bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial and temporal subsidence characteristics in Wuhan city
(China) during 2015–2019 inferred from Sentinel-1 SAR
Interferometry
Authors: Shi Xuguo , Zhang Shaocheng , Jiang Mi , Pei Yuanyuan , Qu Tengteng , Xu Jinhu , Yang Chen
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Ground subsidence is regarded as one of the most common geohazards accompanied with the rapid urban expansion in recent years. In the last two decades, Wuhan located in the alluvial Jinaghan Plain has experienced great urban expansion with increased subsidence issues, i.e. soft foundation subsidence and karst collapses. Here we investigated subsidence rates in Wuhan city with 2015–2019 Sentinel-1 SAR images. We found that the overall subsidence over Wuhan region is significantly correlated with the distribution of engineering geological regions (EGSs). We further validated the InSAR measurements with better than 5 mm accuracy by comparing with leveling measurements. Subsidence centers in Qingling-jiangdi, Houhu, Qingshan and Dongxihu area were identified with displacement rates of approximately 30 mm/yr. Our results demonstrated that the dominant driven factor is ongoing constructions and the subsidence centers shifted with construction intensities. Qingling-Jiangdi area in our study is a well-known sites of karst collapses. We find the nonlinear subsidence of this area is correlated with the water level variations of the Yangtze River.
Brief Communication: Thwaites Glacier cavity evolution
Authors: Bevan Suzanne L. , Luckman Adrian J. , Benn Douglas I. , Adusumilli Susheel , Crawford Anna
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Between 2014 and 2017, ocean melt eroded a large cavity beneath and along the western margin of the fast-flowing core of Thwaites Glacier. Here we show that from 2017 to the end of 2020 the cavity persisted but did not expand. This behaviour, of melt concentrated at the grounding line within confined sub-shelf cavities, fits with prior observations and modelling studies. We also show that acceleration and thinning of Thwaites Glacier grounded ice continue, with an increase in speed of 400 ma−1 and a thinning rate of 1.5 ma−1, between 2012 and 2020.
Elastic properties of floating sea ice from air-coupled flexural waves
Authors: Romeyn Rowan , Hanssen Alfred , Ruud Bent Ole , Johansen Tor Arne
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Air-coupled flexural waves appear as wave trains of constant frequency that arrive in advance of the direct air-wave from an impulsive source travelling over a floating ice sheet. The frequency of these waves varies with the flexural stiffness of the ice sheet, which is controlled by a combination of thickness and elastic properties. We develop a theoretical framework to understand these waves, utilizing modern numerical and Fourier methods to give a simpler and more accessible description than the pioneering, yet unwieldly analytical efforts of the 1950's. Our favoured dynamical model can be understood in terms of linear filter theory and is closely related to models used to describe the flexural waves produced by moving vehicles on floating plates. We find that air-coupled flexural waves are a robust feature of floating ice-sheets excited by impulsive sources over a large range of thicknesses, and we present a simple closed-form estimator for the ice thickness. Our study is focussed on first-year sea ice of ~20–80 cm thickness in Van Mijenfjorden, Svalbard, that was investigated through active source seismic experiments over four field campaigns in 2013, 2016, 2017 and 2018. The air-coupled flexural frequencies for sea-ice in this thickness range are ~60–240 Hz. While air-coupled flexural waves for thick sea-ice have received little attention, the higher frequencies associated with thin ice on fresh water lakes and rivers are well known to the ice-skating community and have been reported in popular media. Estimation of ice physical properties, following the approach we present, may allow improved surface wave modelling and wavefield subtraction in reflection seismic studies where flexural wave noise is undesirable. On the other hand, air-coupled flexural waves may also permit non-destructive continuous monitoring of ice thickness and flexural stiffness using simple, relatively inexpensive microphones located in the vicinity of the desired measurement location, either above the ice-sheet or along the shoreline. In this case, naturally forming cracks in the ice may be an appropriate impulsive source capable of exciting flexural waves in floating ice sheets in a passive monitoring context.
APPROACHES TO ADAPTIVE FORECASTING OF THE DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTER ATTACKS IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Authors: Golitsyn Sergey Alexandrovich , Shulzhenko Anastasia Dmitrievna
Published: March 2021

This article discusses the issues of organizing countering computer attacks based on predicting the
directions of their development and the formation of alternatives to counter them. The functional-structural
diagram and architecture of the subsystem for predicting computer attacks are proposed.
Application of Risk Management Quality Integrated And Impact on the Quality Students Improvement MAN 2 Medan Model
Authors: Azizah Nur
Published: March 2021

