bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MARINE BORER STUDIES: EVALUATION OF TOXICANTS
Authors: Trussell P. C. , Fulton C. O. , Cameron C. J. , Greer B. A.
Published: August 2008

Of 115 compounds tested for toxicity to adult Bankia setacea imbedded in wooden blocks, the most toxic was sodium arsenite, which gave a complete kill at 25 p.p.m. (as arsenic trioxide) after 18 hr. exposure. The relative toxicity of chemically pure sodium arsenite and various commercial concentrates to Bankia setacea was measured. The minimum concentration of sodium arsenite necessary to completely kill adult Bankia setacea was determined for exposure periods ranging from 10 min. to 24 hr. Limited observations were made on the toxicity of sodium arsenite to Limnoria lignorum and Limnoria tripunctata.
ESTIMATION OF EGG POPULATIONS OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HTG.)
Authors: Ives W. G. H.
Published: August 2008

The larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), lays its eggs in the new terminal shoots of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. The oviposition injury usually causes the shoots to curl. During 1952 a sampling project was conducted in the Whiteshell Forest Reserve, Manitoba, to determine the feasibility of sampling tamarack trees to obtain estimates of the egg population of the larch sawfly. Additional data on the frequency distribution of the number of larch sawfly eggs per shoot were collected in 1953 and 1954 from several areas in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The number of eggs per curled tip varied between plots and between trees on one plot, but no factors contributing to variation could be found. The frequency distribution of the number of eggs per curled shoot was found to be a modified logarithmic normal distribution. The number of curled tips per branch and the number of branches per crown level varied between crown levels and between tree types. Stratification of the sample increased the efficiency of sampling, reducing the standard error of the mean by about 15% and the required sample size by about 30%. The large variation in the estimated number of curled tips per tree indicates that a large sample of trees is required to obtain accurate estimates. As a compromise between accuracy and practicability it is recommended that six-branch samples be taken from each of at least 15 trees, using stratified sampling with proportional allocation. Simple random sampling, taking two branches from the mid-crown of at least 25 trees, is suggested to provide a population index of sufficient accuracy for survey purposes.
FREEZING AND MELTING POINTS OF INSECT TISSUES
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

The various tissues of two species of insects, one cold-hardy and the other not, were found to have melting points between −0.5° and −1.0° C. Because of this uniformity, the relationship between temperature and extent of ice formation, quantitatively worked out for blood of Loxoslege sliclicalis (L.) in a previous paper, may be considered representative of insect tissues in general, except possibly those of insects that withstand freezing.
DOCHMOIDES YUKONENSIS SP. NOV. FROM THE BROWN BEAR (URSUS AMERICANUS) IN THE YUKON
Authors: Wolfgang Robert W.
Published: August 2008

Dochmoides yukonensis sp. nov. from the brown bear, Ursus americanus, is described, and the status of the genus discussed.
DENDROUTERINA PILHERODIAE SP. NOV. (DILEPIDIDAE) FROM PILHERODIAS PILEATUS (BODD.)
Authors: Mahon June
Published: August 2008

Dendrouterina pilherodiae sp. nov., Dilepididae, from a ciconiiforme bird from Brazil is described and the genus examined and redefined.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN INSULATION OF THE FUR
Authors: Hart J. S.
Published: August 2008

Seasonal changes in insulation of the fur have been compared in nine species of arctic and North temperate zone mammals. Relative seasonal changes ranged from 12 to 52% of the winter value. Absolute changes were greatest in the larger mammals with thickest fur. The limited seasonal insulative change in small mammals suggests that changes in heat production may be important in seasonal acclimatization.
AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF ORYZAEPHILUS SURINAMENSIS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: SILVANIDAE) FOR PUPATION
Authors: Davis G. R. F.
Published: August 2008

A racemic mixture of alanine in the diet was deleterious to Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) in the concentration used. Cystine, arginine, and proline were also harmful and the adverse effect of alanine may have been partially reduced by their removal from the diet. Data obtained with a chemically defined diet lacking alanine indicate that removal of proline or lysine had no effect. Removal of arginine, tryptophan, cystine, glycine, isoleucine, histidine, or methionine, one at a time, resulted in a lower percentage survival or a longer larval period, or both.
ELAPHOSTRONGYLUS ODOCOILEI HOBMAIER AND HOBMAIER, 1934 IN THE CRANIAL CASE OF ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS BOREALIS MILLER
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Metastrongyles, referred to Elaphostrongylus odocoilei Hobmaier and Hobmaier, 1934, were found in the subarachnoid space of Odocoileus virginianus borealis Miller from Algonquin Park, Ontario. These nematodes are described in detail and compared with the original description of E. odocoilei.
OBSERVATIONS ON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF DOGS WITH ECHINOCOCCUS
Authors: Choquette L. P. E.
Published: August 2008

Observations on the maturity of Echinococcus granulosus adults, their longevity in situ, the physical aspects of immature, mature, and senile segments eliminated in the faeces, and on the pathogenicity of the adult worm were made during the course of experimental infection of dogs.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF SPIRURID NEMATODES FROM CANADIAN BIRDS
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: August 2008

Microtetrameres canadensis from the snowy owl and the great blue heron, Synhimantus (Desportesius) canadensis from the bittern and great blue heron, and Echinuria borealis from ducks are described as new species.
LIFE HISTORY STUDIES ON TAENIA MUSTELAE GMELIN, 1790 AND THE TAXONOMY OF CERTAIN TAENIOID CESTODES FROM MUSTELIDAE
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

