bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interdependence of Retail Businesses
Authors: HARRIS THOMAS R. , SHONKWILER J. SCOTT
Published: March 2003

Previous studies employing the trade area analysis procedure of pull factors assume retail sectors are independent. However, interdependencies exist between and among retail sectors. Employing a multivariate Tobit procedure, the agglomerative aspects of retail trade can be captured. Results indictate that interdependencies exist between retail sectors and if these retail interdependencies are ignored, extension and outreach retail sector programs may prove to be ineffective.
Convergence Amid Divergence in a Region
Authors: Austin John S. , Schmidt James R.
Published: March 2003

The convergence hypothesis from neoclassical growth theory is examined for per capita incomes of counties within a large subnational region, the Great Plans. Convergence of the β and σ varieties are considered. The former describes the tendency for economies with low per capita incomes in an initial period to grow faster than those with higher incomes. The latter describes the tendency for the dispersion of incomes to fall over time and eventually stabilize. Total per capita incomes across the region show a β convergence speed over the past quarter century roughly equal to that found for activity measures in previous analyses of nation groups, continental regions, and states of the U.S. As concerns σ convergence, the dispersion of total per capita incomes in the region stabilized during the past decade. However, when transfer payments and dividends, interest, and rents are deducted from income, β convergence speeds drop markedly and the dispersion of incomes rises over the study period.
A Model of Tax Increment Financing Adoption Incentives
Authors: Dye Richard F. , Sundberg Jeffrey O.
Published: March 2003

With tax increment financing (TIF) a municipality pays for economic development expenditures out of future increases in tax collections. If the development expenditures are the sole cause of the increased tax collections, TIF is a fair and reasonable policy. If not, TIF can distort choices and redistribute resources. This paper develops an economic model of TIF as a choice by the sponsoring municipality with an impact on an overlying government. The analytic framework isolates the impact of key variables, permits analysis of the payoff from TIF to each government, and helps inform discussions about equity. The model clearly shows that while the special nature of TIF causes it to favor projects that generate significant tax revenue, that revenue need not be truly incremental with respect to the project alone, and projects therefore need not be efficient to be financially viable to municipalities. In fact, the projects that best fit the goals of TIF legislation may be impossible to finance through TIF. Alternative government programs may be required to help towns develop areas most in need.
Student Loans: are the Policy Objectives being Achieved?
Authors: Winn Sandra , Stevenson Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper examines two of the stated objectives of the government’s student loans scheme, ‘to increase the resources available to students’ and ‘to increase economic awareness among students, and their self reliance’. Following Farrell and Tapper (1992) we also consider a third, less explicit objective, that of exerting an influence on the shape of higher education itself, through economic pressure on students to select courses that are earnings related and vocationally oriented.

The results of a survey of a random sample of students conducted annually between 1992 and 1996 at the University of Brighton demonstrate a substantial increase in student debt over this period. Among students increasing support for the principles underlying the loan scheme was found, as were high levels of ‘economic awareness’ and ‘self‐reliance’. There was no evidence of a demand for changes in the pattern of course provision and it is suggested that this is because of the way in which students have responded to their changed financial situation, in particular the high reliance of many on part‐time employment in preference to student loans and a desire to maximise current rather than future earnings.
Higher Education in Hong Kong
Authors: Cannon Isidore Cyril
Published: March 2003

This article describes the extraordinary expansion of higher education in Hong Kong which took place from around the mid‐1980s to the mid‐1990s. It considers the factors involved in this expansion with some reference to theories of policy development, and speculates on certain aspects of the situation after the 1997 handover to the People's Republic of China.
‘In’ or ‘For’ the Learning Society?
Authors: Barnett Ronald
Published: March 2003

The Dearing Report on higher education in the UK places itself in the context of ‘he learning society’ It notes a world of change and unpredictability and looks to higher education to assist in the development of the ‘nation’s people’ so as ‘to sustain a competitive economy’. To this end, the Report places significance upon ‘learning’and the need for learners to be ‘enthused’ However, the Report also places a heavy emphasis on the need to develop a range of ‘skills’ thereby falling back onto assumptions of stability – of situations and human responses – which an unpredictable world denies. The Report offers a view of higher education ‘in’ a learning society, responding to given and understood parameters of change. It could, instead, have offered a vision of higher education developing human dispositions capable of creatively helping to generate an uncertain but reflexive world. That would have been a higher education ‘or’a learning society.
The Dearing Report and the Maintenance of Academic Standards: Towards a New Academic Corporatism
Authors: Tapper E.R. , Salter B.G.
Published: March 2003

