bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Childbirth Experience in Primiparae
Authors: Kim Hyun Kyung
Published: September 2023

This study was intended to provide women who are supposed to experience childbirth with effective nursing care exploring the childbirth experience. The purpose of this paper is to give an answer to the question of what the childbirth experience is, and phenomenological method has been used for that purpose. 17 primiparous mothers right after delivery in one university hospital of J city were served as subjects for this research. Data were collected June to October, 1993 through in depth interview with subjects using unstructured and open questions about the childbirth experience. Van Kaam's phenomenological analysis method was used for the analysis of the data.The results of the study are summarized as follows : The contents of the experience which primiparous mothers had undergone through childbirth were pain, fear, worry, relief, lightness, thankfulness, unsatisfactory, unreality, holiness for a new life, identifying the meaning of life, becoming a mother.1. Experience before delivery Mothers experienced pain, fear, worry, unsatisfactory, relief, and thankfulness before delivery. Subjects' descriptions about the pain appeared to be various ; unbearable pain, bearable pain, anticipated pain. And their reactions were also various ous ; some endured pain, sought alternative method i.e., surgery, didn't want to reexperience it, or accepted it as women's fate. Subjects experienced fear for anticipated pain, suffering pain, and possible delayed delivery progress and were worried about delivery progress and baby wellbeing. Also, Subjects were unsatisfied with professionals' unfaithful attitude, their spouses' absence, and the ignorance of their pain. But subjects became relieved at the accustomed surroundings, good progress of delivery, support of family, care of professionals and support of other family. And they expressed their thanks to the professionals nd family members for doing their best and also to their mothers who gave birth to them.2. Experience after delivery Subjects experienced lightness, thankfulness, unsatisfactory, worry, unreality, holiness for a new life, identifying the meaning of life, becoming a mother after delivery. Mothers experienced lightness from the fact that it is over, and freshness right after delivery. They were thankful that they delivered vaginally and had an easy delivery. Subjects who delivered female baby were unsatisfied and some were worried about rearing the baby. By confessing, "I have no specific feeling, I am very confused, It is unrealistic, I feel strange", they expressed the unrealistic aspect of childbirth experience. Subjects felt holiness for a new life for novelty and birth of life. They identified the meaning of life from the fact that they felt worthy, fulfilled their duty, had their own baby, accomplished an important affair. After they experienced what it is to be a mother, they realized with it is being a mother and had a rearing expectation for the baby.The results of the study will provide basic data for caring the childbearing women
Concept Analysis on Woman Health
Authors: Lee Kyung Hye , Han Young Ran , Bai Jeoung lee , Jeong Geum Hee
Published: September 2023

In order to help the theory development for "women health", and to apply to the women client care, the concept analysis of "women health" was done. According to the concept analysis method by Walker & Avant, the characters of concept "women health" were analyzed from literature.The results were as followings : first, it emphasizes reproductive focused health care(childbirth-oriented) and normal development process regarded as abnormal. Second, it is affected by culturall environment. Third, it is related with sex. Forth, it considers the human, feminine and maternal aspects. Fifth, it need woman-centered nursing approach to promote woman's quality of life. Sixth, it stresses not only wholistic human health promotion but also the harmony between human and environment. Seventh, it is needed to be considered woman's various experiences as important and it approaches phenomenogically and interdisciplinary. Eighth, it needed to understands person-situation interactional aspect. Ninth, it can promote the adaptation power to surrounding environment. Above results can elucidate the concept of "women health", and will be a basis of theory development of "women health" In practical nursing, these results will be a basis for the promotion of women health and for the increase of life quality.
Experience of the Married Women on Contraception
Authors: Cho Ok Soon , Lee Mi La
Published: September 2023

