bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Un mille-pattes romantique » : Aurélia de Gérard de Nerval
Authors: Illouz Jean-Nicolas
Published: October 2013

Aurélia accomplit le dessein de l’œuvre romantique. En renvoyant, dès les premières pages du récit, aux « modèles poétiques » d’Apulée, de Dante et de Swedenborg, Nerval conçoit cette nouvelle « étude de l’âme humaine » comme la synthèse de trois époques – l’Antiquité, le Moyen Âge, le XVIII e siècle –, de trois formes de religion – le paganisme, le christianisme, l’illuminisme –, et de trois genres littéraires : le conte initiatique, l’autobiographie spirituelle, et la littérature visionnaire. Nerval romantise ainsi les modèles du passé, en ceci qu’il les reprend dans le cours d’une littérature universelle progressive, mais en ceci aussi qu’il les ressource au foyer de la subjectivité infinie : car ici la vie donne sa substance à l’œuvre, pour que l’œuvre en retour illumine la vie d’une vérité poétique.
L’exercice du jugement dans les débats publics expertisés : le cas de la reconstruction de l’échangeur Turcot à Montréal
Authors: Brière Laurence
Published: October 2013

De quelles façons les acteurs exercent-ils leur jugement, forgent-ils leurs opinions dans les débats publics sur des questions socioécologiques? Quelles possibilités y ouvre le recours à l’expertise, mais aussi quels pièges tend-il? Accorde-t-on un espace suffisant à la confrontation des valeurs qui orientent nécessairement les projets collectifs? À travers l’étude d’un cas, soit celui du débat entourant la reconstruction de l’échangeur Turcot à Montréal, mais aussi l’analyse de contributions théoriques et philosophiques – dont celles de Hannah Arendt relativement aux concepts de responsabilité et de jugement – nous abordons les enjeux éthiques et politiques que soulèvent ces questions et y apportons des éléments de réponse. Nous argumentons notamment en faveur d’une mobilisation de l’expertise qui soit intégrée à une démarche réflexive et critique partagée, en vue du développement d’une société apprenante.
L’outarde et le TGV : une controverse sur les compensations pour atteintes à la biodiversité
Authors: Vandevelde Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2013

Le principe de compensation des atteintes à la biodiversité consiste pour les aménageurs à rembourser leur « dette » résiduelle de biodiversité constituée par les impacts de leur projet, après qu’ils aient mis en œuvre des actions pour éviter et réduire au maximum ces impacts. Néanmoins, la réalisation concrète de ces compensations est chargée d’incertitudes quant à leur efficacité réelle et les compensations sont devenues un objet de controverses. L’examen des différentes phases d’une controverse autour des compensations d’un grand aménagement pour les atteintes à une espèce d’oiseau protégée montre qu’aux incertitudes scientifiques et techniques sur les façons de compenser, s’ajoutent un second moteur de controverse, un niveau stratégique où les acteurs défendent leurs intérêts. En prenant en compte ces deux origines de la controverse, il est possible de reconsidérer le rôle de l’expertise extérieure appelée à la rescousse pour « objectiver » la controverse. On a montré que si cette expertise ne constituait finalement pas une contribution pour concevoir des mesures compensatoires valables, elle avait en fait pour fonction d’aider l’État à résoudre un conflit entre l’aménageur et les associations naturalistes, étape indispensable pour permettre la poursuite du projet d’aménagement.
La construction d’une « Hyper Nature » dans les projets de la ville durable : le cas du Grand Paris
Authors: Gey Adrien
Published: October 2013

Le concours du Grand Paris qui a rassemblé une partie importante du champ de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme ainsi que des centres de recherche en sciences sociales et en sciences dures sur la question de la ville durable, a vu l’accomplissement d’un certain nombre de représentations nouvelles concernant le rapport ville nature. Parmi celles-ci la volonté d’intensifier la présence objectale et processuelle de la nature afin de réguler, d’aménager, mais également de structurer l’espace urbain. L’article se propose de décrire les modalités d’action de cette « hyper nature » au travers de l’examen de certaines propositions du concours et de mesurer les écarts qu’elles constituent par rapport aux théories classiques de l’urbanisme.
Les notions d’aléa et de risque vues du Haut Atlas : pratiques, savoirs et savoir-faire
Authors: Cheylan Jean-Paul , Riaux Jeanne
Published: October 2013

Cet article compare deux manières d’envisager l’aléa hydroclimatique à travers un cadre d’analyse distinguant un point de vue étique (celui du chercheur au prisme de sa propre culture) et un point de vue émique (celui des acteurs sociaux étudiés). C’est à travers des recherches menées dans le Haut Atlas Central, dans la vallée des Aït Bou Guemez, que nous aborderons un point de vue autre sur l’aléa et les pratiques qui en prémunissent au moins partiellement. Nous décrivons la manière dont les Aït Bou Guemez envisagent le caractère aléatoire des eaux à travers leurs mythes et leurs pratiques rituelles. Ensuite nous confrontons leur apparente absence de gestion du risque à celle proposée par la science et l’ingénierie contemporaine du risque à travers un exemple dans le sud de la France. La mise en regard de ces deux points de vue aboutit à reconsidérer le rapport que les sociétés entretiennent avec l’eau et à valoriser une culture de l’eau et de l’aléa qui ne passe pas forcément par une culture du risque et qui prends plus en compte l’approche des savoir-faire.
Small Molecule Inhibitor of Antigen Binding and Presentation by HLA-DR2b as a Therapeutic Strategy for the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ji Niannian , Somanaboeina Animesh , Dixit Aakanksha , Kawamura Kazuyuki , Hayward Neil J. , Self Christopher , Olson Gary L. , Forsthuber Thomas G.
Published: October 2013

