bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Legal Regulation and Supranational Interaction in Counteracting the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges and Proposals
Authors: Shulga Ievgenii , Skaletska Zoryana , Kalaianova Olena , Shynkaruk Oleksandra
Published: August 2021

The purpose of the article is to study problems of international legal regulation and supranational cooperation in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The institutional and international legal mechanism of counteraction to the spread of the pandemic is analyzed. The problem moments of realization of provisions of the main international acts in the area of counteraction to the Coronavirus disease by the national governments are marked out. The methodological basis for the article is general and special methods and techniques of scientific knowledge, in particular: formal-logical, Aristotelian method, method of documentary, system-structured method, formal and legal method, forecasting method, method of generalization. The key problems of international legal counteraction to the pandemic spread are as follows: advisory (not obligatory) character of the majority of international legal acts related to the fight against COVID-19; disinterest of the states in timely informing WHO about the outbreaks of infectious diseases; arbitrary interpretation of the international acts by national governments; human rights restrictions on the movement imposed by the states; lack of a clear funding mechanism to build the necessary global and national infrastructure to ensure commitment in accordance with the International Health Regulations.
La mort appréciée. L'assistance au suicide en Suisse
Authors: Pillonel Alexandre , Berthod Marc-Antoine , Castelli Dransart Dolores Angela , Stavrianakis Anthony
Published: August 2021

Ce livre propose une immersion dans les réalités de l’assistance au suicide. Il se fonde sur une étude ethnographique qui restitue le point de vue de personnes recourant à une telle assistance ainsi que celui des individus susceptibles de prendre part à un tel processus : personnes sollicitant une aide au suicide et leurs proches, accompagnateurs et accompagnatrices d’associations d’aide au suicide, médecins, psychiatres, personnels soignants, pharmacien·ne·s, agent·e·s de police, médecins légistes, procureur·e·s ou employé·e·s des pompes funèbres. Avec force et détail, il rend compte de toute la mise en place d’une assistance au suicide et documente de manière inédite – à partir d’observations directes – la réalisation même d’un suicide assisté et toute la procédure médicolégale qui la suit. Cet ouvrage fait le récit d’une série de cas, suivis parfois durant près de deux ans, pour tenter de saisir la façon dont l’idée consistant à vouloir donner une telle forme à la mort a émergé chez une personne – jusqu’à sa mise en oeuvre. L’ouvrage offre une compréhension aussi complète que possible du dispositif d’assistance au suicide en Suisse.
Injury in CrossFit beginner / intermediary participants: a systematic review
Authors: Zecchin-Oliveira Arthur Marques , Silva Arthur P , Pisa Marcel MF , Gonçalves Thiago CP , Bassetti Victor L , Puggina Enrico F
Published: August 2021

Objective: Sports injury can occur due to several factors, which makes it extremely difficult to conduct cause and effect studies by controlling and evaluating a specific variable. Common reason for the appearance of injuries is poor physical preparation for the proposed training load, a factor that is more present in high intensity sports.

CrossFit has been gaining a great deal of attention in recent years due to its dynamic mix of varied sports. Beginner and intermediary level participants are very common in CrossFit gyms, so the understanding the training effect for this group is very important for healthy practice (aiming for safety and injury rate).

Methods: Only original articles were included, between 2000 and 2019 (November), with the search for the word "CrossFit" in nine databases. It was accepted only studies in Portuguese, English or Spanish.

Results: After screening, only three studies met the inclusion criteria following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses assessment. The most common injury segments in beginner and intermediate practitioners were the shoulder and the knee. There are functional and morphological mechanisms that makes injury become more common, such as life habits and anatomic / physiological body disposition.

Conclusion: CrossFit beginners and intermediaries participants demonstrated moderate injury level. Studies with more subjects showed a lower injury level. The most injured segments found were knee and shoulder. According to our results the risk of injury in CrossFit beginner and intermediary participants is acceptable, and discussed in recent published reviews.
Fitness trainers’ use of need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors: the role of gender, fitness activity, and professional experience
Authors: Rodrigues Filipe , Macedo Rita , Teixeira Diogo Santos , Cid Luís , Monteiro Diogo
Published: August 2021

Objective: The assessment of interventions designed to improve communication skills of trainers has become an interesting research focus among the scholar community. Yet, literature is scarce on how trainer characteristics could influence behaviors expressed by fitness trainers when interacting with gym members. The present research aimed to examine the role of gender, fitness activity, and work experience of fitness trainers use of need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors.

Method: In total, 468 trainers (female = 213; male = 255) aged between 19 and 46 years (M = 29.20; SD = 4.39) were recruited for the present study.

Results: The measurement model provided acceptable fit in each group under analysis. Additionally, the multigroup analysis revealed invariance between gender, fitness activities, and working experience.

Conclusion: Regarding the measurement of need-supportive and need-thwarting behaviors, the measure under analysis can be applied reliably to fitness trainers with different characteristics.
Relación entre índices antropométricos y la obesidad en personas mayores de 60 años. Estudios Europeo IN COMMON SPORT
Authors: Mollinedo-Cardalda Irimia , Pereira Karina , López-Rodríguez Adriana , Cancela-Carral José María
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: Comprobar si el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el índice cintura-cadera (ICC), circunferencia de cintura (CCi), circunferencia de cadera (CCa) y porcentaje de grasa corporal se correlacionan entre sí en personas mayores de 60 años.

Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional en 1055 personas mayores de 60 años de diferentes países europeos pertenecientes al proyecto europeo IN COMMON SPORTS. Se realizó una valoración inicial de las variables antropométricas.

Resultados: Correlación significativa del IMC con el porcentaje de grasa corporal, CCi y CCa pero no con el ICC. El ICC presenta correlaciones proporcionales significativas con el CCi, e inversamente proporcionales con el CCa. El género masculino muestra una correlación significativa entre el ICC y IMC, pero no con el porcentaje de grasa corporal. El IMC promedio muestra una tendencia general alta para ambos géneros. Mujeres mayor porcentaje de grasa.

Conclusión: El IMC se correlaciona con ICC, CCa y CCi pero dependiendo del género. Los hombres mostraron correlaciones significativas entre IMC e ICC, pero en las mujeres no se encuentran correlaciones de estas medidas.
Relación del Special Wrestling Fitness Test con el rendimiento aeróbico
Authors: Herrera-Valenzuela Tomás , Cuadra Daniela , Valdés-Badilla Pablo , Cofre-Bolados Cristian , Pardo-Tamayo Carolina , Ojeda-Aravena Alex , Franchini Emerson
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: Este estudio investigó la relación de variables fisiológicas aeróbicas durante el Special Wrestling Test Fitness con las variables fisiológicas medidas durante una prueba incremental en carrera.

Métodos: Ocho atletas cadetes y junior (hombres: 2; mujeres: 6) de lucha olímpica estilo libre realizaron el Special Wrestling Fitness Test determinando el número de derribos, el índice de la prueba y los valores picos de consumo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca, cociente respiratorio y pulso de oxígeno. Adicionalmente los atletas realizaron una prueba incremental en tapiz rodante para determinar los valores picos de consumo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardíaca, cociente respiratorio y pulso de oxígeno. Para establecer la relación entre variables fue utilizada la prueba de Pearson (p < 0.05).

Resultados: Fue encontrada una correlación positiva entre la frecuencia cardíaca final durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test y la frecuencia cardíaca pico durante la prueba incremental (r = 0.90; P = 0.002; IC95% = 0.54-0.98), entre la frecuencia cardíaca durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test versus la frecuencia cardíaca pico durante la prueba incremental (r = 0.81; P = 0.002; IC95% = 0.53-0.98), y entre consumo de oxígeno pico durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test versus el consumo de oxígeno pico durante la prueba incremental (r = 0.93; P = 0.001; IC95% = 0.67-0.99).

Conclusiones: Variables fisiológicas durante el Special Wrestling Fitness Test se relacionan con la respuesta fisiológica durante una prueba incremental medida de forma directa. Por lo tanto, los entrenadores podrían aplicar el Special Wrestling Fitness Test para monitorear las modificaciones en el rendimiento aeróbico producto del entrenamiento.
Análisis comparativo del sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes canarios y eslovenos a partir de la medida continua de la edad
Authors: Hernández Adelto , Cáceres Carlos Miguel , Borges-Hernández Pablo José , Marinšek Miha , Jurak Gregor
Published: August 2021

Objetivo: comparar los niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad en 8416 adolescentes canarios y eslovenos de 14.60 ± 2.21 años, siendo el 49.96% mujeres.

Método: para describir el perfil de sobrepeso y obesidad se estimó, siguiendo las recomendaciones habituales, a través de la medida de la masa, altura y perímetro cintura, utilizando los criterios de la Fundación Orbegozo (2011), y calculando su media, desviación estándar, coeficiente de correlación por rangos, comparación de medias (U de Mann-Whitney) y de igualdad de proporciones (rho de Spearman). Hallando según el Índice de Masa Corporal, normopeso (79.83%), sobrepeso (10.89%) y obesidad (9.28%) estratificando la muestra por género y segmento de edad; y a partir de estas medidas, los valores límite Índice Cintura-Altura.

Resultados: no existen diferencias en cuanto a masa corporal entre canarios y eslovenos (p = 0.453), pero sí que se aprecian diferencias en altura (p = 0.012), cintura (p < 0.001), Índice de Masa Corporal (p = 0.002) e Índice Cintura-Altura (p < 0.001).

