bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Fiscal Reforms in Some South and East European Transition Economies
Authors: Diril Funda
Published: December 2019

The aim of this paper is to compare fiscal reforms of some of the transition economies in Balkans including The Republic of Macedonia. Since 1990’s former planned economies, which are in the process of economic transformation into market economy have carried out several reforms. During this economic transformation process both the effects and the results of these reforms vary according to the difference between the needs of structural change in each country. In this study, some of the selected transition economies in Balkans are analyzed: Some of the recent members of European Community in Balkans and The Republic of Macedonia are examined in comparison. Analysis of fiscal reforms of these transition economies are evaluated in several headings in reference to the macroeconomic statistics created by international organizations such as OECD, EC and IMF and policy suggestions are proposed accordingly. The government deficit, government debts and tax policy are the significant part of these reforms. Several strategies are implemented in developing support systems for competitive environment and private ownership. Economic shrinkage, current account deficit, low foreign capital and government deficit indicate economic weakness in these countries. The Czech Republic, Bulgaria, The Republic of Macedonia, Romania and Hungary face fiscal problems such as economic shrinkage, debt service and government deficit during the transition process. As being the candidate country for European Union accession; The Republic of Macedonia is approaching to the Maastricht Criteria and has better outcomes in public debt compared to the other countries given above.
Impact of the Distance between Settlements and Regional Center of Chelyabinsk Region on the Amount of Ground Rent
Authors: Barhatov Viktor , Pletnev Dmitri , Sagitova Alfia
Published: December 2019

A goal of the present paper is to consider how a differentiation of cadastral values of land plots and different distances from major cities create preconditions for a larger volume of a rental income at a minimum remoteness from a major city. In order to test this hypothesis, a relationship between an increase in land tax rates while reducing the distance of land settlements of the Chelyabinsk Region from Chelyabinsk was evaluated. To verify this assumption, we have analysed some results of a state cadastral evaluation of land settlements of the Chelyabinsk Region. For our calculations, we used land settlements with the highest cost per square meter based on permitted uses. We analysed the cost for these types of permitted use of land. The study and analysis of the results of the state estimation of land settlements in the Chelyabinsk Region have showed that in most cases the hypothesis was confirmed. The closer the plot is to the regional centre, the higher is its cadastral value and, consequently, the amount of a land rent.
The Relations between Competition and Cluster in the Theoretical Perspective: The Effects on Regional Development
Authors: Ekinci Emine Demet , Şahinoğlu Tuba , Gerni Mine , Emsen Ömer Selçuk
Published: December 2019

Nowadays, it is the main target of all countries to generate information and make a technological product by commercializing the information. However, the countries are limited to developed countries. They can invest more in R&D and transmit new technologies created by their strong economic structure and sufficient human capital, to production process. Conversely, other countries can achieve their technological development as adaptation of imported technology to local conditions. Moreover, regional development has gained a new meaning to obtain regional competitiveness; no longer has regional development referred more than a plane being only an implementation of central policies aimed to reduce disparities among regions. As a result of all changes, firms have tried to integrate with the world as well as build their presence in the regional basis. However, the firms don’t have any qualification and resources to follow technological innovation continuously in the increasing global competition. For this reason, it is to emerge a requirement to build a partnership among the firms sharing same geographical space and industry. In this regard, by creating clusters at both national and regional level, policymakers aim to make their firms more competitive in the global race. In this study, it is discussed competitive, its effects on regional policy, and cluster policy as a regional policy tool. The main purpose of the study is to determine the effects of cluster in the context of competition and to provide a preliminary study on what might be done for successful policy application.
How Do Institutions Determine Economic Growth? Evidеnce from Central and Eastern Europe before and during Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Slaveski Trajko , Lazarov Darko
Published: December 2019

We investigate the influence of institutions on economic growth and the level of income per capita in CEE region, before and during the global economic crisis. We use principal factor component analysis in order to create a more reliable and representative variable that will measure the institutional quality in our regression models, and avoid the multi colinearity, a common statistical weakness for this type of regression models. The results from panel (random and fixed effects) regressions and GMM dynamic panel regression lead to two contrasting insights. The first regression model shows positive and statistically significant correlation between institutions and economic growth, which would imply that the CEE countries that have created a strong institutional capacity during transition and post-transition period have experienced higher economic growth. The second regression model, which refers to the global economic crisis period, shows a negative influence of institutions on economic growth for the same sample of countries. One explanation for this result might be the fact that countries with a higher degree of integration into the EU were also more vulnerable to the global economic crisis.
How to Increase Market Capitalization in Eurasian Markets?
Authors: Sönmezer Sıtkı , Sözen İlyas
Published: December 2019

