bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation and competition among library networks
Authors: Robinson Barbara M.
Published: June 2007

Recent technological advances and the success of OCLC, Inc. has led to the emergence of three additional nonprofit library networks: the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN) of the Research Libraries Group, Inc., the University of Toronto Library Automation System (UTLAS), and the Washington Library Network (WLN). This paper examines the economic and technological factors affecting the evolution of these networks and also explores the role of those state and regional (multistate) networks that broker OCLC services. The competitive and cooperative nature of network relationships is a major theme of the discussion.
Implications of holography for information systems
Authors: Voos Henry
Published: June 2007

The advantages of using holography for information storage and other applications is presented. The advantages are higher storage capacity than semiconductor memories, bubble memories, or CCDs; utilization for character recognition; three‐dimensional projection; television discs; color reproduction; ability to combine with other technologies such as optical fibers, videodisk; reference; and file security systems.
The relational model in information retrieval
Authors: Crawford Robert G.
Published: June 2007

The relational model has received increasing attention during the past decade. Its advantages include simplicity, consistency, and a sound theoretical basis. In this article, the naturalness of viewing information retrieval relationally is demonstrated. The relational model is presented, and the relational organization of a bibliographical database is shown. The notion of normalization is introduced and first, second, third, and fourth normal forms are demonstrated. Relational languages are discussed, including the relational calculus, relational algebra, and SEQUEL. Numerous examples pertinent to information retrieval are presented in these relational languages. Advantages of the relational approach to information retrieval are noted.
Comparison of recent acquisitions and OCLC find rates for three canadian special libraries
Authors: Dingle‐Cliff Susan , Davis Charles H.
Published: June 2007

Acquisitions of three Canadian addictions libraries from April 1977 to February 1978 were searched on the OCLC database. Of the 601 titles, 422 were found, giving an average find rate of 70.2%. Find rates for the individual libraries ranged from 67 to 74%. These find rates compare favorably with those reported for U.S. special libraries. Three distinct patterns are revealed for the subject breakdowns of each library's acquisition. The two smaller libraries‐in British Columbia and Alberta‐emphasize either alcohol or drugs with nearly equal emphasis on secondary social science, health, and science materials. The largest library‐in Ontario‐shows a balance among alcohol, drugs, and secondary materials. When each library was compared with the others, the chi‐square test for independence showed a difference at the 0.01 significance level. Seventy‐six percent of the items searched were U.S. materials; 19.5% of all items were Canadian titles and constituted 80% of all non‐U.S. materials. Nearly 10% of all items found were Canadian titles. The find rate for Canadian materials in OCLC is substantially lower than that for others. However, with nearly four‐fifths of their acquisitions from non‐Canadian sources, these three Canadian libraries could clearly benefit from using OCLC for verification and cataloging.
Computer technology: State of the art
Authors: Withington Frederic G.
Published: June 2007

This article describes the nature of modern general‐purpose computer systems. First it describes their hardware. The state of the semiconductor electronics art is discussed, with emphasis on the trend to microprocessors and large‐scale memory chips. Then the various computer architectures in use are presented, showing the influence of electronic component evolution on the trend from processor‐centered designs through storage‐centered and multiprocessor designs to bus‐oriented ones. After a brief discussion of input‐output technology the article turns to system control programs, in many ways the most important aspect of computer systems as perceived by the user. Brief definitions and functional descriptions are provided of operating systems, program writing aids, database management systems, communications control programs, and utility programs.
Transmission of information: An overview
Authors: Thoma George R.
Published: June 2007

This article starts by discussing the basic principles of, and fundamental limitations encountered in, the transmission of information. A review of different types of networks is presented next, followed by a discussion of two relatively recent transmission media, satellites and optical fibers, that are increasingly being used to implement the networks.
Technology and communication in the future
Authors: Kochen Manfred
Published: June 2007

A new technology is emerging from the convergence of computers and communications. It has probable and important uses in the home, office, factory, community, school, and library. It may amplify cognition, regulate affect, and improve communication and control in social interactions. This would help people to meet better such basic needs as survival, security, and sense of belonging. The likely long‐term change in the structure of existing service institutions is further decentralization, up to a degree. New service units are likely to emerge. Overriding all other considerations is the need for persons, rather than the momentum of technological change, to shape the use of technology now with primacy given to the human aspects of home and office systems of the future.
Adjusted age distribution and its application to impact factor and immediacy index
Authors: Asai Isao
Published: June 2007

