bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metastasis‐associated Protein 1 Nuclear Expression is Closely Associated with Tumor Progression and Angiogenesis in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer
Authors: Li Shu‐Hai , Tian Hui , Yue Wei‐Ming , Li Lin , Gao Cun , Li Wen‐Jun , Hu Wen‐Si , Hao Bin
Published: January 2012

Background

The purposes of the present study were to detect the expression of metastasis‐associated protein 1 (MTA1) in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC), and to evaluate the relevance of MTA1 protein expression to the tumor progression, angiogenesis, and prognosis.

Methods

Both MTA1 protein and intratumoral microvessels were examined by immunohistochemical staining in 131 ESCC patients who successfully underwent subtotal esophagectomy and esophagogastric anastomosis at Qilu Hospital between Jan 2004 and Dec 2005. Intratumoral microvessel density (MVD) was recorded by counting CD‐34 positive immunostained endothelial cells. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 13.0 statistical software.

Results

High expression of MTA1 protein was detected in 57 cases and significantly correlated with tumor invasion depth (P = 0.041), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.021), pathologic stage (P = 0.003), and MVD (P = 0.044). Survival analysis showed that patients with MTA1 protein high expression had significantly poor overall 5‐year survival (P = 0.002), and the factor found on multivariate analysis to significantly affect overall survival was only pathologic stage (P = 0.040). Further stratified survival analysis split by pathologic stage demonstrated that MTA1 protein high expression significantly predicted unfavorable prognosis among patients with pathologic stage II disease (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

High expression of the MTA1 protein is common in ESCC, and is closely associated with tumor progression, increased tumor angiogenesis, and poor survival. These findings indicate that MTA1 protein has clinical potentials as a useful indicator of progressive phenotype, a promising prognostic predictor to identify patients with poor prognosis, and a potential novel therapeutic target of antiangiogenesis for patients with ESCC.
Dimension of images of subspaces under Sobolev mappings
Authors: Hencl Stanislav , Honzík Petr
Published: January 2012

Let

m < \alpha < p⩽n

and let

f \in W^{1,p}(\mathbb{R}^{n},\mathbb{R}^{k})

be

p

-quasicontinuous. We find an optimal value of

\beta (n,m,p,\alpha )

such that for

\mathcal{H}^{\beta }

a.e.

y \in (0,1)^{n−m}

the Hausdorff dimension of

f((0,1)^{m} \times \{y\})

is at most

α

. We construct an example to show that the value of the optimal

β

does not increase once

p

goes below the critical case

p < \alpha

.
Electrified thin films: Global existence of non-negative solutions
Authors: Imbert C. , Mellet A.
Published: January 2012

We consider an equation modeling the evolution of a viscous liquid thin film wetting a horizontal solid substrate destabilized by an electric field normal to the substrate. The effects of the electric field are modeled by a lower order non-local term. We introduce the good functional analysis framework to study this equation on a bounded domain and prove the existence of weak solutions defined globally in time for general initial data (with finite energy).
New insights into the impact of the intestinal microbiota on health and disease: a symposium report
Authors: Thomas Linda V. , Ockhuizen Theo
Published: January 2012

The present report summarises key insights from a recent symposium focusing on the impact of the intestinal microbiota on health and disease. A more appropriate definition of health was proposed since health maintenance is a dynamic process better assessed in terms of ability to adapt to stress and maintain physiological homeostasis. Biomarkers specifically for health are needed; use of challenge models and subjects with suboptimal health or specific disease risk were advised. The complexity of interactions between external factors, the intestinal epithelium, intestinal microbiota, the immune system and health was exemplified by describing the effects of antibiotics, the Western diet and non-digestible carbohydrates on the microbiota. The association of certain bacteria with different states of health or disease was acknowledged but also that is not always clear whether this is a cause or effect. Recent identification of three robust faecal metagenome clusters may advance this understanding. It was speculated that knowledge of the intestinal microbiota profile may eventually help in the diagnosis of health risks and choice of therapy. It was agreed that beneficial manipulation of the commensal microbiota can improve health outcome. For this purpose, three areas were reviewed. Firstly, research into probiotics as vaccine adjuvants was considered useful for substantiation of immune function claims. Secondly, positive results with certain probiotics and synbiotics for colorectal cancer are emerging, mostly fromin vitroand animal studies. Finally, studies in endurance athletes have shown strain-specific probiotic benefit in terms of maintenance of immune function and, for certain strains, reduction of episodes of respiratory and/or gastrointestinal tract infections.
The emergence of grammar in very-low-birth-weight Finnish children at two years of age
Authors: STOLT SUVI , MATOMÄKI JAAKKO , HAATAJA LEENA , LAPINLEIMU HELENA , LEHTONEN LIISA ,   the PIPARI STUDY GROUP
Published: January 2012

