these X‐rays are negative. Barium enema visualises the ileocecal and colonic lesions whereas the lesions in the small intestine are better demonstrated by barium meal follow through.
Thymic Carcinoid in a Case of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome A Case Report
Authors: JOSE C.C. , VARGHESE C.V. , SINGH A.D.
Published: March 2008

A case of Zollinger Ellison Syndrome who has developed carcinoid tumour of thymus and hypercalcaemia seven years later is presented.
Comparison of Urograms using Ionic Contrast, Non‐Ionic Contrast and Non‐Ionic Contrast with Mannitol
Authors: LOVEIT I. , BENN I. V. , BENNESS G. , DOUST B.
Published: March 2008

Urograms were performed on sixty patients and patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups. One group of patients received ionic contrast, one group received non‐ionic contrast agent alone, and one group received non‐ionic contrast agent with Mannitol. All patients had normal renal function. The nephrographic phase of the urograms performed with non‐ionic contrast agent, with or without Mannitol, were no better than those performed with ionic contrast agent. However the pyelographic phase of the urograms were better using non‐ionic agent than those using ionic contrast media.
The Value of Computed Tomography in Radiation Treatment for Multiple Myeloma
Authors: NORTH C.J. , BENJAMIN C.S.
Published: March 2008

Plain radiography has traditionally been used in the radiological evaluation of multiple myeloma. Frequently, however, plain radiographs are inconclusive even in the presence of active disease. Computed tomography is a specific and sensitive modality that can detect early destructive bone lesions not shown by plain radiographs.
Pneumatosis coli producing colo‐colic intussusception: A Case Report
Authors: WANG SHIH‐CHANG , GOODMAN B.
Published: March 2008

Pneumatosis coli, a non‐neoplastic condition characterised by intramural colonic gas cysts, is a not uncommon entity with an uncertain pathogenesis. It is one of the variants of pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis. It is a very rare cause of intussusception. A case of cob colic intussusception secondary to pneumatosis coli is reported ‐ to our knowledge for the first time in the English literature.
A Controlled Trial of Misonidazole in the Curative Treatment of Infiltrating Bladder Cancer
Authors: BYDDER P.V. , BURRY A.F. , GOWLAND S. , BOURNE R.G. , CHAPMAN P. , FIRTH L.A. , GRAY A.J. , McILROY R.
Published: March 2008

Between 1980 and 1983 a total of 89 patients with infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder were entered in a multi centre randomised controlled clinical trial with either misonidazole or placebo added to the first 40.00 Gy of radiotherapy. Depending on their referring clinican, patients then completed treatment with either further radiotherapy to a radical dose, or surgery four weeks later. All patients have been followed up for a minimum of three years, and no significant difference has been found in local control, survival, or pathological downstaging of the tumour. The neurotoxicity was considerable, with 43% of patients receiving misonidazole developing a peripheral neuropathy, starting five weeks on average after beginning treatment, and with a mean duration of 27 months. Eighty per cent of patients affected still had peripheral neuropathy at three years or their prior death. There is a suggestion that alcohol may predispose to the neuropathy. This study failed to show any benefit of misonidazole in tumour control and produced unacceptably high levels of toxicity.
Dominant Craniometaphyseal Dysplasia — A Family Study Over Five Generations
Authors: TAYLOR D.B. , SPRAGUE P.
Published: March 2008

A two month old male infant being investigated for nasal obstruction was noted to have the typical facies and radiological changes of craniometaphyseal dysplasia.

Investigation of the family detected 9 individuals in 4 generations with radiological evidence of craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Their ages ranged from 2 months to 70 years. Three presented with nasal obstruction, one with facial nerve dysfunction and three had developed deafness in or before their third decade. Two were asymptomatic. One family member, now dead, was known to have had early onset of deafness but had not been examined or X‐rayed.

All of the affected individuals were noted to have had the typical facies in childhood. Characteristic radiological findings in the cranium and long bones were present to a varying degree and were most prominent in those presenting in infancy.
Ewing's Tumour of Rib Presenting as Chest Mass
Authors: KHASTIGIR T. , KAPOOR R. , KULPATI D.D.S. , SAHA M.M.
Published: March 2008

A case of Swing's tumour of rib presenting as chest mass is reported. The role of computed tomography and chest ultrasound in evaluating such patients is discussed along with a brief review of literature.
The CT Appearances of Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: GARB M.
Published: March 2008

There is no place for investigative CT scans in patients who have the classical triad of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture, namely excruciating abdominal pain or backache, a pulsatile mass and hypotension. These patients require immediate surgery. However, in the absence of this triad, CT scans play an important role in the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture. The CT scan findings will dictate whether the patient requires immediate surgery as in the case of acute rupture, or, whether the surgery can be delayed up to 24 hours to allow for stabilisation and hydration, as in the case of subacute and chronic rupture.
A Case Report of Central Nervous System Lymphoma Following Immunosupression
Authors: INGRAM J. , BENJAMIN C.S.
Published: March 2008

A patient is presented who developed CNS lymphoma following a renal transplant. The lymphoma had the typical radiographic appearances of CNS lymphoma and responded to conventional radiotherapy. He is clinically well 12 months after completing radiotherapy. The question of whether these tumours are true lymphomas has yet to be answered and the optimal radiotherapy dose is not determined.

