bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oridonin induces apoptosis in human oral cancer cells via phosphorylation of histone H2AX
Authors: Yang In‐Hyoung , Shin Ji‐Ae , Lee Kyung‐Eun , Kim Junghyun , Cho Nam‐Pyo , Cho Sung‐Dae
Published: October 2017

Oridonin, a natural diterpenoid purified from Rabdosia rubescens, has displayed beneficial biological activities, including anti‐proliferation and anti‐angiogenesis effects, in various types of cancers. However, the anti‐cancer potential of oridonin and its mechanism in oral cancer have never previously been studied. In this study, we assessed the role of oridonin as an inducer of apoptosis in HSC‐3 and HSC‐4 human oral cancer cells. Our results showed that oridonin reduces the viability of human oral cancer cells and significantly increases the expression of γH2AX, a well‐known marker of DNA damage. 4′,6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining and western blotting showed that oridonin causes nuclear condensation and fragmentation, and induces cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). Moreover, oridonin‐induced γH2AX accumulation was partially abrogated by Z‐VAD, a pan‐caspase inhibitor. Taken together, our results suggest that oridonin can effectively induce apoptosis by augmenting the expression of γH2AX in response to DNA damage and might be a promising anti‐cancer drug candidate for the treatment of oral cancer.
The Eurogroup, power and accountability
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: October 2017

This article considers the role of the Eurogroup in EU decision‐making, a topic that is under‐theorised, more especially given its importance in the overall EU schema. The Eurogroup's power has grown very considerably, largely because of the enhanced role that it has been accorded as a result of the financial crisis, with the result that its power no longer accords with the Treaty provisions that specify its function. The article sets out the Treaty foundations of the Eurogroup, examines its role in EU decision‐making, the rationale for its increased power, and the extent to which it is politically and legally accountable.
The emblematic minnows of the North American Great Plains: A synthesis of threats and conservation opportunities
Authors: Worthington Thomas A , Echelle Anthony A , Perkin Joshuah S , Mollenhauer Robert , Farless Nicole , Dyer Joseph J , Logue Daniel , Brewer Shannon K
Published: October 2017

Anthropogenic changes to the Great Plains rivers of North America have had a large, negative effect on a reproductive guild of pelagic‐broadcast spawning (PBS) cyprinid fishes. The group is phylogenetically diverse, with multiple origins of thePBSmode. However, because of incomplete life‐history information,PBSdesignation often relies only on habitat and egg characteristics. We identified 17 known or candidatePBSfishes and systematically synthesized the literature on their biology and ecology in relation to major threats to persistence. Research output on an individual species was unrelated to conservation status, but positively correlated with breadth of distribution. ThePBSspecies have opportunistic life‐history strategies and are typically short‐lived (generally 1–3 years) fishes. ManyPBSspecies have truncated ranges showing declines in both distribution and abundance, especially those endemic to the Rio Grande catchment. Fundamental habitat associations are unknown for many species, particularly regarding seasonal shifts and early life stages. Critical thermal tolerances have been quantified for fivePBSspecies and are generally >35°C. Turbidity and salinity changes are linked to responses at multiple life stages, but information is lacking on interactions between water quality and quantity. Hydrologic alteration appears to be a primary threat toPBSspecies, through complex interactions with landscape fragmentation, and habitat change. We highlight areas where scientific and management communities are lacking information and underline areas of potential conservation gain.
Geography limits island small‐scale fishery production
Authors: Eriksson Hampus , Friedman Kim , Amos Moses , Bertram Ian , Pakoa Kalo , Fisher Rebecca , Andrew Neil
Published: October 2017

Interacting social and ecological processes shape productivity and sustainability of island small‐scale fisheries (SSF). Understanding limits to productivity through historical catches help frame future expectations and management strategies, but SSF are dispersed and unaccounted, so long‐term standardized data are largely absent for such analyses. We analysed 40 years of trade statistics of a SSF product that enter international markets (sea cucumber) from 14 Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICT) against response variables to test predictors of fishery production: (i) scale, (ii) productivity and (iii) socio‐economics. Combined production in PICT peaked over 20 years ago, driven by exploitation trends in Melanesia that accounted for 90% of all production since 1971. The size of island fisheries (as measured by total exports), and the duration and magnitude of fishery booms were most influenced by ungovernable environmental variables, in particular land area. The large and high islands of Melanesia sustained larger booms over longer periods than atoll nations. We hypothesize that land area is a proxy for land‐based nutrient availability and habitat diversity, and therefore the productivity of the shallow water areas where SSF are operating. PICT need to tailor management based on the intrinsic productivity of shallow inshore habitats: harvests from atoll nations will need to be smaller per unit area than at the high islands. Particularly countries with low productivity fisheries must consider the crucial economic “safety nets” that export SSF make up for dispersed island populations and incorporate them into broader development and island resilience strategies.
A framework for results‐based management in fisheries
Authors: Nielsen Kåre Nolde , Aschan Michaela Maria , Agnarsson Sveinn , Ballesteros Marta , Baudron Alan , Borges Maria de Fátima , Campos Aida , Chapela Rosa , Daníelsdóttir Anna Kristín , Erzini Karim , Gregersen Ólavur , Holm Petter , Lucchetti Alessandro , Margeirsson Sveinn , Mendes Hugo Vilela , Olsen Petter , Rangel Mafalda , Sala Antonello , Santiago José Luis , Sigurðardóttir Sigríður , Silva Cristina , Sykes Daryl , Viðarsson Jónas Rúnar , Virgili Massimo , Wise Laura , Fernandes Paul George
Published: October 2017

