bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research in Visual Art Education: Implications for Music
Authors: Galbraith Lynn
Published: November 2023

There is a rich heritage of visual art education research, which inquires into how visual art enriches and gives aesthetic meaning to peoples’ private and public lives and experiences. Researchers explore the studio art-making process; examine how people teach and learn within the related disciplines of aesthetics, art criticism, and art history; and grapple with a variety of theoretical and practical issues that are related, for example, to child development, visual perception, diversity, culture, multiculturalism, social perspectives, gender (including sexual orientation), controversial issues, and technology. They conduct their research using philosophical, quantitative, and qualitative forms of inquiry that are often derived from related disciplines such as sociology, history, anthropology, psychology, and curriculum theory. Essentially, researchers in visual art education confront the exciting challenges-new and old-that visual art provides artists, teachers, and learners within a postmodern world. The content for this chapter is based on an analysis of research findings in visual art education. Research was examined from the following sources: important research published in journals during the last 20 years (for example, Journal of Aesthetic Education; Journal of Multicultural and Cross-Cultural Studies in Art Education; Studies in Art Education; Visual Arts Research); the Dissertation Abstracts database; selected doctoral dissertations; existing research analyses (Allison, 1986; Burton, 1991, 1998; Da­ vis, 1977; Hamblen, 1989; Jones & McPhee, 1986; La Pierre & Zimmerman, 1997; La Pierre, Stokrocki, & Zimmerman, 2000); and significant monographs, books, and reports (for example, Smith, 2000). Other sources included the various publications of the National Art Education Association’s (NAEA) Research Commission (National Arts Education Association [NAEA], 1994, 1996, 1998). In addition, international journals were examined (for example, Canadian Review of Art Education; and the United Kingdom’s Journal of Art and Design Education), given that visual art education research has a long history in other parts of the world.
Nonmusical Outcomes of Music Education: Historical Considerations
Authors: Mark Michael L
Published: November 2023

Undoubtedly, people have always studied music in informal settings for the pleasure it has given them. For the purpose of this chapter, however, a distinction is made between informal and formal music education in order to focus on nonmusical outcomes of the study of music in formal education systems. In the context of this chapter, nonmusical outcomes are those that serve any purpose other than developing the learner’s sensitivity to the aesthetic component of music. The subject of nonmusical outcomes of formal music education is rich in historical roots, embracing the opinions and theories of educators, religious leaders, civic leaders, philosophers, psychologists, neuroscientists, and others. It has continually, for millennia, referred to behavioral conformity, effects on intelligence, skill development, and religiosity. The literature on this subject is so broad and embracing that one who is familiar with it might well ask what purpose music education serves other than nonmusical values. Although music educators have probably never been insensitive to the sheer joy of music, it was only in the second half of the twentieth century that a widespread philosophy of music education, based on extensive research and reflective thinking, recognized the value of music education as knowledge and appreciation of the music itself. That philosophy, aesthetic education, will be discussed later in this chapter.
Prologue: Gynecology on Trial for Manslaughter
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

We left Mary Dixon Jones and her son Charles in acute professional crisis at the end of Chapter 1. The Brooklyn Eagle had run a successful smear campaign that cast grave doubt on their personal integrity, suggesting that they took advantage of patients and practiced inferior, indeed irresponsible medicine. Though they attempted to defend themselves to Eagle reporters by giving their own version of events, they were unable to alter the negative public image the newspaper had so carefully crafted. The Eagle twisted their words, cast doubt on the veracity of their explanations, and cited their testimony as further proof of wrongdoing. Not even the Brooklyn Citizen’s willingness to take their side could mitigate the worst effects of the Eagle’s sensational revelations. At the end of May 1889, the two physicians were indicted for second-degree murder in the death of Sarah Bates, and manslaughter in the case of Ida Hunt. They were arraigned, arrested, and held in jail until a wealthy widow who admired their work put up bail. As if this were not humiliating enough, over the next several months, no fewer than eight former patients, emboldened by events, sued Dixon Jones for malpractice.
Spectacle in Brooklyn
Authors: Morantz-Sanchez Regina
Published: November 2023

For the citizens of Brooklyn in February and March of 1892, the courtroom became a stage. Commencing three years after the Eagle began its expose, the libel trial might well be likened to the public enactment of a popular, serialized mystery novel, now come to life as a morality play. Throngs of well-dressed men and women, “very different from an ordinary courtroom crowd,’’ and many of the principals involved faithfully attended the proceedings. Judging from the ‘‘remarks caught in the corridor as the crowd is dispersing,’’ the Eagle observed, the “cumulative effect” the testimony had on these observers was “considerable.”
Mind as a Scientific Object: A HistoricalPhilosophical Exploration
Authors: Leahey Thomas Hardy
Published: November 2023

