bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase behavior of mixture of supercritical CO2 + ionic liquid: Thermodynamic consistency test of experimental data
Authors: Eslamimanesh Ali , Mohammadi Amir H. , Salamat Yousef , Shojaei Mohammad‐Javad , Eskandari Somayeh , Richon Dominique
Published: May 2013

Various models have been applied composed of the Peng‐Robinson equation of state (PR‐EoS) and the Soave‐Redlich‐Kwong equation of state (SRK‐EoS) associated with three mixing rules including the following: Wong‐Sandler (WS), van der Waals one (vdW1), and van der Waals two (vdW2) for phase behavior modeling of mixtures of supercritical CO2 + different ionic liquids in vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) region. It has been found that the PR EoS implying the WS mixing rule can be used as a reliable thermodynamic model to perform a thermodynamic consistency test on the experimental data of phase behaviors of the supercritical CO2 + ionic liquid systems (19 commonly‐used ionic liquids have been studied). The results show that 40% of the experimental data seem to be thermodynamically consistent, 55.5% seem to be thermodynamically inconsistent, and 4.5% seem to be not fully consistent. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3892–3913, 2013
Nicotine from edible Solanaceae and risk of Parkinson disease
Authors: Nielsen Susan Searles , Franklin Gary M. , Longstreth W. T. , Swanson Phillip D. , Checkoway Harvey
Published: May 2013

Objective

To test whether risk of Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with consumption of nicotine‐containing edibles from the same botanical family as tobacco, Solanaceae, including peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes.

Methods

In a population‐based study with 490 newly diagnosed idiopathic PD cases diagnosed during 1992–2008 at the University of Washington Neurology Clinic or Group Health Cooperative in western Washington State and 644 unrelated, neurologically normal controls, we examined whether PD was associated with self‐reported typical frequency of consumption of peppers, tomatoes, tomato juice, and potatoes during adulthood, while adjusting for consumption of other vegetables, age, sex, race/ethnicity, tobacco use, and caffeine.

Results

PD was inversely associated with consumption of all edible Solanaceae combined (relative risk [RR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.65–1.01 per time per day), but not consumption of all other vegetables combined (RR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.92–1.10). The trend strengthened when we weighted edible Solanaceae by nicotine concentration (ptrend = 0.004). An inverse association was also evident for peppers specifically (ptrend = 0.005). The potentially protective effect of edible Solanaceae largely occurred in men and women who had never used tobacco or who had smoked cigarettes <10 years.

Interpretation

Dietary nicotine or other constituents of tobacco and peppers may reduce PD risk. However, confirmation and extension of these findings are needed to strengthen causal inferences that could suggest possible dietary or pharmaceutical interventions for PD prevention. Ann Neurol 2013;74:472–477
Numerical and experimental study of steam‐water two‐phase flow through steam jet pump
Authors: Shah Ajmal , Khan Alamdar Hussain , Chughtai Imran Rafiq , Inayat Mansoor Hameed
Published: May 2013

The Steam Jet Pump (SJP) is the most suitable pump for pumping radioactive and hazardous liquids because of its mechanical simplicity, no maintenance, low cost, easy construction, no leakage, simple control, and so on. The only problem with the SJP is the complexity in the transport phenomena involved in it. In this study, the void fraction in the mixing section has been measured experimentally through gamma‐ray densitometry technique, and the flow through the SJP was simulated numerically. The reported numerical study of the SJP is very limited because of the complexity of the problem. In this work, three‐dimensional steady state numerical simulations of the SJP were carried out using the Shah Direct‐Contact Condensation (DCC) model developed previously. The experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) results of void fraction have been compared at different steam inlet pressure, and it was found that they match closely with each other. The transport phenomena in the SJP were explained using the CFD results of condensation heat transfer coefficient, steam plume shape, radial temperature distributions, and contours of static pressure and steam density. This study helps in validating the Shah direct‐contact condensation model and providing valuable information about the transport phenomena occurring within the mixing section of the SJP. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Bloodmeal/Linear Low‐density Polyethylene Blends Compatibilized with Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polyethylene
Authors: Marsilla K. I. Ku , Verbeek C. J. R.
Published: May 2013

Novatein thermoplastics from bloodmeal (NTP) were blended with linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) using maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PE‐g‐MAH) as compatibilizer. The compatibilizing effect on mechanical, morphology, thermal properties, and water absorption were studied and compared with blends without compatibilizer. The amount of polyethylene added was varied between 20 and 70% in NTP with addition of 10% compatibilizer. An improvement in compatibility between NTP and LLDPE was observed across the entire composition range and the difference were more pronounced at higher NTP contents where the tensile strength of blends was maintained and never dropped below that of pure NTP. Theoretical models were compared to the results to describe mechanical properties. A finely dispersed small particles of NTP in compatibilized blends were observed using SEM. Improved compatibility has restricted chain movement resulting in slightly elevated Tg revealed by DMA. On the other hand, water absorption of the hydrophilic NTP has been decreased when blending with hydrophobic LLDPE. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1890–1897, 2013
Acute Vibration Induces Transient Expression of Anabolic Genes in the Murine Intervertebral Disc
Authors: McCann Matthew R. , Patel Priya , Beaucage Kim L. , Xiao Yizhi , Bacher Corey , Siqueira Walter L. , Holdsworth David W. , Dixon S. Jeffrey , Séguin Cheryle A.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Low‐amplitude whole‐body vibration has been adopted for the treatment of back pain and spinal disorders. However, there is limited knowledge of the impact of vibration on the intervertebral disc (IVD). This study was undertaken to examine the effects of acute vibration on anabolic and catabolic pathways in the IVD and to characterize the dependence of these changes on time and frequency.

