bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Arctic Insects: the Lake Hazen Project
Authors: Oliver D. R. , Corbet Philip S. , Downes J. A.
Published: December 2009

The work of the Northern Insect survey and of the Northern Biting Fly Program brought to light many interesting questions concerning the habits and ecology of northern insects and it seemed desirable to set up more detailed studies that would be continued for a number of years at a chosen site. Through the courtesy of Dr. G. Hattersley-Smith and of the Defence Research Board such a program has been established at Hazen Camp, on the northern shore of Lake Hazen, Ellesmere Island (81° 49′ N., 71° 18′ W.). D. R. Oliver spent seven weeks at Hazen Camp in 1961, and in 1962 a party of six entomologists, a nematologist and a botanist worked there for 2½ months, almost the whole of the growing season. A smaller group is continuing the work in 1963.
The Insect Ecology of Red Pine Plantations in Central Ontario.: II. Life History and Control of Curculionidae
Authors: Martin J. Lynton
Published: December 2009

The life histories and habits of four curculionids, Hylobius congener, Pissodes affinis, P. approximatus, and Magdalis perforatus, are outlined; and their role in relation to red pine plantations and a serious red pine mortality problem in the Algoma district of Ontario is discussed. A key to the adults is provided and control measures are recommended.
The Salivary Pumping Apparatus of Belostomatidae (Heteroptera)
Authors: Parsons Margaret C.
Published: December 2009

The heteropteran cephalic endoskeleton is difficult to study in dissections, due to its small size and to the delicacy of many of its membranous components. These difficulties are less of a handicap in dissections of the giant water bug Lethocerus (Belostomatidae), and it is possible to observe, in this insect, details of the salivary pumping apparatus which are difficult or impossible to see in smaller bugs. This apparatus consists of a cup-shaped, two-layered pump, two afferent ducts from the salivary glands, and an efferent duct. The latter runs from the pump to the tip of the hypopharyngeal lobe, and leads into the salivary channel formed by the apposed maxillary stylets in the labium.
A Key to the Larvae and Pupae of Three Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Thomas J. B.
Published: December 2009

A key is provided to the larvae and pupae of three species of weevils, Pissodes approximatus Hopk., P. affinis Rand., and Hylobius congener D.T., common in red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantations in central Ontario.
Control of Cattle Grub and Lice with Systemic Insecticides
Authors: Rich G. B. , Khan M. A.
Published: December 2009

A. The effect of 6 annual systemic insecticide treatments on cattle grub infestation was ohserved in a range herd of beef cattle that are isolated during the fly oviposition period by at least 10 miles from areas where adjacent herds could have dropped pupae. The herd is ranged throughout the year on a large and rugged semi-mountainous area, and was increased during the study from 1200 to 1600 animals. Bulls were the only imports made into the herd. Beef and cull females were marketed in late autumn. Treatments were applied in early December during the annual weaning-culling gather of the herd. Treatments in 1957, 1958 and 1959 were with Trolene boluses and each animal was weighed before treatment. Treatments in 1960, 1961 and 1962 were with Ruelene pour-on and weights were estimated. Annually a randomly selected group of calves was left untreated, and grubs were removed from chis and a similar group of treated calves at intervals throughout the grub season. By comparison of the untreated and treated samples, the insecticides produced the following grub reductions: 1957 − 76.8%, 1958 − 89.0%, 1959 − 87.5%, 1960 − 91.7%, 1961 − 91.0% and 1962 − 100.0%. The average numbers of grubs per untreated calf were: 1957 − 30.2, 1958 − 14.5, 1959 − 1.6, 1960 − 2.5, 1961 − 2.7, and 1962 − 0.2. Prior to these treatments gadding had seriously disrupted summer management of the herd but it has not occurred since 1957. The quality of the herd has improved, but because of changes in management and bull quality, the precise effect of the treatments cannot be assessed. (G.B.R.)
Lithocolletis blancardella Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Gracilariidae) on Apple in Eastern North America with Notes on Other Species Occurring on Rosaceae
Authors: Stultz H. T.
Published: December 2009

A spotted tentiform leaf miner, often present during recent years in large numbers in apple orchards in the Maritime Provinces of Canada, is identified as Lithocolletis blancardella Fabr., a species common on apples in Europe. Recent collecting indicates that the species occurs widely in Eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. Diagnostic characters, especially those of the male genitalia, are compared with those of specimens identified as L. crataegella Clem. and L. propinquinella Braun, two similar species which commonly occur on apple and black cherry respectively.
The Chemistry of Morphogenesis
Authors: Salkeld E. H. , Hudson Anne
Published: December 2009

Some of the changes in esterase content which occur during embryogenesis of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), have been considered in relation to the stage of development and commencement of function of specific organs and tissues. A similar study involving the changes in protein as well as in esterase content during moulting and metamorphosis, has been made with larvae, pupae and adults of the tomato hornworm, Protoparce quinquemaculata.
A New Species of Ramakrishnaia Bolivar, 1918, from South India, and a Related New Genus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: December 2009

