bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separation and analysis of phospholipids in different foods with a light‐scattering detector
Authors: Caboni Maria Fiorenza , Menotta Simonetta , Lercker Giovanni
Published: November 2006

A method for the separation of phospholipids (PL) from total lipids by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with reversephase C8 cartridges is described. The method was validated with a standard mixture of PL and applied to natural food matrixes, such as egg, chicken meat, salami, and ripened cheese. The recovery of PL ranged between 93 and 99.7% and was evaluated by an organic phosphorus spectrophotometric determination. The egg powder PL fraction obtained by SPE contained about 20% (w/w) nonpolar PL material when 100–150 mg of lipids were loaded onto the cartridge. Higher percentages of nonphospholipid components (30–43%) were obtained when the amount of lipids loaded was below or above the 100–150 mg range. The purified PL fractions were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an evaporative light‐scattering detector. Good HPLC performance was observed even with low‐purity SPE fractions (43% nonphospholipid material).
Fractionation of oligomeric triacylglycerides and the relation to rejection limits for used frying oils
Authors: Tasioula‐Margari M. , Márquez‐Ruíz G. , Dobarganes M. C.
Published: November 2006

Precipitates enriched in oligomeric triacylglycerides were separated from thermally oxidized olive residue oil, conventional and high‐oleic sunflower oils, and soybean oil by solvent fractionation in methanol/acetone at 4–5°C for 16 h. Different fractionation conditions were evaluated in an effort to isolate the oligomeric triacylglycerides (OTG). OTG, formed in frying oils upon heating at low concentations, were not detectable with conventional methods to determine polymeric compounds. The best conditions found from the different assays were the following: (i) weight of oil sample‐to‐solvent volume ratio of 1∶20; and (ii) solvent system methanol/acetone 10∶90 (vol/vol) for monounsaturated oils and 15∶85 (vol/vol) for polyunsaturated oils. Precipitates, enriched in oligomers, were formed when heated oils and used frying oils contained more than 27% polar compounds, a value which is widely accepted as the upper limit for use of frying oils.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds in macadamia nuts
Authors: Quinn L. A. , Tang H. H.
Published: November 2006

Phenolic compounds in macadamia nuts and shells were identified, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in refined macadamia nut oil. Thin‐layer chromatography of oil extracted from macadamia nut kernels and shells indicated the possible presence of catechol, phrogallol, and 3,4,5‐trihydroxy phenolic compounds. Four phenolic compounds were tentatively identified as 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyacetophenone, 3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐4′‐hydroxyacetophenone, and 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid. Adding 0.01% of 2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyacetophenone, 3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐4′‐hydroxyacetophenone, or 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid to the oil significantly increased the Rancimat induction time against the control (P<0.0001). At this concentration, 3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐4′‐hydroxyacetophenone was the most effective compound added. Although induction times of oils with 0.01%, 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid were not significantly different from the control, at 0.1% there was a significant difference from the control (P<0.0001). The activity was the same as that of 2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyacetophenone at 0.1%.
The effect of burning on soil enzyme activities in natural grasslands in southern India
Authors: Senthilkumar Kurunthachalam , Manian Sellamuthu , Udaiyan Karuthamuthu
Published: November 2006

Soil amylase, cellulase, invertase and phosphatase activities were determined following wildfire in a savanna type grassland in southern India. Activities of these enzymes increased substanially in burned soils compared to those in adjacent unburned soils. Surface soil (0–10 cm) exhibited a greater increase in enzyme activities than subsurface soil (10–20 cm). Amylase activity was more pronounced following fire than the other enzyme activities.
Comparative study of the mass loss rate of moss litter in boreal and subalpine forests in relation to temperature
Authors: Nakatsubo Takayuki , Uchina Masaki , Horikoshi Takao , Nakane Kaneyuki
Published: November 2006

The moss Hylocomium splendens shows a very wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and may be useful as an indicator of climatic change on a global scale. We aimed to establish a convenient method to estimate the annual rate of litter mass loss of this species. The rate was calculated from the annual litter production rate and the amount of litter accumulated in the field. The litter production rate was estimated by analysis of the moss shoot growth. The rates calculated by this method tended to be larger than estimates obtained by the litter bag method. Using this method, we examined the difference in the litter mass loss rate along the altitudinal and latitudinal temperature gradients. The moss samples were collected from three boreal forests in Canada and four subalpine forests in Japan. At the subalpine sites, the annual rate of litter mass loss was within the range of 10–24% and tended to be smaller with increasing altitude. The rates in the boreal sites were similar to those in the subalpine sites despite lower mean annual temperatures. A significant log‐linear relationship was observed between the annual mass loss rate and the cumulative value of monthly mean air temperatures higher than 0°C (CMT). Nitrogen concentration of the litter was positively correlated with mean annual air temperature. Site to site variation in the annual mass loss rate was largely explained by CMT and nitrogen concentration of the litter.
Fruiting phenology of animal‐dispersed plants in response to winter migration of frugivores in a warm temperate forest on Yakushima Island, Japan
Authors: Noma Naohiko , Yumoto Takakazu
Published: November 2006

