bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrically Nonlinear Free Vibration of Composite Materials: Clamped-Clamped Functionally Graded Beam with an Edge Crack Using Homogenisation Method
Authors: Chajdi Mohcine , Merrimi El Bekkaye , El Bikri Khalid
Published: March 2017

The problem of geometrically nonlinear free vibration of a clamped-clamped functionally graded beam containing an open edge crack in its center is studied in this paper. The study is based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Von Karman geometric nonlinearity assumptions. The cracked section is modeled by an elastic spring connecting two intact segments of the beam. It is assumed that material properties of the functionally graded composites are graded in the thickness direction and estimated through the rule of mixture. The homogenisation method is used to reduce the problem to that of isotropic homogeneous cracked beam. Direct iterative method is employed for solving the eigenvalue equation for governing the frequency nonlinear vibration, in order to show the effect of the crack depth and the influences of the volume fraction on the dynamic response.
Viscoelastic Vibration Damping Materials for Application in a Temperature Range above 150°C
Authors: Wang Wen Fei , Lin Xin Zhi , Ma Yu Liang
Published: March 2017

We demonstrate a new type of viscoelastic vibration damping material with high damping performances (tan δ=E′/E′′ ≥0.3 where E′ and E′′ are the storage and loss Young’s moduli, respectively) at a high temperature range between 200°C and 250°C utilizing a special polymer resin of higher glass transition temperature corresponding to the application temperature range and larger pendant groups offering higher efficiency of the energy dissipation. In addition, the damping property of the bulk material reinforced with glass fiber will be significantly improved, where the peak tan δ value can reach 0.7. In this paper, we put the emphasis on the preparation process and properties characterization of this new type material, and try to provide a new method to fabricate a viscoelastic damping material (VDM) usable for applications in the field of high temperature vibration reduction, in contrast to the conventional ones whose damping properties will dramatically decay once the ambient temperature is above 100°C.
Research on the Stability of Thermal Barrier Coatings under Thermal Cyclic Loading
Authors: Sun Jian , Xu Ying Qiang , Li Wan Zhong , Lv Kai
Published: March 2017

Thermal barrier coating systems (TBCs) are widely used in turbines. However, premature failures have impaired the use of TBCs and cut down their lifetime. The thermally grown oxide layer (TGO) thickening and the material thermal expansion misfit under thermal cyclic loading significantly affect the interfacial stress field and stability of TBCs. In this study, the stability evaluation method of TBCs under thermal cyclic loading based on energy is established using the visco-elastoplastic and shakedown theorem. The semicircular shape interface is used to simplify the complicated interfacial undulations in FEA model. And actual TGO thickness obtained from experiment is used to simulate the bond coat oxidation. Then the effect of TGO thickening on the stability and stress field of TBCs under thermal cyclic loading is analyzed through the numerical simulation. It is concluded that estimating from the stress-strain evolution behavior, the local stability of the TBCs decreases with the TGO thickening, and assessing from energy, TBCs shows instable with TGO thickening.
Influence of Micro-Milled Secondary Materials Used as Binders in Low Level Stabilized Cold Recycled Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Suda Jan , Valentin Jan
Published: March 2017

This paper presents an experimental verification of the alternative options for using by-products or mineral waste materials applied to cold recycled mixtures with low level of stabilisation intended for low-volume road structures. To achieve the necessary refinement and a certain level of reactivity potential, the by-products were activated mechanically, i.e. pulverized in a high-speed disintegrator with respect to the lowest possible energy demands of the process and to the level of wear-and-tear of the working components in the milling machine. Such refined material, with average particle size of 10-15 μm, is applies as an active filler component allowing to partly substitute hydraulic binder in cold recycled mixtures. The application of such materials in structural pavement layers should increase the environmental benefits and result in added economic value. The experimental measurements taken focused on cold recycled mixtures with low level of stabilisation, modified by a combination of binders, or namely cement, mechanically activated concrete from reclaimed concrete pavement slabs originating from the Czech backbone D1 highway modernisation, mechanical-chemically activated fluid ashes from the Pilsen heat plant and foamed bitumen. Both basic volumetric properties and strength and deformation parameters were set for the purposes of evaluation of the characteristic measured in the experimental mixes.
Time Depend Wettability Deterioration of Plasma Treated Polymeric Macro-Fibers
Authors: Trejbal Jan , Tesárek Pavel , Potocký Štěpán
Published: March 2017

Presented work is focused on the time depend wettability deterioration of plasma treated polymeric macro-fibers. The commercial fibers designed especially for reinforcement of concrete composites – Concrix ES (made from polyolefin) and BeneSteel (polyethylene and polypropylene mixture) were surface modified by oxygen cool low-pressure coupled plasma to attain their water wettability enhancement. The wettability development of thus treated fibers was observed through contact angle sizes between fiber surfaces and distilled water using a direct horizontal optical static method. Contac angle measurements were realized (i) immediately, after (ii) 1 day, (iii) 7 days and (iv) 30 days over the treatment execution, while fibers were stored on the air on standard laboratory condition in the meantime (temperature ~22 °C, moisture ~50 %). Both, the treated Concrix ES and BeneSteel fibers exhibited significant wettability increase. The enhanced wettability of modified fibers stayed approximately constant even after 30 days over the treatment execution in the case of BeneSteel, while in the case of Concrix ES the wettability decreased almost to the reference (no treated) samples, respectively.
The Influence of Rainfall Humidity on the Moisture Regime of Envelope Structures with Internal Insulation
Authors: Brambora Karel , Burgetová Eva
Published: March 2017

