bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delusional Perception and Delusional Notion Linked to a Perception
Authors: Koehler Karl
Published: February 2010

It is a neglected psychopathological fact that Schneider clearly differentiated the delusional notion linked to a perception (‘wahrnehmungsgebundener Wahneinfall’) from the delusional perception (‘Wahnwahrnehmung’). When this distinction is not taken into account, it is very likely that the probability of a false positive rating for the delusional perception is increased. A possible practical aid to help operationalize the differential ‘diagnosis’ between these two symptoms is offered. The section on ‘delusional’ phenomena in Wing’s present-state examination is then discussed in the light of these distinctions.
Late Suicide in Former Mental Patients
Authors: Ciompi Luc
Published: February 2010

Results from the long-term follow-up studies ‘The Enquête of Lausanne’ are presented, concerning the incidence of suicide in old age of former mental patients. Among 1,891 studied deaths, 107 (5.6 %) known suicides occurred; the suicide rate for all diagnostic groups, except mental retardation (only females), being considerably higher than in the general Swiss population of the same age, especially for depressions, alcoholism, neurotic and psychopathic personality disorders.
Structural Analysis of the Motivation-Evaluating Rating Scale for Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Levita Z. , Maller O.
Published: February 2010

There is an attempt to structurate a general framework of motivations according to the motivation-evaluating rating scale. The purpose is to achieve visual diagnostic models in a first instance for chronic schizophrenics, secondly for different groups of patients. The analysis is done by using the approach of Guttman, and endeavours to supply a psychodynamical explanation of the different motivational levels.
Experimental Contribution to the Evaluation of the Suicidal Risk of Depressive Patients
Authors: Sonneck G. , Grünberger J. , Ringel E.
Published: February 2010

In view of the high incidence of depressions among suicide actions (30–50 %) and the high frequency of various types of depressions in the whole population (5–15 %), it was attempted to compare depressives with and depressives without suicidal thoughts and also patients after a suicide attempt, in order to identify the risk- or crisis-patient clinically and psychometrically. This risk-patient is characterized by depression, dysphoria, excitability and inhibition (FPI), restlessness, hopelessness, anxiety and irritability as well as a tendency to dissimulate. This syndrome was named ‘vital instability’. The environment can easily be the trigger or motive for a suicidal act in this disorder. This work shows that it is experimentally possible to accentuate this group by psycho-diagnostic means. A characterization by the circumstances and social parameters can be found; how far this is representative will have to be verified by further and more extensive examinations by means of the same methods.
Death Anxiety in Normal Children and Adolescents
Authors: Koocher Gerald P. , O’Malley John E. , Foster Diana , Gogan Janis L.
Published: February 2010

Instruments devised to measure death anxiety, depression, and manifest anxiety in adults were administered to 75 junior high-school students, Ill senior high-school students, and 38 adults in an effort to determine the nature of any developmental differences among these groups. A number of significant differences were noted, with the senior high-school students showing greater anxiety, depression, and death anxiety than the other groups. These results are discussed in the context of tasks of adolescent development, and an item analysis of the death anxiety questionnaire is presented. Developmental differences in the origin of death anxiety are related to previous studies of death anxiety in adults.
Psychiatrische Krisenintervention – Umsetzung in psychiatrischen Einrichtungen
Authors: Häfner H.
Published: February 2010

Crisis intervention is one of the programmatic terms of psychiatry which are ment to initiate impulses of thinking and new orientations for acting. The term has two aspects: based on a comprehensive crisis theory, crisis intervention is understood as help in stressful life events which makes use of enlarged possibilities of reorientation and aims at preventing from chronification by supporting an adequate respondent behaviour. Against this broad concept of crisis intervention, which includes culturally institutionalized and other potentials of self-aid, we have the concept of psychiatric crisis intervention in a closer sense, which goes back to Querido. It comprises social crises in chronical disorders, attempted suicides and other psychiatric emergency cases up to the acute alcoholic delirium.
Psychiatrische Krisenintervention
Authors: Temkov I.
Published: February 2010

After describing the principles and structure of the psychiatric services in Bulgaria, the author goes in more detail into the organizational and administrative conditions of psychiatric crisis intervention. It is emphasized that the main basis for psychiatric crisis intervention must be the psychiatric out-patient service which includes and coordinates all service branches and works together with the non-psychiatric services. The author stresses two channels of information about crises: ‘passive’, when psychiatric services receive information from the family or non-psychiatric agencies associated with crisis interventions (e.g. general medical agencies, councelling centres, administrative authorities, etc.); ‘active’, if the dispensary itself collects information as e.g. by regular observation of registered patients, by psychiatric or general medical field investigations as may be carried out by the Prevention Department, etc.). A few ideas are also offered concerning the organization of a subsystem for crisis intervention within the entire psychiatric service delivery system.
Technik der Krisenintervention
Authors: Sonneck G. , Ringel E.
Published: February 2010

