bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-portraiture
Authors: Curran Louise
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the image of women looking at themselves and being observed by others in a significant body of satirical writing by women writers in the 1730s, 1740s, and 1750s. Though Jonathan Swift famously observed that satire ‘is a sort of Glass, wherein Beholders do generally discover every body’s Face but their Own’, these women did the opposite, often unflinchingly so, producing humane reflections on their personal appearances, and on their selves. Self-knowledge through conversation, either with oneself or with others, is a motif of eighteenth-century moral philosophy, and this kind of introspection is replicated throughout satirical verse, particularly that by women. Conversation takes place through the medium of the interlocutor in verse epistles; as answers to previous poems; through voicing the characters of different people; as the voice of the poet within the poem; and as translation and imitation.
Satire to Sentiment
Authors: Festa Lynn
Published: September 2019

This chapter addresses both the incursion of satiric strains into the sentimental novel and the sentimentalization of satiric objects, focusing on the capacity of each mode to grapple with broader historical currents (burgeoning commerce, urbanization, imperial expansion, and the blossoming discourses of humanitarianism and human rights). The author argues that mixture of satiric and sentimental modes exposes the tensions between the ideals exalted in the texts (both satiric and sentimental) and the material facts that novelistic realism emphasizes, while the shifts in register between satire and sentimentality mark out the difficulty of creating substantial change—correcting vice and fostering virtue—in an increasingly complex political, social, and economic world.
Satire in the Age of the French Revolution
Authors: Mee Jon
Published: September 2019

The idea of a British ‘debate’ on the French Revolution inadequately describes the culture wars of the 1790s, where satire remained a key weapon. Scurrilous works such as Charles Pigott’s Jockey Club (1792) harnessed libellous newspaper innuendo to republican politics. Many who agreed with its politics blanched at its method, but attacks on the royal family and William Pitt abounded, especially in the crisis year of 1795. Prosecutions for libel rose sharply in the decade, but it was an inefficient instrument of repression. Pensions were tried on Peter Pindar and James Gillray, but the policing of culture was also conducted in a series of verse satires that followed William Gifford’s Baviad (1791). Ideological agreement did not stop conservative satirists having their own squabbles about method, especially when it came to questions of ‘personality’. William Boscawen’s Progress of Satire (1798), for instance, suggested that satire in its rough Juvenalian mode might have become inappropriate to modern manners, but any downgrading of satire as a genre scarcely brought a diminution in practice.
Augustan Romantics
Authors: Scott Matthew
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the influence and persistence of the Augustan tradition upon Romanticism. The role of Horace as an occasionally rather vexed model for both movements is used as a lens to view their complex interrelations. It begins with an account of the role of Horatian satire in framing the Romantic critique of imperialism, before moving on to discuss the Romantic pastoral tradition and its debt to Augustanism. The essay ends with an account of the satirical tradition in the Romantic period, focusing in particular on the writers in the Shelley circle and finding, in the later work of Lord Byron, the quintessential Romantic Augustan.
Out of Somerset
Authors: Steedman Carolyn
Published: September 2019

This chapter disputes the notion that city satire is exclusively a metropolitan—London—form of writing, arguing that it was also a cultural form, a disposition, a way of thinking, available to all manner of late eighteenth-century people including the two working-class, provincial writers considered here. Two workers—a domestic servant and a stocking maker—raise questions about the uses of satire in class analysis and about satire’s audiences and satire’s users. The chapter is also an argument with the many eighteenth-century commentators who told historians that they should have no doings with satire.
The Double Personality of Lucianic Satire from Dryden to Fielding
Authors: McDowell Nicholas
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the importance of Lucianic satire as a model for Dryden, Swift, Fielding, and other writers between 1650 and 1760 in the light of what has been called Lucian’s ‘double personality’ in early modern Europe: for some he was an erudite, witty, and moral satirist of hypocrisy; for others, a dangerously irreligious scoffer and sceptic who brought Christian morality into doubt. By the later seventeenth century, he was more usually regarded as both these things—as well as an exemplary prose stylist—and his scepticism was no small part of his appeal as a satirist. However, the rise of deism at the end of the seventeenth century and its association with subversive religious satire encouraged a perception of Lucianic wit as a weapon of the deists, and this association was not merely impressionistic: the first English Works of Lucian (1710–11) included among its contributors several prominent deists.
Fable and Allegory
Authors: Wright Gillian
Published: September 2019

