bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IX.—Firstfruits of a Geological Examination of Snowdon
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

Ars longa, vita brevis. This is especially true when one reaches the age of 64. I therefore commit to paper some of the results of a geological investigation of Snowdon on which I am engaged. I start of course from the work of Messrs. Ramsay and Selwyn embodied in the Geological Survey Map of Snowdon and Ramsay's memoir on North Wales. To make what I have to say clear I may state that the rocks of Snowdon are by Ramsay and Selwyn divided into three principal groups, viz.: A, an upper felsitic lava ; an intermediate band (B) of bedded fossiliferous rocks of Bala age, containing much volcanic material, called the calcareo-felspathic ashy series ; and a lower mass (C) of felsitic rocks. This lower mass is in some places divided by sedimentary bands consisting of slates and grits. Below C come blue slates and grits, with occasional volcanic bands, D; and below D the great mass of volcanic rocks (E) which form Glyder Fach and Y Tryfan.
III.—On the Distribution of the Glossopteris Flora
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

Among extra-European fossil floras, none is perhaps better known than that of the Permo-Carboniferous rocks of the Southern Hemisphere. These rocks are extensively developed in Southern India, Australia, South Africa, and South America, and there can be little doubt that these regions once formed part of a great continent, to which the name Gondwana-land has been appropriately applied.
III.—Some Palæozoic Fossils referred to the Cirripedia
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Scattered throughout the Palæozoic rocks there are frequently found certain fossils, in most cases represented by single detached plates, which have been ascribed by various authors to the sub-class Cirripedia. Thus we have fossils described under the names Balanus, Cirripodites, Lepidocoleus, Plumulites, Pollicipes, Protobalanus, Scalpellum, Stenotheca, Strobilepas, and Turrilepas, but in the case of Balanus, Pollicipes, and Sealpellum, the reference to those recent genera is quite unsupported by the structure of the fossils.
III.—Tektite from British Borneo
Authors: Mueller F. P.
Published: May 2009

It is well known that in various regions of Europe, Asia, and Australia dark pieces of glass are found which, in view of their peculiar shape and sculpturing, have attracted the attention of observers for a good many years. The name of obsidianile was given to these objects by R. H. Walcott. It expresses their resemblance in petrographic nature to obsidian.
III.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea, VII. Morphology and Bionomics of the Edrioasteridae
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The facts concerning the Curvature of the Subvective Grooves have been summarized in Study IV(1914, p. 122). They show that no distinction can be drawn in this respect between. Edrioasteroidea and Cystidea Diploporita, as some have pretended.
IV.—A Contribution to the Petrology of North-Western Angola
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

This remarkable rock occurs as a marginal phase of the granulitic albite granites which are found between Noqui and kilometre 16 on the road to San Salvador. In the hand-specimen it shows a finegrained slightly foliated structure with a characteristic pepper and salt appearance, due to the sprinkling of lustrous black plates of riebeckite among iron-stained granular crystals of quartz and felspar. A few small porphyritic crystals of orthoclase are embedded in the main mass of the rock, making up approximately 15 per cent of the whole.
II.—On the Formation of the River Tyne Drainage Area
Authors: Merrick Edward
Published: May 2009

The object of this essay is to outline the connexion between earthmovements and the formation of the River Tyne drainage area; the period of its formation is also alluded to, though it is less definable. This object becomes more accessible on dividing the area into the following parts and considering each separately

A. The Main Valley of the Tyne.

B. The Watersheds South of the Main Valley.

C. The Watersheds North of the Main Valley.

D. The Earth movements considered stratigraphically.

E. The Eelationship to other Drainage Areas.
IV.—On a Marine Band in Middle Coal-measures, South Lancashire
Authors: Sherlock R. L.
Published: May 2009

Up to the present marine fossils have been recorded in Middle Coal-measures in the South Lancashire Coal-field at two horizons only. They are (1) in the banks of the Tame, near Ashtonunder-Lyne, found by Professor A. H. Green, and at Ashton Moss Colliery, about 750 feet above the Great Mine, discovered by the late George Wild. (2) Mr. H. Bolton, F.R.S.E., informs me that the Californian or Thin Bed of Fulledge Colliery, Burnley, which is 410 feet above the Arley Mine, is a marine horizon.
V.—The Relation of the Coal-measures to the Lower Carboniferous Rocks in the Clapton-Clevedon District, Somresetshire
Authors: Dixey Frank
Published: May 2009

This paper gives the results of investigations made during the early part of the present year with the object of elucidating the relation of the Coal-measures to the Lower Carboniferous rocks in the Clapton and Clevedon districts of Somersetshire.
VI.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea, VIII. A Comparison with the Structure of Asterozoa
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The resemblance of the oral face of an Edrioasteroid to an Asteroid has not merely been remarked on by nearly every writer on the group, but has led many of them to far-reaching conclusions (e.g. Steinmann, 1888 ; Neumayr, 1889). None the less no exact comparison of the structures has yet been made ; nor indeed was such possible until accurate descriptions were available. These have now been provided for various recent and fossil Asterozoa by many writer referred to in the sequel, and especially by Mr. W. K. Spencer (1914, “Monogr. Brit. Palæoz. Asterozoa” Palæontogr. Soc).
VII.—A Contribution to the Petrology of North-Western Angola
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

