bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Should China Feed Itself?
Authors: Ytmg Yongzheng , Huang Yiping
Published: October 2023

When China embarked on economic reform in 1978, its agricultural sector began a transition from a central planning regime to a market¬ oriented household farming system. With the dismantling of the communes and the release of market forces, agricultural output increased dramatically in the first six years of reform. Food shortages disappeared rapidly. With the deepen¬ing of industrial reform since the mid 1980s, strong growth in food demand has continued.
How to Reform a Planned Economy: lessons from China
Authors: McMillan john , Naughton Barry
Published: October 2023

The countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have been flooded with advice from the West on how to liberalise their planned economies. This advice is, unfortunately, offered in an empirical vacuum: no one knows how these economies will react to the proposed liberalisation measures. There exists, however, a neglected source of information. China offers a long time¬ series of data---over a decade’s worth-on the effects of reforms on a planned economy. China’s reforms were gradual, but their cumulative effect has been large; and they have been remarkably successful. China’s experiments provide some practical lessons on what kinds of reforms can work elsewhere. The dominant school of thought among economists favours the ‘big bang’ policy of reforming quickly and according to a comprehensive plan. Partial reforms, in this view, are useless: they will be negated by the remnants of the planning system. The proponents of big bang reform have been influential, with Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Russia announcing plans for a rapid transition to capitalism.
The Idea of a Traite D’economie Politique
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: October 2023

The published version of Say’s Olbie appeared in the first months of 1800, and included a preface making clear the author’s enthusiastic support for the new regime which had been instituted since the work had been written. Although intended to address the problems of the Directory (the “fifty years of stability’ which the Olbiens moral reformation was based upon was held to be the product of the constitution of 1795), Say argued that Olbie was still more suited to the Consulate.
Restoring French Glory
Authors: Whatmore Richard
Published: October 2023

The final factor, Say made clear, had played a major role in recent British history and it is to be speculated that Say meant by this that Britain had thrived because the legacy of the failed republican revolution of the seventeenth century had been a national character singularly suited to virtue and trade.
The Personal Income Tax
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher
Published: October 2023

Of all the particular kinds of tax surveyed in Part II, the personal income tax (PIT) is the most important and complex. It is used to promote many, not always compatible goals, such as vertical equity, horizontal equity, economic efficiency, neutrality towards various kinds of social and economic decisions. There are also a variety of instruments at governments’ disposal for promoting their priority objectives, such as different ways of giving tax relief, aggregation or non-aggregation of spouses’ income, different degrees of progressivity of rate schedules, offsetting wholly, partially or not at all the impact of inflation. All these instruments interact with each other in determining the tax burdens of different categories of taxpayer.
Taxes on Wealth, Capital Gains, and Property
Authors: Messere Ken , Kam Flip de , Heady Christopher
Published: October 2023

This chapter deals with taxes not already covered in Chapters 6-9. Section 10.2 sets out the rationale for taxes on the transfer of net wealth, capital gains, and property. Sections 10.3 and 10.4 discuss net wealth and capital transfer taxes, respectively. The discussion here is confined to taxes of individuals, net wealth taxes on companies having been briefly covered in Chapter 8. Section 10.5 deals with capital gains taxes of individuals. Finally, Section 10.6 discusses taxes on land and buildings—hence forth called ‘property taxes’—including those levied on businesses as well as individuals. It is recalled that property taxes have already been discussed in Chapter 5 in their role of local taxes, but that aspect is not considered here. Also omitted from this chapter and the book are the various financial and capital taxes that usually raise little revenue.
Bureaucratic Corruption and Political Accountability
Authors: Rose-Ackerman Susan
Published: October 2023

Bureaucracies need to be accountable to the public. Their technical decisions and policy judgments should be open to public scrutiny. People and groups need to know what government is doing and have avenues for making complaints and holding officials responsible for their actions. An accountable bureaucracy is not only more democratically legitimate; it is also less prone to corruption and insider influence. In this note I discuss the legal and political constraints on the implementation of statutes, consider the role of judicial review, and highlight ways to achieve openness and public participation.
R & D in Developing Countries: What should Governments Do?
Authors: Neary Peter
Published: October 2023

In this paper I consider the implications of recent research for R & D policy in developing countries. Typical new growth models, which assume free entry and no strategic behaviour by R & D producers, are less appropriate for policy guidance than strategic oligopoly models. But the latter have ambiguous implications for targeted R & D subsidies, and caution against the anti-competitive effects of research joint ventures. A better policy is to raise the economy-wide level of research expertise. This avoids the need for governments to pick winners, is less prone to capture, and dilutes the strategic disincentive to undertake R & D with unappropriable spillovers.
Gender Economics: Just Another Dummy Variable?
Authors: Elson Diane
Published: October 2023