The fruiting phenology of animal‐dispersed plants was observed in a warm temperate, evergreen forest on Yakushima Island. The number of ripe fruits was counted for 22 trees, four lianas and one parasitic epiphyte species with sapfruit. These fruits were consumed by birds and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). Birds with small gapes (e.g. Japanese white‐eye [Zosterops japonica]) consumed only small fruit less than 6 mm in diameter, while birds with large gapes (e.g. red‐capped green pigeon [Sphenurus formosae]) and Japanese macaques consumed a wide range of fruits from 4 to 16 mm in diameter. The larger animals did not ignore the smaller fruits. Brown‐eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) and Japanese white‐eye were the main consumers of sapfruit in terms of frequency in winter. Some of the observed consumers were year‐round residents, but most of the consumers migrated to Yakushima Island from the main islands of Japan to overwinter (from November to March), and their abundance in winter was four times as high as during the rest of the year (from May to October). In 23 of the 27 plant species investigated, sapfruit production coincided with their immigration season, whereas tree species bear capsules and nuts during autumn from September to November. We suggest that sapfruit species set their ripe period to the season when frugivorous birds are most abundant.
Germination responses of Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus and Rubus parvifolius seeds with different burial durations to a variable light and temperature regime
Authors: Suzuki Wajirou
Published: November 2006

To clarify the adaptive significance of seed dormancy, the effects of burial duration were examined for two deciduous Rubus species:Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus and Rubus parvifolius, which are found mainly in relatively stable, shaded sites and disturbed sites, respectively. In early summer, newly ripened seeds were buried under litter on the soil surface in a pine forest, and germination tests were carried out for the seeds retrieved from the soil litter after 0 (not buried), 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 or 9 months of burial. In general, the germination percentages increased and light requirements for germination decreased with increased burial duration. The percentage of seeds germinated with alternating temperatures in darkness also increased with increasing burial duration for both species. After 8 or 9 months of burial (corresponding to the next germination season in the field), the percentage of non‐dormant seeds (including germination under alternating temperatures in the dark) was about 80% and 40% for R. palmatus var. coptophyllus and R. parvifolius, respectively. These seed dormancy traits of the two Rubus species may explain the differences in germination strategy in their habitats:R. palmatus var. coptophyllus seems to have adapted to the seasonal occurrence of favorable growing conditions after the dormancy breakage, while R. parvifolius seems to have adapted to favorable conditions created by temporally unpredictable disturbances.
δ8 desaturationin vivo of deuterated eicosatrienoic acid by mouse liver
Authors: Schenck Patricia A. , Rakoff Henry , Emken Edward A.
Published: November 2006

In vitro evidence has been reported for an alternate pathway that involves δ8 desaturation of n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The present study was designed to allow detection of δ8 desaturationin vivo and to provide an estimation of the relative contribution of δ8 desaturation to thein vivo synthesis of n‐3 fatty acids. Male adult ICR mice were fed a semisynthetic fat‐free diet for eight days, and then the diets were supplemented for three days with deuterated 11,14,17‐eicosatrienoic acid (20:3‐d8) labeled at the 3,3,4,4,8,8,9,9 carbon positions. Analysis of liver total lipid by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy indicates that the total deuterated fatty acids contained 22.3% 20:3n‐3‐d8 and 28.9% of metabolites formed by elongation and δ5 desaturation of 20:3n‐3‐d8. Deuterated metabolites resulting from retroconversion to 18:3‐d6 and subsequent metabolism by classical pathways represented 35.3% of the total deuterated fatty acids. The retroconversion product (18:4n‐3‐d6) of 20:4n‐3‐d6 and/or‐d8 was 9.0% of the total. A minor percentage (4.4%) of the products identified (20:4n‐3‐d6, 20:5n‐3‐d6, 22:5n‐3‐d6, 22:6n‐3‐d5 and 24:6n‐3‐d5) were formed by δ8 desaturation. This study provides the first clear evidence of δ8 desaturationin vivo in the mouse liver. Whether δ8 desaturation would have a greater importancein vivo when the δ6 desaturase pathway is disrupted remains to be determined.
Lipidic characterization of full‐grown amphibian oocytes and their plasma membrane‐enriched fractions
Authors: Caldironi Hugo A. , Alonso Telma S.
Published: November 2006

The content and composition of neutral lipids and phosphoglycerides from full‐grown prophase‐arrestedBufo arenarum Hensel oocytes and from their ghost preparations were studied. The ghosts obtained are highly enriched in plasma membrane as suggested by the activity of 5′‐nucleotidase, a marker enzyme, and the level of typical membrane components such as sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidic acid. In whole oocytes, triacylglyceride (TAG) comprises about 60% of the total lipids followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). TAG and diacylglycerides have a similar unsaturation index. PC and PE account for about 80% of the phosphoglycerides in the whole oocyte and in their plasma membrane‐enriched fractions. Arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6), 18∶0, and 16∶0 make up about 80 mol% of the total fatty acids in Pl in whole oocytes and ghost fractions. The unsaturation index in PS is higher in intact oocytes than in ghost preparations, probably owing to the significant amount of 20∶4n−6 which comprises 23 mol% of the total fatty acids in whole oocytes. The fatty acid profile in phosphatidic acid from whole oocytes is rather different from that in ghosts. Sphingomyelin contains mainly saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, 24∶1 being the principal very long chain unsaturated fatty acid in both oocytes and ghosts.
Fatty acid composition of lipids from the contents of rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) cephalothorax
Authors: Tsvetnenko E. , Kailis S. , Evans L. , Longmore R.
Published: November 2006