The strong association of HLA-DR2b (DRB1*1501) with multiple sclerosis (MS) suggests this molecule as prime target for specific immunotherapy. Inhibition of HLA-DR2b–restricted myelin-specific T cells has the potential to selectively prevent CNS pathology mediated by these MHC molecules without undesired global immunosuppression. In this study, we report development of a highly selective small molecule inhibitor of peptide binding and presentation by HLA-DR2b. PV-267, the candidate molecule used in these studies, inhibited cytokine production and proliferation of myelin-specific HLA-DR2b–restricted T cells. PV-267 had no significant effect on T cell responses mediated by other MHC class II molecules, including HLA-DR1, -DR4, or -DR9. Importantly, PV-267 did not induce nonspecific immune activation of human PBMC. Lastly, PV-267 showed treatment efficacy both in preventing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in treating established disease. The results suggest that blocking the MS-associated HLA-DR2b allele with small molecule inhibitors may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MS.
Combined Deletion of Id2 and Id3 Genes Reveals Multiple Roles for E Proteins in Invariant NKT Cell Development and Expansion
Authors: Li Jia , Wu Di , Jiang Ning , Zhuang Yuan
Published: October 2013

The invariant NKT (iNKT) cells represent a unique group of αβ T cells that have been classified based on their exclusive usage of the invariant Vα14Jα18 TCRα-chain and their innate-like effector function. Thus far, the transcriptional programs that control Vα14Jα18 TCRα rearrangements and the population size of iNKT cells are still incompletely defined. E protein transcription factors have been shown to play necessary roles in the development of multiple T cell lineages, including iNKT cells. In this study, we examined E protein functions in T cell development through combined deletion of genes encoding E protein inhibitors Id2 and Id3. Deletion of Id2 and Id3 in T cell progenitors resulted in a partial block at the pre-TCR selection checkpoint and a dramatic increase in numbers of iNKT cells. The increase in iNKT cells is accompanied with a biased rearrangement involving Vα14 to Jα18 recombination at the double-positive stage and enhanced proliferation of iNKT cells. We further demonstrate that a 50% reduction of E proteins can cause a dramatic switch from iNKT to innate-like γδ T cell fate in Id2- and Id3-deficient mice. Collectively, these findings suggest that Id2- and Id3-mediated inhibition of E proteins controls iNKT development by restricting lineage choice and population expansion.
Cutting Edge: Type 1 Diabetes Occurs despite Robust Anergy among Endogenous Insulin-Specific CD4 T Cells in NOD Mice
Authors: Pauken Kristen E. , Linehan Jonathan L. , Spanier Justin A. , Sahli Nathanael L. , Kalekar Lokesh A. , Binstadt Bryce A. , Moon James J. , Mueller Daniel L. , Jenkins Marc K. , Fife Brian T.
Published: October 2013

Insulin-specific CD4+ T cells are required for type 1 diabetes. How these cells are regulated and how tolerance breaks down are poorly understood because of a lack of reagents. Therefore, we used an enrichment method and tetramer reagents to track insulin-specific CD4+ T cells in diabetes-susceptible NOD and resistant B6 mice expressing I-Ag7. Insulin-specific cells were detected in both strains, but they only became activated, produced IFN-γ, and infiltrated the pancreas in NOD mice. Unexpectedly, the majority of Ag-experienced cells in NOD mice displayed an anergic phenotype, but this population decreased with age as tolerance was lost. B6 mice expressing I-Ag7 were protected because insulin-specific cells did not become effector or anergic T cells but remained naive. These data suggest that NOD mice promote tolerance through anergy induction, but a small proportion of autoreactive T cells escape anergy to provoke type 1 diabetes.
Cutting Edge: Identification of the Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin–Responsive Dendritic Cell Subset Critical for Initiation of Type 2 Contact Hypersensitivity
Authors: Kitajima Masayuki , Ziegler Steven F.
Published: October 2013

The cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been implicated in the initiation and progression of allergic inflammation through its ability to activate dendritic cells (DCs). However, the identity of the DC subset that responds to TSLP is not known. In this study we use a CCL17 reporter strain to identify the TSLP-responsive DC subset. In vitro, TSLP induced CD11bhigh DCs to express CCL17, to increase CCR7-mediated migration activity, and to drive Th2 differentiation of naive CD4 T cells. In vivo, following skin sensitization, we found that a subset of Ag-bearing CCL17+CD11bhigh migratory DCs, but not Ag-bearing CCL17− migratory DCs, in skin lymph nodes were capable of driving Th2 differentiation and were dramatically reduced in TSLPR-deficient mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that TSLP activated a subset of CD11b+ DCs in the skin to produce CCL17, upregulate CCR7, and migrate to the draining lymph node to initiate Th2 differentiation.
Effect of Resident Evaluations of Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty on Promotion
Authors: Curran Diana S. , Stalburg Caren M. , Xu Xiao , Dewald Samantha R. , Quint Elisabeth H.
Published: October 2013

Background

Promotion for academic faculty depends on a variety of factors, including their research, publications, national leadership, and quality of their teaching.

