bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Living systems science methodology for managing complexity and change
Authors: Simms James R.
Published: September 2003

Methodologies for managing complexity and change based on living systems science are presented. Managing complexity and change requires an understanding of complex systems and their environments. Living systems science provides a means for understanding both the static and dynamic characteristics of living systems. This understanding is based on identification of the determinants of a system's behaviors and on the relationship between these behaviors and the determinants of behavior. Managing complex systems and their changes requires identification of those determinants that can be changed (managed) and the development of methodologies for analyzing systems' behaviors when the determinants are varied. The determinants of complex systems' behaviors are identified and methodologies for managing complex systems are provided. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the chaos model of liquidity in the stock market
Authors: Chen You , Xuefeng Song
Published: September 2003

For a stock market, a critical problem is the maintenance of its liquidity. Market liquidity can be described in various ways, in particular, in terms of the bid/offer spread and the market depth. A model of market liquidity dynamics has been proposed in the literature. In our study, we improve on this model. On the one hand, we think that trading volume is determined by the total number of traders, as well as the relations between the numbers of buyers and sellers, while the model of Schmidt only considered the first term. On the other hand, Schmidt assumes that the number of ‘newcomers’ in the market is in proportion to the current number of trades. However, we all know that the continual rising or decrease of the price will also attract more buyers or sellers, that is, ‘newcomers’, into the market, which Schmidt has not taken for granted. On the assumption that price variation can be neglected, we discuss the conditions in which chaos will emerge through analysis of the Lyapunov exponent. Finally, we implement a computer simulation of the model in MATLAB, and obtain more interesting results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncovering system teleology: a case for reading unconscious patterns of purposive intent in organizations
Authors: Buckle Pamela
Published: September 2003

Contemporary organizations are teleological—purposive—structures, designed to fulfil myriad societal needs. The purposive efforts of any organization are shaped by knowledge. Organizational knowledge includes both conscious and unconscious dimensions. This paper argues that a similar duality applies to organizational teleology. Organizational behaviour unfolds in service to consciously understood teleological aims (such as corporate strategies and business plans) and also unconscious teleological aims (that are undesigned or emergent), which are subtler to detect. Said differently, organizational behaviour is always purposive. Many of the intentions driving organizational behaviour are publicly understood and sanctioned; others are less well understood and unsanctioned. To the degree that some purposive behaviour in organizations remains unconscious, it may detract resources from managerial objectives and confound organizational change efforts. Drawing from facets of systems theory, this paper briefly discusses collective, purposive, and patterned characteristics of unconscious behaviour that may help practitioners to detect and respond to it. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A three‐phase design methodology for complex social systems
Authors: Li Ya , Li Xibin
Published: September 2003

The complexity of a theory must adapt to the complexity of the corresponding reality. According to classical systems theory, it is the structure that characterizes the organizing status of an organization or a system. This paper discusses the complexity of social systems, especially from the perspective of China's transformation, and argues that the organizing status of social systems can be conceived at three levels: institutional tizhi, organizational structure and operational guifan. To meet the needs of tackling complex social system issues, the paper further proposes a three‐phase design methodology which has made differences in the context of China's recent transition. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heritage presentation through interactive storytelling: a new multimedia database approach
Authors: Pletinckx Daniel , Silberman Neil , Callebaut Dirk
Published: September 2003

This paper discusses the rationale for—and describes the methodology of—a new system of interactive storytelling being developed by the Ename Centre for Public Archaeology Heritage Presentation in Belgium. Based on 5 years' experience with multimedia heritage presentation systems, both on‐site and in museum contexts, this approach to the presentation of history and archaeology enables visitors to create their own ‘stories’ as they explore the information contained in a database. The collaborative virtual environment in this case is the visitor's exploration of a historical monument through a series of interactive panoramas and navigation options that allow the visitor to weave archaeological facts and historical information to larger narratives. Because the visitor can follow a number of different trajectories (of time, space and theme) through the monument, and can freely switch trajectories, hundreds of different narratives are possible. The creation of these interactive stories has a larger educational purpose. It has proved to be a uniquely flexible medium for the communication of personalized, interest‐oriented, and user‐driven heritage information for the general public. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PmAV, a novel gene involved in virus resistance of shrimp Penaeus monodon1
Authors: Luo Tian , Zhang Xiaobo , Shao Zongze , Xu Xun
Published: September 2003

Diseases caused by viruses especially by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are the greatest challenge to worldwide shrimp aquaculture. The innate immunity of shrimp has attracted extensive attention, but no factor involved in the virus resistance has been reported. Here we report for the first time the identification of an antiviral gene from shrimp Penaeus monodon. A differential cDNA (designated as PmAV) cloned from virus‐resistant shrimp P. monodon by differential display (DD) was found to have an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 170 amino acid peptide with a C‐type lectin‐like domain (CTLD). The PmAV gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and the protein was purified. Recombinant PmAV protein displayed a strong antiviral activity in inhibiting virus‐induced cytopathic effect in fish cell in vitro. Moreover, native PmAV protein was isolated from shrimp hemolymph by immuno‐affinity chromatography and confirmed by Western blot. No agglutination activity was observed both in recombinant and native PmAV protein. Immunohistological study showed that PmAV protein was located mainly in the cytoplasm, and not bound to the shrimp WSSV. It implies that the antiviral mechanism of PmAV protein is not by inhibiting the attachment of virus to target host cell. The discovery of PmAV gene might provide a clue to elucidate the innate immunity of marine invertebrates and would be helpful to shrimp viral disease control.
Chp‐1 and melusin, two CHORD containing proteins in vertebrates
Authors: Brancaccio Mara , Menini Nadia , Bongioanni Daniela , Ferretti Roberta , De Acetis Marika , Silengo Lorenzo , Tarone Guido
Published: September 2003

