bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of grazing on fine fuels and potential wildfire behaviour in a non-native tropical grassland
Authors: Evans Edward W. , Ellsworth Lisa M. , Litton Creighton M.
Published: May 2015

Non-native grass invasion has increased fuel loads and fire frequency in areas throughout the tropics, resulting in a non-native grass–wildfire cycle with negative impacts on native biodiversity and ecological processes. Megathyrsus maximus (guinea grass) invades dry and mesic ecosystems throughout the tropics, increasing fuel loads and wildfire intensity. Eradication of M. maximus is difficult, making effective wildfire management critical to the protection of adjacent developed areas and remnant native ecosystems. The use of domestic livestock grazing in non-native grass ecosystems may be effective at decreasing fine fuel loads and potential wildfire behaviour. Our objectives were to: (1) quantify live and dead fine fuel loads and moistures in a M. maximus–dominated ecosystem before and after cattle grazing, and (2) use these data to model potential wildfire behaviour in grazed and ungrazed M. maximus grasslands with the BehavePlus fire modelling system. Fine fuel loads and moistures, climate variables, and predicted wildfire behaviour were quantified at the same site (n = 1) over two 5-month periods (March–July 2009, ungrazed; March–July 2010, grazed) in the Wai‘anae Kai Forest Reserve on the Island of O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. Strong to conclusive evidence existed that cattle grazing in this system decreased dead and total fuel loads, but did not alter live fuel loads, or live and dead fuel moistures. Modelled wildfire behaviour under both low and average fuel moisture scenarios revealed that grazing decreased the potential rate of spread by 44–52% and flame length by 36–41%. These results demonstrate that cattle grazing may be an effective approach for reducing fuel loads and potential wildfire behaviour in non-native-dominated grasslands on tropical islands.
Small mammals decline with increasing fire extent in northern Australia: evidence from long-term monitoring in Kakadu National Park
Authors: Lawes Michael J. , Murphy Brett P. , Fisher Alaric , Woinarski John C. Z. , Edwards Andrew C. , Russell-Smith Jeremy
Published: May 2015

Small mammal (<2 kg) numbers have declined dramatically in northern Australia in recent decades. Fire regimes, characterised by frequent, extensive, late-season wildfires, are implicated in this decline. Here, we compare the effect of fire extent, in conjunction with fire frequency, season and spatial heterogeneity (patchiness) of the burnt area, on mammal declines in Kakadu National Park over a recent decadal period. Fire extent – an index incorporating fire size and fire frequency – was the best predictor of mammal declines, and was superior to the proportion of the surrounding area burnt and fire patchiness. Point-based fire frequency, a commonly used index for characterising fire effects, was a weak predictor of declines. Small-scale burns affected small mammals least of all. Crucially, the most important aspects of fire regimes that are associated with declines are spatial ones; extensive fires (at scales larger than the home ranges of small mammals) are the most detrimental, indicating that small mammals may not easily escape the effects of large and less patchy fires. Notwithstanding considerable management effort, the current fire regime in this large conservation reserve is detrimental to the native mammal fauna, and more targeted management is required to reduce fire size.
Basolateral amygdala bidirectionally modulates stress-induced hippocampal learning and memory deficits through a p25/Cdk5-dependent pathway
Authors: Rei Damien , Mason Xenos , Seo Jinsoo , Gräff Johannes , Rudenko Andrii , Wang Jun , Rueda Richard , Siegert Sandra , Cho Sukhee , Canter Rebecca G. , Mungenast Alison E. , Deisseroth Karl , Tsai Li-Huei
Published: May 2015

Significance

Chronic stress has emerged in the epidemiologic literature as a risk factor for both psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, neurologic maladaptation to chronic stress is highly relevant to the pathogenesis of human diseases such as depression and Alzheimer's disease, yet it remains poorly understood. Here we report a study of the neural circuits and molecular pathways that govern the relationship between stress and cognition. We present data demonstrating that behavioral stress impairs cognitive function via activation of a specific direct neural circuit from the basolateral amygdala to the dorsal hippocampus. Moreover, we delineate a molecular mechanism by which behavioral stress is translated to hippocampal dysfunction via a p25/Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5)-dependent pathway and epigenetic alterations of neuroplasticity-related gene expression.
Circadian control of innate immunity in macrophages by miR-155 targeting
Bmal1
Authors: Curtis Anne M. , Fagundes Caio T. , Yang Guangrui , Palsson-McDermott Eva M. , Wochal Paulina , McGettrick Anne F. , Foley Niamh H. , Early James O. , Chen Lihong , Zhang Hanrui , Xue Chenyi , Geiger Sarah S. , Hokamp Karsten , Reilly Muredach P. , Coogan Andrew N. , Vigorito Elena , FitzGerald Garret A. , O’Neill Luke A. J.
Published: May 2015