Implementation of Total Quality Management of in school has a purpose main give satisfaction to the customer services of education either internal or external to the results of product quality . Implementation of Total Quality Management in schools requires at least three stages of implementation , namely : preparation , planning , and implementation . Problems are contained in the study times this include How the implementation of management quality integrated in Man 2 Model Terrain , How is the impact of the implementation of management quality integrated in the improvement of the quality of the participants didikdi Man 2 Model Medan method of research that is done is to use approach qualitative with technique of collection of data such as observation , interview and documentation . The results of his research is the management quality integrated merupaka a theory of knowledge management who directs the leadership of the organization and its personnel to carry out repairs quality constantly are focused on achieving the satisfaction of customers internal and customers externally. Implementation of the management quality integrated in MAN 2 Model Terrain increasingly in improved based on the needs of customers in order to graduate from madrash that can fulfill the wishes and expectations of the community . The impact of the implementation of management quality terpdusejauh it can be seen from the attitude , behavior behavior , and ways of view of students and residents madrsah lainny to continue melakukn repair and can compete dier digital now this. Constraints that expressed by the head of the madrassa in the improvement of the quality of the participant students in the form of time which is in charge sometimes not in accordance with the conditions and expectations
Features of state purchases some services in Kazakhstan
Authors: ABDIGAMIDOV Abzal
Published: March 2021

In this article, the author outlined his practical methodology for organizing purchases for high-quality, efficient, economical and operational events, such as conferences, forums, corporate, sports, cultural, festive and similar events. The author listed all the existing problems and risks in terms of planning and purchasing services for organizing and conducting events, identified by him from his experience of conducting these events, as well as the experience of the state auditor. In this article, the author also provided ways to solve the existing problems in this direction and pointed out the positive aspects of using the proposed methodology, which he practically tested. The peculiarity of the proposed method is that the resource support of the event is not carried out by transferring the entire allocated amount of "one service" to a separate supplier, but at the expense of its own organization and providing the event by conducting separate purchases of goods, services, and services from individuals (lecturers, experts, etc.) under contracts for the provision of paid services
The Influence of Tax Revenue, Government Expenditures, Fiscal Decentralization, Carbon Emission and Exports on Economic Growth of Developing Countries
Authors: Maneerat Channew , Fazal Snober
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, the achievement of high economic growth is a significant task for every country around the globe and also gain the attention of the researchers. Therefore, the present study purpose is to examine the role of tax revenue, government expenditures, fiscal decentralization, carbon emission and exports on the economic growth of developing countries. The data has been gathered from the World Development Indicator (WDI) for the year 2008-2019 from fifteen emerging developing countries around the globe. The present study executed the robust standard error and generalized method of moment (GMM) to check the association among the tax revenue, government expenditures, fiscal decentralization, carbon emission, exports and economic growth of developing countries. The results revealed that all the predictors such as tax revenue, government expenditures, fiscal decentralization, carbon emission and exports have positive nexus with the economic growth of developing countries. These outcomes are helpful for the regulators of the developing countries that they should focus on foremost factors that could enhance the economic growth of the country.
La problemática social : el empleo y los rostros del desempleo
Authors: Barraza Ibarra Jorge
Published: March 2021

Tradicionalmente se reconoce que el nivel de empleo de la población es un importante indicador del bienestar de una sociedad.El empleo es una categoría económica y social de gran importancia en las complejas economías modernas, en gran medida un factor dinámico del crecimiento.Los economistas en sus desarrollos teóricos se han preocupado por explicar las causas que determinan el nivel de empleo de una economía y las motivaciones subyacentes en el comportamiento de la oferta y demanda de trabajo, distinguiendo algunas modalidades del paro en involuntario, friccional o estructural.
El gobierno y su primera evaluación anual
Authors: Barraza Ibarra Jorge
Published: March 2021

Las expectativas que el nuevo gobierno del Presidente Francisco Flores generó en los inicios de su gestión tuvieron una gran dosis de esperanzas generalizadas hacia todos los sectores de una sociedad ávida de cambios encaminados a la construcción de un nuevo país y de soluciones de los endémicos problemas que golpean a los salvadoreños desde hace una década.Ricos y pobres; empresarios y obreros; empleados y desocupados, preocupadas amas de casa; padres de familia, intranquilos por la educación de sus hijos; en resumen, la inmensa mayoría de los salvadoreños identificaron el ascenso de Francisco Flores como una opción diferente de enfrentar las tareas del gobierno, a pesar de la preocupación para muchos, de un tercer período de gobierno para el partido político ARENA.
Naturaleza de la Ciencia e historia de la ley de Boyle en futuros profesores de ciencias
Authors: Leal Castro Alejandro , Morales Oliveros Edna Eliana
Published: March 2021

Este artículo presenta los resultados de una investigación llevada a cabo con futuros profesores de ciencias. En concreto, se muestran los hallazgos derivados de la aplicación de una Secuencia Didáctica (SD) que integra la categoría Naturaleza de la Ciencia (NdC) con los modelos históricos presentes en la formulación de la Ley de Boyle, a saber, la controversia filosófica sobre el vacío, el interés por la producción de vacío experimental y, en última instancia, la construcción de la bomba de aire y los trabajos de Boyle sobre la presión del aire. Se destaca el valor potencial de la Historia de la Ciencia (HC) para el aprendizaje en y sobre la ciencia, es decir, acerca de sus resultados y procesos.
Incorporating Popular Media to Engage Students
Authors: Meadows Michelle , Caniglia Joanne
Published: March 2021

Portrayals in popular media offer ways to convey images of the mathematics field as both beautiful and powerful
Validation of Modified Paediatric Triage Score in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Sahoo Bandya , Mishra Reshmi , Jain Mukesh Kumar , Patnaik Sibabratta
Published: March 2021