Ramakrishnaia is a south Indian genus of Pyrgomorphidae related to Colemania. A lectotype for the type species of the latter, C. sphenarioides, is here designated. Two species of Ramakrishnaia have hitherto been described: the type species, R. notabilis (for which a lectotype is here designated), and R. raoi. R. gracilis, a new species from Coorg, is described. R. raoi, on the basis of its phallic structures and external morphology, is removed to a new genus, Nilgiracris.
A Revised Generic Classification of New World Syrphus s.l.
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

The classification of the flower flies often referred to Syrphus s.l. has long been confused. European workers have usually placed all species in Syrphus or in Syrphus and Epistrophe; until 1950, American workers usually recognized the genera Syrphus, Metasyrphus, Epistrophe and Allograpta. Earlier attempts to revise the classification were in large part successful as far as many of the smaller, more distinctive groups of the tribe Syrphini were concerned, but Syrphus s.l. remained in a very unsatisfactory condition. In 1950 Fluke proposed a new classification of Syrphus s.l. based almost entirely on the male terminalia and treating particularly the New World species. It was a great advance on preceding attempts but left one large group in an unsatisfactory state. However, because no key to genera was provided, and because characters other than those of the terminalia were neglected, his arrangement was not generally accepted.
The Provancher Types of Orthoptera
Authors: Vickery V. R. , Kevan D. K. McE.
Published: December 2009

The status and the condition of the type specimens of Orthoptera described by the Abbé Léon Provancher, the pioneer entomologist of Québec, are discussed.
Problems of Evolution and Speciation in Adelgidae (Homoptera: Aphidoidea)
Authors: Steffan A. W.
Published: December 2009

Heterogenetic holocyclic species in Adelgidae consist of the five generations: sexuales (♂, ♀), fundatrix (F), alata-migrans (M), hiemosistens (H), alata- remigrans or sexupara (R), of which the (♂, ♀) and (F) live on the primary host (Pinaceae: Picea), (H) on the secondary host (Pinaceae: Pinus, Abies, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga or Larix), and the two winged generations (M) and (R) maintain the migration cycle from and to the other host. The range of such a species is controlled by the occurrence together of both the primary and the secondary host. It seems that the evolution of the Aldelgidae has been closely associated with the phylogeny and distribution of the conifer-family Pinaceae, and that speciation of the parasite has followed the speciation of the host plant.
Four New Species of Crickets from the Caribbean Region (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)
Authors: Randell Robert Latham
Published: December 2009

The genus Gryllita Hebard is redefined on the basis of the internal genitalia and external morphology. Three additional species from Haiti are described: G. bondi, G. arndti and G. uhleri. A description is given of the external morphology of Hispanogryllodes rehni.
Spectrophotometry in the Taxonomy of the Conifer Sawflies
Authors: Wallace D. R.
Published: December 2009

Preliminary observations show that the pigmentation of eggs and other tissues in conifer sawflies is a valuable taxonomic criterion when the colour can be described objectively in such a way as to allow mathematical analysis of the data. Reproducible semi-integral attenuance spectra covering the spectrsl range 30 kc./cm. to 13 kc./cm. are obtained usins Shibata's opal glass technique for the examination of translucent material. Tfiese spectra are plotted as the log of the semi-integral attenuance and analyzed both qualitatively for positions of maxima and minima, and quantitatively for the relative attenuance level at given spectral positions. The homogeneity of quantitative data from different samples is tested graphically by the triangular co-ordinate method.
Natural Hybridization following Breakdown of Geographic Isolation
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: December 2009

Introgressive hybridization, the feeding back of alien genes from an invading species into a resident population, has not been widely studied in animals. Conclusions favouring its occurrence are mostly founded on comparative studies of external morphology: since parallel selection of similar gene allels would provide the same end result, such conclusions are open to question. White's arguments against introgression as the cause of overlapping phenotypes in Austroicetes grasshoppers, on the other hand, carry conviction because they are based on comparative internal morphology – on cytological study: the two supposedly interbreeding species were found to differ in several chromosomal diagnostics, to the complete absence of intermediates.
The Use of Mathematics and Computers to Determine Optimal Strategy and Tactics for a Given Insect Pest Control Problem
Authors: Watt K. E. F.
Published: December 2009

A computer program has been developed for use in evaluating various strategies of insect pest control. At its present stage of development, the program simulates the effects of various dosages of insecticide, parasite release, and spraying of virus, or any combination of these, weather and pest density on reproduction, dispersal and mortality in a pest population. Effects of changing pest densities on the parasite population and on tree growth and mortality in a hypothetical, 6.4 million-acre balsam fir forest are simulated. Also, the computer simulates dispersal of parasites and disease incidence. All computations are performed separately for each of 625 4-mile-by-4-milc hypothetical squares of forest area in the hypothetical 10,000 square mile area. All operating costs and losses due to lost tree growth and tree mortality are printed each year. The particular set of strategies to be used in each game is included in the input data for each 35-year computer experiment, along with data on physiological parameters, allowable pest thresholds for each type of control, genetic parameters, behavioristic and dispersal data and costs of control. One play of the game takes 50-120 seconds on an IBM 7090 computer, depending on the array of strategies selected.