The contents of rock lobster cephalothorax were analyzed for lipid content and fatty acid composition. They contain a diversity of saturated (35.5±0.5%), monounsaturated (26.3±1.7%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids, n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (11.5±0.5%) among them. The possibility of using these products as a supplement to fish and food animals’ diets is discussed.
Chinese melon (Momordica charantia L.) seed: Composition and potential use
Authors: Chang M. ‐K. , Conkerton E. J. , Chapital D. C. , Wan P. J. , Vadhwa O. P. , Spiers J. M.
Published: November 2006

Chinese melon (Momordica charantia L.), also known as bitter gourd, is a tropical crop, grown throughout Asian countries for use as food and medicinals. In 1993, four cultivars of Chinese melon were grown in Mississippi and the seeds were collected. Oil contents of the seeds ranged from 41 to 45% and the oils contained 63–68% eleostearic acid and 22–27% stearic acid. Industrially important tung oil, a “fast‐drying oil” used in paints and varnishes, contains 90% eleostearic and 2–3% stearic acid. The ratio of stearic to eleostearic in Chinese melon seed oil is ten times greater than that in tung oil. The higher ratio should reduce the rate of drying and crosslinking and could be advantageous in the paint industry. The defatted meals contained 52–61% protein and would be a good source of methionine.
Differential scanning calorimetry index for estimating level of saturation in transesterified wax esters
Authors: Sessa David J. , Nelsen Terry C. , Kleiman Robert , Arquette James D.
Published: November 2006

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of fatty esters can give valuable information on melting characteristics and heats‐of‐fusion enthalpy (ΔH). A series of jojoba liquid wax esters was constructed by transesterifying native jojoba oil with 5–50% completely hydrogenated jojoba wax esters. This series, when subjected to a standardized DSC tempering method with heating/cooling cycles, exhibited an excellent correlation for level of saturation based on area changes in endothermic ΔH. Endothermic events were recorded for native (ΔHA) and completely hydrogenated (ΔHC) jojoba wax esters. A third endotherm, ΔHB, was observed when they were transesterified. Based on a multiple regression program, the best fit (R2=0.98) using ΔH data was: % saturation=16.847–0.162 (ΔHA)+0.209 (ΔHB)+0.600 (ΔHC). Standard errors for predictions were approximately 1.045 at 0% saturation, 0.770 at 25% saturation, and 1.158 at 50% saturation. Endothermic events A, B, and C each represent the respective diunsaturated, mounounsaturated, and saturated contents of wax esters in the transesterified blends. This was verified by measuring the dropping points for both the native and completely hydrogenated wax esters. These findings provide an index which can predict the degree of saturation in transesterified wax ester blends and serves as a research tool in process and product developments.
Process generating the ditribution pattern of eggs of the common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro
Published: November 2006

The process generating the negative binomial in the distribution pattern of eggs of the common cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae crucivora, was investigated by releasing the female adults in a net house where cabbages were planted.

The distribution of butterflies visited and laid an egg or more per plant followed thePoisson series under the uniform light condition, while that of eggs laid per visit conformed to the logarithmic distribution. From these results, it may be concluded that the negative binomial arises from compounding of thePoisson and the logarithmic distribution. The observed frequency of eggs found per plant fitted to the negative binomial with parameter thus computed theoretically.

The change in the degree of aggregation with the increase of the parental density was considered in connection with the above results.
The competition among Drosophila larvae in different growth stages
Authors: Mishima Jiro
Published: November 2006

The experiment was conducted in order to examine the influence of the difference in the growth stage of the competitors on the intraspecific competition. Drosophila melanogaster, “wild” and its mutant “ebony” were used as materials.

The earlier developed or older larvae have considerable advantage, such as the increase of the body weight of flies, and of the total weight of flies from one vial, and high constant emerging percentage, while the younger competitors received the opposite influence in addition to the increase of the larval‐pupal duration.

The grand total yields (the yield of “wild” plus that of “ebony”) from one vial were almost constant even the difference in the growth stage between competitors is changed.
A note on the relationship between outbreaks of the oriental tussock moth, Euproctis flava and weather conditions
Authors: Miyashita Kazuyoshi
Published: November 2006

A relationship between outbreaks of the oriental tussock moth, Euproctis flava, in Akita Prefecture and weather conditions have been analyzed in the present paper. The results obtained are summarized as follows:

Outbreaks were, in most cases, observed at intervals of 7–9 years, and the population fluctuation was considered to be regular, when small rises of population density were taken into consideration. The condition of low temperature and decreased percentage of sunny hours in spring and summer has a great influence upon the occurrence of outbreaks, and a big outbreak seems to come when a peak of the intrinsic population fluctuation occurs just simultaneously with such a weather condition.
Real‐time X‐ray powder diffraction investigations on cocoa butter. I. temperature‐dependent crystallization behavior
Authors: van Malssen Kees , Peschar René , Schenk Henk
Published: November 2006

