bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPOSURE FREQUENCIES AND SENSATION-SEEKING: NO NOVELTY EFFECT BUT AN UNEXPECTED EXPERIMENTER SUBJECT SEX INTERACTION
Authors: Littig Lawrence W. , Branch Doreen
Published: May 2006

To test the hypothesis that individuals who are very sensitive to novel experiences do not show the usual exposure frequence-preference pattern, high and low sensation-seeking African-American subjects were exposed serially in random balanced order a set of 10 Japanese ideographs at
0, 1, 3, 9, and 27 frequencies. Both high and low sensation-seekers manifested the usual pattern of preference for stimuli exposed at higher frequencies and no support for a novelty sensitivity effect was observed. There was evidence of an unexpected experimenter-subject sex interaction confirming
previous reports of this phenomenon. Male and female subjects reacted differently to the total experiment as a function of their level of sensation-seeking.
EFFECT OF LOSS OF FATHER THROUGH DIVORCE ON PERSONALITY OF THE PRESCHOOL CHILD
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Di Vitorrio Anthony
Published: May 2006

Children of divorce suffer psychologically in various ways due to the loss of a parent through the divorce process. The present study was an attempt to determine the effect of loss of father through divorce on personality of the preschool child. It examined personality characteristics
of boys and girls of divorced parents residing with the single parent mother given custody of the youngsters. Results suggested five of the most frequently found variables for both S groups.
JUSTICE AND CARE REASONING IN MORALLY AMBIGUOUS SITUATIONS - EXAMPLES FROM VIETNAM AND THE INTIFADA
Authors: Linn Ruth
Published: May 2006

The following paper analyzes two types of moral reasoning presented by two moral figures from the My Lai massacre and in an extreme morally conflicting situation during the first phase of the Intifada. The socio-moral and political forces that shape the state of min d of the acting soldiers are delineated. The work of Kohlberg (1984) and Gilligan (1987) serve as the theoretical framework for this inquiry.
ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT: A FACET THEORY APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF PERSONAL REASONS FOR THE UPTAKE OF TREATMENT FOR MALOCCLUSION
Authors: Hackett Paul M.W.
Published: May 2006

Described within this paper is an approach to the assessment and understanding of the reasons an individual orthodontic consumer possesses for undergoing intervention for malocclusion. The facet theory approach is reviewed as it applies to dental well being and a mapping sentence is
proposed as a template which may be employed in investigating treatment motives. Caveats are issued regarding assumptions of simple causal linkages between malocclusion and dental/orthodontic state.
A STUDY OF APPEARANCE ANXIETY IN YOUNG MEN
Authors: Davis Caroline , Brewer Howard , Weinstein Marc
Published: May 2006

Appearance anxiety describes an apprehension about aspects of one's physical appearance and how others evaluate them. To date, research in this area has focused primarily on a female population. In light of recent evidence that men are becoming more concerned about matters of physical
appearance, and are reporting a greater degree of negative body image than in previous generations, it was considered important to understand better the nature of this characteristic for men as well. A group (n=71) of college-aged men took part in the study. As hypothesized, appearance anxiety
related inversely to physical activity participation, but this association was weak and was negated when percent body fat was entered as a covariate in the analysis. Results also indicated that appearance anxiety was predictive of self-reported distress during a body composition valuation,
but that it failed to relate to a physiological measure of arousal/anxiety taken during the evaluation (viz. heart rate increase from baseline). Of further interest was the finding that nearly half the variance in appearance anxiety was accounted for by a measure of Upper Body esteem -
a finding which is in accord with evidence that male body dissatisfaction is most pronounced for the chest and the waist. The fact that ultra-muscular mesomorphy is the current standard of male sexual attractiveness may go some way in explaining our findings.
FAMILY STRUCTURE OF JAPANESE JUVENILE DELINQUENTS: EVIDENCE FROM THE RESULTS OF THE DOLL LOCATION TEST
Authors: Hatta Takeshi , Kawakami Ayako , Tsukiji Noriye , Ayetani Noboru , Araki Toshihiro , Shimizu Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2006

Using Hatta's Doll Location Test, family structures of juvenile delinquents and non-delinquents were examined. Subjects were asked to present their actual and ideal family structures by means of pinning miniature dolls, representing family members and other people. Although ideal
dyadic relations among family members as envisaged by both groups were similar, a discrepancy between actual and ideal family situations was revealed in the presentations of the juvenile delinquents. The dyadic distance between self and parent of the juvenile delinquents in actual life situation
was greater than that of non-delinquents. The directions that the dolls representing family members were facing also showed a discrepancy between ideal and real life situations in juvenile delinquents, whereas no discrepancy was perceived in the non-delinquents' group.
EPISODIC REFABRICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY SIGNIFICANT INFORMATION IN SCRIPT RECALL
Authors: Knight Mike , Harris Howard
Published: May 2006