There were a number of significant conclusions from the simulation study. Biological control agents can not be as effective as insecticides unless they keep the pest at very low levels indefinitely. If they only drop the pest to about 10% of the peak level it would have attained without control, this may not be good enough to save the trees, because lethal effects accumulate. That is, pest densities which are not quite high enough to kill a tree quickly can kill it if the pest persists at these densities for several consecutive years. However, by selecting biological control agents with optimal physiological parameters, biological control can be made to produce totally effective control.

For all kinds of control, control is vastly more effective if applied 10 years or more before peak pest densities. Therefore, potential pests should be subjected to preventive control at pre-pest densities, rather than being allowed to reach critical densities. The latter policy ignores the hazard of successive years of sublethal pest densities whose effects can cumulate to become lethal. It should be noted, however, that this conclusion follows from exploration of a hypothetical situation, and might not be applicable when considered relative to the exigencies of an actual field problem.
Canadian Participation in Insect Pathology
Authors: Angus T. A.
Published: December 2009

The Canadian program in insect pathology is reviewed in general terms. The pathogens that have been studied include viruses, fungi, bacteria, protozoans and nematodes. Many aspects of the various host-parasite relationships have been investigated under field and laboratory conditions.
Selective Control of Pest Damage
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

The reason control measures are applied is to reduce the harm caused by pests. “Pests” is a subjective word that is arbitrarily used to refer to some of the living organisms that harm man and his property. Pest control measures may be classified on any of several bases, bur any one classification that uses several bases is liable to cause misunderstandings. Biological controls are the use by man of living organisms to control pest damage. Approaches to biological control are illustrated by results of work on four pests found in Ontario. These results also illustrate how insects may be interrelated through natural enemies that they have in common. As far as possible control measures should be selective for pests, or pest and other non-beneficial, species only. Biological controls tend to be relatively more selective than other, comparable, control measures. They are also the most feasible existing way of keeping pest damage down without continuing human intervention. Increasing attempts to erase pest problems, rather than to alleviate pest attacks temporarily, may result in increased Government participation in and regulation of pest control programmes.
Aspects of Insect Vision
Authors: Hocking Brian
Published: December 2009

The functional morphology of the insect compound eye is reviewed with special reference to its surface and volume relationships with the rest of the head and its evolutionary development. Measurements of the more important parameters of the eyes of 28 species representing 14 major orders are given and interpreted in relation to this review. Recent histological and biophysical work on insect vision is also reviewed and some conclusions, especially those concerning the limit of sensitivity in the ultra-violet, are shown to be consistent with current theories of the early history of the oceans, the atmosphere, and of life.
The Application of Ecological Principles to Orchard Entomology in Canada
Authors: LeRoux E. J.
Published: December 2009

A knowledge of ecological principles is essential to the successful development of future research on pest control problems in Canadian orchard entomology. Such knowledge should be especially helpful in spotlighting omissions in past studies as well as indicating new areas of study in the future. In particular, the ecosystem concept should serve not only as a basis for evaluating and bringing together existing data but also as a guide in the collection, integration and interpretation of new data.

Our approach should be to study the population dynamics of major arthropod pests in Canadian apple orchards to obtain data of the fundamental kind on natural populations of these species. Since this approach is dependent on precise measurement of the population and its mortality factors, as well as on the mathematical modelling of the data obtained, unambiguous deduction and greater understanding and utilization of the results would then be possible.

Examples from a recent eight-year study of the population dynamics of two pest species in Canadian apple orchards reveal that the fundamental approach to pest problems in Canada is both feasible and practical, and that the results can yield considerable insight into the role of mortality factors in population regulation as well as in control of pest stages of economic importance.
Insect Mycetomes
Authors: Musgrave A. J.
Published: December 2009

After defining the entomological use of the term mycetome a short general account is given of the various supposedly beneficial relationships between insects and internally harboured micro-organisms and the metabolic balance needed. Not all beneficial micro-organisms are harboured in mycetomes or even in mycetocytes, but the present paper is concerned only with insects having mycetomes. It is shown that there is good evidence for accepting the premise that true micro-organisms are found in insect mycetomes and that the micro-organisms supply the insect host with some useful metabolite (s), Special consideration is given to the genusSitophilus, Here the mycetomal micro-organisms probably supply a useful nutrient that is "essential" only when the diet available to the weevils is inadequate. Whole wheat grain appears to be an adequate diet. Some strains of weevils apparently free of mycetomal micro-organisms are pale in colour, light in weight and particularly susceptible to dietary changes. Weevils reared at temperatures too much above the optimum lose their mycetomal micro-organisms. Although the organisms are pleomorphic there is evidence that their morphology in any one strain of weevil, reared under standard conditions, is constant: and thus it seems the micro-organisms may have taxonomic value in entomology. The possible origin of mycetomes and of the mutualistic associations are discussed and suggestions made about future research.
Further Problems in the Interpretation and Homology of the Insect Ovipositor
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: December 2009

An attempt is made to re-evaluate the data on the origin of the ovipositor in insects and to explain its mode of development in living forms. Comparative developmental data from other groups of animals is cited to substantiate the claim that part of the insect ectodermal genitalia is appendicular rather than sternal in origin. It is suggested that the primary abdominal segmental appendages have provided a source of competent tissue which through subtle changes in selection, has evolved along many pathways, to form the gonocoxae, the pleuropodia, the pseudoplacenta and perhaps the prolegs in many different taxa.