Conclusiones: existen diferencias en la estructura corporal entre ambas poblaciones. Por lo que parece evidente la necesidad de emplear ambas medidas para obtener un diagnóstico completo de la obesidad en la adolescencia.
Intermittent fasting in the prevention and treatment of cancer
Authors: Clifton Katherine K. , Ma Cynthia X. , Fontana Luigi , Peterson Lindsay L.
Published: August 2021

Chronic caloric restriction (CR) has powerful anticarcinogenic actions in both preclinical and clinical studies but may be difficult to sustain. As an alternative to CR, there has been growing interest in intermittent fasting (IF) in both the scientific and lay community as a result of promising study results, mainly in experimental animal models. According to a survey by the International Food Information Council Foundation, IF has become the most popular diet in the last year, and patients with cancer are seeking advice from oncologists about its beneficial effects for cancer prevention and treatment. However, as discussed in this review, results from IF studies in rodents are controversial and suggest potential detrimental effects in certain oncologic conditions. The effects of IF on human cancer incidence and prognosis remain unknown because of a lack of high‐quality randomized clinical trials. Preliminary studies suggest that prolonged fasting in some patients who have cancer is safe and potentially capable of decreasing chemotherapy‐related toxicity and tumor growth. However, because additional trials are needed to elucidate the risks and benefits of fasting for patients with cancer, the authors would not currently recommend patients undergoing active cancer treatment partake in IF outside the context of a clinical trial. IF may be considered in adults seeking cancer‐prevention benefits through means of weight management, but whether IF itself affects cancer‐related metabolic and molecular pathways remains unanswered.
THE LEGITIMACY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASSES FOR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Podstawski Robert , Choszcz Dariusz
Published: August 2021

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the current scope of P.E. classes organized at the University of Warmia & Mazury in Olsztyn (Poland) during a period of one semester on the level of 1st year students’ motor abilities. A total of 337 full-time students aged 19-20 participated in the research. In order to calculate the students’ BMI, basic anthropometric parameters such as their body mass and height were measured. The students’ motor abilities were examined at the beginning as well as at the end of the summer semester of the academic year 2009/2010 using the following 13 motor tests: the standing long jump [cm], the 4x10 m shuttle run [s], the skipping with clapping of hands – 8 s [number of claps], sit-ups – 30 s [number of sit-ups], the medicine ball (4 kg) forward throw [cm], the medicine ball (4 kg) backward throw [cm], the bent-arm hang on bar [s], the downward bend from standing position [cm], the sit and reach [cm], Burpee test – 1 and 3 min. [number of cycles], and the forward-backward arm rotation over head holding a bar [cm]. The data were subjected to statistical analysis using the Statistica PL v. 10 software package. In the majority of motor trials (eight out of eleven) the students performed significantly worse after completing the semester-long P.E. course. In the other five trials the differences were found to be insignificant. Moreover, the study revealed that the participants’ average BMI increased over the course of the experiment. Based on the above it can be concluded that the current university P.E. program seems to be ineffective as it failed to result in noticeable positive physical changes, although the possible influence of the P.E. classes on the students’ attitudes toward physical education and their future lifestyles should not be ignored. If it is to lead to the desired physical changes in university youth, the amount of time devoted to physical education at the university must be increased, the classes distributed differently and their form rethought.
Key words: physical education, P.E. program, university students, motor abilities.
PERSONAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF TEACHER BURNOUT IN GEORGIA
Authors: Bitsadze Maya , Japaridze Marine
Published: August 2021

The study aimed to identify personal and social factors having impact on teacher burnout in Georgia. The survey was conducted on 373 Georgian school teachers. Teacher burnout phenomena was studied in connection with psychological factor such as locus of control and social factors - school climate dimensions: Principals' attitude to teachers, teachers' attitude to colleagues and to students. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the research. The highest teacher burnout was identified on Emotional Exhaustion subscale of burnout. Correlatios were confirmed between burnout and locus of control, school climate variables and burnout, teacher burnout and number of students. The research findings are important as teacher burnout identification and its prevention is closely connected to teacher well-being and health ultimately having impact on teaching quality. Key words: burnout, locus of control, principal, school climate, teacher.
One and a half million hematopoietic stem cell transplants: continuous and differential improvement in worldwide access with the use of non-identical family donors
Authors: Niederwieser Dietger , Baldomero Helen , Bazuaye Nosa , Bupp Caitrin , Chaudhri Naeem , Corbacioglu Selim , Elhaddad Alaa , Frutos Cristóbal , Galeano Sebastian , Hamad Nada , Hamidieh Amir Ali , Hashmi Shahrukh , Ho Aloysius , Horowitz Mary M. , Iida Minako , Jaimovich Gregorio , Karduss Amado , Kodera Yoshihisa , Kröger Nicolaus , Péffault de Latour Regis , Lee Jong Wook , Martínez-Rolón Juliana , Pasquini Marcelo C. , Passweg Jakob , Paulson Kristjan , Seber Adriana , Snowden John A. , Srivastava Alok , Szer Jeff , Weisdorf Daniel , Worel Nina , Koh Mickey B.C. , Aljurf Mahmoud , Greinix Hildegard , Atsuta Yoshiko , Saber Wael
Published: August 2021