The study is to reveal what the married women has experienced while they were on the contraception. Data were gathered for four mothers beginning on October, 1996. Interviewees were 22 women. Data were analyzed by Colaizz's phenomenological data analysis method. Three basic structures of contraception experience were derived. Those are 'Conflict in choosing contraceptive methods', 'Dilemmar in sexual relationship', and 'Responsibility concerning contraception'. Contraception was a major task of the married women, and they difficulties, because sexual relation was usually initiated by husband and contraception by husband was negatively perceived in Korea culture. Conflict were caused by inavailability of information, side effects of contraceptive methods, and limitation of the contraceptive methods. Interviewees perceived that responsibility of contraception was on them, but they expressed feeling of anger against they burden by contraception. Most interviewees took initiation of contraception to keep their body healthy. Some of the interviewees got husband's cooperation through negotiation and shared responsibility with husband.Suggestions were as follows ; (1) Sex education, especially on communication about sex, is necessary to the married women.(2) Informations on contraception should be provided in the private environment.(3) Studies on husband's contraception experience are required to promote husband's cooperation.
A Study of the Relationship between Self Concept and Depression of Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Kim Jung Youb
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relation between self concept and depression of middle-age women. Data were collected by a questionnaire from June 23 to July 3, 1997. The subject for this study were 138 women between 40-60 years of age living in Seoul and Incheon. The instruments used for this study were the self concept scale developed by Rosenberg and Choi, Jung-Hun and the depression scale developed by Rockliff and the investigator. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, stepwise multiple regression using the SPSS program. The results of this study were as follows 1. Mean score of self concept was 3.58, in minimum score 2.86 to maximum score 3.99.2. Mean score of depression scale was 1.95, in a minimum score 1.50 to maximum score 2.61.3. The relationship between self concept and depression was statistically significant negative correlation(r=-0.5121, p<0.001).4. General characteristics variables significantly related to the level of self concept were marital status(t=-3.22, p<0.01), experience of disease in a year(t=2.76, p<0.01), child problem(t=-2.59, p<0.05), marital satisfaction(F=6.80, p<0.05).5. General characteristics variables significantly related to the level of depression were possession of house(t=-2.42, p<0.01), experience of disease in a year(t=-4.32, p<0.001), child problem(t=3.12, p<0.05), husband problem(t=5.29, p<0.001), marital satisfaction (F=8.36, p<0.001).6. Obstetrical characteristics variables significantly related to the level of self concept was times of pregnancy(F=3.54, p<0.05).7. Obstetrical characteristics variables significantly related to the level of depression were age of menarche(F=3.87, p<0.05), times of abortion(F=2.49, p<0.01) number of children(F=3.36, p<0.01).8. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, the main influencing variables on depression of middle aged women were self concept(R2=.26, p<0.001), husband problem (R2=.37, p<0.001), experience of disease in a year(R2=.41, p<0.001) and possession of house(R2=.44, p<0.001).
The Effect of a Breastfeeding Educational Program on Feeding Behavior
Authors: Nam Eun Sook
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of an educational program on parturient women's feeding behavior One hundred and twenty seven mothers who delivered in one general hospital in Seoul participated in the study, 66 mothers of whom were assigned to experimental group and 61, to control group. The data collection was done from April 20 to June 30 in 1997 and the educational program was applied to the experimental group on the third postpartum day and telephone calls were made on the fourth and the twelfth postpartum week to investigate feeding behavior after discharge. The collected data were analyzed by means of Chi-square test and descriptive statistics.The results are as follows : 1. Breast-feeding rate of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(x2=6.578, p=.043).2. Background variables affecting feeding behavior were age and feeding plan(age: x2=8.660, p=.070, feeding plan : x2=25.762, p=.000).3. The insufficient milk supply was the main cause of discontinuing breast-feeding and others were mother's job, baby's jaundice and diarrhea, baby's refusal to suck breastmilk. In conclusion, the breast-feeding educational program which was applied in this study is effective in the promotion of breast-feeding.
On the Relationship Between Menopausal Symptoms and Spiritual Well-being
Authors: Kim Mi Hyang
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between menopausal symptoms and spiritual well-being. In order to collect the research data, 350 questionaries were sent to the middle aged women who were 40-59 years old. During the collection period, March 20, 1977-April 20, 1977, 264 questionaries were collected. The questionnaire was prepared by using other researchers' scale, such as menopausal symptom scale by Neugarton and spiritual well-being scale by Paloutzian & Ellison. The research data were analyzed by various testable methods, such as frequency, t-test or ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation. The main results of this study were as follows ; Among the general characteristic variables, some variables have statistical significancy in explaining the difference of the menopausal symptoms. Such variables include age(F=5.17, p=0.002), years get married(F=4.23, p=0.002), number of children(F=3.08, p=0.028), income level of family(F=3.07, p=0.017), life style at leisure time(F=2.47, p=0.045). Some variables related to health condition could explain the differences of the menopausal symptoms among middle aged women. current menstruation stage(F=9.82, p=0.000), current health condition(F=9.82, p=0.000), and experience being operated in the past(F=9.82, p=0.000) are related to the menopausal symptoms. Serious menopausal symptoms which could be found in this study were 'back pain and joint pains(2.6)', nervousness(2.4), and psychosomatic symptom(1.97). Spiritual well-being inquiries could be classified into two subgroups, existential and religious. The mean score of existential well-being(3.04) was higher than that of religious well-being(2.76). Relatively higher existential well-being(3.10) was found in the women who have stable menstruation cycle. The age when the menopause began was related to spiritual well-being(F=3.29, p=0.046). The correlation between menopausal symptoms and spiritual well-being was statistically significant(r=-0.133, p=0.031). Based on the above results, nursing intervention program of menopausal symptoms is recommended in order to promote the health of middle-aged women.
An Attitudinal Study on the Induced Abortion for a College Women
Authors: Shin Hye Sook
Published: September 2023

