bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheological Properties of Wheat Flour when Mixed with Barley Flour
Authors: Shetti Saad Hadi
Published: April 2023

Some chemical and rheological properties of local barley varieties were investigated. Overall, the moisture, protein, fat, ash, and fiber content of the barley flour was higher than that of wheat flour. Different varieties of composite flour were created by partially substituting 10%, 15%, and 20% barley flour for wheat flour. This increased the arrival time to line 500. B.U. maturity time and critical kneading coefficient measured by Farinograph device, and the increase in fermentation gas pressure values measured by fermentation pressure gauge for dough of compound flour with different replacement ratios. As shown the amylograph results reveal that a drop in the temperature of the beginning of gelatinization of the composite flour solution and the rates of maximum viscosity of the composite flour, the rates of the flour water absorption, period of stability measured by the farinograph, the rates of the dough and resistance to extension and the area measured by the extensograph of composite flour dough. With increased barley flour substitution, the quality and acceptability of dough declined. However, the quality of composite flours including 10% and 15% barley flour was satisfactory.
Improving Nutritional and Microbiological Properties of Monterey Cheese Using Lactobacillus acidophilus
Authors: Jassim Fatima Haider , Mulakhudair Ali R. , Shati Zahraa Reasan Kareem
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to produce healthy monterey cheese and it is physical and chemical properties were studied. In addition, microbiological tests were carried out by adding a therapeutic bacterium to cheese, Lb.acidophilus, and it was compared with the control treatment containing the standard cheese starter (Lactococcus lactis subsp lactis, Lactococcus lactissubsp. cremors). The ripening period was 90 days in anaerobic conditions at 15°C. The tests were conducted over three storage periods as follows: first day, 45 days, and 90 days. Chemical tests for the above treatments include : Determination of moisture, ash, total nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, acidity, pH and fat. Whole cow’s milk has been used in the two treatments mentioned above. As for the microbial assays, they were as follows: the number of yeasts, molds, staph.aurues, E.coli, Survivability in cheese with storage and survivability in gastric juice were calculated for the proteolysis study, SEM and electrophoresis. Through this study, it was concluded that there are differences between the two treatments T1 and T2, where it is noted that the second treatment obtained higher values and that was in the examination of moisture, ash, acidity, pH, protein and NPN assay, while in the examination of carbohydrates the value of the first treatment was higher than the second treatment where it reached 1.33%, As for the preparation of therapeutic bacteria in Monterey cheese during storage, it reached 175×107 (CFU\g) ; As for the viability of bacteria in the gastric juice, the number of bacteria reached T1 40 × 107 (CFU\g), as for the second treatment, the number of bacteria reached 76 × 107 (CFU\g).
Production of Food Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) Isolated from the Iraqi Environment Using Agricultural Waste
Authors: Farhan Ekhlas Mohammed , Chechan Rukaibaa Ali
Published: April 2023

Shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes have been a part of the human diet since ancient times. Mushrooms have gained a lot of attention lately due to their prospects in medicine and nutrient production. Due to the lack of research studies on this fungus globally, particularly in Iraq, this study is considered the first in which agricultural waste is used to produce local food mushrooms. The local strain L. edodes (OM432157), which was discovered for the first time in the Iraqi environment, was cultivated in the laboratory using nine treatments based on sawdust as the main substrate. It was observed that the highest growth rate of the fungus strain under study was in T8 (1.8 cm) and the lowest growth rate in T5 was 1.1 (cm). Fungal tissue growth in treatments (T4, T5) required (29 days), while in treatment T8 it required (26 days), and in other remaining treatments it accomplished in 25 days. The time required for pin heads to form in T5 was obviously faster (17 days), followed by T8 (18 days) and T9 (19 days). In addition, that both treatments (T5, T9) achieved a high yield of mushroom, as T5 was 250 gm, and treatment T8 reached 200 gm. Our findings contributes to product the local strain L. edodes (OM432157) wild in the laboratory by using different substrates.
Effect of Irrigation Systems, Bio-Fertilizers and Polymers on some Growth Characteristics and Potato Production in Desert Soils, Karbala Governorate
Authors: Salim Shatha , Ati Alaa Salih , Ali Alaa
Published: April 2023

Two field experiments were conducted during the spring season 2020 in Karbala governorate to study the effect of irrigation systems, irrigation intervals, biofertilizers and polymers on some characteristics of vegetative growth and potato production. The results showed that there were significant differences in the values of the average plant height due to the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the improvers, The height of potato plant under any irrigation system was superior when adding conditioners compared to the control treatment, as it reached 48.56, 58.00 and 64.33cm when adding polymer, biofertilizer, and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively compared with the control treatment of 44.64cm in the surface drip irrigation system. While it was 51.74, 58.19 and 64.67cm in the treatments of adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 41.51cm under the sprinkler irrigation system, Also, there were significant differences in the values of average root lengths as a result of the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the improvers, as the potato root lengths under any irrigation system excelled when adding the improvers compared to the control treatment, It reached 36.29, 41.94 and 49.37cm when adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers+ biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 31.28cm at surface drip irrigation system. While it was 35.94, 40.69 and 48.14cm when adding polymer, biofertilizer, and polymers + biofertilizer, respectively, compared with the control treatment of 30.33cm at the sprinkler irrigation system, There were significant differences in the values of the total yield as a result of the effect of the double interference between the irrigation system and the conditioners, as the total yield of potato tubers under the two irrigation systems exceeded when adding the improvers compared to the control treatment, It reached 25.31, 28.86 and 36.90 μg ha-1 when adding polymer, biofertilizers and polymers + biofertilizers, respectively, compared with the control treatment 17.21 μg ha-1 at the surface drip irrigation system.
Using Clean Alternatives and Reducing Reliance on Chemical Fertilizers Added to Soil to Achieve Agricultural Sustainability (Review Article)
Authors: Alalaf Ayad H. E. , Abbas Ahmed K. , Mahmood Saad S. , AlTaey Duraid K.A. , Al-Tawaha Abdel Razzaq , Al-Tawaha Abdel Rahman , Mehdizadeh Mohammad , Abbas Ghulam
Published: April 2023

