bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the prototype of an educational game on climate change and its effects on marine and coastal ecosystems
Authors: Yamada Fernanda Miyuk , Ribeiro Thaís , Ghilardi-Lopes Natalia Pirani
Published: September 2020

A educação para as mudanças climáticas é fundamental na sociedade atual, caracterizada como complexa e cheia de incertezas. O uso de jogos pode ajudar nessa tarefa. O protótipo de um jogo educativo chamado “Apicum Game”, que aborda as mudanças climáticas e seus efeitos nos ecossistemas marinhos e costeiros, foi avaliado no presente estudo. Trinta e três alunos da sexta série de uma escola particular jogaram o jogo e responderam a questionários antes e depois. Os alunos que participaram da pesquisa geralmente jogam videogame por diversão. Além disso, eles já ouviram falar sobre mudanças climáticas, principalmente na televisão e na escola. Foi possível perceber que a maioria dos estudantes entendeu o conceito de ecossistema costeiro, abordado no jogo. Além disso, o jogo contribuiu para ampliar o perfil conceitual dos alunos em relação ao conceito complexo de mudança climática. Por fim, o jogo contribuiu para o aumento do número de ações citadas pelos alunos para mitigar as mudanças climáticas. A autoavaliação dos alunos indicou que eles aprenderam com o jogo e que o conteúdo educacional e os desafios apresentados ao longo da história foram apreciados por eles. A maioria dos alunos jogaria novamente ou indicaria o jogo para um amigo. No entanto, os gráficos e alguns bugs devem ser aprimorados / corrigidos para tornar o jogo mais agradável.
Financial Tool: uma Ferramenta Web para o Ensino de Matemática Financeira
Authors: Queiroz Diogo Albino de , Ribeiro João Gabriel , Vale Giovane Maia do
Published: September 2020

Ao se pesquisar na literatura pertinente, verificou-se que havia uma certa vacuidade de materiais voltados ao Ensino Fundamental e Ensino Médio, que versassem sobre Matemática Comercial e Financeira, e, principalmente, sobre aplicações práticas nestas áreas. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo foi discutir o aspecto prático do ensino de Matemática Financeira para a formação dos alunos do Ensino Médio, a fim de incentivá-los a pensar em seu futuro financeiro. Nestes termos, com o objetivo de facilitar a abstração dos conceitos e materializar sua dinâmica, foi construída uma ferramenta Web que permite ao usuário simular os ganhos que terá com um determinado investimento. A ferramenta Web, denominada Financial Tool, contempla simuladores para os investimentos em Caderneta de Poupança, Certificado de Depósito Bancário, Fundos DI, Fundos de Renda Fixa e Fundos de Ações. Para a construção dos simuladores de cada aplicação foi utilizado o software GeoGebra e para a construção da página do Financial Tool foram utilizadas as linguagens HTML e CSS. A ferramenta Web, além de poder ser utilizada localmente, pode também ser utilizada de forma online. Por sua vez, os códigos HTML foram validados por meio de um validador online disponibilizado pelo W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Considerando o aspecto tutorial/didático deste trabalho, por fim são apresentadas atividades relativas a cada tipo de aplicação, apoiadas pelo Financial Tool. Por meio do material bibliográfico gerado e do Financial Tool, espera-se que os alunos do Ensino Médio e demais interessados alcancem a compreensão sobre a Matemática Financeira e, particularmente, sobre as aplicações financeiras. Espera-se ainda que, o uso destes recursos possa estimular os estudantes/usuários a pouparem, a fim de que venham a conquistar sua independência financeira, ou ainda, que consigam, por meio de disciplina e planejamento, alcançarem os seus objetivos de vida.
UFC-Inventor: Uma Ferramenta de Autoria Dirigida por Modelos para Geração de Aplicações Ubíquas para Aulas de Campo
Authors: Marçal Edgar , Andrade Rossana M. de Castro , Viana Windson
Published: September 2020

As aulas de campo promovem as habilidades dos estudantes ao incrementarem a capacidade de observação e descoberta em várias áreas do conhecimento. Ao inserir tecnologias ubíquas nas aulas de campo, como sensores e atuadores, estas aulas apresentam benefícios quando comparadas às aulas de campo tradicionais. Entretanto, no contexto destas aulas, o desenvolvimento de sistemas ubíquos impõe desafios como o tratamento da heterogeneidade dos dispositivos móveis, a ausência de infraestrutura de comunicação fixa, o ambiente computacional dinâmico e o suporte à mobilidade do usuário. Este artigo apresenta o UFC-Inventor, uma ferramenta voltada para professores utilizarem os recursos dos dispositivos móveis e da Computação Ubíqua (como câmera, GPS, bússola e acelerômetro) em aulas de campo. O UFC-Inventor possibilita a geração automática de aplicações multiplataforma sem a necessidade de o usuário ter conhecimentos de programação. Além do desenvolvimento da ferramenta de autoria, outra contribuição importante desse trabalho foi a realização de testes de usabilidade com os públicos-alvo da abordagem. Primeiramente com os professores, observaram-se bons níveis de usabilidade e o interesse em usar o UFC-Inventor em suas aulas frequentemente. Posteriormente, uma aplicação ubíqua gerada pelo UFC-Inventor foi testada pelos estudantes em uma aula de campo de Geologia, sendo aprovada nos critérios de usabilidade e utilidade.
Conceptual Map Creation from Natural Language Processing: a Systematic Mapping Study
Authors: Santos Vinicius dos , Souza Érica Ferreira de , Felizardo Katia Romero , Watanabe Willian Massami , Vijaykumar Nandamudi L. , Aluizio Sandra Maria , Candido Arnaldo
Published: September 2020