The crystallization behavior of cocoa butter has been investigated by means of real‐time X‐ray powder diffraction. Two procedures have been followed: cooling from 60°C at a constant rate until maximum solidification has taken place; and cooling from 60°C in 2 min to a constant solidification temperature. It appears that all polymorphic forms of cocoa butter, with the exception of the β form, can be formed from liquid. The solidification temperature appears to be the most important crystallization parameter.
Confirmatory mass‐spectral data for cyclic fatty acid monomers
Authors: Mossoba M. M. , Yurawecz P. M. , Roach J. A. G. , McDonald R. E. , Perkins E. G.
Published: November 2006

Cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) are degradation products found in heat‐abused edible oils. This study confirms previously published data and reports the structural elucidation of hydrogenated and deuterated monocyclic and bicyclic CFAM prepared from the corresponding unsaturated species that were previously isolated from heated flaxseed (linseed) oil. CFAM structures were determined as 2‐alkyl‐4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives by using gas chromatography‐electron ionization mass spectrometry. The observed retention times for the deuterated CFAM were about 0.1 min shorter than those of the corresponding hydrogenated species. For two minor six‐membered ring CFAM components, an increase in the mass of the unsaturated ring by eight mass units upon deuteration indicated the addition of four deuterium atoms to two double bonds in that ring. These data unequivocally confirmed the identity of cyclohexadienyl CFAM species in the original CFAM mixture that was isolated from heated linseed oil. The observed electron ionization mass spectrometic data for minor hydrogenated and deuterated CFAM species, which correspond to the last two eluting monounsaturated species, were consistent with CFAM having bicyclic (fused 5‐ and 6‐membered rings) structures. The location of the ring along the fatty acid chain was also confirmed for all saturated CFAM mixture components. The presence of a pair of deuterium atoms on two adjacent carbon atoms further confirmed the previously determined double‐bond position along the fatty acid chain of the corresponding parent (unsaturated) compound.
Ethanol vapor deactivation of gossypol in cottonseed meal
Authors: Hron R. J. , Wan P. J. , Kuk M. S.
Published: November 2006

Most cottonseed cultivars contain gossypol, a polyphenolic antinutritional compound. “Free” gossypol is a physiologically active form of gossypol, which is toxic to young‐ and nonruminant animals. To utilize solvent‐extracted cottonseed meal as a general feed, gossypol must be either removed or deactivated to a minimum level specified for each class of animal. Normally, deactivation is carried out prior to oil extraction; however, the desired level of deactivation is not always attained. A new supplemental method of deactivation has been found by using either ethanol or isopropanol vapors on solventextracted meal. In a bench‐top set‐up, ethanol vapor reduced free gossypol from 0.115 to 0.053%, and a further reduction to 0.026% has been observed with the addition of ferrous sulfate. The supplemental deactivation method can, in most cases, reduce free gossypol to significantly safer levels for feeding, thus increasing utility, and possibly demand, for cottonseed meal as a general animal feed protein source.
Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tetrahydrobiopterin in patients with phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Zurflüh M. R. , Fiori L. , Fiege B. , Ozen I. , Demirkol M. , Gärtner K. H. , Thöny B. , Giovannini M. , Blau N.
Published: November 2006

The oral loading test with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is used to discriminate between variants of hyperphenylalaninaemia and to detect BH4‐responsive patients. The outcome of the loading test depends on the genotype, dosage of BH4, and BH4 pharmacokinetics. A total of 71 patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia (mild to classic) were challenged with BH4 (20 mg/kg) according to different protocols (1 × 20 mg or 2 × 20 mg) and blood BH4 concentrations were measured in dried blood spots at different time points (T0, T2, T4, T8, T12, T24, T32 and T48 h). Maximal BH4 concentrations (median 22.69 nmol/g Hb) were measured 4 h after BH4 administration in 63 out of 71 patients. Eight patients presented with maximal BH4 concentrations ∼44% higher at 8 h than at 4 h. After 24 h, BH4 blood concentrations dropped to 11% of maximal values. This profile was similar using different protocols. The following pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated for BH4 in blood: tmax = 4 h, AUC (T0−32) = 370 nmol × h/g Hb, and t1/2 for absorption (1.1 h), distribution (2.5 h), and elimination (46.0 h) phases. Maximal BH4 blood concentrations were not significantly lower in non‐responders and there was no correlation between blood concentrations and responsiveness. Of mild PKU patients, 97% responded to BH4 administration, while one was found to be a non‐responder. Only 10/19 patients (53%) with Phe concentrations of 600–1200 μmol/L responded to BH4 administration, and of the patients with the severe classical phenotype (blood Phe > 1200 μmol/L) only 4 out of 17 patient responded. An additional 36 patients with mild hyperphenylalaninaemia (HPA) who underwent the combined loading test with Phe+BH4 were all responders. Slow responders and non‐responders were found in all groups of HPA.
Pheophytin a, a low molecular weight compound found in the marine brown alga Sargassum fulvellum, promotes the differentiation of PC12 cells
Authors: Ina Atsutoshi , Hayashi Ken‐Ichiro , Nozaki Hiroshi , Kamei Yuto
Published: November 2006

We identified and characterized a neurodifferentiation compound from the marine brown alga Sargassum fulvellum collected from the Japanese coastline. Several instrumental analyses revealed the compound to be pheophytin a. Pheophytin a did not itself promote neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells. However, when PC12 cells were treated with a low concentration of pheophytin a (3.9 μg/ml) in the presence of a low level of nerve growth factor (10 ng/ml), the compound produced neurite outgrowth similar to that produced by a high level of nerve growth factor (50 ng/ml). Pheophytin a also enhanced signal transduction in the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway, which is also induced by nerve growth factor. The effect of pheophytin a on neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells was completely blocked by U0126, a representative mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor.

