bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Note sur la capacité d’ingestion des vaches laitières en fin de lactation
Authors: DULPHY J.P. , ROUEL J.
Published: August 2020

Les quantités ingérées par des vaches laitières en fin de lactation ont été mesurées pour une ration à base d’ensilage d’herbe et comparées à celles mesurées en début de lactation (respectivement semaines 34-46 après le vêlage et semaines 1 à 12). Au maximum d’ingestion (5e semaine après le vêlage) les vaches produisant 33 kg de lait à 4 % de MG ont ingéré 20,6 kg de MS (ensilage d’herbe + concentré) ; en fin de lactation, pour une production de 11 kg de lait (40e semaine après le vêlage), elles ont ingéré 14,1 kg de MS. Cette dernière valeur correspond à une capacité d’ingestion de 15,6 UEL, cohérente avec le système des unités d’encombrement. Il existe cependant des variations individuelles de la capacité d’ingestion en fin de lactation qui ne s’expliquent pas par le format ni par la production des animaux.
Evolution récente et perspectives de l’aviculture
Authors: STEVENS P.
Published: August 2020

Ne bénéficiant d’aucune protection communautaire, la production avicole s’est organisée en « filières » spécialisées selon le produit final (oeufs de consommation ou viandes de volailles). Maîtres d’oeuvre économiques de la production, les entreprises qui mettent en marché les produits finaux, y jouent un rôle prépondérant par la généralisation de l’économie contractuelle. Répondant aux impératifs du marché, ils continuent de la faire évoluer selon les exigences quantitatives et qualitatives de la demande. Sur le marché communautaire de l’oeuf de consommation, une surproduction estimée à 3 % de la production totale a entraîné une chute des prix qui ne se sont rétablis que 3 ans après par la diminution des productions allemande, anglaise et belge. En France, cette crise a provoqué un tassement de la production, un début de migration de la production vers les concentrations de consommateurs et les régions céréalières et des regroupements nationaux entre d’importants producteurs indépendants. Le développement spectaculaire de la production et de la consommation des viandes de volailles est expliqué par une amélioration sensible de la productivité de la filière. A l’excellent rapport qualité/prix présenté par les viandes de volailles comparativement à celui des autres viandes, s’ajoute le constant souci des entreprises de transformation de satisfaire les nouvelles habitudes de consommation (découpe, produits élaborés, plats cuisinés). La valeur diététique des viandes de volailles et leur adaptation aux transformations industrielles permettent d’envisager le développement de leur consommation sous de nouvelles formes.
Exemple d’une production de broutards en zone de marais à partir d’un troupeau de vaches charolaises vêlant à l’automne
Authors: LAFON E. , HAVET A. , DAMOUR L. , PONS Y.
Published: August 2020

Dans une grande partie des marais de l’Ouest on ne parvient pas à valoriser 1 UGB/ha sur les parcelles non cultivables. Pourtant il existe des modes de conduite des vaches allaitantes qui permettent d’atteindre ce niveau de performances. A partir d’un troupeau de vaches charolaises, conduites sur marais - pâturage tournant au printemps, complémenté l’été ; ensilage d’herbe et foin l’hiver - et vêlant à l’automne, on dispose de résultats zootechniques et d’estimation de la production parcellaire de différents types de prairies. La fertilité est proche de 100 % ; la mortalité périnatale atteint 13 % et la productivité numérique 0,9 veau par vache sur 5 années. La croissance des veaux s’élève à 1000 g/j entre la naissance et le sevrage en début d’été ; pendant la dernière période, au pâturage, le gain quotidien est de 1150 g. La production des prairies naturelles exploitées au pâturage est voisine de 2 t MS/ ha ; ce résultat peut être doublé par la pratique d’une coupe de foin. Il en est de même pour les prairies temporaires quand on passe du pâturage tournant (5 t MS/ ha) à deux fauches avec des niveaux de fertilisation comparables.
Valeur alimentaire des associations graminées/trèfle blanc
Authors: GIOVANNI R.
Published: August 2020

Les légumineuses peuvent permettre une meilleure économie des systèmes fourragers. C’est le cas du trèfle blanc des associations destinées au pâturage. Comparées aux graminées pures, deux associations, ray-grass anglais et dactyle + trèfle blanc, ont été étudiées avec des moutons en bilan pour préciser leur valeur alimentaire en vert, en ensilage et en foin. Au premier cycle, le trèfle blanc dépasse rarement 30 % de la MS de la prairie, notamment au stade du pâturage ; seule l’ingestibilité des associations est augmentée au maximum de 10 %. Les repousses contenant 30 à 50 % MS de trèfle ont une digestibilité et une ingestibilité supérieures respectivement de 10 et 5-15 % à celles des graminées. De plus, grâce au trèfle, la valeur énergétique et la qualité azotée des associations est supérieure et moins variable entre 4 et 6 semaines d’âge que celles des graminées. Une souplesse d’exploitation peut être envisagée entre 4 et 6 semaines d’âge des repousses. Les ensilages d’association du premier cycle ont une qualité de conservation et une digestibilité voisines de celles des graminées. Pour les foins du second cycle, le trèfle améliore surtout la valeur azotée et l’ingestibilité des associations (10-20 %). Ainsi, le trèfle blanc est-il un correcteur possible des variations de la digestibilité et de l’ingestibilité des graminées.
Possibilités et limites de l’utilisation du verrat en accouplement naturel
Authors: NOWAK R. , PAQUIGNON M. , SIGNORET J.P.
Published: August 2020

