bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANOCOBALT(III) OCTAETHYLPORPHYRINS
Authors: OGOSHI H. , WATANABE E. , KOKETSU N. , YOSHIDA Z.
Published: March 2016

Der durch Reduktion eines Co(II)‐Porphyrin‐Komplexes mit Na‐Amalgam erhaltene Co(I)‐Komplex (I) reagiert mit Alkylhalogeniden zu den diamagnetischen Alkyl‐Co(III)‐Komplexen (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: COBALT(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES WITH SCHIFF BASES OBTAINED FROM SALICYLALDEHYDE DERIVATIVES AND N‐(2‐AMINOETHYL)PIPERAZINE
Authors: KUMA H. , YAMADA S.
Published: March 2016

Ni‐ bzw. Co‐chlorid reagieren mit substituierten Salicylaldehyden und dem heterocyclischen Amin in Äthanol bei 60°C zu den oktaedrischen Komplexen (I).
ChemInform Abstract: SOLUTION STRUCTURE AND LIGAND EXCHANGE IN THE FIVE‐COORDINATE MOLECULAR COMPLEXES NIX2(PME3)3
Authors: MEIER P. , MERBACH A. E. , DARTIGUENAVE M. , DARTIGUENAVE Y.
Published: March 2016

Die NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchung der Titelkomplexe (X: ‐CN, ‐Cl, ‐Br, ‐J) bei ‐75°C in einer 1:1′CH2C12(CD2C12′LÖSUng zeigt, daß die Cyanoverbindung trans‐ und die Halogenokomplexe cis‐trigonal‐bipyramidal koordiniert sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SULFUR‐LIGAND‐METAL COMPLEXES. PART IV. COPPER COMPLEXES WITH BIDENTATE TERTIARY‐PHOSPHATE SULFIDE AND SELENIDE LIGANDS AND THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A THREE‐COORDINATE COPPER(I) COMPLEX
Authors: AINSCOUGH E. W. , BERGEN H. A. , BRODIE A. M , BROWN K. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Darstellung der Cu‐Komplexe (I)‐(IV) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: BINUCLEAR METAL COMPLEXES. XV. COPPER(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF BINUCLEATING LIGANDS DERIVED FROM 3‐FORMYLSALICYLIC ACID AND DIAMINES
Authors: TANAKA M. , KITAOKA M. , OKAWA H. , KIDA S.
Published: March 2016

Wässrige Lösungen der 3‐Formylsalicylsäure reagieren mit den entsprechenden Diaminen und Cu‐acetat‐monohydrat bzw. Ni‐acetat‐tetrahydrat zu den zweikernigen Komplexen (I), die mit verschiedenen Hydratmengen isoliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SILYL AND GERMYL COMPLEXES OF PLATINUM AND PALLADIUM. PART 3. REACTIONS BETWEEN SILYL AND GERMYL DERIVATIVES OF GROUP 6 AND FOUR‐COORDINATE HALOGENOHYDRIDOBIS(TRIETHYLPHOSPHINE)PLATINUM(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: EBSWORTH E. A. V. , EDWARD J. M. , RANKIN D. W. H.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktionen zwischen Disilyl‐ und Digermyloxid, ‐sulfid, ‐selenid oder ‐tellurid und trans‐Hydridohalogeno‐bis‐[triäthylphosphin]‐Pt(II) werden NMR‐spektroskopisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NEW BILADIENE‐A,C DERIVATIVES AND THEIR CYCLIZATION TO UROPORPHYRIN III, 12‐DECARBOXYUROPORPHYRIN III AND PHYRIAPORPHYRIN III METHYL ESTERS
Authors: ENGEL J. , GOSSAUER A.
Published: March 2016

Mit Hilfe herkömmlicher Methoden werden zahlreiche Biladien‐"a,c‐Derivate dargestellt, deren Substitutionsmuster denjenigen des vom biologischen Standpunkt aus interessanten Uroporphyrins III (Ia), 12‐Descarboxyuroporphyrins III (Ib) bzw. Phyriaporphyrins III (Ic) entsprechen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF COVALENTLY LINKED PORPHYRIN DIMERS AND TRIMERS
Authors: ANTON J. A. , KWONG J. , LOACH P. A.
Published: March 2016

In der Porphyrin‐ Reihe dienen der Tetracarbonsäureester (I) sowie der Monoester (III) als Ausgangsmaterial.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐ASSISTED TERPENOID SYNTHESIS II. CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF ISOPRENE INTO FARNESENE AND ITS ISOMER, 2,6‐DIMETHYL‐10‐METHYLENE‐1,6‐TRANS‐11‐DODECATRIENE
Authors: AKUTAGAWA S. , TAKETOMI T. , OTSUKA S.
Published: March 2016

Isopren (I) trimerisiert über Nickel‐Katalysatoren zu dem Dimethylmethylen‐dodecatrien (II) und zu β‐trans‐Farnesen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A FACILE APPROACH TO AN (OPTICALLY ACTIVE TETRACYCLIC INTERMEDIATE) FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF 6‐METHYL‐19‐NORSTEROIDS
Authors: PANDIT U. K. , BIERAEUGEL H.
Published: March 2016

Die asymmetrische Synthese von (‐)‐(13S,17S)‐(Vc), einem zentralen Zwischenprodukt, das für die im Titel erwähnte Klasse der Steroide erforderlich ist, wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: INSECT MOULTING HORMONES‐ THE SYNTHESIS OF ECDYSONE ANALOGUES FROM A BILE ACID
Authors: KINNEAR J. F. , MARTIN M.‐D. , HORN D. H. S. , MIDDLETON E. J. , WILKIE J. S. , GALBRAITH M. N. , WILLING R. I.
Published: March 2016

Die Analogen (IVb), (VIIIc) bzw. (IVd) des Insektenhäutungshormons Ecdyson werden ausgehend von den Cholestan‐Derivaten (Ia), (V) bzw. (Ia) nach angegebenem Schema synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: MICROBIOLOGICAL HYDROXYLATION. PART XXII. HYDROXYLATION OF 3,20‐, 7,20‐, AND 11,20‐DIOXYGENATED 5α‐PREGNANES
Authors: JONES E. R. H. , MEAKINS G. D. , MINERS J. O. , MIRRINGTON R. N. , WILKINS A. L.
Published: March 2016

