bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Off the Mic
Authors: Frances-White Deborah , Shandur Marsha
Published: November 2017

What is it to be a stand-up comedian? To be funny, solo? You have no character-role, no double-act partner, and nowhere to look but out into the darkness, with just a microphone, an audience and your imagination.

This is a job without an annual appraisal; a job where you are publicly appraised every ten seconds. The results are harsh and obvious: if the audience isn’t laughing, you ‘died’; if they can’t stop, you ‘killed’.

Deborah Frances-White and Marsha Shandur unpack the inner-workings of the minds of comics, sharing their secrets, insecurities and successes; their bêtes noires and their biggest fears. Featuring interviews with a host of comedians including Eddie Izzard, Moshe Kasher, Sarah Millican, Jim Jeffries, Stewart Lee, Lewis Black, Jenny Eclair, Todd Barry, Richard Herring, Marc Maron, Stephen K Amos, Rich Hall, Zoe Lyons, Marcus Brigstocke, Phill Jupitus, Gary Delaney, Mark Watson, Greg Davies and many more, this excellent book lets you in to the hearts and minds of celebrated comedians, away from the stage and off the mic.
Justice Performed
Authors: Kozinn Sarah
Published: November 2017

Justice Performed: Courtroom TV Shows and the Theaters of Popular Law is the first study of the reality TV genre to trace its theatrical legacy, connecting the phenomenon of the daytime TV shows to a long history of theatrical trials staged to educate audiences in pedagogies of citizenship. It examines how judge TV fulfills part of law's performative function: that of providing a participatory spectacle the public can recognize as justice. Since it debuted in 1981 with The People's Court, which made famous its star jurist, Judge Joseph A. Wapner, dozens of judges have made the move to television. Unlike the demographics in actual courts, most TV judges are non-white men and women hailing from diverse cultural and racial backgrounds. These judges charge their decisions with personal preferences and cultural innuendos, painting a very different picture of what justice looks like.

Drawing on interviews with TV judges, producers and production staff, as well as the author's experience as a studio audience member, the book scrutinizes the performativity of the genre, the needs it meets and the inherent ideological biases about race, gender and civic instruction.
The Art of Songwriting
Authors: West Andrew
Published: November 2017

How do you turn songwriting talent into a professional career? This essential guide tackles that question, alongside many others, taking songwriters through all the developmental phases and commercial experiences along the way in order to inspire and encourage the reader to find their own voice and write successfully within their chosen genre.

Collating the best-available expertise with fresh ideas about the industry, Andrew West equips the reader with what every productive songwriter needs to know: how to write communicative songs that express meaning and convey individuality; how to develop songs into records; how the writer can function as a marketer and seller of original work; how domestic and international markets operate; and how to act and interact meaningfully within the culture of those market.

Armed with this knowledge, the songwriter is able to engage creatively and financially to make the most of their potential.
Brecht, Music and Culture
Authors: Berendse Sabine , Clements Paul , Bunge Hans , Eisler Hanns
Published: November 2017

The Austrian composer Hanns Eisler was Bertolt Brecht’s closest friend and most politically committed collaborator. In these conversations with Hans Bunge which took place over a period of four years, from 1958 until his death in 1962, Eisler offers a compelling and absorbing account of his and Brecht’s period of exile in Europe and the USA between 1933 and 1947, and of the quality of artistic, social and intellectual life in post-war East Germany.

Brecht, Music and Culture includes a discussion of a number of Brecht’s principal plays, including Life of Galileo and The Caucasian Chalk Circle, considers the place of music in Brecht’s work and discusses the time that Brecht was brought before The House of Un-American Activities Committee. It includes lively accounts of Brecht’s meetings with key cultural figures, including Arnold Schönberg, Charlie Chaplin and Thomas Mann, and offers throughout a sustained response to the question of the purpose of art in a time of political turmoil.

Throughout the conversations, Eisler provides illuminating and original insights into Brecht’s work and ideas and gives a highly entertaining first-hand account of his friend’s personality and attitudes. First published in Germany in 1975, and now published in English for the first time, the conversations provide a fascinating account of the lives and work of two of the twentieth century’s greatest artists.
Genre
Authors: Tidmarsh Andrew
Published: November 2017

What makes tragedy tragic? What makes comedy comic? What does Much Ado About Nothing have in common with When Harry Met Sally? Seneca with Desperate Housewives? Goldoni with Frasier?

In Genre: A Guide to Writing for Stage and Screen Andrew Tidmarsh explores these questions and more. Investigating how the relationship between form and content brings endless discoveries and illuminations about how narrative works, this entertaining and accessible book looks at how storytelling in film and theatre has evolved and how an appreciation of form can bring the writer, director or actor a solid foundation and a sense of security, which ultimately assists the creative process.

Including genre-specific exercises in every chapter helping the reader to write and devise, Genre: A Guide to Writing for Stage and Screen is for all those with an interest in story and can be used by writers, actors and directors alike – whether students or experienced professionals – to make the blank page appear less terrifying.
The Theatre of Grotowski
Authors: Kumiega Jennifer
Published: November 2017

First published in 1985, this is a reissue of the seminal text on the work of Jerzy Grotowski and Laboratory Theatre recognised as being one of the most influential and important studies of the Polish theatre practitioner.

