bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
S-Nitrosothiols modulate G protein-coupled receptor signaling in a reversible and highly receptor-specific manner
Authors: Kokkola Tarja , Savinainen Juha R , Mönkkönen Kati S , Retamal Montse Durán , Laitinen Jarmo T
Published: April 2005

Background

Recent studies indicate that the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling machinery can serve as a direct target of reactive oxygen species, including nitric oxide (NO) and S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs). To gain a broader view into the way that receptor-dependent G protein activation – an early step in signal transduction – might be affected by RSNOs, we have studied several receptors coupling to the Gi family of G proteins in their native cellular environment using the powerful functional approach of [35S]GTPγS autoradiography with brain cryostat sections in combination with classical G protein activation assays.

Results

We demonstrate that RSNOs, like S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and S-nitrosocysteine (CysNO), can modulate GPCR signaling via reversible, thiol-sensitive mechanisms probably involving S-nitrosylation. RSNOs are capable of very targeted regulation, as they potentiate the signaling of some receptors (exemplified by the M2/M4 muscarinic cholinergic receptors), inhibit others (P2Y12 purinergic, LPA1lysophosphatidic acid, and cannabinoid CB1 receptors), but may only marginally affect signaling of others, such as adenosine A1, μ-opioid, and opiate related receptors. Amplification of M2/M4 muscarinic responses is explained by an accelerated rate of guanine nucleotide exchange, as well as an increased number of high-affinity [35S]GTPγS binding sites available for the agonist-activated receptor. GSNO amplified human M4 receptor signaling also under heterologous expression in CHO cells, but the effect diminished with increasing constitutive receptor activity. RSNOs markedly inhibited P2Y12 receptor signaling in native tissues (rat brain and human platelets), but failed to affect human P2Y12 receptor signaling under heterologous expression in CHO cells, indicating that the native cellular signaling partners, rather than the P2Y12 receptor protein, act as a molecular target for this action.

Conclusion

These in vitro studies show for the first time in a broader general context that RSNOs are capable of modulating GPCR signaling in a reversible and highly receptor-specific manner. Given that the enzymatic machinery responsible for endogenous NO production is located in close proximity with the GPCR signaling complex, especially with that for several receptors whose signaling is shown here to be modulated by exogenous RSNOs, our data suggest that GPCR signaling in vivo is likely to be subject to substantial, and highly receptor-specific modulation by NO-derived RSNOs.
The Microbial Rosetta Stone Database: A compilation of global and emerging infectious microorganisms and bioterrorist threat agents
Authors: Ecker David J , Sampath Rangarajan , Willett Paul , Wyatt Jacqueline R , Samant Vivek , Massire Christian , Hall Thomas A , Hari Kumar , McNeil John A , Büchen-Osmond Cornelia , Budowle Bruce
Published: April 2005

Background

Thousands of different microorganisms affect the health, safety, and economic stability of populations. Many different medical and governmental organizations have created lists of the pathogenic microorganisms relevant to their missions; however, the nomenclature for biological agents on these lists and pathogens described in the literature is inexact. This ambiguity can be a significant block to effective communication among the diverse communities that must deal with epidemics or bioterrorist attacks.

Results

We have developed a database known as the Microbial Rosetta Stone. The database relates microorganism names, taxonomic classifications, diseases, specific detection and treatment protocols, and relevant literature. The database structure facilitates linkage to public genomic databases. This paper focuses on the information in the database for pathogens that impact global public health, emerging infectious organisms, and bioterrorist threat agents.

Conclusion

The Microbial Rosetta Stone is available at http://www.microbialrosettastone.com/. The database provides public access to up-to-date taxonomic classifications of organisms that cause human diseases, improves the consistency of nomenclature in disease reporting, and provides useful links between different public genomic and public health databases.
The Familial Intracranial Aneurysm (FIA) study protocol
Authors: Broderick Joseph P , Sauerbeck Laura R , Foroud Tatiana , Huston John , Pankratz Nathan , Meissner Irene , Brown Robert D
Published: April 2005

Background

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms (IAs) occurs in about 20,000 people per year in the U.S. annually and nearly half of the affected persons are dead within the first 30 days. Survivors of ruptured IAs are often left with substantial disability. Thus, primary prevention of aneurysm formation and rupture is of paramount importance. Prior studies indicate that genetic factors are important in the formation and rupture of IAs. The long-term goal of the Familial Intracranial Aneurysm (FIA) Study is to identify genes that underlie the development and rupture of intracranial aneurysms (IA).

Methods/Design

The FIA Study includes 26 clinical centers which have extensive experience in the clinical management and imaging of intracerebral aneurysms. 475 families with affected sib pairs or with multiple affected relatives will be enrolled through retrospective and prospective screening of potential subjects with an IA. After giving informed consent, the proband or their spokesperson invites other family members to participate. Each participant is interviewed using a standardized questionnaire which covers medical history, social history and demographic information. In addition blood is drawn from each participant for DNA isolation and immortalization of lymphocytes. High- risk family members without a previously diagnosed IA undergo magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) to identify asymptomatic unruptured aneurysms. A 10 cM genome screen will be performed to identify FIA susceptibility loci. Due to the significant mortality of affected individuals, novel approaches are employed to reconstruct the genotype of critical deceased individuals. These include the intensive recruitment of the spouse and children of deceased, affected individuals.

