bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calnexin Silencing in Mouse Neonatal Cardiomyocytes Induces Ca2+ Cycling Defects, ER Stress, and Apoptosis
Authors: Bousette Nicolas , Abbasi Cynthia , Chis Roxana , Gramolini Anthony O.
Published: August 2013

Calnexin (CNX) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) quality control chaperone that has been implicated in ER stress. ER stress is a prominent pathological feature of various pathologic conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. However, the role of CNX and ER stress has not been studied in the heart. In the present study, we aimed to characterize the role of CNX in cardiomyocyte physiology with respect to ER stress, apoptosis, and cardiomyocyte Ca2+ cycling. We demonstrated significantly decreased CNX mRNA and protein levels by LentiVector mediated transduction of targeting shRNAs. CNX silenced cardiomyocytes exhibited ER stress as evidenced by increased GRP78 and ATF6 protein levels, increased levels of spliced XBP1 mRNA, ASK‐1, ERO1a, and CHOP mRNA levels. CNX silencing also led to significant activation of caspases‐3 and ‐9. This activation of caspases was associated with hallmark morphological features of apoptosis including loss of sarcomeric organization and nuclear integrity. Ca2+ imaging in live cells showed that CNX silencing resulted in Ca2+ transients with significantly larger amplitudes but decreased frequency and Ca2+ uptake rates in the basal state. Interestingly, 5 mM caffeine stimulated Ca2+ transients were similar between control and CNX silenced cardiomyocytes. Finally, we demonstrated that CNX silencing induced the expression of the L‐type voltage dependent calcium channel (CAV1.2) but reduced the expression of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA2a). In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate CNX has a specific role in cardiomyocyte viability and Ca2+ cycling through its effects on ER stress, apoptosis and Ca2+ channel expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 229: 374–383, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new calibration of seismic velocities, anisotropy, fabrics, and elastic moduli of amphibole‐rich rocks
Authors: Ji Shaocheng , Shao Tongbin , Michibayashi Katsuyoshi , Long Changxing , Wang Qian , Kondo Yosuke , Zhao Weihua , Wang Hongcai , Salisbury Matthew H.
Published: August 2013

A large portion of the middle to lower crust beneath the continents and oceanic island arcs consists of amphibolites dominated by hornblende and plagioclase. We have measured P and S wave velocities (Vp and Vs) and anisotropy of 17 amphibole‐rich rock samples containing 34–80 vol % amphibole at hydrostatic pressures (P) up to 650 MPa. Combined petrophysical and geochemical analyses provide a new calibration for mean density, average major element contents, mean Vp‐P and Vs‐P coefficients, intrinsic Vp and Vs anisotropy, Poisson's ratios, the logarithmic ratio Rs/p, and elastic moduli of amphibole‐rich rocks. The Vp values decrease with increasing SiO2 and Na2O + K2O contents but increase with increasing MgO and CaO contents. The maximum (≤0.38–0.40 km/s) and minimum S wave birefringence values occur generally in the propagation direction parallel to Y and normal to foliation, respectively. Amphibole plays a critical role in the formation of seismic anisotropy, whereas the presence of plagioclase, quartz, pyroxene, and garnet diminishes the anisotropy induced by amphibole crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs). The CPO variations cause different anisotropy patterns illustrated in the Flinn diagram of Vp(X)/Vp(Y)‐Vp(Y)/Vp(Z) plots. The results make it possible to distinguish, in terms of seismic properties, the amphibolites from other categories of lithology such as granite‐granodiorite, diorite, gabbro‐diabase, felsic gneiss, mafic gneiss, eclogite, and peridotite within the Earth's crust. Hence, amphibole, aligned by dislocation creep, anisotropic growth, or rigid‐body rotation, is the most important contributor to the seismic anisotropy of the deep crust beneath the continents and oceanic island arcs, which contains rather little phyllosilicates such as mica or chlorite.
Radiative characteristics of nonspherical particles based on a particle superposition model
Authors: Huang Yong , Zhao Rong , Li Wen
Published: August 2013

A particle superposition model combined with a Monte Carlo ray tracing method, which is used to study the radiative characteristics of large nonspherical particles, is proposed. The goal of the model is to provide a new approach that not only allows the modeling of large irregular particles of arbitrary shape but also possesses a clear and systematic basic structure that is easy to program. A detailed flow chart and algorithm description are provided in the paper. The data characteristics of four types of irregular particles were calculated and analyzed. The comparison showed that this particle superposition model can be used to calculate the radiative properties of large irregular particles with good accuracy, while at the same time remaining general and extendable to many applications, thus providing a new way to study nonspherical particles.
A study on the use of radar and lidar for characterizing ultragiant aerosol
Authors: Madonna F. , Amodeo A. , D'Amico G. , Pappalardo G.
Published: August 2013

