bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resuscitation Policy Concerning Older Adults: Ethical Considerations of Paternalism Versus Autonomy
Authors: Teaster Pamela B.
Published: March 2007

The heated national debate concerning health care must include a discussion of a patient's wishes and the implications of his or her right to determine individual medical treatment decisions, especially at the end of life. This article is an examination of physician paternalism versus patient autonomy concerning do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders within the context of utilitarian ethical theory. The author proposes effective compromise between the two; consideration of decision making on a case-by-case basis; enhanced education for all actors concerning cardiopulminary resucitation (CPR), DNR, and advanced directives; and consensus reached through democratic debate regarding the allocation of health care resources.
The Impact of Alcoholism Education on Service Providers, Elders, and Their Family Members
Authors: Coogle Constance L. , Osgood Nancy J. , Pyles Michael A. , Wood Helen E.
Published: March 2007

Virginia is the first state in the country to conduct a statewide detection and prevention program for geriatric alcoholism. The project employed a train-the-trainer model in which a core group of trainers received extensive (8-hour) training about alcoholism and aging and, in turn, trained small groups of persons in their local communities in abbreviated (2-hour) sessions. Comparisons of pre- and post-training knowledge test scores revealed statistically significant knowledge gains among both sets of participants. Follow-up surveys to participants provided evidence of the program's continued utility. Interviews with key service providers indicated a substantial impact on a broad spectrum of service systems and a strengthening of interagency coordination. Evidence supports the need for alcoholism education, the effectiveness of a train-the-trainer model in addressing educational needs, and the impact of such a program on the broader service community reaching older adults.
Employed Caregivers: A Four-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Lechner Viola M. , Gupta Charu
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a 4-year follow-up of employed persons who cared for frail parents. The study 's purpose was to examine how managing the joint roles of work and caregiving changed over time. A total of 24 people still involved in full-time employment and caregiving were located. Attrition was high due to employee retirement, parental death, and nonresponses. Findings from t tests of paired means revealed a significant decline in parents'level offunctioning and significant changes in respondents' financial, social, and personal lives as well as in their job satisfaction. No significant changes were found in respondents' physical condition or in their work conditions. However, employed caregivers at time 2 were far more likely than those at time 1 to expect their workplaces to offer benefits and services that would make it easier for them to manage their joint roles. Implications of findings are discussed.
A Sequential Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Interaction of Two Long-Term Care Residents
Authors: Intrieri Robert C. , Morse Janice M.
Published: March 2007

This study examined interaction involving two older female residents and coresidents, care givers, and others at a Canadian long-term care institution. Twenty-four hour videotapes recorded each resident's behavior for 19 and 21 consecutive days, respectively. Interactions initiated by residents, their caregivers, and their roommates were coded from video segments occurring between 7 a.m. and 9 p.m. Lag-sequential analyses revealed that nurses initiated most of the interactions, followed by the residents themselves. Verbal contacts initiated by coresidents and other visitors to the focus residents were scant. Contact is not random but occurs in predictable sequences. The authors conclude that the nursing staff assumes the responsibility for initiating a large proportion of verbal contact and for initiating caregiving. Implications of the failure of residents to request care are discussed.
Social Structural Contingencies in the Decisions of Criminal Courts to Commit Defendants as Incompetent to Stand Trial and Criminally Insane
Authors: Bankston William B. , Floyd H. Hugh , McSeveney Dennis R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the findings of structural level research into the process of commitment of criminal defendants as incompetent to stand trial because of insanty in Louisiana. Conceptualizing criminal courts as open systems, it was predicted their structural environments would operate as contingencies in the perception and labeling of defendants as being (or having been at the time of the offense) mentally incompetent. Several structural-cultural features were predicted to have contingency effects on forensic commitment. (1) mileage of parish seat to the state s single forensic facility, (2) ruralness, (3) metropolitanism (SAISA status), (4) religious and cultural ethnicity, (5) relative power of the parish population to influence criminal court outcomes, and (6) community climate of repressiveness. These varibles' effects on parish commitment rates were analyzed using path analysis techniques, and results did indicate that the probability of incompetency and criminal insanity labels being applied were contingent on the parishes' social structural characteristics. Interestingly, the proximity of the parish to the hospital had the greatest direct effect on the commitment rate.
Theoretical Considerations about Stress in Corrections
Authors: Harris George A.
Published: March 2007

This article examines current definitions of stress in the correctional environment and questions whether a specific and reliable definition has yet been developed. The effects of shifting definitions of stress on cause-effect reasoning of researchers are discussed. Recommendations are made for researchers to 1) develop further a conceptual model of stress before implementing treatment programs for employees, and 2) exercise caution when interpreting data collected from experimental designs that do not lend themselves to cause-effect conclusions.
Prosecution in Middle County: An Application of Organization Theory to Criminal Justice
Authors: Stover Carl P.
Published: March 2007

