bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF WEATHERING ON COTTON FABRIC CONTAINING CERTAIN COPPER ROTPROOFERS
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Weatherburn M. W.
Published: April 2011

On exposure to outdoor weathering for three months, No. 8 cotton duck showed substantial loss in breaking strength. The untreated fabric showed a loss of the same order as the losses of samples treated with copper naphthenate, copper hydroxynaphthenate, copper oleate, and copper tallate containing 0.1 to 1.0% copper. The copper treated samples showed slight evidence of increased actinic degradation as measured by cuprammonium fluidity. There was an appreciable decrease in the copper content of the treated samples on weathering. The decrease in copper content and breaking strength on weathering and the extent of attack by micro-organisms in soil burial testing were reduced considerably by the presence of a waterproofing compound of the wax-pigment-filler type. The initial water resistance of the proofing was modified by the presence of the copper compounds, being reduced by copper naphthenate, oleate, and tallate and increased by copper hydroxynaphthenate although on ageing and weathering these effects were minimized.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XI. EVALUATION OF LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL AS A NON-VOLATILE ANTIFREEZE COMPOUND
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

levo-2,3-Butanediol is more effective than glycerol and less effective than ethylene glycol as a freezing point depressant for water. The considerable discrepancy that is reported between observed freezing points and values calculated from Raoult's law for solutions of these chemicals is attributed to hydration. The antifreeze property of levo-2,3-butanediol is not impaired by prolonged refluxing or by use in automobile cooling systems. The viscosity of 50 to 60% solutions is considerably greater than that of 50 to 60% ethylene glycol and is slightly greater than that of 50 to 60% glycerol at 20 °C., the differences in viscosity between these solutions being magnified by low temperatures. Kinematic viscosity data are presented for levo-2,3-butanediol solutions at concentration intervals of 10% over the greater part of the liquid range.The comparatively low surface tension of levo-2,3-butanediol solutions indicates a possible need for precautionary measures against creeping and foaming. Metallic corrosion is not greater than with water, barring excessive contamination with acetates. levo-2,3-Butanediol and ethylene glycol are judged equally satisfactory with respect to heat capacity, flash point, expansion on solidification and heating, and effects on metal finishes and rubber. Density of levo-2,3-butanediol solutions cannot be used as a measure of freezing point protection. The mixtures of 2,3-butanediol isomers obtained with Aerobacter aerogenes, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Bacillus subtilis are lacking in antifreeze properties because of their high content of the meso-isomer.
THE PROBLEM OF HEAT ADDITION IN DUCTS
Authors: Samaras D. G.
Published: April 2011

The one-dimensional problem of heat addition in a duct with friction losses is examined.The variation of the total head temperature and pressure ratio, as well as the static ones, have been obtained as functions of the Mach number and the frictional coefficient. It is shown that an extreme value of the total head temperature and pressure ratio is obtained when the Mach number equals unity. An extreme value of the static temperature is obtained at Mach numbers smaller or larger than unity, depending on the form of the duct.It is concluded that when the total head pressure losses are to be kept low, a diverging duct must be used. The frictional losses have a convergence effect on the flow. When the friction losses are disregarded, no total head pressure loss will result if the area variation of the duct is such as to ensure a constant Mach number.The results and conclusions found may be useful in the design of combustion chambers for gas turbines, propulsive ducts, and rockets.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XII. ANTIFREEZE PROPERTIES OF TERNARY AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS CONTAINING LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL AS A MAJOR COMPONENT
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Wright D. E.
Published: April 2011

Freezing point, viscosity, and boiling point data are presented for aqueous solutions of levo-2,3-butanediol containing methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol as third components. All four ternary systems show freezing points of −50 °C. and lower over a considerable range of compositions. Among the compounds tested as third components, methanol was most effective as a thinning agent and accessory freezing point depressant. The data indicate that 20% methanol–40% butanediol–40% water is suitable for use at temperatures as low as −50 °C.
THE APPLICATION OF DUST-LAYING OIL TO COTTON
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Rose G. R. F. , Weatherburn A. S.
Published: April 2011

Details of a process for the application of dust-laying oil to cotton fabric are given. The process consists essentially of the mutual coagulation, in the presence of the cotton, of two oppositely charged oil-in-water emulsions. The negative and positive emulsions are stabilized with commercial preparations of sodium ethyl sulphonate methyl-oleamide and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride respectively. The ratio of the two emulsifying agents must be controlled accurately in order to ensure complete coagulation of the oil.The uniformity of oil distribution on the fabric is satisfactory, and there is little or no tendency for fatty acid or oil to build up on repeated laundering and oiling when carried out in a commercial laundry wash wheel. There is some loss of oil owing to deposition on the wheel, so that it is necessary to allow for 7% oiling in order to obtain 4 to 6% on the fabric.
A STUDY OF METHODS FOR ASSESSING RANCIDITY IN LARD
Authors: Grant G. A. , Lips H. J.
Published: April 2011

