bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant induced destructive periodontitis in nonhuman primates A comparative study
Authors: Levy BarnetM. , Robertson PaulB. , Dreizen Samuel , Mackler BruceF. , Bernick Sol
Published: July 2006

Complete (CFA) and incomplete (IFA) Freund's adjuvant was injected into the periodontium of sensitized marmoset, capuchin and rhesus monkeys. All animals developed a proliferative granulomatous reaction at the injection sites. There were, however, species specific differences in the degree of destruction associated with the CFA injection. The marmosets and capuchins developed a destructive periodontitis. In the rhesus monkey, the lesion was both bone destructive and bone inductive. Tubercles containing typical Langhan's type giant cells, but without central necrosis, were only produced by the rhesus monkey. Granulation tissue with no necrosis was produced by the marmoset and capuchin monkeys. While there was some degree of periodontal destruction in all CFA injected animals, it was most severe in the marmoset followed in descending order by the capuchin and by the rhesus. The injection of IFA into the periodontium of the same animals resulted in the formation of nondestructive highly proliferative granulation tissue.
The relationship of manual dexterity and knowledge to performance of oral hygiene
Authors: Kenney E. B. , Saxe S. R. , Lenox J. A. , Cooper T. M. , Caudill J. S. , Collins A. R. , Kaplan A.
Published: July 2006

The correlations between manual dexterity test scores and oral hygiene scores and the correlations between the level of oral hygiene knowledge and oral hygiene scores were investigated in 59 students. Oral hygiene was measured by a modified Löe and Silness plaque index. The buccal and lingual plaque scores were considered together as were the mesial and distal scores. Dexterity was measured by a peg board test and oral hygiene knowledge was measured by a 15 question multiple choice test. Each subject was shown two audiovisual programs on oral hygiene. Plaque scores were measured at the beginning of the study, at 7 days (immediately after carrying out oral hygiene) and at 14 days.

Manual dexterity of the right or preferred hand showed significant statistical correlations with all oral hygiene scores except the 14 day interproximal score. There was no significant correlation between left or nonpreferred hand on any of the plaque scores.

A correlation was seen between knowledge of oral hygiene (as measured by the multiple choice test) and several of the oral hygiene scores. These correlations were less significant than that seen between dexterity and oral hygiene.
Collagen turnover in the periodontal ligament under normal and altered functional forces
Authors: Rippin J. W.
Published: July 2006

Left maxillary molar teeth were extracted from twenty‐four six‐week old rats, and two weeks later they and twenty‐four control animals were given 1μCi/gm of body weight of tritiated proline by intraperitoneal injection; four animals from each group were killed after a further 12 hours, 1, 2, 4, 7 or 12 days. Following autoradiography, grain densities were determined in crestal, mid‐root and apical areas of the periodontal ligament, and regression lines of log grain density on time after H3‐proline administration calculated.

Half‐lives derived from the linear regression lines were attributable to collagen turn‐over and varied from 2.45 days in all apical areas to 6.42 days in the crestal areas of opposed teeth. This high turnover rate seemed to occur throughout the whole width of the ligament allowing the tissue remodelling associated with tooth movement. Over‐eruption of the unopposed teeth resulted in a half‐life of 5.25 days in the crestal area, suggesting that turnover rate depends partly on the amount of tooth movement required.
A quantitative study on the relationship of salivary blood group substances to periodontal disease
Authors: Thaler Robert , Froum Stuart , Chuba JosephV. , Scopp IrwinW.
Published: July 2006

Saliva samples were studied to determine if salivary Blood Group Substances are related to periodontal disease. Forty patients were studied, and at each visit Oral Hygiene and Ramfjord Periodontal indices were tabulated. Hemagglutination inhibition tests were used to determine the A‐B‐H titer and Lewis blood groups. No correlation of the above indices to Blood Group Secretor status was established.
A mechanistic analysis of gingival fluid production
Authors: Pashley DavidH.
Published: July 2006

A mechanistic evaluation of gingival fluid is presented in an effort to identify the important physiologic variables that must be measured before one can define the exact mechanism(s) of gingival fluid production. This approach evaluates the Starling factors governing fluid distribution across capillaries by modifying these concepts to fit the unique structures, environment, and functional demands of tissues in and around the gingival sulcus. Many assumptions are made to simplify arguments and to approximate unknowns. Suggestions are made regarding techniques and experimental methods that might be employed to evaluate several important variables.

Gingival fluid production is viewed as the result of an increased rate of capillary transudation brought about by the release of mediators of inflammation. These agents are thought to cause both increased capillary pressure and increased leakage of plasma proteins into the interstitial fluid. It is postulated that the low compliance of gingival tissue and the high hydraulic conductance of sulcular epithelium result in this interstitial fluid moving from connective tissue into the sulcus.
Two years oral use of chlorhexidine in man
Authors: Nuki Klaus , Schlenker R. , Löue H. , Rindom Schiöutt C.
Published: June 2006

Ultramicrochemical methods were used to assay lactic dehydrogenase, (L.D.H.) malic dehydrogenase (M.D.H.) and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐P.D.H.) in biopsy specimens obtained from palatal mucosa and gingiva of young human volunteers. Half the specimens examined came from individuals who had used a chlorhexidine containing mouthrinse for 18 months and the other half from individuals using a placebo mouthrinse.

