bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indonesia’s Export Ban on Nickel Ore: Does It Violate the World Trade Organization (WTO) Rules?
Authors: Widiatedja I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit
Published: April 2022

Many countries have imposed export restrictions based on economic and non-economic objectives. In 2020, Indonesia has followed this trend by imposing an export ban on nickel ore. The European Union reacted by launching a complaint at the WTO, claiming Indonesia’s export ban has unfairly limited its producers’ access to nickel. This article explores the way in which Indonesia could justify banning export on nickel ore, by looking at the current WTO rules and its judicial decisions. This article claims that Indonesia has no justification to impose this ban. Although it will most likely be temporarily applied, and be designed to prevent a critical shortage, nickel is not essential in Indonesia based on its domestic demand, ongoing plans, economic contribution, and the current mining law. Also, the ban will most likely not be justified based on general exception provisions under Article XX of the 1994.

Export Bans, Export Restrictions, General Exception, Article XI GATT, Article XX GATT, Indonesia, Nickel Ore, the European Union, WTO Rules, WTO Dispute Settlement
The New Trade Order: Conflicts, Internet Standards and Human Security
Authors: Louka Elli
Published: April 2022

It is tempting to think of trade war as an innocuous conflict between the big economic interests of states with scant implications for the rest of the international system and citizens’ rights. This could not be further from reality. This study chronicles the collapse of the Appellate Body of the dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the end point of a long process tarnished by deep ideological disputes ill-suited for adjudication. These disputes, frequently expressed through tit-for-tat litigation, have eroded the legitimacy of the WTO as a dispute settlement organization. The resulting vacuum has been exacerbated by the United States (US) – China trade war that has been conducted through imposition of tariffs, embargoes and unilateral sanctions.

The trade war has spilled over to other areas and has created fierce antagonism over the establishment of international technology standards and the governance of the internet. Global institutions have been forced to take sides undermining their authority as neutral arbiters. Other spillovers have undermined the global economic welfare and have chipped away at citizens’ rights.

China shock, economic war, internet governance, internet standards, market economy, sanctions, subsidies, trade conflicts, trade embargoes, world trade organization
The Netherlands Competition Authority and its Policy on Fines and Leniency
Authors: van der Meulen B.M.J. , van Oers M.T.P.J.
Published: April 2022

The Netherlands Competition Authority (“NMa”), a fairly new authority (established in 1998), recently published its first policy guidelines on fines and leniency. The article gives insight into how the NMa developed the said guidelines and discusses both documents in detail. In view of this, the article sets out the legal framework within which the NMa operates and explains why it was considered important to develop a transparent policy on fines and leniency. An important part of the article analyses the policy and experience of other competition authorities (in particular, the US Department of Justice and the European Commission) and discusses to what extent the NMa was able to follow their approach. As regards a fining policy, it was concluded that existing schemes of foreign competition authorities did not offer a ready-made fining system suitable for the NMa; the NMa therefore developed its own Fining Guidelines. The article furthermore explains how the NMa acknowledged the importance of leniency as an instrument for competition law enforcement and developed its Leniency Guidelines. To a large extent, the NMa Leniency Guidelines follow the leniency rules applied by the US Department of Justice and the new notice on leniency of the European Commission. As explained, leniency programmes that comply with certain basic principles stimulate co-operation between competition authorities. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the NMa’s first experience with its new policy guidelines and some final remarks. The article covers fining decisions of the NMa up to August 2002.
Leniency in Antitrust Enforcement: Theory and Practice
Authors: Wils Wouter P. J.
Published: April 2022

This article discusses the theory and practice of leniency in antitrust enforcement, i.e. the granting of

immunity from penalties or the reduction of penalties for antitrust violations in exchange for cooperation

with the antitrust enforcement authorities. After a description of the practice of leniency in the United

States and in the European Union, and of its history, the article analyses the positive effects and the

possible negative effects of leniency on optimal antitrust enforcement, and the extent to which these effects

can be measured. Objections of principle and institutional problems that may constitute obstacles to the

introduction of leniency policies are discussed, as well as some further issues, namely the impact on the

effectiveness of leniency of criminal penalties on individuals, of follow-on private damages actions, and of

penalties in other jurisdictions, ’’Amnesty Plus’’, and positive financial rewards or bounties.
The Development of Sound Competition Law and Policy in China: An (Im)possible Dream?
Authors: Dabbah Maher M.
Published: April 2022

The People’s Republic of China is undergoing a very impressive and interesting phase of economic, political and social transformation. Communist thought and ideology is gradually giving way to a new economic approach and thinking, which many people would argue are among the indicators of emerging “capitalism” in the country. Among the key laws and policies being developed in the Republic, competition law and policy occupy central stage. To date, no concrete system of competition law has been fully instituted in China, but such a system is expected to emerge in due course. China needs a rigorous, independent system of competition law in order to protect its economy and consumers and to foster a healthy economic environment in which productivity and enterprise may be encouraged. The Republic is currently in the process of adopting its much-anticipated anti-monopoly law.

