bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation Method for Bottomhole Flow Pressure in Co-layer Development of Multilayer Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Tu Xingping , Liu Bin , Jia Duo , Li Liujie , Yin Jiawei , Lv Yuan
Published: November 2024

Accurately calculating the bottom hole flow pressure of a multi-layer stacked sandstone reservoir (hereinafter referred to as a multi-layer reservoir) is the basis for production splitting, oil well dynamic analysis, and reasonable work system determination in the development of multi-layer reservoirs. The bottomhole flow pressure model for single-layer oil reservoirs does not consider interlayer interference and the pressure drop caused by fluid flow in the wellbore, which doesn’t comply with the characteristics of multi-layer combined production, and the use of the maximum bottomhole flow pressure of the oil layer as the bottomhole flow pressure of each oil layer to adjust the production system of each oil layer doesn’t meet the requirements of other oil layer regulation. Firstly, starting from fluid mechanics, the frictional effect generated by fluid flow in the wellbore is systematically considered, and the relationship between wellbore frictional pressure drop and flow distance is established. The pressure drop formula generated by fluid flow in the wellbore is derived; Secondly, from the perspective of seepage mechanics, a formula for the bottom hole flow pressure of a single-layer reservoir was obtained. Combined with the expression for the difference in bottom hole flow pressure of each oil layer in the development of a multi-layer reservoir and the pressure drop expression for fluid flow in the wellbore, a bottom hole flow pressure model for each oil layer in the development of a multi-layer reservoir was established (hereinafter referred to as the multi-layer reservoir bottom hole flow pressure model). Substitute various parameters into the bottomhole flow pressure model of multi-layer oil reservoirs, and the error between the calculated values and the actual test values in the field is 0.10%~1.30%, with an average error of 0.82%, meeting the actual needs of the site. There is a significant difference in the bottom hole flow pressure values of each oil layer in the co production reservoir. The multi layer reservoir bottom hole flow pressure model can accurately calculate the bottom hole flow pressure of each oil layer, avoiding the inability to accurately adjust the production system of multiple oil layers for the same bottom hole flow pressure. It can provide technical support for the development of a reasonable drainage system for on-site co production oil wells and the realization of high and stable production.
Chinese astronomy in a world context
Authors: Cullen Christopher
Published: November 2024

This brief paper aims to indicate what the study of Chinese astronomy can add to our understanding of premodern astronomy in the wider world. Some aspects of Chinese astronomy enable us to perceive the interestingly contingent nature of much of what is often taken for granted about the way astronomy was done elsewhere, particularly in the premodern West. Two examples of East-West contact in astronomy are examined: exchanges with India, particularly in the Sui and Tang dynasties in the 7th and 8th centuries of the Common Era and contacts with astronomy from the 13th century CE Islamicate world. Finally the issue of the sphericity of the Earth is considered in a comparative context.
Space travel across the decades and beyond
Authors: Hasinger Günther
Published: November 2024

This paper will discuss the history and future of space travel from the perspective of the European Space Agency (ESA).
From time to spacetime to no time? The philosophy of relativity theory
Authors: Farr Matt
Published: November 2024

The shift from classical to relativistic physics significantly altered our conception of time. From a picture of space and time as autonomous concepts, and of reality as divided into moments of time, relativity theory introduced a picture of four-dimensional spacetime, and a ‘static’ or ‘block universe’ conception of time. This paper considers how exactly relativity theory clashes with our ordinary folk conception of time and what this ultimately means for how we should think about the nature of time.
Examples of entropy: from physics to nature
Authors: Sorguven Esra
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to give a short history of how the concept of entropy has been developed and how it is used today in diverse scientific disciplines in our quest for understanding ourselves and our environment. The first part of the paper gives a historical perspective, which starts with the invention of the first heat engines, continues with the verbal formulation of the laws of thermodynamics and ends with the formulation of the mathematical equations that tell the complete story of thermodynamics by describing the transport of mass, momentum, energy and entropy. The second part of the paper focusses on the use of entropy beyond heat engines and shows how entropy has influenced the thinking in scientific disciplines such as chemistry, biology, ecology, communication, economy and sociology. Both a historical summary and the examples presented in this paper are limited to within the domain of classical mechanics. Although entropy has ignited powerful ideas and has many uses in both relativistic and quantum mechanics, these are not within the scope of this paper.
What is a microscope? How the microscope has evolved over three hundred and fifty years
Authors: Peckham Michelle
Published: November 2024

The microscope is named from the Greek mikrós (small) and skopeîn (to see). The first light microscopes were described over three hundred and fifty years ago, building on the development of lenses for the telescope. The publication of Micrographia in 1665 popularised the microscope and yet its technological development only really took off in the 1800s in parallel with many other technological developments of the time. Key to building microscopes reproducibly was the theoretical understanding of how the image is formed in the microscope, developed by Ernst Abbe in the 1880s as part of his collaboration with Carl Zeiss. That eventually led to the standardisation of light microscopes with the help of the Royal Microscopical Society. The electron microscope was then invented in the 1930s, building on principles already uncovered for light microscopy. The microscope has continued to evolve to help us to see even smaller and smaller objects across the physical and life sciences, and it is a key tool for many scientists. This overview briefly summarises the development of the microscope from its early origins up to the present day.
Questioning Copernicus: cosmological principles on the eve of the Scientific Revolution
Authors: Tessicini Dario
Published: November 2024

