bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Holocene tephrostratigraphic record of Lake Shkodra (Albania and Montenegro)
Authors: Sulpizio Roberto , Van Welden Aurelien , Caron Benoit , Zanchetta Giovanni
Published: October 2009

Two cores were recovered in the southeastern part of Lake Shkodra (Montenegro and Albania) and sampled for identification of tephra layers. The first core (SK13, 7.8 m long) was recovered from a water depth of 7 m, while the second core (SK19, 5.8 m long) was recovered close to the present‐day shoreline (water depth of 2 m). Magnetic susceptibility investigations show generally low values with some peaks that in some cases are related to tephra layers. Naked‐eye inspection of the cores allowed the identification of four tephra layers in core SK13 and five tephra layers in core SK19. Major element analyses on glass shards and mineral phases allowed correlation of the tephra layers between the two cores, and their attribution to six different Holocene explosive eruptions of southern Italy volcanoes. Two tephra layers have under‐saturated composition of glass shards (foiditic and phonolitic) and were correlated to the AD 472 and the Avellino (ca. 3.9 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Somma‐Vesuvius. One tephra layer has benmoreitic composition and was correlated to the FL eruption of Mount Etna (ca. 3.4 cal. ka BP). The other three tephra layers have trachytic composition and were correlated to Astroni (ca. 4.2 cal. ka BP), Agnano Monte Spina (ca. 4.5 cal. ka BP) and Agnano Pomici Principali (ca. 12.3 cal. ka BP) eruptions of Campi Flegrei. The ages of tephra layers are in broad agreement with eight 14C accelerator mass spectrometric measurements carried out on plant remains and charcoal from the lake sediments at different depths along the two cores. The recognition of distal tephra layers from Italian volcanoes allowed the physical link of the Holocene archive of Lake Shkodra to other archives located in the central Mediterranean area and the Balkans (i.e. Lake Ohrid). Five of the recognised tephra layers were recognised for the first time in the Balkans area, and this has relevance for volcanic hazard assessment and for ash dispersal forecasting in case of renewed explosive activity from some of the southern Italy volcanoes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron fortification and parboiled rice quality: appearance, cooking quality and sensory attributes
Authors: Prom‐u‐thai Chanakan , Rerkasem Benjavan , Fukai Shu , Huang Longbin
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Iron (Fe) fortification of parboiled rice increases both Fe concentration and bioavailability in milled grains (i.e. white rice). The aim of the present study was to evaluate parboiled rice fortified with 250 and 450 mg Fe kg−1 paddy rice for its pre‐cooking appearance, cooking quality, basic sensory attributes and overall acceptance in comparison with unfortified parboiled rice in Thailand and local parboiled rice in Bangladesh.

RESULTS: Fe fortification at 250 mg Fe kg−1 paddy rice significantly elevated Fe concentration in white rice to as high as 19.1 mg Fe kg−1 white rice, compared with 6.2 mg Fe kg−1 white rice for unfortified parboiled rice, without any adverse impact on consumer acceptance based on the current preliminary assessment. The added Fe was well retained in the cooked rice, with significant residual value for human intake. Panellists in Thailand and Bangladesh did not detect significant differences in the acceptability of parboiled rice fortified at 250 mg Fe kg−1 paddy rice compared with unfortified and local parboiled rice respectively. However, Fe fortification of parboiled rice at the higher level of 450 mg Fe kg−1 paddy rice significantly intensified the yellow colour of the grain and changed the off‐flavour, chewiness and flakiness of the cooked Fe‐fortified parboiled rice. This resulted in a low acceptability ranking of parboiled rice fortified at 450 mg Fe kg−1 paddy rice by panellists in both Thailand and Bangladesh.

CONCLUSION: Fe fortification of parboiled rice at an appropriate level (e.g. 250 mg Fe kg−1 paddy rice) is dosage‐effective and acceptable to rice consumers. Consumer acceptability of Fe‐fortified parboiled rice is closely related to pre‐cooking appearance, cooking quality and sensory attributes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Event‐specific analytical methods for biotech maize MIR 604 and DAS‐59122‐7
Authors: Lee Seong‐Hun , Yi Bu‐Young , Kim Su‐Jeong
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: It is very important to develop analytical methods for genetically modified organism (GMO) labelling systems and living modified organism (LMO) management. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most efficient DNA‐based analytical method for identifying and quantifying biotech crops. Qualitative PCR methods have been developed to detect the presence of biotech crops, while quantitative PCR methods have been developed to analyse the content of biotech crops. Analytical methods are now required for new biotech maize events, MIR 604 and DAS‐59122‐7.

RESULTS: The event‐specific primers and probes were developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of biotech maize MIR 604 and DAS‐59122‐7 based on the 3′ flanking regions. As a reference molecule, single standard plasmid was developed. The specificity of the qualitative primers was confirmed by the single PCR product, with limits of detection (sensitivity) of 0.01 and 0.05% respectively. In‐house validation of the quantitative methods was performed using six levels of mixing samples (0.1–10% w/w). As a result, the biases from the true value and the relative standard deviations were within the range of ± 30%. The limits of quantitation of the quantitative methods were all 0.1% for real time PCRs of MIR 604 and DAS‐59122‐7.

