bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seven Photo Models of Mother Courage
Authors: Barthes Roland
Published: April 2006

When the Berliner Ensemble came to Paris to play Mother
Courage for a second time in 1957, the photo-journalist
Pic took pictures of the entire production with a telephoto lens. Thanks to
this, we possess a true photographic history of Mother
Courage, something quite novel, I believe, in theatre
criticism—at least for France. This succession of about one hundred
photographs dealing with a single play is not only very fine in itself (for
Mother Courage is a fine story); it is also
of great value for those who want to reflect on the theatre. For what the
photographs reveal is precisely what was brought out by the production
details. But the details are at the same time the meaning, and it is because
Brecht's theatre is a theatre of meaning that its detail is so
important.
From Brecht Today
Authors: Wekwerth Manfred
Published: April 2006

With a few admittedly great exceptions, writers of drama criticism and
aesthetic theory are up against a mystery when they deal with Brecht. The
solution cannot be found within the confines of the aesthetic or the
academic, but so abhorrent is any venture outside this realm to those who
inhabit it that they have devised a special method: mystification. Whatever
is an enigma for the theorists must be inherently enigmatic. Decisive
questions fly back and forth in the Olympian heights, where the air is thin:
Is the enigma of Brecht on the right or on the left? Is Brecht more
mysterious as a Communist or as a Man? Can people in Leipzig or Munich
better understand the meaning of all the things Brecht did
not write? Where are the acrostic punctuation
marks which Brecht used to tell us what he really
meant? Is the late Brecht more Brecht or less Brecht than the early Brecht?
Is Brecht really Brecht at all or was he his own double? Should you read
Brecht's own writings to understand him? Did Brecht identify with Mack the
Knife or Galileo?
The Death of Mother Courage
Authors: Glade Henry
Published: April 2006

There were nine of Brecht’s plays in the Moscow repertoires during the
1966-67 season — has any city in the world equalled this? Acceptance of
Brecht was long in coming, however. There were some early Brecht productions
in Moscow: The Threepenny Opera, directed by TaiVov at the Kamerni Theatre
in January 1930; selections from Fear and Misery of the Third Reich, staged
at the Lenin Komsomol in September 1941. Then nothing, until 1958. Brecht's
plays were neither socialistic nor realistic enough for the Stalinist
era.
Brechtian Europe
Authors: Popkin Henry
Published: April 2006

Brecht's influence is to be seen everywhere on the European stage. The
peripatetic critic has a wide choice of Brechtian patterns to observe and
record—stagecraft, acting, ideas about society, re-interpretation of
history—but the one that I find of particular interest is a school of
playwriting. It is natural enough that in the English-speaking world we
identify principally Brecht's English disciples—John Osborne, Robert Bolt,
John Arden; it takes us a little longer, since most of us wait for
translations, to discern and interpret the Brechtian vogue on the continent
where, possibly, truer disciples are writing their plays.
Room 706
Authors: Kirby Michael
Published: April 2006

The title Room 106 refers to the large lecture hall on the seventh floor of Saint Francis College, Brooklyn, New York, in which the piece was presented. Although the following description is intended partly as a guide for anyone wishing to recreate the work, the title and almost everything else in such a re-creation—the dialogue, the structure, possibly even the physical set-up —would change. As was indicated when such a re-creation was presented in Argentina, based only on a vocal description, the “integrity” of the piece lies not in the particular words and images used in the original performance, but in the concept and the manner in which the material is generated.
The Conquest of the Universe
Authors: Brecht Stefan
Published: April 2006

The Playhouse of the Ridiculous has been for a year or two now the first and only good theatre in New York since the Living Theatre was exiled by the Federal authorities. Assorted egomanias and mad squabbles explode such groups, which do not exist except by the cunning tyranny of egomaniacs and the ties of personal animosity. The great thing about the Playhouse of the Ridiculous is they don't go in for art.
The Renaissance Beard: Masculinity in Early Modern England*
Authors: Fisher Will
Published: April 2006

This essay builds on Judith Butler's recent theoretical work inBodies that Matterby suggesting that the sexual differences that “mattered” in early modern England are not exactly the same as those that “matter” today. In particular, it suggests that facial hair often conferred masculinity during the Renaissance: the beard made the man. The centrality of the beard is powerfully demonstrated by both portraits and theatrical practices. Indeed, virtually all men in portraits painted between the mid-sixteenth and the mid-seventeenth century have some sort official hair. Beards were also quite common on the Renaissance stage, and the essay goes on to analyze the use of false beards as theatrical props. These are not, however, the only “texts “from the period that equate being a man with having a beard. Similar formulations appear in a wide range of sources: medical treatises, physiognomy books, poetical works, and tracts on gender. In many of these texts, moreover, facial hair is not simply imagined as a means of constructing sexual differences between men and women; it is also a means of constructing distinctions between men and boys. Thus, it would appear that boys were considered to be a different gender from men during the Renaissance. This division had important ramifications for theater practice. It meant, for example, that boy actors would have been as much “in drag” when playing the parts of men as when playing the parts of women. Finally, we need to bear in mind that if facial hair thus served as an important means of materializing masculinity in early modern England, it was also crucially malleable and prosthetic. As a result, we can say that both masculinity and the beard had to be constantly made (to) matter.
Learning Disabilities and the Professional Educator
Authors: Larsen Stephen
Published: April 2006