For the age count between citing and cited papers, the difference in the year of publication is widely used. In some cases, the frequency obtained is inaccurate because of age bias. This article describes a probabilistic method for adjusting the raw frequency, and its application to the impact factor and immediacy index in journal evaluation. The main procedure is that 1/8 of the raw frequency at any given age is assigned to the previous age and to the following age, respectively. Adjusting the frequency over all ages of use, the curve representing the age distribution becomes smoother.
An analysis of the differences between density‐of‐use ranking and raw‐use ranking of library journal use
Authors: Mankin Carole J. , Bastille Jacqueline D.
Published: June 2007

Reports of journal titles ranked by use with space and cost information included for each title can provide a means for making certain objective journal collection development decisions. Each title can be assessed in relation to the others and the data for all titles can be cumulated so that decisions can be made at various cutoff points. Simple ranking of titles by raw use (RUR) may be inadequate and should be adjusted by some measure to allow for how much of the title is available to the user at the time of the collection of the use data. If the raw‐use frequency of a title is divided by the actual linear shelf space of the title's file, a “density‐of‐use” frequency is obtained. If these frequencies are then ranked, a “density‐of‐use rank” (DUR) is formed. Some differences between RUR and DUR have been analyzed. Some evaluation of the quality of the differences has been made. There were significant changes in title ranking above random chance when an RUR was adjusted to become a DUR. At 80% of the total use of the entire collection, the number of titles in the DUR increased almost twofold over those in the RUR. Furthermore, less linear shelf space was used and the cost increase was not great. The number of potential unsatisfied title uses at two different cutoff levels in the rankings was less in the DUR.
Macro‐ and microthesauri: Changes occurring in MeSH‐derived thesauri and a solution to some related search handicaps
Authors: Kirtland Monika
Published: June 2007

This article explores changes that can occur during the creation of a derivative thesaurus. A term translation dictionary is proposed to aid MeSH‐trained and other searchers who would be using the Cancer Information Thesaurus.
Machine‐readable output from online searches
Authors: Hawkins Donald T.
Published: June 2007

Machine‐readable output (MRO) from online searches is useful in the compilation of large bibliographies. Arrangements were made with a major online retrieval vendor to obtain (for a fee) output in the form of magnetic tape, rather than conventional offline prints on paper. A program was written to transform and process the data; part of this program is similar to a computer compiler. A method of checking for duplicate items was developed. MRO is cost‐effective and eliminates the time‐consuming and labor‐intensive data entry process. It is a natural extension of the powers of online retrieval systems.
Determination of the conservation time of periodicals for optimal shelf maintenance of a library
Authors: Miyamoto Sadaaki , Nakayama Kazuhiko
Published: June 2007

A method based on a constrained optimization technique is presented to determine the time of removal of scientific periodicals from the shelf of a library. The problem is that of minimizing shelf maintenance cost on the condition that the loss of the information is less than some specified rate. The solution obtained indicates that all the utilities of the periodicals should be equal at the removal time. A geometrical interpretation of the theoretical result is given. Moreover this method is shown to be a generalization of the contour cut solution considered by Brookes. A numerical example is given to show how this technique is applicable to real bibliographical data.
A comparison of two systems of weighted boolean retrieval
Authors: Bookstein A.
Published: June 2007

A major deficiency of traditional Boolean systems is their inability to represent the varying degrees to which a document may be written on a subject. In this article we isolate a number of criteria that should be met by any Boolean system generalized to have a weighting capability. It is proven that only one weighting rule satisfies these conditions—that associated with fuzzy‐set theory—and that this weighting scheme satisfies most of the other properties associated with Boolean algebra as well. Probabilistic weighting is then introduced as an alternative approach and the two systems compared. In the limit of zero/one weights, all systems considered converge to traditional Boolean retrieval.
A translating computer interface for end‐user operation of heterogeneous retrieval systems. I. Design
Authors: Marcus Richard S. , Reintjes J. Francis
Published: June 2007

Online retrieval systems may be difficult to use, especially by end users, because of heterogeneity and complexity. Investigations have concerned the concept of a translating computer interface as a means to simplify access to, and operation of, heterogeneous bibliographic retrieval systems and databases. The interface allows users to make requests in a common language. These requests are translated by the interface into the appropriate commands for whatever system is being interrogated. System responses may also be transformed by the interface into a common form before being given to the users. Thus, the network of different systems is made to look like a single “virtual” system to the user. The interface also provides instruction and other search aids for the user. The philosophy, design, and implementation of an experimental interface named CONIT are described.
A translating computer interface for end‐user operation of heterogeneous retrieval systems. II. Evaluations
Authors: Marcus Richard S. , Reintjes J. Francis
Published: June 2007

