bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluasi data pulau Kabupaten Lombok Timur Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat
Authors: Destarina R , Ardi C. S. , Hanafi Hanafi
Published: November 2018

Ketersediaan data dan informasi pulau yang lengkap, akurat dan mutakhir dapat menjadi referensi bagi pemerintah dalam mengembangkan potensi pulau-pulau di wilayah Indonesia. Tim Nasional Pembakuan Nama Rupabumi (TNPNR) telah membakukan sejumlah 13.466 nama dalam gasetir pulau Indonesia tahun 2013, termasuk di antaranya 35 pulau di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Kegiatan validasi (survei lapangan) yang dilaksanakan pada tahun 2016 menemukan adanya ketidaksesuaian dalam toponimi maupun status existing pada beberapa pulau di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Kesalahan toponimi pulau dapat merujuk ke suatu lokasi yang sama sekali berbeda dengan yang dimaksud, sehingga berakibat sangat fatal dan dapat menghambat pembangunan. Sebagai tindak lanjut kegiatan validasi, dilaksanakan kegiatan verifikasi dan pembakuan nama pulau yang dihadiri oleh Kementerian/Lembaga anggota TNPNR serta pemerintah daerah setempat sebagai narasumber. Hasil verifikasi dituangkan dalam berita acara yang menyatakan bahwa telah dilakukan evaluasi dan koreksi terhadap data pulau di Kabupaten Lombok Timur antara lain penyesuaian toponim, status serta jumlah menjadi 43 pulau.
Persebaran terumbu karang di wilayah perairan Karawang
Authors: Fadhil Rafdi , Pin Tjiong Giok
Published: November 2018

Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu potensi sumberdaya laut yang sangat penting di Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh karakteristik fisik perairan terhadap persebaran terumbu karang di Wilayah Perairan Karawang pada tahun 2001, 2010 dan 2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei lapang dan pengolahan data citra menggunakan algoritma Lyzenga untuk mengetahui persebaran terumbu karang di Wilayah Perairan Karawang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan karakteristik fisik perairan ini mempengaruhi persebaran terumbu karang dalam jangka waktu lama yang dalam penelitian ini adalah tahun 2001 – 2017, karena ketika karakteristik fisik perairan tidak sesuai dengan baku mutu, terumbu karang tidak langsung mati tetapi akan mengalami berbagai proses hingga akhirnya mati. Adapun suhu permukaan laut tidak mempengaruhi persebaran terumbu karang di wilayah perairan Karawang karena pada suhu yang sesuai dengan baku mutu air laut untuk terumbu karang, tidak semua terumbu karang dapat hidup di wilayah perairan Karawang. Sedangkan pada salinitas tinggi diluar nilai ambang batas baku mutu, terumbu karang tidak dapat tumbuh dan berkembang. Pada arus permukaan laut, terumbu karang hidup cenderung memiliki pola yang searah dengan rata-rata arah arus laut dalam waktu setahun.

 Kata kunci: Karakteristik Fisik Perairan, Lyzenga, Perairan Karawang, Terumbu Karang
Variasi spasiotemporal urban heat island di kawasan perkotaan Yogjakarta tahun 2015-2017
Authors: Zahro Haura , Sobirin Sobirin , Wibowo Adi
Published: November 2018

Keterbatasan Kota Yogyakarta untuk memenuhi permintaan akan lahan yang terbangun membuat perkembangannya meluas ke Kabupaten Sleman dan Bantul sehingga terbentuk Kawasan Perkotaan Yogyakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola suhu permukaan, hubungannya dengan kehijauan vegetasi dan terjadinya fenomena Urban Heat Island (UHI) di Kawasan Perkotaan Yogyakarta tahun 2015-2017. Temperatur permukaan tanah diperoleh dari pengolahan citra Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS dengan metode mono-window dan divalidasi dengan pengukuran temperatur udara langsung, greenness vegetasi dengan algoritma NDVI dan fenomena UHI ketika suhu permukaan di atas 30ºC. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa semakin jauh dari pusat kota, suhu permukaan turun menjadi 0,93ºC per kilometer. Temperatur permukaan tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Oktober 2015 dan September 2017. Suhu permukaan memiliki nilai korelasi yang kuat dengan vegetasi hijau dengan koefisien korelasi hingga -0,709 yaitu semakin tinggi vegetasi greenness maka semakin rendah suhu permukaan. Fenomena UHI terjadi setiap bulan dengan variasi 11,85-4,01ºC dan fenomena UHI permukaan tertinggi terjadi pada bulan Oktober 2015 dengan 41,85ºC. Kesimpulannya, fenomena UHI terjadi setiap bulan dengan suhu tertinggi dan area paling intensif dari fenomena UHI adalah pada Oktober 2015.

