bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Long-Term Effects of Child Abuse
Authors: Elam George A. , Kleist David M.
Published: March 2007

This review explores recent quantitative and qualitative studies of the long-term effects of child abuse, specifically, how abuse in child-hood affects adulthood. There is a plethora of studies that examine the effects of abuse on children and adolescents, but the long-term effects of abuse have received less attention. Many studies associate various forms of abuse experienced in childhood with a wide range of psychological, behavioral, and relational problems in adulthood. The articles reviewed may inform marriage and family counselors about the effects in adulthood of abuse experienced in childhood.
Mining the Internet for Career Information: A Model Approach for College Students
Authors: Robinson Nicholas K. , Meyer Dinorah , Prince Jeffrey P. , McLean Christopher , Low Richard
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of the Internet on the provision of career information and describes the development of a career and educational information web site. Three models for linking career assessment to career information are evaluated: Print-based, Computer-Assisted Career Guidance systems, and Internet-based. The design of Career Exploration Links is described in detail as a case study in organizing career and educational information on the Internet and guiding a diverse college student population toward accessing this information in meaningful ways. This case demonstrates a number of advantages that underlie the Internet-based model as a vehicle for linking career assessment with career information.
Interactive Career Counseling on the Internet
Authors: Clark Ginger , Horan John J. , Tompkins-Bjorkman Amy , Kovalski Theresa , Hackett Gail
Published: March 2007

We describe three Internet programs relevant to career counseling that have been developed at Arizona State University. These interactive interventions have evolved from earlier work on simulations and computer-based learning; however, they incorporate recent technological advances and more current psychological research in differential diagnosis and cognitive restructuring. They focus, respectively, on changing the irrational career beliefs and occupational stereotyping common among young women, educating parents on practices affecting the career outcomes of their children, and altering attributions relevant to the academic motivation and performance of at-risk youth.
Self-Rated Abilities and Self-Efficacy Beliefs: Are They Empirically Distinct?
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Lent Robert W. , Gore Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Self-efficacy beliefs and self-rated abilities are conceptually overlapping constructs that have emerged from two parallel literatures in career psychology. The present investigation employed three different analytic strategies to assess empirically whether they represent unique constructs. In the first analysis, confirmatory factor analyses of measures of each of these two constructs revealed that a two-factor model fit the data better than did a one-factor model. Second, it was found that LISREL estimates of self-efficacy beliefs were more highly related to vocational interests and perceived career options than were estimates of self-rated abilities. Third, the relation of ability self-estimates to interests was found to be mediated by self-efficacy beliefs. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are considered.
Abilities, Interests, and Values: Their Assessment and their Integration via the World-of-Work Map
Authors: Prediger Dale J.
Published: March 2007

This article describes assessments of work-relevant abilities, interests, and values and how the World-of-Work Map (WWM) can be used to link them to (a) each other, (b) Holland’s hexagon, (c) basic work tasks, (d) occupational groups, and (e) occupations. The assessments and their linkage procedures, which are implemented in the Career Planning Survey and DISCOVER (a computer-based service), are intended for use with persons in the early stages of career planning or replanning. A case study illustrates how results of the assessments are integrated and linked to career options. Then, the theory, practical considerations, and research supporting the career counseling use of self-estimates of work-relevant abilities are discussed. Next, the three assessment instruments are described, and the research contributing to the WWM’s 2000 update is summarized. Finally, an aid is provided for using the WWM with any assessments of Holland’s types (e.g., those discussed in this journal issue).
Co-Essence Model of Vocational Assessment for Racial/Ethnic Minorities (CEMVA-REM): An Existential Approach
Authors: Highlen Pamela S. , Sudarsky-Gleiser Carina
Published: March 2007

The CEMVA-REM (Co-Essence Model of Vocational Assessment for Racial/Ethnic Minorities) is proposed as an existential approach to vocational counseling for racial/ethnic minority clients. Barriers such as structural/cultural influences, the non-conscious ideology of dominant European-American culture, racism, and multiple oppressors are explored as they impact on vocational choice. CEMVA- REM formulates vocational counseling as multicontextual, specifically that clients must be considered within the context of extended self, as well as the environmental contexts of family and pluralistic cultures. CEMVA-REM proponents consider the degree of acculturation, communalism (the importance of family and community in the client's life), client values, communication style, and high- versus low-context cultural background. Within CEMVA-REM, clients are considered coinvestigators. Self-exploration and qualitative assessment is valued. Indirect approaches, such as sandplay, art, metaphors, and stories are utilized. Vocational counselors act as facilitators to explore the client's multiple identities. A six-phase process is introduced to support the client's connection with his or her true calling and capacity to manifest this calling through vocational selection.

