bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping the role of digital health technologies in the case detection, management, and treatment outcomes of neglected tropical diseases: a scoping review
Authors: Tilahun Binyam , Gashu Kassahun Dessie , Mekonnen Zeleke Abebaw , Endehabtu Berhanu Fikadie , Angaw Dessie Abebaw
Published: February 2021

Background

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of communicable diseases that principally impact the world’s poorest people. The use of digital health technologies is an emerging and promising way to improve disease prevention, diagnosis, case detection, treatment delivery, and patient follow-up and facilitating health facility appointments thereby improving health outcomes. While the growing implementation of digital health technologies is evident, there is a lack of comprehensive evidence on the impact of digital health technologies in the control of NTDs. The main objective of this review was to map different pieces of evidence on the use of digital health technologies for case detection, management, and treatment outcome of the neglected tropical diseases.

Methods

We conducted a scoping review guided by the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines. The studies were searched using electronic databases like MEDLINE (PubMed), Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and manual searching engines. Two authors extracted the data and compared the results. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion or the third reviewer made the decision. We produced the distribution of geographical locations, residents (setting), types of publications, and digital health technologies used on neglected tropical diseases using tables and graphs.

Findings

A total of 996 potentially relevant studies were generated from the initial search, and six studies were found to satisfy all the inclusion criteria and included in the final review. The review found that telehealth, eHealth, mHealth, telemedicine, and electronic health record were used digital health technologies to assess their impact on case detection, disease management, and treatment outcome of neglected tropical diseases. Mobile health was a feasible digital health technology for lymphatic filariasis patient identification and mHealth, eHealth, and electronic health records found to improve the service access, outcomes, and monitoring of visceral leishmaniasis at the community health system.

Conclusion

The scoping review identified that there were limited studies to see the impact of digital health technologies on case detection, management, and treatment outcomes for neglected tropical diseases. We also found that digital health technologies like ehealth, electronic medical linkage, telemed, and telehealth were practicable for patient identification, for treatment and diagnosis through contact with health professionals and teleconsultation, and support in improving health service delivery at the community-health system for managing the disease in both rural and urban settings.
Correlation of cortical lesions of multiple sclerosis at double inversion recovery with cognition screening scores
Authors: Shaaban Sally Mohamed , Elmongui Azza Elmongui , Razek Ahmed Abdel Khalek Abdel , Belal Tamer Mohamed
Published: February 2021

Background

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting both white and gray matters of the central nervous system. It has been approved that the degree of gray matter involvement is closely associated with the degree of physical disability and the extent of cognitive impairment. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate widely available simple methods for neurocognitive evaluation and gray matter detection in the periodic assessment of MS patients that will influence treatment decisions.

Objectives

To assess the correlation of cortical lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) at double inversion recovery (DIR) with cognition screening scores

Methods

This study was conducted on 30 patients with MS with an average age of 31.3±13.6 years. All of them underwent MRI and clinical assessment with the calculation of Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Symbol Digit Modality Test (SDMT) scores. The image analysis was performed by 2 reviewers for cortical lesion number, shape, and subtypes, and total lesion load.

Results

Both MoCA and SDMT scales had a significant inverse correlation with cortical lesions number (r=− 0.68, − 0.72) respectively and total lesion load (r=− 0.53, − 0.65) respectively. Besides, there was a significant inverse correlation between the MoCA test, varied cortical subtypes: leukocortical, juxtacortical, and intracortical subtypes (r = − 0.63, − 0.56, − 0.52) respectively, and different cortical lesion shapes: oval, wedge, and curvilinear shaped (r = − 0.62, − 0.69, − 0.49) respectively. As well, the SDMT scale showed a significant inverse correlation with varied cortical subtypes: intracortical, leukocortical, and juxtacortical subtypes (r = − 0.63, − 0.61, − 0.57) respectively, and different cortical lesion shapes: oval, curvilinear, and wedge shaped (r = − 0.61, − 0.59, − 0.46) respectively. Interestingly, there was an excellent inter-observer correlation of cortical lesion number (r = 0.96), total lesion load (r = 0.95), subtypes of cortical lesion (r = 0.94), and cortical lesion shapes (r = 0.77).

Conclusion

We concluded that DIR can detect cortical lesions of MS, and MRI findings were well-correlated with cognitive dysfunction in these patients.
Role of matrilin-1 (MATN1) polymorphism in class III skeletal malocclusion with mandibular prognathism in Deutero-Malay race: a case-control study
Authors: Laviana Avi , Thahar Bergman , Melani Ani , Mardiati Endah , Putri Lita , Zakyah Akhyar Dyni
Published: February 2021

Background

Several studies have identified different genes that control the final dimension and structure of the mandible. Prognathism of the mandible is thought to correlate with these genes; however, no specific gene has been assigned as a risk factor due to various genome-wide scan results in different races. Previous studies that involved the Han ethnic group in China and Korea suggested matrilin-1 (MATN1) polymorphism as the contributor for mandibular prognathism. To date, no study has been conducted to understand the role of MATN1 in Deutero-Malay population. This study aimed to detect MATN1 gene polymorphism in the promoter and exon 5 regions, which is a proposed risk factor in class III skeletal malocclusion with mandibular prognathism in Deutero-Malay population. This was a case-control study with purposive sampling method that involved 47 class III skeletal malocclusion subjects with mandibular prognathism (case group) and 47 class I skeletal relation subjects (control group) performed in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. DNA isolated from buccal mucous epithelia and MATN1 gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing technique. Data were then analyzed statistically to observe the frequency of allele/genotype MATN1 in class III skeletal malocclusion and mandibular prognathism patients in comparison with the normal mandibular as well as to identify the risk factor of mandibular prognathism.

