bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectral energy distributions of candidate periodically variable quasars: testing the binary black hole hypothesis
Authors: Guo Hengxiao , Liu Xin , Zafar Tayyaba , Liao Wei-Ting
Published: December 2019

Periodic quasars are candidates for binary supermassive black holes (BSBHs) efficiently emitting low-frequency gravitational waves. Recently, ∼150 candidates were identified from optical synoptic surveys. However, they may be false positives caused by stochastic quasar variability given the few cycles covered (typically 1.5). To independently test the binary hypothesis, we search for evidence of truncated or gapped circumbinary accretion discs (CBDs) in their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). Our work is motivated by CBD simulations that predict flux deficits as cut-offs from central cavities opened by secondaries or notches from minidiscs around both BHs. We find that candidate periodic quasars show SEDs similar to those of control quasars matched in redshift and luminosity. While seven of 138 candidates show a blue cut-off in the IR–optical–UV SED, six of which may represent CBDs with central cavities, the red SED fraction is similar to that in control quasars, suggesting no correlation between periodicity and SED anomaly. Alternatively, dust reddening may cause red SEDs. The fraction of extremely radio-loud quasars, e.g. blazars (with R > 100), is tentatively higher than that in control quasars (at 2.5σ). Our results suggest that, assuming most periodic candidates are robust, IR–optical–UV SEDs of CBDs are similar to those of accretion discs of single BHs, if the periodicity is driven by BSBHs; the higher blazar fraction may signal precessing radio jets. Alternatively, most current candidate periodic quasars identified from few-cycle light curves may be false positives. Their tentatively higher blazar fraction and lower Eddington ratios may both be caused by selection biases.
Spatial power spectra of dust across the Local Group: No constraint on disc scale height
Authors: Koch Eric W , Chiang (江宜達) I-Da , Utomo Dyas , Chastenet Jérémy , Leroy Adam K , Rosolowsky Erik W , Sandstrom Karin M
Published: December 2019

We analyse the 1D spatial power spectra of dust surface density and mid to far-infrared emission at $24\!-\!500\, \mu$m in the LMC, SMC, M31, and M33. By forward-modelling the point spread function (PSF) on the power spectrum, we find that nearly all power spectra have a single power-law and point source component. A broken power-law model is only favoured for the LMC 24 μm MIPS power spectrum and is due to intense dust heating in 30 Doradus. We also test for local power spectrum variations by splitting the LMC and SMC maps into 820 pc boxes. We find significant variations in the power-law index with no strong evidence for breaks. The lack of a ubiquitous break suggests that the spatial power spectrum does not constrain the disc scale height. This contradicts claims of a break where the turbulent motion changes from 3D to 2D. The power spectrum indices in the LMC, SMC, and M31 are similar (2.0–2.5). M33 has a flatter power spectrum (1.3), similar to more distant spiral galaxies with a centrally-concentrated H2 distribution. We compare the power spectra of H i, CO, and dust in M31 and M33, and find that H i power spectra are consistently flatter than CO power spectra. These results cast doubt on the idea that the spatial power spectrum traces large scale turbulent motion in nearby galaxies. Instead, we find that the spatial power spectrum is influenced by (1) the PSF on scales below ∼3 times the FWHM, (2) bright compact regions (30 Doradus), and (3) the global morphology of the tracer (an exponential CO disc).
Introduction
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

The introduction to this volume presents the approach of predictive processing, outlines its applicability to literary texts, and provides a sketch of the overall argument of the book. The predictions relevant for predictive processing are defined as not necessarily conscious. They unfold over a cascade of feedback loops from embodied states and movements through predictions about thoughts and larger, culturally embedded presuppositions. With this new definition, the treatment of prediction in Probability Designs extends beyond the approaches from genre and ideology. It not only links to recent developments in cognitive literary studies with embodied and historically, culturally situated cognition but also provides the flexibility of constructed, changeable predictions and probabilities.
Plots and Probability Transformations
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

In the chapters that follow, the first-order probability design around narrative plot is developed. I.1: Plot and Probability Transformations concerns itself with plot events and prediction errors. I.2: Probability Designs discusses the links between design, the creative process, and the author’s intentionality. Finally, I.3: The Height of Drop addresses how readers’ perception of probabilities is manipulated.
Pleasures and Precision Shifts
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

