bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of the joint startup of the boom and load hoisting mechanisms of a jib crane
Authors: Loveikin Viatcheslav , Romasevych Yuriy , Loveikin Yuriy , Krushelnytskyi Viktor , Kadykalo Ivan
Published: January 2025

During the joint motion of the boom and load hoisting mechanisms, dynamic loads increase, leading to additional energy consumption, which subsequently contributes to the deterioration of the crane’s structure. The aim of the research was to enhance the efficiency of the jib crane by optimising the joint startup modes of the boom and load hoisting mechanisms, which will minimise energy consumption. To achieve this aim, methods of analytical mechanics, variational calculus, and a modified particle swarm optimisation metaheuristic method were used. As a result of using these methods, the joint startup of the boom and load hoisting mechanisms was optimised. The joint motion of the crane mechanisms is represented by a dynamic model with four degrees of freedom, which accounts for the main motion of the mechanisms, as well as the elastic oscillations of the load hoisting mechanism’s drive and low-frequency oscillations of the load on a flexible suspension. Based on the dynamic model, a mathematical model in the form of a system of second-order differential equations was constructed, which was then reduced to a system of two fourth-order equations. The synthesis of the optimal startup mode of the mechanisms was carried out according to the criterion of the root mean square value of the total power of the drives, taking into account the constraints on the driving torques of the drives. The constrained optimisation problem was reduced to an unconstrained optimisation problem by developing a generalised criterion. The nonlinear problem of optimising the joint startup mode for the boom and load hoisting mechanisms of the crane was solved using a modified particle swarm optimisation metaheuristic method. As a result of the optimisation, startup modes for the boom and load hoisting mechanisms were obtained that minimise the total power of the drives and eliminate low- and high-frequency oscillations of the crane’s structural elements, which leads to increased reliability and reduced energy consumption. This mode is recommended for use in the control systems of crane boom and load hoisting mechanisms
Research of the influence of filter element resistance on the powered air-purifying respirator service life
Authors: Slavinskyi Dmytro , Bilko Tamara , Cheberyachko Yury , Vambol Sergij , Yavorska Olena
Published: January 2025

The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of the increasing resistance of filter elements on the service life of powered air-purifying respirators during operation in mining conditions and to substantiate the parameters of the respirator power source. The research was conducted by the computer-based simulation methods for the powered air-purifying respirator operation, which allows estimating the additional resistance of the filter caused by dust accumulation. The simulation model of the powered air-purifying respirator was developed on the basis of its physical model and, taking into account the empirical dependence of the change in the filter element resistance during dust deposition, allows determining the flow of air through the filter and the dust aerosol concentration in the working area air. The following parameters of the simulation model of a powered air-purifying respirator were substantiated: controlling action – fan rotating speed, restrictions on air flow and air pressure in the respirator mask (depending on the mode of working arrangements of the user), concentration of dust in the air of the working area, capacity of the power source, power consumption of the electric motor of the fan and control system components, parameters of filter elements (fibre packing density, filter layer thickness, fibre diameter, etc.), input concentration of dust aerosol, which made it possible to establish the relationship between the value of the filter element resistance and the time to complete discharge of the power source. A critical value of the resistance of the filter elements of the powered air-purifying respirator was established, which results in a significant discharge of the power source, based on the different flow rate of the air supplied to the undermask space at a given dust concentration in the working area. Relationship between the change in breathing resistance of the filters and the discharge of the power source was established, which allows determining the period of safe operation of the powered air-purifying respirator, based on the concentration of dust in the working area air and the user’s working arrangement. The practical value involves determining the lifespan of the powered air-purifying respirator, based on the critical value of the filter resistance, which results in the rapid discharge of the power source
Experimental study of heat exchangers and mixing machines operation optimisation methods
Authors: Zavodyannyi Viktor , Voloshyn Mykola , Kravchenko Volodymyr , Zubenko Valentina , Zhesan Roman
Published: January 2025

The study aimed to optimise the operation of heat exchangers and mixing machines to improve the efficiency of production processes. An experimental approach with models that describe the processes of heat transfer, hydraulic resistance and mixture homogeneity was used to determine the optimal equipment parameters. The study showed that optimisation of the operation of heat exchangers can lead to a significant increase in energy efficiency and a reduction in operating costs. The best results were achieved at a coolant temperature of 90°C and a pressure of 5 bar, which resulted in a maximum heat transfer of 350,000 W. The study determined that reducing the hydraulic resistance to the optimum level can reduce energy costs for pumping coolant by 15%. The study also showed that to achieve maximum homogeneity of the mixture in mixing machines, the optimal rotation speed is 400 rpm. This resulted in a mixture homogeneity index of 16. The study determined that the temperature of the components fed into the mixing machines has a significant impact on the final product quality. For example, the optimum temperature for certain components had reduced mixing time by 10%, which had contributed to an increase in overall productivity. The integration of automatic control systems, such as the automatic control system, allowed for real-time monitoring and adjustment of equipment parameters, which further increased the efficiency of production processes. In addition, the study determined that comprehensive optimisation of the parameters of the devices’ operation allows for an increase in the duration of their life cycle, reducing the frequency of maintenance by 20%. Optimisation of the operation of heat exchangers and mixing machines significantly increases production efficiency and the quality of final products, contributing to cost reduction and increasing equipment reliability
Brainstem Death Diagnosis Revisited: Lessons from a Case Report
Authors: Hadimani Moulali
Published: January 2025

