bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A non-linear turn-off snubber for power electronic switches
Authors: Steyn C. G. , Van Wyk J. D.
Published: March 2014

A novel suggestion for a non-linear turn-off snubber is simulated experimentally with linear capacitors and an auxiliary power electronic switch. Thus the principle and advantages of this concept is partly illustrated, particularly concerning the important reduction of reactive stored energy for the same switching dissipation in the main power device. The full advantages of the concept will be realised when a snubber capacitor with non-linear, voltage dependent dielectric is used. The work on this part of the solution is being continued.
Water utilization under dryland conditions in South Africa
Authors: Nel P. C.
Published: March 2014

Water utilization is discussed in relation to the adverse climatic and soil conditions in South Africa and the special role of water in growth and yield. The role of sound management practices in the efficient utilization of water is emphasized. A plea is made for urgent measures from the government to arrest veld deterioration and for the stabilization of agronomic crop yields, as well as for clearly directed research efforts.
The quality of water for irrigation
Authors: Du Plessis H. M.
Published: March 2014

A condensed review is presented of the more recent developments in evaluating the salinity and sodicity of water for utilisation in irrigation. Several developments have resulted in water of a higher salinity than previously now being considered suitable for irrigation. The realisation that rain-drop action can result in the formation of surface crusts of low permeability, even at exchangeable sodium percentages lower than that previously considered problematic, point to the possible need for more stringent criteria for irrigation water sodicity.
Irrigation water policy for the R.S.A. and a strategy for the beneficial use of water
Authors: Pretorius P. F.
Published: March 2014

The present irrigation-water policy of South Africa is based on the Water Act (Act 54 of 1956) as amended, and in this paper the most important legal aspects relating to irrigation are briefly highlighted. The basis of allocation of irrigation water is covered and the concepts of private water and public water are explained. The paper then deals with the powers vested in the state as far as control over public water is concerned, and its application. The water rights of properties riparian to public streams are discussed and water apportionment within and outside Government-controlled areas is briefly highlighted with reference to the concepts of normal and surplus flow.
An analysis of the friction mechanism on brake gear of railway rolling stock
Authors: Barnard J. H.
Published: March 2014

Friction energy dissipation at an interface involves a wide range of interdisciplinary concepts. As the demand for higher operating speeds increased, the limitations of cast iron as the traditional friction material for rail transport brakes became more apparent. Only through an intensive analysis of the interfacial interaction between the brake block and brake path could the problems encountered with other promising friction materials be solved. The article deals with the difficulties pertaining to the early composite materials, and indicates how these were overcome by the understanding and implementation of new techniques not previously associated with conventional systems connected with railway braking. Two composite materials, that is 840/N for locomotives and freight wagons where mass oriented momentum dominates, and high friction composite 655/C for passenger vehicles with a predominantly speed-oriented momentum, are presently used.
Porous ThO2-rich glass ceramic
Authors: Richter P. W.
Published: March 2014

Substitution of SiO2 with ThO2 in the ternary sodium borate system was found to produce phase separable glasses. Heat treatment of these glasses resulted in separation into at least two different phases. The soluble sodium borate-enriched phase was then leached out leaving a ThO2-rich skeleton. The structure of the leached material was mostly crystalline.
The functional properties, modification and utilization of whey proteins
Authors: Venter B. G. , McGill A. E. J.
Published: March 2014

Whey protein has an excellent nutritional value and exhibits a functional potential. In comparison with certain other food proteins, the whey protein content of essential amino acids is extremely favourable for human consumption. Depending on the heat-treatment history thereof, soluble whey proteins with utilizable functional properties, apart from high biological value, true digestibility, protein efficiency ratio and nett protein utilization, can be recovered. Various technological and chemical recovery processes have been designed. Chemically and enzymatically modified whey protein is manufactured to obtain technological and functional advantages. The important functional properties of whey proteins, namely hydration, gelation, emulsifying and foaming properties, are reviewed.
Soil deterioration
Authors: Du Plessis M. C. F.
Published: March 2014

The nan-agricultural activities of man compete with agriculture for land. The demands on land made by increasing urban, industrial, mining, recreation and other developments, and the attendant infrastructure - largely the result of a fast-growing population - leave an ever-shrinking area for producing food and fibre. Higher yields per unit will be required in future. Land use selection will need to be based strictly on information provided by impact studies which predict the effects that various uses will have on agriculture. A long-term master plan for land use in the R.S.A. is needed.
Mycotoxins and health risks
Authors: Thiel P. G.
Published: March 2014

Fungal contamination of agricultural products can prove to be harmful to humans and domestic animals as these fungi produce a variety of mycotoxins which can eventually occur in food. Acute intoxications with mycotoxins occur regularly in farm animals but, fortunately, are infrequently observed in humans. However, the chronic exposure of humans to mycotoxins occurs regularly. Such exposures are potentially teratogenic and carcmogenic and can suppress the immune system. It is presently impossible to establish safe levels of exposure for most mycotoxins due to scanty epidemiological data and insufficient observations on experimental animals. With respect to aflatoxin all available data point to a real health risk. Risk analysis based on epidemiological observations shows that the liver-cancer risk for individuals in South Africa is potentially increased by continued exposure to the present legally permitted level of aflatoxin in food.
Pollution associated with intensive livestock-production units
Authors: Venter J. C.
Published: March 2014

