bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Circulatory factors associated with function and prognosis in patients with severe heart failure
Authors: Rullman Eric , Melin Michael , Mandić Mirko , Gonon Adrian , Fernandez-Gonzalo Rodrigo , Gustafsson Thomas
Published: September 2019

Background

Multiple circulatory factors are increased in heart failure (HF). Many have been linked to cardiac and/or skeletal muscle tissue processes, which in turn might influence physical activity and/or capacity during HF. This study aimed to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms linking HF with the loss of peripheral function.

Methods and results

Physical capacity measured by maximum oxygen uptake, myocardial function (measured by echocardiography), physical activity (measured by accelerometry), and mortality data was collected for patients with severe symptomatic heart failure an ejection fraction < 35% (n = 66) and controls (n = 28). Plasma circulatory factors were quantified using a multiplex immunoassay. Multivariate (orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis) and univariate analyses identified many factors that differed significantly between HF and control subjects, mainly involving biological functions related to cell growth and cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Then, using principal component analysis, links between circulatory factors and physical capacity, daily physical activity, and myocardial function were identified. A subset of ten biomarkers differentially expressed in patients with HF vs controls covaried with physical capacity, daily physical activity, and myocardial function; eight of these also carried prognostic value. These included established plasma biomarkers of HF, such as NT-proBNP and ST2 along with recently identified factors such as GDF15, IGFBP7, and TfR, as well as a new factor, galectin-4.

Conclusions

These findings reinforce the importance of systemic circulatory factors linked to hemodynamic stress responses and inflammation in the pathogenesis and progress of HF disease. They also support established biomarkers for HF and suggest new plausible markers.

Graphic abstract
Metal binding to the amyloid-β peptides in the presence of biomembranes: potential mechanisms of cell toxicity
Authors: Wärmländer Sebastian K. T. S. , Österlund Nicklas , Wallin Cecilia , Wu Jinming , Luo Jinghui , Tiiman Ann , Jarvet Jüri , Gräslund Astrid
Published: September 2019

The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides are key molecules in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology. They interact with cellular membranes, and can bind metal ions outside the membrane. Certain oligomeric Aβ aggregates are known to induce membrane perturbations and the structure of these oligomers—and their membrane-perturbing effects—can be modulated by metal ion binding. If the bound metal ions are redox active, as e.g., Cu and Fe ions are, they will generate harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) just outside the membrane surface. Thus, the membrane damage incurred by toxic Aβ oligomers is likely aggravated when redox-active metal ions are present. The combined interactions between Aβ oligomers, metal ions, and biomembranes may be responsible for at least some of the neuronal death in AD patients.
Sulfate Deficiency as a Risk Factor for Autism
Authors: Williams Richard J.
Published: September 2019

This is a study of water and beverages consumed during pregnancy by mothers of children with autism. Materials included vials for water samples and a survey to describe the water and beverages. Samples were tested for sulfate and surveys evaluated for average daily levels. Results were stratified for selected regions of the United States. Areas with the highest rates of autism showed a trend toward lower levels of sulfate compared to areas with low rates of autism (28% sulfate, n = 45, p = 0.059). Severe autism was associated with low sulfate levels while mild symptoms were associated with higher levels of sulfate (− 0.32 correlation, n = 86, p < 0.01). The results suggest that sulfate may be helpful in reducing both the incidence and severity of autism.
Religiosity and Health-Related Risk Behaviours in a Secular Culture—Is there a Correlation?
Authors: Svensson Nanna Herning , Hvidt Niels Christian , Nissen Susanne Pagh , Storsveen Maria Munch , Hvidt Elisabeth Assing , Søndergaard Jens , Thilsing Trine
Published: September 2019

In the present study, we examine the correlation between religiosity and health-related risk behaviours among citizens aged 29–60 based on a cross-sectional survey in Denmark, known for its more secular culture. Health-related risk behaviours such as smoking and alcohol intake are known to increase the risk of developing one or more chronic or life-threatening diseases. In this study religiosity, in a random sample of Danes, seems to be associated with healthier lifestyle, such as a healthier dietary pattern and less smoking, as is found in more religious cultures. Our study suggests that religious practice among Danish citizens seems to be correlated with health behaviours and that healthcare professionals should pay more attention to the connection between religiosity and health.
Glyco-functionalised quantum dots and their progress in cancer diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Ashree Jayshree , Wang Qi , Chao Yimin
Published: September 2019

Despite all major breakthroughs in recent years of research, we are still unsuccessful to effectively diagnose and treat cancer that has express and metastasizes. Thus, the development of a novel approach for cancer detection and treatment is crucial. Recent progress in Glyconanotechnology has allowed the use of glycans and lectins as bio-functional molecules for many biological and biomedical applications. With the known advantages of quantum dots (QDs) and versatility of carbohydrates and lectins, Glyco-functionalised QD is a new prospect in constructing biomedical imaging platform for cancer behaviour study as well as treatment. In this review, we aim to describe the current utilisation of Glyco-functionalised QDs as well as their future prospective to interpret and confront cancer.
Effect of Cr content on the corrosion resistance of Ni–Cr–P coatings for PEMFC metallic bipolar plates
Authors: Chanda Uttam K. , Padhee Satya Prakash , Pathak Anil D. , Roy Sudesna , Pati Soobhankar
Published: September 2019