Result

The frequency of the 354 T > C(rs20566) CC genotype gene polymorphism in the case group was significantly higher than in the control group. The odd ratio (OR) value of the case group was also higher than in the control group (χ2 = 4.89; p = 0.027; OR = 6.27).

Conclusions

Our results show that the polymorphism of 354 T > C in the exon 5 region of the CC genotype MATN1 gene is a risk factor for class III skeletal malocclusion with mandible prognathism in Deutero-Malay population.
Effects of cardiac pacemakers on left ventricular volumes and function assessed by 3D echocardiography, Doppler method, and global longitudinal strain
Authors: Dawood Moustafa , Elsharkawy Eman , Abdel-Hay Mohamed Ayman , Nawar Moustafa
Published: February 2021

Background

Many previous studies reported the negative effects of right ventricular (RV) pacing on the left ventricular (LV) structure and ejection fraction. Studying pacing hemodynamics is essential to understand these detrimental effects. In this study, we tried to understand RV pacing effects on LV volumes and function using advanced tools like 3D echo and global longitudinal strain (GLS). This was a prospective study of 175 consecutive patients (LVEF>50%) presented permanent pacing. Of 175 patients, only 50 patients met study criteria, divided into two groups (single or dual pacing). LV volumes and function were assessed by full-volume 3D echocardiography and GLS before pacing, at 1-week and 6-month post-pacing. Cardiac output (COP) was calculated by pulsed wave Doppler method and 3D echo.

Results

Doppler method results were similar to 3D echo in calculating SV and COP. At 1-week post pacing, both groups showed a significant decrease in SV due to a drop in EDV while ESV did not change significantly. Despite the drop in SV, there was a significant increase in cardiac output (COP) due to achieving higher heart rates post-pacing. There was a significant drop in EF and GLS in both groups.

At 6 months, SV continued to decrease with a corresponding decrease in COP and LVEF. This drop in SV was due to a significant increase in ESV while EDV did not show a significant change at a 6-month follow-up. Also, the drop EF and GLS became more significant.

There were no significant differences between both groups regarding the changes in LV volumes (EDV, ESV, SV), LVEF or GLS throughout the study (pre-pacing, at 1-week and 6-months post pacing). However, dual-chamber pacing group provided higher heart rates and as a result higher COP than the single-chamber group.

Conclusions

RV pacing led to a significant drop in LV COP, ejection fraction (EF), and GLS over short- and long-term duration. Dual chamber pacing provided higher COP than a single chamber pacing. This was due to tracking the S. A node with pacing at higher heart rates not due to an increase in SV and preserving atrioventricular synchrony. Both Doppler method and 3D echo can be used to calculate SV and COP.
The added value of multidetector CT in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal causes of acute abdomen in geriatrics
Authors: Emara Doaa M. , Rizk Adel M. , Ahmed Abeer M. , El Abd Amr Magdi
Published: February 2021

Background

Due to changes in the gastrointestinal system in geriatric people, there are higher rates of atypical presentations of common disorders. In order to decrease the mortality rate, an efficient and correct diagnosis should be given for these patients. The aim of this study was to assess the role of MDCT in evaluating gastrointestinal tract-related acute abdominal pain in geriatric patients.

Results

Among fifty geriatric patients presented clinically with acute abdominal pain of gastrointestinal origin from November 2019 to September 2020, mean age was 70.2 ± 5.6 years ranging from 65 to 86 years. Majority were female, (thirty patients, 60%). Gastric causes (16%): obstruction (62.5%) and perforation (37.5%); and intestinal causes (84%): obstruction (71.4%), inflammatory (28.6%), perforation (23.8%), vascular (11.9%), and others (2.4%) were the frequent causes of acute abdominal pain in the studied patients. MDCT had a very high sensitivity of 98% (95% CI) as well as its PPV (95% CI) was 100% in the evaluation of gastrointestinal-related acute abdominal pain.

Conclusion

MDCT is a reliable diagnostic imaging modality for geriatric patients presented with acute abdominal pain suggested to be of gastrointestinal origin with a very high sensitivity in diagnosing the causative pathological conditions. MDCT can efficiently differentiate between obstructive, inflammatory, perforated, and ischemic bowel disorders.
Schizophrenia polygenic risk scores in youth mental health: preliminary associations with diagnosis, clinical stage and functioning
Authors: Crouse Jacob J. , Carpenter Joanne S. , Iorfino Frank , Lin Tian , Ho Nicholas , Byrne Enda M. , Henders Anjali K. , Wallace Leanne , Hermens Daniel F. , Scott Elizabeth M. , Wray Naomi R. , Hickie Ian B.
Published: February 2021

Background

The schizophrenia polygenic risk score (SCZ-PRS) is an emerging tool in psychiatry.

