bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The decentralization reform in Ukraine: problems of implementation in a social crisis
Authors:   Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Gorbatiuk Mykola
Published: July 2021

In the article, key challenges and problems that arose during the implementation of local self-government reform and financial decentralization in Ukraine were analyzed and systematized, in particular: poor communication between government and citizens; inconsistent power sharing between local self-government bodies and executive bodies as well as between councils of the united territorial communities and district state administrations and district councils; ensuring the capacity of formed communities; low quality of local government staff; inefficient use of financial resources. Factors that were behind the resistance of local communities to reform or a passive attitude to the creation of united territorial communities were identified and studied, namely: economic (expectations of reduced financial capacity of the community due to unification), socio-cultural (ethnic, linguistic, religious, cultural differences between residents of neighboring communities), psychological (distrust of central and local government, fear of reduction of social facilities, decline and disappearance of peripheral villages and towns, strengthening local elites), geographical (deterioration of access to service centers), and environmental (efforts of community residents to avoid the transfer of harmful industries to their own territory). The geographical unevenness of the pace of the process of unification of territorial communities in the course of decentralization has been associated with the position of political actors at different levels − central, regional, subregional and local. According to the type of attitude of the regional leadership to decentralization, three groups of regions were identified: those supporting the reform, and those who passively or actively resisted the change. The main reasons and forms of resistance of district councils and district state administrations to the decentralization reform have been clarified, the motives of actions of local political actors explained. Key words: decentralization, local self-government, local self-government bodies, united territorial community, social crisis.
Progress and Prospects Research in Marketing Communication: Chinese and Western Approaches
Authors: Yuriy Danko , Ling Wu Ling
Published: July 2021

This paper collects and analyses the journal articles and masters theses published in English and Chinese on marketing communication research in the past 20 years. The research aims to sort out and summarise the research results of marketing communication in Chinese and foreign universities, and grasp the research situation of marketing communication in Chinese universities as a whole. The research aims to provide technical support for the construction of an effective marketing communication system for Chinese universities and subsequent research. At present no scholars have especially researched, defined and summarised the construction of the university marketing communication system.
Behaviors and Attitude towards COVID19 Disease among the Saudi Population Based on Sociodemographic characters
Authors: Abusalih H. H. , Aalghamdi A. , Malhawsawi M.
Published: July 2021

Aim: To investigate the attitude and associated sociodemographic characteristics of KSA residents toward COVID-19 during the peak of the pandemic. Methods: A descriptive cross-section study was conducted during the lockdown period among 465 Saudi Arabia residentsenrolled by using a snowball sampling technique. Data was collected through an online questionnaire contained Likert scale questions regarding assessing attitudes of the population towards COVID preventative measures. The statistical analysiswas doneusingSPSS version 22, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA),and regression tests were used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. Results: The mean score for perception towards COVID 19 was25.93± 2.217.Most of the items got more than 90% highest agreement was for dealing with diseases should be based on medical advice (97.63%) followed adhering to preventive procedure decrease disease infectionof the population(59.96%). The lowest score was for havingdirect contact witha COVID patient even when committing to preventive measures.There is nostatistical association betweenage and genderwith behavior.ANOVA test showed gender issignificantly associated with agreeing that following preventive measuresreduces the possibility of disease infection while the profession is significantly associated with being in contact with aCOVID patient while committing to preventive measures. Conclusion: This study showed a positive attitude towards COVID-19 among the Saudi population, which could play an important role in following the preventive measures and thus reduce the spread of the disease. Keywords: Behaviour, Attitude,COVID-19, Saudi Arabia
Effectiveness of Instruction Program on Nurses' Knowledgeabout Clinical Devices Alarm in Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Obeid A. S. , CN MS , hassan Hudabaker
Published: July 2021

The clinical alarms are used to enhance safety by alerting care provider to any deviations from normal status. The alarms alert care provider when there is deterioration in patient’s condition and there is a need for intervention, or when a device is not working as it should (1). Objectives:The aims of present study is to find out the effectiveness of instruction program on nurses knowledge about the clinical devices alarm, and to find out the relationship between the effectiveness of program and nurses level of education, year of experiences in nursing, and year of experiences in intensive care units. Methodology: a quasi-experimental study wascarried out on 80 nurses is divided to two groups (Experimental group who exposed on program, and control group to compare with experimental group) two group of nurse is workingin Al-Imam Al-Hussein Medical City, in holy Kerbala’a City, Iraq. The study started at 3rd of May, 2020 to 25th of May, 2021.The instrument consist of two part; part one deals the characteristics of the sample which of age, gender, level of education, year of experiences in nursing, year of experiences in intensive care units, and specific training course. Part two deals the nurses knowledge related to clinical devices alarm which of 30 items, the validity of instrument and program was obtained from 12 expert in specialty, the reliability was =1.81, the data analysis was done by uses SPSS program version 23, the statistical methods which used in present study is descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: the findings of present study revealed that the correct answer for experimental group at pretest was 42.44% then at post test was 99.87%, and correct answer for control group was 31.71 at pretest and 35.69% at post test., and there were statistical differences between experimental and control group at post test at P≤0.05 Conclusions:the study concluded that the instruction program on nurses knowledge was effective on experimental group through improving their knowledge Recommendations:The researchers recommend that the current program should be applied to all nurses in critical units because of its utmost importance in monitoring and patient safety. Keywords:Effectiveness, InstructionsProgram,Nurses, Knowledge, Clinical, Monitoring, Devices, Alarms, Intensive Care Unit
Assessment of Spinal Cord Injured Patients' Adherence toward Clean Intermittent Self-Catheterization in Baghdad City
Authors: Hussein M. A , Mohammed W.
Published: July 2021

