bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoantibody Landscape in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Chen William S. , Haynes Winston A. , Waitz Rebecca , Kamath Kathy , Vega-Crespo Agustin , Shrestha Raunak , Zhang Minlu , Foye Adam , Baselga Carretero Ignacio , Perez Garcilazo Ivan , Zhang Meng , Zhao Shuang G. , Sjöström Martin , Quigley David A. , Chou Jonathan , Beer Tomasz M. , Rettig Matthew , Gleave Martin , Evans Christopher P. , Lara Primo , Chi Kim N. , Reiter Robert E. , Alumkal Joshi J. , Ashworth Alan , Aggarwal Rahul , Small Eric J. , Daugherty Patrick S. , Ribas Antoni , Oh David Y. , Shon John C. , Feng Felix Y.
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

Autoantibody responses in cancer are of great interest, as they may be concordant with T-cell responses to cancer antigens or predictive of response to cancer immunotherapies. Thus, we sought to characterize the antibody landscape of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Experimental Design:

Serum antibody epitope repertoire analysis (SERA) was performed on patient serum to identify tumor-specific neoepitopes. Somatic mutation–specific neoepitopes were investigated by associating serum epitope enrichment scores with whole-genome sequencing results from paired solid tumor metastasis biopsies and germline blood samples. A protein-based immunome-wide association study (PIWAS) was performed to identify significantly enriched epitopes, and candidate serum antibodies enriched in select patients were validated by ELISA profiling. A distinct cohort of patients with melanoma was evaluated to validate the top cancer-specific epitopes.

Results:

SERA was performed on 1,229 serum samples obtained from 72 men with mCRPC and 1,157 healthy control patients. Twenty-nine of 6,636 somatic mutations (0.44%) were associated with an antibody response specific to the mutated peptide. PIWAS analyses identified motifs in 11 proteins, including NY-ESO-1 and HERVK-113, as immunogenic in mCRPC, and ELISA confirmed serum antibody enrichment in candidate patients. Confirmatory PIWAS, Identifying Motifs Using Next-generation sequencing Experiments (IMUNE), and ELISA analyses performed on serum samples from 106 patients with melanoma similarly revealed enriched cancer-specific antibody responses to NY-ESO-1.

Conclusions:

We present the first large-scale profiling of autoantibodies in advanced prostate cancer, utilizing a new antibody profiling approach to reveal novel cancer-specific antigens and epitopes. Our study recovers antigens of known importance and identifies novel tumor-specific epitopes of translational interest.
MRI and 18FET-PET Predict Survival Benefit from Bevacizumab Plus Radiotherapy in Patients with Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Wild-type Glioblastoma: Results from the Randomized ARTE Trial
Authors: Wirsching Hans-Georg , Roelcke Ulrich , Weller Jonathan , Hundsberger Thomas , Hottinger Andreas F. , von Moos Roger , Caparrotti Francesca , Conen Katrin , Remonda Luca , Roth Patrick , Ochsenbein Adrian , Tabatabai Ghazaleh , Weller Michael
Published: September 2020

Purpose:

To explore a prognostic or predictive role of MRI and O-(2–18F-fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (18FET) PET parameters for outcome in the randomized multicenter trial ARTE that compared bevacizumab plus radiotherapy with radiotherpay alone in elderly patients with glioblastoma.

Patients and Methods:

Patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type glioblastoma ages 65 years or older were included in this post hoc analysis. Tumor volumetric and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) analyses of serial MRI scans from 67 patients and serial 18FET-PET tumor-to-brain intensity ratios (TBRs) from 31 patients were analyzed blinded for treatment arm and outcome. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was done to account for established prognostic factors and treatment arm.

Results:

Overall survival benefit from bevacizumab plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone was observed for larger pretreatment MRI contrast-enhancing tumor [HR per cm3 0.94; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89–0.99] and for higher ADC (HR 0.18; CI, 0.05–0.66). Higher 18FET-TBR on pretreatment PET scans was associated with inferior overall survival in both arms. Response assessed by standard MRI-based Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria was associated with overall survival in the bevacizumab plus radiotherapy arm by trend only (P = 0.09). High 18FET-TBR of noncontrast-enhancing tumor portions during bevacizumab therapy was associated with inferior overall survival on multivariate analysis (HR 5.97; CI, 1.16–30.8).

Conclusions:

Large pretreatment contrast-enhancing tumor mass and higher ADCs identify patients who may experience a survival benefit from bevacizumab plus radiotherapy. Persistent 18FET-PET signal of no longer contrast-enhancing tumor after concomitant bevacizumab plus radiotherapy suggests pseudoresponse and predicts poor outcome.
FDA Approval Summary: Entrectinib for the Treatment of NTRK gene Fusion Solid Tumors
Authors: Marcus Leigh , Donoghue Martha , Aungst Stephanie , Myers Claire E. , Helms Whitney S. , Shen Guoxiang , Zhao Hong , Stephens Olen , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard
Published: September 2020

