bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Auseinandertreten, wenn alle einer Meinung sind – Überlegungen zur discessio
Authors: Timmer Jan
Published: November 2009

In der Forschung ist die discessio, also die Abstimmung am Ende von Senatssitzungen, bisher als Verfahren zur Herstellung einfacher Mehrheiten, die die Grundlage kollektiv verbindlicher Entscheidungen darstellten, interpretiert worden. Eine Betrachtung der überlieferten Abstimmungsergebnisse von Senatssitzungen zeigt hingegen, daß in der Regel weitgehende Einmütigkeit des Gremiums erreicht wurde, die Untersuchung der Norm, daß dies auch der Selbstbeschreibung des Funktionierens politischer Ordnung entsprach. Dieser Befund spricht gegen die bisherige Deutung. Vielmehr ist das Verfahren als performativer Akt zu erklären, der die Einmütigkeit des Gremiums dar- und zugleich mitherstellte. Dies geschah dadurch, daß die Akteure im Prozeß des Auseinandertretens wahrnahmen, welcher Handlungsoption die einflußreicheren Senatoren zuneigten und dieser Option beitraten, und zwar auch dann, wenn sie für sie nicht die ‚erste Wahl‘ darstellte.
Pompeius’ Career from 79 to 70 BCE: Constitutional, Political and Historical Considerations
Authors: Vervaet Frederik J.
Published: November 2009

Cn. Pompeius Magnus is undoubtedly best known for his great commands of 67 and 66 BCE and his subsequent role as ally, then enemy, of Iulius Caesar. Nonetheless, comprehensive scrutiny of Pompeius’ track record from 79 to 70 BCE reveals that this was perhaps the most remarkable and ground breaking stage of his career. In 78, in the face of yet another civil war, the Senate charged Rome’s first ever eques triumphalis with an independent propraetorian commission, under the auspices of the consul Q. Lutatius Catulus. In 77, Pompeius flatly ignored Catulus’ direct orders to disband his army, eager to secure a major role in the war against Sertorius and his Spanish associates. After a long and acerbic debate, the Senate eventually decided to have the People appoint Pompeius to an extraordinary proconsulship. By virtue of an unprecedented provision, the equestrian proconsul was, moreover, authorized to command in Spain on an equal footing with the consular proconsul Metellus Pius, the princeps ciuitatis of the time. In 71, Pompeius boldly decided to stand for the consulship of 70, in collusion with M. Licinius Crassus. As he ran on a decidedly popular platform and, once again, refused to disband his legions, the conscript Fathers had little choice but to grant dispensation from the Cornelian Law as well as a second public triumph. This paper will argue that, in political and constitutional terms, Pompeius played an instrumental role in burying Sulla’s constitutional settlement, and that his extraordinary career in the seventies BCE set a fateful example for the next couple of decades.
Caesars Griff nach Gallien
Authors: Fischer Franz
Published: November 2009

Caesars Entschluß, Gallien als Tätigkeitsfeld zu wählen, wird oft ausschließlich unter dem Aspekt stadtrömischer Politik gesehen. Die genauere Würdigung seiner Tätigkeiten in Hispania ulterior, vor allem 61/60 als Propraetor und die Überführung der beiden spanischen Legionen VII und VIII nach Aquileia, die Caesar im Sommer 60 zu seinem geplanten, dann von Cato verhinderten Triumph mitgebracht hatte, ergeben ein deutlicheres Bild als bisher von den Hintergründen von Caesars Griff nach Gallien.
Algunas consideraciones sobre la ambiguitas religiosa en el s. IV d. C. los discursos de Claudio Mamertino y Pacato
Authors: Palacios José Luis Cañizar
Published: November 2009

En el siglo IV d C. no resulta extraordinario que en determinadas manifestaciones públicas, como puedan ser los panegíricos imperiales, ante la existencia y convivencia de población pagana y cristiana, se emplee con una intencionalidad eminentemente práctica y política cierto tono ambiguo en el terreno religioso, y ello con independencia del contexto histórico, del destinatario del discurso encomiástico e incluso del sentimiento religioso de su autor.
Un canon africano concerniente a las obligaciones de los hijos de los eclesiásticos durante la Antigüedad Tardía
Authors: Jiménez Sánchez Juan Antonio
Published: November 2009

Un canon dictado en el concilio de Hipona del 393 prohibió que los hijos de obispos y sacerdotes exhibieran espectáculos o asistieran a ellos. En el presente trabajo estudiamos la transmisión textual de este texto, desaparecido en su versión original y conocido gracias a la forma resumida conservada en el Breuiarium Hipponense. Igualmente, intentamos ofrecer una explicación del motivo que llevó a su promulgación. En nuestra opinión, fue el resultado de la legislación imperial que obligaba a los hijos de antiguos decuriones, que habían abandonado la curia para entrar en el clero, a asumir las obligaciones de sus padres. Entre éstas se contaban la organización y presidencia de los espectáculos públicos, manifestaciones que la Iglesia condenó siempre.
Shrinkage estimation in elliptically contoured distribution with restricted parameter space
Authors: Tsukuma Hisayuki
Published: November 2009

