bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 5H‐5‐oxobenzimidazo[2,1‐b]pyrido[3,2‐e][1,3]thiazine, A novel ring system
Authors: Belgodere Elena , Bossio Ricardo , Cencioni Roberto , Marcaccini Stefano , Pepino Roberto
Published: April 2009

Reaction between 2‐chloronicotinic acid chloride and 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole afforded 5H‐5‐oxobenzimidazo[2,1‐b]pyrido[3,2‐e][1,3]thiazine, a novel heterocyclic ring system. The assigned structure was confirmed by means of mass spectrometry.
Etude spectroscopique du phosphate d'isaxonine sites de protonation
Authors: Monti Jean‐Pierre , Braguer Diane , Crevat Aimé , Murisasco Antoine
Published: April 2009

Nous avons étudié par rmn du proton et du carbone 13 et par spectrométrie de masse le phosphate d'isaxonine. Les résultats ont montré que cette molécule possède deux sites de protonation sur l'hétérocycle. De plus, la fragilité de la liaison isopropyl‐amine est mise en évidence par spectrométrie de masse.
Synthesis of 1‐hydrazinopyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline and related compounds
Authors: Vega A. Onge , Gil M. J. , Fernández‐Alvarez E.
Published: April 2009

This paper describes the synthesis of 1‐hydrazinopyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (10), tetrazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (11) and some 1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxalines 13. Starting with 2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐3‐methylquinoxaline 1,4‐dioxide (1), 1,2‐dihydro‐1‐oxopyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (5) was prepared by three different ways: (a) chlorination of 1 in acetic acid gave 2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐3‐dichloromethylquinoxaline 1,4‐dioxide, which reacts with an excess of hydrazine to give about 60% of 5; (b) oxidation of 1 with selenium dioxide gave 90% of 2‐ethoxycarbonyl‐3‐formylquinoxaline 1,4‐dioxide (3), which reacts with hydrazine to give 5 (63%); (c) compound 3 was treated with hydrazine to give 1,2‐dihydro‐1‐oxopyridazino‐[4,5‐b]quinoxaline 1,4‐dioxide (4) (70%), which by reduction with sodium dithionite gave 5 (80%). Compound 5 reacts with phosphorus pentasulfide or the Lawesson reagent to give 1,2‐dihydro‐1‐thiocarbonylpyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (9), which treated with hydrazine gave 5 (80%). This last compound reacts with nitrous acid to give 11. Some hydrazones 12 from 10 are described. Heating the aldehyde hydrazones 12a,c,d with dimethylsulfoxide some 1,2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐b]pyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxalines 13 were obtained. Compound 13a was also obtained in the reaction of 10 with benzoyl chloride. Reaction of 3 with phenylhydrazine gave 1,2‐dihydro‐1‐oxo‐2‐phenylpyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (6). Reactions of 5 with acetic anhydride and dimethylsulfate gave, respectively, 1‐acetoxypyridazino[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (8) and 1,2‐dihydro‐1‐oxo‐2‐methylpyridazino‐[4,5‐b]quinoxaline (7). All the compounds were characterized by elemental analysis and 1H‐nmr spectra. Compounds 5 and 10 showed antihypertensive activity in rats.
The photo‐initiated substitution reactions of 4‐chloropyridine and the related 1‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4‐pyridone with benzophenone in aqueous 2‐propanol
Authors: Cosgrove John P. , Vittimberga Bruno M.
Published: April 2009

4‐Chloropyridine (1) converts to 1‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4‐pyridone (4) in aqueous 2‐propanol. The photo‐initiated reaction of both of these compounds in acidic and non‐acidic 4:1 2‐propanol/water with and without benzophenone is reported.
The carbon‐13 and proton NMR spectra of nicotine in aqueous media
Authors: Slaven Robert W.
Published: April 2009

The carbon‐13 and proton nmr spectra of nicotine in aqueous solution have been ivnestigated. The changes resulting from alteration of pD level are detailed. In the case of the carbon‐13 spectrum, these changes are essentially independent of the acid present. Changes in previously published assignments for carbons (2) and (6) and protons (2) and (6) are presented.
A simple synthesis of compounds with the benz[h]imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline ring system
Authors: Petridou‐Fischer Joanna , Papadopoulos Eleftherios Paul
Published: April 2009

The ureas obtained from 1‐amino‐3(or 4)‐methyl‐2‐naphthalenecarbonitrile and 2‐chloroethyl isocyanate, or ethyl isocyanatoacetate undergo a double cyclization upon thermal decomposition, or treatment with base to yield compounds with the benz[h]imidazo[1,2‐c]quinazoline ring system.
One step synthesis of 6,7‐dimethyl‐2‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydropyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,3]pyrimidines
Authors: Bayomi Said M. , Haddad Dahlia Y. , Sowell J. Walter
Published: April 2009

A one‐step synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,3]pyrimidines from acetyl methyl carbinol, 3‐aminopropionic acid, and substituted acetonitriles is reported.
The reactions of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrones with 2‐hydroxybenzaldehydes. A note of warning
Authors: De March P. , Moreno‐Mañas M. , Roca J. L.
Published: April 2009

The reaction between 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyrone (triacetic acid lactone) affords 3‐acetoacetyl‐2‐chromenone, 7, instead of 3‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene)‐6‐methyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐dione, 6. The structures previously reported in the literature for the products formed in the reactions of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐chromenone with 2‐hydroxybenzaldehydes in a molar ratio 1:1 are considered erroneous. Thus, the previously reported 3‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene)chroman‐2,4‐dione, 10, should be formulated as 3‐(2‐hydroxybenzoyl)‐2‐chromenone, 11.
Etude dans la série des pyrrolidinones: Dérivés de l'acide N‐méthylol pyroglutamique; synthèse d'un nouveau système bicyclique, la dioxo‐(1,5) pyrrolidino[2,1‐c]oxazolidine
Authors: Rigo B. , De Quillacq J. , Fossaert E. , Kolocouris N.
Published: April 2009

