bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Ligation–Oxidative Deselenization at Selenocysteine and Selenocystine
Authors: Mitchell Nicholas J. , Kulkarni Sameer S. , Malins Lara R. , Wang Siyao , Payne Richard J.
Published: November 2016

The use of native chemical ligation at selenocysteine (Sec) residues with peptide thioesters and additive‐free selenocystine ligation with peptides bearing phenyl selenoesters, in concert with one‐pot oxidative deselenization chemistry, is described. These approaches provide a simple and rapid method for accessing native peptides with serine in place of Sec at the ligation junction. The efficiency of both variants of the one‐pot ligation–oxidative deselenization chemistry is probed through the synthesis of a MUC5AC‐derived glycopeptide.
Chiral Assemblies from an Achiral Pyridinium‐Tailored Anthracene
Authors: Hu Jun , Gao Lei , Zhu Youliang , Wang Peiyi , Lin Yuan , Sun Zhaoyan , Yang Song , Wang Qian
Published: November 2016

Chiral helical structures have attracted increasing attention in the field of supramolecular assembly because of their critical roles in life and material sciences. In this research, the achiral amphiphile 1‐[11‐(2‐anthracenylmethoxy)‐11‐oxoundecyl]pyridinium bromide (2‐APB), in which the hydrophobic anthracene and the hydrophilic pyridinium units are linked by alkyl chains, was found to form chiral supramolecular assemblies in a cooperative manner in the presence of iodide anion. Moreover, these assemblies show left (L)‐ or right (R)‐handedness randomly, independent of the assembly conditions. By using the same method, 2‐APB could assemble together with other pseudo‐halogen anions (OCN−, SCN−, SeCN−) that have similar anionic radius as iodide to form chiral structures. This work illustrates a simple and rational design that can be used to fabricate supramolecular chiral structures from achiral molecules.
Half‐Sandwich Alkyl, Amido, and Iodo Samarium(II) Complexes: Non‐Conventional Sterically Governed Oxidation of (tBu4Carb)2Sm
Authors: Selikhov Alexander N. , Mahrova Tatyana V. , Cherkasov Anton V. , Fukin Georgy K. , Maron Laurent , Trifonov Alexander A.
Published: November 2016

The half‐sandwich tetra‐tert‐butylcarbazol‐9‐yl iodo complex [(tBu4Carb)Sm(μ‐I)(THF)2]2(1) was synthesized by the salt metathesis reaction oftBu4CarbK and SmI2(THF)2in THF. Complex1along with metallic Cu was also isolated from the oxidation reaction of (tBu4Carb)2Sm by CuI. The formation of stable radicaltBu4Carb.was detected in this non‐conventional process, indicating preferential oxidation of aniontBu4Carb−vs. SmII. The treatment of1with two equivalents of dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6 resulted in heterolytic dissociation of a η5‐bond Sm‐tBu4Carb and afforded an ionic compound [tBu4carb−][SmI(crown)(THF)2]+(4). Alkylation of1witho‐NMe2C6H4CH2K (1:2 molar ratio) in THF allowed for the synthesis of half‐sandwich SmIIalkyl complex (tBu4Carb)SmCH2(o‐NMe2C6H4CH2)(THF)2(5) in 55 % yield. The amido complex (tBu4Carb)SmN(SiMe3)2(DME) (6) was obtained by the reaction of1with two molar equivalents of NaN(SiMe3)2in THF in 89 % yield.
Evolution of a Polyene Cyclization Cascade for the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Cyclosmenospongine
Authors: Speck Klaus , Magauer Thomas
Published: November 2016

We report a full account on the development of a unique cationic polyene cyclization for the total synthesis of the tetracyclic meroterpenoid (−)‐cyclosmenospongine. A highly convergent three‐component coupling strategy enabled rapid access to individual cyclization precursors that were tested for their reactivity. The successful transformation generates three rings and sets four consecutive stereocenters in a single operation proceeding in a highly efficient manner to give exclusively the trans‐decalin framework. In addition, we found that the enol ether geometry and the relative configuration of C3 and C8 are crucial for the success of the polyene cyclization.
Redox‐Active N‐Heterocyclic Germylenes and Stannylenes with a Ferrocene‐1,1′‐diyl Backbone
Authors: Oetzel Jan , Weyer Nadine , Bruhn Clemens , Leibold Michael , Gerke Birgit , Pöttgen Rainer , Maier Markus , Winter Rainer F. , Holthausen Max. C. , Siemeling Ulrich
Published: November 2016

We describe ferrocene‐based N‐heterocyclic germylenes and stannylenes of the type [Fe{(η5‐C5H4)NR}2E:] (1 RE; E=Ge, Sn; R=neopentyl (Np), mesityl (Mes), trimethylsilyl (TMS)), which constitute the first examples of redox‐functionalised N‐heterocyclic tetrylenes (NHTs). These compounds are thermally stable and were structurally characterised by means of X‐ray diffraction studies, except for the neopentyl‐substituted stannylene 1 NpSn, the decomposition of which afforded the aminoiminoferrocene [fc(NHCH2tBu)(N=CHtBu)] (2) and the spiro tin(IV) compound (1 Np)2Sn (3). DFT calculations show that the HOMO of the NHTs of our study is localised on the ferrocenylene backbone. A one‐electron oxidation process affords ions of the type 1 RE+.. In contrast to the NHC system 1 RC, the localised ferrocenium‐type nature of the oxidised form does not compromise the fundamental tetrylene character of 1 RE+..
ChemInform Abstract: Zintl Phases K4‐NaxSi4 (1 ≤ x ≤ 2.2) and K7NaSi8: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopic Investigations.
Authors: Scherf Lavinia M. , Pecher Oliver , Griffith Kent J. , Haarmann Frank , Grey Clare P. , Faessler Thomas F.
Published: November 2016