This paper deals with the problem of estimating the mean vector of an elliptically contoured distribution with unknown scale matrix, where the mean vector is restricted to an unbounded and closed convex set with a smooth or a piecewise smooth boundary. A shrinkage-type estimator is shown to be better than the maximum likelihood estimator subject to the restriction relative to a quadratic loss.
Tacitus, Tiberius and Augustus
Authors: Cowan Eleanor
Published: November 2009

Tacitus makes much of Tiberius' dependence upon Augustus. This article examines four citations of Augustan precedent which occur in the Annals: 1.77.1–3; 2.37–38.5; 4.37–38.3 and 6.3.1–3. In each case, I explore how the citation of precedent functions within the individual incident that Tacitus narrates, observing the ways in which the meaning(s) of Augustus' dicta are constructed, manipulated and even contested by the individuals Tacitus describes. I conclude by making some suggestions about the role of Tiberius' dependence upon Augustan precedent in the narrative as a whole.
Mystery Inquisitors: Performance, Authority, and Sacrilege at Eleusis
Authors: Gagné Renaud
Published: November 2009

The master narrative of a profound crisis in traditional faith leading to a hardening of authority and religious persecution in late fifth-century Athens has a long scholarly history, one that maintains a persistent presence in current research. This paper proposes to reexamine some aspects of religious authority in late fifth-century Athens through one case-study: the trial of Andocides in 400 BCE. Instead of proposing a new reconstruction of the events that led to this trial, it will compare and contrast the rival rhetorics of authority deployed by Andocides in De mysteriis and Ps.-Lysias in In Andocidem and attempt to locate them in their respective social and cultural contexts.
Two Didactic Strategies at the End of Herodotus' Histories (9.108–122)
Authors: Welser Christopher
Published: November 2009

Although most scholars now seem to agree that Herodotus was to some extent a didactic historian writing for the instruction of his readers, the systematic nature of his didacticism has perhaps not been fully appreciated. The Histories' concluding episodes reveal at least two didactic programs or strategies: first, the reader is to be trained in the application of Herodotean thinking to events subsequent to the period covered by the narrative; second, the reader is to be warned of the moral and intellectual dangers posed by the “wonders” that have played so conspicuous a role in Herodotus' work. The existence of these programs helps to explain several features of the last chapters of the Histories, including the prominent position given to the peculiar story of Xerxes and Masistes (9.108–13).
IGF1 and its binding proteins 3 and 1 are differentially associated with metabolic syndrome in older men
Authors: Yeap Bu B , Chubb S A Paul , Ho Ken K Y , Setoh Johnson W S , McCaul Kieran A , Norman Paul E , Jamrozik Konrad , Flicker Leon
Published: November 2009

Objective

Circulating IGF1 declines with age, and reduced circulating IGF1 is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in some but not all studies. The relationship between IGF-binding proteins 3 and 1 (IGFBP3 and IGFBP1) with risk of cardiovascular disease remains unclear. We sought to examine associations between IGF1, IGFBP3 and IGFBP1 with metabolic syndrome in older men.

Design

Cross-sectional analysis of 3980 community-dwelling men aged ≥70 years.

Methods

Morning plasma levels of IGF1, IGFBP3 and IGFBP1 were assayed. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII) criteria.

Results

For IGF1 and IGFBP3, there was a U-shaped relationship, with middle quintiles possessing the lowest odds ratios (OR) for metabolic syndrome (reference Q1, Q3 IGF1: OR 0.74, 95% confidence intervals 0.57–0.96, Q3 IGFBP3: OR 0.67, 0.51–0.87). Increasing IGFBP1 was associated with reduced risk of metabolic syndrome with a dose–response gradient (reference Q1, OR for Q2 to Q5 IGFBP1: 0.56, 0.33, 0.22 and 0.12 respectively, P<0.001). IGF1 was associated with two, IGFBP1 with four and IGFBP3 with all five components of the metabolic syndrome. The ratio of IGF1/IGFBP3 was not associated with metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

In older men, both lower and higher IGF1 and IGFBP3 levels may be metabolically unfavourable. IGFBP1, as a marker of insulin sensitivity, is relevant in the assessment of metabolic syndrome, while the IGF1/IGFBP3 ratio is less informative. Longitudinal follow-up of this cohort would be needed to determine whether these distributions of IGF1, IGFBP3 and IGFBP1 predict incidence of cardiovascular events during male ageing.
Molecular and Genetic Analyses of Four Nonfunctional S Haplotype Variants Derived from a Common Ancestral S Haplotype Identified in Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus L.)
Authors: Tsukamoto Tatsuya , Hauck Nathanael R , Tao Ryutaro , Jiang Ning , Iezzoni Amy F
Published: November 2009

Tetraploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) has an S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system; however, individuals can be either self-incompatible (SI) or self-compatible (SC). Unlike the situation in the Solanaceae, where self-compatibility accompanying polyploidization is often due to the compatibility of heteroallelic pollen, the genotype-dependent loss of SI in sour cherry is due to the compatibility of pollen containing two nonfunctional S haplotypes. Sour cherry individuals with the S4S6S36aS36b genotype are predicted to be SC, as only pollen containing both nonfunctional S36a and S36b haplotypes would be SC. However, we previously found that individuals of this genotype were SI. Here we describe four nonfunctional S36 variants. Our molecular analyses identified a mutation that would confer loss of stylar S function for one of the variants, and two alterations that might cause loss of pollen S function for all four variants. Genetic crosses showed that individuals possessing two nonfunctional S36 haplotypes and two functional S haplotypes have reduced self-fertilization due to a very low frequency of transmission of the one pollen type that would be SC. Our finding that the underlying mechanism limiting successful transmission of genetically compatible gametes does not involve GSI is consistent with our previous genetic model for Prunus in which heteroallelic pollen is incompatible. This provides a unique case in which breakdown of SI does not occur despite the potential to generate SC pollen genotypes.
Association of Maternal Smoking Status With Breastfeeding Practices: Missouri, 2005
Authors: Weiser Thomas M. , Lin Mei , Garikapaty Venkata , Feyerharm Robert W. , Bensyl Diana M. , Zhu Bao-Ping
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the association of smoking status as a risk factor for reduced initiation and duration of breastfeeding.

METHODS: The Missouri Pregnancy Related Assessment and Monitoring System collected a stratified sample of new mothers in 2005. Surveys were mailed, with telephone follow-up, and completed within 2 to 12 months after delivery. Respondents were classified as nonsmokers, smokers who quit during pregnancy, light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day), or moderate/heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes per day). Multivariable binomial regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess breastfeeding initiation and duration according to smoking status.

RESULTS: Overall, 1789 women participated (weighted response rate: 61%). Approximately 74% of the women ever breastfed; 31% of the women ever smoked while pregnant. Compared with nonsmokers, the moderate/heavy smokers and light smokers were less likely to initiate breastfeeding, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, the presence of other smokers in the household, alcohol use, mode of delivery, and infant hospitalization. Compared with nonsmokers, the moderate/heavy smokers, light smokers, and smokers who quit during pregnancy were more likely to wean over time, controlling for the same covariates. There were no significant differences between nonsmokers and smokers regarding reasons for not initiating or ceasing breastfeeding.

CONCLUSIONS: Mothers who smoked initiated breastfeeding less often and weaned earlier than nonsmoking mothers. Incorporating knowledge of the association between smoking and breastfeeding into existing smoking-cessation and breastfeeding programs could provide opportunities to reduce perinatal exposure to tobacco smoke, improve interest in breastfeeding, and address other barriers to breastfeeding that smoking mothers may face.
Investigation of Photon Redistribution in High Temperature Photonic Crystal Structures
Authors: Zhao Weijun , Biswas Rana , Puscasu Irina , Greenwald Anton , Johnson Edward
Published: November 2009

We have simulated the angle-dependent absorption and thermal emittance of two dimensional metallic and metallodielectric photonic crystals (PCs) with rigorous scattering matrix methods- where Maxwell's equations are solved in Fourier space. These metallic photonic crystals exhibit strong thermal emittance and absorption peaks in the normal direction. This peak splits into multiple peaks at larger and shorter wavelengths away from the normal direction. The thermal emission at different wavelengths is redistributed into different emission angles. There is partial suppression of photon emission at long wavelengths and enhancement at the shorter wavelength spectral range where the thermal emittance has a maximum. Angle-dependent measurements of the emission in metallo-dielectric photonic crystals are performed. Simulations compare well with these measurements and are consistent with the surface plasmon model. The strong dependence of the absorption with angle is very important for thermo-photovoltaic devices.
Self-organizing Dimer Formation of Silver Nanocubes through Face Selective Functionalization and Surface Plasmon Coupling at Its Fractal Junction
Authors: Uchida Shuhei , Mitani Munehisa , Zettsu Nobuyuki
Published: November 2009

We have demonstrated the dimerization of single-crystalline Ag nanocubes with reasonably high yields through stepwise integration by following three steps: the preparation of a single layer of densely packed Ag nanocubes on a substrate by modified convective assembly, the selective functionalization of the upper face of the Ag nanocubes with a hydrophobic DT-SAM using the μCP approach, and the spontaneous dimerization in a mixture of ethanol and water driven by enhanced anisotropic hydrophobic interparticle interactions. Face-selective functionalization using hydrophobic DT-SAM gave the nanocubes directionality with respect to their anisotropic interparticle interactions under an external hydrophilic environment. We conclude that the driving force that reduced the surface area of the hydrophobic faces is sufficient large to form an ordered assembly of nanosized building blocks in an aqueous solution. Both experimental and theoretical studies revealed that the 50-nm-diameter Ag nanocubes dimers with a ca. 3.3 nm gap at their junction exhibited two plasmon peaks centered at 446 nm and 600 nm, which contributed to transverse and longitudinal plasmon resonances, respectively. Elctromagnetic calculations based on the FDTD method clearly showed that a greater enhancement of the local field occurred, with an average amplitude of the electric field of 1.0×1015, at the fractal space between the aggregated Ag nanocubes when the dimer was illuminated under longitudinally polarized light.
The micromammal fauna from Negratín-1 (Guadix Basin, southern Spain): new evidence of African-Iberian mammal exchanges during the Late Miocene
Authors: Minwer-Bararat Raef , García-Alix Antonio , Agustí Jordi , Suárez Elvira Martín , Freudenthal Matthijs
Published: November 2009

