bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Beardedness on Person Perception
Authors: Kenny Charles T. , Fletcher Dixie
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the hypothesis that a bearded man would be perceived less favorably than a non-bearded man. Beardedness, sex, and geographic information (West Coast vs local vs no information) were varied in a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design. Results did not support the hypothesis and indicated that the bearded man was perceived more favorably than his non-bearded counterpart on 7 of 27 adjective dimensions and less favorably on one. Ss' written impressions were consistent with these results and showed a marked willingness to describe the other person in great detail. Results were discussed within the framework of the stereotype literature.
Predicting Potential School Problems
Authors: Fuller Gerald , Friedrich Douglas
Published: September 2011

Normal students in Grade 6 and students referred for psychological services in a rural school were administered intelligence, reading, personality, achievement, and visual-motor tests. With 22 variables, a step-wise multiple regression analysis for predicting potential school problems yielded vocabulary, average reading abilities, intelligence, and visual-motor as significant differential factors. A cut-off point was established to obtain the best prediction.
Stimulus-Response Similarity and Children's Matching Performance
Authors: Parton David A. , Siebold James R.
Published: September 2011

The matching behavior of preschool children was studied with a match-to-sample task to evaluate the thesis that the relational stimulus of behavioral similarity serves a reinforcing function. Ss were trained to match a standard in one physical position and to mismatch a standard in a second position. Subsequently, Ss were given the opportunity to match or mismatch a probe standard in an intermediate physical position, i.e., in the absence of cues for matching or mismatching. Ss tended to match the first probe stimulus. This result is consistent with the view that the experimental setting served the special discriminative function of signalling an occasion for reinforcement by the relational stimulus of similarity.
Effects on Performance of High and Low Energy-Expenditure during Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Agnew H. W.
Published: September 2011

8 Ss were sleep deprived for 2 nights, using 2 different deprivation conditions. In the bed-rest condition Ss rested in bed while being sleep deprived. In the exercise condition Ss remained active and exercised for 15 min. on an exercise bicycle every other hour. Performance measures were obtained before, during, and after sleep deprivation. The two conditions did not differentially affect sleep during recovery nor did they have differential effects on performance during deprivation. From these results we infer that in operational settings it is unlikely that performance decrements during sleep deprivation can be offset by having personnel reduce their activity level.
Personality and Cognitive Differences between an Original and a Non-Original Group
Authors: Maini S. M.
Published: September 2011

From 66 high school students studied, an original ( n = 19), and a non-original ( n = 25) group was chosen on the basis of two originality measures extracted from the Utility and Gestalt Completion Tests. As predicted, the original group, when compared with the non-original group, was more fluent, less rigid and less stimulus bound. The group also showed itself to be Tolerant of Ambiguity, low on Social Desirability and capable of adaptive regression in the service of the ego. The results were discussed in terms of an Objective-Subjective continuum, the objective side being more stimulus bound, rigid, and lacking in adaptive regression. The original group was more proximal to the subjective end of the continuum and capable of momentary and partially controlled regression which served a constructive and creative function.
Level of Motivation in Social Facilitation of a Simple Task
Authors: Sorce James , Fouts Gregory
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of level of motivation on the social facilitation of a well-learned behavior, 45 college students were divided into motivational groups (high, medium, low) and given an opportunity to pull a lever in the presence and absence of an audience (a passive observing person). The results indicated a significant interaction between the Motivation and Social Condition (Alone, Audience) factors when speed of pulling was the dependent variable. There was no significant difference among the motivational groups when they performed alone. There was a significant difference among the motivational groups when performing with an audience present: the high motivational group performed significantly slower than either the medium or low motivational group. These findings suggest that social facilitation of a well-learned behavior depends upon Ss' level of motivational reactivity.
Phonetic and Graphic Symbolism
Authors: Lester David
Published: September 2011

Phonetic symbolism is an hypothesis that sounds have symbolic connotations which are the same in all languages (Taylor & Taylor, 1965). The present study was designed to explore whether the graphic representation of Chinese also has symbolic connotations by translating into Chinese 20 pairs of English opposites (such as hot-cold and up-down). Two questionnaires were prepared, one listing the English pairs accompanied by the Chinese characters and the other listing the English pairs and the romanized representation of the Chinese characters (using the Yale system of romanization). The order of the English pair next to the corresponding Chinese pair was determined with a table of random numbers.
Perception of the Auditory Midline and Visual Vertical in Brain-Damaged and Non-Brain-Damaged Humans
Authors: Welch Robert B. , Goldstein Gerald , Shelly Carolyn H.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of Ss—brain-damaged, hospitalized psychiatric patients, and normals—were administered the auditory-midline and visual-vertical tests with body orientation of right-tilt, left-tilt, and upright. Performance on the two tasks was not correlated, a finding that argues against the hypothesis of a common underlying mechanism. Only the normals showed the visual “E-effect” (overconstancy in setting the line to true vertical) when the body was placed on a tilt. “Starting position effects” on both tasks were most pronounced for the braindamaged Ss and least for normals.
Development of Comprehension of Logico-Grammatical Sentences by Grade School Children
Authors: Wiig Elisabeth H. , Semel Eleanor M.
Published: September 2011