Die sauerstoffbifunktionellen Pregnanone (I)‐(III) werden der mikrobiologischen Hydroxylierung mit Calonectria decora (C.d.), Daedalea rufescens (D.r.), Rhizopus nigricans (R.n.), Rhizopus arrhizus und/oder Rhizopus circinans unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC STEROIDS. PART II. SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐8‐HYDROXY‐3‐METHOXY‐11‐AZA‐18‐NORESTRA‐1,3,5(10),9(11)‐TETRAEN‐17‐ONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: NASIPURI D. , GHOSH S. K.
Published: March 2016

Ausgehend von der Ketosäure (I) wird nach bekannten Verfahren über die Säure (II) das Keton (III) dargestellt, welches über das Furfurylidenderivat das Cyclopenten (IVa) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: GLUCOPYRANOSE ANALOG OF 4‐CARBOXY‐5‐AMINOIMIDAZOLE RIBOTIDE
Authors: ALENIN V. V. , DOMKIN V. D.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Umsetzung der Verbindungen (I) und (II) beobachtet man eine nichtübliche stereospezifische Reaktion.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF CERTAIN METABOLITES AND ANALOGS OF VITAMIN B6 AND THEIR RING‐CHAIN TAUTOMERISM
Authors: PAUL B. , KORYTNYK W.
Published: March 2016

Aus Pyridoxol (Ia) und Pyridoxal (IIIa) entstehen die Benzyläther (Ib) bzw. (IIIb), die zum Lacton (II) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUAL HYDROGEN BONDS. A NEUTRON DIFFRACTION STUDY OF THE HYDROGEN DINITRATE ION, (O2NO.CNTDOT.H.CNTDOT.ONO2)‐, IN CESIUM HYDROGEN DINITRATE
Authors: ROZIERE J. , ROZIERE‐BORIES M.‐T. , WILLIAMS J. M.
Published: March 2016

Die Kristallstruktur der Titelverbindung wird aus 3dimensionalen Einkristall‐Neutronenbeugungswerten bestimmt (rhombisch, Raumgruppe Fddd, Z=8).
ChemInform Abstract: REPEATED REMOVAL OF THIN LAYERS OF SILICON BY ANODIC OXIDATION
Authors: BARBER H. D. , LO H. B. , JONES J. E.
Published: March 2016

Es wird eine billige und einfache Schichttrennungsmethode (Anodisierung und anschließendes Ätzen) beschrieben, die, kombiniert mit Schichtwiderstandsmessungen, zur Bestimmung der Verunreinigungsprofile in Si geeignet ist.
ChemInform Abstract: INORGANIC POLYHEDRON COMPOUNDS, III. ZINTL′S ′POLYANIONIC SALTS′‐ PREPARATION N AND PROPERTIES OF THE CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS (NA4.7EN)SN9, (NA4.5EN)GE9, AND (NA3.4EN)SB7 AND OF THEIR SOLUTIONS. THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF (NA4.7EN)SN9
Authors: DIEHL L. , KHODADADEH K. , KUMMER D. , STRAEHLE J.
Published: March 2016

5 en]Ge9 und [Na3°C 4 en]Sb7 und ihrer Lösungen.
ChemInform Abstract: TAUTOMERISM IN CYTOSINE AND 3‐METHYLCYTOSINE. A THERMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC STUDY
Authors: DREYFUS M. , BENSAUDE O. , DODIN G. , DUBOIS J. E.
Published: March 2016

Während das Cytosin in Wasser hauptsächlich die Form (I) "bildet und sich nur geringfügig nach (II) tautomerisiert, liegt das Methylderivat (III) im Gleichgewicht mit seinem Imintautomeren (IV) vor.
ChemInform Abstract: BEHAVIOR OF NITRILE OXIDES TOWARDS NUCLEOPHILES. PART IV. HETEROMACROCYCLES FROM ACETONITRILE OXIDE
Authors: BRANDI A. , DE SARLO F. , GUARNA A.
Published: March 2016

In alkoholischer Lösung bildet Acetonitriloxid (I) mit Trime‐ thylamin im mittleren Konzentrationsbereich ein Hexameres, für das die Struktur (II) abgeleitet wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATION OF α‐OXIDES ON A LITHIUM PHOSPHATE CATALYST. III. ISOMERIZATION OF 3,3‐DIMETHYL‐1,2‐EPOXYBUTANE
Authors: SREDNEV S. S. , KRYUKOV S. I. , FARBEROV M. I.
Published: March 2016

Die Isomerisierung der Titelverbindung (I) liefert unter Skelettumlagerung den ungesättigten Alkohol (II) (Ausbeuteangabe fehlt), daneben Carbonylverbindungen sowie als Zerfallsprodukte des Alkohols (II) das Methylbuten (III) und Formaldehyd (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: THE PHOTOLYSIS AND THERMOLYSIS OF 3‐(DIPHENYLHYDROXYMETHYL)‐4‐(DIPHENYLMETHYLENE)‐2‐CYCLOBUTENE‐1‐ONE AND ITS 2‐BROMO DERIVATIVE
Authors: TODA F. , TODO E.
Published: March 2016

Das Cyclobutenon (II) bildet bei seiner Photolyse in Methanol das Lacton (I), in Benzol dagegen ebenso wie bei seiner Thermolyse in o‐Xylol das gesättigte Derivat (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RADIATION INDUCED DECHLORINATION OF 1,2‐DICHLOROETHANE AND DETERMINATION OF ARRHENIUS PARAMETERS FOR HYDROGEN ATOM ABSTRACTION FROM CHLOROETHANES BY THE CYCLOHEXYL RADICAL
Authors: KATZ M. G. , BARUCH G. , RAJBENBACH L. A.
Published: March 2016

Bei der Radiolyse einer Lösung von 1,2‐Dichlor‐äthan in Cyclohexan werden durch radiolytisch gebildete Cyclohexylradikale unter Abspaltung von C1 bzw. H Chloräthyl‐ und 1,2‐Dichloräthyl‐Radikale erzeugt, die weiter hauptsächlich zu chlorierten Äthanen, Chlorcyclohexan und β‐Chloräthylcyclohexan reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: STABLE NITROXIDE RADICALS FROM 2‐SUBSTITUTED QUINOLINE‐N‐OXIDES WITH ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: BERTI C. , COLONNA M. , GRECI L. , MARCHETTI L.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion des Chinolinoxids (Ia) mit der Grignardverbindung (IIa) in THF ergibt das Nitroxidradikal (IVa) sowie wenig Chinolin (V).
ChemInform Abstract: POLAR RADICALS. 9. KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF THE VAPOR‐PHASE BROMINATION OF 1‐BROMOBUTANE
Authors: TANNER D. D. , KOSUGI Y. , ARHART R. , WADA N. , PACE T. , RUO T.
Published: March 2016

