bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Syntheses, Architectures and Magnetic Properties of Six Novel MnII Coordination Polymers with Mixed Ligands
Authors: Sun Chang‐Yan , Gao Song , Jin Lin‐Pei
Published: April 2006

Six novel manganese(II) coordination polymers, namely [Mn(oba)(4,4′‐bpy)]n·n(4,4′‐bpy) (1), [Mn(oba)(phen)(H2O)]n (2), [Mn2(oba)2(2,2′‐bpy)2(H2O)2]n·nH2oba (3), [Mn2(cca)2(4,4′‐bpy)2]n·2n(4,4′‐bpy) (4), [Mn(cca)(phen)]n (5) and [Mn(cca)(2,2′‐bpy)]n·0.25nH2O (6) [H2oba = 4,4′‐oxybis(benzoic acid); 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine; phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline; 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine; H2cca = p‐carboxycinnamic acid] have been synthesised under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes 1 and 4 possess 3D microporous metal‐organic frameworks with free 4,4′‐bpy ligands in the channels. The MnII ions in complex 2 are bridged into 1D infinite double‐chain structures, and those in complex 3 are bridged into 1D zigzag chains. Hydrogen bonds cause the formation of 3D supramolecular networks for complexes 2 and 3. Complex 5 is a complicated 3D metal‐organic framework, and the MnII ions in complex 6 are linked into 2D layers with cavities; interpenetration of these 2D layers results in the formation of a 3D supramolecular network. Magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that complex 2 displays a weak ferromagnetic interaction between the MnII ions with the following parameters: J = 0.462(3) cm–1, g = 2.0387(6), zJ′ =–0.0062(3) cm–1 and R = 8.0 × 10–6. Complex 4 shows antiferromagnetic coupling between the MnII ions with J =–0.718(4) cm–1, g = 1.986(4) and R = 2.3 × 10–4. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Star‐Shaped Polymers With Calix[6]arene Cores
Authors: Zhu Weipu , Ling Jun , Shen Zhiquan
Published: April 2006

Summary: The syntheses and characterizations of well‐defined star‐shaped amphiphilic polymers containing a hydrophobic p‐tert‐butyl‐calix[6]arene core and six hydrophilic PPO or PPO‐b‐PDTC arms are described. The average number of PO units in each arm could be adjusted by choosing a suitable amount of raw material.

Schematic structure of the amphiphilic star‐shaped block copolymer containing a hydrophobic p‐tert‐butyl‐calix[6]arene core and six PPO‐b‐PDTC arms.

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Schematic structure of the amphiphilic star‐shaped block copolymer containing a hydrophobic p‐tert‐butyl‐calix[6]arene core and six PPO‐b‐PDTC arms.
Molecular Dynamic Simulation of Side‐Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomer
Authors: Darinskii Anatoly A. , Zarembo Anna , Balabaev Nikolai K. , Neelov Igor M. , Sundholm Franciska
Published: April 2006

Summary:Molecular dynamic simulation of side chain liquid crystalline elastomer has been carried out. As an initial state a flexible polymer network in a low molecular liquid‐crystal (LC) solvent was used. The LC solvent comprises of anisotropic rod‐like semiflexible linear molecules (mesogens) composed of particles bonded into the chain by FENE potential. Rigidity of LC molecules was induced by a bending potential. All interactions between nonbonded particles are described by a repulsive Lennard‐Jones potential. For the systems with different values of density and order parameter obtained after sufficiently long trajectory the attachment of ends of mesogens to the polymer network was simulated. The kinetic of the process of mesogens attachment to network was studied as well as morphology of attachment. The structural and dynamical behaviour of side chain LC elastomer was studied and compared with systems of polymer network in low molecular LC solvent.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Theory Simul. 3/2006
Authors: Al‐Harthi Mamdouh , Soares João B. P. , Simon Leonardo C.
Published: April 2006

Cover: A mathematical model for atom‐transfer radical polymerization with bifunctional initiators was developed. When compared to monofunctional initiators, bifunctional initiators not only produce polymers with higher molecular weight averages at higher polymerization rates, but also control their molecular weight distributions more effectively. The Figure shows how the equilibrium constant (Keq), the ratio of the activation (ka) to the deactivation (kd) rate constant, affects monomer conversion. By reducing Keq, the equilibrium is shifted towards the dormant chain side, decreasing monomer conversion. As a consequence, chain lengths also decrease but the control over the chain length distribution is improved and the polydispersity of the polymer decreases as shown in more details in the article by M. Al‐Harthi, J. B. P. Soares,* and L. C. Simon on page 198.
Comparative proteomics of glycosomes from bloodstream form and procyclic culture form Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Authors: Colasante Claudia , Ellis Margrit , Ruppert Thomas , Voncken Frank
Published: April 2006

