bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize xylan as a sole carbohydrate source by co-expression of an endoxylanase, xylosidase and a bacterial xylose isomerase
Authors: Mert Marlin John , la Grange Daniël Coenrad , Rose Shaunita Hellouise , van Zyl Willem Heber
Published: January 2016

Xylan represents a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, and its utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is crucial for the cost effective production of ethanol from plant biomass. A recombinant xylan-degrading and xylose-assimilating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered by co-expression of the xylanase (xyn2) of Trichoderma reesei, the xylosidase (xlnD) of Aspergillus niger, the Scheffersomyces stipitis xylulose kinase (xyl3) together with the codon-optimized xylose isomerase (xylA) from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Under aerobic conditions, the recombinant strain displayed a complete respiratory mode, resulting in higher yeast biomass production and consequently higher enzyme production during growth on xylose as carbohydrate source. Under oxygen limitation, the strain produced ethanol from xylose at a maximum theoretical yield of ~90 %. This study is one of only a few that demonstrates the construction of a S. cerevisiae strain capable of growth on xylan as sole carbohydrate source by means of recombinant enzymes.
Decreased fluidity of cell membranes causes a metal ion deficiency in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing carotenoids
Authors: Liu Peitong , Sun Liang , Sun Yuxia , Shang Fei , Yan Guoliang
Published: January 2016

The genome-wide transcriptional responses of S. cerevisiae to heterologous carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated using DNA microarray analysis. The results show that the genes involved in metal ion transport were specifically up-regulated in the recombinant strain, and metal ions, including Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+, were deficient in the recombinant strain compared to the ion content of the parent strain. The decrease in metal ions was ascribed to a decrease in cell membrane (CM) fluidity caused by lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol. This was confirmed by the observation that metal ion levels were restored when CM fluidity was increased by supplying linoleic acid. In addition, a 24.3 % increase in the β-carotene concentration was observed. Collectively, our results suggest that heterologous production of carotenoids in S. cerevisiae can induce cellular stress by rigidifying the CM, which can lead to a deficiency in metal ions. Due to the importance of CM fluidity in cellular physiology, maintaining normal CM fluidity might be a potential approach to improving carotenoid production in genetically engineered S. cerevisiae.
Mixed Stability and Antimicrobial Properties of Gluconamide‐Type Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Zhi Lifei , Li Qiuxiao , Sun Yongqiang , Yao Shushan
Published: January 2016

The stability of anionic‐cationic surfactant solutions and the antimicrobial properties of novel N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐[3‐(gluconamide/lactobionamide)]propyl‐N‐alkylammonium bromides (CnDGPB and CnDLPB), N‐methyl‐N‐hydroxyethyl group‐N‐[3‐(gluconamide)‐propyl]‐N‐alkylammonium bromide (CnMHGPB) and star‐shaped gluconamide‐type cationic surfactants N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐bis[(3‐d‐gluconylamido)propyl]‐N‐alkylammonium bromide (CnDBGB) were investigated. Mixed stability in combination with sodium n‐alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) was determined via transmittance; stability is achieved when percent transmittance was greater than 90 %. Transmittance results suggest that these cationic surfactants can form stable solutions with anionic surfactants over a broad concentration range. The inhibition activity of CnDBGB is the best among the three kinds of glucocationic surfactants. Antimicrobial activity of C12 surfactants was the best, C14 was the second and C10 was the worst. Moreover, antibacterial activity of glucose‐based cationic surfactants was greater than lactose‐based cationic surfactants.
Short‐Term Stability of Whole Blood Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content on Filter Paper During Storage at −28 °C
Authors: Pupillo Daniele , Simonato Manuela , Cogo Paola E. , Lapillonne Alexandre , Carnielli Virgilio P.
Published: January 2016

Finger or heel‐pricked blood sampling for fatty acid analysis is suitable especially in newborn infants where blood sampling is difficult and phlebotomy for research can be unethical. The aim of this study was to evaluate dried blood long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) stability during storage at −28 °C. We collected 12 blood cord samples that were analyzed immediately after blood drawing, with and without drying the blood on filter paper. Dried samples were then analyzed 7 days and 1, 3, and 6 months after collection. Butylated hydroxytoluene was added to all samples. Fatty acid composition and 13C enrichment were measured by gas chromatography and by gas chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry, respectively. The fatty acid composition, expressed in mol%, of the major LC‐PUFA at day 7 was not statistically different from time 0, however lower values were found by the first month of storage. The 13C enrichment of 20:4n‐6 and 22:6n‐3 did not differ during the whole study period. LC‐PUFA analysis from dried umbilical cord blood in neonates should be performed within a week, major losses of LC‐PUFA occur afterwards. However, fatty acids obtained from dried blood maintain their 13C enrichment value for up to 6 months and thus these samples are suitable for natural abundance isotopic studies.
Effect of Specific Oil Surface Area on the Thermal Stressing of Rapeseed Oil During Heating in an Electric Frying Pan
Authors: Kobyliński Jakub P. , Krygier Krzysztof , Karlovits György , Szydłowska‐Czerniak Aleksandra
Published: January 2016

