bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nomograms predicting recurrence in patients with triple negative breast cancer based on ultrasound and clinicopathological features
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Xudong , Han Peng , Zhao Dantong , Hu Nana , Fan Wei , Wang Panting , Zuo Xiaoxuan , Kong Hanqing , Peng Fuhui , Tian Jiawei , Cui Hao
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

The clinicopathological and ultrasound features associated with recurrence in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) were used to develop a nomogram to predict the prognosis of TNBC.

Methods:

Clinicopathological data of 300 patients with TNBC treated between July 2012 and September 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. The endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Prognostic factors were screened by multivariate COX regression to develop nomograms. The C-index and calibration curves were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy and discriminatory ability of nomograms.

Results:

Of 300 patients with TNBC followed-up for 5 years, 80 (26.7%) had PFS events. Five informative prognostic factors (large size, vertical orientation, posterior acoustic enhancement, lymph node involvement, and high pathological stage) were screened and used to construct a nomogram for PFS. The C-index of the PFS nomogram was 0.88 (p < 0.01, 95% confidence interval, 0.85–0.90), indicating good predictive accuracy.

Conclusions:

We developed and validated a nomogram for predicting PFS in TNBC. Vertical orientation and posterior acoustic enhancement in ultrasound images of TNBC were associated with worse outcomes.

Advances in knowledge:

Patients with TNBC have a very poor prognosis and patients have a high risk of recurrence, and our study developed a nomogram based on ultrasound and clinicopathological features for TNBC patients to improve the accuracy of individualized prediction of recurrence and provide help for clinical treatment.
A single natural RNA modification can destabilize a U•A-T-rich RNA•DNA-DNA triple helix
Authors: Kunkler Charlotte N. , Schiefelbein Grace E. , O'Leary Nathan J. , McCown Phillip J. , Brown Jessica A.
Published: July 2022

Recent studies suggest noncoding RNAs interact with genomic DNA, forming RNA•DNA-DNA triple helices, as a mechanism to regulate transcription. One way cells could regulate the formation of these triple helices is through RNA modifications. With over 140 naturally occurring RNA modifications, we hypothesize that some modifications stabilize RNA•DNA-DNA triple helices while others destabilize them. Here, we focus on a pyrimidine-motif triple helix composed of canonical U•A-T and C•G-C base triples. We employed electrophoretic mobility shift assays and microscale thermophoresis to examine how 11 different RNA modifications at a single position in an RNA•DNA-DNA triple helix affect stability: 5-methylcytidine (m5C), 5-methyluridine (m5U or rT), 3-methyluridine (m3U), pseudouridine (Ψ), 4-thiouridine (s4U), N6-methyladenosine (m6A), inosine (I), and each nucleobase with 2′-O-methylation (Nm). Compared to the unmodified U•A-T base triple, some modifications have no significant change in stability (Um•A-T), some have ∼2.5-fold decreases in stability (m5U•A-T, Ψ•A-T, and s4U•A-T), and some completely disrupt triple helix formation (m3U•A-T). To identify potential biological examples of RNA•DNA-DNA triple helices controlled by an RNA modification, we searched RMVar, a database for RNA modifications mapped at single-nucleotide resolution, for lncRNAs containing an RNA modification within a pyrimidine-rich sequence. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, the binding of DNA-DNA to a 22-mer segment of human lncRNA Al157886.1 was destabilized by ∼1.7-fold with the substitution of m5C at known m5C sites. Therefore, the formation and stability of cellular RNA•DNA-DNA triple helices could be influenced by RNA modifications.
Assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness among medical students: a prospective study
Authors: Sharma Abhishek , Sah Shiva Pratik , Rajak Ashik , BC Ayush , Sah Aashutosh , Dhakal Rabindra , Maskey Nawanit , Bajracharya Samyak , Mishra Aavash , Jha Goody
Published: July 2022

Background: Physical activity and fitness level of fitness decline mostly between adolescence and early adulthood. This leads to risks of non-communicable diseases in the future. Medical students, assumed to have an extensive understanding of physical exercise and its benefits, are less active than they were before attending graduate school. This study aimed to assess changes in physical fitness and physical activity of students over-time.

Methods: This was a prospective study undertaken at Basic Science Complex of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital in Nepal. In total, 72 medical students were put through a modified Harvard step test during their first year and then three years later during their third year at medical school. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) was calculated subsequently by plotting the average pulse rate on the Astrand-Rhyming Nomogram.

Results: The mean value of relative maximum aerobic capacity (VO2 max) decreased from first year to the third year. When the mean values of body mass index and relative maximum aerobic capacity were compared between first year and third year, the difference was found to be statistically significant (p-value=0.000). The physical fitness index and relative maximum aerobic capacity in both years were positively correlated r (70) = +.59, p<0.001(first year); r (70) = +.47, p<0.001(third year). Meanwhile, body mass index and relative maximum aerobic capacity in the third year were negatively correlated and statistically significant with r (70) = -0.23, p=.045.

