bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ganymede: Cat's Cradle of the Ices
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The Jovian satellite Ganymede is composed of ice and silicate minerals. According to a recent analysis (Nature, 292, 225–227, 1981) by French geochemists J. P. Poirier, C. Satin, and J. Peyronneau of the University of Paris, the ice forms of Ganymede may have undergone a complex pressure‐temperature history. The mechanism proposed solid state convection of high‐pressure phases of H20 driven by heat from radioactive decay of U, Th, and K contained in Ganymede's ‘hard rocks.’ Poirier and his colleagues describe the geologic history of Ganymede as a passage of the ices, from Ice 1 to Ice 8, through the web of phase boundaries in pressure‐temperature space.

Viscosity is the clue, it seems. Poirier et al. made visual observations with a ruby‐window, high‐pressure apparatus positioned for viewing under a microscope. Tap water contained in the sample chamber was frozen directly to Ice 6 by the application of pressure alone, at room temperature. Poirier et al. observed the Ice 6 crystals growing, and then undergoing a creep‐flow process over a period of 17 minutes or so, along a superimposed pressure gradient. The Ice 6 crystals were photographed and their positions noted by precise markers.
Geobarometers clarify crustal doubling
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Two University of Chicago geochemists report what they believe is confirming evidence for the crustal‐doubling theory. The theory, which could explain the great height of the Himalayas, says that parts of several continents were once buried to a depth of 35 km, the entire thickness of the earth's crust.

Robert C. Newton, professor of geology, and Dexter Perkins III, a postdoctoral research associate, report in an article in the July 15 Nature that they have developed geobarometers, or formulas, that relate the compositions of minerals in rock to the pressure at which the rock crystallized. By determining the pressure, they can calculate the depth at which the rocks were formed. Newton and Perkins base their work on granulite rocks (found in Europe, Asia, North America, and Australia), which contain pyroxenes, plagioclase, garnet, and quartz. Thermodynamic measurements, taken over a period of years by Newton and Ole J. Kleppa, a physical chemist at Chicago, were used to derive the geobarometers.
Bachelor's Degree Salary Report
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

An update on salary offers to graduating college seniors indicates sharp increases for those with bachelor's degrees in engineering and science, according to the College Placement Council.

Students majoring in petroleum engineering draw the top offers: $26,652 per annum, an 11.8% increase; some offers even topped $30,000 per year! Second‐ranked chemical engineering, at $24,360, experienced a 12.7% gain. Since the July 1980 report, increases in average salary offers for the 11 bachelor's level engineering disciplines ranged from 10% to 14%.
Nominations for officers 1982–1984
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Members of AGU are invited to submit additional nominees by petition in accordance with the bylaws. Each petition must be signed by at least 1% of the voting members of the Union or section, as the case may be, and such petitions must be received by the General Secretary by November 30, 1981. The number of names required to make a petition nomination is as follows: Union, 131; Geodesy, 6; Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, 7; Hydrology, 23; Meteorology, 10; Oceanography, 16; Planetology, 6; Seismology, 13; Solar‐Planetary Relationships, 15; Tectonophysics, 11; and Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology, 12.
Status of the Gruneisen constant
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

As a special workshop at the recent meeting of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) in London, Ontario, geophysicist H. H. Schloessin organized a sequence of discussions on ‘gamma,’ the thermodynamic parameter first derived in 1926 by E. Grüneisen. The Grüneisen parameter is known to all geophysicists as the less than perfect constant that relates volume and thermal energy properties of a substance in geophysical systems at high pressure, ranging from shock‐wave environments to that along the temperature gradient of the earth's lower mantle and core. Derivations and applications of Gruneisen's gamma lean heavily on the fundamentals of quantum and statistical physical theory. The necessary simplicity of the atomic systems for which the scope of the theory applies, and the incredible complexity of its very theoretical basis, have severely limited gamma's practicality for most substances. Furthermore, the geophysical literature is always abreast of the latest cases where a given application of gamma has again failed.
Energy policy: A federal decision
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The policies for development of the nation's energy needs for the remainder of this century are being formulated at the highest levels. The Reagan administration has stated consistently that ‘energy goals’ of the kind Carter proposed for solar power (20% of the nation's energy was to be supplied by renewable resources by the year 2000) will not be set, per se. The role of market forces in setting energy demand and the pace of development and supply will be emphasized. The recent National Energy Policy Plan released by the Reagan administration is a comprehensive statement of how the federal government will restructure its efforts to solve the energy problem. It would appear that fossil fuels will be the mainstay. Federal decontrol and deregulation will be in support of the forces of the market place. Nuclear energy will gain impetus by the deregulation efforts.
NOAA starts oceanographpy publication
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new NOAA publication entitled Oceanographic Monthly Summary began in January. The publication, edited by Steve Auer, replaced two other NOAA periodicals, Gulfstream and Fishing Information, and it will attempt to disseminate the monthly oceanographic information in a more timely and efficient manner than did the other two publications.