The development of comprehension of 50 sentences expressing comparative, passive, temporal, spatial, and familial relationships was evaluated in 210 grade school children. Significant increases in correct responses occurred during the first five grades but not between Grades 5 and 8. The periods during which significant increases occurred differed for sentence categories. In the early grades comparative relationships were easiest followed by passive, temporal, spatial, and familial relationships. The findings suggest that spatial relationships are established earlier in a developmental sequence than temporal relationships. In Grades 1 and 2 WISC Full Scale IQ and comprehension of logico-grammatical sentences correlated significantly.
Reversal of Stroop Test: Interference in Word Reading
Authors: Nealis Perry M.
Published: September 2011

It appears that a component of verbal reaction time, response-choice latency, exists for encoded words as well as colors. Therefore, it was hypothesized that color stimuli could exert a disruptive influence on the processes of this latency to encoded word stimuli in contrast to the reverse effect which has often been found in the standard Stroop test. Stroop-like interference in word reading was produced by preexposure of color names printed in colored ink, followed by the presentation of a second stimulus which reinforced the color information of the first stimulus. The experimental results do not appear to be an artifact of mere distraction of attention.
Cognitive Effects of Unilateral Brain Lesions Secondary to Penetrating Missile Wounds
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

The WAIS verbal and nonverbal subtest performance of Ss with unilateral brain lesions secondary to penetrating missile wounds was examined and compared with that of normal controls. The performance of matched right- and left-hemisphere lesion Ss differed significantly on only two verbal and one nonverbal measures, however, all performance differences were in the direction hypothesized. The performance of right-hemisphere lesioned and control Ss differed significantly on all measures, with consistently lower scores by brain-injured Ss, while the performance of left-hemisphere and control Ss differed significantly on the three verbal measures and WAIS Full Scale IQ. These results are in general agreement with previous reports using a similar research design and tend to support the hypothesis of differential impairment of verbal and nonverbal test performance in Ss with unilateral brain lesions.
Visual Perception of Static and Dynamic Two-Dimensional Objects
Authors: Bogard Dolores A.
Published: September 2011

It was the purpose of this study to investigate differences between visual perception of static (non-moving) and dynamic (moving) two-dimensional objects at several ages. This study specifically assessed the ability of four age groups to perceive figure-ground: Elementary 1 (age 6 to 7 yr.); Elementary 6 (age 11 to 13 yr.); College (age 18 to 22 yr.); Elderly Adult (age 66 to 79 yr.). A total of 169 Ss were tested. A test of visual perception of figure-ground was selected and adapted to a dynamic condition. Results showed there was a significant difference between performance on the static and dynamic tests of visual perception across all age levels, with fewer errors made on the dynamic test. There was a significant difference in performance between ages. It was concluded that there is a difference between static and dynamic visual perception of figure-ground at the ages studied and that perception of figure-ground tends to improve with age.
Temporal Discrimination of Short Intervals of Dreamless Sleep
Authors: Noble William G. , Lundie Robert E.
Published: September 2011

6 Ss were wakened prior to dream on 3 successive nights and gave estimates of sleep duration. Clock intervals were 60, 30, and 90 min. respectively. While daytime estimation was considerably more accurate, Ss showed systematic differences in sleep time estimation. This suggests that temporal discrimination is still possible even in the absence of stored mentation.
Temporal Course of Open-Field Behavior in Albino Rats
Authors: Dickson Andrew L.
Published: September 2011

Locomotor activity and defecation were measured on six consecutive days (at 24-hr. intervals), under six schedules of exposure in an open field. The results indicated that the schedule of exposure was an important determiner of locomotor activity and defecation.
Psychomotor Test Scores and Rated Functional Impairment of Mental Retardates
Authors: Weaver Lelon A. , Ravaris Charles L.
Published: September 2011

A battery of five psychomotor tests was administered to a group of 258 retardates. Test results were used to assign Ss to mildly or moderately retarded categories. Comparison with the “functional” classification used by the training school showed agreement in three-fourths of the cases. Implications for clinical use and for mental dysfunction are discussed.
Effects of Order of Presentation and Length of Viewing Time on Size Estimation
Authors: Rogers Robert A. , Sanders Raymond E.
Published: September 2011

Based on the Gardner, et al. (1959) interpretation of the leveling-sharpening dimension, order of presentation and length of viewing time were manipulated on a size-estimation task. Contrary to expectation, neither variable significantly affected performance, and four different subject-estimation patterns were isolated rather than the two patterns (leveling and sharpening) expected. Both magnitude and directional properties of the four estimation patterns were explained by a modified version of Parducci's range-frequency model.
Word Characteristics and Judged Duration for Two Response Sequences
Authors: Devane J. R.
Published: September 2011

