bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of fracture‐filling raised ridges in Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater: Window into past aqueous activity and habitability on Mars
Authors: Léveillé Richard J. , Bridges John , Wiens Roger C. , Mangold Nicolas , Cousin Agnes , Lanza Nina , Forni Olivier , Ollila Ann , Grotzinger John , Clegg Samuel , Siebach Kirsten , Berger Gilles , Clark Ben , Fabre Cécile , Anderson Ryan , Gasnault Olivier , Blaney Diana , Deflores Lauren , Leshin Laurie , Maurice Sylvestre , Newsom Horton
Published: July 2014

The ChemCam instrument package on the Curiosity rover was used to characterize distinctive raised ridges in the Sheepbed mudstone, Yellowknife Bay formation, Gale Crater. The multilayered, fracture‐filling ridges are more resistant to erosion than the Sheepbed mudstone rock in which they occur. The bulk average composition of the raised ridges is enriched in MgO by 1.2–1.7 times (average of 8.3–11.4 wt %; single‐shot maximum of 17.0 wt %) over that of the mudstone. Al2O3 is anticorrelated with MgO, while Li is somewhat enriched where MgO is highest. Some ridges show a variation in composition with different layers on a submillimeter scale. In particular, the McGrath target shows similar high‐MgO resistant outer layers and a low‐MgO, less resistant inner layer. This is consistent with the interpretation that the raised ridges are isopachous fracture‐filling cements with a stratigraphy that likely reveals changes in fluid composition or depositional conditions over time. Overall, the average composition of the raised ridges is close to that of a Mg‐ and Fe‐rich smectite, or saponite, which may also be the main clay mineral constituent of the host mudstone. These analyses provide evidence of diagenesis and aqueous activity in the early postdepositional history of the Yellowknife Bay formation, consistent with a low salinity to brackish fluid at near‐neutral or slightly alkaline pH. The fluids that circulated through the fractures likely interacted with the Sheepbed mudstone and (or) other stratigraphically adjacent rock units of basaltic composition and leached Mg from them preferentially.
Critical Theory
Authors: Macdonald Bradley J.
Published: July 2014

Critical theory is traditionally the term given to the social, political, and cultural theories associated with members of the Institute for Social Research, an interdisciplinary think tank that was established in Frankfurt in the early twentieth century. Collectively known as the “Frankfurt School,” the Institute included such significant first‐generation theorists and scholars as Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin, Max Horkheimer, and Herbert Marcuse, and is currently associated with such important second‐generation theorists as Jürgen Habermas and the current generation of Alex Honneth, Seyla Benhabib, and Nancy Fraser. Indeed, while the first generation of the Frankfurt School has continued to inspire important theoretical analyses of our political world, the critical theory associated with Habermas and others has become a major voice in the contemporary political theory, helping to generate important research associated with deliberative democracy and the politics of recognition in a wide variety of domains and issue‐areas within the social sciences. As may be expected, while there is a shared sense of what each of these theorists means by critical theory, there are also substantive differences between the ways they conceived and articulated this discourse.
Enlightenment, The
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: July 2014

The transatlantic Enlightenment, spanning the period roughly from 1680 to the commencement of the nineteenth century, must be regarded as one of the most crucial in the entire history of political thought. It was decisive especially with regard to six key innovations. These were: first, the recasting of the idea of sovereignty as something vested not in any monarch, ruler, or institution, or even in any laws, but rather in the people as a whole; second, the emergence of basic human rights (in the plural) as the moral foundation of all political legitimacy and essential link between social theory and politics; third, the emergence of representative democracy as the most legitimate, authentic, and potentially the characteristic form of modern western political thought; fourth, the uncoupling of churches and theology from political authority and eradication of ecclesiastical authority as a valid component of constitutions and the legislative process; fifth, comprehensive toleration allied to full freedom of thought, expression, and the press; and sixth, the notion closely linked to the novel conceptions of sovereignty and the “rights of man,” that the unity of all mankind and pursuit of “perpetual peace” are universal concerns linked to representative democracy and the pursuit of human well‐being and the supreme goals of all political sovereignty. The last was closely connected to the powerful upsurge of anticolonial theory in the eighteenth century.
Stoicism
Authors: Gibbons Kathleen
Published: July 2014

For the Stoics, the norms which ought to guide human behavior are grounded in the cosmic reason that governs the universe. The Stoics understood the goal of human life as living in agreement with this reason, which they identified as nature itself and as the common law (Cicero,RepublicIII.33,SVFIII.325 (Roman numerals refer to book numbers, while Arabic numerals refer to section numbers); see Long & Sedley 1987–9: §63, §64, and §67). In their various discussions of the sage, they maintained that the only condition needed for the truly happy human life was moral virtue; all other possessions, such as health or wealth, are indifferents. Some of these indifferents may be preferred, and others dispreferred, but ultimately their acquisition is irrelevant to the attainment of the good human life (Long & Sedley 1987–9: §58). In working out their naturalistic moral theory, and in particular the idea of the common law as the ability to reason rightly, the Stoics provided one of the earliest discussions of the role of rules in moral reasoning (Inwood 2005: 99–100). In doing so, they laid the groundwork for subsequent theories of natural law in the western intellectual tradition.
Tragedy and Politics
Authors: Barker Derek W. M. , McIvor David W.
Published: July 2014