Conclusions: Cardiorespiratory fitness of the students steadily declined as they progressed through their academic years. Positive correlation between cardiorespiratory fitness and physical fitness index was established along with negative correlation between body mass index and cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings in this study expose the lack of fitness in youth as they focus more on academics, giving the impression that they forget to implement a fitness routine in their lifestyle.
Physalis angulata leaf extract ameliorates L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced preeclampsia symptoms in rats through improved endothelial progenitor cells and endothelial cells due to reduced antiangiogenic factor and oxidative stress
Authors: Nugrahenny Dian , Rudijanto Achmad , Permatasari Nur , Wiyasa I Wayan Arsana , Widodo Mohammad Aris , Mintaroem Karyono , Widjajanto Edi , Mustofa Mustofa
Published: July 2022

Background: This study aimed to determine the ameliorative effects of Physalis angulata leaf extract on L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced preeclampsia symptoms in rats.

Methods: Phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Pregnant Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=6). Preeclampsia rats were injected with L-NAME on gestation days 9 to 18 (G9–G18), while sham rats were injected with the same vehicle volume. Three groups of preeclampsia rats were orally supplemented with the extract at doses of 500, 1500, and 2500 mg/kg body weight/day on G12–G18. The tail-cuff method measured blood pressures. Spectrophotometry determined urine protein levels. Serum soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt)-1 levels were evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum and placental malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by colorimetry. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine tail artery endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), placental eNOS, and placental hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α expressions. Circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) and endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) were counted using flow cytometry.

Results: L-NAME injection increased blood pressures, 24-h total urine protein level, serum sFlt-1 level, serum and placental MDA levels, percentages of CACs and ECFCs, and placental HIF-1α expression. It also decreased serum and placental SOD activities, serum NO level, tail artery and placental eNOS expressions compared to the sham group. Physalis angulata leaf extract administration lowered blood pressures, urine protein level, sFlt-1 level, MDA levels, percentages of CACs and ECFCs, and placental HIF-1α expression. The extract increased SOD activities, NO level, tail artery and placental eNOS expressions compared to the preeclampsia group.

Conclusions: Physalis angulata leaf extract reduces antiangiogenic factor and oxidative stress. It also enhances eNOS/NO signaling. Thus, it improves EPC and endothelial cell function and reverses L-NAME-induced hypertension and proteinuria in preeclampsia rats.
Why did he say that? Teaching physicians-in-training how to recognize hidden emotions in end-of-life prognosis conversations: an autoethnography
Authors: Stonestreet John
Published: July 2022

Background: Intuitively accessible via WhyDidHeSayThat.com, this article begins with two unconscionable end-of-life prognosis-related quotes from best-selling physician-author, Atul Gawande, and an unnamed doctor, asking: “Why did he say that?” The article then proceeds to answer this question by showing how physicians’ most common end-of-life communication blunders are rooted in their unexplored emotions. Healthcare’s only widespread communication training focused on examining the role of hidden emotions in influencing the flow of conversation is found in Spiritual Care’s “Verbatim” education modules. While the need for physicians’ emotional self-awareness for improved end-of-life communication has been identified in the literature, no one has explored how this need might be met by custom-tailoring Spiritual Care’s “Verbatim” education modules for physicians-in-training.

Methods: This article utilizes the qualitative research method of autoethnography to grant physicians access to the content and power of Spiritual Care’s “Verbatim” education modules for identifying hidden emotions in clinical communication.

Results: Using a profound personal example from the author’s firsthand experience of the suggested training tool, the “Verbatim” module is shown to grant revelatory self-knowledge and invaluable emotional intelligence. The same model then illuminates the physician cases.

Conclusion: Spiritual Care’s “Verbatim” education modules address universal issues of clinical communication and emotional self-awareness that are applicable to physician-patient/family conversations surrounding end-of-life decision-making. Customizing these communication modules for physicians-in-training may help to address physicians’ emotionally-triggered conversational miscues in end-of-life prognosis communication. Existing programs for complementary end-of-life communication training are noted, and it is claimed that a combination of each of these models, together with the proposed module, may be ideal. It is also admitted that no form of education or training can ensure ethical communication. Therefore the ultimate solution is to supplement communication training with real-time, third-party support and accountability. This can be achieved by the "Doctor Body Cam" intervention protocol, accessible via DoctorBodyCam.com.
Approaches to integrating online videos into health professions curricula: educators’ perspectives from multiple institutions
Authors: Aluri Kelly , Sow Mohamed , Amieva Manuel , Chen Sharon
Published: July 2022

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated a transition from lecture-based classes to blended and online learning, increasing the need to integrate publicly available online educational videos. Although online videos are widely available, it is challenging for educators to effectively integrate them into a curriculum. Years before the pandemic, educators from different institutions integrated videos from a library of microbiology and immunology resources into different curricula. Their experiences may inform current educators on the approach to incorporating external resources into their unique curricula.