El modelo de asesoría vocacional para minorías étnicas y raciales basado en la co-esencia del ser, "Co-Essence Model of Vocational Assessment for Racial/Ethnic Minorities: CEMVA-REM," se propone como un método existencial de consejería vocacional para clientes de grupos raciales/étnicos minoritarios. Ciertas barreras tales como las influencias culturales y estrucurales, la ideología poco conciente de la cultura dominante Euro-Americana, el racismo, y las opresiones múltiples, deben ser exploradas en relación a su impacto en la selección vocacional. El modelo CEMVA-REM propone la necesidad de ver la consejería vocacional dentro de contextos múltiples. Especialmente, se propone que el cliente sea considerado dentro del contexto de un ser extenso e inclusivo y bajo el contexto ambiental de la familia y las diversas culturas a las cuales el cliente pertenece. Los supuestos de CEMVA-REM consideran el grado de aculturación y comunalismo (la importancia de la familia y la comunidad en la vida del cliente), los valores, estilos de comunicación y el contexto cultural del cliente (culturas de alto vs. bajo contexto). Bajo CEMVA-REM, los clientes se consideran co-investigadores. Se valora la auto-exploración y la evaluación cualitativa. Se utilizan métodos indirectos como el uso de la caja de arena, arte, metáforas y historias. Los consejeros vocacionales facilitan la exploración de las múltiples identidades del cliente. CEMVA-REM propone un proceso compuesto de seis faces como apoyo a la conexión que el cliente tiene con su verdadero Ilamado ocupacional y a su capacidad de manifestar este Ilamado en la selección vocacional.
The Career Beliefs of Homeless Veterans: Vocational Attitudes as Indicators of Employability
Authors: Porat Hedva , Marshall Gary , Howell William
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes homeless veterans' career beliefs and suggests how these beliefs may limit their employability. Using the Career Beliefs Inventory (CBI; Krumboltz, 1991), the vocational beliefs of 279 homeless veterans were compared to those of two control groups: one employed (N = 390), the other unemployed (N = 67). Even though the three groups had significant demographic, medical, and social differences, there were remarkable similarities in how they viewed employment. Further research on how homeless veterans' vocational attitudes manifest into tangible behavior is required to substantiate the importance of the CBI results.
Assessing Gender-Based Circumscription of Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Gottfredson Linda S. , Lapan Richard T.
Published: March 2007

The circumscription and compromise theory of vocational aspirations draws attention to the possibility that many adolescents may unnecessarily limit their vocational options. This article describes key elements of the theory, particularly its emphasis on children's perceptions of occupational sextype, and the changes the theory requires in how to conceptualize and assess vocational aspirations. It also describes a theory based Mapping Vocational Challenges1 (MVC; Lapan, Loehr-Lapan, & Tupper, 1995) activity that helps adolescents map and discuss the beliefs and background factors that can lead them to rule out careers they might actually find interesting and perform well.
A Psychometric Review of Career Assessment Tools for Use With Diverse Individuals
Authors: Eby Lillian T. , Johnson C. Douglas , Russell Joyce E. A.
Published: March 2007

This paper briefly reviews the career-related issues facing employees with diverse surface characteristics (e.g., race/ethnicity, women, older workers, individuals with physical disabilities) and work status characteristics (e.g., part-time workers, contract employees, unemployed) at career choice and during career development. Following a description of these career issues, a review and evaluation of 44 psychometrically sound career assessment tools is provided that may be useful in individual assessment and career counseling with these targeted groups. The results of this review are discussed in terms of research and practice.
NAFTA, Sustainable Development, and the Environment: Mexico's Approach
Authors: Griffith Kathleen Ann
Published: March 2007

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) seeks to eliminate trade barriers between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. However, promoting sustainable development has been, and will continue to be, a fundamental part of this process. In Mexico, the Agreement has heightened participation by public and private organizations in exploring solutions to environmental problems. A new development policy has been imtiated which recognizes the link between poverty and the environment, fiscal resources have been allocated to strengthen enforcement of environmental regulations and improve infrastructure, and the environmental agency has been restructured, reflecting a new emphasis on sustainable development. Furthermore, President Salinas pledges that Mexico will not become a haven for those seeking to avoid environmental regulations.
Nobody's Child: The Economic and Institutional Aspects of Soil Conservation in India
Authors: Nadkarni M.V. , Govindaru V.
Published: March 2007

