bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Schedule for Home Blood Pressure Measurement Based on Prognostic Data
Authors: Niiranen Teemu J. , Johansson Jouni K. , Reunanen Antti , Jula Antti M.
Published: April 2011

Current guidelines based on cross-sectional statistical parameters derived from reference populations make equivocal recommendations for the optimal schedule of home blood pressure (BP) measurement. The objective of this study was to determine a schedule for home BP measurements in relation to their predictive value for total cardiovascular risk. Home BP was measured twice every morning and evening for 1 week in an unselected nationwide population of 2081 subjects aged 45 to 74 years. The prognostic significance of BP for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events was examined using adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression models. A total of 162 cardiovascular events were recorded during a 6.8-year follow-up. The predictive value of home BP increased progressively with the number of measurements, showing the highest predictive value with the average of all measurements (systolic/diastolic hazard ratio per 1-mm Hg increase in BP: 1.021/1.034; systolic/ diastolic 95% CI: 1.012 to 1.030/1.018 to 1.049). However, most of this increase was achieved during the first 3 days of measurement (hazard ratio: 1.017/1.028; 95% CI: 1.009 to 1.026/1.013 to 1.045), and only minimal increase occurred after day 6. No additional benefit was achieved by discarding the values obtained during the first day of measurement. Morning and evening BPs were equally predictive of future cardiovascular events. Novel prognostic data from this study show that measurement of home BP twice in the morning and evening, preferably for a period of 7 days, or for at least 3 days, provides a thorough image of a patient's BP level. This information should be used to prepare a unified international guideline for home BP measurement.
Role of Src Family Kinase in Extracellular Renal Cyclic Guanosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate- and Pressure-Induced Natriuresis
Authors: Nascimento Nilberto R.F. , Kemp Brandon A. , Howell Nancy L. , Gildea John J. , Santos Cláudia F. , Harris Thurl E. , Carey Robert M.
Published: April 2011

cGMP functions as an extracellular (paracrine) messenger acting at the renal proximal tubule and is an important modulator of pressure-natriuresis (P-N). The signaling pathway activated by cGMP in the tubule cell basolateral membrane remains unknown. We hypothesized that renal interstitial microinfusion of cGMP (50 nmol/kg per minute) or P-N would be accompanied by increased renal protein levels of phospho-Src (Tyr 416) and that the natriuresis would be decreased by Src inhibition. Renal interstitial cGMP-induced natriuresis was blocked by Src inhibitor PP2 (2.0±0.4 versus 0.5±0.01 μEq/g per minute;
P
<0.001). The inactive analog of PP2, PP3, had no effect on cGMP-induced natriuresis. SU6656, another Src inhibitor, also inhibited cGMP-induced natriuresis (2.0±0.4 versus 1.02±0.01 μEq/g per minute;
P
<0.001). Renal interstitial cGMP infusion increased phospho-Src protein levels 5.6-fold at 15 minutes and 6.8-fold at 30 minutes compared with vehicle infusion but returned toward basal levels after 60 minutes. PP2 also blunted P-N (3.1±0.1 versus 1.1±0.3 μEq/g per minute;
P
<0.01) despite a similar increase in blood pressure. PP3 had no effect on P-N. Phospho-Src protein levels increased during P-N in vehicle- (1.8-fold) and PP3-treated (2.1-fold) groups compared with the sham-operated group. PP2 blocked the pressure-induced increase in renal phospho-Src protein levels. PP2 had no effect on renal hemodynamics but decreased both fractional excretion of Na
+
and lithium. Both extracellular cGMP and increased renal perfusion pressure increased renal phospho-Src protein levels and induced natriuresis in an Src-dependent manner, demonstrating that Src is an important downstream signaling molecule for extracellular cGMP-induced natriuresis.
Destroying Uniformity: Using Fungi to Add a Tactile and Visual Experience to Functional Wood
Authors: Robinson Sara C.
Published: April 2011

Recent Western preference for functional wooden objects has promoted an ideal of clear, smooth, straight-grained lumber. However, wood does not need to be free of defects to be functional. This paper explores the relationship between decay and functionality in terms of parergonal aesthetics by presenting the use of fungi to alter surface texture and color on wooden bowls. In addition, the bowls' altered but functional state forces the viewer to reconsider modern views on the role of defect-free wood within a functional context.
The Fotoformas of Geraldo de Barros: Photographic Experimentalism and the Abstract Art Debate in Brazil
Authors: da Silva Renato Rodrigues
Published: April 2011