Methods: We interviewed US health professions instructors or course directors who had previously requested access to online microbiology and immunology videos. Using thematic analysis, we organized prominent themes into an existing framework for curriculum development. We then reflected on the meaning of the themes using the same conceptual framework.

Results: We found that educators from different schools were able to integrate the same publicly available videos into varying contexts. Most used them as preparation for interactive sessions. For integrating videos, educators felt success when the following actions occurred. 1) Educators integrated videos as a tool to enhance active-learning activities. 2) Educators created activities that focused on clinical applications of knowledge, taught critical thinking, and developed enthusiasm for the subject. 3) They tested students on knowledge application and major concepts rather than solely on content for high-stakes exams. 4) Educators worked with administrators who understood the goals of integrating external videos and supported educators with time and resources to develop effective blended learning.

Conclusion: Our study suggests that educators integrating external resources into their curricula may benefit from first establishing their goals and aspirations for their students. These goals then become the anchor for other curricular elements, including external videos, in-class activities, and assessments. Our study highlights the need for dedicated time to develop experienced and enthusiastic educators.
Specimen and sample metadata standards for biodiversity genomics: a proposal from the Darwin Tree of Life project
Authors: Lawniczak Mara K.N. , Davey Robert P. , Rajan Jeena , Pereira-da-Conceicoa Lyndall L. , Kilias Estelle , Hollingsworth Peter M. , Barnes Ian , Allen Heather , Blaxter Mark , Burgin Josephine , Broad Gavin R. , Crowley Liam M. , Gaya Ester , Holroyd Nancy , Lewis Owen T. , McTaggart Seanna , Mieszkowska Nova , Minotto Alice , Shaw Felix , Richards Thomas A. , Sivess Laura A.S. ,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: July 2022

The vision of the Earth BioGenome Project1 is to complete reference genomes for all of the planet’s ~2M described eukaryotic species in the coming decade. To contribute to this global endeavour, the Darwin Tree of Life Project  (DToL2) was launched in 2019 with the aim of generating complete genomes for the ~70k described eukaryotic species that can be found in Britain and Ireland. One of the early tasks of the DToL project was to determine, define, and standardise the important metadata that must accompany every sample contributing to this ambitious project. This ensures high-quality contextual information is available for the associated data, enabling a richer set of information upon which to search and filter datasets as well as enabling interoperability between datasets used for downstream analysis. Here we describe some of the key factors we considered in the process of determining, defining, and documenting the metadata required for DToL project samples. The manifest and Standard Operating Procedure that are referred to throughout this paper are likely to be useful for other projects, and we encourage re-use while maintaining the standards and rules set out here.
Medical and Psychological Rehabilitation of a Pediatric Patient with Severe COVID-19
Authors: Kalyuzhnyy Ivan , Paramonova K. , Taysaeva Svetlana , Polyakova E.
Published: July 2022

The article describes the work experience of a medical psychologist, as part of a multidisciplinary team, in order to provide psychological rehabilitation of a preschool child with an extremely severe course of a new coronavirus infection on the basis of the department of medical rehabilitation of Regional Children's Clinical Hospital named after N.N. Silishcheva. The role of various methods of psychological influence in the process of effective restoration of the psychological and mental status of the patient is considered. A comparative analysis of the use of various diagnostic tools is carried out in order to identify the most likely psychological consequences of COVID, as well as to assess the effectiveness of medical and psychological work. The emphasis is placed on the specifics of counseling and correctional activities, taking into account the age period of the patient. A subjective review of a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to the rehabilitation process, restoring the main aspects of the psychological status of the child, is given.
Celiac disease - a common autoimmune disease with significantly delayed diagnosis
Authors: Choina Magdalena , Kinga Pożarowska  , Rudziński Gracjan , Cukrowska Bożena , Majsiak Emilia
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease that affects genetically predisposed individuals. In course of the disease, consumption of gluten causes damage to the small intestine. Due to various clinical manifestations, diagnosing CD poses a challenge to clinicians. It has been proven by several study groups that the diagnostic delay in CD is still too long and provokes severe health complications. 
Purpose: The aim of the study is to highlight the importance of diagnostic delay in CD, its consequences and possible solutions. 
Description of the state of knowledge: The diagnosis of CD is based on the clinical picture, serological test, duodenal mucosal biopsies and genetic tests. Many cases of CD remain undiagnosed in spite of published guidelines for CD diagnosis. Consequently, the diagnosis is significantly delayed: the mean duration of the diagnostic process in Poland was 7.3 years. In other countries, patients the time from the onset of the symptoms to establishing CD diagnosis was up to 10 years. The diagnostic delay leads to reduced quality of life and the development of severe complications, such as neoplastic disease. 
Summary: Diagnostic delay in CD is an issue of great importance. Because of the reduced quality of life and the possibility of neoplasm, it is crucial to take action in order to shorten the diagnostic process of CD.
Teorie zmiany na przykładzie włoskiej polityki wschodniej
Authors: Krzyżanowska-Skowronek Iwona
Published: July 2022

