bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Espoused theories and theories‐in‐use of information literacy: A model for reflection and evaluation
Authors: Kerr Paulette
Published: January 2010

What values and frameworks underpin professional practice in information literacy education? Is practice aligned with mission and goals?

The poster documents the preliminary findings of a research study which investigates the relationships between espoused theories and theories‐in‐use of information literacy (IL). The study asks if and how, the foundational beliefs and values of information literacy as expressed in official policy documents including mission statements in academic libraries (espoused theories), guide and are realized in the practice of information literacy in these institutions (theories‐in‐use). The research is guided by the theoretical framework of Argyris and Schön (1974), theory of action, in which contrasting theories, namely espoused theories and theories‐in‐use are used to examine professional practice.

The poster highlights the process and findings of the in‐depth analysis of one library's policy statements and online tutorial, which employed a comparative questioning approach (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). The analysis uncovered statements and concepts relating to teaching and learning outcomes which were labeled, compared, and grouped into broad categories and emergent themes. The findings indicate varying patterns of congruence and incongruence between the library's espoused theories and theories‐in‐use of information literacy.

The research is presented as a model for reflecting on and evaluating tools of practice in information literacy education.
Navigating one million tags
Authors: Gwizdka Jacek , Bakelaar Philip
Published: January 2010

Web 2.0 users engage in collaborative tagging and associate words with the users' own and with other users' content. The result is an additional layer with descriptions of web resources. The information contained in the tag‐resource associations can certainly be useful. However, we argue that current collaborative tagging systems do not support users well in navigating and exploring tag spaces, because tags are treated as independent. We suggest that different ways of displaying tags to users are needed and describe our approach to supporting users in navigating tag spaces. We illustrate our ideas with a prototype user interface.
Research and practice: What are we teaching about personal information management?
Authors: Barreau Deborah , O'Neill Laura , Stevens Amanda
Published: January 2010

This study investigates the status of personal information management (PIM) in the library and information science curriculum. Although there has been increased interest in PIM research over the years, it is unclear how that research has affected pedagogy. Methods include analysis of PIM courses and a survey of researchers to assess their ideas and attitudes about what should be taught.
Comment centric news analysis for ranking
Authors: Liu Xiaozhong
Published: January 2010

Ranking documents to feed users' information need is a challenging task, due to the dynamic nature of users' interests with respect to a query, which changes from time to time. In this paper, I will propose the innovative method to extract a real‐time language model estimation of the community interest given a query from, and use this model to rank retrieved documents. In this experiment, user comments tagged news (by using passage retrieval algorithm) collection is employed to represent community. The interest based ranking is differing from traditional relevance based ranking.
A novel CLCN1 mutation (G1652A) causing a mild phenotype of thomsen disease
Authors: Kumar Kishore R. , Ng Karl , Vandebona Himesha , Davis Mark R. , Sue Carolyn M.
Published: January 2010

We investigated a 62‐year‐old man who had mild clinical features of myotonia congenita. He was found to have a novel heterozygous G‐to‐A nucleotide substitution at position 1652 in exon 15 of the CLCN1 gene. Clinicogenetic studies performed on his family revealed that his asymptomatic son also shared the mutation. We conclude that a novel chloride channel mutation (G1652A) has caused a mild form of autosomal‐dominant myotonia congenita (Thomsen disease) in this family. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Sirolimus therapy for fibromatosis and multifocal renal cell carcinoma in a child with tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Pressey Joseph G. , Wright Jordan M. , Geller James I. , Joseph David B. , Pressey Christine S. , Kelly David R.
Published: January 2010

A male with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) developed a chest wall fibromatosis and bilateral multifocal renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The fibromatosis tumor was initially resected during infancy but recurred 5 years later. At that time, bilateral RCC was also detected, leading to the resection of the more extensively affected right kidney. In an attempt to avoid bilateral nephrectomies, the patient was treated with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus. Within 6 months of therapy, the fibromatosis and remaining RCC tumors responded substantially with minimal adverse effects. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;54:1035–1037 © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Initial testing of the aurora kinase a inhibitor MLN8237 by the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP)
Authors: Maris John M. , Morton Christopher L. , Gorlick Richard , Kolb E. Anders , Lock Richard , Carol Hernan , Keir Stephen T. , Reynolds C. Patrick , Kang Min H. , Wu Jianrong , Smith Malcolm A. , Houghton Peter J.
Published: January 2010

Background

MLN8237 is a small molecule inhibitor of Aurora Kinase A (AURKA) that is currently in early phase clinical testing. AURKA plays a pivotal role in centrosome maturation and spindle formation during mitosis.

Procedures

MLN8237 was tested against the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program (PPTP) in vitro panel at concentrations ranging from 1.0 nM to 10 µM and was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 20 mg/kg administered orally twice daily × 5 days. Treatment duration was 6 weeks for solid tumor xenografts and 3 weeks for ALL xenografts.

