bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Main-Destination Visitors and Through Travelers at a Dual-Purpose Destination
Authors: McKercher Bob
Published: April 2009

Dual-purpose destinations serve both tourists choosing an area as their main destination and those using it as a stopover or secondary destination. While the dual role of most destinations is widely recognized, the importance of the through-traveler segment is often unappreciated, unrecognized, or misunderstood. Indeed, to date, little work has been conducted examining main-destination and through travelers. This article reports on a study conducted in Albury, New South Wales, Australia, the largest city located between Melbourne and Sydney. It discovered that main-destination and through travelers were so significantly different that they could be considered discrete markets. Indeed, the study suggests that some dual-purpose destinations ought to consider a multiple positioning strategy to appeal to these different segments. Main-destination and through travelers come from different geographic areas, have different demographic profiles, and exhibit different behavior at the destination.
Assessing the Travel-Related Behaviors of the Mobility-Disabled Consumer
Authors: Burnett John J. , Baker Heather Bender
Published: April 2009

Few consumer groups have greater potential and are more ignored than the disabled. Consisting of 50 million individuals in the United States, with discretionary income of over $200 billion, this largest of all minority groups has been viewed by many tourist businesses as a source of confusion, requiring extra expenditures on ramps, specially fitted rooms, and the loss of prime parking. This article offers new insights into the possibilities associated with the disabled, including general trends and need sets. Also included are the results of a survey of a cross section of mobility-disabled consumers. Four hypotheses relating severity of disability with destination decision criteria were tested. Results indicate that disability relates to environmental criteria, accessible criteria, and activities criteria. The findings indicate that segmenting the disabled by level of severity is a valuable process and that those with more severe disabilities travel differently and for different reasons. Managerial implications are discussed.
A Case Study of Environmental Justice and Federal Tourism Sites in Southern Appalachia: A GIS Application
Authors: Porter Rob , Tarrant Michael A.
Published: April 2009

This article uses an environmental justice framework to determine whether inequalities exist for certain socioeconomic and racial groups with respect to the distribution of federal tourism sites in Southern Appalachia (SA). Federal tourism sites and campsites were mapped along with the census block groups (CBGs) using geographic information systems. CBGs within a 1,500-meter radius of these federal lands were identified and examined based on five socioeconomic variables (race, education, household income, occupation, and local heritage). These CBGs were then compared with the remaining CBGs in SA that were outside the 1,500-meter radius. Results show that a negative relationship exists between income and occupation and location of a number of federal tourist sites. CBGs with a low-income, blue-collar makeup were significantly more likely to be situated within the 1,500-meter radius than outside. Additional study should determine the desirability of tourism-based land use with respect to factors such as urban sprawl, noise, and pollution.
Understanding the Behavior of Hong Kong Chinese Tourists on Group Tour Packages
Authors: Wong Simon , Lau Elaine
Published: April 2009

This study investigates the behavior of Hong Kong Chinese tourists when they take outbound group tour packages and the underlying dimensions of Chinese tourists’ cultural values. The behavior of Hong Kong Chinese tourists was collected using an arched semantic differential scale on 22 behavioral questions. Tourists were asked to view more than 13 Chinese values—extracted from the Chinese Value Survey—in relation to travel behavior. Factor analysis identified four factors in Chinese tourists’ cultural values: social integration, Confucian work dynamism, personal well-being, and moral discipline. Canonical correlation revealed that Hong Kong Chinese tourists preferred to travel in groups, be safe, and join all self-paid activities. Nevertheless, tourists placed a low value on personal well-being when joining group tour packages. Recommendations for tour operators, including safe activities, social interaction, exposure to local cuisine, and photo taking, are presented to improve group tour packages.
What Should Tourism Sustain? The Disconnect with Industry Perceptions of Useful Indicators
Authors: McCool Stephen F. , Moisey R. Neil , Nickerson Norma P.
Published: April 2009

The issue of sustainability and tourism has become a more widely studied topic in the past few years. However, little of this research investigates the relationship between the two concepts—sustainability and sustainable tourism—and how sustainability should be measured. Ambiguities in what is meant by sustainable tourism as reflected in the questions of how to make the industry sustainable, what should tourism sustain, and what is sustainable tourism further complicate social discourse. Progress on achieving sustainability is also limited by the need for shared definitions of means and ends among those involved in tourism development. This study provides a tourism industry perspective on what items could be sustained and what indicators should be used to monitor for sustainability policies. From the results in the state of Montana, the question of how sustainable tourism should move forward remains problematic because of differences between what should be sustained and appropriate indicators.
Understanding Residents’ Support for Tourism Development in the Central Region of Ghana
Authors: Sirakaya Ercan , Teye Victor , Sönmez Sevil
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to assess the determinants of support for tourism development in two adjacent communities, Cape Coast and Elmina, in the Central Region of Ghana, which stand to benefit the most from tourism development projects; and (2) to create and test a model for its explanatory power of residents’ support for tourism. Personal interviews of 465 respondents were conducted in both communities. Factor analysis was used to obtain measures for dependent and independent variables. Two dependent variables—support for the hospitality industry and support for the infrastructure and tourism attraction development—were influenced by a multitude of social-psychological factors such as perceptions toward tourists and tourism’s impacts, respondents’ employment status, membership in community organizations, and awareness of tourism development projects in the community. Theoretical and practical contributions of the factors are discussed within the framework of social exchange theory.
Public-Access Interactive Computers at State Welcome Centers in the United States: 1991 and 1995 Studies
Authors: McCann Rebecca
Published: April 2009

