bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of perfusion on metabolism and matrix production by bovine articular chondrocytes in hydrogel scaffolds
Authors: Xu Xia , Urban Jill P.G. , Tirlapur Uday , Wu Min‐Hsein , Cui Zheng , Cui Zhanfeng
Published: February 2006

Articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self‐repair after damage. Engineered cartilage is a promising treatment to replace or repair damaged tissue. The growth of engineered cartilage is sensitive to the extracellular culture environment. Chondrocytes were seeded into alginate beads and agarose scaffolds at 4 millions/mL, and the response to static and perfusion culture was examined over period of up to 12 days. For both types of scaffolds, the chondrocytes kept their differentiated morphology over 12 days in all culture conditions. In alginate beads, more glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were produced in perfusion culture than in static conditions. GAG distribution in alginate constructs was more uniform in perfusion culture than in static culture. However, in agarose constructs there was no significant difference in GAG production between static culture and perfusion culture. Under perfusion culture, the retention rate of GAG in alginate was higher than in agarsoe. It is suggested that the positive effect of perfusion culture only can be achieved by an appropriate choice of other factors such as scaffold materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of water activity in the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides produced by a hyperthermophilic β‐glycosidase in an organic medium
Authors: Cruz‐Guerrero Alma E. , Gómez‐Ruiz Lorena , Viniegra‐González Gustavo , Bárzana Eduardo , García‐Garibay Mariano
Published: February 2006

The present study evaluated the influence of water activity and lactose concentration on the synthesis of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), by means of a hyperthermophilic β‐glycosidase in an organic system. The production of GOS gradually grew as water activity increased in the reaction system; later, their synthesis decreased as water activity increased. The authors used the response surface methodology to study how different water activities and different concentrations of lactose influenced the synthesis of GOS and their length. In every case, the variable that proved to have the greatest effect on GOS synthesis was water activity. Maximum GOS3 synthesis was reached at a water activity interval of 0.44–0.57, with lactose concentrations of 0.06%–0.1%, while GOS4 and GOS5 maxima were reached at water activity intervals of 0.47–0.57 and 0.49–0.60, respectively. The research showed that higher water activity was required to synthesize GOS of greater length. Synthesis of GOS would then depend on the flexibility of the enzyme, which in turn would depend on water activity of the reaction system. This hypothesis was supported by experiments in which the reaction temperature was modified in order to change the flexibility of the enzyme, thus leading to longer GOS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydromechanical stress in shake flasks: Correlation for the maximum local energy dissipation rate
Authors: Peter Cyril P. , Suzuki Yusuke , Büchs Jochen
Published: February 2006

Shake flasks are widely used in biotechnological process research. Bioprocesses for which hydromechanical stress may become the rate controlling parameter include those where oils are applied as carbon sources, biotransformation of compounds with low solubility in the aqueous phase, or processes employing animal, plant, or filamentous microorganisms. In this study, the maximum local energy dissipation rate as the measure for hydromechanical stress is characterized in shake flasks by measuring the maximum stable drop size. The theoretical basis for the method is that the maximum stable drop diameter in a coalescence inhibited liquid/liquid dispersion is only a function of the maximum local energy dissipation rate and not of the dispersing apparatus. The maximum local energy dissipation rate is obtained by comparing the drop diameters in shake flasks to those in a stirred tank reactor. At the same volumetric power consumption, the maximum energy dissipation rate in shake flasks is about 10 times lower than in stirred tank reactors explaining the common observation of considerable differences in the morphology of hydromechanically sensitive cells between these two reactor types. At the same volumetric power consumption, the maximum local energy dissipation rate in baffled and in unbaffled shake flasks is very similar. A correlation is presented to quantify the maximum local energy dissipation rate in shake flasks as a function of the operating conditions. Non‐negligible drop viscosity may be considered by known literature correlations. Further, from dispersion experiments a critical Reynolds number of about 60,000 is proposed for turbulent flow in unbaffled shake flasks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chondrogenic differentiation of bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in different hydrogels: Influence of collagen type II extracellular matrix on MSC chondrogenesis
Authors: Bosnakovski Darko , Mizuno Morimichi , Kim Gonhyung , Takagi Satoshi , Okumura Masahiro , Fujinaga Toru
Published: February 2006