In here, we report on the pulse electrodeposition of nickel–chromium–phosphorous (Ni–Cr–P) coatings on AISI 1020 low carbon steel using an aqueous electrolyte consisting of NiCl2, CrCl3, and NaH2PO2. We evaluated the effectiveness of Ni–Cr–P coatings for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell metallic bipolar plates. Coatings deposited at pH 3.0 and room temperature show nearly three orders improvement in corrosion resistance compared to bare AISI 1020. The corrosion current (Icorr) of Ni–Cr–P samples coated at 25 °C is 1.16 × 10−4A/cm2, while that of bare carbon steel is 1.05 × 10−2A/cm2. The improvement in corrosion resistance is due to the increase in Cr content in the Ni–Cr–P coatings. Cr forms a stable oxide barrier layer and inhibits pitting corrosion. The interfacial contact resistance increases with an increase in Cr content and immersion time in the corrosion media. The increase in interfacial contact resistance is also due to the formation of a stable oxide barrier.
Study on friction performance and mechanism of slipper pair under different paired materials in high-pressure axial piston pump
Authors: Wu Huaichao , Zhao Limei , Ni Siliang , He Yongyong
Published: September 2019

High-pressure axial piston pumps operate in high-speed and high-pressure environments. The contact state of the slipper against the swashplate can easily change from an oil film lubrication to a mixed oil film/asperity contact, or even dry friction. To improve the dry friction performance of slipper pairs and to avoid their potentially rapid failure, this study examined the effects of material matching on the dry friction performance of the slipper pair for high-pressure axial piston pumps. A FAIAX6 friction and wear tester was developed, and the dry friction coefficients of the slipper pairs matched with different materials were studied using this tester. Based on the thermo-mechanical coupling of the slipper pair with the working process, the contact surface temperatures of the slipper pairs matched with different materials were calculated and analyzed for the same working conditions. Following this, the effects of the material properties on the temperature increase at the slipper sliding contact surfaces were revealed. The reliabilities of the temperature calculations and analysis results were verified through orthogonal tests of slipper pairs matched with different materials. The results indicate that the influence of the material density on the friction coefficient is greater than that of the Poisson’s ratio or the elastic modulus, and that the slipper material chosen should have a high thermal conductivity, low density, and low specific heat, whereas the swashplate material should be high in specific heat, density, and thermal conductivity; in addition, the slipper pair should be a type of hard material to match the type of soft material applied; that is, the hardness of the swashplate material should be greater than that of the slipper material.
The controlled vertical impact of an inclined flat plate on a quiescent water surface
Authors: Wang An , Duncan James H.
Published: September 2019

The generation of spray during the vertical impact of a flat plate (length $L=1.22~\text{m}$, width $B=0.38~\text{m}$) on a quiescent water surface is studied experimentally. The plate is held in an orientation tilted up from horizontal by angles $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ ranging from $10^{\circ }$ to $25^{\circ }$ about one of its long edges, which is positioned close to a vertical wall. The plate motion, which is driven by a servo motor system, is set to maintain a constant speed, $W_{0}$, until the trailing (upper) long edge of the plate passes the still water level (SWL) and then to decelerate to a stop. The impact Froude numbers $\mathit{Fr}$ ($=W_{0}/\sqrt{gB}$, where $g$ is the gravitational acceleration) range from 0.21 to 0.63. The evolution of the water surface underneath the plate and outboard of its trailing edge is measured with a cinematic laser induced fluorescence technique. As the plate’s leading (low) edge passes the SWL, the local water surface rises and develops into a thin spray sheet that travels along the plate’s lower surface toward the trailing edge. The horizontal speed of the under-plate spray tip is approximately $2.25W_{0}/\tan \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$, as high as $15~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$. In agreement with published similarity theory for the flow during the vertical water entry of a wedge, the under-plate surface profiles scaled by $W_{0}t$ nearly collapse on a single curve for each $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$. As the under-plate spray passes the plate’s trailing edge, it develops into the leading portion (called herein the Type I spray) of the outboard spray system. As the trailing edge of the plate passes through the local water surface, a crater develops and a large nearly vertical spray sheet (called the Type II spray) is generated from the outer edge (called the outboard spray root) of the crater. The characteristic horizontal length scale of the crater is found to expand in time following a power law with an exponent of approximately 0.77 for all conditions. A short time after its formation, the outboard spray root becomes the crest of a gravity wave whose propagation speed is of the order of $1~\text{m}~\text{s}^{-1}$ for all $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and $\mathit{Fr}$. The dimensionless envelope of the Type II spray profiles collapse to a single curve at high $\mathit{Fr}$ for each $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$. The connecting spray sheet between the Type I and Type II sprays tends to break up at small $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ and large $\mathit{Fr}$.
Experimental study of the nonlinear saturation of the elliptical instability: inertial wave turbulence versus geostrophic turbulence
Authors: Le Reun Thomas , Favier Benjamin , Le Bars Michael
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we present an experimental investigation of the turbulent saturation of the flow driven by the parametric resonance of inertial waves in a rotating fluid. In our set-up, a half-metre wide ellipsoid filled with water is brought to solid-body rotation, and then undergoes sustained harmonic modulation of its rotation rate. This triggers the exponential growth of a pair of inertial waves via a mechanism called the libration-driven elliptical instability. Once the saturation of this instability is reached, we observe a turbulent state for which energy is injected into the resonant inertial waves only. Depending on the amplitude of the rotation rate modulation, two different saturation states are observed. At large forcing amplitudes, the saturation flow mainly consists of a steady, geostrophic anticyclone. Its amplitude vanishes as the forcing amplitude is decreased while remaining above the threshold of the elliptical instability. Below this secondary transition, the saturation flow is a superposition of inertial waves which are in weakly nonlinear resonant interaction, a state that could asymptotically lead to inertial wave turbulence. In addition to being a first experimental observation of a wave-dominated saturation in unstable rotating flows, the present study is also an experimental confirmation of the model of Le Reun et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 119 (3), 2017, 034502) who introduced the possibility of these two turbulent regimes. The transition between these two regimes and their relevance to geophysical applications are finally discussed.
PRIME-UNIVERSAL QUADRATIC FORMS AND
Authors: DOYLE GREG , WILLIAMS KENNETH S.
Published: September 2019

