bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex ratio, weight, length and numbers of Labiostrongylus longispicularis (Wood), the large stomach worm of the Red Kangaroo (Megaleia rufa(Desmarest)), in relation to age of the host and season
Authors: Mykytowycz R. , Dudzinski M. L.
Published: June 2009

The study involved observations of only the macroscopically visible forms (immature and mature adults) of the parasite Labiostrongylus longispicularis (Wood) in the stomachs of Red Kangaroos, Megaleia rufa (Desmarest).

The large size of the worm (females 30–60 mm long and males 25–40 mm) facilitated the study.

The life-cycle of the species is not yet known but some information is given on the hatching of eggs, survival of larvae, and the results of experimental infections of rabbits.

Reproducing adult worms were found in samples of kangaroos from two geographically widely separated areas only during the period March–August, namely autumn and winter in Australia. During this period immature macroscopically visible forms were absent or present only in very small numbers. The size of the immature adults increased gradually from August onwards.

The proportion of female worms in the samples averaged 71% in those containing immature forms and 74% in samples containing only mature worms.

The relationship between weight and length of worms at different stages of development was determined. Male and female worms differed both in size and rate of growth.

The level of infection with immature and reproducing adult worms was correlated with the length of tibia of the host. Kangaroos approximately 18 months old with tibia approximately 400 mm long were infected on average with 3000 immature or 150 mature worms, while kangaroos with tibia 480 mm long carried on average twenty immature or three mature worms.

The reduction in the mean level of infection with increasing age (tibia length) was found to be statistically greater for immature than for mature worms.

Seasonal variations in the relation between the length and weight of the worms and the age of the host were demonstrated and a possible connexion with physiological changes within the parasite was suggested.

The age of the host had the strongest negative effect upon the growth rate of the worms at the time when marked increase in the weight of worms, particularly females, took place.

Thanks are due to Mr G. A. McIntyre of the Division of Mathematical Statistics, C.S.I.R.O., Dr J. D. Dunsmore and Mr B. V. Fennessy of the Division of Wildlife Research, Mr P. I. Sommerville of the Division of Animal Health, McMaster Laboratory, C.S.I.R.O., and Dr W. L. Nicholas of the Australian National University, Canberra, for reading and criticizing the manuscript. Messrs E. R. Hesterman and C. Kogon of the Division of Wildlife Research provided valuable technical assistance.
The klinokinetic behaviour of infective Trichonema larvae in light
Authors: Croll N. A.
Published: June 2009

Trichonema larvae are affected by light of visible wavelengths and there is a klinokinetic response to light intensity, the smallest rates of turning occurring in light of about 300 ft-c, and the rate of turning increasing with increased intensity (900 ft-c). In dim light the vertical migration of larval nematodes would be greatest, which explains in part the large recoveries from grass at dawn and dusk.

I thank Professor O. W. Richards, F.R.S., for permission to work at the Imperial College Field Station, and Professor B. G. Peters for help and advice. The work was financed by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.
Host relationships ofIxodes arvicolaeWarburton on the Scilly Isles
Authors: Rood J. P. , Burtt E. T.
Published: June 2009

Ixodes arvicolaeWarburton was collected at 2-monthly intervals from January 1961 to August 1962 on a total of 226Apodemus sylvaticusand 264Crocidura suaveolens cassiteridumin the Scilly Isles. Twenty-one adult females (out of a total forty-two ticks) were found onApodemusand one adult female (out of a total 106 ticks) onCrocidura. No adult males were found. Ticks were collected from the hosts throughout the year, but inCrocidurathere was a suggestion of greater frequency for larvae during the summer.I. arvicolaewas also found onMus musculusin the Scilly Isles and onMicrotus agrestisin Cornwall.

We wish to thank Professor D. R. Arthur of King's College, University of London, for identification of the ticks involved in this study, and Dr Alec Milne of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne for helpful criticism of the manuscript.
Nematodes from Australian waders
Authors: Mawson Patricia M.
Published: June 2009

Records are given of helminth infection found by the dissection of 122 waders belonging to 19 species, some migratory and some resident in Australia. In the examination of the nematodes from these, and some other hosts, the following species were identified and described: Capillaria triloba (Linst.) (Lobibyx novae-hollandiae, Himantopus leucocephalus, Recurvirostra novaehollandiae); Capillaria recurvirostrae sp.nov. (R. novaehollandiae); Amidostomum chevreuxi Seurat (H. leucocephalus); Porrocaecum lobibycis (L. novaehollandiae); Contracaecum spiculigerum (Rud.) (H. leucocephalus); Schistorophus longicornis (Hemp. & Ehr.), and Sciadiocara umbellifera (Molin) (Calidris canutus); Schistorophus limosae sp.nov. and Viktorocara limosae sp.nov. (Limosa lapponica); Viktorocara sp. (Calidris canutus); Echinuria heterobrachiata Wehr (Cladorhynchus leucocephalus, Charadrius alexandrinus, Erolia ruficollis); Chevreuxia australis Johnston & Mawson (Charadrius melanops); Skrjabinoclava horrida (Rud.) (Charadrius rubricollis, C. alexandrinus); Streptocara crassicauda (Creplin) (Ch. alexandrinus); Stello-caronema charadrii sp.nov. (Ch. cucullata); S. glareolae sp.nov. (Glareola isabella); Tetrameres nouveli (Seurat) (Him. leucocephalus, Ch. alexandrinus, Recurvirostra novaehollandiae); T. cladorhynchi sp.nov. (C. leucocephalus); T. calidris sp.nov. (C. canutus); T. lobibycis sp.nov. (L. novaehollandiae); T. scolopacidis sp.nov. (Erolia acuminata, E. ruficollis, Tringa glareola); Pseudaproctella sp. (Lobibyx miles).