Based on the various principles of crisis intervention, a model of it is designed which divides it into four phases: (1) beginning of intervention (establishment of a relationship, assessment of the client’s condition, estimate of the gravity of the problem, and design of the plan of action along the lines of minimal difference); (2) actual intervention; (3) conclusion of the crisis intervention, and (4) follow-up. This system conveys a good insight into the activities of a crisis centre, and it can contribute to the difficult and up to now unsolved problem of how such institutions can be evaluated.
Gedanken zu den therapeutischen Möglichkeiten einer Technik der provozierten Krise
Authors: Ciompi Luc
Published: February 2010

The author demonstrates the therapeutic possibilities of a technique of ‘provoked crisis’ on the ground of theoretical models and practical examples. Such a technique seems mainly indicated in situations of chronified and stagnant equilibrium in individual patients, families or groups, which cannot be changed by stepwise proceedings.
Die Struktur schizophrenen Symbolgebrauchs
Authors: Peters U.H.
Published: February 2010

The structure of the use of symbols in schizophrenia is examined, based on a recorded text spoken by a 35-year-old schizophrenic teacher (female). At specific points in this text, symbolic usage can be determined. The structural analysis illustrates a schizophrenic alteration which exists in each case through the substitution of a secondary meaning for a primary one. This structure is present in all cases. (In addition, the text also contains a symbol stemming from folk tradition.) This structure is identical with the structure of linguistic alteration in schizophrenics as well as that of the structure of schizophrenic delusions. This present study concentrates on the formal analysis of the use of symbols and does not present a close analysis of the content.
Genitale Selbstbeschädigung bei Frauen
Authors: Ziolko H.U. , Hoffmann I.
Published: February 2010

Concerning the very rare phenomenon of female self-mutilation, some long-term observations of 2 young women are reported. In consequence of their frequent self-mutilation an exstirpation of their uterus had become necessary. Their pathodynamics under reference to the few analogic cases in the literature are outlined.
Primitive Group Treatment
Authors: Lemlij Moises
Published: February 2010

Although it has been known for many years that hallucinogenic drugs are used by witch doctors in the Peruvian jungles for therapeutic purposes, there have been no descriptions of their use. We studied one type of treatment carried out in groups of about 10 to 12 ‘patients’, where the healer makes a magical diagnosis and provides a potion, usually ayahuasca (active hallucinogenic agent: harmine) which is drunk by the witch doctor, his assistant and the patients. The groups meet once a week in the open air in the jungle, at dawn and for an average of 5 h. The patient attends the weekly sessions until he feels well enough to leave, and only then does he pay a voluntary fee. One of our main tasks was to study the group processes.
Migration, Ethnicity and Diagnosis
Authors: Littlewood Roland , Lipsedge Maurice
Published: February 2010

Various studies have demonstrated an increase in mental illness in black immigrants in Britain. A retrospective study of hospital records suggests that if the culturally atypical features of paranoid and religious flavour are taken into consideration, rates are then similar to those of the British-born. An interim report from an ongoing prospective study, using the Present State Examination and a Religious Interest Questionnaire, suggests that some of the black patients with diagnoses of schizophrenia might be more reasonably considered to have acute psychotic reactions or bouffées délirantes. The relative significance of culturally significant features as consitituting an entity or merely being pathoplastic is briefly discussed.
Über musikogene Epilepsie
Authors: Fujinawa A. , Kawai I.
Published: February 2010

A case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tune is presented. Nearly 70 cases of musicogenic epilepsy have been documented so far. The findings in these cases including those encountered by ourselves may be summarized as follows: Musicogenic epilepsy is more common among middle-aged persons. In an unexpectedly large proportion of cases the cause is unknown. Among the organic causes, head injury is of the highest incidence. It is quite unlikely that brain tumor is responsible. There is no dementia or mental retardation as in some forms of reflex epilepsy. The seizure is overwhelmingly of the psychomotor type. The EFG pattern often suggests temporal lobe epilepsy. There seems to be no cerebral dominance. Different kinds of music can be the inducer, ranging from those primarily intended to stimulate the sense to those appealing to affect. The activating mechanism of the condition still remains obscure. In the strict sense of the word, the condition cannot be termed reflex epilepsy.
An Exploratory Experimental Study of the Influence of Patients’ Social Background upon Diagnostic Process and Outcome
Authors: Fielding Guy , Evered Chris
Published: February 2010

An experimental study of the diagnostic process investigated the influence of a patient’s perceived social characteristics upon use of the psychosomatic diagnostic category. S’s heard recordings of a diagnostic interview in which an ambiguous medical problem was presented. The perceived social characteristics of the patient were manipulated using accent variations. Results showed that the diagnosis of the same presented problem varied as a function of the perceived SES of the patient, and was related to a variety of differences in stereotyped attributions of personality and interview behaviour. An explanation is offered in terms of the relation between a patient’s SES and the doctor’s uncertainty in his relationship with the patient, the psychosomatic diagnosis being used as a means of coping with this uncertainty.
Affective Disorder in Asian Immigrants
Authors: Hussain M.F. , Gomersall J.D.
Published: February 2010