It is shown, by aid of sections through the insect embryo and larval stages, that the primary embryonic segmental appendages on the abdomen, do not differentiate; there is no loss of tissue and it cannot be proven that such appendages have been lost in insect phylogeny. The fact that they are represented still in the modern embryo, indicates that they have been retained. To explain the observable developmental details, it is suggested that abdominal limb histogenesis is arrested or suppressed in normal development, but this limb tissue retains its competence to differentiate. Thus development may be initiated again at a later time in postembryonic life. In this manner, the original limb tissue is available for organ formation in the maturing insect.

The study has suggested that the appendages on the eighth and ninth segments of the abdomen initiate but do not complete their development in the polypod embryo. Possibly the potential limb tissue is arrested in development because it has not undergone some vital change as regards its capacity to respond (competence) to an inductor, perhaps the inductor is not available or perhaps it is not available in the correct form.

There is evidence to suggest that the developmental capacity of the limb anlagen are reduced with time, so that full limb formation is not possible in postembryonic life: this can explain the development of abdominal coxae in the Thysanura and hence gonocoxae in higher insects. It is noted that should Gustafson's suggestion that the eversible sacs and gonapophyses are homologous with primary segmental genitalic ampullae prove acceptable, then the female ectodermal genitalia in insects would appear to have a dual origin.

It is emphasized that the speculation expressed are being subjected to experimental study in an attempt to verify the suggested ontogeny and phylogeny.
The Determination of Sex and Polymorphism in Microevolution
Authors: Stehr G.
Published: December 2009

Environmental instabilities may be grouped into three broad categories each with different conseqences for the organism which has to survive the stress of these instabilities. On one side are irreversible changes of the environment which will lead to complete adaptive compliance or conformity of the population, brought about by natural selection. On the other side are short-term recurrent instabilities, fluctuations, or oscillations; if their cycle is short enough so that all phases are experienced by all individuals of each generation, natural selection will promote the ability of each individual to withstand the whole range of environmental recurrent fluctuations. Between these extremes are recurrent instabilities that are not experienced by all individuals, or by each generation; here natural selection will evolve mechanisms that prevent the population from conforming with any temporary selection pressure. Polymorphism is such a mechanism, specifically polymorphism based on a gene potency balance system modelled on the same principles as the system that determines sex, the most common example of polymorphism. Instances of such polymorphism in a genus of tortricid moths include haemolymph pigment, adult wing colour, and rate of larval development. The latter exemplifies polymorphism of a quantitative character.
Rapid Measurement of Oleoresin Exudation Pressure in Pinus ponderosa Laws
Authors: Bushing R. W. , Wood D. L.
Published: December 2009

Improved techniques are described for cleaning gauges used in measuring the oleoresin exudation pressure (o.e.p.) of large numbers of ponderosa pines. These techniques are being used in a study of the relationship of o.e.p. and bark beetle attack in westside Sierra coniferous forests. Standard hydrostatic pressure gauges (Bourdon type) were modified by the addition of a threaded extension made of steel rod which permitted both insertion into a tree and newly-designed cleaning rack. A 9/32-in. hole in the steel rod reduced to a minimum the amount of oleoresin exudate necessary for an accurate reading. The cleaning racks, each accepting 30 gauges, were capped to confine the solvent (xylene) under pressure.
An Abnormal Larva of Epinotia solandriana Linn. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Lindquist O. H.
Published: December 2009

Thousands of lepidopterous larvae representing a wide range of species are collected every year in Ontario by the Forest Insect Survey. Many of these require microscopic examination for identification. During a 10-year period I have only found one specimen with an extra pedal appendage.