Dr. Stephen Larsen, President of D.C.L.D., has identified four central issues in the learning disability field as they relate to the educator: 1) determining the true parameters of the learning disabilities field; 2) monitoring the proliferation of tests and materials presumed relevant to educational practice; 3) insuring that learning disabled students are provided instructional opportunities in accordance with their educational needs and civil rights; and 4) determining professional standards that are necessary for competent and ethical practice. The professional educator is seen as the central person in the resolution of these issues as well as the central professional in planning, conducting, and/or coordinating the overall diagnostic and remedial efforts used with the learning disabled individual.
Industry Categories and the Politics of the Comparable Firm in CEO Compensation
Authors: Porac Joseph F. , Wade James B. , Pollock Timothy G.
Published: April 2006

We examine the blending of informational and political forces in organizational categorizations in the context of chief executive officer (CEO) compensation. By law, corporate boards are required to provide shareholders with annual justifications for their CEO pay allocations that contain an explicit performance comparison with a set of peer companies that are selected by the board. We collected and analyzed information on the industry membership of chosen peers from a 1993 sample of 280 members of the Standard and Poor's (S&P) 500. Our results suggest that boards anchor their comparability judgments within a firm's primary industry, thus supporting the argument that boards' peer definitions center around commonsense industry categories. At the same time, however, we found that boards selectively define peers in self-protective ways, such that peer definitions are expanded beyond industry boundaries when firms perform poorly, industries perform well, CEOs are paid highly, and when shareholders are powerful and active.
Certain Bluff Mounds of Western Jersey County, Illinois
Authors: Titterington P. F.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological interest has existed in Jersey County for a long period of time. As early as 1875, and up to about 1890, Mr. William McAdams was actively interested in collecting and excavating in Jersey, Calhoun, and Madison counties. His work was quite extensive, but unfortunately no detailed report of his Jersey County activities was made. The vast amount of material that he gathered has been widely scattered, except for a few thousand pieces which are in the Museum of the Monticello Seminary at Godfrey, Illinois. Mr. Charles A. Ruebel of Grafton has been collecting for sixty years. About one-half of his material is from Jersey County and the remainder from Calhoun County across the Illinois River. About fifty per cent of his collection was lost in a fire in 1912, and since that time the remainder has been stored and is not available for study at this time.
The Expansion of Blast Furnace Capacity, 1938–52: A Study in Geographical Cost Differentials
Authors: Barloon Marvin J.
Published: April 2006

The great expansion of American blast furnace capacity since 1938 has worked significant changes in the geographical distribution of the industry. Many persons have assumed that the furnaces erected at new locations have abnormally high costs for their mineral raw materials, and that their survival, like their origin, is dependent on the boom market of wartime and postwar, Federal financing, and accelerated amortization for tax purposes. This analysis is not correct. From the viewpoint of raw materials cost, the furnaces at relatively new locations in Utah, California, and northeast Texas, are lust as efficient as the furnaces at older locations such as Chicago and Pittsburgh. The data for the cost analysis which follows were collected directly from the firms involved.
Medicine for Sin as Prescribed in the Penitentials
Authors: McNeill John T.
Published: April 2006

During the past century the textual criticism and literary history of the Penitentials have received considerable attention, but the investigation of their actual function in social and church life has only begun. Yet the field is inviting. The Penitentials have, for instance, notable legal and economic aspects; they offer considerable information on ascetic practices, they have a bearing on ritual developments; and the relation of their relaxations, compositions and commutations of penance to the development of Indulgences is itself an important question. It is not the purpose of the present article to investigate any of these, but to suggest still another angle of approach. I wish to present some elementary considerations toward the answer to a question which is perhaps more basic than any of those just suggested. The question may be stated thus: What did the Penitentials contribute, and what were they designed to contribute, to the cure of souls? The cure of souls (cura animarum ) means of course the general ministry of religion in the care, and only incidentally the healing, of souls. But the penitent was regarded as one morally diseased and ill, and his treatment is, in the Penitentials, repeatedly, even habitually, referred to as the task of the moral physician. His sins are the symptoms of disease. The penalties enforced are “medicamenta,” “remedia,” “fomenta”—measures designed to restore his moral and spiritual health.
How far should our Teaching and Text-books have a Scientific
Basis?
Authors: Brandt H. C. G.
Published: April 2006

