bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction for Matte Grade in the Process of Copper Flash Smelting Based on QPSO-LSSVM
Authors: Zeng Fan Rong , Zhang Ping
Published: July 2013

According to the complexity of the reaction mechanism and the requirement of the craft indicator during the process of copper flash smelting, the prediction model of matte grade was proposed by combining quantum particle swarm optimization algorithm (QPSO) with least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) in this paper. Firstly, the nonlinear relation model between matte grade and craft indicators in copper flash smelting process was established by using the LS-SVM. Secondly, the parameters of LS-SVM were optimized by using the QPSO algorithm. Finally, the simulation results show that the maximum relative error of the matte grade is 0.47% and the relative root mean square error is 0.33%.Results indicate that the model can satisfy the requirement of production process and can be used to guide the practical production.
Fuzzy Penetration Control for TIG Weld Based on Wavelet-Fractal
Authors: Zhang Li Qin , Zhang Li Ling , Huang Le Hui
Published: July 2013

Image detection was the important step of Welding automation. In view of the welding image feature of strong noise and poor stability, conventional detect method can not get the clear welding process image, so a fuzzy detection algorithm of welding image based on wavelet and fractal denoising was presented. The fuzzy detection algorithm is used to process welding image and extract molten-pools edge; and then fuzzy PID controlling theory are combined to form a whole image processing and closed-loop penetration controlling system. The experimental results indicated that the controlling system has the good anti-interference ability in welding process and therefore ensure the stabilization of welding formation quality.
The Optimized Design of Duct Net Disposal for Filter-Rodsbased on Topology Structure
Authors: Lv Wei
Published: July 2013

The filter-rods were supplied through compressed air conveyed to cigarette-maker by transmitter in my factory. Usually, each maker has two feed-pipes, it adopts fixed and one-to-one fashion, with the flexible manufacturing system extending, and its original fashion unable to satisfy the needs of a wide range of cigarette brands already, so it cry for a viable and reliable substitute. This paper creatively bring forward the optimized fashion of duct net about filter-rods based on topology structure, it adopts Freuds algorithm and improved-separated algorithm in order to achieve the optimized route, it has a apparent effect to improve the transport stability and reduce the transport time of filter-rods.
An Algorithm Based on PFT for Defect Recognition of X-Ray Steel Rope Cord Conveyer Belt Image
Authors: Liu Hou Peng , Miao Chang Yun , Li Xian Guo
Published: July 2013

Detecting the state of conveyer belt is important in process such as coal mine. An algorithm based on PFT (Phase Fourier Transform) is used to recognize X-ray steel rope cord conveyer belt image with defect in this paper. Firstly, the algorithm based on PFT is introduced. Then, the algorithm is emulated to detect recognition of X-ray steel cord conveyer belt image in MATLAB. The results show that x-ray steel rope cord conveyer belt image with defect can be identified by the algorithm based on PFT.
Analysis on Mechanical and Electrical Products
Authors: Yang Dan
Published: July 2013

Actively expanding the export of machinery and electronic products, improving the export product composition is one of our important goals for foreign trade export strategy, standard quantitative analysis of the economic benefits of the export of electromechanical products is an important annulus to achieve this goal ,for a long time, due to domestic and foreign different price system and electromechanical products processing level changes a lot , how the economic benefits of China's export of electromechanical products, there still has been a different understanding. To the country, exports machinery and electronic products is at a loss, while others think, for instance, exports machinery and electronic products is false loss, they are the countries tax in exports of machinery and electronic products. Whether has the ability to compensate for the price system and the unreasonable exchange rate or not? It is difficult to answer this question accurately without quantitative estimates, thus it is difficult to make perfect evaluation of the economic benefits of the export of electromechanical products.
Design of Dual DC Regulated Power Supply Based on MCU dsPIC30F3011
Authors: Wang Ya Qiong , Cui Zong Chao
Published: July 2013

Traditional dual DC power supply used most of the linear power, which is lack of self-protection function, a high failure rate and the maintenance workload. To introduce a dual DC regulated power supply based on MCU design, the main circuit design using diodes to complete AC/DC conversion, and then through IGBT chopper adjustment, to achieve the DC/DC conversion outputs DC voltage. The control circuit uses dsPIC30F3011 as core, in accordance with the time optimal and PID control to achieve PWM regulation. Experiments results show that the design circuit has failed to self-protection and LCD display, in order to accurately and quickly repair the fault.
Research on Transient Process of Uniform Transmission Line
Authors: Xie Dong Lei , Chen Xian Sheng
Published: July 2013

In this paper, the circuit model and equation of uniform transmission line are analyzed theoretically. Because the equation of transmission line is a first-order differential equation, it is hard to carry on research on the transient process of transmission line in theory, In order to observe the reflection phenomenon and transmission delay phenomenon, the experimental device is set up in laboratory. Digital oscilloscope is used to capture the phenomenon of reflection and transmission delay. Different transient process is obtained by changing the material, distribution pattern of transmission line and signal frequency, the factors affecting the traveling wave of transmission line is obtained, which provide reliance of theory research of uniform transmission line.
The Use of the Dynamic Cone Penetrometer for Quality Control of Compaction Operations
Authors: Livneh Moshe , Livneh Noam A.
Published: July 2013

