bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS ON LYMPHOCYTE HL‐A ANTIGENS IN VITRO
Authors: Mäjský A. , Chudomel V. , Jakoubková J.
Published: April 2007

The effect of chemotherapeutics on the lymphocyte HL‐A antigens in vitro depends on the character of the preparation and on the individual variability of the lymphocytes. There is no general parallelism between the effects on the cytotoxic reactivity and absorption capacity. Sometimes both activities are suppressed, sometimes only the absorption capacity is reduced and the treated lymphocytes are polyreactive in the cytotoxic test.

Alexan was ineffective. TS 160, cytembena and alkeran reduced the absorption capacity of the HL‐A antigens already after 2‐hr treatment of the lymphocytes, whereas in the cytotoxic test the lymphocytes were polyreactive owing to their remarkable damage caused by these substances. Cyclophosphamide was able to reduce the absorption capacity of HL‐A antigens only after 20 hr at 20°C or after 2 hr of exposure to a higher dose of the substance. After the 2‐hr treatment the lymphocytes showed various types of effect in the cytotoxic test—sometimes their reactivity remained unaltered, sometimes it disappeared; in other cases they became polyreactive and after 20‐hr incubation the cytotoxic reactivity was lost. The effect of methotrexate on the absorption capacity of HL‐A antigens was the same as that of cyclophosphamide, whereas by contrast, the cytotoxic reactivity remained unaltered after 2‐hr incubation; after longer periods of time the lymphocytes become polyreactive. Vincristin suppressed the absorption capacity only after the 20‐hr exposure and thus treated lymphocytes were polyreactive. After the 2‐hr incubation the effect was the same as that for cyclophosphamide.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS. V. XENOANTISERA AGAINST TWO MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS RAISED BY IMMUNIZATION WITH RED CELLS
Authors: Poloskey Paul E. , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill Thomas J.
Published: April 2007

Xenoantisera were raised in New Zealand white rabbits by immunizing with red blood cells from the S5B (Ag‐B1) and ALB or BUF (Ag‐B6) strains of inbred rats. By appropriate absorptions, specific Ag‐B1, but not Ag‐B6, reagent antiserum could be made. The anti‐Ag‐B antibodies required Ficoll as a diluent for haemagglutination, implying that they are IgG.
ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS IN VITRO. XII. ACTIVITY OF RECONSTITUTED AND HYBRID RECOMBINED RIBOSOMES IN CELL FREE SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBODY*
Authors: Jachertz D. , Trachsel H. , Hoida‐Werner Ada
Published: April 2007

In a cell free system derived from peripheral human leucocytes an informative RNA (i‐RNA) was synthesized after antigenic stimulation with benzoyl‐penicilloyl‐formyl‐l‐lysine (BPoFLys). This i‐RNA was used to synthesize antibody in a second cell free system. The ribosomes used in the antibody synthesizing system were derived from peripheral human leucocytes, from human lymphoblasts CCRF and from HeLa cells. Furthermore, hybrid recombined ribosomes from 60S HeLa‐subunits and 45 S CCRF‐subunits as well as from 45S HeLa‐ and 60S CCRF‐subunits were used to synthesize antibody. Only ribosomes from peripheral human leucocytes, from CCRF‐cells and hybrid recombined ribosomes from 60S HeLa‐ and 45S CCRF‐subunits were able to synthesize antibody in the cell free system. Antibody synthesized in the cell free system was detected by phage neutralization test and by equilibrium dialysis. By these methods new markers could be demonstrated which are essential for the differentiation to an antibody synthesizing cell.
CROSS‐REACTIONS AND DETERMINANT STRUCTURE OF HUMAN FIBRIN‐STABILIZING FACTOR (FACTOR XIII)
Authors: Bauer K.
Published: April 2007

In continuation of earlier investigations the determinant structure of human fibrin‐stabilizing factor (factor XIII) was analysed by comparative determinant analysis (CDA). Two determinants, P1 and A were distinguished; P1 is shared with all subhuman primates studied, while it is missing on all non‐primate homologues. A is found on both primate and non‐primate homologues. The possible presence of an additional network determinant is discussed. There is no human species‐specific determinant.
New Books and Reviews
Authors: Bauer K.
Published: April 2007

Book Review in this Artile

Electrophoresis and Isoelectric Focusing in Polyacrylamide Gel, Edited by R. C. Allen, Walter de Gruyter

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Edited by W. Arber, R. Haas, W. Henle, P. H. Hofschneider, J. H. Humphrey, N. K. Jerne, P. Koldovsk, H. Koprowski, O. Maaløe, R. Rott, H. G. Schweiger, M. Sela, L. Syruček, P. K. Vogt, E. Wecker

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, Edited by W. Arber, R. Haas, W. Henle, P. H. Hofschneider, J. H. Humphrey, N. K. Jerne, P. Koldovsk, H. Koprowski, O. Maaløe, R. Rott, H. G. Schweiger, M. Sela, L. Syruček, P. K. Vogt, E. Wecker

Molecular Population Genetics and Evolution, M. Nei (Frontiers of Biology, Vol. 40, Editors A. Neuberger, E. L. Tatum)
THE GENETIC BASIS OF ANTIGENIC STRENGTH IN HEART AND SKIN ALLOGRAFTING
Authors: Festenstein H. , Huber Brigitte , Keeling Valerie , Démant P.
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐one combinations of congenic and recombinant mouse strains were tested for heart and skin allograft survival times with and without ALS and the results compared with those obtained for MLR and CML. Although the genes for Lads, Ir and Ia specificities are all in the K end, on the average no greater strength of K end incompatibilities than D end were found. Some of the shortest survivals were D region only incompatible.