Geraldo de Barros produced a series called Fotoformas, consisting of photographic experiments that pioneered abstractionism in Brazil. Since the mid-1990s, this series has been presented in various retrospective exhibitions and publications. The predominant critical interpretation of the work has linked it with Concrete Art, downplaying Barros's participation in the Bandeirante Photography and Cinema Club (FCCB), an amateur association. This article rethinks his engagement in both circuits, demonstrating that the artist created the Fotoformas in dialogue with this photo-club. The author also analyzes Barros's experimental approach, which was based on the inscription of indexical marks on the images to deny the constraints of the camera, with the emphasis instead on process and interdisciplinary artistic practice. Thus, he created an alternative to Brazilian abstractionism, which focused mostly on formal aspects.
How to Make Living Viral Tattoos
Authors: Duff Tagny , Muhling Jill , Godinho Maria Grade , Hodgetts Stuart
Published: April 2011

Living Viral Tattoos (2008) is a research-creation project featuring the development of sculptures made in vitro. The creation of tattoos in the form of blue ‘bruises’ on pig skin and donated human skin was made using retroviruses, cell and tissue culture and immunohistochemical stains. This technical paper presents the protocols created and materials used in the project with the intention of contributing to an open source model for the development of wetware and biological art processes.
Exorcism and the Defeat of Beliar in the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs
Authors: Twelftree Graham H.
Published: April 2011

In the light of a growing consensus that the Testaments is a Christian work, perhaps from Syria and, arguably, from the middle of the second century, it has potential to shed light on the understanding of exorcism in proto-orthodox Christianity of the period. As Beliar’s adverse impact on people is seen to be expressed in terms of inner struggles and broken relationships, rather than physical affliction, his defeat is proposed primarily in terms of acts of the mind and behaviour. The few references to exorcism show its use as part of the defeat of Beliar, though also primarily as a metaphor for the ministry of Jesus and his followers. This locates the Testaments over against those documents that show no interest in the demonic or exorcism, and between those texts that promote exorcism and those that take the demonic to be defeated in other ways.
The Spirit in Early Jewish Biblical Interpretation: Examining John R. Levison’s Filled with the Spirit
Authors: Wright Archie T.
Published: April 2011

The following article examines John Levison’s Filled with the Spirit for its overall contribution to pneumatology and in particular its contribution to biblical interpretation. I especially examine his contribution in light of Second Temple Jewish literature and the concept of inspiration and spiritual revelation. Levison’s work has opened up new lines of inquiry from which many new questions have been raised in the area of biblical interpretation and pneumatology.
Filled with the Spirit from the Old Testament to the Apostle Paul: A Conversation with John Levison
Authors: Everts Janet (Jenny) Meyer
Published: April 2011

In his chapter on the Pauline epistles in Filled with the Spirit, John R. Levison finds many overarching themes and trajectories that tie the Pauline texts to Israelite and early Judaic texts. But in his eagerness to find parallels with these texts and Paul’s letters, he is sometimes too willing to ignore the possibility that a decisively different understanding of the Spirit has arrived with the death and resurrection of Christ and the inauguration of a new covenant no longer dependent upon Torah obedience.
The Notion of Criminal Penalty and the Lex Mitior Principle in the Scoppola v. Italy Case
Authors: Baumbach Trine
Published: April 2011

In a ruling of 17 September 2009 the European Court of Human Rights has reinterpreted Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). The two most important issues in the Court's judgment are whether a provision of a Code of Criminal Procedure may be categorised as a “penalty” in the sense of Article 7, and whether Article 7 guarantees the lex mitior principle (providing for the applicability of the more lenient law). Focus is particularly placed on the outcome and implications of the Court's reinterpretation of Article 7 ECHR to include the lex mitior principle. Arguably, in the case of Scoppola v. Italy, the Court recognised both parts of the principle (the constitution of the criminal off ence and the imposition of the penalty). This article argues that the lex mitior principle should not have been included in the Convention by interpretation. Furthermore, it demonstrates that reinterpretation of the part of the principle concerning the constitution of the criminal offence is inconsiderate and may lead to inappropriate results.
Relationship of GATT Article XX Exceptions to Other WTO Agreements
Authors: Ngangjoh-Hodu Yenkong
Published: April 2011

The 'Single Undertaking' concept was incorporated into the Uruguay Round Trade Talks at the last stage of the negotiations to among other things remedy the problems attributed to General Agreement on Tariff s and Trade (GATT) 1947 a la carte practice. Yet, no extensive discussion on coordination and hierarchy of World Trade Organization (WTO) norms seemed to have taken place. Even if the WTO members had hoped that the inherent flexibility in the GATT/WTO treaty system would be enough to resolve some unforeseen tensions arising from the treaty, the language of some of the WTO treaty provisions does not always point to this direction. As a consequence, it becomes very daunting to demarcate with certainty how some of the legal instruments forming the WTO are to interact with each other. In view of the Appellate Body (AB) report on China - Publications and Audiovisual Products, this article examines the relationship between GATT Article XX exceptions and WTO covered agreements outside GATT 1994.
Public Waste Management Services in the Internal Market – and the Interpretation of Article 106 TFEU
Authors: Koch Hans-Joachim , Reese Moritz
Published: April 2011

