bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Effects of Injections of Quinine into the Tissues of Man and Animals
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S.
Published: May 2009

In December 1917, Lieut.-Col. MacGilchrist of the Indian Medical Service published a paper on the necrosis produced by intra-muscular injections of strong solutions of quinine salts. It might be an advantage to quote the first few lines of this communication: “Advocates of intra-muscular injections of strong solutions of quinine salts for the treatment of malaria seldom omit to state that no local ill-effects are produced”. He records a case of tissue necrosis following on the intra-muscular injection of eleven grains of quinine bi-hydrochloride in thirty-four minims of water. Death supervened thirteen hours later. MacGilchrist especially noted, owing to rapid tissue necrosis, that the track of the needle remained patent. He regards as an established fact that most of the quinine injected is precipitated and probably chemically combined with serum proteins in the necrosed tissues and for this reason intramuscular injections of concentrated solutions of quinine salts are not to be recommended for cases of emergency. Very dilute solutions of quinine salts are, in his opinion, rapidly and completely absorbed whether employed subcutaneously or by the intra-muscular route. If the views which MacGilchrist puts forward in this and other communications are to be accepted without reserve then intra-muscular injections of strong solutions of quinine should no longer be employed. It was for this reason that Major-General Sir M. P. C. Holt, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., D.M.S., B.S.F., asked me to carry out an experimental enquiry on animals as to the effects produced by intra-muscular injections of strong solutions of quinine.
The Cultivation of Aerobic Bacteria from Single Cells
Authors: Hort Edward C.
Published: May 2009

In order to obtain cultures of aerobic bacteria from single cells it is hardly necessary to insist that a method of isolation should be employed which can be relied on to ensure that one organism, and one only, is the starting point for inoculation of the first subculture. Unfortunately, for technical reasons which will be explained, no such method is at present available.
A Polyvalent Vaccine in the Treatment of Bacillary Dysentery in East Africa
Authors: Kauntze W. H.
Published: May 2009

The research on which this paper is based, was carried out between September 1916, and April 1917, while the writer was in charge of the Carrier Depot Hospital, Nairobi, British East Africa.
Suggestions for a New Criterion of a Positive Wassermann Reaction based on an Analysis of 2334 Quantitative Tests
Authors: Browning C. H. , Kennaway E. L.
Published: May 2009

Examination of the records of a large number of quantitative Wassermann tests has suggested a new and simple criterion of a positive reaction. This is based upon a comparison of the amounts of complement giving complete lysis with any given serum, and with the negative control, respectively. Reasons are given for regarding this criterion as more satisfactory than that in common use. Details are given of the methods employed for the selection of a negative control serum, the estimation of degrees of lysis, and the provision of a suitable range of amounts of complement.
A Study of Diphtheria Bacilli, with Special Reference to their Serological Classification
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

Much work has already been done in connection with the differentiation of true diphtheria bacilli from diphthomorphic organisms. Some observers have maintained that all disease producing strains could be distinguished from non-pathogenic types by their sugar reactions. Others have laid much stress on some particular forms of virulence test. More recently serological classification has been attempted in order to help to solve this problem.

With regard to sugar reactions Graham-Smith (1908) found that certain strains produced acid in media containing saccharose, while Hine (1913), on the other hand, maintained that no true diphtheria bacillus could ferment this sugar. Eagleton and Baxter (1922) have shown that diphtheria bacilli, virulent and non-virulent, ferment glucose but do not produce any change in saccharose. Jordan and his collaborators (1922) have found that virulent and non-virulent bacilli fermented glucose and maltose and produced no change in saccharose and that their action on dextrin was variable.

Work on the serological classification of these organisms has also shown some considerable variation. Havens (1920) isolated 206 strains of diphtheria bacilli. These represented cultures from acute cases, release cultures and cultures from healthy carriers. He found that these 206 strains could be divided into two serological groups, one group containing 169 strains, the other 37. There was no evidence of any cross agglutination. Durand (1920) isolated 255 strains of typical diptheria bacilli and after excluding those strains which would not form stable suspensions divided them into five groups, A. B. C. D. and E. containing 16, 8, 25, 61 and 40 strains respectively. Eighty-seven strains were found to be inagglutinable by these five sera but nevertheless could absorb agglutinins from such sera. His final figures for the five groups of bacilli are 18, 8, 31, 76 and 51. Durand and Guerin (1921) in a further paper showed that small isolated outbreaks were always due to the same type of bacillus. They also found that healthy carriers gave the same type of bacillus as was found in the cases arising from these sources of infection. Bell (1922) isolated 133 strains of B. diphtheriae indifferently collected from cases and carriers. He was able to agglutinate 80 per cent. of these strains by three monovalent sera. Group I contained 17 strains, Group II 8 strains, Group III 80 strains.

