bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação da implantação de programa voltado para melhoria da acessibilidade e humanização do acolhimento aos usuários na rede básica: Salvador, 2005-2008
Authors: Vieira-da-Silva Ligia Maria , Esperidião Monique Azevedo , Viana Solange Veloso , Alves Vânia Sampaio , Lemos Denise Vieira da Silva , Caputo Maria Constantina , Cardoso Marcelle de Oliveira , Chaves Sonia Cristina Lima , Souza Luis Eugênio Portela Fernandes de , Santana Edyara de Moraes , Oliveira Maíra Cláudia Barbosa Araújo de , Cunha Alcione Brasileiro Oliveira
Published: February 2017

OBJETIVOS: avaliar e monitorar a implantação de um projeto voltado para a ampliação do acesso e a humanização do acolhimento aos usuários da rede básica de Salvador, entre novembro de 2005 e maio de 2008. MÉTODOS: foi realizada uma avaliação da implantação do projeto em três momentos, tanto de uma perspectiva externa, por equipe de consultores, quanto resultado de uma autoavaliação por parte dos Gerentes de Unidades. Com esse objetivo, foi elaborado um modelo lógico da intervenção, do qual foi derivada uma matriz com critérios para a avaliação. RESULTADOS: ao final do primeiro ano, a implantação dos componentes do programa variou entre 45% e 82% das unidades. Seis meses após, verificou-se uma ampliação da implantação. No terceiro e último ano, em 2008, avaliação feita em amostra de 24 Unidades revelou persistência da implantação do projeto, porém com importantes retrocessos. CONCLUSÕES: o elevado grau de implantação verificado, com a redução das filas evitáveis e melhoria da acessibilidade às unidades de saúde, no primeiro ano, pode estar relacionado à estratégia de implantação, bem como a algumas características da gestão municipal. Os autores discutem ainda as possíveis razões dos obstáculos encontrados no contexto da gestão municipal do Sistema Único de Saúde.
Desafios do médico na manutenção da esperança dos pacientes gravemente enfermos
Authors: Nogueira Filho Luiz Nódgi
Published: February 2017

Considerada fundamental para o paciente portador de doença grave, especialmente na fase terminal, a esperança é discutida em seus aspectos conceituais e em seu valor na preservação da qualidade de vida, na cooperação do paciente e na tomada compartilhada de decisão sobre tratamento. É destacada a relação entre esperança e informação, no respeitante ao tipo, à quantidade, ao momento e à maneira de comunicar a má notícia, sendo analisada a influência da revelação sobre a esperança e sendo sugeridas atitudes médicas a serem adotadas para geração e manutenção da esperança, com base em equilíbrio entre autonomia e beneficência ou não maleficência.
Effects of hormone therapy on the endometrium in postmenopausal women: a one year randomized trial of low dose oral estradiol in association with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system or drospirenone
Authors: Schvartzman Luiza , Magalhães José Antônio , Freitas Fernando Monteiro de , Pereira Carolina , Azevedo Julia , Capp Edison , Wender Maria Celeste Osório
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVES: to compare the endometrial effects and uterine bleeding patterns associated with treatment using (1) levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) and estradiol (1 mg/day, p.o.) or (2) orally administered drospirenone (2 mg/day) andestradiol (1 mg/day). METHODS: thirty-four patients (aged 52.53 ± 4.44 in the LNG-IUS group and 53.15 ± 4.018 in the DRSP group) were randomized. The severity of menopausal symptoms was evaluated using the Kupperman index every three months. Transvaginal ultrasound, hysteroscopy and histological evaluation were repeated after 12 months. During this period, patients kept menstrual calendars. All categorical variables were described as percentages. Variables were tested for normal distribution and Student's t test was applied for independent samples and ANOVA forrepeated measures when appropriate. Data were considered to be significant when p<0.05. RESULTS: slight vaginal bleeding was reported in the first month of treatment by 53.3% of patients from the LNG-IUS/estradiol group compared with 7.7% of patients from the drospirenone/estradiol group. There were no differences in endometrial thickness between the two groups throughout the study period. End-of-study histological findings showed atrophic endometrium in 53.3% of patients in the LNG-IUS/estradiol group compared with 76.9% of patients in the drospirenone/estradiol group. CONCLUSIONS: our results suggest good endometrial protection with both HT regimens.
A contabilidade gerencial e os métodos multicriteriais
Authors: Wernke Rodney , Bornia Antonio Cezar
Published: February 2017