Die Photoreaktion der Titelverbindung (I) mit Brom im Verhältnis 5:1 ergibt hauptsächlich die Produkte (II)‐(IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐ALKOXY‐, 2‐ARYLOXY‐, AND 2‐ACYLOXYCYCLOHEXANONES. SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF THEIR CONFORMATIONAL EQUILIBRIUMS
Authors: CANTACUZENE D. , TORDEUX M.
Published: March 2016

Aryloxycyclohexanone wie z.B. (III) werden aus den Chloriden (I) und den Phenolaten (II) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF CYCLONONA‐1,2,5‐TRIENE, CYCLONONA‐1,2,5,7‐TETRAENE AND CYCLODECA‐1,2,5,6‐TETRAENE
Authors: BAIRD M. S. , REESE C. B.
Published: March 2016

Dehydrobromierung des S‐Brom‐cyclooctens (I) liefert Cyclooctadien‐(1,4) (II) im Gemisch mit etwas Cyclooctadien‐(1,5).
ChemInform Abstract: REMOVAL OF SULFUR GROUPS FROM MOLECULES BY COPPER(I). PREPARATION OF SULFUR‐SUBSTITUTED 1,3‐DIENES FOR THE DIELS‐ALDER REACTION
Authors: COHEN T. , MURA A. J. , SHULL D. W. , FOGEL E. R. , RUFFNER R. J. , FALCK J. R.
Published: March 2016

Crotonaldehyd (I) und Thiophenol geben das Thioäther‐dithioacetal (II), das in Gegenwart von Cu‐Pulver zum Phenylthio‐butadien (III) eliminiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYTIC REARRANGEMENT OF O,S‐DIALKYL DITHIOCARBONATES TO S,S‐DIALKYL DITHIOCARBONATES. II. THE EFFECTS OF STRUCTURE OF O,S‐DIALKYL DITHIOCARBONATES, CATALYSTS AND SOLVENTS
Authors: KAWATA T. , HARANO K. , TAGUCHI T.
Published: March 2016

Aus Carbinolen (I) werden mit Alkalimetall, Schwefelkohlenstoff und Methyljodid die Xanthogenate (II) hergestellt, die katalytisch zu den Thioloestern (III) umgelagert und dann zu (IV) verseift werden.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF DIAZIRINE. EVIDENCE FOR DIAZOMETHANE INTERMEDIATE
Authors: JENNINGS B. M. , LIU M. T. H.
Published: March 2016

Das aus Valerophenon nach Literaturangaben dargestellte Diazirin (I) (40% Gesamtausbeute) zersetzt sich thermisch zu den l‐Phenyl‐pentenen (III) im cis‐/trans‐Verhältnis 1 : 5. Die Zersetzung verläuft über das isolierbare und erstaunlieh stabile Diazoalkan (II), das mit Essigsäure zu [l‐Phenyl‐pentyl‐(l)]‐acetat reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF α‐METHYLENE‐Γ‐BUTYROLACTONES OF TRANS‐1,3‐DIHYDROXYCYCLOALKANES
Authors: MARINO J. P. , FARINA J. S.
Published: March 2016

Reaktionen zwischen Cycloalkenon‐epoxiden und den Organo‐ Kupferverbindungen (I)‐(III) werden systematisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW FUSED TETRAZOLE RING SYSTEM‐ TETRAZOLO(1,5‐B)ISOQUINOLINE
Authors: HAJOS G. , MESSMER A.
Published: March 2016

A New Fused Tetrazole Ring System: Tetrazolo(1,5‐b)isoquinoline.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL REARRANGEMENT OF 2‐OXABICYCLO(2.2.2)OCT‐5‐ENO‐3‐CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Authors: ACHMATOWICZ O. JUN. , JURCZAK J. , PYREK J. S.
Published: March 2016

Aus Diäthylmesoxalat (I) und Cyclohexadien (II) entsteht im Bombenrohr durch Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion der Diester (III), der mit LiAlH4 zum Diol reduziert werden kann (85% Ausbeute), katalytisch zum Dihydro‐ (IV) und Tetrahydro‐Derivat (V) hydriert und mit methanolischem KOH zur Disäure (IIIb) hydrolysiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE REACTION OF ENAMINES WITH β‐KETO ESTERS‐ A ROUTE TO Γ‐PYRONES
Authors: MONSON R. S.
Published: March 2016

Aus den β‐Ketoestern (I) erhält man bei der Umsetzung mit Enaminen (II) die 7‐Pyrone‐ (III) in mäßigen Ausbeuten neben den Amiden (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,8‐NAPHTHYRIDINES. PART III. SYNTHESIS OF SOME 6‐SUBSTITUTED‐1,8‐NAPHTHYRIDIN‐2(1H)‐ONES
Authors: EICHLER E. , ROONEY C. S. , WILLIAMS H. W. R.
Published: March 2016

Die Kondensation von 2,6‐Diamino‐pyridin (II) mit Malondialdehyden (I) führt zu den Kondensationsprodukten (III), die zu (IV) hydrolysiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYMMETRICAL DIAZADITWISTANE. 2,9‐DICYANO‐5,11‐DIMETHYL‐5,11‐DIAZATETRACYCLO(6.2.2.02,7.04,9)DODECANE
Authors: TEN BROEKE J. , DOUGLAS A. W. , GRABOWSKI E. J. J.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem nach früheren Verfahren zugänglichen Dicyano‐dimethyl‐diazatetracyclododecan (I) erhält man über Platin das Hydrierungsprodukt (II), das beim Erhitzen zum Diazaditwistan (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS IN THE DEHYDRO‐N‐MANNICH BASE SERIES
Authors: KREUTZBERGER A. , TESCH U.‐H. , GUERSOY A.
Published: March 2016

Die Darstellung des Cumarinderivats (IV) erfolgt wahrscheinlich über die Zwischenstufen (V) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF N,N′‐METHYLENEDILACTAMS FROM CYCLIC IMINO CHLORIDES AND DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE
Authors: HABECK D. , HOULIHAN W. J.
Published: March 2016