Discussion

A successful, adequately-powered genetic linkage study of IA is challenging given the very high, early mortality of ruptured IA. Design features in the FIA Study that address this challenge include recruitment at a large number of highly active clinical centers, comprehensive screening and recruitment techniques, non-invasive vascular imaging of high-risk subjects, genome reconstruction of dead affected individuals using marker data from closely related family members, and inclusion of environmental covariates in the statistical analysis.
Sensori-motor adaptation to knee osteoarthritis during stepping-down before and after total knee replacement
Authors: Mouchnino L , Gueguen N , Blanchard C , Boulay C , Gimet G , Viton J-M , Franceschi J-P , Delarque A
Published: April 2005

Background

Stepping-down is preceded by a shift of the center of mass towards the supporting side and forward. The ability to control both balance and lower limb movement was investigated in knee osteoarthritis patients before and after surgery. It was hypothesized that pain rather than knee joint mobility affects the coordination between balance and movement control.

Methods

The experiment was performed with 25 adult individuals. Eleven were osteoarthritic patients with damage restricted to one lower limb (8 right leg and 3 left leg). Subjects were recruited within two weeks before total knee replacement by the same orthopedic surgeon using the same prosthesis and technics of surgery. Osteoarthritic patients were tested before total knee replacement (pre-surgery session) and then, 9 of the 11 patients were tested one year after the surgery when re-educative training was completed (post-surgery session). 14 adult individuals (men: n = 7 and women: n = 7) were tested as the control group.

Results

The way in which the center of mass shift forward and toward the supporting side is initiated (timing and amplitude) did not vary within patients before and after surgery. In addition knee joint range of motion of the leading leg remained close to normal before and after surgery. However, the relative timing between both postural and movement phases was modified for the osteoarthritis supporting leg (unusual strategy for stepping-down) before surgery. The "coordinated" control of balance and movement turned to be a "sequential" mode of control; once the body weight transfer has been completed, the movement onset is triggered. This strategy could be aimed at shortening the duration-time supporting on the painful limb. However no such compensatory response was observed.

Conclusion

The change in the strategy used when supporting on the arthritis and painful limb could result from the action of nociceptors that lead to increased proprioceptor thresholds, thus gating the proprioceptive inputs that may be the critical afferents in controlling the timing of the coordination between balance and movement initiation control.
Being uninformed on informed consent: a pilot survey of medical education faculty
Authors: Mavis Brian E , Henry Rebecca C
Published: April 2005

Background

This paper describes a pilot survey of faculty involved in medical education. The questionnaire focuses on their understanding of IRB policies at their institution, specifically in relation to the use of student assessment and curriculum evaluation information for scholarship.

Methods

An anonymous survey was distributed to medical educators in a variety of venues. Two brief scenarios of typical student assessment or curriculum evaluation activities were presented and respondents were asked to indicate their likely course of action related to IRB approval. The questionnaire also asked respondents about their knowledge of institutional policies related to IRB approval.

Results

A total of 121 completed surveys were obtained; 59 (50%) respondents identified themselves as from community-based medical schools. For the first scenario, 78 respondents (66%) would have contact with the IRB; this increased to 97 respondents (82%) for the second scenario. For both scenarios, contact with the IRB was less likely among respondents from research-intensive institutions. Sixty respondents (55%) were unsure if their institutions had policies addressing evaluation data used for scholarship. Fifty respondents (41%) indicated no prior discussions at their institutions regarding IRB requirements.

Conclusion

Many faculty members are unaware of IRB policies at their medical schools related to the use of medical student information. To the extent that policies are in place, they are highly variable across schools suggesting little standardization in faculty understanding and/or institutional implementation. Principles to guide faculty decision-making are provided.
Endemic malaria: an 'indoor' disease in northern Europe. Historical data analysed
Authors: Huldén Lena , Huldén Larry , Heliövaara Kari
Published: April 2005

Background

Endemic northern malaria reached 68°N latitude in Europe during the 19thcentury, where the summer mean temperature only irregularly exceeded 16°C, the lower limit needed for sporogony ofPlasmodium vivax. Because of the available historical material and little use of quinine, Finland was suitable for an analysis of endemic malaria and temperature.

Methods

Annual malaria death frequencies during 1800–1870 extracted from parish records were analysed against long-term temperature records in Finland, Russia and Sweden. Supporting data from 1750–1799 were used in the interpretation of the results. The life cycle and behaviour of the anopheline mosquitoes were interpreted according to the literature.

Results

Malaria frequencies correlated strongly with the mean temperature of June and July of the preceding summer, corresponding to larval development of the vector. Hatching of imagoes peaks in the middle of August, when the temperature most years is too low for the sporogony ofPlasmodium. After mating some of the females hibernate in human dwellings. If the female gets gametocytes from infective humans, the development ofPlasmodiumcan only continue indoors, in heated buildings.

