bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of the influence of heat storage and transportability of different lubricants on friction under transient elastohydrodynamic conditions
Authors: Åhrström B-O , Penchinat C , Norrby T
Published: February 2003

Lubricated transient elastohydrodynamic (EHD) conjunctions are extremely difficult to simulate numerically since lubricant properties such as temperature and viscosity vary significantly during the loading-unloading event. Nevertheless, industry has invested considerable time and effort in trying to create such models in order to improve performance and to reduce emissions and friction. One of the essential requirements for a successful model is accuracy in the implementation of frictional properties. The experimental method presented in this paper used an impact on the end surface of a beam to generate propagating waves that were subjected to fast Fourier transform analysis. The method yielded detailed information about the build-up and decay of normal and frictional forces as a function of time for various lubricants at three different initial temperatures (20, 40 and 80°C) and at relevant EHD pressures. A variety of lubricants were studied to a peak Hertzian pressure of 2.5GPa for loading-unloading times of 200-400 μs (typical for elastohydrodynamically lubricated conjunctions in ball bearings and gears). A qualitative study of the thermal properties of the lubricants and their influence on viscosity and friction coefficient was also undertaken and, finally, a plausible explanation of the observed behaviour is presented and parallels to dynamic simulations of polyatomic gases are drawn.
Failure mechanisms of the head-tape interface during head stepping in a linear tape drive
Authors: Ambekar P. P. , Bhushan B
Published: February 2003

Improving the performance of computer tape drives is an ongoing process. The magnetic and tribological performance of metal particle (MP) tape during head stepping was evaluated in a commercial linear tape drive. Head output and head-tape interface friction were monitored during short-pass (10m) shuttling tests with stepping of the head. The test without stepping showed no signs of failure. To evaluate the effect of stepping on the head-tape interface, three different kinds of stepping test, namely normal stepping, reverse stepping and normal stepping with inverted drive, were performed. All these tests with head stepping failed far sooner than the test without stepping. Non-parallelism between the head and tape surfaces caused a reduction in hydrodynamic air bearing pressure. Less spacing between the lower tape edge and the head resulted in high wear of the lower edge of the tape and outer outrigger surfaces of the head. Additional sliding in a direction orthogonal to the tape motion from head stepping aggravated the friction and wear of the lower tape edge. The inability of the drive to overcome this high friction ultimately resulted in failure. On the head surface, different kinds of debris were found, and unsymmetrical debris distribution was observed. Some manufacturing improvements are presented to prolong drive durability.
Effect of velocity slip in a narrow rough porous journal bearing
Authors: Gururajan K , Prakash J
Published: February 2003

The paper examines the effect of velocity slip in a thin-walled infinitely short rough porous journal bearing operating under steady conditions in a hydrodynamic regime. The analysis extends earlier work [1] in which the tangential velocity at the surface of the porous material was neglected. The problem is solved analytically together with associated boundary conditions. It is found that there exists a strong interaction between roughness and slip effects. A comparison with the case of an infinitely long journal bearing [2] shows that there are significant qualitative and quantitative differences in load capacity and coefficient of friction. However, the slip-induced variations in friction force are similar to those for an infinitely long journal bearing.
Friction measurement and modelling in forward rod extrusion tests
Authors: Tan X , Bay N , Zhang W
Published: February 2003

Forward extrusion is one of the important processes in bulk metal forming. Friction stress can be estimated from the slope of the load-displacement curve at the steady state after the maximum load in a forward extrusion test. In this paper, forward rod extrusion tests are carried out to determine experimentally friction stress at various normal pressures, reductions in area, billet heights and lubrications. Tested materials include aluminium alloy, low carbon steel and stainless steel. Two lubrication methods are applied, conversion coating followed by either alkaline soap or molybdenum disulphide as the lubricant. Friction stresses are obtained from measurements of slopes of extrusion pressure-punch travel curves at the steady state stage. Normal pressures are evaluated by using Mohr's circle, in which shear flow stresses are estimated at the maximum elastic deformation points from the same extrusion pressure-punch travel curves. It is found that the relationship between normal pressure and friction stress appears linear, and therefore Coulomb's friction model fits the experimental data very well. Extrusion pressure-punch travel curves before the steady state can be divided into four stages: elastic deformation, filling container deformation, filling die aperture deformation and exiting inhomogeneous deformation.
The Consumer Price Index: Conceptual Issues and Practical Suggestions
Authors: Schultze Charles L
Published: February 2003

A National Academy of Sciences Panel recently made a number of recommendations to the BLS for improving the Consumer Price Index, while also suggesting some cautions to be observed when considering the adoption of new concepts and techniques. This paper discusses the Panel's analyses in four areas: Should a cost-ofliving index be the measurement objective of the CPI? Should the index attempt to capture the effect on living costs from changes in “environmental” conditions? How can hedonic techniques be best applied for measuring quality changes? Should the BLS attempt to measure the consumer surpluses accompanying the introduction of new goods?
Sources of Bias and Solutions to Bias in the Consumer Price Index
Authors: Hausman Jerry
Published: February 2003

