bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing English Materials for the Students of Information System Department at Technology and Information Faculty, Mathlaul Anwar University Banten
Authors: Rohimajaya Nur Azmi , Sudirman Ade , Hamer Welliam
Published: April 2021

The aim to be reached in conducting this study is to develop suitable English materials for the students of the Information System Department at Technology and Information Faculty of Mathlaul Anwar University so that they can study what they need to learn. The development will produce an English textbook (module) that is relevant to the objective of curriculum and the needs of the students. It is expected that lecturers and the students can take advantage of the product of the development. The design of this study is categorized under Research and Development (R&D) with analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the module is developed which is more valid, practical and effective. The analysis of the validity of the module can be seen from the aspect of content and presentation. The future suggestion for other researchers is to develop an English language module specifically for education. Students need a special book that is more relevant to be a reference for using English in the context of teaching. Because English is an international language, English course in the Information System Department is expected to contribute to all aspects of life, especially when the students graduate from university
A Manipulation of Semantic Meanings as a Humor Construction Strategy
Authors: Romadlani Muhammad Masqotul Imam
Published: April 2021

This research is conducted to reveal how humorous utterances are constructed by manipulating semantic meaning especially dealing with lexical semantics. Lexical semantics provides multiple meanings that portray their meaningsâ€™ relationship among a word and they are potentially exploited to elicit humor. This research examines utterances manipulating lexical semantics as the strategy of humor creation inÂ Mind Your LanguageÂ situation comedy. Applying a descriptive qualitative approach, the findings indicate that five types of lexical semantics are utilized as strategies of humorous utterances creation. Those types of lexical semantics are polysemy, homonymy, homophone, hyponymy, dan synonymy. Because of their multiple relation meanings, the speaker can refer to other meanings to construct different meanings with the hearer. The speaker constructs an incongruent meaning between what the hearerâ€™s perception is and what the speaker meant. The deviation of lexical semantics between the hearer and the speaker completely illustrates the concept of incongruity theory of humor.Â
Ideology and Power in Political News Text: Appraisal in Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Cahyono Setyo Prasiyanto , Areni Galuh Kirana Dwi , Sumarlam Sumarlam
Published: April 2021

This study attempts to reveal the ideology and power expressed in the news text entitled â€œThe burning scar: Inside the destruction of Asiaâ€™s last rainforestâ€. The data of this study were obtained from one of the most famous online Newspapers namely BBC. Whilst, in doing the critical analysis, systemic functional linguistics specifically the use of appraisal proposed by Martin and White (2005) was applied to find out the ideology as well as the power of the text. The findings show that there are three appraisal items found such as attitude, engagement, and graduation simultaneously. Affect is the most dominant appraisal found in the text. It represents the feelings of the people who live in Papua where their land has been destroyed by the world's largest exporter of palm oil from South Korea. Besides, they also criticize the Indonesian government which sold their land to the company without any notice to the tribe who live there. Then, engagement represents the tribeâ€™s voices where they have to move from their land. The last is graduation which represents the tribeâ€™s experience when they were kicked out from their land. Meanwhile, the ideology of the text is represented by the use of attitude consisting of affect, appreciation, and judgment. Furthermore, the power deals with the tribeâ€™s tenor such as contact, status dan affect.Â
Bilgilendirici Broşür Uygulamasının Travmatik Diş Yaralanmaları Hakkında İlkokul Öğretmenlerinin Bilgi Seviyesine Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: AKMAN Hayri , SÜRME Koray
Published: April 2021

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı
Alanya bölgesindeki ilkokul öğretmenlerinin travmatik diş yaralanmasında acil
durum yönetimi konusunda bilgi düzeylerini belirlemek ve bilgilendirici
broşürün etkinliğini değerlendirmektir.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmaya, Alanya’da
görev yapmakta olan 250 ilkokul öğretmeni katılmıştır. Demografik bilgiler ve
travmatik diş yaralanmalarında acil durum yönetimi ile ilgili sorulardan oluşan
anket formları dağıtılarak öğretmenlerin yanıtlamaları istenmiştir. Anketler
cevaplandıktan sonra, öğretmenlere tarafımızca hazırlanmış diş yaralanmalarında
acil durum yönetimi hakkında bilgiler içeren broşürler dağıtılmıştır. İki hafta
sonra aynı öğretmenler anketleri yeniden cevaplamışlardır.Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 250 öğretmenin 235’i her iki anketi
de eksiksiz cevaplamıştır. Ankette bulunan 9 bilgi sorusuna öğretmenlerin verdiği her doğru cevap 1 puan ve her yanlış
cevap 0 puan olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İlk yapılan anketlerde öğretmenlerin ortalama doğru cevap puanları 4.74
iken bilgilendirme broşürü sonrasında yapılan anketlerde öğretmenlerin ortalama
doğru cevap puanları 7.89’a çıkmıştır ve iki puan arasında istatistiksel olarak
anlamlı derecede fark vardır (p<0.0001).Sonuçlar: Çalışmamızdan elde
edilen veriler öğretmenlerin travmatik diş yaralanmaları konusundaki bilgi
düzeylerinin yeterli olmadığını göstermektedir. Dental travmaların okullarda
çok sık görülmesi sebebiyle öğretmenlerin acil durum yönetimi hakkında daha
fazla bilgi sahibi olması gerekmektedir. Travmatik diş yaralanmalarında
öğretmenlerin acil durum yönetimi konusunda bilgi düzeylerinin artırılması için
bilgilendirici broşür kullanımı faydalı olabilir.Anahtar Kelimeler: diş yaralanmaları,
anket, öğretmen, broşür
Informe etnográfico del viaje a Huarochirí
Authors: Burgos Cisneros Alonso
Published: April 2021

