bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utility of realistic microscopy-based cell models in simulation studies of nanoparticle-enhanced photon radiotherapy
Authors: Antunes Joana , Pinto Catarina I G , Campello Maria Paula Cabral , Santos Pedro , Mendes Filipa , Paulo António , Sampaio Jorge M
Published: January 2024

To enhance the effect of radiation on the tumor without increasing the dose to the patient, the combination of high-Z nanoparticles with radiotherapy has been proposed. In this work, we investigate the effects of the physical parameters of nanoparticles (NPs) on the Dose Enhancement Factor (DEF), and on the Sensitive Enhancement Ratio (SER) by applying a version of the Linear Quadratic Model. A method for constructing voxelized realistic cell geometries in Monte Carlo simulations from confocal microscopy images was developed and applied to Gliobastoma Multiforme cell lines (U87 and U373). The comparison of simulations with realistic geometry and spherical geometry shows that there is significant impact on the survival curves obtained for the same irradiation conditions. Using this model, the DEF and the SER are determined as a function of the concentration, size and distribution of gold nanoparticles within the cell. For small NPs, d
AuNP = 10 nm, no clear trend in the DEF and SER was observed when the number of NPs within the cell increases. Experimentally, the variable number of NPs measured inside the U373 cells (ranging between 1.48 × 105 and 1.19 × 106) also did not influence much the observed cell survival upon irradiation of the cells with a Co-60 source. The same lack of trend is obtained when the Au content in the cell is kept constant, 0.897 mg/g, but the size of the NPs is changed. However, if the number of NPs is kept constant (7.91 × 105) and the size changes, there is a critical diameter above which the dose effect increases significantly. Using the realistic geometries, it was verified that the key parameter for the DEF and the SER enhancement is the volume fraction of Au in the cell, with NP size being a more important parameter than the number of NPs.
Evaluating weather impact on vehicles: a systematic review of perceived precipitation dynamics and testing methodologies
Authors: Pao Wing Yi , Carvalho Mateus , Hosseinnouri Farimah , Li Long , Rouaix Clement , Agelin-Chaab Martin , Hangan Horia , Gultepe Ismail , Komar John
Published: January 2024

The performance of road vehicles degrades when driving in adverse weather conditions. Weather testing for vehicles is important to understand the impacts of precipitation on vehicle performance, such as driver visibility, autonomous sensor signal, tire traction, and structural integrity due to corrosion, to ensure safety. This tutorial summarizes the essential elements for performing realistic testing by applying physical and meteorological rationale to vehicle applications. Three major topics are identified as crucial steps for precise quantitative studies, including understanding the natural precipitation characteristics, estimating the perceived precipitation experienced by a moving vehicle, and selecting data collection strategies. The methods used in current practices to investigate the effects of rain and snow on road vehicles at common facilities of outdoor test tracks, drive-through weather chambers, and climatic wind tunnels are summarized. The testing techniques and relevant instrumentations are also discussed, with considerations of factors that influence the measured data, such as particle size distribution, precipitation intensity, wind-induced droplet dynamic events, accumulation behaviour, etc. The goals of this paper are to provide a tutorial with guidelines on designing weather testing experiments for road vehicles and to promote the idea of establishing standardized methodologies for realistic vehicle testing that facilitates accurate prediction of vehicle performance in adverse weather conditions.
Analysis of heat generation during friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 2024-T4 and its impact on joint characteristics
Authors: Kumar Deepak , Sinha A N
Published: January 2024

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a successful welding technique for joining of aluminium and many other materials with the required joint configurations. During this welding process, large amount of heat is generated, which influences the integrity, performance, and microstructure of the weld joints. In this study, both experimental and numerical approaches are adopted to analyse the influence of heat generation on the metallurgical and mechanical properties of friction stir-welded joints of AA2024-T4. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is constructed for quantitative analysis of heat flux, heat generation, temperature distribution, strain rate and viscosity. The model is validated by experimentally measured temperature data, and both agree well. The results showed that both heat flux and strain rate are more or less symmetric about the tool axis whereas plastic material flow is asymmetric. Heat flux affects the grain size and mechanical properties of the joint.
Aerobic, resistance, or combined exercise training and cardiovascular risk profile in overweight or obese adults: the CardioRACE trial
Authors: Lee Duck-chul , Brellenthin Angelique G , Lanningham-Foster Lorraine M , Kohut Marian L , Li Yehua
Published: January 2024

Background and Aims

To determine the comparative efficacy of resistance, aerobic, and combined resistance plus aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile.