In view of the results which have just been described it has appeared important to investigate further a considerable number of strains as encountered in routine work, not only as regards the serological characteristics of the organisms but also in regard to their morphology, their biochemical reactions, and their virulence for guinea-pigs.
Duration of Passive Immunity. Part II
Authors: Glenny A. T. , Hopkins Barbara E.
Published: May 2009

1. Normal rabbits injected intravenously with diphtheria antitoxin obtained from a horse vary considerably both in regard to the duration of Phase B and the duration and the intensity of Phase C.

2. Phase C, the phase of accelerated loss due to formation of precipitin appears sooner and is more pronounced in older rabbits.

3. The early appearance and more rapid formation of antibody (precipitin) in certain rabbits is indicative of naturally acquired immunity.

4. The highest concentration in the blood of rabbits injected subcutaneously with antitoxic horse serum is seen after 2 to 3 days, when it reaches approximately the same value as that of rabbits injected intravenously, and represents only one-third of the total antitoxin injected. Two hours after subcutaneous injection the antitoxic content is only one two-hundredth of that of a rabbit injected intravenously.
Epidemic Enteritis in Aberdeen due to Food Infections
Authors: Anderson James S. , Kinloch J. Parlane , Smith J.
Published: May 2009

In a preceding paper1, details were given of an investigation which demonstrated that an epidemic of milk-borne enteritis occurring in Aberdeen in 1919 was due to infection of milk with dysentery bacilli of the Flexner type. It was further stated that the epidemiological and clinical features of antecedent epidemics of milk-borne diarrhoea were such as to suggest that the former epidemics were probably also dysenteric infections, although bacteriological investigation had failed to identify the causative organisms.
The Segregation of Biological Factors in B. enteritidis (Aertrycke)
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Ayrton Joyce
Published: May 2009

In the preceding report (Topley and Ayrton, 1923 b) it has been shown that, if various strains of B. aertrycke be fed to mice and the subsequent events observed over a period of 42 days, and if all strains fed to the mice or isolated from their faeces or tissues be examined as regards their type of growth and their agglutination reactions, then the following associations are found to exist between the characters studied. The presence of group antigen is associated with persistent faecal excretion, whether the strain be rough or smooth. Roughness is associated with decreased faecal excretion and a decrease in the percentage mortality, when rough strains are compared with, smooth.
An Apparatus for anaerobic Plate Cultivation in Hydrogen for separate Petri Capsules: (A Report to the Food Investigation Board)
Authors: de Smidt F. P. G.
Published: May 2009

A number of methods have been described for anaerobic cultivation in separate plates. The principle offers certain advantages over the cultivation of a number of plates in the same anaerobic container, which has to be opened whenever it is desired to inspect any particular culture; and it is useful where anaerobic plate cultures are needed only occasionally or in small numbers.
Anthropometric Studies of Glasgow School Children
Authors: McKinlay Peter L.
Published: May 2009

The object of the present investigation was to determine the relation between the variations in hair and eye colours and variations of weight and stature; so that one might know what allowances, if any, would be necessary to make for variations of the proportion of children in different classes of hair and eye colour in different age groups and in the two sexes in the different schools under investigation with respect to the factors influencing bodily growth and nutrition. Incidentally, the analysis might reveal racial differentiation if such were present in this population.
The Physique of Glasgow School Children (1921–22)
Authors: Tully Annabel M. T.
Published: May 2009

In a study of the influence of environmental and other conditions on the growth and nutrition of the children of the poorer classes in the city of Glasgow, it seemed desirable to determine how far a homogeneous stock was being dealt with since there was some danger that racial variations might modify the results of the investigation.
Bacillus bifidus: its Characters and Isolation from the Intestine of Infants.
Authors: Cruickshank Robert
Published: May 2009

1.B. bifidus communis, first isolated and described by Tissier, is the predominant organism in the intestinal flora of healthy breast-fed infants in the early weeks of life. In films of the faeces at this period Gram-positive bacilli may constitute almost 99 per cent. of the organisms present.

2.B. bifidusrequires fairly strict anaerobic conditions for its isolation in primary culture; but thereafter it grows readily in sub-cultures in the presence of oxygen.

3.B. bifidusis a member of the acid-tolerant group of Gram-positive, faecal organisms. Although closely resemblingB. acidophilus, it is distinct from the latter morphologically and also in certain of its cultural characters. The results of agglutination reactions indicate that different strains ofB. bifidusare not serologically uniform.

4. AlthoughB. bifidusis a very pleomorphic organism, no evidence was obtained in the present work that it could be changed into an aerobic, spore-bearing bacillus.