Melusin is a muscle specific protein required for heart hypertrophy in response to mechanical overload. Here we describe a protein 63% homologous to melusin, named chp‐1, expressed in all tissues tested, including muscles, and highly conserved from invertebrates to human. Both proteins are characterized in their N‐terminal half by a tandemly repeated zinc binding 60 amino acid domain with a motif of uniquely spaced cysteine and histidine residues. These motives are highly conserved from plants to mammals and have been recently named CHORD (for cysteine and histidine rich domain) domains. At the C‐terminal end melusin contains a calcium binding stretch of 30 acidic amino acid residues which is absent in chp‐1. While invertebrate genome contains only one gene coding for a chp‐1 homolog, two genes coding for CHORD containing proteins (chp‐1 and melusin) are present in vertebrates. Sequence analysis suggests that the muscle specific CHORD containing protein melusin originated by a gene duplication event during early chordate evolution.
Forced expression of cyclin D1 does not compensate for Id2 deficiency in the mammary gland
Authors: Mori Seiichi , Inoshima Kenji , Shima Yoko , Schmidt Emmett V. , Yokota Yoshifumi
Published: September 2003

Id2 and cyclin D1 share several biological activities, including inhibition of differentiation, stimulation of the G1–S transition in the cell cycle and stimulation of tumorigenesis. Mammary glands of Id2−/− mice display severely impaired lobulo‐alveolar development during pregnancy, similarly to those of cyclin D1 null females. We investigated the functional relationship between Id2 and cyclin D1 in the mammary gland. Id2−/− mammary glands expressed a normal level of cyclin D1. No direct interaction of Id2 with cyclin D1 or its binding partner cdk4 was detected in mammalian two‐hybrid assays. Ectopic expression of a cyclin D1 transgene did not rescue the mammary phenotype of Id2−/− mice. These results suggest that Id2 acts downstream or independently of cyclin D1 in the control of mammary cell proliferation during pregnancy.
Prolonged survival of the phosphorylated form of rhodopsin during dark adaptation of Royal College Surgeons rat
Authors: Ohguro Hiroshi , Ohguro Ikuyo , Mamiya Kazuhisa , Maeda Tadao , Nakazawa Mitsuru
Published: September 2003

To study rhodopsin (Rho) phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat retina, specific antibodies toward major Rho phosphorylation sites in vivo, 334Ser or 338Ser, were prepared by immunization of authentic phosphorylated peptides in rabbit. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay identified that the raised antibodies exclusively recognized either the phosphorylated 334Ser or 338Ser site. In immunofluorescence labeling, both antibodies recognized photoreceptor outer segments in light‐adapted retinas from Sprague–Dawley (SD), Brown–Norway (BN) and RCS rat. During dark adaptation, immunoreactivities toward phosphorylated 338Ser and 334Ser sites were diminished within several hours (0.2–2 h) in SD and BN rat retinas. However, those toward phosphorylated 338Ser and 334Ser sites were diminished within 4 to 7 days in RCS rat retinas. In vitro studies demonstrated decreased levels of both Rho phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reactions in RCS retinas. However, the dephosphorylation reaction was much more greatly affected than the phosphorylation reaction. Extremely prolonged survival of phosphorylated forms of Rho may contribute to persistent misregulation of phototransduction processes in retinal degeneration in RCS rat.
Structure‐based mutational analyses in FGF7 identify new residues involved in specific interaction with FGFR2IIIb
Authors: Sher Ifat , Yeh Brian K , Mohammadi Moosa , Adir Noam , Ron Dina
Published: September 2003

Receptor binding specificity is an essential element in regulating the diverse activities of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). FGF7 is ideal to study how this specificity is conferred at the structural level, as it interacts exclusively with one isoform of the FGF‐receptor (FGFR) family, known as FGFR2IIIb. Previous mutational analysis suggested the importance of the β4/β5 loop of FGF7 in specific receptor recognition. Here a theoretical model of FGFR2IIIb/FGF7 complex showed that this loop interacts with the FGFR2IIIb unique exon. In addition, the model revealed new residues that either directly interact with the FGFR2IIIb unique exon (Asp63, Leu142) or facilitate this interaction (Arg65). Mutations in these residues reduced both receptor binding affinity and biological activity of FGF7. Altogether, these results provide the basis for understanding how receptor‐binding specificity of FGF7 is conferred at the structural level.
How often does the myristoylated N‐terminal latch of c‐Abl come off?
Authors: Zhou Huan-Xiang
Published: September 2003

