bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN WRITING PASSIVE VOICE MADE BY THE SECOND GRADE OF SMAN 9 TAKALAR
Authors: Basir Juliana , Saiful  , Firman
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this research is to find out and analysis the students’ problems in writing passive voice made by the second grade of SMAN 9 Takalar. The design of this research was descriptive quantitative research. The total number of the sample was 15 students. The researcher used the purposive sampling technique. The instrument used to get the data was a test and questionnaire with Google Form as data collection tool. Based on the result, the researcher found the percentage of students’ problems in writing passive voice. The researcher found that 13 students with a percentage of 86,67% had a problem writing passive voice in the simple present tense, and 12 students with a percentage of 80,00% had a problem writing passive voice in the simple past tense. The causes that become problems for students in writing passive voice are knowledge and understanding, less practice, and educational background. Finally, based on the findings, it can be concluded that students of the second grade of SMA Negeri 9 Takalar have problems in writing passive voice and three causes that make students problems in writing passive voice.
THE USE OF MONOLOGUE PERFORMANCE OF SOUTH SULAWESI FOLKLORE TO IMPROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY AT THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF MA ASSALAM TIMBUSENG
Authors: Ibrahim Malida , Dewi Ratna , Firman
Published: October 2022

This research aimed to improve students’ speaking ability at the Eleventh Grade of MA Assalam Timbuseng using Monologue Performance of South Sulawesi Folklore. The researcher used Classroom Action Research where the data gained from the speaking test. The subjects of the research were 27 students of the Eleventh Grade of MA Assalam Timbuseng in the Academic Year 2020/2021. The research findings showed that the students’ speaking ability before and after using monologue performance was significantly different. The students’ D-test mean score in terms of fluency was 66.63 while in final test cycle 1 was 71.78 improvement, however it still did not get the standardization score of English subjects (75). Then, the mean score in terms of fluency in final test cycle 1 was 79.89 which mean there was 11.29% improvement from cycle 1 through cycle 2. Furthermore, students’ score frequency in terms of fluency in cycle 1, it can be seen that there are 7 (26%) students got good, 19 (70%) students got fair and 1 (4%) student got poor. Then, the students showed the improvement in cycle 2 which is 9 (33%) students got very good, 17 (63%) students got good and 1 (4%) student got fair. It means that there was a significant improvement of students’ speaking ability after using monologue performance of south Sulawesi folklore. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that digital storytelling was effective to improve students’ speaking ability at the Eleventh Grade of MA Assalam Timbuseng in the Academic Year 2020/2021.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SHADOWING TEACHING TECHNIQUES TO IMROVE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING ABILITY AT SMAN 2 SIDRAP
Authors: Yahya Andi Tenri Bali , Akib Erwin , Ilmiah
Published: October 2022

This research aimed at finding out students’ speaking ability using shadowing techniques at the First Grade of SMAN 2 Sidrap This research uses pre-experimental research. Researcher have conducted treatment consisting of six meetings. The population of this research is the first-grade students at SMAN 2 Sidrap. Researcher used purposive sampling technique. The research instrument was a speaking test. The research findings indicated that achievement of the first grade of SMAN 2 Sidrap was improved after using shadowing techniques. It was proven by mean score in terms of content in pre-test was 58 and post-test was 77. The improvement of the content was 0.020%. It means that there was significant difference between post-test and pre-test. Based on the research finding, the researcher concluded that teaching English by using shadowing techniques could improve the students’ Speaking ability.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MULTIPLE CHOICE AND SHORT ANSWER TEST TOWARDS STUDENTS’ READING COMPREHENSION ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Kamaruddin Ervi , Amin H.Bahrun , Junaid
Published: October 2022

This research was about a multiple choice comparative study and short answer on students' reading comprehension achievement in the ninth grade of SMPN 2 Ulaweng. The problem statement of this research was there a significant difference of the students' achievement in reading comprehension by using multiple choice test and their achievement on the short answer test?. The purpose of this research was to find out a significant difference of the students‟ achievement in reading comprehension by using multiple choice test and their achievement on he short answer test as the measure of reading comprehension.This study applied a quantitative design, with a sample of 40 students divided into 2 classes. The instrument used was in the form of a test which is divided into two types of multiple choice and short answer.The results of this study indicate that the students‟ achievement in multiple choice test, higher than students‟ achievement in the short answer test. The analysis of the mean score gap between the closed test and multiple choice in the test was different. The mean score of the multiple choice was 71.5 and 47.5 short answer. From the result the researcher concluded that multiple choice test is better than short answer test to increase students‟ achievement in reading comprehension at the ninth grade students of SMP Negeri 2 Ulaweng.
THE USE OF GUESSING GAME TO IMPROVE SPEAKING ABILITY AT THE EIGHT CLASS STUDENTS OF SMPN 1 BONTONOMPO SELATAN GOWA
Authors: Ulfayanti Nur , Qalbi Nur Qalbi , Yassir Mallapiang
Published: October 2022