A rich and diverse micromammal fauna from the late Turolian (MN13) locality of Negratín-1 (Guadix Basin, southern Spain) is described. The faunal list of this site includesApodemus gudrunae, Occitanomys alcalai, Stephanomys dubari, Paraethomys meini, Myocricetodon jaegeri, Debruijnimys almenarensis, Apocricetus alberti, Ruscinomyssp.,Eliomyssp.,Atlantoxerussp.,Parasorex ibericus, and Soricidae indet. This is the most nearly complete mammal fauna from the Miocene of the Guadix Basin and allows precise correlations with localities from other Iberian areas. In addition, some of the taxa identified in Negratín-1 are useful as palaeoecological indicators (Myocricetodon, Debruijnimys, Atlantoxerus), evidencing warm and dry climatic conditions. But the principal interest of the fauna from Negratín-1 is the presence of several species of African origin, the gerbillidsDebruijnimys almenarensisandMyocricetodon jaegeri, which are recognized for the first time in Europe. We also ascribe toM. jaegerithe population from the upper Turolian karst infilling of Almenara-M. This finding constitutes new evidence for faunal exchanges between North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula during the Messinian Salinity Crisis.
Earliest North American occurrence of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Druckenmiller Patrick S. , Russell Anthony P.
Published: November 2009

The polycotylidae is a family of short-necked (pliosauromorph) plesiosaurs, with examples known from epicontinental marine deposits of every major landmass except Antarctica. Our knowledge of its diversity and distribution has increased tremendously in the last decade, with new material described from North America (Sato, 2005; Albright et al., 2007; Schumacher, 2007; Schmeisser, 2008), South America (Gasparini and de la Fuente, 2000; Salgado et al., 2007), Africa (Bardet et al., 2003; Buchy et al., 2005), and Asia (Sato and Storrs, 2000; Arkhangel'skii et al., 2007). Polycotylid diversity is greatest in the Late Cretaceous, and particularly so in the Turonian; however, knowledge of the group's initial history in the Early Cretaceous is limited to a handful of specimens from North America (Storrs, 1981; Druckenmiller, 2002) and Australia (Kear 2003, 2005).
The tropical tortoise Chelonoidis denticulata (Testudines: Testudinidae) from the Late Pleistocene of Argentina and its paleoclimatological implications
Authors: Manzano Adriana S. , Noriega Jorge I. , Joyce Walter G.
Published: November 2009

The terrestrial tortoise clade Chelonoidis is endemic to the South American continent and nearby islands. Three continental species are currently recognized that inhabit three distinct habitats. The red-footed tortoise (C. carbonaria) and yellow-footed tortoise (C. denticulata) are often sympatric tropical to semi-tropical taxa, but the former taxon generally prefers open and wet savannahs, whereas the latter distinctly prefers permanent and wet forest cover. In contrast, the Chaco Tortoise, C. chilensis, is arid-adapted and lives along the eastern dry slopes of the southern Andes (Ernst and Barbour, 1989). The diverse group of generally dry-adapted tortoises from the Galapagos Islands is currently thought to be the gigantic sisters of C. chilensis (Caccone et al., 1999).
New ediacaran rangeomorphs from Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Bamforth Emily L. , Narbonne Guy M.
Published: November 2009

Hapsidophyllas flexibilis new genus and species and Frondophyllas grandis new genus and species are rare Ediacaran (ca. 565 Ma) rangeomorph forms, herein termed “hapsidophyllids,” which are endemic to Mistaken Point, Newfoundland, Canada. These two taxa are highly disparate in overall morphology, the former being a low-level, multibranched “network of leaves” and the latter a meter-long frond. Despite their dissimilarity in gross morphology, the two genera share a unique flexible, leaflet-type structure with a fine-scale branching structure that resembles that of charnid rangeomorphs. These leaflet structures are unknown from any other rangeomorph or Ediacaran group, and are herein termed “hapsidophyllid leaflets.” Hapsidophyllids grew by an iteration of structural units, with small rangeomorph modules making up the larger hapsidophyllid leaflets, which in turn composed the larger hapsidophyllid organism. The presence of hapsidophyllid leaflets in both Hapsidophyllas and Frondophyllas suggest the two genera were related taxonomically, with their very different gross morphologies reflecting ecological adaptations to exploit different suspension-feeding tiers.
Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge, China
Authors: Young J.
Published: November 2009