The FDA-approved entrectinib on August 15, 2019, for the treatment of adult and pediatric patients 12 years of age and older with solid tumors that have a neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase (NTRK) gene fusion without a known acquired resistance mutation, are metastatic or where surgical resection is likely to result in severe morbidity, and have progressed following treatment or have no satisfactory alternative therapy. Approval was based on demonstration of a durable overall response rate of 57% (95% confidence interval: 43–71), including a complete response rate of 7%, among 54 entrectinib-treated patients with 10 different tumor types harboring an NTRK fusion enrolled in one of three single-arm clinical trials. The durations of response ranged from 2.8 months to 26.0+ months; 68% of responses lasted ≥ 6 months. The most serious toxicities of entrectinib are congestive heart failure, central nervous system effects, skeletal fractures, hepatotoxicity, hyperuricemia, QT prolongation, and vision disorders. Adverse reactions were manageable through dose interruptions (46%), dose reductions (29%), or discontinuation of entrectinib (9%). This is the third approval of a cancer drug for treatment of a tissue agnostic, biomarker-defined cancer.
Preclinical Development of MGC018, a Duocarmycin-based Antibody–drug Conjugate Targeting B7-H3 for Solid Cancer
Authors: Scribner Juniper A. , Brown Jennifer G. , Son Thomas , Chiechi Michael , Li Pam , Sharma Sharad , Li Hua , De Costa Anushka , Li Ying , Chen Yan , Easton Ann , Yee-Toy Nicholas C. , Chen Francine Z. , Gorlatov Sergey , Barat Bhaswati , Huang Ling , Wolff Christina R. , Hooley Jeff , Hotaling Tim E. , Gaynutdinov Timur , Ciccarone Valentina , Tamura James , Koenig Scott , Moore Paul A. , Bonvini Ezio , Loo Deryk
Published: September 2020

B7-H3, also referred to as CD276, is a member of the B7 family of immune regulatory proteins. B7-H3 is overexpressed on many solid cancers, including prostate cancer, renal cell carcinoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, non–small cell lung cancer, and breast cancer. Overexpression of B7-H3 is associated with disease severity, risk of recurrence and reduced survival. In this article, we report the preclinical development of MGC018, an antibody–drug conjugate targeted against B7-H3. MGC018 is comprised of the cleavable linker-duocarmycin payload, valine-citrulline-seco duocarmycin hydroxybenzamide azaindole (vc-seco-DUBA), conjugated to an anti-B7-H3 humanized IgG1/kappa mAb through reduced interchain disulfides, with an average drug-to-antibody ratio of approximately 2.7. MGC018 exhibited cytotoxicity toward B7-H3–positive human tumor cell lines, and exhibited bystander killing of target-negative tumor cells when cocultured with B7-H3–positive tumor cells. MGC018 displayed potent antitumor activity in preclinical tumor models of breast, ovarian, and lung cancer, as well as melanoma. In addition, antitumor activity was observed toward patient-derived xenograft models of breast, prostate, and head and neck cancer displaying heterogeneous expression of B7-H3. Importantly, MGC018 exhibited a favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile in cynomolgus monkeys following repeat-dose administration. The antitumor activity observed preclinically with MGC018, together with the positive safety profile, provides evidence of a potentially favorable therapeutic index and supports the continued development of MGC018 for the treatment of solid cancers.
Leukocyte-Reactive Antibodies in Female Blood Donors: The Austrian Experience
Authors: Schönbacher Marlies , Aichinger Nicole , Weidner Lisa , Jungbauer Christof , Grabmer Christoph , Schuha Beate , Rohde Eva , Mayr Wolfgang , Körmöczi Günther
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Antibody-mediated transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is caused by antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) or human neutrophil antigens (HNAs), and is one of the most serious complications associated with transfusion medicine. Prevention strategies like testing allo-exposed female blood donors have not yet been introduced nationwide in Austria. To assess the need and feasibility of routine leukocyte antibody testing, the prevalence of leukocyte-reactive antibodies in an Austrian female donor population was been determined using classical cell-based methods which were compared with a high-throughput bead-based method. Methods: Sera from 1,022 female blood donors were screened using a granulocyte aggregation test (GAT) and a white blood cell immunofluorescence test (WIFT) after retesting and specification of positive samples by granulocyte immunofluorescence test (GIFT) and monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of granulocyte antigens (MAIGA). Potential HLA reactivities were confirmed using the microbeads assay LabScreenTM Mixed. The results in 142 donor sera and 38 well-defined reference sera were investigated by the microbeads assay LabScreenTM Multi and compared with classical cell-based methods. Results: Reactivity with either granulocytes and/or lymphocytes was detected in 79 sera (7.7%), with the majority being HLA-specific. Antibodies against HNA were obtained in 7 samples (0.7%). The aggregating potential of the detected antibodies was observed in 9 cases (0.9%). Most of the leukocyte-reactive antibodies occurred at a donor age of between 35 and 59 years (n = 61). LabScreen Multi showed good agreement (κ = 0.767) for HNA antibody detection by cell-based assays, but double/multiple specificities (100% of 7 anti-HNA-1b sera) as well as false-negative results (40% of 15 HNA-3-specific sera) occurred. Discussion: Leukocyte-reactive antibody screening is advised in Austrian female donors for safe blood transfusion, including single-donor convalescent plasma treatment of COVID-19 that may be implemented soon. For the introduction of LabScreen Multi, the combination with GAT should be considered to ensure correct anti-HNA-3a detection.
Characterization of Clinical Cases of Malignant PEComa via Comprehensive Genomic Profiling of DNA and RNA
Authors: Akumalla Saranya , Madison Russell , Lin Douglas I. , Schrock Alexa B. , Yakirevich Evgeny , Rosenzweig Mark , Balar Arjun V. , Frampton Garrett M. , Edgerly Claire , Erlich Rachel L. , Miller Vincent A. , Ganesan Shridar , Ross Jeffrey S. , Ali Siraj M.
Published: September 2020

