bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juxtaposition of descriptions of Raman and resonance Raman scattering by classical and mixed quantum– classical theories
Authors: Morozov V. A. , Dubina Yu. M.
Published: August 2002

Raman scattering (RS) is described by a classical model for molecular electronic and nuclear subsystems coupled by one of the simplest cubic non‐linear couplings. The corresponding system of classical non‐linear equations for the motion of electrons and nuclei of a molecule in an electric field of low‐intensity incident light is compared with the system of equations for a mixed quantum– classical model that describes the quantum dynamics of a two‐state electronic molecular subsystem and classical dynamics of a nuclear subsystem of the molecule. Here the classical dynamics are defined by the Born– Oppenheimer quadratic potential with consideration of the equilibrium position shift of the nuclei when an electronic subsystem transition from the basic state to the excited state occurs. A simple relationship, for which non‐resonance RS line intensities for both models of molecule are nearly equal, was established between the shift and the parameter characterizing the effectiveness of the coupling of electronic and nuclear oscillators in the classical molecule's model. Capabilities for comparing the description of resonance Raman scattering by the considered models and the question of the occurrence of a background in resonance RS spectra due to non‐linear coupling between electronic and nuclear subsystems of the molecule are also examined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computed vibrational wavenumbers in ammonium fluoride crystals
Authors: Alavi A. , Lynden‐Bell R. M. , Brown R. J. C.
Published: August 2002

The vibrational wavenumbers of crystalline ammonium fluoride were calculated using the density functional method. The results support the experimental conclusions that the symmetric stretching mode in NH4F lies at a higher wavenumber than the asymmetric stretch, that these wavenumbers are reversed in ND4F and that the librational wavenumbers lie at ∼560 cm–1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of barium formate crystal
Authors: Liu Jianjun , Wang Yufang , Lan Guoxiang , Zheng Jimin
Published: August 2002

The Raman spectra of barium formate were investigated at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature and the infrared absorption and reflection spectra at room temperature. The presence of two crystallographically non‐equivalent sets of formate ions in the lattice results in the doubling of the internal modes in the vibrational spectra. The observed high‐wavenumber vibrational bands are assigned to the internal vibrations of formate ions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internet firms: what strategic changes have to be managed?
Authors: Barrow Colin
Published: August 2002

Considerable faith has been placed by investors in the economic wealth to be created by the application of Internet technology. The scramble for a place on the Internet bandwagon has diverted risk capital from other types of industry and seduced key staff to leave old economy jobs in droves to join dot.com start ups at lower salary levels.

This article seeks to demonstrate that quoted Internet firms are for the most part seriously overvalued and that this will impose the need for large‐scale change early in a firm's life.

It explores the strength and robustness of the strategies that underpin Internet valuations and what major areas of change are likely to be faced.

The article should be seen as work in progress. Research into Internet firms is still in its infancy. Few Internet firms have gone through their whole life cycle, so evaluating success and failure is inevitably tentative. However, some patterns are emerging which indicate areas worthy of future exploration. This paper seeks to signpost some of those areas.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of gas composition in modified atmosphere packaging on the meat quality of Spanish Manchega lamb
Authors: Vergara Herminia , Gallego Laureano
Published: August 2002

The effects of four types of packaging atmosphere, each with a different gas composition (20–80% CO2), on the meat quality of Spanish Manchega lamb were examined in order to suggest a gas composition for optimal preservation. Meat quality was assessed by pH, colour (L*,a* and b* values), water‐holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss (CL) and shear force (SF). Gas composition affected all parameters except L* and SF. The pH values decreased significantly in samples packed with 80% CO2 but remained constant in the other groups. The b* values were lower in samples packed without O2 than in the other groups and increased with time. However, the a* values decreased in all groups with time. Samples packed in low‐CO2 atmosphere tended to lose more water (ie to have less WHC and show more CL). The SF values decreased with time, and similar values of this parameter were observed for all treatments.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Ex vivo sentinel lymph node biopsy in colorectal cancer: A feasibility study
Authors: Fitzgerald T.L. , Khalifa M.A. , Al Zahrani M. , Law C.H.L. , Smith A.J.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy may improve staging of colorectal cancer. We tested the feasibility of ex vivo SLN dissection.

Materials and Methods

Patients undergoing resection of a primary colorectal cancer were included in this study. SLN identification involved ex vivo injection of 1 cc isosulfan blue dye subserosally in the colon or submucosally in the rectum on a separate field. SLNs were cut at 2 mm intervals. Three hematoxylin and eosin‐stained (HE) sections were prepared in addition to a middle level for cytokeratin immunostaining.

Results

Twenty‐six patients with varying tumor location and stage were enrolled and the SLN was identified in 88% (23/26) cases. Three failures occurred in patients with rectal cancer. The average number of SLN harvested was 2.5. The status of the nodal basin was accurately predicted in 91% (21/23) of patients. Two false negative sentinel lymph nodes were harvested in 2 of 3 patients with stage III/IV colorectal cancer. The SLN upstaged 2 patients as a result of HE stained step sections (n = 1) and immunostaining (n = 1).

