bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Working the Spaces of Power
Authors: Newman Janet
Published: September 2014

This book highlights the way in which contemporary forms of governance, policy and politics have been reframed by women 'working the spaces of power'. It shows how they took activist commitments into their working lives, in the process negotiating the terrain of neoliberal governance. Their work generated new political movements, community initiatives, public policies, organizational logics and forms of 'knowledge work'.

Newman draws on over 50 interviews with women from four generations to interrogate, develop and challenge existing approaches to understanding social and political change. In a postscript she traces ways in which the analysis might 'speak to the present' and offer resources for contemporary politics and practice.
Confessions
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: September 2014

This book explores what is at stake in our confessional culture. Thomas Docherty examines confessional writings from Augustine to Montaigne and from Sylvia Plath to Derrida, arguing that through all this work runs a philosophical substratum - the conditions under which it is possible to assert a confessional mode - that needs exploration and explication.

Docherty outlines a philosophy of confession that has pertinence for a contemporary political culture based on the notion of ‘transparency'. In a postmodern ‘transparent society', the self coincides with its self-representations. Such a position is central to the idea of authenticity and truth-telling in confessional writing: it is the basis of saying, truthfully, ‘here I take my stand'.

The question is: what other consequences might there be of an assumption of the primacy of transparency? Two areas are examined in detail: the religious and the judicial. Docherty shows that despite the tendency to regard transparency as a general social and ethical good, our contemporary culture of transparency has engendered a society in which autonomy (or the very authority of the subject that proclaims ‘I confess') is grounded in guilt, reparation and victimhood. background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255) Courier New
Personality of correction officers and their attitudes towards resocialization tasks
Authors: Gordon Maria
Published: September 2014

The main aim of the study is to identify factors that promote or hinder the fulfilment of tasks by people working in Polish prisons in positions of educators. Correction officers plan, organize and implement corrective actions towards persons deprived of their freedom. The question whether they have the relevant skills and abilities to use existing resources is important from the point of view of the prison rehabilitation tasks. The results of a survey conducted on 97 officers have shown that they have personality and professional competence, but they do not fully apply its potential in working with persons deprived of their freedom. The correction officers do not accept regulations for the treatment of convicts and evaluate these regulations as too mild. On the other hand, they perceive many external factors as reducing the motivation to engage in the process of resocialization.
The determinants of metamemory beliefs: the effect of Self-relevance and Friend-relevance. How important is anxiety?
Authors: Szepietowska Ewa
Published: September 2014

Background

Metacognitive beliefs (beliefs about one’s own possibilities) are an object of research in several clinical groups. Personality characteristics determine the contents of such beliefs.

Participants and procedure

In the study of the general population, judgment of learning (JOL) techniques were used. This technique is based on estimating the level of material (words) memorized, then learning and memorizing. There were two types of tasks used: for Self-relevance and Friend-relevance. The task was to express judgments about a friend’s (he/she) beliefs (I think he/she thinks...) and about the friend’s performance (I think he/she will perform...) in the described task.

Results

A higher level of trait anxiety led to negative self-evaluations of one’s capabilities. Higher levels of state anxiety promoted more positive assessment of the friend’s possibilities.

Conclusions

Anxiety analyzed as an isolated variable does not explain the character of metacognitive self-beliefs and beliefs regarding a friend. Both our findings and the results of previous studies (3) suggest that the tendency to under-evaluate one’s abilities is a frequent characteristic of metacognitive beliefs, being independent of anxiety levels. Future research should center around similar analyses of persons diagnosed with specific types of anxiety-related disorders.
Changes in the perception of self-image and the sense of purpose and meaning in life, among women who lost their child before birth
Authors: Guzewicz Monika , Steuden Stanisława , Szymona-Pałkowska Katarzyna
Published: September 2014

Background

The article is concerned with descriptions of self-image and the sense of purpose in life, among women who have experienced the loss of a child through miscarriage, premature birth or stillbirth. The loss of a child at the prenatal stage is a very difficult experience for the mother. Such women experience a wide range of emotions and often show unpredictable behaviours, both of which can influence their future functioning and mental health.

Participants and procedure

The goal of the current study was to look at the differences between women who had given birth to a healthy child, and those who lost an unborn child. A total of 125 women participated in the study. The Gough and Heilbrun Adjective Check List (ACL) as well as Wong’s Personal Meaning Profile tests were used as research methods.

Results

As expected, significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of their self-image and perceived sense of purpose and meaning in life. Women who lost an unborn child had a tendency for lower self-esteem, higher perceived guilt and lower needs.

Conclusions

The obtained results suggest the need for observation of mothers who experienced a prenatal child loss. The access to professional help and support from physicians and, more importantly, psychologists and therapists has an influence on their self-image, and the sense of purpose in both the present and the future. Adequate professional assistance has an influence on their family relations and their ability to plan another pregnancy (further attempts at conception), without a perception of guilt associated with the loss of the previous child.
Early psychomotor development of children from triple pregnancy – case study
Authors: Bieleninik Łucja , Bidzan Mariola , Koszewska Aneta
Published: September 2014

The aim of this study was to analyze the specificity and dynamics of psychomotor development in children from triplet pregnancy.

The studied group was composed of siblings from triple pregnancy (T1, T2, T3), including two girls and one boy. This longitudinal study comprised three stages: stage I – children aged 25 months, stage II – children aged 29 months, and stage III – children aged 38 months. At each stage, the psychomotor development of children was examined with the Third Edition of Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and subjectively by their mother. Additionally, medical and nursing documentation was analyzed.