Methods

This randomized controlled trial enrolled 406 adults aged 35–70 years with overweight or obesity and elevated blood pressure. Participants were randomly assigned to resistance (n = 102), aerobic (n = 101), combined resistance plus aerobic exercise (n = 101), or no-exercise control (n = 102). All exercise participants were prescribed 1 h of time-matched supervised exercise (the combination group with 30 min of each resistance and aerobic exercise) three times per week for 1 year. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 1 year in the standardized composite Z-score of four well-established CVD risk factors: systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and per cent body fat.

Results

Among 406 participants (53% women), 381 (94%) completed 1-year follow-up. Compared with the control group, the composite Z-score decreased at 1 year, which indicates improved CVD risk profile, in the aerobic {mean difference, −0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.27 to −0.04]; P = .01} and combination [mean difference, −0.16 (95% CI: −0.27 to −0.04); P = .009] groups, but not in the resistance [mean difference, −0.02 (95% CI: −0.14 to 0.09); P = .69] group. Both aerobic and combination groups had greater reductions in the composite Z-score compared with the resistance group (both P = .03), and there was no difference between the aerobic and combination groups (P = .96). Regarding the four individual CVD risk factors, only per cent body fat decreased in all three exercise groups at 1 year, but systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and fasting glucose did not decrease in any exercise groups, compared with the control group.

Conclusions

In adults with overweight or obesity, aerobic exercise alone or combined resistance plus aerobic exercise, but not resistance exercise alone, improved composite CVD risk profile compared with the control.
The Principle of Accountability in Human Rights-Based Approaches to Development: Towards a New Understanding
Authors: Reid Ysaline
Published: January 2024

Human rights-based approaches to development (HRBADs) have been pointed out as the most accomplished form of integration of human rights in development. Despite the growing talks among development practitioners on the need for human rights-based approaches to development policies and practices, it remains unclear what exactly the human right principle of accountability at the heart of these approaches consists of. This article seeks to unravel some of the difficulties. What does the principle of accountability mean? Who is accountable and to whom? What does it mean for current development practice? Reflecting on these questions, this article critically delves into policy, guidance, operational documents, evaluations, and other analyses by a selected number of bilateral development agencies. This desk-based research is in some cases backed by semi-structured interviews designed to provide a review of the current approaches to applying the principle of accountability. The article sheds light on how the principle of accountability is understood and applied by those agencies, and notes challenges and inconsistencies. It argues that the principle of accountability should be made fit for purpose so as not to become mere political rhetoric without practical meaning in development practice. It is thus contended that development agencies and state donors should move beyond understanding the principle of accountability as one that is grounded in internal accountability mechanisms and systems of evaluation and aim for holding all stakeholders, including themselves, accountable to the rights-holders of their development programmes and projects.
Right coronary artery dissection after aortic valve replacement presenting with refractory ventricular fibrillation
Authors: Jacob Abiah , Hara Natalia , Goli Giridhara , Lall Kulvinder
Published: January 2024

Iatrogenic coronary artery dissection is a rare complication seen in 0.07% of coronary procedures. Presentations of this condition vary, ranging from signs of myocardial ischemia to rarer presentations of ventricular arrhythmias. We present a rare case of a 55-year-old patient with native aortic valve endocarditis who developed right coronary artery dissection (RCAD) in the immediate post-op period presenting with refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF). Emergency coronary angiogram revealed an extensive RCAD extending from the ostium to the mid-vessel as the cause of VF. A consensus between the cardiologists and the cardiac surgeons led to an emergency right coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) that resolved the VF. This case illustrates a rare presentation of iatrogenic RCAD and the successful management of the same. We highlight the importance of prompt detection via angiography in patients suspected of having coronary artery dissection and showcase the successful implementation of emergency CABG in a patient with unstable haemodynamics.
Areolar reconstruction: MICAP flap as a skin paddle donor site in skin sparing mastectomy and implant-based reconstruction
Authors: Bonomi Riccardo , Rapisarda I Fabio
Published: January 2024

The main advantage of preserving the nipple-areola complex (NAC) in small to moderate size breasts reconstruction is that the main diameters of the breast mound remain unaltered. When for oncological reason the NAC must be excised, a paddle of skin needs to be borrowed from a donor site and transferred into the surgical defect to maintain the breast contour. While this is easily achievable with the majority of autologous reconstructions, it is very challenging in the context of implant-based reconstructions, where the primary closure of the defect leads to a flattened breast mound and suboptimal cosmetic results. In our experience, the medial intercostal artery perforator flap enables the safe resection of the NAC with concurrent reconstruction of the defect, allowing a satisfactory cosmetic result in terms of contour and projection even in the setting of implant-based reconstruction.
Primary gastric squamous cell carcinoma: case report
Authors: Cardoso Vasco S , Costa Filipa C , Santos Cristina M , Guerreiro José M , Ramos Sância F
Published: January 2024

