bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microanalysis of Individual Mitochondrial Granules with Diameters Less Than 1000 Angstroms
Authors: Sutfin Lloyd V. , Holtrop Marijke E. , Ogilvie Robert E.
Published: October 2006

A scanning electron microscope was converted to an electron microprobe with high spatial resolution by the addition of a transmitted electron detector and a solid-state x-ray detector. Spectra obtained from mitochondrial granules of chondrocytes in situ confirm the suspected presence of calcium and phosphorus. Contamination during analysis can lead to false indications of silicon in living tissue.
Genetic Control of an Insect Neuronal Network
Authors: Bentley David R.
Published: October 2006

Motor activity responsible for the calling song of crickets is generated by a small neuronal network whose output is genetically determined. Genes controlling certain output features are located on the X chromosome. The genetic system involved is polygenic and multichromosomal. In some patterns, genetically derived information is adequate to specify the difference of a single impulse in the output of homologous neurons from different genotypes.
Direct Test of the Positive Pressure Gradient Theory of Pseudopod Extension and Retraction in Amoebae
Authors: Allen Robert Day , Francis David , Zeh Robert
Published: October 2006

When one pseudopod of an amoeba is sucked into a capillary connected to a partial vacuum and subjected to a pressure reduction of 30 to 35 centimeters of water, extension of other pseudopods, exposed to atmospheric pressure, is not prevented. This result is interpreted to mean that cytoplasmic streaming cannot be the result of a positive pressure gradient generated along the length of the stream, for if it were, streaming would have reversed its direction under the applied pressure gradient of opposite sign and supposedly greater magnitude.
Water Vapor: Stratospheric Injection by Thunderstorms
Authors: Kuhn P. M. , Lojko M. S. , Petersen E. V.
Published: October 2006

Infrared radiometric inference measurements of the mass of water vapor injected into the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere by a number of plains thunderstorms show an average threefold increase over the fair weather background mass of water vapor. These airborne measurements, made from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Convair 990 jet laboratory, extended over a sample size much larger than that possible by balloon and other techniques.
Dopamine-Sensitive Adenyl Cyclase: Possible Role in Synaptic Transmission
Authors: Kebabian John W. , Greengard Paul
Published: October 2006

An adenyl cyclase activated by low concentrations of dopamine has been found in the mammalian superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The existence of this enzyme may account for the increased amount of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate associated with synaptic activity in the ganglion. The results suggest that the physiological effects of dopamine in the ganglion, and possibly elsewhere in the nervous system, may be mediated by stimulating the synthesis of adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate.
Moon: Possible Nature of the Body That Produced the Imbrian Basin, from the Composition of Apollo 14 Samples
Authors: Ganapathy R. , Laul J. C. , Morgan J. W. , Anders E.
Published: October 2006

Soils from the Apollo 14 site contain nearly three times as much meteoritic material as soils from the Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and Luna 16 sites. Part of this material consists of the ubiquitous micrometeorite component, of primitive (carbonaceous-chondrite-like) composition. The remainder, seen most conspicuously in coarse glass and norite fragments, has a decidedly fractionated composition, with volatile elements less than one-tenth as abundant as siderophiles. This material seems to be debris of the Cyprus-sized planetesimal that produced the Imbrian basin. Compositionally this planetesimal has no exact counterpart among known meteorite classes, though group IVA irons come close. It also resembles the initial composition of the earth as postulated by the two-component model. Apparently the Imbrian planetesimal was an Earth satellite swept up by the moon during tidal recession or capture, or an asteroid deflected by Mars into terrestrial space.
Isovaleric and α-Methylbutyric Acidemias Induced by Hypoglycin A: Mechanism of Jamaican Vomiting Sickness
Authors: Tanaka Kay , Isselbacher Kurt J. , Shih Vivian
Published: October 2006

Hypoglycin A, the causative agent of the Jamaican vomiting sickness, produced a marked increase in concentration of isovaleric acid in the plasma of rats, when administered in a single dose. α-Methylbutyric acid, a position isomer, also accumulated. The use of hypoglycin A reproduced some features of human isovaleric acidemia. Accumulation of these branched pentanoic acids may be another factor contributing to the pathogenesis of the Jamaican vomiting sickness.
Mars: An Evolving Atmosphere
Authors: McElroy Michael B.
Published: October 2006

Photochemical reactions in the martian exosphere produce fast atoms of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen and provide large escape fluxes of these elements. They appear to play a crucial role in the evolution of the martian atmosphere. The relative outgassing rates of H
2
O and CO
2
on Mars are comparable with terrestrial values, although absolute rates for Mars are lower by a factor of 10
3
. Nitrogen is a trace constituent, less than 1 percent, of the present martian atmosphere.
A Fluorescent Modification of Adenosine Triphosphate with Activity in Enzyme Systems: 1,
N
6
-Ethenoadenosine Triphosphate
Authors: Secrist John A. , Barrio Jorge R. , Leonard Nelson J.
Published: October 2006

A new, highly fluorescent adenosine triphophate (ATP) analog, 1,
N
6
-ethenoadenosine triphosphate, has been synthesized. Its fluorescence properties, including the long fluorescence lifetime and the possibility of detection at very low concentrations, in conjunction with its activity in the representative enzyme systems here reported, make it a valuable probe of enzymic mechanism and structure.
Cannabinoids with a Propyl Side Chain in Cannabis: Occurrence and Chromatographic Behavior
Authors: de Zeeuw Rokus A. , Wijsbeek Jaap , Breimer Douwe D. , Vree Tom B. , van Ginneken Cees A. M. , van Rossum Jacques M.
Published: October 2006