We present a framework for results‐based management (RBM) of commercial fisheries. The core idea of RBM is to reduce micromanagement by delegating management responsibility to resource users. The RBM framework represents an industrial organization approach to co‐management and comprises three defining processes, conducted by three independent “agents”: (i) an “authority” defines specific and measurable and achievable objectives (outcome targets, OTs) for the utilization of fisheries resources, (ii) resource user organizations (termed “operators”) take responsibility for achieving these OTs and provide documentation that (iii) allows independent “auditors” to evaluate the achievement of OTs. Using incentive mechanisms, notably deregulation, RBM grants operators the flexibility to develop and implement innovative and cost‐effective ways to achieve OTs. The feasibility of implementing RBM in five European fisheries was investigated in cooperation with relevant stakeholders through artificial planning processes and computer simulations. The operators involved were enthusiastic, and new management plans were drafted based on the framework. These included socioeconomic OTs in addition to traditional stock objectives, encompassing an ecosystem approach. Several issues are in need of further research to consolidate the approach and prepare the ground for practical implementation, including: the specification of the legal and regulatory framework required to underpin RBM, details of transitional arrangements when shifting towards RBM (including cost‐sharing) and the development of necessary organizational capacity for operators. Initially, we therefore envisage the framework being applied to high‐value single‐species fisheries, with a limited number of participants, which are adequately represented by a competent organization.
Synthesis and microstructural characterization of δ‐phase bismuth‐based electroceramic systems by double‐doping regime
Authors: Yilmaz Serdar , Celen Cigdem
Published: October 2017

In this study, Bi2O3‐based (Er2O3)x(Gd2O3)y(Bi2O3)1‐x‐y ternary compound powders were synthesized with different stoichiometric ratios by the solid‐state reaction method at different annealing treatment. Crystal structure characterization was investigated via X‐ray powder diffraction method in order to determine the fcc‐cubic phases powders. Microstructure properties of pellet samples obtained from scanning electron microscopy. Also, thermal properties and porosity were investigated via differential thermal analysis and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analysis. δ‐Phase structure was provided at all ternary samples at 800°C heat treatment temperature. The relationship between lattice parameters and total dopant rate was analyzed. As the amount of dopant rate increased, lattice parameters were increased. In conclusion, a correlation between the ionic radius of the dopant cations and lattice parameters was revealed.
Consumer food safety perceptions and self‐reported practices in Greece
Authors: Gkana Eleni N. , Nychas George‐John E.
Published: October 2017

A substantial proportion of foodborne illness is associated with food prepared in households. The primary understanding of how foods are handled in private homes comes mostly from questionnaire based studies and direct observation. The aim of this survey was to examine consumers' perceptions and knowledge of safe food handling practices in Greece. More specifically, their attitudes, opinions and self‐reported practices were studied. Data were collected from a total of 399 consumers living in Greece by the use of a self‐administered on‐line survey. The questionnaire consisted of four positive and five negative statements according to the 5‐point Likert scale, which grouped into three constructions using principal component analysis in order to investigate food safety perceptions of consumers. Furthermore, the survey included 11 demographic questions, two close‐ended questions (type yes/no) and four questions that are related to self‐reported food‐handling practices. The results showed that the most commonly known bacterium causing food‐related illness according to respondents' knowledge is Salmonella (99.7%), followed by Escherichia coli (73.9%) and Listeria (58.4%). The overall consumers' score concerning food safety was 32.8 ± 5.37 (full score was 45). No significant differences to the mean score of food safety knowledge were found according to gender, age or the incidence of foodborne illness over the past 12 months. Knowledge and awareness of safe food handling practices was enhanced at higher education levels, while homemakers were found to have deficiencies at this level. Information obtained from consumers can be used to shape educational programs and determine where food safety educational efforts would be most effective and the needed content of the messages.
Quality aspects of fresh‐cut ‘long‐storage tomato’ as affected by package, calcium chloride and storage time
Authors: Patanè Cristina , Malvuccio Angelo , Saita Alessandro , Rizzarelli Paola , Rapisarda Marco , Rizzo Valeria , Muratore Giuseppe
Published: October 2017

