bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Handwriting Detection Model Based on Four-Dimensional Vector Space Model
Authors: Li Lin , Duan Xiuteng , Li Yutong
Published: May 2018

Handwriting detection is mainly used in the criminal investigation. We can use four-dimensional vector space model to build a model for handwriting detection. This article selects feature quantities such as word frequency, language style, average word length, and sentence structure from the texts and quantizes them, transforming them into relations between vectors. After quantifying and normalizing the features in an author's article in advance, we can obtain a standard reference vector. Then we do the same processing on the target text database, and compare it with the standard reference vector in terms of the modulus value and the included angle. Then we could estimate whether the author is the owner of database value. The simulation result shows that the model is more accurate and the author of particular texts can be obtained.
Reproduction of Fuchs Relation for the Group $S_4^{SL_2}$ by Using Groebner Bases
Authors: Okko Noura
Published: May 2018

In 1872, Lazarus Fuchs used a new tool which is The Invariant Theory to construct the minimal polynomial of an algebraic solution of a differential equation of second order. He expressed the coefficient of the equation in terms of the (semi-)invariants of its differential Galois group. In this paper we will give another method to obtain Fuchs Relation: for the octahedral groupe $S_4^{SL_2}$ by using Groebner Basis; a tool which is introduced in 1965 nearly two century after Fuchs Relation.
Naar een non-antropocentrische criminologie
Authors: van Uhm Daan
Published: May 2018

Towards a non-anthropocentric criminology

Changing ecological conditions in a globalizing world pose new challenges for human societies. Global warming, large-scale pollution, deforestation and species extinction have increasingly become topics on the international agenda. Even though many of these harmful activities are criminogenic, criminology pays rather little attention to environmental crimes and harms.

Therefore, this article discusses the anthropocentric perspective within criminology and argues that a non-anthropocentric criminology can lead to new theoretical insights.
Interdisciplinary therapeutic application of potassium citrate in internal diseases
Authors: Zmonarski Sławomir C. , Madziarska Katarzyna , Banasik Mirosław , Krajewska Magdalena
Published: May 2018

Citrates share both metabolic and excretory role. Through Krebs-cycle conversion they stimulate blood alkalization with biochemical-hormonal effects depending from the accompanying cation. The excretory function covers inhibition of calcium oxalate (COM) and uric acid (UA) aggregation in urine, reduction of calciuria. Citriaturia depends on acid-base equilibrium, diet, accompanying diseases and their treatment. Hypocitriaturia is defined as excretion of less
than 320 mg/24h. It is found in tubular acidosis t.1, in 76-87% cases of calcium stones, in 40%
of UA stone disease, in 30% cases of kidney stones with osteopenia. Potassium citrate (K3Cit)
reduces urinary COM saturation, has good citriaturic effect. K3Cit increases effectiveness of
thiazide treatment of calcium stone disease with osteopenia. In metabolic syndrome COM and
UA saturation raise much more than cytriaturia. A metabolic acidosis in t.2 diabetes (DM2)
induces hypocytriaturia and raises a risk of UA stone disease. Growing-up body mass index
reduces citriaturic effect of K3Cit. In DM2 K3Cit reduces stone morbidity, reverses negative
base equilibrium and increases insulin sensitivity. High K3Cit doses increase general lumbar
bone mass and reduce bone resorption activity. In chronic interstitial nephropathies K3Cit
slow down GFR decline.
Slow releasing formulas of K3Cit and other citrates in accordance to precise indications should
be elements of therapeutic regimen of calcium (i.e.: COM) or UA stone diseases, metabolic
syndrome, osteopenia and chronic (interstitial) nephropathies. Profits are limited by the
hydration status of patient and his/her motivation to long lasting treatment. The interdisciplinary
usefulness of K3Cit may improve cost/effect ratio of treatment.
Estimativa da capacidade de armazenamento de água no solo para a microrregião da BAP (MT)
Authors: Barbieri João Danilo , Dallacort Rivanildo , Oliveira Tiago , Tieppo Rafael Cesar , Araújo Dejânia Vieira
Published: May 2018

Com o aumento da população mundial surge a preocupação com o mau uso dos recursos naturais, como o principal a água, este é essencial para o consumo e para uso na agricultura. Portanto, urge a necessidade de se estudar as regiões onde são aptas a utilizar a água como fonte de irrigação para as culturas. O trabalho foi realizado no laboratório de Agrometeorologia na Universidade do Estado do Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), com auxílio do software Geoestatístico ArcGis 10®, que interpola e especializa os dados georreferenciados formando mapas. A Bacia do Alto Paraguai pertencente ao Estado do Mato Grosso possui 44 municípios sendo eles classificados de acordo com o tipo de solo e estabelecidos três padrões de CAD 30, 50 e 75. Contudo tem-se a determinação da área e representatividade para cada município onde 31 destes representam mais de 41% de todo território com solo CAD 75. Porém somente 8 apresentam CAD 50 com 11% sendo estes localizado na área de alagamento e CAD 30 se dispõe em 37 municípios representando 48%. Portanto, essa região apresenta em sua maior parte uma CAD de 75, o que demostra a presença de um solo com maior capacidade de armazenamento e disponibilidade de água.
Climate risks adaptation strategies for Indian Sundarbans
Authors: Ghosh Surajit , Chakraborty Debaraty , Dash Pratik , Patra Saikat , Nandy Payal , Mondal Partho Protim
Published: May 2018

