bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The IL-2RG R328X nonsense mutation allows partial STAT-5 phosphorylation and defines a critical region involved in the leaky-SCID phenotype
Authors: Arcas-García A , Garcia-Prat M , Magallón-Lorenz M , Martín-Nalda A , Drechsel O , Ossowski S , Alonso L , Rivière J G , Soler-Palacín P , Colobran R , Sayós J , Martínez-Gallo M , Franco-Jarava C
Published: December 2019

In addition to their detection in typical X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency, hypomorphic mutations in the interleukin (IL)-2 receptor common gamma chain gene (IL2RG) have been described in patients with atypical clinical and immunological phenotypes. In this leaky clinical phenotype the diagnosis is often delayed, limiting prompt therapy in these patients. Here, we report the biochemical and functional characterization of a nonsense mutation in exon 8 (p.R328X) of IL2RG in two siblings: a 4-year-old boy with lethal Epstein–Barr virus-related lymphoma and his asymptomatic 8-month-old brother with a TlowB+natural killer (NK)+ immunophenotype, dysgammaglobulinemia, abnormal lymphocyte proliferation and reduced levels of T cell receptor excision circles. After confirming normal IL-2RG expression (CD132) on T lymphocytes, signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-5) phosphorylation was examined to evaluate the functionality of the common gamma chain (γc), which showed partially preserved function. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments were performed to assess the interaction capacity of the R328X mutant with Janus kinase (JAK)3, concluding that R328X impairs JAK3 binding to γc. Here, we describe how the R328X mutation in IL-2RG may allow partial phosphorylation of STAT-5 through a JAK3-independent pathway. We identified a region of three amino acids in the γc intracellular domain that may be critical for receptor stabilization and allow this alternative signaling. Identification of the functional consequences of pathogenic IL2RG variants at the cellular level is important to enable clearer understanding of partial defects leading to leaky phenotypes.
COL1‐related overlap disorder: A novel connective tissue disorder incorporating the osteogenesis imperfecta/Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome overlap
Authors: Morlino Silvia , Micale Lucia , Ritelli Marco , Rohrbach Marianne , Zoppi Nicoletta , Vandersteen Anthony , Mackay Sara , Agolini Emanuele , Cocciadiferro Dario , Sasaki Erina , Madeo Annalisa , Ferraris Alessandro , Reardon Willie , Di Rocco Maja , Novelli Antonio , Grammatico Paola , Malfait Fransiska , Mazza Tommaso , Hakim Alan , Giunta Cecilia , Colombi Marina , Castori Marco
Published: December 2019

The 2017 classification of Ehlers‐Danlos syndromes (EDS) identifies three types associated with causative variants in COL1A1/COL1A2 and distinct from osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Previously, patients have been described with variable features of both disorders, and causative variants in COL1A1/COL1A2; but this phenotype has not been included in the current classification. Here, we expand and re‐define this OI/EDS overlap as a missing EDS type. Twenty‐one individuals from 13 families were reported, in whom COL1A1/COL1A2 variants were found after a suspicion of EDS. None of them could be classified as affected by OI or by any of the three recognized EDS variants associated with COL1A1/COL1A2. This phenotype is dominated by EDS‐related features. OI‐related features were limited to mildly reduced bone mass, occasional fractures and short stature. Eight COL1A1/COL1A2 variants were novel and five recurrent with a predominance of glycine substitutions affecting residues within the procollagen N‐proteinase cleavage site of α1(I) and α2(I) procollagens. Selected variants were investigated by biochemical, ultrastructural and immunofluorescence studies. The pattern of observed changes in the dermis and in vitro for selected variants was more typical of EDS rather than OI. Our findings indicate the existence of a wider recognizable spectrum associated with COL1A1/COL1A2.
Melatonin protects against ischemic stroke by modulating microglia/macrophage polarization toward anti‐inflammatory phenotype through STAT3 pathway
Authors: Liu Zong‐Jian , Ran Yuan‐Yuan , Qie Shu‐Yan , Gong Wei‐Jun , Gao Fu‐Hai , Ding Zi‐Tong , Xi Jia‐Ning
Published: December 2019

Aims

Microglia and infiltrated macrophages play important roles in inflammatory processes after ischemic stroke. Modulating microglia/macrophage polarization from pro‐inflammatory phenotype to anti‐inflammatory state has been suggested as a potential therapeutic approach in the treatment of ischemic stroke. Melatonin has been shown to be neuroprotective in experimental stroke models. However, the effect of melatonin on microglia polarization after stroke and underlying mechanisms remain unknown.

Methods

In vivo, cerebral ischemia was induced by distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAO) in C57BL/6J mice. Melatonin was injected intraperitoneally (20 mg/kg) at 0 and 24 hours after ischemia. In vitro, the microglial cell line BV2 was stimulated to the pro‐inflammatory state with conditioned media (CM) collected from oxygen‐glucose deprivation (OGD) challenged neuronal cell line Neuro‐2a (N2a). Real‐time PCR was utilized to detect the mRNA expression of microglia phenotype markers. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway was determined by Western blot of phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3). A neuron‐microglia co‐culture system was used to determine whether melatonin can inhibit the neurotoxic effect of pro‐inflammatory microglia to post‐OGD neurons.