The evaluation of the concept of a translating computer interface for simplifying operation of multiple, heterogeneous online bibliographic retrieval systems has been undertaken. An experimental retrieval system, named CONIT, was built and tested under controlled conditions with inexperienced end users. A detailed analysis of the experimental usages showed that users were able to master interface operation sufficiently well to find relevant document references. Success was attributed, in part, to a simple command language, adequate online instruction, and a simplified natural‐language, keyword/stem approach to searching. It is concluded that operational interfaces of the type studied can provide for increased usability of existing systems in a cost effective manner, especially for inexperienced end users who cannot easily avail themselves of expert intermediary searchers. Furthermore, more advanced interfaces based on improved instruction and automated search strategy techniques could further enhance retrieval effectiveness for a wide class of users.
A state transition analysis of online information‐seeking behavior
Authors: Chapman Janet L.
Published: June 2007

Statistical analyses of online searching patterns compared the usage of a query language by various groups of searchers. Data were gathered by an experimental project, Individualized Instruction for Data Access (IIDA), concerned with developing and testing a system which serves as a teacher and assistant to users of Lockheed's DIALOG system. Sequential listings of user commands were classified by corresponding state codes to represent phases of searching. Zero‐ through fourth‐order Markovian analyses of individual commands and strings of like commands were performed to compare searching procedures used by three classes of users. Class 1 compared novices differing in their use of IIDA as an adjunct trainer; Class 2 compared inexperienced, IIDA‐trained searchers with professional searchers; Class 3 compared inexperienced searchers taught by either IIDA or professional searchers. Analysis revealed that searchers tend to follow the advice of their trainer, whether it be human or computer. The use of IIDA as the sole training method appears to produce searchers who use similar patterns of searching. The use of another training method in addition to or instead of IIDA appears to produce searchers with varied and individual “styles” of online searching.
Information‐processing models of cognition
Authors: Simon Herbert A.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews recent progress in modeling human cognitive processes. Particular attention is paid to the use of computer programming languages as a formalism for modeling, and to computer simulation of the behavior of the systems modeled. Theories of human cognitive processes can be attempted at several levels: at the level of neural processes, at the level of elementary information processes (e.g., retrieval from memory, scanning down lists in memory, comparing simple symbols, etc.), or at the level of higher mental processes (e.g., problem solving, concept attainment). This article will not deal at all with neural models; it focuses mainly upon higher mental processes, but not without some attention to modeling the elementary processes and especially to the relationships between elementary and complex processes.
Retrieval language of social sciences and natural sciences: A statistical investigation
Authors: Kim Chai
Published: June 2007

Current guidelines for retrieval thesaurus design and maintenance recommend the use of relative frequency of occurrence of descriptors for the design and updating of a thesaurus. This study examined the extent to which Zipf and Whatmough's theory of quantitative semantics provides the theoretical justification for the current practice. The retrieval language of social sciences and science/technology was analyzed to test if the observed data on relative frequency conforms to the theoretical distribution of Zipf's law. Findings demonstrate that the principle of least effort serves to explain the pattern of use of the retrieval language in social sciences but not in science/technology. For social sciences, one may assume that the frequently occurring descriptors are indeed becoming semantically ambiguous thus requiring a greater variety of access points to the concepts that the more frequently occurring descriptors represent. No theoretical justification was found for using the frequency data in the design and updating of the descriptors of science/technology. Thus, this finding challenges the theoretical basis for the present practice of using frequency data for the design and updating of the retrieval thesauri of science/technology.
Text compression using variable‐to fixed‐length encodings
Authors: Cooper David , Lynch Michael F.
Published: June 2007

Many methods have been suggested for representing text for storage on magnetic media or for transmission down telecommunication channels with fewer bits then are required by a conventional fixed‐length character representation. These methods are reviewed, and attention is drawn to the advantages of techniques in which variable‐length character strings are represented by a fixed number of bits. Such techniques are described in more detail. The advantages and disadvantages of implementing text compression in storage and telecommunications are discussed, and an indication is given of the types of hardware which may be used. The extent to which text may be compressed with the methods discussed, and approximate timings, are stated.
An information transfer model to define information users and outputs with specific application to environmental technology
Authors: Landau Herbert B. , Maddock Jerome T. , Shoemaker F. Floyd , Costello Joseph G.
Published: June 2007

Information system outputs and user needs vary with the phases of the innovation decision‐making process as defined by Rogers and Shoemaker: awareness/knowledge, attitude formation/persuasion, trial/decision, confirmation. Within each phase, products and user needs can be defined as the parameters of user characteristics, subject content, packaging characteristics, and marketing techniques. In this article we apply this information/requirement/product definition technique to environmental pollution control technology to show how a range of information outputs and services needs to be developed to satisfy various requirements. This technique could be applied to virtually any applications area.
Optimal values of recall and precision
Authors: Olafsen Tore , Vokac Libena
Published: June 2007

