bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The multiplicity of divergence mechanisms in a single evolving population
Authors: Maharjan Ram P , Ferenci Thomas , Reeves Peter R , Li Yang , Liu Bin , Wang Lei
Published: June 2012

Background

Evolutionary divergence is common within bacterial species and populations, even during a single bacterial infection. We use large-scale genomic and phenotypic analysis to identify the extent of diversification in controlled experimental populations and apply these data to differentiate between several potential mechanisms of evolutionary divergence.

Results

We defined testable differences between five proposed mechanisms and used experimental evolution studies to follow eight glucose-limited Escherichia coli chemostat populations at two growth rates. Simple phenotypic tests identified 11 phenotype combinations evolving under glucose limitation. Each evolved population exhibited 3 to 5 different combinations of the 11 phenotypic clusters. Genome sequencing of a representative of each phenotypic cluster from each population identified 193 mutations in 48 isolates. Only two of the 48 strains had evolved identically. Convergent paths to the same phenotype occurred, but two pleiotropic mutations were unique to slow-growing bacteria, permitting them greater phenotypic variance. Indeed, greater diversity arose in slower-growing, more stressed cultures. Mutation accumulation, hypermutator presence and fitness mechanisms varied between and within populations, with the evolved fitness considerably more uniform with fast growth cultures. Negative frequency-dependent fitness was shown by a subset of isolates.

Conclusions

Evolutionary diversity is unlikely to be explained by any one of the available mechanisms. For a large population as used in this study, our results suggest that multiple mechanisms contribute to the mix of phenotypes and evolved fitness types in a diversifying population. Another major conclusion is that the capacity of a population to diversify is a function of growth rate.
Developmental stress has sex-specific effects on nestling growth and adult metabolic rates but no effect on adult body size or body composition in song sparrows
Authors: Schmidt Kim L. , MacDougall-Shackleton Elizabeth A. , MacDougall-Shackleton Scott A.
Published: June 2012

Variation in the pre- and postnatal environments can have long-term effects on adult phenotype. In humans and other animals, exposure to stressors can lead to long-term changes in physiology. These changes may predispose individuals to disease, especially disorders involving energy metabolism. In addition, by permanently altering metabolic rates and energy requirements, such effects could have important fitness consequences. We determined the effects of early-life food restriction and corticosterone (CORT) treatment on growth and adult body size, body composition (assessed via quantitative magnetic resonance), and metabolic rates in a songbird, the song sparrow (Melospiza melodia). Nestlings were hand-raised in captivity from 3 days of age (d3). Treatments (ad libitum food, food restriction, or CORT-treatment) lasted from d7–d60. Both experimental treatments had sex-specific effects on growth. In the nestling period, CORT-treated males weighed more than controls, whereas CORT-treated females weighed less than controls. Food-restricted males weighed the same as controls, whereas food-restricted females weighed less than controls. Both experimental treatments also had sex-specific effects on standard metabolic rates (SMR). Females exposed to food restriction or CORT treatment during development had higher SMRs in adulthood than control females, but neither stressor affected SMR in males. There were no effects of either treatment on adult body size, body composition (lean or fat mass), or peak metabolic rates. Therefore early-life stress may have sex-specific programming effects on metabolic rates and energy expenditure in song sparrows. In addition, both treatments affected nestling growth in a manner that exaggerated the typical sex difference in nestling mass, which could provide male nestlings with a competitive advantage over their sisters when developing in a poor quality environment.
Vector-based and landmark-guided navigation in desert ants of the same species inhabiting landmark-free and landmark-rich environments
Authors: Cheng Ken , Middleton Eliza J.T. , Wehner Rüdiger
Published: June 2012

The central Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti lives in a visually cluttered semi-arid habitat dotted with grass tussocks, bushes and trees. Previously, Bühlmann et al. (Bühlmann et al., 2011) have shown that this species has a higher propensity to switch from vector-based navigation to landmark-guided navigation, compared with the North African desert ant Cataglyphis fortis, which usually inhabits a visually bare habitat. Here we ask whether different colonies of M. bagoti, inhabiting more and less cluttered habitats, also show a similar difference. We compared ants from typically cluttered habitats with ants from an exceptional nest located on a open field largely devoid of vegetation. Ants from both kinds of nests were trained to forage from a feeder and were then displaced to a distant test site on the open field. Under these conditions, ants from cluttered habitats switched more readily from vector-based navigation to landmark-guided navigation than ants from the open field. Thus, intraspecific differences due to the experience of particular landmarks encountered en route, or of particular habitats, ride on top of previously found interspecific, inherited differences due to the evolutionary history of living in particular habitats (Bühlmann et al., 2011).
Functional properties of myoglobins from five whale species with different diving capacities
Authors: Helbo Signe , Fago Angela
Published: June 2012

