bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOUBLE‐BALLOON ENTEROSCOPY IN THE EVALUATION OF SMALL BOWEL DISORDERS IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: SHEN RUIZHE , SUN BO , GONG BIAO , ZHANG SHU , CHENG SHIDAN
Published: July 2011

Background:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the indications, clinical utility, feasibility and safety of double‐balloon enteroscopy (DBE) in the diagnosis and management of small intestinal diseases in pediatric patients.

Methods:  This is a retrospective analysis of pediatric patients younger than 18 years referred to Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital from May 2003 to June 2008 for investigation of suspected small bowel disorders. Demographic, clinical, procedural and outcome data were collected for analysis.

Results:  A total of 35 DBE were carried out in 30 children with a mean age of 13 years. Indications for DBE were obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding (n = 22), chronic abdominal pain (n = 4), chronic diarrhea (n = 3), and incomplete small bowel obstruction (n = 1). DBE evidenced pathological findings in 29 patients (96.7%). DBE altered management in 90% of patients with positive findings. Follow up was obtained on all patients with a mean (range) of 40 months (14–75 months). The procedure was successful in all patients and there were no serious complications related to sedation.

Conclusion:  DBE is feasible and safe and has a high diagnostic yield and therapeutic impact on the diagnosis and management of small bowel disorders in selected pediatric patients.
Rescue therapy with local intra‐arterial urokinase after poor clinical response with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischaemic stroke
Authors: Lee L. H. , Chryssidis S. , Jannes J.
Published: July 2011

We report a case of combined intravenous and intra‐arterial thrombolysis in a patient presenting with acute ischaemic stroke. Progression to intra‐arterial thrombolysis in patients who fail to show clinical improvement within 6 h of symptom onset might be a safe treatment option at centres with access to stroke specialist and endovascular services. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the efficacy and potential benefits of this rescue therapy.
Current treatment practices of venous thromboembolism in children admitted to pediatric intensive care units
Authors: Hanson Sheila J. , Lawson Karla A. , Brown Ann‐Marie , Christie LeeAnn M. , McArthur Jennifer A. , Totapally Balagangadhar , Higgerson Renee A.
Published: July 2011

Objective:  To describe current treatment practices of VTE in patients admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and compare these practices to published guidelines.

Background:  While the incidence of VTE is increasing, current treatment practices of VTE in patients admitted to PICUs are not known.

Methods:  This multicenter, prospective, observational study enrolled patients with confirmed VTE admitted to 11 PICUs over a rolling 6‐month study period. Treatment data were collected and analyzed.

Results:  Sixty‐six VTEs occurred in 6653 patients. Empiric treatment for VTE was initiated in 30% prior to VTE confirmation, and children with cyanotic heart disease were 15.7 times more like to receive empiric therapy. Overall, 78% received systemic anticoagulation, 8% treated with only catheter‐based interventions, and 13% of VTE were not treated. Seven patients (11%) underwent systemic fibrinolysis; more commonly in neonates (23%) vs children (5%). Surgical and interventional procedures were performed on 4 patients. The American College of Chest Physicians recommendations were incompletely followed. Only 28% of the 32 cases treated with low molecular weight heparin titrated dosing to a goal anti‐FXa level 0.5–1. Five of the 15 cases treated with unfractionated heparin titrated dosing to aPTT 60–90, and one case did not use goal‐directed therapy.

Conclusions:  Confirmed VTEs in patients admitted to PICUs are most frequently treated with systemic anticoagulation; however, more intensive treatments such as systemic thrombolysis and surgical or interventional procedures are not uncommon in this critically ill population. Current practices deviate from the published antithrombotic guidelines developed for the general pediatric population.
A Brave New World of Personalized Care? Historical Perspectives on Social Care and Older People in England
Authors: Means Robin
Published: July 2011

Social care policy for older people in England continues to generate extensive discussion around the need to break with the past and to deliver a personalized response to need. This article explores the extent to which this represents a complete break with the past by looking at four key reports from the past, namely the Rucker Report (1946) on the break up of the Poor Law, the Seebohm Report (1968) on the personal social services, the Griffiths Report (1988) on community care and The Royal Commission on Long Term Care (Sutherland Report, 1999). Each is interrogated in terms of how social care is defined, how services are to be delivered, how quality is understood and the assumptions made about who will be able to access services. This analysis is used to draw out key continuities in policy assumptions such as the primacy of family and the ongoing debate about ‘What is social care?’ and how it can be distinguished from health care. The article also argues that the voluntary sector has always been seen as a ‘key player’ in social care. Finally, the analysis of the four reports is used to trace the ever changing role of local authorities in the planning, purchase and provision of social care services for older people.
One Welfare State, Two Care Regimes: Understanding Developments in Child and Elderly Care Policies in the Netherlands
Authors: van Hooren Franca , Becker Uwe
Published: July 2011