A matter of current dispute in the German waste-management sector is the extent to which it is permissible under EU law to restrict the market for the recovery of household waste in favour of public providers of disposal services, as is common practice in many member states. This dispute raises fundamental questions as to the relationship between the public provision of services of general interest and European competition and so concerns, in particular, the relevant rules under Article 106 TFEU. In adopting this article, the parties to the Treaty have—as will be shown below—reserved considerable freedom to exempt public services of general interest from competition and the free movement of goods. Whilst their freedom to do so may be limited under secondary legislation providing for an EU-wide competition solution, such legislation must take the form of a targeted liberalisation measure which also lays down the accompanying rules needed to guarantee a universal, reliable and affordable provision of services. The secondary EU waste legislation does not meet this requirement.
Illiberal Russia and the Varieties of Slavophilism
Authors: Michelson Patrick Lally
Published: April 2011

As evidenced by the essays and articles collected in Slavophile Empire: Imperial Russia's Illiberal Path, few scholars have more thoroughly or provocatively explored the ideological, legal, and cultural dilemmas that shaped the course of modern Russian history than Laura Engelstein. While acknowledging the importance of her contribution to this field of study, the present review seeks to demonstrate that Slavophile Empire commonly relies on notions about the Enlightenment and modernity that recent scholarship has shown to be contested, even untenable. Moreover, there is good historical evidence to suggest that the anti-liberal consensus that took shape in Russian public opinion in the last decades of the old regime emanated from an array of sources, not just "the Slavophile paradigm," and that Slavophilism itself was a contingent, multivalent phenomenon that encompassed and expressed a variety of intellectual positions.
Between Specification and Explanation: About a German Discourse Particle
Authors: Onea Edgar , Volodina Anna
Published: April 2011

This paper provides a unified semantic and discourse pragmatic analysis of the German particle nämlich, traditionally described as having a specificational and an explanative reading. Our claim is that nämlich is a discourse marker which signals that the expression it is attached to is a short (elliptic) answer to a salient implicit question about the previous utterance. We show how both the explanative and the specificational reading can be derived from this more general semantic contribution. In addition we discuss some cross linguistic consequences of our analysis.
Climatic Feedbacks during the 2003 European Heat Wave
Authors: Fennessy M. J. , Kinter J. L.
Published: April 2011

During the summer of 2003, a record heat wave over Europe occurred, to which the deaths of over 20 000 people in 18 countries were attributed, 10 000 of those in France alone. Temperatures across Europe were above normal for most of the summer, but reached their peak during the first two weeks of August, when most of the deaths occurred.

Ensemble simulations done with a recent version of the Center for Ocean–Land–Atmosphere Studies (COLA) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) have been analyzed over the European region. The simulations were forced by weekly mean observed sea surface temperature (SST). Relative to the 1982–2001 period, the COLA AGCM simulated anomalous warmth over the European region during June–August 2003, in response to the observed SST; however, the simulated magnitude was smaller than that observed. A series of simulations in which the observed SST was used only south of 25°N or only north of 25°N suggest that it was the influence of the local SST rather than remote SST that was an important influence on the heat wave.

By early June, the soil over much of the European region was anomalously dry, consistent with the below-normal precipitation observed over the region in the preceding months. The model was restarted in early June with observation-based soil wetness anomalies imposed on the soil wetness from the control simulations. Although the model soil wetness was then allowed to evolve as usual, the simulations with the imposed initial soil wetness anomaly enhanced the simulated surface temperature anomaly during June–August by 1°–2°C. This weaker-than-observed temperature anomaly may be related to the persistence of imposed soil wetness anomalies, which was weaker than that observed. The experiments suggest that both the warm local SST and the dry local soil were important in intensifying the 2003 European heat wave.
The SST Multidecadal Variability in the Atlantic–Mediterranean Region and Its Relation to AMO
Authors: Marullo Salvatore , Artale Vincenzo , Santoleri Rosalia
Published: April 2011

Two sea surface temperature (SST) time series, the Extended Reconstructed SST version 3 (ERSST.v3) and the Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature dataset (HadISST), are used to investigate SST multidecadal variability in the Mediterranean Sea and to explore possible connections with other regions of the global ocean. The consistency between these two time series and the original International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset version 2.5 (ICOADS 2.5) over the Mediterranean Sea is investigated, evaluating differences from monthly to multidecadal scales. From annual to longer time scales, the two time series consistently describe the same trends and multidecadal oscillations and agree with Mediterranean ICOADS SSTs. At monthly time scales the two time series are less consistent with each other because of the evident annual cycle that characterizes their difference.

