bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH PROMOSI DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA: STUDI PADA BANK BJB SE-PRIANGAN TIMUR
Authors: Ratnaningsih Nining
Published: February 2018

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi dengan masih rendahnya kepuasan kerja karyawan akibat kurang termotivasi dalam melakukan pekerjaan dan tugasnya dalam mencapai target. Pekerjaan membutuhkan interaksi dengan rekan kerja dan para atasan, mematuhi peraturan-peraturan dan kebijakan-kebijakan organisasi, memenuhi standar kinerja, hidup dengan suasana kerja yang sering kali kurang ideal, dan semacamnya. Tujuan penelitian memahami pengaruh promosi dan motivasi terhadap kepuasan kerja. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Dalam menganalisis data menggunakan analisis data uji statistik korelasi dan regresi ganda. Dari hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa promosi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja. Artinya semakin tinggi promosi semakin meningkat pula kepuasan kerja. Variabel motivasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja yang artinya semakin baik motivasi cenderung semakin meningkat kepuasan kerja. Selanjutnya promosi dan motivasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja disimpulkan jika promosi dan motivasi meningkat, maka meningkat pula kepuasan kerja. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan dengan hasil analisis yang menyatakan korelasi (r) sebesar 0,674. Jika disandingkan dengan tabel nilai interprestasi r, maka tingkat hubungan promosi dan motivasi terhadap kepuasan kerja termasuk dalam kategori kuat. Adapun koefisien determinan (r2) sebesar 0,706 yang berarti bahwa promosi dan motivasi mempengaruhi kepuasan kerja sebesar 70,6% sedangkan sisanya dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain.
IMPLEMENTASI PERMENDAGRI NOMOR 17 TAHUN 2007 DALAM RANGKA EFISIENSI PENATAUSAHAAN BARANG MILIK DAERAH
Authors: Nursasona Devi Indra
Published: February 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan tentang implementasi Permendagri Nomor 17 Tahun 2007 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pengelolaan Barang Milik Daerah dalam rangka efisiensi penatausahaan barang milik daerah pada Dinas Pendapatan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Kabupaten Ciamis.Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, adapun metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif.  Berdasarkan hasil temuan dilapangan ditemukan sebagai berikut implementasi Permendagri Nomor 17 Tahun 2007 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pengelolaan Barang Milik Daerah telah dilaksanakan sesuai ketentuan di Kabupaten Ciamis namun belum mencapai derajat kesesuaian terhadap Permendagri Nomor 17 Tahun 2007.  Disisi lain efisiensi penatausahaan barang milik daerah dari segi keandalan, sistem dan prosedur, fleksibilitas serta hasil yang dicapai telah mampu mewujudkan hasil yang baik  dalam mengimplementasikan Permendagri Nomor 17 tahun 2007 tentang Pedoman Teknis Pengelolaan Barang Milik Daerah di Kabupaten Ciamis. Dalam meningkatkan efisiensi penatausahaan barang milik daerah, telah dilakukan upaya-upaya kegiatan peningkatan kompetensi sumber daya aparatur pengelola barang milik daerah melalui bimbingan teknis pengelolaan barang daerah bagi para pengurus barang, penyediaan sarana dan prasarana kerja bagi pengelolaan aset daerah, pengembangan dan peningkatan aplikasi sistem informasi manajemen barang daerah. Pelaksanaan rekonsiliasi data aset tetap pada setiap awal bulan secara konsisten dan terus menerus untuk menginternalisasikan kerangka disiplin pada masing-masing tanggungjawab individu.
Illegal rattan extraction trends in the Ankasa Conservation Area in Ghana
Authors: D. Amankwaa,  A. Asare R. Obour,
Published: February 2018

Protected Areas (PAs) are created for the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, but many of Ghana’s PAs are subjectto severe pressures and threats, the main pressures being the illegal extraction of natural resources. Rattans are indisputablyone of the most important Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Ghana’s Protected Areas that is without doubt one of thereasons for which it has drawn the attention of researchers. In this study the illegal rattan extraction patterns in the AnkasaConservation Area (ACA) in Ghana was inspected. Simple random sampling and Snowball sampling techniques were used. Datacollection employed the use of semi-structured questionnaires, interviews and field enumeration of rattans as well as an analysisof Effective Patrol Man-days (EPMDS) from 2004 to 2012. The results showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.75, p<0.05, r2 = 0.557) between patrol effort and rattan extraction encounters. In addition, there was a general reduction in illegalrattan extraction encounters from 2004 to 2012 at a rate of 4.3 per year. The highest illegal rattan extraction incidences wererecorded in 2006 (76 encounters), 2005 (35 encounters), 2008 (22 encounters), 2004 (18 encounters) and the least incidencewere recorded in both 2010 (3 encounters) and 2011 (3 encounters).The research also revealed that Eremospatha macrocarpawas the most extracted rattan species followed by Laccosperma secundiflorum. The major rattan extraction and trade routesoriginate in the northern parts and in the area east of the reserve and also south of Draw River Forest Reserve. Generally, rattanpoaching in Ankasa Conservation Area has declined, but there are still human incursions in the northern part of the reserve. Thestudy recommended an intensification of patrols in the north of the reserve. Also, enrichment planting and Agroforestry practicesof inter-cropping rattans with seasonal crops should be pursued vigorously for the local communities.
Predicting Ghanaian farmers’ intention to sustain the supply of quality cocoa beans
Authors: Quarmine William
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the predictors of Ghanaian cocoa producers’ intention to continue adopting a recommended cocoa beanfermentation technology in the future. The analyses is carried out within the framework of the theory of planned behaviour.Three hundred and twenty-one cocoa producers were interviewed. Consistent with literature, attitudes, subjective norms andpast behaviour were significant predictors of fermentation intentions. Positive attitude relate to beliefs about ease of use oftechnologies and existence of non-financial rewards. Negative attitudes relate to lack of direct financial rewards. PurchasingClerks, Chief Farmers and society at large were found to be the salient social referents who shape producers’ fermentationintentions. Recommendations included improving implementation of current producer incentive regimes, promoting trust betweenproducers and purchasing clerks and strengthening producer association to increase the sphere of influence of the Chief Farmers.
Sewage Treatment by Waste Stabilization Pond Systems
Authors: R. S. Suglo J. Kenneth,
Published: February 2018