The rocks described below were collected by Colonel Andrade, in 1904, on the road which begins at Senza do Itombe on the Loanda-Malanji Railway, and runs in a north-easterly direction to Bango.
III.—The occurrence of Marsupites in Flints on the Haldon Hills
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

While examining recently a collection of specimens from the flint-gravel of the Haldon Hills in the Museum of the Torquay Natural History Society, I discovered among them four containing casts of plates of Marsupites testudinarius. Moreover, in reply to enquiries, Professor Clayden, of Exeter, informs me that the Albert Memorial Museum there possesses five such plates, and that one was found by Mr. F. J. Collins, of Exeter, about three years ago, so that the fossil appears to be not uncommon in the Haldon flints, and consequently it seems worth while putting the fact of its occurrence on record, with some of the inferences that may be drawn from it.
IV.—On a Cause of River Curves
Authors: Callaway C
Published: May 2009

In recent work on the laws of river-dynamics an important part has been taken by members of the Cotteswold Naturalists' Field Club. Dr. T. S. Ellis, in 1882, announced the suggestive fact that the course of all the eastern tributaries of the Severn between Berkeley and Tewkesbury was directed obliquely up the valley, a discovery which furnished the key to the relative ages of the Severn and the Thames.
V.—Some Remarks on the Atlantis Problem.
Authors: Scharff R. F.
Published: May 2009

Since the dawn of early history the question of the existence of a continent beyond the “pillars of Hercules” has occupied the mind of man. Our very earliest records of this mythical land were derived from a narrative which has been handed down to us by Plato. According to it, Solon is said to have visited Sais in Egypt, and there to have heard from priests of the ancient “Empire of Atlantis” and of its overthrow by a convulsion of Nature. This Atlantis was then spoken of as a vast land lying beyond what we now call the Straits of Gibraltar, and it is supposed to have been inhabited by a mighty race of people. Plato's story has called forth quite a flood of literature, not only in ancient times; even within the last score of years many pamphlets and books have been published dealing with this attractive problem. Some authors have sought to discredit the veracity of Plato's assertions, while several, and among them Humboldt and Sir Daniel Wilson, were of opinion that the tale rests on some historic basis. Others, again, have utilised the original story and connected it with their own ideas of a land-bridge stretching right across the Atlantic from Europe to America.
VI.—On the Geological Structure of Ireland
Authors: Cole Greenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

In this illustrated lecture, the more prominent phases of the geological history of Ireland were pointed out, mainly as an explanation of the existing scenic features of the country. Probably very little remains in Ireland of the old Huronian continent, unless portions of it have appeared again in the cores of Caledonian folds. The stratified, but metamorphosed, Dalradians of the west may be Cambrian, or older; and gneiss is included in the granite of eastern Tyrone, the latter being probably of Caledonian age. The gneiss of the ancient moorland between Omagh and Cookstown is, moreover, very possibly pre-Cambrian. The Silurian sea must have covered all the Irish area ; and the subsequent Caledonian folding, with its axes running north-east and south-west, marked out the first distinct lines of the existing country.
II.—A short Account of a Bone Cave in the Carboniferous Limestone of the Wye Valley
Authors: Bate Dorothy M. A.
Published: May 2009

The bones of Pleistocene mammals and birds, a list of some of which is given below, were found in a small cave in an outlying part of the Forest of Dean, close to the river Wye, where it is flanked by steep and wooded hills that rise abruptly from either bank. At short intervals along the sides of these hills limestone cliffs and boulders stand out bare and white among the surrounding trees. The slopes below are strewn, and in places completely covered, with pieces of rock of all sizes that are continually becoming loosened and fall from the outstanding crags above, in which are numerous cracks, holes, and caves, the last, as a rule, being only of small size.
VIII.—Origin of Coal
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