Results

MLN8237 had a median IC50 of 61 nM against the PPTP in vitro panel. The ALL cell lines were more sensitive and the rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines less sensitive than the remaining PPTP cell lines. In vivo, MLN8237 induced significant differences in event‐free survival (EFS) distributions compared to controls in 32/40 (80%) solid tumor models and all (6/6) ALL models. Maintained complete responses (CRs) were observed in 3 of 7 neuroblastoma xenografts, and all 6 evaluable ALL xenografts achieved CR (n = 4) or maintained CR (n = 2) status. Maintained CRs were observed among single xenografts in other panels, including the Wilms tumor, rhabdoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and medulloblastoma.

Conclusions

The in vivo activity observed against the neuroblastoma panel far exceeds that observed for standard agents evaluated against the panel by the PPTP. High levels of in vivo activity were also observed against the ALL xenograft panel. These data support expedited clinical development of MLN8237 in childhood cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:26–34. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiotherapy management of low back pain in India — a survey of self‐reported practice
Authors: Fidvi Nafisa , May Stephen
Published: January 2010

Background. Physiotherapy is commonly used in the management of low back pain and from previous studies appears to be eclectic and not always in line with evidence‐based practice. Most previous studies have been conducted in Western countries, and no previous studies have sought to explore physiotherapy management of low back pain in India. Purpose. The aim of this study was to explore the self‐reported management strategies employed by physiotherapists in India as it is unknown if these are in line with contemporary guidelines. Methods. Study design was a self‐completed questionnaire, which was sent to the 350 physiotherapists registered with the Indian Physiotherapy Association in the state of Maharashtra in India. To maximize response rate there was repeat e‐mailing and telephone follow‐up. Results. Thirty‐eight therapists did not treat patients with back pain and 45 were not working in India and so were excluded. Out of a sample frame of 267 physiotherapists, 186 responded to the e‐mailed questionnaire (70%). All therapists reported that they gave some kind of advice to patients, used exercises and electrotherapy, and in addition about half used manual therapy. The majority of therapists used 8–12 sessions of treatment. Conclusions. This first mapping of Indian physiotherapy management of low back pain has shown several areas of ‘good practice’ in line with contemporary guidelines. It also highlighted potential areas of concern regarding evidence‐based practice; namely, very common use of passive electrotherapy modalities and potential excessive treatment. This report has implications for physiotherapy practice and education in India. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving operating discipline through the successful implementation of a mandated behavior‐based safety program
Authors: Vaughen Bruce K. , Lock Kelly J. , Floyd Timothy K.
Published: January 2010

This article describes the improvement of a manufacturing site's safety performance that can be attributed, in part, to the successful implementation of a mandated behavior‐based safety (BBS) program. As has been discussed in prior articles, improving operating discipline (improving the conduct of operations) will contribute to reducing process safety, health and environmental risks. The BBS program implementation, with its expectation that each employee complete and submit at least one safety observation a month, coincided with several other significant safety initiatives. These other initiatives required employee involvement from all levels of the organization, including implementing process safety management elements, implementing the site's “principles of operation,” and performing daily job safety analyses. This article will describe how the site's BBS observation program has evolved over the last decade, how several human‐related issues were overcome, and provides specific examples of some of the changes implemented as a result of the observations. In conclusion, this article shows how direct management involvement and support and increased personnel involvement has improved safety awareness, knowledge, and commitment to help reduce manufacturing risks.

“You can observe a lot just by watching.”—Yogi Berra © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Highly conductive and optically transparent GZO films grown under metal‐rich conditions by plasma assisted MBE
Authors: Liu H. Y. , Avrutin V. , Izyumskaya N. , Reshchikov M. A. , Özgür Ü. , Morkoç H.
Published: January 2010

We demonstrate a critical effect of a metal‐to‐oxygen ratio on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of ZnO films heavily doped with Ga (carrier concentration in the range of 1020–1021 cm–3) grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The as‐grown layers prepared under the metal‐rich conditions exhibited resistivities below 3 × 10–4 Ω cm and an optical transparency exceeding 90% in the visible spectral range as well as a large blue shift of the transmission/absorption edge attributed to the Burstein–Moss shift of the Fermi level deep into the conduction band, indicating high donor concentration. In contrast, the films grown under the oxygen‐rich conditions required thermal activation and showed inferior properties. Furthermore, electrical measurements point to the nonuniform depth distribution of free carriers. An oxygen‐pressure‐dependent surface disordering is suggested to be responsible for the drastic effect of the metal‐to‐oxygen ratio on the film properties. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A note on boundary‐layer friction in baroclinic cyclones
Authors: Boutle I. A. , Beare R. J. , Belcher S. E. , Plant R. S.
Published: January 2010

The interaction between extratropical cyclones and the underlying boundary layer has been a topic of recent discussion in papers by Adamson et al. (2006) and Beare (2007). Their results emphasize different mechanisms through which the boundary‐layer dynamics may modify the growth of a baroclinic cyclone. By using different sea‐surface temperature distributions and comparing the low‐level winds, the differences are exposed and both of the proposed mechanisms appear to be acting within a single simulation. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Quantitative evaluation of catalytic effect of metal chlorides on the decomposition reaction of NaAlH4
Authors: Hirate Hiroshi , Saito Yuki , Nakaya Ippei , Sawai Hiroshi , Yukawa Hiroshi , Morinaga Masahiko , Nakai Hiromi
Published: January 2010