Lard from 26 sources was stored in glass jars at 26.7 °C (80° F) until definitely rancid. Spoilage was evaluated at two-week intervals by chemical tests and odour ratings. Correlation coefficients between odour scores and the logarithms of chemical test values were: iodometric peroxide, −.90; alpha-dicarbonyl test, −.85; Stamm test −.82; Kreis test −.81; ferrometric peroxide, −.80; fluorescence,.79; free fatty acids, −.10. Association between chemical measurements was greatest between alpha-dicarbonyl and iodometric peroxide values (r = 97). As peroxides are not thermostable, the measurement of the stable alpha-dicarbonyl compounds, although less precise, is considered the best available chemical method for assessing rancidity.
PERMEABILITY STUDIES: II. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF INORGANIC PIGMENT POWDERS
Authors: Arnell J. C.
Published: April 2011

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surface of inorganic pigments having particle diameters of the order of 0.1 to 0.2 µ to within ±10%. These powders were too fine for visual microscope counting or standard sedimentation methods of specific surface measurement. The results obtained from experimental data were checked against those calculated from electron microscope counting for two of the powders studied and found to be in satisfactory agreement.
THE E-PLANE RADIATION PATTERN OF SHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC HORNS OF LARGE APERTURE
Authors: Woonton G. A. , Tillotson J. G.
Published: April 2011

The relation between the power received by a short, rectangular, electromagnetic horn, and its angular position in a plane electromagnetic field can be calculated, for rotation in the plane of the electric vector, from ordinary optical theory by assuming that the aperture produces at the throat a Fresnel diffraction pattern appropriate to the angular position of the aperture. Experimental results for four horns of slant lengths 25, 50, 100, and 176 cm., but all of the same aperture, 10λ to a side at a wave length of 3.2 cm., are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions at angles up to [Formula: see text] radian from the axis, for slant lengths down to 50 cm. but not down to 25 cm.
A LOW-PRESSURE GLOW-DISCHARGE PROTON SOURCE
Authors: Lorrain Paul
Published: April 2011

A cold cathode proton source operating at about 200 v. at a pressure of a few microns is described. The discharge is essentially similar to that of a Philips vacuum gauge. The characteristics of the discharge the ion extraction, and the proton production have been investigated. The addition of 10% of oxygen to the hydrogen increased the proton content of the ion beam from 10 to 50% while introducing only about 1% of oxygen and other foreign ions. The ionization processes are discussed.
SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS FROM SUBSTITUTED CYANOACETIC ESTERS. 4-ALKYL-3-AMINOPYRAZOLONES
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Savard Kenneth , Gaudry Roger , Richardson Edwin M.
Published: April 2011

Four α-amino acids, namely, norleucine, isoleucine, methionine, and S-benzylhomocysteine, have been prepared from the corresponding alkylcyanoacetic esters. Methionine has been obtained in excellent yield.The intermediate alkylcyanoacethydrazides formed 4-alkyl-3-aminopyrazolones. Four members of this new series, 4-n-butyl-, 4-sec-butyl-, 4-(β-methylthiolethyl)-, and 4-(β-benzylthiolethyl)-3-aminopyrazolones are described and their ultraviolet absorption spectra given.The following compounds have also been isolated: ethyl α-cyano-γ-methylthiolbutyrate, ethyl α-cyano-γ-benzylthiolbutyrate, α-cyano-n-caprohydrazide, isopropylidene α-cyano-n-caprohydrazide, anisal α-cyano-β-methylvalerhydrazide, anisal α-cyano-γ-methylthiolbutyrhydrazide, and anisal α-cyano-γ-benzylthiolbutyrhydrazide.
THE REACTION OF β,β′-DICHLORODIETHYL SULPHIDE WITH PROTEINS
Authors: Young E. Gordon , Campbell Roberta B.
Published: April 2011

The reaction of β,β′-dichlorodiethyl sulphide with various proteins and their constituents has been tested under relatively mild conditions. Most reactions have been carried out in aqueous media at 25 °C., usually in the presence of sodium chloride. The rate of disappearance of mustard has been followed iodimetrically as an index of the reaction.No reaction could be demonstrated with the prolamins, zein and gliadin, in ethanol. There was a definite reaction with keratin of human skin in which a 24% increment in total sulphur occurred and a more doubtful one with keratein from human hair.The most notable reaction took place with yeast and thymus nucleoproteins in which increases of 250 and 156% in sulphur occurred, respectively. Combination of mustard with both the protein and nucleic acid portions was demonstrated. The extent of these reactions is indicated in terms of milligrams of mustard per gram of substrate as follows: yeast nucleoprotein, 216; thymus nucleoprotein, 47; salmine, 47; globin, 22; yeast nucleic acid, 126. The purines, adenine and guanine, were found to combine readily with mustard at 25 °C., forming thiazans. No reaction could be demonstrated with uracil or thiamine.These experiments have led us to the conclusion that one of the major effects of mustard in its physiological action is the combination and precipitation of the nucleoproteins of the cell, thus inhibiting natural processes of cellular regeneration.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XVIII. DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BY SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Neish A. C. , Robertson F. M. , Blackwood A. C. , Ledingham G. A.
Published: April 2011