This paper examines the issues arising from Nicolaus Copernicus’s heliocentric theory when it is considered in the context of historical controversies over the planetary order. It will investigate the terms of this issue as they were available to Copernicus, and will stress both continuities and discontinuities with Ptolemaic astronomy. The consequences of heliocentrism for celestial physics will also be considered. Some of the consequences are inherent to heliocentrism, although not all of them were accounted for in De revolutionibus and certain outcomes may have been unforeseen by Copernicus or discordant with his theory.
The unscientific history of cold fusion
Authors: Loughlin Michael
Published: November 2024

The announcement in March 1989 that sustained nuclear fusion reactions had been achieved in a table-top apparatus generated much publicity. The claims proved to be unfounded. How the evidence for these claims was presented provides a case study on unscientific methods and the breaching of scientific conventions. It will be shown how respect for these conventions is important to avoid similar fiascos.
Charge Parity Time (CPT) from the lens of an experimental physicist
Authors: Bowcock Themis
Published: November 2024

The domain of Charge Parity Time (CPT) symmetries has intrigued physicists for the better part of a century. Whilst the CPT theorem—a core principle asserting the combined invariance of charge conjugation, parity transformation and time reversal in quantum field theories—is foundational in modern theoretical physics, its implications are rooted deeply in the experiments that have confirmed or refuted our understanding. This paper delves into the world of CPT from an experimental physicist’s viewpoint.
Evolution of temperature measurement – beginnings, progress and prospects
Authors: Machin Graham
Published: November 2024

This paper starts by charting the development of temperature measurement from its beginnings with the thermoscope in the late 1500s through to liquid-in-glass and air thermometers in the 1600s and 1700s. The emergence of classical thermodynamics which put thermometry onto a sound physical footing is then briefly described as is the convergence of practical and thermodynamic thermometry in the late 1880s and early 1900s through the use of defined scales, which became the benchmark for reliable thermometry throughout the 20th century and beyond. Finally an outline of the kelvin redefinition in 2019 and its implications is given followed by a discussion of the prospect of driftless practical primary thermometry across a wide temperature range by the 2050s.
Design and experimental verification of composite stiffened panel under combined compression-shear loads
Authors: Wang Zhe , Wang Binwen , Bao Rui , Zhang Tiesong , Chen Xiangming
Published: November 2024

As an important part of the aircraft, the panel structure accounts for a large proportion of the building block verification system. The real stress state of the aircraft panel is usually not a uniaxial compression or shear, but a combined loading condition in service. In the past, box structure was usually tested for structure selection in the aircraft’s preliminary design phase, which was limited by immature panel test methods and equipment. At present, a general panel test system considering the actual load form and boundary conditions was independently developed by the Aircraft Strength Research Institute of China. A large-scale composite stiffened panel was designed and tested on this test system in this paper. The whole process of the test was monitored by digital image correlation technology and strain gauge measurement. The test process and results were detailed and analyzed. Experimental results show that the failure modes of stiffened panels under combined compression-shear loads include mainly three forms. The first is in the upper part of the panel, which shows a typical shear failure mode and tears along the shear loading direction of the specimen. The second is the fracture of the reinforced piece in the bottom right-hand corner of the specimen due to compression loads. The third form is the large-scale cracking at the junction of the reinforced piece and skin, which may be related to the coupling effect of combined loading.
Quantitative analysis of the impact of wrinkle defects on the strength of wind turbine blade main spars
Authors: Zheng Haocheng , Zhou Bo , Sun Ning , Zhang Lixin
Published: November 2024

Understanding the impact of wrinkle defects on the main spar of wind turbine blades is crucial for maintaining structural integrity and ensuring operational efficiency. This paper focuses on a quantitative analysis to determine how varying severities of wrinkles affect the structural strength of wind turbine blades. First, the study employed infrared nondestructive testing technology to inspect in-service wind turbine blades, identifying wrinkle characteristics. Based on these detected characteristics, finite element models were established to simulate the structural behavior. The Hashin failure criterion was employed to forecast the initiation of intralaminar damage, while a cohesive model with a bilinear traction-separation criterion was used to evaluate the interlaminar stress state and damage behavior of the laminates. Last, to achieve accurate simulation, a VUMAT subroutine was developed and executed in the ABAQUS software environment. The simulation results for ultimate tensile strength at different ratios of amplitude to wavelength were found to be within 10% of the experimental values. This level of accuracy underscores the reliability of the models used. The study revealed that as the ratio of amplitude to wavelength increases from 0.4 to 0.69, the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate structure decreases to one-fourth of its original value. This significant reduction highlights the severe impact that wrinkle defects can have on structural performance.
Research on robust fault-tolerant cooperative control for multi-stage satellites
Authors: Fan Mao , Li Jianping , Zhou Jianmin , Ren Bin , Chen Ao
Published: November 2024