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are candidate cells for cartilage tissue engineering. This is due to their ability to undergo chondrogenic differentiation after extensive expansion in vitro and stimulation with various biomaterials in three‐dimensional (3‐D) systems. Collagen type II is one of the major components of the hyaline cartilage and plays a key role in maintaining chondrocyte function. This study aimed at analyzing the MSC chondrogenic response during culture in different types of extracellular matrix (ECM) with a focus on the influence of collagen type II on MSC chondrogenesis. Bovine MSCs were cultured in monolayer as well as in alginate and collagen type I and II hydrogels, in both serum free medium and medium supplemented with transforming growth factor (TGF) β1. Chondrogenic differentiation was detected after 3 days of culture in 3‐D hydrogels, by examining the presence of glycosaminoglycan and newly synthesized collagen type II in the ECM. Differentiation was most prominent in cells cultured in collagen type II hydrogel, and it increased in a time‐dependent manner. The expression levels of the of chondrocyte specific genes: sox9, collagen type II, aggrecan, and COMP were measured by quantitative “Real Time” RT‐PCR, and genes distribution in the hydrogel beads were localized by in situ hybridization. All genes were upregulated by the presence of collagen, particularly type II, in the ECM. Additionally, the chondrogenic influence of TGF β1 on MSCs cultured in collagen‐incorporated ECM was analyzed. TGF β1 and dexamethasone treatment in the presence of collagen type II provided more favorable conditions for expression of the chondrogenic phenotype. In this study, we demonstrated that collagen type II alone has the potential to induce and maintain MSC chondrogenesis, and prior interaction with TGF β1 to enhance the differentiation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Implantation of oxygen enhanced, three‐dimensional microporous L‐PLA polymers: A reproducible porcine model of chronic total coronary occlusion
Authors: Prosser LaVerne , Agrawal C. Mauli , Polan Jodie , Elliott James , Adams Daniel G. , Bailey Steven R.
Published: February 2006

We have hypothesized that oxygen enhanced three‐dimensional microporous poly‐L‐lactic acid (L‐PLA) bioabsorbable polymer constructs could be implanted to produce a subacute occlusion in a porcine coronary artery, forming a thrombofibrotic occlusion containing microvascular channels. Chronic total occlusion (CTO) is increasingly prevalent in patients who present for percutaneous interventions. No reproducible animal coronary model simulating human CTOs has previously been developed. Swine coronary arteries were cannulated and a microporous L‐PLA polymer pledget was advanced into a preselected segment of coronary. The coronary arteries were angiographically re‐imaged at day 3, day 10, and day 28, to document the presence or absence of an occlusion. Histopathology was also performed at each time point to evaluate the lesion characteristics. A novel three‐dimensional L‐PLA microporous polymer construct, when implanted into porcine coronary arteries, reproducibly results in the development of a CTO at day 3. The histopathology in this porcine coronary model of CTO at day 28 closely mimics human coronary CTO, including the presence of microvascular channels and dense collagen and elastic tissue in the occlusion. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary sinus is dilated and outwardly displaced in patients with mitral regurgitation: Quantitative Angiographic analysis
Authors: Lee Michael S. , Shah Atman P. , Dang Ninh , Berman Daniel , Forrester James , Shah Prediman K. , Aragon Joseph , Jamal Faizi , Makkar Raj R.
Published: February 2006

Objectives:

Our aim was to define the anatomy of the coronary sinus (CS) by venography. These measurements are essential in the selection of physical characteristics of percutaneous annuloplasty devices for mitral regurgitation (MR).

Background:

Clinical trials of percutaneous annuloplasty of the CS for MR are now underway. Although the CS is in close proximity to the mitral annulus, there is as yet no published quantitative data defining the magnitude of change in CS dimensions in MR, and how these changes might reflect the magnitude of MR.

Methods:

We studied 57 patients (27 patients with MR and 30 patients with no MR) who were referred for cardiac resynchronization therapy and underwent CS venography. Echocardiography was used to assess the degree of MR, cardiac dimensions, and right heart filling pressures. The diameter of the ostial and proximal CS and perimeter of the CS‐great cardiac vein (GCV) were assessed by quantitative coronary analysis.

RESULTS:

Patients with MR had a larger ostial CS diameter (19.4 ± 3.9 mm vs. 16.9 ± 4.6 mm, P = 0.02) and proximal CS diameter (8.2 ± 1.7 mm vs. 7.4 ± 2.3 mm, P = 0.05) and larger CS‐GCV perimeter (104.4 ± 15.6 mm vs. 86.5 ± 15.3 mm, P = 0.005) compared with patients with no MR. The CS‐GCV perimeter is positively correlated to the severity of MR (P = 0.02) and pulmonary artery pressure (r = 0.32, P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Patients with MR have a dilated and outward displacement of the CS. The CS‐GCV perimeter is positively correlated with the degree of MR and pulmonary artery pressure. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of multiple “buddies” during transradial angioplasty in a complex calcified coronary tree
Authors: Dana A. , Barbeau G.R.
Published: February 2006

We report our experience in transradial coronary angioplasty on a tortuous, calcified coronary tree in a patient who had been turned down for surgical revascularization. In view of the complexity of the coronary anatomy, successful completion of the procedure required plaque modification with the use of rotational atherectomy in the left anterior descending coronary artery, and the use of an inflated buddy balloon in the circumflex artery. The latter represents a novel, simple, and inexpensive technique, which may allow successful advancing of coronary stents in calcified and tortuous coronary arteries. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inadvertent stenting of patent ductus arteriosus with Amplatzer Vascular Plug
Authors: Javois Alexander J. , Husayni Tarek S. , Thoele David , Van Bergen Andrew H.
Published: February 2006

