bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Labor-saving Kitchen: Sources for Designs of the Architects' Small Home Service Bureau
Authors: Tucker Lisa M.
Published: March 2015

The history of the kitchen has received much attention from designers and design historians. Since the writings of Catharine Beecher, designers, household engineers, and others have written about the importance of the kitchen as the center of the home. This research traces the impact of the writings of theorists such as Frederick Taylor, Georgie Boynton Child, Helen Binkerd Young, and Christine Frederick on the designs produced by the architects in the first quarter of the 20th century.  Frederick's work took the concept of an efficient kitchen to a new level applying movement studies and introducing new ideas to the kitchen layout and arrangement.  In a properly laid out and equipped kitchen, steps were saved by placing kitchen cabinets, ovens and stoves, refrigerators and sinks where they were needed in the sequence of food preparation and delivery to dining table as well as clean up after the meal.  In her books, she also provided advice on a variety of considerations, such as appliances and accessories, lighting and ventilation; materials, finishes and color; and appliances and equipment.  In 1919 a group of architects dedicated to improving the housing stock in the United States through good design banded together to form the Architects' Small House Service Bureau (ASHSB).  Their first plan book, How to Plan Finance and Build your Home published in 1921, also encouraged labor-saving kitchen design and provided advice on kitchen design. The research reported here assesses how the influence of Frederick and Boyton's advice as reflected in the work of and interpreted by Helen Binkerd Young is demonstrated in the kitchen designs of the ASHSB's first plan book. A plan content analysis instrument, developed using Frederick's writings and edited to include other variables from Young and Child, is used to analyze the 99 kitchens and two essays in the ASHSB's plan book.  The plans and accompanying comments evidence enthusiasm for the concept of scientific management and other labor- and energy-saving concepts promoted by Frederick.  Many of her specific suggestions are incorporated in their kitchen designs, but there is limited evidence that ASHSB designs are only influenced by Frederick but rather include other popular labor-saving concepts of the early 20th century.
Postindustrial Architecture, Dynamic Complexity and the Emerging Principles of Strategic Design
Authors: Bachman Leonard
Published: March 2015

The transition from industrial era society to postindustrial society has shifted architecture away from being a predominantly cultural activity, one that is primarily focused on the physical attributes of a design. The newer architectural orientation leans more toward social ideals and strategic missions. These two perspectives have always coexisted in the discipline and critique of architecture, but the traditional subjugation of strategic concerns is eroding. The two aspects should now be considered in a more explicitly unified and mindful way. In that sense, the transition is not between two factions of practitioners with different philosophies, but between two aspects of thought balanced in some manner by each architect. The ultimate intentions of this paper are first to examine the forces of postindustrial change and then to outline a set of principles which establish strategic design as an architectural activity tantamount to, compatible with, and discursively engaged by physical design.
Four Ways of Knowing: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Teaching Community-based Design
Authors: Harrison Sally
Published: March 2015

Design education, especially in an undergraduate course of study, seeks to prepare students for professions and for citizenship in a world they hardly know. The studio typically provides only a surrogate experience in addressing formal and spatial problems, and is limited by time, by its geographic space, and by a dialogue that is more often than not, self-referential. It very rarely engages systemic questions of public policy, or the specific challenges of implementing at full scale ideas that are conceived through representational means. The constrained intellectual context is most poignantly seen in the urban design studios where problems are situated in the real world, and where issues outside the purview of design are found embedded in a place. Form-focused studio exercises that are necessarily a part of beginning architecture education are inadequate for exploring the indeterminacy of urban space and the complexity of human environments. When students enter an urban design studio, especially when they undertake community-based projects, they must take up the mantle of citizenship and engage in an enterprise that is fundamentally relational and grounded in experience. They need more information and more ways of knowing the world than traditionally the design disciplines can offer. This paper presents the outcomes of an experimental neighborhood-based teaching project undertaken as a collaboration among classes in architecture, landscape architecture, urban geography and the fine arts at Temple University. Although initiated through the architecture faculty's desire to enrich its own undergraduate urban design studio, all the collaborators shared our concern about the narrowing effects of disciplinary bracketing on student learning, especially when the goal was to address real world situations. Each discipline brought to the project its particular disciplinary culture -- its language, methodology and areas of concern -- and a shared aspiration to puzzle together these diverse perspectives around questions of making places that are meaningful, humane and sustainable. The struggles and synergies among disciplines were alternatively inspiring, annoying, challenging, rich and imperfect. But intense engagement with a community re-centered the dialogue from inside the academic context to outside, and framed a multidisciplinary way of thought. The community itself proved to be a powerful coalescing agent; the inherent layering of issues in the real-world context made it virtually impossible to remain insensible to interdependencies in life that transcend disciplinary boundaries. Here Richard Sennett's definition of what constitutes a democratic urbanity was applicable. The Greek term for "public”, synkoikismos, means "to bring together in the same place people that need each other but worship different household gods.” (47) This deceptively simple public-making concept became the basis for a process of learning, and a vehicle for working with the larger truths about how cities are formed and experienced.
Light-zone(s): as Concept and Tool
Authors: Madsen Merete
Published: March 2015