Os métodos multicritérios agregam um valor significativo à informação contábil, na medida em que não somente permitem a abordagem de problemas considerados complexos e, por isto mesmo, não tratáveis pelos procedimentos intuitivo-empíricos usuais, mas também conferem, ao processo de tomada de decisão uma clareza e conseqüente transparência não disponíveis quando esses procedimentos, ou outros métodos de natureza monocritério, são utilizados. Discorre-se acerca dos métodos multicriteriais de apoio à tomada de decisão, citando conceitos e referências históricas, abordando medidas subjetivas e seu uso pela contabilidade gerencial, apresentando os principais métodos multi-atributos de apoio à tomada de decisão e alguns casos de aplicação na área contábil.
O uso de documentos eletrônicos na contabilidade
Authors: Pasa Eduardo Cesar
Published: February 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é tecer algumas considerações a respeito dos documentos eletrônicos utilizados na contabilidade das empresas. O artigo inclui uma rápida descrição de como esta matéria vem sendo tratada por alguns órgãos normatizadores e instituições dos Estados Unidos da América. Também, o artigo pretende conceituar e verificar os fundamentos dos documentos, dos documentos eletrônicos e, por fim, dos documentos contábeis. Neste sentido, foram verificados alguns dispositivos legais que amparam o uso deste tipo de documento, bem como a situação de alguns projetos de leis que disciplinam esta matéria. Os resultados mostram um momento de transição, coerente com a mudança de paradigmas que está ocorrendo na chamada nova economia. Também revelam alguns problemas, tais como a falta de legislação específica que dê suporte ao uso dos documentos eletrônicos na contabilidade.
O profissional de controladoria no mercado Brasileiro: do surgimento da profissão aos dias atuais
Authors: Siqueira José Ricardo Maia de , Soltelinho Wagner
Published: February 2017

Em um trabalho anterior, o pesquisador selecionou quatro anos de anúncios publicados no Jornal do Brasil - 1960, 1970, 1980 e 1989 - buscando a identificação do perfil do profissional de controladoria em cada um destes períodos. O objetivo era avaliar a evolução do controller no Brasil baseado nos anúncios publicados na seção de classificados. Neste trabalho percebe-se no ano de 1960 uma baixa procura por executivos em geral e de controllers em particular. Em contraste com 1960, o ano de 1970 apresentava um número bastante elevado de anúncios um total de 38 - que não se modificaria relevantemente nos demais períodos da pesquisa. Tal constatação é um indício de que em algum momento durante a década de 60 houve um crescimento considerável na demanda por estes profissionais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar quando ocorre este incremento na demanda por controllers, buscando localizar indícios do nascimento da profissão no país. Além disso procura-se traçar um perfil da profissão ao longo dos anos até a atualidade.
Quanto custa pagar tributos?
Authors: Bertolucci Aldo V , Nascimento Diogo Toledo do
Published: February 2017

O custo de pagar tributos não se restringe ao tributo em si, mas refere-se a todos os aspectos formais e burocráticos de que os contribuintes têm de cuidar por determinação legal. O estudo desses custos se iniciou recentemente no mundo e só em 2001 começou a ser pesquisado no Brasil. Este trabalho apresenta um panorama dos estudos mundiais a respeito do tema e o resultado de pesquisa realizada junto às companhias de capital aberto no Brasil. A pesquisa confirma as tendências mundiais e estima que os recursos despendidos no País em 1999 com os Custos de Conformidade à Tributação alcançaram R$ 7,2 bilhões. Uma legislação tributária mais racional poderia economizar parte desses recursos reduzindo o Custo Brasil.
Uma proposta para a avaliação da empresa em condições de risco com base no modelo de Ohlson
Authors: Oliveira Edson Ferreira de , Guerreiro Reinaldo , Securato José Roberto
Published: February 2017

O ponto central do trabalho é a proposição de um modelo aleatório de avaliação patrimonial que permita determinar o valor da empresa em condições de risco e definir critérios metodológicos para a quantificação das variáveis utilizadas no processo avaliatório. O modelo proposto estuda o efeito da aleatoriedade sobre o binômio lucro-patrimônio líquido e suas conseqüências sobre o valor da empresa, utilizando para tanto informações oriundas dos demonstrativos contábeis associadas ao custo do capital próprio. Para atingir o valor das empresas escolhidas, desenvolve-se um estudo exploratório, e a avaliação decorrente, devido às características aleatórias do modelo, conduz a um valor médio e a um desvio-padrão, definindo um intervalo de valores e não um valor único, enriquecendo o processo de avaliação.
Egressos como fonte de informação à gestão dos cursos de Ciências Contábeis
Authors: Lousada Ana Cristina Zenha , Martins Gilberto de Andadre
Published: February 2017

Este estudo tem como objetivo mostrar a importância do planejamento e desenvolvimento de sistemas de acompanhamento de egressos como um dos mecanismos que permita às Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) a contínua melhoria de todo o planejamento e operação dessas organizações, particularmente do processo de ensino aprendizagem. Sendo uma das finalidades das IES inserir na sociedade diplomados aptos para o exercício profissional, deve ter ela retorno quanto a indicadores da qualidade dos profissionais que vem formando, principalmente no que diz respeito à qualificação para o trabalho. Para cumprir o objetivo, tornou-se necessário proceder-se a verificações empíricas no que tange às percepções e motivações dos dirigentes das IES, particularmente dos Cursos de Ciências Contábeis, a fim de se conseguirem elementos da realidade para compor a descrição e compreensão do fenômeno sob investigação. Os resultados apontaram o reconhecimento da necessidade de institucionalização e prática do acompanhamento dos egressos nas IES, visando à melhoria da qualidade dos serviços educacionais prestados.
O custo de arrecadação de tributos federais
Authors: Bertolucci Aldo V , Nascimento Diogo Toledo do
Published: February 2017

