bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Large‐Scale Conductive Yarns Based on Twistable Korean Traditional Paper (Hanji) for Supercapacitor Applications: Toward High‐Performance Paper Supercapacitors
Authors: Heo Young‐Jung , Lee Ji Won , Son Yeong‐Rae , Lee Jong‐Hoon , Yeo Chang Su , Lam Tran Dai , Park Sang Yoon , Park Soo‐Jin , Sinh Le Hoang , Shin Min Kyoon
Published: August 2018

A simple and scalable method to fabricate a yarn‐type supercapacitor with a large specific capacitance without the aid of traditional pseudocapacitive electrode materials such as conducting polymers and metal oxides is reported. The yarn‐type supercapacitors are made from twisting reduced graphene oxide (rGO) or/and single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)‐coated Korean traditional paper (KTP). The yarn‐type paper supercapacitor displays surprisingly enhanced electrochemical capacitance values, showing synergistic effect between rGO and SWNTs (500 times larger than performance of yarn‐type rGO‐coated paper supercapacitors). Coating rGO or/and SWNTs on KTP gives good morphology to the composite film, in which porosity increases and mean pore diameter decreases. The yarn‐type rGO/SWNT paper supercapacitor shows good mechanical strength, high flexibility, excellent electrochemical performance, and long‐life operation. The yarn‐type supercapacitor has an excellent electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance of 366 F g−1 at scan rate of 25 mV s−1 and high stability without any degradation in electrical performance up to 10 000 charge–discharge cycles. The average capacitance of rGO/SWNT@KTP yarn‐type supercapacitors is seven times higher than that of sheet‐type supercapacitors at scan rate of 500 mV s−1. The lighting of a red light‐emitting diode (LED) is demonstrated by the yarn‐type paper supercapacitor without connecting supercapacitors in series.
Propane ammoxidation over MoVTeNb oxide catalyst in a microchannel reactor
Authors: Lin Jinhan , Tian Jinshu , Cheng Xiaojie , Tan Jiangqiao , Wan Shaolong , Lin Jingdong , Wang Yong
Published: August 2018

Propane ammoxidation (PAO) is a promising way to produce acrylonitrile from propane instead of propylene. It is found that the catalytic performances of MoVTeNb oxide catalyst for PAO including product selectivity and catalyst stability are very sensitive to the reaction temperature, requiring a narrow temperature window of 440–450 °C to maintain low selectivity to COx. Owing to the large heat transfer surface area and short heat transfer distance, the temperature gradient in a microchannel reactor (0.5 × 12.7 × 80 mm) can be maintained at less than 0.5 °C as opposed to 43.2 °C in a conventional fixed bed tubular reactor with an inner diameter of 4 mm at a reactor wall temperature of 440 °C. Therefore, PAO reaction can be operated in a microchannel reactor under much harsher reaction conditions to achieve a higher productivity (189.9 kmol/m3·h) while still maintaining a low COx selectivity and high catalyst stability. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 4002–4008, 2018
Incorporating fossils into the Pinaceae tree of life
Authors: Gernandt David S. , Reséndiz Arias Cecelic , Terrazas Teresa , Aguirre Dugua Xitlali , Willyard Ann
Published: August 2018

Premise of the Study

Pinaceae have a rich but enigmatic early fossil record, much of which is represented by permineralized seed cones. Our incomplete knowledge of morphology and anatomy in living and extinct species poses an important barrier to understanding their phylogenetic relationships and timing of diversification.

Methods

We expanded a morphology matrix to 46 fossil and 31 extant Pinaceae species, mainly adding characters from stem and leaf anatomy and seed cones. Using parsimony and Bayesian inference, we compared phylogenetic relationships for extant taxa with and without fossils from the morphology matrix combined with an alignment of plastid gene sequences.

Key Results

Combined analysis of morphological and molecular characters resulted in a phylogeny of extant Pinaceae that was robust at all nodes except those relating to the interrelationships ofPinus,Picea, andCathayaand the position ofCedrus. Simultaneous analysis of all fossil and extant species did not result in changes in the relationships among the extant species but did greatly reduce branch support. We found that the placement of most fossils was sensitive to the method of phylogenetic reconstruction when analyzing them singly with the extant species.

Conclusions

A robust phylogenetic hypothesis for the main lineages of Pinaceae is emerging. Most Early Cretaceous fossils are stem or crown lineages ofPinus, but close relationships also were found between fossils and several other extant genera. The phylogenetic position of fossils broadly supports the existence of extant genera in the Lower Cretaceous.
Silver‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Trifluoromethylthiolation of Cinnamic Acids: An Easy Access to α‐Trifluoromethylthiolated Ketones
Authors: Sharma Anup Kumar , Yadav Arvind Kumar , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: August 2018

A silver‐catalyzed decarboxylative difunctionalization of cinnamic acids has been developed to afford a variety of α‐trifluoromethylthiolated ketones under mild reaction conditions using in situ generated SCF3 source by the combination of Langlois’ reagent and CS2.
Preparation and characterization of antimicrobial, biodegradable, triclosan‐incorporated polyhydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate films for packaging applications
Authors: Sabharwal Prabhjot Kaur , Chattopadhyay Sruti , Singh Harpal
Published: August 2018