These results suggest that pheophytin a enhances the neurodifferentiation of PC12 cells in the presence of a low level of nerve growth factor and that this effect is mediated by activation of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
New service development competence in retail banking: Construct development and measurement validation
Authors: Menor Larry J. , Roth Aleda V.
Published: November 2006

New service development (NSD) has emerged as an important area of research in service operations management. However, NSD empirical investigations have been hindered by the lack of psychometrically sound measurement items and scales. This paper reports a two‐stage approach for the development and validation of new multi‐item measurement scales reflecting a multidimensional construct called NSD competence. NSD competence reflects an organization's expertise in deploying resources and routines, usually in combination, to achieve a desired new service outcome. This competence is operationalized as a multidimensional construct reflected by five complementary dimensions: NSD process focus, market acuity, NSD strategy, NSD culture, and information technology experience. In the first stage of measure development, we analyse judgment‐based, nominal‐scaled data collected through an iterative item‐sorting process to assess the tentative reliability and validity of the proposed measurement items. Our results demonstrate that a reduced set of measurement items have reasonable psychometric properties and, therefore, are useful inputs for multi‐item measurement scale development. In the second stage of measurement development, we conduct a confirmatory factor analysis of the five NSD competence dimensions using survey data collected from a sample of retail bank key informants and confirm the unidimensionality, reliability, and validity of the proposed five multi‐item scales. The NSD competence scales developed in this research may be used to advance scholarly understanding and theory in NSD. Further, these NSD scales may provide a useful diagnostic and benchmarking tool for managers seeking to assess and/or improve their firm's service innovation expertise.
The onset of meandering in a barotropic jet
Authors: BALMFORTH N. J. , PICCOLO C.
Published: November 2006

This study explores the dynamics of an unstable jet of two-dimensional, incompressible
fluid on the beta-plane. In the inviscid limit, standard weakly nonlinear theory fails
to give a low-order description of this problem, partly because the simple shape
of the unstable normal mode is insufficient to capture the structure of the forming
pattern. That pattern takes the form of ‘cat's eyes’ in the vorticity distribution which
develop inside the modal critical layers (slender regions to either side of the jet's
axis surrounding the levels where the modal wave speed matches the mean flow).
Asymptotic expansions furnish a reduced model which is a version of what is known
as the single-wave model in plasma physics. The reduced model predicts that the
amplitude of the unstable mode saturates at a relatively low level and is not steady.
Rather, the amplitude evolves aperiodically about the saturation level, a result with
implications for Lagrangian transport theories. The aperiodic amplitude ‘bounces’
are intimately connected with sporadic deformations of the vortices within the cat's
eyes. The theory is compared with numerical simulations of the original governing
equations. Slightly asymmetrical jets are also studied. In this case the neutral modes
along the stability boundary become singular; an extension of the weakly nonlinear
theory is presented for these modes.
Numerical modelling of water-wave evolution based on the Zakharov equation
Authors: ANNENKOV SERGEI YU. , SHRIRA VICTOR I.
Published: November 2006

We develop a new approach to numerical modelling of water-wave evolution based
on the Zakharov integrodifferential equation and outline its areas of application.

The Zakharov equation is known to follow from the exact equations of potential
water waves by the symmetry-preserving truncation at a certain order in wave
steepness. This equation, being formulated in terms of nonlinear normal variables, has
long been recognized as an indispensable tool for theoretical analysis of surface wave
dynamics. However, its potential as the basis for the numerical modelling of wave
evolution has not been adequately explored. We partly fill this gap by presenting
a new algorithm for the numerical simulation of the evolution of surface waves,
based on the Hamiltonian form of the Zakharov equation taking account of quintet
interactions. Time integration is performed either by a symplectic scheme, devised as
a canonical transformation of a given order on a timestep, or by the conventional
Runge–Kutta algorithm. In the latter case, non-conservative effects, small enough to
preserve the Hamiltonian structure of the equation to the required order, can be
taken into account. The bulky coefficients of the equation are computed only once,
by a preprocessing routine, and stored in a convenient way in order to make the
subsequent operations vectorized.

The advantages of the present method over conventional numerical models are
most apparent when the triplet interactions are not important. Then, due to the
removal of non-resonant interactions by means of a canonical transformation, there
are incomparably fewer interactions to consider and the integration can be carried out
on the slow time scale (O(ε2), where ε is a small parameter characterizing wave slope),
leading to a substantial gain in computational efficiency. For instance, a simulation of
the long-term evolution of 103 normal modes requires only moderate computational
resources; a corresponding simulation in physical space would involve millions of
degrees of freedom and much smaller integration timestep.

