bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oropharyngeal Penetrating Injuries in 50 Dogs: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Griffiths Leigh G. , Tiruneh Romaine , Sullivan Martin , Reid Stuart W.J.
Published: August 2002

Objectives— To summarize the presenting complaints and clinical signs associated with traumatic penetrating injuries to the canine oropharynx. To determine how the site of injury, causative agent, and duration of disease affect the presentation and clinical outcome of treatment.

Study Design— Retrospective study.

Sample Population— 50 client‐owned dogs.

Methods— The medical records of 50 dogs with oropharyngeal penetrating injuries referred to Glasgow University Veterinary Hospital (GUVH) between 1979–1999 were reviewed. Data regarding signalment, owners' presenting complaint, history, physical examination, radiographic and endoscopic findings, surgical findings, and outcome were recorded and compared with the GUVH population. Estimates of individual breed‐specific odds ratios were calculated. Outcome was evaluated by reexamination 6 weeks after surgery with recurrence of disease recorded as failure.

Results— Oropharyngeal injuries occurred most often in medium to large breed dogs. The majority of dogs presented with chronic disease (82%). The common findings on clinical examination were discharging sinus (72%) and swelling (70%). Acute cases typically presented with dysphagia and oral pain. The original site of injury was evident in only 34% of dogs, with the sublingual area the most frequently traumatized. The apparent cause of injury to the oropharynx was most commonly a piece of wood (72%). Other causes were metallic foreign bodies (3 dogs) and bones (2 dogs). In the remaining 9 dogs, the cause was not determined. The clinical signs resolved in all dogs that presented acutely compared with only 62% in dogs with chronic signs.

Conclusion— Medium to large breed dogs appear to be prone to oropharyngeal injuries caused mainly by wooden foreign bodies. This may be attributable to stick chewing or retrieving behavior in these animals.

Clinical Relevance— History of trauma, stick retrieval, submandibular/cervical swelling, and discharging sinus are commonly encountered in the presentation of this condition. The sublingual area was the most frequent portal of entry recorded, although in chronic cases the initial site of injury was often unclear. Radiography and endoscopy, while offering definitive diagnosis with positive findings, often provide false negative findings. Aggressive surgical debridement of all sinus tracts is essential in obtaining a successful result, but recovery of a foreign body is not necessarily a determinant of success.
Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cysts in the Dog
Authors: Anderson Davina M. , White Richard A.S.
Published: August 2002

Objective— To describe the clinical and morphologic characteristics of nasal dermoid sinus cysts in the dog.

Study design— Retrospective clinical study.

Animals— Six client‐owned dogs.

Methods— Medical records (1995 to 1999) of 6 dogs that had a discharging sinus in the midline of the nose removed surgically were reviewed for signalment, physical examination, surgical and histopathologic findings, and outcome.

Results— Three golden retrievers, 1 springer spaniel, 1 cocker spaniel, and 1 Brittany spaniel with a history of intermittent discharge from a small opening in the midline on the bridge of the nose at the junction between the nasal planum and the skin were identified. The condition was unresponsive to antibiotic therapy, and previous surgical excision had been unsuccessful in 3 dogs. None of the dogs had any other congenital defects, and all dogs responded to complete surgical excision of the tract and cyst. On histopathologic examination of excised tissue, there were adnexal structures along a tract lined with stratified squamous epithelium, consistent with a developmental abnormality of ectodermal tissue.

Conclusions— The lesions were diagnosed as nasal dermoid sinus cysts, similar to the congenital condition described in humans. Nasal dermoid sinus cysts are rare developmental defects related to abnormal development of the pre‐nasal space and may extend into the cranial vault causing cerebral abscesses or recurrent meningitis. Complete surgical excision has a good prognosis.

Clinical relevance— This is a new condition that should be added to the surgical differential diagnosis for a discharging sinus over the external nares in dogs.
The Mitochondrial Complex I: Progress in Understanding of Catalytic Properties
Authors: Vinogradov Andrei D. , Grivennikova Vera G.
Published: August 2002

Although the mitochondrial Complex I has been extensively studied for over 4 decades, its catalytic properties in mitochondria are poorly understood. This review summarizes the data on standard and nonstandard kinetic parameters of the enzyme. The slow interconversion between active and deactivated forms of the mammalian Complex I (A/D transition) is described. We discuss the potential relevance of this transition for the regulation of NADH oxidation by the respiratory chain under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Genome-Wide Protein Interaction Screens Reveal Functional Networks Involving Sm-Like Proteins
Authors: Fromont-Racine Micheline , Mayes Andrew E. , Brunet-Simon Adeline , Rain Jean-Christophe , Colley Alan , Dix Ian , Decourty Laurence , Joly Nicolas , Ricard Florence , Beggs Jean D. , Legrain Pierre
Published: August 2002