Sewage generated in Ghana is commonly discharged into the environment without any form of treatment to reduce the degree ofcontamination and mitigate potential public health and environmental issues. Although some attempts have been made in someparts of Ghana to utilize the waste stabilization pond (WSP) system to treat domestic sewage, the ponds often fail to achievetheir purpose due to lack of basic maintenance and supervision. To assess the utility of the WSP system for treating sewage,wastewater samples were collected from the raw sewage, anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds of WSPs at Obuasi inGhana, and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological contaminants. The results show that the final pond effluent meetsrecommended microbiological and chemical quality guidelines. The waste stabilization pond system demonstrates high removalefficiencies of wastewater contaminants. The biochemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, nitrate and faecal coliformsreduction efficiencies of 97.3%, 97.6%, 83.3% and 99.94% respectively are highly significant, and compare well with reportedremoval efficiencies in the literature. Additionally, the ponds have high reduction efficiencies for heavy metals and pathogenicmicroorganisms. The wastewater treatment system complies with standard wastewater management practices, and provides auseful method for treating and disposing wastewater in Ghana.
Mining Activities and the Spatial-Temporal Variations of Earthquakes in Southern Africa
Authors: Mborah Charles
Published: February 2018

Spatial-temporal variations in earthquake occurrence have been studied in many regions of the world but little can be said aboutthe Southern Africa Region in this regard. Using earthquakes of magnitudes greater than or equal to one together with theFORTRAN language and Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), spatial variations of earthquakes spanning the period 1966 to 2014were examined for the region. Similarly, the temporal variations with earthquakes of magnitudes greater than or equal to fourwere studied. The spatial analysis showed that the highest number of events (1438) in the period occurred at an average depthof around 7.5 km representing approximately 79.9 % of the total earthquakes considered. The temporal distribution of events onthe other hand showed that the highest number of events (590) were recorded in the year 1993. Three main issues were identifiedas potential factors responsible for the observed variations. Activities such as mining and failures in weak zones of the rockmass as well as increase in the number of stations were identified as the key factors responsible for the observed distributions.The third factor could not be independently verified. However, earlier studies suggest that this factor indeed have caused majorearthquakes in the region.
Perception of irrigation farmers’ livelihood on a changing climate in the Upper West region of Ghana
Authors: V. Hans-Jürgen E. Amankwah,
Published: February 2018

Agriculture in the Upper West region is primarily subsistence and rain-fed, and irrigation practice is significantly furrow andthe use of traditional watering can. This historical approach to agriculture is predicted to suffer severe setbacks due to climatechange. This research therefore explores farmers’ perception of climate change and its impact and how the farmers can cope withthe changing climate. The primary data was gathered through field observation, interviews and administration of questionnairesto about 400 irrigation farmers in three districts of the Upper West region. The data was analysed using 1. Statistical Packagefor Social Sciences (SPSS) and basic statistical tools. It was discovered that 62% of the farmers had no formal education withmajority above 50 years of age. Over 80% have observed rising temperatures and declining rainfall over the last few decades.This has led to higher evaporation and siltation of irrigation dams, higher transpiration of crops and water stress resultingin low crop yield, crop failure and food insecurity. The research also highlights anthropogenic activities that have influencedclimate variability and food production in the region. The research was concluded with suggested strategies to facilitate farmers’adaptation to climate variability.
Analysis of Household Energy Efficiency in developing countries using the Long Energy Alternative Planning System (Case Study: Ghana)
Authors: Amankwah Desmond
Published: February 2018

Ghana continues to face periodic energy crisis particularly in the power sector. The dominant household energy fuels in Ghanaare mainly biomass, oil products and hydropower. Efficient and wise use of available resources would consequently reduce theeffects and scarcity of these energy resources and make energy more accessible to many households in future. The objective ofthis paper is to use the LEAP model to develop three scenaria to depict a business as usual, assumed lower (10%) and higher(30%) energy savings on household energy intensities by 2030. Key factors relevant in the analysis included current and futurehousehold size, economic growth and saturation of household energy appliances. The results of this research shows a 30%reduction in total household energy consumption thus, higher energy saving scenario which would save about 1,552 ktoe andreduce GHG emission by 1,077.2 ktCO2 equivalent as compared to the baseline scenario by 2030. This scenario would reducehealth risk associated with biomass use and save households income on fuel. Effective implementation of policies and lawsbanning inefficient household electrical devices such as refrigerators, air-conditioners and lighting bulbs is necessary. In addition,awareness on energy savings on improved cooking stoves and automatic lighting control systems in buildings is beneficial inachieving this target. Meanwhile programs and policies in Ghana should aim at barriers in renewable energy technologies toensure its significance in the household energy mix.
Factors Affecting Stakeholders’ Participation in Collaborative Forest Management: The Case of Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve in Ghana
Authors: Adams Marshall Alhassan
Published: February 2018

Sustainable management of forest depends on effective participation of primary stakeholders - the local people. This paperfocuses on the assessment of factors that affect participation of local people in four key aspects of forest management - planning,implementation, monitoring and benefit-sharing - in Ghana using a case study of Krokosua Hills Forest Reserve (KHFR). Datacollected from 407 households living around the forest reserve were analyzed to determine the factors affecting participationin reserve management. Socio-demographic actors were found to have mixed effects on reserve management, with reserveplanning associated with gender and educational status of the respondents while benefit-sharing was associated with respondents’educational status and the awareness of collaborative forest management policy. These results imply that for sustainablemanagement of KHFR and similar forest areas in Ghana through collaborative arrangements, policy-makers and forest managersshould consider socio-demographic attributes of primary stakeholders.
Mine Water Management – A study at Edikan Gold Mine (EGM)
Authors: Ninnang Tiile Raymond
Published: February 2018

Water is an essential part of all mining activities and the availability of quality water year round is critical to mining operations.Mine water is largely employed in drilling, dust suppression, mineral processing and other in-pit operations. Shortage of water ina mine results in poor drilling control, dust pollution, and mill shutdowns, hence a critical need to optimize the use of water invarious mining processes. This paper seeks to establish an effective mine water management system at Edikan Gold Mine (EGM)to have enough water in store for drought conditions. A site water balance was established primarily taking into accounts theinflows and outflows of water at the mine. Results show that rainfall and the Asuafa River are the principal sources of water forEGM mining operations, while the processing plant was the main water user on the mine site. Annual net water balance is alsoestimated to help determine the required capacities of future water storage facilities.
Biodigestores como alternativa à sustentabilidade ambiental no campo brasileiro: um balanço bibliográfico acerca dos modelos Indiano, Chinês e Batelada.
Authors: Santos Diego Felipe dos , Guimarães Willian Franklin Ferreira , Gonçalves Claudio Ubiratan
Published: February 2018