Neutral cannabinoids with a pentyl side chain—for example, cannabidiol, tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol—are generally accompanied by homologs with a propyl side chain, of which at least one has psychotropic activity. Samples of hashish and marihuana from Asia especially sometimes have abundant amounts of propyl cannabinoids, the quantities being of the same order as that of the accompanying pentyl cannabinoids. Detection and identification of the propyl and pentyl cannabinoids in gas chromatography and thin-layer chromatography is discussed.
Reconstitution of Diphtheria Toxin from Two Nontoxic Cross-Reacting Mutant Proteins
Authors: Uchida Tsuyoshi , Pappenheimer A. M. , Harper Annabel Avery
Published: October 2006

The isolation of a new type of mutant Corynephage β, which carries a missense mutation in the structural gene for diphtheria toxin synthesis is described. The lysogenic C7
8
(β
197
)
tox-crm+
strain of
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
produces a nontoxic, extracellular protein of molecular weight 62,000. This protein is immunologically indistinguishable from toxin itself but inhibits the action of toxin on HeLa cells, probably by competing for attachment sites on the cell membrane. In contrast to fragment A derived from diphtheria toxin, fragment A
197
is unable to catalyze the inactivation of eucaryotic polypeptidyl-transfer RNA-transferase II. When mixtures of the two nontoxic mutant proteins, enzymically active crm
45
protein and enzymically inactive crm
197
protein, are subjected to mild treatment with trypsin in the presence of a thiol and then allowed to reoxidize after dialysis to remove excess thiol, "diphtheria toxin" is reconstituted in high yield.
Synthetic Strands of Cardiac Muscle: Growth and Physiological Implication
Authors: Lieberman Melvyn , Roggeveen Anne E. , Purdy Joyce E. , Johnson Edward A.
Published: October 2006

Cardiac muscle cells obtained from disaggregated embryonic chick hearts were cultured on differentially treated oriented substrata. Subsequent cell reaggregation, growth, and attachment produced linearly organized strands of cardiac muscle with dimensions suitable for electrophysiological analysis. Along the strand, areas that contained few muscle cells demonstrated reduced conduction velocity and were subject to propagation failure.
Sexual Receptivity: Facilitation by Medial Preoptic Lesions in Female Rats
Authors: Powers Bradley , Valenstein Elliot S.
Published: October 2006

Lesions in the medial preoptic area of ovariectomized female rats reduced the quantity of estrogen needed to induce sexual receptivity in these animals. In addition, the number of days over which receptive behavior could be elicited after a single initial estrogen injection and with subsequent daily progesterone treatment was significantly increased by lesions in the medial preoptic area. These findings support the view that estrogen acts to reduce an inhibitory action that is tonically exerted by the medial preoptic area on pathways mediating estrous behavior.
Loss of a Parathyroid Hormone-Sensitive Component of Phosphate Transport in X-Linked Hypophosphatemia
Authors: Glorieux Francis , Scriver Charles R.
Published: October 2006

Mutant hemizygotes with X-linked hypophosphatemia lack a parathyroid hormone-sensitive component of inorganic phosphate transport in kidney; female heterozygotes retain a variable proportion of this type of transport. The residual mechanism for reabsorption in affected males allows inorganic phosphate efflux from the kidney to urine so that net "secretion" is sometimes observed; the latter is directly proportional to the serum concentration of inorganic phosphate. Calcium acts on the kidney tubule to enhance net reabsorption by this component of inorganic phosphate transport.
Decreased Concentration of Phenacetin in Plasma of Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Pantuck E. J. , Kuntzman R. , Conney A. H.
Published: October 2006

The amount of phenacetin in plasma was determined in nine control subjects (nonsmokers) and nine subjects who smoked at least 15 cigarettes per day. The mean plasma concentration of phenacetin at 1, 2, 3½, and 5 hours after its administration was markedly lower in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers. At 2 hours after the oral administration of 900 milligrams of phenacetin, the plasma concentration (± standard error) of unchanged drug was 2.24 ± 0.73 micrograms per milliliter in the controls and 0.48 ± 0.28 micrograms per milliliter in the smokers. The rate of excretion in urine of the major metabolite of phenacetin,
N
-acetyl-
p
-aminophenol, was the same in both groups. These results indicate for the first time decreased concentrations of a drug in plasma of persons who smoke cigarettes, and the results suggest that the decrease in the amount of Phenacetin in plasma may result from increased metabolism of phenacetin in cigarette smokers.
Rabies Virus in Nasal Mucosa of Naturally Infected Bats
Authors: Constantine Denny G. , Emmons Richard W. , Woodie James D.
Published: October 2006

Rabies virus was demonstrated in the olfactory mucosa of naturally infected bats by staining with fluorescent antibody and by isolation of the virus from the nasal tissues. The olfactory mucosa is a potential portal of entry and exit for airborne rabies virus in bat caves.
Transfer Factor from Guinea Pigs Sensitive to Dinitrochlorobenzene: Absence of Superantigen Properties
Authors: Burger Denis R. , Vetto R. Mark , Malley Arthur
Published: October 2006

