bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical study of horizontal alveolar distraction with modified micro bone screws and subsequent implant placement
Authors: Watzak Georg , Zechner Werner , Tepper Gabor , Vasak Christoph , Busenlechner Dieter , Bernhart Thomas
Published: November 2006

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of horizontal distraction osteogenesis (DO) with bone micro screws for reconstructing knife‐edge alveolar crests before implant placement. Horizontal DO was performed in upper and lower alveolar crests of seven patients with resorption class IV according to Cawood and Howell. After osteotomy and a 1‐week latency period, micro bone screws were reset daily for horizontal expansions by 0.5 mm. Dental implants were placed in the distracted area following a consolidation period of 12 weeks. Computer tomography was performed before DO and implant placement. Morphometric analysis showed a mean gain of 34.01 mm2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.55–57.48) in bone area and of 3.06 mm (95% CI: 1.81–4.31) in horizontal width, i.e. the horizontal dimension of the alveolus was approximately doubled within the first 5 mm of height. All 12 implants placed into the distracted area fulfilled the success criteria of stable osseointegration after 1 year of functional loading according to Albrektsson and colleagues. Despite the limited number of patients treated, data from the clinical study of horizontal DO with bone micro screws suggest that the generation of sufficient hard tissue in previously knife‐edge alveolar crests for subsequent implant placement was possible.
Titanium surface modification and its effect on the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis: an in vitro study
Authors: Pier‐Francesco Amoroso , Adams Robert J. , Waters Mark G. J. , Williams David W.
Published: November 2006

Aim: Titanium dental implants are an important treatment option in the replacement of missing teeth. Implant failures can, however, occur and may be promoted by the loss of tissue as a result of local bacterial infection (peri‐implantitis).

Objectives: Bacterial adherence to implant surfaces is believed to be influenced by material surface roughness and surface‐free energy parameters. Consequently, the aim of this study was to modify these properties of titanium and identify what effect these modifications had on subsequent bacterial adherence.

Materials and methods: In this study, 16 titanium samples of different roughness (Ra 34.57–449.42 nm) were prepared using specific polishing procedures. A further six samples were chemically altered by argon plasma discharge treatment and immersion in silane solutions to produce different surface hydrophobicities. An in vitro adhesion assay using Porphyromonas gingivalis was used to assess the effect of modification on bacterial adherence.

Results: A significant reduction in adhesion to materials categorised as being ‘very smooth’ (Ra 34.57±5.79 nm) was evident. This reduction did not occur with ‘smooth’ (Ra 155.00±33.36 nm), ‘rough’ (Ra 223.24±9.86 nm) or ‘very rough’ (Ra 449.42±32.97 nm) surfaces. Changing material surface hydrophobicity was also not found to effect bacterial adhesion.

Conclusions: Adhesion of P. gingivalis to titanium was inhibited at surface roughness levels below those generally encountered for implant collars/abutments (Ra 350 nm). Considerations of these findings may be beneficial in the production of titanium implants in order to reduce bacterial colonisation.
Radiological and clinical follow‐up of machined‐ and anodized‐surface implants after mean functional loading for 33 months
Authors: Watzak Georg , Zechner Werner , Busenlechner Dieter , Arnhart Christof , Gruber Reinhard , Watzek Georg
Published: November 2006

Abstract: The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare peri‐implant bone loss and mucosal conditions around machined‐surface (MS) and anodized‐surface (AS) interforaminal implants in the mandible at least 30 months after placement. Fifty patients, each treated with four interforaminal screw‐type implants consecutively, were included. Thirty‐one patients (62%) with a total number of 124 implants (64 MS and 60 AS implants, both Brånemark type MKIII) were available for follow‐up. Rotational panoramic radiographs were used for evaluating marginal bone loss. Clinically, marginal plaque index (mPI), bleeding on probing (BOP) and pocket probing depth (PPD) were evaluated. AS implants showed significantly less marginal bone loss than MS implants (−1.17±0.13 vs. −1.42±0.13 mm; P=0.03). Marginal bone loss around distal implants was less pronounced at AS implants (−1.05±0.14 mm) when compared with MS implants (−1.46±0.14 mm; P=0.05). Within the smoking group, there was less peri‐implant bone loss around AS implants than around MS implants (−1.08±0.27 vs. −1.83±0.2; P=0.04). No differences between MS and AS implants were found with respect to mPI (57% vs. 67%), BOP (21% vs. 17%) and mean PPD (2.59±0.29 vs. 2.56±0.28 mm). Overall, both types of implants, in combination with bar‐supported overdentures, can produce excellent long‐term results in the interforaminal edentulous mandible with less peri‐implant bone loss around rough implant surfaces, which had beneficial effects at distal implants and in smokers.
Retrospective evaluation of mandibular incisor replacement with narrow neck implants
Authors: Cordaro Luca , Torsello Ferruccio , Mirisola Di Torresanto Vincenzo , Rossini Carlo
Published: November 2006

Abstract: The authors have retrospectively evaluated the clinical results of mandibular incisors replacement with narrow neck implants (NNI). Thirty‐one patients treated consecutively for single or multiple lower incisor replacement with NNI with a mean follow‐up of 23 months (range 18–42 months) were included in the study and were divided into three groups: single tooth, multiple unit restoration and restorations on adjacent implants.