The aim of this short paper is to provoke a discussion about the position of ‘gender economics’ in the development economics agenda. Is it a new subspecialism that simply entails adding a male/ female dummy variable in standard forms of applied microeconomics? Or should we go beyond this to rethink development paradigms from a new perspective with more wide-ranging implications for development economics? The opportunity to discuss these issues is very timely, as the World Bank is engaged in the production of a Policy Research Report on Gender and Development, while the OECD Development Assistance Committee Working Party on Gender Equality is supporting the publication of a paper on gender-aware economic policy analysis for development cooperation. (I am engaged in the first venture as an adviser and the second venture as an author).
The Sogo Shosha: Finding a New Role?
Authors: Sjöberg Örjan , Soderberg Marie
Published: October 2023

Japanese postwar trade has been fundamentally different from that of other industrialized countries in the sense that it has been dominated by a handful of companies, the Japanese sogo shosha, or general trading companies (GTCs). As late as 1990 these companies controlled 75 per cent of all imports to and around 45 per cent of the exports from Japan.
A New Millennium for Japanese-North American Economic Policy Relations?
Authors: Globerman Steven , Kokko Ari
Published: October 2023

The broad purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss potential significant future developments in the economic relationship between North America and Japan, and to assess the implications of these potential developments for the Japanese economy and Japanese economic policies in both the public and private sectors.
Fertility Decline in Sri Lanka: Could Fertility Now Be at about Replacement Level?
Authors: ford C M Lang
Published: October 2023

On the face of it, fertility in Sri Lanka-a very poor country, though with a good record in terms of literacy, education, and health (Caldwell 1986)-has now fallen to extremely low levels. According to the 1993 Demographic and Health Survey of Sri Lanka, the total fertility rate (TFR) for the five-year period before the survey was 2.3 children per woman (Department of Census and Statistics 1995: 26). The main object of this chapter is to assess the likelihood that fertility in Sri Lanka has indeed fallen to around replacement level. A wide range of fertility estimates, based upon census and registration data, and on the data provided by a number of sample surveys, are considered, and checked against each other for consistency. Changes in fertility over the entire period since World War II are examined, to see if apparent recent developments seem plausible. Changes in nuptiality are also considered, and information on recent birth control practice is examined.
Son Preference and the Dynamics of Fertility Decision-Making among Wives and Their Husbands in Rural Nepal
Authors: Stash Sharon
Published: October 2023

Within the demographic literature, or at least that which pertains to western countries, there exists a concept that certain parities are ‘discretionary’-implying that there are certain parities at which couples’ fertility decision-making processes are likely to be more evident than others. This concept is evident in the very title of Westoff, Potter and Sagi’s seminal book The Third Child (1963). As in other studies done during the same period of time, this study examines the relative contributions of various factors that predict a third birth among couples with two children. Such investigations of fertility decision-making benefit from a focus on spousal dynamics occurring at key decision-making junctures.
Transcending an Ethnic Party System? The Impact of Consociational Governance on Electoral Dynamics and the Party System
Authors: Mitchell Paul
Published: October 2023

This chapter exams the impact of the new institutional architecture of Northern Ireland—the 1998 Belfast Agreement—on the party system and elect oral behavior of parties and voters. Previous chapters have detailed the making and meaning of the Agreement and considered its likely impact on policy-making and the future governance of Northern Ireland. Here we focus on the electoral consequences of consociationalrule. An important question concerning the post-Agreement party system is the extent to which the new political institutions—and the return to the Single Transferable Vote electoral system—may attenuate the previously intense communal cleavage by sperm posing a new ‘pro-power-sharing versus anti-power-sharing division’ on the communal party system. Since the agreement is premised on an informal, but no less real, coalition among the pro-Agreement parties, their co-operation in government may encourage, and indeed may ultimately depend upon, electoral co-operation both within and across the traditional communal party systems.
Evaluating Portfolio Performance with Stochastic Discount Factors
Authors: Dahlquist Magnus , Söderlind Paul
Published: October 2023

Performance evaluation has recently received increased attention. Apart from the obvious interest for investors to evaluate portfolio strategies, this can be traced to at least two distinct developments in the asset-pricing literature.
The Speed of Information Revelation in a Financial Market Mechanism
Authors: Vives Xavier
Published: October 2023

The role of prices in transmitting information in financial markets has been extensively studied since the early work of Kihlstrom and Mirman [19] and Grossman [12]. Nevertheless, the study of the speed at which prices incorporate information is much less developed.1 This paper studies a simple information tâtonnement mechanism to elicit the dispersed private information of risk averse agents on the value of a risky asset. The speed of convergence of the prices generated by the mechanism to the underlying value of the asset, that is, the speed of price discovery, is established and the role of market makers analyzed.
Design and Valuation of Debt Contracts
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Sundaresan Suresh
Published: October 2023