I am particularly indebted to the Director, Dr Peter Crowcroft, and the staff of the South Australian Museum; without their help it would have been impossible to obtain many of the parasites. Some birds were presented by Mrs Joan Paton and some by Mr Max Waterman. Specimens from Limosa lapponica were lent by the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in Sydney, from Lobibyx novaehollandiae (from Queensland) by Dr John Pearson of the Department of Parasitology of the University of Queensland, and from Lobibyx miles from Dr M. J. Mackerras of the C.S.I.R.O., Division of Entomology, in Canberra. Mr Condon, Curator of Birds in the South Australian Museum, has helped with information on the habits and correct names of the birds, and my colleague, Dr S. J. Edmonds, with names of new species. I also wish to thank Dr W. G. Inglis of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) who was good enough to read the paper.

The holotype and paratypes of Viktorocara limosae sp.nov. and Schistorophus limosae sp.nov. are in the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in Sydney. Other holotypes are in the South Australian Museum, and paratypes in the Helminthological Collection of the Zoology Department of the University of Adelaide.
The nutrition of sporocysts of the trematode Cercaria doricha Rothschild, 1935 in the molluscan host Turritella communis Risso
Authors: Negus Michael R. S.
Published: June 2009

An investigation was carried out to discover how the sporocysts of Cercaria doricha obtain nutrients from their host Turritella and how castration of the snail is brought about.

Histological studies of infected molluscan visceral humps showed no trace of toxic or mechanical damage by parasites. There appears to be an inverse relationship between the number of sporocysts and the amount of gonadial tissue.

Biochemical analyses of molluscan tissues indicated that parasitized snails were not depleted of amino acids or purines. The concentration of plasma protein was higher in parasitized snails and the concentration of free amino nitrogen in head–foot muscle showed an increase of 7%. Histochemical investigations indicated that sporocysts do not remove glycogen from the molluscan connective tissue which surrounds them. The sporocysts appear to lack copious secretions of proteinase.

The lack of conditions of starvation in parasitized specimens of Turritella, together with the great similarity of the free amino acid pools of sporocysts and molluscan gonad, suggests that the sporocysts obtain their food supply directly from the gonadial tubules. It is concluded that this is achieved by use of a placenta-like region of the sporocyst wall which is in contact with the gonadial tubule and which appears to be identical with the region of proliferation of the cercariae.

This paper formed part of a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Reading. I wish to thank the Science Research Council and the University of Reading for financial awards, and Professor Alistair Graham for encouragement and guidance during the work.
The effect of splenectomy upon infection withEimeria tenella
Authors: Rose M. Elaine
Published: June 2009

Splenectomy, either alone or in conjunction with hormonal bursectomy, did not appreciably affectE. tenellainfections as measured by oocyst output.

Operated birds became resistant to re-infection as readily as the controls and it seems unlikely that the spleen in chickens plays an essential role in the host's defence against theEimeria.

Thanks are due to my colleague, Mr P. L. Long, for his advice and interest throughout the work. Mrs J. Simpson gave valuable technical assistance.
Growth, longevity, and the frequency of feeding ofGlossina pallidipesAusten
Authors: Odhiambo Thomas R.
Published: June 2009

Glossina pallidipesAusten have been successfully reared in the adult stage in the laboratory. The flies fed readily on the belly of guinea-pigs, and the latter did not seem to be worried by the attentions of the flies.

Immediately after adult emergence the flies were kept individually in tubes at four different temperatures (20°, 22°, 24° and 28 °C), at a relative humidity of 40 ± 5%, and they were offered guinea-pigs daily. Fifty per cent of the flies reared at temperatures of 20° and 28 °C died during the first 5 days, 50% of those reared at 24 °C died during the first 10 days, and 50% of those reared at 22 °C lived for more than 50 days.

Few flies reared at 20° or 28 °C fed at all, and those that did had only four or five meals in their life-time; most of the flies reared at 22° or 24 °C did feed, but those reared at 24° took only a few meals. Most of these meals were ‘full’ ones, but a considerable proportion of meals taken by flies reared at 20 °C were ‘partial’ ones. The interval between meals was usually 3 or 4 days; but the time taken between adult emergence and time of first meal was shorter, except for the flies reared at 20 °C.

When tsetse flies are reared at 22 °C the first six blood-meals are smaller than subsequent ones. The size of the meals and the rate of body growth do not seem to be related to the gonadotrophic cycles. On the other hand, the terminal phase of growth in both sexes shows a steady increase in body weight.

The factors that might influence feeding, growth, and the longevity of adult tsetse flies are discussed.

