bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2021 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Fraenkel Liana , Bathon Joan M. , England Bryant R. , St.Clair E. William , Arayssi Thurayya , Carandang Kristine , Deane Kevin D. , Genovese Mark , Huston Kent Kwas , Kerr Gail , Kremer Joel , Nakamura Mary C. , Russell Linda A. , Singh Jasvinder A. , Smith Benjamin J. , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Venkatachalam Shilpa , Weinblatt Michael E. , Al‐Gibbawi Mounir , Baker Joshua F. , Barbour Kamil E. , Barton Jennifer L. , Cappelli Laura , Chamseddine Fatimah , George Michael , Johnson Sindhu R. , Kahale Lara , Karam Basil S. , Khamis Assem M. , Navarro-Millán Iris , Mirza Reza , Schwab Pascale , Singh Namrata , Turgunbaev Marat , Turner Amy S. , Yaacoub Sally , Akl Elie A.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To develop updated guidelines for the pharmacologic management of rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods

We developed clinically relevant population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes (PICO) questions. After conducting a systematic literature review, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate the certainty of evidence. A voting panel comprising clinicians and patients achieved consensus on the direction (for or against) and strength (strong or conditional) of recommendations.

Results

The guideline addresses treatment with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), including conventional synthetic DMARDs, biologic DMARDs, and targeted synthetic DMARDs, use of glucocorticoids, and use of DMARDs in certain high‐risk populations (i.e., those with liver disease, heart failure, lymphoproliferative disorders, previous serious infections, and nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease). The guideline includes 44 recommendations (7 strong and 37 conditional).

Conclusion

This clinical practice guideline is intended to serve as a tool to support clinician and patient decision‐making. Recommendations are not prescriptive, and individual treatment decisions should be made through a shared decision‐making process based on patients’ values, goals, preferences, and comorbidities.
Advanced Applications and Challenges of Electropolymerized Conjugated Microporous Polymer Films
Authors: Ma Hongwei , Chen Yu , Li Xiaobai , Li Bin
Published: June 2021

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) are a unique class of porous materials that have an integrated π‐conjugated system and permanent intrinsic porosity. They are of great interest because of their outstanding performance in gas sorption, photoredox catalysis, energy storage, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), and sensing applications. However, conventional chemically synthesized CMPs are solid powders and have poor solubility, which makes it difficult to process and integrate devices, and has become a bottleneck preventing their practical applications. Electropolymerization (EP) is a simple and efficient method for the preparation of CMP films, which simultaneously completes material synthesis and film processing. More importantly, the microstructure of the CMP films can be effectively controlled by electrochemical parameters. In this review, first, the basic synthetic principles and strategies of CMP films via EP are introduced, allowing for facile optimization of the structure and properties. Then, the recent progress of the EP CMP films is focused upon in organic electronics, energy storage, sensors, chemical capture and separation, and electrocatalysts. Finally, the challenges and outlook for EP CMP films are addressed.
Regulation of Cathode Mass and Charge Transfer by Structural 3D Engineering for Protonic Ceramic Fuel Cell at 400 °C
Authors: Bian Wenjuan , Wu Wei , Gao Yipeng , Gomez Joshua Y. , Ding Hanping , Tang Wei , Zhou Meng , Ding Dong
Published: June 2021

Lowering the operating temperature (ideally below 400 °C) for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology deployment has been an important transition that introduces the benefit of reduced operational costs and system durability. However, the key technical issue limiting the transition is the sluggish cathodic performance, namely the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) rate of the conventional sponge‐like cathode dramatically drops as the temperature reduces. In this paper, 3D engineering of a cathode is conducted on a protonic ceramic fuel cell to obtain an enhanced ORR between 400 and 600 °C. Compared with a cell using a conventional sponge‐like cathode, 3D engineering improves the cathode ORR by 41% at 400 °C with a peak power density of 0.410 W cm−2. A phase field simulation is applied to assist the engineering by understanding the competition between the cathode mass and charge transfer with different cathode porosities. The results show that structural engineering of existing well‐developed cathodes is a simple and effective method to promote cathode ORR for low temperature SOFC by regulating the mass and charge transfer.
Plasma Deposited Polyoxazoline Thin Films for the Biofunctionalization of Electrochemical Sensors
Authors: Alvarez de Eulate Eva , Gheorghiu Alexandru , Amoura Cherine , Whiteley Amelia , Priest Craig , MacGregor Melanie N.
Published: June 2021

Electrochemical immunosensors are an emerging technology for the fast, sensitive, and reliable diagnosis of diseases from bodily fluids. These sensors work by detecting a change in current upon analyte binding to an immuno‐functionalized electrode. Current methods of electrode functionalization are lengthy processes involving self‐assembled monolayer formation and wet chemistry biofunctionalization. Herein, thin films deposited from the plasma phase of oxazoline precursors are investigated and optimized as an alternative approach for electrode functionalization. The plasma‐enabled method has the advantage of being substrate independent and allows the spontaneous binding of biomolecules in physiological buffer. Surface sensitive analysis techniques are employed to characterize the thickness, reactivity, and stability of the thin films before investigating their electrochemical properties on indium tin oxide and gold electrodes including the feasibility to reduce charge transfer resistance with gold nanoparticles. Last, these films are employed to develop an immunosensor for the detection of free epithelial cell adhesion molecule with a limit of detection of 8.7 ng mL−1.
Recent Advances towards Ocean Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Applications Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Shen Fan , Li Zhongjie , Guo Hengyu , Yang Zhengbao , Wu Hao , Wang Min , Luo Jun , Xie Shaorong , Peng Yan , Pu Huayan
Published: June 2021