Purpose: Perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa) is a rare mesenchymal soft tissue neoplasm often linked to mTOR pathway activation via TSC2 mutation. We analyzed a series of 31 consecutive metastatic PEComa (mPEComa) cases using a combined DNA/RNA hybrid capture-based comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) assay to assess the genomic landscape of mPEComa. Patients and Methods: Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks or slides were obtained from tumors from 31 unique patients with mPEC­oma. DNA and RNA were extracted and CGP was performed on 405 genes using a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay in a CLIA-certified lab. Results: All cases had locally advanced or metastatic disease, and 58% of patients were female with a median age of 50 years (range 8–76), and 17 and 14 specimens were from primary and metastatic sites, respectively. One hundred genomic alterations were identified in the cohort, with an average of 3.2 genomic alterations/case including alterations in TSC2 32.3% of cases (10), TSC1 9.6% (3), TFE3 16.1% (5, all fusions), and folliculin (FLCN) 6.4% (2), with all occurring in mutually exclusive fashion. Of TSC2 mutant cases, 70% had biallelic inactivation of this locus, as were 100% of TSC1 mutant cases. Two TSC1/2 wildtype cases harbored truncating mutations in FLCN, both of which were under LOH. Five TFE3 fusion cases were identified including the novel 5′ fusion partner ZC3H4. Conclusions: We describe for the first time mPEComa cases with FLCN mutations under LOH, further characterizing dysregulation of the mTOR pathway as a unifying theme in mPEC­oma. Cumulatively, we demonstrate the feasibility and potential utility of segregating mPEComa by TSC, TFE3, and FLCN status via CGP in clinical care.
Real World Use and Effects of Calcimimetics in Treating Mineral and Bone Disorder in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Danese Mark D. , Lubeck Deborah , Belozeroff Vasily , Lin Tzu-Chieh , Desai Pooja , Gleeson Michelle , Martin Kevin , Chonchol Michel
Published: September 2020

Background: Calcimimetics are used to treat mineral and bone disorder by reducing parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (Phos). The study objectives were to assess the control of PTH, Ca, and Phos over time in patients receiving cinacalcet or etelcalcetide as well as dosing and time to discontinuation for etelcalcetide. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using electronic medical records from small and independent dialysis centers. Adults ≥18 years of age were identified as cinacalcet or etelcalcetide users based on the first calcimimetic received in 2018 (index date). Patients were followed from the index date until parathyroidectomy, kidney transplant, death, or end of data (December 31, 2018). Analyses of mean PTH, Ca, and Phos, as well as target achievement of PTH, Ca, and Phos were conducted over a 9-month period. Discontinuation with etelcalcetide was measured with the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Results: There were 1,346 cinacalcet patients (mean age 60.5 years, 43.5% female, and 47.1% Black) and 1,255 etelcalcetide patients (mean age 63.4 years, 46.6% female, and 38.5% Black). At baseline, the proportions in target were similar for etelcalcetide versus cinacalcet: 36 versus 38% for PTH, 79 versus 80% for Ca, and 43 versus 44% for Phos. Overall, 40–47% of cinacalcet users and 48–62% of etelcalcetide users were observed to be in target for PTH over 9 months. The proportion in target for Phos ranged from 41 to 46% for cinacalcet and 46–51% for etelcalcetide. The proportion in target for Ca ranged from 74 to 78% for cinacalcet and 60–73% for etelcalcetide. Etelcalcetide 12-month discontinuation was 37.4%. Conclusion: Both calcimimetics were effective in keeping PTH, Ca, and Phos levels within target. Patients receiving etelcalcetide tended to have lower laboratory values for PTH, Ca, and Phos over time, while patients receiving cinacalcet tended to be more likely to be in target for Ca over time.
Clinical Phenotypes and Prognosis of Dilated Cardiomyopathy Caused by Truncating Variants in the
TTN
Gene
Authors: Akhtar Mohammed Majid , Lorenzini Massimiliano , Cicerchia Marcos , Ochoa Juan Pablo , Hey Thomas Morris , Sabater Molina Maria , Restrepo-Cordoba Maria Alejandra , Dal Ferro Matteo , Stolfo Davide , Johnson Renee , Larrañaga-Moreira José M. , Robles-Mezcua Ainhoa , Rodriguez-Palomares Jose F. , Casas Guillem , Peña-Peña Maria Luisa , Lopes Luis Rocha , Gallego-Delgado Maria , Franaszczyk Maria , Laucey Gemma , Rangel-Sousa Diego , Basurte Mayte , Palomino-Doza Julian , Villacorta Eduardo , Bilinska Zofia , Limeres Freire Javier , Garcia Pinilla José M. , Barriales-Villa Roberto , Fatkin Diane , Sinagra Gianfranco , Garcia-Pavia Pablo , Gimeno Juan R. , Mogensen Jens , Monserrat Lorenzo , Elliott Perry M. ,   European Genetic Cardiomyopathies Initiative Investigators*
Published: September 2020

Background:

Truncating variants in the
TTN
gene (TTNtv) are the commonest cause of heritable dilated cardiomyopathy. This study aimed to study the phenotypes and outcomes of TTNtv carriers.