In 1984 Grotowski’s Laboratory Theatre closed down after twenty-five years of ceaseless experimentation pushing at the boundaries of the nature of theatre. From tiny beginnings in provincial Poland, Grotowski’s influence spread to Eurpoe and the United States, fuelled first by the international tours of his remarkable company and then by ‘paratheatrical’ participatory projects which attracted adherents all over the world.

This magnificent study of his work remains one of the most important and thorough examinations of the history, theory and post-theatre work of this most influential of theatre practitioners.

This second edition:

* Adds three new chapters positioning Grotowski restrospectively within theatrical and performance developments of the past 30 years.

* Sets the original research and book in the context of its time, politically, socially and culturally.

* Analyses the major developments that have taken place in the research process itself, specifically from the objective/analytical to subjective, experiential and phenomenological exploring the inter-disciplinary threads of influence of Grotowski's work, taking a wider cultural perspective than purely theatrical or performance-based.

* Includes contributions from a number of individuals who worked with Grotowski

* Offers a revaluation of the paratheatrical period of Grotowski's work with the aim of de-mystifying and reclaiming it as a valid part of both performance and theatrical explorations and the wider cultural perspective.

* Includes interviews with Laboratory Theatre actors and personnel, some never published, with original recording placed online.
English Renaissance Tragedy
Authors: Holbrook Peter
Published: November 2017

This book’s underlying claim is that English Renaissance tragedy addresses live issues in the experience of readers and spectators today: it is not a genre to be studied only for aesthetic or “heritage” reasons. The book considers the way in which tragedy in general, and English Renaissance tragedy in particular, addresses ideas of freedom, understood both from an individual and a sociopolitical perspective. Tragedy since the Greeks has addressed the constraints and necessities to which human life is subject (Fate, the gods, chance, the conflict between state and individual) as well as the human desire for autonomy and self-direction. In short, English Renaissance Tragedy: Ideas of Freedom shows how the tragic drama of Shakespeare’s age addresses problems of freedom, slavery, and tyranny in ways that speak to us now.
The Actor’s Business Plan
Authors: Brody Jane Drake
Published: November 2017

The Actor’s Business Plan is a self-directed practical guide for actors graduating from formal training programs, as well as for those already in the business whose careers need to move ahead more successfully. Using the familiar language of acting training, the book offers a method for the achievement of dreams through a five-year life and career plan giving positive steps to develop a happy life as an actor and as a person. It assists performers to flourish using the same kind of business/career planning that is a necessary part of life for entrepreneurs and business people.

This introduction to the acting industry provides essential knowledge not only for how the business actually works, but also describes what casting directors, agents, and managers do, demystifies the role of unions, discusses how much things cost, and offers advice on branding and marketing strategies. It differs from other such handbooks in that it addresses the everyday issues of life, money, and jobs that so frequently destroy an actor’s career before it is even begun.

While addressing NYC and LA, the guide also gives a regional breakdown for those actors who may wish to begin careers or to settle in other cities. It is loaded with personal stories, and interviews with actors, casting directors, and agents from throughout the US.

The Actor’s Business Plan is the answer to the common complaint by students that they were not taught how to negotiate the show business world while at school. It is the perfect antidote for this problem and can easily fit into a ten or a thirteen-week class syllabus.

Offering support as a personal career coach, empowering the actor to take concrete steps towards their life and career dreams, The Actor’s Business Plan: A Career Guide for the Acting Life is a must-have book for actors who are determined to be a part of the professional world.
A Philosophy of Comedy on Stage and Screen
Authors: May Shaun
Published: November 2017

As far as we know, only human beings have a sense of humour – although chimps might laugh when tickled, and dogs respond similarly in play, Seth McFarlane’s fan-base is comprised exclusively of humans. Whilst animals and robots might feature as prominent characters in our favourite comic movies, shows and stand-up routines, we have no reason to suspect that their real-life brethren get the joke.

Drawing on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Shaun May attempts to address this issue – suggesting that there is something distinctive about human beings which grounds our ability to make and comprehend jokes. Guiding the reader through a range of examples, including the films of Charlie Chaplin, the stand-up of Francesca Martinez, the TV show Family Guy and Samuel Beckett’s Endgame, he demonstrates that in order to get the joke you have to ‘be there’.
Theatre in Education in Britain
Authors: Wooster Roger
Published: November 2017

Following on from the 50th anniversary of the birth of Theatre in Education in Britain in 2015, this is an essential and timely companion to the story of TIE. It contextualizes it within the political and educational landscape of the last fifty years and examines its legacy today. Through this, Roger Wooster offers insights into future possibilities and applications in the field of Applied Theatre, drama in schools and pedagogical theory. With examples and analysis of international developments in TIE, and a foreword by Philip Taylor (NYU, USA), the volume provides a wide-ranging account of past and current practice.