Este viaje se efectuó por invitación de la Alcaldesa de la provincia de Huarochirí, en relación a las acciones de promoción para conocer las riquezas naturales, arqueológicas, históricas y antropológicas de los distritos sureños que, luego posibiliten proyectos de investigación, programas de desarrollo o actividades educativas que promuevan conocer y elevar la identidad cultural de los pueblos, orientados a promover, con propiedad y autoestima, el turismo de la región cisandina de Lima. Lo que fue aceptada por el Director de la EAP de Antropología y nos delegó: al profesor Sabino Arroyo Aguilar y a los alumnos Alex Azaña Obregón (03150096), Alonso Burgos Cisneros (05150204) y David Gutiérrez Ruiz (04150224).
Piault, Marc Henri (2002). Antropología y cine
Authors: Cao María Victoria
Published: April 2021

En el texto Antropología y cine, Marc-Henri Piault trata sobre la validez de la antropología visual en contraste con el discurso escrito, el cual ha sido predominante en la disciplina.
Ayar Lloqsimasikunamanta: Una reinterpretación del mito fundacional de los incas
Authors: Sánchez Garrafa Rodolfo
Published: April 2021

Esta es la primera parte de un trabajo que explora algunas estructuras simbólicas del conocido ciclo mítico de los hermanos Ayar. El autor asume que este corpus mítico legitimaba el ejercicio del poder por los gobernantes incas y que su argumento habría formado parte de la base ideológica del sistema mágico-religioso oficial en la etapa constitutiva del Tawantinsuyo. En consecuencia, propone su reinterpretación como una teoría del poder político, y cuestiona las ideas comúnmente manejadas que entienden este ciclo mítico sea como el memorial de una gesta militar o como alegoría de actividades agrícola, alimentaria y culinaria. Encuentra respaldo en las propias crónicas, así como en otras fuentes etnohistóricas y etnográficas que muestran el mito como una construcción teórica y una expresión normativa de la organización política en los orígenes del Estado inca.
Historia, desarrollo y colonialidad del saber en la antropología peruana
Authors: Rodríguez Castillón Juan
Published: April 2021

Se hace una revisión bibliográfica en los estudios de la antropología peruana para reconstruir su historia, desarrollo y cómo a lo largo ha seguido la práctica de importar modelos teóricos, descuidando la elaboración de marcos teóricos específicos a la realidad social peruana. Al final se plantea que una perspectiva epistémica desde posiciones étnicas y subalternas tienen mucho que aportar para la creación de modelos teóricos genuinos y para una teoría crítica descolonial.
Familia, escuela y redes sociales de los niños trabajadores del colegio N.º 1111 “José Antonio Encinas ” La Parada
Authors: Rolando Alicia , Cáceres Luria , Morán Jessica , Ruíz Rubén , Salvador Lourdes , Effio Gaby , González Heidi , Chávez Joshua
Published: April 2021

Este trabajo nos muestra un análisis sobre el entorno socio-cultural de los niños trabajadores, el protagonismo infantil que tienen y las redes sociales que entablan dentro de la escuela. Además nos muestra el grado de vulnerabilidad al que están expuestos y las propuestas de desarrollo que surgen para ellos por parte de las ONG.
The new approach to creating progressive and low-waste mining technology for thin coal seams
Authors: Petlovanyi Мykhailo V. , Мalashkevych Dmytro S. , Sai Kateryna S.
Published: April 2021

