bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rigid Oxygen‐Bridged Boron‐Based Blue Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter for Organic Light‐Emitting Diode: Approach towards Satisfying High Efficiency and Long Lifetime Together
Authors: Ahn Dae Hyun , Maeng Jee Hyun , Lee Hyuna , Yoo Hanjong , Lampande Raju , Lee Ju Young , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: April 2020

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have emerged as an efficient emitter for achieving high efficiency of blue organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, it is challenging to satisfy both high device efficiency and long operational lifetime together. Here, highly efficient and electrochemically stable blue TADF emitter, 5‐(5,9‐dioxa‐13b‐boranaphtho[3,2,1‐de]anthracen‐7‐yl)‐10,15‐diphenyl‐10,15‐dihydro‐5H‐diindolo[3,2‐a:3′,2′‐c]carbazole (DBA‐DI) is designed and synthesized for high efficiency and long lifetime OLED. This emitter exhibits high photoluminescence quantum yield of 95.3%, small single‐triplet energy gap of 0.03 eV, short delayed exciton lifetime of 1.25 µs, and high bond dissociation energy (BDE). Also, phosphine oxide free high triplet energy host systems (single and mixed) and exciton blocking layer materials are analyzed using molecular and optical simulations to find an efficient host system with high BDE and suitable emission zone for high efficiency and stable OLEDs. The fabricated OLED with DBA‐DI and high triplet host exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 28.1% with blue CIE color coordinates of (0.16, 0.39) and long operational lifetime (LT50) of 329 h at the initial luminance of 1000 cd m−2. Furthermore, the mixed host‐based TADF device showed a slightly lower EQE of 26.4% and almost two times longer lifetime (LT50: 540 h) than the single host device.
Uniformity control and ultra‐micropore development of tubular carbon membrane for light gas separation
Authors: Li Jing‐Yi , Cheng Po‐Yu , Lin Min‐Der , Wey Ming‐Yen , Tseng Hui‐Hsin
Published: April 2020

Tubular carbon molecular sieve (CMS) membranes have been recognized as a potential module for commercial application due to its high mechanical strength and large surface area. However, the carbon layer uniformity was restricted by substrate texture and dope fluidity when the dip‐coating method was used. This study evaluated the influence of various parameters of dip‐coating with an integrated vacuum‐assisted system, including solvent vaporization rates, vertical immersion/withdrawal velocity, vacuum degree, dope composition, coating cycles on the microstructure, and gas separation performance of CMS membranes. Using vacuum assistance and a low‐vaporization solvent minimized the influence of viscosity and gravity on dope fluidity as a result of fast phase inversion. The as‐prepared tubular CMS membranes showed enhanced perm‐selectivity according to a H2/N2 gas selectivity of 8.8, a CO2/N2 gas selectivity of 6.7, a H2 permeability of 464 barrer, and a CO2 permeability of 356 barrer.
Is the middle cranial fossa a reliable predictor of temporal lobe volume in extant and fossil anthropoids?
Authors: Pearson Alannah , Polly P. David , Bruner Emiliano
Published: April 2020

Objectives

We investigate the suitability of middle cranial fossa (MCF) size as a proxy for temporal lobe volume (TLV), examining the strength of the association between TLV and MCF metrics and assess the reliability predicting TLV in fossil anthropoids. The temporal lobe of the primate brain is a multimodal association cortex involved in long‐term memory, auditory, and visual processing with unique specializations in modern humans for language comprehension. The MCF is the bony counterpart for the temporal lobe providing inferences for fossil hominin temporal lobe evolution. We now investigate whether the MCF is a suitable proxy for the temporal lobe.

Methods

A sample of 23 anthropoid species (n = 232, including 13 fossil species) from computed tomography (CT) scans of ex vivo crania and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the in vivo brain were generated into three‐dimensional (3D) virtual models. Seven linear metrics were digitally measured on the right MCF with right TLV calculated from in vivo MRI.

Results

Regression analyses produced statistically significant correlations between TLV and all MCF metrics (r ≥ 0.85; p ≤ 0.0009) with TLV predictions within ±1 standard error and three MCF metrics (posterior‐width, mid‐length, and mid‐width) the most reliable predictors of TLV with only one metric weakly associated with TLV.

Discussion

These findings indicate a strong association between the MCF and TLV, provide reliable predictors of fossil TLV that were previously unattainable, allow the inclusion of fragmentary fossil material, and enable inferences into the emergence of modern human temporal lobe morphology.
The 9‐Borataphenanthrene Anion
Authors: Bartholome Tyler A. , Kaur Aishvaryadeep , Wilson David J. D. , Dutton Jason L. , Martin Caleb D.
Published: April 2020

The 9‐borataphenanthrene anion is easily accessed by deprotonation of a 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐boraphenanthrene and its diverse reactivity is investigated. Alkylation occurs at the carbon atom adjacent to boron, and room temperature hydroboration occurs across the B=C bond. The π‐manifold of the central BC5 ring coordinates to chromium in an η6 fashion while only the B=C unit binds η2 to gold, indicating versatility of the 9‐borataphenanthrene anion as a ligand. Supporting calculations rationalize the reactivity and aromaticity is corroborated by nucleus‐independent chemical shift (NICS) indices.
A Two‐Dimensional Mesoporous Polypyrrole–Graphene Oxide Heterostructure as a Dual‐Functional Ion Redistributor for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Shi Haodong , Qin Jieqiong , Huang Kai , Lu Pengfei , Zhang Chuanfang (John) , Dong Yanfeng , Ye Mao , Liu Zhongmin , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: April 2020