The different development of child and elderly care in the Netherlands reflects the hybrid character of its welfare system, which, until the 1980s, featured both social democratic and conservative elements. While public involvement in the provision of elderly care services rapidly increased after the Second World War, childcare remained a family affair well into the 1980s. Under recent neo‐liberal influences these trends have been reversed. Public investments in childcare have grown exponentially, while several governments have attempted to cut expenses on elderly care services. This article descriptively compares these contrasting processes and puts them into historical and comparative perspective. It is argued that pillarization has contributed to the comparatively strong hybridization of the Dutch system of welfare and social care. In addition, different cultures of child and elderly care contributed to different developments in both policy fields.
The Optimal Provision of Curative Goods
Authors: BORGES ANA PINTO , HENRIET DOMINIQUE , LAUSSEL DIDIER
Published: July 2011

We analyze the optimal contract between a risk neutral regulator providing a curative goods and a risk averse patient who learns the realized value of his/her health status after the contracting stage. Consumption of a curative good (healthcare) reduces the disutility associated with a disease. We show that the consumption of curative goods is larger than in the complete information case, that this overprovision increases with the degree of patients’ risk‐aversion and the marginal cost of treatment. Ceilings on the amount of healthcare are part of the optimal contract when risk aversion is important.
Surviving Slavery: Mortality at Mesopotamia, A Jamaican Sugar Estate, 1762–1832
Authors: Forster Martin , Smith S. D.
Published: July 2011

We use survival analysis to study the determinants of mortality of 1099 slaves living on the Jamaican sugar plantation of Mesopotamia for seven decades before the Emancipation Act of 1833. We find evidence that female slaves who were first observed during Joseph Foster Barham II’s period of ownership (1789–1832) faced an increased risk of death compared with those who were first observed during his predecessor’s tenure. We find no such relationship for males. We cite as a possible explanation the employment regime that was operated under Foster Barham II after his voluntary withdrawal from the transatlantic slave trade, which allocated increasing numbers of females to gang labour in the cane fields. g-estimation models estimate that continuous exposure to such work, versus never being exposed, reduced survival times by around 30%. We compare our results with previous studies of Mesopotamia and the wider literature dealing with work and survival in Caribbean slave populations.
The Influence of Ibn Sīnā on al‐Ghazzālī in Qur'anic Hermeneutics
Authors: Okumuş Mesut
Published: July 2011

Al‐Ghazzālī criticized Muslim philosophers in general and Ibn Sīnā in particular in a number of matters notwithstanding, he was deeply influenced by philosophy and Ibn Sīnā's views as to some issues. Of the contexts in which al‐Ghazzālī is under the clear influence of Ibn Sīnā are the interpretations of some Qur'ānīc chapters and verses which are related to the demonstration of the existence of God and the explanation of some divine attributes and names. In many of his works, al‐Ghazzālī reproduces Ibn Sīnā's interpretation of the verses in harmony with the ontological proof. One can observe Ibn Sīnā's influence on al‐Ghazzālī in relation with the hierarchy of beings, too. However, the context in which Ibn Sīnā's influence is most obvious is the interpretation of the 35th verse of the Sūrah Nūr. Ibn Sīnā's interpretation of the terms occurring in this verse as symbols of the human faculties exercised a profound impact on the thought of al‐Ghazzālī, which manifests itself in his interpretation of the verse in Mishkāt al‐Anwār. Another of such contexts is the topic of human psychology and the interpretations of the verses related wherewith. Immensely influenced by the psychological views of Ibn Sīnā, al‐Ghazzālī adopted Ibn Sīnā's notion of the simultaneous creation of soul and body, interpreting some Qur'ānic verses in harmony with this notion. This article is intended to illustrate that al‐Ghazzālī, who is opposed to the blind imitation of any school of thought, did not make a wholesale denouncement of the views of philosophers; on the contrary, he made an extensive use of Ibn Sīnā's ideas in conformity with his general attitude of benefiting from all schools of thought.
An Investigation into the Alleged Bias of Textile Shade Passers
Authors: McLAREN K.
Published: July 2011

An ANLAB colour difference equation of the type‐

image

has been applied to one set of perceptibility and three sets of acceptability data. The optimum values of l, c and h show that the equation overestimates the perceptibility of both chroma and hue differences relative to lightness differences. Significantly different weighting factors were found for the acceptability data, probably indicating that textile shade passers are biased against chroma and hue differences.
Part II ‐ Synthesis, Purification and Characterization of the Pyrazolone Colorants
Authors: PARENT RICHARD A.
Published: July 2011

Thirty‐three substituted pyrazolone colorants have been synthesized, purified and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. These colorants have been shown to be hydrazones rather than azo compounds and, as a result, some infrared assignments made previously in the literature are in error. Definite assignments have been made for five bands characteristic of this system and three additional unassigned bands are indicated. Absorption in 5.98 to 6.08 micrometer range was found to be characteristic of the pyrazolone carbonyl group, while the exocyclic hydrazone double bond appeared at 6.32 to 6.52 μm.* An additional band attributed to the N–H bond in the hydrazone linkage was observed at 7.90 to 8.17 μm.* Absorption associated with endocyclic C=N was assigned in the 6.22–6.35 μm range,† with an additional band at 7.47 to 7.61 μm attributed to ring C–N vibrations.

