bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly transparent Sm2Zr2O7 ceramics with excellent dielectric performance
Authors: Li Shirui , Han Wenhan , Lu Kailei , Ma Kai , Ma Yao , Lu Tiecheng , Ye Yucheng , Qi Jianqi
Published: July 2023

Dielectric ceramic is one of the most significant dielectric materials utilized as capacitors, energy storage device, and 5G resonator antenna. To better expand its application potential as optoelectronic material, this work reports the fabrication of transparent Sm2Zr2 O7 dielectric ceramics. Single phase of the prepared samples was formed by simple solid-state reaction with high transmittance over 73%. High dielectric constant (∼23) and the low dielectric loss (<0.03) of Sm2Zr2O7 transparent ceramics were obtained at both the low and high frequency regions, which is twice of reported YAG and AlON transparent ceramics. Combining excellent optical property with outstanding dielectric performance, our work demonstrated that Sm2Zr2O7 transparent ceramics is potential as optoelectronic material.
Investigating the aerodynamic drag and noise characteristics of a standard squareback vehicle with inclined side-view mirror configurations using a hybrid computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach
Authors: Chode K. K. , Viswanathan H. , Chow K. , Reese H.
Published: July 2023

This study investigates the aerodynamic noise generated and radiated from a standard squareback body with various inclined side-view mirrors using a hybrid computational aeroacoustics method based on a stress-blended eddy simulation coupled with the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings acoustic analogy. The results indicate that in the absence of the side-view mirror, the idealized A-pillar is identified as the subsequent major contributor to the overall noise radiated from the vehicle body, and the coefficient of drag decreases by approximately 13.3% despite a minimal change in the projected frontal area. However, the behavior of the drag coefficient becomes nonlinear and highly dependent on the complex flow features, including the vortex shedding patterns and the interaction between the flow and side surface of the body, with increasing mirror inclination angle. In contrast, the radiated noise exhibits a constant decrease as the mirror inclination angle (θ) increases to 32°. Additionally, when the side-view mirror is considered as the sole source, the noise radiated is minimal for an inclination angle of 16°, and a further increase in inclination angle has no significant reduction on the noise radiated but alters the overall drag coefficient of the vehicle. These findings have practical implications for the design of side-view mirrors to reduce aerodynamic noise in automotive applications and highlight the complex tradeoffs between noise reduction and changes in the drag coefficient that must be considered in such designs.
Machine learning predictions of high-Curie-temperature materials
Authors: Belot Joshua F. , Taufour Valentin , Sanvito Stefano , Hart Gus L. W.
Published: July 2023

Technologies that function at room temperature often require magnets with a high Curie temperature, TC, and can be improved with better materials. Discovering magnetic materials with a substantial TC is challenging because of the large number of candidates and the cost of fabricating and testing them. Using the two largest known datasets of experimental Curie temperatures, we develop machine-learning models to make rapid TC predictions solely based on the chemical composition of a material. We train a random-forest model and a k-NN one and predict on an initial dataset of over 2500 materials and then validate the model on a new dataset containing over 3000 entries. The accuracy is compared for multiple compounds' representations (“descriptors”) and regression approaches. A random-forest model provides the most accurate predictions and is not improved by dimensionality reduction or by using more complex descriptors based on atomic properties. A random-forest model trained on a combination of both datasets shows that cobalt-rich and iron-rich materials have the highest Curie temperatures for all binary and ternary compounds. An analysis of the model reveals systematic error that causes the model to over-predict low-TC materials and under-predict high-TC materials. For exhaustive searches to find new high-TC materials, analysis of the learning rate suggests either that much more data is needed or that more efficient descriptors are necessary.
Electronic structure of boron and aluminum δ-doped layers in silicon
Authors: Campbell Quinn T. , Misra Shashank , Baczewski Andrew D.
Published: July 2023

Recent work on atomic-precision dopant incorporation technologies has led to the creation of both boron and aluminum δ-doped layers in silicon with densities above the solid solubility limit. We use density functional theory to predict the band structure and effective mass values of such δ layers, first modeling them as ordered supercells. Structural relaxation is found to have a significant impact on the impurity band energies and effective masses of the boron layers, but not the aluminum layers. However, disorder in the δ layers is found to lead to a significant flattening of the bands in both cases. We calculate the local density of states and doping potential for these δ-doped layers, demonstrating that their influence is highly localized with spatial extents at most 4 nm. We conclude that acceptor δ-doped layers exhibit different electronic structure features dependent on both the dopant atom and spatial ordering. This suggests prospects for controlling the electronic properties of these layers if the local details of the incorporation chemistry can be fine-tuned.
Easy approach of highly electrochemical-active maricite NaFePO4 cathode for low cost and high rate sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Lu Xinhao , Liu Xiao , Li Yuanhang , Wang Congling , Zhang Peng , Shi Peng , Xu Shuyin , Lyu Yingchun , Zhu Chengjun
Published: July 2023