In this research, some quality changes during storage at 4 °C were assessed in fresh‐cut fruits of a ‘long‐storage tomato’ landrace, packaged in biocompostable materials (PLA Ingeo tray/NatureFlex™ film) or in conventional plastics (PET tray + polypropylene film). The effects of dipping in CaCl2 on the shelf‐life extension were also assessed. Plants were cultivated both off‐season (greenhouse) and in‐season (open field). CO2 and O2 concentration, fruit weight loss, firmness, colour, microbial load were measured at 0, 4, 7, 12 days of storage. Headspace gas changes and fruit weight loss were minimised in conventional package. BIO package prevented water condensation, led to max 5% weight loss and made fruits less susceptible to spoilage. Dipping in CaCl2 induced better firmness, especially in biopackage. Off‐season fruits had overall lower quality than in‐season fruits; however, these may contribute to extend the production season, with interesting marketing implications for the agri‐food industry.
Concept analysis of cancer survivorship and contributions to oncological nursing
Authors: de Oliveira Rafaela Azevedo Abrantes , da Conceição Vander Monteiro , Araujo Jeferson Santos , Zago Márcia Maria Fontão
Published: October 2017

Aim

This study aims to analyse the concept of cancer survivorship using Rodgers' evolutionary concept analysis model.

Background

The lack of a consensus definition as well as the confusion and debate concerning the definitions of “survivor” and “cancer survivorship” hinder an understanding of the intrinsic needs associated with the latter.

Design

Concept analysis.

Method

A systematic literature search was performed using the following databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS, and PsycINFO with studies published between 2000 and 2014. The final sample contained 39 studies that were analysed on the basis of Rodgers' model and inductive thematic analysis, discussed through the lens of the medical anthropology concept of culture.

Findings

Cancer survivorship is a broad concept that can be understood using 8 themes: changes in life plans, positive and negative aspect dualities, life reflections, identity change, individual experiences, symptom control, the need for support, and quality of care. These themes are summarized using 2 attributes: liminality process and culturally congruent care.

Conclusions

This article contributes to understanding of cancer survivorship and the processes that are intrinsic to this concept. It calls for future investigations to enhance cancer survivorship across its 2 domains at the personal (patient's life) and clinical (nursing practice) levels.
Underappreciation of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease by primary care clinicians: limited awareness of surrogate markers of fibrosis
Authors: Patel Preya J. , Banh Xuan , Horsfall Leigh U. , Hayward Kelly L. , Hossain Fabrina , Johnson Tracey , Stuart Katherine A. , Brown Nigel N. , Saad Nivene , Clouston Andrew , Irvine Katharine M. , Russell Anthony W. , Valery Patricia C. , Williams Suzanne , Powell Elizabeth E.
Published: October 2017

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common cause of incidental liver test abnormalities. General practitioners (GP) have a key role in identifying people with NAFLD at risk of significant liver disease. Recent specialist guidelines emphasise the use of fibrosis algorithms or serum biomarkers rather than routine liver tests, to assess advanced fibrosis.

Aim

To evaluate primary care clinicians’ current approach to diagnosis, management and referral of NAFLD.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of primary care clinicians was undertaken through a structured questionnaire about NAFLD. A convenience sample of general practice clinics and general practice conferences in Metropolitan Brisbane and regional south east Queensland was selected.

Results

A total of 108 primary care clinicians completed the survey (participation rate 100%). Fifty‐one percent of respondents considered the prevalence of NAFLD in the general population to be ≤10%. Twenty‐four percent of respondents felt that liver enzymes were sufficiently sensitive to detect underlying NAFLD. Most respondents were unsure whether the Fibrosis 4 score (62.7% unsure) or Enhanced Liver Fibrosis score (63.7% unsure) could help to identify advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis. Although 47% of respondents said they would refer a patient to a Gastroenterologist/Hepatologist if they suspect the patient has NAFLD, 44.1% do not make any referrals. Of concern, 70.6% of clinicians said they were unlikely to refer a patient to Hepatology unless liver function tests are abnormal.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that many primary care clinicians underestimate the prevalence of NAFLD and under‐recognise the clinical spectrum of NAFLD and how this is assessed.
Playing quality, growth rate, thatch accumulation and tolerance to moss and annual bluegrass invasion as influenced by irrigation strategies on red fescue putting greens
Authors: Chen Y. , Pettersen T. , Kvalbein A. , Aamlid T. S.
Published: October 2017

Conversion from annual bluegrass or bentgrasses to red fescue could be an efficient way to minimise water use on golf greens. Our objective was to investigate the influences of four irrigation strategies on red fescue water use efficiency, turf quality, growth rate and resistance to annual bluegrass and moss invasion. The trial was carried out from August 2013 to August 2015 on a green established according to USGA recommendations under a rainout shelter at Landvik, Norway (58 °N). On average for 2 years, irrigation to field capacity once per week (FC 1) and deficit irrigation to 60% of FC three times per week (DEF 3) reduced the water consumption by 49% and 72% relative to irrigation to FC three times per week (FC 3). Both DEF 3 and FC 1 retained acceptable turf quality and reduced annual bluegrass in the second year by about one‐third. Better control of annual bluegrass was obtained with deficit irrigation to 60% of FC once per week (DEF 1), but this treatment did not produce acceptable turf quality. Compared with FC 3, DEF 3, FC 1 and DEF 1 gave harder surfaces and reduced the moss invasion in the second year by 66%, 90% and 93%, respectively. Irrigation effects on root development and thatch organic matter after 2 years were not significant, although the thatch layer depth was 3–4 mm greater in FC 1 than in the other treatments. In conclusion, DEF 3 and FC 1 are both effective irrigation strategies for managing red fescue greens with less water use.
Environmental Assessment of Emerging Technologies: Recommendations for Prospective LCA
Authors: Arvidsson Rickard , Tillman Anne‐Marie , Sandén Björn A. , Janssen Matty , Nordelöf Anders , Kushnir Duncan , Molander Sverker
Published: October 2017

