bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and piezo‐resistive properties of functionalized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/styrene‐ethylene‐butadiene‐styrene composites
Authors: Qiao Zhen , Ma Yongjun , Chen Xuelong , Chen Mengna , Hong Kailiang , Li Zewen , Lu Guoming , Wang Zhe
Published: February 2020

Carbon nanotube, owing to its excellent mechanical and electrical properties, is promising to be used in polymer composites towards both structural and functional applications. In this paper, one type of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)/polystyrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐polystyrene (SEBS) composite was fabricated. MWNTs were first surface functionalized with SEBS before blended with polymer matrix. The surface modification of MWNTs was characterized by various techniques including X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Results indicated that MAH (maleic anhydride)‐g‐SEBS was successfully grafted onto MWNTs with grafting ratio 8.7 wt%. The SEBS composites containing functionalized MWNTs exhibited excellent mechanical and electrical properties, evidenced by tensile and electrical properties tests, owing to enhanced interfacial interaction between the SEBS‐g‐MWNTs and the SEBS matrix. SEBS‐g‐MWNTs/SEBS was also explored in terms of piezoresistivity. The composites exhibited excellent piezoresistivity after the percolation threshold (1.0 wt%) and good repeatability during multiple cycles. The rubbery behavior coupled with electrical properties make this type of composite promising in advanced soft electronics.
Experiences of return to work after treatment for extremital soft tissue or bone sarcoma: Between distraction and leaving the disease behind
Authors: Zambrano Sofia C. , Kollár Attila , Bernhard Jürg
Published: February 2020

Objective

We aimed to explore the return to work (RTW) experience of individuals in remission from extremital sarcoma.

Methods

Using a qualitative survey design, we asked sarcoma survivors about their RTW experiences after treatment. Seven men and eight women (n = 15), 43 years old in average, participated. The majority had soft tissue sarcoma (n = 14) and no amputations (n = 14). We analysed data thematically through an inductive approach.

Results

Participants' motivation to RTW and their experiences of this transition could be understood under the main theme of “searching for distraction and wanting to leave the disease behind,” followed by “problems of the new normal.” RTW was the next step after treatment; however, being back at the same workplace/institution was challenging due to the interference of the effects of the disease and treatments and peer perceptions. In other subthemes, we identified that RTW was facilitated by different “signs of readiness,” as well as by “motivating factors and the meaning of having an occupation.”

Conclusions

Readiness to RTW while primarily an autonomous decision can also be guided by third parties, including treating physicians. RTW can be challenging, since changes in performance as well as comments from peers become a constant reminder of the status prior to the illness. Given that RTW helps distract from the disease, these reminders can be confronting and highlight the role of health professionals and employers in preparing survivors and peers to facilitate the RTW.
Effects of Parent Phase Aging and Nb Element on the Microstructure, Martensitic Transformation, and Damping Behaviors of a Cu–Al–Mn Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Li Hanzu , Wang Qingzhou , Yin Fuxing , Cui Chunxiang , Hao Gangling , Jiao Zhixian , Zheng Nan
Published: February 2020

It is recognized that both parent phase aging and element addition can dramatically enhance the comprehensive properties of Cu‐based shape memory alloys (SMAs). However, further in‐depth studies are still needed to clarify the detailed laws and mechanisms. Herein, the effects of parent phase aging and Nb element on the microstructure, martensitic transformation (MT), and damping behaviors of a Cu–Al–Mn SMA are systematically studied. It is found that both the damping at low temperatures and the height of internal friction peak arising from the reverse MT of the Cu–Al–Mn SMA can be improved by the parent phase aging due to the increase in interfacial mobility. When the aging temperature reaches 600 °C, the best damping can be obtained. Nb forms AlNb3 phase in the Cu–Al–Mn matrix. Due to the pinning effect of the AlNb3 phase on grain boundaries, the grains of the Cu–Al–Mn SMA can be remarkably refined. With the increase in Nb content, the damping of the 600 °C aged Cu–Al–Mn SMA increases first and then decreases. The associated mechanisms are discussed. This work aims to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the improvement of damping property of Cu‐based SMAs.
Optical Evaluation of Divalent and Trivalent Eu Ions Doped in CaF2 Crystals Using Multiphoton Luminescence 3D Distribution Measurements
Authors: Ito Hiroaki , Tanaka Miho , Ono Shingo , Yamaji Akihiro , Kurosawa Shunsuke , Yoshikawa Akira
Published: February 2020

Eu‐doped CaF2 is studied for use as a scintillator. Herein, the 3D spatial distribution of Eu ions doped in CaF2 crystal is evaluated. It is confirmed that both divalent and trivalent Eu ions are doped in CaF2 crystals from the luminescence spectra of the Eu‐doped CaF2 crystals. Using bandpass filter, the 3D spatial distribution of divalent and trivalent Eu ions is measured, respectively. The 3D spatial distribution of divalent Eu ions with ionic radius larger than that of Ca site is nonuniform with mesh‐like pattern. In contrast, the 3D spatial distribution of trivalent Eu ions with ionic radius smaller than that of Ca site is uniform. In Eu‐doped CaF2 crystals grown by micropulling down method, strain caused by the difference in lattice constants between CaF2 and a seed crystal is confirmed.
Simultaneous identification of wind turbine vibrations by using seismic data, elastic modeling and laser Doppler vibrometry
Authors: Zieger T. , Nagel S. , Lutzmann P. , Kaufmann I. , Ritter J. , Ummenhofer T. , Knödel P. , Fischer P.
Published: February 2020