Aims

We aimed to evaluate the utility of SCZ-PRS in a young, transdiagnostic, clinical cohort.

Method

SCZ-PRSs were calculated for young people who presented to early-intervention youth mental health clinics, including 158 patients of European ancestry, 113 of whom had longitudinal outcome data. We examined associations between SCZ-PRS and diagnosis, clinical stage and functioning at initial assessment, and new-onset psychotic disorder, clinical stage transition and functional course over time in contact with services.

Results

Compared with a control group, patients had elevated PRSs for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression, but not for any non-psychiatric phenotype (for example cardiovascular disease). Higher SCZ-PRSs were elevated in participants with psychotic, bipolar, depressive, anxiety and other disorders. At initial assessment, overall SCZ-PRSs were associated with psychotic disorder (odds ratio (OR) per s.d. increase in SCZ-PRS was 1.68, 95% CI 1.08–2.59, P = 0.020), but not assignment as clinical stage 2+ (i.e. discrete, persistent or recurrent disorder) (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.64–1.26, P = 0.53) or functioning (R = 0.03, P = 0.76). Longitudinally, overall SCZ-PRSs were not significantly associated with new-onset psychotic disorder (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.34–2.03, P = 0.69), clinical stage transition (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.70–1.48, P = 0.92) or persistent functional impairment (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.52–1.38, P = 0.50).

Conclusions

In this preliminary study, SCZ-PRSs were associated with psychotic disorder at initial assessment in a young, transdiagnostic, clinical cohort accessing early-intervention services. Larger clinical studies are needed to further evaluate the clinical utility of SCZ-PRSs, especially among individuals with high SCZ-PRS burden.
PREVENT: A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Crossover Trial of Avexitide for Treatment of Postbariatric Hypoglycemia
Authors: Craig Colleen M , Lawler Helen Margaret , Lee Clare Jung Eun , Tan Marilyn , Davis Dawn Belt , Tong Jenny , Glodowski Michele , Rogowitz Elisa , Karaman Rowan , McLaughlin Tracey L , Porter Lisa
Published: February 2021

Context

Postbariatric hypoglycemia (PBH), characterized by enteroinsular axis overstimulation and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, is a complication of bariatric surgery for which there is no approved therapy.

Objective

To evaluate efficacy and safety of avexitide [exendin (9-39)], a glucagon-like peptide-1 antagonist, for treatment of PBH.

Methods

A multicenter, Phase 2, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study (PREVENT). Eighteen female patients with PBH were given placebo for 14 days followed by avexitide 30 mg twice daily and 60 mg once daily, each for 14 days in random order. The main outcome measures were glucose nadir and insulin peak during mixed-meal tolerance testing (MMTT) and hypoglycemic events captured by self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG), electronic diary, and blinded continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

Results

Compared with placebo, avexitide 30 mg twice daily and 60 mg once daily raised the glucose nadir by 21% (P = .001) and 26% (P = .0002) and lowered the insulin peak by 23% (P = .029) and 21% (P = .042), corresponding to 50% and 75% fewer participants requiring rescue during MMTT, respectively. Significant reductions in rates of Levels 1 to 3 hypoglycemia were observed, defined, respectively, as SMBG <70 mg/dL, SMBG <54 mg/dL, and a severe event characterized by altered mental and/or physical function requiring assistance. CGM demonstrated reductions in hypoglycemia without induction of clinically relevant hyperglycemia. Avexitide was well tolerated, with no increase in adverse events.

Conclusion

Avexitide administered for 28 days was well tolerated and resulted in robust and consistent improvements across multiple clinical and metabolic parameters, reinforcing the targeted therapeutic approach and demonstrating durability of effect. Avexitide may represent a first promising treatment for patients with severe PBH.
Three-dimensional model of glioblastoma by co-culturing tumor stem cells with human brain organoids
Authors: Azzarelli Roberta , Ori Michela , Philpott Anna , Simons Benjamin D.
Published: February 2021

Emerging three-dimensional (3D) cultures of glioblastoma are becoming powerful models to study glioblastoma stem cell behavior and the impact of cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions on tumor growth and invasion. Here we describe a method for culturing human glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in 3D by co-culturing them with pluripotent stem cell-derived brain organoids. This requires multiple coordinated steps, including the generation of cerebral organoids, and the growth and fluorescence tagging of GSCs. We highlight how to recognize optimal organoid generation and how to efficiently mark GSCs, before describing optimized co-culture conditions. We show that GSCs can efficiently integrate into brain organoids and maintain a significant degree of cell fate heterogeneity, paving the way for the analysis of GSC fate behavior and lineage progression. These results establish the 3D culture system as a viable and versatile GBM model for investigating tumor cell biology and GSC heterogeneity.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Modeling the developmental origins of pediatric cancer to improve patient outcomes
Authors: Amatruda James F.
Published: February 2021