From 19 April to 19 May 2010, volcanic aerosol layers originating from the Eyjafjallajökull volcano were observed at the Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis of the National Research Council of Italy Atmospheric Observatory, named CIAO (40.60°N, 15.72°E, 760 m above sea level), in Southern Italy with a multiwavelength Raman lidar. During this period, ultragiant aerosols were also observed at CIAO using a colocated 8.45 mm wavelength Doppler radar. The Ka‐band radar signatures observed in four separate days (19 April and 7, 10, and 13 May) are consistent with the observation of nonspherical ultragiant aerosols characterized by values of linear depolarization ratio (LDR) higher than –4 dB. Air mass back trajectory analysis suggests a volcanic origin of the ultragiant aerosols observed by the radar. The observed values of the radar reflectivity (Ze) are consistent with a particle effective radius (r) larger than 50–75 µm. Scattering simulations based on the T‐matrix approach show that the high LDR values can be explained if the observed particles have an absolute aspect ratio larger than 3.0 and consist of an internal aerosol core and external ice shell, with a variable radius ratio ranging between 0.2 and 0.7 depending on the shape and aspect ratio. Comparisons between daytime vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter coefficient (β) as measured by lidar and radar LDR reveal a decrease of β where ultragiant particles are observed. Scattering simulations based on Mie theory show how the lidar capability in typing ultragiant aerosols could be limited by low number concentrations or by the presence of an external ice shell covering the aerosol particles. Preferential vertical alignment of the particles is discussed as another possible reason for the decrease of β.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: molecular cloning of several recombinant DNase monoclonal kappa light chains with different catalytic properties
Authors: Botvinovskaya Alina V. , Kostrikina Irina A. , Buneva Valentina N. , Nevinsky Georgy A.
Published: August 2013

An immunoglobulin light chain phagemid library derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes of three patients with systemic lupus erythematosus was used. Phage particles displaying DNA binding light chains were isolated by affinity chromatography on DNA‐cellulose, and the fraction eluted by an acidic buffer (pH 2.6) was used for preparation of individual monoclonal light chains (MLChs, 28 kDa). Thirty three of 687 individual colonies obtained were randomly chosen for study of MLCh DNase activity. Nineteen of 33 clones contained MLChs with DNase activity. Four preparations of MLChs were expressed in Escherichia coli in soluble form, purified by metal chelating chromatography followed by gel filtration, and studied in detail. Detection of DNase activity after SDS‐PAGE in a gel containing DNA demonstrated that the four MLChs are not contaminated by canonical DNases. The MLChs demonstrated one or two pH optima. They were inactive after the dialysis against ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid but could be activated by several externally added metal ions; the ratio of relative activity in the presence of Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Co2+ was individual for each MLCh preparation. K+ and Na+ inhibited the DNase activity of various MLChs at different concentrations. Hydrolysis of DNA by all four MLCh was saturable and consistent with Michaelis–Menten kinetics. These clones are the first examples of recombinant MLChs possessing high affinity for DNA (Km = 3–9 nM) and demonstrating high kcat values (3.4–6.9 min−1). These observations suggest that the systemic lupus erythematosus light chain repertoire can serve as a source of new types of DNases. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of human immunoglobulin G adsorption onto immobilized Cu(II) affinity hollow‐fiber membranes
Authors: Borsoi‐Ribeiro Mariana , Bresolin Igor Tadeu Lazzarotto , Vijayalakshmi Mookambeswaran , Bueno Sônia Maria Alves
Published: August 2013

Iminodiacetic acid (IDA) and tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (TREN) chelating ligands were immobilized on poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) (PEVA) hollow‐fiber membranes after activation with epichlorohydrin or butanediol diglycidyl ether (bisoxirane). The affinity membranes complexed with Cu(II) were evaluated for adsorption of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The effects of matrix activation and buffer system on adsorption of IgG were studied. Isotherms of batch IgG adsorption onto finely cut membranes showed that neither of the chelates, IDA‐Cu(II) or TREN‐Cu(II), had a Langmuirean behavior with negative cooperativity for IgG binding. A comparison of equilibrium and dynamic maximum capacities showed that the dynamic capacity for a mini‐cartridge in a cross‐flow filtration mode (52.5 and 298.4 mg g−1 dry weight for PEVA‐TREN‐Cu(II) and PEVA‐IDA‐Cu(II), respectively) was somewhat higher than the equilibrium capacity (9.2 and 73.3 mg g−1 dry weight for PEVA‐TREN‐Cu(II) and PEVA‐IDA‐Cu(II), respectively). When mini‐cartridges were used, the dynamic adsorption capacity of IDA‐Cu(II) was the same for both mini‐cartridge and agarose gel. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycol Chitosan‐Based Nanogel as a Potential Targetable Carrier for siRNA
Authors: Pereira Paula , Morgado Daniela , Crepet Agnès , David Laurent , Gama Francisco M.
Published: August 2013

A self‐assembled glycol chitosan nanogel (GC) is synthesized by chemically grafting hydrophobic chains onto a polysaccharide, which is comprehensively characterized. The obtained macromolecular micelle is decorated with folate‐conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (GCFA). An average size distribution of 250 and 200 nm is observed, respectively for the GC and GCFA nanogels. Differential cell localization is observed on incubating the materials with HeLa cells. Whereas the GC nanogel is detected on the cell surface, GCFA is localized in the cytoplasm. The cell viability is not compromised by the nanogels. Interestingly, GC nanogel is poorly internalized by bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs), and GCFA is not phagocytosed. Given its ability to complex siRNA, the targetable GC nanogel can be a promising vehicle for siRNA delivery.
Controlled Microstructuring of Janus Particles Based on a Multifunctional Poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Sokolovskaya Ekaterina , Yoon Jaewon , Misra Asish C. , Bräse Stefan , Lahann Jörg
Published: August 2013