The paper addresses problems caused by encroachments into forests by the rural poor for the purpose of cultivation in hill areas. While some encroachments were regularized in the past, there remain many encroached-upon lands for which title deeds have not been given so as to discourage further encroachment. Though soil conservation is of critical importance, farmers do not invest in lands under their possession for which they have no title deeds. This paper analyzes the institutional and ecological factors which influence investment in soil conservation and the economic returnsfrom such investment. Analyses have been conducted by ecological zones and age of farms. The results will show that costs are high and returns are low in uphill areas and on newer farms. Thus, cultivation on deforested lands in uphill areas is not economical, particularly if it does not involve soil conservation measures. It is not the lack of awareness of the problems of land degradation, but the institutional and economic constraints that getin the way of proper soil conservation measures. These observations are illustrated on the basis of an area in Iduki district in Kerala, South India, an area which was earlier under forests but subsequently brought under cultivation.
Environment versus Investment: The Bolivian Mining Industry
Authors: Altamirano Nelson
Published: March 2007

Sustainable development and mining recovery are two objectives of the Bolivian government today. These objectives, however, cancel one another out when they are combined with the Bolivian privatization plan. We illustrate this phenomenon by analyzing how the government managed a case in which antimony concentrates were denounced as hazardous in July of 1994. From the facts of this case, wefound three misconceptions underlying the conflict between sustainable development and the recovery of the mining industry: poverty versus clean environment, mining investment versus environmental protection, and competitiveness versus environmental costs. We show that these misconceptions are manifested in the long-term environmental action plan of the Secretariat of Environment, and we contrast this approach with that of the Thai government.
Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of Rwanda
Authors: Percival Val , Homer-Dixon Thomas
Published: March 2007

On April 6,1994, President Juvenal Habyarimana's plane exploded in the skies above the Kigali region of Rwanda. Violence gripped the country. Between April and August of 1994, as many as 1 million people were killed and more than 2 million people became refugees. Until this recent violence, Rwanda had a population of 7.5 million, a population growth rate estimated at about 3%, and a population density among the highest in Africa. Ninety-five percent of the population resided in the countryside, and 90% relied on agriculture to sustain themselves. Land scarcity and degradation threatened the ability of food production to keep pace with population growth. Rwanda can be described as a country with severe demographic stress, relying for subsistence on a limited resource base. Although environmental factors were significant development issues, environmental scarcity had at most a limited, aggravating role in the recent conflict.
The Diagnostic Efficiency of the Rorschach Depression Index and the Schizophrenia Index: A Review
Authors: Jorgensen Kasper , Andersen Tom J. , Dam Henrik
Published: March 2007

This review focuses on the diagnostic efficiency of the new versions of the Rorschach Comprehensive System Depression Index (DEPI) and the Schizophrenia Index (SCZI). Clinical diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was chosen as the external validation criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, and overall classification rates for the indices were presented from the studies or computed from the data when possible. The positive and negative predictive validity was estimated at three different base rates. As regards the DEPI the results showed a large variation in diagnostic performance as the index seemed to have relatively more success in identifying nonpsychotic and unipolar depression than psychotic and bipolar depression. The DEPI did not successfully identify depression among adolescent patients. As regards the SCZI the results more consistently indicated that the index effectively discriminates between psychotic and nonpsychotic patients and the predictive validity of both a positive and negative SCZI was found to be high.
Sensitivity and Specificity of a Computerized Test of Attention in the Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Schatz Amy M. , Ballantyne Angela O. , Trauner Doris A.
Published: March 2007

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is difficult to diagnose due to the subjectivity of its symptoms and lack of specific assessment measures. Computerized tests of attention have recently been used as objective measures that may assist in the diagnosis of the disorder. The present study evaluated consistency between the Conners Parent Rating Scale and the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA), which is a computerized test of attention designed to identify symptoms associated with ADHD, in children clinically diagnosed with ADHD (n = 28) and controls (n = 20). Our results showed that both the Conners and the TOVA indicated significant problem areas suggestive of an attention deficit in approximately 85% of children who were clinically diagnosed with ADHD. However, the TOVA also found attentional problems in approximately 30% of control children, whereas none of the controls scored abnormally on the Conners. As computerized measures are administered more frequently, there may be a risk of overdiagnosis and treatment of "ADHD" in normal children. A combined approach using questionnaires, clinical evaluation, and computerized tests of attention in the assessment of possible ADHD may provide the most accurate means of diagnosis.
Assessing Depression in Russian Psychiatric Patients: Validity of MMPI and Rorschach
Authors: Ritsher Jennifer Boyd , Slivko-Kolchik Elena B. , Oleichik Igor V.
Published: March 2007

