bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automatic simultaneous determination of copper and lead in biological samples by flow injection/stripping voltammetric analysis
Authors: Izquierdo Andrés , de Castro M. D. Luque , Valcárcel Miguel
Published: March 2007

An automatic‐continuous method for the simultaneous determination of copper and lead based on flow injection analysis (FIA) and stripping voltammetry (SV) is proposed. The method affords the determination of the analytes at the ng/ml level (linear ranges 0.64 to 64.0 ng/ml and 2.1 to 62.2 ng/ml for copper and lead, respectively) with good precision (r.s.d. values smaller than 4%). The selectivity of SV allows the method to be applied to the determination of these analytes in bovine liver fresh samples and certified reference materials from the National Institute for Standards and Technology and the Community Bureau of Reference. The performance of the method was assessed by repeatability and validation statistical studies.
Evaluation of the IL‐Phoenix chemistry electrolyte analyser
Authors: Masiá F. , Alumá A. , Biosca C. , Easamajó M. T. , Antoja F. , Galimany R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports an evaluation of the IL‐Phoenix Chemistry/Electrolyte Analyser; the evaluation was carried out in accordance with internationally recognized guidelines. The evaluation was performed in three steps: evaluation in routine conditions; assessment of interferences; and study of practicability. Seven constituents were studied under routine working conditions. Within‐run imprecision rangedfrom 0.6% (CV) for chloride to 3.1% (CV) for glucose. Between‐run imprecision ranged from 0.9% for sodium to 6.0% (CV) for urea. Sample‐related carryover was not significant. The relative inaccuracy was acceptable; drift was negligible; linearity was agreed with the range showed by the supplier. Haemoglobin produced negative interferences with sodium and chloride. Turbidity interfered negatively with sodium, chloride, potassium and total calcium, andpositively with glucose. Bilirubin showed a negative interference with sodium, chloride and creatinine.
Fully‐automated system for dissolution rate of solid oral dosage forms according to the paddle method
Authors: Lamparter Erich , Riedl Dieter
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a fully‐automated system (AUTO DISS®) for the determination of active ingredient release of solid oral dosage forms according to the paddle method of the US Pharmacopoeia (USP) and European Pharmacopoeia.

Twenty batches can be tested continuously, with the six individuals (tablets, capsules etc.) of one batch being examined synchronous. The components of the AUTO DISS® system are presented and the operating steps of automatic filling with dissolution medium, dropping in of tablets, sampling and cleaning of vessels are described. Suitability for testing controlled‐release drugs by means of automated buffer change from simulated gastric fluid to simulated intestinal fluid according to USP is also demonstrated. On‐line determination of active ingredient concentration, as well as evaluation and documentation of measured values, is possible using an integrated automatic sampler in combination with various measuring instruments.

The AUTO DISS® system is shown to be both rugged and accurate.
Development of an intelligent motion controller and its application to the automation of a McBain‐Bakr balance
Authors: Malczyk Jan , Talu Orhan , Megargle Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a modular approach to motion control using a microconlroller‐based stepper motor driver. As an application of the driver, an inexpensive and portable one‐dimensional robot was built to automate an existing experimental setup for measurement of adsorption isotherms using the McBain‐Bakr technique. Automatic recording of position versus time yields data for the sludy of adsorption/desorption dynamics.
Multicentre evaluation of the Boehringer Mannheim/Hitachi 911 Analysis System
Authors: Zaman Z. , Blanckaert N. , Cobbaert Ch. , Gillery P. , Hagemann P. , Luthe H. , Motta R. , Patrono D. , Jionsué M.-A. , Torralba A. , Castiñeiras M. J. , Fuentes-Arderiu X. , Bablok W. , Domke I. , Stockmann W.
Published: March 2007

The analytical performance and practicability of the Boehringer Mannheim (BM)/Hitachi 911 analysis system have been assessed in a multicentre evaluation, which involved six laboratories from European countries. Analytes commonly used in classical clinical chemistry were tested in a core programme, which mainly followed the ECCLS guidelines. In addition, a satellite programme covered other analytes, such as proteins, drugs and urine analytes. In total, the study comprised more than 100 000 data items collected over a three‐month period. The evaluation was supported with ‘Computer Aided Evaluation’ (CAEv) and telecommunications.

Acceptance criteria for the results were established at the beginning of the study. Nearly all of the analytes met the imprecision limits: within‐run imprecision (as CVs) was 2% for enzyme and substrate assays, 1% for ISE methods and 5% for immunoassays; between‐day imprecision was 3l% for enzyme and substrate assays, 2% for ISE methods and 10% for immunoassays.

No relevant drift effects (systematic deviation ≥ 3%) were observed over eight hours. The methods were linear over a wide range. Sample‐related and reagent‐dependent carry‐over can be reduced to a negligible amount by integration of a softwarecontrolled wash‐step.