The term “clean agriculture” refers to a kind of farming that does not include synthetic inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. Various may think that the methods of clean agriculture are one method, but they have many ways, all of which come under the development of important natural systems. Bio and organic agriculture is an integral part of clean agriculture. Bio and organic agriculture rely on well-established scientific foundations related to the natural balance in the universe. They are preserving natural resources such as soil, water and air elements in the production of clean crops, in addition to several factors that must be combined and optimally utilized in protecting crops from various disease and insect infestations, as well as taking care of the environment and preserving it from pollution.
Study of the Spectral Analyzes Radioactivity in Soils for Elected Regions in Diyala Province (Iraq)
Authors: Rasheed Essam M. , Allah Zainab K. Nasser
Published: April 2023

In this current review, 18 examples of surface soils are taken from various regions from Diyala Province. Diyala Province is stay in eastern Iraq, 57 km away from the capital Baghdad, northward. All soil samples are assembling from an external perspective of the soil by utilizing sifter by then set 1 kg was taken from each sample. The ORTIC MCB radiation detector was used, where one kilogram of soil was placed that was filtered and cleaned well and for two hours for each examination sample and six natural radionuclides were obtained inside each soil sample examined. Through the detection and laboratory results that we conducted, we found that presence of the cesium-137 contamination element was not observed in the samples taken. The ordinary unequivocal activities of the radionuclides in Diyala samples are within the permitted ran, which means that the soil in those areas does not contain high amounts of radioactivity and can be cultivated naturally without fear of side effects as a result of the radiation falling from the universe.
Effect of Zinc Sources and Levels on Zinc Uptake and Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Murshidi Allawi Abdul-Sada Japer , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool
Published: April 2023

This experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field in Al-Najmi district, Al-Muthanna governorate, 3 km away from the district center during the agricultural season 2021-2022, to determine the effect of sources and levels of zinc spraying on the yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), as zinc was used. Nano zinc (12% Zn), chelated zinc (14% Zn) and zinc sulfate (23% Zn) and a symbol for the sources with the symbol (S2, S3, S1) in sequence, and four levels (0, 100, 200, 300) mg Zn l-1, symbol It has (L4, L3, L2, L1) respectively, as it was sprayed on the wheat crop Rashid in two stages when branching and flowering. The experiment was conducted using factorial trials, randomized complete block Design (RCBD), with three replications. Thus, the number of experimental units is (4*3*3)=36. The results show that the superiority of nano-zinc at the level of 300PPM on the flag leaf area and the number of grains in the spike, as the highest averages, while zinc sulfate at the level of 200PPM outperformed in the trait of plant height, as it recorded the highest average, as well as the superiority of zinc sulphate at the level of 300PPM in the trait of spike length, number of branches, and grain yield, which recorded the highest averages.
Effect of Agricultural Polymer and Levels of NPK on some Chemical Traits and Availability of some Nutrients, Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Hassan Taif Ahmed , Al-Barkat Hanoon Nahi Kadhem
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the field of Agricultural Research Station, Agriculture College, Al-Muthanna University, to study the effect of agricultural polymer and levels of NPK on some chemical traits, the availability of some nutrients, growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), during the agricultural season 2022-2021, by two-factor RCBD experiment with a split-cut design and with three replicates. The experiment included four levels of agricultural polymer (P), occupied sub-plot, mixed with soil at levels 0, 37.5, 75.0 and 112.5) kg polymer ha-1 and its symbols P0, P1, P2 and P3, respectively, with five levels of NPK at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the fertilizer recommendation, their symbols F0, F1, F2, F3 and F4, respectively, which occupied the main plot. The results of the statistical analysis summarized that adding different levels of agricultural polymer led to an increase in the characteristics of the plant, the level P3 (112.5) kg polymer ha-1 was superior in plant height, biological yield and grain yield of the wheat plant. The addition of mineral fertilizer at 75% of the recommendation F3 and 100% of the recommendation F4, without significant difference, affected some other growth characteristics of the wheat plant. The binary interaction between the levels of agricultural polymer and the levels of NPK significantly affected all the studied traits.
Comparative Study of the Effect of Biological and Chemical Fertilization on some Growth Characteristics of Wheat Crop Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Sachet Dergahm Ouda , Al-Tememe Mohammed Sallal Oleiwi , Hussain Mohammed A.
Published: April 2023