We report a 12‐month old patient who presented for murmur evaluation after percutaneous closure of type C patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) using a 10 mm Amplatzer Vascular Plug (AGA Medical Corporation, Golden Valley, MN) at an outside institution. Echocardiography revealed a large left‐to‐right shunt through the implanted device, inadvertently stenting the PDA instead of closing it. The patient underwent repeat catheterization with successful coil implantation within the Amplatzer Vascular Plug, completely eliminating the large residual ductal shunt. Although challenging, this case illustrates the technique of implanting coils within this occlusion device. This case also illustrates that occlusion of type C PDA utilizing the Amplatzer Vascular Plug may not only result in incomplete occlusion but also create a potentially worse clinical situation in which the PDA is stretched larger and stented open. Without consideration of simultaneous coil implantation within this device, use of the Amplatzer Vascular Plug might be contraindicated in type C PDA, because there may be no way to ensure successful closure by the Vascular Plug alone. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous coronary intervention for extrinsic coronary compression after pulmonary valve replacement
Authors: Divekar Abhay A. , Lee John J.Y. , Tymchak Wayne J. , Rutledge Jennifer M.
Published: February 2006

Coronary artery compression is a rare and potentially fatal complication after pulmonary valve replacement. This report describes myocardial infarction from extrinsic left main coronary artery compression after pulmonary valve replacement in a 10‐y‐old boy. He was successfully treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibromuscular dysplasia of renal arteries: Percutaneous revascularization based on hemodynamic assessment with a pressure measurement guidewire
Authors: Mahmud Ehtisham , Brocato Michele , Palakodeti Vachaspathi , Tsimikas Sotirios
Published: February 2006

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) leading to renal artery stenosis and hypertension is one of the most common treatable causes of secondary hypertension. However, frequently it can be difficult to judge the anatomical severity of a stenotic lesion with various noninvasive and invasive imaging modalities. We present two patients with poorly controlled hypertension and FMD affecting the renal arteries, in whom there were no anatomically significant stenoses by renal magnetic resonance angiography or selective renal artery angiography. Utilizing a 0.014″ high fidelity micromanometer tipped PressureWire XT (Radi, Reading, MA), to measure intravascular pressure gradients throughout the diseased renal arteries, we identified physiologically significant stenoses, and successfully treated both patients with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anchoring technique to improve guiding catheter support in coronary angioplasty of chronic total occlusions
Authors: Hirokami Mitsugu , Saito Shigeru , Muto Harutatsu
Published: February 2006

The primary reason for unsuccessful angioplasty of chronic total occlusions (CTOs) is an inability to pass the guidewire through the occlusion. Optimal guiding catheter support is a prerequisite for successful angioplasty of CTO. We performed guidewire manipulation by anchoring a balloon in a side‐branch vessel in order to achieve adequate guiding catheter support. With this novel anchoring technique, we successfully achieved guidewire passage through the CTO. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restenosis of a sirolimus drug‐eluting stent: Aorto‐ostial involvement of the proximal right coronary artery
Authors: Applegate Robert J. , Draughn Teresa , Yarbrough William D. , Little William C.
Published: February 2006

We present a case of restenosis of a sirolimus drug‐eluting stent in the ostium of the right coronary artery due to severe crimping and underexpansion of the stent in an area of heavy calcification, detected by intracoronary ultrasound but not by angiography. We discuss issues relevant to management of the restenotic drug‐eluting stent in the aorto‐ostial location. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multislice computed tomography as an adjunct to the management of an in‐stent stenosis in an infant with congenital heart disease: Imaging for the future
Authors: Eichhorn Joachim G. , Long Frederick R. , Hill Sharon L. , Cheatham John P.
Published: February 2006

The case report demonstrates the value of multslice computed tomography for stent imaging and detection of an in‐stent stenosis in an infant with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect after stent placement in the right pulmonary artery after biventricular repair. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequential Formation of Yellow, Red, and Orange 1‐Phenyl‐3,3‐Biphenylene‐Allene Dimers Prior to Blue Tetracene Formation: Helicity Reversal in trans‐3,4‐Diphenyl‐1,2‐bis(fluorenylidene)cyclobutane
Authors: Banide Emilie V. , Ortin Yannick , Seward Corey M. , Harrington Laura E. , Müller‐Bunz Helge , McGlinchey Michael J.
Published: February 2006

1‐Phenyl‐3,3‐biphenyleneallene (2), the base‐catalyzed rearrangement product of 9‐phenylethynylfluorene (1) yields a yellow, head‐to‐tail dimer 6 that, upon gentle warming, is converted to the red tail‐to‐tail isomer trans‐3,4‐diphenyl‐1,2‐bis(fluorenylidene)cyclobutane (7), in which the two fluorenylidene moieties severely overlap. The helical sense of the fluorenylidene moieties in 7 matches that of the phenyl substituents, and the interplanar angle between the fluorenylidene moieties is 41°. At 80 °C, 6 isomerizes to orange cis‐3,4‐diphenyl‐1,2‐bis(fluorenylidene)cyclobutane (8), which at 110 °C is converted to orange trans diastereomer 9, whereby the helicity of the overlapping fluorenylidene moieties is reversed from that in 7 such that they are aligned with the ring hydrogen atoms, and the interplanar angle between the fluorenylidene moieties is now 60°. At 180 °C, 6 rearranges to dispirodihydrotetracene 3 and blue, electroluminescent diindenotetracene 4, which is readily oxidized to peroxide 5. In the solid state, both 3 and 4 adopt structures with Ci symmetry (only an inversion center) such that the central polycyclic framework is nonplanar. Deprotonation of yellow head‐to‐tail allene dimer 6 with tBuOK in DMSO and reprotonation with HOAc yields the [1,3]‐hydrogen migration product 10, in which the proton originally on the cyclobutane ring is now sited at C9 on the exocyclic fluorenyl substituent. Analogously, deprotonation and reprotonation of orange dimer 9 furnishes [1,3]‐hydrogen migration product 11. Side product 17, formed during the synthesis of 1 from 9‐phenylethynylfluoren‐9‐ol, BF3 and Et3SiH, was shown to be a silyl‐indene spiro‐linked to C9 of fluorene. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography, and the mechanisms of these interconversions are discussed.
Cover Picture: Dynamic Chemical Devices: Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Its Ion‐Triggered Switching in Nanomechanical Butterfly‐Type Bis(porphyrin)terpyridines (Chem. Eur. J. 7/2006)
Authors: Linke‐Schaetzel Myriam , Anson Christopher E. , Powell Annie K. , Buth Gernot , Palomares Emilio , Durrant James D. , Balaban Teodor Silviu , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: February 2006