Daylight is essential to the experience of an architectural space. Nevertheless, amongst the handful of predominantly scientific methods available to assess daylight in architecture, there are only a few considering the spatial and form-giving characteristics of daylight. This paper investigates light-zone(s) as concept and tool, which can be taken as a point of departure for a new method to perceive, consider and analyse daylight in architecture. As concept, light-zone(s) are areas, fields or zones of light. It is a way of considering a space's daylight as (forms of) bubbles or spheres of light, which as light-zones can be compressed, expanded, combined, exploded, etc., all according to the character of 'the meeting' between the light-zone(s) and the space itself (inclusive of the space'scontent). Thus, the daylight in a space can be regarded asa composition of light-zones.As tool, light-zone(s) are (spatial) groupings of the lightingvariables (intensity, direction, distribution and colour), whichare significant to the space and form-giving characteristicsof light. That is to say, the light-zone(s) tool is the point ofdeparture for a method of creating a spatial ‘grasp' on daylighting variables in a given space. The relation between the light-zone(s) concept and tool respectively can be described as follows: On the one level light-zone(s) can be explored as an architectural idea or notion, thus belonging more to the field of architectural theory. On another more practice-driven level, light-zone(s) can be articulated and specified in relation to lighting technology.
In Poetic Association: Acts of Architecture in the Realm of Landscape Ecology
Authors: Muller Brook
Published: March 2015

This paper describes metaphorical engagement of ecology as a strategy for designing human inhabitation catalyzed by and supportive of healthy urban ecosystems. A case is made for the importance and timliness of collaboration and conceptual association between architects and landscape ecologists. Next, the Australian architect Richard Leplastrier's notion of architecture as "furnishing with particular purpose this larger room we are in” – suggestive of both the architect's role and the context of an architectural undertaking – is examined as a prototype for approaching problems of design in an environmentally sensitive manner. A pilot studio attempt to engage ecological issues through metaphor is described, and building from this experiment andLepastrier's statement, a palette of "human act/environment” case study metaphors is offered foruse in design. Lastly I offer a methodology for testing these metaphors in advanced architecturaldesign studios and evaluating their influence on students' design thinking and the environmental responsiveness of projects that result.Keywords: Architectural Design, Landscape Ecology, Metaphor
Community Design Parameters and the Performance of Residential Cogeneration Systems
Authors: Rashed-Ali Hazem
Published: March 2015

The integration of cogeneration systems in residential and mixed-use communities has the potential of reducing their energy demand and harmful emissions and can thus play asignificant role in increasing their environmental sustainability. This study investigated the impact of selected planning and architectural design parameters on the environmental and economic performances of centralized cogeneration systems integrated into residential communities in U.S.cold climates. Parameters investigated include: 1) density, 2) use mix, 3) street configuration, 4) housing typology, 5) envelope and building systems' efficiencies, and 6) passive solar energyutilization. The study integrated several simulation tools into a procedure to assess the impact of each design parameter on the cogeneration system performance. This assessment procedure included: developing a base-line model representing typical design characteristics of U.S. residential communities; assessing the cogeneration system's performance within this model using three performance indicators: percentage of reduction in primary energy use, percentage of reduction in CO2 emissions; and internal rate of return; assessing the impact of each parameter on the system performance through developing 46 design variations of the base-line model representing potential changes in each parameter and calculating the three indicators for each variation; and finally, using a multi-attribute decision analysis methodology to evaluate the relative impact of each parameter on the cogeneration system performance. The study results show that planning parameters had a higher impact on the cogeneration system performance than architectural ones. Also, a significant correlation was found between design characteristics identified as favorable for the cogeneration system performance and those of sustainable residential communities. These include high densities, high use mix, interconnected street networks, and mixing of housing typologies. This indicates a higher potential for integrating cogeneration systems in sustainable communities.Keywords: cogeneration; residential & mixed use communities; energy efficiency; district heating
Editorial: Architecture as a Communicative Medium
Authors: Mathew Anijo
Published: March 2015