This article examines China’s efforts towards adopting a specific competition law and the implications of that. The article first provides a critical analysis of the context in which competition law and policy are being developed in China, focusing on the unique and intricate political and socio-economic landscape of the country (Parts I, II and III). This will be followed by a brief review of the existing legal and regulatory framework of competition in China, highlighting the problems and difficulties within this framework (Part IV). The article will discuss the proposed anti-monopoly law in Part V. The conclusions are offered in Part VI.
Grant-Backs and No Challenge Clauses in Europe: What Lessons from the MedImmune v. Genentech Case?
Authors: Morris P. Sean
Published: April 2022

This article will discuss the provisions of Article 5 of the new Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation (“TTBER”) in Europe and analyse whether the provisions in the Article are anti competitive. Article 5 of the TTBER concerns grant-backs and no challenge clauses. The article will examine the MedImmune v. Genentech case of the US Supreme Court to find out whether there is any likely impact for no challenge clauses in Europe. The case concerned a patent validity dispute in which a pharmaceutical company, MedImmune, Inc., manufactured a drug Synagis, which Genentech, another pharmaceutical company, alleged to have violated its “Cabilly II” patent. The case was brought before the US Supreme Court, which held on 9 January 2007 that a patent licensee is not required to terminate or be in breach of its licence agreement before it can seek a declaratory judgment that the underlying patent is invalid, unenforceable, or not infringed. The article first discusses the interaction of competition and intellectual property law in Europefollowed by an examination of the TTBER grant-backs and no challenge provisions in Article 5. In the final part, a brief discussion on patent licensing and the doctrine of licensee estoppel is discussed to unravel any likely impact of MedImmune on no challenge clauses in licensing contracts in Europe.

This article has been shortlisted for the 3rd Young Writer’s Competition Award.
The EU’s Third Internal Energy Market Legislative Package: Victory of Politics over Economic Rationality?
Authors: Boscheck Ralf
Published: April 2022

After more than twenty years of debate, regulatory under-enforcement and weighing overall welfare benefits against particular stakeholder concerns, the EU’s third legislative package, as adopted by the Council on 29 June 2009, offers Member States a menu of regulatory futures to choose from. Even if these options were functionally equivalent in creating ‘effective unbundling’, their respective regulatory requirements are clearly not. Broadening the definition of unbundling may turn out to be the political price that the Commission is willing to pay for ultimately seeing its preferred model of ownership unbundling (OU) adopted across the EU. However, it is not the economic evidence supporting OU that makes it an attractive option. Rather, the regulatory burden imposed on its alternatives will cause integrated operators to consider transmission ownership a liability rather than an asset. Meanwhile regulatory diversity may persist and by negatively affecting investments and competition in energy-markets delay the attainment of the EU?s primary energy goals. To push ahead with its Single Energy Market initiative, the EU needs to ‘sell’ the overall efficiency of OU as a regulatory standard and limit itself to settling only those true cross-border concerns that are not sufficiently covered by existing competition rules.
The AmBev Decision and the Regulation of Economic Power in Brazil: At a Crossroads between the US and the EU Competition Law Models
Authors: Luciano Laíse Da Correggio
Published: April 2022

In July 2009, AmBev was condemned in a unanimous decision by the Brazilian competition authority. The conduct in question concerned AmBev's loyalty scheme, which consisted of giving discounts to retailers with the effect of increasing barriers to entry. AmBev, which is the biggest beer manufacturer in South America and part of the multinational Anheuser-Busch InBev group, emerged from a controversial merger between Brahma and Antarctica approved by the competition authority in 1999. In the recent decision, AmBev received the highest fine ever imposed for an abuse of dominance offence in Brazil.

The Brazilian competition law and policy has been shaped by both US and EU competition law and case law. This article seeks to convey the relevance and complexities of the ongoing developments and evolution of Brazilian competition law and policy, as well as the regulation of economic power. In this respect, the landmark AmBev decision is relevant as it suggests a departure from the US model and an approximation towards the EU model.
Violations of Antitrust Provisions: The Optimal Level of Fines for Achieving Deterrence
Authors: Mehta Kirtikumar , Heimler Alberto
Published: April 2022

While the general principle that fines for antitrust violations be set at deterrent levels is well established in prevailing Guidelines on Fines, how these principles are to be interpreted in specific cases is not even considered, or at most only non-operational indications are provided. This article attempts to fill this gap by elaborating some guidance on how deterrence could be achieved for specific categories of violations, by taking into account very simple parameters of demand and supply responses to price signals. In the first place, we argue that a measure of 'ex ante' extra profits provides the conceptually correct starting point and we suggest how this may be calculated. Second, general principles of determination of fines can and should be applied in distinct ways to cartel and to abuse of dominance violations, taking into account the different probability of detecting these violations. Furthermore, the determination of the deterrent level of fines would benefit both enforcement and compliance if appropriate account is taken of the interplay between fines, leniency, and private litigation. A simulation approach is developed in the article to provide competition authorities with ranges of percentages of fines that may become useful in practical applications.
Price Fixing in Crisis: Implications of an Economic Downturn for Cartels and Enforcement
Authors: Stephan Andreas
Published: April 2022