The use of a new quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) specification involving Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP) testing in concert with conventional moisture and density testing is becoming more and more frequent in various parts of the world. The need for this additional testing is essential, as the regular in-situ density tests cannot alone ensure the compliance of the layers constructed with the compaction requirements. Recent analyses of the correlation between the DCP testing and the California Bearing Ratio CBR testing show that QC and QA DCP testing is adequate to verify compaction, stability and vertical uniformity in both cohesive and granular soils. Two examples of DCP usage in two Israeli earthwork projects, one of clayey soils and the other of silty-sand soils, indicate the benefits of this usage along with, though for the clayey example only, Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing.
Study on the Innovative Jewelry B2C Business Model in China and Africa
Authors: Zhou Qi Shen , Yang Ming Xing , Zhang Peng Fei , Qiu Ying
Published: July 2013

According to the forecast of relevant business data, current jewelry consumption in China and Africa has become increasingly active and has great potential for further development. For now, the industrial value chain of jewelry e-business as a whole is far from a mature state; industry convergence degree is relatively low; market segmentation is high; the demand of customers is large, however the supply is full of chaos. Under the general context of rapid development of e-commerce in the Internet, the structure of jewelry industry requires further adjustment and further improvements. The concept of symbolic consumption has been proposed to highlight the increasing significance of extending symbolic value and experience of the commodity. This paper conducted an innovative and exploratory study on the jewelry B2C business model in China and Africa based on the value of user experience. The contents of this paper include four aspects. Primarily, it analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of jewelry B2C business model. Customers become the main players in the market and can select jewelry products based on their own preferences. Secondly, it explains the value of user experience by exploring the emotions, memories, feelings and deeper identity of value during the consumption process to expand broader space for product value. Furthermore, it provides an explicit analysis of innovative jewelry B2C business model concentrating on combining jewelry with customers' emotions. In addition, it explores the implications of innovative B2C business model in the jewelry industry by creating superior customer experiences.
Detachment of a Charged Nano-Jet for Fabrication of Nanoporous Materials
Authors: Wang Liang , He Ji Huan , Xu Lan , Mo Lu Feng
Published: July 2013

A charged jet can be accelerated by an electrostatic field for fabrication of continuous micro/nanofibers. A higher voltage results in smaller nanofibers. However, when the voltage surpasses a threshold value, discontinuous nanomaterials can be fabricated.
Electrode Properties of Nickel-Aluminum Layered Double Hydroxides in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Tanaka Hiroshi , Suzuki Shinya , Miyayama Masaru
Published: July 2013

Electrochemical properties of restacked nanosheets (RS-LDH) of nickel-aluminum layered double hydroxide were investigated for the first time. RS-LDH was prepared by delaminating nickel-aluminum layered double hydroxide powder (powder LDH) into nanosheets and restacking them. RS-LDH and powder LDH showed same discharge capacity of 230 mAhg1 at a current density of 500 mAg1, but RS-LDH showed a larger capacity than powder LDH at a large current density of 1000 mAg1. This increase in capacity was assumed to be attributed to the increased specific surface area and ion conductivity.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ramsdellite Type Lithium Titanate Anode Materials by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Kodera Takayuki , Ogihara Takashi
Published: July 2013

Spherical Li2Ti3O7precursor powders were successfully prepared by spray pyrolysis. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the ramsdellite phase was obtained by calcining at 1100 °C for 3 h under an argon/hydrogen (95/5 %) atmosphere. The Li2Ti3O7anode exhibited higher rechargeable capacity and excellent cycle stability. The rechargeable capacity of the Li2Ti3O7anode was approximately 168 mAh/g at 0.1 C. The discharge capacity of the Li2Ti3O7anode after 100 cycles was approximately 90% of the initial discharge capacity.
The Microstructure of Titanium Oxide Films for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kakuda Tatsunori , Futakuchi Tomoaki
Published: July 2013

We evaluated the surface area, pore size distribution, and electrical characteristics of titanium oxide films formed under different sintering and cleaning conditions. In addition, we examined the microstructure of the titanium oxide films by forming cross-sectional surfaces. The necking structure of the titanium oxide films strongly influenced the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell. And, the conversion efficiency was improved by the increasing firing temperature and treating with TiCl4 and ozone water.
Nano-Structure around 90° Domain Wall and Elastic Interaction with Misfit Dislocation in PbTiO3 Thin Film
Authors: Kiguchi Takanori , Aoyagi Kenta , Ehara Yoshitaka , Funakubo Hiroshi , Yamada Tomoaki , Usami Noritaka , Konno Toyohiko J.
Published: July 2013

We have elucidated the elastic interaction between the 90° domains and misfit dislocations in PbTiO3/SrTiO3 (001) epitaxial thin films by the local strain mapping based on high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The novel mechanism of the nucleation and growth of 90 ̊ domain has been proposed based on the results, including the introduction of the additional dislocation perpendicular to the misfit dislocation and the dissociation of these dislocations into two pairs of partial dislocations with an anti-phase boundary.
Analysis of Lattice Defects in an Epitaxial PbTiO3 Thick Film by Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Aoyagi Kenta , Kiguchi Takanori , Ehara Yoshitaka , Funakubo Hiroshi , Konno Toyohiko J.
Published: July 2013