In his interesting paper on “The Origin of Coal,” published in the Geological Magazine for January, 1901, p. 29, Mr. Strahan says: “the Limestone Series generally consists of repetitions of small groups of strata, each group being composed of sandstone, followed by shale, shale followed by limestone.” It is not stated whether this is intended to be an upward or downward succession; but if the former is meant, as it seems to be, the sequence is very different from that which exists in many parts of the country. Amongst the Yoredale Rocks proper—by which I mean the beds in the valley of the Yore and in such parts of the neighbourhood as contain rocks of a similar type—the usual upward succession is sandstone followed by limestone overlaid by shale. That is to say, the limestones very often have basement sandstones, and are nearly always immediately overlaid by shale. There are some cases in which limestone is overlaid by sandstone, but these are quite exceptional.
II.—Note on some Carboniferous Trilobites
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The problems of life which the biologist is called upon to solve present so many and such varied aspects that they are never likely to become exhausted, or to weary by reason of their monotony. Among these the appearances and disappearances of groups in time (like the players on Shakespeare's mimic stage) are certainly not the least interesting questions awaiting solution.
IV.—Schists and Schistose Rocks in the Lepontine Alps: Reply to Criticisms by Professor A. Heim
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Some three years ago, on referring to the twenty-fifth volume of the “Beiträge zur Geologischen Karte der Schweiz,” I found Professor Heim had devoted a few pages (pp. 316–319) of that work to my criticisms of his attempts to prove that Jurassic rocks had been metamorphosed into schists containing authigenous garnets, staurolites, etc. Had he brought forward any new fact of importance or pointed out any serious error in my work I should have replied at once, but as he was unable to do this, and as the justice of one of my criticisms was indirectly admitted in the petrographical appendix by Dr. C. Schmidt, I allowed more pressing and interesting matters to take precedence of one which had become chiefly personal.
I.—On Didymograptus, Tetragraptus, and Phyllograptus
Authors: Holm Gerhard
Published: May 2009

As has been previously indicated (see p. 439), the conclusion might be drawn from Moberg's description and figures of this species, interpreted by the knowledge of the true structure of the Didymograptus polypary, that the structure of the proximal part could in no essential particulars be separated from that just described in D. minutus, Mut. Consequently the genus Isograptus, which was proposed by Moberg for the species in question, is not authorized—at least, as founded on any of the characters cited by Moberg. The differences between Isograptus and Didymograptus, to which latter genus the species is referred by Nicholson, ought to be, according to Moberg, that in Didymograptus “both stipes arise at somewhat different levels on the sicula,” and that “each branch is itself bilaterally symmetrical”; whilst, on the contrary, in Isograptus the stipes should “arise bilaterally symmetrical from the sicula,” and each branch is not itself bilaterally symmetrical. As we have seen above, in reality in Didymograptus the left stipe is not bilaterally symmetrical, and the symmetry in the right stipe is entirely the same as that which is described by Moberg in Isograptus, namely, obliquely near the base, because the stipes do not arise from the side of the sicula, but from the “connecting” canal.
VII.—British Geology in relation to Earth-Folding and Faulting
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

The history of every science may be compared to the ascent of lofty and diversified mountains, in which level benches and plateaux alternate with steep and rugged slopes. The first explorers, beginning at the base, toil upwards, hardly knowing which course to take, and having little idea of the country that lies before and above them. But they toil on, gathering information as they go, until, reaching a level resting-place, they can look back and form a more accurate conception of the country they have traversed. Still, they can see but a little way upwards, much less perceive the summit, but ascend they must, gaining an ever-widening view and grander and more just conceptions of the wide world below.
I.—On Homœomorphy among Fossil Plants
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell
Published: May 2009

Students of palæobotany, when concerned with casts and impressions of fossil plants as distinguished from petrifactions, have often to face difficulties in the course of their examination of such remains, some of which are peculiar to this branch of palæontology. Even when a large number of specimens of any particular type of foliage, or other organs, are available for comparison, it is often difficult to decide how far one set of casts and impressions can be regarded as distinct from another. Authorities differ in their ideas of the aggregate of differences necessary to constitute genera and species. This difficulty, although common to the systematist in the study of recent plants, is greatly intensified when dealing with fossils, on account of the fragmentary nature of the evidence.
IV.—Note on a Section of Great Oolite Beds at Condicote, near Stow-on-the-Wold
Authors: Richardson L.
Published: May 2009

Reference to the Geological Survey map, Sheet 44, will show the exact position of the quarry: to the south of the junction of the road from Condicote to Scarborough with that leaving the main road opposite the lane which comes past Rook Pool Barn (now Kinetonhill Farm) and Rook Pool. The area in which the quarry is situated is thus indicated as being composed of Inferior Oolite rocks. The fauna contained in Bed 2, and especially the Rhynchonella and Terebratula, clearly shows that this is an error. I am indebted to Mr. W. H. Hudleston, F.R.S., for kindly examining the Gasteropods. Their state of preservation only allowed of their being identified approximately, but, as Mr. Hudleston observed, “they certainly wear a Bathonian facies rather than that associated with the Inferior Oolite.” Mr. R. F. Tomes, F.G.S., kindly determined the corals. The specimen of Trigonia obtained agrees with that figured by Lycett in his “Monograph of the British Fossil Trigoniœ,” pl. xxxiv, fig. 9, as T. pullus; but not with the T. pullus of Sowerby.
V.—On a new Stegocephalian (Batrachosuchus Browni) from the Karroo Beds of Ariwal North, South Africa
Authors: Broom R.
Published: May 2009