Recent theoretical attention in the study of memory processes has shifted from the perspective of cognitive architecture to an adaptionist view. This has resulted in the formulation of questions pertaining to the brain's innate capacity to organize informat ion and build scenarios
using genetic schemata to enhance the meaningfulness of material. Our study used the episodic refabrication methodology of Owens, Bower, and Black (1979) to test the evolutionary hypothesis of gender specific cognitive mechanisms which are differentially sensitive to biologically salient information.
The results replicate and support the findings of others concerning the effect of scripts and schemata on episodic refabrication and also revealed significantly shorter free recall latencies for males when the to-be-recalled material was given biological relevance. These differences are interpreted
in support of the adaptionist perspective.
GENDER STEREOTYPES AND MENTAL HEALTH REVISITED
Authors: Beckwith J. B.
Published: May 2006

The work of Broverman, Braverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, & Vogel (1970) on gender and judgments of mental health was revisited with 75 student nurses. Health-illness differences were explored in addition to male-female-adult differences. The average age of students was 20.9 years,
and 89% were female. The results were different from those of Broverman and colleagues. Images of the healthy male, female, and generic adult were similar. Differences perceived overall between health and illness were more substantial than gender differences. Gender differences which
did occur reflected gender stereotypes, but were unflattering to masculinity. The image of the healthy generic adult had more in common with healthy femaleness than with healthy maleness. Possible explanations for the findings are presented.
MOOD FLUCTUATIONS IN FEMALE MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS PATIENTS
Authors: Gatten Cynthia W. , Brookings Jeffrey B. , Bolton Brian
Published: May 2006

Twelve female multiple sclerosis (MS) patients completed mood checklists twice weekly for eight weeks. Chain P-technique factor analysis identified three dimensions of mood fluctuation, two of which corresponded to those reported for other populatio ns. High correlations between self-rated
physical health and the three affect dimensions were consistent with the contention that disease activity is a major determinant of MS patients' emotional distress.
MEASUREMENT OF PESSIMISM IN CHINESE ADOLESCENTS: THE CHINESE HOPELESSNESS SCALE
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L.
Published: May 2006

The Chinese version of the Hopelessness Scale (C-HOPE) was administered to 500 Chinese university students, along with other instruments assessing psychiatric symptoms and positive mental health. The C-HOPE was found to have high internal consistency as a scale and factor analysis with
a three-factor solution showed that three factors were abstracted from the scale, namely, Hopelessness, Certainty about the Future, and Future Expectation, and these three factors could reliably be reproduced in two random sub-samples. While the C-HOPE was found to correlate significantly
with other measures of psychiatric symptoms and positive mental health, it correlated most highly with indices of purpose in life and existential well-being and it was specifically linked to depression rather than to anxiety.
STEREOTYPING IN PERCEPTION OF ATTRACTIVENESS, AGE, AND GENDER IN SCHEMATIC FACES
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: May 2006

Thirty-one subjects classified 16 schematic faces on six subject variables. Faces judged as pleasant-looking received higher positive trait evaluations than those judged as unpleasant (effect size d = 0.91 or 1.47), strongly confirming the dictum that “what is beautiful
is good”. Also, more faces perceived as young were judged to be pleasant than unpleasant (d = 0.67) and more faces perceived as old were judged to be unpleasant than pleasant (d = 0.64), replicating previous reports of a negative relationship between age and attractiveness.
However, the latter effect disappeared when women judged faces perceived to be female. It is suggested that future research should replicate this interaction, and investigate the effect of using various terms to characterize attractiveness.
“HOW DO I LOVE THEE?” LET ME COUNT THE VALENTINES
Authors: Ogletree Shirley Matile
Published: May 2006

Two studies are described in which attitudes and behaviors related to Valentine's Day were assessed. Participants completed a questionnaire on or near Valentine's Day 1990 (Study l) and 1991 (Study 2). Females and feminine individuals regardless of sex were significantly more
likely than males and less feminine individuals to indicate that Valentine's Day was important to them, reported giving as well as receiving more valentines, and were also more likely to have purposely worn red for Valentine's Day. For women and more feminine individuals, Valentine's
Day may represent a time to show appreciation to friends and family for whom one cares.
THE USE OF POWER TACTICS TO GAIN COMPLIANCE: TESTING ASPECTS OF RAVEN'S (1988) THEORY IN CONFLICTUAL SITUATIONS
Authors: Koslowsky Meni , Schwarzwald Joseph
Published: May 2006

French and Raven's sixfold taxonomy has been used widely to examine social influence processes. A recent elaboration by Raven (1988a) proposes that the use of power tactics is situationally contingent, depending on availability of alternatives. The present study examined the pattern
of power tactic preferences as a function of setting and status. A total of 89 subjects were given scenarios describing an attempt to influence another party. The scenario differed in setting (work vs. school) and status level of the influencing agent (manager or teacher vs. employee or student).
Factor analysis indicated that several tactics (reward, coercion, and expertise) are unique whereas other tactics overlap. Findings indicated that higher status individuals as compared to lower status counterparts were perceived as using a greater variety of power tactics to gain compliance
in conflict situations. In addition, power tactic patterns were found to be situationally contingent. The findings were discussed in terms of the original sixfold approach and its possible implications for management.
MEASURING THE SOCIAL ABILITY OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Braza P. , Braza F. , Carreras M. R. , Munoz J. M.
Published: May 2006

