bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of the gut microbiota of sand fly vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in Iran; host-environment interplay shapes diversity
Authors: Karimian Fateh , Koosha Mona , Choubdar Nayyereh , Oshaghi Mohammad Ali
Published: July 2022

The development of Leishmania parasites within sand fly vectors occurs entirely in the insect gut lumen, in the presence of symbiotic and commensal bacteria. The impacts of host species and environment on the gut microbiome are currently poorly understood. We employed MiSeq sequencing of the V3-16S rRNA gene amplicons to characterize and compare the gut microbiota of field-collected populations of Phlebotomus kandelakii, P. perfiliewi, P. alexandri, and P. major, the primary or secondary vectors of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) in three distinct regions of Iran where ZVL is endemic. In total, 160,550 quality-filtered reads of the V3 region yielded a total of 72 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), belonging to 23 phyla, 47 classes, 91 orders, 131 families, and 335 genera. More than 50% of the bacteria identified were Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes (22%), Deinococcus-Thermus (9%), Actinobacteria (6%), and Bacteroidetes (5%). The core microbiome was dominated by eight genera: Acinetobacter, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Propionibacterium, Kocuria, and Corynebacterium. Wolbachia were found in P. alexandri and P. perfiliewi, while Asaia sp. was reported in P. perfiliewi. Substantial variations in the gut bacterial composition were found between geographically distinct populations of the same sand fly species, as well as between different species at the same location, suggesting that sand fly gut microbiota is shaped by both the host species and geographical location. Phlebotomus kandelakii and P. perfiliewi in the northwest, and P. alexandri in the south, the major ZVL vectors, harbor the highest bacterial diversity, suggesting a possible relationship between microbiome diversity and the capacity for parasite transmission. In addition, large numbers of gram-positive human or animal pathogens were found, suggesting that sand fly vectors of ZVL could pose a potential additional threat to livestock and humans in the region studied. The presence of Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter cloacae, and Asaia sp suggests that these bacteria could be promising candidates for a paratransgenesis approach to the fight against Leishmaniasis.
How many cyberbullying(s)? A non-unitary perspective for offensive online behaviours
Authors: Guidi Stefano , Palmitesta Paola , Bracci Margherita , Marchigiani Enrica , Di Pomponio Ileana , Parlangeli Oronzo
Published: July 2022

Research has usually considered cyberbullying as a unitary phenomenon. Thus, it has been neglected to explore whether the specific online aggressive behaviours relate differentially to demographic features of the perpetrators of online aggressive actions, their personality characteristics, or to the ways in which they interact with the Internet. To bridge this gap, a study was conducted through a questionnaire administered online to 1228 Italian high-school students (Female: 61.1%; 14–15 yo: 48.%; 16–17 yo: 29.1%; 18–20 yo: 20.4%, 21–25 yo: 1.6%; Northern Italy: 4.1%; Central Italy: 59.2%; Southern Italy: 36.4%). The questionnaire, in addition to items about the use of social media, mechanisms of Moral Disengagement and personality characteristics of the participants in the study, also included a scale for the measurement of cyberbullying through the reference to six aggressive behaviours. The results indicate that cyberbullying can be considered as a non-unitary phenomenon in which the different aggressive behaviours can be related to different individual characteristics such as gender, personality traits and the different ways of interacting with social media. Moreover, the existence of two components of cyberbullying has been highlighted, one related to virtual offensive actions directly aimed at a victim, the other to indirect actions, more likely conducted involving bystanders. These findings open important perspectives for understanding, preventing, and mitigating cyberbullying among adolescents.
Changes in cesarean section rates after introduction of a punitive financial policy in Georgia: A population-based registry study 2017–2019
Authors: Nedberg Ingvild Hersoug , Manjavidze Tinatin , Rylander Charlotta , Blix Ellen , Skjeldestad Finn Egil , Anda Erik Eik
Published: July 2022

Background

There is little research on how financial incentives and penalties impact national cesarean section rates. In January 2018, Georgia introduced a national cesarean section reduction policy, which imposes a financial penalty on hospitals that do not meet their reduction targets. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this policy on cesarean section rates, subgroups of women, and selected perinatal outcomes.

Methods

We included women who gave birth from 2017 to 2019 registered in the Georgian Birth Registry (n = 150 534, nearly 100% of all births in the country during this time). We then divided the time period into pre-policy (January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2017) and post-policy (January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2019). An interrupted time series analysis was used to compare the cesarean section rates (both overall and stratified by parity), neonatal intensive care unit transfer rates, and perinatal mortality rates in the two time periods. Descriptive statistics were used to assess differences in maternal socio-demographic characteristics.

Results

The mean cesarean section rate in Georgia decreased from 44.7% in the pre-policy period to 40.8% in the post-policy period, mainly among primiparous women. The largest decrease in cesarean section births was found among women <25 years of age and those with higher education. There were no significant differences in the neonatal intensive care unit transfer rate or the perinatal mortality rate between vaginal and cesarean section births in the post-policy period.