Endogenous interferences were found for creatinine (Jaffé method) and uric acid assays (caused by bilirubin), for creatine kinase, creatine kinase MB isoform and γ‐glutamyltransferase (caused by haemoglobin), and for immunoglobulin A (caused by lipaemia)

Accuracy was checked by an interlaboratory survey, recovery studies in control materials and method comparison studies. The survey showed that, with the exception of cholesterol and iron in two laboratories, the recovery of analytes did not deviate by more than 5%. Sixty‐six of the 77 method comparisons performed met the acceptance criteria. The deviations of the remaining 11 results could be explained by differences in either calibration, application or by the use of different methods.

Practicability was assessed using a questionnaire which covered all of the important aspects of an analysis system in the clinical laboratory. Twelve groups of attributes out of 14 were rater higher for the BM/Hitachi 911 than for the present situation in the laboratories concerned. Especially high scores were given for the versatility group.

The acceptance criteria for the analytical performance of the BM/Hitachi 911 analysis system were fulfilled in all laboratory segments with few exceptions. The practicability exceeded the requirements in most of the attributes. The results of the study confirmed the usefulness of the system as a consolidated workstation in small‐ to medium‐sized clinical laboratories and in STAT laboratories, or as an instrument for special analytes like proteins and drugs, or for urinalysis in large laboratories.
Nomenclature in laboratory robotics andautomation (IUPAC Recommendation 1994)
Authors: (Skip) Kingston H. M. , Kingstonz M. L.
Published: March 2007

These dejinitions have been assembled from standards, monographs,
dictionaries, journal articles, and documents of international organizations emphasizing laboratory and industrial automation and robotics. When appropriate, definitions have been taken directly
from the original source and identified with that source. However,
in some cases no acceptable definition could be found and a new
definition was prepared to define the object, term, or action. Attention
has been given to defining specific robot types, coordinate systems,
parameters, attributes, communication protocols and associated
workstations and hardware. Diagrams are included to illustrate
specific concepts that can best be understood by visualization.
A multi‐channel photometric detector for multi‐component analysisin flow injection analysis
Authors: Tan Aimin , Huang Jialin , Geng Liudi , Xu Jinhua , Zhao Xinna
Published: March 2007

The detector, a multi‐channel photometric detector, described in this
paper was developed using multi‐wavelength LEDs (light emitting
diode) and phototransistors for absorbance measurement controlled
by an Intel 8031 8‐bit single chip microcomputer. Up to four flow
cells can be attached to the detector. The LEDs and phototransistors
are both inexpensive, and reliable. The results given by the detector
for simultaneous determination of trace amounts of cobalt and
cadmium in zinc sulphate electrolyte are reported. Because of the
newly developed detector, this approach employs much less hardware
apparatus than by employing conventional photometric detectors.
Laboratory automation: a challenge for the 1990s
Authors: Mordini Claude
Published: March 2007

There is tremendous pressure on industry and laboratories to develop
increasingly complex procucts: for example catalysts, chiral
chemicals, drugs and ceramics; conform to regulations; cope with
increasingly severe competition; and meet steadily increasing costs.
It is difficult, in this situation, to remain productive and competitive.
It is vital to be equipped with, and be able to use appropriately,
all the suitable methodologies and technologies. Working methods
and personnel have to be appropriate. The future depends on three
interdependent domains: automation in the broadest sense of the
word, instrumentation and information systems. The easy work
has already been done. Between 1984 and 1990, it was a question
of going from nothing to something; now, it is necessary to increase
and optimize.

Therefore, the crucial question is now: ‘how can we go
quicker in experimentation and acquire more knowledge,
while spending less money?’ One solution is to use all
the aspects of automation (robotics, instrumentation, data).
Successful laboratory automation depends.on: shortened time to
market; improved efficiency/cost ratio; motivation/competence/
expertise; communication; and knowledge acquisition. This paper
examines some of the major technological areas of application.
Prejudice, segregation and immigration laws —integration of the robot into the laboratory society
Authors: Fraley, Norman E.
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses some serious issues about personnel morale,
fears and hopes associated with and attributed to the laboratory
robot. The introduction of the laboratory robot into the laboratory
is examined from a managerial perspective. Human‐rights and
robot‐rights issues are identified and addressed. Real world
examples of how the integration of two high through‐put robots
affected the routine of a major industrial food laboratory are
discussed.
Polymer characterization with a fuzzy classification algorithm
Authors: Ramsbottom D. J. , Adams M. J. , Carroll J.
Published: March 2007

The classification of polymer samples from their infra‐red spectra
has been achieved by the application of a fuzzy c‐means cluster
algorithm. The generation of a fuzzy classifier allows the
characterization of samples which are a combination of more than
one pure polymer.
Automated sirulated distillation using anarticulated laboratory robot system
Authors: Berry William F. , Giarrocco Vince
Published: March 2007

An automated method, based on the Hewlett‐Packard ORCA
(Optimized Robot for Chemical Analysis) system, for sample
preparation and analysis of petroleum samples by simulated
distillation (SIMDIS) is described. Results obtained for the
robotically prepared samples show excellent agreement with those
obtained from the same samples prepared manually. The
application, based on ASTM method D 2887, is the foundation
for a more fully automated system that can perform a variety of
SIMDIS samples and methods.
Automation of environmental ELISAs
Authors: Shumate C. B. , Johnson J. E. , Fitzpatrick D. A. , Charan C.
Published: March 2007