Atualmente no Brasil a procura por novas fontes alternativas de energia é cada vez mais pesquisado nos seus diversos âmbitos. A renovação da matriz energética é comumente debatida por todo o país, fazendo com que haja novas possibilidades na utilização de meios para geração de energia. Um dos novos mecanismos utilizado para a geração de energia no campo brasileiro é a utilização de biomassa para geração de energia por meio de biodigestores que decompõe a matéria orgânica gerando o biogás, sendo esse utilizado na substituição de derivados do petróleo em motores movidos a gás, em fogões residenciais e afins. Em uma análise bibliográfica é apresentado os diversos modelos de biodigestores como o chinês, indiano e batelada auxiliam o camponês para os mais específicos modos de utilização. A utilização do biogás em propriedades rurais proporciona a diminuição do consumo de derivados do petróleo à produção de energia, aumenta a produção de biofertilizantes para utilização na fertilização do solo, pois é rico em húmus e nutrientes, baixando o custo de produção do plantio, e contribui para a preservação do meio ambiente, pois utiliza o lixo doméstico, resíduo industriais vegetais e até esterco animal
RELATO DE EXPERIÊNCIA: O CASO DA PRODUÇÃO DE COCO ORGÂNICO DA FAZENDA NOSSA SENHORA APARECIDA EM PARAIPABA, CEARÁ
Authors: De Oliveira Letícia Kenia Bessa de , Costa Rafael Santiago da , Zuliani Daniela Queiroz , Maciel Leidiane Marques , Souza Francisca Evelice Cardoso de , Pinheiro Ana Isabel , Amorim Aiala Vieira
Published: February 2018

A Agroecologia apresenta princípios que permitem o estudo, a análise, o desenho e o manejo de agroecossistemas, com o intuito de promover agricultura mais sustentável. Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, socializar uma experiência adquirida por alunos do curso de Agronomia da Universidade da Integração Internacional da Lusofonia Afro-Brasileira (Unilab), onde buscou-se conhecer como era realizado o cultivo de coco orgânico e correlacionar as atividades desempenhadas com os conceitos e os princípios defendidos pela Agroecologia. As informações foram obtidas através de uma caminhada transversal realizada na área de cultivo da fazenda Nossa Senhora Aparecida, Paraipaba, Ceará. Esta permitiu o conhecimento de técnicas e manejos para produção agroecológica, bem como formas de combate às pragas através de métodos menos danosos ao meio ambiente. Percebeu-se a sinergia entre os fatores determinantes, recursos e processos que compõem a propriedade e a importância dessa interação para maximizar a produção agrícola. Apesar destes pontos positivos, a propriedade apresenta um expressivo ponto negativo, a prática da monocultura, fazendo-se necessário o aumento da biodiversidade.
EFICIÊNCIA DO ÓLEO DE NIM E DO EXTRATO PIRONIM SOBRE O ÁCARO VERMELHO DO TOMATEIRO Tetranychus evansi BAKER & PRITCHARD (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE)
Authors: Santos Marcia Daniela dos , Maciel Anilde da Graça Sousa , Trindade Roseane Cristina Predes , Silva Edmilson Santos , Duarte Adriana Guimarães
Published: February 2018

Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard é considerado uma praga importante das Solanaceae,especialmente do tomateiro. Este ácaro tem uma alta taxa reprodutiva, ocasionando um crescimento populacionalelevado em um curto período de tempo, causando sérios prejuízos econômicos. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiênciade produtos naturais nas concentrações de 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10% sobre o ácaro T. evansi, em condições de laboratório.As arenas foram constituídas por recipientes de polietileno com 6,9 cm de diâmetro e 4,8 cm de altura e capacidadede 145 mL, cujo base foi coberto com papel filtro umedecido com água destilada e sobre este colocou-se folíolosde tomateiro com o pecíolo envolto em algodão umedecido para manter a turgidez. Os folíolos foram imersosnas concentrações por cinco segundos, postos para secar à temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, transferiu-se 15fêmeas adultas do ácaro para cada folíolo. As avaliações ocorreram após 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas da aplicação dosinseticidas botânicos. Para o Óleo de Neem Puro (Organix®), as menores concentrações mostraram atividadeacaricida ao longo do tempo de avaliação. Enquanto na concentração (10%) todos os ácaros morreram com 24hapós o tratamento. Para o produto Pironim®, todas as concentrações apresentaram atividade acaricida ao longodo tempo após a aplicação, necessitando de um maior período de exposição aos ingredientes ativos para queos ácaros morressem. Os produtos formulados óleo puro de neem Organic® e o Pironim® apresentam eficiênciaacaricida para T. evansi em todas as concentrações testadas após 72h.
Micro Finance Schemes : An Insight into the Impact on Standard of Living and Level of Awareness Amongst Target Social Groups.astudy of Bhopal District
Authors: Hasan Shumayela Mohsin , Sharma S. D.
Published: February 2018

Today if you look at the financial system around the globe, more than half the population in the
world- around three billion – do not qualify to take out a loan from a bank (Muhammad Yunus).This
reason turned out to be the actual driving force behind the birth of the microfinance movement
stating from Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1983 to Grameen America movement today.
Microfinance has received increasing attention as an effective strategy to alleviate poverty by
providing financial services to the poor who have little or no access to capital and formal financial
services, as well as providing additional support services such as training on education, healthcare
and other basic needs. Yet the increasing attention and reputation that microfinance institutions
(MFIs) have achieved, their contribution to poverty alleviation on a global level remains limited.
The research paper aims to take an insight into the impact of microfinance schemes on the
standard of living of the beneficiaries who have availed the advantage of such schemes in the
district of Bhopal. The study aims to reveal the experience of these beneficiaries through careful
investigation and analysis. The Microfinance schemes propose to aim at poverty eradication
among the society. The objective of this study thus brings under its purview the examination of
how these schemes have impacted greatly on asset acquisition and savings of the beneficiaries
tocurb down their poverty level. A total of 720 beneficiaries of State Bank of India in Bhopal were
selected as the study sample who had alreadyavailed the benefits of these Microfinance schemes.
A primary questionnaire was formulated to record the experiences of these beneficiaries and thus
the results were analyzed. Furthermore, the paper also examines the level of awareness about the
microfinance schemes amongst the target social groups for whom these schemes have been devised.
Consumer Purchase Decision Making Styles: A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Singh Ambrish , Medhavi Sanjay
Published: February 2018