A young male patient was diagnosed as being brain-stem dead following a traumatic brain injury. Despite strict adherence to current guidelines, as the patient approached organ retrieval, the diagnosis was reversed following the observation of spontaneous ventilation by family members. The patient is now discharged from intensive care and following commands. The case lead to a national interim safety alert prior to review by an expert committee. The committee have now updated the relevant guidelines in light of changes in clinical practice making significant adjustments to the process of diagnosing brain stem death in certain traumatised patients. As always, adoption of contemporary guidelines is essential in order to maintain trust in the organ donation programme and the diagnosis of death in brain injured individuals.
Behavioral Intention of the Use of COVID-19 Governance Application: A Literature Review
Authors: Yoserizal Yoserizal , Tovalini Krismena , Hanoselina Yulia
Published: January 2025

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on Indonesia, affecting not only public health but also socio-economic aspects of life. As part of its response to mitigate the spread of the virus, the Indonesian government introduced the PeduliLindungi application, which enables contact tracing and monitoring of COVID-19 cases through public participation. Despite its effectiveness in supporting policy decisions and reducing transmission rates, the application has faced criticism, particularly regarding potential privacy and human rights concerns. This study aims to analyze the behavioral intention of users to adopt the PeduliLindungi application using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as a framework. The research employs a literature review approach, synthesizing findings from existing studies to identify key factors influencing user attitudes and intentions. Results indicate that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk are critical determinants of user attitudes. Furthermore, the study hypothesizes that user attitudes significantly influence behavioral intention, with trust in the application playing a reciprocal role. The findings highlight the importance of addressing user concerns, particularly regarding data security and privacy, to enhance adoption rates. This research contributes to the understanding of user behavior in adopting COVID-19 governance applications and provides a theoretical basis for future empirical studies. It concludes with recommendations for policymakers to ensure both the efficacy and ethical implementation of such technologies in public health crises.
Prevalencia de burnout, estrés, ansiedad y depresión en Médicos Pasantes del Servicio Social
Authors:   Coordinación de Investigación, Distrito Sanitario VII, Secretaría de Salud, Tapachula, Baneco Rodas Ixchel Xiadani ,   Chiapas., Solís Malo Ixtzel Karina ,   Coordinación de Investigación, Distrito Sanitario VII, Secretaría de Salud, Tapachula; Chiapas., Macías Nava Victoria Ashanthy ,   Coordinación de Servicio social, Distrito Sanitario VII, Secretaría de Salud, Tapachula; Chiapas., Guzmán Ríos Norma ,   Centro de salud y servicios ampliados Cacahuatán, Distrito Sanitario VII, Secretaría de Salud, Tapachula; Chiapas.
Published: January 2025

Introducción: La formación del profesional médico en México, tiene el servicio social como actividad obligatoria que deben de realizar los estudiantes de medicina. Para cuando han llegado a la etapa de ser médicos pasantes, enfrentan una serie de nuevos desafíos que pueden tener un impacto significativo en su salud mental y bienestar emocional. Empezando por el riguroso currículo académico, la carga de trabajo intensa, la presión por atender a la población a su cargo y decidir si continuar con una especialidad médica.
Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de los trastornos de salud mental: burnout, estrés, ansiedad y depresión en los pasantes de medicina, promoción Febrero 2023 - Enero 2024, promoción Agosto 2023 - Julio 2024 y promoción Febrero 2024 - Enero 2025, adscritos al Distrito Sanitario VII.
Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional analítico, de corte trasversal, prospectivo, de muestreo aleatorio simple. Será realizado en el período Febrero 2023 - Febrero 2024, en las instalaciones del Distrito Sanitario No. VII, ubicado en la Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula de Córdova y Ordóñez, Chiapas, México. La muestra fue de 42 médicos, a quienes se les aplicaron 4 cuestionarios correspondientes a cada uno de los trastornos de salud mental evaluados.
Resultados: La promoción Febrero 2023-Enero 2024 tiene la prevalencia más alta de burnout leve (85%), al igual que la prevalencia de estrés leve más alta (75%), y una mayor prevalencia de ansiedad leve con un (80%), mientras que la promoción Febrero 2024 - Enero 2025 tiene la mayor prevalencia de mínima depresión (78%).
Palabras clave: Burnout, Estrés, Ansiedad, Depresión, Servicio social
ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ТРАДИЦІЙНИХ МЕТОДИК ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ФІЗИЧНОГО СТАНУ ТА ФІЗИЧНОЇ АКТИВНОСТІ СТУДЕНТСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ
Authors: Мельничук Анастасія
Published: January 2025