This work compares continuous seismic ground motion recordings over several months on top of the foundation and in the near field of a wind turbine (WT) at Pfinztal, Germany, with numerical tower vibration simulations and simultaneous optical measurements. We are able to distinguish between the excitation of eigenfrequencies of the tower‐nacelle system and the influence of the blade rotation on seismic data by analyzing different wind and turbine conditions. We can allocate most of the major spectral peaks to either different bending modes of the tower, flapwise, and edgewise bending modes of the blades or multiples of the blade‐passing frequency after comparing seismic recordings with tower simulation models. These simulations of dynamic properties of the tower are based on linear modal analysis performed with finite beam elements. To validate our interpretations of the comparison of seismic recordings and simulations, we use optical measurements of a laser Doppler vibrometer at the tower of the turbine at a height of about 20 m. The calculated power spectrum of the tower vibrations confirms our interpretation of the seismic peaks regarding the tower bending modes. This work gives a new understanding of the source mechanisms of WT‐induced ground motions and their influence on seismic data by using an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, our results may be used for structural health purposes as well as the development of structural damping methods, which can also reduce ground motion emissions from WTs. Furthermore, it demonstrates how numerical simulations of wind turbines can be validated by using seismic recordings and laser Doppler vibrometry.
The yeast community of Conotelus sp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Brazilian passionfruit flowers (Passiflora edulis) and description of Metschnikowia amazonensis sp. nov., a large‐spored clade yeast
Authors: Santos Ana Raquel de Oliveira , Lee Dong Kyung , Ferreira Andressa Graebin , do Carmo Marina Conceição , Rondelli Vando Miossi , Barros Katharina O. , Hsiang Tom , Rosa Carlos A. , Lachance Marc‐André
Published: February 2020

Species of the nitidulid beetle Conotelus found in flowers of Convolvulaceae and other plants across the New World and in Hawaii consistently harbour a yeast community dominated by one or more large‐spored Metschnikowia species. We investigated the yeasts found in beetles and flowers of cultivated passionfruit in Rondônia state, in the Amazon biome of Brazil, where a Conotelus species damages the flowers and hinders fruit production. A sample of 46 beetles and 49 flowers yielded 86 and 83 yeast isolates, respectively. Whereas the flower community was dominated by Kodamaea ohmeri and Kurtzmaniella quercitrusa, the major yeasts recovered from beetles were Wickerhamiella occidentalis, which is commonly isolated from this community, and a novel species of large‐spored Metschnikowia in the arizonensis subclade, which we describe here as Metschnikowia amazonensis sp. nov. Phylogenetic analyses based on barcode sequences (ITS‐D1/D2) and a multigene alignment of 11,917 positions (genes ura2, msh6, and pmt2) agreed to place the new species as a sister to Metschnikowia arizonensis, a rare species known only from one locality in Arizona. The two form sterile asci when mated, which is typical of related members of the clade. The α pheromone of the new species is unique but typical of the subclade. The type of M. amazonensis sp. nov. is UFMG‐CM‐Y6309T (ex‐type CBS 16156T, mating type a), and the designated allotype (mating type α) is UFMG‐CM‐Y6307A (CBS 16155A). MycoBank MB 833560.
Synthesis, Structure, and Stability of Lithium Arylphosphanidyl‐diarylphosphane Oxide
Authors: Bevern Damian , Görls Helmar , Krieck Sven , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: February 2020

The reaction of LiP(H)Tipp (2a) and KP(H)Tipp (2b, Tipp = C6H2‐2,4,6‐iPr3), which are accessible via metalation of Tipp‐PH2 (1), with bis(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)phosphinic chloride yields Tipp‐P=P(OM)Ar2 [M = Li (3a) and K (3b)]. These complexes show characteristic chemical 31P shifts and large 1JPP coupling constants. These compounds degrade with elimination of the phosphinidene Tipp‐P: and the alkali metal diarylphosphinites M–O–PAr2 [M = Li (4a) and K (4b)]. The phosphinidene forms secondary degradation products (like the meso and R,R/S,S‐isomers of diphosphane Tipp‐P(H)–P(H)Tipp (5) via insertion into a P–H bond of newly formed Tipp‐PH2), whereas the crystallization of [Tipp‐P=P(OLi)Ar2·LiOPAr2·LiCl·2Et2O]2 (i.e. [3a·4a·LiCl·2Et2O]2) succeeds from diethyl ether. The metathesis reactions of LiP(SiiPr3)Tipp and LiP(SiiPr3)Mes (Mes = C6H2‐2,4,6‐Me3) with Ar2P(O)Cl yield Ar*‐P=P(OSiiPr3)Ar2 (Ar* = Mes, Tipp) which degrade to Ar2POSiiPr3 and other secondary products.
High-resolution PET imaging reveals subtle impairment of the serotonin transporter in an early non-depressed Parkinson’s disease cohort
Authors: Fazio Patrik , Ferreira Daniel , Svenningsson Per , Halldin Christer , Farde Lars , Westman Eric , Varrone Andrea
Published: February 2020

