bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey on Transit Map Layout – from Design, Machine, and Human Perspectives
Authors: Wu Hsiang‐Yun , Niedermann Benjamin , Takahashi Shigeo , Roberts Maxwell J. , Nöllenburg Martin
Published: July 2020

Transit maps are designed to present information for using public transportation systems, such as urban railways. Creating a transit map is a time‐consuming process, which requires iterative information selection, layout design, and usability validation, and thus maps cannot easily be customised or updated frequently. To improve this, scientists investigate fully‐ or semi‐automatic techniques in order to produce high quality transit maps using computers and further examine their corresponding usability. Nonetheless, the quality gap between manually‐drawn maps and machine‐generated maps is still large. To elaborate the current research status, this state‐of‐the‐art report provides an overview of the transit map generation process, primarily from Design, Machine, and Human perspectives. A systematic categorisation is introduced to describe the design pipeline, and an extensive analysis of perspectives is conducted to support the proposed taxonomy. We conclude this survey with a discussion on the current research status, open challenges, and future directions.
A Survey of Seed Placement and Streamline Selection Techniques
Authors: Sane Sudhanshu , Bujack Roxana , Garth Christoph , Childs Hank
Published: July 2020

Streamlines are an extensively utilized flow visualization technique for understanding, verifying, and exploring computational fluid dynamics simulations. One of the major challenges associated with the technique is selecting which streamlines to display. Using a large number of streamlines results in dense, cluttered visualizations, often containing redundant information and occluding important regions, whereas using a small number of streamlines could result in missing key features of the flow. Many solutions to select a representative set of streamlines have been proposed by researchers over the past two decades. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we analyze and classify seed placement and streamline selection (SPSS) techniques used by the scientific flow visualization community. At a high‐level, we classify techniques into automatic and manual techniques, and further divide automatic techniques into three strategies: density‐based, feature‐based, and similarity‐based. Our analysis evaluates the identified strategy groups with respect to focus on regions of interest, minimization of redundancy, and overall computational performance. Finally, we consider the application contexts and tasks for which SPSS techniques are currently applied and have potential applications in the future.
Gender diversity among ‘boys’ in Papua New Guinea: Memories of sameness and difference in early childhood
Authors: Kelly‐Hanku Angela , Boli‐Neo Ruthy , Aggleton Peter , Robinson Kerry H. , Newland Jamee , Aeno Herick
Published: July 2020

Childhood is a time when children begin to constitute themselves as gendered subjects largely according to social norms that are rigidly framed within dominant discourses of heteronormative binary gender. This paper is based on the life histories of 42 sexuality and gender diverse adult men and transgender women conducted in PNG. Findings offer insight into the ways in which boys transgressed gender norms through dress, play, work within the home and in dance. We argue that gender transgression in childhood is not a contemporary phenomena and such childhood experiences of boys in PNG should be recognised as part of the country's rich cultural diversity.
Pocket‐creation method with pulley clip elastic line traction for large rectal tumors
Authors: Nomura Tatsuma , Hayashi Yoshikazu , Yamamoto Hironori
Published: July 2020

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Novel strategy using pocket creation method to reduce intraoperative bleeding in gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Ikezawa Nobuaki , Tanaka Shinwa , Toyonaga Takashi
Published: July 2020

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Exposure to dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors and the risk of pneumonia among people with type 2 diabetes: Retrospective cohort study and meta‐analysis
Authors: Morieri Mario Luca , Bonora Benedetta Maria , Longato Enrico , Di Camilo Barbara , Sparacino Giovanni , Tramontan Lara , Avogaro Angelo , Fadini Gian Paolo
Published: July 2020

Aim

Concerns have been raised that dipeptidyl‐peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP‐4i) may increase the risk of pneumonia. We analysed observational data and clinical trials to explore whether use of DPP‐4i modifies the risk of pneumonia.

Methods

We identified patients with diabetes in the Veneto region administrative database and performed propensity score matching between new users of DPP‐4 inhibitors and new users of other oral glucose‐lowering medications (OGLMs). We compared the rate of hospitalization for pneumonia between matched cohorts using the Cox proportional hazard model. The same analysis was repeated using the database of a local diabetes outpatient clinic. We retrieved similar observational studies from the literature to perform a meta‐analysis. Results from trials reporting pneumonia rates among patients randomized to DPP‐4 inhibitors versus placebo/active comparators were also meta‐analysed.

Results

In the regional database, after matching 6495 patients/group, new users of DPP‐4 inhibitors had a lower rate of hospitalization for pneumonia than new users of other OGLMs (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.61‐0.95). In the outpatient database, after matching 867 patients/group, new users of DPP‐4 inhibitors showed a non‐significantly lower rate of hospitalization for pneumonia (HR 0.65; 95% CI 0.41‐1.04). The meta‐analysis of observational studies yielded an overall non‐significant lower risk of hospitalization for pneumonia among DPP‐4 inhibitor users (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.65‐1.01). The meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials showed no overall effect of DPP‐4 inhibitors on pneumonia risk (RR 1.06; 95% CI 0.93‐1.20).