The chapter completes previous discussions of readers’ sense of agency (I.3) and sense of presence (II.2) by introducing the sense of flow. Readers’ sense of flow is modelled on Csikszentmihalyi’s notion of the ‘flow channel’, where a trade-off between challenges and enabling factors develops dynamically. The second-order probability design, with its embodied cues, provides a similar environment for readers, creating a sense of flow and readerly pleasure while reading. Through examples from Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, Spufford’s Golden Hill, and Austen’s Persuasion, the chapter outlines different ways in which the sense of flow can be eased, complicated, and disrupted. It also links to traditional formalist arguments about defamiliarisation in literary texts.
Things That Did Not Happen
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

While the perspective from predictive processing is based on predictions to be revised rather than gaps to be filled (see I.1), this chapter discusses what role textual gaps play when they do occur. It distinguishes between different kinds of gaps through (1) events that are not narrated or disnarrated, (2) events that never take place, and (3) permanent gaps that remain without resolution. The chapter outlines how in these instances precision expectations are manipulated and, furthermore, how these manipulations might provoke readers’ explorations of possible alternative configurations of the narrative in epistemic active inference. These explorative mental moves are also linked to discussions around mind-wandering and reading.
Reading by Proxy
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: December 2019

The chapter addresses how unfamiliar references can do important interpretive work in the third-order probability design. It begins with the observation that readers often do not need to have read the texts that characters read or hold in their libraries to nevertheless get a clear sense of what kind of precision expectation these references provide. The process of discerning what predictions are likely to be relevant without the necessary textual knowledge is introduced as ‘reading by proxy’. It is supported by the text’s probability design. The chapter goes on to discuss the implications of reading by proxy for the analysis of texts from a different historical period and relates predictive processing to schema theory.
Introduction
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

The introduction provides the necessary background and definitions to study our questions: When and why did Gurdjieff introduce his contemplation-like exercises, and why? It defines “meditation,” “contemplation,” “mysticism,” “Western Esotericism,” and four terms to be used for Gurdjieff’s internal exercises: “task,” “discipline,” “Aiëssirittoorassnian-contemplation,” and “Transformed-contemplation.” It sketches the thesis that Gurdjieff’s method as a whole tends towards mysticism, and that while it was not Christian, some of its sources were. However, Gurdjieff did not accept the conventional distinction between the active and the contemplative life, and had not initially intended to introduce contemplation-like exercises; and when eventually he did, some of them were to be practiced in daily life, and all exercises were placed them within a system which would bring the influence of these exercises into other activities.
Gurdjieff in the Late 1930s
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

The more reliable and datable exercises for Gurdjieff’s activities in the 1930s is examined in this chapter: these comprise an “Exercise concerning Aim and Energy”, “There Are Two Parts to Air,” and “Make Strong! Not Easy Thing.” These, together with the reminiscences of Hulme, support the thesis that, in this period, Gurdjieff was developing his exercises of Transformed-contemplation, but that they did not possess the sophistication of those he purportedly taught in Life Is Real, Only Then, When “I Am.” The situation of Gurdjieff’s teaching in 1939 is reviewed: he has claimed to find his system in monasteries located in Central Asia, yet what he taught was for use in the social domain of life, not in monastic settings. The car accident of 1925 had prompted him to evaluate his career so far. It seems that he had concluded that the methods he had used had not succeeded as he had hoped, and as Ouspensky had not published the promised introduction to his teaching, he began to write himself, with the assistance of A.R. Orage, and then to develop the exercises which are the subject of this book. Here again, Orage was important, as bringing the initiative to the formulation, elaboration and use of the more basic exercises Gurdjieff had previously employed.
The Clear Impressions Exercise
Authors: Azize Joseph
Published: December 2019

This exercise was taught by George Adie. It is almost certainly an otherwise unknown example of Gurdjieff’s Transformed-contemplation, being referred to in nothing which has previously been published. It was given as an exercise to help one come to a sense of one’s own being, reality, and presence by looking about one while sensing parts of the body in a definite order, and stopping thought (stopping what Gurdjieff called “formatory thought” or “mechanical thought”, so as to allow a higher level of thought to operate). According to the theory, by stopping formatory thought while receiving impressions, the impressions can be received more consciously, and so serve as a better quality “food” the alchemical human “food factory.” This also aims to have the effect of allowing a feeling of oneself, rather than negative emotions, to appear. By facilitating consciousness of the sensation of one’s body, freedom from negative emotion and from mechanical thought, we are believed to become more open to higher influences, and hence to a higher state of being.
Introduction
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: December 2019