Aus dem Diazepindion (I) erhält man mit Phosgen die Dichlorverbindung (II), die zum Imidchlorid (III) dehydrochloriert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANISM OF THE FORMATION AND REARRANGEMENT OF SPIROPHOSPHORANES. VIII. REACTIONS OF SPIROPHOSPHORANES CONTAINING A PHOSPHORUS‐HYDROGEN BOND WITH REACTIVE ELECTROPHILES
Authors: LAURENCO C. , BURGADA R.
Published: March 2016

Die Verbindung (I) und analoge methylsubstituierte Spirophosphorane reagieren mit Iminen und Aminoverbindungen zu den Derivaten (II).
ChemInform Abstract: THIOUREA ADDUCTS OF DIMETHYLHALOARSINES. CATIONIC TRIVALENT ARSENIC
Authors: JAVORA P. H. , MEYERS E. A. , ZINGARO R. A.
Published: March 2016

Die Reaktion von Dimethylarsenchlorid oder ‐bromid mit Thioharnstoff in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln liefert 1:1‐ und 1:2‐Verbindungen (I) und (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYL COMPLEXES OF SCANDIUM(III), TITANIUM(III) AND VANADIUM(III) DERIVED FROM PHOSPHORUS YLIDE ANIONS
Authors: MANZER L. E.
Published: March 2016

Die durch Umsetzung von Butyl‐Li mit entsprechenden Phosphoniumjodiden in Äther dargestellten Li‐Salze (II) der P‐Ylid‐Anionen setzen sich mit den Übergangsmetallkomplexen (I) zu den Alkylkomplexen (III) um (Ausbeutenangabe zum Teil in Gramm).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSPECIFIC INCORPORATION OF CARBON‐13‐LABELED CARBON MONOXIDE INTO OLEFINIC SUBSTITUTED METAL CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: DARENSBOURG D. J. J. , SALZER A.
Published: March 2016

Der Trien‐Molybdänkomplex (I) reagiert mit 13CO in Kohlenwasser= Stoff‐Lösungen bei Raumtemperatur zu der Tetracarbonyl‐Verbindung (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY OF THE CARBON‐NITROGEN DOUBLE BOND. 1. NICKEL COMPLEXES PREPARED FROM IMINIUM CATIONS AND THE X‐RAY STRUCTURE OF (((C6H5)3P)NI(CH2N(CH3)2)CL)
Authors: SEPELAK D. J. , PIERPONT C. G. , BAREFIELD E. K. , BUDZ J. T. , POFFENBERGER C. A.
Published: March 2016

Iminiumsalze (I) reagieren mit Ni(O)‐Komplexen (II) zu den Verbindungen (III), in denen das Iminiumion ′lt‐gebunden in trigonaler Koordination vorliegt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONCERNING THE THERMOCHROMIC MECHANISM OF COPPER(II) AND NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF N,N‐DIETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE
Authors: FERRARO J. R. , BASILE L. J. , GARCIA‐INEGUEZ L. R. , PAOLETTI P. , FABBRIZZI L.
Published: March 2016

Anhand von IR‐ und Elektronenspektren wird der T.hermochromie‐Mechanismus der Komplexe (I) erörtert, wobei Druck‐ und Temperaturuntersuchungen eingeschlossen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: METAL COMPLEXES OF SULFUR‐NITROGEN CHELATING AGENTS. V. 2‐N‐ETHYLAMINOCYCLOPENTENE‐1‐DITHIOCARBOXYLIC ACID COMPLEXES OF NICKEL(II), PALLADIUM(II), PLATINUM(II), COBALT(II), COBALT(III), AND COPPER(I)
Authors: NAG K. , JOARDAR D. S.
Published: March 2016

Das Ammoniumsalz des Liganden reagiert mit den Tetrachlorometallaten von Pd und Pt, Ni‐chlorid bzw. Co‐nitrat zu den 2:1‐Komplexen (I) bzw. (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF SESQUITERPENE ANTITUMOR LACTONES. 6. CIS‐8A‐VINYLOCTAHYDRO‐3H‐2‐BENZOPYRAN‐3,7‐DIONE, A PRECURSOR TO VERNOLEPIN
Authors: WEGE P. M. , CLARK R. D. , HEATHCOCK C. H.
Published: March 2016

Aus den 3‐Alkoxy‐cyclohexenonen (I) werden die Substitutionsprodukte (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CONFORMATIONAL STABILITIES OF 11‐OXO‐9α‐ AND 9β‐ESTRADIOL 3‐BENZYL ETHER
Authors: LIANG C. D. , BARAN J. S. , ALLINGER N. L. , YUH Y.
Published: March 2016

Das aus dem Diacetat (I) zugängliche Epoxid (II) wird mit KOH zu dem 9ß‐Dihydroxyketon (IIIa) hydrolysiert, dessen 3‐Benzyläther (IIIb) beim Umsetzen mit NaH/Benzol zu dem 9oz‐Isomeren (IIIc) epirnerisiert.
Two‐Year Safety and Efficacy of Biodegradable Polymer Drug‐Eluting Stent Versus Second‐Generation Durable Polymer Drug‐Eluting Stent in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Data from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR)
Authors: Hur Seung‐Ho , Kim In‐Cheol , Won Ki‐Bum , Cho Yun‐Kyeong , Yoon Hyuck‐Jun , Nam Chang‐Wook , Kim Kwon‐Bae , Kim Min‐Seok , Park Jincheol , Rha Seung‐Woon , Chae Shung‐Chull , Kim Young‐Jo , Kim Chong‐Jin , Cho Myeong‐Chan , Jeong Myung‐Ho , Ahn Young‐Keun , Kim Hyo‐Soo , Ahn Tae‐Hoon , Seung Ki‐Bae , Jang Yangsoo , Yoon Jung‐Han , Seong In‐Whan , Hong Taek‐Jong , Bae Jang‐Ho , Park Seung‐Jung ,   for the KAMIR (Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry) Investigators
Published: March 2016

Background

Despite improved long‐term safety of biodegradable polymer (BP) drug‐eluting stents (DES) compared to first‐generation durable polymer (DP) DES, data on the safety and efficacy of BP‐DES compared with second‐generation (2G) DP‐DES in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are limited.