Socio-cultural factors play a contributory role in presentation and symptomatology of affective illness. Cultural shock, communication barriers, fear of loss of racial identity, different child rearing attitudes and dietary restrictions may all contribute towards the manifestation of reactive depression. An understanding of the immigrant’s background will greatly help the therapist in management of his patient.
Conflicting Concepts of Mental Health in a Multi-Cultural Society
Authors: Kareem Jafar
Published: February 2010

The paper challenges the claim that psychotherapy or any other form of treatment based solely on western concepts of mental health is applicable to patients whose basic concepts of life are non-western. Illustrations from actual case histories are given to show that some concepts of ‘mental well-being’, as seen in the western world, are totally meaningless in some other cultures. It especially draws attention to situations existing in parts of the U.K., which have a high proportion of inhabitants originating from other parts of the world, especially the eastern world, and suggests that any treatment for patients from different cultural backgrounds must take into account such differences; the treatment must have meaning and relevance to patients, especially in emotional terms. The paper implies a new reorientation for western-trained professionals who may be engaged in treating patients from varied cultural backgrounds.
Quelques remarques sur le problème du bilinguisme en psychotérapie
Authors: Fadda S. , Müller C.
Published: February 2010

The authors have attempted an introductory study of problems which are inherent to psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis conducted in the second language of a bilingual therapist. This situation seems to be more complex than is usually admitted in current literature. The main problem encountered by the authors in their personal practice stems from the fact that the process of identification becomes complex when the therapist is confronted with regressive and/or progressive shifts in the course of the treatment.
Treatment of Raynaud’s Disease: Evaluation of a Behavioral Approach
Authors: Jacobson Alan M. , Silverberg Elizabeth , Hackett Thomas , Manschreck Theo
Published: February 2010

Eight patients with Raynaud’s disease were treated with a behavioral program which included skin temperature biofeedback, relaxation training and protocol individualization based on the investigators’ psychological understanding of each patient. Three patients improved clinically, although only one learned self-control of skin temperature. Anxiety reduction, brought about by relaxation or changes in the program to suit individual needs, appeared to be an important aspect of the treatment program.
Relationship between Presumed Etiological Factors and Clinical Picture in 100 Schizophrenic Males
Authors: Sigal M.
Published: February 2010

The schizophrenic syndrome, in one form or another is a result of combinations of genetic, organic and psychosocial factors. 100 schizophrenic males were studied and etiological factors such as schizophrenia or affective illness in direct relatives, brain damage or temporal lobe epilepsy, an over-protective parent or latent homosexuality were isolated. The findings show a relationship between these etiological factors and the clinical picture and course and an attempt is made to use the etiological factor in classifying schizophrenia.
EEG-Veränderungen unter langjähriger Lithiumbehandlung
Authors: Czernik Adelheid
Published: February 2010

The effect of longstanding therapy using lithium salts compared to other psychotropic drugs in combination with lithium salts or other psychotropic drugs alone, on the human EEG is examined and compared with the literature. We found in our sample of 56 patients under lithium therapy: (1) that lithium salts – like other psychotropic drugs – evoke a significant increase in paroxysmal dysrhythmic activity and EEG abnormalities collectively; (2) that lithium salts cause an increase in rhythmical patterns and abnormalities in vigilance; and that (3) the combination of lithium salts with other psychotropic drugs leads to a significant augmentation of focal abnormalities of the left brain area and epileptic potentials, while EEG recordings without abnormalities are significantly diminished under this therapy. It results from this investigation that the risk for central decompensation in relation to the individual disposition seems to be especially high for the combination therapy.
Sleep Deprivation and Circadian Rhythm in Depression
Authors: Rudolf G.A.E. , Tölle R.
Published: February 2010

The effect of total sleep deprivation for one night on the depressive state (measured using the depression rating scale of Bojanovsky and Chloupkova) and the patients’ actual state of well being (measured using the self-rating scale of von Zerssen) is investigated in a group of 40 randomly selected inpatient depressives (29 endogenous depressives, 11 neurotic depressives) over a period of 36 h. The endogenous depressives exhibited a statistically significant change. The total index of the depression scale improved by 22.6%, recorded as a ‘daily mean difference’. The individual symptoms of depressive mood, lack of interest, inhibition and inappetence were significantly improved. The feature of vital disorders and its common appearance with diurnal variations correlates positively with the degree of sleep deprivation effect. The symptomatology of the neurotic depressive patients also showed a significant improvement but the relatively small group of particularly severe neurotic depressives who also exhibited vital disorders is not representative. In a group of cases, sleep deprivation caused reversion in the depressive symptomatology not only during the night of deprivation but influenced the diurnal rhythm of the depressive symptomatology on the following day, in a therapeutically favourable direction. The results are compared with those of other studies. The methodological problems are discussed and methodological improvements for further investigation are proposed.
Electroencephalogram with Sphenoidal Needles in Sleepwalkers
Authors: Halbreich Uriel , Assael Marcel
Published: February 2010