Taenia mustelae Gmelin, 1790 (= T. tenuicollis Rudolphi, 1819) is proposed as the valid name for the small-hooked cestode from European brown weasel, and Taenia martis (Zeder, 1803) n. comb. (= T. intermedia Rudolphi, 1810) is proposed for the large-hooked cestode from European marten. T. mustelae adults were found naturally in the short-tailed weasel, Mustela erminea, and T. martis adults in the pine marten, Martes americana in North America; the latter constitutes a new host record. Larvae were recovered from 10 species of rodents of which Citellus franklinii, Eutamias minimus, Marmota monax, Tamias striatus, Synaptomys cooperi, and Zapus hudsonius are new host records. Experimental infections produced by feeding T. mustelae eggs were followed in eight species of rodents. In one animal mature scoleces occurred as early as 26 days after eggs were fed, yet no fully developed scoleces were present even after 104 days in another animal in the same feeding. Such feedings of eggs produced multiscolex larvae (up to 26 scoleces), or multiscolex and uniscolex larvae simultaneously, but never uniscolex larvae exclusively, although these were found occasionally in nature. Normal, fully developed scoleces were present on larvae 318 days old. Growth of T. mustelae larvae in Peromyscus maniculatus and the host reaction is described in detail. Multiscolex larvae from a natural infection fed to a mink produced adult T. mustelae.
A NEW SPECIES AND TWO NEW RECORDS OF POLYCHAETA FROM EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Two of the three species recorded in this paper (Ceratonereis scotiae sp. n. and Nereis diversicolor O. F. Müller) were collected some years ago, but hitherto their occurrence has not been noted. The third (Tharyx marioni (Saint-Joseph)) was collected recently for the first time in Canadian waters.
REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL AND SEX RATIOS OF SNOWSHOE HARES IN NORTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Rowan Wm. , Keith L. B.
Published: August 2008

In conjunction with studies of the "10-year cycle" of snowshoe hares, almost 900 hares were collected in the Anzac district of Alberta during the period May, 1949, to April, 1956. Embryo numbers and sex ratios were among the data gathered from post-mortem examinations of these hares. It was found that the average litter size was 3.82; the modal litter size was four and the range was from one to seven. The average number of litters each season was calculated at 2.75. The annual reproductive potential is thus 10.51 (3.82 × 2.75) young per female hare. This is more than 50% greater than that indicated by comparable data from Minnesota. It is suggested that herein lies the cause of higher peak populations in northern regions. Sex ratios shifted from a marked excess of females in the year 1949–1950 to about even numbers of both sexes during the two subsequent years. Since the change in sex ratio occurred at the peak of the cycle, the two factors are believed to be in some manner correlated.
AN INVESTIGATION OF TICKS AS DISEASE VECTORS IN BANFF NATIONAL PARK, ALBERTA
Authors: Banfield A. W. F.
Published: August 2008

A collection of 245 ticks (Dermacentor andersoni, Stiles, and Dermacentor albipictus, Packard) was made in the spring of 1953, from 17 localities in Banff National Park, Alberta. Laboratory tests indicated the presence of Colorado tick fever virus in three of 17 lots examined. One complement-fixation test was significantly positive for the Rocky Mountain spotted fever Rickettsia out of 19 tests. There was no indication of tularemia. One determination of the Q-fever virus was probably caused by laboratory contamination. The unfed adult ticks (D. andersoni) were found to be locally active from April 20 to June 22, 1953. The bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) was found to be the common local host of the adult tick. The Columbian ground squirrel (Citellus columbianus) was found to be the common host of the nymphs.
THE LIFE CYCLE AND SEASONAL TRANSMISSION OF ORNITHOFILARIA FALLISENSIS ANDERSON, A PARASITE OF DOMESTIC AND WILD DUCKS
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

White Pekin ducklings kept outdoors in Algonquin Park, Ontario, frequently become infected with Ornithofilaria fallisensis. Ducklings exposed during the black-fly seasons in 1952–1955 became infected. The microfilaria of O. fallisensis developed to the infective stage in Simulium venustum Say, S. parnassum Mall., S. rugglesi Nicholson and Mickel, and various members of the subgenus Eusimulium identified as S. euryadminiculum Davies, S. croxtoni Nicholson and Mickel, and S. latipes Meigen. Only the last four species were found feeding naturally on the ducks in 1955. The microfilaria did not develop significantly in in several species of mosquitoes nor in Culicoides sp. Members of the subgenus Eusimulium were collected from ducks in 1955 only during the early part of the black-fly season whereas S. rugglesi was collected from May 26 to the middle of July. Ducklings exposed when these ornithophilic simulüds were active became infected and a consideration of the times after exposure at which microfilariae appeared in their blood indicates that members of Eusimulium were the vectors of O. fallisensis in the first part of the fly season and that S. rugglesi was the sole vector thereafter. The development of the microfilaria to the infective stage takes place in the haemocoele of the black fly and requires 7–14 days depending on the temperature. There are two molts during development and a "sausage-stage". Microfilariae appeared in the blood of three parasite-free ducklings 30–36 days after third-stage larvae were injected into them; adult worms were recovered from one of these birds. The microfilariae of O. fallisensis exhibit a diurnal periodicity. The courses of the microfilaremias of experimentally and naturally infected birds were compared. Re-exposure failed to alter the declining microfilaremias of ducks or to result in a reappearance of microfilariae in ducks from whose blood microfilariae had disappeared. Since parasite-free, adult ducks became infected during exposure, it is concluded that infected birds acquire an immunity to O. fallisensis. A few ducklings seemed to exhibit a natural resistance to infection. Adult O. fallisensis were found in a black duck (Anas rubripes) from Algonquin Park and it is suggested that these birds are the reservoirs of infection in the Park.
A METHOD OF PHENOLOGICAL SURVEY FOR USE IN FOREST INSECT STUDIES
Authors: Morris R. F. , Webb F. E. , Bennett C. W.
Published: August 2008