Conclusion

Northern malaria existed in a cold climate by means of summer dormancy of hypnozoites in humans and indoor transmission of sporozoites throughout the winter by semiactive hibernating mosquitoes. Variable climatic conditions did not affect this relationship. The epidemics, however, were regulated by the population size of the mosquitoes which, in turn, ultimately was controlled by the temperatures of the preceding summer.
The importance of APC
Authors: Ablamunits Vitaly
Published: April 2005

Readers in immunology are familiar with the importance of antigen presenting cells in mounting immune responses. For the purpose of this particular editorial article, however, the abbreviation APC will stand for article processing charges. The publisher will introduce APCs for this Journal in May, 2005. Here we explain why article-processing charges are important to maintain our Open Access journal.
Roy Walford and the immunologic theory of aging
Authors: Effros Rita B
Published: April 2005

Roy Walford died on April 27, 2004, at the age of 79. His contributions to gerontological research in such diverse areas as caloric restriction, genetics of lifespan, immunosenescence, DNA repair and replicative senescence were truly remarkable in their depth and innovation. Significantly, most of the areas that he pioneered during his illustrious research career remain the "hot" areas of current gerontological research. In this sense, he has achieved the most important type of immortality. His death was a major personal and professional loss to numerous scientists within the gerontological community. In launching this new journal on Immunity and Ageing, it is highly fitting, therefore, to remember him on the anniversary of his death by briefly reviewing the contributions of Roy Walford to this important facet of gerontology. Indeed, it was Roy who actually first coined the commonly used term "immunosenescence".
The use of a mini bypass system (Cobe Synergy) without venous and cardiotomy reservoir in a mitral valve repair: a case report
Authors: Huybregts M AJM , de Vroege R , Christiaans H MT , Smith A L , Paulus R CE
Published: April 2005

The use of mini cardiopulmonary bypass circuits is an emerging technology. The venous and cardiotomy reservoir have been excluded from the circuit. This results in a reduction of the blood contact surface area and of the priming volume.

Entrainment of venous air, however, remains a drawback in the widespread acceptance of using these mini circuits.

The technique described resolves this problem by automatic removal of venous air, and explains how this mini cardiopulmonary bypass circuit was utilized on a 64-year-old female presented for a mitral valve repair.

In the absence of a cardiotomy reservoir, an autotrans-fusion cell separator was used to process shed blood and, after CPB, the residual pump blood.

This mini bypass circuit, with the safety feature to remove automatically venous air, provided an additional degree of protection.

In our experience, mini bypass circuits allow us safely to perform cardiopulmonary bypass during valve procedures.
Protein Expression of a Triad of Frequently Methylated Genes, p73, p57Kip2, and p15, Has Prognostic Value in Adult Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Independently of Its Methylation Status
Authors: Bueso-Ramos Carlos , Xu Yunling , McDonnell Timothy J. , Brisbay Shawn , Pierce Sherry , Kantarjian Hagop , Rosner Gary , Garcia-Manero Guillermo
Published: April 2005

Purpose

To study the relationship between protein expression and DNA methylation of a triad of cell-cycle regulatory genes known to be frequently methylated in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

Patients and Methods

Protein expression of p73, p15, and p57Kip2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using a tissue microarray (TMA) platform. The TMA was constructed using pretreatment bone marrow biopsy specimens from 64 adult patients with ALL. Protein expression was then correlated with DNA methylation and relevant clinical biologic characteristics.

Results

p73 protein expression was observed in 19 (30%) patients, cytoplasmic p15 in 19 (31%), and p57 in 40 (70%). Three patients (5%) had expression of all three proteins, 16 (29%) of two proteins, 31 (55%) of one protein, and six (11%) of zero proteins. An inverse association was observed between p73 DNA methylation and protein expression (P = .003). This effect was not observed for either p15 or p57Kip2. Expression of any of the proteins studied was not associated with any distinct biologic characteristic. By multivariate analysis, expression of p57Kip2, cytoplasmic p15, or a combination of p57Kip2 with either p15 or p73 was associated with a better overall survival (P < .001, .04, and .03 respectively).

Conclusion

Expression of a triad of cell cycle regulatory proteins that includes p73, p15, and p57Kip2 has prognostic value in adult patients with ALL independently of the methylation status of each gene.
Agreement Between Self-Reported Breast Cancer Treatment and Medical Records in a Population-Based Breast Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Phillips Kelly-Anne , Milne Roger L. , Buys Saundra , Friedlander Michael L. , Ward John H. , McCredie Margaret R.E. , Giles Graham G. , Hopper John L.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Although self-report data on treatment for breast cancer are collected in some large epidemiologic studies, their accuracy is unknown.

Methods

As part of a population-based Breast Cancer Family Registry, questionnaires on initial breast cancer treatment and subsequent recurrence were mailed to Australian women diagnosed between 1991 and 1998. These self-report data were validated against medical records for 895 women.