A number of examples aimed at problems of independent physical interest, where
the use of other existing methods would have been difficult or impossible, illustrates
various aspects of the implementation of the approach. The specific problems include
establishing the range of validity of the deterministic description of water wave
evolution, the emergence of sporadic horseshoe patterns on the water surface, and the
study of the coupled evolution of a steep wave and low-intensity broad-band noise.
Turbulent boundary layer over a compliant surface: absolute and convective instabilities
Authors: YEO K. S. , ZHAO H. Z. , KHOO B. C.
Published: November 2006

A theoretical model for the instability of two-dimensional turbulent boundary layer
over compliant surfaces is described. The principal Reynolds stress is modelled
by a well-established mixing-length eddy-viscosity formulation of van Driest. The
perturbations of the mean velocity and Reynolds stress fields are coupled via the
turbulence model. The investigation of instability is carried out from a time-asymptotic
spatio-temporal perspective that classifies instabilities as being either convective or
absolute. The occurrence of convective and absolute instabilities over viscoelastic
compliant layers is elucidated. Compliant surfaces with low damping are susceptible
to convective instability, which gives way to an absolute instability when the surfaces
become highly damped. The theoretical results are compared against experimental
observations of surface waves on elastic and viscoelastic compliant layers.
Ein integratives Forschungsmodell für die Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie: die Zusammenführung von biologischen, psychologischen und sozialen Untersuchungsansätzen
Authors: Remschmidt Helmut
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung: Nach kurzen Hinweisen auf die derzeitige Forschungssituation in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in Deutschland wird ein Forschungskonzept beschrieben, das sich in 30-jähriger Erprobung und Weiterentwicklung als erfolgreich erwiesen hat, sowohl im Hinblick auf die Etablierung von wissenschaftlichen Projekten als auch im Hinblick auf die Qualifizierung von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern. Im Mittelpunkt steht eine von den Aufgaben der routinemäßigen Krankenversorgung weitgehend entlastete eigenständige Forschungseinheit mit einigen dauerhaft beschäftigten Naturwissenschaftlern, ergänzt durch befristet tätige junge Wissenschaftler (Ärzte und Psychologen), die eine wissenschaftliche Laufbahn anstreben. Die Aufgaben der Forschungseinheit erstrecken sich sowohl auf Serviceleistungen für wissenschaftliche Projekte als auch auf Grundlagenforschung und Methodenentwicklung. Die Forschungseinheit wurde ergänzt durch eine DFG-geförderte Klinische Forschergruppe, die sich als Forschungsmotor (z.B. über die Einwerbung umfangreicher Drittmittel) und als Qualifikationsinstrument für junge Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler bewährt hat. Am Beispiel von vier Forschungsschwerpunkten (Schizophrenieforschung, Legasthenieforschung, Untersuchungen zum Asperger-Syndrom und Qualitäts- und Therapieevaluationsforschung) werden einige Ergebnisse beschrieben, die mit diesem Forschungsansatz erzielt werden konnten.
Wie erfolgreich sind stationäre kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Behandlungen?
Authors: Remschmidt Helmut , Mattejat Fritz
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Es werden erste Ergebnisse aus dem Marburger Evaluationsprojekt vorgestellt, in dem von 1999 bis 2006 die stationären Behandlungen einer vollständigen kinder- und jugendpsychiatrischen Inanspruchnahmepopulation evaluiert wurden. Im Zentrum stand dabei die Ergebnisqualität (Therapieerfolg, Zufriedenheit) der Behandlungen. Methodik: Das Projekt wurde als 1-Stichprobendesign mit drei Messzeitpunkten durchgeführt (Stationäre Aufnahme; Entlassung bzw. 6-Wochen-Nachuntersuchung; 11/2-Jahres-Katamnese). Nachuntersuchungen und katamnestische Erhebungen wurden mit Hilfe von standardisierten Telefoninterviews durchgeführt. In die Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 1321 Patienten aufgenommen, bei 776 Patienten wurde ein katamnestisches Interview mit den Eltern durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Bei allen erhobenen Wiederholungsmessungen zeigen sich statistisch hochsignifikante Effekte. Die Prä-Post-Effektstärken liegen über 1. Die in der Behandlung erreichten Effekte bleiben im weiteren Verlauf stabil. Zum Zeitpunkt der Katamnese unterschieden sich die diagnostischen Gruppen bezüglich des Therapieerfolges statistisch signifikant voneinander. Diskussion: Die Ergebnisse sollten in der Beratung der Patienten und Eltern vor Beginn der Behandlung verwendet werden; es ist zu prüfen, ob die gefundenen Ergebnisse auch auf andere Kliniken generalisiert werden können.
Berliner Inventar zur Angehörigenbelastung - Demenz (BIZA-D)
Authors: Zank Susanne , Schacke Claudia , Leipold Bernhard
Published: November 2006