It has long been recognized that the prosecutor is a crucial actor in the criminal justice process. Comparatively little study has been done however on prosecutors'offices as such: how they function, what criteria they use, what principles might explain their conduct. In this regard it should be noted that the most-studiedjurisdictions, the largest urban centers, are perhaps those least representative of prosecutorial practices in the nation as a whole. The present study explains the prosecutorial decision-making process in one middle-sized Midwestern city by applying to the operations of this office the precepts of Cvert and March's A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (1963). The author finds that this office behaves in ways remarkably similar to those of the business firms examined by Cyert and March. The article describes how the Middle County prosecutor follows Cyert and March's principles of avoiding uncertainty by using standardized decision rules; avoiding over-complexity by keeping these rules themselves very simple, while relying on professional judgment to determine to what extent to modify them in particular cases; and avoiding learning costs by resisting changes in the rules. One of the most important rules was " We'll give anybody half for pleading guilty" and data are presented to show that this rule was rather consistently followed from 1968 to 1973. Although the author's own observations covered only the single jurisdiction of Middle County, his review of the published literature on prosecution leads him to conclude that many if not most other prosecutors' offices behave in similar fashion, and therefore that the Behavioral Theory may, prove to be a useful approach to prosecution generally as well as in Middle County.
Police Executive Career Mobility: A Study of Alaska Chiefs
Authors: Angell John E. , Endell Roger V.
Published: March 2007

Police chiefs do not attain their positions by adherence to the classical tenets of the bureaucratic career system as is commonly assumed by police authorities. This work reflects an effort to identify the career mobility characteristics of people who have attained top executive positions in Alaska police agencies. These organizations have unusually well defined formal career ladders and promotional systems consistent with bureaucratic theory. The data reveal inconsistencies between the formally defined career ladders of Alaska police agencies and the actual career routes of executives who progressed to the top. Three different career path typologies are described. Only 25% of the career progression patterns of the successful executives followed the formal career ladder of the police organization which employed them. Executive mobility factors and patterns identified in Alaska may exist in police agencies elsewhere.
Mandated Correctional Training: A Task Analysis Approach to Curriculum Design
Authors: Camp Damon D.
Published: March 2007

Pursuant to legislation mandating that correctional officers in Georgia be trained and certified, a task analysis was devised and executed to assess training needs. The purpose of the Task Analysis was to produce usable data to assist in the development of basic training curricula for correctional officers in the state. Data were produced for four categories of institutions: state corrections, county correctional institutions, city/county jails and youth development centers. The task analysis provided solid, apparently valid data which were used in the subsequent development of three training curricula packages.
An Attempt to Predict Juvenile Probation Outcome Using the Jesness Inventory
Authors: Patterson Michael L. , Wierzbicki Michael
Published: March 2007

Chess and Besag (1974) suggested that the Jesness Inventory (1966) would be a useful measure for predicting juvenile probation outcome. This prediction was tested by administering the inventory to 28 first-time juvenile offenders. Probation outcome was determined in three ways. Legal revocations of probation were noted. Probation officers rated subjects' behaviors weekly over a six-month follow-up. Probation officers also made global ratings of probation outcome at the end of a six-month follow-up period. Correlational analyses indicated that, with few exceptions, the Jesness Inventory scales were not related to legal revocation of probation, weekly behavior ratings, or global evaluations. In summary, the Jesness was not found to be a useful predictor of probation outcome. Implications for future studies on the prediction of probation outcome are discussed.
Knowledge and Support for the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Fagan Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to examine public knowledge about the criminal justice system and the relationship between knowledge and support for the police, courts, and the correctional system. A questionnaire was given to samples of the public (N = 1149) and of professionals within the criminal justice system (N = 292) in the state of Washington. Contrary to expectation, the data indicated that the public had the most knowledge about the corectional system followed by the courts and police. The same was true for the sample of criminal justice professionls. The public was significantly less knowledgeable than the professionals concerning the courts and corrections, but not on items concerning the police. With few exceptions, the data displayed little association between socioemographic and experience variables and knowledge about the criminal justice system. In terms of support, the public rated the police much higher than either the courts or corrections. Finally, a relatively weak relationship existed between knowledge and support, with increased knowledge generally reducing support.
Interpretation of the Constitution and Statutes of the People's Republic of China
Authors: Jian-guo Gong
Published: March 2007