Of all the artistic genres, tragedy has attracted the most interest – and contestation – in the history of political thought. Tragedy flourished in fifth‐centurybceAthens, which is commonly regarded as a golden age of enlightenment in the history of western civilization. With its enduring appeal in western culture, many political thinkers have subsequently engaged with tragedy to work through their views on ethics, epistemology, theology, and psychology. As a complex genre that is inherently open to interpretation, however, tragedy has yielded multiple and sometimes contradictory insights. This entry provides a review of tragedy in historical and contemporary political theory. We begin with a brief historical overview. We then focus on selected approaches to tragedy with the most enduring influence in the history of political thought: Plato's critical view of tragedy as an inferior form of political education to philosophy; Aristotle's rehabilitation of tragedy as a fine art; Hegel's ethical theory of tragedy; and Nietzsche's call for a culture of creativity inspired by the Dionysian roots of tragedy. We conclude with a discussion of tragedy and the politics of gender.
The Synergistic Effect of Transition Metal Nitrate in Polypropylene/Magnesium Hydroxide Flame Retarded Composite
Authors: Sheng Yan , Li Pingli , Chen Yinghong
Published: July 2014

The transition metal lanthanum nitrate is introduced to the surface of magnesium hydroxide (MH) through the incipient wetness impregnation method, and the modified MH particles are compounded with polypropylene (PP) to prepare PP/MH flame retarded (FR) composite. The results show that the introduced lanthanum nitrate shows a remarkably synergistic effect on MH in flame retardancy of PP. Compared with the unmodified MH‐filled PP FR system, the introduction of only 0.2 wt% La ions can remarkably enhance the limiting oxygen index value from 29.6 to 34.2 and the UL‐94 level from failure to V‐0, respectively. The cone calorimeter (CONE) parameter peak heat release rate is also obviously reduced from 187 to 155 kW m−2. The reason for the remarkable improvement in the flame retardancy is that the introduced lanthanum nitrate improves the thermal stability, the char yield, and particularly the quality of the condensed charred layers of the FR PP/MH material significantly. The involved synergistically flame‐retarding mechanism of lanthanum nitrate exists in its excellent catalytic carbonization effect on the PP macromolecular chains.
Minimizing Part Warpage in Injection Molding by Optimizing Wall Thickness Distribution
Authors: Studer Mario , Ehrig Frank
Published: July 2014

The warpage of injection‐molded parts is an omnipresent problem in new product development. In this study, a method is developed to reduce the warpage by optimizing the wall thickness distribution of a part. This method is based on an iterative optimization procedure consisting of mold flow analysis, a mesh parameterization tool for geometry manipulation, and an optimization algorithm. Starting with the initial design for the mold cavity, the procedure optimizes the wall thickness distribution at user‐defined area sections within prescribed tolerances. A unit‐square parameterization technique is applied that uses mean‐valued coordinates and a second‐order polynomial thickness distribution. Three different optimization algorithms—an evolutionary algorithm, a surrogate‐based response surface method, and a direct search method—are considered, and the optimization performances of these algorithms are evaluated for a warpage demonstrator and real industrial part. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed procedure and plausibility of the optimized thickness distribution.
High Performance of a Palladium Phosphinooxazoline Catalyst in the Asymmetric Arylation of Cyclic N‐Sulfonyl Ketimines
Authors: Jiang Chunhui , Lu Yixin , Hayashi Tamio
Published: July 2014

A cationic palladium complex with a chiral phosphine‐oxazoline ligand (iPr‐phox) showed high catalytic activity and enantioselectivity in the asymmetric addition of arylboronic acids to six‐membered cyclic N‐sulfonyl ketimines to give high yields of the corresponding chiral cyclic sulfamidates with 96–99.9 % ee. The products have tetrasubstituted stereogenic centers with an amino group and a triaryl or alkyldiaryl group as substituents.
Polyamide‐montmorillonite nanocomposites as a drug delivery system: Preparation, release of 1,3,4‐oxa(thia)diazoles, and antimicrobial activity
Authors: Salahuddin Nehal , Elbarbary Ahmed , Allam Nanis G. , Hashim Ayat F.
Published: July 2014

New microbicidal polyamides were prepared by the reaction of 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4,‐oxadiazole‐2‐thiol, 5‐phenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐amine, and 5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)−1,3,4‐thiadiazole‐2‐thiol with ethyl chloroformate followed by polycondensation with polyoxypropylenetriamine (Jeffamine T403). The polyamides were modified to yield amine hydrochloride. The intercalation of polyamides into montmorillonite (MMT) was achieved through an ion exchange process between sodium cations in MMT and amine hydrochloride in the polyamides. The structure of the resulting materials was characterized with elemental analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared‐spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscope. The release behavior of 1,3,4‐oxa(thia)diazoles was investigated in buffered aqueous solution at different pH values (2.3, 5.8, and 7.4). A slow release was recorded from the nanocomposites whereas; the release reaches almost 90% from polyamides. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the polyamides and nanocomposites was studied against Gram‐negative bacteria, Gram‐positive bacteria, Yeast and the filamentous fungi by well diffusion method. The polymers showed good or moderate antimicrobial activities. However, nanocomposites showed no antimicrobial effect. Furthermore, in vivo study showed that nanocomposites had good antimicrobial activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41177.
Morphometric Examination of the Equine Adult and Foal Lung
Authors: Johnson Laura , Montgomery Julia B. , Philipp Schneider Jan , Townsend Hugh G.G. , Ochs Matthias , Singh Baljit
Published: July 2014