While the matters of the moisture of external walls of historical buildings it turned out that apart from classical sources of moisture (such as capillary attraction, condensation etc.) there is another source which is often left behind – rainfall humidity which leaks to perimeter walls from the exterior. Whilst the Czech approach of standard assessment works with condensed moisture only, some foreign authors (especially those from Germany) point out a notable influence of rainfall humidity on the moisture regime of the mentioned constructions. Its amount exceeds the amount of rainfall that leaks into the construction due to diffusion by several times. The issue deserves to be examined in more detail, but the use of nanotechnology could help to solve or improve the problem. In some cases it would be possible to apply the suspension with added nanoparticles into the insulated masonry and improve the properties of masonry, which is facing to rainwater
Micromechanical Analysis of Complex Structures by Nanoindentation
Authors: Hájková Petra , Jíra Aleš
Published: March 2017

Civil engineers like to use complex construction systems which resist mechanical strain well. Complex material and structural arrangement is possible to see in biological materials as wood but as bone or dentin too. This paper deals with a property trend of biological material, dentin, and can serve as an inspiration for designing resistant constructions. The analysis was carried out by a method of nanoindentation. The differences of property values depending on location of indents in dentin structure were surveyed. Especially, the differences of hardness and reduced modulus were important. The huge number of indents was made during the experiment. The indents were divided into categories according to the distance from the nearest material interface. The upward trend was found out for both observed properties. The category which was the closest to the material interface showed the average value of hardness ~ 965 MPa, whereas the furthest ~ 1222 MPa. It was growth more than 20%. Reduced modulus showed similar trend. These results are different from these which have been performed by other authors so far.
The Influence of the Chosen Type of Form Lubricator in the Form for Cement Paste with Fly Ash on the Fracture Process Zone
Authors: Mužíková Barbora , Padevět Pavel
Published: March 2017

This paper is focused on the cracks growth in mode II of specimens made of cement paste with fly ash. Three prescriptions were made for testing in mode II, during the making air bubbles arose at the bottom of the specimen that were lubricated with oil. These little caverns can have an influence on the growth of the cracks in the fracture process zone. On the other side, specimens that were lubricated with a wax, no caverns were observed. There are complex mechanisms of crack growth in the fracture process zone, cavern or inertial elements have a fundamental effect on the success of the real tests in mode II. Specimens lubricated with wax have a 50 % higher successful running of the test than those, whose forms were lubricated with the oil.
Intergranular Corrosion Sensitivity of Welded Joint of Super304H at High Temperature
Authors: Chen Ya Qing , Chen Jian , Ren Yan Jie , Chen Jian Lin , He Jian Jun , Qiu Wei
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper investigated the effect of sensitization time (0h,5h,15h,30h)on intergranular corrosion sensitivity of welded joints of Super304H stainless steel at 650°C by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). EPR results showed that with the increase of sensitization time, the value of reactivation rate Ra increased. Electrochmical impedance spectra of welded joint of super304H for different sensitization time exhibited the similar characteristics. The fitted results showed that the values of Rf decreased with the increase of sensitization time.
GUIDE TO MANIFOLD ABSOLUTE PRESSURE TRANSDUCER REPRESENTATIVE TEST METHOD
Authors:   Electrical Systems
Published: March 2017

This guide is intended to cover test procedures applicable to MAP transducers; it is also applicable to transducers such as Barometric (Ambient) Absolute Pressure transducers, Manifold Vacuum transducers, and similar pressure transducers used in automotive systems. Although oriented towards active devices (those using internal signal conditioning), it can be applied to passive devices with minor modifications.
HARDNESS TESTS AND HARDNESS NUMBER CONVERSIONS
Authors:   Metals Technical Committee
Published: March 2017

This report lists approximate hardness conversion values; test methods for Vickers Hardness, Brinell Hardness, Rockwell Hardness Rockwell Superficial Hardness, Shore Hardness; and information regarding surface preparation, specimen thickness, effect of curved surfaces, and recommendations for Rockwell surface hardness testing for case hardened parts.

The tables in this report give the approximate relationship of Vickers Brinell, Rockwell, and Scleroscope hardness values and corresponding approximate tensile strengths of steels. It is impossible to give exact relationships because of the inevitable influence of size, mass, composition, and method of heat treatment. Where more precise conversions are required, they should be developed specially for each steel composition, heat treatment, and part.

The accompanying conversion tables for steel hardness numbers are based on extensive tests on carbon and alloy steels, mostly in the heat treated condition, but have been found to be reliable on practically all constructional alloy steels and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and quenched and tempered conditions, provided they are homogeneous. Such special cases as high manganese steel, 18% chromium— 8% nickel steel and other austenitic steels, and nickel base alloys, as well as constructional alloy steels and tool steels in the cold worked condition, may not conform to the relationships given with the same degree of accuracy as the steels for which the tables are intended.

