bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P‐88: Stabilization of Thin Crystal Film Polarizers for LCD's
Authors: Birgerson Jonas , Selo Muhammed M. , Lindsjö Anette , Skarp Kent
Published: January 2005

In this work we have studied the stabilization process with BaCl2 of Optiva Inc.'s Thin Crystal Film polarizers with photoelectron spectroscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Our results show that the conversion is complete and that the remaining ions are almost completely removed after the cleaning.
P‐90: Automatic Optimization of Liquid Crystal Displays Applied to Discotic Compensation Design for a 90‐MTN LCoS Imager
Authors: Flynn Mark
Published: January 2005

We demonstrate the use of automatic optimization applied to the design of discotic compensation films for twisted nematic LCoS imagers. A least squares metric, adapted from optical lens design, is used to determine optimal design from a 4×4 simulation. The key to success is the proper choice of the merit function.
P‐91: TFT Substrate Birefringence Induced Asymmetrical Viewing Angle and Compensation Methods
Authors: Ong Hiap L. , Woodard Ollie , Li Shu
Published: January 2005

Thin‐film transistor (TFT) processes for small pixel geometries can induce optical birefringence effects and change the viewing angle from symmetrical to asymmetrical. We experimentally identified the TFT substrate as the source of the birefringence and developed four methods to compensate the added optical birefringence effects to restore the symmetrical viewing angle. We also developed two special wide viewing angle polarizers with Fuji Film wide viewing angle film, and special compensation films to compensate the TFT substrate's birefringence.
P‐92: Flexible Displays Using Pixel Isolated LC Mode
Authors: Jung Jong‐Wook , Kim Jae‐Hoon , Yu Chang‐Jae , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: January 2005

We developed a new device structure using anisotropic phase separation from liquid crystal (LC) and polymer composite materials using UV intensity variation and polymer wetting properties. In the device, the LC molecules are isolated in pixels where LCs are surrounded by the inter‐pixel vertical polymer walls and the horizontal polymer films on the upper substrate. These devices show very good mechanical stability against external pressure. The electro‐optic characteristics and the mechanical stability of the devices are discussed in view of the flexible display applications.
P‐97: Electro‐optic Characteristics of Optically Compensated Splay Liquid Crystal Mode
Authors: Kim S. J. , Oh S. M. , Kim H. Y. , Kim S. Y. , Lee S. K. , Lim Y. J. , Lee S. H.
Published: January 2005

We studied electro‐optic characteristics of the optically compensated splay (OCS) liquid crystal cell. The device with a single domain shows wide viewing angle owing to self‐compensation structure and a fast response time of less than 5 ms in all grey scales.
P‐98: Normally Black In‐Plane Switching Twisted Nematic Mode
Authors: Oka Shinichiro , Kobayashi Kazuya , Kimura Munehiro , Akahane Tadashi , Iwamoto Yoshihisa , Toko Yasuo , Takahashi Taiju
Published: January 2005

We have already proposed the In‐plane switching Twisted nematic (IT) mode. The IT mode can provide the wide viewing angle characteristics. However, the IT mode requires high electric field to obtain high contrast ratio. To improve this problem, we propose two kinds of methods as solution. The conventional IT mode is normally white mode, while the proposal IT mode is normally black. In this paper, the suggested these methods and its performance are evaluated.
LP‐10:Late‐News Poster:Improvement of Transmittance and Viewing Angle of the OCB Mode LCD by using Wide‐Viewing‐Angle Circular Polarizer
Authors: Ishinabe T. , Miyashita T. , Uchida T. , Wako K. , Kishimoto T. , Sekiya K.
Published: January 2005

A color‐field sequential LCD using advanced OCB mode liquid crystal cell and an LED backlight has been developed. Application of a wide‐viewing‐angle‐wide‐band type circular polarizer realized a wide viewing angle and high transmittance OCB mode LC cell. This paper describes the concept of optical compensation and fundamental characteristics of advanced OCB mode LCD.
P‐101: A Single‐Cell‐Gap Transflective LCD
Authors: Fan Y. Y. , Chiang H. C. , Ho T. Y. , Chen Y. M. , Hung Y. C. , Lin I. J. , Sheu C. R. , Wu C. W. , Chen D. J. , Wang J. Y. , Chang B. C. , Wong Y. J. , Liu K. H.
Published: January 2005

We propose a novel design of the single cell gap transflective LCD. By using the photo‐alignment technique, we fabricated a transflective LCD with the hybrid and homogeneous alignments in reflective and transmitting regions respectively. The higher aperture ratio and simpler process are the features of our design while compared to the design of dual cell gap. The experimental results showed good performances regarding to VHR, RDC and anchoring effects.
P‐106: Expansion of the High Iso‐Contrast Ratio Area for Transflective TFT‐LCDs with Hybrid Aligned Nematic Compensators
Authors: Matsumoto Takuya , Yoda Eiji , Uesaka Tetsuya , Ogasawara Toyokazu , Toyooka Takehiro
Published: January 2005

We have developed a novel transflective TFT‐LCD with two hybrid aligned nematic compensators (NH film). Already we have presented the wide‐viewing angle transflective TFT‐LCD with one hybrid aligned nematic compensators. Based on the results of computer simulation, we introduced the second NH film, which located on the front of the LC cell, instead of the uniaxial film. We optimized the parameters of NH films, the retardation and the average tilted angle, by computer simulation. As the result, the newly developed TFT‐LCD with two NH films (retardation Δnd = 100nm, average tilt angle = 20degree) is viewable at wider angles than that with one NH film in transmissive mode. Viewing angle range (CR >10) of this LCD, reached 145 degree (vertical direction) and over 160 degree (horizontal direction). This wide‐viewing angle system can apply to not only transflective TFT‐LCD, but also ordinary transmissive one.
LP‐11: Late‐News Poster: Novel Transflective LCD with Ultra‐wide Viewing Angle
Authors: Doornkamp C. , Roosendaal S. J. , van der Zande B. M. I. , Stofmeel L. W. G. , Van Glabbeek J. J. , Osenga J. T. M.
Published: January 2005

