bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of education level with diabetes prevalence in Latin American cities and its modification by city social environment
Authors: Braverman-Bronstein Ariela , Hessel Philipp , González-Uribe Catalina , Kroker Maria F , Diez-Canseco Francisco , Langellier Brent , Lucumi Diego I , Rodríguez Osiac Lorena , Trotta Andrés , Diez Roux Ana V
Published: February 2021

Background

Diabetes prevalence continues to increase in urban areas of low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC). Evidence from high-income countries suggests an inverse association between educational attainment and diabetes, but research in LMIC is limited. We investigated educational differences in diabetes prevalence across 232 Latin American (LA) cities, and the extent to which these inequities vary across countries/cities and are modified by city socioeconomic factors.

Methods

Using harmonised health survey and census data for 110 498 city dwellers from eight LA countries, we estimated the association between education and diabetes. We considered effect modification by city Social Environment Index (SEI) as a proxy for city-level development using multilevel models, considering heterogeneity by sex and country.

Results

In women, there was an inverse dose–response relationship between education and diabetes (OR: 0.80 per level increase in education, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.85), consistent across countries and not modified by SEI. In men, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Mexico showed an inverse association (pooled OR: 0.92; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.99). Peru, Panama and El Salvador showed a positive relationship (pooled OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.49). For men, these associations were further modified by city-SEI: in countries with an inverse association, it became stronger as city-SEI increased. In countries where the association was positive, it became weaker as city-SEI increased.

Conclusion

Social inequities in diabetes inequalities increase as cities develop. To achieve non-communicable disease-related sustainable development goals in LMIC, there is an urgent need to develop policies aimed at reducing these educational inequities.
Dynamics of the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among healthcare workers at a COVID-19 referral hospital in Milan, Italy
Authors: Milazzo Laura , Lai Alessia , Pezzati Laura , Oreni Letizia , Bergna Annalisa , Conti Federico , Meroni Cristina , Minisci Davide , Galli Massimo , Corbellino Mario , Antinori Spinello , Ridolfo Anna Lisa
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of developing SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this single-centre prospective study was to evaluate the trend of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in HCWs working at the primary referral centre for infectious diseases and bioemergencies (eg, COVID-19) in Northern Italy and investigate the factors associated with seroconversion.

Methods

Six hundred and seventy-nine HCW volunteers were tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies three times between 4 March and 27 May 2020 and completed a questionnaire covering COVID-19 exposure, symptoms and personal protective equipment (PPE) training and confidence at each time.

Results

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence rose from 3/679 to 26/608 (adjusted prevalence: 0.5%, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.7% and 5.4%, 95% CI 3.6 to 7.9, respectively) between the first two time points and then stabilised, in line with the curve of the COVID-19 epidemic in Milan. From the first time point, 61.6% of the HCWs had received training in the use of PPE and 17 (61.5%) of those who proved to be seropositive reported symptoms compatible with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Contacts with ill relatives or friends and self-reported symptoms were independently associated with an increased likelihood of seroconversion (p<0.0001 for both), whereas there was no significant association with professional exposure.

Conclusion

The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the HCWs at our COVID-19 referral hospital was low at the time of the peak of the epidemic. The seroconversions were mainly attributable to extrahospital contacts, probably because the hospital readily adopted effective infection control measures. The relatively high number of asymptomatic seropositive HCWs highlights the need to promptly identify and isolate potentially infectious HCWs.
Interindividual variation in cardiometabolic health outcomes following 6 months of endurance training in youth at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Hrubeniuk Travis J. , Hay Jacqueline L. , MacIntosh Andrea C. , Wicklow Brandy , Wittmeier Kristy , McGavock Jonathan M. , Sénéchal Martin
Published: February 2021

This study determined the interindividual variation in the cardiometabolic response to 6 months of moderate or vigorous intensity exercise training (ET) among youth at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Youth were randomized to moderate intensity ET (45–55% heart rate reserve; n = 31), vigorous intensity ET (70–85% heart rate reserve; n = 37), or control (n = 36). Only those attending ≥70% of ET sessions were included. Cardiometabolic measures included insulin sensitivity, hepatic triglyceride content, visceral adipose area, and cardiorespiratory fitness. The contribution of ET to interindividual variation was determined using the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) and considered meaningful if the SDIR surpassed the smallest worthwhile difference (SWD), calculated as 0.2 × the standard deviation of the control group baseline values. ET meaningfully contributed to the interindividual variation among changes in peak oxygen uptake following moderate (SDIR: 2.04) and vigorous (SDIR: 3.43) ET (SWD: 1.17 mL·kg fat free mass−1·min−1), body fat percentage and hepatic triglyceride content following moderate-intensity ET (SDIR: 1.64, SWD: 1.05%; SDIR: 10.08, SWD: 1.06%, respectively), and visceral fat mass following vigorous ET (SDIR: 11.06, SWD: 7.13 cm2). Variation in the changes in insulin sensitivity were not influenced by ET. The contribution of ET to interindividual variation appears to be influenced by the desired outcome and prescribed intensity. Trial registration at ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier no.: NCT00755547).