In the treatment of children and adolescents with cancer, multimodal approaches combining surgery, chemotherapy and radiation can cure most patients, but may cause lifelong health problems in survivors. Current therapies only modestly reflect increased knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of these cancers. Advances in next-generation sequencing have provided unprecedented cataloging of genetic aberrations in tumors, but understanding how these genetic changes drive cellular transformation, and how they can be effectively targeted, will require multidisciplinary collaboration and preclinical models that are truly representative of the in vivo environment. Here, I discuss some of the key challenges in pediatric cancer from my perspective as a physician-scientist, and touch on some promising new approaches that have the potential to transform our understanding of these diseases.
Advantages and disadvantages of single-source dual-energy whole-body CT angiography with 50% reduced iodine dose at 40 keV reconstruction
Authors: Noda Yoshifumi , Nakamura Fumihiko , Yasuda Noriyuki , Miyoshi Toshiharu , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kawada Hiroshi , Hyodo Fuminori , Matsuo Masayuki
Published: February 2021

Objectives:

To assess the feasibility of whole-body dual-energy computed tomographic angiography (DECTA) at 40 keV with 50% reduced iodine dose protocol.

Methods:

Whole-body CTA was performed in 65 patients; 31 of these patients underwent 120 kVp single-energy computed tomographic angiography (SECTA) with standard iodine dose (600 mgI/kg) and 34 with 40 keV DECTA with 50% reduced iodine dose (300 mgI/kg). SECTA data were reconstructed with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction of 40% (SECTA group), and DECTA data were reconstructed with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction of 40% (DECTA-40% group) and 80% (DECTA-80% group). CT numbers of the thoracic and abdominal aorta, iliac artery, background noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and arterial depiction were compared among the three groups. The CT dose index volumes (CTDIvol) for the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis were compared between SECTA and DECTA protocols.

Results:

The vascular CT numbers and background noise were found to be significantly higher in DECTA groups than in the SECTA group (p < 0.001). SNR was significantly higher in the order corresponding to DECTA-80%, SECTA, and DECTA-40% (p < 0.001). The arterial depiction was comparable in almost all arteries; however, intrapelvic arterial depiction was significantly worse in DECTA groups than in the SECTA group (p < 0.0001–0.017). Unlike the pelvic region (p = 0.055), CTDIvol for the thorax (p < 0.0001) and abdomen (p = 0.0031) were significantly higher in the DECTA protocol than in the SECTA protocol.

Conclusion:

DECTA at 40 keV with 50% reduced iodine dose provided higher vascular CT numbers and SNR than SECTA, and almost comparable arterial depiction, but had a degraded intrapelvic arterial depiction and required a larger radiation dose.

Advances in knowledge:

DECTA enables 50% reduction of iodine dose while maintaining image quality, arterial depiction in almost all arteries, vascular CT numbers, and SNR; however, it does not allow clear visualization of intrapelvic arteries, requiring a slightly larger radiation dose compared with SECTA with standard iodine dose.
Case Report: Two cases of rare head injuries from Nepal
Authors: Das Joe M. , Pokharel Apar , Sapkota Rashmi , Mishra Manish , Babu Aryal Ashish
Published: February 2021

Background: There are a number of ways in which one can sustain a head injury. Even if you are doing simple household activities or going out for a morning walk, you cannot be sure of what type of injury awaits you. The source of injury may be a pressure cooker whistle acting as a projectile or a hailstone falling from the sky. Such injuries are common in Nepal, considering the socio-demographic and geographic conditions. In this article, we present two such very rare cases of head injury.

Case Reports: The first case is a middle-aged woman who sustained an accidental injury to the face associated with fracture of frontal sinus and frontal contusion, following the impact from a high momentum projectile in the form of the pressure regulator of a pressure cooker. She underwent craniotomy and removal of the foreign body. In the second case, an elderly man sustained minor injury to the head following the fall of hail. The abrasions and contusions produced by the hail were managed conservatively. Since he did not have any clinical evidence of head injury, other than multiple abrasions with contusions in the scalp, he did not undergo any imaging studies. He did not have any neurological deficits. The postoperative period was uneventful for the first patient and she was followed up for one month. The second patient was lost to follow-up.

Conclusion: Successful management of two very rare cases of head injuries from Nepal are reported. Proper care and maintenance of the house-hold utensils that are constantly used may protect people from head injuries.  Though natural calamities cannot always be avoided, simple measures like using an umbrella while going outdoors may protect individuals from head injuries due to hailstones.
Polysomal mRNA Association and Gene Expression in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Tinti Michele , Kelner-Mirôn Anna , Marriott Lizzie J. , Ferguson Michael A.J.
Published: February 2021

Background: The contrasting physiological environments of Trypanosoma brucei procyclic (insect vector) and bloodstream (mammalian host) forms necessitates deployment of different molecular processes and, therefore, changes in protein expression. Transcriptional regulation is unusual in T. brucei because the arrangement of genes is polycistronic; however, genes which are transcribed together are subsequently cleaved into separate mRNAs by trans-splicing. Following pre-mRNA processing, the regulation of mature mRNA stability is a tightly controlled cellular process. While many stage-specific transcripts have been identified, previous studies using RNA-seq suggest that changes in overall transcript level do not necessarily reflect the abundance of the corresponding protein.

