bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of top electrode thickness on the piezoresponse of polycrystalline ferroelectric capacitors
Authors: Wang Longhai , Dai Ying , Yang Lei , Xu Jun , Zou Lianying , Tian Bin , Huang Danxia
Published: November 2012

The domain images of ferroelectric capacitors with different top electrode thicknesses in the as-grown and poled states were obtained by piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM). In poled capacitors, a uniform piezoresponse with the same contrast was obtained for top electrodes of different thicknesses. For capacitors in the as-grown state, a lower piezoresponse was observed with thicker top electrodes, due to the different domain orientations, suppression effect of the ferroelectric domains and the damping effect of the electrode. It is shown that the piezoresponse decreases nonlinearly with the increase in electrode thickness. When the top electrode thickness is above 75 nm, the piezoresponse value is almost zero. When the top electrode thickness is increased from less than 10 to 75 nm, the piezoresponse is reduced rapidly to a very small value. Details of the domain wall, grain boundary and defects gradually become indistinguishable. Our investigation suggests that to obtain clear domain information by PFM based on global excitation, the top electrode thickness should be less than 10 nm.
Evaluation of Net Return Distributions from Alternative Tillage Systems for Grain Sorghum and Soybean Rotations
Authors: Mikesell Chris L. , Williams Jeffery R. , Long James H.
Published: November 2012

Three tillage systems: conventional tillage, ridge tillage, and no‐tillage are evaluated using stochastic dominance with respect to a function analysis. Each tillage system is evaluated for three cropping patterns: continuous grain sorghum, continuous soybeans, and soybeans after grain sorghum. Conventional tillage continuous grain sorghum would be preferred by risk averse managers, although small changes in production costs and yield differences could lead to indifference between a no‐tillage system and the conventional tillage system.
Comparison of the Financial Results of Record‐Keeping and Average Farms in North Dakota
Authors: Gustafson Cole R. , Nielsen Elizabeth , Morehart Mitchell J.
Published: November 2012

Participation in a farm management association enhances members' recordkeeping abilities and provides standards of performance to measure achievement. However, these data can only be generalized to broader populations of farmers if association members are a representative sample. This study compares the financial characteristics of North Dakota farmers belonging to a recordkeeping program and those randomly surveyed by USDA.

Association members had significantly different financial characteristics as compared to average farmers in the state. Member farms had substantially more acreage, hired labor, gross income, expenses, assets and liabilities. Equity levels on recordkeeping farms were higher but profitability and returns to equity were statistically lower.
An application of a relational database system for high-throughput prediction of elemental compositions from accurate mass values
Authors: Sakurai Nozomu , Ara Takeshi , Kanaya Shigehiko , Nakamura Yukiko , Iijima Yoko , Enomoto Mitsuo , Motegi Takeshi , Aoki Koh , Suzuki Hideyuki , Shibata Daisuke
Published: November 2012

Summary: High-accuracy mass values detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis enable prediction of elemental compositions, and thus are used for metabolite annotations in metabolomic studies. Here, we report an application of a relational database to significantly improve the rate of elemental composition predictions. By searching a database of pre-calculated elemental compositions with fixed kinds and numbers of atoms, the approach eliminates redundant evaluations of the same formula that occur in repeated calculations with other tools. When our approach is compared with HR2, which is one of the fastest tools available, our database search times were at least 109 times shorter than those of HR2. When a solid-state drive (SSD) was applied, the search time was 488 times shorter at 5 ppm mass tolerance and 1833 times at 0.1 ppm. Even if the search by HR2 was performed with 8 threads in a high-spec Windows 7 PC, the database search times were at least 26 and 115 times shorter without and with the SSD. These improvements were enhanced in a low spec Windows XP PC. We constructed a web service ‘MFSearcher’ to query the database in a RESTful manner.

Availability and implementation: Available for free at http://webs2.kazusa.or.jp/mfsearcher. The web service is implemented in Java, MySQL, Apache and Tomcat, with all major browsers supported.

Contact:  sakurai@kazusa.or.jp

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Magnetic dipole configurations on honeycomb lattices: effect of finite size and boundaries
Authors: Schumann Alexandra , Zabel Hartmut
Published: November 2012