5. The predominance ofB. bifidusin the intestinal flora of breast-fed infants appears to be closely related to the high degree of acidity of the faeces of these infants. It is probable that the predominance ofB. bifidusover other organisms is an important factor in preserving a healthy condition of the intestinal tract in the breast-fed infant.
On some Recently Developed Methods for Measles Prophylaxis.
Authors: Copeman W. S. C.
Published: May 2009

That the human race is extremely susceptible to the ravages of measles is well known, Brownlee not being guilty of much exaggeration when he states that, in the presence of infection, the only way to avoid this disease is to have had it. MacNalty (1918) states in his report on the subject to the Local Government Board that “the disease is so universal in this country that few children escape it,” this being particularly true in reference to the poorer urban classes. Butler (1913) found as a result of the study of the statistics for the public elementary schools of Willesden that among persons who had attained the age of 15 and upwards, only 2·7 per cent. had escaped measles. Zingher states that amongst children who have not previously suffered from the disease, and who are exposed to it, between 96 and 98 per cent. will develop it.
Melioidosis in Cochin China
Authors: Pons R. , Advier M.
Published: May 2009

1. A case of the septicaemic form of melioidosis is recorded from Cochin China.

2. Certain new biological characters of the causative agent, B. whitmori, are described.

3. An animal origin of the infection in this case is considered probable.
The Influence of External Factors on the Mortality from Pneumonia in Childhood and Later Adult Life
Authors: Woods Hilda M.
Published: May 2009

Pneumonia in well known to be extremely fatal at both extremes of life. In 1923 it was the cause of 3671 deaths per million living at ages under 5 years; between ages 5–24 the death-rate fell to 177 and rose to 376 at ages 25–44. after 45 the increase was rapid and the death-ate reached 2279 per million living for the ago group 65–74 and 4100 for all ages over 75 years.
The Value of Mixed Vaccines in the Prevention of the Common Cold
Authors: Ferguson Fergus R. , Davey A. F. C. , Topley W. W. C.
Published: May 2009

Although the common cold may appear to form a relatively trivial constituent of the mass of acute respiratory disease, which presents the student of preventive medicine with one of his most difficult and pressing problems, the total sickness and incapacity to which it gives rise is by no means small; and there are adequate reasons for regarding it as the occasional precursor of far more serious troubles. It is, therefore, not without interest to enquire, whether or no those procedures, which are commonly recommended as possessing prophylactic value, can make good their claim when submitted to an adequate test. The enquiry here recorded suffers from the fact that the total number of individuals at risk was relatively small; but the answer to the main question posed is so unambiguous, and accords so well with the results obtained in the only other adequate tests of which we have knowledge, that it seems desirable that it should be briefly recorded. It is possible, also, that some little interest attaches to the figures of frequency, duration and severity of common colds within a particular community
An Analysis of an Influenza Epidemic in the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy
Authors: Dudley Sheldon F.
Published: May 2009

The analysis of an epidemic of influenza in the New Zealand division of the Royal Navy confirms the following hypotheses which were suggested by previous studies of the same and other diseases.

(1) The type of influenza in different places, especially if they are more or less isolated areas, such as islands or ships, tends to assume special characters as regards infectivity, virulence, and clinical type1. In this respect the influenza virus, or viruses, are only following a well-known biological “law,” namely, that isolation tends to encourage the evolution of new varieties and species. A classical example of this “law” is found in Darwin's reference to the fact that each island of the Galapagos Archipelago has its own special flora and fauna—similar to but yet different from that of the other islands.

(2) One wave of influenza, even if of a different type, will confer considerable immunity to a subsequent wave not only on the victims attacked, but also on those who apparently escaped infection during the first wave.

(3) The brunt of the morbidity of influenza (and other infections) is borne by recruits and junior ratings, not because they are, on the whole, younger, but because they have had less time than the senior men to adapt themselves, by means of auto-vaccination, to the bacterial environment of crowded ships or barracks.

The effect of bacterial adaptation to environment is often overlooked. Hence other factors, such as physical fitness, are often given more credit than they deserve as preservers of the public health.

(4) Senior ratings mixed with recruits suffer a higher morbidity from infectious disease than they do under similar circumstances in the absence of recruits. This statement, if true, should have a most important practical bearing on military medical administration. The phenomenon is probably due to increased velocities of infection (due to the higher infectibility of the recruits) breaking down the herd immunity of the senior men.

(5) In this epidemic New Zealanders suffered more from influenza than the British sailors not, as usually supposed, because of the mere fact of being born in New Zealand, but because all the recruits and the bulk of the junior ratings were New Zealanders.
A Spontaneous Epidemic in Mice associated with Morgan's Bacillus, and its bearing on the Aetiology of Summer Diarrhoea
Authors: Wilson G. S.
Published: May 2009

Two epidemics among mice are described that were closely associated with Morgan's No. 1 bacillus. In both of these epidemics the mice, which were fed on oats and raw beef, were found at autopsy to be suffering from peculiar lesions—an advanced degree of anaemia, pale and swollen kidneys, and general pallor and dryness of the tissues—not hitherto encountered in any other epidemic. Evidence is advanced to show thatBact. morganiwas the specific cause of these epidemics; and it is suggested that the peculiar lesions described were the result of a chronic intestinal infection with this organism.