 Kata kunci: Suhu Permukaan Daratan; Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS; Mono-Window; Urban Heat Island
Modelling the dynamics of a large rock landslide in the Dolomites (eastern Italian Alps) using multi-temporal DEMs
Authors: Gatter Ricarda , Cavalli Marco , Crema Stefano , Bossi Giulia
Published: November 2018

Latest advances in topographic data acquisition techniques have greatly enhanced the possibility to analyse landscapes in order to understand the processes that shaped them. High-resolution Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), such as LiDAR-derived ones, provide detailed topographic information. In particular, if multi-temporal DEMs are available, it is possible to carry out a detailed geomorphic change detection analysis. This analysis may provide information about the dynamics of large landslides and may thus, be useful for landslide risk assessments. However, LiDAR-derived DEMs are mostly available only as post-event surveys. The technique is relatively recent, and local or national authorities only started widespread surveys in the last decade. Therefore, it is of a certain interest to analyse the effectiveness of DEMs derived from technical cartography to produce reliable volumetric estimates related to large landslides. This study evaluates the use of a multi-source DEM of Difference (DoD) analysis for the investigation of a large landslide –Le Laste–, which occurred on November 12, 2014 on Mount Antelao (eastern Italian Alps). The landslide initiated as a 365,000 m3rockslide close to the summit of the mountain and transformed into a debris avalanche during its runout. The comparison of pre- and post-event DEMs allowed for the identification and quantification of erosion and deposition areas, and for the estimation of landslide volume. A sound back-analysis of the landslide with the 3D numerical model DAN3D was based on this comparison and on seismic records of the event. These seismic records proved to be remarkably useful, as they allowed for the calibration of the simulated landslide velocity. This ensured the reliability of the model notwithstanding the topographic datasets, intrinsic uncertainties. We found that using a pre-event DEM derived from technical cartography tends to slightly overestimate the volume with respect to the use of the more accurate LiDAR-derived DEM. In recent years, the landslide risk around Mt. Antelao has been increasing alongside the ever-growing population and human activities in the area. Sediment accumulations produced by the Le Laste landslide significantly amplified the debris flow hazard by providing new sediment sources. Therefore, it is crucial to delineate the distribution of this material to enable an adequate debris flow hazard assessment. The material properties derived from the back-analysis of the Le Laste landslide can be used to simulate the runout of possible future events, and to generate reliable hazard zone maps, which are necessary for effective risk mitigation.
Distributed adaptive neural consensus tracking control of MIMO stochastic nonlinear multiagent systems with actuator failures and unknown dead zones
Authors: Wu Zumin , Wu Yuefei , Yue Dong
Published: November 2018

This paper focuses on the leader‐following consensus control problem of stochastic multiagent systems with unknown input dead‐zone nonlinearity, unknown actuator failures, and nonlinear dynamics. A distributed adaptive neural consensus tracking controller is presented for stochastic multiagent systems directions under directed graphs, which can achieve predefined synchronization error bounds. By mainly activating an auxiliary robust control component for pulling back the transient escaped from the neural active region, a multiswitching robust neuroadaptive controller in the neural approximation domain can achieve globally uniformly ultimately bounded tracking stability of multiagent systems recently. By constructing a smooth dead‐zone inverse and applying the dynamic surface control technique, distributed consensus controllers are developed to guarantee that the trajectories of synchronization error converge to a small neighborhood of the origin. Two simulation examples are provided to illustrate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed control scheme.
Personalized Hydrogels for Engineering Diverse Fully Autologous Tissue Implants
Authors: Edri Reuven , Gal Idan , Noor Nadav , Harel Tom , Fleischer Sharon , Adadi Nofar , Green Ori , Shabat Doron , Heller Lior , Shapira Assaf , Gat‐Viks Irit , Peer Dan , Dvir Tal
Published: November 2018

Despite incremental improvements in the field of tissue engineering, no technology is currently available for producing completely autologous implants where both the cells and the scaffolding material are generated from the patient, and thus do not provoke an immune response that may lead to implant rejection. Here, a new approach is introduced to efficiently engineer any tissue type, which its differentiation cues are known, from one small tissue biopsy. Pieces of omental tissues are extracted from patients and, while the cells are reprogrammed to become induced pluripotent stem cells, the extracellular matrix is processed into an immunologically matching, thermoresponsive hydrogel. Efficient cell differentiation within a large 3D hydrogel is reported, and, as a proof of concept, the generation of functional cardiac, cortical, spinal cord, and adipogenic tissue implants is demonstrated. This versatile bioengineering approach may assist to regenerate any tissue and organ with a minimal risk for immune rejection.
Balancing Scattering Channels: A Panoscopic Approach toward Zero Temperature Coefficient of Resistance Using High‐Entropy Alloys
Authors: Shafeie Samrand , Guo Sheng , Erhart Paul , Hu Qiang , Palmqvist Anders
Published: November 2018

Designing alloys with an accurate temperature‐independent electrical response over a wide temperature range, specifically a low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), remains a big challenge from a material design point of view. More than a century after their discovery, Constantan (Cu–Ni) and Manganin (Cu–Mn–Ni) alloys remain the top choice for strain gauge applications and high‐quality resistors up to 473–573 K. Here, an average TCR is demonstrated that is up to ≈800 times smaller in the temperature range 5–300 K and >800 times smaller than for any of these standard materials over a wide temperature range (5 K < T < 1200 K). This is achieved for selected compositions of AlxCoCrFeNi high‐entropy alloys (HEAs), for which a strong correlation of the ultralow TCR is established with the underlying microstructure and its local composition. The exceptionally low electron–phonon coupling expected in these HEAs is crucial for developing novel devices, e.g., hot‐electron detectors, high‐Q resonant antennas, and materials in gravitational wave detectors.
Recent Advances in Smart Wearable Sensing Systems
Authors: Lou Zheng , Wang Lili , Shen Guozhen
Published: November 2018