In the United States, and in Western nations generally, interpretation of constitutional provisions and statutes is considered to be the essence of the judicial function. In the People's Republic of China, however, the authority and responsibility for such interpretation is vested in the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, the supreme legislative body of the land. This interpretive process is little understood outside China, and frequently it is not understood by Chinese lawyers; legal materials generally are not as readily available to lawyers in China as they are to attorneys in Western legal systems. This essay explains how that process of interpretation works, using substantive law only to provide examples of the procedures in operation. The essay assumes that knowledge of this particular process is fully as important as, and much less available than, knowledge of the main areas of substantive Chinese law, and this is the situation which it seeks to alleviate.
Communications
Authors: Mieczkowski Tom
Published: March 2007

A communication may take one of two forms. The first relates to correspondence about an article that has appeared in the Review. In this instance the editor will determine whether the initial correspondence from a reader is worthy of publication. In the event that it is, the author of the article in question will have an opportunity to respond to the reader's comment. Both communications will appear unedited. The second type of communication relates to book reviews. It is assumed that this type of communication will be initiated by authors of books who believe their work has been criticized unfairly. In this instance the editor will not determine whether the communication should be published. Instead, it is our intention to allow the reviewer if the book in question to respond to the author's communication and then to permit the author of the book a final rejoinder to the reviewer's communication. All of this correspondence will be published unedited. This policy is designed to assure the essential integrity and purpose of the Review.
Prisons: Population Trends and Key Issues for Management
Authors: Greenfeld Lawrence A. , Beck Allen , Gilliard Darrell
Published: March 2007

This article examines some of the critical facts confronting prison managers, including rapidly increasing populations and the need for expanded prison capacity, a relatively fixed length of term served by exiting inmates but an increased probability of being sentenced to prison following conviction, and increasing numbers of drug and violent offenders. The resulting challenges for prison managers include questions regarding excessive reliance on imprisonment as punishment, racial disparity, the appropriateness of the inmates for whom imprisonment is imposed, problems of crowding and program access, the effectiveness of imprisonment, and the cost of imprisonment. Complicating the management task is the need to grapple with emerging health care problems such as HIV and tuberculosis, the need to rapidly recrut it and train staff, and planning for the effects of a dynamic legislative environment with the passage of new laws such as "three strikes and you're out" and the elimination of traditional behavioral incentives such as earned "good time."
Characterization of an old municipal landfill (Grindsted, Denmark) as a groundwater pollution source: landfill history and leachate composition
Authors: Kjeldsen Peter , Grundtvig Aase , Winther Pia , Andersen Jens S.
Published: March 2007

Investigations into the pollution of groundwater from old landfills have, in most cases, focused on delineating the pol lution plume rather than on the landfill as a source of ground water pollution. Landfills often cover large areas and spatial variations in leachate composition within the landfill may have great impact on the location of the main pollution plume in the downstream aquifer. The history of the Grind sted Landfill in Denmark was investigated using aerial photo graphs and interviews. On the basis of the aerial photographs, waste volume and age of the different areas of the landfill were evaluated. A pronounced variability in leachate compo sition was observed in the 31 leachate wells installed through the waste. The spatial variability was analysed by statistical methods, and a semivariogram model was able to describe the variability both on small and large scale. The spatial varia tions in leachate composition are very important for locating the main source of the groundwater pollution and for selec tion of cost-effective remedial action activities.
Microorganisms and endotoxin in stored biowaste percolate and aerosols
Authors: Nielsen Birgitte Herbert , Würtz Helle , Holst Erik , Breum Niels O.
Published: March 2007

Source separated biowaste was stored in containers at temper atures ranging from 16°C to 29°C in a climate chamber for two weeks, simulating outdoor storage in a domestic waste collec tion system. Samples of exuded percolate were collected after 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 days and analyzed for content of micro organisms and endotoxin. Throughout the storage period, the mean concentrations (GM) of total microorganisms ranged from 5.0 to 12 × 109 cells ml-1 and concentrations of endotoxin were between 0.54 and 1.5 × 106 EU ml-1 (45 to 130 ug ml-1). The maximum levels of microorganisms and endotoxin in the percolate were stable during storage and no significant differ ence was found between storage times of one or two weeks, which corresponds to common Danish collection frequencies of biowaste. Analyses of the microflora indicated dominance of bacteria as demonstrated by almost equal concentrations obtained by aerobic and anaerobic cultivation (2.8 to 9.0 × 108 and 3.1 to 12 × 10 8 cfu ml-1, respectively). Yeasts formed a minor part of the microflora (below 0.5% of the total number of microorganisms) and molds were only detected sporadically at concentrations close to the limit of detection. For percolate keeping a pH below 5 during the first week of storage, a ten dency (p = 0.08) was observed towards lower concentrations of aerobic Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts as compared to per colate exceeding a pH of 5. In two weeks, a mass of 17 kg of bio waste exuded approximately 1.31 of percolate (range: 0.7 to 2.1 1), and handling experiments demonstrated that bioaerosols generated from splashing percolate may cause exposure risks of endotoxin and microorganisms. Bioaerosols above stored bio waste contained fungal spores up to 1.8 × 104 cfu m-3 but no detectable bacteria and endotoxin. Headspace measurements of gases showed maximum emission of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan after one week of storage, while concentra tions of ammonia increased throughout the two week storage period.
Methanotrophic activities in tropical landfill cover soils: effects of temperature, moisture content and methane concentration
Authors: Visvanathan C. , Pokhrel Dinesh , Cheimchaisri Wilai , Hettiaratchi J.P.A. , Wu J.S.
Published: March 2007

