bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulating neural oscillations by transcranial static magnetic field stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: A crossover, double‐blind, sham‐controlled pilot study
Authors: Sheffield Alec , Ahn Sangtae , Alagapan Sankaraleengam , Fröhlich Flavio
Published: October 2018

Transcranial static magnetic field stimulation (tSMS) is a novel non‐invasive brain stimulation technique that has been shown to locally increase alpha power in the parietal and occipital cortex. We investigated if tSMS locally increased alpha power in the left or right prefrontal cortex, as the balance of left/right prefrontal alpha power (frontal alpha asymmetry) has been linked to emotional processing and mood disorders. Therefore, altering frontal alpha asymmetry with tSMS may serve as a novel treatment to psychiatric diseases. We performed a crossover, double‐blind, sham‐controlled pilot study to assess the effects of prefrontal tSMS on neural oscillations. Twenty‐four right‐handed healthy participants were recruited and received left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) tSMS, right DLPFC tSMS, and sham tSMS in a randomized order. Electroencephalography data were collected before (2 min eyes‐closed, 2 min eyes‐open), during (10 min eyes‐open), and after (2 min eyes‐open) stimulation. In contrast with our hypothesis, neither left nor right tSMS locally increased frontal alpha power. However, alpha power increased in occipital cortex during left DLPFC tSMS. Right DLPFC tSMS increased post‐stimulation fronto‐parietal theta power, indicating possible relevance to memory and cognition. Left and right DLPFC tSMS increased post‐stimulation left hemisphere beta power, indicating possible changes to motor behavior. Left DLPFC tSMS also increased post‐stimulation right frontal beta power, demonstrating complex network effects that may be relevant to aggressive behavior. We concluded that DLPFC tSMS modulated the network oscillations in regions distant from the location of stimulation and that tSMS has region specific effects on neural oscillations.
Ultrasonographic guided block of the tibial nerve
Authors: Denoix J.‐M. , Beaumont A. , Bertoni L.
Published: October 2018

Tibial nerve anaesthesia is often utilised in the diagnostic evaluation of hindlimb lameness, but effective analgesia is sometimes difficult to achieve using a blind injection. The objectives of this paper are to describe the ultrasonographic anatomy of the caudomedial aspect of the superficial caudal crural compartment containing the tibial nerve and to describe a technique to perform an ultrasonographic guided block of this nerve. The tibial nerve is imaged by the use of a microconvex probe on a transverse section of the caudomedial part of the crus made approximately 8–10 cm proximal to the point of the hock. The needle is first inserted caudally to the probe, through the superficial caudal crural fascia, directed to the caudal aspect of the nerve where half of the volume of anaesthetic solution is injected (5–8 mL). A second injection is made similarly, cranial to the probe. Ultrasonographic guided injection of the tibial nerve increases accuracy of the nerve block by avoiding erroneous intravascular injections or injections under the deep caudal crural fascia that reduces diffusion of the anaesthetic solution. As deposit of anaesthetic solution can be done closer to the nerve, specificity of the block increases with quicker anaesthesia of the distal part of the limb. In addition, a smaller volume of anaesthetic solution (10–12 mL) can be used, thereby reducing the risk of proximal diffusion.
Evaluating regional resiliency of coastal wetlands to sea level rise through hypsometry‐based modeling
Authors: Doughty Cheryl L. , Cavanaugh Kyle C. , Ambrose Richard F. , Stein Eric D.
Published: October 2018

Sea level rise (SLR) threatens coastal wetlands worldwide, yet the fate of individual wetlands will vary based on local topography, wetland morphology, sediment dynamics, hydrologic processes, and plant‐mediated feedbacks. Local variability in these factors makes it difficult to predict SLR effects across wetlands or to develop a holistic regional perspective on SLR response for a diversity of wetland types. To improve regional predictions of SLR impacts to coastal wetlands, we developed a model that addresses the scale‐dependent factors controlling SLR response and accommodates different levels of data availability. The model quantifies SLR‐driven habitat conversion within wetlands across a region by predicting changes in individual wetland hypsometry. This standardized approach can be applied to all wetlands in a region regardless of data availability, making it ideal for modeling SLR response across a range of scales. Our model was applied to 105 wetlands in southern California that spanned a broad range of typology and data availability. Our findings suggest that if wetlands are confined to their current extents, the region will lose 12% of marsh habitats (vegetated marsh and unvegetated flats) with 0.6 m of SLR (projected for 2050) and 48% with 1.7 m of SLR (projected for 2100). Habitat conversion was more drastic in wetlands with larger proportions of marsh habitats relative to subtidal habitats and occurred more rapidly in small lagoons relative to larger sites. Our assessment can inform management of coastal wetland vulnerability, improve understanding of the SLR drivers relevant to individual wetlands, and highlight significant data gaps that impede SLR response modeling across spatial scales. This approach augments regional SLR assessments by considering spatial variability in SLR response drivers, addressing data gaps, and accommodating wetland diversity, which will provide greater insights into regional SLR response that are relevant to coastal management and restoration efforts.
Latitudinal patterns and environmental drivers of moss layer cover in extratropical forests
Authors: Berdugo Monica B. , Quant Juliana M. , Wason Jay W. , Dovciak Martin
Published: October 2018

Aim

The forest moss layer plays an important role in water retention, nutrient cycling and forest regeneration. We quantified broad‐scale latitudinal patterns and environmental drivers of moss layer cover in extratropical upland forests where such information has been missing.

