bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participación de víctimas: riesgos y beneficios. Dos lecciones de la Corte Penal Internacional a la Jurisdicción Especial de Paz en Colombia
Authors: Sánchez Suárez Rafael Arturo
Published: February 2020

Las víctimas son el centro de la implementación del Acuerdo de Paz, y en el escenario ju- dicial de la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz está previsto que se garantice su participación. La forma en que esto se logra y su denominación formal es un asunto que ya ha sido experimentado en escenarios de justicia penal a nivel internacional y transicional, demostrando que la participación puede traer ciertos beneficios y riesgos tanto para el desarrollo del procedimiento como para los mismos derechos de las víctimas. Así, las enseñanzas de dichas experiencias pueden servir de guía para que en el marco de la Jurisdicción Especial para la Paz se evite repetir los riesgos y se potencialicen las ventajas de la participación de las víctimas.
The Complexity of Number Theory
Authors: Vega Frank
Published: February 2020

The Goldbach's conjecture has been described as the most difficult problem in the history of Mathematics. This conjecture states that every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes. This is known as the strong Goldbach's conjecture. The conjecture that all odd numbers greater than 7 are the sum of three odd primes is known today as the weak Goldbach conjecture. A major complexity class is NSPACE(S(n)) for some S(n). We show if the weak Goldbach's conjecture is true, then the problem PRIMES is not in NSPACE(S(n)) for all S(n) = o(log n). However, if PRIMES is not in NSPACE(S(n)) for all S(n) = o(log n), then the strong Goldbach's conjecture is true or this has an infinite number of counterexamples. Since Harald Helfgott proved that the weak Goldbach's conjecture is true, then the strong Goldbach's conjecture is true or this has an infinite number of counterexamples, where the case of infinite number of counterexamples statistically seems to be unlikely. In addition, if PRIMES is not in NSPACE(S(n)) for all S(n) = o(log n), then the Beal's conjecture is true. Since the Beal's conjecture is a generalization of Fermat's Last Theorem, then this is also a simple and short proof for that Theorem.
Nomenclature: Coronavirus and the 2019 Novel Coronavirus
Authors: Hu Zhiwen , Yang Zhongliang , Li Qi , Huang Yongfeng
Published: February 2020

Less aligned emphasis has been given to naming the 2019 novel coronavirus and pandemic disease. Global profusion of squab names has found their ways in daily communication, and our survey promises to articulate that many of them may have contributed to backlash against Chinese people. Here, based on brief critical reviews on the naming of coronavirus and human coronaviruses, we scrutinize a clear sense of pros and cons of previous multifarious names and punctuate heuristic introspection of naming practices. Our findings suggest that full-fledged official names are duly contribute to the resilience of healthy collective usages in current infodemic scenario.
Estimation of Temperature Recovery Distance and the Influence of Heat Pump Discharge on Fluvial Ecosystems
Authors: Jung Jaewon , Nam Jisu , Kim Jungwook , Bae Young Hye , Kim Hung Soo
Published: February 2020

Temperature differences between the atmosphere and river water allow rivers to be used as a hydrothermal energy source. The river-water heat pump system is a relatively non-invasive renewable energy source; however, effluent discharged from the heat pump can cause downstream temperature changes which may impact sensitive fluvial ecosystems. In this study, the water temperature recovery distance of the effluent was estimated for a river section in the Han River Basin, Korea, using the heat transfer equation and the Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model. Results showed that, compared to the EFDC model, the heat transfer equation tended to overestimate the water temperature recovery distance due to its simplified assumptions. The water temperature recovery distance could also be used as an objective indicator to decide the reuse of downstream river water. Furthermore, as the river system was found to support an endangered fish species that is sensitive to water environment changes, care should be taken to exclude the habitats of protected species affected by water temperatures within water temperature recovery distance.
Efecto de la harina de hoja de neem sobre las características de la canal y la calidad de la carne de los pollos de engorde
Authors: Egbeyale L.T. , Ayoola A.A. , Oyedare K.S. , Adewole F.A. , Ekunseitan D.A. , Alaka S.T.
Published: February 2020

Se llevó a cabo un estudio para evaluar el efecto fitobiótico de la hoja de neem sobre la calidad de la canal, la composición química, la refrigeración y las pérdidas de peso de cocción de la carne de pechuga de pollo de engorde alimentado con niveles variables de inclusión de hoja de neem (Azadirachta indica) (NLM) a 0, 0,5, 1,0 y 1,5% niveles de inclusión para reemplazar los despojos de trigo w /w. Ciento noventa y dos aves se dividieron en cuatro tratamientos que consistían en tres réplicas y cada una de las tres réplicas que consisten en 18 aves. Las aves fueron alimentadas ad libitum durante 8 semanas. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis unidireccional de la varianza a un nivel significativo del 95%. El resultado en el peso en canal de pollo de engorde alimentado en diferentes niveles de harina de hoja de neem no mostró diferencias significativas (P>0.05) en todos los parámetros. Las pérdidas de peso de refrigeración y cocción, el análisis sensorial (color, jugosidad, sabor de carne, ternura, sabor, salinidad, sabor general y aceptabilidad general) no fueron influenciados por NLM. El contenido de humedad y cenizas fueron los parámetros que fueron significativamente (P
Própolis e pólen apícola na nutrição de animais não ruminantes
Authors: Genova J.L. , Rodrigues R.B. , Martins J.S. , Uczay M. , Henriques J.K.S.
Published: February 2020