Climate change has profoundly impacted tropical ecosystems, critical for sustaining economies and community livelihoods at local to global scales. Rapid population growth has further negatively impacted natural resource management and upsetting the socio-ecological balance. Sundarbans, world’s largest contiguous tract of mangroves, is not an exception. It is shared between Bangladesh (60%) and India (40%) but the later is much more populated. Indian Sundarbans (IS) is not only the home of 4.5 million people but also of 85% total Indian mangrove habitat and 1434 faunal species. Agriculture, fishery and Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) from mangroves are their major sources of income. Inhabitants of this climatically vulnerable region are facing the risks of becoming environmental refugees due to land loss by shore line changes. Moreover, storm surges because of cyclones like Aila are becoming more frequent causing sudden heavy intrusion of saline water in the freshwater stock. Further, salt accumulation in soil and water often affect agricultural and aquaculture productions. Climate risks have thus severely affected the livelihoods along with this unique ecosystem. Man-Mangrove Interactions (MMI) in IS is also obstructed by unsustainable exploitation of NTFPs, embankments in mud-flats causing failure of propagules to survive, etc. However, the risks and impacts are not in the same degree in the entire region. Hence, location-based approach is urgently needed for increasing adaptation capacity to climate risks. Here, we propose to develop a Geo-smart management system model to reduce socio-climate risks at the landscape level. The model has five major objectives– 1. Develop index-based climate risks geospatial model 2. Conservation of traditional germplasms 3. Sustainable economic options generation for local people 4. Climate risks awareness programme and knowledge dissemination 5. Positive enhancement of man-mangrove interactions.
Single cell protein analysis for systems biology
Authors: Levy Ezra , Slavov Nikolai
Published: May 2018

The cellular abundance of proteins can vary even between isogenic single cells. This variability between single-cell protein levels can have functional roles, such as controlling cell fate during apoptosis induction or the proliferation/quiescence decision. Here, we review such examples of connecting protein levels and their dynamics in single cells to cellular functions. Such findings were made possible by the introduction of antibodies, and subsequently fluorescent proteins, for tracking protein levels in single cells. However, in heterogeneous cell populations, such as tumors or differentiating stem cells, cellular decisions are controlled by hundreds, even thousands of proteins acting in concert. Characterizing such complex systems demands measurements of thousands of proteins across thousands of single cells. This demand has inspired the development of new methods for single cell protein analysis, and we discuss their trade-offs, with emphasis on their specificity and coverage. We finish by highlighting the potential of emerging mass-spec methods to enable systems-level measurement of single-cell proteomes with unprecedented coverage and specificity. Combining such methods with methods for quantifying the trasncriptomes and metabolomes of single cells will provide essential data for advancing quantitative systems biology.
A guideline for reporting experimental protocols in life sciences
Authors: Giraldo Olga , Garcia Alexander , Corcho Oscar
Published: May 2018

Experimental protocols are key when planning, performing and publishing research in many disciplines, especially in relation to the reporting of materials and methods. However, they vary in their content, structure and associated data elements. This article presents a guideline for describing key content for reporting experimental protocols in the domain of life sciences, together with the methodology followed in order to develop such guideline. As part of our work, we propose a checklist that contains 17 data elements that we consider fundamental to facilitate the execution of the protocol. These data elements are formally described in the SMART Protocols ontology. By providing guidance for the key content to be reported, we aim (1) to make it easier for authors to report experimental protocols with necessary and sufficient information that allow others to reproduce an experiment, (2) to promote consistency across laboratories by delivering an adaptable set of data elements, and (3) to make it easier for reviewers and editors to measure the quality of submitted manuscripts against an established criteria. Our checklist focuses on the content, what should be included. Rather than advocating a specific format for protocols in life sciences, the checklist includes a full description of the key data elements that facilitate the execution of the protocol.
Amplifying Nanoparticle Targeting Performance to Tumor via Diels–Alder Cycloaddition
Authors: Lu Guihong , Li Feng , Zhang Fan , Huang Li‐Li , Zhang Lijun , Lv Yanlin , Wei Wei , Xie Hai‐Yan
Published: May 2018

Traditional targeting approach utilizing biological ligands has to face the problems of limited receptors and tumor heterogeneity. Herein, a two‐step tumor‐targeting and therapy strategy based on inverse electron‐demand [4+2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition (iEDDA) is described. Owing to the unique acidic tumor microenvironment, an intravenous injection of tetrazine modified pH (low) insertion peptide could efficiently target and incorporate onto various cell surfaces in tumor tissue, such as cancer cells, vascular endothelial cells, and tumor‐associated fibroblasts. The “receptor‐like” tetrazine groups with a large amount and homogeneous intratumoral distribution could then serve as the baits to greatly amplify the tumor‐targeting ability of indocyanine green (ICG)‐loaded and trans‐cyclooctene (TCO)‐conjugated human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (TCO‐HSA‐ICG NPs) via iEDDA after the second intravenous injection. Compared with the passive enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and traditional active targeting approaches, the targeting performance and photothermal therapeutic effect based on the two‐step strategy are significantly enhanced, while no notable toxicity is observed. As acidity is a characteristic of solid tumor, the two‐step strategy can serve as a universal and promising modality for safe and high‐performance nanoparticle‐based antitumor therapy.
A High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitor Constructed by Metal–Organic Framework–Derived Anode and Cathode Materials
Authors: Li Hongxia , Lang Junwei , Lei Shulai , Chen Jiangtao , Wang Kunjie , Liu Lingyang , Zhang Tianyun , Liu Weisheng , Yan Xingbin
Published: May 2018