Conclusion

The use of DPP‐4 inhibitors can be considered as safe with regard to the risk of pneumonia.
Benefit/risk profile of dapagliflozin 5 mg in the DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 trials in individuals with type 1 diabetes and body mass index ≥27 kg/m2
Authors: Mathieu Chantal , Dandona Paresh , Birkenfeld Andreas L , Hansen Troels Krarup , Iqbal Nayyar , Xu John , Repetto Enrico , Scheerer Markus Florian , Thoren Fredrik , Phillip Moshe
Published: July 2020

Aim

The DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 studies (NCT02268214, NCT02460978) evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in individuals with type 1 diabetes who were receiving intensive insulin therapy. The DEPICT‐1 and ‐2 studies (NCT02268214, NCT02460978) evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in individuals with type 1 diabetes. This post‐hoc study investigated the safety and efficacy of dapagliflozin in individuals with BMI ≥27 kg/m2 to assess if the benefit/risk ratio associated with dapagliflozin treatment can be further improved than that observed in the overall DEPICT population.

Methods

Changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and body weight, percentage change in daily insulin dose and proportion of participants achieving HbA1c reduction ≥0.5% without severe hypoglycaemia were evaluated at weeks 24 and 52. Changes in mean interstitial glucose, mean amplitude of glycaemic excursions and time in target glycaemic range were evaluated at week 24. Safety was assessed until week 56.

Results

Week‐52 adjusted mean (SE) change from baseline for HbA1c was −0.26% (0.05) with dapagliflozin versus +0.08% (0.05) with placebo and for body weight was −2.74 kg (0.25) with dapagliflozin versus +0.81 kg (0.26) with placebo. Mean (SE) percentage change in daily insulin dose was −10.5% (1.23) with dapagliflozin versus −1.4% (1.36) with placebo. Time spent in target glycaemic range increased by 2.2 h/day versus placebo. Dapagliflozin was well tolerated, with fewer participants experiencing diabetic ketoacidosis (dapagliflozin, 1.7%; placebo, 1.0%) than dapagliflozin 5 mg receiving participants in the pooled DEPICT populations.

Conclusions

Compared with the pooled DEPICT population, the benefit/risk profile of adjunct dapagliflozin therapy was more favourable in individuals with type 1 diabetes with body mass index ≥27 kg/m2 because of the reduced risk of diabetic ketoacidosis in this population.
Neural coordination of bilateral power and precision finger movements
Authors: Dietz Volker
Published: July 2020

The dexterity of hands and fingers is related to the strength of control by cortico‐motoneuronal connections which exclusively exist in primates. The cortical command is associated with a task‐specific, rapid proprioceptive adaptation of forces applied by hands and fingers to an object. This neural control differs between “power grip” movements (e.g., reach and grasp of a cup) where hand and fingers act as a unity and “precision grip” movements (e.g., picking up a raspberry) where fingers move independently from the hand. In motor tasks requiring hands and fingers of both sides a “neural coupling” (reflected in bilateral reflex responses to unilateral stimulations) coordinates power grip movements (e.g., opening a bottle). In contrast, during bilateral precision movements, such as playing piano, the fingers of both hands move independently, due to a direct cortico‐motoneuronal control, while the hands are coupled (e.g., to maintain the rhythm between the two sides). While most studies on prehension concern unilateral hand movements, many activities of daily life are tackled by bilateral power grips where a neural coupling serves for an automatic movement performance. In primates this mode of motor control is supplemented by a system that enables the uni‐ or bilateral performance of skilled individual finger movements.
Coastal environments shape chemical and microbial properties of forest litters in the Circum‐Mediterranean region
Authors: Borsali Amine Habib , Lerch Thomas Z. , Besbes Rania , Gros Raphaël , Laffont‐Schwob Isabelle , Boudenne Jean‐Luc , Ziarelli Fabio , Pando Anne , Farnet Da Silva Anne Marie
Published: July 2020

This study explores how chemical and microbial properties of litters can be affected by coastal environments across the Mediterranean basin. A litterbag experiment including Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pistacia lentiscus L., collected from both inland and coastal areas, was set up in France, Greece and Algeria. Control litterbags were left in their sampling sites and a transfer of litterbags from inland to coastal areas was performed to test whether the effect of the specific constraints of coastal environments varies according to the country and the litter type. After 10 months, litter chemical composition (CP/MAS 13C‐NMR) and microbial activities (cellulase activity, basal respiration, catabolic diversity using Biolog) and community structure (TRFLP) were analysed. Coastal conditions led to various responses: (i) litter aromaticity differed in the coastal zones depending on the country (high in the Greek coastal area, low in the Algerian coastal zone), (ii) fewer functionally diversified microbial communities were found in the Greek coastal area compared to the French and Algerian coasts, (iii) genetic diversity and richness were strongly impacted after transfer to the coastal zone whatever the country. The type of litter shaped microbial communities: (i) at a local scale (i.e., in either coastal or inland areas) catabolic profiles and cellulase activities varied with the plant species, (ii) at a regional scale, the effect of coastal conditions differed with the plant species (basal respiration, Shannon‐Weaver index, catabolic diversity H′, cellulases and catabolic profiles). Thus, litter microbial properties differed in coastal environments across the Mediterranean basin and plant litter type plays a major role in microbial properties at a large spatial scale.