Individual psychomotor development of children from triple pregnancy is different with regards to various spheres, and has different rates and dynamics throughout consecutive years.

Psychomotor development of children from triple pregnancies is determined by gender and postnatal clinical parameters, i.e. birth weight, head circumference, postnatal morbidity, and prematurity-related conditions.
The peculiarities of pathogenesis of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal injuries and current prevention strategies
Authors: Święcicki Anatol , Antonienko Antonina
Published: September 2014

Niesteroidowe leki przeciwzapalne (NLPZ) są jednymi z najpo­wszechniej stosowanych leków. Spożycie NLPZ jest jednak związane ze zwiększonym ryzykiem wystąpienia działań niepożądanych w przewodzie pokarmowym. Te działania niepożądane są spowodowane zdolnością NLPZ do hamowania syntezy prostaglandyn, ich przenikania do błony śluzowej żołądka i powodowania uszkodzeń komórek nabłonkowych. Wiadomo, że takie mediatory, jak prostaglandyny, tlenek azotu i lipoksyny, mają zdolność ochrony przed uszkodzeniami błony śluzowej żołądka. Uszkodzeniom błony śluzowej można zapobiegać poprzez hamowanie wydzielania kwasu żołądkowego (przede wszystkim za pomocą inhibitorów pompy protonowej). W przeciwieństwie do uszkodzeń błony śluzowej żołądka, uszkodzenia błony śluzowej jelita cienkiego pod wpływem NLPZ są słabiej poznane. Problem ewentualnego uzależnienia enteropatii indukowanej przez NLPZ od poziomu wydzielania kwasu żołądkowego nie jest dostatecznie dobrze poznany. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki najnowszych badań, dzięki którym można wyjaśnić niektóre mechanizmy gastropatii i enteropatii indukowanych przez NLPZ z myślą o poprawie leczenia pacjentów.
The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in pediatric rheumatology
Authors: Żuber Zbigniew , Górnicka-Banach Marta , Szymanowska Zofia , Turowska-Heydel Dorota , Sobczyk Małgorzata , Rutkowska-Sak Lidia
Published: September 2014

Cel pracy: Dożylne preparaty immunoglobulin (intravenous immunoglobulin – IVIG) znajdują zastosowanie w leczeniu niedoborów odporności oraz chorób autoimmunizacyjnych i autozapalnych. Mechanizm przeciwzapalnego działania dużych dawek IVIG jest złożony i zróżnicowany zależnie od choroby podstawowej. Celem pracy było określenie skuteczności i bezpieczeństwa stosowania IVIG u dzieci z chorobami reumatycznymi.

Materiał i metody: Retrospektywnie oceniono skuteczność terapii wlewami immunoglobulin u dzieci z chorobami reumatycznymi. Dzieci były leczone w okresie 1.01.2009–31.12.2013 na Pododdziale Reumatologii Oddziału Dzieci Starszych i Oddziale Dzieci Młodszych Wojewódzkiego Specjalistycznego Szpitala Dziecięcego im. św. Ludwika w Krakowie oraz w Klinice i Poliklinice Reumatologii Wieku Rozwojowego Instytutu Reumatologii im. Eleonory Reicher w Warszawie. W ciągu 5 lat wlewy IVIG zastosowano u 70 pacjentów (27 chłopców – 38,57%), u 16 z nich – zgodnie z rejestracją i protokołem, u pozostałych na podstawie opisywanych w literaturze do­ś­wiadczeń klinicznych, jako terapię uzupełniającą. Średni wiek dzieci wyniósł 6 lat, średnia masa ciała 23,5 kg, wzrost 106 cm.

Wskazaniami do podania IVIG były: młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów, choroba Kawasaki, idiopatyczna plamica małopłytkowa, młodzieńcze zapalenie skórno-mięśniowe, układowe zapalenia naczyń, młodzieńczy toczeń rumieniowaty układowy, twardzina. Do obliczeń statystycznych zastosowano program Statistica.

Wyniki: U wszystkich badanych obserwowano korzystny efekt leczenia wlewami immunoglobulin, z poprawą kliniczną i normalizacją wyników badań laboratoryjnych. Nie obserwowano działań niepożądanych tej terapii.

Wnioski: Choroby autoimmunizacyjne występują u dzieci rzadko. Charakteryzują się zróżnicowanym klinicznie przebiegiem i nieznaną patogenezą. Terapia IVIG może być zastosowana w leczeniu chorób reumatycznych u dzieci jako skuteczna terapia uzupełniająca leczenie podstawowe. Istotne wydaje się opracowanie jednolitych standardów terapii IVIG u dzieci z chorobami autoimmunizacyjnymi o ciężkim przebiegu, przy braku skuteczności leczenia podstawowego.
New aspects of spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Part II – environmental factors, microbiome disturbances, extra-articular symptoms
Authors: Kontny Ewa
Published: September 2014