According to the idea that the different roles children play in their first peer groups are important in their socialization, we approach a measure of social ability in preschool children using two indices: amplitude of behavior and amplitude of partnership. In this way we attempt to
develop and validate a behavioral assessment of social competence based on diversity of social contacts and behavior. The study was carried out during 1989-90 at a grammar school in Cadiz (Spain) where the preschool children (n=27) were filmed during 30 minutes of daily free play. In analysing
the relationships within all these elements, we used a multiple linear regression (BMDP1R-Dixon, 1985). Of eight behavioral patterns likely to influence social ability, two contributed significantly to individual differences in amplitude of behavior (leadership and follow-partner). Concerning
behavioral factors, both prosocial and assertiveness are negatively related to the amplitude of partnership; and the behavioral factors that reflect assertiveness, prohierarchy and agonism are positively related to the amplitude of behavior. Although it is premature to predict children's
future social success based on these data, both the amplitude of partnership and the amplitude of behavior probably give the child an advantage when he/she acquires an experience which allows him/herself to continue the process of socialization.
ANTISOCIAL ATTITUDES AND CONSUMER SATISFACTION WITH SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PROGRAM
Authors: O'Reilly R. , Smith D. W. , Freeland A. , Cernovsky Z. Z.
Published: May 2006

Lower levels of self reported satisfaction with addiction treatment in a sample of 59 addicts at the end of a four week inpatient addiction treatment program were significantly correlated with scores on the Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) and Responsibility Scale (Re) of the MMP12: more rebellious
and less socially responsible patients reported less satisfaction with the treatment program (r<.30, p<.05, 1–tailed). Satisfaction scores were neither correlated with Antisocial Practices (ASP) nor with other MMP12 scales relevant for measuring antisocial/aggressive attitudes
(Anger, Cynicism, Hypomania, and Ego Strength). These results suggest that clients' satisfaction scores are sometimes influenced by personality factors. This may be of im portance when measurements of client satisfaction are used for program development or evaluation.
ADOLESCENT RUNAWAYS: FAMILIAL AND PERSONAL CORRELATES
Authors: De Man A.
Published: May 2006

Adolescent boys and girls (n = 347) from the Miramichi region in New Brunswick, Canada, participated in a multivariate study of factors related to running away behavior. Results suggest that runaways tend to be boys and girls who come from incomplete families where relationships
with the parents are perceived as difficult, who feel depressed and have suicidal thoughts, and who have a history of drug use and theft.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF RACE AND SEX DIFFERENCES IN CRANIAL CAPACITY
Authors: Lynn Richard
Published: May 2006

Cranial capacities were calculated from the external head measurements reported for 36 samples of 7 to 15 year olds gathered by the Philadelphia Growth Center (Krogman, 1970). The core sample consisted of 169 white males, 224 black males, 135 white females, and 220 black females. After adjusting for the effects of age, stature and sex, white children averaged 1250 cm3and black children averaged 1236 cm3. After adjusting for the effects of age, stature and race, boys averaged 1300 cm2and girls averaged 1186 cm3.
THE EFFECTS OF PRENATAL PROGRAMS ON POSTPARTUM EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING
Authors: Black-Olien Patricia
Published: May 2006

Several statistical studies of married couples have observed a decline in the marital relationship following the birth of the first child. The present study compared the effects of an experimental prenatal education program (based on communication skills and relaxation skill training)
with effects of the traditional prenatal program on scores on the Affect Balance Scale. The couples in the experimental group (n=63) fared better (ANOVA, p = .03) than couples in the traditional program (n=53).
SOCIAL SUPPORT AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG UNEMPLOYED BRITISH ASIAN MEN
Authors: Shams Manfusa
Published: May 2006

Different forms of social support as affecting psychological health were studied on a sample of 71 unemployed British Asian men in the north of England. Social support was measured in respect of five different forms of help from others. Measures were also obtained of psychological distress, financial strain, employment commitment and unemployment stigma. Family support and specifically support immediately after loss of job were found to have positive effects on unemployed men's psychological health. The findings are discussed along the lines of existing empirical evidence and the need to examine longitudinally the impact of social support on the psychological well-being of other ethnic minority groups is emphasized.
A CONTENT ANALYSIS SCALING METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PERSON-ENVIRONMENT INCONGRUENCE
Authors: Hampton Greg
Published: May 2006

A schema of situational definitions was developed from constructivist psychology and phenomenological sociology and used in the construction of a content analysis scale for the measurement of person-environment incongruence. The scale measures incongruence between personal and social resources at subordinate and super ordinate levels. The reliability and validity of the Person-Environment Incongruence Scale were examined in a study of students' transition to university.
THE CHINESE VERSION OF THE KANSAS MARITAL SATISFACTION SCALE: SOME PSYCHOMETRIC AND NORMATIVE DATA
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Tsang Sandra K.M.
Published: May 2006