Peroxisomes are present in nearly every eukaryotic cell and compartmentalize a wide range of important metabolic processes. Glycosomes of Kinetoplastid parasites are peroxisome‐like organelles, characterized by the presence of the glycolytic pathway. The two replicating stages of Trypanosoma brucei brucei, the mammalian bloodstream form (BSF) and the insect (procyclic) form (PCF), undergo considerable adaptations in metabolism when switching between the two different hosts. These adaptations involve also substantial changes in the proteome of the glycosome. Comparative (non‐quantitative) analysis of BSF and PCF glycosomes by nano LC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS resulted in the validation of known functional aspects of glycosomes and the identification of novel glycosomal constituents.
Comprehensive glyco‐proteomic analysis of human α1‐antitrypsin and its charge isoforms
Authors: Kolarich Daniel , Weber Alfred , Turecek Peter L. , Schwarz Hans‐Peter , Altmann Friedrich
Published: April 2006

Human α1‐antitrypsin (A1PI) is a well‐known glycoprotein in human plasma important for the protection of tissues from proteolytic enzymes. The three N‐glycosylation sites of A1PI contain diantennary N‐glycans but also triantennary and even traces of tetraantennary structures leading to the typical IEF pattern observed for A1PI. Here we present an approach to characterize A1PI isoforms from human plasma and its PTMs by LC‐ESI‐MS and LC‐ESI‐MS/MS of peptides obtained by proteolytic digestion. The single cysteine residue of A1PI formed a disulfide bridge with free cysteine. The variability of the number of antennae and hence sialic acids on glycosylation site N107, which even contained minute amounts of tetraantennary structures, emerged as a major cause for the IEF pattern of A1PI. Only negligible amounts of triantennary structures were identified attached to N70, and exclusively diantennary structures were present on site N271 in each of the isoforms analyzed. Exoglycosidase digests revealed α2,6‐linked neuraminic acids on diantennary N‐glycans, and triantennary contained additionally one single α2,3‐neuraminic acid per N‐glycan, which, together with a fucose, formed a sialyl Lewis X determinant on the β1,4‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine, as shown by 2‐D‐HPLC of pyridylaminated asialoglycans. Fucosylation of diantennary structures was marginal and of the core α1,6 type.
Edge Effects on ERA–Sandwiches
Authors: Held Manfred
Published: April 2006

The momentum transfer of thick flying plates of an ERA sandwich and iterative disturbances of shaped charge jets by thin flying plates are shortly described.
Kinetic study of the oxide‐assisted catalyst‐free synthesis of silicon nitride nanowires
Authors: Farjas J. , Pinyol A. , Rath Chandana , Roura P. , Bertran E.
Published: April 2006

The synthesis of Si3N4 nanowires from the reaction of silicon nanoparticles with N2 in the 1200–1440 °C temperature range is reported. The nitridation conditions are such that the reaction with nitrogen is favoured by the presence of silicon oxide in the particles and by the active oxidation of silicon without a catalyst. It is shown that the Si to Si3N4 conversion rate depends on the amount of silicon particles used in the experiments and that, in general, the reaction slows down for greater amounts. This trend is explained by particle stacking, which restricts the exchange of gases between the furnace atmosphere and the atmosphere around the inner particles. In a first stage, local oxygen partial pressure increases around the inner particles and inhibits nitridation locally. If the amount of reactant Si nanoparticles is small enough, this extrinsic effect is avoided and the intrinsic nitridation kinetics can be measured. Experiments show that intrinsic kinetics does not depend on temperature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cobalt
Authors: Karimpoor Amir A. , Erb Uwe
Published: April 2006

Due to their excellent wear and corrosion properties, nanocrystalline cobalt and several cobalt alloys made by electrodeposition are currently being developed as environmentally benign replacement coatings for hard chromium electrodeposits. The focus of this study is on the mechanical properties of nanocrystalline cobalt, which are currently not well understood. A comparison is presented for hardness, tensile properties, Charpy impact properties and fracture surface analysis of both nanocrystalline (grain size: 12 nm) and conventional polycrystalline (grain size: 4.8 μm) cobalt. It is shown that the hardness and tensile strength of nanocrystalline cobalt is 2–3 times higher than for polycrystalline cobalt. However, in contrast to other nanocrystalline materials tested previously, nanocrystalline cobalt retains considerable ductility with elongation to fracture values up to 7%. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NIGERIA'S PRINCIPAL INVESTMENT LAWS IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW AND PRACTICE
Authors: Ekwueme Khrushchev U.K.
Published: April 2006

EKWUEME, KHRUSHCHEV, Nigeria's principal investment laws in the context of international law and practice, Journal of African Law, 49, 2 (2005): 177–206

The enactment of the NIPC Act and FEMMP Act in 1995 represent a paradigm shift in Nigeria in three major areas of investment rule-making, namely, investment liberalization, investment protection and settlement of investment disputes. These statutes, especially the NIPC Act, contain certain investment-friendly provisions relating to foreign participation in Nigerian enterprises, guarantees against expropriation, nationalization and currency risk, as well as State-investor arbitration. Although the literature on the NIPC Act and FEMMP Act is vast, no in-depth scholarly study has been done on them in the context of international law and practice. Primarily, this article examines the provisions of these laws through a practical lens by studying them alongside the jurisprudence of the ICSID. It also explores specific constitutional and administrative law questions intimately related to the treatment of foreign investment in Nigeria. Finally, it assesses inflows of FDI into Nigeria and considers some of the impediments to foreign investment in the country.
Provincialism in Modern India: The Multiple Narratives of Education and their Pain
Authors: KUMAR NITA
Published: April 2006