Transfer factor from guinea pigs sensitive to dinitrochlorobenzene was not bound to an immunoadsorbent column that is specific for the dinitrophenyl determinant. The absence of the dinitrophenyl determinant on transfer factor suggested that the factor does not function as superantigen. The duration of the adoptive sensitivity, the small molecular weight, and the polypeptide or polynucleotide (or a combination) composition of the transfer factor are consistent with a derepressor function of the molecule.
Estrogen Receptor in the Mammalian Liver
Authors: Eisenfeld A .J. , Aten R. , Weinberger M. , Haselbacher G. , Halpern K. , Krakoff L.
Published: October 2006

The cytosol from livers of adult female mammals contains [
3
H]estradiol-binding proteins that can translocate to the nucleus and attach to chromatin. In comparison to the prepubescent rat, adults have higher estrogen binding in the liver and greater increases in plasma renin substrate after administration of estrogen. The protein in the liver which binds estrogen may be an estrogen receptor involved in modulating hepatic synthesis of selective plasma proteins.
Charge Distribution in the Light-Atom Mineral Kernite
Authors: Coppens P. , Cooper W. F. , Larsen F. K.
Published: October 2006

A charge density analysis of accurate x-ray data for the mineral kernite Na
2
B
4
O
6
(OH)
2
⋅ 3H
2
O indicates that the sodium and boron atoms have partial positive charges of 0.4 to 0.5 unit and 0.4 to 0.7 unit, respectively, whereas the oxygen atoms have negative charges of about 0.4 to 0.5 unit. The best agreement with the intensities and with the experimental scale factor is obtained with contracted molecule-optimized atomic orbitals. Difference density maps based on high-order parameters show more density in B-O than in Na-O bonds, thus supporting the covalent nature of the bonds between boron and oxygen atoms.
Intestinal Calcium Transport: The Role of Sodium
Authors: Birge Stanley J. , Gilbert Helen R. , Avioli Louis V.
Published: October 2006

The role of sodium in intestinal calcium transport was investigated in everted rat intestine. Ethacrynic acid, but not ouabain, inhibited calcium transport. However, ouabain did inhibit net water transport and, therefore, sodium transport, establishing the dissociation of the two transport processes. In addition to a magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (activated by sodium and potassium), a phosphatase dependent on sodium and calcium was localized to the lateral and basal membrane fractions of the mucosal cell. Activity of the latter phosphatase, similar to calcium transport in intact tissue, was inhibited by ethacrynic acid and not by ouabain. Sodium, therefore, may participate in the calcium transport process by activating an enzyme complex, dependent on adenosine triphosphate, that mediates calcium transport.
Branching of Central Neurons: Intracellular Cobalt Injection for Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Pitman Robert M. , Tweedle Charles D. , Cohen Melvin J.
Published: October 2006

Cobalt chloride can be injected into an identified nerve cell body in an insect ganglion and reacted with ammonium sulfide to stain the soma and its branches with a black precipitate. The stained cell body and its branches throughout the neuropil are visible in both the light and electron microscope. In whole mount preparations, the resolution of neurites within the neuropil is of a quality that permits the comparison of branching patterns between cells and during various functional states.
Helical Filaments Produced by a Mycoplasma-Like Organism Associated with Corn Stunt Disease
Authors: Davis Robert E. , Worley Joseph F. , Whitcomb Robert F. , Ishijima Takashi , Steere Russell L.
Published: October 2006

Mycoplasma-like bodies with helical filaments were seen by phase contrast microscopy in juice expressed from tissues of plants infected with corn stunt agent. Each filament is bounded by a "unit membrane," and no cell wall, sheath, envelope, or second membrane has yet been discerned by electron microscopy. The association of these filaments with development of disease, their occurrence in phloem cells as seen by both freeze-etching and thin-section electron microscopy, the diagnosis of infection based on their presence in plants without symptoms, and their absence in noninfected corn are consistent with the hypothesis that these unusual filaments are formed by the mycoplasma-like organism presumed to be the corn stunt agent.
Genetic Polymorphism of Basic Proteins from Parotid Saliva
Authors: Azen Edwin A.
Published: October 2006

In a study of 90 randomly chosen parotid salivas from Blacks three phenotypes were observed during acid-urea starch-gel electrophoresis. Inheritance was controlled by two codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. Of 101 Caucasians, one had a heterozygous phenotype indistinguishable electrophoretically from that in Blacks. Gene frequencies were: for Blacks, parotid basic protein (
Pb
1
) = 0.84, (
Pb
2
) = 0.16; for Caucasians, (
Pb
1
) ∼ 0.995, (
Pb
2
) ∼ 0.005.
Replamineform: A New Process for Preparing Porous Ceramic, Metal, and Polymer Prosthetic Materials
Authors: White R. A. , Weber Jon N. , White E. W.
Published: October 2006

The replamineform process (meaning replicated life forms) is a technique for duplicating the microstructure of carbonate skeletal components in ceramic, metal, or polymer materials. The special pore structures of marine invertebrate skeletal materials such as echinoid spines and corals, which are difficult or impossible to create artificially, can thus be copied in useful materials. Of immediate interest is the possibility of using these replicated microstructures in the fabrication of orthopedic prosthetic devices. By means of this technique, prosthetic materials having a controlled pore microstructure for optimum strength and tissue ingrowth may be obtained.
Patterns in Productivity of Scientists
Authors: Roe Anne
Published: October 2006