The ultra-agile, ultra-stable, and ultra-pointing platform (ASP) is introduced on the basis of the satellite platform by using two-stage control to realize stable control and agile ability of the payload. In order to improve the reliability and attitude control capability of multi-stage satellites with a two-dimensional scanning motion mechanism, a robust fault-tolerant cooperative control algorithm for multi-stage satellites is proposed in this paper when the actuators of the ASP are faulty. Firstly, a dynamic model of a multi-stage satellite and typical fault models of actuators are established. The impact of faults on the multi-stage system is also analyzed in this paper. Secondly, a sliding mode fault observer is proposed for multi-stage satellites aiming at solving the problem of actuator failure. An adaptive sliding mode fault-tolerant control algorithm is designed, and the switch function is also improved which is chattering-free. The stability of the proposed controller is proved by using the Lyapunov stability principle. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is verified through numerical simulations, and the comparison between four other fault-tolerant control algorithms demonstrates the superiority of the algorithm proposed in this paper.
Experimental and calculation investigation on perforated Liners’ acoustic impedance
Authors: Xu Jiaxin , Song Xiao , Gui Yifei
Published: November 2024

Acoustic impedance models are the most common method for representing the properties of engine nacelle liners. Although various models have been developed, it is difficult to validate the accuracy due to the limitation of impedance eduction techniques. For obtaining accurate impedance results, a series of perforated liners are manufactured and the impedance of all is measured by using both the microphone array method and in-situ method. The results of the test demonstrate that acoustic resistances are not sensitive to percent open areas, hole diameter, and the face sheet’s thickness, but the Mach number of the grazing flow in the duct can have a considerable effect on resistance. Furthermore, excellent agreement between predictions and measured data gives confidence that the Goodrich perforated liner impedance model is suitable for the design of engine nacelle liner.
Pregnancy, aortic events, and neonatal and maternal outcomes
Authors: Chen Shao-Wei , Chang Feng-Cheng , Chen Chun-Yu , Cheng Yu-Ting , Hsiao Fu-Chih , Tung Ying-Chang , Lin Chia-Pin , Wu Victor Chien-Chia , Chu Pao-Hsien , Chou An-Hsun
Published: November 2024

Background and Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the association between pregnancy and aortic complications and determine related maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

Records of pregnancies and neonatal deliveries from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2000 to 2020 were retrieved. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) was calculated to evaluate the risk factors for aortic events. Survival analysis was conducted to compare maternal and neonatal mortality with and without aortic events.

Results

A total of 4 785 266 pregnancies were identified among 2 833 271 childbearing women, and 2 852 449 delivered neonates. In the vulnerable and control periods, 57 and 20 aortic events occurred, resulting in incidence rates of 1.19 and 0.42 aortic events per 100 000 pregnancies, respectively. Pregnancy was established as a risk factor for aortic events (IRR: 2.86, P < .001). The 1-year maternal mortality rate was significantly higher in pregnancies with aortic events than in those without such events (19.3% vs. 0.05%, P < .001). Neonates whose mothers experienced aortic events had a higher late mortality (6.3% vs. 0.6%, P < .001).

Conclusions

The association between pregnancy and aortic events was established in this study. The results revealed that women are at risk of aortic events from the gestational period to 1-year postpartum. Maternal mortality was significantly higher in pregnancies with aortic events than in those without. A higher late mortality and more complications were noted for neonatal deliveries with maternal aortic events. Early awareness of pregnant women at risk of aortic events—especially those with concomitant hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, contributive family histories, or aortopathy—is crucial.
Good appellate practice means explaining decisions: how the overuse of one-word affirmances harms US patent law
Authors: Macedo Charles , Goldberg David , Hart Thomas , Dellaportas John , Zipper Jamie
Published: November 2024

The US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issues one-word decisions under Local Rule 36 in roughly one-third of the patent appeals it hears. Although US law allows for one-word decisions, they should be rare because parties, reviewing courts and the public need transparency in decisions; explaining decisions promotes accuracy and quality in decision-making and helps prevent inconsistent legal outcomes. The Federal Circuit issues many more one-word affirmances than other US Courts of Appeals, which disparately affects patent law, and needs to be addressed to avoid increasing unclarity in the law.
Her Music Academia: A Public Scholarship Initiative
Authors: Bangura Lydia
Published: November 2024