This article shows that if simple foundations of the cost structure are taken into consideration, high values of both precision and recall are not necessarily the goal when searching in an information system. When the cost structure is known, the optimal value of recall and the optimal value of precision can be found. Both values are functions of relative prices/costs only.
Secondary information services in science and technology: A wide‐angle view
Authors: Cooper Marianne
Published: June 2007

This article provides a broad overview of the development of abstracting and indexing services in science and technology during the last three and one‐half decades. It identifies major trends that have clearly affected individual producers, services, and the field as a whole. These trends include the changing national priorities, the new technologies, and the growing importance of marketing. Change, transformation, and survival are keywords in the discussion.
Systems theory and the meaning of information
Authors: Langlois Richard N.
Published: June 2007

I attempt in this article to show how systems theory presents us with a useful and interesting way of looking at the concepts of knowledge and information. Using a simple model from the (normative) theory of economic decision making, I try to illustrate how the idea of a system helps give meaning to the notion of “meaning.” I also introduce a distinction between structural information and parametric information, suggesting that the former, now somewhat neglected in the economic theory of information systems, may actually pose the more interesting questions for future research.
Entropy and information: A multidisciplinary overview
Authors: Shaw Debora , Davis Charles H.
Published: June 2007

The concept of entropy, from the second law of thermodynamics, has been used by numerous writers on information theory. Basic relationships between entropy, order, information, and meaning have been observed by writers in disciplines as diverse as biology, economics, information science, the arts, and religion. This article, while not attempting comprehensive treatment, cites representative extensions of the concept, including its use as metaphor.
FASIT: A fully automatic syntactically based indexing system
Authors: Dillon Martin , Gray Ann S.
Published: June 2007

The aim of automatic Indexing Is to achieve a compact representation of a document suitable for retrieval. FASIT (Fully Automatic Syntactically based Indexing of Text) Identifies content bearing textual units without a full parse, and, without using semantic criteria, groups these units Into quaslsynonymous sets. Tested on a database of 250 documents and 22 queries, FASIT performed better than both thesaurus and stem based Indexing systems. Retrievals Indicate that the basic Idea of FASIT—that significant terms In the text can be Identified through syntactic patterns—Is valid and that FASIT deserves serious consideration as an advance over stem based systems.
An investigation of the validity of bibliographic citations
Authors: Broadus Robert N.
Published: June 2007

Edward O. Wilson, in his famous work, Sociobiology, The New Synthesis [9], makes reference to a pair of articles by W. D. Hamilton, but misquotes the articles' title. No less than 148 later papers make reference to both Wilson's book and Hamilton's articles, by title. Thus, there is provided an opportunity to test the charge, made by some critics, that writers frequently lift their bibliographic references from other publications without consulting the original sources. Although 23% of these citing papers made the same error as did Wilson, a further perusal of the evidence raises considerable doubt as to whether fraudulent use was intended.
Statistical disorder and the analysis of a communication‐graph
Authors: Shaw W. M.
Published: June 2007

The lines of a co‐author graph represent channels of communication through which information has been and may continue to be informally exchanged. The Brillouin Information Measure can be used to describe important properties of the co‐author graph and other communication‐graphs. The “connectedness” of a graph can be represented on a scale in which one limiting value signifies a connected graph and the other limiting value signifies a graph in which all points are isolated. Important points can be distinguished from all other points in a communication‐graph. These important points are defined mathematically and are called synthetic cutpoints. A measure of importance can be assigned to each point in a communication‐graph. This measure can be used to order points in terms of their contribution to a favorable communication‐structure.
Publication indicators of relative research efforts in physics subfields
Authors: Bujdosó Ernö , Braun Tibor
Published: June 2007

Indicators of research activity are suggested in order to evaluate the relative research efforts within the subfields of physics in a given country and in relation to the world average. The comparison of the internal activity indicators of various countries show that the self‐regulating mechanism of scientific research tends to keep an even distribution of efforts in each of the physics subfields on a worldwide scale. Countries of high and medium economic and intellectual potential showing significant deviation in research efforts from the general group behavior were selected by an expectation methodology.
A technique of two‐stage clustering applied to environmental and civil engineering and related methods of citation analysis
Authors: Miyamoto S. , Nakayama K.
Published: June 2007

A method of two‐stage clustering of literature based on citation frequency is developed. This method enables one to cluster thousands of articles Into a simplified dendrogram by introducing a two‐stage algorithm based on a citation space whose axes are cited articles. In the first step, preliminary clusters are generated which become initial clusters in the second step. Secondly, the initial clusters are connected into a dendrogram by means of an agglomerative technique. This method is applied to 5065 articles from 52 journals in environmental and civil engineering. The data are derived from the 1977 Science Citation Index [1]. Related methods of citation analysis such as hierarchical graph, clustering of journals, and multidimensional scaling are also applied to the same set of articles. These results are compared and structures of the literature in environmental and civil engineering are discussed.
Some aspects of citation behavior: A pilot study in business administration
Authors: Prabha Chandra G.
Published: June 2007