This article reports on the findings of a 1991 and 1995 survey of the use of interactive computer systems in state welcome centers. Results indicate that whereas state use is increasing, ratings of system performance are decreasing. Areas addressed include amount of use, system information, funding, capabilities, uses, and satisfaction with computer performance.
Multidestination Travel Patterns of International Visitors to Queensland
Authors: Tideswell Carmen , Faulkner Bill
Published: April 2009

Tourists frequently undertake multidestination trips to maximize the benefits of travel. A more detailed understanding of this phenomenon contributes to destination marketing by enabling identification of potential multidestination marketing synergies. For individual destinations lacking the critical mass of attractions, such synergies provide a foundation for leveraging strategies. While research has revealed a range of factors associated with variations in travel patterns, no attempt has been made to explore the relative contribution of each factor in a specific context. Research conducted to date has focused primarily on domestic recreational travel (largely in the United States) rather than international tourism. This study uses an Australian database on international visitor travel patterns in Queensland to do this. It is revealed that risk-reduction tendencies associated with long-haul travel, variations in mobility, multiple-benefit seeking, and information sources used by visitors prior to their trip all have a bearing on the level of multidestination travel.
Determining Tourist Role Typologies: An Exploratory Study of Singapore Vacationers
Authors: Keng Kau Ah , Cheng Judy Lee Li
Published: April 2009

This article examines the segmentation of Singapore vacationers visiting overseas destinations. Of the 150 respondents who participated in the study, it was found that they could be effectively classified into four tourist roles across the novelty-familiarity continuum. Each tourist role possessed different trip characteristics and attached varying degrees of importance to vacation activities. However, with respect to their sociodemographic profiles, all the tourist roles were fairly homogeneous, thus reiterating the need for a more discerning basis of segmentation. Implications and strategies to reach the various tourist types are discussed.
Terrorism and Tourism: The Northern Ireland Situation—A Look behind the Veil of Certainty
Authors: Leslie David
Published: April 2009

This article argues that for much of the past 30 years, Northern Ireland (NI) has been hiding behind the veil of terrorism in trying to justify the decline in its tourist arrivals. Although patterns of consumer demand and supply trends have substantially shifted, the NI primary tourism product has changed very little, while product development and diversification have been limited. To develop this theme, the approach adopted is first to present a brief overview of NI and its tourism attractions, then to consider the demand for tourism in the province and the market share accorded to the main categories of tourists. Subsequently, attention is drawn to the approach of the Northern Ireland Tourist Board.
Heavy Users of Travel Agents: A Segmentation Analysis of Vacation Travelers
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , Litvin Stephen W.
Published: April 2009

Like many businesses, travel agencies need to segment their markets and develop marketing strategies targeted toward specific groups of customers. One targeting strategy used successfully by both packaged goods and services marketers is to concentrate on the heavy-user segment. Our study describes heavy usage of travel agents based on a survey of 184 adults in Singapore. Compared with light users, the Singaporean heavy users of travel agents were found to be more involved with vacation travel, more innovative in their choice of vacation travel products, more enthusiastic about travel, more knowledgeable about vacation travel, more widely exposed to travel information from the mass media, and to travel more frequently for pleasure. Demographically, in contrast to some previous studies of other products and services, this study indicates that heavy users of travel agents exhibited differences from light users. The implications of these findings for travel agencies are discussed.
Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change
Authors: Little Daniel
Published: April 2009

A prominent historiographic theme in the past decade has been a movement away from causal explanation of large-scale processes and outcomes and toward narrative interpretation of singular historical processes. This article argues for the continued vitality of large-scale historical inquiry and surveys the historiographic issues that arise in large-scale historical explanation. The article proceeds through an examination of several important recent examples of large-scale history: comparative history of Europe and China, the history of alternative forms of industrial organization, and the history of technology. These three cases provide the basis for a conception of what may be called “conjunctural contingent meso-level” explanations: explanations that identify intermediate-level structures and processes and highlight both the structural factors that govern change and the multiple pathways that change can take.
The Accidental Derogation of the Lay Actor
Authors: King Anthony
Published: April 2009