CONCLUSION: In this study, event‐specific analytical methods were developed and applied to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biotech maize MIR 604 and DAS‐59122‐7. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Qualitative and quantitative differences in the carotenoid composition of yellow and red peppers determined by HPLC‐DAD‐MS
Authors: de Azevedo‐Meleiro Cristiane H. , Rodriguez‐Amaya Delia B.
Published: October 2009

The carotenoids of a yellow (F1 Amanda hybrid) and a red (F1 Magali hybrid) pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at the ripe stage, marketed in Campinas, Brazil, were identified by the combined use of the chromatographic behavior, absorption spectra, and chemical reactions, confirmed by the mass spectra. HPLC was carried out with a Spherisorb ODS 2 (C18, monomeric, 3 μm, 4.6×150 mm) column and DAD and mass detector. The main carotenoids in the yellow pepper were violaxanthin (27.1–36.6 μg/g), lutein (5.3–9.3 μg/g), and β‐carotene (1.6–3.9 μg/g). Neoxanthin, (Z)‐violaxanthin, (Z)‐antheraxanthin, (Z)‐lutein, α‐cryptoxanthin, β‐cryptoxanthin, ζ‐carotene, α‐carotene, and phytofluene were also found as minor carotenoids. In red pepper, the major carotenoids were capsanthin (29.2–36.2 μg/g), lutein (5.8–8.7 μg/g), β‐carotene (5.1–6.8 μg/g), and violaxanthin (1.8–3.6 μg/g). Minor carotenoids were capsorubin, β‐apo‐8′‐carotenal, antheraxanthin, zeaxanthin, and β‐cryptoxanthin.
Extraction and separation of water‐soluble proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis‐transgenic and non‐transgenic maize species by CZE
Authors: Sázelová Petra , Kašička Václav , Ibáñez Elena , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: October 2009

A new method for extraction and CZE separation and characterization of water‐soluble proteins (albumin fraction) from Bacillus thuringiensis‐transgenic and non‐transgenic maize varieties was developed. Protein content in the extracts from maize flours was estimated by UV‐absorbance at 280 nm and Lowry protein assay. Protein extracts were analyzed by CZE in four acidic BGEs (100 mM H3PO4, 50 mM Tris, pH 2.25; 500 mM acetic acid, pH 2.6; 200 mM formic acid, 200 mM acetic acid, pH 2.05; 200 mM iminodiacetic acid, pH 2.26) using a homemade CZE device equipped with bare fused silica capillary and UV‐absorption detector at 206 nm. Among the tested BGEs, the best resolution of extracted proteins was achieved in isoelectric BGE, 200 mM iminodiacetic acid, pH 2.26. Well‐resolved components of protein extracts were characterized by effective electrophoretic mobilities and corrected (migration times normalized) peak areas. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences in CZE‐UV profiling were found. This approach can potentially be used to distinguish the B. thuringiensis variety from the wild maize in an easy and straightforward way.
Thymic cyst: A fourth branchial cleft anomaly
Authors: Nayan Smriti , MacLean Jonathan , Sommer Doron
Published: October 2009

We report a unique case of a fourth branchial cleft cyst found within the thymus of an adult patient. In the literature to date, there have been no reports of such a finding in the adult population. These anomalies can often cause recurrent acute suppurative thyroiditis or recurrent deep neck abscesses. Delay in recognizing the underlying etiology can lead to significant complications. Laryngoscope, 2010
Studies on boundary lubrication properties of oxidised coconut and soy bean oils
Authors: Mannekote Jagadeesh K. , Kailas Satish V.
Published: October 2009

Vegetable oils are a potential source of base oils for biodegradable lubricants, with limited oxidative stability. This study focuses on the effect of long‐term ageing and the influence of oxidation products on the boundary lubrication performance of coconut and soy bean oils, by subjecting them to accelerated ageing in a dark oven at elevated temperature. The samples were collected at regular intervals and analysed for the changes in viscosity, percentage of free fatty acid and peroxide number compared to fresh oil samples. The boundary lubrication properties of these samples were evaluated using a four‐ball tester. Increased wear observed with aged oil samples was linked to the destruction of triglyceride structure and formation of peroxides. The difference in the wear properties of soy bean oil to coconut oil was accounted by its high content of unsaturated fatty acids and its susceptibility to undergo oxidation. It was concluded that the coconut oil can perform as a better lubricant and has got a better storage life compared to soy bean oil. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of fomblin® lubricant with surface nitrided and/or coated bearing (M50) steel
Authors: Rai A. K. , Nainaparampil J. , Massey M. , Bhattacharya R. S. , Gschwender L. J. , Snyder C. E.
Published: October 2009

High‐temperature perfluoropolalkylether lubricants including Fomblin® are susceptible to degradation and cause corrosion in the presence of ferrous metals such as M50 bearing steel. This paper describes the effect of surface treatment (nitriding), coating chemistry and architecture in preventing corrosion/oxidation of M50 steel and thermo‐oxidative degradation of Fomblin® fluid. Specifically, Cr‐CrN multilayered coating architecture was used with and without a nitrided steel surface. The oxidation/corrosion tests were conducted by immersing the nitrided and/or coated M50 coupons in Fomblin® fluid in an oxidative environment at 270°C for 24 h and compared with untreated/uncoated coupons. It is shown that a considerable lessening of the corrosion of the steel and degradation of the Fomblin® fluid can be achieved by nitriding alone. Nitriding in combination with the multilayered Cr‐CrN coating exhibited the best protection. The results are discussed in relation to the literature data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Amphiphilic PEG‐co‐PGL‐g‐PCL Copolymer Brushes: Synthesis, Micellization and Controlled Drug Delivery
Authors: Mao Jing , Gan Zhihua
Published: October 2009