Quinze verrats Large-White ou Land-Race de 9 mois ont été soumis au rythme de 1, 2, 3 ou 4 éjaculats journaliers pendant 5 jours, suivis d’un repos sexuel de deux semaines. Si tous ont pu réaliser une éjaculation journalière, respectivement 91,6 %, 58,3 % et 41,6 % d’entre eux ont pu produire du sperme aux autres rythmes. Le nombre de spermatozoïdes par éjaculat décroît pour atteindre, le cinquième jour, respectivement, environ 15, puis moins de 10 et 5 milliards pour un, deux et quatre éjaculats journaliers. Dans ces deux derniers cas, 12 % et 31 % des éjaculats contenaient moins de 3 milliards de spermatozoïdes, c’est-à-dire le nombre minimum efficace dans le cas de l’utilisation en insémination artificielle. Pour valider les résultats en accouplement naturel, des truies nullipares ont été abattues immédiatement après la saillie pour mesurer le volume de l’éjaculat et le nombre de spermatozoïdes émis. D’autres femelles ont été sacrifiées 35 jours après l’accouplement pour apprécier la fertilité. Quel que soit le rythme d’éjaculation, le volume et le nombre de spermatozoïdes ne sont pas différents en collecte de sperme ou en accouplement naturel. Par contre, un reflux variable et important réduit le volume de sperme et le nombre de spermatozoïdes effectivement déposés dans l’appareil génital de la femelle. La fertilité décroit significativement lorsque le rythme d’éjaculation s’élève : elle est de 91,6 % contre 58,3 % lorsque les mâles ont effectué au préalable une ou quatre éjaculations journalières. Ce phénomène semble refléter la réduction du nombre de spermatozoïdes mis en place.
Les boiteries chez la vache laitière, Synthèse des résultats de l’enquête Eco-Pathologique continue
Authors: FAYE B. , BARNOUIN J.
Published: August 2020

La pathologie du pied chez la vache laitière représente un ensemble d’affections qui touche en moyenne près d’un animal sur cinq dans les élevages, et peut représenter un véritable fléau économique dans certaines exploitations très atteintes. Cette pathologie paraît fortement liée au système de production c’est-à-dire à la nature du bâtiment (19,3 % de boiteries en stabulation libre permanente vs 9,7 % en stabulation entravée), au degré d’intensification de l’élevage (plus grande sensibilité des vaches pie-noires, hautes productrices, aux affections podales), à l’alimentation (plus grand nombre de cas de boiteries métaboliques répertorié lorsque la ration de base comprend de l’ensilage de maïs à volonté et lorsque les changements de ration sont plus nombreux en période hivernale). L’augmentation des fréquences observées semble être le corollaire d’une production intensifiée. Cependant, il n’y a pas de lien de cause à effet. Plus simplement l’intensification nécessite une meilleure maîtrise technique de la part de l’éleveur. Les fautes de conduite en matière de prévention des boiteries (absence de méthodes prophylactiques telles que parage préventif, passage au pédiluve), l’absence de complémentation minérale, les excès alimentaires, une mauvaise conception du bâtiment sur le plan du confort et de la protection contre les intempéries, sont sanctionnées par une augmentation significative des troubles podaux observés.
Systèmes de production mixtes lait-viande. Exemple de la région de Neufchâteau, Vosges
Authors: ROUX M. , TRIDON A.L. , TRIDON A.
Published: August 2020

Dans la région de Neufchâteau (Vosges), essentiellement laitière, il existe des systèmes de production mixtes lait-viande (25 % des exploitations) peu connus. A partir d’une enquête effectuée sur 59 exploitations nous avons réalisé une typologie pour essayer de décrire les différentes trajectoires d’évolution et les logiques de fonctionnement de ces systèmes mixtes. Sept groupes d’exploitations ont été constitués selon les motivations de l’éleveur (intensification de la production laitière, maintien d’un système non spécialisé, développement de la production de viande) et les contraintes de l’exploitation (liées au parcellaire, à la disponibilité en main d’œuvre et à la présence ou l’absence de successeur). Cette typologie permet de dégager les raisons qui ont conduit les éleveurs laitiers au développement d’une production de viande à partir de veaux nés sur l’exploitation, et de montrer la diversité des systèmes mixtes et des types de production de viande que l’on rencontre dans la région. Les deux types de production dominant (taurillons de 18-21 mois engraissés à l’auge, bœufs de 30 à 40 mois bons valorisateurs d’herbe) se justifient selon les types identifiés, car ils permettent souvent de faire face à des contraintes existant sur l’exploitation (installation d’un fils, parcellaire morcelé, absence de succession...). ). L’avenir de ces systèmes mixtes semble en partie lié aux améliorations techniques que l’on pourra apporter à ces deux types de production : meilleure gestion des prairies, utilisation de régimes adaptés... Mais dans cette région laitière, la production de viande peut se développer rapidement dans les années à venir, d’autant plus que les dépassements de production laitière seront fortement pénalisés financièrement.
Composition chimique et temps de coagulation du lait de vache : facteurs de variations dans les exploitations du pays de Thônes
Authors: COULON J.B. , ROYBIN D. , CONGY E. , GARRET A.
Published: August 2020