In 1953, the German philologist Bruno Snell published The Discovery of the Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought. His preface exemplifies the difficulties of defining the mind as an object. Despite the bold thesis proclaimed by his title, Snell was not entirely sure that the Greeks had actually discovered something that already existed. Although he asserted that “the rise of thinking among the Greeks [after Homer] was nothing less than a revolution They discovered the human mind ... , ” he hedged his claim by writing that the Greek discovery “cannot be compared with the discovery of, let us say, a new continent” (Snell, 1953, v). Snell wrestled with possibilities that have since loomed large in psychological metatheory. He specifically rejected the possibility (now espoused by some in cognitive science, e.g., Dahlbom, 1993) that the mind might be an artifact.
Emergence and Efficacy
Authors: Seager William
Published: November 2023

Imagine the day when physics is complete. A theory is in place that unifies all the forces of nature in one self-consistent and empirically verified set of absolutely basic principles. There are some who see this day as perhaps not too distant (e.g., Hawking, 1988; Weinberg, 1992; Horgan, 1996). Of course, the mere possession of this theory of everything will not give us the ability to provide a complete explanation of everything: every event, process, occurrence, and structure. Most things will be too remote from the basic theory to admit of explanation in its terms; even relatively small and simple systems will be far too complex to be intelligibly described in the final theory.
The Detachment of Thought
Authors: Gcirdenfors Peter
Published: November 2023

When comparing the human mind to that of other animals, several properties have been proposed as being uniquely characteristic of human thinking. We are said to be alone in having a symbolic language, a free will, self-consciousness, and a sense of humor. I do not believe, however, that a sharp border line can be drawn between human and animal cognition. Rather, human thinking has evolved away from that of our common ancestors among the primates in a series of small steps. The main thesis in this chapter is that what characterizes the evolution of human thinking is that it shows a successively greater detachment from the current environment. In contrast, animal cognition is more entrained with the external world as it is presented to the sensory organs. I will outline the detachment of thought in a series of steps. My objective is to analyze the functions of certain aspects of cognition rather than to study their neurophysiological foundations or their behavioral correlates.
The Setting Fdr, American Public Opinion, And Nazi Germany Before Pearl Harbor
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

March 4, 1933, was a cold, gray day in Washington. As Americans contemplated a fourth year of economic depression, of bank panics, burgeoning unemployment, and plummeting in comes, Franklin D. Roosevelt took the presidential oath of office, carefully enunciating his determination to pre serve, protect, and defend the Constitution. Then, turning to the large crowd that had assembled outside the Capitol, the new president began the task of trying to revive hope and confidence, famously assuring his audience that they had nothing to fear but fear itself before stressing his intention to act boldly and quickly.
Planning Germany’s Defeat December 1941 To November 1943
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

Winston Churchill was at Chequers on Sunday, December 7, 1941, relaxing at the prime minister’s official retreat with John G. Winant, the American ambassador, and Averell Harriman, the president’s envoy. After a somewhat subdued dinner, the three men gathered around the radio set to catch the BBC’s nine o’clock news. As the announcer began to recount the first sketchy de tails of a Japanese attack on Hawaii, everyone in the room was stunned, for it seemed scarcely credible that the Japanese would be foolish enough to launch a direct assault on U.S. territory.
The Politics of Unconditional Surrender November1942tojune 1944
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

Sunday January 24, 1943, the last full day of the Casablanca Conference, dawned warm and sunny. Around mid day Roosevelt and Churchill went onto the lawn just outside the president’s villa. A short while later, the newspapermen who had made the long trek to North Africa were invited to sit down and make themselves comfortable. As they huddled around the two leaders, most reporters probably expected to hear nothing more than the normal platitudes of a wartime press conference.
Planning Germany’s Future JUNE I 944 TO APRIL I 945
Authors: Casey Steven
Published: November 2023

On June 6, 1944, as Allied troops poured onto the Normandy beaches to open the eagerly awaited second front,Franklin Roosevelt led the nation in prayer. “Our sons ... this day have set upon a mighty endeavor,” the president began in his calm, measured, patrician voice, “a struggle to preserve our republic, our religion, and our civilization, and to set free a suffering humanity.” “Their road will be long and hard,” he continued. “For the enemy is strong. He may hurl back our forces. Success may not come with rushing speed, but we shall return again and again; and we know that by Thy grace, and by the righteousness of our cause, our sons will triumph.”‘
Death of an Overseer
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