Film offers us many perspectives on political representation that are not otherwise readily available. Good representation is hard to conceptualize and hard to enact because the human being to be represented politically is not like any other object. Human subjectivity is always evolving; therefore, its representation is always chasing after a moving target. Film, as a moving image, has some advantages in representing this kind of being. But film also shows the limits of representation that frustrate democratic aims. This chapter outlines the dilemmas of representation that are discussed in the rest of the book.
The Up Series and the Future of Representation
Authors: Dienstag Joshua Foa
Published: December 2019

Why are democratic populations so dissatisfied with their representatives even when elections are free and fair and the representatives are honest and well-informed about their constituents’ desires? The Up documentary series, which follow the same small group of Britons for fifty years, helps us to understand and address this perpetual problem. Humans are hard to represent, both because they are always growing and changing and because they are often opaque to themselves. Thus, human freedom and any static representation are in permanent tension. Individually, the Up films each have this problem, but as a series, they are an accumulating presentation of citizens as emergent in time and therefore show something of their subjects that they cannot show by themselves. Representation, properly structured, may express freedom, but it cannot embody it. The Up films do not show how representation can succeed but how it can fail better.
The Brussels Effect
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 lays out the conditions under which a single jurisdiction exerts global regulatory authority and shows why the EU today is in a unique position to assume the role of a global regulatory hegemon. These conditions explain the emergence and prevalence of the Brussels Effect. A country’s market size is a well-understood proxy for its ability to exercise regulatory authority over foreign corporations and individuals. But market size alone does not guarantee global regulatory influence. The state must also have the regulatory capacity as well as the political will to generate stringent rules. Moreover, the Brussels Effect only occurs when the EU regulates inelastic targets, such as consumer markets as opposed to capital. Unlike capital, consumers are not able to flee to less regulated jurisdictions, compromising the EU’s regulatory clout. Finally, EU standards become global only when companies’ production or conduct is non-divisible—in other words, when a company’s benefits of adhering to a single standard exceed the benefits of taking advantage of laxer standards in other markets. These conditions, taken together, explain why the EU is the only regulatory regime that can wield unilateral regulatory influence across global markets today.
The King of Seringapatam
Authors: Simmons Caleb
Published: December 2019

The focus of this chapter is on two texts—the Book of Haidar (Haidar Nama) and the History of Haidar (Nishan-i Haidari)—that relate Tipu Sultan’s genealogy. Of particular interest is the incorporation of tropes from the local southern Karnataka and Kannadiga genealogical tradition that demonstrates how Tipu Sultan and his court acted as adept curators of the historical tradition, constructing a narrative of succession that placed Tipu Sultan as the pinnacle of the kings of Shrirangapattana and its divinely elected ruler. By careful and selective use of the genealogical materials from the courts of his predecessors and through the construction of genealogies of his own family, the court of Tipu Sultan created a complex view of sovereign succession in which both the biological body of the king and the body politic were united as a result of his biological uniqueness and his divine election.
At Home
Authors: Lim Sun Sun
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on transcendent parenting practices and young people’s lives in the home setting in Singapore. It discusses how parents perceive their multifaceted roles as principal nurturers, disciplinarians, teachers, friends, counsellors, advocates, and even managers of their children to ensure that their children have the best material conditions and socioemotional support at home to help them thrive in their academic pursuits to attain future social mobility, security, and comfort. Such hefty parenting aspirations and duties are especially manifested and explicated through their use of mobile media, their mediation of the children’s technology use, and the varied ways in which mobile communication shapes their family practices, habits, and routines for the purpose of creating a healthy and child-friendly home media use environment.
American Voter Turnout
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides a brief history of voter turnout in the U.S. It documents growth from a small electorate to one that mobilized some 80 percent of eligible voters by the middle of the nineteenth century, and a decline to lower turnout through much of the twentieth and into the twenty-first century despite repeated extensions of the franchise and less restrictive registration and voting requirements. Variation in contemporary turnout is examined in some detail in order to clarify the individual-level relationships that lead to the conventional wisdom concerning a partisan bias to turnout. Differences in turnout and party dynamics with otherwise comparable countries are also assessed.
Congressional District Results
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