A series of amphiphilic graft copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)‐co‐glycidol‐graft‐(ε‐caprolactone) (PEG‐co‐PGL‐g‐PCL) with PEG as the hydrophilic backbone chain and hydrophobic PCL as side chains have been synthesized by living anionic polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization. By changing the composition of the PEG‐co‐PGL backbone chains, and the molar ratio of CL monomer to PEG‐co‐PGL in the feed, copolymers with well‐defined architecture and controllable numbers and length of graft chains can be obtained. The micellization and drug release of the PEG‐co‐PGL‐g‐PCL graft copolymers have been studied in terms of dependence on graft numbers and length, and the results indicate that the micelles with shorter PCL side chains have more compact cores and a relatively small size which are favorable for drug loading and controlled release.

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Post‐fusion treatment with MG132 increases transcription factor expression in somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in pigs
Authors: You Jinyoung , Lee Joohyeong , Kim Jinyoung , Park Junhong , Lee Eunsong
Published: October 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of post‐fusion treatment of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) oocytes with the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 on maturation promoting factor (MPF) activity, nuclear remodeling, embryonic development, and gene expression of cloned pig embryos. Immediately after electrofusion, SCNT oocytes were treated with MG132 and/or caffeine for 2 hr, vanadate for 0.5 hr, or vanadate for 0.5 hr followed by MG132 for 1.5 hr. Of the MG132 concentrations tested (0–5 µM), the 1 µM concentration showed a higher rate of blastocyst formation (25.9%) than 0 (14.2%), 0.5 (16.9%), and 5 µM (16.9%). Post‐fusion treatment with MG132, caffeine, and both MG132 and caffeine improved blastocyst formation (22.1%, 21.4%, and 24.4%, respectively), whereas vanadate treatment inhibited blastocyst formation (6.5%) compared to the control (11.1%). When examined 2 hr after fusion and 1 hr after activation, MPF activity remained at a higher (P < 0.05) level in SCNT oocytes that were treated post‐fusion with caffeine and/or MG132, but it was decreased by vanadate. The rate of oocytes showing premature chromosome condensation was not altered by MG132 but was decreased by vanadate treatment. In addition, formation of single pronuclei was increased by MG132 compared to control and vanadate treatment. MG132‐treated embryos showed increased expression of POU5F1, DPPA2, DPPA3, DPPA5, and NDP52l1 genes compared to control embryos. Our results demonstrate that post‐fusion treatment of SCNT oocytes with MG132 prevents MPF degradation and increases expression of transcription factors in SCNT embryos, which are necessary for normal development of SCNT embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 77: 149–157, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Skeletal muscle cell MHC I expression: Implications for statin‐induced myopathy
Authors: Singh Pratibha , Kohr Danielle , Kaps Manfred , Blaes Franz
Published: October 2009

Statins can induce necrotizing or inflammatory myopathies in some patients. Increased major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) expression has been shown in muscle biopsies of statin‐induced myopathy. Therefore, we investigated the effect of statins on the expression of MHC I in muscle cells. Using flow cytometry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the rhabdomyosarcoma cell line TE671 and primary cultured skeletal muscle cells (SKMC) were investigated for MHC I expression after incubation with different statins and/or interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ). TE671 and SKMC express MHC I in the untreated condition. Statins alone reduced the expression of MHC I in SKMC and had no effect on MHC I in TE671 cells. Statins potentiated the MHC I–inducing effect of IFN‐γ in TE671, but not in SKMC, neither at the protein level nor at the mRNA level. The increased muscle MHC I expression in statin‐induced myopathy might not be induced directly by statins themselves. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Primary AL amyloid polyneuropathy successfully treated with high‐dose melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Katoh Nagaaki , Matsuda Masayuki , Yoshida Takuhiro , Yazaki Masahide , Morita Hiroshi , Sakashita Kazuo , Ikeda Shu‐Ichi
Published: October 2009

We report 2 patients with polyneuropathy associated with amyloid derived from light chains (AL) who were treated successfully with high‐dose melphalan followed by autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (HDM/SCT). Neuropathic symptoms improved in conjunction with normalization of serum‐free light chains. In addition to amyloid deposits in tissues, an amyloidogenic light chain itself produced by abnormal plasma cells might be harmful to peripheral nerve function, and thus HDM/SCT seems to be a promising therapy for primary AL amyloid polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy associated with statins
Authors: Grable‐Esposito Phyllis , Katzberg Hans D. , Greenberg Steven A. , Srinivasan Jayashri , Katz Jonathan , Amato Anthony A.
Published: October 2009