The Dearing Report has given the responsibility for maintaining standards and quality in British higher education to the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA). While this quango may be able to ensure ‘threshold’ standards, it is more doubtful whether it can help institutions to sustain high academic quality. Nonetheless, the Report has three potentially very significant consequences: it represents another move towards the creation of a national curriculum in higher education, it offers a more restrictive interpretation of university autonomy, and – despite its protestations – represents a threat to the growing diversity of British higher education. The thrust of the article is that the Report has charted an uneasy ‘middle way’between market forces and statism in the quest for quality control in higher education. It remains to be seen whether the academic corporatism represented by the QAA can resist the pressures of the state and the market.
Managing Academics on Short Term Contracts
Authors: Barnes Nicola , O'Hara Suzanne
Published: March 2003

Over 40 per cent of academic staff in Higher Education and an unspecified number of support and part time staff, are employed on fixed term contracts. This article reports the findings of a study into the experiences of academic staff on such contracts. It argues that temporary employees' contractual status affects their ability to perform effectively and reduces their level of commitment to the organisation. It considers the implication of these findings and argues that while some of the factors which have prompted the use of temporary contracts may lie beyond the control of Higher Education institutions, universities could reduce their negative effects by reviewing the way in which temporary staff, who now make up almost half of the academic population, are managed.
Governance and Decision–making in Smaller Colleges
Authors: McNay Ian
Published: March 2003

A small pilot project suggests that the governance of smaller colleges differs significantly from that of large universities, including the former polytechnics which were incorporated at the same time. The differences do not only relate to size, even though small size allows greater contact between governors and academic activities in their role in relation to ‘the general educational character’ of an institution. Small size also creates possibilities of a ‘drift’ to a greater role for governors in management rather than governance, and key issues emerge of role boundaries and relationships with staff. Smaller colleges have other factors affecting governance. Some have particular specialisms – music, art, land–based industries and so on – with their own cultures, shifting employment contexts, and considerable overlap between professionals inside and outside the colleges. The history of some as church colleges also continues to have influence. In general, their size allows a more ‘familial’ climate in decision–making, but that, too, has strengths and weaknesses.
The Construction of Episcopal Sanctity in Early Anglo‐Saxon England: the Impact of Venantius Fortunatus*
Authors: Coates Simon
Published: March 2003

This article examines the manner in which early Anglo‐Saxon episcopal sanctity was shaped by the writings of Venantius Fortunatus, the prolific, and yet sometimes neglected, Italian hagiographer and poet who was to end his days as bishop of Poitiers. Firstly, the manner in which Fortunatus's works shaped the literary form of Anglo‐Saxon episcopal hagiography is examined. Secondly, the debt which the various Vitae of Cuthbert owed to Fortunatus is explored. Here it is emphasized that Bede's two Vitae differed from the earlier anonymous Life by their heavier use of Fortunatus's writings promoting the cult of St. Martin of Tours. It is also shown how Fortunatus's re‐shaping of the Martinian cult in the light of his own classical background as a hagiographer bears marked similarities to the manner in which Bede reshaped the Cuthbert cult in line with his own concerns. The article then turns to the much more developed use of Fortunatus's writings as a guide to the construction of episcopal sanctity which was made by Alcuin. It shows how Alcuin's strong emphasis on the urban background of the bishops of York was derived from the Gallic tradition. The article concludes by stressing that although knowledge of Fortunatus's works in early Anglo‐Saxon England is difficult to trace, they could have been known from Ireland where Fortunatus in particular had helped to shape the hymnody of the early Irish Church. However, given Alcuin's more extensive knowledge of the works, it is more likely that his own time on the continent ensured his richer knowledge of Fortunatus's works.
The Silent Years of London Guild History before 1300: the Case of the Mercers
Authors: Sutton Anne F.
Published: March 2003

The first surviving mention, in 1304, of the Mercers’ Company of London acting as a body, shows it already fully conscious of its rights and the value of the freedom of the city, and this article discusses how the mistery had arrived at this point. It is suggested that the earliest mistery of mercers received their first regulations as artisans, and that it was the need to protect the privileges of the city's freedom, so important to itinerant mercers, which may have combined the great merchant and the lesser dealer-artisan into one mistery of mercers.
The Corporation of Hull and the Government of James II, 1687–8
Authors: Short M. J.
Published: March 2003

In 1688 James II's government attempted to pack parliament by extensively remodelling local office-holding. This article uses the records of the Hull corporation, in particular a newly-discovered letterbook, to re-examine the campaign's impact on one large freeman borough. It concludes that, although government agents failed to browbeat the mayor and aldermen into nominating suitable candidates, their royally-appointed successors would almost certainly have secured the election of ‘right’ M.P.s. By focusing on the presumed intractability of voter opinion, historians have overlooked the government's potentially far more productive intervention in the nomination process. Indeed, if Hull's experience is typical, James's campaign was by no means predestined to fail.
Dugdale's History of Imbanking and Drayning: a ‘Royalist’ Antiquarian in the Sixteen‐Fifties*
Authors: Willmoth Frances
Published: March 2003

