bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frailty in an Older Inpatient Population
Authors: Basic David , Shanley Chris
Published: November 2014

Objective: To evaluate the impact of frailty, measured using the Canadian Study of Health and Aging Clinical Frailty Scale, on outcomes of older people hospitalized with acute illness. Method: Consecutive patients were randomly allocated to a model development sample or a model validation sample. Multivariate analyses were used to model in-hospital mortality, new nursing home placement, and length of stay. Variables selected in the development samples were tested in the validation samples. Results: The mean age of all 2,125 patients was 82.9 years. Most (93.6%) were admitted through the emergency department. Frailty predicted in-hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR] = 2.97 [2.11, 4.17]), new nursing home placement (OR = 1.60 [1.14, 2.24]), and length of hospital stay (hazard ratio = 0.87 [0.81, 0.93]). Discussion: Frailty is a strong predictor of adverse outcomes in older people hospitalized with acute illness. An increased awareness of its impact may alert clinicians to screen for frailty.
Integrated control of the differential braking, the suspension damping force and the active roll moment for improvement in the agility and the stability
Authors: Her Hyundong , Suh Jeeyoon , Yi Kyongsu
Published: November 2014

This paper describes an integrated control strategy of the differential braking, the semiactive suspension damper and the active roll moment. Integrated control is designed to improve the agility and the stability of a vehicle by simultaneous control of the yaw rate and the roll motion. The proposed integrated chassis control algorithm consists of a supervisor, vehicle motion control algorithms and a coordinator. The supervisor monitors the vehicle status and determines the desired vehicle motions such as the desired yaw rate and the desired roll motion based on control modes to improve the stability and the agility of the vehicle. The control algorithm calculates the desired yaw moment and the desired roll moment for generation of the desired vehicle motions. The coordinator determines the brake pressures, the damper current and the active roll moment to generate the desired yaw moment and the desired roll moment. The roll moment and the yaw moment can be controlled simultaneously by the use of the active anti-roll bar motor torque. Open-loop and closed-loop simulations of a driver–vehicle–controller system were conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed control algorithm. The performance of the proposed integrated chassis control algorithm was compared with those of the individual chassis control systems, such as the electronic control suspension and the an active roll control system. It was shown from the simulation results that the proposed integrated chassis control system can provide a significantly improved performance with respect to the agility, the manoeuvrability and the roll stability of a vehicle compared with the performances of the individual chassis control systems.
The stability of vapor film immersed in superfluid helium on the surface of the hot ball
Authors: Jahangiri Ali , Biglari Mojtaba
Published: November 2014

In this article, the evolution of vapor film on the surfaces of hot objects immersed in a cryogenic superfluid helium liquid is considered. It is assumed that at the beginning of the process, a thin film of steam exists on the surface of the object that has a spherical shape. If the heat flux is greater than the critical heat flux, the growth of vapor film will continue, otherwise it will collapse. Survey and analysis of the previously mentioned problem has been done using numerical method and the main onjectives are as follows: (a) study the evolution of the vapor film immersed in superfluid helium on the surface of the hot ball and (b) the stability of vapor film immersed in superfluid helium on the surface of the hot ball.
A new star pattern identification technique using an improved triangle algorithm
Authors: Li Xin-lu , Yang Jin-hua , Zhang Liu , Li Shuang , Jin Guang , Zhi Shuai
Published: November 2014

Triangle identification algorithm has been widely applied in star pattern identification of star sensor. However, its lower characteristic dimensions lead to matching redundancy and identification errors. To improve the identification accuracy, the identification process of the triangle identification algorithm is improved. First, the method of “quasi uniform distribution” of space solid angles is proposed. That is, based on the size of space solid angle a certain zone at the celestial equator corresponds to, the whole celestial sphere is partitioned into a number of sub-blocks. Then, guide stars are selected uniformly according to sub-blocks, obtaining a guide star catalogue with fewer stars, better distribution uniformity and higher completeness. Finally, an approach is proposed to further optimize primarily selected observation triangle groups for the second time for matching identification. The constraint relationship between the sides and included angles of the observation triangle is converted onto the image plane. The simulation experiment result shows that the star pattern identification technique based on the improved triangle algorithm has strong anti-interference performance against star point position noises, magnitude (brightness) noises and “missing stars” and it is superior to traditional algorithms in identification rate.
Primary HIV infection presenting as limbic encephalitis and rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Ferrada Marcela A , Xie Yingda , Nuermberger Eric
Published: November 2014

