bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non a Priori Automatic Discovery of 3D Chemical Patterns: Application to Mutagenicity
Authors: Rabatel Julien , Fannes Thomas , Lepailleur Alban , Le Goff Jérémie , Crémilleux Bruno , Ramon Jan , Bureau Ronan , Cuissart Bertrand
Published: June 2017

This article introduces a new type of structural fragment called a geometrical pattern. Such geometrical patterns are defined as molecular graphs that include a labelling of atoms together with constraints on interatomic distances. The discovery of geometrical patterns in a chemical dataset relies on the induction of multiple decision trees combined in random forests. Each computational step corresponds to a refinement of a preceding set of constraints, extending a previous geometrical pattern. This paper focuses on the mutagenicity of chemicals via the definition of structural alerts in relation with these geometrical patterns. It follows an experimental assessment of the main geometrical patterns to show how they can efficiently originate the definition of a chemical feature related to a chemical function or a chemical property. Geometrical patterns have provided a valuable and innovative approach to bring new pieces of information for discovering and assessing structural characteristics in relation to a particular biological phenotype.
Simultaneous Quantification of Bone Edema/Adiposity and Structure in Inflamed Bone Using Chemical Shift‐Encoded MRI in Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Bray Timothy J.P. , Bainbridge Alan , Punwani Shonit , Ioannou Yiannis , Hall‐Craggs Margaret A.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To evaluate proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and R2* as markers of bone marrow composition and structure in inflamed bone in patients with spondyloarthritis.

Methods

Phantoms containing fat, water, and trabecular bone were constructed with proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and bone mineral density (BMD) values matching those expected in healthy bone marrow and disease states, and scanned using chemical shift‐encoded MRI (CSE‐MRI) at 3T. Measured PDFF and R2* values in phantoms were compared with reference FF and BMD values. Eight spondyloarthritis patients and 10 controls underwent CSE‐MRI of the sacroiliac joints. PDFF and R2* in areas of inflamed bone and fat metaplasia in patients were compared with normal bone marrow in controls.

Results

In phantoms, PDFF measurements were accurate over the full range of PDFF and BMD values. R2* measurements were positively associated with BMD but also were influenced by variations in PDFF. In patients, PDFF was reduced in areas of inflammation and increased in fat metaplasia compared to normal marrow. R2* measurements were significantly reduced in areas of fat metaplasia.

Conclusion

PDFF measurements reflect changes in marrow composition in areas of active inflammation and structural damage and could be used for disease monitoring in spondyloarthritis. R2* measurements may provide additional information bone mineral density but also are influenced by fat content. Magn Reson Med 79:1031–1042, 2018. © 2017 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Three‐dimensional MR reconstruction of high‐contrast magnetic susceptibility by the variational born iterative method based on the magnetic field volume integral equation
Authors: Li Shengnan , Hong Ronghan , Liu Na , Zhang Jianhua , Chen Lin , Zhang Youyu , Yu Zhiru , Liu Qing Huo
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To provide high‐quality and high‐contrast magnetic susceptibility mapping, a 3D MR reconstruction method for magnetic susceptibility based on the magnetic field volume integral equation with the variational Born iterative method (VBIM) is developed.

Methods

Three‐dimensional magnetic susceptibility is reconstructed from the positive rotating magnetic field component
of the radiofrequency field acquired by B1 mapping. The stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform (BCGS‐FFT) method is implemented in the forward problem to solve for the magnetic field, and the conjugate gradient fast Fourier transform method is implemented in the inverse problem to reconstruct the magnetic susceptibility distribution.

Results

Numerical results demonstrated that good effectiveness and high accuracy can be achieved for both the forward solver of the stabilized biconjugate gradient fast Fourier transform method and the inverse solver of the VBIM method. The method proved to be robust under noise contamination. Moreover, the magnetic susceptibilities with much higher contrasts than that of the non–full wave methods can also be efficiently reconstructed.

Conclusions

The proposed method can reconstruct the magnetic susceptibility of not only human head, but also other human tissues or materials such as magnetic contrast agents with high magnetic susceptibilities. It has promising applications in high‐contrast magnetic susceptibility mapping. Magn Reson Med 79:923–932, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Solving chiller loading optimization problems using an improved teaching‐learning‐based optimization algorithm
Authors: Duan Pei‐yong , Li Jun‐qing , Wang Yong , Sang Hong‐yan , Jia Bao‐xian
Published: June 2017

In this study, we present a novel teaching‐learning‐based optimization (TLBO) algorithm for solving the optimal chiller loading problem. The proposed algorithm uses a novel integer‐based encoding and decoding mechanism that is efficient and easy to implement. The teaching phase can improve the quality of learning process and thus enhance the exploitation ability. In addition, a well‐designed learning phase procedure is developed to enhance the learning process between one another in the population. A novel exploration and self‐learning procedures are embedded in the proposed TLBO algorithm, which can enhance the exploitation and exploration capabilities. The proposed algorithm is tested on several well‐known case studies and compared with several efficient algorithms. From the experimental comparisons, the efficient performance of the proposed TLBO is verified.
Light‐induced degradation in quasi‐monocrystalline silicon PERC solar cells: Indications on involvement of copper
Authors: Vahlman Henri , Wagner Matthias , Wolny Franziska , Krause Andreas , Laine Hannu , Inglese Alessandro , Yli‐Koski Marko , Savin Hele
Published: June 2017