The myristoylated N‐terminal latching to the C‐terminal lobe of c‐Abl was recently demonstrated to be an important regulatory element for the kinase, playing a role similar to that of the tyrosine‐phosphorylated C‐terminal tail of c‐Src. A potential mechanism for activating c‐Abl is the dissociation of the myristoylated N‐terminal latch. How often does this latch spontaneously come off? A recent theoretical model along with the experimental results of Superti‐Furga, Kuriyan, and co‐workers suggests that the equilibrium fraction of c‐Abl in which the myristoylated N‐terminal is unlatched is ∼0.5%.
A novel O‐phospho‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction catalyzed by O‐acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1
Authors: Mino Koshiki , Ishikawa Kazuhiko
Published: September 2003

O‐Acetylserine sulfhydrylase (OASS), a pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP)‐dependent enzyme, catalyzes the synthesis of L‐cysteine from O‐acetyl‐L‐serine and sulfide. O‐Acetyl‐L‐serine is labile at high temperatures at which hyperthermophilic archaea live. Herein, a study of the substrate specificity of OASS from Aeropyrum pernix K1 with respect to O‐acetyl‐L‐serine in L‐cysteine synthesis is described. L‐Azaserine, 3‐chloro‐L‐alanine, and O‐phospho‐L‐serine reacted with A. pernix OASS in a PLP‐dependent manner. Sulfhydrylation reactions using these substrates reached a maximum in the pH range between 7.3 and 8.1. L‐Azaserine and O‐phospho‐L‐serine were found to be heat‐stable substrates. The presence of FeCl3 or NiCl2 strongly inhibited the O‐acetyl‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction, whereas the O‐phospho‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction was only slightly inhibited. Kinetic analyses revealed that the O‐phospho‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction as well as the O‐acetyl‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction for A. pernix OASS followed a ping‐pong bi‐bi mechanism. In the case of the O‐phospho‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction at 85°C, the K
m values for O‐phospho‐L‐serine and sulfide, and the rate constant were 250 mM, 12.5 mM, and 14 000 s−1, respectively. The reactivity of O‐phospho‐L‐serine in the L‐cysteine synthetic reaction provides a key for understanding the biosynthesis of L‐cysteine by hyperthermophilic archaea. This is the first report of an enzyme that catalyzes the O‐phospho‐L‐serine sulfhydrylation reaction.
From the first to the second domain of gelsolin: a common path on the surface of actin?1
Authors: Irobi Edward , Burtnick Leslie D. , Urosev Dunja , Narayan Kartik , Robinson Robert C.
Published: September 2003

We present the 2.6 Å resolution crystal structure of a complex formed between G‐actin and gelsolin fragment Met25–Gln160 (G1+). The structure differs from those of other gelsolin domain 1 (G1) complexes in that an additional six amino acid residues from the crucial linker region into gelsolin domain 2 (G2) are visible and are attached securely to the surface of actin. The linker segment extends away from G1 up the face of actin in a direction that infers G2 will bind along the same long‐pitch helical strand as the actin bound to G1. This is consistent with a mechanism whereby G2 attaches gelsolin to the side of a filament and then directs G1 toward a position where it would disrupt actin–actin contacts. Alignment of the sequence of the structurally important residues within the G1–G2 linker with those of WH2 (WASp homology domain 2) domain protein family members (e.g. WASp (Wiscott–Aldridge syndrome protein) and thymosin β4) suggests that the opposing activities of filament assembly and disassembly may exploit a common patch on the surface of actin.
An evaluation of manual vacuum aspiration instruments
Authors: Girvin S. , Ruminjo J.
Published: September 2003

Objectives: Manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) instruments vary in quality, cost, and availability. This evaluation of MVA instruments was conducted to provide decision‐makers with information to assist them in determining which instruments to purchase for their specific health care settings. Methods: Nine MVA devices were evaluated for durability, quality, safety, and usability. Study data came from device specifications, laboratory‐based technical studies, and field evaluations. Results: Equipment durability is compromised by high temperatures, quality is compromised by manufacturing defects, and design is key to safe reuse. All MVA instructions are written at advanced reading levels, and device assembly was difficult for most study participants. Conclusions: No single brand of MVA instrument is perfectly suited for every setting. Users can evaluate the appropriateness of MVA instrument characteristics by reviewing the elements assessed in this evaluation, which, by complementing the experience of administrators and clinicians, should enable them to determine which MVA is best for their environment.
Sibling influences on adolescent delinquent behaviour: an Australian longitudinal study
Authors: Fagan Abigail A , Najman Jake M
Published: September 2003

This article examines sibling influences on adolescent delinquency at age 14, using data from an Australian longitudinal study of 374 same‐ and mixed‐sex sibling pairs. Based on maternal and self‐reports, a moderately strong association between siblings’ delinquency is found. The relationship remains significant controlling for childhood aggression and family environment factors measured during childhood (age 5) and adolescence (age 14), using both standardized instruments and new scales. This effect varies according to the sex composition of the sibling pair and is stronger for males and those whose parents have been arrested. The need for increased attention to sibling influences by researchers and prevention practitioners is discussed.
Predicting intraindividual self‐concept trajectories during adolescence
Authors: Young Jami F , Mroczek Daniel K
Published: September 2003