Conclusion

The cesarean section rate in Georgia decreased during the 2-year post-policy period. The reduction mainly took place among primiparous women. The policy had no impact on the neonatal intensive care unit transfer rate or the perinatal mortality rate. The impact of the national cesarean section reduction policy on other outcomes is not known.
Global Origins of Probabilism
Authors: Egío José Luis
Published: July 2022

In contrast to traditional historiography which, until recently, has generally explained the origin of probabilism based on works written in the European academic context, this article explores pragmatic works written mostly by —and for— experienced actors making practical use of their knowledge in fields such as trade, commerce and sacraments within the new global horizon of the Hispanic Monarchy. I propose a new, more global explanation of the progressive emergence of probabilism as a theological doctrine and method for the resolution of cases. Particular attention is granted to the use of probabilistic arguments in works of American missionary literature and writings of moral theology produced in the changing context of the central decades of the sixteenth century. This analysis allows us to understand their focus on evaluating probable alternatives in unfamiliar contexts and with unforeseen doubts that already existed in Vitoria’s ideas on economy and mission. As I show in this article, this emerging focus is a tendency that later Salamancan disciples such as the novohispano theologians Alonso de la Vera Cruz (1509-1584) and Tomás de Mercado (1523-1575) went on to radicalize by appealing to the need to follow merely probable opinions in a growing range of cases. Both of them adapted European moral and religious norms to a wide range of specifically early modern problems. The evaluation of the family or marriage customs of the indigenous American peoples and of frequent practices in the transatlantic economy such as money exchange and sale on credit were among the most discussed.
cuerpos devastados
Authors: Valenzuela Candelario José
Published: July 2022

El mal de las bubas fue en Europa durante la Edad Moderna representación de la mortificación del cuerpo y símbolo del destrozo físico asociado al comercio carnal. Este artículo identifica y descifra los signos físicos y culturales de la enfermedad venérea en los cuerpos de las mujeres asistidas en los Hospitales Reales de la ciudad de Granada durante los siglos XVI y XVII. Revela los significados encadenados en las marcas y simbolismos corporales, en particular los asociados a la diferencia sexo-genérica. La semántica de los cuerpos enfermos de bubas muestra el orden social patriarcal y la extorsión sexual de las mujeres. Se ofrece una propuesta de taxonomía sexo-genérica de las mujeres asistidas (y de las enfermas de bubas en general).
Arquitectura del pan
Authors: Núñez-González María
Published: July 2022

Moler el trigo, hacer la masa para el pan, amasarla y cocerla eran actividades cotidianas en la Sevilla del siglo XVI que se realizaban en los asientos de atahonas y en los hornos (tanto domésticos como comerciales), que bien podían formar parte de una casa o constituir un espacio propio. Según nos indican las fuentes documentales escritas y gráficas consultadas, eran inmuebles repartidos por la ciudad, con aparejos, elementos constructivos y espacios propios del oficio: piedras de atahona, pajares, caballerizas, estantes de madera, poyos, capillas o bóvedas de los hornos, cámaras o palacios para almacenar la leña, entresuelos y en la mayoría de los casos pozos. El análisis arquitectónico de estas tipologías edificatorias se apoya en dibujos en planta de los inmuebles basados en las descripciones de los apeos.
moral económica de los comerciantes
Authors: Perdices de Blas Luis , Ramos Gorostiza  José Luis
Published: July 2022

Uno de los propósitos de la línea de investigación Economía y Literatura es analizar la transmisión y divulgación de las ideas económicas, desde aquellos que reflexionaron en profundidad sobre las cuestiones económicas hasta el público en general. Precisamente, el presente trabajo profundiza en cómo se plasmaron las ideas de los escolásticos españoles sobre moral económica en una serie de obras dramáticas del Siglo de Oro. Se trata de piezas representadas en los corrales de comedias, a los que asistía un amplio y muy variado público, y entre cuyos autores están Calderón, Góngora, Lope de Vega, Ruiz de Alarcón o Aguilar.
RINGKASAN HASIL PENELITIAN PENGUATAN PERAN DIASPORA INDONESIA DALAM PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING BANGSA STUDI KASUS: DIASPORA AKADEMISI DAN PROFESIONAL INDONESIA DI MALAYSIA
Authors: Sari Betti Rosita
Published: July 2022

Pemerintah Indonesia dalam beberapa tahun terakhir ini semakin menyadari bahwa Indonesia memiliki potensi yang besar melalui diaspora Indonesia di luar negeri. Peran diaspora dalam pembangunan Indonesia tentu sangat diharapkan terlebih dengan adanya realitas bahwa Indonesia masih mengalami kesenjangan potensi sumber daya manusia, padahal tidak sedikit profesional dan akademisi Indonesia yang mumpuni dan berkiprah di luar negeri, terutama Malaysia. Jarak yang tidak terlalu jauh, kesamaan budaya dan agama, serta fasilitas yang ditawarkan oleh pemerintah Malaysia mengakibatkan banyak akademisi dan pekerja profesional yang bekerja di Malaysia. Perkembangan diaspora Indonesia perlu diteliti secara holistik dalam rangka meningkatkan nilai tambah ekonomi nasional agar dapat menunjang produktivitas bangsa. Tulisan ini berupaya untuk melihat potensi diaspora akademisi dan profesional Indonesia di Malaysia yang bisa dimanfaatkan untuk peningkatan daya saing dan diplomasi ekonomi Indonesia di masa datang. Keywords: diaspora, skilled diaspora, jaringan intelektual, transfer pengetahuan, Malaysia
PEREMPUAN INDONEISA DALAM PROSES PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN MENJADI PENGANTIN PESANAN KE TIONGKOK : PERSPEKTIF INTERSEKSIONALITAS DAN OTONOMI RELASIONAL
Authors: Husnah Wabilia , Siscawati Mia , Pamungkas Cahyo
Published: July 2022