There are demographic and political factors beyond turnout that matter for elections. Congressional districts are sufficiently small and homogeneous to permit an examination of turnout in the context of relevant political and demographic variables. That controlled analysis is presented here. For the two most recent decades, this chapter uses data sets that include relevant demographic and political variables for each of the congressional districts, including the ethnicity of the electorate, its age profile, and district income to account for the effect of socioeconomic status on the Democratic vote share. This contextual information presses the analysis one level further. An estimation of the relationship between turnout and Democratic vote is strengthened when other factors that are known to influence support for the Democrats are considered and included in the models.
Team Structures
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides an explanation of the various team structures used to improve student attendance and to address student needs and provide necessary supports to prevent students from dropping out. Many best practices and tips are offered to help make these teams successful.
100% Attendance
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes how an effective attendance program must be at the forefront of any school’s program if it is to survive as a school, and what the components of an effective attendance program is. It goes back to the first chapter and lists various interventions for each of the six categories of reasons why students drop out of school.
The 9th-Grade Experience
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

The ninth grade is the grade when the greatest majority of students start to fall behind and eventually drop out of school. This chapter looks at some of the reasons for this crisis in education and provides suggestions and best practices to address this issue and help more students successfully transition out of the 9th grade.
Luanda, Slave-Trading Capital of Angola
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

The most important port from which Rufino’s employers traded slaves was Luanda, a cosmopolitan Portuguese town, where African, Portuguese, and Brazilian slave dealers lived and traded. Luanda’s slave markets were famous throughout the Atlantic world. Small and large caravans arrived daily, bringing large numbers of slaves to be sold on the coast, mostly captured in the city’s hinterland. In the 1840s, their destination in Brazil was usually Rio de Janeiro and Pernambuco, although many others also reached São Luís, Belém and Bahia. The German physician George Tams leads us on a tour through Luanda’s society, where he lived and worked in Rufino’s day.
The Ermelinda Goes to Sea
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

The Ermelinda sails from Recife to Luanda in June, 1841, with Rufino on board. Due to a leak, the voyage is interrupted for repairs in Salvador, where Rufino had spent most of his life as a slave in Brazil. Travel to Luanda is resumed, but the ship is seized by a Royal Navy brig off the coast of that city on the grounds that it was allegedly equipped for the slave trade. The brig’s commander, Lieutenant Henry James Matson, was very active in these Atlantic waters. He would later declare to the British Parliament that he had captured at least forty slave ships during his career, and had met several well-known African slave dealers, such as Arsénio de Carpio in Luanda.
Dirty Tricks
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

This chapter specifies the procedures to which captured slave ships were subjected upon arrival in Sierra Leone. There were numerous interests at stake. In addition to those of the slave traders, Royal Navy officers and crew earned large sums for boats captured and Africans liberated; Sierra Leone merchants competed to buy condemned ships and merchandise when auctioned. It was quite common for interested parties to plant incriminating evidence in order to convict the ships, as was in the case of the Ermelinda. The plot was unveiled and the culprit quickly tried and condemned.
Rufino’s Recife
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

After a second sojourn in Sierra Leone, where he continued his studies of the Qur’ān and Arabic, Rufino returns to Brazil. Before settling in Recife he spent some time in Rio de Janeiro and Bahia, from where he brought a teenaged son, Nicolau José. In Recife he settled on the Rua da Senzala Velha (Old Slave Quarters Street). Although a small community, the Yoruba-speaking popoulation of Recife were not an insignificant minority. They included slaves, freedmen, and free Africans, and some were Muslims like Rufino, while others practiced African and Afro-Brazilian religions. One of the Muslim Yoruba speakers was Mohammah Gardo Baquaqua, who arrived in Pernambuco in 1845.
Individual Differences in Social Comparison
Authors: Buunk Abraham P. , Gibbons Frederick X. , Dijkstra Pieternel , Krizan Zlatan
Published: December 2019