Background: Patients with spinal cord injuries should adhere to the practice of self-intermittent catheterization, in order to reduce their urinary tract problems such as bladder stones or urinary tract infection and others. Aim: To evaluate the spinal cord injured patients' adherence toward clean intermittent self-catheterization. Methodology: A descriptive analytic study design was carried out to assess the spinal cord injured patients' adherence toward clean intermittent self-catheterization in Baghdad city. A non-probability (purposive) sample of (26) spinal cord injured patients with paraplegia. The study instrument was composed of two parts which: Socio-demographic characteristic and the patients' compliance with clean intermittent catheterization measured by Intermittent Catheterization Adherence Scale (ICAS). Results: The majority of the samples (73%) were (18-32) years old, (58%) were single, (42%) were primary graduate, and (50) of those in median level of economic status. The results demonstrated a strong adherence of the patients to the self-intermittent catheterization. Conclusion: The study indicated that the participants have a high adhere to the application of the clean intermittent catheterization. Keywords: Assessment; Spinal Cord Injury; Adherence; Clean Intermittent Self-Catheterization.
Awareness of COVID-19 among dental practitioners of Multan
Authors: Ahmad M. , Hussain U. , Elahi A. , Nazir A. , tareen Jawad , Chaudhary F. A.
Published: July 2021

Background: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic still at large whose vaccination is in a trial phase. Dental practitioners are at high risk of exposure to this deadly epidemic. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the knowledge and practice of dentists in the city of Multan, Pakistan. Method: This cross-sectional study was carried out in Multan, Pakistan from January to March 2021. A 30 items valid and reliable self-administrative questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge, practice, and source of information regarding the COVID-19 pandemic from dentists. Result: The results showed that the majority of dentists practicing in Multan had good knowledge (97.8%) and more than half of the respondents had good practice (65.6%). The most common source of their knowledge was WHO and Television. Almost half of the respondents showed fear of this virus in their practices. Conclusion: Dental practitioners of Multan revealed good knowledge regarding COVID-19. However, some key points were lacking in their knowledge and practice. Our findings have important implications for developing strategies that will improve the knowledge and practices of dentists in this region and also in whole country. Keywords: COVID-19, Coronavirus, Knowledge, Awareness, Dentists, Multan.
Knowledge of Nurses Regarding Prevention From Needle Stick Injuries in Tertiary Care Hopital Lahore Pakistan
Authors: . Zarnigar , Elahi R. , Sagir T. , Zia T. , Latif W. , Laique T.
Published: July 2021

Nurses got exposed to various blood borne infections due to injury from different types of sharp instruments like needles, lancets, scissors etc. Such injuries ultimately became the reasons of blood borne diseases. Objectives: To analyze the knowledge and attitude of nurses about prevention from needle stick injury and the magnitude of such incidents in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: Study setting was tertiary care hospitals of Lahore-Pakistan after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval. Data was collected from nurses by using self-administered questionnaire from different department of tertiary care hospitals, Lahore. Convenient sampling technique was used, and sample size was 93. Statistical analysis: SPSS 21 was utilized for the data analysis. The tests of frequencies, percentages and graphs were applied. Results: Needle stick injuries association was measured with working experience among nurses. There was statistically significant difference found between the NSIs among (59%) nurses, who were having more working experience (22-24) about handling of needle during any procedure as compared to the nurses who lack in experience. The study results showed that majority of nurses have enough knowledge concerning to NSIs. Conclusion: We concluded that nurses have knowledge regarding the needle stick injury due to the training classes, however, ignorance of the protocols becomes the reason of such incidents even now. It is the need of time to implement appropriate strategies for precaution and intervention through hospital administration to avoid the needle stick injuries. Key Words: Needle Stick Injury, Re-capping of needles, Attitude and Knowledge.
Correlation between atopy and Covid-19: A cross sectional study
Authors: Anwar M. Z. , Anjum A. F. , Rehman M. Ur , Gardezi S. A. A. , Rafique I. , Asad A. , Hashmi M. R. Ul I. , Shoaib S. , Hashmi S. N. , Laique T.
Published: July 2021

The whole world is facing one of the biggest health related disasters of the century. As a novel disease, Covid-19 has so many parameters yet to explore. Objectives: To explore any correlation between atopy and Covid-19 among residents of Gujrat and Kharian, Punjab, Pakistan. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methodology: This study with enrolled subjects (n=206) was carried out after ethical review committee’s (ERC) approval at Life Diabetes Centre, Gujrat and CMH Kharian Medical College (CKMC), over a period of 3 months, Kharian-Pakistan. Both male and female medical subjects were enrolled. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 17. Parameters like gender, allergy and treatment taken were presented as frequency and percentage. Chi square was applied to see the correlation with p-value <0.05 as significant. Results: Total 206 patients were randomly selected, 89 male and 117 females. Among 206, only 13 patients had allergy from different allergens. Only 2 patients required hospitalization and injectable treatment. Conclusion: We concluded that there is strong affiliation between atopy and Covid-19 presentations. Key Words: Covid-19, Atopy, Treatment and Gender.
Menjernihkan Posisi Hijab Sebagai Kritik Ekspresi Keagamaan Fundamentalisme Islam
Authors: Mubaidi Sulaeman
Published: July 2021

Based on the normative thought of Islamic fundamentalism who have textual tendencies and what they are in applying the arguments of theIslamic law, often ignoring the history of the emergence of a obligation provision, one of which is the law concerning muslimah hijab obligation.Therefore, Islamic fundamentalizm, hijab is obligated, even obligatory to cover its face and palms. Whereas for historians, the generalization of hijaborder against every muslimah is wrong because the hijab is cultural expression that owned by people outside the Arab peninsula and pre-Islam. So that hijab is historically not entitled to be claimed as a culture bornof Islamic alone.
ESENSI DO’A
Authors: Eka Putra
Published: July 2021