Novelty: The contribution of exercise to interindividual variation following training depends on the outcome and exercise intensity. Increasing exercise intensity does not systematically reduce non-response among youth at risk for type 2 diabetes.
Strong decays of the newly $$P_{cs}(4459)$$ as a strange hidden-charm $$\Xi _c{\bar{D}}^*$$ molecule
Authors: Chen Rui
Published: February 2021

In our former work [arXiv:2011.07214], the $$P_{cs}(4459)$$

P

cs

(
4459
)

observed by the LHCb Collaboration can be explained as a coupled strange hidden-charm $$\Xi _c{\bar{D}}^*/\Xi _c^*{\bar{D}}/\Xi _c'{\bar{D}}^*/\Xi _c^*{\bar{D}}^*$$

Ξ
c

D

¯

∗

/

Ξ
c
∗

D

¯

/

Ξ
c
′

D

¯

∗

/

Ξ
c
∗

D

¯

∗

molecule with $$I(J^P)=0(3/2^-)$$

I

(

J
P

)

=
0

(
3
/

2
-

)

. Here, we further discuss the two-body strong decay behaviors of the $$P_{cs}(4459)$$

P

cs

(
4459
)

in the meson-baryon molecular scenario by input the former obtained bound solutions. Our results support the $$P_{cs}(4459)$$

P

cs

(
4459
)

as the strange hidden-charm $$\Xi _c{\bar{D}}^*$$

Ξ
c

D

¯

∗

molecule with $$I(J^P)=0(3/2^-)$$

I

(

J
P

)

=
0

(
3
/

2
-

)

. The relative decay ratio between $$\Lambda _cD_s^*$$

Λ
c

D
s
∗

and $$J/\psi \Lambda $$

J
/
ψ
Λ

is around 10, where the partial decay width for the $$\Lambda _cD_s^*$$

Λ
c

D
s
∗

channel is around 0.6 to 2.0 MeV.
Low-redshift constraints on covariant canonical Gauge theory of gravity
Authors: Benisty David , Vasak David , Kirsch Johannes , Struckmeier Jürgen
Published: February 2021

Constraints on the Covariant Canonical Gauge Gravity (CCGG) theory from low-redshift cosmology are studied. The formulation extends Einstein’s theory of General Relativity (GR) by a quadratic Riemann–Cartan term in the Lagrangian, controlled by a “deformation” parameter. In the Friedman universe this leads to an additional geometrical stress energy and promotes, due to the necessary presence of torsion, the cosmological constant to a time-dependent function. The MCMC analysis of the combined data sets of Type Ia Supernovae, Cosmic Chronometers and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations yields a fit that is well comparable with the $$\Lambda $$
Λ
CDM results. The modifications implied in the CCGG approach turn out to be subdominant in the low-redshift cosmology. However, a non-zero spatial curvature and deformation parameter are shown to be consistent with observations.
Concurrent Prediction of Finger Forces Based on Source Separation and Classification of Neuron Discharge Information
Authors: Zheng Yang , Hu Xiaogang
Published: February 2021

A reliable neural-machine interface is essential for humans to intuitively interact with advanced robotic hands in an unconstrained environment. Existing neural decoding approaches utilize either discrete hand gesture-based pattern recognition or continuous force decoding with one finger at a time. We developed a neural decoding technique that allowed continuous and concurrent prediction of forces of different fingers based on spinal motoneuron firing information. High-density skin-surface electromyogram (HD-EMG) signals of finger extensor muscle were recorded, while human participants produced isometric flexion forces in a dexterous manner (i.e. produced varying forces using either a single finger or multiple fingers concurrently). Motoneuron firing information was extracted from the EMG signals using a blind source separation technique, and each identified neuron was further classified to be associated with a given finger. The forces of individual fingers were then predicted concurrently by utilizing the corresponding motoneuron pool firing frequency of individual fingers. Compared with conventional approaches, our technique led to better prediction performances, i.e. a higher correlation ([Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text]), a lower prediction error ([Formula: see text]% MVC versus [Formula: see text]% MVC), and a higher accuracy in finger state (rest/active) prediction ([Formula: see text]% versus [Formula: see text]%). Our decoding method demonstrated the possibility of classifying motoneurons for different fingers, which significantly alleviated the cross-talk issue of EMG recordings from neighboring hand muscles, and allowed the decoding of finger forces individually and concurrently. The outcomes offered a robust neural-machine interface that could allow users to intuitively control robotic hands in a dexterous manner.
Modeling of Newtonian and non-Newtonian-based coolants for deployment in industrial length-scale shell and tube heat exchanger
Authors: Anitha S. , Thomas Tiju , Parthiban V. , Pichumani M.
Published: February 2021

To evaluate the heat transfer performance (HTP) of hybrid nanofluids, numerical simulations are carried out in an industrial length single pass shell and tube heat exchanger. In shell, ISO VG 68 oil enters with [Formula: see text]C and with [Formula: see text]C, the coolant passes into the tube. CNT-[Formula: see text]/water and CNT-[Formula: see text]/sodium alginate (SA) are used as Newtonian and non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid, respectively. The influence of base fluid and nanoparticles on thermal performance of heat exchanger is studied. The chosen nanoparticles are reliable to the industrial deployment. The current numerical procedure is validated with the earlier experimental results. Volume fraction of nanoparticles is optimized for an effective HTP of the heat exchanger. About 60% increment in heat transfer coefficient is observed when hybrid nanofluid is employed. By using Newtonian hybrid nanofluid, 50% improvement in Nusselt number is marked out. Effectiveness and heat transfer rate of heat exchanger are higher with the employment of Newtonian hybrid nanofluid. Results indicated that, even though Newtonian hybrid nanofluid shows higher thermal performance, non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid is preferable for energy consumption point of view.
Thermodynamics of DNA–RNA renaturation
Authors: Rozikov U. A.
Published: February 2021