There were no statistically significant differences in enzyme activity between the two groups. It is concluded that the activities of the glycolytic processes investigated, confirm the lack of any chronic inflammatory process in the chlorhexidine exposed tissue.
The increase with age of the width of attached gingiva
Authors: Ainamo J. , Talari A.
Published: June 2006

The purpose of the study was to determine the variation with age of the width of attached gingiva and the location of the mucogingival junction. The material comprised orthopantomograms of 20 male and 20 female dental students aged 20–30 years and 20 male and 20 female adults aged 39–51 years. All the subjects had practically full dentitions and no supraerupted teeth. The mucogingival junctions were revealed with Schiller's iodine solution and marked with short pieces of metal wire, attached to the teeth and gingivae with Squibb's Orahesive Dental Bandage in the midline of the facial surface of each tooth. The orthopantomograms were taken with the X‐ray beam passing the horizontally positioned occlusal level at a –5° angle. From the radiographs the distance from the cemento‐enamel to the mucogingival junction was measured to the nearest millimeter separately for each tooth. In the mandible also the distance from the mucogingival junction to the lower border of the jaw was assessed accordingly. The results showed that the measured anatomical width of attached gingiva does not differ between sexes but also that it increases significantly with age. The distance between the mucogingival junction and the lower border of the mandible did not increase with age. It was concluded that the mucogingival junction remains at a probably genetically predetermined location while the teeth move in an occlusal direction through adult life. In the absence of concurrent retraction of the gingival margin this results in an increase of the width of attached gingiva with advancing age.
Cell dynamics of experimental gingivitis in macaques
Authors: Hopps R. M. , Johnson N. W.
Published: June 2006

The rate of cell devision in inflammatory Infiltrates from tissues showing gingivitis of varying severity and chronicity was studied by injecting tritiated thymidine directly into the gingvae prior to biopsy. Both the density and the proportion of labelled cells increased from initial low levels in clinically healthy tissue to a maximum 6–12 weeks after withdrawal of oral hygiene procedures, falling to intermediate levels in animals with established disease. These changes in total labelling indices appeared to be paralled by changes in the labelling of fibroblasts and: macrophages; the numbers of labelled lymphocytes, immunoblasts and endothelial cells rose more slowly reaching their maximum levels only in animals with established disease. These results support the concept of a macrophage response playing a large role in host defence during the initial stages of the disease process and being replaced by other, mainly humoral, defence mechanisms in the later stages of gingivitis.
The isolation and identification of mononuclear cells from the gingival crevice in man
Authors: Wilton J. M. A. , Renggli H. H. , Lehner T.
Published: July 2006

Mononuclear cells from crevicular washings of clinically normal gingival crevices in man were separated and identified by using a variety of membrane markers. T lymphocytes were identified by resetting with sheep red blood cells. B lymphocytes were identified by either rosetting with erythrocyte‐antibody‐complement complexes or by staining with anti‐human immunoglobulin. Mononuclear phagocytes were identified using latex bead phagocytosis and neutral red staining. All three cell types were identified in crevicular washings and the mean percentage mononuclear cell composition was: T lymphocytes 24 %, B lymphocytes 58 % and mononuclear phagocytes 18 %, with a mean T cell to B cell ratio of 1:2.7. These data indicate that the normal human gingival crevice contains cells involved in cell‐mediated immunity, at the site of initiation of the periodontal lesion.
Composite jaw and iliac cancellous bone grafts in intrabony defects in monkeys
Authors: Ellegaard B. , Nielsen I. M. , Karring T.
Published: July 2006

Thirty‐six two‐wall periodontal intrabony defects were produced adjacent to incisors and canines in 12 monkeys. Following a reverse bevel incision mucoperiostal flaps were raised on the buccal and lingual aspect of the defects. After removal of all soft tissue, fresh iliac bone marrow grafts were transplanted into eighteen of the defects. The remaining eighteen defects on contralateral teeth, were treated in the same way except that cancellous bone grafts from an edentulous area of the maxillary jaw were placed against the root surface prior to the transplantation of iliac bone marrow. After transplantation the tissue flaps were repositioned and sutured. The animals were treated and sacrificed to yield observation periods from 3 to 24 weeks. After decalcification and embedding in paraffin, serial sections were cut at 8 microns and stained with hematoxylin and eosin.

Ankylosis and active resorption of the root surface was found in the majority of the defects grafted with fresh iliac bone marrow. In defects treated with the composite grafts ankylosis and root resorption occured with considerably less frequency.

These results suggest that ankylosis and root resorption can be minimized if iliac bone marrow grafts are effectively separated from the root surface.
Experimental gingivitis in immunized dogs
Authors: Rylander Harald , Lindhe Jan , Ahlstedt Staffan
Published: June 2006

The present experiment was performed to study the clinical and histopathological features of developing gingivitis in eight dogs, of which four were repeatedly immunized with plaque antigens prior to the start of a defined plaque accumulating period. The dogs were, after weaning, fed a soft diet but also twice daily subjected to meticulous tooth cleaning. When they were 10 months old and their gingiva were in excellent health, all tooth cleaning procedures were terminated and dental plaque was allowed to accumulate for 4 weeks. Clinical examinations and gingival biopsy sampling were performed during this period. The biopsies were analyzed morphometrically.