The challenge of assessing emerging technologies with life cycle assessment (LCA) has been increasingly discussed in the LCA field. In this article, we propose a definition of prospective LCA: An LCA is prospective when the (emerging) technology studied is in an early phase of development (e.g., small‐scale production), but the technology is modeled at a future, more‐developed phase (e.g., large‐scale production). Methodological choices in prospective LCA must be adapted to reflect this goal of assessing environmental impacts of emerging technologies, which deviates from the typical goals of conventional LCA studies. The aim of the article is to provide a number of recommendations for how to conduct such prospective assessments in a relevant manner. The recommendations are based on a detailed review of selected prospective LCA case studies, mainly from the areas of nanomaterials, biomaterials, and energy technologies. We find that it is important to include technology alternatives that are relevant for the future in prospective LCA studies. Predictive scenarios and scenario ranges are two general approaches to prospective inventory modeling of both foreground and background systems. Many different data sources are available for prospective modeling of the foreground system: scientific articles; patents; expert interviews; unpublished experimental data; and process modeling. However, we caution against temporal mismatches between foreground and background systems, and recommend that foreground and background system impacts be reported separately in order to increase the usefulness of the results in other prospective studies.
Rate and characteristics of urgent hospitalisation in persons with profound intellectual disabilities compared with general population
Authors: Amor‐Salamanca A. , Menchon J. M.
Published: October 2017

Background

Little is known about the hospitalisation rate of adults with severe/profound intellectual disability (PID) presenting at emergency services or about the appropriateness of hospital admissions in this population. Examining the possible differences in the patterns of hospitalisation between people with PID and those without intellectual disability (ID) may shed light on aspects of health and illness in these patients and may in turn make it possible to differentiate more clearly between mild‐moderate ID and PID.

Methods

After an evaluation of the emergency visits made by adults with PID and by people without ID, patients in both groups requiring one or more hospitalisations were subsequently followed up for 18 months. The appropriateness of the decision to hospitalise was assessed using the ambulatory care‐sensitive conditions index.

Results

There were no differences in the proportion of people with PID and controls admitted to hospital after their emergency visit. The median hospital stay was higher for PIDs: 7.5 vs. 4 days for controls. People with PID were admitted more than controls for respiratory reasons and somewhat less for other somatic causes unrelated to the nervous system. There were no admissions for psychiatric causes in the group with PID other than unspecified conduct disorders. There were no differences in other diagnostic groups. The rate of inappropriate admissions was similar in the two study groups.

Conclusions

In contrast to previous results reported for the group with ID as a whole, patients with PID consulting the emergency service were not admitted to hospital more frequently than the general population nor did they present a higher rate of inappropriate admissions. These results support the utility of maintaining two distinct groups of people with ID: mild‐moderate and severe‐profound.
Bipolar Disorder in Pregnancy: A Review of Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Scrandis Debra A.
Published: October 2017

Introduction

Women with bipolar disorder may benefit from continuation of their medications during pregnancy, but there may be risks to the fetus associated with some of these medications. This article examines the evidence relating to the effect of bipolar disorder and pharmacologic treatments for bipolar disorder on pregnancy outcomes.

Methods

MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest Dissertation & Theses, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for English‐language studies published between 2000 and 2017, excluding case reports and integrative reviews. Twenty articles that met inclusion criteria were included in this review.

Results

Women with bipolar disorder have a higher risk for pregnancy complications and congenital abnormalities than do women without bipolar disorder. In addition, illness relapse can occur if psychotropic medications are discontinued. There are limited data to recommend discontinuing lithium, lamotrigine, or carbamazepine during pregnancy. Valproic acid is not recommended during pregnancy due to increased odds of neural tube defects associated with its use. Atypical antipsychotics are used more frequently during pregnancy, with mixed evidence regarding an association between these agents and congenital malformations or preterm birth.

