bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Murid Herpesvirus 4 Strain 68 M2 Protein Is a B-Cell-Associated Antigen Important for Latency but Not Lymphocytosis
Authors: Macrae Alastair I. , Usherwood Edward J. , Husain S. Mazher , Flaño Emilio , Kim In-Jeong , Woodland David L. , Nash Anthony A. , Blackman Marcia A. , Sample Jeffery T. , Stewart James P.
Published: August 2003

This work describes analyses of the function of the murid herpesvirus 4 strain 68 (MHV-68)M2gene. A frameshift mutation was made in theM2open reading frame that caused premature termination of translation of M2 after amino acid residue 90. TheM2mutant showed no defect in productive replication in vitro or in lungs after infection of mice. Likewise, the characteristic transient increase in spleen cell number, Vβ4 T-cell-receptor-positive CD8+T-cell mononucleosis, and establishment of latency were unaffected. However, theM2mutant virus was defective in its ability to cause the transient sharp rise in latently infected cells normally seen in the spleen after infection of mice. We also demonstrate that expression ofM2is restricted to B cells in the spleen and thatM2encodes a 30-kDa protein localizing predominantly in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of B cells.
Vasopressin or adrenaline in cardiac resuscitation
Authors: Hogg Kerstin , Mahu Reddy
Published: September 2003

A short cut review was carried out to establish whether vasopressin is more effective than adrenaline after cardiac arrest. Altogether 44 papers were found using the reported search, of which two presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. A clinical bottom line is stated.
Oucher or CHEOPS for pain assessment in children
Authors: Lyon Fiona , Dawson Debbie
Published: September 2003

A short cut review was carried out to establish which of the Oucher or CHEOPS pain assessments were best for assessing pain in children. Altogether 12 papers were found using the reported search, of which three presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. A clinical bottom line is stated.
A preliminary investigation into bacterial contamination of Welsh emergency ambulances
Authors: Nigam Y , Cutter J
Published: September 2003

Objectives:The objective of this regional study across Wales was to perform a preliminary examination of Welsh emergency vehicles to determine levels of bacterial contamination.

Methods:Specific sites within emergency vehicles were swabbed, before and after vehicle cleaning, over a 12 month period, on a monthly basis. All swabs were sent to pathology laboratories for culturing and analysis.

Results:Results showed that most sites within emergency vehicles across Wales were contaminated with a range of bacterial species before vehicle cleaning. After vehicle cleaning, many sites in vehicles were still contaminated, and some sites that were previously uncontaminated, became freshly contaminated as a result of cleaning methods used.

Conclusions:The authors conclude that the Welsh emergency vehicles examined exhibited an unacceptable level of bacterial contamination. This finding should be carefully considered and all attempts must be made to tackle the problem of vehicle cleanliness and infection control.
Use of the infant transwarmer mattress as an external warming modality in resuscitation from hypothermia
Authors: Ryan M , Beattie T F , Husselbee K , Freeman J
Published: September 2003

Normothermia must be established in drowning victims before death may be declared, as the myocardium may remain resistant to stimulation at subnormal temperatures, and complete neurological recovery from submersion associated hypothermia has been reported. A safe and effective method of external re-warming is described that may prove particularly useful in the paediatric population.
Death from petrol inhalation after an armoured vehicle rollover
Authors: Davies M L , Rowlands T K
Published: September 2003

A case is reported of cardiac arrest in a young man after an armoured vehicle rollover accident. The proposed mechanism of death is myocardial sensitisation to endogenous catecholamines after exposure to petroleum fuel.
Urogenital infections in women: can probiotics help?
Authors: Reid G , Bruce A W
Published: September 2003

Urogenital infections not caused by sexual transmission, namely yeast vaginitis, bacterial vaginosis, and urinary tract infection remain a major medical problem in terms of the number of women afflicted each year. Although antimicrobial therapy is generally effective at eradicating these infections, there is still a high incidence of recurrence. The patient’s quality of life is affected and many women become frustrated by the cycle of repeated antimicrobial agents whose effectiveness is diminishing due to increasing development of microbial resistance. There is good clinical evidence to show that the intestinal and urogenital microbial flora have a central role in maintaining both the health and wellbeing of humans. Furthermore, the use of “good bacteria” to replace or augment bacterial populations is gradually achieving scientific acceptance. This application is termed probiotics: “live micro-organisms which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host”. The role of the intestinal, vaginal, and urethral flora and probiotics in urogenital health will be the focus of this review.
Primary care management of carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Burke F D , Ellis J , McKenna H , Bradley M J
Published: September 2003