L'acide N‐méthylol pyroglutamique et son ester méthylique ont été synthétisés, et la réactivité de leur groupe N‐CH2‐O‐H a été étudiée: suivant les réactifs, ils réagissent par coupure des liaisons N‐C, C‐O ou O‐H. Un nouveau système bicyclique simple, une azlactone accolée à un cycle lactame, la dioxo‐(1,5) pyrrolidino‐[2,1‐c]oxazolidine, a été obtenu. Certains des nouveaux composés présentent des propriétés antifongiques.
Synthesis of 1,3‐oxazaspiro[4.4]nona‐3,6,8‐trienes via 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of benzonitrile‐4‐nitrobenzylide with substituted cyclopentadienones. Crystal and molecular structure of a cycloadduct. II
Authors: Tsatsaroni E. G. , Argyropoulos N. G. , Alexandrou N. E. , Houndas A. , Terzis A.
Published: April 2009

1,3‐Dipolar cycloaddition of benzonitrile‐4‐nitrobenzylide with four substituted cyclopentadienones 1 afforded the title compounds 3 in good yields (20–50%), by addition of the 1,3‐dipole to the carbonyl double bond. The cycloaddition is examined on the basis of frontier molecular orbitals of the reacting species and an X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the cycloadduct 3c is made.
Application of isatoic anhydride chemistry to the synthesis of racemic paraensine
Authors: Coppola Gary M. , Schuster Herbert F.
Published: April 2009

The alkaloid paraensine was obtained in racemic form in 84% overall yield by a two step reaction sequence which involves a hetero ring opening of N‐methylisatoic anhydride with the lithium enolate of 4,5‐di‐hydro‐4,5,5‐trimethyl‐2(3H)‐furanone followed by a thermal cyclization.
Synthesis and anticonvulsant properties of a novel series of 2‐substituted amino‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives
Authors: Omar A.‐Mohsen M. E. , Aboulwafa Omaima M.
Published: April 2009

A novel series of 2‐substituted amino‐5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives were synthesized for their potential anticonvulsant activity. The synthesis involved the cyclodesulfurization of variously substituted salicylthiosemicarbazides with DCCD and mercuric oxide. Representative examples of the title compounds were also prepared by a one‐pot cyclodesulfurization of mixtures of salicylhydrazides and phenylisothiocyanate with DCCD.
Novel estradiol‐17α‐1,2,4‐triazoline derivatives. Synthesis and in vitro anabolic‐catabolic properties and binding affinity to steroid receptors
Authors: Omar A.‐Mohsen M. E. , Aboulwafa Omaima M.
Published: April 2009

Several novel estradiol‐17α‐triazolines were synthesized and tested in vitro for anabolic‐catabolic acitivity and binding affinity to steroid receptors. While no binding affinity to steroid receptors was detected, due to the presence of a bulky triazoline ring in the 17α‐position of the steroidal nucleus, the products showed almost the same catabolic properties exhibited by estrone.
Synthesis and reactions of 2,3‐diamino‐4(3H)‐pyrimidinones and 3‐amino‐2‐hydrazino‐4(3H)‐pyrimidinones. I
Authors: Hlavka Joseph J. , Bitha Panayota , Lin Yang‐I , Strohmeyer Timothy
Published: April 2009

A series of new 2,3‐diamino‐4‐pyrimidinones and 3‐amino‐2‐hydrazino‐4‐pyrimidinones were synthesized by the reactions of β‐ketoesters with amino or diaminoguanidines.
Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5H‐[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐ones. II. Substitution at the 3‐position with 2‐aminoethyl and 2‐aminopropyl side chains
Authors: Connor David T. , Unangst Paul C. , Schwender Charles F. , Sorenson Roderick J. , Carethers Mary E. , Puchalski Chester , Brown Richard E.
Published: April 2009

Methods for the synthesis of 3‐[2‐aminoethyl]‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5H‐[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐ones and 3‐[2‐aminopropyl]‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐5H‐[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c]pyridin‐5‐ones are described. The scope and limitations of the various methods are discussed.
Chemistry of 2H‐3,1‐benzoxazine‐2,4(1H)‐dione (isatoic anhydride). 16. Facile construction of the furacridone ring system
Authors: Coppola Gary M.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of the furacridone ring skeleton was accomplished in one step by the reaction of N‐methylisatoic anhydride (7) with the lithium enolate derived from 6,7‐dihydro‐4(5H)‐benzofuranone (10). Aromatization of the C ring with DDQ furnished 5‐dehydroxyfuracridone (6).
1,3,4‐Thiadiazolinethiones
Authors: Owen Terence C.
Published: April 2009

Yields of 1,3,4‐thiadiazolinethiones are trebled by recrystallizing the crude products from solvent containing mercaptoethanol.
Synthesis and evaluation of radioiodinated terminal‐substituted 5‐iodo‐(2‐thienyl) fatty acids as new myocardial imaging agents
Authors: Goodman Mark M. , Kirsch Gilbert , Knapp Furn F.
Published: April 2009