Recognising the initial clinical presentation of acute HIV infection could enable earlier initiation of antiretroviral therapy and appropriate counselling to reduce the risk of transmission to others. Herein, we describe an unusual case of acute HIV infection presenting as limbic encephalitis and rhabdomyolysis.
The Role of Conscious Perception in Attentional Capture and Object-File Updating
Authors: Lamy Dominique , Alon Limor , Carmel Tomer , Shalev Nir
Published: November 2014

A mental process that is independent of conscious perception should run equally well with or without it. Previous investigations of unconscious processing have seldom included this comparison: They typically demonstrated only processing without conscious perception. In the research reported here, we showed that attentional capture is largely independent of conscious perception and that updating the episodic information stored about an object is entirely contingent on conscious perception. We used a spatial-cuing paradigm, in which the cue was a color-singleton distractor rendered liminal by continuous flash suppression or brief exposure. When the cue matched the participant’s attentional set, it strongly captured attention whether it was subliminal or consciously perceived. In contrast, a nonmatching cue did not capture attention but instead produced a same-location cost, which was contingent on consciously perceiving the cue. Our findings demonstrate a dissociation between attention and conscious perception and unveil an important boundary condition of object-file updating.
The Experience of Japanese Adolescents and Young Adults After Losing Siblings to Childhood Cancer
Authors: Kamibeppu Kiyoko , Sato Iori , Hoshi Yasutaka
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to describe Japanese adolescents’ and young adults’ experiences after losing siblings to childhood cancer. A conceptual framework of the transition and analysis based on narrative method were adopted from qualitative data from 6 Japanese adolescents and young adults who had lost their siblings to childhood cancer. It was revealed that the participants’ psychological experience after the sibling’s death was directed by their perceptions of their mothers’ responses to bereavement. We also found that the psychological distance between participants and their mothers could be an important factor in enabling transition into mourning and in orienting the lost sibling in their mind. The stories obtained from these 6 participants were categorized into the following 3 types of narratives: “Mother in another world and the sibling who became a god,” “Return of the loving mother and the sibling as savior,” and “The poor mother and the sibling who needs my help to carry on her legacy.” This typology will serve as a framework for grief care and future research.
Capacity and Opportunity
Authors: Herron Marsha Dempsey , Martin Jim
Published: November 2014

This study examined the capacity and opportunity scores of 36 middle school students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) on the student version of the American Institutes for Research (AIR) Self-Determination Scale across three school engagement factors: grade point averages (GPA), school absences, and frequency of school disciplinary encounters. Poor grades, school absences, and frequency of disciplinary actions pose academic problems for middle school students with EBD. Three multiple regression models determined the predictive relationships between self-determination Capacity and Opportunity subscale scores and GPA, Absences, and Discipline. Higher capacity and opportunity scores predicted greater student GPA, fewer student absences, and fewer disciplinary encounters for students at school. Results of this study demonstrate the need for increased opportunities at school and home for students with EBD to learn and practice self-determination skills.
Hydroxybutyl Chitosan Polymer-Mediated CD133 Antibody Coating of Metallic Stents to Reduce Restenosis in a Porcine Model of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Li Jian , Zhang Qiuwang , Li Dan , An Yi , Kutryk Michael B. J.
Published: November 2014

Antibody-coated stents to capture circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for re-endothelialization appear to be a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease. Hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC), a linear polysaccharide made from shrimps and other crustacean shells, is biocompatible, nontoxic, and hydrophilic, making it ideal for biomedical applications. In this study, HBC was explored for the immobilization of anti-CD133 antibodies. We demonstrated that CD133 antibodies mediated by HBC were successfully coated on cobalt–chromium alloy discs and metal stents. The coating was homogeneous and smooth as shown by electronic microscopy analysis. Balloon expansion of coated stents did not cause cracking or peeling. The HBC discs promoted CD133+ EPCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cell growth in vitro. The CD133 antibody-coated but not bare discs bound CD133+ EPCs in vitro. Implantation of CD133 antibody-coated stents significantly inhibited intimal hyperplasia and reduced restenosis compared with implantation of bare stents in a porcine model of atherosclerosis. These findings suggest HBC is a valuable anchoring agent that can be applied for bioactive coating of stents and that CD133 antibody-coated stents might be a potential therapeutic alternative for the treatment of atherosclerotic disease.
An Ecological Process Model of Female Sex Offending
Authors: DeCou Christopher R. , Cole Trevor T. , Rowland Sarah E. , Kaplan Stephanie P. , Lynch Shannon M.
Published: November 2014