We consider a new model which consists of a DNA together with a RNA. Here, we assume that DNA is from a mammal or bird but RNA comes from a virus. To study thermodynamic properties of this model, we use methods of statistical mechanics, namely, the theory of Gibbs measures. We use these measures to describe phases (states) of the DNA–RNA system. Using a Markov chain (corresponding to Gibbs measure) we give conditions (on temperature) of DNA–RNA renaturation.
Porphyrin-based supramolecular assemblies and their applications in NLO and PDT
Authors: Mrinalini Madoori , Naresh Madarapu , Prasanthkumar Seelam , Giribabu Lingamallu
Published: February 2021

Tetrapyrrolic systems largely inspired by nature have attracted much attention in organic electronics and biomedical applications owing to their planar structure and extended [Formula: see text]-conjugated double bonds. As a result, delocalization of [Formula: see text]-electron cloud leads the excellent optical absorption and fluorescent properties. Nonetheless, the utilization of non-covalent interactions result in the self-assembled nanostructures providing applications in bioimaging and electronics. In this review, it is demonstrated that the recent reports on the self-assembly in tetrapyrrolic systems via supramolecular interactions lead to well-defined nanoarchitectures. Moreover, the importance of porphyrin based derivatives in nanoelectronics and chemotherapeutic applications is reported. Therefore, the inclination of tetrapyrroles towards the design and development of novel supramolecular nanostructures are considered the hallmark for nanorobotics, shape memory polymers and bionic arms.
Electrochemical approach to trifluoroacetamide synthesis from 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113a) catalyzed by B12 complex
Authors: Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Yano Yoshio , Ono Toshikazu , Hisaeda Yoshio , Shimakoshi Hisashi
Published: February 2021

One-pot synthetic approach to produce trifluoroacetamide has been developed using an electrochemical method with the B[Formula: see text] complex as a catalyst under mild conditions, in open air at room temperature. Thirty examples of trifluoroacetamide were synthesized from 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (CFC-113a) in moderate to good yields. This user-friendly strategy is compatible with a broad range of trifluoroacetamide syntheses.
Dynamical analysis of a reaction–diffusion SEI epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate
Authors: Wang Jianpeng , Dai Binxiang
Published: February 2021

In this paper, a reaction–diffusion SEI epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rate is proposed. The well-posedness of solutions is studied, including the existence of positive and unique classical solution and the existence and the ultimate boundedness of global solutions. The basic reproduction numbers are given in both heterogeneous and homogeneous environments. For spatially heterogeneous environment, by the comparison principle of the diffusion system, the infection-free steady state is proved to be globally asymptotically stable if [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text], the system will be persistent and admit at least one positive steady state. For spatially homogenous environment, by constructing a Lyapunov function, the infection-free steady state is proved to be globally asymptotically stable if [Formula: see text] and then the unique positive steady state is achieved and is proved to be globally asymptotically stable if [Formula: see text]. Finally, two examples are given via numerical simulations, and then some control strategies are also presented by the sensitive analysis.
Controllable preparation of Fe-containing Li-rich cathode material Li[Li1/5Fe1/10Ni3/20Mn11/20]O2 with stable high-rate properties for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Taolin , Chang Liyao , Ji Rixin
Published: February 2021

Generally, the optimization of synthesis conditions has great influence on the properties of the electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Nowadays, Li-rich manganese-based cathode materials with high capacity are still suffering from low first charge/discharge capacity and poor high-rate capability. In this work, Li[Li[Formula: see text]Fe[Formula: see text]Ni[Formula: see text]Mn[Formula: see text]]O2 has been successfully synthesized by hydroxide co-precipitation method, and the effect of calcination temperature on the material characteristics and electrochemical performance has been investigated. The results show that with the increase of calcination temperature, the layered structure of Li-rich material becomes better. When the calcination temperature is 800[Formula: see text]C, the prepared material exhibits the most excellent electrochemical properties, including high first charge/discharge specific capacity of 366.6/251.9 mAh g[Formula: see text] and good high-rate capability. It is expected that the results of this study can lay a solid foundation for the subsequent research on the modification of this material.
Secondary Procedures after Severe Upper Extremity Injury
Authors: Ng Nathan , Das De Soumen , Chong Alphonsus K.S.
Published: February 2021

Upper extremity trauma is one of the most common types of injuries, accounting for 20 to 40 percent of injured patients presenting to the emergency department. In severe upper extremity injury, the likelihood of secondary procedures to improve function and resolve outstanding clinical problems is high. Secondary procedures are performed later than initial primary surgery, usually after wound healing and with a discernible time gap of days, weeks or occasionally longer. They should be considered as separate procedures from the primary surgery, with due diligence given to planning for it. When approaching secondary procedures, the key principles are anchored in early preparation, patient engagement, optimal timing and sequencing, reviewing and considering alternatives, and finally knowing when to stop. Although secondary procedures after upper extremity injuries can be a complex undertaking, the careful application of these principles and considerations will optimise outcomes.
Co3O4-CeO2/Graphene Composite as a Novel Sensor for Amaranth Detection
Authors: Wang Haoye , Zhu Shichao , Liu Chenyang , Gu Linyang , Chang Jianing , Xie Aijuan , Luo Shiping
Published: February 2021