We tested the criterion, concurrent, and content validity of depression indicators in 180 Russian psychiatric patients. Indicators from the Exner Rorschach (DEPI, CDI) and the Russian MMPI (Berezin Scale 2, Wiggins depression content) were compared to Hamilton (HRSD) scores and 3 types of diagnosis: traditional Russian, contemporary Western (ICD10), and a mixed version. The MMPI scales had significant associations with each other and each criterion. The Rorschach indexes were unrelated to all other variables, even when their affective, cognitive, and interpersonal components were analyzed separately, response styles were taken into account, or the 2 indexes were used in combination. Nevertheless, sample means on 107 variables were roughly similar to Exner's norms. The study represents an initial step towards establishing the validity of instruments commonly used in Russia and North America for assessing depression among Russians.
Discrimination of Mood Regulation Expectancies from Dysphoria: Confirmatory Factor Analytic Findings
Authors: Catanzaro Salvatore J.
Published: March 2007

The Generalized Expectancy for Negative Mood Regulation (NMR) Scale measures beliefs that one can terminate a negative mood; it presumably is related to, but different from, depression. Previous studies have provided strong evidence that scores on the NMR Scale are correlated with measures of depressive symptoms. However, only indirect evidence of the discriminant validity of the NMR Scale from depression measures exists. A large sample of college students (N = 1,177) was administered the NMR Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Two alternative confirmatory factor models were tested using LISREL 7. An oblique two-factor model posited that components of the NMR Scale and the BDI loaded on separate, correlated factors; a single factor model posited that all components of both scales loaded on one general factor. The oblique two-factor model fit the data well, while the single factor model fit poorly. These results are consistent with the proposed relationship of NMR expectancies with depression (correlated but different) and support the discriminant validity of the NMR Scale from the BDI. Together with previous findings, the present study adds to the construct validity of the NMR Scale. Directions for further validation studies and for examination of the causal structure of relations between NMR expectancies and depressive symptoms are discussed.
Performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test after Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wiegner Sandra , Donders Jacobus
Published: March 2007

The performance of 100 patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) was examined to determine the underlying latent structure as well as profile subtypes. Exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation identified three factors: response accuracy, learning, and failure to maintain set. Marker variables from each factor were then included in a two-stage cluster analysis, which identified two reliable subtypes. Level of performance differences between these subtypes were meaningfully related to both demographic background and length of coma. It is concluded that interpretation of the WCST results of patients with TBI should consider the multifactorial nature of the instrument in combination with injury severity characteristics and demographic variables.
Risk Factors for Violent Behavior Among Incarcerated Male Psychiatric Patients: A Multimethod Approach
Authors: Young Myla H. , Justice Jerald , Erdberg Philip
Published: March 2007

A multimethod approach that included demographic, criminal offense, drug use, neuropsychological, Rorschach, psychiatric diagnosis, and psychopathy characteristics was used to evaluate 131 incarcerated male psychiatric inpatients. Each criminal offense was ranked from nonviolent to severely violent, and participants were classified as having lifetime histories of either high or low violent behavior. Univariate analyses revealed 12 characteristics which independently discriminated inmates with lifetime histories of high or low violent behavior (married, non-Caucasian race, Axis I psychotic diagnosis, drug other than alcohol or marijuana used most, positive for psychopathy on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, scores indicating impairment on the Halstead Impairment Index and Category Test, and five Rorschach measures). Logistic regression revealed that eight of those characteristics (married, non-Caucasian race, Axis I psychotic diagnosis, positive for psychopathy on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, scores indicating impairment on the Halstead Impairment Index, and Rorschach Coping Deficit Index, Personal Responses, and Raw Sum Special Scores) significantly contributed to identifying inmates with lifetime histories of highly violent behavior. Data are provided for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive power, and overall correct classification rate for neuropsychological and Rorschach measures. Because this sample represented only incarcerated male psychiatric inpatients, and not a general prison population, caution as to limits of generalization are discussed. Implications for use of this information in understanding violent behavior are also discussed.
Behavioral Science Foundations of the Rorschach Test: Research and Clinical Applications
Authors: Acklin Marvin W.
Published: March 2007

Never without its critics, the Rorschach Test continues to be widely used in clinical settings. The test continues to be criticized vigorously. Rorschach critics appear to fall into two broad groups: those leveling valid methodological concerns about the test's behavioral science foundations and "method critics" who appear to deny the validity of the test on strictly a priori or theoretical considerations. Many critics do not appear to be acquainted with the extensive Rorschach research literature. The current paper provides an overview of several domains of applied and laboratory Rorschach behavioral science, including statistical power analysis, interobserver agreement and interrater reliability, Rorschach assessment of thought disorder, and emerging research linking Rorschach variables with diagnostic criteria from the DSM-JiV, as a means of educating both adherents and detractors alike concerning the test's scientific track record and applicability to clinical assessment.
Performance of the Personality Inventory for Youth Validity Scales
Authors: Wrobel Thomas A. , Lachar David , Wrobel Nancy Howells , Morgan Sharon T. , Gruber Christian P. , Neher John A.
Published: March 2007

