bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le dopage comme production de la démesure de l’institution sportive
Authors: Escriva Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2015

Au lieu de s’en remettre aux représentations du dopage comme « excès » ou « dérive » du sport, cet article l’envisage comme produit de la logique sportive elle-même. La notion de conduite addictive au sport intensif et l’analyse de l’institution permettent de dépasser l’apparente irrationalité du dopage en réalité bien intégrée à la rationalité instrumentale globale. La crise sportive des années 1980 illustre ensuite le travail idéologique d’une institution associée à divers agents qui renouvellent sa légitimité. Ce contexte permet alors de comprendre la cohérence des surinvestissements de jeunes sujets en particulier, que renforce encore la pensée institutionnelle dont le propre est de rendre invisible l’emprise des institutions.
Sports et médias, une marche inéluctable vers la démesure
Authors: Villepreux Olivier
Published: December 2015

Le sport est indissociable des médias qui le font vivre et assurent sa spectacularisation. Au fil de l’histoire, presse, radio et surtout télévision vont détourner le contenu, les valeurs du sport à leur profit. Vaste entreprise de promotion publicitaire et politique, le sport spectacle est devenu un enjeu économique colossal. Entre les droits télévisuels négociés par les chaînes et les retombées financières qu’ils impliquent pour les sociétés sportives, les intérêts se mêlent et donnent lieu à toutes sortes d’excès. Mais seule l’élite du sport est concernée. La majeure partie des pratiquants, les amateurs, est quasiment exclue de cette bulle qui exacerbe la concurrence à tous les niveaux, paralyse le sens critique. Dopage, corruption, récupération politique, starisation des athlètes ont mené à une vision tronquée du sport, miroir d’une société où l’individualisme et l’argent ont pris le pas sur « la beauté du geste » et le fair-play.
Ordre sportif et police de genre
Authors: Saouter Anne
Published: December 2015

L’histoire du sport nous montre combien cette activité a toujours été conçue comme devant se décliner au masculin. Avec d’autant plus de force quand il s’agit de compétition. Les femmes ont bien sûr fini, non sans mal, par progressivement s’imposer dans toutes les disciplines sportives. Leur arrivée dans le champ sportif, et les compétences acquises, n’ont pas pour autant motivé un projet de mixité, l’innovation du champ s’étant réduite à la création, en son sein, d’un espace spécifique pour elles. Non seulement les sexes restent séparés, mais la gestuelle sportive doit aussi, et toujours, rappeler le différent. Et c’est plutôt aux sportives que revient la responsabilité de préserver la stabilité des codes de genre. De fait, quand elles deviennent trop performantes ou trop « inattendues », les outils de la domination masculine, des plus classiques aux plus élaborés, sont exhibés pour empêcher des corps, là où pourtant d’autres sont invités à dépasser les limites du biologique.
(Ré)créer le monde à Burning Man . Jeu, don et créativité rituelle
Authors: Gauthier François
Published: December 2015

À la suite du Jouer de Roberte Hamayon, cet article mobilise la théorie du don et la théorie du jouer pour analyser le cas du festival Burning Man à partir d’une enquête de type ethnographique. Après une brève présentation des deux théories, l’article s’attelle à décrire cet événement qui occupe une place importante dans les développements d’une véritable « contre-culture » au cours des trois dernières décennies. L’article entame ensuite une analyse à partir de la perspective du don en portant une attention particulière aux dynamiques des pratiques concrètes du don largement passées sous silence dans la littérature académique sur le sujet. Cette première analyse permet de mieux appréhender l’apport spécifique d’une analyse en termes de jouer, menée dans un second temps. L’article se penche enfin sur les dimensions religieuses de Burning Man et des rapports entre jeu, rite et religion, éclairées à nouveau par le jouer tel que défini par Hamayon comme liberté exercée dans un cadre. Cette approche permet de dépasser la définition du jeu comme forme dégradée ou inchoative du rituel et du religieux pour saisir le caractère ludique et créatif de certaines recompositions religieuses actuelles.
Le sport dans l’éducation
Authors: Acensi Jean-Philippe
Published: December 2015

Le sport n’a pas de valeur en soi, c’est l’éducateur qui lui donne sa valeur pédagogique. C’est pourquoi si l’éducation par le sport est un outil incontestable en matière d’insertion des jeunes, c’est dans des conditions d’encadrement qui doivent être rigoureuses. Aussi, pour se montrer à la hauteur des enjeux sociaux actuels, notamment depuis les attentats du 7 janvier, les politiques publiques d’insertion par le sport doivent-elles non seulement mobiliser les acteurs institutionnels mais aussi faire confiance aux associations, aux experts et aux partenaires privés dont le métier et la connaissance du terrain sont largement reconnus.
L’importance de l’éducation physique et du sport
Authors: Kidane Fekrou
Published: December 2015