O pólen apícola é um produto natural constituído de vários nutrientes, rico em aminoácidos livres e com baixo teor de gordura, além de propriedades profiláticas e terapêuticas, enquanto que a própolis é um produto natural utilizado de diversas formas como apiterápico na medicina popular e agente anti-inflamatório. Pesquisas estão sendo realizadas visando à utilização de ingredientes alternativos na produção animal com o intuito de promover um melhor desempenho zootécnico e melhorar a higidez dos animais que estão submetidos a condições estressantes na produção. Neste sentido, os produtos de origem apícola estão sendo utilizados como aditivos alimentares terapêuticos e estão mostrando benefícios aos animais em diversos estudos. Contudo, há uma grande divergência nos resultados encontrados na literatura quanto ao uso correto destes aditivos apícolas e aos reais benefícios quando empregados na nutrição animal, tornando a compilação destes dados e debate dos mesmos relevantes. Tendo em vista a composição nutricional e efeitos terapêuticos destes dois produtos apícolas e os possíveis benefícios que os mesmos podem trazer para os animais de produção. Assim, esta revisão bibliográfica foi realizada com o objetivo de debater sobre as principais propriedades terapêuticas e utilização do pólen e da própolis apícola na nutrição de animais não ruminantes.
THE PERCEPTION ON THE CONTRIBUTION OF ISLAMIC BANKS AND ISLAMIC WINDOWS TOWARDS THE GROWTH OF NIGERIAN ECONOMY
Authors: Talba Jibril Musa , Ibrahim Mohammed Lawal , Imam Umar Babagana
Published: February 2020

This study was to assess the perception on the contribution of Islamic banks and Islamic windows towards the growth of the Nigerian economy. To document this, data were obtained through the use of structured questionnaires. 379 copies of questionnaires were administered based on the sample size obtained via the use of Taro Yamane formula. 367 questionnaires were successfully retrieved. Variables such as deposit activities, loan activities and perception of bank employees were also adopted as explanatory or independent variable and dependent variable respectively. To support the study hypothesis were also formulated. For the analysis, measures of central tendency (tables, frequency and percentages) and inferential statistics (Logit Regression) were used. The result revealed that the variables (i.e. deposit and loan activities) have a positive impact on the growth of Nigeria’s economy because the probability values of the variables (P=0.003 and 0.019) were less than alpha (α =0.05) level of significance. In other words, this implies that Islamic banks and windows have largely supported private consumption, business investments of its customers, aid government spending via sukuk to fund developmental projects of its customers. The study concludes that Islamic banks and windows have contributed towards the growth of the Nigeria’s economy. Furthermore, the study recommends that there is need for creating the necessary legal framework to ensure its smooth operations, intensify efforts on creating public awareness, rolling out more shariah compliant products that can take care of the peculiarities that exist in business environment and training and retraining of staff on effective Islamic banking.
HERDING BEHAVIOR IN THE INDONESIAN ISLAMIC STOCK MARKET
Authors: Rizal Nora Amelda , Damayanti Mirta Kartika
Published: February 2020

Indonesia Stock Exchange provides Islamic stocks for Muslim investors who want toinvest, with the first Islamic stock index in Indonesia being Jakarta Islamic Index or JIIthat consists of thirty of the most liquid Islamic stocks. The market capitalization of JIItends to increase every year. This paper examines the presence of herding behavior inemerging Islamic stock market of Indonesia using daily return of Indonesia CompositeIndex and JII from October 6, 2000 to October 5, 2018. Herding behavior could generallytrigger shifting market prices from equilibrium values. Herding behavior may beidentified from the relation between stock return dispersion and market return. Stockreturn dispersion is measured using Cross Sectional Absolute Deviation or CSAD.Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity or GARCH method isused to detect herding behavior. GARCH does not see heteroskedasticity as a problem,instead uses it to make a model. The result indicates that herding behavior exist inIslamic stock market of Indonesia. Asymmetric herding occurs in Indonesia Islamicstock market where herding behavior exists during falling market condition only.
FINANCIAL AND SOCIAL EFFICIENCY ON INDONESIAN ISLAMIC BANKS
Authors: Rusydiana Aam Slamet , Marlina Lina
Published: February 2020

This paper explores financial and social efficiency in one assessment framework. Inorder to measure efficiency level of Islamic Banking Industry, this study uses DataEnvelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH) methods. The resultsshow that the level of financial efficiency of Islamic banks in Indonesia from 2013 to2018 tends to decrease. On the contrary, the level of social efficiency of Islamic banksin Indonesia has a tendency to increase. Furthermore, the value of social efficiency ofIslamic banks in Indonesia was relatively lower compared to the value of financialefficiency. Within the Financial-Social Efficiency Quadrant framework, the studyclassified two Islamic banks in quadrant 1, three in quadrant 2, two in quadrant 3,and four in quadrant 4. It is imperative for Islamic banks that are in the low level of‘social efficiency’ to develop a policy to keep in line with the five factors of maqashidsharia apart of maintaining efficiency in order to reach maslahah. For the regulators,the social efficiency measurement framework could be an alternative in consideringIslamic bank performance beyond financial efficiency.
A MARKOV CHAIN MODEL FOR ISLAMIC MICRO-FINANCING
Authors: Lessy Djaffar , Khoudjeti Fouad , Diener Marc , Diener Francine
Published: February 2020

