bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Lithiation‐Borylation Methodology and Its Application in Synthesis
Authors: Leonori Daniele , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: December 2014

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis for the Synthesis of Cyclic and Polymeric Carbonates from CO2 and Epoxides: a Mechanistic Overview
Authors: Laugel Guillaume , Rocha Catarina Carvalho , Massiani Pascale , Onfroy Thomas , Launay Franck
Published: December 2014

Review: 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Design of Pseudo‐Enantiomeric Libraries of Ligands Based on Pyranoses for Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Benessere Vincenzo , Lega Matteo , Ruffo Francesco
Published: December 2014

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamics and Structure of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Fayer Michael D.
Published: December 2014

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Apolipoprotein A‐I Mimetics
Authors: Reddy Srinivasa T. , Navab Mohamad , Anantharamaiah Gattadahalli M. , Fogelman Alan M.
Published: December 2014

Review: recent publications in the field of apolipoprotein mimetics; 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymeric Nanocarriers for Expected Nanomedicine: Current Challenges and Future Prospects
Authors: Daglar B. , Ozgur E. , Corman M. E. , Uzun L. , Demirel G. B.
Published: December 2014

Review: 131 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid‐Based Green Processes for Energy Production
Authors: Zhang Suojiang , Sun Jian , Zhang Xiaochun , Xin Jiayu , Miao Qingqing , Wang Jianji
Published: December 2014

Review: 257 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry to Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Vikse Krista L. , Ahmadi Zohrab , Scott McIndoe J.
Published: December 2014

Review: 103 refs.
Experimentelle Untersuchung eines Thermoblechapparates als Naturumlaufverdampfer
Authors: Goedecke Robert , Scholl Stephan
Published: December 2014

Aufgrund ihrer Struktur und konstruktiven Freiheitsgrade bieten Thermobleche sehr gute Wärmeübertragungseigenschaften bei gleichzeitig geringem Druckverlust und sind potenziell sehr gut für die Naturumlaufverdampfung geeignet. Der Betriebsbereich dieser Verdampfer ist jedoch limitiert. Die Eignung eines Thermoblechapparates für die Naturumlaufverdampfung wurde durch Messungen zu Fluiddynamik und Wärmeübergang überprüft. Es zeigt sich, dass diese Bauform sehr gut geeignet ist und einen stabilen Umlauf bei gleichzeitig hoher Wärmeübertragungsleistung ermöglicht.
Multifunctional Floating Titania‐Coated Macro/Mesoporous Photocatalyst for Efficient Contaminant Removal
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Xing Zipeng , Zhang Hang , Li Zhenzi , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Yan , Li Li , Zhou Wei
Published: December 2014

A multifunctional floating photocatalyst consisting of highly active well‐ordered mesoporous TiO2 (OMT) as a catalyst and polyurethane foam (PUF) as a floating substrate is synthesized successfully through a low‐temperature ultrasonic and deposition approach. With the synthesized OMT/PUF composites, the multifunctionality of contaminant adsorption, dye degradation, and heavy metal removal can be achieved simultaneously. The prepared photocatalyst is characterized in detail by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption. The results indicate that the OMT/PUF presents a hierarchical macro/mesoporous structure, which is favorable for the adsorption and diffusion of pollutants and for the efficient utilization of sunlight. The degradation of several model dyes including rhodamine B, methyl orange, methylene blue, and simultaneous reduction of hexavalent chromium are examined over the floating photocatalysts with sunlight irradiation under certain conditions. A synergistic effect between the degradation of dyes and the reduction of CrVI is observed for the dye‐CrVI coexistence system. This novel floating OMT/PUF photocatalyst is very promising in the field of wastewater treatment.
Exploring Outcomes Related to Anxiety and Depression in Completers of a Randomized Controlled Trial of Complicated Grief Treatment
Authors: Glickman Kim , Shear M. Katherine , Wall Melanie
Published: December 2014

The present study examines a more fine‐grained analysis of anxiety‐related and depression‐related outcomes amongst a sample of treatment completers who were assigned to complicated grief treatment (CGT) (n = 35) or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) (n = 34) in a previously reported randomized controlled trial. We examined effects of antidepressant use and measures of anxiety and depression, focusing especially on guilt related to the death or deceased and grief‐related avoidance in order to further understand the differential effectiveness of CGT and IPT amongst participants who received the full course of treatment. Analyses showed that CGT produced greater reductions in anxiety and depressive symptoms including negative thoughts about the future and grief‐related avoidance. CGT's advantage over IPT in lowering depression was most pronounced amongst those not taking antidepressants. Our results further elucidate CGT effects and support the idea that CG and major depressive disorder are distinct conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Targeted treatment for complicated grief (CG) produces benefits in associated mood and anxiety symptoms and CG symptoms.

Amongst patients with CG, interpersonal psychotherapy seems relatively ineffective in ameliorating depressive symptoms.

Grief‐related depressive symptoms may not respond to standard treatments unless CG symptoms are also addressed.