Reflet de la société, le sport révèle simultanément un côté négatif et un côté positif. D’une part, la tolérance, l’intégrité, le respect d’autrui, la solidarité et le partage. De l’autre, les pires aspects de l’humanité : le vandalisme, la tricherie, la corruption, l’ultranationalisme et le dopage. Le manque de respect du code d’éthique du mouvement sportif a été la source de tous les problèmes de corruption, comme dans le cas de la FIFA. Les anciens athlètes peuvent, sans aucun doute, servir de modèles en se portant volontaires pour maintenir les règles écrites et non écrites qui sont primordiales pour sauvegarder le principe du fair-play et lutter contre la violence, le racisme et le dopage.
Quelques réflexions d’un jeune entraîneur de football
Authors: Micheau Pierre
Published: December 2015

Le football est un sport d’équipe trop souvent approché de façon individuelle. Pourtant, pour jouer en ensemble, il faut penser ensemble. Dans cet article, nous évoquons l’importance ou non des individualités. Nous abordons également l’intelligence de jeu. Nous tentons de répondre aux questions : qu’est-ce que le jouer juste ? La créativité ? L’échange entre les joueurs, les fameuses connexions entre individus et, enfin, le don pour le collectif ? Il est toujours plus facile de créer individuellement, alors que la création collective est un sacré défi. Cet article suggère que, pour enseigner en l’occurrence le football et créer une synergie, les méthodes de pédagogie et les idées de l’entraîneur seront déterminantes pour jouer de façon intelligente et juste, un jeu de pensée.
Dogville de Lars von Trier, ou la parabole du don
Authors: Girardot Dominique
Published: December 2015

Dogville, fable cinématographique tournée par Lars von Trier dans un décor minimaliste, met en scène la façon dont une belle fugitive trouve refuge dans un village perdu au fin fond des Rocheuses, en pleine crise des années 1930. Sur quelle base les habitants vont-ils accepter de lui donner asile ? Que pourra-t-elle donner en échange ? Le film illustre la difficile condition du don à l’ère d’une rationalité qui juge le contrat beaucoup plus moderne : il faudrait calculer des valeurs commensurables pour régler les échanges, il y aurait là un gage de justice et de paix. Que nous devons-nous les uns aux autres ? La question résume Dogville ; c’est pourquoi on propose ici d’en faire une parabole du don tel que conceptualisé par Mauss dans l’Essai sur le don. Le film met en scène le désastre d’une humanité qui ne se sent plus obligée. À l’heure où notre société se perd en tergiversations et calculs indignes sur l’accueil des migrants, on peut voir dans Dogville une illustration des terribles conséquences de la logique faussement rationnelle du donnant-donnant.
L’apparence est sacrée. Le concept d’« apparure » chez Henri Raynal
Authors: Rogues Jean-Paul
Published: December 2015

Pour Henri Raynal, « le vêtement n’a pas le rang qui lui convient ». Si aucune doctrine ne le guide, il a un rôle majeur et ne saurait être soumis à la logique du besoin. Son attention volitive et amoureuse au vêtement le conduit à forger le concept d’apparure (apparence et parure) et à distinguer deux niveaux d’édification : artifice premier naturel et donné, celui de la corporéité qui relève déjà d’une « coquetterie de la physis », et artifice second, celui du vêtement, autre degré de l’édifice visible qui, s’il épouse le premier avec bonheur, rend sensible l’intériorité. La vertu poétique du vêtement est celle de la finitude qui enlaçant d’artifice un artifice appelle le mystère et l’énigme. De cet enlacement, « il résulte une magie attestée … dont les inépuisables roueries de la dialectique voilement dévoilement sont bien loin de suffire à rendre compte ».
Platon et Aristote ou les pouvoirs politiques de la monnaie
Authors: Helmer Étienne
Published: December 2015

À travers un examen détaillé de textes de Platon et Aristote, cet article expose et discute les effets que, selon ces philosophes, la monnaie peut produire dans et sur la cité. À leurs yeux, la monnaie n’a pas pour seule fonction d’acquitter le prix des choses mais, à travers lui, de faire circuler la justice et la concorde dans toute la cité. Platon y voit un facteur de proportion propice à l’amitié civique, et Aristote en fait l’instrument de mesure rendant possible cette réciprocité par laquelle une communauté politique se conserve. Ce faisant, la monnaie porte néanmoins aussi avec elle le risque de l’injustice qui, sous la forme du prix démesuré, nuit à la concorde et à la réciprocité. Platon et Aristote montrent ainsi à quelles conditions l’échange marchand monétarisé peut servir un but politique légitime, dont la monnaie est à la fois le symbole et l’instrument.
Don et pacte social dans l’œuvre de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (II)
Authors: Corbin Stéphane
Published: December 2015

Selon la vulgate, Rousseau, parce qu’il estimait que la société était nécessairement corrompue, prônait le retour à l’état de nature par un exil qui offrait la possibilité d’une coïncidence avec soi-même. À rebours de cette vulgate, l’analyse du don, thème récurrent dans toute l’œuvre de Rousseau, montre que l’exigence de séparation d’avec soi-même constitue la condition fondamentale d’un pacte social légitime. Si l’on suit Rousseau à travers les développements de cette exigence ontologique de séparation, on remarquera à quel point la question du don constitue une clé d’interprétation qui permet d’appréhender la complexité de sa théorie de la légitimation.
Norepinephrine Controls Effector T Cell Differentiation through β2-Adrenergic Receptor–Mediated Inhibition of NF-κB and AP-1 in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Takenaka Maisa Carla , Araujo Leandro Pires , Maricato Juliana Terzi , Nascimento Vanessa M. , Guereschi Marcia Grando , Rezende Rafael Machado , Quintana Francisco J. , Basso Alexandre S.
Published: December 2015