Purpose

The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a biochemical marker for monoaminergic signaling in brain and has been suggested to be involved inthe pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The aim of this PET study was to examine SERT availability in relevant brain regions in early stages ofnon-depressed PD patients.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, 18 PD patients (13 M/5F, 64 ± 7 years, range 46–74 years, disease duration 2.9 ± 2.6 years; UPDRS motor 21.9 ± 5.2) and 20 age- and gender-matched healthy control (HC) subjects (15 M/5F, 61 ± 7 years, range 50–72 years) were included. In a subsequent longitudinal phase, ten of the PD patients (7 M/3F, UPDRS motor 20.6 ± 6.9) underwent a second PET measurement after 18–24 months. After a 3-T MRI acquisition, baseline PET measurements were performed with [11C]MADAM using a high-resolution research tomograph. The non-displaceablebinding potential (BPND) was chosen as the outcome measure and was estimated at voxel level on wavelet-aided parametric images, by using the Logan graphical analysis and the cerebellum as reference region. A molecular template was generated to visualize and define different subdivisions of the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. Subortical and cortical regions of interest were segmented using FreeSurfer. Univariate analyses and multivariate network analyses were performed on the PET data.

Results

The univariate region-based analysis showed no differences in SERT levels when the PD patients were compared with the HC neither at baseline or after 2 years of follow-up. The multivariate network analysis also showed no differences at baseline. However, prominent changes in integration and segregation measures were observed at follow-up, indicating a disconnection of the cortical and subcortical regions from the three nuclei of the raphe.

Conclusion

We conclude that the serotoninergic system in PD patients seems to become involved with a network dysregulation as the disease progresses, suggesting a disturbed serotonergic signaling from raphe nuclei to target subcortical and cortical regions.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the characterization of portal vein thrombosis vs tumor-in-vein in HCC patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Jifan , Zhu Jianing , Zhang Chao , Song Yue , Huang Pintong
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a common complication of liver cirrhosis. However, differentiation of thrombosis and tumor-in-vein (TIV) may be challenging. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is an excellent method for detection of vascularization and could help in the distinction. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for evaluating the diagnostic value of CEUS in differentiating between PVT and TIV in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched up to the 5th of May 2019. The study quality was assessed by QUADAS-2 tool. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated by the bivariate random effect model and hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic (SROC) curve was plotted.

Results

Seven studies including 425 participants were analyzed after screening 986 articles searched from databases. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of CEUS in diagnosing TIV were 0.94 (95%CI, 0.89–0.97) and 0.99 (95%CI, 0.80–1.00), respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of SROC curve was 0.97 (95%CI, 0.95–0.98). The pooled sensitivity and AUC were consistent across all the subgroups of different subject numbers, country, study design, CEUS contrast agents, and diagnostic criteria.

Conclusions

CEUS is highly efficient in differentiating TIV from PVT and is an alternative or a substitute for CT and/or MRI.

Trial registration

PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019138847

Key Points

• Characterization of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) vs tumor-in-vein (TIV) is critical for HCC staging.

• CEUS has an excellent safety profile, provides a real-time analysis without any loss in accuracy compared with CT and MRI.

• This meta-analysis demonstrates that contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a suitable method for the detection of PVT and distinction with TIV.
Accuracy and complication rates of external ventricular drain placement with twist drill and bolt system versus standard trephine and tunnelation: a retrospective population-based study
Authors: Mansoor Nadia , Madsbu Mattis A. , Mansoor Nina M. , Trønnes Andreas N. , Fredriksli Oddrun A. , Salvesen Øyvind , Jakola Asgeir S. , Solheim Ole , Gulati Sasha
Published: February 2020

Background

An external ventricular drain (EVD) is typically indicated in the presence of hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Procedural challenges have prompted the development of different methods to improve accuracy, safety, and logistics.

Objectives

EVD placement and complications rates were compared using two surgical techniques; the standard method (using a 14-mm trephine burrhole with the EVD tunnelated through the skin) was compared to a less invasive method (EVD placed through a 2.7–3.3-mm twist drill burrhole and fixed to the bone with a bolt system).

Methods

Retrospective observational study in a single-centre setting between 2008 and 2018. EVD placement was assessed using the Kakarla scoring system. We registered postoperative complications, surgery duration and number of attempts to place the EVD.

Results

Two hundred seventy-two patients received an EVD (61 bolt EVDs, 211 standard EVDs) in the study period. Significant differences between the bolt system and the standard method were observed in terms of revision surgeries (8.2% vs. 21.5%, p = 0.020), surgery duration (mean 16.5 vs. 28.8 min, 95% CI 7.64, 16.8, p < 0.001) and number of attempts to successfully place the first EVD (mean 1.72 ± 1.2 vs. 1.32 ± 0.8, p = 0.017). There were no differences in accuracy of placement or complication rates.