Reducing grief‐related symptoms, such as anxieties about the future, guilt related to the death or deceased and avoidance of reminders of the loss may be important aspects in reducing CG.
Cryptanalysis and improvement of a three‐party password‐based authenticated key exchange protocol with user anonymity using extended chaotic maps
Authors: Farash Mohammad Sabzinejad , Attari Mahmoud Ahmadian , Kumari Saru
Published: December 2014

Three‐party password‐authenticated key exchange (3PAKE) protocols allow two clients to agree on a secret session key through a server via a public channel. 3PAKE protocols have been designed using different arithmetic aspects including chaotic maps. Recently, Lee et al. proposed a 3PAKE protocol using Chebyshev chaotic maps and claimed that their protocol has low computation and communication cost and can also resist against numerous attacks. However, this paper shows that in spite of the computation and communication efficiency of the Lee et al. protocol, it is not secure against the modification attack. To conquer this security weakness, we propose a simple countermeasure, which maintains the computation and communication efficiency of the Lee et al. protocol. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Students on spectrum make up small but growing campus population
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: December 2014

Students with autism‐spectrum disorder are a tiny minority on most college and university campuses, but that may not be the case for long. That's one of the key findings of Disability Compliance for Higher Education's recent e‐survey on students on the spectrum in higher education and how disability services providers are responding to the unique needs of this growing population.
Development, metamorphosis, morphology, and diversity: The evolution of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrates
Authors: Diogo Rui , Ziermann Janine M.
Published: December 2014

Recent findings that urochordates are the closest sister‐group of vertebrates have dramatically changed our understanding of chordate evolution and vertebrate origins. To continue to deepen our understanding of chordate evolution and diversity, in particular the morphological and taxonomical diversity of the vertebrate clade, one must explore the origin, development, and comparative anatomy of not only hard tissues, but also soft tissues such as muscles. Building on a recent overview of the discovery of a cardiopharyngeal field in urochordates and the profound implications for reconstructing the origin and early evolution of vertebrates, in this study we focus on the broader comparative and developmental anatomy of chordate cephalic muscles and their relation to life history, and to developmental, morphological and taxonomical diversity. We combine our recent findings on cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates with a literature review and suggest that developmental changes related to metamorphosis and/or heterochrony (e.g., peramorphosis) played a crucial role in the early evolution of chordates and vertebrates. Recent studies reviewed here supported de Beer's “law of diversity” that peramorphic animals (e.g., ascidians, lampreys) are taxonomically and morphologically less diverse than nonperamorphic animals (e.g., gnathostomes), probably because their “too specialized” development and adult anatomy constrain further developmental and evolutionary innovations. Developmental Dynamics 244:1046–1057, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A general model of intra‐annual tree growth using dendrometer bands
Authors: McMahon Sean M. , Parker Geoffrey G.
Published: December 2014

Tree growth is an important indicator of forest health, productivity, and demography. Knowing precisely how trees' grow within a year, instead of across years, can lead to a finer understanding of the mechanisms that drive these larger patterns. The growing use of dendrometer bands in research forests has only rarely been used to measure growth at resolutions finer than yearly, but intra‐annual growth patterns can be observed from dendrometer bands using precision digital calipers and weekly measurements. Here we present a workflow to help forest ecologists fit growth models to intra‐annual measurements using standard optimization functions provided by the R platform. We explain our protocol, test uncertainty in parameter estimates with respect to sample sizes, extend the optimization protocol to estimate robust lower and upper annual diameter bounds, and discuss potential challenges to optimal fits. We offer R code to implement this workflow. We found that starting values and initial optimization routines are critical to fitting the best functional forms. After using a bounded, broad search method, a more focused search algorithm obtained consistent results. To estimate starting and ending annual diameters, we combined the growth function with early and late estimates of beginning and ending growth. Once we fit the functions, we present extension algorithms that estimate periodic reductions in growth, total growth, and present a method of controlling for the shifting allocation to girth during the growth season. We demonstrate that with these extensions, an analysis of growth response to weather (e.g., the water available to a tree) can be derived in a way that is comparable across trees, years, and sites. Thus, this approach, when applied across broader data sets, offers a pathway to build inference about the effects of seasonal weather on growth, size‐ and light‐dependent patterns of growth, species‐specific patterns, and phenology.
Optimizing passive acoustic sampling of bats in forests
Authors: Froidevaux Jérémy S. P. , Zellweger Florian , Bollmann Kurt , Obrist Martin K.
Published: December 2014