Dynamic chemical devices based on a terpyridine scaffold and two appended porphyrin moieties have been synthesized. In their Full Paper on page 1931 ff., T. S. Balaban, J. D. Durrant, J.‐M. Lehn et al. describe how these “butterfly‐type” devices are capable of switching from an extended open geometry W to a compact closed geometry U upon cation coordination to the terpy unit. The porphyrin moieties exist in the constructs either as free bases or they can be sequentially metallated, thus giving rise to wings of different “colors”.
Maturation of dendritic cells and T‐cell responses in sentinel lymph nodes from patients with breast carcinoma
Authors: Matsuura Kazuo , Yamaguchi Yoshiyuki , Ueno Hideaki , Osaki Akihiko , Arihiro Koji , Toge Tetsuya
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

Methods for identifying sentinel lymph nodes (SNs) and their clinical significance have been established. Recent advances in molecular immunology have enabled the analysis of precise immune responses. The objective of the current study was to clarify the dendritic cell (DC) maturation, T‐helper type 1 (Th‐1) and Th‐2 responses, and regulatory T‐cell responses of SNs in patients with breast carcinoma.

METHODS

SNs and non‐SNs were identified by radioguided and blue dye‐guided methods in 70 consecutive patients with clinically lymph node negative (N0) breast carcinoma. Lymphocytes were collected from SNs and non‐SNs and were subjected to flow cytometric analysis (FCM) using antibodies of CD83‐fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), CD80‐phycoerythrin (PE), CD86‐PE, CD40‐PE, human leukemic D‐related antigen (HLA‐DR)‐FITC, CD4‐FITC, and CD25‐PE. Total RNA was extracted from SNs and non‐SNs, and the expression of CD83, interleukin 12p40 (IL‐12p40), interferon γ (IFN‐γ), IL‐4, IL‐10, and Foxp3 was evaluated by using quantitative real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis. The immunologic status of SNs was analyzed further with regard to micrometastases, which were identified as negative microscopically but positive according to an RT‐PCR analysis that was specific for mammaglobin.

RESULTS

SNs were detectable in 70 of 71 consecutive patients (98.6%) with clinically N0 breast carcinoma. Fourteen of 70 patients (20.0%) had positive metastasis in SNs. When SNs were compared with non‐SNs in 56 metastasis‐negative patients, FCM revealed that HLA‐DR‐positive, CD80‐positive, CD86‐positive, and CD40‐positive cell populations were decreased significantly in SNs. RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated that, among 44 patients with metastasis‐negative SNs, the expression levels of CD83 and IFN‐γ mRNA were significantly lower in SNs compared with non‐SNs. Immunologic parameters also were compared between 44 metastasis‐negative SNs and 14 metastasis‐positive SNs. The metastasis‐positive SNs demonstrated significantly higher expression of CD83, IL‐12p40, IFN‐γ, IL‐10, and Foxp3 mRNA than the metastasis‐negative SNs. Correction of micrometastasis detected by mammaglobin enhanced these differences consistently.

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with breast carcinoma, cellular immune responses, from DC maturation to Th‐1 responses, appeared to be less active in SNs compared with non‐SNs before metastasis developed. Once metastasis was established in SNs, DC maturation was triggered and was followed by the up‐regulation of Th‐1 responses, which may reflect antigen‐specific immune responses in SNs. Unlike DC maturation and Th‐1 responses after metastasis in SNs, up‐regulation of Th‐2 and regulatory T‐cell responses developed in parallel. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phase I/II study of thalidomide in combination with interleukin‐2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Amato Robert J. , Morgan Margaret , Rawat Anish
Published: February 2006

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the study was to determine, in a Phase I/II study, the efficacy and safety profile of thalidomide with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC).

METHODS

Fifteen patients (8 of whom were previously treated) enrolled in Phase I were treated with escalating doses of oral thalidomide (200–600 mg) and a fixed dose of IL‐2 (7 mIU/m2) by subcutaneous injection. A course was 6 weeks, with the exception of Course 1, which was 7 weeks. Thirty‐seven Phase II patients who had not received prior chemotherapy or immunotherapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) received an initial thalidomide dose of 200 mg at Week 0, which was escalated to 400 mg after 48 hours. Subcutaneous IL‐2 was administered at the same fixed daily dose used in Phase I.