Conclusions

The two methods show similar accuracy and postoperative complication rates. Observed differences in both need for revisions and surgery duration favoured the bolt group. Slightly, more attempts were needed to place the initial EVD in the bolt group, perhaps reflecting lower flexibility for angle correction with a twist drill approach.
New insight into podocyte slit diaphragm, a therapeutic target of proteinuria
Authors: Kawachi Hiroshi , Fukusumi Yoshiyasu
Published: February 2020

Dysfunction of slit diaphragm, a cell–cell junction of glomerular podocytes, is involved in the development of proteinuria in several glomerular diseases. Slit diaphragm should be a target of a novel therapy for proteinuria. Nephrin, NEPH1, P-cadherin, FAT, and ephrin-B1 were reported to be extracellular components forming a molecular sieve of the slit diaphragm. Several cytoplasmic proteins such as ZO-1, podocin, CD2AP, MAGI proteins and Par-complex molecules were identified as scaffold proteins linking the slit diaphragm to the cytoskeleton. In this article, new insights into these molecules and the pathogenic roles of the dysfunction of these molecules were introduced. The slit diaphragm functions not only as a barrier but also as a signaling platform transfer the signal to the inside of the cell. For maintaining the slit diaphragm function properly, the phosphorylation level of nephrin is strictly regulated. The recent studies on the signaling pathway from nephrin, NEPH1, and ephrin-B1 were reviewed. Although the mechanism regulating the function of the slit diaphragm had remained unclear, recent studies revealed TRPC6 and angiotensin II-regulating mechanisms play a critical role in regulating the barrier function of the slit diaphragm. In this review, recent investigations on the regulation of the slit diaphragm function were reviewed, and a strategy for the establishment of a novel therapy for proteinuria was proposed.
Incompressible Limit for a Two-Species Tumour Model with Coupling Through Brinkman’s Law in One Dimension
Authors: Dębiec Tomasz , Schmidtchen Markus
Published: February 2020

We present a two-species model with applications in tumour modelling. The main novelty is the coupling of both species through the so-called Brinkman law which is typically used in the context of visco-elastic media, where the velocity field is linked to the total population pressure via an elliptic equation. The same model for only one species has been studied by Perthame and Vauchelet in the past. The first part of this paper is dedicated to establishing existence of solutions to the problem, while the second part deals with the incompressible limit as the stiffness of the pressure law tends to infinity. Here we present a novel approach in one spatial dimension that differs from the kinetic reformulation used in the aforementioned study and, instead, relies on uniform BV-estimates.
Rapid life-history evolution in a wild Daphnia pulex population in response to novel size-dependent predation
Authors: Wathne Ingrid , Enberg Katja , Jensen Knut Helge , Heino Mikko
Published: February 2020

The effect of size-selective predation on prey communities and their traits is well documented, but the relative roles of genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity continue to be debated. We looked for evidence of genetic adaption in a population of the water fleaDaphnia pulexthat faced a novel, introduced predator, Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), selectively preying upon large zooplankton. Theory predicts adaptive changes towards a faster life history. We compared growth, age and length at maturation, egg size, and fecundity of two groups of clones kept in common-garden conditions, 13 clones isolated at around the time of the perch introduction and 14 isolated 3 years after. All animals were photographed daily and observed every third hour to detect maturation and measure the clutch size. Post-introduction clones matured earlier, but this was an indirect response triggered by genetic change in growth: post-introduction clones had faster growth prior to maturation than pre-introduction ones, reaching earlier the size threshold for maturation, but the threshold itself remained unchanged. Post-introduction clones showed also higher clutch size for 2nd and 3rd clutch, and slower growth from maturation (first appearance of eggs) to the moult after the release of the first clutch. Egg size did not differ between the periods. The experiment shows how life-history responses to predation involve multiple interlinked traits and both direct and indirect genetic responses.
Using Medicare data to measure vertical integration of hospitals and physicians
Authors: Ho Vivian , Tapaneeyakul Sasathorn , Metcalfe Leanne , Vu Lan , Short Marah
Published: February 2020

Researchers, healthcare providers, and policy makers have become increasingly interested in the cost and quality effects of vertical integration (VI) between hospitals and physicians. However, tracking VI is often financially costly. Because the Medicare Data on Provider Practice and Specialty (MD-PPAS) annual dataset may be more cost-effective for researchers to access than private data sources, we examine the accuracy of MD-PPAS in identifying VI by comparing it to physician and hospital affiliations reported in Blue Cross Blue Shield Texas (BCBSTX) PPO claims data for 2014–2016. The BCBSTX data serve as a gold standard, because physician–hospital affiliations are based on the insurer’s provider contract information. We merged the two datasets using the physician National Provider Identifier (NPI), then determined what percentage of physicians had the same Tax Identification Number (TIN) in both sources, and whether the TIN implied the physician belonged to a physician- or hospital-owned practice. We found that 71.3% of successfully matched NPIs reported the same TIN, and 95.1% of patient-level observations were attributed to organizations with the same ownership type in both datasets, regardless of TIN. We compared regression estimates of patient-level annual spending on an indicator variable for physician versus hospital ownership for the primary attributed physician and found that estimates were within one percentage point whether one determined VI based on the BCBSTX or the MD-PPAS data. The results suggest that MD-PPAS, which costs less to obtain than from a for-profit data source, can be used to reliably track VI between hospitals and physicians.
Multivariate Normal Approximation for Functionals of Random Polytopes
Authors: Grygierek Jens
Published: February 2020

Consider the random polytope that is given by the convex hull of a Poisson point process on a smooth convex body in $$\mathbb {R}^d$$

R

d

. We prove central limit theorems for continuous motion invariant valuations including the Wills functional and the intrinsic volumes of this random polytope. Additionally we derive a central limit theorem for the oracle estimator that is an unbiased and minimal variance estimator for the volume of a convex set. Finally we obtain a multivariate limit theorem for the intrinsic volumes and the components of the $$\mathbf {f}$$
f
-vector of the random polytope.
Morin exerts anti-metastatic, anti-proliferative and anti-adhesive effect in ovarian cancer cells: an in vitro studies
Authors: Nowak Ewa , Sypniewski Daniel , Bednarek Ilona
Published: February 2020