Carpal tunnel syndrome of mild to moderate severity can often be effectively treated in a primary care environment. Workplace task modification and wrist splints can reduce or defer referral to hospital for surgical decompression. Nerve and tendon gliding exercises may also be of benefit. Steroid injections to the mouth of the carpal tunnel are particularly useful for symptomatic women in the third trimester of pregnancy. However inadvertent neural injection may cause disabling chronic pain. Referral to a minority of practitioners trained in the technique would ensure sufficient patient numbers to maintain skill levels.
Is there an epidemic of HIV/AIDS among heterosexuals in the USA?
Authors: Haverkos H W , Chung R C , Norville Perez L C
Published: September 2003

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, reports HIV infections and AIDS cases in the United States biannually. Trends in the distribution of HIV/AIDS cases according to sex, race or ethnic group, and various categories of exposure to HIV were analysed. The groups in which there were the greatest percentage increases over time were the group with heterosexual contact and the group for whom the risk factors were not reported or identified. The CDC should be encouraged to provide additional information regarding sexual and drug-using behaviours of those patients listed as “undetermined”.
Regional survey of temporary transvenous pacing procedures and complications
Authors: Betts T R
Published: September 2003

Objective

A prospective regional survey was carried out to describe the current practice of temporary transvenous pacing in five hospitals in the Wessex region and identify factors that predispose to complications.

Methods

Data were collected on patient characteristics, pacing indication and setting, operator grade, training, experience and supervision, venous access, procedure time, duration of pacing, complications, and eventual outcome.

Results

A total of 144 procedures were performed on 111 patients (age 75 (12) years). Median procedure time was 30 (1–150) min. Trainees performed 129 (91.5%) procedures. The senior physician present was a cardiologist/cardiology trainee for 65/144 (45.1%), and had experience of >20 procedures for 81/144 (57.9%). Venous access was by the subclavian in 52 (46.8%), internal jugular in 37 (33.3%) and femoral in 22 (19.8%), requiring multiple stabs or multiple sites in 41(33.1%). Pacing wires remained in place for a median of 2 (0.04–20) days.

Overall procedure times were shorter for cardiologists/cardiology trainees (24[1–90] v 45[10–150] min, p<0.0001), and experienced physicians (30[1–150] v 40[10–120] min, p<0.01). There were 50 complications in 46/144 (31.9%) procedures, affecting 31/111 (27.9%) patients. Immediate complications were less common with experienced physicians (1/81 v 5/59, p<0.05). Infection occurred more often with wires left in situ for >48 hours (17/86 v 2/55, p<0.01) and with longer procedure times (55[8–150] v 30[1–120] min, p<0.005). No factors predicted displacement, which occurred at a median time of 1 (0.04–8) day. Complications delayed permanent pacemaker insertion in 19/63 (22.9%) patients.

Conclusions

Temporary pacemaker insertion is performed by physicians with variable experience and training. The presence of an experienced cardiologist/cardiology trainee and decreasing the time that pacing wires remain in situ may reduce complications.
Predictions for the Unitarity Triangle Angles in a New Parametrization
Authors: Chaturvedi S. , Gupta Virendra
Published: August 2003

A new approach to the parametrization of the CKM matrix, V, is considered in which V is written as a linear combination of the unit matrix I and a nondiagonal matrix U which causes inter-generational-mixing, that is V = cos θ I + i sin θ U. Such a V depends on three real parameters including the parameter θ. It is interesting that a value of θ = π/4 is required to fit the available data on the CKM-matrix including CP-violation. Predictions of this fit for the angles α, β and γ for the unitarity triangle corresponding to [Formula: see text], are given. For θ = π/4, we obtain α = 88.46°, β = 45.046° and γ = 46.5°. These values are just about in agreement, within errors, with the present data. It is very interesting that the unitarity triangle is expected to be approximately a right-angle, isosceles triangle. Our prediction sin 2β = 1 is in excellent agreement with the value 0.99 ± 0.15 ± 0.05 reported by the Belle collaboration at the Lepton–Photon 2001 meeting.
A Fuzzy Set Corresponding to an Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set
Authors: Szmidt Eulalia , Kacprzyk Janusz
Published: September 2003

We propose a new approach to find a fuzzy set which corresponds to a given intuitionistic fuzzy set (Atanassov, 1986) in a certain sense. This will help extend a huge array of fuzzy properties, models, etc. available to the case of intuitionistic fuzzy sets.
Influence of Sensory Abilities on the Interpersonal Distance of the Elderly
Authors: Webb Jennifer D. , Weber Margaret J.
Published: September 2003

The function of sensory abilities in personal space research has been all but neglected. Elderly people experience a decline in sensory functioning as a result of the aging process or illness. Vision, hearing, and mobility were examined in relation to an elderly sample's perception of strength and aggression and established interpersonal distance. Results indicate that age, gender, and mobility play an important role in interpersonal distance. Methodological findings offer insights for future studies in personal space research.
Surviving Two Disasters
Authors: Siegel Judith M. , Shoaf Kimberley I. , Afifi Abdelmonem A. , Bourque Linda B.
Published: September 2003