This article studies the design and valuation of debt contracts in a general dynamic setting under uncertainty. In doing so we draw together two strands of the finance literature that have developed significantly in recent years, but have done so in large part independently of one another. By incorporating some insights of the recent corporate finance literature into a valuation framework, we obtain a model that seems promising for the empirical study of pricing of risky debt claims and which gives insights into the question of why certain contractual provisions are selected in some situations but not in others. Beyond this we believe our framework suggests a general approach incorporating strategic considerations in valuation setting which can be usefully explored in future work.
Underpricing, Ownership and Control in Initial Public Offerings of Equity Securities in the UK
Authors: Brennan M J , Franks J
Published: October 2023

The underpricing of Initial Public Offerings (IPO) of common stock has been confirmed by researchers in many different countries. A plethora of theoretical explanations have been advanced to explain why the owners of a company would rationally sell shares to outsiders for less than the apparent maximum price achievable (see, Loughran et al., 1994, for a review of the evidence and the possible causes of underpricing).
Introduction
Authors: Arndt Sven W , Kierzkowski Henryk
Published: October 2023

Over much of its development, trade theory has focused on explaining and assessing trade in end products. The international division of labor and the role of specialization are studied mainly in terms of final goods. Even the literature on intra-industry trade, which might naturally have been drawn to trade in parts and components, has tended to focus on the exchange of varieties of end products. There is, of course, a quite distinguished literature on trade in intermediate products, but its findings and insights exist more as an addendum to rather than an integral part of the main paradigm.
A Communication-Based Model of Global Production Fragmentation
Authors: Harris Richard G
Published: October 2023

An important characterization of the globalization of trade, and in particular of trade in manufactures, is the increased fragmentation of production as defined by Jones and Kierzkowski (1990). The basic idea they advanced is that it is important to open the ‘black box’ of the production function and focus attention on differences among the basic component processes of a production system. For example, an electronics plant may have historically produced a number of different components and then assembled them into a final product at a single geographic location. Over time these separate processes which were once agglomerated within a single plant have been segmented, with their location being geographically dispersed both within national economies and across international economies. From the point of view of the country losing an activity, this is also referred to as ‘outsourcing’ by the resident home country firm.
Will Italy Survive Globalization?
Authors: Petrucci Alberto , Quintieri Beniamino
Published: October 2023

Globalization has brought about a very rapid growth of international trade in manufactured goods between industrialized and developing countries. Some of the major structural changes that have occurred recently in the advanced economies have often been associated with increased competition from the newly industrializing countries.
The Netherlands
Authors: Zwaak Leo F
Published: October 2023

On 31 August 1954 the Netherlands became a Party to the European Convention on Human Rights and the government recognized the compulsory jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. When ratifying the Convention, however, the Netherlands did not recognize the right of individuals to lodge complaints with the European Commission on Human Rights. A declaration recognizing the right of individual petition was deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe on 5 July 1960. Both declarations have been regularly renewed and since 1979 for an unlimited period. The Netherlands further ratified in 1971 the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and in 1978 the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its Optional Protocol and the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights.
Therapeutic Arguments and Structures of Desire
Authors: Nussbaum* Martha
Published: October 2023

We all know that society influences our thinking and our behavior in many ways. But we frequently imagine that we also inhabit a pre societal realm of ‘nature,’ and that our desires and emotions derive from that realm. This way of thinking was very much encouraged by romanticism, but it has older roots; it was alive, indeed, in the ancient Greek world. Greeks liked to talk about erotic passion as something that grows in us ‘by nature,’ and to refer to the compulsions of nature in explication of their sexual conduct. The contrast between nature and convention, in the Greek world very much as in our own, was used to mark certain things as unchangeable and off-limits, other things as more superficial and potentially more mutable.
A Second Revolution, 1792
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

Ever since July 1789 the Assembly had had to face a double challenge-how to preserve the Revolution from its opponents? Whose Revolution was it to be? These questions came to a head in mid-1791. Outraged by the changes to the Church and the limitations to his own power, Louis fled Paris on 21June, publicly repudiating the direction the Revolution had taken: ‘the only recompense for so many sacrifices is to witness the destruction of the kingdom, to see all powers ignored, personal property violated, people’s safety everywhere in danger’.
The Revolution in the Balance, 1793
Authors: McPhee Peter
Published: October 2023