Because of its overtly propagandist associations, William Dugdale's History of Imbanking and Drayning (1662) has been ignored by historians or at best dismissed as inferior to his other writings. Examination of its content, however, suggests that it deserves some credit as a carefully‐researched piece with some genuinely innovative features. The drainage company's records reveal how Dugdale was commissioned to write the work: his skills as an antiquarian were valued as a means of strengthening the company's uncertain legal position, both before and after the Restoration. Recognition that this episode was centred upon the late sixteen‐fifties shows up the unreliability of Dugdale's 1681 autobiography; his motives for the misrepresentation can only be conjectured.
The Monmouthshire Election of 1771
Authors: Thomas Peter D. G.
Published: March 2003

The case study of the Monmouthshire contest of 1771 forms a corrective to recent views on the freedom of election in pre‐reform Britain. The underlying lesson is the power of the great landed estates, with appeal to popular opinion being mainly for propaganda effect. Light is also thrown on electoral procedures, such as after‐poll speeches, a new practice and a motive for compiling a poll‐book.
Henry III and the Sicilian Business: a reinterpretation*
Authors: Weiler Björn
Published: March 2003

Henry III of England (1216–72) is frequently portrayed as a hapless fool and simpleton, and the so-called Sicilian Business, i.e. the attempt to secure the Sicilian throne for his son Edmund, is often cited as an example for this. However, once viewed in its broader European context, the undertaking seems less preposterous. Henry showed himself to be a careful planner and talented diplomat; only an inability to settle existing tensions in England prevented him from realizing his ambitions. This, however, was the result not of any personal deficiencies, but of the underlying structures and realities of royal lordship in thirteenth-century Europe.
Law reform and legal education in Interregnum England
Authors: Prest Wilfrid
Published: March 2003

Having compounded as a delinquent for attending Charles I at Oxford, the common lawyer Sir Peter Ball (1598–1680) sought to make his peace with the Commonwealth. Ball's scheme for remodelling both the law itself and legal education at the inns of court is transcribed below, together with a covering letter forwarded to Bulstrode Whitelocke in 1649. His criticisms and positive proposals provide further evidence that the traditional mode of legal education by aural learning exercises had become widely perceived by the mid seventeenth century as both pedagogically ineffective and practically irrelevant to the training of common lawyers.
The power of images: the model universe of the First Emperor and its legacy*
Authors: Rawson Jessica
Published: March 2003

Elaborately glazed Chinese pottery figures of camels and servants, dating to the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618–906), have been much prized by collectors and museums over the last three quarters of a century. They have been readily admired as a category of sculpture, but little attention has been paid to their functions within the tomb complex. An examination of the tomb of the First Emperor (d. 210 B.C.) reveals tomb figures as just one part of a large complex of structures and images. The famous terracotta warriors were an element in the elaborate burial of the Emperor, which also included ‘real’ people and animals, miniature bronze chariots, models of palaces and images of the heavenly bodies. If we are to understand the purposes of this complex of many different parts, we need to consider how the ancient Chinese viewed images of all categories. It would appear that in the eyes of the ancient Chinese, images were equivalent to the subject of the image. By creating images in bronze, pottery or in pictures, the ancient Chinese were presenting a universe for the dead Emperor. This article describes the philosophical concepts that informed this understanding of images and illustrates the discussion with archaeological finds and textual information. The archaeological discoveries of recent years have made a reassessment of Chinese tomb models necessary. The powers of these images were deemed to be considerable. The Chinese have never collected tomb figures because, in their view, such figures were the actual servants and soldiers of the dead.
The New Dynamic of Blockbuster Exhibitions: The Case of Brazilian Museums
Authors: Sepúlveda dos Santos Myrian
Published: March 2003

Many European and North American museums have increasingly adapted to the new communication era. They have opened up a new cultural flux and attract millions of visitors each year. In Brazil, we have observed in recent years the acceptance of new temporary and international exhibits. What is the meaning of the new exhibiting strategies, since the most important and traditional national museums still face stagnation? Can they be considered as part of a process of democratisation and reflexivity or accused of capitulating to the consumer society? This article proposes to analyse the production, diffusion and reception of recent Brazilian exhibitions. This analysis will be carried out in relation to the hierarchy of norms, values and practices present in Brazilian society.
Place and ethnicity in two merchant diasporas: a comparison of Sindhis and Jews in Gibraltar
Authors: Haller Dieter
Published: March 2003