Between the late seventeenth and the early eighteenth centuries, fable—already a well-established didactic mode, often directed towards children—came increasingly to be used for satirical purposes. The work of three important writers—Aphra Behn, John Dryden, and Anne Finch—illustrates both the range and the particularity of fables during this period. While, collectively, these poets’ work differs greatly in terms of form, style, and appropriative methods, all three were strong royalists (later Jacobites) whose fables were devised to serve broadly pro-Stuart ends. This chapter investigates why fable rose to prominence during the fraught years before and after the 1688 Revolution, and how its literary properties were differentially exploited by Behn, Dryden, and Finch (given the varying political and publishing circumstances in which each was working). It also considers the reasons for the decline of the satirical fable in the mid-eighteenth century.
Burlesque and Travesty
Authors: Latimer Bonnie
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers three important satirical subgenres used by Alexander Pope during the early years of his career: the mock-essay, the dramatic satire, and the mock-heroic poem. It covers his writing from Guardian 40 (1713) to Peri Bathous (1727), published the year before his first mature satire, The Dunciad (1728), when Pope’s satires unite in their use of burlesque and in attacking vain pretenders to knowledge. The works examined are both morally corrective and gleefully scurrilous, featuring (to borrow Émile Audra’s phrase) badinage gracieux and slapstick, equally implicated in high culture neoclassicism and gross travesty. Taken as a body, Pope’s early satires use the comic force of burlesque to mount an attack on false pride in knowledge—before proceeding further, however, it is worth pausing on that term, burlesque.
Dramatic Satire
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: September 2019

The conservatism of satire calls for a return to lost virtues, whether aesthetic, social, or political. At the beginning of the century, under the influence of George Buckingham’s meta-theatrical satire, The Rehearsal (1671), virtue is restored in stage satire through acts of public humiliation, mockery, and punishment. By the end of the century, with the rise of sentimental comedy, lost virtues come to be represented as hidden dimensions of character to be retrieved through stimulating a sentimental response on the part of both protagonists and audience. This chapter characterizes stage satire in three stages. First, one of metonymy (1715–38): here, individual parts stand for depictions of systemic vice. Second, one of mimicry (1739–70): sentimental comedy becomes the vehicle for a satire of manners, fashion, and celebrity. And finally, one of metaphor (1771–1800): local political and aesthetic instances of vice were played out as matters of global concern.
Mary in a Mobile World
Authors: Coleman Simon
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the contemporary significance and resonances of Marian symbolism around the world. Drawing on ethnographic cases from the United States, Mexico, Cuba, England, and Papua New Guinea, it argues that Mary constitutes a ‘multi-vocal’ symbol that is well adapted to an increasingly mobile and mediated world. Marian symbolism deployed during pilgrimage is explored through various modalities of mobility: (1) flexibility of interpretation; (2) crossing borders; and (3) mitigating the effects of unwanted and traumatic movement, such as exile and refugeehood. The chapter concludes that Mary mediates between different forms of movement, and in the process contributes to the immense spatial, organizational, and ritual elasticity of Roman Catholicism.
Mary in the Work of Redemption
Authors: Fastiggi Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter provides an overview of Mary’s role in the work of redemption and her mediation of grace. The focus is on Roman Catholic Mariology, but Eastern Orthodox and Protestant perspectives are also covered. The chapter begins with Scripture and continues with a survey of Patristic understandings of Mary as the New Eve and Mediatrix of grace. It continues with medieval developments and moves into the early modern period when the title ‘Coredemptrix’ begins to be used more frequently. The next section considers various commissions, controversies, and papal supports for Mary as the unique collaborator in the work of redemption and the Mediatrix of all grace. The chapter then moves into discussions over Marian co-redemption and mediation from the early twentieth century through Vatican II. Attention is given to recent petitions to declare Mary as Coredemptrix and Mediatrix of all grace and the current state of the question.
The Doctrine of the Theotokos in Gregorios Palamas
Authors: Kappes Christiaan
Published: September 2019

The present chapter is designed to furnish the reader with new insights into the doctrine of Theotokos within the works of Gregorios Palamas (c.1296–d.1357). The study uncovers new facets of Palamas’ doctrine of Mary. Palamas’ spiritual renewal of Orthodox monasticism and his defence of Hesychasm or the traditional practice of prayer and spirituality of the monks on Mount Athos are chronicled in numerous studies. Diversely, this study concentrates on Marian reflections unique to Palamas that have been either neglected or only partially explored in modern studies. The disquisition concludes by orienting readers toward peculiar Marian doctrines that are important for the Palamite synthesis. In fact, these new discoveries are essential for understanding Palamas’ famous doctrine of the essence-energies, as culminating in Palamas’ doctrine of deification and divine vision. Gregorios sees divinization best exemplified in Mary, in whose vocation the apostles and other righteous Christians seek to participate by imitating her life of vision, prayer, and virtue.
Mary in Luther and the Lutheran Reformation
Authors: Kreitzer Beth
Published: September 2019

Mary, the queen of heaven and the most powerful intercessor among all the saints, was the focus of intense piety and devotion at the turn of the sixteenth century. She played a central role in the life of Christians, both in private devotions and in public ritual. But not everyone was pleased with the quantity or quality of Marian devotion. Following earlier critics, Martin Luther rejected much of the medieval cult surrounding Mary and transformed Marian devotion, inspiring a shift in her image from that of a powerful, merciful queen to a humble, obedient housewife. Although he maintained a warm, if transformed, devotion to Mary himself, Luther’s understanding of her role as the Mother of God and foremost of saints was dramatically different from the late medieval understanding. His influence on Protestant areas had the long-term effect of reducing Mary’s importance in Christian life and her visibility to Christians.
Mary in Patristics
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: September 2019