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Prävalenz demenzieller Erkrankungen steigt und die meisten Erkrankten werden von Familienangehörigen zu Hause betreut. Das “Berliner Inventar zur Angehörigenbelastung - Demenz“ (BIZA-D) dient der Erfassung von objektiven und subjektiven Belastungen, die durch die Pflege demenziell Erkrankter entstehen. Fragestellung: Das Inventar wird in der Längsschnittstudie zur Belastung pflegender Angehöriger von demenziell Erkrankten (LEANDER) eingesetzt und dient zur differenzierten Beschreibung von Pflegeverläufen und zur Evaluation von Interventionen. Methode: Das Instrument enthält 20 Subskalen mit 88 Items. Die psychometrischen Qualitäten werden an einer Stichprobe von 594 pflegenden Angehörigen dargestellt. Ergebnisse: Faktorenanalysen belegen die Mehrdimensionaliät des Inventars. Die Reliabilitäten der Subskalen liegen zwischen .74 und .95. Validität und Veränderungssensitivität des Inventars werden belegt. Schlussfolgerung: Das Inventar erweist sich als reliables, valides und veränderungssensitives Instrument.
An Animal Model of Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Sagvolden Terje , Berger David F.
Published: November 2006

The main objective of the present study was to characterize sex differences in the temporal discrimination and activity level of an animal model of attention deficit disorder (ADD) using a conjunctive 120-s variable interval 16-s differential reinforcement of low rate (VIDRL) schedule of reinforcement. The results showed that the spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) male was generally hyperactive and that the SHR female was both hyperactive and had severe time discrimination problems. The latter caused relatively fewer reinforcers to be delivered. However, even when a reinforcer was delivered, the SHR female frequently failed to collect it. When the SHR females were in diestrus, their behavior became even less efficient. The present findings with the animal model seem to be in general agreement with the behavior of ADD children when a DRL schedule is used. Most of our results were explained as due to impulsiveness, which is more pronounced in the SHR female than in the male. In addition, the SHR female had attention problems. The present study further supports the usefulness of the SHR as animal model of ADD.
Psychology as an Ethical Discipline and Profession
Authors: Lindsay Geoff
Published: November 2006

One of the hallmarks of a professional discipline is the status of an ethical code. Psychology poses particular problems in the development of a code as it is both a scientific discipline and an applied profession. In addition, the range of coverage of psychology, including client groups, work institutions, and specific practices, requires the coverage of a code to be even more broad. For example, clients may include both the autonomous and powerful, and the socially and psychologically vulnerable; activities include individual therapy, research, consultancy, and assessment. The European Federation of Professional Psychologists' Associations (EFPPA) has ratified a Meta-code of Ethics to guide the developments in its member associations. While this initiative is important and useful, it is argued in this paper that it is necessary that there should be a wider appreciation of the issues pertinent to the development of such codes. These include purpose, specificity of statements, comparability across national boundaries, and links with disciplinary procedures. It is also argued that ethical codes must be recognized as social constructions, the results of tensions between professionally identified behaviors and constraints imposed by the society in which the association operates. These constraints include both those specific to psychology and other similar disciplines and professions, and factors within the sociopolitical system as a whole. Finally, recommendations are made for the development of ethical codes by European psychological associations.
Measuring noise in magnetometers: An example using the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometers
Authors: Hausman B. A. , Michel F. C. , Espley J. R. , Cloutier P. A. , Acuña M. H.
Published: November 2006

A recently developed data analysis tool allows direct measurement of the total root‐mean‐square noise in magnetometer data. Since the total is a combination of intrinsic instrument noise and solar wind magnetic field fluctuations, we can put upper limits on the instrument noise during periods of relatively quiet solar wind fields. The technique involves taking vector and scalar products of successive magnetic measurements; the resulting scalar quantity is insensitive to slow field variations as well as sudden ones (i.e., tangential discontinuities) and provides a measure of total noise. We illustrate this analysis by determining the noise levels for the Mars Global Surveyor magnetometer. Far from Mars and any obvious waves, we find that the magnetic field measurements noise level is ±0.05 nT. This is consistent with the ground‐based instrument's measured noise level of ±0.01 nT expected under ideal conditions.
Gravity wave parameters and their seasonal variations derived from Na lidar observations at 23°S
Authors: Yang Guotao , Clemesha Barclay , Batista Paulo , Simonich Dale
Published: November 2006

The nightly and seasonal variability of gravity wave activity and spectra in the mesopause region are studied with 10 years of sodium lidar observations. From the linear layer density response to gravity wave forcing, the lidar data were analyzed to get the atmospheric density perturbations and their spectra. The atmospheric density perturbation, density variance for fluctuations with vertical scales between 2 and 10 km, and amplitudes of density perturbation spectra at m = 2π/8 km and 2π/4 km all exhibit large nightly variability as well as large seasonal variations, with the semiannual maxima occurring near the equinoxes. The mean RMS atmospheric density perturbation and the mean RMS horizontal wind perturbations over our site are 5.1% and 25 m/s, respectively. The growth lengths of the density perturbations in spring and autumn are lower than those in summer and winter, and the annual mean value is 38 km. The annual mean density shear variance is about 15 (%/km)2, and the maxima occur near the equinoxes. The mean Richardson number is about 1.0. The mean value of the RMS vertical wind perturbation is 0.85 m/s with a maximum occurring at the end of the year. The m spectra show power law shapes, and their range of variation is between −2.06 and −3.81 with an annual mean value of −2.93. The ω spectra also show power law shapes, and their range of variation is between −1.06 and −2.32, with an annual mean of −1.64. The mean amplitudes of density perturbation spectrum, Fa(m) (m = 2π/4 km), and of the horizontal wind fluctuation, Fu(m) (m = 2π/4 km), are 1.35(m/cycles) and 3 × 105(m2 s−2/(cycles/m)), respectively. The value of λz* averaged around autumn equinox is 14.8 km, which is lower than the value of 16.8 km, averaged around spring equinox. The annual mean of T* is 23.5 hours. The fact that the joint (m,ω) spectra are not separable, together with the large variability found in the m spectra slopes, is not compatible with linear instability theory but is compatible with Doppler spreading theories and diffusive filtering theory.
On award to Crichton
Authors: Singer S. Fred
Published: November 2006