Doa adalah pendukung usaha lahir. Tuhan telah menyatakan bahwa akan mengabulkan doa. Namun kenyataannya tidak semua doa si hamba dikabulkan. Oleh sebab itu, di mana letak kesalahannya ‘mengapa tidak dikabulkan?’. Artikel singkat ini akan mengulas tentang esensi doa, baik yang dikabulkan atau tidak. Kesimpulan artikel ini adalah: Syarat-syarat doa yaitu: Pertama. diberengi dengan usaha. Kedua, serius. Ketiga, sesuai keadaan. Keempat, berdoa pada porsinya. Kelima, ber-etika. Keenam, substansi yang baik. Sedangkan doa yang mustajab dapat dilihat dari segi waktu, orangnya dan keadaan orang tersebut. Doa yang tidak dikabulkan adalah kontenya buruk, tidak sesuai dengan keadaan, dialihkan kepada yang lain atau ditunda. Ada pula doa yang bermuatan politik.
KONSEP NEGARA IDEAL DALAM PEMIKIRAN AL-FARABI Telaah Kitab Ara>’ Ahl Madi>nah al-Fad}i>lah
Authors: Aina Noor Habibah
Published: July 2021

Al-Farabi adalah salah satu filosof muslim yang berpengaruh hingga saat ini. Di samping sebagai filosof, ia ternyata memiliki buah pemikiran terhadap konsep negara yang ideal. Konsep negara ideal tersebut ia tuangkan ke dalam satu karya yang berjudul Ara>’u Ahl Madi>nah al-Fad}i>lah yang akan dibahas di dalam artikel ini. Kesimpulannya adalah pemimpin ideal itu pemimpin yang baik, satu sosok yang diibaratkan sebagai hati (penggerak) seluruh organ yang lain. Ia juga mengilustrasikan sebagai wujud asli yang bagus, sementara masyarakatnya adalah bayang-bayangnya. Jika wajah asli itu baik, maka semua bayang-bayang akan menjadi baik. Sosok idealnya adalah seperti Nabi karena ia dibimbing oleh wahyu. Namun jika sudah tidak ada nabi, sosok ideal tersebut adalah filosof, karena dia dibimbing oleh akal dan kebijaksanaan. Sedangkan tipologi masyarakat ideal adalah masyarakat yang baik dan patuh kepada pemerintah.
LAKU BATIN
Authors: Helfi  , Abdur Rohman
Published: July 2021

Nabi Mu>sa adalah orang terpilih dari bangsa terpilih, Bani> Isra>’i>l. Dia memiliki kelebihan ‘dapat berkomunikasi langsung dengan Tuhan’, menjadi rasul dan menerima Tawrat. Saat ditanya oleh umatnya, ‘siapakah manusia yang paling alim?’ dia menjawab ‘saya’. Atas keangkuhan itulah Allah menegurnya supaya dia mengikuti laku batin kepada seorang hamba yang berada di tempat bertemunya dua laut. Nabi Mu>sa kemudian menemuinya dan berguru kepadanya. Dia diterima sebagai murid dengan syarat tidak bertanya apapun yang dilakukan gurunya. Mu>sa mengalami tiga peristiwa besar yang tidak masuk akal yaitu: Khid}ir melubangi perahu yang ditumpanginya, membunuh anak kecil yang tidak berdosa dan membangun tembok miring tanpa ada orang yang menyuruh atau memberikan upah. Masing-masing dari peristiwa besar tersebut dipertanyakan oleh nabi Mu>sa sehingga ia tidak lulus uji.
HERMENEUTIKA AL-QUR’AN TENTANG PLURALISME AGAMA PERSPEKTIF FARID ESACK
Authors: Akhmad Ali Said
Published: July 2021

