bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations of middle ultraviolet emissions in the middle and lower thermosphere: NO, O2, O, and Mg+
Authors: Minschwaner K. , Herceg D. , Budzien S. A. , Dymond K. F. , Fortna C. , McCoy R. P.
Published: October 2007

We present an analysis of day and night limb spectra obtained from the Ionospheric Spectroscopy and Atmospheric Chemistry (ISAAC) satellite instrument in the middle ultraviolet spectral region between 260 and 300 nm. Tangent heights above the Earth's surface range from 81 to 200 km. These spectra contain signatures of daytime fluorescent scattering by nitric oxide in the γ bands, emission by atomic oxygen at 297.2 nm, and fluorescent scattering by ionized magnesium. The night spectra are dominated by the Herzberg bands of molecular oxygen. Our analysis includes retrievals for vertical profile densities of NO and slant column densities of O and Mg+ in the lower thermosphere. We show how these quantities are related to variable inputs of solar soft X‐ray and extreme ultraviolet radiation. The Herzberg band emission is used to constrain the ratio of Herzberg I to Herzberg II band emission and to determine the nighttime vibrational distribution of the excited A3Σu+ state of molecular oxygen.
Electrical and thermal properties of the manganite La0.8Ag0.15MnO3
Authors: Kamilov I. K. , Gamzatov A. G. , Aliev A. M. , Batdalov A. B. , Abdulvagidov Sh. B. , Melnikov O. V. , Gorbenko O. Yu. , Kaul A. R.
Published: October 2007

A comprehensive investigation of the electro- and thermophysical properties of the manganite La0.8Ag0.15MnO3 is carried out over a wide temperature interval (4.2–350K) and in magnetic fields up to 26kOe. It is shown that the colossal magnetoresistance in a magnetic field of 11kOe amounts to 57%, and the effect is maximum at room temperature. The dominant mechanisms of current carrier scattering in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic phases are established. An analysis of the data on the low-temperature heat capacity provides estimates of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, NF=6.82×1024eV−1mol−1, and of the Debye temperature, θD=370K. The results of thermal expansion measurements are used to find the spontaneous magnetostriction. It is found that the phonon mechanism of heat transfer is dominant, and the local Jahn–Teller distortions are considered as the main mechanism of phonon scattering.
Stable and metastable states in iron–manganese pnictides of the system Fea−xMnxAs
Authors: Val’kov V. I. , Golovchan A. V.
Published: October 2007

The first-order magnetic phase transitions of the order–order type induced by magnetic field in the layered antiferromagnetic alloys of the system Fea−xMnxAs are analyzed in the model of itinerant magnetism with allowance for the possible coexistence of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic deformations of the electronic band structure. In the abstraction to a model description of Fea−xMnxAs a single-band energy spectrum is used in which the filling of the band and the electronic density of states are chosen on the basis of first-principles calculations of the nonmagnetic and ferrimagnetic states. It follows from the results of the this analysis that the order–order transitions might be caused by a slight transformation of the electronic density of states and a change of the degree of filling of the magnetically active band. Such changes may be a consequence of thermal fluctuations of the spin density and pressure. The role of pressure and of the magnetostrictive contribution to the order–order transitions is discussed.
Low-temperature field ion microscopy of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ksenofontov V. A. , Gurin V. A. , Gurin I. V. , Kolosenko V. V. , Mikhailovskij I. M. , Sadanov E. V. , Mazilova T. I. , Velikodnaya O. A.
Published: October 2007

The methods of high-resolution field ion microscopy with sample cooling to liquid helium temperature are used in a study of the products of gas-phase catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in the form of graphitized fibers containing carbon nanotubes. Full atomic resolution of the end cap of closed carbon nanotubes is achieved for the first time. It is found that the atomic structure of the tops of the caps of subnanometer carbon tubes consists predominantly of hexagonal rings. A possible reason for the improvement of the resolution of field ion images of nanotubes upon deep cooling is discussed.
Theoretical study of electronic states of N22+ in an intense radiation field
Authors: Jiang Wanyi , Khait Yuriy G. , Hoffmann Mark R.
Published: October 2007

The Floquet states of N22+ created by the interactions of the six lowest singlet (1Σg+1, 1Δg1, 2Σg+1, 1Πu1, 1Πg1, and 1Σu−1) states of the dication with intense (0.4×1013W∕cm2) radiation have been studied using the recently developed multireference configuration interaction method with single and double excitations (MRCISD)-based approach. The adiabatic Floquet state coinciding near its minimum with the initial XΣg+1 ground state and asymptotically correlating with AΠu1 (m=−1), i.e., with one less photon in the dressed state, is expected to be metastable, as is the ground state in the absence of a field, but to support up to the vmax=12 quasibound vibrational level in comparison with vmax=11 in the parent field-free XΣg+1 ground state. The tunneling lifetimes of the highest vibrational levels in this adiabatic Floquet state are predicted to be several orders longer than those in the parent field-free state. Analysis of the complete basis set limit extrapolated MRCISD potential energy curve of the field-free XΣg+1 state of N22+ calculated in the present work (Re=1.130Å, ωe=2011cm−1, ωexe=26.1cm−1) is in good agreement with spectroscopic experimental data. Calculations on the field-free AΠu1 state (Te=12106cm−1, Re=1.252Å, ωe=1438cm−1, ωexe=23.5cm−1) generally support earlier theoretical work and do not support reported experimental values.
Comparison of the analytical and simulation results of the equilibrium beam profile
Authors: Liu Z. J. , Zhu Shao-ping , Cao L. H. , Zheng C. Y.
Published: October 2007