This study measures the subjectivity(opinions, attitudes) of college women. Identifying the schemata (structure of subjectivity) would be a basic step for the sexual educational program and alternative strategies of induced abortion.More concretely, those following research questions are focused.1) The subjective schemata : find out typologies based on the opinions and attitudes toward the induced abortion.2) Applications : describe the characteristics of each type.3) Alternatives : provide suggestion of the alternative strategies for solving the induced abortion problems of women.Q-Methodological method was used for that purpose. As the research method, Q-statements were collected preliminary to the study of through in-depth interviews and a literature review. For the study 34 Q-statements were selected. There were 48 college women as subjects for the research. The 48 college women sorted the 34 statements using the principle of Forced Normal Distribution. The principle of Forced Normal Distribution, which has nine scales to measure the individual opinions, was called. Q-Factor Analysis by using PC Quanl Program to supply the material. According to the outcomes of this study, there were four categories of special opinion about the induced abortion in college women. The first type is called Practical type. The second type is called Responsible type. The third type is called Ambivalent type. As a result, We now need to change our perspective of women's health problems and need to develop realistic way of caring those women in suffering women's problems. Followings are to be suggested of the alternative strategies for solving the induced abortion problems. Finally, The result of the study will provide us the clue for developing the sexual educational program and alternative strategies for women's induced abortion problems.
Women's Experience of Labor Pain : Phenomenological Method
Authors: Chung Eun Soon , Chung Jung Hee
Published: September 2023

Pain is commonly characterized as a multi-dimensional experience, varing in quality as well as in intensity. So, We need to understand the lived experience of primiparous women in order to provide basic information of nursing care. Therefore, The purpose of the study is to explore the construction of labor pain experience. The data are collected through in-depth interviews of 20 primiparous women in Pusan city from March 1998 to May 1998. Their labor pain experiences conducted 1-2 days after delivery at admission room. Each interview lasted about 25 minutes average. I have interviews one time with each subject. The record was taken with the consent of the subject. Data were analyzed by means of Giorgi's phenomenological analysis methods and categorized according to the similarities of its contents. The investigator read the data repeatedly to identify and categorized themes and main meaning. Eleven themes of labor pain as experienced by these subjects were : 1) fear 2) suffering 3) evasion of pain 4) will power about overcome 5) support need 6) apprehension of parent 7) producing confidence 8) obtain his roles 9) attributing the cause of labor pain to others 10) not feeling of touching 11) ambivalence.Five main meaning identified were : 1) fear 2) evading and confrontation 3) the maturity of personality 4) unreality 5) ambivalence. The significances of this study for nursing are : 1) It enables nurses and other health care providers understand more clearly the lived experience of labor pain.2) It provides that the way of more effective pain management.
A Study on Mother's Knowledge Level of Breastfeeding's Benefit-Breastfeeding's Benifit and Rationale of Breastfeeding's Benifit
Authors: Park Gong Rye , Kim Jung Hyo
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mother's knowledge level of breastfeeding's benefit and rationale of breastfeeding's benefit. The subjects were 98 mothers who within 3 days after childbirth in 2 obstetric clinic in K city and N city from April 7 to May 10, 1996. Data were collected by a questionnaire developed by researchers. This study was statistically analyzed according to Frequency, ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient.The result of this study was as follows : 1. Mean score of mother's knowledge level of breastfeeding's benefit was ranged from 0~19. Meanscore of breastfeeding's benefit was 10.28. Mean score of rationale of breastfeeding's benefit was 8.57. Mean score of rationale of breastfeeding's benefit and rationale of breastfeeding's benefit was not high.2. General characteristics and feeding characteristics were significantly related to mother's knowledge level of breastfeeding's benefit as follows : mixed feeding method in planning feeding method(F=3.33, p<.05) 3. General characteristics and feeding characteristics were significantly related to mother's knowledge level of rationale of breastfeeding's benefit as follows : mixed feeding method in planning method(F=3.96, p<.05), mixed feeding method in previous feeding method(F=3.16, p<.05).4. A positive correlation between mother's knowledge of breastfeeding's benefit and rationale of breastfeeding's benefit was statistically significant(r=.86, p<.001).
An Analysis on the Contents Related to Health in the Three Major Monthly Women's Magazine
Authors: Yoo Eun Kwang , Lee Seong Eun , Kim Myoung Hee
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was to analyze the contents related to health in the three major monthly women's magazine that was printed from March, 1997 to February, 1998. The unit of analysis was the section of health, living life, and reaing child. The total number of related story of health was 317. The analysis was done according to the target, health management, topics and the informer by using frequency and number.The findings are as follows : 1. The contents were categorized by target people. The number of items for women was 113(35.6%), child(17.4%), family(15.5), husband(4.7%) and others(26.8%). Others were the contents that are impossible to classify.2. The number of items of contents by health management was the related to health maintenance and promotion 120(47.8%), health care when they were deviated from health 26(10.3%), and those of both attributes 105(41.8%).3. The number of items of contents by topics was the related to the occurrence, prevention and treatment of various kinds of disease 41(12..9%), diet 37(11.7%), academic information 11.3%, women's disease 10.4%, the effect of foods 6.0%, child's growth & development and child care 5.75, various kinds of therapy for health care 5.7%, sexual life 5.4% and exercise 4.7%.4. The number of items of contents by informer was medical doctor 215(49%), lay person's case report or report of a struggle against a disease 12.3%, relevant organization of a related story(eg. family therapy research institute, physical therapist's or teacher's) 11.2%, and the contents of existing books or lecture 8.9%. Among those contents, only the one case from nurse or Korean nurses association as informer was founded, which is related to "skinship child care." In conclusion, this finding showed that women's magazine took a role as a important resource providing informations of health to women. it provides a challenge to the health professionals to have concerns on women's needs, and the content, source, and accuracy of the health related information and take part in the process producing information through such as screening and examining so as to give accurate information to women. Then women's magazine can take a role as a major resource for maintaining and promoting women's health. Finally, nurses's, who are professional health care providers, important and active role as informers toward the lay persons, especially for the women who are non-professional care givers at the family unit should be stressed. More active and continual monitoring and analyzing the contents related health in the mass media including magazine and Internet network in detail, and participating in establishing the system of adequate and precise information for women and lay persons from the nursing profession are required absolutely.
An Analysis of the Relationship of Menopausal Symptoms of Midlife Women between Urban Area and Rural Area
Authors: Baek Sun Sook
Published: September 2023