An observed band at 8.58 to 8.81 μm has been assigned to C–N vibration, but its origin is not clear. Although bands at 9.51 to 9.64 μm and 9.87 to 10.06 μm have been assigned to CH3 rock by others, this assignment is considered speculative and these bands are left unassigned. Aromatic substitution patterns in the C–H out‐of‐plane stretching region are also indicated.
Textile applications of photochromic dyes. Part 4: application of commercial photochromic dyes as disperse dyes to polyester by exhaust dyeing
Authors: Aldib Mohanad , Christie Robert M
Published: July 2011

A series of commercial photochromic dyes was applied to polyester fabric as disperse dyes. The photocoloration properties of the dyed fabrics were investigated by applying techniques previously established in our laboratories using an independent source of ultraviolet irradiation and traditional colour measurement instrumentation. The dyed fabrics showed reversible photochromism, developing pronounced colours from weak background colours on irradiation with ultraviolet light and returning to their original state when the ultraviolet light source was removed. However, the extent of photocoloration and the depth of background colour varied significantly with the particular dye used. The dyeing procedure was optimised by maximising the degree of photocoloration, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE1) between the colour developed after ultraviolet exposure and background colour, while minimising the background colour, expressed as the colour difference (ΔE2) between unexposed dyed and undyed fabrics. Optimum dyeing concentrations were determined. The colour development and fading properties, fatigue resistance and storage stability of the dyed fabrics were investigated.
Spinal Manipulation for Headaches: Will Better Quality Trials Do the Trick?
Authors: Wells Rebecca Erwin
Published: July 2011

(Headache 2011;51:1149‐1151)

Treatment for cervicogenic headache (CGH) can be challenging and is not always effective. Many patients turn to manipulative therapies, but what is the evidence this form of treatment works? Posadzki and Ernst performed a systematic review of trials of spinal manipulation for the treatment of CGH, which is published in this issue of Headache. The studies they located did not use clear or standard definitions for CGH or the manipulative interventions. The authors conclude that the evidence for spinal manipulative therapies for CGH is weak and more research is needed. This is particularly important because of rare but serious risks associated with this treatment option.
Measuring patient satisfaction following epilepsy surgery
Authors: Macrodimitris Sophia , Sherman Elisabeth M.S. , Williams Tricia S. , Bigras Cristina , Wiebe Samuel
Published: July 2011

Purpose:  To systematically review primary research examining patient satisfaction with epilepsy surgery in order to obtain evidence‐based estimates of this surgical outcome; to assess methods used to measure epilepsy surgery satisfaction, overall epilepsy surgery satisfaction ratings, and predictors of epilepsy surgery satisfaction.

Methods:  Systematic review of published studies in English up to June 2009, focusing on patient satisfaction with all types of epilepsy surgery in patients of all ages. We excluded studies that focused on satisfaction with epilepsy treatment in general, on quality of life without specific exploration of patient satisfaction with surgery, and on satisfaction with the process of health care delivery, rather than with surgery and its outcomes.

Key Findings:  Eight studies met inclusion criteria. Satisfaction was assessed using one or more global questions. Four epilepsy surgery satisfaction question content patterns emerged: (1) satisfied or dissatisfied, (2) perceived success or failure, (3) overall positive or negative impact, and (4) willingness to repeat surgery or regretting surgery. Overall 71% were satisfied; 64% considered it a success; it had a positive effect for 78%; and 87% would repeat surgery. Seizure freedom was the most common predictor of epilepsy surgery satisfaction, whereas postoperative neurologic deficit predicted dissatisfaction.

Significance:  Patient satisfaction with interventions is an important aspect of patient‐centered care, but it has received little attention in epilepsy surgery. Future research is required to develop and validate epilepsy surgery satisfaction tools. We provide preliminary guiding principles for measuring satisfaction after epilepsy surgery.
A population‐based study of long‐term outcome of epilepsy in childhood with a focal or hemispheric lesion on neuroimaging
Authors: Dhamija Radhika , Moseley Brian D. , Cascino Gregory D. , Wirrell Elaine C.
Published: July 2011

Purpose:  To evaluate long‐term seizure outcome in children with epilepsy and a focal or hemispheric neuroimaging abnormality.

Methods:  All children (<18 years and residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota) with new‐onset epilepsy diagnosed between 1980 and 2004 and a single focal lesion on neuroimaging were identified by review of the Rochester Epidemiologic Project database. Outcomes were divided into three categories: (1) seizure freedom for 1 or more years at last follow‐up, (2) ongoing seizures but not medically intractable epilepsy, and (3) medically intractable epilepsy or undergoing epilepsy surgery. We also evaluated the proportion who achieved seizure control without surgical intervention and whether lesion type predicted intractability.