The objective of the study is to put forth the difference between the characteristics of Eurasian markets and the developing country markets and test convergence hypothesis based on market capitalization. Factors that obstacle foreign investments into these markets are assessed and possible ways to eradicate the gap between these markets is discussed. Market based variables such as number of listed companies is combined with other variables that may shed light to the investment environment to have a better understanding of the factors affecting market capitalization. Multi regression analysis are done for the markets that succeed in coaxing foreign investors and domestic investors to their market and the study highlights the factors that countries need to focus in order to converge to the successful ones.
The (No-)Impact of the Arms Embargo on the Relations between the European Union and China
Authors: Gözkaman Armağan
Published: December 2019

The present study focuses on the relations between China and the European Union by taking into consideration a specific matter of discord: The arms embargo, which is effective since 1987 and which has political and economic repercussions. Chinese authorities have frequently asked for the removal of the embargo, but the European authorities declined despite internal divisions. Nevertheless, commercial relations between Brussels and Beijing grow bigger and no deterioration is expected in the foreseeable future. The objective of the study is to find the reasons why the embargo may still remain in place. The reason why European authorities stick to the ban is threefold. First, their arms sales to China can lead to a shift in the balance of power with undesired consequences. Second, the European Union is backed by major powers (especially Japan and the USA) on the issue. Third, the current stalemate has not impeded the development of political and economic relations between Beijing and Brussels so far.
A Conceptual Study on the Effect of Learning Tourism Regions on City Marketing
Authors: Ciğerci Esra , Özmen Alparslan
Published: December 2019

The development of technology and transportation facilities allow people for weekend getaways. Nowadays, instead of waiting for longer holidays, people can experience different cultures and history, attend sport events, visit friends or do shopping in a different city during a short time length. This is a rapidly increasing trend in both Europe and the rest of the world which mobilized local officials; thus, city marketing, urban tourism and finally the most recent concept of learning regions all have gained importance. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among learning regions, urban tourism and regional economic development in the light of relevant literature. Today, countries, regions and cities are trying to unveil and share their unique local wealth in order to show up at the international arena. In this respect, through branding and marketing of a region (city, town) by restructuring it, regional development will have great benefits. This study will also provide guidelines for local authorities in particular.
Relationship between Current Account Deficit and Credit Volume after the Global Financial Crisis: The Case of Turkey
Authors: Yapar Saçık Sinem , Karaçayır Ebubekir
Published: December 2019

An important macroeconomic variable, current account deficit as percentage of gross domestic product is considered as an indicator of an economic crisis when it is above 5%. In the economies where current account deficit is a problem, source of current account deficit should be determined for the solution. In the case of an interaction between credit expansion and current account, policies using a credit mechanism can be applied to stabilize the current account balance. In order to determine the relationship between current account deficit and credit volume before and after the financial crisis, visual graphics based on data will be utilized. This paper analysis the cointegration, long and short run causality relationship between current account deficit and consumer credits for Turkey over the period 2004Q3-2013Q3. The results of Johansen cointegration test indicate a cointegration between these variables. The empirical results show that there is bidirectional long and short run casuality relationship among variables. After the financial crisis of 2008, the increase in credit expansion increased domestic consumption depending on imports causing deterioration in current account deficit. There are difficulties of low finance qualities of this current account deficit and the realization of structural transformation in favor of exports in short term. Targeting a continuing economic growth increases energy dependency and import of investment goods, so puts credit mechanism policies forward to fight with current account deficit. Limiting the credit volume more than necessary to reduce current account deficit can worsen the various macroeconomic variables.
The Effects of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership on the European Union and Turkey
Authors: Bal Pınar
Published: December 2019