Mariological reflection in some second-century Fathers is introduced, especially the parallel with Eve; this explicit reflection on Mary is set beside second-century reflection on the Church as Virgin Mother, a tradition only later explicitly related to Mary as Virgin Mother. Attention is paid to the second-century Protevangelium of James with its remarkably developed Mariology; the nature of its esotericism is discussed, and later apocryphal texts introduced. Other tantalizing hints of devotion to Mary are mentioned, not least the use of the title Theotokos in a prayer belonging, possibly, to the third century. Mary’s virginity as an ascetic model in the fourth-century ascetic movement is briefly discussed. The first elaborate celebration of Mary is found in the liturgical poetry of the fourth-century Ephrem the Syrian. Mariology developed dramatically from the fifth century, witnessed in Proklos’ homilies, Romanos’ Kontakia, and the Akathist Hymn.
The Global Network of Deviant Revelatory Marian Movements
Authors: Margry Peter Jan
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses contemporary deviant—contested or condemned—Marian devotional movements and cultures, situated at and concentrated around modern apparitional sites, which collectively represent an implicit Marian network. This devotional network is largely independent from—or runs parallel to—mainstream Marian devotion, although the separation is not absolute as interaction with the institutional Church continues to take place. Most of these deviant revelatory devotions have emerged since the 1960s. Spiritually and devotionally, they are created, shaped, and propagated informally from the bottom up by the visionaries, the cult leadership, and in particular the associated communities of often dissenting, conservative, or (neo-) traditionalist devotees. The chapter identifies and describes this network as it has manifested itself on a transnational and global scale on the basis of fieldwork examples.
Mary in the Hymnody of the East
Authors: McGuckin John Anthony
Published: September 2019

Beginning with a notice of the major Marian hymnal elements in the New Testament text, this study goes on to consider how the most ancient Christian tradition of celebrating the role of the Virgin Mary in the salvific events the Church commemorates at prayer runs on in an unbroken line into the earliest liturgical examples from the Byzantine Greek liturgy. The study exegetes some of the chief liturgical troparia addressed to the Theotokos in the Eastern Orthodox Church ritual books. It analyses some of the more famous and renowned poetic acclamations of the Virgin in Byzantine literary tradition, such as the Sub Tuum Praesidium, the Akathist, and the Nativity Kontakion of Romanos the Melodist, but also goes on to show how the minor Theotokia (or ritual verses in honour of the Virgin), taken from the Divine Liturgy and from the Eastern Church’s Hours of Prayer, all consistently celebrate the Mother of God’s role in the salvific work of Christ in the world.
Marian Typological and Symbolic Imagery in Patristic Christianity
Authors: Reynolds Brian K.
Published: September 2019

For well over half of the more than two thousand years of Christian history, Mary was viewed as much through the lens of Old Testament exegesis as through those brief passages in the New Testament that mention her, which is to say that the dominant mode of speaking about and understanding her was typological or figural. Epithets such as ‘the new Eve’ (Gen. 1–3), ‘Jacob’s ladder’ (Gen. 28:10–16), ‘burning bush’ (Ex. 3:1–8), ‘fleece of Gideon’ (Judg. 6:37–40), ‘ark’ (2 Kgs 6.14–23), ‘bridal chamber’ (Ps. 18:6), ‘tower of ivory’ (Song of Songs 7:4), ‘rod of Jesse’ (Isa. 11:1), and many more were once deeply significant to all Christians, from the most erudite of theologians to the simplest of faithful. This chapter examines the origins, nature, and significance of Marian typology and symbolism in the Patristic period with the aim of providing the contemporary reader with the necessary exegetical and hermeneutic keys for a fuller understanding of the original significance of this elaborate imagery.
Mary in Islam
Authors: Saritoprak Zeki
Published: September 2019

In the Qur’an, Mary has a unique place. As the only woman mentioned by name, the mother of Jesus, and a pious servant of God, she has inspired Muslim men and women since the beginning of Islam. In this chapter, there will first be a short overview of Mary’s place in the Qur’an and the sayings of the Prophet, that is, Hadith. Following this, the importance of Mary in Islamic theology and spirituality generally as well as Mary’s historical place within Islam will be outlined. The views of important Muslim mystics, theologians, and various other scholars will be examined. There will be a discussion of Mary’s importance for Christian–Muslim dialogue. Of particular note, the chapter will look at how recent and contemporary scholars have understood Mary’s role and how Mary can be an important figure for inter-faith cooperation.
Marian Devotion in the Contemporary Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the resurgence and growing interest in Mary and her veneration in the contemporary Eastern Mediterranean, a prominently Muslim dominated region. Mary as a figure of devotion is unique in this region for three reasons. First, Mary is an autochthonous figure in the region. Second, Christianity in the region has a unique history, especially under the influences of the Ottoman rule and European imperialism. Third, there are the contemporary impacts of nationalism, post-colonialism, and the Arabization of the Christian communities therein. Against these developments, nowadays Mary’s places of veneration, both old and new, are attracting growing numbers of pilgrims. As I will show from ethnographies conducted in the region and my own work on Mary’s tomb in Jerusalem, Mary serves as a powerful symbol/metaphor/icon that is used by minorities to create and invigorate Christian identity.
The Virgin Mary in the Hymns of the Catholic Church
Authors: Thompson Thomas A.
Published: September 2019

