bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Formal C—H‐Azidation‐Based Shortcut to Diazido Building Blocks for the Versatile Preparation of Photoaffinity Labeling Probes.
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Misawa Yoshihiro , Hosoya Takamitsu
Published: January 2015

Based on Ir‐catalyzed C—H borylation and subsequent Cu‐catalyzed azidation 3,5‐difunctionalized aryl azides (II) and (VI) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Concise Preparation of Optically Active Heteroaryl α‐(Hydroxyamino) Esters.
Authors: Murat‐Onana Marie Laure , Berini Christophe , Denis Jean‐Noel , Poisson Jean‐Francois , Minassian Frederic , Pelloux‐Leon Nadia
Published: January 2015

The highly diastereoselective addition of hetarenes to a chiral cyclic nitrone ((R)‐II) followed by methanolysis, oxidation with Pb(OAC)4 and reaction with hydroxylamine produces a range of α‐(hydroxylamino)esters in good yields and good enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: TMSCl‐Mediated Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Amides via C—C Bond Cleavage and C—N Bond Formation of Propargyl Alcohols with Trimethylsilyl Azide.
Authors: Song Xian‐Rong , Song Bo , Qiu Yi‐Feng , Han Ya‐Ping , Qiu Zi‐Hang , Hao Xin‐Hua , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: January 2015

The process involves the formation of allenyl azides and their subsequent Schmidt‐type rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Esterification via C—C Bond Cleavage of a Secondary Homoallyl Alcohol.
Authors: Wang Yong , Kang Qiang
Published: January 2015

Allyl esters are prepared via sequential retro‐allylation and esterification of secondary allyl alcohols with acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of TiO2 Nanoparticles for the Synthesis of N‐Arylureas in Water at Room Temperature.
Authors: Nasrollahzadeh Mahmoud
Published: January 2015

TiO2 nanoparticles are an efficient, easily recoverable, and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of N‐arylureas (II) by hydration of cyanamides (I) using formic acid.
ChemInform Abstract: MIDA as a Simple and Highly Efficient Ligand for Palladium‐Catalyzed Hiyama Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Guo Mengping , Qi Liang , Zhang Qiaochu , Zhu Zhiyong , Li Wei , Li Xiaogang
Published: January 2015

A simple, easily obtained, air‐stable, and water‐soluble ligand for the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of aryl bromides with phenyl trimethoxysilane is described.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Regioselective Synthesis of meta‐Terphenyls via [3 + 3] Annulation of Nitroallylic Acetates with Alkylidenemalononitriles.
Authors: Gopi Elumalai , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: January 2015

The novel regioselective [3 + 3] annulation benefits from the 1,3‐bielectrophilic character of Morita—Baylis—Hillman (MBH) acetates and the 1,3‐binucleophilic character of alkylidenemalononitriles and is assumed to proceed in a cascade fashion comprising a SN2′ substitution, followed by intramolecular 6‐endo‐trig Michael addition and double elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐ and Phosphine‐Free Sonogashira Coupling Reaction Catalyzed by Silica‐(acac)‐Supported Palladium Nanoparticles in Water.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Shirdashtzade Zohre , Azizi Ghobad
Published: January 2015

Catalyst can be recycled and reused up to 5 times without appreciable loss in its activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Bmim(OH)/Chitosan/C2H5OH Synergy: Grinding Induced, a New Route for the Synthesis of Spiro‐Oxindole and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Srivastava Madhulika , Rai Pratibha , Singh Jaya , Singh Jagdamba
Published: January 2015

A cost effective and powerful catalytic system is successfully applied to the title synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Synthesis of Nicotine Analogues Using an Ugi 4‐CR/Cyclization‐Reduction Strategy.
Authors: Polindara‐Garcia Luis A. , Vazquez Alfredo
Published: January 2015

The one‐pot synthesis of nicotine analogs from commercially available raw materials using Ugi four‐component reaction with subsequent reduction is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: [Silver(I)(Pyridine‐Containing Ligand)] Complexes as Unusual Catalysts for A3‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Trose Michael , Dell'Acqua Monica , Pedrazzini Tommaso , Pirovano Valentina , Gallo Emma , Rossi Elisabetta , Caselli Alessandro , Abbiati Giorgio
Published: January 2015

The reaction of aldehydes, alkynes, and amines is best catalyzed by the shown macrocyclic silver complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Taming Gold(I)‐Counterion Interplay in the De‐aromatization of Indoles with Allenamides.
Authors: Jia Minqiang , Cera Gianpiero , Perrotta Daniele , Monari Magda , Bandini Marco
Published: January 2015

A systematic investigation of the gold‐catalyzed dearomatization of indoles with allenyl substituted tertiary amines is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Fluorination of 2‐Oxindoles by Structure‐Micro‐Tuned N‐Fluorobenzenesulfonamides.
Authors: Wang Fajie , Li Juli , Hu Qingyang , Yang Xianjin , Wu Xin‐Yan , He Haoming
Published: January 2015

A series of N‐fluorobenzenesulfonamides such as (I) is synthesized and screened in the enantioselective fluorination of oxindole (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiro‐epoxyoxindoles by the Catalytic Darzens Reaction of Isatins with Phenacyl Bromides.
Authors: Kuang Yulong , Lu Yan , Tang Yu , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: January 2015

The asymmetric Darzens reaction of phenacyl bromides and N‐protected isatins provides various spiro‐epoxyindoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Domino Synthesis of Pyrrole‐Fused Isocoumarins with Microwave Heating.
Authors: Sun Mu‐Yan , Meng Xiao‐Yan , Zhao Fu‐Jie , Dang Yi‐Jing , Jiang Fei , Liu Kai , Wang Cong‐Shuai , Jiang Bo , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: January 2015

