bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking ahead through lenses of justice: The relevance of just‐world beliefs to intentions and confidence in the future
Authors: Sutton Robbie M. , Winnard Elizabeth J.
Published: August 2007

Recent research distinguishes the belief in a just‐world for the self (BJW‐self) from that for others (BJW‐others), showing BJW‐self to be associated with subjective well‐being and BJW‐others to be associated with harsh social attitudes. The present research examines the implications of these two types of just‐world belief for aspects of motivation and ideation about the future. A sample of 100 young British adults living in assisted accommodation completed measures of BJW‐self, BJW‐others, life satisfaction and intention to engage in delinquent behaviour. They also listed their personal goals and indicated their confidence that they would attain them. In partial correlation and hierarchical regression analyses, BJW‐self predicted confidence in the realization of goals, but was inversely related to delinquent intentions. In contrast, BJW‐others was directly related to delinquent intentions but inversely related to confidence in achieving socially legitimate personal goals. These results were not attributable to variations in life satisfaction or in the achievability of participants' goals.
Social problem‐solving skills following childhood traumatic brain injury and its association with self‐regulation and social and behavioural functioning
Authors: Ganesalingam Kalaichelvi , Yeates Keith Owen , Sanson Ann , Anderson Vicki
Published: August 2007

This study examines social problem‐solving skills following childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its association with self‐regulation, and social and behavioural functioning. Participants included 65 children with moderate to severe TBI and 65 children without TBI, all between 6 and 11 years of age. Social problem‐solving, self‐regulation, and social and behavioural functioning were assessed 2–5 years following injury. Children were administered a newly developed semi‐structured task to assess their solutions to hypothetical situations involving social problems or dilemmas. When compared with uninjured children, those with TBI suggested avoidant and aggressive solutions more often and assertive solutions less often in response to the hypothetical situations. Children's self‐regulatory skills, as measured by the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT), Test of Everyday Attention for Children (TEA‐Ch) and the Delay of Gratification Task (DGT), collectively accounted for significant variance in their solutions to social problems, such that better self‐regulation predicted more assertive solutions and fewer aggressive solutions. Assertive solutions were positively related to parent‐ and teacher‐rated social and behavioural outcomes, whereas aggressive solutions were negatively related to the outcomes. The difficulties in social problem‐solving skills demonstrated by children with TBI may help account for their poor social and behavioural functioning.
Continuous Blood Glucose Monitoring with a Thin-Film Optical Sensor
Authors: Worsley Graham J , Tourniaire Guilhem A , Medlock Kathryn E S , Sartain Felicity K , Harmer Hazel E , Thatcher Michael , Horgan Adrian M , Pritchard John
Published: August 2007

Background: We recently described a holographic optical sensor with improved selectivity for glucose over fructose that was based on a thin-film polymer hydrogel containing phenylboronic acid receptors. The aim of the present work was to measure glucose in human blood plasma as opposed to simple buffers and track changes in concentration at a rate mimicking glucose changes in vivo.

Methods: We used holographic sensors containing acrylamide, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide, 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid, and (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride to measure 7 human blood plasma samples at different glucose concentrations (3–33 mmol/L) in static mode. Separately, using a flow cell, the glucose concentration was varied at approximately 0.17–0.28 mmol−1 · L−1 · min−1, and the sensor’s ability to continuously monitor glucose was investigated over an extended period.

Results: We subjected the results of the ex vivo static measurements to error grid analysis. Of 46 measurements, 42 (91.3%) fell in zone A of a Clarke error grid, and the remainder (8.7%) fell in zone B. The ex vivo flow experiments showed that the sensor is able to accurately track changes in concentration occurring in real time without lag or evidence of hysteresis.

Conclusions: We demonstrate the ability of a phenylboronic acid–based sensor to measure glucose in human blood plasma for the 1st time in vitro. Holographic glucose sensors can be used without recourse to recalibration. Their robust nature, coupled with their format flexibility, makes them an attractive alternative to conventional electrochemical enzyme-based methods of glucose monitoring for people with diabetes.
Safety First: A Model of Care for Working Systemically With High Risk Young People and Their Families in an Acute CAMHS Service
Authors: Bickerton Annemaree , Hense Tiffany , Benstock Agnes , Ward Julie , Wallace Lyn
Published: August 2007

The following article outlines the Safety First Model for working with high‐risk young people in crisis. This hierarchical model prioritises emotional and physical safety by using multi‐systemic and family‐based interventions. A typical case example is used to illustrate the model and the structures and strategies employed at each level. The intervention model empowers families, facilitates their connections with other providers, and minimises the need for hospital admissions. The model also promotes collaborative and systemic practice in a child and adolescent mental health service.
Who gets to talk? An alternative framework evaluating companion effects in geriatric triads
Authors: Tsai Mei-Hui
Published: August 2007

