bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OVOL2 induces mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in fibroblasts and enhances reprogramming to epithelial lineages
Authors: Watanabe Kazuhide , Liu Ye , Noguchi Shuhei , Murray Madeleine , Chang Jen-Chien , Kishima Mami , Nishimura Hajime , Hashimoto Kosuke , Minoda Aki , Suzuki Harukazu
Published: March 2019

Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) is an important step in cell reprogramming from fibroblasts (a cell type frequently used for this purpose) to various epithelial cell types. However, the mechanism underlying MET induction in fibroblasts remains to be understood. The present study aimed to identify the transcription factors (TFs) that efficiently induce MET in dermal fibroblasts. OVOL2 was identified as a potent inducer of key epithelial genes, and OVOL2 cooperatively enhanced MET induced by HNF1A, TP63, and KLF4, which are known reprogramming TFs to epithelial lineages. In TP63/KLF4-induced keratinocyte-like cell-state reprogramming, OVOL2 greatly facilitated the activation of epithelial and keratinocyte-specific genes. This was accompanied by enhanced changes in chromatin accessibility across the genome. Mechanistically, motif enrichment analysis revealed that the target loci of KLF4 and TP63 become accessible upon induction of TFs, whereas the OVOL2 target loci become inaccessible. This indicates that KLF4 and TP63 positively regulate keratinocyte-associated genes whereas OVOL2 suppresses fibroblast-associated genes. The exogenous expression of OVOL2 therefore disrupts fibroblast lineage identity and facilitates fibroblast cell reprogramming into epithelial lineages cooperatively with tissue-specific reprogramming factors. Identification of OVOL2 as a MET inducer and an epithelial reprogramming enhancer in fibroblasts provides new insights into cellular reprogramming improvement for future applications.
Drought Affects the Antioxidant System and Stomatal Aperture in Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim
Authors: Fei Xitong , Hu Haichao , Li Jingmiao , Liu Yulin , Wei Anzhi
Published: March 2019

When under drought, plants activate a range of self-protective responses. Among these are activation of the antioxidant system and changes in stomatal aperture. The antioxidant system can remove the reactive oxygen species produced under drought conditions and so mitigate oxidative damage. Water becomes a severely limiting resource for plants suffering drought stress, so they generally close their stomata to reduce water loss. We examined changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes and altered gene expression patterns in Zanthoxylum bungeanum plants exposed to drought by irrigation with 20% PEG6000. We also recorded changes in stomatal aperture as the drought persisted. Relationships between the antioxidant system and stomatal aperture were analyzed in relation to gene expression. The results indicate that under drought stress, POD, CAT, APX, proline, MDA and related genes all show positive responses to drought, while SOD and its genes showed a negative response. The relationship between drought duration and stomatal aperture was considered. Stomatal aperture declines exponentially as drought duration increases.
An automatic system for a helicopter autopilot performance evaluation
Authors: Kopyt Antoni , Topczewski Sebastian , Zugaj Marcin , Bibik Przemyslaw
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to elaborate and develop an automatic system for automatic flight control system (AFCS) performance evaluation. Consequently, the developed AFCS algorithm is implemented and tested in a virtual environment on one of the mission task elements (MTEs) described in Aeronautical Design Standard 33 (ADS-33) performance specification.

Design/methodology/approach

Control algorithm is based on the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) which is adopted to work as a controller in this case. Developed controller allows for automatic flight of the helicopter via desired three-dimensional trajectory by calculating iteratively deviations between desired and actual helicopter position and multiplying it by gains obtained from the LQR methodology. For the AFCS algorithm validation, the objective data analysis is done based on specified task accomplishment requirements, reference trajectory and actual flight parameters.

Findings

In the paper, a description of an automatic flight control algorithm for small helicopter and its evaluation methodology is presented. Necessary information about helicopter dynamic model is included. The test and algorithm analysis are performed on a slalom maneuver, on which the handling qualities are calculated.

Practical implications

Developed automatic flight control algorithm can be adapted and used in autopilot for a small helicopter. Methodology of evaluation of an AFCS performance can be used in different applications and cases.

Originality/value

In the paper, an automatic flight control algorithm for small helicopter and solution for the validation of developed AFCS algorithms are presented.
New machine learning prediction models for compressive strength of concrete modified with glass cullet
Authors: Mirzahosseini Mohammadreza , Jiao Pengcheng , Barri Kaveh , Riding Kyle A. , Alavi Amir H.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

Recycled waste glasses have been widely used in Portland cement and concrete as aggregate or supplementary cementitious material. Compressive strength is one of the most important properties of concrete containing waste glasses, providing information about the loading capacity, pozzolanic reaction and porosity of the mixture. This study aims to propose highly nonlinear models to predict the compressive strength of concrete containing finely ground glass particles.

Design/methodology/approach

A robust machine leaning method called genetic programming is used the build the compressive strength prediction models. The models are developed using a number of test results on 50-mm mortar cubes containing glass powder according to ASTM C109. Parametric and sensitivity analyses are conducted to evaluate the effect of the predictor variables on the compressive strength. Furthermore, a comparative study is performed to benchmark the proposed models against classical regression models.