Four strains of Serratia marcescens were found to dissimilate glucose under anaerobic conditions, producing 2,3-butanediol according to the equation: C6H12O6 → CH3∙CHOH∙CHOH∙CH3 + HCOOH + CO2. Under aerobic conditions little formic acid was produced and the reaction became [Formula: see text]. These reactions accounted for 40 to 60% of the glucose. The remainder was fermented to lactic acid (5 to 25%), ethanol (10 to 20%) and glycerol (1 to 4%). The lactic acid produced was 95 to 97% of the levo-isomer; the 2,3-butanediol was a meso-dextro mixture containing about 2% of the dextro-isomer.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XIX. CYCLIC ACETALS AND KETALS DERIVED FROM LEVO-2,3-BUTANEDIOL
Authors: Neish A. C. , Macdonald F. J.
Published: April 2011

Optically active 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxacyclopentane derivatives can be easily obtained by condensing levo-2,3-butanediol with aldehydes or ketones in the presence of small amounts of strong acids at ordinary temperatures. Condensations were effected with formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, 2-ethylhexaldehyde, benzaldehyde, furfural, acrolein, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl amyl ketone, diethyl ketone, acetophenone, cyclohexanone, acetoin, and diacetyl. The expected products were obtained, two compounds being formed from diacetyl since one or both carbonyl groups may react. Two compounds were obtained from formaldehyde also; in addition to the expected product (levo-4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxacyclopentane), 15 to 20% of levo-6,7-dimethyl-1,3,5-trioxacycloheptane was obtained.
THE CATALYTIC ACTION OF ALUMINIUM SILICATES: I. THE DEHYDRATION OF BUTANEDIOL-2,3 AND BUTANONE-2 OVER ACTIVATED MORDEN BENTONITE
Authors: Bourns A. N. , Nicholls R. V. V.
Published: April 2011

The dehydration of butanediol-2,3 over activated Morden bentonite has been investigated. Below 350 °C., liquid products butanone-2, isobutyraldehyde, and the isobutyral of butanediol-2,3 were produced. Butanone-2 was obtained in 86% yield. At higher temperatures, 450° to 700 °C., gaseous decomposition occurred. Only small amounts of butadiene were formed from the dry glycol while a 25% diolefin yield resulted using water vapour as diluent. The decomposition of dry butanone-2 over bentonite gave only traces of butadiene. Yields of diolefin increased using water as diluent, 44.8% being obtained at 700 °C. with a ketone–water molar ratio of 1 to 40. Butanone-2 was considered intermediate in the formation of butadiene from butanediol-2,3.
Note on the Preparation of 1-Methoxy-1,3-butadiene
Authors: Marion Léo , Farmilo Charles G.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE VAPOUR. II.
Authors: Giguère Paul A.
Published: April 2011

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide vapour has been investigated at low pressures (5 to 6 mm.) in the temperature range 50° to 420 °C., for the purpose of determining the effect of the nature and treatment of the active surfaces. The reaction was followed in an all-glass apparatus and, except in one case, with one-litre round flasks as reaction vessels. Soft glass, Pyrex, quartz, and metallized surfaces variously treated were used. In most cases the decomposition was found to be mainly of the first order but the rates varied markedly from one vessel to another, even with vessels made of the same type of glass. On a quartz surface the decomposition was preceded by an induction period at low temperatures. Fusing the glass vessels slowed the reaction considerably and increased its apparent activation energy; this effect was destroyed by acid washing. Attempts to poison the surface with hydrocyanic acid gave no noticeable result. The marked importance of surface effects at all temperatures is considered as an indication that the reaction was predominantly heterogeneous under the prevailing conditions. Values ranging from 8 to 20 kcal. were found for the apparent energy of activation. It is concluded that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide vapour is not very specific as far as the nature of the catalyst is concerned.
TERTIARY MERCAPTANS AS MODIFIERS IN GR-S POLYMERIZATIONS
Authors: Morton Maurice , Nicholls R. V. V.
Published: April 2011

Tertiary octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and hexadecyl mercaptans were investigated as modifiers in GR-S polymerizations.The rate of disappearance of these modifiers followed a first-order rate equation during the first half of the polymerization, in accordance with the theory of chain-transfer reactions. During the latter part of the reaction, an increased rate of disappearance generally occurred. A mechanism is suggested.The rate of disappearance increased with decreasing chain-length of the mercaptan. The intrinsic viscosities and molecular weight distributions of the polymers obtained at different conversions were related to the activity of each mercaptan as a modifier. Values for the regulating index of each mercaptan were calculated.The slow rate of disappearance of tertiary hexadecyl mercaptan leads to the formation of polymer that is relatively homogeneous in molecular weight, and this mercaptan is therefore a desirable modifier. However, after 50% polymerization, the regulator action shows a marked acceleration, leading to the formation of progressively lower molecular weight polymer and resulting in a spread in the molecular weight distribution.
A PERIODIC ARRANGEMENT OF THE ELEMENTS
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