In a previous study, Ss read each of a series of 24 tachistoscopically presented words, wrote each down, and then judged the duration; judgments apparently related to word length and word frequency (Warm & McCray, 1969). In the present study, which employed 2 groups of 24 Ss each, Group Word-Time first wrote the word and then judged its duration, while Group Time-Word judged the duration first and then wrote the word. The word length did not significantly affect the judgments. Words of higher frequency produced significantly greater judgments of duration than did lower; however, the frequency effect was significantly larger for Group Word-Time than for Group Time-Word, indicating that judged duration occurred at least partly as a response to the act of writing the word.
Influence of Proximity and Eye Contact on Impression Formation
Authors: Scherer Shawn E.
Published: September 2011

Attention has recently been given to the influence of proximity and eye contact on evaluations of psychological closeness in dyadic interactions. Scherer and Schifi (1973) found observers viewing different arrangements of posed males seated at a cafeteria table judged them to be more intimate when proximity and eye contact were high. The present study explored the impact of these nonverbal cues on impressions formed of dyad members of one another, under an inflexible seating arrangement. It was hypothesized that increased proximity and eye contact would elicit greater positive evaluations despite the apparent inability of participants to modify their seating arrangements.
Incidental Learning and Short-Range Memory in Normals and Retardates
Authors: Deich Ruth F.
Published: September 2011

Denny's hypothesis of an incidental learning deficit in retardates was tested and largely confirmed. Eighteen normal kindergarteners and 18 MA-matched moderately retarded and organically impaired Ss were given two tasks: Geometric Shapes, requiring sorting according to shape and recalling and recognizing according to color (with color representing incidental learning), and Familiar Objects, requiring naming the color of common, familiar, pictured objects and recalling and recognizing according to object name (with object name representing incidental learning). Normals showed more incidental learning on the objects task, significantly so for recognition. On the shapes task, retardates gave incorrect responses; normals did not. Thus, retardates learn incidentally but tend to be inferior to normal peers.
Left-Handedness among Architects: Some Facts and Speculation
Authors: Peterson John M. , Lansky Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

Following some leads from casual observations, two studies of left-handedness among architects and architecture students confirmed that: (1) both groups tend to be more left-handed than would be “normally” expected; (2) all the left-handed students followed complex directions about drawing a spatial maze perfectly whereas over 50% of right-handed students erred. Perhaps the data relate to recent speculations about right-hemisphere dominance being associated with both left-handedness and greater spatial competence. How the generalization of these findings and similar questions relate to such study are for future research.
Pre-Election Public Image of Nixon and McGovern Given by English Students
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Shapurian Reza , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to 50 English Ss under instructions to check those words which they truly felt described Nixon and McGovern. These public images of the United States Presidential candidates were obtained on 30 October 1972, 1 wk. prior to the election. There was much greater consensus regarding the public image of Nixon who was perceived as a hard-hitting, forceful, self-centered, and dominant personality. McGovern, with much less agreement among the respondents, was described as an optimistic, enthusiastic, self-confident personality who displayed a deep interest in people.
Performance of Brain-Damaged and Non-Damaged Retardates on the Memory-for-Designs
Authors: McManis Donald L. , Roth Gloria
Published: September 2011

20 brain-damaged and 20 non-damaged retardates, matched for sex, IQ (57 to 83), and CA (20 to 51 yr.), were administered the Memory-for-Designs test. Two raters independently scored each protocol, with reliability between .93 and .97. Analysis of variance of pooled raw scores showed no significant variances for diagnostic category, sex, or their interaction. Diagnostic classifications by both raw and difference scores were nondiscriminating of brain-damaged from non-damaged Ss, reflecting 70% false positive rate for the non-damaged. Analysis of 3-point error scores showed significant variance for diagnostic category in the predicted direction ( p < .05). Classification by 3-point errors had accuracy levels of 80% for male and female non-damaged Ss, 70% for female brain-damaged Ss, but only 50% for male brain-damaged Ss.
Diotic Listening in Young Children
Authors: Hedrick Dona L. , Kunze Luvern H.
Published: September 2011

120 children, preschool through third grade, were given a diotic competing message task. The competing auditory messages were prerecorded and presented free field via loudspeaker. The messages consisted of a Signal message and a Distraction message varied systematically in relative intensity and content. The results indicated that errors on the competing message task: varied inversely with age, increased with changes toward more unfavorable Signal to Distraction levels for the younger children, and were directly influenced by the content of the distraction message for all ages.
Eye Movements and Sex Differences in Field Articulation
Authors: Harley J. P. , Kalish D. I. , Silverman A. J.
Published: September 2011

