bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION AND SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

The first members of Annelida were named by Linnaeus (1758) and in the intervening period there have been thousands of others added. We estimate that the current number of accepted species level taxa is just under 21,000, though several thousand more have been named and are considered invalid. This is based on a count of the estimates presented in the taxonomic chapters of this volume.
EULEPETHIDAE CHAMBERLIN, 1919
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

The first described Eulepethidae was Eulepis hamifera by Grube (1875). However, since the generic name was preoccupied
PILARGIDAE SAINT-JOSEPH, 1899
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Pilargidae is part of Phyllodocida, with adult sizes of the animals usually one to a few centimetres long but having up to several hundred segments. Many live Pilargidae lack specific pigmentation patterns and are of a whitish colour, although the posterior half of some (e.g. Pilargis) is reddish with darker spots.
NEREIDIDAE BLAINVILLE, 1818
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Nereididae (littoral ones often referred to as ‘ragworms’) are probably the most familiar of annelids, both from textbooks in zoology and marine biology and from their occurrence on seashores around the world. They are widely employed in teaching, in laboratory experiments, and as bait for fishing.
TOMOPTERIDAE JOHNSTON, 1865
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Tomopteridae with the charming common name ‘gossamer worms’, is an easily recognized group of transparent holoplanktonic annelids that lack external chaetae (Pl. 5b).
PHYLLODOCIDAE ÖRSTED, 1843
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Phyllodocidae are sometimes known as paddle-worms owing to their (usually) large and flattened dorsal cirri. The holopelagic Alciopidae (see Pl. 5h) are previously treated as a separate taxon in the literature but is here included in Phyllodocidae as Alciopini.
MYZOSTOMIDA GRAFF, 1877
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Myzostomida (from the Latin myzo to suck and stomum for mouth) is an unusual and in some ways diverse group of worms(Figs. 35.1, 35.2, 35.3, 35.5), comprised of more than 180 nominal species (Read and Fauchald, 2021. Lacking a common name, they are generally referred to as ‘myzostomes’.
ABERRANTA WOLF, 1987
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Named for their strange anatomy, Aberranta is a small, rare, and morphologically homogenous and characteristic group of free-living annelids, with adult length up to near 7 mm for about 40 chaetigers.
SABELLIDAE LATREILLE, 1825
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Members of Sabellidae (feather-duster worms) are among the most easily recognizable of annelid groups due to their possession of an often spectacularly colourful radiolar crown and by the mucus/ parchment/ sediment tubes that they generally inhabit (Pl. 8a–d).
THALASSEMATIDAE FORBES AND GOODSIR, 1841
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

For many years this group was referred to as Echiura, with the rank of phylum following Newby’s (1940) embryological study. The group is now consistently recognized as the sister group to
PECTINARIIDAE QUATREFAGES, 1866
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Pectinariidae, the aptly named ‘ice-cream cone’ worm, are an anatomically complex, if relatively uniform group that is known worldwide. They mainly occur in shallow marine sediments and are immediately recognizable from their elegant cone or tusk-shaped tubes, constructed from a single layer of sand grains, forams, shell fragments, spicules, or other particles (Pl. 11d, Figs. 52.2a, b). Adult Pectinariidae range from 10 mm to 100 mm in length and do not have more than 20 chaetigerous segments. When removed from their tubes, living Pectinariidae are translucent, with the sediment-filled gut clearly visible. The branchiae may be bright red and the distinctive anterior paleae are golden (Pl. 11d, e).
AMPHARETIDAE MALMGREN, 1866
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Ampharetidae are tubicolous, as are most members of Terebelliformia, and share with Alvinellidae and Melinnidae the feature that their multiple grooved palps, usually called tentacles, can be retracted into the mouth. Typically, Ampharetidae are 10 to 60 mm long, though some adults are only a few millimetres long.
ACROCIRRIDAE BANSE, 1969
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Acrocirridae is a small taxonomic group comprising around 40 accepted species that are generally found in intertidal or shallow coarse sediments and muds. They often will also be found attached to the undersurface of stones or rubble. Some extraordinary holopelagic members of Acrocirridae (Swima and Teuthidodrilus) have also been described in recent years.
COSSURA WEBSTER AND BENEDICT, 1887
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Cossura live in some shallow marine sediments but are more common in mixed sand and mud sediments in deeper seas. Around 30 accepted species have been described to date. They are recognizable by the thin mid-dorsal branchia that can be nearly as long as the body originating from an anterior segment.
DIURODRILIDAE KRISTENSEN AND NIILONEN, 1982
Authors: Rouse Greg W. , Pleijel Fredrik , Ekin Tilic
Published: February 2022

Diurodrilus was erected by Remane (1925) and means ‘two-tailed worm’. Remane was referring to the unusual ‘toes’ at the posterior end of these minute worms
Exploring a prolonged enterovirus C104 infection in a severely ill patient using nanopore sequencing
Authors: Cassidy Hayley , Schuele Leonard , Lizarazo-Forero Erley , Couto Natacha , Rossen John W A , Friedrich Alex W , van Leer-Buter Coretta , Niesters Hubert G M
Published: February 2022