RESULTS

Fifty‐one of 52 Phase I/II patients were evaluable. Twenty‐seven patients (52%) experienced disease control, including 4 (8%) complete responses, 15 (29%) partial responses, and 8 (15%) cases of stable disease. Disease progression was observed in 24 patients (47%). Survival in the 2 phases ranged from 4 weeks to 45.2+ months. At the time of last follow‐up, 2 of 51 patients (4%) remained on maintenance thalidomide therapy and continue to be followed. Three of the 51 patients with CRs (6%) ceased thalidomide therapy at 23–25 months and have maintained their responses to date. One complete responder was lost to follow‐up. As of January 2005, 14 of 51 patients (27%) remained alive. Toxicities were mild to moderate, including Grade 1 to 2 somnolence, constipation, neuropathy, rash, flu‐like symptoms, fluid retention, hypotension, and hypothyroidism (according to version 2.0 of National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria). In addition, two patients experienced deep venous thrombosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Thalidomide in combination with IL‐2 is tolerable and can produce durable, active responses in patients with MRCC. To evaluate the merits of thalidomide as a valuable agent against MRCC and to more fully determine the efficacy of thalidomide/IL‐2 combination therapy, the scrutiny of Phase III testing is required. Further development of thalidomide/IL‐2 combination therapy will be the focus of this group. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Fluorescent Hydroxyflavone–Zeolite Nanoparticles: Ship‐in‐a‐Bottle Synthesis and Photophysical Properties
Authors: Doussineau Tristan , Smaïhi Monique , Balme Sébastien , Janot Jean‐Marc
Published: February 2006

3‐Hydroxyflavone (3‐OHF) was incorporated in zeolite micropores by ship‐in‐a‐bottle synthesis. This strategy consists of constructing the molecule by reaction of small precursors within the cavity. 3‐OHF molecules exhibit excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) and a tautomeric equilibrium between the 3‐OHF‐excited structures N* and T*exists. This equilibrium is strongly affected by the protic nature and polarity of the surrounding medium. The textural and spectroscopic characterization of the dye‐loaded zeolite colloids enabled the study of the correlation between the optical properties of the dye and the zeolite micropore environment.
Clean Diesel Power via Microwave Susceptible Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Beckers Jurriaan , van der Zande Lars M. , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: February 2006

The problem of soot emissions from diesel engines is introduced and the possible solution of combining doped perovskites and microwave (mw) irradiation to “clean up” diesel soot filters is outlined. Eighteen doped perovskite catalysts are synthesized and tested for propane and CO oxidation, which are taken as model components for soot. The activity, selectivity, and SO2 tolerance are compared under conventional heating and mw irradiation. By combining mw irradiation and doped perovskites, one can create “hot spots” on the catalyst, resulting in efficient and selective heating of the active site, as well as less poisoning. Sr‐doped and Ce‐doped manganese perovskites show the highest activity. These catalysts are also the most selective, and have a high mw susceptibility. Optimal SO2 tolerance is displayed by Cr perovskites, from which the La0.8Ca0.2CrO3 combination uniquely converts propane before CO, and therefore can be used to remove >C2 hydrocarbons from a mix with CO. Possible mechanistic scenarios are presented and discussed.
Brain responses to subject‐verb agreement violations in spoken language in developmental dyslexia: an ERP study
Authors: Rispens Judith E. , Been Pieter H. , Zwarts Frans
Published: February 2006

This study investigates the presence and latency of the P600 component in response to subject–verb agreement violations in spoken language in people with and without developmental dyslexia. The two groups performed at‐ceiling level on judging the sentences on their grammaticality, but the ERP data revealed subtle differences between them. The P600 tended to peak later in the left posterior region in the dyslexic group compared with the control group. In addition, the group of dyslexic subjects did not show a P600 in response to sentences with a plural NP subject. These results suggest that brain activation involved in syntactic repair is more affected by linguistic complexity in developmental dyslexia compared with non‐dyslexic individuals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of cationic polymer particles and characterization of avidin‐immobilized particles by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Okamoto Yukihiro , Kitagawa Fumihiko , Otsuka Koji
Published: February 2006

Cationic polymer microparticles have received much attention especially in the field of biotechnology, such that their analysis and separation have become important. So far, the separation of cationic polymer particles with different size using CE has not been achieved and the cationic particles migrated as if they are negatively charged, probably due to electrostatic interaction between capillary wall and cationic polymer particles. In this paper, the separation of cationic polymer microparticles by CE was investigated in detail. The separation of cationic particles with different size was achieved in CE by taking into account the interaction between sample particles and the inner surface of capillaries. By employing a poly(vinyl alcohol)‐coated capillary, a better size separation of amine‐modified latex particles was obtained compared to a Polybrene‐coated capillary. It was elucidated that the composition, concentration, and pH of the background solution were also important factors in the separation of colloidal particles to avoid the surface adsorption and the characteristic aggregation of polymer particles. Furthermore, the CE analysis was applied to the characterization of cationic protein‐immobilized particles.
Proteome analysis of human plasma and amniotic fluid by Off‐Gel™ isoelectric focusing followed by nano‐LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Michel Philippe E. , Crettaz David , Morier Patrick , Heller Manfred , Gallot Denis , Tissot Jean‐Daniel , Reymond Frédéric , Rossier Joel S.
Published: February 2006