This study presents images of the Virgin Mary as found in the hymns of the Catholic Church—from the patristic to the post-Vatican II period. Marian hymns flourished in the Middle Ages, but after the Council of Trent (1545–1563), the Catholic liturgy contained, with few exceptions, only the Scriptural and euchological texts in Latin. The vernacular congregational hymn contributed to the flourishing of Marian devotion apart from the official liturgy. Vatican II integrated the Virgin Mary into the ‘Mystery of Christ’ celebrated in the liturgy and presented a Scriptural and ecclesial image of Mary. Suggestions are given for Marian hymns and for their place within the liturgy.
Marian Piety and Gender
Authors: Osselaer Tine van
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies gender ideals via practices of Marian piety and discourse on Marian devotion, focusing on the gender dynamics at new Marian shrines of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries (e.g. Lourdes, La Salette, Oostakker). These sites became the object of discussion between Catholics and liberals, protestants, and anti-Catholics. and formed a perfect petri dish to study gender in modern Marian devotion. Scholars working from a gender perspective have stressed the importance and predominance of women among the visionaries, miraculés, and pilgrims documenting what has been called the ‘feminization’ of Catholicism. Men, however, have been lost from view even though at Lourdes, for instance, the most famous miraculé was a Belgian peasant, Pierre De Rudder. Analysing the work on these new shrines and linking it to more general studies on Marian devotion, this chapter wants to rebalance the research and trace both men’s and women’s involvement and find out what it says about gender perceptions.
Chasing the Lady
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: September 2019

Responding to intellectual, devotional and liturgical changes in the rest of Europe, the place of the Virgin Mary was reappraised in England during the Reformations of the sixteenth century. It was during a seventeen year period between the publication of the Litany in English under Henry VIII in 1544 and the revised Calendar of the 1559 Prayer Book under Elizabeth in 1561 that a liturgical ‘shape’ to a reformed understanding of the Virgin Mary’s place within worship of the established church was formed. It provided a basis for an ‘Anglican’ theology of Mary, subsequent devotion and liturgical developments in the Church of England and the Anglican Communion.
Marian Apocalypticism
Authors: Wojcik Daniel
Published: September 2019

Hundreds of apparitions of the Virgin Mary have been reported in the past two centuries and apocalyptic warnings of imminent divine judgement are a prominent feature of these visions. Emerging in the nineteenth century, the prophecies associated with such apparitions assert that Mary is appearing as part of an unfolding end-times plan in order to avert the apocalypse and battle the forces of evil, identified variously as secularism, modernism, communism, and other perceived threats to traditional Roman Catholic faith. This Marian apocalyptic worldview, especially influenced by the Fátima visions, was elaborated upon in subsequent apparitions throughout the Cold War era, particularly those at Medjugorje, resulting in an established apparitional tradition that flourishes today. Modern Marian apparitions express a form of avertive apocalypticism, with Mary appearing as divine intercessor and compassionate Mother, attempting to save humanity from apocalyptic chastisements through the renewal of devotion and adherence to her divine directives.
Mariology in the Counter Reformation
Authors: Fastiggi Robert
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses the Marian doctrine and devotion of the Counter-Reformation (c. 1550–1700), which is also called the Post-Tridentine era, the Baroque age, or the early modern period. It begins with a brief summary of Catholic Marian teaching of the 1500s and 1600s and then provides an overview of the Marian teachings of the Council of Trent (1545–63). It covers the development of systematic Mariology by Suárez and others as well as the Mariology of the French School of Bérulle, Olier, St John Eudes, and St Louis de Montfort. Subsequently, attention is given to sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Marian mystics; Jansenism; and the critics of excessive Marian piety.
The Russian Spiritual Verses on the Mother of God
Authors: Price Richard
Published: September 2019

The Russian Spiritual Verses are a repertoire of hymns to be sung, which developed over centuries in an oral culture and were performed primarily by wandering minstrels. They are strikingly free of close adherence to the Gospels. We hear of Christ being baptized as an infant, and by his Mother. There are moving laments of the Virgin at the foot of the Cross, in which she laments that her Son will be unable to look after her in her old age, and Christ consoles her with a promise that he will set up her image in every church and pray to it himself. Other hymns attribute to the Virgin an important role in the bestowal of life on earth and at the Last Judgement. The Verses show an imagination untrammelled by literary texts and often inspired by icons rather than the written word.
The Mother of God in Finnish Orthodox Women’s Lived Piety
Authors: Vuola Elina
Published: September 2019

The chapter analyses two groups of Eastern Orthodox women in Finland and their relationship to the Mother of God. The analysis is based on sixty-two ethnographic interviews and nineteen written narratives. The focus is on two groups in two marginal contexts within Orthodoxy: women converted from the Lutheran Church and the indigenous Skolt Sámi women in northeastern Lapland (all cradle Orthodox). Both contexts reflect a broader ethno-cultural process of identity formation. The converted women tend to reflect on their image of the Mother of God in relation to their previous Lutheran identity, in which the Virgin Mary plays a marginal role. In Skolt Sámi Orthodoxy, the figure of the Mother of God is less accentuated than St Tryphon, their patron saint. The Orthodox faith and tradition in general have been central for the Skolts in the course of their traumatic history.
The Virgin Mary Theotokos in Orthodox Piety
Authors: Chaillot Christine
Published: September 2019