Respondents ( N = 414) studied after a California earthquake were recontacted 4 years later to determine if their prior experience with a disaster impaired or enhanced their ability to deal with a second natural disaster—a slow-onset El Niño weather pattern. Analyses addressed whether being emotionally injured in one disaster influences the extent to which one prepares for a future disaster, whether emotional injuries experienced in one disaster predispose individuals to emotional injury in a subsequent disaster, and whether other disaster-related parameters (physical injury and property damage) are similarly associated across two disasters. Emotional injury both facilitated preparedness, in terms of number of hazard-mitigation activities performed, and predisposed to a subsequent emotional injury. An unexpected finding emerged showing that emotional injury increased the chance of reporting damage in a second disaster—a relationship that was maintained after controlling for emotional injury in the second disaster. The impact of self-reported emotional injury in two sequential disasters on what might be considered a more objective outcome—property damage in the second disaster—underscores the need for a comprehensive assessment of disaster reactions in postdisaster research and across disasters, when possible.
Health Care Environments and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Devlin Ann Sloan , Arneill Allison B.
Published: September 2003

This review of the literature on health care environments and patient outcomes considers three research themes: patient involvement with health care (e.g., the role of patient control), the impact of the ambient environment (e.g., sound, light, art), and the emergence of specialized building types for defined populations (e.g., Alzheimer's patients). The article also describes the challenges presented in doing high-quality research focused on health care environments and contrasts the contributions made by two different traditions: architecture and behavioral science. The implications of managed care and opportunities for research are considered.
Race, Research, and Tenure
Authors: Fenelon James
Published: September 2003

Conventional wisdom suggests that colleges and universities act in objective ways that are guided, in large measure, by an unrelenting quest for the truth. This article, however, draws on the literature on the power of race to demonstrate how some universities use tenure and promotion committees, as well as other resources, to show that private universities are more susceptible to the interests of alumni and, as a result, are sometimes less interested in safeguarding the interests of faculty of color, who are involved in controversial research on racial issues. This suggests that institutions vary in their willingness or ability to facilitate incorporation among faculty of color in academia.
Navigating between Two Worlds
Authors: Segura Denise A.
Published: September 2003

Undergirded by a theoretical framework, which focuses on the important role of social context, this article focuses primarily on the cultural, institutional, and individual factors explaining how Chicanas fare in academia. To what extent are the experiences of Chicanas exemplary in suggesting similar issues for African-American, Asian, and American Indian women? What strategies have Chicanas employed to help them negotiate the new and ever-changing aspects of academic life? Based on research with 30 Chicana faculty, this article provides compelling answers to these important but unanswered questions.
Trouble in the Promised Land
Authors: Assensoh A. B.
Published: September 2003

Thisarticle explores three questions about the relationship between ethnic studies programs and the quest for incorporation among faculty of color in the academy. The queries it raises include the following: First and foremost, are African American studies departments and other ethnic studies programs necessarily a sign that faculty and students of color are incorporated? Second, in what direct and indirect ways do faculty of color serve as their own stumbling blocks in the quest for incorporation? Third, as a result of emerging diversity in American universities, should racial and ethnic characteristics serve as the primary measure of interest in and commitment to ethnic and racial studies programs? Above all, in a nutshell, the argument suggests that charity begins at home, and also that faculty of color must get their own houses in order, especially as they demand fair and equitable treatment from college and university administrators.
Visible and Invisible Barriers to the Incorporation of Faculty of Color in Predominantly White Law Schools
Authors: Essien Victor
Published: September 2003

Despite efforts to diversify faculty in predominantly White institutions, most law schools remain predominantly male and Caucasian. Based heavily on aspects of Law Professor Derrick Bell's work and research, the author, a lawyer by training, explores the extent to which limited institutional support in law school environments cripples the chances of faculty of color in their efforts to succeed. The author also points out the mechanisms that scholars of color in law schools have used in an effort to combat racial and gender discrimination.
Why is Self-Enhancement Low in Certain Collectivist Cultures?
Authors: Kurman Jenny
Published: September 2003

The purpose of the present study is to compare two alternative explanations for the low self-enhancement that characterizes collectivist cultures: (a) lack of a self-enhancement motive arising from the perceived centrality of others, and (b) cultural restrictions imposed on the self that are manifested by modesty requirements. The validity of the two explanations was investigated in two studies. Study 1 examined how self-enhancement is related to self-esteem and subjective well-being. Results from four samples showed that self-enhancement measures were significantly and positively related to self-esteem and to indices of well-being in collectivist cultures as well as independent ones, revealing the psychological benefits of self-enhancement in all tested cultures. Study 2 found that cultural differences in modesty, not the perceived centrality of others, best explains cultural differences in self-enhancement. Taken together, the results support the notion that cultural restrictions rather than the lack of a self-enhancement motive are responsible for the low self-enhancement found in certain collectivist cultures. Implications of these results for the conceptualization of the interdependent self were discussed.
Explicit and Direct Self-Serving Bias in Japan
Authors: Kudo Eriko , Numazaki Makoto
Published: September 2003