In this article I offer a comparative view on two merchant diasporas residing in the British crown colony of Gibraltar: the Sindhi Hindus and the Sephardic Jews. Diasporic groups have often been defined through their relationship to their homeland and/or place of residence. Based on fieldwork among these two groups I argue that their identifications, their culture and their social structure cannot be understood by focusing solely on local life and on the relationship to the homelands. A complete understanding must take account of a third spatial connection: the links between the individual communities that create a new and unique field of discourse, symbols and practice. This third connection is emblematic for the working of pre– and postmodern capitalist networks. The article examines this issue in relation to religion, education, politics and other arenas of life in Gibraltar and wider diasporas, drawing upon anthropological concepts of boundaries and borders, which are here conceived as ‘zones–in–between’. The research demonstrates how both local and global changes since 1945 have resulted in the contrasting paths taken by Sindhis and Jews in Gibraltar.
Moral Agency, Moral Worth and the Question of Double Standards in Medical Research in Developing Countries
Authors: Tangwa Godfrey B.
Published: March 2003

International regulations governing medical research, healthcare and medical practice, are, obviously, meant to be guidelines and not detailed procedural rules of thumb that can be applied unreflectively without any danger of doing moral wrong. Moreover, such regulations are meant to apply internationally, and no set of straight‐jacketed rules of thumb can conceivably apply to all societies and communities of the world, extremely diverse and differently situated as they are. The mark of a good international guideline or regulation, in my view, is that it should provide a clear principle of action that applies equally to all global communities and societies without seeking to foist the particular or momentary moral dilemmas, quandaries, obsessions and preoccupations of some on all.

In this paper, I propose to argue that, because moral obligations are obligations only from the point of view of a particular moral agent, we should avoid making the peculiar problems of any particular moral agent(s) the obsessive concern of all moral agents, and that we need, in particular, to make appropriate distinctions between the ethics of developed world research in the developing world, collaborative or cooperative research between the developed and developing worlds, developed world research in the developed world and developing world research in the developing world. A consequence of looking at things this way is that, while it should be clear that there are ethical concerns, imperatives and obligations at all levels, different standards may and, in fact, cannot but be applied in different contexts at different levels, without resorting to the use of double standards, which can never be morally justified. Finally, I venture to propose a formula for a solemn pledge of moral integrity and noble intent, from the perspective of the agent, that is to say, the investigator, sponsor and funder of any research, to complement and balance the widely accepted informed consent requirement, from the perspective of the patient, the subject of any biomedical research.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Anxiety: Practitioner Problems in Treatment Planning
Authors: Costin Janet , Vance Alasdair , Barnett Rebbeca , O'Shea Melissa , Luk Ernest S. L.
Published: March 2003

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, combined type, and anxiety have been shown to co‐occur in children but specific treatments tailored to suit this combination of diagnoses have not yet been reported. This paper addresses the problem from the perspective of clinical practice with a focus on treatment planning and evaluation. Existing work in the published literature is examined. A pilot study designed to explore the suitability of a cognitive‐behavioural family‐based intervention for use in a child mental health service is presented. The results of the intervention revealed high levels of parent and child satisfaction although there was no change in the level of symptoms. The implications for treatment planning and for future group interventions are discussed with regard to parent psychopathology and the difficulty in generalising research findings to day‐to‐day clinical practice.
From a Short‐Life Project to a Mainstream Service: Convincing Commissioners to Fund a Community Adolescent Mental Health Team
Authors: Kaplan Tony , Team The SAFE
Published: March 2003

Background: Community‐based mental health services specifically for adolescents and their families remain an unusual provision. Our service (Service for Adolescents and Families in Enfield – SAFE) has been running since 1995. To justify the funding for our service, the health authority required us to demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.

Method: We developed pragmatic retrospective methods of evaluation in line with the criteria set down by the funding body to demonstrate utilisation, efficiency, acceptability, relevance, effectiveness and consumer satisfaction.

Results: Results on all these criteria were positive. Of greatest influence was being able to demonstrate that we were reaching the target adolescents with high levels of morbidity, that we were able to intervene relatively quickly, over time reducing rates of self‐harm and para‐suicide, improving global functioning, and reducing the referrals out‐of‐borough to specialist placements. With regard to the latter, we were notionally able to save the health authority more money than it would cost to run the health component of the service.

Conclusion: This evaluation was manageable in a short period of time, applied retrospectively, and highly influential in persuading the commissioners that our service should be funded indefinitely.
Prescribing Practices of General Practitioners for Children with Mental Health Problems
Authors: Montoliu Leonor , Crawford Tanya
Published: March 2003

Method: Fifty‐two general practitioners (GPs) were surveyed to establish their prescribing practice and attitudes to the use of psychotropic medication in children and adolescents.

Results: Most GPs have no training in child psychiatry and only a quarter felt confident about their knowledge of drug treatment. Three‐quarters of GPs wished to consult with a child psychiatrist before prescribing.