In the injected dogs the levels of specific serum antibodies, as determined by an immunoradiometric assay (IRMA), were raised 3–4 fold. No antibody increase was observed in the controls. After the termination of the tooth‐cleaning period, the immunized dogs seemed to accumulate dental plaque at the same rate as non‐immunized controls. The gingiva of the immunized animals reacted to initial plaque formation with symptoms such as redness, swelling and bleeding in a manner very similar to the controls. The degree of gingival exudation and the size of the gingival connective tissue lesion was, however, less pronounced in the immunized dogs compared to the non‐immunized controls.

The results indicate that raised immunity to plaque antigens may have a protective function in the dento‐gingival tissues during the development of plaque induced gingivitis.
Reduction in proportions of dental plaque streptococci following a 5 day topical kanamycin treatment
Authors: Loesche W. J. , Hockett R. N. , Syed S. A.
Published: July 2006

A 5 day topical kanamycin treatment of the dental gingival surfaces in institutionalized mentally retarded subjects significantly reduced the plaque mass on the tooth surfaces compared to a placebo treatment. This reduction occurred in the absence of any mechanical hygiene procedures and lasted for 4 or more weeks, which was longer than the kanamycin could have been expected to be present in the mouth. This suggested that the kanamycin had caused an alteration of the plaque flora which should be discernible by quantitative culturing procedures. Plaque was removed and cultured, using an anaerobic serial dilution procedure, before and after kanamycin or placebo treatments. The reduction in plaque weight was associated with reduced levels of streptococci in the plaque. This could be demonstrated by intergroup comparison of the placebo ‐ and kanamycin treated subjects, and by intragroup comparisons of the kanamycin treated subjects prior to treatment and at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. The streptococci species accounted for 30% of the plaque colony forming units (CFU) prior to kanamycin treatment. At 4 weeks after treatment, the streptococci had decreased to 3% of the CFU and at 8 weeks after treatment, the streptococci had increased slightly to account for 14% of the CFU. The streptococci appeared to be Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mitis. The observations indicate that the topical kanamycin was effective in reducing supragingival plaque because of its ability to decrease the proportions of streptococci in the plaque.
Monocyte chemotactic activity in human dental plaque
Authors: Helldén Leif
Published: July 2006

The monocyte chemotactic activity elaborated by soluble dental plaque material and by various fractions of the plaque material was studied in vitro with the modified Boyden chamber technique. Monocytes were harvested from the peritoneal cavity of rabbits after intraperitoneal injection of a 1 % suspension of hydrolysed starch. The plaque material was separated in Sephadex gel columns (G‐25 and G‐20Q). Three fractions differing from each other in molecular size were selected from the protein peaks in the chromatograms.

The results showed that dental plaque material contains factors with a chemotactic effect on monocytes. Examination of various fractions of dental plaque material revealed that the major part of the monocyte chemotactic activity resided in a fraction with an appoximate molecular size of 10,000–70,000.
Immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes and plasma cells in human periodontal disease
Authors: Mackler B. F. , Frostad K. B. , Robertson P. B. , Levy B. M.
Published: July 2006

Gingival biopsies from areas characterized as clinically normal, mild gingivitis, or periodontitis were examined. Immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE and IgD) bearing cells at the sulcular and oral epithelium ‐ lamina propria junctions as well as the central lamina propria areas were quantitated. Normal gingiva (P. I. = 0‐0·2) contained few lymphocytes and plasma cells. Biopsies from areas of mild gingivitis (P. I. = 0·2‐1) were infiltrated at the sulcular epithelium ‐ lamina propria junction by lymphocytes lacking membrane associated immunoglobulins (94 %). Few plasma cells were evident. In contrast, tissue associated with periodontitis (P. I. = 4·0–8·0) contained significant numbers of immunoglobulin bearing lymphocytes (78 %, IgG; 9 %, IgM; and 4 % IgA) and plasma cells (67 %, IgG; 24 %, IgM; and 8 % IgA) distributed throughout all three major tissue areas.

These findings indicated that the nature of cellular infiltrates differed in mild gingivitis and periodontitis. The presence of predominantly IgG and IgM containing cells in periodontitis had important implications for the contribution of nonspecific effector mechanisms to the destruction of periodontal tissue.
Histopathology of spontaneous periodontitis in dogs
Authors: Hamp Sven‐Erik , Lindberg Ronny
Published: July 2006

Histological characteristics of the normal dog periodontium and of spontaneous periodontitis were studied in a necropsy material of 12 dogs of various breeds and ages. The material was selected on the basis of radiographical findings. The histological features of radiographically normal and diseased periodontium were found to be similar to those in humans. Progressive periodontal disease was characterized by dense subepithelial inflammatory infiltrates consisting predominantly of plasma cells intermingled with lymphocytes, epithelial migration beyond the cemento‐enamel junction and advanced loss of alveolar bone. A striking feature of the periodontal lesion was the narrow vertical extension of the process. Spontaneous periodontitis in dogs was closely related to accumulations of plaque and calculus.
Early dental plaque morphogenesis
Authors: Lie Tryggve
Published: July 2006