This study was performed for the purpose of analyzing the relationship of menopausal symptoms of midlife women between urban area and rural area. A total of 129 midlife women who have lived in seoul, Kyeung ki and Kangwon were selected conveniently and data were collected by structured questionnaire from May to June, 1998. The instruments were the menopausal symptoms scale developed by Neugarten, Ci Sung-Ai & Kim Hy-Eun. Data analysis was done by Chi-square test, ANOVA, t-test.The results of this study were summarized as follows ; 1. The mean score for the menopausal symptoms of midlife women was 2.12. Serious menopausal symptoms which could be found in this study were "joint pain and numbness of arm and leg"(2.63), "fatigue and powerlessness"(2.58), "nervousness"(2.44).Over 97.8% of women complained menopausal symptoms.2. In the relationship between social demographic variables and menopausal symptoms of midlife women were significant difference in urban area and rural area(t=-4.569, P=.000), marriage status(F=4.809, P=.010), education(F=7.359, P=.000), married son and daughter(F=7.359, P=.000), mensturational status(F=5.993, P=.003), and satisfaction to husband(F=9.093, P=.000).3. In the relationship of menopausal symptoms of midlife women between two groups were statistically significant differences(t=-4.569, P=.000). The mean score of menopausal symptoms of rural women(2.34) were higher than those of urban women(1.85). This study shows the possible implication for nursing intervention of midlife women's health to prevent and relieve menopausal symptoms.
A Study on the Relationship between Social Support and the Infertility Stress of Infertile Women
Authors: Kim Hee Kyung
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study was determine the relationship between social support and the infertility stress of infertile women. The subjects for this were 64 infertile women living in S city, Kyung Book Province. The data was collected during 4th July and 14th August, 1988 using the social support scale developed by Park(1985) and the infertility stress scale developed by Kim et. al.(1995) The data analysis was done by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise multiple regression using SPSS PC program.The results were as follows.1. The mean of social support of the infertile women was 3.80.2. The negative correlation was revealed between social support and the infertility stress(r=-.56, p=.001).3. Research has revealed that the support need of social support was a predictor of the infertility stress of the infertile women, explaining 30.9% of total variance.4. the general characteristic variable significantly related to the level of the infertility stress of the infertile women was marriage satisfaction(t=-3.28, p=.004).The results of this study suggest that social support is related to the infertility stress of the infertile women. Therefore, The nurse is recommended to apply supportive intervention in caring for infertile women.
A Comparisonison of Primiparas' Perception of Delivery Experience and Identity as the Mother According to Delivery Methods
Authors: Cho Sun Young , Koh Hyo Jung
Published: September 2023