The problem of mining low-thickness coal seams in the Western Donbas is described in the article. Technological, economic and environmental reasons reducing the effectiveness of traditional technologies for their development are analyzed in detail and the new progressive approach is proposed to solve it. Attention is paid to the importance of hard coal for Ukraine energy independence and thin coal seams, which is the lowest indicator among coal deposits exploited in the developed countries worldwide. The key role of the Western Donbas mines in the Ukraine coal mining industry development is shown, where coal seams with a geological thickness in a range of 0.55 – 0.80 m take more than 50% of coal reserves. It leads to coal clogging and rising of the further enrichment costs. The interrelation of mining, geological seam thickness, and wall rock undercut is established, as well as decade-long tendency out of seam size increase is evaluated. It appropriately correlates with the general tendency of a geological thickness decrease and it leads to an increase of total ash content. The sources are defined and the volumes of waste rock run from coal mine to the surface are quantified, where 80 – 90% are underground mine working development and wall rock undercut while longwall mining operations. The negative influence of the applied mining technologies for low-thickness seams is shown. Whereby existing waste rock dumps are additionally replenished annually by 3.0 – 3.5 million of large-sized coal enrichment wastes and transported back onto waste rock dumps for very high expenses. It is determined that three waste dumps are located near urban settlements, which increases the environmental fee for their placement in three times. The new approach for selective mining of low-thickness seams with rock undercut placement in the gob area is proposed and it is characterized by the addition to the mechanized support of horizontally-closed scraper backfilling conveyor with a tamping device for rock compaction, which reduces the mine rock output by 25 – 30%. The preliminary calculations of parameters and prospective economic efficiency of the proposed mining technology for low-thickness coal seams are carried out in case of one typical longwall face taking into account the mined rock transportation cost to coal-preparation plant and its enrichment, reducing the cost of mine working supports. Its technology is by 17% more cost effective, than traditional mining technology while rough coal ash content does not exceed 21%.
VITAMINA D : una estrategia profiláctica en tiempos del SARS-CoV-2. Vitamina D, SARS-CoV-2 y odontología
Authors: López Diego Fernando , Ríos -Borrás Valentina , Rivera David Alejandro , Hernández Luis Rogelio , Ortíz Mario Alejandro
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: ofrecer a todo el personal de salud oral un resumen narrativo de la literatura sobre la relación entre el uso de la vitamina D y la COVID-19, a través de la presentación de los beneficios de este suplemento. Se espera aportar a ampliar el conocimiento sobre esta sustancia orgánica, en tanto herramienta profiláctica para la salud de todos. Método: La búsqueda bibliográfica se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, Science Direct y Ebsco, entre los años 2010 y 2020. Se seleccionaron 65 referencias bibliográficas relacionadas con la vitamina D, sus funciones intra y extra esqueléticas y su posible relación con el SARS-CoV-2; además, se incluyenon estudios que evalúan la deficiencia de vitamina D en el personal de salud.  Resultados: la revisión narrativa efectuada demuestra que la deficiencia de vitamina D es frecuente en el personal de salud y que esta deficiencia reduce la actividad defensiva inmunológica. Además, se demuestra que existe suficiente evidencia de la relación entre niveles deficientes de vitamina D en plasma y el riesgo de desarrollar formas severas de COVID-19, especialmente en población susceptible. Conclusiones: se recomienda, tanto al personal de la salud como a los pacientes, el consumo de un suplemento de vitamina D como medida profiláctica.
Manual para evaluar la deglución y el rendimiento masticatorio en las clínicas de odontología
Authors: Ruiz Gomez Adiela , Hurtado Santanilla Martha Helena , Alvarán Zuluaga Natalia Cristina , Pulido Moreno Diana Jazmín , Carmona Tovar. Juan Guillermo , Benavides Pinto Berta Cecilia
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: desarrollar y aplicar un manual para evaluar los procesos de deglución y rendimiento masticatorio, dirigido a estudiantes y profesionales de odontología. Método: se realizó un estudio con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, a partir de dos técnicas de recolección de información: documental para reunir información de los procedimientos y observacional para la aplicación del manual. Los métodos seleccionados fueron el rendimiento masticatorio (Albert T) y de deglución (Técnica Payne); el diseño se esbozó según la metodología para mejorar la calidad de los procesos y una guía técnica de elaboración de manuales de procedimientos en salud. Así, el manual cuenta con introducción, antecedentes históricos, alcance y objetivo, flujograma, descripción de procedimientos de evaluación de la deglución, del rendimiento masticatorio y bibliografía. Este fue aplicado en 27 pacientes de la clínica de ortodoncia, a quienes se les diagnosticó deglución atípica, y se midió el rendimiento masticatorio para conocer la mediana de tamaño de partícula (MTP) de cada individuo. Resultados: el manual se realizó basándose en dos procedimientos, uno con el diagnóstico de deglución y otro con rendimiento masticatorio. Este último fue aplicado por dos estudiantes investigadores a una muestra de 27 pacientes, cuyo resultado fue una mediana de tamaño total de partícula de MTP = 5.35 mm2. Hubo una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre sexos (MTP en hombres: 6,0 mm2 y mujeres 5.1 mm2) siendo las mujeres quienes presentaron mejor desempeño masticatorio. Conclusión: al aplicar el manual, los estudiantes evaluaron el rendimiento masticatorio y la deglución, con lo cual lograron resultados medibles, aplicables y reproducibles.
Contenido, editorial
Authors: Córdoba Salazar César
Published: April 2021

Contenido del número 10, 1984
Un proceso general de diseño en Ingeniería Mecánica
Authors: García P. Guillermo
Published: April 2021

El diseño en ingeniería mecánica se dedica en gran medida al cálculo de transmisiones y elementos mecánicos. Aun cuando esta parte es de vital importancia, no deja de ser un paso dentro del proceso total de diseño. La integración del proceso mediante un método general permite al estudiante tener una visión más exacta del diseño, integrar los conocimientos adquiridos y aplicar un método. Al diseñador le ofrece la oportunidad de salirse de la forma empírica, muchas veces utilizada, al emprender un problema de diseño, y seguir un procedimiento más confiable.
El plan de estudios de Ingeniería Química en la Sede de Bogotá: evolución de sus principales características
Authors: López P. Arcesio
Published: April 2021

El propósito del presente documento es doble. Por una parte, se consigna brevemente el origen y desarrollo de la carrera de Ingeniería Química en la Universidad Nacional — Bogotá y sus relaciones con la evolución histórica de esa disciplina a escala mundial. Por otra parte, se analizan las principales características de los planes de estudio vigentes en diversas épocas, haciendo especial énfasis en el perfil del profesional que se forma en Ingeniera Química mediante la aplicación de tales currículos. El tratamiento conjunto de estos dos temas nos lleva a importantes conclusiones, siendo la más relevante de estas la necesidad de replantearse cambios profundos en el plan de estudios con el objeto de mejorar la formación del ingeniero químico en el área del diseño, las aplicaciones y el control.
Creemos de esta forma aportar nuestras inquietudes a un debate que se debe dar alrededor de la escasa participación de la ingeniería nacional en los procesos de innovación tecnológica.
Biodigestor: una aproximación al diseño
Authors: Rodríguez Devis Julio Mario
Published: April 2021