All numbers in these tables given in bold face type were prepared jointly by the American Society for Testing and Materials, the American Society for Metals, and SAE from carefully checked data. The values given in regular face type were taken from the Army-Navy Approximate Hardness Tensile Strength Relationship of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels (ANQQ-H-201) published in the 1943 SAE Handbook, with only minor adjustments.
SURFACE ROLLING AND OTHER METHODS FOR MECHANICAL PRESTRESSING OF METALS
Authors:   Surface Enhancement Committee
Published: March 2017
Technical note: Sensitivity of instrumental line shape monitoring for the ground-based high-resolution FTIR spectrometer with respect to different optical attenuators
Authors: Sun Youwen , Palm Mathias , Weinzierl Christine , Petri Christof , Notholt Justus , Wang Yuting , Liu Cheng
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observing Network) and most NDACC (Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) sites assume an ideal ILS (instrumental line shape) for analysis of the spectra. In order to adapt the radiant energy received by the detector, an attenuator or different sizes of field stop can be inserted in the light path. These processes may alter the alignment of a high-resolution FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectrometer, and may result in bias due to ILS drift. In this paper, we first investigated the sensitivity of the ILS monitoring with respect to application of different kinds of attenuators for ground-based high-resolution FTIR spectrometers within the TCCON and NDACC networks. Both lamp and sun cell measurements were conducted after the insertion of five different attenuators in front of and behind the interferometer. The ILS characteristics derived from lamp and sun spectra are in good agreement. ILSs deduced from all lamp cell measurements were compared. As a result, the disturbances to the ILS of a high-resolution FTIR spectrometer with respect to the insertion of different attenuators at different positions were quantified. A potential strategy to adapt the incident intensity of a detector was finally deduced.
Assessing the impact of Syrian refugees on earthquake casualty
estimations in southeast Turkey
Authors: Wilson Bradley , Paradise Thomas
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The influx of millions of Syrian refugees into Turkey has rapidly changed the population distribution along the Dead Sea Rift and East Anatolian fault zones. In contrast to other countries in the Middle East where refugees are accommodated in camp environments, the majority of displaced individuals in Turkey are integrated into local cities, towns, and villages – placing stress on urban settings and increasing potential exposure to strong earthquake shaking. Yet, displaced populations are often unaccounted for in the census based population models used in earthquake casualty estimations. Accordingly, this study constructs a refugee inclusive gridded population model and analyzes its impact on semi-empirical casualty estimations across southeast Turkey. Daytime and nighttime fatality estimates were calculated for five geographically distributed fault zones at earthquake magnitudes 5.8, 6.4, and 7.0. Total casualty estimates ranged from 28–7723 individuals, with the contribution of refugees varying from 1 %–26 % of total estimated casualties. On average, these percentages correspond to casualty underestimations of tens to hundreds of individuals. These findings communicate the necessity of incorporating refugee statistics into earthquake risk analyses in southeast Turkey and the ongoing importance of placing environmental hazards in their appropriate regional and temporal context.
Remote sensing data processing by multivariate regression analysis method for iron mineral resource potential mapping: A case study in Sarvian area, central Iran
Authors: Mansouri Edris , Feizi Faranak , Jafari Rad Alireza , Arian Mehran
Published: March 2017

Abstract. This paper used multivariate regression to create a mathematical model (with reasonable accuracy) for iron skarn exploration in the region of the interest and generalizing multivariate regression in Mineral Prospectivity Mapping (MPM) field. The main target of this manuscript is to exert multivariate regression analysis (as a MPM method) to iron outcrops mapping from northeast part of the study area to discover new iron deposits in other parts. Two types of multivariate regression models as two linear equations were employed to discover new mineral deposits. The Aster satellite image bands (14 bands) sets as Unique Independent Variables (UIVs) and iron outcrops map as dependent variables were used for MPM. According to the results of p-value, R2 and R2adj, the second regression model (which was a multiples and exponents of UIVs) was the fitted model versus other models. Also the accuracy of the model was confirmed by iron outcrops map and geological observations. Based on field observation iron mineralization occurs as contact of limestone and intrusive rocks (skarn type). Iron minerals consist dominantly of magnetite, hematite and goethite.
PRÁTICAS EDUCATIVAS ESTRUTURANTES DO HABITUS DA JUVENTUDE RURAL NO CAMPO DA MODERNIZAÇÃO AGRÍCOLA
Authors: Leal Cátia Regina Assis Almeida , Ribeiro Dinalva Donizete
Published: March 2017

O projeto “Jovens Rurais” propôs práticas educativas que fossem significativas para jovens assentados. Buscou-se possibilidades educativas para resgatar valores da cultura campesina e contribuir na constituição de novos habitus, capazes de configurar nova cultura naqueles jovens. A execução desse projeto gerou tensões quanto às práticas educativas. Por um lado temos a escola rural, na perspectiva do desenvolvimento agrícola exógeno. Por outro, tivemos o projeto “Jovens Rurais” na perspectiva do desenvolvimento agrícola endógeno. Tal tensão suscitou uma pesquisa para avaliar os impactos do projeto para os jovens envolvidos. A metodologia utilizada foi bibliográfica/ documental. A pesquisa revelou que práticas educativas presentes no campo da modernização agrícola influenciam na constituição do habitus da juventude. Mas, pode haver inversão dessa situação, ligada à constituição de novas práticas educativas dos sujeitos históricos. Estas foram percebidas com o projeto, tendo gerado novos habitus. Como referencial de análise, pautou-se na Teoria da Prática de Pierre Bourdieu.
BALANÇOS ENERGÉTICOS DA PRODUÇÃO DE ETANOL PARA DIFERENTES MATÉRIAS PRIMAS
Authors: Oliveira Lucas Mendes , Serra Juan Carlos Valdés , Oliveira Karine Beraldo Magalhães
Published: March 2017

