bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dependent Consumer: Reflections on Accounts of the Risks of Non-Prescription Medicines
Authors: Bissell Paul , Ward Paul R. , Noyce Peter R.
Published: March 2007

Although academic writing about risk as a conceptual and theoretical category has burgeoned in recent years, debates about the characteristics of the risk society have tended to by-pass more mundane but ubiquitous dimensions of health and health-related behaviour. In this article, we argue that focusing on lay people’s understanding of the risks of a relatively commonplace example of modern medical technology (the use of non-prescription medicines for the self-medication of minor ailments) provides an insight and a challenge to what theorists of the risk society have described as the existential contours of life in late modernity.

In the context of an empirical study detailing consumer responses to a naturally occurring risk, we explore some of the arguments proposed by Ulrich Beck and amplified by Anthony Giddens concerning the characteristics of the risk society. We provide evidence both for and against the propositions described by these authors and posit a more nuanced understanding of the risks of scientific medicine which acknowledges both lay expertise over medicines usage coupled with dependence on medicine and medical technology as forms of healing.
Bio-Psycho-Social Reasoning in GPs’ Case Narratives: The Discursive Construction of ME Patients’ Identities
Authors: Horton-Salway Mary
Published: March 2007

This article takes a discursive psychology approach to the analysis of medical case narratives. An analysis of interview extracts on the topic of ME (CFS) shows how GPs use bio-psycho-social reasoning to construct the patient’s identity and to define their illness as mental or physical. Patients’ identities are ‘talked up’ using bio-psycho-social ‘evidence’; they are constructed in the process of explaining the origins of an illness as mental or physical. This has much in common with identity construction in the illness narratives of ME patients. The analysis also shows how identity construction can function as a justification for defining an illness as psychosomatic and effectively ‘shifting the blame’ for what might otherwise be treated as medical failure or uncertainty. These processes show how a discursive analysis can shed more light on how bio-psycho-social reasoning functions in doctors’ case constructions.
Medicalization and the Depiction of Lay People in Television Health Documentary
Authors: Hodgetts Darrin , Chamberlain Kerry
Published: March 2007

This article examines the depiction of lay people within television health documentaries. We build on previous research to analyse the medicalization of health coverage and the function of lay depictions in two health documentaries. Depictions of lay people serve to personalize and normalize medical care and to legitimize medical surveillance and intervention. We argue that, in spite of some recent research demonstrating challenges to medicine, a medicalized perspective remains dominant in television coverage. Lay depictions are predominantly drawn on to support medicine but can also serve to invoke challenge. However, when challenges are presented, we contend that these documentaries work to neutralize them through the manner in which content is framed within the exposition.
Gender Differences in the Effect of the Subjective Experience of Diabetes and Sense of Control on Distress
Authors: Brooks Rebecca J. , Roxburgh Susan
Published: March 2007

A unique feature of diabetes is the extent to which individuals must engage in self-management in order to successfully cope with their condition. Because of the role of self-regulation in diabetic care, subjective sense of control may be a particularly salient psycho-social resource among diabetic people. We examine the influence on distress of mastery, and the subjective experience of diabetes, measured as interference, dissatisfaction, andembarrassment. We also examine gender differences in the influence of these subjective experiences on diabetic people’s distress. We find that gender differences in distress are explained by the greater salience for women’s distress of role-related sense of control, measured as how much diabetes interferes with the performance of roles, and general sense of control, measured as mastery. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences in the experience of roles, and in terms of the implications of results for the management of chronic conditions requiring self-care.
Twice Told Tales: Transformation, Recuperation and Emergence in the Age of Consent Debates 1998
Authors: Epstein Debbie , Johnson Richard , Steinberg Deborah Lynn
Published: March 2007

In this article we explore the narratives and discursive frameworks which were deployed in the second Age of Consent debate in the British House of Commons in order to identify shifts, continuities and emergent elements in sexual politics in the late 1990s. In the first section we will be looking at questions of theory and method. Here we will draw, particularly, on ideas of narrative and discourse, exploring their relation to each other and how stories provide the warp and weave of discourse. The next section is concerned with the House of Commons as a discursive space. The third section identifies the sexual stories told in the course of the debate. The final two sections of the paper focus on the discursive specificity of Blairism and its characteristic grand narratives of civilization and progress and discourses of rationality.
Negotiating Desire and Sexual Subjectivity: Narratives of Young Lesbian Avengers
Authors: Ussher Jane M. , Mooney-Somers Julie
Published: March 2007