The effect of specific oil surface (SOS) during pan frying of rapeseed oil on its thermal stability and antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated. Rapeseed oils with different oil layer heights (OLH = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cm) were heated on an electric frying pan coated with Teflon at 180 ± 10 °C until a selected end point of 25 % total polar compounds (TPC) was reached. The changes of chemical parameters of oil samples such as peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, Totox value, free fatty acids, TPC and AC using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay were determined. Irrespective of the applied methods, the highest changes in oil with OLH = 0.5 cm were observed. Heating in low OLH also led to the fastest time of TPC formation in rapeseed oil; the 0.5‐cm layer reached 25 % TPC in a relatively short time (71.5 min) compared to the highest OLH = 2.5 cm (t = 315.1 min). The SOS and the rate of change in the heated oils decreased with increasing OLH. Crucial effects of SOS on physicochemical oil changes were observed. The present study demonstrated the protective effect of increasing the OLH on the quality of the heated rapeseed oils.
The Influence of Emotion Upregulation on the Expectation of Sexual Reward
Authors: Brom Mirte , Laan Ellen , Everaerd Walter , Spinhoven Philip , Trimbos Baptist , Both Stephanie
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Emotion regulation research has shown successful altering of unwanted aversive emotional reactions. Cognitive strategies can also downregulate expectations of reward arising from conditioned stimuli, including sexual stimuli. However, little is known about whether such strategies can also efficiently upregulate expectations of sexual reward arising from conditioned stimuli, and possible gender differences therein.

Aim

The present study examined whether a cognitive upregulatory strategy could successfully upregulate sexual arousal elicited by sexual reward-conditioned cues in men and women.

Methods

Men (n = 40) and women (n = 53) participated in a study using a differential conditioning paradigm, with genital vibrostimulation as unconditioned stimulus (US) and sexually relevant pictures as conditional stimuli.

Main Outcome Measures

Penile circumference and vaginal pulse amplitude were assessed and ratings of US expectancy, affective value, and sexual arousal value were obtained. Also a stimulus response compatibility task was included to assess automatic approach and avoidance tendencies.

Results

Evidence was found for emotion upregulation to increase genital arousal response in the acquisition phase in both sexes, and to enhance resistance to extinction of conditioned genital responding in women. In men, the emotion upregulatory strategy resulted in increased conditioned positive affect.

Conclusion

The findings support that top-down modulation may indeed influence conditioned sexual responses. This knowledge may have implications for treating disturbances in sexual appetitive responses, such as low sexual arousal and desire.
Urogenital and Sexual Complaints in Female Club Cyclists—A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Hermans T.J.N. , Wijn R.P.W.F. , Winkens B. , Van Kerrebroeck Ph.E.V.A.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Cycling has gained increased popularity among women, but in contrast to men, literature on urogenital overuse injuries and sexual dysfunctions is scarce.

Aim

To determine the prevalence and duration of urogenital overuse injuries and sexual dysfunctions in female cyclists of the largest female cycling association in The Netherlands.

Methods

A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was sent to 350 members of the largest female Dutch cycling association and 350 female members of a Dutch athletics association (runners).

Main Outcome Measures

The prevalence and duration of urogenital overuse injuries and sexual complaints were assessed using predefined international definitions.

Results

Questionnaire results of 114 cyclists (32.6%) and 33 runners (9.4%) were analyzed. After at least 2 hours of cycling, dysuria, stranguria, genital numbness, and vulvar discomfort were present in 8.8%, 22.2%, 34.9%, and 40.0%, respectively (maximum duration 48 hours). These complaints are not present in the controls (P < .001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, increased saddle width was significantly associated with the presence of dysuria and stranguria. Older age was significantly associated to the presence of vulvar discomfort. Of the cyclists, 50.9% has at least one urogenital overuse injury. Insertional dyspareunia was present in 40.0% of cyclists and lasted until 48 hours after the effort. The latter complaint was not present in runners (P < .001). Uni- or bilateral vulvar edema was reported by 35.1% of cyclists. As for general complaints, 18.4% of cyclists reported a change in sexual sensations and 12.8% reported difficulties in reaching orgasm owing to cycling-related complaints. Limitations include population size and the use of non-validated questionnaires.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that urogenital overuse injuries and sexual complaints are highly prevalent in female cyclists who are active participants in riding groups.
Impaired Lipid Profile is a Risk Factor for the Development of Sexual Dysfunction in Women
Authors: Baldassarre Maurizio , Alvisi Stefania , Mancini Ilaria , Moscatiello Simona , Marchesini Giulio , Seracchioli Renato , Meriggiola Maria Cristina
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Dyslipidemia is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease which may contribute to sexual dysfunction in women.

Aims

To assess the impact of dyslipidemia compared with other metabolic alterations on female sexual function.

Methods

In total, 466 women were enrolled in the study, of which 256 were postmenopausal. Dyslipidemia was defined based on high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, or triglycerides levels. Women completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), and the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ). Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were performed and the Framingham risk score (FRS) was calculated for each subject.