High‐efficiency solar cell designs such as the passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) raise the quality requirements for silicon substrates, favoring monocrystalline materials. Seed‐cast quasi‐monocrystalline silicon (qm‐Si) is a promising alternative for Czochralski (Cz) Si with potential benefits of lower cost and reduced energy footprint. However, the purity and crystalline quality of qm‐Si is not on par with Cz‐Si, which can cause efficiency losses for example in the form of light‐induced degradation (LID). In this contribution, we study the LID phenomena that can be present in qm‐Si PERC solar cells, and compare them to the Cz‐Si PERC. Degradation and regeneration are analyzed especially from the viewpoint of Cu impurity, which has until very recently been omitted as a source of LID for this device type. Subsequently, differences in LID behavior between qm‐Si and Cz‐Si are investigated considering the density of dislocations in the bulk. The results imply that slurry‐based wafer slicing may introduce contamination that is capable of causing considerable LID in PERC devices fabricated of Si with inherently high defect density.
Travis Air Force Base: A greener cleanups case study
Authors: Gamlin Jeff , Downey Douglas , Favara Paul , Duke Lonnie , Anderson Glenn
Published: June 2017

Travis Air Force Base, California, has accelerated the pace of remediation while reducing long‐term costs and cutting greenhouse gas production. This has been achieved through optimizing existing systems and processes, adopting greener cleanups best management practices, and testing and implementing innovative “green” technologies. By optimizing and replacing existing systems that used energy‐intensive infrastructure, and by promoting the use of innovative in situ technologies, the US Air Force (Air Force) led team comprised of the Air Force Civil Engineer Center, the US Army Corps of Engineers, the performance‐based contractor CH2M, and the regulatory agencies consisting of the US Environmental Protection Agency, the California Water Board, and the California Department of Toxic Substances Control, has reduced annual system operation and maintenance costs by over $200,000 per year, while reducing annual carbon dioxide production by approximately 930 tons per year. As a result of these actions, chlorinated solvent source areas have been reduced by over 99 percent in some cases, and the predicted cleanup time frame for multiple sites has been reduced by several decades. This article provides a case study for implementation of cost‐effective greener cleanup actions, and summarizes the approach taken by the Air Force led team to complete the greener cleanups self‐declaration process consistent with the ASTM International's E‐2893 Standard Guide for Greener Cleanups.
Vapor intrusion mitigation challenges posed by a classic urban setting
Authors: Coll Frederic R. , Moore Richard A. , Ritenour Jessica
Published: June 2017

AECOM's Environmental Remediation Services Group, under a Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PADEP) remediation contract, was tasked with assessing potential vapor intrusion risks and mitigating identified risks at an active commercial property affected by a former adjacent laundry and dry cleaning operation. The former dry cleaning operation was positioned in the center of row‐buildings containing various commercial businesses. The neighboring active commercial property is an antiquated building that operates as a coffee shop. The coffee shop building contains a service area, a kitchen, and a rear conference room on the first floor, a storage area on the second floor, and a partial basement. The basement has been observed to periodically flood. Adjacent to the coffee shop building is an operating hair and nail salon that formerly functioned as one of the dry cleaning operations buildings with known soil, groundwater, and soil gas impacts. Due to the disposition of the coffee shop building, a methodical approach was implemented to characterize the potential vapor intrusion risk and included a diagnostic building inspection that identified required management of basement apertures and abatement of periodic flooding prior to vapor intrusion mitigation system design and installation.
Data‐driven high‐order terminal iterative learning control with a faster convergence speed
Authors: Chi Ronghu , Huang Biao , Hou Zhongsheng , Jin Shangtai
Published: June 2017

In this paper, a novel high‐order optimal terminal iterative learning control (high‐order OTILC) is proposed via a data‐driven approach for nonlinear discrete‐time systems with unknown orders in the input and output. The objective is to track the desired values at the endpoint of the operation cycle. The terminal tracking errors over more than one previous iterations are used to enhance the high‐order OTILC's performance with faster convergence. From rigor of the analysis, the monotonic convergence of the terminal tracking error is proved along the iteration direction. More importantly, the condition for a high‐order OTILC to outperform the low‐order ones is first established by this work. The learning gain is not fixed but iteratively updated by using the input and output (I/O) data, which enhances the flexibility of the proposed controller for modifications and expansions. The proposed method is data‐driven in which no explicit models are used except for the input and output data. The applications to a highly nonlinear continuous stirred tank reactor and a highly nonlinear fed‐batch fermentater demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed high‐order OTILC design.
A DFT Exploration of Efficient Catalysts Based on Metal‐Salen Monomers for the Cycloaddition Reaction of CO2 to Propylene Oxide
Authors: Wu Tao , Wang Tingting , Sun Lei , Deng Kaiming , Deng Weiqiao , Lu Ruifeng
Published: June 2017