Methods

Custom‐designed platforms were developed to apply acute vibration to ex vivo and in vivo mouse models. Spinal segments (ex vivo) or mice (in vivo) were subjected to vibration (for 30 minutes at 15–90 Hz with peak acceleration at 0.3g), and IVDs were examined at specific time points after vibration. Gene expression was quantified using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and protein levels were examined by quantitative mass spectrometry and immunofluorescence.

Results

In the ex vivo model, acute vibration at 15 Hz induced expression of anabolic genes (aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, type I collagen, and Sox9) and suppressed expression of Mmp13, with the most pronounced changes detected 6 hours following vibration. These beneficial effects were frequency dependent and were no longer evident between 45 and 90 Hz. In vivo, the effects on anabolic gene expression were even more robust and were accompanied by decreased expression of Adamts4, Adamts5, and Mmp3. Moreover, significant increases in the protein levels of aggrecan, biglycan, decorin, and type I collagen were detected in vivo.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate dramatic anabolic effects of acute vibration on IVD tissue, responses that are dependent on frequency. The similarity of the in vivo and ex vivo responses indicates that at least some effects of vibration are tissue autonomous.
Brief Report: Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Is Associated With Clinical and Autoantibody Phenotypes in Juvenile Myositis
Authors: Shah Mona , Targoff Ira N. , Rice Madeline M. , Miller Frederick W. , Rider Lisa G. ,   with the Childhood Myositis Heterogeneity Collaborative Study Group
Published: May 2013

Objective

Genetic and environmental factors may contribute to the etiology of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs), which are systemic autoimmune diseases that are characterized by muscle and skin inflammation. We undertook this study to investigate the association between ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and the clinical and autoantibody expression of juvenile IIM.

Methods

The relationship between UVR exposure in the month before symptom onset and the prevalence of juvenile dermatomyositis (DM), compared to juvenile polymyositis (PM), was assessed in 298 juvenile IIM patients. Among the patients with juvenile DM, the association between UVR exposure and presence of myositis autoantibodies was assessed. Regression models were stratified by sex and race. The association between the regional UV index in US geoclimatic zones and the clinical and autoantibody subgroups was examined by weighted least squares regression analysis.

Results

Among girls in this population, the odds of having juvenile DM, compared to juvenile PM, increased per unit increase in the patients' highest UV index in the month before symptom onset (odds ratio [OR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval 1.00–1.40). Moreover, both the mean and highest UV indices were associated with increasing odds of having anti‐p155/140 autoantibodies, with the strongest odds in white males (ORs of 1.30 and 1.23, respectively). No association was observed between the UV index and presence of anti‐MJ autoantibodies or lack of any myositis autoantibodies. Across all 9 US geoclimatic regions, the mean UV index was associated with increasing odds of having juvenile DM and anti‐p155/140 autoantibodies, but decreasing odds of having anti‐MJ autoantibodies.

Conclusion

Short‐term UVR exposure prior to illness onset may have a role in the clinical and serologic expression of juvenile myositis. Further research examining the mechanisms of action of UVR in the pathogenesis of juvenile IIM is suggested from these findings.
Synchronisation of systems with individual dynamics by static networked controllers
Authors: Lunze Jan
Published: May 2013

The paper deals with the synchronisation of subsystems that have individual linear dynamics. To formulate the basic condition under which the subsystems can be synchronised, the notion of system intersection is introduced. Subsystems can be synchronised by an appropriate controller only if their dynamics have a non‐empty intersection, which acts as a virtual reference system. The paper describes an algorithm for determining the maximum intersection of linear systems and gives an explicit relation for the initial state in dependence upon the subsystem initial states, for which the virtual reference system generates the synchronous trajectory.
Adaptive Compensation of Contact‐Induced Vibration in High Density HDD Servo Systems Using Phase Lead Peak Filter Method
Authors: Xu Jian‐Xin , Huang Deqing , Venkataramanan Venkatakrishnan , Huynh The Cat Tuong
Published: May 2013

In this paper, a phase lead peak filter (PLPF) design method is adopted to adaptively compensate for high frequency contact‐induced vibration (CIV) in hard disk drive (HDD) servo systems. Based on the prior investigation of CIV, a baseline feedback controller is first employed to stabilize the servo loop, and then add‐on peak filters are connected in parallel with the baseline controller to further suppress the vibrations in the high frequency range. The proposed CIV compensation scheme has a simple control structure, is capable of dealing with multiple vibration modes that may not be within the bandwidth of open‐loop transfer function, and is robust to the change of CIV in frequency and magnitude. The performance of the proposed method in CIV compensation is validated by simulation and experiment.
Lipids from yeasts and fungi: Tomorrow's source of biodiesel?
Authors: Meeuwse Petra , Sanders Johan P.M. , Tramper Johannes , Rinzema Arjen
Published: May 2013