A novel transflective LCD with ultra‐wide viewing angle has been developed. This display contains an in‐cell patterned retarder with two different values of the birefringence in each pixel, which replaces the conventional external retarders. As a result this display is brighter, thinner and has lower power consumption and wider viewing angle than conventional transflective LCDs.
P‐108: Efficient and Low‐Voltage Top‐Emitting OLED Using Surface‐Modified Ag Anode
Authors: Chen Chieh‐Wei , Hsieh Ping‐Yuan , Lin Chun‐Liang , Wu Han‐Ming , Wu Chung‐Chih , Cheng Jia‐Shyong , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: January 2005

Efficient and low‐voltage top‐emitting OLED using surface‐modified Ag anode is reported. By inducing a thin silver oxide at the surface of Ag, hole injection from Ag anodes into OLEDs is largely enhanced yet with rather high reflectivity retained. Top‐emitting devices using such surface‐modified Ag anode show device characteristics competitive with those of a bottom‐emitting device using the indium tin oxide anode.
P‐109: High‐Performable Green‐Emitting OLEDs
Authors: Okinaka Keiji , Saitoh Akihito , Kawai Tatsundo , Senoo Akihiro , Ueno Kazunori
Published: January 2005

High‐performance green emitters for OLEDs have been studied. New green emitters, C‐GEM1, C‐GEM2 and C‐GEM3, showed high efficiency and long lifetime when making devices using each material as an emitter. The optimized device demonstrated an external quantum efficiency of over 6% and a power efficiency of 26 lm/W at 1,000 cd/m2 with the lifetime of over 25,000 hours.
P‐111: A Thin Film Encapsulation Stack for PLED and OLED Displays
Authors: Van Assche F. J. H. , Vangheluwe R. T. , Maes J. W. C. , Mischke W. S. , Bijker M. D. , Dings F. C. , Evers M. F. J. , Kessels W. M. M. , Van de Sanden M. C. M.
Published: January 2005

For a thin film (< 1 μm) encapsulation stack consisting of only 3 plasma deposited silicon nitride layers separated by a thin (< 100 nm) organic layer, a water permeation rate of below 10−5 g/m2 per day at 50 °C and 50% rH has been measured using the Ca test. PLED lifetimes of over 500 hours at 60 °C and 90% rH have been reached locally. While the Ca test indicates that pinhole free encapsulation is possible, edge and particle related defects still forecast a challenge for device encapsulation.
P‐113: Novel Structure Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with High Performance
Authors: Wang Li‐Duo , Gao Yu‐Di , Wei Peng , Qiu Yong
Published: January 2005

It is generally recognized that hole‐transport layers (HTLs) with thickness on the order of tens nanometer are indispensable to high luminance and quantum efficiency in small molecule organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, in this work, without conventional HTLs, a thin polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) layer was introduced as hole‐injection layer, followed by deposition of an emissive layer (EML), Alq3 doped with 0.7wt% DMQA. And simultaneously, a blocking and electron transport layer of aluminum (III) bis (2‐methyl‐8‐quinolinato) 4‐phenylphenolate (BAlq) ETL was employed to confine holes and excitons in Alq3 layer. The obtained OLEDs exhibited a luminance of over 88000 cd/m2 and external quantum efficiency of 5.4% (21.1 cd/A) at voltage of 19.8 V and current density of 418 mA/cm2. When the Teflon thickness was 10.0 nm under our conditions, well‐balanced charge injection could be obtained in OLEDs. It was also found that the high performance was related to triplet‐triple annihilation, in which triplet excited tris (8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (3Alq3*) excitons go through annihilative reactions with other 3Alq3* excitons to form singlet excited molecules. It provides a new way of obtaining highly efficient and stable OLEDs with well‐balanced charge injection.
P‐114: New Dyes for Red Emitting OLED
Authors: Richter A. M. , Keil D. , Diener G.
Published: January 2005

The variation of the structural elements in donor‐acceptor substituted polyenes 1 (A1 = A2 = CN, R1 and R2 form a cyclohexene or pyrane ring, D is an amino substituted phenyl or thiophene ring) influence very much their thermal, emissive and photo‐electronic properties. The contribution shows that the emission can be varied from 630 nm to almost 714 nm. The performance data in a typical device are given and discussed in detail. The substitution pattern influence the thermal properties of the dyes 1 as well. Just by introduction of F‐atoms in the cyclohexene derivatives the thermal behaviour can be influenced very positively, which is of particular interest for the technical use of the dyes.
P‐115: Efficient Blue Organic Electroluminescent Devices Based on a Stable Blue Host Material
Authors: Lee Meng‐Ting , Wu Yao‐Shan , Chen Hsian‐Hung , Tsai Chih‐Hung , Liao Chi‐Hung , Chen Chin H.
Published: January 2005