Context: Conceptual Maps (CMs) have been used to organize knowledge and facilitate learning and teaching in multiple domains. CMs are also used in multiple settings in education, since they are able to clarify the relationships between the subcomponents of a particular topic. However, the construction of a CM requires time and effort in identifying and structuring knowledge. In order to mitigate this problem, Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques have been employed and have contributed to automate the extraction of concepts and relationships from texts. Objective: This article summarizes the main initiatives of building CMs from NLP. Method: A systematic mapping study was used to identify primary studies that present approaches on the use of NLP to automatically create CMs. Results: The mapping provides a description of 23 available articles that have been reviewed in order to extract relevant information on a set of Research Questions (RQ). From the answers to RQ, a classification scheme was designed in order to present how NLP could be employed to construct CMs. From this classification scheme, a graph was elaborated to present different paths to construct CMs using NLP. Conclusions: The construction of CMs using NLP is still a recent topic, however, it has been proven to be effective in assisting the automatic construction of CMs.
Off-Topic Essay Detection: A comparative study on the Portuguese language
Authors: Passero Guilherme , Ferreira Rafael , Dazzi Rudimar Luís Scaranto
Published: September 2020

Advances in automated essay grading over the last sixty years enabled its application in real scenarios, such as classrooms and high-stakes testing. The recognition of off-topic essays is one of the tasks addressed in automated essay grading. An essay is regarded as off-topic when the student does not develop the expected prompt-related concepts, sometimes purposely. Off-topic essays may receive a zero score in high-stake tests. An off-topic essay detection mechanism may be used in parallel or embedded in an automated essay grading system to improve its performance. In this context, the main goal of this study is to evaluate the existing approaches for automated offtopic essay detection. A previous systematic review of the literature showed some deficiencies in the state of the art, including: the low accuracy of current approaches, the use of artificial validation sets, and the lack of studies focused on the Portuguese language. In this study, the approaches found in the literature, originally proposed for the English language, were adapted for the Portuguese language and compared in an experiment using a public corpus of 2164 essays related to 111 prompts. The experiment used a set of artificial off-topic examples and the best performing algorithm achieved higher accuracy than that found in the literature for the English language (96.76% vs. 94.75%). The results presented suggest the application of off-topic essay detection mechanisms in the Brazilian educational context in order to benefit the student, with computer generated feedback, and educational institutions, regarding automated essay grading. Some suggestions for future research are presented, including the need to address the task of off-topic essay detection as a multiclass problem, and to reproduce the experiment with a larger and more representative set of real off-topic essay examples.
Desenvolvimento e Avaliação de um Jogo de Tabuleiro para Ensinar o Conceito de Algoritmos na Educação Básica
Authors: Gresse von Wangenheim Christiane , Medeiros Giselle Araújo e Silva de , Missfeldt Filho Raul , Petri Giani , Pinheiro Fernando da Cruz , Ferreira M. Nathalie F. , Hauck Jean C. R.
Published: September 2020

Atualmente se observa uma ênfase maior no ensino do pensamento computacional já na educação básica como uma das habilidades do século XXI. O pensamento computacional descreve um modo específico de raciocínio algorítmico baseado em conceitos e processos derivados da programação de computadores. Uma maneira de ensinar conceitos relacionados sobre algoritmos e programação são jogos não-digitais, sendo considerados alternativas de aprendizagem eficazes e ao mesmo tempo divertidas. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta SplashCode, um jogo de tabuleiro de baixo custo para complementar o ensino de algoritmos e programação, inicialmente apresentado por meio de aula expositiva. O jogo foi desenvolvido de forma sistemática seguindo um processo de design instrucional, e aplicado e avaliado em uma escola pública brasileira. Os resultados da avaliação indicam que o jogo pode contribuir à aprendizagem dos alunos, a interação social, relevância e diversão, proporcionando uma experiência de aprendizagem agradável, lúdica, eficiente e efetiva. O jogo também foi avaliado muito positivamente em relação a usabilidade facilitando o seu entendimento. Um ponto muito elogiado pelos alunos foi o design e a escolha de caracteres Kawaii representando adequadamente preferências do público-alvo. Os resultados do presente trabalho podem ser utilizados por professores da educação básica no ensino de computação e por pesquisadores e designers instrucionais para melhorar o desenvolvimento de métodos e materiais instrucionais nesse contexto.
Programação Tangível no Mundo Físico: TaPrEC + Sphero
Authors: Panaggio Bruna Z. , Carbajal Marleny Luque , Baranauskas M. Cecília C.
Published: September 2020