The hydrogen desorption (or decomposition) reaction of NaAlH4 is expressed as $ {\rm NaAlH_4} \rightarrow {1/3} {\rm Na_3AlH_6} + {2/3} {\rm Al + H_2} $, and its desorption rate is accelerated by mixing metal chloride catalysts (e.g., TiCl3). This catalytic effect of metal chlorides, MCln, is theoretically estimated in a quantitative way using atomization energy concept. The atomization energies, ΔEM for metal ion and ΔECl for chloride ion in various metal chlorides are evaluated using the energy density analysis of the total energy. It is shown that the hydrogen desorption reaction rate increases with increasing n × ΔEM values of metal chlorides. This indicates that the metal ion in MCln interacts mainly with hydrogen or [AlH4]− complex anion in NaAlH4. To confirm this calculated result, experiments are performed using NaAlH4 mixed with Ti‐based catalysts. The hydrogen desorption rate is enhanced in the order, TiCl3 > TiO2 > Ti metal nanopowder, indicating that the Ti ions in TiCl3 or TiO2 work to promote the catalytic reaction more effectively than the neutral Ti atoms in Ti metal nanopowder. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Nitrogen and Luminescent Nitrogen‐Vacancy Defects in Detonation Nanodiamond
Authors: Vlasov Igor I. , Shenderova Olga , Turner Stuart , Lebedev Oleg I. , Basov Artem A. , Sildos Ilmo , Rähn Mickel , Shiryaev Andrey A. , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf
Published: January 2010

An efficient method to investigate the microstructure and spatial distribution of nitrogen and nitrogen‐vacancy (N‐V) defects in detonation nanodiamond (DND) with primary particle sizes ranging from approximately 3 to 50 nm is presented. Detailed analysis reveals atomic nitrogen concentrations as high as 3 at% in 50% of diamond primary particles with sizes smaller than 6 nm. A non‐uniform distribution of nitrogen within larger primary DND particles is also presented, indicating a preference for location within the defective central part or at twin boundaries. A photoluminescence (PL) spectrum with well‐pronounced zero‐phonon lines related to the N‐V centers is demonstrated for the first time for electron‐irradiated and annealed DND particles at continuous laser excitation. Combined Raman and PL analysis of DND crystallites dispersed on a Si substrate leads to the conclusion that the observed N‐V luminescence originates from primary particles with sizes exceeding 30 nm. These findings demonstrate that by manipulation of the size/nitrogen content in DND there are prospects for mass production of nanodiamond photoemitters based on bright and stable luminescence from nitrogen‐related defects.
SERS‐Based Diagnosis and Biodetection
Authors: Alvarez‐Puebla Ramón A. , Liz‐Marzán Luis M.
Published: January 2010

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful analytical techniques for identification of molecular species, with the potential to reach single‐molecule detection under ambient conditions. This Concept article presents a brief introduction and discussion of both recent advances and limitations of SERS in the context of diagnosis and biodetection, ranging from direct sensing to the use of encoded nanoparticles, in particular focusing on ultradetection of relevant bioanalytes, rapid diagnosis of diseases, marking of organelles within individual cells, and non‐invasive tagging of anomalous tissues in living animals.
Catalytic Nanomotors: Self‐Propelled Sphere Dimers
Authors: Valadares Leonardo F. , Tao Yu‐Guo , Zacharia Nicole S. , Kitaev Vladimir , Galembeck Fernando , Kapral Raymond , Ozin Geoffrey A.
Published: January 2010

Experimental and theoretical studies of the self‐propelled motional dynamics of a new genre of catalytic sphere dimer, which comprises a non‐catalytic silica sphere connected to a catalytic platinum sphere, are reported for the first time. Using aqueous hydrogen peroxide as the fuel to effect catalytic propulsion of the sphere dimers, both quasi‐linear and quasi‐circular trajectories are observed in the solution phase and analyzed for different dimensions of the platinum component. In addition, well‐defined rotational motion of these sphere dimers is observed at the solution–substrate interface. The nature of the interaction between the sphere dimer and the substrate in the aqueous hydrogen peroxide phase is discussed. In computer simulations of the sphere dimer in solution and the solution–substrate interface, sphere‐dimer dynamics are simulated using molecular‐dynamics methods and solvent dynamics are modeled by mesoscopic multiparticle collision methods taking hydrodynamic interactions into account. The rotational and translational dynamics of the sphere dimer are found to be in good accord with the predictions of computer simulations.
Superhard Nanobuttons: Constraining Crystal Plasticity and Dealing with Extrinsic Effects at the Nanoscale
Authors: Rinaldi Antonio , Peralta Pedro , Friesen Cody , Nahar Dhiraj , Licoccia Silvia , Traversa Enrico , Sieradzki Karl
Published: January 2010

