bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parental Bonding and Hostility: Examining the Links Between Sex Differences, Hostility, Anger, and Aggression
Authors: Ingram Rick , Balderas Jessica , Hagan Kelsey , Kohnle Kendall
Published: August 2019

Introduction: Although parental bonding that is characterized by overprotection and low care is associated with adult depression and anxiety, less is known about its association with other mood states. Additionally, few studies differentiate between maternal and paternal bonding or evaluate sex differences in offspring's emotional responding as a function of bonding.

Method: The current study examined parental bonding as it relates to hostility, anger, and verbal and physical aggression in young adults. Participants reported their mood state, perception of parenting behaviors, and their experience of hostility and its correlates.

Results: After controlling for current mood, paternal care modulated males' anger and verbal aggression, whereas maternal care modulated females' physical aggression. Maternal overprotection predicted hostility in males.

Discussion: Findings suggest that less parental care and greater parental overprotection precipitate angry and aggressive responding later in life, and these results are linked to sex differences in both parents and in young adult males and females.
Cognitive and Neuroanatomic Accounts of Referential Communication in Focal Dementia
Authors: Healey Meghan , Spotorno Nicola , Olm Christopher , Irwin David J. , Grossman Murray
Published: August 2019

The primary function of language is to communicate—that is, to make individuals reach a state of mutual understanding about a particular thought or idea. Accordingly, daily communication is truly a task of social coordination. Indeed, successful interactions require individuals to (1) track and adopt a partner’s perspective and (2) continuously shift between the numerous elements relevant to the exchange. Here, we use a referential communication task to study the contributions of perspective taking and executive function to effective communication in nonaphasic human patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD). Similar to previous work, the task was to identify a target object, embedded among an array of competitors, for an interlocutor. Results indicate that bvFTD patients are impaired relative to control subjects in selecting the optimal, precise response. Neuropsychological testing related this performance to mental set shifting, but not to working memory or inhibition. Follow-up analyses indicated that some bvFTD patients perform equally well as control subjects, while a second, clinically matched patient group performs significantly worse. Importantly, the neuropsychological profiles of these subgroups differed only in set shifting. Finally, structural MRI analyses related patient impairment to gray matter disease in orbitofrontal, medial prefrontal, and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, all regions previously implicated in social cognition and overlapping those related to set shifting. Complementary white matter analyses implicated uncinate fasciculus, which carries projections between orbitofrontal and temporal cortices. Together, these findings demonstrate that impaired referential communication in bvFTD is cognitively related to set shifting, and anatomically related to a social-executive network including prefrontal cortices and uncinate fasciculus.
Five Decades of Hippocampal Place Cells and EEG Rhythms in Behaving Rats
Authors: Colgin Laura Lee
Published: August 2019

Over the last 50 years, much has been learned about the physiology and functions of the hippocampus from studies in freely behaving rats. Two relatively early works in the field provided major insights that remain relevant today. Here, I revisit these studies and discuss how our understanding of the hippocampus has evolved over the last several decades.
Preserving Inhibition during Developmental Hearing Loss Rescues Auditory Learning and Perception
Authors: Mowery Todd M. , Caras Melissa L. , Hassan Syeda I. , Wang Derek J. , Dimidschstein Jordane , Fishell Gord , Sanes Dan H.
Published: August 2019

Transient periods of childhood hearing loss can induce deficits in aural communication that persist long after auditory thresholds have returned to normal, reflecting long-lasting impairments to the auditory CNS. Here, we asked whether these behavioral deficits could be reversed by treating one of the central impairments: reduction of inhibitory strength. Male and female gerbils received bilateral earplugs to induce a mild, reversible hearing loss during the critical period of auditory cortex development. After earplug removal and the return of normal auditory thresholds, we trained and tested animals on an amplitude modulation detection task. Transient developmental hearing loss induced both learning and perceptual deficits, which were entirely corrected by treatment with a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor (SGRI). To explore the mechanistic basis for these behavioral findings, we recorded the amplitudes of GABAAand GABABreceptor-mediated IPSPs in auditory cortical and thalamic brain slices. In hearing loss-reared animals, cortical IPSP amplitudes were significantly reduced within a few days of hearing loss onset, and this reduction persisted into adulthood. SGRI treatment during the critical period prevented the hearing loss-induced reduction of IPSP amplitudes; but when administered after the critical period, it only restored GABABreceptor-mediated IPSP amplitudes. These effects were driven, in part, by the ability of SGRI to upregulate α1 subunit-dependent GABAAresponses. Similarly, SGRI prevented the hearing loss-induced reduction of GABAAand GABABIPSPs in the ventral nucleus of the medial geniculate body. Thus, by maintaining, or subsequently rescuing, GABAergic transmission in the central auditory thalamocortical pathway, some perceptual and cognitive deficits induced by developmental hearing loss can be prevented.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEven a temporary period of childhood hearing loss can induce communication deficits that persist long after auditory thresholds return to normal. These deficits may arise from long-lasting central impairments, including the loss of synaptic inhibition. Here, we asked whether hearing loss-induced behavioral deficits could be reversed by reinstating normal inhibitory strength. Gerbils reared with transient hearing loss displayed both learning and perceptual deficits. However, when animals were treated with a selective GABA reuptake inhibitor during or after hearing loss, behavioral deficits were entirely corrected. This behavioral recovery was correlated with the return of normal thalamic and cortical inhibitory function. Thus, some perceptual and cognitive deficits induced by developmental hearing loss were prevented with a treatment that rescues a central synaptic property.
GABAergic Inhibition Gates Perceptual Awareness During Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Mentch Jeff , Spiegel Alina , Ricciardi Catherine , Robertson Caroline E.
Published: August 2019