The microstructure of an epitaxial PbTiO3 thick film was investigated by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). An analysis of bright-field TEM (BFTEM) images revealed the existence of displacements along the [00 direction of PbTiO3. High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) observation indicated that stacking faults parallel to the (001) plane of PbTiO3 are formed in the thick film. Local strain fields around the stacking faults were quantified by geometric phase analysis of the HRTEM image. The measured strain suggested the presence of a pair of extrinsic and intrinsic stacking faults. The distance between an extrinsic stacking fault and an intrinsic one corresponds to two unit cells along the [00 direction of PbTiO3. The formation of these stacking faults is considered to be associated with the strain relaxation of the film.
Fabrication of PIN Devices Including ZnO Quantum Dots
Authors: Zhang Xin Yu , Kobayashi Kenkichiro
Published: July 2013

Films containing ZnO quantum dots (ZnO QDs) with ca.5 nm in size were grown at 125°C by chemical vapor deposition. An emission is seen at a wavelength of 367 nm in photoluminescence spectra of the ZnO QDs, and its intensity is enhanced after the deposition of a Ga2ZnO4 film on the ZnO QDs. Using the films of ZnO QDs, we fabricated PIN devices constructed from In1.8Zn0.2O3 / InGaZnO4 / ZnO QDs / Ga2ZnO4 / Ni0.7Zn0.3O / Ni. The PIN devices exhibit good rectification characteristics.
Absorption Characteristics of Composite Electromagnetic Wave Absorber Made of Sendust Particles Dispersed in Polystyrene Resin
Authors: Hongo Yuki , Sakai Kenji , Sato Yuuki , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: July 2013

A low-cost composite electromagnetic wave absorber made of sendust dispersed in resin was developed that does not contain any rare metals. In this study, spherical sendust particles with average particle sizes of approximately 5 and 20 μm were dispersed in polystyrene resin at volume ratios in the range 2040 vol% to broaden the absorption frequency bandwidth at frequencies above 10 GHz. The optimal volume ratios of sendust with average particle sizes of approximately 5 and 20 μm were found to be approximately 30 and 35 vol%, respectively. Electromagnetic wave absorbers can be flexibly designed by controlling the volume ratio of spherical sendust particles in resin.
Effect of Si and Ba Addition on ZnO Grain Growth and Electrical Characteristics of Bi-Based ZnO Varistors
Authors: Kubota Atsuko , Fukumori Ai , Sato Yuuki , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: July 2013

With the goal of fabricating varistors with low varistor voltages, we investigated the effects of adding Ba and Si to BiCoMn-added ZnO varistors on the varistor voltage and the resistance to electrical degradation. Ba2Mn3O8, which reduces the resistance to electrical degradation, was not formed at the grain boundary when Si was added. The resistance to electrical degradation was considerably improved by adding 0.10.15 mol% Si relative to samples to which small amounts of Sb had been added. The varistor voltage increased monotonically with increasing amount of added Si; it was approximately 36 V/mm for 0.1 mol% Si.
Oxygen Reduction Catalytic Activity of Hollandite-Type Manganese Oxides
Authors: Kenko Takuya , Takakuwa Tatsuya , Saito Morihiro , Daimon Hideo , Tasaka Akimasa , Inaba Minoru , Kadoma Yoshihiro , Kumagai Naoaki , Shiroishi Hidenobu , Hatai Takeo , Kuwano Jun
Published: July 2013

Hollandite-type Mn oxides were synthesized by a co-precipitation (CP) and a hydrothermal (HT) method as the cathode catalysts for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), and their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activities and AEMFC single cell performances were evaluated. In this study, we prepared two kinds of hollandite oxides K0.14MnO2·0.12H2O(KMO-CP) and K0.12MnO2·0.06H2O(KMO-HT) and their partially Co-substituted ones K0.11(Mn0.88 Co0.12)O2・0.16H2O(KMC0.12-CP) and K0.11(Mn0.88Co0.12)O2· 0.08H2O(KMC0.12-HT), and examined the ORR activities with a rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) in 0.1 M KOH at 50°C. All the samples showed high onset potentials of ORR, ca. 0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and relatively high ORR currents at 0.75 V and high efficiencies for 4-electron reduction (Eff4) of around 90% were obtained for the HT samples owing to higher crystallinity and higher specific surface area than those of the CP ones. The AEMFC single cells prepared with KMO-HT and KMC0.12-HT cathode catalysts were operated stably and exhibited the maximum power densities of ca. 49 and 42 mW cm-2, respectively, which were comparable to that of the single cell using a conventional 50 wt% Ag/C catalyst.
Oxygen Diffusion in SrTiO3 Thin Films - An Attempt to Measure Oxygen Diffusivity at Relatively Low Temperature
Authors: Ishii Daiki , Suzuki Toshimasa , Kishi Hiroshi , Sakaguchi Isao , Ohashi Naoki , Haneda Hajime
Published: July 2013

Oxygen diffusivity in strontium titanate films with intentional non-stoichiometry, Sr1+xTi1+yOδwith (1+x)/(1+y) = 0.71.5, was studied to reveal degradation behavior of Sr1+xTi1+yOδfilms. In order to utilize isotope tracer diffusion measurement, so-called gas/solid exchange method using18O2gas, at relatively low temperature, very thin YSZ layer deposited on top of Sr1+xTi1+yOδfilm was used as catalyst for enhanced18O[gas]/16O[solid] exchange at lower temperature. As a result, very high oxygen diffusivity at 673 K in Sr1+xTi1+yOδfilms with (1+x)/(1+y)>>1 was observed.
Oxygen Tracer Diffusion in A-Axis Oriented ZnO Thin Films Grown on (01-12) Sapphire by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Sakaguchi Isao , Watanabe Ken , Adachi Yutaka , Ohgaki Takeshi , Hishita Shunichi , Ohashi Naoki , Haneda Hajime
Published: July 2013