Objective

We sought to determine the importance of resident evaluations of faculty for promotion in obstetrics-gynecology programs.

Methods

A 28-item questionnaire was developed and distributed to 185 department chairs of US obstetrics-gynecology residency programs.

Results

Fifty percent (93 of 185) responded, with 40% (37 of 93) stating that teaching has become more important for promotion in the past 10 years. When faculty are being considered for promotion, teaching evaluations were deemed “very important” 60% of the time for clinician track faculty but were rated as mainly “not important” or “not applicable” for research faculty. Sixteen respondents (17%) stated a faculty member had failed to achieve promotion in the past 5 years because of poor teaching evaluations. Positive teaching evaluations outweighed low publication numbers for clinical faculty 24% of the time, compared with 5% for research faculty and 8% for tenured faculty being considered for promotion. The most common reason for rejection for promotion in all tracks was the number of publications. Awards for excellence in teaching improved chances of promotion.

Conclusions

Teaching quality is becoming more important in academic obstetrics-gynecology departments, especially for clinical faculty. Although in most institutions promotion is not achieved without adequate research and publications, the importance of teaching excellence is obvious, with 1 of 6 (17%) departments reporting a promotion had been denied due to poor teaching evaluations.
Sea surface temperature and sea ice variability in the subpolar North Atlantic from explosive volcanism of the late thirteenth century
Authors: Sicre M.‐A. , Khodri M. , Mignot J. , Eiríksson J. , Knudsen K.‐L. , Ezat U. , Closset I. , Nogues P. , Massé G.
Published: October 2013

In this study, we use IP25 and alkenone biomarker proxies to document the subdecadal variations of sea ice and sea surface temperature in the subpolar North Atlantic induced by the decadally paced explosive tropical volcanic eruptions of the second half of the thirteenth century. The short‐ and long‐term evolutions of both variables were investigated by cross analysis with a simulation of the IPSL‐CM5A LR model. Our results show short‐term ocean cooling and sea ice expansion in response to each volcanic eruption. They also highlight that the long response time of the ocean leads to cumulative surface cooling and subsurface heat buildup due to sea ice capping. As volcanic forcing relaxes, the surface ocean rapidly warms, likely amplified by subsurface heat, and remains almost ice free for several decades.
Global‐scale seasonally resolved black carbon vertical profiles over the Pacific
Authors: Schwarz J. P. , Samset B. H. , Perring A. E. , Spackman J. R. , Gao R. S. , Stier P. , Schulz M. , Moore F. L. , Ray Eric A. , Fahey D. W.
Published: October 2013

Black carbon (BC) aerosol loadings were measured during the High‐performance Instrumented Airborne Platform for Environmental Research Pole‐to‐Pole Observations (HIPPO) campaign above the remote Pacific from 85°N to 67°S. Over 700 vertical profiles extending from near the surface to max ~14 km altitude were obtained with a single‐particle soot photometer between early 2009 and mid‐2011. The data provides a climatology of BC in the remote regions that reveals gradients of BC concentration reflecting global‐scale transport and removal of pollution. BC is identified as a sensitive tracer of extratropical mixing into the lower tropical tropopause layer and trends toward surprisingly uniform loadings in the lower stratosphere of ~1 ng/kg. The climatology is compared to predictions from the AeroCom global model intercomparison initiative. The AeroCom model suite overestimates loads in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (~10×) more severely than at lower altitudes (~3×), with bias roughly independent of season or geographic location; these results indicate that it overestimates BC lifetime.
Use of spatially refined satellite remote sensing fire detection data to initialize and evaluate coupled weather‐wildfire growth model simulations
Authors: Coen Janice L. , Schroeder Wilfrid
Published: October 2013

Large wildfires may grow for weeks or months from ignition until extinction. Simulating events with coupled numerical weather prediction (NWP)–wildland fire models is a challenge because NWP model errors grow with time. A new simulation paradigm was tested. Coupled Atmosphere‐Wildland Fire Environment model simulations of the 2012 Little Bear Fire in New Mexico were implemented for multiple days of fire growth from ignition and then used spatially refined (375 m) 12 h satellite active fire data derived from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) to initialize a fire in progress. The simulations represented fire growth well for 12–24 h after each initialization in comparison to later satellite passes but strayed from mapped area with time. A cycling approach, in which successive VIIRS perimeters were used to initialize fire location for the next 12 h period, overcame this and can be used with cycled weather forecasts to predict even a long‐lived fire's lifecycle.
Sediment transport due to extreme events: The Hudson River estuary after tropical storms Irene and Lee
Authors: Ralston David K. , Warner John C. , Geyer W. Rockwell , Wall Gary R.
Published: October 2013

