bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Studies on Irradiated Protozoa. I. Effect of Metabolites on the Respiration of X‐Irradiated Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: ROTH J. S. , Fiorentino Eileen , Henry Eleanor , Wiercinski Carol
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. When Tetrahymena suspended in water were given increasing doses of radiation, oxygen consumption decreased with increasing dose, reaching 60–90% at 600,000 r. Cells irradiated in 0.07 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, showed no significant decrease in oxygen consumption even at 600,000 r. The decrease in respiration observed on irradiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis W in water with 300,000 r of X‐radiation was prevented by addition of pyruvate or acetate during or immediately after irradiation. Pyruvate stimulated the respiration of the X‐irradiated cells, particularly at 10 and 60 min post‐irradiation.

Lactate markedly stimulated the respiration of control suspensions of Tetrahymena cells and oxidation of lactate by cells irradiated with 300,000 r was increased by 20 to 100%, depending on the concentration of lactate and the time after irradiation. Pyruvate was considerably more effective than lactate in increasing O2 uptake of X‐irradiated cells, particularly at 10 min post‐irradiation. Thioctic acid affected neither the respiration of control or X‐irradiated Tetrahymena nor the oxidation of pyruvate.

The growth lag of Tetrahymena increased proportionately with increasing radiation dose; no cells survived 600,000 r. The presence of metabolites during irradiation did not affect the lag period or subsequent growth rates. The effects observed were discussed in terms of an alteration of the permeability of Tetrahymena after irradiation.
Carotenoid Production by Streptomycin‐Bleached Euglena
Authors: SMILLIE ROBERT M. , RIGOPOULOS N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Streptomycin‐bleached Euglena gracilis, strain Z, was cultivated under conditions which yielded good growth rates and high cell densities. Dividing cells produced only small amounts of carotenoid. After the cessation of cell division the carotenoid content of the cells increased rapidly. During the major period of carotenoid synthesis the cell number remained unchanged but the packed cell volume decreased. Some similar observations on carotenoid production by normal dark‐grown Euglena are noted.
Steroid Requirements of Trichomonads*
Authors: LUND PAULINE G. , SHORB MARY S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The steroid requirement of a Trypticase‐requiring strain, SLT, of Trichomonas gallinae on the Shorb‐Lund synthetic basal medium minus ribonucleic acid was fulfilled by cholesterol, 7‐dehydrocholesterol(provitamin D3), cholestanol (dihydrocholesterol), and to a lesser degree, by ergosterol (provitamin D2), β‐sitosterol and zymosterol acetate. Cholestanol was inhibitory at certain concentrations. All steroids were subsequently checked by gas chromatography. Only cholesterol and zymosterol acetate showed one peak, the others containing 2 to 4 peaks. Repurified cholestanol was active and showed no inhibition of growth, but repurified β‐sitosterol was inactive. The following were also inactive: diethylstilbestrol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, testosterone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, cortisone acetate, compound A, 5,6‐dihydro‐ergosterol, dihydroergosterol acetate, stigmasterol, sodium taurocholate, cholic acid, methyl desoxycholate, desoxycholic acid and methyl cholate. Precursors in cholesterol synthesis, acetate, mevalonic acid, mevalonic acid plus a liver extract and squalene were inactive in replacing cholesterol, although acetate is required for growth in the presence of cholesterol. Crystalline fat soluble vitamins, carotene, calciferol (vitamin D2), activated 7‐dehydrocholesterol (vitamin D3), menadione (vitamin K3) and tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E acetate) were inactive in replacing cholesterol.

Trichomonas species PN from the pig's nose utilized cholesterol, 7‐dehydrocholesterol and the impure β‐sitosterol sample in a modified SL medium with acetate omitted. A reinvestigation of steroid requirements seems to be indicated when a completely synthetic medium and pure steroids are available.
Relationships between Feeding Organelles and Encystment in Oxytricha fallax Stein
Authors: HASHIMOTO KANEJI
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In Oxytricha fallax, extrusion of all the excretory crystals and some refractile bodies occurs when food is with held. The precystic animals thus resulting become transparent and undergo dedifferentiation of organelles. First the undulating membrane and cytostome are entirely resorbed, producing astomial forms. Then the adoral membranelles vanish gradually, accompanying which the somatic ciliature such as the cirri comes to be resorbed. Occasionally, early precystic animals retaining the intact feeding organelles reorganize spontaneously (physiological regeneration), but they become irreversibly encystable by high‐temperature treatment; for hastening resorption of feeding organelles accelerates encystment.

When transparent animals at various precystic stages are cut in half the posterior fragment (PF) always encysts faster than the anterior one (AF) from the same parent, except that some of the AFs from early stages reorganize into normal vegetative forms. The time difference for completion of encystment between an AF and PF pair is at early stages larger than at later ones. If the anterior part of AF is further excised, the time difference for encystment between AF and PF from the same source becomes smaller or indistinguishable, with the exception that some AFs from early stages regenerate instead. Further, when the anterior part of whole precystic animals is removed, the time for their encystment is reduced. Also in this case, the fragments from early stages normally regenerate.