Oceanographic Monthly Summary contains 15 sea surface temperature (SST) analyses, 3 oceanographic thermal feature analyses, and a Bering Sea/North Slope ice analysis. The SST analyses include monthly means, anomalies, and yearly changes for the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and the Gulf of Mexico in both 2 and 1 degrees latitude/longitude scales. The ocean feature analyses show and describe the monthly activity of the Gulf Stream system and its associated eddies for the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico aswell as other observed thermal features for the western U.S. coast. The Bering Sea/North Slope ice analysis describes sea ice age, thickness, and coverage for the region.

The National Weather Service and the National Earth Satellite Service jointly sponsor the publication.
Voyager 2: More puzzles, more applause
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Kinked rings, a hamburger‐shaped satellite, and swirling equatorial,storms on Saturn added up to a Voyager 2 encounter dubbed ‘a 200% success’ by project scientist Edward C. Stone. Despite problems with the spacecraft's scan platform, the mission sent scientists scurrying back to their laboratories to sort through a plethora of data, including more than 17,000 photographs, which streamed back to earth from more than a billion miles away. Some early findings, such as the absence of tiny moonlets embedded in the rings, perplexed Voyager scientists; other discoveries, such as detailed information provided by the photopolarimeter on the ring structure, incited wild celebration. Detailed analysis will take months and, for some experiments, years. Here are some preliminary results from Voyager 2's Saturn encounter.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin; 6(7), July 31, 1981, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document number E81‐005 at $1.00 from AGU, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. Orders must be prepaid.
Arctic ice core: Clue to ancient climates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

An international team of researchers recently drilled 2,037 m to bedrock in the Greenland Ice Sheet and extracted the longest ice core ever retrieved in the arctic region, according to information from the National Science Foundation. The core, from a site called Dye 3 in southeastern Greenland, will enable scientists to learn more about the climates and environments that existed during the past 100,000 years. The cores will be examined for traces of repetitive climate cycles; from these studies, projections may be made on future climate.

The Dye 3 drilling project is the second one in which bedrock was reached in Greenland. In 1966, a 1,387 m core was extracted at the Camp Century site in northwestern Greenland. A longer core (2,164 m) was obtained in Antarctica at Byrd Station.
Scholarship for women in atmospheric sciences
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The fourth annual June Bacon‐Bercey Scholarship for Women in Atmospheric Sciences has been awarded to Becky Ross, a first‐year graduate student in atmospheric science at Purdue University. Ms. Ross is from Waterloo, Iowa, and received her bachelor's degree in physics from Bryn Mawr College in 1980. For her master's degree she is investigating small‐scale structure in the mesoscale cellular convection with a research group under E. M. Agee that will, it is hoped, indicate more clearly how the final steady state convection is formed. She plans to obtain a Ph.D. and continue in research, either academic or private.
A former Editor views the editorial process
Authors: Freeze R. Allan
Published: October 2011

It was at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco in December 1976, shortly after my appointment as coeditor of Water Resources Research that I first began to realize the strong emotional ties that exist between a scientific community and its journals. Feelings run high, regardless of whether they come from readers, contributors, reviewers, active scientists, or scientific administrators. Opinions are often positive, sometimes negative, usually a mixture of the two; but regardless of their tenor they are delivered to the editor, in person, usually fortissimo. From that day until this, conference life has never been dull. When I meet a colleague in the halls there is never a loss for words, no need to search for a topic of mutual interest; WRR is always there at the ready.
Reduced rates for AIP journals
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The American Institute of Physics (AIP) offers reducedrate subscriptions of its journals to individual members of affiliated societies, including AGU. The offer is limited to one subscription per person to each journal.
NATO conference on space plasmas
Authors: Winckler J. R.
Published: October 2011