The level and stability of both global and domain‐specific self‐concepts was examined in a study of 253 adolescents, aged 11–20. Intraindividual self‐concept trajectories were calculated through growth curve modeling. Six of the self‐concept domains were stable over time. In the remaining three domains, there was a significant increase in perceived competency. Growth curve modeling highlighted individual differences in both level and change in self‐concept for each of the domains. These differences were partially accounted for by the adolescents’ age and gender, suggesting that these variables are important determinants of adolescent self‐concept.
Applying ethnic equivalence and cultural values models to African‐American teens’ perceptions of parents☆
Authors: Lamborn Susie D , Felbab Amanda J
Published: September 2003

This study evaluated both the parenting styles and family ecologies models with interview responses from 93 14‐ and 15‐year‐old African‐American adolescents. The parenting styles model was more strongly represented in both open‐ended and structured interview responses. Using variables from the structured interview as independent variables, regression analyses contrasted each model with a joint model for predicting self‐esteem, self‐reliance, work orientation, and ethnic identity. Overall, the findings suggest that a joint model that combines elements from both models provides a richer understanding of African‐American families.
Purified Protein Derivative: The Vital Part of the Cervical Tuberculous Adenitis Diagnosis
Authors: Çinar Fikret , Çinar Saniye , Yilmaz Büulent , Gürsel Okan
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to review the diagnostic procedures for tuberculous cervical adenitis (TCA) and state the most valuable diagnostic protocol.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Fifty‐eight patients who presented with progressive, painless, enlarging neck masses and were diagnosed with TCA between 1988 and 1998 at Beyoglu Hospital, Istanbul, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: The chest roentgenograms were normal in all patients. The purified protein derivative skin testing was positive in every case. The fine needle aspiration biopsy was consistent with mycobacterial infection in 27 (46%) of 58 cases, and biopsy results correctly diagnosed TCA in all masses excised.

CONCLUSION

Tuberculosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the neck masses. Purified protein derivative with detailed history and physical examination should be the first step in the diagnosis.
Plasma Surgery and Topical Estriol: Effects on the Nasal Mucosa and Long‐Term Results in Patients with Osier's Disease
Authors: Sadick Haneen , Ramin Naim , Oulmi Jasmina , Karl Hormann , Bergler Wolfgang
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVE

The study goal was to report on the long‐term results and effect of argon plasma coagulation (APC) surgery and topical estriol in patients with Osier's disease who had recurrent epistaxis.

STUDY DESIGN

In a prospective clinical study, 52 patients underwent APC and estriol application and were followed for 18 months regarding their bleeding frequency and intensity. Patient blood samples were obtained to determine the serum estriol levels. Scanning electron microscopy of the nasal mucosa enabled a better understanding concerning the effect of estriol on the nasal mucosa.

RESULTS

Eighteen months after treatment, 96% of the patients stated a significantly reduced bleeding frequency and intensity. Under estriol influence, former berry‐like telangiectasia of the nasal mucosa was flatter. The serum estriol levels did not increase significantly in any of the patients. No side effects from the use of topical estriol were observed.

CONCLUSION

The combined treatment approach with APC and topical estriol significantly reduces epistaxis in Osier's disease.

SIGNIFICANCE

APC and topical estriol have proved to be a promising alternative in the treatment of Osier's disease.
Transcranial Contralateral Cochlear Stimulation in Unilateral Deafness
Authors: Wazen Jack J. , Spitzer Jaclyn B. , Ghossaini Soha N. , Fayad José N. , Niparko John K. , Cox Kenneth , Brackmann Derald E. , Soli Sigfrid D.
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Bone Anchored Cochlear Stimulator (BAHA) in transcranial routing of signal by implanting the deaf ear.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGS

Eighteen patients with unilateral deafness were included in a multisite study. They had a 1‐month pre‐implantation trial with a contralateral routing of signal (CROS) hearing aid. Their performance with BAHA was compared with the CROS device using speech reception thresholds, speech recognition performance in noise, and the Abbreviated Profile Hearing Benefit and Single Sided Deafness questionnaires.

RESULTS

Patients reported a significant improvement in speech intelligibility in noise and greater benefit from BAHA compared with CROS hearing aids. Patients were satisfied with the device and its impact on their quality of life. No major complications were reported.

CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE

BAHA is effective in unilateral deafness. Auditory stimuli from the deaf side can be transmitted to the good ear, avoiding the limitations inherent in CROS amplification.
Prognostic Staging System and Therapeutic Effectiveness for Recurrent or Chronic Sinusitis in Children
Authors: Lieu Judith E. Cho , Piccirillo Jay F. , Lusk Rodney P.
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVE

We sought to assess the clinical status of pediatric sinusitis patients after a minimum of 2 years follow‐up and to evaluate relative treatment effectiveness.

STUDY DESIGN

We conducted a medical record review of 308 patients, with a 2‐year follow‐up questionnaire.

RESULTS

Overall, 55% of children were “much improved.” A 4‐stage prognostic system was developed and used to compare results in 133 patients who had not responded to medical treatment and who had positive sinus computed tomography scans. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) had no apparent advantages in stages I and IV, but in stages II and III, rates of “much improved” for ESS versus medical therapy were 79% versus 54% and 68% versus 42%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that ESS may be particularly effective for patients from intermediate prognostic stages.