In the search for new transport fuels from renewable resources, biodiesel from microbial lipids comes into view. We have evaluated the lipid yield and energy use of a process for production of biodiesel from agricultural waste using lipid‐accumulating yeast and fungi. We included different bioreactors for submerged and solid‐state fermentation in our evaluation. Using existing kinetic models, we predict lipid yields on substrate between 5% and 19% (w/w), depending on the culture system. According to the same models, improvement of the yield to 25–30% (w/w) is possible, for example by genetic modification of the micro‐organisms. The net energy ratio of the non‐optimized systems varies between 0.8 and 2.5 MJ produced per MJ used; energy use for pre‐treatment and for oxygen transfer are most important. For the optimized systems, the net energy ratio increases to 2.9–5.5 MJ produced per MJ used, which can compete very well with other biofuels such as bioethanol or algal biodiesel. This shows that, although quite some work still has to be done, microbial lipids have the potential to be tomorrow's source of biodiesel. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Comparison of release and penetration of tacrolimus ointment reference and trial formulation after dermal application to pigs by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ma Lifang , Wang Xiting , Fu Zhengyan , Sun Aimin , Gao Bo
Published: May 2013

To investigate the consistency and bioequivalence of tacrolimus ointment reference and trial formulation, the tacrolimus concentrations in blood and skin were determined by HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS following topical application of two kinds of ointment in porcine skin in a parallel, cross‐over trial. The plasma protein of blood was precipitated by acetonitrile and the tacrolimus in skin was extracted by acetonitrile before HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS analysis. The internal calibration method (diazepam was the internal standard) was used for quantification analysis (R2 > 0.9999), with linear range from 0.05 to 5 ng/mL for blood samples and from 1 to 200 ng/mL for skin samples. The limits of detection for the porcine blood and skin were 0.005 and 0.5 ng/mL, respectively. The average recoveries for the porcine blood and skin spiked at three levels were 97.56–109.53 and 96.48–103.57%, respectively. The precision expressed in RSDs was from 3.43 to 10.83% for porcine blood and from 3.10 to 8.69% for porcine skin. For the same pig, the tacrolimus concentrations and variation with time of the two kinds of ointment in porcine skin were similar, although variation occurred with different individuals. These results showed that the release and penetration of tacrolimus from the reference and trial formulation are similar. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IKZF1 deletion is associated with a poor outcome in pediatric B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Japan
Authors: Asai Daisuke , Imamura Toshihiko , Suenobu So‐ichi , Saito Akiko , Hasegawa Daiichiro , Deguchi Takao , Hashii Yoshiko , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Kawasaki Hirohide , Hori Hiroki , Iguchi Akihiro , Kosaka Yoshiyuki , Kato Koji , Horibe Keizo , Yumura‐Yagi Keiko , Hara Junichi , Oda Megumi
Published: May 2013

Genetic alterations of Ikaros family zinc finger protein 1 (IKZF1), point mutations in Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and overexpression of cytokine receptor‐like factor 2 (CRLF2) were recently reported to be associated with poor outcomes in pediatric B‐cell precursor (BCP)‐ALL. Herein, we conducted genetic analyses of IKZF1 deletion, point mutation of JAK2 exon 16, 17, and 21, CRLF2 expression, the presence of P2RY8‐CRLF2 fusion and F232C mutation in CRLF2 in 202 pediatric BCP‐ALL patients newly diagnosed and registered in Japan Childhood Leukemia Study ALL02 protocol to find out if alterations in these genes are determinants of poor outcome. All patients showed good response to initial prednisolone (PSL) treatment. Ph+, infantile, and Down syndrome–associated ALL were excluded. Deletion of IKZF1 occurred in 19/202 patients (9.4%) and CRLF2 overexpression occurred in 16/107 (15.0%), which are similar to previous reports. Patients with IKZF1 deletion had reduced event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) compared to those in patients without IKZF1 deletion (5‐year EFS, 62.7% vs. 88.8%, 5‐year OS, 71.8% vs. 90.2%). Our data also showed significantly inferior 5‐year EFS (48.6% vs. 84.7%, log rank P = 0.0003) and 5‐year OS (62.3% vs. 85.4%, log rank P = 0.009) in NCI‐HR patients (n = 97). JAK2 mutations and P2RY8‐CRLF2 fusion were rarely detected. IKZF1 deletion was identified as adverse prognostic factor even in pediatric BCP‐ALL in NCI‐HR showing good response to PSL.
Stereodynamics of Nitrogen Chiral Centers in aza‐β3‐Cyclodipeptides
Authors: Le Grel Philippe , Asprogenidi Aikaterini , Huez Philippe , Le Grel Barbara , Salaün Arnaud , Roisnel Thierry , Potel Michel , Rasti Elham , Hocquet Alexandre
Published: May 2013