At a meeting of Natural Science Men, held a couple of years ago at
Berlin, the question which I have proposed to ourselves was discussed. Much
to the surprise of the adherents of Darwinism, Prof. Virchow maintained,
that the doctrine of Darwin should not be taught in any institution lower
than the University, that it should not enter the text-book of natural
history used in a school of any grade from the volks schule up to the
Gymnasium and Realschule. I am not able to judge whether Virchow's view is
too conservative in the field of natural science. But it is possible in any
branch of learning to set before students theories and generalizations when
they ought to be fed upon the old, hard and dry facts and laws. This method
is the more vicious; the newer these theories and the vaguer these
generalizations. But when the latest results consist of new facts and new
laws of language well established, conservatism in the adoption and in the
teaching of them becomes a great fault and a great injustice. I admit, that
there is danger in going too fast and too far in adopting and teaching the
new results, but in the department of Modern Languages as in many other
departments the danger lies in the other direction, not merely in
ultra-conservatism in appropriating and digesting the new results, not
merely in ignoring them, but in unpremeditated, unconscious, down right
ignorance of them.
Remarks on the Conjugation of the 'Wallonian Dialect
Authors: Stürzinger J. James
Published: April 2006

The following few remarks bear on the modern Wallonian Dialect,
especially that of Malmedy, as compared with Modern French. They are
intended to show that this dialect (as indeed is generally the case with
dialects) is in the main far more advanced in its linguistic development
than the literary language, while in some cases, however, it may appear more
conservative.
List of Officers and Members
Authors: Newton C. T.
Published: April 2006

I have been called upon to take the chair at this first meeting of the Society which professes to have for its object the Promotion of Hellenic Studies. Now by Hellenic Studies we do not mean merely the study of Greek texts, grammars, and lexicons. It is generally acknowledged that, besides the printed texts of the ancient Greek authors, and the commentaries of the scholiasts on these texts, many other sources of Hellenic Study are opening up every day. The monuments of the Greeks, their architecture, sculpture, and other material remains, deserve our study not less than the texts of the classics, and we must bear in mind that the history of the Hellenic language itself may be traced for at least twenty-five centuries, and that between the Greek speech of the present day, and the first utterances of the early Greek poets, there is a connection which, though not obvious to the common observer, may be as clearly demonstrated by science as the connection between the flora of the geologist and the living flora of the botanist of to-day. In order to trace out this connection, we must not regard the language of the ancient Greeks alone; we must study the Byzantine literature, as well as the Greek language still current in the mouths of the peasants, and we must also study their existing manners and customs. The space of time, therefore, over which our Hellenic Studies may range, may be computed as about twenty-five centuries, or perhaps something more. The province of this Society has next to be limited geographically. After much consideration I have come to the conclusion that our proper geographical limitation is that which has been followed in the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum of Böckh. In that great work he includes Greek inscriptions, wherever they may be found, not only in Hellas itself, but outside the Mediterranean, and beyond the Pillars of Hercules. And therefore I think that as we study Greek inscriptions wherever they are found, whether in Greece, Italy, Sicily, or elsewhere, so we may study the Greek monuments and language wherever these are to be met with. Now as to the chronological range of our subject, I have already said that it extends over at least twenty-five centuries. It will be convenient to consider this space of time as divided into three periods. There will be first the Ancient period, terminating with the downfall of paganism; then the Byzantine period down to the taking of Constantinople in 1453; and then what I will call the Neo-Hellenic period.
Delos
Authors: Jebb R. C.
Published: April 2006

The island of Delos is rather less than four miles long from north to south, with a greatest breadth of about a mile and a half. In its midst the granite platform of Cynthus rises to a height of some 350 feet above the sea-level. From the summit of Cynthus, looking westward, there is a view of rare beauty and surpassing interest. The narrow plain which extends along the western shore of the island was once covered by the ancient town of Delos. Near its middle point, a little to our right, and not far from the principal harbour, stood the temple of Apollo, with a cluster of sacred buildings surrounding it, in the brightness of Parian marble. The larger island of Rheneia, separated from Delos by a channel with an average breadth of half a mile, lies parallel with it on the west, but projects beyond it on the north,—veiling it from those who approach in a straight course from Syra. The two islets in this strait between Delos and Rheneia are now called Rheumatiari (ῥευματιάρια), ‘the channel isles’; the largest and southernmost once bore the name of Hecate, being the place where the women of Delos made their offerings of cakes to that goddess.
Bernays' Lucian and the Cynics
Authors: Bywater I.
Published: April 2006

Professor Bernays is among the few who possess the art of writing what can be read by men of culture as well as by professional scholars and historians; a monograph from his pen is sure to be at once a real contribution to knowledge, full of striking and original suggestions, and a work of literature, written with the attention to form and finish which we admire in some of the classic productions of a former age. The present work on Lucian and the Cynics is in every respect a worthy companion to the Theophrastus on Piety published in 1866. Though it is shorter and less elaborate in details than its predecessor, the subject is one which allows of a more consecutive mode of statement, and has perhaps in itself a more immediate interest for the general reader. Prof. Bernays now deals with an aspect of the civilization of the Roman empire, in which he demonstrates—what to many of us, I suppose, will be a sort of revelation—the existence of a popular religious movement, distinct from the established Paganism and from the philosophies of the schools. This new interpretation of Cynicism enables us to realize the fact that the Cynic of the first and second centuries was not a philosophical oddity, to be relegated to a chapter of a history of ancient philosophy, but a religious reformer at a moment when the Greek world seemed to have lost the power of religious initiative, and the spokesman of a kind of popular opposition when opposition to the existing political order of things was least to be expected.
Crime, Compurgation and the Courts of the Medieval Church
Authors: Helmholz R. H.
Published: April 2006