The rigorous enforcement of cartel laws during a downturn has the potential to speed up an economy's recovery by preventing artificial price hikes. Economic downturns can break up existing cartels, but empirically many collusive agreements are borne out of economic crisis. Recession may also distort normative perceptions of price fixing and force firms previously colluding tacitly, to form a hard core cartel. Despite the heightened danger of bankruptcy in troubled industries during the present crises, competition authorities generally appear to be standing strong. Greater use of criminal sanctions on the national level could counter the deterrence weakening effect of bankruptcy discounts. The likely effect of a downturn on private enforcement is mixed.

This proposed contribution has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere.
The Netherlands New Authority for Consumers and Markets: Towards a Problem-Based Approach
Authors: Houdijk Joost , Schäfers Tobias
Published: April 2022

Over the last two decades, there has been a trend amongst EU Member States to set up specialized market authorities with rather strictly defined competences. Recently, it seems that a different approach is favoured: EU Member States set up new authorities with broader scopes of competence or even combine existing authorities into super-authorities, thereby concentrating both power and responsibility. The Netherlands is an example where the legislator has chosen to combine three administrative bodies into one super-authority by 1 January 2013. This new entity, the Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM), is described by its Chairman-to-be, Chris Fonteijn, as a body that applies a problem-based approach. That being so, the questions remain as to exactly how the ACM will carry out this new approach and how it will use its competences in doing so. This article places the ACM within the general European trend of merging authorities and expanding power. It aims to answer the question whether the ACM has been given the right structure and the necessary powers to live up to the legislator's expectations. In the first place, we give an overview of the trend towards more concentrated market authorities in Europe. Secondly, we explain the structural changes which the ACM will undergo and identify its key elements. Thirdly, we evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the new super-authority and explain their practical implications. We conclude with some remarks about what other countries can learn from the Dutch example.
An Economic Assessment of State Aid for Restructuring Firms in Difficulty: Theoretical Considerations, Empirical Analysis and Proposals for Reform
Authors: Ferruz Miguel Ángel Bolsa
Published: April 2022

State aid for rescue and restructuring (R&R) of companies in difficulty causes a significant distortion of competition, since it prevents the market from eliminating inefficient companies. Because of this, the European Commission has to be especially strict when it assesses R&R aid. This article examines recent cases of corporate restructuring partly funded with public money. It explains the main aspects of the current guidelines which are applicable to R&R state aid and establishes a theoretical framework for the economic assessment of R&R aid. It then analyses decisions adopted by the European Commission concerning R&R state aid during the period 2000-2013. It finds that there has been little economic rationale in the granting of R&R aid over the period. The article concludes by applying the lessons drawn from the empirical analysis to the anticipated revision of the R&R guidelines in the context of the State Aid Modernization process.
The Spanish National Commission on Markets and Competition
Authors: Gorriz Carlos
Published: April 2022

The aim of the article is to analyse the creation of the Spanish National Commission on Markets and Competition, which merges the competition authority and seven sector regulators into a single body. I analyse the reasons given to justify its creation and the main features of its legal status. The conclusion is negative. The grounds given to its creation are not wholly satisfactory and do not justify such a revolutionary change. The National Commission on Markets and Competition (NCMC) status is also disappointing: the power of the Government in appointing the members of its Council is disproportionate, the rotatory system of the composition of the Chambers can obstruct its functioning and the economic resources of the new authority seem to be insufficient. Consequently, there are serious doubts about its independence and effectiveness.
The Judgment of the EU General Court in Intel and the So-Called More Economic Approach to Abuse of Dominance
Authors: Wils Wouter P. J.
Published: April 2022

This article discusses the judgment of the EU General Court of 12 June 2014 in the Intel case. It argues that the EU case law on the use of exclusivity rebate systems by undertakings occupying a dominant position is economically sound, and that the criticism directed at this case law is ill-founded.
Competition Law in Media Markets and Its Contribution to Democracy: A Global Perspective
Authors: Drexl Josef
Published: April 2022

Beyond regulating markets, competition law also has a political dimension. This is especially the case in media markets, where competition policy may produce particular trade-offs for the development of democracy. Yet it is a different question whether competition law enforcement should take democracy into account as a goal and, even more so, whether this goal should influence the analytical framework for applying competition law. By putting a focus on emerging and developing economies, this article answers this question in the affirmative. It thereby builds on a recent study conducted for the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) on the application of competition laws around the world to copyright-related markets. Whereas, in the past, the interface of competition law and democracy was mostly discussed with regard to media mergers, an analysis of some unilateral conduct cases shows that the ‘democratic goal’ can argue either for or against intervention. Yet promoting the goal of democracy will not conflict with an economics-based analysis of competition law if, following an evolutionary concept of competition, enforcers promote diversity of content and ideas in copyright-related media markets. In addition, the article highlights the need of independent agencies to guarantee credibility of competition law enforcement in media markets.
Civil Liability for Single and Continuous Infringements
Authors: Frese Michael J.
Published: April 2022