Survival and success rates and soft tissue parameters such as modified plaque index (mPI), peri‐implant probing depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and the papilla index were analyzed. Subjective evaluation was performed by patients and clinicians on visual analogue scales. The implants and prostheses showed a survival rate of 100% and an overall success rate of 94%. The distribution of mPI outcomes showed better results for the single tooth group. BOP was present in four of eight implants (50%) in the adjacent implant group, in one out of 20 implants in the single tooth group (5%) and in one out of 16 implants in the multi unit group (6%). The adjacent implant group showed a statistically significant increase in PPD. The Papilla Index showed a better outcome distribution in single tooth and multi unit groups. Patients' evaluation of treatment outcome was satisfactory in all groups, even though the best esthetic and functional results were found in single tooth and multi unit groups. The professional evaluation showed good outcomes for the single tooth and multi unit groups and statistically significant poorer results in the adjacent implants group. With the limitations of this study, it may be concluded that the replacement of lower incisors with NNI leads to favorable functional and esthetic results in cases of single‐tooth or multiple‐unit replacement. Worse results are achieved if two adjacent mandibular incisors are replaced with adjacent implants.
Focal adhesion contact formation by fibroblasts cultured on surface‐modified dental implants: an in vitro study
Authors: Größner‐Schreiber Birte , Herzog Maren , Hedderich Jürgen , Dück Alexander , Hannig Matthias , Griepentrog Michael
Published: November 2006

Abstract: A major consideration in designing dental implants is to create a surface that provides strong attachment of the implant to bone, connective tissue and epithelium. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of different treatments of titanium (Ti) implant surfaces on focal adhesion contact (FAC) formation in fibroblast cultures. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on glass sheets and polished Ti discs with different surface coatings (applied by physical vapor deposition (PVD): Ti, titanium nitride (TiN), zirconium nitride (ZrN)) or on Ti discs with different surface topographies. For characterization of all surfaces, modified estimation of surface roughness and spacing parameter was carried out using a contact stylus profilometer. Contact angle measurements were carried out to calculate surface energy. Fibroblasts were prepared for transmission electron microscopy at day 3 after seeding, and the number of FACs and the ratio FAC/cellular cross‐sections was determined at a length of 300 μm in ultrathin sections. To visualize the extracellular fibronectin and vitronectin molecules and the intracellular actin and vinculin in FAC areas, immunogold labeling was performed. The results revealed a strong correlation between the number of FACs and the surface roughness. The highest number of FACs and the majority of the immunogold‐labeled intra‐ and extracellular matrix molecules were counted on surfaces with the lowest surface roughness: glass sheets coated with either Ti, TiN or ZrN (roughness average=0.03–0.1 μm). These surfaces appear to favor cellular attachment of human gingival fibroblasts and moreover in previous studies the hard coatings have been shown to reduce bacterial adhesion.
Neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation with low pulse energy: a potential tool for the treatment of peri‐implant disease
Authors: Giannini Rosalba , Vassalli Massimo , Chellini Flaminia , Polidori Lucia , Dei Rosanna , Giannelli Marco
Published: November 2006

Abstract: Bacterial contamination may seriously compromise successful implant osteointegration in the clinical practice of dental implantology. Several methods for eliminating bacteria from the infected implants have been proposed, but none of them have been shown to be an effective tool in the treatment of peri‐implantitis. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of pulsed neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser irradiation (Nd:YAG) in achieving bacterial ablation while preserving the surface properties of titanium implants. For this purpose, suspensions of Escherichia coli or Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) actinomycetemcomitans were irradiated with different laser parameters, both streaked on titanium implants, and in broth medium. It was found, by light and atomic force microscopy, that Nd:YAG laser, when used with proper working parameters, was able to bring about a consistent microbial ablation of both aerobic and anaerobic species, without damaging the titanium surface.
Effector and regulatory events during natural killer–dendritic cell interactions
Authors: Moretta Lorenzo , Ferlazzo Guido , Bottino Cristina , Vitale Massimo , Pende Daniela , Mingari Maria Cristina , Moretta Alessandro
Published: November 2006

Summary:  The different cell types of the innate immune system can interact with each other and influence the quality and strength of an immune response. The cross talk between natural killer (NK) cells and myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) leads to NK cell activation and DC maturation. Activated NK cells are capable of killing DCs that fail to undergo proper maturation (‘DC editing’). Encounters between NK cells and DCs occur in both inflamed peripheral tissues and lymph nodes, where both cell types are recruited by chemokines released in the early phases of inflammatory responses. Different NK cell subsets (CD56brightCD16− versus CD56+CD16+) differ in their homing capabilities. In particular, CD56brightCD16− NK cells largely predominate the lymph nodes. In addition, these two subsets display major functional differences in their cytolytic activity, cytokine production, and ability to undergo proliferation. NK cell functions are also greatly influenced by the presence of polarizing cytokines such as interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐4. The cytokine microenvironment reflects the presence of different cell types that secrete such cytokines in response to microbial products acting on different Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Moreover, NK cells themselves can respond directly to microbial products by means of TLR3 and TLR9. Thus, it appears that the final outcome of a response to microbial infection may greatly vary as a result of the interactions occurring between different pathogen‐derived products and different cell types of the innate immunity system. These interactions also determine the quality and strength of the subsequent adaptive responses. Remarkably, NK cells appear to play a key role in this complex network.
Regulation of class I major histocompatibility complex receptor expression in natural killer cells: one promoter is not enough!
Authors: Pascal Véronique , Stulberg Michael J. , Anderson Stephen K.
Published: November 2006