Introduction: The global burden of paediatric mortality is high and majority of the deaths are preventable by providing timely access to specialised emergency care. An appropriate triage in a busy emergency department can identify the sickest patient for early intervention. Aim: To develop a simple score based on physical variables alone and assess its validation so as to predict Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission. Materials and Methods: This prospective hospital based study included 936 children, aged 1 month to 18 years. Baseline demographic data along with clinical variables were noted in a pre-designed proforma at the time of admission. A scoring system was developed based on severity of various clinical variables i.e., heart rate, respiratory rate, respiratory effort, Oxygen Saturation (SpO2), Capillary Refill Time (CFT), temperature, level of consciousness and behaviour. The outcome i.e., admission to ward or Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) of the patient was correlated with the study variables and total score. An association of modified PETS with the PICU admission was done using Chi-square test. A p-value of <0.01 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The modified Paediatric Triage Score (PETS) which is developed based on eight physical variables, is reliable in discriminating the children with ward and ICU admission. A score of ≥6 leads to 14.8 times higher risk of getting admitted to ICU as compared to a child with score of <6. A cut-off of ≥6 for modified PETS score has a sensitivity of 79.6% and specificity of 79.2% in predicting ICU admission. Conclusion: This simple clinically developed scoring system based on physical variables alone with an optimal cut-off of ≥6 can predict severity of illness and need for PICU admission in Emergency Department with acceptable validity and can serve as a potentially excellent screening tool.
Immune Thrombocytopenia causing Abnormal Uterine Bleeding in an Adolescent Girl having Co-Existent Type-1 Neurofibromatosis- Is it an Association or Coincidence?
Authors: Sharma Charu , Bansal Shavina , Shekhar Shashank , Jhirwal Manisha , Patwa Payal
Published: March 2021

Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by a low circulating platelet count. ITP is caused by destruction of antibody-sensitised platelets in the reticuloendothelial system. Majority of the patients with ITP remain asymptomatic or develop only purpura, petechiae or epistaxis (83%) but few, very rarely, may present with abnormal uterine bleeding. On the other hand, Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant disorder which can present with either precocious puberty or delayed puberty. This case report highlights a case of a 14-year-old female who presented with heavy menstrual bleeding as a presenting symptom of ITP and was co-incidentally also diagnosed as Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF-1) during work-up of ITP for multiple hyperpigmented macules (Café-au-lait spots) noticed on her neck, forearm and back and the presence of Lisch nodules in iris. She was managed with steroids, oral contraceptive pills, iron and multivitamin tablets.
Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis: A Blessing for Notorious Distal Tibia Fractures
Authors: Daragad Manjunath , Kulkarni Shrihari L , Mannual Sunil , Kumar Sachin
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Fractures of distal tibia are difficult to treat as they are high energy fractures, associated with extremely damaged soft tissues, poor vascularity, high incidence of compound injuries, skin complications following surgery and comminution of the metaphysis and articular surface makes anatomical reduction difficult. A mechanically stable osteosynthesis can be obtained with minimum dissection and surgical trauma by Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Plate Osteosynthesis (MIPPO). In this technique fracture is reduced indirectly, and is fixed with Locking Compression Plate (LCP). Aim: To assess functional and radiological outcomes of distal tibial fractures managed by MIPPO using LCP. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 25 patients with distal tibia fractures were operated by LCP using MIPPO technique. Patients were followed-up at regular intervals for about one year. They were assessed clinically, functionally and with radiologically for fracture union. Functional assessment was done using American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS) scoring system. Radiological outcome was evaluated using the Radiological Union Scale in Tibia Fracture (RUST) to assess union. Data was analysed using paired t-test. The chosen level of significance was p-value <0.05. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 was used for analysis. Results: Males were more commonly affected with Road Traffic Accident (RTA) being the most common mode of injury. All fractures healed with good functional outcome. Mean union time was 20 weeks. Mean AOFAS score at the end of one year was 88.83 (SD 5.65) and mean RUST score was 11.58 (SD 0.72) at the end of one-year follow-up, indicating good outcome. There was one case of superficial infection which was managed with antibiotics, one patient had implant failure. Conclusion: LCP using MIPPO offers biological advantage by preserving periosteal blood supply, which is particularly critical with distal tibia or pilon injury. Thus, fractures heal rapidly with very few complications.
The miR‐19b‐3p‐MAP2K3‐STAT3 feedback loop regulates cell proliferation and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Ying , Lu Weiqing , Chen Yelong , Lin Youbin , Yang Xia , Wang Hu , Liu Zhaoyong
Published: March 2021

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most refractory malignancies worldwide. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase 3 (MAP2K3) has a contradictory role in tumor progression, and the function and expression patterns of MAP2K3 in ESCC remain to be determined. We found that MAP2K3 expression to be downregulated in ESCC, and MAP2K3 downregulation correlated with clinically poor survival. MAP2K3 inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and invasion in vitro and in vivo. MAP2K3 suppressed STAT3 expression and activation. Mechanistically, MAPSK3 interacted with MDM2 to promote STAT3 degradation via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Furthermore, exosomal miR‐19b‐3p derived from the plasma of patients with ESCC could suppress MAP2K3 expression to promote ESCC tumorigenesis. STAT3 was found to bind to the MIR19B promoter and increased the expression of miR‐19b‐3p in ESCC cells. In summary, our results demonstrated that the miR‐19b‐3p‐MAP2K3‐STAT3 feedback loop regulates ESCC tumorigenesis and elucidates the potential of therapeutically targeting this pathway in ESCC.
A Sandwich‐model experiment with personal response systems on epigenetics: insights into learning gain, student engagement and satisfaction
Authors: Katsioudi Georgia , Kostareli Efterpi
Published: March 2021