Highlights

The environmental drivers of litter microbial sensitivity to water potential stress were investigated

Litterbag transfers from inland to coastal areas were performed in the Mediterranean.

Soil and land system units conform to long‐tail or heavy tail distributions.

Microbial diversity of inland litters decreased when exposed to coastal conditions

Litter plant species shape microbial functioning even at wide spatial scales.

Coastal areas and plant litter drive microbial responses to water potential stress.
Having a Baby: Impact on Married and Cohabiting Parents’ Relationships
Authors: O’Reilly Treter Maggie , Rhoades Galena K. , Scott Shelby B. , Markman Howard J. , Stanley Scott M.
Published: July 2020

The current study evaluates the effects of having a baby on relationship quality and stability, contrasting married and unmarried cohabiting parents (N = 179; 38% unmarried cohabiting). Participants provided several waves of data, including time points before, during, and after pregnancy. Results indicated that cohabiting parents broke up at a significantly higher rate after having a baby compared to married parents. In terms of relationship quality, interrupted time‐series analyses indicated that negative communication significantly increased after baby regardless of marital status. In addition, married parents had significantly higher levels of relationship satisfaction and commitment before baby compared to cohabiting parents but experienced modest declines in relationship satisfaction after baby. Cohabiting parents did not show such declines but remained lower in satisfaction throughout the study. Gender moderated commitment trajectories, such that married and cohabiting women demonstrated decreased commitment after baby, but married and cohabiting men demonstrated no significant changes in commitment. This study adds to the literature by examining both relationship stability and relationship quality trajectories from before pregnancy to after the birth of a baby among married and cohabiting parents in the same sample. Implications of these findings for practice and future research are discussed.
COVID‐19, cilia, and smell
Authors: Li Wei , Li Ming , Ou Guangshuo
Published: July 2020

The novel coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2 is the causative agent of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outbreak. In addition to pneumonia, other COVID‐19‐associated symptoms have been reported, including loss of smell (anosmia). However, the connection between infection with coronavirus and anosmia remains enigmatic. It has been reported that defects in olfactory cilia lead to anosmia. In this Viewpoint, we summarize transmission electron microscopic studies of cilia in virus‐infected cells. In the human nasal epithelium, coronavirus infects the ciliated cells and causes deciliation. Research has shown that viruses such as influenza and Sendai attach to the ciliary membrane. The Sendai virus enters cilia by fusing its viral membrane with the ciliary membrane. A recent study on SARS‐CoV‐2–human protein–protein interactions revealed that the viral nonstructural protein Nsp13 interacts with the centrosome components, providing a potential molecular link. The mucociliary escalator removes inhaled pathogenic particles and functions as the first line of protection mechanism against viral infection in the human airway. Thus, future investigation into the virus–cilium interface will help further the battle against COVID‐19.
The CO2‐equivalent balance of freshwater ecosystems is non‐linearly related to productivity
Authors: Grasset Charlotte , Sobek Sebastian , Scharnweber Kristin , Moras Simone , Villwock Holger , Andersson Sara , Hiller Carolin , Nydahl Anna C. , Chaguaceda Fernando , Colom William , Tranvik Lars J.
Published: July 2020

Eutrophication of fresh waters results in increased CO2 uptake by primary production, but at the same time increased emissions of CH4 to the atmosphere. Given the contrasting effects of CO2 uptake and CH4 release, the net effect of eutrophication on the CO2‐equivalent balance of fresh waters is not clear. We measured carbon fluxes (CO2 and CH4 diffusion, CH4 ebullition) and CH4 oxidation in 20 freshwater mesocosms with 10 different nutrient concentrations (total phosphorus range: mesotrophic 39 µg/L until hypereutrophic 939 µg/L) and planktivorous fish in half of them. We found that the CO2‐equivalent balance had a U‐shaped relationship with productivity, up to a threshold in hypereutrophic systems. CO2‐equivalent sinks were confined to a narrow range of net ecosystem production (NEP) between 5 and 19 mmol O2 m−3 day−1. Our findings indicate that eutrophication can shift fresh waters from sources to sinks of CO2‐equivalents due to enhanced CO2 uptake, but continued eutrophication enhances CH4 emission and transforms freshwater ecosystems to net sources of CO2‐equivalents to the atmosphere. Nutrient enrichment but also planktivorous fish presence increased productivity, thereby regulating the resulting CO2‐equivalent balance. Increasing planktivorous fish abundance, often concomitant with eutrophication, will consequently likely affect the CO2‐equivalent balance of fresh waters.
Critical race theory and working‐class White men: Exploring race privilege and lower‐class work‐life
Authors: Bohonos Jeremy W.
Published: July 2020