We specifically wanted to find out if there were any special genes concerned with the control of antigenic strength within the H‐2 complex and if so, did they correlate with those already described for CML—the effector cell stimulating or ECS genes. We found no evidence that the ECS genes in themselves were concerned with allograft strength but instead found evidence for certain genes in the I region and others outside the I region which could be acting as allograft potentiating genes. In some combinations there was an association with the ECS genes and the allograft potentiating genes, and we concluded that in these combinations the two types were closely linked but separate.

We wanted to know if there was a specific lymphocyte subpopulation concerned with antigenic strength that was sensitive to ALS; the results of our experiments were consistent with this hypothesis but did not prove it.
THE INFLUENCE OF M‐LOCUS INCOMPATIBILITY ON TOOTH GERM ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Bártová Jiřina , Iványi Dagmar
Published: April 2007

The histocompatibility effect of M‐locus was tested by tooth germ grafts transplanted from newborn F1 hybrid (BALB/c x DBA/2) female mice to adult back‐cross BALB/c x (BALB/c x DBA/2) F1 female mice, typed for M‐locus.

The number of surviving grafts was significantly higher in M‐locus compatible than M‐locus incompatible recipients and the allograft reaction was significantly more pronounced in M‐locus incompatible recipients.
INACTIVATION OF HL‐A ANTIGENS IN VITRO BY ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: Májský A. , Chudomel V.
Published: April 2007

The effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL‐A antigens in vitro is of variable character. All antibiotics under examination suppressed the absorption capacity of HL‐A antigens after 2 hr of lymphocyte treatment at 37°C. Ceporin and Kanamytrex inhibited even the cytotoxic reactivity of H1‐A antigens after 15–30 min of lymphocyte treatment. Chloramphenicol, aureomycin, streptomycin and oleandomycin, on the contrary, increased the specific cytotoxic reactivity of HL‐A antigens after 15–30 min, after 1 hr they were ineffective for HL‐A antigens, and after two or more hours they produced polyreactivity. Penicillin and erythromycin produced polyreactivity after only 15–30 min. The results show that for the follow‐up of the drug effect on HL‐A antigens the absorption test rather than the cytotoxicity test is of importance. The suppressed absorption capacity of HL‐A antigens caused by the action of antibiotics proves their inactivation effect on the lymphocytes. The possibility of an analogous effect of antibiotics on lymphocyte HL‐A antigens, even after administration to patients, is discussed.
EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS ON THE CYTOTOXIC REACTION BETWEEN HL‐A ANTIGENS AND CORRESPONDING SERA
Authors: Májský A. , Chudomel V. , Jakoubková J.
Published: April 2007

Effects of antibiotics and chemotherapeutics on the interaction between the HL‐A antigens and the corresponding lymphocytotoxic sera vary from case to case. Streptomycin, oleandomycin, cephaloridine and kanamycin completely inhibit the cytotoxic reaction when added in the first or second stage of the test. Cytembena weakens the reaction while chlortetracyclin exhibits various effects. The rest of the drugs under investigation proved ineffective.
THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX OF THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Geczy A. F. , Weck A. L. de
Published: April 2007

The relationship between the mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) and the serologically‐defined antigens controlled by genes in the guinea‐pig B locus (equivalent to the murine D or K region) and I region was investigated in various inbred and partially inbred strains and in guinea‐pig families homozygous for their GPLA alleles. No MLR reactions could be detected among guinea‐pig families of a closed colony which had been bred to homozygosity for their GPLA antigens. By contrast, animals which differed in their I region showed strong MLR reactivity. Animals with identical I regions as judged by four serologically‐defined specificities only, but differ with respect to B locus determinants, yield appreciably lower MLR responses. It appears that in the guinea‐pig, as in other mammalian species, the antigenic systems responsible for MLR reactivity are controlled primarily by genes identical with or closely linked to the I region of the major histocompatibility complex.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO FERRITIN IN MICE
Authors: Young C. R. , Deacon N. J. , Ebringer A. , Davies D. A. L.
Published: April 2007

The immune response to the antigen horse spleen ferritin was tested in sixteen inbred strains of mice. Using a fixed antigen percentage bound isotope technique, it was found that the quantity of antibody produced was related to the genetic status of the responding animal. A continuous distribution of responses was obtained, which were found to be linked to H‐2 loci and the 2 non‐H‐2 loci ‘Tla’ and ‘Theta’ and these responses are detectable following primary immunization. It is suggested that the continuous distribution of quantitative antibody responses to ferritin, is compatible either with a large number of IR‐genes or with a cross tolerance hypothesis requiring no IR‐genes at all.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE IN MICE
Authors: Baker P. J. , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Prescott B. , Stashak P. W.
Published: April 2007

Recombinant‐inbred strains of mice, as well as the progenitor strains from which they were derived, were evaluated with respect to the capacity of B cells to respond to an optimally immunogenic dose of Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS‐III) and the amount of suppressor and amplifier T cell activity present. None of these functional activities was found to be linked to genes within the major histocompatibility (H‐2) or the IgCH allotype complex, and several autosomal genes appeared to govern the expression of each of these characteristics.
PGM3 LOCUS AND ITS GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN LEUCOCYTES OF GOATS
Authors: Pretorius A. M. G. , Schmid D. O. , Osterhoff D. R. , Albert E. D.
Published: April 2007

PGM3 activity was investigated in 150 ‘Boerbok’ goats and 132 Angora goats by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. In ‘Boerbok’ goats no polymorphism was found. In Angora goats three different phenotypes have been recognized: F, S, and FS. The results suggest the occurrence of two common alleles: PGM3‐F and PGM3‐S at an autosomal locus with frequencies of 0.6176 and 0.3824, respectively.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL ANTI‐NP ANTI‐BODIES IN DIFFERENT STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Julin Marja
Published: April 2007