It is somewhat unusual for a scientific society to criticize the actions of another learned or professional society [Brigham‐Grette et al., 2006]. So when the Council of the American Quaternary Association (AMQUA) takes issue with the American Association of Petroleum Geologists over its 2006 Journalism Award to writer and climate skeptic Michael Crichton, citing a recently issued government scientific report [Karl et al., 2006],one must take notice.

The AMQUA council members demonstrate that they have not read (or understood) the cited Karl et al. U.S. Climate Change Science Program report. It is true that the report's summary (and press release) claim ‘clear evidence’ for anthropogenic global warming, but the report itself clearly contradicts this. Specifically Figure 5.4G, which compares key observations with the calculations of major greenhouse models, shows a considerable disparity. There are other differences between observed and calculated ‘fingerprints’ of temperature trends [Singer, 2006], further demonstrated by more detailed comparisons [Douglass et al., 2004].
On award to Crichton
Authors: Corbett Kevin
Published: November 2006

The recent Eos Forum article from the Council of the American Quaternary Association (AMQUA) attacking the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) (Eos, 87(36), 364,2006) goes beyond the pale of reasonable promotion or defense of AGU's position regarding global climate change and is a lamentable low for AGU in overarching political demagoguery. It is certainly within the purview of AGU to adopt a position concerning anthropogenic forcing of current global warming, as the association did in 2003. However, to challenge the competency, integrity, and intent of another scientific organization whose council and members read the data differently is truly reprehensible. The tone of the letter and AGU's position in promoting this view are nothing short of evangelical environmentalism with a dark shade of inquisitional environmental repression. Truly, the credibility, impartiality, and integrity of AGU are at question in the debate over climate science. Evidently AMQUA believes its position to be so righteous that it should sit in judgment on all other professional scientific societies. Such a poorly reasoned and self‐justifying position screams political bias.
Geoinformatics 2006
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: November 2006

Technological advances in Earth observation and science have enabled the collection of vast quantities of data at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Managing the data and making data sets openly accessible to researchers not only can help to reduce redundancy in data collection and ensure the longevity of existing data, but also can lead to new insights as datasets are compared and interwoven.
Opportunity to name candidates for the William Kaula award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: November 2006

The William Kaula Award recognizes unselfish service to the scientific community through extraordinary dedication to, and exceptional efforts on behalf of, the Union's publications program. Individuals may be recognized for such contributions as outstanding reviewing, editorial service beyond expectations, and innovative leadership. It is fitting that recognition to the publications program be named in honor of William Kaula, who gave unstintingly of his talents and energies to AGU publications.
A new hurricane wind retrieval algorithm for SAR images
Authors: Shen Hui , Perrie Will , He Yijun
Published: November 2006

A new algorithm for hurricane wind retrieval is developed based on the primary characteristics of hurricane processes. By assuming constant wind speeds and equal‐distant wind directions in three neighboring sub‐image blocks of any specific concentric circle around the hurricane eye, both wind speed and wind direction are resolved without any external information. To evaluate the accuracy of the new algorithm, a Radarsat‐1 synthetic aperture radar image of hurricane Isabel is studied. The retrieved wind speed is compared with QuikSCAT scatterometer winds and in situ winds. Good consistency is shown. Since the new algorithm doesn't rely on any external wind information, fine resolution wind structures can be retrieved without adding errors due to linear interpolation of the externally‐derived coarse‐resolution wind direction.
New structural and geochemical observations from the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge between 52°45′S and 41°15′S
Authors: Klingelhoefer F. , Ondréas H. , Briais A. , Hamelin C. , Dosso L.
Published: November 2006

We investigated the morphology and structure of the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge between 52°45′S and 41°15′S during the Pacantarctic2 cruise using multibeam echosounder together with gravity measurements and dredges. Analysis of the bathymetric, gravity and geochemical data reveal three ridge segments separated by overlapping spreading centers south of the Menard transform fault (MTF) and five segments north of it. Calculation of the cross‐sectional area allows quantification of the variation in size of the axial bathymetric high. Together with the calculation of the mantle Bouguer anomaly, these data provide information about variations in the temperature of the underlying mantle or in crustal thickness. Areas with hotter mantle are found north and south of the MTF. Geochemical analyses of samples dredged during the survey show a correlation of high cross‐sectional area values and negative mantle Bouguer anomalies in the middle of segments with relatively less depleted basalts.