Methods: To better understand the regulation of gene expression in T. brucei, we performed a bioinformatic analysis of RNA-seq on total, sub-polysomal, and polysomal mRNA samples. We further cross-referenced our dataset with a previously published proteomics dataset to identify new protein coding sequences.

Results: Our analyses showed that several long non-coding RNAs are more abundant in the sub-polysome samples, which possibly implicates them in regulating cellular differentiation in T. brucei. We also improved the annotation of the T.brucei genome by identifying new putative protein coding transcripts that were confirmed by mass spectrometry data.

Conclusions: Several long non-coding RNAs are more abundant in the sub-polysome cellular fractions and might pay a role in the regulation of gene expression. We hope that these data will be of wide general interest, as well as being of specific value to researchers studying gene regulation expression and life stage transitions in T. brucei.
Modal multilattice logics with Tarski, Kuratowski, and Halmos operators
Authors: Grigoriev Oleg , Petrukhin Yaroslav
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we consider modal multilattices with Tarski, Kuratowski, and Halmos closure and interior operators as well as the corresponding logics which are multilattice versions of the modal logics MNT4, S4, and S5, respectively. The former modal multilattice logic is a new one. The latter two modal multilattice logics have been already mentioned in the literature, but algebraic completeness results have not been established for them before. We present a multilattice version of MNT4 in a form of a sequent calculus and prove the algebraic and neighbourhood completeness theorems for it. We extend the algebraic completeness result for the multilattice versions of S4 and S5 as well.
Scalp Reconstruction Using Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer in the Patients with Intracranial Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria Infection
Authors: Kim Hyeonjo , Lee Seongjoo , Lee Juho , Shin Seho , Kim Jaehyun , Suh Insuck , Kim Seonghwan
Published: February 2021

Purpose: When scalp infection occurs after craniectomy and cranioplasty, it tends to be recurrent and fatal. The infection can spread to the underlying tissue when the skull is not present to act as a barrier, eventually leading to epidural abscesses and encephalitis. In such cases of widespread infection, reconstruction of scalp and skull defect after surgical debridement of infected tissue is a great challenge for plastic and neurosurgeons.Methods: Six patients with infection of forehead, scalp, and underlying dura were referred to our clinic for the control of repeated infection. Features and duration of infection, the presence of foreign bodies, bacterial culture tests, types of free flaps, and postoperative complications were investigated.Results: All cases were intracranial infections after neurosurgery and the duration of infection was 4.3±2.6 months. Foreign bodies (artificial bone, titanium mesh, plate, and screw) were present in three cases. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were cultured in five cases (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii). For the control of infection, removal of foreign body and free tissue transfer was performed. The infection was controlled successfully during follow-up periods (59.3±42.0 months). Conclusion: Intracranial infections after neurosurgery on the skull can be fatal and lead to long-term sequelae. For the control of intracranial infection with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, well-vascularized free tissue transfer followed by foreign body removal is recommended. After infection control through free tissue transfer, secondary operations such as cranioplasty with titanium mesh or fat injection can be performed safely without recurrence of infection.
Emergent Strategy from Spontaneous Anger: Crowd Dynamics in the First 48 Hours of the Ferguson Shooting
Authors: Kudesia Ravi S.
Published: February 2021

The fatal August 9, 2014, officer-involved shooting of a Black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri, sparked a series of local protests that culminated in a national social movement: Black Lives Matter. In this study, through a minute-by-minute analysis of crowd dynamics, I find that the eventual social movement strategy emerged from spontaneous acts of anger in protest crowds within the first 48 hours of the shooting. This finding is surprising in light of social movement scholarship, in which strategy is thought to follow from rationality and decision making within formal organizations, not emotionality and spontaneous action within informal crowds. By coupling a historical analysis of protest and policing practices with a comparison of prominent theories of crowds, emotion, and strategy, I theorize how strategy can emerge from spontaneous acts of anger as part of a distributed sensemaking process in crowds, rather than conflating strategy with rationality and deliberate planning in organizations. Taken in sum, this study challenges prevailing ideas about the wisdom of crowds and exemplifies the immanent potential for change, in which our seemingly “micro” actions are not trivial but can influence even the most “macro” of strategic outcomes.
Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Burden Eleanor G. , Batten Timothy J. , Smith Christopher D. , Evans Jonathan P.
Published: February 2021

Aims

This systematic review asked which patterns of complications are associated with the three reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) prosthetic designs, as classified by Routman et al, in patients undergoing RTSA for the management of cuff tear arthropathy, massive cuff tear, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The three implant design philosophies investigated were medial glenoid/medial humerus (MGMH), medial glenoid/lateral humerus (MGLH), and lateral glenoid/medial humerus (LGMH).

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed via a search of MEDLINE and Embase. Two reviewers extracted data on complication occurrence and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Meta-analysis was conducted on the reported proportion of complications, weighted by sample size, and PROMs were pooled using the reported standardized mean difference (SMD). Quality of methodology was assessed using Wylde’s non-summative four-point system. The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020193041).