The etiology of sleepwalking is controversial, the theory that sleepwalking is an epilepsy-like symptom is mostly discounted. Electroencephalogram records, obtained by using sphenoidal needles, are presented as a useful technique and aid to etiological and topical diagnosis. A temporal focus of waves of 4–6 cps was recorded which was not found in the routine EEG procedures. The question is thus raised as to whether sleepwalking may be a result of a paroxysmal disorder in the temporal lobe.
The Diagnostic Potential of Rheoencephalography in Psychiatry
Authors: Dixon L.M. , Doust Lovett
Published: February 2010

A 3 electrode monopolar rheoencephalograph was employed to produce a 15 min record of electrical impedance plethysmographic pulse-volume waves in 139 healthy subjects and 782 patients belonging to 15 psychiatric syndromes. Parameters of amplitude, percent rise time and average inflow angle were hand-measured and their means obtained for 30 waveforms throughout each record. Results obtained depended significantly upon chronological age and in some cases on gender. Mental health was found clearly distinguishable from psychiatric disability, but psychiatric syndromes could not be differentiated from one another. A low percent rise time coupled with a high average inflow angle were typical of youth and mental health.
Zur Phänomenologie und Psychodynamik der Aufwachphase von Suicidpatienten
Authors: Götze P. , Reimer Ch. , Dahme B.
Published: February 2010

In the following paper is given a first survey of the phenomenology and psychosomatics of the period of awakening of patients having attempted suicide. The findings of the first period were compared to those elicited one or two days later with the same methods but under different somato-psychic circumstances. We found that soon after awakening patients gain some distance from events connected with their suicide. From this observation it is concluded that therapeutic intervention with these patients should begin right during the awakening period.
Probleme der Klassifizierung psychopathologischer Auffälligkeiten nach Herzoperationen mit extrakorporaler Zirkulation
Authors: Speidel H. , Dahme B. , Flemming B. , Götze P. , Huse-Kleinstoll G. , Meffert H.-J. , Rodewald G.
Published: February 2010

Classifications of postoperative psychopathological disorders after heart surgery according to the literature are very different as the results are dependent upon the accuracy of the observation. The accuracy and choice of classification are important as the base for identifying causal factors. We studied 214 patients using three alternative methods of classification and discuss problems of classification of the postoperative psychopathological dysfunctions.
Diagnosen eines psychiatrischen Fallregisters
Authors: Jakubaschk J. , Hurry J.
Published: February 2010

This study examines the stability of psychiatric diagnosis over a five-year period and its agreement with the diagnosis of a case register. The stability of diagnosis over a period of time has two component parts: the course of the morbid process and the reliability of the diagnostic technique. We studied the importance of these components as far as the cause of disagreement was concerned. In the present study we calculate and discuss trends in diagnostic changes, the discrepancy of instability in different diagnostic categories and factors which may possibly indicate instability of psychiatric diagnosis.
Looking Differences in Relation to Examiner’s Attitude in Paranoid Patients and Normal Controls
Authors: Perissaki C. , Rabavilas A.D. , Stefanis C.
Published: February 2010

The differences in amount and pattern of looking during interviews of 20 male paranoid patients and 20 normal controls are investigated in relation to a female examiner’s change of attitude, as indicated by change in the tone of her voice, by means of a cross-over design. The results indicate that paranoids do not follow the ‘decreased looking’ model suggested for schizophrenics in other studies. Patients show a significant order effect, a higher overall amount of looking and a quite opposite pattern of looking across interviews as compared to controls. It is suggested that patients may have difficulties in regulating their visual behaviour according to examiner’s attitude, resulting to a ‘stereotyped’ pattern of looking. These findings are discussed with particular reference to visual information processing.
Der Genesene und seine Psychose
Authors: Ronge J.
Published: February 2010

Patients in complete or partial remission were shown a videotape of their acute psychotic illness, if possible in the presence of one of their relatives. The tape was then discussed with the patients and their relatives. The videotape and the discussion were recorded again, thus allowing for an analysis of verbal and nonverbal reactions and attitudes of the participants. The psychologically unique situation of direct confrontation with the acute psychotic state enables certain problems in this area to be more closely examined and indirectly highlights possibilities of different therapeutic approaches. The investigations will be continued.
Über die Bedeutung depressiver Zustände bei Adipösen
Authors: Nutzinger D.O.
Published: February 2010

This study concerns frequency and meaning of depressive conditions in obese patients. The examination was carried out with two groups of 39 obese subjects, 30 women and 9 men. The patients with depressive symptoms differed highly significantly from those without depressive symptoms in relation to the age of the beginning of their overweight. They became overweighted preponderantly as adults, striking frequently in correlation with the situations of emotional stress. This would support the hypothesis of this study, that depressive states as an organism variable in this group of patients has essential influence as well for the onset as for the maintenance of the overweight.
Pathologische Labilität venöser Nüchternblutzucker-Regulation in psychotischen Erkrankungen
Authors: Klempel K. , Bleeker H.E.
Published: February 2010