This paper introduces a Markov chain model for Islamic micro-financing, especially mudarabah  and murababah contract. Mudarabah and murabahah  are two Islamic micro-financing contracts that have enormous potential in creating a balance between the monetary and sharia sector because these two products are moving to manage the business sector which undoubtedly adds value to the economic movement directly.  On the other hand, these two contracts have the potential to cause problems in their implementation. The most common problem of the two contracts is asymmetric information, which consists of adverse selection and moral hazard. We propose the Markov chain model as a solution for the Islamic banks to reduce the risk because of adverse selection and moral hazard in mudarabah  and murabahah  contract. In our model, we also propose a mechanism to avoid strategic default in mudarabah contract. We observed two different probabilities of an applicant to become a beneficiary to find the solution to the problems. The results of this study, the bank can decrease the probability of an applicant to become a beneficiary to reduce the adverse selection and moral hazard in mudarabah  and murabahah contract.
Pressure Maintenance by Inert Gas Injection in the High Relief Elk Basin Field
Authors: Stewart F.M. , Garthwaite D.L. , Krebill F.K.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 49–57.

Pressure has been maintained in the Elk Basin Tensleep reservoir since the initiation of inert gas injection in Sept., 1949. Oil is being produced under conditions favorable for gravity drainage, including high angle of dip, appreciable structural closure, and fairly good permeability. Results being obtained are high per cent recovery of oil-in-place, sustained field productivity, reduced operating problems, and recovery of plant products. The high recovery has been calculated by application of the gravity drainage theory described in an earlier AIME paper. It is also confirmed from field performance by comparing oil recovery to date with gas cap space voided.

General Information

The Elk Basin field lies in Park County, Wyo., and Carbon County, Mont., approximately 50 miles east of Yellowstone Park. Located at the northern end of the Big Horn Basin, the field is situated on an elongated asymmetrical anticline (Fig. 1). The pressure maintenance project covered by this paper involves the Embar-Tensleep reservoir in this multi-pay field. Discovered in Nov., 1942, it has a proved productive area of over 6,300 acres. It consists of the 210-ft thick Tensleep sandstone of Pennsylvanian Age overlain by 40 ft of Embar dolomite of Permian Age. The two formations apparently are in communication with each other and are produced as a common source of supply. As 98 per cent of the reserves are contained in the Tensleep sandstone, in this paper the Embar-Tensleep reservoir will be called simply the Tensleep.

The reservoir is found at an average depth of 4,900 ft, is approximately 7 miles long and 2 miles wide, and has a maximum oil productive closure of 2,330 ft. The strata dip an average of 21° on the west flank and 45° on the east. There are presently 132 Tensleep wells in the field drilled on 40-acre spacing; of these, 17 are shut in because of high gas-oil ratio (GOR) and eight are gas injection wells.
Oil Recovery Performance Of Pattern Gas Or Water Injection Operations From Model Tests
Authors: Craig F.F. , Geffen T.M. , Morse R.A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 204, 1955, pages 7–15. Paper presented at Petroleum Branch Fall Meeting in San Antonio, Oct. 17–20, 1954.

A series of both water and gas pattern floods was made in the laboratory to study the oil recovery performances of such operations. These tests were conducted on consolidated sandstone models, using oil, water, and gas. The model floods were scaled to reproduce field performance under gas and water five-spot injection, X-ray shadowgraphs permitted observation of the gross fluid movement within the models.

A method was developed for applying the mobility ratio concept to water flooding and dispersed gas drives in a five-spot well pattern. The areal sweep efficiency at breakthrough for dispersed gas drives is much higher than previously expected, lying in the range of 50 to 100 per cent.

A method is presented for predicting the water-oil ratio performance of five-spot pattern water floods in uniform sands. This method is verified experimentally for the condition of no free gas initially present and for values of gas saturation normally encountered in fields following depletion operations. Production performance for pattern gas injection is also predictable by this method.
Scaling Laws for Use in Design and Operation of Water-Oil Flow Models
Authors: Rapoport L.A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, Volume 204, 1955, pages 143–150.

This paper is intended as an aid in the performance and interpretation of experimental studies of multi-phase flow in porous media. The mathematical formulation of incompressible, two-phase flow phenomena in a threedimensional porous medium is presented. The resulting equations which account for the effects of gravitational and capillary forces are used to derive general scaling laws permitting accurate representation of water-oil displacement processes by means of experimental flow models. The significance of the scaling laws is examined in the light of the physical concepts of micro-behavior of fluids in porous media. Formulations of scaling conditions obtained by application of dimensional analysis are reviewed. The principles of application and the limitations of flow model studies are discussed.