Apesar de acostumados a consumir mídias digitais e interagir com novas tecnologias, poucos estudantes são desafiados a criar seus próprios projetos tecnológicos. O Pensamento Computacional é um conceito e ferramenta que pode auxiliar o aprendizado de importantes estratégias de planejamento e de resolução de problemas, incluindo soluções tecnológicas. Uma maneira de introduzir as crianças ao pensamento computacional é por meio de ambientes de programação tangível. Tais ambientes em geral exploram a tangibilidade na entrada, isto é, na construção do programa por meio de Interfaces Tangíveis. Neste trabalho, buscamos explorar a tangibilidade do ambiente de programação tangível TaPrEC estendendo-a para a fase de execução, com feedback no mundo físico. Apresentamos a integração do TaPrEC com o Sphero, uma bola robótica que permite conexão com outros dispositivos. Para avaliar este novo sistema, realizamos 6 oficinas com professoras e crianças de um espaço educativo. Os resultados das oficinas são encorajadores e apontam para novas possibilidades de ambientes tangíveis que expandam habilidades do pensamento computacional
Uma Abordagem Multiobjetivo para Recomendação de Caminhos de Aprendizagem para Grupo de Usuários
Authors: Miranda Péricles B. C. de , Ferreira Rafael , Castro Mayara S. O. , Fiorentino Neto Giuseppe , Souza Samuel J. , Santos Lucas A. , Silva Lizandra L. S. B.
Published: September 2020

A definição de caminhos de aprendizagem é um ponto fundamental para a aprendizagem eficiente. Este artigo propõe a utilização de um algoritmo evolucionário (NSGA-II) para otimizar o processo de recomendação de caminhos de aprendizagem para um grupo de indivíduos, levando em conta múltiplos critérios: satisfação dos membros da equipe e tempo gasto na realização da atividade. O método proposto foi aplicado em dois cenários: com uma turma online e com uma turma presencial. O método foi avaliado quanto ao desempenho, sendo comparado às abordagens exaustiva e aleatória; e quanto ao aspecto pedagógico, sendo comparado com os métodos aleatório e autosselecionado. Os resultados alcançados revelaram o potencial do método proposto tanto do ponto de vista computacional quanto do pedagógico.
Revisão Sistemática da Utilização de Fóruns Inteligentes para a Promoção da Colaboração na Aprendizagem Virtual
Authors: Mendes Priscilla Batista , Machiavelli Josiane Lemos , Gusmão Cristine Martins Gomes
Published: September 2020

Os fóruns de discussão online são um tipo de atividade reconhecidamente importante para a promoção do intercâmbio de ideias e de construção de conhecimento colaborativo no contexto do ensino online. A ativa participação de seus integrantes torna-se, portanto, um requisito fundamental para que a aprendizagem se dê efetivamente, pois uma diversidade de conhecimentos interagindo sinergicamente resulta em uma rica base para quem a consulta, e, mais ainda, pode ser absorvida de maneira profunda por quem participa de sua construção. Na educação por meio virtual, também há que se considerar a importância que vêm ganhando as técnicas de Inteligência Artificial (IA), que possibilitam a extração de informações relevantes em ambientes que geram uma grande quantidade de dados, dificilmente tratados por técnicas da computação convencional. Assim, este trabalho visa investigar como a literatura tem reportado a utilização da IA para fomentar a participação em fóruns online, utilizados na aprendizagem virtual. Uma revisão sistemática foi feita e, apesar de inicialmente ter sido retornada uma grande quantidade de resultados, após uma análise mais detalhada, foram selecionados apenas 18 trabalhos de fato relacionados com o objetivo de pesquisa. Conclui-se, deste fato, que a IA ainda não está sendo amplamente usada na resolução do problema da participação em fóruns educacionais, o que sugere uma área de estudo potencialmente subutilizada, que, se bem explorada, pode fornecer uma contribuição importante para auxiliar na eficácia desta ferramenta.
Grundtvigs oversættelse af Beowulf
Authors: Malone Kemp
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig's translation of BeowulfBy Kemp Malone
Johan Johansen: Fremtidsstemmen i Grundtvig
Authors: Høirup Henning
Published: September 2020

Johan Johansen: The Voice of Future in Grundtvig
Hvorledes kom Grundtvig til at oversætte Saxo og Snorre?
Authors: Johansen Steen
Published: September 2020

How did Grundtvig Become a Translator of Saxo and Snorri?By Steen Johansen.The treatise is occasioned by the appearance, one hundred and fifty years ago, of the first part of Saxo’s History of Denmark and Snorri Sturlason’s History of Norway (Heimskringla) in Grundtvig’s translation.In 1809 Paul Amesen, senior schoolmaster in Christiania, suggested to Selskabet for Norges Vel the idea of publishing a translation of Heimskringla done by himself; but against the wishes of the society the plan did not include the poems of the work. Finally Grundtvig was agreed upon as the most suitable translator and he took the task upon him. The period in question lay at the centre of his Bible Christian phase; for a while he contemplated Christianizing his version of “Håkonarmål”, but gave up the idea.When Amesen withdrew, Grundtvig became sole translator, and about New Year’s day 1815 , under the impression of the separation of Norway from Denmark, it occurred to him that he might publish the work of Saxo as well as of Snorri as a confirmation of the spiritual connection between the two countries. The idea was stimulated also by the belief of the Romantic poet that “through a devoted study of antiquity its glory could be and should be born again”.
Grundtvig et la France. Med et udførligt resumé på dansk
Authors: Simon Erica
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and France. A French lecture by Erica SimonAbbreviated text on danish
Den lige linje i Grundtvigs religiøse udvikling
Authors: Rod Jakob
Published: September 2020

