bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality
Authors: Giordano Peter J.
Published: October 2013

The construct of personality is extraordinarily broad and complex. As a result, providing a definition that adequately captures all nuances of the term is challenging. for example, defined personality as “the configuration of characteristics and behavior that comprises an individual's unique adjustment to life, including major traits, interests, drives, values, self‐concept, abilities, and emotional patterns. Personality is generally viewed as a complex, dynamic integration or totality, shaped by many forces including…”, and the definition continues. Scholarly work on the topic of personality is equally complex and includes, but is not limited to, theory development, from traditional psychoanalytic approaches to more modern empirical formulations; collaborations with other academic fields, such as neuroscience, genetics, biology, anthropology, sociology, or philosophy; empirical research in other sub‐disciplines of psychology, such as social or health psychology; and questions of development throughout the lifespan and studies of psychopathology and mental well‐being.
Piaget, Jean
Authors: Hogan John D. , Brucato Gary
Published: October 2013

Swiss‐born Jean Piaget (1896–1980) was arguably the most important developmental psychologist of the 20th century. His research and writing on cognitive development revolutionized the way in which children were viewed, while also generating a large body of additional research. Although his theory appears to minimize the impact of social and cultural forces, he was a true interactionist, with the environment playing a crucial role in a child's development.
Place Attachment
Authors: Fitch Jenelle C.
Published: October 2013

Place attachment is the bond that people develop to places and is integral to identity development. Theorists have proposed that there are four processes associated with the formation and maintenance of place attachment: (a) biological, (b) environmental, (c) psychological, and (d) sociocultural. Within the biological process, a place offers an individual food and space to live. On the other hand, the environmental process denotes the interface between the person and environment, such as how an individual interacts with the environment's resources, adapts to the constraints of the environment, and experiences the impact of the environment on her or his development. The psychological process encompasses how the environment functions as a safe haven and secure base for the individual, and includes the memories, meaning, and affect attached to the place. Finally, the sociocultural process of place attachment focuses on the impact of culture, sociopolitical, and historical sources.
Place Identity
Authors: Fitch Jenelle C.
Published: October 2013

The concept of
place identity
expands the concept of self‐identity and considers the influence of an individual's physical and societal context on his or her identity or personality structure. examined the concept of place identity within the context of identity formation process, and noted four areas in the development of place identity: (a) distinctiveness of the place, (b) continuity within the place, (c) self‐esteem due to association with a particular place, and (d) self‐efficacy, or the belief that an individual can operate well within the environment.
Polysemy
Authors: Novikov Alexey L.
Published: October 2013

Polysemy (from the Greek poly – many and sêma – sign) is the ability of a word to have simultaneous meanings (sememes), and several related lexical‐semantic variants (LSV). Polysemy is thus the categorical lexical and semantic relation of internally motivated meanings that are expressed in forms of the same word (one lexeme) and demarcated in the text due to different, mutually exclusive positions of LSV of the word. Polysemy is a widespread phenomenon, and refers to linguistic universals and major semantic regularities found in most languages.
Poortinga, Ype H
Authors: Sim Catherine Q. E.
Published: October 2013

Ype H. Poortinga (b. 1939) is professor emeritus of cross‐cultural psychology at Tilburg University in the Netherlands and at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and an Honorary Fellow of the International Association for Cross‐Cultural Psychology (IACCP). He studied psychology at the Free University in Amsterdam and completed a doctorate on research conducted in South Africa. Poortinga started his academic career at Tilburg University when he joined its faculty in the early 1970s as a senior lecturer to teach psychometric testing. In the early 1990s, he also joined the faculty of the Catholic University of Leuven as a part‐time professor of cross‐cultural psychology.
Power and Power Inequality
Authors: Brislin Richard W. , Rosenblatt Valerie
Published: October 2013

Although a variety of terms have been used to conceptualize and define power across various disciplines, the most traditional and prevailing conception views power in terms of a potential to influence others. In everyday language, power refers to getting one's own way, to having “clout.” Power permeates various aspects of human existence, such as family, friends, jobs, and community. Power differentiation appears to be a universal factor of social life driving the functioning of social institutions. The need for power is one of the basic motivators of individual behavior. In a seminal cross‐cultural study involving 20 societies, identified power as one of 10 universal individual values or principles guiding individual selection and evaluation of behavior or events. Individuals who value power endorse social status and prestige, and power differentiation, as well as control and dominance over people. Research on power identified a variety of sources of power as well as a number of outcomes of power across individual and cultural levels of analysis, which we discuss below.
Prejudice – Implicit and Explicit
Authors: Weyant James M.
Published: October 2013