Main Outcome Measurements

FSFI, FSDS, and MHQ scores, prevalence of FSD and FRS.

Results

Median age of the population enrolled was 51.5 (range 42.0–58.0) years. The overall prevalence of FSD, according to FSFI and FSDS scores, was 24%. A significantly higher prevalence of FSFI (P = .001) and FSDS (P = .006) pathological scores were found in women with dyslipidemia compared with the control group. The prevalence of FSD was significantly higher in dyslipidemic women (P = .001). Women with dyslipidemia had significantly higher total scores in areas of depression, somatization, and obsession in the MHQ questionnaire compared with control women. Multivariate analysis showed that dyslipidemia (OR:1.7, CI 1.1–2.9, P = .037), postmenopausal status (OR:2.7, CI 1.5–4.7, P = .001), higher education (OR:0.6; CI 0.3–0.9, P = .038), and somatization (OR:1.7, CI 1.0–2.8, P = .045) were independently associated with FSD. The FRS was higher in dyslipidemic women (P = .001) and in those with FSD (P = .001), being associated with an almost doubled risk of developing FSD.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for FSD irrespective of postmenopausal status. Also, psychopathological alterations such as somatization are strongly associated with sexual dysfunction. The direct correlation between FSFI score and FRS suggest the importance of cardiovascular integrity in female sexual health.
Sexuality After Cancer: A Model for Male Survivors
Authors: Katz Anne , Dizon Don S.
Published: January 2016

Introduction

For men with cancer, sexual dysfunction is a common issue and has a negative impact on quality of life, regardless of whether he has a partner. In general, sexuality encompasses much more than intercourse; it involves body image, identity, romantic and sexual attraction, and sexual thoughts and fantasies.

Aim

Acknowledging that cancer affects multiple physical and psychosocial domains in patients, the authors propose that such changes also inform sexual function for the male survivor.

Methods

An in-depth review of the literature describing alterations to sexual functioning in men with cancer was undertaken. Based on this and the clinical expertise of the authors, a new model was created and is presented.

Results

This biopsychosocial model is intended to expand the understanding of male sexuality beyond a purely biomedical model that addresses dysfunction as distinct from the context of a man's life and sexual identity.

Conclusion

Most data on sexual dysfunction in men with cancer are derived from those with a history of prostate cancer, although other data suggest that men with other types of malignancies are similarly affected. Unfortunately, male sexuality is often reduced to aspects of erection and performance. Acknowledging that cancer affects multiple physical and psychosocial domains in patients, the authors propose that such changes also inform sexual function for the male survivor. This biopsychosocial model might form the basis for interventions for sexual problems after cancer that includes a man and his partner as a complex whole.
Why Us? Perceived Injustice is Associated with More Sexual and Psychological Distress in Couples Coping with Genito-Pelvic Pain
Authors: Pâquet Myriam , Bois Katy , Rosen Natalie O. , Mayrand Marie-Hélène , Charbonneau-Lefebvre Véronique , Bergeron Sophie
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent cause of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) and is associated with negative psychological and sexual consequences for affected women and their partners. PVD is often misdiagnosed or ignored and many couples may experience a sense of injustice, due to the loss of their ability to have a normal sexual life. Perceiving injustice has been documented to have important consequences in individuals with chronic pain. However, no quantitative research has investigated the experience of injustice in this population.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between perceived injustice and pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression among women with PVD and their partners.

Methods

Women diagnosed with PVD (N = 50) and their partners completed questionnaires of perceived injustice, pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression.

Main Outcome Measures

(1) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (2) Female Sexual Distress Scale; (3) Beck Depression Inventory-II; and (4) McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire.

Results

After controlling for partners' age, women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater depression, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher perceived injustice was not associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction but partners' higher perceived injustice was associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction. Perceived injustice was not associated with women's pain intensity.

Conclusion

Results suggest that perceiving injustice may have negative consequences for the couple's sexual and psychological outcomes. However, the effects of perceived injustice appear to be intra-individual. Targeting perceived injustice could enhance the efficacy of psychological interventions for women with PVD and their partners.
Erectile Dysfunction is Not a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-Based Propensity-Score Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Kuan-Liang , Ye Ling-Long , Chou Shing-Hsien , Tung Ying-Chang , Lin Yu-Sheng , Wu Lung-Sheng , Lin Chia-Pin , Shia Ben-Chang , Chu Pao-Hsien
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been regarded a marker of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the association between ED and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unknown.

Aim

To determine the association between ED and incident AF.

Methods

This population-based cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. In total, 6,273 of patients with ED without a prior diagnosis of AF were enrolled from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2009, and a propensity-score matching method was used to identify 3,516 patients in the ED and control groups.

Main Outcome Measures

Newly incident AF at follow-up was recorded as the end point.