El estudio y evaluación de los Sistemas de Biogas forma parte de la Electiva Técnica ‘’Sistemas Alternativos de Energía’’, ofrecida por la Facultad de Ingeniería. El presente artículo es un producto de dicho curso e intenta ser informativo, estando centrado en el proceso del diseño preliminar. Las ecuaciones han sido extraídas de diversas fuentes y se pretende dar las pautas de evaluación técnica de cualquier Biodigestor, sin tocar los problemas prácticos y de experiencia que de ello se deriva. Agradezco la colaboración prestada por los estudiantes Guillermo Garcés y Pedro A. Cuervo y en especial al Ingeniero Arturo Martínez R. por su participación en la parte correspondiente a Biogas en el curso mencionado.
Consideraciones sobre los ensayos de laboratorio
Authors: Gómez Cortés José Gabriel
Published: April 2021

Texto de la conferencia dictada por el autor en el  Instituto de la Construcción y del Cemento en Madrid, Eduardo Torroja, España, como asistente al IX Curso de Estudios Mayores de la Construcción sobre ‘‘LA EDIFICACIÓN Y SU PATOLOGÍA”. Se analizan aspectos sobre: los criterios para solicitar ensayos, muestreo, variabilidad de resultados y reproducibilidad de ensayos, criterios de aceptación e importancia de la retroalimentación.
Factores asociados con la compacidad final de los concretos asfálticos
Authors: Tamayo T. Jorge , Gutiérrez G. Carlos
Published: April 2021

Se reconoce universalmente el alto grado de dependencia de las propiedades fundamentales que exhiben las capas de concreto asfaltico con su nivel de compacidad, por lo cual resulta importante estudiar los aspectos principales asociados con la optimización de esta característica. Resulta particularmente importante conocer las propiedades de los agregados en cuanto a su naturaleza, distribución granulométrica, tipo de llenante, forma de las partículas, así como las del asfalto en función de su comportamiento reológico y las relaciones entre estos ingredientes. En razón de la naturaleza termoplástica de las mezclas asfálticas, el control de la temperatura y la evolución de la misma por medio de las diversas fases del proceso, resulta determinante en la compacidad final. Otros factores igualmente incidentes son: la programación racional de las actividades, los equipos empleados y la secuencia de la compactación. Este documento pretende presentar algunas ideas sobre estos aspectos que permiten mejorar las prácticas constructivas existentes con miras a optimizar el comportamiento de los pavimentos flexibles.
Energía de las olas
Authors: Chamorro Rendón Luis Javier
Published: April 2021

La energía del oleaje del mar es enorme y muchas veces se manifiesta por los grandes destrozos que puede producir o por la facilidad de agitar cualquier cuerpo flotante. Esta gran cantidad de energía se ha tratado de aprovechar desde hace siglos Por ejemplo, en el siglo XIII los chinos trituraban minerales con molinos accionados por las olas. Leonardo Da Vinci dejo algunos diseños de mecanismos accionados por el oleaje. Actualmente se han incrementado las investigaciones e inversiones para desarrollar generadores de energía. Mediciones de corta duración pueden situar con alguna precisión la energía de las olas de los 2.500 km de las costas del país entre 12.500 MW y 90.000 MW.
Estudio de la degradación de los agregados pétreos durante la vida útil de los pavimentos
Authors: Tamayo Tamayo Jorge , Gutiérrez Guevara Carlos , Cabrera Vargas Jorge
Published: April 2021

Día a día se está cuestionando sobre la permanencia de las condiciones que presentan los materiales empleados para la construcción de obras civiles; esto resulta aún más complejo cuando se trata de materiales naturales, no tratados, provenientes de la corteza terrestre. Siempre se parte de una supuesta actividad o estabilidad de los agregados, los cuales son calificados como "inertes"; ahora se acepta plenamente que su comportamiento está lejos de tal condición y más bien encaja dentro del concepto de una acción dinámica que puede ser acelerada o atenuada en los procesos de producción y construcción y durante la vida de servicio.
En el presente trabajo se analizan, someramente, los factores incidentes en la resistencia a la degradación que presentan los agregados pétreos y se hace una revisión sobre las evaluaciones que se realizan para tratar de predecir la durabilidad de los mismos y la permanencia de sus características con el tiempo.
Entrega de un estanque a un canal
Authors: Milán Paz Julio
Published: April 2021

En este trabajo, el autor presenta un ejemplo de cómo el estudiante de ingeniería pueda enfocar problemas de hidráulica, dándoles solución en forma sistematizada con recursos a su alcance.
Aplicación de la energía solar en el secado de granos
Authors: Bello G. Andrés
Published: April 2021

En este artículo se presenta la síntesis del procedimiento y los resultados obtenidos en un prototipo de colector almacenador solar para secado de granos, como parte de las investigaciones que está desarrollando el Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica.
Los números aleatorios y la ingeniería
Authors: Astaiza A. Luis Gerardo
Published: April 2021

En el presente trabajo se llama la atención sobre las propiedades que deben cumplir los Generadores de Números Aleatorios dado que estos son el corazón mismo de la Simulación.
 