Conclusions

This data suggests that ex vivo SLN biopsy is feasible in colorectal cancer. Although ex vivo SLN biopsy does not alter the lymphatic dissection, it may upstage a subset of patients. The ex vivo technique may be less applicable in rectal cancer and false negative results may occur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:27–32. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photodecomposition of iodopentanes in air: Product distributions from the self‐reactions of n‐pentyl peroxyl radicals
Authors: Heimann Gerald , Benkelberg Heinz‐Jürgen , Böge Olaf , Warneck Peter
Published: August 2002

Product distributions from the 254‐nm photooxidation of the three iodopentane isomers were explored as a technique for studying the self‐reactions of individual pentyl peroxyl radicals (in air at ambient temperature and pressure). Pentanols and the associated carbonyl compounds (pentanal or pentanones) were major products as expected. Other major products resulted from the isomerization of pentan‐1‐oxyl and pentan‐2‐oxyl radicals, but their nature could not be identified. Minor products were alcohols and carbonyl compounds arising from the decomposition of pentoxyl radicals. Diols and mixed hydroxycarbonyl compounds from cross‐combination reactions were essentially absent, in contrast to expectation. The observed product distributions were evaluated to derive branching ratios for the radical‐preserving pathways of the self‐reactions, 0.42 ±0.17, 0.46 ± 0.10, 0.39 ± 0.08, for pentan‐1‐yl peroxyl, pentan‐2‐yl peroxyl, and pentan‐3‐yl peroxyl, respectively. Rate coefficients derived for the decomposition of the corresponding pentoxyl radicals, relative to their reaction with oxygen, are (5.1 ± 0.5) × 1018, (1.0 ± 0.2) × 1018, and (3.2 ± 0.3) × 1018 molecule cm−3, respectively. Rate constants for the isomerization of pentan‐1‐oxyl and pentan‐2‐oxyl were estimated from the contributions of isomerization products to the total amounts of products as (4.0 ± 1.1) × 105 s−1 and (1.0 ± 2.0) × 105 s−1, respectively. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 126–138, 2002
Kinetics of liquid phase synthesis of ethyl tert‐butyl ether from tert‐butyl alcohol and ethanol catalyzed by β‐zeolite supported on monolith
Authors: Assabumrungrat S. , Kiatkittipong W. , Sevitoon N. , Praserthdam P. , Goto S.
Published: August 2002

This paper compared the performance of β‐zeolite and Amberlyst‐15 catalysts on a liquid phase synthesis of ethyl tert‐butyl ether (ETBE) from ethanol (EtOH) and tert‐butyl alcohol (TBA) β‐Zeolite was synthesized and deposited on monolith support. Its structure was confirmed by an XRD measurement and its composition was analyzed by an XRF measurement. It was found that even though the catalytic activity of β‐zeolite was lower than that of Amberlyst‐15, the selectivity of ETBE was much higher than that of Amberlyst‐15, resulting in almost the same level of ETBE yield. The dehydration of TBA to isobutene (IB) was the major side reaction. The kinetic study of the reaction catalyzed by β‐zeolite supported on monolith was carried out by using a semibatch reactor. The effect of external mass transfer was investigated by varying stirring speeds. The activity‐based rate expressions were developed taking into account of water inhibition. Three temperature levels of 323, 333, and 343 K were performed in the study to obtain the parameters in the Arrhenius's equation and the Van't Hoff's equation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 292–299, 2002
Modeling regional electric power markets and market power
Authors: Cope III Robert F. , Dismukes David E. , Cope Rachelle F.
Published: August 2002

This paper develops a nonlinear, mathematical programming model for estimating production decisions in an open access, regional power market. Our approach allows one to estimate competitive power market equilibrium prices, which in turn offers empirical conclusions about marginal generation facilities, transmission interconnection congestion, and most importantly, load pockets and market power. Sensitivity analyses are conducted by subjecting the model to changes in production costs, peak hour demand, power imports, and transmission interconnection price assumptions. We then consider the issue of a firm's ability to exercise market power and the implications it may have on regional equilibrium power prices. The Louisiana power market is used as a case study for our work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation for tremor quantification of an electromagnetic tracking device
Authors: O'Suilleabhain Padraig E. , Dewey Richard B.
Published: August 2002

An electromagnetic tracking system was used to record arm motion in subjects with Parkinson's disease (n = 23), essential tremor (n = 28) or without neurological disease (n = 4). Tremor magnitude was calculated by averaging the three‐dimensional displacement of individual tremor bursts. Tremor magnitude calculated in this manner was quite closely correlated with a clinician's estimate (r = 0.88 and 0.86 for Parkinsonian and essential tremors, respectively) and was reproducible (r = 0.93 for repeated recordings). The accuracy of the device and algorithm was confirmed by mechanically generating oscillations of known magnitudes and frequencies. This device is adaptable for quantifying different types of tremors and its accuracy is easy to verify. Because position rather than acceleration is tracked, tremor amplitude can be stated in readily comprehensible units. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Permanent cerebellar toxicity of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C) in a young woman
Authors: Friedman Joseph H. , Shetty Neetha
Published: August 2002