Sodium‐ion hybrid capacitors (SIHCs) can potentially combine the virtues of high‐energy density of batteries and high‐power output as well as long cycle life of capacitors in one device. The key point of constructing a high‐performance SIHC is to couple appropriate anode and cathode materials, which can well match in capacity and kinetics behavior simultaneously. In this work, a novel SIHC, coupling a titanium dioxide/carbon nanocomposite (TiO2/C) anode with a 3D nanoporous carbon cathode, which are both prepared from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs, MIL‐125 (Ti) and ZIF‐8, respectively), is designed and fabricated. The robust architecture and extrinsic pseudocapacitance of TiO2/C nanocomposite contribute to the excellent cyclic stability and rate capability in half‐cell. Hierarchical 3D nanoporous carbon displays superior capacity and rate performance. Benefiting from the merits of structures and performances of anode and cathode materials, the as‐built SIHC achieves a high energy density of 142.7 W h kg−1 and a high power output of 25 kW kg−1 within 1–4 V, as well as an outstanding life span of 10 000 cycles with over 90% of the capacity retention. The results make it competitive in high energy and power–required electricity storage applications.
Emancipating Target‐Functionalized Carbon Dots from Autophagy Vesicles for a Novel Visualized Tumor Therapy
Authors: Li Jipeng , Yang Siwei , Deng Yuan , Chai Peiwei , Yang Yucheng , He Xiaoyu , Xie Xiaoming , Kang Zhenhui , Ding Guqiao , Zhou Huifang , Fan Xianqun
Published: May 2018

Killing the tumor cells by a visualized targeting system is a promising strategy with which to achieve high efficiency, low side effects, and a high survival rate for tumor therapy. Here, an autophagy regulation strategy is reported by emancipating target‐functionalized carbon dots from autophagy vesicles for the efficient visualized tumor therapy. The folic acid modified N‐doped carbon dots (FN‐CDs) are selectively endocytosed (specific cellular uptake rate >93.40%) and stably existed in autophagic vacuoles in tumor cells. Next, the autophagic vacuoles are “opened” by the autophagy inhibitors. Released FN‐CDs activate both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and kill tumor cells efficiently. This method achieves therapeutic effects with high performance in 26 types of tumor cell lines. Animal experiments show that the 30 d survival rate of this therapeutic strategy is much higher than that with traditional drug treatment. Real‐time imaging/monitoring and its effects on the intelligent tumor therapy are also demonstrated based on the stable, strong, green emission from FN‐CDs.
Removal of the Magnetic Dead Layer by Geometric Design
Authors: Guo Er‐Jia , Roldan Manuel A. , Charlton Timothy , Liao Zhaoliang , Zheng Qiang , Ambaye Haile , Herklotz Andreas , Gai Zheng , Ward T. Zac , Lee Ho Nyung , Fitzsimmons Michael R.
Published: May 2018

The proximity effect is used to engineer interface effects such as magnetoelectric coupling, exchange bias, and emergent interfacial magnetism. However, the presence of a magnetic “dead layer” adversely affects the functionality of a heterostructure. Here, it is shown that by utilizing (111) polar planes, the magnetization of a manganite ultrathin layer can be maintained throughout its thickness. Combining structural characterization, magnetometry measurements, and magnetization depth profiling with polarized neutron reflectometry, it is found that the magnetic dead layer is absent in the (111)‐oriented manganite layers, however, it occurs in the films with other orientations. Quantitative analysis of local structural and elemental spatial evolutions using scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy reveals that atomically sharp interfaces with minimal chemical intermixing in the (111)‐oriented superlattices. The polar discontinuity across the (111) interfaces inducing charge redistribution within the SrTiO3 layers is suggested, which promotes ferromagnetism throughout the (111)‐oriented ultrathin manganite layers. The approach of eliminating problematic magnetic dead layers by changing the crystallographic orientation suggests a conceptually useful recipe to engineer the intriguing physical properties of oxide interfaces, especially in low dimensionality.
Low‐Temperature Absorption, Photoluminescence, and Lifetime of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Nanocrystals
Authors: Diroll Benjamin T. , Zhou Hua , Schaller Richard D.
Published: May 2018

The absorption and photoluminescence, both steady‐state and time‐resolved, of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals are reported at temperatures ranging from 3 to 300 K. These measurements offer a unique window into the fundamental properties of this class of materials which is considered promising for light‐emitting and detection devices. The bandgaps are shown to increase from low to high temperature, and none of the examined cesium‐based perovskite nanocrystals exhibit a bandgap discontinuity in this temperature range suggesting constant crystal phase. Time‐resolved measurements show that the radiative lifetime of the band‐edge emission depends strongly on the halide ion and increases with heating. The increasing lifetime at higher temperatures is attributed primarily to free carriers produced from exciton fission, corroborated by the prevalence of excitonic character in absorption. The results particularly highlight many of the similarities in physical properties, such as low exciton binding energy and long lifetime, between CsPbI3 and hybrid organic–inorganic plumbotrihalide perovskites.
Interface Design and Development of Coating Materials in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Xia , Sun Xueliang
Published: May 2018