K4‐xNaxSi4 (x = 1—2.2) and K7NaSi8 are prepared by solid state reactions of stoichiometric amounts of K4Si4 and Na4Si4 (Ta tubes in evacuated silica tubes, 450—500 °C, 7 d; cooling rate of 0.1 °C/min).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Black Pigments Based on Calcium Manganese Oxides for High Near‐Infrared (NIR) Reflectance.
Authors: Oka Ryohei , Masui Toshiyuki
Published: November 2016

Polycrystalline samples of CaMnO3, Ca2MnO4, Ca3Mn2O7, and Ca4Mn3O10 are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of CaCO3 and MnO2 in air (1473 K, 6 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure of Novel Ag2Ga2SiSe6 Crystals: Promising Materials for Dynamic Holographic Image Recording.
Authors: Piasecki M. , et al.
Published: November 2016

The AgGaSe2—SiSe2 binary phase system is explored in steps of 5 mol% (evacuated quartz containers, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Structure and Luminescence Properties of Ba2V2O7 Microrods.
Authors: Yu Ruijin , Yuan Maosen , Li Tianbao , Tu Qin , Wang Jinyi
Published: November 2016

Self‐activated Ba2V2O7 phosphor microrods are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Ba(NO3)2 and V2O5 in aq.
ChemInform Abstract: CuFeS2 Quantum Dots and Highly Luminescent CuFeS2 Based Core/Shell Structures: Synthesis, Tunability, and Photophysics.
Authors: Bhattacharyya Biswajit , Pandey Anshu
Published: November 2016

CuFeS2 quantum dots (QDs) are prepared by injecting both dodecanethiol and a sulfur solution in oleylamine into an equimolar FeCl2 and Cu(OAc)2 solution in octadecene and oleic acid at 180 °C.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Monitoring of Fast Li‐Ion Conductor Li7P3S11 Crystallization Inside a Hot‐Press Setup.
Authors: Janek Juergen , et al.
Published: November 2016

In the light of a more detailed view into the conduction paths of the Li7P3S11 structure, a hot press setup is described which facilitates both the preparation of the solid electrolyte and impedance spectroscopic investigations under simultaneous temperature‐ and pressure‐monitoring.
ChemInform Abstract: Br2F7‐ and Br3F10‐: Peculiar Anions Showing μ2‐ and μ3‐Bridging F‐Atoms.
Authors: Ivlev S. I. , Karttunen A. J. , Ostvald R. V. , Kraus F.
Published: November 2016

MBr3F10 (M: Rb, Cs) and RbBr2F7 are obtained in the reaction of equimolar amounts of MCl and BrF3 (prepared by passing gaseous F2 through liquid Br2) using Freon‐113 as both a moisture protection and coolant for the exothermic reaction (PTFE tube, 98, 97, and 91% yield, respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Six and Twelve Membered Borophosphate Ring Structure with Nonlinear Optical Activity.
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ali , Li Yan‐Yan , Lin Hua , Zhang Li‐Jun , Liu Peng‐Fei , Zhao Hua‐Jun , Duan Rui‐Huan , Wang Jin‐Qiu , Chen Ling
Published: November 2016

Li3Cs2Ba2B3P6 O24 (I) is prepared by solid state reaction of a 1:2:1:2 molar mixture of Li2O, BaO, B2O3, and P2O5 (graphite crucible in evacuated silica tubes, complex heating schedule).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Growth, Structure, and Properties, of a New Oxovanadium(IV) Phosphate Material, [H2en]4 [V7P8O35(OH)6(H2O)] ·3H2O Prepared via a Mild One Step Hydrothermal Route.
Authors: Cortese Anthony J. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: November 2016

The title compound is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of NaVO3, H3PO4, H2O, and en as the reducing agent (thick‐walled pyrex tube, 170 °C, 5 d; ≈82% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Atom‐Economical Cobalt‐Catalyzed Regioselective Coupling of Epoxides and Aziridines with Alkenes.
Authors: Prina Cerai Gabriele , Morandi Bill
Published: November 2016

The process leads to the preparation of various functionalized cyclic or acyclic alcohols and amines as potential synthons (mechanism).
ChemInform Abstract: BF3·OEt2‐Mediated syn‐Selective Meyer—Schuster Rearrangement of Phenoxy Propargyl Alcohols for Z‐β‐Aryl‐α,β‐unsaturated Esters.
Authors: Puri Surendra , Hari Babu Madala , Sridhar Reddy Maddi
Published: November 2016

A stereoselective Meyer—Schuster rearrangement of 1‐aryl‐3‐phenoxypropargyl alcohols gives Z‐α,β‐unsaturated β‐aryl carboxylates under ambient conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Mild and Copper‐Free Stereoselective Cyanation of gem‐Difluoroalkenes by Using Benzyl Nitrile as a Cyanating Reagent.
Authors: Zhang Juan , Xu Chengyuan , Wu Wei , Cao Song
Published: November 2016

Substituted (E)‐acrylonitriles are obtained under mild conditions with air or oxygen as oxidant without the need for toxic metal cyanides as reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: CuII‐Catalyzed Regioselective Borylation of Alkynes and Alkenes.
Authors: Liu Shiwen , Zeng Xiaojun , Xu Bo
Published: November 2016

The title reaction gives exclusive β‐borylation products (III), (V), (VII) for most substrates in excellent yields, in which the multidentate electron‐poor nitrogen ligand discourages the formation of α‐addition products through steric hindrance.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Iridium/Acid Co‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenative C(sp3)—H Bond Alkylation to Access Functionalized N‐Heteroaromatics.
Authors: Tan Zhenda , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhang Min
Published: November 2016