Results

A total of 42 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Rates of scapular notching were found to be significantly higher in MGMH implants (52% (95% confidence interval (CI) 40 to 63)) compared with MGLH ((18% (95% CI 6 to 34)) and LGMH (12% (95% CI 3 to 26)). Higher rates of glenoid loosening were seen in MGMH implants (6% (95% CI 3 to 10)) than in MGLH implants (0% (95% CI 0 to 2)). However, strength of evidence for this finding was low. No significant differences were identified in any other complication, and there were no significant differences observed in PROMs between implant philosophies.

Conclusion

This systematic review has found significant improvement in PROMS and low complication rates across the implant philosophies studied. Scapular notching was the only complication found definitely to have significantly higher prevalence with the MGMH implant design. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):813–821.
Ensilability and Nutritive Value of Sweet Sorghum and Sweet Pearl Millet Bagasse as Affected by Different Methods of Carbohydrate Extraction for Eventual Ethanol Production
Authors: Saïed Noura , Khelifi Mohamed , Bertrand Annick , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Aider Mohammed
Published: February 2021

Highlights

Juice extraction resulted in a decrease in the nutritive value of the bagasse as compared with the initial biomass.

Silages made from the second pressing bagasse were well conserved.

Sweet sorghum silage has a better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet.

Abstract. Pressing the biomass of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet in-field is one of the suggested options for bioethanol production. The extracted juice can be delivered to an ethanol plant, and the bagasse (pressing residue) can be used for ruminant feeding. Efficient carbohydrate extraction is highly important for good ethanol yield. However, enough carbohydrates must remain in the bagasse for its adequate conservation as silage. In this study, the ensilability and the chemical composition of the second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet were investigated. The bagasse was obtained following a second pressing of the first pressing bagasse after its impregnation with water based on three water:bagasse ratios (0.5, 1, and 1.5). Results indicated that water:bagasse ratio did not affect water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) extraction for both crops. The second pressing bagasse of sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet contained 80.5 ±4.6 and 60 ±4.6 g of WSC kg-1 dry matter (DM), respectively. The second pressing bagasse of both crops had reduced nutritive value compared to the initial biomass, i.e., higher neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) concentrations along with lower non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentration, in vitro true digestibility of DM (IVTD), and in vitro NDF digestibility (NDFd). The second pressing bagasses of both crops also showed good ensilability, but sweet sorghum bagasse silages were of better nutritive value than sweet pearl millet bagasse silages (ADF = 446.2 ±3.7 vs. 463.2 ±3.7 g kg-1 DM, IVTD = 813.8 ±3.4 vs. 708.8 ±6.8 g kg-1 DM, and NDFd = 741.8 ±4.8 vs. 596.2 ±8.5 g kg-1 NDF, respectively). The water:bagasse ratio used for bagasse impregnation before the second pressing only affected the NDF concentration of silages, as a higher NDF concentration was obtained with a water:bagasse ratio of 1.5. Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet can be considered dual-purpose crops; the extracted juice can be fermented into ethanol, and the second pressing bagasse can be used to make good-quality silage. Keywords: Bagasse impregnation, Nutritive value, Silage, Sweet pearl millet, Sweet sorghum, Water-soluble carbohydrates.
How Children Feel About How They Spend Time
Authors: Mullan Killian
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on the affective component of subjective well-being, specifically in connection with how children feel about how they spend their time. The results for children's enjoyment of time in different activities are perhaps unsurprising, showing that they generally do not enjoy time at school and time doing homework, and they enjoy very much time in screen-based activities and other leisure. Central to the basic understanding of what constitutes a good childhood is that children have the time and space to have fun and enjoy themselves. Based on these results it might well be suggested that in order to maximise child well-being they should be encouraged to spend more time in leisure activities including screen time, and to avoid or minimise time in school and doing homework. One can easily imagine children cheering this proposition on, but prior research demonstrates that there is a degree of mismatch between feelings about time use during activities and indicators of general well-being. Although children tend to find time in education-related activities unenjoyable, and they express comparatively low levels of happiness with this area of their lives, some have found these to be positively associated with overall happiness. The chapter then examines the rarely studied experience of time pressure among children.
Combining spectroscopic techniques to determine the optical constants
of powdered lactose
Authors: Yokosuk Michael O. , Tiwald Thomas E. , Saunders Danielle L. , Blake Thomas A. , Myers Tanya L.
Published: February 2021

A method for deriving the optical constants (

n

/

k

) of organic powdered materials using
pressed pellets in the mid-infrared spectral range is introduced that
combines variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and transmission
spectroscopy. The approach is applied to anhydrous lactose, in which
three different forms of pellets were pressed and measured: a pure
lactose pellet and a mixed lactose/potassium bromide (KBr) pellet with
a large analyte percentage were used for ellipsometric measurements,
and a KBr transmission pellet with only a small analyte percentage was
used for transmission measurements. The transmittance data provide an
initial set of oscillators and improve the spectral fitting of weak
absorption features (

k

<

0.01

). Ellipsometric data for the pure and
mixed pellets are then fit simultaneously to derive the final

n

/

k

values for lactose from

6000

−

400

c
m

−
1

. An alternative method just using the
ellipsometric data from the mixed pellet and the transmittance data is
also presented and shows good agreement with the multi-sample
analysis, providing a simpler method for powders that do not press
easily into pure pellets. Finally, the derived optical constants were
used to model the reflectance data, demonstrating a good match with
the measured reflectance spectra if non-idealities are included.
Error coupling analysis of the laboratory calibration method for a star tracker
Authors: Zhao Shufan , Wang Xingshu , Tan Wenfeng , Dai Dongkai , Qin Shiqiao
Published: February 2021