Despite accumulating evidence indicating that neurotransmitters released by the sympathetic nervous system can modulate the activity of innate immune cells, we still know very little about how norepinephrine impacts signaling pathways in dendritic cells (DC) and the consequence of that in DC-driven T cell differentiation. In this article, we demonstrate that β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) activation in LPS-stimulated DC does not impair their ability to promote T cell proliferation; however, it diminishes IL-12p70 secretion, leading to a shift in the IL-12p70/IL-23 ratio. Although β2AR stimulation in DC induces protein kinase A–dependent cAMP-responsive element–binding protein phosphorylation, the effect of changing the profile of cytokines produced upon LPS challenge occurs in a protein kinase A–independent manner and, rather, is associated with inhibition of the NF-κB and AP-1 signaling pathways. Moreover, as a consequence of the inverted IL-12p70/IL-23 ratio following β2AR stimulation, LPS-stimulated DC promoted the generation of CD4+ T cells that, upon TCR engagement, produced lower amounts of IFN-γ and higher levels of IL-17. These findings provide new insights into molecular and cellular mechanisms by which β2AR stimulation in murine DC can influence the generation of adaptive immune responses and may explain some aspects of how sympathetic nervous system activity can modulate immune function.
Deletion of 5-Lipoxygenase in the Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Lung Cancer Progression and Metastasis through Regulating T Cell Recruitment
Authors: Poczobutt Joanna M. , Nguyen Teresa T. , Hanson Dwight , Li Howard , Sippel Trisha R. , Weiser-Evans Mary C. M. , Gijon Miguel , Murphy Robert C. , Nemenoff Raphael A.
Published: December 2015

Eicosanoids, including PGs, produced by cyclooxygenases (COX), and leukotrienes, produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) have been implicated in cancer progression. These molecules are produced by both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME). We previously reported that both COX and 5-LO metabolites increase during progression in an orthotopic immunocompetent model of lung cancer. Although PGs in the TME have been well studied, less is known regarding 5-LO products produced by the TME. We examined the role of 5-LO in the TME using a model in which Lewis lung carcinoma cells are directly implanted into the lungs of syngeneic WT mice or mice globally deficient in 5-LO (5-LO-KO). Unexpectedly, primary tumor volume and liver metastases were increased in 5-LO-KO mice. This was associated with an ablation of leukotriene (LT) production, consistent with production mainly mediated by the microenvironment. Increased tumor progression was partially reproduced in global LTC4 synthase KO or mice transplanted with LTA4 hydrolase-deficient bone marrow. Tumor-bearing lungs of 5-LO-KO had decreased numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells compared with WT controls, as well as fewer dendritic cells. This was associated with lower levels of CCL20 and CXL9, which have been implicated in dendritic and T cell recruitment. Depletion of CD8 cells increased tumor growth and eliminated the differences between WT and 5-LO mice. These data reveal an antitumorigenic role for 5-LO products in the microenvironment during lung cancer progression through regulation of T cells and suggest that caution should be used in targeting this pathway in lung cancer.
Evidence for Magnetoreception in Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), Black Drum (Pogonias cromis), and Sea Catfish (Ariopsis felis)
Authors: Courtney Joshua , Courtney Michael
Published: December 2015

Over the past few decades, magnetoreception has been discovered in several species of teleost and elasmobranch fishes by employing varied experimental methods including conditioning experiments, observations of alignment with external fields, and experiments with magnetic deterrents. Biogenic magnetite has been confirmed to be an important receptor mechanism in some species, but there is ongoing debate regarding whether other mechanisms are at work. This paper presents evidence for magnetoreception in three additional species, red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), black drum (Pogonias cromis), and sea catfish (Ariopsis felis), by employing experiments to test whether fish respond differently to bait on a magnetic hook than on a control. In red drum, the control hook outcaught the magnetic hook by 32-18 for Χ2=3.92 and a P-value of 0.048. Black drum showed a significant attraction for the magnetic hook, which prevailed over the control hook by 11-3 for Χ2=4.57 and a P-value of 0.033. Gafftopsail catfish (Bagre marinus) showed no preference with a 31-35 split between magnetic hook and control for Χ2=0.242 and a P-value of 0.623. In a sample of 100 sea catfish in an analogous experiment using smaller hooks, the control hook was preferred 62-38 for Χ2=5.76 and a P-value of < 0.001. Such a simple method for identifying magnetoreceptive species may quickly expand the number of known magnetoreceptive species and allow for easier access to magnetoreceptive species and thus facilitate testing of magnetoreceptive hypotheses.
The Contribution of Healthy Behaviors on Physical and Mental Health
Authors: Kim Junhyoung , Ellard James Allen , Dvorak Robert , MaloneBeach Eileen E.
Published: December 2015