In the collection of Mr. Alfred Brown, of Ariwal North, there is a fairly complete skull of a moderate-sized Stegocephalian which differs very considerably from that of any form hitherto described. The specimen is in a sandstone matrix. Owing to a crack produced by weathering practically all the cranial bones adhered to the counter slab when an endeavour was made to display the remains. The sculpturing of the bones is thus hidden, but the sutures are for the most part distinctly seen. Fig. 1 represents a slightly restored view of the upper side of the skull. The most striking features are the great breadth of the skull and the relatively advanced position of the orbits. In these respects it makes a slight approach to the condition found in the American genus Diplocaulus. There is no distinct notch in the post-temporal region, as in most Stegocephalians, and there are no ‘epiotic’ cornua. There are two rudimentary cornua on the posterior cranial border, but they are formed by the so-called ‘supra-occipital’ bones. In the middle line between the frontals and nasals is a median bone, probably an ethmoid. I fail to detect a supra-temporal element as distinct from the quadrato-jugal, which is of large size.
II.—Preliminary Note on some Recently Discovered Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. (Part II.)
Authors: Andrews Chas. W.
Published: May 2009

In the lower beds remains of a Sirenian are very common, and several more or less complete skulls associated with some portions of the skeleton were found. The skull in most respects resembles that of Halitherium. The snout is strongly deflected and bears a pair of downwardly directed incisor tusks. There are about seven cheek-teeth, resembling in pattern those of Halitherium. The roof of the skull between the temporal fossæ is flat. A cast of the braincase has been made, and in most respects it resembles that described by Owen as the type of Eotherium ægyptiacum, from the Mokattam of Cairo. Since this seems to have come from nearly the same horizon as our specimens, I believe that there is the highest probability that they are referable to this same species, in spite of some differences between the shape of the natural cast described by Owen and that artificially made from one of our specimens.
V.—The Sequence of the Tertiary Igneous Rocks of Skye
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

This communication is the outcome of work carried out during the years 1895–1901 in the service of the Geological Survey of Scotland. Although this systematic work has been confined to the Isle of Skye, information incidentally acquired, and the published literature of the British Tertiary rocks, indicate for the conclusions arrived at a much wider application. In this place the results must be set down without the detailed observations upon which they are based.
VIII.—The Exploration of Kesh Caves, County Sligo, Ireland
Authors: Scharff R. F.
Published: May 2009

Kesh, or as it is locally spelled ‘Keash,’ is fifteen miles south of the town of Sligo, and consists of a few scattered buildings, with farms about them. The spot is at the foot of Keishcorran Mountain, an isolated mass of Carboniferous Limestone which rises to 1,183 feet ; and the country which extends south and west from this mountain for miles from Kesh presents an array of gravel eskers and elongated mounds of glacial material, with here and there a small lake or marsh in the hollows between them. Sprinklings of erratic boulders and stones occur up to the very summit of the mountain. These consist principally of red sand-stone, with a few of yellow sandstone and of dyke rocks. It is believed that these rocks could be found in place on the next hill range to the south and south-east of Kesh, around Lough Key, but this point has not been definitely established. Though no continuous deposit of drift was seen on the mountain, these erratic blocks are sufficient to show that it has been overwhelmed by ice.
IX.—On the Brockrams of the Vale of Eden, and the Evidence they afford of an Inter-Permian Movement of the Pennine Faults
Authors: Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

The author has been engaged during occasional visits to the Vale of Eden in the study of the well-known Brockram conglomerates which form so conspicuous an element in the Poikilitic series of the district. Tentative results obtained five or six years ago have been fully confirmed by later observations, and though the investigation is not quite complete, the author regards the present occasion as an opportune one for presenting a preliminary statement of views which have already obtained some currency by annual demonstrations in the field to scientific societies of the North of England.
VI.—On the Physical History of the Norwegian Fjords
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

That the Norwegian fjords were originally river valleys is a statement which scarcely admits of controversy. In their form, outline, and topographical position they are simply prolongations of the valleys which descend into the sea partly submerged; and if the land were still further submerged, as it once was to the extent of 200 metres according to Andr. M. Hansen, the fjords would be prolonged beyond their present inland limits without much variation of form.
I.—On some Fossil Prawns from the Osborne Beds of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Through the intervention of my friend Mr. William Whitaker, F.R.S., I, some time ago, received from Mr. G. W. Colenutt, F.G.S., of Hanway Lodge, Ryde, Isle of Wight, 26 small slabs of Osborne clay, on which are preserved, in a more or less good state (generally less), a series of prawns and small shrimp-like Crustaceans, collected by him from the Oligocene strata, Chapelcorner Copse, between King's Quay and Wootton Creek, just to the west of the Boat-house, on the shore below Binstead House; also on the shore below Ryde House, and immediately to the south-east of Sea View Pier; where (especially at Chapelcorner Copse) extremely interesting exposures of the Osborne Beds may be seen and studied, between the base of the cliff and low-water mark (see p. 99).
II.—Note on the Geology of the Osborne Beds
Authors: Colenutt G. W.
Published: May 2009