Bibliographies of 53 eminent research scientists in different fields are analyzed in terms of total publications, type of publication, coauthorship, and mean number of publications per year. For the physical and biological scientists, comparisons are made with the publication records of 153 eminent 19th-century scientists.
Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion
Authors: Billings Charles E. , Matson Wayne R.
Published: October 2006

Mercury liberated during coal combustion can be either discharged as vapor in the flue as or retained in the furnace ash. About 90 percent (by weight) of the mercury released from a furnace fired with pulverized coal appears to be in the vapor phase, and 10 percent remains with the furnace residual ash. For a 700-megawatt unit, approximately 2.5 kilograms of mercury per day are released.
Chronic Effects of Osmotic Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Monkey
Authors: Rapoport Stanley I. , Bachman David S. , Thompson Harry K.
Published: October 2006

In the monkey, the blood-brain barrier and the blood-aqueous and blood-vitreous barriers of the eye can be opened by internal carotid perfusion of solutions of 2 molar urea in a way compatible with survival and, in some few cases, without detectable neurological deficits. Urea presumably acts by osmotically shrinking the endothelial cells of the cerebrovascular vessels and opening their tight junctions. The high incidence of brain necrosis with neurological sequelae after perfusion of urea by the present technique precludes the use of osmotic opening of the blood-brain barrier for pharmacotherapy at this time.
Development of Sensitivity to Tetrodotoxin in Beating Chick Embryo Hearts, Single Cells, and Aggregates
Authors: McDonald Terence F. , Sachs Howard G. , DeHaan Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The spontaneous activity of intact embryonic heart becomes progressively more sensitive to tetrodotoxin block with increasing age of the embryo. The activity of isolated single heart cells in culture was relatively insensitive, independent of embryo age. Aggregates formed from single cells responded to tetrodotoxin in the same manner as intact hearts; aggregated cells from older hearts were sensitive.
Collagenase: Localization in Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Granules in the Rabbit
Authors: Robertson P. B. , Ryel R. B. , Taylor R. E. , Shyu K. W. , Fullmer H. M.
Published: October 2006

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules were submitted to zonal fractionation through a discontinuous sucrose gradient. Azurophilic and specific granules were enzymatically characterized by peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. The enzymes formed modal distributions like those reported by others. Collagenase activity was consistently associated with the specific granules containing alkaline phosphatase.
Antidromic Action Potentials Fail to Demonstrate Known Interactions between Neurons
Authors: Mulloney Brian , Selverston Allen
Published: October 2006

An identified motor neuron in the stomatogastric ganglion of
Panulirus interruptus
inhibits four other motor neurons when it fires spontaneously or in response to depolarization of its soma. It does not inhibit these neurons when it is fired antidromically, although the attenuated antidromic spike is visible at its soma. These findings point out the difficulty of interpreting negative results from antidromic stimulation experiments and the importance of neuronal structure to the integrative activities of nervous systems.
Locomotion: Control by Positive-Feedback Optokinetic Responses
Authors: Davis William J. , Ayers Joseph L.
Published: October 2006

Several species of arthropods perform forward locomotory movements when restrained in place and exposed to a pattern of stripes moving backward at normal locomotory velocities. Locomotory effort varies directly with stripe velocity. In nature such locomotory reactions would increase the visual stimulus that elicits them; hence, the reactions represent a new class of optokinetic responses employing positive visual feedback. Stabilizing mechanisms include response decrement during constant stripe velocities.
Flavonols: Pigments Responsible for Ultraviolet Absorption in Nectar Guide of Flower
Authors: Thompson W. R. , Meinwald Jerrold , Aneshansley D. , Eisner Thomas
Published: October 2006

The petals of the black-eyed susan (Compositae:
Rudbeckia hirta
) contain three flavonol glucosides (6,7-dimethoxy-3′,4′,5-trihydroxyflavone-3-
O
-glucoside, patulitrin, and quercetagetin). These compounds, which show intense spectral absorption at 340 to 380 nanometers, are restricted in distribution to the petal bases, which are ultraviolet absorbing as a result. Such ultraviolet-absorbing petal zones, known as "nectar guides," are invisible to us, but are visible and of orientation value to the pollinating insect that lands on the flower in search for food. This is the first time that ultraviolet absorption in a nectar guide has been interpreted in chemical terms. In view of the widespread occurrence of flavonols in flowers, it is suggested that these pigments serve specifically for demarcation of ultraviolet petal patterns visible and relevant to insects.
Herpes-Type Virus Particles Associated with a Fungus
Authors: Kazama Frederick Y. , Schornstein Kathleen L.
Published: October 2006

A culture of the fungus
Thraustochytrium
, isolated from an estuary, was infected by an enveloped virus. The nucleocapsid measured 110 nanometers in diameter and contained a core of DNA. The virus replicated in the nucleus. These findings strongly suggest that the particles are a herpes-type virus.
Bone Resorbing Activity in Supernatant Fluid from Cultured Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Horton John E. , Raisz Lawrence G. , Simmons Hollis A. , Oppenheim Joost J. , Mergenhagen Stephan E.
Published: October 2006