Prejudice may be defined as feelings, sentiments, or evaluations of individuals simply because they are, or appear to be, members of a social group. Although the feelings, sentiments, or evaluations may be positive or negative, theorists and researchers have focused primarily on negative prejudices because of the problems associated with such feelings. Social groups should be considered in a broad manner, consisting of categories people typically use to distinguish themselves from others, such as race, ethnicity, gender, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, age, ability, and appearance.
Problem Solving
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: October 2013

Problem solving is a complex mental process that involves use of psychological skills to achieve a desired state or goal. Research in a variety of areas has suggested the importance of context and experience to effective problem solving.
Prosocial Behaviors
Authors: de Guzman Maria Rosario T. , Brown Jill R. , Anh Do K.
Published: October 2013

Prosocial behaviors are acts intended to benefit others, and include helping, cooperation, volunteering, and civic engagement. Prosocial behaviors are valued in most, if not all societies, and their various forms are linked to numerous measures of health and well‐being, such as lower aggressive tendencies, more positive associations with peers and parents, higher self‐esteem and subjective well‐being, and fewer risky behaviors. Volunteerism and civic engagement are linked to improved social skills, declines in truancy and teen pregnancy, and in promoting healthy behaviors and physical health. For these reasons, researchers have been increasingly interested in understanding the social, contextual, and cultural factors underlying this group of behaviors and their development in children and adolescents.
Psychotherapy, Bicultural
Authors: Kibour Yeshashwork
Published: October 2013

Biculturaldenotes “pertaining to, or combining two cultures.” As such, bicultural psychotherapy entails a therapeutic relationship that exists between a client and therapist who operate within the framework of two distinct cultures. Thus, by definition, an African immigrant, for example, receiving psychotherapy in the United States from an African immigrant psychotherapist, would be engaged in bicultural psychotherapy due to the fact that aspects of the client's views about self and others, psychological pain, and ways to relieve suffering are understood from the perspectives of his or her “Africanness” as well as perspectives adopted from the U.S. culture
Quality of Life
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Ospina Fernando
Published: October 2013

The perception of quality of life is influenced by the environments in which individuals live. Thus, quality of life refers to individuals’ personal satisfaction with their life within the cultural or intellectual conditions in which they live. Additionally, quality of life has long been an explicit or implicit policy goal of most societies, and researchers have sought adequate definition and measurement. Quality of life is assessed using objective indicators across a range of disciplines and scales. This concept is used in a wide range of contexts, including the fields of mental health, healthcare, and politics.
Race
Authors: No Sun
Published: October 2013

Race refers to the perception of group boundaries based on phenotype. In many societies being perceived as a member of a particular race confers more privilege and power than being perceived as a member of other races.
Regret
Authors: Wadkins Theresa A. , Miller Richard L.
Published: October 2013

Regret is a negative reaction to something that one has either done or failed to do. This negative reaction can be expressed in the form of sadness, shame, depression, annoyance, embarrassment, or guilt. In a study, regret was the second most expressed emotion in everyday conversation, after love. Although the word may be commonly expressed, the term regret has not been clearly defined in the research. defined regret as “a more or less painful cognitive and emotional state of feeling sorry for misfortunes, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings, or mistakes,” whereas defined it as “a negative, cognitively based emotion that we experience when realizing or imagining that our present situation would have been better had we acted differently.” Zeelenberg, van Dijk, van den Bos, defined regret as an “unpleasant feeling, experienced when people look back on bad decisions” or imagine that the present situation would be better if different decisions had been made.
Religious Identity
Authors: Zagumny Matthew J.
Published: October 2013

In parallel with other aspects of identity in social and cross‐cultural psychology, religious identity is the tendency to form one's perception of self, at least in part, around the religious tradition to which the person currently, historically, and culturally subscribes. Religious identity involves a developmental component in that this identity formation is subject to change across the lifespan.
Response Bias (Response Style)
Authors: Nguyen Angela‐MinhTu D. , Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

Response bias (also known as response style) refers to patterns of responding on questionnaires or inventories in a consistent manner independent of the content of the questions. Research across cultures can lead to differences in responses for three underlying reasons. Differences can reflect (a) true variability in the construct being measured, (b) error variability associated with different response styles associated with culture, or (c) error variability involving structural elements of the questionnaire or inventory associated with linguistic or semantic issues. The issue of response bias relates to the latter two conditions.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Deering Catherine Gray
Published: October 2013

Schizophrenia has historically been one of the most debilitating and chronic psychiatric disorders worldwide. Recent advances in treatment, particularly with new antipsychotic drugs, have allowed many people with schizophrenia to recover and/or manage their recurring symptoms. However, access to these drugs, particularly the “second generation” antipsychotic medications which are the most effective and have the least troubling side effects, varies depending on the healthcare system in different countries. In addition, drug treatment alone is not enough to alleviate the loss of social and occupational functioning that can serve to relegate many people with schizophrenia to the fringes of society and create ongoing stress between these individuals and their loved ones.
Self‐Concept
Authors: Landsman Moshe S.
Published: October 2013

