bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Frontier Culture Complex, a Preliminary Report on a Prehistoric Hunters' Camp in Southwestern Nebraska
Authors: Holder Preston , Wike Joyce
Published: April 2006

This report, a preliminary delineation of a new lithic complex from the Central Plains, is presented for the immediate purpose of aiding other archaeologists working in the area. Once one has left such easily recognizable markers as the Folsom complex, the details of the archaic horizons of the Great Plains are confused until we reach such lithic complexes as those found at Signal Butte (Strong, 1935), Ash Hollow Cave (Champe, 1946), and more recently, Nebo Hill (Shippee, 1948). The primary value of defining the Frontier Culture complex at this time is that it affords a “pure” and relatively complete lithic complex by means of which comparative typological work in the Plains Archaic can be furthered.
Burial Mounds in the Baldhill Area, North Dakota
Authors: Hewes Gordon W.
Published: April 2006

Two burial mounds on the east bluff overlooking the left bank of the Sheyenne River, east-central North Dakota, were excavated between June 25 and August 1, 1948, by a field party of the University of North Dakota, working in cooperation with the North Dakota State Historical Society. The archaeological resources of the area of the Baldhill Reservoir had been appraised in 1947 by a party of four, headed by M. F. Kivett, for the Missouri Valley Project of the River Basin Surveys. This survey resulted in the mapping of ten sites, three of them mounds or moundgroups, and the partial excavation of one mound to salvage skeletal material already partly exposed.

Construction of Baldhill Dam, about 9 miles north of Valley City, was already far advanced in 1948, and several occupational sites in the Sheyenne River bottomland were in danger of flooding within a few years (see Fig. 81, a and b).
Notes on Soil Analysis and Archaeology
Authors: Solecki Ralph S.
Published: April 2006

With the addition of Carbon 14 dating to the archaeologist's repertory as a technique for determining the actual age of archaeological specimens, this phase of archaeology in America has been put on a more exact basis.

However, preoccupied as we seem to be with “dates,” a method of chemical analysis useful in archaeology and evolved twenty years ago by Arrhenius (1930) and applied by Schnell (1932) in northern Europe has remained unnoticed in this country, although Clark (1936, pp. 19-22) mentions it.
Cerro Mangote: A Preceramic Site in Panama
Authors: McGimsey Charles R.
Published: April 2006

Until about 25 years ago nearly all that was known of the prehistory of Panama was the result of careful studies based on somewhat haphazard excavation (MacCurdy 1911; Holmes 1888). Almost without exception detailed and often gross provenience data were completely lacking. This unhappy situation was attacked in the late 1920s by Linné (1929). Beginning in the 1930's Lothrop succeeded in outlining and describing a number of culture areas covering most of Panama's Pacific watershed (Lothrop 1937, 1942, 1950). These areas of necessity reflected only the broad picture at the time of and immediately preceding the initial Spanish entradas for, although it was to be assumed that there was internal variation within each of these areas and considerable time depth for the country as a whole, no data on this were available.
A Lithic Industry of Paleo-Indian Type in Venezuela
Authors: Rouse Irving
Published: April 2006

In the latter part of January, 1956, the Universidad Central de Venezuela commissioned me to explore the region of Pedregal in the State of Falcón, northwestern Venezuela (Fig. 1). For some years, I had been thinking that it should be possible to encounter traces of the paleo-Indian in this part of Venezuela. I based this inference especially on drawings of fragmentary chipped stone artifacts from there published by Nomland (1935: 100, Fig. 20 h-1).
The Archaic Tradition in Puerto Rico
Authors: Alegría Ricardo , Nicholson H. B. , Willey Gordon R.
Published: April 2006

Both Historical and archaeological sources on the West Indies provide evidence that these islands were once occupied by peoples with a culture markedly different from that of the agricultural, pottery-making Arawak. The archaeological remains of this Archaic mode of life are found on several of the islands in contexts which indicate their separateness from the pottery horizons and imply their greater antiquity. The ethnohistorical sources also attest to the survival of this Archaic tradition into early historic times (Martyr 1912 Vol. 1: 100, 380; Las Casas 1867: 35; 1951 Vol. 2: 240; Velásquez 1869: 424-5; Oviedo 1852 Vol. 1: 90).

The characteristics of this West Indian Archaic tradition, as revealed by archaeology and supplemented by the ethnohistoric accounts, are: absence of agriculture and pottery; seminomadic living in small bands; frequent use of caves for shelter and burial; crude artifacts made of conch shells, flint, and other classes of stone; use of hematite or red ocher; and the absence of cranial deformation as practiced by the agricultural peoples of the Antilles.
Andean Culture History: An Apology and Clarification
Authors: Rowe John Howland
Published: April 2006