This article examines the negotiation and interpretation of first experiences of sexual desire in a group of eight young women who identify as Lesbian Avengers, using in-depth narrative interviews. Accounts of desire and its relationship to sexual subjectivity were organized under four broad themes: The significance of a kiss: Is this desire? describes the difficulty in categorizing first experiences of desire towards another woman as sexual; My desire makes me a dyke examines accounts of desire leading to sudden self-identification as a lesbian or, conversely, to the repression of desire and avoidance of lesbian identity; Lesbian desire is dangerous considers the negative representation of lesbian desire as perverse, sex being seen as central to lesbian identity, and the experience of being subjected to condemnation and abuse; Dealing with dangerous desire looks at the main strategies adopted in response to the above: the positioning of self as outsider, but strong because of it, embracing a transformation of self through becoming lesbian or remaining in the closet.
Dis/Locating Blame: Survivors' Constructions of Self and Sexual Abuse
Authors: Reavey Paula , Gough Brendan
Published: March 2007

This article examines issues of sexuality and identity for women who have been sexually abused as children. It is based on five in-depth semi-structured interviews with women who were `identified' as survivors of childhood sexual abuse, a study which, in turn, forms part of a larger project exploring social constructions of sexual abuse in childhood (in therapeutic and self-help settings). A discourse analytic approach is used to explore how various meanings surrounding women's sexuality in relation to past events of childhood abuse are deployed and `the different ways in which people ascribe meaning to, and make sense of their situation' in the present (Crossley, 1997: 73). Attention is paid to the ways in which survivors construct their own and others' sexuality and identity in relation to their understandings of themselves as survivors of child sexual abuse and as `women'. This emphasis on the social identities of women sexually abused as children, addresses a gap in psychological and clinical theorizing. In particular, a critical reading is offered regarding how `gendered identifications' within discourses (e.g. psychoanalytic) get taken up and used by women to interpret themselves as past (blameworthy) victims and present (pathological) survivors.
Imams and Homosexuality: A Post-gay Debate in the Netherlands
Authors: Hekma Gert
Published: March 2007

In a new departure for Sexualities, this article focuses on a topical issue. It describes a growing conflict between Muslims and gays in the Netherlands, which is currently being mirrored in many places throughout the world. Highlighting the denunciations of gays by the Rotterdam-based imam Khalil El Moumni in May 2001, the article examines how the issue appeared and the key elements of the debate it generated. Just how this debate fits into the wider contexts of modernity and postmodernity is also examined.
Sex, Love, Money and AIDS: The Dynamics of Premarital Sexual Relationships in Ghana
Authors: Ankomah Augustine
Published: March 2007

Empowering women, especially in developing countries, in AIDS prevention is one of the most important strategies in slowing down the AIDS pandemic. However, the different contexts within which young women are exhorted to embark on HIV risk-reduction sexual behaviours and the difficulties involved are often not fully explored. The article highlights the apparent powerlessness of young women in premarital sexual exchange relationships in urban Ghana where many sexual relationships are contracted with material gain in mind. Using qualitative methods, the article explores the concept of sexual exchange where sexual services are exchanged for material gain - a situation quite different from prostitution, as it is understood in Europe or America. Given that women engage in sexual exchange mainly for financial reasons, the article concludes by arguing that improving women's economic status to enable them to advance their occupational careers, although highly desirable, is perhaps not enough to empower women without substantial change in contemporary societal norms which support sexual exchange.
Neurasthenia, Spasmophilia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes in France
Authors: Cathébras Pascal
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews French concepts of fatigue syn dromes, with a special emphasis on a reputedly unique ly French diagnosis: spasmophilia. Neurasthenia has virtually no place in contemporary French nosology of fatigue states, and chronic fatigue syndrome has not been accepted by all French researchers. The contro versies on neurasthenia and spasmophilia illustrate some of the social uses of diagnostic categories (e.g., legitimation of symptoms) and the ambivalence of physicians toward diagnostic labels based on clinical criteria.
The Relevance of Person-Centered Ethnography to Cross-Cultural Psychiatry
Authors: Hollan Douglas
Published: March 2007

In this article the relevance of person-centered ethnography to cross-cultural psychiatry is discussed. The term person-centered ethnography is first defined, the historical development of this line of anthropological research is traced, and how and why it might be used in cross-cultural psychiatry is examined. Following this introduction current developments in person-centered ethnography are reviewed, while focusing especially on the strengths and limitations of different styles and approaches. General trends and new directions in the field are addressed, rather than examining or referring to details of particular studies.
Review : An examination of the development of language in the normal child
Authors: Taylor Christine M.
Published: March 2007