This study addressed certain aspects of citation behavior: How many of the sources cited has the author really consulted? How many did the author consult specifically for the preparation of the citing paper? How many of the sources cited does the author consider essential to the development of his own theme? Nineteen members of the faculty from the Department of Business Administration, College of Commerce, University of Illinois, each of whom had published at least one periodical article in the preceding two years, were subjects of the study. Each was given a self‐administered questionnaire, along with the bibliography from one of his articles, and each participated in a follow up interview. Ninety‐six percent of the sources cited had been consulted by the authors, which indicates little evidence of secondhand citation. However, just 63% were consulted specifically in the preparation of the article; and only less than a third were judged essential raw material by those who cited them. If an item is of critical importance, it is likely to be owned by the author. Also, it is likely to have been consulted specifically in the preparation of the article, but criticality is no guarantee that it has been used heavily by the author.
Office automation technology and functions: An overview
Authors: Martin Thomas H.
Published: June 2007

Office automation is the progeny of technological imperatives coupled with bureaucratic realities. Advances in computer, photographic, and telecommunication technologies have made It possible to collect, edit, store, distribute, and copy documentary information at ever‐decreasing cost. The need for training, acceptance, cooperation, and effective use of the technology has filtered out many proposed systems. This article describes the opportunities and limitations inherent In the technologies, focusing on media conversions and equipment compatibility. It also describes the differing needs of convenience users and dedicated users, document preparers, and archivists. The systems that are emerging for use within organizations are compared to systems for use in communication between organizations.
Information resources and organizational structure
Authors: Daniel Evelyn
Published: June 2007

Current approaches to understanding organizational structure are reviewed as background for the assertion that structure is a major determinant in the kinds of information resources collected and In the ways they are used. Information resource uses in relation to functions of the organization and form of the Information carriers are described, as are the differences In treatment of externally generated versus internal information. In the complex and changing environments organizations face today, it is suggested that greater attention be focused on information flow within organizations and in the use and reuse of information resources. The article concludes with some critical political and social factors to be considered in reorganizing information flows.
The psychology of online searching
Authors: Vigil Peter J.
Published: June 2007

Online searching is a dynamic process requiring an interactive and iterative dialogue to fully utilize its potential. However, such an interaction results in communication barriers at the human‐computer interface due to demands and limits of human memory and human information processing. An algorithmic method of searching, using Boolean negation to eliminate redundancy and reduce the cognitive strain of this barrier is proposed. Experimental data testing the efficacy of the method are also presented. Furthermore, the correlation of differences in cognitive processes to the searcher's comprehension of the system and searching behavior are explored.
Information retrieval: A sequential learning process
Authors: Bookstein Abraham
Published: June 2007

The fundamental problem of information retrieval is how to decide, on the basis of clues, each of which is an imperfect indicator of docuemnt relevance, which documents to retrieve and the order in which to present them. The most satisfying conceptual approaches have been based on probabilistic decision theoretic models. However, those previously used make a decision about a single document at a time, and extend this to retreiv e multiple docuemnts by ignoring interdocument interaction. The purpose of the articles is to present decision‐theoretic models which intrinsically include the multiple retrieval case. In particular, we argue that information retrieval should be envisioned as a process, in which the information retrieval system responds to a request by presenting documents to the patron in a sequence, gathering feedback as the process proceeds, and using this information to modify future retrieval. A retrieval strategy that naturally results from this model is described. Two examples are examined in detail.
Optical disk for digital storage and retrieval systems
Authors: Rose Denis A.
Published: June 2007

The availability of low‐cost digital optical disks will revolutionalize storage and retrieval systems over the next decade. Three major factors will effect this change:

Availabilityof the disks and controllers at low‐cost

Availability of lowcost and better output means

More flexible, less expensive communication net These capabilities will, for the first time, allow system users to merge “digital Images” and encoded data (alphanumeric) information into the same Information base. This capability to merge images and data will result in a lower cost of handling today's application and, additionally, offer new opportunities. and plentiful supply. for the system users. work capabilities.
Co‐citation analysis and the invisible college
Authors: Noma Elliot
Published: June 2007

Co‐citation analysis is based on the assumption that all citing articles view the scientific literature from a common point‐of‐view. When a co‐citation matrix is analyzed, this assumption affects measures of the dimensionality and clustering of articles. Therefore, before a co‐citation matrix is constructed, the citing articles should be limited to those written by individuals in an invisible college.
Mapping a curriculum by computer
Authors: White Howard D. , Calhoun Karen
Published: June 2007