A novel transfer hydrogenative coupling strategy for sp3 C—H bonds is introduced.
ChemInform Abstract: Monofluoroalkenylation of Dimethylamino Compounds Through Radical—Radical Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Xie Jin , Yu Jintao , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: November 2016

Blue LEDs as light source and Ir complex IPB as photocatalyst mediated cross‐coupling between tertiary amines possessing an N‐methyl or N‐methylene group and geminal difluoroalkenes to give the C(sp3)‐fluoroalkenylated products in modest to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Hydrazide, Pyrazole, Triazine, Isoxazole, and Pyrimidine Derivatives.
Authors: Refat Hala M. , Fadda A. A.
Published: November 2016

Compound (I) displays excellent antimicrobial activity against E.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Aminocarbonylation of Allylic Alcohols.
Authors: Li Haoquan , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias
Published: November 2016

For the first time, the direct Pd‐catalyzed aminocarbonylation of allylic alcohols is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Entry to Yne‐Amides from Yne‐Oxazolidinones.
Authors: Demmer Charles S. , Evano Gwilherm
Published: November 2016

The ring opening of yne‐oxazolidinones (I) and (V) with organolithium reagents (II) followed by trapping of the intermediate alkoxide with electrophiles (III) gives rise to desired yne‐amides (IVa‐f) and (VIa‐e).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Cascade Aldol—Cyclization of Tertiary Ketone Enolates for Enantioselective Synthesis of Keto‐Esters with a C—F Quaternary Stereogenic Center.
Authors: Sha Wanxing , Zhang Lijun , Zhang Wenzhong , Mei Haibo , Soloshonok Vadim A. , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: November 2016

The convenient reaction delivers the products in high yields and with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐NHC‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of General Aryl Sulfides with Alkynyl Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Baralle Alexandre , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: November 2016

Cross‐coupling reactions of unactivated aryl sulfides with alkynylmagnesium chloride are invented to afford 1‐aryl‐1‐alkynes with the aid of a palladium/N‐heterocyclic carbene complex.
ChemInform Abstract: Intermolecular Stetter Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes with (E)‐(2‐Nitrovinyl)cyclohexane Induced by N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Thiourea.
Authors: Cheng Qing‐Fang , Wang Jing‐Wen , Wang Qi‐Fa , Liu Zhou
Published: November 2016

Various β‐nitroketones are prepared in moderate to good yields using thiazolium perchlorate as catalyst and in the presence of thiourea.
ChemInform Abstract: SeO2 Mediated Efficient Synthesis of Amides and α‐Ketoamides of Secondary Amines with Wide Substrate Scope.
Authors: Meena Samdarshi , Singh Rohit , Vishwakarma Ram A. , Aga Mushtaq A. , Jain Shreyans K.
Published: November 2016

A facile SeO2‐mediated methodology for the synthesis of α‐ketoamides from acetophenones or phenylacetylenes as well as amides from aryl aldehydes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Iodide—Catalyzed Amidation of Phenylboronic Acids/Aryl Bromides Using 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine as Ligand.
Authors: Alapati Mohan Lakshmi Punna Rao , Abburu Sridhar Rao , Mutyala Krishnaji Rao , Mukkamala Saratchandra Babu
Published: November 2016

This methodology provides structurally diverse N‐arylbenzamides (III) in very good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Pentafluoroethyl Thioethers via Catalytic Sandmeyer Reaction with a Stable Fluoroalkylthiolation Reagent.
Authors: Matheis C. , Bayarmagnai B. , Jouvin K. , Goossen L. J.
Published: November 2016

Commercially available Me4NSC2F5 (II) is used as bench‐stable reagent in a Sandmeyer‐type reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Regioselective Reactions of 2‐Indolylmethanols with Cyclic Enaminone and Anhydride Leading to C3‐Functionalized Indole Derivatives.
Authors: Li Can , Zhang Hong‐Hao , Fan Tao , Shen Yang , Wu Qiong , Shi Feng
Published: November 2016

An abnormal regioselective substitution of 2‐indolylmethanols with nucleophiles, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrole and Fluorescent Isoquinoline Derivatives Using NaN3/NH4Cl Promoted Intramolecular Aza‐Annulation.
Authors: Jana Akash , Manna Susanta Kumar , Mondal Suresh Kumar , Mandal Arabinda , Manna Saikat Kumar , Jana Avijit , Senapati Bidyut Kumar , Jana Manas , Samanta Shubhankar
Published: November 2016

A variety of pyrrole and isoquinoline derivatives (II), (IV), (VI) are synthesized via aza‐exo‐trig and aza‐endo‐dig cyclization of alkenyl or alkynyl carbaldehydes (I), (III), (V), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Mediated Construction of Polyfunctionalized Arylazopyrazoles from β‐Ketoesters or 2‐Arylpyrazol‐3‐ones and Arylhydrazines.
Authors: Pandit Rameshwar Prasad , Kim Sung Hong , Lee Yong Rok
Published: November 2016

A three‐component cyclization reaction of β‐keto esters with two equivalents of arylhydrazines yields (arylazo)pyrazoles via an in situ α‐iodination of the β‐keto esters, pyrazol‐3‐one formation, nucleophilic substitution, and aromatization cascade.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic, Enantioselective Addition of Alkyl Radicals to Alkenes via Visible‐Light‐Activated Photoredox Catalysis with a Chiral Rhodium Complex.
Authors: Huo Haohua , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric
Published: November 2016