To ensure correct sequence in the timing of insect sampling or control operations over a large forest area it is desirable to know what phenological differences may be expected. Measurements of shoot elongation provide a simple and objective method for comparing a large number of phenological stations in one season. By this method one or more reference stations have to be visited weekly to permit the plotting of growth curves, but the great majority of the stations have to be visited only twice a year. At any one station the major source of variance in cumulative shoot growth on a given date is between trees and the optimum allocation of sampling resources will usually be based on the selection of one shoot per tree and 10 or more trees of balsam fir per station. The variance is greater for cherry and larger samples are necessary.
GROSS COMPOSITION OF MUSK-OX MILK
Authors: Tener J. S.
Published: August 2008

A sample of musk-ox milk was analyzed for its nutritional components. Fat content was found to be 11.0%, protein content 5.3%, and lactose content 3.6%. The vitamin B12 content was 3.4 μgm. per liter.
DESCRIPTION OF GENOLINEA ONCORHYNCHI N. SP. (TREMATODA: HEMIURIDAE) FROM ONCORHYNCHUS GORBUSCHA IN BRITISH COLUMBIA WITH NOTES ON THE GENUS
Authors: Margolis L. , Adams James R
Published: August 2008

Genolinea oncorhynchi n. sp., parasitic in the stomach of Oncorhynchus gorbuscha (pink salmon) from British Columbia marine waters, is described and compared with other known members of Genolinea. Notes on host and geographical distribution of the genus are presented.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLES OF DIPLOTRIAENOIDES TRANSLUCIDUS ANDERSON AND MEMBERS OF THE GENUS DIPLOTRIAENA
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Diplotriaenoides translucidus Anderson, 1956 from Seiurus aurocapillus L. and various species of Diplotriaena from Quiscalus quiscula (L.), Vermivora ruficapilla (Wilson), and Agelaius phoeniceus (L.) were found in the air sacs of their hosts. The eggs of D. translucidus and the Diplotriaena sp. from the grackle were found in the lungs and contents of the alimentary canal. It seems most likely that the eggs of all members of the subfamily Diplotriaeninae leave the definitive host via the lungs and faeces. Eggs of D. translucidus were fed to a variety of invertebrates. Spirurid larvae, found in the body cavities of grasshoppers (Camnula pellucida (Scudder)) that were fed eggs, are considered to belong to D. translucidus; these larvae are described. No spirurid larvae were found in ground beetles, field crickets, tenebrionids, camel crickets, ants, or land snails that were fed eggs. Similarly no spirurid larvae were found in blowflies, dung beetles, hister beetles, or earthworms that were fed eggs of the Diplotriaena sp. from Q. quiscula.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE NEMATODE RADOPHOLUS GRACILIS (DE MAN, 1880) HIRSCHMANN, 1955, PARASITIC IN ROOTS OF WILD RICE, ZIZANIA AQUATICA L.
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

The anatomy of Radopholus gracilis is described, the description being based chiefly on the study of living specimens and intravital staining with methylene blue and neutral red. Cajal's silver impregnation method and Golgi's bichromate silver method, both with slight modifications, prove useful.Cuticle striated with four longitudinal incisures; 16–18 muscle cells in anterior region; head supported by six-ridged cuticular framework with six lips and 16 sense organs; excretory system with anterior and posterior canals opening into an ampulla, all on left side of the body, and a cuticular terminal duct; ovaries opposed and outstretched; vas deferens differentiated into three regions and no central rachis in the gonads; nerve ring associated with a group of 7, 13, and 27 cells on dorsal, ventral, and lateral sides respectively; phasmid nerve supply from lateral nerves; 'hemizouid' organ present. The nematodes appear to be adapted to an aquatic environment and seem to be unaffected by low temperatures and low oxygen content in their habitat.
STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE (CILIATA: OLIGOTRICHA): I. A NEW SPECIES OF ENTODINIUM WITH "CAUDATUM," "LOBOSO-SPINOSUM," AND "DUBARDI" FORMS, AND SOME EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN THE GENUS ENTODINIUM
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

A new species of Entodinium—E. simulans—with an intraspecific variability similar to that of E. caudatum, is described. A parallel variability in E. rectangulatum is reported. It is shown that sets of the forms of the "caudatum," "loboso-spinosum," and "dubardi" types are produced by each of these three species of Entodinium. It is demonstrated that within the "caudatum–laterale" group of Entodinium there exists an evolutionary trend to the transformation of the left lateral groove into a narrow furrow, situated between the nuclear apparatus and the contractile vacuole.
STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE (CILIATA: OLIGOTRICHA): II. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE HIGHER OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

A comparison of the structure of Diplodinium s. str. and Entodinium of the "caudatum–laterale" group leads to the conclusion that Diplodinium originated from Entodinium as the result of torsional displacement of the nuclear apparatus, the left lateral groove, and the contractile vacuole from the dorsal side to the ventral. The ventral side of Entodinium was thus transformed into the "dorsal" side of Diplodinium The probable influence of this new conception of the comparative morphology of the Ophryoscolecidae is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE (CILIATA: OLIGOTRICHA): III. PHYLOGENY OF THE OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE BASED ON THEIR COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