Chronic enterovirus infections can cause significant morbidity, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This study describes a fatal case associated with a chronic untypeable enterovirus infection in an immunocompromised patient admitted to a Dutch university hospital over nine months. We aimed to identify the enterovirus genotype responsible for the infection and to determine potential evolutionary changes. Long-read sequencing was performed using viral targeted sequence capture on four respiratory and one faecal sample. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a maximum likelihood method, along with a root-to-tip regression and time-scaled phylogenetic analysis to estimate evolutionary changes between sample dates. Intra-host variant detection, using a Fixed Ploidy algorithm, and selection pressure, using a Fixed Effect Likelihood and a Mixed Effects Model of Evolution, were also used to explore the patient samples. Near-complete genomes of enterovirus C104 (EV-C104) were recovered in all respiratory samples but not in the faecal sample. The recovered genomes clustered with a recently reported EV-C104 from Belgium in August 2018. Phylodynamic analysis including ten available EV-C104 genomes, along with the patient sequences, estimated the most recent common ancestor to occur in the middle of 2005 with an overall estimated evolution rate of 2.97 × 10−3 substitutions per year. Although positive selection pressure was identified in the EV-C104 reference sequences, the genomes recovered from the patient samples alone showed an overall negative selection pressure in multiple codon sites along the genome. A chronic infection resulting in respiratory failure from a relatively rare enterovirus was observed in a transplant recipient. We observed an increase in single-nucleotide variations between sample dates from a rapidly declining patient, suggesting mutations are weakly deleterious and have not been purged during selection. This is further supported by the persistence of EV-C104 in the patient, despite the clearance of other viral infections. Next-generation sequencing with viral enrichment could be used to detect and characterise challenging samples when conventional workflows are insufficient.
Acute carbon monoxide poisoning in Shandong, China: an observational study
Authors: Zhang Lina , Wu Di , Xu Mingyue , Bian Yonghui , Wang Youcun , Gao Guangkai , Sun Qing
Published: February 2022

Background:

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning remains a major cause of accidental injuries and multiple studies have indicated that CO is also associated with significantly severe or long-term toxicity to the central nervous system. Given that CO poisoning causes serious morbidity and mortality, a better understanding of epidemiological features and clinical characteristics of acute CO poisoning in China is crucial.

Methods:

We collected the clinical data of acute CO poisoning in patients between November 2019 and April 2020 across Shandong province, China and analyzed its characteristics focusing on the weekly amount and the severity of the confirmed cases.

Results:

A total number of 21,088 acute CO poisoning cases were diagnosed. The overall incidence of acute CO poisoning was approximately 0.021%. On severity rankings, 63% of confirmed cases (n = 13,378) were mild, 27% (n = 5635) were moderate, and 10% (n = 2075) were severe. Interestingly, the coastal cities had more confirmed cases than the inland/suburban areas in Shandong. Meanwhile, the number of confirmed cases was negatively correlated with the local mean daily temperature (P = 0.0167).

Conclusions:

Mild acute CO poisoning cases accounted for the majority of all confirmed cases during the winter of 2019. In Shandong province, which is located in east China, residents of the coastal cities are more susceptible to CO poisoning than residents of inland cities.
Overexpression of c-Myc-dependent heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in NOTCH1-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Zou Yixin , Tang Hanning , Miao Yi , Zhu Huayuan , Wang Li , Fan Lei , Fu Jianxin , Xu Wei , Li Jianyong , Xia Yi
Published: February 2022

Background:

NOTCH1 mutation is an essential molecular biologic aberration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL patients with NOTCH1 mutation have shown an unfavorable survival and a poor response to chemoimmunotherapy. This study aims to present the mechanisms of adverse prognosis caused by NOTCH1 mutation from the perspective of the splicing factor heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1).

Methods:

The microarray data in Gene Expression Omnibus datasets were analyzed by bioinformatics and the function of hnRNPA1 was checked by testing the proliferation and apoptosis of CLL-like cell lines. Afterward, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were applied to explore the relationship among NOTCH1, c-Myc, and hnRNPA1.

Results:

RNA splicing was found to play a vital part in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells; hence, hnRNPA1 was selected as the focus of this study. Higher expression of hnRNPA1 validated in primary NOTCH1-mutated CLL samples could promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in CLL. The expression of hnRNPA1 increased when NOTCH1 signaling was activated by transfection with NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD)-overexpressed adenovirus vector and declined after NOTCH1 signaling was inhibited by NOTCH1-shRNA. Higher expression of c-Myc was observed in NICD-overexpressed cells and hnRNPA1 expression was downregulated after applying c-Myc inhibitor 10058-F4. Moreover, in NICD-overexpressed cells, hnRNPA1 expression decreased through c-Myc inhibition.