Binocular rivalry is a classic experimental tool to probe the neural machinery of perceptual awareness. During rivalry, perception alternates between the two eyes, and the ebb and flow of perception is modeled to rely on the strength of inhibitory interactions between competitive neuronal populations in visual cortex. As a result, rivalry has been suggested as a noninvasive perceptual marker of inhibitory signaling in visual cortex, and its putative disturbance in psychiatric conditions, including autism. Yet, direct evidence causally implicating inhibitory signaling in the dynamics of binocular rivalry is currently lacking. We previously found that people with higher GABA levels in visual cortex, measured using magnetic resonance spectroscopy, have stronger perceptual suppression during rivalry. Here, we present direct causal tests of the impact of GABAergic inhibition on rivalry dynamics, and the contribution of specific GABA receptors to these dynamics. In a crossover pharmacological design with male and female adult participants, we found that drugs that modulate the two dominant GABA receptor types in the brain, GABAA(clobazam) and GABAB(arbaclofen), increase perceptual suppression during rivalry relative to a placebo. Crucially, these results could not be explained by changes in reaction times or response criteria, as determined through rivalry simulation trials, suggesting a direct and specific influence of GABA on perceptual suppression. A full replication study of the GABABmodulator reinforces these findings. These results provide causal evidence for a link between the strength of inhibition in the brain and perceptual suppression during rivalry and have implications for psychiatric conditions including autism.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHow does the brain accomplish perceptual gating? Here we use a direct and causal pharmacological manipulation to present insight into the neural machinery of a classic illusion of perceptual awareness: binocular rivalry. We show that drugs that increase GABAergic inhibition in the brain, clobazam (GABAAmodulator) and arbaclofen (GABABmodulator), increase perceptual suppression during rivalry relative to a placebo. These results present the first causal link between GABAergic inhibition and binocular rivalry in humans, complementing classic models of binocular rivalry, and have implications for our understanding of psychiatric conditions, such as autism, where binocular rivalry is posited as a behavioral marker of disruptions in inhibitory signaling in the brain.
Promiscuous G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Inhibition of Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 3 Ion Channels by Gβγ Subunits
Authors: Alkhatib Omar , da Costa Robson , Gentry Clive , Quallo Talisia , Mannebach Stefanie , Weissgerber Petra , Freichel Marc , Philipp Stephan E. , Bevan Stuart , Andersson David A.
Published: August 2019

Transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) is a nonselective cation channel that is inhibited by Gβγ subunits liberated following activation of Gαi/oprotein-coupled receptors. Here, we demonstrate that TRPM3 channels are also inhibited by Gβγ released from Gαsand Gαq. Activation of the Gs-coupled adenosine 2B receptor and the Gq-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine M1 receptor inhibited the activity of TRPM3 heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells. This inhibition was prevented when the Gβγ sink βARK1-ct (C terminus of β-adrenergic receptor kinase-1) was coexpressed with TRPM3. In neurons isolated from mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG), native TRPM3 channels were inhibited by activating Gs-coupled prostaglandin-EP2 and Gq-coupled bradykinin B2 (BK2) receptors. The Gi/oinhibitor pertussis toxin and inhibitors of PKA and PKC had no effect on EP2- and BK2-mediated inhibition of TRPM3, demonstrating that the receptors did not act through Gαi/oor through the major protein kinases activated downstream of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation. When DRG neurons were dialyzed with GRK2i, which sequesters free Gβγ protein, TRPM3 inhibition by EP2 and BK2 was significantly reduced. Intraplantar injections of EP2 or BK2 agonists inhibited both the nocifensive response evoked by TRPM3 agonists, and the heat hypersensitivity produced by Freund's Complete Adjuvant (FCA). Furthermore, FCA-induced heat hypersensitivity was completely reversed by the selective TRPM3 antagonist ononetin in WT mice and did not develop inTrpm3−/−mice. Our results demonstrate that TRPM3 is subject to promiscuous inhibition by Gβγ protein in heterologous expression systems, primary neurons andin vivo, and suggest a critical role for this ion channel in inflammatory heat hypersensitivity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ion channel TRPM3 is widely expressed in the nervous system. Recent studies showed that Gαi/o-coupled GPCRs inhibit TRPM3 through a direct interaction between Gβγ subunits and TRPM3. Since Gβγ proteins can be liberated from other Gα subunits than Gαi/o, we examined whether activation of Gs- and Gq-coupled receptors also influence TRPM3 via Gβγ. Our results demonstrate that activation of Gs- and Gq-coupled GPCRs in recombinant cells and sensory neurons inhibits TRPM3 via Gβγ liberation. We also demonstrated that Gs- and Gq-coupled receptors inhibit TRPM3in vivo, thereby reducing pain produced by activation of TRPM3, and inflammatory heat hypersensitivity. Our results identify Gβγ inhibition of TRPM3 as an effector mechanism shared by the major Gα subunits.
Policies and Politics Surrounding Islamic Studies Programs in Higher Education Institutions in the United States
Authors: Khodr Hiba
Published: August 2019