Characteristics (titre and fine‐specificity) of natural anti‐NP* antibodies were determined in eighteen inbred strains of mice. We found systematic titre and fine‐specificity differences between different strains. At least five types of strains could be easily detected but the data indicate that the actual number is greater. Strains sharing an Ig allotype tended to have less different anti‐NP antibodies than those not sharing the allotype. Fine‐specificity of natural anti‐NP antibodies resembled fine‐specificity characteristics in immune anti‐NP antibodies of the same strains. Both are probably controlled by V genes. The data indicate that fine‐specificity of antibodies has a great resolving power in the study of Mendelian V genes.
HAEMAGGLUTININS PRODUCED IN VITRO BY HUMAN LYMPHOBLASTOID CELLS
Authors: Joss A. W. L. , Evans Judith , Veitch D. T. , Arthur Elizabeth , Steel C. M.
Published: April 2007

Haemagglutinins in the supernatants of four human lymphoblastoid lines have been partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, centrifugation on a sucrose gradient or passage through a Sephadex G‐200 column. Haemagglutinating activity in all cases appears to be associated with a high molecular weight fraction with the characteristics of IgM and activity can be recovered by elution of material adsorbed onto an anti‐IgM column. On iso‐electric focusing, a very small number of molecular species seems to be involved. It is likely that these lines constitute the first in vitro human systems in which the synthesis of homogenous immunoglobulins with known antibody specificity can be studied.
THE USE OF EARLY EMBRYO AGGREGATION DERIVED CHIMAERAS. I. TO STUDY IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE*
Authors: Barnes R. D.
Published: April 2007

Early embryo aggregation mouse chimaeras have proven an invaluable tool to study mechanisms involved in tolerance. Such chimaeras are most commonly derived following the aggregation of two undifferentiated embryos and therefore not surprisingly they were originally considered examples of classic immunological tolerance. Since this time alternative mechanisms including humoral and cell suppressor activity have been suggested and until recently tolerance in tetra‐parental chimaeras has remained a controversy. This controversy is now reviewed in the light of recent findings which has suggested that such mice are in fact examples of classic tolerance with the possibility that this is achieved by heterogenous elimination of the clones of potentially self → self auto‐reactive cells.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON TOAD (BUFO) EGGS: COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THREE SPECIES (B. BUFO, B. VIRIDIS, B. CALAMITA)
Authors: Schenkel‐Brunner H. , Kothbauer H.
Published: April 2007

Eggs of three Bufo species (B. bufo, B. viridis and B. calamita) were examined for blood group activity. B. bufo showed distinct A activity, whereas in B. viridis and B. calamita a marked H‐activity was observed. These results correspond with the zoological systematic classification of the three toad species tested.
CODOMINANT INHERITANCE IN IMMUNOGENETIC (IR‐GENE) SYSTEMS
Authors: Ebringer A. , Deacon N. J. , Young C. R.
Published: April 2007

Immunogenetic (IR‐gene) systems consist of animals showing different quantitative antibody responses when immunized with similar doses of a given antigen.

Strains of animals giving high and low antibody titres are described as high and low responders, respectively.

The degree of dominance in F1 hybrid strains, obtained from a cross between high and low responder parents, can readily be calculated using the dominance index formula, which takes the value of +1 for complete dominance, ‐1 for complete recessivity and the value of zero for no dominance.

In reviewing 1527 F1 animals, obtained from ninety‐one immunogenetic systems, the degree of dominance (d) was found to be: + 0±0076 ± 0±1053 (mean ± s.e.), which is close to a value of zero and this is consistent with codominant inheritance.

It is suggested that in immunogenetic systems, both alleles are expressed as co‐dominant genes.
THE USE OF EARLY EMBRYO AGGREGATION DERIVED MOUSE CHIMAERAS. II. THE STUDY OF DISEASE PROCESSES*
Authors: Barnes R. D.
Published: April 2007

Early embryo aggregation derived mouse chimaeras have proven an extremely valuable tool to study development of disease processes. In this respect chimaeras prove a unique opportunity to study the interaction between cells genetically predestined to become diseased and a normal cell population within the same animal. In this situation chimaeras can be studied in view of possible ‘correction’ of the disease by the provision of a population of normal host cells and/or their products. Various host deficiency states including classic immune deficiency, potentially ‘deficient’ anaemias and tumours have been studied–the subject of the review here.
THE USE OF EARLY EMBRYO AGGREGATION DERIVED MOUSE CHIMAERAS. III. A TOOL OF IMMUNOGENETICS*
Authors: Barnes R. D.
Published: April 2007

Early embryo aggregation derived chimaeras have proven a valuable tool to biologists concerned with various aspects of mammalian development. The use of this model is discussed here in respect of its application to the field of immunogenetics and also to possible future exploitation. Chimaeras have already provided information concerning various areas of immunogenetics ranging from tolerance, control of antibody response, allotype expression, gene transfer and its possible influence upon the immune response. These are reviewed here.
A NEW HLA ANTIGEN APPARENTLY NOT CONTROLLED BY THE KNOWN HLA LOCI
Authors: Cecchi V. , Belvedere M. C. , Luciani G. , Curtoni E. S.
Published: April 2007

The human allogeneic serum RM3 recognizes a lymphocyte structure inherited with the HLA chromosome. Population studies show several positive associations with antigens of the HLA‐A and HLA‐B series. Negative associations have been found with antigens of the HLA‐C series. Moreover the distribution of the RM3 factor is in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium with that of the HLA‐C alleles.