Enrollment data for 1977–1982, gathered unobtrusively from records of 200 students, are used to produce an innovative map of the top 42 elective courses in Drexel University's School of Library and Information Science. The technique involves widely available packaged computer programs, including multidimensional scaling, and is usable for mapping electives in any curriculum in any field. Data gathering and computing procedures are given in sufficient detail for replication. The Drexel map shows a de facto core of popular courses that cut across several subject areas and are generalizable to any type of library or information agency. Surrounding the core are coherent specializations in such areas as applied information science, technical services librarianship, and educational media. The axes of the map are inter‐pretable as dimensions on which students perceive courses, and by implication careers: one is type of clientele served, from highly specialized to nonspecialized; the other is graduate's image, from traditional to nontraditional. The map is historical evidence that the curriculum works in a certain way, which may be typical of schools like Drexel with largely elective courses. The evidence is relevant to accreditation standards of the American Liorary Association.
System design for detection and correction of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text
Authors: Pollock Joseph J. , Zamora Antonio
Published: June 2007

The SPEEDCOP project recently completed at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) extracted over 50,000 misspellings from approximately 25,000,000 words of text from seven scientific and scholarly databases. The misspellings were automatically classified and analyzed and the results used to design and implement a program that proved capable of correcting most such errors. Analysis of the performance of the spelling error detection and correction programs highlighted the features that should be incorporated into a powerful and user‐friendly interactive system suitable for nonprogram‐mers. These include document level thresholds for misspelling detection, automatic reuse of user decisions, and user verification and control of correction. An advantage of the proposed design is that the system automatically customizes itself to its environment. This article is primarily concerned with system design, not implementation details.
Scientific inquiry: A model for online searching
Authors: Harter Stephen P.
Published: June 2007

Scientific inquiry is proposed as a philosophical and behavioral model for online information retrieval. The nature of scientific research is described and online analogs to the research concepts of variable, hypothesis formulation and testing, operational definition, validity, reliability, assumption, and the cyclical nature of research are established. A case is made for the inevitability of end‐user searching. It is argued that the model is of interest not only for its own sake, for the intellectual parallels that can be established between two apparently disparate human activities, but as a useful framework for discussion and analysis of the online search process from an educational and evaluative viewpoint.
Brief history of information science
Authors: Herner Saul
Published: June 2007

Information science is the product of convergences of library science, computer and punched card science, R & D documentation, abstracting and indexing, communications science, behavioral science, micro‐ and macro‐publishing, video and optical science, and various other fields and disciplines. The role and contribution of each participating segment is reflected in certain basic and seminal writings, in the work of “major actors” in the field, and in major events or developments. These contributing sources are reviewed, analyzed, and related, as a means of tracing the history of the field, from its pre‐and post‐World War II beginnings to the early 1980s, to the near‐term future.
An information scientist's view on evolving information technology
Authors: Becker Joseph
Published: June 2007

The author presents an historical perspective of the technology affecting the development of information science over the years and vice versa. Included are vignettes of some of the pioneers whose foresight and imaginative application of technology brought us to where we are today. The impact of new information technology on existing library and information services is discussed and an adjusted role for tomorrow's information scientist is advanced.
Approaches to machine learning
Authors: Langley Pat , Carbonell Jaime G.
Published: June 2007

The field of machine learning strives to develop methods and techniques to automate the acquisition of new information, new skills, and new ways of organizing existing information. This article reviews the major approaches to machine learning in symbolic domains, illustrated with occasional paradigmatic examples.
Longitudinal author cocitation mapping: The changing structure of macroeconomics
Authors: McCain Katherine W.
Published: June 2007

Author cocitation analysis was used to investigate changes in the intellectual structure of Macroeconomics over two consecutive time periods, 1972–1977 and 1978–1983. Profile analysis, nonmetric multidimensional scaling and clustering techniques were used to create two‐dimensional maps displaying the changing relationships among 41 authors as perceived by scholars citing their work over the two time periods. Clusters of points on the map, representing authors, correspond to theory groups or research areas. Authors in Rational Expectations Theory, Implicit Contracts, and a general group labeled “Post‐Monetarist” show a marked increase in mean cocitation rate. The first is a school of thought emerging as a new focal point of scholarly activity in Macroeconomics. Two types of scholarly “migration” are observed, based on patterns of significant increases and decreases in correlations among authors—“active migration” (the individual refocussing of a scholar's efforts) and “passive migration” (the result of reevaluation of an author's previous contributions in the context of the rise of new problem areas).
The dimensions of perceived accessibility to information: Implications for the delivery of information systems and services
Authors: Culnan Mary J.
Published: June 2007