The relevance of the research topic. Physical culture of a person has several components, including: physical development, physical performance, physical fitness and physical perfection. It is the formation of these components that determine the purpose and result of personal physical culture. There is a need to analyze the most effective methods of studying the physical condition and physical activity of students. A holistic view of a person's health gives only a total indicator of a number of components that generally form health indices. Physical condition and physical activity are the main indicators of a healthy personality, gaps in which cause a number of diseases. The purpose of the study is to analyze traditional methods of studying the physical condition and physical activity of young people. Results. The study analyzed: the method of integral assessment of physical health by V. Shapovalova; assessment of the level of physical health “Health Test” by V. Yazlovetsky and V. Ivanchenko; methodology for assessing physical condition by E.A. Pirogova; express assessment of the level of physical health by G.L. Apanasenko; criterion methods, objective methods, methods of subjective assessment; Framingham method of determining motor activity; tests for determining physical fitness of the population. The essence of the problem is that students of the institution are demotivated to engage in various types of specially organized physical activity. The problems require immediate solution, which determines the essence of our further scientific research. Key conclusions. Among the traditional methods of studying physical condition and motor activity, the most effective are the method of V. Shapovalov and the Framingham method, as they are characterized by accessibility, reliability and efficiency.
Основи епідеміології
Authors:   Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University, Завальнюк О.
Published: January 2025

У навчально-методичному посібнику розглядаються теоретичні і практичні питання епідеміології інфекційного процесу, методи і способи профілактики розповсюдження інфекційних хвороб поширених серед населення нашої країни. У посібнику представлені опорні конспекти лекцій, практичних занять а також тестові завдання для самоперевірки знань, які допоможуть в організації самостійної роботи студентів біологічного фаху денної та заочної форм навчання.
Reassessing The Impacts of Economic Globalization on Agriculture and Manufacturing Sectors of Pakistan’s Economy
Authors: Kakar Riaz Ahmed , Atbar Sehar
Published: January 2025

Economic globalization has acted as a double-edged sword in less-developed countries like Pakistan by creating some opportunities; however, Pakistan faces backwardness in aligning its economy with the rapid pace of globalization. Its agriculture and manufacturing sectors have not kept pace with ongoing challenges. This article, via mixed research, aims to address the existing loopholes in the policies of the government and suggest future courses of action that are essential in addressing these problems. Comparative advantage theory used to analyze the agricultural and manufacturing sectors in the world market highlights the potential areas of improvement for Pakistan's export-led growth. The research exposes internal policy loopholes hindering potential economic growth in the manufacturing sector. Similarly, agricultural productivity is devoured by institutional weaknesses, lack of policies, and lack of implementation of existing policies. Sound and appropriate economic policies at the domestic level, along with international policy coordination, are significant as a way forward.
АНАЛІЗ НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ БІОГЕНАМИ ВОДНОЇ ЕКОСИСТЕМИ РІЧКИ ГОРИНЬ
Authors: Biedunkova O. O. , Statnyk I. I. , Voznіuk N. M.
Published: January 2025

У статті представлено результати відстеження змін концентрацій у поверхневих водах р. Горинь нітратів і фосфатів за період 2005–2021 років на ділянках поблизу витоку (створ № 1) та поблизу гирла (створ № 2). Відображено коливання їх середніх значень за окремими роками. Оцінено відповідні якісні характеристики стану води та ступені її чистоти за відповідними категоріями. Розраховано стехіометричне співвідношення нітратів і фосфатів, що дозволило вважати фосфор лімітуючим елементом у водній екосистемі. За величиною числа Редфільда з’ясовано, що евтрофікаційні процеси річки мають більш інтенсивний прояв у межах створу № 2. Ключові слова: поверхневі води; нітрати; фосфати; лімітуючий елемент.
О Синодальной богослужебной комиссии
Authors: Веретенников Макарий
Published: January 2025

В статье представлено описание работы Синодальной богослужебной комиссии, созданной по благословению Святейшего Патриарха Московского и Всея Руси Пимена 23 декабря 1980 г. для подготовки к празднованию 1000-летия Крещения Руси. Описаны исторические этапы становления Комиссии и первые её председатели, особенности литургического творчества и первые плоды в виде богослужебных текстов, введённых в богослужебное употребление в Русской Православной Церкви. Автор статьи, являясь членом комиссии с 16 октября 1989 г., на основании своих наблюдений делает вывод, что прославление отечественных и вселенских святых благодаря синодальным решениям и гимнографическим творениям комиссии прочно вошло в богослужебное наследие нашей Церкви, одновременно стимулируя работу научно-исследовательской мысли в области богословия и литургики, что благоприятно сказалось на духовном образовании в России.

The article presents a description of the work of the Synodal Liturgical Commission, created with the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Pimen of Moscow and All Rus' on December 23, 1980 to prepare for the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus'. The historical stages of the formation of the Commission and its first chairmen, features of liturgical creativity and the first fruits in the form of liturgical texts introduced into liturgical use in the Russian Orthodox Church are described. The author of the article, being a member of the commission since October 16, 1989, based on his observations, concludes that the glorification of domestic and ecumenical saints, thanks to the synodal decisions and hymnography creations of the commission, has become part of the liturgical heritage of our Church, while simultaneously stimulating the work of scientific research in the field of theology and liturgists, which had a beneficial effect on spiritual education in Russia.
Миссионерская и переводческая деятельность святого равноапостольного Николая, архиепископа Японского
Authors: Амельченков Серафим
Published: January 2025

Созданные свт. Николаем миссионерские переводы — это сокровище, оставленное им для Японии. Миссионерская переводческая деятельность требовала от Святителя решения сложной задачи — синтеза разнородных по сути своей библейско-христианской и национально-японской традиций. Особенностью перевода на японский язык является его двусоставность: японский разговорный язык и фактически китайский письменный. Этим языком для архипастыря стал японский литературный язык — бунго. Благодаря использованию бунго свт. Николаю удалось удержать высокую планку языка перевода и избежать какого-либо просторечия и вульгаризмов в языке богослужения. Ещё одной задачей явился выбор лексики, необходимой для точного выражения богословских понятий. Был выработан на японском языке особый православно-богословский словарь. На японский язык был полностью переведён Новый Завет и большинство богослужебных книг.

Created by St. Nicholas’s missionary translations are a treasure he left for Japan. Missionary translation work required the Saint to solve a difficult task — the synthesis of essentially heterogeneous biblical-Christian and national-Japanese traditions. The peculiarity of translation into Japanese is its two-part nature: Japanese spoken language and actually written Chinese. This language for the archpastor was the Japanese literary language — bungo. Thanks to the use of bungo St. Nikolai managed to maintain a high standard of the translation language and avoid any vernacular and vulgarisms in the language of worship. Another challenge was the choice of vocabulary necessary to accurately express theological concepts. A special Orthodox-Theological Dictionary was developed in Japanese. The New Testament and most liturgical books were completely translated into Japanese.
Video Editing Training Utilizing Capcut Application at SMKM 7 East Tebet
Authors: Oktarina Heriyani  , Faldy Irwiensyah  , Rifky  , Dan Mugisidi  , M. Mujirudin
Published: January 2025

The significance of video editing skills in conveying messages in the digital era has prompted the implementation of a training program at SMKM 7 Tebet Timur, focusing on the utilization of the CapCut application. This topic was selected to address the challenge of insufficient understanding and skills among students in applying video editing techniques, aligning with contemporary demands in visual communication. The training method encompassed material preparation, theoretical presentation, demonstration, hands-on practice, evaluation, and discussion. The evaluation revealed a notable improvement in the students' understanding and skills post-training, with average scores experiencing significant increments. The conclusion underscores the importance of a holistic approach in multimedia training and recommends further collaboration with higher education institutions. The training outcomes also fostered positive relations between SMKM 7 Tebet Timur and FTII UHAMKA. This training makes a tangible contribution to preparing students to meet the demands of an increasingly visually connected professional world.
CERITA RAKYAT KOMERING PITU PHUYANG: TELAAH NILAI BUDAYA
Authors: Dedi Febriyanto  , Fitriani Yessi , Puspa Indah Utami  , Ratanasiri Sutida , Thantakul Ananya , Lertchaiprasert Nipa
Published: January 2025

Karya sastra, termasuk cerita rakyat, dapat menjadi media efektif dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai budaya. Hal ini tercermin dalam cerita rakyat Komering "Pitu Phuyang", sebuah karya sastra lokal yang sarat dengan representasi nilai budaya dalam setiap bagian narasinya. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data baca-catat, penelitian ini berupaya mengungkap dan menginterpretasikan nilai-nilai budaya yang terkandung dalam cerita tersebut. Hasil analisis menunjukkan keberagaman nilai budaya yang dapat diklasifikasikan dalam empat dimensi hubungan: dengan Tuhan, alam, sesama manusia, dan diri sendiri. Nilai-nilai ini mencerminkan pentingnya keselarasan dan kemanusiaan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat.
NILAI MORAL DAN NILAI PENDIDIKAN DALAM FILM RANAH 3 WARNA KARYA GUNTUR SOEHARJANTO SERTA IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA INDONESIA DI SMP
Authors: Luthfiah Dinda , Wardiah Dessy , Muhammad Ali  , Al-Saud Abdullah bin Mohammed , Aisha Lubna Noor
Published: January 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai moral dan pendidikan yang terdapat dalam film Ranah 3 Warna karya Soeharjanto. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Metode kualitatif berfokus pada data yang alami dan menghubungkannya dengan konteks keberadaannya. Data yang dianalisis dalam penelitian deskriptif umumnya berupa kata-kata atau gambar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa film Ranah 3 Warna memuat beberapa nilai moral, yaitu: (1) hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan mencakup keimanan, ibadah, memohon ampun, dan rasa syukur; (2) hubungan manusia dengan diri sendiri meliputi sikap bijaksana, berpendirian, dan keikhlasan; (3) hubungan manusia dengan sesama mencakup sikap saling menolong, memberikan teguran, berperilaku adil, bertanggung jawab, memberikan semangat, serta menghindari perilaku tidak sopan; dan (4) hubungan manusia dengan lingkungan mencakup hidup berdampingan secara harmonis dan peduli terhadap sekitar. Selain itu, nilai-nilai pendidikan yang terkandung dalam film ini meliputi: (1) nilai pendidikan moral, (2) nilai pendidikan sosial, (3) nilai pendidikan budaya, dan (4) nilai pendidikan religius.
PENINGKATAN KETERAMPILAN MENULIS TEKS DESKRIPSI MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DENGAN MEDIA GAMBAR BERSERI DAN PENDEKATAN PROSES
Authors: Amra Hoiril , Missriani  , Effendi Darwin , Rattanachai Thanaporn , Anucha
Published: January 2025

Kemampuan menulis teks deskripsi sering menjadi tantangan bagi siswa, terutama dalam menggambarkan pengalaman secara mendalam dan terstruktur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis teks deskripsi siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 3 Abab tahun ajaran 2024/2025 melalui penerapan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) berbasis media gambar berseri dan pendekatan proses. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) dengan model siklus Kemmis dan McTaggart, yang terdiri atas empat tahap: perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Data dikumpulkan melalui tes menulis teks deskripsi, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan keterampilan menulis siswa yang signifikan. Pada siklus pertama, 57% siswa mencapai Kriteria Ketuntasan Minimal (KKTP), sedangkan pada siklus kedua, persentase meningkat menjadi 90%. Penerapan PBL dengan media gambar berseri dan pendekatan proses terbukti efektif dalam membantu siswa mengembangkan kemampuan berpikir kritis, kreativitas, dan keterampilan menulis. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi metode PBL, media visual, dan pendekatan proses dapat dijadikan strategi pembelajaran yang inovatif. Rekomendasi untuk penelitian selanjutnya adalah mengadaptasi metode ini untuk meningkatkan keterampilan menulis dalam jenis teks lainnya dan mengeksplorasi media pembelajaran yang lebih variatif.
Pengaruh Suhu Dan Waktu Hidrolisis Biji Alpukat (Persea americana M.) Menggunakan Katalis Hcl Terhadap Produksi Bioetanol
Authors: Yovita Nonseo  , Sefrinus M. Kolo  , Janrigo K. Mere  , Patrisius Maryanto Bria
Published: January 2025

Peningkatan populasi yang tinggi serta perkembangan industri mengakibatkan konsumsi energi yang semakin tinggi yang berdampak pada terjadinnya krisis energi. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut perlu dikembangkan energi terbarukan seperti bioetanol. Bioetanol dapat diproduksi dari bahan baku yang mengandung karbodidrat seperti biji alpukat. Biji alpukat memiliki kandungan karbohidrat sebesar 29,6%. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan biji alpukat yang dikonversi menjadi bioetanol dengan bantuan katalis asam klorida (HCl). Pada proses hidrolisis dilakukan optimasi pada variasi waktu dan suhu pemanasan. Hidrolisat yang diperoleh selanjutnya dilakukan analisis gula pereduksi menggunakan metode DNS pada instrumen UV-Vis. Waktu dan suhu pemanas yang menghasilkan kadar gula tertinggi digunakan untuk proses fermentasi. Bioetanol yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi dimurnikan menggunakan alat distilasi bertingkat. Kadar gula pereduksi yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini sebesar 83,32 g/L pada waktu pemanasan 60 menit dan suhu 2500C. hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat kandungan bioetanol karena terjadi perubahan warna dari jingga menjadi biru pada hasil analisis kualitatif bioetanol. Konsentrasi bioetanol yang dianalisis menggunakan hand refractometer sebesar 70% dan 42,92% yang dianalisis menggunakan GC-FID.
Aspects and components in real-time system development: Towards reconfigurable and reusable software
Authors: Tešanović Aleksandra , Nyström Dag , Hansson Jörgen , Norström Christer
Published: January 2025

Increasing complexity of real-time systems, and demands for enabling their configurability and reusability are strong motivations for applying new software engineering principles, such as aspect-oriented and component-based development. In this paper we introduce a novel concept of aspectual component-based real-time system development. The concept is based on a design method that assumes decomposition of real-time systems into components and aspects, and provides a real-time component model that supports the notion of time and temporal constraints, space and resource management constraints, and composability. Initial results show that the successful application of the proposed concept has a positive impact on real-time system development in enabling efficient configuration of real-time systems, improved reusability and flexibility of real-time software, and modularization of crosscutting concerns. We provide arguments for this by presenting an application of the proposed concept on the design and development of a configurable embedded real-time database, called COMET. Furthermore, using the COMET system as an example, we introduce a novel way of handling concurrency in a real-time database system, where concurrency is modeled as an aspect crosscutting the system.
The capacity of an implicit prioritized access protocol in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Caccamo Marco , Zhang Lynn Y.
Published: January 2025

Distributed networks of wireless sensors/actuators will enable the reliable monitoring and intelligent control of the physical environment accomplishing different tasks ranging from space monitoring and surveillance to homeland security without human intervention. Motivated by the observation that many of these applications are safety critical and have hard real-time requirements, this paper focuses on the problem of providing delay and throughput guarantee to real-time messages in wireless sensor networks. It extends the cellular structure in [1,2] and analyzes the sensor network capacity when messages are scheduled with the Implicit-EDF algorithm.
Real-time issues of MPEG-2 playout in resource constrained systems
Authors: Isović Damir , Fohler Gerhard , Steffens Liesbeth
Published: January 2025

Decoding MPEG-2 video streams imposes hard real-time constraints for consumer electronic devices such as TV sets. The freedom of encoding choices provided by the MPEG-2 standard results in high variability inside streams, in particular with respect to frame structures and their sizes.

In this paper, we discuss real-time issues for MPEG-2 playout. We present results from a study of realistic MPEG-2 video streams to analyze the validity of common assumptions for software decoding and identify a number of misconceptions. We identify constraints imposed by frame buffer handling and discuss their implications on decoding architecture and timing. Finally, we identify realistic timing constraints demanded by high quality MPEG-2 software video decoding.
Multi-version scheduling in rechargeable energy-aware real-time systems
Authors: Rusu Cosmin , Melhem Rami , Mossé Daniel
Published: January 2025

In the context of battery-powered real-time systems, three constraints need to be addressed: energy, deadlines and task rewards. Many future real-time systems will count on different software versions, each with different rewards, time and energy requirements, to achieve a variety of QoS-aware tradeoffs. We first propose a solution that allows the device to run the most valuable task versions while still meeting all deadlines and without depleting a given energy budget. Assuming that the energy budget can be replenished by using a rechargeable battery, we also propose (i) a static solution that maximizes the system value assuming a worst-case scenario (i.e., worst-case battery recharging/discharging conditions, as well as worst-case task execution times); and (ii) a dynamic scheme that takes advantage of the extra energy in the system when worst-case scenarios do not happen. Three dynamic policies are shown to make better use of the recharging energy while improving the system value.
Memory power optimization of hardware implementations of multimedia applications onto FPGA platforms
Authors: Tatas K. , Soudris D. , Thanailakis A.
Published: January 2025

An optimization methodology that combines high-level exploration with Register Transfer Level (RTL) design for the power-efficient estimation of motion estimation algorithms on a system comprised by an FPGA and an external memory is presented. Low power consumption is achieved by implementing an optimum on-chip memory hierarchy inside the FPGA, and moving the bulk of required memory transfers from the internal memory hierarchy instead of the external memory. A case study of three popular multimedia kernels is performed for a number of different FPGA devices. Comparisons among implementations with and without this optimization, prove that great power efficiency can be achieved while satisfying performance constraints.
Reducing code size in VLIW instruction scheduling
Authors: Haga Steve , Webber Andrew , Zhang Yi , Nguyen Nghi , Barua Rajeev
Published: January 2025

Code size is an important concern in embedded systems. VLIW architectures are popular for embedded systems, but often increase code size, by requiring NOPs to be inserted into the code to satisfy instruction placement constraints. Existing VLIW instruction schedulers target run-time but not code size. Indeed, current schedulers often increase code size, by generating compensation copies of instructions when moving them across basic block boundaries. Our approach, for the first time, uses the power of scheduling instructions across blocks to reduce code size and not just run-time, for a certain class of VLIWs. We therefore show that trace scheduling, previously synonymous with increased code size, can in fact be used to reduce code size on such VLIWs. Our scheduler uses a cost-model driven, back-tracking approach that starts with an optimal algorithm for searching the solution space in exponential time, but then also employs branch-and-bound techniques and non-optimal heuristics to keep the compile time reasonable (within a factor of 2). Our method reduces the code size for our benchmarks by 17.6% versus the best existing across-block scheduler, while being within 0.8% of its run-time.
Destructive-read in embedded DRAM, impact on power consumption
Authors: Dybdahl Haakon , Kjeldsberg Per Gunnar , Grannæs Marius , Natvig Lasse
Published: January 2025

This paper explores power consumption for destructive-read embedded DRAM. Destructive-read DRAM is based on conventional DRAM design, but with sense amplifiers optimized for lower latency. This speed increase is achieved by not conserving the content of the DRAM cell after a read operation. Random access time to DRAM was reduced from 6 ns to 3 ns in a prototype made by Hwang et al. A write-back buffer was used to conserve data. We have proposed a new scheme for write-back using the usually smaller cache instead of a large additional write-back buffer. Write-back is performed whenever a cache line is replaced. This increases bus and DRAM bank activity compared to a conventional architecture which again increases power consumption. On the other hand computational performance is improved through faster DRAM accesses. Simulation of a CPU, DRAM and a 2 kbytes cache show that the power consumption increased by 3% while the performance increased by 14% for the applications in the SPEC2000 benchmark. With a 16 kbytes cache the power consumption increased by 0.5% while performance increased by 4.5%.
A low-power cache scheme for embedded computing
Authors: Chu Yul , Gade Arul Sandeep , Bhaduri Abhishek
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes an efficient cache scheme to reduce power consumption and conflict misses for single-core or multi-core embedded computing architecture. The proposed cache requires an additional gate stage before it accesses the cache line, which allows the use of a buffer to save the last memory reference. Each memory reference can be checked in the buffer before accessing the cache. If the data is in the buffer, the cache access can be aborted to reduce power consumption. Our simulation results show that it can reduce power consumption, access penalty, and cache misses significantly compared to other conventional caches such as direct-mapped and 2-way set-associative.
Case study of gate-level logic simulation on an extremely fine-grained chip multiprocessor
Authors: Gu Pei , Vishkin Uzi
Published: January 2025

Explicit-multi-threading (XMT) is a parallel programming approach for exploiting on-chip parallelism. Its fine-grained single program multiple data (SPMD) programming model is suitable for many computing intensive applications. In this paper, we present a parallel gate level logic simulator implemented on an XMT platform and study its performance. Test results show potential for achieving more than a hundred-fold speedup over a serial implementation. This indicates an interesting possibility for a certain type of a single chip multicore architecture: use an existing easy-to-program API, such as VHDL or Verilog, for reduced application-software development time and better performance over serial performance-driven languages, such as C.
An efficient runtime instruction block verification for secure embedded systems
Authors: Milenkovic Aleksandar , Milenkovic Milena , Jovanov Emil
Published: January 2025

Embedded system designers face a unique set of challenges in making their systems more secure, as these systems often have stringent resource constraints or must operate in harsh or physically insecure environments. One of the security issues that have recently drawn attention is software integrity, which ensures that the programs in the system have not been changed either by an accident or an attack. In this paper we propose an efficient hardware mechanism for runtime verification of software integrity using encrypted instruction block signatures. We introduce several variations of the basic mechanism, and give details of three techniques that are most suitable for embedded systems. Performance evaluation using selected MiBench, Mediabench, and Basicrypt benchmarks indicates that the considered techniques impose a relatively small performance overhead. The best overall technique has performance overhead in the range 0–8%, when protecting 128-byte instruction blocks with 16-byte signatures. With 64-byte instruction blocks, the overhead is in the range 0–15%; the average overhead with 8~KB cache is 1%. With additional investment in a signature cache, this overhead can be almost completely eliminated.
Synchronous design of avionic applications based on model refinement
Authors: Gamatié Abdoulaye , Gautier Thierry , Guernic Paul Le
Published: January 2025

In this article, we address the design of avionic applications based on an approach, which relies on model refinement. This study is done within the synchronous framework, which has solid mathematical foundations enabling formal methods for specification, verification and analysis, transformations, etc. In the proposed approach, we first consider a functional description of a given application using the SIGNAL language. This description is independent of a specific implementation platform. Then, some transformations that fully preserve the semantics of manipulated SIGNAL programs are applied to the description such that a representation reflecting an integrated modular avionics architecture results.
Joint garbage collection and hard real-time scheduling
Authors: Van Assche Maxime , Goossens Joël , Devillers Raymond
Published: January 2025

We analyze the integration of automatic memory management in a real-time context. We focus on integrating a copying garbage collector with hard real-time static-priority periodic tasks. This integration is done by considering the copying collector as an aperiodic task served by a polling server. We analyze the schedulability of this system for any polling server parameters. This analysis includes a bound on the memory size that guarantees sufficient memory for the periodic tasks.
Improving fixed priority schedulability with dynamic priority as secondary criterion
Authors: Martin Steven , Minet Pascale , George Laurent
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we focus on a non-preemptive scheduling, combining fixed priorities and dynamic priorities on a uniprocessor. This scheduling is called FP/DP. Results presented in this paper can be applied indifferently to tasks and flows. With any flow are associated a fixed priority denoting the importance degree of the flow and a temporal parameter, used to compute the dynamic priority. A packet can be transmitted only if there is no packet having a higher fixed priority and if this packet has the highest dynamic priority among all packets having its fixed priority. We are interested in the worst case response time of a sporadic flow set scheduled FP/DP and establish new results improving the classical FP analysis. Two examples of FP/DP scheduling are considered: FP/FIFO and FP/EDF. We show that FP/EDF dominates FP/FIFO when packets sharing the same fixed priority have the same processing time.
A new implementation method of timer for periodic tasks
Authors: Gao Zhigang , Zhang Peifeng , Xia Haixia
Published: January 2025

In real-time systems, an efficient and stable implementation of timer is crucial to the timing requirements of tasks. The traditional methods take O( n2) time overhead to maintain timers in the periodic task model. In this paper, we present a new implementation method – S-Method, which takes O(n) time overhead. This method calculates all trigger instants of periodic tasks within a hyperperiod off-line, and assigns these instants to corresponding periodic timers. The timer system checks whether a trigger instant arrives in the timer Interrupt Service Routine (ISR), and activates tasks periodically without additional timer update overhead, such as deletion and insertion for new timeout. Experiments show that this method can reduce the time of timer update and increase stability and predictability in timer update time.
Smoothing delay jitter in networked control systems
Authors: Al-Omari Huthaifa , Papachristou Christos , Wolff Francis , McIntyre David
Published: January 2025

Delay jitter is a critical factor that must be considered in many real-time applications that require accurate prediction of packet delivery times. Delay jitter can be smoothed by holding packets in a play-back buffer for a certain time called a play-back delay. In this paper, we extensively examine the new scheme that we have proposed in [1] to enhance the prediction of the play-back delay in Networked Control Systems (NCSs). Our newly proposed scheme differs from previous schemes by using the one way delay variation that we have studied its behavior by conducting extensive measurements between fifty strategically located wired and wireless connected hosts. The advantages of our scheme are that it predicts sudden delay spikes, provides a closer approximation to the round trip time (RTT), and exhibits less frequent outliers.
The utilization bound of static-priority preemptive partitioned multiprocessor scheduling is 50%
Authors: Andersson Björn
Published: January 2025

This paper studies static-priority preemptive scheduling on a multiprocessor using partitioned scheduling. We propose a new scheduling algorithm and prove that if the proposed algorithm is used and if less than 50% of the capacity is requested then all deadlines are met. It is known that for every static-priority multiprocessor scheduling algorithm, there is a task set that misses a deadline although the requested capacity is arbitrary close to 50%.
Parallelization of multimedia applications on the multi-level computing architecture
Authors: Aydonat Utku , Abdelrahman Tarek S.
Published: January 2025

The Multi-Level Computing Architecture (MLCA) is a novel parallel System-on-a-Chip architecture targeted for multimedia applications. It features a top level controller that automatically extracts task level parallelism using techniques similar to how instruction level parallelism is extracted by superscalar processors. This allows the MLCA to support a simple programming model that is similar to sequential programming. In order to assist programmers to easily and efficiently port multimedia applications to the MLCA programming model, a compilation environment is designed. This compilation environment enhances parallelism in MLCA programs by applying three simple code transformations that are based on known compiler optimizations. In this paper, we describe the MLCA architecture, its programming model, its compilation environment and an evaluation of its performance. Our experimental evaluation with three real multimedia applications and an MLCA simulator shows that the MLCA is a viable architecture and scaling speedups can be obtained using the compilation environment with little programmer effort.
The Call for Progress in Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Porzsolt Franz
Published: January 2025

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are foundational in evidence-based medicine but are often limited by their reliance on controlled conditions and highly selective patient populations, which may not reflect real-world healthcare outcomes. This commentary highlights the value of pragmatic controlled trials (PCTs) as a complementary method for evaluating real-world effectiveness (RWE). By employing Bayesian statistical approaches, PCTs enable comprehensive assessment of healthcare interventions under everyday conditions, bridging the gap between experimental efficacy and practical applicability. A three-dimensional strategy is proposed, addressing efficacy, effectiveness, and value to improve the relevance and generalizability of healthcare research. The commentary also emphasizes the need for endpoint-specific risk profiling to optimize patient outcomes and decision-making. Integrating PCTs into evidence-based medicine provides a robust framework for advancing healthcare efficiency and delivering patient-centered care in diverse populations.
Merging Context Clustering with Visual State Space Models for Medical Image Segmentation
Authors: Zhu Yun , Zhang Dong , Lin Yi , Feng Yifei , Tang Jinhui
Published: January 2025

Medical image segmentation demands the aggregation of global and local feature representations, posing a challenge for current methodologies in handling both long-range and short-range feature interactions. Recently, vision mamba (ViM) models have emerged as promising solutions for addressing model complexities by excelling in long-range feature iterations with linear complexity. However, existing ViM approaches overlook the importance of preserving short-range local dependencies by directly flattening spatial tokens and are constrained by fixed scanning patterns that limit the capture of dynamic spatial context information. To address these challenges, we introduce a simple yet effective method named context clustering ViM (CCViM), which incorporates a context clustering module within the existing ViM models to segment image tokens into distinct windows for adaptable local clustering. Our method effectively combines long-range and short-range feature interactions, thereby enhancing spatial contextual representations for medical image segmentation tasks. Extensive experimental evaluations on diverse public datasets, i.e., Kumar, CPM17, ISIC17, ISIC18, and Synapse demonstrate the superior performance of our method compared to current state-of-the-art methods. Our code can be found at https://github.com/zymissy/CCViM.