The evolution of high current electron beams in dense plasmas has been investigated by using two-dimensional particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations with immobile ions. It is shown that electron beams are split into many filaments at the beginning due to the Weibel instability, and then different filamentation beams attract each other and coalesce. The profile of the filaments can be described by formulas. Hammer et al. [Phys. Fluids 13, 1831 (1970)] developed a self-consistent relativistic electron beam model that allows the propagation of relativistic electron fluxes in excess of the Alfvén-Lawson critical-current limit for a fully neutralized beam. The equilibrium solution has been observed in the simulation results, but the electron distribution function assumed by Hammer et al. is different from the simulation results.
Time and frequency resolved dynamics of ArBr2
Authors: Cabrera Jose , Bieler Craig R. , McKinney Natalie , van der Veer Wytze E. , Pio Jordan M. , Janda Kenneth , Roncero Octavio
Published: October 2007

We report the first spectroscopic observation of and vibrational predissociation dynamics for ArBr2. Measurements are reported for the linear and T-shaped isomers with time and frequency resolution near the Fourier limit of a 15ps pulse. For the T-shaped isomer, the Ar–Br2 bond energy D0 for the B state, ν′=19, is found to be 200cm−1, yielding a D0(X) value of 213cm−1. Product appearance rates are determined for ν′=16–25 of the B state of ArBr2. While the rate generally increases with increasing vibrational quantum number, the trend is not monotonic. Also, obtaining reproducible rates for any given vibrational level requires very careful control of the experimental conditions. The data suggest that ArBr2 undergoes vibrational predissociation (VP) in the sparse intramolecular vibrational relaxation regime. These observations are consistent with theoretical calculations that show that T-shaped ArBr2 undergoes VP in the sparse regime, such that lifetimes are strongly dependent on both the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. As for ArI2, a linear isomer of ArBr2 is found to contribute a quasicontinuous background to the excitation spectra. Direct excitation of this continuum results in a very broad product vibrational distribution.
Charge-carrier transport in smectic mesophases of biphenyls
Authors: Ohno Akira , Haruyama Akihide , Kurotaki Kensuke , Hanna Jun-ichi
Published: October 2007

The charge-transport properties of ω,ω′-alkylalkoxylbiphenyls, one of the simplest calamitic (rodlike) liquid crystals exhibiting smectic mesophases, were investigated using the time-of-flight experiments. A mobility of ∼10−3 cm2∕V s was determined for holes in both smectic B (SmB) and smectic E (SmE) phases. This high electronic mobility, comparable to the highest mobilities in amorphous organic semiconductors, indicates that the self-organization of such simple molecules including small aromatic compounds is quite effective in enhancing the charge transport in organic materials. The mobilities of both smectic mesophases, however, depend on temperatures, which is not the case for other typical smectic liquid crystals reported previously. Interestingly, the mobility in the SmE phase exhibits a Poole–Frenkel type of field dependence. Detailed experimental studies have shown that this field dependence is not due to the trapping effect of carriers caused by chemical contaminants or structural defects such as domain boundaries and dislocation, but arises from the widely distributed density of states with a distribution width of 0.11–0.13 eV for the SmE phase, as estimated based on a two-dimensional Gaussian disorder model. The phase-specific carrier transport in biphenyls may provide us with unique insights leading to a more complete understanding of the charge carrier transport in the mesophase materials.
Long-wavelength infrared spectra of the bilayer rare-earth manganites Pr1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 and Nd1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7
Authors: Kurnosov V. S. , Pishko V. V. , Tsapenko V. V.
Published: October 2007

The far-IR reflection spectra of single-crystal manganites Pr1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 and Nd1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 are measured in the energy range 50–500cm−1 at temperatures from 10 to 297K. The phonon lines observed in this region are assigned to definite vibrational modes in the approximation of the high-symmetry tetragonal phase I4∕mmm. The Pr1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 crystal exhibits anomalous behavior of the energy of one of the lattice phonons (242cm−1 at room temperature). The temperature dependence of the frequency of the corresponding absorption line has a bend at T≈180K, below which one observes an anomalous softening of this mode. It is conjectured that the crystal can undergo a phase transition to a charge-ordered state, and a mechanism is proposed for the frequency response of the phonon through a variable valence effect of the Pr ions.
Theoretical study of pattern formation during the catalytic oxidation of CO on Pt{100} at low pressures
Authors: Anghel Alexandra T. , Hoyle Rebecca B. , Irurzun Isabel M. , Proctor Michael R. E. , King David A.
Published: October 2007

Theoretical studies have thus far been unable to model pattern formation during the reaction in this system on physically feasible length and time scales. In this paper, we derive a computational reaction-diffusion model for this system in which most of the input parameters have been determined experimentally. We model the surface on a mesoscopic scale intermediate between the microscopic size of CO islands and the macroscopic length scale of pattern formation. In agreement with experimental investigations [M. Eiswirth et al., Z. Phys. Chem., Neue Folge 144, 59 (1985)], the results from our model divide the CO and O2 partial pressure parameter space into three regions defined by the level of CO coverage or the presence of sustained oscillations. We see CO fronts moving into oxygen-covered regions, with the 1×1 to hex phase change occurring at the leading edge. There are also traveling waves consisting of successive oxygen and CO fronts that move into areas of relatively high CO coverage, and in this case, the phase change is more gradual and of lower amplitude. The propagation speed of these reaction waves is similar to those observed experimentally for CO and oxygen fronts [H. H. Rotermund et al., J. Chem. Phys. 91, 4942 (1989); H. H. Rotermund et al., Nature (London) 343, 355 (1990); J. Lauterbach and H. H. Rotermund, Surf. Sci. 311, 231 (1994)]. In the two-dimensional version of our model, the traveling waves take the form of target patterns emitted from surface inhomogeneities.
Substrate temperature changes during molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaMnAs
Authors: Novák V. , Olejník K. , Cukr M. , Smrčka L. , Remeš Z. , Oswald J.
Published: October 2007