Findings

The derived design equations accurately characterize the compressive strength of concrete with ground glass fillers and remarkably outperform the regression models. A key feature of the proposed models as compared to the previous studies is that they include the simultaneous effect of various parameters such as glass compositions, size distributions, curing age and isothermal temperatures. Parametric and sensitivity analyses indicate that compressive strength is very sensitive to the curing age, curing temperature and particle surface area.

Originality/value

This study presents accurate machine learning models for the prediction of one of the most important mechanical properties of cementitious mixtures modified by waste glass, i.e. compressive strength. In addition, it provides an insight into the effect of several parameters influencing the compressive strength. From a computing perspective, a robust machine learning technique that overcomes the shortcomings of existing soft computing methods is introduced.
Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility disclosures in insurance companies
Authors: Ullah Md Shahid , Muttakin Mohammad Badrul , Khan Arifur
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the association between corporate governance and the extent of corporate social responsibility (CSR) disclosures in insurance companies, using archival data.

Design/methodology/approach

The data set comprises 277 listed insurance company-years in Bangladesh for the period of 2008 to 2014. The authors have used a checklist to measure the extent of CSR disclosures. The checklist was developed based on the previous CSR literature. The study uses a multiple regression analysis technique to investigate the association between different governance variables, particularly managerial ownership, institutional ownership, board independence and the proportion of female directors, and the extent of CSR disclosures in Bangladeshi insurance companies.

Findings

The authors find that board independence and the proportion of female directors have positive associations with the extent of CSR disclosures. However, the results indicate that managerial ownership is negatively associated with the extent of CSR disclosures.

Originality/value

Unlike most of the prior research that explored CSR disclosures in non-financial companies, the authors focus on financial companies, namely, insurance businesses. The authors provide empirical evidence using archival data that suggests that some governance mechanisms are important determinants of CSR disclosures in the insurance industry.
The workplaces of researchers in different disciplines
Authors: Huhtelin Mervi Tuulikki , Nenonen Suvi
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study whether researchers from different disciplines have different requirements for workplaces.

Design/methodology/approach

A literature review aimed to understand the academic workplace requirements of different disciplines. The empirical data were gathered by a national survey conducted in Finland. Open-ended questions accumulated answers, which were analysed and clustered.

Findings

The analysis implies that the majority of researchers in all the disciplinary categories required places that support both concentration and interaction. When comparing those researchers who asked for a place that only supports either concentration or interaction, the majority of those working in soft-pure disciplines required spaces to support concentration and those in soft-applied disciplines required spaces to support interaction. Researchers from hard disciplines – both applied and pure – consider places supporting concentration or interaction to be equally important.

Research limitations/implications

The weakness of this study is the generalisability, as this survey was conducted in Finland. The analysis emphasised diversity between disciplines without analysing diversity within disciplines.

Practical implications

Facilities and real estate managers can gain a deeper understanding of the academics’ workplace requirements, which in turn can help them to enhance workplace support of productivity at the same time as cutting real estate costs.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the body of research on academic office design.
Employer brand, person-organisation fit and employer of choice
Authors: Tanwar Karnica , Kumar Amresh
Published: March 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between employer brand dimensions and employer of choice (EOC). The paper also analyses the role of person-organisation fit in transferring employer brand dimensions to EOC status, and the moderating role of social media in the relationship between person-organisation fit and EOC.

Design/methodology/approach

Factor analysis has been conducted to validate the “employer attractiveness” scale for identifying the dimensions of employer brand. Structural equation modelling has been used to conduct mediation and moderation analysis. The results are based on the perceptions of college students regarding employer brand dimensions and EOC status.

Findings

The paper provides empirical insights on how the person-organisation fit helps in transferring employer brand dimensions to EOC status. The results indicate that the person-organisation fit acts as a full mediator, indicating that for becoming a EOC, the dimensions of employer brand must be linked to the person-organisation fit. Also, the moderation analysis results highlight the importance of social media towards obtaining EOC status.

Originality/value

The authors believe that the study is the first of its kind to investigate drivers of EOC, and to identify the role of the person-organisation fit as a mediating variable and social media as a moderating variable.
Are ecophysiological adaptive traits decoupled from leaf economics traits in wetlands?
Authors: Pan Yingji , Cieraad Ellen , van Bodegom Peter M.
Published: March 2019

Wetland plants have developed a suite of traits, such as aerenchyma, radial oxygen loss and leaf gas films, to adapt to the wetland environment characterised by, for example, a low redox potential and a lack of electron acceptors. These ecophysiological traits are critical for the survival and physiological functioning of wetland plants. Most studies on these traits typically focus on a single trait and a single or few species at the time.

Next to these traits, traits of the leaf economics spectrum (LES) that reflect resource acquisition and allocation in plant species have also been frequently measured in wetlands. However, the performance of the LES has rarely been examined among wetland plants.