We have successfully synthesized a new blue host material, 2‐methyl‐9,10‐di(2‐napthyl)anthracene (MADN) which is highly stable in thin‐film morphology comparing to the archetypical 9,10‐di(2‐napthyl)anthracene (ADN). When doped with 2,5,8,11‐tetra(t‐butyl)perylene (TBP) as blue emitter in organic light emitting device (OLED), MADN shows an improved EL efficiency of 4.4 cd/A and 2.2 lm/W at 20 mA/cm2 and 6.3 V with a CIEx, y coordinate of (0.14, 0.20). The blue device is stable with an extrapolated t1/2 ∼5000 h at an initial brightness of 880 cd/m2.
A mercury‐free backlight with Xe CFLs for automotive navigation displays
Authors: Noguchi Hidehiko , Yano Hidetoshi , Tsuchiya Ryuji , Nakamura Hirozumi
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A mercury‐free backlight in which Xe‐type small‐diameter CFLs were installed has been developed. The backlight is 7 in. wide and 10 mm thick. The luminance of this backlight is 6000 cd/m2 at 6.5 W, the light‐output stability time is within 1 sec, and the dimming capability is from 100% to 1% over a wide temperature range. Therefore, it is suitable for an automotive‐navigation display.
The Fast Intelligent Tracking (F!T) tube: A CRT without a shadow mask
Authors: Bergman A. H. , van den Brink H. B. , Budzelaar F. P. M. , Engelaar P. J. , Holtslag A. H. M. , IJzerman W. L. , Krijn M. P. C. M. , Van Lieshout P. J. G. , Notari A. , Willemsen O. H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The F!T tube is a new type of CRT without a shadow mask. The primary function of the mask, color selection, is taken over by an electronic control system that guides the electron beams over the correct phosphor lines. The position of the beams is detected by means of dedicated structures on the faceplate. Proof of the principle has been shown in single‐ and triple‐beam 17‐ and 32‐in. tubes.
Status of glass‐bulb development for flat and thin CRTs
Authors: Sugawara Tsunehiko , Murakami Toshihide
Published: January 2005

Abstract—The next goal to minimize the bulkiness of CRTs is most likely to attain half the depth of conventional CRTs, while keeping the weight within a reasonable range. Several innovations for reducing the bulkiness of glass bulbs for wide‐deflection‐angle CRTs have been made and further technologies are being developed by improving material and structural approaches. The integrated glass technology based on these innovations will provide a lightweight shallow glass bulb and the impetus to achieve this goal.
Prospects for the application of liquid‐crystal cells for the registration and visualization of mechanical oscillations in biomedical technologies
Authors: Pasechnik S. V. , Kravchuk A. S. , Tsvetkov V. A. , Shmeliova D. V.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— The background involving the use of liquid‐crystal cells (LCC) in biomedical technologies will be discussed. The possible types of sensors of mechanical vibrations can be constructed on the basis of a highly sensitive liquid‐crystal cell with an initial homeotropic orientation. They are especially effective in the registration of low‐frequency processes such as human breathing. The possible methods of improving the technical characteristics of liquid‐crystal sensors due to the application of an electric field or by using specially designed LCCs will be discussed. Such cells can also be applied to the visualization of breathing.
Visual display characterization using temporally modulated patterns
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Yang Jian
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A novel method to characterize CRT displays through visual assessment and a pair of visual experiments that were conducted to validate this method will be discussed. The temporal integration method discussed in this paper has many advantages over previously described methods, which have employed spatially modulated patterns to characterize displays. Included among the advantages are improvements in usability and enhanced robustness to single errors in human judgment. The observer study demonstrates that the method provides a robust estimate of CRT display gamma for both novice and experienced observers. This method may be applied to provide improved electronic‐display matching in e‐commerce applications, including online catalogs and online photofinishing.
Advanced four‐mask a‐Si TFT array fabrication process using improved materials
Authors: Song J. H. , Kim S. G. , Park H. S. , Jeong C. O. , Kim C. W. , Chung K. H.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In order to achieve higher‐performance and lower‐cost a‐Si TFT array manufacturing, an advanced four‐mask fabrication process using low‐resistant metals, a new pixel electrode material, and improved unit processes was developed. Slit (or gray‐tone) photolithography, in combination with a continuous all‐in‐one dry‐etching process, solved the chronic problems of the current four‐mask process. Additionally, a new combination of materials and a new wet etchant for the gate‐line patterning made it possible to achieve stabilized wet‐etching results and reduced the number of process steps. Our advanced a‐Si TFT‐array fabrication process is applicable to both notebook and monitor displays, and will further improve the market position of TFT‐LCDs by improved performance and manufacturing process simplification.
Digital Paper™ for reflective displays
Authors: Miles M. , Larson E. , Chui C. , Kothari M. , Gally B. , Batey J.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Iridigm has produced the first color MEMS‐based reflective display. With dimensions of 240 × 160 pixels at 100 dpi, it exhibits good contrast and high brightness. Response times of 35 μsec have been achieved at exceptionally low power consumption, and there is no active matrix. The status of this technology is discussed.
Reflective bistable nematic displays (BiNem®) fabricated by standard manufacturing equipment
Authors: Joubert C. , Angele J. , Boissier A. , Pecout B. , Forget S. L. , Dozov I. , Stoenescu D. , Lallemand S. , Lagarde P. M.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Bistable liquid‐crystal displays have been developed by using BiNem® technology. In this paper, the BiNem® principle, addressing, power consumption, reflective mode, and manufacturing process will be described, and performance of the latest displays will be discussed. We will show that this technology has simultaneously low power consumption due to bistability, very good visual quality, passive‐addressing mode, and a manufacturing process compatible with STN mass‐production equipment.
A screen‐mottling inspection and analysis system for CRT‐manufacturing quality control
Authors: Chua Loh You , Shwe Win Naing , Muto Satoshi , Odaka Yoshiyuki
Published: January 2005