Current trends in Higher Education Pedagogies include an ongoing discussion about active learning strategies. Technology‐based interventions such as personal response systems (PRS) have gained momentum, especially since the advent of cloud‐/web‐based solutions. One model that supports the transition from traditional lecturing towards active learning by maintaining a balance between instruction and self‐learning is the ‘Sandwich Model’. In the present study, we investigated the impact of the Sandwich Model combined with PRS in student learning, engagement and satisfaction by a randomised trial in a large undergraduate biomedical/medical sciences class. A teaching session on epigenetics was delivered either as a traditional lecture (C‐group) or as a PRS‐including Sandwich‐based session (S‐group). The major finding of our experiment was the significantly enhanced performance of the S‐group over the control, suggesting that the Sandwich Model improves learning gain. We also provide strong evidence that the Sandwich Model enhances student engagement and satisfaction. However, the effect of the Sandwich Model in learning gain and student attitudes was not dependent on PRS incorporation per se and students seemed to favour non‐PRS activities over PRS, as evidenced by their feedback. Although further experimental research is needed in order to conclusively compare and contrast PRS and non‐PRS activities regarding learning gain, we propose the usage of the Sandwich Model with a variety of in‐class learning activities, both PRS and non‐PRS‐based. Altogether, our work shows that the Sandwich Model is a powerful pedagogical approach that exerts a positive impact on student perceptions for learning and satisfaction and that can support the teaching of challenging biomedical concepts, such as epigenetics.
Microstructure and Ablation Behavior of W/ZrC/SiC Coating on C/C Composites Prepared by Reactive Melt Infiltration and Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Zhou Zhe , Niu Furong , Hu Xiangfen , Yang Xianfeng , Liu Peng , Zhang Long , Fan Xizhi , Mao Weiguo , Zhang Bei , Sun Zexu , Yi Maozhong
Published: March 2021

A W/ZrC/SiC multilayer coating is prepared on carbon/carbon (C/C) composites by reactive melt infiltration (RMI) and atmospheric plasma spray (APS). The morphology and microstructure of the coating are characterized by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and focused ion beam (FIB) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microstructure analysis reveals that the gradient coatings exhibit smooth surface morphology, well‐defined interfaces, uniform thickness, and a highly dense architecture. After 60 s of ablation, the linear ablation rates (LARs) and mass ablation rates (MARs) of the coated composites stand at 2.58 × 10−3 mm s−1 and 5.25 × 10−3 g s−1, respectively. In general, the reason for the great ablation resistance of W/ZrC/SiC‐coated C/C composites is the comprehensive effect of the multilayer coating. The outer W coating is used as the first barrier layer to resist most thermal shocks. Then, the molten eutectics SiO2–ZrO2 formed in the ZrC/SiC layer at service temperature can fill the pores and act as a second diffusion barrier for oxygen and heat.
Nature and Role of Surface Junctions in BiOIO3 Photocatalysts
Authors: Di Liberto Giovanni , Tosoni Sergio , Pacchioni Gianfranco
Published: March 2021

BiOIO3 photocatalysts exposing (010) and (100) surfaces show high efficiency in photocatalytic experiments thanks to an efficient charge separation: photogenerated electrons migrate to the (010) face, and holes move to the (100) one (F. Chen, et al.). However, if one considers the band alignment of the two thermodynamically most stable terminations of the (010) and (100) surfaces as derived from high‐level density functional theory calculations, the band alignment is opposite to the experiment even if the formation of an explicit (010)/(100) junction is considered. To reconcile theory with experiment, one has to invoke the formation of a junction between a less stable (010) surface termination with the most stable (100) one. New chemical bonds at the interface result in a thermodynamically stable system and a significant charge transfer. This junction not only provides the correct band alignment, but also a position of the energy levels that is fully consistent with the experiment. This shows that in order to rationalize the behavior of semiconducting materials where charge separation helps the photoactivity, one has to describe the formation of explicit interfaces with atomistic precision, and to take into account the overall thermodynamic stability of the system.
Sub‐2 nm Thiophosphate Nanosheets with Heteroatom Doping for Enhanced Oxygen Electrocatalysis
Authors: Song Junnan , Qiu Siyao , Hu Feng , Ding Yonghao , Han Silin , Li Linlin , Chen Han‐Yi , Han Xiaopeng , Sun Chenghua , Peng Shengjie
Published: March 2021