Infringement decisions by one of the European competition authorities constitute either irrefutable evidence or prima facie evidence of an antitrust violation in cases brought before a national court. As a result, evidentiary rules applicable to investigations have a direct impact on the scope of potential damages exposure in civil litigation. The legal concept of the single and continuous infringement is an example of such an evidentiary rule. This construct has alleviated the burden for authorities to prove the existence of cartels whose membership and activities may have evolved over time. However, in order to ensure that defendants are not paying for harm they have not caused or could not have prevented, appropriate limiting principles are necessary.
Services of General Interest and the Concept of Undertaking: Does EU Competition Law Apply?
Authors: van de Gronden Johan W.
Published: April 2022

The applicability of the competition rules has far-reaching consequences for the freedom of the State to organize the supply of public services. Could the specific features of particular public services justify the non-applicability of the competition rules? This contribution explores which limits to the broad concept of undertaking can be found in EU competition law. It will be argued that, apart from the two (well-known) limits related to official authority and social security schemes, a third limit emerges from the case law of the EU courts. Services provided in order to pursue specific public policy goals seem to fall outside European competition law. In contrast with economic activities, where companies supply goods or services to individual consumers, the main characteristic of the ‘public policy goal activities’ is the collective way of financing. It will be contended that the following three-prong test should be carried out for concluding that competition law does not apply to these activities: (1) the supply of the services concerned is predominately dependent on public funding (2) the objective of the public funding is to achieve a public interest goal (3) the activities concerned are closely related to this public interest goal.
Common Ownership and Mergers Between Portfolio Companies
Authors: Thomas Stefan , Inderst Roman
Published: April 2022

The current debate on the competitive risks of common ownership has focused on whether passive index investments soften competition among portfolio companies. However, even if one concedes, in arguendo, that this is the case, it remains unclear in what way this bears on the analysis of horizontal mergers between portfolio companies. The EU Commission in Dow/DuPont and Bayer/Monsanto has alleged that common ownership is ‘an element of context in the appreciation of any significant impediment to effective competition’. In that respect we hypothesize that it should not be presumed that common ownership in itself increases anticompetitive effects of a merger between portfolio companies. Instead we posit that this depends on the facts of the case. The existence of common ownership might even mitigate post-merger unilateral effects if compared to the pre-merger counterfactual. We test our hypothesis on price competition as well as on innovation competition. Eventually, we map our conclusions onto the legal principles governing the burden of proof in merger cases.
Emerging Trend in Competition Law in Southeast Asia: Perspectives from Myanmar and Thailand
Authors: Porananond Ploykaew , Aung Po Ma Ma
Published: April 2022

Establishing a new competition law regime is never an easy task, especially for developing countries. The current literature of competition law is rich with suggestions on the best political economy preconditions conducive to an effective competition law regime. It is generally believed that countries with a democratic political regime and a stable rule of law are more inclined to enact national competition law. Moreover, countries that embrace the principle of trade liberalization, privatization, and market economy are a fertile ground to the growth of competition law.

Yet, the enactments of Myanmar competition law in 2015 and Thailand new competition law in 2017 deviate from this general understanding. Naturally, it is assumed that competition laws adopted in these countries would be starkly different from pre-existing competition laws. It hints towards an emerging trend of competition law, one which manages to enact and enforce competition law regardless of the reality of the local political economy. This article explains the cause and consequence of this deviation, without immaturely evaluating the effectiveness of such young regimes. It concludes with investigating the likely source behind it, specifically whether the ASEAN, in which both Myanmar and Thailand are Member States, is behind such phenomenon.
Should Pay for Delay Be a Cause for Concern in Japan?
Authors: Gallasch Sven , Mariyama Naoko
Published: April 2022

Yes, it should. Pay for delay settlements have raised concern across the globe and have led to significant competition law scrutiny in the US and Europe. Branded pharmaceutical companies use patent settlements to pay potential generic entrants in order to stay off the market, thereby reducing competition and harming consumers. This conduct has been found to be unlawful by the US Supreme Court and the EU General Court. In Japan, however, such anticompetitive settlements allegedly do not take place, despite offering similar economic incentives to pharmaceutical companies in the second largest pharmaceutical market in the world. This is intriguing and warrants close scrutiny. This article is the first to investigate, based on a comparative analysis with the US and EU whether or not the Japanese pharmaceutical sector is susceptible to pay for delay settlements. We come to the conclusion that the regulatory regime in Japan features the necessary prerequisites to make pay for delay settlements a feasible yet anticompetitive drug lifecycle management strategy.