Female sex offenders may be implicated in up to one fifth of all sex crimes committed in the United States. Despite previous research findings that suggest unique patterns of offending among female sex offenders, limited empirical research has investigated the motivations and processes involved. The present study qualitatively examined female sex offenders’ offense-related experiences and characterized the internal and external factors that contributed to offending. Semi-structured interviews with 24 female sex offenders were analyzed by a team of coders with limited exposure to the existing literature using grounded theory analysis. A conceptual framework emerged representing distinctive processes for solo- and co-offending, contextualized within ecological layers of social and environmental influence. This model extends previous work by offering an example of nested vulnerabilities proximal to female sexual offending. Implications for future research, prevention, and treatment are discussed.
Financial Hardship, Unmet Medical Need, and Health Self-Efficacy Among African American Men
Authors: Tucker-Seeley Reginald D. , Mitchell Jamie A. , Shires Deirdre A. , Modlin Charles S.
Published: November 2014

Background. Health self-efficacy (the confidence to take care of one’s health) is a key component in ensuring that individuals are active partners in their health and health care. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between financial hardship and health self-efficacy among African American men and to determine if unmet medical need due to cost potentially mediates this association. Method. Cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from a convenience sample of African American men who attended a 1-day annual community health fair in Northeast Ohio ( N = 279). Modified Poisson regression models were estimated to obtain the relative risk of reporting low health self-efficacy. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, those reporting financial hardship were 2.91 times, RR = 2.91 (confidence interval [1.24, 6.83]; p < .05), more likely to report low health self-efficacy. When unmet medical need due to cost was added to the model, the association between financial hardship and low health self-efficacy was no longer statistically significant. Conclusion. Our results suggest that the association between financial hardship and health self-efficacy can be explained by unmet medical need due to cost. Possible intervention efforts among African American men with low financial resources should consider expanding clinical and community-based health assessments to capture financial hardship and unmet medical need due to cost as potential contributors to low health self-efficacy.
Occupational Stress, Job Satisfaction, and Affective Commitment to Policing Among Taiwanese Police Officers
Authors: Kuo Shih-Ya
Published: November 2014

Two principal questions were addressed in the study: (a) What factors contribute to police employees’ job satisfaction and affective commitment, and (b) does job satisfaction mediate the effect of occupational stressors on affective commitment. The data for the current study were from a large research study on police job satisfaction in Taiwan. The results reported that three stressors consistently contributed to explaining police officers’ job satisfaction and occupational commitment: officers’ relationships with their peers and with their supervisors, and their perceptions about the department’s promotion system. The results also demonstrated that job satisfaction partially mediated these three significant job stressors on occupational commitment among police officers. Based on the findings reported here, both clear implications for practice and useful suggestions for future research are set forth.
Pregnancy in a unilaterally ovariohysterectomised queen
Authors: Jurka Piotr , Kacprzak Kamil J , Degórska Beata
Published: November 2014

A 4-year-old female Russian Blue cat presented with signs of right-sided abdominal distension, anorexia and a mucoid vaginal discharge. On the basis of clinical and ultrasonographical findings a tentative diagnosis of uterine torsion was made. Exploratory coeliotomy revealed a 900º right uterine torsion along the longitudinal axis. Unilateral ovariohysterectomy was performed. Subsequently, the cat had two successful and uneventful pregnancies. To our knowledge this is the first case report of pregnancy in a unilaterally ovariohysterectomised queen.
A reflection on substantive equality jurisprudence
Authors: Broderick Andrea
Published: November 2014

In recent years, the European Court of Human Rights has begun to acknowledge the considerable disadvantage and discrimination that Roma and persons with disabilities face in society. The Court has characterised both Roma and disabled applicants as vulnerable and disadvantaged groups and has stated its intention to apply a strict standard of scrutiny to alleged violations of the rights of both groups. This contribution will analyse the standard of scrutiny adopted by the Court in the context of alleged claims of discriminatory treatment of Roma and disabled applicants. The essential question to be addressed by this article is whether the differential treatment in question is deemed to be justified (either required or allowed) by the Court and whether the Court’s case law relating to these two groups reflects a more substantive conception of equality capable of addressing the deep-seated structural inequalities faced by Roma and persons with disabilities in society. A related question to be addressed by this article is the extent to which the Court’s case law has been influenced by developments in the fields of European and international law, such as the Racial Equality Directive and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, among others. The influence (and potential influence) of European and international law can be seen in case law related to Roma education and also in recent disability equality case law. This article will analyse case law in these two areas.
Accessibility of services and discrimination
Authors: Liisberg Maria Ventegodt
Published: November 2014