Both suites of traits are critical for—but affect different aspects of—wetland plant functioning and survival. The interactions between them, potentially causing synergies or trade‐offs, reflect wetland plant strategies to simultaneously deal with stress tolerance and resource utilization, and have ramifications for the functioning of wetland ecosystems.

Based on a literature review and quantitative analysis of available data, we provide evidence suggesting that LES and ecophysiological traits may be decoupled (e.g., for root porosity and radial oxygen loss vs. leaf nitrogen) or coupled (e.g., for iron tolerance vs. specific leaf area) in wetlands, depending on the trait combination concerned. This rather complex relationship between wetland adaptive traits and LES traits indicates that there can be multiple mechanisms behind the strategies of wetland plants.

We further illustrate how adaptive and LES traits together contribute to wetland ecosystem functions, such as denitrification and methane emission. We highlight that both suites of traits should be considered simultaneously when applying trait‐based methods to wetland ecology.
Functional activation of Gαq/11 protein via α1‐adrenoceptor in rat cerebral cortical membranes
Authors: Odagaki Yuji , Kinoshita Masakazu , Ota Toshio
Published: March 2019

Although it is recognized that α1‐adrenoceptors are coupled to diverse intracellular signalling pathways, its primary transduction mechanisms are evoked by activating phospholipase C in the cell membrane through Gαq/11, resulting in production of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. However, there have been few studies that indicate directly the involvement of Gαq/11 proteins in this signalling pathway in the central nervous system. In the current study, we tried to pharmacologically characterize (−)‐adrenaline‐stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to Gαq/11 in rat brain membranes. Functional activation of Gαq/11 coupled to α1‐adrenoceptor was investigated by using [35S]GTPγS binding/immunoprecipitation assay in the membranes prepared from rat cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. The specific [35S]GTPγS binding to Gαq/11 was stimulated by (−)‐adrenaline in a concentration‐dependent and saturable manner in rat cerebral cortical membranes. In hippocampal or striatal membranes, the stimulatory effects of (−)‐adrenaline were scarce. The effect of (−)‐adrenaline was potently inhibited by prazosin, a potent and selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, but not by yohimbine, a selective α2‐adrenoceptor antagonist. The response was mimicked by cirazoline, but not by R(−)‐phenylephrine. Although oxymetazoline also stimulated the specific [35S]GTPγS binding to Gαq/11 as an apparent “super‐agonist”, detailed pharmacological characterization revealed that its agonistic properties in this experimental system were derived from off‐target effects on 5‐HT2A receptors, but not via α1‐adrenoceptors. In conclusion, functional coupling of α1‐adrenoceptors to Gαq/11 proteins are detectable in rat brain membranes by means of [35S]GTPγS binding/immunoprecipitation assay. It is necessary to interpret the experimental data with caution when oxymetazoline is included as an agonist at α1‐adrenoceptors.
Differences between µCT‐imaging and conventional CT for the diagnosis of possible diseases of the middle and inner cat ear
Authors: Beck Tobias , Kilchling Tim P. , Meyer‐Lindenberg Andrea
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to check the relevance of using in‐vivo micro computed tomography (ÂµCT) for the diagnosis of possible diseases of the middle and inner ear of the cat. Therefore, on the one hand, differences of the detail detectability between the two imaging methods conventional computed tomography (cCT) and in‐vivo ÂµCT were analyzed. Six healthy cat ears were dissected and scanned several times and the obtained images were compared with each other. On the other hand, histological slices of all ears were prepared and pictures of defined anatomical structures were taken and compared with the identical sectional plane of the ÂµCT‐images. This way it was possible to evaluate the quality and clinical limitations of the in‐vivo ÂµCT. The results show that an in‐vivo ÂµCT is suitable to analyze even the smallest osseous structures, such as the semicircular ducts, the spiral osseous lamina or the ossicles whereas with the help of cCT it is not possible to identify such small osseous structures because of their blurred and less detailed representation. Delicate soft tissue structures as the membranous labyrinth including hearing and vestibular organ cannot be differentiated with as well in‐vivo ÂµCT‐ as with cCT‐images. In‐vivo ÂµCT represent a good possibility for more detailed diagnosis of extremely fine structures which cannot be detected with cCT. Histological slices can nonetheless not be replaced by in‐vivo ÂµCT due to a too low spatial resolution and the limitations of the in‐vivo ÂµCT with regard to the evaluation of soft tissue dense structures.
Genetic studies of multiple consanguineous Pakistani families segregating oculocutaneous albinism identified novel and reported mutations
Authors: Gul Hadia , Shah Abdul Haleem , Harripaul Ricardo , Mikhailov Anna , Prajapati Kamalben , Khan Ejazullah , Ullah Farman , Zubair Muhammad , Ali Muhammad Zeeshan , Shah Ayesha Haleem , Salman Said , Khan Saadullah , Vincent John B. , Khan Muzammil Ahmad
Published: March 2019

Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an autosomal‐recessive disorder of a defective melanin pathway. The condition is characterized by hypopigmentation of hair, dermis, and ocular tissue. Genetic studies have reported seven nonsyndromic OCA genes, among which Pakistani OCA families mostly segregate TYR and OCA2 gene mutations. Here in the present study, we investigate the genetic factors of eight consanguineous OCA families from Pakistan. Genetic analysis was performed through single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping (for homozygosity mapping), whole exome sequencing (for mutation identification), Sanger sequencing (for validation and segregation analysis), and quantitative PCR (qPCR) (for copy number variant [CNV] validation). Genetic mapping in one family identified a novel homozygous deletion mutation of the entire TYRP1 gene, and a novel deletion of exon 19 in the OCA2 gene in two apparently unrelated families. In three further families, we identified homozygous mutations in TYR (NM_000372.4:c.1424G > A; p.Trp475*), NM_000372.4:c.895C > T; p.Arg299Cys), and SLC45A2 (NM_016180:c.1532C > T; p.Ala511Val). For the remaining two families, G and H, compound heterozygous TYR variants NM_000372.4:c.1037‐7T > A, NM_000372.4:c.1255G > A (p.Gly419Arg), and NM_000372.4:c.1255G > A (p.Gly419Arg) and novel variant NM_000372.4:c.248T > G; (p.Val83Gly), respectively, were found. Our study further extends the evidence of TYR and OCA2 as genetic mutation hot spots in Pakistani families. Genetic screening of additional OCA cases may also contribute toward the development of Pakistani specific molecular diagnostic tests, genetic counseling, and personalized healthcare.
Interaction phenomena between a cuff of an artificial urinary sphincter and a urethral phantom
Authors: Natali Arturo Nicola , Carniel Emanuele Luigi , Fontanella Chiara Giulia
Published: March 2019

Male urinary incontinence is highly prevalent, leading to a miserable quality of life. The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the device that closely simulates the function of the biological urinary sphincter. The precise evaluation of occlusion mechanisms and of interaction phenomena occurring between AUS cuff and urethral duct is fundamental for more reliable design. The action induced in the interaction with urethral duct under a specific pressure depends on its constitutive material and structural characteristics. The methods of experimental and computational bioengineering are exploited to investigate mechanical functionality of the coupled system, as AUS and urethral duct. Experimental tests are developed to investigate the response when the AUS is inflated around a urethral phantom. Numerical model of the cuff is developed mimicking the experimental tests for the validation. Subsequently, numerical models are exploited to interpret the interaction of the cuff with urethral phantoms considering the influence of urethral size and of tissues mechanical behavior, mimicking healthy and degraded configurations. The investigation provides useful information on the behavior of AUS cuff with urethral duct evaluating the action induced and represents a support for planning an extension of experimental tests on animal and human urethral samples.
Exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories promotes prejudice which spreads across groups
Authors: Jolley Daniel , Meleady Rose , Douglas Karen M.
Published: March 2019

This research experimentally examined the effects of exposure to intergroup conspiracy theories on prejudice and discrimination. Study 1 (N = 166) demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories concerning immigrants to Britain from the European Union (vs. anti‐conspiracy material or a control) exacerbated prejudice towards this group. Study 2 (N = 173) found the same effect in a different intergroup context – exposure to conspiracy theories about Jewish people (vs. anti‐conspiracy material or a control) increased prejudice towards this group and reduced participants’ willingness to vote for a Jewish political candidate. Finally, Study 3 (N = 114) demonstrated that exposure to conspiracy theories about Jewish people not only increased prejudice towards this group but was indirectly associated with increased prejudice towards a number of secondary outgroups (e.g., Asians, Arabs, Americans, Irish, Australians). The current research suggests that conspiracy theories may have potentially damaging and widespread consequences for intergroup relations.
The role of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child well‐being: A systematic review of associated outcomes
Authors: Albanese Ariana M. , Russo Gabrielle R. , Geller Pamela A.
Published: March 2019

Background

For decades, parental self‐efficacy (PSE), or parents' belief in their ability to influence their child in a healthy and success‐promoting manner, has been understood as a key factor in promoting healthy functioning for parents and their children. In that time, an extensive collection of research examining the specific impact of PSE on parents and their children has developed. However, to the authors' knowledge, no comprehensive and systematic review of the outcomes linked to this factor exists, and the two most closely related non‐systematic reviews were published over 10 years ago.

Methods

Therefore, by utilizing an iteratively optimized set of search terms applied across four databases, the current review sought to systematically collect, synthesize, and present the extant literature concerning the role of PSE in parent and child well‐being.

Results

This search strategy yielded a total of 115 studies, the results of which were organized into three broad thematic categories relating to: the parent and child relationship, parental mental health, or child development.

Conclusions

These results recapitulate the clinical relevance of PSE, and provide an updated and comprehensive understanding of both the role PSE plays in the welfare of parents and children, as well as the gaps in the literature as it currently stands.
Longitudinal validation of the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities in a Dutch sample of nonambulatory children with severe disabilities
Authors: Zalmstra Trees , Elema Agnes , Huizing Karin , Reinders‐Messelink Heleen , v.d. Putten Annette
Published: March 2019

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal validity of the Dutch version of the Caregiver Priorities and Child Health Index of Life with Disabilities (CPCHILD), a health‐related quality of life instrument for nonambulatory children with severe motor disabilities and accompanying disorders.