■ The development of language remains a theoretical mystery in many respects.
The cultural studies' crossroads blues
Authors: Grossberg Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This article examines the current state of cultural studies. It argues for the need to delimit the field of cultural studies, proposing that the specificity of cultural studies as a way of politicizing theory and theorizing politics is given by its radical contextuality. It then goes on to consider some of the challenges that the contemporary context poses to cultural studies, and which cultural studies has been largely unable to address. It suggests that this failure may be due to the modernist inheritance of cultural studies, and begins to offer a genealogy of the category of culture. Specifically, it looks at the relationship of culture, mediation and signification and proposes the need for a non-mediational theory of culture.
Cultural studies and intervention in television policy
Authors: Gripsrud Jostein
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the relationship between cultural studies theorizing of television and more practical engagement with television policy. It demonstrates to what extent seminal cultural studies contributions to television theory from the 1970s were linked to policy institutions and issues, and argues that such ties were lost during the 1980s, resulting in a situation where cultural studies scholars tend to throw their hands in the air when faced with concrete and important questions of policy.
Acceptance of Feedback by the Stigmatized and Non-Stigmatized: The Mediating Role of the Motive of the Evaluator
Authors: Britt Thomas W. , Crandall Christian S.
Published: March 2007

We examined the acceptance of interpersonal performance feedback and its effect on self-esteem among participants who received feedback from evaluators who were likely to be racially biased or unbiased. Black and White participants were given positive or negative feedback by someone who could see them or not, and who was either pro-Black or pro-White. Blacks discounted positive feedback when seen by a pro-Black evaluator, whereas Whites discounted positive feedback when seen by a pro-White evaluator. The mirror opposite pattern was found for negative feedback, although the effects were not as strong. The discounting of negative feedback was associated with higher self-esteem only among Black participants. In addition, only Black participants bolstered their self-esteem on an unrelated dimension upon receipt of negative feedback. Results are discussed in terms of the role of motives in the acceptance of feedback.
Order Effects in Individual and Group Policy Allocations
Authors: Nadler Janice , Irwin Julie R. , Davis James H. , Au Wing Tung , Zarnoth Paul , Rantilla Adrian K. , Koesterer Kathleen
Published: March 2007

Although citizen panels have become quite popular for policy making, there is very little research on how the procedures these groups employ to manage consensus affect their decision making. We measured the effect of a simple procedural mechanism, agenda order, on individual and group allocations for an HIV policy. Allocations made in a large-small (state-region-city) order were substantially smaller, overall, than were allocations made in small-large (city-region-state) order, and group allocations were smaller, overall, than were individual judgments. The Social Judgment Scheme model (Davis, 1996) provided a good fit of the group allocation, and suggested a mechanism for this overall downward shift in judgment. Normative (i.e. calibration) analyses, as well as subjective impressions (e.g. confidence, repeat judgments) favored relatively smaller allocations so that judgments made in large-small order, and judgments made in groups were arguably more defensible than were individual or small-large judgments. We discuss these strong agenda influences and their implications both for citizen panels and for theoretical research on group consensus.
Having to Take a Stand: The Interactive Effects of Task Framing and Source Status on Attitudes
Authors: El-Alayli Amani , Park Ernest S. , Messé Lawrence A. , Kerr Norbert L.
Published: March 2007

Some research has found that a minority message source is less persuasive than a majority source on personally relevant issues. In that research, participants were forewarned that they would have to report their attitudinal reactions. We hypothesized that if recipients were given an opinion-irrelevant (recall) task instead, source status would not affect attitudes. Participants were asked to read a strong, outcome-relevant, counterattitudinal persuasive essay presented by a minority or majority source under opinion or recall task directions. The minority was less persuasive than the majority in the opinion task condition, and this effect was mediated by source evaluation and favorable cognitive elaboration. No source status effects emerged in the recall task condition.
Convergence across Indian States: Cross-Sectional and Panel Estimations
Authors: Das Tushar Kanti
Published: March 2007

Convergence refers to the process by which poorer countries or regions grow faster than their rich counterparts. Regional wage rate per capita converged across Indian states between 1956-57 to 1992-93. The rate of convergence can be ex plained by a direct measurement of convergence, an indirect measurement of convergence, and panel data estimation. Again, wage rates (or factor prices) are taken as the source of convergence rather than per capita income. This is because factor prices are far more useful in accessing the sources of convergence than NSDP aggregates, as well as the fact that they have a more relevant influence on economic policy. Convergence with respect to factor prices implies that the gap in the average workers' living standard between rich and poor states falls over time.
Discourse, Organizations and National Cultures
Authors: GUNNARSSON BRITT-LOUISE
Published: March 2007