Methods:

Five hundred thirty-seven individuals (61% men; 317 probands) with TTNtv were recruited in 14 centers (372 [69%] with baseline left ventricular systolic dysfunction [LVSD]). Baseline and longitudinal clinical data were obtained. The primary end point was a composite of malignant ventricular arrhythmia and end-stage heart failure. The secondary end point was left ventricular reverse remodeling (left ventricular ejection fraction increase by ≥10% or normalization to ≥50%).

Results:

Median follow-up was 49 (18–105) months. Men developed LVSD more frequently and earlier than women (45±14 versus 49±16 years, respectively;
P
=0.04). By final evaluation, 31%, 45%, and 56% had atrial fibrillation, frequent ventricular ectopy, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, respectively. Seventy-six (14.2%) individuals reached the primary end point (52 [68%] end-stage heart failure events, 24 [32%] malignant ventricular arrhythmia events). Malignant ventricular arrhythmia end points most commonly occurred in patients with severe LVSD. Male sex (hazard ratio, 1.89 [95% CI, 1.04–3.44];
P
=0.04) and left ventricular ejection fraction (per 10% decrement from left ventricular ejection fraction, 50%; hazard ratio, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.30–2.04];
P
<0.001) were independent predictors of the primary end point. Two hundred seven of 300 (69%) patients with LVSD had evidence of left ventricular reverse remodeling. In a subgroup of 29 of 74 (39%) patients with initial left ventricular reverse remodeling, there was a subsequent left ventricular ejection fraction decrement. TTNtv location was not associated with statistically significant differences in baseline clinical characteristics, left ventricular reverse remodeling, or outcomes on multivariable analysis (
P
=0.07).

Conclusions:

TTNtv is characterized by frequent arrhythmia, but malignant ventricular arrhythmias are most commonly associated with severe LVSD. Male sex and LVSD are independent predictors of outcomes. Mutation location does not impact clinical phenotype or outcomes.
The Upcoming Epidemic of Heart Failure in South Asia
Authors: Martinez-Amezcua Pablo , Haque Waqas , Khera Rohan , Kanaya Alka M. , Sattar Naveed , Lam Carolyn S.P. , Harikrishnan Sivadasanpillai , Shah Sanjiv J. , Kandula Namratha R. , Jose Powell O. , Narayan K. M. Venkat , Agyemang Charles , Misra Anoop , Jenum Anne K. , Bilal Usama , Nasir Khurram , Cainzos-Achirica Miguel
Published: September 2020

Currently, South Asia accounts for a quarter of the world population, yet it already claims ≈60% of the global burden of heart disease. Besides the epidemics of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease already faced by South Asian countries, recent studies suggest that South Asians may also be at an increased risk of heart failure (HF), and that it presents at earlier ages than in most other racial/ethnic groups. Although a frequently underrecognized threat, an eventual HF epidemic in the densely populated South Asian nations could have dramatic health, social and economic consequences, and urgent interventions are needed to flatten the curve of HF in South Asia. In this review, we discuss recent studies portraying these trends, and describe the mechanisms that may explain an increased risk of premature HF in South Asians compared with other groups, with a special focus on highly relevant features in South Asian populations including premature coronary heart disease, early type 2 diabetes mellitus, ubiquitous abdominal obesity, exposure to the world’s highest levels of air pollution, highly prevalent pretransition forms of HF such as rheumatic heart disease, and underdevelopment of healthcare systems. Other rising lifestyle-related risk factors such as use of tobacco products, hypertension, and general obesity are also discussed. We evaluate the prognosis of HF in South Asian countries and the implications of an anticipated HF epidemic. Finally, we discuss proposed interventions aimed at curbing these adverse trends, management approaches that can improve the prognosis of prevalent HF in South Asian countries, and research gaps in this important field.
Notes on the diatom collection of the Natural History Museum, London (BM) I: The first place of publication for Cymatopleura brunii P. Petit, a review of its type specimens with a note on the name Surirella undata