A new soluble mediator was found in supernatant fluid from cultures of human peripheral blood leukocytes that were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, or by antigenic material present in human dental plaque deposits. This soluble factor produced bone resorption in organ cultures of fetal rat bones as measured by increased release of calcium-45, and also increased the number of active osteoclasts.
Microtubule Formation in vitro in Solutions Containing Low Calcium Concentrations
Authors: Weisenberg Richard C.
Published: October 2006

Isolated rat brain tubulin can be repolymerized in vitro in solutions containing adenosine triphosphate or guanosine triphosphate, magnesium ions, and a good calcium chelator. The extreme sensitivity of tubulin to calcium ions explains the failure of previous efforts to obtain polymerization and suggests a possible mechanism for regulation of microtubule polymerization in vivo.
Nucleated Assembly of Microtubules in Porcine Brain Extracts
Authors: Borisy Gary G. , Olmsted Joanne B.
Published: October 2006

Disk-type structures found in extracts of porcine brain tissue appear to be required for microtubule assembly in vitro. From the morphology of the disks and the dependence of microtubule assembly on the presence of these structures, we propose that the disks are nucleation centers for the polymerization of microtubule protein.
Peripheral Motion Detection and Refractive Error
Authors: Leibowitz Herschel W. , Johnson Chris A. , Isabelle Edmund
Published: October 2006

Motion thresholds were determined for the fovea and peripheral retina with and without correction for peripheral refractive error. With correction, motion thresholds decreased and individual differences disappeared. These results imply that under normal observation conditions, peripheral sensitivity is limited mainly by dioptric rather than retinal variables.
Evidence for the Neutral Hypothesis of Protein Polymorphism
Authors: Yamazaki Tsuneyuki , Maruyama Takeo
Published: October 2006

Data for some 400 polymorphic proteins were examined with special reference to molecular evolution, by using a statistic that depends on neither mutation rate, population structure, nor other ecological factors. The result indicates that most of these polymorphisms are maintained in a population by mutation and random genetic drift.
Chemical Trail-Following by Flying Insects: A Mechanism for Orientation to a Distant Odor Source
Authors: Farkas S. R. , Shorey H. H.
Published: October 2006

An aerial trail of odorous pheromone molecules extends downwind from a female pink bollworm moth that is receptive for mating. Males apparently sense the boundaries of the trail during their characteristic zigzag flights across it. Contrary to previous beliefs, the mechanism by which the males steer toward the odor source does not require a sensing of wind direction.
Incised River Meanders: Evolution in Simulated Bedrock
Authors: Shepherd R. G.
Published: October 2006

A flume 60 feet (18.28 meters) long was employed to study the controls of lateral and vertical incision of a sinuous stream in simulated bedrock. When 100 percent of the available sediment load was entrained the flow incised vertically at bends. When less than 100 percent of the load was entrained the flow downcut laterally outward at bends. The effects of helicoidal currents and shear stress localization explain the loci of erosion and deposition.
A Scanning X-Ray Microscope Using Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Horowitz Paul , Howell John A.
Published: October 2006

Focused synchrotron radiation collimated by means of a pinhole has been used to construct a scanning x-ray microscope capable of making stereoscopic element-discriminating pictures of relatively thick specimens in an atmospheric environment.
Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Patients with Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Bodis-Wollner Ivan
Published: October 2006

Spatial contrast sensitivity as a function of spatial frequency was measured in patients with cerebral lesions. In most of these patients visual acuity, as measured by the Snellen chart, was 20/30 or better, yet marked departures from normal contrast sensitivity were found. The greatest loss in contrast sensitivity occurred at high frequencies, but in one patient the loss was greatest in the midfrequency range. This finding lends support to the channel hypothesis of spatial contrast discrimination.
Primary Structure of Neocarzinostatin, an Antitumor Protein
Authors: Meienhofer Johannes , Maeda Hiroshi , Glaser Charles B. , Czombos Jozsef , Kuromizu Kenji
Published: October 2006

The antitumor protein neocarzinostatin is an acidic single-chain molecule, cross-linked by two disulfide bridges, and consists of 109 amino acid residues. Complete disulfide bond reduction and
S
-carboxymethylation was achieved in liquid ammonia. Sequence determination of five tryptic fragments led to the proposed primary structure.
Blood-Brain Barrier: Penetration of Morphine, Codeine, Heroin, and Methadone after Carotid Injection
Authors: Oldendorf W. H. , Hyman S. , Braun L. , Oldendorf S. Z.
Published: October 2006

Labeled morphine, codeine, heroin, or methadone was injected as a bolus into the common carotid artery of the rat, and the rat was decapitated 15 seconds later. The brain uptake of the drug was calculated by measurement of the brain content of the drug as a percentage of a labeled, highly diffusible reference substance simultaneously injected. The uptake of morphine was below measurability; the uptake of codeine was 24 percent; heroin, 68 percent; and methadone, 42 percent. Brain uptakes of morphine and codeine were also studied after intravenous injection and correlated well with uptakes after carotid injection; the uptake of codeine being nearly complete by 30 seconds. These studies indicate that brain uptake of certain of these drugs is very rapid and that uptake of heroin injected intravenously is probably limited by the regional flow of blood in the brain. The possible relation of this rapid penetration of the blood-brain barrier by heroin to its strongly addictive properties is discussed.
Running Up and Down Hills: Some Consequences of Size
Authors: Taylor C. Richard , Caldwell Sandra L. , Rowntree V. J.
Published: October 2006