In order to evaluate the stability of radioiodide attached to the 5 position of thiophenes substituted at the 2‐position with tissue‐specific groups as new radiopharmaceuticals, two [125I]iodothienyl‐substituted long‐chain fatty acids have been prepared and evaluated in rats. Radioiodide was introduced into the 5 position of 17‐(2‐thienyi)heptadecanoic acid and 13‐(2‐thienyl)tridecanoic acid by K‐125I treatment of their corresponding 5‐[bis‐(trifluoroacetoxy)]thallium derivatives. Tissue distribution studies in rats with 17‐[5‐[125I]iodo(2‐thienyl)]heptadecanoic acid shows significant heart uptake and prolonged retention accompanied by in vivo deiod‐ination and moderate blood levels. A comparison of the heart uptake of the 17 carbon fatty acid with a 13 carbon analogue, 13‐[5‐[135I]iodo(2‐thienyl)]tridecanoic acid, demonstrated a significantly greater myocardial uptake for the 17 carbon fatty acid than the 13 carbon analogue. These results suggest that the 5‐iodothienyl moiety substituted at the terminal position of long chain fatty acids does not interfere with myocardial uptake and that such compounds may be of value as a new class of myocardial imaging agents.
The chemistry of arene imines. IV. An unusual silver promoted transformation of N‐chlorophenanthrene 9,10‐imine into 9,10‐phenanthrenequinone dialkyl acetals
Authors: Shtelzer Sarah , Sheradsky Tuvia , Blum Jochanan , Zitrin Shmuel
Published: April 2009

Methanolic silver nitrate and perchlorate convert N‐chlorophenanthrene 9,10‐imine (1) into 10,10‐dimethoxy‐9(10H)‐phenanthrone (2) in 60% yield. Substitution of the mthanol by ethanol, 1‐ and 2‐propanol gives phenanthrenequinone diethyl‐, di‐1‐propyl‐ and di‐2‐propylacetals (3‐5), respectively. Silver acetate promotes these transformations only in the presence of a protic acid. The reaction mechanism is assumed to involve the generation of a cyclic nitrenium ion, nucleophilic ring opening by methanol, hydrolysis of the imine function and silver ion promoted oxidation.
The chemistry of polycyclic arene imines. V. Reactions of phenanthrene 9,10‐imine with nucleophiles under phase transfer conditions
Authors: Weitzberg Moshe , Aizenshtat Zeev , Blum Jochanan
Published: April 2009

Reactions of phenanthrene 9,10‐imine (1) with alkyl halides, sodium azide and ammonium thiocyanate in two liquid phase systems were investigated. In the presence of aqueous sodium hydroxide and alkyl halides triethylbenzylammonium (TEBA) salts promote N‐alkylation of 1 with preservation of the aziridine ring. Tetrabutylammonium (TBA) salts catalyze nucleophilic substitutions in which the three membered ring is cleaved. Aqueous sodium azide reacts with 1 to give trans‐10‐azido‐9,10‐dihydro‐9‐phenanthrenamine (2). Ammonium and potassium thiocyanate cause expansion of the aziridine ring; while the unsubstituted imine 1 yields the 2‐thiazolamine derivative 4, N‐butylphenanthrene 9,10‐imine (8) froms trans‐3a,11b‐dihydro‐3‐butylphenanthro[9,10‐d]thiazol‐2‐imine (9) with an exocyclic CN bond. The structure of 9 was established by X‐ray crystal analysis.
Composés sulfurés hétérocycliques. CIII. Action de la phénylhydrazine sur les dihydro‐1,2 benzothiazine‐3,1 thiones‐4
Authors: Legrand Louis , Lozac'h Noël
Published: April 2009

La réaction de la phénylhydrazine sur les alkyl‐1 dihydro‐1,2 benzothiazine‐3,1 thiones‐4 (1) donne des alkyl‐1 phénylamino‐3 dihydro‐2,3 1H‐quinazolinethiones‐4 (2) tandis qu'avec les aryl‐1 dihydro‐1,2 benzothiazine‐3,1 thiones‐4 (3) elle fournit des aryl‐1 phénylhydrazono‐4 dihydro‐1,4 2H‐benzothiazines‐3,1 (4). Par chauffage à 200°, ces dernières donnent en général l'aryl‐1 phénylamino‐3 dihydro‐2,3 1H‐quinazolinethione‐4 (5) isomère et un aryl‐1 phénylimino‐3 dihydro‐1,3 benzo[c]isothiazole (7), exceptionnellement accompagnés d'aryl‐1 amino‐3 dihydro‐2,3 1H‐quinazolinethione‐4 (8). La structure des thiones 2 et 5, ainsi que celle des phénylhydrazones 4, est établie sans amabiguïté par les spectres de rmn de leurs dérivés acylés respectifs. Les thiones 2 et 5 acylées ou non, donnent les composés carbonylés correspondants par action du N‐oxyde de benzonitrile.
Antidiabetische wirkstoffe. III. 4,5,6‐Trisubstituierte 2‐(4‐toluidino)pyrimidine
Authors: Kreutzberger Alfred , Gillessen Jutta
Published: April 2009

Aus der Kondensation von 4‐Tolylguanidin (1) mit den β‐Diketonen 2a‐b gehen die 2‐(4‐Toluidino)pyrimidine 3a‐b hervor.
Potential anticonvulsants. IX. Some isatin hydrazones and related compounds
Authors: Popp Frank D.
Published: April 2009

A number of hydrazines, hydrazides, and related compounds have been condensed with isatin and substituted isatins. The anticonvulsant activity of these compounds is reported.
Studies on pyrimidine derivatives. Michael addition of β‐nitrostyrenes to substituted 6‐aminouracils
Authors: Prasad A. Siva , Sandhu J. S. , Baruah J. N.
Published: April 2009

A series of 5‐(2‐nitro‐l‐phenyl)ethyluracils were obtained when β‐nitrostyrenes were reacted with 1,3‐di‐methyl‐6‐substituted uracil derivatives, instead of cyclic compounds. The structures of the compounds 5, 6, and 7 were proved by spectroscopic methods and their mass fragmentation patterns are discussed.
Synthesis of 5H‐imidazo[2,1‐c]pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,4]benzodiazepine
Authors: Duceppe Jean Simon , Gauthier Jean
Published: April 2009