Bacterial colonization of hydroxyapatite splint segments attached to buccal surfaces of maxillary molar and premolar teeth, were studied at intervals of 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hr in six subjects given a low‐sucrose diet. Bacteria were first encountered in 4 or 6 hr specimens and considerable variation existed between subjects regarding time of appearance, rate, and extent of microbial growth. Individual organisms were seen attaching to a pellicle surface with or without intervening thread‐like or coat‐like structures. Similar thread‐like structures were sometimes seen connecting individual organisms. The colonization started frequently in grooves or pits in the surface and the bacteria spread as monolayered cells from these starting points. Bacteria were also seen colonizing on epithelial cells. Cocci dominated in numbers in all phases of this study although rods and filaments appeared in increasing amounts in 24 and 48 hr specimens. Structures resembling corncobs were seen in 48 hr specimens. The gross morphology of plaque development was characterized by patches or strands of bacterial growth and a heterogeneous pattern of apparently freshly colonized areas interspersed between areas of more extensive colonization. Except for a few bacterial clumps, no aggregates or hemispherical globules appeared on the splint surface. These findings warrant a revision of how the salivary aggregating factors are functioning in vivo: Their importance may be to mediate attachment between individual cells in the early monolayer as well as between cells and pellicle, and later contribute to the cohesion of the plaque, rather than by forming bacterial aggregates that settle down on the tooth surface.
Bacteriological studies of developing supragingival dental plaque
Authors: Socransky S. S. , Manganiello A.D. , Propas D. , Oram V. , Van Houte J.
Published: July 2006

The predominant flora of plaque developing on an area of about 1 sq cm. on the middle third of the buccal surface of the upper first molar of one individual was studied. Samples were taken at 5 and 15 min, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hr, and 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days; the tooth surface was cleaned prior to each period. Plaque samples were handled and cultured under anaerobic conditions utilizing various growth media. AH isolates from blood agar plates in Brewer jars with 30 to 100 colonies were characterized.

Streptococcus sanguis, the single‐most predominant organism, and Actinomyces viscosus were consistently found. Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Actinomyces israelii, Peptostreptococcus sp. and Veillonella alcalescens were found at more than one time period. High proportions of “suspected pairs” (mixtures of 2 or more intimately‐associated organisms), were regularly detected. Bacterial population changes with time were observed.

Many isolates, particularly those present in plaques up to 8 hr, agglutinated in the presence of saliva. Less than half of the isolates, including Gram‐positive saccharolytic rods, staphylococci and some S. sanguis strains, formed plaque in vitro on wires in the presence of sucrose or glucose.

The data suggest that the nature of the early microflora observed is determined by bacterial attachment which may be influenced by, amongst others, salivary constituents. Subsequent cell multiplication leads to a large bacterial increase in which proportional changes may occur as a result of differences in bacterial growth.
Attempts to increase viable count recovery of human supragingival dental plaque
Authors: Manganiello A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Smith C. , Propas D. , Oram V. , Dogon I. L.
Published: July 2006

Studies of the microbiota of dental plaque have been hampered by an inability to cultivate all or even a majority of microorganisms present in this site. Failure to recover the microorganisms could be attributed to at least 3 types of losses; inadequate dispersion, adhesion to glassware used in dilution and spreading, and an inability of any single cultural environment to recover all of the resident microorganisms. Clumps of microorganisms could be more effectively dispersed by sonic oscillation than tissue grinders. Anaerobic sonication proved to be significantly more effective in maintaining viability of plaque isolates than aerobic sonication while dispersion in dilute salt solutions permitted recovery of greater numbers of organisms than dispersion in broth.

About 5% of the organisms were lost due to adsorption to glassware as determined by pouring molten agar media over the used apparatus and counting the resultant colonies.

Optimum recovery of plaque organisms occurred in this study when samples were dispersed by anaerobic sonic oscillation in pre‐reduced anaerobically sterilized 1/4 strength Ringer's solution supplemented with 1% sodium metaphosphate, 0.05% L cysteine, and 0.0001% resazurin. When the resulting suspension was anaerobically serially diluted, and plated on trypticase soy 5% sheep blood agar plates which were incubated in Brewer jars containing 80% N2, 10% H2. and 10% CO2, 60% of the total microscopic cell count could be recovered.

The use of additional primary isolation environments including blood agar plates incubated aerobically, as well as trypticase soy and reduced benzyl viologen roll tubes increased the recovery an additional 15%. Thus an average of 75% of the microscopic count could be cultivated. An additional 5% was lost due to adsorption to glassware and an average of 10% of the microbiota remained undispersed in clumps.
Diagnostic reproducibility of periodontal indices
Authors: Shaw L. , Murray I. J.
Published: July 2006

Relatively few studies have assessed the diagnostic reproducibility of periodontal indices. In the present investigation, the changes in Gingival Index and Plaque Index scores were measured by carrying out 203 duplicate examinations on 11–13 year old children.