Há um aspecto da tributação que não tem despertado a atenção dos pesquisadores e que é representado pelos custos operacionais tributários que são os custos com que Fisco e Contribuintes têm que arcar para que os tributos sejam pagos e também sejam cumpridas todas as obrigações acessórias da tributação. Já se verificou que os custos dos contribuintes - os custos de conformidade à tributação - correspondem a 0,75% do PIB na média das companhias abertas e pode alcançar 5,82% do PIB nas companhias abertas com receita bruta anual de até R$ 100 milhões por ano. Enfoca-se, neste trabalho, outro custo operacional tributário que é o custo que a União tem para administrar tributos federais. São apresentados os custos de vários países e o resultado da pesquisa no Brasil que busca refletir quais são os custos dos órgãos da União relacionados à arrecadação de tributos federais. A pesquisa de campo demonstrou que o Poder Público tem, ainda, grandes dificuldades com o controle adequado de suas contas, tendo-se constatado falta de uniformidade e de transparência. Outro aspecto verificado é o fato de ser o Poder Público parte em mais de 90% dos processos em andamento nos tribunais federais, sendo, portanto, o grande causador da lentidão da Justiça Federal. Os custos de arrecadação apurados correspondem a 1,35% da receita e a 0,36% do PIB e, somados aos custos de conformidade, alcançam 1,11% do PIB, correspondendo a R$ 16,8 bilhões. Ao final do trabalho, são apresentadas propostas para o aperfeiçoamento do sistema e redução de seus custos.
How to simulate a semiconductor quantum dot laser: general description
Authors: Thé George A.P.
Published: February 2017

Semiconductor quantum dot laser is a recent class of laser sources which is an alternative to the conventional bulk and quantum well lasers. In the development of laser sources an important step concerns the modeling of the devices to be realized, and this requires the use of good methods able to incorporate various physical phenomena present in real devices. In this paper we show in details the implementation of a quantum dot laser simulator and apply it to simulate the switching-on behavior and other characteristics of a real quantum dot laser source. The description here presented intends to be a help for teaching or even basic-research in that particular field of optoelectronics.
Ondas superficiais de gravidade
Authors: Fernandes Alcione S. , Alves Giselle M.
Published: February 2017

Neste artigo discutimos a propagação de ondas de pequena amplitude num líquido de profundidade constante com base em uma equação de ondas. A solução geral mostra que a velocidade de propagação é dependente do comprimento de onda de modo que ocorre o fenômeno da dispersão. Soluções para os casos de pequena e grande profundidades são também obtidas.
Managing Stigma during a Financial Crisis
Authors: Anbil Sriya
Published: February 2017

How should regulators design effective emergency lending facilities to mitigate stigma during a financial crisis? I explore this question using data from an unexpected disclosure of partial lists of banks that secretly borrowed from the lender of last resort during the Great Depression. I find evidence of stigma in that depositors withdrew more deposits from banks included on the lists in comparison with banks left off the lists. However, stigma dissipated for banks that were revealed earlier after subsequent banks were revealed. Overall, the results suggest that an emergency lending facility that never reveals bank identities would mitigate stigma.
Percepción de docentes y estudiantes sobre el trabajo de la educación emocional en el aula
Authors: Hortigüela Alcalá David , Ausín Villaverde Vanesa , Abella García Víctor , Delgado Benito Vanesa
Published: February 2017

La educación emocional se ha convertido en uno de los elementos pedagógicos fundamentales de cara a la mejora del desarrollo psicoevolutivo del estudiante. En esta investigación se realiza un análisis cualitativo con objeto de contrastar la percepción de estudiantes del Grado en Maestro de Educación Primaria, profesores universitarios de la citada titulación y maestros en activo en esta etapa obligatoria, acerca del rol que debe desempeñar la educación emocional en el aula. Los resultados muestran unanimidad en el alumnado a la hora de dar mayor peso a la educación emocional en las materias curriculares, algo que los docentes de los colegios reiteran, incluso afirmando que debería de ser una asignatura propia. Sin embargo, los docentes universitarios, en relación a la Formación Inicial del Profesorado (FIP), no están del todo de acuerdo con esta idea, debido en parte a la reducción de los contenidos instrumentales que podría conllevar. Se concluye que es necesario buscar acuerdos entre docentes de FIP y los de la etapa de primaria sobre cómo abordar este ámbito tan trascendental en la formación del individuo, ya que si los futuros docentes no han adquirido este bagaje durante su formación inicial universitaria difícilmente podrán aplicar estrategias en el día a día con sus estudiantes.
Study the relationship between nasal polyps, platelet count, mean platelet volume, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients attending otolaryngology OPD in a tertiary care teaching hospital, West Bengal
Authors: Sharma Manuprita , Raman Santosh , Ray Bidhan , Bagga Rupali Verma , Sahu Ramesh Kumar , De Suajoy Kumar
Published: February 2017

Background: Nasal obstruction is a common cause of marked nasal septal deviation. It is related strongly with hypoxia. Hypoxic conditions increase mean platelet volume levels. Many studies in literature point out that inflammation related to nasal polyp is mostly dependent on eosinophils and their inflammatory products. Beside eosinophils, platelets may have a role in nasal polyp development. Platelets are involved in hemostasis, tissue repairing and inflammation. Recently, mean platelet volume (MPV) was recognized as a simple inflammatory marker in the inflammatory disease. This study investigated the relationship of nasal polyps with MPV (mean platelet volume), platelet count and NLR (neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio).