The article explores the complex and multi-dimensional relationship between organization and discourse, using interview data and written documents collected within banks in Sweden, Germany and Britain. The first part of the analysis, which examines the extent to which the organizations studied can be said to form discourse units in their own right, shows that management ideas, norms and values seem to have a considerable impact on bank discourse. Although the discourse found in different banks naturally has many features in common, each organization is found to be created at least partly differently by its discourse. Analyses of sender markings, expressive illocutions and expressions of thanks to the staff show how discourse is part of the construction of an organizational culture in relation to ideas concerning leadership, hierarchy, centralization etc. The second part of the analysis focuses on the role of the national community in the formation of an organization. An analysis of the bank images disseminated in spoken discourse and documents points to differences which could be attributed to national cultural patterns. The interview data further show how much effort is devoted to internally and externally disseminated images; this could be seen as a sign of an awareness among management of the decisive role of the spoken and written word for their company.
A Different Class of Witnesses: Experts in the Courtroom
Authors: STYGALL GAIL
Published: March 2007

This investigation examines the discursive history and contemporary courtroom discourse of expert witnesses in Anglo-American courts, incorporating the methods of Michel Foucault into a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework. The history of experts is marked by a profound discontinuity in the role of experts, during the late medieval period, with experts relegated to a witness role instead of a juror role - that of the privately knowledgeable investigator - they previously held. Examination of the discourse of contemporary experts in three high-profile US trials documents a different witness status for experts along three parameters: amplification of question responses; the use of the contrastive discourse marker well to express professional disagreement with their interlocutors; and the embedding of professional practices into so clauses. These parameters stand in sharp contrast to ordinary witness discourse. The study concludes with a discussion of the stakes in legal control of expert witnesses including asymmetrical access to experts by economic status, the possible suppression of some expert testimony by recent US Supreme Court decisions, and the hierarchicalization of expert knowledge.
Exploring the Gender Gap
Authors: Nelsen Brent F. , Guth James L.
Published: March 2007

We attempt to further the `normal' study of public opinion in the European Union (EU) by examining the relationship of gender to attitudes toward integration. Using Eurobarometer 42 we demonstrate that a modest gender gap exists, with women being less enthusiastic about the EU than men. We then construct a model to explain male and female attitudes using measures of political distance, women's values, ideology, economic vulnerability and national tradition. Women's attitudes are more sensitive to knowledge about the EU and to economic pessimism than men's, while men's attitudes are determined more by interest in politics, traditionalist values, ideology, and working-class status. We conclude by analyzing interesting differences that emerge when respondents are grouped by `type of welfare state'.
Making Cents in the Barrios
Authors: Dohan Daniel
Published: March 2007

It is frequently observed that in US cities low-income immigrants are strongly attached to labor markets while the US-born poor more often suffer from detachment. This article examines everyday mechanisms related to this immigrant-native difference. Using data collected through participant-observation in two low-income Mexican-American communities in California, I examine structural-economic, cultural, and institutional perspectives on attitudes to end practices of everyday wage laboring. I argue that the institutional perspective, highlighting the manifold effects of transnational social networks, provides the most compelling account of immigrant-native differences in labor-force attachment.
The Technological Game:
Authors: CHAN JANET B.L.
Published: March 2007

This article draws on an Australian case study to examine the impact of information technology on police practice. It argues that technological change has altered important aspects of the `field' of policing—technology has redefined the value of communicative and technical resources, institutionalized accountability through built-in formats and procedures of reporting, and restructured the daily routines of operational policing. Although the cultural dominance of law-enforcement policing style and resentment towards the demands of management and external agencies remains, there is evidence that information technology is gradually changing the deeply embedded assumptions of police practice.
Someone to Watch Over Us:
Authors: FOX RICHARD
Published: March 2007

Are we becoming a surveillance society? Sophisticated devices and techniques have greatly enhanced the capacity of government to intrude into the lives of citizens. Many of the new forms of surveillance are well suited to the networked society. Technology now allows the compilation, storage, matching, analysis and dissemination of personal data at high speed and low cost. But the private sector is also involved. Simply by participating in modern commerce, individuals are significantly eroding their own privacy. While there may be broad public support for the preventive role of many forms of overt surveillance, there are also serious weaknesses in the legislative frameworks within which the monitoring of citizens by overt and covert means takes place. There are concerns about accountability, fairness and the effects on the privacy rights of those who may be unwittingly caught up in the process. The new forms of surveillance are evocative of the old in the use of surveillance as an exercise of power and discipline.
Siblings of Children with Disabilities
Authors: Burke Peter , Montgomery Sue
Published: March 2007