Environmental psychology categorizes "physicalenvironment” as "typically neutral,” only coming into selfconscious awareness when individuals form stable andenduring representations of it [1]. We see this manifest inthe real world when the steeple of a church is able to communicate that it is a place for reflection and religious gathering; the bricks and ivy of Harvard Yard signifies years of scholarly research and education; the solid grey walls ofa prison conjures up images of torture and punishment; and the bright colors of a playground indicates play and joyfulness. In our relationship with architecture, we are ableto construct an understanding of our environment becausewe pick up such clues and cues from parts of ourenvironment and then construct a formulation of the whole based on our memories and knowledge. Thus, we are ableto communicate with the places we live in and the placeswe live in are able to act as interfaces for information interchange.
Intuition as Design Dialogue: Discovering a Language beyond Words
Authors: Teal Randall
Published: March 2015

Henri Bergson considered the truest form of knowing to be attainable only through acts of intuition, as he believed the intuitive state created a direct connection to reality itself.For architecture, a field that is grounded in experience, it is important to balance the drive of the intellect with intuitive strategies, which help move toward the unification of data under an experiential aegis. Drawing primarily upon the writings of Bergson and Martin Heidegger, this paper describes how the reductive proclivities of the intellect tend to obscure the embodied insights of intuition, and how the listening response of intuition reveals a primal language that is activated by the immersed dialogue of one experiencing the world.
From Blueprint to Digital Model: The Information Age, Archives and the Future of Architectural History*
Authors: Sabatino Michelangelo
Published: March 2015

The digital revolution has not only transformed the process of thinking and making architecture,but has also led to shifts for researchers in the field and the institutions that safeguard and interpretevidence of the architect's design process. As the rise of PowerPoint made it less cumbersometo view multiple images simultaneously, pioneering art historian Heinrich Wöfflin's morelimited binary lantern slide presentation was effectively rendered obsolete. However, digital imagingand projection in the field brought risks as great as the new freedoms it afforded. The shiftfrom a work environment dominated until recently by drawings on paper and architectural models(even as CAD was being implemented over the last 20 years) to one dominated by digitaldesign and 3D modeling has irrevocably affected the ways contemporary architects produceand save their drawings as well as how they are stored and accessed in archives, how they aredisplayed, and how they are published. As technology has brought new horizons to the profession,the image of the architect has gone from the solitary scholar of Medieval architecture depictedby A. W. N. Pugin in 1841 to that of savvy manager overseeing large firms like Foster +Partners; the historian too has shed the image of recluse toiling in the bowels of a dusty archiveor library.1
Digitizing freeways: researching urban resources
Authors: Bredella Nathalie , Lahusen Katrin
Published: March 2015

At the beginning of his study on Los Angeles Los Angeles: The Architecture of Four EcologiesReyner Banham writes " ... like earlier generations of English intellectuals who taught themselvesItalian in order to read Dante in the original, I learned to drive in order to read Los Angeles in theoriginal (Banham 1971:23).” Banham implies, that Los Angeles can only be experienced whiledriving. The metropolis, the ‘urban sprawl', cannot be experienced walking but only through thecar. ‘Autopia' became one of the ‘Four Ecologies' of Los Angeles and he states that the ‘automotiveexperience' "prints itself deeply on the conscious mind and unthinking reflexes (ibid.:214).”Cees Nooteboom draws upon this image of the city in his essay " ‘Autopia'(1973) and Passagesfrom ‘The Language of Images'(1987)” and writes about the character of Los Angeles: "Itis, if one can say this, a ‘moving' city, not only a city that moves itself – breaks itself down, buildsitself up again, displaces and regroups itself – but also a city in which movement, freedom ofmovement, is a strong premise of life (Nooteboom 2001:15).” Nooteboom continues how theeveryday live depends upon the system of the road. The constant Movement of the city repeatsitself: "The other cars are mirror images of you in your car. You are driving behind yourself andin front of yourself, next to yourself and opposite yourself, you are the taillights of the one in frontof you. Everything is on the move (ibid.:21).”
Preserving and documenting the Cultural Heritage
Authors: í–zkut Deniz
Published: March 2015

The phenomenon of preservation may be described as a physical process that depends onconceptual facts. When observed from a conceptual point of view, ‘values' cause the divergencesin the preservation process, which could be named as the pre-requisites of the construction.Values carry emotional and physical points of view. The emotional context, of course, dependson recognizing and remembering while physical context depends on direction of research. They are indicators of cultural characteristics and historical identity. ‘Cultural values'1, more over, explains the meanings attributed to the cultural property, which meanings will be preserved, and the reasons for their preservation. On behalf of this context, the preservation process may be defined as the preservation of the cultural heritage within an effective system. This effective system isaimed at attaining the total quality as a result of a synthesis of the technology, technique, and material originally deployed with those of the present. Besides, one of the most important inputin the preservation process is the priorities of the intervention to be held, as the latter will determine the decisions and types of intervention during the implementation phase of the preservation project. As a significant paradox, the most important parameter that shapes both a preservationproject and its process appears to be the risks that consist of indefinite input preventing theproject from a proper definition of its context. Since all physical problems and the social statusof the cultural property to be preserved have direct impact upon the design process of thepreservation project, these priorities and the risks should be clarified in the course of pre-assessment phase at the beginning of the preservation process.
Changes in Climate Driving Changes in Architectural Education
Authors: Zari Maibritt Pedersen
Published: March 2015