Using quantum chemistry calculations, we explored the interactions between non‐rare earth metal‐salophen complex (M‐Salen) monomers and propylene oxide (PO) and explored the catalytic mechanisms for the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 to epoxides by the M‐Salen monomers. Our theoretical results demonstrated that a larger binding energy for M‐Salen interacting with PO results in a lower apparent barrier height for the cycloaddition reaction. The CrIII‐Salen monomer possessed the lowest apparent barrier, while the AlIII‐Salen monomer showed the highest barrier along the reaction pathway, which are consistent with experimental results. In addition, a low apparent barrier was found for the ScIII‐Salen monomer, suggesting another potential conjugated microporous polymer catalyst for CO2 conversion.
Technology Maturity Assessments and Confidence Intervals
Authors: Peters Wanda , Doskey Steven , Moreland James
Published: June 2017

The research presented in this paper examines the accuracy of technology maturity assessments at a key decision point in the acquisition life cycle. This study utilizes statistical means to quantify the confidence interval of technology maturity determinations and established confidence intervals for various population sizes using a Monte Carlo simulation. The study identified with a 95% confidence that there are no significant differences in the standard deviation or the confidence interval ranges of heritage developments and new developments at a key decision point. The significance of this finding is the margin of error, which is derived from the standard deviation and used to compute confidence intervals, measures accuracy. One challenge facing the field of system engineering is the ability to accurately measure technology maturity when transitioning from formulation to implementation. Correctly assessing the technology maturity of a development is crucial for the organization's ability to manage performance, cost, and schedule. The findings from this research have the potential for minimizing inaccurate maturity determinations, which could lead to reductions in unsatisfactory technical performance and programmatic overruns.
Application of TXRF and XRPD techniques for analysis of elemental and chemical composition of human kidney stones
Authors: Kubala‐Kukuś A. , Arabski M. , Stabrawa I. , Banaś D. , Różański W. , Lipiński M. , Majewska U. , Wudarczyk‐Moćko J. , Braziewicz J. , Pajek M. , Góźdź S.
Published: June 2017

Total reflection X‐ray fluorescence analysis and X‐ray powder diffraction were used for elemental and chemical composition analysis of 83 samples of human kidney stones. Samples came from patients after surgical removal of stones. Elements such as P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Ni, Br, Sr, and Pb were determined in all samples. Other elements Mg, S, Cl, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Cu, Se, Rb, I, and Bi were found in some of the analyzed kidney stones (censoring effect). Descriptive statistics were calculated for all elements paying particular attention to the censored elements. From diffraction measurements, the following crystalline substances were determined in the stones: apatite, struvite, uric acid, weddellite, whewellite, magnesium phosphate, and calcium phosphate. Information of chemical composition was applied to classify the analyzed kidney stone into four groups. Statistical analysis of the results included multigroups comparison, testing of element concentration distribution, and elemental correlations in the dependence of kind of kidney stones. The presented studies are part of wider microbiological studies focusing on the correlation between different kinds of bacteria and fungi presented in the samples of kidney stones and their elemental as well as chemical composition. Information on stone composition can be helpful in understanding kidney stone formation and complemented by additional metabolic blood and urine tests. This, in turn, can lead to appropriate medical treatment together with the reduction of the risk as regards forming new stones.
Thermoelectric Properties of Natural Chalcopyrite from Zacatecas, Mexico
Authors: Wyżga Paweł , Bobnar Matej , Hennig Christoph , Leithe‐Jasper Andreas , Mori Takao , Gumeniuk Roman
Published: June 2017

The phase and chemical compositions of the mineral chalcopyrite from the sulfide footwall vein in La Cantera (Zacatecas, Mexico) is examined by powder X‐ray diffraction, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and chemical ICP‐OES analyses. The influence of the detected impurities on the thermoelectric parameters (i.e. thermopower, electrical and thermal conductivities) is discussed. Thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, of the studied natural minerals is found to be of the same order of magnitude (ca. 10–3) as reported for CuFeS2 synthesized in the laboratory.
High‐content drug screening for rare diseases
Authors: Bellomo F. , Medina D. L. , De Leo E. , Panarella A. , Emma F.
Published: June 2017

Per definition, rare diseases affect only a small number of subjects within a given population. Taken together however, they represent a considerable medical burden, which remains poorly addressed in terms of treatment. Compared to other diseases, obstacles to the development of therapies for rare diseases include less extensive physiopathology knowledge, limited number of patients to test treatments, and poor commercial interest from the industry. Recently, advances in high‐throughput and high‐content screening (HTS and HCS) have been fostered by the development of specific routines that use robot‐ and computer‐assisted technologies to automatize tasks, allowing screening of a large number of compounds in a short period of time, using experimental model of diseases. These approaches are particularly relevant for drug repositioning in rare disease, which restricts the search to compounds that have already been tested in humans, thereby reducing the need for extensive preclinical tests. In the future, these same tools, combined with computational modeling and artificial neural network analyses, may also be used to predict individual clinical responses to drugs in a personalized medicine approach.
Periodontal surgery improves oral health‐related quality of life in chronic periodontitis patients in Asian population
Authors: Chou Yu‐Hsiang , Yang Yi‐Hsin , Kuo Hsiao‐Ching , Ho Kun‐Yen , Wang Wen‐Chen , Hu Kai‐Fang
Published: June 2017