Discussion

The knowledge of benefits and risks of bipolar disorder and its treatment can help women and health care providers make individualized decisions. Prenatal care providers can discuss the evidence about safety of medications used to treat bipolar disorder with women in collaboration with their mental health care providers. In addition, women being treated for bipolar disorder require close monitoring for depressive and manic/hypomanic episodes that impact pregnancy outcomes.
The tympanic region of Otaria byronia (Otariidae, Carnivora) – morphology, ontogeny, age classes and dimorphism
Authors: Loza C. M. , Scarano A. C. , Galliari F. C. , Soibelzon L. H. , Negrete J. , Carlini A. A.
Published: October 2017

Here we describe and explore for the first time the ontogeny and sexual dimorphism of the auditory region of Otaria byronia. We studied the tympanic region of skulls of 237 specimens of different ages and sexes. Geometric morphometric methods were used to analyze the tympanic bulla. In addition, 3D reconstructions of the tympanic bulla were performed using computed tomography analysis scans and a serial wearing technique. We provide a description of the external and internal morphology of the tympanic bulla in both sexes and across different stages (bioclasses). The average shape of the bulla in O. byronia has a subtriangular contour, with variations between sexes and ages. Each stage (bioclasses I, II, and III) is characterized by the respective mean shape of the tympanic bulla and designated as a morphoclass (1, 2, and 3). In all cases, the ectotympanic shows greater surface area than the endotympanic, as in other otariids, in contrast to Phocidae. During ontogeny, the relative size of the ectotympanic increases, growing in all directions and covering the endotympanic. This pattern is seen to the greatest extent in adult males, in which the ectotympanic forms an extremely well‐developed apophysis jugulare. No differences in internal morphology of the tympanic cavity were recorded between ages and sexes. The bulla does not increase in thickness in successive age classes; in fact, the walls are extremely thin in the adult stages, despite the extensive development of its processes. This pattern is opposite that observed in Phocidae. In morphoclass 3, adult males older than 7 years undergo hypermorphic change that results in a peramorphic condition when compared to adult females. These changes probably follow the same pattern shown by the rest of the skull and contribute to the marked sexual dimorphism of the species.
A longitudinal study of the relationship between dental caries and obesity in late childhood and adolescence
Authors: Hall‐Scullin Emma Patricia , Whitehead Hilary , Rushton Helen , Milsom Keith , Tickle Martin
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To determine whether caries experience in late childhood (aged 7‐9 years) was predictive of adolescent obesity (ages 12‐16 years) to inform the use of a common risk factor approach (CRFA) for prevention.

Methods

A cohort study was conducted in an area of North West England. Clinical assessment of caries took place using the same methodology at ages 7‐9 years and 12‐16 years. Body mass index (BMI) category was calculated from height and weight measurements using age and gender specific cut‐offs at 12‐16 years only. The association between dependent variable (BMI category dichotomized as underweight/normal and overweight/obese) and explanatory variables (baseline and follow‐up dental caries and sociodemographic status) adjusted for age, was assessed.

Results

At baseline, 5,470 (96.8 percent) participants took part and information was available for 2,958 (54.1 percent) participants at follow‐up. Univariate analysis indicated that BMI category in adolescence was not shown to be significantly associated with: the presence or absence of caries in late childhood (P = 0.61); in adolescence (P = 0.06); gender (P = 0.91); or deprivation (P = 0.35). Multivariate logistic regression indicated that BMI category in adolescence was not predicted by caries in late childhood or adolescence, after adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Conclusion

Caries and obesity were highly prevalent in this population. Caries in childhood was not shown to be associated with obesity in adolescence and there was no cross‐sectional association between the two diseases in adolescence. A CRFA is not precluded, however, the results suggest that additional interventions, specific for each disease, are required to prevent obesity and caries.
Evaluation of Commercial‐scale Approaches for Cryopreservation of White Crappie, Pomoxis annularis, Sperm
Authors: Culpepper Charlie M. , Guitreau Amy M. , Allred Shay , Tiersch Terrence R. , Allen Peter J.
Published: October 2017

Crappie, Pomoxis spp., are popular game fish throughout North America and are produced by public and private hatcheries. However, production is limited by a lack of information on tank culture and induced spawning methods. Development of techniques for storage of sperm and in vitro fertilization would increase flexibility in spawning. Therefore, techniques for sperm cryopreservation were examined in white crappie, Pomoxis annularis. Sperm from adult wild white crappie were used to evaluate sperm extender, cryoprotectant agent and concentration, and cooling technique based on post‐thaw sperm motility. Percent egg fertilization was also compared between sperm stored in the two best cryopreservation protocols and two different osmotic activator solutions. Sperm were cryopreserved using treatment combinations of two extenders (350 mOsmol/kg Hanks' balanced salt solution [HBSS] and 350 mOsmol/kg Ca2+free HBSS) and two cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO] and methanol) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% that were cooled at four different rates: 5, 10, 20, and 40 C/min. Post‐thaw sperm motility and fertilization rates indicated white crappie sperm can be cryopreserved using either extender, cryoprotectants of either 5% DMSO or 10% methanol, and cooling at 40 C/min. A follow‐up experiment demonstrated sperm in suspensions on ice retained viability after overnight transport.
Is Victorian Poetry Modern?
Authors: Guthrie Bernadette
Published: October 2017