In June 1963, a larva with an extra anal proleg on the right side was collected by H. G. McPhee near Thessalon, Ont., on the north shore of Lake Huron. The species was Epinotia solandriana Linn., a leaf roller on white birch, Betula papyrifera Marsh. A subsequent large collection from the same area contained only normal specimens.
A New Species of Erythroneura Fitch (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Richards W. R. , Varty I. W.
Published: December 2009

The species of leafhopper described belongs to the obliqua group and the dorsal colour pattern consists of the usual oblique stripes of reddish pigment so typical of this group. The species most closely resembles E. aspera from which it can be distinguished by differences in the male genitalia. The preferred hosts are apparently Betula spp.
Four New Species of Cliniodes Guenée, with Notes on the Genus and Some Relatives and Segregates (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Cliniodes Guenée = Idessa Walker is an odontiine genus related to Metrea Grote. Pylartes Walker is removed from synonymy and placed in Pyraustinae near Diaphania. Cliniodes totuanalis Schaus is transferred to Pylartes. Basonga Möschler is separated from Cliniodes but kept in Odontiinae, as is Sobanga, new genus, type-species Glyphodes rutilalis Walker = G. suavis Felder. Metrea is compared with Cliniodes, and is restricted to M. ostreonalis Grote. Leucochroma ? nebulalis Walker is removed from Metrea and made the type-species of the new pyraustine genus Ametrea. M. aripanalis is transferred tentatively to Pycnarmon in the Pyraustinae. Niphostola punctata, placed by Hampson under Metrea in the British Museum collection, should remain in Niphostola. The genus is transferred to Pyraustinae from Nymphulinae.

Pyrausta glaucescens Hampson, P. costimacula Hampson and P. egcarsialis Hampson are transferred to Cliniodes, the last as a synonym of C. rubialalis Dognin. Exarcha Lederer is transferred from Pyralinae to Odontiinae, its type-species becoming C. ineptalis (Lederer).

The following species of Cliniodes are described as new: C. nacrealis, Hispaniola; C. vinacea, Bolivia; C. malleri, Brazil; C. latipennis, Bolivia.
The Toxicity of Malathion, Perthane, Maneb and Zineb to Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)
Authors: McMullen R. D.
Published: December 2009

In laboratory experiments wettable and emulsifiable malathion and Perthane were most toxic to adult T. vaporariorum and progressively less so to the larval stages in order of development. Eggs were not killed. Perthane was most toxic at low temperatures, malathion at high temperatures. Malathion was more toxic than Perthane and the emulsifiable formulations of both more toxic than the wettable formulations. Against first-instar larvae, at the LD50, level, 70% maneb and 50% Perthane wettable powders were equally toxic but 65% zineb wettable powder was less toxic. Against adults, 70% maneb and 65% zineb wettable powders were one-half and one-third as toxic as 50% Perthane wettable powder at the LD50, level. Tests of spray mixtures against larvae with either 25% malathion or 50% Perthane wettable powders added to either 70% maneb or 65% zineb wettable powders showed neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects.
Revision of the Nearctic Species ofThanatusC. L. Koch (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: Dondale C. D. , Turnbull A. L. , Redner J. H.
Published: December 2009

Eight species ofThanatusare recognized in North America; four are holarctic in range and four nearctic. The holarctic species areT.coloradensisKeyserling, 1880,T.formicinus(Clerck 1757),T.striatusC. L. Koch, 1845, andT.vulgarisSimon, 1870 (=T.peninsulanusBanks, 1898, NEW SYNONYMY). The four nearctic species areT.altimontisGertsch, 1933,T.arcticusThorell, 1872,T.patriciae(Lowrie and Gertsch 1955), andT.rubicellusMello-Leitao, 1929 (=T.rowaniGertsch, 1933, NEW SYNONYMY).
Sexual Precocity of the Male Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst, and the Influence of Temperatures on Reproduction during Early Adult Life
Authors: Erdman H. E.
Published: December 2009

In the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum single-pair matings of different age combinations, young (1 day old) and old (10 days old) maintained for two weeks at 29 ± 2 °C. and 70% relative humidity showed that males matured sexually on the second day of adult life; females matured on the fourth. Between days 7 and 14, regardless of age, productivity was expressed as a single straight line with zero slope and an intercept of 16.4.

Young x young pairs maintained at 25, 29 and 32 °C. had fertilities peculiar to the temperature. The higher the temperature, the earlier reproduction began and the greater the number of F1 adults per day during the two-week experimental period.
Descriptions of New Lonchaeidae (Diptera) II
Authors: McAlpine J. F.
Published: December 2009

Descriptions are presented for 86 new Lonchaeidae as follows: Silba Macquart, 19 species: 7 from Australia, 6 from Africa, 3 from Madagascar, and 3 from the Solomon Islands.; Lonchaea Fallén, 67 species: 50 from North America, 6 from Africa, 3 from Australia, 2 from Colombia, 2 from the Caroline Islands, and one from each of the following: New Hebrides Islands, India, Fiji Islands and France.
Impact of Pine Leaf Aphid, Pineus pinifoliae (Chermidae) on its Secondary Host, Eastern White Pine
Authors: DeBoo Robert F. , Dimond John B. , Lowe James H.
Published: December 2009

Pine leaf aphid infestation produces not only a general reduction in radial growth of white pine but also a modification of the normal pattern of annual radial increment along the length of the stem. The greatest growth reduction occurs in the lower stem with proportionately less in the midcrown area and least in the top. This appears to reflect the distribution of branch mortality which is greatest in the mid- and lower crown. Several defoliators studied by other workers produce the greatest effect on radial growth and on foliage survival in the tops of the tree.