Thanks are extended to Mr J. M. B. Harley of the East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization for sending me tsetse pupae, to Miss Caroline Walter and Mr John Boro for technical assistance, and to the Rockefeller Foundation for a research grant.
Studies on ascaridoid nematodes in pythons: redefinition of Ophidascaris filaria and Polydelphis anoura
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

Host records, geographical distribution, and the taxonomy and synonymy, of the ascaridoid nematodes recorded as occurring in the python family, are presented. The evidence indicates that, besides Amplicaecum robertsi, which is so far reported only from Australian pythons, and possibly Hexametra quadricornis, there are two other distinct species which can be regarded as natural parasites of pythons, namely Ophidascaris filaria and Polydelphis anoura; these two species are described from specimens from Queensland pythons and compared with specimens from Africa and India. Perhaps it may eventually be established that further distinct species, or subspecies can be differentiated among the ascaridoid nematodes of pythons in different geographic areas, in addition to the above-named species. But it is suggested that the existing criteria for differentiation of other previously named species are not valid. Accordingly, it is proposed that the following specific names be reduced to synonymy within these two species respectively. Under O. filaria: rubicunda (male), infundibulicola, baylisi, and amucronata; ajgaris is a doubtful species. Under P. anoura: attenuata rubicunda (female), oculata, and bicornuta; mucronata is a doubtful species.

Grateful acknowledgement is made of help, advice and co-operation on various aspects of this work which have been received from the following: Dr W. W. Becklund, Beltsville, Md.; Dr A. G. Chabaud, Museum National d'Histoire naturelle, Paris; Mr H. G. Cogger, The Australian Museum, Sydney; Dr G. Hartwich, Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Zoologisches Museum, Der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Dr W. G. Inglis, British Museum (Natural History); London; Dr P. Tate, University of Cambridge.

The invaluable technical assistance of Ann McKeown and Marian Hollis is also gratefully acknowledged.

This work was financed by a grant from the Australian Research Grants Committee.
New host records for Plasmodium diploglossi, P. tropiduri Aragão and Neiva, 1909, and P. cnemidophori Carini, 1941
Authors: Lainson R. , Shaw J. J.
Published: June 2009

Plasmodium (Sauramoeba) diploglossi Aragão & Neiva, 1909, has been rediscovered in the skink Mabuya mabouya (Scincidae). This appears to be the first time that this malaria parasite has been re-encountered since its original description in the lizard Diploglossus fasciatus (Anguidae). Six out of 20 skinks were infected, all from the Utinga Forest, Belém, Pará, north Brazil.

P. (Sauramoeba) tropiduri Aragao & Neiva, 1909, is redescribed in the samelizard, Mabuya mabouya, representing a new host record. Many of the infections were concomitant with P. diploglossi. Exo-erythrocytic schizonts were encountered in blood and tissue smears but it remains uncertain to which parasite they belong.

P. (Sauramoeba) cnemidophori Carini, 1941, has been found in the teiid lizard Ameiva ameiva, a new host record. Exo-erythrocytic schizonts were abundant in lymphocytes and thrombocytes of the peripheral blood.

The cost of the colour plate was defrayed by the Wellcome Parasitology Unit, Institute Evandro Chagas, Fundacao Servico Especial de Saúde Pública, Belem, Pará, Brazil.
Effect of temperature on hatching and viability of the eggs of Bunostomum trigonocephalum Rudolphi, 1808
Authors: Premvati G. , Narain Bandana
Published: June 2009

The effect of temperature on the hatching and viability of the eggs of Bunostomum trigonocephalum in a tropical climate is described. All experiments were performed with 500 eggs in each dish of saline medium. Experiments on hatching of eggs at any one temperature were repeated twelve times and on viability of eggs eight times.

The range of temperature for hatching was found to be 10–34 °C. The time for commencement and for termination of hatching of eggs (in hours) was 18 and 48 at 34 °C, 21 and 51 at 30 °C, 24 and 54 at 25 °C, 45 and 78 at 20 °C, 77 and 119 at 15 °C, and 264 and 360 at 10 °C.

The rate of hatching of eggs was observed at temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 34 °C. Maximum hatching took place at 34 °C, which is also the optimum temperature for hatching. At a temperature of 10 °C, 98–99% of the eggs did not develop.

The viability of eggs was observed at temperatures above and below the hatching range. Eggs remained viable up to 7 h at – 10 °C, 5 days at 0 °C, 7 days at 5 °C, 10 h at 35 °C, 6 h at 40 °C, 1 h at 45 °C, and 20 min at 50 °C.

The authors wish to acknowledge a research grant from the Scientific Research Committee, Uttar Pradesh, India. We also express our thanks to Professor M. B. Lal for his kind encouragement and interest throughout this study.
Studies on the host–parasite interface of strigeoid trematodes
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the lappets of Apatemon gracilis minor Yamaguti, 1933, has been described. The tegument covering the lappets is characterized by the presence of long seta-like structures and unicellular gland cells which exhibit a holocrine type of secretion. The setae contain extensions of the tegument cytoplasm and are supported by a bundle of fibrils. The unicellular gland cells are pear-shaped with the tapering neck supported by a ring of 50–60 microtubules. The secretion consists of relatively large, membrane bounded bodies containing a fine granular material.

The lappets are regarded as representing a specialized host–parasite interface in which adaptation exists for attachment to the host tissue and the discharge of secretion from the parasite at this region. The concept of the specialized host–parasite interface is discussed and extended to include Apatemon gracilis minor.