The Worldwide Network of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) pursues the mission of promoting hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for instance by evaluating activities through member societies, national registries and individual centers. In 2016, 82,718 first HCT were reported by 1,662 HCT teams in 86 of the 195 World Health Organization member states representing a global increase of 6.2% in autologous HCT and 7.0% in allogeneic HCT and bringing the total to 1,298,897 procedures. Assuming a frequency of 84,000/year, 1.5 million HCT were performed by 2019 since 1957. Slightly more autologous (53.5%) than allogeneic and more related (53.6%) than unrelated HCT were reported. A remarkable increase was noted in haploidentical related HCT for leukemias and lymphoproliferative diseases, but even more in non-malignant diseases. Transplant rates (TR; HCT/10 million population) varied according to region reaching 560.8 in North America, 438.5 in Europe, 76.7 in Latin America, 53.6 in South East Asia/Western Pacific (SEA/WPR) and 27.8 in African/East Mediterranean (AFR/EMR). Interestingly, haploidentical TR amounted to 32% in SEA/WPR and 26% in Latin America, but only 14% in Europe and EMR and 4.9% in North America of all allogeneic HCT. HCT team density (teams/10 million population) was highest in Europe (7.7) followed by North America (6.0), SEA/WPR (1.9), Latin America (1.6) and AFR/EMR (0.4). HCT are increasing steadily worldwide with narrowing gaps between regions and greater increase in allogeneic compared to autologous activity. While related HCT is rising, largely due to increase in haploidentical HCT, unrelated HCT is plateauing and cord blood HCT is in decline.
Clarificación de aguas residuales de la industria láctea en base a la tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) como coagulante natural
Authors: Borja Mayorga Danielita Fernanda , Chuiza Rojas Marco Raul , Andrade Avalos Mónica Lilian
Published: August 2021

Introducción. La utilización de coagulantes naturales surge como una alternativa ecológica para el tratamiento de aguas residuales, tanto domésticas como industriales. Objetivo. Investigar el proceso de clarificación de un agua residual de una industria láctea, de la provincia de Pastaza, Ecuador, utilizando Tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) como agente coagulante natural. Metodología. Se estudió la coagulación en muestras de un litro de agua residual mediante un equipo estándar de prueba de jarras, modificando las variables concentración de coagulante (1-2 %P) y volumen de coagulante (5-35 ml). Los parámetros analizados fueron turbidez, color, demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxígeno (DBO), sólidos suspendidos (SS), sólidos totales (ST) y coliformes fecales (CF), datos comparados con la normativa del Texto Unificado de Legislación Ambiental Secundaria del Ministerio del Ambiente (TULSMA). Resultados. Se encontró que la dosificación óptima fue 20 ml de solución de coagulante al 2% (400 ppm). Las eficiencias de remoción encontradas fueron 77,8% en turbidez, 51,8% en color, 26,8% en DQO, 13,9% en DBO, 31,0% en SS, 26,4% en ST y 99,96% en CF. Conclusión. Los resultados muestran que la Tuna (Opuntia ficus indica) puede ser utilizada como tratamiento preliminar de las aguas residuales de una industria láctea.
Environmental Degradation due to Tobacco Cultivation in Northern Bangladesh
Authors: Bin Salam Md Tareq , Zaman SM Shahriar , Hossen SM Tanzim , Nur Md Asaduzzaman
Published: August 2021

A field study was conducted in Northern Bangladesh, Rangpur district to observe the impact of tobacco cultivation on the environment as well as to characterize contributing factors motivating tobacco cultivation. Information was collected from the tobacco cultivators by a questionnaire survey that was conducted in four mostly tobacco cultivated upazilas, namely Badargonj, Taragonj, Rangpur Sadar, Gangachara of Rangpur district. Information from non-tobacco cultivators was also collected from Mithapukur Upazila. Survey findings revealed that 62.16% of respondents believed that soil productivity is decreasing in the tobacco field and 70.27% of tobacco farmers were using more chemical fertilizer per year than the previous years. More than half (54.05%) of respondents reported that tobacco is replacing native food crops. Moreover, 51.30% of tobacco farmers were facing various health hazards due to tobacco cultivation. The present study also investigated that 97.14% of farmers got a high benefit along with 89.19% of respondent’s availed organizational support from tobacco marketing companies. The overall satisfaction rate with the price was 80.56%, which was the main contributory factor for tobacco cultivation in the study area. The survey results also identified that farmers from Mithapukur Upazila gave up tobacco cultivation due to health hazards and unnecessarily underestimating the grade of tobacco leaf by the buyer company.
The Dhaka University Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 9(2), 2020, P 19-26
Comparative Analysis of Feasibility of the Retrograde Suction Decompression Technique for Microsurgical Treatment of Large and Giant Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Kim Sunghan , Park Keun Young , Chung Joonho , Kim Yong Bae , Lee Jae Whan , Huh Seung Kon
Published: August 2021

Objective : Retrograde suction decompression (RSD) is an adjuvant technique used for the microsurgical treatment of large and giant internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms. In this study, we analyzed the efficacy and safety of the RSD technique for the treatment of large and giant ICA aneurysms relative to other conventional microsurgical techniques.Methods : The aneurysms were classified into two groups depending on whether the RSD method was used (21 in the RSD group vs. 43 in the non-RSD group). Baseline characteristics, details of the surgical procedure, angiographic outcomes, clinical outcomes, and procedure-related complications of each group were reviewed retrospectively.Results : There was no significant difference in the rates of complete neck-clipping between the RSD (57.1%) and non-RSD (67.4%) groups. Similarly, there was no difference in the rates of good clinical outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score, 0–2) between the RSD (85.7%) and non-RSD (81.4%) groups. Considering the initial functional status, 19 of 21 (90.5%) patients in the RSD group and 35 of 43 (81.4%) patients in the non-RSD group showed an improvement or no change in functional status, which did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion : In this study, the microsurgical treatment of large and giant intracranial ICA aneurysms using the RSD technique obtained competitive angiographic and clinical outcomes without increasing the risk of procedure-related complications. The RSD technique might be a useful technical option for the microsurgical treatment of large and giant intracranial ICA aneurysms.
Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Postoperative Epidural Fibrosis: Comparison of the Extent of Epidural Fibrosis and the Effect of Stimulation
Authors: MASOPUST V , HOLUBOVÁ J , SKALICKÝ P , ROKYTA R , FRICOVÁ J , LACMAN J , NETUKA D , PATRÍKOVÁ J , JANOUŠKOVÁ K
Published: August 2021