We have synthesized 5H‐imidazo[2,1‐c]pyrrolo[1,2‐a][1,4]benzodiazepine 1 in five steps from 1‐(2‐amino‐methylphenyl) pyrrole 4. Amidino derivatives 11‐12 have also been prepared.
Synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3‐d]oxazoles
Authors: Youssef M. S. K. , Metwally S. A. M. , El‐Maghraby M. A. , Younes M. I.
Published: April 2009

1‐Phenyl‐3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone‐4‐oxime reacted with benzylamine, methylamine, methyl‐ and ethyl ioides to give 3‐methyl‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐, 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐ and 3,5‐dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[4,3‐d]oxazoles I, II. The structure of I was elucidated authentically through other routes by interaction of 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐4,5‐dioxopyrazolone with benzylamine and/or benzaldehyde and ammonium acetate. Various 3‐meth‐yl‐5‐aryl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazolo[4,3‐d]oxazoles IV were synthesized by the reaction of 4,5‐dioxopyrazolone with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of ammonium acetate. Also, the structure of I was elucidated authentically via other routes by the reaction of 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐imino‐5‐pyrazolone with each of benzylcyanide, benzylamine, benzaldehyde and benzalaniline.
MNDO studies on five‐membered 1,3‐heterocyclic systems. Part II. Nucleophilicity and carbenic character of the conjugate bases of “Olium” cations
Authors: Geijo Fernando , López‐Calahorra Francisco , Olivella Santiago
Published: April 2009

The nucleophilic character of the conjugate bases of the “olium” cations has been analyzed by means of MNDO SCF‐MO calculations. It is predicted that only the conjugate bases of the thiazolium and dithiolium cations show a remarkable nucleophilicity that is attributed to a reversion in the usual ordering of the two highest occupied MO's. An analysis of the ylide‐carbene resonance shown by these species reveals a significant contribution of the carbenic structure.
The influence of structure and conformation on electronic interactions of 4′‐nitro‐10‐phenylphenothiazine
Authors: Jovanovic Misa V. , Biehl Edward R. , De Meester Patrice , Chu Shirley S. C.
Published: April 2009

The crystal structure of 4′‐nitro‐10‐phenylphenothiazine, 1, has been determined by the single crystal x‐ray diffraction studies and consists of two independent molecules in the asymmetric cell unit with a pseudo‐center of symmetry. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic System with the space group P21/c. The central ring of the phenothiazine ring system is in a boat conformation and the 4′‐nitro substituent is in a boat‐axial conformation with respect to the central ring of phenothiazine. Compound 1 is the first reported 10‐aryl phenothiazine in which the 10‐phenyl ring is perpendicular to the plane bisecting the dihedral angle of the phenothiazine nucleus. This geometry allows for resonance interaction between the lone pair of electrons on N10 and the 4′‐nitro‐10‐phenyl ring which influences both the spectral properties and structure of the phenothiazine tricyclic ring. The correlation between the x‐ray structure and 13C nmr spectral properties of 1 is discussed. The uv/vis and esr studies of the radical cation of 1 indicate that the 10‐aryl ring is twisted with respect to the phenothiazine ring.
The chemistry of 2‐aminobenzoyl hydrazides. 1. Effects of orthoester substituents on the mode of cyclization
Authors: Leiby Robert W.
Published: April 2009

Treatment of substituted 2‐aminobenzoyl hydrazides with orthoesters has been found to yield different products depending upon the type of orthoester employed. Equimolar quantities of orthoester and hydrazide yield 3‐amino‐4(3H)‐quinazolinones, whereas utilization of a two‐fold excess (or greater) of orthoester yields, in some cases, 3,4‐dihydro‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones as minor products in addition to N‐[4(3H)‐quinaz‐olinon‐3‐yl]imidate esters as major products. Treatment of hydrazides with trimethyl orthobenzoate yields substituted 5‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles and 3,4‐dihydro‐5H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepin‐5‐ones. The steric bulk of the phenyl group in trimethyl orthobenzoate effects the formation of adduct at the β‐nitrogen of the hydrazide which cyclized to the oxadiazole and benzotriazepinone products. In the aliphatic orthoester series, the formation of adduct to the aromatic amino group appears to be favored which gives rise to quinazolinone and benzotriazepinone products.
Synthesis of novel 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐one derivatives
Authors: Yasuda Naohiko , Yamatani Tetsuo , Ohnuki Takashi , Okutsu Masaru
Published: April 2009

Novel 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐one derivatives were prepared starting from α, β‐ or β, γ‐dichlorinated carboxylic esters and potassium O‐ethyl dithiocarbonate. The scope and the mechanism of this reaction were investigated. The biological uses of the compounds obtained here were examined.
1‐Ethyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐(pyridinyl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids. I. Synthesis of 3‐ and 4‐(3‐aminophenyl)pyridine intermediates
Authors: Carabateas Philip M. , Brundage R. Pauline , Gelotte Karl O. , Gruett Monte D. , Lorenz Roman R. , Opalka Chester J. , Singh Baldev , Thielking William H. , Williams Gordon L. , Lesher George Y.
Published: April 2009

A series of substituted 3‐ and 4‐(3‐aminophenyl)pyridines has been prepared as intermediates for the synthesis of some 1‐alkyl‐1,4‐dihydro‐4‐oxo‐7‐pyridinyl‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acids. The Hantzsch, Hauser and other pyridine syntheses were used. 4‐(3‐Aminophenyl)pyridine was prepared via 3‐(4‐pyridinyl)‐2‐cyclohexen‐1‐one using the Semmler‐Wolff reaction.
The preparation and reactions of C(α),N‐dilithiocarboalkoxyhydrazones
Authors: Beam Charles F. , Hall Howard L. , Huff Ann M. , Tummons Rebecca C. , O'Grady Sheila A.
Published: April 2009