Reproducibility of diagnosis was assessed by applying the paired t test and the coefficient of linear correlation. There was no significant difference between the mean G.I. scores on first and second examinations both within and between examiners. High correlation coefficients of +0·81, +0·84 and +0·79 indicated that the ranking order of subjects was very similar on both occasions. However, the mean Pl.I. scores were significantly lower on the second examination compared with the first occasions for both participating examiners, although the correlations between first and second Pl.I. scores were comparable to those calculated for the G.I. data. In general the results indicated that PI. I. scores cannot be reproduced within a six‐hour period, but the ranting order of the subjects can be maintained.
Interepithelial lymphocytes in experimental gingivitis in young and elderly individuals
Authors: Holthuis Albert F. , Holm‐Pedersen Poul , Folke Lars E. A.
Published: July 2006

Experimental gingivitis was induced and monitored in young and elderly subjects. After 9 days of oral hygiene abstention, a gingival biopsy was obtained from the labial surface of the lower right cuspid. The distribution of lymphocytes within the crevicular epithelium was assessed, and the ultrastructural morphology of the lymphocytes was studied. From day 0 to day 9 the increase in gingival inflammation (Gingival Index) was greater in elderly than in young subjects. The number of lymphocytes per 100 epithelial cells was greater within the crevicular epithelium of elderly subjects. However, this difference was not statistically significant. The ratio of lymphocytes was significantly higher in the coronal than in the apical portion of the epithelium in both age groups. On an ultrastructural level two types of interepithelial lymphocytes, inactive and intermediate, were recognized. The intermediate cell types displayed morphological characteristics typical of cells responding to antigen stimulation.
Host tissue response in chronic periodontal disease VI. The role of cell‐mediated hypersensitivity
Authors: Wilde Greggory , Cooper Marc , Page Roy C.
Published: July 2006

An early stage of plaque‐associated inflammatory periodontal disease in humans and in some animals exhibits features characteristic of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. This lesion appears about one week following the beginning of plaque accumulation and it precedes the formation of a plasma cell infiltrate. The experiments described were direct toward learning whether or not cell‐mediated hypersensitivity is a significant component of the early stage of the disease. Fisher 344 rats and Rhesus monkeys were sensitized using dinitrofluorobenzene and challenged subsequently at the gingival sulcus. Lesions exhibiting features characteristic of the early plaque‐induced lesion appeared in both species within 48 to 72 hours following challenge. These features included vasculitis, a dense mononuclear cell infiltrate and destruction of connective tissue constituents. The lesion did not appear in challenged non‐sensitized control animals. In order to learn whether cell mediated or humoral hypersensitivity was responsible for the lesion, transfer experiments were done in rats. Typical lesions were induced by challenge of non‐sensitized animals previously given an intraperitoneal injection of 5 X 107 spleen cells from sensitized animals, but lesions could not be induced in animals given serum from sensitized rats.
Autoradiographic assessment of the distal response to gingival injury
Authors: Tonna E. A. , Stahl S. S. , Slywka J.
Published: July 2006

Twelve young BNL mice received a “gingivectomy” excising the gingival papilla mesial to the left maxillary first molar. Twelve additional young mice served as uninjured controls. One hour prior to sacrifice, each animal received a subcutaneous injection of 1 μCi H3‐TDR per gm body weight. Animals were sacrificed 2, 4, 6, and 8 days after injury. At time of sacrifice, maxillae, femora, and a portion of abdominal skin were obtained from each animal for histologic and autoradiographic analysis.

In most tissues analyzed, the gingivectomy led to a significant reduction in labeling indices at tissue sites distant from the gingivectomy. This effect was short‐lived, however, and could not be noted at time periods later than two days post‐injury. Since such distal effects are of short duration, it is questionable whether they would affect therapeutic sequences currently used in periodontal treatment.
Quantitation of gingival polymorphonuclear leukocyte exudation in dogs
Authors: Kraal J. H. , Bowles R. D.
Published: July 2006

A method to harvest polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) from a defined gingival area in dogs was developed. The method consists of repeated washings of the gingiva with a small acrylic tray and counting cells in the rinses. The method was tested and it appears that the PMN counts relate to the number of cells that emanate from the gingival tissue during a given period of time. Although cell counts from individual rinses vary, it is possible to register differences in PMN exudation rates such as occur when gingiva becomes inflamed.
Variations in the gingival polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration rate in dogs induced by chemotactic autologous serum and migration inhibitor from tobacco smoke
Authors: Kraal J. H. , Chancellor M. B. , Bridges R. B. , Bemis K. G. , Hawke J. E.
Published: July 2006

The rate of migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from gingiva around single teeth in Beagle dogs was studied. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes emanating from the gingival crevices were harvested with standardized rinses at two minute intervals. In between the rinses one of three substances was applied: endotoxin activated autologous dog serum, a cigarette smoke solution and the vehicle as a control.In vitro, the activated serum was chemotactic and the cigarette smoke solution inhibitory to polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration.In vivo, the cigarette smoke solution also depressed the gingival polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration rate. Thein vivoresponse to activated serum was biphasic with a depression first and an elevation later in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration rate. The experiments were performed on relatively healthy and distinctly inflamed gingiva. The higher polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration rate in inflamed gingiva was affected by the test agents in a similar way as the migration rate from healthy gingiva.
Activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the gingival tissue of the rat, hamster, guinea pig and human
Authors: Nicolau J. , Tamer A. N. , Bergamaschi O.
Published: July 2006