“The Direct Line in Grundtvig’s Religious DevelopmentBy Jakob RodGrundtvig’s religious development is largely influenced by crises, sudden realisations of “crystal clear” truths and breaks with the past. But this does not imply that there is no coherence. On the contrary there is a direct line in his religious development from his childhood, through his youth, and to his mature years.The writer attempts to reveal this line by bringing to light autobiographical features from Grundtvig’s writings. Attention is focused not so much upon Grundtvig’s theological opinions as upon his emotional attitude to religion. This latter is regarded as a constituent factor not only of his religious attitude, but to a certain extent also of his opinions.The various religious crises are explained as results of a repression of emotional life in his childhood and youth. Grundtvig’s inner struggle is accordingly seen as a struggle towards a form of Christianity in which his emotional life could assert itself. His emotional demands, as they appear, even during crises, show that Grundtvig’s development, hidden behind his changing opinions, always points towards a single goal: the rebirth of the faith of his childhood in a mature form.
Kirke-Klokken
Authors: Grundtvig N. F. S.
Published: September 2020

The Church BellBy N. F. S. Grundtvig
Grundtvigs skoleverden ved K. E. Bugge
Authors: Holm Søren
Published: September 2020

Grundtvigs skoleverden, i tekster og udkast. Ed. by K. E. Bugge. I—II.Rev. by Søren HolmThis edition is a collection of the most important parts of Grundtvig’s writings on education, and it has been made by a very competent editor. Mr. Bugge knows Grundtvig’s ideas as well as their historical background, the selection is reasonable, and the get-up is very attractive. Grundtvig’s belief in the spoken word was too strong for him to trust a particular method. Methods may be delusions and mistakes, and, like forms of government, they belong to specific periods. In “Lærebog i verdenshistorien for de tvende øverste klasser i Schouboes Institut” ( 1807) (A History of the World for the two Upper Forms in Schouboe’s School), which he dictated to the pupils, his view on examinations is quite sober: they should be kept in mind, but our real aims are higher. In the same period Grundtvig says about country schools that the villager has the same ultimate objectives as other people. He does not have the time to ponder everything, but then he is entitled to demand that other people should make their results accessible to him. He needs geography rather than natural history. But the clergymen, who were to be the pioneers of knowledge, seem to be more interested in farming. Judging from his “Leksjons- og karakterbog for den unge Stensen Leth” (Report on the lessons of young Stensen Leth) from 1806—here published for the first time—Grundtvig appears to have done a solid piece of work for his salary at Egeløkke. - Several of the later essays are concerned with “the school at Sorø”, others with universities, education of the people, citizenship, and general education. Grundtvig’s capacity for work was inconceivable.
Om »Ægte Tydsk« og om de tyske »Hjertesprog« i Grundtvigs forestillingsverden
Authors: Nägele Horst
Published: September 2020

About "real german" and the german "heart language" in Grundtvig's imagination world.By Horst Nägele
Pastor Valdemar Nielsen, 1886-1972
Authors: Høirup Henning
Published: September 2020

Pastor Valdemar Nielsen in memorian, 1886-1972
Grundtvig og mystikken
Authors: Toftdahl Hellmut
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and mysticismBy Hellmut ToftdahlThe article appraises Grundtvig in relation to the Eros-agape tradition in Christianity. Common to mysticism and gnosticism is the idea that through Eros-love an can attain union with God and thereby grasp truth, together with the fact that the important thing is self-redemption through achievement. Both are hostile to institutions and are a threat to the Church, for institutional fellowship and the outward actions of the Church are unimportant. Worship, dogmatics and the institution give place to subjective experience or higher cognition. The distance between God as the Creator and man as the creature is obliterated and Christ is conceived as an incorporeal link between God and man.Eros-love is often expressed in Grundtvig’s poetry, especially in his early poetry, where he has a tendency to overestimate his own importance as the spiritual leader of the Danish people, and to place himself on a par with the prophets of the Old Testament, i. e. a man whose personal visions represented truth and guidance for a whole people. A controversy between Grundtvig and H. C. Ørsted in 1815 makes Grundtvig admit the necessity of being on his guard against his own visions. False as well as true visions exist, and because of man’s condition as a creature in time and space it is not possible for him to distinguish clearly between true and false prophets. After 1815 Grundtvig no longer sees himself as a prophet but as a poet. To him a poet is a visionary, a seer of divine truths or diabolical hallucinations. Grundtvig’s attitude to his visions is based on ethical considerations of their truth value and he consciously eliminates any visions that reflect self-willedness or acute depression. He places his poetry at the disposal of the community in baptism, Holy Communion and hymn singing. His work is the result of an uncommon individual steering an even course between a universe based on personal struggles and the striving of the Eros-love to go beyond this universe. For Grundtvig the criterion for an even course is solidarity with his own social context, and not, as in the case of the mystic, development into an ecstatic vision of the boundlessness of the Ego. Grundtvig’s congregation exists in time and grows with time. The mystic is sufficient to himself in ecstacy and his experience is beyond time and space. The mystic seeks eternity in the present and the world around fades as inspiration grows. Grundtvig acts within time. His poetic universe is a cosmos in which chaos is always present as a possibility that he will not accept. Grundtvig’s Eros-love attains fullness through preaching, the confession of faith, and praise within the limits of this cosmos; in the community which the congregation creates through this activity there is the possibility that the Eros-love will be met by agape, but only if God so wishes and only if the individual has prepared himself for agape through fruitful, collective activity.
Folkeligheden til debat. Vartovbogen 1980. Red. af Asta Paulsen, Jørgen Kristensen og E. Jakob Petersen. Kirkeligt Samfunds Forlag.
Authors: Mortensen Viggo
Published: September 2020