Our band gap spectroscopy measurements reveal a remarkably big increase of the substrate temperature during the low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaMnAs layers. With the help of numerical simulations we explain the effect as a consequence of changing absorption/emission characteristics of the growing epilayer. We discuss possibilities for reducing the substrate temperature variations during the growth.
Multifunctional dual-tunable low loss ferrite-ferroelctric heterostructures for microwave devices
Authors: Das Jaydip , Kalinikos Boris A. , Roy Barman Arkajit , Patton Carl E.
Published: October 2007

Oriented barium ferrite (BaM) and polycrystalline ferroelectric barium strontium titanate (BSTO) layered structures have been fabricated by pulsed laser deposition. The 0.5μm thick BaM layer has a saturation induction of 4kG, a uniaxial effective anisotropy field of 16kOe, and a relatively low ferromagnetic resonance linewidth of about 25Oe, values that are indicative of a high quality film. The dielectric constant of the 0.9μm thick BSTO layer drops by a factor of 2 for an applied voltage of 3V.
Analysis of nematode mechanics by piezoresistive displacement clamp
Authors: Park Sung-Jin , Goodman Miriam B. , Pruitt Beth L.
Published: October 2007

Studying animal mechanics is critical for understanding how signals in the neuromuscular system give rise to behavior and how force-sensing organs and sensory neurons work. Few techniques exist to provide forces and displacements appropriate for such studies. To address this technological gap, we developed a metrology using piezoresistive cantilevers as force–displacement sensors coupled to a feedback system to apply and maintain defined load profiles to micrometer-scale animals. We show that this system can deliver forces between 10−8and 10−3N across distances of up to 100 μm with a resolution of 12 nN between 0.1 Hz and 100 kHz. We use this new metrology to show that force–displacement curves of wild-type nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans) are linear. Because nematodes have approximately cylindrical bodies, this finding demonstrates that nematode body mechanics can be modeled as a cylindrical shell under pressure. Little is known about the relative importance of hydrostatic pressure and shell mechanics, however. We show that dissipating pressure by cuticle puncture or decreasing it by hyperosmotic shock has only a modest effect on stiffness, whereas defects in thedpy-5andlon-2genes, which alter body shape and cuticle proteins, decrease and increase stiffness by 25% and 50%, respectively. This initial analysis ofC. elegansbody mechanics suggests that shell mechanics dominates stiffness and is a first step in understanding how body mechanics affect locomotion and force sensing.
A case of scapulothoracic dissociation with brachial plexus injury: magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Lee G. K. , Suh K. J. , Choi J.-A. , Oh H. Y.
Published: October 2007

Scapulothoracic dissociation is defined as violent lateral or rotational displacement of the shoulder girdle from its thoracic attachments with severe neurovascular injury. We describe the radiographic and associated magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of a case of scapulothoracic dissociation with brachial plexus injury in a 17-year-old man, and include a review of the relevant literature.
The silenced war
Authors: Lagnado Alice
Published: October 2007

The world's attention is elsewhere while Chechens suffer at the hands of their own rebels as well as Russian occupying forces
Writing - and rewriting - the Millennium
Authors: Fernandez-Armesto Felipé
Published: October 2007

The contemporary pursuit of the Millennium has returned millenarianism from the wilder fringes of apocalyptic prophecy to the historical mainstream: it has become ordinary, respectable even. But in the interests of a quiet life and good government - democracy, let's say - we should hope to hear a little less of it in coming years
Beyond retribution
Authors: Sheffer Susannah
Published: October 2007

Despite the prevailing sentiment in the USA, not every victim of murder claims revenge: some of the victims' families have learned that death row is no answer to their grief
Flight to Strasbourg
Authors: Maryniak Irena
Published: October 2007

Along with Poland and the Czech Republic, Hungary is in the first wave of central European countries to be admitted into the EU. It hopes to fulfil the 'Copenhagen Criteria' (democratic rights and a functioning market economy) in the next two or three years. But concerns about its treatment of its Roma minority may upset these plans
High political stakes
Authors: Mazower Mark
Published: October 2007

What made the Greeks - and what is unmaking them
Keeping the Fizz in Fanta
Authors: De Waal Alex
Published: October 2007

US POLICY TOWARDS SUDAN AND SOMALIA ALLOWS US TO SEE SOME OF THE WIDER CONSEQUENCES OF 11 SEPTEMBER, ESPECIALLY IN AFRICA
The People Say Yes
Authors: Kuper Simon
Published: October 2007

SLOWLY BUT SURELY, DEMOCRACY IS TAKING ROOT IN AFRICA
And Now, a Message From Our Sponsor
Authors: Callaghan Tony , Jayasekera Rohan
Published: October 2007

BBC FIGURES CLAIMING RECORD-BREAKING AUDIENCE RATINGS FOR SHORTWAVE BROADCASTS TO AFGHANISTAN HAVE GOT THE US PSYOPS TEAMS EXCITED
Don Your Flak Jackets
Authors: Pedelty Mark
Published: October 2007