Hypothesis

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of BP‐DES compared with 2G‐DP‐DES in the higher stent thrombosis (ST) risk setting of AMI.

Methods

A total of 3359 AMI patients who received either BP‐DES (n = 261) or 2G‐DP‐DES (n = 3098) were included from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR). Differences in baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were adjusted using a 1:5 propensity score matching analysis (n = 261 for BP‐DES and n = 1305 for 2G‐DP‐DES). The primary outcome was the incidence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including all‐cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction (re‐MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR). The rate of definite or probable ST was also investigated.

Results

In adjusted analysis, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics; 2‐year MACE (10.7% and 9.9% in the BP‐DES group and 2G‐DP‐DES group, respectively, P = 0.679); ST incidence (0.8% vs 0.9%, respectively, P = 1.0), and rates of all‐cause death, re‐MI, and TVR. By multivariate analysis, old age, diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction, and left ventricular dysfunction were the independent predictors of MACE after BP‐DES or 2G‐DP‐DES implantation.

Conclusions

BP‐DES and 2G‐DP‐DES appear to have comparable 2‐year safety and efficacy for the treatment of AMI. However, longer‐term follow‐up is needed.
Endothelial Dysfunction and Racial Disparities in Mortality and Adverse Cardiovascular Disease Outcomes
Authors: Erqou Sebhat , Kip Kevin E. , Mulukutla Suresh R. , Aiyer Aryan N. , Reis Steven E.
Published: March 2016

Background

The contribution of arterial endothelial dysfunction (ED) to increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among Blacks is not known.

Hypothesis

We investigated whether peripheral arterial ED explains racial disparity in CVD events.

Methods

Data from the Heart Strategies Concentrating on Risk Evaluation (Heart SCORE) study was used. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed by the Framingham reactive hyperemia index (fRHI), measured using pulse amplitude tonometry (PAT). Lower values of fRHI indicate more severe ED. The primary outcome of interest was combined CVD events and all‐cause mortality.

Results

1454 individuals (62% female, 40% Black, mean age 59 ± 8 years) had available data on fRHI (mean [SD]: 0.74 [0.46]). Over a mean follow‐up period of 8.0 ± 2.4 years (11,186 person‐years), 116 events were observed. Black race, male sex, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, triglycerides, C‐reactive protein, and interleukin‐6 were inversely correlated with fRHI in univariate models. In an unadjusted Cox regression model, fRHI was associated with 20% lower risk of the primary outcome events (hazard ratio [HR] per 1‐SD higher fRHI: 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.66‐0.97). However, this association was no longer significant after adjustment for CVD risk factors (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.74‐1.11). In an age‐ and sex‐adjusted model, Blacks had 1.68 (95% CI: 1.16‐2.43) higher risk of primary outcome compared with Whites. This association was not significantly attenuated by addition of fRHI to the multivariable models.

Conclusion

Black race is associated with increased risk of CVD events and mortality independent of its associations with ED, as measured by PAT.
Large‐Deviation Principle for Interacting Brownian Motions
Authors: Seo Insuk
Published: March 2016

We prove the large‐deviation principle for the empirical process in a system of locally interacting Brownian motions in the nonequilibrium. Such a phenomenon has been proven only for two lattice systems: the symmetric simple exclusion process and the zero‐range process. Therefore, we have achieved the third result in this context and moreover the first result for the diffusion‐type interacting particle system.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular and Interfacial Calculations of Iron(II) Light Harvesters
Authors: Fredin Lisa A. , Wärnmark Kenneth , Sundström Villy , Persson Petter
Published: March 2016

Invited for this month′s cover is Petter Persson and co‐workers at Lund University. The image illustrates recent progress in the development and understanding of earth‐abundant iron complexes for solar energy applications. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201600062.
Rapid Access to Benzofuran‐Based Natural Products through a Concise Synthetic Strategy
Authors: Rao Maddali L. N. , Murty Venneti N.
Published: March 2016

A concise strategy is described for the synthesis of ailanthoidol (1), egonol (2), homoegonol (3), demethoxyegonol (4), demethoxyhomoegonol (5), and stemofuran A (6). This approach involves a Pd‐catalysed domino cyclization/coupling process using triarylbismuth reagents for the generation of the benzofuran core. Subsequent structural modifications then give the final targets. The high yielding synthesis of the recently isolated natural products egonol‐9(Z)‐12(Z)‐linoleate (2a), 7‐demethoxyegonol‐9(Z)‐12(Z)‐linoleate (4a), and 7‐demethoxy‐egonol‐9(Z)‐oleate (4b) are also reported.
Effects of pregabalin on the nociceptive, emotional and cognitive manifestations of neuropathic pain in mice
Authors: La Porta C. , Lara‐Mayorga I.M. , Negrete R. , Maldonado R.
Published: March 2016

Background

Preclinical drug discovery for the treatment of chronic pain is at present challenged by the difficulty to study behaviours comparable to the complex human pain experience in animals. Several reports have demonstrated a frequent association of chronic pain in humans with affective disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and impaired cognitive functions, including memory and decision making, and motivation for goal‐directed behaviours. In this study, we validated different behavioural outcomes to measure the emotional and cognitive manifestations of neuropathic pain induced in mice by partial sciatic nerve ligation.

Methods

In these mice, we evaluated at different time points the nociceptive responses, the anxiety‐ and depressive‐like behaviours, the anhedonic state, object recognition memory and the operant responding maintained by food and the effects of the repeated administration of pregabalin on these manifestations.

Results

Our results demonstrated that the presence of allodynia and hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain mice was associated with increased anxiety‐ and depressive‐like behaviours, reduced memory functions, development of an anhedonic state and impaired motivation to obtain food in the operant task. Chronic pregabalin treatment improved the nociceptive, anxiety‐like and anhedonic responses, as well as the memory deficit, but did not modify the depressive‐like alterations and the decreased motivation in these mice.

Conclusions

These results indicate that some emotional manifestations of chronic pain do not necessarily resolve when pain is relieved and underline the relevance to evaluate multiple behavioural responses associated with chronic pain, including the affective‐motivational and cognitive behaviours, to increase the predictive value of preclinical drug discovery.

What does this study add?

In this study, we have validated different behavioural outcomes allowing a reliable measurement of the emotional and cognitive manifestations of neuropathic pain induced in mice by partial sciatic nerve ligation.