The close analogy existing between the bacteriological findings in summer diarrhoea and in our experiments is discussed. The tentative conclusion is advanced that summer diarrhoea is not a bacteriological entity, but is a disease that can be caused by a number of different members of the non-lactose-fermenting group.
Unusual Dysenteric Infections
Authors: Wiseman W. E.
Published: May 2009

FROM time to time certain organisms, all closely similar, have been encountered in this laboratory which from their unusual occurrence and unfamiliar behaviour presented some difficulty in their identification. An account of some of them and of the cases from which they were derived is here given, and an attempt is made to correlate the organisms. If the result of the investigation shows that they belong to a single group of pathogenic bacilli, the important fact will be illustrated from the short accounts of the cases that a wide range of clinical manifestations may be met with in association with this group of bacteria.
The Growth and Nutrition of the Slum Child in relation to Housing—the One and Two-roomed House
Authors: Murray Annabel M. T
Published: May 2009

A Report of the Medical Research Council (1926) was published last year on the results of extensive investigations, carried out under the auspices of the Scottish Child Life Committee of the Medical Research Council, on the environmental and parental conditions affecting the growth and nutrition of the slum child. This showed that while there were great differences in the growth and nutrition of these children as indicated by weight and height, these differences could not be correlated with such environmental factors as income and air space (degree of crowding), nor with the parental factor maternal health, while the evidence adduced did not indicate that diet was a determining factor. In fact the only significant correlation discovered was with the efficiency of the mother.
The Value of Non-specific Agglutination in the Differentiation of the Genus Brucella
Authors: Ross G. R
Published: May 2009

(1) Non-specific agglutination as tested by thermo-agglutination, peptone agglutination, lactic acid agglutination and Michaelis' acid agglutination falied in the primary object of differentiating between Br. melitensis and Br. abortus.

(2) Thermo-agglutination was only observed in strains of Br. paramelitensis.

(3) With peptone agglutination no strain gave a positive result.

(4) The results of lactic acid agglutination and Michaelis' acid agglutination ran practically parallel. No distinction could be observed between Br. melitensis and Br. abortus. Strains of both of remote origin gave slight agglutination with lactic acid while recently isolated strains of Br. abortus were negative. Very definite agglutination, however, was observed by both methods with paramelitensis and paraabortus strains, but no differentiation was possible between such strains.
On Slow Lactose FermentingB. Coliin Urinary and Intestinal Infections
Authors: Dudgeon Leonard S. , Pulvertaft R. J. V.
Published: May 2009

(a) The slow lactose fermenting bacilli which we have investigated cause an acute febrile illness in man. The general symptoms may be so severe that the diagnosis of typhoid and paratyphoid fever has been made. Such cases are invariably due to an acute infection of the urinary tract, more specially acute pyelitis or pyelo-nephritis, but the general symptoms may be so severe at the onset of the illness that the urinary manifestations are masked.

(b) Three fatal cases have occurred.

(c) In cases of acute diarrhoea, with or without blood and mucus, these bacilli may be present in pure culture in the faeces.

(d) Chronic urinary infections due to these bacilli are uncommon.

(e) The bacillus of so-calledcolumbensisfever is allied to these bacilli.
“Status Thymico-Lymphaticus” considered in the light of Recent Work on the Thymus
Authors: Greenwood Major , Woods Hilda M.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1911 the heading “Status Lymphaticus” was first used in the publications of the Registrar-General of England and Wales and, in that year, 121 deaths were assigned primarily to this heading; Status Lymphaticus was also mentioned in the certificates relating to 25 of the deaths which occurred under anaesthesia. The heading was retained in the published tabulations as first introduced until 1921, when certifications of Status Lymphaticus were classified under the heading of “Diseases of the Thymus,” of which statistical group they have, so far, formed the whole. Between 1911 and 1924 (inclusive) the annual deaths—inclusive of those associated with anaesthesia—have fluctuated between 145 and 273. In the last four years there has been little variation, 209 in 1921, 204 in 1922, 200 in 1923 and 199 in 1924. Most of the deaths are in the age group 0–5 and a considerable majority are of males. Thus in the last two available years, 1923 and 1924, of 399 deaths 289 were at ages 0–5 and 258 were of males (respectively 72 and 65 per cent.). If the 85 deaths in which anaesthesia was an associated condition are excluded, 81 per cent. are of children aged 0–5 and 64 per cent. of males (Table I).
Further Studies on the Serological Classification of Haemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