Ocean contain abundant clean energies including tidal and wave, but such energies are known for low frequency and large excitation amplitude, posing considerable challenges for high‐efficiency energy conversion. As an emerging technology, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been widely used in energy harvesting and novel sensor design due to their high sensitivity and flexible structure. Meanwhile, they show great advantages in the low‐frequency environment (<5 Hz), and display great potential for deployment in remote ocean waters, and construction of large‐scale TENG networks. In this review, firstly, the working principle of TENGs and various configurations developed for the marine environment are introduced, which mainly include solid–solid and solid–liquid interfaces. Then, from the viewpoint of power improvement, authors are most concerned about the modification methods of materials such as surface modification, electron injection, and chemical doping. Meanwhile, improved technologies for energy harvesters in marine environment are discussed in detail, such as improving the hydrophobicity and degradation of materials, studying the self‐healing ability of materials, and designing power management circuits. Finally, the current challenges are summarized, and research trends are given from both short‐term and long‐term perspectives.
Organosilicon‐Based Functional Electrolytes for High‐Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Hualan , Chen Shuangxi , Li Yan , Liu Yongfeng , Jing Qiuju , Liu Xue , Liu Zhaoping , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: June 2021

The electrolyte has been considered as a key factor toward higher energy density for Li‐ion and Li‐metal batteries. However, conventional electrolytes suffer from uncontrolled interfacial reactions and irreversible decomposition causing performance deterioration and potential safety hazard. Organosilicon compounds have attracted great interest as promising electrolyte components due to facile chemical modifications, low glass transition temperatures (Tg), superior chemical, and thermal stabilities. Considerable investigation efforts have been devoted to developing better overall performance of organosilicon‐based electrolytes in the past few years. Herein, the recent research progress of organosilicon‐based functional electrolytes for the development of liquid, gel, and solid state electrolytes in Li‐ion and Li‐metal batteries is summarized. Attention is devoted to various types of organosilicon such as silane, siloxane, polysiloxane, and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes in terms of molecular design, ionic conductivity, functions shown in batteries, thermal, chemical, electrochemical stability, safety, etc. The feasible strategies are also discussed that may promote the comprehensive electrochemical performances of organosilicon‐based electrolytes in different types of electrolytes and batteries. Finally, the challenges facing organosilicon‐based electrolytes and proposed their possible solutions are presented alongside promising development directions.
Physical Insights on the Lattice Softening Driven Mid‐Temperature Range Thermoelectrics of Ti/Zr‐Inserted SnTe—An Outlook Beyond the Horizons of Conventional Phonon Scattering and Excavation of Heikes’ Equation for Estimating Carrier Properties
Authors: Muchtar Ahmad Rifqi , Srinivasan Bhuvanesh , Tonquesse Sylvain Le , Singh Saurabh , Soelami Nugroho , Yuliarto Brian , Berthebaud David , Mori Takao
Published: June 2021

Most of the best known SnTe‐based materials exhibit an attractive thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) only at the high‐temperature regime, but their performance at the low‐mid temperature ranges is quite uninspiring, and this discordance necessitates a large temperature gradient (∆T ≥ 550 K) to effectuate a reasonable efficiency, η. Here, the transition elements, Ti and Zr, that have not been used in the past are tried as dopants for SnTe and an enhanced device/average zT and/or η are reported with a lower ∆T ≈ 400 K and without the requisite for a stupendous peak/maximum zT. This notable performance emanates from—i) improved weighted mobility by optimally balancing between effective mass, carrier concentration, and mobility, ii) coupling of charge carriers with magnetic entropy, and the paramount factor being the iii) weakening of the chemical bonds (lattice softening). The thermal damping caused by lattice softening affects the phonon group velocity and the elastic properties, and the resultant increase in the degree of anharmonicity and the high density of internal strain‐fields, along with the phonon scattering effects, play an active role in tuning the overall thermoelectric performance. This work also excavates/opens up the discussion of applying the Heikes’ equation to qualitatively compare the trend of charge carriers for a given thermoelectric material system.
High‐Temperature High‐Energy‐Density Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites Utilizing Inorganic Core–Shell Nanostructured Nanofillers
Authors: Ren Lulu , Li He , Xie Zongliang , Ai Ding , Zhou Yao , Liu Yang , Zhang Siyu , Yang Lijun , Zhao Xuetong , Peng Zongren , Liao Ruijin , Wang Qing
Published: June 2021

High‐energy‐density polymer dielectrics capable of high temperature operation are highly demanded in advanced electronics and power systems. Here, the polyetherimide (PEI) composites filled with the core–shell structured nanoparticles composed of ZrO2 core and Al2O3 shell are described. The establishment of a gradient of the dielectric constants from ZrO2 core and Al2O3 shell to PEI matrix gives rise to much less distortion of the electric field around the nanoparticles, and consequently, high breakdown strength at varied temperatures. The wide bandgap Al2O3 shell creates deep traps in the composites and thus yields an order of magnitude lower leakage of current density of the composites with respect to those with pristine ZrO2 at high temperatures. Accordingly, the composite delivers a discharged energy density of 5.19 J cm−3 and 150 °C, which outperforms the current free‐standing high‐temperature dielectric polymer and polymer composite films measured at 10 Hz. Moreover, the core–shell structured composites endow great thermal stability, charge–discharge efficiency, and the improved energy density with increasing temperature from 25 to 150 °C. The finite element simulations and numerical calculations are performed to reveal the mechanistic impacts of the core–shell structure on the electric field distribution and electrical conduction of the composites.
Nitrogen dynamics under corn fields in the Red River Valley of North Dakota
Authors: Chatterjee Amitava
Published: June 2021