The methane oxidizing capacity of landfill cover soils was investigated through column and batch experiments by simulating conditions that are usually encountered in tropical climates. The rate of oxidation was monitored at different temperatures and moisture contents. It was observed that a low moisture content of 6% produced negligible oxidation, whereas oxidation rates were at a maximum at moisture contents between 15 and 20%. Temperature was found to be a dominant parameter which controlled the oxidation rates. The optimum temperature was between 30 and 36°C. In the column tests, the temperature influenced the methane oxidation capacity indirectly by causing the topsoil surface to become totally dry, resulting in almost zero oxidation in spite of aerobic conditions. Although some increase in oxidation rate was observed, a higher concentration of methane could not produce a corresponding increase in oxidation rates, indicating the limiting capacity of the soil to oxidize methane. A depth profile of the gas in the column system indicated that the depth of maximum oxidation was around 15 to 40 cm under normal test conditions. Experimental results indicated that the topsoil, if maintained at an optimum moisture content, could also produce a higher oxidation capacity. The results of this experimental program indicate the possibility of maximum methane oxidation in a tropical climate if the correct moisture content is maintained at the top surface.
The landfill gas timeline: the Brogborough test cells
Authors: Caine Malcolm , Campbell David , van Santen Anton
Published: March 2007

The Brogborough test cells were initiated in 1986 to demonstrate several robust and easily applied techniques for accelerating waste degradation in landfill, principally as a means of enhancing energy recovery from landfill gas. This paper maps the project up to July 1998. The main conclusions are listed below. The Brogborough test cells data set includes over 9 years continuous flow data - longer than any other large scale landfill test programme. Specific yield data are 2 to 3 times higher than published data from commercial landfills - even from the control cells- indicating increased recovery as a result of the idealized landfill engineering and gas abstraction systems in place. Cells 5 and 6 (in situ treatments) produced more rapid methanogenesis, as designed. Cells 3 and 4 (applied treatments) have shown statistically significant enhancement in landfill gas production rates relative to the control cell of 20 to 30% in specific yield. Total yields have exceeded 113 m3 t-1
Decentralization of Human Resource Management
Authors: Hou Yilin , Ingraham Patricia , Bretschneider Stuart , Selden Sally Coleman
Published: March 2007

In the past two decades, decentralization ofh uman resources management has been one ofthe themes of administrative reform. While a lot of research has been conducted at the federal level, less of it has specifically targeted state government This article uses data from the 1998 survey of state governments to fill in this gap by identifying the driving forces and implications of human resources management decentralization in thestates.
Diversity in the Public Service: Professional Personnel in State Employment
Authors: Neuse Steven M.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a survey of employees of eight major public agencies in the State of Texas. The purposes of the survey were to examine the range and distribution of professional employees in public employment, and to assess their personal characteristics and occupational attitudes. Among the conclusions of the research are that the public workforce is characterized by tremendous occupational diversity, that this heterogeneity contributes to motivational problems among public employees, and that the public "work ethic" appears to be eroding. The author analyzes these conclusions in terms of their significance to the personnel function.
Diffusion of Civil Service Reform: the Federal and State Governments
Authors: Dresang Dennis L.
Published: March 2007

Concepts and strategies for improving public personnel management emanate from all levels of government and diffuse from one jurisdiction to another. Rarely is the diffusion random. This study identifies the patterns of diffusion among state governments in the periods immediately before and after the passage of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1979 and suggests reasons for those patterns.
Firing the Unproductive Employee: Will Civil Service Reform Make a Difference?
Authors: Ban Carolyn , Goldenberg Edie N. , Marzotto Toni
Published: March 2007