The concept of structure is central to Giddens’s structuration theory because it apparently accounts for the reproduction of the social system without derogating the lay actor in functionalist or structuralist fashion. In fact, the concept of structure involves the very derogation of the lay actor which Giddens highlights as the principal error of these objectivist social theories and which he wishes to avoid. However, although Giddens fails to recognize it, the concept of “practical consciousness” which Giddens also regards as central to structuration theory avoids this relapse into objectivism and offers a route to a sustainable social theory which highlights the agency of social actors.
Why Care about Nezahualcoyotl?
Authors: Maffie James
Published: April 2009

Sixteenth-century Nahua philosophy understands neltiliztli (truth) and tlamitilizli (wisdom, knowledge) nonsemantically in terms of a complex notion consisting of well-rootedness, alethia, authenticity, adeptness, moral righteousness, beauty, and balancedness. In so doing, it offers compelling a posteriori grounds for denying what Alvin Goldman calls veritism. Veritism defends the universality of correspondence (semantic) truth as well as the universal centrality of correspondence (semantic) truth to epistemology.
Democratic Politics and Survey Research
Authors: Sanders Lynn M.
Published: April 2009

Democratically inspired critics identify a number of problems with the contemporary identification of survey research and public opinion. Surveys are said to normalize or rationalize opinion, to promote state or corporate rather than democratic interests, to constrain authentic forms of participation, and to force an individualized conception of public opinion. Some of these criticisms are relatively easily answered by survey researchers. But the criticisms contain a complaint that survey researchers have largely failed to address: that survey research discourages the public, visible, and face-to-face generation of opinion. Public opinion researchers who use surveys paradoxically seek the opinions of citizens in private, nonpolitical situations. But nothing inherent in the methods of survey research requires this private focus. The author argues that by reframing the survey’s unit of analysis and considering alternatives to standard, national samples in political surveys, new democratic possibilities within survey research may be found.
Examining Differential Gains from Mass Media and their Implications for Participatory Behavior
Authors: Scheufele Dietram A.
Published: April 2009

The idea of interpersonal discussions among citizens being the “soul of democracy” has been treatedalmost as a truism in recent research on media, interpersonal communication, and democratic citizenship. Without a doubt, there is strong evidence to support the notion that interpersonal discussion of politics is a key antecedent of political participation. This study proposes that the relationships between hard news media use, interpersonal discussion of politics, and participatory behavior are far more complex than previously assumed. Specifically, it is expected that hard news media use has an overall positive main effect on political participation. This main effect, however, cloaks significantly different effects for people who talk to others about politics rather frequently and those who do not. National survey data support the differential gains model for newspaper andtelevision hardnews use. This article explores explanations for this phenomenon and implications for future research and policy.
Risk/Need Assessment, Offender Classification, and the Role of Childhood Abuse
Authors: Lowenkamp Christopher T. , Holsinger Alexander M. , Latessa Edward J.
Published: April 2009

Over the last several decades, the use of risk/need assessments has had a great impact on correctional classification and treatment decisions. One instrument that is now being used by many correctional agencies in the United States is the Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R). Criticisms of the LSI-R include failure to consider physical and sexual abuse as risk factors and failure to modify the instrument for the assessment of female offenders. Using a sample of 442 offenders (317 male and 125 female), this research investigates (a) the validity of the LSI-R for both females and males and (b) the relationship between childhood abuse, the LSI-R, and recidivism rates. Analyses indicated that the LSI-R is a valid (predictive) instrument for this sample of female offenders and that a history of prior abuse fails to add to the prediction of reincarceration, once risk is controlled for using the LSI-R. Implications for further research are discussed.
David: a Model for Mary in Luke?
Authors: Nelson Richard D.
Published: April 2009

Luke presents Mary as one who resembles King David in many ways. Luke engages in "imitative historiography" by creating a network of verbal and theological connections between the Nathan oracle in 2 Samuel 7 and the annunciation scene in Luke 1. Other verbal links between these two figures and the similar roles they play as models of faith suggest that, for Luke, Mary is a new David. She is an example of the faithful disciple, whose responsive belief in the promise of a son echoes David's paradigmatic faith.
The Historical Jesus Question in North America Today
Authors: Hollenbach Paul
Published: April 2009

While the Jesus Seminar has occasioned renewed interest in the quest for the historical Jesus, which had been virtually abandoned by scholars since Bultmann, disagreements over both criteria and application of the criteria to the gospel materials should provoke reexamination of not only the goals the quest might have but even more the ideological presuppositions of those engaged in the quest. Social science approaches, especially cultural anthropology, hold out the prospect of such a thorough reexamination, which is needed to overcome mythological presentations of a Christ who not only appears to contradict Jesus of Nazareth but also permits the church to stand silent before or opposed to contemporary movements that embody the kingdom Jesus preached.
The Herodians and Mediterranean Kinship Part 2: Marriage and Divorce
Authors: Hanson K.C.
Published: April 2009