Tropical Storms Irene and Lee in 2011 produced intense precipitation and flooding in the U.S. Northeast, including the Hudson River watershed. Sediment input to the Hudson River was approximately 2.7 megaton, about 5 times the long‐term annual average. Rather than the common assumption that sediment is predominantly trapped in the estuary, observations and model results indicate that approximately two thirds of the new sediment remained trapped in the tidal freshwater river more than 1 month after the storms and only about one fifth of the new sediment reached the saline estuary. High sediment concentrations were observed in the estuary, but the model results suggest that this was predominantly due to remobilization of bed sediment. Spatially localized deposits of new and remobilized sediment were consistent with longer term depositional records. The results indicate that tidal rivers can intercept (at least temporarily) delivery of terrigenous sediment to the marine environment during major flow events.
The interconnection between cross‒polar cap convection and the luminosity of polar cap patches
Authors: Perry G. W. , St.‒Maurice J.‒P. , Hosokawa K.
Published: October 2013

The transport of patches of ionization across the polar cap is carried by the convection electric field, which imposes an E×B drift to the plasma. This drift has an upward component when the plasma is convected toward the north magnetic pole and a downward component as it moves away from the pole. The vertical motion modulates the rate at which recombination operates, which in turn is directly related to the luminosity of the patches. We show here that if a rapid increase in the electric field produces a downward velocity in excess of 10 m/s, the luminosity of the patches will at first increase before undergoing a marked decrease, in association with an increase in the recombination rates. Both the change in luminosity and the time scale for the temporary increase primarily depend on the vertical velocity, that is, on the strength of the convection electric field and on the magnetic latitude. Increases in luminosity by up to a factor of 2 or more are possible. The time scales for the variations are of the order of 10 to 20 min. We present an example of an actual luminosity modulation obtained over Resolute Bay, Canada, that agrees well with the proposed theory.
Higher Rates and Clustering of Abnormal Lipids, Obesity, and Diabetes Mellitus in Psoriatic Arthritis Compared With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Labitigan Monalyn , Bahče‐Altuntas Asena , Kremer Joel M. , Reed George , Greenberg Jeff D. , Jordan Nicole , Putterman Chaim , Broder Anna
Published: October 2013

Objective

We compared the prevalence and the clustering of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (obese body mass index [BMI; ≥30 kg/m2], hypertriglyceridemia, low high‐density lipids, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus) in patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) Registry.

Methods

We included CORRONA participants with a rheumatologist‐confirmed clinical diagnosis of PsA or RA with complete data. We used a modified definition of MetS that did not include insulin resistance, waist circumference, or blood pressure measurements. Logistic regression models were adjusted for age, sex, and race.

Results

In the overall CORRONA population, the rates of diabetes mellitus and obesity were significantly higher in PsA compared with RA. In 294 PsA and 1,162 RA participants who had lipids measured, the overall prevalence of MetS in PsA versus RA was 27% versus 19%. The odds ratio (OR) of MetS in PsA versus RA was 1.44 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.05–1.96, P = 0.02). The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was higher in PsA compared with RA (38% versus 28%; OR 1.51 [95% CI 1.15–1.98], P = 0.003). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was also higher in PsA compared with RA (15% versus 11%; OR 1.56 [95% CI 1.07–2.28], P = 0.02) in the adjusted model. Similarly, higher rates of hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus were observed in the subgroup of PsA and RA patients with obese BMI.

Conclusion

Compared with RA, PsA is associated with higher rates of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertriglyceridemia.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Annulation of Donor–Acceptor Oxiranes with Imines: Diastereoselective Access to Highly Substituted 2,4‐trans‐Oxazolidines
Authors: Zhang Junqing , Xiao Yuanjing , Zhang Junliang
Published: October 2013

An efficient approach for the synthesis of highly substituted 2,4‐trans‐oxazolidines has been achieved by means of nickel(II) chlorate hexahydrate [Ni(ClO4)2⋅6 H2O]‐catalyzed [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reactions of donor–acceptor oxiranes with imines via CC bond cleavage in good yields with moderate to high diastereoselectivity. The appropriate orientation of two activating ketones or esters is crucial for this chemoselective CC bond cleavage of the oxirane ring.

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Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Reaction of Azabenzonorbornadienes with Methyl 2‐Iodobenzoate: An Efficient Access to cis‐Dihydrobenzo[c]phenanthridinones
Authors: Huang Kang‐Lun , Guo Cui , Cheng Li‐Jie , Xie Long‐Guan , Zhou Qi‐Lin , Xu Xiao‐Hua , Zhu Shou‐Fei
Published: October 2013

The palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric ring‐opening (ARO) reaction of azabenzonorbornadienes with iodobenzoate derivatives was realized by using chiral spirophosphine ligands with zinc powder as a reducing reagent. Various enantiomerically enriched cis‐dihydrobenzo[c]phenanthridinones, the core structure of numerous chiral natural products, were prepared by the ARO reaction and tandem amidation from easily obtained starting materials with favorable enantioselectivity (up to 86% ee) under mild reaction conditions. The present palladium‐catalyzed ARO reaction avoids the direct use of organometallic reagents, enables tandem cyclization, and thus improves synthetic efficiency. The formal total synthesis of a chiral natural product, (+)‐chelidonine, was accomplished with the ARO reaction as a key step, which demonstrates the potential synthetic applications of the present methodology.