Primary gastric squamous cell carcinoma is an extremely rare entity with an unknown etiopathology, and prognosis is generally poor. While diagnostic criteria are standardized, the optimal treatment strategy is not defined due to its rarity. In this article, we present a case of primary gastric squamous cell carcinoma, discussing its approach and treatment.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of the breast in pregnancy
Authors: Cui Rebecca B J , Hawes Susan , Potter Alison J , Merrick Kathleen , Warrier Sanjay , Azimi Farhad
Published: January 2024

Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, locally aggressive fibroblastic mesenchymal neoplasm, typically derived from the dermis, with the intramammary subtype being seen infrequently. We present a case of a 40-year-old woman whom was diagnosed with an intramammary DFSP during pregnancy, whom underwent successful surgical management during her second trimester. Our case demonstrates the importance of increased clinical awareness in the diagnosis and treatment of breast DFSP with careful multidisciplinary consideration.
Orbital evolution of close binary systems: comparing viscous and wind-driven circumbinary disc models
Authors: Turpin George A , Nelson Richard P
Published: January 2024

Previous work has shown that interactions between a central binary system and a circumbinary disc (CBD) can lead to the binary orbit either shrinking or expanding, depending on the properties of the disc. In this work, we perform two-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations of CBDs surrounding equal mass binary systems that are on fixed circular orbits, using the athena++ code in Cartesian coordinates. Previous studies have focused on discs where viscosity drives angular momentum transport. The aim of this work is to examine how the evolution of a binary system changes when angular momentum is extracted from the disc by a magnetized wind. In this proof-of-concept study, we mimic the effects of a magnetic field by applying an external torque that results in a prescribed radial mass flux through the disc. For three different values of the radial mass flux, we compare how the binary system evolves when the disc is either viscous or wind driven. In all cases considered, our simulations predict that the binary orbit should shrink faster by a factor of a few when surrounded by a wind-driven CBD compared to a corresponding viscous CBD. In-spiral time-scales of ∼106–107 yr are obtained for circular binaries surrounded by CBDs with masses typical of protoplanetary discs, indicating that significant orbital shrinkage can occur through binary–disc interactions during Class I/II pre-main-sequence phases.
Environmental effects on satellite galaxies from the perspective of cold gas
Authors: Chen Hongxing , Xie Lizhi , Wang Jie , Hu Wenkai , De Lucia Gabriella , Fontanot Fabio , Hirschamnn Michaela
Published: January 2024

Environment plays a pivotal role in shaping the evolution of satellite galaxies. Analysing the properties related to the cold gas phase of satellites provides insights into unravelling the complexity of environmental effects. We use the hydro-dynamical simulations the IllustrisTNG project and the EAGLE simulations, and the semi-analytic models (SAMs) GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) and L-Galaxies, in comparison with recent observations from the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope, to investigate the properties of satellite galaxies hosted by haloes with mass M200 > 1012.8 M⊙, and within projected regions ≤1.1 virial radius R200. Generally, satellite galaxies selected from semi-analytic models have more H i than those selected from hydro-dynamical simulations across all projected radii, e.g. more than 30 per cent of satellites in the two hydro-simulations are H i depleted, while this fraction is almost zero in SAMs. Furthermore, both hydro-dynamical simulations and SAMs reproduce the observed decrease of H i content and specific star formation rate towards the halo centre. However, the trend is steeper in two hydro-dynamical simulations TNG and EAGLE, resulting in a better agreement with the observational data, especially in more massive haloes. By comparing the two version of GAEA, we find that the inclusion of ram-pressure stripping of cold gas significantly improves the predictions on H i fractions. The refined hot gas stripping method employed in one of the two L-Galaxies models also yields improved results.
The effect of cosmic web filaments on galaxy properties in the RESOLVE and ECO surveys
Authors: Hoosain Munira , Blyth Sarah-L , Skelton Rosalind E , Kannappan Sheila J , Stark David V , Eckert Kathleen D , Hutchens Zackary L , Carr Derrick S , Kraljic Katarina
Published: January 2024

Galaxy environment plays an important role in driving the transformation of galaxies from blue and star forming to red and quenched. Recent works have focused on the role of cosmic web filaments in galaxy evolution and have suggested that stellar mass segregation, quenching of star formation, and gas-stripping may occur within filaments. We study the relationship between distance to filament and the stellar mass, colour, and H i gas content of galaxies using data from the REsolved Spectroscopy of a Local VolumE survey and Environmental COntext (ECO) catalogue, two overlapping census-style, volume-complete surveys. We use the Discrete Persistence Structures Extractor to identify cosmic web filaments over the full ECO area. We find that galaxies close to filaments have higher stellar masses, in agreement with previous results. Controlling for stellar mass, we find that galaxies also have redder colours and are more gas poor closer to filaments. When accounting for group membership and halo mass, we find that these trends in colour and gas content are dominated by the increasing prevalence of galaxy group environments close to filaments, particularly for high-halo mass and low-stellar mass galaxies. Filaments have an additional small effect on the gas content of galaxies in low-mass haloes, possibly due to cosmic web stripping.
Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Malik Shafi
Published: January 2024