This report provides the first videotape example of a patient with permanent cerebellar ataxia from high dose cytosine arabinoside. This case was unusual in that the patient was young, the effects are seemingly permanent and severe, and corticospinal tract damage also occurred. Early recognition to stop drug administration remains the only method to reduce risk.
Familial paroxysmal exercise‐induced dyskinesia, epilepsy, and mental retardation in a family with autosomal dominant inheritance
Authors: Perniola T. , Margari L. , de Iaco M.G. , Presicci A. , Ventura P. , Ferrannini E. , Illiceto G.
Published: August 2002

Only few sporadic and familial cases of paroxysmal exercise‐induced dyskinesia (PED) have been described in literature. PED associated with familial epilepsy has been rarely reported. We describe a family in which six members in different generations were affected by a long‐lasting PED, with childhood onset in five cases. Fasting and stress were also precipitating factors. All the subjects, moreover, showed epileptic seizures during childhood and adolescence. In addition, in all cases a condition of mild mental retardation was also documented, associated in some cases, with irritable and impulsive behaviour. Clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging and neuropsychological findings were reported. The homogeneous recurrence of this particular clinical picture in members of three generations emphasised a common genetic basis. In our patients, PED is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, with age‐dependent penetrance, without evidence of genetic anticipation. The neurophysiological findings suggest a condition of hyperexcitability in the muscular and brain membrane, due to a ion channels disorder. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus in inherited myoclonus‐dystonia Syndrome
Authors: Trottenberg Thomas , Meissner Wassilios , Arnold Guy , Einhaupl Karl‐Max , Kupsch Andreas , Kabus Christian , Funk Thomas
Published: August 2002

We report on the effects of bilateral neurostimulation of the ventral intermediate thalamic nucleus (VIM) in a patient with medically intractable and progressing inherited myoclonus dystonia syndrome (IMDS). Postoperatively, the patient improved by approximately 80% on the modified version of a myoclonus score without any significant change in the dystonic symptoms. This suggests that neurostimulation of the VIM may be an effective treatment for myoclonus in pharmacologically intractable IMDS. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Delayed penile replantation after prolonged warm ischemia
Authors: Mosahebi Afshin , Butterworth Mark , Knight Ross , Berger Leslie , Kaisary Amir , Butler Peter E.M.
Published: August 2002

We report a case of microsurgical replantation of traumatic self‐amputation of penis after prolonged warm ischemia as a result of delayed presentation. At 12 weeks postoperative follow‐up evaluation, the patient exhibited good urinary flow, spontaneous erection, and a normal response to pharmacological stimulation. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 21:52–54 2001
Non‐classical boundary value problems of elastostatics and hydrostatics on Lipschitz domains
Authors: Mitrea Dorina
Published: August 2002

The main goal of this paper is to undertake a systematic study of the Stokes and Lamé systems with non‐classical boundary conditions in arbitrary Lipschitz subdomains of R3. These include prescribing 〈n, u〉 in concert with n×curl u on the boundary of the domain in question. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of optical filters using uniaxial dielectric gratings for arbitrary light polarization
Authors: Costa João Crisóstomo Weyl A. , Giarola Attílio José , Lisboa da Silva Nildsen Fernando
Published: August 2002

The main objective of this paper is to show that, with the use of a one‐dimensional grating, having uniaxial dielectric anisotropy, it is possible to change the frequency of the maximum reflection transmission peak of an incident wave with a TM polarization, while maintaining the corresponding frequency of an incident TE wave fixed, without the need to change the grating geometry. This will allow the design of optical filters that are independent of the incident light polarization. A rigorous modal theory is used, such that the fields propagating in the various regions of the structure are represented as a summation of infinite models. It is shown that polarization independence is achieved by conveniently choosing the value of the grating dielectric ratio anisotropy ratio εxx/εzz. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 86–89, 2001.
Determining the RF resistance and Q‐factor of air‐core inductors
Authors: Gross Shay , Weller Thomas
Published: August 2002

Air‐core inductors are large‐body, low‐loss components that find frequent use in circuits such as RF power amplifier matching networks. The physical attributes of the inductors make loss characterization using standard commercial instruments (e.g., impedance analyzers or resonant coaxial lines) problematic. In this paper, a resistance and quality factor extraction technique based on low‐impedance microstrip test fixtures is demonstrated at frequencies near 800 MHz. It is shown that an inductor resistance on the order of 0.1–1 Ω can be accurately determined. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 89–93, 2001.
New six‐wire‐junction matrix model for the TLM method
Authors: Bargach K. , Khalladi M. , Iben Yaich M.
Published: August 2002