Across its three sections the volume examines the origins, work and legacy of TIE, considering for the first time its practical details. Each section features an Afterword by a leading practitioner reflecting on the work (including Warwick Dobson, Chris Vine and Anthony Jackson), and chapters draw on case studies and interviews with key practitioners. Chapter summaries and a companion website further enhance the text as a valuable teaching resource for theatre educators.
Journey’s End GCSE Student Guide
Authors: Maunder Andrew
Published: November 2017

Written specifically for GCSE students by academics in the field, the Methuen Drama GCSE Guides conveniently gather indispensable resources and tips for successful understanding and writing all in one place, preparing students to approach their exams with confidence.

Key features include a critical commentary of the play with extensive, clearly labelled analyses on themes, characters and context. They take studying drama even further with sections on dramatic technique, critical reception, related works, fascinating behind-the-scenes interviews with playwrights, directors or actors, and a helpful glossary of dramatic terms.

Unmatched as a theatrical response to the First World War, R. C. Sherriff’s Journey’s End focuses on the experience of soldiers and the conditions in which they fought and died through a socially diverse regiment of English soldiers hiding in trenches in France.

Carefully following the requirements of GCSE English Literature assessment objectives, these studies include expert advice on how to write about modern drama. With featured activities for group study and independent work, they are versatile and valuable to students and teachers alike.
Simon Stephens: A Working Diary
Authors: Stephens Simon
Published: November 2017

2014 was a spectacular year for playwright Simon Stephens, who has been described by the Independent as ‘a brilliant writer of immense imagination’ and by the Financial Times as having ‘emerged in this millennium as an outstanding playwright’.

2014 was a year for Simon Stephens which featured a high number of world premiere plays including one for the theatre of his birthplace, Manchester’s Royal Exchange, a major new play for the Downstairs space at London’s Royal Court, and a Chekhov translation for London’s Young Vic; a transfer of his West End hit The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time to Broadway; and projects in Germany, a country which has seen Stephens lauded, in which he has worked extensively, and which has shaped much of his dramaturgy. In addition to these major projects, Stephens continued his role as a mentor of young writers, actors and directors, and continued to be one of the most frequent, outspoken and fiercely intelligent voices of the playwriting scene.

In an exceptionally honest account, Simon Stephens opens up to us, through daily diary entries, his working practices, his inner-most thoughts, his philosophy on theatre, the arts and politics, and his feelings and reactions to specific projects he has worked on. Through this, we are given unprecedented access to the mind of one of the most important playwrights of the twenty-first century.
A Director’s Guide to Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis
Authors: Thomas James
Published: November 2017

A Director’s Guide to Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis describes Active Analysis, the innovative rehearsal method Stanislavsky formulated in his final years. By uniting ‘mental analysis’ and ‘études’, Active Analysis puts an end to the problem of mind-body dualism and formalized text memorization that traditional rehearsal methods foster.

The book describes Active Analysis both practically and conceptually; Part One guides the reader through the entire process of Active Analysis, using A Midsummer Night’s Dream as a practical reference point. The inspiration here is the work of the Russian director Anatoly Efros, whose pioneering work led the way for a reawakening of theatre in post-Soviet Russia. Part Two is the first English translation of Maria Knebel’s foundational article about Active Analysis. Knebel was hand-selected by Stanislavsky to carry his final work forward in unadulterated form for succeeding generations of directors and actors.

A Director’s Guide to Stanislavsky’s Active Analysis provides the first detailed explanation of Active Analysis from the director’s perspective, while also meeting the needs of actors who seek to enhance their creative involvement in the process of play production.
Antony and Cleopatra
Authors: Vaughan Virginia Mason
Published: November 2017

No abstract text is available for this title.
Impacts of emission reduction and meteorological conditions on air quality improvement during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, China
Authors: Huang Qian , Wang Tijian , Chen Pulong , Huang Xiaoxian , Zhu Jialei , Zhuang Bingliang
Published: November 2017

Abstract. As the holding city of the 2nd Youth Olympic Games (YOG), Nanjing is highly industrialized and urbanized, and faces several air pollution issues. In order to ensure better air quality during the event, the local government took great efforts to control the emissions from pollutant sources. However, air quality can still be affected by synoptic weather, not only emission. In this paper, the influences of meteorological factors and emission reductions were investigated using observational data and numerical simulations with WRF–CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting – Community Multiscale Air Quality). During the month in which the YOG were held (August 2014), the observed hourly mean concentrations of SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, CO and O3 were 11.6 µg m−3, 34.0 µg m−3, 57.8 µg m−3, 39.4 µg m−3, 0.9 mg m−3 and 38.8 µg m−3, respectively, which were below China National Ambient Air Quality Standard (level 2). However, model simulation showed that the weather conditions, such as weaker winds during the YOG, were adverse for better air quality and could increase SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO by 17.5, 16.9, 18.5, 18.8, 7.8 and 0.8 %. Taking account of local emission abatement only, the simulated SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5 and CO decreased by 24.6, 12.1, 15.1, 8.1 and 7.2 %. Consequently, stringent emission control measures can reduce the concentrations of air pollutants in the short term, and emission reduction is very important for air quality improvement during the YOG. A good example has been set for air quality protection for important social events.
Chemical characterization of long-range transport biomass burning emissions to the Himalayas: insights from high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Xinghua , Xu Jianzhong , Kang Shichang , Liu Yanmei , Zhang Qi
Published: November 2017