We report patients from two neuromuscular centers who were evaluated between the years 2000 and 2008 and met the following criteria: (1) proximal muscle weakness occurring during or after treatment with statins; (2) elevated serum creatine kinase (CK); (3) persistence of weakness and elevated CK despite discontinuation of the statin; (4) improvement with immunosuppressive agents; and (5) muscle biopsy showing necrotizing myopathy without significant inflammation. Twenty‐five patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Twenty‐four patients required multiple immunosuppressive agents. Fifteen patients relapsed after being tapered off immunosuppressive therapy. Exposure to statins prior to onset was significantly higher in patients with necrotizing myopathy (82%) as compared to those with dermatomyositis (18%), polymyositis (24%), and inclusion‐body myositis (38%) seen in the same time period. The lack of improvement following discontinuation of statins, the need for immunosuppressive therapy, and frequent relapse when treatment was tapered suggest an immune‐mediated etiology for this rare, statin‐associated necrotizing myopathy. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Muscle strength and fatigue in patients with generalized myasthenia gravis
Authors: Symonette Caitlin J. , Watson Bradley V. , Koopman Wilma J. , Nicolle Michael W. , Doherty Timothy J.
Published: October 2009

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is characterized by fatigue and fluctuating muscle weakness resulting from impaired neuromuscular transmission (NMT). The objective of this study was to quantify, by direct measurement of muscle force, the strength and fatigue of patients with MG. A maximal voluntary isometric contraction protocol of shoulder abductors was used in conjunction with conventional fatigue and disease‐severity instruments. Results from patients with (D‐MG) and without (ND‐MG) decrement on repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) of the spinal accessory and axillary nerves were compared with healthy controls. Patients with MG reported greater fatigue than controls. Muscle strength was lowest in the D‐MG group, followed by the ND‐MG group and controls. Normalized shoulder abduction fatigue and recovery values did not differ between the D‐MG and ND‐MG groups or controls. The RNS decrement appears to relate best to disease severity and muscle weakness but not to objective measures of fatigue in this population. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Non‐lethal neonatal neuromuscular variant of glycogenosis type IV with novel GBE1 mutations
Authors: Fernandez Carla , Halbert Cécile , De Paula André Maues , Lacroze Valerié , Froissart Roseline , Figarella‐Branger Dominique , Chabrol Brigitte , Pellissier Jean‐François
Published: October 2009

We report a recent case of the severe congenital variant of glycogen storage disease type IV with prolonged survival. The patient was found to be a compound heterozygote for two novel mutations, a missense mutation in exon 5 (p.H188P, c.563A>C) and a severe mutation in intron 5 (c.691+2T>C). We propose that the genotype and the quality of medical care may account for the severe but non‐lethal phenotype. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Added sampling improves reproducibility of multipoint motor unit estimates
Authors: Goyal Namita , Salameh Johnny S. , Baldassari Laura E. , David William S.
Published: October 2009

Motor unit number estimation (MUNE) has been used to track motor unit attrition. Studies have used the modified multiple‐point stimulation (MPS) technique, collecting three surface motor unit action potentials (sMUAPs) from 3 sites to calculate MUNE. Factoring additional sMUAPs should theoretically improve reproducibility, but the optimal number has not been defined. We evaluated the effect of increased sMUAP sampling on test–retest reproducibility of the modified MPS MUNE technique and found that MUNE reproducibility increased with additional sampling. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Syrian hamster infected with Leishmania infantum: A new experimental model for inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Paciello Orlando , Wojcik Slawomir , Gradoni Luigi , Oliva Gaetano , Trapani Francesca , Iovane Valentina , Politano Luisa , Papparella Serenella
Published: October 2009

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are inflammatory disorders of unknown origin. On the basis of clinical, histopathological, and immunological features, they can be differentiated into three major and distinct subsets: dermatomyositis; polymyositis; and inclusion‐body myositis. Although a few animal models for IIM are currently available, they lack several characteristic aspects of IIMs. The aim of our study was to examine skeletal muscle involvement in an experimental animal model of visceral leishmaniasis, a disseminated infection caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, and to compare features of associated inflammation with those of human IIM. Syrian hamsters infected intraperitoneally with amastigotes of L. infantum were killed at 3 or 4 months post‐infection, and the skeletal muscles were studied. Focal inflammation was predominantly observed in the endomysium and, to a lesser extent, in perivascular areas. Degenerating muscle fibers were also found, as well as myonecrosis. Immunofluorescence with confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to characterize the phenotype of inflammatory infiltrates and the distribution of MHC class I and II in muscle biopsies. The infiltrating inflammatory cells consisted mainly of T cells, and CD8+ T cells were found in non‐necrotic muscle fibers that expressed MHC class I on the sarcolemma. In addition to T cells, several macrophages were present. The model we are proposing closely resembles polymyositis and may be useful in studying certain aspects of this disease such as the role of T cells in muscle inflammation and myocytotoxicity, while also providing novel therapeutic targets. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Effects of exercise and muscle type on BDNF, NT‐4/5, and TrKB expression in skeletal muscle
Authors: Ogborn Daniel I. , Gardiner Phillip F.
Published: October 2009

Muscle‐derived neurotrophins are thought to contribute to the adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise, but the effects of brief exercise interventions on BDNF, NT‐4/5, and trkB are not understood. RNA was extracted for RT‐PCR from soleus and medial gastrocnemius of Sprague‐Dawley rats exercised on a treadmill at speeds up to 20 m/min at 5% incline for 5 or 10 days. BDNF expression was elevated in soleus following 5 days (184%, P < 0.001) but not 10 days of exercise. NT‐4/5 and trkB were not affected at either time‐point. BDNF mRNA was significantly higher in soleus at rest when compared with medial gastrocnemius (193%, P < 0.05). No significant effects of muscle type were detected for NT‐4/5 and trkB. Our results indicate differential control of BDNF expression between soleus and medial gastrocnemius following 5 days of exercise. BDNF may be a protein with an uncharacterized contribution to the acute adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise, whereas NT‐4/5 shows no response. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Use of evans blue dye to compare limb muscles in exercised young and old mdx mice
Authors: Wooddell Christine I. , Zhang Guofeng , Griffin Jacob B. , Hegge Julia O. , Huss Thierry , Wolff Jon A.
Published: October 2009