A set of seven structurally related Sm proteins forms the core of the snRNP particles containing the spliceosomal U1, U2, U4 and U5 snRNAs. A search of the genomic sequence ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaehas identified a number of open reading frames that potentially encode structurally similar proteins termed Lsm (L¯ike Sm¯) proteins. With the aim of analysing all possible interactions between the Lsm proteins and any protein encoded in the yeast genome, we performed exhaustive and iterative genomic two-hybrid screens, starting with the Lsm proteins as baits. Indeed, extensive interactions amongst eight Lsm proteins were found that suggest the existence of a Lsm complex or complexes. These Lsm interactions apparently involve the conserved Sm domain that also mediates interactions between the Sm proteins. The screens also reveal functionally significant interactions with splicing factors, in particular with Prp4 and Prp24, compatible with genetic studies and with the reported association of Lsm proteins with spliceosomal U6 and U4/U6 particles. In addition, interactions with proteins involved in mRNA turnover, such as Mrt1, Dcp1, Dcp2 and Xrn1, point to roles for Lsm complexes in distinct RNA metabolic processes, that are confirmed in independent functional studies. These results provide compelling evidence that two-hybrid screens yield functionally meaningful information about protein–protein interactions and can suggest functions for uncharacterized proteins, especially when they are performed on a genome-wide scale.
Electrochemical properties of octakis(hydroxyethylthio)-substituted phthalocyanines
Authors: ÖZKAYA A. R. , HAMURYUDAN E. , BAYIR Z. A. , BEKAROĞLU Ö.
Published: August 2002

Cyclic voltammetry of octakis(hydroxyethylthio)-substituted phthalocyanines with 2 H ( H 2 OHETPc ), Zn (II) ( Zn II OHETPc (−2)) and Co (II) ( Co II( OHETPc (−2)) in the phthalocyanine core has been investigated in dimethylsulfoxide ( DMSO ), and some of the results were evaluated together with their absorption spectra in the visible range. The redox processes due to both aggregated and non-aggregated species were observed on the voltammograms of phthalocyanines with Zn (II). The effect of chloride ion on the cyclic voltammetry of Co II OHETPc (−2) has been investigated in the DMSO / ClO 4− couple. The comparison of cyclic voltammetry for Co II OHETPc in the absence and presence of chloride ion showed that chloride ion does not bind to either Co (II) or Co (I) but does bind very strongly to Co (III). The detailed electrochemistry of Co II OHETPc (−2) was investigated in terms of the Co (I)/ Co (II) and Co (II)/ Co (III) redox couples, and various equilibria related to the species coordinated to Co (II) and Co (III) in the phthalocyanine core.
Ethical concerns relating to journal writing
Authors: English Leona M.
Published: August 2002

This chapter uses cases to explore ethical questions in journal writing and provides principles for using it in educational settings.
Critical and Postmodern Perspectives on Adult Learning
Authors: Kilgore Deborah W.
Published: August 2002

This chapter characterizes and compares knowledge, power, and learning in the critical and postmodern theoretical worldviews.
Memory awareness and schematization: learning in the university context
Authors: Herbert Debra M. B. , Burt Jennifer S.
Published: August 2002

Following the application of the remember/know paradigm to student learning by Conway et al. (1997), this study examined changes in learning and memory awareness of university students in a lecture course and a research methods course. The proposed shift from a dominance of ‘remember’ awareness in early learning to a dominance of ‘know’ awareness as learning progresses and schematization occurs was evident for the methods course but not for the lecture course. The patterns of remember and know awareness and proposed associated levels of schematization were supported by a separate measure of the quality of student learning using the SOLO (Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes) Taxonomy. As found by previous research, the remember‐to‐know shift and schematization of knowledge is dependent upon type of course and level of achievement. Findings are discussed in terms of the utility of the methodology used, the theoretical implications and the applications to educational practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coagulation changes in individuals with sickle cell trait
Authors: Westerman M.P. , Green D. , Gilman‐Sachs A. , Beaman K. , Freels S. , Boggio L. , Allen S. , Schlegel R. , Williamson P.
Published: August 2002

Sickle cell disorders, such as Hb SS and Hb SC, are associated with a hypercoagulable state that may contribute to the vaso‐occlusive episodes observed in the disorders. To what extent increased coagulation activity occurs in individuals with sickle cell trait has had limited study. Because such information may help clarify clinical and pathologic findings that may occur in these individuals and may be useful in clarifying the hypercoagulable state in sickle cell disease, we have examined individuals with Hb AS to determine the extent that increased coagulation activity does occur. We measured d‐dimers, thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complexes, prothrombin fragment 1.2 (F1.2), absolute blood monocyte levels, proteins C and S, and isotypes of antiphospholipid antibodies in individuals with Hb AS and in matched controls (Hb AA). Results showed that d‐dimers, TAT, and F1.2 were increased significantly above normal levels. Absolute blood monocyte levels were increased. The d‐dimers, TAT, F1.2, and monocyte counts showed significant increasing trends through groups of increasing severity (Hb AA, Hb AS, Hb SC, and Hb SS). Our study shows that individuals with Hb AS have increased coagulation activity, with d‐dimers, TAT, and F1.2 being consistent indicators. The measures of coagulation activity in Hb AS are lower than in patients with Hb SC and Hb SS disease. These results extend our previous observation that the degree of coagulation activation parallels the degree of disease severity among sickle cell genotypes. The findings suggest that monocytosis, with the possible expression of monocyte‐derived tissue factor, and the associated hypercoagulable state are driven by disease severity. Am. J. Hematol. 69:89–94, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of HIV infection on age and cause of death for persons with hemophilia A in the United States
Authors: Chorba Terence L. , Holman Robert C. , Clarke Matthew J. , Evatt Bruce L.
Published: August 2002

