bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melanotrope Cells of Xenopus laevis Express Multiple Types of High‐Voltage‐Activated Ca2+ Channels
Authors: Zhang H.‐Y. , Langeslag M. , Voncken M. , Roubos E. W. , Scheenen W. J. J. M.
Published: February 2005

Pituitary melanotrope cells are neuroendocrine signal transducing cells that translate physiological stimuli into adaptive hormonal responses. In this translation process, Ca2+ channels play essential roles. We have characterised which types of Ca2+ current are present in melanotropes of the amphibian Xenopus laevis, using whole‐cell, voltage‐clamp, patch‐clamp experiments and specific blockers of the various current types. Running an activation current–voltage relationship protocol from a holding potential (HP) of −80 mV/or −110 mV, shows that Xenopus melanotropes possess only high‐voltage activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents. Steady‐state inactivation protocols reveal that no inactivation occurs at −80 mV, whereas 30% of the current is inactivated at −30 mV. We determined the contribution of individual channel types to the total HVA Ca2+ current, examining the effect of each channel blocker at an HP of −80 mV and −30 mV. At −80 mV, ω‐conotoxin GVIA, ω‐agatoxin IVA, nifedipine and SNX‐482 inhibit Ca2+ currents by 21.8 ± 4.1%, 26.1 ± 3.1%, 24.2 ± 2.4% and 17.9 ± 4.7%, respectively. At −30 mV, ω‐conotoxin GVIA, nifedipine and ω‐agatoxin IVA inhibit Ca2+ currents by 33.8 ± 3.0, 24.2 ± 2.6 and 16.0 ± 2.8%, respectively, demonstrating that these blockers substantially inhibit part of the Ca2+ current, independently from the HP. We have previously demonstrated that ω‐conotoxin GVIA can block Ca2+ oscillations and steps. We now show that nifedipine and ω‐agatoxin IVA do not affect the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, whereas SNX‐482 reduces the Ca2+ step amplitude. We conclude that Xenopus melanotrope cells express all four major types of HVA Ca2+ channel, as well as the resulting currents, but no low‐voltage activated channels. The results provide the basis for future studies on the complex regulation of channel‐mediated Ca2+ influxes into this neuroendocrine cell type as a function of its role in the animal's adaptation to external challenges.
Phytoestrogen Action in the Adult and Developing Brain
Authors: Patisaul H. B.
Published: February 2005

Soy isoflavonoids are plant phytoestrogens available as dietary supplements and are increasingly advocated as a natural alternative to oestrogen replacement therapy. As weak oestrogen agonists/antagonists with a range of other enzymatic activities, the isoflavonoids provide a useful model to investigate the actions of endocrine disruptors. Here, the activational and organisational effects of these compounds on the brain are reviewed. In spite of their preferential affinity for oestrogen receptor (ER)βin vitro, isoflavonoids act in vivo through both ERα and ERβ. Their neurobehavioural actions are largely anti‐oestrogenic, either antagonising or producing an action in opposition to that of oestradiol. Small, physiologically relevant exposure levels can alter oestrogen‐dependent gene expression in the brain and affect complex behaviour in a wide range of species. The implications for these findings in humans, and particularly in infants, largely remain uninvestigated but are a subject of increasing public interest.
Introduction of a High‐Energy Diet Acutely Up‐Regulates Hypothalamic Cocaine and Amphetamine‐Regulated Transcript, Mc4R and Brown Adipose Tissue Uncoupling Protein‐1 Gene Expression in Male Sprague‐Dawley Rats
Authors: Archer Z. A. , Rayner D. V. , Duncan J. S. , Bell L. M. , Mercer J. G.
Published: February 2005

Obesity is an escalating problem in Western societies. Susceptibility to weight gain within an obesogenic environment is variable. It remains unclear how the range of weight gain responses are generated. It is possible that an individual's immediate and/or sustained appetite for apparently palatable foods, or metabolic adaptations to a new diet could be important. The present study therefore examined the short‐ to medium‐term effects of a high‐energy (HE) diet on bodyweight, food intake, and energy balance‐related signalling systems. Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed either chow or an HE diet for 12 h, 24 h, 48 h or 14 days. Blood hormones and metabolites were assayed, and expression of uncoupling protein‐1 (UCP‐1) and hypothalamic energy‐balance related genes were determined by Northern blotting or in situ hybridisation, respectively. Short‐term exposure (12 h, 24 h, 48 h) to the HE diet had no effect on grams of food consumed, but caloric intake was increased. Exposure to HE diet for 14 days (medium term) established a bodyweight differential of 7.7 g, and animals exhibited a transient increase in caloric intake of 5 days duration. Terminal levels of leptin, insulin, glucose and non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) were all increased in HE‐fed animals. UCP‐1 mRNA was elevated in interscapular brown adipose tissue from HE‐fed rats only at 12 h. Cocaine and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) and Mc4R gene expression in the hypothalamus were increased after 12 h and 24 h on an HE diet, respectively. The rats appear to passively over‐consume calories as a result of consuming a similar weight of a more energy dense food. This evokes physiological responses, which adjust caloric intake over several days. Circulating NEFA and insulin concentrations, UCP‐1, Mc4R and CART gene expression are increased as an immediate consequence of consuming HE diet, and may be involved in countering hypercaloric intake. Circulating leptin is increased in the HE‐fed animals after 48 h, reflecting their increasing adiposity.
Oestrogen Receptor β‐Immunoreactive Neurones in the Ovine Hypothalamus: Distribution and Colocalisation with Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone
Authors: Skinner D. C. , Dufourny L.
Published: February 2005