However, serological investigations (namely the ‘lysostrip’ technique) bring evidence that RM3 serum does not appear to contain antibodies directed against any of the known antigens of the HLA‐A, B and C series. The study of a segregant family, showing a crossing over between the HLA‐A and HLA‐B loci, shows that the RM3 factor segregates on the side of the HLA‐A locus. In conclusion, within the limits of the serological approach used, the present study presents evidence of a new serologically defined HLA locus, different from those so far described.
MOLECULAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN H‐2 AND ML ANTIGENS ON LEUKAEMIA L‐1210/v CELLS*
Authors: Strzadala L. , Steuden Jadwiga , Radzikowski C.
Published: April 2007

The molecular relationship between H‐2 antigens and mammary leukaemia (ML) antigen at the surface of leukaemic L‐1210/v cells was studied by the ‘lyso‐strip’ method. Molecules carrying the private specificities of the H‐2d haplotype are independent entities in the membrane of the L‐1210/v leukaemic cells and are not linked to molecules carrying the ‘Ml’ antigen.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN H‐2 AND VIRAL ANTIGENS IN MURINE ONCORNAVIRUS‐INDUCED TUMOURS*
Authors: Gomard Elisabeth , Duprez Véronique , Henin Yvette , Levy J.P.
Published: April 2007

Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) from murine sarcoma virus (MSV) or Friend leukaemia virus (FLV) inoculated mice lyse syngeneic much more efficiently than allogeneic FMRGi+ lymphoma cells. By comparing the cytolysis of various H‐2 different 51Cr lymphomas by CTL from several inbred and congenic lines differing at H‐2, and by competition experiments using unlabelled cells, one can demonstrate that this phenomenon is due to an H‐2 barrier. H‐2b/H‐2d hybrid‐anti‐MSV‐CTL immunized by H‐2b, H‐2d or H‐2b/H‐2d tumours lyse only FMRGi+ lymphomas of the same H‐2, and their activity for a given target is inhibited only by H‐2‐identical competitive cells. H‐2 antigens are therefore directly involved in the interaction between tumour cells and immune CTL which probably react with an 'H‐2 modified' antigen of the tumour cells surface. The use of CTL from intra‐H‐2 recombinant lines shows that H‐2D and probably H‐2K molecules are involved, but vary according to the tumour cells. A possible role of the I region is discussed as well as the implications of these results in immunosurveillance against viral neoplasia.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS VIII. THE PRODUCTION OF XENOANTISERA AGAINST Ag‐B HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS
Authors: Edwards P. A. , Kunz H. W. , iii Gill T. J.
Published: April 2007

Rabbit anti‐rat xenoantisera were raised by intravenous injection of splenic lymphocytes. After absorption with the appropriate rat red blood cells for removal of ‘species‐specific’ antibodies, many agglutinating specificities remained which were quite similar to the corresponding alloantisera with the exception of the Ag‐B5 haplotype. In attempts to produce specific Ag‐B xenoantisera, two groups of histocompatibility antigens were discovered: one consisting of Ag‐B1, Ag‐B3, Ag‐B4, Ag‐B7 and Ag‐B8 to which specific Ag‐B antisera could be produced, and another comprised of Ag‐B2, Ag‐B5 and Ag‐B6 to which specific Ag‐B antisera could not be made by any of several methods. Xenoantisera produced by a rapid hyperimmunization technique and all alloantisera tested were cytotoxic, whereas no cytotoxic antibodies could be detected in the xenoantisera produced by a longer course of immunization.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN GAMMA CHAINS OF A MONOTREME MAMMAL, THE ECHIDNA (TACHYGLOSSUS ACULEATUS): AMINO ACID COMPOSITION AND PARTIAL AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
Authors: Atwell J. L. , Marchalonis J. J.
Published: April 2007

The echidna represents the lowest stage in phytogeny at which molecules clearly homologous to IgG antibodies appear to occur. We provide evidence that a fraction of γ chains possess an unblocked N terminal sequence comparable to the VHIII sub‐group of human γ chains and that glycine is the C‐terminal residue. Statistical comparison of amino acid composition of the component chains with other immunoglobulin heavy chains suggests that echidna γ chains are more closely related to eutherian γ chains than to the 7S Ig heavy chains from amphibia or aves. The results are consistent with our view that true γ‐type heavy chains did not appear in evolution until after the mammalian line diverged from the stem reptiles.
THE DEFECT OF Mk ERYTHROCYTES AS REVEALED BY SODIUM DODECYLSULPHATE‐POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS*
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Knott H.
Published: April 2007

The membrane glycoprotein defect of Mk red cells was studied using discontinuous sodium dodecylsulphate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, carbohydrate analytical procedures and lectins. The results suggest that Mk erythrocyte membranes contain only about half of the normal amount of the MN and Ss sialoglycoproteins, both molecules being not qualitatively different from normal. The major membrane protein exhibits an increased molecular weight in the above red cells. Some data on Mg and Miltenberger class five cells are presented for comparison. The results on Mk erythrocytes support the operon concept of the MNSs blood group system proposed previously.
CROSSING OVER IN THE HLA SYSTEM BETWEEN THE SD‐1 AND SD‐3 LOCI
Authors: Waltz H. , Rose M.
Published: April 2007

The authors report on the crossing over in the HLA system between the SD‐1 and SD‐3 loci.
STRUCTURAL RESTRICTION AND SIMILARITIES OF THE LIGHT CHAINS OF ANTIBODIES TO GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL CARBOHYDRATE PRODUCED IN A SINGLE RABBIT
Authors: Raison R. L. , Marchalonis J. J.
Published: April 2007