Poszukiwanie sposobów na możliwie pełne i wiarygodne ujęcie naszych wyobrażeń na temat otaczającej nas rzeczywistości będzie zawsze zadaniem zbyt złożonym, by zamknąć je w jakimkolwiek schemacie badawczym. Niemniej jednak bez podejmowania prób analizy bardziej abstrakcyjnej niż obserwacja zwykłego toku wydarzeń niewiele potrafilibyśmy zrozumieć z otaczającego nas świata. Wybór określonej koncepcji teoretycznej w bardzo dużym stopniu determinuje sposób odczytania i rozumienia przeszłości, teraźniejszości czy naszych wyobrażeń na przyszłość. Na te same pytania dostajemy różne odpowiedzi, nasza uwaga koncentruje się na innych zagadnieniach, świadomie pomijamy to wszystko, co według założeń danej koncepcji dla opisu rzeczywistości jest mniej istotne. (...) Analiza polityki włoskiej według najważniejszych szkół teoretycznych miała przede wszystkim pokazać ich możliwości eksplanacyjne, ale też ograniczenia. Dobrze, gdyby przekonała, że warto korzystać, o ile to możliwe, z różnych modeli teoretycznych. Jeden schemat relacyjny nigdy nie pomieści złożoności i różnorodności zjawisk społeczno-politycznych. FRAGMENT PODSUMOWANIA
Nasza Ameryka wyobrażona: Polskie spotkania z amerykańską kulturą popularną po roku 1918
Authors: Szymkowska-Bartyzel Jolanta
Published: July 2022

OUR IMAGINED AMERICA: POLISH ENCOUNTERS WITH AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE AFTER 1918 The presented monograph attempts to describe and critically reflect on the presence of American popular culture in Poland in various historical periods after 1918. It systematizes Polish experience with American cultural texts, and analyzes their forms and functions within the context of changing times and different political and economic systems. The concept of the encounter was used primarily because of its capacity and non-evaluative character. An encounter means contact between at least two parties – people, events, objects – and the interaction which such contact generates. Reception of a cultural text is always a two-way interaction. The recipient concretizes and interprets the text, which acquires new meanings. As a result, American cultural texts gain new meanings not only marked by Polish specificity, but also new added features and values that might not occur at all in other cultures. The key concept used in discussing Polish encounters with American popular culture is the concept of an “Imagined America,” a form of social images and notions concerning the United States and its culture, people, lifestyle, etc. – a construct which was established in the collective imagination of Polish people. The Polish “Imagined America” has been largely based on the texts of popular culture icons, symbols and values evoked by this culture, and played a significant role in organizing social emotions, behavior and aspirations in various periods of Polish history. Polish encounters with American culture in many areas differ from those in Western Europe. An experience that significantly contributed to this difference was the nearly fifty-year-long domination of the communist system, which partially excluded Poles from participation in the changes that occurred in post-war Western Europe, namely the dynamic spread of the American influence in various areas of life – both those associated with the presence of American popular culture, as well as changes in business, education and political life. This half-century of experience arising from operation in a different political and economic system not only determined the character of the presence of American culture in Poland, but also the attitude of Polish people to that culture.
Report on a scoping review of nursing interventions for young people's psychological wellbeing
Authors: Turner James Bradley , Cooper Lucy , Woodward Amie , Painter Jon , Day Pat , Hazelby Gayle , Harrop Deborah , Moore Kerry
Published: July 2022

Aim:

This paper reports on a two-part mixed methods scoping project, funded by the RCN Foundation, to review the available evidence and undertake a Delphi study of nurse-led interventions. Nurses in the field were surveyed to understand their role in promoting children and young people's mental health and emotional wellbeing across the UK.

Methods:

A scoping review of the literature was undertaken and a two-part Delphi survey was developed and managed.