The leading trend in the evolution of the family Ophryoscolecidae was the torsional displacement of the nuclear apparatus from the primary nuclear side ("dorsal" side of Entodinium) to the secondary nuclear side ("dorsal" side of the higher Ophryoscolecidae). This shift was accompanied by progressive development of the skeleton and by polymerization of organelles. Creation within the family Ophryoscolecidae of three new subfamilies, based on the grade of torsional displacement of structures and on some other characters, is proposed.
ACTIVITY OF THE SHORT-TAILED SHREW
Authors: Mann P. M. , Stinson R. H.
Published: August 2008

The 24-hour activity of Blarina brevicauda talpoides was recorded by means of tilting activity cages with the food and water placed (i) at the end farthest from the nest box and (ii) in the nest box. The shrews were active on the average less than 10% of the time, although considerable variation occurred both within and between individuals. Activity continued throughout the 24 hours with marked disturbances in late afternoon and early morning, associated with the feeding times. In individual daily records the activity often appeared in a series of short bursts. The average length of the bursts was 49 minutes and of the intervals between them 99 minutes. Changing the position of the food and water had little effect upon the 24-hour pattern.
EYE WORMS OF THE FAMILY THELAZIIDAE FROM BRAZILIAN BIRDS
Authors: Strachan Alison A.
Published: August 2008

Eighteen species of three genera of the family Thelaziidae are reported from the eyes of Brazilian birds. Thelazia sicki, T. spizaëli, T. anadorhynchi, and Oxyspirura cameroni are new. A parasite–host list of the species of Thelazia, Oxyspirura, and Ceralospira is included.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN CO2 SENSITIVITY AND BLOOD CIRCULATION IN CERTAIN FRESH-WATER FISHES
Authors: Hart J. S.
Published: August 2008

The asphyxiation level of oxygen at various levels of CO2 (CO2 sensitivity), measured on the brown bullhead, southern channel catfish, and largemouth bass decreased as the water warmed up with the approach of summer conditions in Florida. In the same general period blood pressure of the bass and channel catfish fell with seasonal change from winter to summer temperatures. Correlated changes were found in the weight of the ventricle with occluded blood. In the channel catfish, ventricle weights were lowest when water temperatures were warmest. They were greatest in winter in Florida and Tennessee fish when temperatures were lowest. Small seasonal trends in stroke output were also observed.
HELMINTH PARASITES OF REPTILES, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS IN EGYPT: III. CYATHOSPIRURA SEURATI SP. NOV. FROM FENNECUS ZERDA
Authors: Gibbs Harold C.
Published: August 2008

A new species of nematode, Cyathospirura seurati sp. Nov., has been described from Fennecus zerda in Egypt, and a key to the members of the genus has been proposed.
FILARIID NEMATODES FROM CANADIAN BIRDS
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: August 2008

Nine species of nematodes belonging to the Filariidae are recorded from birds in Canada. Of these, Desmidocerca nudicauda, Carinema ardae, Diplotriaena sialiae, and Avioser pens nana, are described as new.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AS A FACTOR IN POPULATION DYNAMICS: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PROBLEM
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: August 2008

The role of individual differences in the population dynamics of animals has been relatively neglected by ecologists. Individual requirements and responses to environmental pressures differ, however, and it is unwise to assume that the range of this variation within a population remains constant through successive generations. Moreover, the assumption that successive changes in the range of variation might affect the subsequent efficiency of some factors believed to regulate population density is worth further consideration. It cannot be tested adequately, however, by considering only the amounts of mortality that different extrinsic factors cause within a generation. Its adequate assessment also requires detailed observations of the qualities of different types of individuals. Therefore, in order to assess the importance of individual variation in the population dynamics of an insect, an outbreak of the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar), was studied in detail during 1956. Larvae were classified by differences in their total activity and behavior on emergence, and the proportions of the different types per egg mass were determined. Differences obtained were found to be associated with different feeding habits and rates of food consumption and development as well as with different chances for survival in particular environments or in the presence of disease. Colonies in new infestations consisted largely of active individuals, whereas less active individuals occurred with increasing frequency as infestations became older and heavier. Adult activity also varied, and more active moths appeared to be responsible for production of active colonies, especially in new infestations most distant from original sources. The population must be followed through its eventual decline to its next increase before complete information can be obtained, but present evidence is sufficient to formulate an acceptable working hypothesis, namely, that proportions of the different types within the population will show annual as well as areal changes. Moreover, the fact that the insect is colonial is not especially significant, since similar differences in total activity also may be detected among other species with solitary habits.
RESPONSES OF JUVENILE CHUM, PINK, AND COHO SALMON TO SHARP SEA-WATER GRADIENTS
Authors: Houston Arthur H.
Published: August 2008

The responses of chum, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), and pink, O. gorbuscha (Walbaum), salmon fry, and coho, O. kisutch (Walbaum), salmon fry and smolts to sea water were studied in sharp-gradient tanks. Chum and pink fry responded positively to isotonic and hypertonic solutions of sea water, but coho fry only to the former. During parr–smolt transformation, coho responded positively to hypertonic sea water. Responses of chum fry acclimated to sea water for 24 hours prior to observation were comparable in intensity to those of unacclimated fry, but less rapid. Activity of acclimated fry decreased less rapidly than did that of unacclimated fry. Fresh water control experiments indicated the presence of some factor or factors which resulted in preferences for "recognized" areas. The effects of positive responses to increased salinity are discussed in relation to the migratory movement of these species from fresh water into the sea.
THE ROLE OF CLIMATE AND DISPERSAL IN THE INITIATION OF OUTBREAKS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NEW BRUNSWICK: II. THE ROLE OF DISPERSAL
Authors: Greenbank D. O.
Published: August 2008