A novel microwave‐promoted three‐component domino reaction of the dihydroxydione (I) with primary amines (II) and acetylenedicarboxylates (III) proceeds through a ring‐opening and recyclization cascade to give isochromeno[4,3‐b]pyrroles in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Michael Addition/Imine Isomerization/Intramolecular [3 + 2] Cycloaddition for the Regiospecific Synthesis of Cyclohepta[b]pyrroles.
Authors: Zhang Yu , Pan Ling , Xu Xianxiu , Luo Hongmei , Liu Qun
Published: January 2015

The polarity reversible nature of azomethine imines as the crucial transformation enables the title reaction sequence to proceed under mild, transition‐metal‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative C—H Sulfuration of Aryl Thiocarbamates.
Authors: Zhao Yingwei , Xie Yinjun , Xia Chungu , Huang Hanmin
Published: January 2015

A new synthesis from thiocarbamates to benzoxathiol‐2‐ones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Trifluoromethylation of Propiolates: Construction of Trifluoromethylated Coumarins.
Authors: Li Yuewen , Lu Yuan , Qiu Guanyinsheng , Ding Qiuping
Published: January 2015

This novel copper‐catalyzed radical addition of CF3 to activated alkynes followed by a sequential oxidation/cyclization provides direct access to trifluoromethylated coumarins.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoconvergent Synthesis of trans‐5‐Hydroxy‐6‐Substituted‐2‐piperidinones by Addition—Cyclization—Deprotection Process.
Authors: Si Chang‐Mei , Huang Wei , Du Zhen‐Ting , Wei Bang‐Guo , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: January 2015

Reaction of the α‐chiral aldimine derivative (I) with Grignard reagents proceeds through an addition/cyclization/deprotection reaction sequence to give 5,6‐disubstituted 2‐piperidinones in good diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aza‐Fused Isoquinolines Through Domino Cross‐Aldol Condensation and Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Direct Arylation.
Authors: Dhiman Shiv , Pericherla Kasiviswanadharaju , Nandwana Nitesh K. , Kumar Dalip , Kumar Anil
Published: January 2015

The reaction fails using 2‐chlorobenzaldehyde instead of 2‐bromobenzaldehyde.
ChemInform Abstract: Organophosphorus‐Catalyzed Diaza‐Wittig Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of Pyridazines.
Authors: Bel Abed Hassen , Mammoliti Oscar , Bande Omprakash , Van Lommen Guy , Herdewijn Piet
Published: January 2015

The presented organophosphorus‐catalyzed diaza‐Wittig reaction affords substituted pyridazine derivatives bearing electron‐withdrawing groups with good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel Tetrahydrobenzo[4′,5′]thieno[3′,2′:5,6]pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Tang Chu , Liang Yongju , Bai Shun , He Hongwu , Chen Yu , Yang Guangzhong , Fu Liwu
Published: January 2015

It is found that some Schiff base compounds (XII) show similar or even stronger antiproliferative activity than the positive control Fluorouracil against KB and CNE2 cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Dicopper Complexes Catalyzed Coupling/Cyclization of 2‐Bromobenzoic Acids with Amidines Leading to Quinazolinones.
Authors: Hung Ming‐Uei , Liao Bei‐Sih , Liu Yi‐Hong , Peng Shie‐Ming , Liu Shiuh‐Tzung
Published: January 2015

Pyrazole‐1‐carboxamidine and formamidinesulfinic acid do not react because of the decomposition of the substrates under this conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Regioselective C—H Alkenylation of Phenylphosphine Sulfides.
Authors: Yokoyama Yuki , Unoh Yuto , Hirano Koji , Satoh Tetsuya , Miura Masahiro
Published: January 2015

An effective method for the Rh‐catalyzed ortho‐alkenylation of phenylphosphine sulfides is developed using a P=S group‐directed C‐H bond cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioinspired Total Synthesis of Sespenine.
Authors: Sun Yu , Chen Pengxi , Zhang Deliang , Baunach Martin , Hertweck Christian , Li Ang
Published: January 2015

A bioinspired aza‐Prins/Friedel—Crafts/retro Friedel—Crafts cascade reaction is employed in the first total synthesis of the indole terpenoid sespenine.
ChemInform Abstract: Carpedilactones A—D, Four New Isomeric Sesquiterpene Lactone Dimers with Potent Cytotoxicity from Carpesium faberi.
Authors: Yang Yong‐Xun , Shan Lei , Liu Qing‐Xin , Shen Yun‐Heng , Zhang Jian‐Ping , Ye Ji , Xu Xi‐Ke , Li Hui‐Liang , Zhang Wei‐Dong
Published: January 2015

Four new isomeric sesquiterpene lactone dimers, carpedilactones A (I), B (II), C (III), and D (IV) are isolated.
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of Bacillus cereus Ch HF‐PS Cell Wall Trisaccharide Repeating Unit.
Authors: Podilapu Ananda Rao , Kulkarni Suvarn S.
Published: January 2015

The total synthesis of the title trisaccharide involves the transformation of D‐mannose into an orthogonally protected acetamido‐amino sugar building block, two stereoselective glycosylations, selective attachment of a glutaric acid linker, and an amide bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Cytotoxic Nine‐Membered Macrocyclic Polysulfur Cembranoid Lactones from the Soft Coral Sinularia sp.
Authors: Zhang Cui‐Xian , et al. et al.
Published: January 2015

