bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Informal caregiving, time use and experienced wellbeing
Authors: Urwin Sean , Lau Yiu‐Shing , Grande Gunn , Sutton Matt
Published: October 2022

Informal carers report lower evaluative wellbeing than non‐carers. In contrast to this literature and our own analysis of evaluative wellbeing, we find carers have a small but higher level of experienced wellbeing than non‐carers do. To investigate why, we use decomposition analysis which separates explanatory factors into how time is used and how those uses of time are experienced. We analyze activities and associated experienced wellbeing measured in ten‐minute intervals over two days by 4817 adults from the 2014/15 UK Time Use Survey. We use entropy balancing to compare carers with a re‐weighted counterfactual non‐carer group and then apply Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition. The experienced wellbeing gap of 0.066 is the net result of several substantial competing effects of time use. Carers experienced wellbeing would be higher by 0.188 if they had the same patterns and returns to time use as non‐carers which is driven by sleep, time stress and alternative characteristics of time use. However, leisure and non‐market activities serve to dampen this increase in experienced wellbeing. Initiatives to improve and assess carer wellbeing should pay close attention to how carers spend their time.
Distant metastases in human papillomavirus‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Crossley Jason R. , Nelson Lacey L. , Chou Jiling , Maxwell Jessica H.
Published: October 2022

The prevalence of distant metastases (DM) in human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) remains unknown. A PRISMA systematic review of DM rates in patients with HPV‐related OPSCC was performed. PubMed‐MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched. The primary outcome was prevalence of DM. Data on demographics, tumor classification, and clinical outcomes were also collected. Meta‐analysis of pooled DM rate was determined. Ten articles met inclusion criteria, representing 1860 patients with mean follow‐up of 3.6 years. Overall DM rate was 7.0% (95% CI: 5.9–8.2). T3 or T4 classification disease was associated with a 4.88‐fold (95% CI: 1.92–12.40) risk of DM compared to T1 or T2 classification disease. This study is the first to systematically review the prevalence of DM among patients with HPV‐related OPSCC, where pooled DM rate was found to be 7%.
The relationship between weight and pulmonary outcomes in overweight and obese people with cystic fibrosis: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Welter John J. , Lennox Alison T. , Krishnan Sankaran , Kim Christy , Krishnan Sheila , Thompson Haley , McAllister Emily , Huang Kristen , Nwaedozie Kasiemobi , Dozor Allen J.
Published: October 2022

Background

A major focus in cystic fibrosis (CF) care aims to increase weight gain. Rates of overweight and obese people with CF have gradually increased over the past decade. Obesity could be a risk for restriction of lung volumes and airway obstruction as well as increase rates of pulmonary exacerbations in people with CF.

Aim

To assess the relationship between weight categories and pulmonary outcomes in children and adults with CF.

Methods

Patients 6 years of age and older were categorized into weight categories based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definitions. A retrospective chart review was conducted to obtain lung function testing and other outcomes.

Results

One hundred five patients with a median age of 20.6 years were included in this analysis. 8.4%, 64%, 18%, and 10% of patients were underweight, normal/healthy weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (% predicted) did not differ between patients with weights in the normal range versus patients in the overweight/obese categories. Linear regression analysis showed a direct correlation between body mass index (BMI) and FEV1 that continued as BMI entered overweight and obese categories in both pediatric and adult patients. Overweight/obese patients did not have increased rates of pulmonary exacerbations compared to those in the normal/healthy weight category.

Conclusion

As CF therapies continue to improve, an increasing number of people with CF are exceeding the CDC's normal‐weight range. Gaining weight past the normal range does not appear to negatively impact pulmonary health of people with CF. If this trend of increased weight gain continues, it remains to be seen if it will eventually negatively affect lung health.
The experiences of older adult members of a combined lunch club and assisted shopping group and the perceived value in their occupational lives: A qualitative study
Authors: Walton Aaron , Collins Tracy
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

Health and social care policies are increasingly focusing on community interventions for older adults with service providers diversifying services to widen their reach. As a result, new concepts are under‐researched, and it can be challenging to draw parallels with existing interventions. Evidence of the value of community interventions is often limited and conflicting and few researchers have considered the service‐user perspective. This qualitative research explores the experiences of members of a combined lunch club and assisted shopping group based in North‐East England to understand the perceived value in their lives from an occupational perspective.

Methods

Six older adult members were recruited through convenience sampling to participate in individual semistructured interviews January–March 2020. Interview data was subject to thematic analysis using an inductive approach and three key themes were constructed to represent the data.

Results

Themes identified were: “Togetherness: promoting social belonging”; “Meaningful engagement for older adults” and “Independence and staying active in later life.” Findings indicated largely positive experiences with themes depicting influences that motivate engagement and perceived benefits.

