bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis on the clinical outcomes of patients with single subcortical infarction
Authors: Yang Yi , He Yue , Xu Yuhao , Han Wei , Shao Yuanwei , Zhao Tian , Yu Ming
Published: September 2023

Background

The presence of parental arterial disease (PAD) is correlated with the outcomes of patients with a single subcortical infarction (SSI). Due to the relatively low incidence of PAD, the predictors of outcomes seem to be limited for SSI patients without PAD. This study aims to investigate the association between asymptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (aIAS) and outcomes in patients with SSI and in the subgroup without PAD.

Methods

Patients with SSI were consecutively enrolled. aIAS referred to a stenosis of ≥50% in intracranial arteries irrelevant to SSI by using magnetic resonance angiography. A poor outcome refers to a modified Ranking Scale >2 points at discharge.

Results

In total, 298 participants were enrolled. The presence of aIAS could predict a poor outcome for all SSI patients [adjusted relative risk (aRR) = 2.14, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.17–3.93, p = 0.014] and in the subgroup without PAD (aRR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.47–6.62, p = 0.003), but not in the subgroup with PAD. Compared with participants with neither aIAS nor PAD, the risk of a poor outcome increased approximately 2-fold in those with aIAS only (aRR = 2.95, 95% CI = 1.55–5.60, p = 0.001) and in those with concomitant aIAS and PAD (aRR = 3.10, 95% CI = 1.62–5.95, p = 0.001).

Conclusion

The presence of aIAS is a predictor of a poor outcome in SSI patients, especially in those without PAD.
The shared microbiome in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) of Sanmen Bay, China: core gut microbiome
Authors: Jiang Xiaosong , Niu Mingming , Qin Kangxiang , Hu Yun , Li Yuntao , Che Chenxi , Wang Chunlin , Mu Changkao , Wang Huan
Published: September 2023

Introduction

The mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, holds great commercial significance as a marine crustacean widely cultivated in the Indo-Pacific region. Understanding the core gut microbiota of aquatic animals is crucial for their overall health and growth, yet the core gut microbiota of mud crab remains poorly characterized.

Methods

In this study, we gathered gut samples from mud crabs across five locations within Sanmen Bay, China. Through the utilization of high-throughput sequencing, we delved into the composition of the gut microbial community and identified the core gut microbiome of mud crab.

Results

Our results demonstrate that the gut microbial diversity of mud crab did not exhibit significant variation among the five sampling sites, although there were some differences in community richness. At the phylum level, we identified 35 representative phyla, with Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, and Campilobacterota as the dominant phyla. Among the 815 representative genera, we discovered 19 core genera, which accounted for 65.45% of the total sequences. These core genera were distributed across 6 phyla, and among them, Photobacterium exhibited the highest average relative abundance.

Discussion

Photobacterium has probiotic activity and may play a crucial role in enhancing the immune response of the host and maintaining the diversity of the gut microbiota. Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between the relative abundance of core genera and the stability of the gut microbial community. Furthermore, our findings revealed distinct differences in gut microbial composition and specific taxa between the sexes of mud crab. These differences subsequently influenced the functionality of the gut microbial community. Overall, our investigation sheds light on the core gut microbiota of mud crab, emphasizing the importance of core gut microbial communities in maintaining the health and growth of these commercially significant marine crustaceans.
Reduced biophotonic activities and spectral blueshift in Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia models with cognitive impairment
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Xu Zhipeng , Luo Yi , Peng Sisi , Song Hao , Li Tian , Zheng Jiaxin , Liu Na , Wu Shenjia , Zhang Junxia , Zhang Lei , Hu Yuan , Liu Yanping , Lu Dongwei , Dai Jiapei , Zhang Junjian
Published: September 2023

Background

Although clinically, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD) are the two major types of dementia, it is unclear whether the biophotonic activities associated with cognitive impairments in these diseases share common pathological features.

Methods

We used the ultraweak biophoton imaging system (UBIS) and synaptosomes prepared by modified percoll method to directly evaluate the functional changes in synapses and neural circuits in AD and VaD model animals.

