bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of the Bandgap of a Core-Shell Microsphere via Light Intensity Fluctuations
Authors: Choi Moon Kyu , Choi Youngjin
Published: November 2010

It has been experimentally observed that in the case of microspheres irradiated by light, the absorption wavelength shift occurs, known as the blueshift, with changing shell materials (i.e., by decreasing the refractive index of the shell). In the present investigation, we want to demonstrate it numerically by using the boundary element method. The material used for the simulation is a core-shell (SiO2and another material of a larger refractive index) microsphere and it is irradiated by unpolarized monochromatic light wave. This paper intends to demonstrate that it is possible to predict the bandgap of a core-shell microsphere resulting from two different bandgap materials and that the numerical simulation employed produces the blueshift.
Re-Authorship: Authoring, Editing, and Coauthoring the Transatlantic Publications of Charlotte M. Yonge’s Aunt Charlotte’s Stories of Bible History
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee
Published: November 2010

In this article, Leslee Thorne-Murphy explores the concept of authorship as it relates to editing and coauthoring. She examines three editions of Charlotte M. Yonge’s Aunt Charlotte’s Stories of Bible History, noting how the volume changed from its original version published in London to two different American editions. By studying the volume’s various publication contexts alongside the editorial changes made in each edition, she finds that the portrayal of authorship implemented by Yonge and her unacknowledged editors accommodated a remarkable amount of literary borrowing, coauthoring, and editing. In essence, each edition “re-authored” its author.
Euro-African Commerce and Social Chaos: Akan Societies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Konadu Kwasi
Published: November 2010

Akokɔ nto nto, aduasa – the chicken should lay-lay eggs, thirty [plenty]

Akorɔma mfa mfa, aduasa – the hawk should take-take, thirty [plenty]

Akokɔ, mato mato bi awura – chicken: I have laid-laid some eggs owner

Akorɔma mmεfa me na mabrε – the hawk should come and take me, I am tired

Akan drum text

Animguase mfata okaniba – disgrace does not befit the Akan child

[i.e., Akan-born]

Akan proverb

In the drum text above, the chicken and the hawk parallel the symbiotic relationship between the “slave trade” and the period of “legitimate trade” between the Gold Coast and Britain. The former “trade” paved the way for and nourished the outcomes of the latter, and as the uneven power relations between West Africa and European nation-states become even more explicit in a globalizing economy, Europe or Britain (“the hawk”) seized on the valued resources (“eggs”) of a tiresome and ravaged Gold Coast. To halt the disgrace (animguase) of impending colonial incursion and protectionism, several Akan societies (“chickens”) became hawk-like in domestic matters—for they had less control over international forces beyond their soil—and its internal conflicts had as much to do with their inner drive to maintain “order” in juxtaposition to the exigencies of their times. The key nineteenth-century relationship between Asante of the forest interior and Elmina of the coast provides a spatial parameter and a mnemonic for examining key transformations between those two boundaries as represented by the coastal Fante polities, forest-based Asante, and the Bono, who occupied the northern forest fringe. I argue that the conflicts between and within Akan societies of varying orders were the product of multilayered factors occurring at the same time and in different places, such as power struggles and tensions born of conservatism and Christianity, that ultimately transformed all in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Although the Akan share a composite culture, spiritual practice, calendrical system, socio-political structure, and ethos, the transformations in Asante society were not replicated among the Fante or Bono, although the Bono offer a comparative case that diverged from much of the nascent colonial shaping of Asante and Fante society. This essay suggests that Akan societies, beyond the almost exclusive focus on Asante, are better approached thematically than in spatial or chronological isolation, since the themes of social dissolution and conflicts were shared by all in a context of Euro-African commerce, Westernization, and Christian proselytization.
Building Creole Identity in the African Atlantic: Boundaries of Race and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Cabo Verde
Authors: Green Tobias
Published: November 2010

The Atlantic may be a vast ocean for the most part devoid of human life, but that is not how historians see it. As the historian of the British Atlantic world David Armitage put it, “we are all Atlanticists now.” Not a little of the excitement of the historical profession has turned on the need to construct broad and transnational perspectives for the exchanges of peoples and goods which have constructed modern worlds.

This is, as every reader of this journal knows, a process in which Africa played a fundamental part. Conceptualizing an Atlantic space in the early modern era requires the inclusion of African contributions to revolutions in ideas, agriculture, and global capital brought about by the forced African diaspora produced by Atlantic slavery. And yet historians of African societies have not joined their colleagues working on the Americas, the Caribbean and Europe in the leap to embrace “Atlantic” history. While there have been some attempts to construct an African sphere of the Atlantic world, a general attempt to achieve this on a systematic basis remains lacking.