This is the second in a three-part, cross-cultural study analyzing kinship in the Mediterranean world. The Herodian family serves as a test case for analyzing Jewish kinship structures and family systems of the Second Temple period, and thus providing the data for an analysis of biblical kinship. In this part, the focus is on marriage strategies (endogamy and exogamy), choice of spouse (liberty and authority), locality of residence, and divorce. The major family types operant in the Roman Empire are placed within the analytic framework articulated by the anthropologist Emmanuel Todd.
Maid and Mother in Art and Literature
Authors: Neyrey Jerome H.
Published: April 2009

Devotion to Mary developed in the Mediterranean world, based originally in the canonical and apocryphal gospels and then in other writings. These as well as the early conciliar discussions of Mary were formulated by Mediterranean males, both those from the Latin West and the Greek East. My hypothesis can be simply stated: Mary was presented both in art and literature precisely in terms of specific cultural perceptions of females in that Mediterranean world, both as maid and mother. The writers and preachers of the early Church perceived her according to the categories of their Mediterranean culture. The focus of this study, then, is not formally Mariology, but the way Mediterranean culture perceives females and so structures their place in that social world. The presentation of Mary may be the best illustration of this cultural perception. Although Mary is unique in the Mediterranean world as a virgin mother, the presentation of her virginity and her maternity fully reflect the general cultural evaluation of females in Mediterranean culture.
The Encyclopedia Hellenistica and Christian Origins
Authors: Martin Luther H.
Published: April 2009

The compilations of knowledge from a particular time and place together make up the "encyclopaedia" of their era. The "entries" which constitute an "Encyclopaedia Hellenistica" give expression to the epistemological possibilities of the Hellenistic period. A period of Hellenistic religious history has been conventionally defined with Hellenistic political history as beginning with Alexander's empire and concluding with Augustus's. Contemporary historiographical theory, however, challenges political event as an appropriate criterion for social history and, supported by new data, suggests that the events of the fourth century CE mark a more appropriate conclusion to a period of Hellenistic religious history and a beginning for the Christian era. And, rather than the redistribution of political power, it was the collective acceptance of the Ptolemaic cosmological image with its "grammar of fate" that most significantly conditioned the possibilities for Hellenistic religious discourse. Rather than cast against a Hellenistic background, the first three centuries of Christian origins must be considered, therefore, as historically constituted possibilities of the Hellenistic "circle of knowledge," and, finally, as survivals from among its shared possibilities for religious discourse.
The Social Sciences and the Second Testament: Problems and Challenges
Authors: Osiek Carolyn
Published: April 2009

Social-science study of the Bible is one of the most popular new methods of interpretation. Its rapid development poses certain problems regarding the proper and valid use of social-science models on material quite different from that for which the models were originally intended, representing silent majorities, and making the results available in a helpful format to researchers using other methods and to general inquirers.
The Ethiopian Eunuch and His Bible: a Social-Science Analysis
Authors: Scott Spencer F.
Published: April 2009

A critical but neglected issue in interpreting the incident in Acts 8:26-40 involving the Ethiopian eunuch has been the relevance of his reading of Isaiah 53 to his peculiar identity as a eunuch in first-century society. Social and cultural scenarios pertaining to honor and shame, purity and pollution, temple and household, and ritual and status transformation enable us to depict multiple dimensions of the eunuch's precarious place in the Jewish world of his day. But they also allow us to chart the process whereby Isaiah 53, interpreted christologically, challenges this traditional world and ultimately makes room for the devout eunuch within the scriptural-messianic community.
Feminist Readings, Gospel Narrative and Critical Theory
Authors: Dewey Joanna
Published: April 2009

Feminist readings of the gospels are added to Werner Kelber's hermeneutical slice of modem gospel reading. Kelber describes five methods: (1) reading to extract historical or theological truths, meaning-as-reference; (2) formalist literary readings, meaning-as-narrative; (3) reader-response readings, meaning-as-consciousness; (4) structuralist readings, meaning-as-system; and (5) deconstructionist readings, meaning-as-deferment. Feminist gospel readings exist for the first four methods. Kelber viewed meaning-as-reference, meaning-as-narrative, and meaning-as-system as attempts to determine stable meaning or significance, while the others were more open. The addition of feminist criticism, beginning from a non-androcentric standpoint, shows that the methods giving apparently stable results, are also radically open. Feminist criticism serves, as does deconstruction, to relativize meaning. It also, however, focuses interest on questions of power: whose interests does a particular text or interpretation serve?
Canon and Culture: Realistic Possibilities for the Biblical Canon
Authors: Bossman David M.
Published: April 2009