A star tracker should be well calibrated before it is equipped in order to achieve high accuracy. There exists, however, the coupling problem between the internal and external parameters for most commonly used laboratory calibration methods, which affect the star tracker’s performance. We theoretically analyze the major aspects of the coupling mechanism based on the star tracker laboratory calibration model, which means the coupling between the principal point and the installation angle. The concept of equivalent principal point error, which illustrates the effectiveness of the calibration even with poor decoupling accuracy between the principal point and the installation angle, is introduced. Simulation and bench experiments are conducted to verify the laboratory calibration method and its coupling mechanism. The decoupling accuracy can be improved with more samples during calibration. In addition, the equivalent principal point error converges quickly and hardly affects the attitude of the star tracker, which is verified by both theory and experiment. The comprehensive calibration accuracy can still reach a high level even with poor decoupling accuracy.
On colors of stainless-steel surfaces polished with magnetic abrasives
Authors: Tiwari Akash , Xu Fang , Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Yamaguchi Hitomi , Bukkapatnam Satish T. S.
Published: February 2021

Multiple colors visible to the naked eye across the internal surfaces of stainless-steel 304 tubes polished with a magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process were investigated at varying levels of magnification. The colors were found to result from microscopic colored features of four different hues — green, blue, red, and yellow — having irregular sizes and shapes. Spectral analysis of their dispersion indicates that these colored features appear along the lay marks generated during MAF. Surface characterization employing energy dispersive spectroscopy and instrumented indentation testing indicates the presence of films of non-stochiometric chromium oxide and nickel oxide in the colored regions. Variations in the momentum and the density of the abrasive particles interacting with the surface during the MAF process, together with the chemical composition and morphology of the surface, provide thermodynamic conditions favorable for a non-uniform growth of the oxides film. Local color is dependent on the local composition and thickness of the oxides film.
Unconventional circularly polarized Airy light-sheet spinner tweezers
Authors: Mitri F. G.
Published: February 2021

Standard circularly polarized Airy light-sheets are synthesized by
combining two dephased TE and TM wave fields, polarized in the
transverse directions of wave propagation, respectively. Somewhat
counterintuitively, the present analysis theoretically demonstrates
the existence of unconventional circularly polarized Airy
light-sheets, where one of the individual dephased wave fields is
polarized along the direction of wave propagation. The vector angular
spectrum decomposition method in conjunction with the Lorenz gauge
condition and Maxwell’s equations allow adequate determination of the
Cartesian components of the incident radiated electric field
components. Subsequently, the Cartesian components of the optical
time-averaged radiation force and torque can be determined and
computed. The example of a subwavelength light-absorptive (lossy)
dielectric sphere is considered based upon the dipole approximation
method. The results demonstrate the emergence of negative force
components, suggesting retrograde motion and spinning reversal
depending on the polarization of the Airy light-sheet and its
transverse scale and attenuation parameter. The results are important
in the design of light-sheet spinner tweezers and applications
involving optical switching and particle manipulation and
rotation.
Mueller micropolarimeter for color imaging of aluminum metasurfaces
Authors: Nicolas M. , Soumahoro I. , Zhang L. , Guida G. , de Marcillac W. Daney , Demaille D. , Schwob C. , Boujday S. , Gallas B.
Published: February 2021

Many anticounterfeiting tags rely on images intricate in different color and/or different polarization states to create optical effects invisible in conventional observation conditions. We build here an imaging micropolarimeter based on the dual-rotating compensator system and using the color capabilities of cameras to yield the full polarimetric information for any color coordinates in one acquisition step. After correction for the camera response, the full color image reconstructed from the polarimetric response is validated by comparison with images obtained in an optical microscope fitted with polarizers.
4 J unstable cavity direct-liquid-cooled disk laser
Authors: Ye Zhibin , Jiang Shu , Wu Fei , Deng Xiaolei
Published: February 2021

A quasi-continuous unstable laser resonator with a direct-liquid-cooled method is developed. The refractive index matching liquid and 10 pieces of

45

m
m

×

18

m
m

×

2

m
m

Nd:YLF crystals with different doping levels are used as coolant and gain media, respectively. The stepped transmittance convex and concave mirrors are used as the cavity mirror to construct the unstable resonator. Experimentally, the flow rate of the coolant is 5 m/s and the effective amplification rate of the unstable cavity is 1.3. A quasi-continuous output single-pulse energy of 4 J is obtained with the optical-optical efficiency of 20%, the repetition frequency of 250 Hz, the wavelength of 1047 nm, and the beam quality factor