Abstract. An intensive measurement was conducted at a remote, background, and high-altitude site (Qomolangma station, QOMS, 4276 m a.s.l.) in the northern Himalayas, using an Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) along with other collocated instruments. The field measurement was performed from April 12 to May 12, 2016 to chemically characterize the high time-resolved submicron particulate matter (PM1) and obtain the dynamic processes (emissions, transport, and chemical processing) of biomass burning (BB), frequently transported from South Asia to the Himalayas during pre-monsoon season. Overall, the average (±1σ) PM1 mass concentration was 4.44 (±4.54) µg m−3 for the entire study, comparable with those observed at other remote sites worldwide. Organic aerosol (OA) was the dominant PM1 species (accounting for 54.3 % of total PM1 on average) followed by black carbon (BC) (25.0 %), sulfate (9.3 %), ammonium (5.8 %), nitrate (5.1 %), and chloride (0.4 %). The average size distributions of PM1 species all peaked at an overlapping accumulation mode (~ 500 nm), suggesting that aerosol particles were internally well-mixed and aged during long-range transportation. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis on the high-resolution organic mass spectra identified three distinct OA factors, including a BB-related OA (BBOA, 43.7 %), a nitrogen-containing OA (NOA, 13.9 %) and a more-oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA, 42.4 %). Two polluted episodes with enhanced PM1 mass loadings and elevated BBOA contributions from the west and southwest of QOMS during the study were observed. A typical BB plume was investigated in detail to illustrate the chemical evolution of aerosol, air mass origins, meteorological conditions and atmospheric oxidation processes.
Subgrid-scale variability of clear-sky relative humidity and forcing by aerosol-radiation interactions in an atmosphere model
Authors: Petersik Paul , Salzmann Marc , Kretzschmar Jan , Cherian Ribu , Mewes Daniel , Quaas Johannes
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Atmosphere models with resolutions of several tens of kilometres take subgrid-scale variability of the total specific humidity qt into account by using a uniform probability density function (PDF) to predict fractional cloud cover. However, usually only mean relative humidity RH or mean clear-sky relative humidity RHcls is used to compute hygroscopic growth of soluble aerosol particles. In this study, a stochastic parameterization of subgrid-scale variability of RHcls is applied. For this, we sample the subsaturated part of the uniform RH-PDF from the cloud cover scheme for application in association with the hygroscopic growth parameterization in the ECHAM6-HAM2 atmosphere model. Due to the non-linear dependence of the hygroscopic growth on RH, this causes an increase in aerosol hygroscopic growth. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) increases by a global mean of 0.009 (∼ 7.8 % in comparison to the control run). Especially over the tropics AOD is enhanced with a mean of about 0.013. The ability of the model to simulate AOD is slightly improved with respect to satellite data from MODIS-Aqua. Due to the increase in AOD, net top of the atmosphere clear-sky solar radiation decreases by −0.22 W m−2 (∼ −0.08 %). Finally, the effective radiative forcing due to aerosol-radiation interactions under clear-sky conditions (ERFaricls) changes from −0.29 W m−2 to −0.45 W m−2 by about 57 %. The reason for this very disproportionate effect is that anthropogenic aerosols are disproportionally hygroscopic.
Characterization of the instrument temperature dependence of Brewer total ozone column measurements
Authors: Berjón Alberto , Redondas Alberto , Sildoja Meelis-Mait , Nevas Saulius , Wilson Keith , León-Luis Sergio F. , El Gawhary Omar , Fountoulakis Ilias
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The instrumental temperature correction to be applied to the ozone measurements by the Brewer spectrophotometers is derived from measurements of the irradiance from an internal halogen lamp in the instrument. These characterisations of the Brewer instruments can be carried out within a thermal chamber, varying the temperature from −5 °C to +45 °C, or during field measurements, making use of the natural change in ambient temperature. However, the internal light source used to determine the thermal sensitivity of the instrument could be affected in both methods by the temperature variations as well, which may affect the determination of the temperature coefficients. In order to validate the standard procedures for determining Brewer's temperature coefficients, two independent experiments using both external light sources and the internal lamps have been performed within the ATMOZ Project. The results clearly show that the traditional methodology based on the internal lamps is not affected by possible temperature effects on the internal lamps. The three methodologies yielded equivalents results, with differences in total ozone column below 0.08 % for a mean diurnal temperature variation of 10 °C.
Natural ocean acidification at Papagayo upwelling system (North Pacific Costa Rica): implications for reef development
Authors: Sánchez-Noguera Celeste , Stuhldreier Ines , Cortés Jorge , Jiménez Carlos , Morales Álvaro , Wild Christian , Rixen Tim
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Numerous experiments have shown that ocean acidification impedes coral calcification, but knowledge about in situ reef ecosystem response to ocean acidification is still scarce. Bahía Culebra, situated at the northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica, is a location naturally exposed to acidic conditions due to the Papagayo seasonal upwelling. We measured pH and pCO2 in situ during two non-upwelling seasons (June 2012, May–June 2013), with a high temporal resolution of every 15 and 30 min, respectively, using two Submersible Autonomous Moored Instruments (SAMI-pH, SAMI-CO2). These results were compared with published data from the upwelling season 2009. Findings revealed that the carbonate system in Bahía Culebra shows a high temporal variability. Incoming offshore waters drive inter- and intra-seasonal changes. Lowest pH (7.8) and highest pCO2 (658.3 µatm) values measured during a cold-water intrusion event in the non-upwelling season were similar to those minimum values reported from upwelling season (pH = 7.8, pCO2 = 643.5 µatm), unveiling that natural acidification occurs sporadically also in non-upwelling season. This affects the interaction of photosynthesis, respiration, calcification, and carbonate dissolution and the resulting diel cycle of pH and pCO2 in the reefs of Bahía Culebra. During non-upwelling season, the aragonite saturation state (Ωa) rises to values of > 3.3 and enhances calcification. Aragonite saturation state values during upwelling season falls below 2.5, hampering calcification and coral growth. Low reef accretion in Bahía Culebra indicates high erosion rates and that these reefs grow on the verge of their ecological tolerance. The Ωa threshold values for coral growth, derived from the correlation between Ωa and coral linear extension rates, suggest that future ocean acidification will threaten reefs in Bahía Culebra. These data contribute to build a better understanding of the carbonate system dynamics and coral reefs key response (e.g. coral growth) to natural low-pH conditions, in upwelling areas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and beyond.
The 226Ra-Ba relationship in the North Atlantic during GEOTRACES-GA01
Authors: Le Roy Emilie , Sanial Virginie , Charette Matthew A. , van Beek Pieter , Lacan François , Jacquet Stéphanie H. M. , Henderson Paul B. , Souhaut Marc , García-Ibáñez Maribel I. , Jeandel Catherine , Pérez Fiz F. , Sarthou Géraldine
Published: November 2017