From these results, it is presumed that the adoral membranelles tend to inhibit the encystment process as they do the initiation of an oral primordium in dividers and regenerants of Stentor and other ciliates. Accordingly, when resorption of membranelles becomes extensive as precystic processes progress, their dominance over and inhibition of cyst formation may be diminishing. From the fact that regeneration of fragments from early stages into normal forms may be due to retention of the undulating membrane, its resorption is considered to be an essential prerequisite for the initiation of irreversible encystment.
Limits of Transplantation Tolerance in Large Amoebae. I. Microfusion Studies Using Amoeba proteus, Pelomyxa illinoisensis, and Three Strains of Pelomyxa carolinensis*
Authors: DANIELS E. W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Protoplasm transferred to a multinucleated amoeba is well tolerated if the donor and recipient portions are from the same amoeba, from different amoebae of a single clone, from different amoebae of the same species found in a given location, or from different amoebae of the same species found in widely separated geographic areas. On the other hand, protoplasm is not tolerated and death invariably follows interspecific or intergeneric microtransfers between any two of the three species of amoebae used in this study.

Attempts to overcome the tolerance block in heterologous transfers by the use of x‐radiation failed although a significant extension of the mean survival time was obtained. The latter can also be interpreted as a limited therapeutic effect of nonirradiated, heterologous donor protoplasm on supralethally irradiated recipients.
Partial Characterization of Hexokinase from Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris*
Authors: BELSKY MELVIN M. , SCHULTZ JESSICA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A partially purified hexokinase extracted from Euglena had the following properties: 1) pH optimum 8.0–8.5; 2) an absolute requirement for Mg++ and adenosine triphosphate with Mn++, Co++, Zn++, and Ca++ less active or inactive under the test conditions. Inosine triphosphate could not be substituted for adenosine triphosphate; 3) an apparent Km (glucose) of 5 × 10−4 M; 4) the enzyme was not inhibited by the usual sulfhydryl agents, but was inhibited 24% by adenosine diphosphate. The extract phosphorylated fructose and mannose. It was not clear whether a separate enzyme phosphorylated fructose. Relative rates of phosphorylation, as determined by labile phosphate analyses, were: glucose, 1.00; fructose, 1.19; mannose, 0.56. The partially purified extract also contained phosphohexose isomerase activity; 6‐phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase was absent. Euglena hexokinase is apparently localized in the cytoplasmic or small‐particle fraction of the cell. In most respects the enzyme seems to resemble the well‐characterized yeast hexokinase rather than the muscle enzyme.
Production of a Vitamin B12 Compound by Tetrahymenids*
Authors: ERWIN JOSEPH A. , HOLZ GEORGE G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Production of a “vitamin B22‐like compound” by Tetrahymena pyriformis mating type II, variety 1, and 3 other tetrahymenids was demonstrated. The compound produced by T. pyriformis was nutritionally active for Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus leichmannii and inert for Ochromonas malhamensis and Euglena gracilis, despite use of a variety of the standard methods for liberating bound B12. By dry‐weight it is present in 1 part in 30 million. Its chromatographic and electrophoretic properties are described.
Suppression of Urethan‐Induced Growth Inhibition of Poteriochromonas stipitata*
Authors: ISENB HENRY D. , SEIFTER ELI , BERKMAN JAMES I. , MUELLER ANNETTE , HENSON EDWARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In cultures of Poteriochromonas stipitata the growth of which was inhibited by urethan the deoxyribosenucleic acid‐nitrogen fraction was affected most. Thymine and some of its postulated precursors prevented this growth inhibition.
Observations on Neobursaridium gigas Balech, 1941 (Ciliata Heterotrichida)
Authors: NILSSON JYTTE R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A large heterotrich ciliate (Family: Bursariidae) found in a papyrus swamp in Uganda was used for oxygen tension experiments by Beadle & Nilsson, 1959, under the name of Bursaria sp. This organism has now been identified as Neobursaridium gigas Balech. The morphology of the organism was studied in living and stained specimens, especially with the silver impregnation technique, and the present findings are compared to those of Balech.
Intracellular Phagotrophy in Babesia rodhaini as Revealed by Electron Microscopy*
Authors: RUDZINSKA MARIA A. , TRAGER WILLIAM
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study of thin sections of Babesia rodhaini parasitizing mouse erythrocytes showed that this intracellular parasite feeds on its host cell in the same way as do malarial parasites. Large portions of erythrocyte cytoplasm are engulfed by invaginations of the plasma membrane leading to the formation of food vacuoles. The digestion of hemoglobin seems to be complete in Babesia since no pigment (hemozoin) could be detected either in the food vacuoles or in the cytoplasm.

The fine structure of Babesia rodhaini is very similar to that of Plasmodium berghei. In both, typical mitochondria are lacking. Instead a structure was found composed of concentric membranes which it is assumed might perform mitochondrial functions. As in Plasmodium berghei a double‐membraned vacuole with a matrix of low density is present in almost all sections. The endoplasmic reticulum is represented by small vesicles; the ground‐substance is filled with Palade's small particles. The nucleus is large and surrounded by two membranes.