This study aimed to determine the improvement of students speaking ability after using the guessing game that in the process of teaching and learning speaking, teachers can bring real objects according to the theme of lessons. This research focuses to noun vocabulary,pronunciation,and fluency.The researcher applied the pre-xperimental method, consist of pre-test treatment, and post-test design, and collected the data by giving pre-test and posttest. The sample of the research was class  VII A SMPN 1 Bontonompo Selatan which consisted of 16 students. The sample was taken by using guessing game method.The result of the research showed score in the pre-test was 41, and in the post-test was 75,44. In this research also show that The value t-test was higher than the value of the t-table (27,04>1.713 ). It mean that the alternative hypothesis (H1) was accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) was rejected. It was concluded the implementation of guessing game in VII grade of SMPN 1 Bontonompo Selatan was effective to improve students’ speaking ability.
Challenges Associated with the Education of Family Physicians in Iran: A Systematic Review
Authors: Heidarzadeh Abtin , Hedayati Bita , Huntington Mark K. , Alvandi Mehdi , Aarabi Alireza , Farrokhi Babak , Nojomi Marzieh , Noori Hekmat Somayeh , Mirkazemi Roksana
Published: October 2022

Context: Nearly 20 years ago, the family physician program (FPP) was established in Iran in rural areas and was expanded to some cities about 10 years ago. Different studies reported different challenges associated with the efficacy of human resources and their training or educational program. Objectives: This systematic review of the literature was conducted to comprehensively identify and collate the challenges associated with the education of family physicians in Iran. Evidence Acquisition: All published articles related to FPP in Iran were the subject of this study. The eligibility criteria included original articles, case studies, and reports published in English or Persian during 2011 - 2021 related to the challenges in the training and educational system of FPP in Iran. Data were extracted based on the SPIDER (sample, phenomenon of interest, design, evaluation, research type) technique and were reported based on the structure of PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses). International credible scholarly databases were searched. The search strategy was defined based on the search syntax and keywords. Results: The search strategy yielded 5570 potentially relevant articles and reports, of which 70 studies met the inclusion criteria. Following the full-text review, 58 studies were excluded, and, finally, 11 empirical studies and 1 report were included in the review. The study attempted to identify challenges associated with the educational system; knowledge and awareness of the FPs of the nature, activities, policies, and protocols of the FPP; and also challenges associated with the competencies of the FPs in areas like social conditions, clinical competencies, public health, and managerial skills. Conclusions: The current study identified consistent themes associated with the educational system and challenges encountered in preparing physicians for FPP upon graduation. These difficulties are not insurmountable.
Theodor Lipps’ vier Arten der Nachahmung und Revision einiger prominenter Kritiken
Authors: Wang Honghe ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: October 2022

Theodor Lipps’ doctrine of empathy (Einfühlung) is enjoying renewed relevance today for two reasons. On the one hand, it offers heuristic potential in researching the functionality of mirror neurons. On the other hand, as many of the early phenomenologists gained their conceptions of empathy by examining Lipps’ related works, the presently widespread interest in empathy necessitates a re‑reading of Lipps in phenomenological circles. The critiques that phenomenology launches against Lipps, however, often remain bound to the established cliché interpretations of Lipps. This article counters such shortsighted readings by differentiating four kinds of imitation in Lipps. The supposed persuasiveness of such critiques, as will be shown, is lost in light of this differentiation.
Nihilismus zwischen traditioneller Metaphysik und Post‑Metaphysik. Kritische Untersuchung von Heideggers Nietzsche‑Interpretation
Authors: Wang Hongjian ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: October 2022

In his interpretation of Nietzsche, Heidegger on the one hand acknowledges the anti‑metaphysical orientation of Nietzsche’s nihilism, but on the other hand considers Nietzsche to be the ultimate metaphysician. This location is based firstly on Heidegger’s reflections on the relationship between metaphysics and nihilism. By revealing the origin and end of metaphysics, it is to be shown that nihilism and metaphysics are two aspects of the same thing. Moreover, Heidegger expands the meaning of metaphysics by ascribing to it the distinction between the sensuous and supersensuous worlds, between beings and beingness. Based on the critique of Nietzsche, he is able to develop a post‑metaphysical philosophical conception. Nietzsche himself, however, is not addicted to metaphysics, and in his overcoming of metaphysics and his vision of post‑metaphysical thinking he is rather a precursor of Heidegger.
Leiblichkeit comme ouverture au monde chez Marc Richir
Authors: Ekweariri Dominic Nnaemeka ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: October 2022

In phenomenology, Leiblichkeit articulates the idea of subjectivity and the relationship to the world;Leib attests the phenomenological experience of subjects otherwise captured by the term Leiber. Husserl and Merleau‑Ponty have sought to understand this relationship to the world and to characterize this phenomenological experience. Thus, they thematized a form of relationship to the world which is not only intentional but also, and each in his own way, passive and based on image (bildlich). On his part, Marc Richir sought to overcome this idea by bringing an “active, non‑specular mimesis from within” into play. Proposing an examination of these approaches, I defend the idea that in order to be able to think of the openness to the world—which is made possible by corporeality—it is of great necessity here to articulate the dimension ofsense.
Gaps in Differance
Authors: Senatore Mauro ,   Romanian Society for Phenomenology
Published: October 2022