Guiding the lithium ion (Li‐ion) transport for homogeneous, dispersive distribution is crucial for dendrite‐free Li anodes with high current density and long‐term cyclability, but remains challenging for the unavailable well‐designed nanostructures. Herein, we propose a two‐dimensional (2D) heterostructure composed of defective graphene oxide (GO) clipped on mesoporous polypyrrole (mPPy) as a dual‐functional Li‐ion redistributor to regulate the stepwise Li‐ion distribution and Li deposition for extremely stable, dendrite‐free Li anodes. Owing to the synergy between the Li‐ion transport nanochannels of mPPy and the Li‐ion nanosieves of defective GO, the 2D mPPy‐GO heterostructure achieves ultralong cycling stability (1000 cycles), even tests at 0 and 50 °C, and an ultralow overpotential of 70 mV at a high current density of 10.0 mA cm−2, outperforming most reported Li anodes. Furthermore, mPPy‐GO‐Li/LiCoO2 full batteries demonstrate remarkably enhanced performance with a capacity retention of >90 % after 450 cycles. Therefore, this work opens many opportunities for creating 2D heterostructures for high‐energy‐density Li metal batteries.
Investigation of Structural Evolution of SnO2 Nanosheets towards Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Li Xiaogang , Dou Shuo , Wang Jiong , Wang Xin
Published: April 2020

In‐depth understanding of the catalytic active sites is of paramount importance for the design of efficient electrocatalysts for CO2 conversion. Here we highlight the structural evolution of SnO2 nanosheets for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. The transformation of SnO2 into metallic Sn would occur on the surface of catalyst during the catalytic process, followed by enhanced selectivity and activity for the conversion of CO2 to HCOOH. Electrocatalytic characterization and structural analysis demonstrate that the metallic Sn derived from structural evolution plays a dominant role in the CO2 reduction to HCOOH. This work deepens the understanding of the catalytic mechanism and provides a new pathway for the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction.
Sulfur‐Doped Carbon‐Wrapped Heterogeneous Fe3O4/Fe7S8/C Nanoplates as Stable Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Kang , Kong Xiangzhong , Xie Xuefang , Chen Jing , Cao Xinxin , Liang Shuquan , Pan Anqiang
Published: April 2020

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Prof. Anqiang Pan at Central South University (P.R. China). The cover design is inspired by lotus petals and illustrates the morphology of the sulfur‐doped carbon wrapped heterogeneous Fe3O4/Fe7S8/C nanoplates. The excellent electrochemical performance can be attributed to the carbonaceous porous nanoplates structure, smaller crystallites and binary boundaries of Fe3O4/Fe7S8/C. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/batt.201900134.
Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production
Authors: Etim Anietie O. , Musonge Paul , Eloka‐Eboka Andrew C.
Published: April 2020

Biodiesel has the potential to contribute significantly to the elimination of the present global energy and climate change logjam, but its production and commercialization have been hindered by the diverse nature of the feedstocks used for production. This paper reviews the effectiveness of applying various types of crop and animal waste‐derived catalysts together with innovative feedstock hybridization as an economically viable technique for biodiesel production. Feedstock challenges, availability, and sustainability for large‐scale applications are addressed with a view to bridging the existing gaps. Challenges in the use of edible oils and algae oil sources and development remain, but the technique of feedstock hybridization appears to be very promising, innovative, and cost‐effective for biodiesel production. The present state of biodiesel production could be improved by the application of simple and cost‐effective technologies in the feedstock system. High free fatty acid (FFA) content is the major hurdle to the use of most oils, especially low‐grade/advanced oil feedstocks, in biodiesel production. This could be addressed through technological application of feedstock hybrids and biogenic waste‐derived heterogenous catalysts, and their biochemical modifications. Conventional technology for the large‐scale application of inorganically derived catalysts in biodiesel production with various characteristic differences is presented. Heterogenous catalysts derived from biogenic wastes and their modification could be used to overcome associated problems with the use of inorganic catalysts in biodiesel production. Biogenic waste‐derived heterogenous catalysts are renewable, available, eco‐friendly, and cost‐effective. Technological applications of heterogeneous catalysts derived from biogenic waste are outlined and reviewed, considering various materials and different modification techniques to identify appropriate options for scaling up development. This review also discusses fundamental considerations for the exploitation of feedstock hybrids to optimize biodiesel production and its sustainable development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A meta‐analysis of the effectiveness of Yangxue Qingnao granules for the treatment of chronic cerebral circulation insufficiency
Authors: Jia Yujuan , Wang Jie , Hou Yuli
Published: April 2020

Objective

Yangxue Qingnao granules (YXQNG), which translates to granules that tonify the blood and clear liver heat, are widely available in China for the treatment of Chronic Cerebral Circulation Insufficiency (CCCI). This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of YXQNG in treating CCCI.