Well-crystallized maricite NaFePO4 is thermodynamically stable but electrochemically inactive toward sodium owing to the close packed framework. An efficient activation-approach is to construct amorphous composites with carbon by the complex and energy-intensive synthetic process. Here, a facile approach was proposed by the combination of low-temperature sintering and ball milling, which is environmentally friendly and suitable for scalable synthesis. Quasi-amorphous maricite NaFePO4 was first prepared via reducing the calcination temperature to 350 °C. Amorphous composite NaFePO4/C was further obtained by ball milling of NaFePO4-350 °C with super P, which delivers a reversible capacity of 134 mAh g−1, closing to its theoretical capacity. More impressively, the NaFePO4/C electrode still demonstrates decent capacity-retention of ∼75.4% over 1000 cycles, which is encouraging for future research. Pairing with hard carbon anode, the (+)NaFePO4/C//HC(−) sodium-ion full cell delivers outstanding power density (169.9 Wh kg−1 calculated based on the total mass of positive and negative electrodes) and excellent cycling stability (84.5% capacity retention after 500 cycles at 5C), exhibiting powerful competitiveness compared with previously reported NaFePO4 based sodium-ion full cells. These results demonstrate the practical potential of maricite NaFePO4 cathode through low-temperature sintering.
FTIR matrix isolation study of CDF3 in the region of CD stretching vibration: The spectroscopic manifestation of the Fermi resonance effects
Authors: Asfin R. E. , Melikova S. M. , Domanskaya A. V. , Rutkowski K. S. , Shchepkin D. N.
Published: July 2023

The IR spectra of CDF3 in the solid Ar and N2 matrices were measured and analyzed in the region of the Fermi polyads 2ν4/ν1/2ν2/ν4 + ν5, complicated by a close Fermi resonance ν4/ν3 + ν6. The symmetry lifting effect, observed in the N2 matrix, was found helpful for an accurate assignment of the individual components. The anharmonic calculation of the potential energy surface and the dipole moment function was performed on the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level. The unperturbed values of vibrational eigenstates were determined in the region of ν1 (CD stretching vibration) in both matrices. The experimental findings and theoretical analysis are in good agreement.
Approaching pixel-level readout of SNSPD array by inductor-shaping pulse
Authors: Guan Yanqiu , Li Haochen , Zhang Labao , Dong Daxing , Wang Hao , Chen Qi , Guo Shuya , Zhang Biao , Zhang Xiao , Yang Zhuolin , Tu Xuecou , Zhao Qingyuan , Jia Xiaoqing , Chen Jian , Kang Lin , Wu Peiheng
Published: July 2023

Although many multiplexed arrays of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) have been reported, it is still a major challenge to develop pixel-level readout arrays with high efficiency, parallel detection, and fast processing for real-time imaging. Here, we report a SNSPD array with inductor-shaping pulses for approaching the pixel-level readout. Optimized inductors are introduced to shape the output pulses of each pixel, and the response pulses of all pixels are synthesized in a series-connected structure. Then, the on/off states of all pixels can be encoded to the widths, amplitudes, and areas of the output pulses by the single-channel readout. This proposal is verified by a 4-pixel SNSPD array and a 16-pixel SNSPD array. It shows that the array not only inherits the features of the single-pixel SNSPD, such as photosensitive area, filling factor, quantum efficiency, and dark count rate, but also implements parallel operation of all pixels, which is always confused in traditional multiplexed SNSPD arrays. At the same time, the single-channel readout simplifies the system, and the serial digital signal converted from the shaped pulse enabled an easy and fast readout process, paving the way for high performance and real-time imaging.
Combinatorial design of partial ordered Al–Cr–Mn–Co medium-entropy alloys for room temperature magnetic refrigeration applications
Authors: Huang Shuo , Dastanpour Esmat , Schönecker Stephan , Ström Valter , Chai Guocai , Kiss László Ferenc , Varga Lajos Károly , Jin Hongyun , Eriksson Olle , Vitos Levente
Published: July 2023

Multi-component alloys have received increasing interest for functional applications in recent years. Here, we explore the magnetocaloric response for Al–Cr–Mn–Co medium-entropy alloys by integrated theoretical and experimental methods. Under the guidance of thermodynamic and ab initio calculations, a dual-phase system with large magnetic moment, i.e., Al50Cr19Mn19Co12, is synthesized, and the structural and magnetocaloric properties are confirmed via characterization. The obtained results indicate that the selected alloy exhibits a co-continuous mixture of a disordered body-centered cubic and an ordered B2 phase. The ab initio and Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the presence of the ordered B2 phase is responsible for the substantial magnetocaloric effect. The magnetization measurements demonstrated that this alloy undergoes a second-order magnetic transition with the Curie temperature of ∼300 K. The magnetocaloric properties are examined using magnetic entropy change, refrigeration capacity, and adiabatic temperature change. The property-directed strategy explored here is intended to contribute to the study of potential multi-component alloys in magnetocaloric applications.
Silver nanoparticles protect tillering in drought-stressed wheat by improving leaf water relations and physiological functioning
Authors: Sarwar Muhammad , Saleem Muhammad Farrukh , Ullah Najeeb , Khan Muhammad Jahanzaib , Maqsood Hamza , Ahmad Hassaan , Tanveer Asif , Shahid Muhammad
Published: July 2023