Eye movements of 10 male and 10 female Ss were examined during the rod-and-frame and size-estimation tests. Males were significantly more field-independent than females on the rod-and-frame. No sex differences were observed on size-estimation, embedded-figures test, or in the number of vertical and horizontal eye movements recorded during the two tasks. Eye movements did not correlate with performance on either test. The latter finding questions the utilization of size-estimation to infer visual scanning.
Equivalence of Three Alternative Forms of Benton's Visual Retention Test
Authors: Weiss A. A.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of the stimulus composition of the three alternative forms of Benton's Visual Retention Test showed the three forms differed from each other in lateral distribution and vertical placement of peripheral details, in equality of chances for the elicitation of stabilizations, internal distortions, and mirror rotations. When 106 Ss were randomly assigned to perform one of the three forms, their mean “correct” and “error” scores were very close to each other. No significant influence of individual Ss on means was observed and the power of specific figures to elicit errors by individual Ss was spread evenly. However, the contribution of individual stimuli in each form to total error score was spread widely. Earlier findings as to differential frequency of the various error categories were confirmed for each form. Concentrations of certain errors in particular figures are discussed and tentative interpretations of these observations are advanced. In conclusion, certain changes are proposed so as to equate the three forms qualitatively and to increase the discriminative power of the instrument.
IES Arrow-Dot Comparisons for Drug Addicts with Neurotic and Delinquent Personalities
Authors: Goldberg Lois S. , Meltzer Gloria
Published: September 2011

The Arrow-Dot subtest of the IES Test was administered to 20 Ss in a therapeutic drug community and 20 Ss in a methadone maintenance program. The data indicated that the subtest discriminated significantly between the personality integration of Ss in the therapeutic community and delinquents or neurotics. The scores of the methadone Ss on some variables, however, were not significantly different from those of neurotics and delinquents.
Two Modes of Visual Imagery
Authors: Starker Steven
Published: September 2011

The relationship between active thought imagery and a passive, spontaneous mode of mental imagery is examined with regard to vividness. Results showed a significant consistency within the two modes but the relationship between modes remains unclear. Distinction between modes may be important in the design of research on imagery.
Effect of Repeated Discriminations on the Identifiability of the Enantiomers of Carvone
Authors: Jones F. Nowell , Velásquez Victor
Published: September 2011

Repeated testing of the ability to discriminate between d- and 1-carvone indicated that: (1) discriminal ability does not deteriorate with repeated exposure; (2) there is no more effect from the exposure to the d- than to the 1-form; and, (3) Ss differ reliably in their ability to discriminate the d- and I-enantiomers.
Hand Test Correlates for Karate Students: A Preliminary Interpretation Based on Structural Analysis
Authors: Greene Robert S. , Sawicki Robert , Wagner Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

Of 24 comparisons on the Hand Test, only 3 significant differences were found between 30 moderately experienced students of karate and 30 control students enrolled in a physical activity. Structural analysis suggested these differences were in the Facade Self.
Recovery from Malnutrition: Food Preference and Neophobia
Authors: Pettus John P. , Geist Charles R. , Schultz Gary E. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

6 protein-malnourished rhesus monkeys were nutritionally rehabilitated by placing them on diets high in protein content. At 60 and 180 days following the initiation of the rehabilitation program, experimental animals and 4 high-protein dietary controls were tested on a preference task designed to determine reactions to foods containing differing quantities of protein and to novel stimuli. Each S was presented a choice of diets containing 2%, 3.5%, or 25% protein, as well as non-food objects. The results indicated that the aversion to novel stimuli (neophobia) and the preference for high-protein food previously reported in protein-malnourished monkeys did not persist following 180 days of rehabilitation. The results suggest that at least part of the behavioral syndrome associated with protein-calorie malnutrition may be improved by 6 mo. of nutritional rehabilitation.
Varying Degrees of Complexity and Isolation in Visual Exploration
Authors: Lemond L. Charles , Durham Robert L. , Slater Gail P. , Wilson William H. , Nunnally Jum C.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments viewing times were measured while Ss looked at random geometric forms. Stimuli were constructed to represent increasing levels of complexity. In both experiments, the relationship between level of stimulus complexity and viewing time was monotonic and increasing. The results are interpreted as supporting a meaning-processing model of visual exploration rather than theories concerning optimal levels of stimulation.
Personality Characteristics of Women in Intercollegiate Competition
Authors: Wendt Diane T. , Patterson Tom W.
Published: September 2011

21 women participating in team sports were compared with 21 women involved in individual sports on the 15 personality measures of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. No significant differences were found. Crucial variables to consider in the design of like studies are discussed.
Note on Experimental Set and Word Recognition
Authors: Winnick Wilma A.
Published: September 2011