Methods

The effect of two interventions, Botox injections in the hip region and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, was followed over time. Caregivers (n = 38) of nonambulatory children (26 boys, 12 girls; mean age: 9 years, 5 months [4 years, 9 months]) with severe disabilities completed the questionnaire prior to the intervention, at 3 months and 6 months follow up. Seven a priori hypotheses were formulated. Longitudinal validity was analysed by a paired t test of the pre‐post scores and correlation analysis between the change‐scores and two external criteria: a caregivers' perceived change in health‐related quality of life of the child questionnaire and a general health‐related quality of life instrument.

Results

The results reported here follow completely the pattern we hypothesized for four analyses and partially in the remaining three. In the Botox group, the mean change‐score at 3 months was 6.9 points (p < 0.05), which exceeds the minimal clinically important difference of 5.8 points. At 6 months, the effect was diminished to 4.5 points, in line with the temporary effect of Botox. There were moderate positive correlations between the change‐scores and an external criterion (Spearman's rho: 0.46–0.58).

Conclusions

This study indicates that the CPCHILD Dutch version has sufficient longitudinal validity statistically and clinically in nonambulatory children with severe disabilities.
Global mismatches in aboveground and belowground biodiversity
Authors: Cameron Erin K. , Martins Inês S. , Lavelle Patrick , Mathieu Jérôme , Tedersoo Leho , Bahram Mohammad , Gottschall Felix , Guerra Carlos A. , Hines Jes , Patoine Guillaume , Siebert Julia , Winter Marten , Cesarz Simone , Ferlian Olga , Kreft Holger , Lovejoy Thomas E. , Montanarella Luca , Orgiazzi Alberto , Pereira Henrique M. , Phillips Helen R. P. , Settele Josef , Wall Diana H. , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: March 2019

Human activities are accelerating global biodiversity change and have resulted in severely threatened ecosystem services. A large proportion of terrestrial biodiversity is harbored by soil, but soil biodiversity has been omitted from many global biodiversity assessments and conservation actions, and understanding of global patterns of soil biodiversity remains limited. In particular, the extent to which hotspots and coldspots of aboveground and soil biodiversity overlap is not clear. We examined global patterns of these overlaps by mapping indices of aboveground (mammals, birds, amphibians, vascular plants) and soil (bacteria, fungi, macrofauna) biodiversity that we created using previously published data on species richness. Areas of mismatch between aboveground and soil biodiversity covered 27% of Earth's terrestrial surface. The temperate broadleaf and mixed forests biome had the highest proportion of grid cells with high aboveground biodiversity but low soil biodiversity, whereas the boreal and tundra biomes had intermediate soil biodiversity but low aboveground biodiversity. While more data on soil biodiversity are needed, both to cover geographic gaps and to include additional taxa, our results suggest that protecting aboveground biodiversity may not sufficiently reduce threats to soil biodiversity. Given the functional importance of soil biodiversity and the role of soils in human well‐being, soil biodiversity should be considered further in policy agendas and conservation actions by adapting management practices to sustain soil biodiversity and considering soil biodiversity when designing protected areas.
URBAN TRANSPORT AND CRIME: EVIDENCE FROM UNANTICIPATED MASS TRANSIT STRIKES
Authors: DeAngelo Gregory , Gittings Kaj , Grossman Daniel S. , Khalil Umair
Published: March 2019

We examine the effects of mass transit strikes on criminal behavior in Los Angeles County utilizing a unique dataset of reported crimes between 2000 and 2007. Geocoded location and time information pertaining to each offense accommodates a fine grained difference‐in‐differences panel data analysis. We find that in locations affected by the strike, aggravated assaults rose by 18.7% while aggregate property crimes increased by 5.7%, relative to their mean. This increase in crime was disproportionately larger in lower income neighborhoods, which report higher usage of mass transit, suggesting local isolation of both criminals and victims as a mechanism. (JEL J52, K42, K31)
Wittgenstein, mindreading and perception
Authors: Dain Edmund
Published: March 2019

Can we perceive others' mental states? Wittgenstein is often claimed to hold, like some phenomenologists, that we can. The view thus attributed to Wittgenstein is a view about the correct explanation of mindreading: He is taken to be answering a question about the kind of process mindreading involves. But although Wittgenstein claims we see others' emotions, he denies that he is thereby making any claim about that underlying process and, moreover, denies that any underlying process could have the significance it is claimed to have for this debate. For Wittgenstein, the question is not “Is this perception?” but “What do we mean by ‘perception' here?” and that question is answered by investigating the grammar of the relevant concepts. That investigation, however, reveals similarities and differences between what we call “perception” here and elsewhere. Hence, Wittgenstein's answer to the question “Can we perceive others' mental states?” is yes and no: Both responses can be justified by appeal to different concepts of perception. Wittgenstein, then, has much to contribute to our understanding of mindreading, but what he has to contribute is nothing like the view typically attributed to him here.
Ecomorphological convergence inEleutherodactylusfrogs: a case of replicate radiations in the Caribbean
Authors: Dugo‐Cota Álvaro , Vilà Carles , Rodríguez Ariel , Gonzalez‐Voyer Alejandro
Published: March 2019