Conclusion:

Overexpression of c-Myc-dependent hnRNPA1 could promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis in NOTCH1-mutated CLL cells, which might partly account for the poor prognosis of patients with NOTCH1 mutation.
Drug-Induced Histiocytoid Sweet Syndrome: Two Cases With Levofloxacin and Amoxicillin–Clavulanate
Authors: Yuksek Tugcan , Gönül Müzeyyen , Gökçe Aysun
Published: February 2022

Histiocytoid Sweet syndrome (HSS) is an uncommon histologic variant of Sweet syndrome (SS). HSS can be distinguished from the classic SS with an infiltrate of histiocyte-like immature myeloid cells rather than dense neutrophilic infiltration, although the clinical features are similar. Previous studies have shown that the risk of hematologic malignancy is significantly higher in HSS compared with classic SS. To lesser extent, HSS is also associated with infections, inflammatory diseases, and drugs, particularly with antineoplastic agents as well. Here, we report a case of 2 patients with an abrupt onset of erythematous, tender plaques accompanied by fever, with that revealed similar histopathologic and immunohistochemical features, whom had a history of antibiotic use. Clinicopathologic correlation led to diagnosis of drug-induced HSS, associated with the use of levofloxacin and amoxicillin–clavulanate, respectively. Both patients were then successfully treated with systemic corticosteroid therapy, and neither of them had recurrence during the period of 24-month follow-up.
Patient–provider therapeutic connections to improve health care: Conceptual development and systematic review of patient measures
Authors: Rathert Cheryl , Mittler Jessica N. , Lee Yuna S. H.
Published: February 2022

Background

The Triple Aim (improved population health, improved patient experiences, and lower costs) has influenced U.S. health care since it was introduced in 2008. With it, value-based purchasing has brought unprecedented focus on patient experience measurement. Despite having devoted extensive resources toward improving patient experiences, inconsistent improvements suggest there are some dimensions not yet being widely measured or addressed. Furthermore, a renewed focus on health disparities calls for stronger patient–provider connections in order to reduce health care inequities.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to articulate the concept of therapeutic connections (TCs) in health care and examine existing survey measures, from the patient perspective, to learn whether they capture the TC construct.

Method

We interviewed subject matter experts (n = 24) and patients (n = 22) about measuring TCs and then conducted a systematic review of quantitative measures from three databases using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments) criteria.

Results

Of 31 unique measures, none captured all of the theorized TC dimensions. Most were measures of collaboration and shared decision-making or caring.

Discussion

Focusing on the nature of patient–provider connections is vital because they are the backbone of most delivery models seeking to achieve the Triple Aim. Further development of the TC concept and measures is warranted to facilitate organizational and financing policies that meaningfully support widespread improvement.

Practice Implications

A focus on barriers and facilitators of TCs is needed. Without advancing our understanding of the role TCs play in care, policymakers and practitioners will be limited in their ability to make impactful changes.
Does Hippocampal Volume in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Vary by Trauma Type?
Authors: Hinojosa Cecilia A.
Published: February 2022

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating disorder that can develop after experiencing a traumatic event and is, in part, characterized by memory disturbances. Given its important role in learning and memory, the hippocampus has been studied extensively in PTSD using volumetric neuroimaging techniques. However, the results of these studies are mixed. The variability in findings across studies could arise from differences in samples with regard to trauma type, but this connection has not yet been formally assessed. To assess this question, we conducted (1) mixed-effects meta-analyses to replicate previous meta-analytic findings of significant differences in hippocampal volumes in PTSD groups versus two different types of control groups (trauma-exposed and -unexposed groups), and (2) mixed-effects subgroup and meta-regression analyses to determine whether trauma type moderated these hippocampal volume differences. Overall, the PTSD groups showed significantly smaller right hippocampal volumes than both control groups and significantly smaller left hippocampal volumes than trauma-unexposed control groups. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses revealed that trauma type did not moderate the effect seen between PTSD and trauma-exposed non-PTSD groups but did moderate the effect between the PTSD and trauma-unexposed control groups: studies that contained participants with PTSD related to combat trauma exhibited significantly smaller effect sizes for right hippocampal volumes compared to the interpersonal violence and “other” trauma-type groups with PTSD. These findings suggest that trauma type may moderate hippocampal volume in trauma-exposed individuals but not in those with PTSD.
Congenital Aberrant Lacrimal Gland Ductules Presenting as a Nonhealing Upper Eyelid Lesion
Authors: Hodgson Kevin , Pollmann André S. , McFadden Kathryn , Hussain Ahsen
Published: February 2022

A 2-year-old girl presented with a history of a recurrent painless red and swollen lesion on the right upper eyelid. Examination demonstrated an 8.0-mm erythematous papule with overlying crusting skin in the lateral aspect of the right upper eyelid. Probing under general anesthesia revealed openings in the right temporal brow region and upper eyelid that led to aberrant ductules traveling toward the lacrimal gland. The temporal ductule was surgically excised, whilst the eyelid ductule was redirected to the fornix.
Nicotinamide and Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers
Authors: Jamison Aaron , Malhotra Raman
Published: February 2022

Oral nicotinamide supplementation may have the potential to reduce the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers, and although currently unproven, given its favorable side effect profile, supplementation should be considered seriously, particularly in high-risk individuals.
Verification of hepatitis B–related hepatocellular carcinoma predictive models to evaluate the risk of HCC in patients with liver cirrhosis under antiviral treatment
Authors: Huang Xixia , Wang Hong , Zhang Wenhong , Gu Erli
Published: February 2022

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world. The development of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related HCC can be attributed to continuous hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. It is crucial to identify and monitor patients with CHB at high risk of HCC occurrence so that HCC can be detected early and the patients are able to receive effective treatment promptly to increase the survival rate and improve prognosis.