The present study deals with the review of literature on consumer decision making styles. This
paper focuses on different consumer decision making models which provide the foundation of
consumer decision studies. This paper discusses about the factors which influence the consumer
decision making. Further, based on the literature on consumer decision making styles the role of
different cultural settings on the consumer decision making styles has been analysed .The present
study concludes that the consumers of different cultures exhibit different sets of decision making
styles.
Cashless Economy: A Changing Paradigm
Authors: Shukla Ajay , Singh Yashaswi
Published: February 2018

Objective of paper is to discuss what cashless economy is and what their benefits/drawbacks are,
scope in India and discussions regarding major countries of the world leading the pact towards a
nearly cashless economy. The present study is theoretical and analytical in nature and is mainly
based on secondary data In-depth interactions/discussions with various govt. agencies/representative
agencies concerned with skill India, digital India, e-commerce.
“An Emperical Study of Executive Development and Training Programme of Central Public Sector Enterprises in India”
Authors: Bharti Bhavika , Khan Saman
Published: February 2018

Since independence, we have witnessed a tremendous growth of organized industrial and business
activity in the public sector enterprise with a commensurate growth of management talent to
administer these enterprises in a sound and efficient manner. It has been observed that lack of
qualified and competent managerial personnel is an important factor prejudicing the success of an
enterprise. Executive talent is the most important aspect of an enterprise. It is not shown on the
corporate balance sheet, but it influences appreciably the growth, progress, profits and the share
values, than any other corporate asset. An organization has to develop the potential of all those
who are in the management positions. No modern organization can be successful for a long period
without planned attention to the growth and development of its managerial staff.
Critical Integrated Evaluation of State Power Entities Performance and Operational Effectiveness
Authors: Dewatwal Saroj Bala
Published: February 2018

Power sector is considered a key segment for accelerating economic and social growth in India. It
has registered significant growth in recent past and has potential to transform the economy. An
uninterrupted and quality power supply is the need of the hour. Amongst the three major channels
of power sector i.e. generation, transmission and distribution, the distribution Sector has direct
interface with the end consumers and is accountable for consumer satisfaction and also for flow of
revenues in the entire value chain of Power Sector. Thus, distribution Sector plays a vital role in
sustenance as well as growth. But in present scenario is plagued by poor financial health, imbalance
in demand and supply, heavy transmission and distribution losses, poor billing and collection and
operational and cost inefficiencies. Also consumers also faces problems like high frequency of
power cuts, low and fluctuating voltage, lack of responsiveness of service providers and inadequate
grievance redressal mechanism. Thus the major concern for power sector is the declining efficiency
of the distribution sector and therefore a real challenge today lies in efficient management of the
distribution entities. In order to bring improvements in power distribution sector, government has
initiated several plans. Reforms have been under way in the power sector for making it efficient
and more competitive. Formulation of integrated rating methodology is one major step to bring
improvements in the performance of distribution utilities and a tool for quality assessment
Life Insurance and its Provision of In-build Security
Authors: Pandey Tarkeshwar
Published: February 2018

The urge for protection led to the invention of insurance. Life insurance policies are the instruments
of social security for the welfare of individuals. In today’s uncertain world it has earned paramount
importance and is one of the basic necessity of life.
Cultivation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: An Innovative Effort towards Sustainable Development (A Case Study of Uttarakhand)
Authors: Atrey Priti
Published: February 2018

Uttarakhand popularly known as Dev Bhumi is widely believed to be the source of the centuries
old traditional system of medicine called Ayurveda. The State is blessed with thousand of species;
however, about 320 species have been identified having commonly growing. The forest department
has reported about 175 species being commercially extracted and traded. The State Government in
2003 declared Uttarakhand as an Herbal State. After declaration of Uttarakhand as an Herbal State,
the government took initiatives for sustainable cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants in a
phased manner. As it is a newly formed state, Uttarakhand is being subject to many large projects
especially hydroelectric projects, as part of development. These will adversely impact the forestland
of the state. Many species of medicinal and aromatic plants have disappeared with the loss of oak
forests. There is growing evidence that the many medicinal and aromatic plants species are
declining in the wild. So the systematic cultivation of high value medicinal and aromatic plants
under prevailing agro ecological condition is one of the sincere efforts in the direction of sustainable
development. Recently the state Government has introduced several incentives and established
The Herbal Research and Development Institute, State Medicinal Plants Board and Center for
Aromatic Plants for the popularization of sustainable cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
In these circumstances, our major objective is to explore the potential in medicinal and aromatic
plants cultivation in Uttarakhand.
Meghalaya Transfer of Land (Regulation) Act, 1971 : A Critical Analysis
Authors: Singh Arun Kumar
Published: February 2018

Meghalaya is the state comprises of different tribes mainly Khasi and Garos. Culturally they are
different. Land transfer in the State is governed by the Meghalaya Transfer
ofLand(Regulation)Act,1971,which has been amended in 2010. The objective of the Act is to
protect the interest of tribals. By the amendment word 'will' has been included in the detention of
Transfer that created confusion .Although,the court has said that the 'will' should not be included
in the definition of transfer but still it is there. In this paper the analysis of the Act of 1971 has
been done. How far the SARFAESI Act,2002 is relevant here has been discussed. And also,the role
of judiciary has been highlighted
Constitutional Review of Cases Involving National Security Concerns in India
Authors: Anand Priyanka
Published: February 2018

The area of this research paper is that the Supreme Court has been using minimalist strategies in
dealing with such cases, and that the use of this approach is opportunistic and escapist rather than
either the expression of a well-theorized understanding of the role of courts in the Indian polity, or
a reflection of broader policy rationales for adopting such a strategy. In this article, I will first
explain the concept of minimalism and then go on to analyse how the Supreme Court’s decision on
terror related cases reflect the use of a minimalist strategy.
Protection of Trade Secrets in the Era of Digitalization: With Special Reference to Cloud Computing
Authors: Shimpi Ranjeet Kumar Tripathi
Published: February 2018