Artificial dipolar spin-ice patterns have attracted much attention recently because of their rich configurations and excitations in the form of Dirac strings connecting magnetic monopoles. We have analysed the distribution of excitations in the form of strings and vertices carrying magnetic charges
Q
=±3
q
in honeycomb artificial spin-ice patterns. Two types of patterns are compared, those that terminate with open hexagons and those with closed hexagons. The dipole configurations and the frequency of spin-ice rule-violating
Q
=±3
q
vertices depend slightly on the boundary conditions of the pattern. Upon rotation of the patterns by 2
π
in a coercive magnetic field of 500 Oe, complete reversibility of the charge and string configuration is observed.
Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coliIsolated from Bovine Mastitic Milk: Serogroups, Virulence Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance Properties
Authors: Momtaz Hassan , Safarpoor Dehkordi Farhad , Taktaz Taghi , Rezvani Amir , Yarali Sajad
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to detect the virulence factors, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance properties of Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli, by using 268 bovine mastitic milk samples which were diagnosed using California Mastitis Test. AfterE. coliidentification, PCR assays were developed for detection of different virulence genes, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance genes ofEscherichia coli. The antibiotic resistance pattern was studied using disk diffusion method. Out of 268 samples, 73 (27.23%) were positive forEscherichia coli, and, out of 73 positive samples, 15 (20.54%) were O26 and 11 (15.06%) were O157 so they were the highest while O111 was not detected in any sample so it was the lowest serogroup. Out of 73 STEC strains, 11 (15.06%) and 36 (49.31%) were EHEC and AEEC, respectively. All of the EHEC strains hadstx1,eaeA, andehly, virulence genes, while in AEEC strainsstx1had the highest prevalence (77.77%), followed byeaeA(55.55%). Totally,aadA1(65.95%) had the highest whileblaSHV(6.38%) had the lowest prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes. The disk diffusion method showed that the STEC strains had the highest resistance to penicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (57.44%), while resistance to cephalothin (6.38%) was the lowest.
Smoking cessation in pregnant women with mental disorders: a cohort and nested qualitative study
Authors: Howard LM , Bekele D , Rowe M , Demilew J , Bewley S , Marteau TM
Published: November 2012

Objective

To investigate whether 1) pregnant smokers with mental disorders are less likely to accept referrals to smoking cessation services compared with pregnant smokers without disorders; 2) they experience specific barriers to smoking cessation.

Design

Cohort study supplemented by cross‐sectional survey and nested qualitative study.

Setting

Three maternity services, London, UK.

Population

Pregnant smokers with and without mental disorders.

Methods

Case notes were examined on a cohort of 400 consecutive pregnant smokers; data were triangulated with routinely collected data on 845 pregnant smokers at two other sites; 27 pregnant smokers were interviewed using qualitative methods.

Main outcome measures

Acceptance of referral to smoking cessation services; perceived barriers to quitting.

Results

Pregnant smokers with a mental disorder recorded by midwives were one‐quarter of the cohort (97, 23%), were more likely to accept referral to smoking cessation services (69% versus 56%, adjusted odds ratio 1.70, 95% confidence interval 1.03–2.79), but more likely to still smoke at delivery (69% versus 56%, adjusted odds ratio 2.63, 95% confidence interval 1.41–4.92). Discussion about smoking was documented in 7.7% of subsequent antenatal visits in women with or without mental disorders. Pregnant smokers with diagnosed mental disorders reported that they and health practitioners did not prioritise smoking advice because of concern about adversely impacting mental health.

Conclusions

Pregnant women with mental disorders appear more motivated, yet find it more difficult, to stop smoking. Prioritisation of mental health over smoking may therefore lead to increasing health inequality for this group. Research into effective smoking cessation interventions is required for those with mental disorders.
NMDA receptors in the midbrain play a critical role in dopamine‐mediated hippocampal synaptic potentiation caused by morphine
Authors: Hu Ling , Jing Xiang‐Hong , Cui Cai‐Lian , Xing Guo‐Gang , Zhu Bing
Published: November 2012

A single exposure to drugs of abuse produces an NMDAR (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor)‐dependent synaptic potentiation at excitatory synapses of dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain. All addictive drugs can increase DA concentrations in projection areas of the midbrain, including the hippocampus. Hippocampal DA release subsequently modulates hippocampal plasticity and drug‐associated memories. Using in vivo electrophysiological recording techniques in anesthetized rats, we show that systemic injection of morphine induced hippocampal synaptic potentiation in a dose‐dependent manner. Intra‐VTA but not intra‐hippocampus injection of morphine evoked this potentiation. Local hippocampal dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) are required in the morphine‐induced synaptic potentiation and conditioned place preference (CPP). Moreover, both NMDAR activation in the VTA and VTA/hippocampus dopaminergic connections are essential for the morphine‐evoked potentiation and CPP. These findings suggest that NMDAR signalings in the midbrain play a key role in regulating dopamine‐mediated hippocampal synaptic plasticity underlying drug‐induced associative memory.
Attention in Williams syndrome and Down's syndrome: Performance on the new early childhood attention battery
Authors: Breckenridge Kate , Braddick Oliver , Anker Shirley , Woodhouse Margaret , Atkinson Janette
Published: November 2012