It is not well understood how grammar emerges in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) children. The main aim of the present study was to gain information on the emergence of grammar in this group at 2 ; 0. The Finnish version of the Communicative Development Inventory was used to collect data from VLBW children (N = 156) and full-term controls (N = 146). At a group level, the grammatical skills of the VLBW children were significantly weaker than those of the controls. However, when the effect of lexicon size and premature birth on the emergence of grammar was analyzed in detail, few significant differences were found between the groups. The results suggest that even though grammar emerges more slowly for the VLBW children, it emerges in a manner comparable to that of the controls, when the effect of lexicon size is taken into consideration.
What It’s Like to Be Good
Authors: HARRIS JOHN
Published: January 2012

In this issue ofCQwe introduce a new feature, “By Invitation,” in which noted bioethicists are invited to reflect on vital current issues. Our first invitee, John Harris, will subsequently assume editorship of this section.
Symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection in the setting of severe nitroimidazole allergy: successful treatment with boric acid
Authors: Muzny Christina , Barnes Arti , Mena Leandro
Published: January 2012

This report describes a patient with symptomatic Trichomonas vaginalis infection who was unable to tolerate nitroimidazole drugs because of severe hypersensitivity, for which desensitisation was not possible. Use of intravaginal clotrimazole, intravaginal paromomycin, intravaginal furazolidone, povidone–iodine douches, and oral nitazoxanide were unsuccessful in eradicating the patient’s T. vaginalis infection. A 2-month course of intravaginal topical boric acid subsequently achieved a complete symptomatic cure and the patient remained T. vaginalis wet prep- and culture-negative 60 days after treatment.
Medication-Assisted Treatment in Criminal Justice Agencies Affiliated with the Criminal Justice-Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS): Availability, Barriers, and Intentions
Authors: Friedmann Peter D. , Hoskinson Randall , Gordon Michael , Schwartz Robert , Kinlock Timothy , Knight Kevin , Flynn Patrick M. , Welsh Wayne N. , Stein Lynda A. R. , Sacks Stanley , O'Connell Daniel J. , Knudsen Hannah K. , Shafer Michael S. , Hall Elizabeth , Frisman Linda K. ,   for the MAT Working Group of CJ-DATS
Published: January 2012

Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) is underutilized in the treatment of drug-dependent, criminal justice populations. This study surveyed criminal justice agencies affiliated with the Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS) to assess use of MAT and factors influencing use of MAT. A convenience sample ( N = 50) of criminal justice agency respondents (e.g., jails, prisons, parole/probation, and drug courts) completed a survey on MAT practices and attitudes. Pregnant women and individuals experiencing withdrawal were most likely to receive MAT for opiate dependence in jail or prison, whereas those reentering the community from jail or prison were the least likely to receive MAT. Factors influencing use of MAT included criminal justice preferences for drug-free treatment, limited knowledge of the benefits of MAT, security concerns, regulations prohibiting use of MAT for certain agencies, and lack of qualified medical staff. Differences across agency type in the factors influencing use and perceptions of MAT were also examined. MAT use is largely limited to detoxification and maintenance of pregnant women in criminal justice settings. Use of MAT during the community reentry period is minimal. Addressing inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes about MAT may increase its adoption, but better linkages to community pharmacotherapy during the reentry period might overcome other issues, including security, liability, staffing, and regulatory concerns. The CJ-DATS collaborative MAT implementation study to address inadequate knowledge, attitudes, and linkage will be described.
Band offsets at the epitaxial SrTiO3/SrZrO3 (0 0 1) heterojunction
Authors: Schafranek R , Baniecki J D , Ishii M , Kotaka Y , Yamanka K , Kurihara K
Published: January 2012

The interface formation between SrTiO3 and SrZrO3 has been studied using in situ photoelectron spectroscopy. Epitaxial SrZrO3 thin films were grown on (0 0 1)-oriented SrTiO3 : Nb single crystals via pulsed-laser deposition. The epitaxial SrZrO3 growth was verified via x-ray diffraction and Cs-corrected high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy. A type I straddling configuration has been found for the interface analysed with a valence band and conduction band offset of 0.5 eV and 1.9 eV, respectively.
Essential diurnal Rac1 activation during retinal phagocytosis requires αvβ5 integrin but not tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase or Mer tyrosine kinase
Authors: Mao Yingyu , Finnemann Silvia C.
Published: January 2012