Results

Melatonin treatment reduced brain infarct and improved neurological functions 3 days after dMCAO, which was accompanied by decreased expression of pro‐inflammatory markers and increased expression of anti‐inflammatory markers in the ischemic brain. In vitro studies confirmed that melatonin directly inhibited the pro‐inflammatory responses in BV2 cells upon exposure to OGD neuron CM. The microglia possessing pro‐inflammatory phenotype exacerbated post‐OGD N2a cells death, whereas melatonin reduced such neurotoxic effect. Further, melatonin enhanced the otherwise inhibited pSTAT3 expression in BV2 cells treated with OGD neuron CM. STAT3 blockade significantly reduced the effect of melatonin on microglial phenotype shift. Conclusion: Melatonin treatment ameliorates brain damage at least partially through shifting microglia phenotype from pro‐inflammatory to anti‐inflammatory polarity in a STAT3‐dependent manner.
Protected areas and freshwater biodiversity: a novel systematic review distils eight lessons for effective conservation
Authors: Acreman Michael , Hughes Kathy A. , Arthington Angela H. , Tickner David , Dueñas Manuel‐Angel
Published: December 2019

Protected areas are a global cornerstone of biodiversity conservation and restoration. Yet freshwater biodiversity is continuing to decline rapidly. To date there has been no formal review of the effectiveness of protected areas for conserving or restoring biodiversity in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. We present the first assessment using a systematic review of the published scientific evidence of the effectiveness of freshwater protected areas. Systematic searches returned 2,586 separate publications, of which 44 provided quantitative evidence comprising 75 case studies. Of these, 38 reported positive, 25 neutral, and 12 negative outcomes for freshwater biodiversity conservation. Analysis revealed variable relationships between conservation effectiveness and factors such as taxa assessed, protected area size and characteristics, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) protected area category, and ecoregion. Lack of effectiveness was attributed to many anthropogenic factors, including fishing (often with a lack of law enforcement), water management (abstraction, dams, and flow regulation), habitat degradation, and invasive non‐native species. Drawing on the review and wider literature we distil eight lessons to enhance the effectiveness of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation. We urge policymakers, protected area managers, and those who fund them to invest in well‐designed research and monitoring programs and publication of evidence of protected area effectiveness.
Disorder within the humanitarian sector: the old versus new humanitarianism debate
Authors: Adami Monica
Published: November 2019

A debate is continuing between old humanitarianism, based on neutrality and short‐term, relief‐based assistance, and new humanitarianism, centring on advocacy and development. This paper views this deliberation as the humanitarian equivalent of the legal discussion between international humanitarian law and international human rights law. It tries to regulate it using the lex specialis and the belt and suspenders approach. Whether or not to be neutral is the key issue. Analysis of this point makes it possible to reveal the limited functionality of the lex specialis: it does not determine which approach should and should not be employed; there is no superior methodology. In conclusion, the belt and suspenders approach helps one to comprehend that ‘what is the right method for humanitarian actors?’ is not the right question to ask; both positions are valid, or simply the two approaches apply. It is important, therefore, to clarify and combine old and new humanitarianism.
Biological bases of suicidal behaviours: A narrative review
Authors: Lengvenyte Aiste , Conejero Ismael , Courtet Philippe , Olié Emilie
Published: December 2019

Suicidal behaviour is a multifaceted phenomenon that concerns all human populations. It has been suggested that a complex interaction between the individual genetic profile and environmental factors throughout life underlies the pathophysiology of suicidal behaviour. Although epidemiological and genetic studies suggest the existence of a genetic component, exposure to biological and psychosocial adversities, especially during critical developmental periods, also contributes to altering the biological responses to threat and pleasure. This results in amplified maladaptive cognitive and behavioural traits and states associated with suicidal behaviours. Alterations in the cognitive inhibition and decision‐making capacity have been implicated in suicidal behaviours. Structural and functional changes in key brain regions and networks, such as prefrontal cortex, insula and default mode network, may underlie this relationship. Furthermore, the shift from health to suicidal behaviour incorporates complex and dynamic changes in the immune and stress responses, monoaminergic system, gonadal system and neuroplasticity. In this review, we describe the major findings of epidemiological, genetic, neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, immunological and neuroendocrinological studies on suicide behaviours to provide a solid background for future research in this field. This broad overview of the biological bases of suicide should promote neuroscience research on suicidal behaviours. This might lead to improved biological models and to the identification of evidence‐based biomarkers, treatment options and preventive strategies.
Animal effects on dissolved organic carbon bioavailability in an algal controlled ecosystem
Authors: Parr Thomas B. , Vaughn Caryn C. , Gido Keith B.
Published: December 2019

Animals exert both direct and indirect controls over elemental cycles, linking primary producer‐based (green) and decomposer‐based (brown) food webs through top‐down trophic interactions and bottom‐up element regeneration. Where animals are aggregated at high biomass, they create hotspots of elemental cycling. The relative importance of animal control on elemental cycling depends on animal biomass, species functional traits (i.e. feeding mode and stoichiometry), and their overlap.