Spondyloartropatie zapalne (SpA) to grupa chorób o podobnych cechach klinicznych i uwarunkowaniach genetycznych. Zakażenia bakteryjne układu pokarmowego i moczowo-płciowego są głównym czynnikiem środowiskowym związanym z rozwojem SpA. Nowe dane wskazują, że bakterie wewnątrzkomórkowe mogą rozprzestrzeniać zakażenie do innych miejsc anatomicznych. U chorych na SpA często występują objawy pozastawowe, zwłaszcza zapalenie jelit. Postęp w zrozumieniu roli mikrobioty jelitowej w homeostazie oraz nowe dane wskazujące na udział zaburzeń mikrobiomu w rozwoju różnych chorób pozwalają lepiej zrozumieć patogenezę SpA. Przypuszcza się, że SpA może się rozwijać na skutek przeniesienia do stawów odpowiedzi immunologicznej, która jest pierwotnie indukowana w jelicie. Przyczyną zapalenia jelit w SpA może być dysbioza, spowodowana przez czynniki genetyczne i środowiskowe.
Certolizumab pegol – new option in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Majdan Maria , Siwiec Anna , Gryta Aleksandra
Published: September 2014

Udowodniono, że czynnik martwicy nowotworów (tumor necrosis factor – TNF) jest zaangażowany w patogenezę zmian występujących w łuszczycowym zapaleniu stawów (ŁZS). Wykazano, że inhibitory TNF zmniejszają nasilenie zmian skórnych i stawowych w przebiegu łuszczycy. Wraz z dostępnością leków biologicznych, będących inhibitorami TNF, pojawiły się nowe perspektywy leczenia tej choroby. Do pierwszych inhibitorów TNF zastosowanych w leczeniu ŁZS należały etanercept, adalimumab oraz infliksymab. Z uwagi na pierwotną i wtórną nieskuteczność terapii obserwowaną w dużej grupie chorych na ŁZS ciągle poszukiwane są nowe metody leczenia – skuteczniejsze, bezpieczniejsze i wygodniejsze w praktyce klinicznej. Do takiej opcji terapeutycznej należy inhibitor TNF nowej generacji o strukturze molekularnej różnej od pozostałych inhibitorów TNF – certolizumab pegol. W opracowaniu zostały przeanalizowane aktualne zalecenia dotyczące leczenia ŁZS oraz wyniki badań klinicznych dotyczących zastosowania certolizumabu pegol w leczeniu ŁZS.
The use of kinesio taping as a complementary therapy to conventional techniques in the rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Prusinowska Agnieszka , Turski Piotr , Cichocki Tomasz , Kowalik Katarzyna , Woszuk Katarzyna , Małdyk Paweł , Księżopolska-Orłowska Krystyna
Published: September 2014

Oczekiwania dotyczące wczesnej rehabilitacji – aby w jak najkrótszym czasie osiągnąć dobre wyniki usprawniania – powodują, że program terapii po leczeniu operacyjnym musi zawierać wiele metod wspomagających samodzielne funkcjonowanie pacjenta. Kinesiotaping jako metoda usprawniania pacjenta po zabiegu

chirurgicznym jest coraz częściej stosowana, wykazuje zróżnicowane działanie terapeutyczne i jednocześnie jest dobrze tolerowana przez chorych.

W artykule zamieszczono szczegółowe opisy aplikacji plastrów do kinesiotapingu, jakie są stosowane w reumoortopedii po endoprotezoplastyce stawu kolanowego. Mają one istotny wpływ na poprawę samodzielności osób z zaawansowanymi zmianami destrukcyjnymi w obrębie pozostałych stawów. Opisy aplikacji zostały podzielone pod względem ich działania i czasu stosowania po operacji. W tekście wyróżniono aplikacje przeciwobrzękowe, korekcyjne i na bliznę pooperacyjną, których celem jest wspomaganie procesu usprawniania od pierwszej doby po zabiegu chirurgicznym.
Twelfth European Congress of Internal Medicine

Prague, October 2–5, 2013
Authors: J. Kucharz Eugeniusz
Published: September 2014