Civil service reform included a set of changes intended to facilitate the firing of consistently un productive employees. This article describes the background and logic of these changes, reviews the status of their implementation, and offers preliminary evidence on their consequences for per sonnel management in the federal government.
What's So Important About Job Satisfaction
Authors: Klingner Donald E.
Published: March 2007

In an era of cutback management, productivity tends to become more important than job satisfac tion. Yet job satisfaction cannot be ignored, for it serves four important functions for human resource managers:
Pay Equity in Minnesota: the Facts Are in
Authors: Rothchild Nina , Watkins Bonnie
Published: March 2007

This paper presents information about Minnesota's experience with pay equity at both the state and local government levels. Implementation for state government was initiated in 1983 and com pleted in June 1987. Most local governments have completed studies, and implementation is planned within the next few years. The cost to state government has been 3.7 percent of payroll, and the estimated cost to local governments averages 2.6 percent of payroll. Minnesota's experience shows that pay equity can be implemented smoothly at a reasonable cost.
Personnel Management in German Public Administration
Authors: Löffler Elke
Published: March 2007

Administrative modernization in the German public services is strongly focused on the so- called "new steering model," which incorporates the principles of freedom to manage, decentralization and innovations in human resources management. This article evaluates the chances of implementing the new steering model by identifying personnel management as a critical success factor It contrasts the analytical implications of the new steering model for personnel management with actual changes in human resources practices in German local administration. Empirical evidence is also drawn from a survey of former Quality Award participants in Germany, the United Kingdom and United States. The results reveal, from an international and comparative perspectwe, that human resources management in progressive, German public organizations has a relatively low visibility
Minorities in the Farmers Home Administration
Authors: Selden Sally Coleman
Published: March 2007

This research investigates the intra-agency employment patterns of African Americans, Hispanics, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the Farmers Home Administration. Drawing on previous studies of local, state, and federal employment, this article develops and tests a model to explain employment variation within a federal agency This research uses weighted least squares regression to analyze integration in 246 Farmers Home Administration (FmHA) district offices. The findings indicate that group population, upper-level agency representatvon, funding, interminority competition, and region are important determinants of minority employment.
Supervisors' Perceptions of the Performance of Cooperative Education Employees Working in Federal Agencies
Authors: Douglas James W. , Brewer Gene A.
Published: March 2007

Through cooperative education programs, many public agencies employ college students part time or intermittently and groom them for future full-time employment The combination of winnowing and nurturing that occurs in these programs is believed to produce higher performing employees This study tests this hypothesis by comparing Federal supervisors' perceptions of the performance of co-op employees with those recruited from other sources Data come from the 1992 Merit Principles Survey, US Merit Systems Protection Board The results indicate that co-op employees perform at high levels, but they do not outperform other employees as a whole Next, we compare the performance ratings of Federal workers from seven other recruitment sources to see if any source is superior Some interesting findings emerge Of course, performance ratings are an incomplete indicator of an employee's value to the organization These ratings merely reflect supervisors' perceptions, and while high performance is important, agencies may wish to promote other goals in their recruitment and retention efforts such as workforce diversity
Practice Through a Lens: A Metaphor for Planning Theory
Authors: Harris Neil
Published: March 2007

The metaphor of planning theory as a lens through which to analyze practice can assist inI defining an appropriate role for planning theory. This metaphor is not new to planning, and its previous use by theorists is shown to be both explicit and implicit. The objective of this paper is to consolidate and extend the metaphor of planning theory as a lens, with the primary concern being to provide assistance to planning educators, students, and researchers in approaching planning theory. The lens metaphor is also contended as a useful construct in crafting a sense of community in the face of calls for theoretical diversity in planning theory.
Walking in Another’s Shoes
Authors: Umemoto Kare
Published: March 2007

Growing cultural diversity brings new challenges to the practice of planning. In participatory planning, this diversity poses challenges related to communicating across culture-based epistemologies and soliciting the voices of multiple publics. This article explores five challenges that planners face when working in communities where the cultural background of residents is different from one’s own. These challenges are (1) traversing interpretive frames embedded in culture, history, and collective memory; (2) confronting otherness in the articulation of cultural values and social identities; (3) understanding the multiple meanings of language; (4) respecting and navigating cultural protocols and social relationships; and (5) understanding the role of power in cultural translation.
Reliance Upon Wives' Earnings for Homeownership Attainment: Caught Between the Locomotive and the Caboose
Authors: Myers Dowell
Published: March 2007