Today, the field of accessibility to services for persons with disability is often exempted from protection against discrimination under European Union (EU) member states’ legislation, and it is still not regulated under EU legislation. This article argues that antidiscrimination law should apply to accessibility to services for persons with disabilities and discusses how lack of accessibility should be justified. This article proposes a model of three concentric circles for understanding when lack of accessibility to services amounts to discrimination on the grounds of disability. Lack of accessibility for persons with disabilities to a service may amount to discrimination on the grounds of disability (a) in all cases, (b) when it would have been reasonable to ensure accessibility, or (c) only when the service provider did not comply with accessibility standards. This article describes advantages and disadvantages of each of these approaches while drawing on examples of legislation and case law from international human rights law, EU law, Norway, and the United Kingdom. Disability discrimination law pioneers in the development of legally binding duties. The concept of reasonable accommodation for disability has gained great recognition in both international human rights law and national law. Anticipatory reasonable adjustment is a key concept in relation to accessibility to services and will no doubt gain recognition as more countries introduce protection against discrimination on the grounds of disability. The concept of reasonable adjustment is examined in this article. The article also seeks to examine whether statistical indicators exist to measure the practical consequences of adopting each of the three approaches described in the model of concentric circles on accessibility and discrimination. Unfortunately, the statistics which do exist are not conclusive.
Asking for help online: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans youth, self-harm and articulating the ‘failed’ self
Authors: McDermott Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

International evidence suggests that young people are less likely to seek help for mental health problems in comparison with adults. This study focused on lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans young people who are a population group with an elevated risk of suicide and self-harm, and little is known about their help-seeking behaviour. Utilising qualitative virtual methods, lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans youth web-based discussions about seeking help for suicidal feelings and self-harming were investigated. Findings from a thematic analysis indicate that these young people wanted assistance but found it difficult to (1) ask for help, (2) articulate emotional distress and (3) ‘tell’ their selves as ‘failed’. This analysis suggests that key to understanding these problems are emotions such as shame which arise from negotiating norms connected to heterosexuality, adolescence and rationality. I argue that these norms act to regulate what emotions it is possible to feel, what emotions it is possible to articulate and what type of young lives that can be told. The future development of health and social care interventions which aim to reduce lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans youth suicide and self-harm need to work with a nuanced understanding of the emotional life of young people if they are to be effective.
Health promotion viewed in a critical perspective
Authors: Mik-Meyer Nanna
Published: November 2014

The aim of this paper is to reflect critically on the current health promotion initiatives targeting overweight individuals in Western countries. The paper’s methodological approach is to draw on analytical findings from my and other sociologists’ empirical work on how the problems of overweight people are being defined in various settings in Denmark, England, Australia and the US. I try to illustrate how health promotion targeting overweight individuals can not only be seen as a project aimed at securing longer lives and fewer illnesses for people carrying excess fat but also a moral project that, in a more general sense, aims to tell people how they ought to live their lives. I link this moral aspect of health promotion to a) the medicalization tendency in current Western society (e.g. a growing pharmaceutical industry and its economic interest in transforming the human condition of being overweight into a treatable disorder) and b) the strong focus on individual risk today. One of the main arguments in the paper is that health in relation to overweight is primarily defined from a biomedical perspective that praises certain physical measurements of the body, as well as dominant societal values such as  self-responsibility and self-control, and that a combination of biomedicine and these dominating values can lead to health promotion becoming a problematic moral endeavour.
Sports clubs as settings for health promotion: Fundamentals and an overview to research
Authors: Kokko Sami
Published: November 2014

This paper explores the efficacy and value of sports clubs as a setting for health promotion. Sports clubs for children and adolescents are the primary focus of the paper, and the aims are two-fold. Aims: Firstly, the paper aims to review the basis for and elements of the health promoting sports club (HPSC) concept. Secondly, the aim is to overview the international evolution of the HPSC concept and its usefulness in the research. The settings-based health promotion approach forms the basis for the HPSC concept and it is introduced first. Thereafter, both obligating and prospecting factors, to justify the importance for sports clubs to address health promotion, are expressed. Major prospecting factors relate to the facts that sports club activities reach a lot of children and adolescents, and that its educational nature is informal due to voluntary participation. The paper also presents multilevel structure of sports clubs, as well as the determinants affecting the settings-based work. The research concerning health promotion in sports-related settings is evolving worldwide, and Nordic countries are in the front line of this new-wave of settings-based health promotion. Indeed, it has been claimed that, for the settings approach to assimilate to current societal challenges, there is a need to widen the reach of the approach to non-traditional, non-institutional settings, like sports clubs.
Is workplace health promotion research in the Nordic countries really on the right track?
Authors: Torp Steffen , Vinje Hege Forbech
Published: November 2014