The Jiangyin Yangtze River Highway Bridge is a dual three-lane, 1385m-span suspension bridge that crosses the Yangtze River and forms a vital part of the expressway network of Jiangsu Province, China. Innovative engineering was required to meet the challenges faced during the design and construction of the bridge and its successful completion was achieved by the effective co-operation between Chinese and British designers, consultants and contractors. This paper outlines the studies undertaken to select the preferred location and form of the bridge. The development of the design of the principal elements of the bridge is discussed and the construction process described. During the project's planning and implementation, full consideration was given to the social development, safety, environmental and economic issues that were essential to ensuring the overall sustainability of this major river crossing. These aspects are covered in the second half of the paper.
Dynamics of the Hungerford Millennium footbridges, UK
Authors: Fletcher M. S. , Parker J. S.
Published: November 2009

Hungerford Bridge Millennium Project in London, UK—a complex seven-span multi-cable-stayed structure—was under construction at the time of the oscillations of the nearby Bankside Millennium Footbridge. The design criteria and methods of calculation used to assess oscillation and displacement are described. The results of physical testing of the bridge by mechanically induced vibration and by a walkover test are compared to the calculated values. The calculations predicted performance in service with adequate accuracy. Measurement of structural damping during the physical tests indicated that it was lower than expected.
Analyses of a composite bowstring truss with tension stiffening
Authors: Johnson R. P.
Published: November 2009

Several methods of elastic global analysis of the deck structure of a composite bowstring truss bridge were explored, to find how best to represent tension stiffening of the concrete without iterative calculation, and to check the design of the shear connection. Strut-and-tie models for the behaviour in in-plane shear were found to be unsuitable. The recommended method is based on the model for tension stiffening given in Eurocode 4: Part 2, and represents the deck slab as a Vierendeel truss. Results are compared with those from ‘uncracked’ and ‘fully cracked’ models.
The construction of Taney Bridge, Ireland
Authors: Collings D. , Brown P. C.
Published: November 2009

LUAS Line B consists of a new light rail system from Sandyford to central Dublin. Through Dundrum the line crosses a busy road junction. The client and their design consultants chose a cable-stayed structural form with a single asymmetric tower for this bridge. An alternative segmental deck design was carried out by Benaim for the contractor Graham Construction that would utilise previous experience with segmental construction. This paper outlines the construction philosophy and the development of the alternative design. The deck form, which is a precast concrete shell composite with an in-situ concrete infill, is unusual. The advantages of this form over the more conventional all in-situ or all precast type are discussed.
Dynamic measurements on bridges: design, rehabilitation and monitoring
Authors: Cunha Á. , Caetano E. , Calçada R. , De Roeck G. , Peeters B.
Published: November 2009

This paper aims to stress the relevant role that the experimental assessment of the dynamics of bridges can play during the phases of conception and design, construction, reception, rehabilitation and monitoring (temporary and long-term). The importance of the experimental approach in these phases is essentially derived from experience gained from involvement in dynamic tests on several bridges: the Jindo (South Korea), Infante D. Henrique, Vasco da Gama, Luiz I (Portugal) and Z-24 (Switzerland) bridges.
Synchronised pedestrian excitation of footbridges
Authors: Roberts T. M.
Published: November 2009

A simple theory, based on the governing differential equations of motion, has been developed for predicting the critical number of pedestrians likely to induce synchronised lateral excitation of footbridges. Detailed prescription of the lateral forces, produced by pedestrians synchronising their motion in response to lateral accelerations of the bridge, is not required. The theoretical prediction is compared, and shows close agreement, with the results of full-scale tests on the London Millennium Footbridge.
Design and construction of the Bangladesh–UK Friendship Bridge
Authors: Collings D. , Mizon D. , Swift P.
Published: November 2009

The Bangladesh–UK Friendship Bridge crosses the River Meghna in the north east of the country. The Meghna is the third largest river in Bangladesh. Further south it joins the Padma on its way to the Bay of Bengal. The main spans of the bridge—known as Bhairab Bridge during the design and construction period—are in total 929 m long, formed from multiple 110 m span prestressed concrete box girders supported on large-diameter bored pile foundations. There is an approach viaduct and highway on an embankment each side of the main structure, together with extensive river training works. The project was planned, designed and constructed using British technical expertise and was partly funded by the UK Government through the Department for International Development (DFID). This paper outlines the project history, engineering studies, design and construction. Of particular technical significance are the innovative solutions adopted to build this bridge in deep water.
Design and construction of Tongwamen Bridge, China
Authors: Zhang Z. , Pan S.-S. , Huang C.-L.
Published: November 2009

Tongwamen bridge is a half-through, concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) X-type arch bridge with deck width to span ratio of 1/23·8. It is the first time that arch ribs of the plane truss type have been used in the construction of a long-span CFST bridge in China. The rationality of the design for this type of large-span, narrow bridge is justified using a description and discussion of some key issues related to the bridge design and construction, The paper provides an example of the design of a long-span, narrow, CFST arch bridge.
Design of Garrion Bridge, Scotland
Authors: Fleck J. , Chalmers B. , Todd D.
Published: November 2009