The a-axis oriented ZnO thin films deposited on sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition were studied to investigate the effects of pre-annealing on oxygen diffusion. The effect was as follows: the oxygen diffusion coefficient decreased, and the oxygen concentration in the tailing regions of the profiles reduced. Ion images of an oxygen tracer revealed the high-diffusivity paths for oxygen tracer diffusion. The temperature dependence of oxygen tracer diffusion coefficients (Db) in as-deposited and pre-annealed thin films were determined to be Db [cm2/ = 9.2x102 exp (- 405 [kJ/mo / RT) and Db [cm2/ = 1.8x103 exp (- 418 [kJ/mo / RT), respectively. On basis of these results, the crystal orientation on Db and the mechanism for oxygen diffusion were discussed.
Preparation of Barium Titanate-Coated Strontium Titanate Accumulation Ceramics by Solvothermal Synthesis and their Dielectric Property
Authors: Iwatsuki Shogo , Goto Takayuki , Kera Masatoshi , Nakashima Kouichi , Fujii Ichiro , Wada Satoshi
Published: July 2013

Solvothermally synthesized strontium titanate (SrTiO3, ST) or barium titanate (BaTiO3, BT) nanocubes were accumulated and the dielectric properties were studied. Initially, the BT or ST nanocubes were pressed into pellets. BT was deposited on the pellets by a solvothermal method. P-E hysteresis loops and S-E curves of BT-coated ST accumulation ceramics (BT on ST) showed ferroelectric responses. The dielectric constant of the accumulation ceramics was measured to be 70.6.
Piezoelectric Properties and Electric Field-Induced-Strains of Textured (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3- BaTiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Kawada Fumiaki , Hiruma Yuji , Nagata Hajime , Takenaka Tadashi
Published: July 2013

Grain-oriented 0.8(Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3-0.2BaTiO3 (BKT-BT20) ceramics were prepared by the Reactive Templated Grain Growth (RTGG) method. The BKT-BT20 ceramics sintered at 1070°C for 100 h. The grain-oriented BKT-BT20 exhibited relatively high orientation factor, F, of 0.87 and density ratio of 92%. A resistivity of textured BKT-BT20 was 1.29×1013 Ωcm. Piezoelectric strain constant, d33, and the normalized strain, d33*, of the textured BKTBT20 ceramic in the direction parallel (//) to the tape stacking direction were 117 pC/N and 243 pm/V (at 80 kV/cm), respectively.
Fault Diagnosis System of Engineering Equipment's Electrical System Using Dedicated Interface Adapter Unit
Authors: Ren Yan Xi , Yang Xiao Qiang , Li Qing Xia , Chen Jun Da
Published: July 2013

The development of fault detection and diagnosis system is accomplished with the application of PXI interface technology, modular instrument and signal processing technology. The total technical scheme of host computer, portable test platform, signal adapter unit, test interface and cable together with peripheral components is introduced in the presented system. Consequently, the hardware includes master computer (fault test and diagnosis platform), PXI-bus data acquisition system, signal interface adapter, power supply system, interface unit, connection cable and peripheral dedicated test equipments. And the software is developed by C and LabWindows/CVI based on Win32 operating system. In addition, the modular and object-oriented programming are adopted in the software development. The software consists of three parts: the master program running on test and diagnosis platform, the client software module on signal adapter unit as well as the remote interface software module. It can implement fault detection of electrical system on replaceable circuit board and block of the hydraulic system or electrical system. So it can help equipment repairmen and operator perform quick repairs and maintenance to the electrical system for engineering equipment.
Effect of the Impact Load on the Main Welding Outer Cylinder of Large Aircraft Landing Gear
Authors: Wang Hong Feng , Song W.W. , Wang J.L. , Zuo Dun Wen , Duan X.L.
Published: July 2013

Analysis about the cause of the main failure and the forces of the main welding outer cylinder of the recent large aircraft landing gear were given. The impact load for main welding outer cylinder in the process of the taking off and landing was calculated of 580MPa. Finite element model of the main welding outer cylinder was then established and the influence of the impact loading to the main welding outer cylinder was analyzed. The results showed that crack was most likely take place on the top of the outer cylinder, and then on the two welds. The crack expanded in an S shape. This study could provide an important basis for the safety of the aircraft landing gear inspection and service life prediction.
Experimental Investigation for Characteristics of Localized Dissolution of Micro-Holes in Electrochemical Machining Aided by Ultrasonic Wave
Authors: Li Zhi Yong , Niu Zong Wei , Li Li
Published: July 2013

Electrochemical micro-machining (EMM) has become one of the main machining methods for production of miniaturized parts and components. Utilizing the developed EMM set-up, the effects of ultrasonic wave frequency on characteristics of localized dissolution and accuracy of micro-hole in EMM are investigated and evaluated. The experiment results demonstrate that the accuracy of micro-hole and characteristics of localized dissolution can become better with the increase of ultrasonic wave frequency. The accuracy of micro-hole machined by 26KHZ can improve about 30% than that by 16KHZ. Moreover, the ability of localized dissolution by 26KHZ can be increased about 27%-30%.
Study on the High Speed Jet-Electrode Position Ni-P Alloy
Authors: Wang Ying , Kang Min , Yang Yong , Fu Xiu Qing
Published: July 2013