Excessive applications of fertilizer N in corn (Zea mays L.) has profound environmental and economic consequences. Corn grain yield, N losses, N2O denitrification, NH3 volatilization, and soil water NO3 concentration at 60‐cm depth were collected for eight corn fields in the Red River Valley of North Dakota. Relationships of soil and management factors with cumulative N2O and NH3 losses were studied. Grain yield varied from 3.58 to 5.66 Mg ha–1. Cumulative NH3 and N2O losses were ranged between 1.0–2.4 kg ha–1 and 24.7–150 g N2O‐N ha–1, respectively. Soil organic matter (SOM; r = .94, p = .001), clay (r = .94, p = .001), and initial inorganic N (0–60 cm) content (r = .83, p = .01) had a positive relationship with cumulative N2O losses. Cumulative NH3 had a negative relationship with soil pH (r2 = .63, p = .01). Results indicate that soil properties such as, SOM, clay concentration, and initial profile N had a control over N losses.
Reducing nitrogen rate and hill distance improves rice dry matter production in saline–alkali soils
Authors: Lv Yandong , Lan Yuchen , Xu Lingqi , Yin Dawei , Wang Haize , Zheng Guiping , Guo Xiaohong
Published: June 2021

The integrated strategies for nitrogen management and planting density are important for improving rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield in saline–alkali soil; however, the optimal growth conditions for the Songnen Plain, China, are unclear. Here, we studied the effects of nitrogen application rate (NAR) (N0, 0 kg ha−1; N1, 90 kg ha−1; N2, 120 kg ha−1; N3, 150 kg ha−1; N4, 180 kg ha−1) and hill distance (HD) (HD1, 16.5 cm; HD2, 13.3 cm; HD3, 10 cm) on rice dry matter accumulation, translocation, and photosynthetic production in a split‐plot experiment. At NARs below 120 kg ha−1, the number of effective tillers increased significantly with increasing NAR and decreasing HD. The leaf area index (LAI) increased as the NAR increased and HD decreased and was the highest in the N4–HD3 treatment, followed by N3–HD3, at the full‐heading stage. However, dry matter accumulation from the full‐heading to the maturity stage was the highest in the N3–HD3 treatment. The population growth rate in N3–HD3 was the highest from the full‐heading stage to the maximum grain‐filling stage, at 26.46 g m−2 d−1. The high rice yield under N3–HD3 conditions was attributed to the high dry matter accumulation after the full‐heading stage and the high sheath output rate. This study revealed that treatment N3–HD3 resulted in high yield, from the perspective of photosynthetic matter production.
Resolving species boundaries in a recent radiation with the Angiosperms353 probe set: the Lomatium packardiae/L. anomalum clade of the L. triternatum (Apiaceae) complex
Authors: Ottenlips Michael V. , Mansfield Donald H. , Buerki Sven , Feist Mary Ann E. , Downie Stephen R. , Dodsworth Steven , Forest Félix , Plunkett Gregory M. , Smith James F.
Published: June 2021

Premise

Speciation not associated with morphological shifts is challenging to detect unless molecular data are employed. Using Sanger‐sequencing approaches, the Lomatium packardiae/L. anomalum subcomplex within the larger Lomatium triternatum complex could not be resolved. Therefore, we attempt to resolve these boundaries here.

Methods

The Angiosperms353 probe set was employed to resolve the ambiguity within Lomatium triternatum species complex using 48 accessions assigned to L. packardiae, L. anomalum, or L. triternatum. In addition to exon data, 54 nuclear introns were extracted and were complete for all samples. Three approaches were used to estimate evolutionary relationships and define species boundaries: STACEY, a Bayesian coalescent‐based species tree analysis that takes incomplete lineage sorting into account; ASTRAL‐III, another coalescent‐based species tree analysis; and a concatenated approach using MrBayes. Climatic factors, morphological characters, and soil variables were measured and analyzed to provide additional support for recovered groups.

Results

The STACEY analysis recovered three major clades and seven subclades, all of which are geographically structured, and some correspond to previously named taxa. No other analysis had full agreement between recovered clades and other parameters. Climatic niche and leaflet width and length provide some predictive ability for the major clades.