A study was conducted to find out the effect of biological and chemical fertilization and the interaction between them on the growth and yield of wheat, a field experiment was conducted in one of the fields affiliated with Babylon Governorate during the season 2021-2022 and in soil with a clay mixture texture. The second is fertilization, The biological (comparative) and symbolized by the symbols (B0, B1 and B2), and the second factor is chemical fertilization at an amount of 20:20:20 and 200 kg H-1 in whole and half of the recommendation, and at three levels (0, 150 and 300) kg H-1 It was denoted by the symbols (0, C1 and C2) sequentially, thus the number of transactions became nine transactions, with three repetitions to become the number of experimental units is 27 experimental units. The experiment was carried out according to the design of complete randomized interrupters (R.C.B.D), and 99 seeds of wheat were planted on 11/18/2021. After maturity, the height of the plant, chlorophyll, the area of the flag leaf and the weight of a thousand grains, the treatment of adding biofertilization b1 lost and gave the highest values of growth indicators outperform biological fertilization of wheat seeds was significant for treatment B1, and it gave the highest growth of wheat crop from plant height of 108.47 cm, number of branches 7.33 branches, area of flag leaf 51.73 cm2 and chlorophyll index 49.36 SPAD UNIT Ton h-1.
Effect of Irrigation Periods and Spraying with Water Extract of Black Grain Seeds on the Growth and Productivity of Bread Wheat Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Yousif Muna Aied
Published: April 2023

A factorial pot experiment was conducted using a completely randomized sector design with three replications in the Tikrit agricultural research department during winter agricultural season 2021 AD to study the effects of four irrigation periods (0, 3, 6 and 12 days) and three level concentrations of water extract of black grain seeds (0%, %5 and 10%) in the growth and yield of the wheat plant. The results showed a significant decrease in all traits with 12 days irrigation, while plants treated with black grain seed extract at a concentration of 10% gave the highest values for plant height, number of tillers per plant, leaf area, dry weight of the vegetative total of the plant, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike and biological yield per plant, which reached (52.09 cm), (2.93 tillers.plant-1), (28.09 cm2), (19.99 g), (2.94 spike.plant-1), (31.23 grain.spike-1) and (53.62 g.plant-1), respectively. As for the interaction between the treatments, it was significant for all traits except for the number of tillers per plant which did not reach the significant level.
Effect of the Addition of Selenium and some Competing Anions on Selenium Concentration in Maize Growing in some Soils in Central Iraq
Authors: AbdulKadium Safa Mahdi , Al-Janabi Hadi Yasir Abbood
Published: April 2023

The effect of selenium and some competing anions to the soil on selenium concentration in maize growing in AL-Herria (clay )soil and Khan al-Nass (Sandy Loam )soil was studied. four levels ( 0, 20, 40 and 60 )gm Se ha-1 and three levels of Sulfur and (0, 45, 90 )Kg S ha-1 and phosphate in doses of (0, 90, 180) Kg P ha-1 were added to the soil. Maize plant content of selenium increased significantly, with increasing soil applications of selenium in both soils. While the plant content of selenium was decreased from (79.75 to 76.32 and 72.09 μg Se gm-1)and from (47.08 to 44.04 and 41.2 μg Se gm-1)with addition of as and 90 kg S ha -1 to Al-Herria and khan al-Nass soils respectively. Plant selenium content was also decreased from 79.75 to 76.32 and 72.09 and from 46.38 to 44.28 and 41.64 μg Se gm-1 with soil application of 90 and 180 kgP ha-1 to Al-Herria and khan al-Nass soils respectively. Increasing addition of and phosphorus censed decreasing of selenium content of corn plant in both soils.
Study of some Physicochemical Characteristics of Polluting River Water in the Cities of Kufa and Hilla
Authors: Al-Saeedy Fatima Al-Zahraa K. , Alhadrawi Hazim Aziz
Published: April 2023

Pollution from industrial, household, and agricultural activity places significant strain on the world’s water supplies. Waste water has a direct influence on the environment since it is released directly into nature after being treated according to particular regulations, and so contains a wide range of bacteria and organic and inorganic substances that cause a variety of diseases and dangers. In this context, water samples from the Euphrates River were obtained in the cities of Al-Hilla and Kufa. These samples were submitted to a series of physicochemical and microbiological analyses, and the findings were compared between the two sites. Physicochemical tests revealed severe contamination of river water collected and evaluated from the two cities, demonstrating the presence of pollutants: (DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5). And (TSS), nitrate (NO3), phosphate (PO4), and others. On the other hand, the bacterial isolation and identification approach enabled a direct evaluation of the bacterial diversity present in this waste water, and these analyses demonstrated the severity of the bacterial diversity in these waters.
Assessment of Water Quality Using Organic Pollution Index in Some Marshes North of Basra Province
Authors: Makki Azhar Nazal , Al-Abbawy Dunya A. H. , Hammadi Naeem S.
Published: April 2023