Wearable technology with widespread public attention has generated tremendous economic and social impact, resulting in changes in healthcare procedures and personal lifestyle. Smart wearable sensing systems, as an important type of device in wearable technology which can detect various stimuli relevant to biological species or specific environments, have recently seen a large increase in both commercialization and research. Over the past few years, the research direction in this field has focused mainly on the development of flexible, lightweight, self‐powered, miniaturized, and integrated wearable systems. The recent progress and advantages of smart wearable sensing systems for their use in practical electronic applications are summarized herein. An overview of different strategies for smart wearable sensing systems, such as flexible/stretchable substrate and conductors, active materials, wireless communication and displays, and power supplies, is presented. Moreover, the potential applications and challenges of the smart sensing systems are briefly discussed and highlighted.
Ion Therapy: A Novel Strategy for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yi Min , Li Hekai , Wang Xiaoya , Yan Jianyun , Gao Long , He Yinyan , Zhong Xinglong , Cai Yanbin , Feng Weijing , Wen Zhanpeng , Wu Chengtie , Ou Caiwen , Chang Jiang , Chen Minsheng
Published: November 2018

Although numerous therapies are widely applied clinically and stem cells and/or biomaterial based in situ implantations have achieved some effects, few of these have observed robust myocardial regeneration. The beneficial effects on cardiac function and structure are largely acting through paracrine signaling, which preserve the border‐zone around the infarction, reduce apoptosis, blunt adverse remodeling, and promote angiogenesis. Ionic extracts from biomaterials have been proven to stimulate paracrine effects and promote cell–cell communications. Here, the paracrine stimulatory function of bioactive ions derived from biomaterials is integrated into the clinical concept of administration and proposed “ion therapy” as a novel strategy for myocardial infarction. In vitro, silicon‐ enriched ion extracts significantly increase cardiomyocyte viability and promote cell–cell communications, thus stimulating vascular formation via a paracrine effect under glucose/oxygen deprived conditions. In vivo, by intravenous injection, the bioactive silicon ions act as “diplomats” and promote crosstalk in myocardial cells, stimulate angiogenesis, and improve cardiac function post‐myocardial infarction.
Design of Single‐Molecule Multiferroics for Efficient Ultrahigh‐Density Nonvolatile Memories
Authors: Yang Qing , Zhong Tingting , Tu Zhengyuan , Zhu Lin , Wu Menghao , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: November 2018

It is known that an isolated single‐molecule magnet tends to become super‐paramagnetic even at an ultralow temperature of a few Kelvin due to the low spin switching barrier. Herein, single‐molecule ferroelectrics/multiferroics is proposed, as the ultimate size limit of memory, such that every molecule can store 1 bit data. The primary strategy is to identify polar molecules that possess bistable states, moderate switching barriers, and polarizations fixed along the vertical direction for high‐density perpendicular recording. First‐principles computation shows that several selected magnetic metal porphyrin molecules possess buckled structures with switchable vertical polarizations that are robust at ambient conditions. When intercalated within a bilayer of 2D materials such as bilayer MoS2 or CrI3, the magnetization can alter the spin distribution or can be even switched by 180° upon ferroelectric switching, rendering efficient electric writing and magnetic reading. It is found that the upper limit of areal storage density can be enhanced by four orders of magnitude, from the previous super‐paramagnetic limit of ≈40 to ≈106 GB in.−2, on the basis of the design of cross‐point multiferroic tunneling junction array and multiferroic hard drive.
A Robust Artificial Synapse Based on Organic Ferroelectric Polymer
Authors: Tian Bobo , Liu Lan , Yan Mengge , Wang Jianlu , Zhao Qingbiao , Zhong Ni , Xiang Pinghua , Sun Lin , Peng Hui , Shen Hong , Lin Tie , Dkhil Brahim , Meng Xiangjian , Chu Junhao , Tang Xiaodong , Duan Chungang
Published: November 2018

Memristors with history‐dependent resistance are considered as artificial synapses and have potential in mimicking the massive parallelism and low‐power operation existing in the human brain. However, the state‐of‐the‐art memristors still suffer from excessive write noise, abrupt resistance variation, inherent stochasticity, poor endurance behavior, and costly energy consumption, which impedes massive neural architecture. A robust and low‐energy consumption organic three‐terminal memristor based on ferroelectric polymer gate insulator is demonstrated here. The conductance of this memristor can be precisely manipulated to vary between more than 1000 intermediate states with the highest OFF/ON ratio of ≈104. The quasicontinuous resistive switching in the MoS2 channel results from the ferroelectric domain dynamics as confirmed unambiguously by the in situ real‐time correlation between dynamic resistive switching and polarization change. Typical synaptic plasticity such as long‐term potentiation and depression (LTP/D) and spike‐timing dependent plasticity (STDP) are successfully simulated. In addition, the device is expected to experience 1 × 109 synaptic spikes with an ultralow energy consumption for each synaptic operation (less than 1 fJ, compatible with a bio‐synaptic event), which highlights its immense potential for the massive neural architecture in bioinspired networks.
The Changing Landscape of Mediation: Personal Observations Over the Past 40 Years
Authors: Picker Bennett G.
Published: November 2018

I have been asked to reflect upon the origins and the changing landscape of mediation over the past 40 years.
A Canon Is Revised: Has the Negotiation Field Come of Age?
Authors: Honeyman Chris , Schneider Andrea Kupfer
Published: November 2018

This article begins a three‐part series introducing some of the contents of a new comprehensive book, “The Negotiator's Desk Reference.”
Analysis: How the USMCA Changes Investor‐State Dispute Resolution
Authors: O'Casey Molly
Published: November 2018

For now, a dispute over international dispute resolution has been resolved.
Mass transfer effects on biodegradation of methylene blue by immobilized cell in a packed bed bioreactor
Authors: Habibi Alireza , Narimani Rad Khatere
Published: November 2018

Aerobic degradation of methylene blue by a pure culture of Ralstonia eutropha was studied by both freely suspended cells and kissiris‐immobilized packed bed reactors. Kissiris as a cell support matrix favored the retention of the cells in the packed bed reactor during of the methylene blue biodegradation process. The biodegradation experiments showed that the kissiris‐packed bed reactor had higher performance in removal of the dyestuff for initial concentrations equal or higher than 150 mg L−1 when compared with the freely suspended cells. To evaluate the effect of mass transfer phenomena in the immobilized system, mass balance of methylene blue for a single kissiris piece was applied to derive expressions correlating the methylene blue concentration in the bulk liquid medium and inside of the bioparticle. Kinetics studies revealed a self‐inhibitory effect of methylene blue on its biodegradation at concentrations higher than 85.76 mg L−1 in the free cell and 190.1 mg L−1 for immobilized system. The mass transfer modeling indicated the protective role of the support from cells against the inhibitory role of methylene blue is related to both external and internal mass transfer limitations in the immobilized system. In the kissiris packed bed reactor, the effectiveness value was higher than unity for initial methylene blue concentration of 150 mg L−1.
Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of (+)‐usnic acid conjugates
Authors: Cirillo Daniela , Borroni Emanuele , Festoso Irene , Monti Diego , Romeo Sergio , Mazier Dominique , Verotta Luisella
Published: November 2018

New therapeutics are urgently needed to fight tuberculosis and mycobacteria‐related diseases that are a major health hazard especially in poor countries. Natural products have been the source of important antitubercular drugs in the past and still need to receive attention as a potent reservoir of chemical structures. Fifteen known and two new (+)‐usnic acid (a benzofurandione formerly isolated from lichens) enamines and hydrazones are here described and tested against sensitive and multidrug‐resistant strains of mycobacteria. Among several (+)‐usnic acid conjugates, PS14 and PS18 showed potent activity against both susceptible and resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (MIC values of 1–32 and 2–32 mg/L, respectively) comparable with MIC of other antitubercular drugs already in use for tuberculosis treatment.
Pharmacokinetics of R‐(−)ondansetron compared with that of S‐(−)ondansetron in rats using an LC–MS/MS method
Authors: Duan Mingyu , Zhao Qi , Zhong Dafang , Yuan Yue
Published: November 2018

The pharmacokinetics of R‐(−)ondansetron (R‐ond) compared with that of S‐(−)ondansetron (S‐ond) was studied in rats. R‐ond and S‐ond were injected intravenously into rats at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg. The stability of ondansetron enantiomers in rat was determined by chiral HPLC, and the concentrations of R‐ond and S‐ond in plasma were determined by an LC/MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and analyzed statistically using the t‐test. The enantiomer inversions between R‐ond and S‐ond did not occur in rat. The pharmacokinetic parameters (t1/2, AUC, MRT, CL) of R‐ond and S‐ond differed significantly. The concentration in plasma of the R/S‐enantiomeric ratio reached a maximum value of 9.5 at 4.0 h post‐dose. The pharmacokinetics of R‐ond and S‐ond are stereoselective in rat, which indicates substantial stereoselectivity in the disposition of ondansetron enantiomers in rat. R‐ond has more potential than S‐ond to be developed as a single enantiomer drug.
Right‐wing populism as a social representation: A comparison across four European countries
Authors: Staerklé Christian , Green Eva G.T.
Published: November 2018

The rise of right‐wing populist parties has been widely discussed across the social sciences during the last decade. Taking a social representational approach, we analyse organising principles and anchoring of right‐wing populist thinking across four European countries (France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom). Using European Social Survey data (Round 7), we compare political attitudes and self‐appraisals of citizens identifying with right‐wing populist, conservative right‐wing, and traditional left‐wing parties. The findings converge across the four countries to show that right‐wing populist identifiers diverge from both left‐ and right‐wing identifiers on vertical (between the “people” and the “elite”) and horizontal (between nationals and immigrants) dimensions of differentiation. Depending on the context, right‐wing populist identification was fuelled by material and physical insecurity, low political efficacy, and distrust of fellow citizens. We conclude that right‐wing populism requires multiple strategies of differentiation within and between groups to justify and sustain itself.
NAIF1 suppresses osteosarcoma progression and is regulated by miR‐128
Authors: Kong Daliang , Zhang Zhe
Published: November 2018

Nuclear apoptosis‐inducing factor 1 (NAIF1) acts as an oncogene and involves in tumorigenesis in several cancers. However, the expression and mechanism of NAIF1 in osteosarcoma remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the downregulation of NAIF1 expression in both osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. We next explored the potential role of NAIF1 in osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration. The result showed that overexpression of NAIF1 evidently suppressed the cell proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma. Furthermore, we investigated the potential mechanisms accounting for dysregulation of NAIF1 in osteosarcoma. The bioinformatic prediction and luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR‐128 is a direct upstream regulator of NAIF1 and regulates NAIF1 expression by binding the 3′‐UTR of NAIF1. Consistent with previous study, we found that miR‐128 was upregulated in both osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines. Moreover, miR‐128 expression levels were inversely correlated with that of NAIF1 in osteosarcoma tissues. Finally, functional assay showed that miR‐128 significantly suppressed osteosarcoma progression partially mediated by inhibiting NAIF1 expression. These data indicate that the miR‐128 and its target gene NAIF1 played important roles by regulating OS cell proliferation and migration phenotype.

Significance of the study

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant bone tumour and the second leading cause of cancer‐related death affecting children and adolescents. Nuclear apoptosis‐inducing factor 1 (NAIF1) plays an inhibitory role in the initial steps of different carcinomas. However, the expression and mechanism of NAIF1 in osteosarcoma remains unclear. The data of this study indicated that the miR‐128 and its target gene NAIF1 played important roles by regulating OS cell proliferation and migration phenotype. It was demonstrated that NAIF1 would demonstrate important regulative effects and may be a promising therapeutic target of OS.
Temple syndrome diagnosed in an adult patient with clinical autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Kimura Takuro , Kagami Masayo , Matsubara Keiko , Yatsuga Shuichi , Mukasa Rio , Yatsuga Chiho , Matsumoto Takako , Koga Yasutoshi
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

Temple syndrome (TS14) leads to growth failure, precocious puberty, and diabetes mellitus. However, the long‐term prognosis, including the development of social behavior in TS14 patients, remains unclarified. We report the clinical course of a male patient with autism spectrum disorder that received a diagnosis of TS14 at 33 years of age.
Underpotential Deposition of Silver on Au(111) from an Air‐ and Water‐Stable Ionic Liquid Visualized by In‐Situ STM
Authors: Ehrenburg Maria R. , Molodkina Elena B. , Broekmann Peter , Rudnev Alexander V.
Published: November 2018

There is a steadily increasing interest in room‐temperature ionic liquids (ILs) as media for metal electrodeposition. However, the fundamental understanding of the underlying surface processes at the electrode/IL interface and of the initial stages of electrodeposition is still at a very preliminary stage. In this article, we investigate the underpotential deposition (upd) of Ag on a well‐defined Au(111) single crystal surface from an air‐ and water‐stable IL, 1‐butyl‐1‐methylpyrrolidinium dicyanamide [BMP][DCA]. By employing in‐situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we could visualize individual stages of the Ag upd process as a function of the applied electrode potential and correlate voltammetric responses to the obtained STM data. The initial Ag upd process results in the formation of an Ag‐(4×4) lattice, which is further transformed into a pseudomorphic Ag‐(1×1) monolayer at the underpotential of ∼40 mV. The structural stability of the Au(111) surface in [BMP][DCA] is also examined in the absence of Ag+ ions in both the negative and positive potential regions.
Stable and Persistent Acyclic Diaminocarbenes with Cycloalkyl Substituents and Their Transformation to β‐Lactams by Uncatalysed Carbonylation with CO
Authors: Wallbaum Lars , Weismann Daniel , Löber Dennis , Bruhn Clemens , Prochnow Pascal , Bandow Julia E. , Siemeling Ulrich
Published: November 2018

Four new acyclic diaminocarbenes (ADACs), viz. [(cyclo‐CnH2n−1)2N]2C (n=5–7) and iPr2N‐C‐N(cyclo‐C6H11)2, were synthesised by reacting the corresponding formamidinium hexafluorophosphates with NaN(SiMe3)2. Their nucleophilicities and electrophilicities were respectively judged from the 1JCH values determined for the N2CH unit of the corresponding formamidinium cations and from the 77Se NMR chemical shifts of the selenourea derivatives obtained from the reaction of elemental selenium with the corresponding ADACs. An ambiphilic profile essentially identical to that of the “Alder carbene” (iPr2N)2C was found in each case. Similar to the latter carbene, the new ADACs undergo a well‐defined thermal decomposition by β‐fragmentation, affording an alkene and a formamidine. The stabilities of [(cyclo‐CnH2n−1)2N]2C depend strongly on the value of n, following the order 6>5>7, with the latter congener being too unstable for isolation. [(cyclo‐C6H11)2N]2C shows no thermal decomposition at room temperature in solution and is thus significantly more stable than (iPr2N)2C. The stability of iPr2N‐C‐N(cyclo‐C6H11)2 is intermediate between that of (iPr2N)2C and [(cyclo‐C6H11)2N]2C, its β‐fragmentation selectively affording propene and iPrN=CH‐N(cyclo‐C6H11)2. [(cyclo‐CnH2n−1)2N]2C (n=5–7) react readily with CO under mild conditions, selectively affording trisubstituted spirocyclic β‐lactam derivatives with an antimicrobial activity spectrum similar to that of penicillin G.
Indirect pathway to pectoral fin motor neurons from nucleus ruber in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Nakayama Tomoya , Nishino Hirotaka , Narita Junya , Abe Hideki , Yamamoto Naoyuki
Published: November 2018

Supraspinal motor control systems of pectoral fins remain unclear in teleosts. Nucleus ruber of Goldstein (1905; NRg), which has been identified as the probable homologue of nucleus ruber of tetrapods, is a candidate structure serving for such functions. In the present study, we investigated possible involvement of the NRg in the control of pectoral fin movement by tract‐tracing experiments in the Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. Tracer injections into the NRg revealed the fiber course of rubrospinal tract. Rubrospinal fibers crossed the midline at the level of midbrain, descended through the tegmentum, and terminated in a region ventrally adjacent to the dorsal horn at the spinomedullary junction, without reaching the ventral horn where pectoral fin motor neurons are present. Tracer injection experiments into the dorsal horn region resulted in labeled terminals in proximities of presumed pectoral fin motor neurons in the ventral horn. Tracer injection experiments into the ventral horn resulted in retrogradely labeled neurons ventrally adjacent to the dorsal horn, where labeled terminals were detected following rubral injections. These anatomical analyses suggest that the NRg of actinopterygians is involved in the control of pectoral fin motor neurons through an indirect pathway via interneurons in the dorsal horn.
A Photocrosslinking‐Based RNA Chemical Proteomics Approach to Profile m6A‐Regulated Protein‐RNA Interactions
Authors: Arguello A. Emilia , Srikumar Tharan , Kleiner Ralph E.
Published: November 2018

Post‐transcriptional modifications play an important role in RNA biology. In particular, the addition of small chemical groups to the nucleobases of mRNA can affect how modified transcripts are processed in the cell, thereby impacting gene expression programs. In order to study the molecular mechanisms underlying these modifications, it is necessary to characterize their ‘readers’, that is, proteins that directly bind to these modifications to mediate their functional consequences; this is a major challenge because we lack approaches to precisely manipulate RNA chemistry in the cell and because protein–modified RNA interactions can be low affinity. In this unit, we describe in detail a photocrosslinking‐based RNA chemical proteomics approach to profile the protein–modified RNA interactome modulated by N6‐methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic mRNA. First, we present protocols for the synthesis and characterization of short, diazirine‐containing synthetic RNA probes, followed by a description of their use in mass spectrometry–based proteomics with HeLa cell lysate and a short commentary on data analysis and result interpretation. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Essential Characteristics of Pharmacogenomics Study Publications
Authors: Thorn Caroline F. , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Hachad Houda , Johnson Julie A. , McDonagh Ellen M. , Ratain Mark J. , Relling Mary V. , Scott Stuart A. , Altman Russ B. , Klein Teri E.
Published: November 2018

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) can be seen as a model for biomedical studies: it includes all disease areas of interest and spans in vitro studies to clinical trials, while focusing on the relationships between genes and drugs and the resulting phenotypes. This review will examine different characteristics of PGx study publications and provide examples of excellence in framing PGx questions and reporting their resulting data in a way that maximizes the knowledge that can be built on them.
Environmental and evolutionary drivers of diversity patterns in the tea family (Theaceae s.s.) across China
Authors: Rao Mide , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Xiang Xiaoguo , Zhang Minggang , Mi Xiangcheng , Zhang Jintun , Ma Keping , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: November 2018

Subtropical forest is recognized as an important global vegetation type with high levels of plant species richness. However, the mechanisms underlying its diversity remain poorly understood. Here, we assessed the roles of environmental drivers and evolutionary dynamics (time‐for‐speciation and diversification rate) in shaping species richness patterns across China for a major subtropical plant group, the tea family (Theaceae s.s.) (145 species), at several taxonomic scales. To this end, we assessed the relationships between species richness, key environmental variables (minimum temperature of the coldest month, mean annual precipitation, soil pH), and phylogenetic assemblage structure (net related index) by using non‐spatial and spatial linear models. We found that species richness is significantly related to environmental variables, especially soil pH, which is negatively related to species richness both across the whole family and within the major tribe Theeae (116 species). Family‐level species richness is unrelated to phylogenetic structure, whereas species richness in tribe Theeae was related to phylogenetic structure with U‐shaped relationship, a more complex relation than predicted by the time‐for‐speciation or diversification rate hypotheses. Overall, these results suggest that both environmental and evolutionary factors play important roles in shaping species richness patterns within this subtropical plant family across China, with the latter mainly important at fine taxonomic scales. Most surprisingly, our findings show that soils can play a key role in shaping macro‐scale diversity patterns, contrary to often‐stated assumptions.
Biosorption of Pb(II) ions onto Cocos nucifera leaf powder: Application of response surface methodology
Authors: Darla Hymavathi , Garimella Prabhakar
Published: November 2018

This article presents the outcome obtained when Cocos nucifera leaf powder is used for the adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. A 24 full‐factorial design with six center points and eight axial points leading to 30 experimental run, as indicated by Design Expert version 10.0.03 is followed. Surface response analysis is carried out to understand the interactions among the contributing variables—metal ion concentration, initial solution pH, sorbent dosage, and temperature in the removal of metal ions. A 20 mg/L of Pb(II) solution, treated with 25 g/L of adsorbent at a pH of 5.0 and 303 K yielded 97.68% removal of Pb(II). Adsorption equilibrium is as per Freundlich isotherm model and the kinetics are represented by a pseudo second‐order expression with a regression coefficient of 0.999. The maximum biosorption capacity of Cocos nucifera leaf powder is 8.475 mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the adsorption is endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Surface morphology of the adsorbent is studied using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy‐Energy Dispersive Analysis System (SEM‐EDAX). © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38: S118–S127, 2019
Polysporangiate anthers in Microlicia D.Don (Melastomataceae Juss.)
Authors: Lima Jamile Fernandes , Romero Rosana , Simão Daniela Guimarães
Published: November 2018

Polysporangiate anthers are found in a small number of Microlicia species, a genus of Melastomataceae with a large number of endemic species in Brazil. This study describes for the first time the processes of formation and degeneration of the septa found in these particular anthers of Microlicia, providing relevant information about the structure and the functional role of septate anthers in the genus, which is an uncommon condition in angiosperms. The formation of septa begins when some initial cells enlarge and differentiate into sporogenous tissue, while other, more peripheral cells, are not affected by this increase and form the parenchymatous septum. The septa are present up until microgametogenesis, degenerating after the formation of the pollen grains. The mechanism of pollen release in stages, as suggested previously by some authors, could not be demonstrated for the studied species since the septa degenerated at flower anthesis. Thus, we propose that the transverse septa present during the formation of the sporogenous tissue and microspores are associated with providing better nutritional conditions for pollen development.
A synopsis of Lauraceae (excluding Ocotea) from the Reserva Natural Vale, Linhares, Espírito Santo, Brazil
Authors: de Moraes Pedro Luís Rodrigues , Vergne Matheus Carvalho
Published: November 2018

Fifty‐five species belonging to 14 genera of Lauraceae are recorded in the Reserva Natural Vale. In the present treatment, twenty‐one species are reported: Aiouea (3), Aniba (2), Beilschmiedia (1), Cassytha (1), Cryptocarya (3), Endlicheria (1), Licaria (2), Mezilaurus (1), Nectandra (4), Persea (1), Rhodostemonodaphne (1), and Urbanodendron (1). Descriptions, identification keys, comments and illustrations of the species are presented. The species of Ocotea will be treated in part II of this series.
Proactive and reactive cognitive control rely on flexible use of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Ryman Sephira G. , El Shaikh Ansam A. , Shaff Nicholas A. , Hanlon Faith M. , Dodd Andrew B. , Wertz Christopher J. , Ling Josef M. , Barch Deanna M. , Stromberg Shannon F. , Lin Denise S. , Abrams Swala , Mayer Andrew R.
Published: November 2018

The role of ventral versus dorsolateral prefrontal regions in instantiating proactive and reactive cognitive control remains actively debated, with few studies parsing cue versus probe‐related activity. Rapid sampling (460 ms), long cue–probe delays, and advanced analytic techniques (deconvolution) were therefore used to quantify the magnitude and variability of neural responses during the AX Continuous Performance Test (AX‐CPT; N = 46) in humans. Behavioral results indicated slower reaction times during reactive cognitive control (AY trials) in conjunction with decreased accuracy and increased variability for proactive cognitive control (BX trials). The anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (aI/VLPFC) was commonly activated across comparisons of both proactive and reactive cognitive control. In contrast, activity within the dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was limited to reactive cognitive control. The instantiation of proactive cognitive control during the probe period was also associated with sparse neural activation relative to baseline, potentially as a result of the high degree of neural and behavioral variability observed across individuals. Specifically, the variability of the hemodynamic response function (HRF) within motor circuitry increased after the presentation of B relative to A cues (i.e., late in HRF) and persisted throughout the B probe period. Finally, increased activation of right aI/VLPFC during the cue period was associated with decreased motor circuit activity during BX probes, suggesting a possible role for the aI/VLPFC in proactive suppression of neural responses. Considered collectively, current results highlight the flexible role of the VLPFC in implementing cognitive control during the AX‐CPT task but suggest large individual differences in proactive cognitive control strategies.
Preparation, characterization and application of a protein hydrogel with rapid self‐healing and unique autofluoresent multi‐functionalities
Authors: Chen Jun , Dong Qiuchen , Huang Yikun , Ma Xiaoyu , Fan Tai‐Hsi , Bian Zichao , O'Reilly Beringhs André , Lu Xiuling , Lei Yu
Published: November 2018

A smart hydrogel with dual self‐healing and autofluoresent functionalities is presented. The protein hydrogel is fabricated by denaturing bovine serum albumin in a basic environment. Upon gelation, autofluorescence is induced and the protein hydrogel can be excited by a wide range of spectrum, ranging from 320 to 520 nm. It was also found that the as‐prepared autofluorescent protein hydrogel possessed rapid and repetitive self‐healing capability. Without any external stimulus, more than 90% recovery of the mechanical strength can be obtained within 10 min after destruction. Moreover, the as‐prepared hydrogel exhibits excellent biocompatibility and cell attachment property after its pH adjustment to neutral pH, while both autofluorescence and self‐healing properties were still retained. This study suggests a promising means to prepare multi‐functional protein hydrogel with dual physicochemical functionalities, which holds great potential in biomedical related applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 81–91, 2019.
Influence of chemically modified Luffa on the preparation of nanofiber and its biological evaluation for biomedical applications
Authors: Mary Stella S. , Vijayalakshmi U.
Published: November 2018