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SO2 photolysis as a source for sulfur mass-independent isotope signatures in stratospheric aerosols
Authors: Whitehill A. R. , Jiang B. , Guo H. , Ono S.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Signatures of sulfur isotope mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) have been observed in stratospheric sulfate aerosols deposited in polar ice. The S-MIF signatures are associated with stratospheric photochemistry following stratospheric volcanic eruptions, but the exact mechanism responsible for the production and preservation of these signatures is debated. In order to identify the origin and the mechanism of preservation for these signatures, a series of laboratory photochemical experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature and added O2 on S-MIF produced by the two absorption band systems of SO2 photolysis in the 190 to 220 nm region and photoexcitation in the 250 to 350 nm region. The SO2 photolysis (SO2 + hν → SO + O) experiments showed S-MIF signals with large 34S / 32S fractionation, which increases with decreasing temperature. The overall S-MIF pattern observed for photolysis experiments, including high 34S / 32S fractionations, positive mass-independent anomalies in 33S, and negative anomalies in 36S, is consistent with a major contribution from optical isotopologue screening effects and measurements for stratospheric sulfate aerosols. SO2 photoexicitation produced products with positive MIF anomalies in both 33S and 36S that is different from stratospheric aerosols. SO2 photolysis in the presence of O2 produced SO3 with S-MIF signals, suggesting the transfer of the MIF signals of SO to SO3 by the SO + O2 + M → SO3 + M reaction. This is supported with energy calculations of stationary points on the SO3 potential energy surfaces, which indicate that this reaction occurs slowly on a single adiabatic surface, but that it can occur more rapidly through intersystem crossing. The results from our experiments constrain the termolecular reaction rate to between 1.0 × 10−37 cm6 molecule−2 s−1 and 1.0 × 10−36 cm6 molecule−2 s−1. This rate can explain the preservation of mass independent isotope signatures in stratospheric sulfate aerosols and provides a minor, but important, oxidation pathway for stratospheric SO2 above about 25 km altitude. The production and preservation of S-MIF signals in the stratosphere requires a high SO2 column density and an SO2 plume reaching an altitude of 25 km and higher.
Evaluation of CALIOP 532 nm AOD over opaque water clouds
Authors: Liu Z. , Winker D. , Omar A. , Vaughan M. , Kar J. , Trepte C. , Hu Y. , Schuster G.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. With its height-resolved measurements and near global coverage, the CALIOP lidar onboard the CALIPSO satellite offers a new capability for aerosol retrievals in cloudy skies. Validation of these retrievals is difficult, however, as independent, collocated and co-temporal datasets are generally not available. In this paper, we evaluate CALIOP aerosol products above opaque water clouds by applying multiple retrieval techniques to CALIOP Level 1 profile data and comparing the results. This approach allows us to both characterize the accuracy of the CALIOP above-cloud aerosol optical depth (AOD) and develop an error budget that quantifies the relative contributions of different error sources. We focus on two geographical regions: the African dust transport pathway over the tropical North Atlantic and the African smoke transport pathway over the southeastern Atlantic. Six years of CALIOP observations (2007–2012) from the Northern Hemisphere summer and early fall are analyzed. The analysis is limited to cases where aerosol layers are located above opaque water clouds so that a constrained retrieval technique can be used to directly retrieve 532 nm aerosol optical depth and lidar ratio. For the moderately dense Sahara dust layers detected in the CALIOP data used in this study, the mean/median value of the lidar ratios derived from a constrained opaque water cloud (OWC) technique is 45.1/44.4 ± 8.8 sr, which is somewhat larger than the value of 40 ± 20 sr used in the CALIOP level 2 (L2) data products. Comparisons of CALIOP L2 AOD with the OWC-retrieved AOD reveal that for nighttime conditions the L2 AOD in the dust region is underestimated on average by ∼26% (0.184 vs. 0.248). Examination of the error sources indicates that errors in the L2 dust AOD are primarily due to use of a lidar ratio which is somewhat too small and to misestimates of dust layer base heights. The mean/median lidar ratio retrieved for smoke is 69.4/70.4 ± 16.2 sr, which is consistent with the modeled value of 70 ± 28 sr used in the CALIOP L2 retrieval. Smoke AOD is found to be underestimated, on average, by ∼39% (0.191 vs. 0.311). The primary cause of AOD differences in the smoke transport region is the tendency of the CALIOP layer detection scheme to prematurely assign layer base altitudes and thus underestimate the geometric thickness of smoke layers.
The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) sounding network: operations, processing and analysis
Authors: Jensen M. P. , Toto T. , Troyan D. , Ciesielski P. E. , Holdridge D. , Kyrouac J. , Schatz J.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) took place during the spring of 2011 centered in north-central Oklahoma, USA. The main goal of this field campaign was to capture the dynamical and microphysical characteristics of precipitating convective systems in the Central Plains. A major component of the campaign was a 6-site radiosonde array designed to capture the large-scale variability of the atmospheric state with the intent of deriving model forcing datasets. Over the course of the 46 day MC3E campaign, a total of 1362 radiosondes were launched from the enhanced sonde network. This manuscript describes the details of the instrumentation used as part of the sounding array, the data processing activities including quality checks and humidity bias corrections and an analysis of the impacts of bias correction and algorithm assumptions on the determination of convective levels and indices. It is found that corrections for known radiosonde humidity biases and assumptions regarding the characteristics of the surface convective parcel result in significant differences in the derived values of convective levels and indices in many soundings.
Quantifying error of remote sensing observations of wind turbine wakes using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Lundquist J. K. , Churchfield M. J. , Lee S. , Clifton A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Wind-profiling lidars are now regularly used in boundary-layer meteorology and in applications such as wind energy and air quality. Lidar wind profilers exploit the Doppler shift of laser light backscattered from particulates carried by the wind to measure a line-of-sight (LOS) velocity. The Doppler Beam Swinging (DBS) technique, used by many commercial systems, considers measurements of this LOS velocity in multiple radial directions in order to estimate horizontal and vertical winds. The method relies on the assumption of homogeneous flow across the region sampled by the beams. Using such a system in inhomogeneous flow, such as wind turbine wakes or complex terrain, will result in errors. To quantify the errors expected from such violation of the assumption of horizontal homogeneity, we simulate inhomogeneous flow in the atmospheric boundary layer, notably stably-stratified flow past a wind turbine. This slightly stable case results in 15° of wind direction change across the turbine rotor disk. The resulting flow field is sampled in the same fashion that a lidar samples the atmosphere with the DBS approach, enabling quantification of the error in the DBS observations. The observations from the instruments located upwind have small errors, which are ameliorated with time averaging. However, the downwind observations, particularly within the first two rotor diameters downwind from the wind turbine, suffer from errors due to the heterogeneity of the wind turbine wake. Errors in the stream-wise component of the flow are generally small, less than 0.5 m s−1. Errors in the cross-stream and vertical velocity components are much larger: cross-stream component errors are on the order of 1.0 m s−1 and errors in the vertical velocity exceed the actual measurements of the vertical velocity. DBS-based assessments of wake wind speed deficits based on the stream-wise velocity can be relied on even within the near wake within 0.5 m s−1, but cross-stream and vertical velocity estimates in the near wake are compromised. Measurements of inhomogeneous flow such as wind turbine wakes are susceptible to these errors, and interpretations of field observations should account for this uncertainty.
Historical land-use-induced evapotranspiration changes estimated from present-day observations and reconstructed land-cover maps
Authors: Boisier J. P. , de Noblet-Ducoudré N. , Ciais P.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Recent results from the LUCID model intercomparison project have revealed large discrepancies in the simulated evapotranspiration (ET) response to the historical land-use change. Distinct land-surface parameterizations are behind those discrepancies, but understanding those differences rely on evaluations using still very limited measurements. Model benchmarking studies with observed ET are required in order to reduce the current uncertainties in the impacts of land use in terrestrial water flows. Here we present new estimates of historical land-use-induced ET changes based on three observation-driven products of ET. These products are used to derive empirical models of ET as a function of land-cover properties and environmental variables. An ensemble of reconstructions of past ET changes are derived with the same set of land-cover maps used in LUCID, with which we obtain an average decrease in global terrestrial ET of 1260 ± 850 km3 yr−1 between the preindustrial period and the present-day. This estimate is larger in magnitude than the mean ET change simulated within LUCID with process-based models, and substantially weaker than other estimates based on observations. Although decreases in annual ET dominate in deforested regions, large summertime increases in ET are diagnosed over areas of large cropland expansion. The multiple ET reconstructions carried out here show a large spread that we attribute principally to the different land-cover maps adopted and to the crops' ET rates deduced from the various products assessed. We therefore conclude that the current uncertainties of past ET changes could be reduced efficiently with improved historical land-cover reconstructions and better estimates of cropland ET.
Economic Efficiency of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Swaziland: An Application of the Profit Function
Authors: Masuku B. B. , Masuku M. B. , Belete A.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of the study was to analyse the economic efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in Swaziland. Specifically, the study sought to describe the socio-economic characteristics of dairy farmers in Swaziland. The smallholder farmers are classified into: smallholder farmers, medium-scale farmers, and large-scale dairy farmers. The specific objectives of the study were to: estimate the economic efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers in Swaziland; identify factors affecting the economic efficiency of smallholder dairy farmers; and determine the profitability of the smallholder dairy enterprise. This was a descriptive and quantitative survey and the target population was all smallholder dairy farmers registered with the Swaziland Dairy Board (N = 444). A purposive and random sampling techniques was used to select the respondents (n = 111). Three methods of data analysis were used, namely; descriptive statistics, econometric analysis (Stochastic Profit Frontier Function) and gross margin analysis. The mean level of Economic Efficiency (EE) for the famers was 79.8%. The farm’s location, pasture size, soil fertility, water availability, the farmer’s years of experience in dairy farming, membership to dairy farmers’ association and training on dairy farming are factors that influenced the level of EE for smallholder dairy farmers in Swaziland. The smallholder dairy farmers were economically efficient. The institutional factors, socioeconomic and farm characteristics do affect the level of EE among smallholder dairy farmers. The dairy farming enterprise is a profitable enterprise.
Husserl: significação e fenômeno
Authors: De Moura Carlos Alberto Ribeiro
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o modo como Husserl desenha a originalidade da subjetividade transcendental, frente à sua homônima psicológica. Se é certo que a noção de imanência autêntica pode apontar para as diferentes fronteiras entre o transcendental e o psicológico, resta que por si só ela não permite decidir nada quanto ao modo de ser transcendental, em sua diferença face ao mundano. Sendo assim, procura-se reconstituir alguns dos momentos centrais do esforço husserliano para construir um conceito de subjetivo e de subjetividade que não se confunda mais com o psíquico da psicologia tradicional.
Plotino e o ceticismo
Authors: Marsola Mauricio
Published: September 2014