The author wishes to acknowledge the research grant provided by the S.R.C. for the purchase of a vacuum coating unit and an AEI EM 6 electron microscope. The progress of this study was greatly facilitated by the excellent assistance of Mr T. Davies and Miss C. Green. The stereoscan micrograph (P1. 1, fig. 2) is published by permission of the Cambridge Instrument Company.
A new nematode Pharyngodon morgani sp.nov., intestinal parasite of a lizard, Mabuya striata, in Nyasaland
Authors: Fitzsimmons W. M.
Published: June 2009

Definition. Oxyurinae—mouth with three small lips; cuticle with or without lateral flanges; vestibule absent; oesophagus with a posterior globular bulb containing a valvular apparatus and separated from the rest of the oesophagus by a slight constriction; excretory pore behind the oesophageal bulb; posterior extremity of the body in both sexes obliquely truncate ventrally at the level of the anus, rounded and prolonged as a long subulate tail which is provided with spines or smooth.
A morphological and histochemical study of the cystogenic cells of the cercaria ofFasciola hepaticaL.
Authors: Dixon K. E.
Published: June 2009

The cercaria ofFasciola hepaticahas four types of cystogenic cells which can be characterized by their position and by their histochemical properties. On the basis of their histochemical reactions, each type of cell was related to a specific layer in the cyst wall of the metacercaria.

The tanned protein cells occupy almost all of the ventral half of the body and contain large granules consisting of basic protein and phenols. Although the presence of a phenolase could not be demonstrated, it is considered that the granules are composed of tanned protein. Before the cercaria leaves the redia, the granules are secreted to the exterior to form a layer contained by a thin, bounding membrane. The tanned protein cells form layer I of the cyst wall.

The mucopolysaccharide cells are concentrated at the dorsal and dorso–lateral surface except for a few around the ventral sucker. They contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides and contribute to layers II and IIIbandc.Some of the granules are secreted to the exterior before the cercaria leaves the redia, in a similar manner to the tanned protein granules.

The mucoprotein cells are few in number and lie centrally between the ventral sucker and the pharynx. They give reactions for proteins and carbohydrate-protein complexes and probably help to form layers II and IIIaof the cyst wall.

The keratin cells fill almost the entire dorsal half of the body and contain numerous rod-like granules. These rods are composed of a protein containing sulphydryl groups and disulphide bonds and give rise to layer IV. After secretion of the tanned protein granules to the exterior, some of the keratin cells move to the ventral part of the body formerly occupied by the tanned protein cells.

The outer cyst wall exists in a preformed state in the free swimming cercaria.

I am grateful to Professor J. D. Smyth and Dr J. A. Clegg of this department for advice and encouragement during this investigation and in the preparation of the manuscript. The work was done during the tenure of a Commonwealth Post-Graduate Scholarship.
Significance of Achromobacter nematophilus Poinar and Thomas (Achromobacteraceae: Eubacteriales) in the development of the nematode, DD-136 (Neoaplectana sp. Steinernematidae)
Authors: Poinar George O. , Thomas Gerard M.
Published: June 2009

By culturing Galleria mellonella, Neoaplectana sp. (DD-136) and Achromobacter nematophilus separately under axenic conditions in the laboratory, it was possible to study the relationship between the bacterium and nematode during nematode parasitism of the insect.

The infective-stage juveniles of the nematode were able to penetrate and kill the insect host without the presence of A. nematophilus or any other bacterium. However, without accompanying bacteria the nematode was unable to reproduce. Only when A. nematophilus or a possible replacement, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was added to the blood did reproduction occur.

The relationship between A. nematophilus and the nematode is considered a mutualistic one, since the bacterium lives and is protected inside the intestine of the free-living stage of the nematode and is transported and released by the nematode to the haemolymph of a host insect. The nematode, in turn, is dependent on the bacterium for reproduction.
The significance of size in the immature stages of the Ixodoidea
Authors: Arthur Don. R. , Snow Keith
Published: June 2009

Previous studies on variation in size in the immature stages of ixodid ticks have been based on the assumption that the progeny of single females constitute a homogeneous population.

From the present work on the immature stages of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum, and by following larvae and nymphs to the adult stage, it is clear that there are two size groups of larvae and nymphs which reflect their potential sexuality. Larvae and nymphs which give rise to males are smaller in size than those which produce females. This size difference of the immature stages has other implications, for larvae and nymphs destined to become males imbibe, on average, about two-thirds the quantity of nutrients of those which yield females. Because of these apparent morphological and behavioural feeding mechanisms, which appear to be genetically determined, differences in physiological patterns of activity in the immature stages of the two sexes cannot be overlooked and may prove useful in elucidating the transmission of pathogenic organisms by larvae and nymphs.

We are grateful to Dr R. P. Chaudhuri for providing us with the original ticks from which our culture was started, and one of us (K.S.) to the Science Research Council for the provision of a research grant.
Nerve cells inAcanthobothrium coronatum(Rud.) (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The nervous system ofAcanthobothrium coronatumconsists of paired bilobed cerebral ganglia in the scolex joined by a transverse and a dorsal and ventral commissure, and a number of longitudinal nerve cords joined by ring commissures from which arise delicate nerves supplying various organs.

Bipolar neurons are present in the transverse commissure and scattered throughout the longitudinal nerves in the strobila.