C(α),N‐Carboalkoxyhydrazones were metalated with an excess of lithium diisopropylamide (LDA), and the resulting dianions were condensed with methyl iodide, an unsubstituted ketone, a benzoate ester, salicylates, a benzoylacetate, or ethyl chloroformate.
The design of decentralised demand‐driven programmes and equity: Learning from implementation in Malawi councils
Authors: Schou Arild , Tsoka Maxton
Published: April 2009

This paper analyses demand‐driven development programmes and spatial equality. If focuses on two programme design aspects that are assumed to have a bearing on equality: the degree to which they are demand‐driven and the degree to which they are integrated in to local councils' operations. The lesson from Malawi is that the demand‐driven logic matters; the most demand‐driven programme had the most unequal spatial sharing of benefits among sub‐district units. The level of integration, however, was less significant. Because of weak downwards accountability there was no more equality concern in the most integrated programmes than in the loosely integrated one. These findings illustrate that equality improvement depends on not only design factors but on the accountability of the programmes to the wider community. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors increase neoangiogenesis and callus formation following femur fracture in mice
Authors: Shen Xing , Wan Chao , Ramaswamy Girish , Mavalli Mahendra , Wang Ying , Duvall Craig L. , Deng Lian Fu , Guldberg Robert E. , Eberhart Alan , Clemens Thomas L. , Gilbert Shawn R.
Published: March 2009

Skeletal trauma and impaired skeletal healing is commonly associated with diminished vascularity. Hypoxia inducible factor alpha (HIF‐1) is a key transcription factor responsible for activating angiogenic factors during development and tissue repair. Small molecule inhibitors of the prolyl hydroxylase enzyme (PHD), the key enzyme responsible for degrading HIF‐1, have been shown to activate HIF‐1, and are effective in inducing angiogenesis. Here we examined the effects of several commercially available PHD inhibitors on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro and in a stabilized fracture model in vivo. Three PHD inhibitors [Desferrioxamine (DFO), L‐mimosine (L‐mim), and Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG)] effectively activated a HIF‐1 target reporter, induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA in vitro, and increased capillary sprouting in a functional angiogenesis assay. DFO and DMOG were applied by direct injection at the fracture site in a stabilized murine femur fracture model. PHD inhibition increased the vascularity at 14 days and increased callus size as assessed by microCT at 28 days. These results suggest that HIF activation is a viable approach to increase vascularity and bone formation following skeletal trauma. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:1298–1305, 2009
Luminescence dating indicates radiocarbon age underestimation in late Pleistocene fluvial deposits from eastern England
Authors: Briant Rebecca M. , Bateman Mark D.
Published: April 2009

Robust geochronological control is crucial for interpreting and correlating the environmental record from fragmentary terrestrial sequences from the last glacial period. Traditional terrestrial stratigraphies are typically reliant on radiocarbon dating, although estimates of antiquity for samples older than 40 ka may be unreliable. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments is an alternative for dating the whole of the last glacial period and also provides the opportunity to independently test radiocarbon based chronologies. This paper presents a set of nine directly comparable paired OSL and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon ages from multiple sites within Devensian fluvial sediments in lowland Britain and shows that it is possible to obtain robust OSL age estimates throughout this time period. The two techniques agree well for ages younger than ca. 29 14C ka BP (ca. 35 cal. ka BP) but disagree beyond ca. 35 14C ka BP (ca. 40 cal. ka BP). This is thought to be due to radiocarbon ages on older organic material having been contaminated by low levels of modern carbon. It is therefore suggested that all conventionally pre‐treated radiocarbon ages greater than 35 14C ka BP should be treated with extreme caution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dairy cows trapped between performance demands and adaptability
Authors: Knaus Wilhelm
Published: April 2009

The tremendous increase in the lactation performance of dairy cows during the last 60 years has had dramatic consequences on fertility and vitality (fitness) of the animals. Unprecedented average lactation performance levels have resulted in an equally unprecedented reduction in longevity. Economic pressure to further reduce the age at first calving is still high, although the negative correlation between precocious maturity and longevity is well documented in the relevant literature. Ever more aggressive selection and feeding measures are being taken to shorten the rearing time of heifers in order to reduce the cost of replacement heifers. An additional decrease in the stayability of cows has to be expected when the age at first calving is lowered even further. For reasons of profitability, dairy cows should complete an average of at least four lactations. Cows from the most important dairy breeds in the United States and Bavaria, Germany, already dropped below that crucial threshold many years ago. The same phenomenon has been observed in dairy cows in Austria over the past few years. Holstein cows that were culled in Austria in 2007 had an average of only 3.3 parities. To improve this situation, dairy cattle breeding programs should put a much higher emphasis on selection for traits of longevity and lifetime performance and, in return, markedly reduce the emphasis on selection for lactation performance in general and early‐lactation performance test results in particular. Over millions of years of evolutionary adaptation, cattle have acquired the ability to utilize fibrous low‐quality plant substrate. Only a strongly forage‐based feeding regimen is, in the long run, in accordance with their digestive and metabolic configuration. The massive use of concentrates (mostly grain) in cattle rations increases the risk of digestive and metabolic disorders in cattle and consequently leads to impaired animal welfare. Finally, the careful management of scarce resources demands that a closer look be taken at the food balance in dairy rations, i.e., an awareness of how much food that is edible for humans is being fed to livestock. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of Cinnamomum aromaticum (Nees) essential oil against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.)
Authors: Islam Rezuanul , Khan Rejaul Islam , Al‐Reza Sharif M , Jeong Yong Tae , Song Chi Hyun , Khalequzzaman M
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum aromaticum is a widely used cooking ingredient in South Asian countries. In this study the essential oil of C. aromaticum was tested against the stored product beetle Callosobruchus maculatus. The objective was to identify the natural compounds with insecticidal properties in the essential oil of C. aromaticum with a view to its potential use as an alternative to synthetic pesticides.

