bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Konstruktionsdannelse som grammering
En teoretisk udvidelse af begrebet grammatikalisering.
Sanse- og meningsverbers syntaktiske konstruktionsudvikling i fransk
Authors: Kragh Kirsten Jeppesen
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Homogenitet og inkorporering i spansk (og dansk)
Authors: Müller Henrik Høeg
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Selv-studier
Authors: Jensen Eva Skafte
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Nominalkomposition i spansk sammenholdt med dansk
Authors: Müller Henrik Høeg
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Italiensk sprogbrug. Et referenceværk for danske specialister i italiensk sprog
Authors: Skytte Gunver , Jensen Bente Lihn , Korzen Iørn
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Perceptionsverbernes komplementeringsmønstre på fransk og italiensk
Authors: Kragh Kirsten Jeppesen , Strudsholm Erling
Published: December 2017

[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]
Det attributive adjektivs placering på fransk
Authors: Nølke Henning
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Topologikapitlet i den Tyske Grammatik
Authors: Colliander Peter
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Frie prædikativer på dansk og fransk
En kontrastiv analyse af en problematisk ledtype
Authors: Korzen Hanne
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Vaghed som høflighedsstrategi:
brugen af un peu og quelque part i talt fransk, sammenlignet med dansk
Authors: Andersen Hanne Leth
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Positivled, antiled og komitativled i dansk
Authors: Heltoft Lars
Published: December 2017

”[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]”
Procédés d’inversion chez Poulain de la Barre : pour un concept d’efféminage
Authors: Pellegrin Marie-Frédérique
Published: December 2017

Poulain de la Barre fait un usage original des procédés d’inversion (utopies et autres mondes à l’envers) tels qu’on les trouve en littérature et en philosophie, afin de démontrer l’égalité des sexes. Chez lui, l’inversion des valeurs ne vise pas seulement à remettre en cause le bien-fondé de la domination masculine et à louer une supériorité féminine en matière de moeurs et d’intelligence. Cette inversion entend abolir toute hiérarchisation entre les sexes. Tout d’abord l’auteur émancipe le genre du sexe (il y a des hommes mous et des femmes viriles, telles les amazones). Ensuite il prône un efféminage de tous les êtres humains. Le concept d’efféminage que nous forgeons est à distinguer de celui d’efféminement, qui implique l’idée d’une féminisation au sens d’une inclination vers des valeurs considérées comme féminines d’un point de vue culturel. L’efféminage est une prescription morale et sociale à devenir femme au sens d’un retour à l’état prélapsaire parfait dont les femmes sont plus héritières que les hommes car elles ont moins été touchées par le péché originel. L’efféminage ne consiste donc pas à devenir femme au sens d’une simple féminisation — sociale — des moeurs. L’efféminage fait signe vers l’égalité et non vers une supériorité féminine que sous-entend l’impératif d’efféminement. Le concept d’efféminage permet donc de penser, de manière explicite, le genre contre le sexe, non pas comme inversion mais comme construction ou plutôt reconstruction d’une autre nature humaine.
Secrétariat, collaboration et auto-publication dans la France révolutionnaire
Authors: Bergès Sandrine
Published: December 2017

Comment publier ses écrits lorsqu’on est une femme française du dix-huitième siècle ? C’est une question que les femmes philosophes engagées de l’époque de la Révolution sont forcées de se poser : contribuer aux débats politiques aura peut-être un effet salutaire sur la place de la femme dans la société à venir.

Mais qui voudra dépenser de l’argent pour promulguer les écrits de celles qui ne pourront pas les défendre à l’Assemblée, puisqu’elles ne sont pas citoyennes ?

Je proposerai trois modèles : celui de Madame Roland qui se présenta longtemps comme la compagne et secrétaire de son mari, et qui pourtant écrivit ses discours les plus importants ; celui de Sophie de Grouchy, qui collabora avec son mari Condorcet mais ne put publier ses propres écrits qu’après la Révolution ; enfin celui d’Olympe de Gouges, qui paya elle-même l’impression et la diffusion de ses nombreux écrits. Malgré leurs efforts, ces femmes furent remises à leur place plus ou moins violemment par une société révolutionnaire qui n’acceptait pas qu’elles puissent participer à ses réformes.
Effects of two types of low impact physical training on screen time among overweight adolescents
Authors: Magalhães Rafael De Lima , Santos Natalia Soares dos , Costa Roberto Fernandes da , Bones Vitória , Kruel Luis Fernando Martins
Published: December 2017

Introduction: The time that adolescents spend in front of some screen as TV, computer, video games and mobile phones, has been considered a risk factor for obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases.Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of two types of low impact training on the screen time and the BMI of overweight adolescents.Methods: Sixty-seven adolescents were allocated into three groups: control group (CG); hydrogimnastic (HG); and jump (JG). The three groups had a weekly session of nutritional guidance; Additionally, the HG and JG trained 12 weeks with three weekly sessions ranging between 24 and 32 minutes as stage periodization training with hydrogimnastic and jump, respectively. Anthropometric measurements were performed, and screen time through a questionnaire created for this study in order to identify the amount of hours that adolescents passed in front of a screen. The questionnaire was carried out before and after the training period, as well as anthropometric assessments.Results: There was no difference pre and post-intervention in screen time for the three groups, however, there was a decrease in BMI in both exercise groups of the pre-training period for post-training.Conclusion: There was no reduction of the screen time, however the BMI decreased in the exercise groups.
Low birth weight, family income and paternal absence as risk factors in neuropsychomotor development
Authors: Araujo Luize Bueno , Mélo Tainá Ribas , Israel Vera Lúcia
Published: December 2017