Passive acoustic methods are increasingly used in biodiversity research and monitoring programs because they are cost‐effective and permit the collection of large datasets. However, the accuracy of the results depends on the bioacoustic characteristics of the focal taxa and their habitat use. In particular, this applies to bats which exhibit distinct activity patterns in three‐dimensionally structured habitats such as forests. We assessed the performance of 21 acoustic sampling schemes with three temporal sampling patterns and seven sampling designs. Acoustic sampling was performed in 32 forest plots, each containing three microhabitats: forest ground, canopy, and forest gap. We compared bat activity, species richness, and sampling effort using species accumulation curves fitted with the clench equation. In addition, we estimated the sampling costs to undertake the best sampling schemes. We recorded a total of 145,433 echolocation call sequences of 16 bat species. Our results indicated that to generate the best outcome, it was necessary to sample all three microhabitats of a given forest location simultaneously throughout the entire night. Sampling only the forest gaps and the forest ground simultaneously was the second best choice and proved to be a viable alternative when the number of available detectors is limited. When assessing bat species richness at the 1‐km2 scale, the implementation of these sampling schemes at three to four forest locations yielded highest labor cost‐benefit ratios but increasing equipment costs. Our study illustrates that multiple passive acoustic sampling schemes require testing based on the target taxa and habitat complexity and should be performed with reference to cost‐benefit ratios. Choosing a standardized and replicated sampling scheme is particularly important to optimize the level of precision in inventories, especially when rare or elusive species are expected.
Bryozoans are returning home: recolonization of freshwater ecosystems inferred from phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Koletić Nikola , Novosel Maja , Rajević Nives , Franjević Damjan
Published: December 2014

Bryozoans are aquatic invertebrates that inhabit all types of aquatic ecosystems. They are small animals that form large colonies by asexual budding. Colonies can reach the size of several tens of centimeters, while individual units within a colony are the size of a few millimeters. Each individual within a colony works as a separate zooid and is genetically identical to each other individual within the same colony. Most freshwater species of bryozoans belong to the Phylactolaemata class, while several species that tolerate brackish water belong to the Gymnolaemata class. Tissue samples for this study were collected in the rivers of Adriatic and Danube basin and in the wetland areas in the continental part of Croatia (Europe). Freshwater and brackish taxons of bryozoans were genetically analyzed for the purpose of creating phylogenetic relationships between freshwater and brackish taxons of the Phylactolaemata and Gymnolaemata classes and determining the role of brackish species in colonizing freshwater and marine ecosystems. Phylogenetic relationships inferred on the genes for 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, COI, and ITS2 region confirmed Phylactolaemata bryozoans as radix bryozoan group. Phylogenetic analysis proved Phylactolaemata bryozoan's close relations with taxons from Phoronida phylum as well as the separation of the Lophopodidae family from other families within the Plumatellida genus. Comparative analysis of existing knowledge about the phylogeny of bryozoans and the expansion of known evolutionary hypotheses is proposed with the model of settlement of marine and freshwater ecosystems by the bryozoans group during their evolutionary past. In this case study, brackish bryozoan taxons represent a link for this ecological phylogenetic hypothesis. Comparison of brackish bryozoan species Lophopus crystallinus and Conopeum seurati confirmed a dual colonization of freshwater ecosystems throughout evolution of this group of animals.
Ecophysiological responses to different forest patch type of two codominant tree seedlings
Authors: Duan Renyan , Huang Minyi , Kong Xiaoquan , Wang Zhigao , Fan Weiyi
Published: December 2014

According to gap‐phase dynamics theory, forests can be divided into four distinct patch types: gap patch (G), building patch (B), mature patch (M), and degeneration patch (D). Varying light conditions across patch types are one of the most important factors affecting the coexistence of vegetation. Mechanisms of coexistence can be understood through detailed knowledge of ecophysiological responses of codominant tree seedlings to patch types. The following study was conducted to determine ecophysiological responses of Cyclobalanopsis glauca (an evergreen broad‐leaved species) and Bothrocaryum controversum (a deciduous broad‐leaved species) to four different patch types. During the gap‐phase dynamics, light intensity and the magnitude of change in the four different patches followed the order of: G > B > D > M. Both species had the greatest photosynthetic capacity in the G patch. Dry leaf mass per area (LMA), Chlorophyll a + b concentration (Chl), carotenoids (Car), and nitrogen content per area (Na) all responded to changes in light across patch type, but B. controversum showed greater sensitivity and changes than C. glauca. From G to M patch, the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) had a larger variation magnitude for B. controversum than for C. glauca. From G to M patch, B. controversum showed significant changes in gas exchange, while C. glauca showed only small changes. Ecophysiological trait partitioning of response to light in different patches provides a possible explanation of a coexistence mechanism.
Hybrid Material Constructed from Hg(NCS)2 and 2,4,6‐Tris(2‐pyrimidyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TPymT): Coordination of TPymT in a 2,2′‐Bipyridine‐Like Mode
Authors: Safin Damir A. , Holmberg Rebecca J. , Burgess Kevin M. N. , Robeyns Koen , Bryce David L. , Murugesu Muralee
Published: December 2014

A unique HgII coordination polymer has been synthesized through the reaction of 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyrimidyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TPymT) with a stoichiometric mixture of HgCl2 and NH4NCS, thus leading to the formation of a 1D polymeric heteroleptic hybrid material [{Hg(NCS)2}2TPymT]n (1). Two coordination pockets of TPymT in 1 are each coordinated to two HgII cations in an unprecedented 2,2′‐bipyridine‐like mode.
Skipjack roe protein hydrolysate combined with tannic acid increases the stability of fish oil upon microencapsulation
Authors: Intarasirisawat Rossawan , Benjakul Soottawat , Vissessanguan Wonnop , Maqsood Sajid , Osako Kazufumi
Published: December 2014