The Chinese version of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (C-KMS) was administered to 381 parents of pre-school mentally handicapped children, along with other instruments assessing their stress, mental health, coping styles and caregiving patterns. The C-KMS was found to have high
internal consistency as a scale (alpha=.92) and tentative support for the validity of the scale was established: CKMS scores correlated significantly with the frequency of seeking help from spouse, and subjects who had to take care of the child alone at different times had significantly lower
C-KMS scores than subjects whose care-giving demands were shared by their spouse. The data also showed that the mean C-KMS scores in the present sample were lower than those reported in the literature and females reported a significantly lower level of perceived marital satisfaction than males.
THE EFFECTS OF GROUP DECISIONS AND GROUP-SHIFTS ON USE OF THE ANCHORING AND ADJUSTMENT HEURISTIC
Authors: Rutledge Robert W.
Published: May 2006

The use of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic by individuals and groups was examined. Subjects were either in a high or low anchor condition, and made decisions as individuals (pregroup), within groups, and then again as individuals (postgroup). Within-subject measurements were
made to determine the extent of groups' use of the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, and the extent of group-shifts. The results indicate that groups are susceptible to anchoring effects in a manner similar to those of individuals. Additionally, a group-shift effect was noted, whereby
group discussion allowed subjects' decision choices to move further from the anchor levels than the pregroup-individuals' choices. This further move from the anchor remained after the groups disbanded.
TOWARD A GENERAL THEORY OF SOCIAL EXCHANGE
Authors: Makoba J. Wagona
Published: May 2006

Proponents of the individualistic and collectivistic theories of social exchange behavior contend that the two perspectives cannot be integrated because they are based on different assumptions about the relationship between individuals and society. In addition, the opponents of integration
argue that such an effort would undermine the polemical development of sociological theory. This paper uses existing ethnographic and anthropological evidence to argue that the individualistic and collectivistic orientations of social exchange theory can be successfully integrated since they
are not mutually exclusive as claimed by their proponents. I propose to synthesize the individualistic and collectivistic perspectives into an interactional exchange model of behavior that takes into account the full range of individual and group motives, values and interests.
PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE CHINESE VERSION OF THE KANSAS MARITAL SATISFACTION SCALE
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. , Lam M. C. , Tsoi K. W. , Lam C. M.
Published: May 2006

The Chinese version of the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (C-KMS) was administered to 91 maritally “adjusted” and 81 maritally “maladjusted” adults, along with other instruments assessing marital adjustment (the Chinese Dyadic Adjustment Scale) and marital
expectations (the Chinese Marital Comparison Level Index). The C-KMS was found to have high internal consistency as a scale and the C-KMS scores were observed to correlate substantially with measures of marital adjustment and marital expectation but not significantly with measures not expected
to be related to marriage. The results also showed that there were significant differences between the maritally “adjusted” and the “maladjusted” groups of subjects in terms of C-KMS scores. The present data show that the CKMS has acceptable reliability and validity
status and that it can be used as an objective tool in assessing marital satisfaction in the Chinese context.
AUTHORITARIANISM, PERSPECTIVES ON THE ENVIRONMENT, AND WORK VALUES AMONG SOCIAL SCIENCE STUDENTS IN FORMER SOCIALIST AND WESTERN SOCIETIES
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Groberg David H. , Simmons Dale D. , Ommundsen Reidar
Published: May 2006

This is a study on differences between national samples on authoritarianism, optimism-pessimism on the environment, and work values. 755 undergraduate students in social science from the U.S.A., Bulgaria, Hungary, and Norway responded to a survey. 29% were male, 70% female,
with a mean age of 22.83. Results yielded highly significant differences with respondents from former “socialist” societies scoring significantly higher on authoritarianism and environmental pessimism. Differences for work values are significant for 20 of 22 values for both self
and prospective employer. A remarkable finding is the consistency between national samples for the highest ranked 5 and the lowest ranked 5 values.
EFFECTS OF CRIME SERIOUSNESS AND OFFENDER FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS ON RECOMMENDED TREATMENT
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J. , Coley James
Published: May 2006

A total of 384 undergraduates in 12 experimental conditions representing crime seriousness, defendant facial attractiveness, and cueing of attractiveness, read a crime description then made recommendations for offender treatment. Although severity of punishment was greater for a murder
than for a robbery, it did not differ between more and less attractive defendants. However, the less attractive robbers were more likely to be recommended psychiatric care than the more attractive ones. Since the latter were rated as only moderately good-looking, it is suggested that an “ugly
is bad” stereotype may apply to mental illness but not to crime.
CONTEXT EFFECTS ON MEMORY FOR TELEVISION ADVERTISEMENTS
Authors: Norris Claire E. , Colman Andrew M.
Published: May 2006