Until recently, the Victorian era has been understood as largely anti‐modern. Much Victorian poetry was simply ignored by critics, who often saw it as regressive. The poets from the period who did garner attention often did so because they seemed to be “ahead of their time.” Starting in the 1990s and continuing into the present, literary critics have begun to revisit the question of Victorian poets' relationship to modernity. This scholarship, which often focuses on how poetry from the period was shaped by industrialization and technological innovation, contends that the work of many Victorian poets can be understood as fundamentally modern. This article briefly reviews older scholarship on Victorian poetry's relationship to modernity, surveys more recent critical interventions, and suggests the development of a critical approach to the poetry of the period that would neither collapse the terms “Victorian” and “modern” nor simply set them at odds with one another.
Bats probe the aerosphere during landscape‐guided altitudinal flights
Authors: Roeleke Manuel , Bumrungsri Sara , Voigt Christian C.
Published: October 2017

As the only mammals capable of powered flight, bats make efficient use of the aerosphere. Yet, our understanding of how bats use the three‐dimensional air column is sketchy. By attaching miniaturised Global Positioning System tags to cave bats near a mountain ridge in Thailand, we show that these bats perform undulating ascending and descending flights in quick succession. Bats repeatedly used mountain slopes to ascend to altitudes of more than 550 m above the ground. We infer that mountain ridges are key habitat features for some open‐space foraging bats, facilitating altitudinal movements which may aid effective foraging and navigation. Therefore, the development of wind farms along mountain ridges might lead to conflicts with the conservation of some open‐space foraging bats.
Liebermannite, KAlSi3O8, a new shock‐metamorphic, high‐pressure mineral from the Zagami Martian meteorite
Authors: Ma Chi , Tschauner Oliver , Beckett John R. , Rossman George R. , Prescher Clemens , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Bechtel Hans A. , MacDowell Alastair
Published: October 2017

In this paper, we discuss the occurrence of liebermannite (IMA 2013‐128), KAlSi3O8, a new, shock‐generated, high‐pressure tetragonal hollandite‐type structure silicate mineral, in the Zagami basaltic shergottite meteorite. Liebermannite crystallizes in space group I4/m with Z = 2, cell dimensions of a = 9.15 ± 0.14 (1σ) Å, c = 2.74 ± 0.13 Å, and a cell volume of 229 ± 19 Å3 (for the type material), as revealed by synchrotron diffraction. In Zagami, liebermannite likely formed via solid‐state transformation of primary igneous K‐feldspar during an impact event that achieved pressures of ~20 GPa or more. The mineral name is in honor of Robert C. Liebermann, a high‐pressure mineral physicist at Stony Brook University, New York, USA.
Deep facial mycosis due toTrichophyton verrucosum—molecular genetic identification of the dermatophyte in paraffin‐embedded tissue—case report and review of the literature
Authors: Wollina Uwe , Hansel Gesine , Uhrlaß Silke , Krüger Constanze , Schönlebe Jacqueline , Hipler Uta‐Christina , Nenoff Pietro
Published: October 2017

Deep trichophytosis is relatively uncommon. The infection of the bearded area is also known as sycosis barbae or tinea barbae and can be caused by various fungal species, most often zoophilic fungi. We report on an 80‐year‐old male patient with severe sycosis barbae who had no animal contact and was treated with systemic antibiosis without improvement. Microbial and mycological investigations using swabs from oozing lesions revealedStaphylococcus haemolyticusandCandida parapsilosis. Histology demonstrated fungal elements in hair follicles. Paraffin‐embedded material was subjected to further mycological analysis. For molecular diagnostics DNA was prepared from paraffin sections for real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). For sequencing, DNA was isolated from paraffin‐embedded skin tissue and the ITS region of the rDNA was selected. Sequencing of the ITS2 region of rRNA revealed a 100% accordance withTrichophyton(T.)verrucosum. Treatment with oral terbinafine achieved a complete remission. Sycosis barbae is an important differential diagnosis for infections of the bearded area. Nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT) are more and more used for direct examination of dermatophytes in clinical samples, egT. verrucosum. NAAT are also used as culture confirmation tests for identification of rare dermatophytes likeT. verrucosum. Today, singleplex and multiplex quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) assays for the detection of the most common dermatophytes includingT. verrucosumin clinical specimens are available. Recently, an ITS2 PCR assay has been successfully used for direct detection ofT. verrucosumin paraffin‐embedded formalin‐fixed skin tissue. The PCR is fast and highly specific. The sensitivity of direct molecular detection of the dermatophytes both in native clinical material, and in paraffin‐embedded skin tissue can been increased.
VirD5 is required for efficient Agrobacterium infection and interacts with Arabidopsis VIP2
Authors: Wang Yafei , Zhang Shaojuan , Huang Fei , Zhou Xu , Chen Zhuo , Peng Wei , Luo Meizhong
Published: October 2017

During Agrobacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) infection, the translocated virulence proteins (VirD2, VirE2, VirE3, VirF and VirD5) play crucial roles. It is thought that, through protein–protein interactions, Agrobacterium uses and abuses host plant factors and systems to facilitate its infection. Although some molecular functions have been revealed, the roles of VirD5 still need to be further elucidated.

Here, plant transformation and tumorigenesis mediated by genetically modified Agrobacterium strains were performed to examine VirD5 roles. In addition, protein–protein interaction‐associated molecular and biochemistry technologies were used to reveal and elucidate VirD5 interaction with Arabidopsis VirE2 interacting protein 2 (VIP2).