The present work is devoted to the synthesis, conformational analysis, and stereodynamic study of aza‐β3‐cyclodipeptides. This pseudopeptidic ring shows E/Z hydrazide bond isomerism, eight‐membered ring conformation, and chirotopic nitrogen atoms, all of which are elements that are prone to modulate the ring shape. The (E,E) twist boat conformation observed in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction is also the ground conformation in solution, and emerges as the lowest in energy when using quantum chemical calculations. The relative configuration associated with ring chirality and with the two nitrogen chiral centers is governed by steric crowding and adopts the (P)SNSN/(M)RNRN combination which projects side chains in equatorial position. The nitrogen pyramidal inversion (NPI) at the two chiral centers is correlated with the ring reversal. The process is significantly hindered as was shown by VT‐NMR experiments run in C2D2Cl4, which did not make it possible to determine the barrier to inversion. Finally, these findings make it conceivable to resolve enantiomers of aza‐β3‐cyclodipeptides by modulating the backbone decoration appropriately. Chirality 25:341–349, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optimization of Triazine Nitriles as Rhodesain Inhibitors: Structure–Activity Relationships, Bioisosteric Imidazopyridine Nitriles, and X‐ray Crystal Structure Analysis with Human Cathepsin L
Authors: Ehmke Veronika , Winkler Edwin , Banner David W. , Haap Wolfgang , Schweizer W. Bernd , Rottmann Matthias , Kaiser Marcel , Freymond Céline , Schirmeister Tanja , Diederich François
Published: May 2013

The cysteine protease rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei parasites causing African sleeping sickness has emerged as a target for the development of new drug candidates. Based on a triazine nitrile moiety as electrophilic headgroup, optimization studies on the substituents for the S1, S2, and S3 pockets of the enzyme were performed using structure‐based design and resulted in inhibitors with inhibition constants in the single‐digit nanomolar range. Comprehensive structure–activity relationships clarified the binding preferences of the individual pockets of the active site. The S1 pocket tolerates various substituents with a preference for flexible and basic side chains. Variation of the S2 substituent led to high‐affinity ligands with inhibition constants down to 2 nM for compounds bearing cyclohexyl substituents. Systematic investigations on the S3 pocket revealed its potential to achieve high activities with aromatic vectors that undergo stacking interactions with the planar peptide backbone forming part of the pocket. X‐ray crystal structure analysis with the structurally related enzyme human cathepsin L confirmed the binding mode of the triazine ligand series as proposed by molecular modeling. Sub‐micromolar inhibition of the proliferation of cultured parasites was achieved for ligands decorated with the best substituents identified through the optimization cycles. In cell‐based assays, the introduction of a basic side chain on the inhibitors resulted in a 35‐fold increase in antitrypanosomal activity. Finally, bioisosteric imidazopyridine nitriles were studied in order to prevent off‐target effects with unselective nucleophiles by decreasing the inherent electrophilicity of the triazine nitrile headgroup. Using this ligand, the stabilization by intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the thioimidate intermediate, formed upon attack of the catalytic cysteine residue, compensates for the lower reactivity of the headgroup. The imidazopyridine nitrile ligand showed excellent stability toward the thiol nucleophile glutathione in a quantitative in vitro assay and fourfold lower cytotoxicity than the parent triazine nitrile.
Individual and geographic disparities in human papillomavirus types 16/18 in high‐grade cervical lesions
Authors: Niccolai Linda M. , Russ Chelsea , Julian Pamela J. , Hariri Susan , Sinard John , Meek James I. , McBride Vanessa , Markowitz Lauri E. , Unger Elizabeth R. , Hadler James L. , Sosa Lynn E.
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

Current vaccines protect against 2 human papillomavirus (HPV) types, HPV 16 and 18, which are associated with 70% of cervical cancers and 50% of high‐grade cervical lesions. HPV type distribution was examined among women with high‐grade lesions by individual and area‐based measures of race, ethnicity, and poverty.

METHODS

This analysis included 832 women aged 18 to 39 years reported to a surveillance registry in Connecticut during 2008 to 2010. Diagnostic specimens were obtained for HPV DNA testing. Individual measures were obtained from surveillance reports, medical records, and patient interviews. Cases were geocoded to census tracts and linked to area‐based measures of race, ethnicity, and poverty. Statistical analysis included use of generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS

Overall, 44.8% of women had HPV 16/18. In a multivariate model controlled for confounding by age and diagnosis grade, black race (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR] = 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34‐0.88), Hispanic ethnicity (aPR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40‐0.88), and higher area‐based poverty (aPR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40‐0.87) were associated with a lower likelihood of HPV 16/18 positivity. Black and Hispanic women were less likely to have HPV 16/18 than white women across all levels of area‐based measures.