A cyclic spiral arrangement of the elements is discussed. This arrangement is best considered as the vertical projection of a solid model, somewhat conical in form. The planar arrangement is modified from the plan of the solid model only as necessary to clarify the presentation.Considered chemically this arrangement has the advantage of separating each type of element without ambiguity, and the rare earths and 'VIII groups' are also accommodated as an integral and significant part of the orderly development of the table. The A and B grouping is also eliminated.The opposing nature of the electropositive and electronegative elements is clearly shown, and the various broad classes of elements are closely grouped, e.g., the active: inactive metals; elements forming predominantly inorganic groupings: elements readily forming organic compounds; the acid forming elements; the various analytical groups, etc.The table also requires a minimum of artificial arrangement and utilizes a definite scale in both the planar and solid model.
THE PREPARATION OF 2-CYANOPYRIDINES FROM CYANOGEN AND SOME SIMPLE 1,3-DIENES
Authors: Janz G. J. , Keenan A. G.
Published: April 2011

In a previous paper, it was shown that cyanogen could be reacted with butadiene to give 2-cyanopyridine as the main reaction product. It was postulated that the reaction occurred through a Diels–Alder type of mechanism, with spontaneous dehydrogenation of the primary adduct. The present investigation has extended this study to the reaction of cyanogen with (i) isoprene, (ii) chloroprene, (iii) 2-methylpentadiene, and (iv) hexachlorobutadiene. The results are consistent with the mechanism postulated in the earlier paper.
OSMOTIC PRESSURE MEASUREMENT AND THE INSTABILITY OF HIGH POLYMERS
Authors: Sirianni A. F. , Wise L. M. , McIntosh R. L.
Published: April 2011

In attempting to obtain accurate osmotic data in the low concentration range, it was found that the results were influenced by the diffusion of solvent from the cell through the membrane gasket. This behaviour was prevented by auxiliary sealing in a cell of new design, and results obtained with the improved cell are compared with those obtained with previous types of osmometer. A partial re-examination of the influence of preparation of the membrane was made in order to check results reported by Robertson, McIntosh, and Grummitt, and the different behaviour of caustic swollen and water swollen cellophane membranes has been confirmed, although quantitative agreement for water swollen membranes between the two investigations was not obtained. Using caustic treated membranes the molecular weight of a polyvinyl acetate sample was found to be the same within experimental error in three solvents.Further results on the changes in intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight brought about by ageing at elevated temperatures in the presence and absence of oxygen are reported for polyvinyl acetate and polymethyl methacrylate. It appears that oxygen is necessary to bring about molecular weight changes, and the degradation is due to scission of the chains at weak points. The evidence also suggests that changes in molecular shape may occur, since intrinsic viscosity values altered in some cases without evidence of molecular weight variation. This last observation is apparently outside the limits of error in reproducing osmotic pressure values.
THE POLAROGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TIN IN HIGH PURITY ZINC AND ZINC DIE-CASTING ALLOYS
Authors: Hawkings R. C. , Simpson D. , Thode H. G.
Published: April 2011

A procedure has been developed for the determination of tin in high-purity zinc and zinc die-casting alloys present in amounts from 0.001 to 0.2%. The samples are dissolved in sulphuric acid, oxidized with hydrogen peroxide, precipitated with cupferron, redissolved and reduced, and finally the tin is determined polarographically. By this method, the tin can be determined with an accuracy of ± 2.0% when present in amounts less than 0.005%. A method is now available for the routine polarographic determination of trace amounts of copper, lead, cadmium, and tin in high-purity zinc and zinc die-casting alloys with a high degree of accuracy and precision.
Concerning the Theoretical Aspects of the Reaction of Cyanogen and 1,3-Butadiene
Authors: Janz G. J.
Published: April 2011

not available
A RECORDING UNIT AND ELECTRONIC SHUNT SELECTOR FOR A MASS SPECTROMETER
Authors: Lossing F. P. , Shields R. B. , Thode H. G.
Published: April 2011

A direct action shunt selector has been designed that pre-selects the appropriate shunt so that widely different mass spectrometer ion currents can be recorded linearly on a standard chart. In conjunction with a linear direct current amplifier and a Leeds and Northrup Speedomax pen recorder, this unit allows rapid and accurate recording of a given mass spectrum, which can be scanned by varying either the magnetic field or the ion accelerating potential of the mass spectrometer. When used with a 180° Nier type mass spectrometer with well stabilized circuits, a precision of ± 0.2% in measuring the ratio of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] was obtained. Also, samples of xenon were investigated and the abundances of the isotopes determined.
THE HYDROLYSIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF CYANOGEN CHLORIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: Cleave A. B. Van , Mitton H. E.
Published: April 2011

Cyanogen chloride reacts quantitatively with water in the presence of hydrochloric acid according to the equation: CNCl + 2H2O → CO2 + NH4Cl. As the percentage of hydrochloric acid is reduced towards zero, the rate of hydrolysis at 30 °C. becomes exceedingly slow. The rate of hydrolysis, as indicated by the pressure increase, shows an increase with time which is particularly marked when the concentration of hydrogen chloride is less than 1%. This apparent autocatalytic effect is not due to the accumulation of solid ammonium chloride. A polymerization reaction, the rate of which is increased by the addition of dry hydrogen chloride, proceeds simultaneously with the hydrolysis reaction. Pure cyanogen chloride shows little or no tendency to polymerize at 30 °C. Carbon dioxide has been shown to be quite soluble in liquid cyanogen chloride and an explanation has been suggested for the form of the pressure vs. time curves obtained in studying the acid catalyzed hydrolysis and polymerization of cyanogen chloride.
THE OXIDATION OF METHANE AT HIGH PRESSURES: IV. EXPERIMENTS USING PURE METHANE AND COPPER, SILVER, ZINC, NICKEL, OR MONEL METAL AS CATALYSTS
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Naldrett S. N.
Published: April 2011