Developing an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst with accelerated kinetics is important but challenging for rechargeable metal‐air batteries. In this study, a series of anion‐regulated sub‐2 nm ultrathin thiophosphate nanosheets (NiPS3–xSex NSs) is rationally designed and synthesized as bifunctional oxygen evolution/reduction reaction (OER/ORR) electrocatalysts for Zn‐air batteries. The increase of nominal Se dopants (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) leads to the expansion of (001) crystal plane spacing and partially disordered structure generation after the incorporation of Se to pristine NiPS3. More importantly, electronic structures of active sites can be reasonably regulated via coordination of the interaction between anions and cations. Density functional theory calculations reveal that such tailored electronic structures reduce the overpotential of the thermodynamic barriers step for both OER and ORR as well as shorten energy bandgap, which can accelerate reaction kinetics in electrocatalytic processes and enhance electrical conductivity. Consequently, the obtained NiPS3–xSex NSs exhibit low OER overpotential (250 mV) and positive ORR onset potential (0.94 V), large power density (152 mW cm−2), and robust stability (96 h cycle) for Zn‐air devices, far exceeding that of precious metal catalysts. This study provides a novel tactic to design earth‐abundant and highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for metal‐air battery technologies.
Photodriven Transient Picosecond Top‐Layer Semiconductor to Metal Phase‐Transition in p‐Doped Molybdenum Disulfide
Authors: Sorgenfrei Nomi L. A. N. , Giangrisostomi Erika , Jay Raphael M. , Kühn Danilo , Neppl Stefan , Ovsyannikov Ruslan , Sezen Hikmet , Svensson Svante , Föhlisch Alexander
Published: March 2021

Visible light is shown to create a transient metallic S–Mo–S surface layer on bulk semiconducting p‐doped indirect‐bandgap 2H‐MoS2. Optically created electron–hole pairs separate in the surface band bending region of the p‐doped semiconducting crystal causing a transient accumulation of electrons in the surface region. This triggers a reversible 2H‐semiconductor to 1T‐metal phase‐transition of the surface layer. Electron–phonon coupling of the indirect‐bandgap p‐doped 2H‐MoS2 enables this efficient pathway even at a low density of excited electrons with a distinct optical excitation threshold and saturation behavior. This mechanism needs to be taken into consideration when describing the surface properties of illuminated p‐doped 2H‐MoS2. In particular, light‐induced increased charge mobility and surface activation can cause and enhance the photocatalytic and photoassisted electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction of water on 2H‐MoS2. Generally, it opens up for a way to control not only the surface of p‐doped 2H‐MoS2 but also related dichalcogenides and layered systems. The findings are based on the sensitivity of time‐resolved electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis with photon‐energy‐tuneable synchrotron radiation.
Nitrogen fertilization and glyphosate‐resistant alfalfa termination method effects on first‐year silage corn
Authors: Clark Jason D. , Yost Matt A. , Griggs Thomas C. , Cardon Grant E. , Ransom Corey V. , Creech J. Earl
Published: March 2021

Tillage type/timing and herbicide application date may change the amount and timing of N mineralization, altering fertilizer N needs for first‐year corn (Zea mays L.) following glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine]‐resistant (GR) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Studies were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Utah. Yield, quality, and economic return of silage corn as affected by five tillage type/timings (fall conventional till, spring conventional till, fall strip‐till, spring strip‐till, and no‐till), three herbicide application dates for alfalfa termination (fall, spring, and in‐crop), and four N rates (0, 56, 112, and 224 kg ha−1) were evaluated. Silage corn yield and quality following GR alfalfa was economically optimized without N fertilization regardless of tillage type/timing and herbicide application date. Thus, N from decomposing alfalfa can provide the full N requirement of first‐year silage corn following GR alfalfa. Estimated animal milk production ha−1 of silage corn was greatest and similar for all herbicide application dates with conventional tillage and spring herbicide application with strip‐till and no‐till (26–38 Mg milk ha−1), whereas an in‐crop herbicide application with strip‐till and no‐till resulted in the lowest estimated milk production (21–29 Mg milk ha−1). Increased economic return for the in‐crop herbicide date by including economics from harvesting the first alfalfa cutting before planting corn mostly offset the reduced economic return of the lower silage corn yield. Therefore, an application of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) in the fall, spring, or in‐crop to control GR alfalfa are good economic options for conventional tillage, strip‐till, and no‐till systems.
Hidden Mechanism Behind the Roughness‐Enhanced Selectivity of Carbon Monoxide Electrocatalytic Reduction
Authors: Liu Yinghuan , Jiang Huijun , Hou Zhonghuai
Published: March 2021

High roughness has been proved to be an effective design strategy for electrocatalyst in many systems. Especially, high selectivity of carbon monoxide reduction (CORR) in competition with the hydrogen evolution reaction has been observed on high roughness electrocatalysts. However, the two well‐known mechanisms, i.e., decreasing the energy barrier of CORR and increasing local pH, failed to understand the roughness‐enhanced selectivity in a recent experiment. Herein we unravel the hidden mechanism by establishing a comprehensive kinetic model for CORR on catalysts with different roughness factors. We conclude that the roughness‐enhanced CORR selectivity is actually kinetic controlled by local‐electric‐field‐directed mass transfer of adsorbed species on the electrode surface. Several ways to optimize CORR selectivity are predicted. Our work highlights the kinetics in electrocatalysis on nanocatalysts, and provides a conceptually new principle for future catalyst design.
Reduktion der CO2‐Emissionen aus den Abgasen der Stahlindustrie durch Trockenreformierung von Methan
Authors: Angeli Sofia D. , Gossler Sabrina , Lichtenberg Sven , Kass Gilles , Agrawal Anand Kumar , Valerius Miriam , Kinzel Klaus Peter , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: March 2021