Oestrogen powerfully affects the secretion of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) from the brain in all species investigated, including sheep. Until recently, it was hypothesised that such regulation occurs indirectly because few or no GnRH neurones were found to express oestrogen receptor (ER) α. The discovery of a second oestrogen receptor, ERβ, and its subsequent localisation in numerous GnRH neurones in the rat, led to a reconsideration of this hypothesis. However, colocalisation of immunoreactive ERβ protein in GnRH neurones has only been demonstrated in the rat, raising the possibility that such putative direct regulation of GnRH neurones by oestrogen may be peculiar to this species. We have previously shown that steroid receptors in the sheep brain are acutely sensitive to fixation and the full complement of immunoreactive cells can only be visualised after antigen retrieval. The aims of this study were therefore to map immunocytochemically the distribution of ERβ neurones in the ewe brain, and to determine which proportion of GnRH neurones express ERβ. Brain sections (20 µm) from four ewes killed in anestrus were subjected to high temperature antigen retrieval and immunocytochemistry. Numerous ERβ‐immunoreactive cells were located throughout the hypothalamus and, following dual‐label immunocytochemistry, over 50% of the GnRH neurones were found to express immunoreactive ERβ. The functional significance of these ERβ‐expressing GnRH neurones in the ovine brain remains to be determined.
Reduced Activity of the Noradrenergic System in the Paraventricular Nucleus at the End of Pregnancy: Implications for Stress Hyporesponsiveness
Authors: Douglas A. J. , Meddle S. L. , Toschi N. , Bosch O. J. , Neumann I. D.
Published: February 2005

We investigated whether changes in noradrenaline neurotransmission in the hypothalamus could explain the hyporesponsiveness of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis in late pregnancy. Noradrenaline release within the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in response to swim stress, as estimated by microdialysis and high‐performance liquid chromatography, was lower in 20‐day pregnant rats compared to virgin rats. Driving a central noradrenergic pathway using intravenous cholecystokinin increased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion in virgin rats, but the response was significantly less in 16‐day and 20‐day pregnant rats. Thus, the activity of noradrenergic inputs to the paraventricular nucleus and the HPA axis is attenuated in late pregnancy. The sensitivity of the HPA axis to noradrenaline in pregnancy was investigated by intracerebroventricular administration of an α1‐receptor antagonist, benoxathian, before and during exposure to swim stress. In virgin rats, benoxathian increased basal and stress‐induced ACTH secretion, but in late pregnant rats the benoxathian effects were attenuated, indicating reduced sensitivity of the HPA axis to noradrenaline neurotransmission and/or the inability of the system to become disinhibited at this time. α1A‐adrenoreceptor mRNA expression in the parvocellular and magnocellular paraventricular nucleus, measured by in situ hybridisation, was decreased in late pregnant compared to virgin rats. Additionally, blocking endogenous opioid inhibition with naloxone pretreatment restored the ACTH secretory response to cholecystokinin in pregnant rats. Thus, in late pregnancy, there is reduced noradrenergic input to the paraventricular nucleus and reduced α1A‐receptor expression in the paraventricular nucleus, both of which may contribute to the reduced responsiveness of the HPA axis in pregnancy.
Short Day Lengths Enhance Skin Immune Responses in Gonadectomised Siberian Hamsters
Authors: Prendergast B. J. , Bilbo S. D. , Nelson R. J.
Published: February 2005

In Siberian hamsters and other photoperiodic rodents, exposure to short photoperiods simultaneously inhibits gonadal hormone secretion and enhances some measures of immune function. The present study tested whether gonadal hormones mediate the effects of short days on skin immune function (delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions) in male Siberian hamsters. The magnitude of delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions was greater in hamsters exposed to short days relative to those in long days. Comparable effects of photoperiod were obtained in castrated hamsters bearing empty or testosterone‐filled implants. The data suggest that contemporary gonadal hormone secretion is neither necessary, nor sufficient to mediate the effects of short photoperiods on skin immune function.
Effects of GABABReceptor Modulation on Gonadotropin‐Releasing Hormone and β‐Endorphin Release, and on Catecholaminergic Activity in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus‐Infundibular Nucleus Region of Anoestrous Ewes
Authors: Tomaszewska‐Zaremba D. , Przekop F.
Published: February 2005