Aims: The aims of this scoping review of research on workplace health promotion interventions in the Nordic countries were to investigate: how the studies defined health; whether the studies intended to change the workplace itself (the settings approach); and whether the research focus regarding their definitions of health and use of settings approaches has changed in the past five-year period versus previous times. Methods: Using scientific literature databases, we searched for intervention studies labelled as “health promotion” in an occupational setting in the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) published from 1986 to 2014. We identified 63 publications and qualitatively analysed their content regarding health outcomes and their use of settings approaches. Results: The reviewed studies focused primarily on preventing disease rather than promoting positive measures of health. In addition, most studies did not try to change the workplace but rather used the workplace as a convenient setting for reaching people to change their behaviour related to lifestyles and disease prevention. Participatory and non-participatory settings approaches to promote well-being and other positive health measures have been used to a minor degree. The recent studies’ definitions of health and use of settings approaches did not differ much from the studies published earlier. Conclusions: Workplace health promotion in the Nordic countries should more often include positive health measures and settings approaches in intervention research. It is important to anchor workplace health promotion among important stakeholders such as unions and employers by arguing that sustainable production is dependent on workers’ health.
Student estimations of peer alcohol consumption: Links between the Social Norms Approach and the Health Promoting University concept
Authors: Stock Christiane , Mcalaney John , Pischke Claudia , Vriesacker Bart , Van Hal Guido , Akvardar Yildiz , Orosova Olga , Kalina Ondrej , Guillen-Grima Francisco , Bewick Bridgette M
Published: November 2014

Background: The Social Norms Approach, with its focus on positive behaviour and its consensus orientation, is a health promotion intervention of relevance to the context of a Health Promoting University. In particular, the approach could assist with addressing excessive alcohol consumption. Aim: This article aims to discuss the link between the Social Norms Approach and the Health Promoting University, and analyse estimations of peer alcohol consumption among European university students. Methods: A total of 4392 students from universities in six European countries and Turkey were asked to report their own typical alcohol consumption per day and to estimate the same for their peers of same sex. Students were classified as accurate or inaccurate estimators of peer alcohol consumption. Socio-demographic factors and personal alcohol consumption were examined as predictors for an accurate estimation. Results: 72% of male and 51% of female students were identified as having accurate estimations about the amount of alcoholic drinks consumed per day by their peers. Male students, older students, those studying year 3 and above, and Turkish and Danish students were more likely to accurately estimate their peers’ alcohol consumption. Independent from these factors, students’ accurate estimation of peers’ drinking decreased significantly with increasing personal consumption. Conclusions: As accurate estimates of peer alcohol consumption appear to affect personal drinking behaviour positively, Social Norms interventions targeted at correcting possible misperceptions about peer alcohol use among students may be a useful health promotion tool in the context of a Health Promoting University.
Unintended effects in settings-based health promotion
Authors: Mittelmark Maurice B.
Published: November 2014

The settings-based approach to health promotion (HP) employs a social ecological (SE) framework to integrate HP into the usual activities of the setting and to increase the setting’s support for healthy choices. The SE approach calls for systems thinking to account for the inextricable relationship between people, their behaviour and their environment. Knowledge about a setting can be used to mobilise people to participate in HP, to optimise success by taking into account the local context, and to anticipate and avoid barriers to success. In other words, the SE approach aims to help HP reach its goals for better health, established in concert with community needs and wishes. Yet, the focus on HP goals may detract attention from how intervention may have unanticipated, and even untoward effects on the setting. There is much evidence from classical ecological research that well-meaning interventions have unintended effects. Biology is so tuned to the possibility that the study of unintended effects is integral to the field. There is some evidence – but much less - that HP also has unexpected, deleterious effects. The evidence is limited because of neglect; the subject of unintended effects is only of peripheral interest in HP. This is a call for a more robust SE approach, in which frameworks used to guide settings-based HP are augmented so as to be concerned with planned effects, and also unplanned effects. What can be done to more responsibly monitor, document and report the full panoply of our effects, including detecting and preventing untoward effects?
Home as a health promotion setting for older adults
Authors: Mahler Marianne , Sarvimäki Anneli , Clancy Anne , Stenbock-Hult Bettina , Simonsen Nina , Liveng Anne , Zidén Lena , Johannessen Aud , Hörder Helena
Published: November 2014

Background: The number and the proportion of older persons is growing in the Nordic Countries. The growth in the older population has a clear impact on the care system for older persons. One trend is to prioritise home care instead of care in institutions. Another trend is to emphasise preventive and health promotion care. As official guidelines in the Nordic countries state that home is the best place to grow old, it is essential that older persons keep their health and functional capacity in order to be able to live at home for as long as possible. As current policy emphasises living at home, home care, preventive work and health promotion it becomes essential to study the home as a health promotion setting. Objective: The aim of this study was to reach a new understanding of home as a health promotion setting for older persons. Study design: The method used was a literature reflection and analysis with a hermeneutical approach. Results: The results show that with increasing age the home environment becomes a crucial determinant for independence. The home environment supports the self as people age; it has associations with the past, can provide proximity to family, and a sense of being a part of neighbourhood life. Conclusions: Only by taking into consideration the meaning of home and the resources of the individual older person can home function as a true health promoting setting. If health personnel focus solely on risk prevention, they can neglect the perspectives of the older person, resulting in dis-empowerment not health promotion.
Academic practice–policy partnerships for health promotion research: Experiences from three research programs
Authors: Eriksson Charli C-G , Fredriksson Ingela , Fröding Karin , Geidne Susanna , Pettersson Camilla
Published: November 2014