In May of 1857, the body of Duncan Skinner was found in a strip of woods along the edge of the plantation near Natchez, Mississippi, where he worked as an overseer. Although a coroner’s jury initially ruled his death to be accidental, an investigation organized by planters from the community concluded that he had been murdered by three slaves acting under instructions from John McCallin, an Irish carpenter. Now, almost a century and a half later, Michael Wayne has reopened the case to ask whether the men involved in the investigation arrived at the right verdict. Part essay on the art of historical detection, part seminar on the history of slavery and the Old South, Death of an Overseer is, above all, a murder mystery-a murder mystery that allows readers to sift through the surviving evidence themselves and come to their own conclusions about who killed Duncan Skinner and why.
The Question of a Frame-Up
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

John McCallin apparently gave three reasons why the men who investigated the death of Duncan Skinner would want to frame him: to protect the sanctity of their class; to rid themselves of a political opponent; and to cover up criminal activity by Alexander Farrar. We can take each of these allegations in turn.
Democracy and Justice
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

As late as the beginning of the nineteenth century, most Americans considered “democracy” a pejorative term; it suggested mob rule. In 1800, Noah Webster—yes, the author of the first American dictionary, although that was a number of years later—defined a “democrat” as someone who attempted to exert “an undue opposition to or influence over government: by means of private clubs, secret intrigues, or by public popular meetings which are extraneous to the Constitution.” Many property holders had the vote, but only a privileged few were thought to be qualified to occupy office. In the southern states this meant wealthy planters. Political campaigns reflected the prevailing skepticism about the ability of the electorate to understand matters of public policy. A candidate for office would not make speeches outlining his views on the pressing issues of the day nor pledge himself to specific initiatives. Rather, his friends would testify to his sterling character and he would prove his generous nature by providing lavish “treats” of food and, more important, liquor, at picnics and barbecues held in his honor.
In Search of John McCallin
Authors: Wayne Michael
Published: November 2023

Writing a work of history is inevitably a humbling experience. Sooner or later someone comes along to point out mistakes you’ve made or challenge your interpretation. In December of 1990 I published an article on the murder of Duncan Skinner in the Journal of American History. Since then, I have come to learn that it contains a number of factual errors. That I was the one who discovered them provides not the slightest bit of solace.
Wilderness under Fire
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

Although Christopher Columbus has a national holiday to honor his 1492 mission, on the basis of sheer exploratory drama we ought to celebrate something called Clovis Day instead.
The Unforgiving West
Authors: Steinberg Ted
Published: November 2023

In at least one respect, the American West—the vast expanse of land running from the 98th meridian bisecting the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas to the Pacific Ocean—was all a big mistake. Following the Civil War a period of unusually wet weather that lasted roughly two decades inspired Americans to head west in droves. Urged on by scientists such as Cyrus Thomas, who pronounced the ample rainfall permanent in nature and “in some way connected to the settlement of the country,” Americans forged into the region under the delusion that moisture would increase in proportion to population. As late as 1884, one Chicago reporter wrote, “Kansas was considered a droughty state, but that day is past, and her reputation for sure crops is becoming widely known.”
Community Social Casework
Authors: Hardcastle David A , Powers Patricia R , Wenocur Stanley
Published: November 2023

Mrs. J., a 30-year-old white female, was referred to a family services agency (FSA) for help. Her husband chronically physically and emotionally abuses her. Mrs. J. quit high school in her sophomore year because of pregnancy with her first child. She didn’t return to school or obtain a high school equivalency certificate. The child, John, is now 14 years old. Mrs. J.’s current husband is not John’s father. This is a source of conflict in the family. John and Mr. J. do not get along. Mr. J. is repeatedly physically and emotionally abusive to the boy. John is habitually absent from school, insolent, and a member of a loose-knit gang of antisocial white youth who call themselves skinheads. He often is out of Mrs. J.’s control.
The Structure of Belief and Perceptual Representation
Authors: Thau Michael
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I turn to belief and perceptual representation. Some intentionalists have much to say about this topic. As their name suggests, many adopt Franz Brentano’s view that one defining characteristic of mental representation is its in tentionality.1 I begin by discussing the alleged intentionality of mental representation for several reasons. First, I think that the view is both wrong and on the wrong track, so it must be set aside if we are to get a clear picture of belief and perceptual representation.
Inheritance of Developmental Instability
Authors: Fuller Rebecca C , Houle David
Published: November 2023

Fluctuating asymmetries (FAs) are nondirectional departures from perfect symmetry. FA is often used as a measure of developmental instability (DI), a hypothetical construct that we use to refer to the idea, that in some cases, variance in morphological traits may be maladaptive. Asymmetry is a logical way to approach this issue, because we can usually assume that the optimum phenotype is the same on either side of the body. This connection of FA and DI is speculative, as it is not clear that DI is a real property of an individual. In this chapter, we are concerned with the issue of whether FA is heritable, and what this might tell us about the inheritance of DI, assuming that DI does in fact exist. To study this relationship, we assume a standard model of the relationship between FA and DI (Van Valen 1962; Palmer and Strobeck 1986; Whitlock 1996; Gangestad and Thornhill 1999; Houle 2000).
Recent Developments and Shortcomings in the Analysis of Individual Asymmetry: A Review and Introduction of a Bayesian Statistical Approach
Authors: Van Dongen Stefan , Lens Luc , Molenberghs Geert
Published: November 2023