Location

One thousand, nine hundred and seventy‐seven sites outside the tropical belt (i.e., beyond 26° N and S) across longitudes (from 154° W to 140° E) and elevations (from 0 to 3,950 m a.s.l.).

Time period

Current (1969–2016).

Major taxa studied

Moss layer bryophytes (mosses, liverworts and hornworts).

Methods

We compiled three large datasets from: (a) a global literature search, (b) a national forest inventory database in the USA and (c) an extensive survey along the Appalachian Trail (Eastern USA) to contrast the moss layer cover along latitudinal gradients and among regions. We used correlation analysis and simple (meta‐ and linear‐) regression to test whether moss layer cover increased towards the poles across and within forest biomes, and we used multiple (meta‐ and beta‐) regression to test whether and how climate, forest composition and age and topography influence forest moss layer cover at broad spatial scales.

Results

Forest moss cover increased towards the North along a clear latitudinal gradient by c. 2% per 1° of latitude, and it decreased with increasing maximum temperature by c. 1%–5% per 1°C. Thus, cool northern regions (e.g., northern Europe) can be considered forest moss layer hotspots. Moss layer cover was driven mainly by canopy composition when all potential drivers were considered. Compared with broad‐scale systematic surveys, the data from specialized literature overestimated moss cover in broadleaf deciduous forests where moss cover was low and variable.

Main conclusions

Our findings highlight that systematic surveys complement specialized literature in accurately modelling abundance on broad scales. Given that temperature, rather than precipitation or seasonality, limited the abundance of forest moss layer on broad scales, the moss layer might be a promising tool for monitoring forest ecosystem responses to climate warming.
Ocean fronts construct spatial zonation in microfossil assemblages
Authors: Liu Dongyan , Wang Yanna , Wang Yueqi , Keesing John K.
Published: October 2018

Aim

Integration of macroecology and palaeoecology is an important trend in understanding rapidly changing marine ecosystems. However, the spatial mismatch between these two data types has led to difficulties in interpretation, particularly for short‐lived phytoplankton and their microfossils. Fronts are narrow transition zones between distinct water masses and play an essential role in partitioning phytoplankton assemblages in the ocean. Whether they also delimit microfossil assemblages deposited at the sea floor is unclear. We examined the correlation between quasi‐stationary mesoscale fronts and the spatial distribution of microfossils (diatoms, dinoflagellates and silicoflagellates) in the Bohai, Yellow and East China Seas, to establish a causal link between microfossil assemblages and the factors controlling pelagic species assemblages on continental shelves.

Location

China.

Time period

2003–2015.

Major taxa studied

Phytoplankton.

Methods

Front locations were determined using gradient analysis of monthly satellite sea surface temperature (SST) for 2003–2015. Microfossil assemblages were classified using two‐way indicator species analysis of the relative abundance of 345 species collected from surface sediments at 126 sites. The relationships between frontal patterns and microfossil assemblages were evaluated by superimposing maps of front location, microfossil distribution and environmental features in the main water masses and by canonical correspondence analysis.

Results

Ten major fronts and four primary microfossil assemblages were identified. Analyses of the spatial patterns of fronts, microfossil assemblages, SST, salinity and nutrients revealed that the fronts partitioned the microfossils into assemblage types corresponding to the physicochemical features of the water masses.

Main conclusions

Microfossil species assemblages and their indicator species are separated by mesoscale fronts and are correlated with water properties. Producing base maps of microfossil assemblages in relationship to SST fronts enables examination of the importance of quasi‐stationary mesoscale fronts in constructing microfossil patterns on continental shelves. The results displayed potential for the interpretation sediment core data and their integration with the macroecological context.
Differential expression of circular RNAs in hepatic tissue in a model of liver fibrosis and functional analysis of their target genes
Authors: Zhou Yuping , Lv Xueyou , Qu Hui , Zhao Kekai , Fu Liyun , Zhu Linwen , Ye Guoliang , Guo Junming
Published: October 2018

Aim

To measure the expression profile of circular RNA (circRNA) in hepatic tissues in a liver fibrosis model and to explore their function using molecular biology and bioinformatic techniques.

Methods

The classic CCl4 mouse liver fibrosis model was established alongside a normal control group. The circRNA expression profile of hepatic tissue from the two groups was compared using a high‐throughput circRNA microarray. The differentially expressed circRNAs were identified, and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) was used to verify a subset of the differentially expressed circRNAs (target genes). At the same time, the mouse oxidative stress injury, macrophage inflammation, and hepatic stellate cell activation models were established, and the expression of target circRNA in the above cells was measured by RT‐qPCR. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to predict the biological functions of target genes. Finally, one of the circRNAs was selected and its cellular function was verified using siRNA.