Wendell C. Bennett was kind enough to call attention to an error in my recent review of his and Bird's Andean Culture History (American Antiquity, Vol. 16, No. 2, October, 1950, pp. 170-172) which I would like to correct. In discussing the spatial division of the Central Andes I tried to reconstruct the sequence of Bennett's ideas on the subject and made the assumption that order of publication reflected order of composition. This assumption is always dangerous and, in making it in this case, I overlooked the preface date of the work under review. The fact of the matter is that the manuscript of Andean Culture History was completed and submitted to the American Museum of Natural History before the Viking Fund symposium of July, 1947 was held. Hence, Bennett's contributions to the symposium volume (SAA-M No. 4, 1948) represent a later and not an earlier stage in the development of his ideas. Herewith my public apology for the misrepresentation.
The Rubber Mold Technic for the Study of Textile-Impressed Pottery
Authors: Rachlin Carol K.
Published: April 2006

The custom of pressing textiles against the wet clay in the process of pottery making has a wide distribution, extending from the Eastern Woodlands in the United States to the heart of Asia. The archaeological specimens of this type of pottery enable us to reconstruct the textile technics where the textiles themselves no longer exist.

In my attempts to do such textile reconstructions from pottery impressions I have used a number of different methods: (1) water-based clay, (2) clay made with similar temper and color as the original pottery, (3) plasticene, and (4) latex mold. For the present I will limit myself to the last of these, the latex-mold method of textile reproduction. Due to the special qualities a of the latex the mold that is produced can be stretched to twice its original sire; this has the advantage of making the textile impression easier to study.
A Workshop Site of Early Man in Dinwiddie County, Virginia
Authors: Mccary Ben C.
Published: April 2006

David I. Bushnell, Jr., first aroused wide interest in the fluted points found in Virginia. He accomplished this primarily by an article in the June 9, 1934 issue of the Literary Digest, in which he announced the discovery of “two Folsom points” in Virginia. This article and subsequent references to these two “points of recognized Folsom type” (Bushnell, 1935, pp. 35-6, 56) called special attention to the importance and possibilities of such finds in the East. In 1934, only one collector of Virginia projectile points, Arthur Robertson of Chase City, Virginia, could claim “five or more” of these fluted points (Wells, 1935, pp. 1, 14). However, the intense interest which Bushnell created stimulated a search in Virginia for this rare type of point, with the result that shortly after Bushnell's 1934 announcement, sporadic finds of fluted points having a resemblance to both the Folsom Fluted and the Clovis Fluted began to be noted in various parts of the State. Their occurrence seemed to indicate that there actually was a paleo-Indian in Virginia.
Cord Marking versus Fabric Impressing of Woodland Pottery
Authors: Quimby George I.
Published: April 2006

In some instances it is very difficult to distinguish between cord-impressed and fabric-impressed surfaces on aboriginal pottery. This problem is discussed with particular reference to a protohistoric Woodland jar from western Michigan. It is suggested that fabric impressing and cord marking are closely related techniques which stem from the same cultural tradition.
Waterworn and Glaciated Stone Tools from the Thumb District of Michigan
Authors: Baggerly Carmen
Published: April 2006

Several thousand stone tools have been found along the Imlay channel in eastern Michigan. The first were noticed in 1937, but it was not until 1952 that enough were accumulated to be very certain there was a people here before readvances of ice of the Wisconsin glaciation. The area is within that shown for the Cary Substage on the Glacial Map of North America (R. F. Flint, et al., Geol. Soc. of Am., Special Paper, No. 60, Pt. 1, 1945).

Opinions have varied among professionals who have seen this material, some thinking it is all natural, others, that some at least might be artificial, and George F. Carter who examined the largest sample, nearly 500 specimens, that it is all man-made. That many of these are artifacts could be demonstrated to anyone taking the trouble to examine the stones of this region. While many can be ruled out as possibly of natural origin, others cannot.
The Mandeville Site in Southwest Georgia
Authors: Kellar James H. , Kelly A. R. , McMichael Edward V.
Published: April 2006

This site contains three major components. Mandeville I is a very Late Deptford culture, represented by sizable village deposits, the premound occupation under Mound A, the initial pyramidal mound building at Mound A, and most of the burial mound, Mound B. Significant contacts are seen with Copena and Ohio Valley Hopewell, and there are definite ties with the Crystal River complex. Mandeville II is a continuity with Mandeville I, but may be considered Early Swift Creek. New layers were added to Mound A, but there was little activity on Mound B. Village deposits of this component are extensive. Primary outside contact for the group is with the Crystal River complex, though some continuing Copena and Ohio Valley Hopewell influence is seen. Mandeville III, unrelated to the earlier components, is an expression of the Mississippian Rood focus 500 to 1000 years after Mandeville II. Village deposits of this component are not plentiful. Mound A was capped and presumably used for a temple base. Relationships lie with Macon Plateau and Lake Jackson, and ultimately to the northwest in the Tennessee and Mississippi valleys.
The Ust'-Kanskaia Paleolithic Cave Site, Siberia
Authors: Rudenko S. I.
Published: April 2006