Al-Qur’an memiliki muatan universal (s}a>lih} li kulli zama>n wa maka>n) sehingga memberikan spirit berupa nilai kebebasan (al-h}urriyah), nilai-nilai humanistic, nilai keadilan (al-‘ada>lah), kesetaraan (al-musa>wah), dan hak asasi manusia (h}uqu>q al-insa>n). Nilai-nilai universal yang berorientasi pada spirit al-Qur’an inilah yang menjadi konsentrasi Farid Esack. Dia adalah seorang pemikir dari Afrika Selatan. Lewat karya dan keterlibatannya dalam gerakan praksis, Esack mendobrak klaim kebenaran eksklusif agama dan mengkonstruksi konsep pluralisme agama untuk membebaskan masyarakat Afrika Selatan dari belenggu kolonialisme rezim Apartheid. Dalam hermeneutiknya, Esack menempatkan teks (al-Qur’an), konteks Afrika Selatan dan penafsir berada pada posisi lingkaran hermeneutik. Pada posisinya sebagai pembaca sekaligus sebagai pengarang Esack menekankan adanya sebuah pembacaan yang kritis dan membebaskan dalam menafsirkan teks ke dalam konteks. Hermeneutika yang ditawarkan Farid Esack sebagai metode penafsiran al-Qur’an untuk membangun landasan teologis tentang konsep pluralisme agama. Dalam pandangan Esack, ada kemungkinan untuk hidup dalam kepercayaan penuh terhadap al-Qur’an dan konteks kehidupan sekarang bersama-sama kepercayaan-kepercayaan lain dan bekerjasama untuk membangun masyarakat yang lebih manusiawi. Esack mengembang­kan gagasan hermeneutika al-Qur’an sebagai kontribusi bagi pengembangan pluralisme agama dalam Islam; menguji cara al-Qur’an mendefinisikan diri (muslim) dan orang lain (non-muslim) dengan tujuan untuk menciptakan ruang bagi kebenaran dan keadilan orang lain dalam teologi pluralisme untuk pem­bebasan; dan menggali hubungan antara eksklusivisme keaga­maan dalam bentuk konservatisme politik (yang mendukung Apartheid) di satu sisi, dan inklusivisme keagamaan dan satu bentuk politik progresif (yang mendukung perjuangan pembe­basan) di sisi lain, serta memberi dukungan rasional yang bersifat qur’ani, untuk membebaskan masyarakat Afrika Selatan dari belenggu rezim Apartheid.
PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM ZIARAH KUBUR DALAM PENGUATAN SIKAP SPIRITUAL SANTRI (Studi Kualitatif di Pondok Pesantren Al-Banaat Gebangsari Senggowar Gondang Nganjuk)
Authors: Ahmad Khanif Rusdiansyah  , Suhartono  , M. Ali Anwar
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Pelaksanaan kegiatan ziarah kubur dalam penguatan sikap spiritual santri di Pondok Pesantren Al-Banaat Gebang Sari, Senggowar, Gondang, Nganjuk. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) pelaksanaan program ziarah kubur dalam penguatan sikap spiritual santri di Pondok Pesantren Al-Banaat Gebang Sari, Senggowar, Gondang, Nganjuk, telah terprogram, terjadwal dan terpisah antara santri putra dan santri putri. Jadwal santri putra hari Kamis malam Jum’at dan untuk santri putri Jum’at pagi. Kegiatan ziarah bertempat di Makam Kyai Abdul Karim selaku pendiri Pondok Pesantren Al-Karim. Pada kegiatan ini abah kyai Ahmad Ashari memimpin ziarah. Kemudian ‘amaliyah yang dilakukan kotmil Qur’an, membaca surah Yasin dan tahlil. Saat memasuki area makam, santri membaca salam dan menghadap kiblat (2) Salah satu hambatan pada program ini adalah santri kurang istiqomah yakni izin pulang atau izin ada kegiatan lain seperti ziarah wali atau kuliah. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk menghadapi persoalan tersebut adalah memberikan wawasan kepada wali santri terkait kegiatan pondok tersebut, sehingga semua santri bisa mengikuti ziarah kubur dan menyisihkan sebagian dari hasil pertanian pondok pesantren untuk kegiatan ziarah wali maupun kegiatan lainnya. Abah kyai juga menyarankan santri untuk selalu berdoa dan menjaga shalat jama’ah dengan baik dan istiqomah, dan (3) implikasi program ziarah kubur dalam penguatan sikap spiritual santri di Pondok Pesantren Al-Banaat Gebang Sari, Senggowar, Gondang, Nganjuk, adalah terdapat perubahan yang lebih baik dari segi akidah, ibadah, ataupun akhlak santri. Hal ini terbukti dari keseharian santri dalam ‘amaliyah ibadah dan kegiatan-kegiatan pondok, lebih baik dari sebelumnya. Santri lebih disiplin, ketika adzan dikumandangkan, santri berlarian untuk mengambil air wudlu dan langsung ke masjid pondok. Mereka lebih qana’ah, saling menjaga kebersamaan antar santri, dan lebih sopan santun.
Artificial reefs in the Anthropocene: a review of geographical and historical trends in their design, purpose, and monitoring
Authors: Ramm Lachlan AW , Florisson James H , Watts Stephanie L , Becker Alistair , Tweedley James R
Published: July 2021

The long history of artificial reefs has stimulated diversity in their physical properties and deployment for a range of purposes. A systematic literature search yielded 804 scientific publications on artificial reefs. A database of their characteristics was constructed and used to
investigate geographical and historical trends. A total of 1074 unique artificial reefs from 71 countries were identified, with 89% located in the northern hemisphere, but equally distributed between eastern and western hemispheres. Reefs were assigned to one of three categories: (A) unintentional
deployment, (B) intentional deployment but unintentional reef, and (C) intentional artificial reef. Category A reefs consisted predominantly of accidental shipwrecks. Category B reefs were primarily coastal defense structures in shallow waters and active oil and gas infrastructures at greater
depths. The number of Category C reefs increased after 1965, with most in depths of 10–30 m. Most were constructed from concrete or steel, followed by rock and rubber. Usage of concrete as a material steadily increased, while those of steel and rubber decreased, coinciding with the transition
from objects (materials) of opportunity to purpose- built reefs. Most reefs were deployed to enhance faunal communities or fisheries, particularly recreational fishing in North America and Australia. Monitoring was most often performed using underwater visual census but transitioned to more
technologically advanced methods, particularly in more affluent countries over recent decades. We present a standardized protocol for describing artificial reefs and urge authors to include all relevant data in their publications to allow future comparisons to enhance our understanding and
evaluation of these structures.
Pengaruh Customer Relationship Management (Crm) Terhadap Loyalitas Pengguna Irian Card (I-Card) Pada Irian Dept Store & Supermarket Medan Marelan
Authors: Pertiwi Siregar Dinanti Nanda , Cahyani Winda , Chaniago Ari Usman
Published: July 2021

Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh Customer Relationship Management yang terdiri dari 5 variabel yaitu: komitmen, kepercayaan, orientasi pelanggan/empati, pengalaman/kepuasan, dan komunikasi terhadap loyalitas pelanggan. Untuk mengetahui apakah ke-5 variabel Customer Relationship Management tersebut berpengaruh nyata terhadap loyalitas pelanggan, baik secara parsial maupun secara simultan, serta untuk mengetahui variabel manakah yang berpengaruh paling dominan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Irian Dept Store & Supermarket Medan Marelan, dengan populasi penelitian adalah konsumen yang belanja di Irian Dept Store & Supermarket Medan Marelan dengan jumlah sampel yang diambil sebanyak 30 orang responden. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui kuesioner. Selanjutnya, data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji validitas, uji reliabilitas, analisis regresi linear berganda, uji t, dan uji F. Hasil penghitungan koefisien determinasi (R2) adalah sebesar 0,866, yang artinya; ke-5 variabel customer relationship marketing mempengaruhi variabel loyalitas sebesar 886,6%.
Implementasi teknik pwm pada rancang bangun alat deteksi kecepatan kendaraan berdasarkan perputaran roda berbasis mikrokontroller
Authors: Setiawan Dedi , Boy Ahmad Fitri , Hafidz Afdal , Ishak Ishak
Published: July 2021

Membaca kecepatan suatu kenderaan yang melintas dan kemudian memberikan peringatan jika kenderaan tersebut melampaui batas kecepatan pada jalan bebas hambatan dirasa cukup sulit, dimana pengendara sering melaju kenderaannya cukup tinggi dan hal ini sangat membahayakan pengendara itu sendiri dan bahkan pengendara lain. Upaya pencegahan yang sering dilakukan adalah dengan membuat rambu – rambu lalu lintas untuk memperingati para pengendara agar tidak melewati kecepatan maksimum. Hal ini cukup efektif namun masih ada juga pengendara yang tidak menghiraukan rambu – rambu peringatan kecepatan . Alat yang dapat mendeteksi kecepatan kenderaan dan dapat memberikan peringatan jika kenderaan tersebut melampaui batas kecepatan. Alat ini dapat dibuat dengan bantuan komponen elektronik dan program dengan menggunakan microcontroller bertipe microcontroller avr.Untuk merealisasi alat tersebut dibutuhkan komponen lain seperti output buzzer suara, display pada lcd dan sebagainya. Penerapan metode juga sangat menentukan kinerja alat karena akan membuat alat bekerja efektif atau tidak. Untuk itu alat yang dirancang dipilih menggunakan metode pwm. PWM adalah sebuah metode yang digunakan untuk mengatur jumlah daya (power) yang dialokasikan ke beban tanpa harus menimbulkan rugi-rugi daya pada rangkaian pengendali beban tersebut.
Modifikasi SHA-256 dengan Algoritma Hill Cipher untuk Pengamanan Fungsi Hash dari Upaya Decode Hash
Authors: Panjaitan Zaimah , Ginting Erika Fahmi , Yusnidah Yusnidah
Published: July 2021

SHA-256 merupakan salah satu fungsi hash yang banyak digunakan untuk keperluan autentikasi pesan seperti otorisasi pengguna dengan username dan password pada keamanan sistem login, enkripsi tanda tangan digital, dan lain sebagainya. SHA-256 menerima ukuran variabel pesan sebagai masukan dan menghasilkan output karakter berukuran 256bit yang disebut sebagai hash code. Sebagaimana fungsi hash lainnya, pada SHA-256 tidak tersedia algoritma dekripsi yang dapat mengembalikan hash code menjadi pesan asli. Hal ini yang menyebabkan SHA-256 layak digunakan untuk keamanan autentikasi. Namun pada saat ini, banyak layanan dan tools yang beredar di internet yang dapat digunakan untuk mendekripsikan atau decode hash termasuk SHA-256. Oleh karena itu, SHA-256 perlu untuk dimodifikasi dengan algoritma lain agar tools yang beredar di internet tidak dapat dengan mudah mengembalikan fungsi hash ke dalam pesan aslinya. Upaya pengamanan fungsi hash ini dilakukan agar pihak yang tidak berkepentingan tidak dapat dengan mudah menembus sistem keamanan autentikasi yang dibuat dengan SHA-256.
Strategi Pengamanan Pesan Rahasia Menggunakan Teknik Steganografi Pada Citra Digital Dengan Metode Least Significant Bit
Authors: Taufik Faisal , Erwansyah Kamil , Nofriansyah Dicky
Published: July 2021

Keamanan dari sebuah pesan yang bersifat personal atau rahasia merupakan salah satu aspek terpenting yang harus dilakukan oleh pembuat atau pemberi pesan, yang biasanya informasi yang dianggap rahasia tersebut akan diamankan dengan cara merubahnya menjadi kode-kode rahasia menggunakan teknik kriptografi namun dapat diketahui bahwasanya kode-kode itu merupakan sebuah pesan. Berbeda dengan teknik kriptografi, steganografi merupakan sebuah teknik untuk menyembunyikan pesan yang bersifat rahasia ke dalam pesan dengan tujuan agar tidak diketahui akan keberadaan dari pesan rahasia tersebut karena disembunyikan di dalam pesan. Penyembunyian pesan tersebut dilakukan dengan cara menyisipkannya ke dalam sebuah citra digital (image) dengan menggunakan metode least significant bit dengan harapan agar citra digital yang dihasilkan setelah dilakukan proses penyembunyian pesan tidak mengalami perubahan dari segi gambarnya, atau citra digital yang digunakan sebelum dan sesudah disisipkan sebuah pesan tetap sama jika dilihat. Dari hasil uji coba yang telah dilakukan metode least significant bit dapat menyembunyikan pesan ke dalam citra digital dengan cara menyisipkan bit-bit pesan ke dalam byte dari citra digital tanpa merubah citra digital itu sendiri sehingga tidak akan diketahui akan keberadaan pesan yang telah disembunyikan didalamnya.
Penerapan Data Mining Dalam Mengklusterisasi Location Best Pb Tambahan Pada Regional IV PT Indomarco Prismatama Cab.Medan Dengan Menggunakan Metode K-Means
Authors: Fitri Anisa , Syahra Yohanni , Kustini Rini
Published: July 2021