Aim

This study aimed to verify hepatitis B–related hepatocellular carcinoma predictive models to evaluate the risk of HCC in patients with liver cirrhosis under antiviral treatment.

Methods

Patients with HBV-related compensated cirrhosis were treated with lamivudine and adefovir randomly, and then with a combination of two drugs at different time points based on the virologic response. Patients with HCC occurrence during follow-up were categorized as HCC group, whereas others as control group. They were further divided into 2-year HCC, 2-year control, 5-year HCC, and 5-year control groups according to the observation time. The operating curves of the patients were used to verify models before and after antiviral treatment.

Results

Using the baseline as a parameter, the area under the curve (AUC) of risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B) after 2 and 5 years was 0.863 and 0.797, respectively. The AUC after 2 and 5 years was 0.839 and 0.747, respectively, for guide with age, gender, HBV DNA, core promoter mutations and cirrhosis (GAG-HCC) and 0.741 and 0.748, respectively, for Taiwanese HBV cohort (TW1). Using 48 weeks as the parameter, it has an optimal critical value of 8 points. The AUC of REACH-B after 2 and 5 years was 0.738 and 0.721, respectively.

Conclusion

REACH-B can predict the risk of HCC occurrence in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis before and after antiviral treatment. GAG-HCC and TW1 could predict the risk before antiviral treatment.
Somatosensory assessments in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a cross-sectional study examining pain processing pathways and the role of multiple patient factors
Authors: Falling Carrie L , Stebbings Simon , David Baxter G , Siegel Corey A , Gearry Richard B , Mani Ramakrishnan
Published: February 2022

Background

Pain affects the majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), where pain experiences may be influenced by multiple patient factors and changes within central pain processing pathways, termed central sensitization. The current study aimed to investigate pain processing pathways in patients with IBD through somatosensory testing and associations with multiple patient factors.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of adults with IBD. Assessments included: somatosensory tests [i.e. pressure pain thresholds (PPT), temporal summation (TS), conditioned pain modulation (CPM)], and patient factors (i.e. demographics, comorbidity, sleep quality, psychological, pain severity and interference, and IBD features). Multiple regression analyses explored associations between somatosensory tests and multiple patient factors.

Results

Decreased CPM in participants (N = 51) was associated with worse abdominal pain severity and use of biologic therapies (R
2 = 0.30, F(5,44) = 5.18, P = 0.001). Increased TS was associated with biologic use (R
2 = 0.11, F(1,49) = 6.13, P = 0.017). Decreased PPT at the low back (R
2 = 0.29, F(2,48) = 11.21, P < 0.001) and Tibialis anterior (R
2 = 0.41, F(2,48) = 18.26, P < 0.001) were associated with female sex and the absence of a stoma.

Conclusion

Study results demonstrated associations between multiple patient factors and somatosensory tests in patients with IBD. The absence of a stoma and female sex was associated with greater sensitivity to pressure in two remote body regions, suggestive of widespread hyperalgesia. Worse abdominal pain severity and biologic use were associated with decreased pain inhibition, and biologic use was also associated with increased pain facilitation. These findings suggest the presence of altered pain processing and mechanisms of central sensitization in patients with IBD.
An Early Prospective Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Performance of the Versius Surgical System in Robot-Assisted Cholecystectomy
Authors: Kelkar Dhananjay S. , Kurlekar Utkrant , Stevens Lewis , Wagholikar Gajanan D. , Slack Mark
Published: February 2022

Objective:

The aim of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the Versius Surgical System to successfully and safely complete cholecystectomy.

Background:

The system has been developed in-line with surgeon feedback to overcome limitations of conventional laparoscopy to enhance surgeon experience and patient outcomes. Here we present results from the cholecystectomy cohort from a completed early clinical trial, which was designed to broadly align with Stage 2b of the Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term follow-up framework for surgical innovation.

Methods:

Procedures were performed between March 2019 and September 2020 by surgical teams consisting of a lead surgeon and operating room (OR) assistants. Male or female patients aged 18 years and over and requiring cholecystectomy were enrolled. The primary endpoint was the rate of unplanned conversion from robot-assisted surgery to conventional laparoscopic or open surgery. Adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs were adjudicated by video review of the surgery and patient study reports by an independent Clinical Expert Committee.