The subsequent analysis of the Mediterranean annual SST time series, based on lagged-correlation analysis, multitaper method (MTM), and singular spectral analysis (SSA), revealed the presence of a significant oscillation with a period of about 70 yr, very close to that of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO). An extension of the analysis to other World Ocean regions confirmed that the predominance of this multidecadal signal with respect to longer period trends is a unique feature of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic Ocean, where it reaches its maximum at subpolar latitudes. Signatures of multidecadal oscillations are also found in the global SST time series after removing centennial and longer-term components.

The analysis also reveals that Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic indices are significantly correlated and coherent for periods longer than about 40 yr. For time scales in the range 40–55 yr the coherence between the Mediterranean and subpolar gyre temperatures is higher than the coherence between the Mediterranean SST and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) or AMO. Finally, the results of the analysis are discussed in the light of possible climate mechanisms that can couple the Mediterranean Sea with the North Atlantic and the Global Ocean.
Diagnosis of Multiyear Predictability on Continental Scales
Authors: Jia Liwei , DelSole Timothy
Published: April 2011

A new statistical optimization method is used to identify components of surface air temperature and precipitation on six continents that are predictable in multiple climate models on multiyear time scales. The components are identified from unforced “control runs” of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 dataset. The leading predictable components can be calculated in independent control runs with statistically significant skill for 3–6 yr for surface air temperature and 1–3 yr for precipitation, depending on the continent, using a linear regression model with global sea surface temperature (SST) as a predictor. Typically, lag-correlation maps reveal that the leading predictable components of surface air temperature are related to two types of SST patterns: persistent patterns near the continent itself and an oscillatory ENSO-like pattern. The only exception is Europe, which has no significant ENSO relation. The leading predictable components of precipitation are significantly correlated with an ENSO-like SST pattern. No multiyear predictability of land precipitation could be verified in Europe. The squared multiple correlations of surface air temperature and precipitation for nonzero lags on each continent are less than 0.4 in the first year, implying that less than 40% of variations of the leading predictable component can be predicted from global SST. The predictable components describe the spatial structures that can be predicted on multiyear time scales in the absence of anthropogenic and natural forcing, and thus provide a scientific rationale for regional prediction on multiyear time scales.
PSI of the Internal Tide on a β Plane: Flux Divergence and Near-Inertial Wave Propagation
Authors: Hazewinkel J. , Winters K. B.
Published: April 2011

The dynamics of a forced, low-mode oceanic internal tide propagating poleward on a β plane are investigated numerically. The focus is on the transfer of energy from the tide to near-inertial oscillations (NIOs) initiated by a weakly nonlinear interaction known as parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). It is shown that PSI is a mechanism for generating NIOs in the upper ocean, which subsequently radiate to depth. The exponentially growing NIOs eventually reach finite amplitude, and further interaction with the tide leads to a quasi-steady state in which dissipation is balanced by a reduction in the poleward tidal flux. The results are sensitive to the prescribed value of the vertical eddy viscosity νe that serves to parameterize the background turbulence. This sensitivity suggests that independent processes leading to turbulence in the upper ocean are able to control the rate of energy transfer from the tide to NIOs. For νe = O(10−5 m2 s−1), the poleward tidal flux decreases approximately 15%. This value is much smaller than was found in previous numerical studies, but it is in reasonable agreement with recent estimates from observations taken near the M2/2 inertial latitude in the Pacific.
Perceptions of Social Change in Nepal: Are Caste, Ethnicity, and Region of Relevance?
Authors: Aasland Aadne , Haug Marit
Published: April 2011

Whereas it has been well documented that Nepal has experienced progress in economic and human development over the last decade, this article examines the impact of caste, ethnicity, religion and region on perceptions of socio-economic and socio-cultural change. Based on results of the Center for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) Social Exclusion Survey of 2890 households, we find that regardless of background characteristics, a majority of people report socio-economic improvements, more ethnic integration and less discrimination. Although traditionally excluded caste, ethnic and religious groups are somewhat less likely to report social improvements than more privileged groups, two models of socio-economic and socio-cultural change show that such group differences disappear when controlling for socio-economic and other background characteristics.
No Place, New Places: Death and its Rituals in Urban Asia
Authors: Kong Lily
Published: April 2011

In many land-scarce Asian cities, planning agencies have sought to reduce space for the dead to release land for the living, encouraging conversion from burial to cremation over several decades. This has caused secular principles privileging efficient land use to conflict with symbolic values invested in burial spaces. Over time, not only has cremation become more accepted, even columbaria have become overcrowded, and new forms of burials (sea and woodland burials) have emerged. As burial methods change, so too do commemorative rituals, including new on-line and mobile phone rituals. This paper traces the ways in which physical spaces for the dead in several east Asian cities have diminished and changed over time, the growth of virtual space for them, the accompanying discourses that influence these dynamics and the new rituals that emerge concomitantly with the contraction of land space.
Ethnic-Specific Weight-Loss Interventions for Low-Income Postpartum Women
Authors: Walker Lorraine O. , Sterling Bobbie Sue , Latimer Lara , Kim Sung-Hun , Garcia Alexandra A. , Fowles Eileen R.
Published: April 2011