A positive-definite diagonal quadratic form $a_{1}x_{1}^{2}+\cdots +a_{n}x_{n}^{2}\;(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n}\in \mathbb{N})$ is said to be prime-universal if it is not universal and for every prime $p$ there are integers $x_{1},\ldots ,x_{n}$ such that $a_{1}x_{1}^{2}+\cdots +a_{n}x_{n}^{2}=p$. We determine all possible prime-universal ternary quadratic forms $ax^{2}+by^{2}+cz^{2}$ and all possible prime-universal quaternary quadratic forms $ax^{2}+by^{2}+cz^{2}+dw^{2}$. The prime-universal ternary forms are completely determined. The prime-universal quaternary forms are determined subject to the validity of two conjectures. We make no use of a result of Bhargava concerning quadratic forms representing primes which is stated but not proved in the literature.
Heat stress-induced expression of Px-pdrg and Px-aspp2 in insecticide-resistant and -susceptible Plutella xylostella
Authors: Wang Yu , Wang Jing Nan , Chen Xue Zhun , Hu Qi Xing , Liu Qi Qing , Wu Gang
Published: September 2019

p53, DNA damage regulated gene (PDRG) and apoptosis-stimulating p53 protein 2 (ASPP2) are p53-related genes which can promote apoptosis. The full-length cDNA sequence of the Px-pdrg and Px-aspp2 genes were characterized and their mRNA expression dynamics under heat stress were studied in diamondback moth (DBM) Plutella xylostella collected from Fuzhou, China. The full-length cDNA of Px-pdrg and Px-aspp2 spans 721 and 4201 bp, containing 395 and 3216 bp of the open reading frame, which encode a putative protein comprising 130 and 1072 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 14.58 and 118.91 kDa, respectively. As compared to 25°C, both Px-pdrg and Px-aspp2 were upregulated in chlorpyrifos-resistant (Rc) and -susceptible (Sm) strains of DBM adults and pupae under heat stress. In addition, Rc DBM showed a significantly higher expression level of Px-pdrg and Px-aspp2 in contrast to Sm DBM. The results indicate that high temperature can significantly promote apoptosis process, especially in Rc-DBM. Significant fitness cost in Rc-DBM might be associated with drastically higher transcript abundance of Px-pdrg and Px-aspp2 under the heat stress.
Comparative demography ofBactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) andCeratitis capitata(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on deciduous fruit
Authors: Pieterse Welma , Manrakhan Aruna , Terblanche John S. , Addison Pia
Published: September 2019

Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) andCeratitis capitata(Wiedemann) are highly polyphagous fruit fly species and important pests of commercial fruit in regions of the world where they are present. In South Africa,B. dorsalisis now established in the north and northeastern parts of the country.B. dorsalisis currently absent in other parts of the country including the Western Cape Province which is an important area for the production of deciduous fruit.C. capitatais widespread in South Africa and is the dominant pest of deciduous fruit. The demographic parameters ofB. dorsalisandC. capitataon four deciduous fruit typesPrunus persica(L.) Batsch,Prunus domesticaL.,Malus domesticaBorkh. andPyrus communisL. were studied to aid in predicting the potential population establishment and growth ofB. dorsalisin a deciduous fruit growing environment. All deciduous fruit types tested were suitable for population persistence of bothB. dorsalisandC. capitata. Development was fastest and survival highest on nectarine for both species.B. dorsalisadults generally lived longer than those ofC. capitata, irrespective of the fruit types that they developed from.B. dorsalishad a higher net reproductive rate (Ro) on all deciduous fruit tested compared toC. capitata. However, the intrinsic rate of population increase was estimated to be higher forC. capitatathan forB. dorsalison all fruit types tested primarily due toC. capitata's faster generation time. Provided abiotic conditions are optimal,B. dorsaliswould be able to establish and grow in deciduous fruit growing areas.
New insight into the behaviour modifying activity of two natural sesquiterpenoids farnesol and nerolidol towards Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Wróblewska-Kurdyk Anna , Dancewicz Katarzyna , Gliszczyńska Anna , Gabryś Beata
Published: September 2019