To understand the mechanisms of airway inflammation associated with equine diseases such asRhodococcus equiinfection, we must identify baseline “normal” structural characteristics of the horse lung. To develop a detailed understanding of the morphology of the horse lung, we adapted and applied stereological methods to the lungs from healthy adult horses (N = 4) and 1‐day (N = 5) and 30‐day (N = 5) old foals. The left lung was fixedin situby intrabronchial instillation of glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde fixative at 25 cm H2O column and sampled using a fractionator design followed by embedding in glycol methacrylate. The lung was characterized into parenchyma and non‐parenchyma, where median parenchymal density was 81.0% in 1‐day‐old foals, 84.4% in 30‐day‐old foals and 93.7% in adult lungs. The median volume density of alveolar airspace per lung was 45.9% in 1‐day‐old, 55.5% in 30‐day and 66.9% in adult horse lungs. The median alveolar surface area increased with age, from 205.3 m2, 258.2 m2, and 629.9 m2in 1‐day‐old foals, 30‐day‐old foals, and adults, respectively. While the median alveolar surface density decreased with age, the mean linear intercept (mean free distance within acinar airspaces) increased with age. Alveolar surface area was greater than endothelial surface area within each lung. The ratio between alveolar and endothelial surface density remains unchanged with age. The median endothelium surface area was 106.2 m2in 1‐day, 147.5 m2in 30‐day, and 430 m2in adult lungs. The data suggest the foal lung is functionally developed and postnatal lung development and remodelling is driven by alveolar expansion paralleled with angiogenesis. Anat Rec, 297:1950–1962, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
IDENTIFICATION AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A PEPTIDOGLYCAN RECOGNITION PROTEIN FROM THE COTTON BOLLWORM, Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Li Li , Li Yu‐Ping , Song Cai‐Xia , Xiao Min , Wang Jia‐Lin , Liu Xu‐Sheng
Published: July 2014

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) specifically bind to peptidoglycans, and play crucial roles as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in mediating innate immune responses. In this study, we identified and characterized a PGRP (HaPGRP‐D) from the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Sequence analysis indicated that HaPGRP‐D is an amidase‐type PGRP. Expression of HaPGRP‐D was upregulated in the hemocytes of H. armigera larvae after injecting Gram‐negative Escherichia coli, Gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus, or chromatography beads. To test the biological activity of HaPGRP‐D, purified recombinant protein was prepared. Subsequent analysis showed that rHaPGRP‐D (i) could bind and agglutinate Gram‐negative E. coli and Gram‐positive S. aureus in a zinc‐dependent manner, (ii) functioned as an amidase to degrade peptidoglycans in the presence of Zn2+, (iii) strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in the presence of Zn2+, (iv) could bind to the surface of hemocytes, (v) increased the phagocytosis of E. coli cells by hemocytes in vitro, and (vi) promoted hemocyte encapsulation on chromatography beads in vitro. These results suggest that HaPGRP‐D plays important roles as PRR, amidase, and opsonin in H. armigera humoral and cellular immune responses.
EFFECT OF TEMPOL ON REDOX HOMEOSTASIS AND STRESS TOLERANCE IN MIMETICALLY AGED DROSOPHILA
Authors: Aksu Ugur , Yanar Karolin , Terzioglu Duygu , Erkol Tugçe , Ece Evrim , Aydin Seval , Uslu Ezel , Çakatay Ufuk
Published: July 2014

We aimed to test our hypothesis that scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) with tempol, a membrane permeable antioxidant, affects the type and magnitude of oxidative damage and stress tolerance through mimetic aging process in Drosophila. Drosophila colonies were randomly divided into three groups: (1) no d‐galactose, no tempol; (2) d‐galactose without tempol; (3) d‐galactose, but with tempol. Mimetic aging was induced by d‐galactose administration. The tempol‐administered flies received tempol at the concentration of 0.2% in addition to d‐galactose. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) concentrations, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn‐SOD), sialic acid (SA) were determined. Additionally, stress tolerances were tested. Mimetically aged group without tempol led to a significant decrease in tolerance to heat, cold, and starvation (P < 0.05), but tempol was used for these parameters. The Cu,Zn‐SOD activity and SA concentrations were lower in both mimetically aged and tempol‐administered Drosophila groups compared to control (P < 0.05), whereas there were no significantly difference between mimetically aged and tempol‐administered groups. Mimetically aged group without tempol led to a significant increase in tissue TBARS and AOPPs concentrations (P < 0.05). Coadministration of tempol could prevent these alterations. Scavenging ROS using tempol also restores redox homeostasis in mimetically aged group. Tempol partly restores age‐related oxidative injury and increases stress tolerance.
Differences in citation impact across countries
Authors: Albarrán Pedro , Perianes‐Rodríguez Antonio , Ruiz‐Castillo Javier
Published: July 2014

Using a large data set, indexed by Thomson Reuters, consisting of 4.4 million articles published in 1998–2003 with a 5‐year citation window for each year, this article studies country citation distributions for a partitioning of the world into 36 countries and two geographical areas in eight broad scientific fields and the all‐sciences case. The two key findings are the following. First, country citation distributions are highly skewed and very similar to each other in all fields. Second, to a large extent, differences in country citation distributions can be accounted for by scale factors. The Empirical situation described in the article helps to understand why international comparisons of citation impact according to (a) mean citations and (b) the percentage of articles in each country belonging to the top 10% of the most cited articles are so similar to each other.
Constrained H∞ control of urban transportation network
Authors: Zhou Huide , Bouyekhf Rachid , EL Moudni Adbellah
Published: July 2014