The cytotoxic activity of sinulariaoid A (+)‐(I), sinulariaoid B (+)‐(II), sinulariaoid C (+)‐(III), sinulariaoid D (+)‐(IV), capilloloid (V), dihydrosinularin (VI), sinularin (VII), and dihydrosinuflexolide (VIII) is evaluated with (+)‐(I) being the most potent compound in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Quebrachamine Through Macrolactamization.
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Wen , Cheng Hsiu‐Yi , Huang An‐Chi , Ho Tse‐Lok , Hou Duen‐Ren
Published: January 2015

The title compound quebrachamine (Ia) and kopsiyunnanine D (Ib) are synthesized from the same precursor.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Theaflavins with Camellia sinensis Cell Culture and Inhibition of Increase in Blood Sugar Values in High‐Fat Diet Mice Subjected to Sucrose or Glucose Loading.
Authors: Takemoto Masumi , Takemoto Hiroaki , Sakurada Asuka
Published: January 2015

Camellia sinensis cell culture is employed as oxidizing enzyme to synthesize theaflavin (Ia) and its galloyl esters (Ib‐d).
ChemInform Abstract: Layered Double Hydroxide‐Based Nanomaterials as Highly Efficient Catalysts and Adsorbents
Authors: Li Changming , Wei Min , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: January 2015

Review: 135 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Features of Monomeric Octahedral D2 Rhenium(V) Oxo Complexes: The Structure of D2 Rhenium(V) Monooxo Compounds with Sulfur and Hydrogen Atoms trans to the O(oxo) Ligands
Authors: Sergienko V. S.
Published: January 2015

Review: 13 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes Containing Natural and Artificial Radioactive Elements and Their Applications
Authors: Kharissova Oxana V. , Mendez‐Rojas Miguel A. , Kharisov Boris I. , Ortiz Mendez Ubaldo , Elizondo Martinez Perla
Published: January 2015

Review: 178 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Pd and Pt Complexes with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Scheuermann Margaret L. , Goldberg Karen I.
Published: January 2015

Review: 112 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Control of Reactivity and Catalysis — Effective Molarities of Recognition‐Mediated Bimolecular Reactions
Authors: Di Stefano Stefano , Cacciapaglia Roberta , Mandolini Luigi
Published: January 2015

Review: [37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral Nitrogenous Heterocycles and Natural Products
Authors: Yu Jie , Zhou Ya , Chen Dian‐Feng , Gong Liu‐Zhu
Published: January 2015

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Reactions of Dialkyl Disulfides
Authors: Mashkina A. V.
Published: January 2015

Review: decomposition, cyclization, hydrogenolysis, oxidation, and thioalkylation reacions; 181 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Formylation of Amines
Authors: Gerack Ciera J. , McElwee‐White Lisa
Published: January 2015

Review: 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dibenzothiazepine a Break Through Heterocyclic Nucleus in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Pawar Sarita S.
Published: January 2015

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave Synthesis of Guanine and Purine Analogs
Authors: Elgemeie Galal , Hamed Mai
Published: January 2015

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in Aqueous or Neat Conditions: Review of Data Published in 2009‐2013
Authors: Bartok Mihaly , Dombi Gyorgy
Published: January 2015

Review: 94 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Review on 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions in Bioconjugation and It′s Importance in Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Authors: Das R. , Majumdar N. , Lahiri A.
Published: January 2015

Review: 11 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparative SAR of Synthetic Coumarin Derivatives for Their Anti‐inflammatory Activity
Authors: Kayal Gaurav , Jain Keerti , Malviya Sapna , Kharia Anil
Published: January 2015

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Terpenoids Bearing the 7‐Oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (7‐Oxanorbornane) Skeleton. Natural Sources, Biological Activities and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Plumet Joaquin , Roscales Silvia
Published: January 2015

Review: [243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: From Seaweeds to Biopolymeric Electrolytes for Third Generation Solar Cells: An Intriguing Approach
Authors: Bella Federico , Mobarak Nadhratun N. , Jumaah Fatihah N. , Ahmad Azizan
Published: January 2015

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Engineering with 1,4‐Piperazine‐2,5‐diones
Authors: Mash Eugene A.
Published: January 2015

Review: 92 refs.
Kombiniertes Katalysator‐ und Sauerstoffträgersystem zur Aufbereitung teerhaltiger Brenngase aus der Biomassevergasung via partieller Oxidation
Authors: Böhning Dorith , Beckmann Michael , Kriegel Ralf , Richter Jörg , Ma Mingshui , Müller Michael
Published: January 2015

Die stoffliche und energetische Nutzung von Brenngasen aus der Vergasung von Biomasse steht seit vielen Jahren im Mittelpunkt umfangreicher Forschungen. Ein großes, bislang nicht vollständig gelöstes Problem ist dabei der hohe Anteil an höhersiedenden Kohlenwasserstoffen in den Brenngasen. Durch unvollständig ablaufende Vergasungsreaktionen und Nebenreaktionen werden diese Kohlenwasserstoffe, Phenole und Kohlenstoff gebildet, die für eine Weiternutzung des Gases gravierende Störkomponenten darstellen. Im Fokus dieses Beitrages steht die partielle Oxidation zur Teerreduzierung unter Einsatz von Katalysatoren. Im untersuchten Konzept wird die Bereitstellung des Sauerstoffs für die partielle Oxidation mit der katalytischen Wirkung in einem Festbett kombiniert.
Novel formulation and efficient solution strategy for strategic optimization of an industrial chemical supply chain under demand uncertainty
Authors: McLean Kyle , Ogbe Emmanuel , Li Xiang
Published: January 2015