High‐energy Li‐S batteries have received extensive attention and are considered to be the most promising next‐generation electric energy storage devices beyond Li‐ion batteries. Interface design is an important direction to address challenges in the development of Li–S batteries. This review summarizes recently developed coatings and interlayer materials at various interfaces of Li–S batteries. In particular, advanced nanostructures and novel fabrication methods of coating and interlayer materials applied to Li–S batteries are highlighted. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms at the interfaces and electrochemical performance of the developed Li–S batteries are also discussed. Finally, existing challenges and the future development of interface design in high‐energy Li–S batteries are summarized and prospected.
Synthesis of Pt Hollow Nanodendrites with Enhanced Peroxidase‐Like Activity against Bacterial Infections: Implication for Wound Healing
Authors: Ge Cuicui , Wu Renfei , Chong Yu , Fang Ge , Jiang Xiumei , Pan Yue , Chen Chunying , Yin Jun‐Jie
Published: May 2018

Improving the antibacterial activity of H2O2 and reducing its usage are requirements for wound disinfection. Nanomaterials with intrinsic peroxidase‐like properties are developed to enhance the antibacterial performance of H2O2 and avoid the toxicity seen with high H2O2 levels. Here, Pd–Pt core–frame nanodendrites consist of a dense array of platinum (Pt) branches on a Pd core are synthesized, and subsequently converted to Pt hollow nanodendrites by selective removal of the Pd cores by wet etching. The fabricated Pt hollow nanodendrites exert striking peroxidase‐like activity due to the maximized utilization efficiency of the Pt atoms and the presence of high‐index facets on their surfaces. By catalyzing the decomposition of H2O2 into more toxic hydroxyl radicals (•OH), Pt hollow nanodendrites exhibit excellent bactericidal activity against both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria with the assistance of low concentrations of H2O2. Furthermore, Pt hollow nanodendrites accelerate wound healing in the presence of low doses of H2O2. In addition, no obvious adverse effects are observed at the given dose of nanodendrites. These findings can be used to guide the design of noble metal‐based nanomaterials as potential enzyme‐mimetic systems and advance the development of nanoenzymes to potentiate the antibacterial activity of H2O2.
Few Layered N, P Dual‐Doped Carbon‐Encapsulated Ultrafine MoP Nanocrystal/MoP Cluster Hybrids on Carbon Cloth: An Ultrahigh Active and Durable 3D Self‐Supported Integrated Electrode for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in a Wide pH Range
Authors: Liu Baocang , Li Huan , Cao Bo , Jiang Jianing , Gao Rui , Zhang Jun
Published: May 2018

Development of highly active and stable electrocatalysts is a key to realize efficient hydrogen evolution through water electrolysis. Here, the development of a 3D self‐supported integrated electrode constituting few layered N, P dual‐doped carbon‐encapsulated ultrafine MoP nanocrystal/MoP cluster hybrids on carbon cloth (FLNPC@MoP‐NC/MoP‐C/CC) is demonstrated. Benefiting from novel structural features including fully open and accessible nanoporosity, ultrasmall size of MoP‐NCs on MoP‐Cs as well as strong synergistic effects of N, P dual‐doped carbon layers with MoP‐NCs, the FLNPC@MoP‐NC/MoP‐C/CC as a 3D self‐supported binder‐free integrated electrode exhibits extraordinary catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with extremely low overpotentials at all pH values ( j = 10 mA cm−2 at η = 74, 106, and 69 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4, 1.0 m PBS, and 1.0 m KOH electrolytes, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, the ultrahigh electrocatalytic performance represents one of the best MoP‐based HER electrocatalysts reported so far. Additionally, few layered N, P dual‐doped carbon can effectively prevent MoP‐NC/MoP‐C from corrosion, making the FLNPC@MoP‐NC/MoP‐C/CC exhibit nearly unfading stability after 50 h testing in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media, which shows great promise for electrocatalytic water splitting application.
Efficient and Ambient‐Air‐Stable Solar Cell with Highly Oriented 2D@3D Perovskites
Authors: Ye Tao , Bruno Annalisa , Han Guifang , Koh Teck Ming , Li Jia , Jamaludin Nur Fadilah , Soci Cesare , Mhaisalkar Subodh G. , Leong Wei Lin
Published: May 2018

3D organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites have shown great potential in efficient photovoltaic devices. However, the low stability of the 3D perovskite layer and random arrangement of the perovskite crystals hinder its commercialization road. Herein, a highly oriented 2D@3D ((AVA)2PbI4@MAPbI3) perovskite structure combining the advantages of both 2D and 3D perovskite is fabricated through an in situ route. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.0% is observed from a 2D@3D perovskite solar cell (PSC), and it also shows significantly enhanced device stability under both inert (90% of initial PCE for 32 d) and ambient conditions (72% of initial PCE for 20 d) without encapsulation. The high efficiency of 18.0% and nearly twofold improvement of device stability in ambient compared with pure 3D PSCs confirm that such 2D@3D perovskite structure is an effective strategy for high performance and increasing stability and thus will enable the timely commercialization of PSCs.
Ferroelectric Sr3Zr2O7: Competition between Hybrid Improper Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Mechanisms
Authors: Yoshida Suguru , Fujita Koji , Akamatsu Hirofumi , Hernandez Olivier , Sen Gupta Arnab , Brown Forrest G. , Padmanabhan Haricharan , Gibbs Alexandra S. , Kuge Toshihiro , Tsuji Ryosuke , Murai Shunsuke , Rondinelli James M. , Gopalan Venkatraman , Tanaka Katsuhisa
Published: May 2018