Response sets as well as cognitive and academic deficits compromise the validity of child and adolescent self-report of emotional adjustment. Three studies using clinical and asymptomatic samples of 4th to 12th grade students detail applications of the four validity scales of the Personality Inventory for Youth (PIY), namely, (a) Validity (VAL) a scale of six highly improbable statements, (b) Inconsistency (INC) consisting of pairs of highly correlated statements, (c) Dissimulation (FB) constructed of statements that were infrequent and characteristic of intentional distortion, and (d) Defensiveness (DEF) an extension of the Lie scale of the parent-report Personality Inventory for Children. The effects of minimizing, malingering, and random response sets on the PLY validity scales are reported. The importance of such validity scales derived from child and adolescent response is discussed.
REVIEW ■ : Toward a Neurobiology of Emotion and Feeling: Operational Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Damasio Antonio R.
Published: March 2007

By the end of the 19th century, Charles Darwin had made incisive observations on the expression of emotions in animals and humans and had placed emotion in the perspective of biological evolution; William James had produced a scientific description of the phenomenon of emotion, thus opening the way to its experimental study; and Sigmund Freud was writing about the means by which emotion might play a role in psychopa thology. Somebody freshly arrived on earth in 1994 and interested in the topic of emotion would have good cause to wonder why such groundbreaking developments did not lead to an assault on the neurobiology of emotion. What could possibly have gone wrong in the intervening century? The Neuroscientist 1:19-25, 1995
Review : The Synthesis, Axonal Transport, and Phosphorylation of Neurofilaments Determine Axonal Caliber in Myelinated Nerve Fibers
Authors: Hoffman Paul N.
Published: March 2007

Axonal diameter is the principal determinant of conduction velocity in myelinated nerve fibers, but, until recently, the factors that determine axonal diameter have not been understood. Recent studies indicate that neurofilaments (NFs), the principal intermediate (10-nm) filaments in neurons, are major intrinsic determinants of axonal caliber and have begun to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in NF deployment. The radial growth of myelinated axons during postnatal development reflects an increase in axonal NF content. The NF proteins are synthesized in the neuron cell body (soma) and transported somatofugally along axons in the slow component of axonal transport. The level of NF expression de termines the amount of NF protein transported in the slow component. In neurons with large axons, NF expression rises dramatically during neonatal development and is maintained at high steady-state levels as the NF content of axons increases during postnatal development. This increase in NF content, after NF expression has reached steady-state levels, appears to result from a progressive decline in the ve locity of NF transport, with increasing distance along nerve fibers (i.e., NFs enter a region of the axon faster than they leave). Phosphorylation of the NF proteins may regulate the spacing of axonal NFs and the velocity of NF transport. The Neuroscientist 1:76-83, 1995
Antisense Oligonucleotides: New Tools for the Study of Brain Function
Authors: Russell David S. , Widnell Katherine L. , Nestler Eric J.
Published: March 2007

Antisense techniques, especially those using short unmodified or modified oligonucleotides, are now proving useful in many experimental systems. Their usefulness derives from the ability to rapidly and reversibly apply the simplicity and specificity of molecular sequence information to analyzing the complex cellular milieu. In theory, any protein, if a portion of its transcript sequence is known, can be specifically targeted for down-regulation, even if other very similar proteins, subtypes, or splice variants are expressed. Early preclinical studies on the role of antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutics are also underway. Interestingly, the CNS may be particularly amenable to the use of antisense techniques. This Update briefly presents antisense theory and techniques, illustrating them with an example from our own laboratory—using antisense oligonucleotides to probe the role of cAMP response element binding protein in drug-induced neuronal plasticity. The Neuroscientist 2:79-82, 1996
REVIEW ■ : Physical Injury of Neurons: Important Roles for Sodium and Chloride Ions
Authors: Hill Lucas Jen , Emery Dennis G. , Rosenberg Lisa J.
Published: March 2007