In Part I of this paper consideration was given to the role of climate in the initiation of outbreaks of the spruce budworm in New Brunswick. Analysis of the available weather data showed that the 1912 and 1949 outbreaks developed after several consecutive dry summers. Support was given to the theory of climatic release, which explains the time and place of outbreaks on a climatic basis. However, the recorded history of the spruce budworm also shows that high populations appeared in New Brunswick shortly after "spreading" through Quebec, and this suggests that the New Brunswick outbreaks are also a continuation of this spread. In the present part of the paper consideration is given to the role of dispersal. Moth dispersal is a more effective agent of spread than larval dispersal. Moths may be transported by convectional and turbulent air currents for long distances. Light traps used to detect the incidence of moth movements, showed that large segments of a population may be transferred from one area to another. Unspent females often predominate in these movements. Moth invasion was not detected before the 1949 outbreak although there is evidence from other sources that it occurred in 1948. When deposited in dense, mature, softwood stands, the moths can create outbreaks, but when deposited in young, open, or mixed-wood stands the ensuing high populations soon decline unless bolstered by repeated invasions. Populations in New Brunswick showed gradual and general increases as early as 1947. It is thought probable that these increases resulted from the build-up of local populations through climatic release. The nearest highly-populated centers were over 100 miles to the west in 1947. Later, invasion of moths from centers outside of the Province may have hastened the process.
THE TAXONOMIC STATUS OF RICTULARIA AFFINIS JÄGERSKIÖLD, 1909, RICTULARIA CAHIRENSIS JÄGERSKIÖLD, 1909, AND RICTULARIA SPLENDIDA HALL, 1913
Authors: Gibbs Harold C.
Published: August 2008

The taxonomic status of Rictularia affinis, Rictularia cahirensis, and Rictularia splendida is discussed. On the basis of marked similarity between the characteristics used as differential criteria R. cahirensis and R. splendida have been made synonyms of R. affinis.
TAXONOMIC VALUE OF THE CONE TOP AND THE UNDERBRIDGE IN THE CYST-FORMING NEMATODES HETERODERA SCHACHTII, H. SCHACHTII VAR. TRIFOLII, AND H. AVENAE (NEMATODA: HETERODERIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Distinct morphological differences in the cone top and the underbridge of the cysts serve to separate Heterodera schachtii, H. schachtii var. trifolii, and H. avenae. Correlation between cyst volume and fenestral length of H. schachtii cysts was not significant. In H. schachtii the depth of the underbridge was significantly greater than in H. schachtii var. trifolii, but this difference may be of little taxonomic value because of the variation within the two forms.
SOMATIC METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES IN GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATES OF THE CARROT RUST FLY, CHAMAEPSILA ROSAE (F.) (DIPTERA: PSILIDAE)
Authors: Robertson J. G.
Published: August 2008

A comparative study of somatic metaphase complements of the carrot rust fly, Chamaepsila rosae (F.), from England, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, and British Columbia showed that the chromosome number is eight and that all chromosomes are metacentric. The means of the total complement length ranged from 50.8 to 53.5 and the lengths for chromosomal pairs I–IV averaged 36.5, 24.8, 22.3, and 16.5% of the total length respectively for the four regions. The sex chromosomes are the largest elements in the complement, the X chromosome being 36.5% of the total length and the Y 28.8%. The arm ratios for members X, Y, II, III, and IV are 1.34, 1.13, 1.57, 1.21, and 1.34 respectively. Secondary constrictions were both infrequent and irregular in location. The work emphasizes that much caution is necessary in analyzing metaphase chromosomes for taxonomic purposes.
RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS AND ENDURANCE OF FROGS AT LOW PRESSURES
Authors: Hall James C. , Battle Helen I.
Published: August 2008

Exposure of three species of frogs (Rana pipiens, R. clamitans, and R. sylvatica) to pressures of 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 cm. Hg induces characteristic changes in the frequency and type of breathing. The immediate initial effect is that of increasing both mouth and lung oscillations for a brief period, prior to a gradual decline in rate. Lung oscillations persist longer than mouth oscillations, and on return to normal atmospheric pressure, are initiated earlier and at a rapid rate. During advanced stages of decompression, excess lung inflation is resultant from several consecutive inhalations, prior to a deep exhalation. R. pipiens is most resistant to low pressure, and R. sylvatica least resistant. Large individuals of a species survive longer than small. Survival is better with little oxygen in an atmosphere of nitrogen at normal atmospheric pressure than with a comparable oxygen supply at a reduced pressure. A brief acclimatization to pressures of 1.5 and 3.0 cm. Hg can be produced by prolonged exposure to 15 cm. Hg but not by intermittent exposures to low pressure.
THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE ON THE ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT OF THE OVOTESTIS OF THE SLUG, ARION SUBFUSCUS (DRAPARNAUD)
Authors: Pelluet D.
Published: August 2008