Results

A total of 10 389 circRNAs were analyzed by microarray. Compared with the normal group, there were 69 circRNAs that were differentially expressed in the liver fibrosis model group (>2‐fold differential expression, P < 0.05), of which 14 were upregulated and 55 were downregulated. Five circRNAs and their differential expression were verified by RT‐qPCR, and the findings were consistent with the microarray results. Of these, three circRNAs were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) in the JS1 model, one circRNA was differentially expressed (P < 0.05) in the AML12 model, and four circRNAs were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) in the RAW264.7 model. The GO analysis showed that the differentially expressed circRNAs might be involved in cell autophagy, composition of extracellular matrix components, synthesis and metabolism of retinoic acid, retinol dehydrogenase activity, ubiquitin‐like protein ligase activity, histone methylation, and other biological functions. The KEGG analysis showed that the target genes of the differentially expressed circRNAs might be involved in transforming growth factor‐β1/smads, Hippo, Rap1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and other signaling pathways. Lipofection experiments showed that the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) in JS1 cells increased significantly after the expression of mmu_circ_34116 was decreased.

Conclusion

The circRNA expression profile in liver fibrosis tissue shows significant changes. Partially differentially expressed circRNA could be involved in hepatic fibrosis related to hepatic oxidative stress injury, macrophage inflammation, and stellate cell activation. For instance, mmu_circ_34116 can significantly inhibit the activation of hepatic stellate cells.
Current trends in patient and public involvement in cancer research: A systematic review
Authors: Pii Kathrine Hoffmann , Schou Lone Helle , Piil Karin , Jarden Mary
Published: October 2018

Background

Patient and public involvement (PPI) in health research is on the rise worldwide. Within cancer research, PPI ensures that the rapid development of medical and technological opportunities for diagnostics, treatment and care corresponds with the needs and priorities of people affected by cancer. An overview of the experiences, outcomes and quality of recent PPI in cancer research would provide valuable information for future research.

Objective

To describe the current state of PPI in cancer research focusing on the research stages, applied methods, stated purposes and outcomes, and challenges and recommendations.

Methods

A search was conducted on PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO for literature published from December 2006 to April 2017. Original research studies describing the involvement of cancer patients, stakeholders and carers as active partners at any stage of the research process were included.

Results

Twenty‐seven studies were included, the majority reporting PPI at the early stages of research, that is, during the definition and prioritization of research topics and the development of recruitment strategies. Few studies reported PPI at later stages and across the research process. Challenges and recommendations were only briefly described, and critical reflection on the PPI process was lacking.

Conclusion

PPI needs to be integrated more broadly in the cancer research process. The quality of reporting PPI should be strengthened through greater critical reflections including both positive and negative experiences of the PPI process. This will contribute to the further development of PPI and its potential in cancer research.
Audit partner busyness and cost of equity capital
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Bhuiyan Md. Borhan Uddin , Sun Xuan (Sean)
Published: October 2018

This paper examines the effects of audit partner busyness on the cost of equity capital. We argue that audit partner busyness affects auditors' work processing accuracy negatively and reduces professional skepticism, thus resulting in higher information risk and, hence, an increased cost of equity capital. Using data from Australian listed companies, we find that the cost of equity capital is indeed higher for firms audited by busy audit partners. However, an additional test documents that this effect is primarily driven by non‐Big 4 observations. Our mediation test results indicate that this positive association is mediated through poor quality financial reporting but is driven by non‐Big 4 observations. Our results are robust to endogeneity concerns emanating from firms' deliberate decisions to choose audit partners. Our study contributes to both the auditing and to the cost of capital literature.
Coconut husk extract: antibacterial properties and its application for shelf‐life extension of Asian sea bass slices
Authors: Olatunde Oladipupo Odunayo , Benjakul Soottawat , Vongkamjan Kitiya
Published: October 2018

Antibacterial properties of ethanolic coconut husk extracts (ECHE) prepared using varying ethanol concentrations as the extracting media against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus was studied. ECHE60, prepared using 60% ethanol, had similar minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration to those extracted using 80% and 100% ethanol (P ˂ 0.05). When Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer) slices were treated with ECHE60 at 200 and 400 ppm, the quality changes were monitored in comparison with the control (without treatment) during 12 days of refrigerated storage (4 °C). The shelf life of sea bass treated with 400 ppm ECHE60 was extended to 9 days, whereas the control had a shelf life of 3 days. Lipid oxidation was lowered in ECHE60 treated samples than the control during storage. Therefore, ECHE60 could inhibit both spoilage and pathogenic bacteria and also extended the shelf life of sea bass slices.
Family‐centred care for hospitalized preterm infants: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yu Xiaoyan , Zhang Jun
Published: October 2018

Aim

To evaluate the effects of family‐centred care on hospitalized preterm infants.