Pay for delay, Japan, pharmaceutical, US antitrust, competition, comparative analysis, theory of harm, Japanese Antimonopoly Act, Europe, patent settlement
THE EFFECT OF NICKEL CONTENT IMPREGNATED ON ZEOLITE TOWARD CATALYTIC ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY FOR HYDROTREATING OF CASHEW NUT SHELL LIQUID OIL
Authors: M. L. Permata  , W. Trisunaryanti
Published: April 2022

This research aims to investigate the effect of various amount of Ni metal which is impregnated on Mordenitetoward the catalytic activity of the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Oil (CNSLO) hydrotreating process. The Ni/Mordenitecatalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method using Ni(NO3)2ꞏ6H2O with the Ni content varied under 1, 3, 5wt.% and mordenite which were dissolved in methanol and carried out drying, calcination, and reduction.Hydrotreating is carried out in a semi-batch stainless steel reactor which is flowed with H2 gas. The catalyst wascharacterized and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared, X-Ray Diffractometer, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Gas Sorption Analyzer, and AtomicAbsorption Spectrophotometer. The total acid amount test was carried out using ammonia vapor adsorption with thegravimetric method. The liquid product of hydrotreating was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy.Increasing the amount of metal impregnated on mordenite will increase the total acid site, activity, and selectivity ofthe gasoline fraction.
Study on Impact of Self Efficacy on Leadership Effectiveness in IT Companies
Authors: Singh Miska
Published: April 2022

Leadership is a crucial desire for all kinds of organizations. If the answer to the question, “what is meant leadership to the people in corporate?” is explored the answer will be in variety and will give various perspectives of leadership. This is because leadership is something unique in every different unique situation. There are leaders in various organizations but all of them lead in their own different ways and styles and many times they are successful too. The reason for having different answers on leadership is that every superior lead in different way and every subordinate experiences different style and pattern of leadership and in many times also witnesses the success of the organization. Some define leader as who influences other and encourages them to work, others feel good leader is one who guides others, and some think leader is the one who empowers his/her subordinates. Leadership has continuously evolved because of situational changes like changes in external environment and/ or changes in internal settings of organization.
A Study On Factors Inducing Stress Among Students In Nursing College
Authors: Fareed Ammar
Published: April 2022

Seventy students in nursing collage from Basrah in Iraq during their first year study year used questionnaires of 22 items that include social, educational and health factors that could induce stress in the students. Statisctial mean score method is used for analysis. The study showed most significant factors that induce student stress are educational and health factors and the mean score values are found to be 1.5 and 1.63 respectively. Financial and work load were the more effective factors that induced stress in nursing students due to low financial support and hard learning subjects.
Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah An-Naarojil di Desa Kalukubula Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi
Authors: Triana Nita , Suasa Suasa , Syukur M
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah An-Naarojil di Desa Kalukubula Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi. Dasar penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dan tipe penelitiannya deskriptif. Jenis data menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data, dilakukan melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik penarikan informan menggunakan purposive. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis data kualitatif model Miles dan Huberman. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori Hersey dan Blanchard yang terdiri dari Instruksi, Konsultasi, Partisipasi dan Delegasi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh peneliti melalui data yang diperoleh dari observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, sehubungan dengan pembahasan mengenai kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Madrasah Ibtidaiyah An-Naarojil di Desa Kalukubula Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi, maka penulis mengambil kesimpulan bahwa kepemimpinan kepala sekolah,  masih belum maksimal karena kepala sekolah dalam menjalankan perannya sebagai pemimpin yaitu masih rendahnya kemampuan kepala madrasah dalam membangkitkan dan memupuk kepercayaan pada diri para pendidik dan staff madrasah, kemampuan kepala madrasah dalam membina kerja sama dalam memajukan dan melaksanakan program-program pendidikan keagaamaan juga masih rendah, Kemampuan kepala madrasah dalam mendorong para pendidik serta staf madrasah agar penuh kerelaan dan tanggung jawab berpartisipasi secara efektif pada setiap usaha–usaha sekolah untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan madrasah dengan sebaik-baiknya, juga belum optimal. Dalam hal ini kepala sekolah kurang aktif dan berpartisipasi dalam berbagai kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di sekolah maupun di luar sekolah dan lebih banyak mendelegasikannya kepada guru atau staf sekolah. Selain itu, kepala sekolah kurang aktif berkomunikasi dengan para guru dan peserta didik.
ALMANCA ÇOCUK KİTAPLARINDA ULUS–IRK KALIP YARGILARI: “HATSCHI BRATSCHI'S LUFTBALLON” ÖRNEĞİNDE TÜRK İMGESİ
Authors: CANSIZ Uğur , BOLAT Hasan
Published: April 2022