Conclusion

Participants particularly valued the opportunity for social engagement, as well as independence through supporting continued engagement with shopping in later life. In conclusion, successful community interventions for older adults need to be meaningful and purposeful.
Interaction of radiation and chemical reaction on Walters' B fluid over a medium porosity of a vertical stretching surface
Authors: Akinbo Bayo J. , Olajuwon Bakai I.
Published: October 2022

The study of non‐Newtonian fluid has gained more significant attention recently than ever due to its various applications in the associated discipline, among which is polymer processing. On the account of its application, this present work analytically investigates a steady‐state boundary layer flow on Walters' B fluid over a vertical plate, embedded in a porous medium. The model equations for momentum, heat, and mass transfer are transformed to the associated ordinary differential equation by suitable similarity variables which are executed by means of the homotopy analysis method. The results of various parameters encountered are discussed accordingly. The novel results showcase among others that various values of radiation parameters amplify the radiative flux, which intensifies the polymeric flow and magnifies the rate of heat exchange to the liquid. This increases the thermal energy and accentuates the temperature distribution, while the interaction of Biot number pioneers strong convective heating which overshoots the temperature of which its vast application is rooted in industries as well as technology disciplines for the drying of substances/components.
PDGF‐AA activates AKT and ERK signaling for testicular interstitial Leydig cell growth via primary cilia
Authors: Tsai Yung‐Chieh , Kuo Tian‐Ni , Chao Yu‐Ying , Lee Pei‐Rong , Lin Ruei‐Ci , Xiao Xiao‐Yi , Huang Bu‐Miin , Wang Chia‐Yih
Published: October 2022

Testes control the development of male reproductive system. The testicular interstitial Leydig cells (Leydig cells) synthesize testosterone for promoting spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics. Type A platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF‐AA) is one of the most important growth factors in regulating Leydig cell growth and function. Knockout of PDGF‐AA or its congenital receptor PDGFR‐α leads to poor testicular development caused by reducing Leydig cell numbers, supporting PDGF‐AA/PDGFR‐α signaling regulates Leydig cell development. Primary cilium is a cellular antenna that functions as an integrative platform to transduce extracellular signaling for proper development and differentiation. Several receptors including PDGFR‐α are observed on primary cilia for initiating signaling cascades in distinct cell types. Here we showed that PDGF‐AA/PDGFR‐α signaling promoted Leydig cells growth, migration, and invasion via primary cilia. Upon PDGF‐AA treatment, AKT and ERK signaling were activated to regulate these cellular events. Interestingly, active AKT and ERK were detected around the base of primary cilia. Depletion of ciliary genes (IFT88 and CEP164) alleviated PDGF‐AA‐activated AKT and ERK, thus reducing Leydig cell growth, migration, and invasion. Thus, our study not only reveals the function of PDGF‐AA/PDGFR‐α signaling in maintaining testicular physiology but also uncovers the role of primary cilium and downstream signaling in regulating Leydig cell development.
Association of plasma bone morphogenetic protein‐4 levels with arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients
Authors: Wang Ning , Guo Ying , Dong Ying , Li Xueting , Liu Qian , Liu Qi , Wang Guohong , Qin Mingzhao , Zhang Zhenzhou , Song Jiawei , Liang Lirong , Zhong Jiuchang
Published: October 2022

Background

Arterial stiffness interacts with hypertension, becoming an early marker of hypertension‐mediated target organ damage. This study aimed to assess the association between plasma concentrations of bone morphogenetic protein‐4 (BMP‐4) and arterial stiffness during hypertension.

Methods

Using cardio‐ankle vascular index (CAVI) to determine arterial stiffness status, 204 individuals with essential hypertension were classified into two groups, high CAVI (abnormal) group (n = 94) and low (normal) CAVI group (n = 110). Data were collected including clinical characteristics and laboratory measurements. Plasma levels of BMP‐4 were tested by using ELISA analysis.

Results

Plasma levels of BMP‐4 were substantially greater in high CAVI group than that in low CAVI group [38.51 (31.79–50.83) pg/mL vs. 31.15 (29.38–32.37) pg/mL; p < 0.001]. As shown by spearman correlation analysis, BMP‐4 concentrations were correlated with CAVI values in hypertensive individuals (r = 0.406, p < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, elevated BMP‐4 levels were related with high CAVI (OR, 1.070; 95% CI, 1.003–1.108; p < 0.001). The best BMP‐4 cutoff value for identifying high CAVI, as determined by ROC curve analysis, was 33.34 pg/mL (AUC, 0.751; 95% CI, 0.683–0.818; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Plasma levels of BMP‐4 are increased in hypertensive individuals with high CAVI. Elevated BMP‐4 levels are strongly correlated with higher CAVI values, implying a predictive value of BMP‐4 in arterial stiffness during hypertension.
Matrix‐associated microbial communities in a nitrogen‐removing on‐site wastewater treatment system are largely structured by niche processes
Authors: Langlois Kylie , Collier Jackie L.
Published: October 2022