A novel water insoluble, multifunctional poly(ethylene glycol), poly(hydrazide ethylene glycol‐co‐benzyl glycidyl ether) (P(HZ‐co‐BnGE)), is synthesized via thiol‐ene click reaction of poly(allyl glycidyl ether‐co‐benzyl glycidyl ether) (P(AGE‐co‐BnGE)). The base polymer P(AGE‐co‐BnGE) is previously prepared by anionic ring‐opening copolymerization of the corresponding monomers. To demonstrate utility, bicompartmental microspheres and microcylinders containing P(HZ‐co‐BnGE) in one of the compartments are prepared via electrohydrodynamic (EHD) co‐jetting. Next, spatially controlled surface reactivity toward sugars is demonstrated by selective binding of 2α‐mannobiose to the P(HZ‐co‐BnGE) compartment only, as confirmed by a carbohydrate‐lectin‐binding assay. These sugar‐reactive hydrazide‐presenting microparticles have potential applications for glyco‐targeted drug delivery.

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A Rocket‐Like Encapsulation and Delivery System with Two‐Stage Booster Layers: pH‐Responsive Poly(methacrylic acid)/Poly(ethylene glycol) Complex‐Coated Hollow Silica Vesicles
Authors: Lay Chee Leng , Kumar Jatin N. , Liu Connie K. , Lu Xuehong , Liu Ye
Published: August 2013

Rocket‐like vesicles formed are composed of poly(acrylic aicd) (PMAA )/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) complex coated hollow silica spheres, and the structure and composition of the vesicles are characterized using TGA, 1H NMR, FTIR, and TEM. Although only one‐third of EG units of PEG brushes grafted to hollow silica spheres form the complex with PMAA via hydrogen bonding, the first “booster” layer composed of PMAA/PEG complex can provide secure encapsulation of model compound calcein blue under an acidic condition. The second “booster” layer composed of PEG brushes can be formed by changing acidic pH to 7.4 through the disassociation of the PMAA/PEG complex. A higher molecular weight PMAA exhibits a faster disassembly due to the formation of a looser PMAA/PEG complex on the surfaces of hollow silica spheres.

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Immunity protein release from a cell‐bound nuclease colicin complex requires global conformational rearrangement
Authors: Vankemmelbeke Mireille , Housden Nicholas G. , James Richard , Kleanthous Colin , Penfold Christopher N.
Published: August 2013

Nuclease colicins bind their target receptor BtuB in the outer membrane of sensitive Escherichia coli cells in the form of a high‐affinity complex with their cognate immunity proteins. The release of the immunity protein from the colicin complex is a prerequisite for cell entry of the colicin and occurs via a process that is still relatively poorly understood. We have previously shown that an energy input in the form of the cytoplasmic membrane proton motive force is required to promote immunity protein (Im9) release from the colicin E9/Im9 complex and colicin cell entry. We report here that engineering rigidity in the structured part of the colicin translocation domain via the introduction of disulfide bonds prevents immunity protein release from the colicin complex. Reduction of the disulfide bond by the addition of DTT leads to immunity protein release and resumption of activity. Similarly, the introduction of a disulfide bond in the DNase domain previously shown to abolish channel formation in planar bilayers also prevented immunity protein release. Importantly, all disulfide bonds, in the translocation as well as the DNase domain, also abolished the biological activity of the Im9‐free colicin E9, the reduction of which led to a resumption of activity. Our results show, for the first time, that conformational flexibility in the structured translocation and DNase domains of a nuclease colicin is essential for immunity protein release, providing further evidence for the hypothesis that global structural rearrangement of the colicin molecule is required for disassembly of this high‐affinity toxin‐immunity protein complex prior to outer membrane translocation.
Imaging EGFR and HER2 by PET and SPECT: A Review
Authors: Corcoran Emily B. , Hanson Robert N.
Published: August 2013

In an effort to discover a noninvasive method for predicting which cancer patients will benefit from therapy targeting the EGFR and HER2 proteins, a large body of the research has been conducted toward the development of PET and SPECT imaging agents, which selectively target these receptors. We provide a general overview of the advances made toward imaging EGFR and HER2, detailing the investigation of PET and SPECT imaging agents ranging in size from small molecules to monoclonal antibodies.
Histological evaluation of a free medial femoral condyle flap at 21 months
Authors: Brown Benjamin J. , Higgins James P. , Katz Ryan D.
Published: August 2013

Recalcitrant nonunions typically require vascularized bone for reconstruction. In this report, we present a case of an index finger middle phalanx nonunion that was successfully treated with a free medial femoral condyle corticocancellous flap. Nearly 2 years after the free tissue transfer, the patient underwent debulking of the bone flap. This gave us the unique opportunity to examine the histology of the vascularized bone. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 33:567–571, 2013.
Interrelationships among genetic C677T polymorphism of 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, biochemical folate status, and lymphocytic p53 oxidative damage in association with tumor malignancy and survivals of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kuo Chang‐Sheng , Huang Chi‐Yun , Kuo Hsing‐Tao , Cheng Chin‐Pao , Chen Chien‐Hung , Lu Chin‐Li , Yang Feili‐Lo , Syu Huang Rwei‐Fen
Published: August 2013

Scope

Metabolic genotypes of 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and folate status on oxidative DNA lesions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been elucidated. The aims of the study were to investigate the folate‐polymorphic interactions on genetic oxidative damage in association with advanced HCC malignancy and prognosis.