The goal of this paper is to analyze the possible effects of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Agreement aimed to be signed between the European Union and the United States by the end of 2015. The TTIP is expected to have important social, economic and political benefits for the European Union and the United States. In this respect, following a short description of the TTIP, the possible effects of this agreement on the European Union, the United States as well as on world trade will be described. The effects of such an agreement on Turkey will also be examined both with respect to Turkey’s already existing relations with the European Union and the United States. In parallel with these, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing Customs Union Agreement between Turkey and the European Union will be evaluated with respect to the TTIP. Based on this analysis, some policy alternatives for Turkey will be proposed that might help Turkey to overcome the current disadvantages that will result from the TTIP and that might strengthen its trade relations with both the European Union and the United States by transforming those disadvantages into advantages.
Privatization In Transition Economies
Authors: Sağlam Metin , Ocak Necmi
Published: December 2019

This study basically examines the Soviet Regime’s former hinterland transition economies. In a globalized world these countries face with some major problems with their cumbersome public sector. Many countries have initiated to privatize state-owned enterprises aim of which is to improve the standard of living their citizens and to achieve a higher growth rate. As known, privatization plays an important role in reducing the role of government in society. In this sense, this study will analyze the process of privatization in Transition Economies. The main methodological way of this study is based on a broad literature review. In this sense, some basic articles and data will be the main source of this paper. Our study consists of two parts; while the identification of privatizations will be pointed out in the first part of study, transition economics will be the main subject of the second part. It is concluded that privatizations in which transition economies do not have the same results in the process of planned economy which is based on commanded economy. It will also be discussed that the process of privatization differs from one country to another. In this regard, our study will argue that why some countries such as Hungary and Czech Republic which are members of Europe Union are easily and fast integrate to international system in the sense of privatization.
The Rise and Fall of the Washington/Post Washington Consensus as a Neoclassical Paradigm and Alternative Recommendations of Post Keynesians Economics
Authors: Tekgül Yelda , Cin Mehmet Fatih
Published: December 2019

The Washington Consensus was accepted as common wisdom on policies for development and growth. The set of policies of the Washington Consensus was applied to structural crisis in Latin America and developing economies. Williamson identified 10 policy instruments whose proper deployment Washington could muster a reasonable degree of consensus. Williamson summarizes the content of the Washington Consensus as macroeconomic prudence, outward orientation, domestic liberalization, and free market policies consistent with neoclassical mainstream economic theory. The policy set was modified to the point that Williamson substituted the original name with a new label “Post Washington Consensus. The “Post Washington Consensus” designated a “new set of policy reforms” for Latin America and Developing Countries. The aim of this paper is to compare the two sets of controversial policies, the “Washington Consensus” and “Post Washington Consensus” and offer an alternative based on the Post Keynesian framework. The goal of Post Keynesian framework is the promotion of sensible prudent economic and social development that is equitable, stable and sustainable. The main purpose of the Post Keynesian policy framework proposed in this paper is to go beyond the Post Washington Consensus by emphasizing the importance of a possible new direction for economic policy for developing countries.
The Influence of Acquisitions on a Firm’s Performance within a Sector: An Application on Istanbul Stock Exchange
Authors: Ekşi İbrahim Halil , Güzel Nasara Banu , Küçüktaşdurmaz Rabia Ecem
Published: December 2019

In recent years it have seen a significant increase in the number of business mergers and acquisitions. There are number of reasons led to this trend. Amongst them it is the need to increase the firm financial performances. This paper mainly is focuses on other different effects of mergers and acquisitions on the financial performance of businesses. In this study, looking at Turkish stock exchange listed firms that have experienced acquisitions or mergers and the effects of such mergers on their performance. In this context, it be looked at textile firms and firms based on stone and land work that experienced acquisitions in 2010. The firms are Altinyildiz in textile and Çimbeton in the mining sectors respectively. Having look at the financial performances of these firms in their respective sectors before the acquisitions (2007, 2008, 2009), the acquisitionsin 2010, 9 rates were used the in TOPSIS method. According to findings, the acquisitioned firm’s show that they have positive effects on the financial performances of the firms. It is observed that there are differences in sectors’ period and degrees. In this case, it’s possible to explain the sectoral dynamics and acquisions of the firms’ integration.
Comparative Analysis of Efficiency Measurement of Banks in the Turkish Banking System
Authors: Esendemirli Ebru , Yeğinboy Emine Yasemin
Published: December 2019