This study was conducted to examine primiparas' perception of delivery experience and identity as the mother("Myself as the Mother" and "My Baby") according to delivery methods such as normal delivery and cesarean section.The result of this study summarized as follows.1. The primiparas' perception of delivery experience according to delivery methods showed that the primipars who had normally delivered perceives the delivery experience more positively than those by cesarean section(t=4.88, p=0.000). This fact supported hypothesis 1 that "the primiparas group by normal delivery should perceive the delivery experience more positively that by cesarean section." 2. The primiparas who had delivered by cesarean section were more positive in the SD-Self score than those who had normally delivered at the time when four weeks passed after delivered, and there was a significant difference(t=-4.21, p.000). Therefore, hypothesis 2-1 that "the primiparas group who had normally delivered should be more positive in the SD-Self 1-2 days and 4 weeks after delivery than one who delivered by cesarean section" was rejected.3. It was shown that the primiparas who had delivered normally were more positive in the SD-Baby 1-2 days 4 weeks after delivery than those who delivered by cesarean section(after-delivery 1-2 days : t=3.10, p=0.002 and after-delivery 4 weeks : t=2.15, p=0.034). Based on this fact, hypothesis 2-2 that "the primiparas group who had delivered normally should be more positive in the SD-Baby 1-2days and 4 weeks after delivery than those who had delivered by cesarean section"was supported.4. Primiparas who had delivered by cesarean section appeared to have a positive identity as the mother by showing a more significant difference (t=7.96, p=0.000) 4 weeks after delivery than 1-2 days after delivery.In conclusion, we see that primiparas' perception of delivery experience and identity as the mother were different according to delivery methods. Thus, it is required to devise a nursing in tervention strategy to expand support from the health care system and opportunities to provide pre. post-delivery programs so that primiparas can have a positive perception of delivery experience and a positive identity as the mother.Based on conclusion stated above, the following suggestions are made.1. As this study compared the perception of delivery experience and identity as the mother between prmiparas who had delivered normally and ones who had delivered by cesarean section, the further study on comparison between multiparas who had delivered normally and ones who had delivered by cesarean section is needed.2. According to the results of this study, longitudinal study is needed to examine the difference and change in the formation of maternal identity.3. According to the result of this study, a study is also needed to determine interaction between time for maternal identity and delivery methods.
Unlocking insights in bicuspid aortic valve management in adult patients: the vital role of cardiac imaging
Authors: Di Michele Sara , Maurizio Parato Vito , Di Giannuario Giovanna , Kholaif Naji , Al Admawi Mohammed , Aljheish Saif , Arbili Lana , Alshammari Amal , Giovanni Parato Andrea , Al sergani Hani
Published: September 2023

The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) presents a multifaceted clinical challenge due to its diverse morphologies and associated complications. This review aims to elucidate the critical role of cardiac imaging in guiding optimal management strategies for BAV patients. BAV, with a prevalence of 1% to 2%, has genetic underpinnings linked to the NOTCH1 gene mutation. Variability in BAV morphology necessitates tailored surgical approaches. The three primary types of BAV morphology - right-left cusp fusion, right-noncoronary cusp fusion, and left-noncoronary cusp fusion - demand nuanced considerations due to their distinct implications. Valvular dysfunction results in aortic stenosis or regurgitation, attributed to altered valve structure and turbulent hemodynamics. Cardiac imaging modalities, including echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized tomography, are instrumental in assessing valve function, aortic dimensions, and associated complications. Imaging helps predict potential complications, enabling informed treatment decisions. Regular follow-up is crucial to detecting alterations early and intervening promptly. Surgical management options encompass aortic valve repair or replacement, with patient-specific factors guiding the choice. Post-surgical surveillance plays a vital role in preventing complications and optimizing patient outcomes. The review underscores the significance of advanced cardiac imaging techniques in understanding BAV's complexities, facilitating personalized management strategies, and improving patient care. By harnessing the power of multimodal imaging, clinicians can tailor interventions, monitor disease progression, and ultimately enhance the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with BAV.
Design of Multi Split Type Air Conditioning System for Double Decker EV Bus
Authors: Ratnaparkhi Pankaj Prabhakar , Fartade Sunil , Nagarhalli Prasanna V , Todkar Nikhil , BURKUL SAGAR
Published: September 2023

Generally, in all EV bus applications, air conditioning is an essential feature nowadays. In the double decker bus of the upcoming EV program, the AC system is one of the mandatory applications. As in normal buses, we package the root-top AC system, but in the case of a double decker due to package constraints, the AC system is fitted on the rear side of the bus.

During benchmark study, we observed single AC unit packaged at rear side of bus, where single air distribution done from unit to cabin ducts, this cause uneven air distribution in cabin. Unit designed with large condenser, condenser fan, and evaporator & numbers of blower assembly to meet the cooling requirement, such unit required large packaging area & due to large size unit creates a huge Noise.