SIGNIFICANCE

This type of prognostic staging and evaluation of treatment effectiveness is necessary and important in chronic sinusitis, where randomized trials are unlikely to be performed.
Efficacy of Perioperative Thromboprophylactic Agents in the Maintenance of Anastamotic Patency and Survival of Rat Microvascular Free Groin Flaps
Authors: Murthy Prad , Riesberg Michael V. , Hart Steve , Bustillo Andres , Duque Carlos. S. , Said Sheriff , Civantos Francisco. J.
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVES

We sought to determine the thromboprophylactic effects of low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LMWH) and pentoxifylline.

DESIGN

Randomized blinded study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sixty Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) control group (n = 15), (2) pentoxifylline group (n = 15), (3) LMWH group (n = 15), and (4) combined therapy group (n = 15). A groin/abdominal free flap was elevated in each, with division of the artery and microvascular repair The animals received therapy for 4 days preoperatively and 6 days postoperatively. Flaps were monitored visually, and on the seventh postoperative day, the flap was elevated, and the microvascular anastomosis was assessed for patency.

RESULTS

There was a statistically significant improvement in arterial patency in both pentoxifylline and LMWH groups compared with controls (P < 0.01) but no significant improvement with combined therapy (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

In this animal model, LMWH and pentoxifylline have significant thrombroprophylactic effects when used individually but not in combination.
The Relationship Between Tumor Thickness and Clinical and Histopathologic Parameters in Cancer of the Larynx
Authors: Yilmaz Taner , Gedikoglu GÖkhan , Gürsel Bülent
Published: September 2003

OBJECTIVES

We sought to determine the relationship of tumor thickness to clinical and histopathologic parameters in laryngeal cancer.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

We conducted a retrospective review of laryngectomy specimens of 111 surgically treated T1–3 laryngeal cancer patients for tumor thickness and various histopathologic parameters.

RESULTS

Tumor thickness was significantly related to T, N, and clinical stage; pathologic cervical lymph node metastasis; cartilage invasion; microscopic appearance; mode of invasion to surrounding tissues; perineural invasion; and lymphocytic infiltration (P < 0.05). Tumor thickness had significant correlation with T, N, and clinical stage; cervical lymph node metastasis; cartilage invasion; mode of invasion to surrounding tissues; perineural invasion; and lymphocytic infiltration (P < 0.05). Multifactorial statistical analysis showed that cartilage invasion and lymphocytic infiltration significantly determined tumor thickness independently (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Tumor thickness is well correlated to most of the reliable clinical and histopathologic parameters, and it is an objective and easy‐to‐obtain measure.

SIGNIFICANCE

Tumor thickness can be used as a reliable histopathological factor and should be measured in every laryngectomy specimen.
Age estimation, growth and maturity of the European hake (Merluccius merluccius (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Iberian Atlantic waters
Authors: Piñeiro C , Saínza M
Published: September 2003

Difficulties in age estimation for hake (Merluccius merluccius) have hampered the assessment of stocks. Here, we describe new, agreed ageing criteria based on the interpretation of the pattern of otolith growth. Improved estimates of von Bertalanffy growth parameters, and new estimates of maturity ogive parameters and length–weight relationships for European hake from Iberian Atlantic waters are presented. The results came from a study carried out during 1996–1997 and provide the first published account of the main life history traits of Southern stock hake. von Bertalanffy growth parameters of males were L∞ = 70cm, K = 0.18 year−1, and t0=−0.97 year, and those of females were L∞ = 89cm, K = 0.13 year−1, and t0 = −1.15 year. Growth of sexes differed from age 3 onwards, with females being on average larger and heavier than males. The estimated total length (L, cm)–total weight (W, g) relationships were W=0.0132135L2.8134246 for males and W=0.0086471L2.942563 for females. Spawning took place from December to May with a peak in February. The mean length and age at first maturity were 32.8 cm at 2.5 years for males and 45 cm at 4.4 years for females.

Application of new ageing criteria showed that otolith sections may be used to determine ages up to 5 years in a consistent manner. These results indicate that hake of the Southern stock grow at higher rates and mature earlier than previously considered. Summaries of hake's life history parameters from other marine regions are also presented in order to make information that belongs largely to the grey literature available.
The influence of electroconvulsive therapy on pain threshold and pain tolerance in major depression patients before, during and after treatment
Authors: Schreiber Shaul , Shmueli Dorit , Grunhaus Leon , Dolberg Orna T. , Feldinger Eli , Magora Florella , Shapira Shmuel C.
Published: September 2003