Evans blue dye (EBD) is used to mark damaged and permeable muscle fibers in mouse models of muscular dystrophy and as an endpoint in therapeutic trials. We counted EBD‐positive muscle fibers and extracted EBD from muscles sampled throughout the hindlimbs in young adult and old mdx mice to determine if the natural variability in morphology would allow measurement of a functional improvement in one limb compared to the contralateral limb. Following one bout of rotarod or treadmill exercise that greatly increased serum creatine kinase levels, the number of EBD+ muscle fibers in 12–19‐month‐old mdx mice increased 3‐fold, EBD in the muscles increased, and, importantly, contralateral pairs of muscles contained similar amounts of EBD. In contrast, the intra‐ and interlimb amounts of EBD in 2–7‐month‐old mdx mice were much too variable. A therapeutic effect can more readily be measured in old mdx mice. These results will be useful in the design of therapy protocols using the mdx mouse. Muscle Nerve, 2010
A minmax principle for nonlinear eigenproblems depending continuously on the eigenparameter
Authors: Voss Heinrich
Published: October 2009

Variational characterizations of real eigenvalues of selfadjoint operators on a Hilbert space depending nonlinearly on an eigenparameter usually assume differentiable dependence of the operator on the eigenparameter. In this paper we generalize these results to nonlinear problems that depend only continuously on the parameter. This result is applied to a class of variational eigenvalue problems that in particular contains the vibrations of plates with attached masses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globally and superlinearly convergent inexact Newton–Krylov algorithms for solving nonsmooth equations
Authors: Chen Jinhai , Qi Liqun
Published: October 2009

This paper presents some variants of the inexact Newton method for solving systems of nonlinear equations defined by locally Lipschitzian functions. These methods use variants of Newton's iteration in association with Krylov subspace methods for solving the Jacobian linear systems. Global convergence of the proposed algorithms is established under a nonmonotonic backtracking strategy. The local convergence based on the assumptions of semismoothness and BD‐regularity at the solution is characterized, and the way to choose an inexact forcing sequence that preserves the rapid convergence of the proposed methods is also indicated. Numerical examples are given to show the practical viability of these approaches. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Standardization or localization? Executing corporate philanthropy in international firms
Authors: Merz Michael A. , Peloza John , Chen Qimei
Published: October 2009

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has become a key component of a firm's reputation. The reputational vulnerabilities and pressure for CSR are perhaps greatest among international firms with business activities across many countries and cultures. Although the strategies of firms entering new markets have been well researched, the CSR component of the market entry decision has been largely ignored, despite its significant relationship with the financial performance of the firm. Further, previous research has largely considered CSR from an environmental performance point of view, and thus has focused on a minimum level of investment in CSR as opposed to the optimal form of the investment. Our paper seeks to address this gap by examining market entry decisions as they relate to corporate philanthropy.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Quid Pro Quo of pediatric versus adult services for older adolescent cancer patients
Authors: Bleyer Archie
Published: October 2009

Purpose

Data from the State of Georgia suggest that pediatric cancers have better survival outcomes when treated at pediatric cancer centers that are members of the nation's Children's Oncology Group (COG).

Patients and Methods

To determine if the more adult types of cancer that occur in adolescents are better treated at centers with adult oncology expertise, the reported data were re‐analyzed according to a scale that assessed whether the type of cancer was more likely to have been treated by oncologists with pediatric versus adult cancer experience.

Results

The results showed that survival hazard index was linearly correlated in 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds with the pediatric versus adult cancer type index (P < 0.0001). All of the five most pediatric type of cancers had a better survival at COG institutions and all of the three tumors with a better survival at non‐COG institutions had the highest adult type scores.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate that adolescent patients with pediatric types of cancer fare better when their care is conducted or supervised by oncologists who specialize in the care of their type of cancer. The Georgia data are among the first to indicate that the more adult type of cancers are better treated on an adult treatment regimen and/or under the supervision or in conjunction with adult‐treating oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:238–241. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcranial doppler ultrasonography (TCD) in infants with sickle cell anemia: Baseline data from the BABY HUG trial
Authors: Pavlakis Steven G. , Rees Renée C. , Huang Xiangke , Brown R. Clark , Casella James F. , Iyer Rathi V. , Kalpatthi Ram , Luden Judy , Miller Scott T. , Rogers Zora R. , Thornburg Courtney D. , Wang Winfred C. , Adams Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Background

Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is used to predict stroke risk in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA), but has not been adequately studied in children under age 2 years.

Procedure

TCD was performed on infants with SCA enrolled in the BABY HUG trial. Subjects were 7–17 months of age (mean 12.6 months). TCD examinations were successfully performed in 94% of subjects (n = 192).

Results

No patient had an abnormal TCD as defined in the older child (time averaged maximum mean TAMM velocity ≥200 cm/sec) and only four subjects (2%) had velocities in the conditional range (170–199 cm/sec). TCD velocities were inversely related to hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and directly related to increasing age.