Replicate radiations, the repeated multiplication of species associated with ecological divergence, have attracted much attention and generated as much debate. Due to the few well‐studied cases, it remains unclear whether replicate radiations are an exceptional result of evolution or a relatively common example of the power of adaptation by natural selection. We examined the case ofEleutherodactylusfrogs, which radiated in the Caribbean islands resulting in more than 160 species that occupy very diverse habitats. A time‐calibrated phylogeny revealed that these frogs independently diversified on all larger islands producing species that occupy a broad range of microhabitats in different islands. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we found an association between morphological traits and particular microhabitats, and for most microhabitats detected significant morphological convergence. Our results indicate CaribbeanEleutherodactylusare a novel example of replicate radiations, and highlight the predictability of evolutionary processes, as similar ecological opportunities can lead to similar outcomes.
Associations of various blood pressure parameters with functional outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Cho B.‐H. , Kim J.‐T. , Lee J. S. , Park M.‐S. , Kang K.‐W. , Choi K.‐H. , Lee S.‐H. , Choi S.‐M. , Kim B. C. , Kim M.‐K. , Cho K.‐H.
Published: March 2019

Background and purpose

High blood pressure (BP) at presentation is associated with poor outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke, but serial BP measurements may better delineate the clinical implications of BP. The aim was to investigate the association between various BP parameters and functional outcomes in acute ischaemic stroke patients treated with endovascular thrombectomy (EVT).

Methods

This study reports a retrospective analysis of a prospective registry of a comprehensive stroke centre. Patients treated with EVT due to large vessel occlusion in the anterior circulation were enrolled. BP was measured hourly during the first 24 h after admission. Associations of various BP parameters, including BP variability, with functional outcomes at 3 months, including good outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2), were analysed.

Results

Of the 378 enrolled patients (mean age 70 ± 11 years, male 54.2%), 313 (82.8%) achieved successful reperfusion after EVT, and 149 (39.4%) had good outcomes at 3 months. Higher mean systolic BP [each 10 mmHg increase, odds ratio 0.82 (0.69–0.97)] and higher systolic successive variation (SV) [each 10% increase, odds ratio 0.37 (0.18–0.76)] were associated with a reduced likelihood of achieving good outcomes. In addition, reperfusion status after EVT moderated the influence of higher systolic SV on good outcomes (Pint = 0.05).

Conclusion

The results showed that a higher mean systolic BP and systolic SV during the first 24 h of EVT reduced the likelihood of good outcomes at 3 months. The effects of these parameters on outcomes are more substantial amongst patients with successful reperfusion after EVT, suggesting that different BP control strategies should be employed according to reperfusion status.
A post hoc analysis of the long‐term safety and efficacy of perampanel in Asian patients with epilepsy
Authors: Inoue Yushi , Kaneko Sunao , Hsieh Peiyuan F. , Meshram Chandrashekhar , Lee Sang‐Ahm , Aziz Zariah Abdul , Nabangchang Charcrin , Dash Amitabh
Published: March 2019

This post hoc analysis assessed the long‐term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of perampanel in Asian patients with refractory focal seizures; an additional analysis assessed the effect of perampanel on focal impaired awareness seizures (FIAS) with focal to bilateral tonic‐clonic (FBTC) seizures. In this subanalysis, data from Asian patients ≥12 years of age who had focal seizures with FBTC seizures despite taking one to 3 concomitant antiepileptic drugs at baseline, and who had entered either the long‐term extension phase of 3 phase‐3 perampanel trials (study 307) or the 10‐week extension phase of study 335, were analyzed for the effect of perampanel on duration of exposure, safety, and seizure outcomes. Of 874 Asian patients included in the analysis, 205 had previously received placebo during the double‐blind phase‐3 trials and 669 had previously received perampanel 2‐12 mg/day; 313 had FIAS with FBTC seizures at core study baseline. The median duration of exposure to perampanel was 385.0 days, and the retention rate at one year was 62.6%. Overall, during the first 52 weeks of perampanel treatment, 777 patients (88.9%) had treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs), most of which were mild to moderate in severity. The most frequent TEAEs were dizziness (47.1%), somnolence (22.3%), and nasopharyngitis (17.4%). During the first 52 weeks of perampanel treatment, median percent change in seizure frequency per 28 days from pre‐perampanel baseline for all focal seizures was −28.1%, and −51.7% for FIAS with FBTC seizures. The 50% responder rate relative to pre‐perampanel baseline for all focal seizures was 33.8%, and 51.1% for FIAS with FBTC seizures. Long‐term treatment with perampanel in Asian patients had safety, tolerability, and efficacy similar to that of the global population in the phase‐3 trials and extension study 307. The safety profile and response rate suggest benefit for an Asian population of patients with refractory epilepsy.
Opportunities to improve fisheries management through innovative technology and advanced data systems
Authors: Bradley Darcy , Merrifield Matt , Miller Karly M. , Lomonico Serena , Wilson Jono R. , Gleason Mary G.
Published: March 2019