O que segue é apenas o conjunto de algumas hipóteses de trabalho a respeito da presença de argumentos céticos nas Enéadas, particularmente no tratado V 3 [49]. O ceticismo apresenta-se no interior de um variegado de argumentos dos quais Plotino se vale contra teses que ele pretende criticar. Tais teses dizem respeito: a) ao conhecimento sensível, toma do como fonte do conhecimento verdadeiro, cujo questionamento leva Plotino a compreender que a verdade situa-se em outra instância que não a esfera do sensível; b) à identidade entre o Intelecto e seu conteúdo, no plano inteligível; c) ao questionamento da possibilidade de que o Intelecto divino, em seu sentido aristotélico, seja o princípio primeiro da realidade; d) à problemática da inefabilidade do Primeiro Princípio. Nossa estratégia será a de: a) abordarmos algumas hipóteses acerca da estrutura do inteligível e da possibilidade do conhecimento de si, identificando quais são os usos plotinianos de tal estrutura e como ela pode ser mobilizada na crítica ao Intelecto, se tomado como princípio. Desse problema decorre b) a identificação da presença do ceticismo na questão da negatividade fundamental do Primeiro Princípio inefável, que denota a impossibilidade absoluta de introduzir qualquer relação de alteridade e exterioridade provindas de nossas afecções, em nosso discurso sobre o Uno. Tais referências ao ceticismo levam-nos a considerar seu papel, como modus operandi, no interior da metodologia filosófica plotiniana. Nossa preocupação, portanto, é essencialmente metodológica.
A normatividade do discurso em Habermas Sobre a neutralidade do princípio do discurso em relação ao direito e à moral
Authors: Repa Luiz
Published: September 2014