Promoting weight loss among overweight low-income postpartum women has proven difficult. The study’s aims were to pilot-test ethnic-specific weight-loss interventions using randomized control-group designs for White/Anglo ( n = 23), African American ( n = 25), and Hispanic low-income postpartum women ( n = 23) and draw lessons from psychosocial data and follow-up interviews. Interventions lasting 13 weeks were offered in group settings in the community. Similar to other randomized trials with low-income mothers, weight changes between intervention and control groups were nonsignificant in each ethnic group; however, changes correlated significantly with self-efficacy (Spearman r = .50) for White/Anglo women and self-efficacy (Spearman r = −.48) and perceived stress (Spearman r = .48) for African American women. In follow-up interviews, women felt interventions gave a good foundation for weight loss, but program and situational factors affected participation and weight loss. Control groups (mailed interventions later) were generally more pleased with their assignment than intervention groups.
The Impact of Microcredit on the Poor in Bangladesh
Authors: Develtere Patrick , Huybrechts An
Published: April 2011

This article presents a comparative overview of the most relevant findings from studies of the impact of microcredit institutions like the Grameen Bank and BRAC in Bangladesh. It first evaluates the evidence on economic impacts, which suggests that the vulnerability of bank members has been reduced even if there is no consensus about whether the two institutions also reduce poverty. It then considers the social impact, especially in relation to the situation of poor women and to various spill-over effects in different spheres of social and economic life.
Power/Knowledge in International Peacebuilding: The Case of the EU Police Mission in Bosnia
Authors: Merlingen Michael , Ostrauskaite Rasa
Published: April 2011

This article develops the argument that peacebuilding brings into play microphysical and nonsovereign forms of power that circulate through opaque capillaries that link foreign peacebuilders and indigenous populations. It examines the governmentality of liberal peacebuilding and the practices of “unfreedom” it licenses; brings into focus the constellation of social control that is effected by the EU's efforts, in the context of its security and defense policy, to promote democratic policing in Bosnia; and shows how a normatively committed form of governmentality theory can be employed to limit the inevitable political pastorate in the international construction of liberal peace in posthostility societies.
The Strategy of Still Life, or the Politics of Georges Braque
Authors: Danchev Alex
Published: April 2011

This article examines the politics, or rather the ethics, of the apparently apolitical but profoundly ethical artist Georges Braque, at a time of maximum ethical and political disturbance: the German occupation of France during World War II. It considers the response of the artist to “events,” invoking the notion of “active passivity” as expounded by the philosopher Jean Grenier, Albert Camus's teacher.
Local Symbols, Global Networks: Rereading the Murals of Belfast
Authors: Lisle Debbie
Published: April 2011

Traditionally, the political murals of Belfast have been understood as expressions of either loyalist or republican communities, a reading that reduces the complex struggles of Northern Ireland into a simple conflict between two groups. This article rereads the murals through the specific context of the peace process, in which the “two communities” thesis is losing its relevance. It suggests that when the murals are understood through three, wider networks—production, signification, and reception—it is possible to see how they disrupt ongoing debates about public art, make explicit gestures to other international conflicts (such as the hunger strikers in Turkey), and encourage a new form of political tourism. Rereading the murals in this way reveals the multiple global networks that the city of Belfast is linked into, networks that are silenced by a traditional “two communities” framework.
Beuys in Ireland: 7000 Oaks on the Hill of Uisneach
Authors: Levi Strauss David
Published: April 2011

Planting trees may be the quintessential radical act. This article explores this possibility in relation to the planting of 7000 trees in Ireland in 2000 by Joseph Beuys in accordance with his theory of social sculpture. If there is to be a future, these are its acts.
International Politics of Exception: Competing Visions of International Political Order between Law and Politics
Authors: Huysmans Jef
Published: April 2011

Both political leaders and academics often claim exceptional times. But what does it mean to speak of exceptional politics in international relations? In one sense exceptionality is a descriptive category referring to a radical change in the systemic conditions of international politics. In this article a different notion of exception is examined. It refers to a particular method of conceptualizing the nature of international political order. The exception defines political order by means of constitutional-legal reasoning in which different understandings of the nature and status of international law and its political transgressions describe competing visions of international political order. The focal point of this international politics of exception is not the traditional distinction between liberal and realist views of international politics but the constitutionalist triad of normativism, decisionism, and institutionalism.
Mastering “Irrational” Violence: The Relegitimization of French Security Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Charbonneau Bruno
Published: April 2011