During the week of April 21–26, 1981, a group of research physicists with a special interest in artificial particle beams as applied to space plasma studies met at a conference site at Geilo, in the mountains of central Norway. Major support was provided by NATO, and the meeting was the first of a new series known as NATO Advanced Research Institutes. The session format somewhat resembled the recent Chapman conferences held at Yosemite National Park. Sessions were held each morning, Tuesday through Saturday, and after a lunch and recreational break, continued in the afternoon and early evening, up to dinner hour. The attendance was limited to about 65 persons, who were encouraged to stay together for the entire conference period. The unique character of the meeting was the result of current interest in this very specialized topic, the international attendance, and the excellent accommodations at the Vestilia Høyfjellshotell. The conferees assembled in Oslo and traveled together by train on Monday, April 20, arriving at Geilo in about 4 hours. The fact that most participants remained for the entire week and the fact that the rather relaxed pace of the meeting gave ample time for discussion and interchange of ideas contributed much to its success.
Research planned for marginal ice zones
Authors: Muench Robin , Untersteiner Norbert
Published: October 2011

World interest in and awareness of the polar regions has developed at an accelerated pace over the past decade. This interest has stemmed from a variety of factors, including increased resource utilization, increased use of polar seas as shipping corridors, and a growing realization that sea ice must be incorporated into any viable global climate prediction scheme. In the 1970s this interest led to implementation of such programs as the Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (AIDJEX) and the Arctic Data Buoy Programs, all of which addressed oceanographic and sea ice problems in the central Arctic Basin.

The more difficult, and possibly more significant, problems remain, however, those concerning the variable extents of the sea ice fields in both hemispheres. These variations occur with the greatest intensity in the marginal ice zones, where the floating ice, oceans, and atmospheres are in continual physical contact and dynamic interaction. This realization led the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1974 to recommend commencement of theoretical and field programs that would address marginal ice zone problems by the late 1970s. Similar recommendations were adopted by the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) a few years following the NAS statement. Most recently, the World Meteorological Organization has reiterated the significance of the marginal ice zones in influencing climate and has recommended implementation of a study program.
Ariane: NASA's European rival
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The successful test launch of two three‐quarter ton satellites in the European Space Agency's (ESA) Ariane rocket last June firmly placed ESA in competition with NASA for the lucrative and growing satellite launching market. Under the auspices of the private (but largely French‐government financed) Arianespace company, ESA is already attracting customers to its three‐stage rocket by offering low costs.

According to recent reports [Nature, 292, pp. 785 and 788, 1981], Arianespace has been able to win several U.S. customers away from NASA, including Southern Pacific Communications, Western Union, RCA, Satellite Television Corporation, and GTE. Nature [292, 1981] magazine in an article entitled ‘More Trouble for the Hapless Shuttle’ suggests that it will be possible for Ariane to charge lower prices for a launch than NASA, even with the space shuttle.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

James F. Fitzgerald, Jr., 32, was awarded posthumously his doctoral degree at the University of Idaho commencement earlier this year. He joined AGU in 1969 as a student member of the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section. He was killed in the May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens.
Galileo mission to Jupiter
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Jupiter has been visited four times: by Pioneers 10 and 11 in 1973 and 1974 and Voyagers 1 and 2 in 1979. Data from those missions will be expanded by the Galileo mission in 1985, which will be the first entry probe into Jupiter's atmosphere. Galileo will also include an orbiting observatory that will provide long‐term detailed studies of the entire Jupiter system.

Components for the Galileo spacecraft, which consists of the orbiter and the entry probe, are nearing completion. The development model for the heat shield on the probe recently passed tests at the NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, Calif. NASA says that approximately 95% of the flight parts have been delivered, and the design for the two parts of the spacecraft and the mission are nearing completion.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 6(9), September 30, 1981, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document number E81‐009 at $1.00 from AGU, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. Order must be prepaid.
IUCRM Symposium
Authors: Valenzuela G. R.
Published: October 2011

The 8th Inter‐Union Commission on Radio Meteorology (IUCRM) symposium was held on May 13–20, 1981, in Miami Beach, Florida. The topic of the symposium was ‘Wave Dynamics and Radio Probing of the Ocean Surface.’ The symposium was also sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the U.S. Navy through the Office of Naval Research (ONR). The American Meteorological Society (AMS) participated in the organization.
Adopted: A practical salinity scale
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Unesco/ICES/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards has recommended the adoption of a Practical Salinity Scale, 1978, and a corresponding new International Equation of State of Seawater, 1980. A full account of the research leading to their recommendation is available in the series Unesco Technical Papers in Marine Science.