The high speed jet-electrodepositing equipment was used to prepare Ni-P alloy in substrate of 45 steel. The influences of current density on depositing rate, hardness of deposit and microstructure of Ni-P alloy were studied, and the comparation with that of conventional electroplating were studied. The results show that with the increase of stirring intensity of the electrolyte, the thickness of diffused layer decreases, the critical current density increases, and then the depositing rates increase to 69.82/min. A linear increasing of the depositing rate with the increase of current density is observed, and it refines grain size obviously. Deposit hardness up to 679HV.
Study on Modeling and Virtual Machining for Monolithic Multi-Frame Component Based on Aluminum Alloy 7075-T7351
Authors: Guo Hun , Zuo Dun Wen , Tang Guo Xing , Xu J.
Published: July 2013

Because the multi-frame component has thin walls, variable wall thickness and a high reconciliation precision request, the design restrains are many, and the variable is big, the manufacture restrains must be considered in the design stage. In this study, a method called “house-building frame modeling” is introduced firstly, and the finite element model of the milling distortion analysis is established for the multi-frame components by the method, and the prediction analysis of the milling distortion under different milling conditions is carried out, by means of 3-D finite element simulation technology. Comparing the simulation results and the measurement ones of the milling distortion, the proposed model is modified; the modeling method and prediction method are proved to be effective. Software system is developed specially for the modeling and the distortion prediction for multi-frame part. By using of the software, a platform structure with 192 frames is analyzed and its milling distortion is predicted successfully. reference on the purpose of optimizing milling coefficient.
The FEM Numerical Simulation of Die Spinning with Three-Dimensional
Authors: Yang Zhi , Zhou W.L.
Published: July 2013

A three-dimensional finite element model for die spinning of a cylindrical workpiece is established and a practical spinning process of 5A06 alloy tube is simulated with the model and Marc software. The rotation of the workpiece driven by the die and the passive rotations of spinning wheels due to the friction between the spinning wheels and the workpiece are considered in this model. The distributions of stress and strain of deformation region are analyzed. The phenomena during tube spinning are simulated, such as build-up, shape distortion, diametric reduction and increment. From the simulated results, it is concluded: Consideration of the quality and efficiency of production, spinning speed should not be too large. In this study, the simulation process should not exceed 0.8mm/s the traction speed. Spinning force is direct proportional to the traction speed and inverse proportion to the tip radius. This model reprents the spinning deformation behaviors completely. Simulation results correspond with the experiments very well.
The Develop of Automatic Jet Electroplating Machining Gear Tool
Authors: Yang Yong , Kang Min , Fu Xiu Qing , Wang Ying
Published: July 2013

In order to solve the problem of automation electric plating gear surface, the numerical control electric plating machining tool was developed based on open numerical control system. The relative movement and velocity of anode nozzle was controlled by the motion control model. The selection of working solution and the continuous feeding liquid were achieved by use of the digital I/O module. The technological parameters, such as working current, the temperature of plating solution, PH value, and so on, were collected by the module of analog quantity acquisition and stored in the computer. Based on the preliminary experiments, the machine tool was reliable higher and the distribution of plating thickness on the tooth profile surface was uniform. The automatic electric plating technology was realized on the tooth profile surface.
Analysis on the Wear Resistance of the Cast Manganese Steel by Shock Excitation and Rotation Method
Authors: Wang J.L. , Wang H.F. , Pang L.
Published: July 2013

The casting machine of the shock excitation and rotation comprehensive effect was obtained by the improvement on the basis of the traditional casting technology. Mine manganese steel hammer was cast by the casting machine of the shock excitation and rotation comprehensive effect. The manganese steel hammer was analyzed by the microstructure and wear resistance. The casting mechanism of the casting machine of the shock excitation and rotation comprehensive effect was further discussed. The experiment result showed the cast manganese steel by the shock excitation and rotation method had the advantages of the grain fine and uniform, good wear resistance. Comparing to the traditional technology, the new casting technology could extend the service life of the casting manganese steel.
Analysis on Corrosion Resistance of the Cast Manganese Steel by Shock Excitation and Rotation Method
Authors: Wang J.L. , Wang H.F. , Pang L.
Published: July 2013

The corrosion property of the cast manganese steel by shock excitation and rotation method was done by the corrosion experiment. The experiment showed the corrosion resistance of the cast manganese steel by shock excitation and rotation method was better than that of the cast manganese steel by traditional casting technology. In addition, the experiment results showed that corrosion weightlessness was increased with the time increasing. In twenty-four hours, the corrosion of the casting manganese steel could not very serious with the time increasing, but exceeding twenty-four hours, the corrosion degree of the casting manganese steel would increase with the time increasing.
Pillared Clay as an Effective Catalyst for Low Temperature VOCs Decomposition
Authors: Mohapatra P. , Mishra T. , Parida K.M.
Published: July 2013