41 exploitations laitières situées dans le Pays de Thônes (Haute-Savoie) ont fait l’objet d’une enquête détaillée concernant à la fois la structure de l’exploitation et du troupeau, les pratiques alimentaires et la fabrication du fromage. Ces données ont permis d’analyser les variations de la composition chimique du lait et de son temps de coagulation. Les écarts d’une exploitation à l’autre pour ces variables sont importants : respectivement 6,5 g ‰, 4 g ‰ et 11 minutes entre les étables extrêmes pour le taux butyreux, le taux protéique et le temps de coagulation. Les taux protéiques hivernaux faibles et les temps de coagulation hivernaux très variables d’un mois à l’autre sont associés à une maîtrise médiocre de l’alimentation. La période de vêlage des animaux explique en grande partie les différences de taux protéiques estivaux. L’analyse des données individuelles mensuelles des caractéristiques du lait de 814 vaches de ces exploitations a permis de mettre en évidence l’effet propre du stade de lactation et de la saison sur ces variables. En particulier, le temps de coagulation du lait est minimal en début de lactation (25 min) et maximal en sixième mois de lactation (32 min) ; il est d’autre part maximal en fin d’hiver et en milieu d’été.
Le développement de la glande mammaire et son contrôle hormonal dans l’espèce bovine
Authors: JAMMES H. , DJIANE J.
Published: August 2020

La fonction de lactation, c’est-à-dire la production de lait, est l’aboutissement d’un long processus de développement et de différenciation des tissus mammaires. De la vie embryonnaire à la première lactation, la glande mammaire prend forme étape par étape. Chacune de ces étapes est contrôlée par une association d’hormones dans des rapports de concentrations bien définis et agissant de manière séquentielle. La mammogenèse dépend principalement des hormones stéroïdes en synergie avec la prolactine et l’hormone de croissance ; la lactogenèse de la prolactine et des glucocorticoïdes ; enfin, la galactopoïèse est sous le contrôle de la prolactine, de l’hormone de croissance et des glucocorticoïdes.
Mortalité néonatale d’agneaux nés en plein air sans aide de l’éleveur
Authors: LÉCRIVAIN E. , JANEAU G.
Published: August 2020

L’agnelage en plein air intégral a été observé pendant 4 années dans un troupeau d’une cinquantaine de brebis Lacaune élevées sur le Causse du Larzac (Aveyron). Le taux de mortalité des agneaux à 48 h s’élève à 24 %. Dans ces conditions, 33,5 % de cette mortalité sont attribués à des causes physiques ou biologiques relatives aux mères et aux nouveau-nés, 38,5 % au comportement des mères et 12 % aux rigueurs des conditions météorologiques, 16 % des causes de mortalité restent inconnues. Parmi les 38,5 % des causes de mortalité dues au comportement des mères, le non isolement pre-partum occasionne 7 % de mortalité ; cette cause de mortalité affecte plutôt les agneaux des femelles primipares qui, s’éloignant en moins grand nombre que les femelles multipares pour mettre bas, sont dérangées par la présence du troupeau au moment de la reconnaissance de leur agneau. Par contre, le comportement d’isolement expose les nouveau-nés à la prédation et/ou favorise leur disparition, provoquant 5 % de mortalité. Cette cause de mortalité affecte plutôt les agneaux nés de femelles multipares (puisqu’elles s’isolent plus que les femelles primipares) ainsi que ceux des portées doubles. Enfin 26,5 % de la mortalité due au comportement des mères résultent de troubles de comportement maternel qui conduisent au rejet-abandon des nouveau-nés ; cette cause de mortalité concerne 8 fois plus les agneaux des femelles primipares. La mortalité moyenne due aux conditions météorologiques est de 12 %. En fait ce taux de mortalité est très variable, il fluctue selon les années en fonction des aléas climatiques entre 0 et 27 %. Ainsi, même si par vent fort ( ≥ 3 m/s), plus de la moitié des brebis se réfugient, pour mettre bas à l’abri, dans des zones arbustives, cette utilisation d’abris ne suffit pas à protéger les nouveau-nés lorsque ce vent fort est accompagné de pluies intenses. C’est ainsi que le taux de mortalité dû aux intempéries triple les années où sont réunies un maximum de conditions climatiques rigoureuses.
Effets d’une surcharge en aluminium sur les bilans minéraux (Ca, P et Mg) chez l’agneau
Authors: MESCHY F. , DUVAL S. , CAMUS P.
Published: August 2020

Dans certains cas, l’excès d’aluminium est évoqué pour expliquer des troubles sanitaires observés sur des animaux recevant des rations riches en pulpes de betteraves, le sulfate d’aluminium étant parfois utilisé comme adjuvant de surpressage. L’objectif de cette étude était d’évaluer les effets d’une surcharge aluminique sur les bilans minéraux (P, Ca et Mg) d’agneaux en croissance. Les animaux ont reçu des régimes contenant 70 % de pulpes de betteraves enrichies ou non en aluminium. L’absorption du phosphore diminue fortement (de 33 à 62 %) avec l’incorporation d’aluminium, mais il convient de souligner que c’est la fraction soluble d’aluminium qui est responsable de cet effet ; le seul dosage de l’aluminium total ne permet donc pas d’évaluer le risque d’interaction Al/P avec une précision suffisante, et l’éleveur devrait être informé de la teneur moyenne en aluminium soluble des pulpes qu’il utilise. Nous ne retenons pas le seuil de toxicité de 1000 ppm d’aluminium soluble du NRC américain puisque dans nos essais nous observons une diminution marquée de l’absorption du phosphore à des teneurs beaucoup plus faibles (242 ppm). Les effets de la surcharge en aluminium sur l’utilisation par l’animal du calcium et du magnésium sont plus difficiles à interpréter, mais l’éventualité d’une interaction AI/ Mg, observée dans un des essais, n’est pas à exclure et mériterait d’être précisée. Ces résultats confirment que le sulfate d’alumine, utilisé à forte dose comme adjuvant de surpressage des pulpes de betteraves, est susceptible d’induire une carence en phosphore.
Тестирование кинетико-гидродинамической модели на примере расчета обтекания поглощающей поверхности
Authors: Никитченко Юрий Алексеевич , Nikitchenko Yurii Alekseevich , Тихоновец Алена Васильевна , Tikhonovets Alena Vasil'evna
Published: August 2020