Results

The mean age of the study population was 40.0 ± 17.1 years, and the follow-up period was 8.0 ± 0.5 years. Compared with the control group, patients with ED were older and had more of the following comorbidities: D’Hoore Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, major depression disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, and hyperthyroidism. After adjusting for confounders, the ED group was not associated with more incident AF compared with the control group (hazard ratio = 1.031, 95% confidence interval = 0.674–1.578, P =.888). In these patients, ED of an organic origin was associated with a trend of having AF more often compared with ED of a psychosexual type (P =.272 by log-rank test).

Conclusion

Although ED is known as a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, it is not independently associated with incident AF in men.
Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Lahoz Carlos , Mostaza Jose M. , Salinero-Fort Miguel A. , García-Iglesias Francisca , González-Alegre Teresa , Estirado Eva , Laguna Fernando , de Burgos-Lunar Carmen , Sánchez-Arroyo Vanesa , Sabín Concesa , López Silvia , Cornejo-Del-Río Víctor , Patrón Pedro , Fernández-García Pedro , Fernández-Puntero Belén , Vicent David , Montesano-Sanchez Luis ,   the SPREDIA-2 Group
Published: January 2016

Introduction

The presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) could be a warning of vascular disease in different arterial territories.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ED and the presence of atherosclerosis in 2 different vascular beds: carotid and lower limbs.

Methods

A total of 614 volunteers between 45 and 74 years of age (mean age 61.0 years) were randomly selected from the general population. ED was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement and carotid atherosclerosis were evaluated by echo-Doppler.

Main Outcome Measures

Mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), prevalence of carotid plaques, mean ABI, and prevalence of ABI < 0.9 were the main outcome measures.

Results

ED was present in 373 subjects (59.7%). Mean carotid IMT was significantly higher in men with ED (0.762 ± 0.151 mm vs 0.718 ± 0.114 mm, P < .001). Also the global prevalence of carotid plaques was more frequent in men with ED (63.8% vs 44.8%, P < .001), even after adjusting by age, cardiovascular risk factors, and ongoing treatment (P = .039). Both the IMT and the prevalence of carotid plaques increased significantly with ED severity (P trend .004 and <.001, respectively). There were no significant differences between groups neither in mean ABI nor in the prevalence of subjects with ABI < 0.9. However, there was a trend to a lower ABI and a higher prevalence of ABI < 0.9 with increasing ED severity.

Conclusion

In the general population, the presence of ED identifies subjects with higher atherosclerosis burden in carotid arteries but not in the lower extremities.
Reoperation Rates for Penile Prosthetic Surgery
Authors: Mirheydar Hossein , Zhou Tianzan , Chang David C. , Hsieh Tung-Chin
Published: January 2016

Introduction

In patients with erectile dysfunction refractory to medical treatment, placement of a penile prosthesis is an effective treatment option. Despite advancements in prosthetic design, it is not without complications requiring reoperation.

Aim

To evaluate the long-term reoperation rate of penile prosthesis implantation.

Methods

A longitudinal analysis of the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development database from 1995 to 2010 was performed. Inclusion criteria were men who underwent their first penile prosthetic surgery. Patients were excluded if they underwent explantation of a prior prosthesis at the time of their first recorded surgery. Statistical analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier plot, hazard curve, and multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race, comorbidities, insurance status, hospital volume, and hospital teaching status.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary outcome was reoperation, specified as the removal or replacement of the prosthesis.

Results

In total, 7,666 patients (40,932 patient-years) were included in the study. The 5- and 10-year cumulative reoperation rates were 11.2% (CI = 10.5–12.0) and 15.7% (CI = 14.7–16.8), respectively. Malfunction and infection accounted for 57% and 27% of reoperations. Reoperation rate was highest at 1 year postoperatively and steadily decreased until 2 years postoperatively. Multivariate analysis showed higher rates of reoperation in younger men (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.51, CI = 1.12–2.05), African-American men (HR = 1.30, CI = 1.05–1.62), and Hispanic men (HR = 1.32, CI = 1.12–1.57). Of the reoperations, 22.9% were performed at a hospital different from the initial implantation.

Conclusion

Reoperation rate for penile prosthetic surgery is highest in the first year postoperatively. Patients with the highest risk for reoperation were African-American, Hispanic, and younger men. Nearly one fourth of reoperations occurred at a hospital different from the initial surgery, suggesting the existing literature does not reflect the true prevalence of penile prosthetic complications.
Resveratrol Protects and Restores Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Corpus Cavernosum
Authors: Murat Nergiz , Korhan Peyda , Kizer Onur , Evcim Sinem , Kefi Aykut , Demir Ömer , Gidener Sedef , Atabey Neşe , Esen Ahmet Adil
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Oxidative stress dependent-decrease in nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability plays an integral role in hypercholesterolemia-induced erectile dysfunction (ED). Resveratrol has been demonstrated to exert beneficial effects against oxidative stress and improve NO bioavailability.

Aim

The protective and restorative potentials of resveratrol on endothelium-dependent relaxations were evaluated in hypercholesterolemic rabbit corpus cavernosum (CC).