Part of the reason for this is the current general decline in research in early modern African history. While the late 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s saw many highly distinguished monographs, such research is no longer so easy to come by. Shunning the externalized, European perspectives on which many traditional histories of Africa were based, post-colonial students of Africa have rightly interpreted African history from the viewpoint of African societies. As this has required primarily a cultural engagement with material, practitioners have moved towards contemporary histories, which may explain the present dearth of studies reaching farther back.
Save the Bacon! Primary Sources from Fieldwork
Authors: Vansina Jan
Published: November 2010

If very long titles were still acceptable, the one for this note would read Save the evidence: A plea for fieldworkers to make the raw materials or primary evidence from their field work accessible to all scholars— Especially all recorded oral data.

Ever since ethnographic monographs based on fieldwork were first published, they have raised problems of credibility. In the absence of any evidence at all to test the assertions made, readers of such works have been asked to trust the scholarly authority and integrity of their writers blindly, a stance diametrically contrary to basic tenets in all sciences. It may well be that, at the outset, early practitioners of the craft believed that their observations did not differ in any way from those made by natural scientists in the field—that they needed no evidence because their observations were wholly replicable. Anyone who cared to carry out the experiment—that is, to go to observe the same people in the same field—would find exactly the same situation as described in the monograph. For this was the age of the ethnographic present. Humans were divided into races and tribes, and, just like so many species of songbirds, every human tribe had its own invariant characteristics. A people-watcher need only to enumerate them.
Sorghum as a Gift of Self: the Jie Harvest Ritual Through Time
Authors: Mirzeler Mustafa Kemal
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this paper is to present an interpretation of sorghum as the dominant metaphor of self among the Jie people, and the offering of sorghum to the Turkana women by the Jie women as a gift. The literature on food as self is extensive, emerging from various key theorists who have defined the field of food and the semiotics of food (Ohnuki-Tierney 1993; Parry 1985; Raheja 1988). These scholars are keenly aware of the symbolic utility of food as constitutive features of self identity, and they have examined the interplay between self and food and tropes. For Ohnuki-Tierney, for instance, food and food production, and their associations with metaphors, define and produce meaning. Her interpretation of rice grain as one of the foundational categories of the Japanese traditional polity explicates the role commensality of rice plays in defining boundaries between people who share the commensal food and those who do not. As each member of the commensal consume the food, the food becomes a part of his or her body. The food embodied in each individual “…operates as a metonym by being part of the self” (Ohnuki-Tierney 1993:130). In this paper I extend Ohnuki-Tierney's theoretical model in understanding the role sorghum symbolism and metaphors play in producing identities and social relations of power in the Jie society and in the Jie people's interethnic relationship with their Turkana neighbors.
Bold Research During Troubled Times in Guinea: The Story of the Djibril Tamsir Niane Tape Archive
Authors: Conrad David C.
Published: November 2010

The basic purpose here is to offer an archival report about historical and ethnographic material collected partly in Mali but mostly in Guinea, when such efforts in the latter country were contrary to official government policy and in some cases could be hazardous to undertake. Owing to the risks involved in some intellectual activities in Guinea between 1958 and 1984, as well as the importance of the material recorded on reel-to-reel tapes in this archive, the research accomplished by Djibril Tamsir Niane in the 1960s that culminated in the 1969-1971 expeditions to Baga villages, was itself historically significant. Moreover, the fact that once the research had been done the recorded information survived ensuing decades of potentially destructive climatic conditions and political events is remarkable. Therefore, as a prologue to introducing the archival material in the process of preservation at the time of this writing, it seems appropriate to begin this report with a description of the circumstances under which the recordings were made and how they survived to the present day.
“A Naughty Child with a Pen”: Gahadzikwa Albert Chaza as an African Policeman and Author in Colonial Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) 1936–1963
Authors: Stapleton Tim
Published: November 2010

Those who have visited book stores in Zimbabwe in recent years, even the small one in Harare international airport, will have seen a thin volume authored by G.A. Chaza and entitledBhurakuwacha: The Story of a Black Policeman in Colonial Southern Rhodesia.Bhurakuwachais the longest and most detailed first hand account by an African member of the British South Africa Police (BSAP), Southern Rhodesia's paramilitary law enforcement organization, and as such constitutes an important source for studying the experience of black security force members in a white settler state.

Chaza was typical of the moderate and loyalist black middle class of the 1940s and 1950s that wanted equality with whites as part of a civilized imperial citizenry but became less significant during the anti-colonial and revolutionary violence of the 1960s and 1970s. Unfortunately, the book only hints at Chaza's early interest in writing which began when he was a young constable in the late 1930s and continued through his post-retirement involvement in politics in the early 1960s.