The tillering phase of wheat (Triticum aestivum) crops is extremely susceptible to drought. We explored the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in protecting wheat genotypes from drought injury during this sensitive stage. After treating with AgNPs (60 ppm), the plants were submitted to different water levels; i.e. 100% field capacity (FC), 75% FC (mild drought), 50% FC (moderate drought) and 25% FC (severe drought) from 15 to 41 days after sowing (tillering phase). Leaf physiological data were collected at stress termination, while yield attributes were recorded at crop maturity. We found that increasing drought intensity significantly impaired leaf physiology and grain yield of both studied genotypes. Compared with control, moderately and severely drought-stressed plants produced 25% and 45% lesser grain yield per spike, respectively (averaged across genotypes and years of study). Likewise, moderate and severe drought reduced photosynthesis by 49% and 76%, respectively, compared with control. In contrast, AgNPs significantly restored leaf physiological functioning and grain yield formation at maturity. For example, under moderate and severe drought, AgNPs-treated plants produced 22% and 17% more grains per plant, respectively, than their respective water-treated plants. Our study suggests that exogenous AgNPs can protect wheat crops from drought during early development stages.
Social memory in female mice is rapidly modulated by 17β-estradiol through ERK and Akt modulation of synapse formation
Authors: Sheppard Paul A. S. , Chandramohan Deepthi , Lumsden Alanna , Vellone Daniella , Denley Matthew C. S. , Srivastava Deepak P. , Choleris Elena
Published: July 2023

Social memory is essential to the functioning of a social animal within a group. Estrogens can affect social memory too quickly for classical genomic mechanisms. Previously, 17β-estradiol (E2) rapidly facilitated short-term social memory and increased nascent synapse formation, these synapses being potentiated following neuronal activity. However, what mechanisms underlie and coordinate the rapid facilitation of social memory and synaptogenesis are unclear. Here, the necessity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling for rapid facilitation of short-term social memory and synaptogenesis was tested. Mice performed a short-term social memory task or were used as task-naïve controls. ERK and PI3K pathway inhibitors were infused intradorsal hippocampally 5 min before E2 infusion. Forty minutes following intrahippocampal E2 or vehicle administration, tissues were collected for quantification of glutamatergic synapse number in the CA1. Dorsal hippocampal E2 rapid facilitation of short-term social memory depended upon ERK and PI3K pathways. E2 increased glutamatergic synapse number (bassoon puncta positive for GluA1) in task-performing mice but decreased synapse number in task-naïve mice. Critically, ERK signaling was required for synapse formation/elimination in task-performing and task-naïve mice, whereas PI3K inhibition blocked synapse formation only in task-performing mice. While ERK and PI3K are both required for E2 facilitation of short-term social memory and synapse formation, only ERK is required for synapse elimination. This demonstrates previously unknown, bidirectional, rapid actions of E2 on brain and behavior and underscores the importance of estrogen signaling in the brain to social behavior.
Tunable nonlinear optical mapping in a multiple-scattering cavity
Authors: Eliezer Yaniv , Rührmair Ulrich , Wisiol Nils , Bittner Stefan , Cao Hui
Published: July 2023

Nonlinear disordered systems are not only a model system for fundamental studies but also in high demand for practical applications. However, optical nonlinearity based on intrinsic material response is weak in random scattering systems. Here, we propose and experimentally realize a highly nonlinear mapping between the scattering potential and the emerging light of a reconfigurable multiple-scattering cavity. A quantitative analysis of the degree of nonlinearity reveals its dependence on the number of scattering events. The effective order of nonlinear mapping can be tuned over a wide range at low optical lower. The strong nonlinear mapping enhances output intensity fluctuations and long-range correlations. The flexibility, robustness, and energy efficiency of our approach provides a versatile platform for exploring such nonlinear mappings for various applications.
Frame semantics in the lexical database SciE-Lex
Authors: Castaño Emilia , Verdaguer Clavera Isabel
Published: July 2023

This paper presents the introduction of frame semantics in SciE-Lex, a lexical database of biomedical English, in order to establish frame-based semantic networks among the lexical units contained in the database and draw attention to the domain-specific meanings and syntactic patterns that they exhibit. Taking the general English FrameNet database as a reference and the verbs diminish, compete, and perturb as an illustration, this paper shows how modelling the syntacticosemantic properties of biomedical English results in three scenarios: (a) the general English FrameNet analysis is fully adequate for biomedical usage (b) the frame elements in the general English FrameNet do not fully characterize the semantic and syntactic properties of the lexical items in biomedical English, so an existing frame needs to be customized (c) the frame(s) evoked in general English are different, so either the customization of an existing frame or the addition of a new frame is necessary.
Reply to comment on ‘Alpha decay of thermally excited nuclei’
Authors: Perez Velasquez J E , Kelkar N G , Caballero O L
Published: July 2023