Because transportation systems involve massive complex human activities, there exist substantial unpredictable uncertainties of the traffic demands. This paper aims at presenting an H∞ control method for transportation network that can enhance the tolerance of the system due to these uncertainties. In particular, the store‐and‐forward approach is applied to model the system into a linear form. Then, a detailed controllability analysis shows that the system is not completely controllable by taking the constraints on the green times into account. This makes difficult to apply directly the H∞ method. To overcome this difficulty, this paper isolates the fully controllable part of the transportation system, and the problem of disturbance attenuation is then solved by means of a convex optimization with linear matrix inequality. Finally, the simulation of a large‐scale hypothetical network is carried out to illustrate the results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphical assessment of incremental value of novel markers in prediction models: From statistical to decision analytical perspectives
Authors: Steyerberg Ewout W. , Vedder Moniek M. , Leening Maarten J. G. , Postmus Douwe , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Van Calster Ben , Pencina Michael J.
Published: July 2014

New markers may improve prediction of diagnostic and prognostic outcomes. We aimed to review options for graphical display and summary measures to assess the predictive value of markers over standard, readily available predictors. We illustrated various approaches using previously published data on 3264 participants from the Framingham Heart Study, where 183 developed coronary heart disease (10‐year risk 5.6%). We considered performance measures for the incremental value of adding HDL cholesterol to a prediction model. An initial assessment may consider statistical significance (HR = 0.65, 95% confidence interval 0.53 to 0.80; likelihood ratio p < 0.001), and distributions of predicted risks (densities or box plots) with various summary measures. A range of decision thresholds is considered in predictiveness and receiver operating characteristic curves, where the area under the curve (AUC) increased from 0.762 to 0.774 by adding HDL. We can furthermore focus on reclassification of participants with and without an event in a reclassification graph, with the continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) as a summary measure. When we focus on one particular decision threshold, the changes in sensitivity and specificity are central. We propose a net reclassification risk graph, which allows us to focus on the number of reclassified persons and their event rates. Summary measures include the binary AUC, the two‐category NRI, and decision analytic variants such as the net benefit (NB). Various graphs and summary measures can be used to assess the incremental predictive value of a marker. Important insights for impact on decision making are provided by a simple graph for the net reclassification risk.
Novel Na+ doped Alq3 hybrid materials for organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices and flat panel displays
Authors: Bhagat S. A. , Borghate S. V. , Kalyani N. Thejo , Dhoble S. J.
Published: July 2014

Pure and Na+‐doped Alq3 complexes were synthesized by a simple precipitation method at room temperature, maintaining a stoichiometric ratio. These complexes were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV/Vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The X‐ray diffractogram exhibits well‐resolved peaks, revealing the crystalline nature of the synthesized complexes, FTIR confirms the molecular structure and the completion of quinoline ring formation in the metal complex. UV/Vis absorption and PL spectra of sodium‐doped Alq3 complexes exhibit high emission intensity in comparison with Alq3 phosphor, proving that when doped in Alq3, Na+ enhances PL emission intensity. The excitation spectra of the synthesized complexes lie in the range 242–457 nm when weak shoulders are also considered. Because the sharp excitation peak falls in the blue region of visible radiation, the complexes can be employed for blue chip excitation. The emission wavelength of all the synthesized complexes lies in the bluish green/green region ranging between 485 and 531 nm. The intensity of the emission wavelength was found to be elevated when Na+ is doped into Alq3. Because both the excitation and emission wavelengths fall in the visible region of electromagnetic radiation, these phosphors can also be employed to improve the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells by using the solar spectral conversion principle. Thus, the synthesized phosphors can be used as bluish green/green light‐emitting phosphors for organic light‐emitting diodes, flat panel displays, solid‐state lighting technology – a step towards the desire to reduce energy consumption and generate pollution free light. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of a polygenic risk score for dementia in black and white individuals
Authors: Marden Jessica R. , Walter Stefan , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric J. , Kawachi Ichiro , Glymour M. Maria
Published: July 2014

Objective

To determine whether a polygenic risk score for Alzheimer's disease (AD) predicts dementia probability and memory functioning in non‐Hispanic black (NHB) and non‐Hispanic white (NHW) participants from a sample not used in previous genome‐wide association studies.

Methods

Non‐Hispanic white and NHB Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants provided genetic information and either a composite memory score (n = 10,401) or a dementia probability score (n = 7690). Dementia probability score was estimated for participants' age 65+ from 2006 to 2010, while memory score was available for participants age 50+. We calculated AD genetic risk scores (AD‐GRS) based on 10 polymorphisms confirmed to predict AD, weighting alleles by beta coefficients reported in AlzGene meta‐analyses. We used pooled logistic regression to estimate the association of the AD‐GRS with dementia probability and generalized linear models to estimate its effect on memory score.

Results

Each 0.10 unit change in the AD‐GRS was associated with larger relative effects on dementia among NHW aged 65+ (OR = 2.22; 95% CI: 1.79, 2.74; P < 0.001) than NHB (OR=1.33; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.77; P = 0.047), although additive effect estimates were similar. Each 0.10 unit change in the AD‐GRS was associated with a −0.07 (95% CI: −0.09, −0.05; P < 0.001) SD difference in memory score among NHW aged 50+, but no significant differences among NHB (β = −0.01; 95% CI: −0.04, 0.01; P = 0.546). [Correction added on 29 July 2014, after first online publication: confidence intervals
have been amended.] The estimated effect of the GRS was significantly smaller among NHB than NHW (P < 0.05) for both outcomes.