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Laccase‐Catalysed Homocoupling of Primary Aromatic Amines towards the Biosynthesis of Dyes
Authors: Sousa Ana Catarina , Martins Lígia O. , Robalo M. Paula
Published: October 2013

Coloured disubstituted benzoquinonimine trimeric structures are obtained as main reaction products of the oxidation of p‐electron donor primary aromatic amines using two different laccases, CotA‐laccase from Baccilus subtilus and TvL from Trametes versicolor. These orange‐red to purple products, presenting high molar extinction coefficients, presumably result from oxidative homocoupling reactions, through the formation of NC bonds at positions 2 and 5, of the laccase oxidised intermediate as showed in the proposed oxidative pathway. The product of 1,4‐phenylenediamine is shown to be the trimer known as Bandrowski’s base which has an established role in hair and fur dyeing. Our results also show that the occurrence and/or rates of oxidation of aromatic amines are strongly dependent on the presence of p‐electron releasing substituents in the aromatic ring and are independent on the properties of the enzyme used. Overall our data contribute for (i) understanding key features of laccase reactivity with p‐substituted aromatic amines and (ii) establishing enzymatic processes that lead to the synthesis of coloured bio‐products under mild conditions with potential impact in the cosmetic and dye industries.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Naphthols from Enol Esters
Authors: Panda Niranjan , Mothkuri Raghavender , Pal Arpan , Paital Alok R.
Published: October 2013

An unprecedented synthesis of α‐naphthol derivatives from the reactions of two molecular equivalents of enol esters in the presence of a copper catalyst is described. This protocol is mild and tolerates various functional groups.

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Enantioselective Oxidative Coupling of 2‐Naphthol Derivatives by Copper‐(R)‐1,1′‐Binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine‐TEMPO Catalyst
Authors: Alamsetti Santosh Kumar , Poonguzhali Elamvazhuthi , Ganapathy Dhandapani , Sekar Govindasamy
Published: October 2013

An efficient chiral copper catalytic system [(R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine‐copper(I) chloride‐TEMPO] for the asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2‐naphthol derivatives to synthesize enantiomerically enriched BINOL derivatives has been developed with good to excellent enantiomeric excess (up to 97% ee). The addition of a catalytic quantity of 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl oxyl (TEMPO) to the copper‐(R)‐(+)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine complex greatly enhanced the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the enantioselective oxidative coupling of 2‐naphthol derivatives and also reduced the reaction temperature from 90 °C to room temperature in dichloromethane solvent.

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Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Trisubstituted Imidazoles through the Reactions of Amidines and Aldehydes in Air
Authors: Liu Xiang , Wang Dong , Chen Yongxin , Tang Dong , Chen Baohua
Published: October 2013

A novel and efficient iron(III)‐catalyzed synthesis of 1,2,4‐trisubstituted imidazoles through the reactions of amidines and aldehydes in air has been developed. Five hydrogen dissociations involving CH and NH bond activation are realized under mild conditions in this approach. The procedure is sustainable, simple and environmentally friendly.

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Palladium/Copper Complexes Co‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Ring Opening Reaction of Azabenzonorbornadienes with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Fan Baomin , Li Sifeng , Chen Hualei , Lu Zhiwu , Liu Shanshan , Yang Qingjing , Yu Lu , Xu Jianbin , Zhou Yongyun , Wang Jun
Published: October 2013

A chiral palladium/copper (Pd/Cu) co‐catalytic system which could enable asymmetric ring opening reaction of azabenzonorbornadienes with terminal alkynes is reported. This system comprises palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2]/(R)‐xyl‐Binap and copper(I) triflate (CuOTf). A good substrate scope was found, with excellent enantioselective outcomes (up to >99.9 % ee). A reaction mechanism involving two metal complexes is also proposed.

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A coupled population balance model and CFD approach for the simulation of mixing issues in lab‐scale and industrial bioreactors
Authors: Morchain Jérôme , Gabelle Jean‐Christophe , Cockx Arnaud
Published: October 2013

Lab‐scale (70 L) and industrial scale (70 m3) aerated fermenters are simulated using a commercial computational fluid dynamics code. The model combines an Euler‐Euler approach for the two‐phase flow, a population balance model for biological adaptation to concentration gradients, and a kinetic model for biological reactions. Scale‐up at constant volumetric mass transfer coefficient is performed, leading to concentration gradients at the large scale. The results show that for a given concentration field and a given circulation time tc, the population (physiological) state depends on the characteristic time of biological adaptation Ta. The population specific growth rate (Ta≫tc) is found independent of the spatial location and closely related to the volume average concentration. Oppositely, the population specific uptake rate (Ta∼tc) is spatially heterogeneous. The resulting local disequilibria between the uptake rate and the growth rate provide an explanation for the decreased performances of poorly macromixed industrial bioreactors. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 27–40, 2014
Core‐annular two‐phase flow in a gently curved circular channel
Authors: Picardo J. R. , Pushpavanam S.
Published: October 2013

The velocity field of a core‐annular two‐phase flow through a curved channel is investigated. The case of fully developed flow with a concentric, circular fluid–fluid interface is considered. In the limit of a gentle axial curvature of the curved channel, an analytical solution is obtained in the form of a regular asymptotic expansion to first order. The condition on the physical parameters for the core to be concentric and circular is derived by accounting for the normal stresses at the interface. Two key features of the flow, the secondary circulations and the redistribution of the axial velocity, are described in detail. The viscous coupling of the two fluids at the interface leads to a variety of circulation patterns and axial velocity profiles, depending on the system parameters. The parameter space is divided into different regions using analytical conditions at the transition between flow regimes. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 4871–4886, 2013
Occupational fatality risks in the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Mendeloff John , Staetsky Laura
Published: October 2013

Background

There are very few careful studies of differences in occupational fatality rates across countries, much less studies that try to account for those differences.