Methods

Hypercholesterolemia was induced by administering 2% cholesterol diet (CD) (w/w) to the rabbits for 6 weeks. Two different protocols were applied to test the effects of resveratrol on hypercholesterolemia-induced ED. In Protocol-1 (P1), resveratrol was administrated to the rabbits simultaneously with CD in order to evaluate the protective effect, and for Protocol-2 (P2), resveratrol was administrated for 6 weeks after termination of CD in order to evaluate the restorative effect.

Main Outcome Measures

Endothelium-dependent relaxations of CC were evaluated by using organ bath studies. In order to elucidate the possible molecular mechanisms, we measured endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and phosphovasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) expressions and activations, NADPH oxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in cavernosal tissues obtained at the end of the study.

Results

Resveratrol showed an improvement in the endothelium-dependent relaxation responses in vitro. We demonstrated significantly increased activatory-phosphorylation (p[S1177]-eNOS) and activated phosphovasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (phospho-VASP) levels, but reduced phosphorylation (p[T495]-eNOS) of eNOS and NADPH oxidase activity in the resveratrol-administered HC animals compared with hypercholesterolemic control rabbits in the P1. In the P2, resveratrol exhibited an improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxation responses and more pronounced effects on eNOS activation.

Conclusion

Resveratrol administration, either simultaneously with HC diet or after HC, caused an improvement in the endothelium-dependent relaxation responses in the CC, suggesting its potential in both protective and restorative purposes in hypercholesterolemic rabbit CC.
Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Physical Therapy for Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Goldfinger Corrie , Pukall Caroline F. , Thibault-Gagnon Stephanie , McLean Linda , Chamberlain Susan
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Non-medical and non-surgical treatments for provoked vestibulodynia target psychological, sexual, and pelvic floor muscle factors that maintain the condition.

Aim

The goal of the study was to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and physical therapy (PT) on pain and psychosexual outcomes in women with provoked vestibulodynia.

Methods

In a clinical trial, 20 women with provoked vestibulodynia were randomly assigned to receive CBT or comprehensive PT. Participants were assessed before treatment, after treatment, and at 6-month follow-up by gynecologic examination, structured interviews, and standardized questionnaires measuring pain, psychological, and sexual variables.

Main Outcome Measures

Outcome measurements were based on an adaptation of the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials recommendations. The primary outcome was change in intercourse pain intensity. Secondary outcomes included pain during the cotton swab test, pain with various sexual and non-sexual activities, and sexual functioning and negative pain cognitions.

Results

The two treatment groups demonstrated significant decreases in vulvar pain during sexual intercourse, with 70% and 80% of participants in the CBT and PT groups demonstrating a moderate clinically important decrease in pain (≥30%) after treatment. Participants in the two groups also had significant improvements in pain during the gynecologic examination, the percentage of painful intercourse attempts, the percentage of activities resulting in pain, and the ability to continue intercourse without stopping because of pain. Psychological outcomes, including pain catastrophizing and perceived control over pain, also showed improvement in the two groups. Significant improvements in sexual functioning were observed only in participants who completed CBT. Few between-group differences were identified other than the PT group showing earlier improvements in some outcomes. Nearly all improvements were maintained at the 6-month follow-up.

Conclusion

The results of the study suggest that CBT and PT can lead to clinically meaningful improvements in pain and areas of psychosexual functioning.
Sexual Problems During Pregnancy and After Delivery Among Women with and Without Anxiety and Depressive Disorders Prior to Pregnancy: A Prospective-Longitudinal Study
Authors: Asselmann Eva , Hoyer Jurgen , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Martini Julia
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Few prospective-longitudinal studies have examined the course of sexual problems during pregnancy and after delivery in women with and without anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy as well as with and without maternal birth injuries.

Aims

To prospectively investigate associations of anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy and maternal birth injuries with sexual problems during the peripartum period.

Methods

The Maternal Anxiety in Relation to Infant Development Study is a prospective-longitudinal study of 306 women enrolled during early pregnancy and repeatedly assessed in seven waves during the peripartum period. Anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy were assessed in early pregnancy (T1) using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for Women. Maternal birth injuries were assessed by questionnaire shortly after delivery (T4). Sexual problems during pregnancy (T2) as well as 4 months (T6) and 16 months (T7) postpartum were measured using the German version of the Massachusetts General Hospital Sexual Function Questionnaire.

Main Outcome Measures

Impairment of sexual interest, arousal, orgasm, lubrication, and overall sexual satisfaction at T2, T6, and T7.