The organic pollution index (OPI) was applied to assess the state of the organic pollution in the southern part of Eastern Hammar marsh, Al-Chebiyesh marsh, and the Euphrates and explain the role of submerged aquatic plants in reducing the level of water pollution. Water samples were collected monthly from two stations for each part (i.e., with and without submerged plants). The OPI depended on three parameters, namely, NO3, PO4, and BOD5. Results show that the highest NO3 was 6.4 mg/L in February in Al Burka, whereas the lowest value was 2.3 mg/L in August in the Euphrates station, which contains submerged plants. The highest PO4 was 0.76 mg/L in February in Al Burka, whereas the lowest value was 0.24 mg/L in August in Saleh River’s station, which contains submerged plants. The highest BOD5 was 3.63 mg/L in August in the Al Burka station, whereas the lowest value was 0.91 mg/L in February in the Euphrates station, which contains submerged plants. The index values indicate the presence of organic pollution in all stations, with discounts varying between (65.9 and 36.2), (49.9 and 35), and (40.1 and 22) in Eastern Hammar, Al-Chebiyesh, and the Euphrates, respectively. The vital role of submerged plants in the consumption of nutrients reduced the OPI annual values to (44.4, 37.8, and 25.3) compared with the values in stations without plants (54.9, 44.6, 36). The annual values varied between the Deteriorated category in the East Hammar marsh, a Poor category in Al-Chebiyesh, and the Medium category in the Euphrates, with yearly values of 49.7, 41.2, and 30.7, respectively.
Comparing Study Between Water Parameters of the Tide and Ebb Phase in Shatt Al-Arab River
Authors: Khalaf Rusl Zaid , Hussien Najah Abood , Al-Hejuje Makia M.
Published: April 2023

The water (physical, chemical and biological) parameters can vary significantly due to the change of the climate conditions of water samples were collected monthly from four stations along the middle part of the Shatt al-Arab River during the tide and ebb phases from October 2021 – July 2022 to measure the change in eighteen parameters such as (Water temperature, pH, Turbidity, CO2, DO, EC, light penetration Secchi disc, water depth, TSS, total hardness, PO4, NO3, SO4, Na, Mg, Ca, K and FC)
The Use of Agricultural Residues of Vigna Peel in the Treatment of Environmental Pollution Resulting from Cadmium Ions by Adsorption Method
Authors: Al-Husseini Israa Hasan Dheyaa , Sayhood Aayad Ammar , Halboos Mohanad Hazim , Hussein Tamara Ala’a
Published: April 2023

In this paper, vigna peel was used as a new way to get rid of Cd(II) from its aqueous solutions (VP). For this study, vigna peel (VP) was changed chemically with 25% by volume H2SO4 and ultrasonication at a frequency of 20 kHz to make a high-efficiency adsorbent. In this study, the material found was used to remove Cd(II) from the sample. The SEM and BET methods were used to figure out what the VP material was like. There were different amounts of Cd(II) (10–50 mg/L), pH (1–10), time (5–60 min), and VP dosages (50–1000 mg/50 ml). Maximum Cd(II) removal was found to be 98.6% at pH 5 with 50 mg/L of Cd(II) and 250 mg/50 ml of VP for 15 minutes. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models provided the best explanations for the equilibrium data.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide and Soil Amendments on the Physiological Characteristics of Ranunculus Asiaticus in Saline Soils
Authors: Zaidan O. H. , Abdullatif S. A.
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted in a greenhouse at research station (A) of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad - Jadiriyah during the autumn season of 2020 to study the impact of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide and soil amendments (zeolite and Disper osmotic regulator) and their interactions in the physiological traits of the Ranunculus asiaticus L. grown in saline soils. The experiment was carried in a split-split block (2*5*3) according to an RCBD randomized complete block design with three replications and an average of 6 plants in the experimental unit The results showed that the growth of Ranunculus asiaticus L in saline soils caused a significant decrease in the leaf content of relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI), chlorophyll content. While a significant increase in the leaf content of hydrogen peroxide was observed, and the increase in the electrolytic leaching of the plant is an indicator of oxidative stress. The addition of soil amendments to plants grown under salinity stress caused a significant increase in the leaf content relative to water content, membrane stability, decreased electrolytic leaching, and hydrogen peroxide content. Exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration (5 mmol l-1) had a positive effect on most of the physiological characteristics. The interaction between soil amendments and hydrogen peroxide contributed to the avoidance of plants from oxidative stress resulting from the high concentration of effective oxygen radicals (ROS) in the cells of plants exposed to salt stress, and stimulating the activity of the enzymatic and non enzymatic defense system in addition to the increase of chlorophyll and physiological characteristics.
Studying the Effect of Field Capacity on Some Growth Indicators for A Number of Local Genotypes of Snake Melon(Cucumis melo var. flexuosus, Faqqous)
Authors: Ismael Zakria A. , Mijwel Abbas K. , Alshuwaili Fakhir R. H.
Published: April 2023

Due to global water scarcity, this experiment was conducted to search for genotypes that are widely cultivated locally to resist water stress in the autumn season 2021, and 24 genotypes were used, and two field capacities were 100% and 30%, A factorial experiment was carried out according to the RCBD design, and the results showed through the study that there are genotypes planted in different regions of Iraq that have withstood water stress V12 (Najaf province in Abu Hadari area) and V14 (Babylon province in Al-Sardeeb / Al-Nile _ Hilla area)and V23 (Cucumber seeds Turkish variety from BURSA TOHUM) by not being affected by all studied indicators of field capacity 30% compared to field capacity 100%, so these genotypes can be grown under water stress conditions.
Effect of Some Iron and Zinc Sources on the Mineral Content Characteristics of Lemon Seedlings (Citrus lemon L.)
Authors: Ajboory Abdulateef Khalaf Hasan , Al-Douri Ehsan Fadhel Saleh
Published: April 2023