Key Findings:  Of the 359 children with newly diagnosed epilepsy, 37 (10%) had a focal or hemispheric lesion on neuroimaging. Median age of diagnosis was 89 months (25th percentile 26 months, 75th percentile 142 months) and at follow‐up was 137 months (25th percentile 95 months, 75th percentile 211 months). Eighty‐three percent of children with malformations of cortical development, 67% with mesial temporal sclerosis, 33% with encephalomalacia, and 50% with vascular malformations had intractable epilepsy at follow‐up or underwent resective surgery for medically intractable epilepsy. Among the different etiologies, presence of encephalomalacia predicted the lowest likelihood of medical intractability or undergoing surgery (p < 0.01). At final follow‐up, 24 (65%) of our entire cohort was seizure free. Following surgery, seizure freedom was achieved in 80% with mesial temporal sclerosis, 67% with encephalomalacia, 67% with vascular malformation, and 50% with malformations of cortical development. There was no statistically significant difference between the different etiologies on neuroimaging and seizure freedom after surgery. Twelve children (32%) achieved seizure freedom with medical management alone.

Significance:  Focal lesions on neuroimaging confer a high risk of medical intractability among children with new‐onset epilepsy. However, 32% of this cohort achieved seizure remission with medical management alone, including 58% with encephalomalacia and 33% with mesial temporal sclerosis.
The Process Is the Message: The IMF Leadership and Global Governance
Authors: SPENCE MICHAEL
Published: July 2011

The further we get from the crisis moment of the global financial meltdown in 2008–2009, the weaker the momentum to establish an effective system of global governance. Gordon Brown, the former prime minister of Great Britain who hosted the most successful G‐20 conclave in London at the apex of the crisis, laments the complacency that has taken over. With the scandalous departure of Dominique Strauss‐Kahn as head of the International Monetary Fund, a global debate has opened up over whether the emerging economies should have a greater voice in that institution. Nobel laureate Michael Spence comments.
Will the Muslim Brotherhood Succeed Where Osama Failed?
Authors: ALI AYAAN HIRSI
Published: July 2011

Just as the Arab Spring blossomed, the al‐Qaeda‐led era of terrorism came to an end with the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his Pakistani lair by American special forces. We asked two of the most contentious experts on all things Islamic—Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Tariq Ramadan—to assess the meaning of these historic moments on the future. Amr Moussa, the leading candidate for Egypt's presidency, and Ehud Barak, Israel's defense minister, also offer their views. Two top former intelligence agents from MI6 and the CIA look at the next turn of events—the Saudi counter‐revolution.
The Goal in Libya Is Not Regime Change
Authors: MOUSSA AMR
Published: July 2011

Just as the Arab Spring blossomed, the al‐Qaeda‐led era of terrorism came to an end with the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his Pakistani lair by American special forces. We asked two of the most contentious experts on all things Islamic—Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Tariq Ramadan—to assess the meaning of these historic moments on the future. Amr Moussa, the leading candidate for Egypt's presidency, and Ehud Barak, Israel's defense minister, also offer their views. Two top former intelligence agents from MI6 and the CIA look at the next turn of events—the Saudi counter‐revolution.
We Can Work with Hamas
Authors: BARAK EHUD
Published: July 2011

Just as the Arab Spring blossomed, the al‐Qaeda‐led era of terrorism came to an end with the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his Pakistani lair by American special forces. We asked two of the most contentious experts on all things Islamic—Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Tariq Ramadan—to assess the meaning of these historic moments on the future. Amr Moussa, the leading candidate for Egypt's presidency, and Ehud Barak, Israel's defense minister, also offer their views. Two top former intelligence agents from MI6 and the CIA look at the next turn of events—the Saudi counter‐revolution.
The Saudi Counter‐Revolution II
Authors: FULLER GRAHAM E.
Published: July 2011

Just as the Arab Spring blossomed, the al‐Qaeda‐led era of terrorism came to an end with the killing of Osama Bin Laden in his Pakistani lair by American special forces. We asked two of the most contentious experts on all things Islamic—Ayaan Hirsi Ali and Tariq Ramadan—to assess the meaning of these historic moments on the future. Amr Moussa, the leading candidate for Egypt's presidency, and Ehud Barak, Israel's defense minister, also offer their views. Two top former intelligence agents from MI6 and the CIA look at the next turn of events—the Saudi counter‐revolution.
Japan Risks Nuclear Disaster for Consumer Convenience
Authors: KOIDE HIROAKI
Published: July 2011

Months after the devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan, the real truth hidden by incompetence and dissembling by Japanese authorities has emerged: Three of the four nuclear power plants at Fukushima suffered a meltdown. Japan's leading anti‐nuclear crusader and two French public figures worried about the impact on the future of nuclear technology respond.
The West No Longer Owns Modernity
Authors: LI ERIC
Published: July 2011

China's remarkable progress has shown that modernity does not only belong to the West. At the same time, China's modernization has been largely fueled by direct investment of foreign firms which also dominate key technologies and critical positions in the global supply chain. In this section we get the real facts on the interpenetration of China and the global economy. A leading Chinese entrepreneur and thinker puts modernization with Chinese characteristics in historical perspective. One of China's leading dissidents assesses the arrest of Ai Weiwei.
The influence of between‐needle cannulation distance on the efficacy of hemodialysis treatments
Authors: ROTHERA Christine , MCCALLUM Charlotte , HUANG Susan , HEIDENHEIM Paul , LINDSAY Robert M.
Published: July 2011