Because of changes in factor replacement therapy and in treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, we examined death record data for persons with hemophilia A in the United States to evaluate effects of HIV infection on age and causes of death. Multiple cause‐of‐death data from 1968 through 1998 were examined to assess death rates for persons with hemophilia A. ICD‐9 coded causes of death from 1979 through 1998 were examined to assess long‐term trends. From 1979 through 1998, 4,781 deaths among persons with hemophilia A were reported, of which 2,254 (47%) had HIV‐related disease listed as a cause of death. In the late 1980s, mortality among persons with hemophilia A increased markedly, and the age‐adjusted death rate peaked at 1.5 per 1,000,000 population in 1992. Median age at death decreased from 55 years in 1979–1982 to 40.5 years in 1987–1990, and increased to 46 years in 1995–1998. In the period 1995–1998, the median age of hemophilia A decedents with HIV‐related disease was 33 years, compared to 72 years for those without HIV‐related disease; the most frequently listed causes of death for those without HIV‐related disease were hemorrhagic and circulatory phenomena; the most frequently listed for those with HIV‐related disease were diseases of liver and the respiratory system. From 1995 to 1998, hemophilia A‐associated deaths decreased by 41%, with a 78% decrease among those who had HIV‐related disease. Although HIV infection has adversely effected mortality for persons with hemophilia A, the marked recent decrease in the death rate among persons with hemophilia A appears to reflect advances in care for those with HIV‐related disease and is consistent with a decline in HIV mortality observed in the general population. Am. J. Hematol. 66:229–240, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New methods and data sources for measuring economic consequences of workplace injuries
Authors: Reville Robert T. , Bhattacharya Jayanta , Sager Weinstein Lauren R.
Published: August 2002

Background

Evaluation of programs and policies to reduce the incidence of workplace injuries require that the consequences of injury are estimated correctly. Because workplace injuries are complex events, the availability of data that reflects this complexity is the largest obstacle to this estimation.

Methods

We review the literature on the consequences of workplace injuries for both workers and employers, focusing on data sources, particularly linked administrative data from different public agencies. We also review other approaches to obtaining data to examine workplace injuries, including public‐use longitudinal survey data, primary data collection, and linked employee‐employer databases. We make suggestions for future research.

Results

Recent advances in the literature on the economic consequences of workplace injuries for workers have been driven to a great extent by the availability of new data sources. Much remains unexplored. We find longitudinal survey databases including the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, and the Health and Retirement Survey, to be very promising though largely untapped sources of data on workplace injuries. We also find that linked employee‐employer databases are well suited for the study of consequences for employers.

Conclusions

We expect that new data sources should lead to rapid advances in our understanding of the economic consequences of workplace injuries for both workers and employers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 40:452–463, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic segregation analysis of recurrent, early‐onset major depression: Evidence for single major locus transmission
Authors: Maher Brion S. , Marazita Mary L. , Zubenko Wendy N. , Spiker Duane G. , Giles Donna E. , Kaplan Barry B. , Zubenko George S.
Published: August 2002

Coordinated efforts are now underway to identify susceptibility genes for unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and related disorders. These studies have focused on recurrent, early‐onset MDD (RE‐MDD), thought to be the most familial form of this disorder. The goal of this study was to conduct a complex segregation analysis of recurrent MDD and other major mood disorders aggregating in families identified by probands with RE‐MDD. Eighty‐one families were identified through probands over the age of 18 who met criteria for recurrent (≥ 2 episodes), early‐onset (≤ 25 years), nonpsychotic, unipolar MDD (RE‐MDD) and included 407 first‐degree relatives and 835 extended relatives. Psychiatric diagnoses for probands and their family members who provided blood samples were formulated from structured personal interviews, structured family history assessments, and available medical records. The remaining family members who participated and those who were deceased were evaluated through the family history method augmented by available medical records. Best‐estimate diagnoses were made during a consensus conference according to established diagnostic criteria. Segregation analyses were performed using the REGD routine in S.A.G.E. release 4.0. The segregation analysis of recurrent MDD supported a sex‐independent Mendelian codominant model. Analysis of major mood disorders supported a sex‐independent Mendelian dominant model. Interestingly, inclusion of spousal residual correlations provided better fitting models for recurrent MDD but not the broader phenotype of major mood disorders. Unlike unipolar MDD, the lifetime prevalence of bipolar I disorder in this sample of families did not exceed the reported population prevalence [Zubenko et al., 2001]. Our results suggest that a major locus contributes to the expression of recurrent MDD and possibly other major mood disorders within families identified by probands with RE‐MDD. Due to the limitations of the segregation analysis model, our results cannot address whether the same major locus is segregating across families in our sample or whether multiple major loci are involved (genetic heterogeneity). The absence of aggregation of bipolar I disorder in these families strongly suggests that while the genetic determinants of unipolar and bipolar disorders may overlap, they are not identical. Our findings illustrate the advantage of employing families identified by probands with RE‐MDD in studies designed to detect susceptibility loci for unipolar MDD and related disorders. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for common haplotypes on chromosome 22q in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder from the Faroe Islands
Authors: Jorgensen T.H. , Børglum A.D. , Mors O. , Wang A.G. , Pinaud M. , Flint T.J. , Dahl H.A. , Vang M. , Kruse T.A. , Ewald H.
Published: August 2002