The lability of peripheral venous postabsorptive blood sugar regulation was investigated in 98 patients suffering from floridly psychotic diseases (45 somatically based psychoses, 27 endogenous/involutional depressions, and 26 schizophrenic psychoses). In total, 259 times, in 30-sec intervals, 10 fasting blood sugar values each were determined (so-called ‘Anderson curves’). The maximal normal range of 36 mg% of spontaneous blood sugar oscillations in normal probands was exceeded in 17% of depressive, in 15% of schizophrenic, and in 12% of somatically based psychoses. The frequency and probability of appearance of pathological Anderson curves proved independent of any clinical-psychiatric diagnosis, and only significantly correlated with the criterion ‘psychotically ill’. Discussed are primary central deviations from nominal gluco-sensitive regulatory ‘tone’ as postulated cause of pathological lability of venous blood sugar homeostasis resulting. Besides additional, pre-known glucose-metabolic derangements accompanying certain neuro-psychiatric syndromes, pathological Anderson curves in psychotic illness are looked at as unspecific functional deviations involving bipolar-adrenergic dysbalances.
Clinical Significance of Sodium-Dependent Lithium Transport in Affective Psychoses
Authors: Szentistványi I. , Janka Z. , Szilárd J.
Published: February 2010

The steady state red blood cell/plasma lithium (Li) ratios were determined simultaneously with the in vitro rates of sodium-dependent Li transport of erythrocytes during prophylactic Li therapy in 30 unipolar, 52 bipolar forms of manic-depressive patients and in 58 nonmanic-depressive psychiatric patients as a control group. A reciprocal correlation was found between the Li ratios and the values of Na-dependent Li transport. These transport rates were in positive correlation with the steady state Li contents of red blood cells and that of the plasma. Significant differences were revealed between the different nosologic subgroups in the respect of in vitro rates of Na-dependent Li countertransport. Results are discussed in the light of clinical and pharmacogenetic aspects.
Choice of Symptoms in a Multi-Aspects Classification Model Applied to Depressed Patients
Authors: Eisemann Martin , Jacobsson Lars , von Knorring Lars , Perris Carlo , Perris Hjördis
Published: February 2010

A multi-aspects classification model (MACM) has been developed and presented in detail elsewhere. However, it is not clear which symptoms are best used to characterize the patient. The present investigation tried to answer four questions. Are the most severe symptoms most frequently used to characterize the patient? Are there severe symptoms which are not used? Are mild symptoms frequently used to characterize the patient? Are syndromatic stereotypes frequently used to characterize the patient? 50 consecutive admissions (15 males) with depression were rated on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale and these ratings were compared with the symptoms used by the senior ward psychiatrists to characterize the patient. No indication was found that doctors use only the most severe symptoms; nor did they seem to use only diagnostic stereotypes based on theory.
Psychiatric Diagnosis on Acute Admission Related to Prevailing Weather Conditions
Authors: Large Wendy A. , Johnson F.N.
Published: February 2010

Psychiatric diagnosis on acute admission in a large psychiatric hospital was examined in relation to the weather conditions prevailing at the time of admission. This was done by a retrospective search of patients’ records over a 13-month period. A clear relationship was found between wind direction and admissions in a number of diagnostic categories, and similar, though less dramatic, relationships were noted between admission categories and rainfall, prevailing temperature, and sunshine duration.
Emotional Psychotic Reactions Induced by Aphasia
Authors: Mapelli Giorgio , Pavoni Mario , Ramelli Emilio
Published: February 2010

A systematic study of the emotional and psychotic reactions induced by aphasia was conducted on 63 aphasic patients. ‘Indifference reaction’ was found in 19 cases and ‘depressive reaction’ in 36 cases. In 3 aphasics, we observed ‘Goldstein’s catastrophic reaction’ and in 3 other patients, a state of ‘euphoric unrestrained excitement’. Finally, in 2 aphasics ‘psychotic reaction’ was found, characterized by a state of psychomotor catatonic excitement. The hypothesis is advanced that the catatonic phenomenology of these subjects may be interpreted as ‘Bonhoeffer’s acute exogenous reaction’ with catatonic symptoms.
A Comparative Study of Salivation in Affective Disorders
Authors: Amin M. , Khan P. , Lehmann H.E.
Published: February 2010

In two 4-week studies comparing the salivation of neurotic and endogenous patients, they were found to have reduced salivation in comparison to a control group, but no statistically significant differences were noted between the neurotic and endogenous patients or when the two groups were compared with normal subjects. There was a statistically significant correlation between parotid salivation and sleep disturbance factor scores of the HAM-D in neurotic patients indicating greater sleep disturbance to be associated with higher salivation rates.
Beeinflussung schizophrener Erkrankungen durch eine neuroleptische Intensivbehandlung und der weitere Verlauf nach Absetzen jeder neuroleptischen Medikation
Authors: Steiner S.
Published: February 2010