The goal was to prove that when a cohort of patients is chosen precisely, dorsal column stimulation provides significant improvement to quality of life. We studied a cohort of 50 patients with the history of failed back surgery syndrome coupled with epidural fibrosis (EF). A percutaneous implantation technique was used in each of the 50 patients. The study group was composed of 20 women and 28 men aged 26-67 years (mean age 49). A prospective observational questionnaire-based study was used. According to the methods, Ross's classification was adjusted to four degrees of scar size for our study objective. Despite this adjustment, it was not possible to statistically evaluate our research, due to very similar results in Groups I, III and IV. Patients without epidural fibrosis were assigned to Group 0, and patients with EF of different ranges were assigned to Group 1. The mean change in visual analogue scale ΔVAS after our division into Group 0 was 4.82; for Group 1 it was 6.13. Evaluation of EF and ΔVAS correlation by paired t-test shows a statistically higher effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the epidural fibrosis group, compared to group 0 without postope-rative epidural fibrosis (p=0.008). The extent of epidural fibrosis is an important factor for Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS). FBSS is the basis for the existence of neuropathic pain after lumbar spinal surgery. There is clear evidence of a correlation between patients with epidural scar formation on MR scan and the effect of dorsal column stimulation.
THE STUDY OF THE THEORETICAL ISSUES OF IMPLEMENTATION OF SOCIAL COMMERCE: LEGAL OPINION ON THE RISKS FOR THE CONSUMER
Authors:   Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, BELIKOVA KSENIA
Published: August 2021

The article examines the theoretical issues of implementing of social commerce through the prism of legal risk assessment of consumers involved, where social commerce is understood as electronic sales (e-commerce) using social networks to support social interactions and user participation on the principle of “words spread from mouth to mouth”. Among these risks the author points out the problem of obtaining complete and reliable objective (neutral) information from various sources (bloggers, influencers, etc.), which causes concerns similar to those that arise in connection with the functioning and application of smart contracts in the blockchain, and the danger of concluding contracts that have traditionally been qualified by many legal systems as “contracts concluded on the go” (impulse buying) in the light of the idea that social commerce is positioned as being aimed at instant gratification of the user's needs, desires, and interests that have arisen during the use of the social network. Legal and other ways to overcome these risks are considered (for example, the possibilities of a new subscription economy, etc. Scientific novelty is determined by the goal of the article itself and the range of issues under consideration. The conclusions reached by the author are, in particular, that it is established that if the requirements for advertising placed online relate to its completeness, reliability and objectivity, fix measures of responsibility for advertisers, then the rules for conducting online trading and commerce include simultaneously with such provisions prohibitions of unfair practices and misleading advertising, as well as criteria for their qualification, etc.
INVESTMENTS IN AGRICULTURE AT DIGITALIZATION PERIOD: SITUATION ANALYSIS
Authors:   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SHPINEV YURY
Published: August 2021

Attracting investment in the real sector of the economy is currently an urgent task for any state. One of the most important areas of the economy of any state is agriculture. Currently, the process of of agriculture is beginning, as a result of which the productivity of the industry should significantly increase. The article deals with investment risks that are unique to the agro-industrial complex, which include both natural and economic risks. Objective: to identify the problems of legal regulation of investment relations in agriculture during its digitalization. To achieve this goal, scientific approaches to the issue of digitalization of agriculture are analyzed, investment policy in agriculture in developed countries is considered and compared with the state of domestic investment policy in the agro-industrial complex. Attention is drawn to the shortcomings of the legal regulation of investment relations in agriculture in Russia. In conclusion, it is concluded that until the main gaps in legal regulation are resolved (transparency of investment and stability of tax legislation, real benefits and compensation to investors and enterprises investing directly in e-agriculture, strict regulatory consolidation of the rules for using the latest scientific achievements and innovative technologies in agriculture, etc.), it will be quite problematic to attract private investors to this sector of the economy, and the difficult economic situation may prevent full digitalization only at the expense of public investment.
MEDICAL CRIMINAL LAW IN RUSSIAN FEDERATION: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Authors:   Moscow state University. M. V. Lomonosov, SEREBRENNIKOVA ANNA
Published: August 2021