O objetivo desse artigo é examinar o sentido da neutralidade do princípio do discursona teoria habermasiana do direito e da democracia. Em relação ao direito e à moral, oprincípio do discurso é neutro, porém contém uma normatividade que se baseia no conteúdodos pressupostos pragmáticos da argumentação em geral. Ao contrário de algumas interpretaçõesque imputam um sentido moral mínimo ao princípio do discurso, pretende-semostrar como a teoria habermasiana pode conferir formas distintas de aplicação a esteprincípio, conforme as questões práticas que surgem na esfera pública política.
Hannah Arendt lectora de Rousseau
Authors: Smola Julia G.
Published: September 2014

Estamos acostumbrados a ver en Rousseau al primer pensador moderno de lalibertad. Sin embargo, la versión de Rousseau que nos transmite Arendt, y que aquíintentaremos rastrear, dista mucho de esta imagen. Digamos que si Arendt podría acordarcon la sentencia corriente de que Rousseau formuló la idea de libertad que trascendió enel lenguaje político moderno, esto no lo convierte en un pensador de la libertad política.Rousseau es quien, para Arendt, contribuye en mayor medida a la moderna teoría de lasoberanía, que ella “lleva a una negación de la libertad humana”. Pero en su crítica, Arendtnos exime de una lectura erudita sobre la teoría de Rousseau para mostrarnos las consecuenciasque tuvo cierta apropiación de sus ideas sobre las experiencias políticas de lamodernidad. A través de esta crítica podemos rastrear cómo se define su propia concepciónde la política en la modernidad.
Editorial
Authors: Bimbenet Etienne , Santos Moutinho Luiz Damon
Published: September 2014

Editorial.
Merleau-Ponty. Le monde sensible et le monde de l’expression. Cours au Collège de France. Notes, 1953. Texte établi et annoté par Emmanuel de Saint Aubert et Stefan Kristensen. Genebra: MetisPresses, 2011
Authors: Perius Cristiano , Hidalgo Matheus
Published: September 2014

Resenha.
Valverde, M. (org.). Merleau-Ponty em Salvador. Salvador: Arcadia, 2008
Authors: Moura Alex Campos
Published: September 2014

O pensamento de Merleau-Ponty comoinstituição.
Ferraz, M. Sacrini. Fenomenologia e ontologia em Merleau-Ponty. Campinas: Papirus, 2009.
Authors: Bastos Neves José Luiz
Published: September 2014

Resenha.
The existentialist view (on the content of experience) defended
Authors: Sá Pereira Roberto Horácio
Published: September 2014

São dois os objetivos desse artigo: considerar em detalhe as objeções contra a concepção existencial do conteúdo da percepção e desenvolver e defender uma versão alternativa da mesma que possa contornar os problemas levantados, em particular, o assim chamado “problema da particularidade”. A tese central a ser defendida aqui é a de que o conteúdo existencial da percepção deve ser compreendido nos termos de uma proposição relativizada que tem por modelo uma função de mundos com o sujeito, o tempo da experiência e outros parâmetros relevantes marcados ao centro a valores de verdade
Embedded resource accounting for coupled natural‐human systems: An application to water resource impacts of the western U.S. electrical energy trade
Authors: Ruddell Benjamin L. , Adams Elizabeth A. , Rushforth Richard , Tidwell Vincent C.
Published: September 2014

In complex coupled natural‐human systems (CNH), multitype networks link social, environmental, and economic systems with flows of matter, energy, information, and value. Embedded Resource Accounting (ERA) is a systems analysis framework that includes the indirect connections of a multitype CNH network. ERA is conditioned on perceived system boundaries, which may vary according to the accountant's point of view. Both direct and indirect impacts are implicit whenever two subnetworks interact in such a system; the ratio of two subnetworks' impacts is the embedded intensity. For trade in the services of water, this is understood as the indirect component of a water footprint, and as “virtual water” trade. ERA is a generalization of input‐output, footprint, and substance flow methods, and is a type of life cycle analysis. This paper presents results for the water and electrical energy system in the western U.S. This system is dominated by California, which outsources the majority of its water footprint of electrical energy. Electricity trade increases total water consumption for electricity production in the western U.S. by 15% and shifts water use to water‐stressed Colorado River Basin States. A systemic underaccounting for water footprints occurs because state‐level processes discount a portion of the water footprint occurring outside of the state boundary.
An altitude and distance correction to the source fluence distribution of TGFs
Authors: Nisi R. S. , Østgaard N. , Gjesteland T. , Collier A. B.
Published: September 2014

The source fluence distribution of terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) has been extensively discussed in recent years, but few have considered how the TGF fluence distribution at the source, as estimated from satellite measurements, depends on the distance from satellite foot point and assumed production altitude. As the absorption of the TGF photons increases significantly with lower source altitude and larger distance between the source and the observing satellite, these might be important factors. We have addressed the issue by using the tropopause pressure distribution as an approximation of the TGF production altitude distribution and World Wide Lightning Location Network spheric measurements to determine the distance. The study is made possible by the increased number of Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) TGFs found in the second catalog of the RHESSI data. One find is that the TGF/lightning ratio for the tropics probably has an annual variability due to an annual variability in the Dobson‐Brewer circulation. The main result is an indication that the altitude distribution and distance should be considered when investigating the source fluence distribution of TGFs, as this leads to a softening of the inferred distribution of source brightness.
Asymmetric influence of boreal spring Arctic Oscillation on subsequent ENSO
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Chen Wen , Yu Bin
Published: September 2014