Methods

We compare the rate of work injury fatalities (excluding deaths due to highway motor vehicle crashes and those due to violence) identified by the US Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries in recent years with the number reported to the Health and Safety Executive in the United Kingdom (UK) and by other European Union (EU) members through Eurostat.

Results

In 2010, the fatality rate in the UK was about 1/3 the rate in the US. In construction the rate was about ¼ the US rate, a difference that had grown substantially since the 1990s. Several other EU members had rates almost as low as the UK rate. Across EU countries, lower rates were associated with high‐level management attention to safety issues and to in‐house preparation of “risk assessments.”

Conclusions

Although work fatality rates have declined in the US, fatality rates are much lower and have declined faster in recent years in the UK. Efforts to find out the reasons for the much better UK outcomes could be productive. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:4–14, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct CH Arylation of Unactivated Arenes with Aryl Halides Promoted by Bis(imino)pyridine Derivatives
Authors: A Sigen , Liu Xiaoming , Li He , He Chuanyi , Mu Ying
Published: October 2013

A new class of multichelating bis(imino)pyridine compounds can promote the direct arylation of unactivated arene CH bonds with aryl iodides and bromides in the presence of potassium tert‐butoxide. This transition‐metal‐free process provides a promising system for cheap and efficient synthesis of biaryl structural units.
Technical note: A histological technique for detecting the cryptic preservation of erythrocytes and soft tissue in ancient human skeletonized remains
Authors: Setzer Teddi J. , Sundell Inger Birgitta , Dibbley Susan K. , Les Clifford
Published: October 2013

Bone samples from a Middle Bronze Age (ca., 1600–1300 BC) site were prepared for histological analysis. Preliminary results suggested that components of bone marrow remained preserved. To verify these findings and optimize the sample preparation procedure, we conducted experiments varying the type of acid used to decalcify the bones for histology preparation, as well as the exposure time to the demineralizing agents and thickness of sections taken from the samples for slide preparation. Subsequent examination of the slides revealed the presence of well‐preserved erythrocytes and other cellular structures consistent with bone marrow. Our results demonstrate that the traditional methods used to prepare bone samples for histology may be adjusted to improve the quality of the soft tissue architecture and cellular morphology for histological observation. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:566–568, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pretreatment of sinus aspirates with dithiothreitol improves yield of fungal cultures in patients with chronic sinusitis
Authors: Chisholm Karen M. , Getsinger Diane , Vaughan Winston , Hwang Peter H. , Banaei Niaz
Published: October 2013

Background

Mold pathogens are a leading cause of chronic rhinosinusitis. Successful isolation of mold on culture is helpful in establishing a diagnosis and guiding therapy. Though mucolytic agents are commonly used in European countries, they are not part of everyday use in North America. In this case‐control prospective study, we investigated the yield of fungal culture before and after treatment of sinus aspirates with the mucolytic agent dithiothreitol in a United States hospital.

Methods

Over a 5‐month period during 2011–2012, 359 sinus aspirates from 294 patients with symptoms suspicious for chronic sinusitis or allergic fungal sinusitis were collected. Aspirates were cultured on fungal medium before and after treatment with dithiothreitol.

Results

Of the 359 pairs of cultures, 62 (17.3%) demonstrated mold growth on at least 1 of the plates, 9 (14.5%) of which grew more than 1 species of mold. A total of 75 molds were identified, 41 (54.7%) of which were successfully cultured only when the mucus was pretreated with dithiothreitol (p < 0.0001). Quantitatively, more colonies grew from dithiothreitol‐treated mucus than from direct‐inoculation (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

This study confirms improved recovery of mold from sinus cultures after pretreatment of samples with dithiothreitol. Further studies are needed to correlate these findings with clinical outcome.
Kondensationsmuster: Erzeugung, Funktionalisierung und Anwendungen
Authors: Bai Hua , Du Can , Zhang Aijuan , Li Lei
Published: October 2013

Kondensationsmuster (breath figures; BFs) sind Anordnungen von Wassertröpfchen, die sich bilden, wenn Luftfeuchtigkeit (z. B. Atemluft) mit einer kalten Oberfläche in Kontakt kommt. Solche Muster haben in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten vielseitige Anwendung als weiches Templat zur Herstellung von porösen Polymerfilmen gefunden. Die in den Polymerfilmen angeordneten Poren, die über ein solches Verfahren gebildet werden, werden entsprechend als Kondensationsmusterarrays bezeichnet. Mehrere unkonventionelle BF‐Verfahren wurden entwickelt, um poröse Filme mit spezifischer Morphologie oder aus besonderen Ausgangsmaterialien herzustellen. Verschiedene Funktionalisierungstechniken wurden ebenfalls eingeführt, um die Eigenschaften von Polymerfilmen erheblich zu verbessern, was zu einigen neuen Anwendungen z. B. als Template, Biosensoren und Trennmembranen geführt hat. Diese Ergebnisse werden in diesem Kurzaufsatz beschrieben.
The development of phosphinoamine–Pd(II)–imidazole complexes: implications in room‐temperature Suzuki–Miyauracross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Borah Geetika , Boruah Devajani , Sarmah Gayatri , Bharadwaj Saitanya K. , Bora Utpal
Published: October 2013

The reaction of N‐methylimidazole (N‐MeIm) and N‐butylimidazole (N‐BuIm) with the complexes [PdCl2(PPh2py–P,N)] and [PdCl2(PPh2Etpy–P,N)] in the presence of NH4PF6 under N2 at room temperature afforded four new cationic Pd(II) complexes [PdCl(PPh2py–P,N)(N‐MeIm)](PF6) (1), [PdCl(PPh2py–P,N)(N‐BuIm)](PF6) (2), [PdCl(PPh2Etpy–P,N)(N‐MeIm)](PF6) (4) and [PdCl(PPh2Etpy‐P,N)(N‐BuIm)](PF6) (5) in good yields, where PPh2py is 2‐(diphenylphosphino)pyridine and PPh2Etpy is 2‐{2‐(diphenylphosphino)ethyl}pyridine). The complexes were fully characterized. The catalytic activities of these complexes were investigated for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions at room temperature. Complex 2 exhibited excellent activity compared to other analogs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of polyethylene glycol acrylate crosslinking copolymer as solid–solid phase change materials
Authors: Zhang Hong , Sun Dike , Wang Qianqian , Guo Jing , Gong Yumei
Published: October 2013

A kind of crosslinking copolymer as solid–solid phase change material (PCM) is synthesized by copolymerization. The scope of PCM applications is often severely limited by their heat stablility and phase transition state. The solid–solid phase change materials we obtained retain basic state during phase change transitions. The crosslinking polymer is heat stable under 300° and the latent heat of crystalline and latent heat of melting is on the average of 120 J/g and 140J/g, respectively. The property of thermal stability and heat storaged is related to crosslinking density of the gel. The property of thermal stability and high latent heat may expand the scope of PCMs applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39755.
Fracture phenomena in micro‐ and nano‐layered polycarbonate/poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) films under electric field for high energy density capacitors
Authors: Zhou Zheng , Mackey Matt , Yin Kezhen , Zhu Lei , Schuele Donald , Flandin Lionel , Baer Eric
Published: October 2013

The long‐term dielectric lifetime properties of multilayered polycarbonate/poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) [PC/P(VDF‐HFP)] films were measured as a function of the layer thickness. An optimum layer thickness of 160 nm was determined with the longest dielectric lifetime. The morphology of the damaged sites after dielectric breakdown was examined using scanning electron microscope. Acoustic emission detection system was coupled with the dielectric setup to correlate fracture events and dielectric breakdown to thereby elucidate the mechanisms of the enhancements in dielectric lifetime properties. Two types of acoustic signals were always observed during the breakdown process for multilayered films. The high‐amplitude signals were attributed to the formation of breakdown pinholes caused by the primary discharge from top to bottom electrode. The subsequent low‐amplitude signals were attributed to internal discharges that could further damage the film. The total number of acoustic hits, in particular, low‐amplitude hits, increased with decreasing layer thickness, indicating more internal discharges occurred along the layered interface. It was concluded that the breakdown event initiated at a defect initiated “hotspot” formed because of internal pressure buildup. The film was punctured when the pressure buildup inside the film overcame the mechanical strength of the film. More number of PC layers and layer interfaces were desirable to slow down and divert the damage propagation through the film thickness direction. The crazes in P(VDF‐HFP) can, however, easily propagate across PC layers with less than 160 nm layer thickness. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39877.
In situ preparation of cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin/layered silicate nanocomposites
Authors: Kızılcan Nilgün , Mermutlu Mehmet
Published: October 2013

In this study, in situ modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR) was prepared from clay (montmorillonite) and polydimethylsiloxane with diamine chain ends [α,ω‐diamine poly(dimethyl siloxane) (DA.PDMS)] in the presence of a base catalyst. Different clay contents (from 0.5 to 3 wt %) were used to produce clay‐modified nanocomposite ketonic resins [layered clay (LC)–CFR] and clay‐ and DA.PDMS‐modified nanocomposite ketonic resins (DA.PDMS–LC–CFR). The polymeric nanocomposite material prepared by this method was directly synthesized in one step. These nanocomposites were confirmed from X‐ray diffraction to have a layered structure with a folded or penetrated CFR, and they were further characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of all of the resins were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. All of the resins showed higher thermal stability than their precursor CFR resin. The obtained samples were also characterized morphologically by scanning electron microscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39918.
Influence of various reaction media on the thermal and rheological properties of poly(acrylamide‐co‐N‐hexadecylacrylamide)
Authors: Hassanajili Shadi , Abdollahi Elaheh
Published: October 2013

A hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized by the copolymerization of acrylamide (Am) and N‐hexadecylacrylamide (hAm) through solution copolymerization in a polar organic solvent. Polymer synthesis was performed in three nonaqueous media, including dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), a mixture of DMSO and an anionic surfactant such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, and a mixture of DMSO and an acidic surfactant such as dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid. The obtained copolymer, poly(acrylamide‐co‐N‐hexadecylacrylamide) [poly(Am‐co‐hAm)], was characterized by 1H‐NMR. The physical properties of poly(Am‐co‐hAm)s synthesized in different media were compared with those of PAM and with each other by viscosity measurement, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. We investigated the ways in which the polymerization medium affected the hydrophobic distribution within the resulting copolymer structure. This aspect, in turn, should have altered the solution properties and the microstructure of the copolymer. For this purpose, we studied the viscometric behavior in diluted solutions, the thermal behavior and thermal stability of the copolymers, and finally, the crystalline structure of the copolymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014, 131, 39939.
Plasticizer migration in bloodmeal‐based thermoplastics
Authors: Bier James Michael , Verbeek Casparus Johannes Reinhard , Lay Mark Christopher
Published: October 2013

Tri‐ethylene glycol (TEG) is an effective plasticizer for many protein‐based thermoplastics because of its low volatility, however, partial miscibility with the protein matrix may still lead to some phase separation. Spatial variation of TEG concentration in bloodmeal‐based thermoplastics as a result of processing was investigated using synchrotron‐based FT‐IR micro‐spectroscopy. Although TEG forms strong hydrogen bonding with proteins, for the protein to fold into β‐sheets bound plasticizer must be released. TEG can then migrate, pooling into localized areas, rich in plasticizer. Further heating causes further migration towards the edge of plasticized bloodmeal particles where the TEG may evaporate. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis confirmed that loss of TEG by evaporation may occur at 120°C, given enough time for diffusion. Efficient mixing combined with a short residence time at elevated temperature mean significant plasticizer loss is unlikely during processing. However, it does limit long‐term use at elevated temperatures. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39969.
The Public Roles of the Private Sector in Asia: The Emerging Research Agenda
Authors: Florini Ann
Published: October 2013

It is no longer possible to understand public policy without focusing intensively on the public roles of the business sector. The world is awash in experimental private governance, from corporate codes of conduct, to demands for disclosure of private sector environmental and social impacts, to ‘social enterprises’ that aim to save the world the profitable way. Such experiments are emerging within Asia, changing the terms of the social licence to operate as society becomes more adept at making demands for good corporate citizenship and as the natural resource crisis begins to hit home. And as Asian corporations go global, they encounter new standards for social responsibility. Yet far too little is known about the status of these trends in Asia and how the debates over corporate responsibility, developed in a Western context, might translate given the very different relationships among government, business and society in the region. This article explores practice and theory to uncover what is already known and how to frame further research. It concludes by laying out a research agenda to analyse how the public roles of the private sector in Asia are evolving, and why they matter.
Food Security in Asia and the Pacific: The Rapidly Changing Role of Rice
Authors: Timmer C. Peter
Published: October 2013

Food security in Asia and the Pacific presents a frustrating paradox. At one level, huge progress has been made in the past half century in bringing most of the population out of poverty and hunger. Measured by the key determinants of food security—improved availability, access, utilisation and stability—food security has never been at higher levels. Large pockets of food‐insecure populations remain in the region, especially in South Asia, and continued efforts to reach these households are necessary. At the same time, food security strategies in Asia are mostly in disarray. Most countries are protecting their rice farmers and providing high price supports, but high rice prices hurt the vast majority of the poor. Continued efforts to stabilise rice prices are understandable politically and desirable economically, but much more open trade regimes for rice will help food security throughout the region.
Investigating religious information searching through analysis of a search engine log
Authors: Wan‐Chik Rita , Clough Paul , Sanderson Mark
Published: October 2013

In this paper we present results from an investigation of religious information searching based on analyzing log files from a large general‐purpose search engine. From approximately 15 million queries, we identified 124,422 that were part of 60,759 user sessions. We present a method for categorizing queries based on related terms and show differences in search patterns between religious searches and web searching more generally. We also investigate the search patterns found in queries related to 5 religions: Christianity,Hinduism,Islam,Buddhism, andJudaism. Different search patterns are found to emerge. Results from this study complement existing studies of religious information searching and provide a level of detailed analysis not reported to date. We show, for example, that sessions involving religion‐related queries tend to last longer, that the lengths of religion‐related queries are greater, and that the number of uniqueURLsclicked is higher when compared to all queries. The results of the study can serve to provide information on what this large population of users is actually searching for.
Interdisciplinarity at the journal and specialty level: The changing knowledge bases of the journal cognitive science
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet , Goldstone Robert L.
Published: October 2013

Using the referencing patterns in articles in Cognitive Science over three decades, we analyze the knowledge base of this literature in terms of its changing disciplinary composition. Three periods are distinguished: (A) construction of the interdisciplinary space in the 1980s, (B) development of an interdisciplinary orientation in the 1990s, and (C) reintegration into “cognitive psychology” in the 2000s. The fluidity and fuzziness of the interdisciplinary delineations in the different visualizations can be reduced and clarified using factor analysis. We also explore newly available routines (“CorText”) to analyze this development in terms of “tubes” using an alluvial map and compare the results with an animation (using “Visone”). The historical specificity of this development can be compared with the development of “artificial intelligence” into an integrated specialty during this same period. Interdisciplinarity should be defined differently at the level of journals and of specialties.