The current state of medical services has long become one of the most important issues of understanding what exactly should serve as a template for their required quality, and why, the role and responsibility of a medical worker are not always considered as the main factors in resolving a situation when the life and health of a patient were exposed to unjustified danger. The article is devoted to the author's new approach to the criminal law regulation of public relations in the field of medical services. Purpose of the article: The author aims to present a scientific approach and scientific substantiation of the possibility of the emergence in the future of a new sub-branch of criminal law - medical criminal law. Methodology and methods: the article uses methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, as well as the method of interpretation of legal norms, which make it possible to better comprehend the institutions of criminal law and highlight a new branch of law Conclusions: the problem of the presence of imperfections in the current legislation is relevant to study, as evidenced by judicial practice in criminal cases, discussions and works of legal scholars. The author, citing examples from practice, draws attention to the density of the relationship between the sphere of medical services and other related services, and also draws parallels between the grounds that can and should cause the emergence of the considered branch of law. Application of the results: The article is intended for the widest range of readers, including undergraduate and graduate students of higher educational institutions, who study the problems and imperfections of the current criminal law. The material can be used as a guide for the preparation of practical and seminars.
SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ISSUES OF LEGAL REGULATION
Authors:   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SHPINEV YURY
Published: August 2021

Social entrepreneurship, as an established concept, has entered economic life relatively recently. At the same time, this concept has already been reflected in the current legislation. The author analyzes the current legislation on social investment. On the basis of the study, a list of persons who, from the point of view of the state, belong to the least protected is identified and a comparison is made with respect to persons subject to social protection during the USSR. The most acute contradictions of social entrepreneurship are identified. The most acute problem of social entrepreneurship is the lack of funding. The article attempts to classify investments in social entrepreneurship by the ratio of the expected economic benefit and the socially directed effect from traditional investments to charity. The paper notes that the main areas of financial support for social entrepreneurship in Russia can be such well-established financial institutions in developed countries as crowdfunding, social and green bonds, and meson financing. Another important issue related to social entrepreneurship, according to the author, is the place of non-profit organizations in the system of social entrepreneurship. This issue is particularly relevant now, since the current Russian legislation defines social entrepreneurship as commercial enterprises. In conclusion, it is concluded that despite the fact that the trends of social entrepreneurship in recent decades have appeared in developed Western countries, our country has its own rich experience in solving social problems, which can and should be used in the new socio-economic conditions.
DEPENDENCE OF THE COMPANY'S LEGAL PERSONALITY FROM THE PERSONALITY OF ITS SHAREHOLDER AS A TREND OF LEGISLATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT PRACTICE
Authors:   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, SHAPSUGOVA MARIETTA
Published: August 2021

The concept of a legal entity as an independent legal entity, independent distinctiveness of its participants was formed gradually. In the Fatherland Law, it reached its climax in the Soviet era. It was then that such classical features of a legal entity were formulated as organizational unity, property isolation, and independent responsibility. The economic system drove this approach. In a planned socialist economy, an individual could not be the owner of the means of production, and therefore the legal personality of an enterprise was maximally alienated from a person's personality, which was reflected in its characteristics. For a long time, by inertia in Russian law and legislation, this alienation of the shareholder's personality from the legal entity's personality was preserved. The reason for the revision of this approach was the abuse by limited liability participants of legal entities controlled by them, using such a person as a "mask" for their activities and leading to a violation of creditors' interests. In this regard, with Russia's transition to market relations, an interest arose in the foreign theory of corporate law, which developed mechanisms to combat such abuses, studies of corporate forms of a legal entity, and mechanisms for bringing controllers and beneficial owners to justice were updated. The article examines the dynamics of the transformation of a legal entity's theory from dependence to independence and again to its dependence. It is argued that the shareholder's connection with the legal entity is preserved, and complete separation of the legal personality from the shareholder's personality is impossible, which is confirmed by the doctrine, law enforcement practice, and trends in the development of legislation on legal entities.
Cidade: reflexão sobre as consequências da revolução industrial e as urgências dos espaços públicos para o esporte de lazer no século XXI
Authors: Silva Joelma Montelares da , Alabi Jade Yohana Montelares , Jordan Miguel Angel Torralba , Santos Sérgio Luiz Carlos dos
Published: August 2021

Um novo tipo de cidade tem surgido nas últimas décadas, fruto de várias transformações, que com a industrialização, resultou em um conjunto de alterações, ao mesmo tempo que possibilitou melhorias tecnológicas significativas em diferentes campos, alterou profundamente vários domínios fundamentais da vida da urbana, suscitando uma notória sensação de vulnerabilidade e, de insegurança provocada pela violência, estrutura e espaços modificados. Os espaços urbanos cederam lugar a avenidas, prédios e indústrias, restando pouquíssimo espaço para as pessoas. Em decorrência, este artigo de cunho bibliográfico se apropriará de um aporte teórico com o objetivo de refletir sobre o fenômeno “cidade”, levando em consideração as mudanças ocorridas a partir das propostas urbanas ao longo do tempo, tendo em vista aspectos da transformação dos espaços públicos para as pessoas, como usufruto do esporte de lazer.
Educação física e ética profissional: desafios da intervenção e formação
Authors: Guilherme Flávio Ricardo
Published: August 2021