The developmental trajectory of a trait is assumed to be disturbed by random noise of environmental origin. As a consequence, the realized phenotype differs from its expected value, the latter being determined by genotype and environment experienced during development. Developmental stability (DS, i.e., the outcome of mechanisms that buffer the developmental trajectory against these random disturbances, thereby counteracting deviations of the realized phenotype from its expected value; Palmer and Strobeck 1992) is most often estimated by small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry (i.e., fluctuating asymmetry; FA; Ludwig 1932) where high asymmetry indicates low DS (Moller and Swaddle 1997). For metric traits it is generally assumed that each trait value reflects an independent sample from a normal distribution with mean equal to this expected phenotypic value and variance reflecting the amount of random noise and the degree of DS. This variance (further called V05) increases with noise and decreases with DS (figure 18.1) (Palmer and Strobeck 1986, 1992; Whitlock 1996; but see Houle 2000). This model is designed to examine statistical questions (i.e., the weak association between FA and DS, see section “The Problem of Sampling Error”), which is also the main subject of this chapter. Klingenberg (chapter 2, this volume), for example, reviews models of DS that relate to the underlying biological mechanisms of noise and stability.
Life Histories, Evolution, and Salmonids
Authors: Schaffer William M
Published: November 2023

This book is about salmonid fishes and the ways in which studying salmonids can inform general problems in evolution. My own involvement with salmon dates to the fall of 1969 when, at the urging of Professor J. T. Bonner, I attempted to apply my then nascent ideas on life history evolution to the genus Salmo. The occasion was the weekly ecology brown bag at which I had been scheduled to speak, and the ensuing discussion focused on the adaptive merits of semelparous versus iteroparous reproduction. Dr. Bonner, it transpired, spent his summers in Nova Scotia where he enjoyed angling for salmon. He was impressed by the tremendous obstacles elsewhere encountered by these fish when they returned from the ocean to spawn. Even though S. salar is technically iteroparous, it was apparent that individuals often had but a single crack at reproduction (Belding 1934). I should go to the Maritimes, he proposed; solicit the assistance of P. F. Elson, a fisheries biologist at the research station in St. Andrews; and learn about salmon. Perhaps, there were data that would inform the theory I was developing. Perhaps I would gain insight as to why Oncorhynchus is obligatorily semelparous and Salmo is not. And so, when the spring semester ended, I drove north, knowing little enough about the animals I had chosen to study, but convinced, as only a graduate student can be, that they would doubtless conform to my expectations. In due course, I met Dr. Elson who took me under a fatherly wing. With his assistance and encouragement, data were gathered, the theory refined, and results published (Schaffer and Elson 1975; Schaffer 1979a). Thereafter, I moved on to other taxa (Schaffer and Schaffer 1977, 1979) and other questions (Schaffer 1985). Thirty years later, an invitation arrived to write this chapter. Let me begin by thanking the editors for affording me an opportunity to revisit a formative stage in my scientific career.
Evolution in Mixed Company Evolutionary Inferences from Studies of Natural Hybridization in Salmonidae
Authors: Taylor Eric B
Published: November 2023

If the intellectual vigor of a field of study is reflected by the number and intensity of scientific controversies within that field, then evolutionary biology remains a vital discipline. Controversial issues have included, and in many cases continue to include: the nature and origin of species, the basis and mechanisms of inheritance, the extent and nature of genetic variation within populations, and the role of hybridization in evolution (Mayr 1982). In the latter case, I refer to successful mating between individuals from two populations that are genetically distinct in at least one measurable trait. This definition (cf. Harrison 1990; Arnold 1997) emphasizes that hybridization includes mating between conspecifics (from genetically distinct populations). Although Arnold’s (1997) definition includes the additional point that at least some of the F1 progeny are viable and fertile, I will consider “successful” hybridization as not necessarily requiring fertility because even infertile (but viable) hybrids can have evolutionary consequences. For instance, reinforcement, or selection for pre-mating isolation as the result of selection against hybrids, is an important model of speciation (Dobzhansky 1940). Introgressive hybridization, however, clearly requires that hybrids be both viable and fertile as it represents the movement of alleles from one (genetically distinct) population to another by hybridization and backcrossing. Within this context, a hybrid zone is a geographic area where genetically distinct populations overlap spatially and temporally such that hybridization between them occurs (cf. Arnold 1997).
Salmonid Insights into Effective Population Size
Authors: Waples Robin S
Published: November 2023