Introduction

Most of the problems facing a reservoir engineer involve three-dimensional, two-phase flow systems, influenced by the effects of gravitational and capillary forces. Present computational procedures generally do not permit the evaluation of such systems without introducing greatly simplifying assumptions. The actual reservoir configuration is usually replaced by one or a combination of several "equivalent" linear systems, and the effects of capillarity and gravity are considered to be negligible. While these assumptions may in many instances be justified, there are a number of important practical problems for which the results obtained on the basis of such simplifications remain open to question.

An alternate approach to the problems that are not amenable to analytical treatment consists of seeking their solution by experimental laboratory investigations. The main difficulty of such investigations lies in the fact that multiphase flow phenomena subjected to gravity and capillary forces proceed differently at different rates and in systems of different dimensions. Therefore, unless great discrimination is exercised in selecting the conditions and interpreting the results of laboratory tests, such tests may be entirely misleading in regard to field applications.

The purpose of this paper is to present a theoretical background for the performance of laboratory tests that are more nearly representative of field behavior. It will be shown that simulation of field behavior can be achieved by conducting laboratory tests under conditions selected in accordance with definite scaling laws.
Simplified Form of the Material Balance Equation
Authors: Tracy G.W.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 243–246.

Introduction

The material balance equation has been used for many years by engineers to determine reservoir performance. The use of this equation in general has been twofold: first, to determine the oil-in-place in a reservoir; and second, to predict the future performance. The Schilthuis form of the material balance equation, or one equivalent to it, has been used by many of the engineers. The use of the Schilthuis form in predicting future performance has proved to be laborious in that one generally must make several estimates at each step of the trial and error calculation before arriving at a check of the oil-in-place.

A method is presented for expediting the calculations. The Schilthuis form of the material balance has been rearranged into a more useable form. In using the material balance to predict the future performance of a reservoir, it has become common practice to estimate the incremental oil production for each step of the calculation which corresponds to a given pressure reduction. Instead of estimating the incremental oil production, the method outlined in this paper better lends itself to estimating the instantaneous gas-oil ratio. A check of oil-in-place is more easily accomplished by estimating gas-oil ratio since it is less sensitive to small inaccuracies. This method incorporates the same self-checking feature inherent in the Schilthius form.

Development of Simplified Equation

In the development of the simplified equation, the Schilthuis form of the material balance equation will be used.
Effect of Mud Column Pressure on Drilling Rates
Authors: Murray A.S. , Cunningham R.A.
Published: February 2020

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 204, 1955, pages 196–204.

If a dense fluid such as mud or water is used for circulation, the formation drilled is influenced by a hydrostatic pressure. This pressure depends on hole depth and drilling fluid density. Laboratory tests indicate that drilling rates in many formations are decreased with increased pressure - in some cases as much as 90 per cent.

A comparison between laboratory and field tests indicates that drilling fluid head affects drilling rates in the field approximately the same as in the laboratory.

Drilling rates of many formations are increased by reducing drilling fluid head.

Introduction

For many years it has been noted that field and laboratory drilling rate tests did not agree even when the formations tested were the same. For instance, tests of some shales by the Hughes Tool Co. laboratory indicated drilling rates approximately 20 to 30 ft/hour, whereas in the ground this shale would drill only 3 to 5 ft/hour.

A possible reason for this discrepancy is the effect of the high pressure which the drilling fluid exerts against the formation at the bottom of the hole. Consider a small element of rock (Fig. 1) that is to be removed by a rock bit. If the hole is filled with mud or water, the upper surface of the rock element is subjected to a pressure which depends on hole depth and fluid density. The mass of earth around this rock element presses against the circumferential surface and the lower surface. Because of the probability of shearing stresses between the rock element and the surrounding rock, this element is not under true hydrostatic stress. However, as a first approximation for test purposes the rock element was assumed to be under hydrostatic stress.

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on some physical properties of rock has been studied.
A qualitative transcriptional signature to reclassify histological grade of ER-positive breast cancer patients
Authors: Li Jing , Jiang Wenbin , Liang Qirui , Liu Guanghao , Dai Yupeng , Zheng Hailong , Yang Jing , Cai Hao , Guo Zheng
Published: February 2020