Babesia reproduces by budding and binary fission. Reproduction is not easy to identify since the parasite forms large pseudopods resembling stages in division.
The Occurrence of the Protozoan Parasite Histomonas meleagridis in the Adults and Eggs of the Cecal Worm Heterakis gallinae*
Authors: GIBBS BYRON J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Females of Heterakis gallinae were separated on the basis of their capacity to transmit the protozoan parasite Histomonas meleagridis. Sections of worms, capable of transmitting the protozoon, revealed the organism in both males and females as well as in the eggs. Infected male worms contained histomonads in the gut wall and the wall and lumen of the reproductive system. Female worms infected with H. meleagridis showed the organisms throughout the reproductive system. Histomonads, found in uterine eggs possessing shells, had a larger nucleus and reduced cytoplasm.

Because of the presence of the protozoon among the sperm in the male reproductive system, it is believed the organism can be transmitted to female worms through copulation. The cycle in the worms also supports the assumption that H. meleagridis was originally a parasite of the worm.
Ophryoglena mugardi n. sp. (Ciliata Hymenostomatida Ophryoglenidae). Cycles de reproduction*
Authors: SAVOIE ALBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Ophryoglena mugardi is an Ophryoglena of medium size characterized by its spindle‐shaped and bimicronuclear theront, by its rather bulky trophont and by its physiological reproductive cycle. During starvation its physiological evolution causes a secondary and temporary encystment of the theront lasting 6 or 7 days (at 18°C). The ultimate re‐encystment leads to cytolysis. Feeding induces the physiological reproductive cycle; if food is given soon after the release of the tomites, it determines a primary cycle, usually allowing eight tomites; if it is dispensed only after the secondary encystment of the hungry theront and after its excystment it causes the appearance of secondary cycles, allowing two or four tomites.

When the starved theront, becoming smaller and smaller, is fed it produces trophonts which encyst. These no longer divide; each one delivers one theront only. These theronts, smaller and smaller, are able to produce the original major forms, but only after several successive alimental cycles and without any secondary encystment of the theront.
Culture Forms of Trypanosoma ranarum (Lankester, 1871). II. Effect of Temperature upon Reproduction and Cyclic Development*
Authors: LEHMANN DONALD L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cultures of Trypanosoma ranarum at room temperature, 20° or 25°C had similar patterns of growth and cyclic development, i.e., change from pear‐shaped to slender forms. At 9° the cycle of development and reproduction was compressed, but returned to normal after introduction to optimum temperatures. A compressed cyclic and reproduction rate was noted at 31° but return to optimum temperature did not reestablish normal cultural development. At 35° all flagellates were killed after 24 hr. The relation between reproductive capacity, cyclic development, and temperature is discussed speculatively.
Influence of Vitamin B12 on the Size and Growth of Euglena gracilis*†
Authors: EPSTEIN SAMUEL S. , WEISS JACQUELINE B. , CAUSELEY D. , BUSH P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. By an automatic electronic technique—the Flying Spot Particle Resolver—the effect of a wide range of concentrations of vitamin B12 on the size and growth of the B12‐dependent Euglena gracilis was studied. Rate of cell growth was directly proportional, and cell size inversely proportional, to B12 concentration. Gross B12 depletion resulted in gigantism and prolongation of generation times.
The Nutrition of Tetrahymena setifera HZ‐1; Sterol and Alcohol Requirements
Authors: HOLZ G. G. , ERWIN JOSEPH , WAGNER BARBARA , ROSENBAUM NANCY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In a chemically‐defined medium Tetrahymena setifera HZ‐1 required a sterol, an alcohol, eleven amino acids, a purine, a pyrimidine, and six B‐complex vitamins. The sterol requirement was met by a variety of 3β‐OH, C27‐C29 sterols including cholesterol and stigmasterol, but not by precursors of cholesterol which precede desmosterol or Δ7‐cholestenol. Some combinations of long‐chain fatty acids with a synthetic dipalmitoyl phosphorylethanolamine partly substituted for sterol. Ethyl and methyl alcohols (but not a variety of other alcohols and organic acids) satisfied the alcohol requirement.
The Amino Acid Requirements of the Soil Amoeba, Hartmannella rhysodes Singh*
Authors: BAND R. NEAL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A chemically defined culture medium has been developed for the soil amoeba Hartmannella rhysodes Singh which contains the minimum essential organic requirements for growth. The medium consists of 7 amino acids, 3 vitamins, a carbon source (e.g. glucose) and inorganic salts.
Electron Microscope Studies on Eimeria perforans (Sporozoa)
Authors: SCHOLTYSECK ERICH O.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. By means of electron microscopy, a study has been made of the fine structure of the macrogametocytes, microgametocytes and oocysts of Eimeria perforans from the intestine of the wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The parasites lie in a vacuole within the host cell. The surface of the gametocytes is not plain, but displays irregular protrusions. A large intranuclear body can be detected within the macrogametocytes. Similar structures are also found within the cytoplasm. Within the latter there exists a large spread out reticulum, the channels and vesicles of which concentrate especially close to the nuclear membrane. Tubuli are seen in the numerous mitochondria, which often have a dumb‐bell shape.