The influence of morin hydrate on changes of proliferative, metastatic, and adhesive potential of human ovarian cancer cells concerning the influence of decitabine, and decitabine with trichostatin A, and in comparison to untreated cells, were analyzed. The effect of morin hydrate, decitabine, and trichostatin A were examined in A2780 and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines using MTS assay, clonogenic assay, adhesion to endothelial HMEC-1 cells, transwell migration assay and cell cycle analysis. The expression level of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers was quantified using PCR Array in relation to the level of global methylation determined with Methylated DNA Quantification Kit. We observed statistically significant inhibition of adhesive and migratory potential of both cell lines and the accumulation of G0/G1 phase A2780 cells after treatment with morin hydrate. Our studies confirmed the influence of morin hydrate on down-regulation of genes considered as up-regulated during EMT, and up-regulation of some genes considered as down-regulated during EMT in A2780 and SKOV-3 cells. Phenotypic changes were associated with molecular changes in cells, eg. decrease of the expression level of genes associated with adhesion, and an increase of genes down-regulated during EMT, after morin hydrate treatment in comparison to untreated control cells in both cell lines, were observed.
Rapamycin and hydroxychloroquine combination alters macrophage polarization and sensitizes glioblastoma to immune checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Hsu Sanford P. C. , Chen Yi-Ching , Chiang Hsin-Chien , Huang Yi-Chun , Huang Cheng-Chung , Wang Hsin-Ell , Wang Yu-Shang , Chi Kwan-Hwa
Published: February 2020

Introduction

The failure of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICPi) on glioblastoma (GBM) treatment underscores the need for improving therapeutic strategy. We aimed to change tumor associated macrophage (TAM) from M2 type (anti-inflammatory) to M1 (pro-inflammatory) type to increase the therapeutic response of ICPi. We proposed that combined rapamycin (R) and hydroxychloroquine (Q) preferentially induce M2 cells death, as fatty acid oxidation was their major source of energy.

Methods

Macrophage polarization was characterized on mice and human macrophage cell lines by specific cytokines stimulation with or without RQ treatment under single culture or co-culture with GBM cell lines. Tumor sizes were evaluated on subcutaneous and intracranial GL261 mice models with or without RQ, anti-PD1 mAb treatment. Tumor volumes assessed by MRI scan and proportions of tumor infiltrating immune cells analyzed by flow cytometry were compared.

Results

In vitro RQ treatment decreased the macrophages polarization of M2, increased the phagocytic ability, and increased the lipid droplets accumulation. RQ treatment decreased the expression levels of CD47 and SIRPα on tumor cells and macrophage cells in co-culture experiments. The combination of RQ and anti-PD1 treatment was synergistic in action. Enhanced the intra-tumoral M1/M2 ratio, the CD8/CD4 ratio in the intracranial GL261 tumor model after RQ treatment were evident.

Conclusion

We provide a rationale for manipulating the macrophage phenotype and increased the therapeutic effect of ICPi. To re-educate and re-empower the TAM/microglia opens an interesting avenue for GBM treatment.

Graphic Abstract
Motivated ignorance, rationality, and democratic politics
Authors: Williams Daniel
Published: February 2020

When the costs of acquiring knowledge outweigh the benefits of possessing it, ignorance is rational. In this paper I clarify and explore a related but more neglected phenomenon: cases in which ignorance is motivated by the anticipated costs of possessing knowledge, not acquiring it. The paper has four aims. First, I describe the psychological and social factors underlying this phenomenon of motivated ignorance. Second, I describe those conditions in which it is instrumentally rational. Third, I draw on evidence from the social sciences to argue that this phenomenon of rational motivated ignorance plays an important but often unappreciated role in one of the most socially harmful forms of ignorance today: voter ignorance of societal risks such as climate change. Finally, I consider how to address the high social costs associated with rational motivated ignorance.
Entwicklung, Einsatz und Evaluation eines Tools für digitales Ideenmanagement. Ein Fallbeispiel
Authors: Röltgen Anna T. , Bernardy Valeria , Müller Rebecca , Antoni Conny H.
Published: February 2020

Dieser Beitrag der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO) analysiert die Entwicklung eines Tools für digitales Ideenmanagement (IdeaCheck), und dessen Implementierung anhand eines Fallbeispiels aus einem mittelständischen deutschen IT-Unternehmen. Ziel ist es, das inhaltliche Konzept von IdeaCheck aufbauend auf psychologischen Theorien zu erläutern und Erfahrungen mit dem Tool bei der ersten Implementierung zu berichten sowie Möglichkeiten für die Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung von dem IdeaCheck zu diskutieren. Dabei werden anhand eines Fallbeispiels zunächst die Herausforderungen beschrieben, die durch die zunehmende Digitalisierung der Zusammenarbeit für das Ideenmanagement entstehen. Anschließend wird der Aufbau des Tools beschrieben und dargestellt, welche Ziele mit dem IdeaCheck erreicht werden sollen. Der erste Einsatz des IdeaCheck in einem Unternehmen wurde formativ evaluiert. Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden reflektiert und Perspektiven für die weitere Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung des Tools aufgezeigt.
Prognostic Value of Circulating Microvesicle Subpopulations in Ischemic Stroke and TIA
Authors: Lundström Annika , Mobarrez Fariborz , Rooth Elisabeth , Thålin Charlotte , von Arbin Magnus , Henriksson Peter , Gigante Bruna , Laska Ann-Charlotte , Wallén Håkan
Published: February 2020