A recent Comment by P Mohr has discussed our results for 212Po within the statistical approach, presented in our paper. Following the comment, we have recalculated the 212Po half-lives at elevated temperatures and confirm that there is indeed a decrease in the half-lives with increasing ambient temperatures, however, it is not as large as we reported for this approach. The overestimate was due to a numerical error in one of the calculations. In this reply we provide further discussions, and a new table has been provided here and in a corrigendum.
Oscillation dynamics of m/n= 3/1 double tearing mode
Authors: Lu X Q , Guo W , Ma Z W , Zhang H W , Guo W F
Published: July 2023

This study systematically investigates the roles of the plasma viscosity and resistivity in the oscillation dynamics during the decay phase of the m/n = 3/1 double tearing mode using the Ci-Liu-Ti (CLT) code. The primary objectives of this research are to examine the driving and suppressing mechanisms of the oscillation. The oscillation and steady-state are the result of the competition between the external injection and the reconnection annihilation of magnetic flux during the decay phase. In a regime with a higher viscosity (or a lower resistivity), the steady-state arises from the significant damping (weak generation) of plasma flows, resulting in the formation of saturated islands. In a regime with a lower viscosity (or a higher resistivity), the suppression of the oscillation amplitude can be attributed to a strong residual flow that quickly takes the injected magnetic flux away toward to the reconnection region, which caused no enough accumulated magnetic flux to drive oscillations and the system evolves toward a steady-state configuration. The steady-state condition results in the generation of a narrow radial vortex region which promotes formation of internal transport barriers. The upper threshold of the resistivity within the low-resistivity regime to achieve a steady-state decreases as the viscosity increases.
Invariance analysis of thermophoretic motion equation depicting the wrinkle propagation in substrate-supported Graphene sheets
Authors: Usman M , Hussain A , Zaman F D
Published: July 2023

This article discusses the thermophoretic motion (TM) equation that is used to describe soliton-like thermophoresis of wrinkles in Graphene sheet based on the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation. Wrinkle-like exact solutions are constructed using the Lie group method and modified auxiliary equation (MAE) approach. A graphic analysis of the solutions is done to show how various parameters may change the attributes of the solutions, such as breadth, amplitude, shape, and open direction.
Euclid: modelling massive neutrinos in cosmology — a code
comparison
Authors:   Euclid Consortium
Published: July 2023

The measurement of the absolute neutrino mass scale from cosmological
large-scale clustering data is one of the key science goals of the
Euclid mission. Such a measurement relies on
precise modelling of the impact of neutrinos on structure formation, which
can be studied with N -body simulations. Here we
present the results from a major code comparison effort to establish the
maturity and reliability of numerical methods for treating massive
neutrinos. The comparison includes eleven full N
-body implementations (not all of them independent), two
N -body schemes with approximate time
integration, and four additional codes that directly predict or emulate the
matter power spectrum. Using a common set of initial data we quantify the
relative agreement on the nonlinear power spectrum of cold dark matter and
baryons and, for the N -body codes, also the
relative agreement on the bispectrum, halo mass function, and halo bias. We
find that the different numerical implementations produce fully consistent
results. We can therefore be confident that we can model the impact of
massive neutrinos at the sub-percent level in the most common summary
statistics. We also provide a code validation pipeline for future reference.
The ALMA Interferometric Pipeline Heuristics
Authors: Hunter Todd R. , Indebetouw Remy , Brogan Crystal L. , Berry Kristin , Chang Chin-Shin , Francke Harold , Geers Vincent C. , Gómez Laura , Hibbard John E. , Humphreys Elizabeth M. , Kent Brian R. , Kepley Amanda A. , Kunneriath Devaky , Lipnicky Andrew , Loomis Ryan A. , Mason Brian S. , Masters Joseph S. , Maud Luke T. , Muders Dirk , Sabater Jose , Sugimoto Kanako , Szűcs László , Vasiliev Eugene , Videla Liza , Villard Eric , Williams Stewart J. , Xue Rui , Yoon Ilsang
Published: July 2023

We describe the calibration and imaging heuristics developed and deployed in the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) interferometric data processing pipeline, as of ALMA Cycle 9 operations. The pipeline software framework is written in Python, with each data reduction stage layered on top of tasks and toolkit functions provided by the Common Astronomy Software Applications package. This framework supports a variety of tasks for observatory operations, including science data quality assurance, observing mode commissioning, and user reprocessing. It supports ALMA and Very Large Array interferometric data along with ALMA and NRO 45 m single dish data, via different stages and heuristics. In addition to producing calibration tables, calibrated measurement sets, and cleaned images, the pipeline creates a WebLog which serves as the primary interface for verifying the quality assurance of the data by the observatory and for examining the contents of the data by the user. Following the adoption of the pipeline by ALMA Operations in 2014, the heuristics have been refined through annual prioritized development cycles, culminating in a new pipeline release aligned with the start of each ALMA Cycle of observations. Initial development focused on basic calibration and flagging heuristics (Cycles 2–3), followed by imaging heuristics (Cycles 4–5). Further refinement of the flagging and imaging heuristics, including the introduction of parallel processing, proceeded for Cycles 6–7. In the 2020 release, the algorithm to identify channels to use for continuum subtraction and imaging was substantially improved by the addition of a moment difference analysis. A spectral renormalization stage was added for the 2021 release (Cycle 8) to correct high spectral resolution visibility data acquired on targets exhibiting strong celestial line emission in their autocorrelation spectra. The calibration heuristics used in the low signal-to-noise regime were improved for the 2022 release (Cycle 9). In the two most recent Cycles, 97% of ALMA data sets were calibrated and imaged with the pipeline, ensuring long-term automated reproducibility of results. We conclude with a brief description of plans for future additions, including a self-calibration stage, support for multi-configuration imaging, and complete calibration and imaging of full polarization data.
Microscopic mechanism of nucleation and growth of helium bubbles in monovacancy in tungsten: helium regulates the charged states of tungsten atoms
Authors: Fu Zhao-Zhong , Wang Jiong-Rong , Pan B.C.
Published: July 2023