Summary:  The class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) receptors expressed by natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in regulating their function. The number and type of inhibitory receptors expressed by NK cells must be tightly controlled in order to avoid the generation of dominantly inhibited NK cells. The selective stochastic expression of the class I MHC receptors generates a variegated NK cell population capable of discriminating subtle changes in MHC expression on potential target cells. The molecular mechanisms controlling the cell‐specific and probabilistic expression of these receptors are without doubt very complex. The traditional approach of considering a core promoter modulated by upstream enhancer elements is likely too simplistic a paradigm to adequately explain the regulation of these genes, as well as other gene clusters that are not expressed in an ‘all or none’ fashion. Our studies on the regulation of the mouse Ly49 and human killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) clusters of class I MHC receptor genes have revealed the presence of multiple transcripts in both sense and antisense orientations. In both systems, an antisense promoter overlaps a promoter that produces sense transcripts, creating a bidirectional element. In the Ly49 genes, the competing promoters behave as probabilistic switches, and it is likely that the human bidirectional promoters will have a similar property. The antisense transcripts generated in the Ly49 genes are far removed from the promoter responsible for Ly49 expression in mature NK cells, whereas the antisense KIR transcripts detected are within the adult promoter region. This finding suggests that the mechanism of promoter regulation in the KIR genes may be quite different from that of the Ly49 genes. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding class I MHC receptor gene regulation. The models proposed for the control of the probabilistic expression of the Ly49 and KIR genes are discussed in the context of current knowledge regarding the complex control of other well‐studied gene clusters such as the β‐globin and cytokine clusters.
Functional subsets of mouse natural killer cells
Authors: Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Huntington Nicholas D. , Nutt Stephen L. , Smyth Mark J.
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Human natural killer (NK) cells can be divided into two phenotypically distinct functional subsets based on their cell surface expression of CD56 (CD56bright and CD56dim). As mouse NK cells do not express CD56, comparable mouse NK cell subsets have proven difficult to identify. Recently, we have found that mouse NK cells can be subdivided by the expression of CD27. The CD27hi and CD27lo mouse NK cell subsets show some intriguing similarities to but also some distinct differences from the human CD56 NK cell subsets in terms of their function and phenotype. Extending our knowledge of mature NK cell heterogeneity between the species will be critical to further our understanding of the pathological role of NK cells in immune responses.
Allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation and natural killer cell recognition of missing self
Authors: Ruggeri Loredana , Aversa Franco , Martelli Massimo F. , Velardi Andrea
Published: November 2006

Summary:  Although the optimal donor for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a human leukocyte antigen‐matched sibling, 75% of patients do not have a match, and alternatives are matched unrelated volunteers, unrelated umbilical cord blood units, and full‐haplotype‐mismatched family members. To cure leukemia, allogeneic HSCT relies on donor T cells in the allograft, which promote engraftment, eradicate malignant cells, and reconstitute immunity. Here, we focus on the open issues of rejection, graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), and infections and the benefits of natural killer (NK) cell alloreactivity and its underlying mechanisms. Donor‐versus‐recipient NK cell alloreactivity derives from a mismatch between inhibitory receptors for self‐major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules on donor NK clones and the MHC class I ligands on recipient cells. These NK clones sense the missing expression of the self‐MHC class I allele on the allogeneic targets and mediate alloreactions. HSCT from ‘NK alloreactive’ donors controls acute myeloid relapse without causing GVHD. We review the translation of NK cell recognition of missing self into the clinical practice of allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation and discuss how it has opened innovative perspectives in the cure of leukemia.
Laser therapy of vascular lesions
Authors: Landthaler M. , Hohenleutner U.
Published: November 2006

Since the first construction of a laser by Maiman in 1960 and the first clinical application of a laser in the therapy of skin lesions by Leon Goldman, laser therapy has become an important therapeutic modality in dermatology. Various lasers can be used for the treatment of different vascular and non‐vascular lesions. According to our results, vascular lesions constitute the most important indication for laser therapy in dermatology (1).
Bioavailability of selenium from the selenotrisulphide derivative of lipoic acid
Authors: Alonis Melenie , Pinnell Sheldon , Self William T.
Published: November 2006

Background/Purpose: Selenium is a required micronutrient in mammals, needed for the activity of enzymes that contain selenocysteine at their active site. Several isoenzymes of glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase contain selenocysteine and thus the nutritional status of selenium in tissues can have significant impact on the steady state level of reactive oxygen species. The aims of this study were to evaluate the bioavailability of selenium derived from the selenotrisulfide derivative of lipoic acid (LASe) and determine the ability of this compound to be absorbed into skin.