Research portraying the lives of working‐class (White) men has generally paid much more attention to class and gender than to race. By failing to problematize Whiteness, this literature obscures the racial privileges that working‐class Whites can access even as they are marginalized along the lines of class. This study applies critical race theory to analyse the dynamic intersection between the racial and gender privilege available to working‐class White men from their position of social and economic marginality. It empirically builds on the ethnographic study of a small North American company in the construction industry. This study makes three main contributions. First, it argues that even as the position of working‐class White men in the current class order limits their life chances, they nevertheless access small but significant benefits based on race. Second, it contributes to current conversations on White privilege by showing how such privilege manifests itself differently depending on social class position. Third, it underscores the importance of intersectional analysis in understanding how different social identities interact to reproduce racism and capitalism.
Third‐trimester placentas of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐positive women: histomorphology, including viral immunohistochemistry and in‐situ hybridization
Authors: Smithgall Marie C , Liu‐Jarin Xiaolin , Hamele‐Bena Diane , Cimic Adela , Mourad Mirella , Debelenko Larisa , Chen Xiaowei
Published: July 2020

Aims

The wide variety of affected organ systems associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection highlights the need for tissue‐specific evaluation. We compared placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive and SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative women in our hospital in New York City, which became the epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in March 2020. To date, some limited studies have been published on placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive women. The aim of our study, in addition to describing histomorphology, was to utilize in‐situ hybridization (ISH) for the S‐gene encoding the spike protein and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with the monoclonal SARS‐CoV‐2 spike antibody 1A9 for placental evaluation.

Methods and results

In this study, 51 singleton, third‐trimester placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive women and 25 singleton, third‐trimester placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative women were examined histomorphologically according to the Amsterdam Criteria and with ISH and/or IHC. The corresponding clinical findings and neonatal outcomes also were recorded. Although no specific histomorphologic changes related to SARS‐CoV‐2 were noted in the placentas, evidence of maternal–fetal vascular malperfusion was identified, with placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive women being significantly more likely to show villous agglutination (P = 0.003) and subchorionic thrombi (P = 0.026) than placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐negative women. No evidence of direct viral involvement was identified with ISH and IHC.

Conclusions

In this study, third‐trimester placentas from SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive women were more likely to show evidence of maternal–fetal vascular malperfusion; however, ISH and IHC provided no evidence of direct viral involvement or vertical transmission.
New Al2O3–Cu–Ni functionally graded composites manufactured using the centrifugal slip casting
Authors: Zygmuntowicz Justyna , Szymańska Joanna , Wachowski Marcin , Gloc Michał , Kaszuwara Waldemar
Published: July 2020

The aim of this paper was to establish the general suitability of the centrifugal slip casting technique for fabrication of graded material from the Al2O3–Cu–Ni system. The present investigation is a preliminary one and the obtained results may be regarded as a point for acquiring the new knowledge in the ternary ceramic metal system fabricated using centrifugal slip casting. The rheological study provided the evidence that the suspension used to fabricate composites is a non‐Newtonian slurry. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the prepared slurry is stable over time. The obtained composites has a hollow cylindrical shape with relative density of > 95%. The XRD study results revealed three phases: Al2O3, Ni, and CuNi. The microscopic investigations revealed a nonhomogeneous distribution of the metallic phase in the composite. It has been shown that the content of the metallic phase decreased with the increased distance from the outside to the inner edge of the ceramic‐metal composite. The study results allow to conclude that the interface between the phases is more continuous when sintering was carried out in a solid phase. However, it was found that when sintering was carried out in a liquid phase separated metal particles with spherical phase are formed.
Functional characterization of an aldose reductase (bmALD1) obtained from the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Yamamoto K. , Yamaguchi M. , Endo S.
Published: July 2020

We describe a new member of the aldo‐keto reductase (AKR) superfamily in the silkworm Bombyx mori. On the basis of its amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree, this AKR belongs to the AKR1B family and has been designated as bmALD1. In the current study, recombinant bmALD1 was overexpressed, purified to homogeneity and kinetically characterized. We discovered that bmALD1 uses NADPH as a coenzyme to reduce carbonyl compounds such as DL‐glyceraldehyde, glucose and 2‐nonenal. No NADH‐dependent activity was detected. To the best of our knowledge, bmALD1 is only the third AKR characterized in silkworm which, given its substrate specificity, could play a major role in glucose metabolism and antioxidant reactions. Our data provide an increased understanding of insect AKR function.
Left bundle branch pacing: A comprehensive review
Authors: Ponnusamy Shunmuga Sundaram , Arora Vanita , Namboodiri Narayanan , Kumar Vivek , Kapoor Aditya , Vijayaraman Pugazhendhi
Published: July 2020

Cardiac pacing is the only effective therapy for patients with symptomatic bradyarrhythmia. Traditional right ventricular apical pacing causes electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony resulting in left ventricular dysfunction, recurrent heart failure, and atrial arrhythmias. Physiological pacing activates the normal cardiac conduction, thereby providing synchronized contraction of ventricles. Though His bundle pacing (HBP) acts as an ideal physiological pacing modality, it is technically challenging and associated with troubleshooting issues during follow‐up. Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) has been suggested as an effective alternative to overcome the limitations of HBP as it provides low and stable pacing threshold, lead stability, and correction of distal conduction system disease. This paper will focus on the implantation technique, troubleshooting, clinical implications, and a review of published literature of LBBP.
microRNA‐124 inhibits stem‐like properties and enhances radiosensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells via direct repression of expression of JAMA
Authors: Tian Yunhong , Tian Yunming , Tu Yinuo , Zhang Guoqian , Zeng Xing , Lin Jie , Ai Meiling , Mao Zixu , Zheng Ronghui , Yuan Yawei
Published: July 2020