There is a belief that there should be a minimum of 5 cm between two cannulating needles of an arteriovenous fistula. This study examined the effect of reduction of space between needles from 5 cm to 2.5 cm on access recirculation, the measurement of access blood flow rate (by indicator dilution technology), and dialysis efficiency (by effective ionic dialysance). Twelve patients were studied, with half having their dialysis needles placed 2.5 cm apart for five consecutive dialysis treatments followed by placing needles 5 cm apart for a further five consecutive treatments. The other half initiated with 5 cm followed by 2.5 cm distance for a similar number of treatments. All 120 dialyses had successful cannulations with access recirculation excluded. Access blood flow (Qa mL/min) measurement was attempted for each patient twice, with each of the two needle positions. The Qa with needles 2.5 cm apart was 1310.95 ± 525.7 mL/min (M ± SD, n = 21) and was 1001.0 ± 240.4 mL/min when 5 cm apart (n = 22) (p = 0.014). There was a correlation between these two sets of Qa values (r = 0.554; p = 0.011). The effective ionic dialysance values obtained with needles 2.5 cm or 5 cm apart were similar and correlated strongly (r = 0.71; p = 0.000). Hemodialysis treatments using arteriovenous fistulae and two needles as close as 2.5 cm apart are possible without access recirculation and impairment of clearance. Indicator dilution access blood flow measurements are not recommended under these circumstances.
Libéralisation des échanges, emploi et inégalités en Inde et en Afrique du Sud
Authors: KUCERA David , RONCOLATO Leanne
Published: July 2011

Les auteurs utilisent des matrices de comptabilité sociale dans un modèle de multiplicateur de Leontief pour évaluer les effets du développement du commerce sur l'emploi et les revenus en Inde et en Afrique du Sud. L'évaluation porte sur la période de libéralisation rapide des échanges commencée début 1990, et distingue le commerce avec les pays développés et celui avec les pays en développement. Les auteurs identifient ainsi les secteurs où l'emploi progresse et ceux où il régresse, ainsi que les différences entre hommes et femmes et entre travailleurs qualifiés et non qualifiés; ils évaluent les inégalités de revenu en fonction de leur répartition dans les ménages (ruraux et urbains). Les résultats sont confrontés à la théorie du commerce international pour ce qui concerne les mécanismes d'équilibrage des échanges et les effets de la spécialisation sur le développement.
Réforme du marché du travail, inégalités de revenus et croissance économique en Chine
Authors: LU Ming , GAO Hong
Published: July 2011

Après «l'ouverture» du pays en 1978, le mode de développement adopté par la Chine a induit des déséquilibres économiques sur les plans internes et externes, surtout depuis la réforme du marché du travail au milieu des années 1990, et l'exode rural qui a suivi. L'avantage comparatif de la Chine tient à ses faibles coûts du travail, mais sa forte dépendance des exportations et les inégalités de revenus ont rendu sa croissance vulnérable face à la crise économique de 2008. Pour soutenir sa croissance économique, la Chine doit adapter ses stratégies de réforme et de développement, afin de promouvoir l'égalité des revenus et la consommation intérieure. La loi sur le contrat de travail, en vigueur depuis 2008, pourrait marquer une évolution institutionnelle dans la bonne direction.
Labour administration in sub‐Saharan Africa: Functions and challenges in the light of ILO Convention No. 150
Authors: AUVERGNON Philippe , LAVIOLETTE Sandrine , OUMAROU Moussa
Published: July 2011

Based on a review of national legislation and the findings of their field‐work, the authors assess the application of the Labour Administration Convention, 1978 (No. 150), in a sample of nine African countries. Their research focuses on three main issues: the relative importance given to each of the various functions of labour administration; the extension of those functions to workers in non‐wage employment; and the shortage of human and material resources available to the administrations. In conclusion, the authors stress the current relevance and value of the ILO instrument, particularly for extending labour administration work to the informal economy.
Social security for China's migrant workers
Authors: WANG Zhikai
Published: July 2011

China's lack of social and labour policy coherence is an increasingly serious problem which threatens to undermine labour–capital relations and, ultimately, the sustainability of the country's market transition. A particular constraint on the further development of the private sector is the absence of integrated social protection for rural migrants. These workers account for a large share of the private‐sector labour force, yet many of them do not enjoy the same social security rights as urban residents. The Government has started to address this issue through tighter law enforcement but, the author argues, the solution may call for some institutional reform.
High summer temperature explains bill size variation in salt marsh sparrows
Authors: Greenberg Russell , Danner Raymond , Olsen Brian , Luther David
Published: July 2011