Caves in the western foothills of the Altai Mountains have long been known, and collections of Pleistocene fauna were made a century ago in caves in the middle reaches of the Charysh River which rises in the snow-covered Kargon range on the central Altai. The cave near the village of Ust'-Kan in the upper reaches of the Charysh River, which was discovered and excavated in 1954, is the first Siberian cave site of Paleolithic age to be investigated. The deposits contained a rich and varied fauna including 17 species of mammals and 12 of birds. Of special interest are the extinct spiral-horned antelope and cave hyena. This is the first Paleolithic site at which the yak has been found. This faunal assemblage is typical of a steppe region such as the dry, unforested Central Asiatic tablelands, and is quite distinct from the postglacial fauna from the known open sites of the Siberian Paleolithic in the Yenisei, Angara, and Trans-Baikal regions. The occupation of the site is dated by the fauna to the warm phase just preceding the last Altai glaciation. The artifacts exhibit the massive and archaic characteristics typical of the Siberian Paleolithic in general, but differ completely from artifacts at previously known Late Paleolithic sites considered to be contemporaneous with the European Magdalenian and later. The Ust'-Kanskaia tool assemblage is in the Mousterian tradition and may be related to the Levalloiso-Mousterian developments in neighboring Central Asia. Comparative artifact and faunal studies also suggest correlations with the Upper Paleolithic of the Ordos and the ancient cultures of Southeast Asia.
Sea Levels and Archaeology in the Long Island Sound Area
Authors: Salwen Bert
Published: April 2006

Two coastal sites on Long Island, the Stony Brook site and the Baxter site, are examined in the light of Fairbridge's data on sea level fluctuations during the last 7000 years. In each case, the coastline at the time of occupation is reconstructed, and inferences are made about the ecological setting. Archaeological data pertaining to subsistence pattern are then reviewed in the light of the probable local environment at the time of occupation. Orient culture occupations at both sites date from about 2900 B.P., when sea level is believed to have been about 10 feet below the present level. The Orient component midden at Stony Brook contains more oyster shell than any other species of mollusk, while that at the Baxter site contains a large percentage of clam shell and almost no oyster. This difference cannot be explained on cultural grounds, but can be shown to reflect local environmental factors existing under conditions of lowered sea level. The midden contents at other times of occupation are found to be consistent with the corresponding sea levels.
A Shell Heap Site on Griffin Island, Wellfleet, Massachusetts
Authors: Moffett Ross
Published: April 2006

A group of small middens has yielded cultural materials that are characteristic of Cape Cod. A Middle Woodland stage having grit-tempered, dentate- and rocker-stamped pottery, stemmed and side-notched points was followed by a Late Woodland 1 stage using course shell-tempered, straight-sided vessels, and large triangular points. A late Woodland 2, or final, stage had fine shell-tempered, globular pots, to some extent suggestive of late Windsor pottery of the coastal section west of Cape Cod.
Age of the Skeleton from the Lagow Sand Pit, Texas
Authors: Oakley K. P. , Howells W. W.
Published: April 2006

Measurements of the fluorine, uranium, and nitrogen content of a representative series of bones from Lagow and neighboring terrain show that while the human skeleton from the Lagow Sand Pit is not modern, it cannot be assigned an antiquity equivalent to that of the Lewisville Pleistocene fauna at the site.
A Forgotten Latin Eclogue
Authors: Grant W. Leonard
Published: April 2006

Of all the forms of Latin hexameter verse cultivated during the European Renaissance none, perhaps, had so long and so vigorous a history as the bucolic eclogue or pastoral. From early in the fourteenth century to late in the eighteenth there was a constant stream of pastoral verse, some of it written by triflers, some by many of Europe's foremost poets: it is enough to mention Milton's Epitaphium Damonis. Most such poems were literary and derivative, some were attempts to develop a new class of pastoral, some were attempts to put the pastoral form to entirely new uses.

A common variety of eclogue in Renaissance Latin literature is the pastoral lament on the death of a friend or patron. We may instance that of Marco Girolamo Vida (1485-1566) on Pope Julius II (d. 1513), that of Cinzio Giambattista Giraldi (1504-73) on Ludovicus Bonactiolus and Joannes Manardus (both doctors who had taught the poet), that of Giano Anisio (ca. 1475-ca. 1540) on Giovanni Pontano (1422?-1503) of Naples, or Pontano's on his wife Adriana Sassone (d. 1491).
Burckhardt's ‘Civilization of the Renaissance’ A Century after its Publication
Authors: Baron Hans
Published: April 2006

In September 1960 a hundred years will have passed since the appearance of Jacob Burckhardt's Kultur der Renaissance in Italien. No other work has had a comparable influence on the formation of the concept of die Renaissance, and during the last one or two generations it has become an historical classic read in all western countries. Since the re-publication of Burckhardt's original text by Walter Goetz in 1922, one German reprint has followed another. After the second World War the early Italian and English translations began to share in this ever-growing popularity (America has seen three new editions recendy), while the first Spanish translation came out in South America in 1942.
Erasmus and More: Some Contrasting Theological Opinions
Authors: Pineas Rainer
Published: April 2006

When, during their controversy, Tyndale asks More why he has criticized the Tyndale translation of the New Testament but has said nothing against the translation of his ‘derelyng’ Erasmus, More answers:

I have not contended with Erasmus my derling, because I found no suche malicious entente with Erasmus my derlyng, as I fynde with Tyndall. For hadde I founde with Erasmus my derling the shrewde entente and purpose that I fynde in Tyndall: Erasmus my derlyng should be no more my derlyng….
The Pier Luigi Farnese Scandal: An English Report
Authors: Parks George B.
Published: April 2006

Though a discredited scandal might best be forgotten, its reverberations may still have meaning. In 1537 England was cut off by the break with the Roman church from its Italian contacts outside of Venice; yet a scandal which was the talk of Rome and Florence in hat and following years not only made its speedy way to England but was soon recorded in print there.