Most studies evaluating companion effects on medical triadic interaction focus on the doctors' part, e.g., how the companion's presence diverts doctors' attention away from the patient. In contrast to this mainstream approach, the current research proposes an alternative framework by focusing on the patient parties—especially on how companion participation reshapes the discourse sequences where patient parties provide information, and how it affects patient full turns and priority in providing complete first-hand information to doctors. By examining fifteen geriatric triadic conversations collected in a teaching hospital in southern Taiwan, this proposed framework concludes that in the companion's presence, the information providing sequences are restructured into eight patterns, among which sole information provider is preferred to joint providers. Furthermore, the more companions participate in providing information, the less patients by themselves volunteer information or respond to doctors' questions prior to companions' verbal involvement. A more striking companion effect shows that even in the triads with a low-participation companion, whenever the companion does participate, the patient rarely has a full turn or priority to complete an information unit. The patient's turns are either taken, are simultaneous with, or cut-off by the companion's participation.
A Review of Engine Oil Oxidation Bench Tests and Their Application in the Screening of New Antioxidant Systems for Low Phosphorus Engine Oils
Authors: Gatto Vincent , Moehle William , Schneller Emily , Burris Thalan , Cobb Tyler , Featherstone Mark
Published: August 2007

A review of current oxidation and deposit bench tests used for the evaluation of engine oil performance will be presented. Some of the more meaningful tests will be utilized to evaluate a number of antioxidant systems for oxidation and deposit control capabilities in engine oils formulated with 470 ppm of ZDDP-derived phosphorus. The antioxidant components are selected from a series of commonly used and commercially available materials plus one new developmental component. These components include an organo-molybdenum compound (MoDTC), an alkylated diphenylamine (NDPA), a conventional hindered phenolic (HPE), a high performance hindered phenolic (MBDTBP), and a new multi-functional boronated MBDTBP. The performance of these fully formulated engine oils will be ranked in the selected bench tests in order to highlight the benefits of each antioxidant system under evaluation. The results point to significant benefits with the molybdenum- and boronated-systems, or mixed molybdenum-/boronated-systems, for oxidation control, while systems containing NDPA and MBDTBP are favored more for deposit control. Unique and superior performing antioxidant systems will be recommended for screening in fired engine and bench wear tests.
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BARKER ALEX
Published: August 2007

Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions. Vicki Cassman, Nancy Odegaard, and Joseph Powell, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007. 310 pp.
Anthropology and Fisheries Management in the United States
Authors: Ingles Palma
Published: August 2007

The collection of articles in this volume of NAPA Bulletin describes various types of social science research currently conducted in support of federal and state fisheries management by anthropologists and sociologists studying fishing‐dependent communities and fisheries participants. The contributors work for NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); various state fisheries agencies; in academia; or as contract researchers. These articles represent a wide geographical range, employ a diverse set of methods, and demonstrate different research goals ranging from responding to specific statutory or management requirements to establishing broader baseline social information to exploring the theoretical constructs that constrain or advance the field of applied anthropology in fisheries. This introduction provides background to the recent expansion of anthropological capacity in U.S. fisheries management and the divergent methods employed by practitioners. The range of methods includes classic ethnography and survey methods, cultural modeling, participatory research, and quantitative indicators‐based assessment. The compilation of articles presents an opportunity to think about standardizing some methodological approaches for certain types of tasks, while expanding the array of accepted methodologies available to anthropologists advising fisheries managers.
Any Port in the Storm: The Effects of Hurricane Katrina on Two Fishing Communities in Louisiana
Authors: Ingles Palma
Published: August 2007

This article is based on research conducted in two fishing communities in Louisiana that were heavily impacted in 2005 by Hurricane Katrina: Grand Isle and the Empire‐Venice area. The authors conducted research in June and August 2006 to better understand the impacts of Hurricane Katrina on these communities. Previous research had been conducted in these communities by the same researchers in 2004. The baseline data obtained in 2004 proved invaluable for understanding the nature of the fishing industry in these communities before Hurricane Katrina struck. The 2006 research focused on changes in the fishing industries, the individuals, and the communities following the hurricane. It also examined the challenges for recovery and implications for fishing management in these communities. The two coastal communities in this study are heavily involved in the commercial shrimp fishery that before the storm had been overcapitalized for years. The eye of the storm passed over Empire‐Venice and, as a result, this area received more damage than Grand Isle. In both areas, homes were destroyed, boats were sunk, and lives were changed forever. A year later, both areas are still struggling to recover from the hurricane. This article focuses on the methods the authors used for research in these communities after the storm: semistructured ethnographic interviews, photography, and mapping. It also reports on some of the findings. The authors conducted interviews with fishermen, people who work in fishing related businesses, and other community members who could provide them with information regarding the impacts of Hurricane Katrina on these communities and the state of the fisheries.
Multiple-Copy Cluster-Type Organization and Evolution of Genes Encoding O-Methyltransferases in the Apple
Authors: Han Yuepeng , Gasic Ksenija , Korban Schuyler S
Published: August 2007