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the long and checkered relationship between Islam and the West entered a new phase. The sense of suspicion and denouncement that swept through the public sphere of many European countries and the United States was accompanied by major changes in governmental policies and a shift in the politics in each country that has witnessed or suffered from the repercussions of these attacks; this has been exasperated further by the rise of Islamic State (ISIS). This study uses different types of data sources and focuses on the previous academic work on establishing institutions of higher education within an existing unique context to examine the challenges that these institutions face on both the policy and political levels due to the prevailing current geopolitical climate vis-àvis Islam. While focusing on the present and offering some insights into the future, this paper provides a base for a more comprehensive historical overview of the main policy changes by creating a timeline of key changes in the policies and mapping the significant events that have had an impact. It is designed to investigate challenges and opportunities of Islamic higher education institutions and programs from a policy perspective and within the changing political governmental agenda specifically in the United States, and it offers a preliminary analysis of the dynamics of these evolving transformations. Considering the emerging need to revisit these institutions and the more recent recurring calls to reform existing Western Islamic studies programs, this paper fills another gap in the literature by providing some recommendations.
The Authoritarian Spectrum Through the Prism of Individualism/Collectivism
Authors: Hougua Ben Ahmed , Rachid El Amine , Hind Siyouri
Published: August 2019

The general orientation to authority in Moroccan society is associated with dynamics that characterize it at the basic social level. Respect for authority tends to take the form of a syndrome forged in the sphere of convergent styles of family, pedagogical, and professional socialization, before being expressed as political loyalty. This articulation is at the very heart of the theory of congruence developed by Harry Eickstein, and recently taken up by other political scientists. The main idea put forward by the proponents of this theory is that the stability of the government is brought to bear when the models of authority on which it rests enjoy social fascination. The purpose of this article is to study the relationship between respect for authority in the three spheres of social and political work based on World Values Survey (WVS) data on Moroccan society (N = 3651) including the family, workplace, and political world. The examination of the general configuration of the orientation to authority is parameterized according to the individualistic and collectivist profiles constructed in the WVS database, as categorical variables.
Rapidly Growing Intra-Cardiac Mass Mimicking a Local Recurrence of Lung Cancer or a Thrombus in the Left Atrium
Authors: Kim Tae Yun , Kim Kyung Hwa
Published: August 2019

Cardiac myxoma typically is thought to be a slow-growing, benign primary. Atrial myxomas can lead to many complications and can also mimic mitral stenosis, infective endocarditis, and other vascular diseases associated with systemic embolization. A 75-year-old woman with a history of lung cancer (pT1cN1, adenocarcinoma), atrial fibrillation, and a cerebral infarction presented with dysarthria and visual disturbances. In our case, we had to consider some questionable issues with the left atrial mass, and whether the recurrence of cerebral events was due to the thrombotic material in the left atrium or from locally recurrent lung cancer from the stump margin of the previously resected left superior pulmonary vein. We present a case with a rapidly-growing left atrial myxoma with a growth rate of 12.60 mm/month, rather than a thrombus or local recurrence of tumor under a medication of non-VKA oral antagonists.
Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Marketing and Initiation Among Youth and Young Adults
Authors: Loukas Alexandra , Paddock Ellen M. , Li Xiaoyin , Harrell Melissa B. , Pasch Keryn E. , Perry Cheryl L.
Published: August 2019

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have become the most popular tobacco products among young people, yet ENDS marketing remains unregulated, and its effects on ENDS use behavior across age groups is poorly understood. In this study, using a longitudinal design, we examined how recall of ENDS marketing through 5 different channels predicted subsequent ENDS initiation up to 2.5 years later among youth (ages 12–17 years) and young adults (ages 18–29 years).

METHODS:

Data were drawn from 2 large cohort studies in Texas. The analysis included school-going youth (n = 2288) and college-going young adults (n = 2423) who reported never having used ENDS at baseline in 2014. Logistic regression was used to assess the influence of recalled ENDS marketing exposure via television (TV), radio or Internet radio, billboards, retail stores, and the Internet on subsequent ENDS initiation, with adjustment for these channels, baseline sociodemographics, other past-30-day tobacco use, sensation seeking, and peer ENDS use.

RESULTS:

Recall of retail store–based ENDS marketing at baseline was associated with significantly higher odds of subsequent ENDS initiation among youth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.99; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–3.17) and young adults (aOR = 1.30; 95% CI: 1.05–1.61) up to 2.5 years later. Young adult initiation was also associated with recalled ENDS marketing on TV at baseline (aOR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.03–1.63).