Background

With an increase in published reports on family‐centred care for preterm infants, there is a need for an up‐to‐date review and meta‐analysis of rigorously designed studies to measure the effects of family‐centred care on preterm infants.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Data sources

The Cochrane Library (Issue 12, 2017), PubMed (1966 to December 2017), CINAHL (1982 to December 2017), EMBASE (1974 to December 2017), and Web of Science (1975 to December 2017) databases were searched.

Review methods

Relevant terms were used to search for randomized controlled trials of family‐centred care versus standard care. A modified rating scale was utilized to assess studies for the degree of family‐centredness of the intervention.

Results

Four studies involving 1026 preterm infants were included. Compared with standard care, family‐centred care shortened the total length of hospital stay and length of neonatal intensive care unit stay. There was inadequate evidence to demonstrate any effects of family‐centred care on infant morbidity, feeding, growth, or neurobehavioural performance.

Conclusion

Family‐centred care is an effective and safe intervention to shorten the length of stay in the hospital and improve survival quality among hospitalized preterm infants.
Direct access colonoscopy service for bowel cancer screening produces a positive financial benefit for patients and local health districts
Authors: Clarke Louise , Pockney Peter , Gillies Donna , Foster Robert , Gani Jon
Published: October 2018

Background

A direct access colonoscopy service (DACS) for the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program has become standard of care in Newcastle public hospitals because of the effect it has on time to colonoscopy. Cost‐effectiveness has not been studied to date.

Aim

The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the cost‐effectiveness of a DACS.

Methods

Data were collected for patients referred to DACS between January 2014 and June 2016, and patients who were treated on the normal service pathway in 2013 prior to the introduction of the process. A cost‐benefit analysis from the patient’s and local health district’s perspective was undertaken.

Results

Introduction of the DACS produces a direct financial gain to patients in the form of reduced direct costs. It produces an indirect financial gain in terms of increased productivity if the patient is in work, and of increased leisure time if not in work.

The DACS is modest income generating for the local health district, an evaluation which is sensitive to internal policies for distribution of government funding within a district. The DACS increases the availability of outpatient consultations to other patients, which is not a quantifiable economic benefit, but is likely to be an overall health benefit.

Conclusion

The introduction of DACS in the public system in Australia is of financial benefit to patients and to the local health service provider. It is likely to produce health benefits to non‐screening patients, by means of freeing consultations to be used for other indications.
Credit Risk, Liquidity, and Bubbles
Authors: Jarrow Robert , Protter Philip
Published: October 2018

This paper presents an arbitrage‐free valuation model for a credit risky security where credit risk coexists and interacts with an asset price bubble and liquidity risk (or liquidity costs). As an illustration, this model is applied to determine the fair rate for microfinance loans.
Introduction: Frontline delivery of welfare‐to‐work in different European contexts
Authors: van Berkel Rik , Larsen Flemming , Caswell Dorte
Published: October 2018

This themed issue contributes to European research on the role of front‐line work in the implementation of welfare‐to‐work policies. A number of factors underline the relevance of such study. First, the focus on activating and disciplining the unemployed seen in many countries may on the surface look similar. However, a closer look at these policies and how they unfold in different contexts reveals many and interesting differences. While all contain a certain level of disciplining and coercive elements, they also to a varying degree contain elements that focus on the upgrading of skills, building human capital and providing other types of support in promoting labour‐market participation. In turn, these policies contain both people processing and people changing technologies that are used for different aspects of policy delivery. In addition, policy developments have gradually expanded the client group of these policies, including more hard‐to‐place unemployed, thus making the client group more heterogeneous. Finally, we have seen a strong political belief in the positive effects of using punitive sanctions. Research supports this belief when it comes to clients with high employability and limited problems besides unemployment, but the knowledge‐base is rather shaky when it comes to the hard‐to‐place clients with substantial problems. Using punitive sanctions or other disciplining or coercive measures in frontline work has caused controversy and resistance. In order to qualify our understanding of welfare‐to‐work policies, we need to take a step closer to where these policies are translated into reality for the target group.
Two cases of pressure ulcers related to acute calcium pyrophosphate crystal arthritis: A new concept of “disease‐specific unexpected external forces”
Authors: Mizokami Fumihiro , Takahashi Yoshiko , Isogai Zenzo
Published: October 2018

Sudden‐onset immobilisation generates unexpected external forces over bony prominences and is a potential cause of pressure ulcers. Here, we report two cases of deep pressure ulcers in patients with acute monoarthritis as a result of calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal deposition (pseudogout). The patients were women in their 80 who could perform activities of daily living by themselves. They developed pressure ulcers while living in their own home. Because acute CPP crystal arthritis is known to develop in relatively healthy elderly patients, patients and caregivers do not expect sudden‐onset immobilisation. In addition, larger joints are preferentially involved in acute CPP crystal arthritis, leading to the inability of patients to change positions themselves. Therefore, acute CPP crystal arthritis should be recognised as a potential causal disease for pressure ulcers. This case report further highlights a new concept of “disease‐specific unexpected external force”, which is beneficial for the prevention of pressure ulcers.
Towards algorithm‐enabled home wound monitoring with smartphone photography: A hue‐saturation‐value colour space thresholding technique for wound content tracking
Authors: Shi Runjie B. , Qiu Jimmy , Maida Vincent
Published: October 2018