We evaluated how animal community complexity affects the mechanisms regulating energy flow to the brown food web. We conducted a mesocosm experiment where we varied the biomass and overlap of animals with different life history and stoichiometric traits (stream fish and mussels) and measured how this influenced the quantity and fraction of labile carbon available to microbes. We used linear models and structural equation modelling to evaluate direct (excretion) and indirect (herbivory, nutrient availability, and nutrient stoichiometry) effects of animals on bioavailable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC) concentration.

In experimental stream mesocosms, we found support for both direct (DOC excretion) and indirect (grazing) animal influences on BDOC concentration. Although we found that snail, fish, and mussel biomass increased nutrient concentrations, neither nutrient concentration nor stoichiometry had a significant effect on BDOC concentration. This has been due to the high background nutrient concentration context of our stream mesocosm water. Snails, probably due to their high biomass and small body size, exerted a significant positive direct control on BDOC concentration. Fish and mussels exerted a significant negative indirect control on BDOC via their effects (grazing and bioturbation) on algal biomass.

Our results imply that primary consumers with different feeding strategies provide a key mechanism regulating the flow of DOC into the brown food web through direct (excretion) and indirect (grazing) controls on primary producers. This highlights that animals can provide important controls on the production of bioavailable organic energy supporting microbes in aquatic ecosystems, but the importance of these controls depends on the nutrient context and the distribution of primary producer and animal biomasses.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 controls maternal care, maternal motivation and maternal aggression in mice
Authors: Gryksa Katharina , Mittmann Laura , Bauer Angelika , Peterlik Daniel , Flor Peter J. , Uschold‐Schmidt Nicole , Bosch Oliver J.
Published: December 2019

The group III metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 (mGlu7) is an important regulator of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission and known to mediate emotionality and male social behavior. However, a possible regulatory role in maternal behavior remains unknown to date. Adequate expression of maternal behavior is essential for successful rearing and healthy development of the young. By understanding genetic and neural mechanisms underlying this important prosocial behavior, we gain valuable insights into possible dysregulations. Using genetic ablation as well as pharmacological modulation, we studied various parameters of maternal behavior in two different mouse strains under the influence of mGlu7. We can clearly show a regulatory role of mGlu7 in maternal behavior. Naïve virgin female C57BL/6 mGlu7 knockout mice showed more often nursing postures and less spontaneous maternal aggression compared to their heterozygous and wildtype littermates. In lactating C57BL/6 wildtype mice, acute central activation of mGlu7 by the selective agonist AMN082 reduced arched back nursing and accelerated pup retrieval without affecting maternal aggression. In addition, in lactating CD1 wildtype mice the selective mGlu7 antagonist XAP044 increased both pup retrieval and maternal aggression. With respect to receptor expression levels, mGlu7 mRNA expression was higher in lactating vs virgin C57BL/6 mice in the prefrontal cortex, but not hypothalamus or hippocampus. In conclusion, these findings highlight a significant role of the mGlu7 receptor subtype in mediating maternal behavior in mice. Region‐dependent studies are warranted to further extend our knowledge on the specific function of the brain glutamate system in maternal behavior.
Microstructure characteristics of tea seed dietary fibre and its effect on cholesterol, glucose and nitrite ion adsorption capacities in vitro: a comparison study among different modifications
Authors: Zhang Fangfang , Yi Wangrui , Cao Jun , He Kunming , Liu Yawen , Bai Xinpeng
Published: December 2019

The effects of xylanase–cellulase hydrolysis, ultrasonic modification and enzymatic‐ultrasonic treatment on the physicochemical properties, morphological structures and adsorption capacities in vitro of purified fibre (PF) from tea seed were determined. The results showed the ultrasonically treated fibre (UTF) had a higher water‐holding capacity (60.15 g g−1), oil‐binding capacity (30.42 g g−1), swelling capacity (29.93 mL g−1), emulsification activity (381.36 m2 g−1) and emulsification stability (20.20) than PF, enzymatically hydrolysed fibre (EHF) and enzymatic‐ultrasonic treated fibre (EUF). The structures of PF, UTF, EHF and EUF were characterised by scanning electron microscope, Laser particle size analyzer, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectra. Furthermore, compared with PF, the adsorption capacity of UTF, EHF and EUF for cholesterol, glucose and nitrite ions during simulative gastrointestinal tract was improved to different degrees. This study can provide guidance for the comprehensive utilisation of byproduct of tea seed and designing novel functional dietary fibre.
Tea components influencing bioavailability of fluoride and potential transport mechanism in the Caco‐2 cell line model
Authors: Peng Yun , Xi Junjun , Sun Yue , Chen Guijie , Li Daxiang , Peng Chuanyi , Wan Xiaochun , Cai Huimei
Published: December 2019