Microencapsulation of fish oil was achieved by spray drying the micro‐emulsion, in which skipjack roe protein hydrolysate (SRPH: degree of hydrolysis, 5%) was used as the wall material in the absence or presence of tannic acid (TA) or oxidized tannic acid (OTA). Microcapsule using SRPH had a lower encapsulation efficiency (EE) than those having sodium caseinate‐whey protein concentrate (Ca‐WPC) as the wall materials (p < 0.05). The incorporation of TA or OTA in combination with SRPH yielded spherical encapsulated fish oil with higher EE but lower particle size (p < 0.05) than achieved with SRPH alone. Furthermore, the addition of TA retarded lipid oxidation of microcapsule more effectively as indicated by lower peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value during storage at 30°C for 4 weeks, compared with those using only SRPH (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, OTA in conjunction with SRPH yielded the higher EE than TA. Therefore, SRPH could serve as an alternative wall material for microencapsulation of fish oil, especially with the aid of TA or OTA.

Practical application: SRPH having 5% DH in the presence of TA as wall materials could be alternatively used to encapsulate fish oil. The use of SRPH‐TA could improve EE and oxidative stability of the obtained fish oil microcapsule. The fish oil microcapsule prepared using SRPH and TA could be incorporated in food products for increasing nutritive value. Additionally, the utilization of skipjack roe, which is a by‐product of the tuna canning industry, can be maximized.

Scanning electron micrographs of fish oil microencapsules prepared using different wall materials. SRPH: Skipjack roe protein hydrolysate, TA: Tannic acid, OTA: Oxidized tannic acid, Ca‐WPC: Sodium caseinate‐whey protein concentrate. Magnification at 3,000×.
Functional monoesters of jojoba oil can be produced by enzymatic interesterification: Reaction analysis and structural characterization
Authors: Lei Qiong , Li Tianhu
Published: December 2014

Long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl esters (LMFAEE) and fatty alcohol acetates (LMFAA) are important functional compounds in industry, and new sources are needed. In this study, jojoba oil was interesterified with ethyl acetate (EA) for the combined production of LMFAEE and LMFAA. Lipozyme RM IM and Novozym 435 were employed as the biocatalyst and their efficiencies were compared. Aliquot removal and subsequent 1H NMR analysis were used to monitor reaction progress and determine the interesterification yield (IY, %). Optimization of this reaction was conducted for both lipases with respect to four experimental parameters: temperature, EA content, immobilized lipase load, and reaction time. The highest IY in the presence of Novozym 435 was 97%, which was achieved after 9 hours of reaction at 37°C with 75 wt% EA and 5.00 wt% lipase load at 300 rpm, whereas the IY was 76% in the case of Lipozyme RM IM. The interesterified product was purified by preparative TLC and characterized by 1H NMR, FT‐IR and GC‐MS, indicating the main components are ethyl cis‐11‐eicosenoate (44%), cis‐11‐eicosenyl acetate (25%) and cis‐13‐docosenyl acetate (22%). Novozym 435 exhibited excellent operational stability over 17 interesterification cycles with ca. 12% IY decrease.

Practical applications: Conversion of the rare LMF‐acid/alcohol source from jojoba oil to LMFAEE and LMFAA was realized in a one step interesterification reaction. The obtained jojobyl LMFAEE and LMFAA, in mixture or purified form, can serve as functional ingredients in various upmarket products, such as functional lipids, fragrances, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and lubricants. Cis‐11‐eicosenyl acetate and cis‐13‐docosenyl acetate are also important insect pheromones in biological study. Additionally, the lipase reuse can help reduce cost significantly, making jojoba oil more economically attractive for industrial application.

Jojoba oil was converted to long‐chain monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester (LMFAEE) and fatty alcohol acetate (LMFAA) via enzymatic interesterification with ethyl acetate. The resulting jojobyl LMFAEE and LMFAA have great potential for various upmarket applications in both industry and academia (e.g., fragrance, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and insect pheromone).
Solidification/stabilization of lead‐contaminated soil using cement and waste phosphorus slag
Authors: Li Jiang‐shan , Xue Qiang , Wang Ping , Li Zhen‐ze , Du Yan‐jun
Published: December 2014

Solidification/stabilization (S/S) is an effective technique for reducing the leachability of contaminants in soils. Very few studies have investigated the use of waste phosphorus slag (WPS) for S/S treatment of contaminated soils. Partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with WPS in the binder system is used to S/S of lead‐contaminated soil. Batch tests were conducted to study the physical properties of solidified forms with different concentrations of lead and WPS, namely unconfined compressive strength (UCS), setting times of early mixtures and changes in crystalline phases as well as chemical properties such as the leachability of lead and pH of the leachate. Results indicated that partial replacement of OPC with WPS could reduce the Pb leaching concentration of solidified samples effectively. XRD results indicated that the formation of fluoropyromorphite was strongly associated with the immobilization of lead. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 957–963, 2015
A Primer on Needs Assessment: More Than 40 Years of Research and Practice
Authors: Altschuld James W. , Watkins Ryan
Published: December 2014