Four sources of bias in the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) have been identified. The most discussed is substitution bias, which creates a second order bias in the CPI. Three other changes besides prices changes create first order effects on a correctly measured cost of living index (COLI). I explain in this paper that a “pure price” based approach of surveying prices to estimate a COLI cannot succeed in solving the 3 problems of first order bias. I discuss economic and econometric approaches to measuring the first order bias effects as well as the availability of scanner data that would permit implementation of the techniques.
Toward a Cost-of-Living Index: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Abraham Katharine G
Published: February 2003

The author considers the improvements the Bureau of Labor Statistics has made to the Consumer Price Index since the mid 1990s. These include changes designed to make the index more representative of current expenditure patterns; to account for consumer substitution in response to relative price change; and to account for changes in the quality of the goods and services that consumers purchase. Drawing on selected recommendations made by the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Conceptual, Measurement, and Other Statistical Issues in Developing Cost-of Living Indexes recently chaired by Charles Schultze, the author highlights those additional areas for exploration that she believes have the greatest potential and discuss those areas she believes to be less promising.
The Efficient Market Hypothesis and Its Critics
Authors: Malkiel Burton G
Published: February 2003

Revolutions often spawn counterrevolutions and the efficient market hypothesis in finance is no exception. The intellectual dominance of the efficient-market revolution has more been challenged by economists who stress psychological and behavorial elements of stock-price determination and by econometricians who argue that stock returns are, to a considerable extent, predictable. This survey examines the attacks on the efficient market hypothesis and the relationship between predictability and efficiency. I conclude that our stock markets are more efficient and less predictable than many recent academic papers would have us believe.
From Efficient Markets Theory to Behavioral Finance
Authors: Shiller Robert J
Published: February 2003

The efficient markets theory reached the height of its dominance in academic circles around the 1970s. Faith in this theory was eroded by a succession of discoveries of anomalies, many in the 1980s, and of evidence of excess volatility of returns. Finance literature in this decade and after suggests a more nuanced view of the value of the efficient markets theory, and, starting in the 1990s, a blossoming of research on behavioral finance. Some important developments since 1990 include feedback theories, models of the interaction of smart money with ordinary investors, and evidence on obstacles to smart money.
Why is There so Little Money in U.S. Politics?
Authors: Ansolabehere Stephen , de Figueiredo John M , Snyder James M
Published: February 2003

The authors begin by offering an overview of the sources and amounts of campaign contributions in the U.S. In the light of these facts, they explore the assumption that the amount of money in U.S. campaigns mainly reflects political investment. They then offer their perspective that campaign contributions should be viewed primarily as a type of consumption good, rather than as a market for buying political benefits. Although this perspective helps to explain the levels of campaign contributions by individuals and organizations, it opens up new research questions of its own.
Durable Goods Theory for Real World Markets
Authors: Waldman Michael
Published: February 2003

The early 1970s witnessed three major advances in durable-goods theory — Swan, Peter. 1970. “Durability of Consumption Goods.” American Economic Review. December, 60:5, pp. 884–94. Swan, Peter. 1971. “The Durability of Goods and Regulation of Monopoly.” Bell Journal of Economics. Spring, 2:1, pp. 347–57. and Sieper, E. and Peter Swan. 1973. “Monopoly and Competition in the Market for Durable Goods.” Review of Economic Studies. July, 40:3, pp. 333–51. on optimal durability, Coase, Ronald. 1972. “Durability and Monopoly.” Journal of Law and Economics. April, 15:1, pp. 143–49. on time inconsistency, and Akerlof, George. 1970. “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.” Quarterly Journal of Economics. August, 84:3, pp. 488–500. on adverse selection. This paper surveys durable goods theory starting with these three contributions, where much of the focus is on recent literature and on models that explain real-world phenomena. In addition to the ideas found in the contributions of Swan, Coase, and Akerlof, topics covered include why producers sometimes practice “planned obsolescence,” the role of adverse selection in new-car leasing, and reasons for aftermarket monopolization.
Beyond Incentive Pay: Insiders' Estimates of the Value of Complementary Human Resource Management Practices
Authors: Ichniowski Casey , Shaw Kathryn
Published: February 2003