Attentional problems are commonly reported as a feature of the behavioural profile in both Williams syndrome (WS) and Down's syndrome (DS). Recent studies have begun to investigate these impairments empirically, acknowledging the need for an approach that considers cross‐syndrome comparisons and developmental changes across the different component functions of attention. The present study assessed children with WS and DS using a new preschool attention battery (ECAB: early childhood attention battery), designed to be suitable for mental age 3–6 years including groups with developmental disorders. The ECAB has the advantage of giving an individual profile of attentional abilities for each child, covering different components of attention. In relation to test norms for their mental age, both groups showed a profile of strengths and weaknesses in the attention domain. Both syndrome groups performed relatively well on tests of sustained attention and poorly on aspects of selective attention and attentional control (executive function). The DS group showed a specific strength in auditory sustained attention, whilst the WS group showed a particular deficit in visuo‐spatial response control. There was also evidence for considerable differences in the developmental trajectory of these abilities across the two groups. The results provide evidence for syndrome‐specific patterns of impairment, and distinct profiles of strengths and weaknesses that may be useful in understanding the nature of everyday attention difficulties in these groups and tailoring interventions to meet these needs.
Boron‐Containing Peptidomimetics – A Novel Class of Selective Anti‐tubercular Drugs
Authors: Gorovoy Alexey S. , Gozhina Olga V. , Svendsen John S. , Domorad Anna A. , Tetz George V. , Tetz Victor V. , Lejon Tore
Published: November 2012

Medical treatment for tuberculosis is complicated nowadays by the appearance of new multiresistant strains, and therefore, new antibiotics are in great need. Here, we report the synthesis and in vitro testing of a new class of highly selective antimicrobial boron‐containing peptidomimetics with compounds exhibiting activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis at ≤5 μg/mL. The new approach developed makes it possible to synthesize variously substituted β‐aminoboronic acids and their derivatives with a high level of diastereoselectivity.
Mapping the Structure of Semantic Memory
Authors: Morais Ana Sofia , Olsson Henrik , Schooler Lael J.
Published: November 2012

Aggregating snippets from the semantic memories of many individuals may not yield a good map of an individual’s semantic memory. The authors analyze the structure of semantic networks that they sampled from individuals through a new snowball sampling paradigm during approximately 6 weeks of 1‐hr daily sessions. The semantic networks of individuals have a small‐world structure with short distances between words and high clustering. The distribution of links follows a power law truncated by an exponential cutoff, meaning that most words are poorly connected and a minority of words has a high, although bounded, number of connections. Existing aggregate networks mirror the individual link distributions, and so they are not scale‐free, as has been previously assumed; still, there are properties of individual structure that the aggregate networks do not reflect. A simulation of the new sampling process suggests that it can uncover the true structure of an individual’s semantic memory.
Cerebral vasculitis in severe Kawasaki disease: early detection by magnetic resonance imaging and good outcome after intensive treatment
Authors: GITIAUX CYRIL , KOSSOROTOFF MANOELLE , BERGOUNIOUX JEAN , ADJADJ ELIAS , LESAGE FABRICE , BODDAERT NATHALIE , HULLY MARIE , BRUGEL DOMINIQUE , DESGUERRE ISABELLE , BADER‐MEUNIER BRIGITTE
Published: November 2012

Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis, that has a classic complication of acquired coronary artery aneurysm. Severe forms with multi‐organ involvement or neurological dysfunction are rare. Cerebral vascular involvement has been related to large‐vessel injury or cardioembolism, leading to focal brain infarction. A 4‐year‐old female presented with unusual, rapidly catastrophic Kawasaki disease with refractory shock, acute renal failure, and coma, requiring intensive haemodynamic management. The observation of diffuse micro‐haemorrhages (T2*‐weighted sequence) associated with white matter injury on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pointed towards lesions of the medium/small blood vessels. Cerebral vasculitis was suspected and the immunosuppressive treatment was increased Subsequently, the patient’s recovery was rapid. On follow‐up severe, bilateral vitritis was evident and surgery improved visual outcome. Early recognition of severe or unusual forms of Kawasaki disease could lead to more favourable outcome using appropriate treatment strategies. Diffuse cerebral micro‐haemorrhages on T2* brain MRI sequences might be a key sign for the diagnosis of medium or small cerebral vessel involvement.
Absence of Within‐Colony Kin Discrimination in a Multiple‐Queen Ant, Leptothorax acervorum
Authors: Friend Lucy A. , Bourke Andrew F. G.
Published: November 2012

Inclusive fitness theory predicts that, other things equal, individuals within social groups should direct altruistic behaviour towards their most highly related group‐mates to maximise indirect fitness benefits. In the social insects, most previous studies have shown that within‐colony kin discrimination (nepotism) is absent or weak. However, the number of studies that have investigated within‐colony kin discrimination at the level of individual behaviour remains relatively small. We tested for within‐colony kin discrimination in the facultatively multiple‐queen (polygynous) ant, Leptothorax acervorum. Specifically, we tested whether workers within polygynous colonies treated queens differently as a function of their relatedness to them. Colonies containing two egg‐laying queens were filmed to measure the rate at which individually marked workers antennated and groomed or fed each queen. Relatedness between individual queens and workers was calculated from their genotypes at four microsatellite loci. The results showed there were no differences in the rates at which workers antennated or groomed/fed their more related queen and their less related queen. Workers interacted preferentially with their potential mother queen with respect to grooming/feeding but not with respect to antennation. However, because of high queen turnover, the frequency of adult workers with their potential mother queen still present within the colony was relatively low. Overall, therefore, we found no evidence for within‐colony kin discrimination in the context of the average worker's treatment of queens in polygynous L. acervorum colonies.
Genomic distribution of the small multidrug resistance protein EmrE over 29 Escherichia coli strains reveals two forms of the protein
Authors: Kolbusz Magdalena A. , Slotboom Dirk J. , Lolkema Juke S.
Published: November 2012