β

of 10 approximately. By introducing an adaptive optical (AO) system into the cavity, a higher power and higher beam quality laser is expected to be achieved.
Cascaded AMZ triplets: a class of demultiplexers having a monitor and control scheme enabling dense WDM on Si nano-waveguide PICs with ultralow crosstalk and high spectral efficiency
Authors: Akiyama Tomoyuki , Oda Shoichiro , Nakasha Yasuhiro , Hayakawa Akinori , Tanaka Shinsuke , Tanaka Yu , Hoshida Takeshi
Published: February 2021

We propose a class of wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) demultiplexers having a novel monitor and control scheme enabling dense WDM on Si nano-waveguide (NW) photonic integrated circuits (PICs), which had been impossible due to the critically small fabrication tolerance of the extremely miniaturized waveguide structure. With a computer simulation, we show our proposed demultiplexers enable crosstalk in the range of -50 to -40 dB, flat-topped spectrum for high spectral efficiency, and channel counts as large as 64. We have experimentally evaluated the validity of this type of demultiplexers by using a 4-ch WDM demultiplexer, which has shown total crosstalk of < -49 dB as a result of fully automatic control of heaters. This technology is expected to drastically shrink the size of dense WDM transceivers, paving the way for future sustainable scalability in the capacity of optical transceiver systems.
Transmission of a 112-Gbit/s 16-QAM over a 1440-km SSMF with parallel Kramers-Kronig receivers enabled by an overlap approach and bandwidth compensation
Authors: Liu Yuyang , Li Yan , Song Jingwei , Yue Lei , Zhou Honghang , Luo Ming , He Zhixue , Qiu Jifang , Zuo Yong , Li Wei , Hong Xiaobin , Guo Hongxiang , Wu Jian
Published: February 2021

We investigate the parallelized performance of the conventional Kramers-Kronig (KK) and without the digital up-sampling KK (WDU-KK) receivers in a 112-Gbit/s 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) system over a 1440-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). A joint overlap approach and bandwidth compensation filter (OLA-BC) architecture is presented to mitigate the edge effect caused by the Hilbert transform and the Gibbs phenomenon induced by the FIR filter, respectively. Moreover, the computational complexity of the OLA-BC based parallelized KK/WDU-KK receiver is also discussed. Parallelized KK/WDU-KK receivers based on the presented OLA-BC architecture can effectively mitigate the edge effect and the Gibbs phenomenon together with more than two orders of magnitude improvement in terms of bit-error-ratio (BER) compared with parallelized KK/WDU-KK receivers without OLA-BC receivers in back-to-back (B2B) case. Finally, we successfully transmit the 16-QAM signals over 960-km SSMF with a BER lower than 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold (3.8 × 10−3) and 1440-km SSMF with a BER lower than 20% soft-decision FEC (SD-FEC) threshold (2 × 10−2).
Quasi-continuous linear phase-gradient metamaterial based on conformal spoof surface plasmon polaritons
Authors: Zhai Yipeng , Wang Jiafu , Liu Tonghao , Jia Yuxiang , Zhu Ruichao , Fu Xinmin , Li Yongfeng , Pang Yongqiang , Qu Shaobo
Published: February 2021

In this work, we propose a method of achieving quasi-continuous linear phase gradient for transmitted waves based on conformal spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP). To this end, a SSPP structure with high transmission is firstly designed as the unit cell of the metamaterial. To obtain the phase gradient, SSPP structures are arranged delicately in a way that they are conformal to the brachistochrone curve. In this way, quasi-continuous linear Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase profile can be realized strictly along one of the two transverse directions. To verify this idea, a dual-band transmissive metamaterial operating in X and Ku band was designed, fabricated and measured. Due to the phase gradient imparted by the conformal SSPP structures, high-efficiency anomalous refraction can be realized within the two bands. Different from the general PGM, the phase gradient of the conformal SSPP structure allows us to achieve the desired anomalous refraction angle without reconstructing the PB phase. Both the simulation and measurement results are well consistent with theoretical predictions. This work provides another strategy of achieving anomalous refraction and may find applications in beam steering, digital beam forming, etc.
Robust stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage with invariant-based optimal control
Authors: Song Xue-Ke , Meng Fei , Liu Bao-Jie , Wang Dong , Ye Liu , Yung Man-Hong
Published: February 2021

The stimulated Raman adiabatic passage shows an efficient technique that accurately transfers population between two discrete quantum states with the same parity in three-level quantum systems based on adiabatic evolution. This technique has widely theoretical and experimental applications in many fields of physics, chemistry, and beyond. Here, we present a general approach to robust stimulated Raman shortcut-to-adiabatic passage with invariant-based optimal control. By controlling the dynamical process, we inversely design a family of Hamiltonians with non-divergent Rabi frequencies that can realize fast and accurate population transfer from the first to the third level, while the systematic errors are largely suppressed in general. Furthermore, a detailed trade-off relation between the population of the intermediate state and the amplitudes of Rabi frequencies in the transfer process is illustrated. These results provide an optimal route toward manipulating the evolution of three-level quantum systems in future quantum information processing.