CONCLUSIONS

Black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and higher area‐based poverty are salient predictors of lower HPV 16/18 positivity among women with high‐grade cervical lesions. These data suggest that HPV vaccines might have lower impact among black and Hispanic women and those living in high poverty areas. These findings have implications for vaccine impact monitoring, vaccination programs, and new vaccine development. Cancer 2013;119:3052—3058. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
One‐pot Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 from Self‐Assembled Sol Particles and Its Application as Mesoscopic Photoanodes of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Min , Yan Keyou , Han Wei , Yang Shihe
Published: May 2013

A facile one‐pot synthetic strategy is developed to prepare a class of highly crystalline TiO2 materials with uniform mesoporous structure and good thermal stability. The synthesis intricately combines the advantages of the Stöber, surfactant‐templated, and hydrothermal methods. The mesopore sizes are well controlled by adjusting the ratio of hydrolysis inhibitor to TiO2 precursor. DSSC testing results highlights the importance of specific surface area and mesopore size to the cell performance. The DSSC based on the optimized mesoporous TiO2 photoanode reached over 8.3 % power conversion efficiency. It is revealed that electron lifetime is greatly increased because of the confinement effect of the uniform mesoporous structure associated with the photoanode. Electron transport is also accelerated as a result of the highly connected crystalline structure for electron transport. Electron diffusion length on the optimized photoanode is about 2.3 times larger than that in a photoanode of Degussa P25 .
Corporate Social Performance and Stakeholder Dialogue Management
Authors: Agudo‐Valiente José M. , Garcés‐Ayerbe Concepción , Salvador‐Figueras Manuel
Published: May 2013

This study analyses how firms act with regard to social responsibility from the perspective of Stakeholder Theory. The objective is to empirically analyse the importance of communication with stakeholders for social responsibility. This involves the establishment of a structural equation model that enables analysis of the empirical relationship between firms' degree of communication with stakeholders and the effectiveness of their corporate social responsibility, measured by corporate social performance (CSP). We adopt a Bayesian approach that enables exact inferences concerning the model's parameters and handles missing data by random imputations, thus increasing the study's reliability. The results obtained from a sample of 416 Spanish organisations show the importance of interacting and establishing channels of communication with different stakeholders in order to identify their specific demands and expectations. Indeed, communication with stakeholders helps firms to improve their CSP programmes and activities. We can thus conclude that failure to establish good communication channels could have a negative effect on social responsibility. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
incorporating dimensions into the classification of eating disorders: Three models and their implications for research and clinical practice
Authors: Wildes Jennifer E. , Marcus Marsha D.
Published: May 2013

Objective:

Given renewed interest in dimensional approaches in psychiatric nosology, we review evidence for the utility of including dimensions of eating disorder (ED) psychopathology, comorbid psychopathology, and neurobiology in the classification of EDs.

Method:

We searched on‐line databases and reference lists of published papers for articles on dimensional methods in psychiatric classification, with an emphasis on EDs.

Results:

ED classification may be enhanced by including dimensional assessments. Specifically, some ED features appear to exist on a continuum with normality, and dimensional measures of ED severity are likely to have utility in clinical contexts. Furthermore, accumulating data support the validity of ED classification schemes that incorporate dimensions of comorbid psychopathology. Finally, neurobiological dimensions have gained increasing notice across the psychiatric literature and may be particularly salient to the classification of EDs.

Discussion:

An approach to ED classification that incorporates multiple dimensional measures may have the greatest utility for advancing ED treatment. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:396–403)
Psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders
Authors: Keel Pamela K. , Forney K. Jean
Published: May 2013

Objective:

One goal in identifying psychosocial risk factors is to discover opportunities for intervention. The purpose of this review is to examine psychosocial risk factors for disordered eating, placing research findings in the larger context of how etiological models for eating disorders can be transformed into models for intervention.

Method:

A qualitative literature review was conducted focusing on psychological and social factors that increase the risk for developing eating disorders, with an emphasis on well‐replicated findings from prospective longitudinal studies.

Results:

Epidemiological, cross‐cultural, and longitudinal studies underscore the importance of the idealization of thinness and resulting weight concerns as psychosocial risk factors for eating disorders. Personality factors such as negative emotionality and perfectionism contribute to the development of eating disorders but may do so indirectly by increasing susceptibility to internalize the thin ideal or by influencing selection of peer environment. During adolescence, peers represent self‐selected environments that influence risk.

Discussion:

Peer context may represent a key opportunity for intervention, as peer groups represent the nexus in which individual differences in psychological risk factors shape the social environment and social environment shapes psychological risk factors. Thus, peer‐based interventions that challenge internalization of the thin ideal can protect against the development of eating pathology. © 2013 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:433–439)
An Immunosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of 1‐Pyrenebutyric Acid with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance Based on a Graphene‐Ionic Liquid Doped Chitosan Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Shuangjie Xu , He Xu , Jianshe Liu
Published: May 2013

This paper describes a highly sensitive and label‐free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of 1‐pyrenebutyric acid (PBA) which is based on a graphene (GS), chitosan (CS), and ionic liquid (IL) composite modified glassy carbon electrode (GS‐CS‐IL/GCE). The modification process was monitored by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Due to the synergistic effects of GS, CS, and IL, the biosensor exhibits excellent selectivity to PBA. The current response of the proposed immunosensor decreases linearly at two concentration ranges from 0.01 to 5 and from 5 to 150 ng mL−1 with a detection limit of 0.01 ng mL−1.
Nanothin Polyaniline Film for Highly Sensitive Chemiresistive Gas Sensing
Authors: Srinives Sira , Sarkar Tapan , Mulchandani Ashok
Published: May 2013