Significance

The circadian clock allows an organism to anticipate daily changes imposed by the environment. The response to LPS is altered depending on time of day; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying this are unclear. We find that the clock in myeloid cells plays a role in LPS-induced sepsis by altering NF-κB activity and the induction of the microRNA miR-155. LPS causes the repression of BMAL1 via the targeting of miR-155 to two seed sequences in the 3′-untranslated region of
Bmal1
. Lack of miR-155 has profound effects on circadian function and circadian induction of cytokines by LPS. Thus, the molecular clock is using miR-155 as an important regulatory component to control inflammation variably across the circadian day in myeloid cells.
Assessing Walleye Movement among Reaches of a Large, Fragmented River
Authors: Haxton Tim , Nienhuis Sarah , Punt Kirby , Baker Tania
Published: May 2015

Movement of Walleyes Sander vitreus among reaches in a large, fragmented river was assessed by employing a combination of tagging, telemetry, and genetic analyses. Our objective was to determine whether the existing dams in the Ottawa River, Canada, were impeding Walleye movement among river reaches. Movement was predicted to be greater among contiguous, unimpounded reaches in comparison with impounded reaches. In total, 1,586 Walleyes were tagged in five river reaches, and 35 Walleyes were tracked by radiotelemetry in three river reaches. Genetic analyses (linkage disequilibrium, genetic divergence and diversity, effective population size, genetic structuring, bottlenecks, and migration rates) were conducted on 221 Walleyes from seven river reaches by genotyping at six microsatellite loci. Based on both tag returns (return rate = 12.1%) and telemetry data, there was limited movement among river reaches whether impounded or unimpounded, and movement was predominately upstream. Genetic analyses identified population structuring, with three genetic groupings occurring within the river. There was also evidence of genetic isolation in an upper reach of the river, indicating potential residual effects of a bottleneck or genetic drift. Our results suggest that existing dams may not act as significant barriers to Walleye movement in the Ottawa River, but limited movements appear to maintain genetic diversity and minimize genetic drift. Consequently, maintaining the genetic attributes of Walleye stocks in segmented rivers may require some level of fish passage.

Received July 9, 2012; accepted January 16, 2015
How Should We Harvest an Animal that Can Live for Centuries?
Authors: Hennen Daniel R.
Published: May 2015

The ocean quahog Arctica islandica is an extremely long-lived and slow-growing marine bivalve that supports fisheries in several countries bordering the northern Atlantic ocean. The life history of the ocean quahog presents several unique challenges to fishery managers. Scientists currently have a poor understanding of recruitment and how it might respond to declining population biomass due to fishing pressure, in part because most fisheries have operated for less than one ocean quahog generation. It is therefore difficult to develop management quantities, such as biological reference points, by using traditional means. This simulation study examines ocean quahog recruitment dynamics and explores the implications of a suite of fishing intensities and biomass reference points. Results support the following recommendations: (1) ocean quahog fisheries should be prosecuted with very low fishing mortality rates (F), as Ftarget values greater than 0.03 tended to result in fishery closures while not having much effect on yield; (2) given a low Ftarget, ocean quahog fisheries are likely to tolerate a relatively low biomass threshold value; and (3) an understanding of spatial structure is important for maintaining a functional ocean quahog fishery.

Received July 28, 2015; accepted January 26, 2015
Factors Influencing Charter Fishing Effort Trends in Lake Huron
Authors: O'Keefe Daniel M. , Wesander Donna L. , Oh Chi-Ok
Published: May 2015

From 2002 to 2011, the number of charter fishing trips in Michigan waters of Lake Huron declined by 51%. Declines in catch rates, rising gasoline prices, and the economic downturn have been suggested as possible reasons for this decline. To better understand the relative importance of these factors, five catch-based and six economic variables were evaluated using multiple regression, with charter effort from 1992 to 2011 as the response variable. Declining catch rate of introduced Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was more closely linked to declining effort than catch rate of native Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush or Walleye Sander vitreus. The price of gasoline was a better predictor of effort than other economic variables. Although Chinook Salmon catch rate explained more variation in charter effort than any other variable, factors beyond the influence of fisheries management also influenced effort. Ecosystem changes that led to declines in salmon abundance created favorable conditions for Walleye, leading to some localized increases in charter effort.