Despite the findings that pain and depression are not always directly linked, enough evidence suggest that a complex relationship between pain and depression exists. Using an electronic pressure algometer placed on the sternum, the changes in pressure pain threshold (PPThr) and pressure pain tolerance (PPTol) were evaluated in 19 patients affected by refractory major depression without psychotic features, throughout a full course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) treatment. Measurements were done before the first treatment, after the 6th treatment and after the last treatment. After the 6th treatment, mean (±SD) PPThr increased significantly from 11.48 (±4.81) kg/cm2 at baseline, to 13.7 (±5.59) kg/cm2 (p=0.0076) while PPTol did not change significantly (from 18.46 (±6.75)kg/cm2 to 17.4 ). At the end of the treatment course, mean (±SD) PPThr did not increase further significantly (15.06 (p=0.0234)) while PPTol increased significantly to 21.34 (±7.8)kg/cm2 (p=0.0047). ECT's efficacy was measured with the 21‐item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (21‐HAM‐D). Mean (±SD) 21‐HAM‐D scores decreased significantly from 30.9 (±4.15) at baseline, to 10.47 (±5.78) (p=0.0001) after the 6th treatment, with no further significant change at the end of the treatment course (9.94±3.07; p=0.0254). Both pain threshold and pain tolerance increased following the alleviation of the depressive disorder and a possible usefulness of ECT may be postulated for treating severe, chronic pain syndromes. However, a more significant conclusion is that the increase of the PPThr noted early during ECT treatment may serve as an early outcome possible detector of ECT efficacy in depressed patients.
Influence of intracellular Ca2+ release modulating drugs on bupivacaine infiltration anesthesia in mice
Authors: Smith Forrest L. , LeBlanc Scott J. , Carter Richard
Published: September 2003

The endoplasmic reticulum inside neurons can provide enormous amounts of releasable Ca2+ to increase cytosolic Ca2+ levels through the activation of endoplasmic membrane ion channels. Ryanodine (RyR) channels release Ca2+ into the cytosol when activated by Ca2+ influx through voltage‐gated channels, or by cyclicADP ribose. Inositol tris‐phosphate (IP3) channels are stimulated by phospolipid metabolism and the release of IP3. The hypothesis was tested that drugs that bind RyR or IP3 channels would affect the anesthetic potency of bupivacaine. The radiant heat tail‐flick test was used to assess for anesthesia following subcutaneous infiltration of bupivacaine and Ca2+ modulating drugs in the tails of mice. No musculature is contained in the tail that could result in motor block. The RyR channel agonists 4‐chloro‐m‐cresol and poly‐l‐lysine significantly reduced the anesthetic potency of bupivacaine. The plant alkaloid ryanodine elicited a bi‐phasic effect, with low concentrations blocking bupivacaine anesthesia, and a high concentration enhancing anesthesia. Alternatively, the RyR channel antagonist dantrolene sodium dose‐dependently increased bupivacaine's potency. However, the IP3 channel drugs were inactive. The IP3 agonist adenophostin A failed to affect bupivacaine anesthesia. Furthermore, bupivacaine was unaffected by the IP3 channel antagonists xestospongin C or low molecular weight heparin. Our results indicate that only the RyR channel drugs modulated the anesthetic effects of bupivacaine. Electrophysiological and molecular studies of sensory dorsal root ganglia neurons, the source of Adelta and C‐fiber nociceptors, have demonstrated the presence of RyR3 Ca2+ release channels. This provides the first evidence that RyR channels might affect bupivacaine anesthesia in some fashion.
Environmental detection of Microsporum canis arthrospores in the households of infected cats and dogs
Authors: Mancianti F. , Nardoni S , Corazza M , D'Achille P , Ponticelli C.
Published: September 2003

Microsporum canis is the dermatophyte most frequently recovered from canine and feline ringworm cases. The household environment can be contaminated both by symptomatic animals and through asymptomatic M canis carriage, resulting in a potential human health risk. The load of M canis arthrospores was determined in households harbouring infected pets, in order to evaluate the infectivity of the animals versus the environment. The environments inhabited by 30 symptomatic animals (21 cats and 9 dogs) infected by M canis were examined by sampling both surfaces and indoor air. The surfaces were examined by means of contact plates; the air sampling was performed with a Sas super-100 AIR SAMPLER (PBI, Italy). Environmental contamination was detected in all households with cats, while only four out of nine houses harbouring dogs were found positive. The frequence of isolation in each sampling, and the results in terms of colony forming units per plate in the different houses appeared to be quite homogeneous. Heavily infected environments harboured kittens only. Infected owners were observed in eight households, in all of which at least one infected cat was present. No history of human dermatophytosis in households harbouring dogs was found. On the basis of our results, infected cats appear to cause substantial environmental contamination, and provoke a substantial presence of viable airborne fungal elements. Dogs seem to be of lower importance in the spread of M canis: they contaminated surfaces, but they never contaminated the air. The results of this study confirm the potential leading role of the feline species in the environmental spread of M canis.
Selection of endpoints for heart failure clinical trials
Authors: Zanolla Luisa , Zardini Piero
Published: September 2003

In assessing the efficacy and the safety of a new drug, randomized clinical trials represent the standard scientific method. The selection of the best response variables in a clinical trial of a treatment in congestive heart failure patients is often not straightforward; the primary end point of a trial should be clinically relevant, directly related to the primary goal of the trial, and with favorable distributional properties. All‐cause mortality is undoubtedly the most unbiased endpoint, but there is interest both in assessing cause‐specific mortality and hospitalization rate and in evaluating ‘soft’ endpoints (functional status, exercise tolerance); the latter, in fact, are clinically relevant and potentially more useful in mild heart failure patients. Physiopathologic variables (e.g. left ventricular function) could provide information on drug action mechanism. In this paper, several recent large clinical trials are reviewed and the advantages and drawbacks of the response variables used, are analyzed.
Striking improvement of muscle strength under creatine therapy in a patient with long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Korenke G. C. , Wanders R. J. A. , Hanefeld F.
Published: September 2003