Chromosome 22q may harbor risk genes for schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder. This is evidenced through genetic mapping studies, investigations of cytogenetic abnormalities, and direct examination of candidate genes. Patients with schizophrenia and bipolar affective disorder from the Faroe Islands were typed for 35 evenly distributed polymorphic markers on 22q in a search for shared risk genes in the two disorders. No single marker was strongly associated with either disease, but five two‐marker segments that cluster within two regions on the chromosome have haplotypes occurring with different frequencies in patients compared to controls. Two segments were of most interest when the results of the association tests were combined with the probabilities of identity by descent of single haplotypes. For bipolar patients, the strongest evidence for a candidate region harboring a risk gene was found at a segment of at least 1.1 cM including markers D22S1161 and D22S922 (P = 0.0081 in the test for association). Our results also support the a priori evidence of a susceptibility gene to schizophrenia at a segment of at least 0.45 cM including markers D22S279 and D22S276 (P = 0.0075). Patients were tested for the presence of a missense mutation in the WKL1 gene encoding a putative cation channel close to segment D22S1161–D22S922, which has been associated with schizophrenia. We did not find this mutation in schizophrenic or bipolar patients or the controls from the Faroe Islands. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glypican 1 gene: Good candidate for brachydactyly type E
Authors: Syrrou Maria , Keymolen Katelÿne , Devriendt Koen , Holvoet Maureen , Thoelen Reinhilde , Verhofstadt K. , Fryns Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2002

In this report, we describe two siblings, a brother and a sister, with mental retardation and limb abnormalities (brachymetacarpy and brachymetatarsy in the brother and clinodactyly in his sister). Fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) using subtelomeric probes proved that the patients carried an unbalanced subtelomeric rearrangement with 2qter deletion involving the Glypican 1 gene. Given the expression pattern in the developing limb bud, Glypican 1 gene represents a good candidate for brachydactyly E. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Examining for association between candidate gene polymorphisms in the dopamine pathway and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder: A family‐based study
Authors: Payton Antony , Holmes Jane , Barrett Jennifer H. , Hever Tracey , Fitzpatrick Helen , Trumper Anne L. , Harrington Richard , McGuffin Peter , O'Donovan Michael , Owen Michael , Ollier William , Worthington Jane , Thapar Anita
Published: August 2002

Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood‐onset psychiatric condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. The pathophysiology of ADHD is currently unknown. However, the therapeutic effects of stimulant medication together with findings from animal and neuroimaging studies as well as from several molecular genetic studies of the dopamine receptor D4 gene and dopamine transporter gene have implicated involvement of the dopaminergic system. To test the dopaminergic hypothesis further, we have looked for association between ADHD and alleles of seven dopamine‐related candidate genes using a family‐based association approach in a sample of 150 children diagnosed with ADHD. We tested polymorphisms in genes encoding three dopamine receptors (DRD3, DRD4, and DRD5) and four dopamine‐relevant enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase [tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)], dopamine beta hydroxylase (DβH), catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT), and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA). We were unable to detect a significant association with any of the polymorphisms genotyped, although there was a trend for preferential transmission of the DRD5 148 bp marker allele and the MAOA 122 bp marker allele. We conclude that none of the alleles we have tested makes a major contribution to ADHD, although much larger samples are required to exclude small effects. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tryptophan hydroxylase gene variant and smoking behavior
Authors: Lerman Caryn , Caporaso Neil E. , Bush Angelita , Zheng Yun‐Ling , Audrain Janet , Main David , Shields Peter G.
Published: August 2002

Approximately 50% of the variance in smoking behavior is attributable to genetic factors. Genes in the serotonin system are plausible candidates because of serotonin's role in mood regulation. The present study examined the association of smoking behavior with a polymorphism in the TPH gene, which codes for a rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin. A polymorphism in intron 7 has been linked with a variety of traits involving poor impulse control. Participants in this study were 249 Caucasian smokers and 202 nonsmokers recruited through newspaper advertisements. Smokers completed smoking history and nicotine dependence assessments. The overall frequencies of the A‐ and C‐allele were 42% and 58%, respectively. There was no association of TPH alleles with smoking status. However, case series analysis indicated that individuals with the A/A genotype started smoking at age 15.6 years, compared with 17.3 years among smokers with other genotypes. This association was significant in a multivariate regression model controlling for age, education, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, and medication use. This finding is consistent with previous studies relating the A‐allele to impulsive behavior and suggests that it may predispose to early smoking initiation. Future family‐based studies are needed to confirm this finding. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mantled howler population of Hacienda La Pacifica, Costa Rica, between 1991 and 1998: Effects of deforestation
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. , Crockett Carolyn M. , Zucker Evan L. , Zaldivar Maria
Published: August 2002