Methods and results

The study included 232 HCC patients with folate nutrition, MTHFR C677T polymorphic, p53 genetic and tumour pathological data collected and analyzed for their survivals after a 7.8‐years following up. By adjustment for oxidative risk factors of HCC, the compound CT and TT genotypes in relative to the CC wild‐type were associated with 83% reduced lymphocytic p53 oxidative lesions of HCC patients with RBC folate lower than 688 ng/mL (OR: 0.17, 95%CI: 0.07–0.43). Such genetic protective effects by the CT/TT genotypes were 2‐fold enhanced among those with high RBC folate (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03–0.21, P for interaction < 0.001). For those with non‐folate‐deficient status, the compound CT and TT vs. CC genotypes were associated with 80% reduced risks of advanced HCC stages (III&IV) (OR: 0.2, 95%CI: 0.08–0.56). Such protection was negated either by adjustment of lymphocytic p53 oxidative lesions or by 3‐fold increased risks among those with high RBC status (OR: 0.6, 95%CI; 0.31–1.41, P for interaction = 0.009). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis showed that the CT/TT genotypes vs. CC wild‐type were the independent predictable factor for better survival outcome of HCC patients (HR: 0.48, CI = 0.30–0.79). For CC homozygote, the second vs. the bottom tertile levels of RBC status were associated with 2‐fold increased mortality rate of HCC patients (HR: 2.05, CI = 1.0–4.1).

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that reduced MTHFR activities associated with the MTHFR T allele may interact with RBC folate as the risk modifiers of lymphocytic p53 oxidative lesions of HCC patients. The CT/TT genotypes correlated with lower risks of late‐stage HCC and a favorable survival of HCC patients, depending on p53 oxidative lesions or RBC folate status.
Preparation of Asymmetric Porous Janus Particles Using Microfluidics and Directional UV Curing
Authors: Kim Jiyeon , Joo Jin , Park Soo‐Young
Published: August 2013

Asymmetric porous Janus particles of poly(tripropylene glycol diacrylate) poly(TPGDA)) are prepared from TPGDA/4‐cyano‐4′‐pentylbiphenyl (5CB) mixtures using microfluidics and directional ultraviolet (UV) curing. Droplets of the TPGDA/5CB mixtures, which have been prepared successfully in the microfluidics channel, are photo‐polymerized in the off‐chip reservoir with a focused UV beam irradiated from beneath the reservoir. The isotropic TPGDA/5CB single phase is phase‐separated into two phases during the photopolymerization of TPGDA. The relative rate of photopolymerization compared with phase separation is different according to which hemisphere of the droplet is exposed to the UV beam. Rapid polymerization on the UV‐exposed hemisphere of the droplet produces small 5CB‐rich phase‐separated domains leading to a close and smooth structure, whereas slow polymerization on the opposite hemisphere produces large 5CB‐rich domains that induce an open and rough porous structure. These asymmetric porous Janus particles of poly(TPGDA) cause asymmetric swelling, in which the UV‐exposed hemisphere swell more than the other in the solvents due to the large porous surface area made by the small‐phase‐separated domain, which prevents the formation of a compact cross‐linked network structure. The complete dried droplet after the extraction of 5CB has an acorn‐like appearance, in which the swelled UV‐exposed hemisphere shrinks more than the other leading to a wrinkled structure. This new method combining microfluidics and directional UV curing provides a simple and unique way of fabricating asymmetric porous Janus particles and their functionalization with metal nanoparticles.
Structure and stability of the C‐terminal helical bundle of the E. coli mechanosensitive channel of large conductance
Authors: Walton Troy A. , Rees Douglas C.
Published: August 2013

The crystal structure of the cytoplasmic domain (CTD) from the mechanosensitive channel of large conductance (MscL) in E. coli has been determined at 1.45 Å resolution. This domain forms a pentameric coiled coil similar to that observed in the structure of MscL from M. tuberculosis and also found in the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMPcc). It contains canonical hydrophobic and atypical ionic interactions compared to previously characterized coiled coil structures. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that while the free EcMscL‐CTD is less stable than other coiled coils, it is likely to remain folded in context of the full‐length channel.
Wild type and mutants of the HET‐s(218–289) prion show different flexibility at fibrillar ends: A simulation study
Authors: Friedman Ran , Caflisch Amedeo
Published: August 2013