These results underline the relevance to evaluate these multiple pain‐related alterations to improve the predictive value of preclinical drug discovery.
An overview of multidimensional liquid phase separations in food analysis
Authors: Franco Maraíssa Silva , Padovan Rodrigo Nogueira , Fumes Bruno Henrique , Lanças Fernando Mauro
Published: March 2016

Food safety is a priority public health concern that demands analytical methods capable to detect low concentration level of contaminants (e.g. pesticides and antibiotics) in different food matrices. Due to the high complexity of these matrices, a sample preparation step is in most cases mandatory to achieve satisfactory results being usually tedious, lengthy, and prone to the introduction of errors. For this reason, many research groups have focused efforts on the development of online systems capable to do the cleanup, concentration, and separation steps at once through multidimensional separation techniques (MDS). Among several possible setups, the most popular are the multidimensional chromatographic techniques (MDC) that consist in combining more than one mobile and/or stationary phase to provide a satisfactory separation. In the present review, we selected a variety of multidimensional separation systems used for food contaminant analysis in order to discuss the instrumentation aspects, the concept of orthogonality, column approaches used in these systems, and new materials that can be used in these columns. Selected classes of contaminants present in food matrices are introduced and discussed as example of the potential applications of multidimensional liquid phase separation techniques in food safety.
The progressive routes for carbon capture and sequestration
Authors: Nanda Sonil , Reddy Sivamohan N. , Mitra Sushanta K. , Kozinski Janusz A.
Published: March 2016

The global warming is directly related to the increased greenhouse gas emissions from both natural and anthropogenic origins. There has been a drastic rise in the concentration of CO2 and other greenhouse gases since the industrial revolution primarily due to the intensifying consumption of fossil fuels. With the need to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate global warming certain strategies relating to carbon capturing and sequestration are indispensable. This paper comprehensively describes several physicochemical, biological and geological routes for carbon capture and sequestration. The trend of the increase in greenhouse gases over the years is illustrated along with the global statistics for fossil fuels usage and biofuels production. The physicochemical carbon capturing technologies discussed include absorption, adsorption, membrane separation and cryogenic distillation. The algal and bacterial systems, dedicated energy crops and coalbed methanogenesis have been vividly explained as the biological routes for carbon sequestration. The geological carbon sequestering route centers on biochar application and oceanic carbon storage. A systematic survey has been made on the origin and impact of greenhouse gases along with the potential for sequestration based on some fast‐track and long‐term sequestration technologies.
Isotopic Evidence for Long‐Distance Mammal Procurement, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, USA
Authors: Grimstead Deanna N. , Quade Jay , Stiner Mary C.
Published: March 2016

Previous research on the prehistoric communities of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico (ca. A.D. 800–1250) provides evidence of an extensive procurement system of nonlocal food and economic goods. In this paper, we use oxygen and strontium isotope analyses to establish whether animal protein followed a similar pattern. We contextualized our isotopic analyses of the archaeofaunas from recent excavations at Pueblo Bonito with data on modern faunas across an area of approximately 100,000 km2 around the site. Our results show that most archaeological deer, rabbits, and prairie dogs were obtained from >40 km away from Pueblo Bonito with the latter two likely being garden hunted. The Chuska Mountains west of Chaco Canyon and more distant San Juan Mountains to the north were the main source areas. These results closely align with previous results on architectural wood, corn, and other key resources. The importation of small game animals suggests that the local supplies could not meet the needs of the community. Long‐distance meat procurement may have been embedded within a more complex network of ritual‐goods exchange or tribute that helped to offset the transport costs. Resource depletion may have contributed to the eventual abandonment of the region during the Medieval Warm Period.
Isolation of Marine Paracoccus sp. Ss63 from the Sponge Sarcotragus sp. and Characterization of its Quorum‐Sensing Chemical‐Signaling Molecules by LC‐MS/MS Analysis
Authors: Saurav Kumar , Burgsdorf Ilia , Teta Roberta , Esposito Germana , Bar‐Shalom Rinat , Costantino Valeria , Steindler Laura
Published: March 2016

Gram‐negative bacteria often use N‐acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as quorum‐sensing (QS) signal molecules. The present study aimed to identify and characterize the production of AHLs by Paracoccus sp. Ss63, which was isolated from the Mediterranean sponge Sarcotragus sp. High performance liquid chromatography – high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS/MS) provided evidence for the production, by Paracoccus sp. Ss63, of twelve saturated long‐chain AHLs (3‐OH‐C10‐HSL, 3‐OH‐C12‐HSL, C10‐HSL, 3‐OH‐C14‐HSL, C12‐HSL, 3‐O‐C16‐HSL, 3‐OH‐C16‐HSL, C14‐HSL, 3‐OH‐C18‐HSL, C16‐HSL, 3‐O‐C18‐HSL, and C18‐HSL), along with four putative unsaturated long‐chain AHLs (C10 : 1‐HSL, 3‐OH‐C18 : 1‐HSL, C16 : 1‐HSL, and C18 : 1‐HSL). The distribution of Paracoccus sp. Ss63 in different sponge species, as well as in seawater and marine sediment samples, suggests a mixed lifestyle for this bacterium, i.e., free‐living and host‐associated. The high pH of seawater is likely to inactivate the AHL signal molecules, and limit the possibility of AHLs to accumulate to the concentration required for QS‐based gene regulation. We hypothesize that Paracoccus sp. Ss63 utilizes quorum sensing to sense and respond to the different environments it experiences, with an active QS only when found inside enclosed niches (host‐associated and at lower pH).
Effect of Low‐ and High‐Fat Meals on the Pharmacokinetics of Venetoclax, a Selective First‐in‐Class BCL‐2 Inhibitor
Authors: Salem Ahmed Hamed , Agarwal Suresh K. , Dunbar Martin , Nuthalapati Silpa , Chien David , Freise Kevin J. , Wong Shekman L.
Published: March 2016