Results:

Overall, 134/143 (93.7%) cholecystectomies were successfully completed using the device. Of the 9 (6.3%) conversions to another surgical modality, 7 were deemed to be related to the device. A total of 6 serious AEs and 3 AEs occurred in 8 patients (5.6%), resulting in 4 (2.8%) readmissions to hospital within 30 days of surgery and 1 death.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates cholecystectomy performed using the device is as safe and effective as conventional laparoscopy and supports the implementation of the device on a wider scale, pending instrument modifications, in alignment with Idea, Development, Exploration, Assessment, Long-term follow-up Stage 3 (Assessment).
Trauma bay virtual reality—A game changer for ATLS instruction and assessment
Authors: Colonna Alexander L. , Robbins Riann , Stefanucci Jeanine , Creem-Regeh Sarah , Patterson Brandon , Engel Benjamin T. , Fischer Aaron , Nirula Raminder
Published: February 2022

Background

Medical educational research highlights the need for high-fidelity, multidisciplinary simulation training to teach complex decision-making skills, such as those taught in Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS). This approach is, however, expensive and time-intensive. Virtual reality (VR) education simulation may improve skill acquisition in a cost-effective and time-sensitive manner. We developed a novel trauma VR simulator (TVRSim) for providers to apply ATLS principles. We hypothesized in this pilot study that TVRSim could differentiate practitioner competency with increasing experience and would be well accepted.

Methods

Providers at a Level I trauma center (acute care surgeons, novice (MS4 & PGY1), junior (PGY2 & 3), senior (PGY4-6) residents) ran a blunt, polytrauma VR code. Ten critical decision points were assessed: intubation, cricothyroidotomy, chest tube, intravenous access, focused abdominal sonography for trauma examination, pelvic binder, activation of massive transfusion protocol, administration of hypertonic saline, hyperventilation and decision to go to the operating room (OR). Learner assessment was based on frequency and time to correct decisions. Participant satisfaction was measured using validated surveys.

Results

All 31 providers intubated and obtained intravenous access. Novices and juniors frequently failed at hypertonic saline and hyperventilation decisions. Juniors often failed at cricothyroidotomy (60%) and OR (100%) decisions. Mean time to all decisions except going to the OR was longer for all groups compared to acute care surgeons. Mean number of decisions/min was significantly higher for surgeons and seniors compared to juniors and novices. Mortality was 92.3% for novices, 80% for juniors, 25% for seniors and 0% for the attendings. Participants found TVRSim comfortable, easy to use/interact with/performance enhancing, and helped develop skills and learning.

Conclusions

In this pilot study using a sample of convenience, TVRSim was able to discern decision-making abilities among trainees with increasing experience. All trainees felt that the platform enhanced their performance and facilitated skill acquisition and learning. TVRSim could be a useful adjunct to teach and assess ATLS skills.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Diagnostic Test or Criteria; Level IV.
‘A thankless enterprise’: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's campaign to establish medical unorthodoxy amongst her female network
Authors: Esfandiary Helen
Published: February 2022

Scholarship on Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and her involvement in the introduction of smallpox inoculation into 1720s English society generally concurs that, were it not for Montagu, inoculation might never, or would have taken significantly longer to, come about. This article argues that whilst Montagu can take the credit for popularizing the
notion
of inoculating against smallpox, it was not the method she personally introduced that ended up becoming general practice. Her ‘Turkish’ technique was shunned, not just by the male medical elite, but by those in her female network. For whilst they were evidently convinced by the idea of inoculation, they were not prepared to apply her foreign method, which strayed so considerably outside the bounds of what made sense to them intellectually and morally. Sanctioning a version of inoculation that adhered to the tenets of humoral medicine, they effectively advanced an ‘English’ version of it. These findings not only nuance the true nature of Montagu's contribution to the introduction of smallpox inoculation, but also reveal the extent to which its success depended upon the knowledge, experience and say-so of the female circle who first adopted it.
Sex-specific influence of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness in a burying beetle
Authors: Ma Long , Versteegh Maaike A. , Hammers Martijn , Komdeur Jan
Published: February 2022

Communal breeding, wherein multiple conspecifics live and reproduce together, may generate short-term benefits in terms of defence and reproduction. However, its carry-over effects remain unclear. We experimentally tested the effects of communal breeding on parental care and reproduction in burying beetles (Nicrophorus vespilloides), which use carcasses as breeding resources and provide parental care to offspring. We subjected individuals to communal or non-communal breeding (i.e. pair breeding) during their first breeding event and to non-communal breeding during their second breeding event. We measured the parental care of individuals and of groups and the reproductive success of groups during both breeding events. In communal groups, large individuals became dominant and largely monopolized the carcass, whereas small individuals (i.e. subordinates) had restricted access to the carcass. At the first breeding event, large males in communal groups spent more time providing care than large males in non-communal groups, whereas such an effect was not observed for large females and small individuals. Reproductive successes were similar in communal and non-communal groups, indicating no short-term benefits of communal breeding in terms of reproduction. Compared with males from non-communal groups, males originating from communal groups produced a larger size of brood during their second breeding event, whereas such an effect was not observed for females. Our results demonstrate the sex-specific effects of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness.
Relation between two evolutionary clocks reveal new insights in bacterial evolution
Authors: Sevillya Gur
Published: February 2022