Our design multi split type AC will provide solution against the packaging constraint by using multiple Evaporator & blower assembly at different location in lower & upper deck. These evaporator assemblies are fitted inside the duct. This arrangement reduces the noise and provide even air distribution at all respective areas of decks.
Electro-Thermal Simulation Methodology for Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) Performance Evaluation of Li-Ion Battery Electric Vehicles
Authors: Shendre Mohit , Kumar Vivek
Published: September 2023

In the recent years, Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (EVs) have gained attention globally due to conventional non-renewable fuels becoming expensive and increasing pollution levels in the environment. Li-ion battery EV’s are most popular because of their better power density, spe. energy density and thermal stability. With the advent of battery EV’s, concerns regarding thermal safety of vehicle and its occupants has grown among the prospective customers. Temperature plays an important role in the performance of the Li-ion battery which includes cell capacity, charge output, vehicle range, mechanical life of the battery etc. For Li-ion cells, optimum operating range should be between 15-35 °C [1], and all cells must also be maintained within a ±5 °C variation band. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation can be used to get better insight of cell temperature inside battery. But CFD simulation process is complex, time consuming involving multi-physics and exhaustive computations. This paper describes the simulation methodology which eliminates repeated CFD analysis and physical tests. With the help of CFD thermal results and Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) of the battery, Reduced Order Model (ROM) for Battery Thermal System is created which can calculate cell temperatures during the drive cycle operating condition. ECM is obtained using Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization (HPPC) test results of the cell. Current methodology is developed using commercial 3D CFD software, 1D simulation software and standard drive cycle input conditions data. It provides medium fidelity digital model of given battery system which can be further used for multi-physics study, battery cooling system design and power utilization study.
Implementation of IR Cut and Solar Green Glass to Optimize the Heat Load for Air Conditioning in Electric Buses
Authors: Ratnaparkhi Pankaj Prabhakar , Fartade Sunil , Nagarhalli Prasanna V , Todkar Nikhil , Nagare Sr Rahul
Published: September 2023

Commercial electric vehicle air conditioning system keeps occupants comfortable, but at the expense of the energy used from the battery of vehicle. Passengers around the world are increasingly requesting buses with HVAC/AC capabilities. There is a need to optimise current air conditioning systems taking into account packaging, cost, and performance limits due to the rising demand for cooling and heating globally. Major elements contributing to heat ingress are traction motor, front firewall, windshield & side glasses and bus body parts. These elements contribute to the bus’s poor cooling and lack of passenger comfort.

This topic refers to the reduction of the heat ingress through usage of different glass technology like IR Cut & solar green glass with different types of coating.

The finding from the theoretical analysis, it indicates that overall heat load reduction of the electric buses was reduced by ~6-7% improvement with different specifications of glasses as compared to the existing design. It helps in decrease in power consumption and improved range of electric bus increased by 1.5%

Implementation of in commercial vehicles will be very essential for passenger comfort in high ambient conditions. Additionally, this technology’s FE enhancement will lower harmful carbon emissions. Consequently, we can classify this technology as an environmentally beneficial innovation.
Comparative Study of Effect of Different Refrigerants (R134a, R1234yf & R407C) on Evaporator Performance
Authors: Suman Saurabh , Kushwah Yogendra Singh
Published: September 2023

Air-conditioning and Refrigeration systems are widely used in many industries for cooling and preservation, and the evaporator is a crucial component responsible for heat absorption. The choice of refrigerant has a significant impact on the evaporator's performance, affecting the overall efficiency of the system.

This paper investigates the effect of three common refrigerants, R134a, R407c, and R1234yf, on evaporator performance. A comparative analysis was performed using the conventional air-conditioning system consisting of a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator.

The evaporator performance was evaluated based on the cooling capacity, Refrigerant Side Pressure Drop (RSPD) and Superheat (SH). The results show that evaporator has highest cooling capacity with R134a, followed by R407C and R1234yf. In comparison to R134a, R1234yf had the lowest refrigerating effect followed by R407C. However, R1234yf has the lowest Global Warming Potential (GWP) value out of all the three refrigerants.

These results suggest that depending on the thermal conditions of the AC system, evaporator performance varies accordingly. However, R1234yf is more expensive and has a slightly lower cooling capacity than R407c & R134a at low evaporation temperatures, which should be considered before selecting a refrigerant for a specific application. In conclusion, the choice of refrigerant has a significant impact on the evaporator's performance in refrigeration systems. The findings of this study provide insight into the performance of three commonly used refrigerants and suggest that depending on the requirements and standard guidelines either of the three refrigerants i.e. R134a, R407C and R1234yf with higher thermal performance at a specified condition can be used. However, other factors such as cost and application requirements should also be considered when selecting a refrigerant.
Performance Prediction of an e-Compressor Using 3D CFD Simulation
Authors: Ballani Abhishek , Pasunurthi Shyam Sundar , Srinivasan Chiranth , Maiti Dipak
Published: September 2023