Automated tracking of wound‐healing progress using images from smartphones can be useful and convenient for the patient to perform at home. To evaluate the feasibility, 119 images were taken with an iPhone smartphone during the treatment of a chronic wound at one patient's home. An image analysis algorithm was developed to quantitatively classify wound content as an index of wound healing. The core of the algorithm involves transforming the colour image into hue‐saturation‐value colour space, after which a threshold can be reliably applied to produce segmentation using the Black‐Yellow‐Red wound model. Morphological transforms are used to refine the classification. This method was found to be accurate and robust with respect to lighting conditions for smartphone‐captured photos. The wound composition percentage showed a different trend from the wound area measurements, suggesting its role as a complementary metric. Overall, smartphone photography and automated image analysis is a promising cost‐effective way of monitoring patients. While the current setup limits our capability of measuring wound area, future smartphones equipped with depth‐sensing technology will enable accurate volumetric evaluation in addition to composition analysis.
Acute otitis externa because of negative pressure wound therapy applied over the head and ear canal for scalping treatment
Authors: Castro Júlio C. D. , Coltro Pedro S. , Jorge João L. G. , Farina Junior Jayme A.
Published: October 2018

Scalping is considered a complex wound with difficult treatment, requiring early surgical intervention, reconstructive plastic surgery, and a multidisciplinary team. The reconstruction of the scalp frequently requires a combination of therapies, including temporary coverage, such as negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT). Complications of NPWT, such as bleeding, infection, and pain, have been described. However, there is no report of acute otitis externa (AOE) because of NPWT. In this article, we present an unprecedented clinical case – a female patient who developed AOE after scalping treatment with NPWT applied over the head and ear canal. We consider that it may be a result of the direct physical action of subatmospheric pressure, the presence of dressing covering the external meatus, and alteration of the bacterial population.
Tumour cell‐intrinsic CTLA4 regulates PD‐L1 expression in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Huijun , Dutta Pranabananda , Liu Jinguo , Sabri Nafiseh , Song Yuanlin , Li Willis X. , Li Jinghong
Published: October 2018

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD‐1) are immune checkpoint proteins expressed in T cells. Although CTLA4 expression was found in multiple tumours including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and cells, its function in tumour cells is unknown. Recently, PD‐1 was found to be expressed in melanoma cells and to promote tumorigenesis. We found that CTLA4 was expressed in a subset of NSCLC cell lines and in a subgroup of cancer cells within the lung cancer tissues. We further found that in NSCLC cells, anti‐CTLA4 antibody can induce PD‐L1 expression, which is mediated by CTLA4 and the EGFR pathway involving phosphorylation of MEK and ERK. In CTLA4 knockout cells, EGFR knockout cells or in the presence of an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, anti‐CTLA4 antibody was not able to induce PD‐L1 expression in NSCLC cells. Moreover, anti‐CTLA4 antibody promoted NSCLC cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo in the absence of adaptive immunity. These results suggest that tumour cell‐intrinsic CTLA4 can regulate PD‐L1 expression and cell proliferation, and that anti‐CTLA4 antibody, by binding to the tumour cell‐intrinsic CTLA4, may result in the activation of the EGFR pathway in cancer cells.
IL‐17A contributes to HSV1 infection‐induced acute lung injury in a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Chen Tao , Qiu Hui , Zhao Meng‐Meng , Chen Shan‐Shan , Wu Qin , Zhou Nian‐Yu , Lu Li‐Qin , Song Jia‐Cui , Tang Dan‐Li , Weng Dong , Li Hui‐Ping
Published: October 2018

Background

Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) often experience acute exacerbation (AE) after an episode of common cold.

Aims

To establish a mouse model of virus infection‐induced AE‐IPF and investigate the mechanism underlying the AE‐IPF.

Methods

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) was inoculated intranasally to wild‐type (WT) and IL‐17A gene knockout (IL‐17A‐/‐) mice 21 days after intratracheal administration of bleomycin (BLM).

Results

HSV1 infection caused acute exacerbation in mice with BLM‐induced fibrosis. Compared with the BLM+Saline mice, the mice with BLM+HSV1 showed significantly higher acute lung injury (ALI) score (P < 0.0001), lower survival rate (100% vs 21.4%, P < 0.0001), poorer lung function and higher inflammatory response representing by increased total inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (P = 0.0323), increased proportion of Th17 cells in peripheral blood (P = 0.0004) and higher inflammatory factors in BALF. In addition, HSV1 infection increased the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)‐related proteins in mice with BLM‐induced fibrosis. The inhibition of ERS by tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA, an ERS inhibitor) significantly reduced the IL‐17A levels in BALF (P = 0.0140) and TH17 cells in the peripheral blood (P = 0.0084) of mice with BLM+HSV1, suggesting that suppression of ERS may reduce TH17 response in mice with AE‐IPF. Compared with WT mice with BLM+HSV1, IL‐17A‐/‐ mice with BLM+HSV1 had lower ALI score (P = 0.0119), higher survival rate (78.6% vs 21.4%, P = 0.004), improved lung function, and milder inflammatory response.