Methods: The cross-sectional observational study we investigated CBC (complete blood count) parameters of the patients that consulted ENT clinic in a tertiary care teaching hospital, Haldia because of nasal polyp. About 76 patients and 42 controls were included in this study. In all groups, WBC (white blood cell count), RBC (red blood cell count), RDW (red cell distribution width), platelet count, MPV, PDW (platelet distribution width) and NLR parameters from CBC (complete blood count) were compared between patients and controls.  

Results: Mean WBC values were 6.89±1.33×103/μL in patients with NPs, vs. 7.11±2.32×103/μL in the control group. Mean haemoglobin (Hb) values were 13.19±1.34 g/dL in patients with NPs, vs. 14.1±1.67 g/dl in the control group. Mean MPV values were 9.11 ± 1.08 fL in patients with NPs, vs. 8.32±0.53 fL in the control group. Mean PLT values were 232.38 ± 39.97×103/μL in patients with NPs, vs. 271.44±45.14×103 in the control group. MPV was higher in nasal polyp patients, whereas platelet count was higher in controls. The difference was significant for the mean absolute neutrophil, platelet count, and lymphocyte counts, NLR, PDW and MPV values between the study group and the control group.

Conclusions: Platelet count and NLR were significantly lower in patients than the controls, whereas MPV was significantly higher in nasal polyp patients.
St. Sergius of Radonezh Orthodox Gymnasium (Novosibirsk eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church): publishing activity. 1995-2014
Authors: Chernyshova N. K.
Published: February 2017

The article examines publishing activities of St. Sergius of Radonezh Gymnasium (Novosibirsk). The analysis of quantitative indicators of publishing products of Novosibirsk Metropolis shows that the High School is the largest publishing organization in the Archdiocese. The spectrum of the School editions includes a wide range of educational and teaching aids on various disciplines in the humanities for schools, gymnasiums and lyceums: Russian history, Russian language and literature, basics of Orthodox culture, Orthodox culture of Russia, etc. Recent years the School carries out textbooks edition in the Orthodox module of the course «Fundamentals of religious cultures and secular ethics». In collaboration with the Princess Elizabeth Orthodox Sisterhood the School has published a number of textbooks on medicine. Another important aspect of publishing activity is editing documents and monuments of the Orthodox literature related to the missionary work history in the region, hagiographic materials, as well as scientific works on problems of theology and the Orthodox Church history in Siberia, proceedings of educational Christmas readings.
Three Body Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Polyamide 66/ Polypropylene (PA66/PP) Thermoplastic Blends
Authors: Lingesh B V , Ravikumar B N , Rudresh B M
Published: February 2017

Three body abrasive wear behaviour of Polyamide 66 and Polypropylene (PA66/PP) blends in different weight percentages of 95/5, 90/10, 85/15, 80/20, 75/25 and 70/30 are investigated. The experiments were carried out as per ASTM G65 by using rubber wheel abrasion tester (RWAT). The tests were conducted for a load of 50 and 75 N at a sliding velocity of 2.5 m/s with an abrading distance of 500, 1000 and 1500 m using fine abrasive dry sand particles as third body. The experimental results revealed that the wear volume and specific wear rate are the functions of load, abrading distance and composition of blend. It was observed from the experimentation that the lower loading of PP into blend decreases the wear resistance. The effective wear resistance starts from higher loading of PP (30 wt.%) in the blend. The abrasive sand particles and their size played a major role in determining the wear characteristics of PA66/PP blends. Substantiate amount of rubber wheel wear contributes to the development of wear resistance. The worn surfaces are studied by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs.
Microfinance: The Impact of Multiple Borrowings of Microcredit among Clients of Microfinance Institutions in Central Uttar Pradesh Region of India
Authors: Mehdi Zain
Published: February 2017