As a subfield of music theory scholarship, public music theory engages audiences outside of the academy. The onset of the internet has additionally provided new open-access media and sites for music theoretical inquiry. Two ways in which public music theory exists on the internet are in the form of podcasting and blogging. In this essay, I explain the reasons I started my podcast and blog (both titled Her Music Academia), the ways the work has taken shape over the years, and what I have learned so far. Through these projects, I seek to introduce the process of becoming a music theorist to a public audience, highlight my own experience as a Black woman in academia, and create a sense of community around music theory. I continue the practice of learning in public by documenting the development of my research and ideas about music, and I encourage my audience to similarly embark on their own process of learning about music theory. Ultimately, Her Music Academia challenges academic music theorists to reevaluate its definition of scholarship and to consider how these two opposing methods of performing scholarship differ in goals and outcomes.
The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog: standards for reusability, sustainability and diversity
Authors: Cerezo Maria , Sollis Elliot , Ji Yue , Lewis Elizabeth , Abid Ala , Bircan Karatuğ Ozan , Hall Peggy , Hayhurst James , John Sajo , Mosaku Abayomi , Ramachandran Santhi , Foreman Amy , Ibrahim Arwa , McLaughlin James , Pendlington Zoë , Stefancsik Ray , Lambert Samuel A , McMahon Aoife , Morales Joannella , Keane Thomas , Inouye Michael , Parkinson Helen , Harris Laura W
Published: November 2024

The NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog serves as a vital resource for the genetic research community, providing access to the most comprehensive database of human GWAS results. Currently, it contains close to 7 000 publications for >15 000 traits, from which more than 625 000 lead associations have been curated. Additionally, 85 000 full genome-wide summary statistics datasets—containing association data for all variants in the analysis—are available for downstream analyses such as meta-analysis, fine-mapping, Mendelian randomisation or development of polygenic risk scores. As a centralised repository for GWAS results, the GWAS Catalog sets and implements standards for data submission and harmonisation, and encourages the use of consistent descriptors for traits, samples and methodologies. We share processes and vocabulary with the PGS Catalog, improving interoperability for a growing user group. Here, we describe the latest changes in data content, improvements in our user interface, and the implementation of the GWAS-SSF standard format for summary statistics. We address the challenges of handling the rapid increase in large-scale molecular quantitative trait GWAS and the need for sensitivity in the use of population and cohort descriptors while maintaining data interoperability and reusability.
The landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials in glioblastoma: A systematic review
Authors: Schonfeld Ethan , Choi John , Tran Andrew , Kim Lily H , Lim Michael
Published: November 2024

Background

Glioblastoma is characterized by rapid tumor growth and high invasiveness. The tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma is highly immunosuppressive with both intrinsic and adaptive resistance mechanisms that result in disease recurrence despite current immunotherapeutic strategies.

Methods

In this systematic review of clinical trials involving immunotherapy for glioblastoma using ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed databases from 2016 and onward, we explore immunotherapeutic modalities involving immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).

Results

A total of 106 clinical trials were identified, 18 with clinical outcomes. ICB in glioblastoma has failed to improve overall survival compared to the current standard of care, including those therapies inhibiting multiple checkpoints. Among all immune checkpoint trials, targets included programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) (35/48), PD-L1 (12/48), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (6/48), TIGIT (2/48), B7-H3 (2/48), and TIM-3 (1/48). Preliminary results from combination immunotherapies (32.1% of all trials) demonstrated improved treatment efficacy compared to monotherapy, specifically those combining checkpoint therapy with another immunotherapy modality.

Conclusions

Clinical trials involving ICB strategies for glioblastoma have not demonstrated improved survival. Comparison of therapeutic efficacy across trials was limited due to heterogeneity in the study population and outcome operationalization. Standardization of future trials could facilitate comparison across immunotherapy modalities for robust meta-analysis. Current immunotherapy trials have shifted focus toward combination strategies; preliminary results suggest that they are more encouraging than mono-modality immunotherapies. Given the intrinsic heterogeneity of glioblastoma, the utilization of immune markers will be key for the development of future immunotherapy approaches.
Association of Cigarette–E-Cigarette Transitions With Respiratory Symptom Resolution
Authors: Berlowitz Jonathan B , Xie Wubin , Harlow Alyssa F , Kathuria Hasmeena , Benjamin Emelia J , Stokes Andrew C
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Adults increasingly use e-cigarettes for cigarette cessation because of the perceived reduced risk. While e-cigarette use is associated with reduced toxicant exposure compared with smoking, it is unclear whether transitioning from cigarettes to e-cigarettes is associated with resolution of respiratory symptoms.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study waves 1–5. US adult participants were separated into observations with cigarette–e-cigarette exposure intervals determined from PATH waves 1–2, 2–3, and 3–4. Observations were included if the participant reported exclusively smoking at baseline and reported a baseline cough or wheeze. Mixed-effect Poisson models measured the association between cigarette–e-cigarette transitions over the two-wave exposure interval (from smoking to nonuse, exclusive e-cigarette use, continued smoking, or dual use) and the reported resolution of the participant’s cough or wheeze.