The parent organizations have accepted the panel's recommendations and have set January 1, 1982, as the date when the new procedures, formulae, and tables should replace those now in use.
Job prospects for college graduates
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

During the recent recessionary slump, employers in the private sector, responding to a national survey conducted by the College Placement Council, continued to report increased employment opportunities for engineering graduates. While business disciplines and the science, math, and other technical categories experienced some fluctuation during this period, overall, employers continued to report increased hiring. What is unique about this early forecast for 1981–82 is that for the first time in the past several years an anticipated increase in hiring was reported for the other nontechnical categories. Five hundred fifty‐one employing organizations in the private sector anticipated an increase in hiring for each of the four curricular areas surveyed.
AGI elects 1982 Officers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

John D. Haun was elected the 1982 president of the American Geological Institute at the November 5 meeting of the AGI governing board, which represents 18 member societies. Robert E. Boyer was elected vice president/president‐elect. Richard J. Proctor was reelected as treasurer; Doris M. Curtis becomes past president, a voting member of the AGI Executive Committee.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Gregory Breit, 82, an AGU Life Fellow, died on September 11. In 1967 he received the National Medal of Science for his work in nuclear physics. His research was part of the work that lead to the first atomic explosion in 1945. He joined AGU in 1929.
SMM detects new reactions in solar flares
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A gamma ray and neutron spectrometer instrument built at the University of New Hampshire under direction of Edward L. Chupp has detected several important new kinds of emissions from solar flares. The instrument was launched Feb. 14, 1980 on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite. Chupp reports that during a major flare on June 21, 1980, his experiment made the first clear observations of neutrons reaching the earth from a solar flare.

Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles created in nuclear reactions with flares. Free neutrons decay spontaneously into protons and electrons in about 15 minutes, so only very high speed neutrons can reach the earth at all, as light takes about 8 minutes to reach the earth from the sun. In the June 21 flare an intense burst of gamma rays, lasting about 1 minute, was followed by a 20‐min stream of neutrons. This particular flare was probably the most intense to occur during this solar cycle.
Graduate enrollment in oceanography
Authors: Hollister Charles D. , Sclater John G.
Published: October 2011

Excellent job opportunities exist for well‐trained Ph.D. graduates in marine geology, geophysics, chemistry, dynamical‐physical oceanography, and oceanographic engineering.

This was one conclusion the deans of various schools of oceanography reached at a conference that included deans from Dalhousie University, Florida State University, the University of Hawaii, the University of Miami, Oregon State University, the University of Rhode Island, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Texas A & M University, the University of Washington, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography. The results of this effort, combined with some of our own notions, form the basis of this short report. We hope that these thoughts will serve as a discussion base for more in‐depth reflections.
Salt disposal effects found small
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Brine discharges into the Gulf of Mexico averaging more than 600,000 barrels per day for the past year have had ‘few significant effects‘ on the marine environment off the Texas coast, according to a preliminary analysis by scientists and engineers at the Texas A&M University. The brine, 8 times saltier than the surrounding seawater, is produced when salt from underground deposits on shore is dissolved and pumped into the Gulf as part of the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Program.

Lead by Roy Hann, Jr., of the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, the team is analyzing discharge from Bryan Mound at Freeport, Tex., and from the West Hackberry site near Cameron, La. After a year of discharge off Freeport, the researchers found ‘no brine‐caused differences in sediment temperatures and bottom‐water dissolved‐oxygen levels which accompany increased salinity,’ Hann said. In addition, overall compositions of fish and shrimp remained stable.
John F. Dewey—Tectonics Editor
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

‘I want the journal to acquire a reputation for very rapid, fair, and accurate reviewing,’ asserted John F. Dewey, editor‐in‐chief of AGU's newest journal, Tectonics. Dewey said that he will rule the bimonthly, which will begin publication in February, ‘with a bit of a rod of iron’ to ensure that Tectonics is ‘where only original and important papers are published.’

‘I'm going to be very strict with reviewers,’ Dewey explained in his quick British clip. ‘If the review does not come back to me within 10 days to 2 weeks, I'll review the paper myself. I'm also going to have a system whereby, if a paper needs major surgery after being refereed, it will be rejected. Papers will have to be in virtually publishable condition before they are first submitted,’ he said.
National aerospace meeting of the Institute of Navigation
Authors: Fell Patrick
Published: October 2011

The program for this year's aerospace meeting of The Institute of Navigation addressed developments in the evolving Global Positioning System (GPS) of navigation satellites, inertial navigation systems, and other electronic navigation systems and their applications. Also included in the program were a limited number of papers addressing the geodetic use of the GPS system.