RESULTS: The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled bark essential oil of C. aromaticum was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and cis‐cinnamaldehyde (53.90%) was found to be the principal constituent. The surface film and fumigation toxicities and repellency activity against C. maculatus were evaluated. The extracted oil showed 94.44% mortality against adult C. maculatus through the surface film bioassay. The LD50 values were 27.56 and 23.16 µg cm−2 after 24 and 48 h of exposure respectively. The regression equations were calculated as Y = 0.39 + 3.20X and Y = 1.25 + 2.75X respectively. In the fumigation bioassay the LD50 value was 434.69 µg cm−2 after 24 h of exposure, with the regression equation Y = 0.87 + 1.57X. It was also found that the extracted oil contained compounds that had a dose‐dependent protective effect on egg hatching and adult emergence.

CONCLUSION: The results obtained from this study suggest that the toxicity and insecticidal activity of C. aromaticum are attributable to its essential oil, which could be used as a biodegradable and natural bioprotectant for controlling stored product pests. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Oct4, a novel marker for human gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Zhong , Xu Wen‐Rong , Qian Hui , Zhu Wei , Bu Xue‐Feng , Wang Sheng , Yan Yong‐Min , Mao Fei , Gu Hong‐Bing , Cao Hui‐Ling , Xu Xue‐Jing
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Octamer‐4 (Oct4), a transcription factor involved in regulating human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), may play a role in tumorigenesis. Since little is known about the efficacy of Oct4 as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer (GC), we investigated its expression in GC tissues and its relationship to various clinicopathological parameters.

Methods

Primary tumor tissues and matching, adjacent non‐cancerous tissues were obtained from 62 GC patients, and Oct4 expression was examined by reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) and real‐time PCR. Twenty biopsy specimens of atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer individually were collected as control. To detect Oct4 expression in the paired GC and non‐cancerous tissues at the protein level, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were employed. Correlation analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between Oct4 expression and clinicopathological parameters.

Results

Oct4 expression levels were higher in GC tissues compared to matching, adjacent non‐cancerous tissues, atrophic gastritis and gastric ulcer tissues. Additionally, Oct4 expression in GC tumors correlated with their differentiation status, but not with patient age or gender, tumor size, TNM stage, depth of invasion, or the presence of lymph node metastasis.

Conclusions

Oct4 may be a potential biomarker for the initiation, progression, and differentiation of human GC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:414–419. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survivin expression in gastric cancer: Association with histomorphological response to neoadjuvant therapy and prognosis
Authors: Vallböhmer D. , Drebber U. , Schneider P.M. , Baldus S. , Bollschweiler E. , Brabender J. , Warnecke‐Eberz U. , Mönig S. , Hölscher A.H. , Metzger R.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

Neoadjuvant therapy is applied to improve the prognosis associated with advanced gastric cancer. Only patients with a major response seem to have a survival benefit. Predictive markers to allow individualisation of treatment could be helpful. We examined the association of survivin protein expression with histopathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.

Methods

Forty patients with gastric cancer received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Afterwards, 38 patients underwent total gastrectomy, while 2 patients received definitive chemotherapy because of tumour progression. Histomorphologic regression was defined as major response when resected specimens contained <10% tumour cells. Intratumoural survivin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry in pre‐ and post‐therapeutic specimens and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters.

Results

The pre‐ and post‐therapeutic intratumoural survivin protein expression was not associated with histomorphologic regression. Post‐therapeutic survivin expression did not have prognostic impact. A significant association was detected between pre‐therapeutic survivin levels and prognosis: patients with a higher survivin protein expression showed a significant survival benefit. In multivariate analysis pre‐therapeutic survivin expression was characterised as an independent prognostic marker, besides pN‐status and histopathologic regression.

Conclusions

The pre‐therapeutic survivin protein expression seems to be an independent prognostic marker in the multimodality treatment of advanced gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:409–413. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas
Authors: Kaira Kyoichi , Oriuchi Noboru , Imai Hisao , Shimizu Kimihiro , Yanagitani Noriko , Sunaga Noriaki , Hisada Takeshi , Ishizuka Tamotsu , Kanai Yoshikatsu , Endou Hitoshi , Nakajima Takashi , Mori Masatomo
Published: April 2009

Background

L‐type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) has been associated with tumor growth and is highly expressed in the primary human neoplasms. We investigated the significance of LAT1 expression to evaluate malignant potential in thymic epithelial tumors.

Materials and Methods

Immunohistochemical studies of 45 surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors [15 noninvasive thymomas (NT), 22 invasive thymomas (IT), and 8 thymic carcinomas (TC)] were conducted. LAT1, Ki‐67 labeling index (LI), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and microvessel density of the thymic epithelial tumors were analyzed.

Results

LAT1 expression for thymomas and thymic carcinomas were 0 (0%) of 37 and 6 (75%) of eight patients, respectively. Ki‐67 LI for NT, IT, and TC were 7.9 ± 2.8%, 16.1 ± 8.5%, and 50.6 ± 24.4%, respectively. VEGF expression in groups NT, IT, and TC was 0 (0%) of 15, 9 (41%) of 22, and 6 (75%) of eight patients, respectively. VEGF expression was statistically associated with microvessel count. The LAT1 expression was statistically associated with Ki‐67 LI, VEGF, and microvessel density in thymic carcinomas.