Results

Rates of sexual problems generally increased from T2 to T6 and decreased from T6 to T7. Compared with women without anxiety and depressive disorders, those with comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders prior to pregnancy more often specified impairment of overall sexual satisfaction at T2 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0) and T7 (OR = 2.1). In contrast, sexual problems were not pronounced in those with pure anxiety or pure depressive disorders, and women with pure anxiety disorders often reported even less impairment of sexual interest at T7 (OR = 0.5). Compared with women without birth injury, those with vaginal birth injury more often reported impairment of sexual interest (OR = 1.8) and lubrication (OR = 2.3) at T6.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that especially women with comorbid anxiety and depression and vaginal birth injury are at increased risk for sexual problems during pregnancy and after delivery and thus might benefit from targeted early interventions.
Variability of 14C reservoir age and air–sea flux of CO2 in the Peru–Chile upwelling region during the past 12,000 years
Authors: Carré Matthieu , Jackson Donald , Maldonado Antonio , Chase Brian M. , Sachs Julian P.
Published: January 2016

The variability of radiocarbon marine reservoir age through time and space limits the accuracy of chronologies in marine paleo-environmental archives. We report here new radiocarbon reservoir ages (ΔR) from the central coast of Chile (~ 32°S) for the Holocene period and compare these values to existing reservoir age reconstructions from southern Peru and northern Chile. Late Holocene ΔR values show little variability from central Chile to Peru. Prior to 6000 cal yr BP, however, ΔR values were markedly increased in southern Peru and northern Chile, while similar or slightly lower-than-modern ΔR values were observed in central Chile. This extended dataset suggests that the early Holocene was characterized by a substantial increase in the latitudinal gradient of marine reservoir age between central and northern Chile. This change in the marine reservoir ages indicates that the early Holocene air–sea flux of CO2 could have been up to five times more intense than in the late Holocene in the Peruvian upwelling, while slightly reduced in central Chile. Our results show that oceanic circulation changes in the Humboldt system during the Holocene have substantially modified the air–sea carbon flux in this region.
Interpreting pre-operative mastoid computed tomography images: comparison between operating surgeon, radiologist and operative findings
Authors: Badran K , Ansari S , Al Sam R , Al Husami Y , Iyer A
Published: January 2016

Objectives:

This study aimed to compare the interpretations of temporal bone computed tomography scans by an otologist and a radiologist with a special interest in temporal bone imaging. It also aimed to determine the usefulness of this imaging modality.

Methods:

A head and neck radiologist and an otologist separately reported pre-operative computed tomography images using a structured proforma. The reports were then compared with operative findings to determine their accuracy and differences in interpretations.

Results:

Forty-eight patients who underwent pre-operative computed tomography scans in a 30-month period were identified. Six patients were excluded because complete operative findings had not been recorded. Positive and negative predictive values and accuracy of the anatomical and pathological findings were calculated for 42 patients by both reporters. The accuracy was found to be less than 80 per cent, except for identification of the tegmen and lateral semicircular canal erosion. Overall, there was no significant difference in interpretations of computed tomography scans between reporters. There was a slight difference in interpretation for tympanic membrane retraction, facial canal erosion and lateral semicircular canal fistula and/or erosion.

Conclusion:

Pre-operative computed tomography scanning of the temporal bone is useful for predicting anatomy for surgical planning in patients with chronic otitis media, but its reliability remains questionable.
So sick or so cool? The language of youth on the internet
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A. ,   In collaboration with Dylan Uscher, Lawrence Kwok, and students from HUM199Y 2009 and 2010
Published: January 2016

This article presents the results of a two-year study of North American youth which produced a 179,000 word corpus of internet language from the same writers across three registers: email, instant messaging, and phone texting. Analysis of three linguistic phenomena—(i) acronyms, short forms, and initialisms; (ii) intensifiers; and (iii) future temporal reference—reveals that despite variation in form and contrasting frequencies across registers, the patterns of variant use are stable. This offers linguistic evidence that there is no degeneration of grammar in internet language use. Instead, the young people are fluidly navigating a complex set of new written registers, and they command them all. (Internet, language change, youth)*
Risk factors for dementia diagnosis in German primary care practices
Authors: Booker Anke , Jacob Louis EC , Rapp Michael , Bohlken Jens , Kostev Karel
Published: January 2016

Background:

Dementia is a psychiatric condition the development of which is associated with numerous aspects of life. Our aim was to estimate dementia risk factors in German primary care patients.

Methods:

The case-control study included primary care patients (70–90 years) with first diagnosis of dementia (all-cause) during the index period (01/2010-12/2014) (Disease Analyzer, Germany), and controls without dementia matched (1:1) to cases on the basis of age, sex, type of health insurance, and physician.

Practice visit records were used to verify that there had been 10 years of continuous follow-up prior to the index date. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted with dementia as a dependent variable and the potential predictors.

Results:

The mean age for the 11,956 cases and the 11,956 controls was 80.4 (SD: 5.3) years. 39.0% of them were male and 1.9% had private health insurance. In the multivariate regression model, the following variables were linked to a significant extent with an increased risk of dementia: diabetes (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.10–1.24), lipid metabolism (1.07; 1.00–1.14), stroke incl. TIA (1.68; 1.57–1.80), Parkinson's disease (PD) (1.89; 1.64–2.19), intracranial injury (1.30; 1.00–1.70), coronary heart disease (1.06; 1.00–1.13), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (2.12; 1.82–2.48), mental and behavioral disorders due to alcohol use (1.96; 1.50–2.57). The use of statins (OR: 0.94; 0.90–0.99), proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) (0.93; 0.90–0.97), and antihypertensive drugs (0.96, 0.94–0.99) were associated with a decreased risk of developing dementia.