CONCLUSIONS:

Marketing of ENDS at retail stores predicts youth and young adult ENDS initiation, and marketing on TV predicts young adult initiation. Future research and regulation should be used to address the most influential marketing channels.
GIRNet: Interleaved Multi-Task Recurrent State Sequence Models
Authors: Gupta Divam , Chakraborty Tanmoy , Chakrabarti Soumen
Published: August 2019

In several natural language tasks, labeled sequences are available in separate domains (say, languages), but the goal is to label sequences with mixed domain (such as code-switched text). Or, we may have available models for labeling whole passages (say, with sentiments), which we would like to exploit toward better position-specific label inference (say, target-dependent sentiment annotation). A key characteristic shared across such tasks is that different positions in a primary instance can benefit from different ‘experts’ trained from auxiliary data, but labeled primary instances are scarce, and labeling the best expert for each position entails unacceptable cognitive burden. We propose GIRNet, a unified position-sensitive multi-task recurrent neural network (RNN) architecture for such applications. Auxiliary and primary tasks need not share training instances. Auxiliary RNNs are trained over auxiliary instances. A primary instance is also submitted to each auxiliary RNN, but their state sequences are gated and merged into a novel composite state sequence tailored to the primary inference task. Our approach is in sharp contrast to recent multi-task networks like the crossstitch and sluice networks, which do not control state transfer at such fine granularity. We demonstrate the superiority of GIRNet using three applications: sentiment classification of code-switched passages, part-of-speech tagging of codeswitched text, and target position-sensitive annotation of sentiment in monolingual passages. In all cases, we establish new state-of-the-art performance beyond recent competitive baselines.
PARABANK: Monolingual Bitext Generation and Sentential Paraphrasing via Lexically-Constrained Neural Machine Translation
Authors: Hu J. Edward , Rudinger Rachel , Post Matt , Van Durme Benjamin
Published: August 2019

We present PARABANK, a large-scale English paraphrase dataset that surpasses prior work in both quantity and quality. Following the approach of PARANMT (Wieting and Gimpel, 2018), we train a Czech-English neural machine translation (NMT) system to generate novel paraphrases of English reference sentences. By adding lexical constraints to the NMT decoding procedure, however, we are able to produce multiple high-quality sentential paraphrases per source sentence, yielding an English paraphrase resource with more than 4 billion generated tokens and exhibiting greater lexical diversity. Using human judgments, we also demonstrate that PARABANK’s paraphrases improve over PARANMT on both semantic similarity and fluency. Finally, we use PARABANK to train a monolingual NMT model with the same support for lexically-constrained decoding for sentence rewriting tasks.
Unsupervised Controllable Text Formalization
Authors: Jain Parag , Mishra Abhijit , Azad Amar Prakash , Sankaranarayanan Karthik
Published: August 2019

We propose a novel framework for controllable natural language transformation. Realizing that the requirement of parallel corpus is practically unsustainable for controllable generation tasks, an unsupervised training scheme is introduced. The crux of the framework is a deep neural encoder-decoder that is reinforced with text-transformation knowledge through auxiliary modules (called scorers). These scorers, based on off-the-shelf language processing tools, decide the learning scheme of the encoder-decoder based on its actions. We apply this framework for the text-transformation task of formalizing an input text by improving its readability grade; the degree of required formalization can be controlled by the user at run-time. Experiments on public datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our model towards: (a) transforming a given text to a more formal style, and (b) varying the amount of formalness in the output text based on the specified input control. Our code and datasets are released for academic use.
Semantic Sentence Matching with Densely-Connected Recurrent and Co-Attentive Information
Authors: Kim Seonhoon , Kang Inho , Kwak Nojun
Published: August 2019

Sentence matching is widely used in various natural language tasks such as natural language inference, paraphrase identification, and question answering. For these tasks, understanding logical and semantic relationship between two sentences is required but it is yet challenging. Although attention mechanism is useful to capture the semantic relationship and to properly align the elements of two sentences, previous methods of attention mechanism simply use a summation operation which does not retain original features enough. Inspired by DenseNet, a densely connected convolutional network, we propose a densely-connected co-attentive recurrent neural network, each layer of which uses concatenated information of attentive features as well as hidden features of all the preceding recurrent layers. It enables preserving the original and the co-attentive feature information from the bottommost word embedding layer to the uppermost recurrent layer. To alleviate the problem of an ever-increasing size of feature vectors due to dense concatenation operations, we also propose to use an autoencoder after dense concatenation. We evaluate our proposed architecture on highly competitive benchmark datasets related to sentence matching. Experimental results show that our architecture, which retains recurrent and attentive features, achieves state-of-the-art performances for most of the tasks.
Improving Neural Question Generation Using Answer Separation
Authors: Kim Yanghoon , Lee Hwanhee , Shin Joongbo , Jung Kyomin
Published: August 2019