The amount of ascorbic acid in the slug Arion subfuscus has been estimated quantitatively at laboratory temperatures and at 0°–2 °C. The results show that the effect of the exposure to the low temperature reduces the amount-present in the ovotestis significantly. In general, the amount of ascorbic acid in the cold treated animals does not exceed that of the controls. This result does not agree with the cytological appearance of the ovotestis exposed to the same conditions, in which the cold treated animals show an increased number of granules of ascorbic acid after an initial decrease.
CHAMBERSIELLIDAE N. FAM. (NEMATODA) WITH EMENDED DIAGNOSIS OF THE GENUS CHAMBERSIELLA COBB, 1920, DESCRIPTION OF C. BAKERI N. SP., AND DISCUSSION OF TAXONOMIC POSITION
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Chambersiella bakeri n. sp., collected from the bark of an oak tree in the vicinity of Richmond, Ontario, is described and figured. It differs from C. rodens in the structure of the stoma, in the form of the female reproductive system, in the position of the vulva, and in the size of the body. With the new information provided by this species the generic diagnosis of Chambersiella Cobb, 1920 is emended. This genus, after emendment, is removed from the family Cephalobidae Chitwood and Chitwood, 1934 and placed in Chambersiellidae n. fam. The relationships of Chambersiellidae with the Rhabditidae and the Cephalobidae are discussed.
A SQUASH METHOD FOR SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF APHIDS
Authors: Dionne Leo A. , Spicer P. B.
Published: August 2008

Embryonic aphids are a good source of aphid chromosomes when extruded and left for 15 minutes in 25% Ringer's solution, fixed for 1 hour in a mixture of 2 parts glacial acetic acid, 2 parts 95% ethyl alcohol, and 0.125 parts of chloroform. The embryos are then hydrolyzed for 5 minutes in normal hydrochloric acid at 60 °C. and stained in Gomori's hematoxylin for 30 minutes at 60 °C. After differentiation in 45% acetic acid for [Formula: see text]to 2 hours, the embryos are placed on a microscope slide, squashed under a cover glass, and mounted in 45% acetic acid. Individual plates are spread and flattened at low magnification with the point of a scalpel by tapping and pressing the cover glass over the figure. Unused embryos in 45% acetic acid and prepared slides will keep in "deep freeze" for about two weeks. Permanent preparations are made by floating the cover glasses from frozen slides in cold 95% ethyl alcohol, dehydrating in absolute alcohol, and mounting in an alcohol-based mounting medium.
THE OCCURRENCE OF TRIMETHYLAMINE OXIDE IN FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS
Authors: Ogilvie Jane M. G. , Warren A. A.
Published: August 2008

The trimethylamine oxide present in trichloroacetic extracts of Fundulus heteroclitus muscle was determined indirectly by the colorimetric determination of trimethylamine as the picrate salt. The oxide content increases with the length of the fish and, while spawning, females showed larger contents than males. Fundulus kept in fresh or sea water and fed an oxide-free diet, showed an increase in oxide content which reached a high value in 35–45 days. Afterwards the oxide content declined and then rose again. The liver has small amounts present which tend to vary similarly. Injections of the oxide were recovered mainly in the excreta and to a lesser extent in the muscle and liver tissues. Fundulus starved for a month showed an increase in the oxide content of the muscle. It appears that trimethylamine oxide originates in muscle tissue as a result of two processes, one exogenous and one endogenous in origin.
EFFECTS OF THERMAL CONDITIONING AND OF DEGREE OF SATURATION OF DIETARY LIPIDS ON RESISTANCE OF AN INSECT TO A HIGH TEMPERATURE
Authors: House H. L. , Riordan D. F. , Barlow J. S.
Published: August 2008

The resistance of larvae of Pseudosarcophaga affinis (Fall.) to a high temperature was increased by thermal conditioning and by dietary lipids. The time of exposure to 45 °C required to cause 50% mortality of larvae reared at 23 °C on pork liver was 130 minutes (5% confidence limits 127 and 132 minutes). Pre-conditioning for 2 hours at 39 °C increased this time to 200 minutes (183 and 218 minutes). The time of exposure to 45 °C required to cause 50% mortality of larvae reared on chemically defined diets was 177 minutes (159 and 196 minutes) for those on a fat mixture that contained unsaturated fatty acids, 184 minutes (164 and 206 minutes) for those reared on an intermediate mixture, and 218 minutes (198 and 240 minutes) for those reared on a diet that contained a high proportion of saturated fatty acids. The degree of saturation of body lipids was directly influenced by the degree of saturation of the dietary lipids.
THERMAL RELATIONS OF GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF SALVELINUS
Authors: McCauley R. W.
Published: August 2008

Two geographic races each of Salvelinus fontinalis and S. alpinus respectively were compared with respect to their upper lethal temperatures and the effect of temperature on cruising speed. The two races of S. fontinalis, which are not recognized morphologically as subspecies, could not be separated on the basis of these tests. A difference in the upper lethal temperatures was found between the two groups of S. alpinus, which are recognized as subspecies. No difference was found in the response of the cruising speed to temperature, however.
ON THE 12-HOOKED ONCOSPHERES OF CANADIAN STRAINS OF ECHINOCOCCUS
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Oncospheres of Echinococcus possessing 2 to 12 hooks are described. The volume of the 12-hooked oncospheres is almost exactly twice that of normal hexacanths and is surmised that the duodecacanths originate from composite eggs containing two egg-cells.
THE IDENTITY OF THE SPECIES OF LEPEOPHTHEIRUS (COPEPODA) PARASITIC ON PACIFIC SALMON (GENUS ONCORHYNCHUS) AND ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR)
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: August 2008