The global developments at the beginning of 21st century raised different issues about the banking sector. International banks are being effective since 2001 in emerging markets while U.S. banking sector is dealing with the consequences of the crisis in 2008. Furthermore the flow of funds from developed countries to emerging markets had an increasing trend due to the globalization of the capital markets. Banks have a major role in Turkish financial system. The aim of this study is to measure and compare the efficiency of banks in Turkish banking industry. The first part of the study reports a descriptive summary about the general appearance of the Turkish banking system. The second part of the study discusses the theoretical aspects in measuring the efficiency of banks. In the third part of the study, a non-parametric method, data envelopment analysis is used to analyze the efficiency of foreign banks, private banks and participation banks. As a result the average efficiency score of foreign banks in 2008-2012 is slightly higher than the average efficiency of participation banks. Although there isn’t a very large difference, foreign banks and participation banks are more efficient than private banks.
Central Banks on the Cross Roads - The Case of Macedonia
Authors: Trpeski Ljube , Jankoski Bogoljub , Kondratenko Vesna
Published: December 2019

We focus on the use of unconventional measures implemented during the financial crisis and their impact on operational efficiency and independence of the central banks, including the National bank of Republic of Macedonia (NBRM). Measuring the impact of the new policies on the independence and operational efficiency of the central banks, we try to assess their capacity to maintain the price stability as primary monetary policy objective. In the paper the following methods are used: quantitative method, comparative method, particularly in comparison of the level of operational efficiency and the independence of central banks, as well as econometric method applied in operational efficiency analysis of the selected group of countries (developed, developing countries and countries in transition). As the other central banks, NBRM face the challenge to preserve its role in maintaining price and financial stability and economic strength of the country, without jeopardizing its independence. During the crisis, in coordination with other economic policies, NBRM succeeded to maintain macroeconomic stability and contributed to the mitigation of internal and external economic shocks. Also, NBRM managed to keep very high level of its legal and factual independence, measured by the standard indicators. However, the achievement of these multiple goals, resulted in decrease in the level of its operational efficiency, as it was case with the other central banks analyzed in this paper. Main message is that central banks have to undertake coordinated measures to fulfill their goals but also to take some measures to improve optimal level of efficiency.
Microcredit and Poverty Reduction:Comparison of Macedonia and Turkey
Authors: Ege İlhan
Published: December 2019

In the recent years income instability and poverty is imortnat problem in the world. Aproximately more than one out of five people in the World live in poverty. Microcredit is an effective tool to support the poor help themselves out of the poverty. The aims of this study are explaining poverty in Macedonia and Turkey and comparing Macedonia to Turkish microcredit systems. This study is completed through an extensive literature review of academic articles, and methodologies employed by Macedonia and Turkey microcredit models. The performance of system are studied and compared with the various parameters. The various parameters deals with poverty such as financial structure, gini coefficient and efficiency. Poverty is important problem for undeveloped countries. Microcredit has played an important role in the reduction of poverty. Finally, as the paper shows and the available data appears to confirm success to fighting poverty with microcredit experience of Macadonia and Turkey. And this paper is answered to question: Which is success to fight the poverty, Macedonia or Turkey?
Treatise about Confiscation without Expropriation According to Turkish Law
Authors: Avcı Mustafa
Published: December 2019

In the Turkish law, the most characteristic example of de facto action is confiscation without expropriation. A certain case is defined as confiscation without expropriation when an immovable property belonging to someone was occupied by the Administration for being used in public service and the occupation is not based on an expropriation procedure established in accordance with the rules and principles specified in the legislation. In that vein, it has been accepted that de facto confiscation resulting from unlawful acts of the Administration does not differ from wrongful acts of private persons, and thus such administrative acts should be subject to ordinary jurisdiction just like in the case of damages arising from wrongful acts of private persons. However, confiscation without expropriation is not always of this nature. In certain cases, although a given immovable property is not exposed to a de facto confiscation without expropriation, it may have been specified as a green area on the zoning plan. In such a case, the owner’s authorities deriving from property rights will be restricted. This situation may be considered a legal confiscation without expropriation. This study investigates the dualist structure resulting from the temporary Article 6 of the Law no. 2942 on Expropriation amended by Article 21 of the Law no. 6487 and the temporary Article 7 added to the Law of Expropriation by Article 22 of the same Law.
Does the Newly Shaping Structure in Energy Sector Mean a New Order for the World?
Authors: Tutulmaz Onur
Published: December 2019