The development of photoredox conditions for the high‐yielding highly enantioselective addition of benzylic, alkoxylic as well as secondary and tertiary aliphatic trifluoroborates to the alkene moiety of 2‐alkeneacyl substituted imidazoles or pyrazole derivatives is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed Regioselective Thiolation of Flavonoids Using Sulfonyl Hydrazides as Sulfenylation Reagents.
Authors: Zhao Xia , Deng Zhijie , Wei Aoqi , Li Boyang , Lu Kui
Published: November 2016

Regioselective aryl and alkyl thiolation reactions of flavonoid derivatives are described which proceed in position C‐8 for C‐5 hydroxylated flavone, flavonol, dihydroflavone, and isoflavones derivatives, or in position 7 in case of C‐4 hydroxylated aurone derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel and Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones by the Reaction of (Het)arylmethanamines with Isatoic Anhydride.
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Hassanzadeh Rasool , Soheilizad Mehdi , Golshani Shiva , Moghimi Setareh , Firoozpour Loghman , Shafiee Abbas , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: November 2016

The one‐pot reaction between isatoic anhydride (I) and benzylamines (II) leads to the formation of N‐substituted anthranilamides, which under aerobic conditions in the presence of CuBr undergo an in situ oxidation ‐ cyclization sequence to afford title compounds (III) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Novel 2,5‐Diphenyl Oxazole Derivatives from Gymnotheca chinensis.
Authors: Xiao Shi‐Ji , Guo Da‐Le , Zhang Mao‐Sheng , Peng Shu‐Ling , Chen Fang , Zhou Yan , Ding Li‐Sheng
Published: November 2016

Gymnothecaoxazoles A and B (I) are isolated from the whole parts of endemic medicinal plant of Gymnotheca chinensis (Saururaceae).
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Synthesis of Carbon‐Supported Gold Clusters for Rational Catalyst Design
Authors: Yamazoe Seiji , Yoskamtorn Tatchamapan , Takano Shinjiro , Yadnum Sudarat , Limtrakul Jumras , Tsukuda Tatsuya
Published: November 2016

Review: [40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tuning the Properties of Cobalt Ferrite: A Road Towards Diverse Applications
Authors: Jauhar Sheenu , Kaur Japinder , Goyal Ankita , Singhal Sonal
Published: November 2016

Review: 240 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Oxidation: From a Still Immature Technology to the Roots of Catalysis Science
Authors: Schloegl Robert
Published: November 2016

Review: 147 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Historical Background of Macrocyclic Compounds
Authors: Ogoshi Tomoki , Yamagishi Tada‐Aki
Published: November 2016

Review: structural and physical properties of macrocyclic compounds containing heteroaoms
ChemInform Abstract: The Possibilities of Palladium‐Catalyzed Aromatic Cyanation in Aqueous Media
Authors: Vafaeezadeh Majid , Hashemi Mohammad Mahmoodi , Karbalaie‐Reza Mina
Published: November 2016

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Comprehensive Comparison Between the Gas‐Phase SN2 Reactions at Carbon and at Nitrogen
Authors: Liu Yun‐Yun , Ren Si‐Jia , Huang Jing , Liang Yu‐tong , Wei Xi‐Guang , Ren Yi , Lau Kai‐Chung , Zhu Jun
Published: November 2016

Review: 111 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐expanding Carbonylation of Epoxides
Authors: Kramer John W. , Rowley John M. , Coates Geoffrey W.
Published: November 2016

Review: 216 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Organic Synthesis: State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Perspectives
Authors: Friedmann Donia , Hakki Amer , Kim Hyejin , Choi Wonyong , Bahnemann Detlef
Published: November 2016

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Assembly of Spirocycles with Phenol‐Derived Biaryls with Alkynes Using Anoxidative C—H Activation/Dearomatization Strategy
Authors: Wang Hui , Luan Xinjun
Published: November 2016

Review: [19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Unique Fluorine Effects in Organic Reactions: Recent Facts and Insights into Fluoroalkylations
Authors: Ni Chuanfa , Hu Jinbo
Published: November 2016

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications and Stereoselective Syntheses of P‐Chirogenic Phosphorus Compounds
Authors: Dutartre Mathieu , Bayardon Jerome , Juge Sylvain
Published: November 2016

Review: [183 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling (CDC) Reactions of N,N‐Disubstituted Formamides, Benzaldehydes and Cycloalkanes
Authors: Batra Aanchal , Singh Paramjit , Singh Kamal Nain
Published: November 2016

Review: [65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Photophysics of Photoredox Catalysis: A Roadmap for Catalyst Design
Authors: Arias‐Rotondo Daniela M. , McCusker James K.
Published: November 2016

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Modifications of Proteins
Authors: Glebe Ulrich , De Miranda Barbara Santos , Van Rijn Patrick , Boeker Alexander
Published: November 2016

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromones: A Promising Ring System for New Antiinflammatory Drugs
Authors: Silva Carlos F. M. , Pinto Diana C. G. A. , Silva Artur M. S.
Published: November 2016

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Psychostimulant Drug Khat (Catha Edulis)
Authors: Nichols Tyler , Khondkar Proma , Gibbons Simon
Published: November 2016

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polydopamine Deposition at Fluid Interfaces
Authors: Ponzio Florian , Ball Vincent
Published: November 2016

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Hype with Ionic Liquids as Solvents
Authors: Kunz Werner , Haeckl Katharina
Published: November 2016

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Melanin from a Physicochemical Point of View
Authors: Menter Julian M.
Published: November 2016

Review: current state of understanding melanin structure and biosynthesis, its binding with drugs and metals, its adsorption and (photo)semiconductive properties, and its ability to couple redox reactions; 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphitic Carbon Nitride Film: An Emerging Star for Catalytic and Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Bian Juncao , Huang Chao , Zhang Rui‐Qin
Published: November 2016