Esta presentación se inicia con una introducción al tema, luego se comentan los métodos de generación, propiedades, tipos y comprobación a que deben someterse los generadores. Finalmente, se dan las conclusiones.
Preparation of red and grey elemental selenium for food fortification
Authors: Khandsuren B. , Prokisch J.
Published: April 2021

In recent years, the importance of nanomaterials in food science, medicine, etc. has been increasing quickly. Herein, organic and inorganic red selenium nanoparticles synthesised by the reduction of sodium selenite with chemical and biological reducing agents. Grey hexagonal form in aqueous and powder was assembled at a high temperature of 85 °C for 10 min. Also, selenium enriched yogurt powder was made that contained about 2,000 mg kg−1 selenium, 93.8% of which is in nano form with a size of 50–500 nm. The synthesised nanoparticles were characterised by Dynamic Light Scattering Particle Size Analyzer (DLS), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The prepared SeNPs could be promising additive for a wide range of applications.
Measures for flood discharge transformation on the Ondava River
Authors: Mydla Jakub , Šoltész Andrej , Orfánus Martin
Published: April 2021

The contribution is dealing with run-off conditions on the lower part of the Ondava River as the capacity of the river bed is insufficient at high flow rates. The reason for the proposed research was the flood situations when protection dikes were breached. For mathematical modeling of flood wave progress, the HEC-RAS software has been applied coupling 1D and 2D modeling procedures. Results of the mathematical model of the surface water level regime in the Ondava River were compared with measured values and afterwards it was used to design further flood protection measures utilizing the existing drainage channel system and pumping stations, as well.
Thermal performance of inserting hybrid nanofluid in parabolic trough collector
Authors: Al-Oran Otabeh , Lezsovits Ferenc
Published: April 2021

In this work, the thermal performance of using hybrid nanofluid of Ceria oxide and multi-walled carbon nanotube-based MOL 68 in the receiver tube of parabolic trough collector is simulated numerically. The influence of using this nanofluid under various volume concentrations and different Reynold numbers is solved numerically using computational fluid dynamics. The turbulent model's analysis is carried out based on k–ϵ re-normalization group and employed to find the Nusselt number and the heat transfer coefficients. The model results were validated with the previous correlation, which were used to evaluate the Nusselt number. The results showed that hybrid nanofluid enhances the heat transfer characteristics of the parabolic trough collector in comparison with the base fluid. Furthermore, even better heat transfer characteristics can be achieved with an increased volume concentration of the modified nanofluids.
Error sources and models of the laser tracker without a beam steering mirror
Authors: Choleva Radoslav , Kopáčik Alojz
Published: April 2021

The laser tracker is a widely used instrument in many industrial and metrological applications with high demand measurement accuracy. Imperfections in construction and misalignment of individual parts deliver systematic errors in the measurement results. All error sources need to be identified and reduced to the minimum to achieve the best possible accuracy. The paper summarizes error sources of the laser tracker without beam steering mirror with emphasis on error modeling. Descriptions of error models are provided for the static and kinematic type of measurement.
Perplejidades Normativas y Límites de la Actividad Consultiva de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Algunas Lecciones Provenientes de la Adopción de la Opinión Consultiva OC-23/17 sobre «Medio Ambiente y Derechos Humanos»
Authors: López-Zamora Luis-A.
Published: April 2021

En noviembre de 2017, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos emitió la Opinión Consultiva sobre Medio Ambiente y Derechos Humanos. Su adopción tuvo un impacto inmediato en la comunidad jurídica; particularmente, al ser la primera vez que la Corte analizó –de forma general–, las obligaciones de los Estados parte de la Convención Americana en lo referido a la protección del medio ambiente, en conexión con la protección de los derechos humanos reconocidos en dicho instrumento. Después de la adopción de esta decisión, la mayor parte de académicos, saludarían su contenido. Sin embargo, nosotros creemos que se requiere una aproximación crítica. Este artículo es una oportunidad para considerar las posibles debilidades presentes en la adopción de aquella Opinión; especialmente, en lo que respecta a la argumentación seguida por la Corte para expandir su jurisdicción y hacer posible la judicialización de derechos ambientales, que no se encuentran consagrados en la Convención Americana. Énfasis particular, será dado al hecho de que –en esta oportunidad–, la Corte no utilizó un procedimiento contencioso para realizar aquella expansión legal, sino que –utilizó con ese fin–, una Opinión Consultiva que, según la misma Corte presenta efectos particulares para los Estados parte de la Convención.
The 50th anniversary of the Declaration on Friendly Relations and its Role in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Trujillo-del-Arco Ángela
Published: April 2021

In commemoration of the fifty-year anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations General Assembly resolution 2625 (XXV), Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, it is fitting to assess the current relevance of this document in the international legal order. An indepth study of the contentious cases and the advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice allows to demonstrate that this instrument is not a mere declaration. On the contrary, it will be shown that, in the present day, it is a key instrument in the resolution of disputes between States.
Un nuevo paso para intentar hacer justicia respecto de la masacre de los jesuitas españoles en El Salvador: la Sentencia de la Audiencia Nacional de 11 de septiembre de 2020
Authors: Márquez-Chamizo Esperanza
Published: April 2021

En noviembre de 1989, una masacre conmovió al mundo: el caso de los jesuitas españoles asesinados en El Salvador. Hasta el pasado septiembre de 2020, no hubo ninguna condena para los culpables, siendo ésta una ocasión en la que la idea de jurisdicción universal ha surgido en un nuevo intento de luchar contra la impunidad. El trabajo aborda la respuesta de El Salvador, lugar donde ocurrieron los hechos, así como la posición mantenida por España, la tierra de Ellacuría y sus compañeros, trágicamente fallecidos. Ello, junto con la respuesta judicial de la Audiencia Nacional respecto al caso, es objeto de análisis en este trabajo.
Retos y oportunidades de la agenda internacional sobre empresas y derechos humanos en tiempos de la COVID-19
Authors: Márquez-Carrasco Carmen , Iglesias-Márquez Daniel
Published: April 2021