Do human resource management (HRM) practices, such as incentive pay, teamwork, training, and careful screening practices, raise productivity, and if so, under what conditions does productivity rise? Recently, this question has been a central focus in organizational and personnel economics. We emphasize the value of a new research approach – an approach we label “insider econometrics”–that is aimed going deep inside businesses to obtain data and insights into the ways in which HRM practices affect specific production processes. We conclude that sets of complementary HRM practices appear to raise performance, but that some firms, such as those that make complex products or those that are starting up brand new facilities, benefit more from these practices.
An Interview with Edmond Malinvaud
Authors: Krueger Alan B
Published: February 2003

This article contains an interview with Edmond Malinvaud. Professor Malinvaud describes the origins of his interest in economics, teachers who had a major influence on his development as an economist, his visit to the Cowles Commission in 1950, the substance of his research, and the contributions he made as a policy maker. Among the interesting tidbits in the interview is that Professor Malinvaud's popular textbooks in microeconomic theory, macroeconomics and econometrics were a direct outgrowth of courses he taught at INSEE. “I am not good at speaking,” he said, “when not constrained by a written text.”
Retrospectives Whatever Happened to the Cambridge Capital Theory Controversies?
Authors: Cohen Avi J , Harcourt G. C
Published: February 2003

We argue that the Cambridge capital theory controversies of the 1950s to 1970s were the latest in a series of still-unresolved controversies over three deep issues: explaining and justifying the return to capital; Joan Robinson's complaint that, due to path dependence, equilibrium is not an outcome of an economic process and therefore an inadequate tool for analyzing accumulation and growth; and the role of ideology and vision in fuelling controversy when results of simple models are not robust. We predict these important and relevant issues, latent in endogenous growth and real business cycle theories, will erupt in future controversy.
Study on Perception of Complex Low Frequency Tones
Authors: Watanabe Toshio , Yamada Shinji
Published: February 2003

This paper deals with the hearing of complex low frequency tones. Hearing thresholds of low frequency pure tone and complex tones were measured. The measurement frequencies are from 5Hz to 50 Hz. In the results, the hearing thresholds of complex tones are found to be lower than those of pure tones, whose frequencies are the same as the fundamentals. Hearing thresholds of complex tones are affected by the phase difference between fundamental and harmonic. This means that the hearing of a complex tone is influenced by a higher harmonic component though the component is not audible. The results are not in agreement with the audibility of complex tones in the middle frequency area. The complex low frequency tone is not heard separately as each component but is heard as one complex wave.
EU Directive on Physical Agents — Vibration
Authors: Pelmear P L , Leong D K N
Published: February 2003

Vibrations that arouse human health concerns are classified into two main categories: (1) hand-arm vibrations (HAV) and (2) whole-body vibrations (WBV). Hand-transmitted vibration from a power or impact tool affects the upper extremities of the body. WBV affects the entire body and is transmitted from a vibrating seat, bed or floor to a person who is in a sitting, Iying or standing position. The EU Directive April 5, 2002 provides exposure limit and action values for both HAV and WBV. These values have taken into consideration recent advances in knowledge and the political judgment of the Member States so are at variance with the present Health and Safety Executive (HSE) values and the ACGIH TLVs. This paper reviews the development of international standards for vibration and the requirements of the EU Directive.
Effectiveness of a Transfer Function Method for Evaluating Vibration Isolation Performance of Gloves When Used with Chipping Hammers
Authors: Dong R.G. , McDowell T.W. , Welcome D.E. , Rakheja S. , Caporali S. A. , Schopper A. W.
Published: February 2003

Anti-vibration gloves have been used as personal protective equipment to reduce the exposure intensity of hand-transmitted vibration. Although a method based upon the measured transfer function has been recently proposed to predict the tool-specific anti-vibration performance of these gloves, its validity for real tool applications has not been sufficiently evaluated. In this study, the effectiveness of the proposed prediction method was examined using two typical vibration-attenuation gloves when used in conjunction with two different pneumatic chipping hammers. Six adult male subjects were employed in the experiments involving measurement of gloves transmissibility while operating the selected tools. A comparison of the measured vibration transmissibility with the predicted values revealed that the transfer function method provides a reasonably good prediction of the vibration isolation performance of the gloves. The differences between the predicted and measured mean values of the weighted transmissibility were surprisingly small. It is concluded that the transfer function method can serve as an effective and convenient approach for estimating the effectiveness of anti-vibration gloves when used with pneumatic chipping hammers. A pneumatic chipping hammer is considered to represent a critical case for the evaluation of the method because they are typical percussive tools that generate impact vibration. It is thus anticipated that the transfer function method may also be widely employed to predict anti-vibration glove performance when used with many other vibrating tools.
Analytical Solution of the Steady State Response of Suspension Bridge Tower-Pier Systems with Distributed Mass to Harmonic Base Excitation
Authors: Younis C.J. , Panayotounakos D.E.
Published: February 2003