Abstract—A screen‐mottling inspection and analysis system for CRT manufacturing has been developed for in‐factory quality control. This system is capable of translating the implicit knowledge of mottling judgement by the human eye to a quantitative and explicit knowledge through a machine. Screen‐mottling judgement by the human eye has always been argumentative and subjective to personal sensitivity. With the successful development of a CRT‐screen‐mottling checker, an accurate and consistent reading of ±0.1 units on a scale that ranges from 1.0 to 3.0 can be achieved. This eliminates the fluctuations of human judgement. To the authors' knowledge, there are a few mottling analysis systems used in non‐display‐related industries which only capture and analyze flat reflective surfaces. These systems cannot be used for CRT displays because of the non‐uniform glass thickness and curvature of the glass. This newly developed CRT‐mottling checker system is probably one of the first checkers for the CRT industry.
High‐efficiency luminescent sources fabricated in mesoporous anodic alumina by sol‐gel synthesis
Authors: Gaponenko N. V. , Molchan I. S. , Thompson G. E. , Lambertini V. , Repetto P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This paper summarizes our recent results on the synthesis and investigation of photoluminescence (PL) from lanthanide‐doped microporous xerogel solids mesoscopically confined in porous anodic alumina (PAA). It was demonstrated, for Tb‐doped samples, that the PL intensity is strongly enhanced in comparison to thin xerogel films processed onto flat surfaces and increased with the thickness of the PAA layer. It was revealed for both Tb‐ and Eu‐doped PAA‐based structures that maximum emission is achieved at a excitation wavelength near 285 nm for the employed TiO2 and Al2O3 xerogels. Strong Eu‐ and Tb‐related PL visible to the naked eye was demonstrated, and a method for the fabrication of luminescent images based on anodizing, photolithography, and sol‐gel processes is proposed.
New encoding algorithm for 3‐D stereoscopic plasma displays
Authors: Weitbruch S. , Zwing R. , Correa C.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Today, many visual‐communications as well as home‐entertainment systems can be meaningfully enhanced by the addition of another dimension: depth. The plasma large screen should be very suitable for use in stereoscopic vision. Nevertheless, this technology suffers from slow phosphors, which prevent the displaying of a good stereoscopic effect at acceptable frame rates. We have developed a new stereoscopic encoding method to avoid phosphor disturbances.
Plastic‐film displays with NanoBlock IC drivers integrated by a fluidic self‐assembly process
Authors: Drzaic Paul , Chiang Anne , Stewart Roger , Hermanns Anno , Shi Yijian , Jacobsen Jeffrey
Published: January 2005

Abstract— High‐performance compact plastic displays have been built by integrating high‐quality crystalline‐Si NanoBlock IC drivers into plastic films using a fluidic self‐assembly (FSA) process. Plastic‐film‐based liquid‐crystal displays, only 500 μm thick, were integrated into smartcards using NanoBlock IC voltage drivers. In an additional demonstration, polymer‐LED displays were constructed using NanoBlock IC current drivers. FSA technology provides a cost‐effective means of packaging integrated circuits within plastic film, enabling high‐performance backplanes that can be combined with a variety of display media.
Development of the PenTile Matrix™ color AMLCD subpixel architecture and rendering algorithms
Authors: Elliott C. H. Brown , Credelle T. L. , Han S. , Im M. H. , Higgins M. F. , Higgins P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Color subpixel rendering is enhanced by co‐optimizing the color subpixel architecture and algorithms with respect to human vision. This has resulted in the PenTile™ display technology, which provides double the information content per subpixel when compared to a conventional RGB Stripe display. Output performance results from mathematical modeling, software simulations, and prototype AMLCDs displays demonstrate significant quality improvements to both text and full‐color images in comparison to images from RGB Stripe displays that have the same number of subpixels and column drivers.
36.1: Invited Paper: The Evolution of Flat Panel Cathode Ray Tubes
Authors: Seats P. , Gnade B.
Published: January 2005

Ever since the rise of television after WWII, display engineers have pursued techniques to shorten cathode ray tubes (CRTs). After reducing neck lengths and increasing deflection angles to a practical maximum of about 110°, the main directions were towards flat panel designs.

Typically, these involve the provision of a phosphor coated front plate (anode) sealed to a backplate that is spaced a short distance away. The space between the two plates contains a current source (cathode) and a means to modulate, direct, and accelerate electrons toward the phosphor screen. Designs that have been pursued generally fall into three categories; 1) involving a single beam requiring full deflection in both x and y axes, 2) hybrid designs incorporating multiple beams in one axis combined with electron beam deflection in the second axis, and 3) a fixed x‐y matrix requiring no beam deflection.
36.4: 3D Simulation Tool for RAC Magnetic Deflection Units
Authors: Tuyls P. , Skoric B. , Schep K. , Boots H. , Penninga J.
Published: January 2005

The trend towards slim CRTs has led to new developments in deflection unit (DU) design such as RAC (RectAngular Cone). We have developed a software tool to support the development of RAC DUs. Additionally, the impact of the properties of the ferrite core on the performance of the DU has been studied.
37.2: Voltage Domain Anyaysis and Wall Voltage Measurement for Surface‐Discharge Type ac‐PDP
Authors: Kim Heejae , Jeong Jinhee , Kang Kyungdoo , Seo Jeonghyun , Son Ilhun , Whang Kiwoong , Park Changbae
Published: January 2005