The global context of the 1990s imposed constraints on French security policy in sub-Saharan Africa, but it has also offered new opportunities to reauthorize and relegitimize French military cooperation, military intervention, and prepositioned forces after the fiasco of the Rwandan genocide. It is argued that the post-Rwanda French military doctrine of the mastery of violence has relegitimized French hegemony by identifying violence as the enemy to be contained, controlled, and eliminated. The “new” military cooperation (symbolized by the program of RECAMP [Renforcement des capacités africaines au maintien de la paix]) has in fact redefined the French “right” of military intervention in Africa instead of promoting the formal objectives of security and development.
The Smallest Army Imaginable
Authors: Lummis C. Douglas
Published: April 2011

This article explores why it is so difficult to imagine a state without an army. It considers Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution, conventional accounts of the sovereign state and the right to legitimate violence, Gandhi's concept of satyagraha, Gandhi's Constitution for a Free India, and Gandhi's understanding of the art of the possible. It concludes with a reading of Gandhi and the sacrificial politics of founding in India.
Introduction: Geography and the Reconceptualization of Politics
Authors: Kumar Rajaram Prem , Soguk Nevzat
Published: April 2011

An introduction to a special issue, this article explores the form of the political founded upon spatial transformation: an enabling framework of recognition setting parameters for the sayable and unsayable. It points especially to techniques of discipline, repression, and exhibition through which control over space is maintained and to the ambivalence, contradiction, and paradox inherent in place.
Culture and Cash: How Two New Mexico Pueblos Combined Culture and Development
Authors: Lee Pinel Sandra
Published: April 2011

From 1980 to the present, most American Indian tribes exercising the Indian Self-Determination Act of 1975 have invested federal and other funds to develop their governing institutions and economies on the assumption that traditional systems of governance are obstacles to business investment and, therefore, to development. Contrary to this pattern, the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico retained theocratic and nonelected forms of governance recognized by Spanish rulers and remained in their ancestral domain. This article considers lessons learned by the Zia Pueblo and Pueblo de Cochiti from 1980 to 2005 in their efforts to make new development support, rather than compete with, customary values and institutions. It argues that these Pueblo Indian tribes demonstrate the importance of traditional governance institutions and tribal members who can strategically engage both indigenous knowledge and outside expertise to plan development that supports cultural integrity.
Movement in the Key Concepts of International Relations
Authors: Wallin Risto
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article is to present many solid reasons to carry out a study of the topics related to the construction of world-unity and world-citizenship vocabularies through the methods of conceptual history. The scrutiny of the historical foundations of the UN world-unity vocabulary is not very helpful in itself, but in order to understand the historical dimensions of the present, the study of the historical foundations of world-unity structures represents a very useful starting point, since those world-unity structures still constitute a fundamental part of the current framework of international relations; and it will be no less useful to make visible the conceptual structures related to the use of time layers in political narration since they are key elements of almost all future-oriented political narratives.
Culture as an Activity and Human Right: An Important Advance for Indigenous Peoples and International Law
Authors: Holder Cindy
Published: April 2011

Historically, culture has been treated as an object in international documents. One consequence of this is that cultural rights in international law have been understood as rights of access and consumption. Recently, an alternative conception of culture, and of what cultural rights protect, has emerged from international documents treating indigenous peoples. Within these documents culture is treated as an activity rather than a good. This activity is ascribed to peoples as well as persons, and protecting the capacity of both peoples and persons to engage in culture is taken to be as basic a component of human dignity as are freedom of movement, freedom of speech, and freedom from torture.

It is not an accident that this treatment of culture has emerged from international documents treating indigenous peoples, for indigenous peoples' cultural rights can be fully understood only against the background of their basic rights to self-determination. However, the value of this treatment of culture extends beyond the human rights of indigenous peoples. Treating culture as an activity establishes an understanding of what cultural rights protect that clarifies the relationship between cultural rights and other mechanisms for protecting minorities and frames the role of cultural communities in the realization of human dignity as an important physical and political issue, not just a psychological one. This article offers an account of what is wrong with violating cultural rights that clearly and straightforwardly links violations of a group's cultural rights to violations of its rights to persist and to flourish. For these reasons, the norms regarding cultural rights that are emerging from international documents treating indigenous peoples are a much-needed step forward for peoples' rights more generally.
From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics
Authors: Kessler Oliver , Daase Christopher
Published: April 2011