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a source of tumour recurrence in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC); however, the function of microRNA‐124 (miR‐124) in NPC CSCs has not been clearly defined. In this study, we investigated the role of miR‐124 in NPC CSCs. qRT‐PCR was performed to measure miR‐124 expression in NPC tissues and cell lines and the effects of miR‐124 on stem‐like properties and radiosensitivity of NPC cells measured. Luciferase reporter assays and rescue experiments were used to investigate the interaction of miR‐124 with the 3′UTR of junctional adhesion molecule A (JAMA). Finally, we examined the effects of miR‐124 in an animal model and clinical samples. Down‐regulation of miR‐124 was detected in cancer tissues and was inversely associated with tumour stage and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of miR‐124 inhibited stemness properties and enhanced radiosensitivity of NPC cells in vitro and in vivo via targeting JAMA. Up‐regulation of miR‐124 was correlated with superior overall survival of patients with NPC. Our study demonstrates that miR‐124 can inhibit stem‐like properties and enhance radiosensitivity by directly targeting JAMA in NPC. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying therapy failure in NPC.
Ablation of sensory nerves favours melanoma progression
Authors: Prazeres Pedro H. D. M. , Leonel Caroline , Silva Walison N. , Rocha Beatriz G. S. , Santos Gabryella S. P. , Costa Alinne C. , Picoli Caroline C. , Sena Isadora F. G. , Gonçalves William A. , Vieira Mariana S. , Costa Pedro A. C. , Campos Leda M. C. C. , Lopes Miriam T. P. , Costa Marcos R. , Resende Rodrigo R. , Cunha Thiago M. , Mintz Akiva , Birbrair Alexander
Published: July 2020

The tumour mass is composed not only of heterogeneous neoplastic cells, but also a variety of other components that may affect cancer cells behaviour. The lack of detailed knowledge about all the constituents of the tumour microenvironment restricts the design of effective treatments. Nerves have been reported to contribute to the growth and maintenance of numerous tissues. The effects of sensory innervations on tumour growth remain unclear. Here, by using state‐of‐the‐art techniques, including Cre/loxP technologies, confocal microscopy, in vivo‐tracing and chemical denervation, we revealed the presence of sensory nerves infiltrating within the melanoma microenvironment, and affecting cancer progression. Strikingly, melanoma growth in vivo was accelerated following genetic ablation or chemical denervation of sensory nerves. In humans, a retrospective analysis of melanoma patients revealed that increased expression of genes related to sensory nerves in tumours was associated with better clinical outcomes. These findings suggest that sensory innervations counteract melanoma progression. The emerging knowledge from this research provides a novel target in the tumour microenvironment for therapeutic benefit in cancer patients.
Hsa_circ_0128846 promotes tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer by sponging hsa‐miR‐1184 and releasing AJUBA and inactivating Hippo/YAP signalling
Authors: Wang Xu , Chen Yujia , Liu Wei , Liu Tao , Sun Di
Published: July 2020

Hsa_circ_0128846 was found to be the most significantly up‐regulated circRNA in our bioinformatics analysis. However, the role of hsa_circ_0128846 in colorectal cancer has not been explored. We thus aim to explore the influence and mechanism of hsa_circ_0128846 in colorectal cancer by sponging its downstream miRNA target miR‐1184. We collected 40 colorectal cancer patients’ tumour tissues to analyse the expression of hsa_circ_0128846, miR‐1184 and AJUBA using qRT‐PCR and Western blot where needed. Then, we constructed stably transfected SW480 and HCT116 cells to study the influence of hsa_circ_0128846, miR‐1184 and AJUBA on colorectal cancer cell phenotypes. To obtain reliable results, a plethora of experiments including RNA immunoprecipitation assay, flow cytometry, EdU incorporation assay, wound healing migration assay, transwell invasion assay and live imaging of nude mice xenograft assay were performed. The binding relationship between hsa_circ_0128846, miR‐1184 and AJUBA mRNA in colorectal cancer was validated by reported gene assay. In colorectal cancer tissues, circ_0128846 and AJUBA were both significantly up‐regulated, while miR‐1184 was significantly down‐regulated compared with healthy tissues. Meanwhile, hsa_circ_0128846 can absorb miR‐1184 to promote the progression of CRC in vivo and SW480 and HCT116 cell phenotypes in vitro. The knockdown of AJUBA, a downstream target of miR‐1184, reversed the effect of miR‐1184 in CRC cells via enhancing the phosphorylation of the Hippo/YAP signalling pathway proteins MST1, LATS1 and YAP. This study revealed that hsa_circ_0128846 contributed to the development of CRC by decreasing the expression of miR‐1184, thereby increasing AJUBA expression and inactivating Hippo/YAP signalling.
Cryo‐FIB preparation of whole cells and tissue for cryo‐TEM: use of high‐pressure frozen specimens in tubes and planchets
Authors: DE WINTER D.A.M. , HSIEH C. , MARKO M. , HAYLES M. F.
Published: July 2020