This paper is concerned with strategic optimization of a typical industrial chemical supply chain, which involves a material purchase and transportation network, several manufacturing plants with on‐site material and product inventories, a product transportation network, and several regional markets. In order to address large uncertainties in customer demands at the different regional markets, a novel robust scenario formulation, which has been recently developed by the authors, is tailored and applied for strategic optimization. Case study results show that the robust scenario formulation works well for this real industrial supply chain system, and it outperforms the deterministic formulation and the classical scenario‐based stochastic programming formulation by generating better expected economic performance and solutions that are guaranteed to be feasible for all uncertainty realizations. The robust scenario problem exhibits a decomposable structure that can be taken advantage of by Benders decomposition for efficient solution, so the application of Benders decomposition to the solution of the strategic optimization is also discussed. The case study results show that Benders decomposition can reduce the solution time by almost an order of magnitude when the number of scenarios in the problem is large.
ReadMax—a novel reading and scoring approach for EGFR gene copy number to predict therapeutic benefit of erlotinib treatment in EGFR wild‐type non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Moecks Joachim , Soulières Denis , Klughammer Barbara
Published: January 2015

EGFR mutation testing is now well established as a means of selecting the optimal first‐line therapy for patients with advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, deciding on the correct treatment for EGFR wild‐type NSCLC remains a challenge. EGFR fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) testing of gene copy number has been a promising marker, but has provided mixed results despite attempts to standardize the reading and scoring process. The novel ReadMax reading and scoring system focuses on the most aberrant cells, to identify oncogene addiction, rather than taking a representative reading as in the Colorado method. The methodology was developed using historical samples from the TRUST and MERIT studies, followed by re‐reading of the samples from the SATURN trial. Analysis of samples using the ReadMax methodology revealed that progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were improved in patients with ReadMax FISH‐positive (RM FISH+) tumours, compared with those whose tumours were not RM FISH+: PFS hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.52 for RM FISH+ versus 0.93 for not RM FISH+; OS HRs were 0.69 and 0.92, respectively. For PFS, HR for RM FISH+ versus not RM FISH+ in the SATURN erlotinib group was 0.53 (p = 0.003). The PFS and OS results were also similar in the EGFR wild‐type population (PFS HRs were 0.63 and 0.96; OS HRs were 0.61 and 0.84, respectively), although amplification of the EGFR gene in patients with EGFR wild‐type disease was not found to be predictive of treatment outcomes, which was unexpected but not unprecedented. KRAS status was not found to affect outcomes. Further experience is required to refine the ReadMax methodology and fully establish its validity and robustness. In conclusion, the ReadMax scoring system to identify patients with EGFR FISH‐positive NSCLC is a promising technique, which could improve treatment options and outcomes for patients with advanced NSCLC, in particular for EGFR wild‐type tumours.
Cancer‐testis antigens PRAME and NY‐ESO‐1 correlate with tumour grade and poor prognosis in myxoid liposarcoma
Authors: Iura Kunio , Kohashi Kenichi , Hotokebuchi Yuka , Ishii Takeaki , Maekawa Akira , Yamada Yuichi , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Iwamoto Yukihide , Oda Yoshinao
Published: January 2015

Myxoid liposarcoma is the second most common liposarcoma. Although myxoid liposarcoma is relatively chemosensitive and thus a good candidate for chemotherapy, cases with relapsed or metastatic disease still have poor outcome. Here, we performed a gene microarray analysis to compare the gene expression profiles in six clinical myxoid liposarcoma samples and three normal adipose tissue samples, and to identify molecular biomarkers that would be useful as diagnostic markers or treatment targets in myxoid liposarcoma. This showed that the cancer‐testis antigen PRAME was up‐regulated in myxoid liposarcoma. We then performed immunohistochemical, western blotting and real‐time polymerase chain reaction analyses to quantify the expression of PRAME and another cancer‐testis antigen, NY‐ESO‐1, in clinical samples of myxoid liposarcoma (n = 93), dedifferentiated (n = 46), well‐differentiated (n = 32) and pleomorphic liposarcomas (n = 14). Immunohistochemically, positivity for PRAME and NY‐ESO‐1 was observed in 84/93 (90%) and 83/93 (89%) of the myxoid liposarcomas, and in 20/46 (43%) and 3/46 (7%) of the dedifferentiated, 3/32 (9%) and 1/32 (3%) of the well‐differentiated and 7/14 (50%) and 3/21 (21%) of the pleomorphic liposarcomas, respectively. High immunohistochemical expression of PRAME and/or NY‐ESO‐1 was significantly correlated with tumour diameter, the existence of tumour necrosis, a round‐cell component of >5%, higher histological grade and advanced clinical stage. High PRAME and NY‐ESO‐1 expression correlated significantly with poor prognosis in a univariate analysis. The myxoid liposarcomas showed significantly higher protein and mRNA expression levels of PRAME and NY‐ESO‐1 (CTAG1B) than the other liposarcomas. In conclusion, PRAME and NY‐ESO‐1 (CTAG1B) were expressed in the vast majority of myxoid liposarcomas, and their high‐level expression correlated with tumour grade and poor prognosis. Our results support the potential use of PRAME and NY‐ESO‐1 as ancillary parameters for differential diagnosis and as prognostic biomarkers, and indicate that the development of immunotherapy against these cancer‐testis antigens in myxoid liposarcoma would be warranted.
Anatomical evidence that the uninjured adjacent L4 nerve plays a significant role in the development of peripheral neuropathic pain after L5 spinal nerve ligation in rats
Authors: Shehab Safa , Anwer Mehwish , Galani Divya , Abdulkarim Afaf , Al‐Nuaimi Khuloud , Al‐Baloushi Abdullah , Tariq Saeed , Nagelkerke Nico , Ljubisavljevic Milos
Published: January 2015