Conclusion

LAT1 is frequently expressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. Our results suggest that LAT1 expression might be an immunohistochemical marker for carcinomas, and could distinguish between thymomas and thymic carcinomas. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;99:433–438. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soil carbon pools of reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses
Authors: Chatterjee A. , Lal R. , Shrestha R.K. , Ussiri D.A.N.
Published: March 2009

Minesoils are characterized by low soil organic matter and poor soil physicochemical environment. Mine soil reclamation process has potential to restore soil fertility and sequester carbon (C) over time. Soil organic C (SOC) pool and associated soil properties were determined for reclaimed minesoils under grass and forest landuses of varied establishment year. Three grassland sites of 30, 9, and 1 years after reclamation (G30, G9, and G1) and two forest sites, 11 years after reclamation (RF) and undisturbed stand of 40 years (UF), were selected within four counties (Morgan, Muskingum, Noble, and Coshocton) of southeastern Ohio. Soil bulk density (BD) of reclaimed forest (RF) soil was significantly higher than undisturbed forest (UF) soils within 10–40 cm soil depth profile. Reclamation process increased soil pH from slightly acidic to alkaline and decreased the soil EC in both landuses. Among grassland soils, significant changes in SOC and total soil N contents were observed within 0–10 cm soil depth. SOC contents of G30 (29.7 Mg ha−1) and G9 (29.5 Mg ha−1) were significantly higher than G1 soils (9.11 Mg ha−1). Soil N content was increased from G1 (0.95 Mg ha−1) to G9 (2.00 Mg ha−1) site and then the highest value was found under G30 (3.25 Mg ha−1) site within 0–10 cm soil depth. UF soils had significantly higher SOC and total N content than RF soils at 0–10 and 10–20 cm soil depths. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulsing influences photoradiation outcomes in cell culture
Authors: Brondon Philip , Stadler Istvan , Lanzafame Raymond J.
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

Skin pigmentation can adversely affect phototherapy outcomes. Delivering pulsed light has been suggested as a means of enhancing efficacy. Suitable pulse frequencies remain indeterminate, often being selected empirically. This study was undertaken to determine whether pulsed light delivery mitigates the filtering effect of melanin pigment on photomodulation in vitro.

Study Design and Methods

Human HEP‐2 cells were cultured in complete DMEM media. Photoradiation was delivered through 0.025% melanin filters at 670 nm (5.0 J/cm2/treatment/24 hours) for 72 hours at different pulse rates. Group A received no light treatment. Group B received treatments without pulsing. Groups C, D, E, F, and G received treatments at 6, 18, 36, 100, and 600 Hz. Cell proliferation was assessed by MTT assay and oxidative burst was measured using the 2.7 dichloro‐fluorescein‐diacetate assay.

Results

Cell proliferation was maximally stimulated at 100 Hz at 48 and 72 hours (n = 4, P≤0.05). Oxidative burst was maximally stimulated at 600 Hz (n = 4, P≤0.05). All frequencies were stimulatory at 48 and 72 hours (n = 4, P≤0.05).

Conclusion

This investigation suggests that light pulsing may improve outcomes by mitigating the filtration effects of cutaneous melanin. Further studies to further define these effects are warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:222–226, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Risk factors for recurrence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization
Authors: Kim Hee Seung , Park Noh Hyun , Park In‐Ae , Park Ju Hee , Chung Hyun Hoon , Kim Jae Weon , Song Yong Sang , Kang Soon‐Beom
Published: April 2009

Background

We sought to investigate risk factors for recurrence of vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization.

Materials and Methods

Among 162 patients treated with laser vaporization in the vaginal vault after hysterectomy between March 1998 and August 2007, the clinical data of 68 patients were reviewed retrospectively. They underwent hysterectomy before laser vaporization due to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage Ia1–Ib1 cervical cancer (n = 17), cervical carcinoma in situ (CIS, n = 18), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) (CIN I, n = 4; CIN II, n = 9; CIN III, n = 12), leiomyoma (n = 5) and endometrial polyp (n = 3). All patients were diagnosed as VAIN I (n = 24), VAIN II (n = 18) and VAIN III (n = 26) in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization. Risk factors for recurrence of VAIN in the vaginal vault after laser vaporization were investigated by multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

The median age was 48 years (range, 32–74 years), and the median duration of follow‐up was 33 months (range, 10–115 months). Among all patients, 18 (26.5%) showed disease recurrence. Age (≤48 years) and VAIN III in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization were risk factors for recurrence after laser vaporization (age ≤48 years, adjusted OR, 2.07, 95% CI, 1.18–7.01; VAIN III in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization, adjusted OR, 8.42, 95% CI, 1.63–18.56).

Conclusion

Laser vaporization may be a feasible method for the treatment of VAIN in the vaginal vault after hysterectomy. However, age (≤48 years) and VAIN III in the vaginal vault before laser vaporization should be considered as risk factors for recurrence after laser vaporization. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:196–202, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved photodynamic inactivation of gram‐positive bacteria using hematoporphyrin encapsulated in liposomes and micelles
Authors: Tsai Tsuimin , Yang Yu‐Tsai , Wang Tse‐Hsien , Chien Hsiung‐Fei , Chen Chin‐Tin
Published: April 2009

Background and Objectives

Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising treatment modality for local infections. To increase the efficacy of photosensitizer, hematoporphyrin (Hp) was used as a model drug and encapsulated in liposomes and micelles. The bactericidal efficacy of the carrier‐entrapped Hp was assessed against gram‐positive bacteria.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Hp was encapsulated in liposomes by a modified reversed‐phase evaporation and extrusion method. Micelle‐Hp was prepared by the reversed‐phase evaporation method. Spectroscopic analysis was used to characterize the properties of Hp in PBS, liposome or micelle. The PDI efficacy was examined by using gram‐positive pathogens including methicillin‐susceptible, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes.