Previous work showed that the bioavailability of fluoride in dark tea was lower than NaF solution. However, limited information is available indicating the effects of tea components on the fluoride bioavailability. In this study, the effects of the components in tea on the bioavailability of fluoride were evaluated in the Caco‐2 cell line model. Additionally, the mechanism of effect of aluminium on fluoride transport was investigated. The result showed that 10–100 μm of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) could not influence fluoride transport. Al3+ significantly decreased fluoride transport in both apical‐basolateral and basolateral‐apical directions. Moreover, aluminium could form different forms of aluminium fluoride complexes, which were transported through Caco‐2 cells by different pathways. F− transport was mainly dependent on the paracellular pathway and active transport involving Cl− channels. The paracellular pathway played a predominant role in transport of AlF3. The paracellular pathway and active transport both participated in AlF2+ transport.
Safe preparation of beefy meaty peptide with Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Wu Yuanming , Chen Xiaohua , Wang Li , Wu Lunjie , Lin Lu , Ding Wenwu , Che Zhenming , Wang Jianfeng , Li Jianzhou , Liu Yi , Sun Weifeng
Published: December 2019

Preparation of flavour peptides with microorganisms is an attractive choice for its large‐scale production. However, beefy meaty peptide (BMP), as a research hotspot in the field of umami peptide, has been studied in few microorganisms, and furthermore, the safe preparation of BMP has not yet been reported. In this study, multi‐copy BMP (8BMP) was successfully expressed and produced in the ‘generally recognized as safe’ Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). Firstly, 8BMP with the potentially intense umami was screened out based on molecular docking analysis. Then, it was successfully expressed in the B. subtilis 168 and verified through sensory evaluation. Finally, the scaling capacity of 8BMP was evaluated in a 5‐L fermenter, with the highest yield (0.84 g L−1) 6.4 times than that of shake flask, which is conductive for industrial production of BMP and other food peptides.
Risk of skin tears and its predictors among hospitalized older adults in Singapore
Authors: Soh Zann , Wang Wenru , Png Gek Kheng , Hassan Norasyikin , Wu Vivien Xi
Published: December 2019

Aim

To identify the characteristics that may be predictive of development of risk of skin tears among hospitalized older adults in Singapore.

Background

Skin tears are wounds that are partial or full‐thickness separation of skin layers, which are common in older adults. Skin tears can result from shearing, friction, and/or blunt force. Skin tears have correlated with prolonged hospitalization, raised health‐care costs and poorer quality of life.

Methods

This cross‐sectional descriptive correlational study recruited a convenience sample of 140 patients aged 65 years or above from a Singapore acute hospital. A modified International Skin Tear Advisory Panel (ISTAP) Skin Tear Risk Assessment Pathway was used for data collection; this is a validated instrument to assess patients for risks of skin tears in clinical settings.

Results

The results of the multiple linear regression analysis indicated that increasing age, being underweight, caregiver‐dependence and dementia predicted higher levels of risk of skin tears among hospitalized older adults in Singapore. These factors accounted for 33.6% of the variance.

Conclusion

This study can aid health‐care professionals assess patients' risk of skin tears and implement appropriate interventions to minimize risks of skin tears.
Coordinating the real‐time use of global influenza activity data for better public health planning
Authors: Biggerstaff Matthew , Dahlgren Fredrick Scott , Fitzner Julia , George Dylan , Hammond Aspen , Hall Ian , Haw David , Imai Natsuko , Johansson Michael A. , Kramer Sarah , McCaw James M. , Moss Robert , Pebody Richard , Read Jonathan M. , Reed Carrie , Reich Nicholas G. , Riley Steven , Vandemaele Katelijn , Viboud Cecile , Wu Joseph T.
Published: December 2019

Health planners from global to local levels must anticipate year‐to‐year and week‐to‐week variation in seasonal influenza activity when planning for and responding to epidemics to mitigate their impact. To help with this, countries routinely collect incidence of mild and severe respiratory illness and virologic data on circulating subtypes and use these data for situational awareness, burden of disease estimates and severity assessments. Advanced analytics and modelling are increasingly used to aid planning and response activities by describing key features of influenza activity for a given location and generating forecasts that can be translated to useful actions such as enhanced risk communications, and informing clinical supply chains. Here, we describe the formation of the Influenza Incidence Analytics Group (IIAG), a coordinated global effort to apply advanced analytics and modelling to public influenza data, both epidemiological and virologic, in real‐time and thus provide additional insights to countries who provide routine surveillance data to WHO. Our objectives are to systematically increase the value of data to health planners by applying advanced analytics and forecasting and for results to be immediately reproducible and deployable using an open repository of data and code. We expect the resources we develop and the associated community to provide an attractive option for the open analysis of key epidemiological data during seasonal epidemics and the early stages of an influenza pandemic.
LASP1 promotes proliferation, metastasis, invasion in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and through direct interaction with HSPA1A
Authors: Chen Qi , Wu Kun , Qin Xing , Yu Youcheng , Wang Xu , Wei Kuijie
Published: December 2019