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui interseksionalitas latar belakang dan otonomi relasional perempuan dalam pengambilan keputusan menjadi pengantin pesanan dari Indonesia ke Tiongkok. Artikel ini merupakan hasil penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, yang menggunakan kerangka analisis interseksionalitas dan otonomi relasional. Penelitian tersebut melakukan penelusuran riwayat hidup dua perempuan penyintas asal DKI Jakarta dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa korban pengantin pesanan adalah perempuan dengan latar belakang dan pengalaman hidup yang beragam. Terdapat interseksi latar belakang dan pengalaman tertindas perempuan di domain struktural, disiplin, hegemoni dan interpersonal yang menyebabkan perempuan tertentu rentan menjadi korban. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa penyebab utama yang melatari perempuan menjadi korban adalah faktor interseksional, yang meliputi faktor ekonomi, sosial-budaya, hubungan interpersonal serta pengalaman hidup. Semua faktor saling berkelindan satu dengan lainnya, sehingga tidak ada satupun faktor dominan yang menjadi latar belakang perempuan menjadi korban pengantin pesanan. Dalam proses pengambilan keputusan, perempuan memiliki otonomi relasional karena memutuskan sendiri untuk menikah dengan laki-laki Tiongkok, berdasarkan pertimbangan interseksi latar belakang, pengalaman tertindas, nilai-nilai sosial, praktik budaya, karya sastra, serta hubungan sosial.
Strategi Manuver Geoekonomi Indonesia dalam Merespons Dukungan Negara-Negara Pasifik Selatan atas Isu Kemerdekaan Papua
Authors: Sihaloho Rezya Agnesica Helena , Abbas Rusdi J , Anggraeni Silvia Dian
Published: July 2022

The focus of the study in this research is the issue of the right to self-determination of Papua which has the support of countries in the South Pacific region. The Free Papua Movement (OPM) in Papua is motivated by differences in the history of integration, social and economic conditions between Indonesia and Papua. The support given by these countries for Papua has disturbed Indonesia's political sovereignty and national security conditions, so that the Indonesian government has responded with soft power. The response is in the form of an economic approach to Papua (internal) and South Pacific Countries (external). In discussing this research, the author uses a geoeconomic perspective with qualitative research methods, through data collection techniques from literature studies and various sources that are credible and relevant to the research. In addition, this research is also supported by primary data through interviews with parties who have the ability to discuss research problems.Keywords: geo-economics, Papua, self-determinations issues, South Pacific countries
Superexploração do Aquífero Bauru pela Fonte de Água Mineral Campestre usada para fins balneários
Authors: Luiz Thays de Souza João , Koppe Jair Carlos , Souza Vládia Cristina Gonçalves de
Published: July 2022

Este trabalho visa ao estudo da superexploração do Aquífero Guarani pela Fonte Campestre. A Fonte Campestre é um poço tubular profundo cuja vazão aprovada pela Agência Nacional de Mineração (ANM) era igual a 185 m3/h. Esse poço de água mineral destinava-se a abastecer A vazão que estava usada no poço de adução era igual 370 m3/h. Além de estar usando uma vazão correspondente ao dobro da vazão aprovada, a empresa responsável pela exploração do balneário, estava usando a água mineral para limpeza de um frigorífico que fazia parte de um conglomerado de empresas das quais o balneário fazia parte. Neste trabalho será estudado o Plano de Aproveitamento Econômico da Fonte Campestre de forma bem resumida, para que se entende a diferença entre o aproveitamento da água mineral para consumo e o aproveitamento para fins balneários. A ANM que é uma autarquia federal como forma de solução para esse caso de lavra gananciosa reduziu a vazão que variava entre 342 e 370 m3/h para o valor aprovado no Plano de Aproveitamento Econômico e obrigou a empresa a cumprir diversas medidas mitigatórias para sanar o problema causado pela lavra gananciosa de água mineral.
Biofungicidal and Bicontrol Activity of Cannabis sativa Against Pytopathogenic Phytophthora capsici Fungi.
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Bhardwaj Romika , . Preeti , . Sameer , . Jatin , Kumar Sachin
Published: July 2022

In vitro fungitoxic activity of Cannabis sativa leaf extracts against Phytopthora capsici isolated from (Solanum Tuberosum potato and Capsicum annuum) was studied in acetone, ethanol, methanol, and water in various solvents. The food poisoning technique was used to measure fungitoxicity, which comprised utilising different extracts at 200mg/ml and documenting their activity as radial growth and percentage inhibition. The only extracts that totally stopped the fungus from developing were ethanol and acetone extracts. The fungus was 50% suppressed by methanol, while the aqueous extract had no impact. The findings suggest that ethanol and acetone extract of Cannabis sativa can be used as a biofungicide to control pathogenic fungi.
Analyse des facteurs de compétitivité dans la production du maïs entre la RDC et la Zambie en Afrique Australe
Authors: John Tshomba Kalumbu , Helène Kitsali Katungo Jean , Jules Nkulu Mwiné Fyama , Léoncez Katembo Akilimali , Patrick Mpata Menda , Moïse Kalambaie Bin Mukanya Madiya
Published: July 2022