THE GREATEST BRAVERY A WAR CORRESPONDENT CAN SHOW IS TO REPORT DIFFERENTLY AT A TIME WHEN NEWS CONFORMITY IS THE NORM
Varieties of Unbelief
Authors: Rée Jonathan
Published: October 2007

WE MAY ALL BE ATHEISTS THESE DAYS, BUT THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN BELIEVERS AND UNBELIEVERS IS NOT AS GREAT AS WE MAY LIKE TO THINK
Living the Movies
Authors: Bogoraz Larisa
Published: October 2007

NOT ALL THE CHANGES FROM SOVIET TIMES SEEM ENTIRELY SATISFACTORY TO VETERAN DISSIDENTS
Death in Russia
Authors: Maryniak Irena , Maryniak Irena
Published: October 2007

MEDICINE IS A SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE TREATMENT ONLY OF THE RICH AND FREE. IN RELATION TO EVERYONE ELSE, IT IS MERELY A THEORETICAL SCIENCE DEALING WITH HOW THEY WOULD BE CURED IF THEY WERE RICH AND FREE - NOTES OF A PHYSICAN (NINETEENTH CENTURY)
Cleaning Up
Authors: Politkovskaia Anna , Tait Arch
Published: October 2007

UNDER THE BANNER OF WAR ON TERRORISM, THE RUSSIANS HAVE TAKEN ADVANTAGE OF THE LICENCE TO KILL
Identity, Identity
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: October 2007

THERE ARE MORE WAYS OF SEEING PEOPLE THAN IN THE STRAITJACKET OF RACE, CREED OR WHATEVER WE MEAN BY 'CIVILISATION'. VARIETY IS THE NAME OF THE IDENTITY GAME - AND A SAFER WAY TO GO THAN CONFRONTATION IN THE NAME OF DIFFERENCE
Dodging the First Amendment
Authors: Mariner Joanne
Published: October 2007

PENTAGON WARLORD RICHARD PERLE VOWS TO SUE OVER SUGGESTIONS THAT WAR IS GOOD FOR HIS BUSINESS, BUT LOOKS TO BRITISH COURTS FOR LEGAL ADVANTAGES DENIED HIM IN THE US
Watching From the Sidelines
Authors: Mohammed Abdul , De Waal Alex
Published: October 2007

AFRICA'S REASONS TO FEAR THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE ATTACK ON IRAQ
Fantastical Landscapes
Authors: Macqueen Angus
Published: October 2007

NESTLING IN THE GENTLY ROLLING HILLS OF REMOTE NORTH-WEST ROMANIA IS A MAGICAL LAND THAT TIME FORGOT. BUT NOW THE YOUNGER GENERATION WANT OUT
A Camp in Africa
Authors: Moorehead Caroline
Published: October 2007

AFRICANS MAKE UP 40 PER CENT OF THE WORLD'S REFUGEES, OVER 3 MILLION LIVING IN CAMPS, MOST OF THEM VICTIMS OF WAR AND THE MILITARISATION OF THEIR HOMELANDS
News From Patagonia
Authors: Graham-Yooll Andrew
Published: October 2007

'WE BELIEVE THIS SYSTEM HAS A FUTURE AND THAT COMMUNITY FM IS THE GENUINE MEANS OF EXPRESSION FOR THE POOR AND EXCLUDED IN OUR COUNTRY AND LATIN AMERICA' - NESTOR BUSSO
The Ambivalent Virtues of Mendacity
Authors: Jay Martin
Published: October 2007

HOW EUROPEANS TAUGHT AMERICAN POLITICIANS TO LEARN TO LOVE THEIR LIES
The Big Lie
Authors: Becker Jasper
Published: October 2007

MEMORY AND FORGETTING ARE NOT AN ISSUE IN CHINA: THEY ARE STILL LIVING THE BIG LIE
Cover Up
Authors: Ghoussoub Mai
Published: October 2007

CAN YOU READ AN ARABIC BOOK BY ITS COVER?
In Place of Enlightenment
Authors: Maitland Sara
Published: October 2007

GOD HAS ENTERED THE MAINSTREAM OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND A VARIETY OF FUNDAMENTALISMS ABOUNDS
Speaking for the People: Argentina's Church Now
Authors: Graham-Yooll Andrew
Published: October 2007

THE CATHOLIC HIERARCHY LOOKS BACK WITH SOME EMBARRASSMENT AT ITS ROLE UNDER THE MILITARY, AND YOUNGER PRIESTS BECOME CURIOUS ABOUT THEIR REBEL PREDECESSORS
The Art of Reading in Colour
Authors: Pullman Philip
Published: October 2007

YOU DON'T NEED A BELIEF IN GOD TO HAVE A THEOCRACY: KHOMEINI'S IRAN IS CLOSER TO STALIN'S RUSSIA THAN EITHER WOULD LIKE TO BELIEVE. THE REAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEOCRACIES AND DEMOCRACIES IS THAT THE FORMER DON'T KNOW HOW TO READ
Demonstrations in Russia 1876–1976
Authors: Owen Richard
Published: October 2007

Judge: What don't you like about Article 190?

Khaustov: It abrogates liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.

Judge: Do you believe that all opinions should be freely expressed?

Khaustov: Yes.

Judge: Whatever they are?

Khaustov: Yes, because for every view there is an opposite one.

Moscow Municipal Court, 16 February 1967
Comedy is everywhere
Authors: Kundera Milan
Published: October 2007

Novelist, playwright and short story writer Milan Kundera is one of the many Czech authors who, though they represent the best in their country's contemporary literature, cannot publish their work in Prague. Acclaimed in France, where in 1973 he won a major literary prize for his last but one novel, and published in English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Finnish, Hebrew, Japanese and many other languages, he remains one of the 400 or more writers who are ‘on the index’ in post-invasion, ‘normalised’ Czechoslovakia.