The prospective application of polyhydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate (PHB‐VA) as a biodegradable polymer for packaging through the incorporation of triclosan (TCS) was studied via thermal, mechanical, and antimicrobial studies. The solvent‐casting technique was used for the preparation of PHB‐VA–TCS blend films. The blend films were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and mechanical properties measurements. The addition of TCS to PHB‐VA resulted in increased film stretchability along with improved flexibility. The crystallization and melting temperatures of PHB‐VA decreased with increasing concentration of TCS. Scanning electron microscopy images showed a homogeneous dispersion of TCS in PHB‐VA. The bactericidal activities of the PHB‐VA–TCS blend films were investigated against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus by the disc‐diffusion method. The blend films exhibited higher antibacterial activities with increasing concentration of TCS. We concluded from the study that TCS could be successfully incorporated into PHB‐VA to obtain flexible antimicrobial films for packaging applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46862.
Use of super absorbent hydrogels derivative from acrylamide with itaconic acid and itaconates to remove metal ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: El‐Halah Amal , Machado Daniel , González Nain , Contreras Jesús , López‐Carrasquero Francisco
Published: August 2018

Poly(acrylamide‐co‐itaconic acid) (AAm/IA) and poly(acrylamide‐co‐monomethoxyethyl itaconate) (AAm/MEI) hydrogels (HGs) synthesized at different molar ratios were used to study the adsorption of some metal ions as Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe3+ in aqueous solutions at different concentration: 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 mg L−1. Statistical analysis was performed and the effect of the metal ion, ion concentration, and hydrogel (HG) composition, on adsorption and adsorption efficiency, was evaluated for both HGs studied (AAm/IA and AAm/MEI) and each factor gave rise to significant differences (P ≤ 0.05). The adsorption depends on the type of ion, its concentration, and also influenced by the type and composition of the HGs. For each system the adsorption efficiencies for all ions were similar with exception of Fe3+, which showed the highest adsorption efficiency in AAm/MEI HG, but the less for the AAm/IA. For both systems, the maximum adsorption efficiency was observed when the molar ratio AAm/IA or AAm/MEI is 80/20. When the adsorption was carried out with individual ions, AAm/MEI HG was more efficient than AAm/IA. For a multielement sample of Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+, both HGs could adsorb all the ions and their behavioral trend was the same in both cases, in which the adsorption efficiency was Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Ni2+. The results of the statistical analysis evidence the advantage of its use in this type of studies. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46999
Coastal occupation before the “Big Swamp”: Results from excavations at John Wayne Country Rockshelter on Barrow Island
Authors: DITCHFIELD KANE , MANNE TIINA , HOOK FIONA , WARD INGRID , VETH PETER
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present a terminal Pleistocene/early Holocene archaeological record from John Wayne Country Rockshelter (JWCR), located on Barrow Island in north‐western Australia. The rock shelter was used between 15000 and 7000 calBP, and provides insights into how Aboriginal people interacted with a changing coastal landscape throughout postglacial sea‐level rise. The faunal record reflects this fluctuating local landscape. The late Pleistocene faunal assemblage largely consists of arid plains terrestrial fauna, and then transitions to a diverse marine invertebrate taxa midden. This record demonstrates coastal resource use throughout the terminal Pleistocene, before the expansion of mangrove forests across northern Australia. The stone artefact assemblages indicate varied expedient reduction patterns. The assemblages include artefacts manufactured from local limestone and non‐local sources. Our analyses indicate that occupation durations at JWCR were longer during the late Pleistocene compared to the early Holocene, when productive mangrove environments became proximal. The implications of these results are twofold. First, effective use of coastal plain environments was probably just as important for coastal occupation as marine resource procurement. Second, the presence of relatively dense marine faunal assemblages is not necessarily a reliable proxy for individual coastal‐site occupational intensity under conditions of local resource productivity.
Organic Mechanoluminescence with Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Ubba Eethamukkala , Tao Yu , Yang Zhiyong , Zhao Juan , Wang Leyu , Chi Zhenguo
Published: August 2018

Mechanoluminescence (ML) involves the emission of light from various organic and inorganic materials upon mechanical stimulus. In this review, we contemplate the advances of metal‐free, purely organic ML compounds with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE), which give strong emission upon mechanical force. We show the new ML‐AIE based materials can be used explore the basic of ML properties with structure–property relationships and molecular interactions. The flourishing idea of ML‐AIE may help to find the characteristic and elusive component of ML as it partners with AIE, which upgrades the emission property in solids or aggregates. Recent advances in ML‐AIE information could increase the wide scope of research in this expanding area, as these materials have promising applications in different optoelectronic areas.
Tug‐of‐War in a Dynamic Helical Peptide: Solvent‐Induced Helix‐Helix Transition of a Lactam‐Bridged Peptide Composed of Point‐ and Axial Chiralities Remote from Each Other
Authors: Urushima Akio , Ousaka Naoki , Yashima Eiji
Published: August 2018