Our results showed that deleting virD5 from Agrobacterium reduced its tumor formation ability and stable transformation efficiency but did not affect the transient transformation efficiency. We also found that VirD5 can interact with Arabidopsis VIP2. Further experiments demonstrated that VirD5 can affect VIP2 binding to cap‐binding proteins (CBP20 and CBP80). The tumorigenesis efficiency for cbp80 mutant was not significantly changed, but that for cbp20, cbp20cbp80 mutants were significantly increased.

This work demonstrates experimentally that VirD5 is required for efficient Agrobacterium infection and may promote this process by competitive interaction with Arabidopsis VIP2. CBP20 is involved in the Agrobacterium infection process and its effect can be synergistically enhanced by CBP80.
Comparative genomics reveals cotton‐specific virulence factors in flexible genomic regions in Verticillium dahliae and evidence of horizontal gene transfer from Fusarium
Authors: Chen Jie‐Yin , Liu Chun , Gui Yue‐Jing , Si Kai‐Wei , Zhang Dan‐Dan , Wang Jie , Short Dylan P. G. , Huang Jin‐Qun , Li Nan‐Yang , Liang Yong , Zhang Wen‐Qi , Yang Lin , Ma Xue‐Feng , Li Ting‐Gang , Zhou Lei , Wang Bao‐Li , Bao Yu‐Ming , Subbarao Krishna V. , Zhang Geng‐Yun , Dai Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2017

Verticillium dahliae isolates are most virulent on the host from which they were originally isolated. Mechanisms underlying these dominant host adaptations are currently unknown. We sequenced the genome of V. dahliae Vd991, which is highly virulent on its original host, cotton, and performed comparisons with the reference genomes of JR2 (from tomato) and VdLs.17 (from lettuce).

Pathogenicity‐related factor prediction, orthology and multigene family classification, transcriptome analyses, phylogenetic analyses, and pathogenicity experiments were performed.

The Vd991 genome harbored several exclusive, lineage‐specific (LS) genes within LS regions (LSRs). Deletion mutants of the seven genes within one LSR (G‐LSR2) in Vd991 were less virulent only on cotton. Integration of G‐LSR2 genes individually into JR2 and VdLs.17 resulted in significantly enhanced virulence on cotton but did not affect virulence on tomato or lettuce. Transcription levels of the seven LS genes in Vd991 were higher during the early stages of cotton infection, as compared with other hosts. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that G‐LSR2 was acquired from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum through horizontal gene transfer.

Our results provide evidence that horizontal gene transfer from Fusarium to Vd991 contributed significantly to its adaptation to cotton and may represent a significant mechanism in the evolution of an asexual plant pathogen.
Dynamic Pricing and Replenishment with Customer Upgrades
Authors: Ceryan Oben , Duenyas Izak , Sahin Ozge
Published: October 2017

We study a joint implementation of price‐ and availability‐based product substitution to better match demand and constrained supply across vertically differentiated products. Our study is motivated by firms that utilize dynamic pricing as well as customer upgrades, as ex ante and ex post mechanisms, respectively, to mitigate inventory mismatches. To gain insight into how offering product upgrades impacts optimal price selection, we formulate a multiple period, nested two‐stage model where the firm first sets prices and replenishment levels for each product while the demand is still uncertain, and after observing the demand, decides how many (if any) of the customers to upgrade to a higher quality product. We characterize the structure of the optimal upgrade, pricing and replenishment policies and find that firms having greater flexibility to offer product upgrades can restrain their reliance on dynamic pricing, enabling them to better protect the price differentiation between the products. We also show how the quality differential between the products or changes in the replenishment cost structures influence the optimal policy. Using insights gained from the optimal policy structure, we construct a heuristic policy and find that it performs well across various parameter values. Finally, we consider an extension in which the firm dynamically sets upgrade fees in each period. Our results overall help further our understanding of the intricate relationship among a firm's decisions on pricing, replenishment, and product upgrades in an effort to better match demand and constrained supply.
A unique role for citizen science in ecological restoration: a case study in streams
Authors: Edwards Patrick M. , Shaloum Gail , Bedell Daniel
Published: October 2017

Citizen science has the potential to generate valuable biologic data for use in restoration monitoring, while also providing a unique opportunity for public participation in local restoration projects. In this article, we describe and evaluate a citizen science program designed to monitor the effect of stream restoration construction disturbance on the macroinvertebrate community. We present the results of a 7‐year stream restoration study conducted by citizen scientists utilizing a Before‐After‐Control‐Impact (BACI) design. Trait‐based macroinvertebrate data showed a strong response to restoration construction disturbance and return to pre‐restoration conditions within 2 years. The findings of this study suggest that citizen science can generate meaningful BACI‐oriented data about ecological restoration; however, until more research is conducted, citizen data should only be used to augment professional data intended to demonstrate restoration success.
A Probabilistic Analysis of Surface Water Flood Risk in London
Authors: Jenkins Katie , Hall Jim , Glenis Vassilis , Kilsby Chris
Published: October 2017