Introduction: The first years of life are crucial to neuropsychomotor development (NPMD), during this period children are susceptible to organic, environmental or activity-related influences that may represent protective or risk factors towards full development, with potential lifelong repercussions.Objective: This study aimed to investigate and verify the risk factors in the neuropsychomotor development (NPMD) of children aged from zero to three years, attending public early childhood education centers.Methods: Cross-sectional study, contextual approach – based on ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) –, Denver II developmental screening test and additional assessments about nutritional status. For the analysis, a logistic regression was performed. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) concerning body functions and structure (evaluation questionnaire), activity and participation (evaluation of NPMD in school), personal factors (family characteristics), and environmental factors (characteristics of the ECECs) were considered for the evaluation phase. The instruments consisted of a questionnaire containing items to elicit information about the child, including current, neonatal and family traits.  For the evaluation DPMD, the Denver II test was used.  Inter- and intra-rater reliability was established using Cohen's kappa, and data subsequently submitted to stepwise (backward) regression analysis using a Logit model, using binary responses. The construction of an ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) to define the explanatory profile of the model built also was included, in addition to the calculation of the Odds Ratio (OR), the odds of chance occurrence the association of a given variable with DPMD.Results: NPMD was within the normal parameters, in 68.8% (n = 53) and risk of delays was in 31.2% (n = 24). The area with the best performance was the fine motor-adaptive (3.75%) and the most questionable one was the language (57.5%). It was verified that 48% (n=37) of the children had normal weight while 52% (n = 40) presented some nutritional risk. Low birth weight (OR = 181), monthly family income (OR = 9) and paternal absence (OR = 34) were statistically significant factors on the risk of NPMD delays.Conclusion: low birth weight, family income and paternal absence are factors associated with risks of NPMD delays. These findings reinforce the systemic and multifactorial nature of NPMD and emphasize the need for monitoring and formulating public policies -- especially the ones dedicated to children with low income conditions --, which could contribute to the full development of children, since public early childhood education centers should be transforming agents in the quality of child development.
Extraskeletal Chondroma with Concomitant Arthrosis of the Foot at the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint
Authors: Prins Dustin , Fuchs Lisa
Published: December 2017

Extraskeletal chondroma is a benign tumor that is found most often in the fingers but can be found in the feet as well. A symptom of this lesion is pressure from the slow-growing mass. We present the case of a 58-year-old woman who presented with an extraskeletal chondroma in the plantar aspect of the left first metatarsophalangeal joint with concomitant symptomatic arthrosis at the joint. Operative treatment was excision of the lesion in addition to arthrodesis of the joint attributable to the presence of symptomatic arthrosis. The patient was seen approximately 1 year postoperatively and had no postoperative complications. Distinction between extraskeletal chondromas and other lesions, such as extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcomas, is critical because delayed treatment of the latter has the propensity to lead to detriment to the patient. Therefore, proper diagnosis is critical.
Risk Factors for Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Ertugrul Bulent M. , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Ture Mevlut , Sakarya Serhan
Published: December 2017

Background:

Selecting empirical therapy for a diabetic foot infection (DFI) requires knowing how likely infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is in a particular patient. We designed this study to define the risk factors associated with P aeruginosa in DFI.

Methods:

We performed a preplanned microbiological subanalysis of data from a study assessing the effects of treatment with intralesional epidermal growth factor for diabetic foot wounds in patients in Turkey between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2013. Patients were screened for risk factors, and the data of enrolled individuals were recorded in custom-designed patient data forms. Factors affecting P aeruginosa isolation were evaluated by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, with statistical significance set at P < .05.

Results:

There were 174 patients enrolled in the main study. Statistical analysis was performed in 90 evaluable patients for whom we had microbiological assessments. Cultures were sterile in 19 patients, and 89 bacterial isolates were found in the other 71. The most frequently isolated bacteria were P aeruginosa (n = 23, 25.8%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 12, 13.5%). Previous lower-extremity amputation and a history of using active wound dressings were the only statistically significant independent risk factors for the isolation of P aeruginosa in these DFIs.