Researchers show that healthy behaviors play an important role in improving physical and mental health. However, there is a little research that explores which healthy behavior factors would be more associated with physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among three intensity levels of physical activity (e.g., walking, moderate exercise, and strenuous activity), smoking, the quality of sleep, and diet, and physical and mental health. The 2004 Survey of Texas Adults was used to investigate factors that influenced the relationship between healthy behaviors and self-rated physical health and mental health for this study. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to examine the contribution of health behavior variables on self-rated physical health and mental health. The results of this study show that quality of sleep, strenuous activity, moderate exercise, tobacco use, and age were positively associated with physical health. In addition, quality of sleep, strenuous activity, tobacco use, and demographic factors (e.g., age and gender) served as predictors of mental health. This study indicates that healthy behaviors can serve as an important vehicle for improving physical and mental health. It also suggests that individuals who pursue and engage in healthy behaviors may maintain and develop health and wellbeing.
Bernard Shaw: The Director as Dramatist
Authors: Dukore Bernard F.
Published: December 2015

In England in the 1890s few dramatists directed their own plays. Among them was Shaw, who viewed the director as vital to a theatrical production. Shaw's work as director influenced his playwriting, from blocking and stage business to creating crowd scenes, from cutting and changing dialogue to devising striking, sometimes spectacular visual effects. This article also provides a partial account of rehearsals for the aborted production of You Never Can Tell in 1897, which Shaw directed.
Shaw and the Dublin Repertory Theatre
Authors: Ritschel Nelson O'Ceallaigh
Published: December 2015

This essay explores Shaw's relationship with Dublin amateur theater from 1907 to 1914, moving from hostile clashes to a mutual partnership that benefitted all principals. Beginning with a request for a Shaw week by Dublin's Players’ Club, under Anthony Evelyn Ashley, Shaw moved to protect his plays from amateur companies attempting to stage weeklong performance runs under amateur terms. Yet by 1912, when Ashley and his wife, former professional actor Flora MacDonnell, staged John Bull's Other Island, the production dovetailed nicely with Shaw's inexpensive publication of the play aimed toward the new Home Rule Bill for Ireland then being debated. In the following year, Ashley and MacDonnell teamed with Casmir Markievicz to establish the Dublin Repertory Theatre. In that year, Markievicz staged The Devil's Disciple in a production that reflected Dublin's growing labor unrest on the eve of the infamous Dublin Lockout. In November 1914, Ashley and MacDonnell staged Mrs Warren's Profession in a much-publicized production, which Shaw followed days later with a call in the Dublin press for Irish enlistment in the Great War. The 1907–14 period also saw numerous professional companies touring Dublin with Shaw plays, which Evelyn Ashley's productions complemented in bringing Shaw, or his plays, home to Dublin, and which Shaw used to enhance his developing interest in Dublin and Irish affairs.
“Not a Play”: Redefining Theater and Reforming Marriage in Candida
Authors: Christian Mary
Published: December 2015

In his early plays, Shaw repurposed conventional theatrical tropes and privileged discussion over dramatic closure, redefining drama in ways that some of his contemporaries considered antidramatic. These strategies are especially important in Candida (1895), written explicitly in response to Ibsen's Doll's House, which Shaw considered the prototypical New Drama. I argue that in questioning popular assumptions about marriage and gender relations, Candida also reworks theatrical genres and devices commonly associated with these assumptions, in particular the dramatic stock characters of the preacher and the poet, and the related performance genres of religious homiletics and poetry reading. The play suggests that marriage itself is a theatrical performance modeled on these and other theatrical forms; thus, traditional theater is to some degree held responsible for faulty popular assumptions regarding love and marriage, and newer kinds of theater are called on to correct those assumptions.
Investigating Content and Face Validity of English Language Placement Test Designed by Colleges of Applied Sciences
Authors: Al-Adawi Sharifa S. A. , Al-Balushi Aaisha A. K.
Published: December 2015

An English placement test (PT) is an essential component of any foundation program. It helps place students into their suitable language proficiency level so that they do not spend time learning materials below or above their levels. It also helps teachers to prepare teaching materials to students of similar levels (Brown, 2004; Illinois, 2012). This paper aims to investigate the extent to which the PT used at Colleges of Applied Sciences (CAS) is achieving this goal by exploring teachers’ and students’ perceptions of the current exam via questionnaires and interviews. Furthermore, it examines the format and content of the PT and students’ PT score against their mid-term score. It was found that face validity of CAS PT ranged from low (teachers) to moderate (students). The majority of teachers and students emphasized the importance of including the listening and speaking components in the test. Moreover, a modified version of the reading section of the test needs to be incorporated into the test. Another suggested using a valid certified computerized test. For future research, it is recommended to design a new test, taking into consideration the findings of this research and pilot it to test its effectiveness. Furthermore, an analytical test of the current marking criteria is essential to check its clarity and consistency.
English and Thai Speakers’ Perception of Mandarin Tones
Authors: Li Ying
Published: December 2015