A typical suspension bridge tower-pier system is considered, the tower mass of which is not negligible and assumes an arbitary distribution along the tower. The pier rests on a viscoelastic foundation and can follow rotational and horizontal motion. The surrounding soils perform a horizontal harmonic motion. The equation of motion of the pier as well as the partial differential equation of the lateral deflections of the tower with the accompanying boundary conditions, are derived. The solution of the above p.d.e. is taken as a sum of terms, each one corresponding to an eigenshape of vibration of the tower. Applying the Galerkin method a system of ordinary differential equations results. The system of all the o.d.e.′s of motion (the pier's and the tower's) is solved for the steady state response, and based upon the resulting deflections, the stresses along the tower are determined. A parametric study is carried out.
The Validity of Allowing for Tidal Fluctuations in Offshore Wind Resource Predictions
Authors: Khan Demian , Infield David
Published: February 2003

Tidal action results in a rise and fall of the sea surface that effectively changes the position of an offshore wind turbine hub in relation to the wind shear profile. This effect is quantified using measured data from three offshore UK sites. Statistical evidence of the influence of tide on mean wind speed and turbulence is presented. The possibilities for improving correlation between onshore and offshore wind data are explored. It is found that improvements in correlation are negligible, even for high tidal range sites.
The Wind-driven Regenerative Water-pump
Authors: Mathew Sathyajith , Pandey K. P. , Burton J. D.
Published: February 2003

Roto-dynamic pumps can offer attractive performance when coupled mechanically to wind rotors in shallow lift water pumping applications. However, the gearing ratio required in the transmission for such systems restricts their commercial acceptability. This problem can be reduced by selecting a pump with a very low specific speed, so that, for a particular flow and lift, the shaft need not rotate so fast. Therefore, a regenerative pump was designed and developed for wind powered water pumping applications. A semi-empirical approach was adopted for the design. Performance of the pump was evaluated under variable operating conditions. Power-speed characteristics of the pump at different pumping heads were established and superimposed on those of a suitable wind rotor, to identify the points of operation of the integrated rotor-pump system. With optimum gearing, the peak efficiency points of the rotor and the pump could be reasonably matched over a wide range of conditions. Operating speeds of the system at different wind speeds were estimated and then translated into discharge rates and overall system efficiency. The proposed wind pumping system, with the regenerative pump, performs better on shallow lifts than either wind-driven piston or centrifugal pumping systems.
The Economic Impacts of a Proposed Wind Power Plant in Kittitas County, Washington State, USA
Authors: Grover Stephen
Published: February 2003

This paper is an evaluation of potential impacts of a proposed wind farm on property values, tax revenues, and the local economy. The area studied was Kittitas County, (46.59° N, 120.25° W), Washington State, USA, where a combined wind farm of 261 wind turbines, total capacity 390 MW, is proposed. Studies were conducted in that area and regarding similar areas with similar projects. Of particular importance was the visual impact of the windfarm. Details of likely local employment are given (185 full and part-time direct jobs at construction, 85 direct jobs ongoing). Financial modelling considered local and other tax revenues, and associated financial benefits and disbenefits. Studies related to both the time of construction and ongoing operation. Tax revenues from the area would increase by $2.8 million/year (11% increase), of which $693,000/y would be disbursed for immediate local services (2% increase). It was concluded that: there was no evidence for reductions in property values; tax revenues would increase with associated disbursement of benefit within the locality; and associated secondary expenditure in the locality would be significant.
The Life and Work of Bill Heronemus, Wind Engineering Pioneer
Authors: Stoddard Woody
Published: February 2003

William Edward Heronemus, Captain, USN (Ret.), Professor Emeritus, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, born April 16, 1920, died November 2, 2002. This is a memorial record and obituary of a remarkable wind power engineer, Bill Heronemus of the University of Massachusetts and, previously, of the US Navy. The author, a previous student and close colleague, writes personally, with much input and support from other colleagues and previous students. The aim is not only to record research, development and commitment at the early stages of modern wind power, but also to honour an admirable pioneer. Bill Heronemus is credited with foreseeing the 1973 Oil Crisis and thereafter wind power developments that have since been realised, including offshore wind farms. He is also credited with teaching and motivating many students who later became professional of modern wind power development and commerce. The obituary Note has been written from personal knowledge and from many written and verbal communications from colleagues and friends of Bill Heronemus who worked with him at different stages of his life. Details are referenced, with other records kept with the author.
Shifting Innovation to Users via Toolkits
Authors: von Hippel Eric , Katz Ralph
Published: February 2003

In the traditional new product development process, manufacturers first explore user needs and then develop responsive products. Developing an accurate understanding of a user need is not simple or fast or cheap, however. As a result, the traditional approach is coming under increasing strain as user needs change more rapidly, and as firms increasingly seek to serve “markets of one.”