Methods: Bioavailability of selenium derived from LASe was determined using a keratinocyte cell model (HaCat). Efficiency of utilization of selenium was assessed by following the decrease in the incorporation of radiolabeled selenite (75Se) in the presence of increasing concentration of selenium compounds. Percutaneous absorption of LASe was measured by determining selenium levels in full thickness biopsy of skin using a Yorkshire pig model.

Results: LASe was efficiently absorbed topically into pig skin, a good model of human skin. In a keratinocyte cell line LASe was an efficient source of selenium for selenoprotein synthesis, demonstrating that LASe is a good candidate as a topical selenium micronutrient. Both L‐selenomethionine and selenate were found to be poor sources of selenium for selenoprotein synthesis in the skin cell model and L‐selenomethionine was poorly absorbed into pig skin.

Conclusion: These results indicate that stable selenotrisulfides, such as LASe, are good candidates for testing as topical selenium supplements.
Pain induced by photodynamic therapy of warts
Authors: Stender I.‐M. , Molke Borgbjerg F. , Villumsen J. , Lock‐Andersen J. , Wulf H.‐C.
Published: November 2006

Background: Photodynamic therapy with topical 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), followed by irradiation with red light (ALA‐PDT), is used for non‐melanoma skin cancer and other dermatological diseases. Pain during and after light exposure is a well‐known adverse advent that may be a limiting factor for treatment, particularly, in viral warts.

Methods: To assess the pain induced by ALA‐PDT, we asked 45 patients enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial with six consecutive ALA‐ and placebo‐PDT treatments for recalcitrant foot and hand warts to fill in questionnaires about pain immediately and 24 h after each treatment.

Results: Immediately and 24 h after each of the six treatments, pain intensity was significantly higher in warts treated with ALA‐PDT than in warts treated with placebo‐PDT (P<0.028). Severe or unbearable pain was reported from a median of 17% (6–31%) of the ALA ‐treated warts and from a median of 2% (0–15%) from the placebo‐treated warts immediately after the treatments. With increasing treatments, no significant change in pain intensity was observed and no significant relation was found between the pain intensity and the relative change in wart area. The pain was primarily characterized as burning and shooting. The pain lasted about 30 h (range: 1–96 h).

Conclusion: We conclude that pain induced by ALA‐PDT is of such intensity in about one‐fifth of the warts that pain relief is indicated.
Injuries among Swedish female elite football players: a prospective population study
Authors: Jacobson I. , Tegner Y.
Published: November 2006

Injury occurrence in all 12 female elite senior football teams in premiere league was registered during 1 year. Of 269 players, 129 (48%) sustained 237 injuries. The total injury incidence was 4.6/1000 h of football. The injury incidence during practice was 2.7 and during the game time was 13.9/1000 h. The highest injury incidence during practice was to the knee (0.8/1000 h) and thigh (0.5/1000 h), and during game time was to the knee (4.4/1000 h) and head (2.2/1000 h). In total, the location for the highest injury incidence was the knee with 1.5 injuries/1000 h of football.

The majority of injuries (82%) were localized to the lower extremities. Sixty‐six injuries (28%) were re‐occurring injuries (re‐injuries). The incidence of traumatic injuries was 3.3/1000 h of football and for overuse injuries 1.3/1000 h. Overuse injuries occurred mainly during the preseason and at the beginning of the spring season.

Thirty‐nine percent of the injuries were slight or minor causing absence from practice or game time of less than 1 week, 39% were moderate (absence 7–28 days) and 22% were major (absence more than 28 days). The major injuries occurred often owing to trauma and were mainly to the knee.
Localization and quantification of muscle damage by magnetic resonance imaging following step exercise in young women
Authors: Larsen R. G. , Ringgaard S. , Overgaard K.
Published: November 2006

Eccentric exercise affects muscles differentially according to intensity, duration, and previous exposure to the specific exercise activity. We used T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences to localize and quantify muscle damage following step exercise and to determine correlations between transverse relaxation time (T2) and other markers of muscle damage. Eight women performed two‐step exercise bouts (30 min) separated by 8 weeks. Blood samples, MR scans, measurements of muscle strength, and muscle soreness were obtained immediately before, after, and up to 9 days after each bout. Resting muscle T2 (40.3±0.6 ms) increased exclusively in m. Adductor magnus (AM) in the thigh performing eccentric contractions and peaked 3 days after bout 1 (73.5±9.7 ms, P<0.05). Plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity peaked on day 3 after bout 1 and correlated with T2 in AM (r=0.96, P<0.001). After bout 2 CK and T2 were almost unaffected. This indicates that T2‐weighted MRI can be applied to identify muscles from which enzymes are being released into the circulation.
Lung function, arterial saturation and oxygen uptake in elite cross country skiers: influence of exercise mode
Authors: Holmberg H.‐C. , Rosdahl H. , Svedenhag J.
Published: November 2006