Stem elongation reduction occurs only after crown damage and aphid infestation becomes extreme. Lighter infestations are reflected, however, in reduced needle length in the year of attack followed by reduced branch elongation in the year following attack. The combination of stunted and normal needles alternating with stunted and normal branch internodes is probably a unique characteristic of pine leaf aphid damage.
The Regulation of European Spruce Sawfly Numbers in the Maritime Provinces of Canada from 1937 to 1963
Authors: Neilson M. M. , Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

The European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), was first discovered in Canada in 1930 and in the next few years attained outbreak proportions in spruce forests over large areas in the Gaspé Peninsula and New Brunswick. The accidental introduction of a polyhedrosis in the early 1930’s was responsible for the rapid decline of the infestation, and under the influence of both disease and introduced parasites, densities throughout the range of the sawfly have been fluctuating at very low levels for the past 20 years. Population studies have been conducted on this insect in New Brunswick since 1938 and data are now available for 50 consecutive generations over a 25-year period. Morris’ key-factor approach, using parasites, disease and weather as the key factors, has been used in the analyses of the data. Although disease obscured the effect of other control factors, during high sawfly densities, larval parasites have been largely responsible for maintaining the low densities experienced in New Brunswick for the past 20 years. A pronounced change in the relative importance of the different parasite species and in the amount of cocoon predation attributable to small mammals and wireworms has occurred during the change from high to low host densities.
Some Effects of Relative Humidity on Development of Pupae of the Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)
Authors: Neilson W. T. A.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory studies showed that the emergence of Rhagoletis pomonella is affected by the relative humidity of the environment. When pupae were incubated at 77° F. and relative humidities of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 the percentages of emergence were 0, 0, 4, 81 and 70 respectively.
The Prey of Adult Dragonflies in Northern Alberta
Authors: Pritchard Gordon
Published: December 2009

The prey of adult dragonflies has been studied by the analysis of gut contents and was found to consist mainly of small Diptera. Most of the prey is very small but large dragonflies, such as aeshnids, occasionally take larger prey, such as caddis flies and other dragonflies. Relatively little diminution in the numbers of adult mosquitoes can be expected to occur as a result of dragonfly predation, because of the different conditions required for flight by dragonflies and mosquitoes.
Quelques Trichoptères Asiatiques
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: December 2009

This paper deals with the description of 14 new species of Caddis-flies from India and the Far East and belonging to the holarctic as well as to the oriental fauna.

The species described here as new are: Parapsyche denticulata and acuta from China, Parapsyche aureocephala and nigrocephala, Plectrocnemia nagayamai and tochimotoi, Psychomyia armata, Ecclisocosmoecus spinosus, Apatania ishikawai, Neophylax japonicus, Grammotaulius inornatus, Limnophilus nipponicus and Hydatophylax intermedius from Japan. Trichomacronema shanorum is Indian.
Identification of Insect Inclusions in X-rays of Ponderosa Pine Bark Infested by Western Pine Beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte
Authors: Berryman A. A.
Published: December 2009

A guide to interpretation of X-rays of bark samples infested with the western pine beetle and its principal predators and parasites is presented. Illustrations of the radiographic images are given to enable analysts to gain experience more rapidly.
Evidence for a Sex Attractant in the Elaterid Beetle, Hemicrepidius morio (LeConte)
Authors: Chapman J. A.
Published: December 2009

Numbers of the elaterid beetle, Hemicrepidius morio (LeConte) were attracted to cages containing logs or bark. Males greatly predominated. Evidence is presented for assuming a sex attractant, from females in the cages or in the traps used, to be involved.
Wing Base Structure in Lepidoptera: III. Taxonomic Characters
Authors: Sharplin Janet
Published: December 2009

Wing base characters of taxonomic interest are listed. The morphology of these structures was described in Parts I and II of this series of papers (Sharplin 1963b, c). It is suggested that the presence of a tergopleural apodeme in the mesothorax is a definitive character for the Lepidoptera.
A New Species of Euxoa Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from the Sierra Nevada of California
Authors: Buckett John S. , Bauer William R.
Published: December 2009

Euxoa piniae new species is described from material collected at Johnsville, Plumas County, California and compared with E. brunneigera latebra Benjamin, its closest relative.
The North American Species in Groups IV and V of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Group IV of North American Ips (Hopping 1963a) contains I. avulsus (Eichhoff), I. bonanseai (Hopkins) and I. pini (Say), which breed mainly in pines. They have four spines on each side of the elytral declivity and the elytral interspaces are impunctate except I. bonanseai which occasionally has interspace punctures. A key to the species is given and Ips oregoni (Eichhoff) is made a synonym of Ips pini (Say). Group V has only one species, I. perroti Swaine, the only North American Ips with straight sutures on the antennal club. Data on hosts and distributions are given.
Seasonal History of Root-infesting Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae) in Ontario
Authors: Stevenson A. B.
Published: December 2009

The seasonal history of the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), infesting vine roots in commercial vineyards in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, was investigated from 1960 to 1963, mostly on the variety Delaware. Galls caused by the phylloxera feeding on actively-growing feeder rootlets first appeared about mid-June, and increased to a maximum in late August or early September. Numbers of phylloxerae on the infested roots increased during the season until hibernation. Nymphs of the winged form of phylloxera were first found on the roots on dates ranging from 16 July to 22 August, and continued to occur for 11/2 to 21/2 months. Hibernation usually began in the latter part of September, and reached 90% between 2 and 23 October. Usually fewer than 10% of the hibernants survived the winter.