The compressive plastic strength of nanosized single‐crystal metallic pillars is known to depend on their diameter D. Herein, the role of pillar height h is analyzed instead, and the suppression of the generalized crystal plasticity below a critical value hCR is observed. Novel in situ compression tests on regular pillars as well as nanobuttons, that is, pillars with h < hCR, show that the latter are much harder, withstanding stresses >2 GPa. A statistical model that holds for both pillars and buttons is formulated. Owing to their superhard nature, the nanobuttons examined here underline with unprecedented resolution the extrinsic effects—often overlooked—that naturally arise during testing when the Saint‐Venant assumption ceases to be accurate. The bias related to such effects is identified in the test data and removed when possible. Finally, continuous hardening is observed to occur under increasing stress level, in analogy to reports on nanoparticles. From a metrological standpoint the results expose some difficulties in nanoscale testing related to current methodology and technology. The implications of the analysis of extrinsic effects go beyond nanobuttons and extend to nano‐/microelectromechanical system design and nanomechanics in general.
An Intermolecular Hydrogen Bridge between a Porphyrinoid μ‐Oxido Diiron(III) Host and a Guest Water Molecule
Authors: Bröring Martin , Ostapowicz Thomas , Funk Markus
Published: January 2010

μ‐Oxido‐bis[(hexaethyldimethyl‐2,2′‐bidipyrrinato)iron(III)] (1) crystallizes as a mixed dichloromethane/water solvate as black plates in the triclinic system, space group P\bar{1}, with a = 14.536(3), b = 16.194(3), c = 25.883(5) Å, α = 98.89(3)°, β = 91.28(3)°, γ = 90.56(3)°, and Z = 2. In the crystal structure two distinct solvates 1·CH2Cl2 and 1·H2O are present in equal ratio. In both cases the solvent is found in direct vicinity of the Fe–O–Fe subunit and is located within a binding pocket formed by the two helically distorted tetrapyrroles. Whereas the dichloromethane molecule is oriented within this pocket as a dipole with the positive end pointing towards the oxygen atom of the Fe–O–Fe subunit, the water molecule forms a hydrogen bond with this site, supported by additional weak interactions with adjacent N‐donor atoms.
Infinite Coordination Polymers of One‐ and Two‐dimensional Cobalt Acetates
Authors: Zhang Gao , Lin Jian , Guo Dong‐Wei , Yao Shi‐Yan , Tian Yun‐Qi
Published: January 2010

Two coordination polymers of cobalt acetate, [Co5(O2CMe)10] (1) and [Co(O2CMe)2(H2O)]·H2O (2), were solvothermally synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses, IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Compound 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic space group Pbcn in two‐dimensional layers, which consist of 12‐membered cobalt rings. Compound 2 crystallizes in monoclinic space group C2/m and exhibits one‐dimensional chains, which are bridged by one water molecule and two acetate ligands in (2.11)‐ and (2.20)‐modes. Preliminary magnetic studies revealed that antiferromagnetic couplings exist in both compounds.
Tri(mesityloxy)silanethiol – The First Structurally Characterized Organoxysilanethiol (Contributions to the Chemistry of Silicon–Sulfur Compounds. 77 [1])
Authors: Marynowski Wojciech , Klucznik Tomasz , Baranowska Katarzyna , Dołęga Anna , Wojnowski Wiesław
Published: January 2010

Tri(mesityloxy)silanethiol (TMST) was isolated as the only product of the reaction between SiS2 and 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol. TMST crystallizes in the triclinic system. Good quality of the crystal allowed the unrestricted refinement of the mercapto group; the resulting S–H distance is 1.29(4) Å and the Si–S–H bond angle is 95.4(17)°. Molecules of TMST show no hydrogen bonds in the crystal – the FT‐IR spectrum of the solid sample exhibits a very sharp, well‐resolved band of isolated –SH group at 2562 cm–1.
Multitraces, hypertraces and partial order semantics
Authors: Shields M. W.
Published: January 2010

In this paper, we consider a generalisation of a result due to the author which describes the way in which Mazurkiewicz trace languages serve to represent systems of labelled partial orders, as used in non-interleaving semantics of parallelism. The generalisation extends the class of partial order systems to exclude only a form of non-determinism. Their representation is in terms ofa generalisation of traces, also due to Mazurkiewicz, called multi traces.
Biofeedback Therapy Plus Anal Electrostimulation for Fecal Incontinence: Prognostic Factors and Effects on Anorectal Physiology
Authors: Boselli Adamo Stefano , Pinna Ferdinando , Cecchini Stefano , Costi Renato , Marchesi Federico , Violi Vincenzo , Sarli Leopoldo , Roncoroni Luigi
Published: January 2010

Background

The current literature does not provide unequivocal data on prognostic factors in conservative management of fecal incontinence. Moreover, the physiopathologic effects of pelvic floor rehabilitation on anorectal function are not well understood. Our aim is to identify some prognostic parameters and assess their effects on anorectal physiology of biofeedback therapy plus anal electrostimulation for fecal incontinence.