A new three‐dimensional wire‐junction node for modeling a junction with six wires of the same radius in a coarse mesh has been developed using the transmission‐line matrix (TLM) method. The scattering matrix of the proposed node is provided, together with numerical results which are validated by comparison with another technique. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 110–113, 2001.
Analysis of finite‐slot phased arrays fed by rectangular waveguides using method of moments
Authors: Li Jian‐Ying , Li Le‐Wei , Liang Chang‐Hong , Kooi Pang‐Shyan , Leong Mook‐Seng
Published: August 2002

A rigorous integral equation formulation is made in this paper for the analysis of phased arrays of radiating slots fed by rectangular waveguides. The number of elements is assumed to be finite, and the integral equation used is that of the method of moments. According to the equivalence principle and magnetic field boundary conditions, an integral equation for obtaining slot surface equivalence magnetic currents is formulated. Then, the integral equation is rewritten into a matrix equation after the implementation of the method‐of‐moments procedure. The reflection coefficients as a function of scan angle of, and the inductive magnetic currents over, the array elements are analyzed and discussed in detail. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 132–136, 2001.
Configuration of functional trifluoromethylated dienoates, aryldienoates and trienoates
Authors: Palmas P. , Thibonnet J. , Parrain J.‐L. , Abarbri M. , David‐Quillot F. , Duchêne A.
Published: August 2002

The configuration of certain trifluoromethylated functional dienoates, aryldienoates and trienoates is presented by the measurement of their 13C NMR and 19F NMR chemical shifts, and their 3 J(C–F), 4J(H–F) and through‐space 5J(H–F) coupling constants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H and 13C chemical shifts for bis(benzopyridinium) dibromides with semirigid aromatic linkers
Authors: Campos J. , Díaz J. J. , Núñez M. C. , Entrena A. , Gallo M. A. , Espinosa A.
Published: August 2002

The 1H and 13C NMR resonances for four bisquinolinium and four bisisoquinolinium dibromides were completely and unequivocally assigned, using the concerted application of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques including nuclear Overhauser effect difference, DEPT, COSY, HETCOR and long‐range 13C–1H correlation spectroscopy. Atomic charges of the heterocyclic moieties of model cations such as 1‐methylquinolinium and 2‐methylisoquinolinium are shown to be linearly related to the 13C chemical shifts of the cationic heads of the title compounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of in vivo biomarkers of phospholipidosis using NMR‐based metabonomic approaches
Authors: Espina J. Robert , Shockcor John P. , Herron William J. , Car Bruce D. , Contel Nancy R. , Ciaccio Paul J. , Lindon John C. , Holmes Elaine , Nicholson Jeremy K.
Published: August 2002

The application of high‐field 1H NMR spectroscopy to the analysis of biological fluids has proved to be a valuable approach to toxicological screening. Coupled with data reduction and chemometric analyses, this technology has a high capacity for elucidating relevant metabolic information pertaining to the nature and mechanism of toxic processes in an organism. This approach is encapsulated in the concept of metabonomics, which is defined as ‘the quantitative measurement of the dynamic multiparametric metabolic response of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli or genetic modification’, and can be regarded as complementary to studies of the genome (genomics) and the proteins in an organism (proteomics). Here the metabonomics approach to drug toxicity evaluation is exemplified using 1H NMR spectroscopy to investigate the biochemical perturbations in urine after dosing Fischer rats with the cationic, amphiphilic drugs chloroquine, amiodarone and DMP 777, a neutrophil elastase inhibitor. These drugs are known to induce phospholipidosis, characterized by lysosomal lamellar body and drug accumulation. Using a metabonomic approach, combinations of specific urinary biomarkers were identified for each compound, together with a putative general marker of phospholipidosis, phenylacetylglycine. Furthermore, in the case of chloroquine, clear evidence of hepatotoxicity was determined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regenerating soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat show elevated levels of TNF‐α and its receptors, TNFR‐60 and TNFR‐80
Authors: Zádor Ernõ , Mendler Luca , Takács Veronika , De Bleecker Jan , Wuytack Frank
Published: August 2002

We measured the mRNA and protein levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and the transcript levels of its receptors (TNFR‐60 and TNFR‐80) in the rat soleus (slow twitch) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL; fast twitch) muscles regenerating from notexin‐induced necrosis. On the first day after administration of the toxin, when most fibers were necrotic and invaded by inflammatory cells/macrophages, dramatic increases of transcript and protein levels of TNF‐α and of the mRNA levels of its receptors were observed. The transcript levels of TNF‐α and TNFR‐60, but not of TNFR‐80, showed a second but smaller increase at the time when newly formed muscle fibers became reinnervated. In situ hybridization showed that on day 1, during the phase of extensive necrosis, the transcript of TNF‐α was abundantly present and on day 4 of regeneration it was most often seen in areas devoid of desmin. The mRNA level of TNF‐α was not detectable in BC3H1‐ and C2C12‐cultured myoblasts and it was low in freeze‐injured muscle, corresponding to the relatively mild degree of inflammation elicited by freezing. Therefore, our results are most consistent with the view that inflammatory cells/macrophages are the main source of TNF‐α. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1058–1067, 2001
Changes in a rat facial muscle after facial nerve injury and repair
Authors: Jergović Davor , Stål Per , Lidman Disa , Lindvall Björn , Hildebrand Claes
Published: August 2002