Before August 1792 the Girondins had been able to blame Louis for military reverses; whom could they accuse now? They rounded on a new scapegoat, the sans-culottes and their Jacobin allies, whom they attacked as’ anarchists’ and ‘levellers’.
New Regulations for Public Services in Competition
Authors: Henry Claude , Matheu Michel
Published: October 2023

The history of network utilities reached a new phase in the late 1970s. The first half of the twentieth century witnessed the mass distribution of these services, with the progressive connection of small local or regional networks. Then in the postwar years there was a general move towards national monopolies, which were usually publicly owned. A third period, characterized by liberalization, has emerged over the last two decades of the century. Competition has been introduced on varying scales in all sectors —energy, transport, telecommunications and the postal service —as a result of the impact of structural changes.
Developments in Regulatory Principles: The UK Experience
Authors: Cowan Simon
Published: October 2023

The UK, along with Chile, was the pioneer of privatization of state-owned utilities in the 1980s, and has served as a model for subsequent privatizations and new forms of regulation elsewhere in the world. As experience has been gained and practical lessons have been learned, the theory of regulation has also developed. In this paper I assess some recent theoretical developments in regulation in the light of UK experience. The choice of topics is motivated by UK practice, but the purpose is not to claim that there is a tight mapping between observed features of actual regulation and the theory. Instead I present some key ideas using, for the most part, a unified modelling framework. Armstrong et al. (1994) and Laffont and Tirole (1993) present more detailed surveys of regulation theory.
Establishing Independent Regulators in France
Authors: Bureau Dominique , Curien Nicolas
Published: October 2023

The telecommunications and electricity sectors are not the only ones in France for which the state has gradually delegated regulatory responsibility to independent authorities. The Broadcasting Council (CSA) and the Stock market Regulatory Body (COB) also hold such powers. However, they operate on established markets where public operators are no longer dominant and do not control essential facilities.
Independent Regulators in Italy
Authors: Bavagnoli Francesco
Published: October 2023

As a result of the implementation of EU directives on liberalization, the evolution of the Italian energy and telecommunication industries could become a paradigm for the reform of all public utilities, in Italy, from the postal service to the railway network.
The Phillips curve
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

The Norwegian model of inflation and the Phillips curve are rooted in the same epoch of macroeconomics. But while Aukrust’s model dwindled away from the academic scene, the Phillips curve literature ‘took off’ in the 1960s and achieved immense impact over the next four decades. Section 4.1.1 records some of the most noteworthy steps in the developments of the Phillips curve. In the 1970s, the Phillips curve and Aukrust’s model were seen as alternative, representing ‘demand’ and ‘supply’ model of inflation respectively (see Frisch 1977). However, as pointed out by Aukrust (1977), the difference between viewing the labour market as the important source of inflation and the Phillips curve’s focus on product market, is more a matter of emphasis than of principle, since both mechanisms may be operating together.
The New Keynesian Phillips curve
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

The previous four chapters have analysed alternative models of wage–price setting in small open economies. A common underlying assumption has been that all processes are causal or future independent processes, that is, the roots of the characteristic polynomials are on (unit roots) or inside the unit circle. This means that the model can be solved uniquely from known initial conditions. In this chapter, we turn to rational expectations models—systems where expected future values of endogenous variables enter as explanatory variables, in one or more equations.
Transmission channels and model properties
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar
Published: October 2023

On 29 March 2001 Norway adopted inflation targeting. Rather than stabilising the exchange rate by pegging the Norwegian Krone to the Euro (or previously a basket of foreign currencies) the central bank became committed to an inflation target of 2.5%. This was in line with an international trend, as countries like Canada, New Zealand, Sweden, and the United Kingdom had already changed their monetary policy towards an explicit inflation target; cf. Bernanke et al. (1999).
Curious Narrative and the Problem of Credit: James Bruce’s Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: October 2023

In the late summer and autumn of 1774 London society was gripped by a mania for curiosity. Writing in her journal in that year, the young novelist Fanny Burney noted that ‘the present Lyon of the Times …is Omy, the Native of Otaheite;—& next to him, the present Object is Mr Bruce, a Gentleman who has been Abroad 12 years, & spent 4 of them in Abyssinia, & places in Africa, where no English man before has gained admission. His adventures are very marvellous.’ Mai (or Omai as his name was incorrectly transliterated) was a young Polynesian brought back from the Pacific on board Captain Furneaux’s Adventure, which had accompanied Cook on his second voyage.
Domesticating Distance: Three Women Travel Writers in British India
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: October 2023