Small mammals are able to run at about the same maximum speed vertically as horizontally, but larger mammals cannot do this. During level running a mouse weighing 30 grams uses about eight times as much energy per unit of body weight as does a chimpanzee weighing 17.5 kilograms (42.6 joules per kilogram meter versus 5.17 joules per kilogram meter). The additional energy required to lift 1 kilogram of body weight 1 meter while running uphill was similar for the two species (about 15.5 joules per kilogram meter). Therefore the increment in energy expenditure for mice to run uphill compared to running horizontally is about one-eighth that for a chimpanzee. Both mice and chimpanzees were able to recover about 90 percent of the energy stored running uphill on the way down.
Evidence for Active Immunity to Morphine in Mice
Authors: Berkowitz Barry , Spector Sydney
Published: October 2006

The serum from mice actively immunized with a morphine immunogen contained antibodies that could bind dihydromorphine. Morphine effects were diminished in these "immunized" mice, and the concentration of morphine in their plasma was altered.
Memory and Hibernation in
Citellus lateralis
Authors: McNamara M. Colleen , Riedesel M. L.
Published: October 2006

Squirrels learned to escape from a water bath by making a visual discrimination. Twenty-four hours after reaching criterion for learned behavior, the animals were exposed to the first of two 11-day cold exposures. The animals that hibernated had better retention of the learned behavior.
Mechanism of Action of Vitamin K: Demonstration of a Liver Precursor of Prothrombin
Authors: Suttie J. W.
Published: October 2006

Extracts of sonicated liver microsomes that are prepared from rats deficient in vitamin K or from rats given vitamin K antagonists contain a factor that liberates a thrombin-like activity when it is incubated with venom from
Echis carinatus
. The amount of this factor is low in control rats and in hypoprothrombinemic rats given vitamin K 1 hour before they were killed. These data indicate that this factor is a protein precursor of prothrombin, which is synthesized in the liver.
Water Excretion by Hydra
Authors: Macklin Martin , Roma Thomas , Drake Kevin
Published: October 2006

Hydra were cut so that regenerates consisting only of the central gastric region were formed. This region, which has no natural opening to the environment, is capable of osmoregulation and of removing excess fluid from the gut. The fluid is excreted through a break in the body wall created as a result of a strong contraction when the gut is distended with fluid. A normal hydra, therefore, must remove excess fluid by contracting and expelling it through its mouth.
Radiation Dosimetry by a New Solid-State Effect
Authors: Podgoršak Ervin B. , Moran P. R.
Published: October 2006

Ionizing radiation can induce strong electrical polarization phenomena in dielectic solids. These radiation-induced thermally activated depolarization (RITAD) effects are quite different from radioelectret effects. For nominally pure calcium fluoride samples, the RITAD signals show a signal-to-noise power advantage of 40 decibels over that of thermoluminescence signals measured under the same experimental conditions. Ease of measurement, very high radiation sensitivity, and simple sample fabrication requirements give the RITAD phenomena a great potential for use as a new solid-state dosimetry technique.
Hemolytic Anemia and G6PD Deficiency
Authors: Yoshida Akira
Published: October 2006

The severity of enzyme deficiency often does not correlate well with the clinical severity of genetic diseases. Thus, some G6PD variants associated with severe enzyme deficiency, such as Union and Markham, cause no hemolytic problem, while some variants associated with less severe deficiency, such as Manchester, Alhambra, and Tripler, cause chronic hemolytic anemia. The kinetic characteristics of these variant enzymes have not explained the discrepancy. However, examination of the normal and variant enzymes under simulated physiologic conditions, with the effects of various intermediate metabolites and coenzymes in red cells being taken into consideration, reveal that the G6PD's from hemolytic variant subjects are strongly inhibited by a physiologic concentration of NADPH because of their high Michaelis constant for NADP or low inhibition constant for NADPH, and they are more sensitive to inhibition by ATP. These variant enzymes cannot generate enough NADPH in red cells to maintain an adequate concentration of reduced glutathione. The nonhemolytic variant enzymes are far less sensitive to the inhibition by NADPH because of their low Michaelis constant for NADP and high inhibition constant for NADPH. The physiologic activity of these nonhemolytic variant enzymes is estimated to be more than 30 percent of the activity of the normal G6PD, and this activity is adequate to maintain the red cells unhemolyzed.
Isocyanate Intermediates in Ammonia Formation over Noble Metal Catalysts for Automobile Exhaust Reactions
Authors: Unland Mark L.
Published: October 2006

Isocyanate species have been detected on the surface of noble metal catalysts during the reactions of carbon monoxide with nitric oxide. The intensity of the surface isocyanate infrared band correlates with the known ammonia-forming tendencies among the noble metals. The discovery of this isocyanate species suggests a new mechanistic pathway to the ammonia formed during catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides in automobile exhaust.
A Neuronal Inhibition Mediated Electrically
Authors: Faber Donald S. , Korn Henri
Published: October 2006

When the goldfish Mauthner cell fires an impulse there is a simultaneous hyperpolarization of adjacent medullary neurons as far as 200 micrometers from its soma. This hyperpolarization is due to an inward transmembrane flow of some of the current generated by the Mauthner cell spike and is sufficiently large to block spikes evoked both directly or transsynaptically.
Reaction Wood: Its Structure and Function
Authors: Scurfield G.
Published: October 2006