The desire to study macromolecular complexes within their cellular context requires the ability to produce thin samples suitable for cryo‐TEM (cryo‐transmission electron microscope) investigations. In this paper, we discuss two similar approaches, which were developed independently in Utrecht (the Netherlands) and Albany (USA). The methods are particularly suitable for both tissue samples and cell suspensions prepared by a high‐pressure freezer (HPF). The workflows are explained with particular attention to potential pitfalls, while underlying principles are highlighted (‘why to do so’). Although both workflows function with a high success rate, full execution requires considerable experience and remains demanding. In addition, throughput is low. We hope to encourage other research groups worldwide to take on the challenge of improving the HPF– cryo‐FIB‐SEM – cryo‐TEM workflow. We discuss a number of suggestions to this end.

Lay Description

Life is ultimately dictated by the interaction of molecules in our bodies. Highly complex equipment is being used and further developed to study these interactions. The present paper describes methods to prepare small, very thin lamellae (area of 5×5 µm2, thickness 50–300 nm) of a cell to be studied in a cryo‐transmission electron microscope (cryo‐TEM). Special care must be taken to preserve the natural state of molecules in their natural environment. In the case of cryo‐TEM, the samples must be frozen and kept frozen to be compatible with the vacuum conditions in the microscope. The frozen condition imposes technical challenges which are addressed. Two approaches to obtain the thin lamellae are described. Both make use of a focused ion beam (FIB) microscope. The FIB allows removal of material with nanometre precision by focusing a beam of ionised atoms (gallium ions) onto the sample. Careful control of the FIB allows cutting out of the required thin lamellae. In both strategies, the thin lamellae remain attached to the original sample, and the ensemble of sample with section and sample holder is transported from the FIB microscope to the TEM while being kept frozen.
Reconstruction of highly porous structures from FIB‐SEM using a deep neural network trained on synthetic images
Authors: FEND C. , MOGHISEH A. , REDENBACH C. , SCHLADITZ K.
Published: July 2020

Combining scanning electron microscopy with serial slicing by a focused ion beam yields spatial image data of materials structures at the nanometer scale. However, the depth of field of the scanning electron microscopic images causes unwanted effects when highly porous structures are imaged. Proper spatial reconstruction of such porous structures from the stack of microscopic images is a tough and in general yet unsolved segmentation problem. Recently, machine learning methods have proven to yield solutions to a variety of image segmentation problems. However, their use is hindered by the need of large amounts of annotated data in the training phase. Here, we therefore replace annotated real image data by simulated image stacks of synthetic structures – realizations of stochastic germ–grain models and random packings. This strategy yields the annotations for free, but shifts the effort to choosing appropriate stochastic geometry models and generating sufficiently realistic scanning electron microscopic images.
Of Organizing and Sensemaking: From Action to Meaning and Back Again in a Half‐Century of Weick’s Theorizing
Authors: Ann Glynn Mary , Watkiss Lee
Published: July 2020

The themes of organizing and sensemaking have reverberated throughout Weick’s remarkable career and constitute one of the hallmarks of his contribution. We review his major works and show how Weick differentially emphasizes organizing and sensemaking over time and, eventually, arrives at a fuller integration of meaning and action. Initially, Weick (1969; 1979) models their relationship as linear, focusing on how organizing functioned as a context for sensemaking, an approach we labelSensemaking in Organizing. Later, however, Weick (1995a; 2005) construes their relationship in more dynamic, interactive, and reciprocal cycles, modelling sensemaking as the process whereby organizing is achieved, an approach we labelSensemaking as Organizing. We explore the evolution and implications of these approaches and discuss their impact on management scholarship. Finally, we draw out potential future research directions at the interface of organizing and sensemaking.
Hormetic doses of UV‐C light decrease the susceptibility of tomato plants to Botrytis cinerea infection
Authors: Vàsquez Hilariòn , Ouhibi Chayma , Forges Marine , Lizzi Yves , Urban Laurent , Aarrouf Jawad
Published: July 2020

Preharvest hormetic doses of UV‐C radiation can decrease the susceptibility of tomato leaves to Botrytis cinerea L. infection. UV‐C light treatments have been shown to be very effective for reducing disease development in several species, including tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Treating cultivated tomato plants with UV‐C light is of interest not only because of the disinfecting effects of UV‐C light but also because of its ability to stimulate plant defences (SDP) against diseases, provided that the applied doses are high enough to be effective while low enough to prevent deleterious effects. In the present study, the effects of UV‐C light on plants were evaluated by biochemical analyses, including analyses of the activities of antioxidant enzymes and phenylalanine lyase (PAL); the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), an indicator of membrane integrity; and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, such as the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (FV/FM) and the Strasser performance index (PI). In this work, treatments with single doses of 0.85 kJ/m2 of UV‐C light were found to significantly increase plant defences against B. cinerea, reducing the affected leaf area by 51% compared to the affected area of control plants. This decrease in susceptibility was associated with increased PAL activity and the amount of bound phenolics compared to levels in control plants (not treated with UV‐C).
Pediatric nurses' perceptions of preparedness for global health fieldwork
Authors: Schmid Alexis , DeGrazia Michele , Mott Sandra , Schuler Ethan , Schenkel Sara R. , Niescierenko Michelle , Hickey Patricia A.
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The purpose of this qualitative descriptive research study was to understand the current state, perceived content, and experiential needs of pediatric nurses preparing for global health (GH) fieldwork experience. This study aimed to inform stakeholders about the standard and unique preparation needs of pediatric GH nurses.