There is growing evidence that ions other than Ca2+ play important roles in the deterioration of neuronal elements in both gray and white matter after physical injury. This review features information gathered with a tissue culture model of dendrite transection regarding the contributions of Na+ and CI- to ultrastructural damage and neuronal death. This information and the results of other in vitro investigations of physical and ischemic/excitotoxic injuries indicate that elevation of internal Na+ is an early event that may contribute significantly to neuronal injury through effects on Na+-driven transport mechanisms. Proposed deleterious consequences include cytoplasmic acidification, reduced mitochondrial energy production, and elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and extracellular excitatory amino acids to toxic levels. Prevention of Na+ entry into neurons after injury has been found to limit ultrastructural damage, prevent death, and preserve electrophysiological function. Although the role of CI- in neuronal injury is less well defined, there is also evidence that elevation of intracellular CI- contributes to structural damage, particularly to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. In terventions that limit Na+- and CI--mediated damage to injured neurons may have utility in neurosurgery and as acute phase treatments for nervous system trauma and other pathological states. NEURO SCIENTIST 3:89-101, 1997
REVIEW ■ : How Glutamate Receptors Are Built
Authors: Howe James R.
Published: March 2007

Glutamate was shown to excite central neurons almost 40 years ago, but it was not until the mid-1980s that it was widely accepted as a neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. In the past decade, the ability to make high-resolution electrophysiological recordings from CNS neurons and the application of molecular biology techniques to the study of glutamate receptors has begun to elucidate the relationship between the structure of these receptors and their functional characteristics. Somewhat surprisingly, these investigations have shown that the ionotropic glutamate receptors make up a novel family of ligand-gated ion channels. Recent work has revealed the protein domains involved in ion permeation and ligand binding, and has begun to identify structural elements involved in channel gating, especially receptor desensitization. Additional se quence motifs have been found that are important for the synaptic localization of glutamate-receptor sub units. Although the subunit composition and stoichiometry of native receptors is still partially unresolved, work over the past decade has shown that the glutamate receptor family exhibits an unexpectedly rich diversity and that the regulation of the structure and function of these receptors is both complex and highly dynamic. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:311-323, 1999
Legitimizing Grief: Challenging Beliefs That Constrain
Authors: Moules Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

The author explores the commonly held belief that grief, in response to a significant loss, is a finite, time-limited, and predictable process. Examination of this idea suggests the possibility that this belief creates personal and societal expectations that contribute to increased suffering in the lives of grieving people and renders them subject to diagnostic labels fostering incompetence, failure, and pathology. Alternately, the author offers her assumptions and beliefs about the opportunity of developing a relationship with grief that is potentially lifelong, but livable, and as much filled with comfort and creativity as it is with sorrow. A clinical advanced nursing practice model, as developed and presented by Wright, Watson, and Bell (1996), is explored in relation to working with grieving families and to targeting beliefs about grief that constrain families, nurses, and our cultural ideas and expectations of this life experience. Clinical examples and a clinical exemplar are offered.
Part 3: Family Health in an Economically Disadvantaged Population
Authors: Denham Sharon A.
Published: March 2007

An ethnographic study completed in an Appalachian county in southeastern Ohio included eight families (N = 25) and community informants. The purpose of the study was to identify ways economically disadvantaged families with young children defined family health within household contexts. Families were recipients of public assistance and entitlement programs. Taped and later transcribed data were gathered through a series of home interviews with multiple family members. Family health was nestled within unique member perspectives and described as a dynamic household construction affected by the community. Subjects described health routines as patterns affected by the household context. Mothers played key roles as health leaders, caregivers, and gatekeepers in family health. Study implications include guarding against semantic slippage when using the term family health, developing family-focused care models where mothers are pivotal, identifying the contextual factors most predictive for promoting family health, and including health routines in plans of care.
Policymakers' Use of Social Science Research
Authors: Saxe Leonard
Published: March 2007

Technology assessment (TA) is one model for synthesizing social science research and theory for policymakers. TA requires an unbiased assessment of social research presented in understandable and policy-relevant form. This article describes the conduct of three studies for the Congressional Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) concerned with psychotherapy, treatment for alcoholism, and the conduct of polygraph tests. The studies indicate the potential for systematic integrations of social research and their function in a political and policy environment. Review of these studies suggests that theory is critical in policy research and that social research, rather than a decision-making tool, can serve an "educative" function aiding policymakers to understand complexity.
The Impact of Consultation
Authors: Larsen Judith K.
Published: March 2007

The conviction that Howard Davis had for using knowledge as a tool is well known. Equally important was his interest in encouraging others who shared this conviction to study and apply knowledge in the human services areas. As one who participated in the active exchange of research and ideas, I realize increasingly the benefits from that encouragement. The research reported here, use of knowledge by mental health consultants, reflects his interest both in expanding our knowledge, and in using it. In his research on knowledge use, and in his teaching others the importance of using knowledge, Howard Davis made a lasting impact.
Expertise and Information Retrieval
Authors: Thorngate Warren , Hotta Miho
Published: March 2007