Physiological factors are rarely proposed to account for variation in the morphology of feeding structures. Recently, bird bills have been demonstrated to be important convective and radiant heat sinks. Larger bills have greater surface area than smaller bills and could serve as more effective thermoregulatory organs under hot conditions. The heat radiating function of bills should be more important in open habitats with little shade and stronger convective winds. Furthermore, as a means of dumping heat without increasing water loss through evaporation, bills might play a particularly important thermoregulatory role in heat loss in windy habitat where fresh water is limited. North American salt marshes provide a latitudinal gradient of relatively homogeneous habitat that is windy, open, and fresh‐water limited. To examine the potential role of thermoregulation in determining bill size variation among ten species or subspecies of tidal marsh sparrows, we plotted bill size against maximum summer and minimum winter temperatures. Bill surface areas increases with summer temperature, which explained 82–89% of the variance (depending upon sex) when we controlled for genus membership. Latitude alone predicted bill surface area much more poorly than summer temperature, and winter temperatures explained < 10% of the variance in winter bill size. Tidal marsh sparrow bill morphology may, to a large degree, reflect the role of the bill in expelling excess body heat in these unbuffered, fresh‐water‐limited environments. This new example of Allen's rule reaffirms the importance of physiological constraints on the evolution of vertebrate morphologies, even in bird bills, which have conventionally been considered as products of adaptation to foraging niche.
The use of specialisation indices to predict vulnerability of coral‐feeding butterflyfishes to environmental change
Authors: Lawton Rebecca J. , Pratchett Morgan S. , Berumen Michael L.
Published: July 2011

In the absence of detailed assessments of extinction risk, ecological specialisation is often used as a proxy of vulnerability to environmental disturbances and extinction risk. Numerous indices can be used to estimate specialisation; however, the utility of these different indices to predict vulnerability to future environmental change is unknown. Here we compare the performance of specialisation indices using coral‐feeding butterflyfishes as a model group. Our aims were to 1) quantify the dietary preferences of three butterflyfish species across habitats with differing levels of resource availability; 2) investigate how estimates of dietary specialisation vary with the use of different specialisation indices; 3) determine which specialisation indices best inform predictions of vulnerability to environmental change; and 4) assess the utility of resource selection functions to inform predictions of vulnerability to environmental change. The relative level of dietary specialisation estimated for all three species varied when different specialisation indices were used, indicating that the choice of index can have a considerable impact upon estimates of specialisation. Specialisation indices that do not consider resource abundance may fail to distinguish species that primarily use common resources from species that actively target resources disproportionately more than they are available. Resource selection functions provided the greatest insights into the potential response of species to changes in resource availability. Examination of resource selection functions, in addition to specialisation indices, indicated that Chaetodon trifascialis was the most specialised feeder, with highly conserved dietary preferences across all sites, suggesting that this species is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate‐induced coral loss on reefs. Our results indicate that vulnerability assessments based on some specialisation indices may be misleading and the best estimates of dietary specialisation will be provided by indices which incorporate resource availability measures, as well as assessing responses of species to changes in resource availability.
Common Membrane Trafficking Defects of Disease‐Associated Dynamin 2 Mutations
Authors: Liu Ya‐Wen , Lukiyanchuk Vasyl , Schmid Sandra L.
Published: July 2011

Dynamin (Dyn) is a multidomain and multifunctional GTPase best known for its essential role in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis (CME). Dyn2 mutations have been linked to two human diseases, centronuclear myopathy (CNM) and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease. Paradoxically, although Dyn2 is ubiquitously expressed and essential for embryonic development, the disease‐associated Dyn2 mutants are autosomal dominant, but result in slowly progressing and tissue‐specific diseases. Thus, although the cellular defects that cause disease remain unclear, they are expected to be mild. To gain new insight into potential pathogenic mechanisms, we utilized mouse Dyn2 conditional knockout cells combined with retroviral‐mediated reconstitution to mimic both heterozygous and homozygous states and characterized cellular phenotypes using quantitative assays for several membrane trafficking events. Surprisingly, none of the four mutants studied exhibited a defect in CME, but all were impaired in their ability to support p75/neurotrophin receptor export from the Golgi, the raft‐dependent endocytosis of cholera toxin and the clathrin‐independent endocytosis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). While it will be important to study these mutants in disease‐relevant muscle and neuronal cells, given the importance of neurotrophic factors and lipid rafts in muscle physiology, we speculate that these common cellular defects might contribute to the tissue‐specific diseases caused by a ubiquitously expressed protein.
Central incisor loss after delayed replantation following avulsion: a contemporary restorative and adjunctive orthodontic management approach
Authors: Savi Andrea , Turillazzi Oliviero , Cocconi Renato , Bonanini Mauro , Pizzi Silvia , Manfredi Maddalena
Published: July 2011

Abstract –  Delayed replantation of an avulsed tooth may result in rapid root resorption or, more frequently, dental ankylosis with subsequent bone substitution. If this process develop slowly, it is possible to observe that tooth loss is characterized by a well conserved alveolus with regard to bone preservation, particularly in vertical dimension. This clinical case reports a dental trauma of a central incisor in a young boy characterized by tooth avulsion and its delayed replantation. After 10 years, dental ankylosis of the incisor was recorded and the patient underwent a prosthetic‐orthodontic rehabilitation using CAD‐CAM technology and no‐prep veneers.
Rehospitalization in the first 2 years of life in children born preterm
Authors: Ralser Elisabeth , Mueller Wilfried , Haberland Claudia , Fink Franz‐Martin , Gutenberger Karl‐Heinz , Strobl Robert , Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer Ursula
Published: July 2011

Aim:  Aim of the study is to investigate the frequency of and predictors for rehospitalization within the first 2 years of life among preterm infants.