The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 18 navigation satellites being developed by the Department of Defense to provide instantaneous worldwide navigation. The system will support a multitude of military applications. The first paper by Jacobson reviewed the engineering development of GPS navigation receivers stressing the use of common hardware and software modules. A later paper by Ould described the mechanization of a digital receiver for GPS applications designed for faster acquisition of the spread spectrum satellite transmissions than analog receivers. The paper by Brady discussed the worldwide coverage that is provided by the limited number of satellites that will constitute the GPS constellation through 1983. The capability provided by the satellites presently on orbit would support a variety of experiments at almost any location. Tables of multiple satellite availability are provided for numerous worldwide locations. For civil aviation applications, Vogel addressed the satellite geometry considerations for low cost GPS user equipment, Esposito described the Federal Aviation Administration acceptance tests of a GPS navigation receiver, and Hopkins discussed the design and capability of an integrated GPS strapdown attitude and heading reference system for avionics.
New nuclear power sources
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Nuclear electric‐power generation sources for the future include two viable candidates as viewed now: the fast breeder and the nuclear fusion reactors. Breeder reactors, which produce more radioactive fuels than they consume, are in the realm of existing technology. They are also categorized as potentially most harmful to the environment. Nuclear fusion reactors, on the other hand, will not be available in this century, based on current levels of development. However, they will be categorized as inherently much safer and thus potentially least harmful to the environment of all fueled electric‐power generators.
Women Ph.D.'s Careers lag men's
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Numerous studies of male and female Ph.D.'s have found wide differences in academic rank and pay. Now a study by a National Research Council committee debunks the traditional reasons given to explain the disparity. This study, which analyzed matched triads of Ph.D.'s, concluded that neither the perceived greater restraints on the career mobility of women nor the greater likelihood that women will interrupt their careers for child rearing explains adequately the differences between male and female Ph.D.'s. Discrimination appears to be the most likely root.
Photochemistry in planetary atmospheres
Authors: Levine Joel S. , Graedel Thomas E.
Published: October 2011

Theoretical studies of the photochemistry of planetary atmospheres (including those of the ancient and modern earth) are based on physical and chemical premises common to all. Widely varying paths of evolutionary history, atmospheric processes, solar fluxes, and temperature have produced vastly different atmospheres, however. Some of these similarities and differences are described in this paper, which is based in part on invited presentations at the Fall 1980 AGU Meeting.

Ozone is a constituent of earth's atmosphere; it is also found in the atmosphere of Mars. Sulfur dioxide is a constituent of the atmosphere of Venus; it is also found in the atmosphere of Io. Methane may have been a constituent of the earth's ancient atmosphere; it is found today in the atmospheres of Titan, Jupiter, and Saturn. Can chemists explain these similarities between systems so different in their physical properties?
Candidates statements: Section Presidents‐Elect
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In the next few issues, comments from all candidates for office of section president‐elect will appear. The statements for Geodesy, Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism, Hydrology, and Solar‐Planetary Relationships sections appear below.
NASA combines two offices
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has completed plans for combining its Office of Space Science and its Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications. The new organization was effective December 3.

The new Office of Space Science and Applications will retain the programs and responsibilities of the two program offices with the exception of the Technology Utilization Program, which has been transferred to the Government/Industry Affairs Division of the Office of External Relations.
Nation's water picture better but southeast still dry
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The flow of the nation's ‘Big Five’ rivers, representing stream runoff from about half of the conterminous United States, increased during November and was 13% above normal for the month, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. USGS scientists said flow of these rivers—the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Columbia, and Missouri—increased from 483 billion gallons per day (bgd) during October, a rate which was 2% above normal for the month, to 553 bgd during November. Because of the large area draining into the Big Five, their combined flow provides a quick, useful check on the pulse of the nation's water resources. The Big Five flow has been above average for the last 6 months
Ultraviolet telescope planned
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A Johns Hopkins University astrophysicist has signed a 4 1/2‐year, $5.9‐million contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the design, construction, and operation of a telescope that will make ultraviolet measurements of quasars and galaxies from a steerable platform aboard the space shuttle. Dubbed the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope (HUT), NASA has scheduled the instrument's first flight on the shuttle for February 1985. A principal target on one of HUT's tnree subsequent scheduled flights will be Comet Halley, due to reach perihelion in March 1986.

Arthur F. Davidsen, a physics professor at Hopkins and the NASA contractor for HUT, said that the instrument is unique among telescopes because it will observe light in the extreme ultraviolet (500 to 1700A) of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 6(11), November 30, 1981, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos, as a microfiche supplement, or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document number E81‐011 at $1.00 from AGU, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. Order must be prepaid.
New seismic profiling system
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The University of Rhode Island will install a new seismic profiling system aboard its 54‐m research vessel Endeavor. The high‐resolution, single‐channel, digital system will use sound waves to probe layers of sediment and rock beneath the ocean floor. With the data obtained with the system, oceanographers will be able to research further the earth's geological processes.