Acute kidney injury (AKI) can cause irreversible loss of nephrons and therefore is an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Understanding individual risk factors may help in predicting the risk of AKI. As the entry of newer medications into clinical practice continues at a fast pace, it is important to recognize the changing landscape of AKI, with onconephrology being a prime example. Interaction between individual susceptibility to AKI and the type/extent of exposure to nephrotoxins determines the risk of occurrence of AKI. Acute renal replacement therapy should be considered when metabolic and fluid demands exceed total kidney capacity. The critical elements for a successful delivery of continuous renal replacement therapy include timing of initiation, type of technique, dose, anticoagulation, vascular access, close collaboration between critical care medicine and nephrology, and careful attention to medication dosing.
Cardiovascular Disease, Hypertension, and Diabetes (Part A)
Authors: Malik Shafi
Published: January 2024

Diabetes currently affects 8% of the world’s population and this is projected to increase to 12% by the middle of the century. Of those patients with diabetes, around 40% will develop chronic kidney disease and approximately 20% with diabetic kidney disease will progress to end-stage renal disease. SGLT-2 inhibitors, have not only shown efficacy in improving glycaemic control and cardiovascular outcomes, but also demonstrated a reduction in hard renal endpoints. Data from two large randomized controlled trials, CREDENCE and the recently published DAPA-CKD, showed a reduced risk of CKD progression in patients with albuminuric diabetic kidney disease, KDIGO has now incorporated guidance on the use of SGLT-2 inhibitors in diabetic kidney disease, in the hope of expediting a shift in its management. However, a multi-pronged approach to management remains essential, with new emphasis on individualized targets. Interventions such as lifestyle and diet, treating blood pressure to target with renin–angiotensin system inhibitors, treating hyperlipidaemia, and treating diabetes with well-established pharmacological therapies such as metformin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, plus newer agents, should all be utilized by practitioners to drive improvements in care of this complex and multimorbid population.
Renal Stone Disease, Urinary Tract Infection, and Obstruction
Authors: Malik Shafi
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, the pathophysiology of renal stones, types of stones, investigations, and management are discussed. Additionally, the chapter also covers urinary tract infections and obstruction.
Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Malik Shafi
Published: January 2024

This chapter on peritoneal dialysis (PD) covers the principles of PD, membrane physiology, dialysis solutions, dialysis prescriptions, advantages and disadvantages of treatment modalities, and complications seen in routine practice, such as peritonitis, exit site infections, and non-infectious complications, in addition to catheter insertion techniques. It encompasses the metabolic complications associated with this modality such as metabolic syndrome and malnourishment. The significance and preservation of residual renal function are emphasized.
Renal Transplantation
Authors: Malik Shafi
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the commonest transplant clinical scenarios that a nephrologist will come across in their daily practice. Questions cover pre-transplant assessment for kidney and kidney–pancreas, post-transplant care, including medical complications (both short- and long-term), basic transplant immunology, live donor care, and ethical challenges related to transplantation.
Renal Disorders in Pregnancy
Authors: Malik Shafi
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, pregnancy complications in those with renal disease are discussed. The presentation, evaluation, and management of complications, such as pre-eclampsia, immunosuppression management, and hypertension management of patients are covered, and discussion is based on current available evidence.
(Un)Successful scaling of social innovation
Authors: Brännvall Ruth
Published: January 2024

The objective of this chapter is to identify in a practical perspective what happens when private foreign enterprises bring knowledge and technology to local nonprofit community-based organizations with the view of scaling and growing their activity and identify what is needed for such mutual interactions to help with innovation and scaling of social ventures, namely involvement of end-users. Founders, end-users, and partners of two start-ups operating in Africa were interviewed over a five-year period in order to improve the understanding of the process of end-user inclusion in the innovation process. The research problematizes the field of social innovation by applying a critical view on the user and customer engagement in social ventures. It encourages more radical approaches and efforts, particularly in one of the innovation areas studied that concerns women’s health.
Legitimation Practices
Authors: Gifkins Jess
Published: January 2024