This article casts light on Marc Richir’s remarkable and yet poorly known interpretation of the analyses of animality that Martin Heidegger develops in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics: World, Finitude and Solitude. It shows that this interpretation unfolds as a two‑step critical revision of Heidegger’s analyses within the framework of Richir’s neo‑phenomenological project. On the one hand, Richir aims to offer the “right” interpretation of the cybernetic and grammatological history of life told by Jacques Derrida, by measuring it against Heidegger’s theory of the organism. On the other hand, Richir rewrites the limits of Heidegger’s conception of animality in light of the overview of contemporary ethological research provided by Konrad Lorenz.
“Sunni” Veneration of the Twelve Imams in Khotan
Authors: Thum Rian
Published: October 2022

Over a century ago European explorers in Eastern Turkestan (southern Xinjiang) made a remarkable discovery: the Sunni inhabitants of Khotan were engaged in elaborate veneration of the Shiʿi twelve Imams, whom they believed to be buried at various holy sites in the Khotan region. This paper investigates Khotan’s net work of holy sites and the narratives that were attached to them, from the sixteenth century to the present. While the political landscape of the present may sometimes make the Sunni-Shiʿi divide appear natural, the case of Eastern Turkestan, which had its own, idiosyncratic approach to sectarian identity, reminds us that the maintenance of such a Sunni-Shiʿi consensus on sectarian designation was dependent on networks of knowledge reproduction that did not embrace the entirety of the Muslim world. Pre-Islamic sacred geographies, the power of locally networked holy sites, the phenomenon of textual appropriation, and a popular and eclectic manuscript tradition overwhelmed weak sectarian distinctions, bringing Muslim followers of the Hanafi legal tradition to pray at the purported tombs of Twelver Imams.
Between Afghan “Idolography” and Kafir “Autoethnography”
Authors: Arbabzadah Nushin , Green Nile
Published: October 2022

This article presents a translation of and commentary on a previously unknown Persian account of Kafiristan published in Afghanistan’s first newspaper in 1874. The text purports to be the first-hand testimony of Wān, a recent convert to Islam, who describes the sacred sites of his homeland to a literate Muslim resident of Badakhshan. The account comes from the least documented region of former Kafiristan, not only in being on the Afghan rather than the British Indian side of the Durand Line, but also in possibly being from one of the least-known regions of Afghan Kafiristan. Wān’s testimony may not only be an extremely rare “autoethnographic” account of Kafir religious sites, but in being also a work of Afghan “idolography,” the text lends insight into how the religion of the kāfir (infidel) was understood by Afghan state officials in the decades before the conquests and forced conversions of 1895–96.
Development of Livelihood Security Index: A Tool for Household Level Assessment
Authors: Gautam Pawan Kumar , Jha Sujeet Kumar
Published: October 2022

A livelihood encompasses the capabilities, assets (stores, resources, claims and access) and activities required for a means of living. The ex-post facto research design was used for the present study. The study was conducted during 2018-19 to 2020-21 in the Bundelkhand region of India. From each village, 20 dairy farmers were selected proportionately from the list prepared based on land holding. Thus, a total of 320 dairy farmers was selected for the study. Data were accumulated relevant to survey with the help of a structured interview schedule with the farmer of the study area. The index was developed on the basis of different indicators of livelihood security of farmers. A list of seven components was prepared by referring to different literatures. Seven components of livelihood security were selected for this study were food security, economic security, health security, educational security, social security, institutional security and infrastructural security. Livelihood Security Index for one indicator was constructed, and then the composite overall livelihood security index was calculated. The most relevant parameters among social indicator was interaction with key informants/ progressive farmers followed by the availability of a police station in the village / locality, provision for having any kind of crop insurance policy, member of any social organization and awareness about one’s right to utilize and access to government or public resources. Results obtained showed that the overall average livelihood security index value was 0.72. The livelihood security index value was very high (0.81) in food security indicator. This might be due to their assured high income from both agriculture and dairy. The average livelihood security index for economic was high i.e. 0.69. Among all, infrastructural security lied in medium level category i.e. 0.64. Whereas, average livelihood index of social security lied in medium level i.e. 0.66.
Modulational Instability of the Second-order Bright Solitary Wave in Flattened Optical Fiber
Authors: Bogning J. R. , Tchinda C. R. Ngouo
Published: October 2022

The criterion of modulational instability of the second order bright solitary wave is studied in this article. The Principle consists initially in seeking all solitary wave solutions of the bright type which verify the nonlinear partial differential equation which governs the dynamics of propagation in flattened optical fibers. When the reference solution to be subjected to a disturbance is identified, the next step consists in establishing the condition of modulational stability/instability.
Evaluation of Trees Species Diversity, Abundance and Soil Physicochemical Properties of Ukpon River Forest Reserves, Cross River, Nigeria
Authors: Ijomah J. U. , Igiri M. R. , Okey I. B.
Published: October 2022