This paper brings together initial results from the pilot stage of research being undertaken on the needs of siblings of children with disabilities. Our findings have helped us to restructure the questionnaire to be used in the second stage of the research, the main study, and enabled emergent trends to be identified following comments received during face-to-face interviews with non-disabled siblings. Comments recorded concern both advantages and disadvantages of having a brother or sister with disabilities. Note is also made of the caring responsibilities undertaken by siblings, and the popularity and need for a sibling support group.
Using Staff Ratings to Measure Client Compatibility
Authors: Browning Mary , Jones Robert
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a simple rating instrument for the selection of compatible groups based on relationship patterns to aid in the resettlement of people with learning disabilities from hospital to group homes. Staff ratings of compatibility were obtained for 57 residents from two specialist hospitals. Twenty-five of these residents participated in an observational study of compatibility. In general there was a high level of consistency in the ratings accorded by hospital staff to the relationships between residents on their ward. The results of the observation study, however, only provided limited support for the validity of the rating scale. The results of this study raise important questions about the nature of meaningful relationships between people with severe learning disabilities.
A Study of the Topography and Nature of Self-Injurious Behaviour in People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Wisely Julie , Hare Dougal Julian , Fernandez-Ford Luisa
Published: March 2007

A survey of the prevalence and nature of self-injurious behaviour in people with learning disabilities was carried out in three networks of housing for people with learning disabilities, with particular reference to the body site targeted in the course of the self-injurious behaviour. This information was collected using the methodology of Symons and Thomson and, in line with their findings, self-injury sites were found to be non-randomly distributed on the body. The hypothesis that self-injury sites may overlap with acupuncture sites associated with analgesic effects was supported by the present data. The implications of such findings for the support and care of people with learning disabilities who self-injure are discussed.
Changes in the Attitudes of GPs to the Health Screening of Patients with Learning Disabilities
Authors: McConkey Roy , Moore Gordon , Marshall David
Published: March 2007

GPs appear reluctant to undertake health screening for people with learning disabilities. This article describes a specialist health screening service delivered mainly by community learning disability nurses to nearly 600 children and adults. Prior to the service being established, 141 GPs within a defined area were surveyed and 51 percent responded. Although a majority thought the service would be helpful, three-quarters felt it was better provided within the context of special services. After screening, 54 percent of the sample (318 persons) were referred to their GP for further assessment and treatment, nearly all for physical health needs. A second study investigated the attitudes of 91 GPs who had patients referred. Those (45) who reported dealing with a referral were more favourably disposed to undertaking health screening within their practice, whereas those (23) who had been uninvolved continued to opt for specialist provision. Options for encouraging more GPs to offer preventive health care to this client groups are discussed, including medical training, extra consulting time and linking community learning disability nurses with GP practices.
Dementia Care in Korea
Authors: Kim Jae-Min
Published: March 2007

Like other Asian countries, Korea as a society is struggling to provide services to its ever-growing elderly population. This article outlines some of the issues involved in providing dementia care services. It focuses on the growing demand for services and the need to provide services in the social and cultural context of the Korean family structure. It illustrates these points through a case study, and suggests future service needs.
Shining a Torch on Metaphor in HRD
Authors: Short Darren C.
Published: March 2007

The problem and the solution. Metaphors are found in the language of HRD and applied in HRD research,practice,and education. Despite having been analyzed in associated disciplines (such as HRM and psychology), relatively little attention has been paid to their use,role,and impact in HRD.This chapter acts as a foundation for the journal by describing metaphors, how they work, and why they are important. It also offers a frame-work of questions for exploring metaphors and their application.
Nurse Staffing and Quality of Care in Hospitals in the United States
Authors: Needleman Jack , Buerhaus Peter , Mattke Soeren , Stewart Maureen , Zelevinsky Katya
Published: March 2007

The size and mix of nurse staffing in U.S. hospitals has a direct impact on the outcome of patient health according to a study based on discharge data for more than 6 million patients and financial reports and hospital staffing surveys from 799 hospitals in 11 states. The data were analyzed to determine staffing levels of RNs, licensed practicing/vocational nurses, and aides and to measure the frequency of a wide range of complications that patients developed during their hospital stays. Of the hospital inpatient nursing personnel studied, the study found that registered nurse staffing makes the biggest impact on adverse patient outcomes. The researchers found that lower levels of nurse staffing were associated with higher rates of urinary tract infections, pneumonia, shock and cardiac arrest, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, “failure to rescue,” and length of hospital stay in both medical and major surgery patients treated in hospitals.
Economic Self-Sufficiency: An Insufficient Indicator of How Women Fare after Welfare Reform
Authors: Kneipp Shawn M.
Published: March 2007