In recent years a fresh awareness has emerged that demographic trends wield an impact on housing markets independent of the income effects on which most eco nomic models focus (Alonso 1980) Dra matic social changes occurred during the 1970s Perhaps the best recognized factor impacting housing markets was the emer gence of the baby boom generation into adulthood and the consequent surge in household formations In addition to this shift in age structure, the accelerated entry of women into the labor force represents one of the most dramatic social changes of this century (Smith 1979) Despite the general significance of these social changes, little recognition has been given to the relationships working women of the baby boom generation have established with the housing market. This article will focus on the relationship between employ ment by young married women and home buying
Claiming Rights Warily
Authors: Mandelbaum Seymour J.
Published: March 2007

Planners concerned with cultivating the moral capacity of local commu nities should be wary of claiming rights that stem from deontological principles or from the norms of superordinate associations.
The Neglect of Urban Design in the American Academic Succession
Authors: Kreditor Alan
Published: March 2007

The dramatic growth of American urban areas since the 1940s, which has come in ever-larger increments especially at the urban fringe, has helped architecture and planning to flourish but has failed to produce an urban design profession of compara ble size or repute. The answer may lie in the ways in which architecture and planning have chosen to recon cile their internal forces with the de mands of societal change. But to un derstand those choices we may need to look at professional education in these fields and how they have made their place in the academy.
Converting the Military Industrial Economy: The Experience at Six Facilities
Authors: Hill Catherine , Deitrick Sabina , Markusen Ann
Published: March 2007

This paper addresses the task of converting military facilities to civilian uses, differentiat ing demand side from supply side approaches. We distinguish four alternative models of conversion from military to civilian use, each organized around a different target: converting the company, converting the community economic base, converting the worker, and converting the facility. After some discussion of each approach we scrutinize the last of these, which is in many ways the most difficult and yet the most attractive in terms of retaining jobs and stabilizing communities. After stating both strict and broader criteria for judging "success," we present the results of six geographically-dispersed and industrially- diverse case studies of such conversion efforts in the 1980s. While to date none has succeeded in the narrow sense of preserving jobs, these experiments have had a significant impact on public thinking about the formidable tasks of conversion. Several have resulted in state or regional studies, legislation, and economic development efforts. As a group, the cases demonstrate the ability and willingness of defense workers to plan for civilian work. In some, local conversion planning has led to an alliance between labor and peace organizations which has strength ened the political clout and institutional capabilities of both.
Locational Models, Geographic Information and Planning Support Systems
Authors: Harris Britton , Batty Michael
Published: March 2007

Geographic information systems (GIS) are becoming widespread in management and planning, affecting the very organization and operation of the planning process itself. In this paper we address the problems and potential of such systems, particularly in relation to the analytical, predictive, and prescriptive models on which strategic planning processes are based. Current GIS are not rooted in the sorts of functions which drive these processes and here we will identify the difficulties and possibilities for developing more appropriate GIS which are sensitive to the simulation, optimization, and design activities which define spatial planning. To this end we will describe the development of planning support systems (PSS) in which a wide array of data, information, and knowledge might be structured, and within which GIS develop ment must take place. We will identify the sorts of urban system and locational models which characterize strategic planning and whose data-demands might be accommodated using GIS. Our critique of GIS is positive and constructive in that we are concerned to embed GIS into planning processes in the most appropriate way. In conclusion we will identify a series of requirements which PSS must meet.
Dualism and Universalism: Competing Paradigms in Planning Education?
Authors: Burayidi Michael A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the search for an appropnate planning pedagogy in third world planning education. I argue that there have been two paradigms of planning education in the developed countries These are dualism and universalism. Lately an uneasy consensus is developing with a tilt towards universalism. This, in my view, is inappropriate. I discuss the reasons for taking this position and outline proposals for a more relevant planning pedagogy.
An Evaluation of Neotraditional Design's Social Prescription: Postmodern Placebo or Remedy for Suburban Malaise?
Authors: Audirac Ivonne , Shermyen Anne H.
Published: March 2007

Among the various American postmodern urban design schemes which offer pedestrian propinquity as design synthesis and remedy for suburban malaise, traditional neighbor hood design (TND) bears the influence of Leon Krier's architectural determinism. This paper claims that social consequences axiomatic to TND principles are problematic given previous experiences with planned communities and neighborhood research. In light of this literature and observations made at Seaside, Florida—the prototypic example of the TND movement—this paper concludes that developments which attempt to adapt TND elements to the realities of modern lifesryles and a metropolitan context will further test TND assumptions and result in compromises necessary for the evolution of the paradigm.
Property for Everyone and How to Achieve It: The Resident's Property Tax
Authors: Krueckeberg Donald A.
Published: March 2007

The history of the property tax illustrates that public policy, and even the structure ofgovernment itself can be transformed by legal and administrative details that seem of little importance to those who write constitutions and statutes (Fisher 1996, 6).
La Socialización Lingüística en un Medio Bilingüe
Authors: Blanco Amalio
Published: March 2007