Citrus lemon L. seedlings aged one year were grown in the lath house of the Hawija horticultural station, ministry of agriculture, horticultural Department, in 2021 for the experiment (local species). Lemon seedlings were studied to assess the effects of different iron and zinc sources and how they interacted with the seedlings’ vegetative growth features. With four levels of iron (control, ferrous sulfate and zinc), the experiment incorporated two factors: two levels of zinc (nano-zinc and chelated iron) (control, zinc sulfate, chelated zinc, and nano-zinc). During the growing season, the seedlings were sprayed three times with the two components at a dosage of 50 mg L-1 from their various sources. Four repetitions of the experiment were used in an RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design). According to Duncan’s multiple range test at 0.05 probability level, the data were processed and the averages were compared. A considerable increase in nitrogen (3.69%), phosphorous (0.42%), and potassium (1.37%) was seen after spraying with chelated iron, but spraying with nano iron resulted in a decrease. A considerable advantage was gained over the control treatment by the treatment with the highest iron concentration (34,47 mg kg-1). Compared to the control treatment, spraying with zinc sulfate gave the highest percentage of phosphorous (0.23 percent), and spraying with nano-zinc gave the highest percentage of potassium (1.28 percent), and it gave the interaction of chelated iron and sulfate Zinc. Zinc chelated with nano-iron (35.38 mg kg-1) Furthermore, these treatments have surpassed the comparison treatment by a wide margin.
The Effect of Brassinolide and the Organic Fertilizer (Grow-More) on the Vegetative Growth and the Active Substances of the Lavender Plant L.
Authors: Al-Ahbabi Adeeb Jassim Abbas , Al-Jubouri Yasser Abdullah Najm
Published: April 2023

Using a wooden canopy from the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture/University of Tikrit, researchers examined the 2020/2021 lavender crop. To see if the growth regulator brassinolide and the nutrient solution Grow-more can improve the vegetative features and active substance of the lavender plant Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Three replications were used for the experiment, which used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to investigate two parameters. There are two components: BL, a brassinolide growth regulator (concentrations of 0,000, 0,005, 0,001 mg L-1), and GM nutrients (concentrations of 4, 120 mg L-1). (240 mg. L-1)
Effect of Planting Date and Inorganic and Organic of Nitrogen on Growth and Yield of Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. Gongylodes)
Authors: Al-Azzawi Hussein A. , Ghassan J. Z.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted on Kohlrabi (Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes) ‘White Vienna cv.’ at the Experimental Station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Salah al-Din, Iraq, during the winter season of 2021-2022 under drip irrigation system. This study aimed to investigate the effect of planting time and different combinations of nitrogen on the growth and yield of kohlrabi plants. Results showed that the first time of planting, 2/8 recorded the highest values in most characteristics of vegetative growth and all characteristics of yield. On the other hand, using a combination of nitrogen at 25% mineral + 75% organic improved plant growth and yield compared to different fertilizer combinations of nitrogen. Interaction treatment between the first time of planting 2/8 and a combination fertilizer of nitrogen at 25% mineral + 75% organic gave the best growth and increased total yield compared with other interaction treatments.
Effect of Fertilizer Combination and Application Methods of Nano-Fertilizer on Yield of Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis
Authors: Abdulrhman Harith Burhan Al Deen , Omer Omyma O.
Published: April 2023

An investigation into the influence on cauliflower growth and yield of fertilizer combination and addition technique nano-fertilizer N20P20K20 was conducted at the Horticulture Department and Landscape Agriculture College Tikrit University Research Station for the growing season 2022-2021 (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). The experiment included foliar application of nano-fertilizer N20P20K20 3gL-1, ground addition of nano-fertilizer N20P20K20 g L-1, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer 10 m3 ha-1, spray nano 3gL-1+organic, ground addition of nano 3gL-1+organic, organic 10m3 ha-1+chemical. With three repetitions of ten treatments each, the experiment consisted of 30 experimental units using the Randomized Complete Blocks Design (R.C.B.D.) and comparing their averages using Duncan’s multiple range test at the 0.05 probability level. There was an improvement in crud perimeter (57.66 cm), crud length (29.22 cm), and crud diameter (42.87 cm) when nano-fertilizer was sprayed with 3g L-1+ chemical treatment; however, when nano-fertilizer was added to the ground with 3g L-1+ chemical treatment, yield characteristics of one plant (5.027 g plant-1) and the total yield (134.044 tons ha-1) were not affected significantly.
Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Banana Peel Extract on the Vegetative Traits and Yield of Carrot Plants
Authors: Howeidi Marwa Abdel Rasoul , Manea Ali Ibadi , Slomy Ali Karim
Published: April 2023