Born in Brno forty-eight years ago, Kundera was until 1969 a professor at the Prague Film Faculty, his students including all the young film makers who were to bring fame to the Czechoslovak cinema in the sixties with such movies as The Firemen's Ball, A Blonde in Love and Closely Observed Trains. In 1960 he published a highly influential essay, ‘The Art of the Novel’. Two years later the National Theatre put on his first play, The Owners of the Keys. Produced by Otomar Kreja, the play was an immediate success and was awarded the State Prize in 1963.

His first novel, The Joke, came out in 1967, being reprinted twice in a matter of months and reaching a total of 116,000 copies. This book, whose appearance was delayed by a long, determined struggle with the censor, opened the way to publication abroad, where Aragon called it one of the greatest novels of the century.

After the Soviet invasion Kundera was forced to leave the faculty, his work was no longer published in Czechoslovakia, all his books being removed from the public libraries. Since then, his works have only come out in translation. Life Is Elsewhere ( see Index 4/1974, pp.53–62) first appeared in Paris in 1973, where it won the Prix Medicis for the best foreign novel of the year. The French version of his latest novel, The Farewell Party, was published last year.

In 1975 Kundera was offered a professorship by the University of Rennes and obtained permission from the Czechoslovak authorities to go to France, which is now his second home.

All his prose works now exist in English translation. (For an appraisal of his work, see Robert C. Porter's article in Index 4/1975, pp.41–6). Unfortunately, The Joke - published by Macdonald in London and Coward McCann in New York in 1969 - was drastically cut without the author's consent, forcing Kundera to write an indignant letter to the Times Literary Supplement, disclaiming all responsibility - an interesting case of a non-political, commercial censorship. The irony of the situation was certainly not lost on the author, who is a master of the genre. His collection of short stories, Laughable Loves ( with a foreword by Philip Roth) and his other two novels have since been published by Knopf, and The Farewell Party has just been brought out by John Murray in London.

This selection of Kundera's stimulating and often provocative views on such topics as the writer in exile, committed literature, the death of the novel, the nature of comedy, and so on, has been compiled by George Theiner.
Is déAtente working?
Authors: et al Andrei Amalrik
Published: October 2007

Earlier this year Index contacted people with special knowledge of Eastern Europe to ascertain their views on détente and its prospects after the Belgrade conference. We have made an analysis of the answers received and print a selection of the longer replies which we believe to hold a special interest for our readers. We have endeavoured to give a fair reflection of our respondents views and to print a selection that is representative of the variety of opinions expressed.
Pulse
Authors: Mezgebe Alem
Published: October 2007

The author of the play from which the excerpt below is taken is an Ethiopian writer and journalist who was born in Asmara (Eritrea) in 1938. After a brief period as a teacher, he worked as translator, feature writer, commentator and disc jockey for Radio Addis Ababa (1957-60). In 1959 he was appointed Private Secretary to the Minister of Information, but had to leave the country two years later, after he had become a spokesman for the Decembrist Movement opposed to Emperor Haile Selassie.

He was not to return home for almost 15 years, during which time he lived in Egypt, Algeria and various European countries, founding and editing underground periodicals in both Amharic and English. He also wrote about Ethiopia for Dutch and Belgian newspapers, and from 1968 to 1974 worked as an editor and announcer on the Amharic Service of Deutsche Welle radio in Germany.

After his return home on the overthrow of the Emperor in 1974, Alem Mezgebe became manager of the Ethiopian Television Service. He was dismissed because of his resistance to interference by the military authorities and, finding himself in danger of his life, he last year went into exile for the second time and now lives and works in London.
Profile: Haroldo Conti
Authors: King John
Published: October 2007

On 5 May 1976 the Argentine writer Haroldo Conti was abducted from his flat in Buenos Aires. He has not been heard of since.
Camara Laye—Involuntary Exile
Authors: Herbstein Denis
Published: October 2007

The sad news of the death of Camara Laye came on 4 February 1980 as this issue of Index went to press. The following interview by Denis Herbstein, a Sunday Times reporter and author of White Man, We Want to Talk to You ( London, 1978), is one of the last times the Guinean novelist talked with a Western journalist. Herbstein noted his ill health, but Camara Laye's resolve remained strong, ‘I shall only go back home when Sékou Touré is no longer president. Even if he rules for a long time …’
At Least 10,000
Authors: Cox Robert
Published: October 2007

Robert Cox has been editor of the English-language Buenos Aires Herald since 1968. While generally sympathetic to the military government, the Herald became well known for its criticism of the methods used against the regime's opponents. Almost alone among the Argentinian press it took up the cases of disappeared prisoners and championed their families.