Methods

We studied prospectively 45 consecutive adult patients with fecal incontinence treated at our institution with biofeedback plus electrostimulation. The outcome parameter was modification of the Wexner Incontinence Score (WIS) at the end of treatment. In addition, we studied the modifications of anorectal manometry and the rectal sensitivity threshold after treatment.

Results

At univariate analysis, age, the pretreatment WIS, and the pretreatment resting and maximum squeeze pressures were correlated with the clinical outcome. Patients showed a significant reduction in the rectal sensitivity threshold but no significant change in manometric parameters after treatment.

Conclusions

We identify good sphincter function and mild to moderate symptomatology as favorable prognostic factors in biofeedback and anal electrostimulation therapy. Improvement in rectal sensitivity can be implicated in symptomatic improvement. The impossibility of correlating the clinical results with the effects on anorectal physiology suggests a nonspecific effect of conservative treatment.
Outcomes of Multimodality Breast Screening for Women at Increased Risk of Familial Breast Cancer
Authors: Bennett Ian C. , Muller Jennifer , Cockburn Linda , Joshua Helen , Thorley Gillian , Baker Christine , Wood Nili , Brazier Jane , Jones Mark , Dunn Nathan , Gattas Michael
Published: January 2010

Background

While population‐based breast screening for women over the age of 50 years is a generally accepted and proven health strategy, the role of breast screening specifically among women at high risk of familial breast cancer has remained controversial. Indeed, there are very few services specifically offering a breast‐screening program for women at high risk of familial breast cancer.

Methods

In 1999 a Familial Breast Cancer Screening Clinic (FBCSC) was established at the North Brisbane BreastScreen Queensland Service to provide a regular multimodality screening program utilizing clinical breast examination, breast ultrasound, and mammography for women at higher risk of hereditary breast cancer and with entry into the program commencing from the age of 30 years.

Results

Since its inception, a total of 2440 women have participated in the FBCSC. A total 7051 breast‐screening examinations have been performed on these participants, with 53 breast cancers being diagnosed, including 8 in situ ductal carcinomas, 38 invasive ductal carcinomas, and 7 invasive lobular carcinomas. The mean size of the cancers was 16 mm (range = 1–45 mm), and of the 45 invasive cancers, 60% were less than or equal to 15 mm in size. The overall axillary node positive rate was 24.5% (13/53). The invasive cancer detection rate for first‐round screening was 8.3 cancers per 1000 women screened, with 5.2 cancers per 1000 women detected on subsequent round screening.

Conclusions

The results from this service demonstrate that multimodality screening for women at high risk of familial breast cancer and including women of younger age is effective and appropriate, with very acceptable cancer detection rates and pathological cancer characteristics being observed consistent with early‐stage detection. The colocated siting of this service within a BreastScreen Queensland facility has proven to be efficient and cost effective.
Nonoperative Management of Complete Lateral Elbow Ligamentous Disruption in an NFL Player: A Case Report
Authors: Muller Mark S. , Drakos Mark C. , Feeley Brian , Barnes Ronnie , Warren Russell F.
Published: January 2010

Disruptions of the lateral soft tissue restraints of the elbow, including the lateral ulnar collateral ligament, are a well-recognized clinical entity which may result in chronic elbow instability. When symptomatic, most authors recommend surgery to reconstruct the LUCL. We report on a case of a professional football player who sustained complete disruption of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex from the lateral humeral epicondyle with extension of his injury into his common extensor origin. He was treated conservatively and returned to play after 4 weeks. Treatment algorithm and a review of the literature are discussed.
Alternative Procedures for Reducing Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Elective Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Kleinert Kathrin , Theusinger Oliver M. , Nuernberg Johannes , Werner Clément M. L.
Published: January 2010

Perioperative blood loss is a major problem in elective orthopedic surgery. Allogeneic transfusion is the standard treatment for perioperative blood loss resulting in low postoperative hemoglobin, but it has a number of well-recognized risks, complications, and costs. Alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion include preoperative autologous donation and intraoperative salvage with postoperative autotransfusion. Orthopedic surgeons are often unaware of the different pre- and intraoperative possibilities of reducing blood loss and leave the management of coagulation and use of blood products completely to the anesthesiologists. The goal of this review is to compare alternatives to allogeneic blood transfusion from an orthopedic and anesthesia point of view focusing on estimated costs and acceptance by both parties.
Arthroscopic Capsular Plication in the Treatment of Shoulder Pain in Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Montgomery Scott R. , Chen Neal C. , Rodeo Scott A.
Published: January 2010

Shoulder pain is a common and difficult problem in competitive swimmers due to cumulative loads from repetitive overhead motion. Capsular laxity has been implicated as a potential etiology for shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. No study has examined the role of capsular plication in addressing recurrent shoulder pain in competitive swimmers. The purpose of this study is to retrospectively describe our series of competitive swimmers treated with arthroscopic capsular plication with a primary outcome of return to competitive swimming. Eighteen shoulders in 15 patients underwent arthroscopic capsular plication from 2003 to 2007. Patients were contacted at an average follow-up of 29 months (range, 8–42) and a swimming history, American Shoulder and Elbow (ASES) scores, and L'Insalata scores were obtained. At time of surgery, all patients demonstrated laxity under examination under anesthesia. All patients had a positive drive-through sign. Eighty percent (12/15) of patients returned to competitive swimming although only 20% (3/15) were able to return to their pre-injury training regimen volume. All patients subjectively reported improved pain after surgery. The average ASES score was 78 ± 16 (average, standard deviation). The average L'Insalata score was 82 ± 11. Although our results demonstrate that arthroscopic capsular plication has utility in the treatment of shoulder pain in swimmers who have failed non-operative treatment, the inability of some athletes to return to pre-injury training volume illustrates the difficult nature of shoulder pain in swimmers.