Findings:

Results of the literature review were inconclusive. There was a paucity of literature, particularly in the UK, suggesting that nurses may be under-represented in the research seeking to make recommendations concerning their profession. 244 responses to the Delphi method survey were received. Responses confirmed the fundamental importance of the therapeutic relationship. They also suggested that nurse-led pre-crisis and early interventions which addressed the mental health and emotional wellbeing needs of children and young people were being extensively utilised. All countries and all regions appeared to have primarily community-based services. School-based services were perceived to be highly beneficial. Early interventions typically targeted levels of resilience, emotional regulation and the prevention of ongoing mental health problems. Respondents viewed these interventions as effective but often encountered organisational and practical challenges, including access to training and ongoing supervision.
Development of the 4C Teaching Model to Improve Students’ Mathematical Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Irham Irham , Tolla Ismail , Jabu Baso
Published: July 2022

This study aims to develop a learning model based on 4C skills to improve high school students’ mathematical critical thinking skills. Research & development is the design used in this research by applying Plomp’s development theory which consists of three phases, namely needs analysis, design and implementation, and evaluation. This research was conducted at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Parepare, South Sulawesi, Indonesia involving five experts, four teachers, and 20 students. Data collection and analysis were carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Analysis of interviews’ data and observations qualitatively with the thematic analysis technique. We also analyse data from validation sheets, questionnaires, and mathematical essay tests with the help of SPSS 20.00. The results show that students and lecturers need a learning model to improve mathematical critical thinking skills. In addition, other findings stated that the learning model developed was proven to be valid, practical, and effective to be used in general. Developing your learning model can further improve students' learning outcomes and mathematical critical thinking skills because they are designed based on the actual needs and problems. For this reason, a teacher must be able to design his learning model.
Exploration of Student Learning Obstacles in Solving Fraction Problems in Elementary School
Authors: Hariyani Mimi , Herman Tatang , Suryadi Didi , Prabawanto Sufyani
Published: July 2022

This research aims to explore students' learning obstacles in solving fraction problems in elementary school. This qualitative research used a case study method. The research subjects involved 30 third-grade elementary school students from two different schools in Bandung City, Indonesia. The instruments utilized were test and non-test. The test technique was done by giving fractional material questions, while the non-test technique was in the form of interviews. The data collected were then analyzed employing the three stages of the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The study findings revealed that students experienced epistemological obstacles, where students experienced limited knowledge, ranging from the basic concepts of fractions, fractional arithmetic operations, and fraction problem-solving. Based on these findings, teachers can construct learning designs with appropriate didactic situations as a follow-up to minimize the occurrence of similar learning obstacles in future fractional learning materials.
Effect of Calorie Restriction on Intestinal Inflammation in Mice Treated with a High-Calorie Diet
Authors:   Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Harlinda Nadya Meta , Wiyasihati Sundari Indah ,   Department of Physiology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Kurniasari Nila ,   Department of Anatomical Pathology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Wigati Kristanti Wanito ,   Department of Physiology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Published: July 2022

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is classified into ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. It is chronic inflammation of gastrointestinal tract and idiopathic disease. Sugar is proved to be risk factor for IBD. Calorie restriction is a nutrition intervention to reduce energy intake and can reduce chronic desease. This study aims to determine the difference in the effect of a high-calorie diet and calorie restriction on intestinal inflammation. Eight-week-old healthy female Balb/c mice were divided into two groups. The high calorie (HC) group was fed standard diet plus oral gavage of glucose solution every day for 4 weeks. The dose of glucose solution was 0.0325 ml/gBW or 3-5% additional calories each day. The calorie restriction (CR) group had their calorie intake restricted to 50% of standard diet 3 times a week. After 4 weeks of treatment, the mice had their colon removed. The assessment of the intestinal inflammation was carried out using a light microscope, with a scoring system by Erben et al (2014) in HE staining. The mean score of the HC group was 1.22, this was higher than the CR group with a mean score of 1.18 even tough the result revealed that the scores of intestinal inflammation were not significantly different in the two groups (P = 0.827). However, there is no evidence for the underlying mechanism of intestinal inflammation by high-calorie diet and improvement of intestinal inflammation in high-calorie diet via calorie restriction. Thus, further research is needed on other calorie restriction methods in high-calorie diet study. Keywords: High calorie diet, Calorie restriction, Intestinal inflammation
Undergraduate education of trauma and orthopaedic surgery in the UK
Authors: Poacher Arwel T. , Bhachoo Hari , Weston Jack , Shergill Kavita , Poacher Gethin , Froud Joe
Published: July 2022

Aims

Evidence exists of a consistent decline in the value and time that medical schools place upon their undergraduate orthopaedic placements. This limited exposure to trauma and orthopaedics (T&O) during medical school will be the only experience in the speciality for the majority of doctors. This review aims to provide an overview of undergraduate orthopaedic training in the UK.

Methods

This review summarizes the relevant literature from the last 20 years in the UK. Articles were selected from database searches using MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, Cochrane, and Web of Science. A total of 16 papers met the inclusion criteria.