Günümüz teknoloji çağında her ne kadar çocuklar dijital materyallerle daha fazla vakit geçiriyor olsalar da ailede ya da eğitim ortamlarında çocuk kitapları ile de karşılaşmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı da eğitici - öğretici içerikler barındırmalarının yanı sıra bireylerin çocuklukta farklı toplumsal grupları tanımalarına da olanak sağlayan çocuk kitaplarından bir örnekte yer alan diğer toplumlara, uluslara veya ırklara yönelik imgelere yüklenen ulus–ırk kalıp yargılarının (stereotiplerinin) tespit edilmesidir. Aynı zamanda bu çalışma, küçük yaşlarda ulus–ırk stereotipleriyle karşılaşan çocukların bilinçaltında ‘öteki’ toplum, ulus veya ırk hakkında olumsuz, hatta düşmanca imgelerin oluşabileceğini göstermesi bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman incelemesi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri içerik analizi çerçevesinde analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini ilk basımı 1904, son basımı 2019 yılında gerçekleştirilen “Hatschi Bratschi’s Luftballon” adlı Almanca çocuk kitabının farklı tarihli yayınları oluşturmaktadır. Avusturya–Macaristan İmparatorluğu’nda subaylık yapmış şair ve yazar Franz Karl GINZKEY tarafından yazılan “Hatschi Bratschi’s Luftballon” adlı çocuk kitabının farklı tarihli yayınlarının yazılı ve görsel içerikleri karşılaştırmalı analiz edilerek Türk imgesine yönelik stereotip içeren bulgular bu çalışmada ortaya konulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, incelenen çocuk kitaplarında yer alan ulus–ırk stereotiplerinin çocukların “öteki” olarak sunulan Türk toplumuna yönelik düşüncelerini, tutumlarını ve bakış açılarını olumlu veya olumsuz nasıl etkileyebileceği tartışılmıştır.
The Effect of Environmental Education Learning for Enhancing Dam Management in the Northeast of Thailand Using Case Study-Based Learning
Authors: Wongchantra Prayoon , Sookngam Kannika , Praimee Uraiwan , Ongon Suparat , Junkaew Likhit , Ritsumdaeng Phanadda , Kaeongam Surasak , Pronyusri Thongchai , Wongchantra Kuantean , Bunnaen Wutthisak
Published: April 2022

The purposes of this research were to develop learning plans for dam management in the Northeast of Thailand using case study-based learning being efficient and effective, to study and compare the knowledge, attitude, and environmental ethics concerning dam management in the Northeast of Thailand before and after learning, and different gender. The sample was 72 2nd-year students in Environmental Education program, Faculty of Environment and Resources Studies, Mahasarakham University, being selected by purposive sampling. Research tools were learning plans for dam management in the Northeast of Thailand, knowledge test, attitude test and an environmental ethics test. The statistics used in the research were frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, Paired t-test, and One-way ANOVA. The results of the research were found that: 1) The efficiency of learning plans was equal to 86.38/84.17, and the effectiveness index of learning plans was 0.7466. It showed that the students increased knowledge and resulted in the students progressing from their studies as 74.66 percent. 2) After the learning, the mean score of knowledge, environmental attitude, and environmental ethics of students were significantly higher than before the learning at the .05. 3) There was no different knowledge, environmental attitude, and environmental ethics between students with an different gender.
Managing radial nerve injuries associated with humeral fracture
Authors: Carbunaru Vlad , Ciotei Alexandra , Zaharia Mihaela I.
Published: April 2022

The overall prevalence of radial nerve injury after humeral shaft fractures is up to 18% representing the most common peripheral nerve injury associated with long bone fractures.Spiral or oblique fractures of the junction between the middle and distal third of the humeral shaft are at greater risk for radial nerve injury. Iatrogenic damage to the radial nerve may also occur during manipulations of closed reduction. Material and methods: A prospective study between 2017-2019 following 5 patients (all male, with ages between 30 and 56 years old), who were treated at our clinic for complete radial nerve palsy after a high-energy fracture of the humerus Results: All the patients were followed-up for a mean of 6 months (range 4 - 15 months) post op. The first 3 cases showed the initial signs of recovery 4 weeks after the operation. In the last 2 cases, a palliative radial intervention was required. Conclusions: The consequences of the radial nerve palsy associated with humeral fractures is strongly related to trauma mechanism. In high-energy fractures, severe contusion or transection of the nerve must be expected. In this case, nerve recovery is unlikely and the patients should be informed of the poor prognosis and the need of tendon transfers.
Cross-leg limb salvage solution: A case report regarding the management of a major defect in a patient with type IIIB open distal tibial fracture
Authors: Turbatu M. , Condrea C. , Oproiu A. , Cursaru A. , Lupu A.
Published: April 2022

Tissue coverage of lower limb defects after tibial fractures remain one of the hardest areas for a surgeon to deal with. The definitive management of Gustillo type IIIB fractures depends on a series of factors, which have a high impact in the multidisciplinary management of this severe trauma. Although free flaps have been used succesfully in the last two decades, there remains some cases where easier plasties using the contralateral limb tissue reserved could be indicated. We describe our experience with a cross-leg flap in a severe-smoking patient for the reconstruction of a difficult leg defect.
Essentials of physiotherapy after degloving injury in a 45-year-old male
Authors: Thombare Nupur , Shende Gunjan , Fating Tejaswini B. , Phansopkar Pratik , Chitale Neha , Wadhokar Om C.
Published: April 2022