The effect of structurally related sesquiterpenoids (E,E)-farnesol and cis-nerolidol on the host-plant selection behaviour of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulz.) was evaluated using electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. No repellent effects of (E,E)-farnesol and (Z)-nerolidol to M. persicae were found but aphid probing activities on (E,E)-farnesol- and cis-nerolidol-treated plants were restrained. During non-phloem phases of probing, neither (E,E)-farnesol nor (Z)-nerolidol affected the cell puncture activity. On (E,E)-farnesol-treated plants, the total duration of phloem phase, the mean duration of individual sustained ingestion periods were significantly lower, and the proportion of phloem salivation was higher than on control plants. On (Z)-nerolidol-treated plants, the occurrence of the first phloem phase was delayed, and the frequency of the phloem phase was lower than on control plants. The freely moving aphids were reluctant to remain on (E,E)-farnesol- and (Z)-nerolidol-treated leaves for at least 24 h after exposure. (E,E)-Farnesol and (Z)-nerolidol show complementary deterrent properties, (E,E)-farnesol showing ingestive and post-ingestive activities and nerolidol showing pre-ingestive, ingestive, and post-ingestive deterrent activities.
Civilian Casualties, Humanitarian Aid, and Insurgent Violence in Civil Wars
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2019

Indiscriminate violence against civilians has long been viewed as a catalyst for new rounds of violence in civil wars. Can humanitarian assistance reduce violence after civilians have been harmed? Crossnational studies are pessimistic, drawing a connection between humanitarian aid and increased civil war violence, lethality, and duration. To date, however, we have few subnational studies of wartime aid and subsequent violence. To examine this relationship, I draw on the Afghan Civilian Assistance Program (ACAP II), a USAID-funded initiative that investigated 1,061 civilian casualty incidents (2011–13). Aid was assigned as if randomly to about half (55.8%) of these incidents, facilitating counterfactual estimation of how assistance affected Taliban attacks against the International Security Assistance Force, Afghan forces, and civilians. Challenging prior studies, I find that ACAP was associated with an average 23 percent reduction in attacks against ISAF, but not Afghan forces or civilians, at the village level for up to two years after the initial incident.
Timing of sub-lethal insecticide exposure determines parasite establishment success in an insect-helminth model
Authors: Dhakal Suraj , Meyling Nicolai Vitt , Pedersen Kathrine Eggers , Cedergreen Nina , Fredensborg Brian Lund
Published: September 2019

Environmental toxicants are pervasive in nature, but sub-lethal effects on non-target organisms and their parasites are often overlooked. Particularly, studies on terrestrial hosts and their parasites exposed to agricultural toxicants are lacking. Here, we studied the effect of sequence and timing of sub-lethal exposures of the pyrethroid insecticide alpha-cypermethrin on parasite establishment using the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta and its intermediate insect host Tenebrio molitor as a model system. We exposed T. molitor to alpha-cypermethrin (LD20) before and after experimental H. diminuta infection and measured the establishment success of larval tapeworms. Also, we conducted in vitro studies quantifying the direct effect of the insecticide on parasite viability. Our results showed that there was no direct lethal effect of alpha-cypermethrin on H. diminuta cysticercoids at relevant concentrations (LD10 to LD90 of the intermediate host). However, we observed a significantly increased establishment of H. diminuta in beetles exposed to alpha-cypermethrin (LD20) after parasite infection. In contrast, parasite establishment was significantly lower in beetles exposed to the insecticide before parasite infection. Thus, our results indicate that environmental toxicants potentially impact host-parasite interactions in terrestrial systems, but that the outcome is context-dependent by enhancing or reducing parasite establishment depending on timing and sequence of exposure.
A Plasmodium falciparum C-mannosyltransferase is dispensable for parasite asexual blood stage development
Authors: López-Gutiérrez Borja , Cova Marta , Izquierdo Luis
Published: September 2019

C-mannosylation was recently identified in the thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (TRAP) from Plasmodium falciparum salivary gland sporozoites. A candidate P. falciparum C-mannosyltransferase (PfDPY-19) was demonstrated to modify thrombospondin type 1 repeat (TSR) domains in vitro, exhibiting a different acceptor specificity than their mammalian counterparts. According to the described minimal acceptor of PfDPY19, several TSR domain-containing proteins of P. falciparum could be C-mannosylated in vivo. However, the relevance of this protein modification for the parasite viability remains unknown. In the present study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate a PfDPY19 null mutant, demonstrating that this glycosyltransferase is not essential for the asexual blood development of the parasite. PfDPY19 gene disruption was not associated with a growth phenotype, not even under endoplasmic reticulum-stressing conditions that could impair protein folding. The data presented in this work strongly suggest that PfDPY19 is unlikely to play a critical role in the asexual blood stages of the parasite, at least under in vitro conditions.
Unraveling the genetic architecture of major depressive disorder: merits and pitfalls of the approaches used in genome-wide association studies
Authors: Schwabe I. , Milaneschi Y. , Gerring Z. , Sullivan P. F. , Schulte E. , Suppli N. P. , Thorp J. G. , Derks E. M. , Middeldorp C. M.
Published: September 2019