Rats develop hyperalgesia and allodynia in the hind paw after L5 spinal nerve ligation. Phosphorylated extracellular regulated kinase (pERK) was used as a pain marker to investigate the potential role of adjacent uninjured L4 nerve in the development of heat hyperalgesia after L5 nerve injury. Left L5 nerve was ligated and sectioned in rats. Three days later, rats were randomly assigned to five groups; each had both hind paws immersed in water at different temperatures (no heat, 37, 42, 47, and 52°C) under sevoflurane anesthesia for 2 minutes. Five minutes after stimulation the rats were sacrificed and sections of L3–L6 spinal segments were stained immunocytochemically with pERK antibody. pERK immunoreactivity, which is not detectable in the normal spinal cord, was discernible in neurons (not glia) of the superficial dorsal horn after noxious heat stimuli. pERK‐positive neurons clearly overlapped in laminae I–II with normal unmyelinated and thin myelinated afferents labeled with calcitonin gene‐related peptide and isolectin B4, and injured unmyelinated afferents labeled with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. There was a linear increase in pERK immunoreactivity on both sides with an increase in temperature. Importantly, the number of positive pERK neurons was significantly higher in the ipsilateral side of L4 spinal segment, which receives innervation from uninjured L4 nerve, compared with the contralateral control side, which receives both uninjured L4 and L5 spinal nerves. The data demonstrate that the uninjured L4 nerve plays an important role in the development of heat hyperalgesia at the spinal cord level after L5 nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:1731–1747, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Separation of Time‐Resolved Phenomena in Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering of the Photocatalytic Reduction of p‐Nitrothiophenol
Authors: van Schrojenstein Lantman E. M. , de Peinder P. , Mank A. J. G. , Weckhuysen B. M.
Published: January 2015

The front cover artwork is provided by Prof. Bert Weckhuysen (Utrecht University, The Netherlands). The image outlines the experimental approach taken. Single Ag nanoparticles (grey) are deposited on a self‐assembled monolayer of­ p‐nitrothiophenol (pNTP, red) assembled on a flat Au substrate (yellow). The monolayer of pNTP can be reduced to p,p’‐dimercaptoazobisbenzene (DMAB) through photocatalysis over plasmonic nanoparticles. By using a laser excitation of 785 nm (yellow arrow) the coupled plasmons of Au and Ag are excited and give sufficient surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) enhancement effect to observe dynamics and kinetics over single nanoparticle hotspots. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201402709.
Towards High‐Energy‐Density Pseudocapacitive Flowable Electrodes by the Incorporation of Hydroquinone
Authors: Boota M. , Hatzell K. B. , Kumbur E. C. , Gogotsi Y.
Published: January 2015

This study reports an investigation of hydroquinone (HQ) as a multielectron organic redox molecule to enhance the performance of flowable electrodes. Two different methods to produce high‐performance pseudocapacitive flowable electrodes were investigated for electrochemical flow capacitors. First, HQ molecules were deposited on carbon spheres (CSs) by a self‐assembly approach using various HQ loadings. In the second approach, HQ was used as a redox‐mediating agent in the electrolyte. Flowable electrodes composed of HQ showed a capacitance of 342 F g−1, which is >200 % higher than that of flowable electrodes based on nontreated CSs (160 F g−1), and outperformed (in gravimetric performance) many reported film electrodes. A similar trend in capacitance was observed if HQ was used as a redox agent in the electrolyte; however, its poor cycle life restricted further consideration. In addition, a twofold increase in capacitance was observed under flow conditions compared to that of previous studies.
Enabling Catalytic Oxidation of Li2O2 at the Liquid–Solid Interface: The Evolution of an Aprotic Li–O2 Battery
Authors: Feng Ningning , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: January 2015

We show that by using a suitable soluble redox mediator, the charging overpotential can be reduced and the round‐trip efficiency can be improved in an aprotic Li–O2 battery. Not only do we explore a new redox couple, 10‐methyl‐10H‐phenothiazine, as a soluble catalyst that improves the electrochemical performance, but we also propose possible challenges that need to be overcome for the future improvement of aprotic Li–O2 batteries.
Inter‐rater agreement of sputum cytology for lung cancer screening in Japan
Authors: Endo Chiaki , Nakashima Ryutaro , Taguchi Akemi , Yahata Kazunobu , Kawahara Ei , Shimagaki Nikako , Kamio Junko , Saito Yasuki , Ikeda Norihiko , Sato Masami
Published: January 2015

Background

To compare lung cancer detection rate by sputum cytology, we need some assurance that the estimates do not vary widely if different observers evaluate the same specimens. The aim of this study was to determine inter‐rater agreement of sputum cytology diagnoses.

Methods

Slides of sputum cytology from 150 subjects were selected from a pool of slides held by six of the laboratories that had participated in a population‐based lung cancer screening program over the last ten years in Japan. The cytotechnologists in these laboratories had considerable experience with sputum cytology. Each case was re‐evaluated six times. Cases that were diagnosed as the same category by all six laboratories were selected as consensus cases to serve as standardized sputum cytology cases. Thirty‐seven cytotechnologists with various levels of experience in sputum cytology then re‐evaluated these consensus cases. Inter‐rater agreement was calculated by kappa statistics including Fleiss' kappa.

Results

All pairs of interlaboratory agreement for the 150 cases showed statistically significant kappa values, most pairs showing substantial agreement. Fleiss' kappa value across the six laboratories was 0.5. Fourteen cases were identified as the consensus cases, and the agreement among observers with less experience of sputum cytology showed significantly lower than the agreement among those with considerable experience (Fleiss' kappa value 0.27 vs. 0.45, P < 0.05). Moreover, cytotechnologists with less experience under‐diagnosed the slides significantly more often than those with considerable experience.