This paper presents a comparative proteomic analysis of human maternal plasma and amniotic fluid (AF) samples from the same patient at term of pregnancy in order to find specific AF proteins as markers of premature rupture of membranes, a complication frequently observed during pregnancy. Maternal plasma and the corresponding AF were immunodepleted in order to remove the six most abundant proteins before the systematic analysis of their protein composition. The protein samples were then fractionated by IEF Off‐Gel™ electrophoresis (OGE), digested and analyzed with nano‐LC‐MS/MS separation, revealing a total of 73 and 69 proteins identified in maternal plasma and AF samples, respectively. The proteins identified in AF have been compared to those identified in the mother plasma as well as to the reference human plasma protein list reported by Anderson et al. (Mol. Cell. Proteomics 2004, 3, 311–326). This comparison showed that 26 proteins were exclusively present in AF and not in plasma among which 10 have already been described to be placenta or pregnancy specific. As a further validation of the method, plasma proteins fractionated by OGE and analysed by nano‐LC‐MS/MS have been compared to the Swiss 2‐D PAGE reference map by reconstructing a map that matches 2‐D gel and OGE experimental data. This representation shows that 36 of 49 reference proteins could be identified in both data sets, and that isoform shifts in pI are well conserved in the OGE data sets.
Coordinated and reversible reduction of enzymes involved in terminal oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle mitochondria from a riboflavin‐responsive, multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency patient
Authors: Gianazza Elisabetta , Vergani Lodovica , Wait Robin , Brizio Carmen , Brambilla Daniela , Begum Shajna , Giancaspero Teresa A. , Conserva Francesca , Eberini Ivano , Bufano Daniela , Angelini Corrado , Pegoraro Elena , Tramontano Anna , Barile Maria
Published: February 2006

In this case report we studied alterations in mitochondrial proteins in a patient suffering from recurrent profound muscle weakness, associated with ethylmalonic‐adipic aciduria, who had benefited from high dose of riboflavin treatment. Morphological and biochemical alterations included muscle lipid accumulation, low muscle carnitine content, reduction in fatty acid β‐oxidation and reduced activity of complexes I and II of the respiratory chain. Riboflavin therapy partially or totally reversed these symptoms and increased the level of muscle flavin adenine dinucleotide, suggesting that aberrant flavin cofactor metabolism accounted for the disease. Proteomic investigation of muscle mitochondria revealed decrease or absence of several flavoenzymes, enzymes related to flavin cofactor‐dependent mitochondrial pathways and mitochondrial or mitochondria‐associated calcium‐binding proteins. All these deficiencies were completely rescued after riboflavin treatment. This study indicates for the first time a profound involvement of riboflavin/flavin cofactors in modulating the level of a number of functionally coordinated polypeptides involved in fatty acyl‐CoA and amino acid metabolism, extending the number of enzymatic pathways altered in riboflavin‐responsive multiple acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.
A new type of migrating zone boundary in electrophoresis: 3. The hybrid boundary and stacking criteria
Authors: Gebauer Petr , Malá Zdena , Boček Petr
Published: February 2006

This article investigates the principles of stacking of analytes by a zone of a bulk sample component that possesses one hybrid boundary. The model system investigated comprises a transient stacking zone in a BGE where the rear boundary of this zone is a hybrid one. A theoretical description of such a system is given, and general rules and mathematical criteria for quantitative stacking are presented. These criteria are based on comparison of migration velocities of analytes to be stacked and velocities of the boundaries of the stacking zone. It is shown that the presence of a hybrid boundary brings about additional constraints for stacking of analytes due to the presence of the sharp part of the hybrid boundary that migrates faster than regular sharp boundary of this zone. An experimental example related to the described theory is also shown.
Capillary electrophoresis using copolymers of different composition as physical coatings: A comparative study
Authors: Erny Guillaume L. , Elvira Carlos , San Román Julio , Cifuentes Alejandro
Published: February 2006

In this work, a comparative study on the use of different polymers as physically adsorbed coatings for CE is presented. It is demonstrated that the use of ad hoc synthesized polymers as coatings allows tailoring the EOF in CE increasing the flexibility of this analytical technique. Namely, different polymers were synthesized at our laboratory using different percentages of ethylpyrrolidine methacrylate (EpyM) and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA). Thus, by modifying the percentage of EpyM and DMA monomers it is possible to manipulate the positive charge of the copolymer, varying the global electrical charge on the capillary wall and with that the EOF. These coated capillaries are obtained by simply flushing a given EpyM–DMA aqueous solution into bare silica capillaries. It is shown that by using these coated capillaries at adequate pHs, faster or more resolved CE separations can be achieved depending on the requirements of each analysis. Moreover, it is demonstrated that these coated capillaries reduce the electrostatic adsorption of basic proteins onto the capillary wall. Furthermore, EpyM–DMA coatings allow the reproducible chiral separation of enantiomers through the partial filling technique (PFT). The EpyM–DMA coated capillaries are demonstrated to provide reproducible EOF values independently of the pH and polymer composition with%RSD values lower than 2% for the same day. It is also demonstrated that the coating procedure is reproducible between capillaries. The compatibility of this coating protocol with CE in microchips is discussed.
A filtering technique for system of reaction–diffusion equations
Authors: Dupros F. , Garbey M. , Fitzgibbon W. E.
Published: February 2006