Whales show an exceptionally wide range of diving capabilities and many express high amounts of the O2 carrier protein myoglobin (Mb) in their muscle tissues that prolongs their aerobic diving capacity. Although previous studies have mainly focused on the muscle Mb concentration and O2 carrying capacity as markers of diving behavior in whales, it still remains unexplored whether whale Mbs differ in their O2 affinities and in their enzymatic activities as nitrite reductase and peroxidase enzymes, all functions that could contribute to differences in diving capacities. In this study, we have measured the functional properties of purified Mbs from five toothed whales and two baleen whales and have examined their correlation with the average dive duration. Results showed that some variation in functional properties exists among whale Mbs with the toothed whale Mbs having higher O2 affinities and nitrite reductase activities (similar to those of horse) compared with baleen whale Mbs. However, these differences did not correlate with average dive duration. Instead, a significant correlation was found between whale Mb concentration and average duration and depth of dives and between O2 affinity and nitrite reductase activity when including other mammalian Mbs. Despite the fact that the functional properties showed little species-specific differences in vitro, they may still contribute to enhancing diving capacity as a result of the increased muscle Mb concentration found in extreme divers. In conclusion, Mb concentration rather than specific functional reactivities may support whale diving performance.
The lizard celestial compass detects linearly polarized light in the blue
Authors: Beltrami Giulia , Parretta Antonio , Petrucci Ferruccio , Buttini Paola , Bertolucci Cristiano , Foà Augusto
Published: June 2012

The present study first examined whether ruin lizards Podarcis sicula are able to orientate using plane polarized light produced by a LCD screen. Ruin lizards were trained and tested indoors, inside an hexagonal Morris water maze, positioned under the LCD screen producing white polarized light with a single E-vector, which provided an axial cue. White polarized light did not include wavelengths in the UV. Lizards orientated correctly either when tested with E-vector parallel to the training axis or after 90° rotation of the E-vector direction, and thus validating the apparatus. Further experiments examined whether in ruin lizards there is a preferential region of the light spectrum to perceive the E-vector direction of polarized light. For this purpose, lizards reaching learning criteria under white polarized light were subdivided into 4 experimental groups. Each group was respectively tested for orientation under a different spectrum of plane polarized light (named red, green, cyan and blue) with equalized photon flux density. Lizards tested under blue polarized light orientated correctly, whereas lizards tested under red polarized light were completely disoriented. Green polarized light was barely discernible by lizards, and thus insufficient for a correct functioning of their compass. When exposed to cyan polarized light, lizard orientation performances were optimal, indistinguishable from lizards detecting blue polarized light. Overall, the present results demonstrate that perception of linear polarization in the blue is necessary - and sufficient - for a proper functioning of the sky polarization compass of ruin lizards. This may be adaptively important, since detection of polarized light in the blue improves functioning of the polarization compass under cloudy skies, i.e. when the alternative celestial compass based on detection of the sun disk is rendered useless because the sun is obscured by clouds.
The Effect of Smectite on the Corrosion of Iron Metal
Authors: Balko Barbara A. , Bossé Stephanie A. , Cade Anne E. , Jones-Landry Elise F. , Amonette James E. , Daschbach John L.
Published: June 2012

The combination of zero-valent iron (ZVI) and a clay-type amendment is often observed to have a synergistic effect on the rate of reduction reactions. In the present study, electrochemical techniques were used to determine the mechanism of interaction between the iron (Fe) and smectite clay minerals. Iron electrodes coated with an evaporated smectite suspension (clay-modified iron electrodes, CMIEs) were prepared using five different smectites: SAz-1, SWa-1, STx-1, SWy-1, and SHCa-1. All the smectites were exchanged with Na+ and one sample of SWy-1 was also exchanged with Mg2+. Potentiodynamic polarization scans and cyclic voltammograms were taken using the CMIEs and uncoated but passivated Fe electrodes. These electrochemical experiments, along with measurements of the amount of Fe2+ and Fe3+ sorbed in the smectite coating, suggested that the smectite removed the passive layer of the underlying Fe electrode during the evaporation process. Cyclic voltammograms taken after the CMIEs were biased at the active-passive transition potential for varying amounts of time suggested that the smectite limited growth of a passive layer, preventing passivation. These results are attributed to the Brønsted acidity of the smectite as well as to its ability to sorb Fe cations. Oxides that did form on the surface of the Fe in the presence of the smectite when it was biased anodically were reduced at a different electrochemical potential from those that form on the surface of an uncoated Fe electrode under otherwise similar conditions; this difference suggested that the smectite reacted with the Fe2+ formed from the oxidation of the underlying Fe. No significant correlation could be found between the ability of the smectite to remove the Fe passive film and the smectite type. The results have implications for the mixing of sediments and Fe particles in permeable reactive barriers, underground storage of radioactive waste in steel canisters, and the use of smectite supports in preventing aggregation of nano-sized zero-valent iron.
Beyond “Police Brutality”: Racist State Violence and the University of California
Authors: Rodríguez Dylan
Published: June 2012

The events of November 18, 2011, at the University of California, Davis, catalyzed a national and international response, focused on the vulnerable bodies of young white people engaged in an act of civil disobedience. As this scene has become momentarily enshrined in the political narratives of the U.S. Left, it seems that the spectacle of UC Davis has been isolated from the historical context that has enabled it. Rather than stagnate in the discourse of righteous outrage that is almost reflexively spurred by such events, this essay raises the question as to whether the entwined narratives of moral outrage and institutional (university/police) accountability surrounding UC Davis and select other police spectacles are part of a broader, commonsense conspiracy of silence regarding the where/when/why (and not merely the how ) of state violence, and racist state violence, writ large? The institutional entitlement to use such police force, however ill-advised it may seem in hindsight, is neither incidental nor ad hoc—it is systemic, legally supported, and absolutely normal . As we approach the twentieth anniversary of the acquittal of five Los Angeles Police Department officers in the street torture of Rodney King, it is urgent to once again examine how police violence shapes our everyday realities in different and contradictory ways.