Abstract. We report detailed sections of radium-226 (226Ra, T1/2 = 1602 y) activities and barium (Ba) concentrations determined in the North Atlantic (Portugal-Greenland-Canada) in the framework of the international GEOTRACES program (GA01 section – GEOVIDE project, May–July 2014). Dissolved 226Ra and Ba are strongly correlated along the GA01 section, a pattern that reflects their similar chemical behavior. Since 226Ra and Ba have been widely used as tracers of water masses and ocean mixing, we investigated more thoroughly their behavior in this crucial region for thermohaline circulation taking advantage of the contrasting biogeochemical patterns existing along the GA01 section. We used an Optimum Multiparameter (OMP) analysis to distinguish the relative importance of physical transport (water mass mixing) from non-conservative processes (sedimentary, river, or hydrothermal inputs; uptake by particles, and dissolved-particulate dynamics) on the 226Ra and Ba distributions in the North Atlantic. Results show that 72 % of the 226Ra and 68 % of the Ba can be explained by conservative mixing along the section and therefore, they can be considered as conservative tracers of water mass transport in the ocean interior. However, regions where 226Ra and Ba displayed non-conservative behavior were also identified, mostly at the ocean boundaries (seafloor, continental margins, and surface waters). Elevated 226Ra and Ba concentrations found in deep waters of the West European Basin reflect that lower North East Atlantic Deep Water (NEADWl) accumulates excess 226Ra and Ba from sediment diffusion during transport. In the upper 1500 m, deficiencies in 226Ra and Ba are likely explained by their incorporation in planktonic siliceous shells, or in barite (BaSO4) (Bishop, 1988). Finally, since Ba and 226Ra display different source terms (mostly deep-sea sediments for 226Ra and rivers for Ba), strong decoupling between 226Ra and Ba were observed at the land-ocean boundaries. This is especially true in the shallow stations near the coasts of Greenland and Newfoundland where high 226Ra / Ba ratios at depth reflect the diffusion of 226Ra from sediment and low 226Ra / Ba ratios in the upper water column reflect the input of Ba associated with meteoric waters.
A prognostic pollen emissions model for climate models (PECM1.0)
Authors: Wozniak Matthew C. , Steiner Allison L.
Published: November 2017