Authors: WILLIAMS DAVID M.
Published: September 2020

The species Cymatopleura brunii was named by Paul Petit (Paul Charles Mirbel Petit, 1834–1913, TL-2: 199) but assumed to be first published by Jacques-Joseph Brun (1826–1908) in his article ‘Diatomées lacustres, marines ou fossiles, espèces nouvelles ou insuffisamment connues’ published in Le Diatomiste (Brun 1895: pl. XIV, fig. 24, reproduced here as Figure 5). Brun’s article is composed of only a series of plates accompanied with brief descriptions of most of the specimens illustrated. Although the four plates (XIV–XVII) were issued in sequence as part of the short-lived journal Le Diatomiste, they came with separate covers (the front cover is reproduced here as Figure 12; the end cover is plain). Brun (1895) is often cited as consisting of Pls XIV–XVII and plates XIX–XX. There are, however, just four plates: Pls XIV–XVII. Plate XVIII was never issued (see Le Diatomiste 2: 252) and plates XIX–XXIV are those illustrating Brun (1896), a different article. (A publication history of Le Diatomiste is in preparation). This series of plates included the figure of Cymatopleura brunii with the comment that “Peut etre consideree comme une variété arrondie et tres ridée de la Cym. hybernica W. Sm.” (Brun 1895: pl. XIV, fig. 24). Although without any proper written description, it can still be considered a validly published name (see Guiry in Guiry & Guiry 2020). Yet there is an earlier account, which appears to have never been cited since its publication, where Petit provided both a full description and a figure of Cymatopleura brunii (Petit in Lortet 1883: 191, pl. 23, fig. 61, description reproduced here as Figure 11, Petit’s figure is reproduced here as Figure 1). This figure appears to differ from that in Brun (1895: pl. XIV, fig. 24, reproduced here as Figure 5).
Wintertime Southern Hemisphere Jet Streams Shaped by Interaction of Transient Eddies with Antarctic Orography
Authors: Patterson Matthew , Woollings Tim , Bracegirdle Thomas J. , Lewis Neil T.
Published: September 2020

The wintertime Southern Hemisphere extratropical circulation exhibits considerable zonal asymmetries. We investigate the roles of various surface boundary conditions in shaping the mean state using a semi-realistic, atmosphere-only climate model. We find, in agreement with previous literature, that tropical sea surface temperature (SST) patterns are an important contributor to the mean state, while midlatitude SSTs and sea ice extent play a smaller role. Our main finding is that Antarctic orography has a first-order effect on the structure of the midlatitude circulation. In the absence of Antarctic orography, equatorward eddy momentum fluxes associated with the orography are removed and hence convergence of eddy momentum in midlatitudes is reduced. This weakens the Indian Ocean jet, making Rossby wave propagation downstream to the South Pacific less favorable. Consequently, the flow stagnates over the mid- to high-latitude South Pacific and the characteristic split jet pattern is destroyed. Removing Antarctic orography also results in a substantial warming over East Antarctica partly because transient eddies are able to penetrate farther poleward, enhancing poleward heat transport. However, experiments in which a high-latitude cooling is applied indicate that these temperature changes are not the primary driver of circulation changes in the midlatitudes. Instead, we invoke a simple barotropic mechanism in which the orographic slope creates an effective potential vorticity gradient that alters the eddy momentum flux.
Patterns and predictors of PTSD in treatment-seeking African refugees and asylum seekers: A latent class analysis
Authors: Barbieri Alberto , Visco-Comandini Federica , Alunni Fegatelli Danilo , Dessì Anna , Cannella Giuseppe , Stellacci Antonella , Pirchio Sabine
Published: September 2020

Background:

Despite the empirical and clinical relevance of understanding posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) heterogeneity in refugees and asylum-seekers, very few studies have examined the manner in which PTSD symptoms manifest in such populations.

Aims:

This study sought to investigate patterns and predictors of DSM-5 PTSD in a treatment-seeking sample of African refugees.

Methods:

Participants were 122 African refugees and asylum-seekers living in Italy who completed measures of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify PTSD symptom profiles, and predictors of class membership were identified via multinomial logistic regression.

Results:

Among participants, 79.5% had a probable diagnosis of PTSD. Three PTSD classes were identified by LCA: Pervasive (32.0%) with high probabilities of all symptoms, high-Threat (45.9%) with higher probabilities of intrusions and avoidance symptoms, moderate-Avoidance (22.1%) with high probability of thoughts/feelings avoidance. None of the examined variables (legal status, gender, age, education, months spent in Italy, number of traumatic events, employment) significantly predicted class membership with the relevant exception of reception conditions. Specifically, living in large reception centres (over 1,000 people) significantly predicted Pervasive PTSD class membership compared to high/Threat PTSD class and to moderate/Avoidance class.

Conclusion:

This study provides evidence for distinct patterns of PTSD symptomatology in refugees and asylum seekers. We identified three classes which present both qualitative and quantitative differences in symptoms: Pervasive class, high-Threat class and a new moderate class, characterised by avoidance symptoms. Reception conditions contributed to the emergence of the Pervasive PTSD profile characterised by the symptoms highest severity. These findings highlight that stressors in the post-migration environment, as inadequate reception conditions in large facilities, may have detrimental effect on refugees’ mental health. We emphasise the importance for host countries to implement reception models that provide effective protection and integration to this vulnerable population.
‘Kufunika kwa mtundu/fuko’ (Family circle): Understanding experiences of grandparents raising grandchildren in Malawi
Authors: Lee Youjung , Blitz Lisa
Published: September 2020

In Malawi, grandparents play significant roles in raising children when parents are absent. An inductive thematic qualitative approach was used to understand experiences of Malawian custodial grandparents. Seven focus groups with 29 grandparents were conducted and six themes emerged: (1) Better future for the children, (2) Family circle, (3) Strong support from other grandparents and the community, (4) Financial and physical hardships, (5) Intergenerational conflicts and discipline issues, and (6) Desire for more involvement with their grandchildren’s education and school. Roles of schools and non-governmental organizations as community resource centers with robust family engagement practices are explored.
The more you know, the less you fear: Reflexive social work practices in times of COVID-19
Authors: López Peláez Antonio , Marcuello-Servós Chaime , Castillo de Mesa Joaquín , Almaguer Kalixto Patricia
Published: September 2020