The biblical canon, upon which biblical theology is based, is necessarily tied in signification to its historical context. As scriptural canon for Christians and Jews, modern interpreters require care in distinguishing between the meanings its historical authors and audiences gave and received, and those developed over time through the dynamics of the Jewish and Christian traditions. The article reasons that a reading of the biblical texts as a complex of signified symbols enables modem interpreters to determine what those symbols stood for in their historical setting and to continue the longstanding practice of conscientiously resignifying that meaning for substantially different social contexts.
One of the Prophets: Matthew's Testing Narrative as a Rite of Passage
Authors: Mcvann Mark
Published: April 2009

Matthew's narrative of the testing of Jesus fused the cultural phenomenon of status transformation rituals with the Hebrew prophetic tradition to show his audience the process by which Jesus, born Son of God, becomes also the prophet of God.
Self-Definition, Prestige, and Status of Priests Towards the End of the Second Temple Period
Authors: Maier Johann
Published: April 2009

Comparative studies of priesthood (James, Sabourin) and especially some recent publications on priesthood in Egypt (Vittmann) and in Mesopotamia (Menzel) have opened up new perspectives on Israelite/Jewish priesthood in the Mediterranean and the Middle East, facilitating the appraisal of its characteristics. The social implications and the economic significance of the sanctuary are better understood and freed from the polemical dichotomy "house of prayer" vs. "robber's den" derived from the Second Testament passages as in the clearing of the temple in Mk 11:2-18 and parallels. The history of priesthood during the Second Jewish Commonwealth (see Encyclopedia Judaica [1971] 13, esp. 1084-86) was for the most part the subject of First Testament studies. Consequently, the treatment ended with the Persian period, the later phases not being covered by First Testament sources.
2 Corinthians 1-7: Sidestepping the Division Hypothesis Dilemma
Authors: Duff Paul Brooks
Published: April 2009

Since the end of the 18th century, scholars have recognized that 2 Corinthians is a composite letter. Nevertheless, there is still no consensus on the proper division of the document. Chapters 1-7 of the letter present the most difficulty. In Part 1 of this study I suggest a scenario which could account for the present shape of these chapters. I also acknowledge, however, the fact that my production of this scenario creates a "Catch-22" type dilemma, for any scenario that justifies a redactor putting several letters together in a particular way can also be viewed as a rationale for Paul giving 2 Corinthians 1-7 its present shape. Consequently, in Part 2 of this study I suggest an approach which focuses on the text of these chapters as they stand regardless of who is responsible for their arrangement.
What's Wrong With This Picture? John 4, Cultural Stereotypes of Women, and Public and Private Space
Authors: Neyrey Jerome H.
Published: April 2009

Since John 4 makes much of gender issues, readers must know the typical cultural expectations in antiquity concerning females in terms of places, times, persons, and things. Initially, the Samaritan woman appears to be shamefully "out of place" at the well at noon; but as she is transformed into a disciple, she becomes "in place," and so her actions and behavior are judged appropriate within the fictive-kinship circle of disciples. Thus she moves from "public" to "private" space, with corresponding shifts in behavior and evaluation. According to cultural expectations, she represents the quintessential deviant (non-Jew, unclean, shameless, even sinner); but in her transformation, she exemplifies the radical inclusivity of Jesus' circle.
Death with Honor: The Mediterranean Style Death of Jesus in Mark
Authors: Pilch John J.
Published: April 2009

In Mark's Gospel, Jesus suffers for as long as six hours apparently without resistance or complaint and says nothing until he shrieks just before dying. The way he died makes a favorable impression on the centurion who witnessed the execution (14:39). With the aid of two social science models, it is possible to offer a plausible, Mediterranean cultural explanation for this pagan's reaction. The basic personality model (Cook) would explain that Jesus' behavior at death is the result of his training in suffering during his youth. Jesus' death proves that he was reared well. The cultural ideology model (McClelland) argues that Mediterranean ideology—that is, its norms and values reinforced by its maintenance system—is the central determining factor of adult personality and child-rearing practices. Jesus dies honorably as one would expect of an adult, Mediterranean male.
Paul's Mediterranean Gospel: Faith, Hope, Love
Authors: Bossman David M.
Published: April 2009

Paul's signature triad of faith, hope, and love carries significations that are at home in the domestic religion of Mediterranean culture. As such both the cosmology and the soteriology of the sonship of Jesus extend into domestic relations of subordination and obediential suffering. This inquiry into the Mediterranean understanding of faith, hope, and love reveals a corporate rather than personal meaning for the values, which Paul treats as standards for behavior in the evangelical assemblies.
An Overlooked Judean Diglossia in Acts 2?
Authors: Zerhusen Bob
Published: April 2009