In contrast to polar cation displacements driving oxides into noncentrosymmetric and ferroelectric states, inversion‐preserving anion displacements, such as rotations or tilts of oxygen octahedra about cation coordination centers, are exceedingly common. More than one nonpolar rotational mode in layered perovskites can lift inversion symmetry and combine to induce an electric polarization through a hybrid improper ferroelectric (HIF) mechanism. This form of ferroelectricity expands the compositional palette to new ferroelectric oxides because its activity derives from geometric rather than electronic origins. Here, the new Ruddlesden–Popper HIF Sr3Zr2O7, which is the first ternary lead‐free zirconate ferroelectric, is reported and room‐temperature polarization switching is demonstrated. This compound undergoes a first‐order ferroelectric‐to‐paraelectric transition, involving an unusual change in the “sense” of octahedral rotation while the octahedral tilt remains unchanged. Our experimental and first‐principles study shows that the paraelectric polymorph competes with the polar phase and emerges from a trilinear coupling of rotation and tilt modes interacting with an antipolar mode. This form of hybrid improper “antiferroelectricity” is recently predicted theoretically but has remained undetected. This work establishes the importance of understanding anharmonic interactions among lattice degrees of freedom, which is important for the discovery of new ferroelectrics and likely to influence the design of next‐generation thermoelectrics.
Approaching the Downsizing Limit of Maricite NaFePO4 toward High‐Performance Cathode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yongchang , Zhang Ning , Wang Fanfan , Liu Xiaobin , Jiao Lifang , Fan Li‐Zhen
Published: May 2018

Maricite NaFePO4 nanodots with minimized sizes (≈1.6 nm) uniformly embedded in porous N‐doped carbon nanofibers (designated as NaFePO4@C) are first prepared by electrospinning for maximized Na‐storage performance. The obtained flexible NaFePO4@C fiber membrane adherent on aluminum foil is directly used as binder‐free cathode for sodium‐ion batteries, revealing that the ultrasmall nanosize effect as well as a high‐potential desodiation process can transform the generally perceived electrochemically inactive maricite NaFePO4 into a highly active amorphous phase; meanwhile, remarkable electrochemical performance in terms of high reversible capacity (145 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C), high rate capability (61 mA h g−1 at 50 C), and unprecedentedly high cyclic stability (≈89% capacity retention over 6300 cycles) is achieved. Furthermore, the soft package Na‐ion full battery constructed by the NaFePO4@C nanofibers cathode and the pure carbon nanofibers anode displays a promising energy density of 168.1 Wh kg−1 and a notable capacity retention of 87% after 200 cycles. The distinctive 3D network structure of very fine NaFePO4 nanoparticles homogeneously encapsulated in interconnected porous N‐doped carbon nanofibers, can effectively improve the active materials' utilization rate, facilitate the electrons/Na+ ions transport, and strengthen the electrode stability upon prolonged cycling, leading to the fascinating Na‐storage performance.
Highly Brilliant Noniridescent Structural Colors Enabled by Graphene Nanosheets Containing Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhang Yingxue , Han Peng , Zhou Haiyan , Wu Na , Wei Yu , Yao Xi , Zhou Jinming , Song Yanlin
Published: May 2018

The most important properties of noniridescent structural colors of amorphous photonic structures (APS) are sufficient color brightness and saturation, which are difficult to be optimized simultaneously. Herein, highly saturated and brilliant noniridescent structural colors are achieved by introducing graphene nanosheets, which contain a fraction of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), into the short‐range ordered APS. The effective modulation of the photoluminescence (PL) of GQDs by the selective enhancement of absorption at the blue pseudo photonic bandgap edges of the APS boosts the PL with wavelength matching that of the photonic bandgap and thus enables high structural color brightness; the uniform light absorption of graphene nanosheets in the whole visible spectra contributes to the high color saturation. Furthermore, by using APS films with short‐range order as templates, a brilliant colorful humidity sensor is demonstrated. Compared with the conventional sensing platform based on photonic crystals, the humidity sensor with brilliant noniridescent structural colors is more convenient by avoiding the confusing color dependence on the viewing angles. The improvement in the structural color brightness of the APS films by facile graphene doping will facilitate their practical applications in fields of decorations, packaging, pigments, sensors, displays, or other color‐related areas.
A Nanostructuring Method to Decouple Electrical and Thermal Transport through the Formation of Electrically Triggered Conductive Nanofilaments
Authors: Durán Retamal José Ramón , Kang Chen‐Fang , Lien Der‐Hsien , Kuo Wei‐Cheng , Juang Zhen‐Yu , Tsai Meng‐Lin , Ho Chih‐Hsiang , Juang Jenh‐Yih , Hsiao Vincent K. S. , Chu Ying‐Hao , Li Lain‐Jong , Wu Yue , He Jr‐Hau
Published: May 2018

Transforming thermal energy into electric energy and vice versa needs the decoupling of electrical transport from thermal transport. An innovative strategy is proposed by forming/disrupting electrically triggered conductive nanofilaments within semiconducting thin films to switch thermoelectric properties between two states without further material modification and manufacturing processes. It can also controllably adjust the degree of decoupling, providing a potential resolution and performance adjustability for heat/coldness control or power consumption reduction on demand.
Untethered Recyclable Tubular Actuators with Versatile Locomotion for Soft Continuum Robots
Authors: Qian Xiaojie , Chen Qiaomei , Yang Yang , Xu Yanshuang , Li Zhen , Wang Zhenhua , Wu Yahe , Wei Yen , Ji Yan
Published: May 2018