Conclusions

HSV1 infection in addition to BLM‐induced IPF can successfully establish AE‐IPF in mice. IL‐17A and ERS promote lung inflammation in AE‐IPF development.
Effect of temperature and storage time on dental bleaching effectiveness
Authors: Chisini Luiz Alexandre , Conde Marcus Cristian Muniz , Meireles Sônia Saeger , Dantas Raquel Venâncio Fernandes , Sarmento Hugo Ramalho , Della Bona Álvaro , Corrêa Marcos Britto , Demarco Flávio Fernando
Published: October 2018

Objective

To evaluate the effect of storage time and temperature on the effectiveness of bleaching agents.

Methods

Enamel slabs were randomly allocated according to the concentration of carbamide peroxide (CP): 10% (CP10) and 16% (CP16). Shade evaluations were conducted at baseline and then after 3 and 12 months of storage at 3 different temperatures: 10°C (±2°C), 25°C (±2°C), and 35°C (±2°C). Objective color evaluation was performed (spectrophotometer CIEL*a*b* system and CIEDE2000) to calculate the color change (ΔE00). Subjective evaluation was performed using the VITA classical shade guide followed by shade variation (ΔS).

Results

The bleaching effect of different CP concentrations (10% and 16%) at baseline showed no differences with regard to objective (ΔE00) and subjective parameters (ΔS) (P > .05). No differences were observed between CP concentrations stored for the same length of time and at the same temperature for either parameter (P > .05). In terms of objective measurement (ΔE00), a reduction in the bleaching effect was shown for both CP concentrations (10% and 16%) when stored for 12 months at 35°C, and compared with the baseline (P < .05). As regards the subjective parameters (ΔS), after 12 months, both CP concentrations (10% and 16%) stored at 35°C showed a decrease in bleaching capacity compared to baseline (P < .05). CP10 and CP16 stored at 10°C and 25°C did not suffer any loss in bleaching ability, even after 12 months (P > .05).

Conclusions

The storage of bleaching agents for long periods at high temperatures can reduce the bleaching effectiveness of CP at 10% and 16%.

Clinical Significance

Clinicians must be made aware that they should store their bleaching products under proper temperature conditions and use them within an appropriate time frame; otherwise, the bleaching effect could be lost.
Inactivation of membrane‐bound and soluble polyphenol oxidases in apple (Malus domestica Borkh) by radio frequency processing for improved juice quality
Authors: Tian Yixiong , Yan Wenxu , Tang Yali , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Wei
Published: October 2018

Radio frequency (RF) processing was proposed to inactivate polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in apple tissue for improved juice quality. PPO in apple tissue exists as membrane‐bound PPO (mPPO) and soluble PPO (sPPO); mPPO is bound in chloroplast membranes and separated from phenolic substrates, preventing catalytic reaction, whereas sPPO is soluble in lumen. When cells break down, mPPO is released and comes in contact with phenolic substrates, contributing to browning and discoloration in juice. Research indicates that after RF treatment, inactivation of mPPO and sPPO in apple tissue was easier to achieve than extracted PPO. In addition, mPPO exhibited a lower thermal stability than that of sPPO. Treatment with RF for 10 min in apple tissue could effectively inactivate PPO and maintain a higher quality of squeezed apple juice than that of freshly squeezed juice treated by conventional thermal methods (65 °C for 10 min and 75 °C for 10 min).

Practical applications

In fruit and vegetable processing industry, enzymatic browning is a difficult issue that leads to the deterioration of product quality. RF treatment can inactivate PPO rapidly in food and agricultural products to inhibit browning without heat conduction and overheated food surfaces, keeping high quality of the products. Results in this study could provide references for the application of RF technology on fruit and vegetable processing industry to inactivate endogenous enzyme.
Screening of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented Cornus officinalis fruits for probiotic potential
Authors: Tang Huiqin , Qian Bingjun , Xia Bei , Zhuan Yi , Yao Yunqiu , Gan Renyou , Zhang Jianhua
Published: October 2018

The objective of this study was to screen probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with beneficial properties such as acid and bile salt tolerance, antibacterial activity, autoaggregation ability, and cholesterol‐lowering capacity from fermented Cornus officinalis fruits. Eleven probiotic LAB strains, identified as ten Lactobacillus plantarum and one Lactobacillus casei, were screened out and evaluated by in vitro tests. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) based on probiotic characteristics suggested that L. plantarum 2519, 3725, and 3735 were promising probiotic candidates, which were better than the probiotic reference strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Among them, L. plantarum 2519 showed the hightest autoaggregation value of 94.62%, and L. plantarum 3725 showed a cholesterol assimilation percentage of 47.83% and remarkable antimicrobial activity against five foodborne pathogens with the cell number decrease from 3.68 to 4.60 log cfu/mL. These results indicate that these three LAB strains are good candidates as probiotic starters.