Background: The development of knowledge for health promotion requires an effective mechanism for collaboration between academics, practitioners, and policymakers. The challenge is better to understand the dynamic and ever-changing context of the researcher–practitioner–policymaker–community relationship. Aims: The aims were to explore the factors that foster Academic Practice Policy (APP) partnerships, and to systematically and transparently to review three cases. Methods: Three partnerships were included: Power and Commitment–Alcohol and Drug Prevention by Non-Governmental Organizations in Sweden; Healthy City–Social Inclusion, Urban Governance, and Sustainable Welfare Development; and Empowering Families with Teenagers–Ideals and Reality in Karlskoga and Degerfors. The analysis includes searching for evidence for three hypotheses concerning contextual factors in multi-stakeholder collaboration, and the cumulative effects of partnership synergy. Results: APP partnerships emerge during different phases of research and development. Contextual factors are important; researchers need to be trusted by practitioners and politicians. During planning, it is important to involve the relevant partners. During the implementation phase, time is important. During data collection and capacity building, it is important to have shared objectives for and dialogues about research. Finally, dissemination needs to be integrated into any partnership. The links between process and outcomes in participatory research (PR) can be described by the theory of partnership synergy, which includes consideration of how PR can ensure culturally and logistically appropriate research, enhance recruitment capacity, and generate professional capacity and competence in stakeholder groups. Moreover, there are PR synergies over time. Conclusions: The fundamentals of a genuine partnership are communication, collaboration, shared visions, and willingness of all stakeholders to learn from one another.
Prediction of dynamic stresses using flexible multibody system algorithms: Application to tracked vehicle upper structure
Authors: Sasaki Takeshi , Shabana Ahmed A
Published: November 2014

The objective of this investigation is to develop a general procedure for predicting the dynamic stresses when the nonlinear floating frame of reference formulation is used to model flexible components in multibody system applications. The procedure utilizes the concept of the floating frame of reference intermediate finite element coordinate system and the general continuum mechanics approach to develop accurate definitions of the floating frame of reference kinematic equations that enter into the formulations of the strains. These general equations are used to design a computational algorithm for the calculation of the dynamic stresses. In order to demonstrate the use of the procedure developed in this investigation for the stress prediction, a tracked vehicle system is used as the study model. Taking into consideration the actual endurance test, a model for a bulldozer upper structure is developed using computer aided engineering solution framework which includes flexible multibody system algorithms. In order to obtain the dynamic stresses, the flexible structure of the tracked vehicle is modeled using Mindlin shell finite elements. The equations of motion are developed using the finite element/floating frame of reference formulation that allows for effectively reducing the number of degrees of freedom by neglecting high-frequency modes of vibration using component mode synthesis techniques. The stresses are obtained using a procedure that takes into consideration the dynamic coupling between the rigid body motion and the elastic deformations. The use of the general continuum mechanics theory to formulate the strain and stress equations allows for applying the procedure developed in this paper to other element types. Kinematic relationships are used to formulate several components and elements of the undercarriage including the idler cushion system and the maximum reverse angle. Numerical results are presented in order to demonstrate the use of the general floating frame of reference procedure in the stress analysis of the tracked vehicle undercarriage system.
Emitexts and Paratexts
Authors: Carter Marcus
Published: November 2014

In EVE Online, powerful alliances of thousands of players wage long war campaigns over in-game sovereignty, wealth, power, and status. The larger of these wars involve—two to three battles a day across multiple time zones demanding thousands of players and considerable in-game wealth. As with real wars, the morale of combatants plays a crucial role in the success of a campaign. In this article, I discuss the propaganda produced as a component of these wars and the crucial role that it plays in EVE’s virtual warfare. Leveraging broader Internet memes; “nerd” tropes; in-jokes; game history; and racial, cultural, and sexist stereotypes, these evocative images serve to bolster support and demoralize opponents. I argue that propaganda can be conceptualized as a form of paratext that emerges from within the game as part of play, rather than a peripheral industry that surrounds it. Consequently, I propose the term “emitext” to define this persuasive media.
Teaching Health in the 21st Century
Authors: Halbert Lee-Ann
Published: November 2014