Conclusions: This survey has highlighted the training needs of GPs in the use of psychotropic medication for children with mental health problems. It also revealed the importance of providing accessible child psychiatry consultation to support GPs in using psychotropics appropriately and effectively.
Psychosocial and Neurocognitive Aspects of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Helps Sarah , Fuggle Peter , Udwin Orlee , Dick Moira
Published: March 2003

Sickle cell disease (SCD) comprises a group of recessively inherited blood disorders and is the most common genetic disorder in the world (Embury et al., 1994). It is a chronic condition of variable severity that mainly affects people of African and African‐Caribbean heritage. Over the last 20 years life expectancy has increased significantly, particularly for patients receiving western healthcare so that increasing attention has been directed to the psychosocial adaptation and neurocognitive profile of children and adolescents with SCD. Previously, research suggested that, like children with other chronic health conditions, children and adolescents with SCD were at increased risk for emotional and behavioural disorders. More recent research has not demonstrated increased rates of such difficulties. Increasing evidence suggests that children with severe disease are, however, at significantly increased risk for cerebro‐vascular events and neurocognitive difficulties. This paper reviews the literature regarding the psychological and neurocognitive functioning of children with SCD and outlines a number of ways that psychological input may significantly contribute to more effective health care for these children and their families.
Manganese Black Pigments in Prehistoric Paintings: the Case of the Black Frieze of Pech Merle (France)
Authors: Guineau B. , Lorblanchet M. , Gratuze B. , Dulin L. , Roger P. , Akrich R. , Muller F.
Published: March 2003

Different black pigments of natural origin (mineral or organic) have been examined by means of several analytical methods (colour measurements, elemental analysis and structural analysis). The results, after being compared with each other, then served as reference points in the study of the ‘Black Frieze’ of the cave of Pech Merle (Lot). After that, colour measurement was investigated in situ on the paintings as a means of displaying small differences (in hue or chroma) between the black colours. The aim of this study was to verify several hypotheses concerning the techniques used by the painters of Pech Merle, and specifically by the one(s) of the Black Frieze. A first objective was that of identifying the nature and, if possible, the origin of the black pigments used in these figures. A second objective was that of determining in which parts of the frieze one or the other (or one and the other) had been used; and the final objective was to provide new technical information that might help us better to understand how the Pech Merle frieze was produced, whether by a single painter and in one episode, for the most part, or, on the contrary, in several episodes and by a succession of different painters.
Rankings of Australian Economics Departments, 1988–2000
Authors: Sinha Dipendra , Macri Joseph
Published: March 2003

This paper provides new rankings for Australian university economics departments for the periods 1988–2000, 1988–1994 and 1994–2000 using the ECONLIT database. We rank economics departments using two different journal ranking criteria ‐ one based on citations and the other based on perceptions of journal quality. In addition, we provide updates on the rankings using the Towe and Wright (1995) methodology. We find that the perception‐based rankings are quite different from the citation‐based rankings.
Trade, Wages and Unemployment in the Presence of Hiring and Firing Costs
Authors: Oslington Paul
Published: March 2003

This paper offers a new explanation of the recent Australian wage inequality and unemployment experience. Building on a standard international trade model, it is argued that trade affects wage inequality and unemployment through changes in the bargaining power of different groups of workers in the presence of hiring and firing costs. This allows previously puzzling aspects of the trends to be explained, including the inconsistency of the existing Stolper‐Samuelson trade explanation with rising relative skilled wages at the same time as rising skilled labour intensity of production. Considering differences in labour market institutions, in particular hiring and firing costs and minimum wages, allows differences between the experiences of Australia, the USA and Europe to be explained.
Hedonic Wine Price Functions and Measurement Error
Authors: Oczkowski Edward
Published: March 2003

Accumulated theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that wine prices depend on quality, reputation and objective characteristics. Unlike previous studies, we recognize that quality and reputation are latent constructs and therefore employ factor analysis and 2SLS techniques to consistently estimate hedonic prices in the presence of attributes measured with error. The application to Australian premium wines points to significant reputation effects but insignificant quality effects. It is also illustrated that inappropriately using standard OLS procedures can seriously distort the statistical significance of attributes, the implicit marginal attribute prices, and the predictions of ‘average’ prices for a given set of characteristics.
Non‐periodic Australian Stock Market Cycles: Evidence from Rescaled Range Analysis
Authors: McKenzie Michael D.
Published: March 2003

The standard complement of statistical techniques used to identify predictable market structure is only capable of identifying regular periodic cycles and assumes that the data are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.). Yet, financial returns data are not independent and cycles are most probably not periodic. Rescaled range analysis is a nonparametric technique that can distinguish the average cycle length of irregular cycles. Using Australian stock market data, this paper finds evidence of long memory in the returns generating process and non‐periodic cycles of approximately 3, 6 and 12 years in average duration.
An Analysis of Occupational Outcomes for Indigenous and Asian Employees in Australia
Authors: Borooah Vani K. , Mangan John
Published: March 2003