A utilização do álcool etílico como combustível é apontada hoje como uma das principais alternativas energéticas para o futuro, em substituição aos combustíveis fósseis, que, além de não serem renováveis, geram vários problemas ambientais. Da mesma forma que todo recurso energético, o etanol demanda energia para sua produção. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste em estudar o balanço energético da produção de etanol para as diferentes matérias primas. Foram identificadas algumas das principais matérias primas utilizadas na produção de etanol (cana-de-açúcar, milho, mandioca e resíduos celulósicos) e descritos os processos envolvidos na sua obtenção. Em seguida, foram analisados os principais balanços energéticos da produção de etanol encontrados na literatura, para as diferentes matérias-primas. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a cana-de-açúcar, dentre as culturas agrícolas analisadas, apresenta balanço energético positivo destacado, sendo que o aproveitamento dos resíduos agrícolas pode aumentar a energia líquida obtida com a produção de etanol todas às outras culturas analisadas.
GAMAESPECTROMETRIA DE UM LIXÃO DESATIVADO
Authors: Becegato Vitor Rodolfo , Josiani Cordova Josiani , Ferreira Augusto Schütz , Barrionuevo Maisa
Published: March 2017

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em um lixão desativado do município de Lages-SC durante o ano de 2014. Foram quantificadas as concentrações dos elementos radioativos (Urânio, Tório e Potássio). O lixão desativado do município de Lages-SC localizado entre as coordenadas 27º46´15,38’’S e 50º15´10,92’’O em uma área de 48.000 m2 com extensa rede de drenagem, cujo entorno encontram-se áreas de proteção permanente e reflorestamentos com pinus. Efetuou-se a aquisição de dados gamaespectrométricos com o aparelho Pico Envirotec PGIS-2 em cinco células onde se encontram depositados os resíduos sólidos objetivando detectar a presença dos elementos radioativos: (40K; 232Th; 238U) que apresentaram valores máximos e coeficiente de variação respectivamente: 40K (7,342x10-5 ppm; 43,1%); 232Th (8,43 ppm; 96,4%) e 238U (0,7 ppm; 93,4%).
MAPEAMENTO DE ÁREAS POTENCIAIS À EROSÃO LAMINAR NO MUNICÍPIO DE TIBAU DO SUL/RN, BRASIL
Authors: Pereira Vitor Hugo Campelo , Cestaro Luiz Antonio
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo objetiva mapear a potencialidade à erosão laminar no município de Tibau do Sul/RN. Para isso, a metodologia adotada utiliza dados sobre erodibilidade dos solos, declividade e uso do solo para a geração de mapeamentos de áreas potenciais a erosão laminar. Os resultados mostraram que o município estudado apresenta predominância de áreas classificadas como de médio potencial à erosão laminar. No entanto, para uma melhor análise sobre os processos erosivos são essenciais metodologias que incorporem a ação dos ventos e do mar, tendo em vista a localização costeira da área estudada.
A RELAÇÃO ENTRE PESSOAS, PAISAGEM E GEOSSÍMBOLOS NA COMUNIDADE RURAL LINHA CRICIUMAL, CÂNDIDO DE ABREU – PR
Authors: Strachulski Juliano
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender a relação entre as pessoas, a paisagem e os geossímbolos na comunidade rural Linha Criciumal em Cândido de Abreu - PR. Para tanto, foi utilizado como referencial teórico o conceito de paisagem, que está compreendida como marca das ações humanas e matriz que contempla e revela os aspectos culturais importantes de uma sociedade, representada por seus geossímbolos, que lhes dão sentido e significado. Por sua vez, estes elementos materializados ressaltam as vivências e narrativas das pessoas, ajudando a compreender a relação entre estas e suas paisagens. A metodologia utilizada contou com a realização da técnica da observação participante e de entrevistas informais. Como resultados, foram identificados diversos geossímbolos que retratam as várias faces desta sociedade, como o trabalho agrícola e o lazer, representados por instrumentos, construções e elementos do meio físico, além das superstições, crenças e religiosidade, que retratam seu imaginário e o quanto este interfere em suas vidas, reforçando a ligação entre as pessoas e a paisagem. Assim, os geossímbolos locais expressam as crenças e vivências das pessoas em relação à sua paisagem. Por fim, destaca-se a importância de se compreender a relação dos geossímbolos com as paisagens, pois, possibilitam captar a essência do vínculo das pessoas com o meio local.
PERCEPÇÃO E CONSCIÊNCIA AMBIENTAL: UM ESTUDO EXPLORATÓRIO EM LAGES - SC
Authors: Deboni Tamires Liza , Mombach Gabriel Nathan Nicola , Lopes Michelle Das Neves , Simioni Flávio José
Published: March 2017