Results

Among 5210 (3362 unique) observations, transitioning from cigarettes to e-cigarettes was associated with increased rates of wheeze resolution (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 1.75) but not cough resolution (IRR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.50) compared with persistent smoking. Cigarette to dual-use transitions were not associated with improvements in symptom resolution, and those who switched to dual use and maintained or increased their smoking intensity had 15% decreased rates of respiratory symptom resolution compared with persistent smoking.

Discussion

E-cigarette-assisted smoking cessation may increase rates of respiratory symptoms resolution among smokers who completely transition to e-cigarettes; however, there is risk for additional harm among those who initiate e-cigarette use without decreasing their smoking intensity.

Implications

Government agencies are increasingly weighing the risks and benefits of e-cigarette-assisted cigarette cessation given the reduced harm associated with e-cigarette use. This study provides novel evidence that completely transitioning from cigarettes to e-cigarettes is associated with increased rates of resolution from self-reported wheeze symptoms. However, risk exists in e-cigarette-assisted cigarette cessation, as those who transitioned from exclusive cigarette smoking to dual use and did not reduce their cigarette smoking intensity had decreased rates of respiratory symptom resolution compared with persistent smokers.
L’allergie aux protéines du lait de vache chez les nourrissons et les enfants
Authors: Sathya Pushpa , Fenton Tanis R
Published: November 2024

L’allergie aux protéines du lait de vache (APLV) est une réaction à médiation immunitaire aux protéines du lait de vache, qui peut toucher de multiples systèmes organiques, y compris le tractus gastro-intestinal. Une réaction induite par les immunoglobulines E (IgE) entraîne l’apparition rapide de symptômes allergiques faciles à reconnaître. Cependant, des réactions tardives (non induites par les IgE ou les cellules) ou mixtes (induites par les IgE et les cellules) entraînent une série de symptômes qui ressemblent à d’autres affections et dont le moment d’apparition et la gravité sont très variables. Il est difficile de déterminer si les symptômes sont attribuables à une APLV à médiation immunitaire, à une réaction non immunologique au lait de vache ou à autre chose que l’exposition au lait de vache, mais il est essentiel d’y parvenir pour proposer une prise en charge efficace. Le tableau clinique de l’APLV non induite par les IgE peut varier, mais cette affection, généralement autorésolutive, disparaît entre l’âge de un et six ans. Il faut éviter les batteries de dosages des immunoglobulines G (IgG) pour déceler les intolérances alimentaires spécifiques aux antigènes qui ne reposent pas sur des données probantes, parce qu’elles peuvent entraîner un surdiagnostic de prétendues intolérances alimentaires. Le surdiagnostic d’APLV peut être responsable de la surutilisation de préparations fortement hydrolysées, ce qui a des répercussions financières importantes pour les familles. Le présent document de principes, qui traite de l’APLV non induite par les IgE ou les cellules, aide les professionnels de la santé à distinguer et reconnaître les diverses réactions au lait de vache, aborde le rôle des tests diagnostiques et fournit des recommandations de prise en charge en fonction des données probantes exemplaires.
Cow’s milk protein allergy in infants and children
Authors: Sathya Pushpa , Fenton Tanis R
Published: November 2024

Cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is an immune-mediated reaction to cow’s milk proteins, which can involve multiple organ systems including the gastrointestinal tract. Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated response results in rapid onset of allergic symptoms that are easily recognizable. However, delayed (i.e., non-IgE/cell-mediated) or mixed (IgE- and cell-mediated) reactions produce a host of symptoms that overlap with other conditions and vary widely in onset and severity. Determining whether symptoms represent immune-mediated CMPA, non-immunologic reaction to cow’s milk, or are unrelated to cow’s milk exposure is challenging yet essential for effective management. While the clinical presentation of non-IgE-mediated CMPA can vary, this condition is usually self-limited and resolves by 1 to 6 years of age. Food antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) panels that are not evidence-based should be avoided because they can lead to overdiagnosis of presumed food intolerances. Overdiagnosis of CMPA can result in overuse of extensively hydrolyzed formulas and have significant cost implications for families. This statement focuses on delayed non-IgE/cell-mediated CMPA and assists health care providers to distinguish between and identify varied reactions to cow’s milk, discusses the role of diagnostic testing, and provides management recommendations based on best evidence.
A mechanistic integration of hypoxia signaling with energy, redox, and hormonal cues
Authors: Renziehausen Tilo , Chaudhury Rim , Hartman Sjon , Mustroph Angelika , Schmidt-Schippers Romy R
Published: November 2024

Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) occurs naturally in many developing plant tissues but can become a major threat during acute flooding stress. Consequently, plants as aerobic organisms must rapidly acclimate to hypoxia and the associated energy crisis to ensure cellular and ultimately organismal survival. In plants, oxygen sensing is tightly linked with oxygen-controlled protein stability of group VII ETHYLENE-RESPONSE FACTORs (ERFVII), which, when stabilized under hypoxia, act as key transcriptional regulators of hypoxia-responsive genes (HRGs). Multiple signaling pathways feed into hypoxia signaling to fine-tune cellular decision-making under stress. First, ATP shortage upon hypoxia directly affects the energy status and adjusts anaerobic metabolism. Secondly, altered redox homeostasis leads to reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) accumulation, evoking signaling and oxidative stress acclimation. Finally, the phytohormone ethylene promotes hypoxia signaling to improve acute stress acclimation, while hypoxia signaling in turn can alter ethylene, auxin, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and jasmonate signaling to guide development and stress responses. In this Update, we summarize the current knowledge on how energy, redox, and hormone signaling pathways are induced under hypoxia and subsequently integrated at the molecular level to ensure stress-tailored cellular responses. We show that some HRGs are responsive to changes in redox, energy, and ethylene independently of the oxygen status, and we propose an updated HRG list that is more representative for hypoxia marker gene expression. We discuss the synergistic effects of hypoxia, energy, redox, and hormone signaling and their phenotypic consequences in the context of both environmental and developmental hypoxia.
Etiology of Pine Ghost Canker in Southern California Urban Forests
Authors: Bustamante Marcelo I. , Elfar Karina , Carachure Carlos , Adaskaveg Adam , Kabashima John N. , Shogren Christopher , Eskalen Akif , Lynch Shannon Colleen
Published: November 2024

Pine ghost canker is a recently described disease affecting multiple pine species in urban forests of Southern California. Symptoms include wedged cankers with irregular margins and cryptic discoloration on cross-sections of branches, which can lead to severe dieback and potentially tree death. In this study, we identified and characterized five Neofusicoccum species (N. luteum, N. mediterraneum, N. parvum, N. stellenboschianum, and N. vitifusiforme) as the primary etiological agents of pine ghost canker. These pathogens were consistently isolated from multiple symptomatic pine samples (n = 41) and identified by morphology and phylogenetic analyses using four DNA barcodes (rDNA ITS, tef1, tub2, and rpb2). Pathogenicity was confirmed on healthy branches of 15-year-old Monterey pines, where the five Neofusicoccum species, caused vascular lesions that were not significantly different in length. Secondary fungi (Diaporthe, Diplodia, Neopestalotiopsis, and Pestalotiopsis spp.) were also recovered from symptomatic tissues but did not cause vascular lesions in pathogenicity tests. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth of N. luteum and N. parvum was 30 °C, whereas for N. mediterraneum, N. stellenboschianum and N. vitifusiforme, it was 25 °C. All five species were able to resume growth at room temperature (20 °C) after showing no growth during a 7-day exposure to 5 °C and 40 °C. This study constitutes the first report of N. luteum, N. stellenboschianum, and N. vitifusiforme causing pine ghost canker in California. Environmental factors such as warmer temperatures, irrigation, and pest infestations are discussed as drivers of disease expression in pine trees. Management practices are also proposed.
Combined Surgical Technique of Hyperselective and Partial Motor Neurectomies for Spastic Equinus, Equinovarus, and Claw Toe Deformities
Authors: Wu Kitty Y. , Pino Paula A. , Ryssman Daniel B. , Rhee Peter C.
Published: November 2024

Background:

Patients with spastic equinus, equinovarus, and claw toe deformities can experience marked pain and functional limitations in the ability to weight-bear comfortably, ambulate efficiently, or mobilize independently. Seen in 80% of patients with cerebral palsy and 18% of patients with stroke (1, 2), the spastic foot and ankle deformities, and its secondary sequelae of static joint contractures, osseous changes, and chronic pain, are unfortunately common.

Methods:

Adult and pediatric patients undergoing combined hyperselective and selective partial motor neurectomies for varus or claw toe deformities were reviewed. Patient demographics and complications were recorded. Pre- and postoperative Modified Ashworth Scale scores were compared.

Results:

Twenty-three patients (16 adults and seven pediatric) met inclusion criteria and were included in analysis. At early 6-month follow-up, the mean preoperative Modified Ashworth Score of 2.8 in adult patients and 3.0 in pediatric patients decreased to 0.6 postoperatively. Complications in three adult patients included one patient with temporary dysesthesias to the plantar foot, one with a popliteal abscess requiring incision and drainage, and one superficial wound dehiscence that was managed conservatively.

Conclusions:

A combined technique of hyperselective and partial motor neurectomies are effective in decreasing tone in the correction of spastic foot and ankle deformities in both adult and pediatric patients in short-term 6-month follow-up.
Corporal Filler HD, a Minimally Invasive Technique for Male Body Contouring: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dziabas Daniel , Kasai Matheus , Viana Renata
Published: November 2024

Background:

The perception of body image is highly influenced by culture and society. Lean, more muscular, and strong bodies are usually pursued by men. Body aesthetics procedures have become popular, and minimally invasive procedures have been used to achieve body image satisfaction.