This chapter consists of an overview of needs assessment's rich history, definitions, models, tools, and techniques. These closely align its theory, research, and practice to several associated fields—most notably strategic planning and evaluation. The highlights of the content include a comparison to—and differentiation from—evaluation, a brief timeline of the recent history of the field, the notable emergence of hybrid assessment and asset/capacity building approaches, some discussion of opposition to needs assessment, and a description of two prominent models that guide what assessors do. The summary captures the dynamic nature of the enterprise and how it is evolving.
Needs Assessments in the Private Sector
Authors: Wedman John
Published: December 2014

While needs assessments are clearly embedded in education and social programs, assessments are also a long‐standing tradition in business and industry. A needs assessment is conducted to enhance organizational development and improve individual and group performance. This chapter includes a short history of needs assessment in the private sector context and brief examples of its use in identifying solutions that will improve performance and business results. Wedman's Performance Pyramid is used as the framework for examining selected examples. The chapter closes with discussions of how to “sell” the needs assessment and performance improvement process, and how needs assessment and evaluation are linked.
Needs Assessments to Determine Training Requirements
Authors: Lepicki Traci , Boggs Adrienne
Published: December 2014

This chapter gives the reader a close look at what a workforce development needs assessment might entail, as well as the twists and turns that are inevitably encountered in almost any assessment of this type. The authors describe a case example in the context of direct service providers (home healthcare personnel, nursing assistants, and so forth) and a complex needs assessment project in this area that employed a three‐phase model of needs assessment. They note that the phases, which seem distinct on paper, blur and overlap in practice so that rigid adherence to them must be tempered by what the real world imposes on the situation. In the last part of the chapter the role and stance of those collecting and analyzing needs data are examined, as well as lessons learned from having to make various adjustments to the assessment process as it moves forward.
Needs Assessment and Asset/Capacity Building: A Promising Development in Practice
Authors: Altschuld James W. , Hung Hsin‐Ling (Sonya) , Lee Yi‐Fang
Published: December 2014

From time to time there have been sharp and barbed criticisms of needs assessment—for example, starting from a deficit perspective (a potentially negative view based on problems and issues) as opposed to an asset‐based perspective (a more positive view based on strengths and resources). In the last 10–15 years, this has led to a hybrid model of asset/capacity building and needs assessment that is increasingly noticeable in community improvement, public safety, health, and other similar projects. Needs assessment and asset/capacity building are compared and contrasted in this chapter as a premise for synthesizing the new hybrid approach. The steps necessary for making the hybrid come to life are explained in some detail, as well as a few methods that might be used in implementing it. Two current examples of hybrid studies are analyzed, followed by implications of and issues inherent in following this new course of action.
IOFI guidelines for the isolation of flavouring substances by simultaneous distillation‐extraction
Authors: Cachet T. , Brevard H. , Cantergiani E. , Chaintreau A. , Demyttenaere J. , French L. , Gassenmeier K. , Joulain D. , Koenig T. , Leijs H. , Liddle P. , Loesing G. , Marchant M. , Saito K. , Scanlan F. , Schippa C. , Scotti A. , Sekiya F. , Sherlock A. , Smith T.
Published: December 2014

Simultaneous distillation‐extraction (SDE) combines, in a single step, hydro‐distillation of volatiles from a sample with continuous solvent extraction of the solutes dissolved in the aqueous distillate. The solvent extract containing the isolated flavour volatiles can be subsequently analysed by gas chromatography. The technique is applicable to compounds possessing a wide range of volatility, but it is suitable neither for compounds of low volatility (e.g. vanillin), nor for highly volatile materials (e.g. methanethiol). The present guidelines concern the isolation of flavouring substances by simultaneous distillation‐extraction (SDE), based on the experience of the authors in laboratories of the flavour industry. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for late dysphagia after (chemo)radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: A systematic methodological review
Authors: Jiang Nan , Zhang Li‐Juan , Li Li‐Ya , Zhao Yue , Eisele David W.
Published: December 2014

Background

The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the risk factors for late dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer after (chemo)radiotherapy.

Methods

The review was performed using search strategies, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase databases. The effects of studies were combined with the study quality score using a best‐evidence synthesis model.

Results

Twenty observational studies were evaluated. According to the best‐evidence synthesis criteria, there were 2 strong‐evidence risk factors for late dysphagia, including the use of chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and the presence of hypopharyngeal carcinoma. We also identified 8 moderate‐evidence, 17 limited‐evidence, and 1 conflicting‐evidence risk factors.

Conclusion

Although there is no conclusive evidence for dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer after (chemo)radiotherapy, these data provide evidence to guide clinicians in patients who will have late dysphagia and to choose an optimal prophylactic strategy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2015 © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 792–800, 2016
Normalcy of food intake in patients with head and neck cancer supported by combined dietary counseling and swallowing therapy: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: van den Berg Manon G. A. , Kalf Johanna G. , Hendriks Jan C. M. , Takes Robert P. , van Herpen Carla M. L. , Wanten Geert J. A. , Drenth Joost P. H. , Kaanders Johannes H. A. M. , Merkx Matthias A. W.
Published: December 2014

Background

Dysphagia resulting in altered food intake is common among patients with head and neck cancer. This randomized trial investigated the effect of combined individual dietary counseling with individualized swallowing therapy (intervention) compared to individual dietary counseling (control) on normalcy of food intake (NFI).