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evaluating New Chemistry to Drive Molecular Discovery: Fit for Purpose?
Authors: Foley Daniel J. , Nelson Adam , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: November 2016

Review: [33 refs.
Perception of gold materials by projecting a solid color on black materials
Authors: Tanaka Midori , Horiuchi Takahiko
Published: November 2016

Gold gives a unique luxurious impression and therefore golden objects are often desired. Since gold is an expensive metal, due to its rarity, it is not feasible to produce objects made of gold at reasonable prices. In this study, we have developed a simple representation method that makes real objects appear to be made of gold using projection mapping technology. In recent years, this technology has been extensively explored, mainly in the field of entertainment. Most of these studies were focused on technologies where a target image was superimposed onto an object. Our method, unlike the conventional approach, does not project a target gold image but simply projects a solid color onto an object, thereby giving the perception that the object is made of gold. We have conducted two psychophysical experiments to substantiate our representation method, using stimuli having the same color. Our results indicate that objects were more easily perceived as golden objects when a solid color was projected onto black objects rather than white objects. Furthermore, a few samples were perceived as metals, even though they were actually paper or fabric. These results suggest that when superimposing a solid color onto an object, a change in material type is perceived along with the change of its color. Moreover, we analyzed the relationship between psychophysical evaluations on the perception of projected gold objects and the physical properties of the materials. The results show that the average and the standard deviation of reflectance generated by black objects can be considered factors that affect the perception of a gold‐like color. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 522–530, 2017
Bypassing system calls–based intrusion detection systems
Authors: Rosenberg Ishai , Gudes Ehud
Published: November 2016

Machine learning augments today's intrusion detection system (IDS) capability to cope with unknown malware. However, if an attacker gains partial knowledge about the IDS' classifier, he can create a modified version of his malware, which can evade detection. In this article we present an IDS on the basis of various classifiers using system calls, executed by the inspected code as features. We then present a camouflage algorithm that is used to modify malicious code to be classified as benign, while preserving the code's functionality, for decision tree and random forest classifiers. We also present transformations to the classifier's input, to prevent this camouflage ‐ and a modified camouflage algorithm that overcomes those transformations. Our research shows that it is not enough to provide a decision tree based classifier with a large training set to counter malware. One must also be aware of the possibility that the classifier would be fooled by a camouflage algorithm, and try to counter such an attempt with techniques such as input transformation or training set updates.
Dehydrogenation Properties of Magnesium Hydride Loaded with Fe, Fe−C, and Fe−Mg Additives
Authors: Pukazhselvan D. , Nasani Narendar , Yang Tao , Bdikin Igor , Kovalevsky Andrei V. , Fagg Duncan P.
Published: November 2016

This study highlights that Fe additives offer better catalytic properties than carbon, Fe−C (iron carbide/carbon composites), and Fe‐Mg (Mg2FeH6) additives for the low‐temperature dehydrogenation of magnesium hydride. The in situ X‐ray diffraction measurements prove the formation of a Mg2FeH6 phase in iron additive loaded MgH2. Nonetheless, differential scanning calorimetry data suggest that this Mg2FeH6 phase does not have any influence on dehydrogenation properties of MgH2. On the other hand, the composite system Mg2FeH6/MgH2 shows significantly improved dehydrogenation properties even in absence of further additives. It is suggested that the improved system performance of Fe loaded MgH2 is attributed to restrictions on crystal growth of MgH2 and the catalytic behavior of Fe nanoparticles, rather than any intrinsic catalytic properties offered by the formed mixed metal phase Mg2FeH6.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fe0(2,2′‐bipyridine) (2‐aminoethyl‐pyridine) and its Reaction with Dihydrogen
Authors: Dibenedetto Angela , Roth Cristina E. , Aresta Michele , Pápai Imre
Published: November 2016

Fe0(bpy)(pyea) (2; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, pyea=2‐aminoethyl‐pyridine), a 16‐electron species, was synthesized by reduction of FeCl2(bpy)(pyea) (1) using Na‐strips. It is a diamagnetic low‐melting solid (m.p. 295 K) stable under N2 and easily decomposed by radiations even at low temperature. It was fully characterized by elemental analyses and multinuclear NMR. Complex 2 acts as an active hydrogenation catalyst, but has a very short lifetime. In fact, it reacts with H2 (0.1–1 MPa) at room temperature in toluene and affords in a few minutes a new Fe0 complex characterized as Fe0(bpy)(η6‐picoline) (3), inactive to hydrogenation. Picoline is derived from the sp3–sp3 C−C bond cleavage of the aminoethyl arm of the pyea ligand. The rapid evolution of the putative intermediate FeH2(bpy)(pyea) (4) has not allowed the isolation such Fe‐hydrido species. The interaction of H2 with 2 has been studied by DFT, which has allowed to demonstrate that 3 is lower in energy than 2+H2, justifying the fact that the intermediate dihydride was not isolated. Interestingly, 3 was also obtained by reaction of 1 with NaBH4 or with glycerol–KOH. Complex 2 is one of the rare examples of Fe0 complex stabilized by a set of only N‐donor atoms. The reaction with glycerol confirms the potential role of Fe in catalytic hydrogenation reactions using bio‐glycerol as a H‐source.
The Future of Ethenolysis in Biobased Chemistry
Authors: Spekreijse Jurjen , Sanders Johan P. M. , Bitter Johannes H. , Scott Elinor L.
Published: November 2016