Language learners’ language experience is predicted to display a significant effect on their accurate perception of foreign language sounds (Flege, 1995). At the superasegmental level, there is still a debate regarding whether tone language speakers are better able to perceive foreign lexical tones than non-tone language speakers (i.e Lee et al., 1996; Burnham & Brooker, 2002). The current study aimed to shed some light on this issue. Specifically, 24 adult Thai and 21 adult English speakers, who had no knowledge on Mandarin prior to participation in the study, were recruited. The participants’ accuracy in the perception of 4 Mandarin tones (T1, T2, T3, T4) was individually examined using an identification test. 288 stimuli of /ti/, /ta/, /tu/, /tʂhi/, /tʂha/, and /tʂhu/ produced in 4 Mandarin tones were prepared. The stimuli were embedded in a carrier sentence, and were produced by a female and a male native Mandarin speaker. According to the results, (1) none of the participants achieved 100% accuracy in any of the perception tests; (2) in the perception of Mandarin T1 and T4, the Thai speakers significantly outperformed the English speakers; (3) the Thai speakers and the English speakers displayed very similar degrees of difficulty in the perception of Mandarin T2 and T3; (4) the Thai participants’ most serious confusion was in the discrimination of T2-T3, whereas the English participants showed significant confusion in the identification of T1-T2 and T2-T3. The findings suggest that tone language speakers may benefit more from their L1 in the perception of foreign lexical tones than did the non-tone language speakers. However, the degree of the beneficial effect identified was limited.
Unified quantitative characterization of epithelial tissue development
Authors: Guirao Boris , Rigaud Stéphane U , Bosveld Floris , Bailles Anaïs , López-Gay Jesús , Ishihara Shuji , Sugimura Kaoru , Graner François , Bellaïche Yohanns
Published: December 2015

Understanding the mechanisms regulating development requires a quantitative characterization of cell divisions, rearrangements, cell size and shape changes, and apoptoses. We developed a multiscale formalism that relates the characterizations of each cell process to tissue growth and morphogenesis. Having validated the formalism on computer simulations, we quantified separately all morphogenetic events in the Drosophila dorsal thorax and wing pupal epithelia to obtain comprehensive statistical maps linking cell and tissue scale dynamics. While globally cell shape changes, rearrangements and divisions all significantly participate in tissue morphogenesis, locally, their relative participations display major variations in space and time. By blocking division we analyzed the impact of division on rearrangements, cell shape changes and tissue morphogenesis. Finally, by combining the formalism with mechanical stress measurement, we evidenced unexpected interplays between patterns of tissue elongation, cell division and stress. Our formalism provides a novel and rigorous approach to uncover mechanisms governing tissue development.
Nitrogen isotope exchange between NO and NO2 and its implications for δ15N variations in tropospheric NOx and atmospheric nitrate
Authors: Walters Wendell W. , Simonini Damian S. , Michalski Greg
Published: December 2015

The nitrogen (N) isotope exchange between nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) has been previously suggested to influence N stable isotope compositions (δ15N) of these molecules. However, there is disagreement in the magnitude of the N isotopic fractionation (
) resulting from this exchange process between previous experimental and theoretical studies. To this end, we measured
associated with this exchange reaction at various temperatures. Our results indicate
to be 1.0403 ± 0.0015, 1.0356 ± 0.0015, and 1.0336 ± 0.0014 at 278 K, 297 K, and 310 K, respectively. These measured values are within experimental error of the values we calculated using a modified version of the Bigeleisen‐Mayer equation corrected for accurate zero‐point energies, indicating an agreement between experiment and theory. Modeling of this exchange reaction demonstrates that δ15N‐NO2 may exhibit a diurnal and seasonal profile if N isotopic equilibrium is achieved.
Dynamically combining climate models to “supermodel” the tropical Pacific
Authors: Shen Mao‐Lin , Keenlyside Noel , Selten Frank , Wiegerinck Wim , Duane Gregory S.
Published: December 2015

We construct an interactive ensemble of two different climate models to improve simulation of key aspects of tropical Pacific climate. Our so‐called supermodel is based on two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) coupled to a single ocean GCM, which is driven by a weighted average of the air‐sea fluxes. Optimal weights are determined using a machine learning algorithm to minimize sea surface temperature errors over the tropical Pacific. This coupling strategy synchronizes atmospheric variability in the two AGCMs over the equatorial Pacific, where it improves the representation of ocean‐atmosphere interaction and the climate state. In particular, the common double Intertropical Convergence Zone error is suppressed, and the positive Bjerknes feedback improves substantially to match observations well, and the negative heat flux feedback is also much improved. This study supports the concept of supermodeling as a promising multimodel ensemble strategy to improve weather and climate predictions.
Preindustrial atmospheric ethane levels inferred from polar ice cores: A constraint on the geologic sources of atmospheric ethane and methane
Authors: Nicewonger Melinda R. , Verhulst Kristal R. , Aydin Murat , Saltzman Eric S.
Published: December 2015