Conclusions:

This retrospective study provides some information on risk factors for infection with this difficult pathogen in patients with DFI. We need prospective studies in various parts of the world to better define this issue.
The Rare Lesser Metatarsal Bipartite Sesamoid
Authors: Hood Christopher R. , Miller Jason R. , Eldridge Stephanie , Tran Matthew
Published: December 2017

Sesamoid bones and accessory ossicles are common incidental findings on radiographs. These can occasionally become symptomatic, usually after a precipitating event such as an injury or overuse, or they can be incidental findings unrelated to the presenting pathology. The aim of this study was to highlight a rare case of a bipartite fifth metatarsal sesamoid bone and to review previous literature regarding sesamoid bones and accessory ossicles.
The CDK-PLK1 axis targets the DNA damage checkpoint sensor protein RAD9 to promote cell proliferation and tolerance to genotoxic stress
Authors: Wakida Takeshi , Ikura Masae , Kuriya Kenji , Ito Shinji , Shiroiwa Yoshiharu , Habu Toshiyuki , Kawamoto Takuo , Okumura Katsuzumi , Ikura Tsuyoshi , Furuya Kanji
Published: December 2017

Genotoxic stress causes proliferating cells to activate the DNA damage checkpoint, to assist DNA damage recovery by slowing cell cycle progression. Thus, to drive proliferation, cells must tolerate DNA damage and suppress the checkpoint response. However, the mechanism underlying this negative regulation of checkpoint activation is still elusive. We show that human Cyclin-Dependent-Kinases (CDKs) target the RAD9 subunit of the 9-1-1 checkpoint clamp on Thr292, to modulate DNA damage checkpoint activation. Thr292 phosphorylation on RAD9 creates a binding site for Polo-Like-Kinase1 (PLK1), which phosphorylates RAD9 on Thr313. These CDK-PLK1-dependent phosphorylations of RAD9 suppress checkpoint activation, therefore maintaining high DNA synthesis rates during DNA replication stress. Our results suggest that CDK locally initiates a PLK1-dependent signaling response that antagonizes the ability of the DNA damage checkpoint to detect DNA damage. These findings provide a mechanism for the suppression of DNA damage checkpoint signaling, to promote cell proliferation under genotoxic stress conditions.
Severe infections emerge from commensal bacteria by adaptive evolution
Authors: Young Bernadette C , Wu Chieh-Hsi , Gordon N Claire , Cole Kevin , Price James R , Liu Elian , Sheppard Anna E , Perera Sanuki , Charlesworth Jane , Golubchik Tanya , Iqbal Zamin , Bowden Rory , Massey Ruth C , Paul John , Crook Derrick W , Peto Timothy E , Walker A Sarah , Llewelyn Martin J , Wyllie David H , Wilson Daniel J
Published: December 2017

Bacteria responsible for the greatest global mortality colonize the human microbiota far more frequently than they cause severe infections. Whether mutation and selection among commensal bacteria are associated with infection is unknown. We investigated de novo mutation in 1163 Staphylococcus aureus genomes from 105 infected patients with nose colonization. We report that 72% of infections emerged from the nose, with infecting and nose-colonizing bacteria showing parallel adaptive differences. We found 2.8-to-3.6-fold adaptive enrichments of protein-altering variants in genes responding to rsp, which regulates surface antigens and toxin production; agr, which regulates quorum-sensing, toxin production and abscess formation; and host-derived antimicrobial peptides. Adaptive mutations in pathogenesis-associated genes were 3.1-fold enriched in infecting but not nose-colonizing bacteria. None of these signatures were observed in healthy carriers nor at the species-level, suggesting infection-associated, short-term, within-host selection pressures. Our results show that signatures of spontaneous adaptive evolution are specifically associated with infection, raising new possibilities for diagnosis and treatment.
Solar flower power
Authors: Bing Julia , Kessler Danny
Published: December 2017

Bumblebees use invisible temperature patterns on flowers to make foraging decisions.
The Influence of the Andalusi Muashah on the Troubadour Poetry
Authors: Khalafat Khaled S.
Published: December 2017

This study investigated the relationship between the Andalusi Muashah and the Troubadour that appeared in the eleventh century in southern France with the coexistence of the Arab Islamic presence in Andalusia where the Andalusi Muashah appeared in the fourth century AH. The study also examined the different perspectives about the origins of the Troubadour, and how the Andalusi Muashah reached this type of poetry. Besides, the present study further shed light on the structure of the Andalusi Muashah and the Troubadourian poems, thus presenting the overlapping between these two literary genres in terms of form, structure and divisions.
Ezra Pound and Du Fu: Gazing at Mt. Tai
Authors: Su Kent
Published: December 2017