Individuals differ considerably in their social comparison orientation (SCO), that is, the extent to which and the frequency with which they compare themselves with others. In this chapter, the major findings with the scale assessing SCO are discussed. After presenting the basic psychometric properties of the scale and the relationships with various personality variables, the authors discuss how SCO is related to, among others, seeking upward and downward social comparison information, to establishing one’s risk, and to assessing one’s future prospects. Next, we present particularly the role of SCO in moderating the effects of upward and downward social comparison information with respect to a variety of contexts and dimensions, including close relationships, ageing, work and organizations, depression, health, and physical attractiveness. Special attention is paid to the question if SCO fosters identification and assimilation rather than contrast.
Curriculum Content
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the many resources that come together to create the online music appreciation course curriculum. Because curriculum is the main content of the course, judiciously selecting from among the many options available to determine suitable content is essential. Readers will learn about limit-setting and curriculum components. Additionally, guidance for choosing a textbook and a review of major textbooks in print is provided, as well as a discussion of open educational resources (OERs) and sample resources. Some discussion is included about creating and providing instructor video lectures. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight the qualities and benefits of four major types of curriculum content.
Multimedia Assets
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter reviews multimedia assets that involve audio, video, presentation, and engaging aspects, and which can be developed by the instructor and students. Elements of accessibility for students with learning differences and disabling conditions are provided to guide instructors in selecting and using tools. Copyright compliance is also introduced. Readers will benefit from guidelines for integrating multimedia content, suggestions for student asset development, and the reviews of many sample educational technology tools that can be effectively integrated into the online music appreciation course. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight four categories of multimedia tools that can be used to create instructor-made assets, with several applications and app examples included.
Ending the Course
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents strategies to teach out the final week of online music appreciation effectively. Just as the first week of an online class can be prepared with standard approaches and a checklist of activities, the final week will conclude in the best ways possible through preparations and a checklist of closing instructor activities. A list of final week essentials is provided, with examples to assist instructors in preparing for and teaching out the final week of an online music appreciation class. The chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight three essential ways online music appreciation instructors can prepare for the final week of class to meet students’ needs, streamline communications, and focus grading efforts.
Neurointerventions as Punishment
Authors: Ryberg Jesper
Published: December 2019

This chapter addresses the question whether a properly imposed neurointervention can in itself function as a type of punishment. This question opens up a discussion concerning the definition of punishment and, furthermore, a broader discussion as to which requirements should be satisfied for a punishment to be morally justified. Finally, it is considered whether a punishment qua neurointervention, as has been suggested by several theorists, would constitute a way of dealing with offenders which is cruel and unusual, or which should, for other reasons, be banned in principle. As such, this chapter is primarily devoted to penal theoretical considerations.
The Ethics of Representing Oneself and Others
Authors: Parreñas Shimizu Celine
Published: December 2019

In studying representations of Imelda Marcos, this chapter addresses intimacies that go way beyond the genital sex act to capture relations within production and consumption as well as across the screen and stage to the audience—between spectators and authors. It privileges the perspective of Filipin@x actors, producers, and spectators to answer these questions: Who can represent whom? Why do we tend to judge these works by their adherence to authenticity? And how do we conduct ourselves when we tell stories that represent rarely presented people? What does an ethical act of representing others look like? The critique that says a white man cannot represent these subjects ignores how they actually can and do so rampantly. In calling for broadening who can speak about movies and who can make movies, this chapter homes in on authorship and spectatorship as processes shared between so many but dominated by so few.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Lauer Jeremy A. , Morton Alec , Bertram Melanie
Published: December 2019

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a form of economic evaluation concerned with efficiency: that is, with achieving the most for the resources (“value for money”). This chapter explains the appeal and relevance of CEA and describes its use in localized and strategic decision-making. Localized decision-making (marginal CEA using thresholds) poses the risk of “baking in” past allocation errors, while strategic decision-making (generalized CEA) can be impractical due to the large amount of information required, among other considerations. The authors provide an example of using CEA to evaluate a program for tuberculosis treatment and close with some recommendations for using CEA in strategic planning, which is a hybrid approach linking the localized and strategic approaches to CEA and remedying thereby some of the defects of each.
Why Health-Related Inequalities Matter and Which Ones Do
Authors: Voorhoeve Alex
Published: December 2019

The author outlines and defends two egalitarian theories, which yield distinctive and complementary answers to why health-related inequalities matter. The first is a brute luck egalitarian view, according to which inequalities due to unchosen, differential luck are bad because unfair. The second is a social egalitarian view, according to which inequalities are bad when and because they undermine people’s status as equal citizens. These views identify different objects of egalitarian concern: the brute luck egalitarian view directs attention to health-related well-being, while social egalitarianism focuses on health-related capabilities that are central to a person’s status as a citizen. The author argues that both views are correct and should jointly guide priority-setting in health.
Between Science and Romanticism
Authors: Harm Volker
Published: December 2019

Harm examines conflicting methods and philosophies that shaped the Deutsches Wörterbuch (DWB), particularly in its early stages under the leadership of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, but also under subsequent editors over its 120-year development. He traces the role of notions of German Romanticism in the development of the dictionary, including fascination with and reliance on historical language usage and the editors’ emphasis on collaboration and pursuit of a national agenda, given the dictionary’s emergence in the sociopolitical context of the 1830s and 1840s in Germany. Apparently in contrast, ‘scientific’ lexicographical methods were also employed, including the structure of entries, quotation evidence, orthographic decisions, and sense-ordering, as well as the use of both prescriptive and descriptive methods based on an understanding of a ‘natural history of language’. Though at odds in some ways, the two methods and ideals behind each of them together formed the basis of the DWB.
The First Scottish ‘National’ Dictionary
Authors: Rennie Susan
Published: December 2019