The construction of a 50 m span in situ reinforced concrete arch bridge in central Scotland was completed in the spring of 2002. This paper describes the background, design development and detailed design for this design-and-build scheme. The new Garrion Bridge was designed and constructed to cross the River Clyde 8 km upstream of the town of Hamilton and at the existing junction of the A71 and A72. The bridge forms part of a new junction arrangement to alleviate traffic congestion by forming one arm of a new gyratory system with the other arm utilising the existing three-span masonry arch bridge. Following preparation of various alternative bridge forms, the new arch bridge was designed and constructed in accordance with the outline design approved by The Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland. The bridge was constructed utilising an in situ reinforced concrete construction over the river with the springing point supports founded on and stressed back to the mudstone/sandstone rock strata below the river. The paper describes the background to the scheme, geotechnical issues and the various alternative crossings developed during the tender period as well as describing detailed design issues.
Behaviour of post-tensioned concrete box girders
Authors: Lark R. J. , Howells R. W. , Barr B. I. G.
Published: November 2009

This paper describes the results obtained to date from a study of the strains developed in two post-tensioned, prestressed concrete box girder bridges both during their construction and subsequent service lives. The instrumentation that was used is described and the simplification and representation of the material properties that were required for the subsequent analysis of the data are discussed. Results are presented for both short-term shrinkage strains developed during the construction of the concrete segments, short-term creep strains developed during the construction of the viaducts and long-term creep and service life strains developed over the 17-year period since their construction. It is shown that the assumptions, which are generally accepted for the design of such superstructures, are valid and that satisfactory predictions of the long-term behaviour can be obtained from analyses based on short-term properties, despite the variable environmental conditions that are likely to be experienced by the structures.
Seismic design of Egnatia Motorway bridges, Greece
Authors: Ahmadi-Kashani K.
Published: November 2009

Egnatia Motorway in Greece is currently one of the largest civil engineering projects in Europe with over 600 bridges on its main axis alone. With the motorway traversing a wide range of seismically active terrains, a variety of bridge forms with different earthquake protection systems are constructed or planned on this project. This paper provides general information on Egnatia Motorway bridges and describes the technical requirements for their seismic design. Measures taken to resist potential seismic forces are outlined for a few major bridges, and computer software developed for seismic hazard risk assessment of the bridges on this project is described.
Strengthening fatigue-cracked steel bridge decks
Authors: Battista R. C. , Pfeil M. S.
Published: November 2009

In slender orthotropic decks of steel bridges, the dynamic interaction between vehicle tyres on flexible asphaltic pavement and the deck structure plays an important role on stress amplitudes. This involved interaction mechanism is brought into the discussion on the main causes of the pavement disruption and of the observed cracks in a large steel bridge, which has been frequently damaged by fatigue cracks in welded joints and geometric details under random stresses produced by traffic loading. Numerical modelling and experimental strain measurements performed both in situ and in the laboratory on a prototype scale model of the actual steel deck. Proposed solutions include adding a reinforced concrete pavement, either as a sandwich structure with a visco-elastic layer in between the steel plate and the concrete slab, or as a composite deck formed by fixing the concrete slab to the steel plate with stud connectors. It is shown that visco-damping and composite stiffness properties led to substantial reduction of both longitudinal and transverse bending stresses, enhancing the fatigue performance of these bridge decks.
Development of Eirspan: Ireland's bridge management system
Authors: Duffy L.
Published: November 2009

The road network in Ireland comprises national primary and national secondary roads, and non-national regional roads and local roads. Since 1994 the responsibility for the management and maintenance of the national roads has rested with the National Roads Authority (NRA). In 2001 the Eirspan bridge management system was introduced to coordinate and integrate activities such as inspections, repairs and rehabilitation work to ensure optimal management of the national road structure stock. This paper summarises the reasons for the introduction of the system and gives a review of the distinct activities included in Eirspan. It describes how bridge components are condition rated within principal inspections and outlines how, after the completion of the inventory gathering and first principal inspections, repair works are priority ranked. Future developments within Eirspan are also discussed. Eirspan helps engineers within the NRA to prioritise maintenance needs and maximise the use of available funding. It has proved to be an invaluable tool in helping to maintain the function and safety of bridges throughout the national road network in Ireland.
Comparison of slab-bridge safety assessment strategies
Authors: Imhof D. , Middleton C. R.
Published: November 2009

When assessing the safety of existing structures it is often not economic to use the design codes, which may be rather conservative in nature. In this paper, safety is measured in terms of the factor of safety, defined as the ratio of available strength to total load effect. The paper examines the sensitivity of the safety factor of two example concrete slab bridges to: (1) the method of structural analysis and failure criterion; (2) the inclusion of updated strength information; and (3) the application of site-specific loading. It is shown that in certain cases plastic analysis methods can predict the ultimate load capacity more accurately than conventional elastic analysis. Methods are suggested for calculating the material strength values based on test results so as to better reflect the true in situ strength of the bridge. Finally, the use of a bridge-specific load model is suggested which may lead to an increase of the factor of safety.
Strengthening rail bridge wingwalls for containment barriers
Authors: Clubley S. K. , Morey M. E. J.
Published: November 2009