In fusion reactor, tungsten (W) has been selected as a candidate for plasma-facing materials due to its excellent properties. However, W-PFMs suffer from helium (He) bubbles where He atoms are produced during deuterium tritium fusion in fusion reactors. To date, there have been few contributions to uncovering the formation of He bubbles from the perspective of the microscopic electronic structure of He-mediated tungsten. In this work, we develop a tight-binding potential model for the W–He interaction to study He atom aggregation and nucleation in the electronic ground state as well as in different electronic excited states. The most important finding of this paper is that caused by the He atoms in the vacancy, some d-orbital electrons of the W atoms at the inner wall of the vacancy are transferred to the W atoms farther away from the vacancy, leading to the feature of positively charged W ions at the inner wall of the vacancy. As the number of He atoms in the vacancy increases, these W ions become more cationic. Under the repulsion between these adjacent cationic ions, the volume of vacancies increases, and more He atoms tend to gather and nucleate there. At the same time, the enhancement of the electronic excitation can also promote the abovementioned electron transfer between W atoms and further increase the vacancy volume, which increases the self-aggregation of the He atoms in the vacancy. Our results shed new light on understanding He self-aggregation in many different metal materials.
Full counting statistics and symmetry resolved entanglement for free conformal theories with interface defects
Authors: Capizzi Luca , Murciano Sara , Calabrese Pasquale
Published: July 2023

We consider the ground state of two species of one-dimensional critical free theories coupled together via a conformal interface. They have an internalU(1) global symmetry and we investigate the quantum fluctuations of the total charge on one side of the interface, giving analytical predictions for the full counting statistics, the charged moments of the reduced density matrix and the symmetry resolved Rényi entropies. Our approach is based on the relation between the geometry with the defect and the homogeneous one, and it provides a way to characterize the spectral properties of the correlation functions restricted to one of the two species. Our analytical predictions are tested numerically, finding a perfect agreement.
The layout of the radiation shielding of the CSPEC neutron time-of-flight spectrometer at ESS — a Monte Carlo study
Authors: Grünauer Florian , Deen Pascale
Published: July 2023

At the European Spallation Source (ESS) the neutron
time-of-flight spectrometer CSPEC (Cold Chopper Spectrometer) is
under construction. In order to keep the background radiation level
low for neighboring instruments and to meet the radiation protection
requirements of the facility, a radiation shielding around the
spectrometer is necessary. For optimization and planning of the
radiation shielding, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out by
help of the Monte Carlo codes MCNP6 and McStas. The necessary
shielding thickness as well as the influence of gaps, breakthroughs,
doors, different samples, a beam catcher and Bragg reflections were
determined by simulations. The choice of the shielding material
(ordinary concrete) is described. The influence of variations in the
concrete composition on the dose rate was examined. It is shown that
γ-radiation from neutron capture reactions is in all cases
the dominant contribution to the dose rate outside the
shielding. The simulation results for the final version of the
instrument shielding are presented in this paper.
An 8 GeV linac as the Booster replacement in the Fermilab Power Upgrade
Authors: Neuffer D. , Belomestnykh S. , Johnson D. , Padamsee H. , Posen S. , Pozdeyev E. , Pronskikh V. , Saini A. , Solyak N. , Yakovlev V.
Published: July 2023

Increasing the Main Injector beam power above ∼ 1.2 MW
requires replacement of the 8 GeV Booster by a higher intensity
alternative. In this paper, we consider an 8 GeV linac Booster
replacement that produces 8 GeV H- beam for injection into the
Recycler Ring or Main Injector. This upgrade will maximize the beam
available for neutrino production for the long baseline DUNE
experiment to greater than 2.5 MW and enable a next generation of
intensity frontier experiments. The 8 GeV linac takes ∼ 1 GeV
beam from the PIP-II Linac and accelerates it to ∼ 2 GeV in a
650 MHz superconducting RF linac, followed by a ∼ 2 to 8 GeV
pulsed linac using 1300 MHz cryomodules. The linac components
incorporate recent improvements in superconducting RF
technology. The linac configuration and beam dynamics requirements
are presented. Injection options are discussed, including use of an
8 GeV Accumulator Ring. Foil-based injection is the present
standard but R&D toward implementing laser-assisted injection could
enable a significant improvement. Research needed to implement the
Booster replacement is described.
Data-driven approaches demonstrate legacy N accumulation in Upper Mississippi River Basin groundwater
Authors: Van Meter Kimberly J , Schultz Victor O , Chang Shuyu Y
Published: July 2023