Trade secrets are vital for the success of any business organizations. It should be obvious that
trade secrets are potentially critical and vulnerable area of IPR, especially in today’s digital world.
Trade Secrets or confidential data protection is a huge concern in cloud computing. That is the
threat against trade secrets as well. Gartner, Inc., a leading information technology research and
advisory firm, defines cloud computing as “a style of computing in which scalable and elastic ITenabled
capabilities are delivered as a service using Internet technologies.”
Third party access is a prime concern of the user, primarily when laws of some countries facilitate
it. User data can be handed over to foreign countries on request with or without the knowledge of
the user. Since the cloud data is in transit, the country through which it passes has the potential to
request such data, according its laws. Even countries are concerned over the lack of privacy of
data in the cloud.
In this paper author has highlighted the trade secrets violations of intellectual property rights in
the context of cloud computing. Author has also tried to justify the importance of protecting trade
secrets from the perspectives of business organizations as well as countries development.
Cyber Forensics in India: The situation today
Authors: Tripathi Kalrav Krishna
Published: February 2018

a nascent stage. The requirement for computer forensics has been gaining importance with each
passing day and the increasing forms and manners of cybercrimes and litigations involving parties
of a larger institutional character. It is a sine qua non for every organization in contemporary times
to employ the services of a computer forensics agency or hire a specialized expert from the said
field to maintain the security of the organizations with respect to cybercrimes and data protection.
Major quantum of losses, at unexpected times caused by cybercrimes with to various organizations
has resulted in creating a keen interest with respect to the same.
The main scope and significance of this paper is the understanding of the working as well as
importance of Cyber Forensics in the modern age. In the wake of this and recent incidents in
relation to cyber-crimes as such due importance must be given to the studies relating to the same
and Cyber Forensics is one of them. It focuses on India and its interaction with crime via Cyber
Forensics. The paper proceeds on the ground that there is a growing need for advancement in the
field of cyber forensics in order to keep up with the spurt in crimes related to computers. In the
present legal set up there is a need for procedural guidelines to deal with cyber-crimes.
Triple Talaq Verdict and Uniform Civil Code
Authors: Misra Shuchi
Published: February 2018

Since independence, we have witnessed a tremendous growth of organized industrial and business
activity in the public sector enterprise with a commensurate growth of management talent to
administer these enterprises in a sound and efficient manner. It has been observed that lack of
qualified and competent managerial personnel is an important factor prejudicing the success of an
enterprise. Executive talent is the most important aspect of an enterprise. It is not shown on the
corporate balance sheet, but it influences appreciably the growth, progress, profits and the share
values, than any other corporate asset. An organization has to develop the potential of all those
who are in the management positions. No modern organization can be successful for a long period
without planned attention to the growth and development of its managerial staff.
Role of Technology through Start up in India
Authors: Goyal Peyush
Published: February 2018

Technology is now a driving force of education in all areas in life. People who are capable of
understand technology in personalized learning can now deviate themselves from a traditional
methods of services or class room learning to work or set up their own venture. The much
anticipated “startups India movement” has been launched. The students and IITian has now a
more structured way of studying having innovations and RandD in their course curriculum. This
helps them later to develop some entrepreneurial skills. India is a best place for start-ups, as in last
five years, the market trends are changed because of new entrepreneurial ventures. This paper
deals with start up concepts. Challenges, procedures and benefits in relation to India.
The scope of the Arbitration Seat’s Exclusive Jurisdiction in Domestic Arbitrations
Authors: Mishra Shriya
Published: February 2018

.
Movie Review – Private Violence
Authors: Ghosh Ritu
Published: February 2018

The movie Private Violence is made by Cynthia
Hill rightly captures the brute reality behind the criminal
justice system and the mainstream notion of victim
blaming. The documentary correctly maps the nuances
of the cases of domestic violence and the apathetic
attitude of the legal fraternity including that of the
judiciary.
Public Interest Litigation
Authors: Srivastava G. Shreyali
Published: February 2018

This is a text-book on Public Interest Litigation. It
covers Public Interest Lawyering, Legal Aid and Para
Legal Services (PIL). It is very useful for LL.B / LL.M
Law students/ practicing lawyers as well as general public
whose right has been infringed. The book under review,
is deals with the topic of Public Interest Litigation, the
author has nicely elaborated meaning, origin,
development, nature and constitutional provisions. The
book under review has been divided into three parts –
Public Interest Lawyering.
आधुनिकता: शोध-क्षेत्र में व्याप्त आत्मविस्मृति एवं आत्मसंभ्रम
Authors: मिश्र राकेश
Published: February 2018

आधुनिकता मनुष्य को स्वयंभू ;ैमस.िहतवनदकमकद्ध मानती है। इसके अनुसार मनुष्य इन्द्रियजन्य अनुभव
एवं बुद्धिबल के संयोग से सृष्टि के सभी रहस्यों का ज्ञान प्राप्त करने में सक्षम है, और मानव इतिहास
इसी दिशा में गतिमान है। आधुनिक विचार दृष्टि मनुष्य की सर्वज्ञता की प्रतिपादक रही है। आधुनिक
ज्ञान-विज्ञान यह मानता है कि मनुष्य अनुभव, प्रयोग और तर्क-शक्ति के बल पर प्रकृति व समाज
के सभी पक्षों को प्रकाशित कर सकता है और इस प्रकार अभूतपूर्व भौतिक-आर्थिक उपलब्धियाँ हासिल
कर सकता है। आधुनिक ज्ञान-मीमांसा में ऋतम्भरा-प्रज्ञा व आत्मानुभूति के लिए कोई स्थान नहीं है।
आधुनिक विचार-दृष्टि व्यक्ति, समाज एवं ब्रह्माण्ड को यंत्र के रूप में देखती है। उसके लिए व्यक्ति
कुछ रासायनिक-जैविक क्रियाओं व इच्छाओं, भावनाओं एवं तर्क बुद्धि का योग ;।हहतमहंजमद्ध है; समाज
व्यक्तियों व उनके द्वारा गढ़ी गई संस्थाओं का योग एवं ब्रह्माण्ड परमाणुओं व उनमें निहित ऊर्जा को
योग है। इस विचार दृष्टि में किसी साकल्यवादी एवं सावयविक परिप्रेक्ष्य का अभाव है। व्यक्ति को
स्व-पर्याप्त, पृथक एवं असम्बद्ध प्राणी मानने के फलस्वरूप सामाजिक संस्थाओं व सम्बन्धों को पवित्रता
की दृष्टि से नहीं, वरन् उपयोगिता की दृष्टि से देखा जाता है। आधुनिकता का उदय तो यूरोप में हुआ
परन्तु यूरोपीय साम्राज्यवाद के साथ यह विश्व के कोने कोने में पहुँची। आधुनिकता का उदय वैसे
तो ईसाई धर्म-परम्परा के विरुद्ध हुआ पर वस्तुतः वह हर धर्म व परम्परा की विघातक है। आधुनिकता
यदि प्रकट रूप से नहीं तो प्रच्छन्न रूप से नास्तिकता की पोषक है। यह विडम्बना ही है कि ज्ञानियों
एवं मनीषियों की भूमि भारत आज आत्म-विस्मरण एवं संभ्रम की स्थिति में है। कई शताब्दियों के
विजातीय शासन ने भारत के समान्य एवं विशिष्ट जनों को जो आधुनिक विचार-दृष्टि दी उसने
कुविचारों और कुचेष्टाओं को ही स्थापित किया है। आज भारतीय शिक्षा-जगत को आत्म-मंथन की
बड़ी आवश्यकता है। शिक्षा और शोध के लक्ष्य का निर्धारण भारतीय विचार-दृष्टि के अनुरूप होना
चाहिए। भारत के शोधकर्ताओं को आधुनिक पाश्चात्य च्ंतंकपहउ और च्ंतंउमजमत से मुक्त होने की
आवश्यकता है, क्योंकि इनकी उपादेयता एवं सार्थकता पश्चिमी जगत में ही संदिग्ध घोषित की जा
चुकी है।
भारत में न्यायपालिका की भूमिका: न्यायिक सक्रियता के सन्दर्भ में
Authors: शुक्ला ओ.पी. बी.
Published: February 2018