The field experiment was conducted in the training extension farm in Al-Mahanawiya / Al-Musayyab district, 25 km northwest of Hilla city center / Babylon province. The seeds of the stinger carrot hybrid were planted during autumn season on October 3, 2021. To study the effect of adding biofertilizers and banana peel extract on the vegetative growth and yield of carrots. The experiment was designed according to a split plot-system using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results of the experiment were statistically analyzed according to the method of analysis of variance and according to the significant differences between the treatments at the probability level of 0.05 using the least significant difference LSD. The results indicated that bio-fertilization had a significant effect on (percentage of dry matter in the vegetative total) and (Fulzyme) scored a significantly excelled in (number of leaves, relative content of chlorophyll, percentage of dry matter in the root, root length, root diameter, average root weight and total yield). Treatment with the organic extract of banana peels showed at the concentration of 40 ml. L-1significantly excelled in (plant height, number of leaves, percentage of dry matter in vegetative and percentage of dry matter in the root) and at a concentration of 20 ml. L-1 in (relative content of chlorophyll in leaves, root size, average weight of the root and total yield). The bi-interaction of the biofertilization treatment and the organic extract indicated significant differences, where the interaction of Fulzyme and concentration 40 ml.L-1 was significantly excelled in the percentage of dry matter in the vegetative and root (29.67% and 13.09%), respectively. As for the Biohealth interaction and the concentration of 40 ml.L-1, it significantly excelled in the plant height (25.26 cm). The interaction Fulzyme and concentration 20 ml.L-1 recorded the highest root volume and average root weight (135.8 cm3, 80.9 g), respectively, The interaction between Biohealth and concentration of 20 ml.L-1 recorded the highest total yield (12.73 tons. ha-1) while it was the lowest for all studied traits when the control treatment of both biofertilization and banana peel extract.
The Impact of Stem Site and Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron in Growth, Flowers and Yield of Apples (Brahimi Class)
Authors: Kufesh Sura Ahmed , Abdul Ahmed Samir , Al-Issawi Ali Saleh
Published: April 2023

The research was conducted in one of the private orchards in al-Saqlawiya district of Fallujah province Anbar province, for two seasons, 2021-2022, to study the impact of the site of fruitful stem site and spraying with zinc and boron on some characteristics of growth and flowers and the product of the apple of the Class Brahimi was chosen 5 4 homogenous trees as long as five years old and planted at dimensions of 4x4 meters, carried out a working experiment (3x3x2) using the design of the entire random sectors RCBD if the first factor represents the choice of the location of the fruitful stem site and its symbol (S1, S2, S3) and the second factor spraying zinc and its mark (ZN0, ZN1) and the third factor foliar with boron, and its marked as (P0.P1.P2) and trees were sprinkled with elements twice each season among the results that the effect of spraying by study factors led to a moral increase in the qualities studied (percentage of total sugars, vitamin C, total acidity, T.S.S., carbohydrate ratio)
The Role of Planting Dates and Spraying with Traditional and Nano NPK Fertilizer on some Vegetative Traits and Yield of Trigonellafoenum-graecum
Authors: Alaawad Noor Al-Huda Saad , Alrubaie Sabah Abd Flayeh
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out in the holy city of Karbala - Al-Hussainiya district for the year (2022-2021) for the winter-season of the College of Agriculture - University of Karbala to study planting dates and spraying with traditional and nano-NPK fertilizer in the vegetative growth characteristics of the fenugreek plant for cultivation (20/10/2021) (10/11/2021) (30/11/2021) and the second, five fertilizer combinations (water only, 1 g.L -1 traditional neutral fertilizer, 2 g.L-1, 100 ml.L -1 of nano fertilizer, 200 ml.L-1 of nano fertilizer, The results showed that the second planting date was superior to the other dates in plant height, leaf area and number of pods per plant, which amounted to (70.37 cm, 285.10 cm 2, 10.93 pods. Plant-1), respectively, While the third date recorded the highest number of branches, which amounted to 7.12 branches. plant-1, while the first date recorded the highest number of seeds per pod, which reached 9.98 seeds.pod-1, and the combinations of fertilizers used together had a significant effect, as the third combination excelled by giving it the highest average number of branches which reached 7.09 plant-1, and the highest average number of pods per plant was 10.74 pods. Plant-1, and the highest number of seeds in one pod was 10.50 seeds. pod-1, While the second combination recorded the highest average leaf area of 298.50 cm2, and the fifth combination recorded the highest fenugreek plant height of 69.16 cm. As for the bilateral interaction between the study factors, the treatment of the second planting date and the third fertilizer combination recorded the highest plant height of 75.67 cm and the highest number of pods 12.20 pods. plant-1, While the third planting date and the third fertilizer combination recorded the highest number of branches of the plant, which amounted to 7.73 branches. Plant-1, as for the third planting date and the second fertilizer combination, it gave the highest leaf area amounting to 331.50 cm2, and the first planting date and the third fertilizer combination recorded the highest number of seeds per pod of 11.30 seeds. horn-1.
Response of Bio-Stimulator and Foliar Spray of Nano-Nitrogen on Growth Characteristics of Two Mandarin Seedlings
Authors: Al-Asally Mustafa E. , Al-Hijemy Salah H. J.
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted at the gardening station of the Gardening Department of the Ministry of Agriculture located in the al hyndia region of the holy of Karbala from 1 April 2020 until the end of November of the same year to study the effect of fertilization with bio stimulator bioHealth and nano-nitrogen spraying and overlap between them and the effect on improving the vegetative qualities of Mandarin seedlings (local V1 and clementine V2) the experiment included the study of three factors the first factor included the study of two Cultivars of Mandarine seedlings(local and clementine) The second factor involved fertilization with biohealth and three concentrations (0, 5, 10 g. Seedling-1), the third agent included spraying with nano-nitrogen fertilizer and three concentrations(0,2,4ml.L-1). The results revealed that the soil application of bio-stimulator (Bio-Health) has a significant increment in all the studied parameters, under the treatment of B2 (10 gm. seedlings-1) which revealed the highest values compared to the rest of the treatments. The foliar application of nano-nitrogen fertilizer at N2 (4 ml. L-1) has increased the branch length, the secondary shoots number, the stem diameter, leaves area, dry weight of vegetative growth, and leaves content of chlorophyll in comparison with treatment N1.
The Effect of Organic Fertilization on Leaf Mineral Content of Three Citrus Species
Authors: Khalil N. H.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment in RCBD design was carried out in the College of Agric. Engine. SCI./The University of Baghdad. The research aimed to evaluate the effect of inorganic and organic fertilizer (as three levels of sheep and cattle manure) on the leaf content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, of three citrus species, lemon (Citrus limon L.), sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L.) and, mandarin (Citrus reticulata), grafted on Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) rootstock. Results indicated that lemon trees grafted on Citrus aurantium were the most responsive to organic fertilization and the accumulation of most of the macro and micro elements, followed by orange trees grafted on the same rootstock, while it was noted that mandarin trees grafted on Citrus aurantium were the least responsive among the three types, In addition, sheep manure was efficient in providing plants with N, K, Ca, and Mg elements, while cattle manure was the most efficient in providing plants with P, Fe, Zn, and Mn nutrients.
Comparative Study Between the Growth Regulators Benzyl Adenine (BAP) and Thydizoronate (TDZ) and Nano Iron in the Growth and Multiplication of Citrumelo Shoots in Vitro
Authors: Al-Jalihawi Walaa Faleh Hadi , Ali Tahani Jawad Muhammad , Nayef Makki Noman
Published: April 2023