In most of the gametocytes irregular, strongly osmiophilic lipid inclusions are observed, which always are surrounded by the endoplasmic reticulum. Strange folded ovoid bodies are found within the cytoplasm of the oocysts. Nothing can be told with certainty of their nature and function. Probably they represent specific storage bodies.
Cellular Responses to Thermal and Photo Stress II. Chlorotic Euglenids and Tetrahymena*
Authors: GROSS J. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three chlorotic Euglena substrains, PBZ‐G4, SM‐L1, and HB‐G, were cultured in light and dark at 25° and 33–35°C. These permanently chlorophyll‐less flagellates with different carotenoid distributions were originally derived from a photosynthetic stock culture. Astasia longa, a naturally pigmentless flagellate, and the ciliate Tetrahymena were also employed.

None of the organisms were light‐dependent at 25°C. At high temperatures only the Euglena substrains showed an effect of light on growth: PBZ‐G4 was inhibited, as was the photosynthetic parent strain, whereas SM‐L1 and HB‐G were stimulated. In all three substrains, monster forms were produced at elevated temperatures; SM‐L1 and HB‐G were multinucleated, while PBZ‐G4 had an enlarged, single nucleus. A small percentage of astasias became multinucleated and almost all the tetrahymenas became giants when cultured at high temperature but neither was affected by light.

Light‐temperature interactions in the nonphotosynthetic substrains of Euglena are, at present, unexplained. The results are discussed in relation to the carotenoid content and the possible site of interaction. The major factor inducing abnormality is thermal stress.
On Glycolysis in Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: WELLERSON RALPH , KUPFERBERG ALFRED B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The mechanism of carbohydrate dissimilation was studied in cell‐free extracts prepared from mass cultures of the trichomonads. Evidence for the presence of all the enzymes associated with the Embden‐Meyerhof glycolytic scheme was obtained. Several enzyme systems directly associated with the glycolytic pathway were examined. Two of these, alcohol dehydrogenase and phosphorylase, were not demonstrated in the T. vaginalis extract. The absence of phosphorylase in the presence of a very high glycogen concentration in the cell (20.8%) suggests the possibility of an alternate route. A very active TPN‐linked “malic enzyme” was also demonstrated, although no functional citric acid cycle is known for this trichomonad. Based on the experimental evidence and collateral data, a functional Embden‐Meyerhof system was suggested for T. vaginalis.
Trichomonads from Poikilotherms: Nutritional and Physiological Notes*
Authors: LEE JOHN J. , PIERCE STANLEY , HUTNER S. H. , SMITH BARRY J. , GURSKI DENNIS R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Several trichomonads from poikilotherms (Hypotrichomonas acosta, Monocercomonas colubrorum and M. sp., Trichomonas batrachorum, and Tritrichomonas augusta) grew in a nearly‐defined medium to a level of 10–40% that permitted with media containing casein digests; T. augusta (4 strains) grew best. The defined medium contained TEM‐4T (a semisynthetic fat based on beef‐tallow fatty acids) and ascorbyl “palmitate” as sources of fatty acids. Besides ascorbyl palmitate, thiomalic and ascorbic acids, and tocopherol served as reducers and antiöxidants. High concentrations of nucleotides (adenylic, cytidylic, guanylic, and uridylic acids) seemed necessary. Indigo carmine was a useful redox indicator; the flagellates never grew in the oxidized zone. Extra trace elements and amino acids or rich natural media permitted better growth at about 34.5°C—the upper temperature limit for these trichomonads, raising the issue of a biochemical basis of a thermal barrier to the invasion of warmblooded hosts. Except for the limited carbohydrate in the nucleotides, carbohydrate could be omitted, the main substrates being a combination of glycerol, acetate, and gylcero‐phosphate, posing the question of the identity of the anaerobic, presumably non‐glycolytic, energy‐yielding pathway.
Species Identification in Trichophrya (Suctorida) and the Occurrence of Melanin in Some Members of the Genus*
Authors: CULBERTSON JON R. , HULL ROBERT W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Comparison of dimensional and other morphological details of adult suctorians recovered from the gills of five genera of fish from five widely separated localities in North America indicates that the practice of identifying a distinct suctorian species based upon the species of fish with which it is symbiotic is unfounded. Conversely, identification of suctorian species based on their adult morphology alone under certain conditions is justified. An emended diagnosis of Trichophyra piscium Bütschli, 1889, is presented. The pigment in T. piscium recovered from Oncorhynchus nerka (sockeye salmon) was characterized as melanin and its significance to the suctorians is discussed.
Genetics of Entamoeba histolytica: Differences in Drug Sensitivity between Laredo and other Strains of Entamoeba histolytica*
Authors: ENTNER NATHAN , EVANS LEMUEL A. , GONZALEZ CELIA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The “Laredo strain” of Entamoeba histolytica has been reported to have different temperature requirements for growth than the usually known strains of the species, although morphological and antigenic tests have thus far indicated no significant recognizable differences. Further genetic studies show the Laredo strain to exhibit at least four characteristics different from the usual. Also, a freshly isolated strain (BA) was shown to have the same characteristics as those previously reported for some well‐known strains.
Drug Sensitivity and Serological Variations in Trypanosoma equiperdum Following Nitrogen Mustard Treatment*
Authors: ERCOLI N.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nitrogen mustard (HN‐2) in vitro decreased virulence of T. equiperdum, without influencing motility or morphological characteristics. Pretreatment of mice with tolerated doses of HN‐2 (2.5–5.0 mg/kg) delayed and decreased parasitemia. Sensitivity of the trypanosomes to tartar emetic (TE) was insignificantly modified, if at all, by in vitro exposure to HN‐2. Trypanosomes exposed in vivo to HN‐2 during 25 or more mouse passages showed a decreased sensitivity to TE and to aromatic arsonic acids. The decreased TE sensitivity appeared generally in the form of early relapses, though in a number of cases doses as high as 15 mg/kg had no clearing action. After discontinuance of HN‐2 treatment, the strains reverted after a variable number of animal passages to their original sensitivity even under TE treatment. This reversion to original sensitivity is not related to relapse phenomena, since it occurred also after passage from animals which were not influenced at all by TE treatment. T. equiperdum strains exposed in vivo to HN‐2 produced antisera in mice which did not agglutinate the original trypanosomes, whereas antisera against the original trypanosomes agglutinated all HN‐2 treated strains. The pronounced decrease of sensitivity to arsonic acids obtained by HN‐2 treatment had a stable character, in contrast to the TE resistance which was transient and of low magnitude.
The Mode of Action of Certain 3‐ and 5‐Nitropyridines and Pyrimidines. I. Prophase Inhibition of Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: MICHAELS RHODA M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of 17 derivatives of 3‐ and 5‐nitropyridine and pyrimidine which inhibited Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro, 7 also inhibited in vivo. The ones with the greatest in vitro activity, and the only ones that were active in vivo, were 5‐nitropyridines and pyrimidines with a single substituent at C2. With combinations of compounds, the in vitro inhibitory action was additive. The in vitro inhibitory activity of each was reversed by structurally related compounds, e.g. 2‐acetamido‐5‐nitropyridine. All inhibitors presumably were acting similarly. In later work with 2‐amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine (inhibitor) as model compound, the inhibition represented by extreme prolongation of the generation time was immediately reversible on removal of the inhibitor and without subsequent effect on the lag phase or generation time of the surviving cells even in a population made up of >90% non‐viable cells.