Platelet microvesicles (PMV) have previously been found elevated in acute ischemic stroke (IS) and could be biomarkers for risk of recurrence. PMV surface antigens such as P-selectin and phosphatidylserine (PS) reflect platelet activation and procoagulance. Tissue factor-positive microvesicles (TF+MV) are considered procoagulant, in particular if co-expressing PS. We enumerated MV subpopulations with these surface antigens in a cohort of 211 patients with primarily non-cardioembolic IS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and investigated their association with long-term outcome. MV concentrations were determined by flow cytometry in the acute and convalescent phase. Primary outcome was a composite of fatal and non-fatal recurrent IS or myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes were recurrent IS and all-cause mortality. Outcome events were obtained from Swedish registers during a follow-up of 1100 patient years. Concentrations of PS-positive and PS-negative MV populations were elevated in patients compared with healthy controls in both the acute and convalescent phase. PS+TF+PMV displayed pronounced elevations, median fold change 77 in the acute phase (p < 0.0001) but were not associated with outcome, neither were PS+P-selectin+PMV. The only subpopulation positively associated with primary outcome was PS−TF+PMV, with adjusted hazard ratio of 1.86 (1.04–3.31, p = 0.036) by Cox regression. Unexpectedly, several MV subpopulations tended to be associated with reduced risk of poor long-term outcome. Our results suggest that PS+TF+PMV may be a promising marker for cerebral ischemia, and that the in vivo generation of PS−MV after IS/TIA warrants further study. Future MV studies should ideally enumerate PS+ and PS−MV subpopulations separately.
Regulating oceanic imaginaries: the legal construction of space, identities, relations and epistemological hierarchies within marine spatial planning
Authors: Ntona Mara , Schröder Mika
Published: February 2020

A growing body of critical social-scientific scholarship addresses the implications of marine spatial planning for those who depend on the ocean for their livelihood, sustenance, well-being and cultural survival. Of particular concern are planning initiatives that construct marine space in ways that negate or contradict its particular materiality, the latter holding great significance for how different actors relate to the ocean. In response, scholars are turning towards relational conceptualisations of marine space, focusing on the relationships between human and non-human actors, as well as the factors that mediate them. Here, we argue that legal geography, a strand of interdisciplinary research that explores how space, law and society are co-constituted, can make a valuable contribution to this discussion. In taking seriously the connections between the themes law as discourse, law as representation and law as power, legal geography offers a deeper understanding of the subjectivities, narratives and sources of normativity made in/visible by the legal dimensions of planning frameworks. Using the legal-geographical concept of spatial justice as our frame of reference, we posit that the relational materiality of the ocean lends itself to the socio-legal construction of marine spaces as ‘commons’, i.e. as pluralist spaces where different knowledges and ways of being coexist and intermingle, and where well-being is perceived in composite, socio-natural terms. This allows us to problematise marine spatial planning, along with its normative, regulatory and institutional underpinnings, as a vehicle for the enclosure of not only marine spaces but also spaces of decision-making.
»L’esprit de conduite« – Höflichkeitsmaximen (vor und) nach Knigge
Authors: Florack Ruth
Published: February 2020

Der Name ›Knigge‹ steht heute für Verhaltensregeln in Alltagssituationen, die Ansehen und Erfolg versprechen. Doch Knigges Buch Über den Umgang mit Menschen aus dem späten 18. Jahrhundert ist so viel mehr als das: Auf der Grundlage einer umfassenden Kenntnis des Menschen in der Gesellschaft vermittelt es die Kunst höflichen Umgangs, auch im geselligen Gespräch. Dabei stellt sich Knigge bewusst in die französische Tradition, die in der Frühen Neuzeit europaweit tonangebend war. Im Vergleich von Knigges Erfolgsbuch mit französischen Texten, die für die Rezeption im Deutschland des 18. Jahrhunderts maßgeblich gewesen sind, lässt sich zeigen, dass die Höflichkeitsregeln für das gesellige Gespräch eine erstaunliche Konstanz aufweisen. Allerdings werden sie je unterschiedlich begründet – und sind immer einer Ethik verpflichtet.
Recycling of tellurium via copper smelting processes
Authors: Klemettinen Lassi , Avarmaa Katri , Sukhomlinov Dmitry , O’Brien Hugh , Taskinen Pekka , Jokilaakso Ari
Published: February 2020

The modern world continuously demands more raw materials for manufacturing all kinds of products. Nowadays, the lifetime of a single product can be very short, as is the case with electronic appliances. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste categories, and one of the most promising recycling routes for WEEE is to use it as a feed material in pyrometallurgical copper smelting. This article presents new experimental observations regarding the behavior of tellurium in secondary copper smelting process, and compares the results to primary smelting experiments. In secondary smelting conditions, most of tellurium distributed into the copper phase, and the distribution coefficient between copper and slag decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. In the primary smelting experiments, most of tellurium was vaporized into flue dusts, and the distribution coefficient between copper matte and slag increased with increasing oxygen pressure, i.e. increasing matte grade.
Examining the Effect of Animal Resource Scarcity on Farm Labor and Farm Production in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Hadush Muuz
Published: February 2020