Sustainability issues, in particular climate change, have become significant drivers of change in architectural education. It is posited that engaging in the reduction and offsetting of greenhouse gas emissions in academic institutions, particularly those responsible for the education of new generations of built environment professionals, could become an important part of creating built environments that can more effectively contribute to mitigating the causes of climate change.
Applications in Cross-Curriculum Teaching The Synthesis of the Design Studio and Building Technology Seminar
Authors: Enright John
Published: March 2015

"Change or perish. You need to prepare yourself for a profession that you are notgoing to recognize a decade from now.”Thom Mayne, Remarks on building information modeling at the 2005 AIAConvention, Las Vegas, NVToday architects are faced with new challenges involving Integrated Project Delivery and associated digital technologies that are rapidly changing the way architects work. Collaboration is the key to this newway of working as architects discover that the management of buildinginformation requires new skills and methods in design.How do educators respond to this call? How do we prepare a futuregeneration of architects to thrive within a rapidly changing profession?Given these new models for project delivery currently being utilized by theprofession, a new pair of courses was created at the Southern CaliforniaInstitute of Architecture (SCI_Arc) for the integration of the designcurricula with a building technology course by emphasizing teamworkand the use of three-dimensional software. The aim was to develop newskill-sets for students while maintaining a deep understanding of designand built form. Educators have long struggled with traditional architectural curricula that inherently separate design and technology courses. This bifurcation, often times convenient and useful for the organization of aschool and curriculum, is of course at odds with the "comprehensive” nature of architectural education that is so strived for in most programs.This paper serves to show examples of an attempt to address this seriousissue within the first professional graduate school curriculum (3 1/2 yearM.ARCH) by bridging both the second year design and technology classesover a two semester span. The goals of the two courses were; to bridgethe gap between design and technology pedagogy, develop collaborativetools for students, investigate a comprehensive understanding of theintegration of building systems, and to finally produce a set of documentsthat demonstrate this ability and use appropriate three-dimensionalsoftware to facilitate the investigation.It is helpful to set the stage on the importance of this shift of educational methodology by outlining first the context of the current environment bothwithin the profession and the academic realms. Finally, I will attempt toreflect on the methods employed and analyze the pros and cons of theendeavor and discuss possible improvements.
Urban Design as a Catalyst for Advancing Architectural Education
Authors: Kim Joongsub
Published: March 2015

New approaches to improving architectural education have emerged inrecent years, but comprehensive research that investigates the rolesthat urban design can play in promoting positive changes in architectural education and pedagogy is scarce. Despite urban design's close alliance with architecture, many in the architectural discipline seem to lack acoherent understanding of what urban design can offer to architectural pedagogy. Following an in-depth review of relevant literature, this paper briefly outlines the history, goals, methods, characteristics, and benefitsof urban design. This lays the foundation for proposing four approaches toadvancing architectural education and pedagogy: facilitating (promotingconsensus about design), grounding (promoting logical underpinning,inquiry by design, and evidence-based design), convening (promoting social design), and designing therapeutically (promoting environmentalsensibility). Findings and lessons drawn from other fields are also usedto support the four approaches. The paper concludes by discussing theimplications of its findings and suggesting areas for future research.
Rethinking models of architectural research: we don't do objects
Authors: Stevens Jim , Plowright Philip , Adhya Anirban
Published: March 2015