The fossil shrimps or prawns briefly described in the preceding paper by Dr. H. Woodward occur in the ‘fish-clay’ of the Osborne Series at Chapelcorner Copse, Binstead House, Ryde House, and Sea View, Isle of Wight, and they were first discovered by me in these beds about the year 1876. Having regard to the fact that new species of fish, etc., have been recently obtained from the Osborne Beds, it would seem that these prawns are very probably also new to English strata.
I.—On the value of Mineral Condition in determining the Relative Age of Stone Implements
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

The common English classification of the Palæolithic Period into the epochs of the River-Drift Men and the Cave Men hardly conduces to clearness of thought. The implements of the River-Drift men are often found in the caves, and those of the Cave Men are very common in the river drifts. Although the caves and rock shelters bring us down to a later period than is usually represented in the river drifts (there appear to be exceptions to this), yet the general succession in the two classes of deposits is the same, and they cannot be separated.
V.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: Salter's Undescribed Species. VI
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The original specimen (a 878) is in a very perfect condition and comes from the Wenlock Limestone of Dudley. It also belongs to the Fletcher Collection. There is no other specimen of this species in the Woodwardian Museum. Salter calls it “a new square species.”
II.—On Campyloprion, a New Form of Edestus-like Dentition
Authors: Eastman C. R.
Published: May 2009

In the January number of the Geological Magazine for 1886, an elaborate description is given by Dr. Henry Woodward of a peculiar ichthyic structure from the Carboniferous of Western Australia, which is referred by him provisionally to Edestus, under the specific title of E. davisii. Interesting comparisons are drawn between this and other known species of Edestus, and the hypothesis advanced that it is a pectoral fin-spine, resembling in its segmented character the Cretaceous Pelecopterus. This segmentation, which is so conspicuous a feature of Edestus, is attributed by Dr. Bashford Dean in his book on “Fishes, Living and Fossil,” to a metameral origin, and he follows Leidy, Owen, Cope, Newberry, and others in interpreting all this class of remains as dorsal fin-spines.
V.—Some Trias Sections in South Staffordshire
Authors: Thompson Beery
Published: May 2009

An occasional visit to a village on the western border of South Staffordshire has given me the opportunity of studying the Triassic deposits around there. Possibly the various sections I have visited are well known to local geologists, although, so far, I have not come across any description of them. One section in particular, I think, must have been overlooked, and this it is now proposed to describe by way of an introduction to the more important remarks which follow from the pen of Dr. A. Smith Woodward.
VII.—The Cambrian Age of the Dictyonema Slates of New Canaan and Kentville, Nova Scotia
Authors: Ami H. M.
Published: May 2009

In his “Acadian Geology” (1868, 2nd ed., p. 563) Sir William Dawson figures Dictyonema Websteri and places it as a Silurian (Upper Silurian) species. In describing the slates from which the type-specimens of this species were obtained he writes:—“Passing from the Cobequid Mountains to the slate hills of the south side of the Bay” (meaning the Bay of Fundy), “in King's County, we find slates not very dissimilar from those of the Cobequids” (which he had described on the previous page, 562), “in the promontory northward of the Gaspereau River. Here the direction both of the bedding and of the slate structure is N.E. and S.W.; but the planes of cleavage dip to the S.E., while the bedding, as indicated by lines of different colour, dips to the N.W. These slates, with the quartzite and coarse limestones, are continued in the hills of New Canaan, where they contain crinoidal joints, fossil shells, corals, and in some beds of fawn-coloured slate beautiful fan-like expansions of the pretty Dictyonema, represented in fig. 196; very fine specimens of this fossil were found by the late Dr. Webster of Kentville. It was the habitation of thousands of minute polypes, similar apparently to those of the modern Sertularia. The general strike of the rocks in New Canaan is N.E. and S.W., and they extend from that place westward to the Nictaux River.
I.—Additional Note on Drepanaspis Gemündenensis, Schlüter
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

In my “Notes on Drepanaspis Gemündenensis, Schlüter,” published in the Geological Magazine for April, 1900 (pp. 153–159), I described a paired plate of a trapezoidal form occupying a position on each margin of the under surface of the head, a little behind the mouth, and to which I gave the name ‘sensory’ plate, as it is perforated by an opening which, if not orbital, evidently marks the place of an organ of sense of some sort. With this opening I also identified a depression seen in some specimens in a similar position on the dorsal aspect, and came to the conclusion that its position was marginal, being seen in some specimens on the ventral and in others on the dorsal surface of the head. I was also much puzzled to find that in some specimens this pit or depression seemed to have a floor, covered with tubercles like those of the rest of the surface, a condition which apparently militated very decisively against the idea of its being an orbit.
III.—Geological Age of the Ogasawara Group (Bonin Islands) as indicated by the occurrence of Nummulites
Authors: Yoshiwara S.
Published: May 2009