From the time of the Council of Ephesus (431), the veneration of the Mother of God (Theotokos) experienced substantial growth, placing the Virgin in the foreground of the piety of all the Oriental Churches. The Virgin is present in the prayer life of the Orthodox Churches as expressed in Orthodox liturgy and spirituality in all countries of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox traditions. There are numerous Marian feasts. Marian feasts, icons, and hymns are often combined, e.g. the ‘wonder-working’ icons are used for veneration on their own feast days. The Virgin Mary is the most perfect member of the redeemed community, but in that same perfection we are all called to share. The function of her apparitions and icons is therefore to introduce us at the same time to the gift of the Spirit, to the taste of prayer, and to the mystery of the permanent presence of Christ in us.
Larval distribution of the ocean sunfishes Ranzania laevis and Masturus lanceolatus (Tetraodontiformes: Molidae) in the Sargasso Sea subtropical convergence zone
Authors: HELLENBRECHT L M , FREESE M , POHLMANN J-D , WESTERBERG H , BLANCKE T , HANEL R
Published: September 2019

Sunfishes or Molidae are a rarely encountered family within the teleost order Tetraodontiformes and most details of their reproductive biology including times and places of spawning and their larval ecology are rather unclear. Spawning of two species of Molidae was suggested in the Sargasso Sea before, yet comprehensive data on larval distribution from this area or elsewhere have never been published. Here we report on the abundance and size distribution of 383 sharptail mola (Masturus lanceolatus) and slender sunfish (Ranzania laevis) larvae, present novel information on their larval growth and development and test correlations with prevailing hydrographic data. Only 18 mostly larger Masturus larvae were caught evenly distributed over the study area and with no obvious hydrographic preferences. We conclude that there was no active spawning of M. lanceolatus in the area during the time of the cruise. In contrast, Ranzania larvae were caught primarily inside and south of a thermal frontal zone with increasing abundances toward warmer surface layers in the southeast of the study area. Due to the consistent presence of young Ranzania, it can be assumed that spawning activity was ongoing throughout the month of April, 2015. Our findings confirm the Sargasso Sea as a spawning area for R. laevis.
Influence of prior antibiotic use on risk of rheumatoid arthritis: case control study in general practice
Authors: Armstrong David , Dregan Alex , Ashworth Mark , White Patrick , McGee Chris , de Lusignan Simon
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To test the hypothesis that prior antibiotics influences the risk of developing RA.

Methods

A case–control study was conducted over 15 years using the UK’s Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database. The frequency and type of antibiotic prescription for patients who subsequently developed RA were compared with antibiotic prescriptions in a control group of patients who remained free of RA. Cases, defined as patients with a new diagnosis of RA made between 2006 and 2018, were matched with up to four RA-free controls on practice, age, gender and date of diagnosis. Exposure was measured by the number and type of prescriptions for antibiotics prior to the RA diagnosis or to the index date in controls.

Results

A total of 8482 patients with a new diagnosis of RA between 2006 and 2018 were compared with 22 661 controls. There was a higher likelihood of an RA diagnosis after antibiotic prescriptions within 1 year, 5 years and ever with a strong dose–response. Patients receiving >10 antibiotics in a 5 year period were more than twice as likely to receive an RA diagnosis as controls [adjusted odds ratio 2.65 (CI 2.40, 2.93)].

Conclusion

Exposure to antibiotics prior to the diagnosis was a significant risk factor for RA. This could reflect an immunological response to a compromised microbiome. Alternatively, patients with pre-symptomatic or early undiagnosed RA may have been more likely to present to their general practitioner with infections due to an unrecognized effect of RA.
Construction of an Infectious Poa semilatent virus cDNA Clone and Comparisons of Hordeivirus Cytopathology and Pathogenicity
Authors: Li Zhaolei , Jiang Zhihao , Yang Xinxin , Yue Ning , Wang Xueting , Zhang Kun , Jackson Andrew O. , Li Dawei , Zhang Yongliang
Published: September 2019