LIM and SH3 protein 1 (LASP1) is a specific focal adhesion protein that promotes metastasis in a variety of tumours. However, its role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has not been fully validated. The purpose of this study was to analyse the interaction of LASP1 and its binding partner in HNSCC. The expression of LASP1 and HSPA1A in HNSCC was analysed by real‐time PCR and Western blot. The effects of LASP1 on the biology behaviour of HNSCC cell lines were observed in vivo and in vitro. Co‐immunoprecipitation analysis was performed to confirm the interaction between LASP1 and HSPA1A. LASP1 was highly expressed in HNSCC and associated with poor prognosis for patients. LASP1 also promoted cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion and cell cycle G2/M phase transition. Heat shock protein family A member 1A (HSPA1A) is identified as a chaperone protein of LASP1 and co‐localized in the cytoplasm. HSPA1A positively regulates the interaction of LASP1 with P‐AKT and enhances the malignant behaviour of HNSCC cells. LASP1 and HSPA1A are both up‐regulated in HNSCC, and directly binds to each other. Double inhibition of LASP1 and HSPA1A expression may be an effective method for the treatment of HNSCC.
Effects of MAL‐PDT, ingenol mebutate and diclofenac plus hyaluronate gel monitored by high‐frequency ultrasound and digital dermoscopy in actinic keratosis – a randomized trial
Authors: Arisi M. , Zane C. , Polonioli M. , Tomasi C. , Moggio E. , Cozzi C. , Soglia S. , Caravello S. , Calzavara‐Pinton I. , Venturini M. , Rossi M.T. , Calzavara‐Pinton P.G.
Published: December 2019

Background

The efficacy for actinic keratosis (AK) clearance of field‐directed treatments has been investigated in randomized studies against placebo, but the comparison of results is difficult for several methodological reasons.

Objectives

The present study aims to compare efficacy of MAL‐photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT), ingenol mebutate gel (IMB) and diclofenac plus hyaluronate gel (DHA) on multiple AKs assessing a new performance index of efficacy, the cumulative AK area and evaluating dermoscopical and high‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) changes.

Methods

Patients with ≥5 Olsen II AKs in a 25 cm2 area of the scalp and face were enrolled and randomized to one of the treatment choices. Number of AKs and cumulative area were assessed before and after treatment. Dermoscopy and HFUS were performed on a single AK and surrounding photo‐damaged skin in the treatment area.

Results

Cumulative AKs area reduced significantly more with PDT compared to other treatment options and with IMB in comparison to DHA. PDT was also the only treatment option that increased at a significant level the dermal density in both target AK and the surrounding skin and decreased significantly the SLEB thickness in the perilesional skin at HFUS.

Conclusions

MAL‐PDT is more effective than IMB and DHA for reducing the cumulative AK area which is calculated digitally from 3D pictures and should be the preferred performance index for the evaluation of the efficacy of treatments for AKs, rolling out clinical and dermoscopy evaluation. MAL‐PDT improves all HFUS features of chronic photodamages of the dermis of the skin underlying and surrounding the AK spots.
The impact of periodic operation on barley hydration
Authors: Chacón Alvarez David , Jorge Luiz M. M. , Jorge Regina M. M.
Published: December 2019

Intensification of barley hydration process using periodic operation was evaluated as compared to isothermal hydration conditions (20°C). Periodic operation resulted in an 82.88% saving in time, and consequently, energy. The Peleg model exhibited satisfactory fit to the experimental data for the hydration kinetics. The mass transfer coefficient of the periodic operation (KSPER15‐30 = 0.55 cm h−1) obtained by the Omoto‐Jorge model was higher than that observed for the isothermal hydration (KSISO = 0.42 cm h−1); the hydration rate was increased by 31% for an amplitude of 15°C and a period of 30 min. The isothermal diffusion coefficient presented a value of 68.31 × 10−12 m s−2 and a periodic diffusion coefficient of 78.61 × 10−12 m s−2 for the hydration process. The intensification of the hydration process because of the periodic operation did not negatively affect the energy and germination index of the barley grains.

Practical Applications

The present work describes the impact of periodic operation on barley hydration. This mode of operation may be applied practically as a new process intensification strategy for the brewing industry. Periodic operation proved to be more efficient than the conventional process, resulting in faster water absorption rates and a shorter hydration time; consequently, a lower amount of energy is required for the hydration process. Since the grain germination index and germination energy remained unchanged as compared to the conventional process, periodic operation appears to be a very promising technology for malt production. The mathematical models obtained adequately described the behavior of the hydration kinetics and allowed the mass transfer coefficient to be evaluated; thus, they may be used in the project, optimization and simulation of the process.
Risks and Benefits of Screening for Dementia in Primary Care: The Indiana University Cognitive Health Outcomes Investigation of the Comparative Effectiveness of Dementia Screening (IU CHOICE)Trial
Authors: Fowler Nicole R. , Perkins Anthony J. , Gao Sujuan , Sachs Greg A. , Boustani Malaz A.
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

The benefits and harms of screening of Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRDs) are unknown. This study addressed the question of whether the benefits outweigh the harms of screening for ADRDs among older adults in primary care.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Single‐blinded, two‐arm, randomized controlled trial (October 2012‐September 2016) in urban, suburban, and rural primary care settings in Indiana. A total of 4005 primary care patients (aged ≥65 years) were randomized to ADRD screening (n = 2008) or control (n = 1997).