School nurses have a broad scope of practice, including direct clinical care, as well as teaching health lessons. Students in the 21st century require educators who understand the current global needs of these learners. Effective health teaching meets these 21st-century needs. This article presents a background of 21st-century learning, with specific recommendations for teaching this generation of students.
Hand Awareness
Authors: Sawyer William P. , White Zandra
Published: November 2014

The concept of Hand Awareness affects a more comprehensive respiratory infection prevention plan than vaccine immunization alone, as most respiratory infections do not have a vaccine solution. Additionally, the resurgence of measles, mumps, and pertussis in those who have been vaccinated is a good reminder that we must improve our approach to respiratory infection prevention. Weak links exist in the vaccine production and administration chain. It is not the panacea we once hoped. Changing behavior, while very difficult, is critical in order to have a greater impact on reducing all respiratory infections. Hand Awareness is defined as an integrated approach of hand hygiene, respiratory etiquette, and cross-contamination awareness practices or, in lay terms, knowing where your hands are and what they are doing at all times. Teaching strategies and resources are explored to assist with student understanding and application of desired behaviors that will achieve the greatest impact of both student and staff productivity and wellness.
The role of observational studies in optimizing the clinical management of chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Mauro Michael J. , Davis Catherine , Zyczynski Teresa , Khoury H. Jean
Published: November 2014

Survival has increased dramatically for patients with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML) using BCR-ABL targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such that life expectancy is expected to approximate that of patients without CP-CML. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies provide valuable insights into the management of chronic diseases such as CP-CML. RCTs are undoubtedly the backbone of clinical research, and the ‘gold standard’ for evaluating the efficacy and safety of new therapies. However, many questions surrounding the optimal management of patients with CML remain unanswered, and it is widely accepted that these questions will be best answered by evaluating the use of available therapies in clinical practice. Observational studies can extend the knowledge base beyond the clinical trial setting and thus capture a more accurate picture of everyday clinical practice, particularly patients’ experiences of long-term CML treatment. There is therefore growing interest in and appreciation of the value of observational research. This review article will examine the relative merits of RCTs and observational studies in the setting of CML, highlighting those factors – such as the advancing age of the CML patient population and growing importance of patient-reported outcomes – that mean that observational studies should play an important role in shaping clinical practice. This article also provides an overview of what observational studies have told us thus far about the optimal management of patients with CML, outlines some of the key remaining unanswered clinical questions in CML, and summarizes ongoing observational studies designed to provide answers to these key questions.
Development of practice principles for the management of ongoing suicidal ideation in young people diagnosed with major depressive disorder
Authors: Rice Simon M , Simmons Magenta B , Bailey Alan P , Parker Alexandra G , Hetrick Sarah E , Davey Christopher G , Phelan Mark , Blaikie Simon , Edwards Jane
Published: November 2014

Objectives:

There is a lack of clear guidance regarding the management of ongoing suicidality in young people experiencing major depressive disorder. This study utilised an expert consensus approach in identifying practice principles to complement relevant clinical guidelines for the treatment of major depressive disorder in young people. The study also sought to outline a broad treatment framework for clinical intervention with young people experiencing ongoing suicidal ideation.

Methods:

In-depth focus groups were undertaken with a specialist multidisciplinary clinical team (the Youth Mood Clinic at Orygen Youth Health Clinical Program, Melbourne) working with young people aged 15–25 years experiencing ongoing suicidal ideation. Each focus group was audio recorded and transcribed verbatim using orthographic conventions. Principles of grounded theory and thematic analysis were used to analyse and code the resultant data.

Results:

The identified codes were subsequently synthesised into eight practice principles reflecting engagement and consistency of care, ongoing risk assessment and documentation, individualised crisis planning, engaging systems of support, engendering hopefulness, development of adaptive coping, management of acute risk, and consultation and supervision.

Conclusions:

The identified practice principles provide a broad management framework, and may assist to improve treatment consistency and clinical management of young people experiencing ongoing suicidal ideation. The practice principles may be of use to health professionals working within a team-based setting involved in the provision of care, even if peripherally, to young people with ongoing suicidal ideation. Findings address the lack of treatment consistency and shared terminology and may provide containment and guidance to multidisciplinary clinicians working with this at-risk group.
Effect of Zn interlayer on brazeability of AZ31B–Mg alloy to steel sheet
Authors: Nasiri A. M. , Zhou Y.
Published: November 2014