To examine the role of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)Breceptor mediating systems in the ventromedial hypothalamus‐infundibular nucleus region (VMH/NI) of anoestrous ewes in controlling gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release, the extracellular concentrations of GnRH, β‐endorphin, norepinephrine, dopamine, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐glycol and 3,4‐dihydroxy‐phenylacetic acid were quantified during infusion of baclofen or phaclofen (agonist and antagonist of GABABreceptors, respectively) in this structure. The stimulation of GABABreceptors activates GnRH/luteinising hormone (LH) release, attenuates noradrenergic and β‐endorphinergic tone but has no evident effect on the dopaminergic system. Blockade of GABABreceptors in this structure increases the extracellular β‐endorphin concentration but has no significant influence on GnRH release or catecholaminergic activity. It is suggested that activation of GnRH/LH release in the VMH/NI of anoestrous ewes may result from a decrease of norepinephrine output and hence its inhibitory effect on GnRH secretion. Activation of GABABreceptors, as well as their blockade, did not change dopaminergic system activity, indicating that GABABdoes not affect GnRH release indirectly by a GABABreceptor mechanism acting on dopaminergic neurones in the VMH/NI. Increased activity of the β‐endorphinergic system during blockade of GABABreceptors does not change GnRH release, suggesting that β‐endorphin does not play a significant role in the control of GnRH secretion in anoestrous ewes.
Norepinephrine Release in Medial Amygdala Facilitates Activation of the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Response to Acute Immobilisation Stress
Authors: Ma S. , Morilak D. A.
Published: February 2005

Activation of the brain noradrenergic system during stress plays an important integrative function in coping and stress adaptation by facilitating transmission in many brain regions involved in regulating behavioural and physiological components of the stress response. The medial amygdala (MeA) has been implicated in modulation of stress‐induced activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, and MeA is a target of innervation from brainstem noradrenergic neurones. However, it is not known whether, and to what extent, activation of the ascending noradrenergic innervation of MeA might modulate stress‐induced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. In the first experiment in this study, we measured extracellular norepinephrine (NE) levels in MeA using in vivo microdialysis. The concentration of NE in dialysate samples collected in MeA was elevated by more than three‐fold over baseline in response to acute immobilisation stress, providing evidence of a possible modulatory role for NE in the MeA during stress. This potential role was then assessed in the second experiment by measuring changes in the elevation of plasma ACTH concentration induced by acute immobilisation stress immediately following bilateral microinjections of α1‐ or β‐adrenergic receptor antagonists directly into MeA. Compared to vehicle‐injected controls, the α1‐receptor antagonist benoxathian dose‐dependently and significantly attenuated the ACTH response to acute stress, whereas combined β1/β2‐receptor blockade in MeA had only a modest effect. These results indicate that MeA does play a role in the stress response, and support the hypothesis that stress‐induced activation of NE release in MeA, acting primarily through α1 receptors, facilitates activation of the HPA axis in response to acute stress.
Myocilin gene implicated in primary congenital glaucoma
Authors: Kaur K , Reddy ABM , Mukhopadhyay A , Mandal AK , Hasnain SE , Ray K , Thomas R , Balasubramanian D , Chakrabarti S
Published: February 2005

Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) has been associated with CYP1B1 gene (2p21), with a predominantly autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Our earlier studies attributed CYP1B1 mutations to only 40% of Indian PCG cases. In this study, we included 72 such PCG cases where CYP1B1 mutations were detected in only 12 patients in heterozygous condition, implying involvement of other gene(s). On screening these patients for mutations in myocilin (MYOC), another glaucoma‐associated gene, using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography followed by sequencing, we identified a patient who was double heterozygous at CYP1B1 (c.1103G>A; Arg368His) and MYOC (c.144G>T; Gln48His) loci, suggesting a digenic mode of inheritance of PCG. In addition, we identified the same MYOC mutation, implicated for primary open angle glaucoma, in three additional PCG patients who did not harbor any mutation in CYP1B1. These observations suggest a possible role of MYOC in PCG, which might be mediated via digenic interaction with CYP1B1 and/or an yet unidentified locus associated with the disease.
Memory of Social Partners in Hermit Crab Dominance
Authors: Gherardi Francesca , Atema Jelle
Published: February 2005

We investigated the possibility that invertebrates recognize conspecific individuals by studying dominance relationships in the long‐clawed hermit crab, Pagurus longicarpus. We conducted three sets of laboratory experiments to define the time limits for acquiring and maintaining memory of an individual opponent. The results reveal two characteristics that make individual recognition in this species different from standard associative learning tasks. Firstly, crabs do not require training over many repeated trials; rather, they show evidence of recognition after a single 30‐min exposure to a stimulus animal. Secondly, memory lasts for up to 4 d of isolation without reinforcement. A third interesting feature of individual recognition in this species is that familiar opponents are recognized even before the formation of a stable hierarchical rank. That is, recognition seems to be relatively independent of repeated wins (rewards) or losses (punishments) in a dominance hierarchy. The experimental protocol allowed us to show that this species is able to classify conspecifics into two ‘heterogeneous subgroups’, i.e. familiar vs. unfamiliar individuals, but not to discriminate one individual of a group from every other conspecific from ‘a unique set of cues defining that individual’. In other words, we demonstrated a ‘binary’– and not a ‘true’– individual recognition. However, 1 d of interactions with different crabs did not erase the memory of a former rival, suggesting that P. longicarpus uses a system of social partner discrimination more refined than previously shown.
Ontogeny of Acoustic and Feeding Behaviour in the Grey Gurnard,Eutrigla gurnardus
Authors: Amorim M. Clara P. , Hawkins Anthony D.
Published: February 2005