The C‐terminal segment (residues 218–289) of the HET‐s protein of the filamentous fungus Podosporina anserina is a prion‐forming domain. The structural model of the HET‐s(218–289) amyloid fibril based on solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) restraints shows a β solenoid topology which is comprised of a β‐sheet core and interconnecting loops. For the single‐point mutants Phe286Ala and Trp287Ala, slower aggregation rates in vitro and loss of prionic infectivity have been reported recently. Here we have used molecular dynamics to compare the flexibility of the mutants and wild type. The simulations, initiated from a trimeric aggregate extracted from the NMR structural model, show structural stability on a 100‐ns time scale for wild type and mutants. Analysis of the fluctuations along the simulations reveals that the mutants are less flexible than the wild type in the C‐terminal segment at only one of the two external monomers. Analysis of interaction energy and buried accessible surface indicates that residue Phe286 in particular is stabilized in the Trp287Ala mutant. The simulation results provide an atomistic explanation of the suggestion (based on indirect experimental evidence) that flexibility at the protofibril end(s) is required for fibril elongation. Moreover, they provide further evidence that the growth of the HET‐s amyloid fibril is directional. Proteins 2014; 82:399–404. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved flexible refinement of protein docking in CAPRI rounds 22–27
Authors: Shen Yang
Published: August 2013

Since the fourth evaluation for critical assessment of prediction of interactions (CAPRI), we have made improvements in three major areas in our refinement approach, namely the treatment of conformational flexibility, the binding free energy model, and the search algorithm. First, we incorporated backbone flexibility into our previous approach, which only optimized rigid backbone poses with limited side‐chain flexibility. Here, we formulated and solved the conformational search as a hierarchical optimization problem (involving rigid‐body poses, backbone flexibility, and side‐chain flexibility). Second, we used continuum electrostatic calculations to include solvation effects in the binding free energy model. Finally, we eliminated sloppy modes (directions in which the free energy is essentially constant) to improve the efficiency of the search. With these improvements, we produced correct predictions for 6 of the 10 latest CAPRI targets, including one high, three medium, and two acceptable accuracy predictions. Compared to our previous performance in CAPRI, substantial improvements have been made for targets requiring homology modeling. Proteins 2013; 81:2129–2136. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A framework for evaluating model error using asymptotic convergence in the Eady model
Authors: Visram A. R. , Cotter C. J. , Cullen M. J. P.
Published: August 2013

Operational weather forecasting requires the accurate simulation of atmospheric motions on scales ranging from the synoptic down to tens of kilometres. Weather fronts, characteristic of midlatitude weather systems, are generated through baroclinic instability on the large scale but are anisotropic features in which temperature and winds can vary rapidly on the short scale.

We present a framework for evaluating model error in terms of asymptotic convergence using the Eady model. Through rescaling the problem, we are able to approach solutions of a balanced model, given by the semi‐geostrophic equations, using the non‐hydrostatic, incompressible Euler–Boussinesq Eady equations. Using this approach, we are able to validate the numerical implementation and assess the long‐term performance in terms of solution lifecycles.

We present results using a finite‐difference method with semi‐implicit time‐stepping and semi‐Lagrangian transport, and show that we are able to proceed past the point of frontal collapse and recover the theoretical convergence rate. We propose that numerical diffusion of potential vorticity after collapse, as a result of insufficient Lagrangian conservation, is detrimental to the long‐term evolution of the solution.
A nested sampling particle filter for nonlinear data assimilation
Authors: Elsheikh Ahmed H. , Hoteit Ibrahim , Wheeler Mary F.
Published: August 2013

We present an efficient nonlinear data assimilation filter that combines particle filtering with the nested sampling algorithm. Particle filters (PF) utilize a set of weighted particles as a discrete representation of probability distribution functions (PDF). These particles are propagated through the system dynamics and their weights are sequentially updated based on the likelihood of the observed data. Nested sampling (NS) is an efficient sampling algorithm that iteratively builds a discrete representation of the posterior distributions by focusing a set of particles to high‐likelihood regions. This would allow the representation of the posterior PDF with a smaller number of particles and reduce the effects of the curse of dimensionality. The proposed nested sampling particle filter (NSPF) iteratively builds the posterior distribution by applying a constrained sampling from the prior distribution to obtain particles in high‐likelihood regions of the search space, resulting in a reduction of the number of particles required for an efficient behaviour of particle filters. Numerical experiments with the 3‐dimensional Lorenz63 and the 40‐dimensional Lorenz96 models show that NSPF outperforms PF in accuracy with a relatively smaller number of particles.
Energy efficient comparator for successive approximation register ADCs with application to encryption schemes in wireless communication
Authors: Yuan Shitong , Liang Jing
Published: August 2013

Security is a very broad topic; particular attention has been paid in communications, networking on security issues. However, in practical applications, providing security services increases the computation and the occupation of system resources. This problem is particularly important when the energy is a limited resource for mobile communication devices operating on battery. Thus, energy efficient security devices are very necessary for the communication. This paper designed a new low voltage, low power consumption comparator for successive approximation register analog to digital converter to improve the energy efficiency in the problem of secure communication. Then, analyze the energy consumption of the new comparator security system compared with traditional design. We mainly focus on three communication protocols, which use the block cipher. The results show that the system's energy consumption is greatly reduced when the new comparator is used, Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships Between Casting Parameters and Inclusions on the Hydrogen Content in 1050 Alloy
Authors: Li Xiehua , Cao Yiheng , He Lizi , Guo Yaping , Cui Jianzhong
Published: August 2013

The influences of casting parameters and inclusions on the hydrogen content in 1050 aluminum alloy were studied using optical microscope, scanning electronic microscope and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that with increasing the melt temperature, the environmental humidity and the melt weight, the tendency of hydrogen absorption in 1050 alloy increases. The inclusions in 1050 alloy consist of AlFeSi, Al2O3 and MgO, which always coexist with gas porosity. With increasing the inclusion content, the hydrogen content in Al melt increases. The deep etching method by hot sodium hydroxide employed in this study could evaluate the inclusion content and its distribution more conveniently, quickly and cheaply, is hopeful to be used for site inclusion detection.
Three‐Dimensional Investigations of Inclusions in Ferroalloys
Authors: Bi Yanyan , Karasev Andrey , Jönsson Pär G.
Published: August 2013

As the requirements on material properties increase, there has been a demand on an additional knowledge on the effect of impurities in the ferroalloys on the properties. Thus, the number, morphology, size, and composition of inclusions in four different ferroalloys (FeTi, FeNb, FeSi, and SiMn) were investigated. This was done in three dimensions (3D) by using scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy after electrolytic extraction of the ferroalloy samples. The non‐metallic and metallic inclusions were successfully analyzed on the surface of film filter. Thereafter, the particle size distribution was plotted for most of the non‐metallic inclusions. The non‐metallic inclusions were found to be REM oxides in FeTi, FeSi, and SiMn, Al2O3, Ti–Nb–S–O oxides in FeNb and silicon oxides in SiMn. Moreover, the intermetallic inclusions were found to be a Ti–Fe phase in FeTi, Ca–Si, and Fe–Si–Ti phases in FeSi and a Mn–Si phase in SiMn. In addition, the almost pure single metallic phases were found to be Ti in FeTi, Nb in FeNb, and Si in FeSi.
Experimental investigation of steel structure with innovative H‐type steel unbuckling braces
Authors: Hao Xiao‐Yan , Li Hong‐Nan , Li Gang , Makino Toshio
Published: August 2013

The unbuckling brace, acting as a combination of a conventional brace and displacement‐dependent damper, can successfully avoid the bucking and consequent fracture compared with the conventional brace, which has been widely applied in concentrically braced frame structures. In this paper, the H‐type steel unbuckling brace (SUB), which is welded by steel flats and core made of low‐yield steel, is presented. The quasi‐static tests, the shaking table tests of a steel structure with SUBs and conventional central braces and the numerical analysis of a real steel building with and without SUBs are conducted in this study to evaluate the performance of SUBs. The results demonstrate that the SUBs have excellent plastic deformation capacity, stable energy dissipation capacity and no stiffness degradation, and can provide certain initial stiffness to the structure and dissipate earthquake input energy by yielding behaviour. Moreover, it is effective in reducing the structural response, and in particular, in controlling the structural displacement. In conclusion, the SUB proposed is a lateral resistant member with high stiffness and strength and an excellent energy dissipation device, which is much more competitive than the conventional brace in improving lateral resistance and seismic performance of the frame structure. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eigenvectors and scalar products for long range interacting spin chains II: the finite size effects
Authors: Serban Didina
Published: August 2013

Abstract

In this note, we study the eigenvectors and the scalar products the integrable long-range deformation of the XXX spin chain defined in [1]. The model is solved exactly by algebraic Bethe ansatz, and it coincides in the bulk with the Inozemtsev spin chain. At the closing point it contains a defect which effectively removes the wrapping interactions. Here we concentrate on determining the defect term for the first non-trivial order in perturbation in the deformation parameter and how it affects the Bethe ansatz equations. Our study is motivated by the relation with the dilatation operator of the
$ \mathcal{N} $
= 4 gauge theory in the su(2) sector.
Pollen baiting facilitates the isolation of marine thraustochytrids with potential in omega-3 and biodiesel production
Authors: Gupta Adarsha , Wilkens Serena , Adcock Jacqui L , Puri Munish , Barrow Colin J
Published: August 2013

Marine heterotrophic microbes are capable of accumulating large amounts of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, carotenoids, and have potential for biodiesel production. Pollen baiting using Pinus radiata pollen grain along with direct plating techniques were used in this study as techniques for the isolation of oil-producing marine thraustochytrid species from Queenscliff, Victoria, Australia. Thirteen isolates were obtained using either direct plating or using pine pollen, with pine pollen acting as a specific substrate for the surface attachment of thraustochytrids. The isolates obtained from the pollen baiting technique showed a wide range of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) accumulation, from 11 to 41 % of total fatty acid content (TFA). Direct plating isolates showed a moderate range of DHA accumulation, from 19 to 25 % of TFA. Seven isolates were identified on the basis of 18S rRNA sequencing technique as Thraustochytrium species, Schizochytrium species, and Ulkenia species. Although both methods appear to result in the isolation of similar strains, pollen baiting proved to be a simpler method for the isolation of these relatively slow-growing organisms.
Efficient secretion of lipase r27RCL in Pichia pastoris by enhancing the disulfide bond formation pathway in the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Sha Chong , Yu Xiao-Wei , Zhang Meng , Xu Yan
Published: August 2013