Rennie details John Jamieson’s compilation of the Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language from Jamieson’s initial interest in antiquarian research through the publication and mass popularity of the Etymological Dictionary, which became both a repository of cultural history and a national icon. Intrigued by similarities between Scots and Nordic languages, Jamieson examined existing foreign language dictionaries, early Scots texts, and spoken Scots to trace the origins and earliest occurrences of headwords and to codify the Scots language using the methods of historical lexicography. Sir Walter Scott described Jamieson’s dictionary compilation as ‘an important national task’, at a time when the status of Scots as a dialect of English or a distinct language was much debated, and the dictionary continued to be a work of cultural and national significance throughout the nineteenth century.
Terrorists as Monsters
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This book explores the use of archetypal metaphors of monstrosity in relation to terrorism. It presents two main original arguments, which are influenced by recent studies by leading philosophers and anthropologists on the social and political functions of monstrosity and monster metaphors. The first argument, developed in Part 1, explores the reasons why “terrorists” are sometimes framed as monsters by their audiences. Although this imagery serves the immediate purpose of depicting the “terrorist” as a non- or sub-human “other,” the book examines the recurrence of specific monster types across time and space (from the French Revolution through anarchist and ethnonational terrorism, until the current wave of jihadist terrorism), and concludes that the terrorist-monster is primarily an unmanageable creature and that this characterization is functional to the pursuit of rational political agendas and to securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. The second, developed in Part 2, is about why “terrorists” might want to portray and present themselves as monsters. In this regard, it argues that the impersonation of the monster prototype (in its entirety or in some of its components) is a tactic that has been rationally pursued by several groups throughout the history of terrorism, as part of the modus operandi of so-called revolutionary terrorism, primarily for increasing their scare power. Part 3 applies these analytical frameworks to other areas of terrorism studies, including the use of monster metaphors by the “terrorists” themselves to frame their enemies and recent trends in counterterrorism.
The abyss of counterterrorism
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter engages with contemporary counterterrorist practices and discusses cases in which state actors either deal with “terrorists” according to the prescriptions inherent in the symbolic and metaphoric systems used to frame them in the first place, or impersonate the monster prototype (entirely or in some of its components) in their counterterrorist strategies. It first presents the so-called Dahiya Doctrine as an example of how the framing of an enemy as the paradigmatic, cosmic adversary of a people could help a state (Israel) justify violations of the law of war. The following paragraphs discuss the performative construction of the War on Terror as the war of monsters against monsters, focusing first on the impersonation of monstrosity as part of the condoning of unconventional interrogation and detention methods, and then on the move toward de-humanized, (allegedly) surgically effective, and automatized weapon platforms and surveillance systems.
The Early Crisis and Missed Opportunities
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 continues the historicizing of US journalism’s structural problems by drawing attention to the beginning of the contemporary press crisis of 2008–2009. Underscoring the missed opportunities in policy interventions, chapter 2 brings into focus the structural nature of the crisis and its relationship to both the internet and market failure. The chapter focuses specifically on the FCC’s policy actions and inactions during this time and leads into chapter 3 by tracing out the political economic roots of the journalism crisis. In addition, the chapter provides an overview of economic theories of journalism.
American Media Exceptionalism and the Public Option
Authors: Pickard Victor
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 makes the case that a publicly subsidized news media system is journalism’s last best hope. It shows that when compared with that of other countries, US media is exceptional in being dominated by a handful of corporations, only lightly regulated, and primarily commercial. As well as tracing the historical roots of this “US media exceptionalism,” the chapter provides a historical analysis of US public media. It then gives a comparative analysis showing how little money Americans devote toward their public media system and a general survey of press subsidies around the world. The chapter concludes with some suggestions on how to construct a viable US public media system.
Global Perspectives on Solitary Confinement—Practices and Reforms Worldwide
Authors: Nowak Manfred
Published: December 2019