Scroll compressors are commonly used in HVAC and thermal management systems of electric and hybrid vehicles because of its high operating efficiency and smooth operation. The compressor is driven by an electric motor which forms a coupled system called an e-compressor unit. The refrigerant cools the motor before entering the scroll compressor. At different operating conditions of the vehicle, the change in power of the motor alters the refrigerant temperature and hence affecting the compressor’s performance. In the present work, 3D Conjugate Heat Transfer simulation of an e-compressor is performed as a complete unit with flow and heat transfer through the motor and compressor. A novel mixed timescale approach for the heat transfer has been developed to simulate the effect of thermal loads on the performance of the compressor. These performance parameters include the outlet temperature, volumetric efficiency, and discharge flow rate of the compressor. The motion of reed valve at the discharge port of the compressor is also accounted which influences the performance of the system.
Achievement of Superior Cabin Comfort and Maximising Energy Efficiency Using EXV in BEVs
Authors: Kumar Sunny , Kapoor Sangeet , Venu Santosh , Dimble Nilesh
Published: September 2023

The global and Indian automotive industry is transitioning from use of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles towards Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). BEV applications with high voltage (HV) battery require optimal thermal management to have a longer life, higher efficiency and to deliver superior year-round performance. In most electric vehicles, the Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system operates thru a dual loop; one loop for maintaining desired cabin comfort and a second loop to ensure optimum cell temperature for HV battery operation at varying climatic conditions, which the vehicle experiences over different seasons of the year

This paper evaluates the limitations of a baseline system, in which the HVAC system consists of two parallel low-pressure cooling lines, one for maintaining cabin comfort and another for the purpose of battery cooling. The activation/deactivation of refrigerant flow in each cooling line is controlled through two independent Solenoid Operated Thermostatic Expansion Valves (SO-TxV). With the existing SO-TxV configuration, it is challenging to precisely balance the refrigerant flow between the two cooling lines for meeting the combined objectives of superior cabin comfort and optimum cell temperature, during dual operation. To mitigate the issue of unbalanced refrigerant flow distribution, Electronic Expansion Valve (ExV) is a viable option, as it performs the intended function of throttling the refrigerant with added benefit of precise control of refrigerant flow, arising from battery cooling demand

The experimental evaluation of ExV is initially performed on a system bench wherein, multiple DoE’s have been conducted to finalize an optimum opening level in the ExV, where the rise in breath level temperature can be minimized (therefore lesser discomfort) during dual operation. Further, trials were conducted at the vehicle level with optimal opening signature finalized on bench and it is observed that breath level temperatures reduce by ~2.3°C leading to enhanced passenger comfort. The suction pressure is also reduced by ~0.4-0.8 bar leading to the added benefit of energy saving. With use of ExV and optimized compressor operating strategy ~8-12% of energy saving is achieved without any compromise in cabin comfort during dual operation. The case study in this paper and results obtained hereof reinforce the multiple benefits of using an EXV in place of SO-TxV in the battery cooling loop, for superior cabin comfort and maximizing of energy efficiency.
ORVM Based Cabin Thermal Comfort - A Technological Approach
Authors: Shalgar Sandeep Subhash , Sorte Swapnil , Nagarhalli Prasanna V
Published: September 2023

Enriched ventilation and driver assistance systems which plays vital role in human thermal comfort and safety, are now necessities for the whole automotive sector. For faster cabin thermal comfort, air circulation around occupant’s body reveals higher cabin comfort index. In India natural and forced ventilation system is predominantly used in commercial vehicles as an economical solution for achieving interim cabin comfort over air conditioning system. Presently used forced ventilation system consist of electrically driven blower motor to remove stale air around human body which is adding alternator load and thus affects fuel economy. Remarkably, 22% of such auxiliary electrical load is taken by electrical components from engine generated power.

In order to enhance cabin thermal comfort and conceivably reduce power usage, an effective air flow control system is need of hour. In the proposed new technology, the ORVM (Outside Rear View Mirror) based air cooling technique is used for cooling ambient air. The concept demonstrates the use of air against vehicle speed is directed through ORVM causing air cooling using direct evaporative cooling techniques. The cooled air is then passed to cabin for occupant's comfort. The concept is validated using virtual analysis tools for air flow analysis and air temperature drop at various vehicle speeds. The prototype model is prepared and tested by running vehicle on highway. The experimental analysis shows a temperature drop between 4.5 °C to 8°C over ambient air temperature and vehicle speed. The concept is also evaluated for drag forces to analyze effect of change in ORVM area on fuel economy. The extreme features of cooling the outside hot ambient air using matured cooling technology and dust filtering inside ORVM casing makes idea innovative and easily adoptable.
Innovation as outcome
Authors: Godin Benoît
Published: September 2023