This study reports an experiment that was conducted to reexamine self-serving bias for success and failure among Japanese participants. Previous research has generally failed to find that Japanese participants exhibit a self-serving bias. However, with careful procedures added to reduce evaluation apprehension of participants, the participants in the success condition made more internal attribution than those in the failure condition. The authors discuss self-serving bias and self-critical bias in terms of evaluation apprehension and social norms.
An Indirect Self-Enhancement in Relationship among Japanese
Authors: Muramoto Yukiko
Published: September 2003

Past research in cross-cultural psychology has emphasized a contrast between Western self-serving tendency and East Asian self-effacing tendency in attributions. The present author, however, poses a question to this simple dichotomy and presents some empirical evidence for indirect self-enhancement among Japanese. Participants were asked to recall their positive and negative life events and to make attributions. Results showed that Japanese tended to make self-effacing attributions for their success and failure. At the same time, however, they expected their parents, siblings, and close friends to make internal attributions for their success more than for their failure. In addition, they believed that these people understand them to a large extent. Japanese would not enhance or protect their self-esteem explicitly, but that they would do so indirectly through others' eyes.
They Saw a Game
Authors: Snibbe Alana Conner , Kitayama Shinobu , Markus Hazel Rose , SuZuki Tomoko
Published: September 2003

Students at football games in the United States (the Rose Bowl) and Japan (the Flash Bowl) evaluated in-group and out-group universities and students before and after the games. In both cultures, the university with the better academic reputation lost the game, whereas the university with the better football program won. European American students from both universities evaluated their in-groups more positively than out-groups on all measures before and after the game. In contrast, Japanese students' ratings offered no evidence of intergroup bias, although Japanese students were as identified with their teams and the game's outcome as were European American students. Instead, Japanese students' ratings reflected the universities' statuses in the larger society and the students' statuses in the immediate situation.
Making Sense of East Asian Self-Enhancement
Authors: Heine Steven J.
Published: September 2003

The question of whether self-enhancing motivations are present or exist in attenuated form in East Asia is important and has recently sparked much research interest, as is evident in the articles in this special issue. Some of the articles contributed to the notion that East Asian self-enhancement is elusive and others made the case that it is present, although various artifacts prevent us from seeing it clearly. The arguments that are raised in the different articles are discussed with respect to how they advance our understanding of East Asian self-enhancement and how they are able to account for findings from past literature.
The Self-Enhancement Motive in Collectivistic Cultures
Authors: Brown Jonathon D.
Published: September 2003

Self-enhancement biases are generally weaker or absent in collectivistic cultures than they are in independent ones. The source of this effect has been the topic of debate. Some claim the self-enhancement motive is absent in collectivistic cultures, whereas others claim that collectivistic cultures discourage the motive's expression. The majority of the articles in this special issue provides greater support for the latter explanation than for the former. Self-enhancement biases were found in collectivistic cultures—including Japan, once restrictions there that normally discourage the motive's expression were loosened or eliminated. These results point to the self-enhancement motive as a universal force of human behavior.
Implicit-Explicit Differences in Self-Enhancement for Americans and Japanese
Authors: Kobayashi Chihiro , Greenwald Anthony G.
Published: September 2003

Past research on cross-cultural psychology has shown that North Americans have self-enhancing attitudes, evaluating themselves more favorably than others, including friends. The present research identifies a discrepancy — this self-enhancement in relation to friends did not appear when measured implicitly. Using American and Japanese university students as subjects, the present studies investigated responses to explicit (self-report) and implicit measures (the Implicit Association Test) toward three targets: self, best friends, and fellow university students. Results revealed that North Americans showed more positive implicit attitudes toward best friends than toward self, a very different pattern from the explicit results. For the Japanese, best friends were evaluated slightly more positively than the self on implicit measures, which contrasted with previous findings with explicit measures that showed best friends being evaluated more positively.
The Impact of Ignoring Measurement Error when Estimating Sample Size for Epidemiologic Studies
Authors: Devine Owen
Published: September 2003