PurposeHistological grade (HG) is commonly adopted as a prognostic factor for ER-positive breast cancer patients. However, HG evaluation methods, such as the pathological Nottingham grading system, are highly subjective with only 50%-85% inter-observer agreements. Specifically, the subjectivity in the pathological assignment of the intermediate grade (HG2) breast cancers, comprising of about half of breast cancer cases, results in uncertain disease outcomes prediction. Here, we developed a qualitative transcriptional signature, based on within-sample relative expression orderings (REOs) of gene pairs, to define HG1 and HG3 and reclassify pathologically-determined HG2 (denoted as pHG2) breast cancer patients.ResultsFrom the gene pairs with significantly stable REOs in pathologically-determined HG1 (denoted as pHG1) samples and reversely stable REOs in pathologically-determined HG3 (denoted as pHG3) samples, concordantly identified from seven datasets, we extracted a signature which could determine the HG state of samples through evaluating whether the within-sample REOs match with the patterns of the pHG1 REOs or pHG3 REOs. A sample was classified into the HG3 group if at least a half of the REOs of the 10 gene pairs signature within this sample voted for HG3; otherwise, HG1. Using four datasets including samples of early stage (I–II) ER-positive breast cancer patients who accepted surgery only, we validated that this signature was able to reclassify pHG2 patients into HG1 and HG3 groups with significantly different survival time. For the original pHG1 and pHG3 patients, the signature could also more accurately and objectively stratify them into distinct prognostic groups. And the up-regulated and down down-regulated genes in HG1 compared with HG3 involved in cell proliferation and extracellular signal transduction pathways respectively. By comparing with existing signatures, 10-GPS was with prognostic significance and was more aligned with survival of patients especially for pHG2 samples.ConclusionsThe transcriptional qualitative signature can provide an objective assessment of HG states of ER-positive breast cancer patients, especially for reclassifying patients with pHG2, to assist decision making on clinical therapy.
Grosse Erwartungen: Die Rolle von Einstellungen bei der Nutzung und Verbreitung von Open Educational Resources
Authors: Otto Daniel
Published: February 2020

Open Educational Resources (OER) sind ein prominenter Gegenstand der Bildungsdiskussion. OER wird das Potenzial zugeschrieben, die Entwicklung partizipativer und kollaborativer Lernszenarien zu ermöglichen und auf einer grundlegenderen Ebene offene Bildung und Bildungsgerechtigkeit zu fördern und zu unterstützen. Dennoch ist die Verbreitung von OER in der Bildung bisher eher episodisch denn systematisch. Der Beitrag versucht auf Basis der Einstellungsforschung eine empirische Annäherung an die Rolle von Einstellung bei der Nutzung und Verbreitung von OER. Auf Grundlage eines umfragebasierten explorativen Ansatzes wurde versucht, die determinierenden Einstellungskomponenten bildungsbereichsübergreifend abzubilden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Einstellungen nicht das zentrale Hindernis für die Nutzung von OER sind, sondern die mangelnde Verbreitung. Bezüglich der Verbreitung lässt sich konstatieren, dass sowohl Intention als auch Verhalten nur innerhalb einer breiteren OER-Gemeinschaft existieren, die allerdings starke Emotionen und Überzeugungen mit den Kernideen und Mehrwerten von OER verbindet. Diesem Argument folgend ist der häufig geforderte Abbau struktureller Barrieren ein notwendiger, aber keineswegs hinreichender Grund, um die Nutzung und Verbreitung von OER zu erhöhen. Es ist zu empfehlen, OER nicht als ein normatives Element einer Openness-Bewegung zu konzipieren, sondern als eine (Teil-)Antwort auf die Herausforderung des Lehrens und Lernens in der digitalen Welt zu begreifen und zu fördern.
Beryllium-9 in cluster effective field theory
Authors: Filandri Elena , Andreatta Paolo , Manzata Carlo A. , Ji Chen , Leidemann Win , Orlandini G.
Published: February 2020

We study the ^99Be
ground-state energy with non-local \alpha nαn
and \alpha \alphaαα
potentials derived from Cluster Effective Field Theory. The
short-distance dependence of the interaction is regulated with a
momentum cutoff. The potential parameters are fitted to reproduce the
scattering length and effective range. We implement such potential
models in a Non-Symmetrized Hyperspherical Harmonics (NSHH) code in
momentum space. In addition we calculate ground-state energies of
various alpha nuclei. Work is in progress on a calculation of the
photodisintegration of ^99Be
with the Lorentz Integral Transform (LIT) method.
Volatile N-nitrosamine, residual nitrite, and ascorbic acid levels in sausages during storage
Authors: Ramezani Houra , Abhari Khadijeh , Pilevar Zahra , Hedayat Hosseini , Mohammadi Abdorreza
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The increasing global consumption of processed meat products has led to certain concerns. For instance, processed meat products are known to contain carcinogen precursor compounds, thus creating the risk of chronic diseases. The present study was performed to estimate the food safety status of processed meat products available in Iran and evaluate the related effective factors.

Study objects and methods. 140 samples of seven most popular commercial types of cooked sausages were obtained from four major meat factories (A, B, C and D) in 140 samples were collected from seven most popular commercial types of cooked sausages as follows: beef salami 90%, chicken salami 90%, dry cured sausage 70%, dry cured salami 60%, beef sausages 55%, chicken sausages 55% and Frankfurt sausage 40% (n = 5) from four major meat factories (A, B, C and D) in Tehran. The samples were screened for residual nitrite, ascorbic acid, and nitrosamine contents on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The results indicated that products from meat factory B had lower residual nitrite content in the samples with high content of meat. Beef salami (90% of meat) and Frankfurt sausage (40% of meat) contained the lowest and highest amounts of residual nitrite on day 0 – 73.99 and 177.42 mg of nitrite per 1 kg of meat, respectively.