Results

We found that biophotonic activities induced by glutamate were significantly reduced and spectral blueshifted in synaptosomes and brain slices. These changes could be partially reversed by pre-perfusion of the ifenprodil, a specific antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that AD and VaD pathology present similar but complex changes in biophotonic activities and transmission at synapses and neural circuits, implying that communications and information processing of biophotonic signals in the brain are crucial for advanced cognitive functions.
The role and potential therapeutic targets of astrocytes in central nervous system demyelinating diseases
Authors: Tan Rui , Hong Rui , Sui Chunxiao , Yang Dianxu , Tian Hengli , Zhu Tao , Yang Yang
Published: September 2023

Astrocytes play vital roles in the central nervous system, contributing significantly to both its normal functioning and pathological conditions. While their involvement in various diseases is increasingly recognized, their exact role in demyelinating lesions remains uncertain. Astrocytes have the potential to influence demyelination positively or negatively. They can produce and release inflammatory molecules that modulate the activation and movement of other immune cells. Moreover, they can aid in the clearance of myelin debris through phagocytosis and facilitate the recruitment and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, thereby promoting axonal remyelination. However, excessive or prolonged astrocyte phagocytosis can exacerbate demyelination and lead to neurological impairments. This review provides an overview of the involvement of astrocytes in various demyelinating diseases, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms that contribute to demyelination. Additionally, we discuss the interactions between oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells and astrocytes as therapeutic options to support myelin regeneration. Furthermore, we explore the role of astrocytes in repairing synaptic dysfunction, which is also a crucial pathological process in these disorders.
Secondary neurodegeneration following Stroke: what can blood biomarkers tell us?
Authors: Brunelli Stefano , Giannella Emilia , Bizzaglia Mirko , De Angelis Domenico , Sancesario Giulia Maria
Published: September 2023

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and the primary source of disability in adults, resulting in neuronal necrosis of ischemic areas, and in possible secondary degeneration of regions surrounding or distant to the initial damaged area. Secondary neurodegeneration (SNDG) following stroke has been shown to have different pathogenetic origins including inflammation, neurovascular response and cytotoxicity, but can be associated also to regenerative processes. Aside from focal neuronal loss, ipsilateral and contralateral effects distal to the lesion site, disruptions of global functional connectivity and a transcallosal diaschisis have been reported in the chronic stages after stroke. Furthermore, SNDG can be observed in different areas not directly connected to the primary lesion, such as thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, substantia nigra, corpus callosum, bilateral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and superior longitudinal fasciculus, which can be highlighted by neuroimaging techniques. Although the clinical relevance of SNDG following stroke has not been well understood, the identification of specific biomarkers that reflect the brain response to the damage, is of paramount importance to investigate in vivo the different phases of stroke. Actually, brain-derived markers, particularly neurofilament light chain, tau protein, S100b, in post-stroke patients have yielded promising results. This review focuses on cerebral morphological modifications occurring after a stroke, on associated cellular and molecular changes and on state-of-the-art of biomarkers in acute and chronic phase. Finally, we discuss new perspectives regarding the implementation of blood-based biomarkers in clinical practice to improve the rehabilitation approaches and post stroke recovery.
Comparison of auditory cueing in toe tapping and gait in persons with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Stegemöller Elizabeth L. , Berg Riley , Warnecke Alison , Hammer Mollie
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Much research has examined the relationship between bradykinesia and gait impairment in persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Specifically, impairments in repetitive movements of the upper extremity have been associated with freezing of gait. Studies examining lower extremity repetitive movements are limited. Moreover, the use of external cueing has been a treatment strategy for both bradykinesia and gait, but information on how cues should be used is lacking. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of auditory cueing on one side versus both sides for bilateral repetitive toe tapping and gait, and to determine if there was a relationship between toe tapping and gait. We hypothesize that there will be no difference between the cueing conditions, but that there will be a significant association between repetitive toe tapping performance and gait performance.

Methods

Twenty-seven persons with PD completed a toe tapping task in which the more affected side was cued at 70 beats per minute (BPM), the less affected side was cued at 70 BPM, and both sides were cued at 140 BPM. The same cueing conditions were completed for the gait task. Inter movement interval and amplitude data was collected and analyzed for the toe tapping task. Stance time, swing time, step length, and step width were collected and analyzed for the gait task.

Results

Results revealed a significant difference in movement performance between the single side cueing conditions and both sides cued condition for inter movement interval (toe tapping), stance time (gait), step length (gait), and step width (gait). Moreover, results revealed a significant association between inter movement interval and stance time and step length.

Discussion

These results would suggest that cueing both sides is better than only one side and that there is a relationship between toe tapping and gait performance when both sides are cued in persons with PD. This study adds to the literature exploring possible shared mechanisms between bradykinesia and gait in persons with PD.
The nutrition and immunity (nutrIMM) study: protocol for a non-randomized, four-arm parallel-group, controlled feeding trial investigating immune function in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Braga Tibaes Jenneffer Rayane , Barreto Silva Maria Inês , Makarowski Alexander , Cervantes Paulina Blanco , Richard Caroline
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Individuals with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes are at higher risk of infection and have worse prognoses compared to healthy individuals. Several factors may influence immune responses in this population, including high adiposity, hyperglycemia, and unhealthy dietary habits. However, there is insufficient data on the independent or clustered contribution of these factors to obesity-related immune dysfunction, especially accounting for dietary intake. This study aims to establish the independent contribution of obesity and hyperglycemia to immune dysfunction independent of diet in adults with and without obesity with or without type 2 diabetes.