Рассмотрена задача обтекания тонкой пластины бесконечного размаха, установленной поперек потока. Лобовая поверхность пластины поглощает газ. Для расчетов использовалась математическая модель течения, содержащая комбинацию модели Навье-Стокса-Фурье и модельного кинетического уравнения многоатомных газов. Расчеты проведены для сверхзвукового течения с числом Маха 2.31 при числах Кнудсена 0.1 ... 0.001 и коэффициенте поглощения поверхности пластины от 0 до 1. Полученные поля течения сравнивались с решениями модельного кинетического уравнения многоатомных газов. Коэффициент сопротивления пластины сравнивался с известными литературными данными. При всех рассмотренных параметрах течения получено удовлетворительное совпадение с известными данными. Показано отсутствие разрывов производных газодинамических параметров в области сшивания кинетической и гидродинамической составляющих модели. Оценивается повышение вычислительной экономичности модели по отношению к решениям модельных кинетических уравнений. Делается вывод о пригодности рассмотренной кинетико-гидродинамической модели для описания высоконеравновесных течений.
Mediating Student Teachers through Edmodo in an Extensive Listening Class
Authors: Arifiyanto Satrio , Ali Fachri
Published: August 2020

This study aims to explore  the use of Edmodo as the media in extensive listening class for students teacher. This study was conducted in the class consisted of 46 students who took Extensive Listening course at the university.  participants from this study were second semester students of English Education of IAIN Pekalongan. The participants used Edmodo for a full semester where the activities they did are, discussing about the subject material and sending assignments were given by the lecturer. The findings are the participants who used Edmodo actively and they utilized it maximally. The conclusion of this study is using Edmodo in the extensive listening class for student teachers of English Education of IAIN Pekalongan was effective.
Prophylactic Fixation and Arthroscopic Bone Grafting of Large Femoral Neck Cyst During Hip Labral Repair and Femoral Osteochondroplasty
Authors: Plaster Scott , Fine River , Ockuly Andrew , Richter Dustin
Published: August 2020

Case:

We describe a case of hip impingement in an 18-year-old woman in association with a large cyst at the femoral neck equal to a resection level of approximately 40%. There was great concern of femoral neck fracture. At the time of hip arthroscopy, this was prophylactically treated with cannulated screws in the femoral head and neck, and the cyst was arthroscopically bone grafted using a novel technique with instruments included in standard the arthroscopy trays.

Conclusion:

Prophylactic femoral neck fixation with arthroscopic bone grafting of large bone cysts is a viable treatment option with minimal added morbidity.
Archeological Investigations at the Laredo Cemetery Site (41WB22), Webb County, Texas
Authors: McReynolds Mary
Published: August 2020

In April, May and June of 1980, Prewitt and Associates, Inc. conducted archeological monitoring and excavations in specified areas of 41WB22, a late nineteenth and early twentieth century cemetery in the City of Laredo, Webb County, Texas. These investigations were directly solely towards locating and removing graves exposed by pit and trench excavation activities at the construction site of the Laredo Transit Operating Facilities. The result was the accumulation of data regarding the disinterment of twenty-two graves which contained twenty-three individuals; six of these were partially or totally removed during backhoe excavations prior to the initiation of archeological monitoring, and seventeen were systematically exposed, recorded and removed after the commencement of monitoring. An additional thirteen grave outlines were detected and their locations recorded but their contents were not exhumed.
Cultural Resources Assessment of a Historic Cistern (41GU211) Inadvertent Discovery for the Medlin Street Police Parking Lot Project, City of Seguin, Guadalupe County, Texas
Authors: Sarich Steven , Haefner Josh
Published: August 2020

In November 2019, under contract with the City of Seguin (the City), TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) conducted in field documentation of an inadvertent discovery consisting of a cistern (41GU211) identified in October 2019. The cistern was discovered during active construction of an asphalt parking lot for the Seguin City Police Department, located within the City of Seguin, Guadalupe County, Texas. Additionally, the City identified a single grave marker prior to construction located in the northwest corner of the Area of Potential Effects (APE), defined as the approximately 0.50-acre proposed parking lot. This area was also visually surveyed by TRC cultural personnel to ensure that it was avoided during construction activities. In tandem with this effort, TRC cultural personnel conducted archival research consisting of a review of the Texas Historical Commission Archeological Sites-Atlas (THC-Atlas) for the tract of land on which the inadvertent discovery/cistern is located.
Endozoochorous dispersal by herbivores and omnivores is mediated by germination conditions
Authors: Karimi Sorour , Hemami Mahmoud-Reza , Esfahani Mostafa Tarkesh , Baltzinger Christophe
Published: August 2020