In order to take advantage of market proximity, intensive livestock-production units are established on the outskirts of cities. Approximately 70 percent of the poultry and pigs in the Republic is kept in the Transvaal and Western Cape. The total amount of wastes produced in intensive animal units in South Africa is estimated at 9,8 million tons per annum. Waste contains large amounts of plant nutrients, and if handling is incorrect, serious pollution will occur. Pollution takes place when plant nutrients and salts infiltrate the soil in excess of the crop requirement and would result in saline soil or pollution of the groundwater. Waste washed away by surface run-off, will render rivers and dams useless. Water contaminated with pathogenes present in animal waste can cause and spread disease. Although the technology for the safe handling of animal waste exists, the number of cases of pollution is annually increasing.
Guide to biological drawing - Part 2: Depth, shadow and texture
Authors: Holm E.
Published: March 2014

The various techniques available for suggesting depth or the third dimension on two-dimensional drawings are discussed. A selection of those techniques suitable for biological illustrations is treated in more detail, and the description of each technique is followed by recommended excercises. The text is explained with 17 illustrations.
Pollution research in the Republic of South Africa
Authors: Aucamp P. J.
Published: March 2014

Pollution is a complex and wide subject. It is endeavoured to categorize it in manageable subdivisions. Since very little information is available on the expenditure on research by the industry, the paper concentrates on the expenditure by the public sector. Research on water pollution is funded by the WRC, the CSIR and the Departments of Water Affairs and Health. The latter is the main source of funds for air-pollution research. The Department of the Environment funds several projects on the abatement of pollution, especially by solid wastes. Some universities conduct research on pollution abatement. With reference to some projections of future developments, the conclusion is reached that much more funds are needed to combat pollution.
Topological dense subsets of a ring
Authors: Veldsman S.
Published: March 2014

Some properties of this topology are discussed. Amongst others, it is shown that proper closed ideals is more an exception than a rule. This topology is not compatible with separation: A ring is T0 if and only if (a) = (b) implies a = b and T1 if and only if it is discrete. The discrete rings are completely characterized and it is shown that a homomorphism is continuous if and only if the kernel is a closed ideal.
A three-phase inverter with selectively programmed pulse width modulation for an electric vehicle with battery supply
Authors: Van der Merwe L. , Van Wyk J. D.
Published: March 2014

The development and evaluation of a 15 kVA inverter with 144 V battery voltage and pulse width modulation for an electric-hydraulic hybrid road vehicle are discussed. The vehicle is equipped with a squirrel cage induction traction machine. This article covers the configuration of the inverter, the use of integrated bipolar Darlington power transistors, protection of the power switches, base drive of the transistors and control of the inverter. The inverter and drive energy efficiency are evaluated, and the installation of the inverter in the vehicle is discussed.
The computation of flow in a rotating annulus by the method of artificial compressibility
Authors: Grobler H. , Snyman J. A.
Published: March 2014

The flow of an incompressible viscuous fluid is studied via the numerical solution of the discretised continuity and Navier-Stokes governing equations. In particular flow in an annulus formed by two coaxial cylinders, each of which may rotate with respect to the other, and where a pressure drop is prescribed over the lengths of the cylinders, is considered. As method of solution Chorin’s method of artificial compressibility is applied in which the time-independent governing equations are transformed into time-dependent auxiliary equations via the introduction of an artificial equation of state. The solution of the auxiliary equations converges to a stationary solution which corresponds to the solution of the original time-independent equations. The behaviour of the fluid, once fully developed laminar flow is reached, is successfully computed. A simple model is also proposed by which the development of flow along the annulus may be computed for any given inflow velocity profile. The computed results are in agreement with what one would expect from the physics of the problem.
Plant available water
Authors: Nel P. C. , Annandale J. G.
Published: March 2014

The amount of water in the soil available for plant use, as well as water use efficiency, can be largely influenced by managerial practices. Field capacity is a useful arbitrary upper limit of plant available water (PAW), but factors such as redistribution of soil water, evaporative demand and root distribution may influence it. The lower limit of PAW is often referred to as the wilting coefficient, below which soil water is unavailable to plants. Yield losses occur long before the lower limit of available water is reached. Leaf water potential, transpiration, photosynthesis and various other plant processes are drastically reduced after soil water content has reached a certain threshold level. The presence of this threshold soil water content is being questioned by some researchers. Various soil, plant and climatic factors influence PAW. Laboratory measurements of PAW have a few serious shortcomings. In situ measurements are time consuming and for this reason work is still being done on streamlining laboratory methods.
Plant utilization: A core activity of the National Botanic Gardens
Authors: Eloff J. N.
Published: March 2014