Confined to a six-by-six-foot outdoor steel cage, Ezra Pound saw a series of mountain hills from a few miles to the east of Pisa. The poet compared one of these small 800-metre hills to the sacred Chinese Mt. Tai, which becomes the most common geographical name in The Pisan Cantos. Pound’s poetic summoning of this particular mountain is related to the fact that Mt. Tai is historically and culturally connected to the philosophy of Confucius, who personally ascended the mountain several times. Pound, as a devout Confucian disciple, closely follows the philosophical doctrines and attempts to mentally trace the footsteps of Confucius. This paper will argue how Pound’s poetic evocation of the mountain shares a striking similarity to an eighth-century Chinese poem called “Gazing at Mt. Tai,” which was written by the famous literatus - Du Fu 杜甫(712 – 770 ). In spite of living in two completely different eras and countries, Pound’s and Du Fu’s reference to Mt. Tai demonstrates the confluence of their poetic spirits. Neither of them ascended mountain personally. They instead made use of their poetic imagination to follow the paths of Confucius and perceived the mountain as an earthly paradise, one which represents tranquillity and serenity away from the moral and physical corruption of the external world.
Knowledge and the Ends of Empire
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This book investigates the connections between knowledge production and policy formation on the Kazak steppes of the Russian Empire. Hoping to better govern the region, tsarist officials were desperate to obtain reliable information about an unfamiliar environment and population. This created opportunities for Kazak intermediaries to represent themselves and their landscape to the tsarist state. Because tsarist officials were uncertain of what the steppe was, and disagreed on what could be made of it, Kazaks were able to be part of these debates, at times influencing the policies that were pursued. This book tells a story that highlights the contingencies of and opportunities for cooperation with imperial rule. Kazak intermediaries were at first able to put forward their own idiosyncratic views on whether the steppe was to be Muslim or secular, whether it should be a center of stock-raising or of agriculture, and the extent to which local institutions needed to give way to imperial institutions. It was when the tsarist state was most confident in its knowledge of the steppe that it committed its gravest errors by alienating Kazak intermediaries and placing unbearable stresses on pastoral nomads. From the 1890s on, when the dominant visions in St. Petersburg were of large-scale peasant colonization of the steppe and its transformation into a hearth of sedentary agriculture, the same local knowledge that Kazaks had used to negotiate tsarist rule was transformed into a language of resistance.
Seeing Like a Half-Blind State
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the geography and environment of the Central Eurasian steppe and the basics of nomadic society during the period 1731–1840s. It draws on three bibliographical sources: Sredniaia Aziia i vodvorenie v nei russkoi grazhdanstvennosti (Central Asia and the establishment in it of Russian civil order); Turkestanskii sbornik (Turkestan collection); and an index to work on the Kazaks compiled by the ethnographer Aleksei Nikolaevich Kharuzin, published in 1891. Based on these sources, it can be deduced that the beginning of the Kazak steppe's incorporation into the Russian Empire can be dated to the early 1730s. The chapter shows that beyond its status as a political term, “Kazak steppe” had both geographic and ethnographic connotations. It concludes with a discussion of pastoral nomadism's status in Kazak life.
Conclusion
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This conclusion summarizes the book's main findings about the role of knowledge production and policy formation on the Kazak steppes of the Russian Empire. It highlights a strikingly common formulation among Kazak intermediaries of the long nineteenth century: the Kazak steppe and its inhabitants were in a “transitional state.” It shows that for Kazaks, the source of their problems lay in a variety of factors, from moral crisis to a failure of economic modernization, Europeanization, and the spread of a purified, modernist Islam. It also considers how mass peasant resettlement became the essential condition of tsarist policy on the steppe and how rapid resettlement affected Kazaks. Finally, it examines how bureaucrats and intermediaries who could envision many transitional states combined local and metropolitan knowledge in idiosyncratic ways to advance their views.
Wisconsin and Beyond
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the legislative attacks on the public sector aimed at eliminating employee union rights and slashing public services. Corporate lobbies and their legislative allies saw the 2010 elections as an opportunity to restructure labor relations, political power, and the size of government. With no guarantee that their dominance would last into the future, the 2011–2012 legislatures were driven by an urgency to pursue ambitious reforms while it was politically feasible. The chapter analyzes the extent of this legislative offensive as well as its underlying motives and ultimate objectives. It also asks why large, private corporations would spend significant time, money, and energy fighting public employee unions in Wisconsin or Ohio, and whether public employees are to blame for state budget deficits. Finally, it discusses the political and economic impacts of antiunionism and who benefited from cutting public employee compensation and pensions.
Populist Pushback and the Shrinking of Democracy
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

This concluding chapter examines the political dynamics that pit growing populist sentiment against increasing corporate dominance, particularly at the state level. It explains what the corporate agenda is not, arguing that the same corporate lobbies that are leading the charge against public employee unions are also at the forefront of the campaign against issues such as minimum wage, entitlements to overtime or sick leave, and occupational safety. It discusses the pattern of business-backed legislation, highlighting the many contradictions in the corporate agenda. It also considers how the success of the corporate lobbies has contributed to economic decline and political turmoil. Finally, it assesses public opinion against the business elites' platform as well as corporate lobbies' efforts to protect their privilege by attempting to shrink the scope of democracy; for example, by supporting preemption statutes.
The Currency of Confidence
Authors: Nelson Stephen C.
Published: December 2017

This book suggests that the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a purposive actor in world politics, primarily driven by a set of homogenous economic ideas, with professional staff who emerged from an insular set of American-trained economists. The IMF treats countries differently depending on whether that staff trusts the country's top officials; that trust in turn depends on the educational credentials of the policy team that Fund officials face across the negotiating table. Intellectual differences thus lead to lasting economic effects for the citizens of countries seeking IMF support. Based on deep archival research in IMF archives and personnel files, the book argues that the IMF has been the Johnny Appleseed of neoliberalism: neoliberal policymakers sprout and take root in countries that have spent recent decades living under the Fund's conditional lending arrangements. The book's argument is supported through quantitative measures and illustrates the dynamics of relations between the Fund and client countries in a detailed examination of newly available archives of four periods in Argentina's long and often bitter relations with the IMF.
Introduction
Authors: Pelkmans Mathijs
Published: December 2017