In a preliminary paper (1926) I have shown that most strains of haemolytic streptococci obtained from scarlet fever may be placed in two very definite serological groups. The strains from 119 cases were found to belong to Type I, from 57 cases to Type II, while from 34 cases the strains were un-identified. That the scarlatinal streptococci do not form one serological group has been confirmed by Griffith (1926) and by James (1926). Further, the sera and type cultures used in this investigation have been interchanged with those of Dr Griffith, and his Types I and II strains have been found to conform with the main serological types found in Aberdeen.
The Agglutination of Haemolytic Streptococci by Sera from Cases of Scaralet Fever
Authors: Smith J.
Published: May 2009

An examination of the literature shows that there is considerable difference of opinion on this subject. Some workers found that sera obtained from cases of scarlatina agglutinated scarlet fever streptococci to a high titre, while others believed that no agglutination could be obtained unless the sera were concentrated.
An Epidemiological Contribution to the Knowledge of the Respiratory Diseases
Authors: van Loghem J. J.
Published: May 2009

The results of an inquiry into colds and slight influenza—held by me with the obliging collaboration of 7000 informants in the Netherlands from September 1925 till June 1926—do not contradict the hypothesis propounded in the introduction, that various respiratory diseases depend upon a disturbance in the thermo-regulation, in consequence of which the body becomes receptive to commensal infection.

In the first place a proportionally equal number of colds was reported at the same time from the various parts of the country during the period of observation, while the increase and the decrease of these colds ran parallel to the falling and rising of the temperature of the air. Further, when calculating the figures from large and from small families, it was proved that the members of small families have no lesser chance of infection than the members of large families.

This joint result tells against the contagiousness of colds in the period of observation.

The outbreak in September stood alone; the preceding period had not been marked by a low average temperature but by a series of cold nights. During the following month the occurrence of colds was accompanied by the mortality from old age and by the joint mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia.

An increased mortality from pneumonia in March–April, linked up with a moderate lowering of the temperature of the air, was not accompanied by “old-age mortality” and only moderately by “colds” it went together however with an increased mortality from influenza. The influenza cases of the inquiry too had increased by that period of time. So the influenza showed itself as a parasitic infection, which takes its own epidemic course. Still the possibility remains of the virus, at times of reigning influenza, having also widely spread among the healthy. At any rate the idea that catching cold reduces resistance to influenza or pneumonia is supported by the data.

The opinion obtained from the results of the inquiry, that most colds and pneumonia, as well as many cases in which old age has been given as the cause of death, are founded on a disturbance of the thermo-regulation, has drawn attention to physiological oscillations of the temperature of the body in relation to that of the temperature of the air. As the thermo-regulating system is not able to fix the temperature of the body completely, even under normal conditions, but allows a certain poikilothermia, it is clear that by a considerable drop in the temperature of the air these oscillations of the temperature of the body become so large that they may cause a disturbance.

The prophylaxis of the diseases from catching cold will have to be directed towards the application of “passive” prophylactics (for preserving and supplying heat by imminent cooling), as well as of “active” prophylactics (raising the production of heat by the body).
The use of Preserved Bacterial Suspensions for the Agglutination Test: With especial reference to the Enteric Fevers and Typhus Fevers
Authors: Felix A. , Olitzki L.
Published: May 2009

1. InB. typhosus, B. paratyphosus A and B, andB. enteritidisGärtner, low concentrations of phenol and formaldehyde produce a definite inhibition of the 0 agglutination, while the H agglutination is unaltered—a fact already established many years ago in the case ofB. proteus X19.

2. Alcohol, even in high concentrations, has no such inhibitory effect.

3. Therefore, suspensions preserved in the usual way with phenol or formalin are not adequate reagents for the qualitative serum analysis in enteric fevers or for the usual diagnosis test in typhus fever.

4. Phenol and formalin suspensions are responsible for negative results of the Widal test in cases of enteric fevers which show only the 0 immune body in the serum; such cases form a considerable percentage of the total especially in typhoid fever.

5. As a routine measure in the diagnosis of enteric fevers, it is suggested that two preserved suspensions of each organism be used:

(1) an alcoholic suspension (like that of Bien and Sonntag in typhus fever) as a reagent for the 0 agglutinin, and

(2) the usual phenol or formalin suspension as a reagent for the H agglutinin.

6. The nature of the described phenomenon of inhibition is not, as yet, entirely clear.
Furunculosis in Trout and the Importance of Carriers in the Spread of the Disease
Authors: Horne J. H.
Published: May 2009

1. No evidence was found of the presence of furunculosis in trout farms. Over 100 trout from four farms in S. England were examined with entirely negative results.

2. Of eighteen live trout taken from the Kennet, three were carrying the B. salmonicida in their blood. All three were in poor condition but alive and active, and two of them were so-called “black fish”.

3. Bacteriological analyses of Kennet water at eleven selected points were carried out in the month of August. They revealed no serious pollution nor any definite relationship between high bacterial content and the disease.