Methods:

This article describes a technique that utilizes hyaluronic acid filler to enhance muscular contours in the abdominal and pectoral regions. The procedure involves injecting hyaluronic acid filler at a level anterior to the pectoralis major and rectus abdominis muscles through marked entry points, creating an illusion of light and shadow that accentuates muscle definition. Additionally, the iliac region can be addressed to enhance the oblique muscles.

Results:

The results are illustrated with pre- and postprocedure images, demonstrating a significant aesthetic improvement, high patient satisfaction, and absence of serious adverse events.

Conclusions:

This minimally invasive technique is suitable for patients with a low body fat percentage and a desire to enhance muscle definition, providing immediate results with no downtime. Although the scientific literature on filler applications in the thoracoabdominal region is limited, this study demonstrates that precision in minimally invasive procedures can yield highly satisfactory outcomes.
Quantifying Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Engagement in the Evolution of ICD-10 Codes
Authors: Donaldson Rachel , Hallman Taylor G. , Qureshi Umer , Soltani Hannah , Arcelona Christian , Gutowski Kristof S. , Bajaj Anitesh , Gosain Arun K.
Published: November 2024

Background:

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 code specificity is important for detailed diagnostic documentation. Insufficient coding granularity in plastic surgery may hinder accurate clinical documentation, impacting education, research, and patient care. This study examines ICD-10 code modification efforts by plastic surgeons and plastic surgery organizations within the last decade, subsequently detailing the formal proposal process and highlighting potential areas where coding modifications may be explored.

Methods:

A retrospective review of all modification proposals presented to the ICD Coordination and Maintenance Committee from March 2013 to March 2023 was conducted. Plastic surgery-related proposals were identified and evaluated for successful implementation. These results were compared to those of other specialties using Fisher exact tests and 2-tailed t tests.

Results:

A total of 472 unique proposals were identified and reviewed. Surgeons and/or surgical organizations contributed to 111 (23.5%) novel proposals, 41 (36.9%) of which were initiated by surgeons. Nine surgical specialties and 14 supporting organizations were represented. The success rate for all surgical-related proposals was 85.6%, with an average time to implementation of 24.7 months. Only 2 (1.8%) of all surgical-related proposals pertained to plastic surgery, both of which were successfully implemented.

Conclusions:

Though a few plastic surgeons have taken advantage of the ICD code revision process within the last decade, the high overall success rate for surgical-related proposals suggests that this seems to be a feasible method by which plastic surgeons and plastic surgery organizations can bring about useful coding changes that meaningfully impact clinical practice.
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Cognitive-Affective Symptoms in Patients With Post-Concussion Syndrome Treated With N-Acetyl Cysteine
Authors: Monti Daniel A. , Faezeh Vedaei , Zabrecky George , Alizadeh Mahdi , Wintering Nancy , Bazzan Anthony J. , Mohamed Feroze B. , Newberg Andrew B.
Published: November 2024

Objective:

Concussion accounts for more than 80% of people experiencing traumatic brain injury. Acute concussion is associated with characteristic cognitive and functional deficits that may persist for weeks to months. A subgroup of these patients (from 10% to 50%) have persistent symptoms referred to as chronic post-concussion syndrome (PCS). There are limited treatment options for these patients and the pathophysiology is poorly understood, though oxidative stress is thought to be a contributing factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), might be beneficial in patients with PCS.

Setting:

Outpatient medicine center.

Participants:

Fifty patients with chronic PCS for at least 3 months post injury.

Design:

The patients with PCS were enrolled in this randomized unblinded clinical trial to receive the antioxidant NAC as a combination of daily oral and weekly intravenous infusions, or assigned to a waitlist control group where they would continue to receive standard of care.

Main Measures:

Resting-state functional connectivity (FC) magnetic resonance imaging (rsFC-MRI) was performed pre and post either NAC or the waitlist period along with cognitive, emotional, and sensory symptom assessments.

Results:

The results demonstrated significant (P < .05) improvements in symptoms as determined by the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Profile of Mood Scale in the PCS group receiving NAC as compared to patients receiving ongoing standard care. Importantly, there were significant (P< .01) changes in FC in the NAC group, particularly in networks such as the default mode network, salience network, and executive control network. These changes in FC also correlated with improvements in symptoms.

Conclusions:

In patients with chronic PCS, NAC treatment was associated with significant changes in resting state FC and improvement in a variety of symptoms, particularly cognitive and affective symptoms.
Ti4Ir2O
: A time reversal invariant fully gapped unconventional superconductor
Authors: Das Debarchan , Ma KeYuan , Jaroszynski Jan , Sazgari Vahid , Klimczuk Tomasz , von Rohr Fabian O. , Guguchia Zurab
Published: November 2024