Staining indicated that, after 2‐hour growth with inhibitor, mitosis was arrested at prophase. To verify this subjective observation, cells were exposed to both inhibitor and 10−3 M colchicine since after 5‐hour growth with colchicine all cells were in “c” (colchicine)‐mitosis. If the inhibitor did act at prophase, then cells exposed both to inhibitor and colchicine should proceed only as far as prophase. This proved the case.

Since 2‐amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine had the same killing characteristics as 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP), which blocks mitosis at prophase by inhibiting phosphorylation, the metabolism of resting cells was compared in the presence of 4 × 10−4 M DNP (the concentration 90% growth inhibitory) or 2‐amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine. This concentration of DNP uncoupled phosphorylation since it stimulated the rate of reduction of 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride. 2‐Amino‐5‐nitropyrimidine did not change the metabolic rate on simple addition to resting cells. But when cells were grown with at least 40μg/ml for at least 3 hr, endogenous metabolism was inhibited while utilization of malate was stimulated and became linear with time. It was demonstrated that both metabolic disturbances were due to accumulation of diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN). Accumulation of DPN was not responsible for prophase blockage. The lesion resulting in prophase blockage remains unknown.
Sur l'action cytonarcotique des sels de nickel chez Paramecium caudatum Ehrb.
Authors: de PUYTORAC P. , ANDRIVON C. , SERRE F.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cytonarcotic action of Ni‐chloride Ni‐sulfate and Ni‐nitrate is studied with mating types C and D French variety II of P. caudatum= XV and XVI American variety 8. The time which is necessary to make the ciliates motionless is proportional to Ni ion number in solution, but, in any case, there is a minimum time for narcosis. Mating types have very different sensitivity. C is more sensitive than D. Ba++ and Ca++ strongly antagonize the action of Ni++. This antagonism, only biological, depends on the simultaneous presence of the ions in solution and has maximum value when the ions are in definite and constant proportion. Formation of digestive vacuoles involves reactions which make the ciliate resistant to Ni probably by decrease of membrane permeability. After narcosis, about twenty generations must pass before the rate of multiplication is again normal.
Reticulo‐Endothelial Activity in Haemamoeba (=Plasmodium) gallinacea Infections
Authors: COX F. E. G. , NICOL T. , BILBEY D. L. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The effect of H. gallinacea infection on the phagocytic activity of the reticulo‐endothelial system in chicks has been investigated. Changes occurring in the pattern of R.E. activity show that there is initial stimulation of phagocytosis within 24 hr and that this increases up to the 4th and 5th days after which time parasites appear in the blood. Thereafter there is a rapid drop in R.E. activity with a proportional increase in parasitaemia following which death ensues. The importance of the protective value of the reticulo‐endothelial system is indicated and it is suggested that a toxin produced by the parasites or by their break‐down products is the likely cause of phagocytic depression.
Glenodinium halli* n. sp. and Gyrodinium instriatum n. sp., Dinoflagellates from New York Waters**
Authors: FREUDENTHAL H. D. , LEE JOHN J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two new dinoflagellates, isolated from Long Island Sound and maintained axenically, are described. Gyrodinium instriatum n. sp. changes shape and size as cultures age. Glenodinium halli n. sp. is a delicately‐armored form whose plate structure differs slightly from the present diagnosis of the genus, but not sufficiently like any other genus in morphology or life history for inclusion elsewhere. In G. halli the size of the motile form and predominance of motile or vegetative stages are nutrient dependent. Both dinoflagellates illustrate the need for morphological descriptions based upon continuous culture methods in defined media.
Development and Characteristics of the Euglena C‐Type Cytochromes*
Authors: WOLKEN J. J. , GROSS J. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two spectrally different cytochromes, referred to as cytochrome‐552 and ‐556 were isolated from Euglena gracilis (Z) grown under different environmental conditions. Their presence or absence was followed during the dark↔ light adaptation, and their concentrations calculated from spectral data. These studies indicate that cytochrome‐552 is directly dependent on chlorophyll and photosynthesis, whereas cytochrome‐556 is found in all euglenas in a constant amount, and is not dependent on photosynthesis. These cytochromes were further purified to determine differences if any in their physical‐chemical properties. The apparent molecular weight calculated from the sedimentation constants is of the order of 11,000 for cytochrome‐552, and of the order of 13,000 for cytochrome‐556. The electrophoretic mobility shows that cytochrome‐552 migrates towards the anode with a mobility depending on pH from 2.5–7.9 cm2/volt/sec. The oxidation‐reduction potential for cytochrome‐552 is of the order of +0.38 volts, and for cytochrome‐556 is of the order of +0.32 volts. These and the other data are compared to similar cytochromes that have been isolated from bacteria, algae, higher plants, and animal cells.
Fusion of the Family Glenodiniaceae into the Peridiniaceae, with Notes on Glenodinium foliaceum Stein.*†
Authors: PRAGER JAN CLEMENT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The family Glenodiniaceae is abolished because advances in axenic culture and microscopy invalidate its original description. Its 3 genera are removed to the Peridiniaceae. Taxonomic criteria of families and genera concerned are discussed, and morphological studies of Glenodinium foliaceum under phase‐contrast and polarization microscopy are reported and illustrated by photomicrographs. Evidence for G. foliaceum being a species intermediate between freshwater and marine dinoflagellates came from morphological and physiological studies. G. foliaceum responded to both inorganic and organic PO4 and NO3 sources. NH4 was toxic. Urea toxicity was due to breakdown of urea on autoclaving. Methionine was not utilized. Proline was toxic. B12 was essential. G. foliaceum culture characteristics and polysaccharide production are reported.
Extrusion of a Protein‐Pigment Complex from Blepharisma undulans
Authors: RAO A. V. S. PRABHAKARA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Blepharisma undulans, a purple‐coloured ciliate protozoan, contains pigment granules in the ectoplasm. Treating the cells with 0.9% NaCl extruded the pigment into the medium without injury to the cells. The extrusion was instantaneous and with a single treatment about 35% of the total pigment oozed out. The pigment in the cells as well as in the saline extract was found to be associated with proteins and particulate fractions. The protozoa regenerated the pigment when transferred to culture fluid but not in dilute solution of saline, where they continued to live without regenerating the pigment. In addition to NaCl, sulphates of monovalent and divalent cations and calcium‐binding agents induced the extrusion, which, however, was prevented by calcium in all cases. It is proposed that the removal of calcium from the outer membrane by chemicals disintegrates the pellicle and produces the extrusion, since a majority of the pigment granules are in the subpellicular layers of the cell.