Abstract. We develop a prognostic model called Pollen Emissions for Climate Models (PECM) for use within regional and global climate models to simulate pollen counts over the seasonal cycle based on geography, vegetation type, and meteorological parameters. Using modern surface pollen count data, empirical relationships between prior-year annual average temperature and pollen season start dates and end dates are developed for deciduous broadleaf trees (Acer, Alnus, Betula, Fraxinus, Morus, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Ulmus), evergreen needleleaf trees (Cupressaceae, Pinaceae), grasses (Poaceae; C3, C4), and ragweed (Ambrosia). This regression model explains as much as 57 % of the variance in pollen phenological dates, and it is used to create a climate-flexible phenology that can be used to study the response of wind-driven pollen emissions to climate change. The emissions model is evaluated in the Regional Climate Model version 4 (RegCM4) over the continental United States by prescribing an emission potential from PECM and transporting pollen as aerosol tracers. We evaluate two different pollen emissions scenarios in the model using (1) a taxa-specific land cover database, phenology, and emission potential, and (2) a plant functional type (PFT) land cover, phenology, and emission potential. The simulated surface pollen concentrations for both simulations are evaluated against observed surface pollen counts in five climatic subregions. Given prescribed pollen emissions, the RegCM4 simulates observed concentrations within an order of magnitude, although the performance of the simulations in any subregion is strongly related to the land cover representation and the number of observation sites used to create the empirical phenological relationship. The taxa-based model provides a better representation of the phenology of tree-based pollen counts than the PFT-based model; however, we note that the PFT-based version provides a useful and climate-flexible emissions model for the general representation of the pollen phenology over the United States.
Future shift of the relative roles of precipitation and temperature in controlling annual runoff in the conterminous United States
Authors: Duan Kai , Sun Ge , McNulty Steven G. , Caldwell Peter V. , Cohen Erika C. , Sun Shanlei , Aldridge Heather D. , Zhou Decheng , Zhang Liangxia , Zhang Yang
Published: November 2017

Abstract. This study examines the relative roles of climatic variables in altering annual runoff in the conterminous United States (CONUS) in the 21st century, using a monthly ecohydrological model (the Water Supply Stress Index model, WaSSI) driven with historical records and future scenarios constructed from 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models. The results suggest that precipitation has been the primary control of runoff variation during the latest decades, but the role of temperature will outweigh that of precipitation in most regions if future climate change follows the projections of climate models instead of the historical tendencies. Besides these two key factors, increasing air humidity is projected to partially offset the additional evaporative demand caused by warming and consequently enhance runoff. Overall, the projections from 20 climate models suggest a high degree of consistency on the increasing trends in temperature, precipitation, and humidity, which will be the major climatic driving factors accounting for 43–50, 20–24, and 16–23 % of the runoff change, respectively. Spatially, while temperature rise is recognized as the largest contributor that suppresses runoff in most areas, precipitation is expected to be the dominant factor driving runoff to increase across the Pacific coast and the southwest. The combined effects of increasing humidity and precipitation may also surpass the detrimental effects of warming and result in a hydrologically wetter future in the east. However, severe runoff depletion is more likely to occur in the central CONUS as temperature effect prevails.
Atlantic water flow through the Faroese Channels
Authors: Hansen Bogi , Poulsen Turið , Húsgarð Larsen Karin Margretha , Hátún Hjálmar , Østerhus Svein , Darelius Elin , Berx Barbara , Quadfasel Detlef , Jochumsen Kerstin
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Through the Faroese Channels – the collective name for a system of channels linking the Faroe–Shetland Channel, Wyville Thomson Basin, and Faroe Bank Channel – there is a deep flow of cold waters from Arctic regions that exit the system as overflow through the Faroe Bank Channel and across the Wyville Thomson Ridge. The upper layers, in contrast, are dominated by warm, saline water masses from the southwest, termed Atlantic water. In spite of intensive research over more than a century, there are still open questions on the passage of these waters through the system with conflicting views in recent literature. Of special note is the suggestion that there is a flow of Atlantic water from the Faroe–Shetland Channel through the Faroe Bank Channel, which circles the Faroes over the slope region in a clockwise direction. Here, we combine the observational evidence from ship-borne hydrography, moored current measurements, surface drifter tracks, and satellite altimetry to address these questions and propose a general scheme for the Atlantic water flow through this channel system. We find no evidence for a continuous flow of Atlantic water from the Faroe–Shetland Channel to the Faroe Bank Channel over the Faroese slope. Rather, the southwestward-flowing water over the Faroese slope of the Faroe–Shetland Channel is totally recirculated within the combined area of the Faroe–Shetland Channel and Wyville Thomson Basin, except possibly for a small release in the form of eddies. This does not exclude a possible westward flow over the southern tip of the Faroe Shelf, but even including that, we estimate that the average volume transport of a Circum-Faroe Current does not exceed 0.5 Sv (1 Sv  =  106 m3 s−1). Also, there seems to be a persistent flow of Atlantic water from the western part of the Faroe Bank Channel into the Faroe–Shetland Channel that joins the Slope Current over the Scottish slope. These conclusions will affect potential impacts from offshore activities in the region and they imply that recently published observational estimates of the transport of warm water towards the Arctic obtained by different methods are incompatible.
Hydrography and circulation west of Sardinia in June 2014
Authors: Knoll Michaela , Borrione Ines , Fiekas Heinz-Volker , Funk Andreas , Hemming Michael P. , Kaiser Jan , Onken Reiner , Queste Bastien , Russo Aniello
Published: November 2017