Neural question generation (NQG) is the task of generating a question from a given passage with deep neural networks. Previous NQG models suffer from a problem that a significant proportion of the generated questions include words in the question target, resulting in the generation of unintended questions. In this paper, we propose answer-separated seq2seq, which better utilizes the information from both the passage and the target answer. By replacing the target answer in the original passage with a special token, our model learns to identify which interrogative word should be used. We also propose a new module termed keyword-net, which helps the model better capture the key information in the target answer and generate an appropriate question. Experimental results demonstrate that our answer separation method significantly reduces the number of improper questions which include answers. Consequently, our model significantly outperforms previous state-of-the-art NQG models.
Lattice CNNs for Matching Based Chinese Question Answering
Authors: Lai Yuxuan , Feng Yansong , Yu Xiaohan , Wang Zheng , Xu Kun , Zhao Dongyan
Published: August 2019

Short text matching often faces the challenges that there are great word mismatch and expression diversity between the two texts, which would be further aggravated in languages like Chinese where there is no natural space to segment words explicitly. In this paper, we propose a novel lattice based CNN model (LCNs) to utilize multi-granularity information inherent in the word lattice while maintaining strong ability to deal with the introduced noisy information for matching based question answering in Chinese. We conduct extensive experiments on both document based question answering and knowledge based question answering tasks, and experimental results show that the LCNs models can significantly outperform the state-of-the-art matching models and strong baselines by taking advantages of better ability to distill rich but discriminative information from the word lattice input.
A Generalized Idiom Usage Recognition Model Based on Semantic Compatibility
Authors: Liu Changsheng , Hwa Rebecca
Published: August 2019

Many idiomatic expressions can be used figuratively or literally depending on the context. A particular challenge of automatic idiom usage recognition is that idioms, by their very nature, are idiosyncratic in their usages; therefore, most previous work on idiom usage recognition mainly adopted a “per idiom” classifier approach, i.e., a classifier needs to be trained separately for each idiomatic expression of interest, often with the aid of annotated training examples. This paper presents a transferred learning approach for developing a generalized model to recognize whether an idiom is used figuratively or literally. Our work is based on the observation that most idioms, when taken literally, would be somehow semantically at odds with their context. Therefore, a quantified notion of semantic compatibility may help to discern the intended usage for any arbitrary idiom. We propose a novel semantic compatibility model by adapting the training of a Continuous Bag-of-Words (CBOW) model for the purpose of idiom usage recognition. There is no need to annotate idiom usage examples for training. We perform evaluative experiments on two corpora; results show that the proposed generalized model achieves competitive results compared to state of-the-art per-idiom models.
Hierarchical Encoder with Auxiliary Supervision for Neural Table-to-Text Generation: Learning Better Representation for Tables
Authors: Liu Tianyu , Luo Fuli , Xia Qiaolin , Ma Shuming , Chang Baobao , Sui Zhifang
Published: August 2019

Generating natural language descriptions for the structured tables which consist of multiple attribute-value tuples is a convenient way to help people to understand the tables. Most neural table-to-text models are based on the encoder-decoder framework. However, it is hard for a vanilla encoder to learn the accurate semantic representation of a complex table. The challenges are two-fold: firstly, the table-to-text datasets often contain large number of attributes across different domains, thus it is hard for the encoder to incorporate these heterogeneous resources. Secondly, the single encoder also has difficulties in modeling the complex attribute-value structure of the tables. To this end, we first propose a two-level hierarchical encoder with coarse-to-fine attention to handle the attribute-value structure of the tables. Furthermore, to capture the accurate semantic representations of the tables, we propose 3 joint tasks apart from the prime encoder-decoder learning, namely auxiliary sequence labeling task, text autoencoder and multi-labeling classification, as the auxiliary supervisions for the table encoder. We test our models on the widely used dataset WIKIBIO which contains Wikipedia infoboxes and related descriptions. The dataset contains complex tables as well as large number of attributes across different domains. We achieve the state-of-the-art performance on both automatic and human evaluation metrics.
SAM-Net: Integrating Event-Level and Chain-Level Attentions to Predict What Happens Next
Authors: Lv Shangwen , Qian Wanhui , Huang Longtao , Han Jizhong , Hu Songlin
Published: August 2019

Scripts represent knowledge of event sequences that can help text understanding. Script event prediction requires to measure the relation between an existing chain and the subsequent event. The dominant approaches either focus on the effects of individual events, or the influence of the chain sequence. However, only considering individual events will lose much semantic relations within the event chain, and only considering the sequence of the chain will introduce much noise. With our observations, both the individual events and the event segments within the chain can facilitate the prediction of the subsequent event. This paper develops self attention mechanism to focus on diverse event segments within the chain and the event chain is represented as a set of event segments. We utilize the event-level attention to model the relations between subsequent events and individual events. Then, we propose the chain-level attention to model the relations between subsequent events and event segments within the chain. Finally, we integrate event-level and chain-level attentions to interact with the chain to predict what happens next. Comprehensive experiment results on the widely used New York Times corpus demonstrate that our model achieves better results than other state-of-the-art baselines by adopting the evaluation of Multi-Choice Narrative Cloze task.
LiveBot: Generating Live Video Comments Based on Visual and Textual Contexts
Authors: Ma Shuming , Cui Lei , Dai Damai , Wei Furu , Sun Xu
Published: August 2019