Practical applications

Cornus officinalis is known as a kind of medicinal plant with fruits having many pharmacological activities, such as improving liver and kidney function, potent hpyerglycemic and antioxidant effect. C. officinalis is rich in endophytes, and its pharmacological activities may be associated with the metabolic products of endophytic bacteria. Therefore, the exploitation of microbial resources in spontaneous fermented C. officinalis fruits is beneficial to select probiotics. Moreover, the fruits from a natural reserve should be an excellent resource, attributing to the low impact of antimicrobial contamination may guarantee non or low intensity of antibiotic activity of their endophytic bacteria.
Same‐session endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography‐based tissue sampling in suspected malignant biliary obstruction: A multicenter experience
Authors: Jo Jung Hyun , Cho Chang Min , Jun Jae Hyuck , Chung Moon Jae , Kim Tae Hyeon , Seo Dong Wan , Kim Jaihwan , Park Do Hyun ,   Research Group for Endoscopic Ultrasonography in KSGE
Published: October 2018

Background and Aim

Few studies compared endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)‐based tissue sampling in terms of diagnostic accuracy in suspected malignant biliary obstruction. We evaluated and compared the diagnostic performance of EUS‐FNA and ERCP‐based tissue sampling.

Methods

This multicenter study included 263 patients with suspected malignant biliary obstruction who underwent same‐session EUS and ERCP between 2012 and 2016.

Results

Malignancies were confirmed in 239 patients (90.9%) and benign in 24 patients (9.1%). Overall diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy were 73.6% and 76.1% for EUS‐FNA, 56.5% and 60.5% for ERCP, and 85.8% and 87.1% for EUS/ERCP combination. EUS‐FNA showed higher overall performances compared with ERCP (P < 0.001), whereas EUS/ERCP combination was superior to EUS‐FNA alone (P‐value < 0.001). EUS‐FNA showed higher sensitivity and accuracy compared with ERCP for pancreatic masses (n = 187, both P‐values < 0.001) but not for biliary lesions (n = 76, both P‐values = 0.847). Sensitivity and accuracy of EUS/ERCP combination were superior to those of EUS‐FNA for both pancreatic and biliary lesions (both P‐values < 0.001). For patients with large mass (≥ 4 cm), there was no significant differences between ERCP/EUS combination and EUS‐FNA (P‐value = 0.31).

Conclusions

Same‐session EUS‐FNA and ERCP combination was superior to EUS‐FNA for both pancreatic masses and biliary lesions. Same‐session EUS/ERCP combination can be considered a proper diagnostic method for suspected malignant biliary obstruction regardless of the origin of lesions. On the other hand, EUS‐FNA alone was sufficient for diagnosis compared with EUS/ERCP combination in cases with large mass. Strategic diagnostic approach, according to clinical features of individual patient, is required.
Macrophage stimulating protein preserves blood brain barrier integrity after intracerebral hemorrhage through recepteur d'origine nantais dependent GAB1/Src/β‐catenin pathway activation in a mouse model
Authors: Lu Tai , Wang Zhong , Prativa Sherchan , Xu Yang , Wang Tian , Zhang Yiting , Yu Lingyan , Xu Ningbo , Tang Jiping , You Wanchun , Chen Gang , Zhang John H.
Published: October 2018

Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption is an important contributor to brain edema and neurological deficits following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Macrophage stimulating protein (MSP) is a hepatocyte growth factor‐like protein that mediates its functions via activating receptor tyrosine kinase recepteur d'origine nantais (RON). Grb2‐associated binder 1 (GAB1) is a docking protein that mediates downstream receptor signal transduction pathways. This study aimed to evaluate the role of MSP and RON activated signaling pathway in preserving BBB integrity after collagenase‐induced ICH. ICH mice received recombinant human MSP (rhMSP) or rhMSP combined with siRNA knockdown of RON or GAB1. rhMSP was administered by intranasal route 1 h after ICH. Brain edema, neurobehavior, BBB tight junction protein expression, and BBB permeability were evaluated. The expression of endogenous MSP and p‐RON was decreased after ICH. Exogenous rhMSP administration reduced brain edema, neurological deficits, BBB permeability, and increased the expression of tight junction proteins in ICH mice. rhMSP administration increased the expression of p‐RON, p‐GAB1, p‐Src, nuclear β‐catenin, and tight junction proteins after ICH. These effects were reversed with RON and GAB1 siRNA. We conclude that MSP activation of RON preserved BBB integrity via GAB‐1/Src/β‐catenin pathway, thereby reducing brain edema and neurological deficits after ICH in mice.