A survey of the mantled howler (Alouatta palliata) population on Hacienda La Pacifica, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, was done in July and August of 1998 to determine population parameters following deforestation due to major canal construction between 1990 and 1994. The survey was carried out in a manner identical to our 1991 survey and consisted of a single pass and two re‐surveys of all forested areas of the farm. As canal construction effectively increased fragmentation of the habitat, we predicted decreased population and group size over this time. Results indicated that between the 1991 and 1998 survey, group size decreased but not significantly, and there were significantly fewer adult males and adult females per group. Population size, however, remained unchanged as there was an increase in animals in the immature age classes. An increase in the infant to adult female ratio suggests a stable or even expanding population, which could represent recovery from the initial disturbance of deforestation. Thus, despite changes in the forest and land use patterns, the area now appears to support the same number of howlers as found in previous surveys. Am. J. Primatol. 56:155–163, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical genetic comparison of two techniques for assessing molar crown size in pedigreed baboons
Authors: Hlusko Leslea J. , Weiss Kenneth M. , Mahaney Michael C.
Published: August 2002

Dental anthropologists and paleoanthropologists commonly use an estimated molar crown area (mesiodistal length multiplied by buccolingual width) to describe and compare individuals, populations, and species. Advances in digital imaging now allow researchers to measure the actual crown area of a molar in an occlusal two‐dimensional plane. Because error is reduced by this more accurate measurement, actual crown area is thought to be a better representation of the mechanisms that determine tooth crown size, meriting the additional time required to collect it. We tested this assumption by estimating the heritability of both these measurements for the second left mandibular molar from a sample of individuals (n = 332) from a captive breeding colony of baboons.

Heritability estimates of both the actual and estimated crown areas of molars are approximately 0.83. Therefore, both measurements are informative as population descriptors, with no significant difference between the accuracy of either to reflect additive genetic contributions to molar crown size. This is fortunate, because genetic studies and inference can be based on estimated areas rather than actual crown area.

The heritability estimates for mesiodistal length and buccolingual width are both substantial but lower: ∼0.67 and ∼0.73, respectively. The best fitting models in these analyses show that sex, body size, and subspecific affinity differentially affect molar length and width. We interpret these results to suggest that potentially some of the genetics underlying these covariates also underlie tooth size. As such, measurements designed to describe molar crown size are useful for general descriptive purposes, but do not conform to the assumption of independence inherent in phylogenetic analyses, such as cladistics (Hennig [1966] Phylogenetic Systematics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press). Therefore, if variables like actual crown area and estimated crown area are to be used in phylogenetic parsimony analyses, we suggest that researchers account for the effects of covariates such as sex and body size in their analyses. Am J Phys Anthropol 117:182–189, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical energy oscillations of two brachiation gaits: Measurement and simulation
Authors: Bertram John E.A. , Chang Young‐Hui
Published: August 2002

How do arm‐swinging apes locomote effectively over a variety of speeds? One way to reduce the metabolic energy cost of locomotion is to transfer energy between reversible mechanical modes. In terrestrial animals, at least two transfer mechanisms have been identified: 1) a pendulum‐like mechanism for walking, with exchange between gravitational potential energy and translational kinetic energy, and 2) a spring‐like mechanism for running, where the elastic strain energy of stretched muscle and tendon is largely returned to reaccelerate the animal. At slower speeds, a brachiator will always have at least one limb in contact with the support, similar to the overlap of foot contact in bipedal walking. At faster speeds, brachiators exhibit an aerial phase, similar to that seen in bipedal running. Are there two distinct brachiation gaits even though the animal appears to simply swing beneath its overhead support? If so, are different exchange mechanisms employed? Our kinetic analysis of brachiation in a white‐handed gibbon (Hylobates lar) indicates that brachiation is indeed comprised of two mechanically distinct gaits. At slower speeds in “continuous contact” brachiation, the gibbon utilizes a simple pendulum‐like transfer of mechanical energy within each stride. At faster speeds in “ricochetal” brachiation, translational and rotational kinetic energy are exchanged in a novel “whip‐like” transfer. We propose that brachiators utilize the transfer between translational and rotational kinetic energy to control the dynamics of their swing. This maneuver may allow muscle action at the shoulder to control the transfer and adjust the ballistic portion of the step to meet the requirements for the next hand contact. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:319–326, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The WldS protein protects against axonal degeneration: A model of gene therapy for peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Wang Min Sheng , Fang Guofu , Culver Deborah G. , Davis Albert A. , Rich Mark M. , Glass Jonathan D.
Published: August 2002

The WldS mouse is a spontaneous mutant that is characterized by the phenotype of delayed degeneration of transected nerves (slow Wallerian degeneration). Molecular genetic analysis identified a mutation in this animal that codes for a unique protein expressed in brain tissue of WldS mice. We asked whether the WldS phenotype, in addition to delaying axonal degeneration after axotomy, might provide neuroprotection against toxic neuropathy. In dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures, neurites from WldS transiently exposed to vincristine not only resisted axonal degeneration but resumed growth after withdrawal of the toxin. Neurites from wild type mice died rapidly and did not recover. To prove that the identified mutation and its protein product are responsible for the WldS phenotype, we used an adenoviral gene transfer system to deliver the WldS to rat DRG neurons. Rat neurons expressing the WldS protein were resistant to vincristine‐induced axonal degeneration, confirming the functional significance of the identified gene mutation. These data provide evidence that the WldS protein can be neuroprotective against vincristine neuropathy, and possibly other disorders characterized by axonal degeneration. In addition, delivery of this gene to wild type cells can transfer the WldS phenotype, providing the possibility of “gene therapy” for peripheral neuropathy.
So near yet so far: Neglect in far or near space depends on tool use
Authors: Pegna Alan J. , Petit Leila , Caldara‐Schnetzer Anne‐Sarah , Khateb Asaid , Annoni Jean‐Marie , Sztajzel Roman , Landis Theodor
Published: August 2002