Methods

Patients with stage II to IV head and neck cancer treated with postoperative (chemo)radiation were randomly assigned to this study. NFI, dysphagia severity, social eating, and nutritional status were measured at the start of treatment and in weeks 6, 10, 18, and 30.

Results

One hundred twenty patients, 60 in each group, were recruited. No overall estimated difference was detected for NFI, dysphagia severity, social eating, or nutritional status. At week 10, the intervention group slightly improved dysphagia recovery 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.1–1.1). This difference diminished by week 30.

Conclusion

Adding individualized swallowing therapy to individual dietary counseling did not improve NFI but slightly accelerate swallowing recovery. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E198–E206, 2016
A novel RNA‐based adjuvant combines strong immunostimulatory capacities with a favorable safety profile
Authors: Heidenreich Regina , Jasny Edith , Kowalczyk Aleksandra , Lutz Johannes , Probst Jochen , Baumhof Patrick , Scheel Birgit , Voss Söhnke , Kallen Karl‐Josef , Fotin‐Mleczek Mariola
Published: December 2014

Protein‐ and peptide‐based tumor vaccines depend on strong adjuvants to induce potent immune responses. Here, we demonstrated that a recently developed novel adjuvant based on a non‐coding, long‐chain RNA molecule, termed RNAdjuvant®, profoundly increased immunogenicity of both antigen formats. RNAdjuvant® induced balanced, long‐lasting immune responses that resulted in a strong anti‐tumor activity. A direct comparison to Poly(I:C) showed superior efficacy of our adjuvant to enhance antigen‐specific multifunctional CD8+ T‐cell responses and mediate anti‐tumor responses induced by peptide derived from HPV‐16 E7 protein in the syngeneic TC‐1 tumor, a murine model of human HPV‐induced cervical cancer. Moreover, the adjuvant was able to induce functional memory responses that mediated complete tumor remission. Despite its remarkable immunostimulatory activity, our RNA‐based adjuvant exhibited an excellent pre‐clinical safety profile. It acted only locally at the injection site where it elicited a transient but strong up‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory and anti‐viral cytokines as well as cytoplasmic RNA sensors without systemic cytokine release. This was followed by the activation of immune cells in the draining lymph nodes. Our data indicate that our RNA‐based adjuvant is a safe and potent immunostimulator that may profoundly improve the efficacy of a variety of cancer vaccines.
An Assessment for Hydraulically Efficient Design of Uniformly Sloping Submain Lines
Authors: Yildirim Gürol
Published: December 2014

Determining the actual pressure head profiles along the submain lines with a uniform slope is very important for proper hydraulic design of water distribution systems. In practice, there are three general pressure head profiles (Type I, Type II, and Type III) along submain lines depending on different uniform line slope situations. Of all types of pressure profiles, the Type IIb profile is considered the optimal (or ideal) pressure profile which can produce the minimum pressure head difference for a given pipe length. This profile occurs when the total energy loss by friction is just balanced by the total energy gain due to uniform downslope. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis based on the energy–gradient ratio (EGR) approach to identify the optimal (or ideal) pressure profile (Type IIb), to achieve the minimal point of the relative maximum pressure variation, ΦH, which can be defined as the ratio of the maximum allowable pressure head difference (∆Hmax) to the total friction drop (hf(L)). This minimal point is regarded as 'the most efficient pressure profile' or 'ideal hydraulic design' in the existing literature. For this purpose, an illustrative figure (Figure 4) was developed to compare values of the relative maximum pressure variation versus the dimensionless EGR (KS = S0/Sf) for all types of pressure profiles. In this figure, the present ϕH curve versus KS values allows the design engineer to make a decision for the best alternative for selecting the KS value, where for a given pipe slope (S0) the KS value can be selected to meet the minimum pressure variation [KS =1, (ϕH)min =0.36] or the range of pressure variation as close to the minimum point as possible. The present design technique may provide a useful decision support tool for achieving a good design solution among hydraulically possible alternatives with minimal pressure head difference, and results in a higher level of water application uniformity along the multi‐outlet pipeline system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Nooks to Hook Reluctant Readers
Authors: Dierking Rebecca
Published: December 2014

This article presents the findings of a two‐year qualitative study of electronic reading device use with high school sophomores, most of whom self‐identified as reluctant or struggling readers. Electronic readers were used primarily in one weekly fifty‐minute class period, during silent sustained reading, wherein students chose freely their texts. The author‐researcher identifies five qualities of using electronic readers that appeared to help keep students engaged with reading: convenience, novelty, escape, privacy, and flow.
Web‐Mediated Knowledge Synthesis for Educators
Authors: DeSchryver Michael
Published: December 2014