The author presents two examples illustrating the bias in sample-size estimates that can result from ignoring measurement error among study variables. The first example examines the impact of ignoring misclassification of the study's outcome variable on the accuracy of sample-size estimates. In addition, the author outlines a simple yet effective means of adjusting sample-size estimates to account for outcome misclassification. In the second example, the author illustrates the potential for severe underestimation of required sample size in studies using linear regression to evaluate associations between the outcome of interest and an independent variable subject to classical measurement error. The author concludes with a discussion of pertinent literature that might be helpful to study planners interested in adjusting sample-size estimates to account for measurement errors in both outcome and predictor variables.
Partners in Marriage: An Analysis of Husbands' and Wives' Retirement Behavior
Authors: Pienta Amy M.
Published: September 2003

The goal of this analysis is to compare the retirement behavior of husbands and wives. Hypotheses are offered to describe two sets of factors associated with retirement of husbands and wives. These are included in the usual modes of retirement hypothesis and the new modes of retirement hypothesis. Using data from the 1992 Health and Retirement Survey, multinomial models are estimated to assess whether various personal, spousal, and familial factors are related to retirement status. Results indicate that in addition to personal characteristics, wives'retirement status is related to familial factors, economic resources, and spouses' personal characteristics supporting the new modes of retirement hypothesis. Husbands differ mainly in that familial and spousal attributes have more limited relationships with retirement behavior thereby supporting the usual modes of retirement hypothesis.
Seniors Say the `Darndest' Things about Exercise: Quotable Quotes that Stimulate Applied Gerontology
Authors: Cousins Sandy O'Brien
Published: September 2003

This review article highlights unusual narrative elements spoken by older people as they present their perspective on and involvement in exercise, sports, and physical activity. Drawn from a number of studies, the voices of elders are assembled here as quotable quotes or statements that challenge contemporary understanding and meaning. Just as elderly respondents are wondering what kind of research is going on in applied gerontology, researchers are perplexed when some elders say `the darndest things' about their health, lifestyles, and physical activity. Overall, the review serves as a collection of learnings that may help other applied gerontologists by (a) sharing some insights and challenges of doing qualitative research with elders, (b) exploring how older people make sense of the role of physical activity in their lives, and (c) showing how interpretive approaches can enrich current understanding about the lifestyles and life meaning of older adults.
The Impact of Parental Support, Behavioral Control, and Psychological Control on the Academic Achievement and Self-Esteem of African American and European American Adolescents
Authors: Bean Roy A. , Bush Kevin R. , McKenry Patrick C. , Wilson Stephan M.
Published: September 2003

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between adolescent functioning (i.e., self-esteem and academic achievement) and parental support, behavioral control, and psychological control in European American and African American adolescents. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that supportive behaviors of African American mothers toward their adolescent children positively predicted both self-esteem and academic achievement. Psychological control was significantly related to adolescent self-esteem in both the models of paternal parenting (African American and European American) and maternal parenting (African American). In addition, among European American adolescents, behavioral control was a significant predictor of academic achievement and self-esteem. This study provides support for the methodological value of examining the parenting dimensions independently as opposed to combining them to form parenting styles.
Improving Schools through Networks: A New Approach to Urban School Reform
Authors: Wohlstetter Priscilla , Malloy Courtney L. , Chau Derrick , Polhemus Jennifer L.
Published: September 2003

Research suggests that decentralized management reforms have produced changes in classroom practice and higher student achievement in some schools. However, many schools simply do not have the capacity to improve on their own. A few school districts are experimenting with a new approach to school reform—school networks—that relies on collaboration between schools. This article draws on data from an evaluation of the Annenberg Challenge in Los Angeles, a reform effort that experimented with school networks as a vehicle for improving schools. As a theoretical framework, the authors applied Lawler's (1991) high-involvement model, which suggests that in order for an organization's improvement efforts to be successful, resources must be decentralized, and stakeholders must be actively collaborating on the reform process. The authors found that when school networks created structures that decentralized power and distributed organizational resources throughout the network, they also enhanced school capacity for reform.
Educational Accountability and Students with Disabilities: Issues and Challenges
Authors: McLaughlin Margaret J. , Thurlow Martha
Published: September 2003

This article reviews current accountability policies pertaining to students who receive special education. The 1997 amendments to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and Title I of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 contain provisions that mandate the participation of students with disabilities in large-scale assessments and the public reporting of those students' performance along with other important educational outcomes. These new accountability requirements represent a major change from the traditional model of special education accountability that has been focused on system compliance with procedures. The article also discusses the technical, legal, and practical challenges to implementing the new accountability mandates. The authors conclude that despite the unknowns associated with new and more rigorous public scrutiny of special education outcomes, emerging evidence suggests that the changes will result in better educational outcomes for students with disabilities as well as a new, more integrated model for special education.
School Choice and Ethnic Segregation
Authors: Karsten Sjoerd , Ledoux Guuske , Roeleveld Jaap , Felix Charles , Elshof DorothÉ
Published: September 2003