Diurnal phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer-segment particles by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells belongs to a group of conserved clearance mechanisms employing αv integrins upstream of tyrosine kinases and Rho GTPases. In this study, we tested the interdependence of the tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) and Rho GTPases during engulfment. RPE cells activated and redistributed Rac1, but not RhoA or Cdc42, during phagocytosis. Toxin B, overexpression of dominant-negative Rac1, or decreasing Rac1 expression prevented particle engulfment. Fluorescence microscopy showed that Rac1 inhibition had no obvious effect on F-actin arrangement in resting RPE but prevented recruitment of F-actin to surface-bound phagocytic particles. Quantification of active GTP-Rac1 in wild-type and mutant RPE in culture and in vivo revealed that Rac1 activation during phagocytosis requires αvβ5 integrin and its ligand milk fat globule EGF factor-8 (MFG-E8) but not the receptor tyrosine kinase MerTK. Abolishing tyrosine kinase signaling downstream of αvβ5 toward MerTK by inhibiting FAK specifically or tyrosine kinases generally neither prevented Rac1 activation nor F-actin recruitment during phagocytosis. Likewise, inhibiting Rac1 had no effect on FAK or MerTK activation. We conclude that MerTK activation via FAK and F-actin recruitment via Rac1 both require MFG-E8–ligated αvβ5 integrin. Both pathways are independently activated and required for clearance phagocytosis.
The Foundations of European Union Competition Law
Authors: Nazzini Renato
Published: January 2012

Article 102 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union prohibits the abuse of a dominant position as incompatible with the internal market. Its application in practice has been controversial with goals as diverse as the preservation of an undistorted competitive process, the protection of economic freedom, the maximisation of consumer welfare, social welfare, or economic efficiency all cited as possible or desirable objectives. These conflicting aims have raised complex questions as to how abuses can be assessed and how a dominant position should be defined. This book addresses the conceptual problems underlying the tests to be applied under Article 102 in light of the objectives of EU competition law. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the book covers all the main issues relating to Article 102, including its objectives, its relationship with other principles and provisions of EU law, the criteria for the assessment of individual abusive practices, and the definition of dominance. It provides an in-depth doctrinal and normative commentary of the case law with the aim of establishing an intellectually robust and practically workable analytical framework for abuse of dominance.
Administrative Law and Policy of the European Union
Authors: Hofmann Herwig C.H. , Rowe Gerard C. , Türk Alexander H.
Published: January 2012

This book provides an analysis of the administration of the European Union and the legal framework within which that administration operates. It examines the multifarious approaches, techniques, and structures of public administration in order to systematize and assess the solutions they offer to political, social, and economic problems. The legal framework of administration is examined from the standpoint of how it meets the demands of specific policy objectives established by democratically accountable decision-makers. Administrative law structures and many of its underlying principles have developed in an evolutionary and isolated manner in each policy area. While aware of the diversity of specific areas, this book takes an overarching approach, setting out the common rules and principles that constitute the general body of EU administrative law. By integrating the disciplines of political and administrative science, and administrative law, the book offers a rich explanation and critique of the complex executive framework of the EU.
Progress for the Poor
Authors: Kenworthy Lane
Published: January 2012

One of the principal goals of antipoverty efforts should be to improve the absolute living standards of the least well-off. This book aims to enhance our understanding of how to do that, drawing on the experiences of twenty affluent countries since the 1970s. The book addresses a set of questions at the heart of political economy and public policy: How much does economic growth help the poor? When and why does growth fail to trickle down? How can social policy help? Can a country have a sizeable low-wage sector yet few poor households? Are universal programs better than targeted ones? What role can public services play in antipoverty efforts? What is the best tax mix? Is more social spending better for the poor? If we commit to improvement in the absolute living standards of the least well-off, must we sacrifice other desirable outcomes?
Increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the PROTEKT surveillance study, and compatative in vitro activity of the ketolide, telithromycin
Authors: Felmingham David , Reinert Ralf Rene , Hirakata Yoichi , Rodloff Arne
Published: January 2012

The prevalence of resistance to a range of antimicrobials was determined for isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae examined in the PROTEKT (Prospective Resistant Organism Tracking and Epidemiology for the Ketolide Telithromycin) surveillance study (1999–2000) using NCCLS testing methods and interpretative criteria. Of 3362 pneumococcal isolates collected from 69 centres in 25 countries, 22.1% overall were resistant to penicillin G, with the highest rates of resistance found among isolates from Asia (53.4%), France (46.2%) and Spain (42.1%). Erythromycin A resistance occurred in 31.1% of isolates overall with the highest rates found in Asia (79.6%), France (57.6%), Hungary (55.6%) and Italy (42.9%). Marked geographical differences in the prevalence of both penicillin G (the Netherlands 0%; South Korea 71.5%) and erythromycin A (Sweden 4.7%; South Korea 87.6%) resistance were observed. Asia was characterized by the highest prevalence of resistance, overall, with only eight of 19 antimicrobials (co-amoxiclav, linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin and telithromycin) retaining high activity against isolates of S. pneumoniae from this region. Notable rates of resistance to clarithromycin, azithromycin, co-trimoxazole and tetracycline were observed in the majority of countries submitting isolates of S. pneumoniae to the PROTEKT surveillance study. Fluoroquinolone resistance was low (1%), overall, although 14.3% of 70 isolates from Hong Kong were resistant to levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, all but one of these isolates belonging to a single clone of the 23F serotype. Although, at present, apparently limited to pockets of clonal spread, continued vigilance with regard to the evolution of fluoroquinolone resistance is indicated. Telithromycin (MIC 90 0.12 mg/L; 99.9% of isolates susceptible) and lin- ezolid (MIC 90 2 mg/L; 100% of isolates susceptible) were the two most active oral agents tested, both compounds retaining activity against isolates of fluoroquinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae . The results of the PROTEKT surveillance study 1999–2000 emphasize the widespread evolution of resistance to a variety of antimicrobials amongst isolates of S. pneumoniae and demonstrate the potential of telithromycin as a therapeutic option for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections caused by this organism.
Clinical and economic implications of antimicrobial resistance for the management of community-acquired respiratory tract infections
Authors: Nicolau David
Published: January 2012