Cosimo Gheri, Bishop of Fano, died in Fano of an apparent long standing malaria or other fever in September 1537. A young man of twenty-four, he owed his bishopric to his late uncle, his predecessor as bishop. He was praised for both learning and devotion and was well known from his recent student days at Padua to many of new eminence in the church—Contarini, Cortese, Sadoleto, Pole, Cervini. A laudatory account of him was written on January 1, 1538, for Venetian friends by his fellow-student Ludovico Bcccadelli, then in the famiglia of Cardinal Contarini in Rome, and his good works in the short year of his incumbency at Fano have been recorded by the local historian.
Macbeth's Usurping Wife
Authors: Mushat Frye Roland
Published: April 2006

The moral character of Lady Macbeth has been thoroughly castigated and there is no need to restate an established case. In regard to her ethical and spiritual situation, no one can question the cardinal importance of the inhumanity of the ‘fiend-like queen', and of the crimes plotted and committed after her great soliloquy-prayer 'invoking the Powers of Hell to take possession of her'. Granting the pre-eminence of these sins in Lady Macbeth, I should like to develop here a lesser theme of a lesser evil which Shakespeare has carefully incorporated into her character. This evil consists in Lady Macbeth's usurping, as a wife, that conjugal authority which Shakespeare's age regarded as naturally and irrevocably assigned to the husband.
The Complete Prose Works of John Milton
Authors: Bush Douglas
Published: April 2006

The second volume of the Complete Prose Works may be taken as a consolidation of the aims and methods of this eight-volume edition being produced by Professor Don M. Wolfe and his associates. The editors seek to provide: (1) texts with fuller bibliographical and textual apparatus than the Columbia edition has and in some cases (e.g., The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce) to distinguish the text of a first edition from the extensive enlargements of a second; (2) elaborate introductions which deal amply and minutely with Milton's diverse subjects and his ideas, evolution, historical background, etc.; (3) full annotation on all topics, allusions, etc., so that, as far as it is possible, readers of varying degrees of sophistication have immediately available the material needed for either intelligent comprehension or for scholarly study.
Blame Not Wyatt's Lute
Authors: Long John H.
Published: April 2006

The Point frequently has been made by students of Renaissance English lyric poetry such as Evelyn Scholl, Edmund Fellowes, et al, that appreciation and comprehension of this literary form cannot be thorough without knowledge of the musical settings to which these lyrics were sung. For many years there has been, therefore, a continuing search for the music which originally accompanied the lyrics of such poets asWyatt, Surrey, Daniels, Sidney, Campion, and many others. Some musical settings, for the lute and other instruments, have been found—Fellowes’ The English School of Lutenist Song Writers is a notable example of such collections—but none of them have included the music for the lyric poem which so obviously was written to be sung to lute music, Wyatt's ‘Blame not my lute'.
A Falsification by Machiavelli
Authors: Sereno Renzo
Published: April 2006

The encounters between Caesar Borgia and Niccolò Machiavelli, and their influence on the latter's thought and writing, are still shrouded in vagueness and uncertainty. This is due not to lack of positive documentation or to scarcity of evidence, but rather to a plethora of interpretations and fancy. Instances of this vagueness and fancy may be found in interpretations of a document written in Niccolò's own hand, which is preserved in the Central National Library of Florence.

On May 3, 1503, a certain Troches or Troccio, until then one of Caesar's most trusted bravos, fled from Rome. Caesar at once despatched a circular letter to his vassals ordering them to seize the fugitive, alleging that he had fled the city without hcense of His Holiness.
A Note on Two Donne Manuscripts
Authors: Whitlock Baird W.
Published: April 2006

There are two important manuscript copies of poems of John Donne resting in public places that so far have apparently gone undetected by Donne scholars. Neither makes any major difference in the text of the poems in question, but each throws a further light on the editorial choices of the man to whom all Donne scholars owe a major debt, Sir Herbert J. C. Grierson, and one gives valuable evidence on the reading of the elisions which plague readers of Donne poems.
Global Competition, Institutions, and the Diffusion of Organizational Practices: The International Spread of ISO 9000 Quality Certificates
Authors: Guler Isin , Guillén Mauro F. , Macpherson John Muir
Published: April 2006