Analysis of the genomes of 29 Escherichia coli strains revealed two different versions of the EmrE protein, a member of the small multidrug resistance family. The versions are different in length and contain 110 residues (EMRE110) and 165 residues (EMRE165). The N‐terminal extension found in the longer sequence has the properties of a signal sequence, i.e. contains at the extreme N‐terminus a hydrophobic region followed by a predicted cleavage site. Analysis of the genetic context of the genes in the different strains showed that all of the genes encoding EMRE165 had the same context, whereas the genes encoding EMRE110 were distributed over four different, but similar, contexts. The different genetic contexts corresponded to the branching of the phylogenetic tree of the emrE genes. Membrane topology studies using translational fusions with the two reporter proteins alkaline phosphatase and green fluorescent protein showed the well‐described dual topology mode of insertion of EMRE110. In contrast, but in line with the presence of the signal sequence, EMRE165 was inserted in a single orientation into the membrane, with the C‐terminus in the periplasm. The N‐terminal region was removed from the protein after insertion into the membrane. In contrast to cells expressing EMRE110, cells expressing only mature EMRE165 were not able to grow on plates containing ethidium bromide. The reults suggest that if dimers were formed from EMRE165 monomers with the same orientation in the membrane, they would not be active in drug extrusion.
Salmonids and flows: a perspective on the state of the science and its application
Authors: MILNER N. J. , COWX I. G. , WHELAN K. F.
Published: November 2012

Water flow, volume discharge per unit time, is a master variable influencing much of the river environment and having profound effects on most of the biota, either directly or indirectly. Nevertheless, after decades of research and much accumulated knowledge, there remains much uncertainty about how to set environmental standards for flows that protect ecosystem components, including salmonids. This paper provides an overview of the findings of a conference on Flows and Salmonids. The aim of the conference and the papers that form this special issue is to update this information for salmonids, from which four key points are distilled that might influence future direction. (1) Fish responses to flow are very variable and flow effects are highly confounded with other related variables, which are often the proximate factors and need to be taken into account. (2) Meta‐analysis of previous studies has yet to be achieved because a hydromorphological template against which to gather and display such data has not yet been satisfactorily defined. (3) Some deviation from natural conditions may not necessarily be as detrimental for salmonids as sometimes stated. (4) Local investigations of flow impacts and solutions based on local conditions, and bringing in diverse disciplines and stakeholders, appear to offer the most pragmatic and effective approach to defining and implementing protective flows. Adaptive management offers a route for such collaborative studies, and its use is strongly encouraged.
Flow requirements of non‐salmonids
Authors: COWX I. G. , NOBLE R. A. , NUNN A. D. , BOLLAND J. , WALTON S. , PEIRSON G. , HARVEY J. P.
Published: November 2012

Research into the relationships between non‐salmonid fish population dynamics and discharge is in its infancy compared with salmonids, thus compromising the ability to manage flows in rivers and maintain ecological status. This study reviews the potential role of ‘natural’ hydrographical variability on fish life‐history characteristics and develops a fish typology based on flow preference and conservation importance criteria that can be used to underpin the needs of hydrological management to support these fish community types. It highlights important characteristics of the natural flow regime that need to be maintained to ensure sustainability of populations of these species and offers a mechanism to categorise the fish community types, thus allowing generic management scenarios to be developed rather than complex single‐species scenarios that are impractical.
Modern maize hybrids in Northeast China exhibit increased yield potential and resource use efficiency despite adverse climate change
Authors: Chen Xiaochao , Chen Fanjun , Chen Yanling , Gao Qiang , Yang Xiaoli , Yuan Lixing , Zhang Fusuo , Mi Guohua
Published: November 2012

The impact of global changes on food security is of serious concern. Breeding novel crop cultivars adaptable to climate change is one potential solution, but this approach requires an understanding of complex adaptive traits for climate‐change conditions. In this study, plant growth, nitrogen (N) uptake, and yield in relation to climatic resource use efficiency of nine representative maize cultivars released between 1973 and 2000 in China were investigated in a 2‐year field experiment under three N applications. The Hybrid‐Maize model was used to simulate maize yield potential in the period from 1973 to 2011. During the past four decades, the total thermal time (growing degree days) increased whereas the total precipitation and sunshine hours decreased. This climate change led to a reduction of maize potential yield by an average of 12.9% across different hybrids. However, the potential yield of individual hybrids increased by 118.5 kg ha−1 yr−1 with increasing year of release. From 1973 to 2000, the use efficiency of sunshine hours, thermal time, and precipitation resources increased by 37%, 40%, and 41%, respectively. The late developed hybrids showed less reduction in yield potential in current climate conditions than old cultivars, indicating some adaptation to new conditions. Since the mid‐1990s, however, the yield impact of climate change exhibited little change, and even a slight worsening for new cultivars. Modern breeding increased ear fertility and grain‐filling rate, and delayed leaf senescence without modification in net photosynthetic rate. The trade‐off associated with delayed leaf senescence was decreased grain N concentration rather than increased plant N uptake, therefore N agronomic efficiency increased simultaneously. It is concluded that modern maize hybrids tolerate the climatic changes mainly by constitutively optimizing plant productivity. Maize breeding programs in the future should pay more attention to cope with the limiting climate factors specifically.
Morphological diversity of setae on the second maxilliped of fiddler crabs (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) from the southwestern Atlantic coast
Authors: Colpo Karine Delevati , Negreiros‐Fransozo Maria Lucia
Published: November 2012