Arterial desaturation during exercise is common in endurance‐trained athletes, a phenomenon often more pronounced when the muscle mass engaged in the exercise is large. With this background, the present study monitored seven international‐level cross country skiers performing on a treadmill while running (RUN), double poling (DP; upper body exercise) and diagonal skiing (DIA; arm and leg exercise). Static and dynamic lung function tests were performed and oxygen uptake was measured during submaximal and maximal exercise. Lung function variables (including the diffusion capacity) were only 5–20% higher than reported in sedentary men. Vital capacity was considerably lower than expected from the skiers' maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), but the maximal ventilation followed a linear relationship with VO2max. None or only a mild desaturation was observed in DP, RUN and DIA. Blood lactate concentration was slightly higher in DIA than in DP but not different from RUN. In DIA, VO2max was 6.23 ± 0.47 L/min (mean ± SD), which was 3.8% and 13.9% higher than in RUN and DP, respectively, with similar peak heart rates for the three exercise modes. No relationships were present either between the degree of desaturation and pulmonary functions tests, or with peak oxygen uptakes. The low blood lactate accumulation during the exhaustive efforts contributed to the arterial oxygen saturation being mild in spite of the very high oxygen uptake observed in these skiers.
School‐Based Obesity Prevention: Research, Challenges, and Recommendations
Authors: Budd Geraldine M. , Volpe Stella L.
Published: November 2006

Abstract: Childhood overweight is one of the most serious problems currently affecting individual and public health. Schools represent a logical site for prevention because children spend 6‐8 hours a day there during most of the year. Although reports of school‐based overweight or obesity prevention programs exist, there are no summaries specifying which interventions are effective in preventing weight gain in the school environment. Researchers generally consider randomized controlled trials to be the most reliable and valid findings; so, naturally they are the best for providing evidence on which to base curriculum and policy guidelines. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of school‐based randomized controlled studies intended to prevent increases in schoolchildren’s body weight or body mass index. This paper addresses the successes and other positive health outcomes, as well as the limitations of the school‐based research. The goal of this paper is to assist school health administrators with curriculum decisions related to overweight or obesity prevention in schools. Following the critique, the challenges of childhood overweight or obesity prevention are discussed, and recommendations for further research, school activities, and policy changes are made. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(10):485‐495)
Comparison of Self‐Reported and Measured Height and Weight in Eighth‐Grade Students
Authors: Morrissey Susan L. , Whetstone Lauren M. , Cummings Doyle M. , Owen Lynda J.
Published: November 2006

Abstract: The goal of this study was to evaluate the relationships between self‐reported and measured height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of eighth‐grade students. The study population consisted of eighth‐grade students in eastern North Carolina who completed a cross‐sectional survey, self‐reported their height and weight, and had their height and weight measured (N = 416). Fifty‐nine percent of the sample was male; 42% African American, 46% white, and 12% other races. Mean self‐reported weight (62.9 kg) was significantly lower than mean measured weight (64.4 kg). Mean self‐reported BMI (22.8 kg/m2) was significantly lower than mean measured BMI (23.3 kg/m2). Race and BMI category were significantly associated with reporting errors. Specifically, African American and white students were significantly less likely to underreport their height compared to other race students. African American students were more likely to underestimate their weight compared to other race students. BMI was more likely to be underestimated in African American and white students compared to other race students. Students who were at risk for overweight and those that were overweight were more likely to underestimate their weight and BMI than students who were normal weight. Approximately 17% of students were misclassified in BMI categories when self‐reported data were used. The results indicate that eighth‐grade students significantly underestimate their weight, but on average provide valid estimates of their height. Race and measured BMI category influence this discrepancy. School‐based research that addresses the prevalence of obesity in adolescents should utilize measured height and weight when feasible. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(10):512‐515)
Children’s Physical Activity During Recess and Outside of School
Authors: Beighle Aaron , Morgan Charles F. , Le Masurier Guy , Pangrazi Robert P.
Published: November 2006

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine children’s physical activity during recess and outside of school. Third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐grade students (N = 270; 121 boys, age = 9.5 ± 0.9 years; 150 girls, age = 9.6 ± 0.9 years) wore sealed pedometers during a 15‐minute recess period and outside of school for 4 consecutive school days. A factorial analysis of variance (grade by gender) was used to examine differences among grades and between genders for the following variables: recess activity time (RAT), recess step counts (RSC), out‐of‐school activity time (OAT), and out‐of‐school step counts (OSC). For all outcome variables, there were no significant interactions between grade and gender and no significant main effect for grade. A significant main effect for gender (F1,264= 73.1, p < .001) indicated that boys accumulated more RSC and OSC than girls (1268 ± 341 vs 914 ± 261 and 7229 ± 2877 vs 5808 ± 2059, respectively) and more RAT and OAT than girls (11.7 ± 2.4 vs 9.4 ± 2.2 and 77.3 ± 28 vs 67.4 ± 21, respectively). Boys spent 78% and girls spent 63% of their recess time engaged in physical activity. Outside of school, girls spent 20% and boys spent 25% of their time engaged in physical activity. RAT comprised 14% and 16% of total discretionary activity time for girls and boys, respectively. Boys in this study are more active during discretionary time periods compared to girls. Study participants spent the majority of their recess time engaged in physical activity. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(10):516‐520)
Students’ Perceptions of the Impact of Nutrition Policies on Dietary Behaviors
Authors: Vecchiarelli Stephanie , Takayanagi Sumiko , Neumann Charlotte
Published: November 2006