Ethane levels were measured in air extracted from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores ranging in age from 994 to 1918 Common Era (C.E.) There is good temporal overlap between the two data sets from 1600 to 1750 C.E. with ethane levels stable at 397 ± 28 parts per trillion (ppt) (±2 standard error (s.e.)) over Greenland and 103 ± 9 ppt over Antarctica. The observed north/south interpolar ratio of ethane (3.9 ± 0.1, 1σ) implies considerably more ethane emissions in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere, suggesting geologic ethane sources contribute significantly to the preindustrial ethane budget. Box model simulations based on these data constrain the global geologic emissions of ethane to 2.2–3.5 Tg yr−1 and biomass burning emissions to 1.2–2.5 Tg yr−1 during the preindustrial era. The results suggest biomass burning emissions likely increased since the preindustrial period. Biomass burning and geologic outgassing are also sources of atmospheric methane. The results place constraints on preindustrial methane emissions from these sources.
Inertia gravity wave in the stratosphere and mesosphere observed by Doppler wind and temperature lidar
Authors: Baumgarten G. , Fiedler J. , Hildebrand J. , Lübken F.‐J.
Published: December 2015

We report on the first observation of persistent inertia gravity wave signatures in the horizontal wind and temperature by Doppler Rayleigh lidar in the middle atmosphere. The observations were performed at the Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research station in northern Norway (69°N,16°E) between 21 and 23 January 2012. The measurements cover the altitude range from 20 km to about 80 km during nighttime and to about 70 km during daytime. We observe amplitudes of 5 to 25 m/s and 1 to 8 K in wind and temperature, respectively. The measured kinetic to potential energy density ratio is about 10, indicating that the majority of variability is due to waves with intrinsic frequencies close to the inertial frequency. The entire wavefield is mainly characterized by the presence of multiple waves; however, quasi‐monochromatic waves could be identified at limited times around 60 km altitude with a mean momentum flux in direction of propagation of 3.8 m2/s2.
A new population of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes in the RHESSI data
Authors: Østgaard N. , Albrecthsen K. H. , Gjesteland T. , Collier A.
Published: December 2015

Terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) are the most energetic photon phenomenon occurring naturally on Earth. An outstanding question is as follows: Are these flashes just a rare exotic phenomenon or are they an intrinsic part of lightning discharges and therefore occurring more frequently than previously thought? All measurements of TGFs so far have been limited by the dynamic range and sensitivity of spaceborne instruments. In this paper we show that there is a new population of weak TGFs that has not been identified by search algorithms. We use the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) to identify lightning that occurred in 2006 and 2012 within the 800 km field of view of Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). By superposing 740,210 100 ms RHESSI data intervals, centered at the time of the WWLLN detected lightning, we identify at least 141 and probably as many as 191 weak TGFs that were not part of the second RHESSI data catalogue. This supports the suggestion that the global TGF production rate is larger than previously reported.
North‐south asymmetries in the polar thermosphere‐ionosphere system: Solar cycle and seasonal influences
Authors: Cnossen Ingrid , Förster Matthias
Published: December 2015

Previous studies have revealed that ion drift and neutral wind speeds at ~400 km in the polar cap (>80° magnetic latitude) are on average larger in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) than in the Southern Hemisphere, which is at least partly due to asymmetry in the geomagnetic field. Here we investigate for the first time how these asymmetries depend on season and on solar/geomagnetic activity levels. Ion drift measurements from the Cluster mission show little seasonal dependence in their north‐south asymmetry when all data (February 2001–December 2013) are used, but the asymmetry disappears around June solstice for high solar activity and around December solstice for low solar activity. Neutral wind speeds in the polar cap obtained from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload spacecraft (January 2002–December 2008) are always larger in the summer hemisphere, regardless of solar activity, but the high‐latitude neutral wind vortices at dawn and dusk tend to be stronger in the NH, except around December solstice, in particular, when solar activity is low. Simulations with the Coupled Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere (CMIT) more or less capture the behavior of the ion drift speeds, which can be explained as a superposition of seasonal and geomagnetic field effects, with the former being stronger for higher solar activity. The behavior of the neutral wind speed and vorticity is not accurately captured by the model. This is probably due to an incorrect seasonal cycle in plasma density around ~400 km in CMIT, which affects the ion drag force. This must be addressed in future work.
Subduction of Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water in an eddy‐resolving model
Authors: Hiraike Yuri , Tanaka Yukio , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: December 2015

The subduction process of Pacific Antarctic Intermediate Water (PAAIW) in the Pacific is investigated using output from an eddy‐resolving ocean model. Focus is on contribution of eddies to the subduction process. To separate the subduction rate into contributions by eddies and mean flows, the temporal residual mean (TRM) velocity is used. In the mean subduction rate, lateral induction caused by the strong eastward flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is dominant. The largest rate is located in the Drake Passage. The estimated eddy‐induced subduction rate is comparable with the mean subduction rate, and it tends to cancel the vertical mean component in many regions. In the west of the Drake Passage, however, the eddy‐induced subduction is larger than the vertical mean component, and this eddy‐induced subduction was not detected in previous studies using the thickness diffusion parameterization and an eddy‐permitting model. Results of idealized sensitivity studies to model resolution suggest that the subduction rate would be larger using a model with higher vertical resolution. Therefore, the vertical resolution should be paid more attention in model studies investigating eddy‐induced subduction, and not just the horizontal resolution.
Record‐breaking temperatures in China during the warming and recent hiatus periods
Authors: Zhang Yuanjie , Gao Zhiqiu , Pan Zaitao , Li Dan , Wan Bingcheng
Published: December 2015