There were more infested vines, more galled roots, and relatively more phylloxerae in vineyards on clay loam soil than in sandy loam.

Hibernants resumed activity in the laboratory in a few days at room temperatures, and became adults in as little as 10 days.
Blood Circulation in Insect Wings
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: December 2009

Despite their inert appearance, the wings of insects are living appendages and are supplied with blood. This is true for definitive wings as well as for developing ones, and for modified wings such as tegmina, elytra, hemelytra, and halteres as for those that are specialized for flight. Typically the blood circulates only through the wing veins, but in some insects it escapes into the surrounding membrane in certain areas, and in highly modified forms it may be entirely unconfined. The course of circulation is basically the same in the wings of most insects. It flows outward from the body in the costo-medial veins, moves toward the posterior margins via cross-veins, and returns to the body through the cubito-anal veins and axillary cord. However, rhe precise route followed is highly variable concomitant with distinctive patterns of venation in different taxonomic groups and with wing structure. This is illustrated for a number of orders.
Insects and Spiders from Goldenrod Galls of Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis Riley (Gelechiidae)
Authors: Judd W. W.
Published: December 2009

Galls produced in 1961 yielded in that year G. gallaesolidaginis and the parasitic wasps Calliephialtes notandus, Eurytoma obtusiventris and Copidosoma gelechiae. Galls produced in 1961 and remaining empty but intact in 1962 were used in 1962 as shelters and egg-laying sites by spiders, lacewing flies, thrips, a beetle, a bee and an ant.
The Relationship of Form and Function of Minute Characters of Lepidopterous Larvae, and its Importance in Life-History Studies
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: December 2009

The information to be obtained from thorough life-history studies is an extremely useful tool, perhaps especially so when ecology is being emphasized, as it is to-day, by the life-table and other mathematical approaches to the study of population processes. This information is desired by workers in many fields of entomology – by the biological and chemical control experts, the biomathematicians, the theorists and even the taxonomists. However, much of the knowledge that these workers require, for instance the fine distinctions of behaviour and environment, has been overlooked in most life-history studies, and I strongly suspect that one of the weaknesses of studies of this nature has been the failure to analyse the mode of living of an insect (or, in the case of Lepidoptera, of the immature forms) in relation to the anatomy on one hand and environmental circumstances on the other. To look for these relationships, I believe that one requires (a) the ability and perseverance to perceive detail as minute as that required for a taxonomic study, and (b) a considerable knowledge of the taxonomic detail that is to be obtained from basic morphological studies. Therefore, in this paper, attention is drawn to pertinent structural characters of lepidopterous larvae and their probable connection with the behaviour and microhabitats of the larvae, in the hope that some guidance may be offered to future students of life-histories, at least in Lepidoptera.
Absence of Preimaginal Conditioning in Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Arthur A. P.
Published: December 2009

When the polyphagous parasite Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) was reared on either of two hosts, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) or Galleria mellonella L., it showed no preference for the host from which it had emerged when exposed to equal numbers of the two hosts in the same type of ecological niche. No evidence for the existence of preimaginal conditioning in I. conquisitor was obtained.
Sex Pheromone of the Oriental Fruit Moth Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: George J. A.
Published: December 2009

The existence of a chemical female sex pheromone in the Oriental fruit moth has been demonstrated; it both attracts and sexually excites adult males. Males without antennae are neither attracted to, nor sexually stimulated by, the pheromone. Thus, the pheromone appears to be essential for reproduction. Active pheromone can be extracted with benzene from the tips of virgin female abdomens and bioassayed with males. The gland believed to produce the pheromone was located and examined histologically. It is now possible to investigate the chemical nature of the pheromone and its possible use in the control of the Oriental fruit moth.
Effects of Dietary Components on Fecundity of the ParasitoidExeristes comstockii(Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Bracken G. K.
Published: December 2009

Feeding tests in which various components were omitted individually from a chemically defined diet for adults of the parasitoidExeristes comstockii(Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) showed that amino acids, salts, and vitamins were needed for maximal egg production and maximum numbers of eggs contained in ovaries. Omission of fatty acids, ribonucleic acid and cholesterol had no effect. Only omission of vitamins lowered egg hatch. Tests showed that the ovaries could recover from vitamin starvation.
New Species and Subspecies of Anomiopsyllus Baker From Mexico (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: December 2009