The desire to utilise biobased feedstocks and develop more sustainable chemistry poses new challenges in catalysis. A synthetically useful catalytic conversion is ethenolysis, a cross metathesis reaction with ethylene. In this Review, the state of the art of ethenolysis in biobased chemistry was extensively examined using methyl oleate as a model compound for fatty acids. Allied to this, the ethenolysis of fatty acid, polymers and more challenging substrates are reviewed. To determine the limiting factors for the application of ethenolysis on biomass, the influence of reaction parameters were investigated and the bottlenecks for reaching high turnover numbers identified.
Psychophysiological Assessment of the Adaptive Asynchronous Human–Machine System on the Operation Period Discrimination Characteristic
Authors: NOZAWA AKIO , HOSODA YUSUKE
Published: November 2016

This paper proposes a concept of the adaptive asynchronous human machine system (Async‐HMS) which maintains asynchronous periodic operations against user's actions for avoiding user intention. In order to find the dynamics of the operation period presented by Async‐HMS, discrimination thresholds of the operation period were obtained by psychophysical experiment. According to the thresholds, three levels of fluctuation of the operation period were defined as “constant”, “unrecognizable”, and “recognizable”. Psychophysiological measurement was conducted on the performance of the synchronized key typing task by the three levels of the operation period. A synchronization error as performance index, the hemodynamic parameters as indices of autonomic nervous system's activity, and the amount of the senses as psychological indices were evaluated. As a result, monotonous feeling was eliminated without compromising the performance in case of “unrecognizable” fluctuations in the operation period presented by Async‐HMS.
Size Effect and Aperture Configuration Dependence of Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Penrose Metal Hole Arrays in the Terahertz Region
Authors: JIMBA YOJI , MIYAZAKI HIROSHI
Published: November 2016

Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through Penrose metal hole arrays (PMHA) in the terahertz region is investigated numerically by using coupled‐mode analysis. Spectral change of the transmittance is studied at resonant frequencies by increasing the number of holes and comparing the spectra of PMHA and a periodic metal hole arrays (MHA). While the resonant mode of MHA is excited in periodic order along one direction, the resonant mode on PMHA has a complicated shape. It seems that the propagating length of surface wave of PMHA is shorter than that of the MHA. Therefore, when the number of holes is increased, increasing rate of the resonant transmittance through PMHA is smaller than that through MHA. In addition, the transmission spectra for three kinds of generalized PHMA are analyzed numerically. Although the distributions of holes in these PMHA are different from each other in real space, the transmission spectra have almost the same shape. Consequently, the structure given by the aperture configuration of PMHA in reciprocal lattice space has stronger effects on EOT through metal hole arrays, rather than that in real space.
Effect of Compressive Stress on Iron Loss of Gradient Si Steel Sheet
Authors: ODA YOSHIHIKO , HIRATANI TATSUHIKO , KASAI SHOJI , OKUBO TOMOYUKI , SENDA KUNIHIRO , CHIBA AKIRA
Published: November 2016

A gradient Si steel sheet, which has high Si content in the surface layer and low Si content in the center of the thickness, shows extremely low iron loss in the high‐frequency range. In this paper, the magnetic properties of gradient Si steel sheets under compressive stress were investigated. In a 3.5% Si steel sheet, the iron loss under compressive stress increases with increase in compressive stress. On the other hand, a gradient Si steel sheet shows extremely low iron loss under compressive stress. This decrease is due to the residual tensile stress in the surface layer of the gradient Si steel sheet. To evaluate the effect of core materials on the iron loss of the motor, we fabricated interior permanent magnet motors using 3% Si steel, 6.5% Si steel, and gradient Si steel sheets. In the motor using a 3% Si steel sheet, the motor loss increases after the heat shrinking. On the other hand, in the motors using 6.5% Si steel and gradient Si steel sheets, the motor loss shows little change after the heat shrinking.
Beachgrass invasion in coastal dunes is mediated by soil microbes and lack of disturbance dependence
Authors: David Aaron S. , May Georgiana , Schmidt Derek , Seabloom Eric W.
Published: November 2016

Biological invasions are a threat to ecological communities and ecosystems, yet understanding the processes that mediate invasion and the environmental contexts in which these processes are important remains a challenge. In this study, we investigated how disturbance and biotic interactions with pathogens and microbial symbionts mediate invasion of American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) in early‐ and late‐successional coastal dune habitats. First, we tested the effect of disturbance on biomasses of two exotic beachgrass species (the invading A. breviligulata and the established A. arenaria) and a native beachgrass (Elymus mollis) by growing plants with and without a disturbance manipulation in early‐ and late‐successional habitats. We quantified root colonization by fungal symbionts and infection by plant‐parasitic nematodes to determine the effect of potential mutualists and pathogens on plant biomass. Second, we tested whether soil microbes associated with the established A. arenaria mediated A. breviligulata invasion by inoculating potted plants with microbes from early‐ and late‐successional habitat. We found no effect of disturbance on biomass of the invading A. breviligulata or native E. mollis, whereas A. arenaria biomass increased when grown with disturbance. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and by fungal endophytes were poor predictors of plant biomass, and plant‐parasitic nematodes were infrequently observed. Microbe addition increased belowground biomass of A. breviligulata, but not A. arenaria, compared to control treatments. Overall, our results suggest that A. breviligulata invasion in both the early‐ and late‐successional habitat is mediated by its lack of disturbance dependence and positive effects of soil microbes. These results have important implications for other primary successional systems and contribute to our understanding of how ecological contexts influence invasion processes.
Habitat availability and depth‐driven population demographics regulate reproductive output of a coral reef fish
Authors: Goldstein E. D. , D'Alessandro E. K. , Reed J. , Sponaugle S.
Published: November 2016