Here we report muon spin rotation (μSR) experiments on the temperature and field dependence of the effective magnetic penetration depth λ(T) in the η-carbide-type suboxide Ti4Ir2O, a superconductor with a considerably high upper critical field. The temperature dependence of λ(T), obtained from transverse-field (TF)-μSR measurements, is in perfect agreement with an isotropic fully gaped superconducting state. Furthermore, our ZF μSR results confirm that the time-reversal symmetry is preserved in the superconducting state. We find, however, a remarkably small ratio of Tc/λ0−2∼1.22. This value is close to most unconventional superconductors, showing that a very small superfluid density is present in the superconducting state of Ti4Ir2O. The presented results will pave the way for further theoretical and experimental investigations to obtain a microscopic understanding of the origin of such a high upper critical field in an isotropic single-gap superconducting system.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Non-Hermitian phase-biased Josephson junctions
Authors: Cayao Jorge , Sato Masatoshi
Published: November 2024

We study non-Hermitian Josephson junctions formed by superconductors with a finite phase difference under non-Hermiticity, which naturally appears due to coupling to normal reservoirs. Depending on the structure of non-Hermiticity, captured in terms of retarded self-energies, the low-energy spectrum hosts topologically stable exceptional points either at zero or finite real energies as a function of the superconducting phase difference. Interestingly, the corresponding phase-biased supercurrents may acquire divergent profiles at such exceptional points. This instance is a natural and unique non-Hermitian effect that signals a possible way to enhance the sensitivity of Josephson junctions. Our work opens a way for realizing unique non-Hermitian phenomena due to the interplay between non-Hermitian topology and the Josephson effect.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Quantum many-body scars for arbitrary integer spin in
2+1D
Abelian gauge theories
Authors: Budde Thea , Krstic Marinkovic Marina , Pinto Barros Joao C.
Published: November 2024

The existence of quantum many-body scars, which prevents thermalization from certain initial states after a long time, has been established across different quantum many-body systems. These include gauge theories corresponding to spin-1/2 quantum link models. Establishing quantum scars in gauge theories with high spin is not accessible with existing numerical methods, which rely on exact diagonalization. We systematically identify scars for pure gauge theories with arbitrarily large integer spin S in 2+1D, where the electric field is restricted to 2S+1 states per link. Through an explicit analytic construction, we show that the presence of scars is widespread in 2+1D gauge theories for arbitrary integer spin. We confirm these findings numerically for small truncated spin and S=1 quantum link models. Our analytic construction establishes the presence of scars far beyond volumes and spins that can be probed with existing numerical methods and can guide quantum simulation experiments toward interesting nonequilibrium phenomena, inaccessible otherwise.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Robustness of quantum correlation in quantum energy teleportation
Authors: Ikeda Kazuki , Lowe Adam
Published: November 2024

In this article, we explore a feedback-control protocol in different quantum field theories (QFTs) to study the quantum correlation in nonunitary evolution of quantum systems. Traditional studies on QFTs focus on quantum entanglement of pure states under the unitary evolution, however, we examine quantum correlation in mixed states using quantum energy teleportation (QET), which is an energy transfer protocol by utilizing ground state entanglement, and introduce quantum discord as a measure. QET involves a midcircuit measurement, which disrupts pure state entanglement. Despite this, our analysis demonstrates that quantum discord maintains the correlation throughout the QET process. We conducted numerical analyses with benchmark models including the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model, revealing that quantum discord consistently acts as an order parameter for phase transitions. The model is extended in a way that it has both the chiral chemical potential and the chemical potential, which are useful to study the phase structures mimicking the chiral imbalance between left- and right- quarks coupled to the chirality density operator. In all cases we studied, the quantum discord behaved as an order parameter of the phase transition.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Impact of a dark boson mediated feeble interaction between dark matter and hadronic matter on the
f
-mode oscillation of neutron stars
Authors: Sen Debashree , Guha Atanu
Published: November 2024

We studied the possible presence of dark matter (DM) in neutron stars (NSs) and the structural properties of the DM admixed NSs (DMANSs) in one of our recent works [1]. The feeble interaction between the fermionic DM (χ) with the hadronic matter is introduced through a dark scalar (ϕ) and a dark vector (ξ) boson as mediators. The allowed range of the mass of the fermionic DM (mχ), for a particular range of DM Fermi momentum (kFχ), was obtained in the same work [1] with respect to the various astrophysical constraints on the structural properties of compact stars viz., the mass, radius, and tidal deformability. The present work is dedicated to the calculation and study of nonradial oscillation of the DMANSs using Cowling approximation. We particularly investigate the effect of the presence of DM on the fundamental (f) mode oscillation frequencies of the DMANSs utilizing the previously obtained range of mχ for four different hadronic models. In this work we thoroughly investigate how the individual and combined effects of mχ and kFχ affect the f-mode oscillation frequency. Within the framework of our DMANS models, for a particular value of kFχ, the range of fmaxDMANS, with respect to the allowed range of mχ, is also obtained in the present work for four different hadronic models. Since in the present era, the 1.4 and 2.01M⊙ NSs are of special interest after the detection of GW170817 and PSR J0740+6620, we particularly investigate, for the four hadronic models, the range of f1.4DMANS and f2.01DMANS with respect to the acceptable range of mχ corresponding to the range of kFχ.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024