Poa semilatent virus (PSLV), Lychnis ringspot virus (LRSV), and Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) are members of the genus Hordeivirus in the family Virgaviridae. However, the biological properties and molecular genetics of PSLV have not been compared with other hordeiviruses. Here, we have constructed an infectious cDNA clone of the PSLV Canadian strain and provided evidence that PSLV differs from BSMV and LRSV. First, unlike the other two hordeiviruses that replicate in chloroplasts, PSLV induces dramatic structural changes in peroxisome during its infection in barley. The αa replication protein also localizes to peroxisomes, suggesting that PSLV replication occurs in peroxisomes. Second, PSLV encodes a γb protein that shares 19 to 23% identity with those of other hordeiviruses, and its activity as a viral suppressor of RNA (VSR) silencing is distinct from those of BSMV and LRSV. Substitution of the BSMV γb protein with that of PSLV or LRSV revealed a negative correlation between VSR activity and symptom severity of the recombinant BSMV derivatives. Intriguingly, the Ser-Lys-Leu (SKL) peroxisome-targeting signals differ among γb proteins of various hordeiviruses, including some BSMV strains. The presence of the C-terminal SKL motif in the γb protein impairs its silencing suppressor activity and influences symptoms. Finally, we developed a PSLV-based virus-induced gene silencing vector that induced strong and effective silencing phenotypes of endogenous genes in barley, wheat, and millet. Our results shed new light on hordeivirus pathogenesis and evolution, and provide an alternative tool for genomics studies of model hosts and economically important monocots.
Mitochondrial morphology regulates organellar Ca2+ uptake and changes cellular Ca2+ homeostasis
Authors: Kowaltowski Alicia J. , Menezes‐Filho Sergio L. , Assali Essam A. , Gonçalves Isabela G. , Cabral‐Costa João Victor , Abreu Phablo , Miller Nathanael , Nolasco Patricia , Laurindo Francisco R. M. , Bruni‐Cardoso Alexandre , Shirihai Orian S.
Published: September 2019

Changes in mitochondrial size and shape have been implicated in several physiologic processes, but their role in mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake regulation and overall cellular Ca2+ homeostasis is largely unknown. Here we show that modulating mitochondrial dynamics toward increased fusion through expression of a dominant negative (DN) form of the fission protein [dynamin‐related protein 1 (DRP1)] markedly increased both mitochondrial Ca2+ retention capacity and Ca2+ uptake rates in permeabilized C2C12 cells. Similar results were seen using the pharmacological fusion‐promoting M1 molecule. Conversely, promoting a fission phenotype through the knockdown of the fusion protein mitofusin (MFN)‐2 strongly reduced the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake speed and capacity in these cells. These changes were not dependent on modifications in mitochondrial calcium uniporter expression, inner membrane potentials, or the mitochondrial permeability transition. Implications of mitochondrial morphology modulation on cellular calcium homeostasis were measured in intact cells; mitochondrial fission promoted lower basal cellular calcium levels and lower endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium stores, as indicated by depletion with thapsigargin. Indeed, mitochondrial fission was associated with ER stress. Additionally, the calcium‐replenishing process of store‐operated calcium entry was impaired in MFN2 knockdown cells, whereas DRP1‐DN‐promoted fusion resulted in faster cytosolic Ca2+ increase rates. Overall, our results show a novel role for mitochondrial morphology in the regulation of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, which impacts cellular Ca2+ homeostasis.—Kowaltowski, A. J., Menezes‐Filho, S. L., Assali, E. A., Gonçalves, I. G., Cabral‐Costa, J. V., Abreu, P., Miller, N., Nolasco, P., Laurindo, F. R. M., Bruni‐Cardoso, A., Shirihai, O. Mitochondrial morphology regulates organellar Ca2+ uptake and changes cellular Ca2+ homeostasis. FASEB J. 33, 13176–13188 (2019). www.fasebj.org
The evolving treatment landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Schiattone Luana , Ghia Paolo , Scarfò Lydia
Published: September 2019

Purpose of review

This review provides guidance in the rapidly changing scenario of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) treatment. New studies as well as updates of other seminal ones have been recently presented and are likely to change the management of patients with CLL in everyday clinical practice.

Recent findings

Kinase inhibitors (e.g. ibrutinib and idelalisib) have transformed the treatment paradigm in CLL in both front-line and relapsed/refractory patients. Longer follow-up data are now available supporting the safety of ibrutinib and the continuous administration required per current label. Novel studies show the superiority of the drug alone or in combination with monoclonal antibodies compared with standard chemoimmunotherapy. The combination of venetoclax and obinutuzumab (treatment-naïve, only in United States) or rituximab (relapsed/refractory) has granted approval from the regulatory authorities in United States and Europe, based on phase 3 randomized studies. These novel chemo-free combinations allow for fixed-duration treatment and undetectable minimal residual disease. Novel targeted strategies including second and third generation BTK and PI3K inhibitors are currently under investigation and promise to further improve the CLL treatment armamentarium. The chimeric-antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are coming to the stage with promising efficacy and new challenges.

A bright chemo-free era for CLL patients is just around the corner. A deep knowledge of currently available evidences is key to tailor treatment choice and optimize long-term tolerability and disease control. Fixed-duration combinations are investigated to allow treatment holidays and avoid the emergence of resistant clones under the selective pressure of continuous treatment.
Recent progress in haploidentical transplantation: is this the optimal choice for alternative donor transplantation?
Authors: Watanabe Mizuki , Kanda Junya
Published: September 2019

Purpose of review

This article is intended to review recent trends and improvements in haploidentical transplantation to understand its current status and future direction.

Recent findings

The noninferiority of haploidentical donors compared with other donor sources, including HLA-matched related or unrelated donors, has been demonstrated in patients with various hematological diseases. The development of graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) prophylaxis using posttransplant cyclophosphamide has effectively reduced transplant-related mortality caused by GVHD, graft rejection, and other related complications. Novel GVHD prophylactic methods and other supportive strategies are under intense investigation to reduce the risk of infections and retain graft-versus-leukemia/lymphoma effects after transplantation.