Although sound production in teleost fish is often associated with territorial behaviour, little is known of fish acoustic behaviour in other agonistic contexts such as competitive feeding and how it changes during ontogeny. The grey gurnard,Eutrigla gurnardus, frequently emits knock and grunt sounds during competitive feeding and seems to adopt both contest and scramble tactics under defensible resource conditions. Here we examine, for the first time, the effect of fish size on sound production and agonistic behaviour during competitive feeding. We have made sound (alone) and video (synchronized image and sound) recordings of grey gurnards during competitive feeding interactions. Experimental fish ranged from small juveniles to large adults and were grouped in four size classes: 10–15, 15–20, 25–30 and 30–40 cm in total length. We show that, in this species, both sound production and feeding behaviour change with fish size. Sound production rate decreased in larger fish. Sound duration, pulse duration and the number of pulses increased whereas the peak frequency decreased with fish size, in both sound types (knocks and grunts). Interaction rate and the frequency of agonistic behaviour decreased with increasing fish size during competitive feeding sessions. The proportion of feeding interactions accompanied by sound production was similar in all size classes. However, the proportion of interactions accompanied by knocks (less aggressive sounds) and by grunts (more aggressive) increased and decreased with fish size, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that smaller grey gurnards compete for food by contest tactics whereas larger specimens predominantly scramble for food, probably because body size gives an advantage in locating, capturing and handling prey. We further suggest that sounds emitted during feeding may potentially give information on the motivation and ability of the individual to compete for food resources.
Light‐Dependent Shift in Bullfrog Tadpole Magnetic Compass Orientation: Evidence for a Common Magnetoreception Mechanism in Anuran and Urodele Amphibians
Authors: Freake Michael J. , Phillips John B.
Published: February 2005

Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of a light‐dependent magnetic compass in a urodele amphibian, the eastern red‐spotted newt Notophthalmus viridescens, mediated by extraocular photoreceptors located in or near the pineal organ. Newts tested under long‐wavelength (≥500 nm) light exhibited a 90° shift in the direction of orientation relative to newts tested under full spectrum (white) or short‐wavelength light. Here we report that bullfrog tadpoles Rana catesbeiana (an anuran amphibian) exhibit a 90° shift in the direction of magnetic compass orientation under long‐wavelength (≥500 nm) light similar to that observed in newts, suggesting that a common light‐dependent mechanism mediates these responses. These findings suggest that a light‐dependent magnetic compass may have been the ancestral state in this group of vertebrates.
Adult‐onset inflammatory myopathy: North Canterbury experience 1989–2001
Authors: Lynn S. J. , Sawyers S. M. , Moller P. W. , O'Donnell J. L. , Chapman P. T.
Published: February 2005

Aim:  To perform a clinical audit of all patients diagnosed with inflammatory myopathy in the North Canterbury region.

Methods:  A retrospective case note audit of patients with a discharge diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy from June 1989 to June 2001 was performed. The audit was based at Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand, which services a population of 430 000.

Results:  Of 77 case notes reviewed, 44 patients were identified who were considered to fulfil clinical criteria for inflammatory myopathy. There was a female preponderance (80% female, 20% male). Diagnostic categories in descending order of frequency included: dermatomyositis (41%), polymyositis (39%), inclusion body myositis (IBM) (14%) and overlap syndromes (6%). Malignancy‐associated myositis occurred in 20% overall (dermatomyositis 11%, polymyositis 9%). Delays in diagnosis and late age at presentation (average 72 years) were seen in the IBM group. Proximal limb weakness was common, but not universal at presentation (80%). A muscle biopsy was performed in all patients and electromyography in 82%. All were treated with high dose prednisone (0.5–1 mg/kg) of whom 29% were maintained on prednisone alone. Immunosuppressives/immunomodulators used included: azathioprine (58%), methotrexate (31%), intravenous immunoglobulin (13%), chlorambucil (13%), and cyclophosphamide (9%). Thirteen patients (42%) required more than one agent, with three trialling five agents. There were 59 relapses in 20 patients (45%), with mean time to first relapse of 7.8 months. At audit completion, 33% had deceased with malignancy and respiratory failure the main causes.

Conclusion:  Inflammatory myopathy is a challenging condition in both diagnosis and management. Our audit has shown delays in the diagnosis of IBM, a relatively high incidence of malignancy and a notable risk of relapse and mortality. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 170–173)
Risk estimates for drugs suspected of being associated with Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a case‐control study
Authors: Lin M.‐S. , Dai Y.‐S. , Pwu R.‐F. , Chen Y.‐H. , Chang N.‐C.
Published: February 2005

Abstract

The purpose of this case‐control study is to estimate the risks of Stevens‐Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with the use of specific drugs. The suspected cases were identified from the computerized hospital discharge file. We calculated crude relative risks and adjusted them for confounding by multivariate analysis. The analysis was based on 35 cases and 105 controls. This study showed that the use of carbamazepine, phenytoin and allopurinol is most associated with the risks in the oriental population. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 188–190)
Visualization of local Ca2+ dynamics with genetically encoded bioluminescent reporters
Authors: Rogers Kelly L. , Stinnakre Jacques , Agulhon Cendra , Jublot Delphine , Shorte Spencer L. , Kremer Eric J. , Brûlet Philippe
Published: February 2005