In the geotectonics of the Japanese Islands, neo-volcanic eruptions in chains parallel to the direction of their elongation play an important part. Dr. Harada has counted three of them on the north, and four on the south of Kwantō, where the mountain-systems of northern and southern Japan are confluent. Besides, there are three chains across Japan. They are (1) the Kirishima chain running from N.W. to S.E., in the southern part of Kyushū; (2) the Chishima chain in Hokkaidō running from N.E. to S.W.; and (3) the Fuji chain forming the boundary of northern and southern Japan (Fig. 1). In a part of the Myokō volcanic group forming the northern extremity of the last important chain, there are the volcanoes of Onigajō, Myokō, Kurohime, and Iijuna, all of which have erupted, according to Mr. Yamazaki, through the Neogene Tertiary (probably Miocene). The southern continuation of this group is that of Yatsugatake, consisting of about nine volcanoes. Further on the south stands Mt. Fuji, formed in the Pliocene or Diluvium, like its southern neighbour Ashitaka-yama, which, according to Mr. Hirabayashi, more early reposed. In the Hakone and Atami volcanoes, also in the Fuji chain, eruption took place, according to him, first in the Pliocene epoch, but chiefly in the Diluvial.
III.—The Wood's Point Dyke, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

The Wood's Point Dyke is intrusive in a belt of Silurian (Upper Silurian) strata which strike in a direction somewhat west of north and extend beyond Walhalla on the south. Wood's Point is about 75 miles from Melbourne in an easterly direction, and is not situated on the coast as might be inferred from its name. The nearest sea-water is, indeed, some 60 miles distant. The dyke has a north-west by south-east bearing, and it may be taken as typical in many respects of the intrusions which are frequently associated with the Silurian rocks of the Victorian goldfields, though it presents several peculiar features of considerable interest. It penetrates strata of different lithological characters, and, as might be expected, varies considerably both in texture and in the relative abundance of its mineral constituents along its course. That absorption of the surrounding rocks has taken place to a considerable extent may be taken for granted from certain of the modifications which are exhibited. In several particulars, however, specimens from different points along the outcrop agree, not only with one another, but with many of the other Victorian Palæozoic but post-Silurian intrusions. We have, indeed, an illustration of what seems to be a general rule, that precisely similar minerals tend to develop in all parts of the same magma, even when the various portions differ considerably in chemical composition, unless the variations reach an extreme point. In other words, the relative acidity or basicity of different portions are expressed by differences in the proportions of the same minerals rather than by the development of other minerals of more acid or more basic character.
V.—Notes on Dr. G. F. Matthew's Cambrian Ostracoda from North-Eastern America
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

For many years Dr. G. F. Matthew, of St. John, New Brunswick, has given much attention to the geology and fossils of the districts lying on or near the north-eastern seaboard of North America, and has closely studied their minute fossils resembling (if not identical with) varieties of small bivalved Entomostraca; and he has published his results from time to time in the scientific periodicals of Canada and the United States.
II.—The Canadian Rockies. Part II: On some Rock-specimens collected by E. Whymper, Esq., F.R.S.E., in the Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The Canada Pacific Railway crosses the watershed of the Rocky Mountains at Hector or, as it is sometimes called, Kicking Horse Pass, and the specimens brought back by Mr. Whymper represent a district extending for some twenty miles on each side of the track, either on or west of the divide. The first group was obtained from summits lying near the railway on its southern side. Of these Mount Whyte is about three miles from it on the divide, which is crossed by Pope's Col just to the north of that summit, and about a mile to the north-east of the latter rises Mount St. Piran. About 3½ miles south of Mount Whyte, Mitre Col leads from the Lefroy to the Horseshoe glacier, between Mount Lefroy, which is on the divide, and Mitre Peak on the eastern side of it.
III.—The Geology of Barbados
Authors: Harrison J. B. , Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The August number of the Quaterly Journal of the Geological Society contains a paper on this subject by Dr. J. W. Spencer, who believes that the rocks which were described by us under the head of ‘Raised Coral Reefs’ do not form one continuous succession of Pleistocene reef-rocks, but consist of several different limestone formations. He thinks that there are three such formations, and that each is separated from the other by a break or unconformity.
V.—Outcrops
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

Now that mapping constitutes such an essential part of field-work, it may be of use to some of your readers to connect together a few rules which have occurred to me on this subject.

Valley-Outcrops.—Professor Green has devised an admirably common sense method by which the outcrop of a flat rock-bed can be traced by means of contour lines. The main results gained from this method may be thus summed up:—
I.—A Contribution to Post-Glacial Geology
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

In 1871 I read a paper before the Liverpool Geological Society describing the extensive and interesting submarine forests and associated Post-Glacial beds that occur fringing the coasts of Cheshire and of South-West Lancashire.
III.—On some Minor British Earthquakes of the Years 1893–1899
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

During the seven years 1893–1899, 42 earthquakes have been felt in Great Britain—28 in England and Wales and 14 in Scotland. All of the latter number visited areas which are thinly populated, and it has therefore been impossible to draw the boundaries with the accuracy that is to be desired. In the English earthquakes this difficulty is seldom encountered, and the failures are generally due to the confusion caused by the rather rapid succession of the shocks.
IV.—Report on the Drift at Moel Tryfaen
Authors: Greenly E.
Published: May 2009