The study of unilateral spatial neglect has shown that space can be dissociated on a peripersonal versus extrapersonal basis. We report a novel type of dissociation based on tool use in a patient suffering from left neglect. Line bisection was carried out in near and far space, using a stick and a laser pointer. A rightward bias was always found for the former, but not for the latter. Neglect thus appears to be contingent not only on distance, but also on the motor action required by the task.
Role of Caspase‐1 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis: Evidence from pharmacologic Caspase inhibition and Caspase‐1‐deficient mice
Authors: Koedel Uwe , Winkler Frank , Angele Barbara , Fontana Adriano , Flavell Richard A. , Pfister Hans‐Walter
Published: August 2002

Caspase 1 plays a pivotal role in generating mature cytokine interleukin‐1β. Interleukin‐1β is implicated as a mediator of pneumococcal meningitis, both in experimental models and in humans. We demonstrated here that (1) Caspase 1 mRNA and protein expression is upregulated in the brain during experimental pneumococcal meningitis, and (2) Caspase 1 levels are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute bacterial meningitis. The upregulation/activation of Caspase 1 was associated with increased levels of interleukin‐1β. Depletion of the Caspase 1 gene and pharmacologic blockade of Caspase 1 significantly attenuated the meningitis‐induced increase in interleukin‐1β. This was paralleled by a significantly diminished inflammatory host response to pneumococci. The antiinflammatory effect of Caspase 1 depletion or blockade was associated with a marked reduction of meningitis‐induced intracranial complications, thus leading to an improved clinical status. In humans, cerebrospinal fluid Caspase 1 levels correlated with the clinical outcome. Thus, pharmacologic inhibition may provide an efficient adjuvant therapeutic strategy in this disease.
Brain white matter anatomy of tumor patients evaluated with diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Mori Susumu , Frederiksen Kim , van Zijl Peter C. M. , Stieltjes Bram , Kraut Michael A. , Solaiyappan Meiyappan , Pomper Martin G.
Published: August 2002

We applied multislice, whole‐brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to two patients with anaplastic astrocytoma. Data were analyzed using DTI‐based, color‐coded images and a 3‐D tract reconstruction technique for the study of altered white matter anatomy. Each tumor was near two major white matter tracts, namely, the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the corona radiata. Those tracts were identified using the color‐coded maps, and spatial relationships with the tumors were characterized. In one patient the tumor displaced adjacent white matter tracts, whereas in the other it infiltrated the superior longitudinal fasciclus without displacement of white matter. DTI provides new information regarding the detailed relationship between tumor growth and nearby white matter tracts, which may be useful for preoperative planning.
Thrombolysis induces cerebral hemorrhage in a mouse model of cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Winkler David T. , Biedermann Luc , Tolnay Markus , Allegrini Peter R. , Staufenbiel Matthias , Wiessner Christoph , Jucker Mathias
Published: August 2002

We studied the impact of cerebral amyloid angiopathy on tissue plasminogen activator‐induced cerebral hemorrhages in APP23 transgenic mice. Results show that the intravenous administration of tissue plasminogen activator in APP23 mice leads to an increase in cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐associated microhemorrhages and can provoke parenchymal and subarachnoidal hematomas. We conclude that cerebral amyloid angiopathy is a risk factor for cerebral hemorrhage caused by tissue plasminogen activator administration in mice and stress the need for more comprehensive studies of the relation between cerebral amyloid angiopathy and tissue plasminogen activator‐induced cerebral hemorrhages in elderly and Alzheimer's disease patients.
Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy‐russe: New autosomal recessive neuropathy in balkan gypsies
Authors: Thomas P. K. , Kalaydjieva Luba , Youl Brian , Rogers Tamara , Angelicheva Dora , King Rosalind H. M. , Guergueltcheva Velina , Colomer Jaume , Lupu Constantin , Corches Axinia , Popa Gabriela , Merlini Luciano , Shmarov Alex , Muddle John R. , Nourallah Michelle , Tournev Ivailo
Published: August 2002

A novel peripheral neuropathy of autosomal recessive inheritance has been identified in Balkan Gypsies and termed hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy‐Russe (HMSN‐R). We investigated 21 affected individuals from 10 families. Distal lower limb weakness began between the ages of 8 and 16 years, upper limb involvement beginning between 10 and 43 years, with an average of 22 years. This progressive disorder led to severe weakness of the lower limbs, generalized in the oldest subject (aged 57 years), and marked distal upper limb weakness. Prominent distal sensory loss involved all modalities, resulting in neuropathic joint degeneration in two instances. All patients showed foot deformity, and most showed hand deformity. Motor nerve conduction velocity was moderately reduced in the upper limbs but unobtainable in the legs. Sensory nerve action potentials were absent. There was loss of larger myelinated nerve fibers and profuse regenerative activity in the sural nerve. HMSN‐R is a new form of autosomal recessive inherited HMSN caused by a single founder mutation in a 1Mb interval on chromosome 10q.
Elevated corticotropin releasing hormone/corticotropin releasing hormone‐R1 expression in postmortem brain obtained from children with generalized epilepsy
Authors: Wang Wei , Dow Kimberly E. , Fraser Douglas D.
Published: August 2002

The corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) system has been suggested to initiate seizure activity in the developing brain. However, human data to support this theory is lacking. In this study, we have demonstrated that the expression of CRH, CRH‐binding protein, and CRH‐R1 (a CRH membrane receptor) were significantly elevated in cortical tissue obtained from 6 children with generalized epilepsy (mean age 8.2 ± 1.5 years) relative to age‐matched controls (mean age 7.8 ± 1.4 years). In contrast, no significant difference in the expression of CRH‐R2 was observed. The advent of CRH‐R1 receptor antagonists may prove useful as novel anticonvulsants.
Pick's disease associated with the novel Tau gene mutation K369I
Authors: Neumann Manuela , Schulz‐Schaeffer Walter , Crowther R. Anthony , Smith Michael J. , Spillantini Maria Grazia , Goedert Michel , Kretzschmar Hans A.
Published: August 2002

Exonic and intronic mutations in Tau cause neurodegenerative syndromes characterized by frontotemporal dementia and filamentous tau protein deposits. We describe a K369I missense mutation in exon 12 of Tau in a patient with a pathology typical of sporadic Pick's disease. The proband presented with severe personality changes, followed by loss of cognitive function. Detailed postmortem examination of the brain showed atrophy, which was most pronounced in the temporal lobes; and numerous tau‐immunoreactive Pick bodies and Pick cells in the neocortex and the hippocampal formation, as well as in subcortical brain regions. Their appearance and staining characteristics were indistinguishable from those of sporadic Pick's disease. However, immunoblot analysis of sarkosyl‐insoluble tau showed three major bands of 60, 64, and 68 kDa, consistent with the presence of 3‐ and 4‐repeat tau isoforms, as in Alzheimer's disease. Isolated tau filaments were irregularly twisted ribbons, with a small number of Alzheimer‐type paired helical filaments. In the presence of heparin, tau proteins with the K369I mutation formed short, slender filaments. Biochemically, recombinant tau proteins with the K369I mutation showed reduced ability to promote microtubule assembly, suggesting that this may be the primary effect of the mutation by providing a pool of aberrant tau for filament assembly. Taken together, the present findings indicate that the K369I mutation in Tau can cause a dementing disease with a neuropathology like that of Pick's disease.
Enteric bacteria may play a role in mammalian arsenic metabolism
Authors: Kuroda Koichi , Yoshida Kaoru , Yasukawa Akira , Wanibuchi Hideki , Fukushima Shoji , Endo Ginji
Published: August 2002

The cecal content of rats administered dimethylarsinic acid for 6 months via drinking water was cultured in GAM medium with 10 mg l−1 of dimethylarsinic acid. Arsenic compounds in the culture were analyzed by ion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (IC–ICP‐MS). Dimethylarsinic acid was metabolized. Two bacterial Escherichia coli strains, A3‐4 and A3‐6, were isolated from the culture. These strains metabolized dimethylarsinic acid and yielded two unidentified arsenic compounds, M‐2 and M‐3. A3‐6 methylated dimethylarsinic acid to trimethylarsine oxide. Both strains metabolized trimethylarsine oxide and yielded an unidentified arsenic compound, M‐1. These unknown arsenic compounds were the same compounds as detected in the urine and the feces of rats administered dimethylarsinic acid. The strains reduced arsenate to arsenite efficiently. Cysteine was required for metabolism of dimethylarsinic acid by these bacteria, but glutathione was not required. These results strongly suggested that the intestinal bacteria have a different arsenic metabolism from that in mammals and that they may play a possible role in mammalian arsenic metabolism. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arsenic compounds in leaves and roots of radish grown in soil treated by arsenite, arsenate and dimethylarsinic acid
Authors: Tlustoš Pavel , Goessler Walter , Száková Jir̆ina , Balík Jir̆i
Published: August 2002

The effect of arsenite [arsenic(III)], arsenate [arsenic(V)] and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on the growth of radish and the concentration of arsenic compounds in the roots and leaves of radish were investigated. Radish was grown in pots on Luvisols individually amended with arsenic concentrations of 20 mg kg−1 in the form of arsenic(III), arsenic(V), and DMA. In untreated soil, arsenate was the dominant arsenic compound; arsenite and DMA were also present. Arsenic(III) added to the soil was oxidized to arsenic(V), so that no differences between arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) soil treatments were observed. On DMA treatment, this compound remained in soil in high concentration in soluble and plant‐available states, and the sum of arsenic(III), arsenic(V) and methylarsonic acid (MA) reached only 30% of water‐extractable arsenic content. A low portion of soil arsenic added as DMA was immobilized, via adsorption, compared with inorganic compounds. Arsenic(III) was the dominant compound in radish roots planted in the untreated soil, whereas in leaves most of the arsenic present was arsenic(V). DMA was also detected in both plant tissues. A similar distribution of arsenic compounds was also found on arsenic(III) and arsenic(V) treatments. On DMA treatment, this compound showed high stability and the DMA concentration exceeded the sum of the remaining arsenic compounds [arsenic(III), arsenic(V) and MA] in both roots and leaves of radish. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium(II) acetate catalyzed efficient synthesis of N‐aryl‐α,β‐unsaturated amides via carbonylative addition of aniline derivatives to aromatic alkynes
Authors: Ali Bassam El , Tijani Jimoh , El‐Ghanam Abdel Moneim
Published: August 2002