The history of criminal law has claimed an increasing share of the attention of legal and social historians in recent years. Undeterred by Professor Milsom's verdict that in the area of English criminal law, ‘nothing worthwhile was created,’ historians have plunged into the study of doctrine and practice in the common law courts. The attractions of the source material are undoubtedly great. The law is relatively straightforward, at least compared to land litigation. The cases are interesting and sometimes sensational. The subject matter promises rewards in understanding the relationship between social change and legal development. And the study may even be immediately relevant, shedding light on current law enforcement problems.
The Legal Status of Women in Early America: A Reappraisal
Authors: Salmon Marylynn
Published: April 2006

In 1930 Richard B. Morris publishedStudies in the History of American Law: With Special Reference to the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. The monograph included a chapter on the legal status of colonial women that became extremely influential within a short time of its appearance. Morris's influence continues half a century later. Several books published in 1980 cite him as one of their primary authorities on women's rights: Linda K. Kerber,Women of the Republic: Intellect & Ideology in Revolutionary America; Lyle Koehler,A Search for Power: The ‘Weaker Sex’inSeventeenth-Century New England; and Mary Beth Norton,Liberty's Daughters: The Revolutionary Experience of American Women, 1750–1800. Other influential books and articles also rely heavily on Morris, includingA Little Commonwealth: Family Life in Plymouth Colonyby John Demos, ‘The Illusion of Change: Women and the American Revolution,’ by Joan Hoff Wilson, and ‘The Lady and the Mill Girl: Changes in the Status of Women in the Age of Jackson, 1800–1840,’ by Gerda Lerner. In fact, almost every published sentence on women's rights in early American law is followed by a footnote citing chapter three ofStudies in the History of American Law. InThe Bonds of Womanhood(1977), Nancy F. Cott declared that Morris's chapter ‘has become the standard essay on colonial women under the common law.’
The Value of Music in Human Experience
Authors: Blacking John
Published: April 2006

In a Stimulating and comprehensive survey of some of the problems of ethnomusicology, Professor Mantle Hood distinguished three important aspects of our study of music: 1. The function of music as an aspect of the behaviour of man in society. 2. Characteristic musical style identified in its own terms and viewed in relation to its society. 3. The intrinsic value of individual pieces of music viewed in relation to the world of music.
Paroles D'informateurs et Propos de Musiciens: Quelques Remarques sur la
Place du Discours Dans la Connaissance de la Musique
Authors: Nattiez Jean-Jacques
Published: April 2006

Les réflexions qui suivent résultent de deux types d'interrogations.
Tout d'abord, problème familier aux ethnomusicologues, comment faut-il et
comment peut-on utiliser les propos de l'autochtone parlant de musique
lorsqu'on se propose de faire l'analyse d'un
corpus? Et par analyse, nous n'entendons pas un vague
discours impressionniste sur la musique, mais, comme nous y reviendrons à la
fin, à la fois l'utilisation de traits définissant les unités découpées
selon des méthodes rigoureuses et reproductibles, et l'établissement de
règles qui en décrivent le fonctionnement. Dans le même esprit, quel statut
devons-nous accorder, dans la musique occidentale, aux propos du
compositeur, de l'interprète ou de l'auditeur lorsque le musicologue se
propose de rendre compte du processus créateur, de la conception d'une
interprétation ou de la perception d'une oeuvre?1 A
notre sens, il n'y a aucune raison d'opérer ici, quant au status du discours
sur la musique, une distinction entre musique de tradition orale et musique
“savante”, même si nos réflexions à propos de ce problème dans la musique
occidentale ont été inspirées par l'expérience des ethnomusicologues
(Merriam, Blacking, Zemp, Feld). En d'autres termes, que se passe-t-il
lorsqu'on s'avise de considérer les propos de Wagner ou de Boulez comme ceux
d'un Inuk ou d'un Pygmée?
Preservation and Renewal of Traditional Music
Authors: Crossley-Holland Peter
Published: April 2006

I feel privileged to have been invited to open this session here in Jerusalem this afternoon. You, my friends and colleagues gathered from many parts of the world, may at this moment be feeling as I do, that we live in a very remarkable time: remarkable especially for the opportunities it gives us of meeting people from different civilizations. Today, indeed, our musical traditions, so different in their origins, form and content, are in growing communication; and, on the face of it, there would seem to be unprecedented opportunities for preserving and renewing regional music in its traditional forms. These traditional forms are those of folk music, liturgical music and learned music, but exclude the popular and individualistic repertoire. Before speaking of preservation and renewal, however, we must first recognize the existence of powerful forces which are working only for music's confusion and destruction. For the advances in technology and communications made by Western industrial society have been used for very different ends.
Oriental Elements in Israeli Song
Authors: Shmueli Herzl
Published: April 2006

About eighty years have passed since the renewal of Jewish settlement in Israel. Anyone who traces the metamorphoses which have occurred in the songs that accompanied the history of this period cannot but be astonished at the enormous range of modification in their spirit, content and style.