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic chemicals mostly emitted from different sources like industrial or domestic having high vapor pressure at room-temperature conditions. Some of these are also anthropogenic in nature and also these are the major contributor for the photochemical ozone. The different methods available for the abatement of VOCs are thermal oxidation, catalytic oxidation, photocatalytic oxidation, adsorption etc. Due to the stringent regulation of VOCs emission in different countries there is a need of efficient abatement technology to preserve the environment. In this context catalytic combustion of organic pollutants offers considerable advantages over the industrially operated thermal combustion process. Generally, oxidative destruction is possible at low temperature in presence of a catalyst. In addition catalytic process is more energy efficient and can operate with very dilute pollutants. A number of catalysts have been used for the complete oxidation of VOCs, among these Pillared clays type porous materials are also useful for the purpose. Pillared clays have high surface area, pore volume, thermal stability and can be tailor made for particular catalytic application compared with the parent clays. In the present review we will summarize the latest developments on the clay based materials including the effect of different controlling parameters for the synthesis of pillared clay based porous materials and its specific application for the low temperature VOCs decomposition. In particular the effect of transition metals like iron and manganese oxide pillared clay on the VOC decomposition is discussed.
Influence of Mn2+ Ion on the Surface of BiOCl Catalyst for Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Green under Visible Light Illumination
Authors: Sarwan Bhawna
Published: July 2013

In the present investigation, hydrolysis method has been used to synthesize mangnese doped BiOCl. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron micrographs (SEM) and diffusive reflectance spectra (DRS) methods. Interesting results have been obtained from diffusive reflectance spectra which depicted that there is a shift in the optical absorption edge towards higher wavelength, which indicates a decrease in the band gap upon Mn doping. The photocatalytic activity of Mn doped catalyst was evaluated from the photodegradation of methylene green (MG) aqueous solution under visible light irradiation. Mn2+ doping effectively improved the photocatalytic activity of BiOCl under visible light irradiation. The possible degradation pathway has been proposed for the photocatalytic degradation by using certain radical scavengers. The photocatalytic reaction mechanism of Mn doped BiOCl catalyst has also been tentatively discussed.
Fabrication and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Fe, Co, Ni and Cu-Doped TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Ganesh Ibram , Dom Rekha , Borse P.H. , Annapoorna Ibram , Padmanabham G. , Sundararajan G.
Published: July 2013

Different amounts of Fe, Co, Ni and Cu-doped TiO2 thin films were prepared on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) coated soda-lime glass substrates by following a conventional sol-gel dip-coating technique followed by heat treatment at 550 and 600°C for 30 min. These thin films were characterized for photo-current, chronoamperometry and band-gap energy values. The chemical compositions of metals-doped TiO2 thin films on FTO glass substrates were confirmed by XPS spectroscopic study. The metal-ions doped TiO2 thin films had a thickness of <200 nm="" optical="" transparency="" of="">80%, band-gap energy of >3.6 eV, and a direct band-to-band energy transition. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies revealed that all the metal-ions doped TiO2 thin films exhibit n-type semi-conducting behavior with a quite stable chronoamperometry and photo-currents that increase with the increase of applied voltage but decrease with the dopant metal-ion concentration in the thin film. Furthermore, these thin films exhibited flat-band potentials amenable to water oxidation reaction in a PEC cell. The 0.5 wt.% Cu-doped TiO2 thin film electrode exhibited an highest incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of about 21%.
Investigation of Solar Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation Ability of Ferrites for Energy Production
Authors: Dom Rekha , Kim Hyun Gyu , Borse Pramod H.
Published: July 2013

Ferrites have been predicted to be potential material for photo catalytic and photo electrochemical (PEC) hydrogen generation under visible light photons. The article briefly reviews, as well as compares the supremacy of ferrites over titanates and sulfides with respect to their photo-electro catalytic hydrogen producing ability. It shows that though the band energetic of a material plays a vital role to induce the photo-splitting of water; but its optical structure, at the first instance is very important to utilize it to absorb the visible light photons. Among all the PEC materials, the low-band gap ferrites (Fe-d orbital) favor absorption of visible light photons; at the same time offer an advantage of being an eco-friendly material system. A specific focus is given to the single phase, nanostructure and composite forms of typical ZnFe2O4system. Though a concise report, but also throws light on the importance and tunability of PEC properties.
Modelling Eutectic Growth in Unmodified and Modified Near-Eutectic Al-Si Alloy
Authors: Tiedje Niels Skat , Hattel Jesper Henri , Taylor John A. , Easton Mark A.
Published: July 2013

A numerical model that describes solidification of primary aluminium grains and nucleation and growth of eutectic cells is used to analyse the solidification of an Al-12.5wt% Si alloy. Nucleation of eutectic cells is modelled using an Oldfield-type nucleation model where the number of nuclei in the melt is determined by the amount of active nuclei and the local undercooling from the surface to the centre of a plate casting. Eutectic grains are modelled as spheres growing between the dendrites. The growth velocity of the eutectic cells is a function of undercooling. Experimentally determined growth parameters from the literature that depend on the type of modification (unmodified, Na-modified or Sr-modified) are used to describe differences in growth of the alloys. Modelling results are compared with solidification experiments where an Al-12.5wt%Si alloy was cast in unmodified, Na modified and Sr modified forms. The model confirms experimental observations of how modification and alloy composition influence nucleation, growth and finally the size of eutectic cells in the alloys. Modelling results are used to explain how cooling conditions in the casting act together with the nuclei density in the liquid and the growth velocity of the eutectic cells to determine the size and distribution of eutectic cells in the solidified material.
Melt Conditioned Twin Roll Casting (MC-TRC) of Thin Mg-Alloy Strips for Direct Stamping of Mg Components
Authors: Das Sanjeev , Ji Shou Xun , El Fakir Omer , Wang Li Liang , Dear John P. , Lin Jian Guo , Stone Ian , Scamans Geoff , Fan Zhong Yun
Published: July 2013