Research was conducted at Al-Qasim Green University in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory in the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping in the College of Agriculture from November 2021 to May 2022 with the aim of comparing two types of cytokinins: BAP at a concentration of 2.0 mg/L-1 and TDZ at a concentration of 0.2 mg/L-1 and two concentrations Iron (2.5-5 mg/L-1). To know their effect on the average of shoot multiplication in vitro of the root and its content of protein and macro (N.K) and Micro (iron) elements. The research was implemented as a factorial experiment using a complete random design (CRD) with two factors: cytokinin and nano iron. The results indicated a superiority of 0.2 mg.L-1 TDZ in each of the Multiplication shoots (4.667 shoots/explant ) and the content of shoots of iron (54.66 mg.kg-1), while BAP at a concentration of 2.0 mg/L-1 was excelled on the content of shoots of nitrogen, potassium and protein (1.778%, 1.947%.) respectively. As for nano iron at a concentration of 2.5 mg. L-1 was significantly excelled in the average of multiplication shoots (5 shoots/explant ), nitrogen (1.765%) and protein (10.98%). Specifically, the 5 mg dose. Potassium and iron (1.692% and 55.0 mg.kg-1) were most abundant in L-1.
Effect of Transplanting Date and Pot Shapes on Flowering and Seed Production of Antirrhinum Majus L. Plants
Authors: Milhim Khalid Ismael , Al-Ma’athedi Ali Farouq
Published: April 2023

To demonstrate the impact of planting date and pot shape on Flowering and Seed Production of Snapdragon plants under various production systems, a factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was carried out in a local nursery in the city of Duhok in northern Iraq from Jan 10, 2021, to Jan 6, 2022. Each experimental unit had eight pots, for a total of 92 pots in the experiment, which had 24 experimental units and four replications. The experiment made use of the Snapshot Mix cultivar of the second group of Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.). The date of transplanting from germination and the of the pot shapes were two factors in the experiment. Growth characteristics were recorded from the first flower bud opened, including an estimate of the number of days until colour appeared, the number of florets and the combined weight of the wet and dry inflorescence. The characteristics of the seeds were also measured when the fruits were formed and reached full maturity, namely their percentage of germination, rate of germination, number of cans, number of seeds and weight of 1000 seeds. The results showed that the date of transplanting had a significant impact on flowering characteristics, it can also be seen that plants grown in circular pots outperformed those grown in square pots, where they were: 33.07 cans, 2037.5 seeds, 0.166 g, 91.48%, and 1.95 days, which was positively reflected in the flowering characteristics.
Effect of Transplanting Date and Pot Shapes on Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Antirrhinum Majus L. Plants
Authors: Ibrahim Khalid Ismael Milhim , Al-Ma’athedi Ali Farouq
Published: April 2023

A factorial experiment using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was conducted in a local nursery in the city of Duhok in northern Iraq from January 10, 2021, to January 6, 2022, to show the impact of planting date and pot shape on Flowering and Seed Production of Snapdragon plants under various production systems. In the experiment, which comprised 24 experimental units and four replications, there were 92 pots altogether, making up eight pots each experimental unit. The second group of Snapdragon’s Snapshot Mix cultivar was used in the experiment (Antirrhinum majus L.). Two variables in the experiment were the time since germination and the design of the pots. The vegetative and flowering growth characteristics that were studied: plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, inflorescence length, inflorescence diameter, flowering time, number of inflorescences, total number of florets and marketing acceptance score. The results showed that the delayed transplanting date two weeks after germination was significantly better in terms of the studied traits, which were the number of leaves (62.30 leaves plant-1), leaf area (86.85 cm2), inflorescence length (10.49 mm), flowering time (27.07 days), number of inflorescences (10.33 inflorescence plant-1), the total number of florets was (51.59 florets plant-1). From the results, it is clear that the round pot’s shape was clearly superior at the conclusion of the experiment.
Effect of Ground Addition of Seaweed Extract and NPK Fertilizer on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Aloe vera L.
Authors: Al-Jameel Shahlaa Adil Akahit , Fleih Sabah Abd
Published: April 2023