INTERVENTION

Patients were screened using the Memory Impairment Screen or the Mini‐Cog and referred for a voluntary follow‐up diagnostic assessment if they screened positive on either or both screening tests.

MEASUREMENTS

Primary measures were health‐related quality of life (HRQOL; Health Utilities Index) at 12 months, depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire‐9), and anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder seven‐item scale) at 1 month.

RESULTS

The mean age was 74.2 years (SD = 6.9 years); 2257 (66%) were female and 2301 (67%) were white. At 12 months, we were unable to detect differences in HRQOL between the groups (effect size = 0.009 [95% confidence interval {CI} = −0.063 to 0.080]; P = .81). At 1 month, differences in mean depressive symptoms (mean difference = −0.23 [90% CI = −0.42 to ‐0.039]) and anxiety symptoms (mean difference = −0.087 [90% CI = −0.246 to 0.072]) were within prespecified equivalency range. Scores for depressive and anxiety symptoms were similar between the groups at all time points. No differences in healthcare utilization, advance care planning, and ADRD recognition by physicians were detected at 12 months.

CONCLUSION

We were unable to detect a difference in HRQOL for screening for ADRD among older adults. We found no harm from screening measured by symptoms of depression or anxiety. Missing data, low rates of dementia detection, and high rate of refusal for follow‐up diagnostic assessments after a positive screen may explain these findings. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:535–543, 2020
Medical Abortion in Midwifery Scope of Practice: A Qualitative Exploration of the Attitudes of Registered Midwives in British Columbia
Authors: Dowler Melanie , Rushton Eleanor , Kornelsen Jude
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Across Canada and internationally, access to abortion remains challenging, particularly for those living in rural and remote communities. International research and policy call for the training of advanced practice clinicians, including midwives, to provide abortion services to fill the ever‐increasing access gap. Research in other jurisdictions has examined the attitudes of midwives toward this potential expansion of scope of practice, but such studies have not been undertaken in British Columbia. This qualitative research study explored the attitudes of registered midwives toward expanding their scope of practice to include the provision of medication abortion in British Columbia.

Methods

In‐depth qualitative interviews with British Columbia registered midwives were conducted and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Fifteen interviews were conducted. Analysis of the interviews identified 5 primary themes: the incorporation of medication abortion into the midwifery scope of practice to increase access, the congruence of the midwifery model of care and provision of medication abortion, the role of registered midwives as guardians of reproductive rights, the need for a paradigm shift in how the profession is viewed, and the practicalities of potential scope expansion.

Discussion

This study shows some British Columbia registered midwives are interested in including medication abortion in their scope of practice. Midwives have the potential to bridge some of the health care delivery gaps in areas underserved by abortion providers and communities where medication abortion is not available. Further research is needed to more fully understand the perspectives of registered midwives in British Columbia as a whole.
Mentors' self‐assessed competence in mentoring nursing students in clinical practice: A systematic review of quantitative studies
Authors: Pramila‐Savukoski Sari , Juntunen Jonna , Tuomikoski Anna‐Maria , Kääriäinen Maria , Tomietto Marco , Kaučič Boris Miha , Filej Bojana , Riklikiene Olga , Vizcaya‐Moreno Maria Flores , Perez‐Cañaveras Rosa M , De Raeve Paul , Mikkonen Kristina
Published: December 2019

Aims and objectives

To examine registered nurses' self‐evaluation of their competence in mentoring nursing students in clinical practice.

Background

Clinical mentors have significant roles and responsibility for nursing students' clinical learning. Moreover, the mentors' role is becoming increasingly important internationally, as the role of nurse teachers in mentoring students in clinical practice has declined. However, in most EU countries there are no specific educational requirements for clinical mentors, although they need targeted education to increase their competence in mentoring nursing students.

Design

The systematic review of quantitative studies was designed according to guidelines of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination and PRISMA protocol.

Methods

Studies published during 2000–2019 that met inclusion criteria formulated in PiCOS format were systematically reviewed by three independent reviewers. CINAHL (Ebsco), PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, ERIC and Medic databases were used to retrieve the studies. Three independent reviewers conducted the systematic review process. The studies were tabulated, thematically compared and narratively reported.

Results

In total, 16 peer‐reviewed studies met the inclusion criteria. The studies identified various dimensions of mentors´ competence and associated environmental factors. Generally, participating mentors rated competences related to the clinical environment, mentoring, supporting students' learning processes and relevant personal characteristics fairly high. They also rated organisational practices in their workplaces, resources in the clinical environment and their mentor–student and mentor–stakeholder pedagogical practices, as respectable or satisfactory.