The lipase r27RCL from Rhizopus chinensis CCTCC M201021 was heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris GS115 by simultaneous co-expression with two secretion factors ERO1p and PDI involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Compared to the expression of the lipase alone (12,500 U/ml), co-expression with these two proteins resulted in the production of larger total quantities of enzymes. The largest increase was seen when the combined ERO1p/PDI system was co-expressed, resulting in approximately 30 % higher enzyme yields (16,200 U/ml) than in the absence of co-expressed secretion factors. The extracellular protein concentration of the recombinant strain Co XY RCL-5 reached 9.39 g/l in the 7-l fermentor. Simultaneously, the fermentation time was also shortened by about 8 h compared to that of the control. The substrate-specific consumption rate (Qs) and the product-specific production rate (Qp) were both investigated in this research. In conclusion, the space–time yield was improved by co-expression with ERO1p and PDI. This is a potential strategy for high level expression of other heterologous proteins in P. pastoris.
Genetic Counselor Perceptions of Genetic Counseling Session Goals: A Validation Study of the Reciprocal‐Engagement Model
Authors: Hartmann Julianne E. , Veach Patricia McCarthy , MacFarlane Ian M. , LeRoy Bonnie S.
Published: August 2013

Although some researchers have attempted to define genetic counseling practice goals, no study has obtained consensus about the goals from a large sample of genetic counselors. The Reciprocal‐Engagement Model (REM; McCarthy Veach, Bartels & LeRoy, 2007) articulates 17 goals of genetic counseling practice. The present study investigated whether these goals could be generalized as a model of practice, as determined by a larger group of clinical genetic counselors. Accordingly, 194 genetic counselors were surveyed regarding their opinions about the importance of each goal and their perceptions of how frequently they achieve each goal. Mean importance ratings suggest they viewed every goal as important. Factor analysis of the 17 goals yielded four factors: Understanding and Appreciation, Support and Guidance, Facilitative Decision‐Making, and Patient‐Centered Education. Patient‐Centered Education and Facilitative Decision‐Making goals received the highest mean importance ratings. Mean frequency ratings were consistently lower than importance ratings, suggesting genetic counseling goals may be difficult to achieve and/or not applicable in all situations. A number of respondents provided comments about the REM goals that offer insight into factors related to implementing the goals in clinical practice. This study presents preliminary evidence concerning the validity of the goals component of the REM.
Acid‐sensing ion channel 1a is involved in acid‐induced osteoclastogenesis by regulating activation of the transcription factor NFATc1
Authors: Li Xia , Xu Rui-Sheng , Jiang Dong-Lin , He Xin-Long , Jin Chen , Lu Wei-Guo , Su Qiang , Yuan Feng-Lai
Published: August 2013

It has been known that osteoclastogenesis is induced by extracellular acidosis‐evoked the rise of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), which regulate activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). However, the acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) involved remain largely unknown. Here, we show that ASIC1a, ASIC1b, ASIC2a, and ASIC3 are expressed in rat osteoclasts, and only ASIC1a is highly upregulated in response to acidosis. Both the ASIC1a‐specific blocker PcTX1 and specific siRNA significantly reduce this increase in acid‐induced [Ca2+]i and acid‐induced nuclear translocation of NFATc1, and inhibit acid‐induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. These findings show that ASIC1a‐mediated calcium entry plays a critical role in osteoclastogenesis by regulating activation of the NFATc1.
The Healthcare and Technology Synergy (HATS) Framework for Comparative Effectiveness Research as Part of Evidence-Based Practice in Vascular Access
Authors: Chernecky Cynthia , Zadinsky Julie , Macklin Denise , Maeve M. Katherine
Published: August 2013

The development of frameworks for nursing research, practice, and education is in its infancy. The focus in clinical research has commonly been on the variables patient and practice, not on the significant variable, technology products. However, in interventional and medical cardiology and orthopedic surgery, for example, products used are significant variables that affect clinical outcomes and subsequent recalls. The purpose of this article is to introduce the Healthcare and Technology Synergy (HATS) framework and discuss its use in comparative effectiveness research on health care-associated infections as well as its usefulness in nursing practice, education, and policy. Research in nursing that focuses on product as a variable has examined intravenous connectors and their association with catheter-related bloodstream infections, but more research specific to technology products is needed. The significance of products in nursing has been underappreciated, and the variable has been underutilized in research. This is a study limitation that can significantly affect research outcomes. Use of the HATS framework in nursing research can facilitate the development of clinically relevant nursing curricula, practice interventions, and policy based on research results. Appropriate development and evaluation of research that uses the HATS framework also has implications for cost-benefit analyses, product evaluation, and implementation of evidence-based practices.
High School World History Teachers’ Experiences: Learning to use Authentic Intellectual Work in Schools of Color
Authors: Brkich Christopher Andrew
Published: August 2013

In our current times, educators as a whole—and social studies educators particularly—are facing increased pressures of conservatism and accountability as applied to their curriculum, resulting in excessive test preparation, narrowed curricula, and an inability to prepare students satisfactorily for their lives as adult citizens—factors which are exacerbated in schools of color. While some scholars have proposed the framework for authentic intellectual work (AIW) as a solution to satisfy both accountability pressures and students’ needs beyond schooling while reducing achievement gaps, few have examined classroom teachers with this framework directly. To consider whether the AIW framework stands a chance at successful adoption long term, this study explores several high school world history teachers’ experiences with learning to use authentic intellectual work in a school of color, describes the textures and structures of their experiences through the lens of hermeneutic phenomenology, and makes recommendations for additional research.
Student-Facilitators as University Tutors: An Effective Approach to Sustainability Education
Authors: Sloan Thomas , Davila Federico , Malbon Eleanor
Published: August 2013