On‐site wastewater treatment systems (OWTSs) can be designed to promote microbial communities with naturally occurring metabolic functions desirable to wastewater treatment. Among such OWTSs are nitrogen‐removing biofilters (NRBs), comprising a sand layer overlying a sand‐lignocellulose (sand‐lc) layer and intended to promote sequential nitrification and denitrification. The design of NRBs is based on the hypothesis that niche processes like environmental selection strongly structure the microbial communities, which predicts that immigrating wastewater communities and matrix‐associated communities will be distinct and that the matrix communities in the two layers will be distinct. We characterized NRB microbial communities by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Selection of the matrix‐associated communities was indicated by clear differences from the immigrating community. For matrix‐associated communities, alpha and beta diversity differed between the matrix layers, as did the relative abundances of many functional groups and genera. Functional groups with strict metabolisms were nearly exclusively detected in either the sand (ammonia and nitrite oxidizers) or sand‐lc layer (methanogens), consistent with the niche hypothesis. Contrary to expectations, denitrifiers as a functional group were not present at greater relative abundance in the sand‐lc than sand matrix because of a portfolio effect: some denitrifying genera were more abundant in the sand layer, whereas others were more abundant in the sand‐lc layer. This study reveals niche processes acting at different levels of community organization for different biogeochemical functions, a crucial consideration in designing effective and reliable OWTSs to mitigate nitrogen pollution.
Efficient recall of SARS‐CoV‐2 variant‐reactive B cells and T responses in the elderly upon heterologous mRNA vaccines as boosters
Authors: Rouers Angeline , Wong Nathan , Goh Yun Shan , Torres‐Ruesta Anthony , Tay Matthew Zirui , Chang Zi Wei , Fong Siew‐Wai , Neo Vanessa , Kam Isaac Kai Jie , Yeo Nicholas Kim‐Wah , Huang Yuling , Loh Chiew Yee , Hor Pei Xiang , Wong Joel Xu En , Tan Yong Jie ,   COVID‐19 Study Group, Macary Paul A. , Qian Xinlei , Bei Wang , Ngoh Eve Zi Xian , Salleh Siti Nazihah Mohd , Wang Cheng-I , Poh Xuan Ying , Rao Suma , Chia Po Ying , Ong Sean W. X. , Lee Tau Hong , Lin Ray J. H. , Lim Clarissa , Teo Jefanie , Ren Ee Chee , Lye David Chien , Young Barnaby E. , Ng Lisa F. P. , Renia Laurent
Published: October 2022

Waning antibody levels against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and the emergence of variants of concern highlight the need for booster vaccinations. This is particularly important for the elderly population, who are at a higher risk of developing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) disease. While studies have shown increased antibody responses following booster vaccination, understanding the changes in T and B cell compartments induced by a third vaccine dose remains limited. We analyzed the humoral and cellular responses in subjects who received either a homologous messenger RNA(mRNA) booster vaccine (BNT162b2 + BNT162b2 + BNT162b2; ‘‘BBB”) or a heterologous mRNA booster vaccine (BNT162b2 + BNT162b2 + mRNA‐1273; ‘‘BBM”) at Day 0 (prebooster), Day 7, and Day 28 (postbooster). Compared with BBB, elderly individuals (≥60 years old) who received the BBM vaccination regimen display higher levels of neutralizing antibodies against the Wuhan and Delta strains along with a higher boost in immunoglobulin G memory B cells, particularly against the Omicron variant. Circulating T helper type 1(Th1), Th2, Th17, and T follicular helper responses were also increased in elderly individuals given the BBM regimen. While mRNA vaccines increase antibody, T cell, and B cell responses against SARS‐CoV‐2 1 month after receiving the third dose booster, the efficacy of the booster vaccine strategies may vary depending on age group and regimen combination.
The emerging roles of IFIT3 in antiviral innate immunity and cellular biology
Authors: Zhang Wentao , Li Yanling , Xin Shuyu , Yang Li , Jiang Mingjuan , Xin Yujie , Wang Yiwei , Cao Pengfei , Zhang Senmiao , Yang Yang , Lu Jianhong
Published: October 2022

The interferon‐inducible protein with tetrapeptide repeats 3 (IFIT3) is one of the most important members in both the IFIT family and interferon‐stimulated genes family. IFIT3 has typical features of the IFIT family in terms of gene and protein structures, and is able to be activated through the classical PRRs‐IFN‐JAK/STAT pathway. A variety of viruses can induce the expression of IFIT3, which in turn inhibits the replication of viruses, with the underlying mechanism showing its crucial role in antiviral innate immunity. Emerging studies have also identified that IFIT3 is involved in cellular biology changes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and cancer development. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of IFIT3 with respect to molecular structure and regulatory pathways, highlighting the role of IFIT3 in antiviral innate immunity, as well as its diverse biological roles. We also discuss the potential of IFIT3 as a biomarker in disease diagnosis and therapy.
Analysis of a hit‐and‐run tumor model by HPV in oropharyngeal cancers
Authors: Ferreira Danyelle Assis , Idris Adi , McMillan Nigel A. J.
Published: October 2022