The aim of this paper is to examine the first three decades of Chaza's publications within the context of African police service in the colonial era.Bhurakuwachawas written after African nationalists had come to power in independent Zimbabwe and promoted a version of history that lionized those who had resisted colonial rule and vilified those, such as African policemen, who had worked for the colonial state. Therefore, it is tempting to see Chaza's book as an effort to rehabilitate his image by portraying African colonial police as victims of racism against which some, like the author, struggled. Looking at his now forgotten earlier writings will illustrate how Chaza's views changed over the years and reveal whether or notBhurakuwacharepresents an accurate account of African colonial police service.
The Next Step for a Journal of Method
Authors: Doortmont Michel R. , Hanson John H. , Jansen Jan , Bersselaar Dmitri van den
Published: November 2010

For over thirty years, History in Africa: A Journal of Method has been at the forefront of publishing scholarship on textual analysis and criticism of African historical sources, historiographical essays on the literature concerning Africa's past, bibliographical essays on relevant historical topics, reflections on the role of theory in historical investigation, and archive reports. The new editorial team will maintain this profile with an emphasis on theory and method, while aiming to enhance the journal by focusing on issues that will expand its appeal beyond its current audience. We seek to broaden the framing of methodological and historiographical topics to discuss new information technologies and pedagogical issues. The new editors work with an inclusive definition of “History” and invite scholars, no matter what discipline, to join the discussion and analysis of the past. In the multi-polar world of the twenty-first century, the new editors embrace the “in” in the title and are committed to publishing an increased number of articles from scholars on the continent. We also operate with a pluriform definition of “Africa” that includes the worlds of the diaspora and recognizes regional variations in the continent. The new editors wish to bring new perspectives associated with Africa's twenty-first century renaissance into the journal. Finally, the new editors will remain faithful to the focus of David Henige, the founding and long-serving editor of History in Africa, on the critical analysis of both the epistemological bases of historical inquiry and the construction of arguments about the past.
Finding Foreign Policy: Researching in Five South African Archives
Authors: Graham Matthew
Published: November 2010

The turbulent modern history of South Africa, which includes notable events such as the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960, the banning and exile of the African National Congress (ANC) and the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the dramatic transition from apartheid to democracy in the early 1990s, has drawn academics from a number of fields to studying the nation from a variety of angles. Two such topics which have attracted scholarly attention are the foreign policy of South Africa both during apartheid, and subsequently after its demise in 1994, and the multi faceted activities of the liberation movements fighting against it. When looking at the international relations of South Africa from the end of the Second World War, through until the present day, it is almost impossible to analyse this dimension of South Africa's past without examining the lasting effects that the political mindset of apartheid had upon foreign policy decision making, and the international community. Likewise, the history of the liberation movements such as the ANC and the PAC were shaped by their attempts to defeat apartheid and the eventual end to the struggle. The histories of the ANC and South African foreign policy are inextricably linked, demonstrating the importance of what has, and is occurring in the country, creating a complex, but truly intriguing area of research for academics.

Conducting archival research on these two areas of interest is relatively easy in South Africa, with on the whole, well stocked, largely deserted, and easy to use archives located across the country.
Heritage, Tourism, and Slavery at Shimoni: Narrative and Metanarrative on the East African Coast
Authors: Wynne-Jones Stephanie , Walsh Martin
Published: November 2010

There's a hole in the side of Africa, where the walls will speak if you only listen Walls that tell a tale so sad, that the tears on the cheeks of Africa glisten Stand and hear a million slaves, tell you how they walked so far That many died in misery, while the rest were sold in Zanzibar Shimoni, oh Shimoni, You have to find the answer and the answer has been written down in Shimoni

When Kenya-born singer-songwriter Roger Whittaker sang these doleful words in 1983, the village of Shimoni was a relatively quiet backwater on the southern Kenya coast, known primarily for its deep-sea fishing club. It is now a much larger and busier place, where tourists come to see the ‘slave cave’ that gives Shimoni its name (Swahilishimo-ni, “at the cave”), and embark on boat trips to Wasini Island and the nearby Kisite-Mpunguti Marine National Park (see Figure 1). Whittaker's song played a significant role in this development, by bringing Shimoni and its caves to wider attention, and focusing on one of a number of narratives about the caves' past usage. The lyrics of ‘Shimoni’ did not simply embellish a local tale, but (re)created it in the image of metanarratives about the history of slavery on the East African coast. As we will argue in this paper, these metarratives now dominate reconstructions of the past in Shimoni, and are reinforced by the activities and institutions that constitute and promote the caves as an important site of cultural heritage.
“May It Please Your Honor”: Letters of Petition as Historical Evidence in an African Colonial Context
Authors: Korieh Chima J.
Published: November 2010

I humbly lay my reputation on your verdict, and beg that your acute interest to help your subjects in this time of conflict mark you [as] an asset and real factor, helpful figure whose merciful eye would reflect upon my case which stands me a subject of compassion. —Odili Ezeoke to the Authority Controlling Food Supply, Aba, 9 July 1943.