Current status of species diversity, composition and abundance provides guidance for their management and assessment of their ecological usefulness. In this study trees species diversity, abundance and soil properties of Ukpon River Forest Reserve was assessed. Line transect method was using to establish 4 sample plots of 50 x 50 m. Data on vegetation were collected using the appropriate tool and soil samples from the plot were collected with the aid of soil auger. Tree species composition, abundance and diversity indices were estimated using the appropriate formulae and soil samples analyzed following standard methods. A total of 194 individuals in 60 species belonging to 26 families were encountered in the study area. The dominant families are Leguminaceae, Moraceae, Fabaceae, Burseraceae, Apocynaceae, Calsalpinaceace and Euphorbiaceae. The total basal area estimated for tree species was 147.615m2 with Bombax bounpozen having the highest of 11.09m2 and relative dominance (RDo) of 7.51% while Piptadeniastrum africana has the highest relative density (RD) of 7.73% and importance value index (IMI) of 15.63%. Based on their relative density, 68.34% of the trees were Rare, 18.33% Threatened or Endangered, 5% Abundant/ Occasional and 3.33% Frequent. The study had a high Shannon – Weiner index value of 3.04 and Margalef richness of 20.67 and low dominance index of 0.06. The soil properties such as Clay, Organic matter, Phosphorus, Calcium, Cation Exchangeable capacity and Base Saturation were high. The pH value of 5.77 shows the soil were moderately acidic. These properties have been shown to improve soil fertility status and moisture content needed plant growth. Although the tree species diversity in the study area was high, some species appears to have been threatened while majority were rare, sustainable conservation effort should be geared towards ensuring their continuous existence.
Topophysis and Growth Regulators Effects on Buds and Zygotic Embryos Regeneration of African Bush Mango Tree Cultured In vitro
Authors: Agbidinoukoun Arnaud , Noumon André-Tudal , Quenum Florent Jean-Baptiste , Houngue Jerome Anani , Ahanhanzo Corneille
Published: October 2022

Background: African bush mango tree is an important fruit plant with high nutritional, medicinal, and commercial values. However, its seedling system remained a deep understanding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topophysis and growth regulators on the reactivity of different types of buds and zygotic embryos of wild mango.

Methodology: Ripe fruits from two local varieties (Wossro and Sissro) were pulped. The nuts were extracted and dried for one week under greenhouse. Zygotic embryos were excised from nuts and disinfected with the bleach solution (NaClO 10% with 8% active chloride) for 10 min following by three successive rinsing using sterilized water. The second set of nuts was cultivated for under greenhouse in the polybags containing the sand. One month later, buds from different positions (apical, axillary and cotyledonary) were excised and disinfected with NaClO 10% for 10 min follow by the immersion in a mercuric chloride 0.1% added with two drops of Tween 20 especially for axillary and cotyledonary buds for 5 min while 0.01% of mercuric chloride was used for apical buds. The explants were cultured on ¼MS and ½WPM media supplemented with BAP, KIN at different concentrations (0.2 mg/L and 3.5 mg/L respectively) and NAA (0.05 mg/L).

Results: The best sprouting rate was obtained with the variety Wossro which showed a high bud break rate (26.47%) against (9.88%) for the variety Sissro. The topophysis significantly influenced the response of the buds in tissue culture. 24.48% of axillary buds were sprouted on ¼ MS medium + 3.5 mg/L BAP+ 0.05mg/L NAA. The in vitro germination of embryos was significantly (p≤ 0.05) influenced by the genotype of the variety.  50.76% of buds were germinated for Wossro while 18.32% were germinated for Sissro. ¼ MS + 0.2 mg/L KIN has significant influenced the plants growth and development.

Implication: The findings will help to improve the regeneration rate and plantlets production of African bush mango tree.
Diversity of Basidiomycetous Macrofungi from Mpanga Forest in Mpigi District, Central Uganda
Authors: Ngom Khady , Nakabonge Grace , Ssekandi Joseph , Akowedaho Bienvenu Dagoudo , Baldé Issa , Noba Kandioura
Published: October 2022

The  present  study  was  conducted  at  Mpanga  Research  Forest located in Mpigi District, Uganda, during the months of March, April, May and Jun 2020 (for the first rainy season) then in September, October, November, and December 2020 (for the second rainy season) to determine  the  diversity  and  distribution  of  macrofungi  as  well  as  their  influence  by seasonality, and physicochemical properties of the soil. An inventory was carried out through plot sampling and survey which consists of installing three permanent plots of 30 m x 30 m in each of the four selected sites, the soil was also measured in the sample plots. To measure distribution and diversity, abundance, species richness, density, and Simpson's and Shannon's indices were calculated. SPSS version 20 software was used for the significance tests of the diversity parameters between the two rainy seasons and for those of the correlation between the soil factors and the abundance of macrofungi species. A total of 120 species of basidiomycetous macrofungi distributed in 53 genera and 22 families were recorded. The dominant genus was Psathyrella followed by Marasmius belonging to the most dominant families (Coprinaceae and Marasmiaceae), and the most dominant orders (Agaricales and Tricholomatales). During the two rainy seasons, the majority of the species that have been collected belong to the group of saprophytes.  Macrofungi  species  collected  during  the second rainy season were more abundant and diverse than those collected during the first rainy season. Among the physicochemical properties of the soil, pH, calcium, potassium, nitrogen, organic carbon, phosphorus, clay, sand and organic matter were significantly correlated with the abundance of macrofungal species. The results of this study provided basic information on the diversity of macrofungi in Mpanga forest, it can be a point of reference for further research to study the evolution of macrofungal biodiversity in this forest.
Effect of Charcoal and Seedling Depth on Soil Properties and Melon Yield Components (Cucumis melo) in Poro, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Diomandé Métangbo , Hien Marie-Paule , Ouattara Amidou , Koffi Antoine , Ehouman Bénédict Adjoa , Soro Dognimeton
Published: October 2022