Global habitat decline may displace organisms from optimal environments, increasing reliance on ecosystems with lower habitat suitability and availability. For coral reef fishes, potentially marginal mesophotic coral ecosystems (~30–150 m) may be buffered from anthropogenic stressors; however, variation in habitat quality across depths can alter population demographics, reproductive output, and subpopulation size, potentially restricting the ability for peripheral habitats to support declining populations through larval supply. This study incorporated population density, benthic habitat, and depth‐stratified population demographics to assess bicolor damselfish (Stegastes partitus) subpopulation reproductive output from a broad geographic region encompassing the known depth distribution of the species, including coral reefs in the Florida Keys (0–35 m depths) and mesophotic reefs (~60–90 m) at Pulley Ridge (PR) on the west Florida Shelf. Results indicated that densities of bicolor damselfish peaked in mid‐shelf (10–20 m) and deep‐shelf (20–30 m) habitats, and subpopulation sizes and reproductive output peaked at mid‐depths (10–20 m) in the Florida Keys and declined as depth increased. Subpopulation egg production was affected by differences in demographics across depths, including fish size, sex ratios, and a lower probability and frequency of spawning in deeper habitats. Despite low population densities on mesophotic reefs, the expansive reef area at PR resulted in an estimated subpopulation size that comprised ~14% of the population in the study region, and ~9% of the total reproductive output, indicating that peripheral mesophotic reefs may be sources of larvae that can subsidize declining populations. Larval dispersal and population connectivity models used to inform ecosystem management should incorporate spatially explicit demographics across depth distributions and habitat availability that have substantial effects on egg production and larval supply.
Using structural equation modeling to link human activities to wetland ecological integrity
Authors: Schweiger E. William , Grace James B. , Cooper David , Bobowski Ben , Britten Mike
Published: November 2016

The integrity of wetlands is of global concern. A common approach to evaluating ecological integrity involves bioassessment procedures that quantify the degree to which communities deviate from historical norms. While helpful, bioassessment provides little information about how altered conditions connect to community response. More detailed information is needed for conservation and restoration. We have illustrated an approach to addressing this challenge using structural equation modeling (SEM) and long‐term monitoring data from Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP). Wetlands in RMNP are threatened by a complex history of anthropogenic disturbance including direct alteration of hydrologic regimes; elimination of elk, wolves, and grizzly bears; reintroduction of elk (absent their primary predators); and the extirpation of beaver. More recently, nonnative moose were introduced to the region and have expanded into the park. Bioassessment suggests that up to half of the park's wetlands are not in reference condition. We developed and evaluated a general hypothesis about how human alterations influence wetland integrity and then develop a specific model using RMNP wetlands. Bioassessment revealed three bioindicators that appear to be highly sensitive to human disturbance (HD): (1) conservatism, (2) degree of invasion, and (3) cover of native forbs. SEM analyses suggest several ways human activities have impacted wetland integrity and the landscape of RMNP. First, degradation is highest where the combined effects of all types of direct HD have been the greatest (i.e., there is a general, overall effect). Second, specific HDs appear to create a “mixed‐bag” of complex indirect effects, including reduced invasion and increased conservatism, but also reduced native forb cover. Some of these effects are associated with alterations to hydrologic regimes, while others are associated with altered shrub production. Third, landscape features created by historical beaver activity continue to influence wetland integrity years after beavers have abandoned sites via persistent landforms and reduced biomass of tall shrubs. Our model provides a system‐level perspective on wetland integrity and provides a context for future evaluations and investigations. It also suggests scientifically supported natural resource management strategies that can assist in the National Park Service mission of maintaining or, when indicated, restoring ecological integrity “unimpaired for future generations.”
Carbon dioxide fluxes reflect plant zonation and belowground biomass in a coastal marsh
Authors: Moseman‐Valtierra Serena , Abdul‐Aziz Omar I. , Tang Jianwu , Ishtiaq Khandker S. , Morkeski Kate , Mora Jordan , Quinn Ryan K. , Martin Rose M. , Egan Katharine , Brannon Elizabeth Q. , Carey Joanna , Kroeger Kevin D.
Published: November 2016

Coastal wetlands are major global carbon sinks; however, they are heterogeneous and dynamic ecosystems. To characterize spatial and temporal variability in a New England salt marsh, greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes were compared among major plant‐defined zones during growing seasons. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes were compared in two mensurative experiments during summer months (2012–2014) that included low marsh (Spartina alterniflora), high marsh (Distichlis spicata and Juncus gerardii‐dominated), invasive Phragmites australis zones, and unvegetated ponds. Day‐ and nighttime fluxes were also contrasted in the native marsh zones. N2O fluxes were measured in parallel with CO2 and CH4 fluxes, but were not found to be significant. To test the relationships of CO2 and CH4 fluxes with several native plant metrics, a multivariate nonlinear model was used. Invasive P. australis zones (−7 to −15 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1) and S. alterniflora low marsh zones (up to −14 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1) displayed highest average CO2 uptake rates, while those in the native high marsh zone (less than −2 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1) were much lower. Unvegetated ponds were typically small sources of CO2 to the atmosphere (<0.5 μmol CO2·m−2·s−1). Nighttime emissions of CO2 averaged only 35% of daytime uptake in the low marsh zone, but they exceeded daytime CO2 uptake by up to threefold in the native high marsh zone. Based on modeling, belowground biomass was the plant metric most strongly correlated with CO2 fluxes in native marsh zones, while none of the plant variables correlated significantly with CH4 fluxes. Methane fluxes did not vary between day and night and did not significantly offset CO2 uptake in any vegetated marsh zones based on sustained global warming potential calculations. These findings suggest that attention to spatial zonation as well as expanded measurements and modeling of GHG emissions across greater temporal scales will help to improve accuracy of carbon accounting in coastal marshes.
Stable isotopes predict reproductive performance of European starlings breeding in anthropogenic environments
Authors: Yohannes Elizabeth , Gwinner Helga , Lee Raymond W. , Schwabl Hubert
Published: November 2016