Historians have relied on a variety of sources to analyze Africa's encounter with Europe and response to colonialism. Several scholars, who have published in the Heinemann African Social History Series, have relied on oral accounts to add an indigenous perspective to the history of colonialism in Africa. African history nevertheless suffers from a lack of other sources, such as diaries, journals, and personal narratives, which can enrich the historical narrative. Letters of petitions provide one of the very few opportunities to locate African men and women's voices as they confronted the new political, economic, judicial and social system that emerged in the colonial context. Petitions were widely used by every class of the African population in the colonial period and can help to re-evaluate African-European interactions and dialogues in a colonial context. Their existence challenges the notion of colonial authorities as a hegemonic force in the making of colonized societies in light of new forms of evidence that redefine this encounter. Petitions were used by individuals as well as groups as a means to seek remedy for grievance for a number of types of actions, ranging from taxation, court cases and a variety of other issues.
Colliding Histories: Hawai‘i Statehood at the Intersection of Asians “Ineligible to Citizenship” and Hawaiians “Unfit for Self-Government”
Authors: Saranillio Dean Itsuji
Published: November 2010

This essay examines competing narrations of the fiftieth anniversary of Hawai‘i statehood by tracing two mutually constitutive but opposing projects in the post-World War II period—the racial project seeking the liberal inclusion of Asian Americans, particularly Japanese Americans, into a U.S. national polity and a Native Hawaiian project that sought autonomy from the United States. U.S. ambitions for global hegemony during the Cold War found a discursive alliance with selected narrations of Japanese American racial persecution, setting these narratives to public memory through global circulation and publicity, while narrations of Native Hawaiian colonial oppression were designated for historical deletion, through intimidation and containment.
The Impact of New College Graduates on Intrastate Labor Markets
Authors: Trostel Philip A.
Published: November 2010

A crucial issue in the debate on state support for higher education is the extent that a state's production of college graduates affects the state's education attainment. The view that many new graduates take their state-supported degrees to labor markets in other states undermines states' incentives to promote wider access to college. This study offers reasons to be skeptical of this view, and develops a simple framework to quantify the intrastate labor-market effects from the production of new college graduates. Data for years 1992–2005 from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and the Current Population Survey (CPS) are used to quantify the effects of new graduates on states' net migration, employment, unemployment, labor force nonparticipation, and wages of college graduates. The results indicate that a state's production of college graduates has a nearly proportionate impact on the state's college attainment.
Chinese Colonists Assert Their "Common Human Rights": Cosmopolitanism as Subject and Method of History
Authors: Lake Marilyn
Published: November 2010

This article about claims to "common human rights" made by Chinese colonists in Australia in the nineteenth century argues in favor of cosmopolitanism as both historical practice and subject of historical inquiry. It seeks to challenge the conventional Eurocentric—or North Atlantic—account of the history of human rights by pointing to arguments for racial equality advanced by Chinese political activists who forged an alternative tradition of human rights claims, articulated at the postwar conferences at Versailles in 1919 and Dumbarton Oaks in 1944. By investigating the ways in which Chinese Australians invoked the idea of "cosmopolitan friendship and sympathy" when responding to racial discrimination, we can uncover the multiple histories of cosmopolitanism as well as the advantages of a more cosmopolitan historical method.
UNESCO and the (One) World of Julian Huxley
Authors: Sluga Glenda
Published: November 2010

This article investigates the idea of cosmopolitanism associated with internationalism and the origins of UNESCO at the end of World War II. In the first few years of UNESCO's operation, delegates and functionaries portrayed "world citizenship" as the path to permanent world peace and as a necessary step in the evolution of human society from tribes to nations, from national consciousness to "one world." A key figure in that history was Julian Huxley, UNESCO's first director-general. This article argues that Huxley's conception of cosmopolitan internationalism provides an important link between the history of postwar international organizations and a long nineteenth-century vision of historical and political progress and of imperial policies and practices.
Aggregation of multiple sclerosis genetic risk variants in multiple and single case families
Authors: Gourraud Pierre‐Antoine , McElroy Joseph P. , Caillier Stacy J. , Johnson Britt A. , Santaniello Adam , Hauser Stephen L. , Oksenberg Jorge R.
Published: November 2010

Objective:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifactorial neurologic disease characterized by modest but tractable heritability. Genome‐wide association studies have identified and/or validated multiple polymorphisms in approximately 16 genes associated with susceptibility. We aimed at investigating the aggregation of genetic MS risk markers in individuals by comparing multiple‐ and single‐case families.

Methods:

A weighted log‐additive integrative approach termed MS genetic burden (MSGB) was used to account for the well‐established genetic variants from previous association studies and meta‐analyses. The corresponding genetic burden and its transmission was analyzed in 1,213 independent MS families (810 sporadic and 403 multicase families).

Results:

MSGB analysis demonstrated a higher aggregation of susceptibility variants in multicase compared to sporadic MS families. In addition, the aggregation of non‐major histocompatibility complex single nucleotide polymorphisms depended neither on gender nor on the presence or absence of HLA‐DRB1*15:01 alleles. Interestingly, although a greater MSGB in siblings of MS patients was associated with an increased risk of MS (odds ratio, 2.1; p = 0.001), receiver operating characteristic curves of MSGB differences between probands and sibs (area under the receiver operator curves, 0.57 [95% confidence interval, 0.53–0.61]) show that case–control status prediction of MS cannot be achieved with the currently available genetic data.