Plant O-methyltransferases (OMTs) play important roles in secondary metabolism. Two clusters of genes coding for caffeic acid OMT (COMT) have been identified in the apple genome. Three genes from one cluster and two genes from another cluster were isolated. These five genes encoding COMT, designated Mdomt1–Mdomt5 (GenBank accession nos. DQ886018–DQ886022), were distinguished by a (CT)n microsatellite in the 5′-UTR and two transposon-like sequences present in the promoter region and intron 1, respectively. The transposon-like sequence in intron 1 unambiguously traced the five Mdomt genes in the apple to a common ancestor. The ancestor must have undergone an initial duplication generating two progenitors, and this was followed by further duplication of these progenitors resulting in the two clusters identified in this study. The distal regions of the transposon-like sequences in promoter regions of Mdomt genes are capable of forming palindromic hairpin-like structures. The hairpin formation is likely responsible for nucleotide sequence differences observed in the promoter regions of these genes as it plays a destabilizing role in eukaryotic chromosomes. In addition, the possible mechanism of amplification of Mdomt genes in the apple genome is also discussed.
Corn–Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Interference Is Affected by Sublethal Doses of Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Terra Brescia R. M. , Martin Alexander R. , Lindquist John L.
Published: August 2007

Injury to weeds from sublethal doses of POST herbicides may reduce the effect of weed interference on crop yield. Information on how herbicide dose influences weed mortality, growth, and seed production is needed to assess the potential benefit of applying reduced herbicide doses. Field experiments were conducted at Mead, NE, in 2001 and 2002 to quantify velvetleaf mortality, growth, and corn–velvetleaf interference in response to varying doses of three POST herbicides. Untreated velvetleaf at six densities (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 20 plants m−1corn row) was grown in mixture with corn to establish a baseline corn–velvetleaf interference relationship. Treated velvetleaf at a density of 20 plants m−1row received one of five doses of dicamba, halosulfuron, or flumiclorac. Untreated velvetleaf height, biomass, and seed capsule production were greater in 2002 than 2001 and declined with increasing velvetleaf density in both years. Corn yield was not affected by untreated velvetleaf in 2001, but yield loss increased with increasing velvetleaf density in 2002. Mortality of herbicide-treated velvetleaf was 56% greater in 2001 than 2002 and increased with increasing herbicide dose. Maximum height of treated velvetleaf was similar for all treatments in 2001 but declined with increasing herbicide dose in 2002. Biomass and seed production of treated velvetleaf varied among herbicides in 2002 and decreased with increasing dose. Corn yield was not influenced by velvetleaf in 2001, but yield loss in response to herbicide-treated velvetleaf declined with increasing herbicide dose in 2002. Results show that the assumption that weeds surviving herbicide application are as competitive as untreated weeds is incorrect. Reduction in growth and resource consumption by herbicide-damaged weeds reduced the negative effects of weeds on corn.
Effect of Adjuvant and Urea Ammonium Nitrate on Bispyribac Efficacy, Absorption, and Translocation in Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). II. Absorption and Translocation
Authors: Dodds Darrin M. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Massey Joseph H. , Smith M. Cade , Koger C. H.
Published: August 2007

Inconsistent control of barnyardgrass with bispyribac may be alleviated through adjuvant technology. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adjuvant and urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) on absorption and translocation of bispyribac in barnyardgrass. Additional experiments were conducted to determine when maximum absorption and translocation occurred with the use of a methylated seed oil/organosilicone adjuvant (MSO/OSL) plus UAN (0.37 L ha−1and 2% v/v). In the initial experiment,14C-bispyribac–treated leaves, nontreated leaves, and roots were collected 6 and 24 h after application. Absorption was greatest with tank-mixed MSO/OSL (0.37 L ha−1) plus UAN (2% v/v) and the proprietary blend of MSO/OSL/UAN (2% v/v) at 80 and 74% of applied14C-bispyribac, respectively. Translocation to nontreated leaves and roots was also highest with these treatments. Increased translocation appeared to be due to greater herbicide absorption, not an increase in translocation rate. The addition of 32% UAN to MSO/OSL and nonionic organosilicone (OSL/NIS) adjuvant systems resulted in a four to fivefold increase in absorption compared with treatments without UAN. Recovery of14C-bispyribac in additional experiments generally decreased as time after application increased; however, recovery was 86% or greater for all time intervals. By 12 h after application, 68% of applied14C-bispyribac was absorbed. At this time,14C-bispyribac was partitioned within the plant in the following manner: 48% in the treated area, 10% in leaf tissue from treated area to tip of the treated leaf, 1.9% in leaf tissue from treated area to collar region of the treated leaf, 1.6% in remaining leaves from collar of treated leaf upward, 5.3% in remaining leaves from collar of treated leaf downward to soil line, and 0.7% in the roots. These data indicate that maximum absorption was achieved within 12 h with a tank mix of MSO/OSL and UAN or the MSO/OSL/UAN blend.
Influence of Weed Management Practices and Crop Rotation on Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed Population Dynamics and Crop Yield
Authors: Davis Vince M. , Gibson Kevin D. , Bauman Thomas T. , Weller Stephen C. , Johnson William G.
Published: August 2007