Since 1976 a group of 229 patients with schizophrenic or other paranoid illnesses (9 patients) were treated for about 14 weeks with intramuscular or intravenous injections of fluphenazinedecanoate. During the first 2 weeks, three injections of 250 mg were given after which time the injections were given at three weekly intervals with slowly decreasing dosage. The patients also received tablets of procyclidine and 100–150 mg of amitriptyline per os. After the initial intensive phase the patients received an average of 145 mg i.m. every 3 weeks. A total of 209 patients could be followed up. Of those, 127 had for various reasons not continued with oral medication. The course of their illnesses was compared with that of the patients who had complied. The present report which represents a 3-year follow-up study confirms the findings of an earlier paper which showed the rapid onset and stability of remission, the absence of relapses among the patients who were under continued treatment, and the relative freedom from relapses among the patients who did not continue to have further neuroleptic medication. The anticipation that the initial high-dosage medication would have deleterious effects on the personality, producing robots or zombies, was shown to be groundless.
Das Verlaufsbild langjähriger Behandlungen mit Fluphenazindekanoat (Dapotum D)
Authors: Deiser Roland , Schindler Raoul
Published: February 2010

After 10 years experience with Dapotum D the statistically elaborated studies of catamnesis deal with 76 patients with more than 5 years permanent adjustment. The objective and subjective tolerance is compared (1) with patients with continuous ambulatory adjustment up to now; (2) patients with continuous in-patient adjustments, and (3) patients who withdrew Dapotum D or changed the medicaments after 5 or more years of permanent adjustment. The study shows a significant stabilization of the clinical picture and a surprisingly good permanent compatibility. This compatibility explains itself by the reduction of objective side effects in comparison with the phase of adjustment; the simultaneous habituation to slight extrapyramidal phenomena effects a very high degree of subjective contentment (90% of the patients). This may be supported by the fact that complete withdrawal of such permanent medication causes, in 36.9% of the patients, late diskynesias with a tendency to slow remission; the latency of which binds doctor and patient, as indicated, to the successful therapy.
Das psychiatrische Krankenhaus in Umwandlung
Authors: Retterstøl Nils
Published: February 2010

The author reviews briefly the recent history of psychiatric hospitals, with particular reference to changes which have taken place in the Scandinavian countries. He also reviews the new expectations society has of psychiatric hospitals and of their role. He concludes that the psychiatric hospital has still an important role to play but that its organization and aims will have to change. He gives a number of guidelines for the changes and describes his own experience as director of two psychiatric hospitals in Norway which under his guidance underwent the transition from the old to their new function. The hospital here described in detail is called ‘Gaustad’, situated in Oslo. He outlines the planning procedure and the way the plans were implemented. Finally he asked each professional group working in the hospital as well as the patients to evaluate the changes. By and large, all groups seemed to welcome the new way of working. Finally staff and patients give opinions as to what functions should be expected of the hospital in the future and the author gives his own ideas. He feels the psychiatric hospitals will have to change, but they have to continue to play an important and, in some ways, unique role.
Beziehung des Wahns zum Selbstmordversuch und zum Selbstmord
Authors: Mitterauer Bernhard
Published: February 2010

This article is a contribution to the psychopathology of communication. Using the communication model of orienting behavior the pathological phenomena of delusion, suicide attempt and suicide are dealt with in a communication-theoretical framework. On this basis, the relationship of delusion to suicide attempts and to suicides is examined. The results are that delusion and suicide attempt are subject to a communicative principle, whereas suicide is subject to an anticommunicative principle. Our numerous observations that the act of suicide leading to death is never carried out in a state of delusion are interpreted within the framework of the communication model presented here.
Versuch einer Klassifikation manisch-depressiver Krankheitsverläufe auf kommunikationspathologischer Grundlage
Authors: Mitterauer Bernhard
Published: February 2010

Delusion, attempted suicide and suicide are represented as phenomena of pathological communication by means of system theory. On this basis the longitudinal observation and treatment of 158 syntonically delusive manic depressives is reported and classified. Here five typical courses of illness can be formulated in terms of communication pathology. The consequences which follow directly from this seem to be of particular interest for therapeutic measures in social psychiatry.
Transcultural Aspects of Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Perris C. , Eisemann M. , Eriksson U. , Perris H. , Kemali D. , Amati A. , Del Vecchio M. , Vacca L.
Published: February 2010

The following is a presentation of the first results of a cross-cultural study of depressive symptomatology, within the framework of a larger research project which is still in progress. Southern Italian and northern Swedish depressed patients completed a self-rating scale for depression and were rated by the doctors using a subscale of the Comprehensive Psychological Rating Scale. In the doctors’ ratings Italian patients scored higher for variables referring to motor retardation and hypochondriasis, and Swedish patients for variables referring to inability to feel and agitation. These findings were in line with expectations. In contrast, in the self-ratings Swedish patients scored higher for the variables weight loss, tachycardia and agitation and Italian patients for hopelessness and loss of interest and dissatisfaction. This discrepancy between results in self-ratings and doctors’ ratings might reflect cultural differences either in the way patients in the two countries are able to express verbally their symptoms or in the way doctors from the two countries give weight to different symptoms. Taking the results of the two ratings together as a general measure of the severity of the depressive disorder, patients in the two places appeared to be quite alike. Since the two centers are engaged in comprehensive investigations of depressed patients, the last-mentioned finding suggests that the populations in the two centers are comparable as concerns severity.
A Study of Impulse Control in the Borderline Patient
Authors: Goldstein William N.
Published: February 2010