Amaranth is widely used in food industry, its daily intake is 0–1.5 mg kg−1. Excessive consumption of amaranth may have many adverse effects to health. So it is very important to accurately determine the content of amaranth in food. Graphene (Gr) and Co3O4-CeO2 were prepared by electrolysis and hydrothermal method, respectively. Co3O4-CeO2/Gr nanocomposite was physically grinded by the above two materials for amaranth detection. The structure, morphology and valence state of as-prepared composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were used to detect the response of amaranth. Under the optimal conditions, the oxidation peak current of amaranth increases proportionally with its concentration in the range of 2–96 μM. The sensitivity was 0.8642 μA μM−1 cm−2 and the detection limit was 0.1591 μM. The proposed Co3O4-CeO2/Gr modified electrode as electrochemical sensor has a wide linear range, high sensitivity, good repeatability, stability, and anti-interference ability, which can be used to determine successfully the content of amaranth in soft drinks.
Anthocyanins from Hibiscus syriacus L. Inhibit NLRP3 Inflammasome in BV2 Microglia Cells by Alleviating NF‐κB‐ and ER Stress‐Induced Ca2+ Accumulation and Mitochondrial ROS Production
Authors: Molagoda Ilandarage Menu Neelaka , Lee Kyoung Tae , Choi Yung Hyun , Jayasingha Jayasingha Arachchige Chathuranga Chanaka , Kim Gi-Young
Published: February 2021

Anthocyanins from the petals of Hibiscus syriacus L. (PS) possess anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimelanogenic activities. However, it remains unclear whether PS inhibit the NLR family pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and assembly. This study is aimed at investigating whether PS downregulate NLRP3‐mediated inflammasome by inhibiting nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. BV2 microglia cells were treated with PS in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and adenosine triphosphate (LPS/ATP), and the NLRP3‐related signaling pathway was investigated. In this study, we found that LPS/ATP treatment activated the NLRP3 inflammasome, which resulted in the release of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18. Meanwhile, PS reduced LPS/ATP‐mediated NLRP3 inflammasome at 12 h by inhibiting ER stress‐mediated Ca2+ accumulation and subsequent mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) production, which, in turn, decreased IL‐1β and IL‐18 release. Furthermore, PS inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome 1 h after LPS/ATP treatment by suppressing the NF‐κB pathway, which downregulated Ca2+ accumulation and mtROS production. These data showed that PS negatively regulated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in a time‐different manner by inhibiting the NF‐κB signaling pathway in the early stage and the ER stress response in the late stage. The pathways shared Ca2+ accumulation‐mediated mtROS production, which was significantly inhibited in the presence of PS. In conclusion, our results suggested that PS has potential as a supplement against NLRP3 inflammasome‐related inflammatory disorders; nevertheless, further studies are needed to determine the effect of PS in the noncanonical NLRP3 inflammasome pathways and pathological conditions in vivo.
Socioenvironmental Factors Influencing Distribution and Intensity of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Brazilian Amazon: Challenges for the 2030 Agenda
Authors: Calegar Deiviane Aparecida , Bacelar Polyanna Araújo Alves , Evangelista Brenda Bulsara Costa , Monteiro Kerla Joeline Lima , Santos Jéssica Pereira dos , Almeida Mayron Morais , Bóia Márcio Neves , Carvalho-Costa Filipe Anibal
Published: February 2021

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STHs) are poverty-related diseases with high prevalence rates in developing countries. The present study aims to describe the epidemiological scenario of STHs in an urban population in the Brazilian Amazon. A cross-sectional survey (n = 349 children aged 1–15 years) was carried out to obtain faecal samples and sociodemographic and sanitation data. Among the children, 143 (41%) were positive for at least one STH. Prevalence rates of infections by A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura, and hookworms were 24.4%, 42.6%, and 9%, respectively. A logistic regression multivariate model showed that infection with A. lumbricoides is significantly more frequent in children aged 11–15 years (odds ratio [OR] = 2.38; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.15–4.94;

p
=
0.018

) and the presence of latrines inside houses is a protection factor against ascariasis (OR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.17–0.85;

p
=
0.019

). Positivity for T. trichiura is higher in the 5–10 (OR = 3.31; 95% IC = 1.85–5.89;

p
=
0.001

) and 11–15 age groups (OR = 3.16; 95% IC = 1.66–6.00;

p
=
0.001

), in children living in poor families (OR = 1.78; 95% IC = 1.01–3.14;

p
=
0.045

) and practicing open evacuation (OR = 2.07; 95% IC = 1.07–3.99;

p
=
0.029

). Hookworm infection is more frequent in children aged 11–15 years (OR = 6.70; 95% IC = 1.91–23.43;

p
=
0.002

), males (OR = 6.35; 95% IC = 2.00–20.14;

p
=
0.002

), and those living in stilt houses (OR = 3.52; 95% IC = 1.22–10.12;

p
=
0.019

). The use of albendazole in the last six months was a protection factor against hookworm infection (OR = 0.31; 95% IC = 0.10–0.96;

p
=
0.042

). The proportion of mild, moderate, and severe infections was 55.2%, 37.8%, and 7%, respectively, for A. lumbricoides, 72.4%, 24.3%, and 3.3% for T. trichiura, and 93.8%, 3.1%, and 3.1% for hookworms. Significantly higher worm burdens in T. trichiura and hookworm infections were associated with practicing open defecation and living in stilt houses. The data points to the need to improve sanitation infrastructure in Amazonian cities with similar sociodemographic and environmental characteristics.
A Back Propagation Neural Network‐Based Method for Intelligent Decision‐Making
Authors: Zhang Hao , Mu Jia-Hui
Published: February 2021