The dynamic axial chirality of oligopeptide‐bound 2,2′‐bipyridine (bpy) residues can be remote‐controlled and diastereoselectively locked. A right‐handed (P)‐310‐helix is first induced in the dynamic helical oligopeptide by an l‐valine (l‐Val) far from the bpy moiety and the induced axial bpy chirality is diastereoselectively dioxidized. The resulting l‐Val‐containing linear oligopeptides at the 3,3′‐positions retain their (P)‐310‐helices independent of the axial chirality (aR or aS) of the N‐terminal N,N′‐dioxide‐bpy unit, while a lactam‐bridged dynamic helical oligopeptide exhibits a unique solvent‐induced helix‐helix transition as a result of competitive helix‐inducing biases between the l‐Val and (aR) or (aS)‐N,N′‐dioxide‐bpy residues remote from each other along the entire oligopeptide chain in a tug‐of‐war like manner.
Family history of immune conditions and autism spectrum and developmental disorders: Findings from the study to explore early development
Authors: Croen Lisa A. , Qian Yinge , Ashwood Paul , Daniels Julie L , Fallin Daniele , Schendel Diana , Schieve Laura A. , Singer Alison B. , Zerbo Ousseny
Published: August 2018

Numerous studies have reported immune system disturbances in individuals with autism and their family members; however, there is considerable variability in findings with respect to the specific immune conditions involved, their timing, and the family members affected and little understanding of variation by autism subphenotype. Using data from the Study to Explore Early Development (SEED), a multi‐site case‐control study of children born 2003–2006 in the United States, we examined the role of family history of autoimmune diseases, asthma, and allergies in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as well as other developmental disorders (DD). We investigated maternal immune conditions during the pregnancy period, as well as lifetime history of these conditions in several family members (mother, father, siblings, and study child). Logistic regression analyses included 663 children with ASD, 984 children with DD, and 915 controls ascertained from the general population (POP). Maternal history of eczema/psoriasis and asthma was associated with a 20%–40% increased odds of both ASD and DD. Risk estimates varied by specific ASD subphenotypes in association with these exposures. In addition, children with ASD were more likely to have a history of psoriasis/eczema or allergies than POP controls. No association was observed for paternal history or family history of these immune conditions for either ASD or DD. These data support a link between maternal and child immune conditions and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes, and further suggest that associations may differ by ASD phenotype of the child. Autism Research 2019, 12: 123–135. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Using data from a large multi‐site study in the US—the Study to Explore Early Development—we found that women with a history of eczema/psoriasis and asthma are more likely to have children with ASD or DD. In addition, children with ASD are more likely to have a history of psoriasis/eczema or allergies than typically developing children. These data support a link between maternal and child immune conditions and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Life cycle assessment calculative practices in the Swedish biofuel sector: Governing biofuel sustainability by standards and numbers
Authors: Lazarevic David , Martin Michael
Published: August 2018

Since the introduction of the European Union's Renewable Energy Directive (RED), biofuel‐producing firms are required to perform life cycle assessment (LCA) based greenhouse gas accounting in order to fulfill part of directive's sustainability criteria. This paper adopts the concepts of “governing by standards” and “governing by numbers” to understand the LCA practices of biofuel‐producing firms and assess the critical moments of friction between these alternative modes of governance. We focus our analysis on the use of LCA in the Swedish biofuel industry, undertaking case studies on the use of LCA in four Swedish biofuel‐producing firms and semistructured interviews with industry associations and governmental bodies. Results indicated that the RED not only influences what biofuel sustainability entails but also structures the calculative practices used to measure it. At the same time, our results point to friction between achieving regulatory compliance and improving biofuel sustainability.
ING5‐mediated antineuroblastoma effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid
Authors: Wu Ji‐cheng , Jiang Hua‐mao , Yang Xiang‐hong , Zheng Hua‐chuan
Published: August 2018

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid neuroendocrine cancer and is one of the leading causes of death in children. To improve clinical outcomes and prognosis, discovering new promising drugs and targeted medicine is essential. We found that applying Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA; Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor) and MG132 (a proteasome inhibitor) to SH‐SY5Y cells synergistically suppressed proliferation, glucose metabolism, migration, and invasion and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. These effects occurred both concentration and time dependently and were associated with the effects observed with inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) overexpression. SAHA and MG132 treatment increased the expression levels of ING5, PTEN, p53, Caspase‐3, Bax, p21, and p27 but decreased the expression levels of 14‐3‐3, MMP‐2, MMP‐9, ADFP, Nanog, c‐myc, CyclinD1, CyclinB1, and Cdc25c concentration dependently, similar to ING5. SAHA may downregulate miR‐543 and miR‐196‐b expression to enhance the translation of ING5 protein, which promotes acetylation of histones H3 and H4. All three proteins (ING5 and acetylated histones H3 and H4) were recruited to the promoters of c‐myc, Nanog, CyclinD1, p21, and p27 for complex formation, thereby regulating the mRNA expression of downstream genes. ING5 overexpression and SAHA and/or MG132 administration inhibited tumor growth in SH‐SY5Y cells by suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis. The expression of acetylated histones H3 and ING5 may be closely linked to the tumor size of neuroblastomas. In summary, SAHA and/or MG132 can synergistically suppress the malignant phenotypes of neuroblastoma cells through the miRNA‐ING5‐histone acetylation axis and via proteasomal degradation, respectively. Therefore, the two drugs may serve as potential treatments for neuroblastoma.
Long noncoding RNA MALAT1 regulates HDAC4‐mediated proliferation and apoptosis via decoying of miR‐140‐5p in osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Sun Yuxiu , Qin Baoli
Published: August 2018