Results

The median recall period was 3.2 years, mean age at diagnosis was 44 years, and 81% of women had early-stage breast cancer. Agreement between the two data sources was very high for general questions about type of treatment (100%, 99%, 99%, and 94% for surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, respectively). For more specific questions about details of each treatment received, agreement was: for radiation therapy, 96% and 99% for radiation to the breast and chest wall, respectively; for surgery, 83%, 97%, and 88% for lumpectomy, mastectomy, and lymph node dissection, respectively; for hormonal therapy, 94% for tamoxifen; and for chemotherapy, range between 76% and 93%. There was 97% agreement about whether there had been a recurrence, and agreement about the location of recurrence was at least 90% for all sites. Agreement regarding stage at diagnosis was 62%, with discrepancies mostly due to women with locoregional disease incorrectly reporting distant spread.

Conclusion

This self-report questionnaire can be used to collect accurate data on broad categories of initial breast cancer treatment and recurrence, and even for more detailed information on specifics of treatment and site of recurrence.
Role of Uncal Resection in Optimizing Transsylvian Access to the Basilar Apex: Cadaveric Investigation and Preliminary Clinical Experience in Eight Patients
Authors: Post Nicholas , Russell Stephen M. , Jafar Jafar J.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

The pretemporal approach has gained popularity for the treatment of basilar apex aneurysms. However, it requires the sacrifice of anterior temporal bridging veins to allow posterior temporal lobe retraction and, for patients with dominant pretemporal venous drainage, has the attendant risk of venous hypertension, hemorrhagic venous infarction, or seizures postoperatively. Alternatively, we have found that splitting the sylvian fissure, resecting the uncus, and applying posterolateral retraction to the medial temporal lobe provides a similar exposure to the basilar apex while preserving the anterior temporal bridging veins. To evaluate the transsylvian, trans-uncal approach to the basilar apex, we report our initial clinical results using this exposure in eight consecutive patients. A morphometric cadaveric analysis comparing this approach with the pretemporal approach was also performed.

METHODS:

For the clinical study, all hospital charts and imaging studies were retrospectively reviewed for patients undergoing the transsylvian, trans-uncal approach for the treatment of an upper basilar trunk aneurysm between July 2000 and July 2002. In the anatomic study, six formalin-fixed cadaver specimens were used. Two sequential exposures of the basilar apex were performed on each specimen side. First, the pretemporal exposure was performed with anteroposterior temporal lobe retraction. Next, after the temporal lobe had been allowed to return to normal anatomic position, the retractor was repositioned on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe superficial to the uncus, and a 10 × 10 × 15-mm volume of uncus was removed. Morphometric measurements were performed for each exposure.

RESULTS:

Four basilar bifurcation and four superior cerebellar segment aneurysms in eight consecutive patients were successfully clip-ligated by use of the transsylvian, trans-uncal approach. All patients had temporal bridging veins that were preserved, as documented by angiography and operative reports. No patient developed a venous infarction or new postoperative seizures, with a mean follow-up of 9.75 months (range, 0.5–28 mo). The cadaveric analysis revealed that in addition to providing a similar exposure of the upper basilar complex, the transsylvian, trans-uncal approach provided additional exposure of the ipsilateral posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries compared with the pretemporal approach.

CONCLUSION:

When approaching the basilar bifurcation, the transsylvian, trans-uncal approach provides superior exposure of the ipsilateral superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries compared with the pretemporal approach, while preserving the anterior temporal bridging veins. This approach is most valuable in patients with dominant temporal venous drainage or when additional exposure of the ipsilateral posterior cerebral or superior cerebellar arteries is required.
Reconstruction of the Cranial Base in Surgery for Jugular Foramen Tumors
Authors: Ramina Ricardo , Maniglia Joao J. , Paschoal Jorge R. , Fernandes Yvens B. , Neto Mauricio Coelho , Honorato Donizeti C.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

The surgical removal of a jugular foramen (JF) tumor presents the neurosurgeon with a complex management problem that requires an understanding of the natural history, diagnosis, surgical approaches, and postoperative complications. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage is one of the most common complications of this surgery. Different surgical approaches and management concepts to avoid this complication have been described, mainly in the ear, nose, and throat literature. The purpose of this study was to review the results of CSF leakage prevention in a series of 66 patients with JF tumors operated on by a multidisciplinary cranial base team using a new technique for cranial base reconstruction.

METHODS:

We retrospectively studied 66 patients who had JF tumors with intracranial extension and who underwent surgical treatment in our institutions from January 1987 to December 2001. Paragangliomas were the most frequent lesions, followed by schwannomas and meningiomas. All patients were operated on using the same multidisciplinary surgical approach (neurosurgeons and ear, nose, and throat surgeons). A surgical strategy for reconstruction of the cranial base using vascularized flaps was carried out. The closure of the surgical wound was performed in three layers. A specially developed myofascial flap (temporalis fascia, cervical fascia, and sternocleidomastoid muscle) associated to the inferior rotation of the posterior portion of the temporalis muscle was used to reconstruct the cranial base with vascularized flaps.