The system will be one of two installed within the newly formed Northeast Consortium Research Fleet (NECOR) (see Information Report this issue). The other seismic profiling system will be placed aboard the Conrad, operated by the Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory.
Maxwell moves to U Texas
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Arthur Maxwell, a Fellow and past president of AGU, left his position last week as provost at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) to become the director of the Institute for Geophysics at the University of Texas at Austin.

Maxwell had been at Woods Hole since 1965, serving in the positions of associate director (1965–1969) and director of research (1969–1971), before his appointment as provost. In 1955, he joined the Office of Naval Research as head oceanographer. Four years later he was put in charge of the geophysics branch, an appointment he held until he went to Woods Hole.
Continental Scientific Drilling Program Data Base
Authors: Pawloski Gayle
Published: October 2011

The Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP) data base at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is a central repository, cataloguing information from United States drill holes. Most holes have been drilled or proposed by various federal agencies. Some holes have been commercially funded. This data base is funded by the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of t he Department of Energy (OBES/DOE) to serve the entire scientific community. Through the unrestricted use of the database, it is possible to reduce drilling costs and maximize the scientific value of current and planned efforts of federal agencies and industry by offering the opportunity for add‐on experiments and supplementing knowledge with additional information from existing drill holes.
Illinois Water Survey
Authors: Hilberg Steven D.
Published: October 2011

Flooding is a major problem that plagues the nation. The flooding problem encompasses a wide spectrum of physical and social scientific issues that need resolution. Scientists at the Illinois State Water Survey were recently awarded a grant of $106,600 by the National Science Foundation to prepare a comprehensive national plan of research on floods and their mitigation. The Illinois State Water Survey has a history of research on floods and flooding. It serves as the repository for all floodplain information in Illinois.
Adirondacks portrait
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A color poster, ‘The Adirondacks… A Portrait From Space,’ is a composite of four pictures taken in late October 1977 by the Landsat satellite. Cities, fields, interstate highways, airport runways, lakes, and forests are discernible.
Aeromagnetic survey in Minnesota
Authors: Chandler Val
Published: October 2011

The Minnesota Geological Survey is acquiring over 75,000 line km of aeromagnetic data over east central Minnesota as a continuation of a long‐range program to map the entire state. The survey is being flown at a mean ground clearance of 150 m with a 400‐m line spacing. The survey area is bounded to the north and south by 47°37′30″ and 45°37′30″ and to the east and west by 93° and 94°37′30″. This area adjoins a 100,000 line km aeromagnetic survey over northeastern Minnesota that was acquired and released by the Minnesota Geological Survey in 1979–1980.
Earth tide‐earthquake correlation
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The concept that there may be a causal relationship between solid‐earth tide stresses and earthquakes and volcanic eruptions has been aired for some time, but without sufficient example in the field. Recently, S.R. McNutt and R.J. Beavan have been able to demonstrate such a correlation at the Pavlof volcano located along the Alaska peninsula. The three criteria required to evaluate such a correlation are the following. A statistical number of events, a constant accumulated strain, and a limited focal region are the criteria noted by A. Ryal et al. (Bull. Seismol. Soc. Amer, 66, 1821–1846, 1976), and McNutt and Bevan think the first and last of these are met at Pavlof.
Offshore oil and the coastline
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

A radical, accelerated 5‐year plan to offer 875 million acres (of which 20 million could actually be leased for oil and gas extraction purposes) on the outer continental shelf (OCS) could result in the release of large volumes of drilling wastes and spillage (Environ. Sci. Tech., Nov. 1981). The actual leasing, under the 5‐year plan proposed by Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt, could amount to 4–5 million acres per year—about 10 times as much, on the average, as had been leased over the past 25 years. Regulations on the environmental effects may be less complicated yet more effective in that impact statements will cover large areas instead of the tract‐by‐tract statements now required. A number of the new offshore leasing areas, for example, the Alaska Coast (Cook Inlet, Beaufort Bay, Gulf of Alaska), the Blake Plateau and Baltimore Canyon, and the Georges Bank, are extremely valuable in terms of renewable resources and potentially fragile in terms of environmental conditions. Fishing interests in these areas have produced considerable controversy over the planned sale of petroleum rights.
Science salaries reviewed
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Salaries of experienced geoscientists have risen 215% since 1973, while the consumer price index rose 92.5%, according to a report by the Scientific Manpower Commission (SMC). ‘Salaries of Scientists, Engineers, and Technicians: A Summary of Salary Surveys, Tenth Edition,’ prepared by SMC Associate Director Eleanor L. Babco, is a compilation of salary information from numerous organizations, including federal agencies and departments, educational associations, magazine publishers, and other professional and trade groups. While there is little in the report that cannot be found elsewhere, SMC has collected the data in one place to provide a snapshot of scientists' salaries.