Noncoding RNAs regulate the initiation and progression of osteosarcoma (OS). The role of long noncoding RNA metastasis‐associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) playing in OS and whether the function it working out was achieved through HDAC4 pathway remain uncovered. In this study, we illustrated that MALAT1 was upregulated and was correlated with poor prognosis in OS patients. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that a depression of MALAT1 suppressed proliferation and promoted apoptosis in OS cell line HOS and 143B. Further, we verified that MALAT1 exerting its function via upregulating of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4). Through an online prediction, a series of luciferase assays and RNA pull‐down assays, we demonstrated that both MALAT1 and HDAC4 were the targets of microRNA‐140‐5p (miR‐140‐5p) via sharing a similar microRNA responding elements. Even further, we revealed that MALAT1 served as a ceRNA of HDAC4 via decoying of miR‐140‐5p. Finally, we proved that MALAT1 promoted OS tumor growth in an in vivo animal study. In summary, the outcomes of this study demonstrated the complex ceRNA network among MALAT, miR‐140‐5p, and HDAC4‐mediated proliferation and apoptosis in OS. This study might provide a new axial in molecular treatment of OS.
Circulating monocytes from prostate cancer patients promote invasion and motility of epithelial cells
Authors: Cavassani Karen A. , Meza Rebecca J. , Habiel David M. , Chen Jie‐Fu , Montes Alexander , Tripathi Manisha , Martins Gislâine A. , Crother Timothy R. , You Sungyong , Hogaboam Cory M. , Bhowmick Neil , Posadas Edwin M.
Published: August 2018

Background

Recruited myeloid cells are known to promote cancer initiation, malignant progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapy in the tumor niche. We tested the hypothesis that circulating blood monocytes from advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients exhibit a protumor phenotype and directly influence the tumor microenvironment in response to tumor‐derived signals.

Methods

Blood monocytes from advanced and stable PCa patients were cultured, and the conditioned media (CM) were collected and analyzed using standard invasion and wound closure assays to measure effects on invasion and motility of PCa tumor cells. We then identified the proteome profile of these monocytes using proteome array and ELISA.

Results

Conditioned media from circulating monocytes in patients with metastatic prostate cancer (PCa‐M) increased invasion of epithelial PCa cells in vitro. Proteome Profiler Analysis revealed that monocyte‐derived CM from metastatic castration‐resistant (mCRPC) patients presented high levels of chitinase‐3‐like 1 (CHI3L1, YKL‐40) when compared to patients with stable disease (PCa‐N) and healthy control individuals (HC). The only described receptor for CHI3L1, interleukin‐13 receptor α2 (IL‐13Rα2), was significantly up‐regulated in the human metastatic PCa cell line, ARCaPM. Accordingly, we observed that the activation of IL‐13Rα2 from PCa‐M CM increased the invasiveness of ARCaPM cells while siRNA directed against this receptor significantly reduced invasiveness of these cells in the presence of CM from PCa‐M patients.

Conclusions

Thus, we show that circulating monocytes from metastatic PCa patients exert a tumor‐promoting role via the secretion of CHI3L1, and CHI3L1 demands further exploration as a possible therapeutic target in advanced PCa.
Prepare for potential impact of legalized sports betting
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2018

WASHINGTON, D.C. — As many states continue to weigh whether to allow sports betting, colleges and universities brace themselves for the potential impact on their athletics programs.
Look for inconsistencies in drug‐testing policies, procedures
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: August 2018

WASHINGTON, D.C. — Charged with armed robbery and trying to justify his plea for a reduction in bail, a former student‐athlete claimed to have developed a drug problem at Rutgers University, where he failed several drug tests as a football player, and placed the blame squarely on the school's shoulders. That statement made during a 2015 bail hearing in turn opened the door for an investigation into Rutgers' drug‐testing policies and procedures, according to Paul Perrier, senior associate athletics director and chief compliance officer at Rutgers.
Study of Some Zanthoxylum Species by Chemical and DNA Analysis Approaches
Authors: Perichet Christine , Philippe Florian , Dupouyet Alice , Marteaux Benjamin , Schnaebele Nicolas , Dubrulle Nelly , Lavoine‐Hanneguelle Sophie , Giraud Nicole
Published: August 2018

The authentication and traceability of spices is a major concern for industrials and consumers. We focused on species from Zanthoxylum genera which are used for many different applications by local populations and also for trading as spices (dried pericarps or whole fruits). In this case, literature gives contradictory data about botanical names, and commercial labelling is often confusing. We studied commercial fruits pericarps extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 and analyzed them by GC/MS. The very complex volatile and semi volatile fractions composition of each extract is described. The barcoding method including molecular biology and phylogenetic analyses was also developed in order to check the commercial botanical identification of the raw material. This is a robust method to identify species in berries samples. We used one genetic marker to identify two Rutaceae clusters, including several species of Zanthoxylum genus. These results indicate that Fagara and Zanthoxylum groups could be considered as two different genera. Combination of chemical analysis and DNA analysis provides an original approach to increase chemical and botanical Zanthoxylum genus knowledge.
miR‐370 promotes high glucose‐induced podocyte injuries by inhibiting angiotensin II type 1 receptor‐associated protein
Authors: Xian Yuxin , Dong Liping , Jia Yong , Lin Yi , Jiao Wenjuan , Wang Yao
Published: August 2018