In this paper we introduce a novel process for the production of thin-walled magnesium components by direct stamping of twin roll cast thin Mg strips. In this process, the melt conditioned twin roll casting (MC-TRC) process is used to produce thin Mg strips (thickness <2 mm) which have a fine equiaxed grain structure and little basal texture and, more importantly, are free from centreline segregation. Such thin Mg strips can be used for thin-walled component production by direct stamping without any rolling. A major advantage of this process is that it circumvents the low formability problem inherently associated with Mg based alloys. In this paper, AZ31 alloy is used to demonstrate this new process. For both TRC and MC-TRC strips, we will analyze the microstructures, assess the mechanical performance at elevated temperatures and conduct hot stamping in the as-cast condition without any prior rolling.
Compositional Effects on the Restoration Behaviour in Mg-Zn-RE Alloys
Authors: Ross Nigel G. , Barnett Matthew R. , Beer Aiden G.
Published: July 2013

Additions of rare earth elements to magnesium alloys are qualitatively reported in the literature to retard recrystallisation. However, their effect in the presence of other (non-rare earth) alloy additions has not been systematically shown nor has the effect been quantified. The microstructural restoration following the hot deformation of Mg-xZn-yRE (x= 2.5 and 5 wt.%,y= 0 and 1 wt.%, and RE = Gd and Y) alloys has been studied using double hit compression testing and microscopy. It was found that, in the absence of rare earth additions, increases in zinc level had a negligible influence on the kinetics of restoration and the microstructure developed both during extrusion and throughout double hit testing. Adding rare earth elements to Mg-Zn alloys was found to retard restoration of the microstructure and maintain finer recrystallised grains. However, in the Mg-Zn-RE alloys, increasing the zinc concentration from 2.5 wt.% to 5 wt.% accelerated the restoration process, most likely due to a depletion of rare earth elements from solid solution and modification of the particles present in the matrix.
Effect of Travelling Magnetic Fields on the Dendritic Microstructure of AlSi and AlSiMn
Authors: Orth Andreas , Ratke Lorenz
Published: July 2013

The microstructure formation of AlSi alloys is known to be sensitive to specific solidification conditions. In particular, small fractions of heavier alloying atoms can lead to the precipitation of intermetallic phases. Moreover, the mainly dendritic structure is also sensitive to fluid flow in the melt. These two factors and their mutual influence is examined in this paper. The solidification of AlSi7 and AlSi7Mn1 samples was studied while inducing fluid flow by a traveling magnetic field (TMF) of approximately 5 mT strength, traveling up or down the sample axis. All samples were molten and directionally solidified at constant solidification velocities between 0.03 and 0.24 mm/s. The application of two separate heaters allowed the fixation of constant temperature gradients in the solid and liquid parts of the samples, the use of a transparent silica aerogel crucible permitted optical verification of the solidification velocity. Cross sections were cut from the processed samples and the microstructure analyzed using light microscopy and SEM-EDX. From these images, values for the primary, secondary and tertiary dendrite arm spacing were retrieved. Results are presented which show a clear effect of the TMF-induced fluid flow on the binary samples, but almost none for the ternary alloy. Finally, an explanation proposing a process of precipitate particle pushing is given.
Material Properties of Cast Aluminium Alloys Produced by Various Casting Processes
Authors: Okayasu Mitsuhro , Ota Kohei , Takeuchi Shuhei , Shiraishi Tetsuro
Published: July 2013

The material and mechanical properties of cast aluminium alloys, produced using various casting technologies, have been investigated experimentally. In this study, several casting processes were selected, including gravity casting (GC), cold-chamber diecasting (CD), hot-chamber diecasting (HD), squeeze diecasting (SQ), twin rolled continuous casting (TRC) and heated mould continuous casting (HMC). Although all cast samples were made of the same aluminium alloy of Al-Si-Cu (ADC12), different material properties were obtained, in particular microstructural characteristics, crystal orientation and residual stress. In this instance, the microstructures of the GC and CD samples were formed mainly of coarse α-Al phase and needle-shaped eutectic structures; and a microstructure of fine round grain and tiny eutectic structures were observed for the HC, TRC and HMC samples. On the other hand, spherical shaped α-Al phase with a relatively large size was detected in SQ. The different microstructural characteristics led to different mechanical properties. A uniformly orientated lattice structure was detected in the HMC and SQ samples, which gave high material ductility. High internal compressive stress high dislocation density, arising from the rolling process, led to the high tensile properties for the TRC procedure. Various cast defects, such as blow holes and shrinkage porosity, were detected in GC and CD, which gave a reduction in their tensile properties.
Catalytic Effect of Nanoparticles on Primary and Secondary Phase Nucleation
Authors: de Cicco Michael P. , Perepezko John H.
Published: July 2013