This paper examines occupational performance in Australia across three racial groups in Australia: Indigenous Australians; Asian people, defined as all those whose language spoken at home was either Chinese, Vietnamese or other forms of a South‐east or East Asian language; and white people, defined as the residual category. The paper has as its starting point, observed differences in occupational attainment among the three groups in Australia and sets out to account for these observed differences on the basis of both race and non‐racial attributes such as, age, education and area of residence.
‘Riding on the Sheep’s Back’: Examining Australia’s Dependence on Wool Exports
Authors: Cashin Paul , John McDermott C.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the influence of the wool export cycle on the business cycle in Australia over the period 1862–1995. Nonparametric statistical methods are used to examine various attributes of the relationship between the wool export cycle and the business cycle. Our results support the view that while the wool export cycle was in synchronisation with the business cycle prior to the First World War, after the War wool exports no longer played a dominant role in the evolution of the business cycle. In addition, while the wool export cycle became more volatile after the War, the business cycle became more stable.
Coastal defence and the Habitats Directive: predictions of habitat change in England and Wales
Authors: Lee Mark
Published: March 2003

Future coastal defence policies and ‘natural’ processes will have an impact on habitats within Special Areas of Conservation (SAC), Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Ramsar sites. An overview of the potential nature and extent of these changes (losses or gains over the next 50 years) around the coast of England and Wales was carried out to inform policy decisions on the legal and funding aspects of coastal defence options and possible habitat replacement. It is predicted that there could be a net loss of freshwater and brackish habitat of around 4000 hectares, together with a net gain of intertidal (saltmarsh and mudflat/sandflat) habitats of around 770 hectares, with the gains associated with managed retreat (c.12 500 ha) balancing the expected losses due to coastal squeeze and erosion on the unprotected coast. The likely costs of freshwater and brackish habitat replacement, on a hectare‐for‐hectare basis, is estimated to be in the order of £50–60 million, including site purchase, set‐up and on‐going management costs.
Economic development in tropical Africa from a geographical perspective: a comparative study of African economies
Authors: Gleave M.B. , Morgan W.B.
Published: March 2003

Tropical Africa is often seen to have problem economies that are very much alike and suffer from the same development problems. This view is questioned in exploratory analyses of levels of wealth, spatial productivity, the structure of the economy and aspects of the openness of economies and the way they have changed between 1965 and 1995. The analyses reveal differences between economies in both degree and kind. Change to economies was not unidirectional so that they became more disparate and differentiated. The exploratory analyses were extended using factor analysis as a diagnostic tool on a 19‐variable by 25 country data set for 1985, 1990 and 1995. This confirmed the findings of the exploratory analyses and revealed changes in the structure of the factors reflecting development in the period. The results are discussed in the context of the literature in a search for explanation and policy formulation.
Policy and practice in karst landscape protection: Bohol, the Philippines
Authors: Urich Peter B. , Day Michael J. , Lynagh Fiona
Published: March 2003

The karst landscape in the interior of the Philippines’ Bohol Province represents one of the world’s premier kegelkarst (cone karst) environments. Government efforts to protect some of this karst, exemplified by the establishment of the Rajah Sikatuna National Park and the Chocolate Hills Natural Monument, have proven to be significant catalysts of social conflict. In Bohol there is a long history of traditional land tenure, which has recently been supplanted by a Westernized model. Protected area establishment is a response to deforestation, agricultural exploitation and uncontrolled quarrying. However, the imposition of protective legislation to prevent further degradation has disenfranchized and marginalized many local farmers and residents. The conflict between the obligation of the State to ensure environmental protection and the perceived property rights of landowners and farmers has provoked an escalation in civil unrest and armed conflict.
Negotiation democracy versus consensus democracy: Parallel conclusions and recommendations
Authors: Lijphart Arend
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In spite of a large number of disagreements concerning methodological and classificatory questions between Klaus Armingeon and myself, our substantive conclusions are very similar. Armingeon concludes that all three aspects of his negotiation democracy (consociationalism, corporatism, and counter‐majoritarian institutions) result in superior government performance in selected areas – a finding that I interpret as supportive of my similar claims for the executives‐parties dimension of consensus democracy (which consists of consociationalism plus corporatism) as well as for the federal‐unitary dimension (which is the same as Armingeon's counter‐majoritarian institutions). We are therefore also in broad agreement on the advice we can give to democratic constitutional engineers.
The influence of federalism on fiscal policy making
Authors: Braun Dietmar , Bullinger Anne‐Béatrice , Wälti Sonja
Published: March 2003