This study describes changes in a rat facial muscle innervated by the mandibular and buccal facial nerve branches 4 months after nerve injury and repair. The following groups were studied: (A) normal controls; (B) spontaneous reinnervation by collateral or terminal sprouting; (C) reinnervation after surgical repair of the mandibular branch; and (D) chronic denervation. The normal muscle contained 1200 exclusively fast fibers, mainly myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIB fibers. In group B, fiber number and fiber type proportions were normal. In group C, fiber number was subnormal. Diameters and proportions of MyHC IIA and hybrid fibers were above normal. The proportion of MyHC IIB fibers was subnormal. Immediate and delayed repair gave similar results with respect to the parameters examined. Group D rats underwent severe atrophic and degenerative changes. Hybrid fibers prevailed. These data suggest that spontaneous regeneration of the rat facial nerve is superior to regeneration after surgical repair and that immediacy does not give better results than moderate delay with respect to surgical repair. Long delays are shown to be detrimental. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve 24: 1202–1212, 2001
Mathematical and numerical filtration–advection–dispersion model of miscible grout propagation in saturated porous media
Authors: Bouchelaghem F. , Vulliet L.
Published: August 2002

The development of a predictive model of behaviour of porous media during injection of miscible grout, taking into account convection, dilution and filtration of grout solution with interstitial water, as well as consolidation aspects, is presented. Model assumptions are reviewed and discussed first. During the establishment of the model, we insist on surface terms and their physical relevance in expressing adsorption effects. Constitutive laws such as Fick's law for diffusive mass transport, hydrodynamic dispersion tensor dealing with miscibility, are modified by taking into account filtration effects. A new surface term appears in mass balance equations as a consequence of filtration. According to the filtration laws used, an initial filtration rate is estimated on the basis of a one‐dimensional experimental campaign. The field equations are discretized by using Galerkin finite element and θ‐scheme standard method. For transport equation, Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin method is employed to prevent numerical oscillations. Lastly, confrontation of numerical results with laboratory experiments constitutes a first step to validate the model on a realistic basis. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cholinergic and purinergic contribution to the micturition reflex in conscious rats with long‐term bladder outlet obstruction
Authors: Lluel Philippe , Barras Martine , Palea Stefano
Published: August 2002

The urethra of female Wistar rats was partially obstructed for 15 weeks. The effects of atropine (1 mg/kg i.v.), suramin (100 mg/kg i.v.), and a combination of atropine and suramin on the peak micturition pressure (MP) were compared during cystometry in conscious rats controls or subjected to outlet obstruction. On the isolated bladder dome, we studied the inhibitory effect of 1 μmol/L atropine, 1 mmol/L suramin, and the combination of the two drugs on contractions induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS). We studied also the contractile response to 80 mmol/L KCl and the concentration‐response curves to noradrenaline, phenylephrine, and carbachol on the bladder dome and bladder neck and α, β‐methylene adenosine triphosphate on the bladder dome. In conscious rats, the MP, bladder capacity, and micturition volume were significantly higher in obstructed rats than in controls. Suramin induced the same inhibition in the two groups of animals (−30.7 ± 13.3% in controls and −29.2 ± 8.5% in obstructed rats). Atropine decreased the MP, but this effect was twofold greater in obstructed animals (−28.1 ± 3.1% and−65.1 ± 6.9% in control and obstructed animals, respectively). However, the combined effect of atropine and suramin was additive in controls but not in obstructed (−56.7 ± 5.4% and −55.9 ± 9.4%, respectively). Similar results were obtained in vitro using 1 μmol/L atropine and 1 mmol/L suramin. In the obstructed bladder dome and bladder neck, we found a great reduction in KCl‐ and carbachol‐induced contractility but no difference in the response to EFS. Responses to noradrenaline and phenylephrine were moderately reduced in the bladder neck only, whereas responses to α, β‐methylene adenosine triphosphate in the bladder dome were not reduced except at the concentration of 300 μmol/L. We conclude that long‐term obstruction in rats could induce cholinergic nerve fiber proliferation as suggested by the decrease in M3 muscarinic receptor contractility (desensitization) and by a greater sensitivity of the MP to atropine. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:142–153, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mismatch between lactate and the apparent diffusion coefficient of water in progressive focal ischemia
Authors: Takegami Tetsuro , Ebisu Toshihiko , Bito Yoshitaka , Hirata Satoshi , Yamamoto Yukari , Tanaka Chuzo , Naruse Shoji , Mineura Katsuyoshi
Published: August 2002