A redução dos impactos ambientais e a melhoria da qualidade de vida estão diretamente relacionadas à maior consciência ambiental e atitude da população. Com este enfoque, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção e o comportamento dos residentes quanto a alguns aspectos ambientais comumente vivenciados em seus domicílios. A coleta dos dados foi realizada mediante a aplicação de questionários diretamente a 89 famílias de Lages/SC, durante o período de agosto a dezembro de 2013. Os principais resultados encontrados indicam que a preocupação e o comportamento ambientalmente corretos são mais elevados nas classes da população com maior escolaridade. Verificou-se também um desconhecimento por significativa parte da população sobre medidas colaborativas eficazes que podem ser tomadas e das consequências socioambientais de atitudes incorretas. De maneira geral, a pesquisa verificou que, embora manifestem preocupação quanto ao tema, a população ainda não incorpora ações práticas significativas no seu cotidiano, principalmente por desconhecê-las.
AVALIAÇÃO DA CONDUTIVIDADE HIDRÁULICA DO SOLO SOBRE CONDIÇÕES DE COBERTURA POR CERRADO E PASTAGEM
Authors: Batista Daiane Ferreira , Sousa Flávio Alves de
Published: March 2017

A condutividade hidráulica está diretamente associada aos processos de formaçãodo solo, bem como ao uso da terra, deste modo, o presente trabalho teve por principal objetivodiagnosticar como as coberturas vegetais (cerrado e pastagem), interferem na intensidade dacondutividade hidráulica do solo, e para isso, foram determinados dois pontos de coleta sendoum em pastagem e outro em cerrado, ambos pertencendo à mesma classe de solo (LatossoloBruno muito-escuro). Para o experimento superficial utilizou-se o método dos anéisconcêntricos de acordo com a proposta de Sousa (2013), e o método open end hole parainfiltração em sub-superfície (50 cm), conforme Almeida et al., (2006). Os dados foramcomparados com a granulometria do solo e a umidade gravimétrica, realizadas em laboratório.Utilizou-se ainda um teste de hipótese entre as médias de cada parâmetro analisado, pois issoajuda a entender se há ou não diferença entre eles e se os solos foram modificados pelo tipode uso. De acordo com resultados obtidos chegou-se a seguinte conclusão: As médias decondutividade hidráulica, granulometria e umidade do solo não sofreram alterações em funçãodo tipo de uso.
ESTUDO PRELIMINAR DO PROCESSO DE INTRODUÇÃO DE NOVAS ATIVIDADES PRODUTIVAS: O CASO DA PIMENTA-DO-REINO NO ASSENTAMENTO LUIZ INÁCIO EM PARAGOMINAS – PA
Authors: Santos Cleber Assis dos , Alves Livia De Freitas Navegantes , Farias Monique Helen Cravo Soares , Pinheiro José Bruno Santos
Published: March 2017

Em Paragominas, município do Nordeste do Pará, o processo de introdução de novas atividades produtivas é comum em lotes de agricultores familiares. Nesse sentido, se destaca o cultivo da pimenta-do-reino. Este estudo tem como objetivo entender como se processa a introdução de uma nova atividade produtiva e os motivos dos agricultores em introduzirem determinadas mudanças nos sistemas de produção. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com agricultores do assentamento Luiz Inácio, onde foram aplicados 71 questionários para caracterização geral dos sistemas de produção. Através da aplicação dos questionários foram identificados agricultores que tinham introduzido novas atividades, destacando-se a pimenta-do-reino.  A sistematização dos dados revelou que 44% do total de agricultores entrevistados iniciaram uma nova atividade produtiva, dentre eles 29% cultivam a pimenta-do-reino. Os resultados mostram que o cultivo da pimenta-do-reino está crescendo no assentamento, principalmente pela estabilidade e alto preço de comercialização, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico dos agricultores e possibilitando-lhes segurança financeira. É extremamente importante entender as possibilidades de mudança nos sistemas de produção para poder subsidiar um apoio mais realista   aos agricultores no planejamento e implementação de novas atividades.
ANÁLISE DA EXPLORAÇÃO MINERÁRIA E SEUS IMPACTOS, VISANDO A RECUPERAÇÃO DE ÁREAS DEGRADADAS: ESTUDO DE CASO NO MUNICÍPIO DE PEDRA LAVRADA-PB
Authors: Silva de Assis Dantas Heline Fernanda , Silva José Adailton Lima , Medeiros Monalisa Cristina Silva , Cabral Laíse Nascimento
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, baseada no estudo de casoreferente à exploração mineral de uma mina de quartzo, no município de Pedra Lavrada, noestado da Paraíba, visando analisar seus impactos e a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Destaforma, enfatizou-se práticas para minimizar os impactos ambientais ou para a recuperação dasáreas degradadas pela mineração local. Para tanto, utilizou-se como metodologia: pesquisasbibliográficas, estudos in loco, e registro icnográfico para evidenciar a inter-relação entre asatividades minerárias e os impactos ambientais. Depois de realizados os estudos, pôde-seconcluir que a atividade mineral local se dá de forma rudimentar e predatória, tendo comoresultado o advento de impactos ambientais (poluição do ar, redução da biodiversidade, edegradação da qualidade ambiental), os quais podem ser mitigados a partir detécnicas/práticas de recuperação de áreas degradadas-RAD. Palavras-Chave: Mineração. Degradação ambiental. Recuperação de áreas degradadas.
GEOGRAFIA E EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL: PERCEPÇÃO DOS PROFESSORES SOBRE O USO DA GEOGRAFIA COMO FERRAMENTA PARA A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL EM BIRIGUI-SP
Authors: Dos Santos Rafael Marques , Melo de Carvalho Ana Gabriela Bueno
Published: March 2017