This study developed a facile technique for site‐specific synthesis of nanometer‐thick polyaniline (PANI) film for fabrication of field‐effect transistor/chemiresistor sensors. The nanothin film had a thickness of 9–20 nm and was of carpet‐like morphology offering a highly accessible surface geometry that enhanced gas adsorption and promoted surface reaction/interaction. When applied for sensing of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), the performance of the nanothin film device was comparable to that of a 1‐dimensional (1‐D) nanostructure, with a great advantage in ease of processing. Sensing mechanism study indicated electrostatic gating as the dominating mode of sensing.
GelatinnZn(CF3SO3)2 Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Alves Raquel D. , Rodrigues Luísa C. , Andrade Juliana R. , Fernandes Mariana , Pinto Joana V. , Pereira Luís , Pawlicka Agnieszka , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira , de Zea Bermudez Verónica , Silva Maria Manuela
Published: May 2013

The present work is focused on gelatin‐based electrolytes doped with a range of concentration of zinc triflate (Zn(CF3SO3)2). The transparent‐thin‐film samples have been represented by the notation GelatinnZn(CF3SO3)2, where n represents the zinc triflate salt concentration in the electrolyte membranes from 0.00 wt% to 10.93 wt% . The samples have been characterized by conductivity measurements, thermal analysis, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), polarized optical microscopy (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The gelatin‐based electrolytes were also tested as ionic conductors in electrochromic devices with the glass/ITO/WO3/gelatin‐based electrolyte/CeO2‐TiO2/ITO/glass configuration.
Electrochemical Investigations of the Anticancer Drug Idarubicin Using Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Modified Glassy Carbon and Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes
Authors: Kurbanoglu Sevinc , Dogan‐Topal Burcu , Uslu Bengi , Can Alp , Ozkan Sibel A.
Published: May 2013

The effect of surface modifications on the electrochemical behavior of the anticancer drug idarubicin was studied at multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon and edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The surface morphology of the modified electrodes was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The modified electrodes were constructed for the determination of idarubicin using adsorptive stripping differential pulse voltammetry. The experimental parameters such as supporting electrolyte, pH, accumulation time and potential, amount of carbon nanotubes for the sensitive assay of idarubicin were studied as details. Under the optimized conditions, idarubicin gave a linear response in the range 9.36×10−8–1.87×10−6 M for modified glassy carbon and 9.36×10−8–9.36×10−7 M for modified edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes. The detection limits were found as 1.87×10−8 M and 3.75×10−8 M based on modified glassy carbon and edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes, respectively. Interfering species such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, and aspirin showed no interference with the selective determination of idarubicin. The analyzing method was fully validated and successfully applied for the determination of idarubicin in its pharmaceutical dosage form. The possible oxidation mechanism of idarubicin was also discussed. The results revealed that the modified electrodes showed an obvious electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of idarubicin by a remarkable enhancement in the current response compared with bare electrodes.
Chemical variability and antioxidant activity of Eryngium maritimum L. essential oils from Corsica and Sardinia
Authors: Darriet Florent , Andreani Stéphane , De Cian Marie‐Cécile , Costa Jean , Muselli Alain
Published: May 2013

The chemical compositions of Corsican and Sardinian Eryngium maritimum L. essential oils were investigated using column chromatography, gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in electron impact mode. Sixty‐three compounds were identified accounting for 85.8–95.7% of the total amount. With germacrene D (13.7–45.9%), three uncommon oxygenated sesquiterpenes, 4βH‐cadin‐9‐en‐15‐al (18.4–27.6%), 4βH‐cadin‐9‐en‐15‐ol (2.2–14.3%) and 4βH‐muurol‐9‐en‐15‐al (4.3–9.3%), were identified as main components of the essential oils obtained from the plant aerial parts. Relative to these, essential oils from the roots differed drastically with high contents of 2,4,5‐trimethylbenzaldehyde (39.8%), 2,3,6‐trimethylbenzaldehyde (29.0%) and α‐muurolene (23.5%). The chemical variability of Corsican and Sardinian E. maritimum essential oils was studied using statistical analysis. A direct correlation between the island of origin of the sample essential oils and their chemical compositions was assessed. Corsican essential oils exhibited higher amounts of hydrocarbon terpenes than Sardinian samples. Relative to other Eryngium species, Corsican and Sardinian E. maritimum essential oils exhibited original compositions with sesquiterpene aldehydes. These compounds, together with total essential oil, were tested for antioxidant properties using the DPPH and ABTS radical‐scavenging activity tests. No meaningful activity could be attributed to sesquiterpene aldehydes and the corresponding alcohols but the total essential oil and the oxygenated fraction of E. maritimum both demonstrated strong antioxidant properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Major bioactivities and mechanism of action of essential oils and their components
Authors: Saad Nizar Y. , Muller Christian D. , Lobstein Annelise
Published: May 2013