ELISAs for pesticides and herbicides in environmental and
agricultural samples are becoming very important in screening
applications [1‐3]. Traditional chromatographic methods are
expensive and results need long turnaround times, making them
incompatible with rapid on‐site decision making. ELISA methods
have been shown to meet or exceed the performance of gas
chromatography—they offer rapid low‐cost analysis, thereby
increasing the frequency of sampling and enhancing data quality.
Automated ELISA workstations allow the full benefit of these kits
to be realized. Sample preparation, reagent pipetting, incubation,
and photometric evaluation can be performed without user
intervention. Reliability is increased through the elimination of
operator error, better accuracy and precision, and often higher speed.
Much larger batch sizes are possible and these systems can provide
sample tracking with report generation for documentation
requirements. In this paper the manual procedures and ELISA
methods are compared and some critical aspects of automating these
ELISA kits are discussed.
Automatic calibration for on‐line process monitoring in continuous‐flow systems
Authors: Agudo Manuel , Ríos Angel , Valcárcel Miguel , Danet Andrei
Published: March 2007

An automatic procedure for calibration in continuous‐flow systems is proposed. A flow gradient unit in the sample channel, controlled via a switching valve, delivers a concentration gradient of the standard so that the standard concentration varies with time after the flow‐rate gradient is started. Thus, the signal (absorbance)‐ concentration relationship can be determined and checked for (recalibration) as frequently as required. The procedure was applied to a simulated continuous monitoring of hydrazine in waters, as well as to specific water samples that were spiked with hydrazine at different concentrations.
Introduction: Laboratory automation at Schering‐Plough—increased productivity today and foundation for the future
Authors: Zenie Francis H.
Published: March 2007

The following is the introductory presentation to the 1994 ISLAR
meeting held in Boston from 16 to 19 October 1994. The Editor is again grateful to the organizer, the Zymark Corporation, for permission to publish the papers in the Managing Laboratory Automation Session read at ISLAR.
The trials and tribulations of a robotic screening core
Authors: Babiak John , Lucotch Brian , Russo Anthony , Heydt Linda , Williams Sharon , McCaully Ronald
Published: March 2007

It is well recognized within the pharmaceutical industry that high
throughput screening is a valuable and rapid tool to identify novel chemical compounds that may lead to tomorrow′s drugs. High throughput screening involves testing as many chemical compounds as quickly as possible against a defined molecular or cellular ‘target’ (for example an enzyme) in the hope that interacting compounds
may provide significant therapeutic benefits.

At Wyeth‐Ayerst Research, a Robotics and Automation Research Core Group has been established which serves as the in‐house resource for high throughput screening. The robotics group has three missions: (1) develop and perform high throughput screens
for customers in all therapeutic departments in the company;
(2) educate customers in issues related to screen design; and (3) help
customers to bring automated workstations into their laboratories. The mission, therefore, requires the effective use of automation, as well as building a strong collaboration with customers.

The challenges that have been faced fall into two categories: technology limiting and customer relations. Technological challenges arise because it is necessary to develop and implement assays with very different formats and biochemical endpoints within extremely
shortened time frames. The primary means to meet these challenges is with flexible robotics and flexible people. Challenges in the area of customer relations include setting realistic expectations, maintaining a sense of collaboration (and not merely service),
educating investigators as to how to deal with the huge amount of data generated and seeking feedback. Effective and frequent communication, and an awareness of each individual′s perspective, are essential to provide the most appropriate service.
Managing laboratory automation in a changing pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Rutherford Michael L.
Published: March 2007

The health care reform movement in the USA and increased
requirements by regulatory agencies continue to have a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry and the laboratory. Laboratory management is expected to improve effciency by providing more analytical results at a lower cost, increasing customer service, reducing cycle time, while ensuring accurate results and more effective use of their staff. To achieve these expectations, many laboratories are using robotics and automated work stations. Establishing automated systems presents many challenges for
laboratory management, including project and hardware selection, budget justification, implementation, validation, training, and support. To address these management challenges, the rationale for project selection and implementation, the obstacles encountered, project outcome, and learning points for several automated systems recently implemented in the Quality Control Laboratories at Eli Lilly are presented.
Evaluation of an automatic HPLC analyser for thalassemia and haemoglobin variants screening
Authors: Galanello R. , Barella S. , Gasperini D. , Perseu L. , Paglietti E. , Sollaino C. , Paderi L. , Pirroni M. G. , Maccioni L. , Mosca A.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the authors report the evolution of a new automatic
HPLC analyser for screening haemoglobinopathies. HbA2 and F determinations are accurate and reproducible. The analysis time is short (6.5 min) and there is a good separation between the HbA2 values of β‐thalassemia carriers from normals and α‐thalassemia carriers, with no overlap between these groups. In addition, the system is also able to detect and quantitate most of the haemoglobin variants, particularly those (HbS, HbC, HbE and Hb Lepore) able to interact with β‐thalassemia and could make haemoglobin electrophoresis unnecessary in all samples. The ease of operation and the limited technical work make this system especially suitable for laboratories with a high workload and allow the cost of screening to be reduced.
Managing laboratory automation
Authors: Saboe Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the process of managing automated systems
through their life cycles within the quality‐control (QC) laboratory environment. The focus is on the process of directing and managing the evolving automation of a laboratory; system examples are given. The author shows how both task and data systems have evolved,
and how they interrelate. A BIG picture, or continuum view, is presented and some of the reasons for success or failure of the various examples cited are explored. Finally, some comments on future automation need are discussed.
Reality in the 1990s and beyond—more with less
Authors: Lane Philip A.
Published: March 2007