Fiddler crabs are deposit feeders, and use the setae on their mouth appendages to manipulate sediment particles to extract food. The number of spoon‐tipped setae on the second maxilliped is frequently related to the distribution of fiddler crabs on estuarine sediments, but no study has compared the morphological diversity of these setae among multiple fiddler crab species. Here, we describe and classify the setae of the second maxillipeds of the nine Uca spp. known from the Brazilian coast. The second maxilliped of each species was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Six types of setae (five papposerrate, and one pappose) were described on the meropodite of the second maxilliped. Among the papposerrate setae, one type had a spoon‐like tip, and the morphology of this type, especially the degree of curvature, differed between species. Members of Uca leptodactylus, U. uruguayensis, and U. maracoani had highly concave spoon‐tipped setae. In U. rapax and U. cumulanta, the setal tip was moderately curved, while in U. thayeri, U. burgersi, and U. mordax, this curvature was slight. At the other extreme, the meropodite of the second maxilliped of U. vocator lacked setae altogether. This is the first study that describes differences in the degree of curvature of spoon‐tipped setae in fiddler crabs. This trait may be strongly related to the distribution of these fiddler crabs on different estuarine substrates.
Trematodes and nematodes parasitizing the benthic insect community of an Andean Patagonian stream, with emphasis on plagiorchiid metacercariae
Authors: Mariluan Gustavo D. , Viozzi Gustavo P. , Albariño Ricardo J.
Published: November 2012

In freshwater systems, parasitological studies have mainly been carried out on vertebrates and molluscs, but little is known about parasites of aquatic insects. We describe the trematodes and nematodes parasitizing the benthic insects of an Andean Patagonian stream and the presence of parasites in the terrestrial adult stages. Members of 3 of 20 insect taxa were found to be parasitized by larval nematodes, and members of six taxa harbored metacercariae of digeneans. In benthic samples, chironomids, simuliids (Order Diptera), and baetids (Order Ephemeroptera) harbored mermithid larvae (Nematoda). The stonefly Antarctoperla michaelseni (Order Plecoptera), the caddisfly Smicridea annulicornis (Order Trichoptera), a watersnipe fly (Order Diptera: Athericidae), and three species of leptophlebiid mayflies (Order Ephemeroptera) were parasitized by encysted plagiorchiid metacercariae (Order Plagiorchiida). Most metacercariae were found in the three species of mayflies with prevalences ranging 15–63% and mean intensities ranging 1.2–4.9. Prevalence declined from summer to early winter, probably because of the emergence of infected nymphs and the recruitment of uninfected new cohorts. The imagos had live metacercariae with higher prevalences and intensities of infection than nymphs. We suggest that these plagiorchiids have an allogenic life cycle, involving a terrestrial definitive host.
Predicting exercise adherence in cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of motivational and behavioural factors
Authors: Husebø Anne M Lunde , Dyrstad Sindre M , Søreide Jon A , Bru Edvin
Published: November 2012

Aims and objectives

To examine research findings regarding predictors of adherence to exercise programmes in cancer populations.

Background

Cancer patients are advised to participate in daily exercise. Whether they comply with the recommendations for physical activity or not remains unclear.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

Empirical articles published in English between 1995 and 2011 were searched in electronic databases and in reference lists, using the search terms ‘adherence’, ‘predictors’, ‘exercise’, and ‘cancer’ in varying combinations. Twelve of 541 screened abstracts met the inclusion criteria. The included studies' eligibility considering predictors of exercise adherence were reviewed. A quality assessment process evaluating the studies methodological quality was performed. Eight of the reviewed studies were considered eligible for a meta‐analysis involving Pearson's r correlations.

Results

Exercise stage of change, derived from the transtheoretical model of behaviour change (TTM) was found to be statistically significant and a strong predictor of exercise adherence. In addition, the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) construct; intention to engage in a health‐changing behaviour and perceived behavioural control, demonstrated significant correlations with exercise adherence.

Conclusions

The review identified that both the TPB and the TTM frameworks include aspects that predicts exercise adherence in cancer patients, and thus contributes to the understanding of motivational factors of change in exercise behaviour in cancer populations. However, the strengths of predictions were relatively weak. More research is needed to identify predictors of greater importance.