Injuries are most often caused by road traffic collisions and manufacturing accidents. They emerge from a large rotational force from the underlying fascia, which avulses the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The lower extremities are involved in the majority of such injuries. The patient was a 45-year-old visited Surgery department with complaints of pain on right foot and wound over dorsal aspect of the foot and ankle since day 1 with a history of crush injury to right leg and foot by machine(conveyer) in a factory. Patient developed pain which was sudden in onset and gradually progressive which was aggravated by movement and relieved by medication. investigations showed grade 3 medial malleolus fracture and 1st metatarsal fracture right side. Lacerated wound present over distal 1/3rd and distal 1/4th of right leg along with neovascular deficit. Patient undergone open reduction and k wire fixation with debridement and VAC application under spinal anaesthesia. After which he was referred to physiotherapy department for rehabilitation. This case study shows that proper plan for management is very necessary in order to make patient independent following degloving injury. The exercises and mobility improve patient’s quality of life. Physiotherapy treatment protocol was given for about 6 months, patient was again reassessed and then prognosis was made. Now he is able to perform activities of daily living. He is now able to walk. Keywords: Degloving injury, Crush injury, Rehabilitation.
Qualitative and quantitative enumeration of Coliform bacteria in song river water in rural area of Dehradun
Authors: Rakesh Pant , Samiksha Kukreti , Harmanpreet Kaur , Mansi Rawat , Vijay Kumar , Amit Gupta
Published: April 2022

As India’s population is growing so is its water demand and corresponding water contamination. Water is a very essential element in formation of life and is an essential requirement for living organisms to thrive. Therefore, it is very important that the drinking water available must be free of any contamination and proper measures be taken in that direction. Faecal contamination poses crucial threat to people having an impaired immune system and can be life threatening. Microbiological contamination causes serious health issues in human being. In case microbiological contamination found in water, it means that water quality is very poor and this type of water causes Gastrointestinal, Urinary tract infection, dysentery, diarrhoea and typhoid disease. Keywords: Faecal coliform, Pathogenic Bacteria, Song River, Dehradun, Water Quality.
Nano-sized Liposomes for nose to brain delivery of Carmustine Formulation, Optimization by Box Behnken design
Authors: Alagusundaram M , ChandraSekhar K B , Vani G Nethra
Published: April 2022

Successful treatment of glioma remains a hard challenge. This study aims at the development and assessment of nano sized liposomal vesicles (NSL) loaded with Carmustine (CS) for the treatment of glioma. The experimental NSLs were developed by conventional lipid layer hydration technique and were characterized by different parameters such as % Entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in vitro drug release study. The optimized Carmustine nanosized liposomes (OCS-NSLs) presented the practical values of � of CS is 94.27 ± 0.25%, particle size of 235.65 ± 12.87 nm and in vitro drug release of CS 97.089 ± 1.76%. On the base of the polynomial equation, it was resolved that as the total lipid to drug concentration increases, the � of optimized formulation and this leads to more space for the accommodation of drug particle, likewise addition of lipid content as well reduces the escaping of drug into the external phase. OCS-NSLs were spherical in shape with a smooth surface as depicted from SEM data. A TEM study confirmed formation of vesicles with intact outer bilayer. In vitro drug release of 95.67± 1.54% was reported for the OCS-NSLs along with a sustained release of CS over a 24 h study period with desired kinetic values. Hence, the optimized formulation has shown a better response on Carmustine loaded nano liposomal formulation for intranasal application. Keywords: Carmustine, Glioma, Nanosized lipid vesicles. New drug delivery, CNS.
Dengue and Typhoid co-infection Study
Authors: Vimal Shruti , Vishwanathan Vidya , Dharwadker Arpana
Published: April 2022

Undifferentiated acute febrile illness is a common presentation specially during monsoons in India.The overlapping presentations of arboviruses and vector borne diseases have been noted in endemic areas with increasing incidences. There have been rare reports of these presentations with overlapping symptoms making the final nailing of diagnosis further difficult. The exact incidence of dengue and typhoid co-infection is not known and the similarity of symptoms, makes accurate clinical diagnosis and treatment difficult without a laboratory confirmation. Meticulous history taking, careful clinical examination and right choice of laboratory tests for the diagnosis of these co-infections not only helps in timely diagnosis but also prevents fatal outcomes. Keywords: Concurrent infection, Dengue, Febrile, Typhoid.
انعكاس بعض مصادر ضغوط العمل التنظيمية على جودة تدقيق الهيئات الرقابية بحث ميداني في ديوان الرقابة المالية الاتحادي
Authors: محمد إياد , عبد الأمير ياسر
Published: April 2022