This study focuses on the ego function of impulse control in the borderline patient. An attempt is made to ascertain whether the borderline patient is characterized by an obvious defect in this area, and whether this defect can distinguish the borderline patient from other groups of patients. 94 schizophrenics, 34 borderline patients and 21 patients with character disorders admitted to the psychiatry service at a Veterans Administration hospital were compared. The conclusion was that there was an obvious defect in impulse control in the borderline group, quantitatively different from the character disorder group, and qualitatively different from the schizophrenic group.
Psychophysiology of the Reaction Time Experiment: A Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Lolas Fernando
Published: February 2010

A principal component factor analysis with varimax rotation was applied to behavioral and physiological data from a group of 25 subjects comprising normals and depressives, in whom event-related slow brain potentials were recorded during performance of a fixed foreperiod, reaction time task. Five of the seven factors thus evinced were labelled ‘activation’, ‘inhibition’, ‘resilience’, ‘depressivity-neuroticism’ and ‘extraversion’, the remaining two factors being related to arousal in an unspecified manner. Although no clear-cut partitioning of variance into trait, state and task-related components was achieved, the contention is advanced that measurement of these factors and their patterning might contribute to psychophysiological diagnosis, provided they are substantiated by further research.
Personality Factors Related to the Outcome of Treatment with Transcutaneous Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Johansson F. , Almay B.G.L. , von Knorring L.
Published: February 2010

Personality factors are known to influence the augmenting/reducing tendency in evoked potentials and also the results obtained from pain-relieving methods in chronic pain conditions. In this study 30 chronic pain patients treated with high frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation were evaluated by means of personality inventories and visual evoked potentials (VEP). The results indicate that the group for whom the treatment had a positive outcome had an augmenting tendency in VEP and also significantly differed as regards certain factors in the EPI (high values in the L scale) and the CMPS (high values in factors I, II, IX, X and index I, V) personality inventories.
Depressive Syndromes in Middle Age and Organic Brain Disease
Authors: Ladurner G. , Pieringer W. , Sager W.D.
Published: February 2010

41 patients with a depressive syndrome in middle age (mean age 55 years) were investigated. 19 of them had purely monopolar depressive syndromes without any organic features; 22 patients had a depressive syndrome associated with an organic brain disease (11 vascular, 11 primary degenerative disease). In all patients psychiatric and neurological investigations, a WAIS test, an EEG and a computer tomography were performed. The clinical findings were significantly different in both groups of depression but there was still a considerable overlap of symptoms. The EEG was inconclusive, the psychological test (WAIS) and the computer tomography showed the clearest separation between the organic and the nonorganic depressions leaving only 10% of inconclusive findings. Therefore, it may be concluded that the differential diagnosis of organic or nonorganic depressive syndrome in middle age cannot be made on the basis of one investigation on its own but on the combined results of clinical, functional, and morphological examinations.
Antidepressive Wirkung des partiellen Schlafentzuges während der 1. Hälfte der Nacht
Authors: Goetze U. , Tölle R.
Published: February 2010

In addition to previous investigations another modification of sleep-deprivation (SD) was studied in 28 endogenous depressives: SD during the 1st half of the night. From the day of deprivation – in the self-rating from the 4th day – up to 1 week later a therapeutic effect can be observed. The psychic part of the symptomatology was more reduced than the somatic one. Compared to total and partial SD during the 2nd half of the night, there is, on average, a smaller therapeutic effect which occurs later. The diurnal variation of the depressive symptomatology is less influenced. According to the period without sleep, the circadian course of the heart rate is less and differently modified by SD during the 1st half of the night. Only an existing diurnal variation (before SD) is a predictor of the prompt effect. Implications for the mechanism of the therapeutic SD were discussed. For clinical practice, SD during the 2nd half of the night is the method of choice.
Motor Reactivity, Pain Threshold and Effects of Sleep Deprivation in Unipolar Depressives
Authors: Bezzi G. , Pinelli P. , Tosca P.
Published: February 2010

The authors studied the motor reactivity by means of serial choice reaction, electromyography of simple reactions, and defense reflexes in normal and in depressed patients. Significant differences were observed between normal and depressed patients, especially in those with retardation. The ‘retarded’ depressives exhibited higher pain threshold values, a lower number of motor reactions, and more prolonged reaction times. 2 normal and 4 depressed patients were submitted to the same tests after 1 night’s total sleep deprivation. In normals negative effects were found in the levels of vigilance and endurance. In depressed patients, at variance with normals, the number of motor reactions increased, the reaction time decreased, and the rate of basal motor innervation improved, tending to normalization. On the contrary, pain threshold underwent the same type of changes as in controls. Sleep deprivation seemed to specifically reduce retardation phenomena in depressives, thus strongly improving motor reactivity.
Rezidivprophylaxe affektiver Erkrankungen mit Lithium und ihre Auswirkungen
Authors: Felber Werner
Published: February 2010