‘Provincialism’, or the separation of inferior spaces from normative ones, is seen in this essay as a key trope for interpreting modern Indian history. Provincialism, or provinciality, is a space recognizable instantly. It is marked by slowness, by absence of the new and recent, by what is seen on the national level as a brake-effect in an otherwise promising march forwards. Cities, which is what I concentrate on in this essay, are characterizable as provincial by a certain appearance: a topography of narrow streets, by the sloppy merger of the inside and outside, by an absence of discrimination between the jungle and the civilized as animal life proliferates on the roads. Their space is marked by a lack of discipline, and this lack is further exacerbated by an attitude almost aggressive, at any rate stubborn, that seems to embrace every other dimension of life. The provincial citizen is one whose body identifies with the provincial space. It revels in an indifference to the rules of obedience to arbitrary external exercises of power. The provincial space and its citizen are marked in the use of languages by the dominance of regional language over English. Overall, the provincial space is signified in the state as an obstacle, political, economic, and most of all cultural, to what could otherwise be the smooth march forward of unfettered forces of rationality and order. But it signifies itself by an alternative code. That which is indiscipline to the center is freedom to the margins; that which is coarse, is cultured; that which is backward, is rich; that which is alien is intimate; and that which is unable to keep step with a march forward is precisely the intelligent and crafty that refuses to play a non-reflexive, mechanical game.
The free mobility of a parallel manipulator
Authors: Zhao Jing-Shan , Feng Zhi-Jing , Wang Li-Ping , Dong Jing-Xin
Published: April 2006

Singularities of a manipulator have been addressed repeatedly. However, the singularities and the degree(s) of freedom, as a matter of fact, are two different aspects of the mobility of a manipulator. Consequently, this paper dedicates to discussing the mobility properties through mobility space, which synchronously define the type, number and direction characteristics of the independent motions that the manipulator should execute. The mobility space of a manipulator can be obtained with reciprocal screws of the manipulator via singular value decomposition, which instantaneously depicts the singularity and mobility problems of the manipulators. Application example demonstrates that this methodology can investigate the all-sided mobility properties of parallel manipulators.
KNOWLEDGE, PLANNING, AND MARKETS: A MISSING CHAPTER IN THE SOCIALIST CALCULATION DEBATES
Authors: O'NEILL JOHN
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the epistemological arguments about markets and planning that emerged in a series of unpublished exchanges between Hayek and Neurath. The exchanges reveal problems for standard accounts of both the socialist calculation debates and logical empiricism. They also raise questions concerning the sources of ignorance and uncertainty in modern economies, and the role of market and non-market organisations in the distribution and coordination of limited knowledge, which remain relevant to contemporary debates in economics. Hayek had argued that Neurath's work exemplified the errors of rationalism that underpinned the socialist project. In response Neurath highlighted assumptions about the limits of reason and predictability that the two theorists shared and attempted to turn those assumptions back against Hayek in a defence of the possibility of socialist planning. The paper critically compares Neurath's and Hayek's criticisms of rationalism and considers how far Neurath is successful in his attempt to employ Hayek's assumptions against Hayek himself.
RESPONSE TO MY CRITICS
Authors: NIELSEN KAI
Published: April 2006

I have been fortunate in having the critics that I had at the Pasadena Session on my Globalization and Justice. All three of them understood me very well, reported me accurately and criticized me fairly and perceptively. An author could not ask for more. In some places I will, as a result of their criticisms, have to modify or clarify what I say, but in other places, and indeed very central places, I remain intransigent and hold my ground, I hope not out of pigheadedness, a hardening of the intellectual arteries or out of a blinkered partisanship.
Europe and the New World Order: Lessons from Alexandre Kojève's Engagement with Schmitt's ‘Nomos der Erde’
Authors: HOWSE ROBERT
Published: April 2006

The received wisdom of the times is that a wide gulf has opened up between ‘Europe’ and ‘America’ – or at least has finally become visible. A commitment to a certain vision of international law is presented as a European trait that divides Europe from the United States. ‘European’ international law premises perpetual peace on rules that protect state sovereignty and sustain a world divided into territorial states, and it is at odds with the US preparedness to wage ‘total war’ in the name of some purportedly universal ideal, such as ‘human rights’ or ‘democracy’. This conception of ‘European’, territorially based international law versus US (or Anglo-Saxon) universalism is articulated most forcefully by the extreme-right legal and political theorist Carl Schmitt in his 1950 work, Der Nomos der Erde, and related essays; Schmitt, realizing that the state had met its demise with the fall of the Nazi project that he supported, now conceived of a world divided into Grossraume rather than states. Schmitt's conception was challenged by the Marxist-Hegelian philosopher Alexandre Kojève, both in correspondence with Schmitt and in a public lecture that Kojève gave in Düsseldorf at Schmitt's invitation in the 1950s. Kojève articulated an alternative view of global order and Europe's place in it – a view that accepted global Anglo-American military supremacy while advocating a distinctive place for Latin or continental Europe in the building of global justice and prosperity through economic and legal integration and the construction of a just relationship in trade and finance with the developing world. This essay evaluates the debate between Schmitt and Kojève and draws lessons for contemporary discussion of the place of Europe in a one-superpower world.
Resistance Is Futile – You Will Be Assimilated
Authors: MATHEWS SUSAN
Published: April 2006