Venetoclax is a selective, first‐in‐class, B‐cell lymphoma‐2 inhibitor that has demonstrated clinical efficacy in several hematological malignancies. Two studies evaluated the relative bioavailability of venetoclax in healthy subjects: (1) a bioequivalence study to compare the bioavailability of the film‐coated tablet with that of an earlier uncoated tablet and (2) a food effect study to evaluate the effect of food on venetoclax pharmacokinetics. Both studies were open‐label, single‐dose, crossover studies. In the bioequivalence study, 15 subjects received a single dose of venetoclax 50 mg under nonfasting conditions, in each of 2 periods; one period used the uncoated tablet, and the other used the film‐coated tablet. In the food effect study, 24 subjects received a single dose of venetoclax film‐coated 100‐mg tablet under fasting conditions, after a low‐fat breakfast or after a high‐fat breakfast in different periods. The venetoclax film‐coated tablet was bioequivalent to the uncoated tablet, which indicates that the film coating does not affect bioavailability. The median Tmax of venetoclax was delayed by about 2 hours when administered with food. Compared with fasting conditions, Cmax and AUC increased by approximately 3.4‐fold following a low‐fat breakfast. High‐fat meals increased Cmax and AUC by approximately 50% relative to low‐fat meals. The mean terminal half‐life was comparable between the high‐fat meal and fasting conditions (19.1 versus 16.1 hours). Based on these results and the venetoclax exposure–response profile, venetoclax should be administered with food and without specific recommendations for fat content to ensure adequate and consistent bioavailability.
Skull shapes of the Lissodelphininae: radiation, adaptation and asymmetry
Authors: Galatius Anders , Goodall R. Natalie P.
Published: March 2016

Within Delphinidae, the sub‐family Lissodelphininae consists of 8 Southern Ocean species and 2 North Pacific species. Lissodelphininae is a result of recent phylogenetic revisions based on molecular methods. Thus, morphological radiation within the taxon has not been investigated previously. The sub‐family consists of ecologically diverse groups such as (1) theCephalorhynchusgenus of 4 small species inhabiting coastal and shelf waters, (2) the robust species in theLagenorhynchusgenus with the coastalLa. australis, the offshoreLa. cruciger, the pelagic speciesLa. obscurusandLa. obliquidens, and (3) the morphologically aberrant genusLissodelphis. Here, the shapes of 164 skulls from adults of all 10 species were compared using 3‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. The Lissodelphininae skulls were supplemented by samples ofLagenorhynchus albirostrisandDelphinus delphisto obtain a context for the variation found within the subfamily. Principal components analysis was used to map the most important components of shape variation on phylogeny. The first component of shape variation described an elongation of the rostrum, lateral and dorsoventral compression of the neurocranium and smaller temporal fossa. The twoLissodelphisspecies were on the high extreme of this spectrum, whileLagenorhynchus australis,La. crucigerandCephalorhynchus heavisidiiwere at the low extreme. Along the second component,La. crucigerwas isolated from the other species by its expanded neurocranium and concave facial profile. Shape variation supports the gross phylogenetic relationships proposed by recent molecular studies. However, despite the great diversity of ecology and external morphology within the subfamily, shape variation of the feeding apparatus was modest, indicating a similar mode of feeding across the subfamily. All 10 species were similar in their pattern of skull asymmetry, but interestingly, two species using narrowband high frequency clicks (La. crucigerandC. hectori) were among the most asymmetric species, contradicting previous interpretations of odontocete skull asymmetry. J. Morphol. 277:776–785, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Osteolytic and mixed cancer metastasis modulates collagen and mineral parameters within rat vertebral bone matrix
Authors: Burke Mikhail V. , Atkins Ayelet , Akens Margarete , Willett Thomas L. , Whyne Cari M.
Published: March 2016

Metastatic involvement in vertebral bone diminishes the mechanical integrity of the spine; however minimal data exist on the potential impact of metastases on the intrinsic material characteristics of the bone matrix. Thirty‐four (34) female athymic rats were inoculated with HeLa (N = 17) or Ace‐1 (N = 17) cancer cells lines producing osteolytic or mixed (osteolytic and osteoblastic) metastases, respectively. A maximum of 21 days was allowed between inoculation and rat sacrifice for vertebrae extraction. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was utilized to determine modifications in collagen‐I parameters such as proline hydroxylation and the formation of specific enzymatic and non‐enzymatic (pentosidine) cross‐links. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine relative changes in mineral crystallinity, mineral carbonation, mineral/collagen matrix ratio, collagen quality ratio, and proline hydroxylation. HPLC results showed significant increase in the formation of pentosidine and decrease in the formation of the enzymatic cross‐link deoxy‐pryridinoline within osteolytic bone compared to mixed bone. Raman results showed decreased crystallinity, increased carbonation, and collagen quality (aka 1660/1690 sub‐band) ratio with osteolytic bone compared to mixed bone and healthy controls along with an observed increase in proline hydroxylation with metastatic involvement. The mineral/matrix ratio decreased in both osteolytic and mixed bone compared to healthy controls. Quantifying modifications within the intrinsic characteristics of bone tissue will provide a foundation to assess the impact of current therapies on the material behavior of bone tissue in the metastatic spine and highlight targets for the development of new therapeutics and approaches for treatment. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:2126–2136, 2016.
Osteophyte formation after ACL rupture in mice is associated with joint restabilization and loss of range of motion
Authors: Hsia Allison W. , Anderson Matthew J. , Heffner Mollie A. , Lagmay Earl P. , Zavodovskaya Regina , Christiansen Blaine A.
Published: March 2016

Osteophytes are a typical radiographic finding during osteoarthritis (OA). Osteophytes are thought to form in response to joint instability; however, the time course of osteophyte formation and joint stabilization following joint injury is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the time course of osteophyte formation and joint function following non‐invasive knee injury in mice. We hypothesized that initial joint instability following knee injury would initiate osteophyte formation, which would in turn restabilize the joint and reduce range of motion (ROM). Mice were subjected to non‐invasive anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture. Anterior–posterior (AP) joint laxity, ROM, and chondro/osteophyte formation were measured immediately after injury, and 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post‐injury. Chondrophyte areas at each time point were measured with histology, while mineralized osteophyte volume was determined using micro‐computed tomography. Immediately after ACL rupture, AP joint laxity was increased twofold, while ROM was increased 11.7%. Chondrophytes appeared by 2 weeks post‐injury, corresponding with a decrease in AP joint laxity and ROM. By 8 weeks post‐injury, considerable osteophyte formation was observed around the joint, AP joint laxity returned to control levels, and joint ROM decreased to 61% of control values. These data support a role for chondro/osteophytes in joint restabilization after injury, and provide crucial insight into the time course and pathology of joint degeneration during OA development in the mouse. Statement of Clinical Significance: Results from this study increase understanding of conditions leading to osteophyte formation.© 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:466–473, 2017.
Phytoplankton growth and the interaction of light and temperature: A synthesis at the species and community level
Authors: Edwards Kyle F. , Thomas Mridul K. , Klausmeier Christopher A. , Litchman Elena
Published: March 2016