The brazeability of AZ31B–H24 magnesium alloy sheet to Zn electroplated, plain carbon steel sheet using an Mg–Al–Zn alloy filler metal and a diode laser heat source has been investigated. While the Zn coating promoted good wetting between the molten filler alloy and the steel sheet, it did not play a direct role in forming the final bond. Bonding between the magnesium alloy and the steel was facilitated by the formation of two transition layers. First, a nanoscale layer of FeAl3 phase formed on the surface of the steel by diffusion of Al from the Mg–Al–Zn brazing alloy into the steel. Upon further cooling, nucleation and growth of either α-Mg+MgZn eutectic phases or Mg2(Al,Zn)3 phase occurred on the FeAl3 surface layer.
Isothermal transformations in advanced high strength steels below martensite start temperature
Authors: Da Silva E. P. , De Knijf D. , Xu W. , Föjer C. , Houbaert Y. , Sietsma J. , Petrov R.
Published: November 2014

The transformation products in advanced high strength steels have been studied during the isothermal decomposition of austenite, subsequent to initial martensite formation. Rapid cooling to various temperatures below martensite start was carried out in a dilatometer with the intention to form controlled volume fractions of initial martensite and austenite, followed by isothermal holding. The transformation kinetics was monitored by means of dilatometry and microstructural characterisation by scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Hardness measurements of the resulting microstructures were analysed. The results revealed that the microstructures formed below MS are mainly composed of different fractions of tempered martensite, isothermal bainite with carbide precipitation and retained austenite.
Friction stir welding of aluminium hollow extrusion: Weld formation and mechanical properties
Authors: Wan L. , Huang Y. , Wang Y. , Lv S. , Feng J.
Published: November 2014

Novel friction stir welding (FSW) technique, characterised by big concave upper and small convex lower shoulders, for aluminium hollow extrusion was studied. Assisted with the lower shoulder, root flaws due to the lack of tool penetration have been eliminated. The tensile strength increased with increasing welding speed. As the welding speed increases from 50 to 200 mm min−1, the width of the welding nugget zone (WNZ) decreases, and the ductile fractured location occurred at WNZ instead of heat affected zone (HAZ) adjacent to thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ). The interface between the TMAZ and HAZ exhibited the lowest microhardness. The results indicated that the novel FSW method has the potential to join tubular structures and hollow profiles widely used in transportation industries.
Solid particle erosion behaviour of NiCrFeSiBC/Cr3C2 composite coatings – Part II
Authors: Singh Supreet , Kaur Manpreet
Published: November 2014

Solid particle erosion (SPE) has been recognised as a serious problem in thermal power plants. The fly ash particles entrained from the flue gases of boiler furnace in coal fired power station, collides with boiler steel component and causes extensive surface erosion. This work is focused on developing the high velocity oxy fuel (HVOF) sprayed composite coatings on a boiler steel namely SA210 Grade A1 and thereafter studying the SPE behaviour of the coatings. The combination of Ni alloy with chromium carbide was HVOF sprayed on the selected boiler steel. The study was conducted using an air jet erosion test rig at a velocity of 40 m s−1 and impingement angle of 30 and 90° on uncoated as well as coated boiler tube steel (GrA1) at room temperature. All samples in as sprayed as well as eroded conditions were analysed in detail by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses.
Coating formation, fracture mode and cavitation performance of Fe40Al deposited by cold gas spraying
Authors: Cinca N. , List A. , Gärtner F. , Guilemany J. M. , Klassen T.
Published: November 2014

The present study investigates the coating formation by cold spraying Fe–40 at.-%Al intermetallics and evaluates their cavitation performance. Coating properties identify them as good candidates for application in many industrial environments. Despite their low ductility, after optimising the spraying parameters, dense layers were achieved. Fracture surfaces after bending tests indicate a combination of ductile and brittle failure, revealing some information on bonding features. The high microstructural homogeneity of these coatings, similar to that of bulk materials, is beneficial for their resistance to cavitation damage. The high strength of cold sprayed intermetallics makes them an interesting alternative to other materials and coating solutions.
Diffusion and plasma oxidation mechanism of Fe–Al coatings
Authors: Lin Y. B. , Chen T. F. , Tao J. , Shen Y. Z. , Li H. G.
Published: November 2014

Al coatings were deposited using a pure Al target directly onto pure iron substrates at different temperatures by double glow discharge technique. Then, the Fe–Al coatings were plasma oxidised at 580°C. The results indicated that the aluminide layer was nanocrystalline with many crystal defects after the aluminising process. The oxidation kinetics showed a two-stage behaviour. The energetic O ions with higher driving force diffused into the coatings at the beginning of the oxidation. Then, O ions diffused via short circuit diffusion caused by the existence of large amounts of grain boundaries and crystal defects. After oxidation, α-Al2O3, γ-Al2O3 and Fe2O3 phases were detected. Large amount of voids filled with oxide ions were formed at the outermost aluminide layer owing to the different intrinsic diffusivities of Fe and Al.