Conservation biology can be defined as “the science of scarcity and diversity” (Soule 1986). The discipline is concerned with conservation of important components of biological diversity that are at risk because of their scarcity. The intersection of evolutionary biology and conservation biology, therefore, com prises the study of the consequences of scarcity and diversity for the persistence and evolution of species and populations. The genetic consequences of scarcity and diversity all depend, either directly or indirectly, on the concept of effective population size (Ne)-Wright (1931 and later) recognized that populations of the same census size (N) but with different demographic parameters do not necessarily respond to evolutionary forces in the same way, and he developed the concept of effective population size to provide a means of characterizing the evolutionary behavior of populations with different census sizes and demographic traits. Thus, Ne (rather than N) determines the rate at which random genetic drift acts in a population. Furthermore, because drift may swamp the effects of migration and selection in small populations, Ne also determines the relative importance of these evolutionary forces. As a con sequence, estimating Ne or the ratio N,IN in natural populations has attracted a great deal of interest among both evolutionary and conservation biologists. The unusual life history of Pacific salmon-they reproduce only once but have variable age structure-presents some analytical challenges but also provides an opportunity for novel evolutionary insights into effective population size. In this chapter I consider some of the insights inspired by these challenges.
Toward Evolutionary Management Lessons from Salmon ids
Authors: Young Kyle A
Published: November 2023

The science of fisheries management has traditionally been almost purely ecological (Frank and Leggett 1994; Trippel 1995; Levin and Schiewe 2001). Harvest rates are determined by the demographic indices and vital rates of populations, with little regard for the distribution of phenotypes or how their relative fitnesses are affected by anthropogenic changes to the biotic and abiotic environment. This is not to say that fisheries scientists have not considered evolutionary principles or used managed populations to test evolutionary theory, only that evolutionary principles have not consistently informed management actions.
Introduction
Authors: Suny Ronald Grigor , Martin Terry
Published: November 2023

The Key Words That Have Intrigued Historians of the Soviet Union have changed over time. State and society, intelligentsia and gentry, proletariat and bourgeoisie have each in turn been examined in a series of debates. But as scholars began to doubt the relative stability of social categories and to question what categories should be employed, their attention has turned toward issues of identity, narrative, and meaning. In the process, key words that had served well in the past became problematic. Interest in class has declined among Soviet historians, and nation, a topic that earlier received extraordinarily little attention, has become a new focus for research. After decades of Russocentric exclusion, historians in significant numbers have ventured into the non-Russian peripheries or examined metropolitan policies toward nationalities.In this collection, empire and nation join state as key words through which to explore relations of power and representations of authority among the peoples of the USSR. This volume is a first take, an introduction, to what its editors and authors hope will be a new history of the Soviet Union as a multiethnic state.
Randomized Trial
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

To evaluate the results of a randomized trial conducted to test the effective­ ness of an experimental treatment in slowing the pathological changes in memory caused by Alzheimer’s disease. Data Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a placebo (26 patients), and the other received a treat­ ment of lecithin (25 patients). However, three patients refused the treatment. It was hoped that the treated group would show a slower rate of cognitive loss. Each subject participated in the trial for six months. A memory recall test was administered to all 48 participants at the beginning of the trial period and at the end of the period, producing two scores for each participant.
Cluster Analysis
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

To identify the similarities and differences among a series of human populations based on variations in genetic frequencies. DATA The frequencies of genetic variants within three major red blood cell systems (ABO-system, Rh-system, and MN-system) for 26 race/ethnicity groups were collected from a variety of sources. The presence of genetic variation in human blood was first established by Lansteiner in 1901 with the identification of different blood group types, now called the ABO-system. The Rh­ and MN-systems also contain well-known and reliably identified genetic variants. Using these three red blood cell systems (a total of 13 variants), the genetic distances between the members of the 26 populations can be estimated (325 distances). Data consisting of summary values (such as genetic frequencies) rather than individual measurements are commonly referred to as aggregate or ecologic data.
Linear Logistic Regression
Authors: Selvin Steve
Published: November 2023

Measures of hypertension and noise exposure were collected from 1101 women working in a textile factory in Beijing, China (only women make up the workforce). All sampled women were employed for at least five years, each at essentially the same task. Each worker was assigned to her task within the plant at “random. “ That is, when a current worker retired or quit (a rare event), a new worker (about age 19) was assigned to the vacated job and typ­ ically continued to do the same task until retirement. The textile factory envi­ ronment was chosen because of the stability of the workforce and the spatial uniformity of each worker’s exposure to noise sound pressure level (SPL). The SPL was measured as a time-weighted average. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 160 mm Hg or diastolic pressure greater than 95 mm Hg. Additionally, workers taking antihypertension drugs were classified as hypertensive regardless of their blood pressure levels.
Silence
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