A disciplina de Geografia é abordada por diversas vezes no PCN (Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais) como fundamental para educação ambiental devido seus conceitos e abordagem diretamente ligados ao meio ambiente. Neste contexto, este artigo procurou levantar a percepção dos professores de Geografia a respeito da aplicabilidade dos conceitos de Geografia nas aulas de educação ambiental através de um questionário respondido por 20 professores selecionados aleatoriamente e de maneira voluntária nas escolas estaduais da cidade de Birigui-SP. Os dados revelaram que apesar do trabalho de educação ambiental realizado por 100% dos entrevistados, alguns conceitos fundamentais da Geografia ainda precisam ser trabalhados com os professores da rede estadual.
DIAGNÓSTICO E ESPACIALIZAÇÃO DO RISCO AMBIENTAL APLICADO AO MANEJO DO LIXO DOMÉSTICO EM ITUIUTABA-MG
Authors: Dutra Júnior Nelio Paulo Sartini , Souza Renata Vieira
Published: March 2017

Com o crescimento das cidades, a produção de lixo não apenas aumentou como o seu próprio descarte e tratamento passaram a ser temáticas relevantes no âmbito das discussões ambientais, tendo em vista o volume da produção e as consequências ambientais do seu manejo incorreto. Este estudo tem como objetivo diagnosticar as áreas de riscos ambientais aplicado ao descarte incorreto do lixo doméstico em Ituiutaba-MG. Os procedimentos metodológicos basearam-se em coleta e mapeamento de dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, referente aos destinos de lixo domiciliar. O mapa de “Risco Ambiental aplicado ao manejo do lixo doméstico” foi criado com base na média simples dos dados anteriores citados. E a interpretação dos dados foi feita fundamentada em trabalho de campo e vivência dos pesquisadores. Conclui-se que em Ituiutaba-MG, as áreas de riscos ambientais de modo geral, corresponde ao perímetro periurbano. Diagnosticou-se que a população desta cidade está exposta a vários riscos ambientais de graves impactos, e muitas vezes ela é incapaz de responder corretamente a eles.
USO DE SIG NA ANÁLISE DOS RECURSOS HÍDRICOS NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAICÓ (RN)
Authors: Medeiros Luzia Carla de , Guedes Jânio Carlos Fernandes , Oliveira Alisson Medeiros de , Costa Diógenes Félix da Silva
Published: March 2017

A demanda pelos recursos hídricos é constante no semiárido, devido ao aumento populacional e ao desenvolvimento econômico. Com isso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a redução da área dos reservatórios em um período de estiagem no semiárido. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Caicó/RN, caracterizado por apresentar altas taxas de evaporação em seus reservatórios. Os mapas temáticos foram elaborados em ambiente de SIG. Ao final do mapeamento, os reservatórios foram classificados de acordo com o tamanho de sua área (hectare), e divididos em cinco classes. Verificou-se que o longo do período de estiagem e os usos múltiplos dos recursos hídricos colaboraram para que houvesse perda significativa na área dos reservatórios, registrando-se o desaparecimento de 57 reservatórios. Por isso, a importância de estudos como este, que proporcionem um maior conhecimento da região, mostrando, também, a influência nos corpos hídricos, para que haja melhor gestão desses recursos.
ANÁLISE MORFOMÉTRICA DA MICROBACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO CÓRREGO MANOEL JOÃO, PORTO NACIONAL (TO)
Authors: Moreira Lucas Lima , Dias Ricardo Ribeiro
Published: March 2017

O presente estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a morfometria da bacia do córrego Manoel João. Os parâmetros avaliados foram Ordem da bacia, Comprimento do rio principal, Gradiente de Canais (Gc), Área da bacia (A), Índice de circularidade (Ic), Densidade de rios (Dr), Densidade de drenagem (Dd), Coeficiente de Manutenção (Cm), Amplitude altimétrica máxima (Hm) e Relação de relevo (Rr). Foram utilizados como base de dados o MDE disponibilizado pelo projeto TOPODATA, a base cartográfica digital contínua da Seplan/TO, e dados do levantamento de uso e cobertura do solo realizado por Santos (2015) na mesma área de estudo. Os dados foram processados e analisados por meio dos softwares Google Earth eArcGIS. De acordo com os resultados a bacia é de 3ª ordem, conforme Strahler, e possui área inferior a 100 km², refletindo diretamente os efeitos do uso da terra. Os valores de Dd, Dr e Cm evidenciam um sistema de drenagem pouco desenvolvido. A Rr e declividade expressam relevo suave ondulado, e o valor de Ic atribui à bacia forma alongada, com menor risco de ocorrência de enchentes.
Impact of pharmacist discharge counseling on hospital readmission and emergency department visit
Authors: Tran Tu , Khattar Saijal , Vu Tiffany T. , Potter Maggie , Hodding Jane , Kuo Grace M. , Le Jennifer
Published: March 2017