In December 1979, after a series of threats culminated in a letter to his ten-year-old son, Robert Cox and his family left the country for what they hope will be a brief period of ‘a kind of exile’.
Images of Africa
Authors: Adam M. Mlamali
Published: October 2007

The Press of Africa: Persectuion and Perseverance by Frank Barton Macmillan 285pp £12
Press Hazards
Authors: Plant Roger
Published: October 2007

El Negocio de la Prensa en Guatemala (‘The Press Racket’) by Mario Carpio Nicolle University of San Carlos Guatemala City
Taiwan's dissidents
Authors: Lee Katherine
Published: October 2007

The arrests and trials last spring of publishers, writers and others following the ‘Kaohsiung Incident’ on Human Rights Day, 10 December 1979, have focused international attention on human rights in the ‘other’ Republic of China – the island nation of Taiwan. The recent government crackdown ended a period of intense dissident activity, but in fact the past 30 years in Taiwan have seen several cycles where growing political debate was followed by repression, although in general there has been an easing of government harshness over the years. This article looks at the evolution of political dissent and official responses to it in Taiwan – particularly as these have affected writers and intellectuals.
The South African censor: No change
Authors: Gordimer Nadine
Published: October 2007

On 11 July 1979 Nadine Gordimer's novel Burger's Daughter was banned by the South African Directorate of Publications on the grounds – among others – that the book was a threat to state security. ( Excerpts from the censor's arguments were printed on the back cover of Index on Censorship 1/1980.) After an international outcry the Director of Publications on 1 August 1979 appealed against the decision of his own censorship committee to the Publications Appeal Board. A committee of literary experts was appointed, and a hearing on the appeal was set for 3 October. But the hearing did not take place; in early October 1979 the book was simply released for distribution. Some weeks later a similar pattern was shown in the treatment of André Brink's Afrikaans-language novel A Dry White Season. The book was banned, the censorship board – not the author – appealed against its own decision, and the book was un-banned. In the article which follows, Nadine Gordimer reflects on these events, and on the new censorship policy they herald. Her article was originally a paper presented to a University of Cape Town conference on censorship held in April 1980. It was first published in Critical Arts: A Journal for Media Studies, Vol 1, No 2, June 1980, ( available from the School of Dramatic Art, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg 2001, South Africa). The papers from the censorship conference will be published by David Philip, Capetown.
The girl athlete
Authors: Klíma Ivan , Theiner George
Published: October 2007

A popular novelist and short story writer in the sixties, the Czech writer Ivan Klíma has not been able to publish any of his work in Prague since the cultural freeze that followed the Soviet invasion of 1968. This story (‘ Koulařka’ in Czech original) appeared last year in the second issue of Spektrum, the unofficial magazine put out in typescript by banned Czech authors and printed in London by Index on Censorship.
Profile Juan Carlos Onetti
Authors: Rowe William
Published: October 2007

Juan Carlos Onetti is less known in the English-speaking world than other Latin American authors such as Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Júlio Cortázar or Mario Vargas Llosa. To these writers, however, he is ‘the master’, affectionately regarded as one of the major founders of modern Latin American literature. Born in Montevideo on 1 July 1909, his first short story was published in 1933, winning the prestigious La Prensa prize. In 1939 he joined the editorial staff of the newly-founded magazine Marcha, working as its literary editor and also writing a regular humorous column. Although he left Uruguay two years later for Argentina, his association with Marcha continued, helping to make it Latin America's foremost cultural publication, the tribune of two generations of writers and intellectuals. Until his return to Montevideo in 1955, Onetti worked in Buenos Aires as a journalist, translator and editor of English-language novels. In 1957 he was appointed Director of Montevideo's Municipal Libraries, and ten years later became a member of the governing body of Uruguay's National Theatre (Comedia Nacional). In 1972, he was chosen as the ‘best Uruguayan narrative writer of the last 50 years’ by 35 writers and poets interviewed by Marcha.

It was his association with Marcha which finally cost Onetti his freedom and his country after the 1973 military takeover. Never an overtly political figure, Onetti had nevertheless given his support to the left-wing Frente Amplio (‘ Broad Front’) electoral coalition, and was highly regarded for his independent, disquieting vision of Uruguayan society. In 1974 he was a member of the jury for the annual Marcha literary competition. The story chosen for the prize, El guarda espaldas ( ‘The Henchman’) by Mercedes Reiss, was taken by the authorities as an attack on the police. Marcha was closed for good, and several members of its staff, including Onetti, arrested ( see Index on Censorship 4/1974 and 2/1979). After a week in a police cell and four days in a sports stadium, he was held for three months in a psychiatric clinic before being brought to trial. Among the defendants found innocent of any charge, Onetti later left Uruguay, first for Italy, then for Spain, where he now lives.
A Poet in Exile
Authors: Cheney-Goker Syl
Published: October 2007

One of Sierra Leone's best-known writers in conversation with Stewart Brown
All Stories belong to Tomorrow
Authors: Thiong'o Ngugi wa
Published: October 2007

An extract from Devil on the Cross
Freedom in Question
Authors: Gotovac Vlado
Published: October 2007

Yugoslav poet on trial speaks in his own defence
Censorship and selection
Authors: Henderson Brum
Published: October 2007

TV journalists, in particular, bear a great responsibility in the way they present the news and comment on current affairs
Zambian political theatre: How my play The Cell was prevented from being seen abroad
Authors: Mwansa Dickson
Published: October 2007

When Dickson Mwansa's The Cell was performed in Zambia in 1980 it won extraordinary applause and two substantial prizes. But approbation turned to disapproval when his production of his own play was on the point of going abroad to represent Zambian drama.