Conclusion

The results indicate considerable scope for improving mentors' competence, particularly through enhancing organisational mentoring practices and relevant resources in clinical environments.

Relevance for clinical practice

Pedagogical practices of mentors in relations with both students and stakeholders should be enhanced to improve future nurses' learning. This systematic review addresses a gap in knowledge of mentors' self‐evaluated competence that could assist the formulation of effective educational programmes for mentors internationally and improving clinical environments.
Clinical research nurses’ expectations and realities of their role: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Hernon Orlaith , Dalton Rachael , Dowling Maura
Published: December 2019

Aims

To synthesise the available body of qualitative studies relating to clinical research nurses’ experiences of their role.

Methods

A systematic search of the literature in five databases was undertaken: CINAHL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and ProQuest. Thomas and Harden's three‐stage approach to thematic analysis was followed using the ENTREQ statement for reporting.

Results

Nineteen studies reported in 20 papers (with a total of 232 nurses) were included in the synthesis. Three analytical themes with six subthemes were identified as follows: “identity”; “meeting targets”; and “patient advocate.”

Conclusions

Clinical research nurses experience isolation, and contributing to this is their perception of nonresearch nurses’ lack of understanding for their role. This can result in difficulties when recruiting study participants. Clinical research nurses can experience internal conflict between being a patient advocate and adhering to a trial protocol.

Relevance to clinical practice

Training is needed to help research nurses develop skills to face challenges in order to ensure safe and ethical care is provided to research participants while also ensuring high‐quality data collected for the study.
Becoming Muslims with a “Queer Voice”: Indexical Disjuncture in the Talk of LGBT Members of the Progressive Muslim Community
Authors: Thompson Katrina Daly
Published: December 2019

This article examines LGBT Muslim erasure by hegemonic Islamic and homonormative ideologies and how those involved in nonconformist Muslim groups queer those ideologies in order to forge narratives of belonging. I analyze the work of ‘queering’ Muslim voices among LGBT Muslims and allies involved in a multisited community of nonconformist Muslim face‐to‐face and online groups, and what such queering explains about the relationship among erasure, voice, ideological disjuncture, and resistance. Through analysis of individual and group conversations alongside ethnographic observations, I argue that LGBT Muslims and allies strategically index queerness and Muslimness as a challenge to marginalizing discourses and to create ‘safe’ spaces that also benefit other Muslims on the margins. Narratives of both LGBT Muslim marginalization and its strategic disruption as well as nonconformist group interactions are used to illustrate how the queering of Muslim discourse creates “indexical disjuncture” to make space for both LGBT Muslims and other nonconformist Muslims. I conclude by considering how providing evidence of language’s role in the process of ‘queering’ contributes to ongoing conversations in queer theory.
Biocompatibility and Durability of Diazonium Adhesives on Dental Alloys
Authors: Oweis Yara , Algizani Suliman , Mezour Mohamed‐Amine , Alageel Omar , Abdallah Mohamed‐Nur , Mahjoubi Hesam , Ng Brandon , Laurenti Marco , Cerruti Marta , Tamimi Faleh
Published: November 2019

Purpose

A new type of diazonium‐based adhesive has been recently developed by our team to bind dental alloys (Titanium, stainless steel, and cobalt chromium) to dental polymers. Here, we explored the endurance of the resulting adhesive after thermal‐cycling and autoclave aging.

Materials and Methods

Polished samples of titanium (Ti), stainless steel (SS) and cobalt chromium (Co‐Cr) were coated with a diazonium‐based adhesive. Untreated samples served as controls (n = 12 per each condition). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to characterize the elemental compositions of the different surfaces. Biocompatibility of the coated alloys was assessed with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and total organic carbon (TOC) analyses were used to quantify the ions and organic matters released from the diazonium coated alloys. Endurance of the adhesives was assessed by exposing the samples to autoclaving and thermal‐cycling. The tensile strength of the poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA)‐alloy bond was also tested.

Results

Results of mechanical testing demonstrated a higher endurance of the coated CoCr, Ti, and SS compared to the uncoated alloys. The human fibroblasts cultured on the substrates remained alive and metabolically active, and the coatings did not release significant amounts of toxic chemicals in solutions.

Conclusions

The results further support the use of diazonium‐based adhesives as new coupling agents for dental applications.
Do Mothers and Fathers Assess their Children's Behavioral Problems in the Same Way as do their Children? An IRT Investigation on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
Authors: Iwata Noboru , Kumagai Ryuichi , Saeki Izumi
Published: November 2019