miRNAs expression profiles in podocyte injuries have been reported in different models in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, miR‐370 was elevated in high glucose‐stimulated podocyte, and the post‐transcriptional mechanism of miR‐370 was investigated in high glucose‐induced podocyte injuries. The gene and protein levels were assayed by RT‐qPCR and Western blotting, respectively. Annexin V‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining was used to evaluate the apoptosis in high glucose‐stimulated podocyte. The targeted genes were predicted by a bioinformatics algorithm and confirmed by a dual luciferase reporter assay. The results demonstrated that over‐activation of miR‐370 was verified in high glucose‐treated podocytes, while miR‐370 repression protected against high glucose‐induced apoptosis, cell membrane, and DNA damage in podocytes. We also found that AGTRAP as a direct target of miR‐370 served as an opposite effect to miR‐370, and overexpression of AGTRAP blocked high glucose‐induced podocytes dysfunction. In conclusions, high glucose‐induced podocytes damage by activating miR‐370 signaling targeted to inhibit the expression of AGTRAP, representing a novel and promising therapeutic target for the treatment of DN.
Pentraxin 3 promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells through JNK signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Hua , Jiang Qixia , Ju Zhiguo , Guan Shaofeng , He Ben
Published: August 2018

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, requiring the development of new therapeutic strategies including stem cell therapy. Pentraxins (PTXs) are a superfamily of proteins highly involved in different myocardial disorders, and thus this study aimed to identify the modulation of long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) toward cardiomyocytes. Cell toxicity of PTX3 was detected by MTT and LDH assays in mESCs. Embryoid bodies (EBs) were differentiated using hanging drop method, and the beating was observed under microscope. Expressional levels of early cardiac progenitor marker genes were assessed by qRT‐PCR. Expression of marker proteins in early myocardial development and the activation of JNK signaling pathway was evaluated by Western blot. PTX3 treatment at 50 ng/mL significantly promoted the expression of cardiac‐specific marker genes including Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Tbx5, dHand, and αMHC, and increased the expression of cardiac maturity indicative markers including connexin 43 and troponin C1. PTX3 enhanced the phosphorylation of JNK across the incubation duration, whereas the activation of p38 remained the same as control group. Co‐treatment of JNK signaling pathway inhibitor SP600125 impaired the PTX3‐promoted transcription of Nkx2.5, Mef2c, Tbx5, dHand, and αMHC. This study revealed the promotion of PTX3 in the differentiation of mESCs into cardiomyocytes and the underlying mechanism.
Airway foreign body manifested as a coin lesion
Authors: Nishinaga Yuko , Miyazaki Shinichi , Yamashita Ryo , Ikeda Takuya
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical Message

Foreign body aspiration is a potentially life‐threatening event. The nature of the inhaled objects is highly variable, ranging from organic to inorganic material. Although most pills are radiolucent, lanthanum carbonate is radiopaque and may be identified on chest X‐rays.
Facile Fabrication of Nickel/Heazlewoodite@Carbon Nanosheets and their Superior Catalytic Performance of 4‐Nitrophenol Reduction
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Lu Jing , Zhao Yunlong , Wang Xiaopeng , Lin Zhang , Liu Xueming , Wu Ronglan , Yang Chao , Su Xintai
Published: August 2018

A facile molten salt method was utilized for the synthesis of carbon anchored nickel/heazlewoodite nanoparticles (Ni/Ni3S2@C nanosheets) with potassium humate as the carbon and sulfur source and NaCl as template. The morphology, particle size and crystallinity of the products were characterized by various techniques containing TEM, FE‐SEM and XRD. Furthermore, the mesoporous Ni/Ni3S2@C own easy accessibility of active sites and high surface area (149.04 m2 g−1). Thus, the as‐prepared Ni/Ni3S2@C exhibited prominent performance for catalytic reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). Catalytic reduction of other nitrophenols (NPs) were also tested which can prove that the catalyst own selectivity on reduction of NPs. For durability, the property of the catalyst does not decrease obviously after five cycles. More significant correlations concerning effect of activation parameters (Ea=37.21 kJ mol−1) on 4‐NP reduction were scrutinized and discussed. Hence, we provide a facile method for fabrication of metal/metal sulfide@C which own better dispersity, small dimension and excellent catalytic performance for further studies.
Bioconjugation with Maleimides: A Useful Tool for Chemical Biology
Authors: Ravasco João M. J. M. , Faustino Hélio , Trindade Alexandre , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: August 2018

Maleimide chemistry stands out in the bioconjugation toolbox by virtue of its synthetic accessibility, excellent reactivity, and practicability. The second‐generation of clinically approved antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) and much of the current ADC pipeline in clinical trials contain the maleimide linkage. However, thiosuccinimide linkages are now known to be less robust than once thought, and ergo, are correlated with suboptimal pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety profiles in some ADC constructs. Rational design of novel generations of maleimides and maleimide‐type reagents have been reported to address the shortcomings of classical maleimides, allowing for the formation of robust bioconjugate linkages. This review highlights the main strategies for rational reagent design that have allowed irreversible bioconjugations in cysteines, reversible labelling strategies and disulfide re‐bridging.
Direct Synthesis of Heavy Grignard Reagents: Challenges, Limitations, and Derivatization
Authors: Koch Alexander , Dufrois Quentin , Wirgenings Marino , Görls Helmar , Krieck Sven , Etienne Michel , Pohnert Georg , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: August 2018