Results and discussion. Beef salami contained 90% of meat, chicken salami – 90%, dry cured sausage –70%, dry cured salami – 60%, beef sausages – 55%, chicken sausages – 55%, and Frankfurt sausage – 40% (n = 5). Nitrite reduction rates in sausages with a smaller diameter, e.g. Frankfurt sausage, were significantly lower (P < 0.05), compared to salami samples. The difference can be explained by the shorter cooking time. Nitrosamine formation increased during refrigerated storage; however, it was not significant in all samples. During refrigerated storage, nitrosamine formation depended on the level of added nitrite, the amount of residual nitrite, ascorbic acid, pH, and cooking temperature. Ascorbic acid content decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during refrigerated storage.

Conclusion. The findings demonstrate significant correlation between the meat content, cooking time, nitrite content, and nitrosamine formation.
Russian methodology for designing multicomponent foods in retrospect
Authors: Lisitsyn Andrey , Chernukha Irina , Nikitina Marina
Published: February 2020

The article summarizes some scientific and practical prerequisites for creating multicomponent foods with desirable quality characteristics and consumer properties. Mathematical methods were used to model a multicomponent product according to the selected parameters of adequacy and quality, depending on the nutritional and biological value of raw materials. The Russian methodology of food design originated in the works of N.N. Lipatov. His six basic principles of designing balanced multicomponent foods are still relevant today. Further development was proposed by A.B. Lisitsyn who took into account individual protein digestibility of every component in the mixture and its effect on the amino acid composition of total protein. At the next stage, Yu.A. Ivashkin improved formulations using the methods of system analysis, modelling, and product range optimization. Modern food chemistry, food biotechnology, and information technologies allow for effective computer design and optimization of multicomponent food formulations for specific population groups. As a result, an increasing number of food scientists are engaged in improving food products. Literature analysis showed that the current stages of designing (modelling) multicomponent foods are mainly based on information and algorithms, using linear, experimental and statistical programming methods or an object-oriented approach. Russian food scientists still use the methodology developed by A.M. Brazhnikov, I.A. Rogov, and N.N. Lipatov. It allows for designing multicomponent foods with specified nutritional indicators and energy value. The Russian Academy of Sciences pointed to a need for “digital nutritiology” (Decree No. 178 of November 27, 2018 “On Current Problems of Optimizing the Population of Russia: Role of Science”). This new scientific direction could enable digital transformation of data on human physiological needs for nutrients, biologically active substances, and energy, as well as the chemical composition of basic foods. There is also a need for computer programs to give personalized recommendations for optimal nutrition.
Changes of antioxidant activity and active compounds content in selected teas
Authors: Kolodziej Barbara , Danuta Sugier , Katarzyna Luchowska
Published: February 2020

Our study tested 45 tea infusions classified into five groups (white, green, red, black, and other teas) for the content of total polyphenols and flavonoids, as well as antioxidant properties, by the FRAP and DPPH methods. We examined these parameters after prolongation of the brewing time from 10 to 30 min and overnight storage. The results showed that the capacity of the teas to bind free radicals was differentiated and the amount of anti-oxidant compounds depended on their nature. In terms of antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content, the tested tea types were ranked in the following order: white > green > black > red > other teas (yerba mate > rooibos). Our experiment demonstrated a positive correlation between the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of the analyzed teas. Also, the DPPH antiradical efficiency was comparable to their ability to reduce ferric ions. The extended brewing time had a significant effect on the antioxidant activity of the infusions and the polyphenolic compounds analyzed therein. In contrast, storage of the infusions for 24 h at room temperature changed their antioxidant activity and affected the total polyphenol content.
Folate-modified Graphene Oxide as the Drug Delivery System to Load Temozolomide
Authors: Wang Li-Hua , Liu Jia-Yuan , Sui Lin , Zhao Peng-Hui , Ma Hai-Di , Wei Zhen , Wang Yong-Li
Published: February 2020

Objective:

The folate-modified graphene oxide (GO-FA), which had good stability and biocompatibility
on rat glioma cells was successfully prepared.

Methods:

The formation and composition of GO-FA were confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR),
Raman spectra and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS spectra). The cell experiment suggested
good biocompatibility of GO-FA on rat glioma cells.

Results:

The experiment of GO-FA loading with Temozolomide (TMZ) showed that the maximum
drug loading of GO-FA was 8.05 ± 0.20 mg/mg, with the drug loading rate of 89.52 ± 0.19 %. When
TMZ was released from the folate-modified graphene oxide loading with temozolomide (GO-FATMZ),
its release behavior in vitro showed strong pH dependence and sustained release property. The
growth of rat glioma cells can be effectively inhibited by GO-FA-TMZ, with the cell inhibition rate as
high as 91.72 ± 0.13 % at the concentration of 600 μg/mL and time of 72 h.

Conclusion:

According to the above experimental results, this composite carrier has potential applications
in drug delivery and cancer therapy.
Updated Review and Perspective on 20S Proteasome Inhibitors in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Authors: Rohondia Sagar O. , Ahmed Zainab Sabry Othman , Dou Q. Ping
Published: February 2020

:

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Most lung cancer
patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and may benefit from pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody),
cytotoxic chemotherapy and other adjuvant therapies. Despite the availability of various therapies,
the response and survival rates have been low. Therefore, the study of different targets for the
treatment of lung cancer has been one of the major focuses of cancer research.