A shortage or backlog of inventory can easily occur due to the backward forecasting method typically used, which will affect the normal flow of funds in pharmacies. This paper proposes a replenishment decision model with back propagation neural network multivariate regression analysis methods. With the regular pattern between sales and individual variables, supplemented with the safety stock empirical formula, an accurate replenishment quantity can be obtained. In the case analysis, this paper takes the sales situation of a pharmacy as an example and tests the accuracy and stability of the model. The results show that the model has good prediction accuracy which can be introduced into the intelligent pharmacy system and used in the replenishment of the intelligent pharmacy to prevent overstocking or a shortage of stock, thus improving the financial situation, reducing the manpower burden of typical retail pharmacy, and helping residents buy medicines.
Cerium Oxide/Polypyrrole Nanocomposite as the Matrix for Cholesterol Biosensor
Authors: Anh Ta Thi Nhat , Van Thu Vu , Dang Hai-Son , Pham Vuong-Hung , Tam Phuong Dinh
Published: February 2021

A nanocomposite comprising cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) and polypyrrole (PPy) was fabricated onto a microelectrode for cholesterol sensing application. The cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was immobilized on the CeO2 NPs/PPy/electrode by the physical adsorption route. The structure and morphology of the CeO2 NPs/PPy nanocomposite were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results showed that the ChOx/CeO2 NPs/PPy/electrode was linearly related with cholesterol in the range of 50 to 500 mg/dL. The sensitivity of ChOx/CeO2 NPs/PPy/electrode was

5.7
×

10

−
6

 mA/mg⋅dL−1. The optimal parameters, including pH value and temperature, and selectivity, storage stability, and reproducibility of ChOx/CeO2 NPs/PPy/electrode were investigated.
A PE-MUSIC Algorithm for Sparse Array in MIMO Radar
Authors: Pang Yucai , Liu Song , He Yun
Published: February 2021

Larger array aperture is provided by sparse arrays than uniform ones, which can improve the angle estimation resolution and reduce the cost of system evidently. However, manifold ambiguity is introduced due to the array sparsity. In this paper, a Power Estimation Multiple-Signal Classification (PE-MUSIC) algorithm is proposed to solve the manifold ambiguity of arbitrary sparse arrays for uncorrelated sources in Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) radar. First, the paired direction of departure (DOD) and direction of arrival (DOA) are obtained for all targets by MUSIC algorithm, including the true and spurious ones; then, the well-known Davidon–Fletcher–Powell (DFP) algorithm is applied to estimate all targets’ power values, among which the value of a spurious target trends to zero. Therefore, the ambiguity of sparse array in MIMO radar can be cleared. Simulation results verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the method.
Fitting Method of Optimal Energy-Running Time Curve Based on Train Operation Data of an Urban Rail Section
Authors: Deng Lianbo , Mei Hongda , Zhou Wenliang , Jing Enwei
Published: February 2021

Due to the complexity of the operation control of urban rail transit and diversity requirements for section running time standards, based on actual train operation data, this paper proposes a curve fitting method to find the interrelation between running time and energy consumption. According to features of the energy consumption-running time curve, the discriminant criterion of outliers is constructed to select the candidate fitting data set from the original data set. To fit the energy consumption-running time curve from two-dimensional scatter points, we propose a B-spline curve fitting method based on a genetic algorithm and the fitting method is proven to have high fitting accuracy and convergence speed. Furthermore, we propose an optimization method for the fitting curve based on dynamic adjustment of the fitting data set which is selected from the candidate fitting data set to obtain the optimal energy-running time curve. The validation of Guangzhou Metro's actual operation data shows that the energy-running time curve fitted and optimized by our method has lower energy and better continuity and smoothness and could be used for evaluation of train drivers’ performance and energy consumption of train operation diagram.
Right Atrioventricular Valvular Dysplasia in a New Zealand White Rabbit
Authors: Reed Scott D. , Blaisdell Melanie E.
Published: February 2021

A sixteen-week-old, male New Zealand White rabbit was euthanized following an acute onset of respiratory distress and cyanosis. On necropsy, the rabbit had marked right atrioventricular eccentric hypertrophy, absence or rudimentary presence of the septal leaflet of the right atrioventricular valve, focally extensive left ventricular infarction, diffuse hepatic chronic passive congestion, and diffuse pulmonary edema. To our knowledge, right atrioventricular valvular hypoplasia, dysplasia, or aplasia has not been previously described in rabbits.
Swelling and Degradation Characteristics of Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt during Processing
Authors: Xia Caiyun , Chen Mingyuan , Geng Jiuguang , Liao Xiaofeng , Chen Zhongda
Published: February 2021

The existence of cross-linked structure in crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA) leads to the complexity of its system. According to the preparation test of CRMA under different processing technology, the influence of processing temperature and time on the properties and cross-linking structure of CRMA was analyzed. By analyzing the volume expansion rate of the rubber powder after swelling and the toluene insoluble content attenuation rate, the formation conditions of the macro-level cross-linked structure were determined, and the relationship model between the cross-linked structure and the rubber asphalt performance was established. The results show that the rubber particles can form a continuous phase structure after swelling. At this time, the expansion ratio of the swollen rubber powder was 1.76–2.14. Too high temperature (above 200°C) and too long time (above 60 min) caused serious degradation of rubber. The suitable processing technology was stirring at 180–190°C for 45–60 min.
Investigation on the Impacts of COVID-19 Lockdown and Influencing Factors on Air Quality in Greater Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Wetchayont Parichat
Published: February 2021