La dépendance alimentaire reste une préoccupation majeure en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) malgré lespotentialités agricoles du pays. Cet article compare la compétitivité de la culture de maïs (Zea mays L.), principale culture alimentaire, en RDC et en Zambie. L’étude a été réalisée grâce aux données primaires issues d’enquêtes et d’entretiens semi-structurés sur la campagne agricole 2017-2018, auprès de cent vingt producteurs dans l’hinterland de deux régions distantes de 410 km à savoir, la ville de Lubumbashi dans la province du Haut Katanga, RDC ; et la ville de Kabwe dans la province Centrale en Zambie. Il ressort des analyses que le coût de production moyen s’élève à 762$/ha en RDC pour un rendement moyen de 1,4 t/ha au sein des exploitations agricoles non subventionnées. Ce coût est 1,5 et 3,5 fois supérieur à celui de la même culture non subventionnée (484$/ha avec 6,3t/ha) et subventionnée (217$/ha avec 3,3t/ha) en Zambie. Ces écarts sont dus à l’existence de subventions à la production en Zambie, aux prix élevés des intrants importés et de la main d’œuvre agricole en RDC, à la mécanisation de la filière et à la traction animale plus développées en Zambie. Pour être compétitifs face à la filière Zambienne, les producteurs de la RDC devront réduire leur coût de production et augmenter leur rendement moyen. Cette situation montre qu’il est nécessaire de redynamiser la politique agricole en RDC et développer des techniques innovantes basées sur la production locale des intrants chimiques et organiques.
Performance of HDL-C measurements assessed by a 4-year trueness-based EQA/PT program in China
Authors: Zhou Weiyan , Luo Wenbo , Yu Songlin , Li Hongxia , Wang Donghuan , Zhang Jiangtao , Wang Siming , Zeng Jie , Zhang Chao , Zhao Haijian , Zheng Hao , Dong Jun , Chen Wenxiang , Zhang Chuanbao
Published: July 2022

Objectives

A trueness-based EQA/PT program for high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was initiated. We analyzed the 4 year EQA/PT program to overview the measurement standardization for HDL-C in China.

Methods

Two levels of freshly frozen, commutable serum external quality assessment/proficiency testing (EQA/PT) materials were prepared and determined by reference measurement procedure each year. The samples were delivered to clinical laboratories and measured 15 times in 3 days. The precision [coefficient of variation (CV)], trueness (bias), and accuracy [total error (TE)] were calculated and used to evaluate measurement performance. The pass rates of individual laboratories and peer groups were analyzed using the acceptable performance from the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and biological variation as the evaluation criteria.

Results

More than 60% of laboratories use heterogeneous systems, and there was a decrease in the percentage from 2016 to 2019. About 95, 78, and 33% of laboratories met the minimum, desirable and optimum TE criteria derived from biological variation. The pass rates were 87.0% (84.7–88.8%), 58.7% (55.3–62.4%), and 97.3% (95.6–98.3%) that met the acceptable performance of TE, bias, and CV of NCEP. The homogeneous systems had higher pass rates of TE, bias, and CV than the heterogeneous groups in 2016, but they did not show apparent advantages in 2017–2019.

Conclusions

The trueness-based EQA/PT program can be used to evaluate the accuracy, reproducibility, and trueness of results. For some IVD manufacturers and individual laboratories, accuracy, especially trueness, are still problems. Efforts should be made to improve the situation and achieve better HDL-C measurement standardization.
Prediction of oxygen-blowing volume in BOF steelmaking process based on BP neural network and incremental learning
Authors: Fei He , Xianyi Chai , Zhenghai Zhu
Published: July 2022

In view of the characteristics of dynamic basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking process, prediction models based on backpropagation neural network and incremental learning (BPNN-IL) are proposed for total blow oxygen volume and second blow oxygen volume. The incremental learning is to adjust weights and thresholds of the BPNN according to the difference between the predicted value and actual value of each heat and to adapt to the change in furnace conditions. The combined BPNN-IL models are trained and tested by actual production data, and are further compared with multiple linear regression models and BPNN models. The results show that whether it is total blow oxygen volume or second blow oxygen volume, the BPNN-IL models could provide the most accurate prediction and the introduction of an incremental learning method could further improve the predictive accuracy. So the BPNN-IL method is effective in predicting the oxygen-blowing volume in the BOF steelmaking process.
Commodification of English and English-like structures in shop names in Lombok Island, Indonesia
Authors: Yusra Kamaludin , Lestari Yuni Budi , Juwaeriah Yulia
Published: July 2022

English has been for centuries seen as the native language of speakers in the English-speaking inner circle countries, as the second language of speakers in the former British-colony outer circle countries and as an international business lingua franca among speakers in the techno-economically powerful extended circle countries. Little is known how speakers in the Expanding Circle countries where English is learned as an additional foreign language make use of the language in everyday life, for communication, and for business purposes. This article fills the gap by examining how and why English and English structures have been used in shop naming in the Expanding Circle. Surveying and observing shop names, products on sale, and neighborhood’s socio-economic conditions, the study identifies possible connection between the nature of the language used, the types of products being sold and the socioeconomic nature of the neighborhood. Distributing questionnaires and interviewing shop owners, staff and buyers in the central business districts on Lombok Island, Indonesia, the study establishes linguistic ideology and socio-economic and cultural expectation behind the name selection. Three clusters of CBDs were observed: urban, suburban and tourism areas. With Chi-square analyses, the study establishes a strong relationship between the choice of language for shop names and the types of products on sale irrespective of the socio-economic conditions of the shop neighborhood. With linguistic analyses, the study shows that the choice of names in English or in English-like structures is affected by the ideology of English as the language of science, technology and modern lifestyle. English is strongly associated with modern lifestyle and the majority of lifestyle, entertainment and fashion shops are named in the English language. English-like structures are connected to English as the language of technology and shops dealing with electricity and machinery technologies are named in English-like structures. The use of these linguistic ideologies is expected to boost the image of the shops and the sale of the products and this expectation was statistically verified.
Dynamic characteristic analysis of acoustic black hole in typical raft structure
Authors: Tang Yang , Liu Jiangtao , Liu Ning , Pang Fuzhen , Wang Yu
Published: July 2022