This study investigated the equivalence of different types of informants, such as children (or early adolescents) and parents, in evaluating child externalizing and internalizing problems. We applied a polytomous item response theory (IRT) model for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). We obtained responses to three subscales—Conduct Problems, Hyperactivity/Inattention, and Emotional Symptoms—from 541 elementary school students aged 10–12 years, fathers for 233 students, mothers for 275 students, and the homeroom teachers for 524 students. Expected values on the individual item calculated by the discrimination and threshold parameters were compared among students, fathers, and mothers as an investigation of differential item functioning (DIF) or differential informant functioning. Assessing either externalizing or internalizing problems were mostly equivalent between fathers and mothers, and most items for externalizing problems functioned equally between students and parents, whereas items for internalizing problems showed DIF between them. IRT also yielded that the intervals of response categories varied across items, particularly for the conduct problems items “fight” and “steal,” and positively worded items showed an extremely low threshold.
Dietary guideline adherence during preconception and pregnancy: A systematic review
Authors: Caut Cherie , Leach Matthew , Steel Amie
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study is to determine the level of adherence to dietary guidelines among men and women during preconception, and pregnant women, and factors associated with adherence. Searches were conducted in CINAHL, AMED, EMBASE, and Maternity and Infant Care from inception to March 2018. Observational studies assessing the primary outcome (adherence to dietary guidelines and/or nutritional recommendations) and/or secondary outcome (factors associated with adherence) were eligible. Study quality was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross‐sectional studies. Men or women (aged ≥18 years) who identified as trying/intending to conceive or were pregnant. Eighteen studies were included. The quality of studies was fair (44%) to good (56%). Most studies indicated preconceptual and pregnant women do not meet recommendations for vegetable, cereal grain, or folate intake. Pregnant women did not meet iron or calcium intake requirements in 91% and 55% of included studies, respectively, and also exceeded fat intake recommendations in 55% of included studies. Higher level education was associated with improved guideline adherence in pregnant women, whereas older age and non‐smoking status were associated with greater guideline adherence in preconceptual and pregnant women. The findings of this review suggest that preconceptual and pregnant women may not be meeting the minimum requirements stipulated in dietary guidelines and/or nutritional recommendations. This could have potential adverse consequences for pregnancy and birth outcomes and the health of the offspring. Major knowledge gaps identified in this review, which warrant further investigation, are the dietary intakes of men during preconception, and the predictors of guideline adherence.
Strong divergent selection at multiple loci in two closely related species of ragworts adapted to high and low elevations on Mount Etna
Authors: Wong Edgar L. Y. , Nevado Bruno , Osborne Owen G. , Papadopulos Alexander S. T. , Bridle Jon R. , Hiscock Simon J. , Filatov Dmitry A.
Published: December 2019

Recently diverged species present particularly informative systems for studying speciation and maintenance of genetic divergence in the face of gene flow. We investigated speciation in two closely related Senecio species, S. aethnensis and S. chrysanthemifolius, which grow at high and low elevations, respectively, on Mount Etna, Sicily and form a hybrid zone at intermediate elevations. We used a newly generated genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) dataset from 192 individuals collected over 18 localities along an elevational gradient to reconstruct the likely history of speciation, identify highly differentiated SNPs, and estimate the strength of divergent selection. We found that speciation in this system involved heterogeneous and bidirectional gene flow along the genome, and species experienced marked population size changes in the past. Furthermore, we identified highly‐differentiated SNPs between the species, some of which are located in genes potentially involved in ecological differences between species (such as photosynthesis and UV response). We analysed the shape of these SNPs’ allele frequency clines along the elevational gradient. These clines show significantly variable coincidence and concordance, indicative of the presence of multifarious selective forces. Selection against hybrids is estimated to be very strong (0.16–0.78) and one of the highest reported in literature. The combination of strong cumulative selection across the genome and previously identified intrinsic incompatibilities probably work together to maintain the genetic and phenotypic differentiation between these species – pointing to the importance of considering both intrinsic and extrinsic factors when studying divergence and speciation.
New research directions on disparities in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Thornton Pamela L. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. , Gregg Edward W. , Araneta Maria R. , Baskin Monica L. , Chin Marshall H. , Crespo Carlos J. , de Groot Mary , Garcia David O. , Haire‐Joshu Debra , Heisler Michele , Hill‐Briggs Felicia , Ladapo Joseph A. , Lindberg Nangel M. , Manson Spero M. , Marrero David G. , Peek Monica E. , Shields Alexandra E. , Tate Deborah F. , Mangione Carol M.
Published: December 2019

Obesity and type 2 diabetes disproportionately impact U.S. racial and ethnic minority communities and low‐income populations. Improvements in implementing efficacious interventions to reduce the incidence of type 2 diabetes are underway (i.e., the National Diabetes Prevention Program), but challenges in effectively scaling‐up successful interventions and reaching at‐risk populations remain. In October 2017, the National Institutes of Health convened a workshop to understand how to (1) address socioeconomic and other environmental conditions that perpetuate disparities in the burden of obesity and type 2 diabetes; (2) design effective prevention and treatment strategies that are accessible, feasible, culturally relevant, and acceptable to diverse population groups; and (3) achieve sustainable health improvement approaches in communities with the greatest burden of these diseases. Common features of guiding frameworks to understand and address disparities and promote health equity were described. Promising research directions were identified in numerous areas, including study design, methodology, and core metrics; program implementation and scalability; the integration of medical care and social services; strategies to enhance patient empowerment; and understanding and addressing the impact of psychosocial stress on disease onset and progression in addition to factors that support resiliency and health.