In einem neuartigen Verfahren werden die Treibhausgase CO2 und CH4, wie sie in den Abgasen von Koks‐ und Hochöfen der Stahlindustrie vorkommen, durch homogene Reformierung zu Synthesegas, einem Gemisch aus H2 und CO, umgesetzt. Dazu wird einem Hochtemperatur/Hochdruck‐Durchflussreaktor ein für Koksofengase (COG) und Gichtgase (BFG) typisches Gasgemisch zugeführt, wobei Temperatur, Druck, Verweilzeit und COG/BFG‐Mischungsverhältnis variiert werden. Eine maximale CO2‐Reduktion von 78.5 % und ein CH4‐Umsatz von 95 % können bei 1350 °C, 5.5 bar und einem COG/BFG‐Verhältnis von 0.6 erreicht werden. Mit den homogenen Gasphasenreaktionen geht die Bildung signifikanter Mengen an kohlenstoffhaltigen Ablagerungen einher, die jedoch nicht zu einer Blockierung des Reaktors während eines Betriebszyklus führen und damit einen zyklischen Betrieb ermöglichen. Die experimentellen Untersuchungen basieren auf vorherigen thermodynamischen Analysen und kinetischen Vorhersagen mittels eines elementarkinetischen Modells.
Synthesis and antimalarial and anticancer evaluation of 7‐chlorquinoline‐4‐thiazoleacetic derivatives containing aryl hydrazide moieties
Authors: Ramírez Hegira , Fernandez Esteban , Rodrigues Juan , Mayora Soriuska , Martínez Gricelis , Celis Carmen , De Sanctis Juan B. , Mijares Michael , Charris Jaime
Published: March 2021

Twelve 7‐chloroquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized using the principle of molecular hybridization through the coupling of 2‐[2‐(7‐chloroquinolin‐4‐ylthio)‐4‐methylthiazol‐5‐yl]acetic acid 1 with various benzoyl hydrazines 2a–l. The synthetic compounds were tested as antimalarials. Some of them showed an efficient in vitro activity as inhibitors of β‐hematin formation and an in vivo activity in a murine model, resulting in compounds 8 and 9 as the most active ones with IC50 values of 0.65 ± 0.09 and 0.64 ± 0.16 µM, respectively. The effects of the compounds on the cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis induction of A549 and MCF‐7 cancer cell lines were also examined. Our data showed that compounds 6 and 12 were the most active agents, decreasing the cell viability of MCF‐7 cells with IC50 values of 15.41 and 12.99 µM, respectively. None of the compounds analyzed significantly affected the viability of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Also, significant induction of apoptosis was observed when both cancer cell lines were incubated with compounds 6 and 12. In MCF‐7 cells, treatment with these compounds led to cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. The results obtained suggest that these structures may be useful in developing new therapies for malaria and cancer treatment.
Fluorescent Columnar Liquid‐Crystalline Polymers: Synthesis, Mesomorphic Behaviors and Tunable Emission Wavelengths†
Authors: Mu Bin , Zhang Zhelin , Zhao Yu , Hao Xiangnan , Tian Wei
Published: March 2021

Main observation and conclusion

Fluorescent columnar liquid‐crystalline polymers have attracted intensive attention due to their unique features that can be applied in many fields. However, the utilization of molecular engineering to achieve efficient fluorescence tuning has rarely been resolved. Herein, we report a series of liquid‐crystalline polymers with α‐cyanostilbene pendants attaching to polymethacrylate backbone by variant length ethylene glycol spacers, that assemble into hexagonal columnar mesophases and exhibit efficient fluorescence emission. Both the columnar ordering and the emission wavelength can be tuned just by altering the length of flexible spacers. With an elongation of the spacer, the columnar ordering and dimensions increased, and the fluorescence emission blue‐shifted gradually. With good correlation of molecular design, columnar structure and fluorescence property, this study is expected to augment the understanding of spacer length influence in liquid‐crystalline polymers and provide a guidance for the design and development of novel functional polymer materials.
Contribution of N‐heterocycles towards anti‐tubercular drug discovery (2014–2019); predicted and reengineered molecular frameworks
Authors: Atukuri Dorababu , Gunjal Rutu , Holagundi Nagaraj , Korlahalli Bibiashabi , Gangannavar Sanjeevini , Akkasali Kirankumar
Published: March 2021

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, responsible for high death frequency every year all over the world. In this regard, efficient drug‐design and discovery towards the prevention of M.tb H37Rv is of prime concern. Prevention of the infection may include vaccination, and the treatment comprises anti‐TB drug regimen. However, the vaccine decreases the risk of tuberculosis infection only to some extent, while drug‐resistance limits the efficacy of the existing anti‐TB agents. Much improvement has to be achieved to overcome pitfalls such as side effects, high‐toxicity, low bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and hence forth in clinical therapeutics. Amongst heterocyclic compounds, N‐heterocycles played a pivotal role in drug‐design and discovery. A wide range of microbial diseases are being treated by the N‐heterocyclic drugs. The present review comprises description of anti‐TB effects of the N‐heterocycles such as indoles, triazoles, thiazoles, and pyrazoles. The potent anti‐TB activity exerted by the derivatives of these heterocycles is evaluated critically alongside emphasizing structure–activity relationship. Besides, docking studies supporting anti‐TB activity is supplemented. Alongside this, based on the potent heterocyclic molecules, the molecular frameworks are designed that would bring about enhanced M. tb H37Rv inhibitory potencies.
Vegetation structural complexity and biodiversity in the Great Smoky Mountains
Authors: Walter Jonathan A. , Stovall Atticus E. L. , Atkins Jeff W.
Published: March 2021