RESULTS:

In this series of 66 patients, postoperative CSF leakage developed in three cases. These patients presented with very large or recurrent tumors, and the postoperative CSF fistulae were surgically closed. The cosmetic result obtained with this reconstruction was classified as excellent or good in all patients.

CONCLUSION:

Our results compare favorably with those reported in the literature. The surgical strategy used for cranial base reconstruction presented in this article has several advantages over the current surgical techniques used in cases of JF tumors.
Reduction of Postoperative Perineural Adhesions by Hyaloglide Gel: An Experimental Study in the Rat Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Dam-Hieu Phong , Lacroix Catherine , Said Gérard , Devanz Pauline , Liu Song , Tadie Marc
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the effects of Hyaloglide gel (or auto-cross-linked polysaccharide [ACP] gel; Fidia Advanced Biopolymers, Abano Terme, Italy), a hyaluronan-derivative polymer, on peripheral nerve scarring and nerve regeneration.

METHODS:

We performed two surgical procedures in adult rats: 1) neurolysis of the sciatic nerve and separation of its tibial and peroneal branches, and 2) transection and immediate suture of the sciatic nerve. After nerve manipulation, ACP gel was applied onto the site of operation. We tested two solutions of ACP gel having different viscosities. Additional animals received Adcon-T/N (Gliatech, Inc., Cleveland, OH), an antiadhesive agent currently available for clinical use. No gel was applied on the contralateral side, which served as a control side. Four weeks later, the animals underwent reoperation. We assessed the quality of wound healing, the presence of perineural adherences, and the separability of nerves from surrounding tissues.

RESULTS:

Significantly fewer perineural adhesions were found in animals treated with ACP gel (high viscosity) and Adcon-T/N compared with controls. Quantitative histological analysis revealed a statistically significant reduction in the amount of scar tissue surrounding the nerves treated with ACP gel. No evidence of toxicity was found, and the gel did not interfere with nerve regeneration (counts of regenerating myelinated axons).

CONCLUSION:

ACP gel with high viscosity seems to be safe and effective in reducing perineural adhesions and scar formation after peripheral nerve surgery.
Minimally Invasive, Endoscopic, Internal Thoracoplasty for the Treatment of Scoliotic Rib Hump Deformity: Technical Note
Authors: Mummaneni Praveen V. , Sasso Rick C.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE:

Patients with idiopathic scoliosis often have a noticeable rib deformity that frequently persists after corrective surgery. Open thoracoplasty has been the traditional method of reducing rib deformity. Recently, however, video-assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) has been used to perform thoracoplasty. There have been no long-term follow-up studies on VATS thoracoplasty, nor have there been outcome scores to assess the results of thoracoplasty procedures. We present our experience using VATS thoracoplasty with long-term follow-up and propose an outcome grading system for thoracoplasty.

METHODS:

Between 1998 and 2000, four patients (age range, 14–53 yr) underwent VATS thoracoplasty for significant rib hump deformity (mean height, 5 cm; range, 4–6 cm) associated with idiopathic scoliosis. All patients had four rib segments resected during the VATS thoracoplasty procedure. Three of the four patients also underwent anterior thoracic release and discectomy during the procedure.

RESULTS:

Patients were followed for a mean of 40 months after surgery (range, 33–50 mo). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Outcomes were assessed using a patient questionnaire with our new thoracoplasty grading system. All patients were pleased that they had chosen to have VATS internal thoracoplasty. Based on our new grading system, two patients had an excellent outcome and two had a good outcome.

CONCLUSION:

VATS provides an alternative, minimally invasive route to perform thoracoplasty. VATS incisions are much smaller and more cosmetically appealing than open thoracoplasty incisions. Long-term follow-up indicates good to excellent patient outcomes.
Ventralis Intermedius plus Ventralis Oralis Anterior and Posterior Deep Brain Stimulation for Posttraumatic Holmes Tremor: Two Leads May Be Better than One: Technical Note
Authors: Foote Kelly D. , Okun Michael S.
Published: April 2005

OBJECTIVE AND IMPORTANCE:

To describe the effects of ventralis oralis anterior (VOA) and posterior (VOP), as well as ventralis intermedius (VIM), deep brain stimulation (two ipsilateral thalamic leads implanted) on posttraumatic Holmes tremor. Results of both thalamic lesioning and thalamic deep brain stimulation for Holmes tremor and tremors due to posttraumatic lesions in the region of the midbrain have been disappointing. In 2001, the use of two electrodes implanted in parallel for severe essential tremor was reported. We propose the use of a similar technique for posttraumatic Holmes tremor. One rationalization for the placement of two leads was to affect both the cerebellar receiving area (VIM) and the pallidal receiving area (VOA/VOP). A second rationalization was that the placement of a second electrode may affect somatotopy, and may, therefore, be beneficial for the treatment of more difficult to control tremor subtypes.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION:

A 24-year-old man with intractable posttraumatic Holmes tremor presented for consideration of a surgical intervention.