What does remain in question is how and why the “facts” of the UC Davis incident are being translated into a liberal-progressive political reaction that seems to naturalize—that takes for granted and/or completely obscures—the fundamentally racial and racist structure of U.S. policing. In doing so, is it possible that much of the critical response to the scene at UC Davis is actually condoning racist police violence rather than challenging it, and if so, what is enabling well-intentioned, critically minded people to do so?
Dispatches from Pepper Spray University: Privatization, Repression, and Revolts
Authors: Maira Sunaina , Sze Julie
Published: June 2012

Abstract:
This essay situates the pepper spraying of student protesters at the University of California, Davis, and the Occupy protests in the University of California system within a larger global economic and political apparatus that has defunded public higher education and suppressed protest movements. It links a critique of violently imposed fiscal “austerity” to militarized regimes of policing and surveillance at UC Davis and other UC campuses that extend well before November 18, 2011. Repositioning these student protests within a transnational and racial framework reveals that who is protesting is a key factor in the violent repression of certain bodies, as is the politics of certain movements.
Opening the Cabaret America Allegory: Hemispheric Politics, Performance, and Utopia in Flying Down to Rio
Authors: Melgosa Adrián Pérez
Published: June 2012

This essay examines the Carioca song-and-dance scene that lies at the narrative center of the 1933 film Flying Down to Rio in light of current theories of identity performance and performativity. Produced by RKO at a time when the studio became the meeting point of U.S. political and industrial interests, Flying represents a seminal moment in the cinematic representation of intercultural relations in the Americas. Its use of music and dance to articulate an inter-American utopia based on spectacle and entertainment ushered in the depiction of Latin American identity as an always evolving performance. Flying established a template for the representation of hemispheric relations that has been followed by numerous films produced not only in Hollywood but also in Latin America. From its position at the onset of the Good Neighbor policy, the scene becomes a historic record of the pivotal role that the construction of Latino and Latin American identities occupies in the articulation of racialist discourses in the United States.
Artist’s Intervention: Matheme
Authors: Group Monument
Published: June 2012

“Matheme” is the script of a performance given by the Monument Group at a 2009 conference, “Misperformance: Misfiring, Misfitting, Misreading,” in Zagreb, Croatia. Termed a “Pythagorean lecture,” the performance unfolded the relationships between the objects, politics, institutions, and ideologies involved in the production of knowledge about genocide. The lecture was given by voices that emanated from behind a curtain at the back of an empty stage; the script of this lecture erased the sounds of these “acousmatic voices,” leaving only their written traces. In both performance and script, then, the body was bracketed as witness to historical trauma and source of historical truth, to be replaced in both capacities by the matheme.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Gay and Lesbian Books in Midwestern Public Libraries, 1900–1969
Authors: Passet Joanne E.
Published: June 2012

This essay examines the collections of five rural midwestern public libraries to assess the presence of books with gay and lesbian content in the pre-Stonewall era. It considers how reviewers writing for standard library review sources ( A.L.A. Catalog , Booklist, and H. W. Wilson’s Fiction Catalog ) described these works. Throughout the first six decades of the twentieth century, most gay and lesbian titles remained as closeted in the review sources as did the readers who sought them. Professional training contributed to a librarian’s willingness to consider the purchase of such titles, but larger cultural factors shaped the context in which librarians and reviewers worked. While there may have been some intentional efforts to prevent such works from being reviewed, other factors kept books from the shelves, including the privately printed nature of some works, a library’s practice of purchasing hardcover rather than paperback books, and the invisibility of gay and lesbian content to heterosexual reviewers. Thus, only the most sensational titles or the most innocuous works tended to find their way to the library’s shelves.
Evolution in Children’s Science Books: Recommendations and Library Collections, 1863–1956
Authors: McDowell Kate , Nappo Caroline
Published: June 2012

Evolution has remained a controversial topic for children in the United States since the 1925 Scopes Trial brought the issue to the national stage. Children’s science trade books in public library children’s collections were important sources of information about evolution. This analysis draws on the Main Street Public Library (MSPL) database of the collections of five small Midwest public libraries from the 1890s to the 1960s. Using this and other historical sources, this article explores and analyzes trade books about evolution that were published and recommended to young people from 1863 to 1956. Knowing which books were recommended for libraries, which were collected by Main Street libraries, and how often evolution appeared in these books provides a lens for understanding how this literature characterized evolution for young readers over time.
Seeking Perfect Motherhood: Women, Medicine, and Libraries
Authors: Apple Rima D.
Published: June 2012