New insights in evolution are available thanks to next-generation sequencing technologies in recent years. However, due to the network of complex relations between species, caused by the intensive horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between different bacterial species, it is difficult to discover bacterial evolution. This difficulty leads to new research in the field of phylogeny, including the gene-based phylogeny, in contrast to sequence-based phylogeny. In previous articles, we presented evolutionary insights of Synteny Index (SI) study on a large biological dataset. We showed that the SI approach naturally clusters 1133 species into 39 cliques of closely related species. In addition, we presented a model that enables calculation of the number of translocation events between genomes based on their SI distance. Here, these two studies are combined together and lead to new insights. A principal result is the relation between two evolutionary clocks: the well-known sequence-based clock influenced by point mutations, and SI distance clock influenced by translocation events. A surprising linear relation between these two evolutionary clocks rising for closely related species across all genus. In other words, these two different clocks are ticking at the same rate inside the genus level. Conversely, a phase-transition manner discovered between these two clocks across non-closely related species. This may suggest a new genus definition based on an analytic approach, since the phase-transition occurs where each gene, on average, undergoes one translocation event. In addition, rare cases of HGT among highly conserved genes can be detected as outliers from the phase-transition pattern.
Microbe Profile: Geobacter metallireducens: a model for novel physiologies of biogeochemical and technological significance
Authors: Lovley Derek R.
Published: February 2022

Geobacter metallireducens

has served as the initial model for a substantial number of newly recognized microbial physiologies that play an important role in biogeochemical cycling of carbon, metals and nutrients. The strategies used by

G. metallireducens

for microbial interaction with minerals, contaminants, other microbes and electrodes have led to new technologies for bioremediation, bioenergy conversion and the sustainable production of ‘green’ electronics.
Principles of gait encoding in the subthalamic nucleus of people with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Thenaisie Yohann , Lee Kyuhwa , Moerman Charlotte , Scafa Stefano , Gálvez Andrea , Pirondini Elvira , Burri Morgane , Ravier Jimmy , Puiatti Alessandro , Accolla Ettore , Wicki Benoit , Zacharia André , Jiménez Mayte Castro , Bally Julien F. , Courtine Grégoire , Bloch Jocelyne , Moraud Eduardo Martin
Published: February 2022

Disruption of subthalamic nucleus dynamics in Parkinson’s disease leads to impairments during walking. Here, we aimed to uncover the principles through which the subthalamic nucleus encodes functional and dysfunctional walking in people with Parkinson’s disease. We conceived a neurorobotic platform that allowed us to deconstruct the key components of walking under well-controlled conditions. We exploited this platform in 18 patients with Parkinson’s disease, which allowed us to demonstrate that the subthalamic nucleus encodes the initiation, termination, and vigor of leg muscle activation. We found that the same fundamental principles determine the encoding of walking. We translated this understanding into a machine-learning framework that decoded muscle activation, walking states, locomotor vigor, and freezing of gait. These results expose key principles through which subthalamic nucleus dynamics encode walking, opening the possibility to operate neuroprosthetic systems with these signals to improve walking in people with Parkinson’s disease.

One Sentence Summary

The subthalamic nucleus encodes the initiation, termination, and vigor of muscle activity, which supports real-time decoding of gait in people with Parkinson’s disease.
Avoidable burden of stomach cancer and potential gains in healthy life years from gradual reductions in salt consumption in Vietnam, 2019 – 2030: a modelling study
Authors: Aminde Leopold Ndemnge , Cobiac Linda J , Phung Dung , Phung Hai N , Veerman J. Lennert
Published: February 2022

Objective

Excess salt consumption is causally linked with stomach cancer. However, the impact of high salt intake on stomach cancer in Vietnam is not known. The aim of this study was to quantify the future burden of stomach cancer that could be avoided from population-wide salt reduction in Vietnam.

Design

A dynamic simulation model was developed to quantify the impacts of achieving the 2018 National Healthy Vietnam program (8g/day by 2025 and 7g/day by 2030) and the WHO (5g/day) salt reduction targets. Data on salt consumption were obtained from the Vietnam 2015 WHO STEPS survey. Health outcomes were estimated over 6-year (by 2025), 11-year (by 2030) and lifetime horizons. We conducted one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Setting

Vietnam

Participants

All adults aged ≥ 25 years (total of 61 million people, 48.4% men) alive in 2019.

Results

Achieving the 2025 and 2030 national salt targets could result in 3,500 and 7,700 fewer incident cases of stomach cancer respectively, and avert 1,950 and 5,200 stomach cancer deaths, respectively. Achieving the WHO target by 2030 could prevent 9,280 new cases of, and 6,300 deaths from stomach cancer. Over the lifespan, this translated to 359,000 (8g/day), 416,000 (7g/day) and 505,000 (5g/day) HALYs gained respectively.