Nanoparticles were shown to catalyze nucleation of primary and secondary phases in metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs). This catalysis is important as it contributes to the mechanical property enhancement in the MMNCs.
Primary aluminium grain refinement was demonstrated in A356 matrix nanocomposites. Various types and sizes of nanoparticles (SiC, TiC, γ-Al2O3; 10-96 nm) were used to make these MMNCs and in all cases the MMNCs had smaller, more equiaxed grains compared to the reference A356. Using the droplet emulsion technique, undercoolings were shown to be significantly reduced. Undercoolings in the MMNCs were in good general agreement with the undercooling necessary for free growth, suggesting the applicability of this model to nucleation on nanoscale catalysts.
Secondary phase nucleation catalysis was demonstrated in a zinc alloy AC43A MMNC and a binary Mg-4Zn MMNC. In AC43A, secondary phase nucleation was catalyzed with the addition of various nanoparticles (TiC, SiC, γ-Al2O3). The secondary phase nucleation catalysis in AC43A coincided with ductility enhancement. In Mg-4Zn, SiC nanoparticle addition changed the secondary phases that formed. MgZn2 was formed in the MMNC at relatively high temperatures consuming the Zn and reducing the amount of the low temperature Mg2Zn3 phase that formed in the reference alloy. The change in secondary phase formation coincided with significant enhancement in strength and ductility.
Phase Diagram of Mg-Zn-Gd System Alloy at Mg Rich Corner and its Application in the Development of Two New Alloys
Authors: Guo Yong Chun , Li Jian Ping , Li Jin Shan , Yang Zhong , Wang Ping
Published: July 2013

The Mg-rich corner of the equilibrium phase diagram of the Mg-Zn-Gd system has been calculated in detail using the phase diagram calculation software PANDAT and the thermodynamic database for Mg alloys. The calculated phase diagram includes the liquidus projection, isothermal sections and vertical sections. It is found that an increase of Zn content in the Mg-Gd alloy reduces the phase field of α-Mg + GdMg5. Based on the calculated phase diagrams, two alloys, Mg-5.5Zn-2Gd-0.5Zr and Mg-1.6Gd-5.5Zn-0.5Zr (wt.%), denoted as ZGK620 and ZGK616, were developed and their solidification and precipitation processes were analyzed in detail. The optimized thermal mechanical processing and heat-treatment processes were defined by referring to the calculated phase diagrams of the Mg-Zn-Gd system.
Influences of Y Additions on the Hot Tearing Susceptibility of Mg-1.5wt.%Zn Alloys
Authors: Wang Zhi , Huang Yuan Ding , Srinivasan Amirthalingam , Liu Zheng , Kainer Karl Ulrich , Hort Norbert
Published: July 2013

The influences of Y (0.2, 2 and 4 wt.%) additions on the hot tearing behaviour of Mg‑1.5Zn alloys were investigated using a constrained rod casting (CRC) apparatus equipped with a load cell and data acquisition system. The initiation of hot tearing was monitored during CRC experiments. It corresponds to a drop in load on the hot tearing curves. The experimental results indicate that, the hot tearing susceptibility defined by the total crack volume, which was measured by the wax penetration method, decreases with increasing the content of Y at a mould temperature of 250 °C. The reduced susceptibility is attributed to the effect of Y on the solidification behaviour: it shortens the freezing range and reduces the grain size. The highest susceptibility is observed for Mg-1.5Zn-0.2Y alloy. It is caused by its coarse microstructure and relatively larger solidification range. In contrast, the lowest susceptibility is observed for Mg-1.5Zn-4Y alloy with a small equiaxed grain microstructure. In addition, the healing of hot cracks by the subsequent refilling of the remained liquid at the later stage of solidification is also beneficial for the alleviation of hot tearing susceptibility in Mg-1.5Zn-4Y alloy.
Influence of Groove Pressing Process on the Drawability (R Value) of Aluminium Alloy AA 5052 Sheets
Authors: Jain Ekta , Chakkingal Uday
Published: July 2013

Aluminium alloy sheets have poor drawability compared to steel sheets as indicated by the values of the plastic strain ratio or the R value. Because of the textures developed during commercial annealing and cold rolling processes, the R value for aluminium alloys is typically less than 1. Since the R value is heavily influenced by the crystallographic texture in the sheet, processes that develop a favourable texture can be utilised to improve the R value. In this study, a severe plastic deformation process called groove pressing has been used to repeatedly deform sheet specimens of aluminium alloy AA 5052. The R values of groove pressed specimens were experimentally determined. X-ray diffraction scans of the groove pressed specimens were carried out to measure the relative intensities of (111) and (002) peaks in the pattern. The largest increase in the R value was for specimens cut at 90° to the rolling direction and groove pressed to four passes. XRD data indicate that the groove pressing process is capable of introducing a favourable shear texture.
Numerical Investigation on the Hot Forming and Cold-Die Quenching of an Aluminium-Magnesium Alloy into a Complex Component
Authors: El Fakir Omer , Chen Shou Hua , Wang Li Liang , Balint Daniel , Dear John P. , Lin Jian Guo
Published: July 2013

An FE model for the hot forming and cold-die quenching (HFQ) process was developed. This model was verified by HFQ experiments through a comparison of the thickness distribution between the simulated and experimental results; good correlation with a deviation of less than 5% was achieved. In addition, this FE model was used to study the effects of forming speed on the thickness distribution of a HFQ formed part, and it was found that a higher forming speed is beneficial for HFQ forming, as it led to improved thickness homogeneity and less thinning.