An attempt will be made here to present the essential part of a chapter from a more comprehensive study of Israeli song. This chapter concerns one particular group only, in which the composers of the songs succeeded in making an approach towards what may be called—and surely with no great risk of error—“Israeli musical folklore.”
Traditional and Contemporary Idioms of African Music
Authors: Nketia J. H. Kwabena
Published: April 2006

Until a few decades ago, the musical picture in many parts of Africa was primarily that of traditions of linguistic groups as cultural units. So there was as now Akan music, Adangme music, Yoruba music, Kalahari music, etc., each one practised by communities sharing common beliefs, common values and common ideals. Because of the way in which this music was organized and practised in the past, striking variations in levels of attainment, in the emphasis on different instrumental resources, and more particularly in the choice of singing styles have been inevitable.

Thus when we compare the singing styles of the Akan and the Anlo-Ewe of Ghana, we find that the dominant features of Akan singing style are the use of a heptatonic scale and polyphony based on the third as a consonant interval. Men and women rarely sing in octave parallels. In Ewe singing, on the other hand, the predominant features are singing in unison or in parallel octaves where men and women sing together and the use of sporadic fourths'as consonant intervals. Both hemitonic and anhemitonic pentatonic forms are used.
Samaritan Chant*
Authors: Spector Johanna
Published: April 2006

As is well known, there is no agreement as to the origin of the Samaritans. There is the Samaritan view and that of the Jews.

The Samaritans, Shomronim or Shomrim in Hebrew, hold themselves to be the “true Hebrews,” the “guardians of the Law,” and claim that their history is the history of the Jews until the tenth century B.C., when they separated from the main body of the Jews in a dispute over the location of the Temple site and other matters. It is their belief that the Jews transgressed in building the Temple in Jerusalem and not on Mount Gerizim. Also they claim that the Tenth Commandment of the Decalogue was altered by the Jews in order to justify the building of the Temple in Jerusalem.
La migration du style mélismatique oriental vers l'Occident
Authors: Collaer Paul
Published: April 2006

L'introduction au présent débat a une portée limitée. Il ne s'agira ni de musique religieuse, ni de ce qu'il est convenu d'appeler “musique savante,” ou “art de haute culture.” Il ne sera question que de musique populaire ancienne de tradition orale.

Pour prendre position, disons toutefois, en ce qui concerne la musique religieuse, que nous sommes entièrement de l'avis de Madame Edith Gerson-Kiwi lorsqu'elle démontre que les formes de base de la musique religieuse relevent d'une conception panasiatique; lecons et lectures appartiennent à une style récitatif monotonique où une note répétée obstinément sert de véhicule solennel aux textes sacrés, cette note obstinée étant par ailleurs agrémentée de sons légèrement plus graves ou plus aigus servant d'appuis ou de cadences vocales. On peut dire que cette conception s'étend au-delà de ce qui est 1'Asie proprement dite: elle est la même chez les Maoris de Nouvelle-Zélande pour la cantillation de leurs mythologies et généalogies.
Les parallèles orientaux de l'interpretation des chansons populaires hongroises
Authors: Vikár László
Published: April 2006

Béla Bartók et Zoltán Kodály comprirent dès le début de leurs recherches qu'ils ne connaîtraient à fond la musique populaire hongroise que par l'examen de celle des peuples avoisinants et apparentés, par la découverte des relations musicales formées durant la coexistence séculaire, en reculant même jusqu'à une époque antérieure pour étudier la musique des peuples finno-ougriens apparentés et aussi celle de leurs voisins turco-tartares.

Nous distinguons dans la musique populaire hongroise les éléments orientaux apportés de l'extrême Orient par les ancêtres des Hongrois vivant aujourd'hui en Europe centrale et les éléments occidentaux superposés depuis.
L'ornementation dans la musique des Touareg de L'aïr*
Authors: Nikiprowetzky Tolia
Published: April 2006

On pourrait répartir en deux grands groupes les nombreuses ethnies qui peuplent la République du Niger: d'une part les nomades, d'autre part les sédentaires.

Parmi les nomades, outre les Peul en partie sédentarisés, il convient de mentionner quelques tribus Toubou, venues du Tchad ou de Libye, un noyau arabe de faible importance dont le centre est Tahoua, et surtout les Touareg qui sont plus de 300.000.

C'est aux Touareg peuplant le massif de l'Aïr, au nord-ouest du pays, qu'aura trait mon exposé, établi à partir des documents que j'ai recueillis lors d'une récente mission.