Perceived accessibility to information is proposed as a unifying concept for the design and evaluation of a wide variety of information systems and services. This field study measured end‐user perceptions of three sources of information (computer‐based, libraries, and individuals) for three samples of individuals. The results suggest that 1) accessibility is a multidimensional concept encompassing physical access to the source, the interface to the source, and the ability to physically retrieve potentially relevant information, and 2) perceptions of accessibility are moderated by prior experience with the source and contextual factors.
Information and productivity
Authors: Bearman Toni Carbo , Guynup Polly , Milevski Sandra N.
Published: June 2007

The growth of U.S. productivity has been declining for several years. The reasons for this decline are complex, and there is little consensus among experts as to the real cause. Part of the difficulty lies in accurately assessing the productivity of today's workforce. Much of the work being done in today's society is based on services, communications, and information and, therefore, no longer fits the traditional production processes and techniques used for measuring productivity in an industrial society. Traditional input and output measures do not work for measuring the productivity of most white collar workers. New measures and definitions are needed to measure productivity more accurately. Information technology and the effective management of information resources are beginning to play a significant role in reversing the declining rate of U.S. productivity growth. Traditionally, the introduction of new technologies into the workplace has focused on the blue collar worker or, within the office environment, on the secretarial or clerical population. However, the bulk of U.S. salary expenditures is spent on the managerial and professional population. The greatest productivity gains can be realized by improving the productivity of this group, often referred to as knowledge workers. By improving knowledge workers' ability to communicate more effectively and to find and use information more efficiently, significant improvements in productivity can be realized.
Structural equivalence in a psychology journal network
Authors: Doreian Patrick
Published: June 2007

Two journal‐to‐journal matrices for psychology in 1950 and 1960 are analyzed in terms of structural equivalence. Structurally nonequivalent positions have a strong correspondence with a categorization based on the intended audiences and objectives of these journals, supporting the hypothesis that journals of a discipline function as a status‐role relational system. The hypothesis that interdisciplinary journals are distant from journals of a field is also supported. However, the hypothesis that journal networks have a core‐periphery structure is not supported. The network of psychological journals has a discernable core, but not a clear core‐periphery structure. Some propositions concerning the causes and consequences of the structure of journal‐to‐journal networks for fields are advanced.
Coupling between Substituents as a Function of Cage Structure: Synthesis and Valence Ionized States of Bridgehead Disubstituted Parent and Hexafluorinated Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Derivatives C5X6Y2
Authors: Ehara Masahiro , Fukawa Shuhei , Nakatsuji Hiroshi , David Donald E. , Pinkhassik Evgueni Z. , Levin Michael D. , Apostol Marcin , Michl Josef
Published: June 2007

He(I) photoelectron spectroscopy was used to examine the valence‐shell electronic structure of three new and seven previously known bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane derivatives, 1,3‐Y2‐C5X6 (for X=H, Y=H, Cl, Br, I, CN; for X=F, Y=H, Br, I, CN). A larger series (X=H or F, Y=H, F, Cl, Br, I, At, CN) has been studied computationally with the SAC‐CI (symmetry‐adapted cluster configuration interaction) method. The outer‐valence ionization spectra calculated by the SAC‐CI method, including spin–orbit interaction, reproduced the experimental photoelectron spectra well, and quantitative assignments are given. When the extent of effective through‐cage interaction between the bridgehead halogen lone‐pair orbitals was defined in the usual way by orbital‐energy splitting, it was found to be larger than that mediated by other cages such as cubane, and was further enhanced by hexafluorination. The origin of the orbital‐energy splitting is analyzed in terms of cage structure, and it is pointed out that its relation to the degree of interaction between the bridgehead substituents is not as simple as is often assumed.
Genetic analysis of molecular oscillators in mammalian somitogenesis: Clues for studies of human vertebral disorders
Authors: Sewell William , Kusumi Kenro
Published: June 2007

The repeating pattern of the human vertebral column is shaped early in development, by a process called somitogenesis. In this embryonic process, pairs of mesodermal segments called somites are serially laid down along the developing neural tube. Somitogenesis is an iterative process, repeating at regular time intervals until the last somite is formed. This process lays down the vertebrate body axis from head to tail, making for a progression of developmental steps along the rostral‐caudal axis. In this review, the roles of the Notch, Wnt, fibroblast growth factor, retinoic acid and other pathways are described during the following key steps in somitogenesis: formation of the presomitic mesoderm (PSM) and establishment of molecular gradients; prepatterning of the PSM by molecular oscillators; patterning of rostral‐caudal polarity within the somite; formation of somite borders; and maturation and resegmentation of somites to form musculoskeletal tissues. Disruption of somitogenesis can lead to severe vertebral birth defects such as spondylocostal dysostosis (SCD). Genetic studies in the mouse have been instrumental in finding mutations in this disorder, and ongoing mouse studies should provide functional insights and additional candidate genes to help in efforts to identify genes causing human spinal birth defects. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:111–120, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular clocks underlying vertebrate embryo segmentation: A 10‐year‐old hairy‐go‐round
Authors: Andrade Raquel P. , Palmeirim Isabel , Bajanca Fernanda
Published: June 2007