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Pediatric Congenital Cerebrovascular Anomalies
Authors: Goyal Pradeep , Mangla Rajiv , Gupta Sonali , Malhotra Ajay , Almast Jeevak , Sapire Joshua , Kolar Balasubramanya
Published: October 2018

Congenital cerebrovascular anomalies in the pediatric age group are myriad with diverse etiologies. The purpose of this paper is to provide an imaging overview of congenital vascular malformations and vascular tumors, as these conditions are varied and the characteristic vascular abnormality may even suggest the underlying systemic condition in helping to guide further management. For example, the identification of an arterial anomaly such as agenesis/hypoplasia/duplication may warrant further evaluation for an associated syndrome. Recognition of other pertinent findings, such as persistent carotid‐vertebrobasilar anastomoses for instance, would be particularly important for the planning of potential embolization/coiling of associated vascular malformation and/or aneurysm. Awareness of congenital dural sinus anomalies, including hypoplasia, aplasia, and or duplication, prevents the incorrect or overdiagnosis of sinus thrombosis. Moreover, multiple developmental venous anomalies in a patient may require further investigation for its familial association. In a similar context, there may be familial association with multiple cavernous malformations and children with central nervous system vascular malformations may have an association with other vascular conditions, eg, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, etc. An accurate description of vascular lesions is critical for understanding the natural history of the disease process and ultimately for guiding treatment. An important example of this includes Sturge‐Weber syndrome, which is often incorrectly viewed as an arteriovenous malformation, but actually a type of venous malformation. Another example which is important to recognize includes the differentiation between an infantile hemangioma and a vascular malformation, particularly as the course of the pathology and the treatment is so different between the two.
Spanish Validation of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ERQ‐CA): Introducing the ERQ‐SpA
Authors: Martín‐Albo José , Valdivia‐Salas Sonsoles , Lombas Andrés Sebastián , Jiménez Teresa I.
Published: October 2018

Research on emotion regulation is now extensive and shows the benefits of the adaptive management of emotions for social functioning and psychological well‐being. Our purpose was to test the psychometric properties of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents with a sample of nonclinical Spanish adolescents. A total of 462 secondary education students (223 girls, mean age = 13.89 years, SD = 1.38) participated. The instrument proved to be two‐factor and gender‐invariant. Results revealed the temporal stability of both emotion regulation strategies, while the predictive validity study revealed that depressive symptoms were negatively related to cognitive reappraisal, and positively related to expressive suppression. Our findings support the use of the ERQ‐SpA in Spanish adolescents.
Hedonic analysis and time‐varying capitalization: An application using school quality
Authors: Towe Charles A. , Tra Constant I.
Published: October 2018

This paper investigates the dynamics of school quality capitalization during the boom–bust cycle of the housing market. We find that the housing downturn led to a sharp increase in capitalization for high‐quality schools, whereas the boom and recovery periods saw a decline in valuation for top schools. Hence, the capitalization of school quality exhibits a strong countercyclical trend with the overall housing market. We test whether our findings are driven by households “trading down” from private schools during downturns or the fact that the housing supply responds asymmetrically during the boom and bust, but we find little support for these propositions.
Enhanced Second Language Vocabulary Learning Through Phonological Specificity Training in Adolescents
Authors: van de Ven Marco , Segers Eliane , Verhoeven Ludo
Published: October 2018

This longitudinal randomized trial study investigated the effects of phonological specificity training on second language (L2) vocabulary learning. Eighty‐six Dutch secondary‐school students participated in one of two experimental conditions or in an animacy judgment (active control) condition. Participants in the phonological specificity training (with phonological manipulation) and the picture selection (without phonological manipulation) experimental conditions had to select the corresponding picture from among competitors after hearing a word. Phonological specificity training resulted in increased learning (measured through word translation) compared to the control condition on the posttest whereas picture selection produced increased learning only for participants with larger initial vocabulary sizes. Both experimental conditions showed increased learning for participants with larger vocabulary sizes on the retention test. Compared to picture selection, phonological specificity training showed more learning immediately after intervention for words with nonnative contrasts. Results suggest that phonological features can augment (meaning‐focused) L2 vocabulary learning interventions.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Materials badge. All materials are publicly accessible via the IRIS Repository at https://www.iris-database.org. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/vyxz/wiki.
Memory and Anticipation of Income: New Empirical Support for an Old Theory of the Utility Function
Authors: Knight John , Gunatilaka Ramani
Published: October 2018

The paper contrasts early theories of the utility function (starting with Bentham and elaborated by Jevons) with the modern theory (laid down by Fisher and Samuelson). The former include in the utility function not only the sensation of current events but also the memory of past events and the anticipation of future events, whereas the latter treat current utility as a function only of current consumption and not of consumption at other times. The alternative hypotheses are tested by introducing both past and expected future income into the estimated subjective well‐being function, using an appropriate data set for China. The conditions under which the happiness score is a proxy for utility are analysed. Efforts are made to examine whether the associations between the introduced variables and the happiness score are causal effects. The tests, involving detailed analysis of reference points, both reference times and reference groups, favour the early theories. Implications for the analysis of some aspects of economic behaviour are drawn.