Conclusions

The results suggest that these groups are in the process of incipient speciation and incomplete lineage sorting has been a major barrier to resolving boundaries within this lineage previously. These results are hypothesized through sequencing of multiple loci and analyzing data using coalescent‐based processes.
AgII‐Mediated Electrocatalytic Ambient CH4 Functionalization Inspired by HSAB Theory
Authors: Xiang Danlei , Iñiguez Jesus A. , Deng Jiao , Guan Xun , Martinez Antonio , Liu Chong
Published: June 2021

Although most class (b) transition metals have been studied in regard to CH4 activation, divalent silver (AgII), possibly owing to its reactive nature, is the only class (b) high‐valent transition metal center that is not yet reported to exhibit reactivities towards CH4 activation. We now report that electrochemically generated AgII metalloradical readily functionalizes CH4 into methyl bisulfate (CH3OSO3H) at ambient conditions in 98 % H2SO4. Mechanistic investigation experimentally unveils a low activation energy of 13.1 kcal mol−1, a high pseudo‐first‐order rate constant of CH4 activation up to 2.8×103 h−1 at room temperature and a CH4 pressure of 85 psi, and two competing reaction pathways preferable towards CH4 activation over solvent oxidation. Reaction kinetic data suggest a Faradaic efficiency exceeding 99 % beyond 180 psi CH4 at room temperature for potential chemical production from widely distributed natural gas resources with minimal infrastructure reliance.
Calcium‐Ion Binding Mediates the Reversible Interconversion of Cis and Trans Peroxido Dicopper Cores
Authors: Vargo Natasha P. , Harland Jill B. , Musselman Bradley W. , Lehnert Nicolai , Ertem Mehmed Z. , Robinson Jerome R.
Published: June 2021

Coupled dinuclear copper oxygen cores (Cu2O2) featured in type III copper proteins (hemocyanin, tyrosinase, catechol oxidase) are vital for O2 transport and substrate oxidation in many organisms. μ‐1,2‐cis peroxido dicopper cores (CP) have been proposed as key structures in the early stages of O2 binding in these proteins; their reversible isomerization to other Cu2O2 cores are directly relevant to enzyme function. Despite the relevance of such species to type III copper proteins and the broader interest in the properties and reactivity of bimetallic CP cores in biological and synthetic systems, the properties and reactivity of CP Cu2O2 species remain largely unexplored. Herein, we report the reversible interconversion of μ‐1,2‐trans peroxido (TP) and CP dicopper cores. CaII mediates this process by reversible binding at the Cu2O2 core, highlighting the unique capability for metal‐ion binding events to stabilize novel reactive fragments and control O2 activation in biomimetic systems.
Hierarchical Two‐Level Supramolecular Chirality of an Achiral Anthracene‐Based Tetracationic Nanotube in Water
Authors: Nian Hao , Cheng Lin , Wang Ling , Zhang Haiyang , Wang Pinpin , Li Yawen , Cao Liping
Published: June 2021

Herein, we report an achiral anthracene‐based tetracationic nanotube (1⋅4Cl−) that shows two levels of supramolecular chirality: namely, conformationally adaptive host–guest complexation with nucleoside triphosphates (e.g. ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP) and twisted packing of the chiral host–guest complexes in water. Interestingly, achiral 1⋅4Cl− exhibits chiral recognition for ATP/GTP and CTP/UTP through structural transformation of its intramolecular M‐ and P‐twisted conformation as the first level of supramolecular chirality, which leads to adaptive chirality with opposite CD responses. Furthermore, the formation of chiral M‐1⋅4Cl−⊃ATP can promote an intermolecular P‐twisted dimeric packing of anthracene rings as the second level of supramolecular chirality to achieve assembled chirality with strong circularly polarized luminescence arising from the excimer ((+)‐CPL, glum≈10−2) in water.
Charge‐Reversal Polymer Nano‐modulators for Photodynamic Immunotherapy of Cancer
Authors: He Shasha , Li Jingchao , Cheng Penghui , Zeng Ziling , Zhang Chi , Duan Hongwei , Pu Kanyi
Published: June 2021

Nanomedicine can regulate the balance between cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and suppressive regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs), which however has been rarely exploited for cancer immunotherapy. We report a charge‐reversal polymer nano‐modulator (SPDMCN) activated by tumor microenvironment (TME) for photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer. SPDMCN is constructed by conjugating an immunomodulator (demethylcantharidin, DMC) to the side chains of a photodynamic polymer via an acid‐liable linker. The negative charge of SPDMCN ensures its high stability in blood circulation and ideal tumor accumulation; exposure to acidic TME reverses its surface charge to positive, enhancing tumor penetration and locally releasing DMC. Upon near‐infrared photoirradiation, SPDMCN generates singlet oxygen to ablate tumors and promote maturation of dendritic cells. Released DMC inhibits protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) activity and decreases Tregs differentiation. Such combinational action induces a sharp increase in CTL/Treg ratio in TME and effectively inhibits both primary and distant tumors in living mice.
Visualizing Element Migration over Bifunctional Metal‐Zeolite Catalysts and its Impact on Catalysis
Authors: Wang Yuhao , Wang Genyuan , van der Wal Lars I. , Cheng Kang , Zhang Qinghong , de Jong Krijn P. , Wang Ye
Published: June 2021

The catalytic performance of composite catalysts is not only affected by the physicochemical properties of each component, but also the proximity and interaction between them. Herein, we employ four representative oxides (In2O3, ZnO, Cr2O3, and ZrO2) to combine with H‐ZSM‐5 for the hydrogenation of CO2to hydrocarbons directed by methanol intermediate and clarify the correlation between metal migration and the catalytic performance. The migration of metals to zeolite driven by the harsh reaction conditions can be visualized by electron microscopy, meanwhile, the change of zeolite acidity is also carefully characterized. The protonic sites of H‐ZSM‐5 are neutralized by mobile indium and zinc species via a solid ion‐exchange mechanism, resulting in a drastic decrease of C2+hydrocarbon products over In2O3/H‐ZSM‐5 and ZnO/H‐ZSM‐5. While, the thermomigration ability of chromium and zirconium species is not significant, endowing Cr2O3/H‐ZSM‐5 and ZrO2/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts with high selectivity of C2+hydrocarbons.
Synthesis of a novel reverse demulsifier with the characteristics of polyacrylate and polycation and its demulsification performance
Authors: Wang Yifan , Fang Shenwen , Wang Xiujun , Wang Yongjun , Xiong Yan , Duan Ming
Published: June 2021