Since the 1980s, ethnic segregation has become a feature of the educational landscape in many European countries. The article explores how school choice has influenced this stratification in Dutch primary schools. In contrast to earlier research, the authors found that the ethnic composition of schools plays an important role in the school choice of parents. The study shows that native Dutch parents are significantly more interested in a match between their social and cultural background and the pupil composition of schools than ethnic minority parents. Minority parents prefer schools with a good reputation and that focus on their educational problems (e.g., learning proper Dutch). Both groups of parents generally reject predominately `non-White' schools. The authors also found other factors influencing the segregation patterns of schools (e.g., competition between schools and admission policies).
Provocation and `Homosexual' Advance: Masculinized Subjects as Threat, Masculinized Subjects Under Threat
Authors: Lunny Allyson M.
Published: September 2003

By applying queer and critical gender theories to the notion of the masculinized subject, this article theorizes the complexities of the `homosexual' threat within the Canadian legal domain of the provocation defence. The article remarks that most `homosexual' advance defences at the appellate level are rejected while only some are successfully believed. It argues that the extent to which appellate decisions have recognized this defence is predicated upon a logic of (hetero)normativity in which the threat of the `homosexual' advance is not homosexuality per se, but rather, symbolic feminization. This notion of symbolic feminization is theorized and tested through its application to appellate cases. The `homosexual' advance defence is most often rejected because it has the potential to destabilize the fiction of a (hetero)normative masculine subject as impenetrable. Nevertheless, in some appellate cases, the threat of symbolic feminization was ruled to be imminent and its deadly defence worthy of the court's consideration. In a unique case, R. v Valley (1986), the court located `homosexual' threat by recasting the violence of emasculation through the figure of the `S-M homosexual'. Fleshed out as predatory, sexually aggressive and hyper-masculinized, the `homosexual' could now pose an imaginable threat to normative masculinity.
Inside the Black Box: Corporate Laws and Theories
Authors: Belcher Alice
Published: September 2003

This article argues, first, that new theoretical ways of thinking about companies are coming to the fore and, second, that these new ways of thinking are finding their way into some aspects of company law and regulation. Snider's device of tracking the emergence of new ideas as `journey from academic journal to economic policy to law' is employed in support of the article's main argument. In particular, it is submitted that the idea of the firm as a `nexus of contracts' is being replaced by the idea of the firm as a `behavioural entity'. While management and economics theorists have gone `inside the black box' in order to ask different questions and produce better theories, the law has arrived there via a much more pragmatic route. However, recent developments in two areas of company law and regulation, corporate criminal responsibility in the UK and Australia and corporate governance in the UK, can be seen in terms of a move away from a focus on the individual decision maker and towards the concept of corporate culture.
Body Image, Appearance Self‐Schema, and Media Images
Authors: Jung Jaehee , Lennon Sharron J.
Published: September 2003

This study examines the effects of women's appearance self‐schemas and exposure to attractive media images on body image, self‐esteem, and mood. Women's response to media images was expected to vary according to an individual difference variable, appearance self‐schema, or cognitive representations of organized information about the self in relation to appearance. College women volunteers (N = 168) were divided into two groups (schematic and aschematic) on the basis of appearance self‐schema; half of each group was exposed to photos of attractive images, whereas the other half was not exposed to any images before completing measures of body image, self‐esteem, and mood. Women who are schematic on appearance exhibited lower body image, lower self‐esteem, and more negative mood than did those who are aschematic on appearance. Neither exposure to media images in conjunction with appearance self‐schema nor exposure alone affected response on body image, self‐esteem, and mood.
Waves from a Suddenly Punched Hole in an Elastic Sheet Subjected to Finite Simple Tension
Authors: Jiang L. , Haddow J. B.
Published: September 2003

We consider the plane stress unloading waves emanating from a suddenly punched circular hole in a thin elastic sheet, subjected to an initial finite deformation simple tension. The sheet is assumed to be hyperelastic, isotropic, incompressible and thin enough that the generalized plane stress approximation is valid. It is further assumed that the plugging of the hole is due to normal impact of a cylindrical projectile and that the impact velocity of the projectile is sufficiently high that the plugging can be assumed instantaneous. The governing equations of the problem are obtained in Lagrangian form with respect to a reference configuration that is the initial stretched configuration. A numerical scheme is proposed for the solution of the governing equations, and numerical results are obtained for the neo-Hookean strain energy function. However with some additional complication other isotropic strain energy functions can be considered.
Stress-Softening Effects in the Vibration of a Non-Gaussian Rubber Membrane
Authors: Beatty Millard F. , Elías-Zúñiga Alex
Published: September 2003