Conclusion

This analysis provides evidence for differential relative effects of the GRS on dementia probability and memory score among NHW and NHB in a new, national data set.
Girls Arrested for Murder: An Empirical Analysis of 32 years of U.S. Data by Offender Age Groups
Authors: Heide Kathleen M. , Sellers Brian G.
Published: July 2014

Most studies on juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs) have used small samples and have concentrated on adolescent male offenders. As a result, little is known about the population of female juveniles arrested for murder. This study utilized the Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) database to investigate age differences between younger (aged 6–12 years) and older (aged 13–17 years) females arrested for murder in the United States from 1976 to 2007. As predicted, six variables used to test seven hypotheses with respect to younger and older female JHOs in single victim incidents were significant (victim age, victim gender, victim offender relationship, murder weapon, offender count, and homicide circumstance). Regression analysis revealed that younger girls were seven times more likely than older girls to kill children aged 0–12 years. Girls aged 6–12 years were five times more likely than their teen counterparts to be involved in conflict‐related homicides as opposed to crime‐related homicides. Although approximately the same percentages of younger and older girls killed infants under the age of 1, the victims were significantly different for the two offender age groups. This article concludes with a discussion of our findings and directions for future research. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serum biomarkers reflecting specific tumor tissue remodeling processes are valuable diagnostic tools for lung cancer
Authors: Willumsen Nicholas , Bager Cecilie L. , Leeming Diana J. , Smith Victoria , Christiansen Claus , Karsdal Morten A. , Dornan David , Bay‐Jensen Anne‐Christine
Published: July 2014

Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as collagen type I and elastin, and intermediate filament (IMF) proteins, such as vimentin are modified and dysregulated as part of the malignant changes leading to disruption of tissue homeostasis. Noninvasive biomarkers that reflect such changes may have a great potential for cancer. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) generated fragments of type I collagen (C1M), of elastin (ELM), and of citrullinated vimentin (VICM) were measured in serum from patients with lung cancer (n = 40), gastrointestinal cancer (n = 25), prostate cancer (n = 14), malignant melanoma (n = 7), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (n = 13), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (n = 10), as well as in age‐matched controls (n = 33). The area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) was calculated and a diagnostic decision tree generated from specific cutoff values. C1M and VICM were significantly elevated in lung cancer patients as compared with healthy controls (AUROC = 0.98, P < 0.0001) and other cancers (AUROC = 0.83 P < 0.0001). A trend was detected when comparing lung cancer with COPD+IPF. No difference could be seen for ELM. Interestingly, C1M and VICM were able to identify patients with lung cancer with a positive predictive value of 0.9 and an odds ratio of 40 (95% CI = 8.7–186, P < 0.0001). Biomarkers specifically reflecting degradation of collagen type I and citrullinated vimentin are applicable for lung cancer patients. Our data indicate that biomarkers reflecting ECM and IMF protein dysregulation are highly applicable in the lung cancer setting. We speculate that these markers may aid in diagnosing and characterizing patients with lung cancer.
Thoracic aortic aneurysm expansion due to late distal stent graft‐induced new entry
Authors: Jánosi Rolf Alexander , Tsagakis Konstantinos , Bettin Markus , Kahlert Philipp , Horacek Michael , Al‐Rashid Fadi , Schlosser Thomas , Jakob Heinz , Eggebrecht Holger , Erbel Raimund
Published: July 2014

Objectives

This study analyzed the mechanism and risk factors of thoracic aortic aneurysm expansion due to late distal stent graft‐induced new entry (dSINE).

Background

This late complication of thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) for aortic dissection is under‐recognized but potentially life‐threatening.

Methods

In 142 patients who underwent TEVAR with endovascular entry sealing for acute and chronic aortic type B dissection, using commercially available straight (nontapered) stent‐grafts, we examined the oversizing rate, the aortic taper ratio, and the need for reintervention.

Results

Nine of 142 patients developed thoracic aortic aneurysm expansion due to dSINE after TEVAR. The median follow‐up was 47.5 ± 37.4 months. There was a significant difference in the distal stent–aorta angle between the patients with and without dSINE (149.08 ± 15.09° vs. 166.72 ± 12.47°, P < 0.005). Patients with dSINE showed a significantly higher taper ratio of the true lumen of the aorta (40.9 ± 14.13% vs. 25.36 ± 20.2%, P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in the oversizing of the stent‐graft in the distal landing zone (95.88 ± 49.3% vs. 55.94 ± 36.23%, P < 0.01). All patients with dSINE underwent a secondary endograft procedure without any complications or deaths. In 7 cases we used a custom‐made, highly tapered stent‐graft.