Comparison of the amino acid compositions, N‐terminal amino acids and tryptic peptide maps of two L chains (145 LI and 145 LII) derived from antibodies produced in a single rabbit to group B streptococci indicates a high degree of sequence homology of the two chains. Furthermore, comparison of these data with similar analysis of L chains prepared from pooled antibodies to group B streptococci indicates a high degree of V region restriction in the L chains of antibodies elicited by hyperimmunization with streptococci.
MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF T LYMPHOMA IMMUNOGLOBULIN
Authors: Moseley Jane M. , Marchalonis J. J. , Harris A. W. , Pye J.
Published: April 2007

Immunoglobulin (Ig) released into the medium by monoclonal continuously cultured murine T lymphoma cells of the lines WEHI‐22 and WEHI‐7 was isolated by serological precipitation or solid‐phase immunoadsorption techniques. The intact immunoglobulin had an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl‐sulphate (SDS) containing polyacrylamide gels comparable to that of IgG (mass 150,000). This mobility was significantly faster than that of ‘7S’ IgM of murine B lymphocyte surfaces. The T lymphoma immunoglobulin consisted of a pair of heavy chains linked by disulphide bonds and light chains non‐covalently bound to the heavy chains. The isolated heavy chains migrated slightly faster than the μ chains of MOPC 104E IgM. Some, but not all, antisera directed against μ chains of normal mouse serum IgM bound T lymphoma immunoglobulin apparently via a cross‐reaction localized to the Fd fragment.

These data indicate that immunoglobulin of T lymphoma cells and, presumably normal T lymphocytes, represents an immunoglobulin isotype which is distinct from those immunoglobulins found on the B cell surface.
THE H‐2 COMPLEX: IMMUNOGENICITY AND ENHANCEMENT STUDIES OF H‐2K REGION ALLOANTIGENS
Authors: McKenzie I. F. C. , Henning Margaret M.
Published: April 2007

Antigenic differences arising from incompatibilities at the K region of the H‐2 complex of the mouse (including the H‐2K locus) were studied in different combinations to determine the immunogenicity of Kk, Kq and Ks region products. Only congenic strains and selected recombinant strains were used, so that the only known differences arose from the K region of the H‐2 complex. In males, first grafts were rejected in 12–13 days so that, as immunogens, K region antigens were equivalent to those of H‐2I. If the H‐2 histocompatibility loci are ranked in decreasing order of the immunogenic strength of their antigenic specificities: H‐2K = H‐2I > H‐2D > H‐2IC. Second grafts were rejected more rapidly than first skin grafts. After immunization by either lymphocytes or a single skin graft, high cytotoxic antibody titres were achieved, e.g. 1/512, after lymphocyte immunization. However, it was not possible by the passive administration of antiserum to delay graft rejection and produce enhancement by any antisera directed only against K region specificities. In several different combinations studied, it was proved that antigenic differences arising from the I region but not the K region are essential to produce an enhancing antiserum for K + I region differences. In particular, differences incorporating IA and IB are more important than IC differences. However, when differences arise only from the K region, enhancement cannot be produced by any antiserum, whether it contains anti‐Ia antibodies or not, presumably as there is no I region incompatibility.
THE I REGION TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS: IMMUNOGENICITY AND ENHANCEMENT
Authors: McKenzie I. F. C. , Henning Margaret M.
Published: April 2007

The immunogenicity of I region transplantation antigens was studied using congenic and recombinant strains differing only at the I region. Three separate types of incompatibility were studied with antigenic differences arising from: either the IA, IB and IC subregions; or from the IA and IB subregions only; or from the IB and IC subregions of the H‐2 complex, (i) When the incompatibility included specificities arising from the IA and IB subregions, i.e. the whole I region or just IA and IB, there was early first graft rejection (due to an H‐2I incompatibility), anti‐Ia antibodies were formed after graft rejection, and substantial degrees of enhancement could be produced by the passive administration of antiserum. Second grafts were usually rejected in accelerated fashion when placed on mice who had just rejected a first graft. By contrast, grafts to hyperimmune mice were either not rejected or underwent delayed graft rejection. In general, the passive administration of antiserum did not lead to suppression of antibody formation after a skin graft, (ii) When the differences arose from IB and IC, first grafts were not rejected, but immunized mice rejected their grafts due to the H‐2IC derived incompatibility).

The results demonstrate that the I region contains at least two H loci, one of strong and the other of weak immunogenicity and that high titre anti‐Ia antibody can be formed after a skin graft. The enhancement studies, taken together with other data, demonstrate the predominating influence of the I region in the production of enhancement for H‐2 incompatible skin grafts.
DOUBLE LINE PHENOTYPES IN RABBIT IgG ALLOTYPES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE CIS/TRANS CONFIGURATION OF THE IgG MARKERS
Authors: Hamers‐Casterman C. , Wittouck E. , Florent G. , Loo W. van der , Baetselier P. De , Hamers R.
Published: April 2007

Rabbit antiallotype sera raised against heavy chain markers sometimes show double precipitin lines with all or some of the corresponding antigens (double and single line phenotypes).

In a number of cases the double line phenotypes behave as alleles of the single line phenotypes and this feature allows a genetic and immunochemical analysis of these systems.

In three cases that have been analysed, the double line phenotype arises when a precipitating a locus allotype and a non‐precipitating d or e locus allotype are present on the same molecule (a1 and d14), (a1 and d11), (a3 and d11). This only happens when the corresponding genes are present on the same chromosome (cis configuration) of the diploid pair. These sera are therefore useful for determining directly the genotype of the animals.
POPULATION GENETICS OF Aa AND Ab IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALLOTYPES IN WILD RABBITS OF SOUTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Herd Z. L. , Edmonds* J. W. E.
Published: April 2007

Aa and Ab allotype frequencies have been investigated in wild rabbit populations throughout Victoria and South‐east South Australia. The overall mean allele frequencies for thirty‐three populations are 0.53:0.12:0.36 for a1:a2:a3 and 0.72:0.22:0.05 for b4:b5:b9. The b6 allele was not found anywhere. The a1 frequency has been found to increase in proportion to increases in mean annual rainfall.