To identify genetic risk loci for major depressive disorder (MDD), two broad study design approaches have been applied: (1) to maximize sample size by combining data from different phenotype assessment modalities (e.g. clinical interview, self-report questionnaires) and (2) to reduce phenotypic heterogeneity through selecting more homogenous MDD subtypes. The value of these strategies has been debated. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings of large genomic studies that applied these approaches, and we highlight the merits and pitfalls of both approaches with particular attention to methodological and psychometric issues. We also discuss the results of analyses that investigated the heterogeneity of MDD. We conclude that both study designs are essential for further research. So far, increasing sample size has led to the identification of a relatively high number of genomic loci linked to depression. However, part of the identified variants may be related to a phenotype common to internalizing disorders and related traits. As such, samples containing detailed clinical information are needed to dissect depression heterogeneity and enable the potential identification of variants specific to a more restricted MDD phenotype. A balanced portfolio reconciling both study design approaches is the optimal approach to progress further in unraveling the genetic architecture of depression.
TWO-ECHELON PRODUCTION INVENTORY SYSTEMS WITH STRATEGIC CUSTOMERS
Authors: Zare Ata G. , Abouee-Mehrizi Hossein , Berman Oded
Published: September 2019

We consider a two-echelon production inventory system with a manufacturer having limited production capacity and a distribution center (DC). There is a positive transportation time between the manufacturer and the DC. Customers gain a value by receiving the product and incur a waiting cost when facing a delay. We assume that customers' waiting cost depends on their degree of impatience with respect to delay, which is captured by a convex waiting cost function. Customers are strategic with respect to joining the system and either place an order or balk from the system upon their arrival depending on their expected waiting time. We study the Stackelberg equilibrium assuming that the DC acts as a Stackelberg leader and customers are the followers. We first obtain the total expected revenue and then provide a heuristic to derive the optimal base-stock levels in the warehouse and the DC as well as the optimal price of the product.
Methods for generating hypotheses in human enteric illness outbreak investigations: a scoping review of the evidence
Authors: Ickert C. , Cheng J. , Reimer D. , Greig J. , Hexemer A. , Kershaw T. , Waddell L. , Mascarenhas M.
Published: September 2019

Enteric illness outbreaks are complex events, therefore, outbreak investigators use many different hypothesis generation methods depending on the situation. This scoping review was conducted to describe methods used to generate a hypothesis during enteric illness outbreak investigations. The search included five databases and grey literature for articles published between 1 January 2000 and 2 May 2015. Relevance screening and article characterisation were conducted by two independent reviewers using pretested forms. There were 903 outbreaks that described hypothesis generation methods and 33 papers which focused on the evaluation of hypothesis generation methods. Common hypothesis generation methods described are analytic studies (64.8%), descriptive epidemiology (33.7%), food or environmental sampling (32.8%) and facility inspections (27.9%). The least common methods included the use of a single interviewer (0.4%) and investigation of outliers (0.4%). Most studies reported using two or more methods to generate hypotheses (81.2%), with 29.2% of studies reporting using four or more. The use of multiple different hypothesis generation methods both within and between outbreaks highlights the complexity of enteric illness outbreak investigations. Future research should examine the effectiveness of each method and the contexts for which each is most effective in efficiently leading to source identification.
UNANCHORED EXPECTATIONS: SELF-REINFORCING LIQUIDITY TRAPS AND MULTIPLE STEADY STATES
Authors: Lustenhouwer Joep
Published: September 2019

We study a New Keynesian model with bounded rationality, where agents choose their expectations heterogeneously from a discrete choice set. The range of their set of possible expectation values can be interpreted as the anchoring of expectations. In the model, multiple locally stable steady states can arise that reflect coordination on particular expectation values. Moreover, bad shocks to the economy can trigger a self-reinforcing wave of pessimism, where the zero lower bound on the nominal interest rate becomes binding, and agents coordinate on a locally stable liquidity trap steady state. When we let the anchoring of expectations evolve endogenously, it turns out that the anchoring of expectations at the time the bad shocks hit the economy is crucial in determining whether the economy can recover from the liquidity trap. Finally, we find that a higher inflation target makes it less likely that self-reinforcing liquidity traps arise.
Malnutrition inequalities in Ecuador: differences by wealth, education level and ethnicity
Authors: Ramírez-Luzuriaga María J , Belmont Philippe , Waters William F , Freire Wilma B
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To describe and quantify the magnitude and distribution of stunting, wasting, anaemia, overweight and obesity by wealth, level of education and ethnicity in Ecuador.

Design:

We used nationally representative data from the 2012 Ecuadorian National Health and Nutrition Survey. We used the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) as a proxy of wealth. The MPI identifies deprivations across three dimensions (health, education and standard of living). We defined education by years of schooling and ethnicity as a social construct, based on shared social, cultural and historical experiences, using Ecuadorian census categories.

Setting:

Urban and rural Ecuador, including the Amazon rainforest and the Galapagos Islands.

Participants:

Children aged <5 years (n 8580), adolescent women aged 11–19 years (n 4043) and adult women aged 20–49 years (n 15 203).

Results:

Among children <5 years, stunting and anaemia disproportionately affected low-wealth, low-education and indigenous groups. Among adolescent and adult women, higher rates of stunting, overweight and obesity were observed in the low-education and low-wealth groups. Stunting and short stature rates were higher in indigenous women, whereas overweight and obesity rates were higher in Afro-Ecuadorian women.