Horseweed is an increasingly problematic weed in soybean because of the frequent occurrence of glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of crop rotation, winter wheat cover crops (WWCC), residual nonglyphosate herbicides, and preplant herbicide application timing on the population dynamics of GR horseweed and crop yield. A field study was conducted at a site with a moderate infestation of GR horseweed (approximately 1 plant m−2) with crop rotation (soybean–corn or soybean–soybean) as main plots and management systems as subplots. Management systems were evaluated by quantifying horseweed plant density, seedbank density, and crop yield. Crop rotation did not influence in-field horseweed or seedbank densities at any data census timing. Preplant herbicides applied in the spring were more effective at reducing horseweed plant densities than when applied in the previous fall. Spring-applied, residual herbicide systems were the most effective at reducing season long horseweed densities and protecting crop yield because horseweed in this region behaves primarily as a summer annual weed. Horseweed seedbank densities declined rapidly in the soil by an average of 76% for all systems over the first 10 mo before new seed rain. Despite rapid decline in total seedbank density, seed for GR biotypes remained in the seedbank for at least 2 yr. Therefore, to reduce the presence of GR horseweed biotypes in a local no-till weed flora, integrated weed management (IWM) systems should be developed to reduce total horseweed populations based on the knowledge that seed for GR biotypes are as persistent in the seed bank as glyphosate-sensitive (GS) biotypes.
Rapid Assay for Detecting Enhanced Atrazine Degradation in Soil
Authors: Shaner Dale L. , Brien Henry W. , Jason Krutz L. , Hanson Brad
Published: August 2007

Atrazine is widely used to control broadleaf weeds and grasses in corn, sorghum, and sugarcane. Field persistence data published before 1995 showed that the average half-life of atrazine in soil was 66 d, and farmers expect to achieve weed control with a single application for the full season. However, reports of enhanced atrazine degradation in soil from fields that have a history of atrazine applications are increasing. A rapid laboratory assay was developed to screen soils for enhanced atrazine degradation. Soil (50 g) was placed in a 250 ml glass jar and treated with 7.5 ml of water containing atrazine (5 µg ai ml−1) and capped with a Teflon-lined lid. The assay was conducted at room temperature (25 C). Soil subsamples (1.5 to 3 g) were removed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 d after treatment and extracted with an equal weight of water (wt/vol). The atrazine in the water extract was assayed with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The half-life of atrazine in soils with a history of use was ≤ 1.5 d, whereas the half-life in soils with no history of atrazine use was > 8 d. The advantages of this assay are (1) the ease of set up; (2) the rapidity of extraction, and (3) the simplicity of the quantification of the atrazine.
Growth and Reproductive Physiology of Fluridone-Susceptible and -resistant Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Biotypes
Authors: Puri Atul , MacDonald Gregory E. , Haller William T. , Singh Megh
Published: August 2007

Hydrilla is one of the most serious aquatic weed problems in the United States, and fluridone is the only U.S. Environment Protection Agency (USEPA)–approved herbicide that provides relatively long-term systemic control. Recently, hydrilla biotypes with varying levels of fluridone resistance have been documented in Florida. Several biotypes of hydrilla varying in resistance levels were maintained in 950-L tanks under ambient sunlight and day-length conditions from September 2004 to September 2005 in absence of fluridone. Phenotypic measurements were performed during this 1-yr period to monitor differences in growth and reproductive physiology. All fluridone-resistant biotypes (except R3) were growing at the same rate or greater than the susceptible hydrilla. These data suggested that there are no deleterious effects on growth and reproductive physiology because of development of fluridone resistance. Aggressive spread of fluridone-resistant dioecious hydrilla in aquatic ecosystems can severely affect hydrilla management and, consequently, cause substantial and long-lasting ecological and economic problems throughout the southern United States.
Biological Control of Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus) in Australian Rangeland Translates to Improved Grass Production
Authors: Dhileepan K.
Published: August 2007

Biological control of parthenium, a major weed in grazing areas in Australia, was initiated in the mid 1970s. Since then, nine species of insects and two rust fungi have been introduced. Evaluation using pesticide exclusion at two sites (Mt. Panorama and Plain Creek) in Queensland, Australia, revealed that classical biological control had a significant negative effect on the target weed, but the impact varied between years. In this study, I quantified the effects of biological control of parthenium on grass production. Grass production declined with the increase in parthenium biomass. Significant increase in grass production due to biological control was observed, but only in 1 of 4 yr at Mt. Panorama and 2 of 4 yr at Plain Creek. At Mt. Panorama, there was a 40% increase in grass biomass in 1997 because of defoliation by Zygogramma bicolorata and galling by Epiblema strenuana. At Plain Creek, grass biomass increased by 52% in 1998 because of E. strenuana and by 45% in 2000 because of combined effects of E. strenuana and the summer rust Puccinia melampodii. This study provides evidence on the beneficial effects of biological control of parthenium in areas under limited grazing.
Excitation back transfer in a statistical model for upconversion in Er-doped fibres
Authors: Sergeyev Sergey , Popov Sergei
Published: August 2007