This article uses a sociolinguistic approach to understand the "other tongues" of Acts 2. Existing interpretations of the phrase other tongues are shown to be problematic. The linguistic concept of diglossia is proposed and applied to the Acts 2 narrative. Diglossia refers to a situation in which a multilingual community uses different languages, each with a distinct set of social functions. Where a diglossia is connected with religion, there is a differentiation between the liturgical/sacred language and the ordinary/profane language. The Acts 2 narrative appears to describe the violation of the customary first-century Judean diglossia. Hebrew was the sacred language, and Aramaic and Greek were the everyday languages. The phrase other tongues refers to the lower languages spoken by the disciples and means simply "other than Hebrew."
Biblical Theology Appropriately Postmodern
Authors: Brueggemann Walter
Published: April 2009

We are at the end of Christian interpretive hegemony with its seemingly inevitable adjunct of supersessionism. This opens the way for fresh approaches and perhaps fresh interactions between Jewish and Christian interpretive practices that need not be, respectively, aggressive or defensive. This also allows acknowledgment that the text itself is profoundly polyvalent, that the Subject of theological interpretation is endlessly and irascibly elusive, and that every interpretive effort is local and provisional. This implies that interpreters recognize that interpretations other than my own (or of my interpretive community) may be equally appropriate, and must be taken seriously in my (our) own work.
When Is a Widow Not a Widow? Guardianship Provides an Answer
Authors: Rook John
Published: April 2009

Stories in the Books of Samuel and Kings (The Widow of Nabal and the Tekoite Widow) further support the theory that an 'almanah in Israel is a woman without male support. This study extends the argument of the author's earlier study, Making Widows: The Patriarchal Guardian at Work (BTB 27 (1997): 10-15.
An Extended Book Review: History Is Not Optional: A Response to THE REAL JESUS by Luke Timothy Johnson
Authors: Miller Robert J.
Published: April 2009

THE REAL JESUS: THE MISGUIDED QUEST FOR THE HISTORICAL JESUS AND THE TRUTH OF THE TRADITIONAL GOSPELS, by Luke Timothy Johnson (San Francisco, CA: HarperCollins, 1996; vi + 182 pp.; paper, $12.00) presents itself as a reasoned refutation of recent historical Jesus research. In reality it is a deeply flawed and extremist defense of Christian orthodoxy. This essay analyzes four aspects of Johnson's argument. The harshness of Johnson's polemics creates the impression of a powerful critique, but serves mainly to distract the reader from the lack of substance in his arguments. Johnson's specific criticisms of recent historical Jesus books are very weak and appeal primarily to readers' emotions. Johnson believes that the search for the historical Jesus is misguided because, in his view, the Gospels are virtually worthless historically. This is an extremist position rejected by the vast majority of biblical scholars. Johnson's position that early Christianity can be explained only by a miracle (the resurrection) is transparently apologetic. Johnson attempts to protect the traditional theological picture of Christian origins by declaring it off-limits to historical-critical inquiry.
"Let the One Who Claims Honor Establish That Claim in the Lord": Honor Discourse in the Corinthian Correspondence
Authors: deSilva David A.
Published: April 2009

Attention to honor discourse leads the reader to particularly salient features of Paul's strategy for advancing the Corinthian believers' socialization into the norms and values of the Christian culture. Many of the individual problems which Paul addresses stem from the more basic issue of the believers' continued allegiance to their primary socialization. The believers still seek to establish their honor, and to evaluate the honor of others, in terms of external appearance, social and spiritual precedence, and successful competition. Paul motivates them to distance themselves from their former values, establishes new criteria for claiming honor in terms of the world-construction of the group, and replaces competition within the group with cooperation and mutuality. He posits the true "court of reputation" to consist of God, Christ, Paul's apostolic team, the supra-local church, and the local Christian community. Ascriptions of honor and dishonor before this court should alone guide the believers in their desire for honor and in their estimation of the value of each individual Christian. Perhaps more than any other Pauline epistle, the Corinthian letters address the basic issue of what constitutes honor for the Christian and within the Christian community.
Envy, Resentment, Schadenfreude, and Sympathy: Reactions to Deserved and Undeserved Achievement and Subsequent Failure
Authors: Feather N. T. , Sherman Rebecca
Published: April 2009

This study tested the hypothesis that schadenfreude (or pleasure in another's misfortune) would be more closely related to resentment and a wish to correct a perceived injustice than to envy, and that sympathy would involve different processes. Participants were 184 undergraduates who responded to scenarios in which a student with a record of either high or average achievement that followed high or low effort subsequently suffered failure under conditions where there was either high or low personal control. Results showed that resentment about the student's prior achievement could be distinguished from envy. Schadenfreude about the student's subsequent failure was predicted by resentment and not by envy. Sympathy was not predicted by either resentment or envy. Deservingness was a key variable in the models that were tested.
The active audience: spectatorship, social relations and the experience of cinema in India
Authors: Srinivas Lakshmi
Published: April 2009