Permintaan barang merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi PT Indomarco Prismatama dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan stok toko. Pemenuhan stok yang tepat sangat berpengaruh besar untuk pendapatan laba yang besar bagi perusahaan. Salah satu hal penting lainnya yang perlu diperhatikan adalah area atau daerah persebaran toko indomaret dalam menjual produknya. Apalagi Indomaret merupakan perusahan yang bergerak di bidang ritel dalam penjualan kebutuhan pokok, sehingga perusahaan tersebut juga harus memperhatikan daerah yang memiliki potensi jual yang paling besar.          K-Means Clustering merupakan salah satu metode dari data mining untuk pengelompokan suatu kasus ke dalam tiap kelas yang dihitung dengan konsep sebuah iterasi secara berulang untuk mendapatkan sebuah nilai rasio dimana akan dihentikannya perhitungan iterasi ketika nilai rasio tidak lagi lebih besar dari nilai rasio sebelumnya. Metode ini menggunakan rumus Euclidian sehingga ditemukan jarak yang paling dekat dari setiap data dengan centroid. Apabila salah satu cluster atau kelompok memiliki banyak data area, maka area di salah satu cluster itu merupakan kelompok area permintaan paling besar  yang terpilih berdasarkan perhitungan K-Means Clustering.       Dengan membangun sebuah sistem dalam penelitian ini, yang dimana dalam penelitian ini menghasilkan sebuah ilmu pengetahuan baru yaitu mengetahui daerah atau area mana yang paling besar dalam pemenuhan pb tambahan yang diharapkan nantinya berguna bagi perusahan untuk dapat memaksimalkan sistem pemenuhan pb tambahan.
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Dalam Menentukan Tingkat Kepuasan Pelayanan Penumpang Pada Maskapai Lion Air Kualanamu International Airport Dengan Metode AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Procces )
Authors: Syahputra Rendy
Published: July 2021

Alat transportasi sangat dibutuhkan manusia dalam melakukan perjalanan baik darat,udara maupun laut. Transportasi udara merupakan yang paling banyak diminati karena efisiensi waktu,tetapi juga memiliki kekurangan seperti biaya mahal yang harus dikeluarkan. Manajemen perusahaan haruslah memiliki system dalam melakukan pemantauan dalam menjaga pelayanan yang baik bagi penumpang, indikator pelayanan yang baik dapat dilihat dari tingkat kepuasan dari penumpang yang menjadi acuan dalam melakukan pelayanan yang prima. Setelah melakukan riset maka didapatlah sebuah metode yang paling tepat dalam menentukan kepuasan penumpang Lion Air Kuala Namu International Airport dengan Metode Analytical Hierarchy Proses (AHP).
Overcoming Barriers in Higher Education Mobility between Latin America, Canada and Asia: A Scoping Review
Authors: Ahmed Arooba , Wen Jia Jun Joel , Flórez Maribel , Iacobelli Pedro , Ferrer Lilian
Published: July 2021

Latin America and Asia have been tied for hundreds of years through a transcontinental trade network, which has culminated in their current economic interdependence. This interdependence necessitates cooperation, which can be bolstered through cultural understanding between the two continents. International student mobility is one way to foster intercultural relations, which are currently quite low between these regions. Canada has faced a similar struggle as Latin America to attract students in the Americas when faced with competition from US universities, but has had some successes which Latin American countries could learn from. This study therefore completes a scoping review of the literature to categorize barriers and enablers to academic mobility between higher education institutions (HEIs) in Asia, Canada, and Latin America and synthesizes relevant suggestions. An integrative literature search of qualitative and quantitative studies was conducted using six different databases. After considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, 33 studies were selected and analyzed. The results were categorized into six themes: Cultural, Academic and Professional, Linguistic, Economic, Program Structure, and Political Climate. Each theme included factors which enabled or hindered student mobility between Asia and the Americas. The findings highlight the need for Latinamerican HEIs to emphasize relevant initiatives and qualities that go beyond rankings, boost the use of English among academics and staff, actively reach out to Asian partners, and collaborate to develop credit transfer policies compatible with Asian institutions. These considerations could be all the more timely considering students are currently more open to virtual international opportunities in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, generating possibilities of greater collaboration between these regions of the world.
High Tibial Osteotomy for Varus Deformity of the Knee
Authors: Murray Ryan , Winkler Philipp W. , Shaikh Humza S. , Musahl Volker
Published: July 2021

High tibial osteotomy is a powerful technique to treat symptomatic varus deformity of the knee and is successful when properly indicated and performed. Indications include varus deformity with medial compartment osteoarthritis, cartilage or meniscus pathology. Several techniques exist to correct symptomatic varus malalignment along with concomitant procedures to restore cartilage or meniscus injuries. Evidence supporting high tibial osteotomy for symptomatic medial compartment pathology exists, which provides a durable solution for joint preservation. This review will discuss the indications, techniques, and outcomes for high tibial osteotomies used in the treatment of symptomatic varus deformity of the knee.
A Systematic Review of the Rationale for Vaccine Hesitancy among American Parents
Authors: Luttrell-Freeman Jordan , Bungum Timothy J. , Pharr Jennifer R.
Published: July 2021

INTRODUCTION: Vaccines are one of the most successful interventions in the history of public health. They are largely responsible for the near eradication of several diseases. However, some people are vaccination averse which can lead to vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine hesitant parents are those that refuse or delay getting their children vaccinated despite the availability of vaccination services. This phenomenon often occurs despite parent’s belief that vaccines are effective. The purpose of this review was to exam available literature to identify predictors of vaccine hesitancy among parents and parental rationale for vaccine hesitancy.