Measurements of local Ca2+ signalling at different developmental stages and/or in specific cell types is important for understanding aspects of brain functioning. The use of light excitation in fluorescence imaging can cause phototoxicity, photobleaching and auto‐fluorescence. In contrast, bioluminescence does not require the input of radiative energy and can therefore be measured over long periods, with very high temporal resolution. Aequorin is a genetically encoded Ca2+‐sensitive bioluminescent protein, however, its low quantum yield prevents dynamic measurements of Ca2+ responses in single cells. To overcome this limitation, we recently reported the bi‐functional Ca2+ reporter gene, GFP‐aequorin (GA), which was developed specifically to improve the light output and stability of aequorin chimeras [V. Baubet, et al., (2000) PNAS, 97, 7260–7265]. In the current study, we have genetically targeted GA to different microdomains important in synaptic transmission, including to the mitochondrial matrix, endoplasmic reticulum, synaptic vesicles and to the postsynaptic density. We demonstrate that these reporters enable ‘real‐time’ measurements of subcellular Ca2+ changes in single mammalian neurons using bioluminescence. The high signal‐to‐noise ratio of these reporters is also important in that it affords the visualization of Ca2+ dynamics in cell–cell communication in neuronal cultures and tissue slices. Further, we demonstrate the utility of this approach in ex‐vivo preparations of mammalian retina, a paradigm in which external light input should be controlled. This represents a novel molecular imaging approach for non‐invasive monitoring of local Ca2+ dynamics and cellular communication in tissue or whole animal studies.
Complex effects of stromal cell‐derived factor‐1α on melanin‐concentrating hormone neuron excitability
Authors: Guyon A. , Banisadr G. , Rovère C. , Cervantes A. , Kitabgi P. , Melik‐Parsadaniantz S. , Nahon J.‐L.
Published: February 2005

Stromal cell‐derived factor 1α (SDF‐1α), a chemoattractant for leucocytes and neurons, and its receptor, CXCR4 are expressed in subsets of neurons of specific brain areas. In rat lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) we show, using immunocytochemistry, that CXCR4 is localized within melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH)‐expressing neurons, mainly involved in feeding behaviour regulation. We investigated whether SDF‐1α may control MCH neuronal activity. Patch‐clamp recordings in rat LHA slices revealed multiple effects of SDF‐1α on the membrane potential of MCH neurons, indirect through glutamate/GABA release and direct through GIRK current activation. Moreover, SDF‐1α at 0.1–1 nm decreased peak and discharge frequency of action potential evoked by current pulses. These effects were further confirmed in voltage‐clamp experiments, SDF‐1α depressing both potassium and sodium currents. At 10 nm, however, SDF‐1α increased peak and discharge frequency of action potential evoked by current pulses. Using a specific CXCR4 antagonist, we demonstrated that only the depressing effect on AP discharge was mediated through CXCR4 while the opposite effect was indirect. Together, our studies reveal for the first time a direct effect of SDF‐1α on voltage‐dependent membrane currents of neurons in brain slices and suggest that this chemokine may regulate MCH neuron activity.
Both oral and caudal parts of the spinal trigeminal nucleus project to the somatosensory thalamus in the rat
Authors: Guy Nathalie , Chalus Maryse , Dallel Radhouane , Voisin Daniel L.
Published: February 2005

Recent evidence has been accumulated that not only spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) neurons but also spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis (Sp5O) neurons respond to noxious stimuli. It is unknown, however, whether Sp5O neurons project to supratrigeminal structures implicated in the sensory processing of orofacial nociceptive information. This study used retrograde tracing with Fluorogold in rats to investigate and compare the projections from the Sp5O and Sp5C to two major thalamic nuclei that relay ascending somatosensory information to the primary somatic sensory cortex: the ventroposteromedial thalamic nucleus (VPM) and the posterior thalamic nuclear group (Po). Results not only confirmed the existence of contralateral projections from the Sp5C to the VPM and Po, with retrogradely labelled neurons displaying a specific distribution in laminae I, III and V, they also showed consistent and similar numbers of retrogradely labelled cell bodies in the contralateral Sp5O. In addition, a topographic distribution of VPM projections from Sp5C and Sp5O was found: neurons in the dorsomedial parts of Sp5O and Sp5C projected to the medial VPM, neurons in the ventrolateral Sp5O and Sp5C projected to the lateral VPM, and neurons in intermediate parts of Sp5O and Sp5C projected to the intermediate VPM. All together, these data suggest that not only the Sp5C, but also the Sp5O relay somatosensory orofacial information from the brainstem to the thalamus. Furthermore, trigemino‐VPM pathways conserve the somatotopic distribution of primary afferents found in each subnucleus. These results thus improve our understanding of trigeminal somatosensory processing and help to direct future electrophysiological investigations.
Mechanisms of somatostatin‐evoked responses in neurons of the rat lateral amygdala
Authors: Meis Susanne , Sosulina Ludmila , Schulz Stefan , Höllt Volker , Pape Hans‐Christian
Published: February 2005