Results

The length of exposure to T&O is declining; the mean total placement duration of two to three weeks is significantly less than the four- to six-week minimum advised by most relevant sources. The main teaching methods described in the literature included didactic lectures, bedside teaching, and small group case-based discussions. Students preferred interactive, blended learning teaching styles over didactic methods. This improvement in satisfaction was reflected in improvements in student assessment scores. However, studies failed to assess competencies in clinical skills and examinations, which is consistent with the opinions of UK foundation year doctors, approximately 40% of whom report a “poor” understanding of orthopaedics. Furthermore, the majority of UK doctors are not exposed to orthopaedics at the postgraduate level, which only serves to amplify the disparity between junior and generalist knowledge, and the standards expected by senior colleagues and professional bodies.

Conclusion

There is a deficit in undergraduate orthopaedic training within the UK which has only worsened in the last 20 years, leaving medical students and foundation doctors with a potentially significant lack of orthopaedic knowledge. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(7):549–556.
Association between Low Back Pain and Work and Lifestyle Variables among Fruit Farm Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Beltran Picón Sol Patricia , dos Passos Muana Hiandra Pereira , Ferraz Zalane Cristina Marques , Franco Sara Rúbia de Souza , de Araújo Rodrigo Cappato , Locks Francisco
Published: July 2022

Highlights

Low back pain has a high prevalence among fruit farm workers.

Fruit packing workers are more likely to have low back pain than field workers.

Abstract. The objective of this observational and correlational cross-sectional study was to analyze the association of labor variables, lifestyle, and low back pain among workers on a grape farm in the northeast region of Brazil. A total of 180 rural workers, men and women, age 18 years and older, and active on the company’s staff, participated in the study. The presence of low back pain, considered as a dependent variable, was categorized as yes or no, and the independent variables were personal, work, and lifestyle factors. The workers performed functions in the field (72%) and fruit packing (28%). Low back pain was reported by 44.1% (n = 79) of the participants. There were associations between low back pain and the function performed by the worker. Thus, workers in fruit packing were 1.53 more likely to have low back pain (95% CI 1.09-2.15) when compared with workers in the field, demonstrating the need for strategies to improve the structure of the workday, such as the inclusion of active breaks. Keywords: Low back pain, Musculoskeletal discomfort, Occupational health.
Estimating the Nonfatal Injury Undercount in Agriculture from 2004 to 2019
Authors: Picciotto Isabelle , Beatty Timothy , Hill Alexandra Estvan
Published: July 2022

Highlights

Government estimates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses understate the hazards in U.S. agriculture.

From 2004 to 2019, government estimates only captured 13% to 26% of the true number of nonfatal injuries.

Estimates of nonfatal injuries are more accurate for crop production than for animal production.

Estimates are more accurate over time, with a decline in self-employed and unpaid family labor in agriculture.

Abstract. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics provides annual estimates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by U.S. industry sector. We performed a series of corrections to these estimates for each year from 2004 through 2019 to account for institutional and behavioral drivers of the undercount in the sample used to construct these estimates for the U.S. agricultural industry. Institutional factors consisted of the exclusion of small farms and self-employed and family workers, as well as the employment undercount due to the highly seasonal nature of agricultural work. Behavioral factors consisted of willful and negligent underreporting by employers. We updated the estimates using information on the number of people employed in the excluded portions of the agricultural industry and estimates of the underreporting rate from prior work. Over this period, we show that the government estimates only captured 13% to 26% of the true number of nonfatal injuries and illnesses, missing 74% to 87% of the true case counts each year. The government estimates were more accurate for crop production, missing an average of 77% of cases, than for animal production, missing an average of 83% of cases. Willful and negligent underreporting was the largest contributor to the undercount, followed by the exclusion of self-employed and unpaid family workers. Keywords: Agriculture, Nonfatal injuries and illnesses, Occupational injuries, Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses, Undercount.
Twisted weakly coupled relative humidity sensor coated with a graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composite
Authors: Sun Yuqing , Guo Jiachen , Xiao Yinfeng , Fan Junfeng , Chen Jigang , Zhao Dong , Jia Bo
Published: July 2022

A new coupled fiber optic humidity sensor based on a double-tapered fiber twisted weakly coupled structure coated with a graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol (GO/PVA) film has been reported for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The sensor adopts a

2

×

2

coupler structure with a waist diameter of 20 µm. The GO/PVA composite film is coated in the weakly coupled area to increase the sensitivity of the sensor. The thickness of the coating layer is about 3 µm. The sensor can realize linear sensing in the relative humidity (RH) range of 45%–85%RH with a dynamic response time of 1.9 s and a recovery time of 5.7 s. The sensitivity of the sensor is up to 0.002/%RH, and the linearity of the sensor is as high as 98.65%. Moreover, the sensor has good stability, reversibility, and low-temperature crosstalk.
Diaphragm-free gas pressure sensor based on all-sapphire fiber Fabry–Perot interferometers
Authors: Feng Xinxing , Jiang Yi , Gao Hongchun , Tang Caijie , Wang Xuefeng
Published: July 2022