The Mullins effect in the small amplitude transverse vibration of a stretched rubber membrane is investigated. The fundamental frequency, which decreases with increasing softening, is determined for a specific class of stress-softening materials. Analytical relations for the membrane vibration frequency are illustrated graphically for three phenomenological models and two kinds of non-Gaussian molecular network models for rubber elasticity. The results demonstrate the role of the material parameters and, although no experimental data for the vibration of a rubber membrane currently are known, the theoretical predictions are characteristic of the frequency-stretch response reported in vibration experiments on rubber cords.
Frame-Invariant Polyconvex Strain-Energy Functions for Some Anisotropic Solids
Authors: Steigmann David J.
Published: September 2003

We present a set of simple sufficient conditions for the polyconvexity and coercivity of strainenergy functions for transversely isotropic and orthotropic elastic solids. The formulation is based on appropriate function bases for the right stretch tensor in the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient and furnishes numerical analysts with a priori existence criteria for boundary-value problems.
Candidates and Local Campaigns
Authors: Carty R. Kenneth , Eagles D. Munroe , Sayers Anthony
Published: September 2003

A recent political anthropology argues that the character of Canadian parties' constituency election campaigns is largely determined by the nature of their local associations' nomination politics, as shaped by the electoral appeal of the constituencies in which it takes place. Three characteristics of the nomination process define a model that suggests there are only four basic types of candidate in Canadian elections, each producing a distinctive campaign organization and style in terms of both constituency activity and the integration of the local campaign with that of its national party. In this article, we use the data from a national survey of local associations of the national parties to explore the applicability of the proposed typology and test hypothesized party organizational and campaign relationships that flow from this theory of local campaign politics.
Cutaneous Wound Healing: Myofibroblastic Differentiation and in Vitro Models
Authors: Amadeu Thaís Porto , Coulomb Bernard , Desmouliere Alexis , Costa Andréa Monte Alto
Published: September 2003

Wound healing is an interactive, dynamic 3-phased process. During the formation of granulation tissue, many fibroblastic cells acquire some morphological and biochemical smooth muscle features and are called myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts participate in both granulation tissue formation and remodeling phases. Excessive scarring, which is a feature of impaired healing, is a serious health problem that may affect the patient's quality of life. The treatment costs of such lesions are high, and often, the results are unsatisfactory. To understand the wound healing process better and to promote improvement in human healing, models are needed that can predict the in vivo situation in humans. In vitro models allow the study of cell behavior in a controlled environment. Such modeling partitions and reduces to small scales behavior perceived in vivo. This article is focused on `fibroblasts.' In vitro models to study wound healing, the role of (myo)fibroblasts, and skin reconstruction in tissue replacement and promotion of wound healing are discussed.
Some Problems of the Lower Extremity in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Heruti Rafi , Ohry Avi
Published: September 2003

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is devastating, leaving patients wholly or partly paralyzed. Health care providers who care for SCI patients during the acute or chronic phases are faced with different phenomena in the lower extremities of these subjects. In this article, the authors review the relevant changes associated with SCI. Preventive measures of these medical complications are directed according to the specific cause. Early comprehensive rehabilitation carried out by a specialized team prevents complications while enhancing functional gains.
How to Optimize Physicians’ Communication Skills in Cancer Care: Results of a Randomized Study Assessing the Usefulness of Posttraining Consolidation Workshops
Authors: Razavi Darius , Merckaert Isabelle , Marchal Serge , Libert Yves , Conradt Sandrine , Boniver Jacques , Etienne Anne-Marie , Fontaine Ovide , Janne Pascal , Klastersky Jean , Reynaert Christine , Scalliet Pierre , Slachmuylder Jean-Louis , Delvaux Nicole
Published: August 2003

Purpose: Although there is wide recognition of the usefulness of improving physicians’ communication skills, no studies have yet assessed the efficacy of post-training consolidation workshops. This study aims to assess the efficacy of six 3-hour consolidation workshops conducted after a 2.5-day basic training program.

Methods: Physicians, after attending the basic training program, were randomly assigned to consolidation workshops or to a waiting list. Training efficacy was assessed through simulated and actual patient interviews that were audiotaped at baseline and after consolidation workshops for the consolidation-workshop group, and approximately 5 months after the end of basic training for the waiting-list group. Communication skills were assessed according to the Cancer Research Campaign Workshop Evaluation Manual. Patients’ perceptions of communication skills improvement were assessed using a 14-item questionnaire.

Results: Sixty-three physicians completed the training program. Communication skills improved significantly more in the consolidation-workshop group compared with the waiting-list group. In simulated interviews, group-by-time repeated measures analysis of variance showed a significant increase in open and open directive questions (P = .014) and utterances alerting patients to reality (P = .049), as well as a significant decrease in premature reassurance (P = .042). In actual patient interviews, results revealed a significant increase in acknowledgments (P = .022) and empathic statements (P = .009), in educated guesses (P = .041), and in negotiations (P = .008). Patients interacting with physicians who benefited from consolidation workshops reported higher scores concerning their physicians’ understanding of their disease (P = .004).