Background: Vertebrate-mediated seed dispersal is probably the main long distance dispersal mode. Through endozoochory, large mammals act as mobile links between habitats within and among forest patches. Along with other factors, their feeding regimes do affect their contribution as dispersal vectors. We conducted a cross-species comparative experiment involving two herbivores, red deer and roe deer; and two opportunistic omnivores, wild boar and brown bear, all occurring in the forest and steppe-forest ecotone habitats of the south-eastern Caspian region. We compared their role as endozoochorous seed dispersal agents by monitoring seedling emergence in their dungs under greenhouse and natural conditions. Results: In total, 3078 seedlings, corresponding to 136 plant taxa sprouted from 445 paired dung sub-samples, under greenhouse and natural conditions. Only 336 seedlings, corresponding to 36 plant taxa, emerged under natural conditions, among which five taxa did not appear under greenhouse conditions. Graminoids and forbs composed 91% of the seedlings in the greenhouse whereas shrubs were more abundant under natural conditions, representing 55% of the emerged seedlings. Under greenhouse conditions, first red deer and then wild boar dispersed more species than the other two mammals, while under natural conditions brown bear was the most effective vector. We observed remarkably higher species richness and seedling abundance per dung sub-sample under buffered greenhouse conditions than we did under natural conditions. Conclusions: The four sympatric mammals studied provided different seed dispersal services, both in terms of seedling abundance and species richness and may therefore be regarded as complementary. Our results highlight a positive bias when only considering germination under buffered greenhouse conditions. This must be taken into account when planning management options to benefit plant biodiversity based on the dispersal services concluded from greenhouse experiments.
Efficacy of single high-molecular-weight versus triple low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid intra-articular injection among knee osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Bahrami Mohammad Hasan , Raeissadat Seyed Ahmad , Cheraghi Mohsen , Rahimi-Dehgolan Shahram , Ebrahimpour Adel
Published: August 2020

Purpose

To compare intra-articular (IA) knee injections of a cross-linked high-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (HMW-HA) with a linear low-molecular weight HA (LMW-HA) in terms of pain and functional improvement among knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients.

Methods

In this single-blinded RCT, the patients were randomly divided into two groups for HA injections. The first group received an HMW-HA (Arthromac) injection, while the other received three weekly LMW-HA (Hyalgan) injections. Pain and function were assessed using the outcome measures including WOMAC, Lequesne and VAS indices, once prior to injection, as well as 2 and 6 months after injections.

Results

A total of 90 patients were included. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics including age and sex between the two groups. Our analysis showed that total WOMAC, Lequesne and VAS mean scores remarkably improved at both follow-up time-points compared to the baseline measurements (p<0.001). There was no significant superiority between the two therapeutic protocols according to our outcome measures at any time-point of follow-up. The only except was about the improvement in WOMAC stiffness subscale that was significantly higher in LMW-HA group compared to HMW-HA (p=0.021). Moreover, no significant difference was observed in minor complications and injection-induced pain scores between the two groups.

Conclusion

This study proved that a single HMW-HA injection is as effective as multiple injections of LMW-HA counterparts in periods of 2 and 6 months follow-up.
The impact of early neuraminidase inhibitor therapy on clinical outcomes in patients hospitalised with influenza A-related pneumonia: a multicenter, retrospective study
Authors: Chen Liang , Han Xiudi , Li YanLi , Zhang Chunxiao , Xing Xiqian
Published: August 2020

Background Guidelines emphasize prompt antiviral treatment in severe influenza patients. Although nearly a 50% of severe influenza present with pneumonia, the effect of early (≤ 2 days after illness onset) neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) use on the clinical outcomes of influenza A-related pneumonia (FluA-p) has rarely been assessed. Furthermore, data about the administration of NAIs in the real-world management of Flu-p in China are limited.Methods: Data of patients hospitalised with FluA-p from five teaching hospitals in China from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. The impact of early NAI therapy on the outcomes in FluA-p patients, and the indications of early NAI administration by clinicians were evaluated by logistic regression analysis.Results: In total, 693 FluA-p patients were included. Of these patients, 33.5% (232/693) were treated early. After adjusting for weighted propensity scores for treatment, systemic corticosteroid and antibiotic use, a multivariate logistic regression model showed that early NAI therapy was associated with decreased risk for invasive ventilation [odds ratio (OR) 0.511, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.312–0.835, p = 0.007) and 30-day mortality (OR 0.533, 95% CI 0.210–0.807, p < 0.001) in FluA-p patients. A multivariate logistic regression model confirmed early NAI use (OR 0.415, 95% CI 0.195–0.858, p = 0.001) was a predictor for 30-day mortality in FluA-p patients and a positive rapid influenza diagnostic test was the only indication (OR 3.586, 95% CI 1.259–10.219, p < 0.001) related to the prescription of early NAI by clinicians.Conclusions: Early NAI therapy is associated with better outcomes in FluA-p patients. Improved education and training of clinicians on the guidelines of influenza are needed.
Risk Factors Associated With Infection of Blood-Borne Virus among People Who Used Methamphetamine
Authors: Cai Yilin , Dai Zheng , Wen Sijin , Bhandari Ruchi
Published: August 2020