Lymphoma is a well recognised complication of immunosuppression. A case is presented of a patient who developed CNS lymphoma thirty‐three months after renal transplantation. The incidence and characteristics of lymphoma developing post‐transplantation and the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas are discussed.
Iliac Artery Aneurysms Presenting as Large Pelvic Masses
Authors: ARENSON ANNA MARIE , GRAHAM ROBERT , HAMILTON PAUL , MITCHELL STEVEN
Published: March 2008

Iliac artery aneurysms are rare but potentially lethal. Radiographic diagnosis is imperative as they can be asymptomatic. Five cases of iliac artery aneurysms are presented.
Some DSA Testing Methods and an Evaluation of Eight Available Units
Authors: MCLEAN I.D. , COLLINS L.T.
Published: March 2008

Eight DSA units in the Sydney region were evaluated by a set of simple performance tests.

Low contrast resolution and iodine sensitivity tests exhibited the most variation between the six fully tested units.

A range of performance levels was measured. Four of the eight units required adjustment by the manufacturers' service engineer after testing.

The evaluation of those units considered satisfactory by both the manufacturers and the operators indicated that the fully interfaced, integral units gave better results than the earlier ‘add on’ units.
Intracranial Aneurysmal Rupture and Ventricular Opacification During Carotid Angiography
Authors: JAYAKUMAR P.N. , JAIN V.K. , RAO T. VASUDEVAL , ARYA B.Y.T.
Published: March 2008

A case of intra‐angiography rupture of an aneurysm, a rarity, is reported. It was confirmed by CT Scan and autopsy. The aneurysm ruptured despite taking all precautions recommended in the literature. This complication may be reduced by the use of non‐ionic contrast media and slow flow rate injections.
Primary Obstructive Megaureter — an Unusual Presentation
Authors: SUBRAHMANYAM DR. K. , NATH VISHWAMBHAR
Published: March 2008

A rare presentation of primary obstructive megaureter as an asymptomatic pyeloureteral cast in a non‐functioning kidney is presented.
MRI — The Investigation of Choice in Syringomyelia?
Authors: DOWLING RICHARD J. , TRESS BRIAN M.
Published: March 2008

During a 12 month period of operation of a 0.3 Tesla MRI iron cored resistive scanner 74 cases of syr‐ingomyelia were diagnosed on clinical, radiological and/or surgical grounds. Without knowledge of any clinical or radiological data the syrinxes were classified into five groups — idiopathic, idiopathic associated with Chiari malformation, tumour associated, post‐traumatic and arachnoiditis associated — and the lesion characteristics within each group were compared.

Although MRI was extremely sensitive in picking up even small syrinxes, there was considerable overlap of MRI characteristics across the sub‐groups, so that two post‐traumatic syrinxes had lesion characteristics identifiable with those of tumour syrinx and one in‐tramedullary tumour syrinx had the MRI characteristics of a benign, idiopathic syrinx. It is concluded that meticulous attention to technique, including axial as well as sagittal T1 weighted sequences, and the administration of intravenous paramagnetic contrast media are necessary for detection and accurate classification of syrinxes.
Does “Black” Brain Mean Doom? Computed Tomography in the Prediction of Outcome in Children with Severe Head Injuries: “Benign” vs “Malignant” Brain Swelling
Authors: WHYTE KERRY M. , PASCOE MARK
Published: March 2008

A retrospective review of initial and subsequent CT scans of 179 children who has suffered severe head injury requiring admission to intensive care was performed. The aim was to define the CT appearance which was always associated with a poor outcome. The children whose brain showed poor definition of basal ganglia and grey‐white differentiation overall, together with sufficient swelling to obliterate the ambient cistern and third ventricle always died or remained in a vegetative state. Over half of these had reduced brain density, and several had small focal high densities consistent with contusions or petechial haemorrhages. A typical appearance showed homogeneous scans at the levels of the ambient cistern and thalami with no normal internal brain detail. Conversely obliteration of the ambient cistern associated with a large surface collection was compatible with complete recovery if grey‐white definition remained normal and treatment was prompt.
Ionic and Non‐Ionic Contrast Media: Current Practice in the Major Hospitals of Australia and New Zealand
Authors: PALMER FREDERICK JOHN
Published: March 2008