Increases in nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, livestock densities, and human population over the last century have led to substantial increases in nitrate contamination. While increases in riverine N loads are well-documented, the total magnitude of N accumulation in groundwater remains unknown. Here we provide a first data-driven estimate of N mass accumulation in groundwater within the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB), an area of intensive row-crop agriculture and the primary contributor to Gulf of Mexico hypoxia. Using approximately 49 000 groundwater nitrate well concentration values and a suite of geospatial predictors, we developed a Random Forest model to produce gridded predictions of depth-varying nitrate concentrations. Our results suggest that approximately 15 Tg of N (328 ± 167 kg-N ha−1) is currently stored in UMRB groundwater recharged over the last 50 years. For context, we compare these predictions to those from a lumped statistical model, which predicts accumulation of 387 ± 133 kg-N ha−1, as well as to a simple N mass balance model of the UMRB, which puts an upper bound on accumulation of approximately 1000 kg-N ha−1 (1967–2017). These findings highlight the importance of considering legacy N when forecasting future water quality, as N in the subsurface will continue to impair drinking water quality and elevate surface water N concentrations for decades to come.
Quantifying synergistic effects of multi-temporal ecosystem service bundles for degraded ecosystem restoration: a case study in Hubei Province, China
Authors: Liu Wenping , Yu Peimeng
Published: July 2023

Ecological restoration is vital for combating ecosystem degradation and enhancing ecosystem services. However, conventional approaches typically tend to focus on a single ecosystem service at a particular time, resulting in a limited understanding of the interactions and trade-offs among various services. This study proposes a novel method that utilizes ecosystem service bundles (ESBs) over time to identify degraded areas of prioritize restoration efforts. By employing ESBs, double-counting is avoided, and accuracy is improved. In this study, the area of degraded ecosystems identified based on ESBs accounted for approximately 40.27% of the total area of individual ecosystem service degradation. Restoration measures are shown to vary in effectiveness for different ESBs across different scenarios, with land-to-lake restoration improving ESB II (flood regulation services), while other measures significantly enhance ESB I (pollination services, habitat provision services, and carbon sequestration services). Strengthening shelterbelts on both sides of rivers, lakes and wetlands, as well as expanding habitat restoration scope, can effectively improve both ESB I and ESB II. Artificial afforestation can boost all three ESBs simultaneously, but its impact is limited due to land availability. Restoration efforts may also result in trade-offs, with ESB III (water production services and soil conservation services) declining. The findings provide decision-makers with a useful tool for prioritizing ecological restoration areas and selecting appropriate restoration measures to enhance multiple ecosystem services synergistically.
Oxylipin concentration shift in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients
Authors: Borras Eva , McCartney Mitchell M , Rojas Dante E , Hicks Tristan L , Tran Nam K , Tham Tina , Juarez Maya M , Franzi Lisa , Harper Richart W , Davis Cristina E , Kenyon Nicholas J
Published: July 2023

Infection of airway epithelial cells with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to severe respiratory tract damage and lung injury with hypoxia. It is challenging to sample the lower airways non-invasively and the capability to identify a highly representative specimen that can be collected in a non-invasive way would provide opportunities to investigate metabolomic consequences of COVID-19 disease. In the present study, we performed a targeted metabolomic approach using liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution chromatography (LC-MS) on exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collected from hospitalized COVID-19 patients (COVID+) and negative controls, both non-hospitalized and hospitalized for other reasons (COVID−). We were able to noninvasively identify and quantify inflammatory oxylipin shifts and dysregulation that may ultimately be used to monitor COVID-19 disease progression or severity and response to therapy. We also expected EBC-based biochemical oxylipin changes associated with COVID-19 host response to infection. The results indicated ten targeted oxylipins showing significative differences between SAR-CoV-2 infected EBC samples and negative control subjects. These compounds were prostaglandins A2 and D2, LXA4, 5-HETE, 12-HETE, 15-HETE, 5-HEPE, 9-HODE, 13-oxoODE and 19(20)-EpDPA, which are associated with specific pathways (i.e. P450, COX, 15-LOX) related to inflammatory and oxidative stress processes. Moreover, all these compounds were up-regulated by COVID+, meaning their concentrations were higher in subjects with SAR-CoV-2 infection. Given that many COVID-19 symptoms are inflammatory in nature, this is interesting insight into the pathophysiology of the disease. Breath monitoring of these and other EBC metabolites presents an interesting opportunity to monitor key indicators of disease progression and severity.
Effect of gradient temperature rolling process on precipitation behavior in Q690D steel
Authors: Gao Zhao-hai , Yu Wei , Xu Shao-pu , Chen Xu , Cai Qing-wu
Published: July 2023