:

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is a crucial regulator of cell homeostasis and plays an essential
role in the growth and development of all cells. The UPS is dysregulated in human cancer cells including
lung cancer cells. Therefore, targeting UPS is potentially a selective, effective treatment for lung
cancer. Bortezomib, a 20S proteasome inhibitor that is clinically approved for the management of multiple
myeloma, has been studied in various preclinical and clinical models of lung cancer.

:

Most preclinical studies have shown that a 20S proteasome inhibitor alone and its combination with
other chemotherapeutic agents induce apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines and animal
models. Owing to the impressive preclinical results, many clinical trials were initiated using 20S
proteasome inhibitors either as monotherapy or in combination with other conventional lung cancer
therapies. Many combinational therapies of 20S PIs with conventional chemotherapy were shown to
be well tolerated in clinical trials. However, there have not been any consistent data showing the
beneficial effects of such proteasome inhibitor-based therapies. Low clinical efficacy of 20S PIs in
lung cancer patients may be due to low drug penetration, the status of 20S proteasomes, oncogene
expressions and the inherited or acquired resistance. Potential mechanisms of PI resistance or low or
no clinical activity in lung cancer cells might include alteration of apoptotic proteins, overexpression
or alteration of β5 subunit, or upregulation of heat shock proteins. Various cutting-edge strategies to
counter this resistance or improve 20S PIs’ efficacy in lung cancer cells have been reviewed which
include novel combination therapies, new drug delivery systems, development of more potent PIs,
and targeting different sites of the UPS. A better understanding of PI resistance mechanisms in lung
cancer cells can help improve current clinical treatment strategies and clinical outcomes.
One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Imidazole Rings in Acidic Ionic Liquids: A Review
Authors: Eze Cosmas Chinweike , Ezeokonkwo Mercy Amarachi , Ezema Benjamin Ebere , Onoabedje Abraham Efeturi , Ibeanu Fidelia Ngozika , Ugwu David Izuchukwu , Onyeyilim Leonard Ebuka , Ezugwu James Anayochwkwu
Published: February 2020

The design of the environmentally friendly approach to the synthesis of biologically important
compounds without compromising the yield has been the focus of many chemists in recent
years. The development of the one-pot synthesis of heterocycles in the presence of Ionic Liquids
(ILs), used as both environmental media and catalysts, is efficient and environmentally sustainable.
This review highlights the one-pot synthesis of imidazoles in acidic ILs in the past decade. Some reviews
have been conducted on imidazoles, such as their pharmacological importance. Hence, we decided
to focus on their synthesis in acidic ionic liquids, which the authors are not aware of any published
literature.
Effects of Cooking Processes on Breath Hydrogen and Colonic Fermentation of Soybean
Authors: Okumura Naoya , Jinno Naoya , Taniguchi Kentaro , Tanabe Kenichi , Nakamura Sadako , Kondo Takaharu , Shimouchi Akito
Published: February 2020

Background:

Soybean is rich in dietary fibers; consequently, soybean ingestion considerably
increases the breath level of hydrogen molecules via anaerobic colonic fermentation. However,
the influence of cooking methods on this effect, which can affect the overall health benefits of soybean,
remains unknown.

Objectives:

The aim is to examine whether different methods of cooking soybean affect the colonic
fermentation process.

Methods:

Nine healthy adult volunteers participated in the study; they ingested either roasted soybean
flour (kinako) or well-boiled soybean (BS). Differences in their breath components were compared.
Both test meals were cooked using 80 g of soybeans per individual. After a 12 h fast, the participants
ate the test meals, and their breath hydrogen level was analyzed every 1 h for 9 h by using a
gas chromatograph with a semiconductor detector. In addition, particle size distribution and soluble/
insoluble fibers in the feces were examined.

Results:

The oro-cecal transit time did not significantly differ between individuals who ingested
kinako and BS. However, the area under the curve between 7 and 9 h after the ingestion of BS was
significantly increased compared with that after the ingestion of kinako. The nutritional analysis indicated
that the content of both soluble and insoluble fibers in BS was higher than that in kinako. In
addition, the levels of unfermented fragments and soluble/insoluble fibers in the feces were increased
after the ingestion of kinako compared with those after the ingestion of kinako.

Conclusion:

Cooking methods alter the composition of non-digestible fibers in soybean, and this can
result in the lack of fermentative particles in the feces, thereby causing alterations in the breath level
of hydrogen via colonic fermentation.
Employment of Quality by Design Approach via Response Surface Methodology to Optimize and Develop Modified-release Formulation of Hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: Singhai Vikas D. , Maheshwari Rahul , Sharma Swapnil , Paliwal Sarvesh
Published: February 2020

Background:

Heart attack predominantly occurs during the last phase of sleep and early
morning hours, causing millions of death worldwide. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) is a recommended
drug for the prevention of heart disease, but its long action (>4 h) dosage form is lacking in
the commercial market and development of modified-release formulation may have industrial significance.
Regulatory agencies emphasize Quality by Design based approach for product development
to entrust quality in the product.