Four New Recent Genera of Foraminiferida
Authors: LOEBLICH ALFRED R. , TAPPAN HELEN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Four new genera of Foraminiferida are described. Phlegeria, type species P. hyalina sp. nov. and Tomaculoides, type species T. lucidum sp. nov. belong to the family Glandulinidae, and both were obtained from the Gulf of Mexico. Francesita, type species Virgulina ? advena Cusbman is found in the North Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, and belongs to the Caucasinidae. Montfortella, type species M. bramlettei sp. nov. occurs in Pleistocene strata and is living on the coast of California, and belongs to the Cibicididae.
Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Growth of Autotrophic and Obligate Heterotrophic Cultures of Euglena*
Authors: KLEIN RICHARD M. , MORSELLI MARIA‐FRANCA , WANSOR JULIA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The growth response to ultraviolet radiation of normal green, streptomycin‐, heat‐, and ultraviolet‐bleached clones of Euglena, grown in light or darkness was examined. In spite of wide variations in constituents of the photosynthetic apparatus present, relative growth suppressions caused by UV were the same among clones grown under identical conditions. Light‐grown clones were more sensitive to UV and less sensitive to photorestorative radiation (PR) than comparable dark‐grown cultures. From growth rates, sensitivity to UV and PR, and action spectra for PR, we conclude that components of the photosynthetic apparatus are not involved in those radiation‐induced responses affecting growth of Euglena. Independent of their role in photosynthesis, visible radiations play important and still unknown roles in those processes controlling growth of Euglena.
The Relationship of Various Crithidias as Determined by Serological Reactions*
Authors: McGHEE R. BARCLAY , HANSON WILLIAM L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. As a part of an investigation of speciation in the Trypanosomatidae six species of crithidia were studied to determine their antigenic relationships. Antisera were prepared in chickens by means of three intravenous injections of several million crithidia and the titer and tests accomplished by using the agglutination technic. Titers against homologous protozoa averaged 1/640 with the highest titer recorded being 1/5120. Each antiserum was first tested against its homologous antigen then against each of the various crithidia. Results indicated the possibility that the crithidia isolated from hemiptera (C. acanthocephali, crithidia from Arilus cristatus and crithidia from Euryophthalmus davisi) were identical as far as our tests could determine. Those isolated from dipterons (C. fasciculata, C. luciliae) as well as C. (Strigomonas) oncopelti which was presumably isolated either from Oncopeltus fasciatus or the milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, were likewise identical. Each antiserum was adsorbed by each antigen and the serum tested against the homologous antigen. Again, with one possible exception, the close affinity between the dipteran flagellates (plus C. oncopelti) was established as was that between the flagellates of the hemipterons. Other than an occasional reaction, there were no cross reactions between the two groups of crithidia.
Some Properties of the Lethal Agent Found in Cell‐Free Fluids Obtained from Cultures of Lambda‐Bearing Paramecium aurelia, Syngen 8, Stock 299*
Authors: BUTZEL H. M. , VAN WAGTENDONK W. J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cell‐free fluids prepared by various methods from killers of stock 299, syngen 8, of Paramecium aurelia contain particles with which lethal activity is associated. These particles are from 5–10 μ in size and are sedimented at 31,000 g. The lethal agent contained in cell‐free fluids is rapidly inactivated; all activity being lost after 30 min at 24°. Homogenates of killer cells show no increase in toxic activity over cell‐free fluids. Purified preparations of the cytoplasmic particles found in this stock show weak killing activity.
The Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies and Analogs on the Cell and Nuclear Volume of Tetrahymena pyriformis*
Authors: SUMMERS L. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cell volume and nuclear volume measurements were made on Tetrahymena pyriformis strain E cells that had been either (a) suspended in a medium deficient in some nutrient or (b) suspended in a medium containing a metabolic inhibitor. Media deficient in a nucleotide or containing nucleotide analogs did not significantly inhibit growth. However, cell volume changes were observed for cells grown on nucleotidedeficient medium. Amino acid deficient medium inhibited growth completely and both cell and nuclear volume decreased significantly. The minimal volumes attained were 2/3 of the control volume. Media containing amino acid analogs did not completely inhibit growth nor did appreciable volume changes occur. Both cell and nuclear volumes were closely intercorrelated throughout the results.
An Electron Microscope Study of the Amoebo‐flagellate, Naegleria gruberi (Schardinger). II. The Cyst Stage*
Authors: SCHUSTER FREDERICK
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Axenic and monobacterial cultures of Naegleria gruberi were utilized to study the ultrastructure of encysting amoebae, mature cysts, and excystation stages. Encystation is characterized by an increase in cytoplasmic density due to dehydration. The mitochondria appear to be undergong division and are found closely associated with elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. Numerous vacuoles (or droplets) of low electron density occur in proximity to the nucleus and scattered throughout the cytoplasm. These are thought to contain the material which gives rise to the cyst wall. Other types of vacuoles are described. The mature cyst wall is double, consisting of an inner thick component (200–450 mμ) and an outer thin component (25 mμ). Both elements of the cyst wall show an affinity for osmium. The two layers are separated by a space filled with a spongy network but join at the region of the cyst pore. The pores (about 600 mμ at maximum diameter) are closed by a plug of electron‐transparent material. At excystation, the amoeba cytoplasm becomes highly alveolar. The plug sealing the pore in the wall dissolves and the amoeba leaves the cyst.
Mechanisms of Locomotion in Flagellates. I. Ceratium*
Authors: JAHN THEODORE L. , HARMON WALLACE M. , LANDMAN MICHAEL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Observation of the longitudinal flagellum of Ceratium tripos and C. furca with stroboscopic light revealed that this flagellum beats with a planar wave very close in form to a sine wave. The transverse flagellum, however, was seen to beat with a circular or elliptical helical wave, the amplitude of which was such that about half the wave was out of the girdle. With dark‐field illumination, suspensions of polystyrene spheres (1.18 μ in diameter) made possible the observation and photography of currents set up by the organism's flagella. This technique revealed an unsuspected component of the force generated by the transverse flagellum, which drives the organism forward.