With the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic around the world, many countries announced lockdown measures, including Thailand. Several scientific studies have reported on improvements in air quality due to the impact of these COVID-19 lockdowns. This study aims to investigate the effects of the COVID-19 lockdown and its driving influencing factors on air pollution in Greater Bangkok, Thailand, using in situ measurements. Overall, PM2.5, PM10, O3, and CO concentrations presented a significant decreasing trend during the COVID-19 outbreak year based on three periods: the Before Lockdown, Lockdown, and After Lockdown periods, for PM2.5: −0.7%, −15.8%, and −20.7%; PM10: −4.1%, −31.7%, and −6.1%; and O3: −0.3%, −7.1%, and −4.7%, respectively, compared to the same periods in 2019. CO concentrations, especially which had increased by 14.7% Before Lockdown, decreased by −8.0% and −23.6% during the Lockdown and After Lockdown periods, respectively. Meanwhile, SO2 increased by 54.0%, 41.5%, and 84.6%, and NO2 increased by 20.1%, 3.2%, and 26.6%, respectively, for the Before Lockdown, Lockdown, and After Lockdown periods. PCA indicated a significant combination effect of atmospheric mechanisms that were strongly linked to emission sources such as traffic and biomass burning. It has been demonstrated that the COVID-19 lockdown did pause some of these anthropogenic emissions, i.e., traffic and commercial and industrial activities, but not all of them. Even low traffic emissions, on their own, did not cause an absolute reduction in air pollution since there are several primary emission sources that dominate the air quality over Greater Bangkok. Finally, these findings highlight the impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures not only on air pollution levels but on their effects on air pollution characteristics, as well.
Pan-Cancer Analysis of Ligand–Receptor Cross-talk in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Ghoshdastider Umesh , Rohatgi Neha , Mojtabavi Naeini Marjan , Baruah Probhonjon , Revkov Egor , Guo Yu Amanda , Rizzetto Simone , Wong Angeline M.L. , Solai Sundar , Nguyen Tin T. , Yeong Joe Poh Sheng , Iqbal Jabed , Tan Puay Hoon , Chowbay Balram , Dasgupta Ramanuj , Skanderup Anders J.
Published: February 2021

Signaling between cancer and nonmalignant (stromal) cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key to tumor progression. Here, we deconvoluted bulk tumor transcriptomes to infer cross-talk between ligands and receptors on cancer and stromal cells in the TME of 20 solid tumor types. This approach recovered known transcriptional hallmarks of cancer and stromal cells and was concordant with single-cell, in situ hybridization and IHC data. Inferred autocrine cancer cell interactions varied between tissues but often converged on Ephrin, BMP, and FGFR-signaling pathways. Analysis of immune checkpoints nominated interactions with high levels of cancer-to-immune cross-talk across distinct tumor types. Strikingly, PD-L1 was found to be highly expressed in stromal rather than cancer cells. Overall, our study presents a new resource for hypothesis generation and exploration of cross-talk in the TME.

Significance:

This study provides deconvoluted bulk tumor transcriptomes across multiple cancer types to infer cross-talk in the tumor microenvironment.
Will COVID-19 Be the Tipping Point for Primary HPV Self-sampling?
Authors: Lim Anita W.W.
Published: February 2021

Self-sampling is poised to be a disruptor for cervical screening. So far, cancer screening has been a causality of COVID-19; however, the opposite may transpire for self-sampling. Self-sampling enables socially distanced cervical screening with an outreach that extends to underserved populations. As evidence mounts that self-sampling is noninferior to clinician-taken samples, the focus for self-sampling is now as a primary screening option for all women. Now, we have evidence from a modeling study (using Australia as an exemplar) to suggest that program effectiveness with primary self-sampling would be better than the current program, even if sensitivity is lower. Regulatory issues, suitable triage strategies, and clear communication about self-sampling are hurdles yet to be overcome. Nevertheless, existing evidence coupled with COVID-19 could be the tipping point for wider introduction of self-sampling.

See related article by Smith et al., p. 268
Yap1 Mediates Trametinib Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Mudianto Tenny , Campbell Katie M. , Webb Jason , Zolkind Paul , Skidmore Zachary L. , Riley Rachel , Barnell Erica K. , Ozgenc Ibrahim , Giri Tusar , Dunn Gavin P. , Adkins Douglas R. , Griffith Malachi , Egloff Ann Marie , Griffith Obi L. , Uppaluri Ravindra
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

In a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) “window of opportunity” clinical trial, we reported that trametinib reduced MEK-Erk1/2 activation and resulted in tumor responses in a subset of patients. Here, we investigated resistance to trametinib and molecular correlates in HNSCC cell lines and patient samples.

Experimental Design:

HNSCC cell lines were treated with trametinib to generate resistant lines. Candidate bypass pathways were assessed using immunoblotting, CRISPR knockout, and survival assays. Effectiveness of combined trametinib and verteporfin targeting was evaluated. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from responder patients were treated with trametinib and resistant tumors were analyzed. Window trial clinical samples were subjected to whole-exome and RNA sequencing.