Methods

PubMed, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and the Wanfang Database were searched from their inception to February 2019. Randomized controlled trials of YXQNG used alone or in combination with other drugs against a placebo, with no intervention or used with other drugs in CCCI patients were identified. The reviewers identified studies, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the evidence, independently and in duplicate. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used for quality assessment.

Results

A total of 31 RCTs and 2,877 patients were selected. The meta‐analysis indicated that the ratio between the combined RR of the total effective rate and the 95% confidential interval (95% CI) was 1.21 (1.17, 1.26). The combined MD of transcranial Doppler (TCD) detecting carotid artery, vertebral artery, and basilar artery blood flows (95% CI), respectively, were 8.84 (5.83, 11.85), 4.72 (3.71, 5.73), and 3.89 (3.03, 4.76). The combined MD of plasma viscosity and fibrinogen, respectively, were −0.35 (−0.40, −0.30) and −0.81 (−1.12, −0.50). Serious adverse effects were not reported in all the included trials.

Conclusion

This systematic review revealed that YXQNG could increase cerebral blood flow in patients with CCCI and improve their symptoms, with no serious adverse effects. Since the literature reviewed was affected by factors such as lower quality of the included studies, the systematic evaluation's conclusion is not very reliable. Thus, more rigorously designed trials are needed.
Electroanalysis of Cefadroxil Antibiotic at Carbon Nanotube/Gold Nanoparticle Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Sanz Caroline G. , Serrano Silvia H. P. , Brett Christopher M. A.
Published: April 2020

The electrochemical characterization and determination of the antibiotic cefadroxil were carried out at multi‐walled carbon nanotube (CNT) and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE). Oxidation of the phenol moiety of cefadroxil occurred at slightly less‐positive potentials and with a higher current response than at bare GCE. Differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the architecture combining CNT and AuNP surface modification is the best in pH 7 buffer solution. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated good coverage of the AuNPs on the CNTs. The fixed potential amperometric determination of cefadroxil was carried out at +0.74 V vs Ag/AgCl with a limit of detection of 0.22 μM. Analysis of cefadroxil in commercial samples presented high recovery values and the amount of the pharmaceutical in each capsule was in excellent agreement with that measured by UV/Vis spectroscopy.
Influence of Anion Chaotropicity on the SO2 Oxidation Reaction: When Spectator Species Determine the Reaction Pathway
Authors: Dourado André H. B. , Silva Norberto A. , Munhos Renan L. , Del Colle Vinicius , Arenz Matthias , Varela Hamilton , Córdoba de Torresi Susana I.
Published: April 2020

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Prof. Susana I. Córdoba de Torresi from Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil). The cover picture shows SO2 oxidation and the interfacial water dependence. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201902122.
Dual‐Function Sacrificing Template‐Directed Strategy for Constructing Hollow and Core‐Shell Nonstoichiometric Fe1–xS@C Microspheres Exhibiting Ultrafast Sodium Storage
Authors: Liu Lixia , Yuan Jianmei , Shang Xuefang
Published: April 2020

Nanostructure design and surface engineering are considered to not only improve the conductivity and buffer the severe volume expansion, but also prevent discharge products dissolving into the electrolyte, boosting the sodium storage performances of iron sulfides. Herein, we developed a dual‐function sacrificing template‐engaged strategy to construct hollow and core‐shell Fe1–xS‐based microspheres (labeled as Fe1–xS@C). Benefiting from its unique structural feature, the Fe1–xS@C composite, as a anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, delivers a high specific capacity of about 700 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 100 cycles and an excellent rate capability of 444 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1. Impressively, such a strategy can be further extended to prepare hollow and core‐shell NiS@C spheres with slight modifications.
Infixing NiS2 nanospheres into a three‐dimensional rGO/CNTs‐Li carbon composite as superior electrocatalyst for high‐performance Li−S batteries
Authors: Wang Juan , Xu Jie , Tang Weiqiang , Niu Dongfang , Zhao Shuangliang , Hu Shuozhen , Zhang Xinsheng
Published: April 2020

A novel flexible three‐dimensional (3D) architecture of lithiated carbon nanotubes (CNTs‐Li) interlacing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) loaded with NiS2 (denoted as NiS2@rGO/CNTs‐Li) was rationally designed and implemented as interlayer with dual functions to suppress lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) shuttle and enhance redox kinetics for high‐performance Li−S batteries. In our design, the introduced rGO and CNTs‐Li serve as the conductive skeleton for facilitating the fast electron/ion transfer, while the infixing NiS2 catalyst could synchronously entrap the soluble LiPSs and speed up their interconversion. The chemical interaction between NiS2 and LiPSs and the redox kinetics were probed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and electrochemical measurements, respectively. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of 3D conductive skeleton and polar NiS2 catalyst, the cell with the NiS2@rGO/CNTs‐Li modified separator exhibits a high initial capacity of 1515 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C and an excellent long‐term cycling stability up to 600 cycles with a low decay rate of 0.071% at 2.0 C.
The Effect of CYP3A Induction and Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of Laquinimod, a Novel Neuroimmunomodulator
Authors: Elgart Anna , Greenblatt David J. , Loupe Pippa S. , Zur Arik A. , Weiss Sivan , Mimrod Dorit , Spiegelstein Ofer
Published: April 2020