This study focuses on the hypothesis that television viewers' depth of psychological involvement in a program is inversely related to their recall and recognition of accompanying advertisements. Ninety subjects watched an involving or a relatively uninvolving television program
accompanied by six completely unfamiliar advertisements. They then responded to a series of questionnaires designed to measure their perceptions of the programs and the advertisements and their memory for the advertisements. As predicted, subjects' recall and recognition of the advertisements
correlated negatively with their ratings of the programs as suspenseful, challenging, involving, and worth remembering, and positively with their ratings of boredom with the programs. But, in sharp contrast, subjects' attitudes towards the advertisements, attitudes towards the brands,
and rated intention to buy the products correlated positively with their ratings of the programs as stimulating, thought provoking, attention-grabbing, challenging, immersing, and as having impact.
REACTIONS TO AIDS PATIENTS AS A FUNCTION OF ATTRIBUTIONS ABOUT CONTROLLABILITY AND PROMISCUITY
Authors: Pullium Rita
Published: May 2006

Controllability and promiscuity were varied in ten case stories about a fictitious AIDS patient. Tim got AIDS through an uncontrollable source (dentist, blood transfusion) or a controllable source (heterosexual contact, homosexual contact, drug needle) and had a single sex partner or
multiple sex partners. College students read Tim's case and answered questions regarding background, nonjudgmental sympathy, willingness to help, liking, and empathy. Controllability over the source of AIDS strongly influenced all reactions. Promiscuity affected only non-judgmental sympathy
and empathy, not liking and helping. The victim's sexual orientation affected little except for non judgmental sympathy. Knowing real AIDS patients, even indirectly, greatly improved all reactions except for non judgmental sympathy.
COPING RESPONSES OF CHINESE PARENTS WITH PRESCHOOL MENTALLY HANDICAPPED CHILDREN
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Tsang Sandra K.M.
Published: May 2006

The Chinese Coping Scale (CCS) was administered to 381 parents of preschool mentally handicapped children, along with other instruments assessing their stress, mental health, marital satisfaction and care-giving patterns. The CCS was found to be reliable and factor analysis with a two-factor
solution showed that two factors were abstracted from the scale, namely, Internal Coping and External Coping. It was found that the factors extracted could reliably be reproduced in two random sub-samples and the present results are highly similar to the previously reported data on the dimensionality
of the CCS. An examination of the distribution of responses to the CCS items revealed that a significant proportion of the parents seldom sought help from others when dealing with the stress arising from taking care of their handicapped children.
THE PLIGHT OF BLACKS IN AMERICA TODAY
Authors: Palmer Edward L. , Little George L.
Published: May 2006

This article examines the historic plight, current status, and future challenges of Blacks in the United States within the contexts of education, housing, employment, poverty, crime and the legal system. It is concluded that the Reagan administration legacy of a “colorblind society”,
social program cutbacks, and Supreme court appointments dealt a devastating blow to opportunity and progress for Blacks and that the current and future challenges will require a concerted effort, concern and involvement by all sectors of society.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN SELF-REPORTED RIGHT-LEFT CONFUSION BY ADULTS: A ROLE FOR SOCIAL DESIRABILITY?
Authors: Williams, Robert J. , Standen Karen , Ricciardelli Lina A.
Published: May 2006

Self-reports of difficulty in discriminating right from left (R/L), a measure of the influence of social desirability, and motor performance on a discrimination task (a map test) were compared in males and females. Significantly more females reported some degree of R/L confusion
and there was a significant negative correlation between females' self-reports and social desirability scores. No such relationship was found for men's scores and no sex differences were evident during performance on the motor task.
OFFENSE CLASSIFICATION AND SOCIAL FACILITATION IN JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
Authors: Skitka Linda J. , Piatt Andrea L. , Ketterson Timothy U. , Searight H. Russell
Published: May 2006

Considerable research has investigated the effects of social facilitation on either positive or neutral behaviors, but little if any research has examined whether the presence of others can lead to greater levels of negative behavior. The purpose of this project was to explore the influence
of social facilitation on patterns and severity of offenses committed by juvenile delinquents. Study l compared the severity of crime (as measured by the offense classification) as a function of 130 currently incarcerated juvenile delinquents' self-reports of whether their crime was committed
alone or with others. Results suggested that juveniles tend to act in concert with others in delinquent acts. White females tended to act in concert with others more than African-American female adolescents in the commission of delinquent acts. However, no significant effects were found for
social facilitation and severity of crime, even when controlling for MMPI lie scores. Study 2 addressed the same question, but used an archival approach. Data was obtained for criminal charges and whether the crime happened in the presence or absence of others from random sample of
30 records from a juvenile delinquency home. The best predictor of severity of crime from this sample was the number of people involved with the crime. The study therefore provides limited support for Zajonc's drive theory that suggests social facilitation can have a non-directional effect
on behavior.
THE EFFECTS OF INFORMATION-GIVING BEHAVIOR AND GENDER ON THE PERCEPTIONS OF PHYSICIANS: AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Rall Marilyn L. , Peskoff Fred S. , Byrne James J.
Published: May 2006