Sigrun Skogly, The Human Rights Obligations of the World Bank and the IMF, London, Cavendish Publishing, 2001, ISBN 1859416659, 240 pp., £71.50 (pb).

Mac Darrow, Between Light and Shadow:The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and International Human Rights Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2003, ISBN 1841133906, 376 pp., £42.00.00 (hb).

Balakrishnan Rajagopal, International Law from Below: Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0521016711, 360 pp., £19.99 (pb).
The turn in economics: neoclassical dominance to mainstream pluralism?
Authors: DAVIS JOHN B.
Published: April 2006

This paper investigates whether since the 1980s neoclassical economics has been in the process of being supplanted as the dominant research programme in economics by a collection of competing research approaches which share relatively little in common with each other or with neoclassical economics. A shortlist of the new approaches in recent economics includes game theory, experimental economics, behavioral economics, evolutionary economics, neuroeconomics, and non-linear complexity theory. Two hypotheses are advanced – one regarding the relation between economics instruction and economics research and one regarding the nature of the economics research frontier – to describe social-institutional practices that contribute to the replication of economics as a field. Two further hypotheses are advanced – one regarding the boundaries of the field and one regarding how the field appraises itself – to create a historical–methodological framework for evaluating the question of change in economics and change in recent economics in particular. Finally, the paper distinguishes three leading explanations – the ‘breakdown’ view, the ‘takeover’ view, and the ‘maturity’ view – of why neoclassical economics no longer dominates a mainstream economics.
Die Konstruktion eines berufsbezogenen Persönlichkeitsfragebogens
Authors: Muck Peter M. , Höft Stefan , Hell Benedikt , Schuler Heinz
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie wird die Konstruktion eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von interpersonalen Persönlichkeitseigenschaften mittels berufsbezogener Verhaltensweisen auf der Grundlage des Interpersonalen Circumplexes dargestellt. Der Interpersonale Circumplex (IPC) gilt als adäquates Modell zur Abbildung von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften, die sich auf zwischenmenschliches Verhalten beziehen. Bisher wurde der IPC zwar in verschiedenen Anwendungsfeldern untersucht, aber noch nicht in den organisationspsychologischen Kontext übertragen. Im Rahmen einer circumplexorientierten Reanalyse von Daten, deren Ursprung im Fünf-Faktoren-Modell der Persönlichkeit liegt, wird aufgezeigt, dass eine Operationalisierung des IPC anhand von berufsbezogenen Verhaltensweisen (Acts) möglich ist. Hierzu wird zum einen auf konzeptionelle Expertenbeurteilungen (N = 10, davon 4 je Act) sowie auf empirische Ergebnisse bei einer gemischt studentisch-beruflichen Stichprobe (N = 278) zurückgegriffen. Zum anderen wird die strukturelle Konstruktvalidierung anhand einer studentischen Stichprobe (N = 241), vorrangig Wirtschaftswissenschaftlern, demonstriert. Der resultierende Fragebogen soll in der Personalpsychologie als sozial und ökologisch valide Alternative zum klassischen Messverfahren, den revidierten Interpersonellen Adjektivskalen, Verwendung finden.
Motivation und Gesundheit
Authors: Baumann Nicola , Quirin Markus
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Die Befriedigung grundlegender psychischer Bedürfnisse ist eine wichtige Voraussetzung für subjektives Wohlbefinden und psychische Gesundheit. In der Theorie der Persönlichkeits-System-Interaktionen (PSI) wird angenommen, dass negativer Affekt den Zugriff auf integrierte Repräsentationen von eigenen Bedürfnissen und Handlungsoptionen reduziert, wenn Personen negativen Affekt nicht selbstgesteuert herabregulieren können (d.h. lageorientiert sind). Eine lageorientierte Perseveration negativen Affektes sollte daher die Wahrnehmung und Umsetzung eigener Bedürfnisse erschweren und zu einer Frustration eigener Bedürfnisse führen. Diese Bedürfnisfrustration wird als tiefgreifender Stressfaktor angesehen, der den Zusammenhang zwischen Selbststeuerungsdefiziten und psychosomatischen Symptomen vermitteln kann. In einer Untersuchung an N = 53 Probanden zeigte sich erwartungsgemäß ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Lageorientierung und Bedürfnisfrustration. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Lageorientierung und vielfältigen psychosomatischen Symptomen wurde durch Bedürfnisfrustration vermittelt. Bedürfnisfrustration kann damit als ein symptomübergreifender Krankheitsfaktor angesehen werden. Implikationen für die gesundheitspsychologische Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert.
Tests und Tools
Authors: Kauffeld Simone
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung. Der FEO, der in Kooperation mit betrieblichen Praktikern entwickelt wurde, dient der Erfassung des Organisationsklimas. Er umfasst 82 Items und bildet 12 Skalen ab. Eine Stärke des FEO im Gegensatz zu ad hoc entwickelten Befragungsinstrumenten sind die Vergleichsdaten, die für Profit- und Non-Profit-Organisationen bereit gestellt werden. Kritisch diskutiert wird die theoretische Verortung, die Anwenderfreundlichkeit sowie der Nutzen der individuellen Auswertung. Die konsensuale, konvergente, diskriminante und kriterienbezogene Validierung steht aus.
Space charge and potential distribution around a spacecraft in an isotropic plasma
Authors: Chane‐Yook M. , Clerc S. , Piperno S.
Published: April 2006