As a hot content of research in recent years, acoustic black holes have bright application prospects in the field of vibration and noise reduction. In this article, based on the acoustic black hole theory, we carry out a study on the dynamic characteristics of a typical raft structure. The manuscript gives the simplified method of the acoustic black hole model, verifies the validity of the method by the structure natural frequency and vibration response, and discusses the influence of the main parameters such as acoustic black hole tip cutoff ratio and damping thickness ratio on the vibration characteristics of the raft frame structure. The better values of the parameters were applied to the raft structure on this basis, and the results showed that the peak value of some frequency points decreased by about 10 dB after the acoustic black hole was laid in the raft structure, which improved the vibration isolation performance of the raft.
Experimental study on basic mechanical properties of recycled steel fiber reinforced concrete
Authors: Gao Yongtao , Wang Bin , Liu Changjiang , Hui David , Xu Qiang , Zhao Qihua , Wei Jiachen , Hong Xiaoyu
Published: July 2022

Recycled steel fiber (RSF)-reinforced concrete is not only an innovative research trend in the field of civil engineering materials, but also a new type of civil engineering composites under the trend of low-carbon development. This article deals with the experimental study of applying waste steel fibers to form recycled steel fiber concrete (RSFC). The main materials in this study are RSF, coarse and fine aggregate, fly ash, silica fume, and water reducer agent formed by machining surplus materials as the main materials. Three types of concrete were prepared. They were normal concrete, primary steel fiber concrete (PSFC), and RSFC with six different volume contents. The slump and air content of the three types of concrete are compared and analyzed. Then, the effects of the volume content of RSF on the cube compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and axial compressive strength of RSFC are studied. Finally, the toughness of RSFC is discussed. The test results show that with the increase in the volume content of RSF, the slump of RSFC is significantly reduced, the compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength are enhanced, the increase in tensile strength and flexural strength is significantly higher than the cube compressive strength, and the RSF has an obvious inhibitory effect on the development of concrete cracks which can obviously enhance the ductility and toughness of the concrete.
§ 57 AktG – Versuch einer Entdifferenzierung
Authors: Koch Jens
Published: July 2022

Wann liegt eine verdeckte Einlagenrückgewähr nach § 57 AktG vor? Aus einer Gesamtschau der Kommentarliteratur lässt sich folgende Antwort destillieren: Entscheidend ist eine Äquivalenz-, Vollwertigkeits- und Deckungsprüfung, in deren Rahmen im Drittvergleich at arm’s length unter Anerkennung eines Beurteilungsspielraums festgestellt wird, ob die Leistung causa societatis erfolgt ist. Das klingt ziemlich ausdifferenziert, aber in der praktischen Anwendung erweist sich doch gerade diese Maßstabsfülle als recht knifflig, und zwar namentlich deswegen, weil sehr unterschiedliche Vorstellungen darüber bestehen, wie diese Kriterien inhaltlich auszufüllen sind, wie sie sich zueinander verhalten und was zu gelten hat, wenn sie in unterschiedliche Richtungen weisen. Sind Äquivalenz-, Vollwertigkeits-, Deckungsprüfung, Drittvergleich und causa societatis fünf Einzelelemente, die allesamt erfüllt sein müssen? Ist der Drittvergleich in die allein maßgebliche Äquivalenzprüfung integriert oder begründet umgekehrt die fehlende Äquivalenz lediglich eine (widerlegliche oder unwiderlegliche) Vermutung für das entscheidende Kriterium einer Leistung causa societatis? Ist der Beurteilungsspielraum ein solcher im Sinne des § 93 Abs. 1 Satz 2 AktG oder eine gesonderte Kategorie? Und was hat das Ganze eigentlich mit einer Armlänge zu tun? Der folgende Beitrag soll in diesen Begriffs- und Kriteriendschungel eine Verständnisbresche schlagen und in diese und andere Fragen, die sich um die Einlagenrückgewähr nach § 57 AktG ranken, ein wenig Klarheit bringen.
Die konsensuale Beendigung des Aufsichtsratsamts
Authors: Kraft Julia
Published: July 2022

Verschiedene Wege führen zur Beendigung des Aufsichtsratsmandats vor Ablauf der regulären Amtszeit. Die Frage, ob ein vorzeitiges Ausscheiden eines Anteilseignervertreters auch mit Hilfe eines Aufhebungsvertrags gelingen kann, ist Gegenstand der nachfolgenden Erörterung. Die Antwort wird für die Rechtspraxis bedeutsam, wenn eine diskreditierende Abberufung des Aufsichtsratsmitglieds durch die Hauptversammlung vermieden werden soll und die Satzung der Gesellschaft eine Amtsniederlegung nur unter Beachtung einer bestimmten Frist erlaubt. Von allgemein aktienrechtlicher Bedeutung ist die Fragestellung, weil sie eine Antwort darauf einfordert, ob durch eine Vereinbarung zum einvernehmlichen Ausscheiden die Vorschrift des § 103 Abs. 1 Satz 1 AktG in unzulässiger Weise umgangen wird.
Radicle emergence (RE) test identifies differences in normal germination percentages (NG) of watermelon, lettuce and carrot seed lots
Authors: Mis Serpil , Ermis Sıtkı , Powell Alison A. , Demir Ibrahim
Published: July 2022