يهدف البحث إلى تحديد الآثار المتوقعة لضغط صراع الدور، ضغط بيئة العمل المادية احد إبعاد ضغوط العمل التنظيمية المؤثرة على جودة تدقيق ديوان الرقابة المالية الاتحادي في ظل التحديات الكبيرة التي تواجهه, في مكافحة مظاهر الغش والتلاعب الإداري والمالي للجهات الخاضعة لرقابة الديوان، تناولت الدراسة ظاهرتين الأولى ضغوط العمل ببعديها صراع الدور، بيئة العمل المادية تمثل المتغيرات المستقلة للبحث فيما أن جودة التدقيق ممثلة بستة متطلبات هي إجراءات الالتزام بالمعايير المحاسبية والتدقيقية والتشريعات السائدة، واكتشاف الأخطاء والتحريفات، التخطيط لعملية التدقيق، وتقييم مخاطر التدقيق، و التوجيه والإشراف على الهيئات الرقابية و جودة تقرير مراقب الحسابات تمثل المتغير التابع تم دراسة علاقة وتأثير كل متغير من المتغيرات التوضيحية عليه، يتمثل مجتمع البحث في ديوان الرقابة المالية الاتحادي، فيما تمثل عينة البحث رؤساء الهيئات الرقابية في جميع دوائر التدقيق ولكافة القطاعات الإنتاجية والخدمية والتجارية وللقطاعين الحكومي والخاص التابعة الى ديوان الرقابة المالية الاتحادي في محافظة بغداد والبالغ عددهم (73) رئيس هيئة. شملت الدراسة فرضية رئيسية تناولت علاقة الأثر والارتباط بين بعدي ضغوط العمل التنظيمية (صراع الدور، وبيئة العمل المادية) ومتطلبات جودة التدقيق، واعتمد البحث أساليب إحصاء ( معامل ارتباط الرتب لسبيرمان، معامل الانحدار الخطي )،حيث تم استخراج النتائج باستخدام البرنامج الإحصائي(SPSS) توصل البحث إلى مجموعة استنتاجات من أهمها وجود علاقة ارتباط طردية وقوية ذات دلالة إحصائية معنوية بدرجة عالية بين كل من ضغط صراع الدور وضغط بيئة العمل المادية مع اكتشاف الأخطاء والتحريفات الجوهرية.
Bridging approaches: Classroom Physical Space as a learning ecosystem
Authors: Sardinha Lara , Pisco Almeida Ana Margarida , Pedro Neuza
Published: April 2022

The classroom physical space enfolds several dimensions, beyond the learning one, as the social, cultural, architectural and technological. The current digitally classrooms scenario, calls for the need to rethink these spaces. Despite the already existence of some new classroom spaces, we argue that there might be lacking an innovative interior design strategy encompassing and fulfilling the classroom physical space dimensions. This paper aims to: 1) discuss the classroom physical space as a learning ecosystem and to argue the emergency of building the bridges between different approaches on this topic; 2) to understand how the Future Classroom Learning Labs (FCLL) were created and how they are currently being used by different actors, based on some results of an European web survey which was applied. The survey results show that the physical space of the FCLL is perceived as positive, although its potential could be better exploited, namely using an innovative interior design strategy.
Designing IoT Applications for Smart Cities: extending the Tiles Ideation Toolkit
Authors: Gianni Francesco , Divitini Monica
Published: April 2022

The internet of things (IoT) is gaining momentum as a technical tool and solution for a diverse range of societal challenges. These challenges include smart cities sustainability issues which are widely recognized by decision makers and societies. Despite this, few works try to tackle these challenges empowering citizens through IoT technologies. In this paper we describe how the Tiles toolkit, a card based idea generation toolkit for IoT, has been extended to support non experts in creating ideas addressing societal challenges that affect modern smart cities. We briefly introduce the Tiles generic toolkit, then we describe in detail the extensions proposed on the cards, cardboard and how the new components are employed in a refined workshop protocol. We report the results obtained during a field study of the extended toolkit, where several groups of students collaborated to generate ideas involving IoT in the smart city. We discuss success and failures, drawing our conclusions after analyzing quantitative and qualitative data collected during the workshop. We conclude the article reporting the lessons learned, critical considerations about our experience evaluating the extended toolkit and reflections on possible improvements for future works.
Lessons Learned on the Design of Several Tools for Participation on Foot
Authors: Hausmann Sarah , Keller Christine , Schlegel Thomas
Published: April 2022

The classical participation approach in mobility research and urban planning in Germany involves panels, discussions and workshops. Those are mainly targeted towards local residents of urban districts and typically have a homogeneous, older audience. A big part of the relevant demographic cannot be reached using these participation instruments. Additionally, in contrast to car or even bike traffic, pedestrians are not very well covered in mobility research. The conventional instruments of urban planning are not suitable for the evaluation of the requirements and problems of pedestrians in urban spaces. We tackled these different problems and implemented a user-centered and in-situ participation approach for pedestrians, using a mobile application and a web app to engage pedestrians while walking. In this paper we report on our concept and its implementation as well as lessons learned from our field trial.
Aplicaciones del Abhinaya en las artes escénicas contemporáneas
Authors: Lamas-Baiak Miriam
Published: April 2022

Una descripción de la expresión corporal de la emoción a través de la danza india
The Pain Becomes the Poem
Authors: Alonso-Breto Isabel
Published: April 2022

An interview with the late Sri Lankan writer Jean Arasanayagam