This chapter puts the practice of solitary confinement in the context of and distinguishes it from other aggravated forms of deprivation of liberty, such as incommunicado detention, secret detention, and enforced disappearance. Thereafter, the case law of international and regional monitoring bodies and courts in respect of solitary confinement will be analyzed and compared with the author’s own experience as UN Special Rapporteur on Torture as well as with the experience of Juan Mendez who succeeded the author in this function. On the basis of medical and psychological research showing the harmful effects of solitary confinement on the mental and physical health of detainees, both the author and Juan Mendez contributed to the development of soft law standards, such as the Istanbul Statement and the Mandela Rules, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015. By taking powerful scientific evidence into account, these soft law standards, which in principle prohibit every form of solitary confinement for more than fifteen days, are much more advanced than the fairly permissive standards of hard law, as interpreted by regional human rights courts and universal treaty monitoring bodies.
Torture, Solitary Confinement, and International Law
Authors: Méndez Juan E.
Published: December 2019

Under various names and labels, solitary confinement has escaped scrutiny because the public does not automatically associate it with torture or inhuman treatment, despite the fact that prolonged or indefinite isolation clearly meets the standard of deliberate infliction, by a state agent, of severe pain and suffering of a physical or mental nature. There are, of course, legitimate uses for short-term segregation of inmates, for specified reasons and with due process guarantees. But it has become increasingly evident that a major effort needs to be made to regulate its use so that, in law and in fact, it does not cross the line into torture.
The Brain in Isolation
Authors: Akil Huda
Published: December 2019

Absent direct studies that evaluate the brain damage specifically incurred as a result of extended solitary confinement, is there sufficient neuroscientific evidence that would make the likelihood of brain damage compelling? This chapter argues that such a general case can indeed be made. The basis of the argument is threefold: a) The intrinsic nature of the brain and its interaction with the individual’s physical and social context; b) The known impact of some specific features of prolonged isolation (e.g., chronic stress, sensory and motor deprivation, altered circadian patterns) on the brain, and the known biological changes they induce; and c) Changes in the brain associated with the psychological consequences of solitary confinement, such as anxiety disorders and severe clinical depression.
Use of Animals to Study the Neurobiological Effects of Isolation
Authors: Zigmond Michael J. , Smeyne Richard Jay
Published: December 2019

For a social species like humans, it should not be surprising that the absence of social contact for any significant amount of time can have toxic neurobiological consequences. The most severe isolation conditions can be found in incarceration in solitary confinement. There are a great deal of data on isolation that have been gathered from studies of laboratory animals that we believe can provide critical insights into the impact of isolation in humans. In this chapter, we discuss the data from studies of laboratory animals on the impact of isolation on behavior and the brain. We also discuss the regulations that exist regarding the housing and care of these animals, noting the contrast with regulations regarding humans.
Prisoners’ Association as an Alternative to Solitary Confinement—Lessons Learned from a Norwegian High-Security Prison
Authors: Høidal Are
Published: December 2019

The main rule in Section 17 of the Norwegian Penal Code is that all inmates in Norwegian prisons should, as far as practically possible, be allowed company during work, training, programming, and in their leisure periods. This basically means access to community and social contact with other prisoners all day, from morning to evening. This chapter will look more closely at this main rule as well as the exceptions. In order to better explain how the principle of access to community with other prisoners works in practice, the chapter describes some of the basic principles according to which the Norwegian Correctional Service operates, and it provides some general information about Halden prison. It also examines the rules concerning exclusion from the prisoner community when inmates break the rules. Finally, the chapter discusses how a strong focus on the inmates’ right to community, as particularly applied in Halden prison, helped prison adminstrators to minimize its use of solitary confinement.
Solitary Confinement in Canada
Authors: Arvay Joseph J. , Latimer Alison M.
Published: December 2019

On January 17, 2018, a historic decision put Canada at the forefront of an international movement against solitary confinement. A trial judge found that administrative segregation is a form of solitary confinement and that it causes some inmates physical harm and places all inmates subject to it in Canada at significant risk of serious psychological harm, including mental pain and suffering, and increased incidence of self-harm and suicide. This chapter describes the Canadian litigation and the findings of the trial judge with respect to the laws’ constitutional invalidity. The decision of the trial judge was largely upheld by the British Columbia Court of Appeal. The Canadian Parliament has now enacted a new law that purports to abolish solitary confinement but the authors are skeptical that the new law will pass constitutional muster because it is still too restrictive of inmate rights. It is expected that the government will seek leave to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada.
“Loneliness Is a Destroyer of Humanity”
Authors: Fettig Amy , Fathi David C.
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores how civil society advocacy campaigns working to reform and abolish solitary confinement are interacting with recent and ongoing federal litigation. The authors posit that the evolution of policy, practice, litigation, and public knowledge regarding solitary confinement is pushing the law forward. Momentum for greater legal protections is growing in the courts and the combination of people power and jurisprudential development is leading to substantial new protections for prisoners, including the exclusion of vulnerable populations, such as youth, people with mental illness, and pregnant women, from solitary confinement. Additionally, courts are increasingly questioning the extreme duration of solitary confinement in the United States and the reasons used to justify it, such as automatic solitary confinement of people sentenced to death. At the same time, state departments of corrections are settling class action lawsuits brought on behalf of prisoners in solitary confinement by agreeing to major policy innovations and alternatives to the use of segregation.
Syntactic correspondences
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