In this article, we present the results of a strategy to disseminate best social work practices during periods of social lockdown in Spain, in a climate characterised by post-truth, misinformation and fake news. Social work is challenged with the task of delivering reliable and quality information aimed at building a better society. At the time of writing, Spain was one of the countries most affected by COVID-19, with one of the highest numbers of deaths per million inhabitants in the world. With the population in lockdown, our strategy was to design a series of innovative web seminars on both the subject and the procedures involved in social work, with the aim of sharing information and best practices to counter disinformation campaigns on social media. The results show the growing demand – both by citizens in general and students and professionals in particular – for reliable information in the field of professional practice. One of the priorities of digital social work must be to disseminate its results in the digital environment.
Creating solace and hope during COVID-19: An innovative Internet-based social work intervention
Authors: Wang Yixuan , Gao Qin , Cheng Zhen , Zhang Ji , Wu Yang
Published: September 2020

During megacity lockdown, a team of social work practitioners and researchers in Beijing developed a rapid, innovative, Internet-based intervention that provided social-emotional support for participating families through indoor micro-gardening. As COVID-19 continues to restrict in-person interactions and traditional social activities, this type of online social-emotional support and community building should become a major social work method for crisis intervention and service provision.
Connectivity in Chaotic Urban Spaces: Mapping Informal Mobile Phone Market Clusters in Accra, Ghana
Authors: Oteng-Ababio Martin , van der Velden Maja
Published: September 2020

This article investigates the proliferation of informal mobile phone markets and contributes to the understanding of the changing urban economic geographies in Africa. It enriches comparative research by modestly bringing new theoretical ideas to bear, and explores how the spatial geography of mobile phone markets mediates urban governance. We argue that regardless of where in Accra mobile phone markets emerge, the same kind of processes and activities develop, and this recognition contrasts other works, which either focus on the city as a whole or on specific sites. Using key informant interviews, augmented with cognitive mapping, we observe the geography of mobile phone repairs and sales, intersecting socio-economic factors, and a collaborative culture among participants. Ultimately, our article touches upon the issues of power and agency by elucidating the relational dynamics between the informal operators and city authorities.
Police Functional Adaptation to the Digital or Post Digital Age: Discussions with Cybercrime Experts
Authors: Johnson Derek , Faulkner Erin , Meredith Georgia , Wilson Tim J
Published: September 2020

This article examines the challenges of functional adaptation faced by the police in response to technologically driven changes in the nature of crime. It also recounts how research under the auspices of a ‘dark web’ research project resulted in a search for an effective approach to engaging with investigators dealing with cybercrime. In doing so it tested, as a research methodology, a standard change implementation tool (problem tree analysis) from the Disaster Management and Sustainable Development (DMSD) discipline. This in turn resulted in significant consideration being given to the physical space in which that methodology is used. It presents the results of a workshop held with cybercrime investigators (not all were police officers) in terms of the importance of four key organisational and cultural issues (management, leadership and institutional ethos within the police; the risks of over-complication and exaggerated distinctions between cyber and real world policing; ethics; and knowledge, training and development) alongside the development and acquisition of new technical capabilities.
Old and Depressed? What We Think About Ending Their Suffering—Attitudes Toward Euthanasia for Elderly Suffering From Physical Versus Mental Illness
Authors: Moshe Shir , Gershfeld-Litvin Avital
Published: September 2020

This study aims to extend our knowledge regarding attitudes toward euthanasia. Specifically, the effect of patient’s age and illness type. 123 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups completed the Assessing Right to Die Attitudes (ARDA) questionnaire after reading a patients age (79 vs. 29 year old) and illness type (cancer vs. depression) description. Findings revealed more positive attitudes toward euthanasia when the patient was physically ill, as opposed to mentally ill. Participants’ attitude towards euthanasia was more positive when the patient was elderly. Illness type as a function of the patient’s age did not significantly influence attitudes towards euthanasia. The results of the current study reinforce the individual influence of illness type and of patient age on attitudes toward euthanasia, and suggest additional avenues for further research regarding their combined influence.
Do State Boards of Education Offer an Avenue for Public Voice?
Authors: Young Michelle D. , VanGronigen Bryan A. , Rodriguez Kevin , Tmimi Sarah , McCrory Amelia
Published: September 2020

Digital technologies provide new opportunities for increased participation by the general public in state and federal governance. In this article, we examine opportunities for public engagement in one type of state-level governmental body: the State Board of Education (SBOE). Limited research has focused on SBOEs, particularly the extent to which these powerful policy actors are accessible to the public. Drawing on the Open Government Maturity Model (OGMM), we examine data on the accessibility and opportunities for public engagement offered by 47 SBOEs to interrogate the validity of the assumption that SBOEs are avenues for public voice. We considered each SBOE to be a unique study participant and their websites to be their “electronic public faces.” Data were collected from SBOE websites on 39 different variables related to SBOE accessibility and used to create an SBOE E-Accessibility Index. Findings suggest that while most SBOEs meet lower levels of the OGMM’s criteria, they do not support meaningful public engagement in SBOE work.
Collaborative Learning in Sociology Research Methods Courses: Does Race Matter?
Authors: Morris Patricia , Ida Aya Kimura , Migliaccio Todd , Tsukada Yusuke , Baker Dylan
Published: September 2020