A review of existing descriptions of Lepeophtheirus from salmonids, based on specimens collected mainly from Salmo salar in the European and North American Atlantic and from Oncorhynchus spp. in the Asiatic and North American Pacific, coupled with observations by the author on material from S. salar from England and from Oncorhynchus spp. from a wide range of localities in the North Pacific, suggest that L. salmonis (Krøyer, 1838) is the only species found on salmonids from both oceans. The differentiation of L. uenoi Yamaguti, 1939 as a distinct species on Pacific salmon seems to be the result of incorrect or inadequate early descriptions of L. salmonis.
OPHRYOSCOLECIDAE (CILIATA: ENTODINIOMORPHIDA) OF THE REINDEER (RANGIFER TARANDUS L.) FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC: II. DIPLODINIINAE
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

This paper is concerned with the Diplodiniinae of 14 reindeer from the Canadian Arctic. One new species, Polyplastron arcticum n.sp., is described, and eight other species of Diplodiniinae redescribed. A key to the species of Diplodiniinae of reindeer has been compiled.
A MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION IN THE JACK-PINE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA PINUS FREE.
Authors: Thomson H. M.
Published: August 2008

A microsporidian parasite of the jack-pine budworm is described and found to be very similar to Perezia fumiferanae Thom., which attacks the spruce budworm. The differences between the two species of Microsporidia are not considered great enough to justify the creation of a new species at the present time; however, with the continued isolation of the host species, the differences may become greater.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING DIAPAUSE IN THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HBN.) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Mutchmor J. A. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

At 65° F, the percentage of larvae of the European corn borer entering diapause increased from practically 0 to 95 as the photoperiod was increased from 0 to 9.5–14 hours of light per day, and decreased sharply to a minimum of 3 as photoperiod was increased to 16 or more hours of light per day. Rearing and studies on oxygen consumption revealed that, to be most effective, exposure to factors inducing diapause must begin before the second day of the final instar, and must continue for a period equivalent to the duration of the final instar at 65° F. Exposure during any single instar but the last was not effective in inducing diapause.
FOOD AS A CONTROL OF A POPULATION OF WHITE-FOOTED MICE, PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS NOVEBORACENSIS (FISCHER)
Authors: Bendell J. F.
Published: August 2008

Mice were introduced to an island before and after food was supplied in excess of food consumed. The population of mice on the experimental island with food in excess is compared with populations of mice on the same island before the addition of food, on an adjacent island, and on the mainland. Before food was supplied in excess, death rate (death and dispersal) greatly exceeded birth rate and the population failed. After food was supplied in excess death rate of the second introduction decreased and population increased to greatly exceed the density of mice on the control island.The increased density of mice on the experimental island is the result of a decreased death rate, particularly in mice from birth to approximately 1 month of age. Increased birth rate may also be a factor. Food supply regulates the abundance of white-footed mice by affecting death rate and possibly birth rate. The most important effect of food supply is on the survival of young from birth to approximately 1 month of age.Evidence that intraspecific strife for space occurs in relatively dense population is presented. Intraspecific strife for space may regulate population of mice beyond the level of abundance determined by the supply of food.
ON AN UNUSUAL FISH TAPEWORM FROM MAN
Authors: Webster Gloria A. , Cameron T. W. M.
Published: August 2008

An abnormal specimen of Dibothriocephalus from a boy in Saskatchewan has segments much longer than broad, as well as a few abnormal triangular ones. It is suggested that this may be the result of anthelmintic action or the physiological condition of the host.
SENSITIZATION TO MOSQUITO BITES
Authors: McKiel J. A.
Published: August 2008

Laboratory animals can be sensitized to mosquito bites by injections of mosquito extract or by repeated exposures to mosquito bites. The immediate reaction occurs only in sensitized animals and therefore is an allergic manifestation. The delayed reaction also appears to have a similar cause. Mosquito extracts are not toxic to animals. The sensitizing material first appears in the life cycle of the mosquito late in the series of changes which take place within the pupa. This material is limited to the head–thorax region of the mosquito, presumably to the salivary glands, and probably is composed of more than one antigenic fraction.
THE EGG AND FIRST-STAGE LARVA OF DESMIDOCERCELLA NUMIDICA (SEURAT, 1920) WITH REMARKS ON THE AFFINITIES OF THE DESMIDOCERCIDAE
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Mature females of Desmidocercella numidica (Seurat, 1920) have been found in a great blue heron (Ardea herodius) captured in Algonquin Park on May 30, 1955. As far as can be determined, this represents the first discovery of mature females of this species. The egg and first-stage larva are described and the affinities of the Desmidocercidae are considered in the light of these new data. In particular, the numerous resemblances of the desmidocercids to the Aproctinae and the Tetracheilonematinae are pointed out.
NEMATODE PARASITES OF VERTEBRATES OF EAST PAKISTAN: II. AMPLICAECUM RANAE SP. NOV. (HETEROCHEILIIDAE RAILLIET AND HENRY, 1915) FROM AMPHIBIA
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Amplicaecum ranae sp. nov. from the intestine of Rana tigrina and R. cancrivora is described.
THE TAXONOMY OF DIPETALONEMA SPIROCAUDA (LEIDY, 1858) N. COMB. (=SKRJABINARIA SPIROCAUDA) AND DIROFILARIA ROEMERI (LINSTOW, 1905) N. COMB. (=DIPETALONEMA ROEMERI)
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Filarioid nematodes from Phoca vitulina are described and assigned to Filaria spirocauda Leidy. Specimens from Callorhinus ursinus are close to F. spirocauda but their identity remains in doubt. F. spirocauda is shown to belong to Dipetalonema. Lubimov's (1927) description of F. spirocauda as Skrjabinaria spirocauda is invalid since his female specimen was a metastrongyle. Skrjabinaria falls, therefore, as a synonym of Dipetalonema. Skrjabinaria heteromorpha is a synonym of D. spirocauda. A literature review reveals no authentic record of Dirofilaria immitis in seals other than Zalophus californianus. D. fausti is a synonym of D. immitis. D. spirocauda (Leidy) n. comb, is similar to weissi, sunci, and vite but the male lacks terminolateral, wing-like appendages and bands of rod-like, cuticular structures on the ventral surface of the caudal extremity. Specimens in the U.S. National Museum (No. 45953) have been chosen as types.Dirofilaria roemeri (= Dipetalonema roemeri) is described from specimens from a kangaroo (probably Macropus major) of Queensland, Australia. It differs from other Dirofilaria mainly in its unusually small spicules, and its smooth cuticle with lateral alae. The binomial Filaria websteri Cobbold, 1879 is regarded as a nomen nudum.
LOCOMOTOR PERFORMANCE OF CHUM SALMON FRY (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA) DURING OSMOREGULATORY ADAPTATION TO SEA WATER
Authors: Houston Arthur Hillier
Published: August 2008