On sait peu de chose sur l'origine et l'histoire des tribus touareg qui ont occupé successivement la région de l'Aïr et les traditions qui sont parvenues jusqu'à nous sont bien incertaines. Toutefois, le témoignage de l'écrivain arabe Idrisi révèle la présence de tribus berbères et libyennes à Tin Chaman, ville ancienne du centre de l'Aïr, en plein milieu du XIIème siècle.
Buddhist Dirges on the North Pacific Coast
Authors: Barbeau Marius
Published: April 2006

The idea of comparing Indian songs with those of Siberia and China as a means of discovering the origin of the former occurred to me only recently, that is since 1920, though abundance of materials has been at hand for years. Nearly 1,000 native songs of British Columbia and Alaska have been recorded for the National Museum of Canada since 1912, and many others are preserved in the collections of the United States and Germany. Many ancient Chinese and Japanese songs have been marketed by the phonograph companies. In addition, over 100 Siberian songs were collected by the Russian exile, Jochelson, for the Jesup Expedition more than sixty years ago and the records were stored at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. I had duplicates made of these for our National Museum, and I understand that the original Edison phonograph records are now preserved at Indiana University.
Songs of the Salish Indians of British Columbia
Authors: George Graham
Published: April 2006

In 1912 some sixty songs of the Salish tribe of British Columbia Indians, living on the Upper Thompson and Lillooet Rivers, were recorded on Edison cylinders for the National Museum of Canada, under the direction of Dr. Marius Barbeau. Fifteen of these, which I transcribed five years ago at Dr. Barbeau's request, are here used to demonstrate some of the characteristics of Salish songs.

The aspects of the songs concerning which it has proved worth while to compile statistics are their phrase-structure, scale-structure, interval-structure, use of percussion, start- and end-exclamations and extraneous cries; of these the first three, concerning aspects of structure, are the most important.
Chants de mer de l'ancienne et de la nouvelle France
Authors: Massignon Geneviève
Published: April 2006

La tradition populaire, dans les régions maritimes, reflète l'influence de son milieu naturel. On recueille sur les côtes, et particulièrement, dans les îles, des chansons relatives à des voyages en mer, à des naufrages, à des combats.

En France, j'ai remarqué la présence de complaintes maritimes dans les îles de Noirmoutier et d'Yeu, et sur le littoral vendéen; il en a été composé une à Noirmoutier, à la fin du XIXème siècle, à l'occasion du naufrage d'un trois-mâts norvégien. Pascal Poirier constatait, en 1928, la persistance de cette tradition en Acadie, lorsqu'il cite une complainte composée vers 1868 par un illettré de l'île Saint-Jean, sur le naufrage de trois frères péris en mer.
Once Again: On the Concept of “Folk Dance”
Authors: Hoerburger Felix
Published: April 2006

The greatest problem in any talk on folk dance—whether it be during the meetings of the International Folk Music Council or in any national or international meeting of this kind—is this, namely, that the single term “folk dance” is used to mean different things. More than once I have tried to call attention to this inconsistency and even to remove it—unfortunately with only very little success.

If once more I am speaking about this problem today, I am doing so with no real hope of bringing the matter to a conclusion, or even of being understood by everyone. My purpose is rather once more to bring the problem home to you and to stimulate thinking about the nature of this problem.
Jewish Dances of Eastern and Central Europe
Authors: Lapson Dvora
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the dances of the Jewish people in Eastern and Central Europe, from medieval times to the present. Included in its scope are: dances developed in the community Tanzhaus—an institution found in every ghetto in Europe, a place for weddings and major festivities and for recreational activities on the Sabbath; dances characteristic of the Jewish craft guilds, with occupational earmarks; dances of the Hassidim, a sect (originating in the Carpathian Mountains) the members of which made melody and dance a form of worship. These dances, performed by men only, were varied for special occasions and marked by a definite style. With the development of the Hassidic Movement, the dances spread rapidly, crossing numerous geographic boundaries. It will be shown how dances changed in form and adapted themselves to new localities, as communities of Jews migrated to the Western Hemisphere and to Israel.
A Comparative Study of the Movement Accentuation of the Body in Different Nations
Authors: Bertonoff Deborah
Published: April 2006

The three gods of the Indian pantheon are represented in sculpture with many arms, so as to symbolize a multiplicity of actions executed simultaneously. I find a similar manifestation in the classical Indian dance: a contrapuntal simultaneousness in pointing out the direction, and rhythmical accentuation, of the movement executed by the different parts of the body, each of them acting and reacting in its own way. The stony position of a quasi-polyrhythmic phenomenon in the sculptures is transformed in the dance into a polyrhythm of movement.

From my own choreographical and research work, from always having observed and used bodily reactions in the dance, I have long been aware that every part of the body has a mind and sense of its own. (This is, from a different angle, the same conclusion which led Ouspensky, in his New Model of the Universe, to say that during a dream each one of the different parts of the body thinks independently of the other parts, and in a different way from the others.)
Reconstruccion Multidisciplinaria de la Ocupacion Prehistorica de Quereo, Centro de Chile
Authors: Núñez Lautaro , Varela Juan , Casamiquela Rodolfo , Villagrán Carolina
Published: April 2006

Se describe una secuencia cultural y natural correspondiente al Pleistoceno tardío-Holoceno, identificada a unos cinco kilómetros al sur de los Vilos en la costa sur de la región semiárida de Chile, asociada a actividades humanas y fauna fósil. Se desarrollaron excavaciones de control vertical y horizontal para localizar las evidencias paleontologicas y arqueológicas in situ. Se harnearon con agua cerca de 217 m3 de sedimentos lacustres y fueron recuperados por flotación los materiales orgánicos. Tres columnas estratigráficas fueron muestreadas para análisis sedimentológico, microfaunístico, palinológico y paleontológico.