While considerable variations exist in allotype and allele frequencies from area to area, the relationships a1 > a3 > a2 and b4 > b5 > b9 are almost always observed. The results are discussed in terms of the historical origins of Australian wild rabbits and possible genetic mechanisms to explain the maintenance of allotype ‘hierarchies’ in large populations breeding at random.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MATERIALS CROSS‐REACTING WITH ANTI‐A AND ‐B AGGLUTININS IN FRUIT OR SEED EXTRACTS OF HIGHER PLANTS
Authors: Yamamoto S.
Published: April 2007

Fourteen species of higher plants were found to contain materials in their fruit or seed extracts which were heat stable, inhibitory for and capable of absorbing anti‐H, ‐A and ‐B agglutinins and also lectins. The majority of species exhibiting a high grade of such cross‐reactivity belonged to two genera, Viburnum of the Caprifoliaceae and Acer of the Aceraceae. Gel diffusion patterns indicated, however, that the A‐ and B‐like activities of the Viburnum fruits were somewhat distinct serologically from blood group A and B substances of human origin.
SEGREGATION OF HLA HAPLOTYPES IN 100 FAMILIES WITH A MYASTHENIA GRAVIS PATIENT
Authors: Berg‐Loonen Ella M. vanden , Nijenhuis L. E. , Engelfriet C. P. , Feltkamp T. E. W. , Rossum A. L. van , Oosterhuis H. J. G. H.
Published: April 2007

An analysis of the HLA data of 100 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients and their first degree relatives and spouses is presented. The family studies confirmed the excess of B8 in the myasthenia gravis patients and showed that the excess was not limited to the A1, B8 haplotype. An excess of B8 homozygous patients was found from the matings of two B8 heterozygous parents, suggesting the existence of a dominant B8 linked MG susceptibility. B8 homozygous individuals run a 4.7 times higher risk of acquiring myasthenia gravis than B8 heterozygous individuals.
GENE EXPRESSION OF A REGION OF CHROMOSOME 17 DURING MURINE SPERMATOGENESIS
Authors: Erickson R. P.
Published: April 2007

The presence of H‐2‐linked gene products on spermatozoa and their time of appearance during spermatogenesis was determined. Thymus leukaemia antigen specificities 1, 2 and 3 could not be detected on spermatozoa by absorption of the antisera. Immunofluorescent studies with anti‐Sip sera did not reveal any specific reactivity with target spermatozoa. In contrast, H‐2D antigens were present on somatic as well as germ line components in testes so the time of their first appearance during spermatogenesis could not be precisely specified. Cell separation experiments indicate that H‐2D antigens are present on pachytene spermatocytes and increased in quantity on spermatids. The sperm‐specific isoenzyme of phosphoglycerate kinase, Pgk‐2, appears at a later stage of spermatogenesis than do the H‐2 region antigens.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS AND GENETIC CONTROL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE IN GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Geczy A. F. , Weck A. L. de
Published: April 2007

Further breeding studies were carried out to investigate the polygenic control of the cellular immune response in the guinea‐pig to low doses of aspirin anhydride (ASAN), penicilloylated bovine immunoglobulin (BPO‐BGG) and to the multi‐chain copolymer (T, G)‐A–L. Although responsiveness to these three antigens is controlled by three independently segregating loci, at least one gene required for these responses is linked to the strain 13 haplotype.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN HAPLOTYPES OF TWO POPULATION GROUPS IN IRAN
Authors: Loghem Erna van , Lange Gerda de , Matsumoto H. , Miyazaki T. , Ohkura K.
Published: April 2007

Genetic markers of IgG and IgA were investigated in two population groups from Iran. The Gm‐Am haplotypes found were mainly those prevalent in Caucasians, with a low frequency of Asiatic haplotypes.

Twenty samples had phenotypes that led to the assumption of rare haplotypes. The main ones were: Gm(z;n;b)a2m(1) and Gm(za;n;g)A2m(2). The first haplotype differs from the common haplotypes because G1m(z) is present instead of G1m(f), and the second because it has G2m(n) and A2m(2) in combination with G1m(za) and G3m(g).
Gm PHENOTYPES IN AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASE
Authors: Farid N. R. , Newton R. M. , Noel Elke P. , Marshall W. H.
Published: April 2007

The Gm phenotype Gm f,b or Gm f,n,b was found in all forty patients with Graves' disease studied, contrasted with thirty‐five out of forty controls and twenty out of thirty‐one patients with thyroiditis. The difference between the two groups with autoimmune thyroid disease was significant. These results suggest that thyroid stimulating antibodies may be allotypically restricted.
A CAUCASOID PEDIGREE DEMONSTRATING THE TRANSMISSION OF A Gm1, 2, 17; 5, 13, 14 HAPLOTYPE
Authors: Pandey J. P. , Fudenberg H. H. , Amos D. B.
Published: April 2007

Data illustrating the inheritance of a Gm1, 2, 17; 5, 13, 14 haplotype in a Caucasian family are presented. The mother and two children are heterozygous for this unusual haplotype. The possible origin of the haplotype is discussed.
EVIDENCE THAT BLOOD GROUP A ANTIGEN ON LYMPHOCYTES IS DERIVED FROM THE PLASMA
Authors: Rachkewich R. A. , Crookston M. C. , Tilley C. A. , Wherrett J. R.
Published: April 2007