The direct synthesis of organocalcium compounds (heavy Grignard reagents) by the reduction of organyl halides with activated calcium powder succeeded in a straightforward manner for organic bromides and iodides that are bound at sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms. Extension of this strategy to alkyl halides was very limited, and only the reduction of trialkylsilylmethyl bromides and iodides with activated calcium allowed the isolation of the corresponding heavy Grignard reagents. Substitution of only one hydrogen atom of the methylene moiety by a phenyl or methyl group directed this reduction toward the Wurtz‐type coupling and the formation of calcium halide and the corresponding C−C coupling product. The stability of the methylcalcium and benzylcalcium derivatives in ethereal solvents suggests an unexpected reaction behavior of the intermediate organyl halide radical anions. Quantum chemical calculations verify a dependency between the ease of preparative access to organocalcium complexes and the C−I bond lengths of the organyl iodides. The bulkiness of the trialkylsilyl group is of minor importance. Chloromethyltrimethylsilane did not react with activated calcium; however, halogen‐exchange reactions allowed the isolation of [Ca(CH2SiMe3)(thf)3(μ‐Cl)]2. Furthermore, the metathetical approach of reacting [Ca(CH2SiMe3)I(thf)4] with KN(SiMe3)2 and the addition of N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (pmdeta) allowed the isolation of heteroleptic [CaCH2SiMe3{N(SiMe3)2}(pmdeta)]. In the reaction of this derivative with phenylsilane, the trimethylsilylmethyl group proved to be more reactive than the bis(trimethylsilyl)amido substituent.
A Multiaddressable Dyad with Switchable Cyan/Magenta/Yellow Colors for Full‐Color Rewritable Paper
Authors: Qin Tianyou , Han Jiaqi , Geng Yue , Ju Le , Sheng Lan , Zhang Sean Xiao‐An
Published: August 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Lan Sheng and Sean Xiao‐An Zhang at the Jilin University. The image depicts a multicolor rewritable printer in action. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201801692.
Polyoxometalate‐Decorated g‐C3N4‐Wrapping Snowflake‐Like CdS Nanocrystal for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhai Xue‐Li , Liu Jiang , Hu Ling‐Yun , Bao Jian‐Chun , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: August 2018

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution technology is recognized as a promising approach to relieving the growing energy crisis. Therefore, the development of a stable high‐performance photocatalyst has long been the focus of research. In this work, quaternary composite materials involving a snowflake‐like CdS nanocrystal wrapped by different amounts of polyoxometalate‐decorated g‐C3N4 and polypyrrole (GPP@CdS) have been synthesized as photocatalysts for hydrogen production under visible‐light irradiation. It has been revealed that the best composite (40 % GPP@CdS composite) exhibits hydrogen production activity of 1321 μmol, which exceeds that of CdS by a factor of more than two, and can be used in at least seven cycles with negligible loss of activity. The enhanced photocatalytic performance has been primarily attributed to the efficient synergy of CdS, g‐C3N4, polypyrrole (PPy), and the polyoxometalate Ni4(PW9)2. It should be noted that the introduction of PPy and g‐C3N4 into the title composite simultaneously promotes electron/hole pair separation and photocatalytic stability, whereas Ni4(PW9)2 serves as an efficient electron modulator and extra catalytic active site.
Recent Progress in the Production, Application and Evaluation of Oxymethylene Ethers
Authors: Hackbarth Kathrin , Haltenort Philipp , Arnold Ulrich , Sauer Jörg
Published: August 2018

To counteract greenhouse gas and other harmful emissions, ambitious regulatory measures with respect to energy generation, supply and consumption have been set. In the fuel sector, successive substitution of common fossil fuels by non‐fossil ones is a promising option to meet the respective demands. Regarding diesel fuels, the use of oxymethylene ethers (OMEs) has been proposed. Especially OMEs of the type CH3O(CH2O)nCH3 (n = 3 – 5) exhibit properties that are similar to common diesel fuel and formation of soot and NOx is drastically reduced during combustion. Within this work, recent progress regarding production, application and evaluation of OMEs is summarized and discussed.
Determinants of outcomes following outpatient placement of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in a Medicare Advantage population
Authors: Rogstad Teresa L. , Powell Adam C. , Song Yongjia , Cordier Tristan , Price Stephen E. , Long James W. , Deshmukh Uday U. , Simmons Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2018

Background

Recipients of ICD are likely to have several risk factors that could interfere with successful use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs).

Hypothesis

Age, sex, and factors indicated in claims are associated with one‐year mortality and complications after ICD placement.

Methods

Adult Medicare Advantage patients who underwent outpatient ICD implantation from January 2014 to September 2015 were included. Age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), prior year hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visit, diabetes, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and indicators of the need for pacing were evaluated as risk factors. Mortality and device‐related complications (lead and nonlead) were assessed at one‐year post‐procedure using Kaplan‐Meier and Cox Proportional Hazard analysis.

Results

Among 8450 patients who underwent implantation, 1‐year event‐free survival was 80.1%, based on an overall composite measure of complications and mortality. Adjusted survival analysis showed that age ≥ 65, male sex, incremental increase in CCI, heart failure, prior year hospitalization, ED visit, and prior year pacing procedure were significant predictors of mortality. Age ≥ 65, male sex, and prior year hospitalization were significant predictors of a composite measure of device‐related complications. CCI and prior hospitalization were significant predictors of a composite measure of any adverse outcome.