A wire helix, rotating under water, was found to generate a current in one direction along the axis of the helix. When a “girdle” formed from modeling clay was placed around the helix, thus simulating the transverse flagellum, the current was found to flow across the axis of the helix. The girdle in both the model and the dinoflagellate is assumed to cancel those components of force generated by the portion of the helical wave within it which would tend to cause the water to rotate about the helix. The only effective components of this force are therefore those generated by that side of the helix not enclosed in the girdle, and their action is to drive water across the girdle.
Neue Varietäten von Chlamydomonas mundana Gerloff
Authors: ETTL H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Three new varieties of Ch. mundana Gerloff, clearly different from the type are described. In two of these, var. simulans and var. globulosa, the eyespot is reduced to a variable extent and absent from most individuals. The third, var. astigmata, completely lacks an eyespot. Presence or absence of the eyespot can serve to differentiate subspecific taxa but not species of Ch. mundana. The nomenclature and systematics of the 5 known varieties of this species are discussed.
The Characterization of Antigens Isolated from Trypanosoma rhodesiense*
Authors: SEED J. RICHARD
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Two blood trypanosome antigens (PR and AG) have been isolated from the serum of infected rats. These antigens are specific for each strain of trypanosome. The AG antigens, detected by agar diffusion techniques, have been extensively purified and are prctein in nature. Those isolated from two different strains differ in their heat sensitivity and in their elution patterns from calcium phosphate gel. The AG antigens are apparently not involved in the protection of mice after immunization with infected rat serum. The PR antigens, not yet detected by agar diffusion techniques, protect mice after immunization. These antigens also appear to be proteins.