Degreed geologists, geophysicists, production engineers, and ‘landmen,’ as a group, earn the highest salaries of almost any professional occupation in the United States, according to several salary studies by Vine Associates over the past 4 years.
JGR and marginal ice zone processes
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As a follow‐up to the special sessions on marginal ice zone (MIZ) processes at the AGU 1981 Fall Meeting in San Francisco and to sessions scheduled for the upcoming AGU/ASLO Meeting in San Antonio, a collection of papers on MIZ research is planned for the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Tentative titles for manuscripts should be sent as soon as possible to Robin D. Muench, Coordinator JGR/MIZ Issue, SAI/Northwest, 13400B Northrup Way #36, Bellevue, WA 98005. Finished manuscripts, due April 1, 1982, should be sent directly to A.D. Kirwan, Jr., coeditor of JGR, Oceans and Atmospheres, Department of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh Ave. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701. Authors are requested to specify that manuscripts are for the special MIZ issue.
Is SI required?
Authors: Forte Gregg
Published: October 2011

Most major journals publishing oceanography research do not require authors to use the International System of Units (Systeme International d'Unités, or SI), and many authors and editors prefer non‐SI units for much oceanographic work, according to a recent AGU survey.

Of the 16 journals or publishers in various fields of geophysics that responded to a December 1981 mail survey, 9 encourage authors to use SI, 5 require them to use it (with some exceptions), 1 accepts papers without SI units although, its formal policy is to require them, and 1, which now has no policy, said it expects to require SI within 5 years.
Taxonomic code available
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The third edition of the taxonomic code, a hierarchical system of numerical codes of up to 12 digits used to identify organisms, is now available from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC). The expanded edition comprises nearly 28,000 entries offering the scientific names and corresponding numerical codes of worldwide flora and fauna from viruses to mammals.

Developed to simplify and systematize computer processing of data about marine organisms, the code has been since applied to help identify aquatic and terrestrial organisms. NODC requires use of the code in all data bases containing biological information.
Federal R&D funding: 10‐year trends
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Research and development (R&D) funded by the federal government has grown steadily since 1971, according to the National Science Foundation (NSF). The total federal R&D funding gained at an annual rate of 8.6% in actual dollars. Substantial gains, on the order of 15% over 1981, had originally been planned but later revised downward, close to 0%, for the fiscal year 1982. The essential features of the 10‐year trend are that federal R&D funding has been mostly directed toward the military—over twice the amount of all other types of R&D funding—and while military research funding is accelerating sharply, other research funding is on the decline. In simple terms, the 10‐year increases are only for national defense.
Subseabed storage of radioactive waste
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The subject of the storage of nuclear wastes products incites emotional responses from the public, and thus the U.S. Subseabed Disposal Program will have to make a good case for waste storage beneath the ocean floor. The facts attendant, however, describe circumstances necessitating cool‐headed analysis to achieve a solution to the growing nuclear waste problem. Emotion aside, a good case indeed is being made for safe disposal beneath the ocean floor.