The National Botanic Gardens were given a directive by the Forestry Act of 1984 “to promote the conservation of, and research in connection with southern African flora” and also, inter alia, to investigate and utilize, and promote the utilization of, the economic potential of indigenous plants. Although plants were cultivated for economic purposes when Kirstenbosch was established in 1913 and there were already 222 economically important species in the garden in 1933, the effort was later abandoned as a result of other problems which had higher priority. However, the distribution of seed of indigenous species and cut flowers, both locally and overseas, has continued to increase. Surplus plants have, for the past ten years been supplied directly to the public by means of a plant sale at Kirstenbosch. At other gardens of the NBG plant sales are also held on a yearly, monthly and daily basis. It is anticipated that in future plants with horticultural, medicinal and economic potential will be evaluated, selected, developed and, when feasible, also grown and marketed. A seedbank will also be established and operated to conserve genetic diversity in the form of seed and also to distribute seed for cultivation in other gardens and nurseries. A t the last annual plant sale at Kirstenbosch 595 different plant species were sold to the public, considerably more than the 28 different species which are offered in the majority of the nurseries in the Cape Town area. It follows that plants and flowers must be made more readily available to the public visiting botanic gardens, but it should be done in such a manner that commercial growers are not threatened.
The metabolizable energy value of earthworm meal (Eisenia fetida, Oligochaeta) as a potential protein source in animal feeds
Authors: Alberts J. N. , Reinecke A. J. , Venter J. M.
Published: March 2014

The compost worm, Eisenia fetida can be reared in large numbers on organic waste. This opens up the possibility to recover waste protein if E. fetida could be used as a protein source in animal feeds. The value of the protein was therefore researched by determining the metabolizable energy. The TME (true metabolizable energy) was relatively high viz. 15,51 and 15,3 MJ kg-1. This compared favourably with that of fish meal and carcas meal.
A new approach to the definition of electric power, under conditions of distorted voltages and currents
Authors: Enslin J. H. R. , Van Wyk J. D.
Published: March 2014

A generalized time-domain definition of electric power, using autocorrelation and cross-correlation techniques, is proposed for measurement, characterization and compensation of fictitious power in any network, under conditions of nonsinusoidal and in general aperiodic voltage and current waveforms. This leads to the proposal of a new equivalent network parameter, disseptance, which describes the nonlinear properties of the load. The problems associated with the existing definitions of electric power are pointed out by means of a descriptive summary of the different power definitions and their associated limitations. A new philosophy for compensation of fictitious power in distorted supplies, is based on this definition of power and network parameters.
The apparent effect of melatonin on glucose homeostasis in the liver
Authors: Müller F. A.
Published: March 2014

The addition of insulin to incubated liver slides gives rise to a decrease in the glucose concentration of the incubation medium. Should melatonin be added simultaneously, the effect of the insulin alone would be almost totally neutralised. The addition of glucagon to incubated liver slides has no effect on the glucose concentration of the incubation medium. Should melatonin be added simultaneously, the glucose concentration would rise considerably. It would appear that melatonin in liver tissue serves as an insulin antagonist/glucagon synergist.
Feeding ecology of rock pigeons
Authors: Kok A. C. , Kok O. B.
Published: March 2014

Cultivated crops such as maize, sunflower and wheat are the dominant food component of rock pigeons near urban areas, but in more remote rural surroundings natural vegetation forms an important part of the diet. No significant difference is apparent in the overall dietary composition of the respective sex and age groups. Likewise, the number and size of separate food items in the crops of adult males and females are remarkably similar. The average crop mass of both sexes is significantly higher in the late afternoon than in the early morning. The conspicuous seasonal variation in crop mass is apparently related to the relative availability of the food supply. Despite a large degree of dietary overlap, direct competition between rock and feral pigeons is limited to a minimum.
A theoretical basis for the optimization of core volume in an electromagnetic pulse compressor with saturable ferromagnetic cores
Authors: Bredenkamp G. L. , Swart P. H.
Published: March 2014

The theory of operation, which takes into account the system losses, of the Melville line pulse compressor, is presented. The relationship between the total volume of magnetic material, the overall compression ratio and the number of stages show that a minimum volume of material is required when the compression ratio per stage, irrespective of the required overall compression ratio.
Physical oceanography in False Bay: A review
Authors: Gründlingh M. L. , Largier J. L.
Published: March 2014

As False Bay is the largest bay in Southern Africa bordering on an important metropolitan area it has to meet recreational, industrial, fishing and other needs. This review deals briefly with the initial survey of the bay and then focusses on more recent physical oceanographic research. To fill gaps in the present-day knowledge of the Bay, a conceptual measuring programme is suggested.
The use of the finite-element method for the simulation of ground water flow
Authors: Van Tonder G. J. , Botha J. F.
Published: March 2014

The present investigation is mostly concerned with the contribution that the finite-element method can make towards the simulation of ground water flow. After a brief introduction to the finite element method, it is applied to the Grootfontein dolomitic aquifer near Mafikeng/Mmabatho. This aquifer yields water for irrigation purposes as well as water for the township. By utilizing the available information a good flow model was constructed for this aquifer. The model is considered calibrated and verificated.
A computer network for South African researchers
Authors: McDonald T.
Published: March 2014