Abstract. In the frame of the REP14-MED sea trial in June 2014, the hydrography and circulation west of Sardinia, observed by means of gliders, shipborne CTD (conductivity, temperature, depth) instruments, towed devices, and vessel-mounted ADCPs (acoustic doppler current profilers), are presented and compared with previous knowledge. So far, the circulation is not well-known in this area, and the hydrography is subject to long-term changes. Potential temperature, salinity, and potential density ranges as well as core values of the observed water masses were determined. Modified Atlantic Water (MAW), with potential density anomalies below 28.72 kg m−3, showed a salinity minimum of 37.93 at 50 dbar. Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW), with a salinity maximum of about 38.70 at 400 dbar, was observed within a range of 28.72<σΘ/(kg m−3) < 29.10. MAW and LIW showed slightly higher salinities than previous investigations. During the trial, LIW covered the whole area from the Sardinian shelf to 7°15′ E. Only north of 40° N was it tied to the continental slope. Within the MAW, a cold and saline anticyclonic eddy was observed in the southern trial area. The strongest variability in temperature and salinity appeared around this eddy, and in the southwestern part of the domain, where unusually low saline surface water entered the area towards the end of the experiment. An anticyclonic eddy of Winter Intermediate Water was recorded moving northward at 0.014 m s−1. Geostrophic currents and water mass transports calculated across zonal and meridional transects showed a good agreement with vessel-mounted ADCP measurements. Within the MAW, northward currents were observed over the shelf and offshore, while a southward transport of about 1.5 Sv occurred over the slope. A net northward transport of 0.38 Sv across the southern transect decreased to zero in the north. Within the LIW, northward transports of 0.6 Sv across the southern transects were mainly observed offshore, and decreased to 0.3 Sv in the north where they were primarily located over the slope. This presentation of the REP14-MED observations helps to further understand the long-term evolution of hydrography and circulation in the Western Mediterranean, where considerable changes occurred after the Eastern Mediterranean Transient and the Western Mediterranean Transition.
Intercomparison of snow depth retrievals over Arctic sea ice from radar data acquired by Operation IceBridge
Authors: Kwok Ron , Kurtz Nathan T. , Brucker Ludovic , Ivanoff Alvaro , Newman Thomas , Farrell Sinead L. , King Joshua , Howell Stephen , Webster Melinda A. , Paden John , Leuschen Carl , MacGregor Joseph A. , Richter-Menge Jacqueline , Harbeck Jeremy , Tschudi Mark
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Since 2009, the ultra-wideband snow radar on Operation IceBridge (OIB; a NASA airborne mission to survey the polar ice covers) has acquired data in annual campaigns conducted during the Arctic and Antarctic springs. Progressive improvements in radar hardware and data processing methodologies have led to improved data quality for subsequent retrieval of snow depth. Existing retrieval algorithms differ in the way the air–snow (a–s) and snow–ice (s–i) interfaces are detected and localized in the radar returns and in how the system limitations are addressed (e.g., noise, resolution). In 2014, the Snow Thickness On Sea Ice Working Group (STOSIWG) was formed and tasked with investigating how radar data quality affects snow depth retrievals and how retrievals from the various algorithms differ. The goal is to understand the limitations of the estimates and to produce a well-documented, long-term record that can be used for understanding broader changes in the Arctic climate system. Here, we assess five retrieval algorithms by comparisons with field measurements from two ground-based campaigns, including the BRomine, Ozone, and Mercury EXperiment (BROMEX) at Barrow, Alaska; a field program by Environment and Climate Change Canada at Eureka, Nunavut; and available climatology and snowfall from ERA-Interim reanalysis. The aim is to examine available algorithms and to use the assessment results to inform the development of future approaches. We present results from these assessments and highlight key considerations for the production of a long-term, calibrated geophysical record of springtime snow thickness over Arctic sea ice.
Territorio comunal en la costa de Ecuador: buscando caminos de entendimiento entre el buen vivir y el principio de bien común
Authors: G. Álvarez Litben Silvia
Published: November 2017

Parte de la población nativa de la costa ecuatoriana mantiene en propiedad común extensos territorios y recursos que usa y gestiona de forma colectiva desde la época colonial. Lo común se construye alrededor de un modo de vida que se sostiene en conductas participativas, deliberativas, y consensuadas, como principio político de relación social. La Constitución del Ecuador (2008) orientada por la filosofía del “Sumak Kawsay” o Buen Vivir (BV) identifica a las Comunas como una organización ancestral, incluidas en el nuevo marco de redistribución de recursos y reconocimiento cultural. Paradójicamente aunque se respeta la cosmovisión indígena y su bien común, en la práctica se legalizan planes de crecimiento económico y privatización de tierras que ignoran los derechos comunales. En esta tensión el bien común para el buen vivir debe adoptar nuevas formas de resistencia para mantener su articulación al mercado sin perder su capacidad de decisión colectiva.
¡Tierra y caciques! Del mal gobierno de los comunes y la restricción de la libertad
Authors: Iturralde Blanco Ignacio
Published: November 2017