Recent progress in haploidentical stem cell transplantation has broadened the availability of donor sources for patients with hematological diseases. It is important to compare and examine the impact of donor sources on transplant outcomes to achieve a better understanding about the appropriate donor choice for each patient.
Hepatic artery reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation
Authors: Balci Deniz , Ahn Chul-Soo
Published: September 2019

Purpose of review

Arterial reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation is a technically complex and challenging procedure, requiring expertise handling multiple factors associated with successful outcomes. This review describes and discusses the current methods of arterial reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation.

Recent findings

Arterial reconstruction in living donor liver transplantation requires multiple modifications of standard anastomosis techniques, including familiarity with alternative methods of arterial reconstruction including technical variants of anastomoses. We herein describe how these methods are employed in microsurgical techniques, the newer alternatives as well as decision-making on graft-recipient vessel matching and its complications.

This review provides comprehensive discussion of surgical techniques for arterial reconstruction in living donor liver transplant recipients.
Evaluating Home Healthcare Workers' Safety Hazard Detection Ability Using Virtual Simulation
Authors: Lavender Steven A. , Polivka Barbara J. , Darragh Amy R. , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Stredney Donald L. , Wills Celia E.
Published: September 2019

Home healthcare workers (HHWs) are routinely exposed to occupational safety hazards when servicing patients in their homes that put them at risk for injury. These hazards can be broadly classified as “electric, fire and burn,” “environmental,” or “slip, trip, and lift” hazards. To better train HHWs regarding their potential exposure to these hazards, a home healthcare virtual simulation training system (HH-VSTS) was developed. The HH-VSTS contains three training modules, corresponding to the aforementioned hazard categories, and an assessment module. In each training module, the trainee must navigate the virtual space, via a mouse click, and identify items or conditions that represent hazards. Once an item has been clicked on, the HH-VSTS asks the user if the item or condition is a hazard. For items or conditions that are hazards, additional text boxes present material to the user as to why the item constitutes a hazard and potential remediation approaches. Thus, it is important that hazards be identified and clicked on for the trainee to receive the educational component of the training system. This article evaluated the ability of 49 HHWs to find hazards in each of the three categories. In all modules, participants found the most salient hazards (e.g., clutter on stairs, unattended candles, biohazard stains) but struggled to find some of the less salient hazards. Several less salient hazards included the pet food bowls in the path of travel, the frayed electrical cord, oxygen tube leaking into a mattress, hot water that was too hot, and elevated room temperatures. Overall, this analysis found that most of the hazards within the training modules could be found by naïve HH-VSTS users. These data suggest the need for including hints that guide users toward hazards with which they are less familiar.
Postoperative Recurrent Gout Flares
Authors: Zhuo Yeye , Cai Xiaorui , Hou Zhiduo , Zhu Zhiwei , Cai De
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To investigate the morbidity, clinical characteristics, and risk factors for postoperative recurrent gout flares (PRGFs).

Methods

This cross-sectional study included all surgical patients at 2 academic institutions between 2010 and 2018. Data including demographics, prior history of gout, clinical variables, medications, and the occurrence of PRGFs were abstracted from medical records. Forward stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis was used in the statistical analyses.

Results

Among the 518 (0.5% [518/114,760]) surgical patients with a prior diagnosis of gout, 474 had sufficient documentation for analysis. Of these, 191 (40.3%) had experienced a PRGF. Most PRGFs (54.4%) were polyarticular gout; 79.6% had a pretreatment pain score of PRGFs ≥7, and 59.2% required combination pharmacologic therapy. The mean (SD) serum urate (SU) level decreased postoperatively (500.33 [122.77] vs. 380.15 [118.35] μmol/L; p = 0.000), with an average decrease of 125.86 μmol/L. The decrease in the postsurgical SU level was greater in patients who received postoperative total parenteral nutrition (PTPN) than in those who did not (p = 0.009), and it was correlated with the duration of PTPN (r = 0.156, p = 0.031). Factors independently associated with PRGFs were decrease in the postsurgical SU level by ≥126 μmol/L, previous flares involving the ankle, failure to take prophylactic colchicine therapy, and abdominal surgery.

Conclusions

Recurrent gout flares often occur postoperatively and are severe. For high-risk patients, especially those undergoing abdominal surgeries, timely monitoring of postsurgical SU level, colchicine prophylaxis, and avoiding the overuse of PTPN may help prevent PRGFs.
Three-dimensional structural evolution of the cuttlefish
Sepia officinalis
shell from embryo to adult stages
Authors: Le Pabic Charles , Derr Julien , Luquet Gilles , Lopez Pascal-Jean , Bonnaud-Ponticelli Laure
Published: September 2019