Vegetation structural complexity and biodiversity tend to be positively correlated, but understanding of this relationship is limited in part by structural metrics tending to quantify only horizontal or vertical variation, and that do not reflect internal structure. We developed new metrics for quantifying internal vegetation structural complexity using terrestrial LiDAR scanning and applied them to 12 NEON forest plots across an elevational gradient in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. We asked (1) How do our newly developed structure metrics compare to traditional metrics? (2) How does forest structure vary with elevation in a high‐biodiversity, high topographic complexity region? (3) How do forest structural metrics vary in the strength of their relationships with vascular plant biodiversity? Our new measures of canopy density (Depth) and structural complexity (σDepth), and their canopy height‐normalized counterparts, were sensitive to structural variations and effectively summarized horizontal and vertical dimensions of structural complexity. Forest structure varied widely across plots spanning the elevational range of GRSM, with taller, more structurally complex forests at lower elevation. Vascular plant biodiversity was negatively correlated with elevation and more strongly positively correlated with vegetation structure variables. The strong correlations we observed between canopy structural complexity and biodiversity suggest that structural complexity metrics could be used to assay plant biodiversity over large areas in concert with airborne and spaceborne platforms.
Brackish marshes erode twice as fast as saline marshes in the Mississippi Delta region
Authors: Valentine Kendall , Bruno Grayton , Elsey‐Quirk Tracy , Mariotti Giulio
Published: March 2021

Marsh soil properties vary drastically across estuarine salinity gradients, which can affect soil strength and, consequently, marsh edge erodibility. Here, we quantify how marsh erosion differs between saline and brackish marshes of the Mississippi Delta. We analyzed long‐term (1932–2015) maps of marsh loss and developed an algorithm to distinguish edge erosion from interior loss. We found that the edge erosion rate remains nearly constant at decadal timescales, whereas interior loss varies by more than 100%. On average, roughly half of marsh loss can be attributed to edge erosion, the other half to interior loss. Based on data from 42 cores, brackish marsh soils had a lower bulk density (0.17 vs. 0.27 g/cm3), a higher organic content (43% vs. 26%), a lower shear strength (2.0 vs. 2.5 kPa), and a lower shear strength in the root layer (13.8 vs. 20.7 kPa) than saline marsh soils. We then modified an existing marsh edge erosion model by including a salinity‐dependent erodibility. By calibrating the erodibility with the observed retreat rates, we found that the brackish marsh is two to three times more erodible than the saline marshes. Overall, this model advances the ability to simulate estuarine systems as a whole, thus transcending the salinity boundaries often used in compartmentalized marsh models.
A single‐step and simplified graphics processing unit lattice Boltzmann method for high turbulent flows
Authors: Delgado‐Gutiérrez Arturo , Marzocca Pier , Cárdenas Diego , Probst Oliver
Published: March 2021

In this work, a low‐computational cost graphics processing unit (GPU) lattice Boltzmann Method, coupled with the LES Vreman turbulence model is presented. The algorithm is capable of simulating low‐ and high‐turbulence flows. In contrast to the fractional‐step presented in the Simplified Lattice Boltzmann Method, the proposed work uses a single‐step approach, allowing faster computations of the macroscopic variables without losing any spatial accuracy. Inspired by a recently introduced directional interpolation method for the probability distribution functions, the macroscopic variables for different locations are computed separately, enabling an even further simplification of the steps needed to predict the following time‐step. Similar to the simplified lattice Boltzmann method, this work reduces the required memory allocation by storing only the macroscopic variables. Multiple benchmark cases are presented to compare with results reported in the literature. Excellent agreement with reports in the literature are obtained, while improving the overall computational performance of the algorithm.
Clinical exome sequencing reveals a mutation in PDHA1 in Leigh syndrome: A case of a Chinese boy with lethal neuropathy
Authors: Gong Ke , Xie Li , Wu Zhong‐shi , Xie Xia , Zhang Xing‐xing , Chen Jin‐Lan
Published: March 2021

Background

Leigh syndrome, the most common mitochondrial syndrome in pediatrics, has diverse clinical manifestations and is genetically heterogeneous. Pathogenic mutations in more than 75 genes of two genomes (mitochondrial and nuclear) have been identified. PDHA1 encoding the E1 alpha subunit is an X‐chromosome gene whose mutations cause pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency.

Methods

Here, we have described a 12‐year‐old boy with lethal neuropathy who almost died of a sudden loss of breathing and successive cardiac arrest. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation rescued his life. His diagnosis was corrected from Guillain–Barré syndrome to Leigh syndrome 1 month later by clinical exome sequencing. Furthermore, we used software to predict the protein structure caused by frameshift mutations. We treated the boy with vitamin B1, coenzyme Q10, and a ketogenic diet.