En aguas del Lago Hurón, en Michigan, de 2002 a 2011, el número de días de pesca realizados con embarcaciones de alquiler disminuyó 51%. La reducción de las tasas de captura, el alza de los precios de la gasolina y la recesión económica, se sugieren como las razones de esta caída. Con el fin de conocer la importancia relativa de estos factores, se evaluaron seis variables basadas en la captura y cinco variables económicas mediante una regresión múltiple; el esfuerzo de pesca de 1992 a 2011 se utilizó como variable de respuesta. La reducción en la tasa de captura del salmón introducido Oncorhynchus tshawytscha fue la variable que mejor se relacionó con la disminución del esfuerzo, más que la tasa de captura de la trucha nativa Salvelinus namaycush o la de la lucioperca americana Sander vitreus. El precio de la gasolina fue un mejor predictor del esfuerzo en comparación a cualquier otra variable económica. De todas las variables, la tasa de captura del salmón real explicó una mayor variación del esfuerzo de pesca con embarcaciones alquiladas, no obstante existen factores independientes al manejo pesquero que tienen influencia en el esfuerzo. Los cambios en el ecosistema que provocan modifican la abundancia de salmón crearon condiciones favorables para la lucioperca, lo que provocó condiciones favorables localizadas para que se incrementara el esfuerzo de embarcaciones alquiladas.
The Great Lakes Charter Fishing Industry: 2002 to 2011
Authors: Lichtkoppler Frank , O'Keefe Daniel M. , Lucente Joseph , Gabriel Tory
Published: May 2015

We compare results of Great Lakes charter captain surveys from 2002 and 2011. Charter trips declined 27%, from over 103,000 in 2002 to less than 76,000 in 2011. Revenues between the two years fell 24%, from US$48.0 million to $36.4 million, after values were adjusted for inflation. An estimated 1,696 captains operated as small businesses in 2011: a decrease of over 12% from 2002. Fuel costs and age of the average charter vessel were significantly higher in 2011. Motivations for chartering were basically unchanged since 2002, and fishing continued to be a secondary income source for most captains. The economy and aquatic nuisance species were included among top concerns for the future of the industry in both years. Although the basic nature of the charter industry had not changed, captains were making management decisions to reduce costs and maintain the viability of their business.

Se comparan los resultados de un sondeo realizado de 2002 a 2011 a los capitanes de embarcaciones alquiladas en los grandes lagos. Los viajes de pesca disminuyeron 27% de 103,000 en 2002 a menos de 76,000 en 2011. Los dividendos de la pesquería entre esos dos años, ajustando los valores por la inflación, se redujeron 24%, de $48 millones de dólares a $36.4 millones. Se estimó que en el año 2011, 1,696 capitanes operaban en la forma de negocio pequeño: una reducción de 12% con respecto a 2002. Los costos del combustible y la edad de la embarcación promedio fueron significativamente mayores en el año 2011. Los motivos por los cuales se utilizan barcos de alquiler no han cambiado desde 2002, y la pesca continúa siendo un insumo secundario para la mayor parte de los capitanes. En ambos años, la economía y las especies acuáticas nocivas aparecieron dentro de las principales preocupaciones para el futuro de la industria. Si bien la naturaleza de la industria pesquera con botes de alquiler no ha cambiado, los capitanes están tomando decisiones de manejo para reducir los costos y mantener la viabilidad de sus negocios.
Development of preparative and analytical methods of the hop bitter acid oxide fraction and chemical properties of its components
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshimasa , Matsukura Yasuko , Taniguchi Harumi , Koizumi Hideki , Katayama Mikio
Published: May 2015

The bitter acids in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) and beer, such as α-, β-, and iso-α-acids, are known to affect beer quality and display various physiological effects. However, these compounds readily oxidize, and the effect of the oxides on the properties of beer or their potential health benefits are not well understood. In this study, we developed a simple preparative method for the bitter acid oxide fraction derived from hops and designated the constituents as matured hop bitter acids (MHBA). HPLC-PDA-ESI/HRMS and MS2 revealed that MHBA are primarily composed of α-acid-derived oxides, which possess a common β-tricarbonyl moiety in their structures similar to α-, β-, and iso-α-acids. We also developed a quantitative analytical method of whole MHBA by HPLC, which showed high precision and reproducibility. Using our newly developed method, the concentration of whole MHBA in several commercial beers was evaluated. Our results will promote the study of bitter acid oxides.
Orally administrated dipeptide Ser-Tyr efficiently stimulates noradrenergic turnover in the mouse brain
Authors: Ichinose Takashi , Moriyasu Kazuki , Nakahata Akane , Tanaka Mitsuru , Matsui Toshiro , Furuya Shigeki
Published: May 2015

In this study, we examined the effect of orally administrated dipeptides containing Tyr (Y) on the metabolism of catecholamines in mouse brains. We found that among eight synthetic dipeptides whose sequences are present frequently in soy proteins, Ser-Tyr (SY), Ile-Tyr, and Tyr-Pro had the highest apparent permeability coefficients in monolayers of human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. When administrated orally, SY markedly increased tyrosine content in the cerebral cortex compared to the vehicle control, Ile-Tyr, Tyr-Pro, and Y alone. The oral administration of SY more effectively increased 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethyleneglycol, the principal metabolite of noradrenaline, in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus than did Ile-Tyr, Tyr-Pro, or Y alone. Central noradrenergic turnover was also markedly stimulated by SY administration. These in vivo observations strongly suggest that SY is more potent in boosting central catecholamine transmission, particularly the noradrenergic system, than Y alone or other dipeptides that include Y.
Measurement of resistant starch content in cooked rice and analysis of gelatinization and retrogradation characteristics
Authors: Nakayoshi Yuuki , Nakamura Sumiko , Kameo Yoji , Shiiba Daisuke , Katsuragi Yoshihisa , Ohtsubo Ken’ichi
Published: May 2015