Level of Evidence: Retrospective case series, Level IV
Multimodality imaging in Europe: a survey by the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)
Authors:   European Society of Radiology (ESR),   European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM)
Published: January 2010

Purpose

Multimodality imaging represents an area of rapid growth with important professional implications for both radiologists and nuclear medicine physicians throughout Europe. As a preliminary step for future action aimed at improving the quality and accessibility of PET-SPECT/CT multimodality imaging practice in Europe, the European Society of Radiology (ESR) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) performed a survey among the individual memberships of both societies to obtain information on the status of multimodality imaging in their facilities and their future visions on training for combined modalities.

Methods

A questionnaire was forwarded to all individual members of ESR and EANM. The main subject matter of the questionnaire related to: (1) study performance, current procedures and current equipment, including its supervisory personnel at respondents’ individual facilities, and (2) vision of future practice, performance and the potential for combined interdisciplinary viewing and training for future professionals.

Results

The reporting and the billing procedures of multimodality imaging studies are very heterogeneous in European countries. The majority of the members of both societies believe that the proportion of PET/CT conducted as a full diagnostic CT with contrast enhancement will increase over time. As expected, 18F-FDG is the most used PET tracer for clinical applications. The large majority of respondents were in favour of an interdisciplinary training programme, being developed on a European level together by ESR and EANM and the respective sections of the European Union of Medical Specialists.

Conclusion

The results of this survey show that there is wide heterogeneity in the current practice of multimodality imaging in Europe. This situation may limit the full potential and integration of multimodality imaging within the clinical arena. There is a strong desire within both specialties for the development of interdisciplinary training to address some of these issues.
The Mechanical Hypothesis in Ancient Greek Natural Philosophy
Authors: Berryman Sylvia
Published: January 2010

It has long been thought that the ancient Greeks did not take mechanics seriously as part of the workings of nature, and that therefore their natural philosophy was both primitive and marginal. In this book Sylvia Berryman challenges that assumption, arguing that the idea that the world works 'like a machine' can be found in ancient Greek thought, predating the early modern philosophy with which it is most closely associated. Her discussion ranges over topics including balancing and equilibrium, lifting water, sphere-making and models of the heavens, and ancient Greek pneumatic theory, with detailed analysis of thinkers such as Aristotle, Archimedes, and Hero of Alexandria. Her book shows scholars of ancient Greek philosophy why it is necessary to pay attention to mechanics, and shows historians of science why the differences between ancient and modern reactions to mechanics are not as great as was generally thought.
Environmental Archaeology
Authors: Dincauze Dena F.
Published: January 2010

Archaeologists today need a wide range of scientific approaches in order to delineate and interpret the ecology of their sites. Dena Dincauze has written an authoritative and essential guide to a variety of archaeological methods, ranging from techniques for measuring time with isotopes and magnetism to the sciences of climate reconstruction, geomorphology, sedimentology, soil science, paleobotany and faunal paleoecology. Professor Dincauze insists that borrowing concepts from other disciplines demands a critical understanding of their theoretical roots. Moreover, the methods that are chosen must be appropriate to particular sets of data. The applications of the methods needed for an holistic human-ecology approach in archaeology are illustrated by examples ranging from the Paleolithic, through classical civilizations, to recent urban archaeology.
Applied Speech and Audio Processing
Authors: McLoughlin Ian
Published: January 2010

Applied Speech and Audio Processing is a MATLAB-based, one-stop resource that blends speech and hearing research in describing the key techniques of speech and audio processing. This practically oriented text provides MATLAB examples throughout to illustrate the concepts discussed and to give the reader hands-on experience with important techniques. Chapters on basic audio processing and the characteristics of speech and hearing lay the foundations of speech signal processing, which are built upon in subsequent sections explaining audio handling, coding, compression, and analysis techniques. The final chapter explores a number of advanced topics that use these techniques, including psychoacoustic modelling, a subject which underpins MP3 and related audio formats. With its hands-on nature and numerous MATLAB examples, this book is ideal for graduate students and practitioners working with speech or audio systems.
Holst: The Planets
Authors: Greene Richard
Published: January 2010

This book is the first comprehensive guide to Holst's popular orchestral suite The Planets. It considers the music in detail and places the work in its historical context, describing the circumstances of its composition and its meteoric rise to popular acclaim. Starting with Holst's particular interest in astrology, Professor Greene explores the plotting of the work's central melodic and harmonic gestures to reveal a profound statement of human character and Holst's own psychological journey toward the mystic state. Using parallels in the verbal arts Greene weaves a fascinating tale of musical communication. An understanding of The Planets is crucial to a full appreciation of Holst's profound late works, and Greene's systematic appraisal provides the first revealing light in this direction.
Sources of Value
Authors: Woolley Simon
Published: January 2010