We report a new analytical method to evaluate the accuracy of a statistical model of the migration assisted upconversion in Er-doped fibres. Unlike the mean-field approach to the excitation back transfer which was used in a previous statistical model, we use a new approximation accounting for the variance of population of the first excited level. Such an approach presents more realistic physical description of the excitation – emission processes in heavily-doped Er-based fibres. Implementing these results, we find that the accuracy of upconversion rate calculations is within 13% if the concentration of erbium ions is smaller than the critical one.
Astronomy
Authors: Layzer David
Published: August 2007

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Astronomical Data

Sources of Astronomical Data

From 2
D
to 3
D

Stellar Spectra

Dimming and Reddening of Starlight

Measuring the Velocities of Astronomical Objects

Gravity and the Hierarchy of Self‐gravitating Systems

Newtonian Gravity

Mass, Size, and Motion

Tidal Effects

Self‐Gravitating Clusters

Mass, Radius, and Cohesive Energy

Astronomical Systems

The Solar System

Size and mass

Meteorites

Origin of the Solar System

Stars and Star Clusters

The Interstellar Medium

Giant Molecular Clouds
Electron Microscopy
Authors: Williams David B. , Goldstein Joseph I. , Lyman Charles E.
Published: August 2007

See also the updated overview article

.

The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

General Aspects of Electron Microscopes

Electron Guns

Electron Lenses and Lens Configurations

Electron Detectors

Specimen Preparation

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Image Formation and Resolution

Advanced
SEM
Imaging

X‐Ray Microanalysis

Compositional Imaging

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Image Formation and Resolution

Electron Diffraction in the
TEM

Image Contrast Mechanisms

X‐Ray Microanalysis

Electron Energy‐Loss Spectrometry (
EELS
)

Acknowledgments
Neuroprotective effects of resident microglia following acute brain injury
Authors: Simard Alain R. , Rivest Serge
Published: August 2007

Microglia quickly react to various neurodegenerative processes by producing cytokines and eliminating cellular debris via phagocytosis. These events are also associated with an increased proliferation of microglia, which derive from resident progenitors and those present in the bone marrow. However, it is not clear whether the innate immune response by resident or newly differentiated microglia is beneficial or detrimental to the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of an altered immune response following acute excitotoxicity. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) or kainic acid (KA) was administered in the brain of various groups of mice, and the extent of neurodegeneration, myelin damage, and inflammation was evaluated within a period of 2 weeks. We used synthetic glucocorticoid (GC), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)‐deficient mice to suppress nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signaling and transgenic mice that express the thymidine kinase (TK) protein under the control of the CD11b promoter to determine the role of proliferating and infiltrating microglia in acute models of brain injury. Neurodegeneration was more extensive in GC‐treated and MyD88‐deficient mice, suggesting that NF‐κB signaling and microglia activation are potent neuroprotective mechanisms in the presence of SNP. KA was also highly toxic to neurons of the amygdala in MyD88 knockout mice but not in their WT littermates. Although bone marrow‐derived cells are clearly attracted to neurodegenerative areas, preventing their infiltration and differentiation did not affect the extent of SNP‐related damage. These data indicate that MyD88/NF‐κB signaling in resident non‐proliferating microglia plays a critical role by restricting damage during acute excitotoxicity. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:716–729, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in cellular prion protein in primate visual cortex
Authors: Laffont‐Proust Isabelle , Fonta Caroline , Renaud Luc , Hässig Raymonde , Moya Kenneth L.
Published: August 2007

Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a cell surface glycoprotein highly expressed in neurons, and a protease‐resistant conformer of the protein accumulates in the brain parenchyma in prion diseases. In human prion diseases, visual cortex and visual function can be affected. We examined both the levels and the localization of PrPc in developing visual cortex of the common marmoset. Western blot analysis showed that PrPc increased from the day of birth through adulthood, and this increase correlated with the progression of synapse formation. Immunohistochemistry showed that PrPc was present in fiber tracts of the neonate, and this immunoreactivity was lost with maturation. Within the neuropil, the laminar distribution of PrPc changed with age. In the neonate, PrPc immunoreactivity was strongest in layer 1, where the earliest synapses form. At the end of the first postnatal week, layer 4C, as identified by its strong cytochrome oxidase activity, was noticeably lighter in terms of PrPc immunoreactivity than the adjacent layers. The contrast between the strong immunoreactivity in both supragranular and infragranular layers and weak immunoreactivity in layer 4C increased with age. Layers 2/3 and 5 contained more intense PrPc immunoreactivity; these layers receive thalamic input from the koniocellular division of the LGN, and these layers of the LGN also had strong PrPc immunoreactivity. Together, these results provide evidence for PrPc localization in an identified functional pathway and may shed some light on prion disease pathogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:646–658, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of dough effective thermal conductivity using an integrated thermocouple during the bread baking process
Authors: Komatsu Masakazu , Yamada Seiji , Takano Takayoshi
Published: August 2007

The present study produced an integrated thermocouple in order to gain an understanding of the heat transfer mechanism during baking. The thin film thermocouple was made by depositing copper‐nickel on a polyimide sheet base, and five hot junctions were arranged at regular intervals. Thermal electromotive force was proportional to the temperature difference between the reference and hot junctions. The study also used the integrated thermocouple to investigate heat transfer properties during baking that are equivalent to effective thermal conductivity, which include latent heat transport, water vapor diffusion, and heat conduction. The effective thermal conductivity crumbs increased according to the latent heat transportation effect caused by water vapor diffusion, and the thermal conductivity of crust was in agreement with its effective thermal conductivity value measured by the steady state parallel plate method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 373–385, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20165
Enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from a vertical heated plate using inclined fins
Authors: Fujii Masao
Published: August 2007