Conclusions

Lifelong follow‐up of patients is mandatory after TEVAR. A stent‐graft with a tapered design should be used in aortic dissection to avoid oversizing and devastating late complications. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Various Au/Al2O3 Preparations on Catalytic Behaviour during the Continuous Flow Hydrogenation of an Octanal/Octene Mixture
Authors: Chetty Thashini , Friedrich Holger B. , Dasireddy Venkata D. B. C. , Govender Alisa , Mohlala Pheladi J. , Barnard Werner
Published: July 2014

Supported gold catalysts were prepared on a γ‐Al2O3 support by using the incipient wet impregnation and the deposition–precipitation methods. These catalysts were assessed for the continuous flow, liquid phase hydrogenation of an octanal/octene mixture, and their activity was compared with the activity of a commercially available Au/Al2O3 catalyst. These catalysts were characterised by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, hydrogen chemisorption, BET surface area and pore volume measurements, Raman spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed reduction of hydrogen, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, HRTEM and powder XRD to determine gold crystallites. The results obtained revealed that gold crystallite size, dispersion and the presence of gold chloride had a significant effect on the product selectivity obtained. Large gold crystallites (particle size >15 nm) unevenly distributed on the alumina support obtained by using the wet impregnation method were inactive in hydrogenation. Hydrogen spillover resulted in the formation of protonic acid sites originating from molecular hydrogen, together with the formation of HCl‐catalysed acetal, and yielded 90 mol % selectivity towards the C24 acetal. In contrast, small gold crystallites (particle size <10 nm) evenly distributed on the alumina support obtained by using the deposition–precipitation preparation method facilitated the hydrogenation of the aldehyde and yielded 75 mol % selectivity towards the desired product, octanol.
Identification and Application of Enantiocomplementary Lactamases for Vince Lactam Derivatives
Authors: Assaf Zeinab , Eger Elisabeth , Vitnik Zeljko , Fabian Walter M. F. , Ribitsch Doris , Guebitz Georg M. , Faber Kurt , Hall Mélanie
Published: July 2014

Four enzymes showing hydrolytic activity on derivatives of 2‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐5‐en‐3‐one (Vince lactam) were successfully identified through analysis of protein crystal structure and amino acid sequence alignments. Enantiocomplementary activities were observed on Vince lactam and its saturated analog 2‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐3‐one with non‐heme chloroperoxidase (CPO‐T) from Streptomyces aureofaciens, cyclic imide hydrolase (CIH) from Pseudomonas putida, polyamidase (NfpolyA) from Nocardia farcinica, and amidase (AMI) from Rhodococcus globerulus, and perfect kinetic resolution was achieved (E>200). Computational analysis of amide bond resonance stabilization in lactams correlated well with the overall reactivity pattern of the lactams as a function of ring size and strain. The biocatalysts cloned and investigated in this study could be of interest for the synthesis of enantiopure carbocyclic nucleoside analogues.
σ–π Conjugated Organosilicon Hybrid Polymers from Copolymerization of a Tetrasiladiene and 1,4‐Diethynylbenzene
Authors: Majumdar Moumita , Bejan Iulia , Huch Volker , White Andrew J. P. , Whittell George R. , Schäfer André , Manners Ian , Scheschkewitz David
Published: July 2014

A catalyst‐ and by‐product‐free protocol for the synthesis of σ–π conjugated organosilicon polymers is reported. The regiospecific [2+2] cycloaddition of CC triple bonds to SiSi double bonds allowed the preparation of air‐stable ethynyl‐terminated extended monomers from 1,4‐bis(ethynyl)benzene and the para‐phenylene bridged tetrasiladiene, Tip2SiSiTip‐pC6H4‐SiTipSiTip2 (Tip=2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2). The polymer obtained from the extended monomer and further tetrasiladiene exhibits pronounced σ–π conjugation, as was evident from the red‐shift in the absorption spectrum compared to model systems. We show that the thermal stability of the employed bis(alkyne) co‐monomer is translated into this polymer.
Bis‐Pyrene‐Modified Unlocked Nucleic Acids: Synthesis, Hybridization Studies, and Fluorescent Properties
Authors: Perlíková Pavla , Ejlersen Maria , Langkjær Niels , Wengel Jesper
Published: July 2014

Efficient synthesis of a building block for the incorporation of a bis‐pyrene‐modified unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) into oligonucleotides (DNA*) was developed. The presence of bis‐pyrene‐modified UNA within a duplex leads to duplex destabilization that is more profound in DNA*/RNA and less distinct in DNA*/DNA duplexes. Nevertheless, the destabilization effect of bis‐pyrene‐modified UNA is weaker than that of unmodified UNA. Some oligonucleotides with bis‐pyrene‐modified UNA incorporations displayed superior mismatch discrimination capabilities. UV/Vis absorption and molecular modeling studies indicate that the pyrene groups of bis‐pyrene‐modified UNA are located in the major groove of a duplex. Oligonucleotides containing two bis‐pyrene‐modified UNA monomers showed low pyrene monomer emission in bulge‐containing duplexes, high pyrene monomer emission in fully matched duplexes, and 5‐(pyrenyl)uracil:pyrene exciplex emission in the single‐stranded form. Such fluorescent properties enable the application of bis‐pyrene‐modified UNA in the development of fluorescence probes for DNA/RNA detection and for detection of deletions at specific positions.
The Heat Equation Shrinks Ising Droplets to Points
Authors: Lacoin Hubert , Simenhaus François , Toninelli Fabio
Published: July 2014

Let be a bounded, smooth enough domain of ℝ2. For L > 0 consider the continuous‐time, zero‐temperature heat bath stochastic dynamics for the nearest‐neighbor Ising model on (ℤ/L)2 (the square lattice with lattice spacing 1/L) with initial condition such that σx =−1 if x ∊  and σx = + 1 otherwise. We prove the following classical conjecture due to H. Spohn: In the diffusive limit where time is rescaled by L2 and L → ∞, the boundary of the droplet of “‐” spins follows a deterministic anisotropic curve‐shortening flow such that the normal velocity is given by the local curvature times an explicit function of the local slope. Locally, in a suitable reference frame, the evolution of the droplet boundary follows the one‐dimensional heat equation.