A series of new N‐aryl‐α,β‐disubstituted amides (gem or E1; trans or E2) were synthesized in good yields by carbonylative addition of aniline derivatives 1a–f to aromatic alkynes 2a,b catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2 and 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane. The catalytic synthesis of tertiary α,β‐unsaturated amides was also successfully achieved. Traces of products were observed in the absence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid used as an additive. The reaction is sensitive to the type of phosphine ligand and solvent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogels for oral drug delivery of peptides: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Bajpai S. K. , Sonkusley J.
Published: August 2002

In this study hydrogels were synthesized by the copolymerization of acrylamide and itaconic acid in the presence of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone) in an aqueous medium. The incorporation of a small amount of itaconic acid resulted in the transition of the swelling behavior from Fickian to non‐Fickian. The hydrogels showed good response to the valency of the counterions and pH of the swelling media. The equilibrium water uptake increased with the pH of the external solution, thus attaining a maximum value at pH 7–8. The gels exhibited a number of deswelling–swelling cycles while maintaining mechanical strength and shape stability. The amount of itaconic acid present in the system affected the swelling behavior of the hydrogels in a rather unusual way. At pH 2.0 the equilibrium water uptake increased with the amount of acid monomer up to 15 mM, remained almost constant for a very small range of concentrations (i.e., up to 22 mM), and then finally decreased with the further increase of the acid content. However, a continuous increase was observed at the pH 7.0 of the swelling media. The hydrogels showed very poor temperature dependency and the activation energies for the samples with and without itaconic acid were 29.09 and 19.92 kJ mol−1, respectively. Finally, the swelling and deswelling processes were explained on the basis of two different mechanisms that were followed by the gels. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 1717–1729, 2002
Study on the adsorption properties of novel crown ether crosslinked chitosan for metal ions
Authors: Wan Lili , Wang Yuting , Qian Shahua
Published: August 2002

We first synthesized N‐benzylidene chitosan (CTB) by the reaction of benzaldehyde with chitosan (CTS). Chitosan‐dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 crown ether bearing Schiff‐base group (CTBD) and chitosan‐dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 crown ether (CTSD) were prepared by the reaction of 4,4′‐dibromodibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 crown ether with CTB and CTS, respectively. Their structures were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis and X‐ray powder diffraction analysis. These novel crown ether crosslinked CTSs have space net structures with embedded crown ethers and contain the double structures and properties of CTS and crown ethers. They have stronger complexation with and better selectivity for metal ions than corresponding crown ethers and CTS. Moreover, these novel CTS derivatives can be used to separate and preconcentrate heavy or precious metal ions in aqueous environments. From this practical viewpoint, we studied the adsorption and selectivity properties of CTB, CTBD, and CTSD for Ag+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Ni2+. The experimental results showed that CTBD had better adsorption properties and higher selectivity for metal ions than CTSD. For aqueous systems containing Pb2+–Ni2+ and Pb2+–Cu2+, the selectivity coefficients of CTSD and CTBD were K/Ni2+ = 24.4 and K/Cu2+ = 41.4 and K/Ni2+ = 35.5 and K/Cu2+ = 55.3, respectively. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 29–34, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10180
Surface modification of coir fibers. II. Cu(II)‐ IO initiated graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile onto chemically modified coir fibers
Authors: Rout J. , Misra M. , Tripathy S. S. , Nayak S. K. , Mohanty A. K.
Published: August 2002

A study of the graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN) onto chemically modified coir fibers was carried out using a CuSO4 and NaIO4 combination as the initiator in an aqueous medium in a temperature range of 50–70°C. The graft yield was influenced by the reaction time, temperature, concentration of CuSO4, concentration of NaIO4, and monomer concentration. Grafting was also carried out in the presence of inorganic salts and organic solvents. A combination of copper(II) and sodium periodate (Cu2+‐IO) in an aqueous medium with an IO concentration of 0.005 mol L−1 and a Cu2+ concentration of 0.004 mol L−1 produced optimum grafting. The chemically modified and AN grafted fibers were characterized by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM studies revealed that grafting not only takes place on the surface of the fibers but also penetrates the fiber matrix. The tensile properties like the maximum stress at break and extension at break of untreated, chemically modified, and AN grafted coir fibers were evaluated and compared. The extent of absorption of water of untreated, chemically modified, and grafted coir fibers was determined. It was found that grafting of AN imparts hydrophobicity onto coir fibers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 75–82, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10221