Digestion-resistant starch (RS) has many physiologic functions. The RS content is measured by enzymatically degrading flour samples according to the method of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Experiments have been performed with wheat, corn, and other grains, but there are no data for cooked rice grains in the form ingested by humans. Thus, we investigated a method to measure RS that is suitable for cooked rice grains using rice cultivars that are reported to differentially increase postprandial blood glucose in humans. Using a method for cooking individual rice grains and optimized enzyme reaction conditions, we established an RS measurement method. We also found that the amylopectin crystal condition affects the RS content measured using our method.
Efficacy of Varying Doses of Channel Catfish Pituitary Extract on Spawning Performance of Pinfish and Pigfish
Authors: Broach Jason S , Ohs Cortney L , DiMaggio Matthew A , Green Christopher C , Yant D Roger
Published: May 2015

Pinfish Lagodon rhomboides and Pigfish Orthopristis chrysoptera are commonly used as marine baitfish in the southeastern United States. Hormone efficacy studies for spawning induction have been conducted with both species, but spawning aids derived from piscine pituitary extracts have yet to be evaluated. Pituitary extract from Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (CCPE) was chosen to determine its efficacy on spawning induction. The CCPE was dissolved in a saline solution and then injected into female broodfish at 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg. The treated females were then paired with conspecific males receiving half the corresponding female dose. Ovaprim served as a positive control at a dose of 0.5 mL/kg for female broodfish and 0.25 mL/kg for males. A single pair of broodfish was randomly stocked according to treatment into separate 1,600-L tanks within recirculating systems. Broodfish were monitored daily over 72 h after injection for spawning occurrences, and qualitative characteristics including egg and larval morphometrics and viability were quantified. Channel Catfish pituitary extract failed to induce spawning in Pinfish among all dosages administered. All CCPE dosages induced at least one spawn in Pigfish. No significant differences were detected in spawning frequency among treatments although the 10- and 20-mg/kg CCPE dosages and the Ovaprim control each induced ≥50% of Pigfish females to spawn compared with only 16.7% of females treated with the 5- and 40-mg/kg dosages. Floating eggs from Pigfish females in the 10-mg/kg CCPE treatment were significantly larger than eggs produced using either the 20-mg/kg CCPE or Ovaprim treatment. Hatching success, larval survival to first feeding, larval length at hatch and first feeding, and oil droplet diameter of recently hatched Pigfish larvae were significantly greater for those larvae from the Ovaprim treatment than for those from the 10- and 20-mg/kg CCPE treatments. Data from these experiments demonstrate the potential use of CCPE to induce spawning in Pigfish, a popular marine baitfish species.
The HOPS/class C Vps complex tethers membranes by binding to one Rab GTPase in each apposed membrane
Authors: Ho Ruoya , Stroupe Christopher
Published: May 2015

Many Rab GTPase effectors are membrane-tethering factors, that is, they physically link two apposed membranes before intracellular membrane fusion. In this study, we investigate the distinct binding factors needed on apposed membranes for Rab effector–dependent tethering. We show that the homotypic fusion and protein-sorting/class C vacuole protein-sorting (HOPS/class C Vps) complex can tether low-curvature membranes, that is, liposomes with a diameter of ∼100 nm, only when the yeast vacuolar Rab GTPase Ypt7p is present in both tethered membranes. When HOPS is phosphorylated by the vacuolar casein kinase I, Yck3p, tethering only takes place when GTP-bound Ypt7p is present in both tethered membranes. When HOPS is not phosphorylated, however, its tethering activity shows little specificity for the nucleotide-binding state of Ypt7p. These results suggest a model for HOPS-mediated tethering in which HOPS tethers membranes by binding to Ypt7p in each of the two tethered membranes. Moreover, because vacuole-associated HOPS is presumably phosphorylated by Yck3p, our results suggest that nucleotide exchange of Ypt7p on multivesicular bodies (MVBs)/late endosomes must take place before HOPS can mediate tethering at vacuoles.
Intermolecular interactions of thrombospondins drive their accumulation in extracellular matrix
Authors: Kim Dae Joong , Christofidou Elena D. , Keene Douglas R. , Hassan Milde Marwah , Adams Josephine C.
Published: May 2015