Los efectos sin precedentes de la pandemia de la COVID- 19 han generado una crisis global multinivel y multisectorial que ha afectado a toda la sociedad internacional. En este contexto, los Estados han adoptado una serie de medidas de emergencia para evitar la propagación del virus que al mismo tiempo han tenido efectos secundarios en la economía global. Ante tal situación, los Estados y las empresas han intentado mantener la viabilidad de sus economías y de sus actividades empresariales. No obstante, algunas de sus respuestas han tenido impactos negativos en el disfrute de los derechos humanos y laborales. En este sentido, el presente artículo analiza en qué medida la agenda internacional de empresas y derechos humanos proporciona a los Estados y a las empresas las directrices necesarias para que las acciones y decisiones adoptadas durante la crisis sanitaria garanticen el respeto de los derechos humanos en el marco de las actividades empresariales. Asimismo, reflexiona sobre las oportunidades que ha creado esta pandemia para seguir avanzando e implementado la agenda internacional de empresas y derechos humanos en la nueva normalidad.
Characteristics of Office-based Physician Visits, 2018
Authors: Ashman Jill , Santo Loredana , Okeyode Titilayo
Published: April 2021

Examines physician office visit rates by age and sex and visit characteristics, including insurance status, reason for visit, and services.
An Essay on Corporate Crimes in the Post-Colonial Perspective: Challenging Traditional Literature
Authors: Oliveira Cintia Rodrigues de , Silveira Rafael Alcadipani da
Published: April 2021

RESUMO Objetivo: este ensaio tem por objetivo desafiar, teoricamente, as noções de crimes corporativos desenvolvidas na literatura tradicional, a qual compreende esse fenômeno como uma disfunção social e organizacional, concentrando-se nos seus antecedentes e determinantes. Argumento do Ensaio: a premissa básica do ensaio é que crimes corporativos ocorrem em uma dinâmica própria das corporações, a principal força do capitalismo contemporâneo sobre o mundo. Nós recorremos ao pensamento pós-colonial, mais especificamente aos conceitos de necrocapitalismo, uma versão do capitalismo contemporâneo caracterizada pelo imperialismo, que se refere a formas contemporâneas de acumulação, as quais envolvem a subjugação da vida ao poder da morte. Resultados: crimes corporativos ocorrem de forma duradoura em contextos de inter-relacionamentos extremamente complexos, incluindo relações entre corporações e governos. Conclusões: concluímos ser necessário argumentar contra a normalização dos crimes corporativos no campo dos estudos organizacionais, ao tratá-los como uma disfunção. Os crimes corporativos são configurados em uma cadeia de agentes, incluindo o Estado, envolvendo um conjunto de violações que atentam contra nações.
Immunolocalization of Protein Kinase C Isoenzymes α, βI and βII in Rat Kidney
Authors: PFAFF IMKE L. , WAGNER HANS-JOACHIM , VALLON VOLKER
Published: April 2021

Protein kinase C (PKC) significantly contributes to the control of renal function, but little is known about the renal function or localization of PKC isoenzymes. Therefore, the localization of PKC isoenzymes α, βI, and βII was studied in rat kidney. Immunoblot analysis identified immunoreactive bands corresponding to PKC α, βI, and βII in total cell extracts of both renal cortex and medulla. Immunohistochemistry using confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed immunostaining for PKC α within the glomerulus including podocytes and mesangial cells. PKC βI was detected in mesangial cells, whereas anti-PKC βII labeled neither podocytes nor mesangial cells. PKC βII, however, was detected in cells within the mesangial area, which expressed MHC II, a marker for antigen-presenting cells. None of the three isoforms was detected in glomerular endothelial cells. A prominent immunostaining with anti-PKC α and βI was localized to the brush border of S2 and S3 segments of proximal tubule, whereas S1 segments were not stained. Along the loop of Henle, both PKC α and PKC βI were found in the luminal membrane of cortical and medullary thick ascending limb. In addition, anti-PKC βI labeled the luminal membrane of thin limbs. In the cortical collecting duct (CCD), immunofluorescence for PKC α was observed at the apical membrane of both peanut agglutinin (PNA)-negative cells and part of PNA-positive cells, whereas in the medullary collecting duct (MCD), PKC α was detected at the basolateral membrane. In comparison, PKC βI was localized at the luminal membrane of PNA-positive cells only in CCD and at the luminal membrane of MCD. Unlike PKC α or βI, there was (1) no detectable immunostaining with anti-PKC βII in the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, or the CCD and (2) a distinct staining for PKC βII of interstitial cells in cortex and medulla (including MHC II-positive dendritic cells). Furthermore, PKC βII was detected in the luminal membrane of MCD. In summary, a distinct and differential expression pattern for PKC α, βI, and βII was shown in rat kidney, which may contribute to a better understanding of the specific role of these isoenzymes in the control of renal function.
High Glucose Stimulates Proliferation and Collagen Type I Synthesis in Renal Cortical Fibroblasts
Authors: HAN DONG CHEOL , ISONO MOTOHIDE , HOFFMAN BRENDA B. , ZIYADEH FUAD N.
Published: April 2021