This book examines ideational power by focusing on the energy and momentum that are built into “flashes of conviction.” The discussion centers on the affective dimension of collective ideas and on how ideology comes to matter in the lives of people. Using the concept of conviction, the book analyzes the fluctuating intensity and quality of attitudes, motivations, and beliefs. It looks at different examples of conviction with particular emphasis on the impulses and resonances generated by assertions of truth. These topics are explored in the context of post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan, and particularly in the mining town of Kokjangak, at a time of economic collapse and political turmoil. This introduction explains how the concepts of conviction and ideology are employed in order to lay the foundations for the conceptual framework developed in this book.
Shattered Transition
Authors: Pelkmans Mathijs
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines shifts in Kyrgyzstan's ideological landscape. It considers public events that are suggestive of the rhythms of Kyrgyz political life, and the issues that fueled collective action, along with the more slow-paced ideological currents that informed them. To gain an overview of these slower trends, three statues that successively occupied the Ala-Too Square's central 15-meter-high pedestal are discussed: the statue of Vladimir Lenin, the Erkindik (Liberty) statue, and the statute of the national hero Manas. The chapter also discusses the trajectories of socialism, (neo) liberalism, and nationalism in the post-Soviet period and explores how these ideologies translated into political practice, along with the tensions between rhetoric and reality that has characterized Kyrgyzstan's so-called transition. By connecting the succession of statues to the political events unfolding on the Ala-Too Square and beyond, the chapter shows how Kyrgyzstan's unraveling transition became interspersed with recurrent eruptions of political turmoil.
Condition of Uncertainty
Authors: Pelkmans Mathijs
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines both the absence of ideology and its hesitant return in Kyrgyzstan, with particular emphasis on hopeless situations and the concomitant glimmering of hope. Focusing on the inhabitants of Kokjangak, a destitute former mining town and urban wasteland, it explores how political-economic transformation and urban decline affect the ways people deal with questions of existence; for example, how to survive, what to do, who and what to trust, what to believe. The chapter first provides a (pre-)historic overview of Kokjangak and describes how it turned into one of the poorest settlements in Jalalabad Province after the collapse of the USSR. It shows how the condition of uncertainty in Kokjangak paved the way for an apparent openness to new ideologies, but this openness was coupled with reticence, a curiosity matched with suspicion, all of which resonated with the landscape.
Conclusion
Authors: Pelkmans Mathijs
Published: December 2017

This book has studied the relationship between sociopolitical instability and conviction by focusing on how secular and religious collective ideas fared in conditions of existential uncertainty in Kokjangak. It has also examined the precarious attempts of “secularists” to position themselves between fading Soviet atheism and assertions of new forms of religiosity and how spiritual practitioners who were sometimes labeled “shamans” operated in unpredictable spiritual fields. This conclusion considers the pulsation and dynamics of conviction and introduces a conceptual framework to show how collective ideas gain and lose force. The term “pulsation” emphasizes impermanence and fluctuation as key characteristics of ideational power. Three aspects of pulsation are discussed involving hope, tension, and effervescence: voicing, responding, and reverberating, respectively.
Margery Kempe and the Lonely Reader
Authors: Krug Rebecca
Published: December 2017

Since its rediscovery in 1934, the fifteenth-century Book of Margery Kempe has become a canonical text for students of medieval Christian mysticism and spirituality. Its author was a fifteenth-century English laywoman who, after the birth of her first child, experienced vivid religious visions and vowed to lead a deeply religious life while remaining part of the secular world. After twenty years, Kempe began to compose with the help of scribes a book of consolation, a type of devotional writing found in late medieval religious culture that taught readers how to find spiritual comfort and how to feel about one's spiritual life. This book shows how and why Kempe wrote her Book, arguing that in her engagement with written culture she discovered a desire to experience spiritual comfort and to interact with fellow believers who also sought to live lives of intense emotional engagement. An unlikely candidate for authorship in the late medieval period given her gender and lack of formal education, Kempe wrote her Book as a revisionary act. This book shows how the Book reinterprets concepts from late medieval devotional writing (comfort, despair, shame, fear, and loneliness) in its search to create a spiritual community that reaches out to and includes Kempe, her friends, family, advisers, and potential readers. It offers a fresh analysis of the Book as a written work and draws attention to the importance of reading, revision, and collaboration for understanding both Kempe's particular decision to write and the social conditions of late medieval women's authorship.
Afterword
Authors: Krug Rebecca
Published: December 2017

This concluding chapter expands on the arguments provided in the previous chapters and goes on to give a further explanation on the reasons why Kempe's Book is written in the way it is. It identifies the theoretical concepts which informed the author's reading of the Book and how language and emotion have shaped it. Kempe was familiar with a range of literary and linguistic forms, and much of her knowledge must have come through informal channels. The chapter shows how she was able to incorporate various literary sources into her work, at times even reframing them, into personalized literary expressions. From here, the chapter considers the comfort which the Book itself offers Kempe and her readers.
The Despot's Guide to Wealth Management
Authors: Sharman J. C.
Published: December 2017