At least two antigens in the soluble portion of blood trypanosome homogenates are common to the “brucei” group of trypanosomes. These antigens are not involved in determining the serotype of different strains of trypanosomes. Furthermore, there are no biological properties by which the common antigen can at present be characterized.

The enzyme hexokinase has also been found to be antigenically similar in both blood and culture trypanosomes. This enzyme, however, has not been detected by agar diffusion techniques. This, therefore, suggested that there are probably numerous antigens common to different strains of T. rhodesiense which have not been detected by this technique.
Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. (Mastigophora: Mastigamoebidae), a Nonpathogenic Parasite of Gallinaceous Birds
Authors: LUND EVERETT E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A nonpathogenic histomonad, morphologically identical to that found in pheasants by Wenrich in 1943, is described as Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. Its dimensions are about 1.5 × those of H. meleagridis. It has 4 flagella instead of the 1 or 2 that characterize the latter species. It does not multiply in the host tissues nor produce visible responses to its presence there, and it does not exist as the clear “tissue form” that is common in active H. meleagridis infections.

Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. can be transmitted to turkeys, chickens, and pheasants by either rectal inoculation or by feeding embryonated eggs of Heterakis gallinarum grown in birds harboring the nonpathogenic histomonad in the ceca. Usually fewer than half the female heterakids so grown produce eggs capable of transmitting this histomonad, and a total of 200 to several thousand eggs from worms recovered from Histomonas‐infected birds may be required to produce one Histomonas infection.

Histomonas wenrichi n. sp. has been propagated in more than 2000 chickens and turkeys over an 8‐year period, during which time it has been transmitted by 18 generations of Heterakis. It has frequently been grown in birds in which H. meleagridis was also present, and upon reisolation it maintained all of its original characteristics. It has not yet been cultivated in vitro.
Chloramphenicol‐induced Increase and Tetracycline‐mediated Inhibition of Cell Yields of Poteriochromonas stipitata; Ineffectiveness of Other Antibiotics*
Authors: ISENBERG HENRY D. , BERKMAN JAMES I. , TAVKAR VIJAY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Of 6 representative antibiotics only tetracycline inhibits this phytoflagellate. Whereas penicillin, neomycin, erythromycin and streptomycin exert no real influence on the organism, addition of chloramphenicol to the growth medium results in a marked increase in cell yields.
Monsterism in Dileptus (Ciliata) Fed on Planarians (Dugesia tigrina)*
Authors: JANOVY JOHN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The occurrence of monstrous individuals of Dileptus is reported. These monsters appeared in cultures which had been fed planarians for over 72 hr. The first abnormal forms to appear were giants, 700–1200 μ long, which were common in the cultures after 72 hr. Giants were occasionally observed to develop a large, non‐contractile vacuole in the central region of the body after a week of feeding on planarians. A sequence of events is described in which this vacuole enlarged until the animal appeared to be a water‐filled sphere which then collapsed into an amorphous blob. This blob then divided unevenly to produce as many as seven small Dileptus. The described morphological changes are presumed to be a result of Dileptus' feeding on planarians. The similarities between abnormal Dileptus and monstrous individuals of other species are discussed.
The Inhibition of Motility of Ciliates Through Methonium Drugs*
Authors: VAN EYS J. , WARNOCK L. G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The motility of Tetrahymena pyriformis is inhibited by quaternary ammonium compounds of the type that has neuromuscular blocking activity (such as decamethonium salts). The effect on the cell is reversible by dilution and appears to be non‐lethal for prolonged periods. Curare has no effect at concentrations tested. Paramecium caudatum appears to react similarly to T. pyriformis. The results are discussed in view of acetylcholine mediated ciliary beat.
On Hemoglobin Inhibition of the Growth of Euglena gracilis
Authors: COELHO J. , REGE D. V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The inhibitory principle in whole blood for strains of Euglena gracilis has been characterized and identified as hemoglobin. Hemoglobins from different sources were tested for their inhibitory activity and gave similar results. The inhibition was reversed by raising the concentration of certain divalent metal ions, calcium in particular in the basal growth medium. The nature of the inhibition was studied. Heme and other porphyrins related to hemoglobin stimulated the growth of Euglena gracilis in light. Implications of these findings are discussed.