The folksiness to debat. By Asta Paulsen, Jørgen Kristensen and E- Jakob Petersen Reviewed by Viggo Mortensen
Folkehøjskolen som forbillede for tyskere. Anmeldelse af: Harald Behrend und Norbert Lochner: Geshickte und Gegenwart der Heimvolkshochschulen in Dänemark, Osnabrück 1966
Authors: Skovmand Roar
Published: September 2020

The Folk High School as a Model for the GermansBy Roar SkovmandGeschichte und Gegenwart der Heimvolkshochschulen in Dänemark. Osnabrück 1966.Norbert Lochner: Gegenwart und Zukunft d.r Heimvolkshochschulen in Deutschland. 1968. Beitr.ge zur Erwachsenenbildung vol. 11 and 13. Both books were first sent to Grundtvig Studies in 1983 and are here reviewed by Professor Roar Skovmand, Ph. D.The aim of both these books is that corresponding German folk high schools ought to be incorporated into the German educational system. But the institute in Münster-Westfalen which sent the books to us dissociated itself in a foreword from the authors’ ideas and plans. Norbert Lochner, however, is still working on them in Luxembourg.The concept Heimvolkshochschule (a boarding high school) may sound cumbersome to a Dane, but this is due to the fact that a Volkshochschule corresponds largely to the Danish high school evening classes and does not denote a boarding school. In 1968 there were only 23 Heimvolkshochschulen in Germany on the Danish high school model, 6 of these in Schleswig-Holstein. Nearly all of them were out in the country and drew their pupils locally. Both the authors’ analyses are meticulous, with well-chosen quotations from the Danish high school debate in the 1950’s and with comprehensive statistics.A number of high school songs are even translated into German. Perhaps, however, Grundtvig’s own ideas for a state-run high school would have suited the German authors better than the form and content which they themselves came to know in 1948 and which they were so impressed by.They believe rather that ‘nationalism’ must be replaced by ‘the European idea’; the historico-poetic element of contemporary studies and natural science and both the ‘happy Christianity’ and agrarian-tarnished liberalism are thrown overboard. The folk high school never succeeded in capturing the town youth in Denmark and managed even less in Germany. Even so they call the Danish folk high school ‘a successful large-scale experiment’. They have not fully understood Grundtvig’s own high school ideas; but they are not alone in that.
Reformation af grundtvigianismen
Authors: Mortensen Viggo
Published: September 2020

The Reformation of GrundtvigianismBy Viggo MortensenA review of The Vartov Book 1982, published by Kirkeligt Samfunds Forlag. This yearbook is a forum for all-round discussion and open debate. It does not regard the Bible as an a-historical heaven-sent book, but contains reliably informative articles, amongst others a narrative account by Finn Jacobi of the stories concerning Mary, the mother of Jesus. Two other articles attempt to read Grundtvig in the light of K. E. Løgstrup by drawing their theoretical basis from Løgstrup in order to reform the rigidified grundtvigianism.Løgstrup’s theology, according to Ole Jensen, is a modern grundtvigian theology. The grundtvigianism that was victorious in the last century was in fact victorious unto death, insofar as it forgot the critical barb in Grundtvig’s concept of folkelighed (that which is of the people). But Ole Jensen finds this criticism revitalized in L.gstrup’s posthumous essay collection System and Symbol from 1982. Svend Andersen’s article on the world-picture and the creation idea is also indirectly a criticism of those who allow a natural scientific general view to gain a monopoly on the description and interpretation of reality. He advocates a dialogue between theology and the natural sciences.
N.F.S. Grundtvig: »Om Mennesket i Verden«
Authors: Toftdahl Hellmut
Published: September 2020

N. F. S. Grundtvig: On Mankind in the World, Published with an introduction and notes by K. B. Gjesing. Herning 1983. 80 pages. 120 Dkr.Reviewed by Hellmut ToftdahlA separate edition of “an important written source” , often cited in Grundtvig literature, but not a photographic reproduction, as in the edition of the journal Danevirke, from the second volume of which (1817) it is taken. The publisher sheds light on the article’s relation to Grundtvig’s day and age and comments on it with reference to Grundtvig research, in particular Henning Høirup’s Grundtvig’s View of Faith and Epistemology and Erik Heinemeier’s Grundtvig’s View of Man, but only in a footnote to C. I. Scharling’s Grundtvig and Romanticism, in the light of Grundtvig’s Relationship to Schelling. The publisher’s perspective is more ideological than theological and skates over Grundtvig’s clash with romanticism.The article is concerned with the early part of the period when Grundtvig was reacting to Schelling, but at the same time it is noted that in his phraseology and conceptual apparatus Grundtvig is dependent on his school. The publisher appears to be unaware that it is through this philosophical journal that Grundtvig channels his reformatory dreams. The reviewer quotes what Grundtvig himself said about this: “Every word I write is a sharp spear; it is just wrapped in cotton.” This “ cotton” was precisely the conceptual apparatus of the age’s intellectuals. It is true that like all others, even today, Grundtvig thought in dualistic terms. But he refused to identify himself with this way of thought, knowing that the distinction between truth and lying was at odds with the distinction between the bodily and the spiritual. Truth should have a body, and therefore romanticism must comply with Christianity and the historical coming to consciousness after faith. The reviewer regrets the lack of reference to the work of Helge Grell, William Michelsen and Flemming Lundgreen-Nielsen. The condition of man as a creature with a tendency to raise himself above the creator falls outside the publisher’s ideological understanding; but it was here that Grundtvig saw the greatest danger in German romanticism, as is clear from his own text.
En tilfældig slægt
Authors: Toftdahl Hellmut
Published: September 2020