Historically, an argument can be made that architectural research was produced internal to firms and manufacturers as proprietary objects or sets of data. The concept of disciplines and professions reinforced the separation of open-sourced knowledge and the application of that knowledge in a commercial context. However, design has rapidly changed from an object-solution profession and is now faced with finding solutions to complex problems within complex systems. The past practice model of client, architect, and final product seems an ill-fit in this new context. The question is how to integrate a critical research process into a professional capacity in which that architectural research needs an inherent and immediate value to be performed or pursued. The SYNCH Research Group [synchRG] was formed in response to this question. Although research consortiums, design initiatives and research centres exist within many schools of architecture, most operate as a department or extensions of a school of architecture. SynchRG operates in neither private practice nor as a division of the university. Organized as a diverse and fluid association of faculty, students, professionals, and consultants, the synchRG group is focused on a designmethodology and philosophical structure rather than a client, site, building, typology, or object. The focus on idiosyncratic or aesthetic solutions to singular problems is set aside in order to provide acollaborative intellectual space for professional based explorations. The paper will examine synchRG's response to current architectural research challenges and illustrate its unique structure as a possible model to be replicated. A dialogue will be initiated on a model for practice aligned with both academia and industry.
Harm A. Weber academic center, post-occupancy building performance and comfort perceptions
Authors: Kaiser Keelan P. , Ogoli David M. , Cook Malcolm
Published: March 2015

The Weber Center at Judson University, a mixed mode, naturally ventilated building in a continental climate, has been in operation for just over a year, with initial occupancy in August 2007. This paper compares the design objectives and building performance expectations against the first yearof actual energy consumption in a first of a series of post-occupancy evaluations. The paper contrasts the building performance with general user satisfaction and perceptions of comfort through a post occupancy evaluation of user surveys and interviews. The innovations involved in this building, particularly mechanical strategies atypical in contemporary practice within this climate and region, have introduced some interesting problems that have been documented in the post-occupancy evaluation process, while confirming many of the original intentions of the design.
Leadership in research across academia and practice
Authors: McRae John
Published: March 2015

Transcript of a keynote address delivered by John McRae at the 2009 ARCC Architectural Research Conference at the University of Texas San Antonio.I value very much the award and I certainly have truly enjoyed the time and the meeting these couple of days has been extremely stimulating. We were talking several of us ahead of time about the rigor and the intensity with which the programs are being presentedin each of the meetings. We really, I think, have the group here that's going to be serving us well for thefuture.I want to also say today, in expressing my appreciation for this award, that the list of past awardees is stellarand includes several colleagues and personal friends towhom I owe a debt in my professional development and am grateful for the opportunity to address the conference and hope that my remarks with be of even a small benefit to our collective efforts to strengthen research across academia and practice. I started my career in both academia and practice in 1967, little more than the 30 years you were so gracious to give me, in Gainesville and at the University of Florida. Over this span of the last 42 years I have sought to develop my own research and creative work agenda and, through administrative roles, have made an effort to foster the research of colleagues when I could. So what was it like in the late 60's and early70's? Some of you may recall. In the interest of full disclosure, I have included a few images of my research work during my early years as a faculty member at the University of Florida. And so, here is another shot of our research team. Some of you may remember the Chicago 7. This is the rainbow 9 and, in fact, aside from myself, whom you will recognize, there are several other people there who are today in positions helping to lead this nation. That is kind of hard to imagine but there they are.
Materials Testing - Digital Ecology
Authors: Wiley Seth
Published: March 2015

Access to credible building product performance information throughout the design and construction process is critical to enable project development, vet product selections, ensure as-built quality, and successfully complete construction. This is common knowledge and part of common practice for nearly all parties involved in design and construction. The sources of such information can range from vernacular to formal – from common practice to special reference. The focus of this paper is one of the more formal or specialized information sources, performance testing, as well as how such performance testing information can be better used. This paper's goals are to familiarize the reader with performance testing and to depict a new kind of valuable informational tool (digital ecology). Reference to pertinent nomenclature, description of a real world example, and detailed description of such an informational tool's values will be provided.The major content of this paper was developed during project-based work and firm-funded internal research at point b design, ltd. over approximately the previous 4 years. The phrase ‘digital ecology' as herein used is a new concept proposed by the author. The analysis contained in this paper could be applied to the field of operations and maintenance as it is herein applied to design and construction; however, operations and maintenance is beyond the scope of this paper and may be addressed in future papers. It is my hope that this paper will contribute to tangible and real improvements of the built environment via continued, positive development within academic and professional practice.
Transitional Spaces: Blurring the Line Between Interior and Exterior
Authors: Tucker Lisa M.
Published: March 2015