We introduce the task of automatic live commenting. Live commenting, which is also called “video barrage”, is an emerging feature on online video sites that allows real-time comments from viewers to fly across the screen like bullets or roll at the right side of the screen. The live comments are a mixture of opinions for the video and the chit chats with other comments. Automatic live commenting requires AI agents to comprehend the videos and interact with human viewers who also make the comments, so it is a good testbed of an AI agent’s ability to deal with both dynamic vision and language. In this work, we construct a large-scale live comment dataset with 2,361 videos and 895,929 live comments. Then, we introduce two neural models to generate live comments based on the visual and textual contexts, which achieve better performance than previous neural baselines such as the sequence-to-sequence model. Finally, we provide a retrieval-based evaluation protocol for automatic live commenting where the model is asked to sort a set of candidate comments based on the log-likelihood score, and evaluated on metrics such as mean-reciprocal-rank. Putting it all together, we demonstrate the first “LiveBot”. The datasets and the codes can be found at https://github.com/lancopku/livebot.
Cell-Autonomous Hedgehog Signaling Is Not Required for Cyst Formation in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Ma Ming , Legué Emilie , Tian Xin , Somlo Stefan , Liem Karel F.
Published: August 2019

Significance Statement

Polycystin proteins function in renal primary cilia to regulate a pathway important to kidney functional homeostasis. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) results when polycystin genes are mutated, but key cilia-based signaling pathways dysregulated by loss of polycystin function require elucidation. One cilia-dependent pathway suggested as playing a role in polycystic kidney diseases is the Hedgehog pathway, which is important in development, cancer, and ciliopathies. In mouse models of ADPKD, the authors used conditional control of gene expression to upregulate or inactivate Hedgehog in kidney cells that had undergone inactivation ofPkd1, the gene encoding Polycystin-1. They found that the Hedgehog pathway had no significant effect on polycystic kidney disease initiated byPkd1inactivation, excluding it as a functional cell-autonomous component of kidney cyst formation in these ADPKD models.

Background

PKD1orPKD2, the two main causal genes for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), encode the multipass transmembrane proteins polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2), respectively. Polycystins localize to the primary cilium, an organelle essential for cell signaling, including signal transduction of the Hedgehog pathway. Mutations in ciliary genes that build and maintain the cilium also cause renal cystic disease through unknown pathways. Although recent studies have found alterations in Hedgehog signaling in ADPKD-related models and tissues, the relationship between Hedgehog and polycystic kidney disease is not known.

Methods

To examine the potential role of cell-autonomous Hedgehog signaling in regulating kidney cyst formationin vivoin both early- and adult-onset mouse models of ADPKD, we used conditional inactivation ofPkd1combined with conditional modulation of Hedgehog signaling components in renal epithelial cells, where mutations inPkd1initiate cyst formation. After increasing or decreasing levels of Hedgehog signaling in cells that underwent inactivation ofPkd1, we evaluated the effects of these genetic manipulations on quantitative parameters of polycystic kidney disease severity.

Results

We found that inPkd1conditional mutant mouse kidneys, neither downregulation nor activation of the Hedgehog pathway in epithelial cells along the nephron significantly influenced the severity of the polycystic kidney phenotype in mouse models of developmental or adult-onset of ADPKD.

Conclusions

These data suggest that loss ofPkd1function results in kidney cysts through pathways that are not affected by the activity of the Hedgehog pathway.
Earthworm (Clitellata; Megadrili) Records from Adana Province
Authors: MISIRLIOĞLU İbrahim Mete , VALCHOVSKİ Hristo
Published: August 2019

The current study deals with earthworm biodiversity of Adana Province. Identification was made by examining the earthworm specimens collected in 6 different localities. At the end of the study, 5 species belonging to 3 genus were found: Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828), Allolobophora chlorotica (Savigny, 1826), Aporrectodea rosea (Savigny, 1826) and Octodrilus transpadanus (Rosa, 1884).
Designing and Interpreting a Mathematical Programming Language
Authors: PEHLİVAN Hüseyin
Published: August 2019

The syntax of the programming languages has a significant impact on the definition and validation of mathematical calculations. In particular, the management of code identification and validation processes can be made easier and faster, depending on the parametric behavior of the functions. In this article, a programming language that supports the use of mathematical function structures is designed and an interpreter, which can evaluate the source code written in this language, is developed. The language syntax is represented by an LL (k) grammar defined in the BNF notation. The interpreter consists of several basic components such as parser, semantic controller and code evaluator, each of which makes a different kind of code interpretation. The LL (k) parser component used for the syntactic analysis of the language is generated via an automatic code generation tool called JavaCC. The other components work on the abstract syntactic tree that this parser generates. To illustrate the use of the language with code samples, several mathematical algorithms that include calculations on different sequences of numbers, are programmed and interpreted.
Damage resistance investigation of Armox 500T and Aluminum 7075-T6 plates subjected to drop-weight and ballistic impact loads
Authors: YETER Eyüp
Published: August 2019