The effects of somatostatin in the rat lateral amygdala (LA) in vitro were investigated through whole cell recording techniques. Somatostatin induced an inwardly rectifying K+ current in approximately 98% of LA projection neurons. Half‐maximal effects were obtained by 189 nm somatostatin. The effects of somatostatin were insensitive to tetrodotoxin, reduced by Ba2+, occluded or abolished by the presence of nonhydrolysable GTP or GDP analogues, respectively, and blocked or mimicked by a somatostatin receptor type 2 antagonist (BIM‐23627) or somatostatin receptor type 2 agonist (L‐779,976), respectively, while somatostatin receptor type 1, 3 and 4 agonists were ineffective (L‐797,591, L‐796,778, L‐803,087). Responses to somatostatin were associated with membrane hyperpolarization and decrease in input resistance, resulting in a dampening of cell excitability. It is suggested that these cellular mechanisms contribute to the role of somatostatin in decreasing anxiety behaviour as well as to anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic actions of somatostatin or somatostatin agonists in the amygdala.
One lung ventilation in infants and children: experience with Marraro double lumen tube
Authors: PAWAR DILIP K. , MARRARO GIUSEPPE A.
Published: February 2005

Background : Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of selective bronchial intubation and independent lung ventilation during thoracic surgery in children up to 3 years, using a double lumen tube.

Methods : We studied retrospective (cases 1–6) and prospective cases (7–17) between January 1996 and December 2000 at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India and at Fatebenefratelli and Ophthalmiatric Hospital, Milan, Italy. Seventeen children, 1 day to 3 years of age and weighing 2.7–12 kg, were submitted to thoracic surgery for a variety of surgical conditions. Anesthesia was conducted as usual in this type of patient and selective intubation was performed using a double lumen tube (Marraro Pediatric double lumen tube). During the operation one lung ventilation was applied and at the end of surgery the collapsed lung was reexpanded independently from the contralateral lung.

Results : Six children remained intubated with a double lumen tube for between 8 and 48 h and one (case no. 11) with a single lumen tube for 24 h, while 10 of the older children were extubated on the table. No serious complications during or after surgery were noted and after extubation all the children recovered completely without sequelae.

Conclusions : The double lumen tube appears to be very effective in allowing one lung ventilation in this age group during thoracic surgery.
Disparity between range map‐ and survey‐based analyses of species richness: patterns, processes and implications
Authors: Hurlbert Allen H. , White Ethan P.
Published: February 2005

Species richness patterns are characterized either by overlaying species range maps or by compiling geographically extensive survey data for multiple local communities. Although, these two approaches are clearly related, they need not produce identical richness patterns because species do not occur everywhere in their geographical range. Using North American breeding birds, we present the first continent‐wide comparison of survey and range map data. On average, bird species were detected on 40.5% of the surveys within their range. As a result of this range porosity, the geographical richness patterns differed markedly, with the greatest disparity in arid regions and at higher elevations. Environmental productivity was a stronger predictor of survey richness, while elevational heterogeneity was more important in determining range map richness. In addition, range map richness exhibited greater spatial autocorrelation and lower estimates of spatial turnover in species composition. Our results highlight the fact that range map richness represents species coexistence at a much coarser scale than survey data, and demonstrate that the conclusions drawn from species richness studies may depend on the data type used for analyses.
Motivation for nurses undertaking a post‐registration qualification in Malaysia
Authors: Chiu L. H.
Published: February 2005

Aim:  To present several key factors that motivated Malaysian registered nurses to undertake a post‐registration degree through an Australian university. The overall research study, from which this paper is drawn, looked at the professional learning of Malaysian registered nurses and the subsequent impact on their careers.

Background:  In Malaysia, the demand for a degree for Malaysian nurses provided the impetus for this offshore post‐registration nursing programme, developed as a twinning venture between an Australian university and a Malaysian private institution. The degree programme was conducted largely in Malaysia with a 4‐week residential block in Australia.

Methods:  As this larger research study investigated the graduates’ personal perspectives of their experiences of this post‐registration degree programme, the case study approach was the appropriate methodological choice. Twelve Malaysian graduate nurses were recruited voluntarily from the first cohort of students who completed the Bachelor of Health Science‐Nursing (post‐registration) 5 years post graduation. Ethical procedures were observed. The data were collected through individual, semi‐structured and focus interviews, which took place in Malaysia and were personally tape‐recorded and transcribed by the researcher.

Findings:  The motivation for formal learning emanated from the participants’ personal and professional lives. Within these two domains, four separate but interrelated reasons emerged: work‐related stimulation and self‐growth; compliance with management requirements; professional advancement and keeping up with the profession; and availability and accessibility. However, in a culture where higher education is highly priced and yet scarce, the programmes’ availability and accessibility were ultimate factors.
Viewing or visualising—which concept map strategy works best on problem‐solving performance?
Authors: Lee Youngmin , Nelson David W.
Published: February 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of maps (generative vs. completed) and the amount of prior knowledge (high vs. low) on well‐structured and ill‐structured problem‐solving performance. Forty‐four undergraduates who were registered in an introductory instructional technology course participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to two treatments that used generative and completed concept maps. Within those treatment groups, participants were differentiated by prior domain knowledge, high or low. Although the high knowledge‐generative group outperformed the other three groups on well‐structured problem‐solving performance, it did not have an effect on ill‐structured problem‐solving performance.
Improving students’ pronunciation through accent reduction software
Authors: Seferoğlu Gölge
Published: February 2005