Abstract: Poor dietary habits, rising rates of overweight students, and lack of oversight of vending contracts prompted the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) to develop and implement 2 of the most comprehensive nutrition policies in the country. The Healthy Beverage Resolution and Obesity Prevention Motion limit the types of and access to beverages and snacks on school campuses. This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to document the development, implementation, and impact of the LAUSD nutrition policies. Questionnaires were administered to 399 12th‐grade students in 2 LAUSD high schools to determine knowledge of the policies, perceptions of the impact of the policies on student dietary behaviors, and attitudes toward the policies and the school nutrition environment. Over one half of all students indicated that the policies impacted the foods and beverages they consumed at school, whereas only about one fifth indicated the policies impacted what they ate or drank at home/outside of school. However, for those students who indicated the policies had an impact, they reported they ate or drank fewer of the banned items both at school and at home/outside of school. These results point to the need for additional research to determine if school policies impact student behaviors outside of the school setting. Removing unhealthy food items from schools may not be enough to improve student’s overall dietary behaviors. A coordinated multilevel approach including nutrition education, physical education, and parental involvement along with policies and modifications in food service is recommended. (J Sch Health. 2006;76(10):525‐531)
Aging and solid or liquid behavior in pastes
Authors: Coussot P. , Tabuteau H. , Chateau X. , Tocquer L. , Ovarlez G.
Published: November 2006

We carried out systematic creep tests after different times of rest and over sufficiently long times with pasty materials of various internal structures in a Couette geometry. From an analysis of the data taking into account the inertia of the system and the heterogeneous distribution of stress, we show that: (i) for a stress below the yield stress these materials remain solid but undergo residual, irreversible deformations over long time which exhibit some trends typical of aging in glassy systems; (ii) as a result of thixotropy (or aging) in the solid regime the elastic modulus increases logarithmically with the time of rest; (iii) in the liquid regime the effective behavior of the material can be well represented by a truncated power-law model; (iv) a fundamental parameter of the solid-liquid transition is a critical effective shear rate (associated with the yield stress) below which the material cannot flow steadily.
The flexure-based microgap rheometer (FMR)
Authors: Clasen Christian , Gearing Brian P. , McKinley Gareth H.
Published: November 2006

We describe the design and construction of a new microrheometer designed to facilitate the viscometric study of complex fluids with very small sample volumes (1–10μl) and gaps of micrometer dimensions. The flexure-based microgap rheometer (FMR) is a shear-rate-controlled device capable of measuring the shear stress in a plane Couette configuration with directly controlled gaps between 1 and 200μm. White light interferometry and a three-point nanopositioning stage using piezo-stepping motors are used to control the parallelism of the upper and lower shearing surfaces, which are constructed from glass optical flats. A compound flexure system is used to hold the fluid sample testing unit between a drive spring connected to an “inchworm” motor and an independent sensor spring. Displacements in the sensing flexure are detected using an inductive proximity sensor. Ready optical access to the transparent shearing surfaces enables monitoring of the structural evolution in the gap with a long working-distance video microscope. This configuration then allows us to determine the microgap-dependent flow behavior of complex fluids over 5 decades of shear rate. We demonstrate the capability of the FMR by characterizing the complex stress and gap-dependent flow behavior of a typical microstructured food product (mayonnaise) over the range of gaps from 8to100μm and stresses from 10to1500Pa. We correlate the gap-dependent rheological response to the microstructure of the emulsion and changes induced in the material by prolonged shearing.
Secondary Serological Response of Patients with Chronic Hepatosplenic Suppurative Brucellosis
Authors: Díaz R. , Ariza J. , Alberola I. , Casanova A. , Rubio M. F.
Published: November 2006