A computer network holds the key to several important benefits for researchers. The services provided by modern networks enable scientists to collaborate on research projects, both on a national and international level, and to gain access to a large variety of hardware and software, irrespective of its location. Two recent investigations showed that researchers have an urgent need for a network. It was recommended that a phased approach be used to establish a network as soon as possible.
Role and responsibility of the Department of Agriculture and Water Supply in and for agricultural research at tertiary education institutions
Authors: Van der Merwe F. J.
Published: March 2014

Over the past ninety-odd years i.e. ever since the establishment of the first government funded agricultural college, the Department of Agriculture, under its different titles, played an indispensable role in support of agricultural research at tertiary institutions. However, its direct involvement with university faculties was terminated in 1973 when the faculties were fully incorporated into the universities. Undoubtedly the Department has a vital interest in the well-being of tertiary institutions for the training of high level manpower needed to fulfil its research mandate. At present its indirect and direct support of research at university faculties is in the form of researchers seconded and funded for post-graduate studies, the initiation and funding of research contracts by university personnel and the recent expansion of its facility for research fellowships aimed at closer cooperation with and support for tertiary institutions.
Breeding activities of the rock pigeon (Columba guinea)
Authors: Kok O. B. , Kok A. C.
Published: March 2014

The breeding activities of rock pigeons (Columba guinea) on the campus of the University of the Orange Free State at Bloemfontein were investigated. In contrast to the marked seasonal variation in the mass of the ovary and diameter of macroscopic follicles experienced by females, the gonadal cycle of males appears to be relatively constant. Histological investigation of the testes confirms that adult individuals, in contrast to juveniles, are potentially capable of breeding activity throughout the year. Based on the occurrence of nests, eggs and nestlings, breeding activities of rock pigeons take place throughout the year. Nests, of which the selection of nesting material is influenced more by availability than type of item, were found only on the roofs and other structures of buildings. After hatching of a typical clutch size of two eggs, the daily increase in the mass of nestlings takes place in a linear fashion.
On the unconditional lognormal distribution
Authors: Roux J. J. J. , Bekker A.
Published: March 2014

The unconditional lognormal distribution that is rich in parameters is introduced and extended to a multivariate distribution. Theoretical properties and an application of the unconditional lognormal model are given.
The influence of melatonin on the production of free fatty acids by liver tissue in vitro
Authors: Müller F. A. , Oosthuizen J. M. C. , Reyneke I.
Published: March 2014

The separate and combined addition of insulin and melatonin to incubated liver slices produced an increase in the free fatty acid concentration in medium after incubation. Compared to insulin the addition of melatonin produced a more dramatic increase in medium free fatty acid concentration. The combined addition of insulin and melatonin have an additive effect on liver tissue in the production of free fatty acids. The increase in the free fatty acid concentration in incubation media is probably caused by stimulation of intracellular lipolysis by melatonin.
A profile of pre-graduate physics students and their coarse evaluation: University of Stellenbosch, 1986-88
Authors: Saayman R.
Published: March 2014

A thorough investigation has been undertaken of the pre-graduate B.Sc. physics sillabi. A comprehensive opinion poll consisting of 156 questions were answered by 406 B.Sc. students enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch during 1986-88. An analysis was made of the personal particulars of students, their choice of accompanying subjects, evaluation of the physics course contents, mathematical needs, lecturers’ didactics, lecture attendance, study methods, leisure time occupation, learning assessment and interaction with their lecturers. Dominating majority opinions were critically discussed by the lecturing staff and a plan of action implemented in order to improve the quality of physics education and the resulting new physicists.
‘Unexplained intermittent hemoptysis with normal chest radiograph necessitates bronchoscopy’— mucoepidermoid carcinoma of lung: Case report
Authors: Patil Shital , Ayachit Rujuta
Published: March 2014

Hemoptysis is the predominant symptom of tuberculosis and is considered as important clue toward evaluation of tuberculosis and treatment accordingly, especially in high burden countries like India where disease is endemic. 8-25% cases of pulmonary tuberculosis are having hemoptysis during course of their illness. Unexplained hemoptysis with normal chest radiograph needs further evaluation including CT thorax and bronchoscopy. Bronchoscopy would be ideal choice for confirming diagnosis and to localize exact site of bleeding as well. In this case report, we describe a case of a young male who presented with cough and intermittant hemoptysis. During fiberoptic video-bronchoscopy we noted exophytic endobronchial growth in right main stem bronchus. Histopathological evaluation suggests mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) of salivary gland type originating from main stem bronchus right side. PAS and mucicarmine staining differentiated MEC from Adenocarcinoma in our case.
Internal carotid cavernous fistula: One case report and literature review
Authors: Guo Yan-fang , Dong Mei , Mao Zhuo-feng , Zhang Mei-yue , Chen Xin , Zuo Xiao-jie
Published: March 2014