An unprecedented new international moral and legal rule forbids one state from hosting money stolen by the leaders of another state. The aim is to counter grand corruption or kleptocracy (“rule by thieves”), when leaders of poorer countries loot billions of dollars at the expense of their own citizens. This money tends to end up hosted in rich countries. These host states now have a duty to block, trace, freeze, and seize these illicit funds and hand them back to the countries from which they were stolen. This book asks how this anti-kleptocracy regime came about, how well it is working, and how it could work better. Although there have been some real achievements, the international campaign against grand corruption has run into major obstacles. The vested interests of banks, lawyers, and even law enforcement often favor turning a blind eye to foreign corruption proceeds. Recovering and returning looted assets is a long, complicated, and expensive process. The book calls for better policing, preventative measures, and use of gatekeepers like bankers, lawyers, and real estate agents. It also recommends giving nongovernmental organizations and for-profit firms more scope to independently investigate corruption and seize stolen assets.
Association between genetic polymorphisms of the IL28B gene and leukomonocyte in Chinese hepatitis B virus-infected individuals
Authors: Song Yuzhu , Shen Yunsong , Xia Xueshan , Zhang A-Mei
Published: December 2017

Background

Hepatitis B infection is one of the most severe hepatic diseases in China. Thus, understanding the genetic pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected individuals is important. Although no consistent result is obtained in different populations, HBV treatment effect is reportedly associated with the IL28B gene.

Methods

To investigate the role of the IL28B gene in HBV-infected individuals in Yunnan, China, we screened genotypes of three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, rs12979860, rs8099917, and rs12980275) in HBV-infected individuals and general controls by using SnapShot and sequencing.

Results

Results showed no significant difference was found in genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes frequency between the HBV-infected individuals and controls. After dividing the HBV-infected individuals into patients in acute infection, chronic HBV patients, and patients undergoing convalescence, the genotype GT (P = 0.033) and allele G (P = 0.038) of rs8099917 showed statistically higher frequency in the acutely infectious individuals than in the HBV patients undergoing convalescence. HBV viral load was higher in the acutely infectious patients than in the chronic infection group. Strikingly, we found that leukomonocyte (LYM) level was associated with SNPs in the IL28B gene. In addition, the LYM levels were lower in the HBV-infected individuals with genotype CC of rs12979860 and AA of rs12980275 than in the patients with other genotypes of these two SNPs.

Conclusion

Our results suggested genetic polymorphisms of the IL28B gene were associated with LYM level of HBV-infected individuals.
The first observations ofIschnochiton(Mollusca, Polyplacophora) movement behaviour, with comparison between habitats differing in complexity
Authors: Liversage Kiran , Benkendorff Kirsten
Published: December 2017

Most species ofIschnochitonare habitat specialists and are almost always found underneath unstable marine hard-substrata such as boulders. The difficulty of experimenting on these chitons without causing disturbance means little is known about their ecology despite their importance as a group that often contributes greatly to coastal species diversity. In the present study we measured among-boulder distributional patterns ofIschnochiton smaragdinus, and used time-lapse photography to quantify movement behaviours within different habitat types (pebble substrata and rock-platform). In intertidal rock-pools in South Australia,I. smaragdinuswere significantly overdispersed among boulders, as most boulders had few individuals but a small proportion harboured large populations.I. smaragdinusindividuals emerge from underneath boulders during nocturnal low-tides and move amongst the inter-boulder matrix (pebbles or rock-platform). Seventy-two percent of chitons in the pebble matrix did not move from one pebble to another within the periods of observation (55–130 min) but a small proportion moved across as many as five pebbles per hour, indicating a capacity for adults to migrate among disconnected habitat patches. Chitons moved faster and movement paths were less tortuous across rock-platform compared to pebble substrata, which included more discontinuities among substratum patches. Overall, we show that patterns of distribution at the boulder-scale, such as the observed overdispersion, must be set largely by active dispersal of adults across the substratum, and that differing substratum-types may affect the degree of adult dispersal for this and possibly other under-boulder chiton species.
Elasticity of Orthoenstatite at High Pressure and Temperature: Implications for the Origin of Low VP/VS Zones in the Mantle Wedge
Authors: Qian Wangsheng , Wang Wenzhong , Zou Fan , Wu Zhongqing
Published: December 2017

Orthopyroxene (opx) is an important mineral in petrologic models for the upper mantle. Its elastic properties are fundamental for understanding the chemical composition and geodynamics of the upper mantle. Here we calculate the elastic properties of orthoenstatite (MgSiO3), the Mg end‐member orthopyroxene under upper mantle pressure and temperature conditions using first principle calculations with local density approximation. Bulk and shear moduli increase nonlinearly with pressure at mantle temperatures, but the shear modulus and VS show very weak pressure dependence in comparison with VP. Compared to other major minerals in the upper mantle, orthoenstatite has the lowest compressional velocities (VP), shear velocities (VS), and VP/VS ratio down to the depth of approximately 300 km. The enrichment of opx in the upper mantle can cause the unusually low VP/VS observed in the mantle wedge.
Atmospheric CO2 Observations Reveal Strong Correlation Between Regional Net Biospheric Carbon Uptake and Solar‐Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence
Authors: Shiga Yoichi P. , Tadić Jovan M. , Qiu Xuemei , Yadav Vineet , Andrews Arlyn E. , Berry Joseph A. , Michalak Anna M.
Published: December 2017

Recent studies have shown the promise of remotely sensed solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in informing terrestrial carbon exchange, but analyses have been limited to either plot level (~1 km2) or hemispheric/global (~108 km2) scales due to the lack of a direct measure of carbon exchange at intermediate scales. Here we use a network of atmospheric CO2 observations over North America to explore the value of SIF for informing net ecosystem exchange (NEE) at regional scales. We find that SIF explains space‐time NEE patterns at regional (~100 km2) scales better than a variety of other vegetation and climate indicators. We further show that incorporating SIF into an atmospheric inversion leads to a spatial redistribution of NEE estimates over North America, with more uptake attributed to agricultural regions and less to needleleaf forests. Our results highlight the synergy of ground‐based and spaceborne carbon cycle observations.
Automatic calculation of patient size metrics in computed tomography: What level of computational accuracy do we need?
Authors: Sarmento Sandra , Mendes Bruno , Gouvêa Margarida
Published: December 2017

Objectives

To compare the effectiveness of two different patient size metrics based on water equivalent diameter (Dw), the mid‐scan water equivalent diameter Dw_c, and the mean (average) water equivalent diameter in the imaged region, Dw_ave, for automatic detection of accidental changes in computed tomography (CT) acquisition protocols.

Methods

Patient biometric data (height and weight) were available from a previous survey for 80 adult chest examinations, and 119 adult single‐acquisition chest–abdomen–pelvis (CAP) examinations for two 16 slice scanners (GE LightSpeed and Toshiba Aquilion RXL) equipped with automatic tube current modulation (ATCM). Dw_c and Dw_ave were calculated from the archived CT images. Size‐specific dose estimates (SSDE) were obtained from volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), using the conversion factors for a patient diameter of Dw_c.

Results

CTDIvol and SSDE correlate better with Dw_ave than with Dw_c. R‐squared values of linear fits to CTDIvol of CAP examinations were 0.81–0.89 for Dw_c and 0.93–0.94 for Dw_ave (SSDE: 0.69–080 for Dw_c, 0.87–0.92 for Dw_ave). Percentage differences between Dw_c and Dw_ave were −4 ± 4% for chest and +5 ± 4% for CAP examinations (in % of Dw_ave). However, small Dw variations translated as larger variations in CTDIvol for these ATCM systems (e.g., a 24% increase in Dw doubled CTDIvol). The dependence of CTDIvol on Dw_ave was similar for chest and CAP examinations performed with similar ATCM parameters, while use of Dw_c resulted in a clear separation of the same data according to examination type. Maximum Dw variation in the imaged region was 5.6 ± 1.6 cm for chest and 6.5 ± 1.4 cm for CAP examinations.

Conclusions

Dw_ave is a better metric than Dw_c for binning similar‐sized patients in dose comparison studies, despite the additional computational effort required for its calculation Therefore, when implementing automatic determination of Dw for SSDE calculations, automatic calculation of Dw_ave should be considered.
3D Electrophoresis‐Assisted Lithography (3DEAL): 3D Molecular Printing to Create Functional Patterns and Anisotropic Hydrogels
Authors: Aguilar Juan P. , Lipka Michal , Primo Gastón A. , Licon‐Bernal Edxon E. , Fernández‐Pradas Juan M. , Yaroshchuk Andriy , Albericio Fernando , Mata Alvaro
Published: December 2017

The ability to easily generate anisotropic hydrogel environments made from functional molecules with microscale resolution is an exciting possibility for the biomaterials community. This study reports a novel 3D electrophoresis‐assisted lithography (3DEAL) platform that combines elements from proteomics, biotechnology, and microfabrication to print well‐defined 3D molecular patterns within hydrogels. The potential of the 3DEAL platform is assessed by patterning immunoglobulin G, fibronectin, and elastin within nine widely used hydrogels and characterizing pattern depth, resolution, and aspect ratio. Furthermore, the technique's versatility is demonstrated by fabricating complex patterns including parallel and perpendicular columns, curved lines, gradients of molecular composition, and patterns of multiple proteins ranging from tens of micrometers to centimeters in size and depth. The functionality of the printed molecules is assessed by culturing NIH‐3T3 cells on a fibronectin‐patterned polyacrylamide‐collagen hydrogel and selectively supporting cell growth. 3DEAL is a simple, accessible, and versatile hydrogel‐patterning platform based on controlled molecular printing that may enable the development of tunable, chemically anisotropic, and hierarchical 3D environments.
High‐Performance Photo‐Electrochemical Photodetector Based on Liquid‐Exfoliated Few‐Layered InSe Nanosheets with Enhanced Stability
Authors: Li Zhongjun , Qiao Hui , Guo Zhinan , Ren Xiaohui , Huang Zongyu , Qi Xiang , Dhanabalan Sathish Chander , Ponraj Joice Sophia , Zhang Du , Li Jianqing , Zhao Jinlai , Zhong Jianxin , Zhang Han
Published: December 2017

The band gap of few‐layered 2D material is one of the significant issues for the application of practical devices. Due to the outstanding electrical transport property and excellent photoresponse, 2D InSe has recently attracted rising attention. Herein, few‐layered InSe nanosheets with direct band gap are delivered by a facile liquid‐phase exfoliation approach. We have synthesized a photoelectrochemical (PEC)‐type few‐layered InSe photodetector that exhibits high photocurrent density, responsivity, and stable cycling ability in KOH solution under the irradiation of sunlight. The detective ability of such PEC InSe photodetector can be conveniently tuned by varying the concentration of KOH and applied potential suggesting that the present device can be a fitting candidate as an excellent photodetector. Moreover, extendable optimization of the photodetection performance on InSe nanosheets would further enhance the potential of the prepared InSe in other PEC‐type devices such as dye‐sensitized solar cells, water splitting systems, and solar tracking equipment.
Hollow TiO2@Co9S8 Core–Branch Arrays as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Efficient Oxygen/Hydrogen Production
Authors: Deng Shengjue , Zhong Yu , Zeng Yinxiang , Wang Yadong , Wang Xiuli , Lu Xihong , Xia Xinhui , Tu Jiangping
Published: December 2017

Designing ever more efficient and cost‐effective bifunctional electrocatalysts for oxygen/hydrogen evolution reactions (OER/HER) is greatly vital and challenging. Here, a new type of binder‐free hollow TiO2@Co9S8 core–branch arrays is developed as highly active OER and HER electrocatalysts for stable overall water splitting. Hollow core–branch arrays of TiO2@Co9S8 are readily realized by the rational combination of crosslinked Co9S8 nanoflakes on TiO2 core via a facile and powerful sulfurization strategy. Arising from larger active surface area, richer/shorter transfer channels for ions/electrons, and reinforced structural stability, the as‐obtained TiO2@Co9S8 core–branch arrays show noticeable exceptional electrocatalytic performance, with low overpotentials of 240 and 139 mV at 10 mA cm−2 as well as low Tafel slopes of 55 and 65 mV Dec−1 for OER and HER in alkaline medium, respectively. Impressively, the electrolysis cell based on the TiO2@Co9S8 arrays as both cathode and anode exhibits a remarkably low water splitting voltage of 1.56 V at 10 mA cm−2 and long‐term durability with no decay after 10 d. The versatile fabrication protocol and smart branch‐core design provide a new way to construct other advanced metal sulfides for energy conversion and storage.
Eustachian valve endocarditis: Case report and literature review
Authors: Chan Pei Loon Julian , Chao Charles , Younger John F. , Lo Ada , Dahiya Arun , Atherton John J. , Jalali Homayoun , Prasad Sandhir B.
Published: December 2017

In the intravenous drug user (IVDU) population, infected right‐sided valvular lesions are common, and this has been well described in the literature. The Eustachian valve (also known as the valve of the inferior vena cava) is another valve in close proximity to the tricuspid valve, which can, in rare cases, be the focus of infection. Eustachian valve endocarditis may be an under‐recognised complication of Staphylococcus bacteraemia in IVDU population, often only identified by transesophageal imaging. We present a case of tricuspid valve endocarditis in an IVDU with secondary seeding on the Eustachian valve, and an accompanying literature review on this rare topic.
MYRFis associated with encephalopathy with reversible myelin vacuolization
Authors: Kurahashi Hirokazu , Azuma Yoshiteru , Masuda Akio , Okuno Tatsuya , Nakahara Eri , Imamura Takuji , Saitoh Makiko , Mizuguchi Masashi , Shimizu Toshiaki , Ohno Kinji , Okumura Akihisa
Published: December 2017

Objective

Reversible myelin vacuolization is associated with variable conditions including mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS), which is characterized by mildly impaired consciousness and transient splenial lesion. Familial and/or recurrent cases with a clinical diagnosis of MERS suggest the presence of genetic factors.

Methods

We examined a family in which the proband presented with a history of recurrent encephalopathy with extensive but reversible cerebral myelin vacuolization and neurological symptoms similar to those of MERS spanning 3 generations. Whole‐exome sequencing was performed in family members.

Results

Eight rare nonsynonymous single‐nucleotide variants shared by all patients were identified. By filtering genes expressed in the corpus callosum, we identified a heterozygous c.1208A>G predicting p.Gln403Arg in the highly conserved DNA‐binding domain in the myelin regulatory factor (MYRF) gene. We subsequently screened the coding regions ofMYRFby Sanger sequencing in our cohort comprised of 33 sporadic cases with MERS and 3 cases in another family with extensive myelin vacuolization, and identified the same heterozygous c.1208A>G in all affected members in the second family. Luciferase assay revealed that transcriptional activity of the N‐terminal region ofMYRFwas significantly diminished by introducing the c.1208A>G variant.

Interpretation

MYRF is a transcriptional regulator that is necessary for oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin maintenance. Functional defects of MYRF are likely to be causally associated with encephalopathy with extensive myelin vacuolization. We propose the term “MYRF‐related mild encephalopathy with reversible myelin vacuolization.” Our findings provide a new perspective on the pathogenesis of myelin vacuolization. Ann Neurol 2018;83:98–106