We use panel data on ISO 9000 quality certification in 85 countries between 1993 and 1998 to better understand the cross-national diffusion of an organizational practice. Following neoinstitutional theory, we focus on the coercive, normative, and mimetic effects that result from the exposure of firms in a given country to a powerful source of critical resources, a common pool of relevant technical knowledge, and the experiences of firms located in other countries. We use social network theory to develop a systematic conceptual understanding of how firms located in different countries influence each other's rates of adoption as a result of cohesive and equivalent network relationships. Regression results provide support for our predictions that states and foreign multinationals are the key actors responsible for coercive isomorphism, cohesive trade relationships between countries generate coercive and normative effects, and role-equivalent trade relationships result in learning-based and competitive imitation.
Capability Traps and Self-Confirming Attribution Errors in the Dynamics of Process Improvement
Authors: Repenning Nelson P. , Sterman John D.
Published: April 2006

To better understand the factors that support or inhibit internally focused change, we conducted an inductive study of one firm's attempt to improve two of its core business processes. Our data suggest that the critical determinants of success in efforts to learn and improve are the interactions between managers' attributions about the cause of poor organizational performance and the physical structure of the workplace, particularly delays between investing in improvement and recognizing the rewards. Building on this observation, we propose a dynamic model capturing the mutual evolution of those attributions, managers' and workers' actions, and the production technology. We use the model to show how managers' beliefs about those who work for them, workers' beliefs about those who manage them, and the physical structure of the environment can coevolve to yield an organization characterized by conflict, mistrust, and control structures that prevent useful change of any type.
Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the Deinstitutionalization of Permanent Employment in Japan
Authors: Ahmadjian Christina L. , Robinson Patricia
Published: April 2006

This study examines the role of downsizing in the deinstitutionalization of permanent employment among publicly listed companies in Japan between 1990 and 1997. We found that although economic pressure triggered downsizing, social and institutional pressures shaped the pace and process by which downsizing spread. Large, old, wholly domestically owned, and high-reputation Japanese firms were resistant to downsizing at first, as were firms with high levels of human capital, as reflected by high wages, but these social and institutional pressures diminished as downsizing spread across the population. We argue that this breakdown of social constraints was due to a safety-in-numbers effect: as downsizing became more prominent, the actions of any single firm were less likely to be noticed and criticized, and the effect of the institutional factors that once constrained downsizing diminished.
From the Bottom Up? Technical Committee Activity and Alliance Formation
Authors: Rosenkopf Lori , Metiu Anca , George Varghese P.
Published: April 2006

We examine how interaction between mid-level managers in technical committees facilitates subsequent alliance formation in a longitudinal study of 87 cellular service providers and equipment manufacturers. Joint participation by firms in technical committees helps them identify potential alliance partners and particular opportunities for technical collaboration. This effect is magnified by sustained participation by individuals on behalf of their firms, demonstrating that interfirm relationships are enhanced by the interpersonal bonds that are forged in technical committees. In contrast, we find that the effect of joint technical committee participation on alliance formation decreases as firms have more prior alliances, suggesting that technical committees provide a more critical avenue for knowledge exchange when firms do not have the luxury of exchanging information through contractual linkages. Taken together, these findings suggest one venue where managerial action can transform existing social structure, because technical committee activity facilitates the entry of less-established firms into alliance networks.
Social Comparisons in Boundary-Spanning Work: Effects of Community Outreach on Members' Organizational Identity and Identification
Authors: Bartel Caroline A.
Published: April 2006

This research investigated how experiences in a particular boundary-spanning context (community outreach) affected members' organizational identity and identification. Multimethod panel data from 219 participants showed that intergroup comparisons with clients (emphasizing differences) and intragroup comparisons with other organization members (emphasizing similarities) changed how members construed their organization's defining qualities. Intergroup comparisons also enhanced the esteem members derived from organizational membership, which, in turn, strengthened organizational identification. Supervisors reported higher interpersonal cooperation and work effort for members whose organizational identification became stronger. The results reveal potential outcomes of boundary-spanning work as well as how organizational identification processes operate in everyday work contexts.
When Innovations Meet Institutions: Edison and the Design of the Electric Light
Authors: Hargadon Andrew B. , Douglas Yellowlees
Published: April 2006

This paper considers the role of design, as the emergent arrangement of concrete details that embodies a new idea, in mediating between innovations and established institutional fields as entrepreneurs attempt to introduce change. Analysis of Thomas Edison's system of electric lighting offers insights into how the grounded details of an innovation's design shape its acceptance and ultimate impact. The notion of robust design is introduced to explain how Edison's design strategy enabled his organization to gain acceptance for an innovation that would ultimately displace the existing institutions of the gas industry. By examining the principles through which design allows entrepreneurs to exploit the established institutions while simultaneously retaining the flexibility to displace them, this analysis highlights the value of robust design strategies in innovation efforts, including the phonograph, the online service provider, and the digital video recorder.
The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and its Influence on Group Behavior
Authors: Barsade Sigal G.
Published: April 2006