The observed and modeled record‐breaking temperature (RBT) frequency in China is analyzed for different segments of the period 1961–2050 including the hiatus period. It is found that significant changes in the RBT frequency occurred earlier, with greater amplitude, for daily minimum temperatures (TN) compared to maximum temperatures (TX) during the past five decades. Changes in the RBT frequency can be mostly explained by the mean warming trend, especially for TN, while in summer also slightly by variance. Moreover, mean climate change affects more the multiday mean RBT than the single‐day counterpart as RBT occurrence is inversely proportional to variance that is smaller for multiday means. In the hiatus period (1998–2013), the ratios of record highs to lows in summer continue to increase in southern China primarily due to the lower frequency of record lows, since the decreasing temperature variance suppressed the increase in record highs under the summer warming. While the winter ratios decreased significantly across most of the country due to the winter cooling. Model simulations show a much smaller asymmetry of the RBT frequency between TX and TN as compared to the observations. The 28‐model median overestimates the ratios for TX owning to missing the relative cooling in the “warming hole” region and is unable to reproduce the RBT characteristics in the hiatus period. Under a high‐emission scenario, increasing rates of future temperature extremes are projected to accelerate with almost doubling ratio trends in the first half of 21st century compared to the historical results.
Tropical cyclone‐ocean interaction in Typhoon Megi (2010)—A synergy study based on ITOP observations and atmosphere‐ocean coupled model simulations
Authors: Wu Chun‐Chieh , Tu Wei‐Tsung , Pun Iam‐Fei , Lin I‐I. , Peng Melinda S.
Published: December 2015

A mesoscale model coupling the Weather Research and Forecasting model and the three‐dimensional Price‐Weller‐Pinkel ocean model is used to investigate the dynamical ocean response to Megi (2010). It is found that Megi induces sea surface temperature (SST) cooling very differently in the Philippine Sea (PS) and the South China Sea (SCS). The results are compared to the in situ measurements from the Impact of Typhoons on the Ocean in the Pacific (ITOP) 2010 field experiment, satellite observations, and ocean analysis field from Eastern Asian Seas Ocean Nowcast/Forecast System of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. The uncoupled and coupled experiments simulate relatively accurately the track and intensity of Megi over PS; however, the simulated intensity of Megi over SCS varies significantly among the experiments. Only the experiment coupled with three‐dimensional ocean processes, which generates rational SST cooling, reasonably simulates the storm intensity in SCS. Our results suggest that storm translation speed and upper ocean thermal structure are two main factors responsible for Megi's distinct different impact over PS and over SCS. In addition, it is shown that coupling with one‐dimensional ocean process (i.e., only vertical mixing process) is not enough to provide sufficient ocean response, especially under slow translation speed (~2–3 m s−1), during which vertical advection (or upwelling) is significant. Therefore, coupling with three‐dimensional ocean processes is necessary and crucial for tropical cyclone forecasting. Finally, the simulation results show that the stable boundary layer forms on top of the Megi‐induced cold SST area and increases the inflow angle of the surface wind.
Optimal trait scoring for age estimation
Authors: Konigsberg Lyle W. , Frankenberg Susan R. , Liversidge Helen M.
Published: December 2015

Objectives

Little attention has been paid to questions about the applicability of parametric models to age estimation data and the related problem of how to adjust trait scoring in light of potential deviations from particular parametric models. This article addresses this deficit.

Methods

A Lagrange multiplier goodness‐of‐fit test is applied to two datasets to address the question of whether or not attainment ages for stages are log‐normally distributed. The first dataset used in this article consists of scores of the Todd ten‐phase system for the pubic symphysis obtained from 938 individuals with known ages. The second dataset consists of scores for 15 stages of formation for the second mandibular molar scored in 2,304 individuals of known age.

Results

For the Todd ten‐phase system there is a significant departure from log‐normally distributed ages of attainment. To obtain an acceptable goodness‐of‐fit statistic, Todd scores consequently are collapsed into an eight‐phase system that maintains scores I through VII as individual scores but combines phases VIII through X into one phase. The 15‐stage scoring system for the second mandibular molar has an acceptable fit to the log‐normal distribution for ages of attainment.

Conclusions

The results from the analysis of the Todd pubic symphysis scores show that researchers should use goodness‐of‐fit tests for parametric models before deciding to collapse scores. Further, such goodness‐of‐fit tests are an essential tool in answering questions concerning the suitability of various parametric models. For the 15‐stage scoring of the second mandibular molar, the log‐normal model is appropriate for attainment ages. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:557–576, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief Report: JNK‐2 Controls Aggrecan Degradation in Murine Articular Cartilage and the Development of Experimental Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ismail Heba M. , Miotla‐Zarebska Jadwiga , Troeberg Linda , Tang Xiaodi , Stott Bryony , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Nagase Hideaki , Fosang Amanda J. , Vincent Tonia L. , Saklatvala Jeremy
Published: December 2015

Objective

The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) is poorly understood. Loss of the proteoglycan aggrecan from cartilage is an early event. Recently, we identified a role for the JNK pathway, particularly JNK‐2, in human articular chondrocytes in vitro in regulating aggrecan degradation. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether JNK‐2 has a similar function in vivo and to examine its role in gene expression.