Ubiquitous and instant access to information on the Web is challenging what constitutes 21st century literacies. This article explores the notion of Web‐mediated knowledge synthesis, an approach to integrating Web‐based learning that may result in generative synthesis of ideas. This article describes the skills and strategies that may support learning in this way, including: (1) divergent keyword search phrases; (2) synthesis for meaning; (3) in‐the‐moment insights; (4) repurposing; (5) reinforcement; and, (6) note‐taking. Several suggestions for how to begin scaffolding these processes are also provided, based on examples from in‐service teachers during a master's level educational technology course.
Who's Using the Language? Supporting Middle School Students With Content Area Academic Language
Authors: Townsend Dianna
Published: December 2014

This mixed‐methods study examines middle school students’ academic language development in the context of a year‐long professional development project titled, Developing Content Area Academic Language (DCAAL). The purpose of DCAAL was to partner middle school teachers (n = 8) with a team of university researchers to explore how to integrate academic language support into content area lessons. Research questions and data sources examine both teachers’ practice and student gains. Students (n = 303) made significant gains in their academic language knowledge. Furthermore, students who had more than one teacher participating in the project made greater gains, suggesting that students’ gains could be attributed at least in part to the professional development. We share research findings as well as specific strategies and approaches that were developed in the context of DCAAL.
JOBS Act: Has It Brought Back the IPO?
Authors: Jensen Marlin R. H. , Marshall Beverly B. , Jahera John S.
Published: December 2014

Previous research has shown that initial public offerings (IPOs) have plummeted in the United States from historic norms and that global firms have stopped coming to the United States as well. In 2012, President Obama signed the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act, whose purpose was to improve access to public capital markets by alleviating or eliminating restrictions on emerging growth companies going public through an IPO. This, it was hoped, would increase job creation and stimulate economic growth. This study examines whether chief financial officers (CFOs) have started taking their firms public in the United States again and whether CFOs of global firms have reentered the U.S. market since the passage of the JOBS Act. The article also addresses whether global firms have reentered the U.S. market using dual‐class shares in IPOs to maintain control of the firms they have created.
CPAs, Librarians, and the Digital Divide
Authors: Nogler Stephanie Joyce , Nogler George E.
Published: December 2014

Is there a “digital divide” between smaller and larger CPA firms? This article describes how smaller firms may need access to specialized information to help their clients and make informed decisions. Fortunately, this information is often available to smaller firms through the Internet or dedicated public business libraries. The article suggests some resources available through dedicated business libraries and the help that's often available from research librarians employed at these facilities. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of 5‐(Thiophene‐2‐carbonyl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐tetrahydro‐pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one and 6‐(Thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one from Same Substrates Under Different Conditions
Authors: Liang‐Ce Rong , Zha Yunyun , Xia Sheng , Ji Linlin , Zhang Jing , Cai Peijun
Published: December 2014

A series of 5‐(thiophene‐2‐carbonyl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one and 6‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one derivatives have been synthesized from the reactions of aromatic aldehydes, 4,4,4‐trifluoro‐1‐(thien‐2‐yl)butane‐1,3‐dione and urea under the different conditions with high yields. In this research, it was found that the p‐toluenesulfonic acid was an efficient catalyst for obtaining 5‐(thiophene‐2‐carbonyl)‐6‐(trifluoromethyl)‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one derivative. At the same time, solvent‐free and NaOH were the preferred conditions for the synthesis of 6‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐4,5‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one derivative. Moreover, because of short reaction time, excellent yields, simple setup, this research offered an efficient process for preparing these kind compounds.
Synthesis of Novel 3‐(3‐(5‐Methylisoxazol‐3‐yl)‐7H‐[1,2,4]Triazolo [3,4‐b][1,3,4]Thiadiazin‐6‐yl)‐2H‐Chromen‐2‐Ones
Authors: Vaarla Krishnaiah , Vedula Rajeswar Rao
Published: December 2014

A novel series of coumarin substituted triazolo‐thiadiazine derivatives were designed and synthesized by using 5‐methyl isoxazole‐3‐carboxylic acid (1), thiocarbohydrazide (2), and various substituted 3‐(2‐bromo acetyl) coumarins (4a, 4b, 4c, 4e, 4d, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j). Fusion of 5‐methyl isoxazole‐3‐carboxylic acid with thiocarbohydrazide resulted in the formation of the intermediate 4‐amino‐5‐(5‐methylisoxazol‐3‐yl)‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thiol (3). This intermediate on further reaction with substituted 3‐(2‐bromo acetyl) coumarins under simple reaction conditions formed the title products 3‐(3‐(5‐methylisoxazol‐3‐yl)‐7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazin‐6‐yl‐2H‐chromen‐2‐ones (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j) in good to excellent yields. All the synthesized compounds were well characterized by physical, analytical, and spectroscopic techniques.
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction and solid‐phase extraction as a cleanup procedure for organochlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls determination in aquatic samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection
Authors: Sun Xiumei , Hu Hongmei , Zhong Zhi , Jin Yanjian , Zhang Xiaojun , Guo Yuanming
Published: December 2014