An all-sapphire fiber external Fabry–Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensor for measuring gas pressure is proposed and investigated. The sensor head is manufactured from a sapphire fiber ferrule and sapphire tube, and the same material can ensure the stability of the sensor structure at a high temperature. The refractive index of the gas is linearly related to the gas pressure. Therefore, the gas pressure can be measured by studying the optical cavity length of the EFPI. A multi-stage coupled multimode fiber is used to pick up the interference signal of the fiber EFPI. The pressure response of the sensor at different temperatures was measured in the experiment. The experimental results show that the sapphire fiber EFPI can measure 0–5 MPa gas pressure in the environment of 17–1400°C. The sensitivity of the sensor decreases with the increasing temperature, and the maximum sensitivity is 1.1673 µm/MPa (20°C). The sensor is compact and suitable for gas pressure measurement at a high temperature.
Orbital dynamics at atmospheric pressure in a lensed dual-beam optical trap
Authors: Raj Amala , Schaich William L. , Dragnea Bogdan
Published: July 2022

Orbital dynamics of a dielectric microparticle in air using a lensed
counter-propagating dual-beam trap was studied experimentally and by
numerical simulations. Relationships between the dynamic parameters,
trap geometry, and optical power were examined both experimentally and
computationally. We found that this scheme can provide narrow
bandwidth (

δ
ν

/

ν
≈

10

−
3

) detection that is at least two
orders of magnitude below typical values attainable with previously
studied geometries. We predict that this characteristic makes the
approach suitable for ultrasensitive in-situ detection of particle
mass changes. In our experimental conditions, silica microspheres
orbited on trajectories spanning tens of µm, at frequencies of up to

∼

2

k
H
z

, at atmospheric pressure. With the
help of simulations, we briefly discuss how the dual-beam lensed
orbital trap approach can be further enhanced to gain unmatched
capabilities to measure changes in the physical parameters associated
with a particle interacting with its surrounding medium.
Design and simulation analysis of the AOTF full-Stokes imaging spectropolarimeter
Authors: Chang Lingying , Pan Xi , Qiu Yuehong , Wang Yitian , Wang Guanru , Wang Xinyou
Published: July 2022

In order to effectively improve the contrast of target identification, an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) full-Stokes imaging spectropolarimeter is proposed, which can measure synchronously polarization information with each spectral band in real time. The full-Stokes vectors are obtained by the division-of-aperture polarization imaging system. The spectral bands are selected by RF of the AOTF electrically. Based on this system, a polarization error model is established, and the influence of the key polarization element angle error is analyzed. The results show that the measurement error increases with the increase of the polarization degree. When

P

=

1

, the influence of the azimuth angle error is greater than the retardance error under the same angle error. The results are helpful to find the variation law of the polarization error and provide a theoretical reference for the design of new types of full-Stokes imaging spectropolarimeters.
Liquid crystal lens array with positive and negative focal lengths
Authors: Feng Wenbin , Liu Zhiqiang , Ye Mao
Published: July 2022

A positive-negative tunable liquid crystal lens array is proposed by electrode design. The electrode structure consists of two main units, one of them is used to generate parabolic voltage profile and the other one distributes the voltage homogeneously across the lens aperture. The proposal features the advantages of high-quality performance, simple fabrication process (a single lithographic step), compact design, low voltages and simple driving method. In addition, the lens array can be driven as a square lens array or a rotatable cylindrical lens array. The voltage difference between the electrodes on the inner face of two substrates is controlled within the range that the phase of liquid crystal layer responds linearly to voltage difference, then the phase of the lens array maintains parabolic profile in the whole focus range. In experiments, a lens array with 30 µm liquid crystal layer is fabricated using the designed electrode. The size of the array area is 11 × 11 mm, and the side length of an individual square lens is 1.0 mm. The results show that the phase profile matches with the parabolic profile during focus tuning, and good focusing effect of the positive lens is observed. As a result, a liquid crystal lens array with high-quality performance is experimentally demonstrated, and the experimental results are consistent with the theoretical analyses.
Single-photon 3D imaging with a multi-stage network
Authors: Chen Ying-Hao , Li Jian , Xie Shi-Peng , Wang Qin
Published: July 2022