This study was conducted to test the potential of the radicle emergence (RE) test to predict normal germination percentage (NG) in seed lots of watermelon, lettuce and carrot. One seed lot of each species was aged at 100% RH and 45°C for different times to produce 14 aged sub-samples.
The RE (≥ 2 mm radicle) was counted during a germination test (ISTA Rules) and NG was assessed at the end of the test. RE counts after 74 (watermelon), 40 (lettuce) and 120 hours (carrot) were significantly (P < 0.001) related to NG (watermelon, R 2 = 0.81; lettuce,
R2 = 0.74; carrot, R2 = 0.81). RE counts at the same times were significantly related to NG in ten commercial seed lots of watermelon (R2 = 0.66, P < 0.01), nine lots of lettuce (R2= 0.94, P < 0.001) and eight lots
of carrot (R 2 = 0.64, P < 0.05). The potential of the RE test to predict NG of both different lots within the same cultivar (watermelon, carrot) and lots from different cultivars (lettuce) is discussed.
Minimally Invasive Dentistry: Step by Step of an Anterior Adhesive Bridge
Authors: Ramírez Barrantes Juan Carlos , Obando Moreno Luis Enrique
Published: July 2022

Fixed Partial Dentures (PPF/FPD) bonded with resin cement are viable alternatives based on the fundamentals of Minimally Invasive Dentistry (MIO). The conservative concept of preserving healthy dental tissue allows planning a minimally invasive restorative approach. Nowadays, remain uncertain how to replace teeth in patients with edentulous spaces that are not suitable for implant placement or with limited economic factors. The current ceramic systems provide greater bond strength to the substrate while offering an optimal aesthetic result. Clinical and laboratory investigations demonstrate the adequate long-term clinical performance of fixed partial dentures bonded with resin cement. The present clinical case will be approached in an even more conservative way, without the unnecessary removal of healthy dental tissue, replacing a tooth with a unitary fixed partial prosthesis in a patient not suitable for the placement of endosseous implants.
Die frommen Byzantiner und ihre bösen Nachbarn
Authors: Koder Johannes
Published: July 2022

The monk Theophanes († 818) reports on the period from 284/5 to 812/3 AD in simple language and a clear, chronological text. According to Theophanes, the 7th century was the decisive epoch in the history of the Byzantine Empire, encompassing the last Persian Wars and the empire’s first confrontations with the Arabs, who had been newly converted to Islam by the Prophet Muhammad. Other central themes are the settlement of Slavic tribes in south-eastern Europe in the wake of the Avar campaigns of conquest, and Byzantine domestic politics. The introduction addresses the biographical background and ideological basis of the author, the influence of Greek and Oriental sources on the Chronicle of Theophanes, and its influence on the historiography of the Western Middle Ages, thanks to the early Latin translation by Anastasius Bibliothecarius († 879), a Vatican librarian. The introduction also discusses how Theophanes portrays the political leaders prominent in the chronicle, as well as peculiarities in his style, vocabulary, and language. Also examined are the frequent use of direct speech in the account often inserted into the account and the slogans, mostly in verse, that the Green and Blue political parties shouted during demonstrations in Constantinople, loudly supported by the people.
Witness to Marvels: Sufism and Literary Imagination, by Tony K. Stewart
Authors: Bocchetti Annalisa
Published: July 2022

Witness to Marvels: Sufism and Literary Imagination, by Tony K. StewartOakland, CA: University of California Press, 2019. xxxi + 300 pp. £31 (pb) and open access online. ISBN 9780520306332.
Comics
Authors: DeHart Jason D.
Published: July 2022

Guest Editor, Jason D. DeHart  provides a rationale and overview for this issue focused on comics and graphic novels.
Teaching Nearby, Learning Nearby
Authors: Cicekoglu Feride , Kennedy-Karpat Colleen B , Önel Melisa , Solhan Fetullah
Published: July 2022

Inspired by the Teaching Women's Filmmaking conference hosted by Istanbul Bilgi University in April 2021, this video essay considers the learning experience inside and outside the classroom as represented in Joanna Hogg's The Souvenir (2019) and Céline Sciamma's Portrait of a Lady on Fire (2019). Both films demonstrate that pedagogy is most effective and most affecting when teachers and learners can share their experiences as equals, outside the hierarchical structures of the traditional classroom. 
Carta cartucho
Authors: Melo Laura
Published: July 2022

El papel fue fundamental en las guerras de independencia americanas, tuvo funciones militares y de comunicación trascendentales tanto para elejército patriota como para el realista. En el archivo parroquial de Paipa Boyacá, existen una serie de citas manuscritas que aluden al paso de la guerrade 1819 por esta población. A partir de cinco de ellas hago una interpretación y reconstrucción de su contexto histórico, teniendo al papel como vehículo de un relato de múltiples sentidos.
From a Lingua Franca to a Communal Language: The Islamicization of Urdu in British India
Authors: Belmekki Belkacem
Published: July 2022

The Urdu language, alternatively known as Hindustani, enjoyed the status of a lingua franca in the Indian subcontinent due to the fact that it was a common medium of expression used by Indians regardless of their faith. However, around the mid-nineteenth century, mutations on the Indian scene were to pose a challenge to this status which rendered this language an exclusively Islamic one. Therefore, this paper seeks to highlight the process of this transition—that is, from a common language used by all to a communal one—as well as the motivating forces behind such a change which, ultimately, led to the fragmentation of the country by the mid-twentieth century
Reseña de The Bioarcheology of Structural Violence. A Theoretical Framework for Industrial Era Inequality
Authors: Pérez Flórez Aurora Marcela
Published: July 2022