Conclusion

Determination of whether the TCD values in this very young cohort of infants with SCA can be used to predict stroke risk later in childhood will require analysis of exit TCD's and long‐term follow‐up, which is ongoing (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00006400). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:256–259. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of early precursors of t(12;21) positive pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia during follow‐up
Authors: László Renáta , Alpár Donát , Kajtár Béla , Lacza Ágnes , Ottóffy Gábor , Kiss Csongor , Bartyik Katalin , Nagy Kálmán , Pajor László
Published: October 2009

DNA‐, RNA‐, and cell‐based methods provide different biologic information for determining the presence of minimal residual disease (MRD). We monitored the responses of patients with pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pALL) using DNA markers, TEL/AML1 expression, and scanning fluorescence microscopy (SFM). Using SFM, 36% of patients exhibited 1.5–3.1 log and 2.9–4.2 log higher MRD levels compared with those based on DNA and RNA markers, respectively. CD10+ ancestor cells with germline antigen receptors, but silent TEL/AML1 expression, may reside in the lymphoid stem cell compartment of treated t(12;21)‐positive patients and might act as a potential source of cells for late relapses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010; 54:158–160. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of birth weight corrected for gestational age and birth weight alone in prediction of development of childhood leukemia and central nervous system tumors
Authors: Sprehe Michael R. , Barahmani Nadia , Cao Yumei , Wang Tao , Forman Michele R. , Bondy Melissa , Okcu M. Fatih
Published: October 2009

Introduction

High birth weight (HBW) is an established risk factor for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The purpose of this study was to evaluate if birth weight (BW) corrected‐for‐gestational age is a better predictor than BW alone for occurrence of ALL and other malignancies in children.

Materials and Methods

Birth certificate data of 2,254 children with cancer who were younger than 5 years old at diagnosis and registered at Texas Cancer Registry during 1995–2003 were compared to 11,734 age‐matched controls. Multivariable logistic regression was used to compare models with BW corrected‐for‐gestational age and BW alone.

Results

Compared to children who were appropriate for gestational age (AGA), children who were large for gestational age (LGA) at birth had a 1.66 times (95% CI 1.32–2.10) higher odds of ALL. Similarly, children with a BW ≥4,000 g had a 1.5 times (95% CI 1.18–1.89) higher odds for ALL, compared to children who weighed >2,500 and <4,000 g at birth. Using model diagnostics, the model containing BW corrected‐for‐gestational age was a better predictor than the model with BW alone [Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) 4,646 vs. 4,658, respectively]. Odds ratios (OR) were similar for LGA children who were <4,000 g and LGA children who were ≥4,000 g (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.97–2.5 and OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.29–2.16, respectively). BW was not an independent risk factor for acute myeloid leukemia or brain tumors.

Conclusion

BW corrected‐for‐gestational age is a better predictor than BW alone of risk for ALL. Future studies using BW variable should incorporate gestational age in their analyses. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:242–249. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New composites with high thermal conductivity and low dielectric constant for microelectronic packaging
Authors: Ling Wei , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Yuan Li
Published: October 2009

Three composites based on cyanate (CE) resin, aluminum nitride (AlN), surface‐treated aluminum nitride [AlN(KH560)], and silicon dioxide (SiO2) for microelectronic packaging, coded as AlN/CE, AlN(KH560)‐SiO2(KH560)/CE, and AlN‐SiO2/CE composite, respectively, were developed for the first time. The thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of all composites were investigated in detail. Results show that properties of fillers in composites have great influence on the thermal conductivity and dielectric constant of composites. Surface treatment of fillers is beneficial to increase the thermal conductivity or reduce dielectric constant of the composites. Comparing with binary composite, when the filler content is high, ternary composites possess lower thermal conductivity and dielectric constant. The reasons leading to these outcomes are discussed intensively. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fatigue damage in composite cylinders
Authors: Erkal Serkan , Sayman Onur , Benli Semih , Dogan Tolga , Cinar Yeni Emine
Published: October 2009

In this study, optimal angle‐ply orientation of symmetric composite cylinders under fatigue loading is investigated. The fiber‐reinforced plastic cylinders were manufactured from E‐glass/epoxy. The layers were manufactured symmetrically in [±75°]2, [±60°]2, [±55°]2, and [±45°]2 orientations. Burst pressure of filament‐wound composite cylinders under alternating pure internal pressure was measured experimentally. Internal fatigue pressure testing method was applied to the composite cylinders in close‐ended condition. For this study, a PLC controlled hydraulic pressure testing machine has been employed. The static burst pressure values of specimens were measured; subsequently, fatigue test pressure was applied in 70, 60, and 50% stress levels of burst pressure for each orientation. Damage propagations of the composite cylinders on these stress levels were observed as whitening, leakage, and final failure for [±60°]2, [±55°]2, and orientations. When the damage propagation of [±75°]2 angle‐ply cylinder was observed, whitening and leakage did not occur and final failure occurred suddenly. Stress‐cycle curves obtained from the tests are given in graphics. Experimental results reveal that variation in stress levels and the winding angles have considerable effects on final failure cycles, which is also presented graphically. The optimum winding angle for the composite pressure cylinders or vessels under internal fatigue pressure load was obtained as [±45°]2 orientation. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Development and validation of a rapid capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of aconite alkaloids in aconite roots
Authors: Song Jing‐Zheng , Han Quan‐Bin , Qiao Chun‐Feng , But Paul Pui‐Hay , Xu Hong‐Xi
Published: October 2009

Introduction – Aconites, with aconite alkaloids as the major therapeutic and toxic components, are used for the treatment of analgesic, antirheumatic and neurological symptoms. Quantification of the aconite alkaloids is important for the quality control of aconite‐containing drugs.