Rural households in Ethiopia suffer from the scarcity of grazing land and water. This article examines the economic impact of time spent looking for water and grazing lands for livestock on crop farming labor and crop output based on a nonseparable farm household model. We estimated a general Cobb-Douglas production function using 518 farmers in Ethiopia. Our results confirm a negative relationship between labor input to crop farming and resource scarcity. On average, a 1% reduction in the time spent looking for water, grazing, and straw led to an increase in food production by 0.16%, 0.28% and 0.33%, respectively.
Foreign Direct Investment in China’s Electrification: Between Colonialism and Nationalism, 1882–1952
Authors: XIA CHENXIAO
Published: February 2020

This article traces the history of foreign direct investment in China’s electricity industry from 1882 to 1952 through the conflict between colonialism and nationalism. China’s electrification started with foreign direct investment in colonial enclaves: settlements, annexed territories, and leaseholds. Foreign direct investment contributed the majority of China’s power supply, but the penetration to China’s hinterland hadfaced the hurdleof nationalism on the part of both the Chinese government and the business community. Exceptions in Taiwan and Manchuria were related to Japanese colonialism, which peaked during the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). After World War II, domestication was implemented by the Chinese government. This article provides a new perspective on multinationals by delineating between inward and expatriate foreign direct investment in the Chinese context.
Micro-CT study of Middle Ordovician Spumellaria (radiolarians) from western Newfoundland, Canada
Authors: Kachovich Sarah , Aitchison Jonathan C.
Published: February 2020

A new, previously undescribed Middle Ordovician (middle Darriwilian: Dw2) radiolarian assemblage has been recovered from the Table Cove Formation at Piccadilly Quarry, western Newfoundland. Constituents of the fauna described herein are both distinctive and exceptionally well preserved. Three-dimensional X-ray micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) is used to make a detailed examination of four key spumellarian specimens. This technology enables visualization of hitherto ambiguous details of the internal morphologies of key lower Paleozoic taxonomic groups, among which a lack of knowledge has impeded resolution of higher taxonomic rankings.
When the Whole Is Greater than the Sum of Its Parts: On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Populist Attitudes and Other Multidimensional Constructs
Authors: WUTTKE ALEXANDER , SCHIMPF CHRISTIAN , SCHOEN HARALD
Published: February 2020

Multidimensional concepts are non-compensatory when higher values on one component cannot offset lower values on another. Thinking of the components of a multidimensional phenomenon as non-compensatory rather than substitutable can have wide-ranging implications, both conceptually and empirically. To demonstrate this point, we focus on populist attitudes that feature prominently in contemporary debates about liberal democracy. Given similar established public opinion constructs, the conceptual value of populist attitudes hinges on its unique specification as an attitudinal syndrome, which is characterized by the concurrent presence of its non-compensatory concept subdimensions. Yet this concept attribute is rarely considered in existing empirical research. We propose operationalization strategies that seek to take the distinct properties of non-compensatory multidimensional concepts seriously. Evidence on five populism scales in 12 countries reveals the presence and consequences of measurement-concept inconsistencies. Importantly, in some cases, using conceptually sound operationalization strategies upsets previous findings on the substantive role of populist attitudes.
Digital Editions and the Creative Work of the Performer
Authors: Rink John
Published: February 2020

One of the aims of this article is to clarify and align more closely the respective priorities of researchers and practical musicians in using music notation. To that end, the first part surveys existing digital editions of music both in general and from the standpoints of different types of performer. Consideration is then given to a new ‘digital edition concept’ which might achieve more creative engagement with music on the parts of instrumentalists and singers alike. Two ostensibly conventional editions of nineteenth-century music serve as the basis of case studies that show how the notorious limitations of the printed page might be transcended more effectively and propitiously. The conclusion is that digital editions of music (DEMs) are unlikely to replace printed editions and that wholesale replacement should not be the goal in any case. Instead, in developing future DEMs for performers, the aim should be to take fuller advantage of the affordances of the digital medium so that musicians can engage with and make music all the more creatively. Only by moving conceptually beyond the stasis of ‘the material medium’ and harnessing the dynamic flux of the digital medium can the dynamic flux inherent in music itself best be captured. At the same time, it is important to recognize and respect musicians’ need for a fixed version of the score on given performance occasions, even if it is bound to be superseded thereafter.
A high gain wideband circularly polarized microstrip antenna
Authors: Kumar Arun , Dwari Santanu , Pandey Ganga Prasad , Kanaujia Binod Kumar , Singh Dinesh Kumar
Published: February 2020

In this paper, a high gain wideband circularly polarized (CP) microstrip antenna is presented for broadband operation. The proposed structure comprised of a partially grounded printed monopole antenna loaded with a split ring resonator and a metallic reflector. By using the metallic reflector surface underneath the patch radiator results in the reflected waves in the same phase with main lobe radiation, thereby improving the gain and it also acts like a secondary radiator to generate wideband CP behavior in the proposed design. A gain enhancement of 4.3 dBi is achieved in the operating frequency band as compared with the design without a metallic reflector. The maximum gain achieved in the presented method is 8.6 dBic over the entire operating range. The proposed design shows a wideband behavior ranging from 4.30 to 9.10 GHz with the 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 71.64%. In addition, the proposed design yielded a broadside right hand CP radiation with a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth of 33.88% from 4.98 to 7.01 GHz. The proposed antenna is fabricated and experimental results on reflection coefficient, gain, axial ratio, and radiation patterns concede well with simulation results.
Die Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS) bei Kindern im Vorschulalter: Ein Überblick zu Diagnostik, Prävalenz und Versorgungssituation in Deutschland
Authors: Metzner Franka , Sobania Kim , Vasileva Mira , Wichmann Michelle , Lempertz Daniela , Pawils Silke
Published: February 2020