Summary: Creatine monohydrate given orally led to a long‐lasting improvement of muscular weakness and ataxia in a girl with long‐chain 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency
Mutational analysis of Noxa gene in human cancers
Authors: LEE SUG HYUNG , SOUNG YOUNG HWA , LEE JONG WOO , KIM HONG SUG , LEE JONG HEUN , KIM HONG SUG , LEE JONG HEUN , PARK JIK YOUNG , CHO YONG GU , KIM CHANG JAE , KIM SU YOUNG , PARK WON SANG , KIM SANG HO , LEE JUNG YOUNG , YOO NAM JIN
Published: September 2003

There has been mounting evidence that dysregulation of apoptosis is involved in the mechanisms of cancer development and somatic mutations of apoptosis‐related genes have been reported in human cancers. Noxa, a Bcl‐2 homology 3 (BH3)‐only member of the Bcl‐2 family, is known to interact with anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 family members and induces apoptosis. The aim of this study was to explore the possibility that the Noxa gene is mutated in human cancers. We have analyzed the entire coding region and all splice sites of the Noxa gene for the detection of somatic mutations in a series of human cancers, including carcinomas from stomach, colon, liver, urinary bladder and lung by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and DNA sequencing. We found one somatic mutation of the Noxa gene in a transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary bladder. To evaluate the functional alterations of the mutant in apoptosis, we overexpressed the mutant and wild‐type Noxa in 293T and HeLa cells, but could not find any significant difference in cell death between the wild‐type and mutant Noxa. These data suggest that Noxa is rarely mutated in human carcinomas and that the contribution of Noxa gene mutation in the pathogenesis of human cancer might not be related to cell death mechanisms.
Sequential treatment for Helicobacter pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer patients: improving the cost of pharmacotherapy
Authors: Hassan C. , De Francesco V. , Zullo A. , Scaccianoce G. , Piglionica D. , Ierardi E. , Panella C. , Morini S.
Published: September 2003

Background : Several studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori eradication rates with standard 7‐day triple therapy are unsatisfactory. A novel 10‐day sequential treatment regimen recently achieved a significantly higher eradication rate. To improve the pharmacotherapeutic cost, we evaluated whether an acceptable eradication rate could be achieved in peptic ulcer patients by halving the dose of clarithromycin.

Methods : In a prospective, open‐label study, 152 duodenal ulcer patients with H. pylori infection, assessed by rapid urease test and histology, were enrolled. Patients were randomized to receive either a 10‐day sequential treatment comprising rabeprazole 20 mg b.d. plus amoxicillin 1 g b.d. for the first 5 days, followed by rabeprazole 20 mg b.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.d. and tinidazole 500 mg b.d. for the remaining 5 days (high‐dose therapy), or a similar schedule with the clarithromycin doses halved to 250 mg b.d. (low‐dose therapy). No further antisecretory drugs were offered. Four to six weeks after therapy, H. pylori eradication and ulcer healing rates were assessed by endoscopy.

Results : Similar H. pylori eradication rates were observed following high‐ and low‐dose regimens for both per protocol (97.3% vs. 95.9%; P = N.S.) and intention‐to‐treat (94.7% vs. 92.2%; P = N.S.) analyses. No major side‐effects were reported. At repeat endoscopy, peptic ulcer healing was observed in 93% and 93% of patients following high‐ and low‐dose therapy, respectively.

Conclusion : The cheaper low‐dose sequential regimen may be suggested for H. pylori eradication in duodenal ulcer patients, even without continued proton pump inhibitor therapy after eradication treatment.
Do alterations of endogenous angiotensin II levels regulate erythropoietin production in humans?
Authors: Freudenthaler S. , Benöhr P. , Grenz A. , Selzer T. , Schmidt T. , Mörike K. , Osswald H. , Gleiter C. H.
Published: September 2003

Aims  Recent evidence suggests a potential role of angiotensin II in the physiological regulation of erythropoietin (Epo) production. While the administration of exogenous angiotensin II (AII) has been used so far to study its effects, the role of endogenous AII has remained unclear.

Methods  To alter endogenous AII in humans experimentally we used furosemide bolus injection as a short‐term (study 1) and dietary salt as a long‐term modulator (study 2). In an open crossover design, 12 healthy male volunteers received furosemide (F) 0.5 mg kg−1 intravenously or placebo (P) in random order (study 1). With the same design, 12 volunteers received high‐salt (HS), normal‐salt (NS) and low‐salt (LS) diet (study 2). Plasma renin activity (PRA) was analysed along with AII. Inulin and paraaminohippurate (PAH) clearances were used to indicate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF), respectively.

Results  While F stimulated AII and PRA and decreased GFR and RPF significantly, no concomitant alteration of Epo was observed [AUCEpo: placebo 5709 ± 243 (% of baseline × h), furosemide: 5833 ± 255 (% of baseline × h); 95% confidence interval (CI) − 608.4, 856.0; P = 0.73]. F decreased GFR (from 103.6 ± 4.0 to 90.6 ± 4.8 ml min−1 1−1 73 m−2; 95% CI 1.1, 24.9; P < 0.05), but not RPF (study 1). Correspondingly, LS stimulated and HS decreased AII and PRA significantly. HS increased GFR and RPF. Again, Epo concentrations were not affected (AUCEpo: normal sodium 44 ± 6.7 mIU × day  ml−1, low sodium 39 ± 2.4 mIU × day ml−1, high sodium 48.5 ± 6.1 mIU × day ml−1; normal salt/low salt 95% CI − 11.9, 21.9, P = 0.54; normal salt/high salt 95% CI − 14.4, 23.3, P = 0.63; study 2).