Methods

The Nutrition and Immunity (nutrIMM) study is a single-centre, non-randomized, four-arm, parallel-group, controlled feeding trial. It will enroll adults without obesity (Lean-NG) and with obesity and three metabolic phenotypes of normoglycemia, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. Participants will be assigned to one of four groups and will consume a standard North American-type diet for 4 weeks. The primary outcomes are plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and concentration of ex-vivo interleukin-2 secreted upon stimulation of T cells with phytohemagglutinin.

Discussion

This will be the first controlled feeding study examining the contribution of obesity, hyperglycemia, and diet on systemic inflammation, immune cell phenotype, and function in adults of both sexes. Results of this clinical trial can ultimately be used to develop personalized dietary strategies to optimize immune function in individuals with obesity with different immune and metabolic profiles.

Clinical trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04291391.
Changes in multidisciplinary team decisions in a high volume head and neck oncological center following those made in its preferred partner
Authors: Hendrickx Jan-Jaap , Mennega Tommy , Uppelschoten Jeroen M. , Leemans C. René
Published: September 2023

Objective

Head and neck cancer care is highly complex, and multidisciplinary team meetings (MDTs) are vital for improved outcomes. In the Netherlands, head and neck cancer care is practiced in eight high-volume head and neck oncologic centers (HNOC) and six affiliated hospitals preferred partner (PP) centers. Patients treated in the PP are presented and discussed in the HNOC. To evaluate the importance of these mandatory and decisive steps in decision making, we have assessed the changes in treatment.

Materials and methods

Retrospective evaluation of head and neck cancer patients referred between January 2011 and October 2018 for a MDT evaluation to the HNOC was conducted. The differences in MDT recommendation were classified with regards to major and minor changes.

Results

Management recommendation(MR) changed after 113 of 515 MDT discussions within the PP (487 patients; 22%), of which 86 cases (16%) were major changes. In 67 cases (59.3%), escalation of management was recommended, while in 43 cases (38.1%) de-escalation was recommended.

Conclusion

There was a high rate of change of MRs, when comparing the PP recommendations with the HNOC recommendations. Since patient and tumor characteristics seem unable to predict these changes, we recommend all patients be seen for a clinical presentation, revision of diagnostics, and MDT discussion in a high volume HNOC.
Intraoperative slow-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant (Ozurdex) in epiretinal membrane peeling surgery: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li Siying , Zeng Qiaozhu , Zhu Li , Liu Wenbo , Li Yujing , Li Jiarui , Li Xiaoxin , Zhao Mingwei , Qu Jinfeng
Published: September 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the dexamethasone (DEX) intravitreal implant for the regression of macular edema and the improvement of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after the removal of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (ERM).

Methods: This prospective randomized controlled trial recruited 81 patients with idiopathic ERM. These patients all underwent 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy combined with ERM and internal limiting membrane peeling surgery. Among them, 41 eyes in the DEX group received additional DEX implants and 40 in the non-DEX group did not. Outcomes including central retinal thickness (CRT), BCVA, and intraocular pressure were measured 1 and 3 months after surgery.

Results: The DEX group had thinner CRTs compared to the non-DEX group at 1 month postoperatively (p <0.05), but did not differ significantly at the 1-week and 3-month follow-up visits (p = 0.109 and p = 0.417, respectively). There were no statistical differences with respect to BCVA (p = 0.499, 0.309, 0.246, and 0.517, respectively) and intraocular pressure (p = 0.556, 0.639, 0.741, and 0.517, respectively) between the two groups at each point of follow-up visits.

Conclusion: DEX accelerated the reduction of CRT at 1 month after surgery. However, no evidence of further anatomical (CRT) or functional (BCVA) benefits using DEX was observed at 3 months.

Clinical Trial Registration:https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier NCT05416827.
Alpha clustering in nuclear astrophysics and topology
Authors: Kahl Daid , Yamaguchi Hidetoshi , Hayakawa Seiya
Published: September 2023