The effect of periodontal surgery on patients' quality of life was investigated. Sixty patients received regenerative surgery or resective osseous surgery. Oral health‐related quality of life and health‐related quality of life instruments were used to assess the participants' quality of life before surgery and 4 weeks after surgery. Periodontal surgery can improve patients' quality of life by alleviating the physical pain and psychological discomfort. The scores were lower (more favorable) in the regenerative surgery group, and the functional limitations of the regenerative surgery group improved substantially compared with those of the resective osseous surgery group (P = 0.0421). The patients' oral health‐related quality of life scores improved significantly after periodontal surgery. Clinicians can take advantage of the positive functional oral health‐related quality of life impacts of regenerative surgery.
Family Life in the Ottoman Mediterranean
Authors: Doumani Beshara B.
Published: June 2017

In writings about Islam, women and modernity in the Middle East, family and religion are frequently invoked but rarely historicized. Based on a wide range of local sources spanning two centuries (1660–1860), Beshara B. Doumani argues that there is no such thing as the Muslim or Arab family type that is so central to Orientalist, nationalist, and Islamist narratives. Rather, one finds dramatic regional differences, even within the same cultural zone, in the ways that family was understood, organized, and reproduced. In his comparative examination of the property devolution strategies and gender regimes in the context of local political economies, Doumani offers a groundbreaking examination of the stories and priorities of ordinary people and how they shaped the making of the modern Middle East.
No Malibu Surfer Left Behind: Three Tales About Market Coercion
Authors: Melkevik Åsbjørn
Published: June 2017

This article examines the question of private coercion in market societies, arguing for an unconditional basic income guarantee from a classical liberal viewpoint. It proposes three main arguments. First, classical liberals view the purpose of government to be the reduction of coercion, both public and private. Second, a proper understanding of the nature of coercion indicates that parties subject to certain types of hardship are being coerced. Third, where the total amount of coercion is reduced by eliminating the hardship, the classical liberal state must do so as to fulfill its purpose. Hence, this article argues that if the total amount of coercion in society can be reduced by the state employing the amount of coercion necessary to maintain an unconditional basic income guarantee, then the classical liberal state is obligated to maintain such a guarantee by its underlying justification.
Metabolic Syndrome is Associated with White Matter Hyperintensity in Stroke Patients
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Zhang Wan-Li , Li Jia , Xiao Mei-Juan
Published: June 2017

Some risk factors of stroke may play a role in white matter hyperintensity (WMH). Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a recognised risk factor of stroke, but it is controversial whether MetS is also associated with WMH. We examined the association of MetS with the prevalence of WMH in acute stroke patients. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 246 acute ischemia stroke patients. The patients with acute stroke were clinically evaluated, including waistline circumference, blood pressure, glycaemia, serum triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol level. The degree of WMH was assessed by Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. MetS was diagnosed using the criteria by the National Cholesterol Education Adult Treatment Panel III. MetS was the independent variable evaluated in Binary regression analyses. It is found that old age (>60 years old), MetS and smoking were significantly associated with WMH in univariate analysis (p < .05). Spearman rank correlation showed that old age and MetS are related to WMH (r = 0.18, p = .005 and r = 0.18, p = .004, respectively). Hypertension is weakly but not significantly associated with WMH in correlation analysis (r = 0.11, p = .08). In multiple regression analysis, age and MetS remained independently associated with WMH (OR = 7.6, 95% CI 0.2–0.7 and OR = 11.7, 95% CI 0.1–0.5). Hypertension and hyperglycaemia tend to be associated but not significantly with WMH (p = .07, p = .08). Other MetS components such as large waist circumference and dyslipidaemia showed no association with WMH. After adjustment for age, WMH is significantly associated with MetS in stroke patients. Hypertension and hyperglycaemia tend to associated but not significantly with WMH in stroke patients.
Uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the emergency department: a review of local practice patterns
Authors: Poon Elizabeth , Self Lauren , McLeod Shelley L. , Caine Sean , Borgundvaag Bjug
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To determine the number of urine cultures ordered for women who presented to the emergency department (ED) with symptoms of uncomplicated UTI, and whether a culture result impacted subsequent management.

Methods

This was a retrospective chart review of non-pregnant women aged 18-39 presenting to one of two academic EDs with a discharge diagnosis of uncomplicated UTI over a one-year study period. Patients were excluded if there was documentation of fever, immunocompromised state, diabetes mellitus, absence of lower urinary tract symptoms, ED administration of intravenous antibiotics, a previous UTI treated with antibiotics in the last 90 days, two weeks post-partum or post-instrumentation.