Interpretation:

The primary interest in the MSGB concept resides in its capacity to integrate cumulative genetic contributions to MS risk. This analysis underlines the high variability of family load with known common variants. This novel approach can be extended to other genetically complex diseases. Despite the emphasis on assembling large case–control datasets, multigenerational, multiaffected families remain an invaluable resource for advancing the understanding of the genetic architecture of complex traits. Ann Neurol 2011;69:65–74
Experimental investigation of the release mechanism of proxyphylline from silicone rubber matrices
Authors: Soulas Dimitrios N. , Papadokostaki Kyriaki G.
Published: November 2010

The release process of a water soluble, model drug (proxyphylline) with small, yet not negligible osmotic action, from silicone rubber (SR) matrices is presented. The kinetics of release for different initial loads of the drug is supplemented by measurements of the kinetics of the concurrent water uptake. To gain insight on the relevant non‐Fickian transport mechanisms, the morphology, the diffusion, and sorption properties of the drug‐depleted matrices are studied. In addition, both drug‐loaded and drug‐depleted matrices are characterized with respect to their mechanical properties. The combined information derived from these techniques support—at least below the percolation threshold—the operation of a release mechanism occurring through a uniformly swollen polymer matrix without formation of cracks, in contrast to the release observed in the case of water soluble, inorganic salts where release takes place through a network of microscopic cracks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Study of heavy metal ion absorbance by amidoxime group introduced to cellulose‐graft‐polyacrylonitrile
Authors: El‐Khouly A. S. , Takahashi Y. , Saafan A. A. , Kenawy E. , Hafiz Y. A.
Published: November 2010

Amidoximated grafted cellulose was obtained by reacting hydroxylamine and cellulose‐graft‐polyacrylonitrile (C‐g‐PAN), prepared by KMnO4/citric acid redox system, and the resultant amidoximated grafted cellulose was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), solid‐state NMR, FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis. The highest value of amidoxime content in the grafted sample was 2.42 mmol/g. The adsorption efficiencies of amidoximated grafted cellulose have been evaluated with studying different adsorption conditions. Amidoximated sample with amidoxime content 2.42 mmol/g showed high ability to adsorb the metal ions from the aqueous solutions as high as 1.7 mmol/g, 1.6 mmol/g, and 0.84 mmol/g for Co2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ ions, respectively, at the highest original metal ion concentration. These values are about three times larger than previous studies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The use of Weber number to predict morphology in the electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide) nanofibers
Authors: Call Christopher C. , Schwartz Christian J.
Published: November 2010

In the electrospinning of polymer nanofibers, an electrically driven jet of polymer solution travels to a grounded target to be collected. The morphology of the resulting nanofibers can be manipulated through process parameters, though little work has been done to correlate electrospinning parameters with those of the free‐jet flow of pure liquids. This is essential when the nanofibers hold entrained beaded structures indicative of jet breakup. The effects of applied voltage and solution concentration on the fiber morphology of electrospun aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) were investigated. Solution concentrations of 4–8 wt % were used along with voltages of 4.5–11 kV to produce nanofibers with and without entrained beads. It was determined that the calculated Weber number for each condition correlated well with the resulting morphology. These results may suggest that Weber number may also be used to predict nanofibers morphology in the electrospinning of other polymer systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Asymptotic finite‐time ruin probabilities for a class of path‐dependent heavy‐tailed claim amounts using Poisson spacings
Authors: Biard Romain , Lefèvre Claude , Loisel Stéphane , Nagaraja Haikady N.
Published: November 2010

In the compound Poisson risk model, several strong hypotheses may be found too restrictive to describe accurately the evolution of the reserves of an insurance company. This is especially true for a company that faces natural disaster risks like earthquake or flooding. For such risks, claim amounts are often inter‐dependent and they may also depend on the history of the natural phenomenon. The present paper is concerned with a situation of this kind, where each claim amount depends on the previous claim inter‐arrival time, or on past claim inter‐arrival times in a more complex way. Our main purpose is to evaluate, for large initial reserves, the asymptotic finite‐time ruin probabilities of the company when the claim sizes have a heavy‐tailed distribution. The approach is based more particularly on the analysis of spacings in a conditioned Poisson process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(butylene succinate) and its copolymers: Research, development and industrialization
Authors: Xu Jun , Guo Bao‐Hua
Published: November 2010

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and its copolymers are a family of biodegradable polymers with excellent biodegradability, thermoplastic processability and balanced mechanical properties. In this article, production of the monomers succinic acid and butanediol, synthesis, processing and properties of PBS and its copolymers are reviewed. The physical properties and biodegradation rate of PBS materials can be varied in a wide range through copolymerization with different types and various contents of monomers. PBS has a wide temperature window for thermoplastic processing, which makes the resin suitable for extrusion, injection molding, thermoforming and film blowing. Finally, we summarized industrialization and applications of PBS.
1,3‐Propanediol and its copolymers: Research, development and industrialization
Authors: Liu Hongjuan , Xu Yunzhen , Zheng Zongming , Liu Dehua
Published: November 2010