Fishery‐dependent data are integral to sustainable fisheries management. A paucity of fishery data leads to uncertainty about stock status, which may compromise and threaten the economic and food security of the users dependent upon that stock and increase the chances of overfishing. Recent developments in the technology available to collect, manage and analyse fishery‐relevant data provide a suite of possible solutions to update and modernize fisheries data systems and greatly expand data collection and analysis. Yet, despite the proliferation of relevant consumer technology, integration of technologically advanced data systems into fisheries management remains the exception rather than the rule. In this study, we describe the current status, challenges and future directions of high‐tech data systems in fisheries management in order to understand what has limited their adoption. By reviewing the application of fishery‐dependent data technology in multiple fisheries sectors globally, we show that innovation is stagnating as a result of lack of trust and cooperation between fishers and managers. We propose a solution based on a transdisciplinary approach to fishery management that emphasizes the need for collaborative problem‐solving among stakeholders. In our proposed system, data feedbacks are a key component to effective fishery data systems, ensuring that fishers and managers collect, have access to and benefit from fisheries data as they work towards a mutually agreed‐upon goal. A new approach to fisheries data systems will promote innovation to increase data coverage, accuracy and resolution, while reducing costs and allowing adaptive, responsive, near real‐time management decision‐making to improve fisheries outcomes.
Cone beam computed tomography in Endodontics – a review of the literature
Authors: Patel S. , Brown J. , Pimentel T. , Kelly R. D. , Abella F. , Durack C.
Published: March 2019

The use of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in the diagnosis and/or management of endodontic problems is increasing and is reflected in the exponential rise in publications on this topic in the last two decades. The aim of this paper is to: (i) Review current literature on the endodontic applications of CBCT; (ii) Based on current evidence make recommendations for the use of CBCT in Endodontics; (iii) Highlight the areas in which more research is required.
Feasibility and acceptability of telephone‐delivered cognitive‐behavioral‐based physical therapy for patients with traumatic lower extremity injury
Authors: Davidson Claudia A. , Coronado Rogelio A. , Vanston Susan W. , Blade Elizabeth G. , Henry Abigail L. , Obremskey William T. , Wegener Stephen T. , Archer Kristin R.
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To determine feasibility and acceptability of a telephone‐based Cognitive‐Behavioral‐Based Physical Therapy program for patients following traumatic lower extremity injury (CBPT‐Trauma).

Methods

Patients were screened for high psychosocial risk factors and then completed the 6‐week CBPT‐Trauma program. Physical function, pain, and psychosocial outcomes were assessed at baseline and 6‐months follow‐up. Descriptive statistics assessed change in outcomes.

Results

Recruitment rate was 59%. Twenty‐seven patients (73%) had a high psychosocial risk profile. Twelve patients completed the program and the follow‐up assessment at 6 months and found the program to be very or extremely helpful to their overall recovery. All demonstrated a clinically meaningful increase in physical function. Six patients demonstrated a clinically relevant decrease in pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, and fear of movement. Seven patients reported a clinically meaningful increase in pain self‐efficacy.

Discussion

Findings suggest that recruitment is feasible for CBPT‐Trauma program. However, engagement in the CBPT‐Trauma study was low. For those that completed the program, patients were satisfied with the CBPT‐Trauma program and experienced meaningful improvement in psychosocial factors and patient‐reported outcomes. This open pilot study highlights the importance of targeted treatment for patients at high‐risk for poor outcomes and the potential for increased access to services through telephone‐delivery.
The Role of Informal International Organizations in Resolving the Iranian Nuclear Crisis (2003–15)
Authors: Sauer Tom
Published: March 2019

This article attempts to discover why states have chosen to co‐ordinate within ad hoc informal international organizations instead or on top of formal ones, in order to resolve the Iranian nuclear crisis in the period 2003–15. Three informal groups of states – the E3 (France, Germany and the UK), the EU‐3 (the E3 + the EU High Representative), and the EU‐3 + 3 (the EU‐3 + the US, Russia, and China) – are widely seen as having contributed to the diplomatic solution. Empirically, one can wonder why formal international organizations like the UN, the IAEA and the EU were not able to do the wheeling and dealing by themselves in the case of the Iranian nuclear conflict. From a theoretical perspective, this article highlights the role of informal international organizations, a subject that is under‐researched both in EU and International Relations studies. It will argue that these temporary informal international organizations have three advantages: no (or less) bureaucracy, speed, and the ability to buy time for more important diplomatic actors like major states or formal international organizations.
Aesthetic assessment after root coverage of multiple adjacent recessions with coronally advanced flap with adjunctive collagen matrix or connective tissue graft: Randomized clinical trial
Authors: Pelekos George , Lu Jean Zhiyin , Ho Dominic King Lun , Graziani Filippo , Cairo Francesco , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: March 2019

Background

Few studies have looked at professional assessment or patient perception of aesthetics after root coverage procedures. The addition of connective tissue grafts (CTG) seems to improve aesthetic outcomes. The objective of this a priori analysis was to compare aesthetics after addition of CTG or a collagen matrix (CMX) to coronally advanced flap (CAF).