Essential oils are gaining increasing interest for their antimicrobial and antiviral properties, as well as for their preventive and therapeutic actions against many human pathologies. Herein, we present an overview on new discoveries in essential oil research, discussing antimicrobial activity, as well as immunomodulatory, anti‐apoptotic, anti‐angiogenic and anti‐tumoural properties. In addition, we emphasize recent advances in the identification of bioactive components and understanding of their mechanism of action. We discuss their molecular diversity and wide spectrum of activity as well as their structure–activity relationships and capability of targeting paradoxical responses triggered by different genes and pathways. Finally, we emphasize the effort required to isolate and identify the bioactive components of essential oils and to determine their cytotoxicity as their specificity. Thus, new approaches to specifically address bioactive components to selected targets could enhance the latter property in order to accommodate any cytotoxicity towards dysfunctioning loci. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting Recessions with Factor Linear Dynamic Harmonic Regressions
Authors: Bujosa Marcos , García‐Ferrer Antonio , de Juan Aránzazu
Published: May 2013

We propose a new framework for building composite leading indicators for the Spanish economy using monthly targeted predictors and small‐scale dynamic factor models. Our leading indicator index, based on the low‐frequency components of four monthly economic variables, is able to predict the onset of the Spanish recessions as well as the gross domestic product (GDP) growth cycles and classical industrial production cycles, both historically and in real time. Also, our leading indicator provides substantial aid in forecasting annual and quarterly GDP growth rates. Using only real data available at the beginning of each forecast period, our indicator one‐step‐ahead forecasts shows substantial improvements over other alternatives. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of continental configuration on mantle heat loss
Authors: Cooper C. M. , Moresi L.‐N. , Lenardic A.
Published: May 2013

Two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) simulations are used to explore the effects of continental distribution on mantle convection. In both 2D and 3D, at total surface areas < 50%, internal temperature is weakly sensitive to continental configuration. Mantle heat flux values show mild variations with changing configuration. In 3D, at total continental area > 50%, the dependence of mantle heat loss on continental configuration becomes stronger. Mantle temperature continues to increase with total continental area but now varies by 5%–7% with changing configurations. When distributed, continents can cause flow patterns to become locked. This leads to significant variations in mantle temperature below continental and oceanic regions. This differs from the expectation that supercontinents would preferentially lead to large lateral variations in mantle temperatures and suggests that insulation‐induced thermal anomalies could exist below continents today if they have remained fixed relative to mantle flow (e.g., Africa).
Tuning Photoswitchable Dual‐Color Fluorescence from Core‐Shell Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Lv Yi , Liu Heng , Zhao Baoming , Tian Zhiyuan , Li Alexander D. Q.
Published: May 2013

Core‐shell polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) containing photoswitchable spiropyrans (SP) and spirooxazines (SO) within the cores were fabricated. Fluorescence photoswitching studies revealed that the substituent groups on the photochromic SP/SO structures exerted significant influence on the fluorescence photoswitching behaviors of the as‐prepared polymeric NPs, such as the reversibly interchangeable fluorescence color and the photoswitching kinetics. The electron‐releasing and electron‐withdrawing abilities of the substituent groups are believed to play important roles in controlling the electron configuration of the photochromic component and therefore be responsible for the tunable dual‐color photoswitching performance.
Photoswitching Emission with Rhodamine Spiroamides for Super‐resolution Fluorescence nanoscopies
Authors: Belov Vladimir N. , Bossi Mariano L.
Published: May 2013

Spatial resolution in far‐field fluorescence microscopy is limited by diffraction to about 200 nm. With the aid of photoswitchable fluorophores, the diffraction barrier has been successfully overcome, allowing unprecedented resolution in the order of single biomolecules. The imaging process demands markers with strict and reliable control of the switching, to keep most of the markers in a non‐emissive state most of the time and to bring a tiny number back to an emissive state, and detection at the single‐molecule level. Herein, we describe the use of rhodamine spiroamides with unique photophysical properties as molecular probes for super‐resolution techniques based on the localization of single emitters. This family of photochromic and fluorescent compounds fulfils the stringent requirements for such imaging methods; these compounds are robust and capable of enduring single‐molecule detection in diverse environments. This has allowed meaningful images with resolution down to a few nanometres. Their design, synthesis and implementation is discussed along with imaging applications in material and life sciences.
Distance‐Dependent Electronic Interactions Across DNA Base Pairs: Charge Transport, Exciton Coupling, and Energy Transfer
Authors: Lewis Frederick D.
Published: May 2013

The π‐stacked bases of B‐DNA constitute a helical ruler present nowhere else in nature. When two chromophores are placed at the ends of a base‐pair domain with fixed orientations of their transition dipole moments, insertion of an additional base pair between the chromophores increases the distance between the chromophores by ca. 3.4 Å and the angle between their transition dipoles by ca. 36°. The consequences of these changes on the dynamics and efficiency of photoinduced charge transport and upon exciton‐coupled circular dichroism and fluorescence resonance energy transfer are discussed.
A comparison of parathyroid hormone-related protein (1-36) and parathyroid hormone (1-34) on markers of bone turnover and bone density in postmenopausal women: The PrOP study
Authors: Horwitz Mara J , Augustine Marilyn , Kahn Leila , Martin Emily , Oakley Christine C , Carneiro Raquel M , Tedesco Mary Beth , Laslavic Angela , Sereika Susan M , Bisello Alessandro , Garcia-Ocaña Adolfo , Gundberg Caren M , Cauley Jane A , Stewart Andrew F
Published: May 2013