An enhancement technique is developed for natural convection heat transfer from a vertical heated plate with inclined fins, attached on the vertical heated plate to isolate a hot air flow from a cold air flow. Experiments are performed in air for inclination angles of the inclined fins in the range of 30° to 90° as measured from a horizontal plane, with a height of 25 to 50 mm, and a fin pitch of 20 to 60 mm. The convective heat transfer rate for the vertical heated plate with inclined fins at an inclination angle of 60° is found to be 19% higher than that for a vertical heated plate with vertical fins. A dimensionless equation on the natural convection heat transfer of a vertical heated plate with inclined fins is presented. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 334–344, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20168
Numerical gas– liquid stratified flow regime model on evaporation heat transfer in horizontal microfin tubes
Authors: Wang Yueshe , Bai Bofeng , Chen Yongli , Honda Hiroshi
Published: August 2007

The evaporation heat transfer model of stratified flow in helically grooved, horizontal microfin tubes was proposed. The profile of stratified liquid was determined using a theoretical model previously proposed for condensation in horizontal microfin tubes. The meniscus profile of stratified liquid in the grooves between adjacent fins was determined by a force balance between the gravity and surface tension forces. The thin film evaporation model in the thin film region of the meniscus previously proposed by the authors was applied. Heat transfer through the stratified liquid was estimated using an empirical correlation proposed by Mori et al. The theoretical predictions of the circumferential average heat transfer coefficient were compared with available experimental data for four tubes and three refrigerants. A good agreement was obtained for the region Fr0<2.5 if partial dry‐out of the tube surface did not occur. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 36(6): 315– 323, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20170
Functional activity of the mouse flavin‐containing monooxygenase forms 1, 3, and 5
Authors: Zhang Jun , Cerny Matt A. , Lawson Matt , Mosadeghi Ruzbeh , Cashman John R.
Published: August 2007

Three functional mouse flavin‐containing monooxygenases (mFMOs) (i.e., mFMO1, mFMO3, and mFMO5) have been reported to be the major FMOs present in mouse liver. To examine the biochemical features of these enzymes, recombinant enzymes were expressed as maltose‐binding protein fusion proteins (i.e., MBP‐mFMO1, MBP‐mFMO3, and MBP‐mFMO5) inEscherichia coliand isolated and purified with affinity chromatography. The substrate specificity of these three mouse hepatic FMO enzymes were examined using a variety of substrates, including mercaptoimidazole, trimethylamine,S‐methyl esonarimod, and an analog thereof, and a series of 10‐(N,N‐dimethylaminoalkyl)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)phenothiazine analogs. The kinetic parameters of the three mouse FMOs for these substrates were compared in an attempt to explore substrate structure‐‐function relationships specific for each mFMO. Utilizing a common phenothiazine substrate for all three enzymes, we compared the pH dependence for the recombinant enzymes under similar conditions. In addition, thermal stability for mFMO1, mFMO3, and mFMO5 enzymes was examined in the presence and absence of NADPH. The results revealed unique features for mFMO5, suggesting possible impact on the functional significance of this abundantly expressed FMO5 isoform in both human and mouse liver. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:1206–215, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10:1002/jbt.20176
Human carboxylesterases and their role in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism
Authors: Ross Matthew K. , Crow J. Allen
Published: August 2007

Carboxylesterases (CEs) are traditionally regarded as xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes that hydrolyze esterified xenobiotics to alcohol and carboxylic acid products. However, there is a growing appreciation for the role of CEs in the processing of endobiotics, including cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols. Human liver microsomes (HLMs) are often used in reaction phenotyping studies to discern interindividual variability in xenobiotic metabolism. The two major CE isoforms expressed in human liver are hCE1 and hCE2. These two isoforms are different gene products. We have begun studies to evaluate the “CE phenotype'' of human liver samples, i.e. to determine both the levels of hCE1 and hCE2 protein and the hydrolytic activity of each. We have previously shown that there is little variation in hCE1 protein expression in HLM samples from 11 individuals [a 1.3‐fold difference between the highest and lowest individuals; coefficient of variation (CV), 9%]. hCE2 protein expression in individual HLMs is only slightly more variable than hCE1 (2.3‐fold difference between the highest and lowest individuals; CV, 36%). However, hCE1 protein is found in 46‐fold higher amounts in HLMs than hCE2 protein (64.4 ± 16.5 μg hCE1/mg microsomal protein compared to 1.4 ± 0.2 μg hCE2/mg microsomal protein). The hydrolytic activity specifically attributable to hCE1 and hCE2 in individual HLMs was measured using bioresmethrin (a pyrethroid insecticide hydrolyzed specifically by hCE1, but not by hCE2) and procaine (an analgesic drug hydrolyzed by hCE2, but not by hCE1). The hydrolytic activity of individual HLMs toward bioresmethrin and procaine did not correlate with the protein content of hCE1 and hCE2. Thus, the mere abundance of CE proteins is not a good predictor of CE activity in HLMs. Identification of the factors that lead to altered CE activities in HLMs will be important to characterize since several pharmaceutical agents, environmental toxicants, and endobiotics are metabolized by these enzymes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:187–196, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20178
Fractal Analysis of TATB‐Based Explosive AFM Morphology at Different Conditions
Authors: Cheng Ke‐Mei , Liu Xue‐Yong , Guan De‐Bin , Xu Tao , Wei Zhong
Published: August 2007