Background: The surge of methamphetamine use has been a complicating factor compounding the steeply increasing number of drug overdose deaths in the U.S. Infection from blood-borne viruses (BBVs) including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, related to methamphetamine use continue to grow. This study aimed to examine the risk factors associated with HBV, HCV and HIV among people who used methamphetamine.Methods: People who ever used methamphetamine were identified from five National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts, 2007 to 2016. The outcome was either tested positive or negative for blood-borne viruses as identified from laboratory tests. Weighted statistics for the combined ten years of data were calculated by multiplying the sample weight WTMEC2YR by 0.2. We examined the association of sexual activities (sexual partners, sexual identity), drug use behaviors (poly-drug use, injection drug use, frequency of drug use, age started using methamphetamine), demographics, and socio-economic status with BBV using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models. Results: There were 943 participants representing approximately 10,149,002 persons who ever used methamphetamine in the U.S. Blood-borne viruses’ positive rate was 13.3 per 100,000. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed significant associations of blood-borne infections with age 50-59 years (vs. age 20-29 years, adjusted odds ratio 6.61, 95% CI 1.37 - 31.90), living within poverty index 1-1.9 (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.89; 1.33 – 6.31), living below the poverty threshold (vs. poverty index >=2, 2.64; 1.21 – 5.77), having lower than high school education (vs. equal or higher than high school education, 3.38; 1.65 – 6.91), sexual identity as other than heterosexual (vs. heterosexual, 7.81; 2.54 – 24.03), using methamphetamine and heroin and cocaine (vs. using methamphetamine alone, 4.98; 1.20 – 20.68), injection drug use (vs. no injection drug use, 3.57; 1.81 – 7.03), and started using methamphetamine at age above 25 (vs. started using methamphetamine at age between 10-17, 2.26; 1.03 – 4.97).Conclusions: Among people who use methamphetamine, those who use polysubstance, or who inject substance, are in urgent need for vaccination and interventions to avoid further harm from blood borne infections.
Accounting for regional transmission variability and the impact of malaria control interventions in Ghana: A population level mathematical modelling approach
Authors: Awine Timothy , Silal Sheetal P
Published: August 2020

Background: This paper investigates the impact of malaria preventive interventions in Ghana and the prospects of achieving program goals using mathematical models based on regionally diverse climatic zones of the country. Methods: Using data from the District Health Information Management System of the Ghana Health Service from 2008 to 2017 and historical intervention coverage levels, ordinary non-linear differential equations models were developed incorporating transistions between various disease compartments for the three main ecological zones in Ghana. The Approximate Bayesian Computational sampling approach, with a distance based rejection criteria, was adopted for calibration. A leave-one-out approach was used to validate model parameters and the most sensitive evaluated using a multivariate regression analysis. The impact of insecticide treated bed nets and their usage and indoor residual spraying as well as their protective efficacy on the incidence of malaria were simulated at various levels of coverage and protective effectiveness in each ecological zone to investigate the prospects of achieving goals of the Ghana malaria control strategy for 2014-2020. Results: Increasing the coverage levels of both long lasting insecticide treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying activities without a corresponding increase in their recommended utilisation does not impact highly on averting predicted incidence of malaria. Improving proper usage of long lasting insecticide treated bed nets could lead to substantial reductions in the predicted incidence of malaria. Similar results were obtained with indoor residual spraying across all ecological zones of Ghana. Conclusions: Projected goals set in the national strategic plan for malaria control 2014-2020 as well as WHO targets for malaria pre-elimination by 2030 are only likely to be achieved if a substantial improvement in treated bed net usage is achieved coupled with targeted deployment of indoor residual spraying with high community acceptability and efficacy.
Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Yang Fan , Dong Fushuang , Hu Fanghui , Liu Yongwei , Chai Jianfang , Zhao He , Lv Mengyu , Zhou Shou
Published: August 2020