One of the major ways that the human being is set off from the rest of the living creatures is the ability to reflect upon the self. This reflective ability allows humans to generate meaning and attempt to understand their place in the universe. The self concept is divided by many theorists into two factors: self‐image and self‐esteem.
Self‐Deception
Authors: Triandis Harry C.
Published: October 2013

Self‐deception is the act of deceiving ourselves. defined it as “a failure to recognize personal limitations. The development of a false or unrealistic self‐concept.” argued that humans often use their hopes, needs, desires, wishes, expectations, dreams, theory, prejudices, and other “internal” processes to construct the way they see the world. Such constructions are often unrealistic. Hope is an especially important factor in self‐deception, as is
wishful thinking
, although it is a narrower concept, because it is based only on wishes.
Delusion
is “an erroneous belief impervious to reason”, and is also related to self‐deception, but is a broader construct because it includes hallucinations, visions, revelations from outer space, and other erroneous beliefs that occur in schizophrenia and other psychopathological conditions.
Self‐Enhancement
Authors: Boucher Helen C.
Published: October 2013

Self‐enhancement is typically defined as attending to and elaborating on positive information about the self, while ignoring and discounting negative information. This rather broad definition includes “positive illusions” such as holding overly positive views of the self (e.g., thinking one is more intelligent and friendly than others), having an exaggerated sense of personal control over events (e.g., thinking one has the power to heal oneself from cancer), and having unrealistic optimism, which manifests itself both in overly optimistic predictions relative to other people (e.g., predicting that one is more likely to have a lucrative career than most other people), and overly optimistic predictions relative to actual behavior (e.g., predicting that one will give more money to a particular charity than one ends up giving). Other ways people self‐enhance are with self‐serving attributions; that is, attributing success to ability but failure to other people, the situation, or bad luck. When faced with negative feedback, people maintain their positive self‐views by, among other things, discounting the feedback, derogating the person who delivered the feedback, misremembering it to be more positive than it really was, and by self‐affirmation; that is, compensating for the feedback by emphasizing the positivity of the self in a domain unrelated to the one in which the feedback was given.
Sexual Violence
Authors: Woolf Linda M. , Hulsizer Michael R.
Published: October 2013

Sexual violence is a pervasive human rights violation that occurs across international borders, socioeconomic brackets, and cultural lines. The World Health Organization defined sexual violence as “any sexual act, attempt to obtain a sexual act, unwanted sexual comments or advances, or acts to traffic, or otherwise directed, against a person's sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting, including but not limited to home and work.” The two key elements of this definition are the coercive, forced, or unwelcomed nature of action and the clear indication that this form of violence is ubiquitous – it can occur in any context and by anyone. As this definition suggests, no one is immune from the threat or ramifications of sexual violence.
Sexuality of Women with Disabilities
Authors: Jabulani Mpofu
Published: October 2013

Zimbabwe is a landlocked Southern African country situated north of the Tropic of Capricorn between the Zambezi and the Limpopo Rivers. The country is bordered by Zambia to the north, South Africa to the south, Mozambique to the east, and Botswana to the west. The estimated population of the country is 12,236,800, of whom 98% are indigenous blacks and about 70% live in rural areas. Zimbabwe is divided into two major tribes, the Shona and the Ndebele, which are further divided into numerous but minor tribal dialects (Shona: e.g., Manyika, Zezuru, Karanga, Korekore, and Ndau; Ndebele: e.g., Tonga and Kalanga). These groups have their own traditions, sociocultural values, and belief systems, which determine how individuals think, act, and behave. Culture and traditional beliefs inevitably shape the Zimbabwean perception of sexuality of individuals with disabilities in relation to their gender and the social responses that result from them. Attitudes of Zimbabwean cultures on sexuality of women with disabilities are negative and based on stereotypes and myths.
Shweder, Richard
Authors: Rich Grant J.
Published: October 2013

Richard A. Shweder, cultural psychologist and cultural anthropologist, was born February 17, 1945, in New York. He received his B.A. in anthropology from the University of Pittsburgh in 1966 and his Ph.D. in social relations from Harvard in 1972, and taught for one year at the University of Nairobi in Kenya prior to moving to Chicago, where he has been with the departments of psychology and/or comparative human development for nearly 40 years. The human development department at Chicago has been a multidisciplinarily rich home for Shweder, as it includes scholars from anthropology, psychology, biology, sociology, and related fields.
Shyness
Authors: Carducci Bernardo J.
Published: October 2013