Objective:

The current research aimed to develop a quality product profile of HCTZ modifiedrelease
tablets (MRT; ~14 h) by applying Response Surface Methodology using the computational
QbD approach.

Methods:

Three independent factors were identified by qualitative and quantitative risk assessment.
Statistical terms like p-value, lack of fit, the sum of square, R-squared value, model F value, and
linear equations were determined. Graphical tools like normal plot of residual, residual vs predicted
plot and box cox plot were used to verify the model selection. The graphical relationship among the
critical, independent variables was represented using the Contour plot and 3-D surface plot. Design
space was identified by designing an overlay plot using response surface design.

Results:

Excellent correlation was observed between actual and predicted values. Similarity Factor
(F2) of reproducible trials was 78 and 79, and content uniformity was 100.9% and 100.4%. Average
weight, hardness, thickness, diameter, and friability were within acceptable limits.

Conclusions :

QbD approach along with quality risk management tool provided an efficient and effective paradigm to build quality MRT of HCTZ.
Multimodal Medical Image Fusion Techniques – A Review
Authors: Tirupal T. , Mohan B. Chandra , Kumar S. Srinivas
Published: February 2020

The main objective of image fusion for multimodal medical images is to retrieve valuable
information by combining multiple images obtained from various sources into a single image
suitable for better diagnosis. In this paper, a detailed survey on various existing medical image fusion
algorithms, with a comparative discussion is presented. Image fusion algorithms available in
the current literature are categorized into various methods known as (1) morphological methods,
(2) human value system operator based methods, (3) sub-band decomposition methods, (4) neural
n++32w1etwork based methods, and (5) fuzzy logic based methods. This research concludes that
even though there exist a few open-ended creative and logical difficulties, the fusion of medical
images in many combinations assists in utilizing medical image fusion for medicinal diagnostics
and examination. There is a tremendous progress in the fields of deep learning, artificial intelligence
and bio-inspired optimization techniques. Effective utilization of these techniques can be
used to further improve the efficiency of image fusion algorithms.
Congestion Control by Reducing Wait Time at the Traffic Junction Using Fuzzy Logic Controller
Authors: Bhatia Manpreet Singh , Aggarwal Alok
Published: February 2020

Background:

Traffic congestion is one of the most severe problems especially in metro
cities due to ever increasing number of vehicles on roads by 20% per year even with well-planned
road management system and sufficient infra.

Objective:

Most of the existing traffic signal controllers use fixed cycle type, giving a constant
green/red/yellow phase for each traffic signal cycle. These traditional controllers cannot adapt the
dynamics of traffic at real time which a traffic man can do.

Methods:

Deploying traffic men at every traffic light junction is not feasible due to manpower
shortage and cost considerations. In this work a three input fuzzy controller is proposed which can
adapt the dynamics of real time traffic and reduce the congestion at the traffic light junction. Proposed
fuzzy controller has three inputs namely; queue length, arrival rate and peak hours and one
output parameter, time extension which is to be controlled by the use of the three input parameters.

Results:

All four lanes have been allocated a fixed green signal time of 60 seconds at the start. Extension/
decrease of the green light is done dynamically with ±28 seconds. Compared to conventional
fixed cycle type, proposed approach gives a minimum improvement of 6% and a maximum
of 47% depending on various traffic conditions at the junction.

Conclusion:

In terms of CO2 emission improvement of 20% and 42.12% and in terms of fuel consumption
improvement of 34.73% and 57.18% has been observed compared to UCONDES (Urban
CONgestion DEtection System) and OVMT (Original Vehicular Mobility Trace) respectively.
Mobile Apps for Mental Health Issues: Meta-Review of Meta-Analyses
Authors: Lecomte Tania , Potvin Stéphane , Corbière Marc , Guay Stéphane , Samson Crystal , Cloutier Briana , Francoeur Audrey , Pennou Antoine , Khazaal Yasser
Published: February 2020

Background

Mental health apps have great potential to help people needing support to cope with distress or specific symptoms. In fact, there is an exponential increase in the number of mental health apps available on the internet, with less than 5% being actually studied.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the quality of the available evidence regarding the use of mental health apps and to summarize the results obtained so far.

Methods

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses were searched, specifically for mobile apps on mental health issues or symptoms, and rated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.

Results

A total of 7 meta-analyses were carefully reviewed and rated. Although some meta-analyses looked at any mental health issue and analyzed the data together, these studies were of poorer quality and did not offer strong empirical support for the apps. Studies focusing specifically on anxiety symptoms or depressive symptoms were of moderate to high quality and generally had small to medium effect sizes. Similarly, the effects of apps on stress and quality of life tended to offer small to medium effects and were of moderate to high quality. Studies looking at stand-alone apps had smaller effect sizes but better empirical quality than studies looking at apps with guidance. The studies that included follow-ups mostly found a sustained impact of the app at an 11-week follow-up.

Conclusions

This meta-review revealed that apps for anxiety and depression hold great promise with clear clinical advantages, either as stand-alone self-management or as adjunctive treatments. More meta-analyses and more quality studies are needed to recommend apps for other mental health issues or for specific populations.