Results:

HNSCC cell lines developed resistance (CAL27-TR and HSC3-TR) after prolonged trametinib exposure. Downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway were activated in CAL27-TR and HSC3-TR, and combined trametinib and verteporfin treatment resulted in synergistic treatment response. We defined the Hippo pathway effector Yap1 as an induced survival pathway promoting resistance to trametinib in HSC3-TR. Yap1 was necessary for HSC3-TR trametinib resistance, and constitutively active Yap1 was sufficient to confer resistance in parental HSC3. Analysis of trametinib neoadjuvant trial patient tumors indicated canonical MEK-Erk1/2 pathway activating mutations were infrequent, and Yap1 activity increased following trametinib treatment. Trametinib treatment of a PDX from a responder patient resulted in evolution of resistance with increased Yap1 expression and activity.

Conclusions:

These studies identify a Yap1-dependent resistance to trametinib therapy in HNSCCs. Combined Yap1 and MEK targeting may represent a strategy to enhance HNSCC response.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Laser Capture Microdissected Tumors Reveals Cancer- and Stromal-Specific Molecular Subtypes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Birnbaum David J. , Begg Sebastian K.S. , Finetti Pascal , Vanderburg Charles , Kulkarni Anupriya S. , Neyaz Azfar , Hank Thomas , Tai Eric , Deshpande Vikram , Bertucci François , Birnbaum Daniel , Lillemoe Keith D. , Warshaw Andrew L. , Mino-Kenudson Mari , Fernandez-Del Castillo Carlos , Ting David T. , Liss Andrew S.
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) lethality is multifactorial; although studies have identified transcriptional and genetic subsets of tumors with different prognostic significance, there is limited understanding of features associated with the minority of patients who have durable remission after surgical resection. In this study, we performed laser capture microdissection (LCM) of PDAC samples to define their cancer- and stroma-specific molecular subtypes and identify a prognostic gene expression signature for short-term and long-term survival.

Experimental Design:

LCM and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of cancer and adjacent stroma of 19 treatment-naïve PDAC tumors was performed. Gene expression signatures were tested for their robustness in a large independent validation set. An RNA-ISH assay with pooled probes for genes associated with disease-free survival (DFS) was developed to probe 111 PDAC tumor samples.

Results:

Gene expression profiling identified four subtypes of cancer cells (C1–C4) and three subtypes of cancer-adjacent stroma (S1–S3). These stroma-specific subtypes were associated with DFS (P = 5.55E-07), with S1 associated with better prognoses when paired with C1 and C2. Thirteen genes were found to be predominantly expressed in cancer cells and corresponded with DFS in a validation using existing RNA-seq datasets. A second validation on an independent cohort of patients using RNA-ISH probes to six of these prognostic genes demonstrated significant association with overall survival (median 17 vs. 25 months; P < 0.02).

Conclusions:

Our results identified specific signatures from the epithelial and the stroma components of PDAC, which add clarity to the nature of PDAC molecular subtypes and may help predict survival.
The Added Value of Baseline Circulating Tumor DNA Profiling in Patients with Molecularly Hyperselected, Left-sided Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Manca Paolo , Corallo Salvatore , Busico Adele , Lonardi Sara , Corti Francesca , Antoniotti Carlotta , Procaccio Letizia , Clavarezza Matteo , Smiroldo Valeria , Tomasello Gianluca , Murialdo Roberto , Sartore-Bianchi Andrea , Racca Patrizia , Pagani Filippo , Randon Giovanni , Martinetti Antonia , Sottotetti Elisa , Palermo Federica , Perrone Federica , Tamborini Elena , Prisciandaro Michele , Raimondi Alessandra , Di Bartolomeo Maria , Morano Federica , Pietrantonio Filippo
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The routine use of liquid biopsy is not recommended for the choice of initial treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

Experimental Design:

We included patients with left-sided, RAS/BRAF wild-type, HER2-negative, and microsatellite stable mCRC, treated with upfront panitumumab/FOLFOX-4 in the Valentino study. We performed amplicon-based genomic profiling of 14 genes in baseline plasma samples and compared these data with tumor tissue ultra-deep sequencing results. Specific gene mutations in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and their clonality were associated with progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and radiological dynamics.

Results:

Ten and 15 of 120 patients had a mutation of RAS and PIK3CA in ctDNA, with a positive concordance with tissue deep sequencing of only 31.3% and 47.1%, respectively. Presence of RAS or PIK3CA mutations in baseline ctDNA was associated with worse median PFS [8 vs. 12.8 months; HR, 2.49; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28–4.81; P = 0.007 and 8.5 vs. 12.9 months; HR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.63–5.04; P < 0.001] and median OS (17.1 vs. 36.5 months; HR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.03–4.96; P = 0.042 and 21.1 vs. 38.9 months; HR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.16–4.07; P = 0.015). RAS mutations in ctDNA were associated with worse RECIST response, early tumor shrinkage, and depth of response, while PIK3CA mutations were not. Patients with higher levels of RAS/PIK3CA variant allele fraction (VAF) in ctDNA had the worst outcomes (VAF ≥ 5% vs. all wild-type: median PFS, 7.7 vs. 13.1 months; HR, 4.02; 95% CI, 2.03–7.95; P < 0.001 and median OS, 18.8 vs. 38.9 months; HR, 4.07; 95% CI, 2.04–8.12; P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Baseline ctDNA profiling may add value to tumor tissue testing to refine the molecular hyperselection of patients with mCRC for upfront anti-EGFR–based strategies.
Cholangiocarcinoma Presenting after Eight Years of Treatment of IgG4-Related Autoimmune Pancreatitis with Steroids
Authors: Shinozaki Hiroharu , Sasakura Yuuichi , Shinozaki Satoshi , Terauchi Toshiaki , Matsui Junichi , Kobayashi Kenji , Lefor Alan Kawarai , Ogata Yoshiro
Published: February 2021