In this paper, we present a fast parallel solver designed for a system of reaction–convection–diffusion equations. A typical application is the large‐scale computing of air quality models for which the main solver corresponds to reaction–diffusion–convection equations. Another potential application is the numerical simulation of population models where several colonies compete. Reaction–diffusion systems can be integrated in time by pointwise Newton iteration when all space‐dependent terms are explicit in the time integration. A Newton–Jacobi iteration makes this scheme implicit. Such methods are easy to code and have scalable parallelism. However, they are numerically inefficient. An alternative method is to use operator splitting, decoupling the time integration of the reaction from the time integration of convection–diffusion. However, such methods may not be time accurate thanks to the stiffness of the reaction term and are complex to parallelize with good scalability. A second alternative is to use matrix‐free Newton–Krylov methods. These techniques are particularly efficient provided that a good parallel preconditioner is customized to the application. The method is then not trivial to implement. We propose here a new family of fast, easy to code and numerically efficient reaction–diffusion solvers based on a filtering technique that stabilizes the explicit treatment of the diffusion terms. The scheme is completely explicit with respect to space, and the postprocessing to stabilize time stepping uses a simple FFT. We demonstrate the potential of this numerical scheme with two examples in air quality models that usually require the implicit treatment of diffusion terms and have compared our solution to classical schemes for two nonlinear reaction–diffusion problems. For general reaction–diffusion problems on tensorial product grids with regular space step, the filtering process can be applied as a black box postprocessing procedure. Further, we demonstrate on critical components of the algorithm the high potential of parallelism of our method on medium‐scale parallel computers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of high‐speed two‐layer film casting of Newtonian fluids
Authors: Zhang Jing , Khayat Roger E. , Wang Wei
Published: February 2006

The steady‐state flow and its linear stability are investigated for the isothermal two‐layer film casting process. Newtonian fluids are considered in this study. The continuity of traction is ensured at the interface, and the axial velocity is assumed to be uniform across each film layer separately. The effects of inertia, gravity, fluid parameters and processing conditions on the steady‐state flow and its stability are studied. The results indicate that the fluid properties and the processing conditions have significant influence on the flow. The flow stability is strongly dependent on the layer layout with respect to the take‐up rolling process. The frequency of the (unstable) disturbance is insensitive to flow and processing parameters. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous, discontinuous and coupled discontinuous–continuous Galerkin finite element methods for the shallow water equations
Authors: Dawson Clint , Westerink Joannes J. , Feyen Jesse C. , Pothina Dharhas
Published: February 2006

We consider the approximation of the depth‐averaged two‐dimensional shallow water equations by both a traditional continuous Galerkin (CG) finite element method as well as two discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approaches. The DG method is locally conservative, flux‐continuous on each element edge, and is suitable for both smooth and highly advective flows. A novel technique of coupling a DG method for continuity with a CG method for momentum is developed. This formulation is described in detail and validation via numerical testing is presented. Comparisons between a widely used CG approach, a conventional DG method, and the novel coupled discontinuous–continuous Galerkin method illustrates advantages and disadvantages in accuracy and efficiency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of an impinging jet in a crossflow using a Reynolds stress transport model
Authors: Worth Nicholas A. , Yang Zhiyin
Published: February 2006

An impinging jet in a crossflow is a flow case representative of a jet‐lift aircraft operating in ground effect. Accurate modelling of this flow field is essential in predicting the practical flow problems associated with these aircraft; in particular the ingestion of hot gas into the engine intakes, and the importance of the ground vortex contribution towards this. This paper describes a numerical study of this flow using the Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach with a Reynolds stress transport model (RSM), validating the current results against experimental data and comparing with other numerical results. A grid‐independent solution was determined and the importance of correct inlet geometry modelling demonstrated. Although slight improvements over the eddy‐viscosity approach are produced, the RSM model fails to predict the correct ground vortex centre location, and vortex attachment to the impinging jet, demonstrating that the RANS approach used to solve a highly unsteady, time‐dependent phenomenon is likely to result in the poor predictions seen. Therefore although the current approach does offer advantages over the k–ε model, it still may only be suitable for gross flow‐field approximations, as part of preliminary studies. For more accurate investigation of configuration‐dependent effects, further investigation into the LES approach is recommended. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solving a fully nonlinear highly dispersive Boussinesq model with mesh‐less least square‐based finite difference method
Authors: Wang Benlong , Liu Hua
Published: February 2006