A pilot study was conducted in which 107 college students were compared with 137 subjects over the age of 30. Subjects were asked to respond to a scenario describing a physician-patient interaction where the doctor both overlooked questions and gave no diagnosis or to the identical
scenario with the wording changed to encourage the subject to identify with the doctor rather than the patient. The physician was rated as more likeable and competent when the subject was asked to identify with him or her. A second experiment was conducted in which 444 male and female subjects
were presented with scenarios describing a physician-patient interaction in which the subject was asked to identify with the patient. The interaction was systematically varied as follows: the physician either answered or overlooked questions from the patient; the physician either gave a personal
post-examination diagnosis or had a nurse dismiss the patient; the physician was described as being male or female. The physician was rated not only as being more likeable but also as more competent when the patient's questions were answered and when a personal diagnosis was provided.
Neither sex of physician nor sex of subject affected the evaluations.
SELF-PEER AGREEMENT AS A FUNCTION OF TWO KINDS OF TRAIT RELEVANCE: PERSONAL AND SOCIAL
Authors: Koestner Richard , Bemieri Frank , Zuckerman Miron
Published: May 2006

We proposed a refinement of the construct of trait relevance that would allow for more accurate prediction of self-peer agreement. A distinction is offered between a given trait's personal and social relevance. Personal relevance refers to whether a trait is central to a
person's self-identity whereas social relevance refers to the perceived social value of a given trait. People reporting that a trait is central to their identity are expected to behave according to their true standing on the trait. However, people reporting that a trait is important to
whether others will like them are expected to behave in accordance with situational demands rather than in accordance with their inner dispositions. The results of a self-peer rating study showed that ratings of personal relevance were associated with higher levels of self-peer agreement
whereas ratings of social relevance were associated with lower levels of self-peer agreement. This pattern of results was obtained despite a significant positive correlation between ratings of personal and social relevance. Results also showed that ratings of social relevance were independent
of two other previously identified moderators, self-reported trait consistency and observability.
SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED SUBJECTIVE NORMS AND SUBJECTIVE NORM-BEHAVIOR CONSISTENCY
Authors: Sapp Stephen G. , Harrod Wendy J. , Zhao Lijun
Published: May 2006

We found support for the hypothesis that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, subjective norms measured after group interaction can affect behavior directly. Perceived subjective norms converged within groups for subjects in a discussion condition, and these “normalized”
subjective norms affected behavior directly. Based upon previous research, we expected that attitudes and subjective norms can influence behavior directly because ill-formed intentions are inconsistent with behavior. Instead, we found that attitudes and subjective norms affected behavior directly
for discussion subjects even when ill-formed intentions were, consistent with behavior. The findings indicate that, under conditions of ill-formed intentions, the manner of attitudes and subjective norm formation may be more crucial for predicting behavior than the strength of the intention-behavior
relationship.
PARENTS OF MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN: PERSONALITY CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYCOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Ali M. R. , Al-Shatti A.
Published: May 2006

This study was designed to assess the personality characteristics and psychological problems of parents of mentally retarded children. Seventy-six parents, whose mean age was 42.12 yr with SD 10.15. 38 of mentally retarded and 38 of normal children, were investigated. A Bengali
version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was used to measure the psychoticism, neuroticism and extraversion-introversion responses of the parents. Results showed that parents of mentally retarded children had significantly higher scores only on the neuroticism scale, indicating that
they were more emotionally unstable than the parents of normal children. The findings were discussed in terms of certain constraining factors associated with having a mentally retarded child. Counseling programmes for these parents should take into account these factors.
THE EFFECTS OF SELF-ESTEEM AND PERSONAL CONTROL ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB INSECURITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: May 2006

129 employees of an Australian manufacturer completed measures of job insecurity, self-esteem, personal control and psychological well-being. Using hierarchical regression analysis, it was shown that the personal attributes of self-esteem and personal control moderated the impact of
job insecurity on psychological well being, as predicted, with low self-esteem and external control employees being significantly more adversely affected by insecurity than their high self-esteem and internal control counterparts.
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THEORIES OF SPORT AND LEISURE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Zanger Beverly R. K. , Groves David L.
Published: May 2006

Sport and leisure have become an essential part of the American lifestyle. Growth in the sport and leisure industry must be understood through primary influences such as spectators in arenas, increase in number of tourists, etc. Central to these issues is whether sport and leisure business
is a unique discipline. The purpose of this study was to investigate ideas that make the sport and leisure industry unique and to determine a comparative framework for theory development. The Delphi method and a Focus Group Interview approach was used for data collection. The result of the
study established a framework of four major issues: money, accountability, purpose, and people. The 13 components identified with each of these issues were: Liability, profits, image, social responsibility, change, management philosophy, organization, working conditions, marketing, selling,
legal issues, resources, and reputation.
CHRONIC IDENTITY DIFFUSION IN TRAUMATIZED COMBAT VETERANS
Authors: Silverstein Rebecca
Published: May 2006