In this study, we examined mismatch in the area indicated by the normal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of water and increased lactate in the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia. Five rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging (DWEPI) and proton echo planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) were performed from 20 to 170 min after MCA occlusion, and lactate and N‐acetyl asparate images were obtained by EPSI. Postmortem histological analysis was also performed. The areas of increased lactate and normal ADC were observed in the surrounding border zone of ischemia at approximately 20 min after MCA occlusion. This initial lactate in the border zone was significantly higher than that in the normal area, but lower than that in the ischemic core, which showed a reduction of ADC. However, this area was progressively involved in the ischemic core at 170 min without any treatment. The lactate–ADC mismatch in the initial period of ischemia may offer unique diagnostic information for ischemic tissue at high risk, followed by progressive involvement in the ischemic core without treatment. Considering that the accumulation of initial lactate in this area was not excessive, our findings may suggest that the lactate–ADC mismatch in the early period of ischemia indicates potentially salvageable tissue at high risk, requiring aggressive treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,­Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

ADC

apparent diffusion coefficient

DWEPI

diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging

EPSI

echo planar spectroscopic imaging

MCA

middle cerebral artery

NAA

N‐acetyl aspartate

PWI

perfusion‐weighted image.
Ischaemic preconditioning in the rat brain: a longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study
Authors: Mullins Paul G. , Reid David G. , Hockings Paul D. , Hadingham Sarah J. , Campbell Colin A. , Chalk Jonathan B. , Doddrell David M.
Published: August 2002

Ischaemic preconditioning in rats was studied using MRI. Ischaemic preconditioning was induced, using an intraluminal filament method, by 30 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and imaged 24 h later. The secondary insult of 100 min MCAO was induced 3 days following preconditioning and imaged 24 and 72 h later. Twenty‐four hours following ischaemic preconditioning most rats showed small sub‐cortical hyperintense regions not seen in sham‐preconditioned rats. Twenty‐four hours and 72 h following the secondary insult preconditioned animals showed significantly smaller lesions (24 h = 112 ± 31 mm3, mean ± standard error; 72 h = 80 ± 35 mm3), which were confined to the striatum, than controls (24 h = 234 ± 32 mm3, p = 0.026; 72 h = 275 ± 37 mm3, p = 0.003). In addition during lesion maturation from 24 to 72 h post‐secondary MCAO, preconditioned rats displayed an average reduction in lesion size as measured by MRI whereas sham‐preconditioned rats displayed increases in lesion size; this is the first report of such differential lesion volume evolution in cerebral ischaemic preconditioning. Copyright ­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

IL‐1b

interleukin‐1b

MCAO

middle cerebral artery occlusion

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

NBF

neutral bufferred formalin

RARE

rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement

T2W

T2 weighted

TE

echo time

TR

repetition time.
MRI of lung parenchyma in rats and mice using a gradient‐echo sequence
Authors: Beckmann Nicolau , Tigani Bruno , Mazzoni Lazzaro , Fozard John R.
Published: August 2002

Signal of lung parenchymal tissue from the living rat and mouse lung was detected at 4.7 T with a good signal‐to‐noise ratio and motion‐suppressed artifacts using a short TE gradient‐echo sequence. Neither cardiac nor respiratory gating were applied, and animals respired freely during data collection. Mean T2* relaxation times of parenchyma in the anterior, middle and posterior regions of both lungs ranged between 403 and 657 µs and 397 and 751 µs, respectively for the rat and mouse. For the rat in the prone position, there was a gradient in T2* values, from the posterior to the anterior regions of both lungs. In the supine position, however, T2* values were larger in the posterior and in the anterior portions. For the mouse in both prone and supine positions, there was a tendential gradient in T2* from the anterior to the posterior portions. The robustness of the approach renders it well suited for routine applications, e.g. in pharmacological studies concerning asthma models in small rodents. The method was applied to lung inflammation models involving challenge with ovalbumin or lipopolysaccharide. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abbreviations used:

ECG

electrocardiogram

HASTE

half‐Fourier single‐shot turbo spin‐echo

i.t.

intra‐tracheal

LPS

lipopolysaccharide

OA

ovalbumin

PET

positron emission tomography

RF

radio‐frequency

SPECT

single‐photon emission computer tomography

SW

sweep width

TE

echo time

TR

repetition time

TSE

turbo spin‐echo
Pathfinding by sensory axons in Drosophila: Substrates and choice points in early lch5 axon outgrowth
Authors: Harris Kerri‐Lee , Whitington Paul M.
Published: August 2002

We have examined the pattern of axon growth from the lateral chordotonal (lch5) neurons in the body wall of the Drosophila embryo and identified cellular substrates and choice points involved in early axon pathfinding by these sensory neurons. At the first choice point (TP1), the lch5 growth cones contact the most distal cells of the spiracular branch (SB) of the trachea. The SB provides a substrate along which the axons extend internally to the level of the intersegmental nerve (ISN). In the absence of the SB, the lch5 axons often stall near TP1 or follow aberrant routes towards the CNS. At the second choice point (TP2), the lch5 growth cones make their first contact with other axons and turn ventrally toward the CNS, fasciculating specifically with the motor axons of the ISN. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 48: 243–255, 2001
Analysis of post‐buckling branches at multiple symmetric bifurcations
Authors: Magnusson Anders
Published: August 2002