Abstract. This article attempts to refine the statement that federal states face difficulties in fiscal policy making because of the territorial division of powers by comparing two federal countries, Canada and Germany. These two countries differ in terms of their type of federalism: Canada displaying a power‐separation system and Germany corresponding to a power‐sharing type. According to the authors, the territorial factor influences fiscal policy making through the distribution of taxing and spending powers as well as through patterns of intergovernmental relations. The use of fiscal policy instruments and the likely effects on conflict and cooperation in those two countries is discussed with empirical evidence. The authors come to the conclusion that federalism is indeed a constraint on fiscal policy making, but that the two types of power division face different obstacles and deal differently with fiscal problems. In the power‐separation system of Canada, the federal government has encompassing competencies to use fiscal policy instruments unilaterally and without restraint, but faces a lack of concerted action with the provinces which reduces its scope of action in fiscal policy making. In the power‐sharing system in Germany, concerted action facilitates macroeconomic stabilisation strategies but the compulsory negotiation system distorts the use of fiscal policy instruments by distributive bargaining.
Government partisanship in Western democracies, 1945–1998
Authors: Kim Heemin , Fording Richard C.
Published: March 2003

Abstract. In this article, we put forward a continuous measure of government partisanship, which allows meaningful comparisons across countries and across time, for 17 Western democracies for the period of 1945 through 1998. Our measure is predicated upon a manifesto‐based measure of party ideology recently developed by Kim and Fording (1998), along with yearly cabinet post data. After discussing the validity of our measure, we replicate one of the most cited works in comparative political economy over the last ten years – Alvarez, Garrett and Lange's (1991) analysis of economic performance – by utilizing our own measure of government partisanship. We conclude that comparativists need to exercise greater caution in interpreting and evaluating the past findings of a large number of multivariate studies in comparative politics.
Corporatism and income inequality in the global economy: A panel study of 17 OECD countries
Authors: MINNICH DANIEL J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract.  The conventional wisdom of domestic politics in the global economy holds that that the globalization of the market economy has spelled the imminent collapse of corporatist bargaining institutions and the corporatist goal of economic equality. This conventional wisdom, however, highlights an interesting puzzle: it was the process of internationalization and economic openness itself that generated corporatist institutions. This study examines whether corporatist institutions are still effective in ensuring the corporatist goal of equality in the ‘global’ economy. Income inequality from the early 1980s to the middle 1990s is used as a measure of institutional effectiveness. It is argued that corporatism, as a form of interest mediation, is a path‐dependent institution that generates increasing returns in terms of equality in the most internationalized economies. Results of a panel study of 17 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries indicate that corporatism reduces income inequality and, contrary to the conventional wisdom, income inequality is lowest in the most ‘global’ national economies.
The Resilience of the Health Care Safety Net, 1996–2001
Authors: Felland Laurie E. , Lesser Cara S. , Benoit Staiti Andrea , Katz Aaron , Lichiello Patricia
Published: March 2003

Objective To determine how the capacity and viability of local health care safety nets changed over the last six years and to draw lessons from these changes.

Data Source The first three rounds (May 1996 to March 2001) of Community Tracking Study site visits to 12 communities.

Study Design Researchers visited the study communities every two years to interview leaders of local health care systems about changes in the organization, delivery, and financing of health care and the impact of these changes on people. For this analysis, we collected data on safety net capacity and viability through interviews with public and not‐for‐profit hospitals, community health centers, health departments, government officials, consumer advocates, academics, and others. We asked about the effects of market and policy changes on the safety net and how the safety net responded, as well as the impact of these changes on care for the low‐income uninsured.

Principal Findings The safety net in three‐quarters of the communities was stable or improved by the end of the study period, leading to improved access to primary and preventive care for the low‐income uninsured. Policy responses to pressures such as the Balanced Budget Act and Medicaid managed care, along with effective safety net strategies and supportive conditions, helped reinforce the safety net. However, the safety net in three sites deteriorated and access to specialty services remained inadequate across the 12 sites.

Conclusions Despite pessimistic predictions and some notable exceptions, the health care safety net grew stronger over the past six years. Given considerable community variation, however, this analysis indicates that policymakers can apply a number of lessons from strong and improving safety nets to strengthen those that are weaker, particularly as the current economy poses new challenges.
Two‐Year Outcomes of Fee‐for‐Service and Capitated Medicaid Programs for People with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Cuffel Brian J. , R. Bloom Joan , Wallace Neal , Jaclyn W. Hausman  , Hu Teh‐wei
Published: March 2003

Objective. To examine the effects of two models of capitation on the clinical outcomes of Medicaid beneficiaries in the state of Colorado.