“The vase gives its shape to vacuum, and music to silence,” wrote Georges Braque,3 the great French painter who initiated Cubism and modern art with Pablo Picasso4 in the early 1900s. Although still misunderstood and disliked by many, their art illustrates tension between volumes and lines, colors and forms, and order and chaos, sometimes to the point of deliberate ugliness. In this sense, music is also an abstract art, meant to depict not anecdotal vignettes, but conflict between tension and release, passion and serenity, form and content, sound and silence. If our music does not express thoughts and feelings, however down-to-earth or intellectual they may be, then it is merely a bland background or an expensive noise. Composers express themselves and their inner conflicts through construction, harmony, movement and silence.
Stability
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

Stability is the foundation of flute playing. There is no possible flexibility without a sound foundation. The stronger a muscle is, the less tension it needs for its action. “Give me a fulcrum and I will lift the earth.” Stability, for the flutist, implies: A flexible but “heavy”station on the feet, or a well-centered seat with the posterior resting on its entire surface, not on the edge of the chair. The center of gravity placed as low as possible and slightly forward, shoulders and elbows low. No standing at attention (except in military bands). Solidarity of the flute with the chin, which facilitates flexibility of the lips. If the embouchure plate is not stable, there can be no reliability in articulation. A rapid note sequence can threaten the balance of the embouchure, making slurring uncertain and staccato problematic. Predictable intonation. There is no totally in-tune flute; even Albert Cooper says so. But with a flute built on a reasonable scale and an ear trained by daily practice, it is possible, with flexible stability, to adapt in this respect. One should play in tune with a key more than with a tuner. A B is not an AS, nor an Eb a DS, nor a Db a CS. A flutist will be happy if he or she understands early the concept of chin stability. Lips should be relaxed but not loose. The chin is not jutted toward the embouchure plate. Instead it is the flute that is maintained to the chin by the fulcrums.
Style
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

Once instrumental playing has received some answers to its problems, once the grammar of phrasing and interpretation has matured, there remains an elusive question: What is style? Some people’s idea of lifestyle is to go for the richest and most ostentatious. The same thing happens in music, in fashion, and in cooking. The more stuff you add, the more the neighbors and the colleagues will be impressed. Beware of musical editions and improved foodstuffs. It is hard these days to find anything that has not been improved. Improved milk, improved bread, improved soap, improved sugar; and, of course, improved music. Mahler reorchestrated Schumann, and even Beethoven, did he not? Why then cannot editors do likewise with our most cherished repertoire? How would anyone think of improving a classical painting? Yet some nudes were painted over by order of the church, supposedly to preserve a sick kind of morality. Everybody claims that simple and fresh food is the best. Yet a fast-food chain advertises its sandwich as having “five meats and three cheeses, everything on it.” You get more for your money. But in the process, you lose contact with the essential: the taste of individual content.
Technique
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

“Everyone complains about technique, and no one about musicality.” Technique is like money: it creates problems mostly when you don’t have any. Usually technique implies mere finger speed. When you hear someone say, “Miss X has fantastic technique,” you immediately infer that her fingers move very fast but that her music making is altogether a bore. This confusion between technique and superficial velocity is very common. When the comment is, “Mr. Z is very musical,” the implication is that he cannot move fast. My teaching ideas stress instrumental playing as much as if not more than repertoire. I tell my students that before they can revolutionize interpretation, they owe music good instrumental playing. Thinking and studying both simultaneously is even better. In fact, finger velocity is only one aspect of instrumental playing, a phrase that I use more readily than technique. There are as many techniques as there are facets of flute playing: blowing and breathing techniques, technique of articulation and attacks, tone technique, phrasing technique, even technique of expression. The border is thin: Where does music start? Where does instrumental playing end? There is no relevant instrumental playing without a musical project. There is no credible interpretation without reliable instrumental playing. Instrumental playing’s various elements cannot be disconnected: finger practice this morning, staccato next, tone tonight (without vibrato until tomorrow.) Unfortunately, technique is seen as playing all the notes, at any price, as fast as possible, without any other concern.
Zeal in Form of Conclusion
Authors: Debost Michel
Published: November 2023

“Earnestness or fervor in advancing a cause or rendering service. Hearty or persistent endeavor.” For one who dedicates his love to music, as an amateur in the best sense of the word,2 or his life as a professional, the challenge is in self-improvement for the sake of art. My advice to aspiring professionals would be for them to put themselves to the test as often as possible. Do not wait until you are completely ready to undertake the goals of ambition. There is no such thing as being completely ready. No artist can stop growing— not until he dies. Competitions are a case in point. The important part of a contest, outside of the eventual prize, is self-improvement. It is the reward of the also-ran. Trial and failure demand as much as trial and success. Competitions help you learn more about yourself than anything else.
Syntagma Musicum III
Authors: Praetorius Michael
Published: November 2023