This chapter sets out the rationale for synthesizing legitimation and practice theory and introduces the concept of legitimation practices. It develops the concept of internal legitimation practices, which relates to the legitimation of a Security Council decision as part of the decision-making process. Examples of this include prioritizing unanimity, which is beyond the legal requirements, repeating language from previous Security Council decisions, and prioritizing support from countries that are in same region as subject of negotiations. Drafters prioritize these practices during negotiations, which serve to enhance the legitimacy of a decision. It also develops the concept of external legitimation practices, which relates to patterned actions taken by participants of a Security Council negotiation that enhance their own legitimacy. Examples of this include making consistent arguments that will appeal to specific audiences, and ‘doing something’ even when participants issue statements indicating that they knew the decision could not be implemented or would not make a meaningful impact. Internal and external legitimation practices are central, yet underresearched, aspects of Security Council negotiations that shape the process and outcome of decision-making.
Conclusion
Authors: McDaniel Byrd
Published: January 2024

The conclusion considers the possibility of spectacular listening becoming a standard practice. By drawing upon works in music studies and media studies, it theorizes what happens when and if spectacular listening becomes a much more prevalent and institutionalized mode of listening. The conclusion is organized into three themes that arise throughout the case studies: the sharing imperative, syncing out loud, and marginal practices, and it suggests that the desire to make one’s listening legible to other people and devices represents the potential widespread acceptance of new cultural ideas around listening, which entails new questions about oppressive and disruptive possibilities.
Statelet of Survivors
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: January 2024

The women and men who defeated the Islamic State in Syria have been hailed as the best unconventional partner force the United States has ever had. Led by Kurds, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) evolved into a multiethnic, multireligious force in which all the indigenous peoples of the region were represented. But their triumph over ISIS is only half the story. In the absence of the Assad regime, this nonstate entity has increasingly taken on state-like powers. The Autonomous Administration has established military and police forces to defend their territory; a new school system and curriculum that offers language instruction in Kurdish, Aramaic, and Arabic; a co-chair system of governance that empowers women; an economic ecosystem that strives to undo decades of underdevelopment; protection for the most vulnerable including Yezidis; and a new judicial system of local courts to hold perpetrators accountable for the crimes they committed under ISIS.
A Genealogy of Rojava
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: January 2024

The origins of Rojava can be traced to the Republic of Mount Ararat, one of the most significant rebellions in the aftermath of the founding of the Turkish Republic. Based on an official treaty of cooperation between the Kurdish Xoybûn League and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnaktsutyun), Mount Ararat declared independence in October 1927. The legacy of the rebellion continues to shape the present. Many of the Kurdish, Assyrian, and Armenian inhabitants of northern Syria describe themselves today as “descendants of survivors” of Ottoman-era pogroms. Furthermore, the Republic of Ararat proclaimed that all inhabitants would be treated equally—regardless of race or religion. This far-reaching commitment to equality is also ensconced in the Social Contract of the Autonomous Administration declared in 2014, and stands in contrast to the founding ideologies of Kemalism in Turkey and Baathism in Syria, which promoted Turkification and Arabization policies vis-à-vis their respective minorities.
The Women’s Revolution in Rojava and Beyond
Authors: Holmes Amy Austin
Published: January 2024

While the Islamic State governed by weaponizing women, the Autonomous Administration governs by empowering them. With a co-chair system and 40 percent women’s quota in all levels of governance, the Autonomous Administration has achieved a level of women’s participation and leadership unparalleled elsewhere in Syria, or even the wider region. They were able to achieve this precisely because women and their male allies built a statelet where they were able to make their own laws and institutions, as well as promote women into positions of power. Second, the statelet was able to expand beyond the Kurdish heartland because many Arab, Christian, Yezidi and Turkmen women seized the opportunity to take part in governance. Furthermore, I show how these ideas of full gender equality—not token inclusion—were developed by Kurdish women inside the PKK since the 1970s. Finally, my survey data show that the ideas of gender equality are now embraced by the rank-and-file, not just supported by the elite cadre.
Who I Researched and How I Did It
Authors: Stephenson Elise
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 presents the methodology used to explore the women’s experiences of international affairs leadership. It details the on-ground, in-person, and international approach to data collection, as well as access to elites and the diplomatic bubble. Feminist international relations methodologies are expanded on, including the use of a critical feminist friend approach for researching gender in elite, international institutions. The chapter also explores the ethical considerations of researching institutions across long periods of time, balancing access requirements with the need to produce fair and rigorous accounts of gender and change. Challenges are explored, including a reflection on the role of the researcher’s positionality and semi-insider status. Overall, this chapter affirms that many participants drew on deep courage to participate. This reflects the status of discussions about gender in the field—it remains a contentious topic to be negotiated through carefully considered research methodologies.
How Did You Get There?
Authors: Stephenson Elise
Published: January 2024