Students often identify research methods classes as one of the most difficult and intimidating classes of their academic career. The objectives of this study were twofold. The first was to ascertain whether the use of group-centered, collaborative learning would improve student mastery of material compared to traditional, lecture-based classes. The second objective was to examine a possible differential impact of collaborative learning by race. The study measured students’ mastery of basic concepts in research methods as well as their application of the material to novel situations by comparing their competence at the beginning to their performance on the same measures at the midterm and final exams. Findings highlight the importance of examining race as a factor in the study of the effectiveness of collaborative learning and, more specifically, point to a need to further test the hypothesis that collaborative learning pedagogy techniques can ameliorate race-based achievement gaps in student performance.
Primary congenital choledochal cyst with squamous cell carcinoma: a case report
Authors: Wang Lili , Ma Xiaomei , Chen Dongdong , Ren Jialiang , Cheng Hua , Huang Gang , Wang Rong , Cheng Jiarong
Published: September 2020

Cases of extrahepatic bile duct carcinoma are mostly adenocarcinomas and extrahepatic bile duct squamous cell carcinomas are rare. We report here a case of choledochal squamous cell carcinoma in a young woman who underwent surgery and chemotherapy. The woman presented with abdominal discomfort. A physical examination showed tenderness in the upper abdomen. Laboratory tests showed elevated direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, and C-reactive protein levels. Abdominal computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a cystic-solid mixed soft tissue mass in the common bile duct. Pain symptoms in the patient were not relieved and surgical treatment was performed. Postoperative pathological results showed a choledochal cyst complicated by squamous cell carcinoma. The patient was treated by biliary intestinal anastomosis followed by chemotherapy. However, the patient developed liver metastasis and recurrence at a 6-month follow-up. Primary congenital bile duct cysts with squamous cell carcinoma are extremely rare. Surgical resection is the main treatment option for choledochal squamous cell carcinoma. Postoperative chemoradiotherapy can be used, but the efficacy is poor and chemotherapy does not significantly prolong the patient’s survival.
A significant decrease in hemoglobin concentrations may predict occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants with late-onset sepsis
Authors: Cai Na , Fan Wenting , Tao Min , Liao Wei
Published: September 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine the clinical value of a decrease in hemoglobin concentration (HC) after the onset of sepsis for predicting occurrence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants with late-onset sepsis.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study between January 2015 and January 2020. Premature neonates (gestational age <37 weeks) with late-onset sepsis (age >3 days) were enrolled. According to the degree of reduction in HC, neonates were divided into the non-decrease group, mild decrease group, and severe decrease group. Demographic data, perinatal conditions, blood cell count analysis, blood culture, and treatment measures were compared.

Results

Eighty premature infants with sepsis were studied. The mortality rate and incidence of NEC were significantly higher in the severe decrease group than in the non-decrease and mild decrease groups. Significant differences were observed in the decrease in HC, red blood cell transfusion, and ventilator application between the NEC and non-NEC groups. A significant decrease in HC was an independent risk factor for NEC in preterm infants with sepsis.

Conclusion

A significant decrease in HC is an independent risk factor for NEC and may predict the occurrence of NEC in preterm infants with sepsis.
Possible effect of epinephrine in minimizing COVID-19 severity: a review
Authors: Derakhshan Mahnaz , Ansarian Hamid Reza , Ghomshei Mory
Published: September 2020

Objective

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) shows a wide range of severity, ranging from an asymptomatic presentation to a severe illness requiring intensive care unit admission. Identification of a strategy to manage the severity of this disease will not only help to reduce its case fatality but also help to remove some of the burden from the already overwhelmed health care systems. While successful management of symptoms in general is important, identifying measures to modify the severity of the illness is a key factor in the fight against this pandemic.

Methods

This paper presents a short literature review to suggest a new treatment modality for COVID-19.

Results

COVID-19 is less severe and rarely fatal in children than in adults, which could be caused by greater fluctuations of plasma epinephrine in children. Our literature survey endorses this hypothesis according to both the epidemiological and immunological findings.