Este trabalho buscou estudar os problemas éticos oriundos da prática profissional em educação física. Através de um estudo de caso acerca dos documentos sobre os processos éticos registrados no Conselho Regional de Educação Física do Estado de São Paulo (CREF4-SP) objetivou-se apresentar sua dimensão e envolvimento na intervenção profissional em educação física. Como resultado, apresentam-se três categorias de processos éticos: I) Conduta criminal; II) Não cumprimento das responsabilidades profissionais; III) Comportamento antiético geral. Conclui-se que os registros éticos sobre as falhas técnicas são ambíguos e que os problemas éticos, em sua maioria, relacionam-se com dificuldades de entender os conceitos éticos sobre profissão.
Birch Pollen Induces Toll-Like Receptor 4-Dependent Dendritic Cell Activation Favoring T Cell Responses
Authors: Pointner Lisa , Kraiem Amin , Thaler Michael , Richter Fabian , Wenger Mario , Bethanis Athanasios , Klotz Markus , Traidl-Hoffmann Claudia , Gilles Stefanie , Aglas Lorenz
Published: August 2021

Seasonal exposure to birch pollen (BP) is a major cause of pollinosis. The specific role of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in BP-induced allergic inflammation and the identification of key factors in birch pollen extracts (BPE) initiating this process remain to be explored. This study aimed to examine (i) the importance of TLR4 for dendritic cell (DC) activation by BPE, (ii) the extent of the contribution of BPE-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other potential TLR4 adjuvant(s) in BPE, and (iii) the relevance of the TLR4-dependent activation of BPE-stimulated DCs in the initiation of an adaptive immune response. In vitro, activation of murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) and human monocyte-derived DCs by BPE or the equivalent LPS (nLPS) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Polymyxin B (PMB), a TLR4 antagonist and TLR4-deficient BMDCs were used to investigate the TLR4 signaling in DC activation. The immunostimulatory activity of BPE was compared to protein-/lipid-depleted BPE-fractions. In co-cultures of BPE-pulsed BMDCs and Bet v 1-specific hybridoma T cells, the influence of the TLR4-dependent DC activation on T cell activation was analyzed. In vivo immunization of IL-4 reporter mice was conducted to study BPE-induced Th2 polarization upon PMB pre-treatment. Murine and human DC activation induced by either BPE or nLPS was inhibited by the TLR4 antagonist or by PMB, and abrogated in TLR4-deficient BMDCs compared to wild-type BMDCs. The lipid-free but not the protein-free fraction showed a reduced capacity to activate the TLR4 signaling and murine DCs. In human DCs, nLPS only partially reproduced the BPE-induced activation intensity. BPE-primed BMDCs efficiently stimulated T cell activation, which was repressed by the TLR4 antagonist or PMB, and the addition of nLPS to Bet v 1 did not reproduce the effect of BPE. In vivo, immunization with BPE induced a significant Th2 polarization, whereas administration of BPE pre-incubated with PMB showed a decreased tendency. These findings suggest that TLR4 is a major pathway by which BPE triggers DC activation that is involved in the initiation of adaptive immune responses. Further characterization of these BP-derived TLR4 adjuvants could provide new candidates for therapeutic strategies targeting specific mechanisms in BP-induced allergic inflammation.
A Hyper-Viscoelastic Continuum-Level Finite Element Model of the Spinal Cord Assessed for Transverse Indentation and Impact Loading
Authors: Rycman Aleksander , McLachlin Stewart , Cronin Duane S.
Published: August 2021

Finite Element (FE) modelling of spinal cord response to impact can provide unique insights into the neural tissue response and injury risk potential. Yet, contemporary human body models (HBMs) used to examine injury risk and prevention across a wide range of impact scenarios often lack detailed integration of the spinal cord and surrounding tissues. The integration of a spinal cord in contemporary HBMs has been limited by the need for a continuum-level model owing to the relatively large element size required to be compatible with HBM, and the requirement for model development based on published material properties and validation using relevant non-linear material data. The goals of this study were to develop and assess non-linear material model parameters for the spinal cord parenchyma and pia mater, and incorporate these models into a continuum-level model of the spinal cord with a mesh size conducive to integration in HBM. First, hyper-viscoelastic material properties based on tissue-level mechanical test data for the spinal cord and hyperelastic material properties for the pia mater were determined. Secondly, the constitutive models were integrated in a spinal cord segment FE model validated against independent experimental data representing transverse compression of the spinal cord-pia mater complex (SCP) under quasi-static indentation and dynamic impact loading. The constitutive model parameters were fit to a quasi-linear viscoelastic model with an Ogden hyperelastic function, and then verified using single element test cases corresponding to the experimental strain rates for the spinal cord (0.32–77.22 s−1) and pia mater (0.05 s−1). Validation of the spinal cord model was then performed by re-creating, in an explicit FE code, two independent ex-vivo experimental setups: 1) transverse indentation of a porcine spinal cord-pia mater complex and 2) dynamic transverse impact of a bovine SCP. The indentation model accurately matched the experimental results up to 60% compression of the SCP, while the impact model predicted the loading phase and the maximum deformation (within 7%) of the SCP experimental data. This study quantified the important biomechanical contribution of the pia mater tissue during spinal cord deformation. The validated material models established in this study can be implemented in computational HBM.
Exploring Evidence of Non-coding RNA Translation With Trips-Viz and GWIPS-Viz Browsers
Authors: Zaheed Oza , Kiniry Stephen J. , Baranov Pavel V. , Dean Kellie
Published: August 2021