Chapter 7 analyses women in international affairs’ pathways to senior leadership in the case agencies. This chapter concentrates on mapping women’s career paths and the factors considered at each step of the journey to international representation and leadership. It presents key insights around the most likely time when women leave the pipeline, and the core considerations for doing so. It becomes clear that both formal and informal institutions impact on women’s career trajectories, highlighting not just the time-lapse between institutional change and the desired result, but how some institutions resist change. This chapter therefore explores what women saw, heard, felt, and experienced on the world stage, to better understand the depth and nature of gender inequality in international affairs. Understanding the world through their eyes, gendered institutions travel with participants as they experience their deployments. Complex and multifaceted norms and rules at every turn affected women’s experiences, ultimately highlighting international affairs as reliant on multiple forms of gendered sacrifice across contexts.
Why Do Women Remain Underrepresented (and Unequal) in International Affairs?
Authors: Stephenson Elise
Published: January 2024

Chapter 8 collates the findings of the previous chapters on history, demographics, statistics, and experiences. Applying the intersectional feminist institutionalism (IFI) theory to these deeply international contexts, three core trends explaining women’s underrepresentation are found, including the legacy of history on the contemporary agencies; the complexity and duplication of gendered challenges; and the compounding effect of rules at different stages of women’s careers and posting cycles. Additionally, five of the most surprising and original findings from the research are explored. It becomes clear that complex institutions continue to exist in the face of a feminist turn in foreign policy, resulting in an environment teeming with gendered rules and norms of behaviour.
Conclusion
Authors: Stephenson Elise
Published: January 2024

The conclusion summarises the big lessons learned and implications from the research for other contexts. The chapter reflects on where we go from here and final thoughts in terms of what—and how best—we can learn from women’s experience of international affairs to date. The book has gone beyond a look at a single case or even single context to deeply understand the lives, work, and ways in which gender and other hierarchies impact on women on the global stage. Women may no longer be severely underrepresented across most of the international affairs agencies studied. However, gendered norms continue to affect women’s representation and experiences, sometimes with devastating consequences in terms of career and personal development. Intersectional feminist institutionalist (IFI) theory demonstrates the deep pervasiveness of gendered (and other) challenges across international affairs—a field teeming with complex and multifaceted formal and informal rules that challenge women at every turn. Despite recent shifts in Australian foreign policy and an overall rise in women’s representation, gendered rules and norms continue to impact on women. This is a leading reason why women remain underrepresented and experience government differently.
Escape from Europe
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores M. P. T. Acharya’s experiences of the rise of Nazism, the repercussions for the Indian diaspora in Berlin, and the decision to flee again. Acharya had applied for a passport to leave Berlin since the mid-1920s, but due to his long career as an anticolonial revolutionary, the British refused to grant him amnesty for his previous activities, especially during the First World War. However, in early 1934, he finally succeeded, and he and his wife, Magda Nachman, escaped to Zürich to stay with Nachman’s sister, eventually living secretly in exile in Zürich and Paris. The chapter unveils the difficulties of returning to India for exiled revolutionaries and the dangers of living underground.
Anarchy
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk
Published: January 2024

This chapter sheds light on the last years of M. P. T. Acharya’s life in Bombay during the early years of the Cold War. After Gandhi’s assassination, Gandhians abandoned the principles of pacifism, according to Acharya. Instead, Acharya found an outlet for his pacifism in French anarchist-pacifist periodicals, continued to connect with anarchists worldwide, and drew on this network for contributions when he and D. N. Wanchoo wanted to start a new anarchist publication in India. Poor health, poverty, and the tragic death of his wife, Magda Nachman, in February 1951 put an end to the project and, as the chapter makes clear, an end to India’s own anarchist periodical. Instead, Acharya challenged Lotvala’s individualist libertarianism and embraced the ‘near-anarchists’ around the Harijan group. As the chapter ultimately concludes, the key figures around the Harijan group and the Bhoodan movement, K. G. Mashruwala, Vinoba Bhave, and Maganbhai P. Desai, were approaching anarchism, partly through Acharya’s ideas, and Acharya found an Indian expression of anarchism through the periodical. The tragic death of Acharya in March 1954, the book concludes, also meant the death of anarchism in India.
Know Your Country
Authors: Byala Sara
Published: January 2024

Chapter Three maps several mid-century advertisement campaigns that served to enmesh the Coke business in Africa and co-brand Africa at the same time. This chapter explores the strength of Coca-Cola marketing by highlighting little known marketing campaigns, including Birds of Africa, Know Your Country, and more. It makes the case that these campaigns served to spread product and goodwill while branding the very continent of Africa itself, both for internal and, later, external audiences. Further, this chapter shows how this marketing was inexorably tied to waning settler colonialism and the endurance of the apartheid regime.
Parthian–Armenian language contact and its historical context
Authors: Meyer Robin
Published: January 2024