A method to analyse and solve symmetric bifurcations by establishing the bifurcation equations using an asymptotic expansion method is presented. The bifurcation equations are obtained using a decomposition of the spaces by means of the theory of Lyapunov–Schmidt. To solve the bifurcation equations an asymptotic expansion method along the lines of Koiter is applied. The expansion is presented in a form suited for implementation in a finite element context. The present paper is focused on the treatment of symmetric multiple bifurcations where new forms of the bifurcation equations are established. The accuracy of the method is verified with three examples. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved three‐node hybrid‐mixed element for Mindlin/Reissner plates
Authors: Ayad Rezak , Rigolot Alain , Talbi Nabyl
Published: August 2002

Based on the mixed shear projected (MiSP) approach [6], an enhanced bending approximation for homogeneous isotropic plates is presented. Some hard benchmark tests, as skew plate (30°) problem for instance, have often shown poor convergence when low order elements (3‐ or 4‐node element) are developed using linear approximations for kinematic variables. To put right this weakness, we propose a high‐order interpolation for rotational dofs which results in more rich bending curvatures. The mid‐side rotational nodes are eliminated using a combination of local discrete kinematic and constitutive Mindlin hypothesises. The derived 3‐node triangular element, called MiSP3+, is free of shear locking and passes all patch‐tests for thick and thin plates in an arbitrary mesh. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multigrid upwind strategy for accelerating steady‐state computations of waves propagating with curvature‐dependent speeds
Authors: Rochez Jonathan , Rodrigue Garry
Published: August 2002

A multigrid strategy using upwind finite differencing is developed for accelerating the steady state computations of waves, [14] propagating with curvature‐dependent speeds. This will allow the rapid computation of a “burn table.” In a high explosive material, a burn table will allow the elimination of solving chemical reaction ODEs by feeding in source terms to the reactive flow equations for solution of the system of ignition of the high explosive material. Standard iterative methods show a quick reduction of the residual followed by a slow final convergence to the solution at high iterations. Such systems, including a nonlinear system such as this, are excellent choices for the use of multigrid methods to speed up convergence. Numerical steady‐state solutions to the eikonal equation on several test grids are conducted. Results are presented for these cases in 2D and a cubic grid in 3D using a Runge‐Kutta time iteration for the smoothing operator until steady state is reached. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 18: 179–192, 2002; DOI 10.1002/num.1002
Measuring health beliefs in Spanish‐speaking Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes: Adapting an existing instrument*
Authors: Brown Sharon A. , Becker Heather A. , Garcia Alexandra A. , Barton Sara A. , Hanis Craig L.
Published: August 2002

Mexican Americans bear a disproportionate burden of type 2 diabetes, and although clinicians and researchers are beginning to develop culturally competent interventions, few instruments are available for measuring variables relevant to health outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of a diabetes‐related health belief instrument translated for use with Spanish‐speaking Mexican Americans. Three hundred and twenty‐six Spanish‐speaking Mexican Americans from Starr County, a Texas–Mexico border community, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes participated in the study. Factor analysis was used to examine the factor structure of the instrument, and reliability testing was conducted to determine the internal consistency of the resulting factors. The final instrument had 25 items with four subscales—Barriers, Social Support for Diet, Impact of Job on Therapy, and Benefits of Therapy—and one item to measure, Control. Internal consistency coefficients for these subscales were .56, .62, .86, and .90, respectively. The translated instrument needs to be tested over time with other Hispanic populations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 25:145–158, 2002
Age profiles of rhino fauna from the Middle Pleistocene Nanjing man site, south China—explained by the rhino specimens of living species
Authors: Tong Haowen
Published: August 2002

A total of 60 pieces of rhino materials have been identified from the Nanjing Man site. Morphologically, they belong to the species Dicerorhinus mercki. Among the materials, 40 pieces are broken bones, and 20 are isolated teeth or jaw bones (totally comprising 41 tooth units). Among the teeth, 74% are deciduous, most of them attached to jaws. Other isolated teeth are not greatly worn, meaning they were not naturally replaced, so they represent juvenile animals. Because the skeletons are completely isolated and most of them are broken, their death can not be attributed to a natural trap. Therefore, it is very probable that hominid activities were associated with rhinos at this site. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using distributed optimal control in economics: A numerical approach based on the finite element method
Authors: Calvo Calzada Elena , Goetz Renan‐Ulrich
Published: August 2002

The finite element method is employed to transform a distributed optimal control problem into a discrete optimization problem which can be solved with standard mathematical techniques. We use distributed optimal control in order to determine the optimal selective logging regime of a privately owned non‐homogeneous forest. This regime has become nowadays a standard approach for the management of public forest. However, resource economists still have not come forward yet with an economic model for this widely applied management technique and base their economic analysis of the optimal management of a homogeneous forest on a clear cutting regime utilizing the Faustmann–Pressler–Ohlin Theorem. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Demographic change and the demand for environmental regulation
Authors: Kahn Matthew E.
Published: August 2002