The mechanism by which the stems of trees recover after being bent or tilted out of the vertical is considered. The mechanical consequences of the tendency for the main stem apex to reerect itself and grow vertically or to be replaced by a vertically growing lateral branch, and of the asymmetrical radial growth of displaced stems, are pointed out. The asymmetry usually develops on the upper side of a bent or tilted hardwood stem and on the under side of a softwood stem. Since such asymmetry can usually be accounted for on the basis of accentuated development of wood rather than bark, the question of the possible functional significance of the wood arises. Experiments are cited to demonstrate that the wood (reaction wood) is effective as a means for assisting displaced stems to recover, contracting longitudinally on the upper side of a hardwood stem and expanding on the under side of a softwood stem. Consideration is then given to the structure, differentiation, and chemical composition of the reaction wood formed by hardwoods and softwoods with a view to locating the force active in aiding recovery and determining its origin. The consequences of associating the support of a still-growing stem displaced from the vertical with the idiosyncracies of secondary wall formation of reaction wood cells, and the reerection of such a stem with lignification of these walls, are explored. On this basis, the hypothesis is advanced that the recovery force is located in the region of differentiating reaction wood cells undergoing lignification, the active force arising from the swelling of cell walls as a result of deposition in them of lignin. Objections to the hypothesis are mentioned.
Cholesterol: Vitamin C Controls Its Transformation to Bile Acids
Authors: Ginter Emil
Published: October 2006

Cholesterol accumulates in the blood serum and in the liver of guinea pigs with chronic latent vitamin C deficiency. The reason for this is the decreased rate of transformation of cholesterol to bile acids in the liver of animals deficient in vitamin C. A significant direct correlation exists between the vitamin C concentration in the liver and the rate of cholesterol transformation to bile acids.
Mariner 9 Ultraviolet Spectrometer Experiment: Seasonal Variation of Ozone on Mars
Authors: Barth Charles A. , Hord Charles W. , Stewart A. Ian , Lane Arthur L. , Dick Mary L. , Anderson Gail P.
Published: October 2006

Ozone is observed to be present in the polar regions of Mars and to have a seasonal variation. In the summer, the amount present in the polar atmosphere is less than 3 micrometer-atmospheres. In the fall, ozone increases in amount and is found in association with the formation of the polar hood. In winter, the maximum amount of ozone is present, 57 micrometer-atmospheres over the polar hood and 16 over the polar cap. In spring, the amount over the polar cap decreases monotonically until by the beginning of summer the ozone disappears. Ozone is not observed in the equatorial region during any season.
Amine Metabolites in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid: Effects of Cord Transection and Spinal Fluid Block
Authors: Post Robert M. , Goodwin Frederick K. , Gordon Edna , Watkin Donald M.
Published: October 2006

Patients with spinal cord transection had normal concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and low concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol in lumbar cerebrospinal fluid. The presence or absence of spinal fluid block in these patients did not affect concentrations of either amine metabolite. However, the concentration of homovanillic acid was lower in patients with spinal fluid block than in those without block. The results suggest that the spinal cord contributes to concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl glycol and possibly 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, but contributes little to that of homovanillic acid in the lumbar spinal fluid of man.
Swallowing in Fetal Sheep
Authors: Bradley Robert M. , Mistretta Charlotte M.
Published: October 2006

Swallowing was measured in fetal sheep by using electromagnetic flowmeter heads chronically implanted in the fetal esophagus. The fetus swallows 20 to 200 milliliters of amniotic fluid in two to seven discrete episodes per day. The episodes are 1 to 9 minutes in duration and occur at seemingly random intervals. Swallowing is influenced by the condition of the fetus and may be the first manifestation of eating and drinking behavior.
Size and Shape in Biology
Authors: McMahon Thomas
Published: October 2006

Arguments based on elastic stability and flexure, as opposed to the more conventional ones based on yield strength, require that living organisms adopt forms whereby lengths increase as the ⅔ power of diameter. The somatic dimensions of several species of animals and of a wide variety of trees fit this rule well.

It is a simple matter to show that energy metabolism during maximal sustained work depends on body cross-sectional area, not total body surface area as proposed by Rubner (
1
) and many after him. This result and the result requiring animal proportions to change with size amount to a derivation of Kleiber's law, a statement only empirical until now, correlating the metabolically related variables with body weight raised to the ¾ power. In the present model, biological frequencies are predicted to go inversely as body weight to the ¼; power, and total body surface areas should correlate with body weight to the ⅝ power. All predictions of the proposed model are tested by comparison with existing data, and the fit is considered satisfactory.