Conclusions

A sizeable burden of stomach cancer could be avoided, with gains in healthy life years if national and WHO salt targets were attained. Our findings provide impetus for policy makers in Vietnam and Asia to intensify salt reduction strategies to combat stomach cancer and mitigate pressure on the health systems.
“Is this Herpes or Syphilis?”: Latent Dirichlet Allocation Analysis of Sexually Transmitted Disease-Related Reddit Posts During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Johnson Amy K , Bhaumik Runa , Nandi Debarghya , Roy Abhishikta , Mehta Supriya D
Published: February 2022

Background

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are common and costly, impacting approximately one in five people annually. Reddit, the sixth most used internet site in the world, is a user-generated social media discussion platform that may be useful in monitoring discussion about STD symptoms and exposure.

Objective

This study sought to define and identify patterns and insights into STD related discussions on Reddit over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We extracted posts from Reddit from March 2019 through July 2021. We used a machine learning text mining method, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), to conduct a text analysis to identify the most common topics discussed in the Reddit posts. We then used word clouds, qualitative topic labelling, and spline regression to characterize the content and distribution of topics observed.

Results

Our extraction resulted in 24,311 total posts. LDA Coding showed that with 8 topics for each time period we achieved high coherence values (pre-COVID=0.41, pre-vaccine=0.42; post-vaccine=0.44). While most topic categories remained the same over time, the relative proportion of topics changed and new topics emerged. Spline regression revealed some key terms had variability in the percentage of posts that coincided with COVID-19 pre- and post-periods, while others were uniform across the study periods.

Conclusions

Our study’s use of Reddit is a novel way to gain insights into STD symptoms experienced, potential exposures, testing decisions, common questions, and behavior patterns (e.g., during lock down periods). For example, reduction in STD screening may result in observed negative health outcomes due to missed cases, which also impacts onward transmission. As Reddit use is anonymous, users may discuss sensitive topics with greater detail, and more freely than in clinical encounters. Data from anonymous Reddit posts may be leveraged to enhance understanding of the distribution of disease and need for targeted outreach/screening programs. This study demonstrates Reddit has feasibility and utility to enhance understanding of sexual behaviors, STD experiences, and needed health engagement with the public.
Required COVID-19 Vaccination Certification to Attend Certain U.S. Professional Football Games in Fall 2021: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Robertson Leon S.
Published: February 2022

Four U.S. National Football League teams required vaccination certification against the SARS-CoV-2 virus of attendees at home games during the 2021 season. Using daily data on confirmed cases and vaccinations in counties surrounding these stadiums and stadiums that did not require certification, this study estimates the effects of the certification policy. Ordinary least squares regression was used to estimate the change in community spread of the virus after home games and away games relative to weeks that the teams did not play (bye weeks).

Compared to counties in metropolitan areas near stadiums with no certification requirement, counties near stadiums that had a vaccination requirement had significantly less cases 14 days after home games. In the six weeks leading up to the beginning of the season, percent vaccinated increased in counties that were near stadiums requiring vaccination certification only if the prevalent preseason vaccination rate was relatively low. Required vaccination certification at venues for large gatherings appear to slow virus spread generally in nearby communities and increases vaccination percentages in areas with lower prevalent vaccination percentages.
Characterization of altered molecular mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease through cell type-resolved multi-omics analyses
Authors: Lee Andrew J. , Kim Changyoun , Park Seongwan , Jun Kyoungho , Eom Junghyun , Lee Seung-Jae , Chung Sun Ju , Rissman Robert A. , Chung Jongkyeong , Masliah Eliezer , Jung Inkyung
Published: February 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. However, cell type-dependent transcriptional regulatory programs responsible for PD pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we establish transcriptomic and epigenomic landscapes of the substantia nigra (SN) by profiling 87,733 nuclei obtained from healthy controls and PD patients. Our multi-omic data integration provides functional annotation of 128,724 cis-regulatory elements (cREs) and uncovers cell-type specific dysregulated cREs with a strong transcriptional influence on genes implicated in PD. The establishment of high-resolution three-dimensional chromatin contact maps identifies 656 target genes of dysregulated cREs and genetic risk loci, including both novel candidates and known PD risk genes. Notably, these new PD candidate genes exhibit modular gene expression patterns with unique molecular signatures in distinct cell types. Thus, our single-cell transcriptome and epigenome uncover cell type-specific disrupted transcriptional regulations in PD.

Teaser

Single-cell transcriptome and epigenome uncover cell type-specific disrupted transcriptional regulations in Parkinson’s disease.
Milk of cow and goat, immunized by recombinant protein vaccine ZF-UZ-VAC2001(Zifivax), contains neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and remains active after standard milk pasteurization
Authors: Garib Victoria , Katsamaki Stefani , Turdikulova Shahlo , Levitskaya Yuliya , Zahidova Nodira , Bus Galina , Karamova Kristina , Rakhmedova Manona , Magbulova Nigora , Bruhov Alexander , Garib Firuz Y. , Abdurakhmonov Ibrokhim Y.
Published: February 2022