Results

Of the 512 charts included in the analysis, 494 (96.5%) patients had a urinalysis, of which 463 (93.7%) had positive leukocyte esterase and 90 (18.2%) had positive nitrites. 370 patients (72.3%) had urine cultures performed, of which 236 (63.8%) were positive. 505 (98.6%) patients received antibiotics (53.9% Macrobid; 22.6% Ciprofloxacin; 15.0% Septra; 6.7% other; 1.8% not documented). 7 (1.9%) cultures grew organisms resistant to the prescribed antibiotic; 2 (0.5%) patients received new prescriptions.

Conclusions

For the majority of young female patients with an uncomplicated UTI, urine cultures did not change management in the ED setting. However, when the diagnosis is uncertain based on symptomology and urinalyses alone, a urine culture may be warranted. Greater efforts should be directed towards educating emergency physicians on accurately diagnosing uncomplicated cystitis and the limited impact of urine cultures on treatment once a diagnosis has been made.
Confinement of rotating convection by a laterally varying magnetic field
Authors: Sreenivasan Binod , Gopinath Venkatesh
Published: June 2017

Spherical shell dynamo models based on rotating convection show that the flow within the tangent cylinder is dominated by an off-axis plume that extends from the inner core boundary to high latitudes and drifts westward. Earlier studies explained the formation of such a plume in terms of the effect of a uniform axial magnetic field that significantly increases the length scale of convection in a rotating plane layer. However, rapidly rotating dynamo simulations show that the magnetic field within the tangent cylinder has severe lateral inhomogeneities that may influence the onset of an isolated plume. Increasing the rotation rate in our dynamo simulations (by decreasing the Ekman number $E$) produces progressively thinner plumes that appear to seek out the location where the field is strongest. Motivated by this result, we examine the linear onset of convection in a rapidly rotating fluid layer subject to a laterally varying axial magnetic field. A Cartesian geometry is chosen where the finite dimensions $(x,z)$ mimic $(\unicode[STIX]{x1D719},z)$ in cylindrical coordinates. The lateral inhomogeneity of the field gives rise to a unique mode of instability where convection is entirely confined to the peak-field region. The localization of the flow by the magnetic field occurs even when the field strength (measured by the Elsasser number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6EC}$) is small and viscosity controls the smallest length scale of convection. The lowest Rayleigh number at which an isolated plume appears within the tangent cylinder in spherical shell dynamo simulations agrees closely with the viscous-mode Rayleigh number in the plane layer linear magnetoconvection model. The lowest Elsasser number for plume formation in the simulations is significantly higher than the onset values in linear magnetoconvection, which indicates that the viscous–magnetic mode transition point with spatially varying fields is displaced to much higher Elsasser numbers. The localized excitation of viscous-mode convection by a laterally varying magnetic field provides a mechanism for the formation of isolated plumes within the Earth’s tangent cylinder. The polar vortices in the Earth’s core can therefore be non-axisymmetric. More generally, this study shows that a spatially varying magnetic field strongly controls the structure of rotating convection at a Rayleigh number not much different from its non-magnetic value.
Injection into boundary layers: solutions beyond the classical form
Authors: Hewitt R. E. , Duck P. W. , Williams A. J.
Published: June 2017

This theoretical and numerical study presents three-dimensional boundary-layer solutions for laminar incompressible flow adjacent to a semi-infinite flat plate, subject to a uniform free-stream speed and injection through the plate surface. The novelty in this case arises from a fully three-dimensional formulation, which also allows for slot injection over a spanwise length scale comparable to the boundary-layer thickness. This approach retains viscous effects in both the spanwise and transverse directions, and effectively results in a parabolised Navier–Stokes system (sometimes referred to as the ‘boundary-region equations’). Any injection profile can be described in this approach, but we restrict attention to three-dimensional states driven by a finite-width slot aligned with the flow direction and self-similar in their downstream development. The classical two-dimensional states are known to only exist up to a critical (‘blow off’) injection amplitude, but the three-dimensional solutions here appear possible for any injection velocity. These new states take the form of low-speed streamwise-aligned streaks whose geometry depends on the amplitude of injection and the spanwise width of the injection slot; intriguingly, although very low wall shear is typically obtained, streamwise flow reversal is not observed, however hard the blowing. Asymptotic descriptions are provided in the limit of increasing slot width and fixed injection velocity, which allow for classification of the solutions according to two bounding injection rates.
Dynamic simulation of a coated microbubble in an unbounded flow: response to a step change in pressure
Authors: Vlachomitrou M. , Pelekasis N.
Published: June 2017