The stationary Vlasov‐Poisson system modeling the interactions between plasma and a satellite in a three‐dimensional framework without reemission is studied. The case of a sphere and a general object shape in a Maxwellian plasma are considered. An analytical expression of the space charge is available in the first case under an approximation. The asymptotic behavior of the space charge and the electrostatic potential are studied. On the basis of this analysis, an optimal relaxation iterative algorithm is built for the solution of the Vlasov‐Poisson model. In the second case the space charge in the whole space is computed using a stationary algorithm based on a Lagrangian method.
The Transition Process in the Early Years
Authors: Prendeville Jo-Anne , Ross-Allen Jane
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this clinical exchange is to provide speech-language pathologists with the basic information needed to participate as active, informed, and effective members of transition teams. A speech-language pathologist’s role of bridging language and curriculum across the grades creates a unique opportunity to bring meaningful contributions to the transition process. Typical speech-language pathology preparation does not focus on the specifics of the transition process. This article provides speech-language pathologists, as well as families and other professionals, with information pertaining to transitions in the early years, particularly between preschool settings and kindergarten. Expertise in the transition process is necessary for effective participation and implementation. This article will highlight challenges in transition and delineate specific components of transition planning. The article will conclude with a set of best practices that can provide the foundation of a model for early transitions.
Lexical Development and Retrieval in Treating Children Who Stutter
Authors: Hall Nancy E.
Published: April 2006

This article describes the role of lexical acquisition in stuttering by examining the research on word learning and interactions between semantics and syntax in typically developing children and children who stutter. The potential effects of linguistic mismatches, or dysynchronies in language skills, on the possible onset and development of stuttering are discussed. The article concludes with assessment and treatment considerations.
Retrospective Examination of Failed Rate-Control Intervention
Authors: Marshall Robert C. , Karow Colleen M.
Published: April 2006

Individuals with motor-speech disorders are frequently admonished by clinicians to "slow down" to improve speech intelligibility and comprehensibility. Although most reports of rate-control therapy highlight the benefits of specific procedures, all patients are not candidates for these interventions. The subject of this clinical report is AC, a 40-year-old man who had spoken with an extremely rapid speech rate for 17 years following a traumatic brain injury but was never treated for the problem. Traditional rate-control interventions were not effective in slowing AC's speech rate nor in reducing its handicapping effects. In this report we supply background information on AC; initial assessment data from speech- language pathology, neurology, and neuropsychology; and describe rate-control interventions that were not effective with AC. A retrospective examination of this case was conducted to elucidate possible reasons why treatment was unsuccessful. This involved (a) an instrumental assessment of selected features of AC's speech rate (using equipment not available for the initial evaluation) and (b) a reinterpretation of other assessment information. Findings revealed how AC's speech differed from that of a normally speaking control subject and other normative data and provided insights on how he accomplished his rapid speech rate. This prompted us to consider (a) possible explanations for AC's fast rate, (b) reasons for failed rate-control intervention, and (c) what we learned from this case that would be useful to clinicians in management of similar patients.
The Use of Rating Scales With Children Who Have Language Impairments
Authors: Redmond Sean M.
Published: April 2006

Several reports suggest that socio-emotional disorders and language impairments frequently co-occur in children receiving special education services. One explanation for the high levels of co-occurrence is that limitations inherent to linguistic deficiencies are frequently misinterpreted as symptomatic of underlying socioemotional pathology. In this report, five commonly used behavioral rating scales are examined in light of language bias. Results of the review indicated that children with language impairments are likely to be overidentified as having socioemotional disorders. An implication of these findings is that speech-language pathologists need to increase their involvement in socioemotional evaluations to ensure that children with language impairments as a group are not unduly penalized for their language limitations. Specific guidelines for using ratings with children with language impairments are provided.
Speaking Slowly
Authors: Logan Kenneth J. , Roberts Rosalyn R. , Pretto Aneesha P. , Morey Megan J.
Published: April 2006