Zusammenfassung. Kinder im Vorschulalter zwischen drei und sechs Jahren weisen ein hohes Risiko für Gewalterfahrungen und Unfälle auf oder können durch lebensbedrohliche Erkrankungen bzw. schwere medizinische Eingriffe bei sich oder engen Bezugspersonen bereits schwere psychische Belastungen erleben. Dennoch lassen sich Studien zur Häufigkeit von traumatischen Erfahrungen sowie zu Traumafolgestörungen, wie der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS), bei Vorschulkindern weltweit bisher nur vereinzelt finden. Der Beitrag a) gibt daher einen Überblick über Kriterien und Instrumente zur Diagnostik der PTBS bei Vorschulkindern, b) fasst die Ergebnisse eines systematischen Literaturreviews zur Häufigkeit der PTBS bei traumatisierten Vorschulkindern zusammen und c) beschreibt die wenigen verfügbaren Befunde zur psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Versorgung junger Kinder mit Traumafolgestörungen unter Berücksichtigung möglicher Barrieren für die Inanspruchnahme von professionellen Hilfen in Deutschland. Die sieben in das Literaturreview eingeschlossenen Studien, in denen insgesamt 1029 Drei- bis Sechsjährige mit Kriegserlebnissen und anderen Traumata in Israel bzw. Palästinensischen Gebieten, USA und Deutschland untersucht wurden, zeigten PTBS-Häufigkeiten zwischen 0 % und 50 %. Die wenigen Untersuchungen zur Inanspruchnahme von Psychotherapien durch Vorschulkinder in Deutschland deuten auf eine Unterversorgung dieser Gruppe hin. Es fehlt allerdings an repräsentativen Studien zur Häufigkeit der PTBS im Vorschulalter sowie zur Versorgung von posttraumatisch belasteten Vorschulkindern. Bei traumatisierten Vorschulkindern muss unter anderem aufgrund der für diese Altersgruppe wenig sensitiven PTBS-Kriterien in der ICD-10, der starken Abhängigkeit von Bezugspersonen und vom sozialen Umfeld sowie aufgrund genereller Barrieren in der psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutischen Versorgung von einer Unterschätzung der Anzahl an betroffenen Kindern sowie von einer Unterversorgung ausgegangen werden.
Let’s Go to the Movies…for Science!
Authors: Luong Kate T. , Moyer-Gusé Emily , McKnight Jessica
Published: February 2020

Abstract. This study examined whether watching science-related entertainment narratives can influence science learning, interest in science, and information-seeking intentions. Based on the capacity model ( Fisch, 2000 ), a more precise processing variable called engagement with the science content was proposed as an additional mechanism that can account for variance not explained by existing narrative engagement variables. Results of a between-subjects experiment showed that watching a science-related narrative increased all three science outcomes. Engagement with the science content explained significantly more variance in posttest interest and information-seeking than did narrative engagement or transportation. Science knowledge was acquired regardless of preexisting level of interest, demonstrating the benefits of popular entertainment narratives in fostering informal science learning among nonexpert audiences.
Equipotential Figure of Phobos Suggests Its Late Accretion Near 3.3 Mars Radii
Authors: Hu Xuanyu , Oberst Jürgen , Willner Konrad
Published: February 2020

The ellipsoidal figure of Phobos has been tentatively interpreted as resulting from accretion in a tidal environment close to its parent planet Mars. The issue is compounded by the rapid tidal decay of the moon's orbit. Consequently, when and where the moon actually formed remains elusive. We determined the gravity equipotential ellipsoid of Phobos during its orbital decay and studied the evolution of surface ellipsoidal heights. We found that the equipotential ellipsoid closely fits the body shape near 3.6 Mars radii. Meanwhile, the height distribution resembles Gaussian at 3.3 Mars radii, suggesting equilibrium of topography. The ellipsoidal shape may have accreted here under appreciable tidal influence of roughly half the magnitude at Phobos' current position (at 2.76 Mars radii). This lends evidential support to the hypothesis that Phobos is not a primordial object but has reaccreted from a debris ring after a previous disruption event.
Jupiter's Gravity Field Halfway Through the Juno Mission
Authors: Durante D. , Parisi M. , Serra D. , Zannoni M. , Notaro V. , Racioppa P. , Buccino D. R. , Lari G. , Gomez Casajus L. , Iess L. , Folkner W. M. , Tommei G. , Tortora P. , Bolton S. J.
Published: February 2020

The Juno spacecraft reached the mid‐point of its nominal mission in December 2018, after completing 17 perijove passes. Ten of these were dedicated to the determination of the gravity field of the planet, with the aim of constraining its interior structure. We provide an update on Jupiter's gravity field, its tidal response and spin axis motion over time. The analysis of the Doppler data collected during the perijove passes hints to a non‐static and/or non‐axially symmetric field, possibly related to several different physical mechanisms, such as normal modes or localized atmospheric or deeply‐rooted dynamics.