Major hospitals in Australia and New Zealand were surveyed to estimate the extent of conversion to nonionic and/or low‐osmolar media. The results indicate that conventional ionic media now comprise only approximately one‐third of the total usage.
A Short Illustrated History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: VAUGHAN BERNARD
Published: March 2008

The principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) evolved during the late 1970s and early years of the following decade. The author was fortunate in being able to visit many of the pioneer research projects in the U.K. and U.S.A. and attend two conferences. This paper briefly describes these projects and their role in the evolution of the present technology, illustrated by photographs obtained from colour slides taken during these visits.
Haemorrhagic Pseudocyst of the Adrenal in an Adult (A Case Report)
Authors: CHALLA SUDHA , JEBAKUMAR ANDREW , GEORGE MARIAM , WILLIAM RANJAN R.
Published: March 2008

An adult female patient presenting with a cystic abdominal mass and intermittent fever, was found at surgery to have a large cyst of the left adrenal gland. The imaging findings and pathology of this uncommon entity are discussed.
Eosinophilic Granuloma of Mandible in an Adult (A Case Report)
Authors: CHOWDHURY A.D. , NAGAPPAN R. , BENJAMIN C.S.
Published: March 2008

A case of mono‐ostotic eosinophilic granuloma localised to the mandible of an adult patient is described. The role of low dose radiation therapy as a curative modality is discussed.
Balloon Dilatation of Esophageal Strictures
Authors: SAWHNEY SUKHPAL , JAIN RAJEEV , BERRY MANORAMA
Published: March 2008

The Gruntzig balloon dilatation catheter is an invaluable tool for the dilatation of long and narrow oesophageal strictures which are not amenable to other forms of dilatation. We present our experience of 43 dilatations of oesophageal strictures in 14 patients without any significant complications. This procedure resulted in significant symptom‐free periods in all patients, and the resultant improved nutritional status of these patients prepared them for surgery.
CT Peritoneography in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: OSBORNE T. M.
Published: March 2008

Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) is a common method of treatment for patients with renal failure. Complications however are frequent and often force the abandonment of this form of treatment. The radiological evaluation of these complications is important as it can modify the subsequent treatment.

Using conventional CT techniques it is often difficult to differentiate loculated intra‐peritoneal collections from residual dialysis fluid. It may also be difficult to demonstrate the site of leakage into the extra‐peritoneal structures. The use of CT peritoneography (CTP) provides a method of improving diagnosis in these patients.

Hypodense intra‐peritoneal collections are readily appreciated against a background of hyperdense dialysis fluid. Sites of leakage into the extra‐peritoneal soft tissues can likewise be rapidly identified. The abnormalities detected in this series include a pelvic abscess, and leakage down the inguinal canal, around the Tenckhoff catheter and through the anterior abdominal wall.

CTP is recommended as the examination of choice in dialysis patients with suspected leaks or collections. The findings aid in planning subsequent surgical treatment and prevent unnecessary surgical exploration.
Plain Film and Arthrographic Findings in Painful Total Hip Arthroplasties with Surgical Correlation
Authors: CAIN TIMOTHY M. , FON GERALD T. , BRUMBY SCOTT , HOWIE DONALD W.
Published: March 2008

The plain films and arthrograms performed on 42 painful cemented hip arthroplasties in 40 patients were reviewed and the radiological findings compared to the surgical assessment of component stability. All radiography, which included Judet views in the plain films, was reviewed without knowledge of the surgical findings and without comparison with previous studies. Criteria for the detection of loosening of cemented femoral and acetabular components were predetermined.

The accuracy of plain film assessment of acetabular component stability was increased significantly (p<0.05) by including oblique views in the plain film assessment. The accuracy of assessment of acetabular component stability on plain films was 88%, on arthrography 90% and, with both studies combined, was 98%. Femoral component stability was assessed accurately on 90% of plain films and 90% of arthrograms, and this was not improved by combining the studies. The difficulty of detecting low grade infections is discussed with results of pseudocapsule aspiration.
Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis
Authors: MOHAN VIRINDER , GUPTA S. K. , BHUSHAN BHARAT
Published: March 2008

A case of Osteopathia Striata with Cranial Sclerosis is reported.
Bone Marrow Biopsy Changes in the Iliac Bone Mimicking Multiple Colonic Polypi
Authors: SINGER JONAS , COLE JESSE , VAS WENZEL
Published: March 2008

Many different entities simulating colonic polyps on barium enema examination have been described. Of the extraluminal mimics, round bony structures such as vertebral pedicles are perhaps best known. We describe the cause of a previously undescribed artifact: bone marrow biopsy of the ilium.