Chronic hepatosplenic suppurative brucellosis (CHSB) is a local reactivation of a previous brucellosis, coursing with an immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA secondary immunological response. The observation of two cases of CHSB with an apparent IgM response gave rise to a detailed serological study of three of our patients. We studied the first sample from all three patients and successive samples from two of them. In cases 1 and 2, we found samples with positive IgM lateral flow and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results concomitantly with rheumatoid factor (RF); after absorption with anti-RF serum, these results were rendered negative. In patients 2 and 3 the diagnosis of brucellosis was delayed, because none of the test results were initially very significant. However, a clear seroconversion of IgG antibodies was observed in subsequent months; titers of the Brucellacapt and Coombs tests increased in similar ways, although Brucellacapt decreased more rapidly than Coombs, which persisted at high titers for years. In patient 3 a relapse was observed in the fourth year of follow-up, detected by Coombs and also by IgG lateral flow and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), although not by the rose bengal, agglutination, or Brucellacapt tests. Serological changes in CHSB may sometimes be mild and are detected mainly by the Coombs test. Brucellacapt does not offer additional information, although IgG lateral flow and CIEP may be of some use. Careful surveillance of titer changes in the Coombs test is the best marker of infection activity. As the disease progresses, an intense IgG response may develop and RF sometimes appears, simulating an IgM response.
A DNA Vaccine for Ebola Virus Is Safe and Immunogenic in a Phase I Clinical Trial
Authors: Martin Julie E. , Sullivan Nancy J. , Enama Mary E. , Gordon Ingelise J. , Roederer Mario , Koup Richard A. , Bailer Robert T. , Chakrabarti Bimal K. , Bailey Michael A. , Gomez Phillip L. , Andrews Charla A. , Moodie Zoe , Gu Lin , Stein Judith A. , Nabel Gary J. , Graham Barney S. ,   the VRC 204 Study Team The VRC 204 Study Team includes Margaret M. McCluskey, Brenda Larkin, Sarah Hubka, Lasonji Holman, Laura Novik, Pamela Edmonds, Steve Rucker, Michael Scott, Colleen Thomas, LaChonne Stanford, Ed Tramont, Woody Dubois, Tiffany Alley, Erica Eaton, Sandra Sitar, Ericka Thompson, Andrew Catanzaro, Joseph Casazza, Janie Parrino, Laurence Lemiale, Rebecca Sheets, Ellen Turk, Laurie Lamoreaux, Jennifer Fischer, Mara Abashian, John Rathmann, and Adrienne McNeil.
Published: November 2006

Ebola viruses represent a class of filoviruses that causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality. Recognized first in 1976 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, outbreaks continue to occur in equatorial Africa. A safe and effective Ebola virus vaccine is needed because of its continued emergence and its potential for use for biodefense. We report the safety and immunogenicity of an Ebola virus vaccine in its first phase I human study. A three-plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the envelope glycoproteins (GP) from the Zaire and Sudan/Gulu species as well as the nucleoprotein was evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose escalation study. Healthy adults, ages 18 to 44 years, were randomized to receive three injections of vaccine at 2 mg (
n
= 5), 4 mg (
n
= 8), or 8 mg (
n
= 8) or placebo (
n
= 6). Immunogenicity was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoprecipitation-Western blotting, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), and enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The vaccine was well-tolerated, with no significant adverse events or coagulation abnormalities. Specific antibody responses to at least one of the three antigens encoded by the vaccine as assessed by ELISA and CD4
+
T-cell GP-specific responses as assessed by ICS were detected in 20/20 vaccinees. CD8
+
T-cell GP-specific responses were detected by ICS assay in 6/20 vaccinees. This Ebola virus DNA vaccine was safe and immunogenic in humans. Further assessment of the DNA platform alone and in combination with replication-defective adenoviral vector vaccines, in concert with challenge and immune data from nonhuman primates, will facilitate evaluation and potential licensure of an Ebola virus vaccine under the Animal Rule.
Analysis of Plasmacytoid and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Nasal Epithelium
Authors: Hartmann Evelyn , Graefe Hendrik , Hopert Anne , Pries Ralph , Rothenfusser Simon , Poeck Hendrik , Mack Brigitte , Endres Stefan , Hartmann Gunther , Wollenberg Barbara
Published: November 2006

The role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), the major producers of alpha interferon upon viral infection, in the nasal mucosa is largely unknown. Here we examined the presence of PDC together with myeloid dendritic cells (MDC) in the nasal epithelia of healthy individuals, of asymptomatic patients with chronic nasal allergy, of patients undergoing steroid therapy, and of patients with infectious rhinitis or rhinosinusitis. Considerable numbers of PDC and MDC could be detected in the nasal epithelium. Furthermore, we demonstrate the expression of SDF-1, the major chemoattractant for PDC, in the nasal epithelium. PDC levels were significantly lower for patients with allergies than for healthy individuals. Interestingly, PDC and MDC were almost absent from patients who received treatment with glucocorticoids, while very high numbers of PDC were found for patients with recent upper respiratory tract infections. Our results demonstrate for the first time a quantitative analysis of PDC and MDC in the healthy nasal epithelium and in nasal epithelia from patients with different pathological conditions. With the identification of PDC, the major target cell for CpG DNA or immunostimulatory RNA, in the nasal epithelium, this study forms the basis for a local nasal application of such oligonucleotides for the treatment of viral infection and allergy.
Association of Selective HLA Class II Susceptibility-Conferring and Protective Haplotypes with Type 2 Diabetes in Patients from Bahrain and Lebanon
Authors: Almawi Wassim Y. , Wakim-Ghorayeb Saria F. , Arekat Mona R. , Najm Pierre , Keleshian Sose H. , Al-Sayed Nasreen , Blanchon Bruno , Samaha Hanady R. , Irani-Hakime Noha
Published: November 2006

The association of HLA class II with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) was investigated in Bahraini and Lebanese subjects.
DRB1*070101
(Lebanese and Bahraini) and
DQB1*0201
(Lebanese) were susceptibility-conferring alleles, and unique susceptibility-conferring/protective haplotypes were found in both patient groups. Regression analysis confirmed that
DRB1*070101-DQB1*0201
(Bahraini) and
DRB1*110101-DQB1*0201
(Lebanese) were susceptibility-conferring haplotypes.
Aging of Organic Aerosol: Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Field Studies
Authors: Rudich Yinon , Donahue Neil M. , Mentel Thomas F.
Published: November 2006