A numerical method is developed to study the dynamic behaviour of an encapsulated bubble when the viscous forces of the surrounding liquid are accounted for. The continuity and Navier–Stokes equations are solved for the liquid, whereas the coating is described as a viscoelastic shell with bending resistance. The Galerkin Finite Element Methodology is employed for the spatial discretization of the flow domain surrounding the bubble, with the standard staggered grid arrangement that uses biquadratic and bilinear Lagrangian basis functions for the velocity and pressure in the liquid, respectively, coupled with a superparametric scheme with $B$-cubic splines as basis functions pertaining to the location of the interface. The spine method and the elliptic mesh generation technique are used for updating the mesh points in the interior of the flow domain as the shape of the interface evolves with time, with the latter being distinctly superior in capturing severely distorted shapes. The stabilizing effect of the liquid viscosity is demonstrated, as it alters the amplitude of the disturbance for which a bubble deforms and/or collapses. For a step change in the far-field pressure the dynamic evolution of the microbubble is captured until a static equilibrium is achieved. Static shapes that are significantly compressed are captured in the post-buckling regime, leading to symmetric or asymmetric shapes, depending on the relative dilatation to bending stiffness ratio. As the external overpressure increases, shapes corresponding to all the solution families that were captured evolve to exhibit contact as the two poles approach each other. Shell viscosity prevents jet formation by relaxing compressive stresses and bending moments around the indentation generated at the poles due to shell buckling. This behaviour is conjectured to be the inception process leading to static shapes with contact regions.
Carotenoid dietary intakes and plasma concentrations are associated with heel bone ultrasound attenuation and osteoporotic fracture risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort
Authors: Hayhoe Richard P. G. , Lentjes Marleen A. H. , Mulligan Angela A. , Luben Robert N. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Welch Ailsa A.
Published: June 2017

Carotenoids are found in abundance in fruit and vegetables, and may be involved in the positive association of these foods with bone health. This study aimed to explore the associations of dietary carotenoid intakes and plasma concentrations with bone density status and osteoporotic fracture risk in a European population. Cross-sectional analyses (n 14 803) of bone density status, using calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) and longitudinal analyses (n 25 439) of fracture cases were conducted on data from the prospective European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk cohort of middle-aged and older men and women. Health and lifestyle questionnaires were completed, and dietary nutrient intakes were derived from 7-d food diaries. Multiple regression demonstrated significant positive trends in BUA for women across quintiles of dietary α-carotene intake (P=0·029), β-carotene intake (P=0·003), β-cryptoxanthin intake (P=0·031), combined lutein and zeaxanthin intake (P=0·010) and lycopene intake (P=0·005). No significant trends across plasma carotenoid concentration quintiles were apparent (n 4570). The Prentice-weighted Cox regression showed no trends in fracture risk across dietary carotenoid intake quintiles (mean follow-up time 12·5 years), except for a lower risk for wrist fracture in women with higher lutein and zeaxanthin intake (P=0·022); nevertheless, inter-quintile differences in fracture risk were found for both sexes. Analysis of plasma carotenoid data (mean follow-up time 11·9 years) showed lower hip fracture risk in men across higher plasma α-carotene (P=0·026) and β-carotene (P=0·027) quintiles. This study provides novel evidence that dietary carotenoid intake is relevant to bone health in men and women, demonstrating that associations with bone density status and fracture risk exist for dietary intake of specific carotenoids and their plasma concentrations.
Historical perspective of Otto Nordenskjöld's Antarctic penguin fossil collection and Carl Wiman's contribution
Authors: Acosta Hospitaleche Carolina , Hagström Jonas , Reguero Marcelo , Mörs Thomas
Published: June 2017

The early explorer and scientist Otto Nordenskjöld, leader of the Swedish South Polar Expedition of 1901–1903, was the first to collect Antarctic penguin fossils. The site is situated in the northeastern region of Seymour Island and constitutes one of the most important localities in the study of fossilised penguins. The task of describing these specimens together with fossilised whale remains was given to Professor Carl Wiman (1867–1944) at Uppsala University, Sweden. Although the paradigm for the systematic study of penguins has changed considerably over recent years, Wiman's contributions are still remarkable. His establishment of grouping by size as a basis for classification was a novel approach that allowed them to deal with an unexpectedly high morphological diversity and limited knowledge of penguin skeletal anatomy. In the past, it was useful to provide a basic framework for the group that today could be used as ‘taxon free’ categories. First, it was important to define new species, and then to establish a classification based on size and robustness. This laid the foundation for the first attempts to use morphometric parameters for the classification of isolated penguin bones. The Nordenskjöld materials constitute an invaluable collection for comparative purposes, and every year researchers from different countries visit this collection.
Mother tongues and languaging in Malaysia: Critical linguistics under critical examination
Authors: Albury Nathan John
Published: June 2017