Spontaneous carotid cavernous fistula is usually caused by lesions in the internal carotid cavernous sinus and its branches. We report a young male patient with no history of trauma, in whom the fistula was located at the cavernous sinus of the internal carotid artery. The postoperative angiography found a pseudoaneurysm at the origin of the cavernous sinus of internal carotid artery, which suggested that cavernous sinus fistulas were caused by bleeding from rupture of thin-walled vessels due to the local abnormalities of the vascular wall.
The ICDP Lake Bosumtwi Drilling Project: A First Report
Authors: Koeberl C. , Peck J. , King J. , Milkereit B. , Overpeck O. , Scholz C.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.22 04/iodp.sd.1.04.2005
The Inaugural SHALDRIL Expedition to the Weddell Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Wellner J. S. , Anderson J. B. , Wise S. W.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.22 04/iodp.sd.1.06.2005
IODP Expedition 301 Installs Three Borehole Crustal Observatories, Prepares for Three-Dimensional, Cross-Hole Experiments in the Northeastern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Fisher A. T. , Urabe T. , Klaus A. ,   the IODP Expedition 301 Scientists
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.22 04/iodp.sd.1.01.2005
IODP Expedition 322 Drills Two Sites to Document Inputs to The Nankai Trough Subduction Zone
Authors: Underwood M. B. , Saito S. , Kubo Y. ,   the IODP Expedition 322 Scientists
Published: March 2014

The primary goals during Expedition 322 of the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program were to sample and log the incoming sedimentary strata and uppermost igneous basement of the Shikoku Basin, seaward of the Nankai Trough (southwestern Japan). Characterization of these subduction inputs is one piece of the overall science plan for the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment. Before we can assess how various material properties evolve down the dip of the plate interface, and potentially change the fault’s behavior from stable sliding to seismogenic slip, we must determine the initial pre-subduction conditions. Two sites were drilled seaward of the trench to demonstrate how facies character and sedimentation rates responded to bathymetric architecture. Site C0011 is located on the northwest flank of a prominent basement high (Kashinosaki Knoll), and Site C0012 is located near the crest of the seamount. Even though significant gaps remain in the coring record, and attempts to recover wireline logs at Site C0012 failed, correlations can be made between stratigraphic units at the two sites. Sedimentation rates slowed down throughout the condensed section above the basement high, but the seafloor relief was never high enough during the basin’s evolution to prevent the accumulation of sandy turbidites near the crest of the seamount. We discovered a new stratigraphic unit, the middle Shikoku Basin facies, which is typified by late Miocene volcaniclastic turbidites. The sediment-basalt contact was recovered intact at Site C0012, giving a minimum basement age of 18.9 Ma. Samples of interstitial water show a familiar freshening trend with depth at Site C0011, but chlorinity values at Site C0012 increase above the values for seawater toward the basement contact. The geochemical trends at Site C0012 are probably a response to hydration reactions in the volcaniclastic sediment and diffusional exchange with seawater-like fluid in the upper igneous basement. These data are important because they finally establish an authentic geochemical reference site for Nankai Trough, unaffected by dehydration reactions, and they provide evidence for active fluid flow within the upper igneous crust. Having two sets of geochemical profiles also shows a lack of hydrogeological connectivity between the flank and the crest of the Kashinosaki Knoll.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.10.02.2010
The New Jersey Margin Scientific Drilling Project (IODP Expedition 313): Untangling the Record of Global and Local Sea-Level Changes
Authors: Mountain G. , Proust J.-N. ,   the Expedition 313 Science Party
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.10.03.2010
The MoHole: A Crustal Journey and Mantle Quest, Workshop in Kanazawa, Japan, 3–5 June 2010
Authors: Ildefonse B. , Abe N. , Blackman D. K. , Pablo Canales J. , Isozaki Y. , Kodaira S. , Myers G. , Nakamura K. , Nedimovic M. , Skinner A. C. , Seama N. , Takazawa E. , Teagle D. A. H. , Tominaga M. , Umino S. , Wilson D. S. , Yamao M.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.10.07.2010
The Lake El'gygytgyn Scientific Drilling Project – Conquering Arctic Challenges through Continental Drilling
Authors: Melles M. , Brigham-Grette J. , Minyuk P. , Koeberl C. , Andreev A. , Cook T. , Fedorov G. , Gebhardt C. , Haltia-Hovi E. , Kukkonen M. , Nowaczyk N. , Schwamborn G. , Wennrich B. , the El'gygytgyn Scientific Party
Published: March 2014