Microfinance is the supply of loans, savings, and other basic financial services to the poor.
Beginning of the microfinance movement is most closely associated with the economist Muhammed Yunus, who in the early 1970's was a Professor in Bangladesh. In the midst of a country-wide famine, he began making small loans to poor families in neighboring villages in an effort to break their cycle of poverty. The study has focused on the repayment problems of loans to be taken by the clients of ‘For Profit Making Microfinance Institutions (MFIs)’. Micro financing has boomed in recent years. Though founded as non-profit institutions, Indian Microfinance industry has been turbocharged by private – equity firms, nearly doubling in the year ended March 31, 2008 delivering $ 2.5 billion loans. Many microfinance lenders have recently registered as for – profit finance firms with the Reserve Bank of India, giving them wider access to funds but limiting them to ‘reasonable’ interest rates. Those rates are still high – between 20% and 40% annually, according to the Consultative Group to Assist the Poor, or CGAP, hosted at the World Bank location. This creates the need for multiple borrowings. In this research, the researcher has used the regression analysis to study the effect of Age, Gender, Number of Dependent and Education level due to multiple loan contracts. Further, the relationship between variables taken in this research has been analyzed such as income of respondents and amount of loans. The findings show that actually, the multiple borrowings of clients of MFI’s are not benefiting them and in reality they are affecting their livelihood.
Polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane incorporated with Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid for effective fouling control
Authors: Wu Huiqing , Huang Jing , Liu Yuejun
Published: February 2017

An anti-fouling hybrid membrane was prepared by incorporating Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid into a polysulfone (PSf) matrix. The addition of Ag-SiO2 can significantly improve the hydrophilicity, separation property, anti-fouling ability, and especially anti-bacterial activity of hybrid membranes. The optimum performance of the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane is achieved when the concentration of Ag-SiO2 is as low as 0.45 wt%. Compared with PSf membrane and SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane, the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane displays the best overall properties. The excellent performance of the Ag-SiO2/PSf hybrid membrane can be attributed to the well-tailored structure and unique property of Ag-SiO2 nanohybrid, where nanosized Ag (∼5 nm) can densely and uniformly disperse on the surface of silica spheres. The obtained membrane could be a promising material for water treatment.
Диференційований підхід до лікування й вторинної профілактики бронхіальної астми на тлі персистуючих інфекцій у дітей
Authors: Chernyshova O.Ye.
Published: February 2017

У статті описаний диференційований підхід до лікування й вторинної профілактики бронхіальної астми на тлі внутрішньоклітинних інфекцій, викликаних вірусом простого герпесу І–ІІ типів, цитомегаловірусом, вірусом Епштейна — Барр, у дітей. Отримані результати підтвердили необхідність проведення поряд із базисною терапією захворювання етіопатогенетичного лікування, зокрема призначення ациклічних нуклеозидів або макролідів залежно від діагностованої інфекції, імуномодуляторів і альфа-2b-інтерферону (Лаферобіону) з метою зниження тяжкості захворювання й зменшення інвалідизації.
As coisas escritas não vão ser mais importantes que as coisas desenhadas nas figuras: direitos de aprendizagem em arte
Authors: Egas Olga
Published: February 2017

O Arte, uma palavra carregada de significações, dentro e fora da escola. Este artigo tece considerações sobre os Direitos de Aprendizagem em Arte para o Ciclo de Alfabetização (1º, 2º e 3º anos) do Ensino Fundamental. Trata-se de assumir outra forma de conceber a educação, a escola, o professor, a infância e a arte na escola, apontando o protagonismo das ações infantis e a perspectiva de atribuição de significados ao mundo das culturas e da expressividade artística.
Currículo das margens: apontamentos para ser professor de Ciências e Biologia
Authors: Barzano Marco Antonio Leandro
Published: February 2017

O texto apresenta uma discussão sobre “Ser professor de Ciências e Biologia: entre políticas, inquietações, saberes e sensibilidades”, que foi o tema do III Encontro Regional do Ensino de Biologia da Regional 04. Diante de um tema amplo para ser debatido no escopo deste artigo, foi necessário fazer um recorte e, por esta razão, procurou-se focalizar os temas investigados no grupo de pesquisa que coordeno – RIZOMA – que nos últimos cinco anos tem acumulado experiência de pesquisa sobre currículo nos cursos de graduação de Ciências Biológicas e das escolas de educação básica, principalmente, no que se refere aos temas gênero, sexualidade, raça/etnia, meio ambiente e culturas. O artigo sugere uma perspectiva do “currículo das margens” que nomeio para se referir às temáticas/conteúdos que atravessam os currículos dos cursos de Licenciatura e afetam o cotidiano escolar, bem como dos sujeitos que são produzidos por estes currículos tanto nos cursos de Licenciatura quanto na escola. A partir desta experiência no grupo de pesquisa e de professor formador de professores de Biologia, além de estar envolvido diretamente na gestão das diretorias regionais e nacional da SBENBIO, observo que os silenciamentos que ocorrem nos currículos potencializam novas perspectivas que podem contribuir para a formação e atuação docente do professor de Ciências e Biologia.
Preserving the past: an accountability study of the annual reporting practices by leading museums in USA, UK and Europe.
Authors: Botes Vida , Diver Rory , Davey Howard
Published: February 2017