Lower respiratory tract infections (RTIs), particularly community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), account for over 50 million deaths annually worldwide. They place an extensive clinical and financial burden on healthcare authorities. Upper RTIs, usually mild and non-life threatening, also incur significant healthcare costs. The rising prevalence of resistance of the major causative agents of CAP ( Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis ) to β-lactam antimicrobials and newer macrolides has necessitated new strategies for appropriate antimicrobial usage. A successful clinical outcome will depend on the patient, choice of drug, and the epidemiology and resistance of the pathogen. Treatment failure will result in increased costs, particularly if hospitalization is required. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters are being used increasingly to predict maximally effective therapy and optimal bacterial eradication, thus limiting the development of resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility criteria by MIC should be dictated by the type and location of the infection. Modifying the current MIC breakpoints for penicillin so that more pneumococcal pneumonia isolates are reported appropriately as being susceptible may lead to a decrease in the use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and its associated increased costs, in favour of more narrow-spectrum therapy. Targeting the pathogen with the most effective antimicrobial in an appropriately selected patient should optimize clinical and microbiological success and, consequently, maximize response rates and economic outcomes. In addition, research efforts need to concentrate on developing new agents with low propensity to select for or induce resistance.
The PROTEKT surveillance study: antimicrobial susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from community-acquired respiratory tract infections
Authors: Hoban Daryl , Felmingham David
Published: January 2012

This paper presents data relating to Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from PROTEKT (1999–2000), a surveillance study that examined the susceptibility of respiratory pathogens to current and new antibacterials. β-Lactamase production is the principal mechanism of resistance to ampicillin and other β-lactam antibacterials in H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis . The PROTEKT study showed that globally, the prevalence of β-lactamase production in H. influenzae varied considerably: of 2948 isolates, 489 (16.6%) were β-lactamase-positive [range: 1.8% (Italy) to 65% (South Korea)]. β-Lactamase-negative, ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) strains of H. influenzae were uncommon (<0.1%) but their very detection highlights the need for continued vigilance. Overall, few isolates of H. influenzae showed resistance to either macrolides or telithromycin. The emergence of clarithromycin-resistant strains is worrying, however, as such isolates may also show resistance to other macrolides. There was a geographical correlation between β-lactamase production and the prevalence of resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline among the H. influenzae isolates. Of 1131 M. catarrhalis isolates, 92% were β-lactamase-positive. Most isolates, however, were fully susceptible to nearly all the antibacterials tested, except ampicillin. The most active were ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (both having MIC 90 values of 0.03 mg/L), moxifloxacin (MIC 90 0.06 mg/L), azithromycin (MIC 90 ≤ 0.06 mg/L) and telithromycin (MIC 90 0.12 mg/L). Overall, there were no concerns in terms of resistance to fluoroquinolones for both H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis . In summary, the PROTEKT surveillance study confirmed the problem of widespread prevalence of β-lactamase-producing strains of H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis , although these pathogens generally remain susceptible to macrolides, fluoroquinolones and the new ketolide telithromycin.
Esophageal Endoscopic Dilations
Authors: Lakhdar‐Idrissi Mounia , Khabbache Kawtar , Hida Moustapha
Published: January 2012

Objective:

Esophageal strictures in children are serious and require specialized care. Peptic stricture is most common in our context, whereas caustic and congenital strictures are rare. The present study reports our experience in esophageal endoscopic dilation while specifying the causes of esophageal strictures as well as their response to endoscopic treatment.

Methods:

This is a case study during a period of 7 years, in which 60 cases of esophageal stricture were treated with endoscopic dilation by Savary‐Gilliard bougies. Our patients were divided into 3 groups: group A for peptic strictures (52 patients), group B for caustic strictures (4 patients), and group C for strictures subsequent to esophageal atresia surgery (4 patients). The age of patients was between 10 months and 17 years. Dysphagia was the main symptom and was the major reason for consultation. Two hundred forty‐seven dilation sessions were performed, with an average of 4 sessions per patient ranging from 1 to 15 sessions. The maximum score was observed in group B (50%). Expansion was performed under deep sedation.

Results:

We had 2 esophageal perforations: 1 in group A and 1 in group B. A good response was obtained in group A (70%) and B (50%). The patients in group C still required repeated sessions.