Temperature strongly affects phytoplankton growth rates, but its effect on communities and ecosystem processes is debated. Because phytoplankton are often limited by light, temperature should change community structure if it affects the traits that determine competition for light. Furthermore, the aggregate response of phytoplankton communities to temperature will depend on how changes in community structure scale up to bulk rates. Here, we synthesize experiments on 57 phytoplankton species to analyze how the growth‐irradiance relationship changes with temperature. We find that light‐limited growth, light‐saturated growth, and the optimal irradiance for growth are all highly sensitive to temperature. Within a species, these traits are co‐adapted to similar temperature optima, but light‐limitation reduces a species' temperature optimum by ∼5°C, which may be an adaptation to how light and temperature covary with depth or reflect underlying physiological correlations. Importantly, the maximum achievable growth rate increases with temperature under light saturation, but not under strong light limitation. This implies that light limitation diminishes the temperature sensitivity of bulk phytoplankton growth, even though community structure will be temperature‐sensitive. Using a database of primary production incubations, we show that this prediction is consistent with estimates of bulk phytoplankton growth across gradients of temperature and irradiance in the ocean. These results indicate that interactions between temperature and resource limitation will be fundamental for explaining how phytoplankton communities and biogeochemical processes vary across temperature gradients and respond to global change.
Role of ammonia, inflammation, and cerebral oxygenation in brain dysfunction of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure patients
Authors: Sawhney Rohit , Holland‐Fischer Peter , Rosselli Matteo , Mookerjee Rajeshwar P. , Agarwal Banwari , Jalan Rajiv
Published: March 2016

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common feature of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF). Although ammonia, inflammation, and cerebral oxygenation are associated with HE in acute liver failure, their roles in ACLF are unknown. The aim of this prospective, longitudinal study was to determine the role of these pathophysiological variables in ACLF patients with and without HE. We studied 101 patients with ACLF admitted to the intensive care unit. Severity of ACLF and HE, arterial ammonia, jugular venous oxygen saturation (JVO2), white blood cell count (WCC), and C‐reactive protein were measured at days 0, 1, 3, and 7. Patients were followed until death or hospital discharge. Mortality was high (51 patients, 50.5%), especially in patients with HE of whom 35 of 53 (66.0%) died regardless of ACLF severity. At baseline, increased WCC and abnormal JVO2 (high or low) were independent predictors of death. Further deterioration in inflammation, JVO2, and ammonia were also predictive of mortality. JVO2 deviation and hyperammonemia were associated with the presence and severity of HE; improvement in these parameters was associated with a reduction in HE grade. No direct interaction was observed between these variables in regards to mortality or HE. In conclusion, this study describes potential mechanisms of HE in ACLF indicating that ammonia and abnormal cerebral oxygenation are important. The results suggest that ammonia, JVO2, and WCC are important prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The relative roles of these pathophysiological factors in the pathogenesis of HE in ACLF or guiding therapy to improve survival requires future study. Liver Transplantation 22 732–742 2016 AASLD.
Development of a numerical simulation model considering the voltage drops within CP anode systems in RC structures
Authors: Helm C. , Raupach M.
Published: March 2016

Cathodic protection (CP) can be used as an electrochemical repair and protection method for reinforced concrete (RC) structures. It often provides technical and economic advantages versus conventional repair methods for numerous boundary conditions. Hence, the application of CP is recently considered for repair measures with complicated arrangements of reinforcement or geometries. In these cases, the common design guidelines and criteria for CP applications may fail or lead to erroneous results. The numerical prediction of the current and potential distribution within the structure can then be used for design purposes. The modeling procedure for CP differs from those for galvanic corrosion by existence of an additional CP anode system. Especially in Impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems the discretization of the CP anode has a significant impact on the modeling procedure and its results. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed and compared to existing approaches for relevant parameters including concrete resistivities by means of parametrical studies.
Condition of Galfan‐coated open spiral ropes after 15 years in the atmosphere of a brine bath
Authors: Nürnberger U. , Zehnder M.
Published: March 2016

In the atmosphere of a brine bath – with a high proportion of hygroscopic chloride salts – both high strength Galfan‐coated wires (zinc layer about 40 microns) as well as hot‐dip galvanized wires (zinc layer about 50 microns) of the open spiral ropes above the water basin showed corrosion with red rust already after 11 years of bath operation. Hygroscopic salts with low saturation moisture such as calcium and magnesium chloride, which form highly concentrated salt solutions in a swimming pool climate, attacked both coating metals equally strong.
Ex‐Situ Synthesis of Polythiophene/CeO2 Composite for Carbon Dioxide Sensing
Authors: Barde Rajesh , Nemade Kailash , Waghuley Sandeep
Published: March 2016

In the present study, ex‐situ approach of synthesis of polythiophene/CeO2 composite was adopted. The polythiophene used for the preparation of composite was synthesized by chemical route using oxidant TiCl4. The as‐synthesized composite was characterized by X‐ray diffraction and UV‐VIS spectroscopy. The various sensing parameters such as sensing response, stability, response time and recovery time of sample was evaluated. The operating temperature of sample was found to be 423 K.
Effect of Tl+ Intercalation on Electrochromic Behavior of Tungsten Heteropolyoxometalate Polymeric Thin Films
Authors: Mane Sambhaji , Walekar Balaji , Kharade Rohini , Mane Rahul , Patil Pramod , Bhosale Popatrao
Published: March 2016

Tungsten oxide (WO3) and molybdenum oxide (MoO3) are an extensively studied EC materials due to its outstanding electrochromic properties. Hence in present investigation Tl+ intercalated tungsten heteropolyoxometalate polymeric thin films have been successfully deposited on the FTO‐coated glass substrates using low cost chemical bath deposition technique. The films formed were uniform and well adherent. For the electrochemical characterization, the standard three‐electrode electrochemical cell was used. The polymeric thin films show good EC properties. By observing various parameters obtained from cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and iono‐optical studies of tungsten heteropolyoxometalate thin films it is clear that, reversibility of phosphotungstic acid (PTA) increases after intercalation of thallium but coloring efficiency (CE) decreases.