Results

The absorption and fluorescence emission spectra indicated that Hp encapsulated in liposomes and micelles is less likely to exist in aggregated form compared to that generally seen in an aqueous medium. Liposome‐ or micelle‐Hp can induce complete eradication of the bacteria above a critical Hp dose, which is significantly lower than the dose required when using the non‐encapsulated Hp. Furthermore, the PDI effect of the Hp encapsulated in micelles was superior to the Hp encapsulated in liposomes at lower Hp doses. Similar PDI results were also found in S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that photosensitizer entrapped in micelle exert similar or better PDI efficacy than that of liposome, which indicates this formulation may be useful for the treatment of local infections in the future. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:316–322, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superpulsed laser irradiation increases osteoblast activity via modulation of bone morphogenetic factors
Authors: Saracino Silvia , Mozzati Marco , Martinasso Germana , Pol Renato , Canuto Rosa A. , Muzio Giuliana
Published: April 2009

Background and Objective

Laser therapy is a new approach applicable in different medical fields when bone loss occurs, including orthopedics and dentistry. It has also been used to induce soft‐tissue healing, for pain relief, bone, and nerve regeneration. With regard to bone synthesis, laser exposure has been shown to increase osteoblast activity and decrease osteoclast number, by inducing alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and bone sialoprotein expression. Studies have investigated the effects of continuous or pulsed laser irradiation, but no data are yet available on the properties of superpulsed laser irradiation. This study thus aimed to investigate the effect of superpulsed laser irradiation on osteogenic activity of human osteoblast‐like cells, paying particular attention to investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of this type of laser radiation.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Human osteoblast‐like MG‐63 cells were exposed to 3, 7, or 10 superpulsed laser irradiation (pulse width 200 nanoseconds, minimum peak power 45 W, frequency 30 kHz, total energy 60 J, exposure time 5 minutes). The following parameters were evaluated: cell growth and viability (light microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase release), calcium deposits (Alizarin Red S staining), expression of bone morphogenetic factors (real‐time PCR).

Results

Superpulsed laser irradiation decreases cell growth, induces expression of TGF‐β2, BMP‐4, and BMP‐7, type I collagen, ALP, and osteocalcin, and increases the size and the number of calcium deposits. The stimulatory effect is maximum on day 10, that is, after seven applications.

Conclusions

Reported results show that superpulsed laser irradiation, like the continuous and pulsed counterparts, possesses osteogenic properties, inducing the expression of molecules known to be important mediators of bone formation and, as a consequence, increasing calcium deposits in human MG‐63 cells. Moreover, the data suggest a new potential role for PPARγ as a regulator of osteoblast proliferation. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:298–304, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corticosteroid iontophoresis to treat carpal tunnel syndrome: A double‐blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Amirjani Nasim , Ashworth Nigel L. , Watt M. Joe , Gordon Tessa , Chan K. Ming
Published: April 2009

Even though injection of corticosteroids into the carpal tunnel alleviates the symptoms of mild to moderately severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), it has not gained universal popularity due to its invasiveness. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of dexamethasone iontophoresis as a noninvasive method of treating CTS. We carried out a double‐blind randomized controlled trial comparing six sessions of iontophoresis with 0.4% dexamethasone sodium phosphate with distilled water in 17 patients. Outcome measures including nerve conduction studies, the Levine Self‐Assessment Questionnaire, and the Semmes–Weinstein Monofilaments were done monthly for 6 months after intervention. Most of the outcome measures did not show any significant change following treatment. Although there was subjective improvement of symptom severity scores in the treatment group as quantified by the Levine Self‐Assessment Questionnaire, similar improvement was also observed in the control group (P< 0.05). Although corticosteroid iontophoresis is feasible in clinical settings and is well‐tolerated by patients, iontophoresis of 0.4% dexamethasone was not effective in the treatment of mild to moderate CTS. Muscle Nerve 39: 627–633, 2009
Neurochemical changes in the rat prefrontal cortex following acute phencyclidine treatment: an in vivo localized 1H MRS study
Authors: Iltis Isabelle , Koski Dee M. , Eberly Lynn E. , Nelson Christopher D. , Deelchand Dinesh K. , Valette Julien , Ugurbil Kamil , Lim Kelvin O. , Henry Pierre‐Gilles
Published: March 2009

Acute phencyclidine (PCP) administration mimics some aspects of schizophrenia in rats, such as behavioral alterations, increased dopaminergic activity and prefrontal cortex dysfunction. In this study, we used single‐voxel 1H‐MRS to investigate neurochemical changes in rat prefrontal cortex in vivo before and after an acute injection of PCP. A short‐echo time sequence (STEAM) was used to acquire spectra in a 32‐µL voxel positioned in the prefrontal cortex area of 12 rats anesthetized with isoflurane. Data were acquired for 30 min before and for 140 min after a bolus of PCP (10 mg/kg, n = 6) or saline (n = 6). Metabolites were quantified with the LCModel. Time courses for 14 metabolites were obtained with a temporal resolution of 10 min. The glutamine/glutamate ratio was significantly increased after PCP injection (p < 0.0001, pre‐ vs. post‐injection), while the total concentration of these two metabolites remained constant. Glucose was transiently increased (+70%) while lactate decreased after the injection (both p < 0.0001). Lactate, but not glucose and glutamine, returned to baseline levels after 140 min. These results show that an acute injection of PCP leads to changes in glutamate and glutamine concentrations, similar to what has been observed in schizophrenic patients, and after ketamine administration in humans. MRS studies of this pharmacological rat model may be useful for assessing the effects of potential anti‐psychotic drugs in vivo. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of depression during pregnancy
Authors: Osborne Sarah , O'Keane Veronica
Published: April 2009

In Pregnancy is a series of reviews focusing on the management of women with psychiatric and neurological conditions during pregnancy. In this article, Dr Osborne and Dr O'Keane discuss the risks discuss the risk factors for the development of depression during pregnancy, its possible impact on the developing foetus and the current recommended management. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd