bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Amobarbital Sodium and Meprobamate on Acquisition of Conditioned Avoidance
Authors: Powell Barbara J. , Martin Louis K. , Kamano Dennis K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of these experiments was to study the effects of two “fear-reducing” drugs, amobarbital sodium and meprobamate, on the acquisition of a conditioned avoidance response in albino rats, and how this response is related to general activity level and freezing behavior. Both drugs facilitated acquisition of the avoidance response and increased activity level as measured by the number of spontaneous inter-trial hurdle crossings. Thus, these results seemed at variance with Mowrer's theory regarding the relationship of fear to the avoidance response. However, the results were compatible with the theory that the relationship of performance to motivation is an inverted U-shaped function, which suggests that amobarbital and meprobamate exerted their facilitating effects on avoidance performance by obtunding the strong fear-freezing response which is known to be incompatible with the emission of the avoidance response.
Semantic Generalization of the Conditioned Eyelid Response with Two Types of Training
Authors: Novak Dorsey Johnson , Grant David A.
Published: September 2011

Tests of semantic generalization to the word VASE, and phonetic generalization to the word EARN, visually presented, were carried out subsequent to discrimination Training with URN reinforced and TOP not reinforced in one group, and following straight 100% reinforcement of URN in another group (40 Ss each), using standard eyelid conditioning procedures. Generalization of extinction to the words URN and TOP was finally tested in both groups. On the semantic generalization test, half of the Ss received VASE as the first test stimulus and half received EARN. There was no evidence for semantic generalization as opposed to phonetic generalization following discrimination training, and only slight evidence for such generalization following straight conditioning that appeared on the first semantic generalization test trial only. Order of test stimuli produced more significant effects than did their nature. On the generalization of extinction tests to the words URN and TOP, the discrimination training group showed no evidence that the semantic generalization testing reduced the response level—in short, no generalization of extinction as well as no semantic generalization. The straight conditioning groups, however, did show some diminution of responding or generalization of extinction from the semantic generalization testing, and this was statistically significant.
Effects of Living Conditions on Drinking in the Hooded Rat
Authors: Wayner M. J. , Peterson R. C.
Published: September 2011

Drinking of rats living in the main colony room was compared to drinking of animals in isolation. Animals consume the major portion of their daily intake during the dark phase of the day and the correlation between drinking and dark-light ratio is more apparent for animals in isolation.
Acquisition and Transfer of Simultaneous Oddity
Authors: Berryman Robert , Cumming William W. , Cohen Leila R. , Johnson Daniel F.
Published: September 2011

The matching-to-sample experimental procedure was altered by reinforcing the selection of the non-matching comparison hue rather than the matching stimulus. Six birds were trained with red, green, and blue alternatives and a simultaneous presentation of stimuli in which the sample was present at the same time as the choice stimuli. The acquisition functions began well above the chance level but displayed a very slow improvement thereafter, which was different from that shown under matching conditions. Transfer of the oddity performance was tested by substituting a yellow light whenever a blue stimulus had previously been programmed. The results from the transfer test are considered in terms of both a “coding hypothesis” and the stimulus rules which appear to govern the performance of the “oddity” task.
Repetition of Auditorily Presented Information
Authors: Jakobovits Leon A.
Published: September 2011

Independent groups of Ss received various amounts of repetition (2, 4, 8, and 16 presentations) of a message played back on a tape recorder. Half of the Ss had an intentional listening set with respect to recall of information given in the message, and the other half of the Ss had an incidental learning set. Recall scores indexed by 8 difficult and 8 easy items of an objective questionnaire were subjected to analyses of variance which showed that repetition does not automatically improve recall, but that the latter is a function of the difficulty of the information given and the learning attitude of the listeners.
Classification Learning of Items Grouped on the Basis of Degree of Prior Learning
Authors: Battig William F. , Miller Stuart M.
Published: September 2011

Contrary to expectation, no facilitation of classification (CI) learning was produced if all four items (common 4-letter words) to be associated with the same number response were presented the same number of times during a prior free-recall learning task (FL), as compared with an ungrouped condition where each such item was presented a different number of times during FL. Both were superior to a control condition given FL with Easy (1-digit) number responses but not with Hard (2-digit) numbers, where CI performance became degraded if items presented equal numbers of times during FL were selected by E rather than being based on actual learning difficulty for S. These results indicate substantial and unexpected differences between free and classification learning involving common words.
Machiavellianism and Industrial Behavior
Authors: Strauss Paul S. , Fiore Michael V.
Published: September 2011

A scale measuring Machiavellianism and Social Desirability was administered to 28 Engineering Supervisors working for the government and 30 working in industry in order to compare their responses and to relate their scores to those of previous standardization samples. There were no significant differences between Government and Industrial groups in either Machiavellianism or Social Desirability and no apparent differences between the total sample mean or median and those of previous college student samples. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of needs for future research.
Effect of ECS on Passive Avoidance Learning with High and Low Intensity Foot Shock: Supplementary Report
Authors: Delprato Dennis J. , Terrant Frank R.
Published: September 2011

A previous study showed that electroconvulsive shock (ECS) does not interact with foot shock intensity; however, ECS-produced retrograde amnesia was not evident on the first test trial following training. The present study decreased the learning trial-ECS interval to 2 sec. and retrograde amnesia was observed but ECS, again, did not interact with foot shock intensity (0.5 and 3.0 ma.).
Performance Styles in Interpersonal Relations: A Typology
Authors: Ring Kenneth , Braginsky Dorothea , Braginsky Benjamin
Published: September 2011

Based primarily on the dramaturgical perspective of Goffman (1959), an approach to the study of interpersonal behavior, using the construct of performance style, is advanced. Focussing on actor-related sources of variance in interpersonal behavior, a typology of three performance styles is presented, together with a description of the prototypic individual associated with each style. A number of hypotheses are proposed relating performance style variables to interpersonal behavior.
A Simple Technique for the Permanent Marking of Newborn Albino Rats
Authors: Geller Lester M. , Geller Estelle H.
Published: September 2011

Routine methods of marking rats cannot be used for identifying litter members at, or shortly after, birth, nor can they be effectively applied until a few weeks later. Injection of India ink under or into the palm of the forefoot or the sole of the rear foot of the newborn rat, however, provides a clearly discernible, permanent mark which permits litter members to be differentiated with ease. This method, the details of which are described, has been used successfully on some 3,000 newborn albino rats, many of which have been studied for 20 to 30 mo. or longer.
Assimilation and Contrast Effects in Principals' Ratings of Teachers
Authors: Anastasiow Nicholas J.
Published: September 2011

Adjectives checked by 10 principals who rated 14 teachers each showed clearly that each principal tended to check the same adjectives for himself and teachers he rated high ( r = .88). Negative adjectives chosen for low teachers were not chosen by the principal for himself.
WISC and WAIS IQS as a Function of Season of Birth
Authors: Craddick Ray A.
Published: September 2011

WISC and WAIS Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQs of Ss born during Summer-Autumn (May through October) and Winter-Spring (November through April) were compared. The results suggested some possible seasonal effects evidenced on the WISC Verbal IQ, and WAIS Performance and Full Scale IQs and perhaps the WAIS Verbal IQ. Inadequate controls and possible contaminating factors in the study were indicated. Adequately controlled studies must be performed to determine whether seasonal effects of birth exist, prior to further speculation.
Recovery Time as a Measure of Degree of Conditioned Suppression
Authors: Leaf Russell C. , Leaf Susan R. P.
Published: September 2011

The time period of complete cessation of drinking, after drinking is suppressed by presentation of a previously conditioned fear-eliciting CS, provides a one-trial test of CER magnitude. Suppression time is much longer after conditioning with a 10-sec. CS-US interval than after conditioning with longer CS-US intervals ( N = 66).
Age, Meaningfulness and Ability in Single-Trial Learning
Authors: Rearden John J. , Gladstone Roy
Published: September 2011

Rock's method of single-trial learning was investigated with elementary and secondary students. With Ss grouped by grade and ability level, each S learned paired associates at three levels of meaningfulness by either the single-trial or repetition method. The predicted two-factor interactions of single-trial learning with age, ability, and meaningfulness failed to materialize. Single-trial learning was not significantly inferior to repetition learning. Age and meaningfulness were significant factors. A significant amount of item selection was detected among single-trial Ss. Questions raised by these results were discussed.
Dimensions of Summer Science Training Programs as Reflected by their Participants
Authors: Bartlett C. J. , Edgerton Harold A.
Published: September 2011

As par: of a 1963 follow-up study of participants in the National Science Foundation's 1960 Summer Science Training Program for secondary school students, characteristics of the program, as reflected by the questionnaire responses of the participants, were subjected to factor analysis. Responses to 57 items from the questionnaire were judged relevant to the study and were organized to reflect the post SSTP experience and career development of participants in 134 programs. Twelve factors emerged from the analysis.
Predicting Paired-Associate Learning Speed: An Alternate MLAT
Authors: Horton David L. , Wiley Ronald E. , Dixon Theodore R.
Published: September 2011

An alternate form of Part V of the Modern Language Aptitude Test has been developed which may serve as an effective means of controlling for differences in rote learning ability. Such a test seems particularly useful in situations where pre-selection of Ss according to rote learning ability is desired.
A Method for Measuring Social Behavior of Psychiatric Outpatients
Authors: Mann David , Cohen Melvin , Engelhardt David M. , Freedman Norbert , Margolis Reuben A.
Published: September 2011

A system for the assessment of traits characterizing the social interaction of patients in the family setting has been briefly described. This system attempts to measure the relationship between the patient and the relaive who is being interviewed concerning the patient's behavior. Using a method of coding to evaluate the respondent's answers to various open-ended questions, we are able to delineate those characteristics of the patient's behavior which are most salient to the relative and most indicative of the relationship between the relative and the patient. This system is presently being used to study the behavior of schizophrenic outpatients in a clinic setting in which the primary method of treatment is ataractic therapy. It is assumed that for psychiatric outpatients changes in their social relationships at home are as important as changes in their mental status. The social traits are being used both as predictors of change in the patient's behavior and as indices measuring the effects of treatment on social behavior. At present, we are gathering data which indicates that the social traits are reliable and valid scales, and that they are useful in the study of schizophrenic outpatients.
A Study of the One-Week Stability of the Michigan Restricted Association Norms
Authors: Gekoski William L. , Riegel Klaus F.
Published: September 2011

The stability of four tasks of the Michigan Restricted Association Norms has been tested over a period of 1 wk. 30 undergraduate students served as Ss. Wide differences in stability were observed between tasks but not between stimulus frequencies.
Personality Correlates of Patient Interactions in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Stern Herbert , Grosz Hanus J.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine what relationships exist between the personality dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and external control and patient interactions in group psychotherapy. The verbal response frequencies of 49 psychiatric patients distributed among five groups were correlated with the patient scores on extraversion, neuroticism, and external control scales. Low positive correlations were found between extraversion and patient-to-patient interactions, neuroticism and patient-to-therapist interactions, and external control and patient-to-therapist interactions. Some theoretical and practical implications of the findings were discussed.
Behavior of the Guinea Pig in the Open-Field Situation
Authors: Tobach E. , Gold P. S.
Published: September 2011

The open-field behavior of male and female guinea pigs of heterogeneous stock and age was studied in one experiment; in a second experiment six-week-old male pigs of the Hartley strain were observed. In both experiments the open-field situation tended to inhibit elimination in the open field, and in the first experiment the open-field experience also delayed elimination in the home cage after observation in the open field. Manipulation without open-field experience did not have this effect. In both studies, the animals tended to stay in the center of the open-field enclosure as the trials progressed and there was little locomotion in the open field.
Digit Span as Measure of Attention: Attempted Validation Studies
Authors: Maupin Edward W. , Hunter Diane
Published: September 2011

Digit span performance did not correlate significantly with receptivity to subliminal visual stimulation via a tachistoscope for 120 college students. A simple clerical task and a flickering light presented at the same time the digit span test was being administered disrupted digit span performance.
Smoking: A Panel Study of Beliefs and Behavior following the PHS Report
Authors: Swinehart James W. , Kirscht John P.
Published: September 2011

Following the PHS Report on smoking and health, a panel study of 128 college students was conducted, with questionnaires administered 2, 4, and 12 wk. after the Report appeared. Data were obtained on smoking behavior, recall and evaluation of the contents of the Report, perceptions of the personal relevance of health threats from smoking, satisfactions derived from smoking and expected benefits from quitting. Restrictions in the data obtained prevented a test of the prediction that a specified combination of beliefs would lead to a given behavioral change. The data partially confirmed predicted belief differences between those who continued to smoke, those who resumed smoking, and non-smokers. Neither the level of, nor changes in, reported satisfactions from smoking and benefits expected from quitting seemed to be used as means for dissonance reduction. However, smokers, as compared with non-smokers, became less accurate in recalling the content of the Report, and evaluated the Report less favorably. Smokers appeared to accept the possibility of personal harm from smoking but believed they could quit if they decided to do so. An intention to quit apparently helped some smokers tolerate the disturbing discrepancy between their beliefs and their behavior.
Effects of Variations in a Self-Instructional Program on Instructional Outcomes
Authors: Maier Milton H. , Jacobs Paul I.
Published: September 2011

39 sixth-grade Spanish classes were randomly assigned to either a linear program developed according to the usual procedures or an alternate version of the program produced by reordering the frames in accordance with the advice of experts. The students worked on the program for 30 min. each week without any teacher-directed instruction. For none of the instructional outcomes of achievement, interest in the subject matter, and attitudes toward programmed instruction did the mean levels differ significantly after one semester of instruction. In each group a high relationship was found between aptitude and achievement, and between initial and final interest in the subject matter. Attitudes toward programmed instruction were not consistently related to any other variables.
Associative Mediation: Fact or Artifact?
Authors: Schwartz Fred
Published: September 2011

Associative chains were constructed from individual associations. Ss then learned pairs derived from their own and others' associations. Ease of learning varied with the length of the chain, but Ss did as well on pairs derived from other Ss as on pairs derived from their own associations. It was proposed that Ss go directly from the stimulus to the response by means of a conceptual-pictorial relationship rather than through an associative chain. The hypothesis of associative mediation was considered to be questionable.
Structure and Uncertainty in Immediate Memory
Authors: Schwartz Fred , Perkins Patricia M.
Published: September 2011

Ss were tested for immediate memory of position in a spatial matrix. The independent variable was the number of alternative positions (uncertainty). It was hypothesized that uncertainty has independent effects during perceptual registration, retention, and retrieval. The results indicated that uncertainty influences the ease of coding during perception; the role of uncertainty during retention was not demonstrated.
Comments on the Haertzen-Horine Paper on the Noncomparability of Forms a of Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

The evidence presented by Haertzen and Horine for the non-comparability of Forms A (1950, 1956) is critically examined. Equivalent form reliabilities (A vs B are presented.
Effect of Instructional Set on Verbal Conceptual Performance in Normal and Retarded Children
Authors: Milgram Norman A.
Published: September 2011

The effect of varying instructional sets on verbal conceptual performance was investigated by administering a composite Similarities list to normal and retarded children of various CA and MA levels. Lack of differences between instructional conditions suggested that both normal and retarded Ss were giving their best available response in the customary psychometric format. The superiority of a multiple-choice format highlighted the developmental discrepancy between the ability to recognize conceptual responses and the ability spontaneously to formulate such responses.
Pretraining Influence on Relationship between Extent of Deprivation and Probability Learning Performance
Authors: Treichler F. Robert , Homick Jerry L.
Published: September 2011

The probability-learning performance of 16 rats at two different extents of deprivation was compared after pretraining conditions under which Ss received equal or different numbers of reinforcements from two response alternatives. Results indicated no differential performances by the groups at different drive levels or under different pretraining conditions. It was concluded that deprivation effects on probability learning appear to be minimal even when Ss have a consistent history of greater reinforcement of one alternative.
Effect of Level of External Stimulation on Rate of Learning and Interaction of this Effect with Strychnine Treatment in Mice
Authors: Calhoun William H.
Published: September 2011

In these studies an attempt was made to test for disruption of learning by general external stimulation delivered after training. In addition, in Exp. I only, strychnine sulphate was tested for effects on learning and for a possible interaction with stimulation treatment. Mice were trained on a spatial discrimination task, and stimulation was delivered after each day's block of trials. The general findings were that stimulation as tested did not disrupt learning. A facilitative effect of strychnine was obtained, but only when the stimulation was low. These were discussed in terms of perseveration-consolidation theory and of previous studies in which no facilitative effects of strychnine were obtained.
Uncertain Responses on Multiple-Choice Examinations
Authors: Little Ellis , Creaser James
Published: September 2011

100 students were asked to label item responses on two multiple-choice tests as sure, uncertain, and guess. The uncertain category was significantly different from the sure and guessed response categories, and from the theoretical chance expectancy level. This demonstrates that the basic assumption of the correction-for-errors scoring formula (that all wrong responses are pure guesses) penalizes the student by utilizing only those responses of which he feels certain.
Sensory Deprivation and Sensory Reinforcement with Shock
Authors: Harrington Gordon M. , Kohler Glenn R.
Published: September 2011

Groups of rats were raised from weaning under normal animal colony conditions and conditions of reduced sensory stimulation. In a shuttle box groups of 5, 2, and 2 showed acquisition for mild shock proportional to degree of deprivation ( P < .02). In a second experiment 16 deprived animals preferred shock more than did 14 nondeprived animals ( P < .01). Nondeprived rats preferred shock to no shock ( P < .01). The results are interpreted as effects of arousal and satiation.
Sex Differences in Scores on the Structured-Objective Rorschach Test
Authors: Weinlander Albertina A.
Published: September 2011

Evidence suggests that men are superior to women in analytical and problem-solving abilities. Data for 10 Structured-Objective Rorschach Test scores were obtained for 44 college men and 89 college women. The results indicated that: (a) men were superior to women in Theoretical ( W) and Original ( O) attributes ( p = .05); (b) women were superior to men in the control of energy, Activity Potential (M) factor ( p = .001), but they could not use this ability as effectively as men in theoretical problem-solving, although the men demonstrated a higher level of anxiety.
An Approach to Measuring Psychological Tensions by Means of Dream Associations
Authors: Robbins Paul R.
Published: September 2011

The paper describes an approach to measuring areas of psychological tension, which utilizes certain types of associations to dreams as basic data. These are incidents in Ss' past which were suggested by the dream. Ss' rate these associations on a checklist of statements. High scores are presumed to indicate high levels of current tension. An exploratory investigation was carried out on 32 college students to study the feasibility of the method. Scores are examined for stability over two dreams, for intercorrelations, and for relationship to the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, certain behavioral indices, and measures of need deprivation.
Human Maze Learning as a Function of Stress and Partial Reinforcement
Authors: Freedman P. E.
Published: September 2011

96 Ss learned a 23-row button maze under 1 of 3 stress conditions and partial or continuous reinforcement. Stress conditions were error, error and speed instruction, or error and speed instruction plus irrelevant shock. Number of errors were an increasing function of stress, but rate (responses per second) suggested a non-monotonic function. Reinforcement schedule was not an effective variable. Results were discussed with relation to competing response tendencies associated with motivation.
Validity and Clinical Utility of the Satz and Mogel Abbreviated form of the WAIS
Authors: Holmes Douglas S. , Armstrong Hubert E. , Johnson Monty H. , Ries Harold A.
Published: September 2011

IQ estimates based on WAIS protocols rescored by the abbreviated form are almost always within 6 IQ points of the full WAIS. The assumption was investigated that IQ estimates are as accurate when the abbreviated form is administered alone as they are when WAIS protocols are simply rescored. Thirty psychiatric patients responded first to the abbreviated WAIS and then responded to the items which were omitted. All IQ estimates from the abbreviated WAIS fell within 6 points of the non-abbreviated WAIS. The Satz and Mogel abbreviated WAIS is recommended as superior to other short forms in many clinical settings, not only because its IQ estimates are more accurate than most other short forms, but also because a wide range of qualitative material is provided by sampling from all 11 subscales.
Gastric Ulceration in Differentially Housed Mice
Authors: Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Mice were housed either 1, 5, of 10 per cage prior to 24 hr. of food deprivation. The incidence and severity of starvation-induced gastric ulceration were an inverse function of group size; the retention of gastric food particles was a function of group size and was associated with reduced incidence and severity of ulcerogenesis.
Psychologist, Heal Thyself!
Authors: Newman Sidney H.
Published: September 2011

The American Board of Examiners in Professional Psychology should discharge its responsibility to society, to psychology, and to psychologists by developing the best possible measures of professional competence at the diplomate level. This means a change from exclusive use of essay and oral examinations to greater utilization of objective professional examinations.
Influence of Age and Incentive Conditions on Children's Self-Rewards
Authors: Kanfer Frederick H.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the effects of age, incentives, and class-standing on frequency of self-reinforcement (SR) in children. In Exp. I children in classes rewarded themselves for anticipating E's response correctly, when chances for successful guessing were near zero. Younger children gave more inappropriate SRs, as did children who were rewarded with candy, and others who also observed a model's self-rewards. Children who were ranked in the lower half of their classes exceeded high-ranking Ss in self-rewards in the candy and model groups. In Exp. II, SR was taken for correct responding after a simple partially learned visual discrimination in individual sessions. Low-ranking Ss performed equally well as high ranking Ss but took more undeserved self-rewards Incorrect SRs correlated 0.45 in Ss across Exps. I and II. The relationship of age, class-standing, and tendency to take undeserved self-reinforcements was discussed.
Efficacy of Sociometric Ratings in Predicting Leadership Success
Authors: Reynolds Herbert H.
Published: September 2011

33 senior Air Force ROTC college students were assigned positions of responsibility in the cadet training program based upon combined staff and peer sociometric ratings. The object of the study was to determine the efficacy of the peer ratings in predicting leadership success. Staff officer ratings at the end of the study period (one semester) served as the success criterion. A rho of .83 between peer ratings and the success criterion was obtained ( p < .01). A test of the estimated reliability of staff ratings yielded a coefficient of .93 when the average staff correlation of .73 was “stepped up” by the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula. It was concluded that sociometric ratings are quite valuable as a predictive instrument of leadership success. Use of this technique in the many areas of leadership appears not only justified but highly desirable for optimal utilization of organizational members.
Dart Throwing as a Method of Reducing Extra-Punitive Aggression
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Walton Nancy Y.
Published: September 2011

Ten aggressive boys were encouraged to throw darts at photographs of individuals toward whom they had expressed verbal hostility. The dart throwing significantly reduced overt aggression toward non-family members but not toward family members.
Effects of ECS on Retention of Brightness and Brightness Reversal Discrimination
Authors: Beitel Ralph E. , Born David G.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of rats were trained in an avoidance situation to discriminate brightness and then received ECS 0.2 or 200 min. after reaching criterion. Error savings were significantly less in the short interval group. Four additional groups were trained to criterion on 2 successive days and were then given 25 habit reversal trials followed by ECS at delays of 0.2, 2.0, 20, and 200 min. Reversal performance on the test day was independent of the interval between reversal training and ECS but was related to acquisition on the day of original reversal training.
Stimulus Exposure Rate in Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Locke Bill J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of stimulus presentation rate in a Taffel-type verbal conditioning paradigm. College Ss were required to emit sentences utilizing a verb and one of six pronouns on each of 80 stimulus cards. Rate of stimulus presentation was varied in two ways: presentation of a card every 7 sec. (Fixed rate) and presentation immediately subsequent to each reponse (Variable rate). Presentation rate was factorially varied with presence or absence of response-contingent verbal reinforcement. Greater increments in reinforced response frequency occurred under Fixed than Variable procedures but conditioning effects were obtained independent of presentation rate.
Interpersonal Choice in American Adolescents
Authors: Horowitz Herbert
Published: September 2011

Sociometric scores were obtained for 1,437 male and 1,505 female students in eight high schools throughout the U. S. Four scores were obtained for each student: attractiveness to members of the same sex, attractiveness to members of the opposite sex, rejection by members of the same sex, and rejection by members of the opposite sex. Correlations among these scores and factor analysis showed that popularity scores were independent of rejection scores. The implications of these results for factor analytic model construction were discussed.
Effects of Faking Instructions on the Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: Braun John R. , Gomez Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

Effects of two faking instructions on Eysenck Personality Inventory scores were investigated. With both instructions, scores were significantly decreased on Neuroticism and significantly increased on Lie. The “attempt-to-conceal-faking” instruction produced significantly smaller increases in Lie but at the expense of a significantly smaller decrease in Neuroticism.
Affect Levels in Another Platoon of Basic Trainees
Authors: Datel William E. , Engle Elizabeth O.
Published: September 2011

In replicating an earlier field study (Datel, et al., 1966), the weekly form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (W-MAACL) was administered 9 times to a platoon of recruits ( N = 43) from beginning to end of the basic combat training (BCT) cycle. In comparing mean Dysphoria scale data from both studies, it was noted that upon entering the Reception Station both groups of Ss demonstrated nearly equivalent stress levels, both Dysphoria curves plotted over BCT time were roughly parabolic in shape, and both peaked at the same point in the training process. Analyses of variance revealed that scale scores again varied significantly with testing occasions and that affects interacted with occasions. It was suggested that Hostility may replace Anxiety over time, during BCT stress. Stress scores appeared higher in general than those in the first study and failed to return to baseline levels at the close of the cycle. Scale reliabilities were similar to previous findings.

The more it changes, the more it's the same thing.

Alphonse Karr, Les Guepes: Les Femmes
Effects of Thiosemicarbazide on Audiogenic Seizures
Authors: Benson Emery E. , Salzberg Herman C.
Published: September 2011

35 male albino rats were tested for audiogenic seizures and then divided into 5 time-delay groups. These time delays preceded bell-can stimulations following the administration of thiosemicarbazide. It was found that 1-hr. and 5-hr. delays resulted in an increase in the number of seizures. However, all groups returned to their preinjection level of seizures following a week of rest.
Habituation of Large and Small GSRs
Authors: Greene W. A. , Kimmel H. D.
Published: September 2011

105 college students merely sat in a soundproof, light-proof chamber for 10 min. while their spontaneous GSR activity was recorded. When the spontaneous GSRs were divided into large and small ones, the results indidicated that the large GSRs habituated over time while the small GSRs did not. The results were interpreted as supporting two different types of GSR activity.
Differentiation of Response Duration
Authors: Harris Alan H. , Farmer John , Schoenfeld W. N.
Published: September 2011

Milk reinforcement for 2 rats was made contingent on the duration of a panel press response with reinforcement delivered on panel release. Various response distributions and cumulative records were taken at a panel “hold” duration requirement of 8 sec. Similarities and differences between the present data and those obtained with conventional DRL schedules were noted and are discussed in terms of response chaining.
Oppositional Serial Structures and Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Pollio Howard R.
Published: September 2011

Ss were required to learn 15 paired-associates; the response terms were the words Beautiful, Pretty, Fair, Homely, and Ugly. Each of these response terms was paired with a different nonsense syllable, such that the same word was correct for 3 different nonsense stimuli. Results indicated that rate of learning and error-characteristics produced by these pairs were similar to those of other serial word orders, such as Freshman-through-Senior and One-through-Five. These data were taken to mean that despite the fact that Beautiful and Ugly are high probability word-associates, on the basis of the present procedure they must be considered to have disparate locations in psychological space. These results imply that words are organized on the basis of a number of different principles and the organizational principle which is manifested in any particular situation strongly depends upon task requirements.
Performance Changes at Moderately High Altitude: Short-Term Memory Measured by Free Recall
Authors: Phillips Laura W. , Pace Nello
Published: September 2011

Short-term memory for common English words was tested both at 3800 m altitude and at sea level. Recall for half the lists was tested immediately and half after 30 sec. delay. 18 Ss were run at both altitudes in a counterbalanced design. The words were presented serially in 10-item lists at a rate of 1 sec. each. Standard physiological tests showed significant reaction to the hypoxia. No significant change in total recall scores was found; however, improvement on some items cancelled out the slight decrement in others. These differential changes at altitude were a function of the serial positions of the items. The interaction was significant but transitory. The order-of-recall of the items reflected the differential recall frequencies and also showed a significant interaction between recall interval and altitude. The results are discussed in terms of proactive inhibition and increased generalized drive, possibly related to autonomic arousal at high altitude.
Selective Review of Effects of Discontinuation of Drug Treatment: Some Implications and Problems
Authors: Kamano Dennis K.
Published: September 2011

The research literature on the effects of discontinuation of drug treatment is reviewed. The implications and problems generated by the increasing body of evidence that the therapeutic effects of ataractic drugs do not transfer to the nondrug state are considered. Effort is also made to elucidate some of the problems which negative effects of drug withdrawal create for drug therapy. Directions are suggested for further research that should lead to increased understanding and knowledge in this area.
A New Method for Preparing Rats with Permanent ECS Electrodes
Authors: Glennon Thomas J. , Elder S. Thomas , Levinson Deldon A.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a technique for permanently attaching an inexpensive electrode to the rat's skull for use in ECS studies. The major advantage of this technique is that it minimizes the amount of pre-ECS restraint, discomfort, and handling.
Social Desirability Responses of Young Children: An Interim Report
Authors: Cowen Emory L.
Published: September 2011

The present pilot project suggests that direct assessment of SD responses of young children is feasible and indicates, with reasonable likelihood, that even as early as age six this type of judgment may be clearly evolved and well-crystallized.
Effect of Hearing One's Own Voice on Learning Verbal Material
Authors: Gaviria Bernardo
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that serial anticipation learning might be enhanced when the verbal material to be learned is presented in S's own voice. The results of the first experiment showed differences in the rate of learning associated with sex and with stimulus (own or other's voice). The results of the second experiment indicated a strong practice effect and suggested that the order in which the two lists were presented had contributed to the learning. There was no confirmation of the original hypothesis. The divergencies in the results of the two groups were interpreted as a consequence of the lack of homogeneity and difference in motivation between the two groups.
Partial Reinforcement Effect after a Small Number of Training Trials
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

Two experiments on the partial reinforcement effect (PRE) are reported in which Ss were given three training trials. In each experiment four groups of Ss received different patterns of reinforcement but in neither experiment did differences between the groups indicate the existence of a PRE.
Memory Loss with Age: Acquisition and Retrieval
Authors: Schonfield David
Published: September 2011

Methodological problems arise when attempting to balance differences between age groups in acquisition, so that differences in remembering can be assessed. Higher recognition than recall scores in older age groups are unlikely to be due to partial input images when meaningful words are employed and therefore support the hypothesis of special retrieval difficulties.
The Semantic Differential as a Measure of Changes in Meaning in Educational and Vocational Counseling
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Otis Jay L.
Published: September 2011

To measure changes in meaning of concepts as the result of an educational and vocational counseling process, a Semantic Differential form was administered to 88 counselees before the start of educational and vocational counseling and again upon completion of the final interview. The concept “educational and vocational counseling” was rated significantly more favorable and more potent immediately after counseling than before counseling. The concept “my self” was evaluated significantly more favorable, more potent, and more active after counseling than prior to counseling, while the concept “my problems” was rated significantly more favorable, less potent, and less active after counseling. The shift in the meaning of the concept “my problems” is evidence that the counseling experience has been of value to the counselee. The shift in the concept “my self” is similar to results reported by other investigators during counseling but in those cases the number of counseling sessions was substantially greater than the two sessions which the counselee attended during this study.
Increased Diagnostic Value of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale by Use of Response Latency
Authors: Gilbert Albin R.
Published: September 2011

30 undergraduate students were presented both stimulus items from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and their reversals randomly with a Hunter Cardmaster and Printout counter. High-anxiety and low-anxiety cutoff groups were formed using the 10 highest and 10 lowest MAS scores. Latency-weighted responses ranged from 6 (highest MAS score) to 1 (lowest MAS score). Four anxiety scores on specific dimensions, hysteria, psychasthenia, depression, and social introversion, were selected for study. The latency-weighted scores are felt to be more valid than paper-and-pencil scores because latency-weighting qualifies each verbal response in terms of 1 to 6.
Note on Use of Sentence Completion in Assessing Overt Aggression in Normal School Children
Authors: Beech H. R. , Graham M.
Published: September 2011

Sentence completions differentiated aggressive children from those rated average or below, but sex, age, and intelligence showed no effects.
The Smoking Control Research Project: Purpose, Design, and Initial Results
Authors: Schwartz Jerome L. , Dubitzky Mildred
Published: September 2011

This report presents an outline of the Smoking Control Research Project, the main objectives of which are: the investigation of the social-psychological dynamics underlying smoking behavior and comparison of the effectiveness of three techniques designed to help people stop smoking. Initially, questionnaires were sent to a one-in-seven random sample of 8,284 male members of a prepaid health plan. Of the questionnaire respondents who were minimally motivated to stop smoking, those who completed a battery of psychological tests and medical screening were randomly assigned to control groups and treatment methods: Prescription, Individual Counseling, and Group Counseling. Social class and tranquilizer-placebo effects were controlled within each method. During the treatment program, the wives of all married Ss were studied to assess their influence upon their husbands' success. Initial results show an over-all quitting rate of 33%. Rates of success are compared for different methods.
Counting Behavior in Baboons: An Error-Contingency Reinforcement Schedule
Authors: Levison Peter K. , Findley Jack D.
Published: September 2011

2 baboons were trained to “count” by requiring the generation of specific numbers of tones associated with different visual stimuli. Performance was reinforced by food pellets on a fixed-ratio schedule of correctly-counted problem stimuli. After accurate and stable counting was obtained, reinforcement was made contingent upon the occurrence of at least one incorrectly-performed problem in the fixed-ratio sequence, in addition to the required number of correct solutions. Counting performances adjusted appropriately to the error contingency and prior levels of accuracy were readily recovered after the contingency was removed.
Determinants of Resistance to Extinction after Three Training Trials: 2. The Child's Expectations
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

First-grade children were given three training trials on a simple guessing task and then extinguished. The pattern of reward which Ss expected significantly affected their resistance to extinction. The extent to which their expectations were discontinued did not have a significant effect on their resistance to extinction. It is concluded that, in the present situation, the child's resistance to extinction is unaffected by the pattern of reward received.
Solomon Weinstock and the Miracle Phenomenon
Authors: Clifford Thomas
Published: September 2011

An experimental study is discussed from two points of view: (a) as a miracle of individual endeavor and (b) as a source of insight into the nature (is that the right word?) of miracles.
Sensitivity of Measures of Rat Performance under a Progressive Ratio Schedule to Daily Changes in Body Weight
Authors: Gilbert Richard
Published: September 2011

Measures of breaking point for each of three rats under a progressive ratio schedule were found to vary closely with percentage changes from day to day in body weight, whereas measures of running rate and over-all rate were usually unrelated to changes in body weight.
Chemical Stimulation of the Midbrain Reticular System
Authors: Davis Michael , Nonneman Arthur , Glickman Stephen E.
Published: September 2011

An intracerebral cannula system was surgically implanted in each of 21 rats. The responses of each S were observed following the temporary deposition of acetylcholine chloride, sodium pentothal, 1-epinephrine, or the placement of a blank cannula. Acetylcholine produced drinking in the hypothalamus and stereotyped standing postures in the reticular system Ss. Sodium pentothal produced an increment in feeding responses in the ventrolateral-reticular-system Ss and an increment in grooming in the dorsomedial-reticular-system Ss.
Failure of the Interaction Paradigm as a Test of Hull Vs Spence
Authors: Evans Selby
Published: September 2011

The interaction paradigm, frequently used as a test of Hull vs Spence, is held to be biased against Hull for several reasons: (1) Black (1965) has demonstrated that Spence could account for either outcome. (2) The probability of rejecting Hull is not controlled. (3) The 2 × 2 design minimizes the chances of finding for Hull. (4) One of Hull's postulates is disregarded. A suggestion is made for a better design to study the pertinent empirical relations
Process Analysis of a Leaderless Countertransference Group
Authors: Kingsley Leonard
Published: September 2011

4 group therapists met for 4 sessions after the departure of the leader of their countertransference seminar. The group disbanded after the fourth meeting. This last meeting was recorded and analyzed using Bales' system of Interaction Process Analysis. Some factors leading to the group's dissolution were the absence of a leader, unresolved tension and antagonism, and the presence of the tape recorder. The lines of communication among members were quite uneven in that 2 members spoke mostly to one another, while 1 of them and 1 other member interacted not at all. Of the formal scoring categories, Bales' Index of Expressive-Malintegrative Behavior was of most significance in understanding the group interaction processes.
Avoidance and Escape Conditioning in Lizards
Authors: Powell Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Evidence of the ability to learn has been established for species very low on the phylogenetic scale, whereas some higher species have not been shown to have this ability. Lizards are a prime example of this omission. The present study was undertaken to assess two types of learning capability in the lizard, as well as to determine possible methodological problems. For 6 members of the species Anolis Carolinensis results indicate capacity for acquiring a fairly complex escape response but none for utilizing a discriminative stimulus in order to avoid a noxious event.