Given the data already available from the research conducted in the 19th and 20th centuries, and with the insights gained in this study, this chapter asks how the linguistic and sociohistorical specifics of the Parthian-Armenian contact situation are best evaluated. It suggests that all data is best explained as the result of a Parthian superstrate shift: the Parthian ruling class in Armenian adopted Armenian as their main means of communication, and in so doing created a Parthianized prestige variant of Armenian. In this context, a polyphasic contact model is proposed. Multiple comparanda for these proposals are discussed: the superstrate shift of Norman French speakers in post-Conquest Britain; and, for the syntactic influence of Iranian languages on their neighbours, the cases of Old Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, both of which show signs of contact-induced alignment change
Introduction
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

The introduction makes a case for why ethics is important when thinking about privacy, and it sets out the structure and main themes of the book. This book is intended to contribute to a better understanding of privacy—what it is, what is at stake in its loss, and how it relates to other rights and values. As it is being written, data protection laws are being proposed in numerous countries; corporations, think tanks, and NGOs, among others, are developing ethical codes regulating the handling of personal information; the use of big data is growing in research, marketing, and politics. The choices made about privacy today and in the coming years will shape the history of humanity for decades to come. Decisions and public policy about privacy will influence how courts work, how political campaigns are run, the relationship between people and corporations, the power that governments may wield, the use of surveillance, the advancement of medicine, the individual and collective risks that society is exposed to, and, not least, whether people’s rights are respected during their daily lives.
The Value of Surveillance
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

Part of what makes privacy a philosophically interesting topic is that its opposite, surveillance, is also valuable. Surveillance is “the focused, systematic and routine attention to personal details for the purposes of influence, management, protection or direction” (Lyon 2007, 14). If privacy were valuable and surveillance were not, there wouldn’t be ethical dilemmas regarding privacy. It’s only because we can derive benefits from surveillance and exposure that privacy is constantly put into question. This chapter suggests that surveillance as transparency and publicity can support trustworthiness, accountability, safety, informed decisions, research advancements, convenience, equality and justice, connectedness, and economic gain.
Introduction, Motivation, and Methods
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by raising the book’s main question: what makes some cities attractive to people who think of themselves as progressive, liberal, and egalitarians, and what makes some cities less attractive to such people? In other words, what makes a city (more of) a city of equals? It then explains why this is an interesting question and how equality in the city differs from equality in the state. Finally, the authors explain the method—combining philosophical reasoning with interviews with city dwellers—which the authors adopted in pursuit of their theory of what makes a city a city of equals.
Writing systems
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 introduces the history of writing in Korean and Japanese, which involves borrowing of the Chinese script and syntax and development of different writing systems more suitable to the morphosyntax and phonology of the two languages. Several methods of adapting Chinese characters to write texts (e.g., by changing word order and adding auxiliary elements to mark grammatical functions) were attempted by Koreans and shared with Japanese. The Japanese developed syllabic phonographic scripts, i.e., Hiragana and Katakana, by the 10th century by simplifying Chinese characters and established a writing system in which both the Chinese and phonographic characters are used. The Koreans stayed closer to the authentic Chinese writing until they invented an alphabetic phonographic script Hangŭl in the 15th century, which allowed Korean texts to fully represent Korean morphosyntax and phonology. In principle, Korean texts are written solely in Hangŭl without mixing Chinese characters today.
Nominalization
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

Nominalization is a process of changing a verb or an adjective into a noun. Chapter 9 focuses on complement clauses with nominalizers. Complement clauses with two Korean nominalizers -kiand -(u)mand complement clauses with kes(a complementizer) are compared in regard to their syntactic structure, the morphological case of their subject (whether or not a genitive case is possible in place of a nominative case), and the presence or absence of a tense morpheme. Japanese nominalizers no, koto, and tokoroare compared regarding the semantic type of verbs that take them. All the Japanese nominalizers allow genitive subjects and only one of the Korean nominalizers, i.e., -(u)m, allows genitive subjects. An issue regarding genitive subjects and analyses proposed to account for the relevant phenomena, e.g., the D-licensing approach, are referred to at the end of this chapter.
Definition: What and When
Authors: Ball Derek
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces a puzzle about definition: why can’t we always resolve definitional disputes by simply stipulating what we will mean? After introducing a number of traditional distinctions associated with the idea of definition, including the distinctions between nominal and real definitions and between descriptive and stipulative definitions, itI is argued that any adequate account of what is going on in definitional disputes will need to explain how it is possible for people to use a word with the same meaning despite deep differences in their views, and itI is shown that some familiar views of meaning can’t be applied in many cases because they would make false predictions about what evidence bears on our claims. In conclusionde by discussing Tyler Burge’s account of definitional disputes is discussed.
International Investment, 1820–1914
Authors: Meissner Christopher M.
Published: January 2024