Between October 2008 and May 2009, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) co-sponsored a campaign at Lake El´gygytgyn, located in a 3.6-Ma-old meteorite impact crater in northeastern Siberia. Drilling targets included three holes in the center of the 170-m-deep lake, utilizing the lake ice cover as a drilling platform, plus one hole close to the shore in the western lake catchment. At the lake’s center. the entire 315-m-thick lake sediment succession was penetrated. The sediments lack any hiatuses (i.e., no evidence of basin glaciation or desiccation), and their composition reflects the regional climatic and environmental history with great sensitivity. Hence, the record provides the first comprehensive and widely timecontinuous insights into the evolution of the terrestrial Arctic since mid-Pliocene times. This is particularly true for the lowermost 40 meters and uppermost 150 meters of the sequence, which were drilled with almost 100% recovery and likely reflect the initial lake stage during the Pliocene and the last ~2.9 Ma, respectively. Nearly 200 meters of underlying rock were also recovered; these cores consist of an almost complete section of the various types of impact breccias including broken and fractured volcanic basement rocks and associated melt clasts. The investigation of this core sequence promises new information concerning the El´gygytgyn impact event, including the composition and nature of the meteorite, the energy released, and the shock behavior of the volcanic basement rocks. Complementary information on the regional environmental history, including the permafrost history and lake-level fluctuations, is being developed from a 142-m-long drill core recovered from the permafrost deposits in the lake catchment. This core consists of gravelly and sandy alluvial fan deposits in ice-rich permafrost, presumably comprising a discontinuous record of both Quaternary and Pliocene deposits.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.11.03.2011
IODP Expedition 323 – Pliocene and Pleistocene Paleoceanographic Changes in the Bering Sea
Authors: Takahashi K. , Ravelo A. C. , Alvarez Zarikian C. ,   the IODP Expedition 323 Scientists
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.11.01.2011
Deep Drilling at the Dead Sea
Authors: Stein M. , Ben-Avraham Z. , Goldstein S. , Agnon A. , Ariztegui D. , Brauer A. , Haug G. , Ito E. , Yasuda Y.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.11.04.2011
The Scandinavian Caledonides – Scientific Drilling at Mid-Crustal Level in a Palaeozoic Major Collisional Orogen
Authors: Lorenz H. , Gee D. , Juhlin C.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.11.10.2011
U.S. Continental Scientific Drilling Community Looks to the Future
Authors: Walton A. W.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.11.11.2011
Ultra-Deep Drilling through 3.5-Billion-Year-Old Crust in South Africa
Authors: de Wit M.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.11.09.2011
IODP Expedition 318: From Greenhouse to Icehouse at the Wilkes Land Antarctic Margin
Authors: Escutia C. , Brinkhuis H. , Klaus A. ,   the IODP Expedition 318 Scientists
Published: March 2014

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 318, Wilkes Land Glacial History, drilled a transect of sites across the Wilkes Land margin of Antarctica to provide a long-term record of the sedimentary archives of Cenozoic Antarctic glaciation and its intimate relationships with global climatic and oceanographic change. The Wilkes Land drilling program was undertaken to constrain the age, nature, and paleoenvironment of the previously only seismically inferred glacial sequences. The expedition (January–March 2010) recovered ~2000 meters of high-quality middle Eocene–Holocene sediments from water depths between 400 m and 4000 m at four sites on the Wilkes Land rise (U1355, U1356, U1359, and U1361) and three sites on the Wilkes Land shelf (U1357, U1358, and U1360).

 These records span ~53 million years of Antarctic history, and the various seismic units (WL-S4–WL-S9) have been successfully dated. The cores reveal the history of the Wilkes Land Antarctic margin from an ice-free “greenhouse” Antarctica, to the first cooling, to the onset and erosional consequences of the first glaciation and the subsequent dynamics of the waxing and waning ice sheets, all the way to thick, unprecedented "tree ring style" records with seasonal resolution of the last deglaciation that began ~10,000 y ago. The cores also reveal details of the tectonic history of the Australo-Antarctic Gulf from 53 Ma, portraying the onset of the second phase of rifting between Australia and Antarctica, to ever-subsiding margins and deepening, to the present continental and ever-widening ocean/continent configuration.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.12.02.2011
IODP Expedition 324: Ocean Drilling at Shatsky Rise Gives Clues about Oceanic Plateau Formation
Authors: Sager W. W. , Sano T. , Geldmacher J. ,   the IODP Expedition 324 Scientists
Published: March 2014

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 324 cored Shatsky Rise at five sites (U1346–U1350) to study processes of oceanic plateau formation and evolution. Site penetrations ranged from 191.8 m to 324.1 m with coring of 52.6 m to 172.7 m into igneous basement at four of the sites. Average recovery in basement was 38.7%–67.4%. Cored igneous sections consist mainly of variably evolved tholeiitic basalts emplaced as pillows or massive flows. Massive flows are thickest and make up the largest percentage of section on the largest and oldest volcano, late Jurassic age Tamu Massif; thus, it may have formed at high effusion rates. Such massive flows are characteristic of flood basalts, and similar flows were cored at Ontong Java Plateau. Indeed, the similarity of igneous sections at Site U1347 with that cored on Ontong Java Plateau implies similar volcanic styles for these two plateaus. On younger, smaller Shatsky Rise volcanoes, pillow flows are common and massive flows thinner and fewer, which might mean volcanism waned with time. Cored sediments from summit sites contain fossils and structures implying shallow water depths or emergence at the time of eruption and normal subsidence since. Summit sites also show pervasive alteration that could be due to high fluid fluxes. A thick section of volcaniclastics cored on Tamu Massif suggests that shallow, explosive submarine volcanism played a significant role in the geologic development of the plateau summit. Expedition 324 results imply that Shatsky Rise began with massive eruptions forming a huge volcano and that subsequent eruptions waned in intensity, forming volcanoes that are large, but which did not erupt with unusually high effusion rates. Similarities of cored sections on Tamu Massif with those of Ontong Java Plateau indicate that these oceanic plateaus formed in similar fashion.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.12.03.2011
IODP Expedition 317: Exploring the Record of Sea-Level Change Off New Zealand
Authors: Fulthorpe C. S. , Hoyanagi K. , Blum P. ,   IODP Expedition 317 Scientists
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.12.01.2011
IODP Expedition 331: Strong and Expansive Subseafloor Hydrothermal Activities in the Okinawa Trough
Authors: Takai K. , Mottl M. J. , Nielsen S. H. H. ,   the IODP Expedition 331 Scientists
Published: March 2014