Background: Plant calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) proteins play important roles in hormone signal transduction, developmental regulation, and environmental stress tolerance. However, in wheat, the CAMTA gene family has not been systematically characterized. Results: In this work, 15 wheat CAMTA genes were identified using a genome-wide search method. Their chromosome location, physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, gene structure, protein domain, and promoter cis-elements were systematically analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis classified the TaCAMTA genes into three groups (groups A, B, and C), numbered 7, 6, and 2, respectively. The results showed that most TaCAMTA genes contained stress-related cis-elements. Finally, to obtain tissue-specific and stress-responsive candidates, the expression profiles of the TaCAMTAs in various tissues and under biotic and abiotic stresses were investigated. Tissue-specific expression analysis showed that all of the 15 TaCAMTA genes were expressed in multiple tissues with different expression levels, as well as under abiotic stress, the expressions of each TaCAMTA gene could respond to at least one abiotic stress. It also found that 584 genes in wheat genome were predicted to be potential target genes by CAMTA, demonstrating that CAMTA can be widely involved in plant development and growth, as well as coping with stresses. Conclusions: This work systematically identified the CAMTA gene family in wheat at the whole-genome-wide level, providing important candidates for further functional analysis in developmental regulation and the stress response in wheat.
Canadian after-school care providers’ perceived role promoting healthy lifestyles: A focused ethnography
Authors: Elias Pierrette H. , Montemurro Genevieve , Sulz Lauren , Torrance Brian , Storey Kate Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND: After-school care programs have garnered interest in recent years as the hours of 3:00–6:00p.m. are an opportune time for children to engage in healthy behaviours, specifically healthy eating and physical activity. Care providers are major influencers within the after-school care setting, impacting health promoting opportunities for children. However, little is known regarding the role care providers play in health promotion interventions in the after-school care setting, specifically those using comprehensive approaches. The purpose of this research was to explore care providers’ role and experience promoting healthy eating and physical activity through the after-school care health promotion intervention School’s Out…Let’s Move (SOLMo). SOLMo was guided by the evidence-based comprehensive school health framework.SOLMo had two main goals: (1) to serve a healthy snack with vegetable or fruit, and milk or water as the drink; (2) to include 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity. The intervention included resources and coaching for care providers to promote healthy eating and physical activity for children and took place in four after-school sites over a six-month period. Three of four sites were located in a school. The primary researcher was engaged with the sites over 22-months. METHODS: This research was guided by the qualitative method focused ethnography. Semi-structured interviews with care providers (n=13) taking part in SOLMo were conducted. Participant observation was included as part of data generation to further understand care provider roles. Latent content analysis was utilized iteratively and concurrently throughout data generation. RESULTS: Overall, care providers were supportive of promoting health behaviours in the after-school setting. Through analysis, five themes and eight subthemes emerged related to care providers’ role and experience promoting healthy eating and physical activity through SOLMo: 1) enhanced awareness; 2) improved programming; 3) strong relationships; 4) collaborative approach; and 5) role tension. CONCLUSIONS: As major influencers, care providers play a crucial role in promoting healthy lifestyle behaviours for children. This research provides valuable insight into this role and the implementation of comprehensive health promotion approaches in the after-school setting. Findings contribute to the implementation knowledge base and help inform the promotion of healthy lifestyle behaviours for children.
Prevalence and risk factors for HBV and HCV among incarcerated people who inject drugs in Iran: a cross sectional study
Authors: Moradi Ghobad , Mohamadi Parvin , Zareie Bushra , Rasouli Mohammad Aziz , Gouya Mohammad Mehdi , Jafari Saeede
Published: August 2020

Background: This study aimed at determining the prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among incarcerated people who inject drugs (PWID) in Iran during 2015-16. Methods : The required data was collected from a database provided by Iranian national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSSs) of 11988 prisoners who were selected using multi-stage sampling method from among 55 prisons in 19 provinces during 2015-16. The data on demographics and behavioral status of subjects were collected through interviews and the status of HBV and HCV exposure were determined using ELISA blood test. A total of 1387 individuals with a lifetime history of drug injection were enrolled into the study. Data were analyzed using the survey package in Stata/SE 14.0. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to investigate the relationships between risk factors and outcomes. Results : The mean age of the incarcerated PWID was 36.83 ± 8.13 years. Of all, 98.46% were male and 50.97% were married. The prevalence of HCV and HBV were 40.52% and 2.46%, respectively. HCV prevalence was associated with age≥30 years, being single, illiteracy and low level of education, prison term>5 years, history of piercing, and extramarital sex in a lifetime (P<0.05). Conclusions : The prevalence of HCV is alarmingly high. In general, it is recommended to adopt measures for HCV screening and treatment and HBV vaccination for incarcerated PWID without a history of vaccination.
Risk of opportunistic infections in patients with rheumatoid arthritis initiating abatacept: cumulative clinical trial data
Authors: Simon Teresa A , Dong Lixian , Winthrop Kevin L.
Published: August 2020

Background: To evaluate incidence of opportunistic infections (OIs) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with abatacept in clinical trials.Methods: This pooled analysis of 16 randomized, double-blind/open-label trials, with ≥1 abatacept (intravenous or subcutaneous) arm, and with/without placebo control covered cumulative (controlled short-term and open-label long-term) abatacept exposure periods. OIs were analyzed separately in controlled (abatacept and placebo individually) and cumulative periods. OIs were identified using a prespecified list; events were independently adjudicated. Unadjusted incidence rates (IRs; per 100 patient-years) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Results: In cumulative periods, 7,044 patients received abatacept, with mean (standard deviation) duration of exposure of 36.9 (26.2) months (21,274 patient-years of exposure). IRs (95% CI) of OIs for abatacept were low in both controlled (0.17 [0.05–0.43]), placebo (0.56 [0.22–1.15]), and cumulative (0.21 [0.15–0.28]) periods. There was 1 case of tuberculosis in both the abatacept (IR [95% CI]: 0.04 [0.00-0.24]) and placebo (IR [95% CI]: 0.08 [0.00-0.44]) groups during the controlled periods; 16 verified tuberculosis cases (IR [95% CI]: 0.08 [0.05-0.12]) were reported in the cumulative period. Herpes zoster was reported numerically more often with abatacept (IR 1.9 [1.4–2.5]), versus placebo (1.7 [1.1–2.6]) in the controlled periods; within the cumulative period, herpes zoster IR (95% CI) was 1.53 (1.36–1.71) for abatacept-treated patients.Conclusion: In controlled periods of the clinical trials, abatacept-treated patients had similarly low rates of OIs compared with placebo-treated patients. Overall, OI rates were similar among abatacept-treated patients in the controlled and cumulative periods.
Response rate and diagnostic accuracy of early PET/CT during neo-adjuvant therapies in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Jeffries Jacqueline , Coles Bernadette , Bradley Kevin , Holborow Alex , Smyth Elizabeth , Spezi Emiliano , Foley Kieran
Published: August 2020

Background
Patients with potentially curable oesophageal adenocarcinoma have a staging positron emission tomography (PET) examination combined with a computed tomography (CT) to assess loco-regional and distant disease. Although only 20-30% of patients are suitable for surgical resection, the majority receive neo-adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy) before their operation. However, less than 25% experience any clinically meaningful benefit from the neo-adjuvant therapy. A repeat PET/CT after one cycle of treatment can assess for early metabolic response but remains exploratory. Patients without an early response could be offered alternative treatment strategies. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to estimate the early response rate defined by PET/CT, its diagnostic accuracy and explore associated factors.