Laquinimod, a neuroimmunomodulator, is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4, and modulations of CYP3A4 activity may lead to alterations in the pharmacokinetics and/or clinical effects of laquinimod. To determine the drug‐drug interaction potential of laquinimod with CYP3A inhibitors and inducers, interaction assessments were conducted in healthy volunteers using single‐dose administration of laquinimod before and after multiple dosing of CYP3A inhibitors (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and cimetidine) or a CYP3A4 inducer (rifampin). For ketoconazole, subjects (n = 14) received laquinimod 0.6 mg following 1 day of ketoconazole (400 mg daily) pretreatment, a single concomitant dose, and 28 additional days. For fluconazole, subjects (n = 14) received laquinimod 0.6 mg after a single fluconazole dose of 400 mg followed by 200‐mg daily fluconazole administration for 20 additional days. For cimetidine, subjects (n = 14) received laquinimod 0.6 mg following 1 day of cimetidine (800 mg twice daily) pretreatment, a single concomitant dose, and 21 additional days. For rifampin, subjects (n = 14) received laquinimod 0.6 mg following 9 days of rifampin (600 mg daily) pretreatment, a single concomitant dose, and 12 additional days. Coadministration of laquinimod with CYP3A inhibitors, ketoconazole, fluconazole, and cimetidine increased laquinimod area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity by approximately 3.1‐, 2.5‐, and 1.1‐fold, respectively. Coadministration of laquinimod with rifampin decreased laquinimod area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time zero to infinity by 5‐fold. These results indicate that coadministration of laquinimod with moderate to strong inhibitors of CYP3A or strong inducers of CYP3A may give rise to significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions.
The Efficacy, Safety, and Immunogenicity of Switching Between Reference Biopharmaceuticals and Biosimilars: A Systematic Review
Authors: Barbier Liese , Ebbers Hans C. , Declerck Paul , Simoens Steven , Vulto Arnold G. , Huys Isabelle
Published: April 2020

To date, no consensus exists among stakeholders about switching patients between reference biological products (RPs) and biosimilars, which may have been curbing the implementation of biosimilars in clinical practice. This study synthesizes the available data on switching and assesses whether switching patients from a RP to its biosimilar or vice versa affects efficacy, safety, or immunogenicity outcomes. A total of 178 studies, in which switch outcomes from a RP to a biosimilar were reported, was identified. Data were derived from both randomized controlled trials and real‐world evidence. Despite the limitations stemming from a lack of a robust design for most of the studies, the available switching data do not indicate that switching from a RP to a biosimilar is associated with any major efficacy, safety, or immunogenicity issues. Some open‐label and observational studies reported increased discontinuation rates after switching, which were mainly attributed to nocebo effects. Involvement of the prescriber in any decision to switch should remain and attention should be paid to the mitigation of a potential nocebo effect.
The Effect of Coupling Mode in the Vibrational Strong Coupling Regime
Authors: Hertzog Manuel , Börjesson Karl
Published: April 2020

Hybrid light‐matter states, known as polaritons, are the result of strong coupling between light and matter. The formation of polaritons yields a new method to tune the energetics of molecular systems, thus enabling the modification of physical and chemical properties without the need for chemical synthesis. To date, only proof‐of‐principle studies have been demonstrated, and, to increase the relevance of earlier achievements, bridging the gap between quantum electrodynamic length scales and chemical synthesis length scales is necessary. In the present study, we show that the coupling strength of the light‐matter interaction is independent of the thickness of the Fabry‐Pérot cavity used, and that the energy dissipation rate falls with increasing cavity thickness. Using planar microcavities of different thicknesses, we have shown that the size of the cavities can be upscaled without reducing the strength of the strong interaction between light and matter. This can be done up to a length scale commonly used in flow chemistry, thus paving the way for a new optofluidic method that may help to overcome challenges in organic chemistry.
Blue LED‐Promoted Oxathiacetalization of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Liu You‐Chen , Reddy Daggula Mallikarjuna , Chen Xin‐An , Shieh Yi‐Chen , Lee Chin‐Fa
Published: April 2020

In synthetic chemistry, the protection of aldehydes and ketones is crucial during multistep synthesis of complex molecules. Organic chemists have paid substantial attention to the synthesis of 1,3‐oxathiolanes and 1,3‐oxathianes because of their considerable stability under acidic conditions and ease of removal of protecting groups. In this paper, we report the mild and efficient oxathiacetalization of aldehydes with 2‐mercaptoethanol and 3‐mercaptopropan‐1‐ol through visible‐light‐promoted eosin‐Y catalyzed C–S and C–O bond formation at ambient temperature under metal‐free conditions. This catalytic system also affords oxathiacetalization of ketones through photoredox catalysis.
An Energy Harvester for Low‐Frequency Electrical Signals
Authors: Wang Xin , Wilson Peter R. , Leite Ricardo B. , Chen Guiyou , Freitas Helena , Asadi Kamal , Smits Edsger C. P. , Katsouras Ilias , Rocha Paulo R. F.
Published: April 2020