Two methods for studying the effect of experimental set on word recognition were contrasted. After study of a set of incomplete sentences, thresholds for words which would complete the sentences were not significantly lower than for inappropriate words. However, a significant difference was found between such words when study of incomplete sentences alternated with threshold determinations.
Effects of Training in Selective Attention on Perceptual Discrimination
Authors: Forsyth G. Alfred
Published: September 2011

Ss were given training in selective attention emphasizing specific physical dimensions of a stimulus domain of random polygons. Discrimination testing consisted of presenting a single form tachistoscopically, then presenting that form with another after an interstimulus interval of either 0 or 250 msec. S indicated which form had been shown alone. Discrimination problems were classified on the basis of initial utility of physical dimensions. Training emphasizing an initially medium-utility dimension produced a different pattern of results across discrimination problems under each interstimulus interval condition than training emphasizing a minimum-utility dimension. The results were related to Sperling's (1971) visual persistence and continuous processing hypothesis, the serial processing effects of selective attention (Egeth, 1967), and to the abstraction and filtering components of selective attention (Gibson, 1969).
Factor Analysis of the Gordon Test of Visual Imagery Control
Authors: Ashton R. , White K.
Published: September 2011

Gordon's Test of Visual Imagery Control was administered to 1562 Ss and, when the responses were factored, this test did not have a simple factorial structure. Thus, it cannot be assumed that S's score on the test represents a simple measure of a unimodal cognitive ability of imagery control.
Effect of Marihuana on the Psychological Refractory Period
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Shea Richard , Burns Marcelline
Published: September 2011

Reaction times to an auditory stimulus (RT1) and a subsequent visual stimulus (RT2) were measured for 12 Ss under three levels of smoked marihuana. Marihuana impaired responses; effect was larger on RT2 than on RT1. However, delays of RT2 are longer than would be predicted in terms of the psychological refractory period.
Sleep as an Adaptive Response
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that sleep is adaptive non-responding and that the sleep characteristics of particular species reflect the adaptive requirements for non-responding in the ecological niche of species. The ecological conditions which would modify sleep length, intermittency, and diurnal placement are discussed. Sleep is viewed as a form of instinctive behavior rather than a nutritional or need satisfying state.
Variability of Stutterers' Speech Disfluency: The Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Silverman Ellen-Marie , Zimmer Catherine H. , Silverman Franklin H.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to begin to explore the possibility that women who stutter may produce more speech disfluencies at premenstruation (when anxiety level has been reported highest) than at ovulation (when anxiety level has been reported lowest). Four speech samples were collected from each of 4 Ss, one at ovulation and one at premenstruation for two consecutive cycles. All four Ss produced more disfluencies premenstrually. The finding is consistent with the hypothesis that level of speech disfluency is positively related to level of anxiety in stutterers.
Subjective Contour: Apparent Depth or Simultaneous Brightness Contrast?
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Gallagher M. Brooks
Published: September 2011

The perceptibility of subjective contour in a two-dimensional configuration is shown to vary systematically with the magnitude of simultaneous brightness contrast. Since prior work had suggested depth cues as the basis for subjective contour, depth cues were maintained in all configurations. However, depth cues failed to sustain the perception of subjective contour with a reduction in simultaneous brightness contrast.
Primary Affective Disorder: Bender-Gestalt Sequence of Placement as an Indicator of Impulse Control
Authors: Donnelly Edward F. , Murphy Dennis L.
Published: September 2011

The Bender-Gestalt protocols of 37 bipolar (depression plus mania) and 30 unipolar (depression alone) Ss hospitalized for depression were compared for sequential patterns of placement on the test paper. Of 11 Ss with an itregular sequence and 11 Ss with an overly methodical sequence, 9 were subsequently identified as bipolar and 10 as unipolar, respectively. When these two groups with contrasting sequences were compared on the Ma and Pt scales of the MMPI, the bipolar group had significantly higher scores than the unipolar group on the Ma scale and significantly lower scores on the Pt scale. These results suggest that irregular sequence of placement and lack of impulse control are more characteristic of bipolar depression and overly methodical sequence and impulse control are more characteristic of unipolar depression.
Comparison of Males' and Females' Estimates of Transition Probability in Speech
Authors: Schiavetti Nicholas , Burke John P.
Published: September 2011

Transition probability estimates yielded by male and by female guessers were highly correlated under various experimental conditions.
Reversal of Expected Transfer as a Function of Increased Age
Authors: Goldstein Steven G. , Braun Lisa S.
Published: September 2011