The combined effect of charcoal amendment and seeding depth was tested on soil properties and yield components of melon (Cucumis melo) at the botanical garden of the Peleforo Gon Coulibaly University of Korhogo. With the exception of the control plot, 6 kg of charcoal were applied by hand on ridges of 2.25 m2 in the first 10 cm of soil one month before sowing. The seeds were sown manually at 0.5 cm (control depth); 3 cm; 7 cm and 9 cm deep. The results showed that the application of charcoal significantly increased germination rate ((P˂ 0.002), growth (P ˂ 0.0001) and fruit yield (p = 0.0001). The combined effect of charcoal input and sowing depth was noticeable from the 47th day after sowing (P = 0.0001), the greatest values having been observed at a depth of 9 cm Correlated to the growth of the plants, the best fruit yields were obtained from the depths 9 cm with an average of 4 fruits per plant.
On the role of ubiquinone in the proton translocation mechanism of respiratory complex I
Authors: Wikström Mårten , Djurabekova Amina , Sharma Vivek
Published: October 2022

Complex I converts oxidoreduction energy into a proton electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial or bacterial cell membrane. This gradient is the primary source of energy for aerobic synthesis of ATP. Oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by ubiquinone (Q) yields NAD+ and ubiquinol (QH2), which is tightly coupled to translocation of four protons from the negatively to the positively charged side of the membrane. Electrons from NADH oxidation reach the iron–sulfur centre N2 positioned near the bottom of a tunnel that extends circa 30 Å from the membrane domain into the hydrophilic domain of the complex. The tunnel is occupied by ubiquinone, which can take a distal position near the N2 centre or proximal positions closer to the membrane. Here, we review important structural, kinetic and thermodynamic properties of ubiquinone that define its role in complex I function. We suggest that this function exceeds that of a mere substrate or electron acceptor and propose that ubiquinone may be the redox element of complex I coupling electron transfer to proton translocation.
Natural Product Synthesis via Palladium‐Catalyzed CH Bond Activation
Authors: Arichi Norihito , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: October 2022

Palladium‐catalyzed CH activation has emerged as a powerful tool that can directly convert traditionally unreactive CH bonds into versatile functional groups. Advances in this field have significantly impacted how chemists synthesize molecules and enabled the streamlined synthesis of natural products owing to step and atom economy. In this article, we describe selected examples of palladium‐catalyzed CH activation applied in natural product synthesis reported in the last decade (2009–2021).
Pd–NHC Complexes in Catalytic CH Activation–Functionalization
Authors: Mandal Tanmoy , Pandey Madhusudan K. , Choudhury Joyanta
Published: October 2022

Transition metal‐catalyzed functionalization of CH bonds is one of the essential reactions in organometallic chemistry and organic synthesis. In these reactions, Rh, Ru, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Cu, Co, Fe, Ir, Os, etc., complexes of
N
‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), phosphines, and nitrogen donor ligands have been studied. Pd complexes of NHCs (hereafter referred as Pd–NHC) are, unsurprisingly, the ones that have been extensively utilized in these reactions. The functionalization of CH bonds by in situ generated Pd–NHC systems or with preformed Pd–NHC complexes is discussed in this article, with an emphasis on the activation of and bonds. Mainly reactions that work via organometallic pathways, i.e. reactions where a bond is formed between the metal center and the carbon undergoing reaction, are included for discussion herein. The article is divided into two sections: (i) directing group assisted (or simply directed) and (ii) nondirected CH functionalization reactions. The reactions have also been classified based on the type of CH bonds, such as and bonds, that are functionalized. The discussion on the directing group‐assisted CH functionalization reactions is further divided into several subsections based on the directing group involved in the reaction. Lastly, the nondirected CH functionalization catalysis is discussed in several subsections on the basis of the type of CH functionalization reactions. The emphasis in each part is on describing contemporary events with only a smattering of historical context.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed External Oxidant Free CH Amination and Amidation
Authors: Metya Abhisek , Brahma Arpita , Maji Modhu S.
Published: October 2022

Rhodium‐catalyzed formation of the CN bond by CH activation without using any external oxidant has been summarized in this article. This article mainly deals with Rh(II)‐ and Rh(III)‐catalysis involving the inner‐ and outer‐sphere mechanism, respectively. The aminating agents such as
N
‐carboxylates, organic azides, anthranils, dioxazolones, nitrosobenzenes alternative to simple amines (primary) are useful in reducing reaction wastes and add a greener approach under the CH amination and amidation methods. Moreover, a broad functional group tolerance and wide substrate scope are the common features of such CN bond construction reactions.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Direct CH Bond Amidation of Arenes
Authors: Das Rahul , Paik Aniruddha , Paul Sabarni , Rana Sujoy
Published: October 2022