Methods
Primary studies reporting response rates and diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT will be identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Peer-reviewed randomised control trials, observational cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies reporting original response rate data, published from 2005 onwards will be included. Studies recruiting mixed cohorts and with PET/CT repeated after more than one neo-adjuvant treatment cycle will be excluded. The reference standard will be pathological response, defined by either validated Becker or Mandard tumour regression grade (TRG) classifications. The primary outcome will be metabolic response rate after one neo-adjuvant treatment cycle, defined by a reduction in maximum standardised uptake value (SUVmax) of 35%. Secondary outcome will be the sensitivity and specificity of early metabolic response to predict pathological response at this SUVmax reduction threshold. Pooled early response rate, sensitivity and specificity will be calculated using a random effects model with data extracted from selected studies. Heterogeneity between studies, risk of bias and methodological quality will be assessed.

Discussion
This systematic review and meta-analysis will identify and synthesise evidence to determine early response rates to neo-adjuvant therapies and the corresponding diagnostic accuracy of PET/CT to guide future clinical trials. This strategy could identify patients that will not respond to neo-adjuvant therapy and to offer this group alternative treatment strategies.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO (registration number CRD42019147034)
Magnaporthe oryzae Systemic Defense Trigger 1 (MoSDT1)-Mediated Metabolites Regulate Defense Response in Rice
Authors: Duan Guihua , Li Chunqin , Liu Yanfang , Ma Xiaoqing , Luo Qiong , Yang Jing
Published: August 2020

Background: Some of the pathogenic effector proteins play an active role in stimulating the plant defense system to strengthen plant resistance.Results: In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/Q-TOF-MS) was implemented to identify altered metabolites in transgenic rice containing over-expressed M. oryzae Systemic Defense Trigger 1 (MoSDT1) that was infected at three-time points. The characterized dominating metabolites were organic acids and their derivatives, organic oxygen compounds, lipids, and lipid-like molecules. Among the identified metabolites, shikimate, galactinol, trehalose, D-mannose, linolenic acid, dopamine, tyramine, and L-glutamine are precursors for the synthesis of many secondary defense metabolites Carbohydrate, as well as amino acid metabolic, pathways were revealed to be involved in plant defense responses and resistance strengthening.Conclusion: The increasing salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) content enhanced interactions between JA synthesis/signaling gene, SA synthesis/receptor gene, raffinose/fructose/sucrose synthase gene, and cell wall-related genes all contribute to defense response in rice. The symptoms of rice after M. oryzae infection were significantly alleviated when treated with six identified metabolites, i.e., galactol, tyramine, L-glutamine, L-tryptophan, α-terpinene, and dopamine for 72 h exogenously. Therefore, these metabolites could be utilized as an optimal metabolic marker for M. oryzae defense.
Prescription of antibiotics to children with acute otitis media in Danish general practice
Authors: Olsen Jonas , Lykkegaard Jesper , Hansen Malene Plejdrup , Waldorff Frans B , Lous Jørgen , Andersen Merethe K
Published: August 2020

Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common and most often self-limiting infection in childhood, usually managed in general practice. Even though antibiotics are only recommended when certain diagnostic and clinical criteria are met a high antibiotic prescription rate is observed. The study’s objective was to analyse associations between patient- and general practitioner (GP) characteristics and antibiotic prescribing for children with AOM in an effort to explain the high antibiotic prescribing rates. Methods: All general practices in the Northern, Southern and Central regions of Denmark were invited to record symptoms, examinations, findings and antibiotic treatment for all children ≤ 7 years of age diagnosed with AOM during a four-week winter period in 2017/2018. Associations were analysed by means of multivariate logistic regressions. The study design was cross-sectional. Results: GPs from 60 general practices diagnosed 278 children with AOM of whom 207 (74%) were prescribed antibiotics, most often penicillin V (60%). About half of the children had tympanometry performed. Antibiotic prescribing rates varied considerably between practices (0-100%). Antibiotic prescribing was associated with fever (odds ratio (OR) 3.69 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.93-7.05), purulent ear secretion (OR 2.35 95% CI 1.01-5.50) and poor general condition (OR 3.12 95% CI 1.31-7.46), and the practice’s antibiotic prescribing rate to other patients with symptoms of an acute respiratory tract infection (OR 2.85 CI 95% 1.07-7.60) and specifically to other children with AOM (OR 4.15 CI 95% 1.82-9.47). Conclusion: GPs’ antibiotic prescribing rates for children with AOM vary considerably even considering the of signs, symptoms, request for antibiotics, and use of tympanometry. Interventions to reduce overprescribing should be targeted high-prescribing practices.
Evaluation of the TRIP13 level in breast cancer and insights into potential molecular pathways
Authors: Lan Jin , Huang Jingzhan , Gao Yuan , Sun Jingbo , Zhang Longshan , Deng Yunyao , Liu Lixin , Liu Xiaolong
Published: August 2020

The authors have withdrawn this preprint due to erroneous posting.