Museums as custodians of important cultural heritage assets attract significant sponsorship from government and communities and a need exists to understand how the resources made available are being spent, to maintain and increase the value of these assets. The significance placed on museums warrants further investigation into their accountability and the purpose of this paper is to analyse museums reporting practices, as a way to discharge performance accountability. The reporting practices of the world’s leading museums in the USA versus those predominately located in the UK (with a small focus on Europe) were examined, compared and contrasted, in order to suggest better practice for improved accountability in in annual reporting so as assist in improving the governance of museums. To assess the annual reports, a modified version of a research instrument which works in conjunction with the balanced scorecard framework to evaluate performance accountability, namely the Museums’ Performance Accountability Index (MPADI) by Wei, Davey and Coy (2008) has been adopted. Evidence is found that the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard were emphasized differently between USA and UK/European institutions. The findings demonstrate areas of strength s but also recommend improved reporting practices for museums. The study draws out a number of detailed observations which offers suggestions for better practice in reporting by museums. Until recently there has been little research on the performance and accountability of this sector. This work assists in addressing this deficiency.
A literature review on value creation and value capturing in strategic management studies
Authors: Della Corte Valentina , Del Gaudio Giovanna
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the paper is to carry out a literature review of studies on value creation and value capture in order to find possible gaps that represent still unexplored fields in strategic management. A systematic approach allows a better understanding through an overview of current debate and the identification of research gaps concerning human resources’ value creation and value capturing. Literature review is central since it plays two basic roles: exploratory and confirmatory. In the exploratory role, literature is used to show the current debate on value creation and capturing and to underline the main research streams, while the confirmatory approach allows scholars and practitioners to identify the research gaps and to verify if the current research has achieved satisfactory and/or contradictory results.
Study on the influence of governance mechanisms on performance: evidence of nonlinear relationships of listed companies in different contexts
Authors: Felício J. Augusto , Rodrigues Ricardo
Published: February 2017

This work concerns the study of the influence of governance mechanisms on the performance of listed companies in different contexts, with evidence for nonlinear relationships. The sample consisting of 146 companies is grouped in 46 Portuguese and 100 British companies. The multiple linear regression and nonlinear regression were used. It was concluded that the influence of governance mechanisms on the performance of companies in different contexts is diverse and that there are nonlinear relationships whose effect represents an important contribution to understand the governance model.
DID IFRS REPORTING BY UK FIRMS REDUCE EARNINGS MANAGEMENT?
Authors: El Guindy Medhat Naguib
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates the effect of reporting under International Financial Reporting Standards (hereafter IFRS) versus reporting under UK GAAP on earnings management in the UK. Prior studies find mixed evidence regarding the effect of voluntary and mandatory adoption of IFRS on earnings quality. I test whether the effect of reporting under IFRS on earnings management is sufficient to overcome earnings management incentives. Furthermore, I test whether the effect of IFRS reporting is conditional on audit quality surrogated by audit firm size. I build the analysis on measures of discretionary accruals and earnings benchmark tests. I find evidence that reporting under IFRS generally reduces levels of earnings management and furthermore, the mitigating effect of IFRS is stronger for income decreasing than for income increasing earnings management. In addition, I find that audit quality plays a key role in IFRS reporting, with only firms audited by big four auditors having a significant IFRS reporting effect.
Corporate governance and related party transactions research: an assessment of theories and methodologies
Authors: Elhelaly Moataz
Published: February 2017

This paper critically evaluates the paradigm, theory, and methodology that dominate research on related party transactions (RPTs). RPTs have been debated in the literature whether they are a facet of conflict of interest between major and minor shareholders or they are normal efficient transactions that help the firms to achieve asset utilization. Literature has been widely interested in studying the association between corporate governance and RPTs especially that according to the agency theory it is assumed that corporate governance as a monitoring tool should impede the negative consequences of RPTs and ensure they are conducted to achieve better asset utilization
Does executive compensation reflect equity risk incentives and corporate tax avoidance? A Japanese perspective
Authors: Ohnuma Hiroshi
Published: February 2017

This study examines corporate tax avoidance as a determinant of executive compensation on the basis of equity risk incentives. Previous research shows that equity risk incentives motivate managers to make more risky, but positive net present value—investment decisions. Through correlation analyses, this study demonstrates that the tax risk measures adopted in this study are negatively associated with both the adoption of stock options and tax aggressive measures. Through multivariate analyses, this study demonstrates that executive compensations are significantly associated with our measures of tax risk positions despite the inclusion of several control variables. Moreover, this study finds consistent evidence that executive equity risk incentives are significantly associated with aggressive tax positions, regardless of the estimation method and the strength of the corporate governance function, and across several tax risk measures.
Does audit firm size contribute to audit quality? Evidence from two emerging markets
Authors: Wang Chen-Chin , Kung Fan-Hua , Lin Kai-Hsun
Published: February 2017

This study investigated whether the Big N audit firms in emerging markets can provide audits of high quality and mitigate information risk, by comparing the audit quality of Big N audit firms in Taiwan with those in China. The two countries share a similar cultural background and engage in frequent economic exchange; however, they have different legal systems and institutional environments. This study followed previous research in the use of bid-ask spread and discretionary accruals as proxy variables for information asymmetry and audit quality. Our results indicate that politico-economic differences between Taiwan and China influence the effectiveness of independent auditors when it comes to the mitigation of information asymmetry. Big N audit firms in Taiwan helped to mitigate information asymmetry and provided audit services of higher quality, whereas Big N firms in China were better able to constrain earnings management. Our results indicate that market concentration and market share have a stronger influence on reputation incentive and audit quality than does the size of an audit firm.
The unitary board: Fact or fiction?
Authors: Belcher Alice
Published: February 2017