Multipolar neurons occur outside and in close association with the nerve cords.

A band of ganglionic cells lies on the inner side of the lateral nerve cords in the scolex.

Binding cells are present around the longitudinal nerve cords and ring commissures in the strobila.

Stretch receptors are present in the anterior half of the scolex in association with the powerful muscles moving the bothridia and hooks.
Infections with Heterakis gallinarum in chickens following recovery from histomoniasis
Authors: Joyner L. P.
Published: June 2009

Chickens which have recovered from an initial Histomonas infection are better hosts for Heterakis gallinarum than chickens which are fully susceptible to Histomonas. Not only do they support more nematodes but the immature worms, measured 12 and 14 days after infection, are larger.

Acknowledgements are due to Miss C. N. Hebert who carried out the statistical analysis and to Mr C. C. Norton for technical assistance.
Nematode parasites of Oceanica
Authors: Wakelin D. , Schmidt Gerald D. , Kuntz R. E.
Published: June 2009

The capillariid nematodes present in avian hosts collected in Palawan and Borneo are recorded and described. Three new species are established, Capillaria javanensis from Dinopium javanense everetti, Drycopus javanensis hargitti, Mei-glyptes tukki tukki and Megalaima chrysopogon chrysopsis, Capillaria pitti from Pitta sordida sordida, Copyschus niger niger, Copyschus saularis and Chalcophaps indica indica, and Capillaria anthracocerosi from Anthracoceros marchei. Capillaria tridens and C. madseni are recorded from new hosts.

We wish to acknowledge the field support by Dr D. S. Rabor, Department of Biology, Silliman University, Damaguete City, Negros Oriental, Republic of the Philippines, and the technicians of the Parasitology Department of Naval Medical Research Unit No. 2 for general assistance in procurement and examination of hosts. The authors are indebted to Messrs H. G. Deignan (deceased) and George Watson, U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., as well as to Dr Rabor for identification of hosts. Dr B. J. Myers assisted with the initial handling of the spe

Initial work for this study was supported by funding under Public Law 480, Section 104(c), by funds provided by the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Navy Department Work Unit MR 005.20–0098, by contract no. NR 103–690/N 0014–66–C 0094, between the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and the Southwest Foundation for Research and Education, and grant no. 5 P01-GM-13252–02 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, DHEW. Final efforts were sponsored by the Department of the Army, contract no. DADA 17–68-C-8094.
The use of red cell antigens for timing break-down of erythrocytes during digestion inOrnithodoros savignyi(Audouin, 1827)
Authors: Osterhoff D. R. , Gothe R.
Published: June 2009

The commencement and duration of haemolysis and the length of time the erythrocytes remain intact in engorged virgin and fertilized females and in maleOrnithodoros savignyiwere investigated by means of red cell antigens.

There were no differences between fertilized and unfertilized females, haemolytic tests were possible in both groups up to 120 h after engorgement.

In the male group haemolytic tests were possible only up to 24 h after engorgement.

In both female groups inhibition of thein vitrohaemolysis could be observed until the fifth day, after feeding on a calf with erythrocyte mosaicism, indicating the loss or masking of antigens due to the damage of cell walls.

The authors wish to thank Dr G. Theiler for her interest and advice during this work.
The dynamics of the host–parasite relationship IV. The response of sheep to graded and to repeated infection with Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Dineen J. K. , Wagland B. M.
Published: June 2009

In the present experiment the response of sheep to a single infection with Haemonchus contortus at graded doses, and their responses to two subsequent infections with 3000 infective larvae, were studied. The response of the sheep was investigated by estimation of faecal worm egg counts on alternate days throughout the course of the experiment and by following the development of the parasite by differential worm counts performed on animals slaughtered at crucial times.

Initial infections were established with graded doses of 500–2700 infective larvae. The proportion of infective larvae which became established at each dose, development of the worm burden and fecundity per adult worm were similar for each dose.

Following first challenge infection with 3000 infective larvae there were no effects which could be related to the previous level of infection. Whereas there was no difference in egg production per female worm, a small but consistent increase in the number of retarded larvae was observed in the previously infected animals (6% of the burden was in the 4th larval stage at day 56) compared with the previously uninfected control animals (2% in the 4th stage at day 56).

Following a second challenge with 3000 infective larvae an increase in the number of retarded larvae was again observed, and, in addition, egg production per female worm was reduced compared with egg production in previously uninfected sheep given a similar challenge infection.

The results of the initial infections suggest that control of the growth and development of H. contortus infection by factors independent of an active host response does not occur in worm burdens established from doses as high as 2700 infective larvae.
The structure and permeability of the shell and vitelline membrane of the egg of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Wilson R. A.
Published: June 2009

The egg shell of Fasciola was investigated by electron microscopy and found to consist of a fine reticulum of fibrils. No evidence for concentric lamellae was discovered.

The amino acids of the shell were identified using chromatography and it was suggested that the original protein was of a simple fibrous type. An unidentified spot was thought to represent a hydrolysis product of the cross-linkage. The effect of sodium hypochlorite on the shell, was also studied.

The ‘vitelline membrane’ of the fully developed egg was found to consist of a layer of peri-vitelline material beneath which were two closely opposed unit membranes. The origin of these layers was discussed.