In the article which follows Dickson Mwansa gives his own account of the rise and fall of The Cell. The author, who wrote the article in Ontario while doing a year's M. Ed. course, now teaches at the Centre for Continuing Education at the University of Zambia.
Spain's journalists—Shifting an elephant: Freedom of expression in Spain today
Authors: Coad Malcolm
Published: October 2007

Spanish journalists — and others who attempt to expose practices inherited from the Franco era — face persecution as the struggle for greater freedom of expression continues
Journey to the island of hope: A memoir of Buru penal labour camp 1971
Authors: Setiawan H. S.
Published: October 2007

An Indonesian journalist released after 13 years in detention describes how he and other detainees were transferred from prison to a penal colony on Buru Island
Singing the new: One of Uruguay's best-known singers reflects on exile
Authors: Viglietti Daniel
Published: October 2007

Leading Uruguayan singer reflects on dictatorship, resistance and exile
Censorship in retreat
Authors: Konrád György
Published: October 2007

Hungary's leading novelist believes censorship has ‘passed its zenith’ as people demand freedom to communicate ideas
Poems from an internment camp
Authors: Kowalska Anka
Published: October 2007

A leading Polish poet who played an active part in editing unofficial publications, Anka Kowalska was one of the many Polish intellectuals taken from their homes on the night of 13 December 1981 when martial law was imposed by General Jaruzelski. She was released for reasons of ill health in May last year and allowed to go to Paris.
Spotkania: Poland's underground Catholic journal
Authors: Tomsky Alexander
Published: October 2007

Why there was a need for an independent Catholic voice
The typewriters hold the fort
Authors: Tomin Zdena
Published: October 2007

A Czech writer describes her country's ‘typewriter culture’
Reflections on the theatre
Authors: Havel Václav
Published: October 2007

From prison, a statement of what the theatre means to him, by one of Europe's leading play wrights
All you need is a typewriter
Authors: Vladislav Jan
Published: October 2007

In another article, the journalist Tomasz Mianowicz describes how his first encounter with samizdat transformed his life, turning the young art student from Cracow into first a dedicated editor and ‘underground’ publisher, then an exile in Paris.

Also living in Paris, where he emigrated two years ago, is the distinguished Czech poet Jan Vladislav, who spent his last five years in Prague running one of the most interesting of those unofficial literary ventures which give the many banned Czech writers an opportunity to publish their work — even if only a few hundred (or a few dozen) typescript copies. His life, too, was radically changed when in 1975 he decided to incur the displeasure of the secret police by joining his fellow-writers Vaculík, Havel and others in the production of unofficial literature. He collected manuscripts from authors afflicted, like himself, by a ban on all their work, and organised the typing and distribution of the finished books, which he taught himself to bind. Surveillance and intimidation by the secret police inevitably followed: weekly interrogations, harassment and threats.

In an interview with Index on Censorship, conducted over two days in his Paris flat last November, Jan Vladislav spoke about the historical roots and present importance of this ‘parallel’ literature, as well as about his personal experience of samizdat publishing and police intimidation. This is an edited and much abbreviated record of that interview.
The spring is here
Authors: Vaculík Ludvík
Published: October 2007

A feuilleton by one of Prague's most distinguished banned writers
Thoughts of a Former Censor
Authors: Leighton J. M.
Published: October 2007

Why freedom of expression is restricted in South Africa
After the Siege and a While before the Sun
Authors: Haniya Akram
Published: October 2007

Censored when an English translation was submitted by Al Fajr, this short story describes Jerusalem and the lives of its Arab citizens
Augusto Roa Bastos
Authors: Profile
Published: October 2007

The life and work of Paraguay's leading writer is described by John King. A short story by Roa begins on page 17.
Lying in state
Authors: Bastos Augusto Roa
Published: October 2007

Lying in State (‘ El cuerpo presente’) is one of a group of five stories written in 1967. The stories are closely inter-related, sharing themes, events and characters. Central to them is Chepé Bolívar, the telegraph operator. Twenty years before his death, with which this story is concerned, he entered the mythology of his remote peasant village by apparently refusing to transmit a message warning government troops of an ambush by revolutionaries. In fact, we learn, this seeming heroism was more likely due to paralysing cowardice. After the event Bolívar himself retires into a state of haunted semi-insentience, laboriously making and decorating his own coffin, helped by the equally enigmatic schoolteacher, Cristaldo. Roa's stories examine the co-existent banality and mythic significance of such events in the oppressive life of the village, and also the frailty and ambiguity of both memory and literary narrative in determining their true meaning.
University destroyed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2007

Freedom of debate and assembly treated as ‘sedition’

This article is a shortened version of a pamphlet published in May 1983 by the ‘Committee for the Release of Political Prisoners in Kenya’. The committee was formed in London in July 1982 in response to the arrests, detentions and attacks on Kenya's intellectual, political and cultural life.
Western silence on Turkey
Authors: Barchard David
Published: October 2007

If the European Convention on Human Rights can be flouted in Turkey, it can be flouted in Britain
Electoral fraud and the Western press
Authors: Soyinka Wole
Published: October 2007

The Nigerian 1983 elections were a disaster for democracy

Wole Soyinka — Nigeria's leading playwright, novelist and poet, Professor of Literature at the University of Ife — wrote this ‘interim statement’ on the Nigerian 1983 elections when he passed through London in late August. The official FEDECO (Federal Election Commission) results for Ondo State have since been challenged by the judiciary and reversed. Those for Oyo State still stand, after a panel of judges dismissed an election petition by the defeated incumbent governor.
An ordinary day
Authors: Hrabal Bohumil
Published: October 2007

This short story, written and hidden in 1953, found in 1971, remains unpublishable in Czechoslovakia

Bohumil Hrabal is one of the best and most original contemporary Czech story-tellers. Unable to publish his work for many years, he was fifty when his books started coming out during the ‘thaw’ in the 1960s, and he was the author of Closely Observed Trains, made famous by Jiří Menzel's film of the same name. Together with the surrealist poet and musician Karel Marysko and the literary historian Professor Václav Černý, he is a character in his own story, this record of an ordinary day in the Czechoslovakia of the fifties when the Stalinist terror was at its height.

On another level, the main hero of this particular story is time: although written as long ago as 1953, it has so far not appeared even in samizdat; the author himself added a postscript 18 years later, in 1971.