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is characterized by pancreatic manifestations of IgG4-related disease. Malignancies in patients with AIP have been reported, but carcinoma of the bile duct is extremely rare. We report a patient with IgG4-related AIP who developed cholangiocarcinoma after 8 years of steroid treatment. A 76-year-old male presented with fever (37.8°C) due to biliary obstruction and cholangitis. He had been treated with steroids for 8 years to control inflammation due to IgG4-related AIP. During 8 years of treatment, hepatobiliary enzyme levels were well controlled within their normal range, but serum IgG4 levels remained elevated. A computed tomography scan showed intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed obstructive changes at the junction of the cystic and common ducts. To relieve biliary obstruction, endoscopic bile duct drainage using a nasobiliary tube was performed, and cytology was Class IV. Aorto-caval lymph node enlargement was found at laparotomy, intraoperatively diagnosed as adenocarcinoma, and resection was abandoned. He died 4 months postoperatively. We report a patient with IgG4-related AIP complicated by cholangiocarcinoma which developed after 8 years of steroid treatment. Even if hepatobiliary markers are well controlled, periodic follow-up with imaging studies may facilitate detection of an early cholangiocarcinoma.
Accuracy of Intravascular Ultrasound-Based Fractional Flow Reserve in Identifying Hemodynamic Significance of Coronary Stenosis
Authors: Yu Wei , Tanigaki Toru , Ding Daixin , Wu Peng , Du Haiyan , Ling Li , Huang Biao , Li Guanyu , Yang Wei , Zhang Su , Yan Fuhua , Okubo Munenori , Xu Bo , Matsuo Hitoshi , Wijns William , Tu Shengxian
Published: February 2021

Background:

Ultrasonic flow ratio (UFR) is a novel method for fast computation of fractional flow reserve (FFR) from intravascular ultrasound images. The objective of this study is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of UFR using wire-based FFR as the reference.

Methods:

Post hoc computation of UFR was performed in consecutive patients with both intravascular ultrasound and FFR measurement in a core lab while the analysts were blinded to FFR.

Results:

A total of 167 paired comparisons between UFR and FFR from 94 patients were obtained. Median FFR was 0.80 (interquartile range, 0.68–0.89) and 50.3% had a FFR≤0.80. Median UFR was 0.81 (interquartile range, 0.69–0.91), and UFR showed strong correlation with FFR (
r
=0.87;
P
<0.001). The area under the curve was higher for UFR than intravascular ultrasound-derived minimal lumen area (0.97 versus 0.89,
P
<0.001). The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio for UFR to identify FFR≤0.80 was 92% (95% CI, 87–96), 91% (95% CI, 82–96), 96% (95% CI, 90–99), 96% (95% CI, 89–99), 91% (95% CI, 93–96), 25.0 (95% CI, 8.2–76.2), and 0.10 (95% CI, 0.05–0.20), respectively. The agreement between UFR and FFR was independent of lesion locations (
P
=0.48), prior myocardial infarction (
P
=0.29), and imaging catheters (
P
=0.22). Intraobserver and interobserver variability of UFR analysis was 0.00±0.03 and 0.01±0.03, respectively. Median UFR analysis time was 102 (interquartile range, 87–122) seconds.

Conclusions:

UFR had a strong correlation and good agreement with FFR. The fast computational time and excellent analysis reproducibility of UFR bears the potential of a wider adoption of integration of coronary imaging and physiology in the catheterization laboratory.
Main Trends of Global Development: Its Reality and Prospects
Authors: Chumakov Alexander N.
Published: February 2021

The article analyzes the main parameters of the modern world development, its architectonics and the most important development trends. Modern communications and principles of interaction of various social systems are also considered. As a result, the most significant cultural-cum-civilizational systems are distinguished – the West, China, the Islamic world and Russia, which represent four global trends or four vectors of power that fundamentally affect the current state and prospects of world development. It is emphasized that the West and China have a global strategy, provided by objective circumstances. The Islamic world and Russia occupy an important geopolitical position and also have a special status in the global world.
Sansevieria pfennigii (Ruscaceae, Asparagales): Confirmation of existence, emendation of description, and tentative threat assessment
Authors: SCHARF UWE , BURKART MICHAEL
Published: February 2021

Sansevieria pfennigii, which to date has been a doubtful species, is confirmed as extant by a recent collection from the Lindi Region in southern Tanzania. The original description of the species, which is based on herbarium material only, is here emended based on additional observations recorded from living plants, including fruits that were previously unknown. Sansevieria pfennigii distinguishes from S. canaliculata, to which it was repeatedly assigned, by its capitate instead of elongate inflorescence, rough rather than smooth leaves, non-pungent instead of pungent leaf tips, dull green leaf colour, more delicate overall appearance, alongside other traits. The difference in inflorescence architecture indicates that these species belong to different groups within Sansevieria and are not closely related; the closest relatives of S. pfennigii are probably S. fischeri and S. stuckyi. Sansevieria pfennigii occurs on well-drained soil in forests, close to S. canaliculata populations. According to the extent of the population seen and the species’ overall rarity, it is tentatively assessed as critically endangered.