Como aportación a una psicología social del lenguaje, se ha examinado el proceso de socialización lingüística en un medio bilingüe. Las teorías al respecto tienden a hablar en terminos de códigos ricos y pobres, elaborados y restringidos. Una ex plicación más adecuada sería, sin embargo, hablar de diferentes realidades sociales que poseen sus propias estrategias de ser compartidas y comunicadas lingüísticamente. A 131 madres de familia de orígen mexicano se les administró un cuestionario para detectar las relaciones existentes entre el idioma en que socializaban a sus hijos (Inglés o Castellano), los contenidos que les transmitían y la realidad social en que ambas conductas se incluían.
Place of Death of Hispanic Persons in Los Angeles County
Authors: Richardson Jean L. , Solis Julia M. , Hisserich John C.
Published: March 2007

It is generally believed that Hispanics adhere to traditional health practices, including dying at home. An analysis of 57,726 deaths in 1979 in Los Angeles County revealed that a slightly lower percentage of Mexican Americans (15%) than other whites (17%) died at home. An analysis of 13,235 cancer caused deaths revealed that the same percentage of Mexican Americans (13%) and other whites (13%) died at home regardless of whether they were born in the Uinited States or in another country. The data do not support the belief that Hispanics are more likely to die at home thain are other ethnic groups.
Parental Knowledge of Children's Behavioral Capabilities: A Study of Low Income Parents
Authors: Zepeda Marlene , Espinosa Michael
Published: March 2007

This study compares the parental knowledge of the behavioral capabilities of young children in a sample of low-income Hispanic, black, and Anglo parents. A modified.version of the Child Development Questionnaire (CDQ) is used to elicit parental notions regarding knowledge of developmental milestones. Results of analysis of variance between the various groups indicates that foreign-born Hispanics perceive young children's behavioral capabilities as developing at a later chronological age than do the other groups. The responses of U.S. born Hispanics appear to be similar to blacks and Anglos. The theoretical model of parental goals as put forth by Le Vine is used to help explain the findings. Implications for social service delivery are also discussed.
Assessment of Puerto Rican Children in Bilingual Education Programs in the United States: A Critique of Lloyd M. Dunn's Monograph
Authors: Diaz Joseph O. Prewitt
Published: March 2007

This article comments on Dunn's translation of the PPVT-R into Castillian Spanish and the process he used to norm this instrument with Puerto Rican and Mexican American children. Demographic characteristics of Hispanics, specifically Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans, in the United States are provided. A review of relevant literature excluded by Dunn in his discussion of the scholastic, intellectual, and linguistic assessment of Puerto Rican and Mexican American children follows. It is concluded that the Spanish version of the PPVT-R is inappropriate to measure receptive language in Puerto Rican and Mexican American children in the United States because it does not follow cross cultural methods for test translation and validation.
Adverse Impact, Unfairness, and Bias in the Psychological Screening of Hispanic Peace Officers
Authors: Campos Leonard P.
Published: March 2007

This investigator evaluated the role of adverse impact in the use of psychological screening tests such as the MMPI and CPIfor selection of California Highway Patrol officer candidates and other peace officers. The research literature was reviewedfor reports ofsignificant Hispanic-Anglo-American test score differences. A meta-analysis was performed of studies that had been correctedfor the effects of moderator variables. The data showed little interstudy reliability or stability in the report of MMPI basic scale differences with the exception of the L scale. In 13 out of 16 studies, Hispanics scored significantly higher on the L scale than Anglos with an effect size of .56. Results are discussed at different levels, from the item level to the ethical level. Overall, the only adverse impact noted was the significantly higher failure rate of Hispanics on a pretest written exam.
Comparison of an Intelligence Test and a Screening Battery as Predictors of Reading Ability in Low Income, Mexican American Children
Authors: McEvoy Robin E. , Johnson Dale L.
Published: March 2007

Reading performance of low income, Mexican American children was predicted from scores on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) and the Florida Kindergarten Screening Battery (FKSB). The WPPSI and the FKSB were administered when the subjects were five years of age. School reading grades and reading scores from the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (lTBS) comprised reading performance measures. Results indicate that the WPPSI and the FKSB were highly similar in their ability to predict later reading performance levels. Both measures were able to account for a significant amount of variation in reading grades and ITBS reading scores. Verbal subtests in both measures were more poorly correlated with reading performance than were perceptual-performance subtests.
Psychological Adjustment Among Hispanic Adult Children of Alcoholics: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Harman Marsha J. , Arbona Consuelo
Published: March 2007