‘Just a Family’Birgit Michelsen: ‘The Catechist, the Dean, and the Socialist’. The History of Three Generations. Published by Anis, Århus, 1989.By Hellmut Toftdahl The writer has written about three people in the history of her family, for whom Christianity was a deeply personal matter. Their crises reflect the crisis which the Christian Church underwent in those years. We also meet several other people in the book, sons and daughters of the three. Their scruples and rebellions, ranging from radical free-thinking to an involvement in German Socialism, are woven together into a vivid presentation of the history of ideas of the time.The main character of the book is the restless, fascinating Christian, who ended his life in Leipzig as a Socialist and naturalized German. With his doubt about the ‘truths’ he had inherited from his family of clergymen, and in his search for the ‘right thinking’, he was ahead of his time. In his honesty and need to be true to himself, he had a good deal in common with both Søren Kierkegaard and Grundtvig, whose contemporary he was.In a Grundtvig context the book is interesting because it affords personal evidence of the ecclesiastical and existential forces that Søren Kierkegaard and Grundtvig, with their liberating theology, were up against among the representatives of the established understanding of Christianity of the time.
Formandens årsberetning 25. oktober 1991
Authors: Thodberg Christian
Published: September 2020

Report on the Grundtvig Society's companyBy Christian Thodberg
Synet på natur og historie hos Grundtvig og Løgstrup
Authors: Henningsen Hans
Published: September 2020

The View of Nature and History in Grundtvig and LøgstrupBy Hans HenningsenGrundtvig’s and K.E. Løgstrup’s thoughts move in two different dimensions, but with the same intention of demonstrating that it was not the capacity of man to create culture that first gave significance to the world. But where Grundtvig speaks about history, Løgstrup speaks about »phenomena«, »nature«, and »universe«.While Grundtvig was largely unaffected by Kant, the latter - with his concepts of the selfexistent subject and the idea of the faculty of cognition as productive - became a challenge to Løgstrup. Kant heralds an era whose relationship with the universe is characterized as a »marginal existence«. Our culture became an emancipatory culture which was all to the good, but the era lost its sense of the .pre-cultural. structures in which life is »encased«.The era has also emancipated itself from Grundtvig’s historical view. But a history on the premisses of relativism is no history. Or, in Løgstrup’s words, there is no other history than the history of what is essential in life. Therefore, in reality, Løgstrup’s phenomenological and philosophical endeavours become a defence of history. Grundtvig’s view of nature was determined by his radical prioritization of history. He prefers to view nature as part of the historical life of man, which again determines his use of nature images. In Grundtvig there is no religious interpretation of any experience or perception of nature in spite of the fact that everything in the Creation is to be understood as images of the eternal.In Løgstrup there is no such cautions attitude towards nature. Here nature and sense perception are liberating, but as is the case with Grundtvig, nature is seen as the foundation of man’s life, as immediate experience.Grundtvig’s radical prioritization of history colours his view of art. The Creation itself is the greatest work of art; part of it is the upbringing through which all history must be the object of the individual’s own experience. Among the art forms, poetry ranks highest, with the song above all other forms, while Grundtvig only uses disparaging words about painting and sculpture because these art forms are wordless and preclude changes. Løgstrup, however, attaches much greater importance to sense perception and self-recognition through art.These contrasts may be regarded as what Løgstrup calls uniting opposites; it must be remembered, however, that such disparities cannot be harmonized so as to disappear, but are uniting precisely by virtue of the tension that exists between them. The actual existence of the contrasts does not preclude the possibility that in a wider sense the two views may be contained within the same framework and express a common intention.
Forord
Authors: Albeck Gustav , Michelsen William , Schjørring Jens Holger , Toftdahl Hellmut
Published: September 2020

PrefaceBy the editors
Forord
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Michelsen William , Schjørring Jens Holger , Pedersen Kim Arne
Published: September 2020

PrefaceBy the editors
Prædiken til 5. aug. 1972 af Johan Grundtvig. Introduction and comments
Authors: Haslam Gerald M.
Published: September 2020