Serum from group O volunteers, who had been injected with porcine A blood group substance, was used in lymphocytotoxicity tests. Positive reactions were obtained only with lymphocytes of group A secretors; the strongest reactors were Le(a‐b‐). The same group O sera reacted with group O lymphocytes which had been exposed to a glycosphingolipid fraction prepared from the plasma of A, Le(a‐b‐) secretors. These reactions were specifically inhibited by A substance. It is suggested that, unlike the A antigen on red cells, the A antigen detected in lymphocytotoxicity tests is entirely derived from the plasma.
THE ROLE OF H‐2 AND H‐2‐LIKE DETERMINANTS IN SYNGENEIC AND ALLOGENEIC CYTOSTASIS
Authors: De Giorgi Luisa , Biasi G. , Festenstein H.
Published: April 2007

Specific sensitization against H‐2 determinants was effected by immunizing allogeneic mice with spleen and lymph node cells in H‐2 congenic combinations. Lymph nodes from the sensitized and non‐sensitized mice were respectively cultured together with H‐2 syngeneic tumour cell lines. The growth and viability of the tumour cells was subsequently measured by the amount of radiothymidine incorporation. If the tumour cells incorporated less isotope when cultured with the immune cells than with the normal cells this was termed ‘cytostasis’. To identify the H‐2 genes controlling the sensitization phase in the cytostasis assay, we studied the effect on different transplantable tumour target cells of lymphoid cells from mice sensitized against different congenic spleen cells. The results suggest that the cytostasis assay can measure an in vitro specific response to H‐2‐incompatible sensitizing antigens, and that I‐B incompatibility, together with K and/or D, is essential to produce effectors. Furthermore, H‐2 allogeneic sensitization could induce cytostasis even against tumour cells syngeneic for the H‐2 halotype of the responder strain. The implications of these findings are discussed.
ROLE OF CELL‐CELL INTERACTIONS IN MITOGENIC STIMULATION OF LYMPHOCYTES: I. DISSOCIATION OF CONCANAVALIN A‐INDUCIBLE LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION AND AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Dráber P. , Viklický V. , Lengerová Alena
Published: April 2007

The aim of the study was to decide whether the delayed agglutination of lymphocytes following mitogenic doses of concanavalin A (Con A) is a prerequisite of the activation process. It was shown that both phenomena can be greatly dissociated; suitable doses of cytochalasin B (CB) completely block agglutination, while the capacity to respond (by [14C]thymidine incorporation) to Con A‐induced stimulation is retained. It was concluded that agglutinability is acquired in the early phase of the activation process, concomitant with induced changes in the cell membrane structure; the manifestation (i.e. agglutination) of this capacity is not necessary for the activation of the cell nucleus to take place, and it depends on the cells' chances of being brought together, either by active movement or by external forces.
X CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT AND SERUM LEVELS OF IgM IN MAN AND MOUSE
Authors: Adinolfi M. , Haddad Susan A. , Seller Mary J.
Published: April 2007

The levels of IgM were measured in sera from mice with different chromosome complements, including 39, XO mice and phenotypically male mice bearing the sex‐reversed gene (Sxr) (XX,Sxr/+ and XY,Sxr/+).

The mean values of IgM were found to be higher in normal female mice than in the males belonging to two different strains. This is in agreement with the higher mean serum levels of IgM observed in two groups of sera from normal human females and males.

However, while we could confirm that the mean level of IgM was lower in 45, XO women than in normal females and comparable to the mean value of normal males, the same effect was not seen in 39, XO mice. In fact, the mean concentration of serum IgM in 39, XO mice was similar to that in normal females. Furthermore, it was observed that the mean values of serum IgM in the two groups of sex‐reversed male mice (XX,Sxr/+ and XY,Sxr/+) were also not statistically different from those in normal males.

Thus the role that the number of X chromosomes plays in the control of the serum levels of IgM is different in man and the mouse, in agreement with the observed different phenotypic manifestations, and in particular with the hormonal situations existing in X chromosome abnormalities in these two species.
INHERITED STRUCTURAL VARIATION AND LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF C7
Authors: Hobart M. J. , Joysey V. , Lachmann P. J.
Published: April 2007

Three structural forms of C7 have been distinguished by isoelectric focusing. They are the products of three co‐dominantly expressed alleles at an autosomal locus. The C7 locus is close to that for C6, but is not close to the HLA complex.
TEMPERATURE STRESS AND IMMUNITY IN MICE: EFFECTS OF ENVIRONEMTAL TEMPERATURE ON THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO HUMAN IMMUNOGLOBULIN OF MICE, DIFFERING IN AGE AND STRAIN
Authors: Sabiston B. H. , Rose J. E. M. Ste , Cinader B.
Published: April 2007

Physiological responses at different ambient temperatures and temperature‐dependent changes in immune responsiveness are polymorphic. At 4d̀C, the antigen elimination from the bodies of SJL and C57B1/6 mice is accelerated. In SJL, but not in C57B1/6 mice, the half‐life of antigen elimination decreased between the ages of 3 and 11 weeks. Parental mice and their F1 hybrids showed a fall in rectal temperature, which was greatest in young animals. Hypothermia was greater in C57B1/6 than in SJL and F1 hybrids; in 3 week old C57B1/6 it resulted in high mortality. The response to aggregated human immunoglobulin (HGG) was evaluated by (a) the number of animals with detectable antibody, (b) the minimal dose of antigen eliciting detectable antibody, and (c) the mean titre of haemagglutinating antibody. SJL mice were more responsive than C57B1/6 mice. Low antibody formation in the secondary response was dominant, i.e. the amount of antibody produced by (SJL × C57B1/6)F1 mice was the same as that produced by the parental C57B1/6 strain. In a primary response, the quantity of antibody varied with the age of the immunized animal; 18 week old mice responded to lower minimal doses of antigen and produced more haemagglutinating antibody than 3 week old animals.