The activities of three important enzymes of the glycolytic pathway, namely, hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the gingival tissue of the rat, hamster, guinea pig and human were determined. The results obtained in the present investigation reveals that the specific activities for hexokinase and pyruvate kinase were highest for the mucosal gingiva of the rat, while guinea pig presented the greatest value for phosphofructokinase. The specific activities of these enzymes were about the same for both attached gingiva of guinea pig and human.
Lymphocyte blastogenesis to plaque antigens in human periodontal disease
Authors: Smith Frederic N. , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: July 2006

This study undertook to correlate lymphocyte transformation to human dental plaque antigens with clinical estimates of periodontal disease.

Forty‐eight patients with periodontal conditions ranging from normal gingivae to severe periodontitis were examined clinically. Oral cleanliness was determined by the Plaque Index System (Silness & Löe 1964) and gingival health was assessed using the criteria of the Gingival Index System (Löe & Silness 1963). Pocket depth and loss of periodontal attachment from the cementoenamel junction (Ramfjord 1959, Glavind & Löe 1967) were also measured. Triplicate microcultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated with four different concentrations of human plaque antigens. The uptake of 3H‐thymidine during blastogenesis was measured by liquid scintillation counting. There was no correlation between the stimulation by most of the isolated plaque antigens or pooled plaque and the periodontal conditions as determined by plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth and loss of attachment. However, there was a significant, although low, correlation between clinical parameters and the stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes by B. melaninogenicus and A. viscosus. Stimulation with B. melaninogenicus correlated more highly with pocket depth and loss of attachment, while stimulation with A. viscosus and A. naeslundii correlated more highly with plaque and gingivitis scores. The possible role of these organisms in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease involving cellular immunity was discussed as was the interpretation of data obtained in blastogenesis using peripheral blood lymphocytes and its relevance to the local phenomenon of delayed hypersensivity.
H3‐proline study of aging periodontal ligament matrix formation:
Authors: Stahl S. S. , Tonna E. A.
Published: July 2006

Recent publications suggested the presence of a tooth related and alveolar bone related system within the periodontal ligament. To further test this hypothesis, we attempted to histologically and autoradiographically follow matrix formation in mouse PDL at different sites and different ages. Twenty‐eight BNL Swiss albino mice 5, 26, 52, and 104 weeks of age were maintained on a standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. Each animal received 4 subcutaneous injections of 2 μCi/gm body weight of H3‐proline per dose (Spec. Act. 1·5 Ci/mM) on days t0, t4, t8, and t12. On day t13 animals were sacrificed, the maxillae removed and prepared for histologic and autoradiographic analysis. Grain counts were performed from the midline of the PDL to (a) the bony surface and (b) the cemental surface at 4 specific sites around the mesial root of the first maxillary molar. Differences in results were analyzed statistically and significance was based on Student's t‐test and a confidence level of 0·001. From our data, it appeared that under normal functional demands, the rates of matrix formation in the mouse PDL appeared to be similar between alveolar bone surface related and cemental surface related tissues at all sites tested. With advancing age, an overall reduction in PDL matrix formation was also noted.
A scanning electron microscope study of the surface features of porcine oral mucosa
Authors: Appleton J. , Heaney T. G.
Published: July 2006

The surface features of porcine oral mucosa were examined in the scanning electron microscope. A large number of regularly occurring surface features were recorded and some of these appeared to be unique to particular areas of oral mucosa. It is suggested that an objective investigation of these apparently area‐specific surface features may show whether they can be used as a new accurate method of identifying types of oral mucosa.
Immunofluorescence of anti‐actin antibody in gingivai epithelium
Authors: Goteiner David , Krawczyk Walter S. , Gillon David G.
Published: July 2006

The presence of actin in migrating oral epithelial cells during wound healing is being studied. Gingival biopsies of rat oral mucosae were taken at sequential postwounding times and primarily incubated in serum containing an anti‐actin antibody from either actin‐sensitized rabbits or from patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis. Sections were secondarily incubated in fluorescein conjugated goat IgG anti‐rabbit or anti‐human IgG respectively. Controls employed cryostat sectioned rat intestine incubated with anti‐actin antibody as the positive control. The findings from these indirect irnmunofluorescent wound‐healing studies demonstrate a sequential increase in detectable epithelial cell actin during migration and maturation.
Leukocyte migration into the healthy dentuious mouth A study in children, adolescents and adults
Authors: Raeste A.‐M. , Tapanila T. , Tupakka R.
Published: July 2006

The leukocyte migratory rate (OMR) was estimated with serial mouth rinses, in healthy children, adolescents and adults with the following results (X̄+ s.d.): 0.305 ± 0.094, 0.221 ± 0.102, 0.266 ± 0.115. The number of teeth and the number of erupting teeth did not influence the OMR. The OMR values obtained were uniform with small individual variations, representing healthy conditions in the mouth.
The effect of decomplementation by carragheenan on experimental initial gingivitis in hyperimmune dogs
Authors: Kahnberg K.‐E. , Lindhe J. , Attström R.
Published: July 2006