Group emotional contagion, the transfer of moods among people in a group, and its influence on work group dynamics was examined in a laboratory study of managerial decision making using multiple, convergent measures of mood, individual attitudes, behavior, and group-level dynamics. Using a 2 times 2 experimental design, with a trained confederate enacting mood conditions, the predicted effect of emotional contagion was found among group members, using both outside coders' ratings of participants' mood and participants' self-reported mood. No hypothesized differences in contagion effects due to the degree of pleasantness of the mood expressed and the energy level with which it was conveyed were found. There was a significant influence of emotional contagion on individual-level attitudes and group processes. As predicted, the positive emotional contagion group members experienced improved cooperation, decreased conflict, and increased perceived task performance. Theoretical implications and practical ramifications of emotional contagion in groups and organizations are discussed.
The Power of Systematic Doubt in Historical Enquiry
Authors: Vansina Jan
Published: April 2006

Many readers have probably noticed that the manuals of historical method which deal with verbal societies are primarily concerned with the sources available and the application of a critique to them. This is true for McCall's or Gabel and Bennett's works on Africa. But what is to be done with the sources once they are ready for evaluation remains vague. How does one reconstruct the past? How does one explain, or eventually interpret, history? Of the two works mentioned, only the first pays some attention to the question of “historical synthesis.’ McCall lists three possibilities: (a) that the sources support each other; (b) that they contradict each other; and (c) that they have no common reference or meeting point. This last situation is the most common in African history and indicates merely that not enough is known and that eventually new data could lead to new interpretative situations-either (a) or (b). The manual stresses that sources should be classified by discipline so that comparison of sources yields either confirmation or contradiction, with obvious and known data reinforcing the validity of the result. Once this is achieved it would seem that the job is finished, except for the warning that historical reconstruction requires a certain type of mind: imaginative yet disciplined.

Yet the job is not finished. By comparing we have only established the degree of validity of reported events or situations. We have only verified how the observation, to borrow a term from the scientific experimental method, is correct. The impression remains that historical research is fairly mechanical: to find sources, subject them to a critique, assemble them. Reconstruction follows, with suitable use of imagination. That is the craft. Yet anyone who works with historical materials knows that that is not the practice of the craft. Josephine Tey's novel The Daughter of Time features a police sergeant who more nearly exemplifies historical practice–he guesses, ponders, backtracks, and finds sources almost by intuition. If he had made a few more mistakes he would have been a recognizable historian at work. A recent volume, The Historian's Workshop, though impressionistic, also yields a more realistic picture. In the real world historians start out with a hunch, an idea which leads them to an interest in documents or in oral traditions. Then the data suggest what Popper calls a historical interpretation – “untestable points of view.” The practitioner feels that the interpretation is not enough. It should be doubted and controlled by reference to more data until the point is reached at which no more control is possible. Then the historian feels satisfied with the result–even though it still remains an interpretation, because there remains the selective point of view implicit in the idea that initiated the research.
Un Gnomon Soudanais
Authors: Zahan D.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Jusqu'a une date très récente l'usage du gnomon chez les Bambara du Soudan français était, on peut dire, général. Il se trouvait presque sans exception dans tous les villages des masa dont les attributions et le rôle dans la société bambara, malgré des travaux importants consacrés à cette ethnie, sont loin d'être exactement connus. Actuellement, l'influence musulmane, comme aussi le contact avec notre civilisation, ont fait disparaître l'emploi de cet instrument astronomique; les vieux Bambara n'en parlent plus que comme d'une chose du passé. Mais la mémoire des informateurs très divers est vive à son endroit, et, sans rien vouloir exagérer, il semblerait qu'il s'agisse là d'un des plus vieux et des plus authentiques édifices de la civilisation Noire.
The Study of Culture Contact and the Determination of Policy
Authors: Wagner Günter
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Although the term culture contact implies the existence of several cultures in mutual contact with one another, the African anthropologist is primarily interested in the one-sided effect of European or Asiatic culture upon native African culture. The opposite influence of Africa on Europe and Asia in Africa he can for his purposes discard with a brief survey of those factors that in turn affect the native contact situation, such as the influence of native labour on the system of European farming, or the specific social and economic attitude which the existence of a large native majority calls forth among the European and Indian minorities.
A Matched Pairs Selection method for the analysis of abundance data with many zero values
Authors: van Strien A.J. , Meelis E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A simple method is described to analyze plant species abundance data with many zero values. To investigate the impact of an environmental factor on rare species, two subsets of sampling plots are selected pair‐wise from the original data set. They differ in the value of the particular factor under consideration but are similar with respect to all other factors. Subsequently, the botanical composition of these subsets, including rare species, is compared using non‐parametric tests. An example is given from a study on ditch bank vegetation. Some limitations, and a method for taking into account the dependence of the statistical tests, are discussed.
Species richness of Colorado riparian vegetation
Authors: Baker William L.
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The probable causes of spatial variation in the diversity of plant communities on a global and local scale have been widely investigated, but the regional scale has received little attention. It remains unclear how disturbance affects diversity in wetlands andriparian vegetation. This study examines the hypothesis that regional variation in the richness of riparian wetlands is related to variation in macro‐environment and flood potential.