Toolkits for user innovation is an emerging alternative approach in which manufacturers actually abandon the attempt to understand user needs in detail in favor of transferring need-related aspects of product and service development to users. Experience in fields where the toolkit approach has been pioneered show custom products being developed much more quickly and at a lower cost. In this paper we explore toolkits for user innovation and explain why and how they work.
What Do We Know About Variance in Accounting Profitability?
Authors: McGahan Anita M. , Porter Michael E.
Published: February 2003

In this paper, we analyze the variance of accounting profitability among a broad cross-section of forms in the American economy from 1981 to 1994. The purpose of the analysis is to identify the importance of year, industry, corporate-parent, and business-specific effects on accounting profitability among operating businesses across sectors. The findings indicate that industry and corporate-parent effects are important and related to one another. As expected, business-specific effects, which arise from competitive positioning and other factors, have a large influence on performance. The analysis reconciles the results of previous studies by exploring differences in method and data. We also identify the broad contributions and limitations of the research, and suggest avenues for further study. New approaches are necessary to generate significant insights about the relationships between industry, corporate-parent, and business influences on firm profitability.
Organization Design
Authors: Harris Milton , Raviv Artur
Published: February 2003

This paper attempts to explain organization structure based on optimal coordination of interactions among activities. The main idea is that each manager is capable of detecting and coordinating interactions only within his limited area of expertise. Only the CEO can coordinate company wide interactions. The optimal design of the organization trades off the costs and benefits of various configurations of managers. Our results consist of classifying the characteristics of activities and managerial costs that lead to the matrix organization, the functional hierarchy, the divisional hierarchy, or a fiat hierarchy. We also investigate the effect of changing the costs of various managers on the nature of the optimal organization, including the extent of centralization.
The Performance Effects of Congruence Between Product Competitive Strategies and Purchasing Management Design
Authors: David Julie Smith , Hwang Yuhchang , Pei Buck K. W. , Reneau J. Hal
Published: February 2003

The objective of this study is to examine a performance contingency effect between product competitive strategy and organization design using an archival approach. Specifically, this study examines a sample of 194 firms from 20 industries based on the data collected by Center for Advanced Purchasing Studies (CAPS) in its benchmarking surveys between 1989-1994 and links the benchmarking data to the COMPUSTAT (Standard & Poor's) financial data of these firms. The results of the study reveal a contingency relationship among product competitive strategies, purchasing design characteristics, and overall firm financial performance (return on assets). Specifically, the nature of this contingency relationship suggests that a firm's product competitive strategy must be enabled with a complementary design in purchasing management to promote firm performance. Given the growing practice of benchmarking at the functional level, this study also examines whether or not a firm achieving a congruency in product strategy and design will necessarily enjoy higher operational efficiency at the purchasing management level. The results show that this is true only under specific conditions. The implications of the preceding findings are discussed accordingly.
Project Assignment Rights and Incentives for Eliciting Ideas
Authors: Arya Anil , Glover Jonathan , Routledge Bryan R.
Published: February 2003

In this paper, we study an incentive problem that arises between a principal and two agents because they value a real option differently. The real option in our model is a timing option. The agents have limited capacity to undertake projects, and each agent's capacity can be filled now or later. Because the principal cares about capacity in the aggregate but each agent cares only about his own capacity, the agents assign a higher value to the option to wait. As a result, agents sometimes withhold ideas from the principal. We show that decentralization can be a solution to this problem. Delegating assignment rights to an agent reduces the option value of waiting for the other agent sufficiently that he is willing to reveal his ideas.
Misperceiving Interactions Among Complements and Substitutes: Organizational Consequences
Authors: Siggelkow Nicolaj
Published: February 2003

Systems composed of activity choices that interact in nonsimple ways can allow firms to create and sustain a competitive advantage. However, in complex systems, decision makers may not always have a precise understanding of the exact strength of the interaction between activities. Likewise, incentive and accounting systems may lead decision makers to ignore or misperceive interactions. This paper studies formally the consequences of misperceiving interaction effects between activity choices. Our results suggest that misperceptions with respect to complements are more costly than with respect to substitutes. As a result, firms should optimally invest more to gather information about interactions among complementary activities—e.g., concerning network effects—than about interactions among substitute activities. Similarly, the use of division-based incentive schemes appears to be more advisable for divisions whose products are substitutes than for divisions that produce complements. It is further shown that system fragility is not necessarily positively correlated with the strength ofthe interaction between choices. While systems of complements become increasingly fragile as the strength of interaction increases, systems of substitutes can become increasingly stable.
The Valuation of American Options for a Class of Diffusion Processes
Authors: Detemple Jérôme , Tian Weidong
Published: February 2003