Windsor Branch Railway Bridge carries the busy M4 motorway over a mainline railway and two public footpaths. The route forms the main link from London to South Wales and the south west of England. Constructed in the early 1960s, the bridge consists of five simply supported skewed spans each comprising precast, prestressed concrete beams. The deck is divided longitudinally into two halves by a covered central reserve light-well. A risk assessment identified the bridge as requiring high containment barriers to protect the railway line below. Unfortunately, it was not possible to install these barriers without additional structural strengthening. This paper discusses the use of ground anchors to restrain the wing-walls and capping beams against the collision loads imparted on the structure by the high containment barriers.
The Tay Rail Bridge disaster revisited
Authors: Martin T. , MacLeod I. A.
Published: November 2009

A view is being expressed that the Tay Rail Bridge disaster of 1879 was not fundamentally due to the action of the wind but was a result of fatigue damage caused by dynamic loading. The paper discusses this proposition and shows that the evidence to support it is weak.
Value of shock transmission units for Mumbai Bridge
Authors: Patel D. J.
Published: November 2009

The Second Bassein Creek Bridge at Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) is the first highway bridge in India to have shock transmission units (STUs) installed. The original bridge, which carries the existing two-lane highway adjacent to the second bridge, had faced many problems with caisson foundations during the construction in 1963–1970. During the design of the Second Bassein Creek Bridge the design and proof check consultants realised that, as the site conditions were rather difficult, it was prudent to limit the size of the caisson foundations to a maximum of 12·5 m o.d. These, however, would be unable to take full seismic and other short-term horizontal loads. They resolved this problem effectively by using STUs to distribute seismic loading on various substructure elements of the bridge, thereby limiting the foundation size. This paper describes the difficult site conditions for the construction of caisson foundations and evaluates the usefulness and cost-effectiveness of STUs for the bridge.
A1 River Tyne bridge, UK—design and construction
Authors: Metheringham S. , Townshend J.
Published: November 2009

The A1 trunk road between London and Edinburgh is one of the UK's primary roads. In March 2002, the Scottish Executive awarded a contract to Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering, with Scott Wilson as their designer, for construction of the 13·7 km long Haddington to Dunbar Expressway. A key aspect of this scheme was the design and construction of an elegant new 217 m long bridge over the River Tyne. The bridge crosses the River Tyne valley in a designated area of great landscape value. After consultation with bodies such as The Royal Fine Art Commission for Scotland, the Scottish Executive determined that the crossing be of a striking form, with three spans, a haunched deck and legs inclining 45° to the horizontal. The bridge is one of the largest and most complex structures procured by the Scottish Executive and presented significant design and construction challenges. The team opted for a post-tensioned concrete structure, constructed in situ, on one of the largest scaffolding projects ever undertaken in Scotland. This paper focuses on the design and construction challenge and the solution adopted during the project, which successfully delivered all of the objectives identified during the pre-contract consultation process.
A simplified integral composite bridge connection
Authors: Riches O. J. , Carstairs N. A. , Jones A. E. K.
Published: November 2009

Fully integral composite bridges provide a cost-effective solution in many situations. The connection between the steel girders and a reinforced concrete abutment at the position of maximum shear, moment and axial force does however pose a significant design challenge. Following earlier experience with checking a design using the method described in SCI report 180, the authors have developed an alternative connection detail, which has so far been successfully used on two projects. This greatly simplifies the transfer of forces at the connection and improves buildability significantly. Further research by the authors was carried out to identify the pitfalls when designing to current practice and to develop rigorous analysis, design and detailing rules that ensure the effectiveness of the design of this new connection. This paper describes the connection and its application to Boathouse Bridge over the A66 in Stockton-on-Tees.
Improved adaptive spectra-based pushover analysis for bridges
Authors: Qin S , Wang H , Liu C , Lin G
Published: November 2009

Traditional pushover analysis procedures are based on invariant force distributions, none of which account for the contributions of higher modes to the response. Although adaptive spectra-based pushover analysis describes the effect of higher modes and considers the dynamic properties of structures, it is conceptually complicated and computationally demanding for routine structural engineering applications. This paper proposes an improved adaptive spectra-based pushover analysis procedure that can be employed to analyse bridge structures. This paper compares seismic performance determined by the improved method with pushover analysis using two force distributions and non-linear response history analysis procedures. The results indicate that the improved method provides superior accuracy in estimating the seismic performance of bridge structures.
Relationships between the density and strength of rammed earth
Authors: Burroughs S.
Published: November 2009