Knowledge about health and medicine expanded dramatically in the first half of the twentieth century. This expansion raised an important question for women, especially mothers, who are traditionally responsible for the health of their families: where could they learn the most up-to-date information? One possible significant venue was the public library. This close study of five public libraries analyzes the diverse sources of scientific and medical information available in Midwest rural libraries. It documents the critical role that individual librarians played in bringing new sources to their patrons, and discloses that such collections reinforced contemporary medical orthodoxy.
Canonicity and the American Public Library: The Case of American Women Writers
Authors: Wadsworth Sarah
Published: June 2012

Beginning with an overview of the debate over American women writers and the academic canon, this essay inventories four clusters of American women writers—domestic novelists, regionalists, modernists, and writers of diverse ethnicities—within a representative sampling of small-town public libraries across the Midwest from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. The survey reveals some surprising disjunctures that run counter to trends in the academy. It also highlights the role publishers and bibliographers have played in establishing favored texts for a general readership and demonstrates that publishers of literary classics and bibliographies geared toward librarians have not always promoted the same texts as their academic counterparts. On the whole, it concludes, women writers fared quite well in the hands of publishers and public libraries promoting “the classics” at the same time that they suffered at the hands of major textbook publishers and scholarly editors intent on defining “the canon.”
The World of Tomorrow: Geographic Coverages of the Main Street Public Library, ALA Catalogs, and H. W. Wilson Company’s Standard Catalog for Public Libraries
Authors: Bishop Bradley Wade
Published: June 2012

This article details what one high school senior from each of the five Main Street public library communities (Sauk Centre, Minnesota; Osage, Iowa; Rhinelander, Wisconsin; Morris, Illinois; and Lexington, Michigan) would find in collections in 1945 related to particular geographies. The global milieu of the New York World’s Fair 1939–40 frames the historical events that stimulated each of the student’s topics. To determine what each public library’s collection held about the world, the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) section of geography and travel (classification number 910) was used. Cross-referencing each library’s accession records for books added prior to 1945 against books recommended for all public libraries in the geography and travel (910) sections of standard professional guides like the ALA catalogs , the H. W. Wilson Company’s Standard Catalog for Public Libraries , and other ALA publications like the Guide to Reference Books shows what students using these five libraries would have found. The recommended titles from the professional guides and those accessioned in the libraries indicate a distinct bias toward books concerning North America and Western Europe.
Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy of Biochars and Spectral Similarities to Coal and Kerogens: What Are the Implications?
Authors: Reeves James B.
Published: June 2012

Biochar is the solid residue produced by the pyrolysis of any bio-organic material under low, or no, oxygen conditions and has generated considerable interest as a means to sequester carbon in, and improve the quality of, soils. However, the exact properties of biochar depend on its composition, which in turn depends on the composition of the starting material and the temperature and conditions under which the biochar is produced. Mid-infrared spectroscopy offers an excellent and rapid method for characterizing both the starting materials and the resulting biochar. Results using diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) have shown that spectral changes can be easily correlated with the production temperature and that DRIFTS offers a rapid method for biochar characterization. It was demonstrated that as the temperature increases biochars become increasingly more aromatic and carbonaceous in nature. We also showed that biochars are spectrally very similar to kerogens and coals; therefore, the methods and knowledge developed from decades of studies on these materials should greatly improve our understanding of biochar composition and effects in soil. This work indicates that rapid characterization using DRIFTS can be used to predict the nature of biochar and to determine the production conditions needed to produce a so-called “Designer Biochar” which will have properties of benefit to soil quality as well as sequestering carbon.
Noise and Artifact Characterization of in Vivo Raman Spectroscopy Skin Measurements
Authors: Ramírez-elías Miguel G. , Alda Javier , González Francisco J.
Published: June 2012

In this work principal component analysis (PCA), a multivariate pattern recognition technique, is used to characterize the noise contribution of the experimental apparatus and two commonly used methods for fluorescence removal used in biomedical Raman spectroscopy measurements. These two methods are a fifth degree polynomial fitting and an iterative variation of it commonly known as the Vancouver method. The results show that the noise in Raman spectroscopy measurements is related to the spectral resolution of the measurement equipment, the intrinsic variability of the biological measurements, and the fluorescence removal algorithm used.
Conformation Transition of Bombyx mori Silk Protein Monitored by Time-Dependent Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy: Effect of Organic Solvent
Authors: Chen Xin , Cai Huifei , Ling Shengjie , Shao Zhengzhong , Huang Yufang
Published: June 2012