Relevance to clinical practice

Surveying the patients' readiness and intention to initiate and maintain exercise levels, as well as tailoring exercise programmes to individual needs may be important for nurses in order to help patients meet exercise guidelines and stay active.
A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Casuarina trees in Australia
Authors: Kolesik Peter , Brown Bradley T , Purcell Matthew F , Taylor Gary S
Published: November 2012

A new species of gall midge, Ophelmodiplosis clavata Kolesik gen. et sp. nov., induces club‐like galls on branchlet tips of she‐oaks Casuarina glauca, C. equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana in Australia. The presence of galls may possibly retard development of the male flower‐bearing branchlets and thus restrict sexual reproduction of the host plant. A new genus is erected to contain the new species. Ophelmodiplosis belongs to the supertribe Cecidomyiidi and its closest relative is Lophodiplosis Gagné, an Australian genus containing species that cause galls on leaves, stems and buds of Melaleuca trees. The new species is considered for biological control of C. glauca, C. equisetifolia and C. cunninghamiana, which are serious weeds in the coastal USA, including Florida, Hawaii and the Caribbean.
Buying and Selling Breasts: Cosmetic Surgery, Beauty Treatments and Risk
Authors: Taylor Jacqueline Sanchez
Published: November 2012

This paper is concerned with the ways in which women are sold cosmetic surgery, and how they ‘make sense of’ their own participation in this market. It draws on ongoing ethnographic research to explore how a group of young women who have paid for breast augmentation surgery narrate their decision to undergo surgery, the choices they make as consumers of cosmetic surgery, and their experience of having surgery. These narratives are compared with the ways in which breast augmentation surgery is sold to them by the companies and medical professionals involved in the rapidly expanding market for breast augmentation surgery. The paper shows how this particular group of young white working-class women shift between imagining the breast augmentation operation as a simple beauty treatment and recognizing it as medical surgery, and explores how this shapes their perceptions of the risks and benefits of buying new breasts. It also shows how those who market such procedures manage and manipulate perceptions of the process of breast augmentation surgery and the risks that attend on it in an effort to encourage this form of consumption.
Constructing the Sick Child: The Cultural Politics of Children's Hospitals
Authors: James Allison , Curtis Penny
Published: November 2012

Drawing on an ESRC funded study of children's experiences of hospital space this article explores the cultural politics of contemporary English childhood. Using the words and commentaries provided by both children and young people, the article argues that although, as patients, children and young people share the same hospital spaces, their experiences of them are quite different. Through mundane material and symbolic practices, a number of experiential continuities are created for the youngest children between life in hospital and life at home, continuities that work to downplay their identities as children who are sick. For young people, however, these practices are more problematic since the discourses of childhood that are recreated have little resonance with young people's own experiences and sense of self and identity. Thus this article provides evidence of the need for a more nuanced understanding of not only young people's needs in relation to hospital services, but also of the significance of understanding the ways in which particular constructions of ‘the child’ and ‘childhood’ are threaded through public discourses and come to be realized in institutional settings.
Value, Security and Temporality in Nietzsche's Critique of Modernity
Authors: Burgess J. Peter
Published: November 2012

A certain pathos of temporality is at the core of Nietzsche's critique of reason, and it is this pathos that motivates his questioning of the Western discourse of values and of valuation. The well-rehearsed Nietzschean thesis about the decline of values in modernity – nihilism as a kind of character fault of the modern personality –builds in effect less upon the values themselves (whatever these might be specified as) than upon a certain evolution in the human subject. An evolution in the subjectivity that has turned humans around from what Giddens (perhaps misleadingly) called ontological security towards their evolving capacity to navigate an unknown future and negotiate the values that flow from it.

This article tries to demonstrate how Nietzsche's notion of modern subjectivity is in this sense inseparable from our negotiation of values over time; inseparable, in other words, from a certain axiology of time. Critically, it is not nihilism that is Nietzsche's primary concern – as so many read him – but rather his notion that values are inhabited by their own contingency: namely, the very possibility of their own exhaustion. For Nietzsche, the critique of morality is a particular case of his critique of values. All evaluation, all practices of conceptualizing, determining and applying values fits into the kind of genealogy Nietzsche carries out on morality. For Nietzsche there is an inseparable link between the supposed essence of value and the temporal field in which their rise or decline is experienced, and bemoaned.
Confined Mobilities: Following Indonesian Migrant Workers on Their Way Home
Authors: Kloppenburg Sanneke , Peters Peter
Published: November 2012

This paper examines the return journeys of Indonesian migrant domestic workers to their home towns. When migrant workers return home, the Indonesian government sets them apart from other travellers in order to protect the migrants from extortion in the airport environment, and assist them during their return to their home villages. We investigate how this separate passage results in a mobility regime that produces differences between regular travellers and migrant worker travellers, and between male and female migrant workers. We also examine how the mobility regime results in particular forms of control over and safety of migrant workers' mobility. In doing so, we argue that the politics of mobility not only can be studied at the scale of global circuits, or at nodes such as the workplace, but also in relation to the actual journeys that migrant workers make.
Artists‐Accompanied Urban Regeneration: Insights and Lessons from Utrecht and Rotterdam
Authors: Zebracki Martin , Smulders Lévi
Published: November 2012