Ruthenium‐catalyzed direct C(sp
2
)H bond amidation has emerged as a convenient synthetic tool for the synthesis of bioactive and active pharmaceutical molecules. Different directing groups (DGs) including hetero‐arenes, carbonyl groups are used for ortho
‐
amidations that lead to the synthesis of functionalized amine and amides. The easily removable methyl‐phenyl sulfoximine (MPS) has been found to be very effective in case of carboxylic acids whereas transient DG strategy was effective for weakly coordinating benzaldehydes. These methods have been applied for the synthesis of important life‐saving drug molecules. In this article, we have discussed the ruthenium‐catalyzed direct amidation of C(sp
2
)H bonds of arenes with mechanistic elucidations.
Photoinduced Copper‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization
Authors: Kumar Vikash , Mantry Lusina , Maayuri Rajaram , Gandeepan Parthasarathy
Published: October 2022

The continuous interest in photochemistry and its applications toward organic synthesis has increased exponentially in the last decade, owing to its efficiency and effectiveness. In particular, the merger of photoredox catalysis and transition metal catalysis, called metallaphotoredox catalysis, has become a powerful tool for CC and C–heteroatom bonds formation reactions. Numerous metallaphotoredox synthetic strategies have emerged in recent years using various transition metal catalysts such as palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, gold, nickel, and copper, given the widespread popularity to these reactions. The present article highlights recent developments in the field of photoinduced copper‐catalyzed CH functionalization reactions.
Role of Common Functional Motifs in Site‐Selective CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Kumar Amit
Published: October 2022

The directing groups assisted transition metal‐catalyzed functionalization of unreactive CH bond is considered as one of the valuable alternative synthetic tools to the conventional organic synthesis. The significant challenges in these fields are the requirements of two extra steps: introduction and removal of the directing group. Therefore, recently specific attention has been paid to utilize the useful common functional motifs for as weakly coordinating directing groups for the site‐selective activation/functionalization of required CH bonds. Oxygen‐containing organic functionality for instance acids, esters, amides, ketones is the fundamental functional groups that play an essential role in chemistry and biology. The presence of oxygen‐atom makes them an ideal substrate for the weakly directing group in transition metal‐catalyzed CH activation reactions and further annulation processes. In this article, we give a brief overview of the recent progress made on the use of commonly occurring functional groups as a sustainable directing group in transition metal‐catalyzed site‐selective CH bond functionalization of aromatic/aliphatic compounds followed by annulation reactions to make different molecular architectures.
Natural Product Synthesis by Rhodium and Ruthenium‐Catalyzed CH Activation
Authors: Dethe Dattatraya H. , Beeralingappa Nagabhushana C. , Koley Suprotim
Published: October 2022

Rhodium‐catalyzed CH activation has attracted significant attention among the synthetic community due to high catalytic reactivity, stability, selectivity, and decent functional group compatibility. The utility of rhodium‐catalyzed CH activation in the field of total synthesis has become an alternative and efficient strategy to the traditional synthetic methods. The application of site‐selective synthetic methodologies using rhodium catalysis has set the stage for innovative retrosynthetic disconnections and provides rapid access to various natural products for drug discovery and chemical biology. Various rhodium‐based catalytic systems showed their remarkable reactivity potential for CH functionalization reactions and their applications in the total synthesis of natural products are well documented. In this article, recent progress in the Rh‐catalyzed CH activation for the efficient synthesis of various bioactive natural products has been reviewed, and also the application of a few Ru‐catalyzed CH activation for total syntheses and Co‐catalyzed CH activation for late‐stage functionalization of biologically active compounds and natural products has been included.
Ag‐Catalyzed/Mediated CX Bond Formation (X = P, S, Se) Through CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Barcellos Angelita M. , da Costa Gabriel P. , Lenardão Eder João , Silva Márcio S. , Alves Diego
Published: October 2022

Considering the chemical and biological interest in compounds that contain Se, S, and P atoms in their structure, as well as the increasing number of protocols using silver as catalyst or promoter in CH functionalization reactions in the past decade, this article describes the significant advances on using this metal in the formation of new CS, CSe, and CP bonds. It starts with a discussion on the general reactivity of silver species as catalyst in chalcogenylation and phosphorylation protocols. It was highlighted in detail the proposed mechanisms for these recently disclosed methods. Additionally, procedures using silver salts as a promoter agent (one or more equivalent of Ag) also were presented. This article summarizes the recent advances in highly regioselective methods to CS, CSe, and CP bond formations by the CH functionalization of several substrates, such as alkenes, terminal alkynes, and a wide range of heterocycles.
Hydrogen Bond‐Accelerated Meta‐Selective CH Functionalization with Iridium
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro
Published: October 2022

This article summarizes the design of the catalytic systems and regioselective CH borylation of (hetero)aromatic compounds using the noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and Lewis acid–base interaction, between the substrate recognition part of the ligand of catalysts and the functional group of substrates. Formal meta‐selective introduction of a variety of functional groups into (hetero)aromatic compounds based on the meta‐selective CH borylation is explained. In addition, acceleration of the reaction and expression of functional group and substrate specificities are introduced. In the summary section, recently reported reactions using the noncovalent interaction method and the several reviews and accounts are cited.
CH Activation of Indolines, Tetrahydroquinolines, and Tetrahydroisoquinolines
Authors: Kowalczyk Rafał , Dajek Maciej
Published: October 2022