Three new species of Anomiopsyllus Baker, A. martini, A. durangoensis, and A. sinuatus, are described from the State of Durango, and a new subspecies, A. hiemalis mexicanus, from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Host-relationships and distribution of the Nearctic genera of Anomiopsyllinae are summarized, and a key to males of the twelve known species and subspecies of Anomiopsyllus is provided.
Survival and Development of the Bronze Poplar Borer Agrilus liragus Barter & Brown (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Barter G. W.
Published: December 2009

Survival of Agrilus liragus B. & B. is highly dependent on host condition. Any weakening factor such as defoliation, mechanical injury, or previous damage by A. liragus increases tree susceptibility to attack and enhances borer survival. The insect itself, through its local weakening effect on the phloem and cambial tissues, controls to some extent its own feeding environment. Although parasitism and predation do take place, the condition of the host tree is considered the prime factor determining the density of the borer population.
Note on Control of the European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L., in Newfoundland With Traps and Attractants
Authors: Morris Ray F.
Published: December 2009

In a test at St. John's from 20 August to 9 September 1964, grooved-board traps captured more specimens of the Eluropean earwig, Forficula auricularia L., than pitfall traps containing attractants. On 19 August two replicates of one grooved-board and eight Legner traps (Fig. 1) containing bran flakes plus an attractant were set up on a city lot. The Legner traps were set in the soil so that their tops were level with the surface. They were protected from rain by a 12 in. × 12 in. board held in position over the opening by short legs at the four corners. The attractants used were: peanut butter, cod oil, sugar, molasses, honey and macerated earwigs. The traps were attended from 21 August to 9 September and all earwigs removed daily and counted in the laboratory.
The Effect of Physical Factors on the Emergence and Subsequent Behaviour of Adults of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.)
Authors: Green G. W.
Published: December 2009

Adults of the European pine shoot moth emerge for the most part between dawn and 0900 hr. E.S.T. within a temperature range of approximately 11 to 25 °C. Adult emergence follows a field rhythm, emergence behaviour being initiated in pupae that have completed their development by the daily dark:light transition. Pupae held at constant temperature and under continuous light or darkness in the laboratory produced adults at any time of the day or night, whereas adults emerging from pupae held in an altered light cycle showed peak emergence following the dark:light transition. Observations of adult emergence in the field indicate that an average of 71 minutes was taken from the first appearance of the pupa in the exit hole until the wings of the newly emerged moth were expanded, dried, and returned to the normal resting position. Duration of the various phases of emergence behaviour are given, and discussed in relation to physical factors and predators. Following emergence, adults moved about the trees to more secluded and cooler sites once temperatures in exposed sites exceeded about 30 °C. During the hotter parts of the day, these movements commonly took the insects deep within the multiple tops of infested trees. As conditions moderated in the evening, and light intensities became conducive to flight, mating, and oviposition, the moths appeared in more exposed sites on the host trees.
Use of Aphelinus semiflavus Howard for Control of Aphids in a Greenhouse
Authors: Richardson H. P. , Westdal P. H.
Published: December 2009

In planning control programs for the apple maggot, fairly precise information on the emergence and movements of the adult is required. Generally records of emergence are obtained by the use of cages which trap the flies as they emerge from the soil. Bait lures have also been used and Neilson (1960) and others have described their methods. The construction of the cages, their establishment within the orchard. and their careful examination each day for removal of flies is time consuming. The hanging of pans within apple trees containing liquid bait lures is also troublesome and time consuming. The lures require frequent replenishing and become diluted in rainy weather and evaporate in fine weather. Searching for maggot adults in the bottom of thc pans among other fauna is time consuming.
Permeability of the Sagittiform Sensilla in Ixodid Ticks, and Their Possible Relation to Hygroreception
Authors: Wilkinson P. R.
Published: December 2009

The aqueous exudation from the sagittiform sensilla ofDermacentor andersoniStiles larvae and nymphs, when placed in xylene and kerosene, indicates that the sensilla are more permeable than the rest of the cuticle to water. Potassium hydroxide also penetrates preferentially at these sites, reacting with haem pigments to form a pink colour inDermacentorandBoophiluslarvae. These observations, together with the complex structure of the sensilla, suggest that the sensilla are hygroreceptors.
ChlamydatusCurtis in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

Three species ofChlamydatusCurtis described as new are:artemisiae,auratusandknighti.

Seventeen other species recognized from North America are:arcuatusKngt.,associants(Uhl.),brevicornisKngt.,fulvipesKngt.,manzanitaeKngt.,monilipesVan D.,montanusKngt.,obliquus(Uhl.),opacus(Zett.),pallidicornisKngt.,pulicarius(Fall.),pullus(Reut.),ruficornisKngt.,schuhiKngt.,suavis(Reut.),uniformis(Uhl.), andwilkinsoni(D. & S.).Chlamydatus opacus(Zett.), is recorded for the first time from North America.Chlamydatus apiatus(Uhl.) andC.fumidus(Uhl.) are transferred toPlagiognathusFieb., new combination. GenusStrophopodaVan D., formerly considered a synonym ofChlamydatusis reinstated to containStrophopoda apricaVan D. Species are keyed and male genitalia are figured.