Renal tubular epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts are active participants in tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the best correlate of decreased glomerular filtration in diabetic nephropathy. It was reported previously that high ambient glucose stimulates transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA and bioactivity, promotes cellular hypertrophy, and increases collagen synthesis in proximal tubular cells. This study evaluates the effects of high glucose and TGF-β on the behavior of murine renal cortical fibroblasts (TFB) in culture. High glucose (450 mg/dl) significantly increased [3H]-thymidine incorporation (by 60 to 80% after 24 to 72 h) and cell number, without significantly increasing cell death when compared with normal glucose (100 mg/dl). There also was a transient increase in the mRNA of the c-myc and egr-1 early-response genes. Exogenous TGF-β1 was promitogenic rather than antiproliferative in contrast to other renal cell types. Northern blot analysis demonstrated constitutive expression of TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3 transcripts. Exposure to high glucose increased all three TGF-β isoforms in a time-dependent manner. High glucose as well as exogenous TGF-β1 also increased [3H]-proline incorporation, α2(I) collagen mRNA, and type I collagen protein (measured by immunoassay). Treatment with a neutralizing pan-selective monoclonal anti-TGF-β antibody markedly attenuated the stimulation by high ambient glucose of thymidine incorporation, TGF-β1 mRNA, and type I collagen mRNA and protein levels. It is concluded that high ambient glucose and exogenous TGF-β1 share similar actions on renal fibroblasts. Moreover, the stimulation of cell proliferation and collagen type I synthesis in these cells by high ambient glucose are mediated by activation of an autocrine TGF-β system.
Role of Caspases in Hypoxia-Induced Necrosis of Rat Renal Proximal Tubules
Authors: EDELSTEIN CHARLES L. , SHI YUEXIAN , SCHRIER ROBERT W.
Published: April 2021

The role of the caspases, a newly discovered group of cysteine proteases, was investigated in a model of hypoxia-induced necrotic injury of rat renal proximal tubules. An assay for caspases in freshly isolated rat proximal tubules was developed. There was a 40% increase in tubular caspase activity after 15 min of hypoxia in association with increased cell membrane damage as indicated by a threefold increase in lactate dehydrogenase release. The specific caspase inhibitor Z-Asp-2,6-dichlorobenzoyloxymethylketone (Z-D-DCB) attenuated the increase in caspase activity during 15 min of hypoxia and markedly decreased lactate dehydrogenase release in a dose-dependent manner. In the proximal tubules, Z-D-DCB also inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in calpain activity, another cysteine protease. In contrast, when Z-D-DCB was added to purified calpain in vitro, there was no inhibition of calpain activity. The calpain inhibitor (2)-3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-mercapto-2-propenoic acid (PD150606) also inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in caspase activity in proximal tubules, but did not inhibit the activity of purified caspase 1 in vitro. In these experiments, caspase activity was detected with the fluorescence substrate Ac-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp-7-amido-4-methyl coumarin (Ac-YVAD-AMC), which is preferentially cleaved by caspase 1. However, minimal caspase activity was detected with the fluorescence substrate Ac-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-7-amido-4-methyl coumarin (Ac-DEVD-AMC), which is cleaved by caspases 2, 3, and 7. The present study in proximal tubules demonstrates that (1) caspase inhibition protects against necrotic injury by inhibition of hypoxia-induced caspase activity; and (2) caspase 1 may be the caspase involved. Thus, although the role of caspases in apoptotic cell death is well established, this study provides new evidence that caspases contribute to necrotic cell death as well.
Clinical Presentation and Follow-Up of 30 Patients with Congenital Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Authors: VAN LIEBURG ANGENITA F. , KNOERS NINE V. A. M. , MONNENS LEO A. H.
Published: April 2021

Congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by insensitivity of the distal nephron to arginine vasopressin. Clinical knowledge of this disease is based largely on case reports. For this study, data were collected on clinical presentation and during long-term follow-up of 30 male patients with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The majority of patients (87%) were diagnosed within the first 2.5 yr of life. Main symptoms at clinical presentation were vomiting and anorexia, failure to thrive, fever, and constipation. Three older patients were diagnosed as a result of events not directly related to the disease. Except for a possibly milder phenotype in patients with a G185C mutation, no clear relationship between clinical and genetic data could be found. Most patients were on hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride treatment without significant side effects. Two patients suffered from severe hydronephrosis with a small rupture of the urinary tract after a minor trauma, and two patients experienced episodes of acute urine retention. Height SD scores for age remained below the 50th percentile in the majority of patients, whereas weight for height SD scores showed a catch-up after several years of underweight.
Mycophenolate Mofetil for Maintenance Therapy of Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis
Authors: NOWACK RAINER , GÖBEL URSULA , KLOOKER PIETER , HERGESELL OLAF , ANDRASSY KONRAD , VAN DER WOUDE FOKKO J.
Published: April 2021

Successful maintenance therapy with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) 2 g/d and low-dose oral corticosteroids (OCS) over a period of 15 mo was given to patients with Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) (n = 9) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) (n = 2). All patients had severe generalized disease with pauci-immune necrotizing glomerulonephritis and received standard induction therapy with oral cyclophosphamide and OCS for a mean of 14 wk until remission was achieved. Of 11 patients, only one WG patient relapsed in the 14th month of maintenance therapy. Maintenance therapy with MMF was able to further reduce grumbling disease activity as measured by the Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS2) and proteinuria that were still present by the end of induction therapy. OCS could be reduced to a median daily dose of 5 mg and discontinued in three patients. Possible drug-related adverse effects were transient and included abdominal pain, respiratory infection, diarrhea, leukopenia, and a cytomegalovirus-colitis in one patient that was successfully treated with ganciclovir. It is concluded that MMF in combination with low-dose OCS is well tolerated and effective for maintenance therapy of WG and MPA. Long-term treatment with MMF in these diseases is attractive because of its low toxicity. MMF will have to be studied further and compared with cyclophosphamide or azathioprine maintenance therapy in randomized trials.
Feedback Control of Glomerular Vascular Tone in Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Knockout Mice
Authors: VALLON VOLKER , TRAYNOR TIMOTHY , BARAJAS LUCIANO , HUANG YUNING G. , BRIGGS JOSIE P. , SCHNERMANN JU[Combining Diaeresis]RGEN
Published: April 2021