Speech-language pathologists often ask parents of children who stutter to reduce their conversational pace when talking with their children. Little is known, however, about how best to help parents accomplish this task. Two experiments were conducted to examine this issue. In Experiment 1, adult females altered speech rate via one of four self-guided methods. Post-training speech rates for all four experimental groups (
n
=8) were significantly slower than those of speakers in a control group. The extent of rate reduction varied significantly across groups, and speakers rated their resultant speech as unnatural. In Experiment 2, 39 female listeners rated the naturalness of sentences from the five groups in Experiment 1. Naturalness ratings were higher for the Control group than for a group using a self-devised rate-reduction method (SDM). In turn, SDM ratings were higher than those for groups trained to alter articulation rate and intra-sentence pauses. Across groups, the slower a speaker's post-training speech rate, the less natural listeners judged the speech to sound (
r
= 95). Results suggest that although none of the methods were clearly superior, adults can readily produce moderately slower, relatively natural sounding speech using self-devised methods. Speakers' and listeners' perceptions of speech naturalness may differ considerably, however, and this must be considered during training.
The Fruitfulness of a Nomothetic Approach to Investigating AAC
Authors: Hochstein Dave D. , McDaniel Mark A. , Nettleton Sandra , Neufeld Katherine Hannah
Published: April 2006

The observation that typical users of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems vary widely in their characteristics raises issues about the utility of a nomothetic approach for investigating and evaluating important variables, as well as about the value of studying children without disabilities to contribute to the understanding of AAC systems. To provide an initial basis for examining the fruitfulness of the nomothetic approach, the effects of 2 fundamental variables, number of display levels (single vs. dual) and vocabulary abstractness (concrete vs. abstract words), on vocabulary acquisition were examined for children without disabilities and for speech impaired children with cerebral palsy (CP). Children demonstrated the same pattern of acquisition, regardless of disability status. Both groups of children made more errors on the dual-level display than on the single-level display and made more abstract errors than concrete errors. Importantly, the performance of individuals consistently conformed to group performance. These findings suggest that a nomothetic research approach that includes results of children without disabilities can usefully illuminate consequences of important variables in AAC systems. Clinical implications based on these findings were also discussed.
The ICF
Authors: Eadie Tanya L.
Published: April 2006

The
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
(ICF) provides a conceptual framework and common language for describing human functioning and disability (World Health Organization, 2001). The ICF provides direction for comprehensive rehabilitation by classifying individual functioning at the levels of (a) body functions and structures and (b) activities and participation. Consequently, the purpose of this article is (a) to summarize the ICF; (b) to apply a case example to the framework of the ICF, involving individuals who have undergone total laryngectomy; and (c) to examine implications for both research and clinical practice. This article demonstrates how speech-language pathologists may apply the ICF framework and endorses the adoption of the framework by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association in the 2001 Scope of Practice in Speech-Language Pathology.
Predictors of Phonological Change Following Intervention
Authors: Tyler Ann A. , Lewis Kerry E. , Welch Carissa M.
Published: April 2006

To date, predictor variables strongly associated with phonological change as a result of intervention have not been identified. The purpose of this study was to determine the best predictor or combination of predictors of change in percentage of consonants correct (PCC; L. D. Shriberg & J. Kwiatkowski, 1982) as a result of speech-language intervention for a group of 20 participants and to replicate this procedure with a second group of 20. Participants were preschool children, ages 3;0 (years;months) to 5;11, with impairments in phonology and morphosyntax who received intervention focused on both phonology and morphosyntax in different goal attack configurations. The relationship of predictor variables chronological age, inventory size, error consistency, and expressive language to the criterion variable, change in PCC, was investigated. In both the initial study and the replication, the mean change in PCC following a 24-week intervention period was 13.1%. In the initial study, error consistency and a finite morpheme composite (FMC; L. M. Bedore & L. B. Leonard, 1998) accounted for 52% of the variance for the criterion variable. Error consistency at the first step in the regression accounted for 31.6% of the variance. In the replication, error consistency was the only variable related to PCC change, again accounting for 31% of the variance. Further research examining overall error consistency is warranted.
The Relationship of Self-Efficacy and Depression to Stuttering
Authors: Bray Melissa A. , Kehle Thomas J. , Lawless Kimberly A. , Theodore Lea A.
Published: April 2006