The changing contours of conflicts, wars, and crises with and after the end of the Cold War have led to a semantic shift: Not the avoidance of threats, so the argument goes, but the management of risks characterizes contemporary security practices. By juxtaposing the well-known security “dilemma” with the new “security paradox,” this contribution argues that a redefinition of “uncertainty” and “probability” is constitutive for this semantic shift. We argue that new security concerns like terrorism have (re)introduced “unstructured” uncertainty as the rationale for new security practices. To conceptualize this re-opening, we propose a topology of risk, uncertainty, and probability theories that highlights the multiple and conflicting logics of security policies currently at play.
Is Consensus a Genuine Democratic Value? The Case of Spain's Political Pacts against Terrorism
Authors: Guittet Emmanuel-Pierre
Published: April 2011

This article considers the history of the Spanish political pacts against terrorism and the political contexts in which they have been implemented since the beginning of the 1980s. This sociohistorical approach is necessary in order to understand the current Spanish unanimous repudiation of terrorism. It suggests that these political pacts helped build a consensus that has frozen the political field in Spain. Such a perspective takes into account some of the arguments of the CASE manifesto “Critical Approaches to Security in Europe” related to the need to proceed through meticulous examination of the logics of exceptionalism and decisionist politics that neutralize politics.
Bordering on the Ridiculous: MexAmerica and the New Regionalism
Authors: Perez Marcela Alvarez , Berger Mark T.
Published: April 2011

This article examines contemporary concerns about citizenship, security, and development against the backdrop of an emergent “MexAmerica.” It seeks to de-routinize the idea of the nation-state and de-naturalize the history of North America in order to move beyond the influential technocratic and quantitative approach to border security and development, and thus to define the current crisis manifested in practices of border security, citizenship, and economic integration.
Cosmopolitanism, Freedom, and Indifference: A Levinasian View
Authors: Jordaan Eduard
Published: April 2011

Despite cosmopolitanism's concern for the world's poor and its concomitant heavy moral demands, cosmopolitans establish a limit to the self's responsibility for the global poor. This contrasts with Emmanuel Levinas's view that the self has an infinite responsibility for the other, a responsibility that derives from the self's questioning of the impact of his freedom on others. From a Levinasian perspective, cosmopolitanism's restriction of the self's responsibility for others creates a sphere of rightful indifference to the needs of the other; lends legitimacy to a disregard of the other; forestalls an ethical awakening to the other; constrains the achievement of a more just global order, given that, from a Levinasian perspective, a better justice is built on the self's open-ended responsibility for the other; and points to a tension at the heart of cosmopolitanism, considering the coexistence of elements that both frustrate and aspire to the achievement of global justice. It is concluded that the achievement of cosmopolitanism's goals would require the acceptance of an open-ended responsibility for the other.
“Development”: Projects, Power, and a Poststructuralist Perspective
Authors: Ziai Aram
Published: April 2011

The postdevelopment school has criticized development projects for their inherent power relations and their authoritarian implications. However, since the 1980s a transformation in development discourse can be observed that includes an emphasis on participation and civil society organizations. Through the analysis of several development projects, the article pursues the question of whether this transformation can also be observed on the level of projects—and on the level of inherent power relations. From a poststructuralist perspective, it argues that “development” functions as an empty signifier that can be filled with almost any content but constrains its form.
The Artist and the Terrorist, or the Paintable and the Unpaintable: Gerhard Richter and the Baader-Meinhof Group
Authors: Danchev Alex , Richter Gerhard , Brod Max
Published: April 2011

This article is offered as a small demonstration of what art has to say about terror and violence. It focuses on the German artist Gerhard Richter and his cycle of paintings on the life and death of the homegrown terrorists of the Baader-Meinhof group, October 18, 1977 (1988). Following Richter, it explores whether atrocity is “paintable.” It investigates the encounter between the artist and the terrorist and proposes that Richter's is a profound exploration of terror and counterterror in the contemporary world.
Rhetorical Inaction? Compliance and the Human Rights Council of the United Nations
Authors: Davies Mathew
Published: April 2011

The Human Rights Council of the United Nations was inaugurated in 2006 to much acclaim. Promising to defuse the tensions that had overwhelmed its maligned predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, the council is based on the belief that depoliticizing human-rights discussions would enhance the effectiveness of the United Nations in the realm of human-rights promotion. This article investigates just what type of compliance pressure the council, particularly through its Universal Periodic Review mechanism, has been able to develop over countries through comparing the genesis and workings of the council to existing accounts of how actors influence each other in international politics. It is argued that the reforms instigated by the council may have shifted the system away from the overt politicization previously experienced, but they have certainly not removed totally the role of state politics in rights promotion. As such, they represent conceptually a middle position, identified by Thomas Risse, known as “rhetorical action.” Identifying this allows for an analysis of the potential success of the council, as existing accounts of this type of compliance pressure have developed “scope conditions” about what the precursors for successful compliance are. Using these conditions, the article concludes that the council's prospects may not live up to the acclaim that surrounded its creation.
Rail behaviour during cooling after hot rolling
Authors: Basu J , Srimani S. L , Gupta D. S
Published: April 2011