Several viruses are known to be associated with the development of certain cancers, including human papilloma virus (HPV), an established causative agent for a range of anogenital and head and neck cancers. However, the causality has been based on the presence of the virus, or its genetic material, in the sampled tumors. We have long wondered if viruses cause cancer via a “hit and run” mechanism such that they are no longer present in the resulting tumors. Here, we hypothesize that the absence of viral genes from the tumor does not necessarily exclude the viral aetiology. To test this, we used an HPV‐driven oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) tumor model and CRISPR to delete the viral oncogene, E7. Indeed, the genetic removal of HPV E7 oncogene eliminates tumors in vivo. Remarkably, E7 deleted tumors recurred over time and develop new mutations not previously seen in HPV+ OPC tumors. Importantly, a number of these new mutations are found to be already present in HPV− OPC tumors.
Changes in nutrient consumption patterns of Lactobacillus fermentum mediated by sodium lactate
Authors: Zhang Kenan , Zhang Zongcai , Guo Xiaoxue , Guo Ruijia , Zhu Lin , Qiu Xinrong , Yu Xiaohan , Chai Jun , Gu Chunhe , Feng Zhen
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

During high‐cell‐density culture of Lactobacillus fermentum, the optimal pH is often maintained by adding NaOH. During cultivation at controlled pH, L. fermentum experiences osmotic stress due to the continuous accumulation of sodium lactate as a neutralizer product, affecting its survival in subsequent processing. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient consumption patterns of L. fermentum ATCC 14931 under sodium lactate stress and to screen nutrients that help it resist osmotic stress.

RESULTS

The consumption and consumption rates of amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, and metal ions were analyzed in chemically defined media containing 0.13, 0.31, or 0.62 mm L−1 sodium lactate. The highest consumption rates were found for arginine, guanine, folic acid, and Mn2+, and the most consumed nutrients were glutamate + glutamine, guanine, ascorbic acid, and Na+. Arginine 2.58 mm L−1, guanine 0.23 mm L−1, and Mn2+ 0.25 mm L−1 were added to the medium at sodium lactate concentrations of 0.13 and 0.62 mm L−1, and arginine 2.58 mm L−1, guanine 0.26 mm L−1, and Mn2+ 0.25 mm L−1 at a sodium lactate concentration of 0.31 mm L−1. The viable cell counts of L. fermentum ATCC 14931 were approximately 1.02‐fold (P < 0.05) of the counts observed in control medium at all three concentrations of sodium lactate.

CONCLUSION

The present results suggest that certain nutrients accelerate the growth of L. fermentum under sodium lactate stress and enhance its resistance to this adverse condition. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
A RUpture‐Based detection method for the Active mesopeLagIc Zone (RUBALIZ): A crucial step toward rigorous carbon budget assessments
Authors: Fuchs Robin , Baumas Chloé M. J. , Garel Marc , Nerini David , Le Moigne Frédéric A. C. , Tamburini Christian
Published: October 2022

Determining mesopelagic organic carbon budgets is essential to characterize the ocean's role as a carbon dioxide sink. This is because the biological processes observed in the mesopelagic zone are crucial for understanding the biological carbon pump. Yet, field assessments of carbon budgets are often unbalanced with the carbon demand exceeding its supply. This underlines either methodological issues in the budget calculations or incomplete knowledge of the mesopelagic carbon cycling with potentially missing sources. Carbon budgets are built by partitioning the ocean into vertical depth zones. Vertical boundaries are conventionally defined between 200 and 1000 m depth or using various thresholds. Such approaches lack consistent methodology preventing robust comparison of mesopelagic carbon budget from region to region. Here, using a statistical rupture detection method applied to conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD)‐cast variables (fluorescence, O2 concentration, potential temperature, salinity, and density), we aim to provide independent estimates of mesopelagic boundaries. We demonstrate that the so‐determined upper boundary is highly correlated with the knee points of the particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes estimated by a power law and that over 90% of the POC flux attenuation occurs within our method boundaries. The identified zone therefore corresponds to the most active part of the conventional mesopelagic zone and we name it the “active mesopelagic zone” (AMZ). We find that the depths of the mesopelagic zone depend on the region considered. Our results demonstrate that the mesopelagic carbon budget discrepancy can vary up to four folds depending on the boundaries chosen and hence provide novel grounds to reassess existing and future mesopelagic carbon budgets.
Developing ahighly‐reliablelearning health system
Authors: El‐Kareh Robert , Brenner David A. , Longhurst Christopher A.
Published: October 2022

Multiple independent frameworks to support continuous improvement have been proposed to guide healthcare organizations. Two of the most visible are High‐reliability Health care, (Chassin et al., 2013) which is emphasized by The Joint Commission, and Learning Health Systems, (Institute of Medicine, 2011) highlighted by the National Academy of Medicine. We propose that organizations consider tightly linking these two models, creating a “Highly‐reliable Learning Health System.” We describe several efforts at our organization that has resulted from this combined model and have helped our organization weather the COVID‐19 pandemic. The organizational changes created using this framework will enable our health system to support a culture of quality across our teams and better fulfill our tripartite mission of high‐quality care, effective education of trainees, and dissemination of important innovations.
Fear of Cancer Recurrence and associated factors among breast cancer survivors in South India
Authors: Devi Nandakumar , Surendran Veeraiah , Arvind Krishnamurthy , Sridevi Veluswami , Anandi Balasubramanian
Published: October 2022

Objective

Fear of Cancer Recurrence (FCR) is a universal phenomenon widely reported as an unmet need among cancer survivors. The present study aims to determine the patterns of FCR and its associated factors among breast cancer survivors in South India.