This paper examines the transition spaces for homes between inside and outside designed by architects during the early twentieth century in the United States. Beginning in the late nineteenth century, the plan book became a readily available option for those wishing to build their own home in the U.S. Following a shortage of single-family houses after World War I, the design of small, single-family houses were distributed primarily through the plan book vehicle. One such plan book-producing group was the Architects' Small House Service Bureau (ASHSB). The bureau was composed entirely of registered architects and produced multiple folios of small house plans between 1914 and 1942. This paper focuses specifically on the relationship between the interior spaces and outdoors through the use of loggias, pergolas, sun porches, bay windows and other devices. The ASHSB was unique in that they promoted customization of their mass-produced house plan designs to each individual site. Thus, unlike many other plan book creators, ASHSB members determined that the relationship to the site was important to the overall design and the use of these transitional indoor/outdoor spaces, a necessity. The plans designed by ASHSB members fell into one of three sizes ” four-room, five-room or six-room plan types. The maximum number of principal rooms was six. All small house designs were presented within a rendered landscaped setting showing trees, bushes, benches and other landscaping features. At least one of the following -- porticoes, porches, dormers, bay windows, picture windows, port coheres, and sun porches”was used in every design produced by the ASHSB architect members. This work examines the range and type of spaces as well as the written recommendations and specifications that accompanied plan sets distributed by the ASHSB across the U.S and Canada during the early twentieth century.
The low-income single-family house and the effectiveness of architects in affecting affordability
Authors: Dulaney Ron
Published: March 2015

Architects are increasingly engaged in efforts to provide affordable, owner-occupied housing in the United States. Yet architects' roles in broadly addressing affordable housing remain marginal as was anecdotally evident by the absence of architects at a recent university-sponsored affordable housing workshop. Apparently, the potential contributions of architects in "the development of innovative approaches and best practices” related to affordable, owner-occupied housing is not always valued to housing policymakers and planners such as those who organized this workshop. This paper speculatively explores the gap between the potential value of architects and their actual effectiveness at realizing widespread relevancy, innovation, and change in improving the quality and attainability of affordable, owner occupied housing and how this gap may contribute to the undervaluation and marginalization of architects' efforts to address affordable housing needs in the United States. Case studies of several recent U.S. house design competitions exemplify these gaps. Potential strategies for closing these gaps and thus appreciating the value of architects' efforts in this endeavor are identified.To become central in providing much-needed affordable, owner-occupied housing, architects must make the value of their potential contributions evident. This requires a clear definition of design goals, a rigorous assessment of built projects, and the thorough dissemination of findings and methodologies. Architects must engage those fields to which they have, in the U.S., long relinquished affordable, single-family housing. Architects must demonstrate that qualitative design improvements are not just possible within the frameworks and agendas of those other fields but that good design will better enable the achievement of those extra-disciplinary goals.
HIPPS-Based No-Burst Design of Flowlines and Risers
Authors: Politis Nikolaos , Banon Hugh , Curran Christopher
Published: March 2015

A methodology is proposed for design of subsea flowlines and risers coupled with a subsea high-integrity pressure protection system (HIPPS) for fields with high shut-in tubing pressure (SITP). The proposed approach uses a design pressure that is lower than the SITP while maintaining a high reliability against burst failure. This approach enables an inherently safer design and ensures that the system integrity is not compromised in the unlikely event that HIPPS valves fail to close upon demand. The proposed design methodology is supported by a combination of analytical and experimental results. Further, an example is provided for demonstration purposes.
Monitoring Acid Stimulation Treatments in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs with Slickline Distributed Temperature Sensing
Authors: Grayson Stephen , Gonzalez Yosmar , England Kevin , Bidyk Ryan , Pitts S. Farrell
Published: March 2015

Production from naturally fractured reservoirs can be greatly enhanced by stimulation with acid. When pumping the treatment from the surface (a bullhead treatment), the acid tends to enter the reservoir at the most permeable interval (conductive natural fractures). Without any other injectivity control, the acid will not likely divert from this path. Mechanical diversion techniques using swab cups or inflatable packers on jointed pipe or coiled tubing (CT) can ensure injection into the various intervals.

With these methods, surface pressure can be monitored to assess fluid placement effectiveness for each zone treated, but uncertainty of the friction pressure in the pipe while pumping can result in an incorrect interpretation of fluid entry. These mechanical isolation techniques are typically more costly and time consuming than bullhead jobs. Diversion techniques for bullhead stimulation treatments using chemical or foam diverters are more efficient, but lack the confirmation that all the zones received acid because of uncertainty of interpreting downhole behavior from surface pressure. A new technique using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) measurements offers a solution when bullheading by providing an indication of where the acid has been injected into the fractured reservoir.

A system has been developed consisting of a fiber-optic element encased in an acid-resistant slickline (commonly referred to as SL-DTS) that can be deployed in wells to monitor acid treatments in real time. The entire length of the fiber-optic strand functions as a temperature sensor with a vertical resolution of approximately 3.5 ft. The SL-DTS is gravity deployed or can be pumped into highly deviated or horizontal wells prior to the stimulation treatment. Once in place, the fiber is interrogated with pulsed laser energy to record temperature profiles versus time over the entire fiber length. These time-based data allow easy observation of thermal events due to fluid injections as well as any exothermic reaction of the acid system with the formation. Surface-temperature fluid pumped into perforations provides a cooling effect along the flow path. Interaction of the acid system with carbonate-containing minerals in the formation generates heat. Temperature profiles observed during and after pumping can be used to detect and quantify the distribution of the fluid system into the various intervals.