Anatomical studies have demonstrated a differential rate of neural tissue deterioration as a function of increased age. Speed of performance on simple and complex bilateral motor tasks should thus diminish as well as the differential between hands which would represent transfer. Two such tasks were employed on a sample of 209 Ss grouped by age. Results indicated not only the predicted reduction in speed with increased age but also a deterioration, and, in the oldest group (70 and older) reversal of the transfer phenomena. Inferring of a more rapid degeneration of interhemispheric connective fibres than of the cortical hemispheres themselves cannot be justified from these data although they do suggest further study.
Preference of Complexity as a Function of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Amplitude of Orienting Response
Authors: Bartol Curt R. , Martin Randall B.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated personality variables of extraversion, neuroticism, magnitude of orienting response, and their relationship to stimulation preference using a continuous variable of complexity under diversive exploratory conditions. Ss were asked to rank-order preferences for polygons differing in degrees of complexity. Data indicated extraverts preferred more complexity than introverts; there was a trend for low orienters to prefer more complexity than high orienters. Neuroticism was not a significant factor. The relationships between magnitude and habituation of orienting response and extraversion and neuroticism are discussed.
Relationship between Creativity, Sex, and Rule-Orientation Behavior
Authors: Phillips Victor K. , Hudgins Anne L.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated how levels of rule-orientation behavior and sex relate to creative functioning. Thirty male and 30 female undergraduates were given the Arrow-Dot task in order to derive high and low levels of three rule-orientations: rule-governed, rule-violation, and rule-overconformity. Ss were also administered the Circles task in order to obtain indexes of originality and elaboration. Six 2 × 2 factorial analyses of variance, with originality and elaboration as dependent variables, sex and level of rule-orientation behavior as independent variables provided tests of three hypotheses: (1) females high in rule-governed behavior will be more creative than males high in rule-governed behavior, (2) females high in rule-violation behavior will manifest less creative ability than males high in rule-violation behavior, and (3) females showing high rule-overconformity behavior will be more creative than males high in rule-oversubscription. Statistically, the first hypothesis was partially confirmed as reflected in the main effects for rule-governed levels. Other hypotheses were not supported.
Adaptation to Displaced Vision: Role of Proprioception
Authors: Lackner James R.
Published: September 2011

24 Ss denied sight of their hands during exposure to visual displacement induced by prism spectacles showed compensatory aftereffects if and only if a discordance between the visual and proprioceptive directions of targets existed during the exposure period.
Perception of Role of the President: A Nine-Year Follow up
Authors: Morrow Gary R. , Merenda Peter F. , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to 31 Ss matched for age and sex to a prior sample under the instructions to select those words which they felt described the kind of person the President of the United States should be. Comparing the significant resulting cluster with one discovered 9 yr. previously showed that there has been slight change in the stereotyped perception of the Ideal President in that the new ideal is generally less opinionated and decisive as well as more receptive and appreciative of another person's point of view than was previously found.
Simple Reaction Time as a Function of Alertness and Prior Mental Activity
Authors: Appelle Stuart , Oswald Lawrence E.
Published: September 2011

Simple reaction time to light onset was measured before and after 20-min. periods of differing mental activity. Ss either “rested” during this period, sorted 9-digit printed figures into numerical order, or practiced a previously learned meditation technique. Mean reaction times were significantly different following the rest condition and sorting task, but meditators showed no change in reaction time after meditation. However, their scores were significantly faster than those of the other groups, and within- S variance decreased significantly after meditation. The results are discussed in terms of the relationship between reaction time and alertness. The need for additional experimentation is cited, and particular studies are suggested in this regard.
Bibliography Related to Use of Instrumental Aids in Stuttering Therapy: Supplement 2
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Trotter William D.
Published: September 2011

This 41-item supplement to our bibliography ( Percept. mot. Skills, 1973, 36, 247–251) includes published and unpublished research reports and theoretical papers concerned with the influence of masking noise and rhythmic stimulation on stuttering.
Menstrual Cycle and Contraceptive Hormonal Effects on Temporal Discrimination
Authors: Wong Stephen , Tong John E.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of normal females, one group receiving synthetic oestrogen and progestogen preparations, were tested for the discrimination of temporally paired flashes on 5 occasions corresponding to standard points on the menstrual cycle. The discrimination scores were subjected to a signal-detection analysis. The results indicated lower sensory sensitivity scores for the medicated group which also failed to show the cyclical changes evidenced by the nonmedicated Ss. It is suggested that the cyclical changes paralleled the hypothetical changes in endogenous oestrogen and progesterone secretion which are nullified by the synthetic hormones.
Specific and General Set in Tachistoscopic Perception of Alphanumeric Characters
Authors: Riley Terry M.
Published: September 2011

A partial report technique was used to test for the effects of both immediate (specific) and lasting (general) set on briefly presented visual stimuli. In the specific set, accuracy of report was better when a cue indicating the to-be-reported attribute was presented before than when it was presented either simultaneously with, or after the stimulus array—with no differences between the latter two conditions. Within the conditions where the cue either immediately preceded or immediately followed the stimulus array, no effects of delay between cue and stimulus array were found. While general set was effective in improving performance, there was no general × specific interaction, which suggests that the influence of one set operates independently of the other. The implication drawn is that the effects of general and specific sets operate on different memories.
Recall of Related and Unrelated Word Pairs: Test of Single-Continuum Theory of Memory
Authors: Epstein Michael L. , Ward Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