Conclusions:

Esophagus endoscopic dilation is an effective technique, especially in peptic stricture, with no need of surgery in some cases. In addition, perforation was rare in this group.
Molecular markers: progress and prospects for understanding reproductive ecology in elasmobranchs
Authors: Portnoy D. S. , Heist E. J.
Published: January 2012

Application of modern molecular tools is expanding the understanding of elasmobranch reproductive ecology. High‐resolution molecular markers provide information at scales ranging from the identification of reproductively isolated populations in sympatry (i.e. cryptic species) to the relationships among parents, offspring and siblings. This avenue of study has not only augmented the current understanding of the reproductive biology of elasmobranchs but has also provided novel insights that could not be obtained through experimental or observational techniques. Sharing of genetic polymorphisms across ocean basins indicates that for some species there may be gene flow on global scales. The presence, however, of morphologically similar but genetically distinct entities in sympatry suggests that reproductive isolation can occur with minimal morphological differentiation. This review discusses the recent findings in elasmobranch reproductive biology like philopatry, hybridization and polyandry while highlighting important molecular and analytical techniques. Furthermore, the review examines gaps in current knowledge and discusses how new technologies may be applied to further the understanding of elasmobranch reproductive ecology.
The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is prognostically superior to the model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) and MELD variants following paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose
Authors: Craig D. G. N. , Reid T. W. D. J. , Wright E. C. , Martin K. G. , Davidson J. S. , Hayes P. C. , Simpson K. J.
Published: January 2012

Background

The prognostic value of the model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) and sodium‐based MELD variants in predicting survival following paracetamol overdose remains unclear.

Aim

To examine the prognostic accuracy of sodium‐based MELD variants in paracetamol‐induced acute liver injury compared with the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 138 single time point paracetamol overdoses admitted to a tertiary liver centre. Individual laboratory samples were correlated with the corresponding clinical parameters in relation to time post‐overdose, and the daily MELD, MELD‐Na, MELDNa, MESO, iMELD, UKELD, updated MELD and SOFA scores were calculated.

Results

Sixty‐six (47.8%) patients developed hepatic encephalopathy, of whom 7 were transplanted and 21 died without liver transplantation. SOFA had a significantly greater area under the receiver operator characteristic for the prediction of spontaneous survival compared with MELD at both 72 (P = 0.024) and 96 (P = 0.017) h post‐overdose. None of the sodium‐based MELD variants improved the prognostic accuracy of MELD. A SOFA score >6 by 72 h or >7 by 96 h, post‐overdose predicted death/transplantation with a negative predictive value of 96.9 (95% CI 90.2–99.4) and 98.8 (95% CI 93.6–99.9) respectively. SOFA and MELD had similar accuracy for predicting the development of hepatic encephalopathy (P = 0.493).

Conclusions

The SOFA score is superior to MELD in predicting spontaneous survival following paracetamol‐induced acute liver injury. Modification of the MELD score to include serum sodium does not improve prognostic accuracy in this setting. SOFA may have potential as a quantitative triage marker following paracetamol overdose.
Transfer of 4‐hydroxynonenal from parasitized to non‐parasitized erythrocytes in rosettes. Proposed role in severe malaria anemia
Authors: Uyoga Sophie , Skorokhod Oleksii A. , Opiyo Michael , Orori Emily N. , Williams Thomas N. , Arese Paolo , Schwarzer Evelin
Published: January 2012

Severe anaemia is a life‐threatening complication of falciparum malaria associated with loss of predominantly non‐parasitized red blood cells (npRBCs). This poorly elucidated process might be influenced by (i) rosettes, i.e. npRBCs cytoadherent to haemozoin‐containing parasitized RBCs (pRBCs) and (ii) generation in pRBCs of 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE) through haemozoin‐catalysed lipid peroxidation. We explored whether close proximity in rosettes may facilitate 4‐HNE transfer to npRBCs, which is likely to enhance their phagocytosis and contribute to malaria anaemia. Fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry data indicated 4‐HNE transfer to npRBCs in rosettes. Rosettes were formed by 64·8 ± 1·8% varO‐expressing pRBCs, and 8·7 ± 1·1% npRBCs were positive for 4‐HNE‐protein‐conjugates, while low‐rosetting parasites generated only 2·4 ± 1·1% 4‐HNE‐conjugate‐positive npRBCs. 4‐HNE transfer decreased after blocking rosetting by monoclonal antibodies. A positive linear relationship between rosette frequency and 4‐HNE‐conjugates in npRBCs was found in 40 malaria patients, a first indication for a role of rosetting in npRBCs modifications in vivo. Children with severe malaria anaemia had significantly higher percentages of 4‐HNE‐conjugate‐positive npRBCs compared to children with uncomplicated malaria. In conclusion, 4‐HNE transfer from pRBCs to npRBCs in rosettes is suggested to play a role in the phagocytic removal of large numbers of npRBCs, the hallmark of severe malaria anaemia.
New insights in to the treatment of myocardial infarction
Authors: Sarapultsev Petr , Chupakhin Oleg , Sarapultsev Alex , Rantsev Maxim , Sidorova Larisa , Medvedeva Svetlana , Danilova Irina
Published: January 2012