Methods

A longitudinal study was carried out with pre and post‐assessment.

Results

Two hundred and forty eight breast cancer survivors (BCSv) were included in the study. The main finding for the pre versus post‐study was the pattern of mean scores. It is observed that in all factors, the pre‐mean scores were steadily higher than the post‐mean scores the predictors for FCR scores were decrease of age (p = 0.016), BCSv living in joint family (p = 0.008) and who were self‐funded (p = 0.031).

Conclusions

FCR was a relatively common symptom reported by BCSv. The predictors for FCR were younger age, BCSv living in a joint family and who were self‐funding for their treatment. In the pre and post‐assessment, it could be concluded that BCSv has reported that the overall FCR and on other variables higher FCR mean scores were reported during the preassessment period.
Prognostic value of longitudinal vasoreactivity in pediatric pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Evers Patrick D. , Quinn Patrick , Critser Paul J. , Frank Benjamin S. , Alnoor Mohammad , Armsby Laurie B.
Published: October 2022

Upon diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in pediatrics, standard practice often involves acute vasoreactivity testing (AVT) in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. However, the importance of repeated AVT testing in a given patient thereafter remains unclear. This study sought to describe serial AVT results in pediatric patients and understand the prognostic significance of longitudinal AVT results in pediatric pulmonary hypertension. A retrospective chart review was performed for pediatric pulmonary hypertension patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2021. Patients were included if they had two or more catheterizations with AVT. The study cohorts were patients who were AVT negative upon initial catheterization then AVT positive at any subsequent catheterization (AVT−/+) compared to those were AVT negative upon initial and all subsequent catheterizations (AVT−/−). A positive AVT was defined by Sitbon criteria. The analyzed outcome was event‐free survival. The relationship between study cohorts and event‐free survival was analyzed by log‐rank Kaplan–Meier survival as well as Cox proportional hazard regression to control for confounders. There were 35 patients who met inclusion criteria in this time period. Patients who were AVT(−/+) had statistically significantly better event‐free survival than AVT(−/−) (p = 0.002). In univariate and multivariate Cox regressions, a subsequent AVT positive result amongst those who were initially AVT negative was a positive prognostic factor, hazard ratio 0.03 (95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.35). For patients with negative AVT upon initial cardiac catheterization, this data supports that continuing AVT should be performed as any subsequent AVT positive result may indicate improved expectations for event‐free survival.
Molecular insights into onset of autoimmunity in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients
Authors: Laxminarayana Dama
Published: October 2022

Some of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infected patients are facing long‐term devastating effects like induction of autoimmune diseases. Here, I discuss molecular mechanisms and risk factors involved in the induction of autoimmune diseases after SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. Transcript editing genes were upregulated during SARS‐CoV‐2 infections, which might have edited host gene transcripts and paved the way for autoantigens generation and presented as nonself to generate autoantibodies followed by auto immunogenicity after SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. Therefore, some SARS‐CoV‐2 patients acquire autoimmunity. The transient and/or innocuous autoimmune response in some SARS‐CoV‐2 infected patients may be due to a lack of repeated production of autoantibodies to host autoantigens and/or viral antigens, which are needed to boost autoimmune response. In the future, SARS‐CoV‐2 mediated autoimmune disease onset will be a challenging task. Therefore, possible preventive measures and strategies to minimize and/or preclude such SARS‐CoV‐2 mediated autoimmune diseases have been presented in this commentary.
Key Components and Design Strategy for a Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer
Authors: Chen Yuhao , Liu Chaofan , Xu Jingcheng , Xia Chengfeng , Wang Ping , Xia Bao Yu , Yan Ya , Wang Xianying
Published: October 2022

As the most attractive energy carrier, hydrogen production through electrochemical water splitting (EWS) is promising for resolving the serious environmental problems derived from the rapid consumption of fossil fuels globally. The proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) is one of the most promising EWS technologies and has achieved great advancements. To offer a timely reference for the progress of the PEMWE system, the latest advancements and developments of PEMWE technology are systematically reviewed. The key components, including the electrocatalysts, PEM, and porous transport layer (PTL) as well as bipolar plate (BPP), are first introduced and discussed, followed by the membrane electrode assembly and cell design. The highlights are put on the design of the electrocatalyst and the relationship of each component on the performance of the PEMWE. Moreover, the current challenges and future perspectives for the development of PEMWE are also discussed. There is a hope that this review can provide a timely reference for future directions in PEMWE challenges and perspectives.
Transfer‐friendly institutions: The complex issues of student mobility
Authors: Wehlburg Catherine M.
Published: October 2022

As the overall demographics are changing in post‐secondary education, the importance of attracting and retaining transfer students into 4‐year institutions is becoming more and more important. This is, however, a challenging shift for many institutions. Becoming a “transfer friendly” institution requires a multi‐faceted approach that impacts every level of the institution. The work may be difficult, but the results can be worth the investments.
Student success metrics at a transfer‐friendly institution
Authors: Guenther Jeffrey , Wehlburg Catherine M.
Published: October 2022