Conclusion

Application of epinephrine pulses with a specific amplitude may be considered an intervention to minimize the severity of COVID-19.
Diversities of neoliberalism: Comparing US–Japan labor policymaking under Abe Shinzō and Donald Trump
Authors: Weathers Charles
Published: September 2020

This article explores variations of neoliberal policymaking in the United States and Japan, utilizing a comparative examination of labor-related policymaking under the current Abe Shinzo and Donald Trump Administrations, and focusing on three policy areas: the nexus of wage setting and tax policy, work hours, and public employment. The institutional analysis emphasizes that both countries have histories of neoliberal practice, especially in favoring corporate interests and opposing unions, but are less influenced by neoliberal doctrine per se than other advanced economic democracies. Examination of the two Administrations’ policies reveals that they have continued the legacy of favoring major corporations, notably in slashing corporate taxes, and also sought, dubiously, to justify these as benefiting ordinary workers. However, the Abe Administration exhibits the legacy of technocratic policymaking closely influenced by national bureaucrats, while the Trump Administration manifests the populist anti-state anger of neoliberal and right-wing policymaking of recent years. As a result, Abe Administration policies are shown to feature greater balance than those of the Trump Administration, causing less damage to worker interests, and more often proffering at least modest degrees of improvement.
Mapping the trigeminal root entry zone and its pontine fibre distribution patterns
Authors: Guberinic Alis , Souverein Veerle , Volkers Ruben , van Cappellen van Walsum Anne-Marie , Vissers Kris CP , Mollink Jeroen , Henssen Dylan JHA
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Recently, an additional trigeminothalamic tract – the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract – has been described in human brainstems by our group next to the known ventral trigeminothalamic tract. As various elements of the trigeminal system are known to be organised in a somatotopic fashion, the question arose whether the fibres within the trigeminal root show specific distributions patterns in their contribution to the ventral trigeminothalamic tract and dorsal trigeminothalamic tract specifically.

Methods

This study investigated the arrangement of the fibres in the trigeminal root by combining various imaging methods in the pons of 11 post-mortem specimens. The pons were investigated by polarised light imaging (PLI) (n = 4; to quantify fibre orientation; 100 µm interslice distance), histochemical staining methods (n = 3; to visualise the internal myeloarchitecture; 60 µm) and ultra-high field, post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (n = 4; for tractography; 500 µm interslice distance).

Results

This study shows that the fibres, from the point where the trigeminal root enters the brainstem, are distinctly arranged by their contribution to the ventral trigeminothalamic tract and dorsal trigeminothalamic tract. This finding is supported by both post-mortem, ultra-high dMRI and different light microscopy techniques.

Conclusion

The data from this study suggest that the fibres in the superior half of the root contribute mainly to the ventral trigeminothalamic tract, whereas the fibres in the inferior half mainly contribute to the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract. Such a somatotopic organisation could possibly create new insights into the anatomical origin of trigeminal neuralgia and the clinical relevance of this somatotopic organisation should therefore be further explored.
A Systematic Review of Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Ashton Melanie M. , Kavanagh Bianca E. , Marx Wolfgang , Berk Michael , Sarris Jerome , Ng Chee H. , Hopwood Malcolm , Williams Lana J. , Dean Olivia M.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Certain nutrient supplements (nutraceuticals) may target neurobiological pathways perturbed in bipolar disorder (BD) such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nutraceuticals thus may have a potential role as adjunctive treatments for BD.

Methods:

A search of Embase via embase.com, PubMed via PubMed, Cumulated index to nursing and allied health literature (CINAHL) Complete via EBSCO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials via cochranelibrary.com was conducted to identify published randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of nutraceuticals on mood symptomatology in adults with BD. Search terms for BD, nutraceuticals, and clinical trials (total search terms = 75) were used to search from inception to February 20, 2020. The Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized trials was used to assess the risk of bias.

Results:

A total of 1,712 studies were identified through the search. After rigorous screening, 22 studies were included in the review. There was large variability across the studies with 15 different nutraceutical agents assessed and as such insufficient homogeneity for a meta-analysis to be conducted ( I 2 > 50%). Studies revealed promising, albeit conflicting, evidence for omega-3 fatty acids and N-acetylcysteine. Isolated positive results were reported for coenzyme Q10.

Conclusion:

Given nutraceuticals are tolerable and accessible, they may be useful as potential adjunctive treatments for BD. Nutraceuticals targeting neuroinflammation or mitochondrial activity may have the most potential for the depressive phase. However, further studies are required to determine efficacy.
Effect of biochar addition on the removal of organic and nitrogen pollutants from leachate treated with a semi-aerobic aged refuse biofilter
Authors: Pan Xuqin , Chen Maonan , Wang Fan , Li Qibin
Published: September 2020

The effect of biochar on the removal of organic and nitrogen contaminants from leachate in a semi-aerobic aged refuse biofilter (SAARB) was investigated. A preset amount of biochar was mixed with the aged refuse to explore the enhancement ability of pollutant removal by characterizing the leachate effluent and gas. The results showed that biochar contributed to the removal of organic and nitrogen pollutants from the leachate and that increasing the amount of biochar added led to higher colour number, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia nitrogen, and total nitrogen removal efficiencies. Furthermore, the addition of biochar significantly increased the removal of large molecule organic pollutants from the leachate. The improved removal of organics was due to the considerable number of surface functional groups and the large surface area of the biochar, which effectively absorbed and removed a significant amount of the organic matter from the leachate. Biochar elevated the dissolved oxygen concentration in the semi-aerobic system, which facilitated the completion of the nitrification reaction. It also promoted denitrification by acting as a supplementary carbon source. The nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions decreased as the amount of biochar added increased. When the biochar proportion reached 3%, the N2O emission was only 1.11% of the original total nitrogen and the di-nitrogen emission was 19.61%. The findings of this study can be used to improve the treatment of leachate using biochar combined with a SAARB.