Mixtures of methane and oxygen with some nitrogen were passed over catalysts of copper, silver, zinc, nickel, and Monel metal and the yields of methanol and other liquid products determined. The conditions of temperature, pressure, and rate of flow that were known to be best for a copper catalyst were used. Nickel and Monel metal appear to offer most promise. A massive form of catalyst appears to be better than a catalyst in the form of fine wire gauze for the maximum yield of liquid products.
THE THERMAL EXPLOSION OF LEAD AZIDE
Authors: Hawkes A. S. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

The minimum explosion temperatures for service and dextrin azides (about 315 °C. and 275 °C., respectively) are increased considerably by increase of surface: volume ratio of the container and by compressing or wetting the charge with dibutyl phthalate before explosion. When wetted, the two azides were found to be similar in respect of minimum explosion temperatures and induction periods prior to explosion. Sensitization of service azide by preheating was found to be permanent. A limit to sensitization below the minimum explosion temperature was observed, and probably exists also for sensitization above this temperature. Wetting the charge with phthalate nullifies the sensitization. Although dextrin azide alone is more thermally sensitive than service azide, mixtures of the two containing 70% or more service azide show a sharp change to service azide properties; the mixtures apparently are not exploded by the dextrin azide they contain. The value of E in the expression [Formula: see text] + constant, where t is the induction period, has been determined for both the initial and final stages of reaction preceding explosion and found to be essentially unaltered. Minimum explosion temperature of single large crystals was shown to increase with crystal size. The data are interpreted as showing that the thermal explosion of lead azide may result from self-heating, the heat of the pre-explosion reaction not being sufficiently dissipated from the material.
MEANS OF INOCULATION OF THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE BY HYLURGOPINUS RUFIPES EICHH.
Authors: Pomerleau René
Published: April 2011

Investigations on the transmission of the Dutch elm disease were carried out during summer of 1946 in Canada, where the only known vector of the fungus is the native bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes. By close observations of young elms, recently and naturally infected with Ceratostomella Ulmi, it was found that by boring tunnels through the thin bark of twigs or small branches to the cambium, the adults of this beetle can inoculate the disease to healthy trees.
STUDIES ON STEAM STERILIZATION OF SOILS: I. SOME EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Malowany S. N. , Newton J. D.
Published: April 2011

Effects of steam sterilization and recontamination with original soil, on certain physical, chemical, and biological properties of four Alberta soils were investigated. The soils were Edmonton black loam, Vegreville black fine sandy loam, Gros Ventre brown loam, and Fallis gray silt loam. Certain physical properties were affected by steam sterilization as follows: (1) capillary rise of moisture was greatly retarded in all four soils following sterilization; (2) the percentages of the different separates as determined by ordinary mechanical analysis were not changed significantly by sterilization; (3) water-holding capacity and moisture content at the 'sticky point' were slightly reduced, and, in three of the soils, shrinkage was slightly increased by sterilization, but these effects were of uncertain significance; (4) the pH values of these soils were not changed appreciably by sterilization. The following chemical changes were produced by steam sterilization: (1) water-soluble phosphate was generally greatly increased and water soluble sulphate somewhat increased by sterilization. Easily soluble phosphorus (soluble at pH 3) was increased by about one-third in the two black soils rich in organic matter, but not in the other soils; (2) ammonia accumulated rapidly in the sterilized recontaminated black and brown soils for four to six weeks, and then returned to normal in 8 to 12 weeks. Ammonia accumulated less rapidly and to a smaller degree in the gray soil; (3) nitrification was suppressed for about 6 to 10 weeks in the sterilized recontaminated soils, but was later more active in these soils than in the unsterilized (especially in the black soils rich in organic matter).
Phosphorus Deficiency in Relation to the Nitrate Reduction Test
Authors: Dimmick Isabel
Published: April 2011

not available
A STUDY OF THE WINTER FEEDING HABITS OF THE SHORT-EARED OWL (Asio flammeus) IN THE TORONTO REGION
Authors: Banfield A. W. F.
Published: April 2011

The winter feeding habits of the short-eared owl (Asio flammeus Pontoppidan) were studied during the period of 1936 to 1942 in the vicinity of Toronto, Ont. The owls used restricted roosts in several groups of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) on a golf course. By means of frequent owl population censuses and collection of pellets, food requirements and correlations were calculated.The winter incursions of the owls were found to be cyclic and to coincide with the local meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) cycle and to be independent of meteorological factors. Roosting behaviour was found to vary with snow cover.From an analysis of 3000 pellets it was found that the meadow vole formed 82% of the food taken. The next animal most commonly preyed upon was the deer mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), which comprised 17% of the food, while birds formed 1%. No significant seasonal change in diet was noted over a period of five months.It was calculated that a short-eared owl eats between 700 and 1600 mice per year. The average figure is thought to be nearer the minimum estimate. Translated to weight of mice this is equivalent to between 55.5 and 127 lb.It was demonstrated that the amount of snow on the ground affected the relative availability of meadow voles and deer mice. This fact was reflected in changes in pressure on the populations of the two mice species due to owl predation.The data presented pointed to the possibility that concentrations of avian predators could have an appreciable effect on local meadow vole populations. In the case under study it was estimated that winter short-eared owl predation might account for 10% of the vole population.The data also suggested that during periods of deep snow, because of decreased availability of meadow voles, less food is taken and during open periods increased availability of these mice is reflected by increased food consumption.
SOME EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PRODUCTION AND ELIMINATION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT.
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: April 2011