Rails are manufactured from bloom by hot rolling. Subsequently, they are cooled to ambient temperature. At the end of the cooling process, the rails bend almost in the form of circular ares. They are then straightened in the roller-straightening machine. Knowledge of the shape of the bent rail and the magnitude of residual stress at the end of the cooling process is useful for proper computation of the straightness and residual stress in the rails after the straightening operation. The present paper describes a simulated model developed for the investigation of the behaviour of the rail during the entire cooling process. The analysis has been carried out as a decoupled thermomechanical transient problem using the general-purpose finite element software ANSYS. Histories of the temperature distribution and deformation of the rail have been obtained by the method. The results are in good agreement with the observed behaviour of the rails in the real-life environment. The model has also evaluated the generated residual stress distribution.
Measurement and prediction of fatigue crack growth from cold expanded holes Part 1: The effect of fatigue crack growth on cold expansion residual stresses
Authors: Stefanescu D
Published: April 2011

Cold expansion of holes introduces beneficial compressive residual stresses that retard cracking in fatigue loaded material. Using X-ray diffraction measurements, it was found that when the fatigue protection was exceeded and crack initiation and growth occurred, the original residual stress distribution was significantly modified. The change of residual stresses due to fatigue crack growth was investigated by considering the geometrical discontinuity in the material and the small-scale plasticity accompanying fatigue crack propagation. Fatigue crack growth simulation by cutting a slot using electrodischarge machining showed that the cold expansion residual stresses were affected much more by a slot than by an actual fatigue crack.
Comparison of stress relaxation and creep strain rates for the superalloy IN738LC
Authors: Beddoes J , Mohammadi T
Published: April 2011

The strain rates derived from stress relaxation tests are compared to those from creep tests at 760 °C for the superalloy IN738LC for stresses between 500 and 600 MPa. The strain rates agree well from 500 to 575 MPa, but a difference exists at 600 MPa. The results are interpreted in terms of the deformation mechanism controlling the strain rate. It is suggested that dislocation mechanisms control the deformation, but at 600 MPa the mechanisms controlling the creep strain rate differs from that controlling recovery during stress relaxation. The time efficiency associated with stress relaxation testing can be used to advantage within a limited stress range, however, extrapolation of stress-relaxation-derived strain rates may lead to the same erroneous results associated with extrapolation of creep strain rates.
Children as ethnographers: Reflections on the importance of participatory research in assessing orphans’ needs
Authors: Cheney Kristen E.
Published: April 2011

Critiques of child participation within aid programming suggest that it is superficial and insubstantive for the fulfilment of children’s rights. By employing former child research participants as youth research assistants, the collaborative research design developed for my research project on the survival strategies of African orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) has yielded insights with implications for policy and practice that could not be gained without the extended ethnographic inclusion of children, as both participants and researchers. In this article, I share my reflections on doing participatory ethnography with children and youth to demonstrate that ethnographic research is appropriate to the tasks of increasing both children’s participation and the effectiveness of children’s rights — especially when it models children’s participation in its own research design. Further, I argue that involving young people in research can yield greater ownership of organizational practice and become transformative of young people and their relationships with their communities.
Knee and hip joint forces – sensitivity to the degrees of freedom classification at the knee
Authors: Cleather D J , Bull A M J
Published: April 2011

Previous research has demonstrated that the number of degrees of freedom (DOF) modelled at a given joint affects the antagonistic muscle activity predicted by inverse dynamics optimization techniques. This higher level of muscle activity in turn results in greater joint contact forces. For instance, modelling the knee as a 3 DOF joint has been shown to result in higher hip and knee joint forces commensurate with a higher level of muscular activity than when the knee is modelled with 1 DOF. In this study, a previously described musculoskeletal model of the lower limb was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the knee and hip joint contact forces to the DOF at the knee during vertical jumping in both a 1 and a 3 DOF knee model. The 3 DOF knee was found to predict higher tibiofemoral and hip joint contact forces and lower patellofemoral joint contact forces. The magnitude of the difference in hip contact force was at least as significant as that found in previous research exploring the effect of subject-specific hip geometry on hip contact force. This study therefore demonstrates a key sensitivity of knee and hip joint contact force calculations to the DOF at the knee. Finally, it is argued that the results of this study highlight an important physiological question with practical implications for the loading of the structures of the knee; that is, the relative interaction of muscular, ligamentous, and articular structures in creating moment equilibrium at the knee.
From the Editor
Authors: Kelley John F. (Jeff)
Published: April 2011

Alphonse Chapanis, a founder of ergonomics, a branch of engineering that considers product and workplace design from the physical point of view of the actual user, died on Oct. 4 in Baltimore. He was 85. — The New York Times, October 15, 2002