Johan Grundtvigs prædiken d. 5. august 1792Af Gerald M. HaslamMed den her gengivne prædiken af N.F.S. Grundtvigs far præsenteres et større transskriptionsarbejde og en opfølgende analyse. Haslam arbejder dels med Johan Grundtvigs prædikener, dels med sammes brevveksling. Arbejdet skal munde ud i en redegørelse for N.F.S. Grundtvigs forhold til faderens teologi.Prædikenen er fra 1792 og har derfor kunnet høres af N.F.S. Grundtvig før han drog til Thyregod. Haslam tilslutter sig K.E. Bugges beskrivelse af Johan Grundtvigs teologi som en blanding af ortodoksi, pietisme og supranaturalisme, men understreger, at Johan Grundtvigs teologi er endog mere præget af bodskristendom, end Bugge antager.Haslam foretager på grundlag af den samlede mængde prædikener en bestemmelse af Johan Grundtvigs teologi i en samfundsmæssig og kulturel kontekst. Denne analyse peger på de positive aspekter af Johan Grundtvigs virke, uden at Haslam derfor forholder sig ukritisk til Johan Grundtvig. Han understreger det værdifulde i, at Johan Grundtvig i en tid præget af politisk og religiøs forvirring gennem sin forkyndelse af den personlige omvendelses betydning for den evige frelse var i stand til at motivere sine sognebørn til at leve et bedre liv og til at bibringe dem tr.st og håb.Afsluttende går Haslam det klart, at N.F.S. Grundtvig - og andre fornyere af forkyndelsen - ikke opstod i et tomrum, men positivt knyttede an til forkyndelsen hos kirkemænd, der i slutningen af 1700-tallet bekymrede sig for deres sognebørns åndelige og fysiske velbefindende.
Vartovbogen 1996
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

The »Vartov« book 1996Vartovbogen 1996 edited by Anna Bojsen-Møller, Jørgen Kristensen and E. Jakob Petersen. Kirkeligt Samfunds Forlag, København. 90 Kr.Reviewed by William Michelsen
Fortegnelse over forfatteres adresser
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Michelsen William , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

List of authors' adresses
Grundtvig, angelsakserne og Sidste Digt
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming
Published: September 2020

On Grundtvig and Anglo-Saxon Poetry, esp. Regarding his Last PoemBy Flemming Lundgreen-NielsenThe article discusses the degree of Anglo-Saxon influence on Grundtvig’s poetical imagery and on his conception of the transition from earthly life through death to eternal life and salvation. S.A.J. Bradley’s emphasis on Anglo-Saxon reminiscences in Grundtvig’s farewell poem, 1872 (in Heritage and Prophecy, 1993) is acknowledged as as a valuable contribution to the understanding of the text; yet his moderation of the influence from the poetical practice of Danish 18th century lyrical poets and from the Greek myth of Charon, the ferryman of death, is questioned in the light of Danish 19lh century reception of these recent writers and of Grundtvig’s own preoccupation with Greek myths and history in the 1840s. William Michelsen’s interpretation of Grundtvig’s last poem (in Grundtvig Studier 1995) is discussed in some detail, relating to the idea of the action as a reversal, i.e. Christianization, of the Charon or Valhal myth. Finally Merete Bøye’s attempt (in Grundtvig Studier 1998) to establish a dichotomy borrowed from Anglo-Saxon Christian poetry of Hall and Ocean (»Hal« and »Hav«) in Grundtvig’s writings, understood as symbolic locations in an eschatological perspective, is supplemented by information of the use of these words and terms in the literary universe of Grundtvig and his contemporaries. The article concludes with an 1832 quotation from Grundtvig to the effect that in true poetry and true prophecies, produced by skalds who are not professional soothsayers, ambiguity is the point, allowing each reader to make what he can of it. Therefore a comprehension of Grundtvig’s last poem should not be narrowed down to the con-sideration of only one pattern, in this case from Anglo-Saxon poetry.
Vartovbogen 1999
Authors: Michelsen William
Published: September 2020

The "Vartov" book 1999Reviewed by William Michelsen
Grundtvig og Billeder
Authors: Thomsen Niels
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and ImagesBy Niels ThomsenWhat statements Grundtvig makes about art - pictures, sculpture, poetry - are cautious or even negative. It appears clearly from his great poem I Know o f a Land from 1824 with its disassociation from the art conception of Romanticism and its belief that eternity could be grasped in art. It is further elaborated in some letters to the Romantic poet Ingemann in 1837-38, in which Grundtvig may well appreciate art as the trace of the spirit, but emphasizes that where the trace of the spirit is mistaken for the spirit itself, it will lead to idolatry of art and to inane barbarism.Grundtvig’s guarded attitude to pictorial art may seem surprising since few poets have been so visually gifted as he was, as it is shown in a number of his hymns and songs: O Christendom, Ancestral Land by the Billowing Shore, If Your Hand You Have Put to the Plough o f the Lord.Many of the images in Grundtvig’s poems bear such a resemblance to pictures and mosaics from Antiquity and medieval times that it might be supposed that Grundtvig was familiar with them, but he was not. It is a much more likely explanation that Grundtvig sees in the same way as pictorial artists do. Grundtvig himself theorizes in several places about his use of imagery which he explains on the basis of his view of the Hebrew language with its abundance of imagery as the basic language, but it is argued in the present article that it is of equal importance that fundamentally Grundtvig thinks and perceives in images. His theological perception is clarified through the images he sees before him. The images seem to offer themselves to him before the rational understanding, a form of perception that he shares with the Semitic Apocalyptics of the first centuries.It is one thing that Grundtvig has not met with the spirit in art. It is quite another that pictorial artists have been abundantly inspired by Grundtvig’s imagery. This is demonstrated in Joakim Skovgaard’s and Sven Havsteen-Mikkelsen’s pictorial interpretation of The Blessed Day we See with Joy. But the rich imagery of precisely that hymn demonstrates at the same time how impossible it is to exhaust, in physical pictures, the visions seen by Grundtvig. This must be seen in the context of Grundtvig’s understanding of the corporal and the incorporeal. Faith needs images in order that Christianity may not turn into a figment of the brain, but if one believes that the spirit can be captured in physical pictures, one is on the way to idolatry.
Om Poul Engberg forfatterskab
Authors: Ægidius Jens Peter
Published: September 2020