The permeability of the shell and vitelline membrane was studied using simple physical techniques and radiotracers. The shell was found to be freely permeable to small molecules. The vitelline membrane complex was thought to represent the main barrier to permeability but an uptake of phosphate ions amounting to 8% of total phosphate, was recorded. This may have been more apparent than real as most of the activity was probably associated with egg shells rather than contents.

I would like to thank Professor O. W. Richards in whose department this work was carried out, Dr F. Call for supervision of the work and Professor B. G. Peters for his many helpful criticisms. Lastly, I am indebted to Miss M. Morris without whose expert assistance the electron microscope studies would not have been possible.
The ultrastructure of the capsule of the larval stages of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) in the cockroach Periplaneta americana
Authors: Mercer E. H. , Nicholas W. L.
Published: June 2009

The capsule, which surrounds the acanthocephalan parasite Moniliformis dubius in its intermediate host, the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, has been studied in the electron microscope. Some observations were also made with the light microscope.

The capsule surrounding the developing parasite (acanthella) taken from the haemocoel of its host consists largely of closely packed vesicles, which are empty of electron-dense contents.

The vesicles arise from the surface membrane of the insect's haemocytes, which surround the parasite. Long tubular protrusions arise from the haemocyte's surface and, on separating, swell to form rounded vesicles.

The capsule, which surrounds the later resting stage (cystacanth), has apparently been stretched by the growth of the parasite after haemocytic activity has declined. An amorphous, electron–dense component is also evident at this stage.

We are grateful to Mrs A. Baker and Miss R. Jantunen for their technical assistance and to Dr A. C. S. Crossley for his comments on the work.
Some effects of cortisone and sex on the biology of coenuriasis in laboratory mice and jackrabbits
Authors: Esch Gerald W.
Published: June 2009

Experimentally infected female mice and naturally infected female jackrabbits are more susceptible to infection with Taenia multiceps than males. It appears that cortisone has the greatest effect in altering rates in mice when injected between days 1 and 14 following exposure of mice. Cortisone elevates infection rates in male mice but not in females. Cortisone does, however, alter the distribution pattern in a similar manner in both sexes. The biology of coenuriasis in rabbits and mice is discussed and compared.

I wish to thank Dr J. R. Egerton of the Merck Institute, Rahway, New Jersey, for supplying cortisone used in this study. I also thank Dr Robert Sullivan and Dr Ralph Amen for their criticisms and suggestions in the preparation of this manuscript.
Caryospora demansiae sp.nov. (Sporozoa: Eimeriidae) from the Australian snake Demansia psammophis (Elapidae)
Authors: Cannon L. R. G.
Published: June 2009

A new coccidium Caryospora demansiae sp.nov. is described from the Australian snake Demansia psammophis (Elapidae). This is the first report of this genus from Australia. A host check-list of the genus Caryospora is given and the characters of the known species are tabulated.

I would like to thank Mr O. Kelly and Mr J. Winter of the Zoology Department, University of Queensland, for help with supplying the snakes and to Dr H. M. D. Hoyte of the Parasitology Department, University of Queensland, for his careful reading of the manuscript.
New coccidia from Australian lizards I. Isospora
Authors: Cannon L. R. G.
Published: June 2009

Three new species of Isospora from Australian lizards are described, viz. Isospora amphiboluri from Amphibolurus barbatus (Agamidae), I. egerniae from Egernia whitii (Scincidae), and I. ablephari from Ablepharus boutonii (Scincidae) and Heteronota bineoi (Gekkonidae). A further Isospora sp. is mentioned from Phyllurus cornutus (Gekkonidae). A table of comparative data of lacertilian Isospora is given, and also a host check-list.

I would like to thank Miss J. Arnold of the Department of Zoology, University of Western Australia, for her identification of many of the lizards, and Miss S. Curtis for her drawings. Finally I wish to thank Dr H. M. D. Hoyte, Department of Parasitology, University of Queensland, for his interest, and helpful criticism of the manuscript.
The ultrastructure of a haemogregarine parasitic inGehyra variegata(Duméril & Bibron, 1836)
Authors: Stehbens W. E. , Johnston M. R. L.
Published: June 2009

The ultrastructure of the intra-erythrocytic stage of a haemogregarine in the gecko,Gehyra variegata, has been studied and numerous points of similarity toPlasmodium, Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, Lankesterella, Eimeriaand the M-organism were found. The protozoon was invested by a triple-layered pellicle, and possessed at least two micropyles. A conoid and apical rings were observed at the anterior end. Other cell constituents included nucleus, microtubules, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, toxonemes and a variety of vacuoles. Loosely surrounding the parasite was an unusual convoluted membrane, which in appropriate planes of section, displayed corrugations on both surfaces. It was not clear whether this membranous structure should be regarded as an integral part of the protozoon or as an external coat which could be discarded upon emergence from the host red cell. Within its external sheath, the parasite lay in a periparasitic vacuole which was limited by a conventional unit membrane from the host red cell cytoplasm. The parasite did not exhibit any evidence of pinocytosis or phagocytosis.

Our sincere thanks are due to Dr E. H. Mercer, Professor J. D. Smyth and Dr M. J. Mackerras for advice. Miss N. Carroll gave technical assistance.
Induction of immunological tolerance in rats toNippostrongylus brasiliensisinfection
Authors: Kassai T. , Aitken I. D.
Published: June 2009

A successful attempt was made to induce immunological tolerance toN. brasiliensisin laboratory rats by exposing them to larval infections before the age of immunological maturity.