Athens State University (ATSU) is one of the few remaining upper‐division institutions of higher education in the United States. At the undergraduate level, only students who have earned 36 transferable semester hours from an accredited institution are eligible for admission to ATSU. Athens State University strives to provide quality teaching and learning and high‐quality academic programs to its students. However, it is challenging for Athens State to benchmark itself to traditional 4‐year institutions due to its unique transfer‐only status. This chapter presents alternative metrics that ATSU has identified to analyze student performance and success.
HASTE MRI sequence findings correlate with loss of deep pain perception in dogs with thoracolumbar disc extrusion
Authors: Khan Sam , Freeman Paul
Published: October 2022

Background

Thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion (TL IVDE) is a common reason for the veterinary hospital admission. Various imaging factors including degree and length of compression have been tested for correlation with clinical severity, but no reliable correlation has been found. Half‐Fourier acquisition single‐shot turbo spin echo (HASTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences highlight the dorsal and ventral cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) columns and have been used to demonstrate spinal cord swelling in dogs with TL IVDE. This has been used as a predictor of progressive ascending‐descending myelomalacia but has not been correlated with neurological grade.

Objective

This study aims to investigate the correlation between the attenuation of CSF HASTE signal and clinical severity in dogs suffering from TL disc extrusions.

Methods

Dogs less than 15 kg who were non‐ambulatory due to suspected TL IVDE were prospectively recruited for a study into conservative management. MRI studies were undertaken under sedation including HASTE sequences. The ratio of the length of CSF attenuation to the length of the L2 vertebra was calculated and correlated with clinical severity.

Results

Twenty dogs met the inclusion criteria. No statistically significant difference was demonstrated between the mean CSF attenuation and neurological grade (p = 0.17 but there was a significant difference in the mean CSF attenuation in those who retained deep pain perception and those who did not (p = 0.02). Time to loss of ambulation was also found to not be correlated with CSF attenuation (p = 0.95).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the length of CSF attenuation of HASTE MRI sequences in dogs less than 15 kg suffering from IVDEs may be correlated with a loss of deep pain perception.
Clumsy solutions and climate change: A retrospective
Authors: Verweij Marco
Published: October 2022

In 1989, Steve Rayner chided fellow anthropologists for “fiddling while the world warms.” This was the starting point of a decades‐long application to human‐made climate change of the cultural theory that he had developed with Mary Douglas and Michael Thompson. It culminated in a call to develop “clumsy” solutions for addressing the issue. Since then, the concept of clumsy solutions has been applied, praised, and criticised. To clarify its strengths and weaknesses, I first set out cultural theory and explain how the notion of clumsy solutions was derived from it. I then assess the extent to which this notion has increased our understanding of climate change governance. I do so by breaking up the application of this concept into seven predictions, concerning: (1) the major perspectives among stakeholders on how to resolve climate change; (2) the fate of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol; (3) the feasibility of international emissions trading; (4) the possibility of making renewable energy competitive; (5) the need for domestic governmental action to realize this possibility; (6) the effectiveness of a nonbinding global treaty to combat climate change; and (7) the need to explore adaptation, carbon capture, and geoengineering. I show that these predictions have stood the test of time. Finally, I discuss the roles that the concept of clumsy solutions can play in future climate change governance. This article is written in memory of Steve Rayner, one of the first social scientists to focus on climate change.

This article is categorized under:

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge

Climate, History, Society, Culture > Thought Leaders
On the S-matrix of Ising field theory in two dimensions
Authors: Gabai Barak , Yin Xi
Published: October 2022

Abstract

We explore the analytic structure of the non-perturbative S-matrix in arguably the simplest family of massive non-integrable quantum field theories: the Ising field theory (IFT) in two dimensions, which may be viewed as the Ising CFT deformed by its two relevant operators, or equivalently, the scaling limit of the Ising model in a magnetic field. Our strategy is that of collider physics: we employ Hamiltonian truncation method (TFFSA) to extract the scattering phase of the lightest particles in the elastic regime, and combine it with S-matrix bootstrap methods based on unitarity and analyticity assumptions to determine the analytic continuation of the 2 → 2 S-matrix element to the complex s-plane. Focusing primarily on the “high temperature” regime in which the IFT interpolates between that of a weakly coupled massive fermion and the E8 affine Toda theory, we will numerically determine 3-particle amplitudes, follow the evolution of poles and certain resonances of the S-matrix, and exclude the possibility of unknown wide resonances up to reasonably high energies.
Schwinger, ltd: loop-tree duality in the parametric representation
Authors: Berghoff Marko
Published: October 2022

Abstract

We derive a variant of the loop-tree duality for Feynman integrals in the Schwinger parametric representation. This is achieved by decomposing the integration domain into a disjoint union of cells, one for each spanning tree of the graph under consideration. Each of these cells is the total space of a fiber bundle with contractible fibers over a cube. Loop-tree duality emerges then as the result of first decomposing the integration domain, then integrating along the fibers of each fiber bundle.