Study Design and Methods

One group and five individual interviews were held with nurses from a large pediatric quaternary care facility in the Northeast United States. Data from the interviews were transcribed verbatim, eliminating personal data. Only deidentified transcripts were used for data analysis. Members of the study team used content analysis to systematically code and analyze the data.

Results

Qualitative content analysis revealed five categories: (1) identifying clear objectives, (2) understanding the practice environment, (3) self‐assessment of clinical skills, cultural competencies, and adaptability, (4) safety and logistics planning, and (5) psychological self‐care and reentry anticipatory guidance.

Conclusions

Findings can provide a basis for program planning to prepare pediatric nurses for GH fieldwork. Program planning must account for the unique features of the site and situation. Organizational and personal preparation can influence the perceived success of the GH experience.
Clinical assessment of heartworm‐infected Beagles treated with a combination of imidacloprid/moxidectin and doxycycline, or untreated
Authors: Savadelis Molly D. , Coleman Amanda E. , Rapoport Gregg S. , Sharma Ajay , Sakamoto Kaori , Keys Deborah A. , Ohmes Cameon M. , Hostetler Joe A. , Dzimianski Michael T. , Moorhead Andrew R.
Published: July 2020

Background

Administration of moxidectin topically and doxycycline PO has been utilized experimentally as an alternative treatment for heartworm disease. However, clinical effects of this protocol remain poorly characterized.

Objective

To evaluate the clinical and postmortem findings associated with administration of doxycycline and monthly 10% imidacloprid + 2.5% moxidectin (IMD + MOX, Advantage Multi/Advocate) toDirofilaria immitis‐experimentally infected as compared to nontreated control dogs.

Animals

Sixteen purpose‐bred, female, Beagle dogs.

Methods

Prospective, blinded, experimental study. Animals with surgically transplanted adult heartworms were randomized into 2 study groups of equal size: a nontreated control group (n = 8) and an IMD + MOX and doxycycline‐treated group (n = 8). Randomization was performed using a complete block design according to circulating microfilarial concentrations, measured before treatment. Serum biochemical profiles, CBCs, thoracic radiographs and echocardiograms were performed prior to and 3 weeks after transplantation, and monthly for 10 months. Postmortem gross and histopathologic evaluations were performed.

Results

Compared to control animals, mean ± SD serum alanine aminotransferase (181 ± 203 U/L vs 33 ± 7 U/L;P < .0001) and alkaline phosphatase (246 ± 258 U/L vs 58 ± 19 U/L;P < .0001) activities were significantly higher in the treated group on day 28. Radiographic and echocardiographic evidence of heartworm disease was observed in both groups; however, no significant differences in these variables were noted between groups. Mean ± SD pulmonary arterial thrombus score was significantly higher in the treated vs nontreated group (3.9 ± 0.4 and 1.5 ± 2.1, respectively;P= .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The treatment protocol was well‐tolerated with no clinically relevant adverse effects for any variable evaluated during the observational period.
Reconstructing marine plankton food web interactions using DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Zamora‐Terol Sara , Novotny Andreas , Winder Monika
Published: July 2020

Knowledge of zooplankton in situ diet is critical for accurate assessment of marine ecosystem function and structure, but due to methodological constraints, there is still a limited understanding of ecological networks in marine ecosystems. Here, we used DNA‐metabarcoding to study trophic interactions, with the aim to unveil the natural diet of zooplankton species under temporal variation of food resources. Several target consumers, including copepods and cladocerans, were investigated by sequencing 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes to identify prokaryote and eukaryote potential prey present in their guts. During the spring phytoplankton bloom, we found a dominance of diatom and dinoflagellate trophic links to copepods. During the summer period, zooplankton including cladocerans showed a more diverse diet dominated by cyanobacteria and heterotrophic prey. Our study suggests that copepods present trophic plasticity, changing their natural diet over seasons, and adapting their feeding strategies to the available prey spectrum, with some species being more selective. We did not find a large overlap of prey consumed by copepods and cladocerans, based on prey diversity found in their guts, suggesting that they occupy different roles in the trophic web. This study represents the first molecular approach to investigate several zooplankton–prey associations under seasonal variation, and highlights how, unlike other techniques, the diversity coverage is high when using DNA, allowing the possibility to detect a wide range of trophic interactions in plankton communities.
Get Complicated: The Effects of Complexity on Conversations over Potentially Intractable Moral Conflicts
Authors: Kugler Katharina G. , Coleman Peter T.
Published: July 2020