79 Ss processed semantically related and unrelated pairs of once-exposed concrete nouns, finding either a similarity or difference in the meanings of the paired items. Ss' recall of the second item of each pair when cued with the first was significantly influenced by both pair relationship and the processing task. The findings are interpreted within the framework of Craik and Lockhart's (1972) “level of processing” analysis of memory.
Stimulus Familiarity and Alley Illumination as Determinants of Approach Response Latencies of House Crickets
Authors: Harrison Albert A. , Fisicaro Sebastiano A.
Published: September 2011

To examine the effects of stimulus familiarity on the odor preferences of insects, crickets were lodged in bins permeated with either cherry extract or oil of camphor. After approximately 3 and 9 days of such exposure, Ss were placed in an alley in which a rag doused with either the familiar or novel substance was present in the goal area. Half the Ss were tested under conditions of low illumination, and half under conditions of high illumination. Ss more rapidly approached the familiar stimulus, but this effect was largely due to the performance of crickets in. one of the two exposure conditions. An interaction indicated that exposure to the cherry extract increased its relative attractiveness, while exposure to the oil of camphor decreased its relative unattractiveness. Latencies were shorter under conditions of high than low illumination. A simple incentive model was used to account for the co-effects of familiarity and illumination.
Induced Lateral Eye-Movements and Creative and Intellectual Performance
Authors: Hines Dwight , Martindale Colin
Published: September 2011

Three experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that induced lateral eye-movements would differentially affect performance on creativity, spatial relations, and abstraction tasks Eye-movements were induced by having Ss take tests while wearing taped goggles. Partial confirmation of the hypothesis was obtained for male Ss only. In one study induced left-looking enhanced performance on a creativity test and in another, on a spatial relations task.
Note on Methodology in Comparative Behavioral Analysis: Systematic Variation vs Control by Equation
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

In the search for methodologies that yield meaningful interspecies performance differences over the greatest taxonomic range, serial discrimination reversal has demonstrated the greatest promise. However, interpretation of the obtained differences in performance is complicated by a possible mismatching of procedural variables, such as motivational or incentive levels, across species. In short, differences in performance across species may merely reflect unequal motivation, incentive, and the like, and not some more basic organismic, phyletic or taxonomic variable. Two alternative solutions to this methodological dilemma, systematic variation and control by equation, are discussed in view of recent research. Evidence supporting control by equation is presented. The necessity for taxonomic calibration of procedural variables is illustrated.
Effects of Recall Order, Cue Placement, and Retention Interval on Short-Term Memory of Normal and Retarded Children
Authors: Brown R. Michael
Published: September 2011

2 experiments investigated organizational strategies in the short-term memory of MA matched normal and retarded children. Sequences of digits were presented auditorily for immediate and delayed recall (0, 6, and 12 sec.). During Exp. I the retention intervals were silent, and during Exp. II they were filled. Recall was either in order of presentation (forward) or in reverse order (backward). Recall order was determined by a signal that either preceded (cue-before) or followed (cue-after) each digit string. As predicted, both normals and retardates recalled fewer items correctly under conditions assumed to require more efficient organization of information (the backward and cue-after conditions). Recall order interacted significantly with serial position, indicating no primacy effect for backward recall by normal and retarded Ss. Developmental differences in rehearsal efficiency were discussed.
Influences of Age and Task's Memory-Demand on Matching Shapes within and across Vision and Touch
Authors: Davidson Philip W. , Cambardella Pamela , Stenerson Sylvia , Carney Gail
Published: September 2011

Matching of three-dimensional shapes within and across vision and touch was studied in 8- and 11-yr.-old children while the task's memory-demand was varied by changing the number of stimuli contained in comparison arrays. All matching groups showed a gradual improvement with age and decrements with increasing memory-demand of the task were more pronounced in all conditions involving a haptic component. In addition, matching from touch to vision was more affected by low demand for memory on the task than other modality conditions but greater demands influenced all haptic conditions similarly. The results were attributed to deficits in haptic retention perhaps stemming from both poor gathering, transformation, and storage of tactual information.
Effect of Patterned Surfaces on Infant's Crawling to Mother
Authors: Fouts Gregory T.
Published: September 2011

12 infants were placed on each of 6 stimuli which varied in complexity. Ss tended to delay their approach to mother when placed on complexly patterned stimuli, and they returned significantly less often to the complex stimuli after approaching mother. The results were interpreted in terms of perceptual exploratory behaviors interfering with crawling.
Elimination of Retinal Disparity Cue in the Howard-Dolman Apparatus
Authors: Rico Nicholas L. , Woodruff Burrton , Stephenson Mary
Published: September 2011