The oxidation of organics in aerosol particles affects the physical properties of aerosols through a process known as aging. Atmospheric particles compose a huge set of specific organic compounds, most of which have not been identified in field measurements. Laboratory experiments inevitably address model systems of reduced complexity to isolate critical chemical phenomena, but growing evidence suggests that composition effects may play a central role in the atmospheric aging of organic particles. In this review we seek to address the connections between recent laboratory studies and recent field campaigns addressing the aging of organic aerosols. We review laboratory studies on the uptake of oxidants, the evolution of particle-water interactions, and the evolution of particle density with aging. Finally, we review field data addressing condensed-phase lifetimes of organic tracers. These data suggest that although matrix effects identified in the laboratory have taken a step toward reconciling laboratory-field disagreements, further work is needed to understand the actual aging rates of organics in ambient particles.
Human ADPKD primary cyst epithelial cells with a novel, single codon deletion in the PKD1 gene exhibit defective ciliary polycystin localization and loss of flow-induced Ca2+ signaling
Authors: Xu Chang , Rossetti Sandro , Jiang Lianwei , Harris Peter C. , Brown-Glaberman Ursa , Wandinger-Ness Angela , Bacallao Robert , Alper Seth L.
Published: November 2006

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) gene products polycystin-1 (PC1) and polycystin-2 (PC2) colocalize in the apical monocilia of renal epithelial cells. Mouse and human renal cells without PC1 protein show impaired ciliary mechanosensation, and this impairment has been proposed to promote cystogenesis. However, most cyst epithelia of human ADPKD kidneys appear to express full-length PC1 and PC2 in normal or increased abundance. We show that confluent primary ADPKD cyst cells with the novel PC1 mutation ΔL2433 and with normal abundance of PC1 and PC2 polypeptides lack ciliary PC1 and often lack ciliary PC2, whereas PC1 and PC2 are both present in cilia of confluent normal human kidney (NK) epithelial cells in primary culture. Confluent NK cells respond to shear stress with transient increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), dependent on both extracellular Ca2+ and release from intracellular stores. In contrast, ADPKD cyst cells lack flow-sensitive [Ca2+]i signaling and exhibit reduced endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores and store-depletion-operated Ca2+ entry but retain near-normal [Ca2+]i responses to ANG II and to vasopressin. Expression of wild-type and mutant CD16.7-PKD1(115–226) fusion proteins reveals within the COOH-terminal 112 amino acids of PC1 a coiled-coil domain-independent ciliary localization signal. However, the coiled-coil domain is required for CD16.7-PKD1(115–226) expression to accelerate decay of the flow-induced Ca2+ signal in NK cells. These data provide evidence for ciliary dysfunction and polycystin mislocalization in human ADPKD cells with normal levels of PC1.
Mutation analysis of 24 known cancer genes in the NCI-60 cell line set
Authors: Ikediobi Ogechi N. , Davies Helen , Bignell Graham , Edkins Sarah , Stevens Claire , O'Meara Sarah , Santarius Thomas , Avis Tim , Barthorpe Syd , Brackenbury Lisa , Buck Gemma , Butler Adam , Clements Jody , Cole Jennifer , Dicks Ed , Forbes Simon , Gray Kristian , Halliday Kelly , Harrison Rachel , Hills Katy , Hinton Jonathan , Hunter Chris , Jenkinson Andy , Jones David , Kosmidou Vivienne , Lugg Richard , Menzies Andrew , Mironenko Tatiana , Parker Adrian , Perry Janet , Raine Keiran , Richardson David , Shepherd Rebecca , Small Alex , Smith Raffaella , Solomon Helen , Stephens Philip , Teague Jon , Tofts Calli , Varian Jennifer , Webb Tony , West Sofie , Widaa Sara , Yates Andy , Reinhold William , Weinstein John N. , Stratton Michael R. , Futreal P. Andrew , Wooster Richard
Published: November 2006

The panel of 60 human cancer cell lines (the NCI-60) assembled by the National Cancer Institute for anticancer drug discovery is a widely used resource. The NCI-60 has been characterized pharmacologically and at the molecular level more extensively than any other set of cell lines. However, no systematic mutation analysis of genes causally implicated in oncogenesis has been reported. This study reports the sequence analysis of 24 known cancer genes in the NCI-60 and an assessment of 4 of the 24 genes for homozygous deletions. One hundred thirty-seven oncogenic mutations were identified in 14 (APC, BRAF, CDKN2, CTNNB1, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, SMAD4, PIK3CA, PTEN, RB1, STK11, TP53, and VHL) of the 24 genes. All lines have at least one mutation among the cancer genes examined, with most lines (73%) having more than one. Identification of those cancer genes mutated in the NCI-60, in combination with pharmacologic and molecular profiles of the cells, will allow for more informed interpretation of anticancer agent screening and will enhance the use of the NCI-60 cell lines for molecularly targeted screens. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(11):2606–12]