This study investigated the effects of the L‐17 compound of the group of substituted 5R1, 6H2‐1,3,4‐thiadiazine‐2‐amines on the inflammatory cellular infiltration and myocardial remodelling which occurs after acute myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. The study is based upon recent clinical and experimental work which demonstrated the role of local and systemic inflammatory reactions in postinfarction remodelling. Acute MI in rats was induced by left coronary artery coagulation. Animals were sacrificed on day one, five and seven after MI induction. The myocardiumal samples were taken from all parts of the heart and examined by histology. This included areas of infarction, infraction and areas that were peri‐infarctiom and left ventricular areas distant from the damaged tissues. Serum activity of creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), isoenzymes 1 and 2 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH1‐2) were investigated on the same three days, before and in the process of MI development was investigated (at days 1, 5 and 7). The L‐17 compound to not only decreased the area of initial infarction but also changed the pattern of inflammatory reaction in the affected myocardium fundamentally. Laboratory studies of effects of L‐17 compound on the development and course of experimental MI showed that administration decreased blood AST and CPK levels significantly and provided useful the data about the correlation between the activity of these enzymes and the dimensions of the significantly necrotic area. In this model of experimental MI the use of the L‐17 compound induced led to the replacement of the exudative destructive inflammation that is seen under standard conditions with a more cellular “productive” pattern of inflammation, with associated reduction in initial necrosis area and the, decrease in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion injury may account for the accelerated repair process.
Direct and Indirect Regulatory Mechanisms in TH17 cell Differentiation and Functions
Authors: Bi Y. , Yang R.
Published: January 2012

T helper 17 (TH17) cells have well‐described roles in autoimmune diseases. The immune modulations of development and function of TH17 have become a key issue. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the direct and indirect signalling regulatory mechanisms of TH17 cells in the general mouse model of autoimmune diseases and other human diseases.
Herpesvirus dermatitis in two cats without facial lesions
Authors: Sánchez Melissa D. , Goldschmidt Michael H. , Mauldin Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2012

Background – Cats with feline herpesvirus (FeHV‐1)‐associated dermatitis typically present with ulcerative lesions on the rostral muzzle and nasal planum. This report describes FeHV‐1 dermatitis in the flank region, in the absence of facial lesions.

Hypothesis/Objectives – Clinicians should be aware of this unusual manifestation of FeHV‐1 dermatitis to prevent potential misdiagnosis.

Animals – A 12‐year‐old male castrated Bengal cat and a 3‐year‐old male castrated Siamese cat with plaques and ulcers in the flank region are described.

Methods – Formalin‐fixed biopsy samples were obtained from lesional skin. Histopathology and FeHV‐1 immunohistochemistry were performed.

Results – Each sample had epidermal and follicular necrosis with a dense dermal infiltrate of eosinophils. Few to moderate numbers of intranuclear inclusion bodies were present in keratinocytes. The presence of FeHV‐1 in the lesions was confirmed with immunohistochemistry.

Conclusions and clinical importance – Feline herpesvirus‐associated dermatitis should not be ruled out based on the location of the lesion, because a correct diagnosis is imperative for proper treatment. Future studies to assess the cause of lesions at this unusual site are warranted.
Widespread and sustained cognitive deficits in alcoholism: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Stavro Katherine , Pelletier Julie , Potvin Stéphane
Published: January 2012

The cognitive repercussions of alcohol dependence are well documented. However, the literature remains somewhat ambiguous with respect to which distinct cognitive functions are more susceptible to impairment in alcoholism and to how duration of abstinence affects cognitive recovery. Some theories claim alcohol negatively affects specific cognitive functions, while others assert that deficits are more diffuse in nature. This is the first meta‐analysis to examine cognition in alcohol abuse/dependence and the duration of abstinence necessary to achieve cognitive recovery. A literature search yielded 62 studies that assessed cognitive dysfunction among alcoholics. Effect size estimates were calculated using the Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis V2, for the following 12 cognitive domains: intelligence quotient, verbal fluency/language, speed of processing, working memory, attention, problem solving/executive functions, inhibition/impulsivity, verbal learning, verbal memory, visual learning, visual memory and visuospatial abilities. Within these 12 domains, three effect size estimates were calculated based on abstinence duration. The three groups were partitioned into short‐ (<1 month), intermediate‐ (2 to 12 months) and long‐ (>1 year) term abstinence. Findings revealed moderate impairment across 11 cognitive domains during short‐term abstinence, with moderate impairment across 10 domains during intermediate term abstinence. Small effect size estimates were found for long‐term abstinence. These results suggest significant impairment across multiple cognitive functions remains stable during the first year of abstinence from alcohol. Generally, dysfunction abates by 1 year of sobriety. These findings support the diffuse brain hypothesis and suggest that cognitive dysfunction may linger for up to an average of 1 year post‐detoxification from alcohol.
Risk factors and clinical outcomes of cytomegalovirus disease occurring more than one year post solid organ transplantation
Authors: Blyth D. , Lee I. , Sims K.D. , Gasink L.B. , Barton T.D. , Van Deerlin V.M. , Pfeiffenberger P. , Blumberg E.A.
Published: January 2012

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease typically occurs during the first year after solid organ transplantation, after cessation of antiviral prophylaxis. CMV occurring after the first year is uncommon and not well described.