The traumatic effects of combat are elaborated as having long lasting deleterious effects on veterans. The modal age of combat duty for these veterans is seen as coinciding with Erikson's postulated stage of psychosocial development, when identity is hypothesized to be crystallizing.
The spectrum of resulting symptoms and problems are conceptualized within the rubric of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. The persistent identity diffusion with which these veterans present is addressed within the theoretical framework of psychosocial development. Treatment implications are
discussed.
IS CHINESE CONFLICT-HANDLING BEHAVIOR INFLUENCED BY CHINESE VALUES?
Authors: Chiu Randy K. , Kosinski Frederick A.
Published: May 2006

The Collectivism-Individualism literature argues that there is a difference in the way that Americans and Chinese handle conflict based on differences in culture. It has also been speculated that these differences have been influenced by Chinese values. However, these positions have
not been conclusively supported by empirical findings. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether styles of conflict handling behavior were partially affected by the presence of the influence of Chinese values. The results of the finding indicated that there was a strong relationship
between Chinese values and the choice of conflict-handling styles.
COMPARING OUTCOMES FROM DIFFERENTIAL COOPERATIVE AND INDIVIDUALISTIC LEARNING METHODS
Authors: Ellison Constance M. , Wade Boykin A.
Published: May 2006

Performance and learning process factors were determined as a function of different cooperative and individualistic learning techniques. Ninety-six African-American college women completed a 40-item vocabulary test of unfamiliar words and then were randomly assigned to one of four 30-minute word-study conditions. These four conditions were either a cooperative or individualistic study arrangement coupled with a performance-contingent competitive or criterion (i.e. based on an absolute performance standard) incentive. Performance on an alternative form of the vocabulary test, and measures of study attitudes, perceived ability, and time on study task were then assessed. Second test performance was greater following cooperative than individualistic learning. This was principally due to the difference between these conditions when they were paired with competitive incentives. Cooperative learning also led to more positive attitudes towards the learning experience, greater perceived ability, and more time on study task. The generalizability of cooperative learning effects are discussed as is the effectiveness of the approach with African-American students.
ATTITUDES TOWARD SEX OFFENDERS BY FEMALE UNDERGRADUATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS ENROLLED IN A PSYCHOLOGY PROGRAM
Authors: Valliant Paul M. , Furac Catherine J. , Antonowicz Daniel H.
Published: May 2006

A survey of first and third year psychology students was undertaken to investigate whether longer enrolment in a university program would have an impact on attitude formation toward sexual offenders. All students were administered a battery of standardized tests to obtain a personality
profile and their attitudes. Overall the third year students had a greater sense of well being, intellectual efficiency, self-control, psychological mindedness, were more repressed, and tolerant than first year students. Although third year students had different personality traits than first
year students they held similar attitudes regarding sexual offenders. Both student groups believed that sexual offenders should receive incarceration of more than two years for their first offense but should receive parole and indefinite treatment following their release from jail.
EXPECTATIONS FOR CHANGES IN MIDLIFE MEN
Authors: Lomranz Jacob , Shmotkin Dov , Eyal Nitza , Friedman Ariella
Published: May 2006

This study investigated the expectations for changes among midlife men in the personal, familial and occupational domains. The study explored the predominance of and the interrelationships among such expectations, as well as the differentiation between men who expected change and those
who did not. A questionnaire tapping various demographic and attitudinal variables was administered to 395 men aged 40 to 55, all married and fathers. The results indicated that 38.6% expected change in their personal life-style, 26.0% in their familial life, and 33.1%
in their occupation. Expectations for change in the personal domain moderately correlated with those in both the familial and the occupational domains, whereas expectations in the latter two domains were uncorrelated. Stepwise discriminant analyses delineated variables that significantly discriminated
between the group expecting change and the group not expecting change in each domain. The discriminating variables for the personal and familial domains were similar and related to issues of family and age, whereas the counterpart variables in the occupational domain were specifically relevant
to one's work and economic status. Expectations for changes are discussed in terms of mental set and transitional stages. Specific focus is given to motives of dissatisfaction and age a-synchronicity that characterized those men who expected changes.
EFFECT OF GENDER DOMINANCE EXPECTANCIES FOR KNOWLEDGE ON SELF-TOUCHING DURING CONVERSATIONS
Authors: Morry Marian M. , Enzle Michael E.
Published: May 2006

We investigated how expectancies about gender dominance for knowledge influence the frequency of self-touching enacted by conversing members of mixed-sex dyads. The study was a 2 (male vs. female dyad member) × 2 (normatively male vs. female knowledge dominance) design. Two alternative
hypotheses about the effects of normative expectancies for gender-knowledge dominance on self-touching were evaluated. Normative expectation of knowledge deficiency could provoke greater performance concerns and self-touching than a normative expectation of knowledge dominance, or a normative
expectation of knowledge dominance could provoke greater performance concerns and self-touching than a normative expectation of knowledge deficiency. Results supported the latter alternative.
CHILDREN'S SEX-ROLE DEVELOPMENT: IMPLICATIONS FOR WORKING MOTHERS
Authors: Ellis Jon B.
Published: May 2006