As the development of oilfield exploitation, more and more oil in water (O/W) emulsion was produced, thus efficient reverse demulsifier becomes increasingly important. In this paper, a series of novel reverse demulsifiers (R‐PED1 ~ 4) with the characteristics of polyacrylate and polycation were prepared. The structure of the product was verified by IR specter and 1H NMR. The thermal stability was studied with TGA and the molecular weight was obtained by GPC. Field evaluation results showed that the oil content in produced liquid after R‐PED4 treatment can be reduced from 1550 to 81 mg/L at R‐PED4 dosage was 50 mg/L. Furthermore, the demulsification mechanism of R‐PED was discussed. The R‐PED has good surface/interfacial activity. It can effectively reduce the oil–water interfacial film strength and reduce the zeta potential of oil droplets, which is beneficial for the coalescence of oil droplets. Especially, the interaction force between oil droplets was measured by the optical tweezers. R‐PED4 can increase the attraction force between oil droplets. Consequently, the contact time of oil droplets during the demulsification process can be prolonged and the coalescence of oil droplets also can be effectively promoted. The novel reverse demulsifier offers a new option for the oilfield produced liquid treatment.
Social synchronization during joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Liu Qinyi , Wang Qiandong , Li Xue , Gong Xiaoyun , Luo Xuerong , Yin Tingni , Liu Jing , Yi Li
Published: June 2021

We explored the social synchronization of gaze‐shift behaviors when responding to joint attention in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Forty‐one children aged 5 to 8 with ASD and 43 typically developing (TD) children watched a video to complete the response to joint attention (RJA) tasks, during which their gaze data were collected. The synchronization of gaze‐shift behaviors between children and the female model in the video was measured with the cross‐recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA). Ultimately, we discovered that children with ASD had the ability to synchronize their gaze shifts with the female model in the video during RJA tasks. Compared to the TD children, they displayed lower levels of synchronization and longer latency in this synchronized behavior. These findings provide a new avenue to deepen our understanding of the impairments of social interaction in children with ASD. Notably, the analytic method can be further applied to explore the social synchronization of numerous other social interactive behaviors in ASD.

Lay Summary

This study explored how autistic children synchronized their gazed shifts with others' gaze cues during joint attention. We found that compared to typical children, autistic children synchronized their gazed shifts less and needed more time to follow others' gaze. These findings provide a new avenue to deepen our understanding of the impairments of social interaction in children with ASD.
Klimadaten als wesentlicher Bestandteil zur Beurteilung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes
Authors: Windhausen Saskia , Schmidt Peter
Published: June 2021

Testreferenzjahre sind durch den Deutschen Wetterdienst entwickelte stündliche meteorologische Daten für ein komplettes Jahr, die je nach Art der Anwendung einen repräsentativen Witterungsverlauf wiedergeben. Die Klimadaten sind ein wesentlicher Bestandteil für die Beurteilung des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes. Der momentane Ansatz der Testreferenzjahre führt immer wieder zu Schwierigkeiten, da dieser sehr vereinfacht und pauschalisiert erfolgt. Durch den Klimawandel und dadurch entstehende Extremwetterlagen ist die Verwendung geeigneter Klimadaten unerlässlich. Hier stellen die neuentwickelten ortsgenauen Testreferenzjahre des Deutschen Wetterdienstes aus dem Jahr 2017 eine mögliche Alternative dar.
Spektrum‐Anpassungswerte C und Ctr
Authors: Neubauer Reinhard O.
Published: June 2021

Zur Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Schallpegelspektren verschiedener Geräuschquellen, wie die für Geräusche in einem Gebäude und die für Verkehrsgeräusche außerhalb eines Gebäudes, können sogenannte Spektrum‐Anpassungswerte zu den jeweiligen Einzahlangaben der Schalldämmung hinzugenommen werden. Mit der kennzeichnenden Größe R'w sowie der Standard‐Schallpegeldifferenz DnT,w wird damit eine neue Einzahlangabe möglich, die den tatsächlich vorliegenden Schallschutz besser abbilden soll. Eine genaue Betrachtung zeigt, dass die Spektrum‐Anpassungswerte nicht durch einfache Gleichsetzung angewendet werden können, sondern die erforderlichen Spektrum‐Anpassungswerte grundsätzlich für die entsprechende anzuwendende Einzahlangabe nach DIN EN ISO 717‐1 ermittelt werden müssen. Für die vorliegende Untersuchung wurde ein Messdatensatz von 43 Güteprüfungen zum Luftschallschutz herangezogen und eine Abweichung von ±1 dB zwischen den jeweiligen C‐ und Ctr‐Werten der berechneten Einzahlangaben festgestellt. Eine vereinfachte Umrechnung der Einzahlangaben wie sie z. B. in DIN 4109‐2 dargestellt wird, kann nicht auf die Spektrum‐Anpassungswerte übertragen werden.
Untersuchungen zum sommerlichen Wärmeschutz – Teil 3: Modellierung komplexer Geometrien und unterschiedlicher Materialeigenschaften von Verschattungssystemen
Authors: Hoffmann Sabine , Ganji Kheybari Abolfazl
Published: June 2021