LFG hypothesizes that constituent structure (c-structure) and functional structure (f-structure) are mutually constraining structures and that the relation between these structures is governed by constraints associated with words and phrasal configurations. This chapter explores universally valid generalizations regarding the correlation between phrasal positions and grammatical functions. Section 4.1 discusses the formal representation of the relation between c-structure and f-structure. Section 4.2 explores the relation between c-structure and f-structure: how c-structure phrases and their heads relate to f-structure, and the c-structure/f-structure realization of arguments and modifiers. Next, the chapter examines apparent mismatches between units at c-structure and those at f-structure; Section 4.3 shows that these cases have a natural explanation within LFG. Section 4.4 discusses the Lexical Integrity Principle, the concept of wordhood and the possibly complex contribution of words to functional structure, and Section 4.5 discusses the principle of Economy of Expression.
Describing syntactic structures
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on how to formulate descriptions of and constraints on c-structure, f-structure, and the relation between them. We show how these constraints, which are a part of the formal architecture of LFG theory, are important in the statement of universal typological generalizations about linguistic structure. A formal linguistic theory such as LFG must provide efficient and transparent ways of stating linguistic facts and generalizations clearly and precisely, in a way that is conducive to a solid understanding of the linguistic structures that are described and how they are related. Section 5.1 focuses on constituent structure rules, Section 5.2 on functional constraints, and Section 5.3 on the correspondence between c-structure and f-structure. The kind of variability that LFG predicts is illustrated in Section 5.4 by examining simple structures in four typologically different languages.
The interface to morphology
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines the place of morphology in the LFG architecture. The chapter assumes a modular view of the morphological component, in line with the overall modular architecture of LFG: the morphological component has its own internal structure and obeys universal and language particular constraints on word formation that need not be shared by other levels of structure. According to this model, the morphological component associates a word form with a set of features representing the morphological structure and grammatical contribution of the word; these features are interpreted at the interface of morphology with the rest of the grammar, producing the lexical entry for the word form. This view fits well with a realizational theory of morphology; the proposals are compatible not only with explicitly paradigm-based models, but with any morphological theory which relates words to feature sets encoding their grammatical properties and structure, including finite state theories of morphology.
Related research threads and new directions
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This final chapter provides brief discussion of some LFG work that has not been covered elsewhere in the book. One of the original aims of LFG was to produce a psychologically realistic linguistic theory, one that would not only account for observed patterns of linguistic behavior but would also provide insight into the mental representation of language. Section 18.1 discusses work on language processing and acquisition, including work which seeks to integrate LFG with Optimality Theory. A number of authors have explored diachronic linguistic developments from an LFG perspective, and have shown that such developments can be modeled and analyzed within the framework of LFG. Work on diachronic change within LFG is reviewed in Section 18.2. Finally, Section 18.3 focuses on computational issues, discussing work on parsing and generation within LFG, as well as computational implementations of LFG.
The Series
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2, ‘Thomas Hoccleve’s Year of Mourning’, introduces a new life record for Hoccleve that demonstrates his ties to the Bedfordshire village of Hockliffe and shows that he owned property there in the 1420s. The new document, a will by Hoccleve’s fellow Privy Seal clerk John Bailey, provides a revised context for the Series, which I read as the poet’s attempt to mourn the death of a friend and contemplate his own mortality. I adjust the dating of the Series to November 1420 to Spring 1421, and consider this cycle of poems as an attempt to fulfil Hoccleve’s public self spiritually and socially, through his textual alter ego Thomas, and in preparation of his own death. The structural emphasis on Learning to Die in the Series is crucial for understanding the spiritual aspiration of the porous self to achieve a harmonious balance with its surrounding metaphysical reality.