In August, 1898, it became known that what is perhaps the clearest and most instructive section in the famous high-level drift deposits at Moel Tryfaen must in a short time be swept away in the course of the quarrying operations. There are two slate quarries on Moel Tryfaen, the “Alexandra” and the “Moel Tryfaen” Quarries, excavated in the same line of strike of the slates. Gradually expanding, they had approached each other so nearly as to leave a narrow bank between them with no more than a yard or two of uncut turf upon it. Now the drift sections thus in danger of destruction are exceedingly important for the following reasons: (1) They are at right angles to the strike of the slates, and thus display the character of the underlying rock surface; (2) they show the nature and position of the junction of the shelly sands and gravels with the overlying Boulder-clay; (3) the false bedding and other structures in the sands and gravels are best seen along them; (4) they have been more accessible than the other sections in the quarries. A Committee was therefore appointed to preserve, by photography, supplemented by a written report, an impartial record of the phenomena displayed in these sections. The Committee have much pleasure in acknowledging their obligations to Mr. Menzies, the manager of the Alexandra Quarry, who, with a large-minded appreciation of scientific work for which geologists cannot be too grateful, offered to suspend operations in that part of the quarry for three months, besides showing the Committee every hospitality and facilitating their work by all means in his power.
II.—The Jordan-Arabah Depression and the Dead Sea
Authors: Russell Israel C.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of numerous terraces on the mountain slopes over-looking the Dead Sea has been reported by several observers, but no accurate measurements of their elevations or definite correlation of the terraces on the opposite slopes of the depression, seem to have been attempted. In the central part of the Wady Arabah on the west flank of the promontory known as Samrat el Fedan, a terrace, or perhaps more properly a gravel bar, has been observed by Hull at an elevation of about 1300 feet above the Dead Sea. This is apparently a definite record of the surface level of the Dead Sea during a former period. On the sides of the Jordan valley the terraces range in height from a few feet to 750 feet above the river. The measurements reported show great variation due principally to an inclination of the surfaces of the terraces, towards the centre of the valley, but indicating also that they are not horizontal in the direction of drainage.
IV.—British Museum Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia, and Papers on the Enaliosaurians
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In writing Part I. of the British Museum Catalogue of Fossil Reptilia, in which a large number of forms are known solely by disjecta membra, I was fully prepared to find that many of my determinations, which are frequently provisional, would subsequently need correction. It is, moreover, highly probable that there are really more species represented in the collection than I have indicated, as in some cases, in my desire to avoid the introduction of new specific or generic names which could not be fully substantiated, I have provisionally included under generic or specific headings specimens which may prove to indicate distinct forms.
VI.—Additional Note on the Blue Hornblende of Mynydd Mawr
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

In the short description of the Mynydd Mawr rock given in the May Number of this Magazine (p. 221), I drew attention to a remarkable blue hornblende, which I was unable to refer to any known variety. In the character of its absorption and pleochroism it differed widely from both glaucophane and arfvedsonite, although allied to them in some of its properties, such as its extreme fusibility, splinters melting easily in the flame of a candle.
II.—On the Genus Ascoceras, Barrande
Authors: Lindström G.
Published: May 2009

The uppermost limestone stratum of Gotland, which occupies two-thirds of the surface of this island, and is homotaxial with the English Upper Ludlow, contains such numerous fragments of Cephalopoda, that it has been called the Cephalopodan Limestone. Judging from the collection in the Paléontological Department of the Swedish State Museum, the number of species of Cephalopoda from the different strata of Gotland can hardly fall short of 200, most of them in a very perfect state of preservation, some even retaining the surface ornamentation and colour. Amongst them the genus Ascoceras (including Glossoceras), with its nine species, is the most remarkable. As the Museum has succeeded in obtaining specimens showing its morphology more completely than has hitherto been known, a few remarks on it may be made in advance of a monograph now in preparation.
II.—Bala Lake and the River System of North Wales
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

The evolution of rivers and the origin of lakes have recently attracted a considerable share of attention; and the principles which should guide us in tracing the development of a drainage system have been expounded by several authors, both in England and in America.
III.—Tertiary Foraminiferal Limestones from Sinai
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

Preliminary remarks on the genus.—The interesting observationson the dimorphism of the genus Nummulites, which have been madefrom time to time by special investigators, such as Von Hantken, Munier-Chalmas & Sohlumberger, De la Harpe, Bupert Jones, andVan den Broeok, have resulted in the establishment of couples of so-called species, constituting a species in the zoological sense, in which the smaller form, with a large central chamber, is referred to as form A, whilst form B usually has a larger test and in variably possesses a diminutive central chamber. The two forms are other-wise spoken of as the megalospheric and microspheric forms. In some cases there may be little doubt as to the accuracy of the assignment of the two forms to one species, especially since they may be the only examples present in the rock. In the case ofa stratum containing more than two species, however, there may be no small difficulty in coupling the actual forms which constitute the species, for there is often little in either the internal or external characters to guide one in linking the forms. In our present state of knowledge, therefore, it appears to be most convenient to describe the forms under their specific denominations as already known, at the same time pointing out their relationship to one another. Some good suggestions as to the naming of Nnmmulites and other Foraminifera which exhibit the two modes of growth and shell form have lately been made by Dr. A. Silvestri.
III.—Coal Plants. Incontrovertible Evidence of Growth in situ
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: May 2009