Sources of Value is a comprehensive guide to financial decision making suitable for beginners as well as experienced practitioners. It treats financial decision making as both an art and a science and proposes a comprehensive approach through which companies can maximise their value. Beginners will benefit from its initial financial foundation section which builds strong basic skills. Practitioners will enjoy the new insights which the eponymous Sources of Value technique offers – where values come from and why some companies can expect to create it while others cannot. The book also introduces several other techniques which, together, spell out how to combine strategy with valuation and an understanding of accounts to make a fundamental improvement in the quality of corporate financial decision taking. Sources of Value is written in a readable conversational style and will appeal to those already working in companies as well as those studying on a business course.
Introduction to Bryophytes
Authors: Vanderpoorten Alain , Goffinet Bernard
Published: January 2010

Bryophytes were a pivotal step in land plant evolution, and their significance in the regulation of ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity is becoming increasingly acknowledged. This introductory textbook assumes no prior knowledge of bryophyte biology, making it ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as amateur botanists. The authors expertly summarise the diversity of bryophytes and outline recent advances in our understanding of their evolutionary history, their ecological roles and preferences, their distribution patterns and conservation needs. The text is highly illustrated throughout, with boxed summaries of topics of current relevance in bryophyte biology, and a glossary of technical terms.
The Negotiated Reformation
Authors: Close Christopher W.
Published: January 2010

Utilizing evidence from numerous imperial cities, this book offers a new explanation for the spread and survival of urban reform during the sixteenth century. By analyzing the operation of regional political constellations, it reveals a common process of negotiation that shaped the Reformation in the Holy Roman Empire. It reevaluates traditional models of reform that leave unexplored the religious implications of flexible systems of communication and support among cities. Such networks influenced urban reform in fundamental ways, affecting how Protestant preachers moved from city to city, as well as what versions of the Reformation city councils introduced. This fusion of religion and politics meant that with local variations, negotiation within a regional framework sat at the heart of urban reform. The Negotiated Reformation therefore explains not only how the Reformation spread to almost every imperial city in southern Germany, but also how it survived imperial attempts to repress religious reform.
Gene Transfer and the Ethics of First-in-Human Research
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: January 2010

Human gene transfer is widely regarded as one of the most promising technologies for the treatment of a variety of disorders, but it presents practitioners with a variety of difficult ethical questions. Gene Transfer and the Ethics of First-in-Human Research examines the ethical and policy dimensions of testing interventions in human beings for the first time. The book discusses the difficult ethical challenges that arise from attempting to translate laboratory discoveries into clinical applications. These range from which available techniques to use, when to initiate human testing, questions of consent, expectation in public arenas, how to define acceptable risk, and the inclusion of vulnerable or disadvantaged subjects in early phase trials. This book is relevant to ethicists, legal practitioners, policy makers, geneticists and clinicians involved in clinical trials of new medical interventions.
Shakespeare, the Queen's Men, and the Elizabethan Performance of History
Authors: Walsh Brian
Published: January 2010

The Elizabethan history play was one of the most prevalent dramatic genres of the 1590s, and so was a major contribution to Elizabethan historical culture. The genre has been well served by critical studies that emphasize politics and ideology; however, there has been less interest in the way history is interrogated as an idea in these plays. Drawing in period-sensitive ways on the field of contemporary performance theory, this book looks at the Shakespearean history play from a fresh angle, by first analyzing the foundational work of the Queen's Men, the playing company that invented the popular history play. Through innovative readings of their plays including The Famous Victories of Henry V before moving on to Shakespeare's 1 Henry VI, Richard III, and Henry V, this book investigates how the Queen's Men's self-consciousness about performance helped to shape Shakespeare's dramatic and historical imagination.
Trophic guilds of generalist feeders in soil animal communities as indicated by stable isotope analysis (15N/14N)
Authors: Oelbermann K. , Scheu S.
Published: January 2010

We investigated if the commonly used aggregation of organisms into trophic guilds, such as detritivores and predators, in fact represent distinct trophic levels. Soil arthropods of a forest-meadow transect were ascribeda priorito trophic guilds (herbivores, detritivores, predators and necrovores), which are often used as an equivalent to trophic levels. We analysed natural variations in15N/14N ratios of the animals in order to investigate the trophic similarity of organisms within (a prioridefined) trophic guilds. Using trophic guilds as an equivalent to trophic level, the assumed stepwise enrichment of15N by 3.4‰ per trophic level did not apply to detritivores; they were only enriched in15N by on average 1.5‰ compared to litter materials. Predators on average were enriched in15N by 3.5‰ compared to detritivores. Within detritvores and predators δ15N signatures varied markedly, indicating that these trophic guilds are dominated by generalist feeders which form a gradient of organisms feeding on different resources. The results indicate that commonly used trophic guilds, in particular detritivores and predators, do not represent trophic levels but consist of subguilds, i.e. subsets of organisms differing in resource utilization. In particular, in soil and litter food webs where trophic level omnivory is common, the use of distinct trophic levels may be inappropriate. Guilds of species delineated by natural variations of stable isotope ratios are assumed to more adequately represent the structure of litter and soil food webs allowing a more detailed understanding of their functioning.
ATROCITIES AT SEA AND THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR BY THE PARLIAMENTARY NAVY IN IRELAND, 1641–1649
Authors: MURPHY ELAINE
Published: January 2010