Methods:  All children born before 32 weeks of gestation in Northern Tyrol between January 2003 and July 2008 were prospectively enrolled. Data on rehospitalizations were obtained from hospital admission records. The association between candidate risk factors and readmission was analysed by means of logistic regression analysis.

Results:  In the first and second years of life, 151 and 93 of 377 children (40.1% and 24.7%), respectively, were readmitted to one of the hospitals in Northern Tyrol. The most common causes of rehospitalization were respiratory disorders, accounting for 42.1% and 47.4% of total readmissions in the first and second years of life. Chronic lung disease (CLD), male sex and smoking in pregnancy were risk conditions relevant to readmission in the first year of life, but only CLD in the second year.

Conclusion:  Infants born before 32 weeks of gestation have a high risk of rehospitalization with respiratory illness significantly contributing to postdischarge morbidity. Neonatal intensive care should aim to further improve respiratory health in preterm infants, and adequate follow‐up services must be offered.
Preschool wheeze – impact of early fish introduction and neonatal antibiotics
Authors: Goksör Emma , Alm Bernt , Thengilsdottir Hrefna , Pettersson Rolf , Åberg Nils , Wennergren Göran
Published: July 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to analyse the risk factors for preschool wheeze with special reference to the early introduction of fish and early antibiotic treatment. To avoid reverse causation regarding antibiotics, we focused on the influence of broad‐spectrum antibiotics given during the first week of life.

Methods:  Data were obtained from a prospective, longitudinal study of a cohort of children born in western Sweden where 50% of the birth cohort was randomly selected. The parents answered questionnaires at 6 and 12 months and at 4.5 years of age. The response rate at 4.5 years was 83% (4496 of 5398 questionnaires distributed).

Results:  In the multivariate analysis, broad‐spectrum antibiotics in the first week increased the risk of recurrent wheeze (≥3 episodes) during the last 12 months at age 4.5 years (adjusted OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.3–3.8) and multiple‐trigger wheeze (aOR, 2.8; 1.3–6.1). The introduction of fish before the age of 9 months reduced the risk of recurrent wheeze (aOR, 0.6; 0.4–0.8).

Conclusion:  Treatment with broad‐spectrum antibiotics during the first week of life increased the risk of recurrent wheeze and multiple‐trigger wheeze at preschool age. The early introduction of fish reduced the risk of recurrent wheeze.
Feeding problems, growth and nutritional status in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Dahlseng Magnus Odin , Finbråten Ane‐Kristine , Júlíusson Pétur B. , Skranes Jon , Andersen Guro , Vik Torstein
Published: July 2011

Aim:  The aim was to estimate the prevalence of feeding and nutritional problems in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Norway.

Methods:  Data were abstracted from the Norwegian CP Register for 661 (368 boys) children born 1996–2003 (mean age 6 years 7 months; SD: 1.5). For children born from 1999 to 2003, weight and height were available. Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) was used to assess nutritional status.

Results:  One hundred and thirty‐two (21%) children with CP were completely dependent on assistance during feeding. The prevalence of gastrostomy tube feeding was 14%. Longer duration of gastrostomy tube feeding was associated with higher weight and BMI, but not with height. Only 63% of the children with CP had normal BMI, 7% had grade 3 thinness, while the prevalence of overweight and obesity in our study was 16%. In all, 20% of the children had mean z‐scores for weight and/or height below – 2 SD.

Conclusion:  Feeding problems in children with CP were common and associated with poor linear growth. A high proportion of the children were undernourished. Moreover, our results suggest that gastrostomy tube feeding may have been introduced too late in some children.
Gliosis in neonatal SUDI cases
Authors: Chiu May , Elder Dawn , Zuccollo Jane
Published: July 2011

Aim:  To review sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUDI) in the first 28 days of life referred to a Coronial Perinatal Forensic Pathology Service over a 10‐year period from 2000 to 2009.

Methods:  Cases were collected from mortuary records, and a retrospective review of autopsy reports and other available infant records was undertaken.

Results:  Twenty‐four neonatal SUDI were reviewed. For eight infants, a diagnosis was made at autopsy. For the remaining 16 infants, 14 (87.5%) were bedsharing at the time of death. Maori infants and those living in deprived neighbourhoods were over‐represented. Only two infants were preterm, and four were growth‐restricted. At post‐mortem, white matter gliosis was found in 10 of the 16 (62.5%) unexplained SUDI cases.