Conclusion

When the observers have considerable experience with sputum cytology, inter‐observer agreement is good. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:545–550. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex differences in psychosocial impairment associated with eating disorder features in adolescents: A school‐based study
Authors: Bentley Caroline , Gratwick‐Sarll Kassandra , Harrison Carmel , Mond Jonathan
Published: January 2015

Objective

To examine sex differences in psychosocial impairment associated with eating disorder features (EDF) in adolescents.

Method

Questionnaires that assessed EDF (extreme dietary restriction, objective binge eating, subjective binge eating, purging, excessive exercise, and weight/shape overvaluation) and psychosocial impairment (general psychological distress and quality of life) were completed by a school‐based sample of adolescent males (n = 531) and females (n = 1135) in the Australian Capital Territory region of Australia.

Results

Each of the EDF assessed was associated with significant impairment in both male and female participants and this was the case for measures of both general psychological distress and quality of life, the only exception being that subjective binge eating was associated with elevated levels of distress in girls but not boys. The occurrence of subjective binge eating was associated with greater impairment in quality of life in girls than in boys. Otherwise, the effects of EDF on psychosocial functioning did not differ by sex. The prevalence of most EDF was higher in girls than in boys, although EDF were not uncommon in boys.

Discussion

There appear to be few differences between male and female adolescents in terms of psychosocial impairment associated with EDF. The findings support the need for preventive interventions that seek to reduce the adverse impact of EDF in both boys and girls. The logistic and policy challenges inherent in such efforts warrant greater consideration. Further research is needed to elucidate the help‐seeking behavior of young men with EDF who experience psychosocial impairment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:633–640)
Temperature and zooplankton size structure: climate control and basin‐scale comparison in the North Pacific
Authors: Chiba Sanae , Batten Sonia D. , Yoshiki Tomoko , Sasaki Yuka , Sasaoka Kosei , Sugisaki Hiroya , Ichikawa Tadafumi
Published: January 2015

The global distribution of zooplankton community structure is known to follow latitudinal temperature gradients: larger species in cooler, higher latitudinal regions. However, interspecific relationships between temperature and size in zooplankton communities have not been fully examined in terms of temporal variation. To re‐examine the relationship on a temporal scale and the effects of climate control thereon, we investigated the variation in copepod size structure in the eastern and western subarctic North Pacific in 2000–2011. This report presents the first basin‐scale comparison of zooplankton community changes in the North Pacific based on a fully standardized data set obtained from the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. We found an increase in copepod community size (CCS) after 2006–2007 in the both regions because of the increased dominance of large cold‐water species. Sea surface temperature varied in an east–west dipole manner, showing the typical Pacific Decadal Oscillation pattern: cooling in the east and warming in the west after 2006–2007. The observed positive correlation between CCS and sea surface temperature in the western North Pacific was inconsistent with the conventional interspecific temperature–size relationship. We explained this discrepancy by the geographical shift of the upper boundary of the thermal niche, the 9°C isotherm, of large cold‐water species. In the eastern North Pacific, the boundary stretched northeast, to cover a large part of the sampling area after 2006–2007. In contrast, in the western North Pacific, the isotherm location hardly changed and the sampling area remained within its thermal niche throughout the study period, despite the warming that occurred. Our study suggests that while a climate‐induced basin‐scale cool–warm cycle can alter copepod community size and might subsequently impact the functions of the marine ecosystem in the North Pacific, the interspecific temperature–size relationship is not invariant and that understanding region‐specific processes linking climate and ecosystem is indispensable.
Photoinduced Rearrangement of Aryl‐Substituted Acylcyclohexasilanes
Authors: Haas Michael , Fischer Roland , Schuh Lukas , Saf Robert , Torvisco Ana , Stueger Harald
Published: January 2015

In the present study, we examined photochemical transformations of acylcyclohexasilanes (Me3Si)2Si6Me12(Me3Si)COR (compounds 1) with aromatic substituents attached to the carbonyl C atom. When photolyzed at wavelengths above 300 nm in hydrocarbon solvents, 1a–c (1a: R = o‐Tol; 1b: R = 2,3‐Me2C6H3; 1c: R = 2,4‐Me2C6H3) afforded the previously unknown eight‐membered heterocyclopolysilanes 3a–c, which feature endocyclic Si=C double bonds with remarkable selectivity. If two ortho‐alkyl groups are present at the aromatic ring (compounds 1d–f), the primary products of type 3 (3d: R = Mes; 3e: R = 1,6‐Me2C6H3; 3f: R = 2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2) are photochemically unstable and undergo intramolecular C–H‐bond addition reactions of a ortho‐CH3 group to the Si=C double bond, which leads to the formation of spirobenzocyclobutenes. When photolysis was performed in the presence of methanol, the expected 1,2‐addition products (compounds 4) of the Si=C double bond were obtained quantitatively in all cases. 4a (R = o‐Tol) and 4b (R = Mes) were isolated by crystallization from acetone and fully characterized spectroscopically and by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. Interestingly 4b was obtained as an isomeric mixture arising from syn and anti addition of methanol to the endocyclic Si=C bond, whereas the syn addition was observed exclusively in the case of 4a.
Organocatalytic Conjugate Addition of Cyclopropylacetaldehyde Derivatives to Nitro Olefins: en Route to β‐ and γ‐Amino Acids
Authors: Kaasik Mikk , Noole Artur , Reitel Kärt , Järving Ivar , Kanger Tõnis
Published: January 2015