Conclusions

Results suggest most patients in an older population do not experience adverse outcomes in the year following ICD implantation. The risk of mortality may be greater in men, patients over the age of 65, and patients with greater general morbidity, heart failure, or a history of a pacing procedure.
Global fire history of grassland biomes
Authors: Leys Berangere A. , Marlon Jennifer R. , Umbanhowar Charles , Vannière Boris
Published: August 2018

Grasslands are globally extensive; they exist in many different climates, at high and low elevations, on nutrient‐rich and nutrient‐poor soils. Grassland distributions today are closely linked to human activities, herbivores, and fire, but many have been converted to urban areas, forests, or agriculture fields. Roughly 80% of fires globally occur in grasslands each year, making fire a critical process in grassland dynamics. Yet, little is known about the long‐term history of fire in grasslands. Here, we analyze sedimentary archives to reconstruct grassland fire histories during the Holocene. Given that grassland locations change over time, we compare several charcoal‐based fire reconstructions based on alternative classification schemes: (a) sites from modern grassland locations; (b) sites that were likely grasslands during the mid‐Holocene; and (c) sites based on author‐derived classifications. We also compare fire histories from grassland sites, forested sites, and all sites globally over the past 12,000 years. Forested versus grassland sites show different trends: grassland burning increased from the early to mid‐Holocene, reaching a maximum about 8000–6000 years ago, and subsequently declined, reaching a minimum around 4000 years ago. In contrast, biomass burning in forests increased during the Holocene until about 2000 years ago. Continental grassland fire history reconstructions show opposing Holocene trends in North versus South America, whereas grassland burning in Australia was highly variable in the early Holocene and much more stable after the mid‐Holocene. The sharp differences in continental as well as forest versus grassland Holocene fire history trajectories have important implications for our understanding of global biomass burning and its emissions, the global carbon cycle, biodiversity, conservation, and land management.
Analysis of mutation in the rat Pig‐a assay: II. Studies with bone marrow granulocytes
Authors: Dad Azra , Revollo Javier R. , Petibone Dayton M. , Pearce Mason G. , Heflich Robert H. , Dobrovolsky Vasily N.
Published: August 2018

The in vivo erythrocyte Pig‐a gene mutation assay measures the phenotypic loss of GPI‐anchored surface markers. Molecular analysis of the marker‐deficient erythrocytes cannot provide direct proof that the mutant phenotype is due to mutation in the Pig‐a gene because mammalian erythrocytes lack genomic DNA. Granulocytes are nucleated cells that originate from myeloid progenitor cells in bone marrow as is the case for erythrocytes, and thus analysis of Pig‐a mutation in bone marrow granulocytes can provide information about the source of mutations detected in the erythrocyte Pig‐a assay. We developed a flow cytometric Pig‐a assay for bone marrow granulocytes and evaluated granulocyte Pig‐a mutant frequencies in bone marrow from male rats treated acutely with N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU). Bone marrow cells from these rats were stained with anti‐CD11b for identifying granulocytes and anti‐CD48 for detecting the Pig‐a mutant phenotype. The average Pig‐a mutant frequency in granulocyte precursors of control rats was 8.42 × 10−6, whereas in ENU‐treated rats it was 567.13 × 10−6. CD11b‐positive/CD48‐deficient mutant cells were enriched using magnetic separation and sorted into small pools for sequencing. While there were no Pig‐a mutations found in sorted CD48‐positive wild‐type cells, Pig‐a mutations were detected in mutant granulocyte precursors. The most frequent mutation observed was T→A transversion, followed by T→C transition and T→G transversion, with the mutated T on the nontranscribed DNA strand. While the spectrum of mutations in bone marrow granulocytes was similar to that of erythroid cells, different Pig‐a mutations were found in mutant‐phenotype granulocytes and erythroids from the same bone marrow samples, suggesting that most Pig‐a mutations were induced in bone marrow cells after commitment to either the granulocyte or erythroid developmental pathway. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:733–741, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of mutation in the rat Pig‐a assay: I) studies with bone marrow erythroid cells
Authors: Revollo Javier R. , Pearce Mason G. , Dad Azra , Petibone Dayton M. , Robison Timothy W. , Roberts Daniel , Dobrovolsky Vasily N.
Published: August 2018

We have established a flow cytometry‐based Pig‐a assay for rat bone marrow erythroid cells (BMEs). The BME Pig‐a assay uses a DNA‐specific stain and two antibodies: one against the transmembrane transferrin receptor (CD71 marker) and the other against the GPI‐anchored complement inhibitory protein (CD59 marker). In F344 male rats treated acutely with a total of 120 mg/kg of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) the frequency of CD59‐deficient phenotypically mutant BMEs increased approximately 24‐fold compared to the rats concurrently treated with the vehicle. Such an increase of mutant BMEs coincides with increases of CD59‐deficient reticulocytes measured in rats treated with similar doses of ENU. Sequence analysis of the endogenous X‐linked Pig‐a gene of CD59‐deficient BMEs revealed that they are Pig‐a mutants. The spectrum of ENU‐induced Pig‐a mutations in these BMEs was consistent with the in vivo mutagenic signature of ENU: 73% of mutations occurred at A:T basepairs, with the mutated T on the nontranscribed strand of the gene. T→A transversion was the most frequent mutation followed by T→C transition; no deletion or insertion mutations were present in the spectrum. Since BMEs are precursors of peripheral red blood cells, our findings suggest that CD59‐deficient erythrocytes measured in the flow cytometric erythrocyte Pig‐a assay develop from BMEs containing mutations in the Pig‐a gene. Thus, the erythrocyte Pig‐a assay detects mutation in the Pig‐a gene. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:722–732, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement of Electrochemical Performance of Nickel Rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode by Lithium Aluminates Surface Modifications
Authors: Wu Jianxin , Tan Xinghua , Zhang Jiangtao , Guo Limin , Jiang Yi , Liu Shengnan , Zhao Tingqiao , Liu Yanlin , Ren Juncong , Wang Hanfu , Kang Xiaohong , Chu Weiguo
Published: August 2018