Active single-photon 3D imaging technology has been applied to 3D imaging of complex scenes in many frontier fields such as biomedicine, remote sensing mapping, etc. However, single-photon 3D imaging with strong background noise is still a major challenge. Several classical algorithms and machine learning methods have been proposed to solve the problem. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-stage synergistic recovery network to reconstruct an accurate depth map. In the model, we first extract multi-scale feature information using encoder and decoder architectures, then combine them with an original resolution network that retains complete spatial location information. Through this way, we can compensate the deficiencies of the original resolution network for multi-scale local feature extraction. Moreover, a self-supervised attention module (SAM) is constructed to weight local features between different stages, optimizing the feature exchange between different stages of the multi-stage architecture network. Our method currently performs the best of all the tested methods.
Second-harmonic generation in a high-index doped silica micro-ring resonator
Authors: Li Yuhua , Wang Shao Hao , Ho Wai Lok , Zhu Xiaotian , Wang Xiang , Davidson Roy R. , Little Brent E. , Chen Rui-Pin , Chu Sai Tak
Published: July 2022

We report the first, to the best of our knowledge, observation of second-harmonic generation (SHG) in a high-index doped silica micro-ring resonator, due to the symmetry-breaking-induced χ(2) at the core and cladding interface of the waveguide. The generated SH power is shown to have quadratic dependence on the in-cavity power of the fundamental pump at around 1550 nm. The pumping wavelength sweep method is adopted to fulfill the phase-matching condition for maximum conversion efficiency of SHG. This work offers a new approach to generate a visible source for the visible-light integrated optical platform from infrared–visible light conversion.
Optical phased array with 2D beam steering based on nonlinear beam mixing
Authors: Agrawal Prachi , Ashtiani Farshid , Merget Florian , Aflatouni Firooz , Witzens Jeremy
Published: July 2022

Optical phased arrays are a powerful tool for the compact implementation of beam scanners. Tuning of large-scale 2D arrays is, however, a daunting challenge that requires the integration of a very large number of phase tuners, resulting in challenging integration and power management. We combine 1D beam steering in two directions with nonlinear mixing of the generated beams by means of an optically addressable liquid crystal cell integrated on top. Addressable angular ranges and optimization of the nonlinear transformation strength are investigated.
Non-volatile MWIR/LWIR beam reconfigurability with all-dielectric metagratings comprising phase-change materials with a high-refractive-index shift
Authors: Tsitsas Nikolaos L. , Foteinopoulou Stavroula
Published: July 2022

We propose an all-dielectric grating paradigm comprising an optical-phase-change-material (O-PCM), functional in the 5 μm to 10 μm spectral range. This system leverages the capabilities of a newly-discovered O-PCM [Nat. Comm. 10, 4279 (2019)10.1038/s41467-019-12196-4], Ge2Sb2Se4Te1, which can be reliably switched between amorphous and crystalline phases at larger thicknesses close to 1 μm, while exhibiting a high-refractive-index shift of about 1.5 and no optical loss in this spectral range. The amorphous-O-PCM grating predominantly responds as an effectively homogeneous slab, letting light through without perturbing its path. The crystalline-O-PCM grating supports leaky Floquet-Bloch modes, which, at certain wavelengths, can simultaneously interfere destructively into the primary light path and constructively into the back-bent diffraction channel, in transmission. This “accidental” interference effect steers the incident beam in the negative direction. At a slightly detuned wavelength, the output power can be evenly split between the primary light path and the back-bent diffraction channel. Hence, our all-dielectric O-PCM-based metagrating can function as a platform for non-volatile reconfigurable beam steering and splitting. We have designed the metagrating paradigm and predicted its reconfigurable behavior with a semi-analytical calculation method and then verified it with a numerical first-principles experiment. We believe these results are relevant to MWIR/LWIR applications, but can also inspire new means for programmable and reconfigurable photonics across the spectrum as new O-PCMs are being developed.
Unbalanced-basis-misalignment-tolerant measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution
Authors: Lu Feng-Yu , Wang Ze-Hao , Yin Zhen-Qiang , Wang Shuang , Wang Rong , Fan-Yuan Guan-Jie , Huang Xiao-Juan , He De-Yong , Chen Wei , Zhou Zheng , Guo Guang-Can , Han Zheng-Fu
Published: July 2022

Measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (MDIQKD) is a revolutionary protocol since it is physically immune to all attacks on the detection side. However, the protocol still keeps the strict assumptions on the source side that specify that the four BB84 states must be perfectly prepared to ensure security. Some protocols release part of the assumptions in the encoding system to keep the practical security, but the performance would be dramatically reduced. In this work, we present a MDIQKD protocol that requires less knowledge of the encoding system to combat the troublesome modulation errors and fluctuations. We have also experimentally demonstrated the protocol. The result indicates a high performance and good security for practical applications. Its robustness and flexibility also exhibit a good value for complex scenarios such as the QKD networks.