1,3‐Propanediol (PDO), is now taking the transition from a traditional “specialty chemical” to a “commodity chemical”. The market for PDO is growing rapidly as the technology develops. With the advancing PDO production technology, polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) as a new type of polyester has been applied in carpet and textile fibers, monofilaments, films, and nonwoven fabrics, and in the engineering thermoplastics area, because PTT has unique properties compared to other polymers such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT). Responding to the environmental and sustainability factors, one‐ or two‐step fermentation technology for PDO production has attracted people's attention. A novel flexible process for PDO production by using aerobic fermentation from glycerol or glucose has been developed and demonstrated with a facility capacity of 4000 t/year in a pilot plant. By using engineered Escherichia coli, 135 g/L PDO was obtained with glucose as feedstock. Since the bio‐process of PDO production consumes 40% less energy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by 20% versus petroleum‐based propanediol, the bio‐based PTT is more environmentally friendly and sustainable compared with the fossil fuel‐based polymers, which made PTT more attractive with good prospects for the future.
Characterization of constituents in Sini decoction and rat plasma by high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Tan Guangguo , Zhu Zhenyu , Jing Jing , Lv Lei , Lou Ziyang , Zhang Guoqing , Chai Yifeng
Published: November 2010

A high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection coupled to time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/TOFMS) method was established to clarify the chemical composition of Sini decoction (SND) and rat plasma after oral administration of SND. With dynamic adjustment of fragmentor voltage in TOFMS, an efficient transmission of the ions was achieved to obtain the best sensitivity for providing the molecular formula for each analyte and abundant fragment ions for structural information. By accurate mass measurements within 5 ppm error for each molecular ion and subsequent fragment ions, 53 compounds including diterpenoid alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids and gingerol‐related compounds were identified in SND. Major compounds identified from SND were further assigned in the three individual herbs. After oral administration of SND, 33 compounds and five metabolites in rat plasma were detected and identified by comparing and contrasting the compounds measured in SND with those in the plasma samples by HPLC/DAD/TOFMS. The results provided helpful chemical information for further pharmacology and active mechanism research on SND. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competitive Pathways in the Reaction of Lithium Oxy‐ortho‐quinodimethanes and Fischer Alkoxy Alkynyl Carbene Complexes: Synthesis of Highly Functionalised Seven‐Membered Benzocarbocycles
Authors: García‐García Patricia , Novillo Carlos , Fernández‐Rodríguez Manuel A. , Aguilar Enrique
Published: November 2010

Up to four different outcomes have been found for the reaction between 1‐oxy‐ortho‐quinodimethanes (oQDMs) and alkoxy alkynyl Fischer carbene complexes (FCCs). The product formed depends on the structure of both reagents and on the reaction solvent. The pathways can be topologically classified as a [4C+2C], a [3(2C+O)+3C], and two different [4C+3C] processes and, in all these sequences, 1‐oxy‐oQDMs behave as enolates or as vinylogous enolates. The reaction of Choy and Yang’s unsubstituted oQDM 1 with tungsten alkynyl FCCs is solvent controlled; thus, selective formation of benzocycloheptenones can be achieved in THF, whereas exclusive synthesis of benzocycloheptene ketals is reached in diethyl ether. On the other hand, THF is the solvent of choice to form benzocycloheptene ketals when an alkyl or aryl group is placed at position 1 of the oQDM in its reaction with tungsten carbene complexes; however, a pyranylidene carbene complex is formed when a chromium carbene complex is used. Alternatively, the presence of bulky alkoxy groups in the FCC component favours a Diels–Alder aromatisation sequence, which leads to 1‐naphthyl FCCs. Furthermore, the isolation and the characterisation of several deuterated compounds by labelling experiments have provided some insight into the reaction pathways, and mechanisms consistent with those findings have been established and several reaction intermediates have been identified.
CFD simulations to portray the bubble distribution and the hydrodynamics in an annulus sparged air‐lift bioreactor
Authors: Xu Yuanyuan , Luo Lijia , Yuan Jingqi
Published: November 2010

Air‐lift bioreactor (ABR) are applied in the pharmaceutical industry for those processes of low‐oxygen demand. The characteristics of the air bubbles in an ABR are important since they influence the overall performance of the bioreactor. In this article, two‐dimensional CFD simulations are carried out to portray the flow characteristics in an annulus‐sparged ABR with a low‐aeration rate, which is a scaled geometry of a 200 m3annulus‐sparged ABR for theL‐ascorbic acid manufacturing. VOF model is applied firstly to capture the flow behaviour of the bubbles in the bioreactor, and the distributions of the bubbles and local mean bubble sizes are approximately obtained. With the local mean bubble size distribution, Eulerian model is adopted to investigate the performance of the bioreactor. The liquid velocity and the gas holdup are further discussed. The results show the existence of the local back mixing as well as the mal‐distributions of the velocity and the gas holdup along the radial direction in the annulus‐sparged ABR.
Growth and XRD analysis of the diluted magnetic semiconductor Zn1‐xNixO
Authors: Syed Ali K. S. , Saravanan R. , Açıkgöz M.
Published: November 2010