For further elucidation of the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in macula densa (MD) cells, experiments were performed in anesthetized nNOS knockout mice (nNOS -/-). At comparable levels of arterial BP, renal blood flow was not significantly different between nNOS +/+ and nNOS -/- (1.7 ± 0.2 versus 1.4 ± 0.1 ml/min), and autoregulation of renal blood flow was maintained to a pressure level of approximately 85 mmHg in both groups of mice (n = 6 in each group). The fall in proximal tubular stop-flow pressure in response to an increase in loop of Henle perfusion rate from 0 to 30 nl/min was comparable in nNOS +/+ and -/- mice (40.7 ± 1.6 to 32 ± 2 mmHg versus 40.6 ± 1.6 to 31.6 ± 2 mmHg; not significant; n = 13 versus 18 nephrons). Luminal application of the nonselective NOS inhibitor nitro-L-arginine (10-3 and 10-2 M) enhanced the perfusion-dependent fall in stop-flow pressure in nNOS +/+ (7 ± 1 to 13 ± 2 mmHg; P < 0.05) but not in nNOS -/- (7 ± 1 to 8 ± 1 mmHg; not significant) mice. nNOS -/- mice exhibited a lower nephron filtration rate, compared with nNOS +/+, during free-flow collections from early distal tubules (influence of MD intact, 7 ± 0.7 versus 10.9 ± 1 nl/min; P = 0.002) but not from late proximal tubule (influence of MD minimized, 10.1 ± 1 versus 11.7 ± 1 nl/min; not significant; n = 16 nephrons). Distal Cl concentration and fractional absorption of fluid or chloride up to the early distal tubule was not different between nNOS -/- and +/+ mice. The data indicate that nNOS in MD tonically attenuates the GFR-lowering influence of ambient luminal NaCl, which may serve to increase the fluid and electrolyte load to the distal tubule, consistent with a role of MD nNOS in tubuloglomerular feedback resetting.
Effects of Ammonia on Acid-Base Transport by the B-Type Intercalated Cell
Authors: FRANK AMY E. , WEINER I. DAVID
Published: April 2021

Ammonia, in addition to its role as a constituent of urinary net acid excretion, stimulates cortical collecting duct (CCD) net bicarbonate reabsorption. The current study sought to begin determining the cellular transport processes through which ammonia regulates bicarbonate reabsorption by testing whether ammonia stimulates B-type intercalated cell bicarbonate secretion, bicarbonate reabsorption, or both. The effects of ammonia on single CCD intercalated cells was studied by use of measurements of intracellular pH taken from in vitro microperfused CCD segments after luminal loading of the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye BCECF. These results showed, first, that ammonia inhibited B-cell unidirectional bicarbonate secretion and that this occurred despite no effect of ammonia on apical Cl-/HCO3
- exchange activity. Second, ammonia increased the contribution of a SCH28080-sensitive apical H+-K+-ATPase to basal intracellular pH regulation and it stimulated basolateral Cl-/HCO3
- exchange activity. Thus, ammonia activated both apical proton secretion and basolateral base exit, consistent with stimulation of unidirectional bicarbonate reabsorption. It was concluded that ammonia regulates CCD net bicarbonate reabsorption, at least in part, through the coordinated regulation of the separate processes of B-cell bicarbonate reabsorption and bicarbonate secretion. These effects do not reflect a general activation of ion transport but, instead, reflect coordinated and specific regulation of ion transport.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Induces Loss of Contact Inhibition in Podocytes
Authors: SCHWARTZ ELISSA J. , CARA ANDREA , SNOECK HANS , ROSS MICHAEL D. , SUNAMOTO MASAAKI , REISER JOCHEN , MUNDEL PETER , KLOTMAN PAUL E.
Published: April 2021

Human immunodeficiency virus—associated nephropathy (HIVAN) affects up to 10% of HIV-positive black adults and children and is the leading cause of renal disease in infected individuals. The disease is characterized by proliferation of renal epithelial cells, both glomerular and tubular. Diseased kidneys are enlarged, and glomerular visceral epithelial cells (podocytes) express proliferation markers. In a transgenic murine model of HIVAN expressing a deletion construct of HIV-1, the identical pathologic features are observed. It was demonstrated that HIV-1 mRNA is expressed in renal epithelium of the transgenic mouse and in patients with HIVAN, suggesting a direct role for HIV-1 in disease pathogenesis in both humans and the murine model. For investigating the mechanisms responsible for proliferative changes in podocytes, the HIV-1 transgenic mouse was bred onto the immortomouse background, and conditionally immortalized transgenic and nontransgenic podocyte cell lines were established. Transgenic podocytes demonstrated increased spontaneous proliferation, compared with nontransgenic podocytes at confluence, and they were found to have a greater percentage of cells in the proliferative phase of the cell cycle. It is striking that transgenic podocytes were not contact inhibited and formed aggregates in soft agar. Aggregates also formed when nontransgenic podocytes were infected with the identical HIV-1 construct used to generate the transgenic model. This demonstrates that the loss of contact inhibition is due to a direct effect of HIV-1. Therefore, proliferation induced by HIV-1 gene expression is likely to play a key role in the pathogenesis of HIVAN.