To our knowledge, this is the first proof of mean‐curvature‐type droplet shrinking for a lattice model with genuine microscopic dynamics.

An important ingredient is in our forthcoming work, where the case of convex was solved. The other crucial point in the proof is obtaining precise regularity estimates on the deterministic curve‐shortening flow. This builds on geometric and analytic ideas of Grayson, Gage and Hamilton, Gage and Li, Chou and Zhu, and others.© 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partial Regularity for Singular Solutions to the Monge‐Ampère Equation
Authors: Mooney Connor
Published: July 2014

We prove that solutions to the Monge‐Ampère inequality

urn:x-wiley::media:cpa21534:cpa21534-math-0001

in ℝn are strictly convex away from a singular set of Hausdorff (n‐1)‐dimensional measure zero. Furthermore, we show this is optimal by constructing solutions to det D2u = 1 with singular set of Hausdorff dimension as close as we like to n‐1. As a consequence we obtain W2,1 regularity for the Monge‐Ampère equation with bounded right‐hand side and unique continuation for the Monge‐Ampère equation with sufficiently regular right‐hand side. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards Rational Modulation of In‐Plane Molecular Arrangements in Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets
Authors: Makiura Rie , Usui Ryo , Sakai Yuta , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya , Sakata Osami , Fujiwara Akihiko
Published: July 2014

A strategy to modulate the in‐plane structural arrangement in preferentially oriented crystalline metal–organic framework (MOF) nanosheets assembled by a two‐dimensional interfacial reaction between porphyrin units and metal ion linkers is reported. Starting with a tetratopic porphyrin MOF nanofilm, NAFS‐2, the framework size and shape are modified by employing specially designed building units, a trans‐ditopic and an expanded tetratopic porphyrin, and Cu2+ linkers. Reducing the number of binding parts affords a MOF nanosheet, NAFS‐31, with a distorted in‐plane structure. Extension of the peripheral substituents, while maintaining the tetratopic porphyrin geometry, results in marked unit cell size enlargement in an undistorted square grid in the MOF nanofilm, NAFS‐41. The exquisite geometric control that these structural modifications entail is valuable to allow switching of chemical/physical properties of the nanosheets and lead to realization of their use in nanotechnological applications.
Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots Supported on Gallium and Indium Oxide for Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution from Water
Authors: Pan Yun‐xiang , Zhuang Huaqiang , Hong Jindui , Fang Zheng , Liu Hai , Liu Bin , Huang Yizhong , Xu Rong
Published: July 2014

In this work, CdS quantum dots (QDs) supported on Ga2O3 and In2O3 are applied for visible‐light‐driven H2 evolution from aqueous solutions that contain lactic acid. With Pt as the cocatalyst, the H2 evolution rates on CdS/Pt/Ga2O3 and CdS/Pt/In2O3 are as high as 995.8 and 1032.2 μmol h−1, respectively, under visible light (λ>420 nm) with apparent quantum efficiencies of 43.6 and 45.3 % obtained at 460 nm, respectively. These are much higher than those on Pt/CdS (108.09 μmol h−1), Pt/Ga2O3 (0.12 μmol h−1), and Pt/In2O3 (0.05 μmol h−1). The photocatalysts have been characterized thoroughly and their band structures and photocurrent responses have been measured. The band alignment between the CdS QDs and In2O3 can lead to interfacial charge separation, which cannot occur between the CdS QDs and Ga2O3. Among the various possible factors that contribute to the high H2 evolution rates on CdS/Pt/oxide, the surface properties of the metal oxides play important roles, which include (i) the anchoring of CdS QDs and Pt nanoparticles for favorable interactions and (ii) the efficient trapping of photogenerated electrons from the CdS QDs because of surface defects (such as oxygen defects) based on photoluminescence and photocurrent studies.
Vitamin B1‐Catalyzed Acetoin Formation from Acetaldehyde: A Key Step for Upgrading Bioethanol to Bulk C4 Chemicals
Authors: Lu Ting , Li Xiukai , Gu Liuqun , Zhang Yugen
Published: July 2014

The production of bulk chemicals and fuels from renewable biobased feedstocks is of significant importance for the sustainability of human society. The production of ethanol from biomass has dramatically increased and bioethanol also holds considerable potential as a versatile building block for the chemical industry. Herein, we report a highly selective process for the conversion of ethanol to C4 bulk chemicals, such as 2,3‐butanediol and butene, via a vitamin B1 (thiamine)‐derived N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐catalyzed acetoin condensation as the key step to assemble two C2 acetaldehydes into a C4 product. The environmentally benign and cheap natural catalyst vitamin B1 demonstrates high selectivity (99 %), high efficiency (97 % yield), and high tolerance toward ethanol and water impurities in the acetoin reaction. The results enable a novel and efficient process for ethanol upgrading.
NetFCM: A semi‐automated web‐based method for flow cytometry data analysis
Authors: Frederiksen Juliet , Buggert Marcus , Karlsson Annika C. , Lund Ole
Published: July 2014