Stimuli‐responsive materials offer a distinguished platform to build tether‐free compact soft robots, which can combine sensing and actuation without a linked power supply. In the past, tubular soft robots have to be made by multiple components with various internal channels or complex cavities assembled together. Moreover, robust processing, complex locomotion, simple structure, and easy recyclability represent major challenges in this area. Here, it is shown that those challenges can be tackled by liquid crystalline elastomers with allyl sulfide functional groups. The light‐controlled exchange reaction between allyl sulfide groups allows flexible processing of tubular soft robots/actuators, which does not need any assisting materials. Complex locomotion demonstrated here includes reversible simultaneous bending and elongation; reversible diameter expansion; and omnidirectional bending via remote infrared light control. Different modes of actuation can be programmed into the same tube without the routine assembly of multiple tubes as used in the past. In addition, the exchange reaction also makes it possible to use the same single tube repeatedly to perform different functions by erasing and reprogramming.
Alginate‐Derived Salt/Polymer Composites for Thermochemical Heat Storage
Authors: Kallenberger Paul A. , Posern Konrad , Linnow Kirsten , Brieler Felix J. , Steiger Michael , Fröba Michael
Published: May 2018

Thermochemical heat storage composites based on inorganic salt hydrates embedded in a hydrogel‐derived polymeric matrix are presented. The synthesis offers the flexibility to obtain composites with different incorporated salts such as MgSO4, MgCl2, CaCl2, and SrCl2. The incorporated salts can release and store heat through reversible hydration and dehydration while the use of an alginate‐based matrix allows macroscopic structuring of the composite as beads that provide little pressure loss in packed beds. The synthesis is simple, can be scaled up and carried out in continuous flow. Charging temperatures below 150 °C, high volumetric storage densities of up to 1.50 kJ cm−3 (417 kWh m−3) combined with a macroscopic shape that allows easy vapor diffusion through packed beds present a major advance for heat storage materials based on salt hydrates.
Star‐Shaped Boron‐Containing Asymmetric Host Materials for Solution‐Processable Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jin Jibiao , Tao Ye , Jiang He , Chen Runfeng , Xie Guohua , Xue Qin , Tao Chen , Jin Lu , Zheng Chao , Huang Wei
Published: May 2018

Boron‐containing compounds have attracted considerable attention because of their electron‐accepting properties, and they are widely used in a variety of fields. However, due to the essential requirement to protect the empty pz‐orbital of the boron atom using large steric hindrance or rigid groups, borane derivatives generally show poor solubility and are rarely reported as acceptor units to construct bipolar host materials for phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (PhOLEDs). Here, a combined star‐shaped and asymmetric donor–acceptor molecular design strategy to improve the solubility and fine tune the optical and electronic properties of boron‐containing materials is presented. High thermal stability, solvent solubility, solution processability, and triplet energy are achieved simultaneously. With the thus‐designed boron‐containing bipolar molecules as host materials, the solution‐processed PhOLEDs exhibit high device performances, which are comparable to the vacuum‐processed counterparts, showing high external quantum efficiencies up to 18.5% and 14.5% in blue and white PhOLEDs, respectively. These results demonstrate the great potential of the star‐shaped and symmetry‐breaking borane derivatives in solution‐processable organic optoelectronic devices.
Surface‐Plasmon‐Assisted Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO2 and NO3− on Nanostructured Silver Electrodes
Authors: Kim Youngsang , Creel Erin B. , Corson Elizabeth R. , McCloskey Bryan D. , Urban Jeffrey J. , Kostecki Robert
Published: May 2018

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) typically suffers from low selectivity and poor reaction rates that necessitate high overpotentials, which impede its possible application for CO2 capture, sequestration, or carbon‐based fuel production. New strategies to address these issues include the utilization of photoexcited charge carriers to overcome activation barriers for reactions that produce desirable products. This study demonstrates surface‐plasmon‐enhanced photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 and nitrate (NO3−) on silver nanostructured electrodes. The observed photocurrent likely originates from a resonant charge transfer between the photogenerated plasmonic hot electrons and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (MO) acceptor energy levels of adsorbed CO2, NO3−, or their reductive intermediates. The observed differences in the resonant effects at the Ag electrode with respect to electrode potential and photon energy for CO2 versus NO3− reduction suggest that plasmonic hot‐carriers interact selectively with specific MO acceptor energy levels of adsorbed surface species such as CO2, NO3−, or their reductive intermediates. This unique plasmon‐assisted charge generation and transfer mechanism can be used to increase yield, efficiency, and selectivity of various photoelectrochemical processes.
Ternary Organic Solar Cells With 12.8% Efficiency Using Two Nonfullerene Acceptors With Complementary Absorptions
Authors: Kan Bin , Yi Yuan‐Qiu‐Qiang , Wan Xiangjian , Feng Huanran , Ke Xin , Wang Yanbo , Li Chenxi , Chen Yongsheng
Published: May 2018