Conclusions:

Malnutrition differs significantly across sociodemographic groups, disproportionately affecting those in the low wealth tertile and ethnic minorities. Rates of stunting remain high compared with other countries in the region with similar economic development. The effective implementation of double-duty actions with the potential to impact both sides of the double burden is urgently required.
RIGIDITY FOR RIGID ANALYTIC MOTIVES
Authors: Bambozzi Federico , Vezzani Alberto
Published: September 2019

In this paper we prove the Rigidity Theorem for motives of rigid analytic varieties over a non-Archimedean valued field $K$. We prove this theorem both for motives with transfers and without transfers in a relative setting. Applications include the construction of étale realization functors, an upgrade of the known comparison between motives with and without transfers and an upgrade of the rigid analytic motivic tilting equivalence, extending them to $\mathbb{Z}[1/p]$-coefficients.
Near-field to far-field transformation applied to UHF antennas over lossy ground
Authors: Bourey Nicolas , Darces Muriel , Chatelon Yves , Hélier Marc
Published: September 2019

This paper deals with a near-field to far-field transformation able to predict the radiation of UHF antennas located over a lossy ground. From in-situ near-field measurements, an equivalent set of dipole sources is obtained as a model of the characterized antenna. The paper details the main steps of the transformation and describes the specific experimental set-up designed for the application. Simple directional antennas (monopoles array) as well as more complex omnidirectional antennas (like a biconical antenna as a scaled-down model of a HF antenna) have been tested in realistic environments. This approach is very efficient for separating the contributions of the radiated waves: the sky wave and the surface wave.
Sibling Comparison Designs: Addressing Confounding Bias with Inclusion of Measured Confounders
Authors: Saunders Gretchen R. B. , McGue Matt , Malone Stephen M.
Published: September 2019

Genetically informative research designs are becoming increasingly popular as a way to strengthen causal inference with their ability to control for genetic and shared environmental confounding. Co-twin control (CTC) models, a special case of these designs using twin samples, decompose the overall effect of exposure on outcome into a within- and between-twin-pair term. Ideally, the within-twin-pair term would serve as an estimate of the exposure effect controlling for genetic and shared environmental factors, but it is often confounded by factors not shared within a twin-pair. Previous simulation work has shown that if twins are less similar on an unmeasured confounder than they are on an exposure, the within-twin-pair estimate will be a biased estimate of the exposure effect, even more biased than the individual, unpaired estimate. The current study uses simulation and analytical derivations to show that while incorporating a covariate related to the nonshared confounder in CTC models always reduces bias in the within-pair estimate, it will be less biased than the individual estimate only in a narrow set of circumstances. The best case for bias reduction in the within-pair estimate occurs when the within-twin-pair correlation in exposure is less than the correlation in the confounder and the twin-pair correlation in the covariate is high. Additionally, the form of covariate inclusion is compared between adjustment for only one’s own covariate value and adjustment for the deviation of one’s own value from the covariate twin-pair mean. Results show that adjusting for the deviation from the twin-pair mean results in equal or reduced bias.
How Are Microplastics Transported to Polar Regions?
Authors: Cook Terri
Published: September 2019

New modeling indicates that global subsurface ocean currents distribute submerged microplastics along very different routes than those traveled by floating plastic debris.
Dome patterns in pelagic size spectra reveal strong trophic cascades
Authors: Rossberg Axel G. , Gaedke Ursula , Kratina Pavel
Published: September 2019

In ecological communities, especially the pelagic zones of aquatic ecosystems, certain body-size ranges are often over-represented compared to others. Community size spectra, the distributions of community biomass over the logarithmic body-mass axis, tend to exhibit regularly spaced local maxima, called “domes”, separated by steep troughs. Contrasting established theory, we explain these dome patterns as manifestations of top-down trophic cascades along aquatic food chains. Compiling high quality size-spectrum data and comparing these with a size-spectrum model introduced in this study, we test this theory and develop a detailed picture of the mechanisms by which bottom-up and top-down effects interact to generate dome patterns. Results imply that strong top-down trophic cascades are common in freshwater communities, much more than hitherto demonstrated, and may arise in nutrient rich marine systems as well. Transferring insights from the general theory of non-linear pattern formation to domes patterns, we provide new interpretations of past lake-manipulation experiments.
TFF3 interacts with LINGO2 to regulate EGFR activation for protection against colitis and gastrointestinal helminths
Authors: Belle Nicole Maloney , Ji Yingbiao , Herbine Karl , Wei Yun , Park JoonHyung , Zullo Kelly , Hung Li-Yin , Srivatsa Sriram , Young Tanner , Oniskey Taylor , Pastore Christopher , Nieves Wildaliz , Somsouk Ma , Herbert De’Broski R.
Published: September 2019

Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) have important functions in nutrient absorption, barrier integrity, regeneration, pathogen-sensing, and mucus secretion. Goblet cells are a specialized cell type of IEC that secrete Trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) to regulate mucus viscosity and wound healing, but whether TFF3-responsiveness requires a receptor is unclear. Here, we show that leucine rich repeat receptor and nogo-interacting protein 2 (LINGO2) is essential for TFF3-mediated functions. LINGO2 immunoprecipitates with TFF3, co-localizes with TFF3 on the cell membrane of IEC, and allows TFF3 to block apoptosis. We further show that TFF3-LINGO2 interactions disrupt EGFR-LINGO2 complexes resulting in enhanced EGFR signaling. Excessive basal EGFR activation in Lingo2 deficient mice increases disease severity during colitis and augments immunity against helminth infection. Conversely, TFF3 deficiency reduces helminth immunity. Thus, TFF3-LINGO2 interactions de-repress inhibitory LINGO2-EGFR complexes, allowing TFF3 to drive wound healing and immunity.
Catalytic production of impurity-free V3.5+ electrolyte for vanadium redox flow batteries
Authors: Heo Jiyun , Han Jae-Yun , Kim Soohyun , Yuk Seongmin , Choi Chanyong , Kim Riyul , Lee Ju-Hyuk , Klassen Andy , Ryi Shin-Kun , Kim Hee-Tak
Published: September 2019

The vanadium redox flow battery is considered one of the most promising candidates for use in large-scale energy storage systems. However, its commercialization has been hindered due to the high manufacturing cost of the vanadium electrolyte, which is currently prepared using a costly electrolysis method with limited productivity. In this work, we present a simpler method for chemical production of impurity-free V3.5+ electrolyte by utilizing formic acid as a reducing agent and Pt/C as a catalyst. With the catalytic reduction of V4+ electrolyte, a high quality V3.5+ electrolyte was successfully produced and excellent cell performance was achieved. Based on the result, a prototype catalytic reactor employing Pt/C-decorated carbon felt was designed, and high-speed, continuous production of V3.5+ electrolyte in this manner was demonstrated with the reactor. This invention offers a simple but practical strategy to reduce the production cost of V3.5+ electrolyte while retaining quality that is adequate for high-performance operations.
New flow relaxation mechanism explains scour fields at the end of submarine channels
Authors: Pohl F. , Eggenhuisen J. T. , Tilston M. , Cartigny M. J. B.
Published: September 2019

Particle-laden gravity flows, called turbidity currents, flow through river-like channels across the ocean floor. These submarine channels funnel sediment, nutrients, pollutants and organic carbon into ocean basins and can extend for over 1000’s of kilometers. Upon reaching the end of these channels, flows lose their confinement, decelerate, and deposit their sediment load; this is what we read in textbooks. However, sea floor observations have shown the opposite: turbidity currents tend to erode the seafloor upon losing confinement. Here we use a state-of-the-art scaling method to produce the first experimental turbidity currents that erode upon leaving a channel. The experiments reveal a novel flow mechanism, here called flow relaxation, that explains this erosion. Flow relaxation is rapid flow deformation resulting from the loss of confinement, which enhances basal shearing of the turbidity current and leads to scouring. This flow mechanism plays a key role in the propagation of submarine channel systems.
Multiphoton quantum-state engineering using conditional measurements
Authors: Magaña-Loaiza Omar S. , León-Montiel Roberto de J. , Perez-Leija Armando , U’Ren Alfred B. , You Chenglong , Busch Kurt , Lita Adriana E. , Nam Sae Woo , Mirin Richard P. , Gerrits Thomas
Published: September 2019

The quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation predicts characteristic statistical fluctuations for light sources as diverse as sunlight, laser radiation, and molecule fluorescence. Indeed, these underlying statistical fluctuations of light are associated with the fundamental physical processes behind their generation. In this contribution, we experimentally demonstrate that the manipulation of the quantum electromagnetic fluctuations of two-mode squeezed vacuum states leads to a family of quantum-correlated multiphoton states with tunable mean photon numbers and degree of correlation. Our technique relies on the use of conditional measurements to engineer the excitation mode of the field through the simultaneous subtraction of photons from two-mode squeezed vacuum states. The experimental generation of nonclassical multiphoton states by means of photon subtraction unveils novel mechanisms to control fundamental properties of light. As a remarkable example, we demonstrate the engineering of a quantum state of light with up to ten photons, exhibiting nearly Poissonian photon statistics, that constitutes an important step towards the generation of entangled lasers. Our technique enables a robust protocol to prepare quantum states with multiple photons in high-dimensional spaces and, as such, it constitutes a novel platform for exploring quantum phenomena in mesoscopic systems.
Author Correction: Assessment of body adiposity in preterm children at the beginning of school age
Authors: Perenc Lidia , Zajkiewicz Katarzyna , Drzał-Grabiec Justyna , Majewska Joanna , Cyran-Grzebyk Barbara , Walicka-Cupryś Katarzyna
Published: September 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Plasma Aβ42 and Total Tau Predict Cognitive Decline in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Chen Ting-Bin , Lee Yi-Jung , Lin Szu-Ying , Chen Jun-Peng , Hu Chaur-Jong , Wang Pei-Ning , Cheng Irene H.
Published: September 2019

Levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau peptides in brain have been associated with Alzheimer disease (AD). The current study investigated the abilities of plasma Aβ42 and total-tau (t-tau) levels in predicting cognitive decline in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Plasma Aβ42 and t-tau levels were quantified in 22 participants with amnestic MCI through immunomagnetic reduction (IMR) assay at baseline. The cognitive performance of participants was measured through neuropsychological tests at baseline and annual follow-up (average follow-up period of 1.5 years). The predictive value of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau for cognitive status was evaluated. We found that higher levels of Aβ42 and t-tau are associated with lower episodic verbal memory performance at baseline and cognitive decline over the course of follow-up. While Aβ42 or t-tau alone had moderate-to-high discriminatory value in the identification of future cognitive decline, the product of Aβ42 and t-tau offered greater differential value. These preliminary results might suggest that high levels of plasma Aβ42 and t-tau in amnestic MCI are associated with later cognitive decline. A further replication with a larger sample over a longer time period to validate and determine their long-term predictive value is warranted.
Correction: Long-range corrected density functional through the density matrix expansion based semilocal exchange hole
Authors: Patra Bikash , Jana Subrata , Samal Prasanjit
Published: September 2019