Diluted magnetic semiconductor compound Zn1‐xNix O (x =0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05) was prepared by sol‐gel method and characterized using powder XRD for the distribution of electrons and bonding in the unit cell. The electronic structural studies of this material were carried out by maximum entropy method (MEM) for the quantitative and qualitative measurement on the inclusion and the effect induced on bonding by Ni doping. The spatial arrangement of charge and the bonding behavior of this material were analyzed from 3D, 2D and 1D density distributions. The evidence for the addition of Ni in the host lattice of Zn is realized. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Membranous nephropathy: From mechanisms to therapies
Authors: Cybulsky Andrey V.
Published: November 2010

Membranous nephropathy (MN) is an important glomerular disease characterized by podocyte injury and protein‐uria. The understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of MN has come from studies in the Heymann nephritis model of MN in the rat. MN involves the in situ formation of subepithelial immune deposits of antibodies reactive to podocyte antigens, activation of complement, and assembly of C5b‐9 on podo‐cyte plasma membranes. The podocyte responds to C5b‐9 attack by activating protein kinases, phospholipases, oxidants, transcription factors, growth factors, stress pathways, proteinases, and other mediators. These signals impact on metabolic pathways, structure/function of lipids, proteins in the cytoskeleton and slit diaphragm, and turnover of extracellular matrix components. Some effects of C5b‐9 affect podocyte functions adversely, while other effects may limit injury or promote recovery. Increased understanding of pathogenic antigens, complement activation, and changes in podocyte biology induced by C5b‐9 is an opportunity for new diagnostic and concept‐driven therapeutic approaches to this disease.
Asymmetric Organocatalytic Conjugate Addition of Diarylphosphane Oxides to Chalcones
Authors: Russo Alessio , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: November 2010

The first example of a convenient and enantioselective asymmetric conjugate addition of diarylphosphane oxides to chalcones is reported. By using commercially available dihydroquinine as the organocatalyst and diphenylphosphane oxide as the nucleophile, the adducts were isolated in high yield and up to 89 % ee. The final adducts can be easily recrystallized to enantiopure material.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of α‐hydroxy‐benzylphosphonates and ‐benzylphosphine oxides
Authors: Keglevich György , Róza Tóth Viola , Drahos Lászó
Published: November 2010

A series of α‐hydroxy‐benzylphosph‐ onates and ‐benzylphosphine oxides was synthesized by the Na2CO3‐catalyzed microwave‐assisted addition of dialkyl phosphites and dipenylphosphine oxide to P‐substituted benzaldehydes. The solventless reaction provided the products in short reaction times and in 71–88% yield. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:15–17, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20649
Glycosylation analysis of interleukin‐23 receptor: elucidation of glycosylation sites and characterization of attached glycan structures
Authors: Zhao Jia , Liu Yan‐Hui , Reichert Paul , Pflanz Stefan , Pramanik Birendra
Published: November 2010

Interleukin‐23 (IL‐23) is a heterodimeric cytokine, a central factor in chronic/autoimmune inflammation. It signals through a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL‐23r, which is heavily glycosylated. The structural characterization of IL‐23r has not been reported. In this work, glycosylation profiles of soluble recombinant human IL‐23r (rhIL‐23r) were established using mass spectrometry (MS), which included defining glycosylation sites, degree of glycosylation occupancy of each site and structure of attached oligosaccharides. Specifically, precursor ion scan of oxonium ion protonated N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc+) (m/z 204) was performed using a triple quadrupole MS instrument to locate the retention time of glycopeptides. Both the glycopeptides and their corresponding deglycosylated forms in each collected HPLC fraction were studied by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) (LTQ‐Orbitrap) for glycosylation site profiling. The attached glycan structures were elucidated by collision‐induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation of target glycopeptides in combination with accurate mass measurement. Eight glycosylation sites were identified on IL‐23r (Asn24, Asn209, Asn239, Asn157, Asn118, Asn250, Asn58 and Asn6). Most of the glycosylation sites were > 95% occupied except Asn250 and Asn6. Those two sites were 88% and 45% occupied by estimation from trypsin digestion and were 55% and 42% occupied from LysC digestion. Multiple glycoforms were observed in IL‐23r. Most of them were bi‐, tri‐ or tetra‐antennary complex type structures with fucose and sialic acid. High mannose and hybrid type glycans were only observed on Asn157. The structural characterization on IL‐23r glycosylation provides useful information for better understanding of the biological function of IL‐23r. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of head position and surgical dissection on sinus irrigant penetration in cadavers
Authors: Singhal Deepti , Weitzel Erik Kent , Lin Elissa , Feldt Brent , Kriete Brian , McMains Kevin Christopher , Thwin May , Wormald Peter‐John
Published: November 2010

Background:

Effective treatment for recalcitrant rhinosinusitis requires unobstructed surgical marsupialization of sinus cavities and use of delivery systems that will topically penetrate the sinuses.