METHODS: This literature review utilized the SCOPUS database to identify articles examining vaccine hesitancy among American parents, published from 1997 to 2020, inclusive. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology was utilized to select articles used in the final literature review.

RESULTS: Fifty-one articles were included in the final review. Predictors of vaccine hesitancy included demographics (income, education, marital status, race/ethnicity), healthcare practices (provider relationship, use of complementary or alternative medicine), and social-cultural factors. Parental rationale for vaccine hesitancy included concerns about the safety of vaccinations, not fearing diseases covered by vaccinations, and the belief that vaccines were not necessary. The most consistent and prevalent theme of vaccination hesitancy was the strength of the influence that the medical provider has on the parents.

CONCLUSION: Balanced communication with a trusted medical provider that addresses both the benefits and risk of vaccinations, along with parents’ concerns about safety are important factors to reduce vaccine hesitancy among parents.
Local Measures Distribution for the Estimation of the Elongation Ratio of the Typical Grain in Homogeneous Boolean Models
Authors: Eremina Tatyana , Debayle Johan , Gruy Frederic , Pinoli Jean-Charles
Published: July 2021

We introduce a particular localization of the Minkowski functionals to characterize and discriminate different random spatial structures. The aim of this paper is to present a method estimating the typical grain elongation ratio in a homogeneous Boolean model. The use of this method is demonstrated on a range of Boolean models of rectangles featuring fixed and random elongation ratio. An optimization algorithm is performed to determine the elongation ratio which maximize the likelihood function of the probability density associated with the local perimeter measure. Therefore, the elongation ratio of the typical grain can be deduced.
Erfolgsfaktoren projektbezogener Entwicklungszusammenarbeit
Authors: Tumba Ngalula
Published: July 2021

This book deals with the success factors of projects in development cooperation. In its theoretical approach, terms such as development, developing countries, development cooperation and project management are explained, as well as the German-Congolese cooperation as an example. The practical approach is a research (survey) in the field. The evaluation of this survey shows that project work in development cooperation can be successful if it focuses on the following five procedures: Environment and needs analysis, sustainability-oriented project work, intercultural competence, agile management style and the promotion of learning and innovation opportunities.
Langerhans Cells as Morphologic Mimickers of Atypical Melanocytes on Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chuchvara Nadiya , Berger Lauren , Reilly Catherine , Maghari Amin , Rao Babar
Published: July 2021

Pagetoid spread of melanocytes in the epidermis is a common indicator of melanocytic atypia, both histopathologically and with reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Specifically on RCM, large, bright, atypical dendritic and/or roundish cells are characteristic of melanoma. However, intraepidermal Langerhans cells (ILC) create the potential for diagnostic ambiguity on RCM. We describe one case of a pigmented facial lesion that was initially diagnosed as lentigo maligna (LM) due to numerous atypical perifollicular dendritic cells on RCM. Additionally, we present the findings of a literature review for similar reported cases conducted by searching the following terms on PubMed: reflectance confocal microscopy, RCM, lentigo maligna, melanoma, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, and atypical cells. In our case, the lesion was determined to be a solar lentigo on histopathology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) with CD1a identified the atypical-appearing cells as ILC, as it did in 54 reported cases of benign lesions (benign melanocytic nevus, Sutton/halo nevus, labial melanotic macule, and solar lentigo) misdiagnosed as malignant on RCM (melanoma, lip melanoma, lentigo maligna, and LM melanoma). According to our case and the literature, both ILC and atypical melanocytes can present with atypical-appearing dendritic and/or roundish cells under RCM. Currently, there is no method to distinguish the two without IHC. Therefore, the presence of pagetoid cells should continue to alert the confocalist of a potential neoplastic process, prompting biopsy, histopathologic diagnosis, and IHC differentiation.
Can Dermoscopy Be Used to Predict if a Melanoma Is In Situ or Invasive?
Authors: Polesie Sam , Jergéus Edvin , Gillstedt Martin , Ceder Hannah , Dahlén Gyllencreutz Johan , Fougelberg Julia , Johansson Backman Eva , Pakka Jenna , Zaar Oscar , Paoli John
Published: July 2021

Background: The preoperative prediction of whether melanomas are invasive or in situ can influence initial management.

Objectives: This study evaluated the accuracy rate, interobserver concordance, sensitivity and specificity in determining if a melanoma is invasive or in situ, as well as the ability to predict invasive melanoma thickness based on clinical and dermoscopic images.

Methods: In this retrospective, single-center investigation, 7 dermatologists independently reviewed clinical and dermoscopic images of melanomas to predict if they were invasive or in situ and, if invasive, their Breslow thickness. Fleiss’ and Cohen’s kappa (κ) were used for interobserver concordance and agreement with histopathological diagnosis.

Results: We included 184 melanomas (110 invasive and 74 in situ). Diagnostic accuracy ranged from 67.4% to 76.1%. Accuracy rates for in situ and invasive melanomas were 57.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 53.1%-61.8%) and 81.7% (95% CI, 78.8%-84.4%), respectively. Interobserver concordance was moderate (κ = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.44-0.51). Sensitivity for predicting invasiveness ranged from 63.6% to 91.8% for 7 observers, while specificity was 32.4%-82.4%. For all correctly predicted invasive melanomas, agreement between predictions and correct thickness over or under 1.0 mm was moderate (κ = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.45-0.58). All invasive melanomas incorrectly predicted by any observer as in situ had a thickness <1.0 mm. All 32 melanomas >1.0 mm were correctly predicted to be invasive by all observers.