Fully grown Cephus cinctus larvae go into an obligatory diapause, the ending of which involves the elimination of two separate factors. The first, or x factor, is eliminated only at subdevelopmental temperatures and has a positive temperature coefficient in a temperature range from the undercooling point up to the developmental threshold. The second, or y factor, is eliminated at either low or moderate temperatures, having a positive coefficient in a temperature range from the undercooling point up to about 30 °C. When the x factor reaction is complete, diapause may be said to be 'broken', but it is not 'eliminated' until the y factor reaction is complete.When the x factor reaction is complete but the y factor is still present, the insect can be returned to diapause by either high temperatures or a lack of adequate moisture or a combination of these. This sometimes occurs in nature, resulting in a two-year life cycle. Once the y factor has been eliminated the insect starts postdiapause development and can no longer return to a state of diapause.Postdiapause development under constant favourable conditions is rather uniform after it has once started, but the time of its initiation is variable, dependent on the y factor. Evidence is presented that indicates that the y factor is eliminated faster in large larvae than in smaller ones, accounting for the rather wide variability in development in samples uniformly treated but not selected as to size.At 10 °C. roughly 40 to 110 days were required to break diapause, each larva requiring a definite conditioning period. Thus the process ends abruptly in individuals, gradually in a group. Under natural conditions diapause was broken as early as Oct. 19, 1945, in a few cases, and was broken in all cases by the end of January 1946.
THE CALIFORNIA FLATHEADED BORER (MELANOPHILA CALIFORNICA VAN DYKE) IN PONDEROSA PINE STANDS OF NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: West Jr. A. S.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports the findings of studies on the biology of the California flatheaded borer (Melanophila californica Van Dyke). Until comparatively recently this insect had been regarded as a relatively unimportant element of the western pine beetle problem. It has been shown that larval broods may spend a period of up to several years in an incipient stage in the living host tree. During this period the gallery of the incipient stage larva is healed over and the abnormal tissues thus developed interfere with normal conduction in the wood. Undetermined factors associated with the dying of the host tree initiate a fast-growing larval stage in which feeding is voracious and growth rapid.No attempt is made to set forth the role of the species in the complex known as the western pine beetle problem. It is, however, suggested that this insect, at least in northeastern California, may play a more important role in insect caused losses in commercial stands of ponderosa and Jeffrey pine than had previously been believed. The contributions to the knowledge of the biology of the species may assist in an eventual better understanding of insect–host relationships in this particular problem.
ON THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF CAECAL COCCIDIOSIS (EIMERIA TENELLA) OF CHICKENS: III. OBSERVATIONS ON SULPHONAMIDES IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT AND BLOOD
Authors: Swales W. E. , Benham G. H.
Published: April 2011

Analyses of the contents of the caecal pouches and the small intestine have been made on chickens sacrificed four hours after dosing with sulphonamides. Sulphamerazine was found constantly in the caeca in small amounts even when the caeca were surgically detached from the rest of the intestinal tract, thus showing that the drug is excreted via the caeca to some extent. This property was found to be common also to sulphathiazole, sulphapyridine, and sulphanilamide. The importance of this finding lies in the fact that caecal coccidiosis of chicks is inhibited by sulphamerazine but not by the other three sulphonamides mentioned. It follows that the inhibitory effect is related to drug structure rather than to drug concentration.
THE GENETICS OF THE COLOUR PHASES OF THE RED FOX IN THE MACKENZIE RIVER LOCALITY
Authors: Butler L.
Published: April 2011

The red fox (Vulpes fulva) exists in the wild in three coat colour phases; red, cross, and silver or black. These three phases result from the action of one pair of alleles, the homozygotes being silver and red and the heterozygote being cross. At least two different mutations have occurred giving rise to the Canadian gene in eastern Canada and the Alaskan gene in western Canada. The mixing of these two mutant genes complicates the gene frequency analysis.The proportions of the three colour phases are shown to vary with (1) locality, (2) state of population cycle, (3) population trend, (4) migration pressure. Of these factors the variations with locality and population trend are fairly satisfactorily explained by selection but the fluctuation of colour phase proportions with the population cycle is not. On the other hand all the facts can be explained by a migration theory, with or without selection. By migration, a mixture of native and migrant populations with different gene frequencies is obtained. Such migrations tend to be rhythmic since they are connected with the population cycle. In the year that migration took place the pelt returns reveal aberrant gene frequencies or colour phase ratios. In the following years the gene frequencies quickly approach equilibrium that may be at the premigration level or at a new one depending upon the success of the migrants in establishing themselves in the breeding population.The marked diminution in the percentage silver and cross is due to the rapid population increase in an area of low frequency of the silver producing gene and the migration of this type into areas of higher frequency.
STUDIES ON AMOEBIASIS IN CANADA: PART I. THE INCIDENCE OF INTESTINAL PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS IN TWO INSTITUTIONALIZED GROUPS IN CANADA
Authors: Miller M. J. , Choquette L. P. E.
Published: April 2011