This study aimed to find out whether integrating accent reduction software in advanced English language classes at the university level would result in improvements in students’ pronunciation at the segmental and sup‐rasegmental levels. The study made use of a quasi‐experimental research design. Two classes at the Department of Foreign Language Education at Middle East Technical University in Turkey participated in the study. Whilst one class (the control group) followed traditional instruction, the other class (experimental group) followed instruction which integrated use of accent reduction software in a multimedia language laboratory. Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that especially in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) settings where natural target language input is scarce, technology has a lot to offer, and EFL learners may be provided with exposure and practice/interaction opportunities in the target language through specifically designed software programs.
Applying TRIZ to Service Conceptual Design: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Zhang Jun , Chai Kah‐Hin , Tan Kay‐Chuan
Published: February 2005

This paper introduces a new avenue for applying the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving (TRIZ). TRIZ tools may be used in designing new service concepts in the field of new service development (NSD). Up to the present time, the practice of generating new ideas in NSD has been dependent largely on inspiration, luck and flair. One shortcoming in the generation of creative ideas is the psychological inertia or mental block commonly encountered. This research proposes to use TRIZ to help spawn new and perhaps unorthodox ideas and concepts in NSD. A case study on canteen operation demonstrates the feasibility of applying TRIZ in service design.
The TRIZ Resource Analysis Tool for Solving Management Tasks: Previous Classifications and their Modification
Authors: Mueller Sandra
Published: February 2005

This paper illustrates different approaches of classifying resources inside the field of TRIZ and in the strategic management with focus on the Resource‐based View. The Resource‐based View is introduced in order to discuss resources under management aspects. The goal is to integrate the most promising approaches for increasing the effectiveness of the TRIZ‐based resource analysis. The TRIZ‐based comprehension of resources will be broadened such that the specifications of management problems are sufficiently considered. Based on the proposed classification, a three‐step process to analyse resources in well‐structured form based on TRIZ is recommended. In that way, the problem‐solver can identify resources that might not normally be viewed as such. Furthermore, the proposed classification includes different categories of resources, with examples in the field of management that can be used as a database.
Reshaping of sandstone surfaces by cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria: bioalkalization causes chemical weathering in arid landscapes
Authors: BÜDEL B. , WEBER B. , KÜHL M. , PFANZ H. , SÜLTEMEYER D. , WESSELS D.
Published: February 2005

We report a novel weathering mechanism in South African sandstone formations, where cryptoendolithic cyanobacteria induce weathering by substrate alkalization during photosynthesis. As a result, the upper rock part is loosened and then eroded away by physical forces such as wind, water, trampling. This special type of ‘exfoliation’ is widely distributed and affects the geomorphology of whole sandstone mountain ranges and outcrops across several biomes. We show, that this weathering type is initiated by bioalkalization because of the photosynthesis of cryptoendolithic (i.e. those organisms living in small tight open spaces between the sand grains) cyanobacteria causing pH values high enough to enhance silica solution in the cryptoendolithic zone. As modern cyanobacteria are the initial photoautotrophic colonizers of bare rocks in arid and semiarid landscapes, it is possible that they may also have played a significant role in shaping sandstone landscapes in the geological past.
COOKING AND PAINTED WARE FROM SAN GIUSTO (LUCERA, FOGGIA): THE PRODUCTION CYCLE, FROM THE SUPPLY OF RAW MATERIALS TO THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF PRODUCTS*
Authors: GLIOZZO E. , FORTINA C. , TURBANTI I. MEMMI , TURCHIANO M. , VOLPE G.
Published: February 2005

Archaeological excavation at the San Giusto site (Lucera, Italy) has unearthed a Late Antique kiln that was most certainly dedicated to the production of cooking ware. An archaeometric study of numerous specimens of cooking and painted ware found at this site was carried out using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro‐Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence, inductively coupled plasma mass and optical emission spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. The integration of historical–archaeological data with archaeometric data has revealed that these specimens can be attributed to the San Giusto site. Furthermore, the production cycle of this ware can thus be reconstructed: from the diversified supply of raw materials (fluvial and marine sediments), to the relatively complex preparation of the paste, to firing at variable temperatures (600–750°C for cooking ware; 850–1050°C for painted ware).
TECHNOLOGICAL STUDY OF PTOLEMAIC – EARLY ROMAN FAIENCE FROM MEMPHIS, EGYPT*
Authors: SHORTLAND A. J. , TITE M. S.
Published: February 2005

Fourteen fragments of faience vessels from the Ptolemaic/Roman period found at the Egyptian site of Memphis, near Cairo, were analysed by SEM. The fragments included high‐relief polychrome vessels, which are first produced in numbers in this period. Analysis allowed the composition and microstructure of the vessels to be assessed and conclusions drawn as to the raw materials of manufacture. Combining this information with archaeological evidence from excavation of the kilns and associated finds, it was possible to reconstruct the production technology of the vessels.
Dialogue‐Based Evaluation as a Creative Climate Indicator: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Sundgren Mats , Selart Marcus , Ingelgård Anders , Bengtson Curt
Published: February 2005

This paper examines how different forms of performance evaluation relate to aspects of the creative climate in a major pharmaceutical company. The study was based on a large employee‐attitude survey that was distributed to all company employees. The study analyses survey results from 5,333 employees at five R&D sites. The results indicate that management's evaluation of employees (either dialogue‐based or control‐based) relates to the type of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic) that drives employees, to their style of thinking (value‐focused thinking) and on their attitudes to organizational creativity. The paper then discusses implications of these findings for HRM.
Changes in Cognitive Function Associated with Sleep Disordered Breathing in Older People
Authors: Cohen‐Zion Mairav , Stepnowsky Carl , Marler  , Shochat Tamar , Kripke Daniel F. , Ancoli‐Israel Sonia
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVES: Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is very common in older people and is known to be associated with complaints of impaired daily functioning, including excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairments. As part of a larger study on SDB and aging, it became possible to examine the relationship between SDB and cognition in older men and women.