To investigate the impact of ground application of seaweed extract and NPK fertilizer on some vegetative growth characteristics of Aloe vera, an experiment was conducted during the agricultural season (2021-2022) in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Garden Engineering at the College of Agriculture / University of Karbala. The experiment had two factors: the addition of fertilizer to the neutralized NPK at three concentrations (4, 2, 0) g.L-1, and the employment of an environmentally friendly nutritional program by adding seaweed powder to the chemical program of adding NPK fertilizer neutralized 20:20:20 L-1. The following emerged from the experiment’s findings: (1) The ground addition of seaweed extract of the aloe vera plant led to a significant increase in all vegetative characteristics when treated T3 concentration (3 g. L-1) (plant height 32.11 cm, leaf thickness 10.93 mm, number of leaves 12.56 leaves plant-1, fresh weight 167.78 g, leaf dry weight 55.89 g). (2) The results showed that the addition of the neutral NPK fertilizer to the aloe vera plant at a concentration of (4 g / l-1) when treated, showed significant differences in all vegetative growth characteristics (plant height (30.60) cm ،the thickness of the leaf is 9.86 mm, the number of leaves is 12.11 leaves. Plant, the fresh weight is 158.00 g, the dry weight of the leaf is 52.53 g). (3)The binary interaction between the addition of seaweed extract and NPK fertilizer when the interaction T3N4 (4g/l-1 + 3 4g/l-1) showed significant differences in all vegetative characteristics of aloe vera plant، (Plant height 34.83 cm, leaf thickness 12.73 mm, number of leaves 15.00 leaf. Plant, fresh weight 174.33 gm, dry weight 58.07 gm.
The Impact of Spur Site and Foliar Application of Zinc and Boron in some Specifications, of Apples (IBrahimi variety)
Authors: Kufesh Sura Ahmed , Abdul Ahmed Samir , Saleh Ali
Published: April 2023

Studying the impact of spur location and zinc and boron spraying on certain growth and flowering characteristics and yield of the Ibrahimi apple variety was conducted in one of the private orchards in a city in the Al-Saqlawiyah sub-district, Fallujah district, Anbar governorate, during the seasons 2021 and 2022. Fifty-four trees with rather consistent growth were chosen at the age of five years and planted on plots measuring 4 meters by 4 meters. The trees were sprayed with zinc (ZN0, ZN1) and boron (B0, B1, B2) twice yearly in a factorial experiment with a 3X3X2 RCBD randomized complete block design, where the first factor represents the selection of the spur site and its symbol (S1, S2, S3), the second factor is spraying, and the third factor is spraying. A considerable rise in the investigated characteristics was seen after spraying with the components under investigation (average fruit size, average fruit diameter, percentage of fallen fruits and percentage of remaining fruits).
Effect of Biohealth Biostimulant and Dry Yeast Suspension on some Chemical Characteristics of Leaves and the Total Yield of Two Varieties of Kohlrabi Brassica oleracea var Gongylodes
Authors: Ali Hayder Abd Alwahab Abd Alrazaq , Mutar Khalid Abed
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the impact that applying the biostimulant Boiohealth and spraying dry bread yeast suspension would have on the chemical components of the leaves and the total yield of two different varieties of kohlrabi during the autumn of 2021-2022 at the University of Karbala’s College of Agriculture. The experiment included two factors, The first factor includes eight fertilizer combinations, its without addition (T1), adding Biohealth (T2), spraying the yeast suspension at a concentration of 2 gm L-1(T3), spraying the yeast suspension at a concentration of 4 gm L-1(T4), spraying the yeast suspension at a concentration of 6 gm L-1(T5), add Biohealth + spray yeast suspension at a concentration of 2 g L-1(T6), add Biohealth + spray yeast suspension at a concentration of 4 g L-1(T7), add Biohealth + spray yeast suspension at a concentration of 6 g L-1(T8) The second factor is two varieties of words: White Vienna and Purple delicacy. Treatment T8 outperformed the rest of the treatments, as it gave the highest percentage of chlorophyll, which amounted to 7.709%, the highest percentage of nitrogen, which amounted to 3.170%, the highest percentage of phosphorous, which amounted to 0.3659%, the highest percentage of potassium, which amounted to 1.351%, and the highest total yield of 27.00 tons ha-1. The results show the superiority of the White Vienna variety over the Purple delicacy in the percentage of chlorophyll and the percentage of phosphorous, which amounted to 7.079% and 0.3503%, respectively, while the Purple delicacy was superior to the percentage of nitrogen, which amounted to 2.864%, the percentage of potassium, which amounted to 1.305%, and the total yield of 22.76 Ton hectare-1.