Shyness is the presence of anxious reactions, excessive self‐consciousness and negative self‐evaluation in response to real or imagined social interactions to the degree that it produces discomfort interfering with and inhibiting one's ability to perform successfully in social situations. Shyness can also disrupt fulfillment of personal and professional goals, and includes affective, cognitive, and behavioral components.
Social Cognition
Authors: Pereira Marcos Emanoel , de Freitas Araujo Saulo
Published: October 2013

The concept of social cognition refers to the process of knowing a portion of the real world, social reality, and emerges as an attempt to identify the impact exerted by cognition in this task. Defined as an agent of knowledge, the human being is driven by previously accumulated knowledge and by the beliefs one accepts about the world in which one lives. Embracing the belief that the human is a being of knowledge means accepting that the cognitive agent is constantly receiving new information and that this information is not always consistent with his/her belief system. Imposing themselves in an intermediate position between the world of social cues and explicit manifestations of behavior, cognitive mediators influence judgments and interfere decisively in evaluations.
Social Striving
Authors: Miller Richard L.
Published: October 2013

Social striving occurs when individuals exert more effort when working in a group than when working individually, and stands in contrast to the more often researched social loafing, which is the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working independently. Research conducted in Western cultures has found that social loafing is more likely to occur when the distribution of or compensation for work within groups is unfair, the potential for personal evaluation is reduced, there is a perception that others are slacking, or the group lacks cohesion.
Social Support
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , Barbuto Isabel G.
Published: October 2013

Although no single definition has emerged, social support can be defined as help, care, and assistance available from a variety of sources, in different forms and at different times. It is essential for a person or a group to feel an integral part of a broader network and supportive system. Besides the mental‐emotional help and physical‐material resources provided, companionship and sense of belonging are most valuable. Social support can be measured not only by the perception of care or assistance already received but by the care or assistance stored in the community for future use. It is the realization that one is integrated with others and can rely on their solidarity in time of need or crisis.
Socialization
Authors: Chu‐Lien Chao Ruth , Berger Ben
Published: October 2013

Socialization is the process through which individuals experience and learn values, knowledge, motives, and roles appropriate to their position(s) in a specific social group or society. Socialization facilitates an individual's particular identity or identities relevant to that social group or society. During socialization, an individual learns to take on an identity associated with a particular group and fulfill it in an appropriate way. Socialization takes place through various forms such as communication, interaction with others, education, parenting, media, and social environment.
Sojourner
Authors: Stewart R. , Darden M. , Johnson Laura R.
Published: October 2013

The term sojourner applies to individuals who are temporarily living outside of their country of origin, and who will eventually return to their country of origin. Sojourners comprise a broad range of travelers including students, tourists, business professionals, military personnel, missionaries, foreign service officers, professors, and other temporary visitors. Despite great variability among the different groups classified as sojourners, they share common experiences associated with cross‐national mobility and multiple acculturation experiences that bind them together as a group. In particular, sojourners must contend with initial cultural adjustment to the host country, followed by a second, often more difficult adjustment of returning to the country of origin.
Statistical Significance
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

Researchers use a wide variety of statistical tests to assess whether observed differences or apparent relations between variables are due to the variables of interest to the investigator as opposed to measurement error or chance. When the results of statistical tests suggest that differences or relations between variables would be replicable and could have occurred as a function of the constructs being tested and not random error, researchers conclude that the effect is statistically significant. One implication of this conclusion is that the same results would be likely to recur were the investigator to repeat the research.
Stereotypes
Authors: Chakkarath Pradeep
Published: October 2013

Stereotype is a term derived from the Greek words
stereós
(solid, firm) and
typos
(impression, mark) and thus translates to “solid impression.” Since the early eighteenth‐century, the terms “stereotype” and “cliché” were used in printing to refer to a single mold from which a whole printing plate can be made. The metaphorical connotation of the term stereotype, namely, leaving a lasting impression on something or someone, made it useful for describing various phenomena in different fields of science (e.g., psychology, sociology, pedagogy, and linguistics).
Sue, David
Authors: Vespia Kristin M.
Published: October 2013

David Sue is known best for his substantial contributions to our knowledge of multicultural and cross‐cultural counseling, the role of culture in considerations of mental health, assessment and treatment of mental illness, and psychotherapy with Asian American clients.
Suffering and Healing
Authors: Priya Kumar Ravi
Published: October 2013

Pointed out that holistic and culture‐sensitive approaches to suffering and healing of societies around the world have been regarded as primitive, outdated, and unscientific since the advent of biomedicine. Biomedicine took cultural processes and the experiences of suffering, healing, and wellbeing to be an epiphenomenon of biological processes. Till the 1970s, rare attempts were made by psychiatrists and psychologists to study the experiences of suffering and healing except for the study of symptoms and their treatment or psychotherapy.
Syntax
Authors: Weigold Arne
Published: October 2013