Urban regeneration in Dutch cities is increasingly accompanied by the cultural sector in general and by artists in particular. This paper presents comparative case studies on current artists‐accompanied urban regeneration initiated by housing corporations in Utrecht and Rotterdam. On the basis of discourse analysis on the voices of decisive actors, it explores the rationale behind artists‐accompanied urban regeneration and the sociospatial implications thereof. It empirically indicates that housing corporations are more inclined to deploy artists in urban regeneration when there are sufficient vacant buildings. It also illustrates that more decentralised housing corporations have a stronger and more long‐term commitment to urban regeneration. The latter includes a greater commitment to interventions by artists within urban public space.
Comparison of Tibial PA, Bone Healing, and Intra‐articular Screw Placement using Conventional Nonlocked Application of Surgeon‐Contoured versus Locked Application of Precontoured TPLO Plates in Dogs
Authors: Krotscheck Ursula , Thompson Margret S. , Ryan Kerry K. , Mohammed Hussni O.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To determine the influence of conventional nonlocked application of surgeon‐contoured (NL‐SXc) and locked‐hybrid application of precontoured (L‐Pc)‐ TPLO plates on the tibial plateau angle (TPA) immediately postoperatively and longterm after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in dogs as well as to evaluate their influence on the incidence of intra‐articular screw placement and bone healing.

Study Design

Retrospective, cross‐sectional, clinical study.

Animals

Dogs (n = 101) with cruciate ligament insufficiency that had TPLO.

Methods

Collected data included signalment, plate size/type, preoperative (PreTPA), postoperative (PostTPA), and recheck TPA (ReTPA). Tibial plateau rotation achieved during surgery (RotaTPA = PreTPA‐PostTPA) and TPA shift during healing (ShiftTPA = ReTPA‐PostTPA) were calculated. Radiographic evidence of stability and time to radiographic recheck were recorded. Variables were compared by plate type using a 2‐sample t‐test or χ2 as appropriate (significance at P < .05).

Results

Median time to radiographic follow‐up was 75 days (range, 43–2815 days). The remaining data are reported as means. Forty‐two stifles had NL‐SXc, 59 stifles had L‐Pc. PreTPA of NL‐SXc and L‐Pc was 28.3° and 29.1°, respectively (P = .22). PostTPA (13.2° and 7.9°), RotaTPA (15.0° and 21.2°) and ReTPA (14.9° and 10.3°) for NL‐SXc and L‐Pc, respectively, were all significantly different (P< .0001). ShiftTPA for these constructs (1.7° and 2.4°, respectively) was not significantly different (P = .25), and 92.1% of dogs were considered to have radiographically stable osteotomies at last recheck.

Conclusions

A higher degree of tibial plateau rotation was achieved and maintained in osteotomies with L‐Pc. There was no significant difference in ShiftTPA or radiographic osteotomy stability between constructs.
The Effect of Visual–Chunking–Representation Accommodation on Geometry Testing for Students with Math Disabilities
Authors: Zhang Dake , Ding Yi , Stegall Joanna , Mo Lei
Published: November 2012

Students who struggle with learning mathematics often have difficulties with geometry problem solving, which requires strong visual imagery skills. These difficulties have been correlated with deficiencies in visual working memory. Cognitive psychology has shown that chunking of visual items accommodates students’ working memory deficits. This study investigated the effects of visual–chunking representation as a testing accommodation for improving students’ geometry problem–solving performance. Participants were four third–graders with difficulties in mathematics. An adapted reversal design was employed to examine the students’ performance changes during standard testing conditions and accommodated testing conditions. During the accommodated condition, students were presented with visual–chunking images. Results suggested that the visual–chunking representation accommodation improved students’ performance on geometry problem–solving tasks, and an interview confirmed students’ preference for the visual–chunking representation approach.
On the Relative Pricing of Long‐Maturity Index Options and Collateralized Debt Obligations
Authors: COLLIN‐DUFRESNE PIERRE , GOLDSTEIN ROBERT S. , YANG FAN
Published: November 2012

We investigate a structural model of market and firm‐level dynamics in order to jointly price long‐dated S&P 500 index options and CDO tranches of corporate debt. We identify market dynamics from index option prices and idiosyncratic dynamics from the term structure of credit spreads. We find that all tranches can be well priced out‐of‐sample before the crisis. During the crisis, however, our model can capture senior tranche prices only if we allow for the possibility of a catastrophic jump. Thus, senior tranches are nonredundant assets that provide a unique window into the pricing of catastrophic risk.
Strategic Default and Equity Risk Across Countries
Authors: FAVARA GIOVANNI , SCHROTH ENRIQUE , VALTA PHILIP
Published: November 2012

We show that the prospect of a debt renegotiation favorable to shareholders reduces the firm's equity risk. Equity beta and return volatility are lower in countries where the bankruptcy code favors debt renegotiations and for firms with more shareholder bargaining power relative to debt holders. These relations weaken as the country's insolvency procedure favors liquidations over renegotiations. In the limit, when debt contracts cannot be renegotiated, equity risk is independent of shareholders' incentives to default strategically. We argue that these findings support the hypothesis that the threat of strategic default can reduce the firm's equity risk.
Dynamic Agency and the q Theory of Investment
Authors: DEMARZO PETER M. , FISHMAN MICHAEL J. , HE ZHIGUO , WANG NENG
Published: November 2012