Thrombospondins participate in many aspects of tissue organization in adult tissue homeostasis, and their dysregulation contributes to pathological processes such as fibrosis and tumor progression. The incorporation of thrombospondins into extracellular matrix (ECM) as discrete puncta has been documented in various tissue and cell biological contexts, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We find that collagen fibrils are disorganized in multiple tissues of Thbs1− /−mice. In investigating how thrombospondins become retained within ECM and thereby affect ECM organization, we find that accumulation of thrombospondin-1 or thrombospondin-5 puncta within cell-derived ECM is controlled by a novel, conserved, surface-exposed site on the thrombospondin L-type lectin domain. This site acts to recruit thrombospondin molecules into ECM by intermolecular interactions in trans. This mechanism is fibronectin independent, can take place extracellularly, and is demonstrated to be direct in vitro. The trans intermolecular interactions can also be heterotypic—for example, between thrombospondin-1 and thrombospondin-5. These data identify a novel concept of concentration-dependent, intermolecular “matrix trapping” as a conserved mechanism that controls the accumulation and thereby the functionality of thrombospondins in ECM.
Endosomal regulation of contact inhibition through the AMOT:YAP pathway
Authors: Cox Christopher M. , Mandell Edward K. , Stewart Lorraine , Lu Ruifeng , Johnson Debra L. , McCarter Sarah D. , Tavares Andre , Runyan Ray , Ghosh Sourav , Wilson Jean M.
Published: May 2015

Contact-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation is an essential part of organ growth control; the transcription coactivator Yes-associated protein (YAP) plays a pivotal role in this process. In addition to phosphorylation-dependent regulation of YAP, the integral membrane protein angiomotin (AMOT) and AMOT family members control YAP through direct binding. Here we report that regulation of YAP activity occurs at the endosomal membrane through a dynamic interaction of AMOT with an endosomal integral membrane protein, endotubin (EDTB). EDTB interacts with both AMOT and occludin and preferentially associates with occludin in confluent cells but with AMOT family members in subconfluent cells. EDTB competes with YAP for binding to AMOT proteins in subconfluent cells. Overexpression of the cytoplasmic domain or full-length EDTB induces translocation of YAP to the nucleus, an overgrowth phenotype, and growth in soft agar. This increase in proliferation is dependent upon YAP activity and is complemented by overexpression of p130-AMOT. Furthermore, overexpression of EDTB inhibits the AMOT:YAP interaction. EDTB and AMOT have a greater association in subconfluent cells compared with confluent cells, and this association is regulated at the endosomal membrane. These data provide a link between the trafficking of tight junction proteins through endosomes and contact-inhibition-regulated cell growth.
Control and Restructuring
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: May 2015

Relying primarily on data from English, Mandarin Chinese, and modern Greek, this book investigates the intimate relationship that control bears to restructuring and to the meanings of the embedding predicates that participate in these structures. It argues that restructuring is cross-linguistically pervasive and that, in virtue of its co-occurrence with some control predicates but not others, it evidences a basic division within the class of complement control structures, the division being keyed to how the semantics of the control predicate interacts with general principles of clausal architecture and of the syntax–semantics interface. In particular, three central claims are advanced: (1) Exhaustive control predicates instantiate functional heads in the inflectional layer of the clause and thereby give rise to monoclausal raising structures, whereas partial control predicates realize lexical heads and thereby give rise to biclausal PRO-control structures. (2) Exhaustive control predicates gain semantic access to their subject by incorporating a variable that is obligatorily bound by the subject when it raises. (3) A predicate restructures by corresponding semantically to an inflectional-layer functional head and thereby realizing that head. But some predicates systematically fail to restructure because they have meanings that would place them above Tense in the structure of the clause, and given that subjects are interpreted no higher than [Spec,TP], restructuring leads to failed variable binding and hence ungrammaticality.
Exhaustive control as functional restructuring
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: May 2015

This chapter provides general background on restructuring and the distinction between exhaustive and partial control, and defends the generalization that exhaustive control positively correlates with restructuring. It argues that the best way of making sense of the correlation is via the proposal that exhaustive control predicates realize functional heads that instantiate monoclausal raising structures whereas partial control predicates are lexical and instantiate biclausal PRO-control structures. The proposal is further substantiated with other empirical considerations that track the distinction in the expected way, taken mostly from English but also including data on polarity item licensing in Italian. Following this, the proposal is shown to hold up against various apparent objections, and the chapter concludes by articulating a set of outstanding questions that guide the remainder of the book.
The semantics of restructuring: Verb meaning, variable binding, and clausal architecture
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: May 2015

This chapter explores some semantic consequences of the functional restructuring approach to exhaustive control. Functional restructuring implies a raising syntax, but the semantic “control” effects of exhaustive control obtain because exhaustive control predicates contain as part of their meaning a variable that must be bound in the syntax: when the subject raises, it is in a position to obligatorily bind this variable, hence giving the predicate semantic access to the subject. Cinque’s cartographic approach to IP structure is used to articulate a novel generalization about whether a predicate restructures: only control predicates that correspond semantically to heads below Tense admit restructuring. This generalization follows automatically from the variable binding approach to exhaustive control, given the independently motivated constraint that the subject of a sentence can be interpreted no higher than [Spec,TP]: restructuring above Tense fails because it results in a variable that is too high to be bound.
Explaining the mixed properties ofwant
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: May 2015