As a byproduct we obtain a new proof that the moduli space of graphs is homotopy equivalent to its spine. In addition, we outline a potential application to Kontsevich’s graph (co-)homology.
Structure and function of the N-terminal extension of the formin INF2
Authors: Labat-de-Hoz Leticia , Comas Laura , Rubio-Ramos Armando , Casares-Arias Javier , Fernández-Martín Laura , Pantoja-Uceda David , Martín M. Teresa , Kremer Leonor , Jiménez M. Angeles , Correas Isabel , Alonso Miguel A.
Published: October 2022

In INF2—a formin linked to inherited renal and neurological disease in humans—the DID is preceded by a short N-terminal extension of unknown structure and function. INF2 activation is achieved by Ca2+-dependent association of calmodulin (CaM). Here, we show that the N-terminal extension of INF2 is organized into two α-helices, the first of which is necessary to maintain the perinuclear F-actin ring and normal cytosolic F-actin content. Biochemical assays indicated that this helix interacts directly with CaM and contains the sole CaM-binding site (CaMBS) detected in INF2. The residues W11, L14 and L18 of INF2, arranged as a 1-4-8 motif, were identified as the most important residues for the binding, W11 being the most critical of the three. This motif is conserved in vertebrate INF2 and in the human population. NMR and biochemical analyses revealed that CaM interacts directly through its C-terminal lobe with the INF2 CaMBS. Unlike control cells, INF2 KO cells lacked the perinuclear F-actin ring, had little cytosolic F-actin content, did not respond to increased Ca2+ concentrations by making more F-actin, and maintained the transcriptional cofactor MRTF predominantly in the cytoplasm. Whereas expression of intact INF2 restored all these defects, INF2 with inactivated CaMBS did not. Our study reveals the structure of the N-terminal extension, its interaction with Ca2+/CaM, and its function in INF2 activation.
Die Medizininformatik-Initiative und Seltene Erkrankungen: Routinedaten der nächsten Generation für Diagnose, Therapiewahl und Forschung
Authors: Schepers Josef , Fleck Julia , Schaaf Jannik
Published: October 2022

Bei Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen (SE) besteht ein besonderes Potenzial, von der Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen zu profitieren. Das Nationale Aktionsbündnis für Menschen mit Seltenen Erkrankungen (NAMSE) hat sich dafür eingesetzt, dass SE bei der Digitalisierung des Gesundheitswesens in Deutschland konkret berücksichtigt werden. In der Medizininformatik-Initiative (MII) des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) wurde das Thema aufgegriffen. Hier wird aktuell ausgehend von den Universitätskliniken eine digitale Infrastruktur für die datenschutzkonforme Mehrfachnutzung von standardisierten Versorgungs- und Forschungsdaten aufgebaut. Teil der Initiative ist seit dem Jahr 2020 das Projekt CORD-MI (Collaboration on Rare Diseases), in dem sich Universitätskliniken und weitere Partner deutschlandweit zusammengeschlossen haben, um die Patientenversorgung und die Forschung im Bereich der SE zu verbessern.

In diesem Beitrag wird beleuchtet, in welcher Weise die MII die Belange der SE berücksichtigt und welche Chancen die gewonnenen „neuen Routinedaten“ bieten. Ein SE-Modul wurde in den „MII-Kerndatensatz“ aufgenommen – ein Informationsmodell, das auf dem Datenstandard „FHIR“ (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) basiert. Daten, die im Rahmen von Versorgungs- und Forschungsroutinen erhoben werden, können so zukünftig zwischen den beteiligten Einrichtungen ausgetauscht werden und im Bereich SE z. B. die Diagnosefindung, die Therapiewahl und Forschungsvorhaben unterstützen. Das Projekt CORD-MI hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, mit Hilfe exemplarischer Fragestellungen Erkenntnisse über die Versorgungssituation von Menschen mit SE zu erhalten und daraufhin Rückschlüsse für weitere notwendige Schritte im Bereich der Digitalisierung zu ziehen.
Rezidivierende SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen bei Immundefizienz
Authors: Tometten L. , Malin J. J. , Pracht E. , Bröckelmann P. J. , Horn C. , Sprute R. , Langhorst C. A. , Hallek M. , Fätkenheuer G. , Rybniker J.
Published: October 2022

Ein Patient mit Immundefizienz im Rahmen eines B‑Zell-Lymphoms wurde seit Beginn der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie wiederholt positiv auf SARS-CoV‑2 getestet und zweimal stationär versorgt. Chronische und rezidivierende SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen gefährden die Gesundheit von Patientinnen und Patienten mit Immundefizienz. Insbesondere aufgrund neuer Virusvarianten mit Immune-escape-Mechanismen sind die Therapieoptionen eingeschränkt. Die Versorgung immundefizienter Patienten mit SARS-CoV-2-Infektion stellt behandelnde Ärztinnen und Ärzte in der aktuellen Pandemie vor große Herausforderungen.
Zero-voltage and frequency pattern selection for DC-link loss minimization in PWM-VSI drives
Authors: Schirmer Pascal A. , Glose Daniel , Ammann Ulrich
Published: October 2022