In einer dreiteiligen Artikelreihe wird der Nachweis des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes mit verschiedenen Methoden und unterschiedlichen Randbedingungen untersucht. Während Teil 1 die herkömmlichen Verfahren nach DIN 4108‐2 miteinander vergleicht und unter dem Aspekt der sich verändernden Klimabedingungen betrachtet, beschäftigt sich Teil 2 mit mehrdimensionalen Simulationsansätzen für Sonnenschutz. In Teil 3 werden zusätzlich Modellierungsverfahren vorgestellt, die für die korrekte Wiedergabe spezieller Geometrien und hoch reflektierender Materialien bei Verschattungssystemen von Bedeutung sind.

In Teil 3 werden außenliegende Verschattungssysteme hinsichtlich ihrer Geometrie und Oberflächeneigenschaften betrachtet, wobei die in Teil 2 vorgestellte Methode der BSDF‐Matrizen verwendet wird. Untersuchungsgegenstand ist dabei unter anderem, wie sich die Wahl des Rechenverfahrens zur Generierung der BSDF auswirkt. Dabei wird die Radiosity‐Methode mit der Raytracing‐Methode zur Erzeugung der notwendigen Kennwerte im kurzwelligen und langwelligen Bereich verglichen. Anhand der durchgeführten Gebäudesimulationen werden nicht nur die Einflüsse des gewählten Ansatzes, sondern auch die Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Geometrien, hochreflektierender Oberflächen sowie einer low‐e‐Beschichtung auf der Rückseite der Lamellen untersucht. Die sich ergebenden Unterschiede werden schließlich in den Kontext des Nachweises des sommerlichen Wärmeschutzes nach DIN 4108‐2 gestellt.
Youth representations of environmental protest
Authors: Dunlop Lynda , Atkinson Lucy , Mc Keown Denise , Turkenburg‐van Diepen Maria
Published: June 2021

A necessary condition for a functioning democracy is the participation of its citizens, including its youth. This is particularly true for political participation in environmental decisions, because these decisions can have intergenerational consequences. In this article we examine young people’s beliefs about one form of political participation—protest—in the context of communities affected by fracking and associated anti‐fracking protest, and discuss the implications of these representations for education. Drawing on focus groups with 121 young people (aged 15–19) in five schools and colleges near sites which have experienced anti‐fracking protest in England and Northern Ireland, we find young people well‐informed about avenues for formal and non‐formal political participation against a background of disillusionment with formal political processes and varying levels of support for protest. We find representations of protest as disruptive, divisive, extreme, less desirable than other forms of participation and ineffective in bringing about change but effective in awareness‐raising. These representations are challenging, not least because the way protest is interpreted is critical to the way people think and act in the world. These representations of environmental protest must be challenged through formal education in order to safeguard the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and ensure that the spirit of Article 11 of the UK Human Rights Act is protected.
Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: Can the Australian bushfires and global COVID‐19 pandemic of 2020 convince us to change our ways?
Authors: Wolhuter Kathryn , Arora Manish , Kovacic Jason C.
Published: June 2021

Air pollution is a major global challenge for a multitude of reasons. As a specific concern, there is now compelling evidence demonstrating a causal relationship between exposure to airborne pollutants and the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As such, reducing air pollution as a means to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality should be a global health priority. This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular effects of air pollution and uses two major events of 2020—the Australian bushfires and COVID‐19 pandemic lockdown—to illustrate the relationship between air pollution and CVD. The bushfires highlight the substantial human and economic costs associated with elevations in air pollution. Conversely, the COVID‐19‐related lockdowns demonstrated that stringent measures are effective at reducing airborne pollutants, which in turn resulted in a potential reduction in cardiovascular events. Perhaps one positive to come out of 2020 will be the recognition that tough measures are effective at reducing air pollution and that these measures have the potential to stop thousands of deaths from CVD.
Prevention of nosocomial transmission and biofilm formation on novel biocompatible antimicrobial gloves impregnated with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles synthesized using Eucalyptus citriodora leaf extract
Authors: Paosen Supakit , Lethongkam Sakkarin , Wunnoo Suttiwan , Lehman Nussana , Kalkornsurapranee Ekwipoo , Septama Abdi Wira , Voravuthikunchai Supayang Piyawan
Published: June 2021