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP)(1-36) increases lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral density (BMD), acting as an anabolic agent when injected intermittently, but it has not been directly compared with parathyroid hormone (PTH)(1-34). We performed a 3-month randomized, prospective study in 105 postmenopausal women with low bone density or osteoporosis, comparing daily subcutaneous injections of PTHrP(1-36) to PTH(1-34). Thirty-five women were randomized to each of three groups: PTHrP(1-36) 400 µg/day; PTHrP(1-36) 600 µg/day; and PTH(1-34) 20 µg/day. The primary outcome measures were changes in amino-terminal telopeptides of procollagen 1 (PINP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptides of collagen 1 (CTX). Secondary measures included safety parameters, 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D, and BMD. The increase in bone resorption (CTX) by PTH(1-34) (92%) (p < 0.005) was greater than for PTHrP(1-36) (30%) (p < 0.05). PTH(1-34) also increased bone formation (PINP) (171%) (p < 0.0005) more than either dose of PTHrP(1-36) (46% and 87%). The increase in PINP was earlier (day 15) and greater than the increase in CTX for all three groups. LS BMD increased equivalently in each group (p < 0.05 for all). Total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) BMD increased equivalently in each group but were only significant for the two doses of PTHrP(1-36) (p < 0.05) at the TH and for PTHrP(1-36) 400 (p < 0.05) at the FN. PTHrP(1-36) 400 induced mild, transient (day 15) hypercalcemia. PTHrP(1-36) 600 required a dose reduction for hypercalcemia in three subjects. PTH(1-34) was not associated with hypercalcemia. Each peptide induced a marked biphasic increase in 1,25(OH)2D. Adverse events (AE) were similar among the three groups. This study demonstrates that PTHrP(1-36) and PTH(1-34) cause similar increases in LS BMD. PTHrP(1-36) also increased hip BMD. PTH(1-34) induced greater changes in bone turnover than PTHrP(1-36). PTHrP(1-36) was associated with mild transient hypercalcemia. Longer-term studies using lower doses of PTHrP(1-36) are needed to define both the optimal dose and full clinical benefits of PTHrP. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. © 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Dual periodicities in the flapping of Saturn's magnetodisk
Authors: Szego K. , Nemeth Z. , Foldy L. , Cowley S. W. H. , Provan G.
Published: May 2013

In this report, we modify the model of Arridge et al. (2011) which was proposed to describe the shape of the magnetodisk of Saturn and its north‐south oscillations near the planetary rotation period. The modification is based on the recent results of Provan et al. (2011, 2012) and Andrews et al. (2012), who have shown that the magnetic modulations near the current sheet exhibit dual periodicities, and derived magnetic phase functions for the northern and southern period modulations from the magnetic field data. Using a modified model in which the effects of both modulations are included, specifically related to the modulations of the radial component of the magnetic field, we show that the oscillations can be modeled without the use of an arbitrarily assigned oscillation phase value as employed in the previous work of Szego et al. (2012). In addition, the best fit amplitudes of the two oscillations are found to be nearly constant for a majority of the magnetodisk data analyzed, such that a single model with one fixed parameter fits well to the data for a majority of the passes.
Coseismic and postseismic slip associated with the 2010 Maule Earthquake, Chile: Characterizing the Arauco Peninsula barrier effect
Authors: Lin Yu‐nung Nina , Sladen Anthony , Ortega‐Culaciati Francisco , Simons Mark , Avouac Jean‐Philippe , Fielding Eric J. , Brooks Benjamin A. , Bevis Michael , Genrich Jeff , Rietbrock Andreas , Vigny Christophe , Smalley Robert , Socquet Anne
Published: May 2013

Observations of coseismic and postseismic deformation associated with the 2010 Mw = 8.8 Maule earthquake in south‐central Chile provide constraints on the spatial heterogeneities of frictional properties on a major subduction megathrust and how they have influenced the seismic rupture and postseismic effects. We find that the bulk of coseismic slip occurs within a single elongated patch approximately 460 km long and 100 km wide between the depths of 15 and 40 km. We infer three major patches of afterslip: one extends northward along strike and downdip of the major coseismic patch between 40 and 60 km depth; the other two bound the northern and southern ends of the coseismic patch. The southern patch offshore of the Arauco Peninsula is the only place showing resolvable afterslip shallower than 20 km depth. Estimated slip potency associated with postseismic slip in the 1.3 years following the earthquake amounts to 20–30% of that generated coseismically. Our estimates of the megathrust frictional properties show that the Arauco Peninsula area has positive but relatively low (a−b)σn values (0.01 ~ 0.22 MPa), that would have allowed dynamic rupture propagation into this rate‐strengthening area and afterslip. Given the only modestly rate‐strengthening megathrust friction in this region, the barrier effect may be attributed to its relatively large size of the rate‐strengthening patch. Coseismic and postseismic uplift of the Arauco Peninsula exceeds interseismic subsidence since the time of the last major earthquake in 1835, suggesting that coseismic and postseismic deformation has resulted in some permanent strain in the forearc.