The predicate want and its cross-linguistic kin constitute one of the only counterexamples to the generalization that restructuring predicates disallow partial control. In this chapter, I account for this fact by arguing that want is underlyingly an exhaustive control predicate, but is special in being able to combine with a silent verb HAVE and thereby take on certain properties of partial control predicates. The proposal builds on analyses of intensional transitive verbs as well as recent work on the semantics of (overt) have to arrive at a uniform denotation for (silent) HAVE that admits both nominal and verbal complementation. The proposal is shown to cover a wide range of distributional data regarding the kinds of complements want may take in comparison with other similar predicates.
Control, restructuring, and temporal interpretation
Authors: Grano Thomas
Published: May 2015

This chapter investigates the temporal properties of controlled infinitival complements in English. It begins with a brief historical survey of the role of infinitival tense in theories of control. Following this, control predicates are sorted according to whether they exhibit exhaustive control or partial control and according to whether they give rise to temporal relations of simultaneity, anteriority, or posteriority with respect to their complements. The facts are shown to be consistent with the view that partial control predicates instantiate biclausal structures (and consequently involve two projections of Tense) whereas exhaustive control predicates instantiate monoclausal structures (and consequently involve just one projection of Tense). The chapter ends with some preliminary remarks on how the analysis can be extended to factive predicates.
Introductory Themes
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri
Published: May 2015

This chapter lays out the main research questions and methods, as well as raising the questions of comparative international law and the legacy of the Soviet tradition of international law for post-Soviet Russia. It explores the role that legal scholars from Estonia and the Baltic states such as Martens, Bergbohm, and Müllerson have historically played in expressing or examining Russian approaches to international law. The author’s own previous professional involvments in understanding Russian approaches to international law are revealed. Further, it is examined how predominant concepts of law and society—but also of Europe and the West as Russia’s ‘other’—may have influenced the understanding of inetrnational law in Russia. The questions of Russia’s contributions to international law and its scholarship are raised.
Patterns of Post-Soviet Russian State Practice in International Law
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri
Published: May 2015

The chapter starts out by analysing Russia’s official self-image regarding international law as expressed in the government’s strategic documents and the leaders’ foreign policy discourse which is overwhelmingly positive and in some ways idiosyncratic. The government’s self-image is partly explained by Russian understanding of international law, which emphasizes different constitutional principles in international law than the West. Next, a critical survey of post-Soviet Russian state practice is made, going through practice in European human rights law, cases of international economic law, and jus ad bellum. It is demonstrated how the understanding of history and theory of international law in Russia helps to understand patterns in post-Soviet state practice as well, and how civilizational factors explain some of Russia’s differences from the West in the context of international law.
Laughing Awry
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This book offers an overview of key themes in the interpretation of the plays of Plautus. It explores the connections between deception, desire, slavery, genre, and audience. It attempts to offer an account of the mechanisms of Plautus’ humour and the uncomfortable origins of laughter. These dramas do not just play to but also work on the audience. The whole corpus of Plautine plays is examined with longer accounts of selected dramas and choice scenes. An emphasis on methodological and theoretical questions is maintained throughout. Particular attention is paid to the psychic life of humour and its relationship to questions of social power.
Forget Plautus
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This chapter discusses the strategic forgetting of Plautus and his project by subsequent generations of Roman authors: who profited from the misunderstanding and how? A quick sketch of the canonical Latin literary authors’ negative relationship to Plautus is provided. Paradoxically, the serious aspects of Plautus’ jokes have been erased in the name of establishing ‘serious literature’.
Giving Words
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This chapter discusses the truths that emerge in the wake of lies on Plautus’ stage. A Latin phrase that one translates as ‘to deceive’ means more literally ‘to give words’. One needs to examine manner in which words are given out and taken up. The longing for truth and fixity allows for fictions to become reality. This ironic ‘truth’ of comic fiction affects the audience of these plays as well.
Object Lessons
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the strategic objectification of various social and political discourses within the Plautine universe. The masterful comic individual is able to step back from and manipulate the various elements of daily life that offer themselves as socially sanctioned truths. A tactical relationship to socially constructed categories allows privileged characters to radically challenge and rework the givenness of the given world. Again these issues affect the audience, a collection of warriors who fight and die in the name of subjugation and objectification.
Lepide Ludificatus
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This is an examination of intersecting circuits of desire within the plays of Plautus. Playing to and with the other’s desire is a means of attaining one’s own desire. Pleasure, charm, wit, and gratification are all always simultaneously in play, but each term has a different meaning for different parties to the drama. Deceptive fantasies of desire and fulfillment enable comedy at a variety of levels, and the audience’s own desire for laughter itself is one of them.
Surplus Enjoyment
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This chapter explores the relationship between surfeit meaning and laughter via a close reading of Plautus’ Pseudolus. The Plautine trickster identifies with the position of his dupe, gives this person what he or she wants, and then gives something more. This contingent and improvised surfeit arises in moments of mirroring: identity yields surplus. This fecund repetition reappears at multiple levels of the text, including the audience’s own relationship to the formulaic, repetitive comedies of authors like Plautus.
The Last Laugh
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the relationship between genre and perspective in Plautus with a special emphasis on his ‘tragicomedy’ Amphituro. Perverse and willful desire both enables and sanctions comedy as a genre. Comedy arises when one complies with and caters to an omnipotent caprice for gratification. But the use and abuse of others is only funny when viewed from a specific perspective. The audience is invited to share that perspective.
Curtain Call
Authors: Gunderson Erik
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines the sad and upsetting qualities of laughter. The comic arises in the proximity of fear, malice, and trauma. A shift of perspective enables one to re-find the broken and painful kernel of comic enjoyment. This chapter opens out to consider a variety of non-Plautine meditations on this theme and includes discussions of a variety of films.
Analogies and Theories
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David
Published: May 2015