Understanding reproductive performance in ecologically impoverished vs. more sustained anthropogenic habitats is critical to assess population health status and to develop land use and conservation management strategies. We compared resource‐based maternal effects, reproductive performance, and offspring quality in a model migratory passerine bird, the European starling (Sturnus vulgaris). We assessed female condition, quantity of egg constituents, quality of diet consumed during egg formation, and nestling growth and survival in two habitats: cultivated farmland and meadows. Egg, albumin, and shell mass were greater at the meadow site, while yolk mass did not differ significantly between sites; albumin mass most strongly predicted egg mass. Stable isotope enrichment (δ15N and δ13C) in yolk but not albumin suggests a broader range of diet for yolk formation at the meadow site but could also reflect different hydric conditions between sites. δ13C and δ15N enrichment did not predict yolk, albumin, or egg mass. Concentration of yolk testosterone was higher at the meadow site and correlated with δ13C enrichment in yolk. Nestling survival was higher in the meadow than in the farmland site and corresponded to egg mass and δ13C enrichment in lipid‐free yolk. Surviving nestlings were larger in the meadow than in the farmland site. Results indicate that agricultural practice influences reproductive output through resource‐based maternal effects. The analyses of isotopic and biochemical composition of small samples of yolk and albumin may provide a minimally invasive tool to assess individual reproductive performance and predict impacts of habitat quality on population health.
Host genus and rainfall drive the population dynamics of a vascular epiphyte
Authors: Ticktin Tamara , Mondragón Demetria , Gaoue Orou G.
Published: November 2016

Vascular epiphytes constitute up to 25% of tropical plant diversity and play an important role in providing food, water, and shelter to many organisms. However, the factors that drive their population dynamics, including the influence of their host plants (phorophytes) and of climatic factors, are still poorly understood. We provide the first test of whether host tree genus can affect population dynamics of an epiphytic species, and assess the interactive effects of host tree and rainfall. We carried out a five‐year study of the demography of >1000 plants of the endemic bromeliad, Tillandsia macdougallii L. B. Sm, growing on pine and oak trees in a Mexican montane forest. We tested for differences in vital rates and used integral projection models to test whether these scaled up to differences in long‐term population growth rates between the two host genera and as a function of rainfall. T. macdougallii survival and growth were higher on pines than on oaks for larger plants but not for seedlings. The probability of producing capsules was higher for T. macdougallii on oaks than on pines. Increasing dry season rainfall was significantly correlated with increased survival of individuals, but not of ramets, growing on both oaks and pines. The probability of clonal reproduction increased significantly with increasing dry season rainfall for T. macdougallii growing on oaks, but not on pines. Projected long‐term population growth rates, λ, for T. macdougallii on pines were higher than on oaks. Lambda increased steeply as a function of dry season rainfall for T. macdougallii populations on both host tree genera, but the increase was steeper for populations on oaks, likely because the former are deciduous. Our results show that host tree genus can affect the long‐term dynamics of epiphyte populations and suggest that these effects may depend on rainfall. The high sensitivity of this species to changes in dry season rainfall suggests that a better understanding of how rainfall may drive vascular epiphyte populations will be critical for understanding the effects of climate change on species persistence.
Forecasting tidal marsh elevation and habitat change through fusion of Earth observations and a process model
Authors: Byrd Kristin B. , Windham‐Myers Lisamarie , Leeuw Thomas , Downing Bryan , Morris James T. , Ferner Matthew C.
Published: November 2016

Reducing uncertainty in data inputs at relevant spatial scales can improve tidal marsh forecasting models, and their usefulness in coastal climate change adaptation decisions. The Marsh Equilibrium Model (MEM), a one‐dimensional mechanistic elevation model, incorporates feedbacks of organic and inorganic inputs to project elevations under sea‐level rise scenarios. We tested the feasibility of deriving two key MEM inputs—average annual suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and aboveground peak biomass—from remote sensing data in order to apply MEM across a broader geographic region. We analyzed the precision and representativeness (spatial distribution) of these remote sensing inputs to improve understanding of our study region, a brackish tidal marsh in San Francisco Bay, and to test the applicable spatial extent for coastal modeling. We compared biomass and SSC models derived from Landsat 8, DigitalGlobe WorldView‐2, and hyperspectral airborne imagery. Landsat 8‐derived inputs were evaluated in a MEM sensitivity analysis. Biomass models were comparable although peak biomass from Landsat 8 best matched field‐measured values. The Portable Remote Imaging Spectrometer SSC model was most accurate, although a Landsat 8 time series provided annual average SSC estimates. Landsat 8‐measured peak biomass values were randomly distributed, and annual average SSC (30 mg/L) was well represented in the main channels (IQR: 29–32 mg/L), illustrating the suitability of these inputs across the model domain. Trend response surface analysis identified significant diversion between field and remote sensing‐based model runs at 60 yr due to model sensitivity at the marsh edge (80–140 cm NAVD88), although at 100 yr, elevation forecasts differed less than 10 cm across 97% of the marsh surface (150–200 cm NAVD88). Results demonstrate the utility of Landsat 8 for landscape‐scale tidal marsh elevation projections due to its comparable performance with the other sensors, temporal frequency, and cost. Integration of remote sensing data with MEM should advance regional projections of marsh vegetation change by better parameterizing MEM inputs spatially. Improving information for coastal modeling will support planning for ecosystem services, including habitat, carbon storage, and flood protection.