The conformation transition from random coil and/or helix to β-sheet of silk protein is the most important step in the formation of silk fiber in nature as well as by artificial spinning. Time-dependent Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used in this research to monitor such a conformation transition process induced by the organic solvents methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, and acetone. The kinetics of β-sheet formation of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin in these organic solvents was obtained by the Δabsorbance–time curve from the time-dependent difference infrared spectra. The results showed that the conformation transition rate of silk fibroin was methanol > ethanol > acetone > propanol > isopropanol, which is in accordance with the polarity of these organic solvents. In connection with the mechanical properties and morphologies of regenerated silk fibers using these organic solvents as coagulation bath reported in the literature, we may conclude that the conformation transition rate of silk protein in the organic solvent is very important in wet-spinning to produce high-performance regenerated silk fibers.
Novel SiO2-Deposited CaF2 Substrate for Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation (SFG) Measurements of Chemisorbed Monolayers in an Aqueous Environment
Authors: Padermshoke Adchara , Konishi Shouta , Ara Masato , Tada Hirokazu , Ishibashi Taka-Aki
Published: June 2012

A novel SiO2-deposited CaF2 (SiO2/CaF2) substrate for measuring vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra of silane-based chemisorbed monolayers in aqueous media has been developed. The substrate is suitable for silanization and transparent over a broad range of the infrared (IR) probe. The present work demonstrates the practical application of the SiO2/CaF2 substrate and, to our knowledge, the first SFG spectrum at the solid/water interface of a silanized monolayer observed over the IR fingerprint region (1780–1400 cm−1) using a back-side probing geometry. This new substrate can be very useful for SFG studies of various chemisorbed organic molecules, particularly biological compounds, in aqueous environments.
Long-term outcomes associated to video-assisted thoracic sympathotomy for palmar-axillar subtype of the hyperhidrosis
Authors: Flores Leandro Pretto
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE: Surgery for both palmar and axillar hyperhidrosis usually includes the interruption of the sympathetic chain in multiple levels. This study aimed to determine the long-term outcomes associated to video-assisted thoracic sympathotomy (VATS) of T2, T3 and T4 ganglia for these cases. METHODS: Analysis of the outcomes obtained from 36 patients regarding the rate of resolution of the symptoms and the compensatory sweating (CS). All subjects were followed-up for 36 months. RESULTS: Good outcomes were observed in 98.6% for palmar and 60% for axillary hyperhidrosis (p=0.0423), respectively. Of the subjects, 86% reported some postoperative episode of CS, however only 45% (p=0.0031) still noticed it at the end of the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: VATS is effective for the excessive palmar sweating, whereas it is fully efficient for only two thirds of the cases sustaining associated axillar hyperhidrosis. CS is expected as a rule following the proposed operative protocol, however it is usually self-limited.
Ischemic stroke in young adults: an overview of etiological aspects
Authors: Yamamoto Fábio Iuji
Published: June 2012

Stroke affects mainly people aged over 65 years, and atherosclerosis predominates as the main etiopathogenic factor in ischemic stroke (IS). On the other hand, cardiac embolism and arterial dissection are the most frequent causes of IS in patients aged less than 45 years. However, inappropriate control of traditional vascular risk factors in young people may be causing a significant increase of atherosclerosis-related IS in this population. Furthermore, a variety of etiologies, many of them uncommon, must be investigated. In endemic regions, neurocysticercosis and Chagas' disease deserve consideration. Undetermined cause has been still reported in as many as one third of young stroke patients.
Caracterização epidemiológica e fatores de risco associados à leptospirose em ovinos deslanados do semiárido brasileiro
Authors: Alves Clebert J. , Alcino Jeferson F. , Farias Areano E.M. , Higino Severino S.S. , Santos Fabrine A. , Azevedo Sergio S. , Costa Diego Figueiredo , Santos Carolina S.A.B.
Published: June 2012

Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de rebanhos ovinos positivos (focos) e de animais soropositivos para leptospirose na região semiárida do Estado da Paraíba, bem como identificar fatores de risco. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue de 1.275 animais procedentes de 117 rebanhos em 19 municípios da mesorregião do Sertão, Estado da Paraíba. Para o diagnóstico sorológico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), com 24 sorovares de Leptospira spp. como antígenos. Um rebanho foi considerado positivo quando apresentou pelo menos um animal soropositivo. Das 117 propriedades utilizadas 33 (28,20%) apresentaram pelo menos um animal soropositivo, e dos 1.275 animais 69 (5,41%) foram soropositivos, com títulos variando de 100 a 3200. O sorovares reagentes foram Autumnalis (49,30%), Andamana (27,53%), Sentot (17,39%), Whitcomb (4,34%) e Australis (1,44%). Possuir mais de 48 animais no rebanho (odds ratio = 2,26; IC 95% = 1,33 -5,07; p = 0,021) e participação em exposições (odds ratio = 9,05; IC 95% = 0,96 - 85,71; p = 0,055) foram identificados como fatores de risco. Sugere-se a necessidade de estudos acerca do isolamento do agente, da caracterização de sua patogenicidade e do seu impacto econômico nos rebanhos ovinos da região, bem como recomenda-se maior controle sanitário nas aglomerações de animais.
Aplicação preliminar do método QRAM para avaliação de riscos para segurança ocupacional na construção civil
Authors: Pinto Abel , Nunes Isabel , Ribeiro Rita , Paschoarelli Luis Carlos
Published: June 2012