A new small‐molecule acceptor (2,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)benz[f]indanone))7,12‐dihydro‐(4,4,10,10‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐5,11‐diocthylthieno[3′,2′:4,5]cyclopenta[1,2‐b]thieno[2″,3″:3′,4′]cyclopenta[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐f][1]benzothiophene) (NNBDT) based on naphthyl‐fused indanone ending units is reported. This molecule shows a narrow optical bandgap of 1.43 eV and effective absorption in the range of 700–870 nm. The devices based on poly[(2,6‐(4,8‐bis(5‐(2‐ethylhexyl)thiophen‐2‐yl)‐benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene))‐alt‐(5,5‐(1′,3′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐5′,7′‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)benzo[1′,2′‐c:4′,5′‐c′]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione))] (PBDB‐T):NNBDT yield a power conversion efficiency of 11.7% with a low energy loss of 0.55 eV and a high fill factor (FF) of 71.7%. Another acceptor (2,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)benz[f]indanone))7,12‐dihydro‐4,4,7,7,12,12‐hexaoctyl‐4H‐cyclopenta[2″,1″:5,6;3″,4″:5′,6′]diindeno[1,2‐b:1′,2′‐b′]dithiophene (FDNCTF) is introduced as the third component to fabricate ternary devices. The two acceptors (NNBDT and FDNCTF) possess complementary absorption, same molecular orientation, and well‐miscible behavior. It is found that there exists a nonradiative energy transfer process from FDNCTF to NNBDT. The fullerene‐free ternary cells based on PBDB‐T:NNBDT:FDNCTF achieve a high efficiency of 12.8% with an improved short circuit current near 20 mA cm−2 in contrast to the binary devices. The result represents the best performance for fullerene‐free ternary solar cells reported to date and highlights the potential of ternary solar cells.
Intensification of liquid–liquid two‐phase mass transfer in a capillary microreactor system
Authors: Li Guangxiao , Pu Xin , Shang Minjing , Zha Li , Su Yuanhai
Published: May 2018

A convenient strategy to intensify the liquid–liquid mass transfer performance in a capillary microreactor system was developed by narrowing the inlet channel of T‐micromixer or adding baffles into the capillary. Various geometrical parameters such as the inlet mode and diameter of the modified T‐micromixer, the number of baffles and interval distance between baffles in the modified capillary were investigated to elaborate the mass transfer intensification mechanism. The liquid–liquid two‐phase flow patterns in new capillary microreactors were captured by a high‐speed camera. Moreover, pressure drops and specific energy dissipation of these modified microreactor systems were studied and a new parameter indicating the ratio of the mass transfer coefficient to the energy dissipation was proposed. This work highlights the modified capillary microreactor systems with embedding baffle units for achieving high mass transfer rates with its advantages over other types of reactors or microreactors considering specific energy dissipation and effective energy utilization efficiency. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 334–346, 2019
Schools as Vehicles to Assess Experiences, Improve Outcomes, and Effect Social Change
Authors: McMahon Susan Dvorak
Published: May 2018

Schools are important settings that can be utilized to yield a positive impact on youth and the many issues our society faces. In this Presidential Address, I identify key issues and directions for the field, advocating that we need to expand our ecological focus, improve school climate, and collaborate with schools to effect change. To illustrate these key themes, findings from four projects with k‐12 youth and educators in the United States are described, and these projects have the following foci: protective factors for youth exposed to violence, teacher‐directed violence as part of an APA Task Force, school climate and neighborhood factors in relation to academic outcomes, and school transitions for students with disabilities. Challenges and future directions to build upon community psychology theory, research, practice, and policy are discussed.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Arylation of Unbiased Methylene C(sp3)−H Bonds Enabled by a 2‐Pyridinylisopropyl Auxiliary and Chiral Phosphoric Acids
Authors: Yan Sheng‐Yi , Han Ye‐Qiang , Yao Qi‐Jun , Nie Xing‐Liang , Liu Lei , Shi Bing‐Feng
Published: May 2018

Enantioselective functionalizations of unbiased methylene C(sp3)−H bonds of linear systems by metal insertion are intrinsically challenging and remain a largely unsolved problem. Herein, we report a palladium(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective arylation of unbiased methylene β‐C(sp3)−H bonds enabled by the combination of a strongly coordinating bidentate PIP auxiliary with a monodentate chiral phosphoric acid (CPA). The synergistic effect between the PIP auxiliary and the non‐C2‐symmetric CPA is crucial for effective stereocontrol. A broad range of aliphatic carboxylic acids and aryl bromides can be used, providing β‐arylated aliphatic carboxylic acid derivatives in high yields (up to 96 %) with good enantioselectivities (up to 95:5 e.r.). Notably, this reaction also represents the first palladium(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective C−H activation with less reactive and cost‐effective aryl bromides as the arylating reagents. Mechanistic studies suggest that a single CPA is involved in the stereodetermining C−H palladation step.
Formation of a Macrocycles‐in‐a‐Macrocycle Superstructure with All‐gauche Conformation by Reversible Radical Association
Authors: Yuan Liu , Han Yi , Tao Tao , Phan Hoa , Chi Chunyan
Published: May 2018

The formation of an unprecedented macrocycles‐in‐a‐macrocycle (MIM) superstructure by reversible radical–radical association of a triphenylamine based monomer terminated with three dicyanomethyl radicals is presented. The reaction yield is nearly quantitative and the obtained macrocycle contains three small dimeric macrocycles according to X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The six monomer molecules are linked by nine long dynamic covalent C(sp3)−C(sp3) bonds that all adopt a gauche conformation. Such a conformation favors the formation of a MIM structure rather than a 2D network with an all‐anti conformation. Two enantiomers with left‐/ right‐handed chirality exist in the single crystals of the superstructure.
Chromophore Activation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds and Its Application to Enantioselective Photochemical Reactions
Authors: Brenninger Christoph , Jolliffe John D. , Bach Thorsten
Published: May 2018