The cuttlefish shell is an internal structure with a composition and general organization unique among molluscs. Its formation and the structure–function relation are explored during
Sepia officinalis
development, using computerized axial tomography scanning (CAT-scan) three-dimensional analyses coupled to physical measurements and modelling. In addition to the evolution of the overall form, modifications of the internal structure were identified from the last third embryonic stages to adult. Most of these changes can be correlated to life cycle stages and environmental constraints. Protected by the capsule during embryonic life, the first internal chambers are sustained by isolated pillars formed from the dorsal to the ventral septum. After hatching, the formation of pillars appears to be a progressive process from isolated points to interconnected pillars forming a wall-delineated labyrinthine structure. We analysed the interpillar space, the connectivity and the tortuosity of the labyrinth. The labyrinthine pillar network is complete just prior to the wintering migration, probably to sustain the need to adapt to high pressure and to allow buoyancy regulation. At that time, the connectivity in the pillar network is compensated by an increase in tortuosity, most probably to reduce liquid diffusion in the shell. Altogether these results suggest adjustment of internal calcified structure development to both external forces and physiological needs.
Articulation and growth of skeletal elements in balanid barnacles (Balanidae, Balanomorpha, Cirripedia)
Authors: Checa Antonio G. , Salas Carmen , Rodríguez-Navarro Alejandro B. , Grenier Christian , Lagos Nelson A.
Published: September 2019

The morphology and ultrastructure of the shells of two balanid species have been examined, paying special attention to the three types of boundaries between plates: (i) radii-parietes, (ii) alae-sheaths, and (iii) parietes-basal plate. At the carinal surfaces of the radii and at the rostral surfaces of the alae, there are series of crenulations with dendritic edges. The crenulations of the radius margins interlock with less prominent features of the opposing paries margins, whereas the surfaces of the longitudinal abutments opposing the ala margins are particularly smooth. The primary septa of the parietes also develop dendritic edges, which abut the internal surfaces of the primary tubes of the base plates. In all cases, there are chitino-proteinaceous organic membranes between the abutting structures. Our observations indicate that the very edges of the crenulations and the primary septa are permanently in contact with the organic membranes. We conclude that, when a new growth increment is going to be produced, the edges of both the crenulations and the primary septa pull the viscoelastic organic membranes locally, with the consequent formation of viscous fingers. For the abutting edges to grow, calcium carbonate must diffuse across the organic membranes, but it is not clear how growth of the organic membranes themselves is accomplished, in the absence of any cellular tissue.
Numerical solution of scattering problems using a Riemann–Hilbert formulation
Authors: Llewellyn Smith Stefan G. , Luca Elena
Published: September 2019

A fast and accurate numerical method for the solution of scalar and matrix Wiener–Hopf (WH) problems is presented. The WH problems are formulated as Riemann–Hilbert problems on the real line, and a numerical approach developed for these problems is used. It is shown that the known far-field behaviour of the solutions can be exploited to construct numerical schemes providing spectrally accurate results. A number of scalar and matrix WH problems that generalize the classical Sommerfeld problem of diffraction of plane waves by a semi-infinite plane are solved using the approach.
A thin-film extensional flow model for biofilm expansion by sliding motility
Authors: Tam Alexander , Green J. Edward F. , Balasuriya Sanjeeva , Tek Ee Lin , Gardner Jennifer M. , Sundstrom Joanna F. , Jiranek Vladimir , Binder Benjamin J.
Published: September 2019

In the presence of glycoproteins, bacterial and yeast biofilms are hypothesized to expand by sliding motility. This involves a sheet of cells spreading as a unit, facilitated by cell proliferation and weak adhesion to the substratum. In this paper, we derive an extensional flow model for biofilm expansion by sliding motility to test this hypothesis. We model the biofilm as a two-phase (living cells and an extracellular matrix) viscous fluid mixture, and model nutrient depletion and uptake from the substratum. Applying the thin-film approximation simplifies the model, and reduces it to one-dimensional axisymmetric form. Comparison with
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
mat formation experiments reveals good agreement between experimental expansion speed and numerical solutions to the model with

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parameters estimated from experiments. This confirms that sliding motility is a possible mechanism for yeast biofilm expansion. Having established the biological relevance of the model, we then demonstrate how the model parameters affect expansion speed, enabling us to predict biofilm expansion for different experimental conditions. Finally, we show that our model can explain the ridge formation observed in some biofilms. This is especially true if surface tension is low, as hypothesized for sliding motility.
Bistable composite helices with thermal effects
Authors: Carey Seán , Telford Robert , Oliveri Vincenzo , McHale Ciaran , Weaver Paul
Published: September 2019

Morphing technologies use large, seamless changes in the shape of a structure to enable multi-functionality and reconfigurability. Several industrial sectors could benefit from morphing structures, including medical, energy and aerospace which require lightweight, simple and reliable solutions. Composite materials are key to lightweight morphing technologies due to their increased strength- and stiffness-to-mass ratios, stiffness tailorability and excellent fatigue properties, all of which reduce the mass and complexity of these types of structures. By accounting for thermal effects in their analytical description, we enhance the viability of multi-stable composite helical structures. This consideration improves predictions of existing analytical models in comparison with experiments, while also vastly expanding the design space to include antisymmetric and non-symmetric flange lay-up sequences. The developed analytical model is presented and verified using both finite-element models and experiments. By including thermal effects, we show that beneficial new morphing behaviours can be obtained.