The recent developments bring US to a major natural gas and oil producer position. The attempts in last 20 years to bring new horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technologies together have developed a success in shale gas and oil production in US; the production volumes has reached to a position to redefine the market. Last estimations are bringing more information about the shale capacities of the major basins of the world. However, the estimates are based on a wide range of assumptions and consequently their results vary in a large scale. In any case, these developments have crucial economic, political and geopolitical consequences on the energy market, petroleum producer and consumer countries and regions. Despite the wide range of ambiguity of the estimated size of the resources, the estimations show US and North America has one of the biggest potential, already turning technology into the giant production numbers. Some of the estimations allege so big numbers can even mean to a new world order. The asymmetric nature of the potential, can also be said, increases some of the expected impacts too. In this study, basically, we want to supply an initial solid and economical evaluation to this ambiguity. We are trying to shape a frame for the new energy potential and to put it in a place in the current practice of the world. Secondly, in this context, we are underlying here some of the possible economic and geopolitical consequences each of which can constitute a subject of deeper study.
The Role of OECD Corporate Governance Principles in the Integration of Commonwealth of Independent States Countries to the World Economy
Authors: Atabey Naim Ata , Yılmaz Halenur , Öztürk Merve
Published: December 2019

The founding members of The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) consist of mostly the European countries. The organization which is regional in nature and more focused on Europe has global aims like contributing to developments of world trade and economic development of members and other countries in the process of economic development. Corporate Governance Principles published for the first time in 1999 by OECD that can be adapted by each country according to their circumstances, provide guidance to countries in order to achieve the objectives. Corporate Governance Principles mainly focus on the responsibility, fairness, transparency and accountability. Gaining their independence after the dissolution of Soviet Union, the countries established Commonwealth of Independent States. They began to build their economic structures and make their presence felt in the world economy. Some developments like establishment of capital market can be seen as the best example of that effect. For all countries including Eurasia, adapting to the new institutional arrangements for businesses has become more important to continue their existence. Moreover, such integration between the CIS and world countries will contribute positively to developments of economic and cultural relationships. In this respect, enterprises in CIS countries are expected to shape their organizational structure according to international rules and standards. In this paper, the emerging developments of CIS countries due to being member to OECD and their compliance with Corporate Governance Principles, their possible problems and Corporate Governance Principles which is seen as common ground between CIS and world countries are evaluated.
The Role and Importance of Social Marketing in the Economy
Authors: Kamalova Anara
Published: December 2019

Today one of the most important problems of the Kyrgyz economy is the involvement of business to the social issues of society and social marketing. The main goal of social marketing is to raise the company's image, because it can promote a brand by solving social problems. Also compliance with the principles of social marketing in activity provides the conditions for the creation of a positive image of a company, political party or a public figure. Despite the fact that global social marketing is growing rapidly, unfortunately, in Kyrgyzstan, it has not yet received adequate development and only some businesses take responsibility for the performance of these functions and occasionally solve social issues. Analyzing the social marketing technologies in Kyrgyzstan, it should be noted that, their use is very unpopular. This is due to the lack of effective support from the government. In our opinion, it is necessary to provide tax breaks for companies that address social issues as well as provide moral and legal support to these enterprises.
Payment against Documents in International Trade
Authors: Deynekli Adnan
Published: December 2019

As compared to internal trade, international trade involves several risks, which can be specified as commercial, physical, political and legal risks. Cash against documents (documentary collection) is a type of payment method applied to reduce the legal risks in a transaction. This payment method is a reassuring way for the Importer, since he is not under any obligation to make a payment before examining the document and confirming its conformance to the terms of order. Cash against documents is more reliable than cash against goods (open account) on the one hand, but less reliable than letters of credit on the other hand. Cash against document is one of the most commonly used payment methods in international trade as it offers a cost-effective and simple system and processes faster than cash against goods. Rules regarding cash against documents are governed by International Commerce Chamber Brochure no. 522 (Uniform Rules for Collection-URC), which is a set of guiding principles with a non-statutory character. There is no specific regulation exists on cash against documents in Turkish Law. In order to apply the rules on cash against documents in a transaction, “documentary collection/cash against documents clause” should be incorporated into the text of contract. Parties to a documentary collection are the Principal (seller/exporter/drawer), the Remitting Bank, the Collecting Bank and the Drawee (buyer/importer).
Global Financial Crisis and Corporate Governance Lessons from the Crisis
Authors: Levent Cüneyd Ebrar
Published: December 2019