This method was used to successfully delineate acid placement in several deviated wells during bullhead stimulations. The data illustrate zones successfully treated as well as zones that may be targeted for remedial treatment. SL-DTS offers a unique opportunity to optimize stimulation placement in fractured reservoirs or any reservoir with variable injectivity.
Selective Stimulation Using Self-Degrading Diverter Deployed with 1 1/2-in. CT During Completion Stage
Authors: Cuadras Romel , Guillot Guillermo , Ramirez Gildardo , Rodriguez Ricardo , Campos Katya
Published: March 2015

To selectively stimulate a well with a complex completion in a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir in a mature field, the use of a self-degrading diverter deployed by rigless means through 1 1/2-in. coiled tubing (CT) was necessary in addition to an effective acidizing schedule using relative permeability modifiers (RPMs) as an additional diverter. The well was completed in combined 5-in. casing (slotted liner at the lower part and upper free casing) and two upper perforated intervals.

Initially, a nonreactive treatment was performed, pumping 500 bbl of solvent through a slotted liner section to evaluate the lower zone.

After this, the operator's program involved adding two new perforated intervals in the upper portion. Following this, the challenge was to effectively treat the upper intervals while isolating the lower zone.

After consultation, the service company recommended temporarily isolating the lower zone with a self-degrading diverting agent deployed with 1 1/2-in. CT and immediately stimulating the upper intervals using a gelled acid blend system and a RPM as a diverter pumped during the stimulation phase.

A noncommercial production rate was obtained with the nonreactive treatment after the evaluation of the lower section (75 m in slotted liner section).

With the temporary isolation of the lower zone using a self-degrading diverter deployed throughout 150 m in the 5-in. liner, a reactive stimulation was performed by means of bullheading and directed to the upper intervals. Previous to the stimulation treatment, the well did not produce. After treatment, the well produced in natural flow 852 B/D of oil with 3.8 % water cut through a 1.45-in. choke. The outcome was excellent productivity in a problem well with a complex completion in a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir.

This paper highlights various challenges encountered while stimulating complex completion wells and describes step-by-step procedures followed to achieve outstanding results. Additionally highlighted is how lessons learned can be applied during future treatments on candidate wells.
Rigless Optimization of CT Stimulation in Saudi Arabia's Offshore Laterals
Authors: Arukhe James , Balto Abdulellah , Perez Joan , Noguera Jose
Published: March 2015

A carbonate field in the northeastern part of Saudi Arabia is undergoing major field development. 75% of the wells are extended reach wells (ERWs) or mega-reach wells. Reservoir pressure maintenance is essential, which is why peripheral water injectors and oil producers (OPs) require matrix stimulation to achieve developmental targets. The field's offshore portion contains platforms on several developed wells longer than 17,000 ft (i.e., beyond the natural reach of coiled tubing [CT]) and with an average of 6,000 ft. laterals or openhole sections. Provision of stimulation solutions for these wells drilled with mud and completed with fluids containing CaCO3 requires optimization to expeditiously complete the jobs with minimal lost time. Nonrig remedial operations are preferred compared to drilling or workover rigs, primarily for economic and technical reasons. The rigless interventions offshore present unique optimization challenges because of several surface and sub-surface complexities.

The use of a CT jackup barge with a support vessel connected by flexible hoses eliminated the need for a rig for stimulation purposes. Flexibility was crucial, such as when accommodating procedural changes for CT reservoir reach. This paper discusses the methodology, technologies and practices resulting from goals to identify cost-effective means to stimulate offshore wells to remove reservoir damage and improve well performance after drilling operations, and before putting the wells on service.

The optimized solution has allowed integrated CT (pumping, e-line, slickline) and testing services on 40 wells using large treatment fluid volumes. Customized CT stackup has resulted in improved logistics and reduced idle time between treatments. Well performance improvements up to 200% have been recorded. This translates to improved operational safety because human exposure to equipment handling is significantly minimized. The success recorded in the nonrig interventions for producers and injectors indicates that rigless CT stimulation can provide opportunities for operators to yield optimum benefits when developing a major field.
Utilizing a Personal Smartphone Custom App to Assess the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Torous John , Staples Patrick , Shanahan Meghan , Lin Charlie , Peck Pamela , Keshavan Matcheri , Onnela Jukka-Pekka
Published: March 2015

Background

Accurate reporting of patient symptoms is critical for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring in psychiatry. Smartphones offer an accessible, low-cost means to collect patient symptoms in real time and aid in care.