This study investigated the relationship of self-efficacy for verbal fluency, academic self-efficacy, and depression between adolescents who stutter and fluent speakers. Two separate discriminant function analyses were performed. The first analysis used the self-efficacy and depression scores as response variables and fluency classification as the grouping variable. Results indicated that self-efficacy for speech was the sole significant variable and accounted for 61% of the variance in group status. A second simplified discriminant function analysis was performed using speech self-efficacy as the sole predictor of group membership. This single discriminant function correctly classified 81% of the overall sample into their known groups. Further, classification for participants who did not stutter (95.2%) was better than for those who did stutter (67%). Based on this and earlier research, adolescents appear to be capable of using self-efficacy scaling as a measure of confidence for verbal fluency, which may eventually prove to be useful in treatment.
What Do Certified Nurse Assistants Actually Know About Dysphagia and Feeding Nursing Home Residents?
Authors: Pelletier Cathy A.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine certified nurse assistants' (CNAs') knowledge of dysphagia and how to feed nursing home residents using nonparticipatory structured feeding observation, critique of staged feeding behaviors on film, and semistructured interview in a triangulation methods design. Content analysis of the data confirmed previous studies that suggested CNAs lack knowledge about dysphagia and how to feed residents. A surprising result was the lack of accurate, comprehensive information in CNA texts and classrooms about dysphagia and how to manage challenging feeding behaviors. Speech-language pathologists are uniquely trained to improve CNA communication skills and provide accurate information to nursing colleagues. Specific recommendations of how to improve CNA feeding training programs are provided.
Effectiveness of Central Auditory Processing Tests With Children
Authors: Singer Jay , Hurley Raymond M. , Preece John P.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this investigation was to determine central auditory processing (CAP) individual test efficacy and test battery efficacy and to estimate the costs that are associated with the identification of a targeted sample. Ninety-one children with normal learning (NL) abilities and 147 children with a classroom learning disability (CLD) and presumed CAP disorders (CAPDs) ranging in age from 7 to 13 years were given a battery of seven CAP tests. The test battery consisted of: (1) Binaural Fusion Test (BFT), (2) Masking Level Difference (MLD) test, (3) Filtered Speech Test (FST), (4) Time Compressed Speech (TCS) test, (5) Dichotic Digits Test (DDT), (6) Staggered Spondaic Word (SSW) test, and (7) Pitch Pattern Test (PPT).

We believe that this investigation is the first report regarding the assessment of the utility of CAP tests using clinical decision analysis (CDA). We determined that the BFT separated the two samples most effectively and that the FST was the next most effective. A test protocol with BFT and FST or BFT and MLD represented the best battery approach when hit rate, false positive rate, and cost factors were considered. However, if the intent is to be certain that a child with CLD has CAPD given a positive test result, then the BFT and MLD would be the test battery of choice.
A Clinical Trial of the ReSound BT2 Personal Hearing System
Authors: Walden Brian E. , Surr Rauna K. , Cord Mary T. , Pavlovic Chaslav V.
Published: April 2006

The Food and Drug Administration requires that hearing aid manufacturers substantiate benefit claims in advertising with clinical research. Recently, Walden (1997) described a model protocol that might be used to assess hearing aid benefit in manufacturer-sponsored clinical trials. The Walter Reed protocol includes laboratory measures of speech recognition ability using the Continuous Speech Test (CST, Cox, Alexander, & Gilmore, 1987; Cox, Alexander, Gilmore, & Pusakulick, 1988) and the scales and subscales of the Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (PHAB, Cox & Gilmore, 1990) to assess user benefit in four prototype listening environments.

A clinical trial of the ReSound BT2 Personal Hearing System (BT2 PHS) using the Walter Reed protocol is reported here. The results for 40 adult participants with moderate-to-severe acquired sensorineural hearing losses revealed significant benefit from the BT2 PHS as compared to unaided performance on most of the CST and PHAB measures.

Compared to performance (unaided) of persons with normal hearing, the individuals with hearing impairments obtained substantially poorer performance on the CST and reported slightly poorer BT2-aided performance on the PHAB. Finally, on average, participants reported significantly more success on the PHAB with the BT2 PHS as compared to their own linear hearing aids, and 70% of the participants preferred the BT2 PHS enough to be willing to purchase it rather than to continue to use their own government-issued linear hearing aids.
A Holistic Model for Matching High-tech Hearing Aid Features to Elderly Patients
Authors: Johnson Carole E. , Danhauer Jeffrey L. , Krishnamurti Sridhar
Published: April 2006

Successful hearing aid fittings using high-technology features for elderly patients require consideration of factors beyond results obtained from routine audiologic evaluations. A holistic hearing aid selection, fitting, and evaluation approach that considers patient characteristics from communication, physical, psychological, and social assessment domains is presented here along with a checklist and flowcharts for matching high-tech hearing aid features to older persons who are hearing aid candidates.
Factors that Allow a High Level of Speech Understanding by Patients Fit With Cochlear Implants
Authors: Dorman Michael F. , Loizou Philipos C. , Spahr Anthony J. , Maloff Erin
Published: April 2006

Three factors account for the high level of speech understanding in quiet enjoyed by many patients fit with cochlear implants. First, some information about speech exists in the time/amplitude envelope of speech. This information is sufficient to narrow the number of word candidates for a given signal. Second, if information from the envelope of speech is available to listeners, then only minimal information from the frequency domain is necessary for high levels of speech recognition in quiet. Third, perceiving strategies for speech are inherently flexible in terms of the mapping between signal frequencies (i.e., the locations of the formants) and phonetic identity.
The Tuning Curve in Clinical Audiology
Authors: Halpin Chris
Published: April 2006