Results

A PDHA1 mutation (NM_000284.4:c.1167_1170del) was identified as the underlying cause. The amino acid mutation was p.Ser390LysfsTer33. Moreover, the protein structure prediction results suggested that the protein structure has changed. The parents of the child were negative, so the mutation was de novo. The comprehensive assessment of the mutation was pathogenic. His condition gradually improved after receiving treatment.

Conclusion

This case suggests that gene detection should be popularized to improve diagnosis accuracy, especially in developing countries such as China.
A wideband circularly polarized crossed dipole antenna with compact structure and frequency reconfiguration
Authors: Li Wentao , Qu Haotian , Wang Yiming , Wei Meng , Hei Yongqiang
Published: March 2021

In this letter, a novel wideband circularly polarized (CP) crossed dipole antenna with frequency reconfiguration is proposed. By introducing two quasi‐Sierpinski fractal orthogonal dipoles printed on both sides of the substrate, compact, broadband and low cross‐polarization characteristics are achieved. The proposed antenna can be switched flexibly over two frequency bands via controlling the states of the PIN diodes inserted in each arm of the crossed dipole. The measured −10 dB impedance bandwidths of the antenna are 63% in 2.23–4.27 GHz and 12.5% in 4.04–4.58 GHz, respectively. Meanwhile, the 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths are 34.7% in 2.5–3.55 GHz and 4.16% in 4.23–4.41 GHz, respectively. The proposed antenna is desired to be applied in the future wireless communication systems.
Renal deposition and clearance of recombinant poly‐IgA complexes in a model of IgA nephropathy
Authors: Xie Xinfang , Liu Pan , Gao Li , Zhang Xue , Lan Ping , Bijol Vanesa , Lv Jicheng , Zhang Hong , Jin Jing
Published: March 2021

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common type of glomerulonephritis worldwide, which follows a chronic but nonetheless highly variable course of progression. IgA immune complexes are the primary source of renal deposits in IgAN. Apart from the presence of granular IgA1 deposits in the glomerular mesangium and mesangial hypercellularity as common features, the detailed process of IgA1 deposition and clearance in the kidney remains unclear. We sought to examine the dynamics of IgA deposition and tissue plasticity in response to deposits including their intrarenal clearance. We followed a synthetic approach to produce a recombinant fusion between IgA Fc (rIgA) and a biotin tag, which was subsequently induced with streptavidin (SA) to form an oligomeric poly‐IgA mimic. Both uninduced rIgA (mono‐rIgA) and polymeric SA‐rIgA (poly‐rIgA) were injected intravenously into Wistar rats. Plasma IgA levels and renal and liver histology were examined in a time series. In contrast to mono‐rIgA, this synthetic poly‐rIgA analog formed renal deposits exclusively in the glomerulus and were mostly cleared in 3 h. However, repeated daily injections for 12 days caused long‐lasting and stronger glomerular IgA deposition together with IgG and complement C3, in association with mesangial cell proliferation, matrix expansion, and variable degrees of albuminuria and hematuria that phenocopied IgAN. Ex vivo, poly‐rIgA bound cultured mesangial cells and elicited cytokine production, in addition to activating plasma C3 that was consistent with the actions of IgA immune complexes in IgAN pathogenesis. Remarkably, the kidneys were able to reverse all pathologic manifestations and restore normal glomerular histology 2 weeks after injections were halted. The synthetic model showed the kinetics between the intricate balance of renal deposition and clearance, as well as glomerular plasticity towards healing. Together, the results revealed a priming effect of existing deposits in promoting stronger and longer‐lasting IgA deposition to cause renal damage. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Children and young adults hospitalized for severe COVID‐19 exhibit thrombotic coagulopathy
Authors: Mitchell William B. , Davila Jennifer , Keenan Janine , Jackson Jenai , Tal Adit , Morrone Kerry A. , Silver Ellen J. , O'Brien Sarah , Manwani Deepa
Published: March 2021

We report the clinical and laboratory coagulation characteristics of 27 pediatric and young adult patients (2 months to 21 years) treated for symptomatic COVID‐19 at a children's hospital in the Bronx, New York, between March 1 and May 31, 2020. D‐Dimer was > 0.5 μg/mL (upper limit of normal) in 25 (93%) patients at admission; 11 (41%) developed peak D‐dimer > 5 μg/mL during admission. Seven (26%) patients developed venous thromboembolism: three with deep vein thrombosis and four with pulmonary embolism. Requirement of increased ventilatory support was a risk factor for thrombosis (P = 0.006). Three of eight (38%) patients on prophylactic anticoagulation developed thrombosis; however, no patients developed VTE on low‐molecular‐weight heparin prophylaxis titrated to anti‐Xa level. Manifestation of COVID‐19 disease was severe or critical in 16 (59%) patients. Four (15%) patients died of COVID‐19 complications: all had comorbidities. Elevated D‐dimer and increased VTE rate were observed in this young cohort, particularly in those with severe respiratory complications, suggesting thrombotic coagulopathy. More data are needed to guide thromboprophylaxis in this age group.