Conclusion: Consolidation workshops further improve a communication skills training program’s efficacy and facilitate the transfer of acquired skills to clinical practice.
Precise formulae for the distributions of the principal geometric characteristics of the typical cells of a two-dimensional Poisson-Voronoi tessellation and a Poisson line process
Authors: Calka Pierre
Published: August 2003

In this paper, we give an explicit integral expression for the joint distribution of the number and the respective positions of the sides of the typical cell 𝒞 of a two-dimensional Poisson-Voronoi tessellation. We deduce from it precise formulae for the distributions of the principal geometric characteristics of 𝒞 (area, perimeter, area of the fundamental domain). We also adapt the method to the Crofton cell and the empirical (or typical) cell of a Poisson line process.
Random covering of the circle: the size of the connected components
Authors: Huillet Thierry
Published: August 2003

Consider a circle of circumference 1. Thrownpoints at random onto this circle and append to each of these points a clockwise arc of lengths. The resulting random set is a union of a random number of connected components, each with specific size. Using tools designed by Steutel, we compute the joint distribution of the lengths of the connected components. Asymptotic results are presented whenngoes to ∞ andsto 0 jointly according to different regimes.
Estimation of the directional measure of planar random sets by digitization
Authors: Kiderlen Markus , Jensen Eva B. Vedel
Published: August 2003

Estimation methods for the directional measure of a stationary planar random setZ, based only on discretized realizations ofZ, are discussed. Properties of the discretized set that can be derived by comparing neighbouring grid points are used. Larger grid configurations of more than two grid points are considered. It is shown that the probabilities of observing the various types of configurations can be expressed in terms of the first contact distribution function ofZ(with a finite structuring element). An important prerequisite result concerning deterministic dilation areas is also established. The inference on the mean normal measure based on 2×2 configurations is discussed in detail.
Spectral theory for random closed sets and estimating the covariance via frequency space
Authors: Koch Karsten , Ohser Joachim , Schladitz Katja
Published: August 2003

A spectral theory for stationary random closed sets is developed and provided with a sound mathematical basis. The definition and a proof of the existence of the Bartlett spectrum of a stationary random closed set as well as the proof of a Wiener-Khinchin theorem for the power spectrum are used to two ends. First, well-known second-order characteristics like the covariance can be estimated faster than usual via frequency space. Second, the Bartlett spectrum and the power spectrum can be used as second-order characteristics in frequency space. Examples show that in some cases information about the random closed set is easier to obtain from these characteristics in frequency space than from their real-world counterparts.
Shot noise Cox processes
Authors: Møller Jesper
Published: August 2003

Shot noise Cox processes constitute a large class of Cox and Poisson cluster processes in ℝd, including Neyman-Scott, Poisson-gamma and shot noise G Cox processes. It is demonstrated that, due to the structure of such models, a number of useful and general results can easily be established. The focus is on the probabilistic aspects with a view to statistical applications, particularly results for summary statistics, reduced Palm distributions, simulation with or without edge effects, conditional simulation of the intensity function and local and spatial Markov properties.
Modeling growth stocks via birth-death processes
Authors: Kou S. C. , Kou S. G.
Published: August 2003

The inability to predict the future growth rates and earnings of growth stocks (such as biotechnology and internet stocks) leads to the high volatility of share prices and difficulty in applying the traditional valuation methods. This paper attempts to demonstrate that the high volatility of share prices can nevertheless be used in building a model that leads to a particular cross-sectional size distribution. The model focuses on both transient and steady-state behavior of the market capitalization of the stock, which in turn is modeled as a birth-death process. Numerical illustrations of the cross-sectional size distribution are also presented.
Coalescence times andFSTvalues in subdivided populations with symmetric structure
Authors: Wilkinson-Herbots Hilde M.
Published: August 2003

The structured coalescent is a continuous-time Markov chain which describes the genealogy of a sample of homologous genes from a subdivided population. Assuming this model, some results are proved relating to the genealogy of a pair of genes and the extent of subpopulation differentiation, which are valid under certain graph-theoretic symmetry and regularity conditions on the structure of the population. We first review and extend earlier results stating conditions under which the mean time since the most recent common ancestor of a pair of genes from any single subpopulation is independent of the migration rate and equal to that of two genes from an unstructured population of the same total size. Assuming the infinite alleles model of neutral mutation with a small mutation rate, we then prove a simple relationship between the migration rate and the value of Wright's coefficientFSTfor a pair of neighbouring subpopulations, which does not depend on the precise structure of the population provided that this is sufficiently symmetric.