La violencia tiene una larga historia en nuestra especie, ha impactado las experiencias de vida de todos los seres humanos desde el paleolítico —o  incluso antes— hasta nuestra época; es, ha sido y seguirá siendo parte de la existencia humana (Keeley, 1996, 2014; Guilaine y Zammit, 2005; Gat, 2006; Tooby y Cosmides, 1988). Este fenómeno multidimensional, históricamente contingente y especifico en el tiempo y en el espacio, adquiere su significado  en el contexto cultural e histórico en donde se circunscribe. Por consiguiente, no todos los actos de violencia son expresados, comprendidos, ni  xperimentados de manera idéntica por todos los individuos de la misma población o de diferentes poblaciones; lo que para unos es un comportamiento violento para otros no lo es, así como, lo que hoy consideramos violencia es probable que en el pasado no haya sido castigado o definido de esa manera (Koziol, 2017; Scheper-Hughes y Bourgois, 2004; Ralph 2013).
Género, violencia y vida cotidiana en un grupo de individuos sepultados en la Ciudad de México, siglos XVIII y XIX
Authors: Zárate Zúñiga Mirna Isalia , Márquez Morfín Lourdes
Published: July 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar cómo la desigualdad de género entre hombres y mujeres generó impactos diferenciales en sus vidas cotidianas, que pudieron ser observados en las huellas de algunos esqueletos, dejando evidencias derivadas de las actividades o de la violencia que estos individuos vivieron en la ciudad de México durante los siglos XVIII y XIX. La metodología se basó en un análisis de corte mixto, retomando la microhistoria y el enfoque biocultural, a partir del análisis de traumas que se observaron en un grupo de individuos sepultados en los cementerios de San Andrés y Santa Paula. Los resultados apuntan a un mayor número de casos en hombres, lo cual puede ser causa de los roles sociales que desempeñaban en sus espacios, exponiéndolos a mayores riesgos.
Consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas sobre la estimación de edad en restos óseos usando la sínfisis púbica
Authors: Valencia Yulieth Viviana , Cadena Duarte Bibiana
Published: July 2022

Este artículo busca explorar las consideraciones metodológicas que están implícitas en el proceso de estimación de la edad a la muerte en restos óseoshumanos. Para ello se exponen algunas reflexiones en relación con los sesgos, el uso de estándares y la representación de las poblaciones en los mismos. En primer lugar, se discute lo que la estimación de la edad significa a nivel teórico y, posteriormente, se analizará el estándar de la sínfisis púbica, el cual ha sido ampliamente usado en el campo de la antropología forense y fue empleado para comprender quiénes están representados en él ycuál es su impacto en el proceso de identificación. Sobre esta base se propone una estrategia para el uso de métodos de estimación de edad que ayudea ponderar su elección de acuerdo al contexto colombiano y que contribuya a la disminución del sesgo en el proceso de identificación, incidiendo enla robustez de las observaciones bioantropológicas en tan trascendental tarea.
Reseña analítica del libro El apoyo mutuo de Kropotkin desde la antropología de las masculinidades
Authors: Matamoros Sanín Joan Francisco
Published: July 2022

El género en las ciencias sociales representa una categoría analítica (López, 2018), la cual evidencia el sesgo epistemológico en la producción de conocimiento occidental, producto del androcentrismo (Tarnas, 2007, p. 555; Martín, 2008, p. 20). Un ejemplo de esto es el uso del término “hombre” como categoría “universal indiferenciada” (Martín, 2008, p. 15), o la caracterización del pensamiento occidental como un “fenómeno masculino” canonizado y producido por los varones (Tarnas, 2007, p. 553). La obra de Kropotkin no escapa este sesgo, y he ahí su valor desde el estudio contemporáneo de la antropología de las masculinidades, ya que una buena parte de sus descripciones tratan sobre relaciones entre varones. Por su parte, las prácticas masculinas de cuidado son una intervención y un estilo de intervenir, una interacción entre gente, y entre gente y materialidades (Nissen, 2017, p. 552), que implican la generación de bienestar, manifestado en forma de solidaridad, cuidado y simpatía, entre otros posibles (Matamoros-Sanín, et al., 2019). Muchos ejemplos de ayuda mutua retomados por Kropotkin a principios del siglo XX pueden ser caracterizados de esta forma, como prácticas de cuidado realizadas entre varones.
Reconstrucción del concepto de prácticas artísticas en procesos comunitarios desde una mirada anarquista y antropológica
Authors: Lozano Andrade Juan Sebastián
Published: July 2022

El estudio del arte cuando involucra lo social ha adquirido una gran relevancia en la antropología contemporánea. De ahí que este artículo haya sido el resultado investigativo por reconstruir el concepto de prácticas artísticas, desde la antropología del arte contemporáneo, para relacionarlo con los procesos comunitarios y el anarquismo. Al centrarnos en su reconstrucción, nos enfocamos en no hablar desde la esfera de lo estético, sino más bien de cuando estas tienen efecto en el estado de las cosas. Lo que significa que las prácticas artísticas en procesos comunitarios se realizan en aquellos espacios en donde las instituciones hegemónicas no tienen un rol preponderante (espacios intermedios) y reconocen que las personas involucradas son también mediadoras de encuentros; rasgando la idea de que la o el artista-colectivo viene a empoderar a las gentes. Es por ello que tomamos las nociones anarquistas para dar cuenta que están implícitas en los procesos y relaciones que este tipo de prácticas generan. Permitiendo reflexionar que las prácticas artísticas en procesos comunitarios no giran únicamente alrededor del arte y sus prácticas, sino que involucran distintas esferas de nuestra vida, como la violencia, el género y los movimientos sociales.
Saberes manchados: bosquejos para una anarqueología
Authors: Pachón Castellanos Felipe , Vargas Villabona César Felipe
Published: July 2022