When we think of clustering in nuclear physics, the astrophysical importance within light nuclei and structural manifestations with classical analogs immediately come to mind. 4He, also known as the alpha particle, is the most abundant nucleus in the Universe, being quite tightly bound for its mass, with a first excited state of over 20 MeV. The nature of the alpha particle places it in a unique position within nuclear astrophysics and structure (including geometry). The plurality of energy release from stellar hydrogen fusion—whether quiescent or explosive—comes from the conversion of hydrogen to helium. Within more complex nuclei, the alpha particles are continuously arranged, leading to fascinating phenomena such as excited rotational bands, Borromean ring ground states, and linear structures. Nuclei with an equal and even number of protons and neutrons are colloquially referred to as “alpha conjugate nuclei,” where such special properties are the most pronounced and easiest to spot. However, when a single nucleon or a pair of nucleons is added to the system, alpha clustering not only remains evident but it may also be enhanced. Excited states with large alpha partial widths are a signature of clustering behavior, and these states can have a profound effect on the reaction rates in astrophysical systems when the excitation energy aligns with the so-called Gamow energy—the preferential thermal energy to statistically overcome the Coulomb barrier. In this article, we will consider in detail the specific ramifications of alpha clustering in selected scenarios for both nuclear astrophysics and topology. In particular, we discussed the astrophysical reactions of 7Li (α, γ), 7Be+α, 11C (α, p), and 30S (α, p), where α-clusters may increase the reaction rates from 10% to an order of magnitude; large α resonances make the astrophysical rate of 18F (p, α) quite uncertain. We also focused on the α rotational bands of both positive and negative parities of 11B and 11C, and finally on the strongest evidence for the linear-chain cluster state observed in 14C.
Assessing spring-mass similarity in elite and recreational runners
Authors: Burns Geoffrey T. , Tam Nicholas , Santos-Concejero Jordan , Tucker Ross , Zernicke Ronald F.
Published: September 2023

The dynamic complexity and individualization of running biomechanics has challenged the development of objective and comparative gait measures. Here, we present and explore several novel biomechanical metrics for running that are informed by a canonical inter-species gait template–the spring-mass model. The measures assess running mechanics systemically against the template via quantifying characteristics of a runner’s kinetics relative to the energy-conserving elastic system–i.e., their “spring-mass similarity”. Applying these metrics in a retrospective cohort investigation, we studied the overground kinetics of two heterogenous populations of runners in two footwear conditions: elite and recreational athletes in shod and barefoot conditions. Across all measures and within foot strike types, the elite runners exhibited mechanics that were more similar to those of the ideally elastic spring-mass template. The elite runners had more symmetric bounces, less discrepancy (i.e., greater coordination) between horizontal and vertical kinetic changes, and better fit to a spring-mass vertical ground reaction force time series. Barefoot running elicited greater kinetic coordination in the recreational runners. At a faster speed, the elites further improved their similarity to the template. Overall, the more economical elite group exhibited greater likeness to the linearly elastic, energy-conserving spring-mass system than their recreational counterparts. This study introduces novel biomechanical measures related to performance in distance running. More broadly, it provides new, approachable metrics for systemic quantification of gait biomechanics in runners across all demographics. These metrics may be applied to assess a runner’s global biomechanical response to a variety of interventions, including training adaptations, rehabilitation programs, and footwear conditions.
Parental warmth, adolescent emotion regulation, and adolescents’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Boullion AnnaMaria , Linde-Krieger Linnea B. , Doan Stacey N. , Yates Tuppett M.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

The United States (U.S.) Surgeon General Advisory has characterized the COVID-19 pandemic as a youth mental health crisis. Thus, elucidating factors affecting adolescents’ mental health during the pandemic is important for supporting youth through current and future challenges. Parenting influences adolescents’ ability to cope with stressors, and emotion regulation strategy use may underlie these effects.

Methods

This longitudinal study of 206 adolescents (49% female; 46.6% Latine) from the U.S. evaluated pathways from perceived parental warmth and affection at age 12 to changes in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems from before the pandemic (age 14) to the initial phase of the U.S COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020 (age 15) through adolescents’ pre-pandemic cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression emotion regulation strategy use at age 14.

Results

Parental warmth and affection predicted decreased internalizing, but not externalizing, problems during the initial phase of the pandemic, and this effect was explained by adolescents’ reduced reliance on expressive suppression as an emotion regulation strategy.

Conclusion

These findings illuminate parenting and emotion regulation strategy selection as modifiable processes to support adolescents’ mental health in this crisis and beyond.
Grit in second language acquisition: a systematic review from 2017 to 2022
Authors: Zhao Xian , Wang Danping
Published: September 2023

Recent years have witnessed increasing attention to personality strength (grit) due to its merit in goal-seeking language learning processes. Two facets of grit, namely perseverance of effort (PE) and consistency of interest (CI), play a critical role in overcoming learning difficulties and strengthening willpower to pursue learning goals. The current review seeks to explore various issues related to grit, including its factor structure, the relationship between grit and frequently associated factors, as well as the utility of PE and CI in facilitating language learning. This exploration is based on the findings of 32 empirical articles published between 2017 and 2022 from three databases. The results indicate that although research which examines the role of grit has entered a fast growth phase since 2020, there is still a need for expansion and diversification in scopes, participants, research methods, and language contexts. Moreover, previous studies have not adequately addressed the critical issue of grit’s conceptualization and factor structure. Finally, this study suggests that future researchers should impartially assess the factor structure and nature of PE and CI, to provide more robust evidence to clarify the relationship between grit and diverse emotions and positive institutions, in order to advance understanding of grit in second language learning.
The plasticity of ChatGPT’s mentalizing abilities: personalization for personality structures
Authors: Hadar-Shoval Dorit , Elyoseph Zohar , Lvovsky Maya
Published: September 2023