In the present investigation, the natural cellulose was extracted from Luffa cylindrica vegetable sponge by chemical modification. Both chemically modified and unmodified Luffa was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The chemically modified cellulose was used for the preparation of a nanofibrous scaffold using the electrospinning method. In order to achieve the uniform and bead free fibers with desired fiber diameter the parameters such as applied voltage, tip to collector distance, solution concentration were optimized. Different ratio of hydroxyapatite (HAP): polylactic acid (PLA) such as 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 have been selected for the current evaluation and was compared with HAP‐treated cellulose (TC)‐PLA. With the increase in the concentration of HAP in the polymeric network, the diameter of the fiber was found to be thin with the high electric field. The functional group, phase formation and dielectric and mechanical properties of the developed nanofiber have been characterized by FTIR, XRD, mechanical property measurements, and SEM. From the results, we observed that the polymer composite developed with the ratio of 70:30 produces a bead free product with enhanced mechanical and bioactivity property by the formation of hydroxy carbonated apatite layer on the surface. All the nanofibrous scaffold fabricated with and without modification have shown good Cyto compatibility on MG‐63 Osteoblast cell lines at 48 hr. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 610–620, 2019.
Granulomonocytapheresis as a cell‐dependent treatment option for patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Concepts and clinical features for better therapeutic outcomes
Authors: Saniabadi Abbi R. , Tanaka Tomotaka , Yamamoto Takayuki , Kruis Wolfgang , Sacco Rodolfo
Published: November 2018

Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) are major phenotypes of the chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which afflicts millions of individuals throughout the world with debilitating symptoms. The chronic nature of IBD means that patients require life‐long medications, and this may lead to drug dependency, loss of response together with adverse side effects as additional morbidity factors. The efficacy of antitumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α biologics has validated the role of inflammatory cytokines notably TNF‐α in the exacerbation and perpetuation of IBD. However, cytokines are released by myeloid lineage leucocytes like the CD14+CD16+ monocyte phenotype. Additionally in IBD, myeloid leucocytes are elevated with activation behavior, while lymphocytes are compromised. Therefore, patients' leucocytes appear logical targets of therapy. Adsorptive granulomonocytapheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn uses carriers, which interact with the Fcγ receptor expressing leucocytes and deplete the elevated myeloid leucocytes, while the neutrophils, which re‐enter the circulation via the Adacolumn outflow (≥40%) are phagocytosed by CD19 B‐cells to become interleukin (IL)‐10 producing Bregs or CD19highCD1Dhigh B‐cells. IL‐10 is an anti‐inflammatory cytokine. GMA has been applied to treat patients with IBD. The efficacy outcomes have been impressive as well as disappointing, the clinical response to GMA defines the patients' disease course and severity at entry. Efficacy outcomes in patients with deep ulcers together with extensive loss of the mucosal tissue are not encouraging, while patients without these features respond well and attain a favorable long‐term disease course. Accordingly, for responder patients, GMA fulfills a desire to be treated without drugs.
Image segmentation by graph cut for radiation images of small animal blood vessels
Authors: Kim Taewan , Ahn Chibum , Lee Onseok
Published: November 2018

Synchrotron radiation (SR) based X‐ray imaging is an attractive method for analyzing biomedical structure. However, despite its many advantages, there are few gold standards in image processing methods, especially in segmentation. Image segmentation is an essential step in medical imaging for image analysis and three‐dimensional reconstruction. Although there are many algorithms for image segmentation, a decisive method does not exist in SR X‐ray imagery, because of a lack of data. This study focused on finding a suitable algorithm for image segmentation in high‐resolution medical imaging. In this study, we used following four algorithms to segment blood vessel of mouse; interactive graph cuts algorithm, which segments an image using fast min‐cut/max‐flow algorithm to solve global solution, binary partition tree algorithm, which uses an interactive method creating tree nodes to segment an image by using splitting and merging an image, seeded region growing algorithm, which performs segmentation by connecting similar pixel value, simple interactive object extraction, which generates color signature for segmentation based on color model of an image.
Real time monitoring and quantification of uptake carbon nanodots in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Loukanov Alexandre , Mladenova Polina , Toshev Svetlin , Karailiev Asen , Ustinovich Elena , Nakabayashi Seiichiro
Published: November 2018

The real time monitoring and quantification of the concentration of highly fluorescent nitrogen‐doped carbon nanodots (C‐dots) in eukaryotic Tobacco bright yellow‐2 (BY‐2) plant cells was investigated by fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The quantitative measurement of their fluorescent emission intensity was possible because of the high photo‐resistance, good water solubility and the absence of fading effect of the nanoparticles, which is frequent occurred problem of the conventional organic dyes. The microscopic analysis revealed that C‐dots entered generally into the cells through endocytosis and caused negligible cytotoxicity. The multicolor cellular imaging of labeled Tobacco BY‐2 demonstrates that the cells were in good health conditions and any blinking artifacts were not observed. The quantification of fluorescence emission intensity was carried out in the intracellular regions where the relationship between the C‐dots concentration and relative emission was linear. Based on a control experiment with fluorescence liposomes with known dependence between C‐dots concentration and emission, we were able to determine the amount of accumulated nanoparticles in the inner compartments of the eukaryotic cell through subsequent digital image analysis. The reported microscopic approach may be used for accurate testing and direct examination of the drug internalization mechanisms by C‐dots as sensitive probes in single cells or tissues.