Flooding in urban areas during heavy rainfall, often characterized by short duration and high‐intensity events, is known as “surface water flooding.” Analyzing surface water flood risk is complex as it requires understanding of biophysical and human factors, such as the localized scale and nature of heavy precipitation events, characteristics of the urban area affected (including detailed topography and drainage networks), and the spatial distribution of economic and social vulnerability. Climate change is recognized as having the potential to enhance the intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events. This study develops a methodology to link high spatial resolution probabilistic projections of hourly precipitation with detailed surface water flood depth maps and characterization of urban vulnerability to estimate surface water flood risk. It incorporates probabilistic information on the range of uncertainties in future precipitation in a changing climate. The method is applied to a case study of Greater London and highlights that both the frequency and spatial extent of surface water flood events are set to increase under future climate change. The expected annual damage from surface water flooding is estimated to be to be £171 million, £343 million, and £390 million/year under the baseline, 2030 high, and 2050 high climate change scenarios, respectively.
The Accumulation of Human and Nonhuman Capital, Revisited
Authors: Fraumeni Barbara M. , Christian Michael S. , Samuels Jon D.
Published: October 2017

In the over 25 years since Jorgenson and Fraumeni (1989) published their first article integrating human capital measures with the national accounts, the Bureau of Economic Analysis's (BEA's) U.S. National Income and Product Accounts (NIPAs) and U.S demographics have changed significantly. The original paper is a national income accounting paper with production and factor outlay, income, receipt and expenditure, capital accumulation, and wealth accounts in current and constant prices. In this paper, we update the Jorgenson‐Fraumeni human capital estimates and integrate them into the latest NIPA accounts. A comparison of the aggregates for the U.S. and their trends between the earlier 1949–19 period and later 1998–2009 period is informative. The benefit from integrating human capital components into BEA's NIPA over a long historical time period allows us to quantify the impact of the end to the gains in average educational attainment, changes in female labor force participation, and the possible impact of the greying of America.
The 2014 volcanic eruption in Fogo and the reterritorialization process: from risk to geographic resilience
Authors: de Castro Fatima Velez , Martins Bruno
Published: October 2017

The population of Fogo Island, in Cape Verde, shows a peculiar relationship with the living territory, given that the eminence of volcanic risk is a reality they face every day. The 1951 and 1995 eruptions were particularly scarring in this insular geography, leaving in several generations of Cape Verdeans, the mark of a creation‐destruction‐restart cycle, as well as an attitude of symbiosis with nature. This article is intended to present and discuss results from a scientific research paper based on a study conducted on Fogo Island, in Cape Verde, in February 2016, where researchers sought to understand the local population's response to the last volcanic eruption (from November 2014 to February 2015), in a logic of deterritorialization‐reterritorialization, namely in terms of community and territorial resilience. The analysis method was based on direct observation, with record of the views in a field journal, as well as the biographic narratives of all those who were affected, through questionnaires and interviews.
Non‐branched β‐1,3‐glucan oligosaccharides trigger immune responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mélida Hugo , Sopeña‐Torres Sara , Bacete Laura , Garrido‐Arandia María , Jordá Lucía , López Gemma , Muñoz‐Barrios Antonio , Pacios Luis F. , Molina Antonio
Published: October 2017

Fungal cell walls, which are essential for environmental adaptation and host colonization by the fungus, have been evolutionarily selected by plants and animals as a source of microbe‐associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that, upon recognition by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), trigger immune responses conferring disease resistance. Chito‐oligosaccharides [β‐1,4‐N‐acetylglucosamine oligomers, (GlcNAc)n] are the only glycosidic structures from fungal walls that have been well‐demonstrated to function as MAMPs in plants. Perception of (GlcNAc)4–8 by Arabidopsis involves CERK1, LYK4 and LYK5, three of the eight members of the LysM PRR family. We found that a glucan‐enriched wall fraction from the pathogenic fungus Plectosphaerella cucumerina which was devoid of GlcNAc activated immune responses in Arabidopsis wild‐type plants but not in the cerk1 mutant. Using this differential response, we identified the non‐branched 1,3‐β‐d‐(Glc) hexasaccharide as a major fungal MAMP. Recognition of 1,3‐β‐d‐(Glc)6 was impaired in cerk1 but not in mutants defective in either each of the LysM PRR family members or in the PRR‐co‐receptor BAK1. Transcriptomic analyses of Arabidopsis plants treated with 1,3‐β‐d‐(Glc)6 further demonstrated that this fungal MAMP triggers the expression of immunity‐associated genes. In silico docking analyses with molecular mechanics and solvation energy calculations corroborated that CERK1 can bind 1,3‐β‐d‐(Glc)6 at effective concentrations similar to those of (GlcNAc)4. These data support that plants, like animals, have selected as MAMPs the linear 1,3‐β‐d‐glucans present in the walls of fungi and oomycetes. Our data also suggest that CERK1 functions as an immune co‐receptor for linear 1,3‐β‐d‐glucans in a similar way to its proposed function in the recognition of fungal chito‐oligosaccharides and bacterial peptidoglycan MAMPs.