Conclusions: Accuracy rates for predicting thick melanomas were excellent, melanomas inaccurately predicted as in situ were all thin, and interobserver concordance for predicting in situ or invasive melanomas was moderate. Preoperative dermoscopy of suspected melanomas is recommended for choosing appropriate surgical margins.
Philosophy for Children in a Pandemic
Authors: Reed-Sandoval Amy ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2021

In this article, I reflect upon my experiences developing an asynchronous Philosophy for Children (P4C) course toward the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. I argue that P4C practitioners ought to reconsider what we mean by community in Community of Inquiry (CoI). The traditional Community of Inquiry model emphasizes face-to-face interactions in which the children and facilitator(s) are traditionally seated in a circle, synchronously wondering together. The CoI pedagogical model has, once again, served as a methodological starting-point for the place-based P4C I have tried to practice in my teaching, but it was also the model that I had to overcome while developing a virtual P4C course in a pandemic. Specifically, I argue that we ought to broaden vastly what we mean by “community” in “Community of Inquiry” in order to make Philosophy for Children more accessible for a virtual, and even asynchronous, learning environment. Furthermore, I argue that this reconceptualization of “community” is useful not only to our pandemic pedagogy, but also for our post-pandemic future in which face-to-face classes are resumed.
«Aguantar…» Agencia cultural híbrida en los conflictos de género dentro de los matrimonios transnacionales africanos
Authors: Rodenas Cerezo Beatriz
Published: July 2021

Partiendo de una concepción de los procesos de hibridación en el seno de las culturas africanas, y de su desarrollo particular en contextos migratorios, y sin llegar a negar una concepción estructural de la violencia de género, en el presente artículo pretendemos plantear cómo puede aplicarse en un contexto transnacional africano (particularmente en mujeres migrantes que provienen de Malí, Gambia y Senegal) el paradigma teórico hegemónico que postula que la violencia de género descansa en la desigualdad en las relaciones de poder entre mujeres y hombres (Red2Red, 2011). En un intento de integrar esta perspectiva estructural con la agencia de los individuos, veremos de qué manera ha emergido, en un contexto migratorio, donde encontramos diferentes casos de violencia de género en la pareja, la figura de “una mujer con experiencia”, como un proceso que ejemplifica la agencia cultural híbrida de las sociedades africanas.
Herramientas para el abordaje jurisdiccional de las violencias por razones de género
Authors: Cano Julieta Evangelina
Published: July 2021

El objetivo de este trabajo es compartir experiencias de abordajes jurisdiccionales desde la perspectiva de género feminista de Argentina, a través de sentencias que amplían y reconocen el derecho humano de las mujeres a vivir una vida libre de violencias. Las sentencias tienen efecto mucho más allá de las personas que son parte en la causa. Los mensajes que emite el poder judicial transcienden “el caso” para construir sentidos sociales sobre los temas que son objeto de tratamiento, en este caso, los derechos humanos de las mujeres. En este sentido, metodológicamente es necesario aclarar que las sentencias que se presentan en el apartado de abordaje jurisdiccional fueron seleccionadas interesadamente a partir de la intención de mostrar cómo el poder judicial puede -y de hecho lo hace- introducir la perspectiva de género feminista en sus resoluciones. Junto con Smart (2000) se reafirma que el Derecho tiene género, y puede constituirse en un discurso emancipatorio que sedimente sociedades más justas.
Científicas a la sombra, también en el espacio virtual
Authors: Acosta Reveles Irma Lorena
Published: July 2021

La brecha laboral entre mujeres y hombres es persistente. Las diferencias en remuneraciones y liderazgos exteriorizan órdenes estructurales de corte patriarcal que rigen el desenvolvimiento de cada gremio; siempre en sintonía con su entorno público y privado. El trabajo científico no es la excepción. Este artículo remite a la condición de minoría y segregación de académicas adscritas a universidades mexicanas, pese al terreno ganado –a paso lento– en inclusión y equidad. Se profundizó en el rubro del reconocimiento teórico, que hoy se disputa en el espacio virtual; para ello recurrimos a los datos de tres repositorios internacionales especializados en literatura científica. La exploración reveló que la presencia y la posición jerárquica de las investigadoras, son aún más opacas en internet que en el espacio físico-institucional. De lo anterior, se llama al empleo de herramientas digitales como una vía para mejorar la interlocución y notoriedad en el oficio.
Følelsesøkonomier i Nordatlanten. Gamle bånd og nye venskaber
Authors: Thisted Kirsten , N. Gremaud Ann-Sofie , Marnersdóttir Malan
Published: July 2021

Artiklen har fokus på den del af det »nordiske Arktis«, som engang hørte under det danske (dansk-norske) imperium. Med selvstyre og diskussioner om endnu løsere tilknytning mellem de tilbageværende parter i Rigsfællesskabet rykker magten mod nord. Dette åbner for dannelsen af nye forbindelser og partnerskaber, hvor de tidligere kolonier/bilande/besiddelser i Nordatlanten (Grønland, Færøerne og Island og i nogle sammenhænge Norge) afsøger mulighederne for tættere relationer uden om Danmark. En mulig barriere for udviklingen af nye og lige relationer synes at bestå i et efterslæb af historisk betingede hierarkier og stereotyper, bygget på begreber som »civilisation«, »race« og »kultur«, som fortsat trives på trods af afkolonisering og nyorientering. Etablerede følelsesmæssige økonomier eksisterer sammen med de finansielle økonomier, hvilket gør det umuligt at skille følelser, finanser og politiske og sociale magtforhold. Artiklen argumenterer for, at bevidsthed omkring disse uhensigtsmæssige efterklange af imperium og kolonitid er en forudsætning for deres afvikling.