It is no secret that the pharmaceutical industry is undergoing rapid
and revolutionary change. The impact of managed care and threatened pricing caps by the US Congress on new products has caused many companies to re‐evaluate their short and long term business and research strategies. In too many cases, this has resulted
in down‐sizing by both lay‐offs and attrition. For most analytical laboratories, this has meant doing more with less resources. There are several major ‘realities’ that are having a significant influence on the amount and type of analytical support required to bring a new product to the market place in today′s regulatory climate. They are pre‐approval inspections, the Barr decision and the proposed ICH guidelines. Other realities of the 1990s are also influencing the operation of the analytical laboratory. To cope with these realities, wise use of resources is mandatory. The strategies employed by each company differ, but laboratory automation is usually one of the important elements of the equation. Other elements include contract laboratories, consultants and temporaries. Each of these elements provides part of the solution to doing more with less, but each has its own positives and negatives which must be considered. This paper looks at the relationships between these factors and their impact on the analytical laboratory.
Centrifugation and capillarity integrated into a multiple analyte whole blood analyser
Authors: Schembri C. T. , Burd T. L. , Kopf-Sill A. R. , Shea L. R. , Braynin B.
Published: March 2007

A unique clinical chemistry analyser is described which processes
90 μl of whole blood (fingerstick or venous) into multiple aliquots of diluted plasma and reports the results of 12 tests in 14 min. To perform a panel of tests, the operator applies the unmetered sample directly into a single use, 8 cm diameter plastic rotor which contains the required liquid diluent and dry reagents. Using centrifugal and capillary forces, the rotor meters the required amount of blood, separates the red cells, meters the plasma, meters the diluent, mixes the fluids, distributes the fluid to the reaction cuvettes and mixes the reagents and the diluted plasma in the cuvettes. The instrument monitors the reagent reactions simultaneously using nine wavelengths, calculates the results from the absorbance data, and reports the results.
Determination of total carbon dioxide in beer and soft drinks by gas diffusion andflow injection analysis
Authors: Ljunggren Esbjörn , Karlberg Bo
Published: March 2007

A gas diffusion FIA method for determination of total CO2 in beer and in soft drinks is described. The composition of the acceptor stream for diffused carbon dioxide is critical. Bromocresol purple has been selecled among a large number of tested pH indicators and if the detection is made at a wavelength of 430 nm, stable
baseline conditions and positive deflections of the resulting FIA peaks are obtained. The selected indicator is combined with a linear pH buffer. A simple and practical graphical method for determining a suitable starting pH of the acceptor stream, as well as the expected
dynamic range and the linearity of the calibration graph, is presented.
Automation of flow injection gas diffusion‐ion chromatography for thenanomolar determination of methylamines and ammonia in seawater and atmosphericsamples
Authors: Gibb Stuart W. , Wood John W. , Fauzi R. , Mantoura C.
Published: March 2007

The automation and improved design and performance of Flow
Injection Gas Diffusion‐Ion Chromatography (FIGD‐IC), a novel technique for the simultaneous analysis of trace ammonia (NH3) and methylamines (MAs) in aqueous media, is presented. Automated Flow Injection Gas Diffusion (FIGD) promotes the
selective transmembrane diffusion of MAs and NH3 from aqueous
sample under strongly alkaline (pH > 12, NaOH), chelated (EDTA) conditions into a recycled acidic acceptor stream. The acceptor is then injected onto an ion chromatograph where NH3 and the MAs are fully resolved as their cations and detected
conductimetrically. A versatile PC interfaced control unit and data capture unit (DCU) are employed in series to direct the selonoid valve switching sequence, IC operation and collection of data. Automation, together with other modifications improved both
linearily (R2 > 0.99 MAs 0‐100 nM, NH3 0‐1000 nM) and
precision (<8%) of FIGD‐IC at nanomolar concentrations, compared with the manual procedure. The system was successfully applied to the determination of MAs and NH3 in seawater and in trapped particulate and gaseous atmospheric samples during an
oceanographic research cruise.
Validation of an ion selective electrode system for the analysis of serum fluoride ion
Authors: Duly Ellie B. , Luney Stephen R. , Trinick Thomas R. , Murray James M. , Comer John E. A.
Published: March 2007