The morphology of in situ heated and stockpiled TATB‐based explosive (TBE) was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM images were analyzed by a fractal method and conventional methods. The result of the fractal analysis indicated that in the thermal process of TBE the binder chains were gradually activated with increasing temperature and resulted in a spread of binder and a decrease in the fractal dimension of the surface. The crystallinity of the binder increased with extending time above the glass transition temperature (Tg), which caused the surface structure dimension (Df) to be more complicated.
The Effects of Conventional Stabilizers and Phenol Compounds Used as Antioxidants on the Stabilization of Nitrocellulose
Authors: Katoh Katsumi , Yoshino Satoru , Kubota Shiro , Wada Yuji , Ogata Yuji , Nakahama Masaru , Kawaguchi Shuhei , Arai Mitsuru
Published: August 2007

The thermal behavior of nitrocellulose (NC) containing diphenylamine (DPA), 2‐nitrodiphenylamine (2‐NO2‐DPA), N‐nitrosodiphenylamine (N‐NO‐DPA), ethyl centralite (EC), akardite II (AKII), 1,1,3‐tri‐(2‐methyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)‐butane (BPless), 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy‐phenyl)‐propionic acid octadecyl ester (BPhin), and 3‐(3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐phenyl)‐propionic acid 2‐(9‐{2‐[3‐(3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐phenyl)‐propionyloxy]‐1,1‐dimethyl‐ethyl}‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxa‐spiro [5.5] undec‐3‐yl)‐2‐methyl‐propyl ester (BPsemi) was observed during isothermal storage at 393 K using a C80 microcalorimeter. The results indicate that each stabilizer decreased NC's maximum heat release rate and increased the induction period of heat release. We also observed that the maximum heat release rate and the induction period were dependent on the amount of stabilizer. DPA decreased the maximum heat release rate to the greatest extent, with the other stabilizers having similar effects on the decrease of maximum heat release rate. AKII prolonged the induction period of heat release most. The order of prolongation of the induction period was AKII>2‐NO2‐DPA≈DPA>N‐NO‐DPA≈EC>BPless≈BPsemi≈BPhin.
Emergency Left Colon Resection for Acute Perforation. Primary Anastomosis or Hartmann’s Procedure? A Case‐matched Control Study
Authors: Breitenstein Stefan , Kraus Armin , Hahnloser Dieter , Decurtins Marco , Clavien Pierre‐Alain , Demartines Nicolas
Published: August 2007

Background

The optimal treatment remains controversial for acute left‐sided colon perforation. Therefore, the effectiveness and safety of primary anastomosis versus Hartmann’s operation (HP) was compared in a case‐matched control study.

Methods

Thirty consecutive patients with primary anastomosis and protective ileostomy (PAS) were matched to 30 HP patients, controlling for age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, body mass index (BMI), and peritonitis severity (Hinchey). In a second analysis, PAS patients with purulent peritonitis (Hinchey 3) were matched to patients with primary anastomosis without ileostomy (PA).

Results

Hospital mortality was similar between HP (17%) and PAS (10%). Complication frequency and severity (requiring re‐intervention or admission to the Intensive Care Unit [ICU]) were comparable for the first operation (60% versus 56% and 30% versus 32%). The stoma reversal rate was higher in PAS than in HP (96% versus 60%, p = 0.001), with significantly fewer complications (23% versus 66%, p = 0.02), and lower severity (7% versus 33%, p = 0.02). Additional analysis of PAS versus PA showed similar morbidity (52% versus 41%, p = 0.45) and complication severity (18% versus 24%, p = 0.51), whereas overall operation time and hospital stay were significantly shorter in PA (169 versus 320 min, p = 0.003, 17 versus 28 days, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Primary anastomosis and protective ileostomy is a superior treatment to HP in acute left‐sided colon perforation. In the absence of feculent peritonitis an ileostomy appears unnecessary.
Effect of carvedilol and metoprolol on the mode of death in patients with heart failure
Authors: Remme Willem J. , Cleland John G. , Erhardt Leif , Spark Phillip , Torp‐Pedersen Christian , Metra Marco , Komajda Michel , Moullet Christine , Lukas Mary Ann , Poole‐Wilson Philip , Di Lenarda Andrea , Swedberg Karl
Published: August 2007

Background

In the COMET study, carvedilol improved survival compared to metoprolol tartrate in 3029 patients with NYHA II–IV heart failure and EF <35%, followed for an average of 58months.