Combining mesh‐less finite difference method and least square approximation, a new numerical model is developed for water wave propagation model in two horizontal dimensions. In the numerical formulation of the method, the approximation of the unknown functions and their derivatives are constructed on a set of nodes in a local circular‐shaped region. The Boussinesq equations studied in this paper is a fully nonlinear and highly dispersive model, which is composed of the exact boundary conditions and the truncated series expansion solution of the Laplace equation. The resultant system involves a sparse, unsymmetrical matrix to be solved at each time step of the simulation. Matrix solutions are studied to reduce the computing resource requirements and improve the efficiency and accuracy. The convergence properties of the present numerical method are investigated. Preliminary verifications are given for nonlinear wave shoaling problems; the numerical results agree well with experimental data available in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the efficiency and quality of numerical solutions in CFD problems using the interface strip preconditioner for domain decomposition methods
Authors: Paz Rodrigo R. , Nigro Norberto M. , Storti Mario A.
Published: February 2006

In this paper, some pathologies found for simple tests solved by means of preconditioned full iterative schemes are presented. According to these results (Sections 4 and 5), the accuracy deterioration observed should be considered as a warning for the final application given to these solutions. Even though it is well known that full iterative solvers are not the best selection for comparison, they were chosen because they are widely used by the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) community for a diversity of complex fluid dynamics applications.

FEM simulated solutions are compared with analytical solutions or measured data for problems that have been considered as ‘benchmarks’ in the CFD literature. For this purpose, the study of the solution obtained via parallelized iterative methods that have been extensively used (e.g. conjugate gradients (CG), GMRes global iteration and its variants, ‘overlapping’ and ‘non‐overlapping’ additive Schwarz domain decomposition schemes) in CFD computations and those obtained with the new interface strip preconditioner (J. Comput. Meth. Sci. Engng 2003; Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2005; 62(13):1873–1894) for the Schur complement method is carried out. The idea is to present the new solver as an alternative to obtain more accurate and faster solutions in the context of monolithic and non‐monolithic schemes applied to a internal/external viscous compressible/incompressible flows around bodies of complex shapes.

Therefore, the target of this work is to show how the reliability of CFD codes is affected by the solver selection and why domain decomposition methods should be viewed not only as a more efficient strategy, but also to guarantee the solution quality. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of a plane‐free jet exhausting from a channel by vortex‐in‐cell method
Authors: Knani Mohamed Ali , Boisson Henri‐Claude , Giovannini André , Lili Taieb
Published: February 2006

A two‐dimensional simulation of a plane jet exhausting from a channel has been performed using the vortex in cell algorithm in the Reynolds number range of 100–900. The vorticity is generated on the wall of the entrance channel whose length has been fixed in order to obtain a fully developed velocity profile at the entry of the jet. The transient behaviour of the velocity field starting from rest has been observed until reaching a quasi steady regime. The mean value of the velocity field is compared with the results of a finite volume computation on the same mesh. The velocity fluctuations obtained using this method are analysed. Their effect on the mean flow is estimated to be smaller than the viscous effect. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D second‐order accurate projection‐based Finite Volume code on non‐staggered, non‐uniform structured grids with continuity preserving properties: application to buoyancy‐driven flows
Authors: Denaro F. M.
Published: February 2006

It is well known that exact projection methods (EPM) on non‐staggered grids suffer for the presence of non‐solenoidal spurious modes. Hence, a formulation for simulating time‐dependent incompressible flows while allowing the discrete continuity equation to be satisfied up to machine‐accuracy, by using a Finite Volume‐based second‐order accurate projection method on non‐staggered and non‐uniform 3D grids, is illustrated. The procedure exploits the Helmholtz–Hodge decomposition theorem for deriving an additional velocity field that enforces the discrete continuity without altering the vorticity field. This is accomplished by first solving an elliptic equation on a compact stencil that is by performing a standard approximate projection method (APM). In such a way, three sets of divergence‐free normal‐to‐face velocities can be computed. Then, a second elliptic equation for a scalar field is derived by prescribing that its additional discrete gradient ensures the continuity constraint based on the adopted linear interpolation of the velocity. Characteristics of the double projection method (DPM) are illustrated in details and stability and accuracy of the method are addressed. The resulting numerical scheme is then applied to laminar buoyancy‐driven flows and is proved to be stable and efficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Riemann solvers with evolved initial conditions
Authors: Toro E. F.
Published: February 2006

The scope of this paper is three fold. We first formulate upwind and symmetric schemes for hyperbolic equations with non‐conservative terms. Then we propose upwind numerical schemes for conservative and non‐conservative systems, based on a Riemann solver, the initial conditions of which are evolved non‐linearly in time, prior to a simple linearization that leads to closed‐form solutions. The Riemann solver is easily applied to complicated hyperbolic systems. Finally, as an example, we formulate conservative schemes for the three‐dimensional Euler equations for general compressible materials and give numerical results for a variety of test problems for ideal gases in one and two space dimensions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Petrov–Galerkin finite element stabilization for two‐phase flows
Authors: Giordano Michele , Magi Vinicio
Published: February 2006

A finite element model for incompressible laminar two‐phase flows is presented. A two‐fluid model, describing the laminar non‐equilibrium flow of two incompressible phases, is discretized by means of a properly designed streamline upwind Petrov–Galerkin (SUPG) finite element procedure. Such a procedure is consistent with a continuous pressure equation. The design and the implementation of the algorithm are presented together with its validation throughout a comparison with simulations available in the literature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.