Cyclopropane‐containing amino acids are important pharmaceuticals and biologically active compounds. A new organocatalytic asymmetric Michael reaction has been developed. This allows the one‐step introduction of the cyclopropane ring, as well as two different nitrogen‐containing functional groups (tert‐butoxycarbonylamino and nitro) into the target compounds. All the products were isolated in good yields with moderate to excellent enantio‐ and diastereoselectivities.
Chitosan: An Upgraded Polysaccharide Waste for Organocatalysis
Authors: Mahé Olivier , Brière Jean‐François , Dez Isabelle
Published: January 2015

Green chemistry, directed towards the sustainable adaptation of human activity, is part of our society. Catalysis and waste upgrading are central aspects of green chemistry. Bringing them together would afford efficient chemical processes from the point of view of sustainability. Chitosan is a polyglucosamine generated from chitin, an abundant polysaccharide recycled from industrial marine wastes. Organocatalysts show some advantages over metallocatalysts in that they do not involve non‐renewable rare metals. However, they have drawbacks such as the need for high loadings and difficulties of recovery. This microreview presents recent achievements in the field of organocatalytic reactions promoted by chitosan as a heterogeneous catalytic material. Various organic reactions are reported, in which chitosan is engaged either as an insoluble organocatalyst or as a support for organocatalysts, being easily recycled and reused. Influences on the reaction outcomes are discussed. Although most reactions produce achiral products, a few asymmetric ones have emerged, demonstrating the capacity of chitosan to transfer its stereochemical information.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed SF5‐Containing Quinoline Synthesis: Three‐Component Coupling Reactions of SF5‐Anilines, Aldehydes and Alkynes
Authors: Mi Xueling , Chen Jing , Xu Lijin
Published: January 2015

Although the pentafluorosulfanyl group was regarded as a “substituent of the future” due to its unique structural and electronic features and potential medicinal properties, there are still a very limited number of methods to accesses SF5‐containing heterocycles. Herein, we present an efficient one‐pot tandem SF5‐quinoline synthetic method. Iron(III) was employed as the catalyst for the three‐component coupling reaction of SF5‐anilines, aldehydes and alkynes. The reaction was performed in the presence of air and a series of 6‐ or 7‐SF5‐substituted quinolines were obtained in good yields.
Comparison of RP‐HPLC modes to analyse the N‐glycome of the free‐living nematode Pristionchus pacificus
Authors: Yan Shi , Wilson Iain B. H. , Paschinger Katharina
Published: January 2015

Pristionchus pacificus is a free‐living nematode increasingly used as an organism for comparison to the more familiar model Caenorhabditis elegans. In this study, we examined the N‐glycans of this organism isolated after serial release with peptide:N‐glycosidases F and A; after fluorescent labelling with 2‐aminopyridine, chromatographic fractionation by three types of RP‐HPLC (with either classical C18, fused core C18 or alkylamide‐bonded phases) followed by mass spectrometric analyses revealed key features of its N‐glycome. In addition to paucimannosidic and oligomannosidic glycans typical of invertebrates, N‐glycans with two core fucose residues were detected. Furthermore, a range of glycans carrying up to three phosphorylcholine residues was observed whereas, unlike C. elegans, no tetrafucosylated N‐glycans were detected. Structures with three fucose residues, unusual methylation of core α1,3‐fucose or with galactosylated fucose motifs were found in low amounts; these features may correlate with a different ensemble or expression of glycosyltransferase genes as compared to C. elegans. From an analytical perspective, both the alkylamide RP‐amide and fused core C18 columns, as compared to a classical C18 material, offer advantages in terms of resolution and of elution properties, as some minor pyridylamino‐labelled glycans (e.g. those carrying phosphorylcholine) appear in earlier fractions and so potential losses of such structures due to insufficient gradient length can be avoided.
A multiscale control volume finite element method for advection–diffusion equations
Authors: Bochev Pavel , Peterson Kara , Perego Mauro
Published: January 2015

We present a new stabilized method for advection–diffusion equations, which combines a control volume FEM formulation of the governing equations with a novel multiscale approximation of the total flux. The latter incorporates information about the exact solution that cannot be represented on the mesh. To define this flux, we solve the governing equations along suitable mesh segments under the assumption that the flux varies linearly along these segments. This procedure yields second‐order accurate fluxes on the edges of the mesh. Then, we use curl‐conforming elements of the same order to lift these edge fluxes into the mesh elements. In so doing, we obtain a stabilized control volume FEM formulation that is second‐order accurate and does not require mesh‐dependent stabilization parameters. Numerical convergence studies on uniform and nonuniform grids along with several standard advection tests illustrate the computational properties of the new method. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
A hybrid numerical method for the phase‐field model of fluid vesicles in three‐dimensional space
Authors: Shin Jaemin , Jeong Darae , Li Yibao , Choi Yongho , Kim Junseok
Published: January 2015

We propose an accurate and robust numerical method for the phase‐field model of fluid vesicles. An equilibrium shape of fluid vesicle is obtained by minimizing the bending energy with volume and surface area constraints. We propose a hybrid numerical scheme that combines the Lagrange multiplier and penalty methods for two constraints. The numerical method is based on a nonlinearly stabilized splitting scheme and a direct volume correction algorithm. A large penalty constant is generally required; however, it does not guarantee that the surface area converges to a given value. Thus, we propose an adaptive constraint algorithm for the penalty method. Various numerical examples are performed to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of 3,3',5‐triiodothyronine on microglial functions
Authors: Mori Yuki , Tomonaga Daichi , Kalashnikova Anastasia , Furuya Fumihiko , Akimoto Nozomi , Ifuku Masataka , Okuno Yuko , Beppu Kaoru , Fujita Kyota , Katafuchi Toshihiko , Shimura Hiroki , Churilov Leonid P. , Noda Mami
Published: January 2015