A recent consultation process in the UK produced strong support for the concept of the unitary board. Many respondents in this process connected the concept of the unitary board with the principle that all directors should have the same legal responsibilities or duties. This article explores the legal responsibilities of UK executive and non-executive directors and in doing so exposes the gap between the concept of the unitary board and the messy reality of the courts’ treatments of specific non-executive scenarios. It also identifies a change in the language used to describe UK boards. Previously the unitary board, comprising executive and non-executive directors, had been described as a team. The most recent rhetoric is of a “partnership” between the executive and non-executive directors. This shift could signal the end of the unitary board.
Board practices: An international review
Authors: Kostyuk Alexander
Published: February 2017

The paper considers board practices in the Ukraine and developed countries such as the USA, the UK, Germany and Japan. Investigation on the board practices in the Ukraine is the first ever has been conducted. As a result of investigation undertaken, major conclusions have been made. The most important of them is that the German model is getting spread in the Ukraine from year to year. Major evidences are small number of independent directors on the board, low frequency of meeting of the board, small number of committees on the board, the management board influences the supervisory board. The main reason of closing the board practices in the Ukraine to those in Germany is increase in concentration of ownership that is following with increase in corporate control, violation of the minority shareholders’ rights, increase in number of conflicts of interests and decrease in transparency of the Ukrainian joint stock companies.
Corporate ownership and control: New evidence from Taiwan
Authors: Yeh Yin-Hua
Published: February 2017

Recent empirical literature on corporate governance has demonstrated that companies’ shares are generally concentrated in the hands of particular families or wealthy investors. Claessens et al. (2002) analyzed the ownership structure in East Asian eight countries, but misestimated the Taiwanese condition that made them not find the positive incentive or negative entrenchment effects in Taiwan. This study tries to clear the ultimate control in Taiwan, use the detailed data to better understand the ownership structure in Taiwan and investigates the determinants for deviation of control from cash flow rights. Based on the findings, the companies’ shares are common concentrated in the hands of the largest shareholder. We find that the deviation of control from cash flow rights is greater in the family-controlled companies than other type companies. Also the controlling shareholders use more pyramids and cross shareholding to increase their control rights that accompanies with deeply management participation. On the average, the controlling shareholders hold more than half board seats and usually occupy the chairman and general manger to enhance their control power in family-controlled companies. No matter in all sample or family-controlled companies, the controlling shareholders owns significantly less cash flow rights, occupy more board seats in deviation group companies than those without deviation. Corporate valuation is significantly lower in the companies with the divergence of control from cash flow rights than non-deviation companies.
Corporate governance and implications for minority shareholders in Turkey
Authors: Yurtoglu B. Burcin
Published: February 2017

This paper reports on the ownership and control structures of publicly listed firms in Turkey using data from 2001. While holding companies and non-financial firms are the most frequent owners at the direct level, families ultimately own more than 80 percent of all publicly listed firms in Turkey. Pyramids and dual class shares are common devices that families use to separate their cash-flow rights from control rights. We also show that such deviations result in significantly lower market to book ratios suggesting large agency costs because of the conflict of interests between controlling families and minority shareholders
Disclosure of board remuneration in large European banks
Authors: Burghof Hans-Peter , Hofmann Christian
Published: February 2017

In our paper, we analyze the remuneration of board members of large European banks as presented in the annual reports. We find that remuneration differs greatly between European countries both with respect to its total amount and components. Furthermore, the degree of disclosure about remuneration ranges from very detailed reports in some countries to perfect obscurity in others. We construct a disclosure index to characterize the transparency of board remuneration in the different countries. Under agency perspectives, our results encourage the introduction of stricter disclosure rules for executive compensation on a European level.
Managerial compensation when managers are principals
Authors: Wan Kam-Ming
Published: February 2017

Prior research has used the principal-agent framework to examine managerial compensation. However, in a number of corporations, managers own enough of their firms’ voting rights to be able to decide with relative impunity how they will be compensated. In a real sense, they are the principals. Using a sample of the largest U.S. corporations, I examine the compensation of such CEOs to see if they are paid more than other CEOs. My overall results provide no support that such CEOs are paid more in cash compensation as well as all forms of direct compensation. The only exception is in some smaller firms, where CEOs are paid more in total compensation when management controls enough of the company’s stock. However, such firms constitute a tiny fraction of the sample firms. For dual-class firms and firms where CEOs control enough of the company’s stock, I find no evidence that such CEOs are paid more.
Valuation of voting scheme changes the cases of Electrolux AB and SKF AB
Authors: Chen Yinghong
Published: February 2017