The authors have made a survey of the intestinal protozoa in two institutions: an orphanage and an old people's home. Results showed that the incidence of infection was high in both groups but that the younger age group showed a consistently higher rate of infection for all species found. Entamoeba histolytica was found in 37% of the children and in 20.5% of the 'old-age' group.
PREPARATION OF CLOSTRIDIUM PARABOTULINUM TOXINS
Authors: Stevenson J. W. , Helson V. A. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

This paper deals with methods of producing high and consistent yields of Type A and Type B Clostridium parabotulinum toxins. It is shown that highly toxigenic strains readily lose toxin producing activity and that this type of variation may be largely prevented by storing in the cold young cultures to be used as inoculum in toxin production. The best medium of those tested consists of tryptic digest of casein, glucose, and yeast extract or clarified corn steep. Maximum growth occurs in 16 to 18 hr. at 35 °C. Growth is followed by gradual autolysis of the organisms, which is approximately complete in four to six days. Appreciable amounts of toxin are produced during the first 24 hr. of growth and a maximum is reached with the complete lysis of the organisms.Toxin may be completely precipitated from the culture fluid at pH 3.9 and may be partially purified by suspension and reprecipitation at pH 3.9. Acid precipitated toxins may be dried in vacuo, by lyophilization or spray drying. Dry toxins have been stored up to two years without loss of toxicity.Average yields per ml. of culture were:A toxin—1 × 106 LD50's for the mouse (20 gm.)2 × 105 LD50's for the guinea-pig (250 gm.)B toxin—1 × 103 LD50's for the mouse (20 gm.)1 × 105 LD50's for the guinea-pig (250 gm.)Type A toxin has the same order of toxicity for mice, guinea-pigs, chickens, and goldfish per unit of body weight. Type B toxin is 6000 to 8000 times more toxic for guinea-pigs than for mice, chickens, or goldfish on a body weight basis.
ASCORBIC ACID AND ACCLIMATIZATION TO COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Dugal Louis-Paul , Thérien Mercedes
Published: April 2011

A large increase in the ascorbic acid content has been shown to occur in the tissues of the white rat (able to synthesize that vitamin) after prolonged exposure and adaptation to cold (+ 4° to − 4 °C.). The increase in ascorbic acid is much smaller if the rats exposed to low temperatures receive daily supplements of that vitamin. On the other hand, a decrease in ascorbic acid content of the tissues has been found in rats unable to adjust themselves to cold environment. From the above results obtained with the white rat, it seems that the acclimatization to low temperatures—and not only maintenance of life at the same temperatures—requires large quantities of ascorbic acid.That conclusion was confirmed by experiments with guinea-pigs (animals that do not synthesize ascorbic acid); the results obtained show that resistance and adaptation of the guinea-pig to cold environment depend on the amount of ascorbic acid received daily; besides, during the process of acclimatization to cold, more ascorbic acid is retained in the tissues of the guinea-pigs exposed to low temperatures than in the same tissues of control animals kept at room temperature; finally, a direct relation has been observed between adaptability to cold environment and the content of ascorbic acid in the adrenals.
PACKAGING: VI. THE RELATIVE MERITS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BAG CONSTRUCTION IN PRODUCING WATER-VAPOUR RESISTANT PACKAGES
Authors: Lavers C. G.
Published: April 2011

Water-vapour penetration was measured on pouch, flat, wedge, and square liner bags fabricated from Reynold's Metal A-51, 300 M.S.A.T. "Cellophane" coated 40 lb. per ream with a flexible wax composition, 55 lb. laminated bleached glassine, and 300 M.S.A.T. Cellophane. The bags were closed, where the material permitted, by heat-, glue-, and pressure-sealing, and by folding with or without tin-tie closures.When Reynold's Metal A-51 or waxed Cellophane was used, excellent water-vapour resistance could be achieved with any of the bag types investigated, and a folded closure was as efficient as a heat-seal. With all materials except 300 M.S.A.T. Cellophane, bags made with glue were almost as good as those with heat-sealed construction. Unwaxed Cellophane or glassine provided more protection when the simpler forms of bags (pouch) were used. With unwaxed Cellophane, heat-sealing appeared to make a better liner than the use of glue, and a heat- or glue-sealed closure was superior to a double fold.
THE EFFECT OF METHOD OF COOKING ON THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF CANNED PRE-COOKED POULTRY MEAT
Authors: MacDougall D. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Moisture content of the meat and solid content of the broth from open- and pressure-cooked chicken and fowl were investigated during cooking and subsequent processing. During cooking, pressure-cooked meat lost more moisture than open-cooked meat, but during canning and separating the reverse was true. For these reasons, approximately 4 oz. of open-cooked meat, as compared with 3.6 oz. of pressure-cooked meat, must be canned to obtain 3.5 oz. of meat in the finished product. During cooking there was a greater loss of moisture from dark than from light meat. Under all the cooking conditions used the loss of weight from fowl during processing and separation was greater than that from chicken meat. The loss in weight of meat during canning and processing is mainly due to moisture changes rather than the loss of solids.
PACKAGING: VII. WATERPROOFING OF FIBREBOARD CONTAINERS
Authors: Lavers C. G.
Published: April 2011