l‐tri‐iodothyronine (3, 3', 5–triiodothyronine; T3) is an active form of the thyroid hormone (TH) essential for the development and function of the CNS. Though nongenomic effect of TH, its plasma membrane–bound receptor, and its signaling has been identified, precise function in each cell type of the CNS remained to be investigated. Clearance of cell debris and apoptotic cells by microglia phagocytosis is a critical step for the restoration of damaged neuron‐glia networks. Here we report nongenomic effects of T3 on microglial functions. Exposure to T3 increased migration, membrane ruffling and phagocytosis of primary cultured mouse microglia. Injection of T3 together with stab wound attracted more microglia to the lesion site in vivo. Blocking TH transporters and receptors (TRs) or TRα‐knock‐out (KO) suppressed T3‐induced microglial migration and morphological change. The T3‐induced microglial migration or membrane ruffling was attenuated by inhibiting Gi/o‐protein as well as NO synthase, and subsequent signaling such as phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). Inhibitors for Na+/K+‐ATPase, reverse mode of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX), and small‐conductance Ca2+‐dependent K+ (SK) channel also attenuated microglial migration or phagocytosis. Interestingly, T3‐induced microglial migration, but not phagocytosis, was dependent on GABAA and GABAB receptors, though GABA itself did not affect migratory aptitude. Our results demonstrate that T3 modulates multiple functional responses of microglia via multiple complex mechanisms, which may contribute to physiological and/or pathophysiological functions of the CNS. GLIA 2015:63:906–920
Tumor‐infiltrating, interleukin‐33–producing effector‐memory CD8+ T cells in resected hepatocellular carcinoma prolong patient survival
Authors: Brunner Stefan M. , Rubner Christoph , Kesselring Rebecca , Martin Maria , Griesshammer Eva , Ruemmele Petra , Stempfl Thomas , Teufel Andreas , Schlitt Hans J. , Fichtner‐Feigl Stefan
Published: January 2015

Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33), a cytokine with pleiotropic functions, is elevated in serum of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated the effects of local IL‐33 expression in resected HCC on patient survival and on the immunological and molecular tumor microenvironment. Tissue of resected HCCs was stained for hematoxylin and eosin, Masson trichrome, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, IL‐33, CD8, and IL‐13 and analyzed by flow cytometry. Besides histomorphologic evaluation, the immunohistochemical stainings were analyzed for the respective cell numbers separately for tumor area, infiltrative margin, and distant liver stroma. These findings were correlated with clinical data and patient outcome. Further, gene expression of different HCC risk groups was compared using microarrays. In multivariable analysis, infiltration of HCCs by IL‐33+ cells (P = 0.032) and CD8+ cells (P = 0.014) independently was associated with prolonged patient survival. Flow cytometry demonstrated that cytotoxically active subpopulations of CD8+ cells, in particular CD8+CD62L–KLRG1+CD107a+ effector‐memory cells, are the main producers of IL‐33 in these HCC patients. Using infiltration by IL‐33+ and CD8+ cells as two separate factors, an HCC immune score was designed and evaluated that stratified patient survival (P = 0.0004). This HCC immune score identified high‐ and low‐risk patients who differ in gene expression profiles (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Infiltration of HCCs by IL‐33+ and CD8+ cells is independently associated with prolonged patient survival. We suggest that this is due to an induction of highly effective, cytotoxically active CD8+CD62L–KLRG1+CD107a+ effector‐memory cells producing IL‐33. Based on these two independent factors, we established an HCC immune score that provides risk stratification for HCC patients and can be used in the clinical setting. (Hepatology 2015;61:1957‐1967)
Pinocembrin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase expression in chondrocytes
Authors: Zhang Dawei , Huang Bo , Xiong Chengjie , Yue Zhou
Published: January 2015

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, affects millions of people worldwide. The degradation of extracellular matrix induced by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is an important cause of cartilage destruction. Pinocembrin (PB) is one of the primary flavonoids abundant in propolis and extracted as a pure compound. The protective effects of PB in OA have not been reported before. In this study, we found that PB inhibits the expression of MMP‐1, MMP‐3, and MMP‐13 at both mRNA levels and protein levels in human chondrocytes. Importantly, the results of luciferase reporter assay indicated that tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) induced the activation of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) was inhibited by the treatment with PB. It is also shown that TNF‐α‐induced p65 nuclear translocation was blocked by the treatment with PB. Mechanistically, PB treatment significantly inhibited TNF‐α‐induced phosphorylation and degradation of the NF‐κB inhibitor IκBα in human chondrocytes. These results suggest a potential protective effect of PB in OA. © 2015 IUBMB Life, 67(1):36–41, 2015
THE NATURE OF ESSAY GRADES IN LAW SCHOOL1
Authors: Klein Stephen P. , Hart Frederick M.
Published: January 2015

The same one‐hour essay question was included in the final examinations in the Contracts course at 16 law schools. The professor (P) at each school sent to ETS five answers from his class. A Xerox copy of the set of 80 answers was then sent to each P who graded them on a five‐point scale. An analysis of these grades indicated that: (1) the students were consistent in their performance on different essays since grades on the common question (CQ) correlated .71 with their grades in the course, (2) the professors agreed with each other highly in how the papers should be graded (the intraclass correlation was .58 and the reliability of the mean grades across all Ps was .96), and (3) the average grade on the CQ was significantly related to a number of other variables such as LSAT scores (.45), Handwriting quality (.25), the Length of the answer (.56), and first‐year GPA in law school (.62). The average grades assigned to the papers by two laymen and the combination of LSAT and Length correlated .63 and .68, respectively, with the Ps' average grade on the CQ. The implications of these findings are discussed.