Methods

Two independent, trained and calibrated assessors analysed baseline and 6‐month post‐operative Images from 183 subjects with 475 recessions from a previously reported multicentre multinational randomized clinical trial. The root coverage aesthetic score (RES) was assessed in its five constituent components after assessing the suitability of images blindly with regard to treatment assignment and centre. Data were analysed at the tooth and subject level.

Results

One hundred and fifty‐five subjects (81 CTG) and 393 teeth (207 CTG) were included in the analysis. CTG control subjects had higher total RES scores (mean adjusted difference of 1.3 ± 0.8 RES units, p = 0.002). Analyses of RES subcomponents showed that the CTG group had higher scores in terms of gingival margin position but that better marginal tissue contour (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.7) and soft tissue texture (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.9–5.8) was observed for the CMX group. No significant differences were observed for mucogingival alignment and gingival colour.

Conclusion

Better overall RES scores were observed for the CTG group. Better marginal tissue texture and marginal contour were observed in the CMX group. More research and development is needed to optimize materials to be used in conjunction with CAF to improve root coverage without negatively affecting tissue texture and marginal contour.
Clinical Update on Osteoporosis
Authors: Anthamatten Angelina , Parish Abby
Published: March 2019

Osteoporosis is described as a silent disease prior to fracture, and the sequelae of an osteoporotic fracture can be devastating. Primary care providers should routinely assess and remediate bone health during wellness visits for women aged at least 50 years. Assessment includes review of a variety of risk factors, bone density testing, and an online fracture risk assessment tool calculation. Diagnosis is based on bone density score and clinical risk factors. Evidence‐based nonpharmacologic therapies are important adjuncts of care, and pharmacologic intervention may also be recommended. A variety of pharmacologic options are available for women with postmenopausal osteoporosis, and it is important to weigh benefits and risks. Pharmacologic indications, therapeutic variations among products, adverse effect profiles, administration considerations, and cost are addressed. Once pharmacotherapy is initiated, duration and drug holidays should also be considered. In general, medication benefits fade when treatment stops, so health care providers should be prepared to routinely revisit therapy indicators that will help define risk and guide treatment decisions. A comprehensive approach to bone health can make a valuable difference in the health of women.
Next Steps in Puberty Research: Broadening the Lens Toward Understudied Populations
Authors: Deardorff Julianna , Hoyt Lindsay T. , Carter Rona , Shirtcliff Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2019

Decades of puberty research have yielded key scientific discoveries. Building on the field's rich history, we highlight four understudied populations: youth of color, boys, sexual minority youth, and gender minority youth. We explore why scientific study has been slow to evolve in these groups and propose paths forward for exciting new work. For ethnically racially diverse youth, we discuss the need to incorporate culture and context. For boys, we highlight methodological issues and challenges of mapping existing conceptual models onto boys. For sexual and gender minority youth, we discuss unique challenges during puberty and suggest ways to better capture their experiences. With an eye toward a new era, we make recommendations for next steps and underscore the importance of transdisciplinary research.
Puberty Education in a Global Context: Knowledge Gaps, Opportunities, and Implications for Policy
Authors: Crockett Lisa J. , Deardorff Julianna , Johnson Megan , Irwin Charles , Petersen Anne C.
Published: March 2019

Youth programs and policies provide opportunities for institutions and societies to support healthy adolescent development. Puberty education programs are universally important, as they provide crucial knowledge and skills to help youth and their caregivers navigate the physical, emotional, and interpersonal changes of puberty with positive outcomes. However, few puberty programs have been rigorously evaluated, resulting in a lack of evidence‐based knowledge and practice in this area. This review examines the status of research on puberty education and related programs and draws on the broader intervention literature and recent research findings on adolescence to identify program features that might improve program effectiveness. Implications for policy are also discussed. The need for rigorous program evaluation is emphasized throughout.
Naming Names: The Impact of Supreme Court Opinion Attribution on Citizen Assessment of Policy Outcomes
Authors: Boddery Scott S. , Moyer Laura P. , Yates Jeff
Published: March 2019

The manner in which political institutions convey their policy outcomes can have important implications for how the public views institutions' policy decisions. This paper explores whether the way in which the U.S. Supreme Court communicates its policy decrees affects how favorably members of the public assess its decisions. Specifically, we investigate whether attributing a decision to the nation's High Court or to an individual justice influences the public's agreement with the Court's rulings. Using an experimental design, we find that when a Supreme Court outcome is ascribed to the institution as a whole, rather than to a particular justice, people are more apt to agree with the policy decision. We also find that identifying the gender of the opinion author affects public agreement under certain conditions. Our findings have important implications for how public support for institutional policymaking operates, as well as the dynamics of how the Supreme Court manages to accumulate and maintain public goodwill.