संविधान द्वारा भारत में स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका की स्थापना की गयी है। जिसका कार्य अपने समक्ष आने
वाले वादों का निष्पक्षता पूर्वक निपटारा करना है। प्रारंभिक वर्षों में न्यायपालिका संविधान द्वारा प्रदत्त
अपने उत्तरदायित्वों का सम्यक् निर्वहन कर रही थी लेकिन बाद में हालात कुछ ऐसे बने कि शासन के
अन्य दोनों अंग विधायिका और कार्यपालिका अपने दायित्वों को पूरा करने में असमर्थ दिखाई देने लगे।
उनमें संविधान के आदर्शों के प्रति गम्भीरता और जनहित के प्रति संवेदनशीलता का अभाव प्रतीत हुआ
ऐसे में न्यायपालिका, जो पारम्परिक मूल्यों और मानकों का अनुपालन करते हुए अभी तक मूकदर्शक
थी, विधि के शासन को सुरक्षित रखने के लिए उठ खड़ी हुई। न्यायपालिका ने जन संवेदनशीलता
का परिचय देते हुए कुछ सामाजिक और कल्याणकारी कार्यों को अंजाम दिया जिसको ‘‘न्यायपालिका
की सक्रियता’’ नाम दिया गया है। न्यायिक सक्रियता का आधार सांविधानिक है जिसे न्यायपालिका
ने संविधान की व्याख्या करते हुए समय-समय पर स्पष्ट किया है।
भारतीय मजदूर संघ एवं अन्य श्रमिक संघ
Authors: चतुर्वेदी गोपाल  कृष्ण
Published: February 2018

वर्तमान लोकतांत्रिक राजनीतिक प्रणाली में श्रमिक संघों का दबाव समूह के रूप में महत्वपूर्ण स्थान
है। औद्योगीकरण ने श्रमिकों के जीवन एवं कार्यदशाओं के लिए विपरीत परिस्थितियां पैदा कर दी और
श्रमिक सिर्फ शोषण का पर्याय बन गये। इसी शोषण से अपनी आजादी के लिए तथा पीड़ादायक व
असहनीय कार्यदशाओं को बदलने के लिए विश्व के विभिन्न देशों में कार्ल माक्र्स के अनुयायियों की
संख्या बढ़ी और श्रमिकों ने आपस में एकत्र होकर श्रमिक संघों की स्थापना की शुरूआत की।
भारत भी इस वैश्विक घटनाक्रम से अछूता नहीं रहा। भारत में भी औद्योगीकरण के फलस्वरूप श्रमिक
संघों तथा श्रमिक आंदोलनों का जन्म हुआ, परन्तु संगठित रूप में भारत में श्रमिक संघों का गठन प्रथम
विश्व युद्ध (1914-1918) के बाद हुआ। प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध की समाप्ति तक गठित श्रमिक संघों का मूल
उद्देश्य श्रमिकों की सेवा करना तथा उनकी मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति करना था। ये समाज
सेवियों द्वारा संचालित थे तथा इनका कोई अपना संगठन या संस्था नहीं थी।
विश्व स्तर पर र्काइे श्रमिक सगं ठन न होने क े कारण सन ् 1919 में अन्तराषर्् ट्रीय श्रम संगठन (आइर्0 एल0आ0े )
की स्थापना की गयी। अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय श्रम संगठन द्वारा आयोजित की जाने वाली सभाओं में श्रमिक
प्रतिनिधियों को भेजने की व्यवस्था करने एवं देश के विभिन्न श्रमिक संघों को संगठित करके राष्ट्रीय
मंच प्रदान करने के लिए 31 अक्टूबर, 1920 में लाला लाजपत राय की अध्यक्षता में ट्रेड यूनियनों का
प्रथम राष्ट्रीय सम्मेलन मुम्बई में आयोजित किया गया। इसी सम्मेलन में आॅल इण्डिया ट्रेड यूनियन
कांग्रेस (एटक) की स्थापना की गयी। स्थापना के बाद एटक नेताओं का साम्यवादी मोह, पारस्परिक
प्रतिद्वन्द्विता व सैद्धांतिक/वैचारिक मतभेद के कारण सन् 1947 में इण्डियन नेशनल टेªड यूनियन कांग्रेस
(इण्टक) की स्थापना हुई। इण्टक शुरू से कांग्रेस की नीतियों एवं नेताओं के प्रभाव के दायरे में रही
और आज भी उससे मुक्त नहीं है। इण्टक में ही उसकी नीतियों एवं नेताओं से असहमत कुछ
समाजवादी नेताओं ने कलकत्ता (वर्तमान, कोलकाता) में समाजवादी विचारधारा वाली हिन्द मजदूर सभा
का गठन किया।
श्रमिक संगठनों के गठन की प्रक्रिया यहीं नहीं रूकी। 1949 में फारवर्ड ब्लाक और रिवोल्यूशनरी पार्टी
के नेतृत्व में ‘यूनाइटेड ट्रेड यूनियन कांग्रेस (यूटक) की स्थापना हुई। 23 जुलाई 1955 में राष्ट्रीय
स्वयं सेवक संघ के प्रचारक श्री दत्तोपंत ठेगड़ी ने श्रमिकों का शोषण रोकने तथा उनके अधिकारों की
रक्षा करने के लिए भारतीय मजदूर संघ की स्थापना की।
सन् 1964 में साम्यवादी दल में विभाजन के कारण भारत में कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माक्र्सवादी) का गठन हुआ।
इस विभाजन का प्रभाव भारत के सबसे प्राचीन श्रमिक संघ एटक पर पड़ा और उससे अलग होकर सन्
1970 में भारत की कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (माक्र्सवादी) ने सेंटर आॅफ इण्डियन ट्रेड यूनियन (सीटू) के रूप में
एक नये श्रमिक संघ का गठन किया।
सामाजिक न्याय एवं राजनीतिक दल: एक मूल्यांकन
Authors: चैहान कुलवीर  सिंह
Published: February 2018