Mainstream audiences of popular Indian cinema adopt a participatory and interactive style of viewing. In cinema theaters viewers frequently cheer and whistle, shout out to characters on-screen, throw coins at the screen in appreciative display and sing along with the soundtrack. Audience members are known to criticize a film or protest about viewing conditions by ripping up upholstered seating with razor blades and knives. The overtly participatory and interactive style of Indian audiences makes possible an empirically grounded examination of cinematic reception, a phenomenon which has eluded study in Western societies. We know little today of the process of engagement with a mass cultural product, especially as it occurs in public settings. Based on observation in cinema theaters and interviews, this article examines the processes through which audiences shape the effects of popular cinema on themselves. Cinema is seen to be a collective achievement arising out of a series of negotiated interactions between those categorized as its producers and others who are viewed as consumers.
Tribune of the people: maintaining the legitimacy of aggressive journalism
Authors: Clayman Steven E.
Published: April 2009

Public service is both an ideal that journalists aspire to, and a resource that they invoke strategically to maintain the legitimacy of their more aggressive conduct. Using a database of transcripts from broadcast news interviews in the USA, this article examines the circumstances under which journalist-interviewers present themselves as asking questions on behalf of the general public. Journalists deploy the practice selectively, most notably when engaged in aggressively probing or adversarial lines of questioning. This is because aligning with the public neutralizes and legitimates a question, and thereby increases the pressure on the interviewee to be forthcoming in response. This practice tends to be effective in inducing public figures to acquiesce to aggressive forms of questioning. Moreover, recurrent use of this practice affects the public image of journalism itself, giving it a distinctly populist cast.
Smoke and mirrors: is that the way it is? Themes in political marketing
Authors: Palmer Jerry
Published: April 2009

Political marketing has become popularly associated with the triumph of style over substance, not to say the worst excesses of the spin doctor’s art. Analysis of professional and academic literature allows us to estimate to what extent professional practitioners recommend actions that fit with this preconception. There is general agreement that recent changes in political life - especially the decline of party affiliation and the increased importance of the mass media - have led to the changes associated with political marketing. The article debates the question by examining themes in professional literature that variously support and oppose the proposition that political marketing is all style and no substance. It uses a range of examples from recent American and European politics and concludes that despite a central focus on commercial-sector derived communication techniques, political marketers place substantial stress on the substance of policy development and delivery.
‘Identities: traditions and new communities’ - a response
Authors: Schlesinger Philip
Published: April 2009

This article notes the unaddressed issue of limitless recognition in Jesús Martín-Barbero’s text. It then goes on to consider themes arising from his argument about Latin America that are relevant to a changing Europe: most notably, those dealing with supranationality, communicative space and locality. The response concludes by noting the need to think through an approach to positive constitutionalism.
Spontaneous Corneal Dystrophy and Generalized Basement Membrane Changes in Fischer-344 Rats
Authors: Bruner Richard H. , Keller Waldo F. , Stitzel Katherine A. , Sauers Leonard J. , Reer Paul J. , Long Philip H. , Bruce Robert D. , Alden Carl L.
Published: April 2009

Groups of young, sexually mature Fischer-344 rats (n = 25/sex) obtained from 3 commercial breeders were examined ophthalmologically and histopathologically to determine the prevalence and severity of corneal basement membrane lesions (corneal dystrophy) and basement membrane changes in select nonocular tissues. Results disclosed a high incidence of corneal basement membrane dystrophy in rats of both sexes from all breeders; however, severity levels were significantly increased in rats obtained from one breeder when compared to others. Furthermore, rats that displayed the most advanced corneal lesions also exhibited more severe basement membrane changes in other organs, especially renal tubules and vascular internal laminae. These findings suggest that both ocular and nonocular dystrophic changes may have been linked through common physiologic (or genetic) mechanisms. Animals that displayed basement membrane lesions were not considered to represent compromised biologic test systems.
Cytokine-Induced Changes in the Leukon
Authors: Anderson Timothy D.
Published: April 2009

Cytokines are regulatory peptides, produced by virtually every nucleated cell type in the body, that have pleiotropic effects on hematopoietic, lymphoid, and other cell types. Cytokines usually act locally as autocrine or paracrine cellular signals intended to maintain local homeostasis but in disease states can spill over into the circulation to initiate systemic reactions. The systemic administration of high doses of recombinant cytokines is associated with a multitude of pharmacologic and toxicologic effects, frequently involving the hemolymphopoietic system. These effects may represent direct or indirect pharmacologic or hyperpharmacologic activity or may represent toxicity. The objective of this review is to present the general types of hemolymphopoietic changes associated with cytokine administration to animals and to provide examples of cytokine-induced effects on the hemolymphopoietic system.
Etoposide- and BMY-40481-Induced Sensory Neuropathy in Mice
Authors: Bregman Carla L. , Buroker Robert A. , Hirth Robert S. , Crosswell Alfred R. , Durham Stephen K.
Published: April 2009