The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of decomplementation on cel lular and vascular reactions in normal dog gingiva subjected to topical application of a plaque extract against which the animals had been made hyperimmune. Six Beagle dogs were used. Depletion of serum complement was performed with intravenous and intra‐peritoneal injections of Carragheenan. Plaque extracts were applied before the start of immunization, after immunization and when the dogs were immunized but decomplemented. Colloidal carbon was injected after 6½ hours of plaque extract application. Biopsies of gingival tissue were obtained after 8 hours. Semithin sections were analyzed to assess (1) the number of vascular units with carbon retention (2) the leukocyte content of the junctional epithelium (LEje). The histologic examination showed that an extract from human dental plaque contains substances which, when applied to the marginal gingiva of dogs, mediate the attraction of neutrophils and an alteration in the permeability of the dento‐gingival vasculature. Dogs immunized to the plaque extract reacted to local application of the extract by enhanced cellular and vascular alterations compared to those in non‐immunized dogs. In immunized but decomplemented dogs the cellular and vascular reactions following plaque extract application were markedly reduced.
Calcium deficiency, pregnancy and lactation in rats
Authors: Rasmussen P.
Published: July 2006

Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calciumdeficient diet containing oxalate (Test group a), and in addition by subjecting them to pregnancy and lactation (Test group b).

The effect on the mandible of the present regimen was that of typical osteoporosis. Great amounts of bone tissue had been removed from the endosteal aspects of the bone, while the periosteal surfaces were almost intact, leaving the mandibular outline close to the normal. Alveolar bone loss did not seem exceptional when compared to the mandibular body. Bone resorption had occurred mostly on lamina dura. Horizontal bone loss was observed in a few cases where the gingival tissues were inflamed. The bone loss seemed to have been mediated by osteoclasts as well as mononuclear, hypertrophied, elongated cells, the former mostly in the alveolar process, the latter in the spongiosa and the endosteal cortical bone of the mandibular body. No signs of osteocytic osteolysis could be observed.
Gingival inflammation assessed by histology, 3H‐estrone metabolism and prostaglandin E2 levels
Authors: Holmes Lyndal G. , ElAttar Tawfik M. A.
Published: July 2006

Gingival samples were histologically evaluated and placed in two groups, 7 samples each. Group 1 was normal gingiva with no or very few inflammatory cells and group 2 was inflamed gingiva with moderately dense accumulation of inflammatory cells in isolated areas, and sparse distribution in other areas. One hundred to three hundred mg gingival tissue samples were separately homogenized in 7 ml of 0.1 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated with 1.51 X 10−4μM of 3H‐estrone in the presence of NADPH at 37° for three hours. Organic solvent extracts of the homogenates were separated by silica gel thin layer chromatograpy and the radioactivity incorporated in estrone (E1) and estradiol‐17 β (E2) zones was extracted with methanol and measured by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The rate of conversion of (E1) to (E2) in normal and inflamed gingiva was 4.4 and 8.3 X 10−7μM/g/min respectively. Prostaglandin E2 levels in 3 normal and 2 inflamed gingival samples were 37.8 and 448.7 pmole/g respectively. The significant increase in the biosynthesis of (E2) and PGE2 in inflamed as compared with normal gingiva could be a systemic factor in aggravating gingival inflammation due to the hyperemic effects of these hormones.
Methylprednisolone effects upon cytochrome oxidase activity during gingival wound healing in rats
Authors: Fine A. S. , Egnor R. , Scopp I. W. , Stahl S. S.
Published: July 2006

Methylprednisolone injected intraperitoneally in rats (pharmacological doses) during a short time (1–2 days) interval activated gingival cytochrome oxidase activity at drug treated sham, and drug treated wound and distal (contralateral) non‐injured sites. Gingival cytochrome oxidase was activated in drug treated sham and injured gingiva between the 5th and 7th days after drug (2 doses) initiation. Enzymatic activities in both groups declined between the 7th and 10th days toward control levels. An increase in enzymatic activity occurred within 1 day at the distal (non‐injured) contralateral site in animals which received only one dose of methylprednisolone. The enzymatic activity declined between the 1st and 2nd day to control values and remained at that level for the duration of the experiment.
The capacity of lipopolysaccharides from bacteroides, fusobacterium and veillonella to produce skin inflammation and the local and generalized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits
Authors: Sveen Kjell
Published: July 2006

Purified lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from strains of Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Veillonella were tested for endotoxic activity, utilizing the primary skin reaction and the Shwartzman phenomena in rabbits. Comparisons were made to Salmonella LPS. Each LPS preparation produced the primary skin reaction in a typical dose‐response fashion. Skin sites injected with 400 μg of Fusobacterium LPS often produced necrotic lesions. In the comparisons made between the skin lesion doses (SLD50) of the Veitlonella LPS and the Salmonella LPS, the difference was either non‐significant or the Salmonella LPS was only slightly more active (P <0.02). LPS from the Fusobacterium and the Bacteroides were significantly less toxic than the Salmonella LPS (P <0.005). All LPS preparations did prepare the skin for the local and the specific organs for the generalized Shwartzman reaction. The toxicity of the Bacteroides LPS was, however, very low in the local reaction (P <0.005). For all LPS preparations the sensitivity of the primary skin test (SLD50) was superior to the local Schwartzman reaction (SPD50) (P <0.005).