Syntax refers to the way words are arranged within a given language to form meaningful phrases and sentences. Syntax, along with morphology, is part of the grammar of a language.
Tactical Self‐Enhancement
Authors: Miller Richard L.
Published: October 2013

People strive for positive self‐esteem and are motivated to think well of themselves in comparison to others as evidenced by their tendency to rate themselves as better than average on a variety of abilities, traits, and personal characteristics. Self‐enhancement is particularly likely when individuals are threatened, fail, or suffer a blow to their self‐esteem. Self‐enhancement strategies include inflated self‐presentations that promote individuals’ self‐esteem, downplaying the value of skills that they lack, and criticizing others whose achievements threaten their sense of accomplishment.
Taylor, Donald M
Authors: Taylor Donald M.
Published: October 2013

Donald M. Taylor was trained as a mainstream laboratory‐based social psychologist at the University of Western Ontario, Canada where he received his Ph.D. in 1969. He then joined the psychology department at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, where he remains to this day.
Time Perception
Authors: Dominik Güss C.
Published: October 2013

People all around the world live in space and time. The short present moment fading away so quickly connects the depths of the past with the wide‐open, unknown future. Time perception is the study of how species perceive and deal with time. Unlike waves of light that reach a specific sense organ, the eye, time is something invisible, which is perceived without a specific sense.
Ting‐Toomey, Stella
Authors: Chung Leeva C.
Published: October 2013

Stella Ting‐Toomey was born on May 22, 1952 in Hong Kong. In 1972, she was accepted into three different undergraduate schools in the United States. Undecided, she gave her youngest brother three different pieces of paper to choose from and he picked the University of Iowa. Within five years, Ting‐Toomey received both her B.A. and M.A. in mass communication. She moved to the University of Washington where she received her Ph.D. degree in speech communication in 1981. Early in her career, she taught at Rutgers University and Arizona State University, finally moving in 1989 to California State University (CSU) at Fullerton, where she is currently a professor of communication. Ting‐Toomey is an internationally recognized leader in intercultural communication, conflict management, and intercultural competence. Her contributions in cross‐ cultural communication span three decades of research, theory, and teaching.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Overview
Authors: Castaño Gloria , Lino Laura
Published: October 2013

According to Schwartz and Bilsky, values are “concepts or beliefs, about desirable end‐states or behaviors, that transcend specific situations, guide selection or evaluation of behavior and events and are ordered by relative importance.”
Vernon, Philip E
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji
Published: October 2013

Philip Ewart Vernon was a British psychologist who studied intelligence, environment, and creativity. He was born in 1905 in Oxford, England, where his father was a lecturer in physiology at the University of Oxford. At Cambridge University Vernon studied classics and natural sciences before he seriously focused on psychology. He received a B.A. with class honors, and in 1927 completed the Ph.D. He went on to complete two postdoctoral research fellowships, one at Harvard University and the other at Yale University. Vernon then returned to the U.K., where he held a number of significant positions for the following 35 years. He was a teaching and research fellow at Cambridge and later, in 1939, was appointed head of the psychology department at the University of Glasgow. In 1952, he received a D.Sc. degree from the University of London, where he also served as professor of educational psychology (appointed in 1964). However, in 1968, and after a successful career, Vernon moved to Canada where he became a distinguished professor at the University of Calgary. There he embraced the Canadian lifestyle, remained fairly involved on the international level, and eventually received Canadian citizenship. In 1978, he received an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Calgary.
Vygotsky, Lev
Authors: Shiraev Eric , Levy David
Published: October 2013

Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934), Russian psychologist, educator, and social scientist, was born in Orsha, in the Russian empire (Belarus today) to Jewish parents. His native language was Russian. He was homeschooled and showed a remarkable talent in social sciences and humanities. In 1917, Vygotsky received two undergraduate degrees: one in law from the prestigious Moscow State University and the other in history and philosophy from a smaller private school (closed in 1920) in Moscow. During the turmoil of Russia's Civil War until 1924 he worked as a teacher and private tutor. From 1924 until his death he held various research and teaching positions in Moscow's academic institutions and clinics. He was married and had two daughters.
Weber, Max
Authors: (Hans) Bakker J. I.
Published: October 2013

Max Weber was born April 21, 1864 in Erfurt, Germany and five years later moved with his family to Berlin. He died of pneumonia at the age of 56 on June 14, 1920.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee
Authors: Kreiner David S.
Published: October 2013