‘There are peculiar powers inherent in ladies’ eyes’, wrote Lady Elizabeth Eastlake in an 1845 review of twelve recently published travel books by women, a belated acknowledgement of the importance of women travel writers by midcentury. Because women were accustomed to ‘count canvass stitches by the fireside’, she continued, they could see perspicuously where men remained content with ‘sweeping generalities’. Woman’s domestic confinement and the assumption that she possesses a particularized, unsystematic world-view are here converted into a narrative strength, supported by what we have seen to be the strongly empirical tradition of travel writing: ‘a man either starts on his travels with a particular object in view, or, failing that, drives a hobby of his own the whole way before him . . . [the woman traveller, in contrast] is less troubled with preconceived ideas as to what is most important to observe, goes picking up material much more indiscriminately.’
The Bagehot Problem
Authors: Hirsch Fred
Published: October 2023

Under the lead of Friedman and Johnson, monetary analysis in the past two decades has been largely transformed. The previous institutional approach has been replaced by the application of micro-economic analysis; banking has been treated as an industry in which the size and pattern of output, and the remunera tion of factor inputs, are determined by the standard market influences. Normatively, particular characteristics of banking have been recognised as justifying some minimum of official regulation. But such regulation is itself to be exercised with the minimum administrative discretion and the minimum social control. Thus, the major normative implication of the analysis is that competition in banking is to be maximised, and administrative intervention minimised, subject only to the constraints stemming from the technical monopoly characteristics embodied in banking.1
Work and Vocation
Authors: Thomas Keith
Published: October 2023

In the early modern period, the idea that work might offer a route to human fulfilment had to surmount some formidable obstacles. The two dominant intellectual traditions, Christian and classical, in their different ways both encouraged the notion that work was a tedious, even cruel, necessity, and that, ideally, life would have been better if people did not have to work at all.
Selecting Queens During the Wars of the Roses
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

The choice of a wife was the most important single decision ever made by any medieval king. The ability to produce from her a male heir was his most important responsibility. For her to bear this son in time for him to be of age when his father died was scarcely less essential. Thus Anne Crawford summed up traditional assumptions about the primary reason for medieval kings to acquire queens. Yet this contrasts with the marriage of the most famous of literary kings: Arthur, who was repeatedly invoked as a model of ideal kingship in fourteenth- and fifteenth-century texts.
Court and Household
Authors: Laynesmith J L
Published: October 2023

The court in fifteenth-century England is not an easy institution to define. Medieval historians have, until recently, tended to focus upon notions of the ‘household ‘, more easily imagined because of the surviving evidence of its administrative structures. The king ‘s household and court were so entwined, and mutually dependent, that separate definitions are unlikely to be satisfactory. D. A. L. Morgan has pointed out that the term ‘court ‘ was scarcely used under the Lancastrians and argues that it was Edward IV ‘s reign which saw the development of ‘a complex of ideas and attitudes, as well as social habits and institutional forms, which had given the “court “ a new or at least an acutely intensified self-consciousness ‘ and formed the basis of the more familiar Tudor court. R. A. Griffiths, however, has argued that there was greater continuity
Venue and the Defendant-Reverse Forum Shopping
Authors: Bell Andrew S
Published: October 2023

Chapter 1 of this book drew attention to the fact that, in relation to any given transnational dispute, there are likely to be several forums willing prima facie to exercise jurisdiction. The phenomenon of concurrent jurisdiction highlighted the extent of choice open to a plaintiff as to the venue in which a transnational dispute may be resolved. In Chapter 2, various incentives for forum shopping were identified. These have the consequence that the plaintiff’s ‘right’ to choose the forum can be an extremely valuable and important one.
Venue by Consensus-The Role of Jurisdiction and Arbitration Agreements
Authors: Bell Andrew S
Published: October 2023

Thus far, this book has been largely concerned with situations where parties have not adverted to the question of venue for the resolution of a dispute priorto that dispute actually arising. Failure to address this issue is, of course, not surprising in cases where the claim is one in tort where the parties will generally not have been in a prior legal relationship. The same may be said for some claims in quasi-contract or restitution, or arising under statute. Where parties to a dispute are in a contractual relationship, however, they have the opportunity to anticipate and minimize the scope for any clashes over venue in subsequent litigation by making express provision for venue or mode of dispute resolution in their
Personnel Systems and Policies of Local Governments
Authors: Inatsugu Hiroaki
Published: October 2023

Although Japan’s local government system has been the subject of research from many different angles, few have focused on its personnel and pay systems. Such systems are the foundations upon which an organization’s work is performed, and this is true also of local governments. When discussing the decentralization of power, the capability of local governments to handle the administrative duties that may be transferred to them is often an important issue. It is therefore necessary to discuss in detail the characteristics of local governments’ personnel administrations and organizations.
Genealogy of Masculinity
Authors: Schneider Monique
Published: October 2023