Failure in the prevention of cross‐transmission from contaminated gloves has been recognized as an important factor that contributes to the spread of several healthcare‐associated infections. Ex situ coating process with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Eucalyptus citriodora ethanolic leaf extract as reducing and capping agents to coat glove surfaces has been developed to prevent this mode of transmission. Elemental analysis of coated gloves showed 24.8 Wt% silver densely adhere on the surface. The coated gloves fully eradicated important hospital‐acquired pathogens including Gram‐positive bacteria, Gram‐negative bacteria, and yeasts within 1 h. The coated gloves showed significant reduction, an average of five logs when tested against all standard strains and most clinical isolates (p < 0.01). Following prolonged exposure, the coating significantly reduced the numbers of most adhered pathogenic species, compared with uncoated gloves (p < 0.0001). AgNPs‐coated gloves reduced microbial adhesion of mixed‐species biofilms. A series of contamination and transmission assays demonstrated no transmission of viable organisms. Biocompatibility analysis confirmed high viability of HaCaT and L929 cells at all concentrations of AgNPs tested. The coated gloves were non‐toxic with direct contact with L929 cells. The highly efficacious AgNPs‐coated gloves potentially provide additional protection against transmission of healthcare‐associated infections.
A systematic review of myasthenia gravis complicated with myocarditis
Authors: Cheng Wei , Sun Tian , Liu Cong , Zhou Zijing , Duan Jiaxi , Zhao Yiyang , Yang Min , Chen Ping
Published: June 2021

Among many of the autoimmune diseases observed in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), myocarditis is one of the most critical. The goal of this review is to systematically describe and investigate the characteristics of MG complicated with myocarditis. We identified 183 records in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and EMBASE from 1948 to September 10, 2020. Studies were included if they presented clinical data on MG complicated with myocarditis. Of the 35 patients from 28 studies in this review, 57.14% (20/35) were males, with a mean age of 59.11 ± 15.87. Dyspnea was the most common cardiac symptom accounting for over 60% in the study. Among the 35 patients, 13 cases of myocarditis occurred concomitantly with MG and the longest interval between MG and myocarditis was 7 years. Forty percent of patients developed myocarditis caused by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Among the patients with myocarditis, over half of the patients were diagnosed by myocardial biopsy. After active immune regulation and symptomatic treatment, only 15 of 35 patients with MG complicated with myocarditis improved, 18 patients died during hospitalization, one patient died due to tumor progression and 1patient died 5 years later. The prognosis of patients with MG complicated with myocarditis is poor, and myocardial enzymes and other indexes need to be monitored for patients taking ICI drugs. Patients with dyspnea who are still not ideally treated by mechanical ventilation should be vigilant against the occurrence of MG complicated with myocarditis.
LncRNA LINC00525 suppresses p21 expression via mRNA decay and triplex‐mediated changes in chromatin structure in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fang Panqi , Chen Hao , Ma Zhifei , Han Chencheng , Yin Wenda , Wang Siwei , Zhu Hongyu , Xia Wenjia , Wang Jie , Xu Lin , Liu Tongyan , Yin Rong
Published: June 2021

Background

Emerging evidence suggests that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in various cancers. In the present study, we aim to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of an up‐regulated and survival‐associated lncRNA, LINC00525, in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

The expression level of LINC00525 in tissues was determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and in situ hybridization (ISH). The functional role of LINC00525 in LUAD was investigated using gain‐and loss‐of‐function approaches, both in vivo and in vitro. RNA pull‐down, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), triplex‐capture assay, dual‐luciferase assay, gene expression microarray, and bioinformatics analysis were used to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms involved.

Results

LINC00525 is highly expressed in LUAD cells and tissues. Survival analysis indicated that upregulation of LINC00525 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with LUAD patients. Knockdown of LINC00525 inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro. In xenograft models, LINC00525 knockdown suppressed tumor growth and tumorigenesis of tumor‐bearing mice. Mechanistically, LINC00525 epigenetically suppressed p21 transcription by guiding Enhancer Of Zeste 2 Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 Subunit (EZH2) to the p21 promoter through an formation of RNA‐DNA triplex with the p21 promoter, leading to increased trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3) of the p21 promoter. In addition, LINC00525 repressed p21 expression post‐transcriptionally by enhancing p21 mRNA decay. LINC00525 promoted p21 mRNA decay by competitively binding to RNA Binding Motif Single Stranded Interacting Protein 2 (RBMS2).

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrate that LINC00525 promotes the progression of LUAD by reducing the transcription and stability of p21 mRNA in concert with EZH2 and RBMS2, thus suggesting that LINC00525 may be a potential therapeutic target for clinical intervention in LUAD.
Vitamin D supplementation for children with cancer: A systematic review and consensus recommendations
Authors: van Atteveld Jenneke E. , Verhagen Iris E. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. , van Santen Hanneke M. , van der Sluis Inge M. , Di Iorgi Natascia , Simmons Jill H. , Ward Leanne M. , Neggers Sebastian J.C.M.M.
Published: June 2021

Background

Prevalent vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and low bone mineral density (BMD) have led to vitamin D supplementation for children with cancer, regardless vitamin D status. However, it remains unsettled whether this enhances bone strength. We sought to address this issue by carrying out a systematic review of the literature.

Methods

We conducted a literature search using PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Studies including children up to 5 years after cancer therapy were assessed for the association between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and BMD Z‐scores or fractures, and the effect of vitamin D supplementation on BMD or fractures. Evidence quality was assessed using the GRADE methodology.

Results

Nineteen studies (16 observational and 3 interventional, mainly involving children with hematologic malignancies) were included. One study which analyzed 25OHD as a threshold variable (≤10 ng/ml) found a significant association between 25OHD levels and BMD Z‐scores, while 25OHD as a continuous variable was not significantly associated with BMD Z‐scores in 14 observational studies. We found neither a significant association between lower 25OHD levels and fractures (2 studies), nor between vitamin D (and calcium) supplementation and BMD or fracture frequency (3 studies) (very low quality evidence).