Objective – To establish a validated capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for the simultaneous determination of six major alkaloids, namely aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, benzoylaconine, benzoylmesaconine and benzoylhypaconine, in crude and processed aconite roots.

Methodology – The CZE method was optimised and validated using a stability‐indicating method. The optimised running buffer was a mixture of 200 mm Tris, 150 mm perchloric acid and 40% 1,4‐dioxane (pH 7.8) with the capillary thermostated at 25°C.

Results – Using the optimised method, six aconite alkaloids were well separated. The established method showed good precision, accuracy and recovery. Contents of these alkaloids in crude and processed aconites were determined and it was observed that the levels of individual alkaloids varied between samples.

Conclusion – The developed CZE method was reliable for the quality control of aconites contained in herbal medicines. The method could also be used as an approach for toxicological studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of sesquiterpene lactones in Eupatorium lindleyanum by HPLC‐PDA‐ESI‐MS/MS
Authors: Yang Nian Yun , Duan Jin Ao , Shang Er Xin , Tian Li Juan
Published: October 2009

Introduction – The aerial part Eupatorium lindleyanum is commonly used as an antipyretic and detoxicant clinically in traditional Chinese medicine. Our previous research showed that germacrane sesquiterpene lactones were its main active constituents, so the development of rapid and accurate methods for the identification of the sesquiterpene lactones is of great significance.

Objective – To develop an HPLC‐PDA‐ESI‐MS/MS method capable for simple and rapid analysis of germacrane sesquiterpene lactones in the aerial part E. lindleyanum.

Methodology – High‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array detection‐electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze germacrane sesquiterpene lactones of Eupatorium lindleyanum. The fragmentation behavior of germacrane sesquiterpene lactones in a Micromass Q/TOF Mass Spectrometer was discussed, and 9 germacrane sesquiterpene lactones were identified by comparison of their characteristic data of HPLC and MS analyses with those obtained from reference compounds.

Results – The investigated germacrane sesquiterpene lactones were identified as eupalinolides C (1), 3β‐acetoxy‐8β‐(4′‐hydroxy‐tigloyloxy)‐14‐hydroxy‐costunolide (2), eupalinolides A (3), eupalinolides B (4), eupalinolides E (5), 3β‐acetoxy‐8β‐(4′‐oxo‐tigloyloxy)‐14‐hydroxy‐heliangolide (6), 3β‐acetoxy‐8β‐(4′‐oxo‐ tigloyloxy)‐14‐hydroxy‐costunolide (7), hiyodorilactone B (8), and 3β‐acetoxy‐8β‐(4′‐hydroxy‐tigloyloxy)‐ costunolide (9). Compounds 6, 7 and 9 were reported for the first time.

Conclusion – HPLC‐PDA‐ESI‐MS/MS provides a new powerful approach to identify germacrane sesquiterpene lactones in E. lindleyanum rapidly and accurately. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous determination of flavonoids and phenylethanoids in the flowers of Verbascum densiflorum and V. phlomoides by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Klimek Barbara , Olszewska Monika Anna , Tokar Magdalena
Published: October 2009

Introduction – Mullein (Verbascum) flowers are highly valued herbal drugs used in the treatment of inflammation, asthma, spasmodic coughs and other respiratory tract diseases. Their phenolic constituents are considered to be responsible for the anti‐inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of the herb. However, knowledge about the contents of phenolics in flowers is limited and no HPLC method for their analysis is available.

Objective – To develop and validate an RP‐HPLC‐UV method for the simultaneous determination of eight flavonoids and two phenylethanoids in the flowers of Verbascum densiflorum and V. phlomoides.

Methodology – HPLC separation was accomplished on a C18 Lichrosphere 100 column (5 µm, 250 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d.) with an acetonitrile gradient elution using aqueous 0.5% (w/v) orthophosphoric acid solution containing 1% (v/v) tetrahydrofurane.

Results – All the calibration curves showed good linear correlation coefficients (r > 0.997) over the wide test ranges. The relative standard deviation of the method was less than 3.4% for intra‐ and inter‐day assays, and the average recoveries were between 93.5 and 101.9%. High sensitivity was demonstrated with detection limits of 0.062–0.083 µg/mL for flavonoid aglycones, 0.156–0.336 µg/mL for flavonoid glycosides and 0.390–0.555 µg/mL for phenylethanoids. The flower samples of V. phlomoides were found to contain high levels of diosmin and tamarixetin 7‐rutinoside (2.327–2.392% of dry weight), whereas verbascoside (0.688–0.742% of dry weight) and luteolin 7‐glucoside (0.204–0.279% of dry weight) dominated in the V. densiflorum flower.