Supplementary to a preliminary report in 1977 additional results of a multicentric retrospective and prospective lithium study comprising 850 patients in the GDR are reported. Good and very good results are reported for 70 % of the cases. Medical, social, and economic aspects of recidive prophylaxis with lithium are represented, whereby the value of this therapy is underlined through its effects.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Amine Metabolites in Delirium tremens
Authors: Banki C.M. , Molnar G.
Published: February 2010

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and tryptophan (TRY) were measured in 14 male alcohol-dependent patients with delirium tremens. Lumbar punctures were performed immediately after admission following a standardized psychiatric examination and symptom rating in a drug-free state. Results were compared with a control group consisting of 32 neurological patients with only peripheral disorders, excluding spinal processes and abnormal routine CSF findings. All three substances were significantly increased in delirium tremens; 5HIAA showed the most marked and TRY the least pronounced increase. The statistical correction for age, height and body weight did not decrease but somewhat increased the differences. Duration of alcohol abuse did not account for the observed metabolic changes; severity of delirium tremens, however, correlated significantly with the 5HIAA and to a lesser degree with the HVA level. The further analysis revealed a differential relationship of the amine metabolite concentrations to some prominent symptoms: agitation was significantly dependent only on the HVA level while disorientation and hallucination seemed to be determined mostly by the serotonin metabolite 5HIAA in the CSF. TRY concentration proved to be unrelated to either global severity or any of these symptoms.
Epidemic Faintness: A Psychophysiological Investigation
Authors: Boulougouris J.C. , Rabavilas A.D. , Stefanis C.N. , Vaidakis N. , Tabouratzis D.G.
Published: February 2010

A psychophysiological assessment was carried out in 16 telephone operators, who fainted during an epidemic, and in 16 control subjects. Heart rate, skin conductance level, number of spontaneous fluctuations and pulse volume were measured at rest and during periods of auditory and visual stimualtion. All subjects completed rating scales on anxiety, depression, anxiety experienced during experimental procedure and personality inventories. Analysis of data support the notion that the fainting episodes represent a form of transitory anxiety attacks in response to environmental stress and are not related either to hysteria or to anxiety state.
Genetic Markers for Schizophrenic Subgroups
Authors: Lange Volkmar
Published: February 2010

By the study of hereditary serum protein markers in psychotic patients and normal controls, a surplus of Gc 1-1 (p < 0.01) and transferrin B variants (p < 0.0027) has been established in schizophrenias. Affective psychoses are characterized by an excess of the haptoglobin (Hp) serum type 2-2 (p < 0.001). These general statements have to be modified in regard to the clinical and psychopathological subdivision beyond the traditional classification into two major groups of endogenous mental disease. Using Leon-hard’s criteria, the prevalence of Gc 1-1 is restricted to the systematic schizophrenias reaching its highest value in hebephrenias, which are followed by paraphrenic and catatonic forms in this trait. In contrast to this, periodical catatonia and affective paraphrenia, classified as subgroups of the unsystematic schizophrenias, have Gc 1-1 frequencies like healthy controls. On the other hand, the Hp 2-2 value is not increased in the systematic schizophrenias, but it displays a relative overplus in the unsystematic forms. Concerning the Hp 2-2 and Gc 1-1 frequencies a certain similarity can be observed between affective paraphrenia and the paranoid psychoses with late onset, it they are characterized by a cyclic axis syndrome as described by the Vienna school. The cycloid psychoses are marked by an extreme surplus of Hp 2-2 (p < 0.001) and an overweight of Gc 1-1 (p < 0.05). Probably the Gc and Hp alleles play a role as risk factors or accidental effectors in the multifactorial genetic systems responsible for the biological background of psychoses. For both serum systems a selective interaction is discussed considering the vitamin D transport by the Gc proteins with the relation to neuronal consolidation and the possible influence of Hp 2-2 on transport and receptor functions.
On the Long-Term Development of Shinkeishitsu-Neurotics Treated by Morita Therapy
Authors: Suzuki Tomonori , Kataoka Haruo , Karasawa Osamu
Published: February 2010

We considered the long-term development of shinkeishitsu-type neurotics (hypochondriacal neurosis: 154 cases; anxiety neurosis: 122 cases; obsessive neurosis: 436 cases; depressive neurosis: 123 cases) treated by Morita therapy by using the Life Table analysis. We obtained the following results: (i) at least 90% of the patients improved greatly within at most 8 years after admission; (ii) the mean time required for the patients to improve greatly are 38.0 months in hypochondriacal neurosis, 34.8 months in anxiety neurosis, 50.0 months in obsessive neurosis, and 47.4 months in depressive neurosis.