Generating electricity from low‐frequency mechanical agitations produced by ocean waves, plants, or human motion is emerging as a key, environmentally friendly technology in combating harmful emissions caused by burning fossil fuels. The electric pulses generated by the appropriate transducers, such as triboelectric or piezoelectric generators, have to be rectified and stored in a sustainable external circuit. The bottleneck, however, is the harvesting circuitry, which relies on rather expensive up‐conversion oscillation technologies. Such circuits are primarily designed and optimized for frequencies well above the kHz range, much higher than the aforementioned mechanical stimuli, and are therefore energy demanding. Herein, a sustainable energy harvester is developed that alleviates the need for using up‐conversion and allows efficient harvesting of energy from low‐frequency voltage pulses, such as the ones typically generated by triboelectric or piezoelectric generators. The resonant circuit is designed to match overall response originating from such low‐frequency oscillating energy sources. The design enables the harvester to be operable at frequencies as low as 1 Hz. Computer aided design simulations are demonstrated, which are miniaturized harvesters on a printed‐circuit board using low‐cost components, and scalability of the proposed design is discussed, which paves the way to affordable, efficient, and sustainable low‐cost energy solutions.
Experimental and numerical investigation of roadheader for breaking rock containing predrill holes
Authors: Liu Zenghui , Ni Fusheng , Wei Changyun , Li Hongbin
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of a roadheader for breaking rocks containing different numbers and sizes of predrill holes. A series of experiments was performed to quantitatively measure the cutting torque, thrust force, and specific energy during the cutting of a cutterhead. Experimental results show that the cutting torque, thrust force, and specific energy decrease as the number of predrill holes increases. When the number of predrill holes is nine, type 9‐2 exhibits the minimum cutting load and specific energy. In addition, three‐dimensional numerical simulations were conducted using LS‐DYNA software, and the results were further validated with experimental data. Numerical results reveal that the confining pressure has significantly affected the rock‐breaking process, and under the confining pressure of 10 MPa, values of the cutting torque and thrust force are 8.9% and 8.6% higher than those without confining pressure. The optimal diameter of the predrill holes is set as 12.5% of the maximum diameter of the cutterhead. Furthermore, the number of the holes is set as six, that is, one central hole and five circumferential holes, with a diameter of 45 mm according to the arrangement of type 6‐1.
Karawankentunnel Nord, Konzept und Ausführung eines BIM‐Pilotprojekts
Authors: Cudrigh‐Maislinger Susanna , Hruschka Sabine , Niedermoser Christoph , Torggler Nathan , Steiner Peter
Published: April 2020

The BIM pilot project for the Karawanken Tunnel North consists of three main components, 3D modeling of the geological prognosis and actual conditions, the inner lining and inner components of the tunnel and the portal building and road elements at the portal. The pilot project was started when the preliminary design of the tunnel was already done. Only the portal building was done in BIM from the beginning. For the tunnel lining, the 3D modeling, quantity check and simplified 4D and 5D procedures together with the contractor were the main issues. A major effort had to be invested into data structuring following IFC and Asfinag requirements. Currently the tunnel is being advanced. Regular workshops are held to re‐define the project targets and improve the achievement of the pilot project.
The impact of museum interpretation tour on visitors' engagement and post‐visit conservation intentions and behaviours
Authors: Pan Yi‐Ting , Yang Kuay‐Keng , Wilson Kimberley , Hong Zuway‐R , Lin Huann‐shyang
Published: April 2020

This study investigated the effect of marine museum interpretation on visitors' learning engagement and post‐visit behaviours. On‐site survey, follow‐up online survey and interview were used for data collection. Structural equation modelling was utilised to analyse the quantitative data. Additional classification of data from the open‐ended questions and interviews provided more detailed insights into the quantitative findings. Overall, this study revealed that a short interpretation tour experience has the potential to create long lasting impacts on visitors' pro‐environmental behaviours. The findings support the practical implication of using interactive interpretation for promoting visitors' pro‐environmental attitudes and behaviours.
β‐Cypermethrin Alleviated the Inhibitory Effect of Medium from RAW 264.7 Cells on 3T3‐L1 Cell Maturation into Adipocytes
Authors: He Bingnan , Wang Xia , Jin Xini , Xue Zimeng , Ni Yinhua , Zhu Jianbo , Wang Caiyun , Jin Yuanxiang , Fu Zhengwei
Published: April 2020