This study evaluated the potential of ChatGPT, a large language model, to generate mentalizing-like abilities that are tailored to a specific personality structure and/or psychopathology. Mentalization is the ability to understand and interpret one’s own and others’ mental states, including thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD) are characterized by distinct patterns of emotional regulation. Individuals with BPD tend to experience intense and unstable emotions, while individuals with SPD tend to experience flattened or detached emotions. We used ChatGPT’s free version 23.3 and assessed the extent to which its responses akin to emotional awareness (EA) were customized to the distinctive personality structure-character characterized by Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Schizoid Personality Disorder (SPD), employing the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS). ChatGPT was able to accurately describe the emotional reactions of individuals with BPD as more intense, complex, and rich than those with SPD. This finding suggests that ChatGPT can generate mentalizing-like responses consistent with a range of psychopathologies in line with clinical and theoretical knowledge. However, the study also raises concerns regarding the potential for stigmas or biases related to mental diagnoses to impact the validity and usefulness of chatbot-based clinical interventions. We emphasize the need for the responsible development and deployment of chatbot-based interventions in mental health, which considers diverse theoretical frameworks.
Tai Chi for fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Chen Weidong , Li Min , Li Hai , Lin Yanzhao , Feng Zhoushan
Published: September 2023

Background and objective

As the population ages, the health of older adults is becoming a public health concern. Falls are a significant threat to their health due to weakened balance. This study aims to investigate the beneficial effects of Tai Chi on fall prevention and balance improvement in older adults.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials related to Tai Chi, falls, and balance ability, searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from their establishment until December 31, 2022. Two independent reviewers performed the search, screening of results, extraction of relevant data, and assessment of study quality. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic review and meta-analysis.

Results

Totally 24 RCTs were included for meta-analysis, and the results showed that Tai Chi can effectively reduce the risk of falls in older adults (RR: 0.76, 95% CI: 0.71 to 0.82) and decrease the number of falls (MD [95% CI]: −0.26 [−0.39, −0.13]). Tai Chi can also improve the balance ability of older adults, such as the timed up and go test (MD [95% CI]: −0.69 [−1.09, −0.29]) and the functional reach test (MD [95% CI]: 2.69 [1.14, 4.24]), as well as other balance tests such as single-leg balance test, Berg balance scale, and gait speed (p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that Tai Chi is effective for both healthy older adults and those at high risk of falls (p < 0.001), and its effectiveness increases with the duration and frequency of exercise. In addition, the effect of Yang-style Tai Chi is better than that of Sun-style Tai Chi.

Conclusion

Tai Chi is an effective exercise for preventing falls and improving balance ability in older adults, whether they are healthy or at high risk of falling. The effectiveness of Tai Chi increases with exercise time and frequency. Yang-style Tai Chi is more effective than Sun-style Tai Chi.

Systematic review registration

https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier CRD42022354594.
An integrated review: connecting Covid-era hospital visiting policies to family engagement
Authors: Morgan Jennifer D. , Gazarian Priscilla , Hayman Laura L.
Published: September 2023

Introduction

Family engagement and patient-family-centered care are vitally important to improve outcomes for patients, families, providers, hospitals, and communities. Both constructs prioritize providers forming partnerships with patients and their families. The domains of family-engaged care include presence, communication, shared-decision making, family needs, contribution to care, and collaboration at the institutional level. This integrative review describes the extent to which the domains of family engagement are present in the literature about Covid-era hospital visiting policies.

Methods

A search of four databases resulted in 127 articles and one added through data mining. After review, 28 articles were synthesized and analyzed into an integrative review of family engagement in the hospital with Covid-era visiting policies as the backdrop.

Results

The 28-article review resulted in an international, multidisciplinary perspective of diverse study designs. The review’s sample population includes 6,984 patients, 1,126 family members, 1,174 providers, 96 hospitals, 50 health centers, 1 unit, and 257 documents. While all the domains are represented, presence is the prevailing domain, identified in 25 out of the 28 (89%).