The main objective of
this paper is to investigate damage resistance of Armox 500T and Aluminum
7075-T6 plates subjected to drop-weight and ballistic impact loads.
Investigating the behavior of structures under the low or the high velocity
impact loads is an important research topic. The study of materials and their
combinations provides fundamental understanding of many engineering structures.
In this study, firstly drop weight and ballistic impact resistance of the
Armox-500T and Al7075-T6 materials was examined. Ballistic impact analyses were
carried out using 7.62 API projectiles with an initial velocity of 800 m/s.
During the drop-weight analyses, the drop of 5.5 kg weight from the 800 mm
distance was modeled. The situations at which target plates of different
thickness can be fully penetrated or not to be fully penetrated by the
projectile, the final (residual) velocities in the fully penetrated plates and
the amount of energy absorbed by the target plates were investigated. 6.72 API
projectiles with an initial velocity of 800 m/s could not fully penetrated the
10 mm Armox-500T target and 26 mm Al7075-T6 target. When drop-weight results
are concerned, the maximum impact loads of the Armox-500T target is higher than
the Al7075-T6, and the deformation amount is less. In addition, 10 different
hybrid models, which consist of various combination of Armox 500T and Al7075-T6
materials in different thicknesses and orientations, have been defined. These
models were compared with each other and models that are more resistant to
ballistic impact loads were determined. M4, M7, M9, and M10 models were found
to be more resistant to the ballistic impact loads than other models.
Some results on free Euclidean self-dual codes over F2+vF2
Authors: AKSOY Refia , ÇALIŞKAN Fatma
Published: August 2019

In this
paper, free Euclidean self-dual codes over the ring  F2 + v F2  with v2 =v of order 4 are considered. A necessary and
sufficient condition for the form of the generator matrix of a free Euclidean
self-dual code is given. By using the distance preserving Gray map from  F2 + v F2  to F2 x  F2,
the generator matrix of the binary code which corresponds the code over the
ring F2 + v F2  is obtained. The codes of lengths up to 100 over
the ring F2 + v F2 are
found.
Characterization of Functionally Graded Bronze Matrix Ceramic Reinforced Composite Materials
Authors: ISLAK Serkan , ABUSHRAIDA Aimen Mohamed
Published: August 2019

In this study,
ceramic reinforced bronze matrix functionally graded materials (FGMs) were
produced by using powder metallurgy method. B4C, TiC, Mo2C
and SiC were selected as ceramic reinforcements. The samples with compositions bronze
+ 10% SiC, bronze + 10% B4C, bronze + 10% Mo2C, and bronze
+ 10% TiC were sintered at 750 °C for 90 minutes. Investigations were carried
out to assess the mechanical properties and microstructures of specimens. For
this purpose, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS), and
X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were applied for microstructure investigations.
Sample hardness testing was carried out with the help of Vickers hardness
testing device. Composite layers of ceramic particles were homogeneously
distributed. Little pore formation was observed. While the upper and lower
composite layers of the FGMs produced were hard, the middle layer was found to
be ductile. The highest hardness value was reached in the B4C
reinforced FGM.
Notes on Papuasian and Malesian stingless bees, with the descriptions of new taxa (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Engel Michael S.
Published: August 2019

Two new species of the stingless bee genus Heterotrigona Schwarz (Apinae: Meliponini) are described and figured from Papua New Guinea: Heterotrigona (Sahulotrigona) tricholoma Engel, new species, lighter individuals of which superficially resemble the larger H. (Platytrigona) lamingtonia (Cockerell) and H. (P.) keyensis (Friese), and H. (S.) taraxis Engel, new species, a taxon generally misidentified as “Trigona atricornis Smith”.  The western Malesian (Borneo) species H. hobbyi (Schwarz) is removed to Borneotrigona Engel, new subgenus, and distinguished from the otherwise eastern Platytrigona Moure, which occur in eastern Wallacea (east of Weber’s line) and Papuasia.  The historically misidentified T. atricornis is a senior synonym of T. genalis Friese (new synonymy), the latter type species for the genus Papuatrigona Michener & Sakagami, resulting in the following nomenclatural change: Papuatrigona atricornis (Smith), new combination.  Flavotetragonula Shanas is placed as a new synonym of Tetragonula Moure s.str. (new synonymy).
Dose response assay for inducible promoters in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 v1
Authors: Behle Anna , Saake Pia , Maria IM Axmann Ilka
Published: August 2019

Inducible promoters are an important tool for synthetic biology. They enable temporal control of gene expression, as well as controlled expression of toxic genes. This protocol describes the methodology for fluorescence-based reporter assays in the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to quantify the dose-dependent response of an inducible promoter to its inducer.
Method of inventory and monitoring of bat fauna in forests by using mist nets v1
Authors: Prylutska Alona , Vlaschenko Anton
Published: August 2019

The most common approaches for summer bat monitoring in Europe are acoustic recording and captures from roosts. However, these methods provide only fragmentary data about species richness and abundance, without information about population structure. In order to obtain complex information about sex and age structure, in 2008 we developed method wich implies mist netting for a primary inventory and following monitoring of bat fauna in forests. In short period of time (20 days) we revealed all bat species known for the territory of the National Park “Homilsha forests” (Kharkiv region, Ukraine). The method described here was sucesfully used by our team in inventory bat fauna in Kharkiv region, Ivano-Frankivsk region, Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (Ukraine), Nature reserve "Brynsky forest", National park "Smolensk lakeland", Oksky Nature reserve, Voronezh Nature Resrve (Russia). Compare to bat detectors mist nets are cheaper technique for bat surveys, but need more time input.
Distribution of aerophilous diatom communities associated with terrestrial green macroalgae in the South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctica - PROTOCOL v1
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Juliana , Angélica Oliveira Maria , Ribeiro Anunciação Raylane , Pereira da Silva Eduardo , Paidano Alves Rodrigo , Luis Schunemann Adriano , de Carvalho Victoria Filipe , Pereira de Albuquerque Margéli , Batista Pereira Antonio
Published: August 2019