4. Laboratory experiments to test pathogenicity of B. salmonicida appear to show:

(a) That the bacillus is lethal to goldfish when injected into the muscle but not necessarily so when rubbed into a skin wound.

(b) That in the case of gobies infection from water polluted with pure broth cultures of B. salmonicida is possible and may cause death in about fifteen days after the introduction of the culture.

(c) That fish (gobies) which had survived the last experiment for a period of six weeks were capable of infecting healthy “contacts”, when kept with them in fresh running water.

5. A few laboratory experiments on the behaviour of B. salmonicida in sewage appeared to indicate that the bacillus persists longer in tap and distilled water than in crude sewage and sewage effluent.

6. Specimens of fish (salmon and trout) infected with furunculosis were also received during the summer from the Rivers Lledr (Wales), Lyon (Scotland) and a private hatchery on the Test at Whitchurch. The conditions in the two latter cases suggested that the outbreak was mainly due to carriers.

7. Measures suggested in the case of infected streams are: avoidance of over-stocking, bacteriological scrutiny of source of fresh stocks, removal of sick and ill-conditioned fish, and sewage control.
The Study of “Resting” or Non-proliferating Bacteria
Authors: Quastel J. H.
Published: May 2009

If a medium containing either 1 per cent. ammonium succinate or 1 per cent. ammonium fumarate together with certain inorganic salts be inoculated with B. pyocyaneus and incubated aerobically at 37° C. a vigorous growth of the organism will ensue, the rates of growth in both cases not being markedly different from each other. If the growth be allowed to proceed for a fortnight, analysis of the media shows that essentially similar products (mixtures of the lower fatty acids) have been produced in both cases. If the growth be allowed to proceed for not longer than three days, analysis shows that in the succinate medium over 80 per cent. of the succinic acid has not been utilised, whilst in the other medium the entire fumaric acid has disappeared, giving rise in its stead to pyruvic acid which is further utilised as growth proceeds(1). Quantitative data support the view that the breakdown of succinic acid occurs through the intermediate production of fumaric acid, the rate of fermentation of fumaric acid being greater than that of succinic acid, so that fumaric acid is not detected among the products of fermentation of succinic acid. If this view is true, it should be possible to show that B. pyocyaneus has the power of oxidising succinic acid to fumaric acid. It is clear that the proliferating organism cannot be used to demonstrate this experimentally, for the fumaric acid is utilised as quickly as it is formed. Hence it is necessary to use the organism in such a condition that proliferation is completely (or almost completely) eliminated. Under such circumstances the fumaric acid will accumulate and its detection will be made possible.
“Laws” of Mortality from the Biological point of view
Authors: Greenwood
Published: May 2009

For some years one of my principal interests has been to study, in collaboration with my colleagues, E. M. Newbold, W. W. C. Topley and J. Wilson, the epidemiological phenomena observable in communities of mice exposed to risk of infection. In this work we have often found it convenient to summarise part of our results under the form of what we call a Life Table. We treat the entrants to our communities as live-births and determine the rate of mortality prevalent in the community over a certain epoch for each day of life, in the familiar life-table form. The result has a formal resemblance to a life table, but, from the nature of the case, it can have little or no bearing upon the course of events in a normal community. Naturally, however, one desired to set up some normal standard of mortality for the animal species used and, having obtained some scanty data, one was led to speculate further upon the biology of the so-called “laws” which have been from time to time proposed to describe the course of mortality in man. In this paper, I have brought together the imperfect results of such study as I have been able to make. Their practical value, from the point of view of the description of human mortality, is, it need hardly be said, negligible, while as a contribution to the history of “laws” of mortality what is omitted is perhaps as important as what is discussed. I have, however, felt justified in printing this essay in the hope that it might be accepted as a tribute in piam memoriam of my friend and colleague John Brownlee. The title of one of Brownlee's papers—“The Biology of a Life Table”—was the inspiration of much of his life-work. He approached the problem with an erudition, both biological and mathematical, to which I have no pretensions and, had his power of exposition been equal to his natural sagacity and learning, there would have been small need of any other writer.
The Incidence of Tumours of the Respiratory Tract in Leeds
Authors: Bonser Georgiana M.
Published: May 2009

This investigation of the incidence of tumours of the respiratory tract in Leeds was prompted by a paper read by Duguid before the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland in January 1927, and published in the Lancet later in the same year. He analysed all the available post mortem records of the Manchester Royal Infirmary and showed that the incidence of intrathoracic cancer at autopsy in Manchester has steadily increased during the period of years 1886–1926 from 1·58 per cent, to 2·57 per cent.
Epidemiology of Typhoid Fever: Observations on the Spontaneous Seasonal Recurrence of Paratyphoid Epidemics among Guinea-pigs
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: May 2009

A series of spontaneous epidemics of a paratyphoid infection among guinea-pigs is described. It is shown that an epidemic may result from the introduction of a fresh susceptible population into an infected area and vice versa. Such epidemics developed only when the new population was exposed during certain months. The bringing in of a fresh population at the end of November was not followed at the time by an epidemic outbreak; the epidemic did not occur until the following July.