Aims:

To determine the extent of sinus penetration achieved with nasal irrigation by varying the ostial size and head position.

Methods:

Ten thawed fresh‐frozen cadaver heads were dissected in a staged manner. After each stage of dissection, sinus squeeze‐bottle irrigations were performed in three head positions, and endoscopes placed via external ports into the sinus cavities viewed the sinus ostia. An ordinal scale was developed to grade ostial penetration of irrigations. Three reviewers independently graded the outcomes.

Results:

Irrigant entry into sinuses increased with ostial size (P < .001) and the greatest differential of improvement in sinus penetration is obtained at an ostial size of 4.7 mm. Stages 2 and 3 (larger sinus ostia) of maxillary and sphenoid dissections have statistically greater irrigant penetration relative to earlier stages. Frontal sinus irrigation is worse in vertex to ceiling head position. There does not appear to be any significant advantage to head position with maxillary and sphenoid sinuses.

Conclusions:

This study shows that the larger the sinus ostium, the better the penetration of irrigant into the sinus, with an ostium of at least 4.7 mm allowing maximal penetration in the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. The same benefit was not noted in the frontal sinus. Head position was only relevant to the frontal sinus where less penetration was seen with the head neutral (vertex to ceiling) position when compared to forward angled positions. Laryngoscope, 2010
Therapeutic complications in a patient with high‐risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and undiagnosed hereditary hemochromatosis
Authors: Balagtas Jay Michael S. , Dahl Gary V.
Published: November 2010

Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal‐recessive disorder of iron metabolism that most commonly manifests in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Here, we describe a 14‐year‐old male who presented with high‐risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and previously undiagnosed HH. His treatment course was remarkable for significant therapeutic complications, including iron overload, hepatic failure, cardiac dysfunction, and death. Postmortem testing revealed homozygosity for the C282Y mutation, confirming the diagnosis of HH. Since HH mutations occur commonly in select populations, screening patients with leukemia for HH may better inform treatment decisions regarding chemotherapy, transfusions, and/or iron chelation therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 101–103. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relative quantitative proteomic analysis reveals wound response proteins correlated with after‐cooking darkening
Authors: Murphy J. Patrick , Kong Fanming , Pinto Devanand M. , Wang‐Pruski Gefu
Published: November 2010

Many common potato tuber defects are difficult to elicidate because of the degree of genetic complexity involved, making systems biology approaches necessary. Interaction between chlorogenic acid and iron is responsible for the darkening of potato tuber tissues upon heating – termed after‐cooking darkening (ACD). To explore mechanisms of darkening severity in tuber tissues, we have employed relative quantitative proteomics to discover differentially expressed proteins involved in ACD. Tuber tissue samples were collected from a family of diploid clones which possess a highly segregated degree of the darkening. Exploiting this segregation, as well as the observation that darkening is more prevalent in the stem end of the tuber than the apical end, three sample groups were formed: (i) stem ends of three high‐ACD clones, (ii) stem ends of three low‐ACD clones, and (iii) apical ends of three low‐ACD clones. Protein samples were digested and differentially labeled using isotopic reductive methylation, allowing for an orthogonal two‐way comparison of protein profiles of the sample groups using 2‐D‐LC‐MS/MS. Using a cutoff fold change of 2 between the high‐ and the low‐ACD sample groups, 30 proteins showed a correlation with tissue darkening. Overall, we observed changes in relative protein abundance that showed an enhanced wound‐response program in high‐ACD tissues. Among these proteins, five proteins were further validated at the transcript level using qRT‐PCR. These proteins may be incorporated into design strategies to create potato cultivars with low levels of ACD.
A domain level interaction network of amyloid precursor protein and Aβ of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Perreau Victoria M. , Orchard Sandra , Adlard Paul A. , Bellingham Shayne A. , Cappai Roberto , Ciccotosto Giuseppe D. , Cowie Tiffany F. , Crouch Peter J. , Duce James A. , Evin Genevieve , Faux Noel G. , Hill Andrew F. , Hung Ya Hui , James Simon A. , Li Qiao‐Xin , Mok Su San , Tew Deborah J. , White Anthony R. , Bush Ashley I. , Hermjakob Henning , Masters Colin L.
Published: November 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 2377–2395, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900773
Global analysis of the rat and human platelet proteome – the molecular blueprint for illustrating multi‐functional platelets and cross‐species function evolution
Authors: Yu Yanbao , Leng Taohua , Yun Dong , Liu Na , Yao Jun , Dai Ying , Yang Pengyuan , Chen Xian
Published: November 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 2444–2457, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900271
Multivariate denoising methods combining wavelets and principal component analysis for mass spectrometry data
Authors: Mostacci Elise , Truntzer Caroline , Cardot Hervé , Ducoroy Patrick
Published: November 2010

This article was originally published in Proteomics 2010, 10, 2564–2572, DOI 10.1002/pmic.200900185