The effects of high toxic doses of the anticancer drugs, etoposide and its phosphate derivative, BMY-40481, on the nervous system of female CD-1 mice were examined by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy. Mice were euthanatized 4 wk following a single iv injection of either 0, 50, 100, or 150 mg/kg of BMY-40481 or 44 or 88 mg/kg of etoposide. Mice treated with 100 or 150 mg/kg of BMY-40481 or 88 mg/kg of etoposide had clinical symptomology of progressive ataxia, impaired righting reflex, and splaying and paresis of fore- and hindlimbs at day 8. Similar, dose-related LM changes were observed with both drugs at all doses and consisted of degeneration of dorsal root ganglion cells and axonal degeneration of their distal and proximal processes in peripheral nerves, dorsal spinal roots, and dorsal funiculi of spinal cord. Axonal degeneration was characterized by LM as shrinkage, swelling, and fragmentation of axon cylinders accompanied by secondary demyelination. Degenerative changes in ganglion cell bodies included eccentric nuclei, cytoplasmic vacuolation, central chromatolysis, and peripheral clumping of Nissl's bodies. Ultrastructurally, ganglion cell bodies had focally extensive dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, increased numbers of phagolysosomes and prominent aggregations of microfilaments (globular filamentous bodies). Ultrastructural axonal changes occurred primarily in large, myelinated fibers and consisted of axonal swelling or loss, thinning of myelin sheaths, and a decrease in the number of organelles. This is the first report of etoposide-related sensory neuropathy in laboratory animals, a model that may be useful for the study of etoposide-related peripheral neuropathy in humans.
Basic Principles of Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Benet Leslie Z. , Zia-Amirhosseini Parnian
Published: April 2009

Pharmacokinetics may be defined as what the body does to a drug. It deals with the absorption, distribution, and elimination of drugs but also has utility in evaluating the time course of environmental (exogenous) toxicologic agents as well as endogenous compounds. An understanding of 4 fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters will give the toxicologic pathologist a strong basis from which to appreciate how pharmacokinetics may be useful. These parameters are clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, and bioavailability.
Relationship of DNA Adducts Derived from 2-Acetylaminofluorene to Cell Proliferation and the Induction of Rodent Liver and Bladder Tumors
Authors: Cohen Samuel M. , Ellwein Leon B.
Published: April 2009

Pharmacokinetic models have been developed to assist in extrapolating results from rodent bioassays. However, in numerous circumstances, it is necessary to combine such models with cellular response models to fully define interspecies and dose extrapolations. Interactions between pharmacokinetic target tissue end points (DNA adduct formation) and cellular proliferation in liver and urinary bladder carcinogenesis is illustrated with the results from the ED01 study involving 2-acetylaminofluorene administered to female mice. The interaction of genotoxic and cell proliferative effects are also illustrated in a co-carcinogenesis study with low doses of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide and high doses of sodium saccharin. The application of such interactions to humans is illustrated for the case of cigarette smoke-induced bladder cancer.
Expression of Exposure in Negative Carcinogenicity Studies: Dose/Body Weight, Dose/Body Surface Area, or Plasma Concentrations?
Authors: Monro Alastair , Mordenti Joyce
Published: April 2009

Evaluation of positive findings in a rodent carcinogenicity study and the subsequent extrapolation to humans is based on chemical structure, mutagenicity, pharmacology, hormone changes, chronic toxicity, and the nature of the tumors induced. For negative studies, adequacy of exposure may become an issue. The use of plasma concentrations as a metric for exposure assumes that each species responds in a similar manner to a given concentration; data are now available that demonstrate that this is not generally true for carcinogenicity. The use of the body surface area metric (i.e., mg/m2) is a special case of interspecies allometric scaling (i.e., W0.67). For a chemical to be amenable to such scaling in toxicology, it must satisfy 3 criteria: (a) the concentration-time profile of the putative toxicant at the site of action must be governed by a scalable pharmacokinetic process (e.g., glomerular filtration); (b) the mechanism of action and the susceptibility of each species to a given systemic exposure must be the same and, for example, be independent of lifespan, cellular repair mechanism/rate, and so forth; and (c) the biological response must depend only on size (e.g., not on race, strain, gender, age, or parity). Carcinogens rarely, if ever, meet these criteria. An empirical analysis of carcinogenic potency data in rodents and in humans shows that, in general, exposure is best expressed in terms of mg/kg body weight.