Previous studies have suggested that the boreal spring Arctic Oscillation (AO) could exert a significant influence on the outbreak of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the following winter. This study further reveals that the influence of the spring AO on the subsequent ENSO is asymmetric. When the spring AO is in its high phase, significant El Niño‐like sea surface temperature (SST) warming anomalies are observed over the tropical central eastern Pacific in the following winter. However, when the spring AO is in its low phase, negative SST anomalies over the tropical central eastern Pacific are weak and statistically insignificant. This asymmetric influence is attributed to the asymmetric features of both the atmospheric circulation anomalies in spring and atmospheric heating anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific from spring to summer. For the high AO phase composite, the anomalous cyclonic circulation over the subtropical western North Pacific and the related westerly wind anomalies to its south over the tropical western Pacific are strong and significant in spring. The tropical zonal wind anomalies would trigger ENSO events via the excitation of an eastward propagating Kelvin wave. Meanwhile, the atmospheric heating anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific play an important role in sustaining the westerly wind over the tropical western Pacific from spring to summer. In contrast, the counterparts in the low AO phase composite are weak and statistically insignificant. Our results indicate that the phase of spring AO should be taken into account when using spring AO as a predictor for ENSO.
Future climate projection under IPCC A1B scenario in the source region of Yellow River with complex topography using RegCM3
Authors: Hui Pinhong , Tang Jianping , Wang Shuyu , Wu Jian , Kang Yue
Published: September 2014

Located on the Tibetan Plateau, the source region of Yellow River has experienced remarkable climate change over past a few decades, which affects the regional ecosystem, agricultural development, and water availability. In this paper, high‐resolution RegCM3 driven by ECHAM5 is applied to generate both control climate for 1980–2000 and regional climate projections for the 21st century (2010–2098) under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B emission scenario. For control climate, RegCM3 can well reproduce the spatial patterns of precipitation and surface air temperature with more detailed representation of fine scale topography. Wet and cold biases are produced in the simulation, but overall improvement by RegCM3 is evident compared to the driving global climate model (GCM) of ECHAM5. In the future projection, the model demonstrates significant warming over the whole analysis domain. Precipitation on the other hand shows mixed signals of reduction and increase over simulation domain, while the areas of precipitation reduction extend with increasing integration time and finally cover most parts of the domain at the end of 21st century. As projection time increases, high altitude region will experience more precipitation reduction in summer and less reduction or even increase in winter. The winter warming at the high elevation area gets more evident than that at the low elevation area, which may be due to the snow feedback. Analyzing the change of probability distributions of surface climate, it can be concluded that the frequency of heavy precipitation in winter tends to increase with time indicating more extreme precipitation events in the future. The spectrum of temperature probability density functions (PDFs) moves toward higher end.
Young Adulthood, Transitions, and Dis/ability
Authors: Lester Jessica Nina
Published: September 2014

This chapter focuses on the transitional experiences of youth with dis/ability labels and highlights how a critical orientation to dis/ability can inform adult educators.
Flexible Solid‐State Supercapacitor Based on Graphene‐based Hybrid Films
Authors: Li Meng , Tang Zhe , Leng Mei , Xue Junmin
Published: September 2014

A flexible solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor based on bendable film electrodes with 3D expressway‐like architecture of graphenes and “hard nano‐spacer” is fabricated via an extended filtration assisted method. In the designed structure of the positive electrode, graphene sheets are densely packed, and Ni(OH)2 nanoplates are intercalated in between the densely stacked graphenes. The 3D expressway‐like electrodes exhibit superior supercapacitive performance including high gravimetric capacitance (≈573 F g‐1), high volumetric capacitance (≈655 F cm‐3), excellent rate capability, and superior cycling stability. In addition, another hybrid film of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) is fabricated as the negative electrodes for the designed asymmetric device. In the obtained graphene@CNT films, CNTs served as the hard spacer to prevent restacking of graphene sheets but also as a conductive and robust network to facilitate the electrons collection/transport in order to fulfill the demand of high‐rate performance of the asymmetric supercapacitor. Based on these two hybrid electrode films, a solid‐state flexible asymmetric supercapacitor device is assembled, which is able to deliver competitive volumetric capacitance of 58.5 F cm‐3 and good rate capacity. There is no obvious degradation of the supercapacitor performance when the device is in bending configuration, suggesting the excellent flexibility of the device.
Modulating the Properties of Azulene‐Containing Polymers through Controlled Incorporation of Regioisomers
Authors: Tsurui Kazuhiko , Murai Masahito , Ku Sung‐Yu , Hawker Craig J. , Robb Maxwell J.
Published: September 2014

Two libraries of random conjugated polymers are presented that incorporate varying ratios of regioisomeric azulene units connected via the 5‐membered or 7‐membered ring in combination with bithiophene or fluorene comonomers. It is demonstrated that the optoelectronic and stimuli‐responsive properties of the materials can be systematically modulated by tuning the relative percentage of each azulene building block in the polymer backbone. Significantly, these materials exhibit stimuli‐responsive behavior in the solid state with spin‐coated thin films undergoing rapid and reversible color switching. Ultimately, this work introduces a new design strategy in which the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers can be modulated by varying only the regiochemistry of the constituent building blocks along a polymer chain.
Phosphotungstic Acid as an Efficient Catalyst for Allylation of Isatins and N‐tert‐Butyloxycarbonylamido Sulfones Under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Ghosh Debashis , Saravanan S. , Gupta Naveen , Abdi Sayed H. R. , Khan Noor‐ul H. , Kureshy Rukhsana I. , Bajaj Hari C.
Published: September 2014