The mortgage crisis, started in 2007 in USA, turned into global financial crisis at the end of 2008. This crisis is assumed to be the largest crisis after The Great Depression occurred in 1929. Global Financial Crisis spread out from USA to developed countries and eventually other countries. Some financial institutions went bankruptcy and some of rest has been survived with governments’ financial supports. Crisis affected the real economy after financial markets, due to crisis production and employment decreased all over the countries. Excess liquidity, deterioration of the mortgage loans structure, excessive increases in house prices, securitization of subprime mortgages, lack of transparency, expansion of derivative markets, ineffectiveness of credit rating agencies and delay of regulatory agencies’ intervention are assumed as “reasonable reasons of the crisis. Before all these reasons, deregulation in financial market in USA is the main reason of this crisis. Corporate governance is against decontrol and lack of transparency which cause crisis. Corporate governance focuses on four pillars, which are fairness, transparency, accountability and responsibility. These four principles are associated with measurement and development of performance of government and companies. In this study, we looked from corporate governance window to the global financial crisis, and expressed lessons and advices to be determined. With effective corporate governance, it is expected to add value to stakeholders and being responsible to social values.
Knowledge Economy and Turkey
Authors: Sakız Burcu
Published: December 2019

In this study, concept of knowledge economy has been held from the point of innovations it has brought, main features and factors and also the analysis of knowledge economy from Turkey’s perspective. Knowledge society has been started with the development of the first computer and evolved with the improvements in knowledge and communication sectors. In this process, relations with production, consumption and distribution which are main factors of economy and whole economic structure have been changed as to be based on knowledge. Strategic factor has become the knowledge. The new economy called knowledge economy is a web economy which is the main determiner in competitiveness and productivity. “Knowledge Assesment Methodology” has been developed by World Bank in order to measure the progress of countries towards becoming a knowledge economy. Also another indicator “Network Readiness Index” was developed by World Economic Forum. Therefore, in this study, the place of Turkey in becoming a knowledge society has been analysed by comparing Turkey with other countries in the world. Strength and weaknesses, opportunities and threats have also been analysed in terms of knowledge economy for Turkey.
Strengthening the Integration Process in Eurasian Economic Union
Authors: Pirimbaev Jusup
Published: December 2019

The occurrence of Kyrgyzstan in the Eurasian Economic Union acquires real features as Roadmap for joining the Customs Union is almost aligned with the member-states. In order to harmonize the process of entering the EEU should start to develop areas of cooperation and emergence as a full partner. Reasonably thoughtful integration mechanisms can give a powerful impetus to economic dynamics of the Union and its member-countries and create a favorable atmosphere for human relationships on a huge territory representing as sıngle space. It is hoped that cooperation in EEU objectively lead to the unification of the economic interests of the Central Asian countries through the integration of the economies in the region.
Analysing the Relationships between Financial Development and Income Inequality in Turkey as a Parallel of Kuznet Curve
Authors: Altunöz Utku
Published: December 2019

Analysing the relationship between development and Gross Domestic Products (GDP) is one of the most important issue for economics. Kuznet claims that mentioned relationships between developing and GDP resemble as upside down U. In this paper, GINI, GDP, credit and trade variables were analysed by using ARDL bounding test for the period covering by 1991-2014. Obtained results of econometric model shows that credit in private sector, GDP per capita and trade variables play an important role to be eliminated of income inequality. Effect of trade variable is less compare with other variables. For Turkish Economy, 1% increase in private credits causes to a 0,044 % fall in income inequality for the estimated period. Alike, 1% increase in income causes to a 0.055 % fall in income inequality.
Changes in the World Power: The United States within the New Balance of Power
Authors: Duarte Paulo
Published: December 2019

This article aims to analyse the behaviour of the United States as a world power. The working hypothesis is that the only superpower has become, nowadays, impotent, affected by a relative decline. However, this should be understood as something natural, since it has never happened that any society would permanently remain ahead of the others. We assume here that the use of the qualitative method, through the hermeneutic analysis is, certainly, the basic methodology used for this investigation. We will try to conclude that notwithstanding their relative decline, the USA will tend to remain, in the short and medium term, the only world superpower. It is recommended that further investigation must assign a special attention to China’s emergence and its consequences on the balance of world power, in particular with regard to the durability of American hegemony.
Economic Expectations for Turkey, Central Asia and Caucasus Beyond 2050
Authors: İkiz Ahmet Salih
Published: December 2019