The adult capacity of rats to eliminate a primary infection in 3 weeks and to acquire resistance to reinfection was developed by 5 weeks of age. On the other hand, primary infections of 250–660 larvae, originating before 4 weeks of age, survived in 61 of 83 rats up to 10 weeks. These rats were not resistant to challenge at 5 or 7 weeks of age, nor did the challenge infection undergo immune elimination. Such tolerance was evident even in rats whose primary worm burden was chemically abbreviated prior to challenge.

It was not always possible to distinguish between tolerant and immune animals on the basis of egg output patterns. Suppression of egg output occurred even in tolerant rats harbouring relatively stable female populations.

For immunological experiments onN. brasiliensisinfection in rats, the determination of a ‘take ratio’ is advocated: (20 day take/10 day take) × 100. This ratioeliminates the error inherent in variability oftakes and renders comparable the results of different experiments.

The work was carried out in 1965 during tenure by one of us (T.K.) of an Exchange Scholarship under the British–Hungarian Cultural Agreement. Supervision by Professor W. Mulligan and the co-operation of colleagues in the Wellcome Laboratories are gratefully acknowledged.
Immunity to Eimeria tenella and Eimeria necatrix infections in the fowl
Authors: Rose M. Elaine
Published: June 2009

Resistance to E. necatrix induced by complete life-cycle infections was transferable from duodenum to caeca and vice versa.

Complete life-cycle infections with E. tenella protected against subsequent attempts to infect with 2nd-generation merozoites. A similar experiment using E. necatrix showed a partial effect.

E. necatrix gametogony-only infections did not protect against subsequent gametogony-only infections and did not protect against schizogony in the duodenum. They did suppress oocyst production resulting from entire life-cycle infections.

Satisfactory oocyst production from the intra-caecal inoculation of second generation E. necatrix merozoites was not obtained.

Repeated oral infections with E. tenella or E. necatrix reduced subsequent cross-infections with E. necatrix or E. tenella respectively by approximately half. Both schizogony and gametogony stages were affected.

A similar result was obtained with E. tenella oocyst inoculation when previous infections were initiated by the intra-caecal injection of E. necatrix sporozoites.

Oocyst production from the oral administration of E. tenella oocysts to birds previously infected with gametogony stages only of E. necatrix was much reduced but the schizogony stages of the challenge infection were not appreciably affected. Previous repeated caecal inoculation of E. necatrix merozoites did not reduce oocyst production from subsequent inoculations of E. tenella merozoites or of E. necatrix merozoites.

Thanks are due to Mr P. L. Long for his interest and advice. The excellent technical assistance of Mr Brian Millard and other members of the Parasitology Department is also gratefully acknowledged.
The ingestion of particulate lipid containing a fluorochome dye, Acridine Orange, by Trypanosoma lewisi
Authors: Wotton R. M. , Becker D. A.
Published: June 2009

When Acridine Orange was dispersed in cod-liver oil, its characteristic green fluorescence remained unaltered following absorption of this mixture into the peripheral circulation from the intestine. This result implies that there was little or no change in the lipid or its suspensoid as a result of undergoing this physiological process. The selective combination of this dye in aqueous solution with the cytoplasmic components of specimens of Trypanosoma lewisi, also present in the blood smears with the droplets of the green-appearing oil, resulted in an alteration of fluorescence as indicated by the rose red appearance of these organisms.

The present findings on the absorption of lipid droplets, containing a fluorochrome, by trypanosomes occurring simultaneously in the circulation of rats confirm similar observations reported by Wotton & Halsey (1957). The possibility is suggested again that fats and oils may serve as pharmacological vehicles for orally administered trypanosomides for the elimination of trypanosomes.

Part of this study was carried out in the department of Zoology and Anatomy of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, and was supported in part by a grant from the Nebraska Heart Association for 1959. We would like also to extend our appreciation to the Division of Laboratories of the Nebraska State Health Department of Lincoln, Nebraska, for the use of their ‘Fluorex’, ultraviolet illumination microscope unit.
On Adlerocystis n.gen. (Phycomycetes) a symbiote of Ornithodoros ticks
Authors: Feldman-Muhsam B. , Havivi Y.
Published: June 2009

A n.gen. and n.sp. of a yeast-like micro-organism—Adlerocystis ornithodori—is described. This micro-organism is probably a symbiote of sperm cells of Ornithodoros tholozani. Another species, A. parkeri n.sp., is found in O. parkeri.

Adlerocystis sp. were also found in O. coriaceus, O. nicollei, O. erraticus, and O. savignyi.

The earliest stage of development of A. ornithodori was observed in the posterior lobe of the complex of accessory genital glands of the male, where it has the shape of a round cell. It is spindle-shaped when attached to the mature sperm in the spermatophore.

The development of A. ornithodori from a round cell to an elongated spindle-shaped organism, in vitro in the spermatophore, as well as in vitro, is described.