Multi‐parametric flow cytometry (FCM) represents an invaluable instrument to conduct single cell analysis and has significantly increased our understanding of the immune system. However, due to new techniques allowing us to measure an increased number of phenotypes within the immune system, FCM data analysis has become more complex and labor‐intensive than previously. We have therefore developed a semi‐automatic gating strategy (NetFCM) that uses clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) together with other statistical methods to mimic manual gating approaches. NetFCM is an online tool both for subset identification as well as for quantification of differences between samples. Additionally, NetFCM can classify and cluster samples based on multidimensional data. We tested the method using a data set of peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from 23 HIV‐infected individuals, which were stimulated with overlapping HIV Gag‐p55 and CMV‐pp65 peptides or medium alone (negative control). NetFCM clustered the virus‐specific CD8+ T cells based on IFNγ and TNF responses into distinct compartments. Additionally, NetFCM was capable of identifying HIV‐ and CMV‐specific responses corresponding to those obtained by manual gating strategies. These data demonstrate that NetFCM has the potential to identify relevant T cell populations by mimicking classical FCM data analysis and reduce the subjectivity and amount of time associated with such analysis. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Diiron Azamonothiolates by the Scission of Dithiadiazacyclooctanes by Iron Carbonyls
Authors: Lin Tai , Ulloa Olbelina A. , Rauchfuss Thomas B. , Gray Danielle L.
Published: July 2014

The reactions of [Fe3(CO)12] with the dithiadiazacyclooctanes [SCH2N(R)CH2]2 (R = Me, Bn) afford the diiron complexes [Fe2{SCH2N(R)CH2}(CO)6] (1Me, 1Bu). The methyl derivative 1Me was characterized crystallographically [Fe–Fe = 2.5702(5) Å]. Its low symmetry was verified by variable‐temperature 13C NMR spectroscopy, which revealed that the turnstile rotation of the {S(CH2)Fe(CO)3} and {S(NMe)Fe(CO)3} centers are subject to very different energy barriers. Although 1Me resists protonation, it readily undergoes substitution by tertiary phosphines, first at the {S(CH2)Fe(CO)3} center, as verified crystallographically for [Fe2{SCH2N(Me)CH2}(CO)5(PPh3)]. Substitution by the chelating diphosphine Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2 (dppe) gave [Fe2{SCH2N(Me)CH2}(CO)4(dppe)] by substitution at both the {S(CH2)Fe(CO)3} and {S(NMe)Fe(CO)3} sites.
Salicylate‐Functionalized Bismuth Oxido Clusters: Hydrolysis Processes and Microbiological Activity
Authors: Schlesinger Maik , Pathak Amita , Richter Sebastian , Sattler Dominik , Seifert Andreas , Rüffer Tobias , Andrews Philip C. , Schalley Christoph A. , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael
Published: July 2014

Hydrolysis of either Bi(HSal4Me)3 (A) or [Bi22O26(HSal4Me)14](B) in dmso gave the 4‐methylsalicylate‐substituted bismuth oxido cluster [Bi38O45(HSal4Me)24(dmso)14(H2O)2]·4H2O (1·4H2O), which crystallizes in the triclinic space group P$\bar {1}$ with cell parameters of a = 20.7214(5), b = 20.9654(6), c = 22.2128(6) Å, α = 100.867(2), β = 114.108(2), γ = 107.895(2)° and V = 7815.1(4) Å3. The hydrolysis of A was studied by using 1H DOSY NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization Fourier‐transform ion‐cyclotron‐resonance (ESI‐FTICR) mass spectrometry, both of which showed the formation of several larger species under ambient conditions in the presence of moisture. Furthermore, ESI‐FTICR MS analysis of cluster B showed the formation of mainly {Bi23O26} species, which indicates the partial dissociation of cluster B in solution. In addition, the three different bismuth species containing 1 (A), 22 (B) or 38 (1·4H2O) bismuth atoms per molecular formula were tested for their microbiological activity against three strains of Helicobacter pylori (251, 26695 and B128). A minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 μg mL–1 for the mononuclear bismuth complex A was obtained, whereas the bismuth oxido cluster B showed a lower activity with MIC values in the range 25–50.0 μg mL–1. The activity of 1·4H2O is comparable to commercial remedies based on antimicrobial bismuth subsalicylate (BSS; 12.5 μg mL–1).
Roseic Acid and Roseolactones A and B, Furan‐Cucurbitane Triterpenes from Russula aurora and R. minutula (Basidiomycota)
Authors: Clericuzio Marco , Vidari Giovanni , Cassino Claudio , Legnani Laura , Toma Lucio
Published: July 2014

Three new seco‐cucurbitane triterpenes, viz. roseic acid (1) and roseolactones A (2) and B (3), all bearing a furan moiety condensed to the B‐ring, were isolated from Russula aurora and R. minutula. Their structures were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and ESI HRMS. Compounds 2 and 3 were found to be epimers at C‐23. A detailed ab initio theoretical investigation was carried out to assess their relative stereochemistries. The conformations and NMR spectra of the two isomers were calculated, and the results were compared to the experimental data. The new compounds show a bright pink reaction with sulfo‐vanillin at room temperature, and they are therefore responsible for the systematically significant reaction performed by mycologists on R. aurora and R. minutula fruiting bodies. A mixture of compounds 2 and 3 was found to be weakly active against HepG2, WISH, and CAKI‐1 human tumour cells.