In
The Fire of Life,
Kleiber (
5
) wrote "When the concepts concerned with the relation of body size and metabolic rate are clarified, . . . then compartive physiology of metabolism will be of great help in solving one of the most intricate and interesting problems in biology, namely the regulation of the rate of cell metabolism." Although Hill (
23
) realized that "the essential point about a large animal is that its structure should be capable of bearing its own weight and this leaves less play for other factors," he was forced to use an oversimplified "geometric similarity" hypothesis in his important work on animal locomotion and muscular dynamics. It is my hope that the model proposed here promises useful answers in comparisons of living things on both the microscopic and the gross scale, as part of the growing science of form, which asks precisely how organisms are diverse and yet again how they are alike.
Visual Resolution and Experience: Acuity Deficits in Cats Following Early Selective Visual Deprivation
Authors: Muir Darwin W. , Mitchell Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Cats reared during the first 5 months of life in environments that contain contours of a single orientation show a diminished ability to resolve gratings of the orthogonal orientation in later life. It is argued that these perceptual deficits result from changes in the organization of the visual cortex induced by the selected early visual input.
Histamine: Effect on Self-Stimulation
Authors: Cohn Cal K. , Ball Gordon G. , Hirsch Jules
Published: October 2006

When injected discretely into the lateral hypothalamus of rats, histamine inhibited electrical self-stimulation at the injection site without affecting self-stimulation in the contralateral lateral hypothalamus. This effect was blocked by prior treatment with antihistaminics. Histidine, the amino acid precursor of histamine, produced a similar effect after a delay of 6 to 10 minutes.
Radioreceptor Assay for Prolactin and Other Lactogenic Hormones
Authors: Shiu R. P. C. , Kelly P. A. , Friesen H. G.
Published: October 2006

A radioreceptor assay with a sensitivity of 5 nanograms per milliliter has been developed for mammalian and avian pituitary prolactin, placental lactogenic hormones, and human growth hormone, using a membrane receptor preparation isolated from rabbit mammary glands. Prolactin preparations inhibited the binding of [
125
I]prolactin to receptors in direct proportion to the biological potency of these preparations. Thus, the radioreceptor assay provides a convenient and simple assay for hormones which have lactogenic activity.
Tool-Making and Tool-Using in the Northern Blue Jay
Authors: Jones Thony B. , Kamil Alan C.
Published: October 2006

Laboratory-raised Northern blue jays (
Cyanocitta cristata
) have been observed tearing pieces from pages of newspaper and utilizing them as tools to rake in food pellets which were otherwise out of reach. The frequency of this behavior was dependent upon the motivational state of the jay and the presence of food pellets.
Ionic Conductivity of Yttrium Fluoride and Lutetium Fluoride
Authors: O'Keeffe M.
Published: October 2006

At the transitions from the low-temperature orthorhombic forms of lutetium fluoride and yttrium fluoride to the high-temperature hexagonal forms, there are increases of several orders of magnitude in the ionic conductivities. In the high-temperature phases the conductivities are comparable to those of typical ionic melts. These fluoride compounds are therefore solid electrolytes.
In situ Sampler for Marine Sedimentary Pore Waters: Evidence for Potassium Depletion and Calcium Enrichment
Authors: Sayles F. L , Wilson T. R. S. , Hume D. N. , Mangelsdorf P. C.
Published: October 2006

A device for sampling the interstitial waters of deep-sea sediments in situ has been developed and tested. The sampler collects a series of samples over a depth of 1.5 meters in the sediment and thus makes possible the accurate delineation of chemical gradients existing in the pore waters. Samples collected in the North Atlantic indicate that significant gradients of K
+
and Ca
2+
exist in the sediments sampled. Interstitial solutions sampled between Ireland and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, are characterized by the depletion of K
+
and the enrichment of Ca
2+
.
An Equatorial Jet in the Indian Ocean
Authors: Wyrtki Klaus
Published: October 2006

At the surface of the Indian Ocean along the equator a narrow, jet-like current flows eastward at high speed during both transition periods between the two monsoons. The formation of the jet is accompanied by thermocline uplifting at the western origin of the jet and by sinking at its eastern terminus. This demonstrates that a time-variable current can have profound effects in changing the mass structure in the ocean.
Dopamine-β-Hydroxylase Deficits in the Brains of Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Wise C. David , Stein Larry
Published: October 2006

Postmortem brain specimens from 18 schizophrenic patients and 12 normal controls were assayed for dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme responsible for the final step in norepinephrine biosynthesis. There was a significant reduction in the DBH activity of the schizophrenic group in all brain regions examined. Enzyme deficits in hippocampus and diencephalon were somewhat larger than that in pons-medulla. Since various extraneous factors, such as nonspecific deterioration, drug treatment, duration of hospitalization, cause of death, sex, and age could be ruled out, the deficits in DBH may be associated with the schizophrenic disease process. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that noradrenergic "reward" pathways are damaged in schizophrenia.
Human Perception of Illumination with Pulsed Ultrahigh-Frequency Electromagnetic Energy
Authors: Frey Allan H. , Messenger Rodman
Published: October 2006

A psychophysical study of the perception of "sound" induced by illumination with pulse-modulated, ultrahigh-frequency electromagnetic energy indicated that perception was primarily dependent upon peak power and secondarily dependent upon pulse width. The average power did not significantly affect perception. Perceived characteristics of pitch and timbre appeared to be functions of modulation.
Apollo 14 and Apollo 16 Heavy-Particle Dosimetry Experiments
Authors: Fleischer R. L. , Hart H. R. , Comstock G. M. , Carter M. , Renshaw A. , Hardy A.
Published: October 2006

Doses of heavy particles at positions inside the command modules of Apollo missions 8, 12, 14, and 16 correlate well with the calculated effects of solar modulation of the primary cosmic radiation. Differences in doses at different stowage positions indicate that the redistribution of mass within the spacecraft could enhance safety from the biological damage that would otherwise be expected on manned, deep-space missions.