Twelve professors, 15 graduate students, and 54 undergraduates read the first pages of eight research articles from four social science areas and then listed up to five keywords or phrases that they believed best described the content of each. These descriptors were compared with those tagging each article in a popular computer-assisted bibliographic search program, PsychLIT™. Professors and graduate students generated about 50% more matches to PsychLIT descriptors than undergraduates. Professors gave more synoptic descriptors (abstract, category words and phrases not appearing in the text of the articles) than graduate students and undergraduates. In general, however, all groups did very poorly at matching the PsychLIT terms; on average fewer than 10% of their descriptors matched, even when they were experts in the topic areas of the articles. Some possibilities and limitations of improving this "hit rate" are discussed.
Dueling Definitions
Authors: Connelly Michael
Published: March 2007

Using concepts from Gusfield, Scone, Reich, and Jenkins-Smith, this article develops an analytical framework of the process of constructing problem definitions for policy use. The work emphasizes the narrative structure of each of the many features and elements of the framework and demonstrates how and where definitions in policy competition can be challenged. The framework is applied to the Reagan administration's attempt at defining U.S. education problems in 1983 in A Nation at Risk and some of the responses and redefinitions that it drew from the educatconal community.
Gaps in the Dissemination/Knowledge Utilization Base
Authors: Friedman Maria A. , Farag Z. Erik
Published: March 2007

This article describes and discusses three major kinds of gaps that hinder knowledge dissemination and utilization. The gaps concern the structure of the field, the processes by which the dissemination literature is aggregated, and the lack of information aboutwho uses the knowledge that has been disseminated and its impact on behavior and society. Further delineation is given through discussions of subcomponents, such as problems created by the information explosion and the methods and policies governing organization of the literature. Recommendations and areas for future research are given.
Transformational Education Policy
Authors: van den Berg Rudolf
Published: March 2007

There is a growing need for new outlooks on educational innovations. This need is fostered by the belief that traditional innovation strategies—and, in particular, large-scale innovation strategies—are not really suitable to deal with today's educational problems. The first part of this article describes reorientations related to education innovation policies. The second part examines some consequences of those reorientations, including the development of a transfor mational school policy that gives schools a greater opportunity to become strategic organizations. At the end of each section there is a comparison of policies in Western Europe with those in the United States.
The Backpack Function of Health Education
Authors: MEILLIER LUCETTE K. , LUND ANKER BRINK , GERDES LARS ULRIK
Published: March 2007

How do people make use of health education materials? In this article, the authors distinguish between four different types of knowledge concerning health: theoretical knowledge about causes of illness, applied knowledge about how to lead a healtheir everyday life, experiential knowledge about the consequences of action, and intuitive subconscious knowledge about what one ought to do. The article suggests that knowledge has a backpack function, that is, that health education has an indirect effect on changes in lifestyle through the filling of the knowledge backpack, with which new experiences and information are then compared.
Knowledge Use and the Dynamics of Managing Curriculum Change
Authors: HALL ROBIN
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationships between knowledge use (KU) and curriculum change management. Managing or coping with curriculum change has been conceptualized as consisting of a technical dynamic, a political dynamic, and a cultural dynamic. A parallel line of thinking can be detected in the KU literature in that the functions which KU serves may be for instrumental, capacity-building, or enlightenment purposes. This study investigates the relation-ship between KU and change management with respect to these three dynamics. The political dynamics of the implementation process stand out as being a particularly important correlate of KU.
Responding to Silent Spring
Authors: WANG ZUOYUE
Published: March 2007

The history of an important federal report on U.S. pesticide policy shows how it was influenced by publication of Rachel Carson's Silent Spring and concurrent public and political reaction to the book. The case provides interesting examples of communication among scientists, government policy makers, politicians, federal agencies, and industry.
Primary Care, Avoidable Hospitalization, and Outcomes of Care: A Literature Review and Methodological Approach
Authors: Fleming Steven T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the relationships between primary care, potentially avoidable hospitalizations, and outcomes of care and to develop a methodology to study these relationships. The methodological approach includes developing criteria to select medical conditions, aggregating patient claims files of both ambulatory and acute care records, and delineating episodes of care. A taxonomy of physician visits is proposed that classifies visits on the basis of type of care, type of illness, and linkage to hospital episodes. A structural model of use and outcomes is specified that includes hazard rate models to estimate the likelihood of a potentially avoidable hospitalization, primary care and ad hoc physician visits, and mortality; the latter suggests a modification of the Health Care Financing Administration methodology that includes physician visit variables.
Long-Term Alcoholism Treatment Costs
Authors: Goodman Allen C. , Nishiura Eleanor , Hankin Janet R. , Holder Harold D. , Tilford John M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the efficient provision of alcoholism treatment by determining how several factors predict long-term alcoholism treatment costs. Treatment costs are estimated with an integrated analysis of insurance claims data that considers the decision to seek alcoholism treatment, the treatment location (inpatient or outpatient), and treatment costs conditional on treatment location. The analysis is useful for determining whether increased or alternative treatments in the short term influence treatment costs in the long term. We find that the probability of long-term treatment depends on whether the diagnosis is for alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence, and whether a comorbidity is present. Comorbidities have an impact on long-term costs by affecting where treatment occurs. Increased short-term treatment has a small negative effect on long-term costs for patients with dependence, and a negligible effect on abusers. Most of the treatment costs, however, occur in the short term.
Equalizing Physician Fees had Little Effect on Cesarean Rates
Authors: Keeler Emmett B. , Fok Thomas
Published: March 2007