Conclusions:

Risk factors for dementia found in this study are consistent with the literature. Nevertheless, the associations between statin, PPI and antihypertensive drug use, and decreased risk of dementia need further investigations.
RUNX1 haploinsufficiency results in granulocyte colony-stimulating factor hypersensitivity
Authors: Chin D W L , Sakurai M , Nah G S S , Du L , Jacob B , Yokomizo T , Matsumura T , Suda T , Huang G , Fu X-Y , Ito Y , Nakajima H , Osato M
Published: January 2016

RUNX1/AML1 is among the most commonly mutated genes in human leukemia. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX1 causes familial platelet disorder with predisposition to myeloid malignancies (FPD/MM). However, the molecular mechanism of FPD/MM remains unknown. Here we show that murine Runx1+/− hematopoietic cells are hypersensitive to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), leading to enhanced expansion and mobilization of stem/progenitor cells and myeloid differentiation block. Upon G-CSF stimulation, Runx1+/− cells exhibited a more pronounced phosphorylation of STAT3 as compared with Runx1+/+ cells, which may be due to reduced expression of Pias3, a key negative regulator of STAT3 signaling, and reduced physical sequestration of STAT3 by RUNX1. Most importantly, blood cells from a FPD patient with RUNX1 mutation exhibited similar G-CSF hypersensitivity. Taken together, Runx1 haploinsufficiency appears to predispose FPD patients to MM by expanding the pool of stem/progenitor cells and blocking myeloid differentiation in response to G-CSF.
Quorum sensing protects bacterial co-operation from exploitation by cheats
Authors: Allen Richard C , McNally Luke , Popat Roman , Brown Sam P
Published: January 2016

Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell–cell communication system found in many bacterial species, commonly controlling secreted co-operative traits, including extracellular digestive enzymes. We show that the canonical QS regulatory architecture allows bacteria to sense the genotypic composition of high-density populations, and limit co-operative investments to social environments enriched for co-operators. Using high-density populations of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa we map per-capita signal and co-operative enzyme investment in the wild type as a function of the frequency of non-responder cheats. We demonstrate mathematically and experimentally that the observed response rule of ‘co-operate when surrounded by co-operators’ allows bacteria to match their investment in co-operation to the composition of the group, therefore allowing the maintenance of co-operation at lower levels of population structuring (that is, lower relatedness). Similar behavioural responses have been described in vertebrates under the banner of ‘generalised reciprocity’. Our results suggest that mechanisms of reciprocity are not confined to taxa with advanced cognition, and can be implemented at the cellular level via positive feedback circuits.
Skin bacterial diversity of Panamanian frogs is associated with host susceptibility and presence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: Rebollar Eria A , Hughey Myra C , Medina Daniel , Harris Reid N , Ibáñez Roberto , Belden Lisa K
Published: January 2016

Symbiotic bacteria on amphibian skin can inhibit growth of the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) that has caused dramatic population declines and extinctions of amphibians in the Neotropics. It remains unclear how the amphibians’ skin microbiota is influenced by environmental bacterial reservoirs, host-associated factors such as susceptibility to pathogens, and pathogen presence in tropical amphibians. We sampled skin bacteria from five co-occurring frog species that differ in Bd susceptibility at one Bd-naive site, and sampled one of the non-susceptible species from Bd-endemic and Bd-naive sites in Panama. We hypothesized that skin bacterial communities (1) would be distinct from the surrounding environment regardless of the host habitat, (2) would differ between Bd susceptible and non-susceptible species and (3) would differ on hosts in Bd-naive and Bd-endemic sites. We found that skin bacterial communities were enriched in bacterial taxa that had low relative abundances in the environment. Non-susceptible species had very similar skin bacterial communities that were enriched in particular taxa such as the genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. Bacterial communities of Craugastor fitzingeri in Bd-endemic sites were less diverse than in the naive site, and differences in community structure across sites were explained by changes in relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa. Our results indicate that skin microbial structure was associated with host susceptibility to Bd and might be associated to the history of Bd presence at different sites.
Genome-wide selective sweeps and gene-specific sweeps in natural bacterial populations
Authors: Bendall Matthew L , Stevens Sarah L R , Chan Leong-Keat , Malfatti Stephanie , Schwientek Patrick , Tremblay Julien , Schackwitz Wendy , Martin Joel , Pati Amrita , Bushnell Brian , Froula Jeff , Kang Dongwan , Tringe Susannah G , Bertilsson Stefan , Moran Mary A , Shade Ashley , Newton Ryan J , McMahon Katherine D , Malmstrom Rex R
Published: January 2016