Transfer into sea water produced an immediate and marked depression of the cruising speed of chum salmon fry. Despite considerable recovery from this initial effect the fish exhibited a continuing slight depression of cruising speed over the entire experimental period (80 hours). Variations in total body levels of chloride and water were significantly correlated with changes in cruising speed, suggesting that variations in activity might be related to the process of osmoregulatory adaptation to sea water. Possible mechanisms underlying this effect have been discussed.
THE SPECIES OF ISOCAPNIA BANKS (INSECTA, PLECOPTERA, NEMOURIDAE)
Authors: Ricker William E.
Published: August 2008

The stonefly genus Isocapnia has 10 known species in the North American Cordillera, 1 in Japan, and 1 in coastal Siberia. Of the American species, fraseri, hyalita, missourii, and mogila are here described as new, as is the Siberian species kudia. Unusual or perhaps unique among stoneflies is the occurrence of dwarf males, having rudimentary wings, along with normal males, in the Japanese and in several American species.
OSMOREGULATORY ADAPTATION OF STEELHEAD TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON) TO SEA WATER
Authors: Houston Arthur Hillier
Published: August 2008

Steelhead trout transferred from fresh water into sea water exhibited two distinct phases in osmoregulatory adaptation. The first, or adjustive phase, was distinguished by marked departures from fresh-water levels and distributions of water and electrolytes. Increases in muscle chloride space indicated transfer of fluids from cells into the extracellular compartment. Plasma levels of water, chloride, sodium, and potassium rose, while that of calcium remained relatively constant. The ratio of plasma sodium to chloride fell sharply suggesting a condition of acidosis. Cellular calcium concentrations rose markedly, while smaller increases were seen in chloride and potassium levels. Changes in calcium appeared to be a function of both cellular dehydration and electrolyte uptake. Changes in cellular potassium concentrations were related primarily to dehydration since tissue levels of this ion fell slightly in sea water. The roles of active electrolyte excretory processes, and the passive withdrawal of ions from the circulating fluids by complex formation, have been considered as osmoregulatory mechanisms leading to the establishment of the second, or regulative, phase of adaptation to sea water.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE BIONOMICS OF THE MOSQUITOES OF ALGONQUIN PARK
Authors: Beckel W. E. , Atwood H. L.
Published: August 2008

The results of one season's mosquito collecting in Algonquin Park are presented giving data on relative abundance, seasonal distribution, and habitat of larvae and adults.General correlations between mosquito distribution and vegetation, and distribution and exposure are mentioned.The list of species found in the Park now includes 3 species of Anopheles, 17 of Aedes, 3 of Culiseta, 2 of Culex, 1 of Wyeomia, and 1 of Mansonia. Twenty-one of these 27 species have been taken biting man. Of these the most common in order of time of peak abundance were Aedes communis, Aedes punctor, Mansonia perturbans, and Aedes canadensis.
ANOMALIES OF ONCOTAXY IN TWO SPECIES OF ECHINOCOCCUS FROM NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lubinsky G.
Published: August 2008

Anomalies of oncotaxy of adult and larval scoleces of Echinococcus multilocularis and E. aff. granulosus from North America are described. It is pointed out that some of these anomalies affect characters usually believed to be characteristic of species. Abnormal oncospheres of E. multilocularis with 2, 7, and 12 hooks are described and the probable origin of the giant oncospheres is discussed.
THE ORIGIN OF TWO GLACIAL RELICT CRUSTACEANS IN NORTH AMERICA, AS RELATED TO PLEISTOCENE GLACIATION
Authors: Ricker Karl E.
Published: August 2008

In North America Mysis relicta and Pontoporeia affinis occur almost exclusively in basins which were part of a proglacial lake during late glacial time. They also occur in arctic brackish waters, and arctic stocks can have served as the origin of all inland continental stocks provided the ice advanced originally from the northeast across such shallow seas as Foxe Basin and Hudson Bay—in the manner envisaged by Flint's recent hypothesis of how the continental ice sheet was established. On this view, the future relicts were carried across the continent in proglacial lakes as the ice advanced, as far as the Waterton Lakes in Alberta–Montana and the Finger Lakes in New York; during the retreat of the ice, they followed its margin back in a similar series of lakes, remaining in the survivors of the latter whenever they are deep and cold enough.