We present an integral equation approach for the valuation of American-style derivatives when the underlying asset price follows a general diffusion process and the interest rate is stochastic. Our contribution is fourfold. First, we show that the exercise region is determined by a single exercise boundary under very general conditions on the interest rate and the dividend yield. Second, based on this result, we derive a recursive integral equation for the exercise boundary and provide a parametric representation of the American option price. Third, we apply the results to models with stochastic volatility or stochastic interest rate, and to American bond options in one-factor models. For the cases studied, explicit parametric valuation formulas are obtained. Finally, we extend results on American capped options to general diffusion prices. Numerical schemes based on approximations of the optimal stopping time (such as approximations based on a lower bound, or on a combination of lower and upper bounds) are shown to be valid in this context.
An Evaluation of Research on Integrated Product Development
Authors: Gerwin Donald , Barrowman Nicholas J.
Published: February 2003

Integrated Product Development (IPD) creates overlap and interaction between activities in the new product development process and, because this increases the need to coordinate, compensates through other aspects of the new product development process (e.g., integrated tools), product definitions (e.g., incremental development), organizational context (e.g., reduced task specialization), and teaming (e.g., cross-functional teams). Since IPD has become an important new standard for managing new product development, this paper's general aim is to evaluate the research that has been conducted on it. Our three specific objectives include first critiquing the IPD literature by identifying problems with empirical research and recommending solutions. There are concerns about the overall approach, conceptualizing and operationalizing IPD characteristics, and selecting performance objectives. Second, we conduct a meta-analysis to evaluate relationships between specific IPD characteristics and project performance. We indicate where relationships do or do not exist and identify variables that may moderate these relationships. Third, we offer suggestions for extending IPD research into studies of (a) the hierarchy of teams working on a project, (b) one company managing a portfolio of projects over time, and (c) two or more firms collaborating in a strategic alliance.
The multifaceted phenomenon of ‘happy victimizers’: A cross‐cultural comparison of moral emotions
Authors: Keller Monika , Lourenço Orlando , Malti Tina , Saalbach Henrik
Published: February 2003

This study examines whether German and Portuguese 5‐ to 6‐, and 8‐ to 9‐year‐old children distinguish between the feelings attributed to a victimizer or to themselves if they were the victimizers in two hypothetical moral violations (stealing and breaking a promise), and how they morally evaluate the emotions they attribute to victimizers and the person of the victimizer. The results showed that in spite of some developmental and cultural differences, children's attribution of negative emotions was substantively more frequent when they made attributions to themselves. Furthermore, most children judged the positive (immoral) emotions they had attributed to victimizers as not right and evaluated the person of the hypothetical victimizer negatively. The results clarify contradictory findings in the field and may provide a better understanding of the moral and developmental meaning of the positive and negative emotions attributed in acts of victimization.
Children's appraisals of antisocial acts: A Piagetian perspective
Authors: Lourenço Orlando
Published: February 2003

This study examines developmental aspects of children's appraisals of antisocial acts by integrating the two micromodels Piaget used at different points in his research programme to describe and explain the child's transition from pre‐operational to operational thought. One model guided by game theory involves a cost‐gain evaluation, and is mainly a functional model (Piaget, 1957); the other, based on equilibration theory, appeals to the initial priority of affirmations over negations, and is mainly a structural model (Piaget, 1975). The integration of these two models leads to the prediction that while younger children tend to perceive antisocial acts in terms of gain‐perception and affirmation, older children tend to think of them in terms of cost‐construction and negation. The participants were 96 children from three age levels (32 5–6‐year‐olds, 32 7–8‐year‐olds, and 32 10–11‐year‐olds). They were first confronted with four hypothetical antisocial scenarios and were then asked to engage in a task measuring gain‐perception/cost‐construction for each one. Children's responses showed that they are more likely with age to consider prototypical antisocial acts (e.g. stealing, pushing) in terms of cost‐construction and negation than gain‐perception and affirmation. In addition to supporting the hypothesized prediction, this finding may turn out to be of value in the design of further research and provide a better understanding of some developmental aspects reported in the literature on children's antisocial behaviour.
The role of eye‐gaze in understanding other minds
Authors: Pellicano Elizabeth , Rhodes Gillian
Published: February 2003

From an early age, infants are sensitive to eye‐gaze direction. This study examined Baron‐Cohen's (1994, 1995) claim that the ability to use eye‐gaze plays a crucial role in the child's developing understanding of other minds. Children aged 3 and 4 years participated in a face‐reading task, which assessed their capacity to infer mental states from a character's direction of eye‐gaze, and in a false‐belief task. As predicted, no child passed the false‐belief task without prior success on the face‐reading task. However, contrary to a central claim within Baron‐Cohen's model of mind‐reading, presentation of an eye‐gaze cue in the false‐belief task did not enhance children's performance. Furthermore, children did not solely rely on eye‐gaze as a cue, but used another directional cue (an arrow) in inferring a character's desire and intention. These results question the special role of eye‐gaze in the child's developing ability to mind‐read.
Sibling conflict and theory of mind
Authors: Foote Rachel C. , Holmes‐Lonergan Heather A.
Published: February 2003