Studies have elucidated that pyrethroids induce adipogenesis. It is also known that macrophages can affect the homeostasis of adipose tissue. However, whether and how the β‐cypermethrin (β‐CYP)‐mediated inhibition of the macrophages affects adipogenesis remain unknown. To explore the effects of β‐CYP on adipogenesis through modulating the function of macrophages, 3T3‐L1 cells, a preadipocyte cell line, were exposed to culture medium from either RAW 264.7 cells, a macrophage cell line (RM), or β‐CYP‐treated RAW 264.7 cells (CRM). CRM decreased the inhibitory effects of RM treatment on cell proliferation and adipogenesis, as lipid accumulation, the CEBPA content, and Fasn and Acaca expression in 3T3‐L1 cells were higher following CRM treatment than following RM treatment through the higher levels of the demethylated CEBPA promoter in 3T3‐L1 cells. However, the medium from β‐CYP‐ and N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine‐cotreated RAW 264.7 cells (CNRM) partially restored the inhibitory effects of RAW 264.7 cells on 3T3‐L1 cells that had been reduced by CRM, indicating that β‐CYP might reduce the cytotoxicity and inhibitory effects of RAW 264.7 cells on the adipogenesis of 3T3‐L1 cells through elevating ROS levels in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, exposure to β‐CYP downregulated the TNF‐α secretion in RAW 264.7 cells. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that β‐CYP affected the function of RAW 264.7 cells, alleviating their inhibitory effects on adipogenesis and CEBPA demethylation in 3T3‐L1 cells. β‐CYP might achieve these effects through downregulating the secretion of TNF‐α via elevating ROS levels in RAW 264.7 cells. Our experiments provide a new perspective on the obesogenic effect of pyrethroids.
Micromechanical Properties of Microstructured Elastomeric Hydrogels
Authors: Lau Hang Kuen , Rattan Shruti , Fu Hongbo , Garcia Cristobal G. , Barber Dylan M. , Kiick Kristi L. , Crosby Alfred J.
Published: April 2020

Local, micromechanical environment is known to influence cellular function in heterogeneous hydrogels, and knowledge gained in micromechanics will facilitate the improved design of biomaterials for tissue regeneration. In this study, a system comprising microstructured resilin‐like polypeptide (RLP)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels is utilized. The micromechanical properties of RLP‐PEG hydrogels are evaluated with oscillatory shear rheometry, compression dynamic mechanic analysis, small‐strain microindentation, and large‐strain indentation and puncture over a range of different deformation length scales. The measured elastic moduli are consistent with volume averaging models, indicating that volume fraction, not domain size, plays a dominant role in determining the low strain mechanical response. Large‐strain indentation under a confocal microscope enables the visualization of the microstructured hydrogel micromechanical deformation, emphasizing the translation, rotation, and deformation of RLP‐rich domains. The fracture initiation energy results demonstrate that failure of the composite hydrogels is controlled by the RLP‐rich phase, and their independence with domain size suggested that failure initiation is controlled by multiple domains within the strained volume. This approach and findings provide new quantitative insight into the micromechanical response of soft hydrogel composites and highlight the opportunities in employing these methods to understand the physical origins of mechanical properties of soft synthetic and biological materials.
Does temperature influence the carbon index? Evidences from India
Authors: Kathiravan Chinnadurai , Selvam Murugesan , Maniam Balasundram , Venkateswar Sankaran , Sigo Marxia Oli
Published: April 2020

The present study investigates the impact of temperature, on the returns of the Carbon Index, otherwise called BSE GREENEX in India. The study employed the secondary data of temperature in five sample cities (Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata, and Mumbai), and the BSE GREENEX in India. Statistical tools like Descriptive Statistics, Unit Root, OLS Regression Test, and Granger Causality Test, were used. This study would be useful for the investors to make green investment in India.
AES and XRF Based Comparative Evaluation of Metallic Constituents at Trace and Minor Levels in Contaminated Neoprene Gauntlets and Cellulosic Materials
Authors: Sengupta Arijit , Rajeswari B  , Mahadeo Kadam Ramakant
Published: April 2020

Conventional characterization of plutonium contaminated neoprene gauntlets and cellulosic materials are highly difficult not only due to the non‐geometric and unconventional nature of the sample, but also the radio‐toxicity associated with them. An analytical method based on direct current arc atomic emission spectrometric (D.C.Arc AES) technique was developed for direct determination of 22 metallic impurities in contaminated neoprene gauntlets and cellulose samples. The samples were incinerated to powder form and analyzed against seven point standardization using graphite standards. The interference free best performed emission lines of the analytes were chosen as the analytical lines for establishing the calibration curves required for their estimation. The linear dynamic range, sensitivity, detection limit, precession associated with these analytical lines were evaluated in the graphite matrix. Energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry has also been employed for comparative evaluation of the analytical performance of the developed AES based method as well as analysis of the actual samples. D.C.Arc AES based method was found to have 20% precession, while that for EDXRF was 10%. However, elements with lower Z values and lower concentration can only be determined by AES.
An Organic Nanofibrous Polymeric Composite for Ratiometric Detection of Diethyl Chlorophosphate (DCP) in Solution and Vapor
Authors: Guria Uday Narayan , Maiti Kalipada , Ali Syed Samim , Gangopadhyay Ankita , Samanta Sandip Kumar , Roy Krittish , Mandal Dipankar , Mahapatra Ajit K.
Published: April 2020

Diethyl Chlorophosphate (DCP) is an important nerve agent mimic. Its misused use by terrorists and accidental release from industries creates severe panic among the general public. So, nowadays DCP sensing is of great interest to researchers. Herein, polymeric nanofibers in conjunction with 3‐(benzothiazol)‐5‐bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde oxime (BBHO) was prepared as a specific sensing device for nerve gas simulant DCP. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed
Amino Acids as the Nitrogen Source to Synthesize Boron Nitride Quantum Dots for Fluorescence Turn‐off‐on Detection of Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Kong Yuelin , He Yu , Zhou Ji , Zhong Shuhua , Song Gongwu
Published: April 2020