We develop an analytically tractable model integrating dynamic investment theory with dynamic optimal incentive contracting, thereby endogenizing financing constraints. Incentive contracting generates a history‐dependent wedge between marginal and average q, and both vary over time as good (bad) performance relaxes (tightens) financing constraints. Financial slack, not cash flow, is the appropriate proxy for financing constraints. Investment decreases with idiosyncratic risk, and is positively correlated with past profits, past investment, and managerial compensation even with time‐invariant investment opportunities. Optimal contracting involves deferred compensation, possible termination, and compensation that depends on exogenous observable persistent profitability shocks, effectively paying managers for luck.
Fostering Quality of Life through Social Innovation: A Living Lab Methodology Study Case
Authors: Edwards‐Schachter Mónica E. , Matti Cristian E. , Alcántara Enrique
Published: November 2012

Participative processes and citizens’ empowerment are considered crucial aspects of social innovation (SI), involving collaborative activities between the private, public, and third sectors. This article discusses the principal trends in the literature on the concept ofSI, its aims and differential characteristics related to the identification of people's needs, citizen participation processes, and improved quality of life. We present an exploratory case study ofSIfocusing on the gap between elderly people's needs and the generation of business opportunities, using a living lab (LL) methodology for collaborative placed‐based innovation. Our results suggest thatLLs are a useful instrument to detect community needs and improve local development and support and integrate technological and social innovations in policies and local governance processes.
Bridging Access to Electricity Through BOP Markets: Between Economic Equations and Political Configurations
Authors: Cholez Céline , Trompette Pascale , Vinck Dominique , Reverdy Thomas
Published: November 2012

The development of markets for the poorest populations (Base of the Pyramid [BOP]) has become important for multinational companies (MNCs), nongovernmental organizations, and public policies. Assuming that there is demand for very low price consumer products and that the main problem is one of access to those products, the challenge for MNCs is to reconfigure the whole of the corporate process accordingly. The article follows BOP theory and companies' actual innovation. It looks at the definitions of the BOP market, the representation of BOP consumers, and local heterogeneous configurations of actors. Based on fieldwork with an MNC (specializing in electrical equipment) investigating a BOP business, it investigates the work undertaken by managers to build this market innovation. It explores the paradoxical frontiers of consumption and aid to the poorest populations and feeds the reflexion of BOP policies by opening it up toward a diversity of alternatives and possible configurations.
Carotid Artery Dissection due to Elongated Styloid Process: A Self‐Stabbing Phenomenon
Authors: Razak Anmar , Short Jody L. , Hussain Syed I.
Published: November 2012

Elongated styloid process (ESP) is an anatomical variant that has been described as the cause of Eagle syndrome. Until recently, the styloid process has not been appreciated as a significant contributor to carotid artery dissection (CAD), which is not part of Eagle syndrome. We present a case of a 41‐year‐old male who presented with acute right middle cerebral artery occlusion and was found to have ESP projecting to and abutting the lateral wall of a dissected right internal carotid artery (ICA). Forced sustained head turning with maximal muscle contraction was the initiating event driving the styloid process into the wall of the ICA in a manner that can be likened to being stabbed with a pointed object. Knowing the association between ESP, Eagle syndrome, and CAD shall lead to increased awareness and appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
Coinage of the Term Environment: A Word Without Authority and Carlyle’s Displacement of the Mechanical Metaphor
Authors: Jessop Ralph
Published: November 2012

Translating the word ‘Umgebung’ in a work by Goethe, Carlyle coined the term ‘environment’ in the South of Scotland in 1828. Goethe’s usage involves reference to a Scottish subject, Macpherson’s Ossian. Referring to this, in 1942 Spitzer argued that the broader meaning of the word was misrepresented by Carlyle’s translation. However, after coining the term environment, Carlyle’s later work can be read as a significant realisation of this broader Goethean meaning, through his literary‐critical discussion of Robert Burns, literary‐philosophical Sartor Resartus, and his biography and historiography. The term needs to be seen partly as a response to a large number of intersecting social, political, economic, and agrarian changes associated with the Enlightenment, the industrial revolution, and in particular the modernising transformations of the Lowland Clearances. But, through the ways in which this examination of the term’s coinage brings into relation Goethe, Carlyle, the philosophy of Thomas Reid, and a theory of concepts by Sir William Hamilton, the hybridising processes involved in coining the term can also be seen as constituting a pivotal moment of transnational cultural exchange, an encapsulation of diversity, an interdisciplinary interrelation of literary, philosophical, and social critique, and a paradigm‐shifting challenge to the authority of mechanism. These intersecting elements are peculiarly apt with regard to certain radical dimensions of continuing relevance to the counter‐Enlightenment position of Adorno and Horkheimer, humanity’s relation with nature, our continuing struggles with the Enlightenment legacy, and to the expansive, plural, and potentially evolving character of the notion of environment – but also to the later emergence of environmentalism.