An attempt was made to find a material in which domestic fibreboard cartons could be dipped to produce waterproof packages. The waterproofing agents tested included vinyl resins, cellulose acetates, nitrocelluloses, polystyrene, chlorinated rubber, corn protein – resin, a wood oil drier combination an alkyd, and microcrystalline wax. Agents that did not coat the surface of the box, or gave only a very light coating, were not satisfactory. Wax could not stand rough handling at low temperatures. Two nitrocellulose formulations and one vinyl resin solution were found to be particularly suitable for this application. One of the nitrocellulose waterproofing agents dried at room conditions in 15 min., and boxes coated with it withstood water immersion for over 30 days after rough handling at −40° F. This method of producing waterproof packages appears to be quite practical.
PRESERVATION OF EGGS: VI. EFFECT OF VARIOUS OILS AND OILING TEMPERATURES ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF SHELL EGGS STORED AT 70° F. AND 30° F.
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Michael Ruth V. , Irish Ursula
Published: April 2011

The quality of eggs oiled when one day old with eight commercial oils and six mixtures and stored at 70° and 30° F. was assessed by candling, yolk index, and thick white height. Mineral oils with Saybolt viscosities of 70/100 at 100° F. maintained egg quality and prevented weight loss better than oils of lower viscosity. Viscosity of the oil seemed more important than pour point, although at 30° F. there was some indication that a high pour point was advantageous. Oiled eggs maintained their grades two to three times longer than unoiled eggs and lost from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] as much weight. Heavy oil diluted with mineral spirits did not give as good results as lighter oils of comparable viscosity. The addition of vaseline and magnesium stearate improved the action of the light oils.There was little difference in the quality of eggs dipped into oils maintained at 76°, 100°, and 130° F.
THE ROTPROOFING EFFICACY OF MIXTURES OF METALLIC NAPHTHENATES
Authors: Bayley C. H. , Weatherburn Muriel W.
Published: April 2011

The weathering characteristics of cotton duck treated with copper or zinc naphthenate containing mercury naphthenate or phenyl mercury naphthenate, and the effect of weathering on the rotproofing efficacy of these treatments as judged by the soil burial method, have been investigated. The presence of the mercury compounds reduced the loss of copper during burial and did not affect the weathering properties of the treated fabrics.In an investigation of the rotproofing efficacy of binary mixtures, the naphthenates of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc, containing a total of 0.2% metal, showed in general greater resistance to attack during soil burial than did samples containing the same percentage of metal in the form of single naphthenates. Ternary mixtures of the naphthenates of cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, silver, and zinc, applied to cotton fabric in equivalent concentration of total metal, were in general more effective than the binary mixtures of the same compounds.
AN IMPROVED INTERFEROMETER FOR DETERMINING PARALLELISM ERRORS IN LONG END-GAUGES
Authors: Turnbull L. Graham
Published: April 2011

This paper describes an interferometer designed for the determination of the parallelism of the working faces of end-gauges up to 24 in. in length. An instrument for this purpose, but which required somewhat highly specialized technique in the course of its construction, had been previously designed by the National Physical Laboratory. Using optical principles the same as those of the British instrument, another of an entirely new mechanical design has been constructed by the National Research Laboratories, Ottawa. This new interferometer incorporates kinematic principles and a number of interesting features to permit easy adjustment and operation to the very fine limits necessary. By the addition of a sensitive level vial to this instrument, the difference in length of nominally equal end-gauges can be determined to an accuracy of 1 or 2 × 10−6 in.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE HILSCH HEAT SEPARATOR
Authors: Johnson A. F.
Published: April 2011

The 'heat separator' is a very simple device for attaining a temperature drop of the order of 30 centigrade degrees by means of a stream of air. An air jet enters a long cylindrical chamber near one end, and is directed so as to maintain a high velocity vortex. Air drawn off from the centre of the vortex is cooled, while the remainder, flowing down the length of the chamber, is warmed. The present paper describes results of a quantitative study of the performance of the device. Although the maximum efficiency is only about 15%, as compared with an ideal adiabatic expansion of the total flow, it provides a practical means of cooling for many purposes.
PERMEABILITY STUDIES: III. SURFACE AREA MEASUREMENTS OF CARBON BLACKS
Authors: Arnell J. C. , Henneberry G. O.
Published: April 2011

The modified Kozeny equation has been found to be satisfactory for the measurement of the specific surfaces of carbon blacks having average particle diameters ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 μ to within ±10%. Comparative data were obtained from electron microscope counting and from low temperature nitrogen adsorption isotherms. The three methods examined gave results that were in satisfactory agreement, except when the carbon black was porous, and then the adsorption value was extremely large.