The fossils to which this communication relates were described and the deductions drawn from their mode of occurrence in a paper I submitted to the Geological Society of London in 1896, but as that paper was not printed in extenso (see Q.J.G.S., vol. liii, p. 245), with the Editor's kind permission the gist of it appears as follows.
VI.—Note on Ephippioceras clitellarium, J. de C. Sowerby, sp., and E. costatum, A. H. Foord
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The name Nautilus clitellarius was given by J. de C. Sowerby to a Nautiloid from the Coal-measures, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, and the description was accompanied by three figures, each representing a different specimen. In 1884 the species was included by Professor Hyatt in his new genus Ephippioceras. In 1891 Dr. A. H. Foord found a new species, Ephippioceras costatum, which was said to be “distinguished from E. clitellarium (to which it is, however, very closely related) by the character of the septa and by the surface ornaments. The septa in E. costatum do not form such an acute lobe upon the periphery as do those of E. clitellarium, and they are also a little wider apart in the former species than they are in the latter. Moreover, E. costatum is provided with prominent transverse costæ, which are strongest upon the sides of the shell where they swell out into heavy folds. These costæ are directed obliquely backwards, and cross the septa at an acute angle, passing across the periphery and forming a shallow sinus in the middle. None of the specimens in the British Museum have the test preserved, so that the ribbing has only been observed upon casts. The costæ are equally well developed upon the body-chamber and upon the septate part of the shell in the adult, but they were either very feeble or altogether absent in the young.” A re-examination of the specimens in the Museum collection shows that the separation of the two forms is quite justifiable.
I.—Geology of the London Extension of the Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway. Part II: Rugby to Quainton Road, near Aylesbury
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

The cuttings along this new line of railway from Annesley to a little south of Rugby have been described by Mr. Fox-Strangways, and it is now proposed to note the chief geological features along the line as far as Quainton Road, near Aylesbury. This portion of the railway crosses the country from north to south, and south-east for a distance of about 35 miles. The following notes were made partly in November, 1895, when the cuttings were examined from Willoughby, near Rugby, to Helmdon; and partly in May of the following year, when the examination was continued to Quainton Road.
VIII.—The Range of Species in The Carboniferous Limestone of North Wales
Authors: Morton G. H.
Published: May 2009

Attention having recently been directed to this subject, I have been induced to present the results of many years' collecting in the Carboniferous Limestone of North Wales. The formation there presents four well-defined subdivisions, each of them, with the exception of the highest, having distinct lithological characters, viz.: Lower Brown Limestone, Middle White Limestone, Upper Grey Limestone, and the Upper Black Limestone. Lists of the fossils have been made, collected more or less continuously along the country from each subdivision.
II.—On A New Genus and Species of Nautilus-Like Shell (Acanthonautilus Bispinosus) from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland
Authors: Foord Arthur H.
Published: May 2009

The shell to which I have given the above name is at present unique. It was found, a few years ago, in a quarry at Clane, in the county of Kildare, where I had for some time been in search of Cephalopod shells. It was associated with characteristic species of Carboniferous Limestone fossils, among which the following Nautiloid shells may be mentioned, viz. Solenocheilus dorsalis, Phil., sp., Asymptoceras cyclostomus, Phil., sp., A. Foordi, Hyatt, and an undescribed species allied to the last-named one. The marginal spines, at first obscurely seen in the matrix, at once attracted attention; and although one was broken off and lost in the quarry débris, the other was fortunately found in the fragment of rock struck off from the shell, and was then carefully developed and attached to the latter. Naturally very diligent search has been made since its discovery, and a sharp look-out kept for any further specimens of this interesting species, but so far without any result.
VII.—The Primitive Boulders of the Yorkshire Coast and their Lessons. A Reply to two Critics
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

I Cannot sufficiently welcome the two letters devoted to myself in the July Number of the Geological Magazine; and I only hope Mr. Harker and Mr. Deeley will continue to face the issues between us, and not be content, as others have been, with fulminating more or less testy protests, and then retiring from the field.

Mr. Deeley objects to my statement that the tendency of the most philosophical writers on geology is to go back from the scholastic formula of Uniformity enunciated by Lyell and Kamsay to more inductive reasoning. With the writings of Suess and Lapparent, of Spencer and of Prestwich, before me, all of them veterans of the first class, I cannot either understand or appreciate Mr. Deeley's protest.