The establishment of diatom communities depends on environmental factors such as the type of substrate and geographic conditions that influence the dispersal processes of these organisms. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the similarity between diatom communities associated with the macroalgae Prasiola crispa(Lightfoot) Kützing in relation to spatial distance from six sampled sites located in the South Shetland Islands, Maritime Antarctica. The diatom flora associated with Prasiola crispawas represented by 23 species distributed in 15 genera. Pinnularia australoschoenfelderiZidarova, Kopalová & Van de Vijver, LuticolaaustroatlanticaVan de Vijver, Kopalová, S.A.Spaulding & Esposito, Luticolaamoena Van der Vijver, Kopalová, Zidarova & Levkov, Pinnularia austroshetlandica(Carlson) Cleve-Euler and Psammothidium papilio(D.E. Kellogg et al.) Kopalová & Zidarova were the most abundant species in our samples, which together represented 68% of the total number of individuals collected. There is a great similarity in composition and abundance of the diatom community among the sampled points., which resulted in the absence of a linear pattern of relationship with the distance between sampling points. We conclude that distance was not a factor of differentiation of Antarctic diatom communities associated with terrestrial green macroalgae. Suggesting that Antarctic environments may have unique characteristics with homogeneous abiotic factors, at least related to this substrate.
Religious Mythology: The Problem of Aberration of Infernal Characters in Japanese “Anime
Authors: Burkhanov Rafael A. , Ivanova Evgenia V. , Kolpakova Anna D.
Published: August 2019

The article represents the study, devoted to the peculiarities of the modern infernal religious mythology manifestation in the space of mass media. The authors’ interest is focused on the analysis of the locus of religious mythology from through the aberration of Western culture characters on the Japanese ones. Thereby the narrative scope of the author’s concept of “religious mythology” is expanded. The interaction of mass culture and religion within the framework of a single study is increasingly common, however, the syntax of Shintoism and anime is a rare, although, relevant topic. In this article, the authors set the task of examining and analysing the influence of Shintoism, Christianity, Buddhism and American culture on the interpretation of infernal cultural heroes (characters) in the media discourse of Japanese animation developed during the creation of animated films and TV series
Öğretmen Adaylarının Okul, Öğretmen ve Öğrenci Kavramlarına İlişkin Metaforik Algıları
Authors: NEYİŞÇİ Nilay , ÖZDİYAR Özlenen
Published: August 2019

Öğretmen
adaylarının hizmet öncesi eğitimleri sırasında sahip oldukları nitelikler hiç
kuşkusuz öğretmenlik mesleğine olumlu bir biçimde yansımaktadır. Bu nedenle
öğretmen adaylarının donanımlı birer öğretmen olabilmeleri için öğretim
hizmetinin niteliğinin artırılması önem taşımaktadır. Hizmet öncesi eğitim
sırasında öğrencilerin eğitim ile ilgili temel kavramlar bilgisine sahip olması,
ortak bir zeminde çalışılabilmesine olanak sağlayacaktır. Bu nedenle öncelikle
öğrencilerin zihninde yer alan metaforların belirlenmesi mesleki donanımlarının
sağlanması ve varolan donanımlarını güçlendirmek için bir çıkış noktası oluşturması
açısından önemlidir. Bu araştırmanın amacı öğretmen adaylarının “okul, öğretmen
ve öğrenci” kavramına ilişkin sahip oldukları algıları metaforlar aracılığıyla
ortaya çıkarmak ve böylelikle eğitim sisteminin temellerini oluşturan bu
kavramlara ilişkin algılarını çözümlemeyi kolaylaştırmaktır.

Bu
çalışmada olgubilim deseni kullanılmıştır. Açık uçlu anket yoluyla toplanan
veriler içerik analize tabi tutulmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda çalışmaya katılan
275 öğretmen adayı olumlu ve olumsuz anlam taşıyan geçerli 494 adet metafor
üretmişlerdir.

Kavramlar ile ilgili öne
çıkan olumlu ve olumsuz metaforlar şöyledir: Öğretmen adayları “okulu” hem
psiko-sosyal gelişime destek olan hem de fiziki güvenliği tehdit eden bir yer
olarak görmektedirler. Öğretmen adayları “öğretmeni” hem duyuşsal ve bilişsel
alanda öğrencilerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılayan hem de öğrencilerin ilgi ve
yeteneklerini sınırlandıran bireyler olarak algılamaktadırlar. Öğretmen
adaylarının bir kısmı “öğrenciyi” eğitim sistemine hevesle,  bir kısmı ise isteksiz katılan bireyler olarak
algıladıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.