In this paper, the second phase precipitation model is incorporated into the finite element simulation system of hot rolling process through the secondary development subprogram VUSDFLD of ABAQUS, and the simulation analysis and calculation of nucleation rate, volume fraction and size of precipitates under different temperature fields and strain fields are realized. The size, morphology and distribution of the microalloyed carbonitride precipitates in Q690D steel under gradient temperature rolling (GTR) and uniform temperature rolling (UTR) were studied by laboratory rolling experiments. The results show that the nucleation sites of the microalloyed carbonitride precipitates in the matrix increase under GTR, which is conducive to the nucleation of new precipitates and promotes the re dissolution of large precipitates. Finally, after tempering, the precipitate particles are distributed randomly on the ferrite matrix, and the size is refined by 20 ∼ 35 nm, resulting in obvious precipitation strengthening and microstructure refining effects.
A Clinic-Based Measure of Everyday Planning Ability: The Overnight Trip Task
Authors: Brown Katelyn D , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen
Published: July 2023

Objective

Traditional measures of cognitive abilities most used by neuropsychologists are generally low in ecological validity and only capture a small proportion of the variance of a person’s true functional capacity. This study evaluates the association between clinic-based performance and parallel real-world completion of an everyday planning test, the Overnight Trip Task (OTT).

Method

A cross-sectional cohort of 65 community-dwelling older adults completed a battery of cognitive assessments and two formats of the OTT: the paper-and-pencil clinic OTT, which was completed remotely through video conferencing (Zoom), and the parallel real-world OTT (RW-OTT), which was completed at home between sessions. Both formats required participants to plan for what they would pack and prepare for a hypothetical overnight trip based on a provided story that included rules and embedded contingencies.

Results

The clinic OTT demonstrated a small-to-moderate relationship with the RW-OTT (r = 0.35) and no relationship with measures of learning, long delay recall, an executive function composite, and a measure of everyday planning. Hierarchical regressions indicated that the clinic OTT demonstrated incremental validity above an executive function composite measure and global cognition when predicting self-reported everyday functioning and RW-OTT performance.

Conclusions

The clinic OTT showed only modest association with the RW-OTT and discriminate but not convergent validity was demonstrated. The clinic OTT showed incremental validity when predicting self-reported everyday functioning and RW-OTT performance above more traditional measures. Before the clinic OTT could be considered a reliable and valid clinic-based measure for predicting real-world behavior, additional research would be needed.
Testing phylogenetic signal with categorical traits and tree uncertainty
Authors: Ribeiro Diogo , Borges Rui , Rocha Ana Paula , Antunes Agostinho
Published: July 2023

The phylogenetic signal, frequently used to identify signatures of adaptive evolution or important associations between genes and phenotypes, measures the tendency for recently diverged species to resemble each other more than distantly related species. An example of such a measure is the δ statistic, which uses Shannon entropy to measure the degree of phylogenetic signal between a categorical trait and a phylogeny. In this study, we refined this statistic to account for tree uncertainty, resulting in more accurate assessments of phylogenetic associations. In addition, we provided a more accessible and computationally efficient implementation of the δ statistic that will facilitate its use by the evolutionary community.

Availability and implementation

github.com/diogo-s-ribeiro/delta-statistic.
LegNet: a best-in-class deep learning model for short DNA regulatory regions
Authors: Penzar Dmitry , Nogina Daria , Noskova Elizaveta , Zinkevich Arsenii , Meshcheryakov Georgy , Lando Andrey , Rafi Abdul Muntakim , de Boer Carl , Kulakovskiy Ivan V
Published: July 2023

Motivation

The increasing volume of data from high-throughput experiments including parallel reporter assays facilitates the development of complex deep-learning approaches for modeling DNA regulatory grammar.

Results

Here, we introduce LegNet, an EfficientNetV2-inspired convolutional network for modeling short gene regulatory regions. By approaching the sequence-to-expression regression problem as a soft classification task, LegNet secured first place for the autosome.org team in the DREAM 2022 challenge of predicting gene expression from gigantic parallel reporter assays. Using published data, here, we demonstrate that LegNet outperforms existing models and accurately predicts gene expression per se as well as the effects of single-nucleotide variants. Furthermore, we show how LegNet can be used in a diffusion network manner for the rational design of promoter sequences yielding the desired expression level.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/autosome-ru/LegNet. The GitHub repository includes Jupyter Notebook tutorials and Python scripts under the MIT license to reproduce the results presented in the study.
Exposing and exploiting host–parasite arms race clues in SARS-CoV-2: a principally new method for improved T cell immunogenicity prediction
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav , Králová Lesná Ivana , Zahradník Daniel
Published: July 2023