Objective: The enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010 imposes payment penalty on hospitals with high hospital readmission rates. In an effort to reduce readmissions, a pharmacist discharge counseling program was implemented to facilitate transition of care to the outpatient setting. Our study objective was to evaluate the impact of the program on hospital readmissions and visits to the emergency department (ED).Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study conducted at a not-for-profit, teaching community hospital with 462 total beds. Pharmacists provided counseling to patients discharged from the medicine floor between November 2013 and January 2014, and included those considered to be high-risk (e.g., taking 5 scheduled medications and had diseases such as congestive heart failure and diabetes mellitus). Descriptive analysis was performed and outcomes were compared between patients who did and did not receive pharmacist counseling.Results: Of a total of 889 discharged patients, 488 (55%) received counseling from a pharmacist. For the entire cohort, mean age was 55 ± 20 years; Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score was 2.74 ± 2.95; and length of hospitalization was 4 ± 4 days. These parameters were not statistically different between the two groups. Within 30-days after hospital discharge, significantly fewer subjects who received counseling, compared with those who did not, were readmitted to the hospital (11.3% vs. 15%, p = .009) or visited the ED (10.6% vs. 15%, p = .005).Conclusions: Discharge counseling provided by pharmacists during transitions of care at a community hospital significantly reduced 30-day readmission and ED visit rates.
An Exploration of the Concepts of Loss and Grief as Stress Responses in Middle Eastern Parents of Children with Cancer
Authors: Masa'Deh Rami , Hall Carol , Collier Jacqueline
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND: Caring for a child with cancer has been found to have profound and sometimes long-lasting negative psychological effects on parents. Grief of those parents was less examined in Jordan than America and Europe. Many parents in studies carried out in other countries experienced shocke, disbelief and guilt about their child’s diagnosis. This pattern is similar to the stages of grief as identified by Kubler-Ross model and this association has been identified as potentially benefitting from being further explored in differing cultures such as the experiences of Middle-Eastern parents. Therefore, this study aims to examine the experience of mothers and fathers of children diagnosed with cancer in Jordan and explore whether their narratives reflect grieving as understood through the theoretical constructs of Kubler-Ross. This study investigated the applicability of the Western grief model in an Arab community.METHODS: Using a qualitative approach, 24 parents of children with cancer were interviewed. The participants were recruited recruited from the biggest cancer specialist centre in Jordan. Thematic analysis was use to analyse their results.RESULTS: It was clear that the emotional reactions of Jordanian parents of children with cancer fit with Kubler-Ross’ loss and grief model. Jordanian parents of children with cancer reported experiencing denial, anger, depression, bargaining and acceptance.CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide evidence that the reactions of Jordanian parents offer a clear direction for the applicability of care strategies from other communities with culturally different backgrounds. Jordanian parents, health care providers and particularly nurses should be aware that parental grieving process as identified by Kubler-Ross’ model can be experienced by those receiving a diagnosis of a life-threatening illness in their child and is individualised, normal and most often ends with acceptance. Therefore, a supporting framework to those parents should take into consideration their stage of grief. Nurses and parents should know that they do not have to push the stages; acceptance will be reached once the individual is ready
Gendered help: Effects of gender and realm of achievement on autonomy- versus dependency-oriented help giving
Authors: Chernyak-Hai Lily , Halabi Samer , Nadler Arie
Published: March 2017

Building on research on helping relations and gender stereotypes, the present research explored the effects of gender-stereotypical perceptions on willingness to offer dependency- and autonomy-oriented help to women and men. Two studies were conducted in a 2 (Gender of the person in need) × 2 (Domain of achievement) between-participants design. Study 1 examined future success expectations of male versus female students needing help in performing either a stereotypically masculine or a stereotypically feminine academic task, and the kind of help participants preferred to offer them. Study 2 further explored perceptions of male versus female students who exhibited long-term failure in a gender-stereotypical versus non-stereotypical academic task, perceptions of their intellectual and social abilities, feelings toward them, attributions of their need, and the preferred way of helping. Our findings indicate that women failing in a stereotypically masculine domain may expect others to give them dependency- rather than autonomy-oriented help, and judge their traits and abilities in an unflattering manner. In other words, gender achievement stereotypes create a social context where helping interactions reproduce power and status discrepancies.
Comprehensiveness of HIV care provided at global HIV treatment sites in the IeDEA consortium: 2009 and 2014
Authors: Fritz Cristin Q , Blevins Meridith , Lindegren Mary Lou , Wools‐Kaloutsian Kara , Musick Beverly S , Cornell Morna , Goodwin Kelly , Addison Dianne , Dusingize Jean Claude , Messou Eugène , Poda Armel , Duda Stephany N , McGowan Catherine C , Law Matthew G , Moore Richard D , Freeman Aimee , Nash Denis , Wester C. William
Published: March 2017

Introduction: An important determinant of the effectiveness of HIV treatment programs is the capacity of sites to implement recommended services and identify systematic changes needed to ensure that invested resources translate into improved patient outcomes. We conducted a survey in 2014 of HIV care and treatment sites in the seven regions of the International epidemiologic Database to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Consortium to evaluate facility characteristics, HIV prevention, care and treatment services provided, laboratory capacity, and trends in the comprehensiveness of care compared to data obtained in the 2009 baseline survey.

Methods: Clinical staff from 262 treatment sites in 45 countries in IeDEA completed a site survey from September 2014 to January 2015, including Asia‐Pacific with Australia (n = 50), Latin America and the Caribbean (n = 11), North America (n = 45), Central Africa (n = 17), East Africa (n = 36), Southern Africa (n = 87), and West Africa (n = 16). For the 55 sites with complete data from both the 2009 and 2014 survey, we evaluated change in comprehensiveness of care.