Aims

To evaluate whether the effect on overall mortality was specific for a particular mode of death. This may help to identify the mechanism of the observed difference.

Methods

Of the 1112 total deaths, 972 were adjudicated as cardiovascular, including 480 sudden, 365 circulatory failure (CF) and 51 stroke deaths. For each mode of death, the effect of pre‐specified baseline variables was assessed, including sex, age, NYHA class, aetiology, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, EF, atrial fibrillation, previous myocardial infarction or hypertension, renal function, concomitant medication, and study treatment allocation.

Results

In multivariate Cox regression analyses, compared to metoprolol, carvedilol reduced cardiovascular (RR 0.80, CI 0.7−0.91, p=0.0009), sudden (RR 0.77, CI 0.64−0.93, p=0.0073) and stroke deaths (RR 0.37, CI 0.19−0.71, p=0.0027) with a non‐significant trend for CF death (RR 0.83, CI 0.66−1.04, p=0.07). Treatment benefit with carvedilol did not differ between modes of death, except for a greater reduction in stroke death with carvedilol (competing risk analysis, p=0.0071 vs CF death). There were no interactions between treatment allocation and baseline characteristics.

Conclusion

Mortality reduction with carvedilol compared to metoprolol appears relatively non‐specific and could be consistent with a superior effect of carvedilol on cardiac function, arrhythmias or, in view of the greater reduction in stroke deaths, on vascular events.
Gibbs measures on self-affine Sierpiński carpets and their singularity spectrum
Authors: BARRAL JULIEN , MENSI MOUNIR
Published: August 2007

We consider a class of Gibbs measures on self-affine Sierpiński carpets and perform the multifractal analysis of its elements. These deterministic measures are Gibbs measures associated with bundle random dynamical systems defined on probability spaces whose geometrical structure plays a central role. A special subclass of these measures is the class of multinomial measures on Sierpiński carpets. Our result improves the already known result concerning the multifractal nature of the elements of this subclass by considerably weakening and in some cases even eliminating a strong separation condition of geometrical nature.
Invariant densities for generalizedβ-maps
Authors: GÓRA PAWEŁ
Published: August 2007

We find an explicit formula for the invariant density of a generalizedβ-map. This allows us to also find an explicit formula for the invariant density of Chebyshev map and discuss the monotonicity of the asymptotic average for such maps. Our results are based on a generalization of works of Parry (Acta Math. Acad. Sci. Hungar. 11(1960), 401–416;15(1964), 95–105).
The Lyapunov exponents of generic zero divergence three-dimensional vector fields
Authors: BESSA MÁRIO
Published: August 2007

We prove that for a C1-generic (dense Gδ) subset of all the conservative vector fields on three-dimensional compact manifolds without singularities, we have for Lebesgue almost every (a.e.) point p∈M that either the Lyapunov exponents at p are zero or X is an Anosov vector field. Then we prove that for a C1-dense subset of all the conservative vector fields on three-dimensional compact manifolds, we have for Lebesgue a.e. p∈M that either the Lyapunov exponents at p are zero or p belongs to a compact invariant set with dominated splitting for the linear Poincaré flow.
Degree-growth of monomial maps
Authors: HASSELBLATT BORIS , PROPP JAMES
Published: August 2007

For projectivizations of rational maps, Bellon and Viallet defined the notion of algebraic entropy using the exponential growth rate of the degrees of iterates. We want to call this notion to the attention of dynamicists by computing algebraic entropy for certain rational maps of projective spaces (Theorem 6.2) and comparing it with topological entropy (Theorem 5.1). The particular rational maps we study are monomial maps (Definition 1.2), which are closely related to toral endomorphisms. Theorems 5.1 and 6.2 that imply that the algebraic entropy of a monomial map is always bounded above by its topological entropy, and that the inequality is strict if the defining matrix has more than one eigenvalue outside the unit circle. Also, Bellon and Viallet conjectured that the algebraic entropy of every rational map is the logarithm of an algebraic integer, and Theorem 6.2 establishes this for monomial maps. However, a simple example using a monomial map shows that a stronger conjecture of Bellon and Viallet is incorrect, in that the sequence of algebraic degrees of the iterates of a rational map of projective space need not satisfy a linear recurrence relation with constant coefficients.
Lorenz energy cycle of the global atmosphere based on reanalysis datasets
Authors: Li Liming , Ingersoll Andrew P. , Jiang Xun , Feldman Daniel , Yung Yuk L.
Published: August 2007

The mean state of the global atmospheric energy cycle is re‐examined using the two reanalysis datasets — NCEP2 and ERA40 (1979–2001). The general consistency between the two datasets suggests that the present estimates of the energy cycle are probably the most reliable ones. The comparison between the present and a previous study shows noticeable discrepancies in some of the energy components and conversion rates. The current estimate of the transformations from mean potential energy to mean kinetic energy C(PM, KM) further suggests that the near‐surface processes play an important role in the conversion rate C(PM, KM), along with the Ferrel cell and Hadley cells, which probably change the direction of the conversion rate C(PM, KM).