The feasibility of developing a quick, easy, efficient procedure for the simultaneous determination of organochlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in aquatic samples using gas chromatography with electron capture detection based on solid‐phase extraction was investigated. The extraction solvent (n‐hexane/acetone, cyclohexane/ethyl acetate, n‐hexane/dichloromethane, n‐hexane) for ultrasound‐assisted solid–liquid extraction and solid‐phase extraction columns (florisil, neutral alumina, acidic alumina, aminopropyl trimethoxy silane, propyl ethylenediamine, aminopropyl trimethoxy silane/propyl ethylenediamine, graphitized carbon black and silica) for cleanup procedure were optimized. The gas chromatography with electron capture detection method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and recovery. Mean recoveries ranged from 75 to 115% with relative standard deviations <13%. Quantification limits were 0.20–0.40 ng/g for organochlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls. The satisfactory data demonstrated the good reproducibility of the method with relative standard deviations lower than 13%. In comparison to other related methods, this method requires less time and solvent and allows for rapid isolation of the target analytes with high selectivity. This method therefore allows for the screening of numerous samples and can also be used for routine analyses.
The Swakopmund Protocol and the Communal Ownership and Control of Expressions of Folklore in Africa
Authors: Nwauche Enyinna S.
Published: December 2014

This note reviews the extent to which the Swakopmund Protocol for the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Expressions of Folklore, adopted by the African Regional Intellectual Property Organisation (ARIPO), conceives of the role of communities in the management of expressions of folklore.
Anaerobic oxidation of methane: an “active” microbial process
Authors: Cui Mengmeng , Ma Anzhou , Qi Hongyan , Zhuang Xuliang , Zhuang Guoqiang
Published: December 2014

The anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is an important sink of methane that plays a significant role in global warming. AOM was first found to be coupled with sulfate reduction and mediated by anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB). ANME, often forming consortia with SRB, are phylogenetically related to methanogenic archaea. ANME‐1 is even able to produce methane. Subsequently, it has been found that AOM can also be coupled with denitrification. The known microbes responsible for this process are Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera (M. oxyfera) and Candidatus Methanoperedens nitroreducens (M. nitroreducens). Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera belongs to the NC10 bacteria, can catalyze nitrite reduction through an “intra‐aerobic” pathway, and may catalyze AOM through an aerobic methane oxidation pathway. However, M. nitroreducens, which is affiliated with ANME‐2d archaea, may be able to catalyze AOM through the reverse methanogenesis pathway. Moreover, manganese (Mn4+) and iron (Fe3+) can also be used as electron acceptors of AOM. This review summarizes the mechanisms and associated microbes of AOM. It also discusses recent progress in some unclear key issues about AOM, including ANME‐1 in hypersaline environments, the effect of oxygen on M. oxyfera, and the relationship of M. nitroreducens with ANME.
Estimates for the low‐frequency electromagnetic fields scattered by two adjacent metal spheres in a lossless medium
Authors: Vafeas Panayiotis , Lesselier Dominique , Kariotou Foteini
Published: December 2014

Inductive electromagnetic means, currently employed in real physical applications and dealing with voluminous bodies embedded in lossless media, often call for analytically demanding tools of field calculation at modeling stage and later on at numerical stage. Here, one is considering two closely adjacent perfect conductors, possibly almost touching one another, for which the 3D bispherical geometry provides a good approximation. The particular scattering problem is modeled with respect to the two solid impenetrable metallic spheres, which are excited by a time‐harmonic magnetic dipole, arbitrarily orientated in the 3D space. The incident, the scattered, and the total non‐axisymmetric electromagnetic fields yield rigorous low‐frequency expansions in terms of positive integral powers of the real‐valued wave number in the exterior medium. We keep the most significant terms of the low‐frequency regime, that is, the static Rayleigh approximation and the first three dynamic terms, while the additional terms are small contributors and they are neglected. The typical Maxwell‐type problem is transformed into intertwined either Laplace's or Poisson's potential‐type boundary value problem with impenetrable boundary conditions. In particular, the fields are represented via 3D infinite series expansions in terms of bispherical eigenfunctions, obtaining analytical closed‐form solutions in a compact fashion. This procedure leads to infinite linear systems, which can be solved approximately within any order of accuracy through a cutoff technique.
The Dissipation Inequality for Differential‐Algebraic Systems
Authors: Reis Timo , Voigt Matthias
Published: December 2014

We discuss the infinite time‐horizon linear‐quadratic optimal control problem for differential‐algebraic equations. In contrast to previous approaches we do not impose any assumptions on the system except for impulse controllability. In particular, we show that the optimal control problem is feasible if and only if a dissipation inequality has a solution. Moreover, we discuss conditions under which the problem has a minimizing (instead of only an infimizing) solution and furthermore, when this minimizing solution is unique. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controllability of switched DAEs: The single switch case
Authors: Ruppert Markus G.‐M. , Trenn Stephan
Published: December 2014

We study controllability of switched DAEs and formulate a definition of controllability in the behavioral sense. In order to characterize controllability for switched DAEs we first present new characterizations of controllability of non‐switched DAEs based on the Wong‐sequences. Afterwards a first result concerning the single‐switch case is presented. (© 2014 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)