A new concept for analysis of operational characteristic of ac‐PDP is proposed in this paper. The physical state of ac‐PDP cell is defined in terms of wall voltages, which can be traced through the various stages of PDP driving sequence. The voltage domain analysis in combination with firing voltage measurement identifies the cell state and allows the estimation of wall voltage difference between two different cell states. Firing voltage measurement also presented invaluable information on the gas discharge characteristics of ac‐PDP.
38.1: Invited Paper: Manufacturing of Passive Matrix OLED‐Organic Light Emitting Display
Authors: Chang Yih , Wei Mao‐Kuo , Kou Chih‐Ming , Shieh Shwu‐Ju , Lee Jiun‐Haw , Chen Chi‐Chung
Published: January 2005

Passive‐matrix organic light emitting display (OLED) has been commercialized since 1999. It is believed that the OLED will become the main stream of the next generation flat panel displays due to its low‐power consumption, high‐brightness, high‐contrast, and potentially low‐cost high‐performance self‐emissive display. The size of the OLED panels can range from 4 mm (microdisplay) to more than 100 inches and can be used in either indoor or outdoor displays, finding applications in various types of displays. However, the commercialization of the OLED to become a promising cost‐effective flat panel display will rely heavily on the development and improvement of the manufacturing process. This paper will present the current key technologies and its barriers to be overcome for the OLED manufacturing and development.
39.1: New Reflective Color Display Technique Based on Total Internal Reflection and Subtractive Color Filtering
Authors: Mossman Michele A. , Kotlicki Andrzej , Whitehead Lorne A. , Biernath Rolf W. , Rao S. P.
Published: January 2005

We present a reflective color display technique using a configuration of subtractive color filtering regions to control total internal reflection (TIR) in prismatic microstructures. The ability of the prismatic surface to efficiently redirect ambient light rays toward the viewer and the use of subtractive color filters result in a bright, easily legible, low power color image which has a four‐fold improvement in reflectivity over conventional RGB reflective LCD displays. A key advantage of this technique is the ability to switch between the highly reflective and intensely colored states with only about a half‐micron movement of the controllable subtractive color filter.
39.2: Nanostructured Electrochromic Displays: “Electric‐Paint Displays”
Authors: Edwards Mårten O. M. , Boschloo Gerrit , Sohlberg Roger , Hagfeldt Anders , Gruszecki Tadeusz , Johansson Lars‐Henrik , Pettersson Henrik
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we discuss electrochromic displays based on nanostructured metal‐oxide electrodes, “electric‐paint displays”. Lab devices and screen‐printed prototypes with capacitive counter electrodes are presented. These displays have a nice paint‐on‐paper look with a bright background, sharp and variable colours, as well as good angular properties. The displays switch in a couple of 100 milliseconds and the colouration is retained for 5–10 minutes in open circuit. Display prototypes sustain several million switching cycles.
9.3: WhisperBus™: An Advanced Interconnect Link For TFT Column Driver Data
Authors: McCartney Richard , Kozisek James , Bell Marshall
Published: January 2005

Increasing video data rates to liquid crystal displays brought about by increasing display format sizes and increased grayscale content are placing very high demands on digital data busses. These higher data rates coupled with constraints on EMI levels, size, power and component count are rendering CMOS data busses inadequate for the connection between the timing controller and the column drivers. The operation and performance of a comprehensive solution using a current signaling method (WhisperBus™) is presented.
40.2: Sequential Color Recapture and Dynamic Filtering: A Method of Scrolling Color
Authors: Dewald D. Scott , Penn Steven M. , Davis Michael
Published: January 2005

Scrolling color has long been a goal of the projector industry, as it enables the most efficient use of light in a single panel display. Current methods of implementing scrolling color use the techniques of splitting the light into primary colors, and manipulating that light on the modulator. The authors present the techniques of dynamic filtering and sequential color recapture (SCR) to achieve the same result with no moving components other than a color wheel, showing that the efficiency of 3‐modulator systems can be approached with one modulator. Analysis of the technique applied to DLP™ projection displays, and results of prototype projection systems using the techniques, will be presented.
40.3: Advanced Electronic Color Switch for Time‐Sequential Projection
Authors: Bachels Thomas , Schmitt Klaus , Fünfschilling Jürg , Stalder Martin , Seiberle Hubert , Schadt Martin
Published: January 2005

We present a novel thin‐film based electro‐optical concept of a fast responding electronic color switch with optimal transmission and a color gamut meeting NTSC standard. The versatile and compact polarization color switch consists of ferroelectric liquid crystal cells and photo‐aligned, non‐absorbing liquid crystal polymer thin‐films.
40.4: Two‐Panel Architecture for Reflective LCD Projector
Authors: Chen Jianmin , Robinson Michael G. , Sharp Gary
Published: January 2005

A new two‐panel architecture is discussed for projection systems based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) panels. It is enabled by ColorLink's ColorSwitch™ and ColorSelect™ technologies. A first prototype has demonstrated performance of 325:1 contrast and 400 lumens using a UHP 120W lamp. This paper will cover system design and function, and will include a comparison of performance to alternative single and three panel approaches.
41.1: Invited Paper: High Performance TFT‐LCDs for AVC Applications
Authors: Ishii Yutaka , Mizushima Shigeaki , Hijikigawa Masaya
Published: January 2005