Methods

We conducted a case–control study to identify potential risk factors and a retrospective cohort study to evaluate 1‐month mortality in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients who developed CMV disease after the first year post transplant, or “very late CMV” (VLCMV), compared with those developing CMV within the first year (CMV Y1), adjusting for demographics, donor and recipient CMV serostatus, immunosuppression, rejection, and co‐morbidities.

Results

We identified 85 SOT recipients with CMV disease at a single transplant center between January 2006 and October 2008: 23 (27%) had VLCMV and 62 (73%) had CMV Y1. Heart transplantation was independently associated with increased risk (adjusted odd ratio [OR] 4.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.34–12.61; P = 0.01) for VLCMV. Patients with VLCMV had increased 1‐month mortality (unadjusted OR 5.39; 95% CI 1.06–27.48; P = 0.02). Mortality was uncommonly attributable to CMV.

Conclusions

CMV disease continues to occur after the first year post solid organ transplantation, particularly in heart transplant recipients, and can be associated with poor outcomes. CMV should be suspected in patients with symptoms or laboratory findings consistent with CMV, even if the patients present >1 year post transplant.
Risk of non‐melanoma skin cancer with thiopurine use in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Subramaniam Kavitha , Pavli Paul
Published: January 2012

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012; 27: 385–389.
Integrated bioinformatics analysis of microRNA expression profiles for an in‐depth understanding of pathogenic mechanisms in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Masotti Andrea , Alisi Anna
Published: January 2012

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012; 27: 331–340.
Indications for conversion of thoracoscopic to open thoracotomy in video‐assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy
Authors: Li Yun , Wang Jun , Yang Fan , Liu Jun , Li Jianfeng , Jiang Guanchao , Zhao Hui
Published: January 2012

Backgroud:  The study aims to discuss indications for conversion to thoracotomy in completely thoracoscopic lobectomy.

Methods:  From September 2006 to April 2010, 306 patients (164 men, 142 women, median age 58.1 years, range 15 to 86 years) underwent completely thoracoscopic lobectomy. There were 223 cases of primary lung cancer, 11 other malignant diseases and 72 cases of benign disease. The steps of the thoracoscopic procedures are almost identical to those of traditional open lobectomy, which requires standard mediastinal lymph node dissection for primary lung cancer patients. When conversion to an open procedure is necessary, such as in the presence of lymph node adhesions or metastases and bleeding, operative incisions are extended 12–15 cm towards lower angle of the scapula, retractors are used to separate the ribs, and the procedure is completely under direct visualization.

Results:  All procedures were performed without significant complications or intraoperative deaths. The average surgical duration was 195 min, and average blood loss was 256 mL with no blood transfusions required. The average chest tube drainage duration was 7.45 days. The average post‐operative hospital stay was 10.34 days. There were 27 cases (8.8%) of conversion to open thoracotomy, for the reasons of interference by lymph nodes (n= 18), bleeding (n= 4), inflammatory adhesions of arteries (n= 3) and large size tumours (n= 2).

Conclusion:  Adhesions or lymph node metastases and bleeding were the most important causes of conversion to thoracotomy in completely thoracoscopic lobectomy. Large tumours, fused fissures and dense pleural adhesions can always be managed thoracoscopically.
Ethical Leadership and Follower Helping and Courtesy: Moral Awareness and Empathic Concern as Moderators
Authors: Kalshoven Karianne , Den Hartog Deanne N. , De Hoogh Annebel H.B.
Published: January 2012

This study uses a multi‐level approach to examine the moderating influence of two aspects of the ethical context on the relationship between ethical leadership and follower helping and courtesy. Using multi‐source data from a field sample of leaders and followers and controlling for transformational leadership, we found that shared perceptions of moral awareness and empathic concern of the work group moderated the relationship between ethical leadership and follower helping and courtesy. Relationships between individual and group‐level perceptions of ethical leadership and these two follower behaviors were positive when moral awareness was low, whereas these relationships weakened when moral awareness was higher. The relationship between individual and group perceptions of ethical leadership and courtesy was positive when empathic concern was high, whereas this relationship weakened when empathic concern was lower. Thus, although ethical leadership relates positively to follower helping and courtesy, the strength of this relationship differs depending on the level of empathic concern and moral awareness in the work group.
High Performance Work Practices and Firm Performance: A Longitudinal Case Study
Authors: Tregaskis Olga , Daniels Kevin , Glover Linda , Butler Peter , Meyer Michael
Published: January 2012