The BNQDs are synthesized by simple one‐step hydrothermal method, using amino acids as nitrogen source and boric acid as boron source. The BNQDs prepared by different amino acids emit strong blue fluorescence with the excitation wavelength from 280 to 400 nm. An “on‐off‐on” BNQDs fluorescent sensor is designed to detect ascorbic acid with Fe3+ as medium, extending the application in sensing. The fluorescence of BNQDs is quenched by Fe3+ on basis of the inner filter effect. With increasing of ascorbic acid, the fluorescence of BNQDs is recovered due to the oxidation‐reduction between Fe3+ and ascorbic acid. The assay is capable of recognizing ascorbic acid in the concentration range of 1–100 μM with a detection limit of 0.0833 μM. In addition, the method has the potential to determine Fe3+ and ascorbic acid in real water samples and human serum.
When Did Life Likely Emerge on Earth in an RNA‐First Process?
Authors: Benner Steven A. , Bell Elizabeth A. , Biondi Elisa , Brasser Ramon , Carell Thomas , Kim Hyo‐Joong , Mojzsis Stephen J. , Omran Arthur , Pasek Matthew A. , Trail Dustin
Published: April 2020

The front cover artwork was provided by Steven Benner (Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution) and Lucy Kwok (Earth Life Science Institute at Tokyo Institute of Technology). The image shows a path‐hypothesis to make prebiotic RNA, via mineral‐guided maturation of carbonyl species and base precursor formation in a post‐impact reduced atmosphere, with dates when these most likely gave RNA. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/syst.201900035.
Monitoring dissolved active trace elements in biogas plants using total reflection X‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Arthur Richard , Scherer Paul A.
Published: April 2020

Generally, full‐scale biogas plants require trace elements supplementation to sustain a stable process. The aim was to apply total reflection X‐ray fluorescence (TXRF) to monitor the dissolved, active elements, for the first time, at μg/L levels in biogas plants. The digester liquid is comparable to sludge with high solids content and high salt concentrations. The ions are usually measured in the dried fermenter slurry after acid digestion in its inactive bound form, although microorganisms can take up only dissolved ions as active agent. In this study, a procedure was developed to monitor dissolved ions in such environmental processes to prevent an overdose or underdose. The analytical figures of merit considered were the lowest possible limit of detection, the recovery of spiked ions and linearity. Samples were spiked with nickel, selenium and tungsten in the range of 10–200 μg/L. Highest recovery rates of >93% for concentrations of 10 to <100 μg/L were obtained after the samples were centrifugated twice, followed by application of microwave‐assisted acid digestion. The calculated lowest limit of detection was 2–4 μg/L. The developed method was first tested in laboratory‐scale biogas digesters with wheat straw as substrate. Successful application of TXRF was also achieved in a full‐scale biogas plant to estimate the dynamics of “active” trace element ions in the range of 2–1,000 μg/L for several months. Therefore, cost‐effective biogas plant management is possible through the application of TXRF spectrometry to monitor trace elements.
Comparison of the toxicokinetics of the convulsants picrotoxinin and tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) in mice
Authors: Pressly Brandon , Vasylieva Natalia , Barnych Bogdan , Singh Vikrant , Singh Latika , Bruun Donald A. , Hwang Sung Hee , Chen Yi-Je , Fettinger James C. , Johnnides Stephanie , Lein Pamela J. , Yang Jun , Hammock Bruce D. , Wulff Heike
Published: April 2020

Acute intoxication with picrotoxin or the rodenticide tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) can cause seizures that rapidly progress to status epilepticus and death. Both compounds inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid type-A (GABAA) receptors with similar potency. However, TETS is approximately 100 × more lethal than picrotoxin. Here, we directly compared the toxicokinetics of the two compounds following intraperitoneal administration in mice. Using LC/MS analysis we found that picrotoxinin, the active component of picrotoxin, hydrolyses quickly into picrotoxic acid, has a short in vivo half-life, and is moderately brain penetrant (brain/plasma ratio 0.3). TETS, in contrast, is not metabolized by liver microsomes and persists in the body following intoxication. Using both GC/MS and a TETS-selective immunoassay we found that mice administered TETS at the LD50 of 0.2 mg/kg in the presence of rescue medications exhibited serum levels that remained constant around 1.6 μM for 48 h before falling slowly over the next 10 days. TETS showed a similar persistence in tissues. Whole-cell patch-clamp demonstrated that brain and serum extracts prepared from mice at 2 and 14 days after TETS administration significantly blocked heterologously expressed α2β3γ2 GABAA-receptors confirming that TETS remains pharmacodynamically active in vivo. This observed persistence may contribute to the long-lasting and recurrent seizures observed following human exposures. We suggest that countermeasures to neutralize TETS or accelerate its elimination should be explored for this highly dangerous threat agent.
On the application of neural networks for temperature field measurements using thermochromic liquid crystals
Authors: Moller Sebastian , Resagk Christian , Cierpka Christian
Published: April 2020

This study presents an investigation regarding the applicability of neural networks for temperature measurements using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) and discusses advantages as well as disadvantages of common calibration approaches. For the characterization of the measurement technique, the dependency of the color of the TLCs on the temperature as well as on the observation angle and, therefore, on the position within the field of view of a color camera is analyzed in detail. In order to consider the influence of the position within the field of view on the color, neural networks are applied for the calibration of the temperature measurements. In particular, the focus of this study is on analysis of the error of temperature measurement for different network configurations as well as training methods, yielding a mean absolute deviation and a mean standard deviation in the range of 0.1 K for instantaneous measurements. On the basis of a comparison of this standard deviation to that of two further calibration approaches, it is shown that neural networks are suited for temperature measurements via the color of TLCs. Finally, the applicability of this measurement technique is illustrated at an exemplary temperature measurement in a horizontal plane of a Rayleigh–Bénard cell with large aspect ratio, which clearly shows the emergence of convective flow patterns by means of the temperature field.