Correction for ‘Long-range corrected density functional through the density matrix expansion based semilocal exchange hole’ by Bikash Patra et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 8991–8998.
Au(iii)-Proline derivatives exhibiting selective antiproliferative activity against HepG2/SB3 apoptosis-resistant cancer cells
Authors: Brustolin L. , Pettenuzzo N. , Nardon C. , Quarta S. , Marchiò L. , Biondi B. , Pontisso P. , Fregona D.
Published: September 2019

This paper deals with the combination of a proline-based moiety with biologically active gold centers in the oxidation states +1 and +3.
Three thiacalix[4]arene-based Cu(i) coordination polymers: catalytic activities for azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions and luminescence properties
Authors: Li Jian-Fang , Du Peng , Liu Ying-Ying , Xu Guo-Hai , Ma Jian-Fang
Published: September 2019

Three coordination polymers based on thiacalix[4]arene and Cu(i) halides have been prepared. 1 and 2 show predominant efficiency and excellent recyclability for azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions.
Surfactant-assisted assembly of nanoscale zinc coordination compounds to enhance tandem conversion reactions in water
Authors: Huang Chao , Zhu Kaifang , Zhang Yingying , Lu Guizhen , Shao Zhichao , Gao Kuan , Mi Liwei , Hou Hongwei
Published: September 2019

Nanoscale1and2with the benefit of readily accessible active sites had shown to be more effective heterogeneous catalysts than large sizes of1and2to execute tandem conversion reactions of nitromethylbenzenes into benzolic acids frameworks.
CuI incorporated cobalt ferrite nanoparticles as a magnetically separable catalyst for oxidative amidation reaction
Authors: Dutta Mintu Maan , Talukdar Hrishikesh , Phukan Prodeep
Published: September 2019

A Cu-incorporated magnetic nanocatalyst has been developed for oxidative amidation of aryl aldehydes with 2-aminopyridine in the presence of TBHP.
Characterization of the genomically encoded fosfomycin resistance enzyme fromMycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Travis Skye , Shay Madeline R. , Manabe Shino , Gilbert Nathaniel C. , Frantom Patrick A. , Thompson Matthew K.
Published: September 2019

FosM fromMycobacterium abscessusis a Mn2+-dependent FosX-type hydrase.
Correction: Efficient phosphorescent red iridium(iii) complexes containing a four-membered Ir–S–C–S ring backbone and large hindered spacers for high-performance OLEDs
Authors: Lu Guang-Zhao , Li Xiaokang , Liu Liang , Zhou Liang , Zheng You-Xuan , Zhang Wen-Wei , Zuo Jing-Lin , Zhang Hongjie
Published: September 2019

Correction for ‘Efficient phosphorescent red iridium(iii) complexes containing a four-membered Ir–S–C–S ring backbone and large hindered spacers for high-performance OLEDs’ by Guang-Zhao Lu et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2019, 7, 3862–3868.
Deficits in Explicit Language Problem Solving Rather Than in Implicit Learning in Specific Language Impairment: Evidence From Learning an Artificial Morphological Rule
Authors: Ferman Sara , Kishon-Rabin Liat , Ganot-Budaga Hila , Karni Avi
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to delineate differences between children with specific language impairment (SLI), typical age–matched (TAM) children, and typical younger (TY) children in learning and mastering an undisclosed artificial morphological rule (AMR) through exposure and usage.

Method

Twenty-six participants (eight 10-year-old children with SLI, 8 TAM children, and ten 8-year-old TY children) were trained to master an AMR across multiple training sessions. The AMR required a phonological transformation of verbs depending on a semantic distinction: whether the preceding noun was animate or inanimate. All participants practiced the application of the AMR to repeated and new (generalization) items, via judgment and production tasks.

Results

The children with SLI derived significantly less benefit from practice than their peers in learning most aspects of the AMR, even exhibiting smaller gains compared to the TY group in some aspects. Children with SLI benefited less than TAM and even TY children from training to judge and produce repeated items of the AMR. Nevertheless, despite a significant disadvantage in baseline performance, the rate at which they mastered the task-specific phonological regularities was as robust as that of their peers. On the other hand, like 8-year-olds, only half of the SLI group succeeded in uncovering the nature of the AMR and, consequently, in generalizing it to new items.

Conclusions

Children with SLI were able to learn language aspects that rely on implicit, procedural learning, but experienced difficulties in learning aspects that relied on the explicit uncovering of the semantic principle of the AMR. The results suggest that some of the difficulties experienced by children with SLI when learning a complex language regularity cannot be accounted for by a broad, language-related, procedural memory disability. Rather, a deficit—perhaps a developmental delay in the ability to recruit and solve language problems and establish explicit knowledge regarding a language task—can better explain their difficulties in language learning.