The book describes formal models of reasoning that are aimed at capturing the way that economic agents and decision makers in general think about their environment and make predictions based on their past experience. The focus is on analogies (case-based reasoning) and general theories (rule-based reasoning), and on the interaction between them, as well as between them and Bayesian reasoning. A unified approach allows us to study the dynamics of inductive reasoning in terms of the mode of reasoning that is used to generate predictions.
Introduction
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David
Published: May 2015

This introductory chapter first sets out the book’s purpose, namely to describe two modes of reasoning used for inductive inference and the interaction between them. The first is case-based, and it refers to prediction by analogies, that is, by the eventualities observed in similar past cases. The second is rule‐based, referring to processes where observations are used to learn which general rules, or theories, are more likely to hold, and should be used for prediction. The chapter then provides the motivation behind the present study, an overview of the subsequent chapters, and directions for future research.
Dynamics of Inductive Inference in a Unified Framework
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David
Published: May 2015

This chapter presents a formal model that captures both case‐based and rule‐based reasoning. The model is general enough to describe Bayesian reasoning, which may be viewed as an extreme example of rule‐based reasoning. It suggests conditions under which Bayesian reasoning will give way to other modes of reasoning, and alternative conditions under which the opposite conclusion holds. It discusses how probabilistic reasoning may emerge periodically, with other modes of reasoning used between the regimes of different probabilistic models.
Analogies and Theories
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David
Published: May 2015

This chapter first adapts the framework of the model of Gilboa, Samuelson, and Schmeidler (GSS, 2013, Chapter 3) and defines case-based and rule-based reasoning. It then deals with a purely exogenous process, showing that rule-based reasoning is likely to emerge in simple states of the world, but not in all states; followed by a purely endogenous process, showing that rule-based reasoning is more likely to emerge as the asymptotic mode of reasoning than case-based reasoning. The chapter concludes that rule-based reasoning is generally not sufficient to describe the way agents think about the world—neither at the outset nor asymptotically. All other things being equal, an endogenous process is more likely to give rise to convergence to rule-based reasoning than is an exogenous one.
The Predictive Role of Counterfactuals
Authors: Gilboa Itzhak , Samuelson Larry , Schmeidler David
Published: May 2015

This chapter extends a model of belief formation that encompasses counterfactuals. In the context of this model, the chapter asks how counterfactuals can be used for prediction. It develops the model based on the unified model of induction presented in Gilboa, Samuelson, and Schmeidler (2010). It then deals with prediction with the aid of counterfactuals, showing that counterfactuals cannot add anything to a logically omniscient agent's predictive ability. Next, the chapter discusses the extent to which counterfactuals can be valuable in enhancing the prediction of boundedly rational agents.
When Humans Become Migrants
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte
Published: May 2015

The treatment of migrants is one of the most challenging issues that human rights, as a political philosophy, faces today. It has increasingly become a contentious issue for many governments and international organizations around the world. This book examines the way in which two institutions tasked with ensuring the protection of human rights—the European Court of Human Rights and Inter-American Court of Human Rights—treat claims lodged by migrants. It combines legal, sociological, and historical analysis to show that the two courts were the product of different backgrounds, which led to differing attitudes towards migrants in their founding texts, and that these differences were reinforced in their developing case law. The book assesses the case law of both courts in detail to argue that they approach migrant cases from fundamentally different perspectives. It asserts that the European Court of Human Rights treats migrants first as aliens, and then, but only as a second step in its reasoning, as human beings. By contrast, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights approaches migrants first as human beings, and secondly as foreigners (if they are). The book argues therefore that the Inter-American Court of Human Rights takes a fundamentally more human rights-driven approach to this issue. The book shows how these trends formed at the courts, and assesses whether their approaches have changed over time. It also assesses in detail the issue of the detention of irregular migrants. Ultimately it analyses whether the divergence in the case law of the two courts is likely to continue, or whether they could potentially adopt a more unified practice.
The Alien in the Social Imagination of the Founding Texts
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte
Published: May 2015