Methods

Aggrecan fragments were analyzed by Western blotting. OA was induced by destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) and assessed at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. Knee sections were stained with Safranin O. Medial compartments were scored by histologic grading for aggrecan loss and cartilage damage. RNA was extracted from JNK‐2−/− and wild‐type mouse knees 6 hours after DMM or after interleukin‐1 stimulation of the proximal epiphysis, and expression of 33 DMM‐regulated genes was analyzed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction–customized array cards.

Results

In vitro, basal and interleukin‐1– or tumor necrosis factor–stimulated release of aggrecanase‐generated aggrecan fragments was greatly reduced in cartilage from JNK‐2−/− mice. In the OA model, JNK‐2−/− mice exhibited significant reduction of aggrecanase‐generated fragments and cartilage damage. Of 33 genes investigated, 13 were significantly down‐regulated in JNK‐2−/−mice compared with wild‐type mice, following DMM. These included Has1, Adamts4, Tnf, Il6, Il18, Il18rap, Il1a, Inhba, Cd68, Ngf, Ccr2, Wnt16, and Tnfaip6, but not Adamts5.

Conclusion

Our results demonstrate that JNK‐2 regulates aggrecan degradation in cultured murine cartilage and surgically induced OA in vivo following mechanical destabilization of the knee joint. This implicates the JNK signaling pathway in OA and suggests potential novel approaches to therapy.
Using resonance light scattering and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy to study the interaction between gliclazide and bovine serum albumin
Authors: Zhang Qiu‐Ju , Liu Bao‐Sheng , Li Gai‐Xia , Han Rong
Published: December 2015

At different temperatures (298, 310 and 318 K), the interaction between gliclazide and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using fluorescence quenching spectroscopy, resonance light scattering spectroscopy and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy. The first method studied changes in the fluorescence of BSA on addition of gliclazide, and the latter two methods studied the spectral change in gliclazide while BSA was being added. The results indicated that the quenching mechanism between BSA and gliclazide was static. The binding constant (Ka), number of binding sites (n), thermodynamic parameters, binding forces and Hill's coefficient were calculated at three temperatures. Values for the binding constant obtained using resonance light scattering and UV/vis absorption spectroscopy were much greater than those obtained from fluorescence quenching spectroscopy, indicating that methods monitoring gliclazide were more accurate and reasonable. In addition, the results suggest that other residues are involved in the reaction and the mode ‘point to surface’ existed in the interaction between BSA and gliclazide. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social impact measurement in social enterprises: An interdependence perspective
Authors: Nguyen Linh , Szkudlarek Betina , Seymour Richard G.
Published: December 2015

In response to recent calls for a better understanding of the connection between social enterprises and their environments, we focus on the influence of funding relationships on social impact measurement in social enterprises in Vietnam. We utilize resource dependence theory and take a multiple case study approach to explore the issue. The findings suggest that in order to understand and explain the social impact measurement behaviours of social enterprises and funding organizations, it is critical to understand the interdependence of the parties rather than focus on the technical issue of measurement alone. The paper contributes to the relatively scant but burgeoning theoretical foundations of the social impact measurement and social entrepreneurship domains. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression dynamics of NADPH oxidases during early zebrafish development
Authors: Weaver Cory J. , Leung Yuk Fai , Suter Daniel M.
Published: December 2015

Nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) control various cellular signaling cascades. In the nervous system, there is recent evidence that NOX‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate neurite outgrowth, regeneration, and stem cell proliferation; however, a comprehensive NOX gene expression analysis is missing for all major model systems. Zebrafish embryos provide an excellent model system to study neurodevelopment and regeneration because they develop quickly and are well suited for in vivo imaging and molecular approaches. Although the sequences of five NOX genes (nox1, nox2/cybb, nox4, nox5, and duox) have been identified in the zebrafish genome, nothing is known about their expression pattern. Here, we used quantitative polymerase chain reaction combined with in situ hybridization to develop a catalog of nox1, nox2/cybb, nox5, and duox expression in zebrafish during early nervous system development from 12 to 48 hours post fertilization. We found that expression levels of nox1, nox5, and duox are dynamic during the first 2 days of development, whereas nox2/cybb levels remain remarkably stable. By sectioning in situ hybridized embryos, we found a pattern of broad and overlapping NOX isoform expression at 1 and 1.5 days post fertilization. After 2 days of development, a few brain regions displayed increased NOX expression levels. Collectively, these results represent the first comprehensive analysis of NOX gene expression in the zebrafish and will provide a basis for future studies aimed at determining the functions of NOX enzymes in neurodevelopment and regeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:2130–2141, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.