Here we report the first experimental validation of the possibility for obtaining immune milk with neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 from vaccinated cow and goat using recombinant protein human vaccine, ZF-UZ-VAC2001. In the period of two weeks after first vaccination, we detected the neutralizing antibodies against coronavirus in the blood serum of vaccinated animals. The neutralizing activity, in its peak on the 21st days after receiving the third dose (77th day from first dose), was effective in Neutralization Test using a live SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, even after 120-fold serum titration. Colostrum of the first day after 3rd dose vaccinated cow after calving had a greater activity to neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 compared to colostrum of subsequent three days (4.080 µg/ml vs 2.106, 1.960 and 1.126 µg/ml), goat milk (1,486 µg/ml), and cow milk (0.222 µg/ml) in MAGLUMI® SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay. We observed a positive correlation of receptor-binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG antibodies between the serum of actively immunized cow and milk-feeding calf during the entire course of vaccination (r = 0.95, p = 0.027). We showed an optimal regime for immune milk pasteurization at 62.5°C for 30 min, which retained specific neutralizing activity to SARS-CoV-2, potentially useful for passive immunization against coronavirus infection threats.
The BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces transient afucosylated IgG1 in naive but not antigen-experienced vaccinees
Authors: Van Coillie Julie , Pongracz Tamas , Rahmöller Johann , Chen Hung-Jen , Geyer Chiara , van Vlught Lonneke A. , Buhre Jana S. , Šuštić Tonći , van Osch Thijs L. J. , Steenhuis Maurice , Hoepel Willianne , Wang Wenjun , Lixenfeld Anne S. , Nouta Jan , Keijzer Sofie , Linty Federica , Visser Remco , Larsen Mads D. , Martin Emily L. , Künsting Inga , Lehrian Selina , von Kopylow Vera , Kern Carsten , Lunding Hanna B. , de Winther Menno , van Mourik Niels , Rispens Theo , Graf Tobias , Slim Marleen A. , Minnaar René , Bomers Marije K. , Sikkens Jonne J. , Vlaar Alexander P. J. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , den Dunnen Jeroen , Wuhrer Manfred , Ehlers Marc , Vidarsson Gestur ,   the Fatebenefratelli-Sacco Infectious Diseases Physicians group and UMC COVID-19 S3/HCW study group
Published: February 2022

The onset of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by the presence of afucosylated IgG1 responses against the viral spike (S) protein, which can trigger exacerbated inflammatory responses. Here, we studied IgG glycosylation after BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination to explore whether vaccine-induced S protein expression on host cells also generates afucosylated IgG1 responses. SARS-CoV-2 naive individuals initially showed a transient afucosylated anti-S IgG1 response after the first dose, albeit to a lower extent than severely ill COVID-19 patients. In contrast, previously infected, antigen-experienced individuals had low afucosylation levels, which slightly increased after immunization. Afucosylation levels after the first dose correlated with low fucosyltransferase 8 (FUT8) expression levels in a defined plasma cell subset. Remarkably, IgG afucosylation levels after primary vaccination correlated significantly with IgG levels after the second dose. Further studies are needed to assess efficacy, inflammatory potential, and protective capacity of afucosylated IgG responses.

One sentence summary

A transient afucosylated IgG response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was observed in naive but not in antigen-experienced individuals, which predicted antibody titers upon the second dose.
Diverse innate immune factors protect yeast from lethal viral pathogenesis
Authors: Chau Sabrina , Gao Jie , Diao Annette J. , Cao Shi Bo , Azhieh Amirahmad , Davidson Alan R. , Meneghini Marc D.
Published: February 2022

In recent years, newly characterized anti-viral systems have proven to be remarkably conserved from bacteria to mammals, demonstrating that unique insights into these systems can be gained by studying microbial organisms. Despite the enthusiasm generated by these findings, the key microbial model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) has been minimally exploited for studies of viral defense, primarily because it is not infected with exogenously transmitted viruses. However, most yeast strains are infected with an endogenous double stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus called L-A, and previous studies identified conserved antiviral systems that attenuate L-A replication. Although these systems do not completely eradicate L-A, we show here that they do prevent proteostatic stress and lethality caused by L-A over-proliferation. Exploiting this new finding, we demonstrate that the genetic screening methods available in yeast can be used to identify additional conserved antiviral systems. Using these approaches, we discovered antiviral functions for the yeast homologs of polyA-binding protein (PABPC1) and the La-domain containing protein Larp1, which are both involved in viral innate immunity in humans. We also identified new antiviral functions for the RNA exonucleases REX2 and MYG1, both of which have distinct but poorly characterized human and bacterial homologs. These findings highlight the potential of yeast as a powerful model system for the discovery and characterization of conserved antiviral systems.

Significance Statement

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been minimally exploited for investigation of host-virus interactions despite its chronic infection with a double-stranded RNA virus called L-A. Controverting its presumed harmless nature, we show here that L-A causes pathogenesis in cells lacking parallel-acting viral attenuation pathways. Taking advantage of the genetic tools available in budding yeast, we identify several highly conserved proteins to play a role in antiviral defense. Some of these have been recently identified in humans to be involved in viral innate immunity, thus highlighting the potential of budding yeast as a model organism to identify and investigate new antiviral systems.