The observed seasonal occurrence was not due to a change in virulence. The strains isolated at the end of the 1926 epidemic did not differ in virulence from those cultivated at the height of the 1927 epidemic.

The guinea-pig may remain a carrier for a long time whilst eliminating bacteria in the faecal discharges only intermittently and in small numbers. In general, even in the case of infected animals, the discharge of pathogenic bacteria is relatively small, except a few days before death.

Attention is called to the parallelism between the seasonal prevalence of human typhoid epidemics in this country and the epidemics of paratyphoid observed in our guinea-pig stock.

It is pointed out that a sound theory of the epidemiology of certain diseases must take into account the seasonal variation in host susceptibility.
A Further Study of an Unusual Bacillus recovered from Cases presenting Symptoms of Dysentery
Authors: Clayton F. H. A. , Warren S. H.
Published: May 2009

(1) The unusual organism previously described (1929) has since been recovered from two additional sources, in each case children suffering from dysenteric symptoms.

(2) It is suggested that this organism be named the “Newcastle dysentery bacillus.”

(3) A more extensive study of its biochemical reactions, using Lemco broth (Dudgeon and Pulvertaft, 1927), as a basis for carbohydrates, has shown that these reactions are notably free from variation and that they exhibit decided divergences from those characteristic of certain bacilli often associated with, but not specifically related to, dysentery. They are more or less closely paralleled in the case of the Glässer-Voldagsen sub-group of the Salmonella, and particularly the Dammann strain of Voldagsen's bacillus, but nevertheless show quite definite differences.

(4) Further examination of the serological peculiarities of the Newcastle bacillus has demonstrated that it is difficult to prepare from it a very active rabbit anti-serum, that its velocity of agglutination is low, and that the titre obtained with saline suspensions is higher than that obtained with broth cultures.

(5) Complete absence of agglutination has been the result in tests with B. typhosus, many members of the Salmonella group, including all most frequently met with and also the Glässer-Voldagsen sub-group, and with a number of the bacilli often associated with, but not specifically related to, dysentery. On the other hand, with one strain of B. dysenteriae Sonne (3) there was a suggestion of agglutination and with at least four out of five races (V, W, X, Y and Z) of B. dysenteriae Flexner this was well-marked.

(6) Saturation with a mixed suspension of these five races completely removes all trace of these secondary agglutinins without materially affecting the specific agglutinins for the Newcastle bacillus while, on the other hand, saturation with each of the four strains of the latter has, in each separate instance, practically eliminated the specific and completely removed the secondary agglutinins.

Finally we desire to acknowledge the helpful criticism we have received from Prof. H. J. Hutchens throughout our study of this organism, the facilities placed at our disposal by Dr Harold Kerr, Medical Officer of Health for Newcastle, and the great assistance rendered by the Deputy Medical Officer of Health, Dr J. A. Charles.
The Relative Potency of Carcinogenic Tars and Oils
Authors: Twort C. C. , Twort J. M.
Published: May 2009

A method has been devised whereby the potency of any given carcinogenic agent can be compared with that of a standard agent. This is called the standard carcinogenic potency of the agent (P.). The relative potency of the agent (R.P.), calculated from P., permits one to estimate the effect on the agent of different chemical treatments, dilutions, etc., the percentage increase or decrease in activity of the agent being at once shown. A unit of carcino-genicity (U.C.) has been established, and a concentration of 500 carcinogenic units per cubic centimetre is considered to induce the maximum relative response on animals when the agent is applied twice a week. These standards have been devised as a natural sequence to the accumulation of a vast amount of experimental data the correlation of which necessitated some expedient more rapid and covering a wider field than the graphs formerly utilized.
A New Serological Type of Salmonella
Authors: Warren S. H. , Scott W. M.
Published: May 2009

The culture representing the new type to be described was obtained by one of us (S. H. W.) under rather unusual circumstances. Three fatalities occurred at intervals of 4 and 6 months among the children of one family living in Ashington, Northumberland, a coal-mining town of 30,000 population; in each case death was due to acute gastro-enteritis and supervened within 24 hours of their falling ill. On the death of the third child a bacteriological examination was made post-mortem and S. aertrycke found in abundance in the organs. The suggestion was made at the inquest that a carrier must exist in the stricken family and specimens of faeces from the surviving members were examined by S. H. W. From the mother's specimen a Salmonella was isolated agglutinating with the sera not only of S. paratyphi B, but also of S. enteritidis (Gaertner). This Salmonella, which we propose to call S. newcastle, was obviously different from the strain of S. aertrycke obtained from the fatal case, and the suggestion that the mother had been a carrier infecting her family should almost certainly be dropped; she had had no suspicious illness at any time. The probability is rather that conditions in the house and habits of the inmates were responsible for the succession of cases, though no evidence could be obtained as to possible infection of food by rodents, or consumption of food likely to be specifically infected; the sanitation was of poor quality (privy midden).
The Influence of Certain Dietary Supplements on the Nutrition of the African Native. I
Authors: Kelly Francis Charles , Henderson John McAskill
Published: May 2009

1. The addition to the Nairobi prison diet of either a mineral supplement (closely reproducing in composition the ash of cows' milk) or of a small dose of cod-liver oil, or a combination of these two, produced in adult African prisoners a distinct improvement in body weight.