When the Howard-Dolman apparatus is turned on its side the binocular cue of retinal disparity is not present. 13 Ss made 5 settings for each of four conditions—monocular and binocular vision for apparatus both upright and horizontal. Ss' mean setting of when the rods were side by side is less accurate with monocular vision and with binocular vision using the horizontal apparatus than with binocular vision using the upright apparatus.
Some Observations on the Auditory Staircase Illusion
Authors: Rostron Andrew B.
Published: September 2011

The breakdown of Shepard's auditory staircase illusion at high presentation rates was examined. Two alternative hypotheses were advanced to explain this lack of illusory effect under these conditions: sheer speed of presentation of the stimulus items may have prevented the illusion developing or, the continual rapid presentation of a set of stimulus items within a sufficiently short period might have enabled any given stimulus set to be perceived as a Gestalt. Some experimental support was obtained for the latter repetition hypothesis for 24 Ss in 3 conditions.
Relative Efficacy of Pictures and Words in Eliciting Sense-Impression Responses
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

30 nouns representing science-related concepts were presented to 60 Ss in each of three grades (2, 7, and 12) in 5 different verbal and/or pictorial conditions: (1) word only, (2) picture only, (3) word-picture, (4) color-picture, (5) color-picture-word. The expected hierarchy of sense-impression responses was found but only two homogeneous subsets, Conditions 5, 4, and 3 and Conditions 1 and 2 were determined. The greater the input information, the higher was the proportion of sense impressions. A curvilinear relation with increase from Grade 2 to Grade 7 and decrease from 7 to 12 was interpreted as an increase in use of connotation by 12th grade Ss. Grade-by-mode interaction showed that the expected hierarchy was most apparent at Grade 2. When 30 nouns were ranked by responses in sensory categories, 18 nouns found in nature evoked higher proportions than 12 artificial objects.
Comparison of Two Objective Scoring Systems for the TAT
Authors: Fogelgren Linda A.
Published: September 2011

8 male and 8 female undergraduate students furnished written stories to Card 2 and Card 14 of the TAT. Each story was scored for n Ach first using McClelland's system (1953) and secondly utilizing Kiefer's (1952) method, which was devised for cross-cultural comparisons. Analysis of Ss' stories showed significant correlations ranging from .32 to .56 for these two scoring systems. These findings were interpreted in the light of the intention of the different scoring systems. McClelland's method appears best suited to determine the strength of a particular need while Kiefer's system indicates the direction and diversity of the needs.
Word Position and Grammatical Function in Relation to Preschoolers' Speech Disfluency
Authors: Silverman Ellen-Marie
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous speech samples were tape-recorded from 10 4-yr.-old nonstutterers in their nursery school classroom and in an interview situation. The samples were analyzed to determine whether the children tended to be disfluent on initial words of utterances and on pronouns and conjunctions. The tendency for beginning stutterers to stutter on such words is considered part of the symptomatology of Phase I, or beginning, stuttering. The children in this study demonstrated a statistically significant tendency in both situations to be disfluent on these words. Thus, the tendency to produce speech interruptions at the beginning of utterances and on pronouns and conjunctions appears to be a characteristic of young children's speech production rather than an aspect of the symptomatology of beginning stuttering.
Evidence for a Spatial Gradient of Avoidance Behavior in Humans
Authors: Udin Harry , Olswanger Gary , Vogler Roger E.
Published: September 2011

The functional relationship between human avoidance behavior and spatial proximity of a fear stimulus was studied by allowing 4 adults to control the approach of a fear stimulus. The probability of avoidance behavior, defined as stopping the approach of the fear stimulus, increased as the distance between Ss and the fear stimulus decreased. These results suggest that a gradient model may be an adequate conceptual framework for some human avoidance behavior.
Body Movement and Verbal Encoding in the Congenitally Blind
Authors: Blass Thomas , Freedman Norbert , Steingart Irving
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to examine the prevalence of object- and body-focused hand movements of the congenitally blind individuals engaged in an encoding task and to determine the relation of these movements to verbal performance. Ten Ss participated in a 5-min. videotaped monologue. The video portion was coded for hand movements using Freedman's categories of analysis. The audio portion was scored for grammatical complexity according to a system developed by Steingart and Freedman. It was found that: (1) Blind Ss engaged only in body-focused movements; object-focused movements were almost completely absent. (2) Blind Ss displayed significantly greater amounts of body-focused (primarily finger-to-hand) movements than a group of sighted Ss observed in a previous study. (3) There was a correlation of .51 between finger-to-hand movements and verbal fluency and a correlation of –.53 between body-touching and verbal fluency. (4) Ss with a prevalence of finger-to-hand movements showed significantly greater language skill at encoding complex sentences which portray descriptions of patterned, interrelationships among experiences, while Ss with a predominance of continuous body touching gave a less skillful language product in this regard. The findings indicate the central role of motor activity in ongoing thought construction. They also indicate that for the blind, finger-to-hand motions contribute to the evocation of sensory experiences as a necessary pre-condition for linguistic representation.