When he died in 1941, Benjamin Lee Whorf was known for his work in the insurance industry and for his scholarly research on the ancient civilizations of Mexico and Central America. Whorf is best known today for his writing on the relationship between thought and language. Whorf's view that the language one speaks can affect the way one thinks about the world is known as the Sapir‐Whorf hypothesis or the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
Within‐Groups Design
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

Research in which an investigator studies the same individuals in multiple conditions involves a within‐groups design, also known as a within‐subjects design and a repeated measures design. The name derives from the fact that the researcher is assessing differences across conditions within a single group of people.
Witkin, Herman
Authors: Devonis David C.
Published: October 2013

Herman Witkin was born in 1916 in New York City and remained in and near it all his life. He took his B.A. in biology at New York University in 1935 and the Ph.D. in psychology there in 1939 with the comparative psychologist T. C. Schneirla. After a brief postgraduate stay at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, he took an academic position at Brooklyn College where he remained until 1952, afterward spending the next 19 years as a member of the faculty of the Downstate Medical Center of the State University of New York. He then took a position with the Educational Testing Service in Princeton, New Jersey, and remained there until his death in 1979.
Women's Rights
Authors: Woolf Linda M. , Hulsizer Michael R.
Published: October 2013

According to an ancient Chinese proverb, “Women hold up half the sky.” Indeed, women and men share equal responsibility for families, communities, and cultures. Unfortunately, women are rarely afforded or experience equal rights to men and all too often, women's human rights are not equated with fundamental human rights. Around the globe, women routinely experience social, economic, political, and other inequalities. In addition, many cultures simply turn a blind eye to the subordination of and violence against women and girls.
Work Motivation
Authors: Allen Joseph A. , Pope Anthony , Ebers Christian
Published: October 2013

Work motivation comprises the factors that originate within an individual, as well as factors outside the individual, that initiate and energize work‐related behavior. Employees’ needs, desires, and goals, as well as various job characteristics (e.g., feedback, compensation) motivate people in the work place. Researchers and managers continue to strive to understand both what motivates employees and what employees should be motivated to do (e.g., organizational and personal goal accomplishment).
Writing Systems
Authors: Padakannaya Prakash
Published: October 2013

A writing system refers to a system of visible or tactile signs used to represent spoken language in a systematic way. Visible signs may include regular writing systems and sign language, while tactile signs include the Braille system used by visually impaired people around the world. Writing systems are the result of cultural inventions, and are fairly recent in human evolution and civilization, first invented and used around 5,000 years ago. The evolution of writing systems took place in different cultures at different points of time. There were similar stages of development, although the writing systems across cultures vary significantly on many dimensions. Although humans are believed to be genetically wired for spoken language, such is not the case for ability for written language. Hence we see that the majority of languages in the world, even today, do not have a writing system and a significant portion of the world's population is illiterate. Historically, written language overcame the temporal and spatial limitations of spoken language and helped people to pass on information from generation to generation, without which human civilization would not have developed to the level that we see today. The distinctiveness of writing systems, however, clearly reflects cultural differences.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Individualism and Collectivism
Authors: Chen Fang Fang
Published: October 2013

Individualism‐collectivism (IC) is an important dimension that underlies a variety of cultural differences in cognition, emotion, and motivation. Several models have been proposed to conceptualize this construct, and each of them will be briefly reviewed.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Masculinity
Authors: Keith Kenneth D.
Published: October 2013

According to, masculinity (MAS) is a cultural dimension with a focus on ambition, acquisition of wealth, and distinctly differentiated roles for men and women. Cultures low in MAS (and hence higher in femininity) are more likely to emphasize nurturing behaviors, caring, more flexible gender roles, and equality of the sexes. Hofstede has suggested that success in high MAS cultures is defined by winning, whether in academic, work, or leisure activities. Low MAS (femininity) tends to be associated with greater concern for quality of life as an indicator of success (some scholars have characterized high and low MAS as quantity of life and quality of life). Put another way, individuals in high MAS cultures are motivated by an interest in being the best, whereas those in low MAS cultures are motivated to like what they do.
Dimensions of Culture (Geert H. Hofstede) – Uncertainty Avoidance
Authors: Mootz Jennifer
Published: October 2013

In
A Behavioral Theory of the Firm
, first introduced the term Uncertainty Avoidance (UA) to describe how organizations avoid uncertainty in their environments by solving immediate problems rather than developing long‐term strategies and by imposing plans and structure. Between 1967 and 1973, IBM administered a multinational survey to its employees to assess employee attitudes and morale. Researcher Geert Hofstede analyzed the data following the survey, and he noticed that people endorsed some items differently based on their nationality. had an interest in work stress and found that stress seemed to correlate strongly with national anxiety factor scores cited by. Additionally, employee stress seemed to be related to how organizations structured their activities. determined that three items on IBM's employee survey, “discussing stress, a need for fixed company rules, and the intent to continue with the company” contributed to a factor he called the Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI).
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Affective Autonomy
Authors: Niu Jianghe
Published: October 2013