A segurança ocupacional é imprescindível na indústria da construção civil e a análise e avaliação de riscos para a segurança ocupacional (AARSO) é o primeiro e fundamental passo para alcançá-la, baseado na definição e implementação de programas de prevenção. A AARSO é um processo complexo, que implica a consideração e análise de muitos parâmetros quantitativos e/ou qualitativos que são difíceis de quantificar. As metodologias AARSO utilizadas na indústria da construção civil são baseadas em informação sujeita a incerteza (sendo tratada por técnicas probabilísticas e/ou estatísticas), difusa, imprecisa e/ou incompleta. Isso implica algumas limitações, como, por exemplo, obrigar os analistas a estimar parâmetros ou efetuar comparações com outros canteiros de obras (o que afasta do sistema real em estudo). O objetivo inicial deste estudo foi efetuar a pré-validação de um método AARSO, o QRAM, em duas cidades brasileiras, de médio e grande porte.
The meanings of death and dying: the perspective of crack users
Authors: Silva Júnior Fernando José Guedes da , Monteiro Claudete Ferreira de Souza
Published: June 2012

The consumption of crack can constitute in an inauthentic form of the existence that leads a person to live improperly the being-toward-death. Given this reality, this study aimed to comprehend the significance of death and dying for the user of crack and to unveil the meanings attributed to this significance. This qualitative study was conducted, based on the phenomenological method, with 12 crack users, in the therapeutic process, in a Psychosocial Care Center - Alcohol and Drugs (CAPSad), in the period from February to April 2011, in Teresina, Piauí. The results show that death is signified, ontically, as a companion, a partner, a passage, a journey and as the crack itself. It was concluded that this significance expressed an inauthentic experience, directed toward the incessant interaction with crack, accompanied by a feeling of nullity and relational disengagement.
Knowledge management in health: a systematic literature review
Authors: Rocha Elyrose Sousa Brito , Nagliate Patricia , Furlan Claudia Elisangela Bis , Rocha Jr Kerson , Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa
Published: June 2012

Knowledge has been used as a resource for intelligent and effective action planning in organizations. Interest in research on knowledge management processes has intensified in different areas. A systematic literature review was accomplished, based on the question: what are the contributions of Brazilian and international journal publications on knowledge management in health? The sample totaled 32 items that complied with the inclusion criteria. The results showed that 78% of journals that published on the theme are international, 77% of researchers work in higher education and 65% have a Ph.D. The texts gave rise to five thematic categories, mainly: development of knowledge management systems in health (37.5%), discussion of knowledge management application in health (28.1%) and nurses' function in knowledge management (18.7%).
Sobre a migração vertical diária do plâncton ao largo de Santos, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Moreira Gloria Soares
Published: June 2012

Várias estações foram ocupadas ao largo de Santos, durante os anos de 1960, 1961 e 1962, com a finalidade do estudo da migração vertical diária do plâncton, assim como sua relação com os parâmetros temperatura, salinidade e massas de água. Os quadros gerais do movimento vertical variaram nas diferentes datas. Demonstrou-se que a luz nem sempre pôde ser considerada como o principal fator envolvido na migração. A termoclina atuou como um fator limitando o movimento em apenas uma, das cinco estações onde esteve presente. Em estações onde ocorreram massas de água de diferentes limites de salinidade, a migração dos zooplanctontes ocorreu em geral acima ou abaixo da região de encontro dessas massas de água, independente da presença ou não de termoclina. Concluiu-se que, na região onde os estudos foram feitos, a migração diária do plâncton se apresenta bastante diversificada e não pode ser diretamente relacionada a diferentes épocas do ano ou condições oceanográficas predominantes na região. Este fato deve ser levado em conta em futuros estudos de distribuição e ecologia na região, assim como, nos resultados obtidos nos estudos de indicadores planctônicos.
Occurrence and ecological notes on Rocinela signata (Isopoda, Flabellifera) off Brazil
Authors: Moreira Plínio Soares
Published: June 2012

This paper discuss the vertical and horizontal distribution of the marine isopod Rocinela signata Schiödte & Meinert, 1879, along Brazil. Published records and new data gathered in recent years were used. The species, widely distributed along Brazil, has its most southern limit of occurrence considerably extended to off State of Santa Catarina (27º08'S, 48º11'W) . It is typically a shelf species. So far it was recorded off Brazil at a maximum depth of 73 m, while particularly in southern Brazil at 53 m. The species has been collected free living on the bottom or as a fish parasite, and a few times has been reported attacking and sucking swimmers. Available data suggest any host specificity. R. signata seems a facultative and not an obligate fish parasite.
Estudos sobre estrutura, ciclo de vida e comportamento de Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879), na área entre 22ºS e 28ºS, Brasil: 3. Morfologia e histologia de ovários e escala de maturidade
Authors: Isaac-Nahum Victoria Judith , Vazzoler Anna Emília A. de M , Zanetti-Prado Elza Matta
Published: June 2012

Uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica do processo reprodutivo de Sardinella brasiliensis e obtida através da associação de aspectos micro e macroscópicos das gonadas durante o ciclo sexual. O presente trabalho apresenta uma descrição das fases de desenvolvimento ovocitarias e dos estadios de maturidade dos ovarios de 119 fêmeas de S. brasiliensis, coletados na costa brasileira entre 22ºS e 28ºS. São descritas seis fases ovocitarias e duas estruturas derivadas, analisando-se as características citologicas das células germinativas durante o processo de maturação. Foram estabelecidos sete estadios: A (virgem), Bi (em início de maturação), Bf (em maturação avançada), Cf (maduro inicial), Cf (maduro desovado), D (es vaziado) e R (em repouso), sendo discutida sua correspondência com outras es calas aplicadas as espécies.
Abordagens ecossistêmica e comunicativa na implantação de agendas territorializadas de desenvolvimento sustentável e promoção da saúde
Authors: Gallo Edmundo , Setti Andréia Faraoni Freitas
Published: June 2012

O trabalho analisa a adequação das abordagens ecossistêmica e comunicativa do planejamento estratégico para a implantação de agendas territorializadas integradoras dos princípios do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e da Promoção da Saúde. Utilizando como referência o projeto Desenvolvimento Sustentável e Promoção da Saúde: Implantação da Agenda Cidades Saudáveis integrada à Agenda 21 nas Comunidades Tradicionais de Áreas Protegidas do Mosaico da Bocaina, uma pesquisa-ação que objetiva contribuir para a promoção da qualidade de vida por meio da implantação coletiva de agenda estratégica local e promoção da sustentabilidade econômica solidária. O trabalho busca construir pontes teórico-práticas entre as abordagens e a metodologia e tecnologias utilizadas, avaliando sua coerência e efetividade em relação aos princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e da promoção da saúde especialmente no empoderamento da população local e na ampliação de autonomia da comunidade.
Governança em saúde e ambiente para o desenvolvimento sustentável
Authors: Buss Paulo Marchiori , Machado Jorge Mesquita Huet , Gallo Edmundo , Magalhães Danielly de Paiva , Setti Andréia Faraoni Freitas , Franco Netto Francisco de Abreu , Buss Daniel Forsin
Published: June 2012

A Conferência da ONU sobre Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Rio+20, propõe a discussão dos desafios do desenvolvimento sustentável (DS) e dos temas 'economia verde e da erradicação da pobreza' e 'estrutura institucional do desenvolvimento sustentável' e, por conseguinte, sua governança. Este artigo visa discutir a atual configuração da governança da e para a saúde e ambiente no contexto do DS. Os Objetivos do Milênio foram significativo esforço político recente, mas apesar dos progressos, falham ao omitir as causas estruturais dos modos de produção e consumo e da distribuição desigual de poder que são as produtoras das iniquidades e impedem o verdadeiro desenvolvimento. Propostas para o DS devem superar reducionismos e avançar conceitual e metodologicamente para o enfrentamento dos determinantes socioambientais da saúde por meio de ações intersetoriais, incluindo a participação social, e em todas as esferas de governo. É fundamental o prosseguimento da implantação dos princípios da Agenda 21, o cumprimento dos ODM e a criação dos Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável. No campo da saúde, espera-se que a Rio+20 reafirme as articulações da saúde com a sustentabilidade, como parte do pilar social do desenvolvimento sustentável, inspirando a definição de políticas e ações nos planos global, nacional e local.
Enchentes e saúde pública: uma questão na literatura científica recente das causas, consequências e respostas para prevenção e mitigação
Authors: Freitas Carlos Machado de , Ximenes Elisa Francioli
Published: June 2012

As enchentes são os desastres naturais com maior frequência e afetam a vida de aproxi madamente 102 milhões de pessoas a cada ano, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento e em grandes centros urbanos, com tendência de aumento nas próximas décadas. O objetivo é oferecer subsídios para uma melhor compreensão destes eventos, através dos resultados e experiências encontrados na literatura científica recente. Por meio de busca no Pubmed foram analisados 70 trabalhos aos quais se teve acesso e se enquadraram nos critérios de abordar pelo menos um dos itens selecionados para análise, que eram: causas; consequências; respostas e ações; encaminhamento de propostas e soluções para a prevenção e/ou mitigação dos riscos; e, impactos das enchentes. A partir destes critérios foram montados quadros para cada um dos itens de análise de modo a sistematizar e sintetizar os resultados para as causas, as consequências ambientais, a infraestrutura, os serviços e a saúde e para as respostas e ações de prevenção e mitigação. Considerou-se que, dados os cenários de aumento na frequência e gravidade destes eventos, os desafios para o setor saúde para a redução de riscos de desastres exigem respostas integradas com amplas políticas para o desenvolvimento sustentável.
A importância da abordagem contextual no ensino de biossegurança
Authors: Pereira Maria Eveline de Castro , Silva Pedro César Teixeira , Costa Marco Antonio Ferreira da , Jurberg Claudia , Borba Cintia de Moraes
Published: June 2012