About Poul Engberg’s WritingsBy Jens Peter ÆgidiusIn a portrait sketch of Poul Engberg, J.P. Ægidius depicts him as a distinguished Grundtvigian folk high school man, a principal figure in the Grundtvigian tradition of 20th century Denmark.PE has worked primarily at folk high schools, but has also been a clergyman to some of the »free« Grundtvigian congregations (i.e. those standing outside the state framework). His writings, the majority of which are the product of the three latest decades, are comprehensive in regard to the number of titles as well as to the scope of their subjects. The central deliberations bear on the meaning of folkelighed, historically in Grundtvig’s writings as well as today in relation to present political circumstances. As J.P. Ægidius renders it, it is made clear by PE that Grundtvig’s importance today is not ensured through a historical review of Grundtvig’s life and work; a critical dialogue about cultural and social conditions today is essential. PE makes no secret of the fact that he regards the European Union as patently opposed to what he himself sees as the core of the Nordic cultural heritage, his view being that this heritage builds on a mythical-poetical understanding of life. With this point of departure - in constant opposition to the leading circles of the day - PE has turned against the political development, which, consciously or unconsciously, adapts itself to the high political trends, including the move towards a political union in Western Europe. Instead, with courage and a good deal of obstinacy, he has sought to draw attention to the idea that there ought to be room for a high degree of folkelig understanding between the Nordic heritage, rightly understood, and »Holy Russia«.In PE’s view this would, for one thing, comply with what Grundtvig had in mind when he experienced his »Greek revival« and thus came to appreciate the tradition of the Eastern church, and for another, it would be a highly called-for counterbalance to the dominating tendencies in European politics, which, in PE’s view, have succumbed to a materialistic mentality, dictated by globalization and market mechanisms, but are entirely devoid of any sense of the importance of a mythical-poetical universe.
Frihedsretorik og totalitære tendenser. Sand oplysning og danskhed hos Grundtvig
Authors: Harbsmeier Eberhard
Published: September 2020

Freedom rhetoric and totalitarian tendencies.True information and Danishness at GrundtvigBy Eberhard Harbsmeier
N. F. S. Grundtvigs syn på forholdet mellem skabelse, åbenbaring og nærværelse belyst ved en sammenligning med Jürgen Moltmann
Authors: Præstegaard Betina Hjorth
Published: September 2020

N. F. S. Grundtvigs syn på skabelse, åbenbaring og nærværelse belyst ved en sammenligning med Jürgen Moltmann [N. F. S. Grundtvig's views upon creation, revelation and presence in the light of a comparison with J. M. ]Af Betina HjorthIn this article N. F. S. Grundtvig is compared with the living German protestant theologian Jürgen Moltmann and Grundtvig’s continuous and actual ecumenical relevance is emphasized.Unlike most Western theologians both Grundtvig and Moltmann show an interest in the trinitarian and liturgical tradition of the Orthodox Church. Instead of the typical western focus on the revelation of Christ and the difference between revelation and history, Grundtvig and Moltmann as well as most Orthodox theologians focus on the Trinity and the nearness of God in everyday life.Because of their ontological concept of theology, which is related to Grundtvig’s and Moltmann’s desire to avoid the western distinction between Gott and sich and Gott für mich, they both stress the investigation of the relationship between the Father, Son and the Holy Spirit as the most important theological task. God is recognized as an open and integral fellowship of three divine persons - that is as love instead of as a transcendent subject. Most interesting is their analysis of the Holy Spirit whom they, in contrast to the western filolioque-tmdition, conceive as a person equal to the Father and the Son. In the first part of the article the similarities between Grundtvig and Moltmann are described by means of the old Orthodox concept of Perichoresis.Even though there are many similarities between the two theologians a more specific analysis of their literature on the Eucharist also reveals many differences between them. While Grundtvig’s theology is inspired by Luther, Moltmann shows what trinitarian and Orthodox theology looks like in a Calvinistic context. Furthermore the second part of the article describes how the inter-subjective concept of God as a fellowship causes a new social concept of theology: Theology is no longer a private reflection but a social experience - taking place in a historical (Moltmann) or liturgical and doxological (Grundtvig) context.Finally the article contains a discussion on strengths and weaknesses of the two theologians. Although the analysis shows that especially Grundtvig’s concept of the Trinity makes God living and present, both theologians offer a fruitful new understanding of theology which makes it possible to avoid the common distinction between theologia prima and theologia secunda. If one believes that Christianity is relevant in everyday life outside the university, the distinction should be avoided (though not completely eliminated).