The present work demonstrates the use of phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40⋅H2O) as an efficient catalyst for the allylation of isatin derivatives as well as N‐tert‐butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)‐α‐amido sulfones with allyltributyltin as an allylating agent under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature. Excellent allylation product yields of up to 99 % for the isatins substrates and good to excellent yields of up to 98 % for the N‐Boc α‐amido sulfones were obtained. The present allylation protocol is scalable as demonstrated by allylation of N‐methylisatin at 1 g scale. Based on 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR studies a catalytic cycle was proposed for allylation of isatins as well as N‐Boc amido sulfones. The allylation products N‐Boc homoallyl amines were successfully epoxidized to get multifunctional compounds, which are valuable intermediates for natural products and bioactive compounds.
Die asymmetrische Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion in Synthesen biologisch relevanter Verbindungen
Authors: Eschenbrenner‐Lux Vincent , Kumar Kamal , Waldmann Herbert
Published: September 2014

Die Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion gehört zu den effizientesten Umwandlungen im chemischen Repertoire für die Synthese von Aza‐ und Oxaheterocyclen mit mehreren Stereozentren. Allerdings wurde die Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion sehr viel weniger untersucht und in der organischen Synthese angewendet als andere Cycloadditionen, besonders dipolare Cycloadditionen und Diels‐Alder‐Reaktionen. Dennoch ermöglichte diese leistungsfähige Umwandlung effiziente und kreative Synthesewege zu biologisch wichtigen niedermolekularen Verbindungen und verschiedenen Naturstoffen mit sechsgliedrigen Sauerstoff‐ und Stickstoffringsystemen. Der Aufsatz beleuchtet die jüngsten Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet, insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Einführung enantioselektiv katalysierter Hetero‐Diels‐Alder‐Cycloadditionen, die durch eine Fülle verschiedener Katalysatoren gesteuert werden, und die Anwendung der so erhaltenen niedermolekularen Verbindungen für die Forschung in der chemischen Biologie und der medizinischen Chemie.
Ground‐penetrating radar and burial practices in western Arnhem Land, Australia
Authors: Lowe Kelsey M. , Wallis Lynley A. , Pardoe Colin , Marwick Ben , Clarkson Chris , Manne Tiina , Smith Mike A. , Fullagar Richard
Published: September 2014

A GPR survey was carried out in advance of archaeological excavations at Madjedbebe (formerly known as Malakunanja II), a sandstone rock shelter in western Arnhem Land (Australia) containing numerous Aboriginal burials. GPR revealed subsurface patterning of rocks in the shelter deposits and archaeological excavation demonstrated that these were related to burials. Post‐excavation, GIS and statistical analysis further elucidated the relationship between the rocks and human burials. This integration of detailed mapping, GPR and excavation afforded the opportunity to test a way to identify unmarked burials using GPR in sandstone rock shelters and to document a marker for burial identification in this region. Application of the methodology developed through this case study provides a useful management tool for Indigenous communities and other heritage practitioners.
Expression and Function of Aminopeptidase N/CD13 Produced by Fibroblast‐like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Role of CD13 in Chemotaxis of Cytokine‐Activated T Cells Independent of Enzymatic Activity
Authors: Morgan Rachel , Endres Judith , Behbahani‐Nejad Nilofar , Phillips Kristine , Ruth Jeffrey H. , Friday Sean C. , Edhayan Gautam , Lanigan Thomas , Urquhart Andrew , Chung Kevin C. , Fox David A.
Published: September 2014

Objective

Aminopeptidase N/CD13 (EC 3.4.11.2) is a metalloproteinase expressed by fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS). It has been suggested that CD13 can act chemotactically for T cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this study to measure CD13 in vivo and in vitro in RA samples and to determine whether CD13 could play a role in the homing of T cells to the RA joint.

Methods

Interleukin‐17–treated FLS were used to immunize mice, from which a novel anti‐human CD13 monoclonal antibody (mAb), 591.1D7.34, was developed. The mAb 591.1D7.34 and a second anti‐CD13 mAb, WM15, were used to develop a novel enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for CD13, and CD13 enzymatic activity was measured in parallel. Chemotaxis of cytokine‐activated T cells was measured by a chemotaxis‐under‐agarose assay.

Results

We detected substantial amounts of CD13 in synovial fluid (SF), sera, FLS lysates, and culture supernatants by ELISA, with a significant increase in CD13 in RA SF when compared to osteoarthritis SF. CD13 accounted for most but not all of the CD13‐like enzymatic activity in SF. Recombinant human CD13 was chemotactic for cytokine‐activated T cells through a G protein–coupled receptor and contributed to the chemotactic properties of SF independently of enzymatic activity.

Conclusion

CD13 is released from FLS into culture supernatants and is found in SF. CD13 induces chemotaxis of cytokine‐activated T cells, a T cell population similar to that found in RA synovium. These data suggest that CD13 could play an important role as a T cell chemoattractant, in a positive feedback loop that contributes to RA synovitis.