Conflicts over important moral differences can divide communities and trap people in destructive spirals of enmity that become intractable. But these conflicts can also be managed constructively. Two laboratory studies investigating the underlying social–psychological dynamics of more tractable versus intractable moral conflicts are presented, which tested a core proposition derived from a dynamical systems theory of intractable conflict. It portrays more intractable conflicts as those, which have lost the complexity inherent to more constructive social relations and have collapsed into overly simplified, closed patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting that resist change. Employing our Difficult Conversations Lab paradigm in which participants engage in genuine discussions over moral differences, we found that higher levels of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral complexity were associated with more tractable conversations. Whereas in a pilot study we examined conflicts that naturally became more/less intractable, in our main experiment, high versus low levels of cognitive complexity were induced.
Prior percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with low health‐related quality of life after coronary artery bypass graft
Authors: Ejheisheh Moath A. , Correa‐Rodríguez María , Fernández‐Aparicio Ángel , Batran Ahmad , Suleiman‐Martos Nora , Schmidt‐RioValle Jacqueline
Published: July 2020

The success of a coronary artery bypass graft surgery has been shown to be related to health‐related quality of life, and being able to predict this is extremely useful. We investigate the associations between health‐related quality of life and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics, and examine the impact of prior percutaneous coronary interventions on health‐related quality of life in Palestinian patients undergoing a coronary artery bypass graft for the first time. A cross‐sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 119 Palestinian patients. The Short Form‐36 Health Survey was applied 1 year after the coronary artery bypass graft surgery. An analysis of variance shows that as age increases, health‐related quality of life decreases. In contrast, the higher the level of education, job security, and salary, the higher the health‐related quality of life. Patients who had undergone prior percutaneous endovascular interventions had a worse health‐related quality of life than those who had not. In conclusion, a history of prior percutaneous endovascular interventions in addition to sociodemographic factors should be considered by nursing staff so that they can deliver high‐quality patient care.
High‐resolution manometry features of paraesophageal hernia
Authors: Rengarajan Arvind , Argüero Julieta , Yazaki Etsuro , Kadirkamanthan S. Sritharan , Siriwardana H. P. Priyantha , Brunt L. Michael , Sifrim Daniel , Gyawali C. Prakash
Published: July 2020

Background

Paraesophageal hernias (PEH) can be associated with obstructive symptoms, but high‐resolution manometry (HRM) characteristics have not been described in detail.

Methods

HRM studies of confirmed PEH patients (n = 60, 66.3 ± 1.5 years, 76.7% F), axial hernias (n = 125, 56.1 ± 1.1 years, 58.4% F), and healthy controls (n = 20, 27.9 ± 0.7 years, 45% F) were analyzed. Axial hernias (type 1) were compared to PEH subtyped as isolated PEH (type 2), PEH with axial hernia (type 3), PEH with herniated abdominal organs (type 4), and unknown. Distal contractile integral (DCI), esophageal length, lower esophageal sphincter pressures (LESP), EGJ contractile integral (EGJ‐CI), and integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) were extracted. Intra‐luminal pressures were measured proximal (intrabolus pressure, IBP) and distal (intragastric pressure, IGP) to EGJ. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to characterize esophageal and EGJ motor physiology in PEH.

Key Results

PEH patients had LESP and EGJ‐CI similar to controls; axial hernia patients had lower LESP. While IRP was within normal limits, PEH had elevated IBP and IGP, and shorter esophageal length compared to axial hernia and normal controls (P ≤ .0001 across groups). Short esophageal length was consistent across PEH subtypes (P = .06). On multivariate regression analysis, IBP remained an independent predictor of PEH (P < .0001). Within PEH subtypes, gastric pressure was higher when axial HH was also present, in contrast to isolated PEH (P = .03); other metrics did not differ.

Conclusions & Inferences

Luminal pressure increase both upstream and downstream of the EGJ on HRM likely represents obstructive phenomena in PEH, identification of which may support suspicion of PEH.
Recent insights into the biology of Barrett's esophagus
Authors: Badgery Henry , Chong Lynn , Iich Elhadi , Huang Qin , Georgy Smitha Rose , Wang David H. , Read Matthew
Published: July 2020

Barrett's esophagus (BE) is the only known precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Our understanding of the pathogenesis and Barrett's metaplasia is incomplete, and this has limited the development of new therapeutic targets and agents, risk stratification ability, and management strategies. This review outlines current insights into the biology of BE and addresses controversies surrounding cell of origin, cellular reprogramming theories, updates on esophageal epithelial barrier function, and the significance of goblet cell metaplasia and its association with malignant change. Further research into the basic biology of BE is vital as it will underpin novel therapies and improve our ability to predict malignant progression and help identify the minority of patients who will develop EAC.
Treatment of left‐sided extension of AV node: A valuable integration of advance imaging modalities and cryoablation
Authors: Prolic Kalinsek Tine , Pernat Andrej , Sinkovec Matjaz , Jan Matevz
Published: July 2020

We present a case of successful cryoablation of the left extension of the atrioventricular (AV) node for treatment of a recurrent atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia without the use of fluoroscopy. Three‐dimensional electroanatomic mapping system and intracardiac echocardiography were used to navigate catheters in the heart and position them according to anatomical landmarks. Due to the nature of cryoablation lesion formation, lesions were able to be applied safely in right atrium, as well as in left atrium, without damaging AV node or bundle of His.