Vascular plant species richness was sampled in 0.1 ha plots at 115 riparian sites scattered over a 300 km length of the western slope of the Rocky Mountains in western Colorado, USA. The relationship between macro‐environmental variables (e.g. drainage basin area), disturbance indicators, and species richness was analyzed using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. Total richness varied between 20 and 87 species (average 50.6) per 0.1 ha, and was highest in subalpine riparian forests from 2600–3650 m a.s.l. (57.8 species / 0.1 ha). Tree and shrub richness were highest in lower elevation, larger drainage basins, forb and graminoid richness were highest in higher elevation, smaller drainage basins. These opposing trends resulted in no net trend in total richness with elevation. Regression models for total richness were poor, suggesting that other variables must be important. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis and other single‐factor hypotheses are not supported as explanations of the regional pattern of variation in richness.
Charleston Provincialisms
Authors: Primer Sylvester
Published: April 2006

In every large city we find peculiarities in the language and customs which serve in the aggregate to mark its distinctive and individual character. They strike the stranger upon his first contact with its people as archaisms or as innovations, at least as developments peculiar to the place itself. They are often, indeed, heirlooms which the founders of the city have left it, invaluable and sacred, whose historic worth is incomparable to the philologist and historian. Often a single expression, or even sound, or a peculiar custom, conveys an historic truth more forcibly to the attentive observer than long chapters of dry history. For words, sounds, customs, also have their history, and a word has often been called an epic poem. Moreover, these peculiarities set their seal, as it were, upon each of its citizens, identifying him with itself, and whatever distinction he may acquire, either at home or abroad, is reflected upon his native place. They carry us back, historically, to the fatherland of those pioneers who founded the city and peopled the adjacent country. They still preserve the kindred relations to the mother-country, even after those of a political nature have been severed. We may see this in those colonies of Greece which have left their impress upon the country colonized, observable after everything Greek had passed away. (cf. Lower Italy, Marseille in France, and Louisiana in this country).
The Distribution of a Melodic Formula: Diffusion or Polygenesis?
Authors: List George
Published: April 2006

In various studies scholars have asserted that two or more melodies are similar. In many cases the scholar does not offer a method by which the reader can determine that the melodies offered are indeed alike; He merely places the melodies in juxtaposition and assumes that the reader will perceive, as the author apparently does, that they are similar. This is the procedure followed by George Pullen Jackson in his attempt to prove that Black spirituals derive from white hymn tunes (Jackson 1933:242–261). On examining the melodies presented by Jackson, I find them similar in some respects and dissimilar in many other respects. I am by no means certain that they are versions of the same melody. In other cases the scholar does not offer full melodies or even full first sections of melodies. This occurs, for example, when Peter Gradenwitz offers melodic analogues of the Zionist and Israeli anthem, “Hatiqvah” (Gradenwitz 1949:302–303).
Tayil as Category and Communication among the Argentine Mapuche: A Methodological Suggestion
Authors: Robertson-DeCarbo Carol E.
Published: April 2006

The points raised herein address the methodologies and assumptions which undergird the theory-building process in ethnomusicology and ethnology. Hypotheses and conclusions are derived from field research among the Mapuche-speaking peoples of Andean Argentina (1971-72) and have been further tested in cooperative research with Edward A. DeCarbo, Jr., among Kasem-speakers in Northern Ghana. The discussion concerns the description and explanation of tayil, a form of musical communication among the Argentine Mapuche, as well as the utility of the Western musicological category “music” as a point of entry to the explication of a social system.
Exploring Structural Requirements for Aldose‐Reductase Inhibition by 2,4‐Dioxo‐5‐(naphth‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3‐thiazolidinyl Acetic Acids and 2‐Thioxo Analogues: Fujita‐Ban and Hansch Approach
Authors: Soni Love Kumar , Kaskhedikar Satish G.
Published: April 2006

A Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationship (QSAR) study based on Fujita‐Ban and classical Hansch approach was performed on 2,4‐dioxo‐5‐(naphth‐2‐ylmethylene)‐3‐thiazolidinyl acetic acids and 2‐thioxo analogues to gain structural insight into the binding mode of the molecules to the aldose‐reductase enzyme. First, the Fujita‐Ban approach has been followed, which revealed the highest activity contribution for 2‐thioxo analogues of 3‐thiazolidinyl acetic acids as compared to 2,4‐dioxo analogues. Further, the Hansch approach confirms that 2‐thioxo‐4‐oxo‐3‐thiazolidinyl acetic acids are conducive to aldose‐reductase inhibitory activity. The hydrophobic properties of the various substituents have been found to play major roles in the binding of these compounds with the receptor.
Investigation of Discharge Characteristics Affected by Barrier Ribs in the Discharge Cell of Alternating‐Current Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Ding K. , Deng B. , Gu C. X. , Wu Z. W. , Sun Q.
Published: April 2006