This translation of the third volume of Syntagma musicum is part of a multi-volume work by German composer and theorist Michael Praetorius (1571-1621). Volume III deals with terminology and performance practice, and offers us the most detailed commentary available from the 17th century about the performance of particular pieces of music. For modern scholars, this third volume is the preeminent source of contemporary information on performance practice for the late Renaissance and early Baroque periods. Praetorius is the most often quoted and excerpted writer on performance practice. In his translation, Kite-Powell has worked with a notoriously difficult syntax to produce a definitive English edition of this important work.
War’s Miseries The Confederate Home Front
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

On a late April day in 1862, forty-year-old Leah Black was tidying up after the midday meal when the alarmed squawks and cries of the farm animals sent her to the window. If she at first suspected that her four young sons were up to mischief, the reality proved much worse: Twenty to thirty Union infantrymen, maybe more, were scattered across her southwestern Tennessee farmyard, trying to corral her livestock. With her husband away from the house, Black huddled inside with her children while some of the men outside scooped up chickens and geese, slaughtered hogs, prodded cows, and harnessed a horse to each of the family’s two wagons. Others raided the barn, flinging sacks of corn and bales of hay onto the wagons. Returning home not long after the soldiers had fled, James Black gave quick chase and soon caught up to the men, whose retreat was slowed by the burden of their plunder. We cannot know for sure what exchange took place, but Jim Black probably breathlessly pleaded his case: There never was a more loyal Union man than he, and he was willing to do his part for the boys in blue, but he had four youngsters, the oldest of whom was ten, who needed to eat but couldn’t yet do much to help out. Those horses had cost him nearly every last penny—$150 each in greenbacks—and who could afford to buy food at wartime prices anyway? The soldiers barely stopped to listen—they had heard it all before. They didn’t feel good about it, but soldiers can’t be starving either. They instructed Jim Black that if on Wednesday next he came to Bolivar, the nearby Union-garrisoned town, he could retrieve his horses then.
The Nature of Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

Why is it that being in a research study may so often be a bad choice for someone who is primarily concerned with his or her own well-being? In this chapter we begin to explore the principles behind why that is so—even in many of the clinical trials that might generally be perceived as very good choices. The key lies in understanding the true nature of research—something that remains mired in confusion.
Incompetent Adults
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In part II we illustrated the importance of getting informed consent. Informed consent is what generally makes it acceptable to enroll subjects in studies. It legitimates providing them weaker legal protections than those given to patients, and doing things to them that may not be in their best interests. Given that circumstance, it is perhaps surprising that the federal regulations approve of a variety of circumstances in which subjects can be enrolled in studies without their full informed consent, because the subjects are incapable of providing consent.
Emergency Research
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

Often, someone who has suffered an acute medical problem—they just had a heart attack or a stroke or were in a car crash—will be unconscious or unable to think clearly in the initial moments when medical treatment is begun. There will often be no surrogate decision maker available at that moment. Under such circumstances, medical personnel are legally authorized to begin urgently needed medical treatment on a theory of “implied” consent. But can we enroll such people in research studies? Should we?
Moving Mountains: Aldo Leopold and A Sand County Almanac
Authors: Meine Curt D
Published: November 2023

Literary classics are the mountains of our minds. They shape us, subtly and continually. They cast long shadows. They provide access to higher realms. They make their own intellectual weather. We are prone to take them for granted, yet they so define our view of the world, and of ourselves, that we can hardly imagine the world without them.
Introduction: Becoming Aware of the New Unconscious
Authors: Uleman James S
Published: November 2023

Over the past decade or two, a new picture of unconscious processes has emerged from a variety of disciplines that are broadly part of cognitive science. Unconscious processes seem to be capable of doing many things that were, not so long ago, thought of as requiring mental resources and conscious processes. These range from complex information processing through behavior to goal pursuit and self-regulation. Much has changed since Kihlstrom’s (1987) description of the “cognitive unconscious.” This collection of chapters provides a sampling of some of the most important developments at the heart of this new picture.
Who Is the Controller of Controlled Processes?
Authors: Wegner Daniel M
Published: November 2023