Advanced‐Super‐View (ASV) technology is proposed to achieve high performance TFT‐LCDs, in this paper. The ASV‐LCDs have high performance characteristics such as high contrast, high brightness, wide‐viewing angle, and fast response. The ASV is very promising technology for applications of Audio‐Visual Computing.
41.3: Reduction of Large Area Flicker in Plasma Display Panels
Authors: Salters B. , van Dijk R.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the occurrence of large area flicker in PDP's. Flicker is mainly a problem in 50 Hz PDP's, although at high peak brightness 60 Hz PDP's will also display flicker artifacts. The description is based on existing theories on flicker that are applied to the PDP's situation. Using this knowledge a new concept has been developed that provides extra possibilities in PDP design to prevent flicker.
41.4: 50‐Hz Flicker Reduction for PDP and Evaluation System Development
Authors: Kuriyama H. , Kaneko K. , Wakayama H. , Yamamoto A. , Kojima A.
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe the optimum sub field sequences for displaying at 50‐Hz basis rate on PDP: A modified duplicated sub field sequence is represented with much reduction of the large flicker against 50‐Hz basis video signals. Further in the designing procedure, the simulation method for 50‐Hz flicker has developed and verification result between simulation and measurement meets the expectations well.
42.3: An Electron Gun with Gun Pitch Modulation
Authors: Steinhauser H. , Gelten R.
Published: January 2005

Philips Cybertubes use virtual Gun Pitch Modulation (GPM) in the Deflection Unit. Realizing GPM in the gun itself can make the system more compact and more cost effective. The beam deviation is achieved either by electric field variations induced by a dynamic voltage inside the gun or by a magnetic field induced outside the gun. Unconventional apertures in the gun have been used to eliminate the asymmetric haze caused by the oblique entering of the outer electron beams into the main lens.
44.3: Mechanical Robustness of Thin AMLCD Glass Substrates Under Point Loading
Authors: Gulati S. T. , Roe T. A. , Helfinstine J. D. , Lapp J. C.
Published: January 2005

The biaxial strength of 0.7mm thick AMLCD substrates of Code 1737G glass was measured under the point loading using hemispherical lifter pin made from two different materials, namely PEEK plastic and aluminum metal. The effect of impact‐generated damage by these pins on biaxial strength was also quantified using strain gages on tension and compression sides. The data show that biaxial strength under point loading is 34% higher that due to a uniform bending moment over a large central area. The effect of impact damage of up to 4.5N** force was quantified using this test. The minimum strength of as‐received specimens was reduced by 14% in the case of PEEK lifter pin and 41% in the case of aluminum pin suggesting the latter to be more damaging that PEEK lifter pin. The mean strength, however, was not affected adversely.
45.1: New Photo‐Alignment Technology For IPS‐LCDs
Authors: Kimura M. , Nakata S. , Makita Y. , Mastuki Y. , Kumano A. , Takeuchi Y. , Yokoyama H.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes a new photo alignment technology for in‐plane switching liquid crystal display (IPS‐ LCDs). We studied a new photo alignment technology with photo‐alignment material called PMI‐A, which based on ω ‐(4‐Chalconyloxy) Alkyl side group on both the styrene units and phenylmaleimide units. One order of magnitude enhancement anchoring strength can be realized on PMI‐A, achieving zero pretilt angle. On other hand, it is difficult to achieve the pretilt angle of zero degree by the rubbing method. Furthermore, it is confirmed that when this photo alignment technology is utilized for IPS‐LCDs, the image sticking and the electro‐optical properties are improved. We think that the PMI‐A film is more suitable than the rubbing film for IPS‐LCDs.
45.2: XPS Characterization of Photo‐Alignment Using Adsorbed Dichroic Materials
Authors: Su Linli , West John L. , Reznikov Yuri , Artyushkova Kateryna , Fulghum Julia E.
Published: January 2005

Successful photo‐alignment using adsorbed dichroic dyes can be obtained by properly matching the properties of substrates and adsorbed materials. Our results suggest that photo‐induced anisotropic desorption produces photo‐alignment in such systems. We used various characterization techniques to study the photo‐alignment process. Polarized UV‐vis spectrometry reveals the anisotropy of the alignment layer before and after exposure to linearly polarized UV light (LPUV). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows chemical changes at the surface and interfaces of the substrate materials, adsorbed materials, and liquid crystal. Angle resolved XPS provides information on the distribution of the adsorbed dichroic materials on the substrate surface. The information on the interaction between liquid crystals and alignment layer is crucial to understanding the alignment effect on a molecular level.
47.1: Invited Paper: How We See Letters: Implication for Making Better Displays
Authors: Pelli Denis G.
Published: January 2005

Recent research reveals that letter identification and reading use only an octave‐wide band of spatial frequencies, which depends on letter size. Display design should optimize this band and may ignore errors outside it.
47.2: Perceptually‐Tuned Grayscale Characters Based on Parametrisable Component Fonts
Authors: Hu Changyuan , Hersch Roger D.
Published: January 2005

Our component‐based parametrisable font system is a newly developed font description and reproduction technology. It incorporates for each basic character shape software method responsible for the synthesis of an instance of that character. A given font is synthesized by providing appropriate font parameters to these character synthesis methods. Numerous concrete fonts can be derived by simply varying the parameters. Such variations offer high flexibility for synthesizing derived fonts (variations in condensation, weight and contrast) and enable saving a considerable amount of storage space. This paper shows that with component based parametrisable fonts, high quality perceptually‐tuned grayscale characters can be generated without requiring hinting information. Generating perceptually‐tuned grayscale characters with parametrized component‐ based fonts consists in automatically adapting the phase of some of the character's parameters in respect to the underlying grid and in ensuring that thin character parts are strong enough not to disappear (weight‐control). The presented method is especially powerful for generating high‐quality characters on LCD displays (cellular phones, pen‐computers, electronic books, etc.).
47.4: Empirical Evaluation of User Responses to Reading Text Rendered Using ClearType™ Technologies
Authors: Tyrrell Richard A. , Pasquale Thad B. , Aten Thomas , Francis Ellie L.
Published: January 2005