To investigate the barrier ribs effect on the discharge characteristics in the discharge cell of Alternating‐Current Plasma Display Panel, three kinds of barrier ribs in the discharge cell: gas gap, dielectric gap, and metallic gap, were studied respectively. The distribution of potential and the distribution of density of charged particles were obtained by the two‐dimensional particle‐in‐cell kinetic simulation method. The simulation results shows that, in the Ne‐Xe (4%) gas mixture with the gas pressure of 300 Torr, the distribution of electric potential, in the corner of the left and right side, is very different, while the distribution in the center of cell in these three cases is almost same. And the formation process of the striation during the discharge is also discussed. The distribution of density shows that the striation phenomenon occurs along with the firing of discharge, and the existence of the dielectric ribs may reduce the charged particles density humps to some degree. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interleukin‐15 mediates protection against experimental tuberculosis: A role for NKG2D‐dependent effector mechanisms of CD8+ T cells
Authors: Rausch Alexandra , Heßmann Manuela , Hölscher Alexandra , Schreiber Tanja , Bulfone‐Paus Silvia , Ehlers Stefan , Hölscher Christoph
Published: April 2006

CD8+ T cells are involved in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and represent a promising target for new vaccine strategies. Because IL‐15 is important for the homeostasis of CD8+ T cells, we studied the immune response in IL‐15‐deficient mice during tuberculosis. In the absence of IL‐15, CD8+ T cells failed to efficiently accumulate in draining lymph nodes and at the site of infection. The expression of antigen‐specific effector functions, such as the production of interferon‐γ and cytotoxicity, were impaired in CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, from IL‐15‐deficient mice. This defect was associated with an increased mortality of IL‐15‐deficient mice during the chronic phase of infection. The lectin‐like stimulatory receptor natural killer group 2D (NKG2D) was up‐regulated on CD8+ T cells only from wild‐type mice, but not from IL‐15‐deficient mice. Mechanistically, blocking NKG2D function with an mAb inhibited M. tuberculosis‐directed CD8+ T cell responses in vitro. We conclude that in addition to regulating the expansion of CD8+ T cells, IL‐15 is also necessary for inducing effector mechanisms in CD8+ T cells that depend on NKG2D expression. Hence, our results implicate IL‐15 and NKG2D as promising targets for modulating CD8+ T cell‐mediated protection against tuberculosis.
New and enhanced protection scheme in survivable meshed WDM optical networks
Authors: Guo Lei , Li Lemin , Yu Hongfang , Cao Jin
Published: April 2006

This letter studies the protection design problem for single‐link failure in survivable WDM optical networks and presents a new shared‐path protection (NSPP) scheme. For static demand matrix, this letter presents the integer linear programming (ILP) formulations and develops a heuristic that is based on the Suurballe's method and rerouting principles. Simulation results are shown to be promising. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Assessment of the Sealing Joints within SOFC Stacks by Numerical Simulation
Authors: Müller A. , Goswami S. , Becker W. , Stolten D. , de Haart L. G. J. (Bert) , Steinbrech R. W.
Published: April 2006

The advantage of the numerical simulation of the mechanical behaviour of a complex system, like a fuel cell stack, is that the potential initiation of failure can be detected in an early stage of development. For most planar SOFC stacks the sealing joints are the components where the highest level of demand is made, so potential crack propagation in this region has to be investigated in order to reveal weaknesses. The sealing joints are subjected to high thermal loads, caused by the manufacturing process and the service conditions, which may lead to fracture in the vicinity of the interfaces of the interconnect and the layers of the cell. This is due to the different layer‐wise thermo‐mechanical behaviour of the individual materials.

The simulation of growing cracks along the different interfaces between the cell and glass ceramic (as the joining material), i.e., the interconnect and glass ceramic, shows that the numerical calculation of the energy release rates helps to find a joint design that avoids crack initiation. The criticality of the joints can be assessed by comparing the calculated energy release rate with the individual toughness of the joined materials and of the interface itself. Stress‐based crack initiation is discussed, as a further necessary criterion. Fracture occurs only if a characteristic value of the stress level, the strength, is exceeded. Together, these two criteria seem sufficient for crack initiation and propagation at bimaterial interfaces.
Nanosecond Mobility of the Molecules in the Research of Supramolecular Assemblies of Dendrimers, DNA, or Fullerene‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Anufrieva Elizaveta V. , Ananieva Tatiana D. , Bayanova Nadejda V. , Vlasov Gennadii P. , Krakovyak Mark G. , Nazarova Olga V. , Nekrasova Tatiana N. , Panarin Evgenii F. , Smyslov Rouslan Yu.
Published: April 2006

Summary: The data concerning the structural organization of supramolecular assemblies containing the dendrimer molecules of various generations, DNA‐polycation of various chemical structure were obtained by analysing the changes of nanosecond mobility of macromolecules or low‐molecular weight organic cations. Effect of water‐soluble fullerene‐containing compounds on interaction of DNA molecules with low‐molecular weight cations and polycations was studied as well. The data were obtained by luminescent methods.