Higher education institutions are considered by many to be pivotal in shaping the next generation of thinkers and practitioners required to further work towards addressing the sustainability challenges faced by contemporary societies. The extent to which higher education has embraced this responsibility is debateable. Notwithstanding, this article reports upon our experience as three students employed as tutors in teaching sustainability to our undergraduate counterparts. Drawing upon our collective experience as both students and tutors within The Fenner School of Environment and Society of the Australian National University, we explore what makes student-facilitators part of an effective approach for sustainability education. Through this process, we describe some key practices that student-facilitators apply and which contribute to students’ understandings of sustainability. These key practices are: conceptualising what a tutorial should be; taking the position as a facilitator of discussion; using game-based activities; and the role that student-facilitators play in a community of social learning at the Fenner School. We conclude that the incorporation of student-facilitators in the teaching and learning of sustainability play a unique and significant role that should be valued, fostered and supported in higher education.
Rotation sets with non-empty interior and transitivity in the universal covering
Authors: GUELMAN NANCY , KOROPECKI ANDRES , TAL FABIO ARMANDO
Published: August 2013

Let $f$ be a transitive homeomorphism of the two-dimensional torus in the homotopy class of the identity. We show that a lift of $f$ to the universal covering is transitive if and only if the rotation set of the lift contains the origin in its interior.
Sheaf theory and Paschke duality
Authors: Roe John , Siegel Paul
Published: August 2013

Let X be a locally compact metrizable space. We show that the Paschke dual construction, which associates to a representation of C0(X) its commutant modulo locally compact operators, can be sheafified. We use this observation to simplify several constructions in analytic K-homology.
Advocacy Coalitions and the Alberta Water Act
Authors: Heinmiller B. Timothy
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In 1996, the Alberta legislature passed the Water Act, a landmark piece of legislation that introduced a number of significant water policy reforms, including a variety of eco-support instruments: regulatory mechanisms that can be used to define and preserve a share of water for environmental protection and restoration purposes. This article explains the inclusion of eco-support instruments in the Water Act by combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework with Joseph Nye's distinction between “hard” and “soft” power. It identifies two main advocacy coalitions in the Alberta water policy subsystem, the “Greens” and the “Aggies,” and argues that the development of the Water Act can be characterized as a contest between Green soft power and Aggie hard power. Accordingly, the inclusion of eco-support instruments in the Water Act was the result of the Greens' newfound soft power, but the Aggies' enduring hard power ensured that more radical reforms were not undertaken.

Résumé. En 1996, la législature de l'Alberta a adopté la loi sur l'eau, un projet de loi historique qui a introduit un certain nombre d'importantes réformes de la politique de l'eau, y compris une variété de l'éco-instruments de soutien: les mécanismes de régulation qui peuvent être utilisés pour définir et préserver une part de l'eau pour protection de l'environnement et à des fins de restauration. Cet article explique l'inclusion de l'éco-instruments de soutien à la loi sur l'eau en combinant l'Advocacy Coalition Framework avec distinction Joseph Nye entre «hard» et «soft» de puissance. Il identifie deux principales coalitions de plaidoyer dans le sous-système de l'Alberta, de la politique de l'eau “Verts” et le “Aggies, et affirme que le développement de la loi sur l'eau peut être caractérisé comme un concours entre soft power Vert et hard power Aggie. En conséquence, la prise en compte de l'éco-instruments de soutien à la loi sur l'eau a été le résultat des Verts soft power retrouvée, mais les Aggies énergie durable dur veillé à ce que des réformes plus radicales ne sont pas prises.
Interests, Disagreement and Epistemic Risk
Authors: FREEDMAN KARYN L.
Published: August 2013

In this paper, I develop an interest-relative theory of justification in order to answer the question, “How can I maintain that P when someone whom I consider to be my epistemic peer maintains that not-P?” The answer to this question cannot be determined by looking at evidence alone, I argue, since justification cannot be determined by looking at evidence alone. Rather, in order to determine whether a subject S is justified in believing that P at time t, we need to assess her evidence in favour of P in proportion to her interest in P.
Biodiversity priority areas and religions—a global analysis of spatial overlap
Authors: Mikusiński Grzegorz , Possingham Hugh P. , Blicharska Malgorzata
Published: August 2013

Numerous solutions have been proposed to slow the accelerating loss of biodiversity. Thinking about biodiversity conservation has not, however, been incorporated into the everyday activities of most individuals and nations. Conservation scientists need to refocus on strategies that reshape ethical attitudes to nature and encourage pro-environmental thinking and lifestyles. Religions are central to basic beliefs and ethics that influence people's behaviour and should be considered more seriously in biodiversity discourse. Using data from the World Religion Database we conducted an analysis of the spatial overlap between major global religions and seven templates for prioritizing biodiversity action. Our analysis indicated that the majority of these focal areas are situated in countries dominated by Christianity, and particularly the Roman Catholic denomination. Moreover, the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches appear to have the greatest per capita opportunity to influence discourse on biodiversity, notwithstanding the role of other religious communities in some key biodiversity areas.