2. Similarly an addition of olive oil and iodine produced a like effect but less in degree. The significance of this will require further investigation.

3. Evidence is adduced which suggests that one of the most important constituents of this soluble mineral mixture is calcium. Thus:

(a) The prison diet would appear on the basis of previous work to be deficient in the absolute amount of calcium present, nor does it seem rich in vitamins A and D. (In this connection it seems apposite to mention that cases of “night blindness” have frequently been reported.)

(b) The blood calcium of the 42 experimental subjects was initially at a low normal level.

(c) In the groups receiving the mineral mixture and/or cod-liver oil (which is a recognised calcium absorption promoting agent) the level of the blood calcium was invariably raised.

(d) As indicated above, the body weights in these groups increased. There appears to be, further, a certain amount of correlation between the increase in body weight and that of the blood calcium level.

(e) Balance experiments show that given favourable conditions(i.e.the addition of the mineral mixture alone or along with cod-liver oil) calcium will be absorbed in amount considerably in excess of that absorbed from the basal diet alone.

4. In the course of the work some evidence has emerged that certain other factors,e.g.intestinal parasites and minimum temperature, may respectively influence the blood calcium level and the body weight increase. Should these prove in future work to be real influences they would not vitiate our present conclusions.
Complement-fixation by the Interaction of Normal Serum and Bacterial Suspensions—a Contribution to the Study of Natural Immunity Phenomena
Authors: Mackie T. J. , Finkelstein M. H.
Published: May 2009

In a previous communication the authors drew attention to the occurrence of complement-fixation by normal serum along with various non-antigenic substances, and recorded the results of a study of this phenomenon with particular reference to the serum principle or principles concerned in the reaction (Mackie and Finkelstein, 1928). Though no conclusive interpretation of the results could be offered, a close analogy was established between the reacting agent of the serum and a natural antibody, e.g. a natural haemolysin, and the observations appeared to be of significance in relation to natural immunity phenomena.
The Decline of Tuberculosis and the Increase in its Mortality during the War
Authors: Cobbett L.
Published: May 2009

It is greatly to be desired that the causes of the decline of tuberculosis, which has been so striking a feature in the history of that disease in recent times, should be clearly ascertained; for only through an understanding of their nature and relative importance can our efforts to accelerate that decline hope to succeed.
A Comparative Biometric Study of Albino and Coloured Guinea-pigs from the point of view of their Suitability for Experimental Use
Authors: Dunkin G. W. , Hartley P. , Lewis-Faning E. , Russell W. T.
Published: May 2009

1. The average number of guinea-pigs born in albino litters is 3·000 as against 3·097 in the case of the mixed group, but the difference between the mean values is not statistically significant. Hence, it will be seen that there is little or no relationship between the colour of guinea-pigs and the number of their progeny.

2. It may be said that there is a relationship between fertility and the period of the year. There is a tendency for fewer litters to be born during the quarter, January to March, and likewise for the fertility to be lowest during this period, as the mean number of births per litter is 2·65 for albino guineapigs and 2·67 for the mixed class, both values being significantly below the mean for the whole period.

3. The mean weight of the albino guinea-pigs at birth is 81·2 ± 0·36 grm., the corresponding value for the cream, cream and white class is 82·6 ± 0·43, but the difference is of no statistical importance. Hence we conclude that the weight of a guinea-pig at birth is not affected by its colour. Once again attention is centred on the January–March quarter as the most unfavourable period, since there is a tendency for guinea-pigs of either colour born in these months to be below the normal weight.

4. When allowance was made for the effects of selection on our data, there was no material difference between the rates of growth for the two types of guinea-pigs and, furthermore, the period of the year at which littering occurred exercised no apparent influence.

5. The rate of mortality during the first thirteen days of life amongst albino guinea-pigs is 5·58 per 1000 per day, and amongst cream, cream and white guinea-pigs 4·73 per 1000 per day, but the difference probably represents nothing fundamental because, when the mortality is studied according to the size of the litter, the rates are sometimes in the reverse direction.

6. Finally, there is, in the present data, nothing to suggest that albino guinea-pigs are as regards fertility, growth and mortality, significantly different from cream, cream and white guinea-pigs.