Monique Schneider was bom in 1935 in Mirecourt, a village in Lorraine, France. After graduate work at I’tcole Normale Superieure, she taught in Grenoble until 1970 when she was appointed director of research at the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research), in Paris. Schneider’s thesis for the Doctorat d’Etat de Philosophic (1980) explores the connections between affect and the process of learning. Long interested in relations between philosophy and psychoanalysis, Schneider has been a practising psychoanalyst since the 1980s, and is affiliated with I’tcole de la Cause Freudienne (School of the Freudian Cause), Now director of research emerita at the CNRS, Schneider practises psychoanalysis in Paris.
The Excess Visibility of an Invisible Sex or the Privileges of the Formless
Authors: Nahon Claire
Published: October 2023

Claire Nahon is a clinical psychologist currently completing her doctorate in Fundamental Psychopathology and Psychoanalysis. Her research focuses on the notion of trans-sexuality, as opposed to transsexuality. Through her clinical work with transexual patients she seeks to re-evaluate the commonly accepted usage of the term ‘sexuality’ within the field of psychopathology. Beyond the traditional Freudian concept of ‘bisexuality’ constitutive of a certain normativity with regard to the duality of the sexes, a normativity grounded in static modalities of desire anchored in anatomy, Nation’s elaborations of trans-sexuality destabilize socially acquired representations of sex and sexual difference.
The Gold Standard and Central Banking to 1914
Authors: Mouré Kenneth
Published: October 2023

The working of the pre-war gold standard and the development of modern central banking in the late nineteenth century form the essential backdrop to the inter-war struggle to restore stability and order to the world economy after the First World War. The gold standard was believed to be an ideal and natural system whose restoration was indispensable; the role of central banks received little debate in the inter-war years after an initial push to establish new central banks; their role was in a process of substantial evolution. Closer attention to pre-war experience might have shown that the gold standard was a recent and evolutionary system, and that central banks were undergoing significant development in terms of their responsibilities and practice. The classical era of the gold standard up to 1914 owed its stability to temporary, contingent factors that were altered radially by the war. The organization and the objenives of modern central banking and the international monetary system would be reshaped in a prolonged profess of adjustment to wartime and post-war changes.
Deflation in Practice, 1920–1924
Authors: Mouré Kenneth
Published: October 2023

‘Gold is the only common standard which all European countries could at present agree to adopt,’ the Genoa resolutions declared in April 1922. Fernanda deliberations in Genoa reached no consensus on how to get back to gold, nor on how the restored gold standard should operate, although delegates agreed that a durable restoration required balanced budgets and external payments equilibrium. In retrospect, monetary authorities dearly underestimated the importance of a series of problems in returning to gold: structural changes in the world economy had altered patterns of trade and payments, domestic inflation had drastically exceeded expiations and (Control, deflation encountered unexpected difficulties in the downward rigidity of wages and the increased burden of public debt, and reconstruction expenditures were not covered by reparation payments from defeated enemies.
‘Rather a faith than a theory’: Central Bank Co-operation, 1916–1930
Authors: Mouré Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Central bank co-operation in the inter-war period has generally been either damned with faint praise or condemned as an outright failure with grave consequences. Stephen Clarke’s path-breaking study of central bank co-operation concluded that central banks achieved considerable success in stabilizing currents after the war. but that co-operation functioned as a ‘fair weather instrument’. After 1928, central bankers were overwhelmed by economic problems beyond their competence and capacit to control: Clarke judged their co-operation from mid-1928 to 1931 a clear failure.1 Kindleberger agreed. ‘Central bank cooperation, never deeply rooted, wilted even before the hot sun of 1929, and the torrid blasts of 1931,’2 and he doubted that co-operation could have done more to avert the Great Depression without strong leadership from one country.3 Temin has cauctioned that An operation was ‘not a good in and of itself’. Greater co-operation within the reigning gold standard orthodoxy in the early 1930s would have polished little: fidelity to the gold standard was the main problem, wok greater central bank co-operation to stay on gold would have prolonged.4
Behavioral Policy
Authors: Caplin Andrew , Leahy John
Published: October 2023

Policy questions (such as when free trade among nations is beneficial) are central to economics. The economists have become very good at constructing models to address these questions. These models are often criticized as painting an idealized and unrealistic picture of the decision making process.
Child Poverty
Authors: Piachaud David , Sutherland Holly
Published: October 2023

Poverty in childhood is important for social exclusion not only because of its immediate effect in constraining children’s lives but also because it is a cause of social exclusion in later life. Chapters in this volume on inter-generational associations (Hobcraft, Chapter 5), on how experience in childhood is linked with teenage pregnancy and relationship breakdown (Kiernan, Chapter 6), and on educational performance (Sparkes and Glennerster, Chapter 11) all show the significance of child poverty. It is therefore important in analysing the determinants of social exclusion to examine the determinants of child poverty. This is what this chapter attempts to do.
Understanding Financial Crises
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas
Published: October 2023