Discussion

Presence is recognized as facilitating the other domains. Because the concept of collaboration is largely absent in the literature, it may provide healthcare institutions with a growth opportunity to facilitate and promote family engagement. This review is the first step in operationalizing family engagement in the hospital setting, especially when presence is challenging.
Biomedical, socio-behavioral, and implementation science gaps in multipurpose prevention technology research
Authors: Cummins James E. , Allen C. Leigh , Lee Sonia , Senn Theresa E.
Published: September 2023

There is strong global need for the development of Multipurpose Prevention Technologies (MPTs) that prevent HIV, pregnancy, and/or other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, despite decades of research focused on the development of MPTs, numerous research gaps remain, contributing to reproductive health disparities. This commentary will highlight biomedical, socio-behavioral, and implementation science gaps in MPT research. Biomedical gaps and barriers include limited dosage forms, challenges around drug selection and stable coformulation of multiple drugs, and an unclear regulatory pathway. Behavioral, social, and structural gaps include lack of research around MPT preferences for some subgroups of potential end users, lack of knowledge around whether MPTs improve uptake, adherence, and persistence vs. separate products, and a need to further understand how social and cultural factors might impact MPT interest and use. Gaps in implementation science research will need to be addressed to better understand how to implement MPTs to maximize effectiveness and benefit. This commentary will also identify opportunities for integrating biomedical and behavioral science around MPTs.
Effect of bone cement distribution on adjacent disc degeneration after vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in aging patients
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Zhang Jialang , He Baorong , Dong Qi , Hao Dingjun
Published: September 2023

Background

The influence of vertebral augmentation on adjacent intervertebral discs remains controversial. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of bone cement distribution on adjacent disc degeneration after vertebral augmentation for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs).

Methods

Patients with single level OVCF and upper endplate injury who underwent vertebral augmentation were enrolled. The patients were divided into four groups: Group A: bone cement contacted both the cranial and the distal endplates; Group B: bone cement only contacted the cranial endplate; Group C: bone cement only contacted the distal endplate; and Group D: bone cement contacted neither the cranial nor the distal endplates. The cranial discs of the fractured vertebrae were defined as adjacent discs and the upper discs proximally to the adjacent discs were defined as control discs. Degenerative disc change (DDC) was defined as a deteriorated postoperative Pfirrmann score compared with the preoperative score on MR images. The number of DDC cases and the disc heights were analyzed among the groups.

Results

A total of 184 patients with an average follow-up time of 28.6 months were included. The number of DDC cases in the adjacent discs was significantly higher than in the control discs in groups A (p < 0.001), B (p = 0.002), and D (p = 0.028), whereas the difference in group C was not statistically significant (p = 0.237). The incidence of adjacent disc degeneration was significantly higher in group A than that in group C (p = 0.06). The adjacent disc heights decreased significantly in groups A, B, and D (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.012, respectively), but did not decrease significantly in group C (p = 0.079). However, no statistical differences were detected among the four groups with respect to the preoperative adjacent disc height, follow-up adjacent disc height, preoperative control disc height, or follow-up control disc height.

Conclusion

Bone cement distribution influences adjacent disc degeneration after vertebral augmentation in OVCFs. Cement distribution proximal to the injured endplate can accelerate adjacent disc degeneration, and cement in contact with both the cranial and distal endplates can induce a higher incidence of adjacent disc degeneration.
An Optimization Precise Model of Stroke Data to Improve Stroke Prediction
Authors: Ivanov Ivan G. , Kumchev Yordan , Hooper Vincent James
Published: September 2023

Stroke is a major public health issue with significant economic consequences. This study aims to enhance stroke prediction by addressing imbalanced datasets and algorithmic bias. Our research focuses on accurately and precisely detecting stroke possibility to aid prevention. We tackle the overlooked aspect of imbalanced datasets in the healthcare literature. Our study focuses on predicting stroke in a general context rather than specific subtypes. This clarification will not only ensure a clear understanding of our study’s scope but also enhance the overall transparency and impact of our findings. We construct an optimization model and describe an effective methodology and algorithms for machine learning classification, accommodating missing data and imbalances. Our models outperform previous efforts in stroke prediction, demonstrating higher sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision. Data quality and preprocessing play a crucial role in developing reliable models. The proposed algorithm using SVMs achieves 98% accuracy and 97% recall score. In-depth data analysis and advanced machine learning techniques improve stroke prediction. This research highlights the value of data-oriented approaches, leading to enhanced accuracy and understanding of stroke risk factors. These methods can be applied to other medical domains, benefiting patient care and public health outcomes. By incorporating our findings, the efficiency and effectiveness of the public health system can be improved.
Using Deep Learning to Detect the Need for Forest Thinning: Application to the Lungau Region, Austria
Authors: Satlawa Philipp , Fisher Robert B.
Published: September 2023