A high impedance unit was developed for use with a fluoride/pH
electrode system for the measurement of serum fluoride. The linearity, accuracy, precision and detection limit of the system is reported. At a pH of 1.55, the system was linear over a range of serum fluoride concentrations up to 100 μmol l-1, with a lower
limit of detection of 0.3 μmol l-1. Recoveries at this pH were
94‐105% in the range 2.6‐100 μmol l-1. Within‐run CVs ranged
from 4.2% at a level of 2.3 μmol l-1 to 1.2% at a level of 55.7 μmol l-1, while day‐to‐day CVs ranged from 12.8% at a level of 2.2 μmol l-1 to 4.6% at a level of 51.7 μmol l-1. The system demonstrated a rapid response time and has the potential for a smaller sample size requirement with alternative electrode shape. Continued development of this unit into an automated fluoride ion selective electrode system is recommended, since the measurement
of serial serum fluoride samples is of greatest importance in assessing the impact of new anaesthetic agents on renal function.
Single standard calibration and data processing in flow injection titration based on concentration gradients
Authors: Araújo M. C. U. , Santos A. V. , Honorato R. S. , Pasquini C.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes use of gradients of concentration generated in flow injection (FI) systems to perform determinations based on points where the concentration of titrant and analyte are at stoichiometric ratio. Two procedures were developed. In one procedure the titrant is injected in a FI manifold and merges with the sample which is continuously pumped towards the detector. In the other procedure the sample is injected and merged with the titrant which is continuously pumped. Both techniques make use of concentration gradients of the sample or titrant generated in FI manifolds that contain a mixing chamber. This gradient is calibrated employing only one standard solution (usually the titrant) in order to convert any detector signal, obtained in the elapsed time after injection, to instantaneous concentration values. The flow system is microcomputer controlled and data are treated to locate points where the concentration of titrant and analyte are at the stoichiometric ratio. These points are found in abrupt changes of the signal × concentration curves obtained in the presence of the reaction. The method has been evaluated for determination of Fe(II) and acetic acid by spectrophotometric and conductimetric detection, respectively. Results show a mean relative standard deviation lower than 1%, an average accuracy of 1% and a high sampling processing capability (40 to 60 samples per hour).
Development and analytical performance of an automated screening method for cannabinoids on the Dimension clinical chemistry system
Authors: Obzansky D. M. , Gorman E. G. , Kramer S. P. , Masulli I. S. , Nuzzaci E. A. , Skogen W. F.
Published: March 2007

A fully automated, random access method for the determination of cannabinoids (UTHC) was developed for the Dimension AR and XL clinical chemistry systems. The method utilizes Abuscreen ONLINE reagents and a multianalyte liquid calibrator containing 11‐nor‐Δ9‐THC‐9‐carboxylic acid. Within‐run and total reproducibility, determined using NCCLS protocol EP5‐T2, was less than 0.6% and 1.6% CV, respectively, at all concentrations. Calibration stability was retained for at least 30 days. An extensive evaluation of non‐structurally related drugs and various physiological substances indicated lack of interference in the method. No sample carry‐over was observed following a specimen containing 1886 ng/ml 11‐nor‐Δ9‐THC‐9‐carboxylic acid. A 99.1% agreement (N = 445 samples) was found between an EMIT based method on the aca discrete clinical analyser and the Dimension UTHC method.

Dimension clinical chemistry system and aca discrete clinical analyser are registered trademarks of Dade International.
Technical note: New applications for on‐line automated solid phase extraction
Authors: MacFarlane John D.
Published: March 2007

This technical note explains the disadvantages of manual solid
phase extraction (SPE) techniques and the benefits to be gained with automatic systems. The note reports on a number of general and highly specific applications using the Sample Preparation Unit OSP‐2A.
2. The Data Librarian: introducing the Data Librarian
Authors: Liscouski Joe
Published: March 2007

This paper provides some initial considerations into the design and function of the Data Librarian. The first part (Liscouski, J., 1997, Journal of Automatic Chemistry, 19, 193‐197) described the need for the Librarian.
Application of experimental design to generate relevant information and representative calibration data
Authors: Schönkopf Suzanne , Guyot Dominique
Published: March 2007

The basic requirement for a good calibration is representative data. This paper outlines techniques for selecting samples from an existing population. The concept of factorial designs is explained, and three ways of applying experimental design to generate representative data are described. These are: to vary the experimental conditions; focus on some of the parameters of interest directly (reference values); to vary the underlying conditions which generate consistent variations in the spectra,for example production factors. Finally the paper gives an example of the use of the concept of experimental design to pick out samples from a population.
Conversion of a sequential inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer into a multichannel simultaneous system using a photodiode array detector
Authors: Pimentel Maria Fernanda , Araújo Mário César Ugulino , Neto Benício de Barros , Pasquini Célio
Published: March 2007