Subjective and objective measures were recorded from 18 users who spent 60 minutes reading fiction from each of three different displays. When reading from an LCD display, users preferred text rendered with ClearType™. ClearType also yielded higher readability judgments and lower ratings of mental fatigue.
10.1: Invited Paper: Future Antiferroelectric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Lagerwall S. T. , D'havé K. , Rudquist P.
Published: January 2005

In spite of some very interesting prototypes of large‐size high‐resolution color displays, no manufacturing of antiferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) displays has ever started. The reason can be found in the inadequacy of the dark state. This has prompted us to investigate the optical properties of AFLCs in general. The result is not only that future AFLC displays should use materials with a tilt angle of 45 degrees, but that there is a variety of highly promising AFLC modes both for transmissive and reflective displays and both with passive and active (TFT or silicon backplane) driving. The reason for the failure of the present AFLC displays will be explained and some of the most promising alternatives discussed.
48.3: A New Shadow Mask Assembly Improved the Impact Strength
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hun , Song Ki‐Hoon , Soh Woo‐Yung
Published: January 2005

The shadow mask is one of the most important components in CRT, which plays a role in making electronic beam land on exact position of panel. But the mask is so thin that it is apt to be deformed plastically by a small impact load in the drop test. So, we proposed a new shadow mask assembly different from the present one. The main difference between the new system and the present one is that the former has two frames and four additional isolators. An isolator is composed of two strip springs and a damper. It absorbs the impact load. As a result, the impact load to shadow mask decreases and the new system becomes more stable in drop test. We predicted the improvement by nonlinear transient analysis and confirmed it by the drop test of the prototype.
49.2: Reduction of Power Consumption in Address Driver ICs for PDP by Power Distributing Method
Authors: Sano Y. , Takagi A. , Kawada T. , Inoue H. , Kariya K. , Sugimoto Y.
Published: January 2005

We herewith propose Power distributing method, which enables the reduction of power consumption in address driver ICs with cost‐effective way even for the large‐size and high‐resolution panel. By this method the cost of address driver circuit can be reduced by around 30% compared with the energy recovery method.
49.3: Development of New Energy Recovery Driving Method for Column PDP Addressing
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Pil , Kim Tae‐Hyung , Kim Hwan‐You , Myoung Dae‐Jin , Lim Ken , You Eun‐Ho , Park Myoung‐Ho
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we propose a new energy recovery driving method for column addressing. This new method is more efficient and saves more time than conventional method. By this method, the amount of power dissipation, which is from energy recovery circuit by itself, is reduced adaptively according to the varied image pattern. Besides, this circuit can be composed of fewer devices than conventional and it will be good solution for high resolution PDP.
53.2: A Binocular Stereoscopic Display System with Coupled Convergence and Accommodation Demands
Authors: Peli Eli , Hedges T. Reed , Tang Jinshan , Landmann Dan
Published: January 2005

Conflict between the accommodation and convergence demand in stereo display systems has been implicated as a cause of perceptual error (failure of size constancy), discomfort and visual system changes. A novel method is proposed for such displays, which, by utilizing a measured object of fixation can resolve the conflicts via computational approach. We implemented such a display system and used it to evaluate the feasibility of the approach.
4.3: Novel Flexible Display using Ferroelectric Liquid‐Crystalline Polymer and Plastic Film Substrates
Authors: Kuma Hitoshi , Iwakuma Toshihiro , Moriwaki Fumio , Fukuda Masahiko , Sekiya Takashi , Araki Masaaki , Saito Yasunori , Gomyo Makoto , Mita Tsunemasa
Published: January 2005

A novel flexible LCD has been developed by combining plastic film substrates with a FLCP mixture. Its optical response time has been improved by using a newly developed FLC polymer, particular polysiloxane typed structure. Good toughness against external shock has been achieved by arranging columns of UV‐cure resin in the FLC layer. Manufacturing process of this LCD is simple and very unique. Coating the FLCP mixture on a plastic substrate and aligning molecules by bending method are used in the process. This LCD enables to realize a lightweight and flexible document reader called electric‐paper by means of good memory effect and good mechanical durability.
53.3: A New Method for Protruding Apparent 3‐D Images in the DFD (Depth‐Fused 3‐D) Display
Authors: Suyama S. , Takada H. , Uehira K. , Sakai S. , Ohtsuka S.
Published: January 2005

We have found a new method in which two overlapped images displayed at different depths can be perceived as an image protruding outside the region of the two images. This enables a deeper 3‐D imaging area in the DFD display, when the two images have opposite signs of luminance difference between an object in the images and the surroundings.
54.1: Invited Paper: Manufacturing of CRTs
Authors: den Engelsen Daniel
Published: January 2005

The CRT has been the most successful display of the 20th century and it still is at the beginning of the 21st century. The manufacturing of a CRT, consisting of assembling and processing operations, has been completely mechanized. Furthermore, the gradual introduction of more robust processes, which improves quality and yield, and process control via Computer Aided Manufacturing contribute to a significant cost reduction. The recent trend of real flat tubes poses new challenges to the manufacturing of CRTs. The paper focuses largely on tube processing and cost consequences of the real flat trend.
55.1: Invited Paper: High‐Luminance and Highly Luminous‐Efficient AC‐PDP with DelTA Cell Structure
Authors: Hashimoto Y. , Seo Y. , Toyoda O. , Betsui K. , Kosaka T. , Namiki F.
Published: January 2005