INTERVENTION:

A high-resolution, volumetric magnetic resonance imaging scan was obtained 1 day before the procedure. Microelectrode recording was used in addition to stereotactic computed tomography, image fusion, and stereotactic targeting to map the locations of the VIM, VOP, and VOA nuclei of the thalamus. A deep brain stimulation electrode was then implanted on the border between the left VIM and VOP thalamic nuclei, and a second ipsilateral deep brain stimulation lead was placed on the VOA and VOP border, 2 mm anterior to the first. Fourteen videotaped tremor rating scales were evaluated by two blinded reviewers.

CONCLUSION:

The patient experienced tremor rebound with VIM-VOP monotherapy. However, when the second lead (VOA/VOP) was activated, he experienced sustained improvement in tremor and tremor disability at a 12-month follow-up examination. This case elucidates a potential new approach for the treatment of patients with posttraumatic Holmes tremor. Additional study and longer follow-up periods will be needed to further evaluate this promising therapy.
Scaling of maximum net force output by motors used for locomotion
Authors: Marden James H.
Published: April 2005

Biological and engineered motors are surprisingly similar in their adherence to two or possibly three fundamental regimes for the mass scaling of maximum force output (Fmax). One scaling regime (Group 1:myosin, kinesin, dynein and RNA polymerase molecules; muscle cells; whole muscles; winches; linear actuators) comprises motors that create slow translational motion with force outputs limited by the axial stress capacity of the motor, which results in Fmax scaling as motor mass0.67 (M0.67). Another scaling regime (Group 2: flying birds, bats and insects; swimming fish; running animals; piston engines; electric motors; jets) comprises motors that cycle rapidly, with significant internal and external accelerations, and for whom inertia and fatigue life appear to be important constraints. The scaling of inertial loads and fatigue life both appear to enforce Fmax scaling as M1.0 in these motors. Despite great differences in materials and mechanisms, the mass specific Fmax of Group 2 motors clusters tightly around a mean of 57 N kg-1, a region of specific force loading where there appears to be a common transition from high- to low-cycle fatigue. For motors subject to multi-axial stresses, the steepness of the load-life curve in the neighborhood of 50-100 N kg-1 may overwhelm other material and mechanistic factors, thereby homogenizing the mass specific Fmax of grossly dissimilar animals and machines. Rockets scale with Group 1 motors but for different mechanistic reasons; they are free from fatigue constraints and their thrust is determined by mass flow rates that depend on cross sectional area of the exit nozzle. There is possibly a third scaling regime of Fmax for small motors (bacterial and spermatazoan flagella; a protozoan spring) where viscosity dominates over inertia. Data for force output of viscous regime motors are scarce, but the few data available suggest a gradually increasing scaling slope that converges with the Group 2 scaling relationship at a Reynolds number of about 102. The Group 1 and Group 2 scaling relationships intersect at a motor mass of 4400 kg, which restricts the force output and design of Group 2 motors greater than this mass. Above 4400 kg, all motors are limited by stress and have Fmax that scales as M0.67; this results in a gradual decline in mass specific Fmax at motor mass greater than 4400 kg. Because of declining mass specific Fmax, there is little or no potential for biological or engineered motors or rockets larger than those already in use.
Field metabolic rate and body size
Authors: Nagy Kenneth A.
Published: April 2005

The field metabolic rates (FMRs) of 229 species of terrestrial vertebrates,all measured using the doubly labeled water method in free-living individuals,were evaluated. Daily rates of energy expenditure were as low as 0.23 kJ per day in a small reptile (gecko), to as high as 52 500 kJ per day in a marine mammal (seal). This is a range of nearly six orders of magnitude. More than 70% of the variation in log-transformed data is due to variation in body size(expressed as body mass). Much of the remaining variation is accounted for by thermal physiology, with the endothermic mammals and birds having FMRs that are about 12 and 20 times higher, respectively, than FMRs of equivalent-sized,but ectothermic, reptiles. Variation in log(body mass) within each of these three taxonomic classes accounts for over 94% of the variation in log(FMR),and results from nonlinear regression analyses using untransformed data support this conclusion. However, the range of residual variation in mass-adjusted FMR within classes is still more than sixfold (ratio of highest over lowest). Some of this variation is associated with affiliations with lower taxonomic levels (Infraclass: eutherian vs metatherian mammals;Family: passerine, procellariform and galliform birds vs other birds), some is associated with habitat (especially desert vsnondesert), and some with differences in basic diet preference and foraging mode and season. The scaling slopes for FMR often differ from BMR slopes for the same Class of animals, and most differ from the theoretical slope of 0.75. Differences among slopes and intercepts that were detected using conventional regression analyses were largely confirmed upon reanalysis using Independent Contrasts Analysis to adjust for phylogenetic biases.
Scaling and power-laws in ecological systems
Authors: Marquet Pablo A. , Quiñones Renato A. , Abades Sebastian , Labra Fabio , Tognelli Marcelo , Arim Matias , Rivadeneira Marcelo
Published: April 2005