A monochannel plasma emission spectrometer was converted to a multichannel instrument by the introduction of a detection system based on an array of 1024 photodiodes and a low‐resolution dispersion device. The new, relatively inexpensive equipment, features both the high speed typical of simultaneous instruments and the versatility of scanning systems. This paper reports on an evaluation of the modified equipment for quantitative analysis with the simultaneous determination of Al, Mn, Mg, Ca, Fe and Cu in a natural water matrix. An average relative prediction error of 2.4% was found which is the same as the error obtained with the conventional analytical method. Data acquisition with the modified instrument is up to 40 times faster.
Open focused microwave‐assisted sample preparation for rapid total and mercury species determination in environmental solid samples
Authors: Tseng C. M. , Garraud H. , Amouroux D. , Donard O. F. X. , de Diego A.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes rapid, simple microwave‐assisted leaching/digestion procedures for total and mercury species determination in sediment samples and biomaterials. An open focused microwave system allowed the sample preparation time to be dramatically reduced to only 24 min when a power of 40‐80 W was applied. Quantitative leaching of methylmercury from sediments by HNO3 solution and complete dissolution of biomaterials by an alkaline solution, such as 25% TMAH solution, were obtained. Methylmercury compounds were kept intact without decomposition or losses by evaporation. Quantitative recoveries of total mercury were achieved with a two‐step microwave attack using a combination of HNO3 and H202 solutions as extractant. The whole pretreatment procedure only takes 15 min, which can be further shortened by an automated robust operation with an open focused system. These analytical procedures were validated by the analysis of environmental certified reference materials. The results confirm that the open focused microwave technique is a promising tool for solid sample preparation in analytical and environmental chemistry.
An automated system for the measurement of hydrogen peroxide in industrial applications
Authors: Westbroek Philippe , Temmerman Edward , Kiekens Paul , Govaert Filip
Published: March 2007

An automated sensor system for the continuous and in‐line measurement of hydrogen peroxide in industrial applications is described. The hydrogen peroxide concentration can be measured over the entire pH range, over a wide concentration range of hydrogen peroxide (10-3 70 g/l), from 0 to 70°C, and with high precision and accuracy (errors less than 1% ). The system consists of a bypass in which the necessary electrodes are positioned and electronically controlled. The sensor is very selective for hydrogen peroxide, easy to instal, and it is stable for at least two months after calibration. The calibration can be done in the process solution during a running process.
Automation photometer of Hitachi U–2000 spectrophotometer with RS–232C–based computer
Authors: Kumar K. Senthil , Lakshmi B. S. , Pennathur Gautam
Published: March 2007

The interfacing of a commonly used spectrophotometer, the Hitachi U2000, through its RS–232C port to a IBM compatible computer is described. The hardware for data acquisation was designed by suitably modifying readily available materials, and the software was written using the C programming language. The various steps involved in these procedures are elucidated in detail. The efficacy of the procedure was tested experimentally by running the visible spectrum of a cyanine dye. The spectrum was plotted through a printer hooked to the computer. The spectrum was also plotted by transforming the abscissa to the wavenumber scale. This was carried out by using another module written in C. The efficiency of the whole set‐up has been calculated using standard procedures.
First basic performance evaluation of the XE‐2100 haematology analyser
Authors: Tsuda Izumi , Hino Masayuki , Takubo Takayuki , Katagami Tomoko , Kubota Hiroshi , Kawai Seiki , Tatsumi N.
Published: March 2007

The newly developed XE‐2100 haematology analyser can provide complete blood counts, leukocyte differentials, perform reticulocyte analysis, and obtain quantitative data on nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs). In this study, we evaluated the basic performance of this instrument using routinely obtained blood specimens treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid‐2k. Reproducibility, carryover, stability during storage at 4°C and room temperature, and accuracy were evaluated. In this evaluation, reproducibility was good and little carryover was found. Accurate measurements were possible for up to 48h of storage. A good correlation between findings with the XE‐2100 and SE‐9000 haematology analysers was found for complete blood count on 210 samples tested. The leukocyte differential obtained with the XE‐2100 correlated well with eye counts and with the results obtained with the SE‐9000 automated haematology analyser, with r values over 0.9 for the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils. The precision and accuracy of VRBC and reticulocyte counts by the XE‐2100 were satisfactory. We used the XE‐2100 to obtain differential counts for bone marrow aspirates, and good correlations with manual differentials were obtained for total nucleated cell count,
percentage of myeloid cells and percentage of erythroid cells. The performance of the XE‐2100 was excellent, and this instrument should be able to provide reliable data to clinical
laboratories.
Activation of endothelial cells, coagulation and fibrinolysis in children with Dengue virus infection
Authors: Seksarn Panya , Pongsewalak Sureeporn , Thisyakorn Usa , Lusher Jeanne , Sosothikul Darintr
Published: March 2007

Dengue virus causes a febrile illness: Dengue fever (DF), and less frequently a life-threatening illness: Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Although severe bleeding remains a major cause of death in DHF, the pathogenesis of bleeding is poorly understood. This prospective cohort study was designed to determine the extent of activation of endothelial cells and the hemostatic system in correlation with clinical severity, and also to detect the best prognostic factor(s) for DHF. Endothelial cell activation, coagulation, anticoagulant and fibrinolysis parameters were measured in 42 children with Dengue infections (20 with DF and 22 with DHF) during three phases of illness. In DHF patients, during the febrile phase, vonWillebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag),tissue factor (TF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) were significantly elevated, while platelet counts andADAMTS 13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats) were significantly low compared to DF patients. During the toxic phase, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and PAI-1 were also significantly increased, while ADAMTS 13 and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFIa) were significantly low compared to DF patients. Abnormal vWF multimers were seen only in DHF patients. For endothelial cell injury and release of procoagulant components, activation of the coagulation cascade with thrombin generation, increased antifibrinolytic factors and consumption of natural anticoagulants, each appeared to play an important role in the development of hemorrhage in Dengue patients. Using logistic regression analysis, we found plasma VWF:Ag to be the best indicator of progression to DHF.
Genetic strain differences in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation of laboratory rats
Authors: Ito Hideki , Hayashi Hideki , Nagamura Yoshie , Toga Kazuyuki , Yamada Yoshihisa , Sudo Toshiki
Published: March 2007