The renewed interest in rammed earth as a building material demands that its properties be better quantified. Based on 219 stabilisation experiments, this study examines the relationship between the maximum dry density and uniaxial compressive strength of rammed earth and identifies the determinants of each parameter. A building code criterion value for strength of 2 MPa was used as the threshold of stabilisation success, and a corresponding density criterion value of 1·5 t/m3 was adopted based on the data. Multivariate modelling revealed that clay–silt content was the only determinant of density, whereas clay–silt content, sand content, linear shrinkage, and stabiliser (lime and cement) quantity all influenced strength. As a predictor, density explained a unique component of the variation in strength when controlled for the effects of soil properties and stabilisers. Similar value ranges of soil properties favoured passing both the strength and density criteria, indicating that selecting a soil to maximise stabilised strength will also maximise density. The density value of 1·75 t/m3 is the most suitable value of density to be incorporated in any future earth building code because it corresponds to the 2 MPa strength criterion and exceeds the density needed to pass durability test criteria and wall acoustic standards.
Shear behaviour of crushed concrete and bricks
Authors: Chidiroglou I. , O'Flaherty F. , Goodwin A. K.
Published: November 2009

Demolition waste materials mainly consist of concrete and bricks and arise from the demolition of existing structures and buildings. Environmental and economical reasons make their recycling necessary, but to date, their use is curtailed due to the lack of research in determining their properties. This paper reports on the efforts to understand the behavioural characteristics of three types of recycled material to determine their potential for engineering fill applications. For this purpose, their physical and mechanical characteristics were extensively investigated. Two types of crushed concrete, one obtained straight after demolition and the other processed to industry specifications, and one type of crushed brick were tested. An extensive large-scale shear box test regime was employed to determine the shear strength behaviour of the materials. The influence of the normal stress on the peak friction angle, the shear stress–horizontal displacement relationship and horizontal displacement–vertical displacement behaviour of the materials are discussed in this paper. The results showed that the behaviour of the three recycled materials during shear testing was similar to the behaviour exhibited by natural granular materials from literature. In conclusion, the shear box test results have shown that the specific demolition waste products exhibit considerable shear strength and can be utilised in construction as low-level engineering fill.
Racking shear resistance of prefabricated straw-bale panels
Authors: Lawrence M. , Drinkwater L. , Heath A. , Walker P.
Published: November 2009

The present study investigated the resistance to racking shear of 3 m × 3 m low-carbon, high-thermal-performance, prefabricated cladding panels that use straw bales. Although developed as a non-load-bearing panel for use with structurally framed buildings, the panels have the potential for use in low-rise, load-bearing structural walling. Test results confirmed that the panels exceeded current design requirements for racking shear and identified the mechanism whereby this occurred. The panels are considered suitable for future applications in low-rise structural walling solutions. A UK patent application (no. 0803489.4) has been filed on the panel.
Dimension-stone cladding design with dowel anchorage
Authors: Camposinhos R. S. , Camposinhos R. P. A.
Published: November 2009

One of the most important aspects of designing dimension-stone cladding involves determining the configuration, size and spacing of the panels and anchorages that will affix the stone panels to the underlying building substrate. A laboratory study was carried out in order to determine the mechanical and physical behaviour of medium size granite panels. A significant number of samples were subjected to transverse pull out tests in accordance with EN 13364:2001, so that the breaking load at the dowel hole could be determined. The material strength was evaluated by determining flexural strength under a concentrated load (in accordance with EN 12372) and a under constant moment (in accordance with EN 13161). The flexural resistance and dowel force anchorage data were then processed and used to build a semi-empirical model for determining the value of the forces obtained. Finite-element computer analyses of the stress states induced in the stone panels by the dowels were also carried out. Recommendations are made for design formulae and the procedure to be used in the prediction of design resistance in granite stone cladding panels showing similar behaviour.
The known unknowns of hydraulic engineering
Authors: Chanson H.
Published: November 2009

Hydraulic engineers and researchers deal with the scientific challenges presented by turbulent flow and its interactions with the surroundings. Turbulent flows are characterised by unpredictable behaviour, and, as yet, little systematic research has been conducted in natural systems. This paper discusses the implications of recent developments in affordable instrumentation, which was previously characterised by intrinsic weaknesses that adversely affected the quality of the signal outputs. A challenging application is the unsteady turbulence field in tidal bores. The interactions between open channel flows and movable boundaries and the atmosphere illustrate another aspect of our limited knowledge. Rapid siltation of reservoirs and air entrainment in turbulent freesurface flows are discussed. In both applications, hydraulic engineers require some broad-based expertise. In turn, the education of future hydraulic engineers is of vital importance.
Influence of anchor head on dynamic response of anchorages
Authors: Ivanović A. , Neilson R. D.
Published: November 2009

This work deals with the modelling of the dynamic effects of anchor head assemblies of mine bolts and their interfaces with the rock and other components. The load of the anchorage installed in the laboratory was assessed by a non-destructive technique initially using a system based on the application of the impulse load and observation of the frequency response. An anchor head assembly, different from that commonly used, was then deployed as part of tests to assess the load of the anchorages. A dynamic model, developed previously, was used, to replicate the results obtained from the experiments. It was shown that the anchor head model required enhancement in order to obtain the range of frequencies found from the experiments. A set of tests with the more complex anchor head set-up was undertaken in order to obtain the characteristics, in this case stiffnesses, of the anchor assembly interfaces. The sensitivity of different components within the anchor head assembly is discussed showing the influence of the complexity of the head.