Indolines could be successfully applied in the diversity of CH bond functionalization of benzenoid moiety without the competition between sp
3
H and sp
2
H activations thereby offering an access to functionalized heterocycles including the indoles. The metal‐catalyzed transformations proceeding the CH functionalizations of C4, C5, C6, and C7 position will be covered in the article along with applications to analogs systems in tetrahydroquinolines and tetrahydroisoquinolines.
Cobalt Catalyzed CH Amination and Amidation
Authors: Sk Md Raja , Saha Shuvendu , Maji Modhu Sudan
Published: October 2022

Looking into the increasing requirement for sustainable and environmentally sound chemical processes, employing nonprecious metals, specifically the earth‐abundant ones, is an attractive choice to construct CN bond by CH activation strategy involving the inner‐ or outer‐sphere mechanism. The article described Co(II)–porphyrins and cyclopentadienyl‐ligand‐based catalysts as the new class of effective catalysts for the amination or amidation of C(sp2/sp3)H bonds, with prominence to access a wide array of nitrogen‐containing compounds including heterocycles, natural products, medicinally significant bioactive molecules, and synthetic intermediates.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric CH Functionalization
Authors: Wang Rong‐Hua , Ye Mengchun
Published: October 2022

Due to its unique nature and distinctive reactivity, nickel has been widely used as catalyst in CH bond functionalization. However, enantioselective versions have been faced with great challenge owing to the lack of efficient chiral ligands. With the emergence of new types of chiral ligands such as bifunctional phosphine oxides and bulky
N
‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHC) bearing chiral pendants, substantial progress has been achieved in recent years. Herein, we summarize recent advances of this burgeoning field.
Rhodium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Benzylic CH Functionalization
Authors: Manisha XXXXXXX , Sharma Upendra
Published: October 2022

Traditionally, most of the CH bonds were considered chemically inert, and mainly, prefunctionalized substrates were employed for further transformations. But in the past three decades, CH functionalization has emerged as an efficient strategy to streamline the synthesis of complex target molecules without using prefunctionalized substrates. Recent advances in transition metal catalysis have enabled access to benzylic C(sp
3
)H bond functionalization with good regioselectivity. Apart from different transition metals utilized for C(sp
3
)H functionalization, rhodium‐ and iridium‐based catalysts are widely explored due to their appreciable reactivity and selectivity. This article sketches the recent progress in benzylic CH functionalization through rhodium and iridium catalysis. The mechanistic details of some reactions have been included to understand this developing field in the CH functionalization era.
Enantioselective Functionalization of Inert C(sp
3
)H Bonds by Photochemistry
Authors: Xiaokai Cheng , Zhan Lu
Published: October 2022

The selective functionalization of inert CH bonds is regarded as one of the most attractive research field due to the advantages of expanding diversity, reducing waste and synthetic economy in modifying organic compounds. However, because of the high bond energy, similar bond strengths and steric environments, the CH bond functionalization meets the challenge of controlling the regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Due to the efficient electron transfer and energy transfer, the photocatalysis could provide an accessible alternative for the regioselective functionalization of inert CH bonds. In recent years, the enantioselective functionalization of inert CH bonds by photochemistry has been developed. This article summarized this field as photocatalysis with three main strategies: transition‐metal catalysis, chiral Lewis acid catalysis, and chiral organocatalysis.
Outer‐Sphere CH Bond Activation
Authors: Singh Sanjay , Hazra Chinmoy K.
Published: October 2022

Transition metal‐catalyzed reactions that are capable of C(sp3)H bond functionalization by allowing readily available starting materials and providing novel synthetic disconnection have become a keystone in modern organic synthetic transformation. Outer‐sphere catalysis, the CH activation reaction, has attracted interest in organic synthesis. In this article, we have discussed the advancement in the field of C(sp3)H bond functionalization reactions, with an emphasis on their utility to construct biologically active molecules and synthesis of natural products via outer‐sphere catalysis. Here, we discussed mainly on CN/CO/CC bond formation catalyzed through direct CH bond functionalization using nonprecious transition metal complexes. These synthetic transformations were achieved by C(sp3)H insertion of a metallonitrene that proceeds via either a concerted asynchronous process or a stepwise radical pathway. The aim of this article is to deliver valuable information and guidance for the use of unactivated CH bond functionalization reactions and provide important synthetic tool to inspire future research in this area.
First‐Row Transition Metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu)‐Catalyzed CH Bond Functionalization Through Weak Chelation
Authors: Banjare Shyam K. , Pati Bedadyuti V. , Ravikumar Ponneri C.
Published: October 2022