In this study main international strategic theories will be shortly discussed under the time and space dimension. Almost all of the Turkic republics do have common historical and cultural ties with Turkey compared to the other European countries. Even though common values have simply forgotten during the time frame under different regimes spatial history and ties had never disappeared. Thus, the citizens of those countries preserve common spatial memory so they shared same land in history. So it is expected that those people would reach the idea of economic and political integration if certain social grounds were initiated. This is basically the idea of economic integration between those republics and Turkey for better economic standards. So, in final part of the study, author will provide his humble opinions for future expectations for 2050 and beyond.
Small and Medium Sizes Enterprises (SMEs) and Foreign Trade Policy
Authors: Noyan Yalman İlkay , Türkoğlu Mutlu , Yalman Yalçın
Published: December 2019

A high level of a country’s foreign trade is related to the growth of foreign earnings, to the acceleration of investments, to increase employment and contributes significantly to the growth of the country's economy. In this context, SMEs as one of the mile stones of the economy, foreign trade and economic growth are located in the leading roles. Especially SMEs sufficiently developed oppressed against strong opponents abroad, government policies or practices in trade restrictive policies are some of the reasons for this downside.
SMEs that exports goods, or the infrastructure needed to produce goods for SMEs who import raw materials as well as the country's foreign trade policies and developments in the world economy is important. SMEs to follow the development, recognizing competitors, new markets, new products is very important in terms of growth both business and the countries.
In this study, SMEs engaged in foreign trade in Sivas Province performing an application on in terms of both the business and government policy at the local level status will be examined. Data will be obtained on issues such as ultimately foreign trade potential of existing SMEs while doing foreign trade problems they face, strengths and weaknesses, market policies at national and international levels, the opinions about the state's foreign trade policy. The results obtained from the data on SMEs engaged in foreign trade by making general inferences about the data obtained on a micro scale, will allow making inferences on the macro scale.
Monopolization Tendencies as a Result of the Neoliberal Policies in the Media Industry and a Look to the Last Half Century in the Example of Turkey
Authors: Çelik Hüseyin
Published: December 2019

Economy politics that were formed with neoliberalism affected media industry like it affected all the other spheres of economy. The concentration of media structures in the world, the companies which work in the media industry being worked in the other spheres of economy, the struggle of these companies against the regulations about the media and their emphasis on the cancellation of these regulations; and the international activities of media companies attract the attention of the public for the last 50 years approximately.
These developments in the media industry have been experienced in Turkey and these continued to be experienced. Neoliberal politics that were applied after 1980s caused important changes in the media industry. Another important point that attracts the attention is that even though the media actors have changed; the number of the structures that are active in media is limited and this number has not been changed for years.
This paper aims to put forward the changes in the media industry in Turkey and the structures that have been shaped around these changes in the framework of neoliberal policies which were started in 1980s. In this paper a qualitative research design is used and ownership structures are analysed to investigate the changes in Turkey’s media industry since 1980s. Consequently it is seen that media actors have been changed but their numbers stayed the same. Furthermore the ownership structure of the media that is formed as a result of these developments and the organic bond between the Government is underlined.
Crime of Manipulation on Prices
Authors: Arslan Çetin , Özdemir Didar
Published: December 2019

In a regular free market economy, the prices of goods and services occur at the point where the quantities of supply and demand get up with one another. On the other hand, it can be in question the distortion of this equilibration by various purposes and practices. In this case, optimal goods and services cannot be received under optimum conditions. As a conclusion of “ultima ratio” principle in the criminal law, every illegal conduct in this context does not constitute a crime but some fraudulent ones are imposed a sanction. The crimes of “fraud” in articles 157-158, “fraudulent bankruptcy” in article 161, “bid rigging” in article 235, “rigging during the discharge of contractual obligation” in article 236 and “manipulation on prices” in article 237 of Turkish Penal Code are some of the examples which can be given in this context. In this study, “crime of manipulation on prices” which is not dwelled on adequately in the doctrine is examined by featuring the controversial points.
The Effect of Entrepreneurship Education and Culture, the Transition Economies of Field Research for University Students in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Karaköy Çağatay , Erilli Necati Alp , Babayiğit Sema , Ersoy Emine Rabia
Published: December 2019