What causes a financial crisis? Can financial crises be anticipated or even avoided? What can be done to lessen their impact? Should governments and international institutions intervene? Or should financial crises be left to run their course? In the aftermath of the recent Asian financial crisis, many blamed international institutions, corruption, governments, and flawed macro and microeconomic policies not only for causing the crisis but also unnecessarily lengthening and deepening it. Based on ten years of research, the authors develop a theoretical approach to analyzing financial crises. Beginning with a review of the history of financial crises and providing readers with the basic economic tools needed to understand the literature, the authors construct a series of increasingly sophisticated models. Throughout, the authors guide the reader through the existing theoretical and empirical literature while also building on their own theoretical approach. The text presents the modern theory of intermediation, introduces asset markets and the causes of asset price volatility, and discusses the interaction of banks and markets. The book also deals with more specialized topics, including optimal financial regulation, bubbles, and financial contagion.
Prologue
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: October 2023

In the autumn of 1736 Francis, 2nd Earl ofGodolphin, was paying one of his regular visits to his racing stables at Hogmagog near Newmarket when he suffered a fit of giddiness which he feared to be the onset of apoplexy. A physician from nearby Bury St Edmunds, Dr Messenger Monsey, was hastily called in. He found his patient to be a widower in his fifties, of mild and amiable manners and pronounced valetudinarian habits. Although it was doubtful whether he was ever in any real danger, he was quite content to protract his convalescence over several weeks. Monsey was engaged to call frequently, made welcome, and paid well. By the time Godolphin was ready to declare himself recovered the two had become good friends.
Metropolitans and Mimics
Authors: Boehmer Elleke
Published: October 2023

The twentieth-century recognition of the non-West by the West was earlier described as regenerative, a recognition of reciprocal affinities. It represented a new accessibility of what had once been disavowed as strange. But if viewed in terms of relative power and status, the semblance of reciprocity recedes. Colonized and creole artists may have been included in metropolitan culture as migrants, yet they were rarely accepted as full participants in that culture. Far from bringing disruption, the foreign and the ‘ primitive’ were enlisted by Western tradition as instruments of its own internal renewal.
Pareto-Improving Immigration in an Economy with Equilibrium Unemployment
Authors: Ortega Javier
Published: October 2023

The existence and the nature of the effects of immigration on the economic situation of natives is a subject of debate in industrialized ‘host’ countries, particularly in Europe. The idea that the presence or arrival of immigrants may deteriorate the economic prospects of natives is widely spread. From the available empirical literature, the conclusion is, however, far from clear-cut, for the US as well as for Europe. As stressed by Borjas (1994) in his survey, ‘the most important lesson is that the economic impact of immigration will vary by time and by place, and can be either beneficial or harmful’.
External Effects Of Intellectual Property Rights In Technology Adoption
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka
Published: October 2023

Network industries may involve tipping, a point at which the joint existence of two incompatible products may be unstable, with the possible consequence that a single product and standard will dominate. Therefore, the control of third-party behaviour through external effects to support tipping is potentially an effective strategy in the network economy. Traditional industries where tipping has occurred are FM versus AM radio, colour versus black-and-white television, VHS versus Beta in videocassette recorders and typewriter keyboards. In marketing language, these industries have experienced a paradigm shift with new technologies successfully replacing old technologies on the majority market.
Conclusions
Authors: Rahnasto Ilkka
Published: October 2023

This book is based on the presumption that intellectual property rights are valuable because they can be used to affect the way in which other companies behave and allocate their resources. This ability or opportunity to influence others is increasingly replacing the traditional ‘reward’ as the primary business justification for investment in intellectual property rights. In the network economy the activities of single companies always affect the value other companies derive from the same network. Consequently, the business environment offers increasingly possibilities to influence others.
The Applicable Law
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

Historically, the question of applicable law has not caused many problems in relation to marketplaces, since the auction and/or exchange have been geographica11y limited with all participating parties being physically present at the place where the deals are made. Because of the internationalization of auctions and exchanges the question of which Jaw is applicable becomes of greater practical importance. When an electronic auction or exchange is held over the Internet the question arises as to whether all states’ regulation applies, or only one, or only some.
Illegal Transactions
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