Este artículo describe un contraejemplo a la teoría que sostiene que la restricción de la libertad es la solución al dilema de la tragedia de los comunes. Desde el exterior, es posible describir la explotación excesiva de las maderas nobles del bosque natural de una comunidad de Oaxaca como un caso de abuso, en el que muchos individuos destruyen un recurso limitado persiguiendo su propio interés. Si ese fuera el caso, se precisaría una autoridad que contuviera el daño al recurso compartido mediante la coerción, siguiendo a Garrett Hardin (1968, 1998). Sin embargo, la situación real tiene muy poco que ver con la lógica económica y la teoría de juegos que apoyan la tesis de dichos artículos. En realidad, esta sobreexplotación de la madera dura no está causada por la condición común de este recurso ni por el régimen de tenencia comunal, sino que es fruto precisamente de una autoridad coercitiva que restringe la libertad dentro de una lógica más cultural que económica, definida por la reciprocidad asimétrica, el patronazgo, la intermediación y el fraude de la protección. En consecuencia, es incorrecto calificar esta situación como un desastre de los comunes, tan trágico como inevitable.
Congenital Malformations Resembling VACTERL Association in a Golden Retriever
Authors: Gamito-Gómez Araceli , Gutierrez-Quintana Rodrigo , Wessmann Annette
Published: November 2017

A 2 mo old golden retriever presented with malformation of the left thoracic limb and a small circular indentation of the skin in the cranial thoracic spine. Radiographs showed a cleft between the second and fifth metacarpal bones of the left thoracic limb compatible with ectrodactyly and spina bifida affecting T4 and T5 vertebrae. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic spine showed dorsal reposition of the spinal cord and a tract connecting from the dura mater to the skin. No other malformations were detected. Surgical excision of the tract was performed and histopathological examination diagnosed a dermoid sinus type IV. Dermoid sinus and spina bifida are well-recognized congenital spinal and spinal cord defects, yet association with other congenital malformation are rarely reported in dogs. The here-reported dog had spinal and spinal cord abnormalities with concurrent limb malformation, which are two components of a nonrandom association of birth defects described as VACTERL in people. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing concurrent dermoid sinus type IV, spina bifida, and ectrodactyly in a dog, and highlights the importance of patient examination for occurrence of multiple malformations to provide an appropriate prognosis for an owner.
Short communication: The effect of changing temperature and agar concentration at proliferation stage in the final success of Aleppo pine somatic embryogenesis
Authors: Pereira Catia , Montalbán Itziar A. , Goicoa Tomás , Ugarte M. Dolores , Correia Sandra , Canhoto Jorge M. , Moncaleán Paloma
Published: November 2017

Aim of the study: The effect of physical and chemical conditions at proliferation stage was evaluated in order to elucidate if this stage is the determinant phase to induce a marked effect in Pinus halepensis somatic embryogenesis.Area of study: The study was conducted in research laboratories of Neiker (Arkaute, Spain).Material and methods: Pinus halepensis embryonal masses from ten embryogenic cell lines subjected to nine treatments (tissues cultured at three temperatures on media supplemented with three agar concentrations) at proliferation stage.Main results: Significant differences were observed among different proliferation conditions months later at the end of maturation, germination and acclimatization stages.Research highlights: Aleppo pine embryonal masses are cultured under standard conditions on a culture medium supplemented with 4.5 g/L Gelrite® at 23ºC. However, better results in terms of plantlet production can be obtained proliferating the embryonal masses at 18ºC in a culture media with significantly lower water availability.
TELEOLOGICAL ASSUMPTIONS IN THE PROCESS OF IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION OF BEST LOGISTICS PRACTICES
Authors: Chaberek Mirosław , Mańkowski Cezary
Published: November 2017

Problem of identification and evaluation of best logistics practices is not a new one, however it still causes a controversy on the methods of logistics practices assessment. Thus, the authors, based on the literature review, case study and their long experience at the area of logistics research decided to put under the readers critique their conception of teleological assumptions, based on 5R logistics aims (objectives, purposes) criteria, which can be used for the process of identification and evaluation of best logistics practices. The added value of this conception is expressed at a thesis (and developed at this paper) that the set of logistics aims can be understood, specified, or even parameterized, only in relation to the primary process (production, trade, service), which determines the right resource, the right quantity, the right location, the right time and the right cost (5R) towards its logistics support process.
THE NEW URBANISM APPROACH IN CITY LOGISTICS PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT. SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS ON THE GOTHENBURG AND GDANSK CASE STUDIES
Authors: Chaberek-Karwacka Grażyna
Published: November 2017

Cities nowadays, “contaminated” with motorization have become an area of contradictory traits: on the one hand, they are still centers of economic and social development, on the other hand their space has become unfriendly and even dangerous to residents and users. In the face of such problems, solutions must be taken to transform the cities’ spaces into friendly and livable along with improving the quality of citizens’ life. Unfortunately, the simplest and cheapest solutions can even have the opposite effects if they lead only to limiting the free flows of resources within urban space. The aim of the article is the comparative analysis of two cities Gdansk and Gothenburg to demonstrate the differences in the streets structure of both cities, and to demonstrate the solutions which make up Gothenburg’s public space, indeed public, and thus allow to all users for coexistence without limiting logistics of economics and social processes. Comparative analysis was done using a local vision and analysis of available literature sources. The article presents the infrastructure’s and organizational solutions used at the center of Gothenburg. Comparative analysis showed the differences in space with similar functions in Gdansk and Gothenburg. Analysis showed how people function within the space unfriendly for pedestrians and how space can change in favor of the inhabitants without losing its functions after applying various infrastructural and organizational solutions.