The transition metal‐catalyzed CH bond functionalization strategy has opened up a wide range of opportunities to develop organic transformations in a step‐ and atom‐economical manner. The use of earth‐abundant 3d transition metals further translates these transformations into a cost‐effective as well as eco‐friendly approach. The selective CH bond activation could be achieved by utilizing the proximal directing group present in a molecule. In this regard, strongly chelating
N
‐directing groups (8‐aminoquinoline, pyrimidine, and pyridine) were well explored; however, the use of readily available and weakly coordinating
O
‐directing groups (aldehyde, ketone, and ester) is underdeveloped. Thus, synthetic transformations that utilize earth‐abundant 3d transition metal catalysts along with easily available weakly coordinating directing groups are highly sustainable, especially for the large‐scale production of chemicals in industries. This article has been devoted for a detailed discussion on CH bond functionalization, assisted by first‐row transition metal catalysts (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) through weak coordination.
Synthesis of Peptide Macrocycle via Metal‐Catalyzed CH Macrocyclization
Authors: Bazzi Sakna , Messaoudi Samir
Published: October 2022

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed CH activation has emerged as a powerful macrocyclization tool with relevant applications in peptide drug discovery. This approach which exploits unactivated CH bonds as nontraditional “handle” for CC bond cyclization, has facilitated the chemical creation of new macrocyclic peptide topologies. In this article, we highlight the different established strategies for C(sp
2
)H and C(sp
3
)H functionalization to access macrocyclic peptides in which chemo‐ and regioselectivies were discussed. We consider that many exciting applications will emerge by applying the CH activation approach to synthesize new macrocyclic topologies or rationally designed bioactive macrocyclic peptides.
Harvesting Electrical Energy from High Temperature Environment by Aerogel Nano‐Covered Triboelectric Yarns
Authors: Xing Fangjing , Ou Zhiqiang , Gao Xiaobo , Chen Baodong , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: October 2022

Integrating power into fabrics offers exciting opportunities for wearable technologies, which has long remained challenging to make flexible, high temperature resistant textile‐based powers. Here, an all yarns‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (Y‐TENG) is proposed to harvest electrical energy and sense biological motion for temperatures between 25 and 400 °C, the upper limit of temperature is greatly improved. The Y‐TENG is capable of outputting a transferred charge density of 30 nC cm−2, the external load resistance is 180 MΩ, and the peak power reaches 0.17 mW, and the average response time is lower than 15 ms. Based on a simple processing strategy, when introducing silica aerogel during electrospinning of polyimide nano‐covered layer to make multi‐ply and stabilized triboelectric yarns. Unlike ordinary fibers and yarns, the core‐shell structured design also shows a high sensitivity to all kinds of mechanical triggering sources. Furthermore, a self‐powered movement characteristic monitoring system by coordinating smart protective suit is further developed to provide real‐time sensing and rescuing assistance. This aerogel nano‐covered triboelectric yarn has great application prospects for energy generation and motion detection in high‐temperature and many other high‐risk environments.
Enabling Conversion‐Type Iron Fluoride Cathode by Halide‐Based Solid Electrolyte
Authors: Shao Bowen , Tan Sha , Huang Yonglin , Zhang Lifu , Shi Jian , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Hu Enyuan , Han Fudong
Published: October 2022

The practical application of low‐cost and energy‐dense iron fluoride cathodes is hindered by the first cycle electrochemical irreversibility, cycling instability, and large voltage hysteresis. Here, it is reported that these challenges may be overcome by the utilization of halide‐based solid electrolytes (SEs). The excellent electrochemical stability of halide‐based SEs enables a complete conversion and deconversion of FeF2 that cannot be achieved with sulfide‐based SEs. Due to restricted and reversible decomposition of SE, prevention of Fe dissolution, mechanical confinement of active material, as well as improved electrode kinetics, solid‐state FeF2 cathode with halide‐based SE demonstrates superior electrochemical performance compared with FeF2 electrodes in liquid electrolytes, with a high 1st cycle coulombic efficiency (≈100%), high specific capacity (≈600 mAh g−1), long cycle life (>100 cycles), and high‐rate performance (up to 2 C). The results suggest solidifying the batteries is a viable approach to addressing the long‐standing key challenges of iron fluoride cathodes.
Topological Nanofibers Enhanced Piezoelectric Membranes for Soft Bioelectronics
Authors: Lan Boling , Xiao Xiao , Carlo Aiden Di , Deng Weili , Yang Tao , Jin Long , Tian Guo , Ao Yong , Yang Weiqing , Chen Jun
Published: October 2022

Electrospun piezoelectric membranes are compelling building blocks for constructing wearable bioelectronics. However, the efficiency of electromechanical conversion over a wide bandwidth is still insufficient due to the restriction between fiber dipole alignment and energy absorption. Topology optimization is a mathematical method that lets us optimize the layout of a system to maximize its performance given a set of boundary conditions and constraints. Here, topological designs as a reinforcement mechanism are developed to enhance the electromechanical response of electrospun piezoelectric membranes. The topologically optimized membranes show a 300% increase in electric output and a 478% increase in frequency response range compared with traditional electrospun membranes. With the optimized piezoelectric membrane design, the developed textile acoustic sensors can capture the human voice for speech recognition with a classification accuracy of up to 100% with the help of deep learning. Because of the universality and superiority of this new topologically optimal design, it represents a milestone in designing electrospun membranes for electromechanical conversion and high‐performance soft bioelectronics.