In national law we find that certain objects may not be sold and that it is forbidden to provide certain services. States have different rules as to what transactions are allowed. Areas often restricted are pornography, copyright material, alcohol, and pharmaceuticals. We also find restrictions in relation to export control laws and trade sanctions. Other areas forbidden in national law may be transactions deemed by a national state to threaten interests of a religious or political nature. A well- known example is the French law forbidding the sale of Nazi memorabilia. Yahoo. corn’s auction site enables private persons (consumer-to-consumer) to offer Nazi memorabilia to be sold by auction. This is not forbidden under US law. Of course, the combination of differences in national law and the difficulty in establishing where the transaction is made, the nationality of the involved parties and the nature of protective intention behind the national restriction makes it particularly hard to determine the applicable law. Furthermore, it is in practice difficult for the national state wishing to enforce its restrictions to give them international force.
Dispute Resolution
Authors: Ramberg Christina
Published: October 2023

It is interesting how rarely legal disputes in courts concern auctions and exchanges, considering the long history, the many transactions, the speculative element and the large amounts involved. Auctions and exchanges appear to be transactional procedures which discourage disputes. It is wise to create the same feature when the transactions are made electronically.
Sales En Viager
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

Transactions en viager derive their name from the obsolete French word viage meaning ‘lifetime’. They are by law sales which must involve some degree of alea or chance. The typical transaction is one in which the seller sells subject to a joint and survivor interest in the property for himself and his spouse and the sale price is paid partly as a lump sum and partly by way of an annuity. If the seller retains possession of the property it is a sale en viager occupé but there is no reason why the seller should not give immediate vacant possession when it becomes a viager libre.
The Régime Matrimonial
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

As eminent a lawyer as Professor Dicey when referring to the French regime matrimonial does so by classing it as 'a marriage contract or settlement' and it may well be thought impertinent to take issue with such a description. It is true that the document which creates a regime if the parties to a marriage do not wish to adopt the regime provided by law is called a contrat de mariage. However, a marriage contract is not a term known to English law and is used by another learned Vinerian Professor of Law, Professor Cheshire, only in the context of contracts prejudicial to the status of marriage.
Union Libre
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

C.civ.art.518-8 describes ‘le concubinage’ which is the legal term for union Libre or cohabitation as the ‘de facto union, between two persons of the same or of different sexes living together as a couple and characterized by a life in common, exhibiting evident signs of stability and continuity’. The extent of stability required for the state of concubinage to exist may be judged from the decision of the Courts that it gives one party the right to organize the funeral of the other (CA Douai 7.7.98).
Land And Its Taxation
Authors: Dyson Henry
Published: October 2023

The various taxes the liability for payment of which flows from the ownership of land fall into three groups. These are taxes payable (i) on the acquisition of land, (ii) during the ownership of land, and (iii) on the disposal of land. The rules relating to the payment of income tax or corporation tax are outside the scope of this book and no detailed reference is therefore made to either tax. It is assumed that, where the owner of land is not a private individual, it will be a societe civile and since shareholders of such companies do not have limited liability and in some cases are directly assessed to tax, payment of tax will virtually always fall on the individual irrespective of whether he is the direct owner or the owner via the medium of a company.
Collective Action For Local–Level Effort Regulation: An Assessment Of Recent Experiences In Senegalese Small–Scale Fisheries
Authors: Gaspart Frederic , Platteau Jean–Philippe
Published: October 2023

The success or failure of collective action depends on two sets of factors which we have identified on the basis of our previous research. The first are the characteristics of the people concerned, such as the size of the group they are forming, the extent of their heterogeneity, and the social capital at their disposal, that is, their tradition of cooperation in other areas. Heterogeneity may result from a variety of sources, such as differences in exit opportunities, time horizons, resource use or techniques adopted, and differences in skill levels or capital endowments. The second are the characteristics of the technical, economic, and political environment that affect the enforcement costs of a collective scheme. Technical aspects may refer to the physical attributes of a common-pool resource such as its location, its degree of compactness, and the frequency and predictability of its produce flows; or to the features of the technique used to extract these flows or to build up a public good. Among economic aspects, we note in particular the market conditions for inputs and outputs of the collective activity concerned. Finally, political aspects mainly refer to the role played by state institutions.
Gaussian Semiparametric Estimation of Long-range Dependence
Authors: Robinson P M
Published: October 2023

Finite-parameter models for f (λ) over the full frequency band (—π, π ]which are consistent with the property (7.1), have been considered (such as fractional autoregressive moving average models), as have methods of estimating an unknown H and additional parameters.
Testing for Strong Serial Correlation and Dynamic Conditional Heteroskedasticity in Multiple Regression
Authors: Robinson P M
Published: October 2023

Most of the many diagnostic tests for serial correlation (SC) and dynamic conditional heteroskedasticity (DCH) of regression disturbances have good asymptotic local power against finite autoregressive (AR) or moving average (MA) alternatives. In testing for SC, statistics typically depend on finitely many, p, least squares (LS) residual sample autocorrelations.