Accumulating research suggests that the adoption of high performance work practices (HPWPs) is related to organizations' performance. The evidence base is limited by its reliance on retrospective survey reports. This study uses an intervention, including longitudinal interview and survey reports, of the implementation and outcomes of the introduction of HPWPs alongside time series data of objective performance metrics recorded before and after the intervention. The results showed that the implementation of HPWPs was associated with subsequent and sustained increases in productivity and safety performance. The study suggests that a specifically designed intervention involving HPWPs can have beneficial effects both on productivity and safety, but other intermediary variables associated with the implementation process may be critical in mitigating potentially detrimental worker welfare effects arising from work intensification.
Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of Space Structures with Partially Restrained Cnnections.
Authors: Gao Liwei , Haldar Achintya
Published: January 2012

Abstract: An efficient and robust finite‐element‐based method for estimating nonlinear responses of complex three‐dimensional structures with partially restrained connections under dynamic and seismic loading is presented. The method is developed using the assumed stress‐based finite‐element method in which the tangent stiffness can be expressed in explicit form and fewer elements are needed to model a structure. Geometric and material nonlinearities and the nonlinear behavior of partially restrained connections are considered. For the dynamic and seismic analyses, three major sources of damping are considered. They are viscous damping, hysteretic damping in the PR connections, and the hysteretic damping at the plastic hinges, if plastic hinges are developed in the structure. It is observed from the examples considered in this study that proper consideration of PR connections is essential in modeling the realistic dynamic and seismic behavior of structures. Numerical results show that the presence of partially restrained connections may not cause failure of a structure due to insufficient strength but may make serviceability constraints, e.g., the lateral deformation, more critical.
Total Optimal Synthesis Method for Truss Structures Subject to Static and Frequency Constraints
Authors: Ohkubo Sadaji , Taniwaki Kazuhiro
Published: January 2012

Abstract: In a previous study, we presented an efficient optimal structural synthesis method for truss structures in which the design variables are coordinates of the panel points, cross‐sectional areas, and discrete material kinds subjected to stress and displacement constraints. In this paper, the synthesis method is extended to solve design problems subject to stress, displacement, and fundamental natural‐frequency constraints. The design problem is formulated in terms of discrete material kinds and continuous shape and sizing variables and which are approximated by a convex and separable subproblem. The approximate subproblem is expressed in direct and/or reciprocal design variables and shape, material, and sizing sensitivities. Each subproblem is solved by a two‐stage minimization process. In the first stage, the continuous shape and sizing variables are optimized by a dual method. Second, the discrete material and continuous sizing variables are improved by a discrete sensitivity analysis. Using the proposed two‐stage minimization procedure, both the discrete material kinds and the continuous shape and sizing variables can be systematically improved to obtain an optimal solution. The rigorousness, reliability, and efficiency of the method are illustrated by applying it to the minimum cost design of truss structures subject to stress, displacement, and fundamental natural‐frequency constraints.
Bringing Employees Closer: The Effect of Proximity on Communication When Teams Function under Time Pressure
Authors: Chong Darrel S. F. , van Eerde Wendelien , Rutte Christel G. , Chai Kah Hin
Published: January 2012

Some studies have assumed close proximity to improve team communication on the premise that reduced physical distance increases the chance of contact and information exchange. However, research showed that the relationship between team proximity and team communication is not always straightforward and may depend on some contextual conditions. Hence, this study was designed with the purpose of examining how a contextual condition like time pressure may influence the relationship between team proximity and team communication. In this study, time pressure was conceptualized as a two‐dimensional construct: challenge time pressure and hindrance time pressure, such that each has different moderating effects on the proximity–communication relationship.

The research was conducted with 81 new product development (NPD) teams (437 respondents) inWesternEurope (Belgium,England,France,Germany, and theNetherlands). These teams functioned in short‐cycled industries and developed innovative products for the consumer, electronic, semiconductor, and medical sectors. The unit of analysis was a team, which could be from a single‐team or a multiteam project. Results showed that challenge time pressure moderates the relationship between team proximity and team communication such that this relationship improves for teams that experience high rather than low challenge time pressure. Hindrance time pressure moderates the relationship between team proximity and team communication such that this relationship improves for teams that experience low rather than high hindrance time pressure.

Our findings contribute to theory in two ways. First, this study showed that challenge and hindrance time pressure differently influences the benefits of team proximity toward team communication in a particular work context. We found that teams under high hindrance time pressure do not benefit from close proximity, given the natural tendency for premature cognitive closure and the use of avoidance coping tactics when problems surface. Thus, simply reducing physical distances is unlikely to promote communication if motivational or human factors are neglected. Second, this study demonstrates the strength of the challenge–hindrance stressor framework in advancing theory and explaining inconsistencies. Past studies determined time pressure by considering only its levels without distinguishing the type of time pressure. We suggest that this study might not have been able to uncover the moderating effects of time pressure if we had conceptualized time pressure in the conventional way.