After a second injection with HGG, SJL but not C57B1/6 mice produced more antibody when kept at 14d̀C rather than at 22d̀C or 30d̀C, and produced the lowest antibody titres when kept at 4d̀C. The relation between ambient temperature and the response of the SJL mice was dominant over that of the C57B1/6 strain.

Primary differed from secondary responsiveness in that neither strain produced significantly lower titres when ambient temperature fell to 4d̀C; only 18 week old SJL mice responded with a marginal decrease in peak antibody production.

The described polymorphism may affect both the individual capacity to cope with low temperatures and the evolutionary adaptation of a species to climatic extremes.
INHERITED ‘MOSAICISM’ WITHIN THE ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM
Authors: Bird G. W. G. , Wingham June , Watkins Winifred M. , Greenwell Pamela , Cameron A. H.
Published: April 2007

A family with examples of the rare condition known as ‘inherited mosaicism affecting the ABO blood groups’ has been studied. In this family there were five examples of Bmos:O mosaicism. Blood group gene‐specified transferase estimations were studied in this condition for the first time. In ‘affected' members, levels of B gene‐specified transferease were low, and amounted to only 7‐10% of the activity of a normal control. It is proposed that Bmos is correctly classified as a new form of weak B.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS ON WATER FROG EGGS: COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON RANA RIDIBUNDA, RANA LESSONAE AND THEIR HYBRID RANA ESCULENTA
Authors: Kothbauer H. , Schenkel‐Brunner H.
Published: April 2007

Eggs of Rana ridibunda, Rana lessonae and their hybrid Rana esculenta were examined for their immunochemical properties. The reaction spectra obtained confirm the hybrid origin of Rana esculenta.
IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HUMAN ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE (ADH) ISOZYMES
Authors: Adinolfi A. , Adinolfi M. , Hopkinson D. A. , Harris H.
Published: April 2007

Rabbit immune sera, raised against purified horse alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and against human β1β1 ADH isozyme, were found to react specifically against the enzyme. The antisera reacted against one or more common antigenic determinants of the ADH from primates and other mammals, indicating that common structures have been preserved in ADH over a long evolutionary period. The antisera did not react against Drosophila and yeast ADH.

The human ADH isozymes coded by the three loci ADH1, ADH2 and ADH3, and the allelic variants, were immunologically indistinguishable. In contrast, the ‘anodal' form of human ADH showed no reaction with the immune sera, suggesting a separate evolutionary origin of this molecule. Results from the single radial diffusion test indicated that the high enzymatic activity of ‘atypical' human ADH was not associated with high concentrations of the enzyme protein.
ORIGINAL H‐2d AND FOREIGN H ‐ 2k ‐ LIKE ANTIGENS ARE INDEPENDENT ENTITIES ON A CHEMICALLY INDUCED SARCOMA
Authors: Parmiani G. , Meschini Angela , Ballinari D.
Published: April 2007

We have previously shown that a methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma of BALB/c strain (C‐1) expressed, in addition to its original H‐2d antigens, foreign H‐2k‐like determinants. In the present study the relationship between H‐2d and H‐2k‐like antigens was examined by in vitro and in vivo assays. Cultured tumour cells were exposed in the cold to either a monospecific (D‐23, D‐25, D‐1) or polyspecific (BALB/c anti‐C3Hf) alloantiserum directed to H‐2k specificities and then used to absorb the cytotoxic activity of either monospecific (D‐31) or a polyspecific (C3Hf anti‐BALB/c) alloantisera to H‐2d antigens (blocking test). The opposite was also done, i.e. tumour cells were coated with anti‐H‐2d sera and used to absorb the cytotoxicity of anti‐H‐2k sera. No reciprocal interference was found between the two H‐2‐different antigens in the absorption of related alloantisera. Suspensions of irradiated C‐1 tumour cells were exposed in vitro to either anti‐H‐2d or anti‐H‐2k antisera and then used to immunize either syngeneic BALB/c or allogeneic C3Hf mice. The coating of immunizing neoplastic cells with BALB/c anti‐C3Hf serum prevented anti‐C3Hf (anti‐H‐2k) antibody production in BALB/c mice without affecting anti‐BALB/c (anti‐H‐2d) antibody development in C3Hf animals; coating of H‐2d antigens on tumour cells strongly reduced anti‐BALB/c but not anti‐C3Hf antibody production. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that foreign H‐2k‐like determinants are physically separated from the wild H‐2d antigens on the C‐1 sarcoma cells.
DETECTION AND CROSS‐REACTION OF H‐Y ANTIGEN BY HAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Shalev A. , Berczi I. , Hamerton J. L.
Published: April 2007

Haemagglutination has been developed for the detection of H‐Y antigen and antibodies by using mouse and rat red blood cells (RBC). The method is simple, specific and sensitive. With this method, the H‐Y antigen was demonstrated on the surface of RBC from mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, cat, chicken, trout and man, as a cross‐reactive surface component. RBC of the quail and the cat differed from the other species in their ability to absorb the H‐Y antibodies, indicating unknown differences in the H‐Y antigen of these species. The female trout was found to carry the H‐Y antigen and thus is assumed to be the heterogametic sex of this species. Trout serum contains factor(s) with a potential for agglutinating mouse and rat RBC. Female mice (C57B1/6J) and rats (DA) were immunized with various male tissues according to different schedules. All H‐Y antisera contained autoantibodies when tested by haemagglutination. The problems involving the detection of H‐Y antigen and the effect of autoimmunity in H‐Y antiserum are discussed.