This article brings the critical turn in linguistics—with its current scepticism towards essentialised languages and bias forlanguaging—under critical evaluation. It does so by bringing it face-to-face with thelocal-knowledge turnin sociolinguistics that investigates local knowledge and local epistemologies, held by language users themselves, to understand sociolinguistic phenomena. This article analyses whether and how the epistemologies inherent tolanguage,mother tongue, andlanguaginghold relevance in local metalinguistic talk in Malaysia. Focus group discussions with ethnic Malay, Chinese, and Indian youth reveal that languaging throughBahasa Rojakis already firmly embedded in local epistemologies for communicating across ethnolinguistic divides and fostering interethnic inclusiveness. An essentialised view of language, however, remains vital to any holistic sociolinguistic research in Malaysia in culturally specific ways that do not conflict with languaging. The article therefore supports arguments that we ought not to disregard mother tongues in the interests of critical linguistics. (Critical linguistics, mother tongue, languaging, linguistic culture, Malaysia, folk linguistics)*
FINANCIAL BUBBLE IMPLOSION AND REVERSE REGRESSION
Authors: Phillips Peter C.B. , Shi Shu-Ping
Published: June 2017

Expansion and collapse are two key features of a financial asset bubble. Bubble expansion may be modeled using a mildly explosive process. Bubble implosion may take several different forms depending on the nature of the collapse and therefore requires some flexibility in modeling. This paper first strengthens the theoretical foundation of the real time bubble monitoring strategy proposed in Phillips, Shi and Yu (2015a,b, PSY) by developing analytics and studying the performance characteristics of the testing algorithm under alternative forms of bubble implosion which capture various return paths to market normalcy. Second, we propose a new reverse sample use of the PSY procedure for detecting crises and estimating the date of market recovery. Consistency of the dating estimators is established and the limit theory addresses new complications arising from the alternative forms of bubble implosion and the endogeneity effects present in the reverse regression. A real-time version of the strategy is provided that is suited for practical implementation. Simulations explore the finite sample performance of the strategy for dating market recovery. The use of the PSY strategy for bubble monitoring and the new procedure for crisis detection are illustrated with an application to the Nasdaq stock market.
Protective Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Developmental Competence of Porcine Early Embryos
Authors: Liang Shuang , Niu Ying Jie , Shin Kyung-Tae , Cui Xiang-Shun
Published: June 2017

Coenzyme Q10 (Q10) plays an important role in the cellular antioxidant system by protecting the cells from free-radical oxidative damage and apoptosis. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of Q10 on the preimplantation development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos, as well as the underlying mechanism. The results showed that 100μM was the optimal concentration of Q10, which resulted in significantly increased cleavage and blastocyst formation rates and improvement of blastocyst quality. Q10 improved the blastocyst hatching rate and cellular proliferation rate in hatching blastocysts and increased the expression of hatching-related genes. Furthermore, Q10 not only decreased reactive oxygen species production, DNA damage levels, and apoptosis in the blastocysts from H2O2-induced oxidative injury, but also maintained mitochondrial function. Taken together, these results indicate that Q10 has beneficial effects on the development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos by preventing oxidative damage and apoptosis.
The Composition of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET) Surface Precipitates Determined at High Resolving Power by Tandem Mass Spectrometry Imaging
Authors: Fisher Gregory L. , Hammond John S. , Bryan Scott R. , Larson Paul E. , Heeren Ron M. A.
Published: June 2017

We present the first demonstration of a general method for the chemical characterization of small surface features at high magnification via simultaneous collection of mass spectrometry (MS) imaging and tandem MS imaging data. High lateral resolution tandem secondary ion MS imaging is employed to determine the composition of surface features on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) that precipitate during heat treatment. The surface features, probed at a lateral resolving power of<200 nm using a surface-sensitive ion beam, are found to be comprised of ethylene terephthalate trimer at a greater abundance than is observed in the surrounding polymer matrix. This is the first chemical identification of PET surface precipitates made without either an extraction step or the use of a reference material. The new capability employed for this study achieves the highest practical lateral resolution ever reported for tandem MS imaging.
Contextual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies Across the Psychosis	Continuum
Authors: Martins Maria João Ruivo Ventura , Castilho Paula , Carvalho Célia Barreto , Pereira Ana Telma , Santos Vitor , Gumley Andrew , de Macedo António Ferreira
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Considering several etiologic, therapeutic, and comorbidity-related factors, a psychosis continuum model has been proposed for the understanding and treatment of psychotic disorders. Within the new emerging treatment approaches, Contextual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CCBT) seem to hold promise for the psychosis continuum. However, considering their novelty for this specific population, the quality of efficacy evidence remains unclear. Objective: To examine, critically analyze, and summarize the results from studies based on therapeutic models within the CCBT approach (Mindfulness and Acceptance-based interventions, Compassion-Focused Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, and Metacognitive Therapy) for patients with a diagnosis within the psychosis continuum (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder). Methods: Three leading electronic databases (MEDLINE/PUBMED; PsycINFO; Cochrane Library), a grey literature database (OpenGrey), and registered clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.Gov) were searched using combinations of key terms regarding the CCBT models and the diagnosis considered. Reference lists of the relevant studies and reviews were searched. Only Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) were included. The “Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool” was used for quality assessment. Results: A total of 17 articles were included. This review was based on a majority of unclear or low risk of bias studies. Benefits regarding clinical variables such as psychotic symptoms, anxiety and depression, functioning or quality of life were found. Conclusion: Overall the studies supported some benefits of CCBT approaches for the psychosis continuum. The conceptual perspective on treatment has changed, nevertheless the outcomes assessed are still symptom-focused and there is still need for improvement. Methodological considerations and future directions are presented.
Three Effective Ways to Nurture Our Brain
Authors: Misuraca Raffaella , Miceli Silvana , Teuscher Ursina
Published: June 2017