In modern production labor, capital and natural resources the fourth factor is included as an element of entrepreneurship, participation or implementation in the production as profit or loss to the performing element is faced with. According to the other production factors are dealt with more risk element of the entrepreneur, as well as entrepreneurial function with the same time in economic growth locomotive power is on. For many years, enterprise element carrying out the state interference in socialist countries, the collapse of the iron curtain in 1991 transitional recession and hyperinflation become inevitable experience. In other expression, economic developments and social life as result of the change in the importance of the concept of entrepreneurship has been further increased. Entrepreneurship is a kind of genetic element, or is it potential education and draw from revealing whether the topic of discussion is. The resulting depending on these two alternative viewpoint even equipped with higher education made the younger generation in production as well as the tendency to have more skilled labor force as reflection of education they receive visions of their enterprise ability to affect. Determination of specifications of entrepreneurship of university students, the entrepreneurial potential of development of the country’s important step because on of this property is the value of interest. The main objective of this research, long time socialist system managed entrepreneurial characteristics of university students in Kyrgyzstan determinants will be examined.
The Economic Consequences of Sanctions against Russia after the Invasion of Russia in the Crimea
Authors: Sümer Kutluk Kağan
Published: December 2019

The US and EU have imposed economic sanctions on Russia over its annexation of Crimea from Ukraine. Russia's economy has been severely impacted not only by sanctions, which have isolated it from international business and trade, but from the falling oil price which has plummeted around 60 percent since June 2014, hurting its exports and revenues. As a consequence, Russia is expected to enter recession in 2015. The estimated impact of Russia’s ban on agro-food imports from the EU imposed in August 2014 is expected to be the highest in the Baltic's. These losses are undoubtedly painful, yet manageable (a trade decline bigger than 10% would obviously lead to greater losses). Economic conditions in Russia have deteriorated at a faster rate in recent months. Capital flight from Russia has accelerated, the ruble has depreciated by more than 50%, inflation has increased, and the Russian economy is projected to contract by 3.0% in 2015. The question is whether these losses are justifiable and will achieve the desired effects – to change Russia’s behavior in Ukraine, European Union, US, Turkey and beyond.
Government’s Responsibility to Prevent the Violence against Women in Turkey
Authors: Karaman Ebru
Published: December 2019

Violence against women, which is accepted as a violation of human right in Turkey and in whole world for many years, causes physical and mental harms by practicing all kind of personal and collective behavior including force and pressure. Femicides have increased 1400% in the last seven years and one of every three women is subjected to violence.
It is doubtful that in international law; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and Council of Europe Convention and in additional to this in national law; The 1982 Constitution and The Law to Protect Family and Prevent Violence Against Women can provide effective guarantee to protect the place of woman in Turkish Society or not? Despite all of the legislative regulations, the violence against women in Turkey increasingly goes on. For this reason it is crucial to evaluate the articles no 5th, 10th, 17th, 41st and 90th of Constitution which compose the legal basis for preventing violence against women.
Republic of Turkey’s founding philosophy bases on equality of women and men, which means equal rights for every single citizen. To end this violence against women; can be achieve only through provide this equality legally and defacto, and also, apply social state’s principles in real life. Because in social states, struggling against this violence should be accepted as government’s policy. The state should be in cooperation with all women's organizations and provide training for related trade bodies.
What are the New Functions of Agriculture Cooperatives in the Progress of Globalization? The Case of Agriculture Cooperatives of Kastamonu
Authors: Yücel Mustafa , Aktaş Yaşar , Taner Neslişah
Published: December 2019

While production and markets have been becoming more integrated since barriers to the international trade reduced, capital movements and the speed of spreading of technology increased with the progress of globalization, issues regarding to agriculture, environment, women, employment, and education became more critical.
In this research, “by which functions and missions can agricultural cooperatives sustain their assets under globalized conditions” is the major research question. In the research, 19 cooperatives were chosen among 308 cooperatives, depending on their distance to Kastamonu, foundation year, and the amount of member. Subjects were determined by their traits and occupations. 164 subjects were interviewed via survey questions in 2014-2015. In research, “The situation-specific approach” model, developed by Hartmut Albrecht was applied.
Because of the progress of change in organizational values, agriculture cooperatives have to undertake new functions in addition to maintaining agricultural production. The functions can be classified into 4 categories as socio-economic (taking local goods to international markets, recording incomes in the agriculture sector, and creating new employment positions to reduce migration to urban), international relations (developing new projects toward internationalizing to collaborate with other cooperatives), planning (making long-term strategic plans), and education (training women in rural areas, and obtaining their collaboration in cooperative campaigns, and educating future's cooperative managers).