Data Source. A large sample of adult, Medicaid beneficiaries with severe mental illness drawn from regions where capitation contracts were (1) awarded to local community mental health agencies (direct capitation), (2) awarded to a joint venture between local community mental health agencies and a large, private managed behavioral health organization, and (3) not awarded and care continued to be reimbursed on a fee‐for‐service basis.

Study Design. The three samples were compared on treatment outcomes assessed over 2 years (total n=591).

Data Collection Methods. Study participants were interviewed by trained, clinical interviewers using a standardized protocol consisting of the GAF, BPRS, QOLI, and CAGE.

Principal Findings. Outcomes were comparable across most outcome measures. When outcome differences were evident, they tended to favor the capitation samples.

Conclusions. Medicaid capitation in Colorado does not appear to have negatively affected the outcomes of people with severe mental illness during the first 2 years of the program. Furthermore, the type of capitation model was unrelated to outcomes in this study.
Specialty Health Care, Treatment Patterns, and Quality: The Impact of a Mental Health Carve‐Out on Care for Depression
Authors: Busch Susan H
Published: March 2003

Objectives. To assess the effect of a mental health carve‐out on treatment patterns and quality of care for outpatient treatment of depression.

Data Sources. Outpatient and pharmaceutical claims from September 1993 through March 1997 for one large managed care organization in the Midwest that carved‐out mental health and substance abuse benefits in September 1995.

Research Design. Using the treatment episode as the unit of analysis (n=1,747), changes in treatment patterns associated with the change to a carve‐out were evaluated. Logistic regression was used to assess whether in the postperiod a treatment episode was more likely to be treated with (1) an antidepressant and (2) a type and intensity of treatment with proven efficacy. To strengthen confidence in a causal relationship, I search for structural breaks in treatment patterns across a wide range of dates, assuming no a priori knowledge of the timing of the impact of the carve‐out.

Results. I find the carve‐out to be associated with an increase in the use of drug treatments. Although I find a decrease in the use of guideline‐level treatment over the entire study period, there is an increase in the number of episodes treated with guideline‐level treatment over what would be the case in the absence of the carve‐out.

Conclusions. The increase in the use of drug treatments suggests previous research that excluded these costs may have overestimated the savings attributable to carve‐outs. Guideline‐level care appeared to increase as a result of carve‐out implementation suggesting the use of management and specialization to reduce costs is not antithetical to quality improvement.
Lessons from the History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States: A Case Study in American Affordable Housing Policy
Authors: Sazama Gerald W.
Published: March 2003

Understanding the history of the affordable housing cooperatives in the United States helps us understand the general history of American affordable housing policy. This paper contains a decade‐by‐decade summary of the history of affordable cooperatives. The affordable cooperative movement has evolved from ethnic and union groups which developed self‐help cooperatives in the 1920s, through the federal funding of low‐income cooperatives in the 1960s and 70s, to local nonprofit organizations using ad hoc packages of funds to organize cooperatives during the 1980s and 90s. As this history unfolds, it provides answers to contemporary policy questions affecting both cooperatives and affordable housing in general.
Collateralized Social Relations: The Social in Economic Calculation
Authors: Biggart Nicole Woolsey , Castanias Richard P.
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, economists have viewed social relations as “friction” or “impediments” to exchange and have excluded social relations from their analyses by assuming autonomous actors. Recently, however, a number of scholars—economists, sociologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists—have begun to discuss the numerous ways in which social arrangements both prompt and channel economic activity. Rational choice theory, social capital and network analysis, and agency and game theory, are among those approaches that consider the effects of social relations on economic action. In this paper we extend that discussion by arguing that social relations can function as “collateral” or assurance that an economic transaction will proceed as agreed by the parties involved. We review recent microeconomic theories and conjecture how they might be developed following this observation, which is derived from sociological and anthropological studies of economic action and organization.
Against the New Economic Imperialism: Some Reflections
Authors: Michie Jonathan , Oughton Christine , Wilkinson Frank
Published: March 2003

Classical political economy recognised that what needed analysing, explaining, and acting on was an economic system inextricably linked to the wider political and social systems. Smith and Ricardo, as well as Marx, saw class and the distribution of income as key. Neoclassical economics replaced these social and collective categories with the individual consumer and the marginal product of labour as the fundamental analytical categories—the “political” having been discarded. Yet even one of the founders of neoclassical economics, Alfred Marshall, would barely recognise nor accept what is today presented as economic analysis, ignoring as it does the key industrial and organisational detail underlying production. The “new political economy” claims to incorporate insights from other disciplines. But far from enriching economic analysis, these new strands of theory simply impose the assumptions and methods of neoclassical economics. We argue that this new economic imperialism needs to be replaced with a genuinely multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach to analysing economic issues.