Ni‐rich layered compounds are very promising cathodes for lithium ion batteries whose surface modifications are normally required. As excellent lithium‐conducting solid electrolytes lithium aluminates such as LiAlO2 are expected to have an important role to play as a candidate for surface modifications. Here, Ni‐rich layered LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM) coated by lithium aluminates with different nominal weight percentages was prepared using a sol‐gel method. Lithium aluminates are found to be a mixture of major LiAlO2 and minor Li5AlO4. The coatings almost have no influence on the size and morphology of NCM particles, and however favor the order degree of structure and change the surface states. The electrical conductivity and charge transfer resistance can be optimized by controlling the amount of lithium aluminates. The cycling stability at low rates such as 1 C tends to increase with the amount of lithium aluminates whereas the rate capability can be achieved at certain amount, which is probably related to the enhancement of electrical conductivity and the improved surface protection against the erosion by electrolyte. This study reveals that the performances of NCM can be significantly improved and tailored by controlling the amount of lithium aluminates.
Application of chemical looping air separation for MILD oxy‐combustion in the supercritical power plant with CO2 capture
Authors: Chen Shiyi , Hu Jun , Sun Zhao , Xiang Wenguo
Published: August 2018

Chemical looping air separation (CLAS) is a novel and promising technology for oxygen production. This paper presents the application of CLAS to the supercritical power plant for MILD oxy‐combustion. Compared with the reference conventional supercritical power plant, the power generation efficiency of the CLAS integrated MILD oxy‐combustion plant is only reduced by about ~1.37% points at the baseline case. CO2 compression process imposes additional ~3.97% points efficiency penalty, which is inevitable to all of the CO2 capture technologies. The net power efficiency of the CLAS integrated MILD oxy‐combustion plant is ~37.37%. Even though a higher reduction reactor temperature could boost the power efficiency and a higher oxidization reactor temperature reversely decreases the power efficiency, the influence of reactor temperature is marginal. The performance of CLAS integrated MILD oxy‐combustion plant is not sensitive to excess CO2 and O2 ratio. Different oxygen carriers have different suitable operating region, but possess similar power efficiency. The carbon capture rate of the CLAS integrated MILD oxy‐combustion plant is up to ~100%, resulting in a virtually carbon‐free fossil power plant.
Der Vorhang fällt nie
Authors: Leonhardt Nic
Published: August 2018

Wie erforscht und erzählt man globale Theatergeschichte? Ein Münchner Reinhart Koselleck‐Projekt nutzt auch ungewöhnliche Quellen wie Passanträge und Passagierlisten für einen grenzüberschreitenden Blick auf das flüchtige performative Business.
Geochronology and petrogenesis of Neoproterozoic S‐type granites from the Qilian Block, north‐west China, and their geological implications
Authors: Liu Xiuting , Ren Erfeng , Li Binkai , Du Yongsheng , Gao Donglin , Ren Qianhui , Gao Liang
Published: August 2018

Early Neoproterozoic granites rarely outcrop in the Qilian Orogenic Belt (QOB) at the north‐eastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau; however, they are vital to understanding the Precambrian evolution of the QOB. Thus, we present an integrated study, comprising petrology, geochronology, and whole‐rock geochemistry of two Early Neoproterozoic granitic plutons (Baihuagou and Yamacha plutons) in the eastern Qilian Block (QB). The results provide three key findings. First, their magma emplacement age isca. 900 Ma (i.e., 918 Ma for Baihuagou and 910 Ma for Yamacha), and the two plutons have similar high‐K calc‐alkaline, strongly peraluminous characteristics, with slight enrichment in light rare earth elements; weak negative Eu anomalies; enrichment in large‐ion lithophile elements (e.g., K, Th, Ba, and Rb); strong depletion in Ti; and weak depletion in Nb, Ta, and, Sr. These characteristics indicate that the granites from these plutons are S‐type granites. Second, the two‐mica granite and gneissic granite samples may have been formed by partial melting of ancient crustal material (mainly psammitic rocks), with contributions from a meta‐igneous component, under high‐temperature and low‐pressure conditions. Third, new data from this study, combined with previously reported dates, indicate a continental margin arc setting for the QB during the Early Neoproterozoic (ca. 900 Ma).
Who pays for the medical costs of obesity? New evidence from the employer mandate
Authors: Lennon Conor
Published: August 2018

Theory suggests that the medical costs of obesity should be passed on to obese workers, in the form of lower wages, whenever health coverage is a part of employee compensation. In contrast to existing work on this topic, this paper illustrates that the medical expenditures caused by obesity among working adults are relatively small and that wage offsets should therefore be difficult to detect. The paper supports this claim by exploiting the variation provided by the Affordable Care Act's employer mandate. Findings suggest that obese workers tend to bear the approximate cost of their medical expenditures via lower wages. However, the observed effects are often insignificantly different from zero.