Segmentation of the vertebrate embryo body is a fundamental developmental process that occurs with strict temporal precision. Temporal control of this process is achieved through molecular segmentation clocks, evidenced by oscillations of gene expression in the unsegmented presomitic mesoderm (PSM, precursor tissue of the axial skeleton) and in the distal limb mesenchyme (limb chondrogenic precursor cells). The first segmentation clock gene, hairy1, was identified in the chick embryo PSM in 1997. Ten years later, chick hairy2 expression unveils a molecular clock operating during limb development. This review revisits vertebrate embryo segmentation with special emphasis on the current knowledge on somitogenesis and limb molecular clocks. A compilation of human congenital disorders that may arise from deregulated embryo clock mechanisms is presented here, in an attempt to reconcile different sources of information regarding vertebrate embryo development. Challenging open questions concerning the somitogenesis clock are presented and discussed, such as When?, Where?, How?, and What for? Hopefully the next decade will be equally rich in answers. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 81:65–83, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature‐induced conformational changes in human tearlipids hydrocarbon chains
Authors: Borchman Douglas , Foulks Gary N. , Yappert Marta C. , Ho Donghai V.
Published: June 2007

As a first step to characterize human meibum and tear lipids, infrared spectroscopy was applied to characterize the molecular structure/conformation and packing of hydrocarbon chains. Temperature‐induced phase transitions were fit to a sigmoid equation and were experimentally reproducible and were similar for multiple samples collected from the same person. No hysteresis was observed. Hydration of polar tear lipids increased their phase transition cooperativity, enthalpy and entropy. Hydrophobic interactions in meibum lipid (ML) were stronger than in tear‐fluid lipids (TL), as reflected by the higher entropy and enthalpy of the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition of ML. The results of this study provide further evidence of the differences in the composition and structure of ML and TL. The conformational changes observed in the hydrocarbon chains of ML with temperature suggest that the observed therapeutic increased delivery of ML with eye lid heating could be related to the increased disorder in the packing of the hydrocarbon tails. This work also highlights the power of infrared spectroscopy to characterize molecular structure/conformation, and packing of human tear lipids and provides a basis for future studies of tear film lipid composition‐structure‐function relationships and lipid–protein interactions in relation to age, sex, and dry eye symptoms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 124–133, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthese von (±)‐Predicentrin
Authors: Charubala Ramamurthy , Pai Bantwal Ramachandra , Govindachari Tuticorin Raghavachari , Viswanathan Narayana
Published: June 2007

(±)‐2‐Hydroxy‐1.9.10‐trimethoxy‐aporphin (2) wurde synthetisiert und durch Vergleich mit dem Alkaloid Predicentrin identifiziert.
Natürlich vorkommende Cumarin‐Derivate, II. Über die Cumarine aus Libanotis buchtormenis
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Rode Käthe‐Marie
Published: June 2007

Die Wurzeln und Blätter einer Libanotis‐Art enthalten neben Falcarinon (1), Isoimperatorin (2) und Xanthotoxin (3) vier weitere Cumarin‐Derivate (5, 6, 8 und 9), deren Strukturen geklärt werden.
Brucin aus Strychnin
Authors: Rosenmund Peter , Haase Wolfgang H. , Kaiser Klaus
Published: June 2007

Aus 2‐Hydroxy‐strychin (1) wird mittels der Fremy‐Salz‐Oxydation über Brucichinon 2.3‐Dihydroxy‐strychnin (2) erhalten. Dessen N‐Oxid (3) wird mittels Dimethylsulfat in Brucin‐N‐oxid (4) übergeführt.
Über Isoflavonglykoside, X. Endgültige Strukturaufklärung und vollständige Synthese des Sophorabiosids, eines Glykosids aus Sophora japonica L.
Authors: Farkas Loránd , Nógrádi Mihály , Wagner Hildebert , Hörhammer Ludwig
Published: June 2007

Durch Permethylierung und Analyse der Hydrolyseprodukte wurde der Zuckeranteil des von Zemplén und Mitarb. aus Sophora japonica isolierten 5.7.4′‐Trihydroxy‐isoflavon‐4′‐rhamnoglucosids (Sophorabiosid, 2) als Neohesperidose (2‐O‐α‐L‐Rhamnopyranosyl‐D‐glucopyranose) identifiziert und diese Struktur durch die Synthese des Glykosids bewiesen.