This study compared 44 Hispanic adult children of alcoholics (ACAs) with 33 Hispanic adult children of nonalcoholics on the Diagnostic Inventory of Personality and Symptoms (DIPS), with parental alcoholism and gender as independent variables. There were significant differences in the Somatoform Disorders scale and in the Psychological FactorsAffecting Physical Condition scale with children of alcoholics displaying higher scores than children of nonalcoholics. There were significant differences in the Affective Depressed scale, the Anxiety Disorders scale, and the Neurotic Character scale with women displaying higher scores than men on all three scales. There were no significant interactions for any of the DIPS scales.
Problematizing the Notion of Puerto Ricans as "Underclass": A Step Toward a Decolonizing Study of Poverty
Authors: Darder Antonia
Published: March 2007

The article examines the social science concept of the underclass with respect to its historical origin, meaning and general usage during the past 3 decades and more specifically, in terms of its more recent use for Puerto Ricans. A critique is presented that not only challenges the use of the term "underclass" to describe the phenomenon of poverty in the Puerto Rican community today, but that also calls into question the interests of the political and ideological foundations that inform its general use as a social science construct. Central to the discussion is a critical analysis of the assymetrical power relations inherent in the act of labeling and hence, the potential colonizing impact of traditional social science language on populations who are members of subordinate cultures. In an effort to move toward a decolonizing study of poverty, social scientists are strongly urged to develop contextually oriented research methodologies and approaches that are firmly grounded in an emancipatory vision of community empowerment and transformation.
Alma's Bedside Ghost: Or the Importance of Cultural Similarity
Authors: Oppenheimer Marina
Published: March 2007

Cultural similarity between client and therapist is a significant variable in the successful outcome of therapy. People from different cultures do not only speak different languages, but also have different (sometimes opposing) perceptions of reality. Values, moral and social codes, and the meaning of pathology can often only be understood within the parameters of the patient's culture. This article describes the case of a severely depressed Hispanic patient who started improving only after she was able to reframe her depression within the context of her Latino spiritist beliefs. During therapy, her belief in the supernatural was not labeled pathological. The therapist, also a Hispanic, accepted the client's references to "intranquil spirits" as a way of dealing with painful issues within some Latino cultures. This is an example of how cultural affinity between client and therapist is often a necessary tool in therapy.
Mexican-American and Anglo-American Parental Involvement with a Public Elementary School: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Lopez Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Parents of children attending a K-3 elementary school in New Mexico were surveyed in order to examine Mexican-American andAnglo-American parental involvement in the school. Two hundred and eight parents were contacted. Those parents who did not return the first questionnaire were provided with a second questionnaire. Twenty-four Anglo-Americans, 19 Mexican-Americans, I African-American, and 6 individuals who did not identify their ethnic affiliation completed the questionnaire. The most frequent type of involvement in the school, as reported by both Anglo-American and Mexican-American respondents, was conferring with teachers. Interest in their child's success motivated both groups most frequently. Implications of parental responses are discussed.
Place of Last Drink by Repeat DUI Offenders: A Retrospective Study of Gender and Ethnic Group Differences
Authors: Padilla Amado M. , Morrissey Laverne
Published: March 2007

This retrospective study sought information on blood alcohol level (BAL) and place of last drinkfora random sample of 527 individuals, all of whom were second-or third-time offendersfor driving under the influence (D UI) of alcohol. Findings showed that, overall, women had higher blood alcohol levels than did their male counterparts. Gender and ethnic group differences were also found in place of last drink Nearly 50% of the non-Hispanic White DUI offenders indicated that they had consumed their last drink at a licensed liquor outlet (e.g., bar). However, Hispanic and members of other ethnic groups were less likely to report consuming their last drink at a bar, preferring instead to drink at home or at the house of afriend. Thefindings from this retrospective study support the notion that the social ecology of drinking for men and women and for members of different ethnic groups needs to be better understood if more effective prevention and intervention strategies are to be implemented.
Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanic Youth (SASH-Y): A Preliminary Report
Authors: Barona Andres , Miller Jeffrey A.
Published: March 2007

A short, self-report acculturation scale designedfor use with Hispanic youth is presented. The ShortAcculturation Scalefor Hispanic Youth (SASH-Y) is a downward extension of the ShortAcculturation Scale for Hispanics, an existing acculturation scale for Hispanic adults. Initial normative data as well as internal consistency and split-half reliabilities for the SASH-Y are provided. An exploratory factor analysis conducted on scores reported by 141 Hispanic youth in Grades 5 through 8 resulted in three factors labeled Extrafamilial Language Use, Familial Language Use, and Ethnic Social Relations. Implications for using the SASH-Y in psychoeducational assessment batteries are discussed.