Timely information about the need to thin forests is vital in forest management to maintain a healthy forest while maximizing income. Currently, very-high-spatial-resolution remote sensing data can provide crucial assistance to experts when evaluating the maturity of thinnings. Nevertheless, this task is still predominantly carried out in the field and demands extensive resources. This paper presents a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to detect the necessity and urgency of carrying out thinnings using only remote sensing data. The approach uses very-high-spatial-resolution RGB and near-infrared orthophotos; a canopy height model (CHM); a digital terrain model (DTM); the slope; and reference data, which, in this case, originate from spruce-dominated forests in the Austrian Alps. After tuning, the model achieves an F1 score of 82.23% on our test data, which indicates that the model is usable in a practical setting. We conclude that DCNNs are capable of detecting the need to carry out thinnings in forests. In contrast, attempts to assess the urgency of the need for thinnings with DCNNs proved to be unsuccessful. However, additional data, such as age or yield class, have the potential to improve the results. Our investigation into the influence of each individual input feature shows that orthophotos appear to contain the most relevant information for detecting the need for thinning. Moreover, we observe a gain in performance when adding the CHM and slope, whereas adding the DTM harms the model’s performance.
Classification of Urban Agricultural Functional Regions and Their Carbon Effects at the County Level in the Pearl River Delta, China
Authors: Song Zuxuan , Liu Fangmei , Lv Wenbo , Yan Jianwu
Published: September 2023

Exploring the transformation process of urban agricultural functions and its interaction with carbon effects based on regional differences is of great positive significance for achieving a low-carbon sustainable development of agriculture in metropolitan areas. By using the index system method, self-organizing feature maps (SOFM) network modeling, and Granger causality analysis, we divided the agricultural regional types of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) based on the spatio-temporal changes in urban agricultural functions and carbon effects at the county level in the PRD from 2002 to 2020, and analyzed the carbon effects generated by the agricultural functions according to the differences between the three agricultural regional types. The results show the following: (1) The changes in the basic functions of agriculture, the intermediate functions of agriculture, and the advanced functions of agriculture were different from the perspectives of both time and space. (2) The carbon effects produced by the areas with weak agricultural functions, the areas with medium agricultural functions, and the areas with strong agricultural functions were different. (3) The evolution of agricultural production types aggravated the grain risk in the PRD, and urban agriculture has potential in improving food security. (4) Based on the regional types of agricultural functions and considering the constraints of land and water, strategic suggestions such as integrating natural resources, improving utilization efficiency, upgrading technical facilities, and avoiding production pollution are put forward. (5) The green and low-carbon transformation of urban agriculture has its boundaries. The positive effects of the factors, namely the innovation of agricultural production methods, the change in agricultural organization modes, the impact of market orientation, and the transfer of the agricultural labor force, is limited. The findings of this paper provide valuable and meaningful insights for academia, policy makers, producers, and ultimately for the local population in general, driving the development of urban agriculture in a low-carbon and sustainable direction.
The Results of Experimental Studies of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of an Elastic-Plastic Material for Tribological Properties during Separation
Authors: Dorokhov Alexey , Didmanidze Otari , Aksenov Alexander , Sibirev Alexey , Mosyakov Maxim , Sazonov Nikolay , Godyaeva Maria
Published: September 2023

The obtained results of experimental studies on the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of an elastoplastic material (clods of soil and potato tubers) on the factors of its destruction when interacting with an absolutely solid body (separating working body) established that an increase in the density of a soil clod leads to an increase in the effort expended on dynamic destruction, regardless of the size fraction. Within one fractional group, the increase in force from the minimum value necessary for the destruction of the soil clod in the density range from 1300 to 1700 kg/m3 is on average 56–67 N. However, there is a tendency to increase the effort to destroy the soil clod with an increase in the size fraction, including identical density, by 7–8 N, which is 4–5% of the initial value of the destruction force of a given density. The greatest destruction of soil clods is provided at a moisture content of 22–24%, which should be explained by the formation of the physical ripeness of the leached chernozem. In addition, a decrease in soil moisture leads to a more intense adhesion of soil particles to each other and, consequently, to an increase in the force on the soil clod to destroy it.
Miscanthus-Derived Biochar Enhanced Soil Fertility and Soybean Growth in Upland Soil
Authors: An Da-Hee , Chang Dong-Chil , Kim Kwang-Soo , Lee Ji-Eun , Cha Young-Lok , Jeong Jae-Hee , Choi Ji-Bong , Kim Soo-Yeon
Published: September 2023