Article 16 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) entitles States to restrict the political activities of non-nationals without infringing the provisions of the European Convention which guarantee freedom of expression (Article 10), freedom of association (Article 11), and the prohibition of discrimination (Article 14). Giving States such leeway can only be based on the idea that ‘the alien’ is a human being who does not and should not have the same rights as a citizen. This chapter addresses the question of why the ECHR contains this ‘alien clause’. It suggests that imposition of restrictions on aliens’ activities seems to have been the price to pay for having the protection of the European Convention extended to ‘everyone’ falling under the jurisdiction of a Member State, as proclaimed in Article 1 ECHR. Such an imposition reflected domestic practices which had been put in place in a number of European States since the late nineteenth century.
Dislocating Families: The Strasbourg Reversal
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte
Published: May 2015

This chapter focuses on the very first judgment which the European Court of Human Rights rendered in a migrant case; Abdulazis, Cabales and Balkandali v. United Kingdom, which involved three ‘immigration widows’ who were living in the UK without their husbands because immigration rules prevented the latter from joining them. The chapter reviews the ruling, including the facts of the three test cases which the Commission selected for examination; the Court’s confirmation of the absence of a right to family reunion in the Convention; its verdict that the UK violated the prohibition of discrimination on ground of sex; and its opposite finding regarding race. The implications of this unanimous judgment by the plenary Court are then teased out. The chapter concludes that the Court’s resistance to defending even the conventional family lives of migrants means that it is not in a good position to defend migrants’ more unconventional family patterns.
The Voice of the Inter-American Court: Equality as Jus Cogens
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte
Published: May 2015

This chapter begins with a brief history of the presence of Mexicans in the United States. It then reviews Advisory opinions nos 16 and 18, with special attention given to the way the Inter-American Court declared itself competent to deliver Advisory opinion no. 16; the way it declared the right to consular information a human right; the way neither the International Court of Justice in Avena and LeGrand nor the European Court of Human Rights in the little known Kimmel followed the Inter-American Court’s lead; the way Advisory opinion no. 18 enlarged the human rights of migrants by declaring the principle of equality and non-discrimination jus cogens; and the four concurring opinions this ruling attracted. This is followed by a comparison between the Inter-American and European Courts. The chapter ends with a discussion of the risks associated with the kind of visionary jurisprudence for which the Inter-American Court has become renown.
The Darkest Case Law: Condoning Rightlessness
Authors: Dembour Marie-Bénédicte
Published: May 2015

This chapter considers the Bonger v. the Netherlands decision of 2005, where the European Court of Human Rights declared the case of an applicant who had been refused a residence permit for almost ten years despite being de facto stateless as inadmissible. Not a well-known decision, Bonger v. the Netherlands captures the indifference with which the Court greets the problem of lack of secure legal status which affects millions of ‘irregular’ migrants in Europe. It is argued that the Strasbourg Court has no qualms about rejecting complaints which are about ‘the right to have rights’.
Optics in Semiconductors
Authors: Toropov Alexey A. , Shubina Tatiana V.
Published: May 2015

This chapter describes basic optical processes in semiconductor crystals, including interband optical absorption, gain, and emission. The consideration is performed for the two types of crystal structures, zinc-blende and wurtzite, in the framework of a semi-classical approach when the electromagnetic field is treated classically while the electrons are described by the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian and wave functions. Einstein coefficients are introduced in order to define the connection between absorption, stimulated emission, and spontaneous emission. Optical selection rules are obtained in the framework of the k⋅p theory by calculating the interband momentum matrix elements. The concepts of Wannier–Mott excitons and exciton polaritons are discussed in the framework of the effective mass approximation for the case of the direct band-gap semiconductors. The chapter establishes the symmetry classification of excitonic states in the semiconductor crystals in terms of the theory of irreducible group representations.
Introduction
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz
Published: May 2015

This chapter provides an informal survey of the key questions of the theory of mechanism design. The chapter then outlines the analytical approach that the theory of mechanism design takes to address these questions.
Robust Mechanism Design
Authors: Tilman Börgers , Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz
Published: May 2015

A new and general framework for informationally robust mechanism design is developed. Standard results are integrated into this framework. Paradoxes that arise in this framework are explained. The framework is explained in a voting example. The importance of simplicity of mechanisms for the theory of robust mechanism design is emphasized.
Dynamic Mechanism Design
Authors: Daniel Krähmer , Roland Strausz
Published: May 2015

This chapter explains basic insights in the theory of dynamic mechanism design using initially a single agent framework. The chapter emphasizes the case in which the agent receives multiple signals over time. It is shown that information that arrives before signing a contract has very different incentive implications than private information that arrives after signing a contract. The chapter explores how the methodology of static mechanism design has to be changed to be applicable in the dynamic setting.