This study examined conflicts between siblings in an attempt to identify variables that are related to false‐belief understanding. The variables investigated were children's use of mental state terms and specific types of arguments (Slomkowski & Dunn, 1992) that occurred during conflict episodes. Twenty‐two children between 3 and 5 years of age were administered eight false‐belief tasks and were also videotaped while playing with an older sibling. Use of other‐oriented arguments by the target child was significantly associated with success on false‐belief tasks after controlling for age and general language ability. No use of argument was negatively related to performance on the false‐belief tasks after controlling for age and general language ability. Neither the use of self‐oriented arguments nor use of mental state terms was found to be associated with false‐belief performance. The findings indicate that specific features of sibling conflicts are related to children's developing false‐belief understanding.
Dimensions of executive functioning: Evidence from children
Authors: Lehto Juhani E. , Juujärvi Petri , Kooistra Libbe , Pulkkinen Lea
Published: February 2003

This study investigated dimensions of executive functioning in 8‐ to 13‐year‐old children. Three tasks from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), two tasks from the NEPSY battery and some additional executive function (EF) tests were administered to 108 children. In line with earlier work, modest correlations among EF measures were obtained (r < .4). Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses yielded three interrelated factors, which resembled those obtained by Miyake et al. (2000) and which were—with some reservations—labelled Working Memory (WM), Inhibition and Shifting. Age correlated with performance on most individual EF measures as well as Shifting and WM. The present findings are in agreement with contemporary views as to the simultaneous unity and diversity of EFs.
What predicts fathers' involvement with their children? A prospective study of intact families
Authors: Flouri Eirini , Buchanan Ann
Published: February 2003

This study used longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study to explore factors associated with aspects of fathers' involvement with their children at age 7, 11 and 16 years in intact families. Father involvement was predicted by different factors at different ages but generally it was continuous and multidimensional, and strongly associated with mother involvement. Low parental socio‐economic status and child behaviour problems were negatively related to father involvement at age 7. With older children, father involvement was inversely related to family size and poor school performance. Financial difficulties in the family were not related to father involvement at either age. Domestic tension was negatively related to certain aspects of fathers' involvement with younger children. Father's education was generally related to father's involvement but maternal employment was only related to low father‐interest in child's education at age 7 and 11 years.
The role of target gender and race in children's encoding of category‐neutral person information
Authors: Bennett Mark , Sani Fabio
Published: February 2003

Two studies are reported that examine whether children encode category‐neutral information about target persons with respect to gender and race categories. In Study 1, using a semi‐naturalistic adaptation of the ‘who said what?’ technique (Taylor, Fiske, Etcoff, & Ruderman, 1978), children of 5, 8 and 11 years were asked to recall peers' choices in a preference task. For all three age groups, significantly more within‐sex than between‐sex confusions were found, indicating that children had encoded neutral information about targets with respect to their sex. In Study 2, 5‐, 8‐ and 11‐year‐old children were presented with a conventional ‘who said what?’ task in which they were shown four photographs, two of black children and two of white children, along with 16 statements attributed to the target children (i.e. four statements to each child). Following this, 16 statement cards had to be assigned to photographs of the four target persons to indicate ‘who said what’. Across all age groups there were significantly more within‐ than between‐race confusions. The evidence from these two studies indicates that even for category‐neutral information, gender and race play an important role in children's initial encoding of others' behaviour.
On the assumption of fixity in children's stereotypes: A reappraisal
Authors: Sani Fabio , Bennett Mark , Mullally Sinéad , MacPherson Jaime
Published: February 2003

According to self‐categorization theory (Oakes, Haslam, & Turner, 1994), stereotypes vary to reflect variations in the comparative context within which they are formed. In this study we explore stereotype variability in a sample of 5‐ and 7‐year‐old children. Participants described a specific out‐group, and then described the in‐group (that is ‘boys’ or ‘girls’, depending on the sex of the participant). Description was provided by judging the proportion of group members to whom each trait from a list was seen as applicable. There were two experimental conditions: in the first condition the outgroup was represented by adult ‘men’ if participants were boys, or by adult ‘women’ if participants were girls. In the second condition the out‐group was represented by ‘girls’, if participants were boys, or by ‘boys’, if participants were girls. Descriptions of the in‐group were found to differ significantly with changes in the frame of reference amongst both 5‐ and 7‐year‐olds, though more for boys than girls. Overall, such findings challenge the widely held view that stereotypes are endemically stable cognitive structures.
Recognizing people from the inner or outer parts of their faces: Developmental data concerning ‘unfamiliar’ faces
Authors: Want Stephen C. , Pascalis Olivier , Coleman Mike , Blades Mark
Published: February 2003