Twenty‐four hours after challenge for the generalized Shwartzman reaction, extensive fibrin thrombi in the capillaries of the renal glomeruli were found, as well as thrombi containing necrotic blood cells, both in the veins of the liver and in the arteries of the lungs.

The high endotoxic activity of the Fusobacterium and the Veillonella LPS may reflect a similarity between their lipid A and that of the Salmonella LPS.
Ultrastructural histochemistry of the dento‐epithelial junction
Authors: Kobayashi Kenichi , Rose George G. , Mahan C. J.
Published: July 2006

The phosphotungstic acid (PTA), periodic acid‐silver methenamine (PA‐silver) and periodic acid‐thiosemicarbazide‐siiver proteinate (PA‐TSC‐SP) histochemical techniques for electron microscopy were utilized in a study of the dento‐epithelial junction of young adult Rhesus monkeys. PTA, PA‐silver and PA‐TSC‐SP staining reactions successfully differentiated the basal lamina as a reaction‐positive layer from the reaction‐negative layer of the dental cuticle. These results indicated that the basal lamina but not the dental cuticle contains glycoprotein‐rich material. Therefore, it was suggested that the basal lamina, because of its ubiquitous presence at the dento‐epithelial junction and glycoprotein content, plays the key role in the adhesion mechanism, whereas the role of the inconsistent (size and presence) dental cuticle as a similar glycoprotein‐cementing structure may be ruled out. The similarity of the basal lamina at the dento‐epithelial junction to that found between the epithelium and the underlying connective tissue was confirmed again, not only with respect to their common structural features but also to their identical stainabilities to various PTA solutions and the PA‐silver and the PA‐TSC‐SP techniques.
Intracellular collagen fibrils in early gingivitis in the beagle dog
Authors: Soames J. V. , Davies R. M.
Published: July 2006

The early gingival lesion is characterised by the rapid loss of collagen fibres within the infiltrated area of connective tissue. In the Beagle dog this in accompanied by morphological changes in fibroblasts around the advancing edge of the inflammatory cell infiltrate. The plasma membranes are thrown into complex folds and the cytoplasm contains numerous apparently intracellular collagen fibrils within membrane bound vacuoles. Similar vacuoles are occasionally present within macrophages. It is suggested that following initial attack by neutral collagenase, further breakdown of collagen in the early gingival lesion may occur intracellularly.
Vascular permeability during initial gingivitis in dogs
Authors: Söderholm Göran , Attström Rolf
Published: July 2006

Variations in the permeability of dento‐gingival blood vessels during initial gingivitis have been studied in four beagle dogs. On two occasions during a four‐day period of developing gingivitis, increased permeability of the dento‐gingival blood vessels was provoked by inserting filter paper strips into the dento‐gingival junction. Vessels in a state of abnorma permeability were labelled on one occasion during the four‐day period by intravascularly injected colloidal carbon and by fluorescent microspheres on the other occasion. The vascular labelling scores for each of the two tracers were determined in gingival biopsies. An experimental outline was used which allowed comparison of the permeability characteristics of the vessels on day 0 with those on day 2 and on day 2 with those on day 4 of the initial gingivitis.

At each time interval (day 0, 2 and 4) the vascular labelling of the dento‐gingival blood vessels was found evenly distributed in the coronal‐apical direction of the vascular plexus. The labels were most frequently found in vessels 10–50 microns in width. In three of the dogs the vascular label scores were found to be significantly higher on day 2 compared with day 0 and on day 4 compared with day 2.

The results indicate the development of a vasculitis in the dento‐gingival blood vessels during initial gingivitis involving most vessels of venular type in the vascular plexus.
Studies in plaque pathogenicity
Authors: Fine D. H. , Tabak L. T. , Oshrain H. , Salkind A. , Siegel K.
Published: July 2006

A study was undertaken to assay and compare the pathological potential of loosely adherent plaque (LAP) with that of adherent plaque (AP) using the limulus lysate assay (LLA). A technique was devised for collection both AP And LAP from supra‐ as well as subgingival tooth areas under pyrogen‐free conditions. Five supragingival samples (AP & LAP) were collected from teeth (G.I.= < 1) after subjects had abstained from tooth cleaning for two weeks. Five subgingival samples were collected from mylar strips one week after placement in periodontal pockets not less than 4 mm and not more than 7 mm in depth. All samples were lyophilized, recontituted and analyzed for plaque mass by the quantitative ninhydrin reaction (Moore and Stein, 1954). Samples were analyzed for limulus lysate activity by a modification of the LLA of Levin and Bang (1964).

Results from the five supragingival samples indicate that plaque mass, as determined by the ninhydrin reaction, was 4–5 fold greater in AP than in LAP. In the five subgingival samples, ninhydrin values for AP were two times higher than LAP. In spite of these differences in plaque mass, limulus activity in all LAP samples was consistently higher than in comparable AP samples when expressed as limulus activity per mole of amino acid. These preliminary findings suggest that subgingival LAP, situated in a position of strategic importance, is biologically active and deserves further study.