Results: The majority of the 262 sites (61%) offered seven essential services (ART adherence, nutritional support, PMTCT, CD4+ cell count testing, tuberculosis screening, HIV prevention, and outreach). Sites that were publicly funded (64%), cared for adults and children (68%), low or middle Human Development Index (HDI) rank (68%, 68%), and received PEPFAR support (71%) were most often fully comprehensive. CD4+ cell count testing was universally available (98%) but only 62% of clinics offered it onsite. Approximately two‐thirds (69%) of sites reported routine viral load testing (44–100%), with 39% having it onsite. Laboratory capacity to monitor antiretroviral‐related toxicity and diagnose opportunistic infections varied widely by testing modality and region. In the subgroup of 55 sites with two surveys, comprehensiveness of services provided significantly increased across all regions from 2009 to 2014 (5.7 to 6.5, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The availability of viral load monitoring remains suboptimal and should be a focus for site capacity, particularly in East and Southern Africa, where the majority of those initiating on ART reside. However, the comprehensiveness of care provided increased over the past 5 years and was related to type of funding received (publicly funded and PEPFAR supported).
Reduced abundance and earlier collection of bumble bee workers under intensive cultivation of a mass‐flowering prairie crop
Authors: Galpern Paul , Johnson Sarah A. , Retzlaff Jennifer L. , Chang Danielle , Swann John
Published: March 2017

One of the most commonly seeded crops in Canada is canola, a cultivar of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). As a mass‐flowering crop grown intensively throughout the Canadian Prairies, canola has the potential to influence pollinator success across tens of thousands of square kilometers of cropland. Bumble bees (Bombus sp.) are efficient pollinators of many types of native and crop plants. We measured the influence of this mass‐flowering crop on the abundance and phenology of bumble bees, and on another species of social bee (a sweat bee; Halictus rubicundus), by continuously deploying traps at different levels of canola cultivation intensity, spanning the start and end of canola bloom. Queen bumble bees were more abundant in areas with more canola cover, indicating that this crop is attractive to queens. However, bumble bee workers were significantly fewer in these locations later in the season, suggesting reduced colony success. The median collection dates of workers of three bumble bee species were earlier near canola fields, suggesting a dynamic response of colonies to the increased floral resources. Different species experienced this shift to different extents. The sweat bee was not affected by canola cultivation intensity. Our findings suggest that mass‐flowering crops such as canola are attractive to bumble bee queens and therefore may lead to higher rates of colony establishment, but also that colonies established near this crop may be less successful. We propose that the effect on bumble bees can be mitigated by spacing the crop more evenly with respect to alternate floral resources.
Metabolic costs of capital energy storage in a small‐bodied ectotherm
Authors: Griffen Blaine D.
Published: March 2017

Reproduction is energetically financed using strategies that fall along a continuum from animals that rely on stored energy acquired prior to reproduction (i.e., capital breeders) to those that rely on energy acquired during reproduction (i.e., income breeders). Energy storage incurs a metabolic cost. However, previous studies suggest that this cost may be minimal for small‐bodied ectotherms. Here I test this assumption. I use a laboratory feeding experiment with the European green crab Carcinus maenas to establish individuals with different amounts of energy storage. I then demonstrate that differences in energy storage account for 26% of the variation in basal metabolic costs. The magnitudes of these costs for any individual crab vary through time depending on the amount of energy it has stored, as well as on temperature‐dependent metabolism. I use previously established relationships between temperature‐ and mass‐dependent metabolic rates, combined with a feasible annual pattern of energy storage in the Gulf of Maine and annual sea surface temperature patterns in this region, to estimate potential annual metabolic costs expected for mature female green crabs. Results indicate that energy storage should incur an ~8% increase in metabolic costs for female crabs, relative to a hypothetical crab that did not store any energy. Translated into feeding, for a medium‐sized mature female (45 mm carapace width), this requires the consumption of an additional ~156 mussels annually to support the metabolic cost of energy storage. These results indicate, contrary to previous assumptions, that the cost of energy storage for small‐bodied ectotherms may represent a considerable portion of their basic operating energy budget. An inability to meet these additional costs of energy storage may help explain the recent decline of green crabs in the Gulf of Maine where reduced prey availability and increased consumer competition have combined to hamper green crab foraging success in recent years.
SpecPad: device‐independent NMR data visualization and processing based on the novel DART programming language and Html5 Web technology
Authors: Guigas Bruno
Published: March 2017

SpecPad is a new device‐independent software program for the visualization and processing of one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) time domain (FID) and frequency domain (spectrum) data. It is the result of a project to investigate whether the novel programming language DART, in combination with Html5 Web technology, forms a suitable base to write an NMR data evaluation software which runs on modern computing devices such as Android, iOS, and Windows tablets as well as on Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X desktop PCs and notebooks. Another topic of interest is whether this technique also effectively supports the required sophisticated graphical and computational algorithms. SpecPad is device‐independent because DART's compiled executable code is JavaScript and can, therefore, be run by the browsers of PCs and tablets. Because of Html5 browser cache technology, SpecPad may be operated off‐line. Network access is only required during data import or export, e.g. via a Cloud service, or for software updates. A professional and easy to use graphical user interface consistent across all hardware platforms supports touch screen features on mobile devices for zooming and panning and for NMR‐related interactive operations such as phasing, integration, peak picking, or atom assignment. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.