En un primer paso se definió la Formación Quebrada Quereo (Cuaternario) que consta de seis miembros emplazados en un relleno depositado en una fosa tectónica. La ocupación humana, y su interacción con la variabilidad ambiental, faunística y florística, durante el Pleistoceno Superior-Holoceno, es analizada con un criterio multidisciplinario. Se propone un esquema de correlación entre la secuencia de unidades lito-cronoestratigráficas, las condiciones paleogeográficas y bióticas, la secuencia de eventos geomorfológicos y los niveles de la secuencia cultural. El nivel Quereo I (> 11.400 años A.P.) presenta evidencias de probable origen humano asociadas a caza de Equus sp. Condiciones de aridez, al término del Pleistoceno, habrían acelerado la sobreexplotación de megamamíferos (nivel Quereo II) por los 11.100 ± 150 a 9.370 ± 180 A.P. Posteriormente, condiciones sociales y ambientales favorables reactivaron el hábitat de Quereo, representadas por una ocupación Arcaica Tardía (nivel Quereo III), datada en 2.475 ± 90 años A.P., y otra agrocerámica (nivel Quereo IV), fechada en 1.280 ± 75 años A.P.
Excavaciones Arqueologicas en el Sitio Cueva Tixi, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Mazzanti Diana Leonis
Published: April 2006

La Cueva Tixi se ubica en la sierra La Vigilancia, en cercanías de la ciudad de Mar del Plata, Argentina. Las investigaciones arqueológicas permitieron definir una secuencia estratigráfica de cuatro ocupaciones. Seis dataciones (AMS) sobre carbón vegetal, procesadas en la University of Arizona, indican que los cazadores-recolectores utilizaron la cueva durante los últimos 10,000 an̄os. El análisis de los materiales indica variabilidad en el uso de la cueva vinculada a patrones de mobilidad y territorialidad de los cazadores-recolectores pampeanos.
Chinchorro Bioarchaeology: Chronology and Mummy Seriation
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo T.
Published: April 2006

The Chinchorros were a preceramic fishing society that inhabited the Atacama coast of southern Peru and northern Chile from about 7020 to 1110 B. C., and their antiquity is much greater than originally thought. Previous Chinchorro chronologies have focused on seriation of fishing implements; this paper suggests analysis of mummies as another useful chronological tool. The Chinchorro system of artificial mummification, the oldest in the world, began about 5050 B. C, and was abandoned about 1720 B. C. Black, Red, Bandage, Mud-Coated, and Natural mummification styles represent diachronic cultural changes. In contrast to previous views, I argue here that the sophisticated Chinchorro mortuary practices originated locally, near Arica, specifically in the Camarones Gorge. The high concentration of cemeteries, high mortuary energy expenditure, presence of villages, and heavy reliance on maritime subsistence, as inferred from mummies, artifacts and human bone analyses, are all indicators that the Chinchorros were an early sedentary maritime society. The ideological complexity and antiquity of settlement of the Andean coast therefore need reappraisal.
Ideology, Chiefly Power, and Material Culture: An Example from the Greater Antilles
Authors: Curet L. Antonio
Published: April 2006

Temporal changes in material culture normally have been used by archaeologists to reconstruct the cultural history of an area or site. In the case of the Caribbean, shifts in artifactual style have been used to trace prehistoric migrations and interactions between different cultural groups. Unfortunately, there have been few attempts to explain these changes in terms of the social structures of these cultures. This paper reviews the archaeological evidence for cultural change in eastern Puerto Rico and proposes a model to explain it. Basically, the model suggests that changes in material culture in Puerto Rican prehistory are related to the development of social complexity. Shifts in decoration and types of artifacts are seen as an attempt by elite groups to have greater control over the symbolism represented in the artifacts in order to acquire and maintain their power. These changes are not abrupt, but gradual, as social organization evolves from simple to more complex chiefdoms.
Las estructuras tumulares (cerritos) del litoral atlantico uruguayo
Authors: Mazz José M. López
Published: April 2006

Las estructuras arqueológicas llamadas cerritos de indios han sido reportadas y estudiadas desde fines del siglo diecinueve, recibiendo variadas interpretaciones sobre su función. El presente artículo, pretende realizar una síntesis de la información arqueológica generada por investigadores uruguayos y brasileros, buscando discutir las aproximaciones empleadas y las explicaciones propuestas; en particular al respecto de la relación entre sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras y ambientes de tierras bajas. En el trabajo se propone una tipología y una secuencia arqueológica regional para estos cerritos. La actividad ritual y funeraria son particularmente consideradas. El análisis estratigráfico y el material arqueológico recuperado, apoyan la interpretación funcional y el estudio de la organización social, económica y política de estos grupos. El análisis crítico de la información etnohistórica adquiere significación a la hora de interpretar el tipo de sociedad y de conductas involucradas en estas construcciones. Consideradas como sociedades marginales, viviendo en ambientes marginales, estos grupos representan ahora, un interesante ejemplo para estudiar el cambio cultural y la emergencia de complejidad social.
Household and Family at Moche, Peru: An Analysis of Building and Residence Patterns in a Prehispanic Urban Center
Authors: Gijseghem Hendrik Van
Published: April 2006