To improve the performance of PDPs, we developed an AC‐PDP with the Delta Tri‐color Arrangement (DelTA) cell structure and arc‐shaped electrodes. The experimental panel has a pixel pitch of 1.08 mm and luminous efficiency of 3 lm/W at a luminance of 200 cd/m2. Moreover, its peak luminance can be greater than 1000cd/m2.
55.2: Luminous Charcateristics Analysis of a New SDR Cell Structure AC PDP
Authors: Yoon Cha Keun , Kim Yong Jun , Seo Jeong Hyun , Yoo Min Sun , Park Chang Bae , Chung Woo Joon , Yang Jin Ho , Whang Ki‐Woong , Choi Kyung Cheol
Published: January 2005

A new AC PDP pixel structure with Segmented electrode in Delta color arrayed Rectangular subpixel (SDR) shows high luminance and luminous efficiency simultaneously compared with those of the conventional type AC PDP. The luminous characteristics of a new SDR structure were analyzed with 3‐dimensional numerical simulation and ray optics calculation. Also, the test panels of SDR structure were fabricated and their addressing charcateristics were examined.
11.1: Invited Paper: Active Matrix OLED Microdisplay
Authors: Jones G. W.
Published: January 2005

Each year the Society awards the Display of the Year Award to several display devices that exhibit leading edge technology or innovative solutions to an information display need. The following paper provides a summary of the Display of the Year Gold Award recipient for the 2000 SID conference. The SXGA microdisplay is the first OLED‐on‐silicon display product to be publicly shown demonstrating high resolution (over one million pixels) full motion video.
56.2: A New Production of the Large size TFT‐panel by “LC‐Dropping Method”
Authors: Yamada S. , Kimura S. , Sakai N. , Yamada Y. , Matsukawa H. , Hisamitsu S. , Egami N. , Ueno K. , Nagano H.
Published: January 2005

We have been manufacturing the STN‐panel with an original “LC‐Dropping method” from 1984. LC‐Dropping method eliminates the hole (LC injection hole) which infuses LC in the cell. This paper presents the development of the “LC‐Dropping method” in order to manufacture the large size TFT‐panel. And we can reduce the injection time of the LC substantially.
56.4: Post Spacer Technology for TFT/LCD
Authors: Odahara S. , Yamashita H. , Momoi Y. , Hasumi T. , Koseki T. , Shomitsu Y. , Yamanaka H.
Published: January 2005

IBM has developed and already has started production of high screen quality and reliable TFT/LCD panels for vibration stress by Post Spacer(PS) technology. PS now is mandatory for 1) high contrast panel because of no degradation by light leakage which ball spacer has, 2) High quality IPS panel because of uniform cell GAP, 3) thin glass(0.5mm) panel because of wide margin for vibration stress.
11.2: Invited Paper: Portable Internet Appliance with Virtual SVGA Display
Authors: Hildebrand Al , Brooks Dave , Morris Jack , Watkins Adam , Porter Don
Published: January 2005

An SVGA resolution, liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) microdisplay was embedded into a highly portable, hand‐held appliance for uses such as remote internet and information access. The resulting product was brand‐named “eCase” to reflect the notion of an electronic briefcase. Due to its high resolution display, the eCase can store and retrieve documents in their original format for personal viewing. Unique magnifying optics allow near to eye viewing of the images with great clarity.
11.4: Invited Paper: “EBU Color Filter for LCDs”
Authors: Sugiura Takeo
Published: January 2005

If LCDs can really catch up with and even take over from CRTs in Color, it has been the subject of debate yearly and still is. In October 1998 we officially announced a new color filter for LCD, EBU‐CF, which conforms to the EBU color standard for High Vision CRT Television. After various evaluations with a few LCD manufacturers, we have started its mass production. The color reproduction of these LCD Televisions have been highly evaluated and hoped for new applications of LCDs. The sRGB‐CF has been also supplied for LCD monitor which conforms to CRT monitor standard, sRGB, with a small modification of the green color of EBU‐CF. Using the EBU‐CF together with several means for high response, high color purity and high contrast, the large‐sized LCD TV have realized a better color reproduction and higher quality than CRT TV.
12.1: 12.1′ SVGA Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Active Matrix Display for Information Appliances
Authors: Kazlas P. , Au J. , Geramita K. , Gates H. , Steiner M. , Honeyman C. , Drzaic P. , Schleupen K. , Wisnieff B. , Horton R. , John R.
Published: January 2005

We describe the successful construction of a 12.1″ 800×600 microencapsulated electrophoretic active matrix display incorporating an a‐Si thin film transistor backplane. The display exhibits a print‐on‐paper‐like appearance (high reflectance, high contrast ratio and wide viewing angle) and grayscale at 83 DPI, and demonstrates the material's compatibility with commercial a‐Si TFT LCD backplanes.
12.3: Flexible, Active‐Matrix Display Constructed Using a Microencapsulated Electrophoretic Material and an Organic‐Semiconductor‐Based Backplane
Authors: Amundson Karl , Ewing Jay , Kazlas Peter , McCarthy Ray , Albert J. D. , Zehner Robert , Drzaic Paul , Rogers John , Bao Zhenan , Baldwin Kirk
Published: January 2005

We report on the fabrication of a prototypical flexible, active‐matrix display incorporating a microencapsulated electrophoretic material and an active matrix backplane constructed with an organic semiconductor using all low temperature processes. This prototype has attributes desirable for an electronic paper display: flexibility, an ink‐on‐paper appearance, and low‐power consumption.