न्याय का परम्परागत दृष्टिकोण जहां व्यक्ति के चरित्र से सम्बन्ध रखता है वहीं आधुनिक दृष्टिकोण
का मुख्य जोर मानव की भौतिक, आर्थिक उन्नति के सामाजिक पक्ष पर है। न्याय के इस आधुनिक
दृष्टिकोण को ही ‘सामाजिक न्याय’ के रूप में जाना जाता है। सामाजिक न्याय की धारणा प्रमुख रूप
से 19वीं शताब्दी में न्याय के परम्परागत आदर्श की प्रतिक्रिया के रूप में प्रकट हुई। सामाजिक न्याय
मांग करता है कि धन एवं विशेषाधिकार से उत्पन्न असमानता को दूर किया जाए। धन, धर्म, जाति,
लिंग व जन्म स्थान आदि के आधार पर किसी भी व्यक्ति के साथ न तो विभेद किया जाए, न किसी
को विशेष सुविधाएं दी जाएं। वस्तुतः सामाजिक न्याय का मुख्य उद्देश्य मानव द्वारा मानव का शोषण
समाप्त करना है, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को ऐसे अवसर मुहैया कराना है जिनसे वह अपनी योग्यताओं का
अधिकतम विकास कर सके। वर्तमान विश्व में सामाजिक न्याय की अवधारणा का महत्व विकसित देशों
की अपेक्षा विकासशील देशों की शासन प्रणालियों में अधिक प्रासंगिक है। तृतीय विश्व के देशों में
विदेशी दासता से मुक्ति हेतु जो संघर्ष हुए उनके पीछे सामाजिक न्याय प्राप्ति की स्वाभाविक इच्छा
एक प्रमुख कारण रहे हैं। इन्हीं जन आकांक्षाओं और उनको पूर्ण करने के हेतु एक वाहक के रूप
में नवस्वतंत्र देशों में राजनीतिक दलों का निर्माण हुआ। वर्तमान विश्व में अधिकांश देशों में उदारवादी
लोकतांत्रिक राजनैतिक व्यवस्थाएं सामाजिक न्याय के लक्ष्य को लेकर शासन में हैं। इन शासन
व्यवस्थाओं में राजनीतिक दल सरकार के कार्यपालिका एवं व्यवस्थापिका अंगों के मध्य एक समन्वय
का कार्य करते हैं। दलों का होना लोकतंत्र के लिए आवश्यक है। राजनैतिक दलों के अभाव में
व्यवस्थापिका कुछ लोगों की भीड़ बनकर रह सकती है। विभिन्न जनतंत्रीय देशों में दल प्रणाली का
स्वरूप सम्बन्धित देशों के राजनीतिक इतिहास और सामाजिक तथा राजनीतिक परिस्थितियों की देन
होता है यही कारण है कि विभिन्न जनतंत्रीय देशों में दल प्रणाली का स्वरूप भी भिन्न-भिन्न है। आज
विभिन्न जनतांत्रिक प्रतिनिधि शासन व्यवस्थाओं में राजनीतिक दल, शासन को दृढ़ता प्रदान करने,
राष्ट्रीय एकता की प्राप्ति, सरकार के निर्माण एवं नियंत्रण में अपनी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका का निर्वाह कर
रहे हैं। सामाजिक न्याय की उपरोक्त मान्यताओं के विपरीत प्लेटो जैसे परम्परावादी चिन्तक का न्याय
वर्ग विशेषीकरण पर आधारित है। न्याय के इस संदर्भ को भारतीय संस्कृति में व्यक्ति की आजीविका
और समाज के आर्थिक विकास को पुरूषार्थ चतुष्टय के विराट संदर्भ में हल किया गया है। जिसमें
स्वधर्म का भाव आर्थिक सम्पन्नता, सामाजिक सामंजस्य और आत्मिक परितोष का संवर्धक है। यह
जीवन को कला में परिणत करने का माध्यम है, व्यष्टि में समष्टि का अवतरण, और समष्टि में विराट
का आविर्भाव है। यदि न्याय के मूलभूत सिद्धान्तों की समझ वर्तमान राजनीतिक व्यवस्था में बैठे दलों
में लानी है जो कि इसके आवश्यक अंग हैं, तो सबसे पहले उन्हें भारत के प्राचीन सामाजिक राजनैतिक
एवं आर्थिक स्वरूप को समझना होगा। परम्परागत भारतीय जीवन मूल्यों में आस्था रखते हुए पश्चिम
के उदारवादी लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था की सीमाओं को समझकर नीतियों का निर्माण करना होगा। दलों
को राजनीतिक सत्ता को शासन सुख के बजाय लोकमंगल के परम्लक्ष्य तक लाना होगा। सच्चे अर्थों
में तभी न्याय की स्थापना हो पायेगी जो सामाजिक न्याय के वर्तमान लौकिक लक्ष्यों से परे मानव को
आत्म उन्नति के सर्वोच्च लक्ष्य की ओर ले जायेगी।
स्त्री शिक्षा के निहितार्थ: एक समाजशास्त्रीय मूल्यांकन
Authors: सिंह प्रशान्त   कुमार
Published: February 2018