The term autonomy describes the position of a person or a group of persons in which they take their own decisions in all regards. It is the condition of being autonomous. The person or the group of persons will be under their own control, with no other person or condition governing the decisions of their lives. Relationships in autonomous societies involve expressing the individual's internal attributes and uniqueness. Based on the nature of autonomy, described two types of autonomy: affective autonomy and intellectual autonomy.
Dimensions of Culture (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Harmony
Authors: Rahman Hartini Abdul
Published: October 2013

Harmony is a value construct developed by in his cross‐cultural studies on individual and cultural value orientations. provided three bipolar dimensions of values representing alternative ways to distinguish cultures. The third of these is regulation of the relation of humankind to the natural and societal world. In responding to this issue, Schwartz produced two bipolar cultural value type responses, harmony and mastery. Harmony is accentuated in societies where the social and natural world is accepted as it is and emphasis is laid on fitting in harmoniously, rather than on changing or exploiting the current stability. Mastery, on the other hand, is the active control of the social and natural environment through self‐assertion values. Thus, the harmony versus mastery cultural dimension focuses on how societies regulate the relation between society and the natural environment.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Conformity
Authors: Castaño Gloria , Lino Laura
Published: October 2013

In the work of, conformity is the restraint of actions and impulses that may upset or hurt the group or society and that violate the social rules and social expectations. Values such as obedience, self‐discipline, and courtesy are linked to conformity. These self‐restriction demands are engraved in the social structure and moral systems of each society and are therefore absorbed by each person as a part conscience or superego.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Hedonism
Authors: Scott Sarah A.
Published: October 2013

Hedonism refers to personal gratification and sensory fulfillment and is quite compatible with achievement.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Stimulation
Authors: Castaño Gloria , Lino Laura
Published: October 2013

Stimulation is the constant search for new challenges and novelty.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Universalism
Authors: Scott Sarah A.
Published: October 2013

One final value, according to Schwartz, is universalism.
Values (Shalom H. Schwartz) – Achievement
Authors: Cvasa Gregory Peter , Conway Lucian Gideon , Houck Shannon C. , Gornick Laura Janelle
Published: October 2013

The aspiration to be a high achiever is not unique to any one culture. Achievement, unlike some of the values in the Schwartz hierarchy, is considered truly pan‐cultural.
Online Advertisements and Conceptual Implicit Memory: Advances in Theory and Methodology
Authors: Northup Temple , Mulligan Neil
Published: October 2013

We conducted three experiments to further our understanding, both theoretically and methodologically, of conceptual implicit memory within the advertising context. Results from the first experiment confirmed what previous research had suggested: using a brand generation task is a conceptual implicit memory measure. The first experiment also demonstrated that conceptual priming can be found using realistic‐looking advertisements embedded within a news website. Results from Experiments 2 and 3 suggest that not only is providing specific encoding instructions not necessary to induce conceptual or semantic processing but also that there were no differences based on whether the experimental procedure was conducted in a laboratory or online. Together, these results have implications for increasing the ecological validity of this type of research. By allowing participants to view realistic advertisements outside of a laboratory without specific encoding instructions, the procedure much more closely mimics how individuals actually interact with advertisements in real life. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Properties of Si‐Ge Heterostructures as an Anode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Song Taeseup , Cheng Huanyu , Town Kaitlin , Park Hyunjung , Black Robert W. , Lee Sangkyu , Park Won Il , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A. , Nazar Linda F. , Paik Ungyu
Published: October 2013

Si‐Ge composites have recently been explored as an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries due to their stable cycle performance and excellent rate capability. Although previous reports show the benefits of Si‐Ge composites on electrochemical performance, the specific mechanism and structural effects have been overlooked. Here, the structural effect of Si‐Ge heterogeneous nanostructures on both mechanics and kinetics is systematically studied through theoretical analysis and detailed experimental results. Si‐Ge and Ge‐Si core–shell nanowires are employed for this study. The Si‐Ge core–shell nanowires show a much improved electrochemical performance, especially cycle performance and rate capability, when compared to those of the Ge‐Si core–shell nanowires electrode. On the basis of the detailed experimental results and associated theoretical analysis, its is demonstrated that the strain distribution and Li diffusivity and/or diffusion path are significantly affected by the Si‐Ge heterostructure, which induce different mechanics and kinetics associated with lithium.
External validation of recombinant antigens for serodiagnosis of machine operator's lung
Authors: Barrera Coralie , Reboux Gabriel , Warfolomeow Isabel , Rognon Bénédicte , Millon Laurence , Roussel Sandrine
Published: October 2013

Background

Machine operator's lung (MOL) is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis the diagnosis of which is difficult. Our laboratory previously developed an ELISA test using recombinant antigens from Mycobacterium immunogenum isolated in French plant. The objective was to validate the previous ELISA results with ten new suspected cases from Germany.