Conclusions   We conclude that, at least in the physiological setting in healthy volunteers, increased concentrations of endogenous AII may not be a major factor of Epo regulation.
Evaluation of drug treatment in irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Talley Nicholas J.
Published: September 2003

The irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) remains a therapeutic challenge in part because of the limited understanding of the pathophysiology. The placebo response rate varies in randomized controlled trials from 20 to 70%, and can persist for up to at least 1 year. It is contentious whether dietary fibre and bulking agents relieve the symptoms of IBS; constipation probably improves. Anticholinergic and antispasmodic agents are of questionable benefit in IBS despite positive meta‐analyses of poor quality trials. A meta‐analysis concluded that the tricyclic antidepressants were superior to placebo in IBS, although the individual trial results were variable. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are of uncertain benefit. Laxatives are used for constipation but probably poorly control the IBS symptom complex. Loperamide is superior to placebo in improvement of diarrhoea but not abdominal pain in IBS. Tegaserod is a well‐ tolerated aminoguanidine indole derivative of serotonin that is a partial 5HT4–receptor agonist with prokinetic properties; a therapeutic gain over placebo of 5% to 15% has been observed in constipation‐predominant IBS in females. Alosetron is a 5HT3‐receptor antagonist that is efficacious in females with diarrhoea‐predominant IBS, with a 12% to 17% therapeutic gain; the risk of ischaemic colitis is 1 in 350, with very severe constipation occurring in about 1 in 1000. Optimizing study design remains a challenge in IBS. New visceral analgesic and motility modifying agents, as well as anti‐inflammatory agents are in trials, and hopefully additional efficacious therapeutic options for patients with IBS will soon emerge.
Experimental study of non-normal nonlinear transition to turbulence in a rotating magnetic field driven flow
Authors: Grants I. , Gerbeth G.
Published: September 2003

Transition to turbulence of a rotating magnetic field driven liquid metal flow in a cylinder is studied experimentally by a probeless method. A sudden, wide frequency band transition as well as intermittency are observed just at the theoretically predicted linear instability limit. A small geometrical imperfection triggers the transition in the linearly stable regime in a control parameter range where additional unstable steady solutions have been detected numerically. We discuss possibilities to predict theoretically the non-normal nonlinear transition and its characteristics.
A numerical analysis of the influence of the liquid depth on two-dimensional Faraday waves
Authors: Ubal S. , Giavedoni M. D. , Saita F. A.
Published: September 2003

In this work a numerical analysis of two-dimensional Faraday waves is presented. This study is based on direct numerical simulation of Navier–Stokes and continuity equations with appropriate boundary conditions. Stability maps on the (F-α) plane for viscous liquid layers with equilibrium depths between 5×10−5 m and 10−5 m are presented; comparisons are made with the linear stability predictions obtained with Benjamin and Ursell’s model for an inviscid fluid and with Kumar and Tuckerman’s model for a viscous fluid. Regions in which time-periodic solutions are no longer obtained and nonlinear effects are relevant, and are also delimited and analyzed: in these zones the disintegration of the free surface into drops may take place.
Developing flow of a power-law liquid film on an inclined plane
Authors: Weinstein Steven J. , Ruschak Kenneth J. , Ng Kam C.
Published: September 2003

Developing flow of a liquid film along a stationary inclined wall is analyzed for a power-law constitutive equation. For films with appreciable inertia and therefore small interfacial slopes, the boundary-layer approximation may be used. The boundary-layer equations are solved numerically through the von Mises transformation that gives a partial differential equation over a semi-infinite strip and approximately by the method of von Kármán and Polhausen that gives an ordinary differential equation for the film thickness, called a film equation. Film equations derived from self-similar velocity profiles fail when the film thickens and the flow undergoes a supercritical to subcritical transition; a nonremovable singularity arises at the critical point, the location of the flow transition. A film equation is developed that accommodates this transition. Predictions exhibit a standing wave where hydrostatic pressure becomes important and opposes inertia. This thickening effect is accentuated for small angles of inclination at moderate Reynolds numbers. In the limit of small film thickness in which gravitational effects are negligible, the thickness profile is nonlinear in agreement with an independent and new similarity solution. This result contrasts with the established linear thickness profile for a Newtonian liquid. The circumstances in which the film equation gives results close to the full boundary layer equation are identified.
Numerical study of the Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Ohkitani K. , Constantin P.
Published: September 2003

An Euler–Lagrangian analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations is performed with use of numerical simulations. On this basis we propose a new method for capturing vortex reconnection. It is found that the diffusive Lagrangian map becomes noninvertible under time evolution and requires resetting for its calculation. This sets a time scale and its frequent resetting corresponds to vortex reconnection. Another time scale defined by the connection coefficients, responsible for noncommutativity of Euler and Euler–Lagrange derivatives, is shown to be on the same order during reconnection. This introduces a novel singular perturbation problem of connection anomaly underlying reconnection.