In order to examine the likelihood that androgynous students would report that their mothers worked outside the home while raising their children more often than other sex role types, 118 undergraduates and 142 parents were administered the Bern Sex-Role Inventory. Results revealed
that androgynous students were more likely to have had a mother who worked outside the home, suggesting implications for child rearing as well as adaptive sex-role development.
MONITORING COPING STYLE, FEAR OF AIDS, AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS AIDS PREVENTION
Authors: Muris P. , van Zuuren F.J. , Kindt M.
Published: May 2006

The present study indicated that subjects with a high monitoring coping style are more fearful of AIDS than subjects with a low monitoring coping style. In addition, it was found that high monitors have a more preventive attitude towards AIDS than low monitors.
THE INFLUENCE OF COGNITIVE PROCESSING STYLE ON COGNITIVE DISTORTION IN CLINICAL DEPRESSION
Authors: Macgillivray Richard G. , Baron Pierre
Published: May 2006

Beck and his colleagues (Beck, Rush, Shaw and Emery, 1979; Sacco and Beck, 1985) have proposed that depressed people make specific depressotypic errors which are distinct from normal information processing, and which are actuated by depressogenic schemata. The theory of field dependence-independence
of Witkin and his colleagues (Witkin and Goodenough, 1981), on the other hand, proposes a model of intraindividually developmentally-consistent cognitive styles, resistant to variation in clinical state. In an effort to resolve this discrepancy, it was hypothesized that the use of specific
cognitive errors by clinically-depressed women would reflect their stable ongoing cognitive style, as well as their current depressive state. Thirty clinically depressed women were assessed; statistical profile analyses confirmed that field dependent women made more specific cognitive errors
than field independent women. Similar but less specific findings were obtained when the effects of negative life event frequency and depression severity were statistically controlled. A prediction that style-consistent situational variables would differentially influence extent of endorsement
of cognitive errors in women of different cognitive styles was not confirmed. These findings are discussed for their implications for Beck and Witkin's theories.
PSYCHOLOGICAL KINSHIP FULFILLMENT AND DATING ATTRACTION
Authors: Bailey Roger C. , Czuchry Michael
Published: May 2006

Males and females (N=185) were assigned to High and Low psychological kinship groups using the Nava and Bailey (1991) Kinship Scale. The KS measures an individual's desire to have “as-if’ family type need fulfillment in nonbiologic relationships, such as dating. Ss
were asked to mentally visualize a present or past dating partner and to express love and liking for the partner as well as provide physical attractiveness ratings for self and partner. Results indicated that Hi Kinship Ss clearly loved and liked their dating partners more than Lo Kinship
Ss, and within-person congruency of physical attractiveness ratings characterized LoMales and Hi-Females. It appears that kinship need fulfillment can impaq3 cognitive functioning as well as affective responses (i.e., love-liking feelings).
ATTRIBUTIONAL STYLE OF AFRICAN-AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Hillman Stephen B. , Wood Paula C. , Sawilowsky Shlomo S.
Published: May 2006

This study ascertains how positive and negative life events are viewed by stigmatized youngsters. The causal attributions of a sample of 139 at-risk African American adolescents are analyzed in a doubly multivariate repeated measures design. These students were participants in either
the federally funded Summer Training and Education Program or the Student Academic and Leadership Enhancement Program funded by the Detroit Compact. Previous research on these students indicated that they have higher than norm global self-concepts and their locus of control is more external
than would be expected for their age. The findings of the current study suggest that the attributions these youngsters ascribed to positive events were significantly more internal, stable, and global than the attributions for negative events. An ancillary outcome of this study is to report
psychometric information regarding the use of The Attributional Style Questionnaire.
THE INTERPLAY OF SIMILARITY AND SELF-VERIFICATION IN RELATIONSHIP FORMATION
Authors: Joiner Thomas E.
Published: May 2006

The notion that similarity between relationship partners may be a means by which one can select a partner who is likely to provide self-confirming feedback was explored. The sample consisted of 335 college roommate pairs, some of whom chose to be roommates, and some of whom were assigned
together. Consistent with prediction, students who chose roommates were more similar to and self-verifying with their roommates than were students assigned a roommate. Contrary to prediction, similarity did not account for the association between choice and self-verification.
THE EFFECTS OF FRESHMAN ORIENTATION AND LOCUS OF CONTROL ON ADJUSTMENT TO COLLEGE: A FOLLOW-UP STUDY
Authors: Martin Nancy K. , Dixon Paul N.
Published: May 2006

This study investigates the impact of orientation attendance and locus of control on the adjustment of traditional full-time college students to college life. Subjects were 242 upperclassmen from a large southwestern university. Results indicated that students with an internal locus
of control orientation scored higher on the Freshman Transition Questionnaire (FTQ), indicating more successful adjustment to college life. No statistically significant relationship was found between attendance at Freshman Orientation and adjustment to college. Possible explanations for the
lack of relationship are discussed.