Did global international capital markets promote economic development in the first wave of globalization, or did they promote instability and financial crises? After 1850, international financial integration rose as investors from leading European countries looked abroad for high returns. Capital followed migrants and was also attracted by resource discoveries. Borrowing countries tended to invest in infrastructure and other forms of capital that boosted wages and economic growth.
Inter-Dependence and Instability in the Classical Gold-Standard Era
Authors: Meissner Christopher M.
Published: January 2024

Did the classical gold-standard era witness economic stability? Financial flows benefitted from the stability of exchange rates under the classical gold standard. The leading countries successfully managed the gold standard. These economies possessed credibility and cooperation which enabled the smooth functioning of the gold standard. The gold standard often imposed tough policy choices on countries, and was typically more dysfunctional in the so-called periphery. In many cases, these countries were unable to maintain their commitments to the gold standard. They could not credibly commit to taking the actions required by trade and financial imbalances. In these cases, capital flows, the gold standard, and weak institutions combined to heighten the chance of a financial crisis of which there were many prior to 1914.
World War I and Its Legacy (Prologue to the Great Depression)
Authors: Meissner Christopher M.
Published: January 2024

The 1920s laid the foundation for the Great Depression. The Treaty of Versailles and the peace settlement after World War I imposed an excessive and politically unpalatable level of debt on Germany. Between 1922 and 1924, Germany’s hyperinflation created uncertainty and drove the economy to collapse. By the late 1920s, international stability had been achieved as many counties rejoined the gold standard and international trade and capital flows accelerated. The gold standard was now a “gold-exchange standard” meaning countries backed their currencies with international reserves. Capital flows were “recycled” through Europe and back to the United States. A fragile and fraught international economic environment prevailed. The credit boom of the 1920s, along with a number of institutional and economics weaknesses, heightened the chances of global financial crisis. The crisis began in 1928, after the Federal Reserve raised interest rates.
The Great Depression
Authors: Meissner Christopher M.
Published: January 2024

The Great Depression remains the most severe international financial crisis in the history of the global economy. The rise in interest rates in 1928 started the Great Depression. The Depression was so deep due to a multitude of factors, including a lack of credibility and cooperation, the trade war, uncertainty, debt deflation, and stick wages. The Depression was prolonged as nations dithered on how to achieve stability and economic recovery. Especially hard hit were the countries that maintained the gold standard. Going off the gold standard promoted recovery by boosting exports, raising employment and investment, and raising the price level. The Great Depression generated many lessons, but many countries continue to suffer from Great Depression–style crises.
Association of Work Stress With Anxiety and Depression Among Adults in Wuhan, China
Authors: Tao Yueqing , Zhang Haozhe , Chen Zhaomin , Huang Xuezan , Wang Dongming , Li Whenzhen
Published: January 2024

Objective

This study aimed to explore the relationship of work stress with anxiety and depression and the mediation of job satisfaction.

Methods

We conducted a survey among gas station workers in Wuhan, China. Multivariate and bootstrap mediating analyses were conducted.

Results

The rate of effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment (OC), anxiety, and depression were 22.9%, 29.2%, 20.1%, and 19.9%. Work stress was positively associated with anxiety (β = 0.213 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.156–0.270] for logarithmic effort-reward ratio [LgERR] and β = 0.563 [95% CI, 0.505–0.621] for OC) and depression (β = 0.291 [95% CI, 0.227–0.356] for LgERR and β = 0.417 [95% CI, 0.351–0.483] for OC). The mediation of job satisfaction from LgERR and OC to anxiety and depression were 14.93%, 9.05%, 24.34%, and 19.85%.

Conclusions

We should concern the anxiety and depression, and work stress status of workers and improve the situation by improving job satisfaction.
On-Duty Resting Heart Rate Variability at the Fire Station Is Related to Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity Levels in Firefighters
Authors: Marcel-Millet Philémon , Gendron Philippe
Published: January 2024

Objective

The aim of the study is to measure the association between the physical activity (PA) levels and cardiorespiratory fitness on the firefighters’ cardiac autonomic function at rest at the fire station.

Methods

Anthropometry, heart rate variability, fitness, and PA levels were assessed at the fire station in 98 career Québec male firefighters.

Results

Partial correlations, adjusted for age, waist circumference, and perceived stress revealed that heart rate and several heart rate variability indices were significantly correlated to estimated maximal oxygen consumption and to high-intensity PA but not to moderate-intensity PA.

Conclusions

These results suggest that both cardiorespiratory fitness and high-intensity physical training are related to the cardiac autonomic function of firefighters. Therefore, fire department should promote PA programs to improve physical fitness among firefighters.