The modulation of a voltage source inverter output causes losses and harmonic distortions on the load side and the DC-link capacitor due to the discrete switching of the semiconductors. High-frequent voltage pulses are digitally programmed to control the inverter output and determine the harmonic distortions. This paper presents an optimization in terms of pulse- and frequency-pattern selection for reducing load distortions while keeping DC-link losses minimal. In detail, the fact that pulse and frequency patterns are independent from each other is utilized and a modified three-zone hybrid space vector pulse-width modulation is proposed where optimal frequency patterns are selected for every carrier cycle. Simulations and experimental results validate the optimizations.
Role of Bacterial Community Composition as a Driver of the Small-Sized Phytoplankton Community Structure in a Productive Coastal System
Authors: Costas-Selas Cecilia , Martínez-García Sandra , Logares Ramiro , Hernández-Ruiz Marta , Teira Eva
Published: October 2022

We present here the first detailed description of the seasonal patterns in bacterial community composition (BCC) in shelf waters off the Ría de Vigo (Spain), based on monthly samplings during 2 years. Moreover, we studied the relationship between bacterial and small-sized eukaryotic community composition to identify potential biotic interactions among components of these two communities. Bacterial operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and diversity systematically peaked in autumn–winter, likely related to low resource availability during this period. BCC showed seasonal and vertical patterns, with Rhodobacteraceae and Flavobacteriaceae families dominating in surface waters, and SAR11 clade dominating at the base of the photic zone (30 m depth). BCC variability was significantly explained by environmental variables (e.g., temperature of water, solar radiation, or dissolved organic matter). Interestingly, a strong and significant correlation was found between BCC and small-sized eukaryotic community composition (ECC), which suggests that biotic interactions may play a major role as structuring factors of the microbial plankton in this productive area. In addition, co-occurrence network analyses revealed strong and significant, mostly positive, associations between bacteria and small-sized phytoplankton. Positive associations likely result from mutualistic relationships (e.g., between Dinophyceae and Rhodobacteraceae), while some negative correlations suggest antagonistic interactions (e.g., between Pseudo-nitzchia sp. and SAR11). These results support the key role of biotic interactions as structuring factors of the small-sized eukaryotic community, mostly driven by positive associations between small-sized phytoplankton and bacteria.
The influence of a transport process on the epidemic threshold
Authors: Kuehn Christian , Mölter Jan
Published: October 2022

By generating transient encounters between individuals beyond their immediate social environment, transport can have a profound impact on the spreading of an epidemic. In this work, we consider epidemic dynamics in the presence of the transport process that gives rise to a multiplex network model. In addition to a static layer, the (multiplex) epidemic network consists of a second dynamic layer in which any two individuals are connected for the time they occupy the same site during a random walk they perform on a separate transport network. We develop a mean-field description of the stochastic network model and study the influence the transport process has on the epidemic threshold. We show that any transport process generally lowers the epidemic threshold because of the additional connections it generates. In contrast, considering also random walks of fractional order that in some sense are a more realistic model of human mobility, we find that these non-local transport dynamics raise the epidemic threshold in comparison to a classical local random walk. We also test our model on a realistic transport network (the Munich U-Bahn network), and carefully compare mean-field solutions with stochastic trajectories in a range of scenarios.
Acute feeding with almonds compared to a carbohydrate-based snack improves appetite-regulating hormones with no effect on self-reported appetite sensations: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Carter Sharayah , Hill Alison M. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Tan Sze-Yen , Rogers Geraint B. , Coates Alison M.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Early satiety has been identified as one of the mechanisms that may explain the beneficial effects of nuts for reducing obesity. This study compared postprandial changes in appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite ratings after consuming almonds (AL, 15% of energy requirement) or an isocaloric carbohydrate-rich snack bar (SB).

Methods

This is a sub-analysis of baseline assessments of a larger parallel-arm randomised controlled trial in overweight and obese (Body Mass Index 27.5–34.9 kg/m2) adults (25–65 years). After an overnight fast, 140 participants consumed a randomly allocated snack (AL [n = 68] or SB [n = 72]). Appetite-regulating hormones and self-reported appetite sensations, measured using visual analogue scales, were assessed immediately before snack food consumption, and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following snack consumption. A sub-set of participants (AL, n = 49; SB, n = 48) then consumed a meal challenge buffet ad libitum to assess subsequent energy intake. An additional appetite rating assessment was administered post buffet at 150 min.

Results

Postprandial C-peptide area under the curve (AUC) response was 47% smaller with AL compared to SB (p < 0.001). Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon and pancreatic polypeptide AUC responses were larger with AL compared to SB (18%, p = 0.005; 39% p < 0.001; 45% p < 0.001 respectively). Cholecystokinin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, leptin and polypeptide YY AUCs were not different between groups. Self-reported appetite ratings and energy intake following the buffet did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

More favourable appetite-regulating hormone responses to AL did not translate into better self-reported appetite or reduced short-term energy consumption. Future studies should investigate implications for longer term appetite regulation.

ANZCTR Reference Number

ACTRN12618001861246 2018.