Rats are employed to investigate the role of platelets in thrombus formation under flow conditions in vivo and to evaluate the pre-clinical potential of antiplatelet drugs. While Wistar and Sprague-Dawley (SD) strains are commonly used in thrombosis models, a number of rat strains have been established. Each strain possesses genetically unique characteristics such as hypertension, hyperglycemia or hyperlipidemia. The appropriate selection of a strain might have advantages for physiological and pharmacological studies. Comparative investigation of platelet aggregation among laboratory strains of rats is useful for the development of thrombosis models. In the present study, platelet aggregation response in eight laboratory rat strains, ACI, Brown Norway (BN), Donryu, Fischer 344 (F344), LEW, SD, Wistar and WKAH, were compared. Considerable strain differences were observed in ADP-, collagen- and TRAP-induced platelet aggregation. SD and BN are high-platelet-aggregation strains, while F344 and ACI are low-response strains. In the arteriovenous shunt thrombosis model, SD formed larger thrombi than F344 andWistar rats. In the FeCl 3 -induced thrombosis model with the carotid artery, the time to occlusion of SD was significantly shorter than of F344 and ACI rats. F344 and ACI rats had significantly increased bleeding times compared with SD rat. The present study demonstrates that there are considerable strain differences in platelet aggregation among laboratory rats, which reflect thrombus formation.
Tinzaparin and enoxaparin given at prophylactic dose for eight days in medical elderly patients with impaired renal function
Authors: Aghassarian Manvel , Drouet Ludovic , dit-Sollier Claire , Lacut Karine , Heilmann Jean-Jacques , Mottier Dominique , Bergmann Jean-François , Mahé Isabelle
Published: March 2007

Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) accumulate in patients with impaired renal function. As this accumulation depends on heparin chain length and subsequent reticulo-endothelial/renal elimination, LMWHs might have different pharmacodynamic profiles. The primary objective was to examine if any accumulation effect of two LMWHs, enoxaparin and tinzaparin, occurred after repeated administration of a prophylactic dose over eight days in elderly patients (age >75 years) with creatinine clearance between 20 and 50 ml/min and body weight <65Kg. Patients were openly randomized to two groups (enoxaparin 4,000 IU or tinzaparin 4,500 IU once daily). Anti-Xa was measured on day 1 and day 8. Blood samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, 16 and 24 hours. The primary end point was the accumulation factor calculated as a ratio between the maximal anti-Xa activity on day 1and day 8. Fifty-five patients were included (mean age 87.9 ± 5.5 ).The creatinine clearance was 34.7 ± 11.4 ml/min; the body weight was 52.3 ± 8.6 kg. The accumulation factor defined was not significant for tinzaparin (1.05, p=0.29) while it was significantly enhanced for enoxaparin (1.22, p <0.0001). In this pharmacodynamic study performed in elderly patients with impaired renal function, a statistically significant accumulation effect was observed after eight days of prophylactic treatment with enoxaparin but not with tinzaparin, which are two LMWHs with different chain lengths. Trials based on clinical end points should be conducted to evaluate the clinical relevance of these observations.
Factor XIII Val34Leu variant and the risk of myocardial infarction
Authors: Shafey Mona , Anderson Josdalyne , Scarvelis Dimitri , Doucette Steven , Gagnon France , Wells Philip
Published: March 2007

Genetic factors are thought to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI).A common variant of factor XIII (FXIII), FXIII Val34Leu, may be protective against developing an AMI, but various studies show conflicting results. We performed a meta-analysis to determine whether the FXIII Val34Leu variant is associated with a decreased risk of AMI. One hundred ninety-five articles were reviewed and 12 case-control studies were selected. We included studies involving patients with objectively diagnosed AMIs (WHO criteria), provided that FXIII Val34Leu genotyping data were available. Inclusion decisions, quality assessment, and data extraction were conducted by two reviewers. Hypothesizing that the Leu allele was protective, we performed three analyses with the Val/Val genotype as the reference group. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined. Prior to pooling, heterogeneity testing was performed using the I 2 statistic. These studies included a total of 8,743 patients, of which 3,663 were AMI patients and 5,080 were healthy controls. Using the random effects methods, protective effects were seen with the Leu/Val genotype alone (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.68–0.93) and with Leu/Val and Leu/Leu genotypes combined (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.66–0.93).There was also a protective effect with the Leu/Leu genotype alone, (not statistically significant: OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.61–1.12), likely due to the low frequency of this genotype. These results suggest that there is an association between the factor XIII Leu allele and a modest protective effect against AMI and may provide useful information in profiling susceptibility to myocardial infarction.
Haemostatic activation in post-menopausal women taking low-dose hormone therapy: Less effect with transdermal administration?
Authors: Sheppard Brian , Norris Lucy , Brosnan Jeanette
Published: March 2007