The next series of studies extended the argument to the national level. As a case study, at the US National Science Foundation (NSF), an organization created in 1950 to fund basic research, thoughts on technological innovation emerged out of a discourse on research, and as a legitimization of research expenditures. The NSF was interested in technological innovation and the extent to which it could be considered an output, arising from basic research. Over the years, the NSF commissioned many studies to determine to what extent this is true, and what links exist between science and economic growth.
Innovation policy today
Authors: Godin Benoît
Published: September 2023

Now that the idea of technological innovation had been constructed, and the concept of innovation policy too, it was time to act. This chapter studies the emergence of innovation policies and strategies. It also documents the coining of new X-innovation terms in policy documents, giving a historical perspective to the fashionable terms used today (social innovation, public innovation, and so on).
LAWS with AI: How to aBANdon the Superiority
Authors: Samoylovskaya N. A.
Published: September 2023

Taking the relative novelty of issues relating to the military use of AI and its influence on international relations into account, the author of this paper relies on the latest reports of international research centres, organizations and national programs on the issue. The paper considers the political consequences of the military use of AI, as well as the national and international approaches to mitigate its challenges. With great attention to the AI policies of two technological leaders in the field, the author concludes that a balanced U.S. policy will determine whether China and the United States will be able to create, despite the presence of competition, common rules for legalizing the use of AI systems in the military sphere and form common standards that include a high level of security in the use of these systems, including the proliferation of such weapons. The author points out that Europe’s concentration on the conflict with Russia and its exclusion from the environment created by the technical and ethical legal tools for using AI will increase unpredictability in relations. This is why it is in Europe’s interests to involve Russia in the development of a common platform and standards for AI. The development and establishment of common safety standards will help avoid problems with perception and introduce an element of predictability in international relations.
The Evolution of Regime Change and Information Warfare in the 21st Century
Authors: Simons G.
Published: September 2023

Although information is nothing new to war or conflict, the speed at which it reaches a much wider target audience, and thus its potential impact and consequences, is changing due to the rapid development of information and communications technology. Regime change and information warfare have been around for a very long time in the history of organised human societies. An undertaken review of academic literature demonstrates a great interest today to these concepts in academic, policymaking and practical terms. The present article attempts to track the evolution of the Western conceptual and theoretical thinking on the use of regime change and information warfare, seeking to understand the factors that precipitate it. In the paper I address the following, what is the relationship between information warfare and regime change? The high level of information and communications technology development and persisting leadership globally have allowed the United States to engage in regime change and information warfare more effective, although not without risks. The author considers the most illustrative examples of such engagement and, based on them, concludes that we have seen a shift in motivation from an offensive stance (the desire to spread influence) to a defensive one (the desire to prevent other international actors from gaining influence and power) on the global level. The theoretical method chosen for the analysis is phenomenology, as a means of the reading and analysis of a lived experience as well as a qualitative method will be used to analyse the data, where the goal is to capture the complexity of the object of study.
Solar-Based Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles
Authors: Kumar S Aravind , N Yashaswini , S J Rudresha , Kumar G R Kiran
Published: September 2023

As the automobile industry enters a new era, it is transitioning quickly from IC engine vehicles to electric vehicles. The demand for electric vehicles is growing, which also increases the number of charging stations. In this paper, the automobile is charged wirelessly through inductive coupling using a wireless charging system. When electrical energy is transmitted over a distance from source to load without the use of conducting wires, it is referred to as wireless power transmission. A solar panel, battery, transformer, regulator circuits, copper coils, AC to DC converter, atmega controller and LCD are used in the system's design. According to this technique, charging electric vehicles can be done while moving along and not at a charging station. Therefore, the technology supports the feasibility of a wireless, road-integrated, solar-powered EV charging system.
Antioxidants and Antibacterial Potential of Extracts of Rhizome of Doronicum hookeri
Authors: Devi Sunita , Goyal Sachin , Dhiman Ankush , Singla Shivali
Published: September 2023

Infection is the ability of any microbe to interact with the immune system, which may result in any adverse or harmful impact on human organs. Contagious diseases are those brought on by infections. Both chronic and acute infections are possible. This study is based on the plant Doronicum hookeri's antioxidant and anti-microbial activities. This plant has a wide range of actions, including tonic effects on the heart, nervous system, liver, and antioxidant, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. The dried rhizome was used to extract the active constituents using methanol as solvent. Doronicum hookeri's methanolic extract was discovered to have strong free radical scavenging and anti-microbial activity in in vitro testing. Lead, Cadmium, Mercury, and Arsenic underwent estimated toxicological activities for heavy metals by AAS, and values were obtained. Since neither pesticides nor aflatoxin were present, it was determined that the plant had not been treated with either substance.