Scaling relationships (where body size features as the independent variable) and power-law distributions are commonly reported in ecological systems. In this review we analyze scaling relationships related to energy acquisition and transformation and power-laws related to fluctuations in numbers. Our aim is to show how individual level attributes can help to explain and predict patterns at the level of populations that can propagate at upper levels of organization. We review similar relationships also appearing in the analysis of aquatic ecosystems (i.e. the biomass spectra) in the context of ecological invariant relationships (i.e. independent of size) such as the `energetic equivalence rule' and the `linear biomass hypothesis'. We also discuss some power-law distributions emerging in the analysis of numbers and fluctuations in ecological attributes as they point to regularities that are yet to be integrated with traditional scaling relationships and which we foresee as an exciting area of future research.
The development of a semi-empirical model for rapid NOx concentration evaluation using measured in-cylinder pressure in diesel engines
Authors: Timoney D J , Desantes J M , Hernández L , Lyons C M
Published: April 2005

Continued legislative pressure to reduce NO x emissions from diesel engine combustion systems generates a desire for cycle-by-cycle emissions data, with a view to their use in a feedback control strategy, perhaps in conjunction with an exhaust catalytic reactor. While NO x sensors that provide fast, robust, reliable, and continuous measurements in a diesel exhaust at a reasonable price are currently the subject of much development, the present work focuses on an indirect approach. This has led to the development of a semi-empirical model that can be used to estimate NO x emissions, based on more easily measured input data, primarily in the form of instantaneous in-cylinder pressure as a function of crank angle. The model computations are based on fundamental thermodynamic principles, but key empirical constants have been derived with the aid of statistical techniques. The approach taken relied on the availability of an extensive bank of experimental data from three different designs of direct injection diesel engine, each utilizing common rail type fuel injection systems and, in some cases, with the use of multiple injections per cycle.
Detection and Correction of injection failures in diesel engines on the basis of turbocharger instantaneous speed frequency analysis
Authors: Macián V , Galindo J , Luján J M , Guardiola C
Published: April 2005

Combustion failure diagnosis techniques for reciprocating internal combustion engines have been developed over the last few years. Nowadays the most usual techniques are based on the crankshaft instantaneous speed or on engine vibrations. These methods, although successfully in use, may be applied only to maintenance tasks or to low and moderate engine speeds. In this paper, a controller for the correction of injection failures is presented. The aim of the algorithm is to ensure that the same quantity of fuel is injected into each one of the cylinders. This governor can be applied to the full operating range of the engine. The injection failure detection and identification technique is based on the measurement of the turbocharger instantaneous speed and its treatment in the frequency domain. The simulation of the controller shows an effective reduction in the dispersion between cylinders to a level below 2 per cent.
Exchange Behaviour of Amorphous AlPO4 towards Cu2+ Ions
Authors: Javid Muhammad , Mustafa Syed , Zaman Muhammad Iqbal , Gul Rana
Published: April 2005

Sorption studies of Cu2+ ions onto AlPO4 were carried out as a function of pH (3–5) and temperature (303–323 K). The extent of sorption was found to increase with an increase in Cu2+ ion concentration, pH and the temperature of the system. The Kurbatov equation along with a new equation based on the law of mass action were found applicable to the sorption data. The sorption mechanism was found to consist of an exchange between the H+ ions from the exchanger and Cu2+ ions from the aqueous solution. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated showed that the process was endothermic and non-spontaneous in nature. FT-IR spectroscopy was also employed to evaluate the mechanism of Cu2+ ion sorption.
Synthetic Carbons Derived from a Styrene—Divinylbenzene Copolymer Using Phosphoric Acid Activation
Authors: Puziy A.M. , Poddubnaya O.I. , Martínez-Alonso A. , Suárez-García F. , Tascón J.M.D.
Published: April 2005

Activated carbons were obtained by phosphoric acid activation of a porous chloromethylated and sulphonated styrene—divinylbenzene copolymer in two different atmospheres (argon and air) at various temperatures in the range 400–1000°C. The development with activation temperature of several characteristic parameters of the resulting carbons, i.e. bulk density, yield, surface area, meso-, micro- and ultra-micropore volumes, and cation-exchange capacity, was examined. All these parameters were recalculated relative to the volume of adsorbent (to obtain their practical effectiveness) and then related to the same quantity of precursor (to yield their economic efficiency). It is concluded that the carbons obtained in an argon atmosphere exhibit some practical advantages over those obtained in air regarding cation adsorption, although those obtained in air at low temperatures may represent an interesting alternative.
Adsorption of p-Dihydroxybenzene from Single, Binary and Ternary Aqueous Systems onto Activated Charcoal
Authors: Halhouli Khalil A. , Darwish Naif A. , Al-Jahmani Ya'rub Y.
Published: April 2005

The adsorption of para-dihydroxybenzene ( p-DHB) from aqueous multi-component systems onto activated charcoal was investigated. The study involved the adsorption of p-DHB from systems containing all combinations of p-DHB, phenol and 4-amino-1-naphthalene sulphonic acid sodium salt (ANSA) in aqueous solutions. Equilibrium isotherms were generated at three temperature values (30°C, 40°C and 55°C). As expected for exothermic physical adsorption, the adsorption of p-DHB from the single-component system and from the binary system containing ANSA decreased with increasing temperature. However, the adsorption of p-DHB from the binary system containing phenol increased with temperature.