The second postscript comes from Index on Censorship another 13 years on, 31 years after this hitherto unpublished story was written.
Interview with Duyen Anh
Authors: Tan Lek Hor
Published: October 2007

‘One of the ten most dangerous writers’ of South Vietnam describes his experiences since the Communist take-over in 1975

Duyen Anh (pen name of Vu Mong Long) was a well-known writer and journalist in South Vietnam. After the communist victory in April 1975 he was arrested and sent to jail, and later to ‘re-education camp’, together with many other writers, journalists, intellectuals and artists. Like most political prisoners in Vietnam, he was not charged and was never tried.

On 2 September 1981, Duyen Anh was released. This was part of the government's policy of clemency, he was told. Duyen Anh, however, still believes it was due to international pressure from organisations such as Amnesty International and International PEN, which had taken up his case and those of many other Vietnamese writers.

On 24 March 1983, Duyen Anh fled from Vietnam as a ‘boat person’, after having bribed some officials. Ten days later he landed in a refugee camp in Pulau Bidong, a small island off Malaysia's east coast. On 20 October 1983, he arrived in France and was allowed to stay. He has now joined a community of some thirty thousand Vietnamese refugees who have been granted political asylum by the French government since 1975. In early March, Lek Hor Tan interviewed him in Paris. For other articles on persecuted Vietnamese writers and journalists see Index 4 and 6/1978, 3/1982 and 3/1983.
Closing the door of thought
Authors: Khalafallah Haifaa
Published: October 2007

The background to censorship of contemporary Arabic literature
The execution
Authors: Yakhlaf Yahya
Published: October 2007

Excerpt from a novel banned in most of the Arab world

The novel whose opening chapter we print below was published in Beirut in the early 1980s. Its author, a Palestinian, worked as a migrant teacher in Saudi Arabia, and now lives in Damascus. Najran Below Zero is banned not only in Saudi Arabia, but in most Arab-speaking countries.

The story is set amongst the population of Najran — an area of Saudi Arabia near the border with North Yemen. Many of the people there, as in other parts of Saudi Arabia, are Arab migrant workers, forced to cross the border by the overwhelming poverty of their own countries, and compelled to accept the most menial forms of livelihood in order to subsist in the inflation-ridden economy of Saudi Arabia. The novel demonstrates the variety of means by which such a population is silenced: not only overtly by the Saudi security agents — the execution of one of their victims is the focus of the opening chapter — but equally by hunger and the exploitation of foreign enterprise, by old loyalties and new enemies, by community and dislocation, survival and escape. In the story, Abu Shannan provides the central thread; he has recently been released from prison, and is then co-opted by the royalist allies in the border region. Stephen Hayden, ‘Mr’, with his ever-present camera, represents the Western interests which bolster the Saudi regime.

The Najran area and its population is typical of Saudi Arabia, but it has particular features which are significant in Yahya Yakhlaf's novel. Najran became part of Saudi territory in 1934, after a long dispute between the Yemeni and Saudi Arabian governments. In 1962 a military coup abolished the Imamate and declared the Yemen a Republic. During the civil war which followed, Najran was a loyalist stronghold, where the Imam of Yemen's troops (drawn to a large extent from the Zaydi tribal confederation) were bolstered by the support of the Saudi regime, and indirectly by that of Western interests.
The Man
Authors: Dongala E. B.
Published: October 2007

Short story from collection entitled Jazz et vin de palme which has been banned in the Congo

Emmanuel Boundzéki Dongala was born in 1941: his father was from the Congo, his mother from the Central African Republic. He spent his childhood and adolescence in the Congo; he then went abroad to study science, first to the USA then to Montpellier in France, where he obtained his doctorate. He is now Professor of Chemistry at the University of Brazzaville.

Dongala's novel, Un fusil dans la main, un poème dans la poche (‘A gun in the hand, a poem in the pocket’), was published in 1973 (Albin Michel, Paris) and won the Ladislas-Dormandi prize. It satirised party members and the official ‘scientific Marxism’ ideology of the Congo. This was followed by a collection of short stories, Jazz et vin de palme (‘Jazz and palm wine’), published in 1982 (Hatier, Paris, Collection Monde Noir Poche). The stories draw on Dongala's experiences as a student in the USA and France, as well as providing further satirical comment on contemporary Congolese political moeurs

Jazz et vin de palme has been formally banned by the official Censorship Commission in Brazzaville; it is unobtainable in bookshops there, and the local Cercle Culturel Français is forbidden to display it on its shelves. However, Dongala has himself not been subjected to any restrictive measures in his work, administrative responsibilities, or freedom of movement.

The short story ‘Jazz et vin de palme’ has been translated and included in a collection of African short stories by various writers, published under the title Jazz and Palm Wine in 1981 (Longman, London, Drumbeat). But the translation of ‘L’Homme' (‘The Man’) printed below is, as far as we know, the first to be published.
The Sunday Times under Murdoch
Authors: Herbstein Denis
Published: October 2007

The new owner has altered the political stance of ‘one of the world's great newspapers’
Gábor Demszky — interview with non-existent publisher
Authors: Odden Einar
Published: October 2007

One of the leaders of Hungary's AB Independent Publishers, recently commended by the International Publishers Association, describes the purpose of his work
I am a writer of fiction
Authors: Selic Momcilo
Published: October 2007

The story of a Yugoslav writer who came in from the cold
The new poetry
Authors: Hardy Roger
Published: October 2007

A look at the modern literary movement emerging in Saudi Arabia, and the opposition it faces