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 represented the most momentous change to the U. S. welfare system since its formal inception in 1935. Because of the significance of the changes made with the PRWORA and the potential ramifications for the lives of women, the new legislation has spurred an unprecedented volume of research to monitor its effects. By far, the concept of economic self-sufficiency as a means of measuring well-being in this vulnerable population of women has dominated public policy discourse. This article reviews the changes in welfare policy and discusses the repercussions of narrowly interpreting well-being using econocentric terms in relation to the lives and health of women. In addition, an argument for nursing involvement in conducting policy research and developing more informed, socially-just policies for women living within or at the margins of poverty is made.
The American Hospital Association Responds to the Nursing Shortage
Authors: Daffron Jeanne M. , Hart Sara E.
Published: March 2007

In his February 13, 2001, testimony for the American Hospital Association (AHA) before the Aging Subcommittee of the Senate’s Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee, Brandon Melton spoke of the immediate and long-term shortage of health care personnel. AHA notes that hospitals’ ability to respond is limited by the competing pressures between forces increasing costs and decreasing resources. Hospitals contend that “the current nursing shortage is creating an environment with the potential to jeopardize hospitals’ ability to provide timely access to non-emergency, as well as emergency, services.” AHA’s current work-force initiatives include a recently established Commission on Workforce for Hospitals and Health Providers. This commission is charged with a yearlong study of the workforce shortage, including the development of goals and recommendations. The interim recommendations of this commission along with other AHA responses to the nursing shortage are discussed.
Structure and Viscoelastic Properties of Poromerics
Authors: Whittaker R.E.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development, properties and future of poromerics. It includes scanning electron microscope photographs of poromeric structures. du Pont was the first manufacturer of completely synthetic materials having absorption and permeability properties similar to natural leather. Poromerics have at least two discrete layers, and some, such as "Corfam," have five. Development of poromencs has introduced to the footwear industry several new processes, such as high frequency welding and embossing, vacuum forming, and edge burnishing. The slow growth of poromerics is due to their pnce not being competitive with leather.
UV-Curing Coatings for Textiles: Coatings with a Future
Authors: Krijnen Erik , Marsman Marielle , Holweg Onald
Published: March 2007

Radiation curing can offer many advantages in textile coating and printing processes. In this paper some results are given of a study on UV-curable coatings and the investigation of UV-curable binders for pigment printing.
Progress of Emission Reduction in the Backcoating of Tufted Carpets
Authors: Bez Willfried
Published: March 2007

Emissions from tufted carpets can best be described as air charged with volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Detection of VOCs can be determined by smell, or they can be completely odourless. Our sense of smell is extremely acute, therefore, an individual's threshold levels for certain substances can be very low. Odour can be either agreeable or disagreeable, without having an obvious connec tion to its effects on health. As an example, some cheeses do not smell very agreeable, but they are perfectly edible; however, Lily of the Valley has a nice smell, but is poisonous if digested by the human species. Many such examples of this phenome non can be given.
Recovery and Reuse of Waste PVC Coated Fabrics. Part 1: Experimental Procedures and Separation of Fabric Components
Authors: Adanur Sabit , Zhenwei Hou  , Broughton Royall M.
Published: March 2007

The polyester in the base fabrics (PET) and the polyvinyl chloride coating (PVC) along with plasticizers and adhesive/glue were separated from a commercial coated fabric by a scheme of chopping, grinding, and extracting with a selected preferred aqueous MEK solution. A novel recovering method called swelling method is introduced to separate and reuse waste PVC coated PET fab rics. In comparison with other recycling techniques, the swelling method is a sim ple procedure with minimal environmental impact. The selection of the swelling agent of methylethyl ketone (MEK) was made after an analysis of the physical and chemical properties of several chemicals. Phase separation was found in the MEK/water system that serves as swelling bath. The two phases exist over a wide concentration range. The behavior of the swelling system and the swelling proper ties of recovered components were investigated by parameters, such as refractive index, swelling degree, and the average particle size of recovered PVC.
Recovery and Reuse of Waste PVC Coated Fabrics. Part 2: Analysis of the Components Separated from PVC Coated PET Fabrics
Authors: Adanur Sabit , Hou Zhenwei , Broughton Royall M.
Published: March 2007

The second part of this work is devoted to the analysis of the swelling process, i.e., phase separation of swelling bath, solubility properties of coated fabrics in swelling bath, and swelling extent of each component in coated fabrics. A variety of analytical methods was used to characterize the separation sol vent, the amount and removeability of the glue, the changes in the chemical and physical properties of the PVC and PET polymers during the processes, and the extent of recovery of the plasticizer. Initial recovery PET fabrics (scraps) were fur ther treated with removal of glue from the fabric surface in a dimethyl formamide (DMF) solution. The final product was the recycled PET fiber (staple). The struc ture and performance of recovered PET fiber were examined by several testing techniques, such as, DSC, WAXD, birefringence, acoustics emission, and tensile testing. Experimental results were evaluated and analyzed to draw optimal parame ters that would make mass production feasible.