This paper studies the effects of the change of voting scheme on the market prices of Electrolux and SKF AB using standard event study methodology and a clinical approach. The economic effect of the voting scheme change is assessed using the market model. We investigate the loss of control due to the change of the voting scheme. The degree of the change of power is calculated using Shapley power index (SPI) and Banzhaf power index. There is a wealth transfer from the high vote shareholders to low vote shareholders in the process since in both cases the high power shareholders required no compensation. We expect that share price to have a positive response to such an announcement due to the reduced power discount and corporate governance improvement. The magnitude of the response on the event day depends also on the information structure of the period leading to the announcement.
Cross-listing and corporate governance: Bonding or avoiding?
Authors: Licht Amir N.
Published: February 2017

In their seminal survey of corporate governance, Shleifer and Vishny distill the issue into a blunt question: "How do [the suppliers of finance] make sure that managers do not steal the capital they supply or invest it in bad projects?" The Enron/Arthur Andersen debacle and the ensuing wave’s of scandal vividly proved that American investors may face this question in the most acute form. To the extent that corporate governance issues play a role in the cross-listing decision, it is a negative role. Generally speaking, the foreign issuer regime "cuts corners" exactly on the issues of corporate governance relating to corporate insiders. The notion that issuers may want to improve their corporate governance by subjecting themselves to a better regulatory regime through cross-listing—say, on an American market—is appealingly elegant. If an American firm could use an NYSE listing to bond its insiders to better governance standards, why couldn’t foreign firms do the same? In an oft-cited 1999 article, Jack Coffee argues that they do just that: In other cases, however, the cross-listing may not entail corporate governance improvements. The cross-listing literature refers to differences in investor protection in three separate respects. In practice, however, foreign issuers can easily obtain an exemption from corporate governance listing requirements. The notion that corporations can self-improve their corporate governance by opting into a foreign country’s legal and regulatory regime through cross-listing has made considerable inroads into the legal and finance literature.
Intertemporal endogeneity in board composition and financial performance
Authors: Davidson Wallace N. , Rowe Wei
Published: February 2017

The impact of board composition on overall financial performance is not at all clear. One problem with measuring their relation may be that board of director composition and financial performance are endogenously determined. A second problem may be that due to fixed board terms and periodic financial reporting, the relation may be intertemporal. We develop a theory of intertemporal endogeneity of board composition and financial performance. Using causality tests in panel regressions with three years of data for 130 closed-end mutual funds, we find only minimal evidence of intertemporal endogeneity. The evidence that board composition influences financial performance is not very strong and depends on the definitions of financial performance and board composition as well as the type of statistical model employed. We do find somewhat stronger evidence that prior financial performance impacts board composition, but the relation depends on how we define board composition
Asymmetric information and monitoring behaviour in block trades: An empirical analysis for Spain
Authors: Díaz Belén Díaz , García-Olalla Myriam
Published: February 2017

The aim of our study is to analyse if the purchase of share blocks in the Spanish capital market is due to any of the two factors that have justified block transactions in financial literature: monitoring or information advantage. Our results show that the control group, institutional investors and insiders have a higher probability to buy a block when an increase in value creation is expected due to the higher monitoring of managers carried out by these investors. A higher probability of purchase, only by insiders, is also observed when there is more asymmetric information and therefore the acquirers can benefit from their position of better informed investors.
Corporate governance and bank profitability: Evidence from the U.S.
Authors: Niu Jijun
Published: February 2017

This paper examines the effect of corporate governance on bank profitability using a panel of U.S. banks over the period 1990-2009. We measure corporate governance using the G-index developed by Gompers, Ishii, and Metrick (2003), and the E-index developed by Bebchuk, Cohen, and Ferrell (2009). We specify a dynamic model that allows for persistence in bank profitability, and estimate the model using the system GMM estimator. Overall, we find no evidence that corporate governance is related to bank profitability. In contrast, we find strong evidence that operation efficiency and credit risk affect bank profitability
Return-based style analysis of domestic targeted absolute and real return unit trust funds in South Africa
Authors: Louw Elbie , de Beer I.C.
Published: February 2017

By means of return-based style analysis (RBSA), heterogeneous style sub-categories were identified within the targeted absolute and real return (TARR) category of the South African unit trust market to create a framework for sub-categorisation. The study dealt with TARR funds and their place within the investment universe. The literature review emphasised the importance of asset allocation, which supports the use of RBSA to identify asset allocation and further provided a motivation for the semi-strong form of RBSA applied to the sample data. The findings suggest that in general, return-based style analysis applied to each fund identifies the asset allocation for the fund and is valid and that the collective results of return-based style analysis applied to the funds can be used to create a framework for sub-categorisation
The involvement of accountants in corporate strategy in Malaysia: a stewardship theory perspective
Authors: Annuar Hairul Azlan , Ismail Yusof
Published: February 2017

The purpose of the research is to ascertain the extent and nature of accountants’ involvement in the formulation phase of corporate strategy in Malaysian public listed companies (PLCs). This is achieved using the triangulation approach consisting of survey questionnaires and interviews. The findings reveal that accountants in Malaysia are involved in the formulation phase of corporate strategy. At this stage, accountants appear to be discharging their stewardship role, and are involved even in the very initial stage of advising management with strategic proposals, directly helping to formulate proposals and even shaping the strategic framework, which ensure that only strategic proposals that lie within the current concept of strategy is submitted and deliberated.