The problems of nuclear waste storage are acute. A year ago, U.S. military weapons production had accumulated over seventy‐five million gallons of high‐level radioactive liquid waste; solid wastes, such as spent nuclear fuel rods from reactors, amounted to more than 12,000 tons. These wastes are corrosive and will release heat for 1000 years or more. The wastes will remain dangerously radioactive for a period of 10,000 years. There are advantages in storing the wastes on land, in special underground repositories, or on the surface. These include the accessibility to monitor the waste and the possibility of taking action should a container rupture occur, and thus the major efforts to determine suitable disposal at this time are focused on land‐based storage. New efforts, not to be confused with ocean dumping practices of the past, are demonstrating that waste containers isolated in the clays and sediments of the ocean floor may be superior (Environ. Sci. Tech., 16, 28A–37A 1982).
Hydrothermal oil
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Petroleum of apparent hydrothermal origin has been reported among samples of hydrothermal mounds encrusted with tube worms, massive sulfides, and other hydrothermal mineral assemblages dredged from the Guaymas Basin (Nature, 295, 198–202). The petroleum contains a set of diagnostic organic indicators that could not have been dissolved in mature petroleum migrated to the hydrothermal site from geologically older formations. On the other hand, the petroleum samples contain sufficient chemical evidence to prove an autogenic origin. Researchers B. Simon of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and P. Lonsdale of the Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution, suggest that the oil in the Guaymas Basin formed in situ from immature organic matter by thermal alteration from the vents. The hydrothermal mineralized mounds along the southern rift of the Guaymas Basin are being explored for their potential sulfide ores. This discovery of petroleum produced by the same process constitutes a major scientific step in the study of petroleum formation. The organic matter could be an essential carbon source for microbes involved in a symbiotic process that supports higher life forms, such as tube worms, and simultaneously precipitates sulfides. The study consisted of careful dredge sampling by the crew of the research vessel Melville, selection of specimens from the dredge, and chemical analysis by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques. The analyses were thorough and contain extensive parameters to prove a thermogenic origin of the petroleum material.
Exploration of the continental basement the world over by seismic reflection profiling: A goal for the solid earth sciences
Authors: Oliver Jack
Published: October 2011

This short article proposes a long‐range goal for the international earth science community—the exploration of the continental basement along profiles crossing major geological features in many land areas of the world via the use of the powerful seismic reflection technique widely used in petroleum exploration. The cover figure shows a map of possible routes for such surveying and illustrates the scope of the effort that is envisioned.

The purpose of this effort would be to explore the third, or depth, dimension of large and important structures of the continental crust—a major frontier of modern earth science. Such observations should lead to a basic understanding of the crust and its evolution and hence provide a sound basis for enlightened utilization of this portion of the earth by mankind.
Black holes in review
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Black holes are the theoretical space‐time warps where gravitational forces are so intense that all matter and energy—even light—are effectively trapped and absorbed. So far, there has been no direct evidence, no positive acceptable proof or observation, of black holes, but their incredibly unique properties have been used by modern‐day astronomers to provide explanations for many unanswered questions, including those associated with the ‘big bang,’ from which the universe is residue.

Black hole theory has provided heady excitement in the past several years as its unique aspects have emerged. For example, the Hawkings radiation effect was the result of an impressive application of quantum theory to objects of astronomic dimensions that demonstrated that black holes could be the origin of the observed X ray emissions from globular star clusters. However, as the fascination with black holes continues to grow, with new results that test the laws of physics against black hole theory, physicists are beginning to cast doubt on their validity. According to a recent report, ‘… participants at an International Astronomical Union meeting in Bandung, Indonesia, presented several papers indicating the growth of something of a backlash against the black hole as an astrophysical panacea’ (New Scientist, Jan. 14, 1982). Nonetheless, as long as black holes are in fashion, theorists continue to derive interesting physical models, such as ‘On being lowered into a black hole,’ by Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne University physicist Paul Davies (New Scientist, op. cit.).
Most science spared big budget bite
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Most science budgets emerged unscathed from President Ronald Reagan's fiscal 1983 budget proposal. Total funding for research and development came out slightly ahead of inflation, as did funding for basic research (Eos, February 16, p. 162). The National Science Foundation (NSF) edged past the projected 7.3% inflation rate for 1982, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) budget is to be increased by 10.6%. However, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is budgeted for a 4.2% increase in funding, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) will take an 8.3% cut.
Neptune has another moon
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

The smallest satellite of the planet Neptune is sufficiently difficult to image by earth‐based telescopes so as to have precluded many efforts at detection. Now there is a new challenge for telescope astronomers in the recent report by H. Reitsema, W. Hubbard, L. Lebofsky, and D. Tholen of a third satellite moon in orbit around Neptune (Science, 215(, 289–291, 1982). The technique used to observe Neptune and investigate the upper atmosphere involves spectroscopic measurement by earth‐based telescope during an occultation event of an uncatalogued star. The combined signals of Neptune and the stars were observed with a two‐channel photometer gated at 10 ms. The two channels collected filtered light in red and blue bands. Neptune's atmosphere is blue as a result of strong methane absorption, so that the blue‐filtered channel would experience only a slight drop in signal (½%) at full occultation. The red channel would experience a stronger drop in signal (4%). Shortly before 8 h 37 min coordinated universal time, as Neptune occultation of the star approached, an abrupt event occurred on the record that is interpreted as being due to passage of the previously unknown third moon in front of the star (see figure).