Environmental regulation in the United States has increased pollution abatement expenditure as a percentage
of gross national product from 1.7 percent in 1972 to an estimated 2.6 percent in the year 2000. This rise in
regulation has coincided with demographic and economic changes that include rising educational levels, a growing
minority population, an aging population, and decreasing employment in polluting industries. This paper examines
whether these trends have contributed to increasing aggregate demand for environmental regulation. New evidence
on voting on environmental ballots in California, local government environmental expenditures across the United
States, and 25 years of congressional voting on environmental issues is examined to document the demographic
correlates of environmental support. Minorities and the more educated are more pro‐green, whereas
manufacturing workers oppose environmental regulation. While demographics help explain observed differences in
environmental support and thus can help predict long trends in the “average voter's”
environmentalism, environmentalism varies substantially year to year unrelated to population demographics.
© 2002 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Synthesis, functionalization and crosslinking reactions of poly[(silylene)‐1,4‐phenylenes] and poly[(silylene)‐2,5‐thienylenes] using silyl triflate intermediates
Authors: Uhlig Wolfram
Published: August 2002

Treatment of silylbis(triflates), RMeSi(OTf)2 (R = p‐anisyl, allyl, NMe2) with 1,4‐bis(bromomagnesium)­benzene and 2,5‐dilithiothiophene, respectively, give poly[(silylene)‐1,4‐phenylenes] and poly[(silylene)‐2,5‐thienylenes] in high yields. The RSi bonds could be cleaved selectively by triflic acid leading to triflate substituted derivatives. Conversions of these compounds with nucleophiles gave novel functionalized polymers. Pt‐catalyzed hydrosilylation reactions between silicon‐vinyl and silicon‐hydrogen derivatives result in polymer networks which may serve as interesting preceramic materials. The structures of the polymers were proven by NMR spectroscopy (29Si, 13C, 1H). Results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), ultraviolet (UV) and conductivity measurements are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of polyorganosiloxane (POS) containing nano‐scale tubular structure and its supramolecular clathrate
Authors: Liu Chunqing , Xie Ping , Dai Daorong , Zhang Rongben , Zhu Chuanfeng , Wang Chen
Published: August 2002

A new polyorganosiloxane (POS) was synthesized successfully according to two plus two (2 + 2) mode by hydrosilylation reaction of reactive cis‐isotactic ladder‐like polyallylsilsesquioxane (Allyl‐T) with coupling agent 1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane (H‐MM) using dicyclopentadienyl‐dichloroplatinium (Cp2PtCl2) as catalyst. Moreover, a novel supramolecular POS clathrate (POS/C) was formed by in situ encapsulating rod‐like liquid crystal molecule within the pore of POS. The Allyl‐T was prepared by stepwise coupling polymerization. A variety of characterization methods including solubility test, FT‐IR, 1H − NMR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) gel permeation chromatography (GPC), vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and molecular simulation not only indicates nano‐scale tubular structures exist in the POS though some defective structures still exist, but also proves that novel soluble supramolecular clathrate has been formed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating HER2 amplification and overexpression in breast cancer
Authors: Bartlett John M. S. , Going James J. , Mallon Elizabeth A. , Watters Amanda D. , Reeves Jonathan R. , Stanton Peter , Richmond Jim , Donald Brian , Ferrier Rhona , Cooke Timothy G.
Published: August 2002

The development of Herceptin (Trazumatab) makes testing for HER2 status important for choosing optimal therapy in breast cancer. This study addresses the precision, accuracy, and reproducibility of HER2 assays. HER2 was assessed retrospectively by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Dako ‘Herceptest’, by IHC with the monoclonal antibody CB11, and by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH, PathVysion), in a series of 216 formalin‐fixed breast carcinomas including 191 for which quantitative HER2 data from radioimmunohistochemistry (Q‐IHC) were available. All tests were scored independently by two observers. Positivity rates varied between Herceptest (12.6%), FISH (19.4%), and CB11 IHC (28.5%). Kappa values showed that IHC‐based tests were more susceptible to inter‐observer variation (κ=0.67 and 0.74 for Herceptest and CB11, respectively) than FISH (κ=0.973). Overall test accuracy (see the Materials and methods section) for CB11 IHC (83.8%) was lower than Herceptest (87.4%) or FISH (93.2%). FISH predicted p185 HER2 overexpression (determined by Q‐IHC) better (concordance index C.Ind. 0.90) than CB11 IHC (C.Ind.=0.85) or Herceptest (C.Ind.=0.81). Of 42 cases with gene amplification by FISH, 67% were positive in the Herceptest (2+ or 3+) vs. 83% with CB11. Of 174 cases negative by FISH, 96% were negative in the Herceptest and 68% with CB11. In conclusion, FISH is the most accurate, reproducible, and precise predictor of HER2 overexpression in routine diagnostic laboratories. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.