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 331 drilled into the Iheya North hydrothermal system in the middle Okinawa Trough in order to investigate active subseafloor microbial ecosystems and their physical and chemical settings. We drilled five sites during Expedition 331 using special guide bases at three holes for reentry, casing, and capping, including installation of a steel mesh platform with valve controls for postcruise sampling of fluids. At Site C0016, drilling at the base of the North Big Chimney (NBC) mound yielded low recovery, but core included the first Kuroko-type black ore ever recovered from the modern subseafloor. The other four sites yielded interbedded hemipelagic and strongly pumiceous volcaniclastic sediment, along with volcanogenic breccias that are variably hydrothermally altered and mineralized. At most sites, analyses of interstitial water and headspace gas yielded complex patterns with depth and lateral distance of only a few meters. Documented processes included formation of brines and vapor-rich fluids by phase separation and segregation, uptake of Mg and Na by alteration minerals in exchange for Ca, leaching of K at high temperature and uptake at low temperature, anhydrite precipitation, potential microbial oxidation of organic matter and anaerobic oxidation of methane utilizing sulfate, and methanogenesis. Shipboard analyses have found evidence for microbial activity in sediments within the upper 10–30 m below seafloor (mbsf) where temperatures were relatively low, but little evidence in the deeper hydrothermally altered zones and hydrothermal fluid regime.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.03.2011
Kochi Core Center Provides New Information Services
Authors: Gupta L. , Hisamitsu T. , Masui N.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.05.2011
Continental Transform Boundaries: Tectonic Evolution and Geohazards
Authors: McHugh C. M. G. , Seeber L. , Çağatay M. N. , Henry P. , Sorlien C. , Steckler M. , Uçarkuş G.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.13.11.2011
The IODP Expedition 332 : Eyes on the Prism, The NanTroSEIZE Observatories
Authors: Toczko S. T. , Kopf A. J. , Araki E. ,   the IODP Expedition 332 Scientific Party
Published: March 2014

The Nankai Trough Seismogenic Zone Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) is a major long-term drilling project designed to investigate the seismogenic behavior of subduction zone plate boundaries. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 332 deployed a long-term borehole monitoring system (LTBMS), an advanced Circulation Obviation Retrofit Kit (CORK)-type observatory. The recovery of pressure and temperature data from a temporary observatory (SmartPlug) deployed during IODP Expedition 319 helped prove the SmartPlug concept. The permanent LTBMS was deployed n the upper 1000 m of Site C0002, while the SmartPlug was recovered from Site C0010 and replaced with a more capable "GeniusPlug", incorporating an extension with a geochem-ical sampler and biological experiment to the original SmartPlug design. SmartPlug pressure and temperature data showed signs of transient pressure events.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.14.04.2012
IODP Expedition 333: Return to Nankai Trough Subduction Inputs Sites and Coring of Mass Transport Deposits
Authors: Henry P. , Kanamatsu T. , Moe K. T. , Strasser M. ,   the IODP Expedition 333 Scientific Party
Published: March 2014

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 333 returned to two sites drilled during IODP Expedition 322 on the ocean side of the Nankai Trough to pursue the characterization of the inputs to the Nankai subduction and seismogenic zone, as part of the Nankai Trough Seismogenic Experiment (NanTroSEIZE) multi-expedition project. Site C0011 is located at the seaward edge of the trench and Site C0012 on a basement high, Kashinozaki Knoll (Fig. 1). The main objectives of drilling again at these sites were to fill coring gaps in the upper part (<350 m) of the sedimentary sequence, to measure heat flow, and to core the oceanic basement to a greater depth on the Knoll. New results include the observation of a diagenetic boundary within the Shikoku Basin sediments that may be compared to one documented further west by ODP Legs 131, 190 and 196 but occurs here at a lower temperature. Borehole heat flow measurements confirm spatial variations in the Shikoku Basin that were indicated by short probe surveys. Heat flow variations between topographic highs and lows may be related to fluid convection within the basement. This expedition also included the objectives of the Nankai Trough Submarine LandSLIDE history (NanTroSLIDE) Ancillary Project Letter (APL) and cored at Site C0018 a pile of mass transport deposits on the footwall of the megasplay fault, a major out of sequence thrust that presumably slips coseismically during large subduction earthquakes. This brought new insight on the timing of these mass wasting events and on the deformation within the sliding slope sediments.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.14.01.2012
Pressure Core Characterization Tools for Hydrate-Bearing Sediments
Authors: Santamarina J. C. , Dai S. , Jang J. , Terzariol M.
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.14.06.2012
IODP Expedition 330: Drilling the Louisville Seamount Trail in the SW Pacific
Authors: Koppers A. A. P. , Yamazaki T. , Geldmacher J. ,   the IODP Expedition 330 Scientific Party
Published: March 2014