Abstract. A growing body of research suggests that physical activity, healthy eating, and music can, either directly or indirectly, have positive effects on our brain and cognition. More specifically, exercising and eating seem to enhance cognitive abilities, such as memory, creativity, and perception. They also improve academic performance and play a protective role from many degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Concerning music, research has shown that there exists a general positive relation between music aptitude and cognitive functioning. Furthermore, the presence of music seems to create a positive mood and a higher arousal, which translates into better performance in many cognitive tasks. This literature review provides an overview of the major empirical findings in this domain. Studies on both healthy and clinical individuals are reviewed and discussed. We conclude with suggestions for educators, policymakers, people in helping professions, and any others interested in making informed decisions about possible ways to nurture their own brain or the brain of the people they are trying to help. We also provide suggestions for additional research on this important topic.
A Tool Extracting Summative Profiles From Person Score Profiles
Authors: Kim Se-Kang , Kim Donghoh
Published: June 2017

Abstract. In this paper a profile analysis that utilizes principal component analysis (PCA) is introduced. Although PCA is popular for a dimension reduction method, it is not well known that unrotated components algebraically are summative profiles which linearly encapsulate person score profiles in a population. The summative profiles include one level summative and several pattern summative profiles. The level summative profile represents the overall ability or achievement, like general ability in factor analysis. The pattern summative profiles characterize prototypical score patterns for individuals and provide us collective information about individuals’ strengths and weaknesses on their score profiles. In addition, significance of coordinates of summative profiles is tested by constructing their bootstrap empirical confidence intervals. To demonstrate utilities of the current profile analysis, male and female summative profiles of mathematics achievement are compared and the results indicate that male students outperform at an advanced grade.
WNT10A mutation causes ectodermal dysplasia by impairing progenitor cell proliferation and KLF4-mediated differentiation
Authors: Xu Mingang , Horrell Jeremy , Snitow Melinda , Cui Jiawei , Gochnauer Heather , Syrett Camille M. , Kallish Staci , Seykora John T. , Liu Fei , Gaillard Dany , Katz Jonathan P. , Kaestner Klaus H. , Levin Brooke , Mansfield Corinne , Douglas Jennifer E. , Cowart Beverly J. , Tordoff Michael , Liu Fang , Zhu Xuming , Barlow Linda A. , Rubin Adam I. , McGrath John A. , Morrisey Edward E. , Chu Emily Y. , Millar Sarah E.
Published: June 2017

HumanWNT10Amutations are associated with developmental tooth abnormalities and adolescent onset of a broad range of ectodermal defects. Here we show that β-catenin pathway activity and adult epithelial progenitor proliferation are reduced in the absence of WNT10A, and identify Wnt-active self-renewing stem cells in affected tissues including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, taste buds, nails and sweat ducts. Human and mouseWNT10Amutant palmoplantar and tongue epithelia also display specific differentiation defects that are mimicked by loss of the transcription factor KLF4. We find that β-catenin interacts directly with region-specific LEF/TCF factors, and with KLF4 in differentiating, but not proliferating, cells to promote expression of specialized keratins required for normal tissue structure and integrity. Our data identify WNT10A as a critical ligand controlling adult epithelial proliferation and region-specific differentiation, and suggest downstream β-catenin pathway activation as a potential approach to ameliorate regenerative defects inWNT10Apatients.
Compressional pathways of α-cristobalite, structure of cristobalite X-I, and towards the understanding of seifertite formation
Authors: Černok Ana , Marquardt Katharina , Caracas Razvan , Bykova Elena , Habler Gerlinde , Liermann Hanns-Peter , Hanfland Michael , Mezouar Mohamed , Bobocioiu Ema , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: June 2017

In various shocked meteorites, low-pressure silica polymorph α-cristobalite is commonly found in close spatial relation with the densest known SiO2 polymorph seifertite, which is stable above ∼80 GPa. We demonstrate that under hydrostatic pressure α-cristobalite remains untransformed up to at least 15 GPa. In quasi-hydrostatic experiments, above 11 GPa cristobalite X-I forms—a monoclinic polymorph built out of silicon octahedra; the phase is not quenchable and back-transforms to α-cristobalite on decompression. There are no other known silica polymorphs, which transform to an octahedra-based structure at such low pressures upon compression at room temperature. Further compression in non-hydrostatic conditions of cristobalite X-I eventually leads to the formation of quenchable seifertite-like phase. Our results demonstrate that the presence of α-cristobalite in shocked meteorites or rocks does not exclude that materials experienced high pressure, nor is the presence of seifertite necessarily indicative of extremely high peak shock pressures.