Hormone therapy (HT) increases the risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic disease in post-menopausal women. Recent studies have suggested that prothrombotic mechanisms are likely to be involved. Transdermal HT avoids the first-pass effect of oestrogen in the liver and may have a less marked effect on the haemostatic system than equivalent oral preparations. The majority of studies have compared HT preparations that have different formulations as well as routes of administration. We investigated changes in the haemostatic system in post-menopausal women using two pharmacologically similar HT preparations, which differed only in their route of administration. Three hundred forty-four healthy post-menopausal women were randomised to six months treatment with either a transdermal matrix patch containing 25 µg 17 β -estradiol/125 µg norethisterone acetate (NETA) applied every 3–4 days, or an equivalent oral preparation (estradiol 1mg and NETA 0.5 mg given once daily). Oral treatment significantly reduced fibrinogen (p<0.003), factor VIIc (FVIIc) (p<0.00001), and antithrombin (AT) levels (p<0.005); the effects in the transdermal group were less marked with no reduction in fibrinogen levels and lesser effect on FVIIc (p<0.03) compared with oral treatment. Treatment type significantly affected fibrinolysis with lower plasminanti- plasmin (PAP) levels in the transdermal group (p<0.003) and lower plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen (PAI-1) (p<0.012) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen levels in the oral group (p<0.002). Prothrombin fragment 1.2 and activated protein C (APC) resistance were not affected by either treatment. Transdermal HT has a less marked effect on coagulation than an equivalent oral preparation. Randomised trials are required to investigate whether this translates into less risk of cardiovascular and thromboembolic disease.
Altered von Willebrand factor subunit proteolysis and multimer processing associated with the Cys2362Phe mutation in the B2 domain
Authors: Marco Luigi , Gallinaro Lisa , Sztukowska Maryta , Mazzuccato Mario , Battiston Monica , Pagnan Antonio , Ruggeri Zaverio , Casonato Alessandra
Published: March 2007

The normal von Willebrand factor (vWF) multimer pattern results from the ADAMTS-13 cleavage of the Tyr1605-Met1606 bond in the A2 domain of vWF. We identified a patient with severe von Willebrand disease (vWD) homozygously carrying a Cys to Phe mutation in position 2362 of vWF with markedly altered vWF multimers and an abnormal proteolytic pattern. The proband’s phenotype was characterized by a marked drop in plasma vWF antigen and ristocetin cofactor activity, and a less pronounced decrease in FVIII. The vWF multimers lacked any triplet structure, replaced by single bands with an atypical mobility, surrounded by a smear, and abnormally large vWF multimers. Analysis of the plasma vWF subunit's composition revealed the 225 kDa mature form and a single 205 kDa fragment, but not the 176 kDa and 140 kDa fragments resulting from cleavage by ADAMTS-13.The 205 kDa fragment was distinctly visible, along with the normal vWF cleavage products, in the patient's parents who were heterozygous for the Cys2362Phe mutation. Their vWF levels were mildly decreased and vWF multimers were organized in triplets, but also demonstrated abnormally large forms and smearing. Our findings indicate that a proper conformation of the B2 domain, which depends on critical Cys residues, may be required for the normal proteolytic processing of vWF multimers.
Protein disulphide isomerase-mediated LA419– NO release provides additional antithrombotic effects to the blockade of the ADP receptor
Authors: Vilahur Gemma , Pena Esther , Padró Teresa , Badimon Lina
Published: March 2007

Despite the proven efficacy of current antithrombotic therapy in preventing ischemic heart disease (IHD), vascular events still occur. Our aims were i) to evaluate if combined oral treatment of clopidogrel and LA419, a novel nitric oxide donor with antiischemic and antiplatelet properties, provides additional antiplatelet effects to those of the blockade of P2Y12 receptor; and ii) to gain insight into the mechanism behind LA419 antiplatelet effects. Pigs (n=16) were randomized into four groups: 1) placebocontrol; 2) LA419; 3) clopidogrel; and 4) LA419+clopidogrel. Both compounds were administered orally: LA419 0.9 mg kg-1 twice daily for 10 days; clopidogrel 10 mg kg-1 day the three last days. Antithrombotic effects were assessed by measuring platelet deposition (PD) triggered by denuded and disrupted vessel wall placed on the Badimon chamber. LA419 effects on platelet aggregation, hemodynamic parameters, and platelet protein expression upon in vitro thrombin stimulation were also evaluated. Total PD on denuded vessels was similarly reduced by all treatments with respect to placebo (p<0.05). However, combination of LA419+clopidogrel largely reduced PD triggered by disrupted vessel wall by 80% versus placebo (p<0.005), 15% versus clopidogrel alone (p<0.01), and 30% versus LA419 alone (p<0.005). All treatments inhibited collagen- and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and no variations were detected in hemodynamic parameters. Proteomic analysis revealed that LA419 was associated with an increase in membrane protein disulphide isomerase (protein implicated in nitric oxide release).Treatment with LA419 may result in additional antiplatelet effect to that of clopidogrel in addition to restoring impaired endothelial dependent vasodilation without hemodynamic side effects. Further studies in IHD patients seem warranted.