La relación entre antropología y anarquismo ha sido profusa tanto desde el lado de investigadores/ as académicos/as interesados/as en el anarquismocomo desde la posición de militantes anarquistas cautivados por el conocimiento antropológico. En este artículo se explora una tercera relación quese puede denominar anarqueología, es decir, investigaciones llevadas a cabo bajo una disposición o sensibilidad anárquica. Siguiendo los trabajos de Jacques Rancière, Silvia Rivera Cusicanqui, James Scott y David Graeber, se bosqueja cómo puede operar una anarqueología, alrededor de los siguientes puntos: 1) presuponer la igualdad como principio que desjerarquiza las posiciones desigualitarias de saber/ poder; 2) enfrentar el problema de la traducción de saberes como un asunto de mutua contaminación de lenguajes antes que un sometimiento o correspondencia de un lenguaje a otro; 3) salir de la encrucijada de diversas dicotomías teóricas, para ver en su lugar ensamblajes manchados, porosos y hasta contradictorios; 4) ubicar la imaginación como herramienta investigativa, que posibilite ignorar ciertos presupuestos incorporados y dé lugar a actuar como si se fuese libre de esos condicionantes. Al final, la anarqueología trata de la torsión sobre las formas incorporadas de ser, hacer y decir ‘conocimiento’, y abona las semillas de otros mundos (im)posibles presentes y futuros.
La institucionalización científica de los saberes tradicionales sobre plantas medicinales en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Authors: Guzmán Rosas Susana Carolina
Published: July 2022

Este trabajo analiza la valorización de saberes tradicionales sobre plantas medicinales en el espacio académico-científico mexicano, focalizando suinstitucionalización en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). Así, considerando que la figura de una tesis, y su propuesta, constituye un instrumento de movilización de saberes, se identificaron y caracterizaron los trabajos realizados a este respecto en la UNAM durante las décadas1900-2010, complementando los datos mediante investigación documental y entrevistas con actores clave. Encontrando que durante la década de 1970el interés por el estudio de las plantas medicinales irrumpió abruptamente en el espacio académico-científico de la UNAM, manteniendo una tendencia creciente hasta nuestros días, configurándose paulatinamente como un objeto de estudio válido, aperturando nuevas líneas de investigacióny configurando un nuevo campo de conocimiento: la etnobotánica médica. No obstante, este nuevo campo emerge al seno de otros campos, desde loscuales aún se le aborda y materializa, circulando en una existencia todavía un poco velada.
BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE DEEP BLUE SEA – THE SPECTRE OF CRIME AND PRISON OVERCROWDING IN POSTAPARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Stephen Allister Peté
Published: July 2022

Chronic overcrowding has plagued the South African penal system since the advent of democracy in 1994. This has resulted in the large-scale gross violation of the basic human rights of large numbers of prisoners. After examining certain historical examples of overcrowding in the prisons of Africa generally, the article focuses on the history of chronic overcrowding in the prisons of South Africa during the post-apartheid period. The hard choices facing the South African people and government in relation to this issue are then examined.
THE WHITE PAPER FOR SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE FUTURE OF THE SEA-SHORE ACT
Authors: Warren Freedman
Published: July 2022

In his 2006 budget speech, the Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Marthinus van Schalkwyk, indicated that he would present a new Integrated Coastal Management Bill to Parliament before the end of the year. This new Integrated Coastal Management Bill, the Minister explained, would promote a system of co-ordinated and integrated coastal management (see Van Schalkwyk Speech During National Assembly Debate on Budget Vote 27: Environmental Affairs and Tourism 6 June 2006).The decision to draft this new Integrated Coastal Management Bill may be traced back to the White Paper for Sustainable Coastal Development in South Africa (2003). One of the recommendations made in this White Paper is that a new coastal law should be enacted, inter alia, to replace the Seashore Act 21 of 1935 (hereinafter “the Act”). This recommendation is based, inter alia, on criticisms that have been leveled against the Act by academic and other commentators in recent years. The purpose of this note is to set out these criticisms in more detail and to examine the reforms proposed in the White Paper. Before doing so, however, it will be helpful to briefly set out the relevant provisions of the Act itself.
THE EMPLOYEE’S ENTITLEMENT TO ACCUMULATED LEAVE PAY: HOW MUCH SHOULD THE EMPLOYER PAY?
Authors: JP Partington  , Adriaan van der Walt
Published: July 2022

The Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 (hereinafter “the BCEA”) as well as its predecessor, the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 3 of 1983 (hereinafter “the BCEA 1983”), make provision for an employee’s entitlement to pay for accumulated leave on termination of employment (s 40 and s (12)(4) of the respective Acts). Although it is clear that the legislature intended that an employee be compensated for accumulated leave on termination of employment, it is unclear whether an employee is entitled to compensation for all accumulated leave, or only the leave accumulated by the employee since the start of the leave cycle preceding the termination of the employee’s services. It is pertinent to note that the uncertainty likewise existed under the forerunner to the BCEA, the BCEA 1983. This uncertainty is exacerbated when employers, employees and labour practitioners, faced with a dispute, have toconsider the effect of collective agreements and contracts purporting to regulate an employee’s entitlement to accumulated leave pay.The purpose of this article then is to attempt to quell some of this uncertainty through an analysis of the relevant statutory provisions and case law, and ultimately a suggestion proffered on the way forward.