The effect of KCl and NaCl (at a concentration of 0.05 M) at 30°C was also investigated. The adsorption of p-DHB varied from one system to another. Both salts reduced the adsorption of p-DHB from the single and binary systems. The reduction in adsorption capacity (relative to the adsorption capacity in a salt-free system) attained only ca. 35% in the case of single-solute adsorption and ca. 20% and 33% from the binary systems containing p-DHB and phenol or ANSA, respectively. In contrast, the presence of KCl or NaCl had no appreciable effect on the adsorption of p-DHB from the ternary system.
The Moulded Site Data (MSD) Wind Correlation Method; Description and Assessment
Authors: King Ciaran , Hurley Brian
Published: April 2005

The long-term wind resource at a potential windfarm site may be estimated by correlating short-term on-site wind measurements with data from a regional meteorological station. A correlation method developed at Airtricity is described in sufficient detail to be reproduced. An assessment of its performance is also described; the results may serve as a guide to expected accuracy when using the method as part of an annual electricity production estimate for a proposed windfarm.
Development of Advanced Wind Turbine Systems for Remote Islands
Authors: Nagao Toru , Kato Hiroshi , Shiraishi Takashi , Yoshida Shigeo , Sugino Junichi
Published: April 2005

The Japanese government development of 100 kW wind turbines has been undertaken by NEDO (New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization) since 1999 and was completed successfully in March 2003. The turbine system is to for remote island communities which have electricity supply from mini-grids with diesel-engine generators. Such islands commonly have weak grid supply and poorly constructed infrastructure. Winds are strong, so wind turbine generation is attractive; however the likelihood of strong typhoons makes most existing wind turbines unsuitable. The purpose of this government development is to establish wind power generation suitable for such isolated and remote islands, and to operate in parallel with constantly running diesel sets. The main task is diesel-fuel saving. Two 100 kW wind turbines were developed and evaluated on a remote island in Okinawa. All the development targets i.e. high strength, easy construction, high penetration into the diesel grid etc have been demonstrated successfully. This updated paper follows the final report of the development.
On the Rotor Effects upon Nacelle Anemometry for Wind Turbines
Authors: Smaïli Arezki , Masson Christian
Published: April 2005

The objective of this paper is to study the typical atmospheric turbulent flow around the rotor and nacelle of a HAWT, in order to (i) investigate the impact of the turbine's rotating blades on the flow field over the nacelle, i.e. the rotor-nacelle interaction; (ii) assess the appropriate anemometer location on the nacelle, and therefore (iii) establish the relationship between wind speed measured near the nacelle and free stream wind speed. The paper presents a numerical method for investigating the effects of rotating rotor blades on the nacelle anemometry of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT). The flow field around the turbine and nacelle is described by the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The k – ε model has been chosen for the closure of time-averaged turbulent flow equations. The rotor is modelled using the actuator-disk concept. The simulation results were performed using a commercial wind turbine rated at 750kW. In general, good qualitative agreements have been found, supporting the validity of the proposed method. However, quantitatively, the accuracy of the simulation results should be confirmed before any use is made in power performance testing.
The complications of displaced intracapsular fractures of the hip
Authors: Gurusamy K. , Parker M. J. , Rowlands T. K.
Published: April 2005

We have studied the placement of three screws within the femoral head and the degree of angulation of the screws in 395 patients with displaced intracapsular fracture of the hip to see if either was related to the risk of failure of the fracture to unite. No relationship between nonunion of the fracture was found regarding the position of the screws on the anteroposterior radiograph. However, we found that a reduced spread of the screws on the lateral view was associated with an increased risk of nonunion of the fracture.
Total hip arthroplasty with a sliding iliac graft for acetabular dysplasia
Authors: Ikeuchi M. , Kawakami T. , Kitaoka K. , Okanoue Y. , Tani T.
Published: April 2005

We describe a new technique of reconstruction of the deficient acetabulum in cementless total hip arthroplasty. The outer iliac table just above the deficient acetabulum is osteotomised and slid downwards. We have termed this an iliac sliding graft. Between October 1997 and November 2001, cementless total hip arthroplasty with an iliac sliding graft was performed on 19 patients (19 hips) with acetabular dysplasia. The mean follow-up was 3.4 years (2 to 6).

The mean pre-operative Harris hip score was 45.1 which improved significantly to 85.3 at the time of the final follow-up. No patient had post-operative abductor dysfunction. Incorporation of the graft was seen after two to three months in all patients. Resorption of the graft and radiolucencies were infrequent. This technique is a useful alternative to femoral head autografting when the patient’s own femoral head cannot be used.