Conclusion:  Sudden unexpected infant deaths occur in the first month of life in association with bedsharing. Gliosis may be an important associated risk factor, and its presence indicates a previous insult of prenatal onset.
R.S. PETERS AND THE CONCEPT OF EDUCATION
Authors: Beckett Kelvin Stewart
Published: July 2011

In this essay Kelvin Beckett argues that Richard Peters's major work on education, Ethics and Education, belongs on a short list of important texts we can all share. He argues this not because of the place it has in the history of philosophy of education, as important as that is, but because of the contribution it can still make to the future of the discipline. The limitations of Peters's analysis of the concept of education in his chapter on “Criteria of Education” are well known. In the chapter on “Education as Initiation,” however, Peters offered a synthetic sketch of education that, Beckett argues, points us toward a more comprehensive definition of education, one which, he maintains, can be accepted by all philosophers, regardless of the tradition they work in.
ERNST VON GLASERSFELD'S RADICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM AND TRUTH AS DISCLOSURE
Authors: Joldersma Clarence W.
Published: July 2011

In this essay Clarence Joldersma explores radical constructivism through the work of its most well‐known advocate, Ernst von Glasersfeld, who combines a sophisticated philosophical discussion of knowledge and truth with educational practices. Joldersma uses Joseph Rouse's work in philosophy of science to criticize the antirealism inherent in radical constructivism, emphasizing that Rouse's Heideggerian critique differs from the standard realist defense of modernist epistemology. Next, Joldersma develops an alternative conception of truth, in terms of disclosure, based on Lambert Zuidervaart's work in aesthetics. Joldersma concludes by arguing that this notion of truth avoids the pitfalls of both realism and antirealism, giving educational theorists a way forward to accept some of the major insights of constructivism with respect to learning and teaching without having to relinquish a robust notion of truth.
DEPICTING TEACHERS' ROLES IN SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOCIAL FRONTIER, 1934–1943
Authors: Murrow Sonia E.
Published: July 2011

According to the dominant historiographical narrative, the social reconstructionists were a homogeneous group with a shared social, political, economic, and educational agenda. However, the pages of the journal The Social Frontier are replete with evidence that they were not in agreement on significant issues, especially when it came to the proper role of teachers in reform efforts. In fact, a close look reveals that the social reconstructionists presented multiple, overlapping, and often conflicting theories and strategies to advance the reconstruction of society, while explicating different roles for teachers therein. When teachers are placed at the center of the investigation, their factionalism, which has been discussed previously by C.A. Bowers and James Giarelli in their studies of the journal, is conspicuously apparent. Analysis of the different conceptions of teachers presented in The Social Frontier (subsequently titled Frontiers of Democracy) reveals that collectively, the social reconstructionists engaged in “more than one struggle”; and individually, they held views that were influenced by personal priorities and responses to the Depression, the spread of Communism and Fascism, the start of war in Europe and Asia, and, eventually, the involvement of the United States in World War II.
Stage‐specific excretory–secretory small heat shock proteins from the parasitic nematode Strongyloides ratti– putative links to host’s intestinal mucosal defense system
Authors: Younis Abuelhassan Elshazly , Geisinger Frank , Ajonina‐Ekoti Irene , Soblik Hanns , Steen Hanno , Mitreva Makedonka , Erttmann Klaus D. , Perbandt Markus , Liebau Eva , Brattig Norbert W.
Published: July 2011

In a search for molecules involved in the interaction between intestinal nematodes and mammalian mucosal host cells, we performed MS to identify excretory–secretory proteins from Strongyloides ratti. In the excretory–secretory proteins of the parasitic female stage, we detected, in addition to other peptides, peptides homologous with the Caenorhabditis elegans heat shock protein (HSP)‐17, named Sra‐HSP‐17.1 (∼ 19 kDa) and Sra‐HSP‐17.2 (∼ 18 kDa), with 49% amino acid identity. The full‐length cDNAs (483 bp and 474 bp, respectively) were identified, and the genomic organization was analyzed. To allow further characterization, the proteins were recombinantly expressed and purified. Profiling of transcription by quantitative real‐time‐PCR and of protein by ELISA in various developmental stages revealed parasitic female‐specific expression. Sequence analyses of both the DNA and amino acid sequences showed that the two proteins share a conserved α‐crystallin domain and variable N‐terminals. The Sra‐HSP‐17s showed the highest homology with the deduced small HSP sequence of the human pathogen Strongyloides stercoralis. We observed strong immunogenicity of both proteins, leading to strong IgG responses following infection of rats. Flow cytometric analysis indicated the binding of Sra‐HSP‐17s to the monocyte–macrophage lineage but not to peripheral lymphocytes or neutrophils. A rat intestinal epithelial cell line showed dose‐dependent binding to Sra‐HSP‐17.1, but not to Sra‐HSP‐17.2. Exposed monocytes released interleukin‐10 but not tumor necrosis factor‐α in response to Sra‐HSP‐17s, suggesting the possible involvement of secreted female proteins in host immune responses.

Database
 Nucleotide sequences for Strongyloides ratti heat shock proteins 17.1 and 17.2 have been submitted to the GenBank database under the accession numbers HQ848950 and HQ848951
Zingiber nanlingensis sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from Guangdong, China
Authors: Chen Lin , Wang Fa‐Guo , Dong An‐Qiang , Xing Fu‐Wu
Published: July 2011

Zingiber nanlingensis L. Chen, A. Q. Dong & F. W. Xing sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from northern Guangdong, China is described, illustrated, and compared with the morphologically similar species Z. mioga (Thunb.) Rosc.