The first law of photochemistry, as described by Theodor von Grotthuß and John W. Draper, states that only the light absorbed by the irradiated matter can effect photochemical change. Consequently, the photochemical behavior of a molecule can be controlled by bringing its absorbance properties in line with the emission of the light source. A compound with a chromophore that only absorbs light at short wavelengths will not be excited by light of longer wavelengths. If one can reversibly modify the photophysical properties of a compound with a chemical activator, then it is possible to photoexcite only the activated species. For α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, the use of Lewis acids, Brønsted acids, or the formation of the respective iminium ions can bring about the desired chromophore activation to catalyze a photochemical reaction at a given wavelength. In this Minireview, the concept of chromophore activation will be illustrated, and examples of its implementation in enantioselective catalysis will be discussed.
Comparison of Remission and Lupus Low Disease Activity State in Damage Prevention in a United States Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Cohort
Authors: Petri Michelle , Magder Laurence S.
Published: May 2018

Objective

One objective in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity is to reduce long‐term rates of organ damage. We undertook this study to analyze data from a large clinical SLE cohort to compare patients achieving different levels of disease activity with respect to rates of long‐term damage.

Methods

We analyzed data from 1,356 SLE patients in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort, followed up quarterly, with 77,105 person‐months observed from 1987 to 2016. Three outcome measures were considered: clinical remission with no treatment, clinical remission on treatment, and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS).

Results

Patients achieved LLDAS in 50% of their follow‐up months. They achieved clinical remission with no treatment or clinical remission on treatment in only 13% and 27%, respectively, of their follow‐up visits. The rates of damage consistently declined with increased percentage of prior time in either LLDAS or clinical remission on treatment. Spending a short proportion of prior time (<25%) in clinical remission on treatment was associated with a relatively low rate of damage compared to never achieving that condition (1.01 events per 10 person‐years versus 1.82 events per 10 person‐years; rate ratio 0.54, P < 0.0001). Those patients who experienced LLDAS at least 50% of the time had relatively low rates of damage (rate ratio 0.39–0.47, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

LLDAS is an easier target to achieve than clinical remission on treatment and results in reduced risk of long‐term damage. However, even a small percentage of time in clinical remission on treatment was associated with reduced damage.
Epidemiology and Outcomes of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis in Pediatric and Working‐Age Adult Populations In the United States
Authors: Panupattanapong Sirada , Stwalley Dustin L. , White Andrew J. , Olsen Margaret A. , French Anthony R. , Hartman Mary E.
Published: May 2018

Objective

The incidence and prevalence of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in the US is not well characterized. Owing to its rarity, outcomes data in pediatric‐onset GPA are also lacking. The aims of this study were to describe the epidemiology of GPA and outcomes in GPA patients in the US, and to compare outcomes between pediatric and working‐age adult patients.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study using the 2006–2014 Truven Health Analytics MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database was conducted. The incidence and prevalence rates of pediatric and adult GPA (age <65 years) were calculated. Outcomes among the 2 age groups were analyzed.

Results

A total of 5,562 cases of GPA were identified, of which 214 (3.8%) were pediatric onset and 5,348 (96.2%) were adult onset. The incidence rate of pediatric‐onset GPA was 1.8 cases per 1 million person‐years, compared to 12.8 cases per 1 million person‐years in working‐age adults. There was a slight female preponderance in both groups (63% and 53% among pediatric and adult GPA patients, respectively). Rates of hospitalization and severe infections were high in both children and working‐age adults, but children had more frequent hospitalizations (rate ratio [RR] 1.3 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.1–1.4]) and 2–3‐times higher rates of leukopenia (RR 2.6 [95% CI 1.5–4.3]), neutropenia (RR 2.2 [95% CI 1.2–4.0]), and hypogammaglobulinemia (RR 3.7 [95% CI 2.0–6.4]). Time‐to‐event analyses showed no differences in the time to hospitalization, severe infection, major relapse, or end‐stage renal disease.

Conclusion

This study represents the largest cohort of GPA reported to date. Pediatric GPA patients experienced more frequent hospitalizations and were more vulnerable to hematologic complications than non‐elderly adult patients.
Ring‐to‐Cage Structural Conversion via Template Effect in a Gold(I) Metallosupramolecular System
Authors: Nishiura Misa , Kojima Tatsuhiro , Igashira‐Kamiyama Asako , Konno Takumi
Published: May 2018

A unique example of a ring‐to‐cage structural conversion in a multinuclear gold(I) coordination system with d‐penicillamine (d‐H2pen) is reported. The reaction of [Au2Cl2(dppe)] (dppe=1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) with d‐H2pen in a 1:1 ratio gave [Au4(dppe)2(d‐pen)2] ([1]), in which two [Au2(dppe)]2+ units are linked by two d‐pen S atoms in a cyclic form so as to have two bidentate‐N,O coordination arms. The subsequent reaction of [1] with Cu(OTf)2 afforded [Au4Cu(dppe)2(d‐pen)2]2+ ([2]2+), in which a CuII ion is chelated by the two coordination arms in [1] to form an AuI4CuII bicyclic metallocage. A similar reaction using Cu(NO3)2 was accompanied by the ring expansion of [1] to [Au8(dppe)4(d‐pen)4], leading to the production of [Au8Cu2(dppe)4(d‐pen)4]4+ ([3]4+). In [3]4+, two CuII ions are each chelated by the two coordination arms to form an AuI8CuII2 tricyclic metallocage, accommodating a nitrate ion. The use of Ni(NO3)2 or Ni(OAc)2 instead of Cu(NO3)2 commonly gave a tricyclic metallocage of [Au8Ni2(dppe)4(d‐pen)4]4+ ([4]4+), but a water molecule was accommodated inside the AuI8NiII2 metallocage.