The Moche was the last complex society to develop on the Peruvian north coast during the Early Intermediate Period (200 B. C.-700 A. D.). While archaeological research on the Moche has traditionally concentrated on the impressive marks of political and religious power, we know relatively little about Moche household organization and patterns of residence. In this research, conducted at the eponymous site of Moche, I identify three types of architectural organization relating to both residential and nonresidential spaces. An analysis of building materials and architectural superposition suggests a close relationship among construction quality, household size, and occupational continuity, in the case of residential architecture. The observed differences, I argue, reflect strategies of household social reproduction among Moche's urban population that depend largely on socioeconomic status. I also contend that different forms of labor were responsible for the construction of residential compounds and other specialized areas, the function of which may not be primarily residential. This research emphasizes the great potential of studying domesticity in prehistory as well as the dynamics of urban construction and suggests methods effective for the reconstruction of household forms and change in sedentary societies.
Of Lost Civilizations and Primitive Tribes, Amazonia: Reply to Meggers
Authors: Heckenberger Michael J. , Petersen James B. , Neves Eduardo Góes
Published: April 2006

Meggers's critique of views presented by DeBoer et al. (1996), Wüst and Barreto (1999), and Heckenberger et al. (1999) in Latin American Antiquity misrepresents these authors and others. Her criticisms, largely directed at the present authors, obfuscate fundamental points raised regarding the nature and variability of cultural formations and economic patterns in Amazonia. By conflating indigenous resource management systems, which we discuss, with mechanized development strategies of the modern world, she creates an unnecessarily polemical atmosphere for debate.
Nonmarket Imperialism in the Prehispanic Americas: The Inka Occupation of the Titicaca Basin
Authors: Stanish Charles
Published: April 2006

This paper analyzes the expansion of the Inka state into the Lake Titicaca Basin of the south-central Andes. While the expansion of the Inka state can be modeled in general terms as a type of core-periphery transformation typical of all preindustrial empires, I argue that the particular cultural context in which it developed determined the nature of its expansion strategies. This context was characterized by a nonmarket political economy in which reciprocal, redistributive, and nonmarket trade mechanisms predominated. Archaeological and historical data indicate that the Inka occupation was characterized by profound changes in the local political economy in the Titicaca Basin. I argue that the lack of market systems in central Andean society was a key factor that affected the strategies of imperial control in this major Inka provincial territory, promoting highly intrusive labor and population control mechanisms. This historical context differed from other areas of the Prehispanic Americas, such as central Mexico, where market systems promoted tribute-in-kind strategies that involved less intrusive strategies of imperial expansion.
A Model of Fluctuating Labor Value and the Establishment of State Power: An Application to the Prehispanic Maya
Authors: Abrams Elliot M.
Published: April 2006

Assessment of the nature of intrasocietal relationships in the context of the origin of state-level power is a critical area of study within anthropological archaeology. A well-established model of such emergent political relations (Wittfogel 1957) posits that differential access to land, coupled with intensification of agriculture, places common farmers in a position of inferiority, and thus subjects them to exploitation by the elite controllers of intensive agriculture. The central thesis of this article is that the initial relationship between the elite controllers and the common laborers in an intensive agricultural system was mutually beneficial, with the state only capable of exercising more exploitative power some generations after the establishment of intensive agriculture. I argue that the economic measure of marginal productivity may best reflect each farmer’s personal contribution to agriculture, and that, in a largely kin-based system, it is difficult for the emergent elite to exercise exploitative power when the marginal productivity of labor is high. I support the thesis on the basis of the simulated trajectory of marginal productivity, which indicates that marginal product increases with intensification. I explore the model further in a consideration of the rise of the Classic Maya kingdom of Copán, Honduras.
Obsidian-Artifact Source Analysis for the Mixtequilla Region, South-Central Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Stark Barbara L. , Heller Lynette , Glascock Michael D. , Elam J. Michael , Neff Hector
Published: April 2006

Neutron activation and statistical analyses establish source ascriptions for 201 obsidian artifacts representing Preclassic, Classic, and Postclassic period contexts in the Gulf Coast region of Mexico. Zaragoza-Oyameles, Puebla, and Pico de Orizaba, Veracruz, are the most common sources, but procurement patterns and technology shifted during the archaeological sequence. Comparative information is discussed for all periods, but especially the distribution of Zaragoza-Oyameles obsidian in the Classic period is examined. The distribution network for this obsidian served several regions. The importance of long-distance obsidian distribution for Teotihuacán is called into question.
A Comment on Moholy-Nagy’s "The Misidentification of Lithic Workshops"
Authors: Healan Dan M.
Published: April 2006

Moholy-Nagy"s (1990) discussion of the confusion of lithic-reduction sites (workshops) and workshop refuse dumps included criticism of a statement by Healan et al. (1983) as an example of such confusion. In reality no confusion is implied in the statement. Instead, Moholy-Nagy's criticism and the manner in which she defines her basic units reflect an overly narrow and simplistic conception of workshop and workshop dump.