Higher physician fees for cesarean delivery have been hypothesized to increase cesarean rates, but there are few published estimates of their effect. We studied the impact of an insurance reform that equalized fees for vaginal and cesarean delivery, a relative price shift of 21%. After adjusting for case-mix, cesarean rates were calculated from data on the 11,767 deliveries in the 12 months before and after the reform. Overall, there was a 0.7% nonsignificant drop after the reform. The drop was apparently due to the departure of physicians with few deliveries paid by the plan, but high cesarean rates. Despite the limited impact on cesarean rates, equalizing fees may be beneficial because physician costs are similar for the two procedures.
Cost-Effectiveness of Detecting Breast Cancer in Lower Socioeconomic Status African American and Hispanic Women through Mobile Mammography Services
Authors: Schweitzer Maurice E. , French Michael T. , Ullmann Steven G. , McCoy Clyde B.
Published: March 2007

Lower socioeconomic status African American and Hispanic women suffer from later-stage detection of breast cancer and higher mortality rates than other American women. Low-cost mobile mammography offers one approach to mitigate this problem. This article identifies the economic costs and cost-effectiveness of operating a mobile mammography program targeting indigent populations. Costs are derived from a current mobile mammography service for a range of operating volume conditions and are applied to different detection rates to determine the cost-effectiveness of programs designed to reach different age, racial, and ethnic segments of indigent populations. Results from this work have broad policy implications and form a foundation for future economic and policy analysis in this area.
An Ecological Approach to Understanding Sexual Revictimization: Linking Personal, Interpersonal, and Sociocultural Factors and Processes
Authors: Grauerholz Liz
Published: March 2007

This article applies an ecological model to the problem of sexual revictimization to advance the understanding of how personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural factors contribute to child sexual abuse victims' increased risk of being sexually victimized later in life. This ecological model explores how sexual revictimization is multiply determined by factors related to the victim's personal history (e.g., traumatic sexualization), the relationship in which revictimization occurs (e.g., decreased ability to resist unwanted sexual advances), the community (e.g., lack of family support), and the larger culture (e.g., blaming the victim attitudes). This article represents a step toward integrating findings on sexual revictimization and providing directions for future empirical work.
Rejection Sensitivity and Adolescent Girls' Vulnerability to Relationship-Centered Difficulties
Authors: Purdie Valerie , Downey Geraldine
Published: March 2007

Rejection sensitivity (RS)—the disposition to defensively expect, readily perceive, and intensely react to rejection—is a potential source of vulnerability for adolescent girls' relationship difficulties. RS is thought to develop from rejection experiences, including maltreatment. When adolescent girls enter romantic relationships, RS may prompt vigilance for rejection cues and reactions to perceived rejection that are maladaptive, including hostility. To preserve their romantic relationships, high RS girls may behave in ways that increase their risk of victimization or other negative outcomes. These claims were tested with longitudinal data from 154 minority, economically disadvantaged, middle school girls. RS prospectively predicted insecurity about a boyfriend's commitment and also a willingness to do things known to be wrong to maintain the relationship. RS predicted more physical aggression and nonphysical hostility during romantic conflicts. Implications for a relationship-centered approach to adolescent girls' characteristic vulnerabilities are discussed.
Predicting Risk to be Sexually Abused: A Comparison of Logistic Regression to Event History Analysis
Authors: Bolen Rebecca M.
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to compare a model of risk to be abused deriving from logistic regression analysis to one deriving from event history analysis. Logistic regression analysis tests for the unique and combined effects of independent variables on risk to be abused. Event history analysis, in addition, tests whether and how the independent variables differentially affect risk, over time, to be abused. This comparison was done to determine whether information gained from event history analysis improved the ability to predict risk to be abused and involved a secondary data analysis of Russell's community prevalence survey on child sexual abuse. Although most results of event history analysis and logistic regression analysis were similar, event history analysis uniquely allowed for a test of interaction effects with age at the time of abuse; this interaction added significantly to the model.