Graphic abstract
The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for engineering geology applications
Authors: Giordan Daniele , Adams Marc S. , Aicardi Irene , Alicandro Maria , Allasia Paolo , Baldo Marco , De Berardinis Pierluigi , Dominici Donatella , Godone Danilo , Hobbs Peter , Lechner Veronika , Niedzielski Tomasz , Piras Marco , Rotilio Marianna , Salvini Riccardo , Segor Valerio , Sotier Bernadette , Troilo Fabrizio
Published: April 2020

This paper represents the result of the IAEG C35 Commission “Monitoring methods and approaches in engineering geology applications” workgroup aimed to describe a general overview of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their potentiality in several engineering geology applications. The use of UAV has progressively increased in the last decade and nowadays started to be considered a standard research instrument for the acquisition of images and other information on demand over an area of interest. UAV represents a cheap and fast solution for the on-demand acquisition of detailed images of an area of interest and the creation of detailed 3D models and orthophoto. The use of these systems required a good background of data processing and a good drone pilot ability for the management of the flight mission in particular in a complex environment.
Leukocyte coping capacity as a complementary stress metric in migrating birds
Authors: Huber Nikolaus , Canoine Virginie , Cornils Jessica S. , Maggini Ivan , Cardinale Massimiliano , Ruf Thomas , Fusani Leonida
Published: April 2020

Corticosterone (Cort) is involved in multiple physiological processes during bird migration, complicating its interpretation in a stress context. We investigated whether the leukocyte coping capacity (LCC) provides useful complementary information on the stress response in migratory Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin) and how it relates to Cort and energetic condition. Contrary to Cort levels, LCC significantly decreased, implying high-stress levels and a diminished capacity to recover after a stressful event. The absence of significant effects of body conditions on the stress parameters shows no simple relationship between these traits and highlights the need for additional stress metrics to measure stress in life-history contexts.
Factors Predicting Response to the Recovery-Oriented Cognitive Behavioural Workshop for Persons Diagnosed with Schizophrenia
Authors: Nowak Izabela , Świtaj Piotr , Oberhauser Cornelia , Anczewska Marta
Published: April 2020

A recovery-oriented, cognitive behavioural workshop for service users diagnosed with schizophrenia was developed, implemented and evaluated in a pilot study. Further analysis is required regarding factors which contribute to better treatment response, as this will provide useful information for workshop adaptation. Secondary multilevel model analyses were performed to determine whether workshop and booster session attendance, as well as sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, education, and duration of illness, predicted workshop responsiveness. Results showed that completers had lower responsiveness to the workshop in terms of confidence and hope, whereas those who attended an online booster session demonstrated better responsiveness as to psychosocial functioning. Longer duration of illness and older age generally predicted lower intervention responsiveness. In conclusion, adaptations utilising more booster sessions and accommodating older participants with longer duration of illness are required, as is further workshop evaluation in a randomised controlled study.
On the potential of ensemble forecasting for the prediction of meteotsunamis in the Balearic Islands: sensitivity to atmospheric model parameterizations
Authors: Mourre B. , Santana A. , Buils A. , Gautreau L. , Ličer M. , Jansà A. , Casas B. , Amengual B. , Tintoré J.
Published: April 2020

This study investigates the potential of ensemble forecasting using full realistic high-resolution nested atmosphere–ocean models for the prediction of meteotsunamis in Ciutadella (Menorca, Spain). The sensitivity of model results to the parameterizations of the atmospheric model is assessed considering the ten most significant recent meteotsunami events for which observations are available. Different schemes adapted to high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations were used for the representation of cumulus, microphysics, planetary boundary layer and longwave and shortwave radiations. Results indicate a large spread of the ensemble simulations in terms of the final magnitude of the meteotsunamis. While the modeling system is shown to be able to realistically trigger tsunamigenic atmospheric disturbances in more than 90% of the situations, the small-scale characteristics of these disturbances are significantly modified with the change of parameterizations, leading to significant differences in the magnitude of the simulated sea-level response. No preferred set of parameterizations can be identified that leads to either the largest or the most realistic magnitudes in the majority of situations. Instead, the performance of a given set of parameterizations is found to change with the meteotsunami event under consideration. Importantly, the observed magnitude of the extreme sea-level oscillations lies within the range of a nine-member ensemble in 70% of the cases. This ensemble approach would then allow to generate a realistic range of possibilities in the majority of events, thus improving the realism of meteotsunami predictions compared to single deterministic forecasts.