Objective

To investigate adherence among psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder in utilizing their personal smartphones to run a custom app to monitor Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) depression symptoms, as well as to examine the correlation of these scores to traditionally administered (paper-and-pencil) PHQ-9 scores.

Methods

A total of 13 patients with major depressive disorder, referred by their clinicians, received standard outpatient treatment and, in addition, utilized their personal smartphones to run the study app to monitor their symptoms. Subjects downloaded and used the Mindful Moods app on their personal smartphone to complete up to three survey sessions per day, during which a randomized subset of PHQ-9 symptoms of major depressive disorder were assessed on a Likert scale. The study lasted 29 or 30 days without additional follow-up. Outcome measures included adherence, measured by the percentage of completed survey sessions, and estimates of daily PHQ-9 scores collected from the smartphone app, as well as from the traditionally administered PHQ-9.

Results

Overall adherence was 77.78% (903/1161) and varied with time of day. PHQ-9 estimates collected from the app strongly correlated (r=.84) with traditionally administered PHQ-9 scores, but app-collected scores were 3.02 (SD 2.25) points higher on average. More subjects reported suicidal ideation using the app than they did on the traditionally administered PHQ-9.

Conclusions

Patients with major depressive disorder are able to utilize an app on their personal smartphones to self-assess their symptoms of major depressive disorder with high levels of adherence. These app-collected results correlate with the traditionally administered PHQ-9. Scores recorded from the app may potentially be more sensitive and better able to capture suicidality than the traditional PHQ-9.
Oscillation-based testing method for detecting switch faults in High-Q SC biquad filters
Authors: Milic Miljana , Litovski Vanco
Published: March 2015

Testing switched capacitor circuits is a challenge due to the diversity of
the possible faults. A special problem encountered is the synthesis of the
test signal that will control and make the fault-effect observable at the
test point. The oscillation based method which was adopted for testing in
these proceedings resolves that important issue in its nature. Here we
discuss the properties of the method and the conditions to be fulfilled in
order to implement it in the right way. To achieve that, we have resolved the
problem of synthesis of the positive feed-back circuit and the choice of a
proper model of the operational amplifier. In that way, a realistic
foundation to the testing process was generated. A second order notch cell
was chosen as a case-study. Fault dictionaries were developed related to the
catastrophic faults of the switches used within the cell. The results
reported here are a continuation of our previous work and are complimentary
to some other already published.
The Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire: Validity Evidence Supporting its Use for Classifying Healthy Adults into Active and Insufficiently Active Categories
Authors: Amireault Steve , Godin Gaston
Published: March 2015

This study provided validity evidence for the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ) to classify respondents into active and insufficiently active categories. Members of a fitness center [45 women and 55 men; mean ( SD) age = 45.5 (10.6) yr.] completed the questionnaire. Using only moderate and strenuous scores, those with a leisure score index ≥ 24 were classified as active; those with a score ≤ 23 were classified as insufficiently active. VO2max, percentage of body fat, and electronic records of fitness center attendance were the validation variables. In a visit to the fitness center, participants completed the GSLTPAQ and a certified exercise specialist performed a physical fitness evaluation. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) indicated the group of respondents classified as active had higher VO2max and lower percentage of body fat than the group of respondents classified as insufficiently active. An analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated the group of respondents classified as active had higher electronic records of fitness center attendance than the group of respondents classified as insufficiently active. Therefore, these pieces of validity evidence support the use of the questionnaire's classification system among healthy adults.
Test of Antonovsky's Postulate: High Sense of Coherence Helps People Avoid Negative Life Events
Authors: Hochwälder Jacek
Published: March 2015

This study tested Antonovsky's postulate that a high sense of coherence (SOC) helps people avoid negative life events. It was assumed that negative life events that were uncontrollable would not show this effect, while those events that potentially could be controlled would show a significant relationship with SOC. 1,012 female nurses ( M age = 46.9 yr.; SD = 8.9) participated in this longitudinal study and were divided into groups with low, moderate, and high SOC. Sixteen negative life events were categorized into uncontrollable and controllable events, with the controllable events divided into three sub-categories. Five one-way analyses of variance (ANOVAs) for independent measures followed up with post hoc tests were performed, with the number of experienced events in a given category by each participant (at Time 2) as the dependent variable and the three SOC groups (formed at Time 1) as the independent variable. The results indicated that the high SOC group reported fewer controllable negative life events, while there was no significant relationship between the SOC level and uncontrollable negative life events. The findings support the postulate in Antonovsky's model, with the distinction between controllable and uncontrollable negative life events.