Methods

Two serological analyses were performed: ELISA with the six recombinant antigens, and electrosyneresis with crude antigens of M. immunogenum and three other main species isolated from contaminated metalworking fluids.

Results

The two recombinant antigens acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, combined together, and electrosyneresis are useful in making the diagnosis regardless of the clinical and radiological data. Finally 9 out of the 10 suspected cases were declared as MOL.

Conclusions

Despite the geographical distance, the crude and recombinant antigens produced to investigate the clustered French cases also proved to be useful in diagnosing the suspected cases in Germany. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:195–201, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene‐environment interaction of ApoE genotype and combat exposure on PTSD
Authors: Lyons Michael J. , Genderson Margo , Grant Michael D. , Logue Mark , Zink Tyler , McKenzie Ruth , Franz Carol E. , Panizzon Matthew , Lohr James B. , Jerskey Beth , Kremen William S.
Published: October 2013

Factors determining who develops PTSD following trauma are not well understood. The €4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is associated with dementia and unfavorable outcome following brain insult. PTSD is also associated with dementia. Given evidence that psychological trauma adversely affects the brain, we hypothesized that the apoE genotype moderates effects of psychological trauma on PTSD pathogenesis. To investigate the moderation of the relationship between PTSD symptoms and combat exposure, we used 172 participants with combat trauma sustained during the Vietnam War. PTSD symptoms were the dependent variable and number of combat experiences, apoE genotype, and the combat experiences × apoE genotype interaction were predictors. We also examined the outcome of a diagnosis of PTSD (n = 39) versus no PTSD diagnosis (n = 131). The combat × apoE genotype interaction was significant for both PTSD symptoms (P = .014) and PTSD diagnosis (P = .009). ApoE genotype moderates the relationship between combat exposure and PTSD symptoms. Although the pathophysiology of PTSD is not well understood, the €4 allele is related to reduced resilience of the brain to insult. Our results are consistent with the €4 allele influencing the effects of psychological trauma on the brain, thereby affecting the risk of PTSD. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Next‐generation sequencing in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Schreiber Matthew , Dorschner Michael , Tsuang Debby
Published: October 2013

Schizophrenia is a debilitating lifelong illness that lacks a cure and poses a worldwide public health burden. The disease is characterized by a heterogeneous clinical and genetic presentation that complicates research efforts to identify causative genetic variations. This review examines the potential of current findings in schizophrenia and in other related neuropsychiatric disorders for application in next‐generation technologies, particularly whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and whole‐genome sequencing (WGS). These approaches may lead to the discovery of underlying genetic factors for schizophrenia and may thereby identify and target novel therapeutic targets for this devastating disorder. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetics of brain structure: Contributions from the vietnam era twin study of aging
Authors: Kremen William S. , Fennema‐Notestine Christine , Eyler Lisa T. , Panizzon Matthew S. , Chen Chi‐Hua , Franz Carol E. , Lyons Michael J. , Thompson Wesley K. , Dale Anders M.
Published: October 2013

Understanding the genetics of neuropsychiatric disorders requires an understanding of the genetics of brain structure and function. The Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA) is a longitudinal behavioral genetic study focused on cognitive and brain aging. Here, we describe basic science work carried out within the VETSA MRI study that provides meaningful contributions toward the study of neuropsychiatric disorders. VETSA produced the first comprehensive assessment of the heritability of cortical and subcortical brain structure sizes, all within the same individuals. We showed that neocortical thickness and surface area are largely genetically distinct. With continuous neocortical thickness maps, we demonstrated regional specificity of genetic influences, and that genetic factors did not conform to traditional regions of interest (ROIs). However, there was some evidence for different genetic factors accounting for different types of cortex, and for genetic relationships across cortical regions corresponding to anatomical and functional connectivity and brain maturation patterns. With continuous neocortical surface area maps, we confirmed the anterior–posterior gradient of genetic influences on cortical area patterning demonstrated in animal models. Finally, we used twin methods to create the first map of cortical ROIs based entirely on genetically informative data. We conclude that these genetically based cortical phenotypes may be more appropriate for genetic studies than traditional ROIs based on structure or function. Our results also suggest that cortical volume—the product of thickness and surface area—is a problematic phenotype for genetic studies because two independent sets of genes may be obscured. Examples supporting the validity of these conclusions are provided. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.