Computational prediction of T cell epitopes is a crucial component in the development of novel vaccines. T cells in a healthy vertebrate host can recognize as non-self only those peptides that are present in the parasite’s proteins but absent in the host’s proteins. This principle enables us to determine the current and past host specificity of a parasite and to predict peptides capable of eliciting a T cell response. Building upon the detailed mapping of T cell clone specificity for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens, we employed Monte Carlo tests to determine that empirically confirmed T cell-stimulating peptides have a significantly increased proportion of pentapeptides, hexapeptides and heptapeptides not found in the human proteome (P < 0.0001, Cohen’s d > 4.9). We observed a lower density of potential pentapeptide targets for T cell recognition in the spike protein from the human-adapted SARS-CoV-2 ancestor compared to 10 other SARS-CoV-2 proteins originating from the horseshoe bat-adapted ancestor. Our novel method for predicting T cell immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 peptides is four times more effective than previous approaches. We recommend utilizing our theory-based method where efficient empirically based algorithms are unavailable, such as in the development of certain veterinary vaccines, and combining it with empirical methods in other cases for optimal results.
Advancing Access to Diagnostic Tools Essential for Universal Health Coverage and Antimicrobial Resistance Prevention: An Overview of Trials in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Olliaro Piero , Nkeramahame Juvenal , Salami Olawale , Moore Catrin E , Horgan Philip , Baiden Rita , Kukula Vida , Adjei Alexander , Kapisi James , Hopkins Heidi , Kaawa-Mafigiri David , Ekusai-Sebatta Deborah , Rutebemberwa Elizeus , Kitutu Freddy Eric , Tinto Halidou , Kiemde François , Compaoré Adélaïde , Valia Daniel , Dittrich Sabine ,   the ADIP study group, Awor Phyllis , Ekusai-Sebatta Deborah , Hopkins Heidi , Kaawa–Mafigiri David , Kapisi James , Kitutu Freddy Eric , Rutebemberwa Elizeus , Sserwanga Asadu , Adjei Alexander , Arthur Emmanuel , Awini Elizabeth , Baiden Rita , Kukula Vida , Narh Clement Tetteh , Odonkor Gabriel , Odopey Selase , Williams John , Compaoré Adélaïde , Kiemde François , Tinto Halidou , Valia Daniel
Published: July 2023

We introduce the Antimicrobial Resistance Diagnostic Use Accelerator program, and the articles in this Supplement, which cover the program in 3 sub-Saharan Africa countries.
A temperature-dependent phenology model for Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Sporleder Marc , Gamarra Heidy , Carhuapoma Pablo , Goicochea Luis , Kroschel Jürgen , Kreuze Jan
Published: July 2023

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), is widespread across tropical and subtropical regions, affecting hundreds of cultivated and wild plant species. Because the species transmits a variety of viruses, the whitefly has become one of the most economically significant insect pests in the world. Determining a pest’s population growth potential as a function of temperature is critical for understanding a species population dynamics, predicting the potential range of the species and its associated diseases, and designing adaptive pest management strategies. The life history of B. tabaci MEAM1 was studied in life-table experiments at 7 constant temperatures ranging from 12 to 35 °C. Nonlinear equations were fitted to development, mortality, and reproduction data and compiled into an overall phenology rate-summation model using Insect Life Cycle Modeling (ILCYM) software, to simulate life-table parameters based on temperature. Life tables of B. tabaci MEAM1 observed at naturally variable temperature in La Molina, Lima, during different seasons, covering the entire temperature range of the species’ predicted performance curve, were used to validate the model. Simulations predicted population growth within temperature between 13.9 and 33.4 °C, revealing a maximum finite rate of population increase (λ = 1.163), with a generation time of 33.3 days at 26.4 °C. Predicted species performance agreed well when compared against observed life tables and published data. The process-based physiological model presented here for B. tabaci MEAM1 should prove useful to predict the potential spatial distribution of the species based on temperature and to adjust pest control measures taking different population growth potentials due to prevailing temperature regimes into account.
A guide to navigating administrative data linkage for research
Authors: Singh Gursharan K , Bowers Alison P
Published: July 2023

Data linkage brings together information from various sources, including routinely collected administrative data or data from different research studies, to create a new, richer dataset. It provides insights into complex relationships between health and outcomes and evidence pathways to good health. However, when considering data linkage, there are several processes and practicality aspects that need to be explored. Some of these include understanding the costs, complexity of linkage, data storage requirements, required applications, and time lags. Taking these practicalities into consideration will lead to a more efficient process for data linkage.
Freedom of Expression as a Rationale for IP Protection
Authors: Izyumenko Elena
Published: July 2023

This article revisits the discussion on the rationales for intellectual property (IP) protection by addressing a particular justificatory theory for IP that had come to the forefront of legal discussions in recent years – the theory based on freedom of expression and information. This modern vision of IP focuses on the communicative nature of IP subject-matter and of IP as a legal regime. Firstly, this article reviews the Kantian theory of copyright that lies at the origins of any modern discussions on the communicative nature of IP regulation with the aim of answering whether IP should be more properly conceived as the system for regulating communication. It then looks at the readings of this theory by contemporary copyright scholars and considers applicability of the communicative theory to other areas of IP such as trademarks and patents. The analysis then proceeds towards looking at the freedom of expression dimension of the ‘classic’ IP theories. Reflecting on this matter is important as the rationales for IP protection influence virtually all spheres of IP’s legal regulation, including – first and foremost – the reach of IP holders’ entitlements.