DESIGN: A population‐based longitudinal study.

SETTING: In‐home interviews and home sleep recordings in the greater San Diego area.

PARTICIPANTS: Community‐dwelling people age 65 and older with high risk for SDB were originally studied from 1981 through 1985 and then followed every 2 years. Data from the 46 subjects who completed Visit 3 and Visit 4 are presented.

MEASUREMENTS: Subjects were interviewed in the home about their sleep and medical condition before each visit. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Daytime sleepiness was based on self‐report. Objective sleep was recorded in the home and scored for sleep, apneas and hypopneas, and oximetry variables.

RESULTS: Increases in respiratory disturbance index (RDI) (P = .036) and increases in daytime sleepiness (P = .002) were associated with decreases in cognitive performance (i.e., increases in cognitive impairment). Increases in RDI were also associated with increases in daytime sleepiness (P = .012). Change in MMSE scores was therefore regressed onto changes in RDI, daytime sleepiness, age, and education, resulting in decreases in MMSE scores being associated with increases in daytime sleepiness (P = .019) but not with changes in RDI (P = .515). There was no significant relationship between changes in oxygen saturation levels and changes in MMSE.

CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that declining cognitive function is associated primarily with increases in daytime sleepiness. Although cognitive decline was also associated with increases in RDI, this association did not hold in the more inclusive model which also included variable of SDB, oximetry, sleep and subjective report. One theoretical model could suggest that any relationship between SDB and cognitive function may be mediated by the effect of SDB on daytime sleepiness. These results suggest that older patients suffering from mild to moderate SDB may benefit from the treatment of SDB, even if they are not markedly hypoxemic.
Total Body Mass, Fat Mass, Fat‐Free Mass, and Skeletal Muscle in Older People: Cross‐Sectional Differences in 60‐Year‐Old Persons
Authors: Kyle Ursula G. , Genton Laurence , Hans Didier , Karsegard Veronique L. , Michel Jean‐Pierre , Slosman Daniel O. , Pichard Claude
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate body composition parameters, including fat‐free mass (FFM), appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASMM), relative skeletal muscle mass (RSM) index, body cell mass (BCM), BCM index, total body potassium (TBK), fat mass, percentage fat mass (FM), and their differences between age groups and to evaluate the frequency of sarcopenia in healthy older subjects

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, nonrandomized study.

SETTING: Outpatient clinic.

PARTICIPANTS: Ninety‐one healthy men and 100 healthy women age 60 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: FFM, ASMM, FM, and percentage fat mass by whole‐body dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry; TBK, BCM, and TBK/FFM ratio by whole body potassium‐40 counter.

RESULTS: All lean body mass parameters were significantly (P < .05) lower in subjects age 80 and older than in those age 70 to 79, except ASMM in women. Mean FFM was 4.2 kg (7.3%) lower in men age 80 and older than in those younger than 70 and 2.9 kg (6.8%) lower in women age 80 and older than in those younger than 70. The skeletal muscle mass, reflected by ASMM, decreased more than FFM. This suggests that nonskeletal muscle mass is proportionally preserved during aging. Forty‐five percent of men and 30% of women were sarcopenic by definition of BCM index and 11.0% of men and women by definition of RSM index.

CONCLUSIONS: Significant age‐related differences exist in body composition of older men and women between age 60 and 95. The greater decrease in TBK and BCM than the decrease in FFM and skeletal muscle mass suggests changing composition of FFM with age. Lack of agreement between two independent sarcopenia indexes suggests that further refinement in the definition of a sarcopenia index is necessary.
Gait Variability in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Brach Jennifer S. , Berthold Robert , Craik Rebecca , VanSwearingen Jessie M. , Newman Anne B.
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVES: To describe gait variability at usual and fast walking speeds in community‐dwelling older adults and to describe the effects of increasing gait speed on gait variability.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional, descriptive study.

SETTING: The Cardiovascular Health Study at the University of Pittsburgh.

PARTICIPANTS: Ninety‐five community‐living older adults, 54 women and 41 men, age 65 and older (mean age ± standard deviation 79.4 ± 3.37).

MEASUREMENTS: Gait measured at participant's usual and fast walking speed collected using an instrumented walkway. Step‐length and step‐width variability were determined using the coefficient of variation.

CONCLUSIONS: Step‐length and step‐width variability have opposite associations with gait speed in older adults. Improvement in step‐length and step‐width variability with attempted acceleration might be a key factor to examine in future studies of disability risk and therapeutic interventions.