Conclusion

There is a lack of evidence for an effect of vitamin D (and calcium) supplementation on BMD or fractures in children with cancer. Further research is needed; until then, we recommend dietary vitamin D/calcium intake in keeping with standard national guidelines, and periodic 25OHD monitoring to detect levels <20 ng/ml. Vitamin D/calcium supplementation is recommended in children with low levels, to maintain levels ≥20 ng/ml year‐long.
Thiophene‐Based Optical Ligands That Selectively Detect Aβ Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Klingstedt Therése , Shirani Hamid , Ghetti Bernardino , Vidal Ruben , R. Nilsson K. Peter
Published: June 2021

In several neurodegenerative diseases, the presence of aggregates of specific proteins in the brain is a significant pathological hallmark; thus, developing ligands able to bind to the aggregated proteins is essential for any effort related to imaging and therapeutics. Here we report the synthesis of thiophene‐based ligands containing nitrogen heterocycles. The ligands selectively recognized amyloid‐β (Aβ) aggregates in brain tissue from individuals diagnosed neuropathologically as having Alzheimer's disease (AD). The selectivity for Aβ was dependent on the position of nitrogen in the heterocyclic compounds, and the ability to bind Aβ was shown to be reduced when introducing anionic substituents on the thiophene backbone. Our findings provide the structural and functional basis for the development of ligands that can differentiate between aggregated proteinaceous species comprised of distinct proteins. These ligands might also be powerful tools for studying the pathogenesis of Aβ aggregation and for designing molecules for imaging of Aβ pathology.
Short‐ and mid‐term outcomes in percutaneous mitral valve replacement using balloon expandable valves
Authors: Eng Marvin H. , Kargoli Faraj , Wang Dee Dee , Frisoli Tiberio M. , Lee James C. , Villablanca Pedro S. , Nemeh Hassan , Greenbaum Adam B. , Guerrero Mayra , O'Neill Brian P. , Wyman Janet , O'Neill William
Published: June 2021

Background

Due to elevated surgical risk, transcatheter mitral valve replacement (TMVR) is used as an alternative for treating failed bioprosthetic valves, annuloplasty repairs and mitral annular calcification (MAC). We report the procedural and longitudinal outcomes for each subtype: Mitral valve‐in‐valve (MVIV), mitral valve‐in‐ring (MViR), and valve‐in‐MAC (ViMAC).

Methods

Consecutive patients undergoing TMVR from October 2013 to December 2019 were assessed. Patients at high risk for left ventricular outflow tract obstruction had either alcohol septal ablation or intentional laceration of the anterior leaflet (LAMPOON).

Results

Eight‐eight patients underwent TMVR; 38 MViV, 31 MViR, and 19 ViMAC procedures were performed. The median Society of Thoracic Surgery 30‐day predicted risk of mortality was 8.2% (IQR 5.2, 19.9) for all. Sapien 3 (78%) and transseptal access (98%) were utilized in most cases. All‐cause in‐hospital mortality, technical, and procedural success were 8%, 83%, and 66% respectively. Median follow up was 1.4 years (IQR 0.5–2.9 years) and overall survival was 40% at 4 years. Differential survival rates were observed with MViV doing the best, followed by MViR and ViMAC having a <20% survival at 4 years. After adjusting for co‐variates, MViV procedure was the strongest predictor of survival (HR 0.24 [95% CI 0.079–0.7]).

Conclusion

TMVR is performed in at high‐risk patients with attenuated long‐term survival. MViV has the best success and survival rate, but long‐term survival in MViR and ViMAC is guarded.
Attending to Clients' Psychological Needs During Career Construction Counseling
Authors: Sampaio Cláudia , Cardoso Paulo , Rossier Jérôme , Savickas Mark L.
Published: June 2021

Attending to clients' psychological needs during career counseling merits more attention in career theory and practice. We describe how the elaboration of clients' needs during career construction counseling supports clients' problem formulation. After reviewing the literature on the psychology of needs, we present and illustrate an intervention strategy with a case example. Counseling vignettes from the initial counseling task of problem formulation illustrate how to facilitate clients' narrative symbolization of their emotional experiences and associated needs. We explain how this strategy contributes to deepening clients' understanding of their problems and facilitates both the rewriting of a career narrative and the construction of new career plans. Analysis of the possibilities and limits of this practice merits attention in career counseling process research.
Undergraduate Student Career Development and Career Center Services: Faculty Perspectives
Authors: Schlesinger Jon , O'Shea Caroline , Blesso Jackie
Published: June 2021

Despite the rise in scope and role of campus career centers and the role of faculty in career advising, faculty perspectives on undergraduate careers have received minimal scholarly attention. We conducted a qualitative study bounded in a medium‐sized R1 institution (i.e., a doctoral university with very high research activity in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions) in the Northeast to examine faculty perspectives on undergraduate career development and undergraduate career services. Eight faculty members participated in semistructured focus groups allowing for in‐depth conversations and analysis. Using thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke, 2006), we identified five principal themes: (a) positive impressions of the career center, (b) barriers to faculty engagement, (c) collective responsibility for students' career development, (d) nonlinear career paths, and (e) student perceptions. Results indicate career centers should engage faculty as a constituent group, describe to faculty how centers help students address broad career questions, and tailor resources for faculty. Future research with larger, more diverse, and multi‐institutional samples of faculty could expand knowledge in this area toward improved synergy between faculty and career centers in promoting student career development.