Deep-Earth convection can be understood by studying hotspot volcanoes that form where mantle plumes rise up and intersect the lithosphere, the Earth's rigid outer layer. Hotspots characteristically leave age-progressive trails of volcanoes and seamounts on top of oceanic lithosphere, which in turn allow us to decipher the motion of these plates relative to "fixed" deep-mantle plumes, and their (isotope) geochemistry provides insights into the long-term evolution of mantle source regions. However, it is strongly suggested that the Hawaiian mantle plume moved ~15° south between 80 and 50 million years ago. This raises a fundamental question about other hotspot systems in the Pacific, whether or not their mantle plumes experienced a similar amount and direction of motion. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 330 to the Louisville Seamounts showed that the Louisville hotspot in the South Pacific behaved in a different manner, as its mantle plume remained more or less fixed around 48°S latitude during that same time period. Our findings demonstrate that the Pacific hotspots move independently and that their trajectories may be controlled by differences in subduction zone geometry. Additionally, shipboard geochemistry data shows that, in contrast to Hawaiian volcanoes, the construction of the Louisville Seamounts doesn’t involve a shield-building phase dominated by tholeiitic lavas, and trace elements confirm the rather homogenous nature of the Louisville mantle source. Both observations set Louisville apart from the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount trail, whereby the latter has been erupting abundant tholeiites (characteristically up to 95% in volume) and which exhibit a large variability in (isotope) geochemistry and their mantle source components.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.15.02.2013
First Results from HOTSPOT: The Snake River Plain Scientific Drilling Project, Idaho, U.S.A.
Authors: Shervais J. W. , Schmitt D. R. , Nielson D. , Evans J. P. , Christiansen E. H. , Morgan L. , Pat Shanks W. C. , Prokopenko A. A. , Lachmar T. , Liberty L. M. , Blackwell D. D. , Glen J. M. , Champion L. D. , Potter K. E. , Kessler J. A.
Published: March 2014

HOTSPOT is an international collaborative effort to understand the volcanic history of the Snake River Plain (SRP). The SRP overlies a thermal anomaly, the Yellowstone-Snake River hotspot, that is thought to represent a deep-seated mantle plume under North America. The primary goal of this project is to document the volcanic and stratigraphic history of the SRP, which represents the surface expression of this hotspot, and to understand how it affected the evolution of continental crust and mantle. An additional goal is to evaluate the geothermal potential of southern Idaho.

 Project HOTSPOT has completed three drill holes. (1) The Kimama site is located along the central volcanic axis of the SRP; our goal here was to sample a long-term record of basaltic volcanism in the wake of the SRP hotspot. (2) The Kimberly site is located near the margin of the plain; our goal here was to sample a record of high-temperature rhyolite volcanism associated with the underlying plume. This site was chosen to form a nominally continuous record of volcanism when paired with the Kimama site. (3) The Mountain Home site is located in the western plain; our goal here was to sample the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition in lake sediments at this site and to sample older basalts that underlie the sediments.

 We report here on our initial results for each site, and on some of the geophysical logging studies carried out as part of this project.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.15.06.2013
IODP Expedition 329: Life and Habitability Beneath the Seafloor of the South Pacific Gyre
Authors: D'Hondt S. , Inagaki F. , Alvarez Zarikian C. ,   the IODP Expedition 329 Scientific Party
Published: March 2014

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 329 made major strides toward fulfilling its objectives. Shipboard studies documented (1) fundamental aspects of habitability and life in this very low activity subseafloor sedimentary ecosystem and (2) first-order patterns of habitability within the igneous basement. A broad range of postexpedition studies will complete the expedition objectives. Throughout the South Pacific Gyre (SPG; Sites U1365–U1370), dissolved oxygen and nitrate are present throughout the entire sediment sequence, and sedimentary microbial cell counts are lower than at all previously drilled IODP/ Ocean Drilling Program (ODP)/Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) sites. In contrast, at Site U1371 in the upwelling zone just south of the gyre, detectable oxygen and nitrate are limited to the top and bottom of the sediment column, manganese reduction is a prominent electron-accepting process, and cell concentrations are higher than at the same depths in the SPG sites throughout the sediment column. Geographic variation in subseafloor profiles of dissolved and solid-phase chemicals are consistent with the magnitude of organic-fueled subseafloor respiration declining from outside the gyre to the gyre center.

 Chemical profiles in the sedimentary pore water and secondary mineral distributions in the basaltic basement indicate that basement alteration continues on the timescale of formation fluid replacement, even at the sites with the oldest basement (84–120 Ma at Sites U1365 and U1366).

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.15.01.2013
DeepCHALLA: Two Glacial Cycles of Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics from Equatorial East Africa
Authors: Verschuren D. , Olago D. O. , Rucina S. M. , Odhengo P. O. ,   on behalf of the ICDP DeepCHALLA Consortium
Published: March 2014

No abstract available.

 doi:10.2204/iodp.sd.15.09.2013