The results may lay the groundwork for a commercial recovery process of this very important group of individual fabrics. As an example, the recovered PET scraps were directly used to reinforce the epoxy resin composites to demonstrate an application of the recovered product. In another application, the recovered PET staple was opened and combed on a special machine, then needle-punched to form a nonwoven fabric as another application example.

The first part of this work, "Part 1: Experimental Procedures and Separation of Fabric Components," appeared in the last issue of this journal [14].
Lawyers and the Appellate Choice
Authors: Rathjen Gregory J.
Published: March 2007

The role played by lawyers in setting appellate court agenda as part of an interactional policy process unique to judicial policy-making is a neglected research area among students of the judicial process. The research reported here is an explanatory first step in ascertaining those factors which affect lawyers' decisions to appeal cases beyond the Federal District Court to the U.S Court of Appeals and to the U.S. Supreme Court. The data are gleaned from responses to a questionnaire sent to a sample of lawyers who had practiced before the U.S. Court of Appeals during 1972. The results suggest a considerable degree of consensus among these lawyers as to the relative importance of various factors in the appellate choice, yet significant differences do emerge among these lawyers by virtue of legal value perspectives which are of importance to the agenda-setting task.
Why Do People Vote? Because They Are Registered
Authors: Erikson Robert S.
Published: March 2007

This article separately investigates who registers to vote and who votes among the registered. Standard predictors of participation are much better predictors of registration than of voting among the registered. It is speculated that voting is stimulated by the act of registration.
Attributing Presidential Responsibility for National Economic Problems
Authors: Peffley Mark , Williams John T.
Published: March 2007

Several recent studies of economic voting have challenged a central assumption of the reward-punishment theory of retrospective voting, that voters hold the incumbent party responsible for all manner of economic fluctuations. Our research expands on prior work in several ways by specifying and testing a model of the way people attribute responsibility to presidents for national economic problems. We find that during the 1982 recession, President Reagan was spared the wrath of the reward-punishment theory among individuals who felt that economic problems were more the fault of the previous administration, that presidents have relatively little control over the causes of inflation and unemployment, and that past presidents were unable to control these same problems. Implications for retrospective voting theories and the outcome of the 1982 midterm elections are discussed.
Media Coverage of Presidential Primaries
Authors: Castle David S.
Published: March 2007

The presidential nomination process in the United States permits to particular states predominant influence in determining party nominees. Other states are forced to accept lesser, even unimportant roles. An important factor in the disparity is media coverage. This research examines the impact of five variables on the coverage of state delegate selection events: the number of national convention delegates at stake, method of delegate selection, sequence of events, number of same-day events, and the closeness of the race. Linear regression analysis is used to estimate the effect of these variables on the percentage of newspaper stories about each state's primary or caucus. Three recent presidential nominations are studied: the Democratic party's in 1984 and 1988 and the Republican process in 1988. The findings demonstrate that state parties act strategically to enhance their importance in presidential nominations by manipulating the sequence and structure of delegate selection events.
The Impact of Prejudice On Female Candidates:
Authors: Leeper Mark Stephen
Published: March 2007

Current research suggests that gender prejudice no longer impedes women from winning top-level political positions. Nevertheless, the number of women in all levels of political office remains startlingly low— meriting a closer look at the role of gender prejudice. This study takes an experimental look at how voters respond to female candidates pushing unambiguous, tough policy stands. Interestingly, voters seem to infer that women possess traditional "feminine" strengths even when they emit a clear "masculine" message. Therefore, female candidates should not fear visceral reactions from voters if they assume an aggressive campaign posture. Rather, this "masculine" approach may be the optimal campaign strategy for women seeking top-level or administrative positions.
Evangelicalism, Social Identity, and Gender Attitudes Among Women
Authors: Wilcox Clyde
Published: March 2007