Existing data demonstrate a developmental trend in the way in which highly familiar faces are recognized, such that young children rely more on the outer facial features (the hairline, chin and ears) than the inner facial features (the eyes, nose and mouth) and adults demonstrate the reverse pattern. However, little is known about the developmental pattern of importance of inner and outer facial features for recognizing people who are not highly familiar. Here we report a study which attempts to describe this pattern. Using a two‐alternative forced‐choice procedure, we presented 5‐, 7‐, and 9‐year‐olds and adults (N = 22 in each group) with the task of recognizing an experimentally familiarized face (initially seen in a short video) from a still picture of either the whole face, just the inner, or just the outer parts. The results showed that, for all ages, recognition was faster (and in most cases, more accurate) for outer features alone than for inner features alone (and was fastest for whole faces). These data demonstrate the importance of outer facial features for the recognition of relatively unfamiliar faces. Taken together with previous findings, they enhance our picture of the effects of age and experience with individual faces on recognition and configural processing.
The effects of the child with Down syndrome on maternal stress
Authors: Hodapp Robert M. , Ricci Leila A. , Ly Tran M. , Fidler Deborah J.
Published: February 2003

This article examines the nature and correlates of stress in mothers of children with Down syndrome. In the first part of our study, we compared 27 mothers of children with Down syndrome with 15 mothers of children with heterogeneous causes of learning difficulty. Using Abidin's (1995) Parenting Stress Index (PSI), mothers in the Down syndrome group reported lower total child‐related stress levels, particularly concerning the degree to which the mother considers the child acceptable and reinforcing. In the second part, we identified predictors of stress in mothers of children and adolescents with Down syndrome (N = 37). Children's behaviour problems related to higher levels of overall and specific domains of child‐related stress, and children who were reported as being more cheerful and outgoing had parents who judged their offspring as more acceptable and reinforcing. Mothers also rated their children as less reinforcing when offspring were older.
Current management status and spatial utilization characteristics of day‐service‐centers that can provide Chinese language service in Japan
Authors: Ding Wenlei , Matsubara Shigeki , Kita Michihiro
Published: January 2024

This study seeks to clarify nationwide management status and spatial utilization characteristics of day‐service‐centers that can provide Chinese language service in Japan. A comprehensive survey was conducted through mail questionnaires targeting the 115 day‐service‐centers that can provide Chinese language service in Japan, with the objective of explicating their current operational and utilization situations. Additionally, field behavioral observation surveys were carried out in 2 day‐service‐centers, 1 is for Chinese people in Japan or Japanese people from China and the other is for Japanese people. The purpose was to identify the behavioral difference between Chinese users and Japanese users and identify the spatial utilization characteristics in 2 day‐service‐centers.
Essential Fatty Acids and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Felson David T. , Misra Devyani , LaValley Michael , Clancy Margaret , Rabasa Gabriela , Lichtenstein Alice , Matthan Nirupa , Torner James , Lewis Cora E. , Nevitt Michael C. ,   for the MOST Study Investigators
Published: January 2024

Objective

Inflammation worsens joint destruction in osteoarthritis (OA) and aggravates pain. Although n‐3 fatty acids reduce inflammation, different n‐3 fatty acids have different effects on inflammation and clinical outcomes, with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) having the strongest effect. We examined whether specific essential fatty acid levels affected the development of OA.

Methods

We studied participants from the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) at risk of developing knee OA. As part of MOST, participants were asked repeatedly about knee pain, and knee radiographs and magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were obtained. Using baseline fasting samples, we analyzed serum fatty acids with standard assays. After excluding participants with baseline OA, we defined two sets of cases based on their status through 60 months’ follow‐up: those developing incident radiographic OA and those developing incident symptomatic OA (knee pain and radiographic OA). Controls did not develop these outcomes. Additionally, we examined worsening of MRI cartilage damage and synovitis and worsening knee pain and evaluated the number of hand joints affected by nodules. In regression models, we tested the association of each OA outcome with levels of specific n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, education, physical activity, race, baseline pain, smoking, statin use, and depressive symptoms.

Results

We studied 363 cases with incident symptomatic knee OA and 295 with incident radiographic knee OA. The mean age was 62 years (59% women). We found no associations of specific n‐3 fatty acid levels, including EPA, or of n‐6 fatty acid levels with incident OA (eg, for incident symptomatic knee OA, the odds ratio per SD increase in EPA was 1.0 [95% confidence interval 0.87–1.17]). Results for other OA outcomes also failed to suggest a protective effect of specific n‐3 fatty acids with OA outcomes.

Conclusion

We found no association of serum levels of EPA or of other specific n‐3 fatty acids or n‐6 fatty acids with risk of incident knee OA or other OA outcomes.