As biochar improves soil fertility and crop productivity, there is a growing interest in it as a resource for sustainable agriculture. Miscanthus sacchariflorus has promising applications in various industries because it has a large amount of biomass. However, research on the agricultural utilization of Miscanthus-derived biochar is insufficient. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effects of Miscanthus biochar on the soil environment and soybean growth. First, Miscanthus biochar was amended at different levels (3 or 10 tons/ha) in upland soil, after which the soil properties, root development, and yield of soybeans were compared with the control (without biochar). In the soil amended with 10 tons/ha of biochar (BC10), organic matter (OM) and available phosphate increased 1.6 and 2.0 times, respectively, compared with that in the control soil (CON). In addition, the soil dehydrogenase activity increased by 70% in BC10, and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the structure of the microbial community changed after amendment with biochar. The bacterial phyla that differed between CON and BC10 were Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi, which are known to be involved in carbon cycling. Owing to these changes in soil properties, the root dry weight and number of nodules in soybeans increased by 23% and 27%, respectively, and the seed yield increased 1.5-fold in BC10. In conclusion, Miscanthus biochar increased the fertility of soybean-growing soil and consequently increased seed yield. This study is valuable for the practical application of biochar for sustainable agriculture.
Advances in Crop Molecular Breeding and Genetics
Authors: Liu Wanning , Li Guan , Ying Jiezheng , Li Zhiyong
Published: September 2023

Selecting crop varieties with high and stable yields, as well as improving quality and economic benefits, has become a long-term topic while facing the continuous increasing population and the adverse effects of environmental changes [...]
High Prevalence of GES-5 Variant and Co-Expression of VIM-2 and GES-45 among Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains in Tunisia
Authors: Fethi Meha , Rojo-Bezares Beatriz , Arfaoui Ameni , Dziri Raoudha , Chichón Gabriela , Barguellil Farouk , López María , El Asli Mohamed Selim , Toledano Paula , Ouzari Hadda-Imen , Sáenz Yolanda , Klibi Naouel
Published: September 2023

Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) are a global health concern. The antimicrobial resistance, virulence, and molecular typing of 57 CRPA isolated from 43 patients who attended a specific Tunisian hospital from September 2018 to July 2019 were analyzed. All but one were multidrug-resistant CRPA, and 77% were difficult-to-treat-resistant (DTR) isolates. The blaVIM-2 gene was detected in four strains (6.9%), and among the 36 blaGES-positive CRPA (62%), the blaGES-5 gene was the predominant variant (86%). Three strains co-harbored the blaVIM-2 and blaGES-45 genes, and seven CRPA carried the blaSHV-2a gene (14%). OprD alterations, including truncations by insertion sequences, were observed in 18 strains. Regarding the 46 class 1 integron-positive CRPA (81%), the blaGES-5 gene was located in integron In717, while the blaGES-29 and blaGES-45 genes were found in two new integrons (In2122 and In4879), and the blaVIM-2 gene was found in In1183 and the new integron In2142. Twenty-four PFGE patterns and thirteen sequence types (three new ones) were identified. The predominant serotype O:11 and exoU (81%) were mostly associated with ST235 and the new ST3385 clones. The seven blaSHV-2a-CRPA from different patients belonged to ST3385 and the same PFGE pattern. The blaGES-5- and blaVIM-2 + blaGES-45-positive CRPA recovered mostly from ICU patients belonged to the high-risk clone ST235. Our results highlight the alarming prevalence of blaGES-5- and ST235-CRPA, the co-existence of blaGES-45 and blaVIM-2, and their location within integrons favoring their dissemination.
Computationally Designed AMPs with Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity against MDR Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Alsaab Fahad M. , Dean Scott N. , Bobde Shravani , Ascoli Gabriel G. , van Hoek Monique L.
Published: September 2023

The discovery of new antimicrobials is necessary to combat multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially those that infect wounds and form prodigious biofilms, such as Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a promising class of new therapeutics against drug-resistant bacteria, including gram-negatives. Here, we utilized a computational AMP design strategy combining database filtering technology plus positional analysis to design a series of novel peptides, named HRZN, designed to be active against A. baumannii. All of the HRZN peptides we synthesized exhibited antimicrobial activity against three MDR A. baumannii strains with HRZN-15 being the most active (MIC 4 µg/mL). This peptide also inhibited and eradicated biofilm of A. baumannii strain AB5075 at 8 and 16 µg/mL, which is highly effective. HRZN-15 permeabilized and depolarized the membrane of AB5075 rapidly, as demonstrated by the killing kinetics. HRZN 13 and 14 peptides had little to no hemolysis activity against human red blood cells, whereas HRZN-15, -16, and -17 peptides demonstrated more significant hemolytic activity. HRZN-15 also demonstrated toxicity to waxworms. Further modification of HRZN-15 could result in a new peptide with an improved toxicity profile. Overall, we successfully designed a set of new AMPs that demonstrated activity against MDR A. baumannii using a computational approach.