Are we the robots? This question surfaces often in current psychological research, as various kinds of robot parts—automatic actions, mental mechanisms, even neural circuits—keep appearing in our explanations of human behavior. Automatic processes seem responsible for a wide range of the things we do, a fact that may leave us feeling, if not fully robotic, at least a bit nonhuman. The complement of the automatic process in contemporary psychology, of course, is the controlled process (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968; Bargh, 1984; Posner & Snyder, 1975; Shiffrin & Schnieder, 1977), and it is in theories of controlled processes that vestiges of our humanity reappear. Controlled processes are viewed as conscious, effortful, and intentional, and as drawing on more sources of information than automatic processes. With this power of conscious will, controlled processes seem to bring the civilized quality back to psychological explanation that automatic processes leave out. Yet by reintroducing this touch of humanity, the notion of a controlled process also brings us within glimpsing range of a fatal theoretical error—the idea that there is a controller.
Implicit Impressions
Authors: Uleman James S , Blader Steven L , Todorov Alexander
Published: November 2023

Our knowledge of other people is complex and multilayered. It develops from a thousand strands: a friend’s comment (“she’s cool”), taste in clothing (all from The Gap), tones of voice (like a fishwife), attitudes (against the death penalty), values (pro-life), facial expressions (crooked smile with overbite), favorite haunts (jazz clubs) and foods (eggplant and garlic), what someone does with us (talk politics, gossip) and others (makes love), roles (sister-in-law), goals (stay sober), style (shy at first), and so on ad infinitum. What we know quickly extends beyond what we can say to how we feel, what we implicitly expect, and how we act toward them and with them, sometimes to everyone’s surprise. Much of it is based on forgotten encounters and barely noticed events. It includes the meanings we give these events and observations, sometimes consciously with care and effort, but more often without effort or awareness.
Happy New Year! But Why Now?
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

Where to Begin? Basically I am a morning person, but shall I have that second cup to be sure I am totally awake before I start work? Should I clean up right after dinner or savor a quiet moment by saving the dishes for later? When am I going to restart my diet? Can I wait until after the weekend when I will be less tempted by the evil gastronomic missiles my hosts will likely hurl at me Saturday night? Or should I take the high road and test my mettle by deflecting delectable desserts directly in the line of fire? When to stop warming up and start exercising? When to take my vacation week? When to get out of bed—or back into it? Time and all the routines that fill it go round and round, the ending of one cycle immediately followed by the beginning of another.
February’s Holidays: Prediction, Purification, and Passionate Pursuit
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

Everybody &HOWS the North American tradition tied to what appears to be a purely secular holiday: if a certain rodent who spends most of the year living in a cage in Pittsburgh emerges on the second day of February and sees his shadow, back in the hole he goes and another six weeks of winter weather is in store for us. But should skies be cloudy when he makes his exit, spring is surely on its way.
Animal Behavior as a Tool in Conservation Biology
Authors: Reed J Michael
Published: November 2023

The behavior of animals is important to conservation biology because behavior affects species persistence through a wide variety of mechanisms. These mechanisms can include social disruption of breeding, dispersal and settlement decisions, learned and socially facilitated foraging, translocation success, and canalized behavior that is maladaptive (Reed 1999).
Global Ecological Change and Human Health
Authors: Patz Jonathan A , Wolfe Nathan D
Published: November 2023

Environmental changes and ecological disturbances, due to both natural phenomena and human activities, have exe1ted and can be expected to continue to exert a strong influence on the incidence, proliferation, and emergence of disease. This chapter focuses on both near-term and sequential effects that environmental factors and their changes have on ecosystems and, consequently, on human health. The types of environmental conditions and changes that contribute to proliferation of disease are discussed, as well as the effects on health of changes in climate and land use, especially deforestation and its many sequelae: logging, road building, hunting, human settlement patterns, agricultural and commercial development, and formation of water bodies (including water control systems. An illustrative example of an illness (malaria) resulting from ecological change is also presented.
Chronic Effects of Toxic Microalgae on Finfish, Shellfish, and Human Health
Authors: Burkholder Joann M
Published: November 2023

Near centers of increasing human population growth in estuarine and coastal areas throughout many regions of the world, outbreaks of toxic microscopic algae, or microaglae, increasingly have been noted in the past few decades (Hallegraeff 1993). Other toxic microalgae, the blue-green algae or cyanobacteria, historically have affected estuaries in certain regions, and freshwaters worldwide (Carmichael 1995). Scientists debate whether the incidence of toxic microalgal blooms is actually increasing or is perceived to be increasing because of improved reporting (Culotta 1992; Hallegraeff 1993).
Toward an Entitlement-Based Health-Care System
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

The American, British, and German health-care entitlement programs reviewed in this book illustrate a range of approaches to structuring legal rights to access to health care. How legal rights in health-care systems are defined and structured matters—obviously in terms of the access that they provide to health care, but also in terms of the cost and quality of health care found in various health-care systems and programs.

Legal health-care entitlements can be categorized usefully for further analysis in a number of ways. They can be described:

This chapter describes these different categories of entitlements and then draws conclusions as to the practical implications of making various choices within these categories.