Multiple models describe the formation and evolution of distinct microbial phylogenetic groups. These evolutionary models make different predictions regarding how adaptive alleles spread through populations and how genetic diversity is maintained. Processes predicted by competing evolutionary models, for example, genome-wide selective sweeps vs gene-specific sweeps, could be captured in natural populations using time-series metagenomics if the approach were applied over a sufficiently long time frame. Direct observations of either process would help resolve how distinct microbial groups evolve. Here, from a 9-year metagenomic study of a freshwater lake (2005–2013), we explore changes in single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies and patterns of gene gain and loss in 30 bacterial populations. SNP analyses revealed substantial genetic heterogeneity within these populations, although the degree of heterogeneity varied by >1000-fold among populations. SNP allele frequencies also changed dramatically over time within some populations. Interestingly, nearly all SNP variants were slowly purged over several years from one population of green sulfur bacteria, while at the same time multiple genes either swept through or were lost from this population. These patterns were consistent with a genome-wide selective sweep in progress, a process predicted by the ‘ecotype model’ of speciation but not previously observed in nature. In contrast, other populations contained large, SNP-free genomic regions that appear to have swept independently through the populations prior to the study without purging diversity elsewhere in the genome. Evidence for both genome-wide and gene-specific sweeps suggests that different models of bacterial speciation may apply to different populations coexisting in the same environment.
Loss of neutral ceramidase protects cells from nutrient- and energy -deprivation-induced cell death
Authors: Sundaram Kumaran , Mather Andrew R. , Marimuthu Subathra , Shah Parag P. , Snider Ashley J. , Obeid Lina M. , Hannun Yusuf A. , Beverly Levi J. , Siskind Leah J.
Published: January 2016

Sphingolipids are a family of lipids that regulate the cell cycle, differentiation and cell death. Sphingolipids are known to play a role in the induction of apoptosis, but a role for these lipids in necroptosis is largely unknown. Necroptosis is a programmed form of cell death that, unlike apoptosis, does not require ATP. Necroptosis can be induced under a variety of conditions, including nutrient deprivation and plays a major role in ischaemia/reperfusion injury to organs. Sphingolipids play a role in ischaemia/reperfusion injury in several organs. Thus, we hypothesized that sphingolipids mediate nutrient-deprivation-induced necroptosis. To address this, we utilized mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEFs) treated with 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) and antimycin A (AA) to inhibit glycolysis and mitochondrial electron transport. 2DG/AA treatment of MEFs induced necroptosis as it was receptor- interacting protein (RIP)-1/3 kinase-dependent and caspase-independent. Ceramides, sphingosine (Sph) and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) were increased following 2DG/AA treatment. Cells lacking neutral ceramidase (nCDase−/−) were protected from 2DG/AA. Although nCDase−/− cells generated ceramides following 2DG/AA treatment, they did not generate Sph or S1P. This protection was stimulus-independent as nCDase−/− cells were also protected from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stressors [tunicamycin (TN) or thapsigargin (TG)]. nCDase−/− MEFs had higher autophagic flux and mitophagy than wild-type (WT) MEFs and inhibition of autophagy sensitized them to necroptosis. These data indicate that loss of nCDase protects cells from nutrient- deprivation-induced necroptosis via autophagy, and clearance of damaged mitochondria. Results suggest that nCDase is a mediator of necroptosis and might be a novel therapeutic target for protection from ischaemic injury.
Note: A dual temperature closed loop batch reactor for determining the partitioning of trace gases within CO2-water systems
Authors: Warr Oliver , Rochelle Christopher A. , Masters Andrew J. , Ballentine Christopher J.
Published: January 2016

An experimental approach is presented which can be used to determine partitioning of trace gases within CO2-water systems. The key advantages of this system are (1) The system can be isolated with no external exchange, making it ideal for experiments with conservative tracers. (2) Both phases can be sampled concurrently to give an accurate composition at each phase at any given time. (3) Use of a lower temperature flow loop outside of the reactor removes contamination and facilitates sampling. (4) Rapid equilibration at given pressure/temperature conditions is significantly aided by stirring and circulating the water phase using a magnetic stirrer and high-pressure liquid chromatography pump, respectively.
Experimental study of surface insulated-standard hybrid tungsten planar wire array Z-pinches at “QiangGuang-I” facility
Authors: Sheng Liang , Peng Bodong , Li Yang , Yuan Yuan , Li Mo , Zhang Mei , Zhao Chen , Zhao Jizhen , Wang Liangping
Published: January 2016

The experimental results of the insulated-standard hybrid wire array Z pinches carried out on “QiangGuang-I” facility at Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology were presented and discussed. The surface insulating can impose a significant influence on the dynamics and radiation characteristics of the hybrid wire array Z pinches, especially on the early stage (t/timp < 0.6). The expansion of insulated wires at the ablation stage is suppressed, while the streams stripped from the insulated wires move faster than that from the standard wires. The foot radiation of X-ray is enhanced by increment of the number of insulated wires, 19.6 GW, 33.6 GW, and 68.6 GW for shots 14037S, 14028H, and 14039I, respectively. The surface insulation also introduces nonhomogeneity along the single wire—the streams move much faster near the electrodes. The colliding boundary of the hybrid wire array Z pinches is bias to the insulated side approximately 0.6 mm.