This article will explore the audiograms formed by the expected psychophysical thresholds from single, normally functioning inner hair cells. Like the audiogram formed by the vibrotactile response region, these psychophysical tuning curves represent fundamental limits in audiometry since they are the worst possible thresholds expected, even if no other cells are functioning. These examples can be put to many uses, but the most important lesson of the hypothetical tuning curve audiogram is that whereas each cell gives rise to thresholds across many frequencies, it cannot be expected to transmit more than one cell’s worth of speech information. In the clinic, this means that even when many frequencies respond on the audiogram, there may be a much more restricted set of actual cells remaining in the cochlea, and only these remaining cells will respond, for example, to hearing aids.
Relative Kinematics of the Rib Cage and Abdomen During Speech and Nonspeech Behaviors of 15-Month-Old Children
Authors: Moore Christopher A. , Caulfield Tammy J. , Green Jordan R.
Published: April 2006

Speech motor control emerges in the neurophysiologic context of widely distributed, powerful coordinative mechanisms, including those mediating respiratory function. It is unknown, however, whether developing children are able to exploit the capabilities of neural circuits controlling homeostasis for the production of speech and voice. Speech and rest breathing were investigated in eleven 15-month-old children using inductance plethysmography (Respitrace). Rib cage and abdominal kinematics were studied using a time-varying correlational index of thoracoabdominal coupling (i.e., reflecting the synchrony of movement of the rib cage and abdomen) as well as simple classification of the moment-to-moment kinematic relationship of these two functional components (i.e., concurrent expansion or compression, or oppositional movement). Results revealed markedly different patterns of movement for rest breathing and speech breathing, although within types of vocalization (nonspeech vocalization, babbling, true word production) no differences were apparent. Whereas rest breathing was characterized by tight coupling of rib cage and abdominal movement (average correlation coefficients usually exceeded .90), speech breathing exhibited weak coupling (the correlation coefficient ranged widely, but averaged about .60). Furthermore, speech production by these toddlers included the occurrence of both rib cage and abdominal paradoxing, which are observed infrequently in adult speakers. These results fail to support the suggestion that speech emerges from the extant coordinative organization of rest breathing. Rather, even in its earliest stages breathing for speech and voice exhibits kinematic properties distinct from those of other observed behaviors.
General Slowing in Language Impairment
Authors: Windsor Jennifer , Milbrath Rochelle L. , Carney Edward J. , Rakowski Susan E.
Published: April 2006

Although the general slowing hypothesis of language impairment (LI) is well established, the conventional method to test the hypothesis is controversial. This paper compares the usual method, ordinary least squares regression (OLS), with another method, hierarchical linear modeling with random coefficients (HLM). The analyses used available response time (RT) data from studies of perceptual-motor, cognitive, and language skills of LI and chronological-age-matched (CA) groups. The data set included RT measures from 25 studies investigating 20 different tasks (e.g., auditory detection, mental rotation, and word recognition tasks). OLS and HLM analyses of the RT data yielded very different results. OLS supported general slowing for the LI groups, and indicated that they were significantly slower than CA groups across studies by an overall estimate of 10%. HLM indicated a larger average extent of LI slowing (18%). However, the variability around this average was much greater than that yielded by OLS, and the extent of slowing was not statistically significant. Importantly, HLM showed a significant difference in the RT relation between LI and CA groups across studies, indicating that study-specific slowing, rather than general slowing across studies, was present. A separate HLM analysis of two types of language tasks, picture naming and word recognition, was performed. Although the extent of slowing was equivalent across these tasks, the slowing was minimal (2%) and not significant. Methodological limitations of each analysis to assess general slowing are highlighted.
Predictive Inferencing in Adults With Right Hemisphere Brain Damage
Authors: Lehman-Blake Margaret T. , Tompkins Connie A.
Published: April 2006

Predictive inferencing was evaluated in 13 adults with right hemisphere damage (RHD) and 11 adults without brain damage (NBD). Brief narrative stimuli that strongly suggested a single outcome were constructed to vary recency of mention of inference-related information. Reading times were recorded for narrative-final sentences that disconfirmed the target inferences. Slowed reading time on the final sentences was an indicator of inference generation. Adults with RHD generated target predictive inferences in contexts with recent mention of strongly biasing inference-related information. This group also evidenced maintenance of inferences over time, but to a lesser degree than participants in the NBD group. Overall, individuals with better auditory comprehension or larger estimated working memory capacity tended to maintain inferences better than did the other participants. The results are discussed in relation to current hypotheses of inferencing and discourse comprehension in adults with RHD.
Stability of Behavioral Ratings of Children with SLI
Authors: Redmond Sean M. , Rice Mabel L.
Published: April 2006

Standardized rating scales represent the most reliable method of identifying socioemotional behavioral problems in children with SLI. However, limited information exists on the situational specificity or stability of rating scales applied to this population. In Redmond and Rice (1998), we presented evidence of limited reliability and stability between ratings collected from teachers and parents during kindergarten and first grade. In this research report, we provide additional data on the same group of children over the early elementary period (kindergarten-second grade). The results indicate diminishment in teacher-reported behavior problems in most areas of socioemotional development from kindergarten to second grade and increasing congruence between teacher and parent ratings.