Detection of translation in so-called non-coding RNA provides an opportunity for identification of novel bioactive peptides and microproteins. The main methods used for these purposes are ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry. A number of publicly available datasets already exist for a substantial number of different cell types grown under various conditions, and public data mining is an attractive strategy for identification of translation in non-coding RNAs. Since the analysis of publicly available data requires intensive data processing, several data resources have been created recently for exploring processed publicly available data, such as OpenProt, GWIPS-viz, and Trips-Viz. In this work we provide a detailed demonstration of how to use the latter two tools for exploring experimental evidence for translation of RNAs hitherto classified as non-coding. For this purpose, we use a set of transcripts with substantially different patterns of ribosome footprint distributions. We discuss how certain features of these patterns can be used as evidence for or against genuine translation. During our analysis we concluded that the MTLN mRNA, previously misannotated as lncRNA LINC00116, likely encodes only a short proteoform expressed from shorter RNA transcript variants.
The Colloid Osmotic Pressure Across the Glycocalyx: Role of Interstitial Fluid Sub-Compartments in Trans-Vascular Fluid Exchange in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Curry Fitzroy E. , Michel C. Charles
Published: August 2021

The primary purpose of these investigations is to integrate our growing knowledge about the endothelial glycocalyx as a permeability and osmotic barrier into models of trans-vascular fluid exchange in whole organs. We describe changes in the colloid osmotic pressure (COP) difference for plasma proteins across the glycocalyx after an increase or decrease in capillary pressure. The composition of the fluid under the glycocalyx changes in step with capillary pressure whereas the composition of the interstitial fluid takes many hours to adjust to a change in vascular pressure. We use models where the fluid under the glycocalyx mixes with sub-compartments of the interstitial fluid (ISF) whose volumes are defined from the ultrastructure of the inter-endothelial cleft and the histology of the tissue surrounding the capillaries. The initial protein composition in the sub-compartments is that during steady state filtration in the presence of a large pore pathway in parallel with the “small pore” glycocalyx pathway. Changes in the composition depend on the volume of the sub-compartment and the balance of convective and diffusive transport into and out of each sub-compartment. In skeletal muscle the simplest model assumes that the fluid under the glycocalyx mixes directly with a tissue sub-compartment with a volume less than 20% of the total skeletal muscle interstitial fluid volume. The model places limits on trans-vascular flows during transient filtration and reabsorption over periods of 30–60 min. The key assumption in this model is compromised when the resistance to diffusion between the base of the glycocalyx and the tissue sub-compartment accounts for more than 1% of the total resistance to diffusion across the endothelial barrier. It is well established that, in the steady state, there can be no reabsorption in tissue such as skeletal muscle. Our approach extends this idea to demonstrate that transient changes in vascular pressure favoring initial reabsorption from the interstitial fluid of skeletal muscle result in much less fluid exchange than is commonly assumed. Our approach should enable critical evaluations of the empirical models of trans-vascular fluid exchange being used in the clinic that do not account for the hydrostatic and COPs across the glycocalyx.
Novel Bis-Thiazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Potential Cytotoxic Activity Through Apoptosis With Molecular Docking Approaches
Authors: Dawood Kamal M. , Raslan Mohamed A. , Abbas Ashraf A. , Mohamed Belal E. , Abdellattif Magda H. , Nafie Mohamed S. , Hassan Mohamed K.
Published: August 2021

A series of bis-thiazoles 5a–g were synthesized from bis-thiosemicarbazone 3 with hydrazonoyl chlorides 4a–g. Reaction of 3 with two equivalents of α-halocarbonyl compounds 6–8, 10, and 12a–d afforded the corresponding bis-thiazolidines 9, 11, and 13a–d, respectively. Condensation of bis-thiazolidin-4-one 9 with different aromatic aldehydes furnished bis-thiazolidin-4-ones 14a–d. Compounds 5a–g, 9, and 13a,c,d were screened in vitro for their cytotoxic activities in a panel of cancer cell lines. Compounds 5a–c, 5f–g, and 9 exhibited remarkable cytotoxic activities, especially compound 5c with potent IC50 value 0.6 nM (against cervical cancer, Hela cell line) and compound 5f with high IC50 value 6 nM (against ovarian cancer, KF-28 cell line). Compound 5f–induced appreciated apoptotic cell death was measured as 82.76% associated with cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase. The apoptotic pathways activated in KF-28 cells treated with 5a, 5b, and 5f were further investigated. The upregulation of some pro-apoptotic genes, bax and puma, and the downregulation of some anti-apoptotic genes including the Bcl-2 gene were observed, indicating activation of the mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Together with the molecular docking studies of compounds 5a and 5b, our data revealed potential Pim-1 kinase inhibition through their high binding affinities indicated by inhibition of phosphorylated C-myc as a downstream target for Pim-1 kinase. Our study introduces a set of bis-thiazoles with potent anti-cancer activities, in vitro.