भारत के इतिहास में महिलाओं की परिस्थिति उच्च और निम्न परिस्थिति के बीच में संघर्षरत रही है।
समाज सुधारकों के हस्तक्षेप से महिलाओं की चेतना जागृत हुई। भारतीय लोकतन्त्र में सांविधानिक
रूप से सशति प्राप्त करने के पश्चात् महिलाओं में अपूर्व शक्ति उत्पन्न हुई। आज के परिवेश में भारतीय
शक्ति जिसे हम स्त्री या नारी के रूप में जानते हैं, अपने अधिकारों एवं कर्तव्यों के प्रति अधिक
प्रयत्नशील और चिन्तनशील है। आज अपने प्रति हो रहे शोषण के प्रति भी आवाज उठाने में जरा भी
नहीं झिझक रही हैं, इन सब के पीछे कहीं न कहीं शिक्षा का योगदान है। शिक्षा ही वह अस्त्र है जो
महिलाओं को उच्च पायदान पर लाने में अपने मुख्य योगदान प्रदान किया है।
हिन्दू महिलाओं में धर्म
Authors: सिंह दीपेन्द्र  मोहन
Published: February 2018

भारतीय समाज में धर्म की परम्परा अनादिकाल से चली आ रही है। भारतीय सामाजिक व्यवस्था में
धर्म का महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान है। यह स्वीकार किया जाता है कि धर्म से जीवन के विविध पक्ष गतिशील
होते हैं। धर्म की अवधारणा भारतीय चिन्तन की सर्वाधिक महत्वपूर्ण अवधारणा है। आमतौर पर यह
मान्यता रही है कि हिन्दू महिलाएँ धर्म के प्रति आस्था और विश्वास करने वाली हैं। पुरुषों की अपेक्षा
उनमें धर्म परायणता का भाव अधिक होता है। नगरीय चकाचैंध के बावजूद हिन्दू महिलाएँ परम्परावादी
और धार्मिक आस्थामूलक होती हैं। आज के बदलते परिवेश में धार्मिक मान्यताओं, परम्पराओं एवं
प्रथाओं में थोड़ा उतार चढ़ाव अवश्य देखने को मिलता है, फिर भी महिलाओं में धर्म के प्रति अधिक
निष्ठा एवं दृढ़ता दिखाई पड़ती है। समाज में तमाम बन्धनों एवं बाध्यताओं के बावजूद भी वह समाज
के प्रत्येक क्षेत्र में अपनी उपस्थिति किसी न किसी माध्यम से अवश्य दर्ज कराती रही है। समाज में
परिवर्तन का प्रभाव कहीं न कहीं महिलाओं की भी जीवन शैली में अवश्य दिखाई पड़ता है, बावजूद
इसके इनमें धर्म के प्रति पूर्ण आस्था दिखाई पड़ती है।
जलवायु परिवर्तन और विश्व समुदाय
Authors: कुमार विजय
Published: February 2018

जलवायु परिवर्तन विश्व समुदाय की सबसे ज्वलन्त समस्या है, जो मानव द्वारा पृथ्वी पर स्वयं को
सम्पोषित ;ैनतअपअमद्ध करने से सम्बन्धित है। बढ़ती औद्योगिक गतिविधियाँ, नगरीकरण, आधुनिक
रहन-सहन, धुँआ उगलती चिमनियाँ, निरन्तर सड़कों पर बढ़ते वाहनों एवं ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के प्रभाव
से पृथ्वी का तापमान पूर्व-औद्योगिक अवस्था से लेकर आज तक निरन्तर बढ़ता जा रहा है। यह स्थिति
ग्लोबल वार्मिंग कही जाती है। बहुतायत देश अपनी ऊर्जा की आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति हेतु जीवाश्म
ईंधनों पर निर्भर हैं। इन जीवाश्म ईंधनों के निरन्तर प्रयोग से ओजोन परत को क्षरित करने वाली गैसें
उत्पन्न हो रही हैं। ओजोन परत के क्षरण एवं ग्रीन हाउस गैसों के उत्सर्जन को रोकने हेतु वियना,
मान्ट्रियल, पेरिस और किगाली आदि समझौते हुए। इन समझौतों में दुनिया के देशों ने मिलकर तापमान
वृद्धि को बढ़ाने में योगदान देने वाली गैसों जैसे-ब्व्2ए मीथेन, क्लोरो-फ्लोरो-कार्बन इत्यादि गैसों को
कम करने की समय सीमा तय की गयी। सभी देशों ने इस बात पर सहमति व्यक्त की कि नवीनीकरण
ऊर्जा, संपोषित नगरीय यातायात, वन तथा जलवायु के क्षेत्र में संपोषित नियंत्रण स्थापित किया जायेगा।
इसके लिए यू.एन.एफ.सी.सी.सी. के अनुच्छेद-11 में विकासशील देशों को धन देने की भी बात की
गयी है। वैश्विक तापमान वृद्धि से हिमनद पिघल रहे हैं, महासागरों का जल अम्लीय हो रहा है। इन
सब कारणों से मानवता खतरे में पड़ गयी है।
गुप्तकालीन समाज में ललित कलाओं में दक्ष नारी
Authors: मिश्रा गरिमा
Published: February 2018

कला शब्द की व्युत्पत्ति की दृष्टि से आनन्द विधायनी प्रक्रिया का सूचक है। स्थूल कला दो प्रकार की
मानी गयी है - ललित एवं यांत्रिक कला। वैदिक साहित्य में इन दोनों प्रकार की कलाओं के लिये
शिल्प शब्द का प्रयोग हुआ है। कौशीतकि ब्राह्मण में नृत्य, गीत तथा वाद्य को शिल्प की संज्ञा दी गयी
है। शतपथ ब्राह्मण में शिल्प को प्रतिरूपतामक कहा गया है। महाभारत में शिल्पजीवी का उल्लेख
मिलता है। रामायण में राम को व्यवहारिक शिल्पों का ज्ञाता कहा गया है। व्यवहारिक शिल्पों का तात्पर्य
संगीत, कला, चित्रकला आदि से है, जो मनोरंजन के काम में आती थी। महाभारत में युधिष्ठिर की
दासियों को 64 कलाओं में निपुण बताया गया है। पाणिनि के अनुसार नर्तक, गायक, वादक जिस
ललित कला की साधना करते हैं उसे शिल्प कहा है। गुप्तकालीन समाज की नारियाँ संगीत, नाट्य
तथा चित्रकला जैसी ललित कलाओं में विशेष रूप दक्ष थीं।