A biossegurança é um campo do conhecimento que insere questões voltadas para organismos geneticamente modificados e relacionadas à proteção social e ocupacional do trabalhador. O seu processo educativo visa à formação de um agente participativo-transformador e, portanto, deve ultrapassar a simples ideia da normalização. Dessa forma, é importante contextualizar a biossegurança dentro de uma estratégia de ensino construtivista com a identificação dos seus conceitos estruturantes - risco, perigo e acidente - que permitam ao indivíduo compreender como o risco é percebido na sociedade e enfocado na academia para, em seguida, agregar múltiplas competências e enfrentá-lo. Conhecer como as relações de trabalho-saúde, suas implicações e impactos vem sendo construídas ao longo do tempo, pode formar um cidadão mais crítico e preparado para participar das decisões de ordem político-social que podem influenciar o seu futuro.
O Jornalismo e a história da decadência do cinema em Novo Hamburgo: um estudo hermenêutico
Authors: Silva Cristina Ennes da , Puhl Paula Regina
Published: June 2012

Este artigo tem como finalidade analisar a relação entre o jornalismo impresso e a história do cinema em Novo Hamburgo. Para isso, focamos nos registros veiculados no Jornal NH que retrataram a decadência das salas de cinema na cidade entre os anos 1970 e 2000. O método escolhido para a análise do material é a Hermenêutica de Profundidade, de acordo com Thompson (1995), pois a mesma permite analisarmos as matérias veiculadas pelo jornal, considerando-as como formas simbólicas inseridas em um dado contexto histórico e social, permitindo ainda uma re-interpretação dos fatos nos dias de hoje. O estudo ainda destaca a importância das informações mediadas pela imprensa como fontes de pesquisa e a utilização desses registros para a reconstrução de fatos culturais importantes para a sociedade.
Mirada desde Europa, una encrucijada de los medios en América Latina y España: quando la Anaconda empieza a mudar la piel
Authors: Chaparro Escudero Manuel
Published: June 2012

Pensar, escribir desde Europa, o sobre Europa obliga hoy a hacer la insidiosa observación de si Europa es capaz de mirar otra cosa que no sea así misma y si, además, tiene algo nuevo que decir. La Europa que soñamos, la Europa que sirvió de modelo a las llamadas sociedades democráticas se diluye en el dibujo de una sociedad más económica que social, más especulativa que solidaria. No es una afirmación ni gratuita, ni exagerada. Europa tiene poco que decir porque hace rato que perdió su brújula. Sólo los movimientos ciudadanos surgidos en el último año (entre ellos el 15-M) sugieren un fin de ciclo de una forma de hacer política que se resiste a cambiar. Frente a esta situación América Latina empieza desde hace algunos años a ofrecer regulaciones de medios más comprometidas con los intereses ciudadanos.
Development of a low-cost geotechnical model testing facility
Authors: Islam Md. Ariful , Gnanendran C. T.
Published: June 2012

Physical modelling is often used to investigate geotechnical problems where prototype investigations are rather difficult, uneconomical and time-consuming. However, the establishment of a small-scale physical model test (SSPMT) facility in which complex loading (e.g. different types of cyclic loading) needs to be applied could involve high cost and require a great deal of effort. This paper presents the construction of a low-cost SSPMT facility along with the development of a control and data acquisition software. Also, the working mechanism and operation procedure of this test facility are briefly discussed. By simply using air pressure, this independent system is capable of applying different types of cyclic load on a model footing in both vertical and lateral directions individually or concurrently. The flexibility, strengths and weaknesses of this test facility are also discussed and some recommendations for its improvement are proposed. Finally, the applicability and reliability of this SSPMT facility is demonstrated through two groups of model tests carried out to investigate the performance of a strip footing near sloped fill under vertical cyclic loading only and a square footing subjected to concurrent vertical and lateral cyclic loading.
Discrete rotation deflection of reinforced concrete beams at serviceability
Authors: Muhamad Rahimah , Oehlers Deric J. , Ali M. S. Mohamed
Published: June 2012

Quantifying the deflection of reinforced concrete flexural members is complex, owing to the formation of discrete cracks which widen through slip between the reinforcement and the adjacent concrete causing increases in deflection. A common method of analysis and design is to use a full-interaction strain-based moment–curvature approach to derive flexural rigidities, which then need to be calibrated by comparison with test results. As this approach is based on full interaction, that is, there is no slip between the reinforcement and the concrete, it cannot cope directly with the discrete rotation at a flexural crack. Consequently, this approach cannot cope directly with the deflection associated with flexural crack widening that requires slip between the reinforcement and the concrete, that is, partial interaction. In this paper, a partial-interaction structural mechanics model is developed for quantifying the deflection owing to the discrete rotation at each individual crack. The results are shown to compare well with the semi-empirical effective flexural rigidity approaches and also with experimental data. Importantly, this is a mechanics-based approach that does not require components of the mechanism, as opposed to the material properties, to be determined experimentally. Hence, this partial-interaction approach should be useful in refining existing deflection design models and in quantifying the deflection of reinforced concrete members with new types of reinforcement.