Although some scholars have demonstrated that labor force participation leads to more egalitarian gender role attitudes among women, recent research has reported that this relationship is attenuated among evangelical women. This latter study suggested that evangelical women in the labor force retain their traditional gender role attitudes on family roles. This study offers one explanation for this result: Many evangelical women in the labor force retain their identity as homemakers. Moreover, although nonevangelical women who enter the labor force adopt an identity as a working woman, many evangelical women already hold such an identity before they enter the labor force. This suggests that they experience less of a change in their social identity when they enter the labor force, and that the identity of working woman has a different meaning for evangelical women than for nonevangelical women.
Supreme Court Authority in the Judiciary
Authors: Pacelle Richard L. , Baum Lawrence
Published: March 2007

In the relationship between the Supreme Court and lower courts, one important issue is the extent to which lower court judges recognize and respond to the Supreme Court's authority. This article explores the Court's authority through a study of cases remanded by the Court during the 1965-1974 terms. We examine the relationship between the outcomes of cases in the lower courts after Supreme Court remands and several conditions that seem likely to affect the strength of the Court's authority. The statistical results indicate that most of these conditions have a significant impact on outcomes. More broadly, these results provide evidence that the Court's authority is a significant force in shaping the behavior of judges in the lower courts.
The American Voter in a Nonpartisan, Urban Election
Authors: Raymond Paul
Published: March 2007

A telephone survey of voters participating in Lexington, Kentucky's 1985 nonpartisan city council races identified the determinants of the vote. In the absence of partisan cues or extensive media coverage, the local electorate focused primarily on candidates' personalities, background characteristics, and concern for the district. Ideology and name recognition also predicted the vote. Voters' perceptions of office seekers were shaped though contacts with friends and neighbors, volunteers, and campaign literature. Once other variables were controlled, newspaper endorsements had neither a direct nor indirect effect on the voting decision.
Registration Reform and Turnout Change in the American States
Authors: Rhine Staci L.
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to analyze the relationship between turnout change and reform in the American states. Using pooled cross sections of state-level data, turnout and turnout change over time are compared to registration provisions at the same level. The registration closing date and motor-voter registration show a clear relationship to higher turnout, whereas mail registration and eased purge procedures do not. As a result, turnout gains because of the National Voter Registration Act of 1993 are likely, but they will be modest.
Is There a Gender Gap in the Value of Campaign Resources?
Authors: Herrick Rebekah
Published: March 2007

Efforts to explain the underrepresentation of women in Congress, as well as other institutions, have failed to detect significant gender differences in the availability of campaign resources. Thus one may be tempted to conclude that the underrepresentation of women is unrelated to the availability of resources. However, implicit in this conclusion is an assumption that the effects of resources are gender neutral. If the value of a resource depends on the gender of the candidate, women may need more or less of a resource to do as well as men. On this note, the author tests that assumption by examining House races between 1988 and 1992. For challengers, the author finds that the value of campaign spending and party strength is greater for men than women, whereas in open-seat races, women received greater value from a strong party than did men.
The "Year of the Woman" in Context
Authors: Berch Neil
Published: March 2007

The 1992 election saw a virtual doubling of the number of women in the U.S. House of Representatives. Although much of this may be attributed to record turnover rates, I focus in this article on whether previous explanations for the underrepresentation of women in the House still held in 1992. I find that although turnover is important, the increased probability that open-seat candidates (especially Democrats) are women is at least as important. The achievement of funding parity by women candidates and the fact that Democratic women are running for more winnable seats (i.e., those in more Democratic districts) also is important. However, an examination of the 1994 election shows some retrenchment in the percentage of open-seat candidates who are women. I conclude that 1992 is part trend and part anomaly.
Poll-Based Forecasts of the House Vote in Presidential Election Years
Authors: Erikson Robert S. , Sigelman Lee
Published: March 2007

We use the distribution of responses to the Gallup poll's "generic" House vote question (i.e., "If the elections for Congress were being held today, which party's candidate would you like to see win in your congressional district?") to forecast the Republican-Democratic vote split in presidential year congressional elections. Although these responses consistently offer an overly optimistic picture of the Democrats' prospects, they nonetheless serve as the basis of accurate forecasts.
Employee Learning and Development Orientation: Toward an Integrative Model of Involvement in Continuous Learning
Authors: Maurer Todd J.
Published: March 2007

Through a review of diverse literature, this article reconceptualizes and integrates concepts such as growth needs, personal mastery, learning goals, and development orientation and provides a unique understanding of these concepts in human resource development. An employee learning and development orientation is proposed, which includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral constructs that together describe a tendency toward involvement in continuous learning. This orientation is posited to be a motivational state that depends on the degree to which learning and development are relevant to the self. The model outlines the content, structure, and processes of this orientation. It reframes the ways in which work and work context variables influence learning and development behavior in organizations. Ten research propositions are offered, and the article provides new directions for research. Some implications for practice are discussed.