We wish to thank Dr W. Burgdorfer, the Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Mr R. Garcia, University of California, and Mr A. Avivi, the Israeli Institute of Biology, who provided ticks, as well as Mr E. B. Kennedy for taking the microphotographs and Mr N. Shultan from the Elyahu and Rosa Wunsch Electron Microscopy Laboratory for the electron micrograph, both from the Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem.
A contribution to the morphology and life history ofProteocephalus niloticus(Beddard, 1913) fromVaranus niloticus(L.) in Ghana
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. A plerocercoid of ‘Acanthotaenia’ has been found in large numbers in ‘cysts’ in the pancreas ofRana occipitalis(Günther) in Ghana.

2. ‘Cysts’ containing plerocercoids were fed toVaranus niloticus(L.). Adults ofProteocephalus niloticus(Beddard) were recovered from the intestine 3 weeks later.

3. It is suggested that the life cycle involves three hosts, the first being a copepod.

4. The morphology of the larva and adult is described.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the authorities of the University of Ghana for inviting me to spend some time in the Zoology Department there. I am most grateful, also, to Professor R. D. Purchon for his kindly interest and for the facilities which he placed at my disposal. It is a pleasure to thank Dr J. D. Thomas and the technical staff for their assistance in the collection of material.
A new record of Ellobiopsis chattoni (Flagellata incertae sedis) and its incidence in a population of Undinula vulgaris var. major (Crustacea Copepoda)
Authors: Wickstead J. H.
Published: June 2009

The presence of Ellobiopsis chattoni is recorded on Undinula vulgaris var. major for the first time.

The presence of this parasite in shallow tropical water, within a temperature range of 25·92–26·28° C. (salinity range 35·43–36·38‰) is recorded for the first time.

It is noted that the parasite was completely species specific to its host.

Table l analyses the incidence of the parasite in a population of Undinula vulgaris.

It was found that the parasite affected egg production in the ovaries. The suggestion is that it produces a starvation effect on the copepod, this effect being reversible.
Experimental approaches to the chemotherapy of Trichomoniasis
Authors: Ryley J. F. , Stacey G. J.
Published: June 2009

1. Experimental systems are described for studying the interaction of compounds with various species of trichomonad.In vitrosystems have been used to study the effects of compounds on trichomonads growing in culture and to determine the speed of action of compounds on non-dividing populations.In vivoexperiments have utilized vaginal infections in hamsters and subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intra-muscular and caecal infections in mice.In vitroassays have also been carried out on serum and urine obtained from non-infected rats or monkeys dosed with compounds showingin vitroactivity.

2. The types of activity which can be obtained experimentally are illustrated by reference to a number of local remedies already available and to representatives of a number of chemical types, notably acridines, quinoxaline N-oxides, anthrapyrimidines, nitrofurans, thiazoles, imidazoles and pyrazoles.

We thank Dr R. F. Jennison and Mr H. Francis for clinical trial results, Drs J. K. Landquist, G. V. McHattie and D. Richardson for synthesis of some of the compounds mentioned, Dr G. E. Paget for toxicity data, Dr W. M. Duncan for data on the metabolism of 5667, Dr J. M. Pryce for pK determinations and Mrs M. Ryley, P. Ward, A. Fletcher, D. Wood and Miss V. Rowe for technical assistance at various stages in the work.
The evolution of acquired immunity to parasites
Authors: Mitchison N. A.
Published: June 2009

Evolutionary pressures exerted by parasites on the immune system, and vice versa, are surveyed from a speculative viewpoint. New information is presented about the possible channelling of suppression by MHC Class II genes in the mouse, where a novel pattern of dominant unresponsiveness mediated by H-2Abis described. In addition, the hypothesis is advanced that phosphatidyl–inositol anchorage on the surface of parasites may represent a novel evasion mechanism, in which the spread of the immune response by epitope linkage is inhibited by host phospholipase.
Immunological response of rabbits toToxocara canisinfection
Authors: Fernando S. T.
Published: June 2009

Studies on immunological response of rabbits toToxocara canisinfection have been reported. It was observed that rabbits previously infected by two sublethal doses of 1200 infective ova each, with a 14-day interval between the two doses, acquired strong immunity to the effects of reinfestation induced by a large dose of infective ova, i.e. 100000. Post-mortem studies indicate that immunity is mainly directed against the migration of larvae to the lungs. The animals which resisted the effects of reinfestation showed an enhanced antibody response as shown by complement-fixation and agar-diffusion precipitin tests.

The precipitin reaction in the sera of animals infected by oral and subcutaneous routes respectively was studied with three preparations of antigen, namely, saline extracts, boiled saline extracts of adult worms, and saline extracts of infective ova. It was observed that the extract of adult worms was deficient in a minimum of three antigenic components present in the extract of infective ova.

It is a pleasure to thank Professor C. A. McGaughey for the facilities given for this study, Professor P. Seneviratna for his constructive criticism, and Messrs W. G. Senaratne and K. G. Karunaratne for technical assistance and the photo graphy respectively.
Chick embryo infections for the evaluation of anticoccidial drugs
Authors: Ryley J. F.
Published: June 2009

Chick embryos have been infected with sporozoites of Eimeria tenella, but not with E. brunetti, and died from coccidiosis 5 days after infection.

Chick embryos can be protected from death due to coccidiosis by some but not all drugs which give a therapeutic response in chickens. The system is therefore not satisfactory as a screening tool, but may have applications in studies on the nature of drug activity.