In 1643, Robert Rich, the second earl of Warwick, the parliamentary lord high admiral, issued directions for naval officers in the Irish squadron to execute any soldiers seized whilst crossing from Ireland to join royalist armies in England and Wales. An ordinance was duly promulgated by parliament in October 1644 which authorized the killing of Irishmen captured at sea or in England. Thereafter, although a number of captains implemented this policy and put to death mariners, soldiers, and passengers detained on vessels going to and from confederate and royalist ports in Ireland, the killing of maritime captives never became the norm in the war at sea. This article provides a detailed analysis of the atrocities that occurred and the treatment of prisoners taken in the seas around Ireland during the war of the three kingdoms. In particular, this article examines the effect exerted by the threat of retaliatory executions of English seamen held in towns such as Wexford and Waterford on forcing parliament and its naval commanders to moderate their actions.
A CRITIQUE OF THE WTO JURISPRUDENCE ON ‘NECESSITY’
Authors: Kapterian Gisele
Published: January 2010

This paper examines whether the evolving jurisprudence on necessity as developed by the WTO adjudicatory bodies reflects the same balance between trade liberalization and regulatory autonomy as that contained in the WTO treaty texts, particularly with regard to the GATT. It is argued that a divergence can be observed which raises questions of competence, legitimacy and transparency. Specific amendments to the prevailing test are also proposed in order to achieve what the author suggests is a textually consistent, and thus legitimate, necessity test of equal efficacy.
Equilibrium magnetohydrodynamic flows of liquid metals in magnetorotational instability experiments
Authors: KHALZOV I. V. , SMOLYAKOV A. I. , ILGISONIS V. I.
Published: January 2010

A theoretical analysis of equilibrium magnetohydrodynamic flows in annular channels is performed from the perspective of establishing required conditions for liquid metal magnetorotational instability (MRI) experiments. Two different types of fluid rotation are considered: electrically driven flow in an annular channel and Taylor–Couette flow between rotating cylinders. The structure of these flows is studied within a unified approach as a function of the Hartmann and Reynolds numbers. The parameters appropriate for realization of MRI experiments are determined.
Numerical and laboratory investigation of breaking of steep two-dimensional waves in deep water
Authors: BABANIN ALEXANDER V. , CHALIKOV DMITRY , YOUNG I. R. , SAVELYEV IVAN
Published: January 2010

The paper extends a pilot study into a detailed investigation of properties of breaking waves and processes responsible for breaking. Simulations of evolution of steep to very steep waves to the point of breaking are undertaken by means of the fully nonlinear Chalikov–Sheinin model. Particular attention is paid to evolution of nonlinear wave properties, such as steepness, skewness and asymmetry, in the physical, rather than Fourier space, and to their interplay leading to the onset of breaking. The role of superimposed wind is also investigated. The capacity of the wind to affect the breaking onset is minimal unless the wind forcing is very strong. Wind is, however, important as a source of energy for amplification of the wave steepness and ultimately altering the breaking statistics. A detailed laboratory study is subsequently described. The theoretical predictions are verified and quantified. In addition, some features of the nonlinear development not revealed by the model (i.e. reduction of the wave period which further promotes an increase in steepness prior to breaking) are investigated. Physical properties of the incipient breaker are measured and examined, as well as characteristics of waves both preceding and following the breaker. The experiments were performed both with and without a superimposed wind, the role of which is also investigated. Since these idealized two-dimensional results are ultimately intended for field applications, tentative comparisons with known field data are considered. Limitations which the modulational instability mechanism can encounter in real broadband three-dimensional environments are highlighted. Also, substantial examination of existing methods of breaking onset detection are discussed and inconsistencies of existing measurements of breaking rates are pointed out.
Three-dimensional cylindrical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation in a dusty electronegative plasma
Authors: MOSLEM W. M. , ABDELSALAM U. M. , SABRY R. , EL-SHAMY E. F. , EL-LABANY S. K.
Published: January 2010

The hydrodynamic equations of positive and negative ions, Boltzmann electron density distribution and Poisson equation with stationary dust particles are used along with the reductive perturbation method to derive a three-dimensional cylindrical Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation. The generalized expansion method, used to obtain a new class of solutions, admits a train of well-separated bell-shaped periodic pulses. At certain condition, these periodic pulses degenerate to solitary wave solutions. The effects of the physical parameters on the solitary pulses are examined. Finally, the present results should elucidate the properties of ion-acoustic solitary pulses in multi-component plasmas, particularly in Earth's ionosphere.