Conclusion – The HPLC method established is appropriate for the quality assurance and the differentiation of V. phlomoides and V. densiflorum samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of regional left ventricular longitudinal function in 151 normal fetuses using velocity vector imaging
Authors: Peng Qing‐Hai , Zhou Qi‐Chang , Zeng Shi , Tian Lei‐Qi , Zhang Ming , Tan Yi , Pu Da‐Rong
Published: October 2009

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical value of velocity vector imaging (VVI) in the assessment of normal fetal regional myocardial performance and to establish a normative data set for normal Chinese fetuses.

Methods

One hundred and fifty‐one healthy Chinese fetuses were divided into five groups according to their gestational age. Digital dynamic four‐chamber views were collected and analyzed offline. The regional tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate of the interventricular septum and left lateral wall were measured in systole and diastole.

Results

Normal systolic and diastolic values for tissue velocity, strain, and strain rate were established. Tissue velocity decreased gradually from the basal segment to the apical segment (P < 0.01), whereas the strain and strain rate were stable among all segments in every group (P > 0.05). Tissue velocity was dependent on gestational age (P < 0.05), whereas strain and strain rate were stable throughout gestation (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

VVI is a novel noninvasive tool for quantitative assessment of regional systolic and diastolic function of the fetal heart. Fetal myocardial velocity, strain, and strain rate measurements can be measured easily and reproducibly. This technique is useful for evaluating cardiac function. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analyses of α‐chitin whisker‐reinforced poly(vinyl alcohol) nanocomposite nanofibers
Authors: Junkasem Jirawut , Rujiravanit Ratana , Grady Brian P , Supaphol Pitt
Published: October 2009

Electrospinning is a facile method for preparing nanocomposite materials in fiber form. Nanomaterials that have been incorporated within such fibers are usually inorganic in nature. Recently, nanocomposite nanofibers based on poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as the matrix and nanocrystals of α‐chitin (i.e. chitin whiskers; ca 31 nm in width and ca 549 nm in length on average) as the nanofiller have been successfully prepared. In the study reported here, the fibers were further investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and dynamic mechanical analyses in comparison with the corresponding solvent‐cast films. The average diameters of the PVA/chitin whiskers fibers ranged between 175 and 218 nm. Careful analysis of the wide‐angle XRD patterns of the fiber mats and the films showed that PVA was partially crystalline, and the incorporation of the whiskers within the fibers was confirmed by peaks characteristic to α‐chitin crystals. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the fiber mats were weaker than the films and that the relaxation temperatures associated with the glass transition (Tg) of the fiber mats were greater than those of the films. The addition and increasing the amount of the whiskers caused the crystallinity of PVA within the nanocomposite materials to decrease and Tg to increase. The present study shows that the geometry of nanocomposite materials plays a major role in determining their properties. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Proteomic analysis of liver tissue fromHBx‐transgenic mice at early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Kim Sun‐Young , Lee Phil Young , Shin Hye‐Jun , Kim Do Hyung , Kang Sunghyun , Moon Hyung‐Bae , Kang Sang Won , Kim Jin‐Man , Park Sung Goo , Park Byoung Chul , Yu Dae‐Yeul , Bae Kwang‐Hee , Lee Sang Chul
Published: October 2009

The hepatitis B virus X‐protein (HBx), a multifunctional viral regulator, participates in the viral life cycle and in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We previously reported a high incidence of HCC in transgenic mice expressing HBx. In this study, proteomic analysis was performed to identify proteins that may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and/or that could be utilized as early detection biomarkers for HCC. Proteins from the liver tissue ofHBx‐transgenic mice at early stages of carcinogenesis (dysplasia and hepatocellular adenoma) were separated by 2‐DE, and quantitative changes were analyzed. A total of 22 spots displaying significant quantitative changes were identified using LC‐MS/MS. In particular, several proteins involved in glucose and fatty acid metabolism, such as mitochondrial 3‐ketoacyl‐CoA thiolase, intestinal fatty acid‐binding protein 2 and cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase, were differentially expressed, implying that significant metabolic alterations occurred during the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis. The results of this proteomic analysis provide insights into the mechanism of HBx‐mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. Additionally, this study identifies possible therapeutic targets for HCC diagnosis and novel drug development for treatment of the disease.
Reactive intermediates in the initiation step of the photo‐oxidation of MDMO‐PPV
Authors: Chambon Sylvain , Rivaton Agnès , Gardette Jean‐Luc , Firon Muriel
Published: October 2009

Because oxygen cannot be fully eliminated from organic solar cells, the occurrence of oxidative photo‐degradation of the device in operating conditions has to be considered. Polyphenylene‐vinylene‐based photovoltaic devices have a short lifetime that currently limits their applications. In this article, we focus on various transient species that are potentially involved in the initiation step of the photo‐oxidation of poly[2‐methoxy‐5‐(3′,7′‐dimethyloctyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MDMO‐PPV). The role of the transient species was investigated by a combination of quenching and sensitization experiments. Complementary information was obtained by transient absorption spectroscopy. Results evidenced the fact that 1O2 was not the principal reactive intermediate involved in the photo‐oxidation of MDMO‐PPV. This result was in contradiction with previous reports. It was shown that the MDMO‐PPV•+ radical cation was generated after excitation. The presence of oxygen and the photo‐aging favored the formation of the radical cation, suggesting that oxygen and photoproducts act as electron acceptors. The charged radicals formed are likely to evolve and give radicals that initiate the oxidation of the polymer by abstraction of the labile hydrogen in α position of the ether function and by addition on the double bonds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6044–6052, 2009