bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of interface abruptness and In content in (In,Ga)N/GaN superlattices
Authors: Chèze Caroline , Siekacz Marcin , Isa Fabio , Jenichen Bernd , Feix Felix , Buller Jakov , Schulz Tobias , Albrecht Martin , Skierbiszewski Czeslaw , Calarco Raffaella , Riechert Henning
Published: September 2016

We investigate designed InN/GaN superlattices (SLs) grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on c-plane GaN templates in situ by line-of-sight quadrupole mass spectroscopy and laser reflectivity, and ex situ by scanning transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence (PL). The structural methods reveal concordantly the different interface abruptness of SLs resulting from growth processes with different parameters. Particularly crucial for the formation of abrupt interfaces is the Ga to N ratio that has to be bigger than 1 during the growth of the GaN barriers, as Ga-excess GaN growth aims at preventing the unintentional incorporation of In accumulated on the growth surface after the supply of InN, that extends the (In,Ga)N quantum well (QW) thickness. Essentially, even with GaN barriers grown under Ga-excess yielding to 1 monolayer (ML) thick QWs, there is a real discrepancy between the designed binary InN and the actual ternary (In,Ga)N ML thick QWs revealed by the above methods. The PL emission line of the sample with atomically abrupt interfaces peaks at 366 nm, which is consistent with the In content measured to be less than 10%.
Threshold switching and electrical self-oscillation in niobium oxide films
Authors: Liu Xinjun , Li Shuai , Nandi Sanjoy Kumar , Venkatachalam Dinesh Kumar , Elliman Robert Glen
Published: September 2016

Electrical self-sustained oscillations have been observed in a broad range of two-terminal systems and are of interest as possible building blocks for bio-inspired neuromorphic computing. In this work, we experimentally explore voltage-controlled oscillations in NbOx devices with a particular focus on understanding how the frequency and waveform are influenced by circuit parameters. We also introduce a finite element model of the device based on a Joule-heating induced insulator-metal transition. The electroformed device structure is represented by a cylindrical conductive channel (filament) comprised of NbO/NbO2 zones and surrounded by an Nb2O5−x matrix. The model is shown to reproduce the current-controlled negative differential resistance observed in measured current-voltage curves, and is combined with circuit elements to simulate the waveforms and dynamics of an isolated Pearson–Anson oscillator. Such modeling is shown to provide considerable insight into the relationship between the material response and device and circuit characteristics.
Design of efficient loadcell for measurement of mechanical impact by piezoelectric PVDF film sensor
Authors: Guin Priyanka , Roy Arijit
Published: September 2016

Conversion efficiency of mechanical impact into electrical voltage remains ever increasing demand for piezoelectric PVDF film sensor. For a given film sensor, the output voltage produced due to mechanical impact is highly dependent on the direction of stretching (or compressing) and active area of the film sensor. More is the active area of the film; higher will be the output voltage. It is shown that the active area is significantly increased due to the ridge-like shape given at the inner surfaces of the plates of sandwich type loadcell and as a result of which higher conversion efficiency is obtained. The effectiveness of the ridge-like shape is confirmed statistically by conducting two factorial design of experiment in which shape and material of the loadcell are considered as the two factors with 2×4 matrix. In case of loadcell made of glass plates, more than 100% increase in the output voltage is observed for ridge-like shape in comparison to its plain counterpart. Both the bandwidth and frequency range of the output signal is found to be independent and dependent of the loadcell materials for indirect and direct impact with the loadcell respectively. The merits and demerits of the fabricated loadcells are discussed.
White clover: the forgotten component of high-producing pastures?
Authors: Chapman D. F. , Lee J. M. , Rossi L. , Edwards G. R. , Pinxterhuis J. B. , Minnee E. M. K.
Published: September 2016

The contribution of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to nitrogen fixation and feed quality in mixed pastures is indisputable, but the benefits of clover inclusion to total herbage accumulation (HA) are less clear. Results from four experiments comparing mixed pastures of white clover–perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with perennial ryegrass monocultures are presented. These experiments covered a range of environments (dryland northern New Zealand and irrigated southern New Zealand), management inputs (nitrogen (N) fertiliser rates and defoliation management), and genotypes of ryegrass and white clover. Mixtures resulted in a significantly greater HA than did monocultures in 7 of the 8 years for which data were available; the interaction between pasture type (monoculture or mixture) and N rate was significant in six of those years, with a greater advantage in HA for mixtures under low N rates (mean = 3.08 t DM/ha.year) than under high N rates (mean = 1.54 t DM/ha.year). Two-thirds to four-fifths of the yield advantage under grazing was due to the direct effect of clover contribution (which ranged between 10% and 30% of total annual yield) to HA, most of which accrued in summer. The remainder was due to the capture of additional clover-derived N by the grass component of the mixture, estimated to equate to 50–60 kg N/ha under low N-fertiliser rates and 15–35 kg N/ha under high N rates. The magnitude and consistency of the yield advantages observed here indicates that there are unrealised yield and other benefits not currently being captured in New Zealand dairy production systems, largely because they are negated by the use of high N-fertiliser rates. The agronomic practices required to support clover-rich mixed pastures receiving moderate rates of N fertiliser are well documented and can be applied to help deal with nutrient loss limits required by environmental regulations plus volatility in farm-gate milk prices.
Fourier transform and regularity of characteristic functions
Authors: Ko Hyerim , Lee Sanghyuk
Published: September 2016

Let

E
E

be a bounded domain in

R

d

\mathbb R^d

. We study regularity property of

χ
E

\chi _E

and integrability of

χ
E

^

\widehat {\chi _E }

when its boundary

∂
E

\partial E

satisfies some conditions. At the critical case these properties are generally known to fail. By making use of Lorentz and Lorentz-Sobolev spaces we obtain the endpoint cases of the previous known results. Our results are based on a refined version of Littlewood-Paley inequality, which makes it possible to exploit cancellation effectively.
Intersection patterns of finite sets and of convex sets
Authors: Frick Florian
Published: September 2016

The main result is a common generalization of results on lower bounds for the chromatic number of

r
r

-uniform hypergraphs and some of the major theorems in Tverberg-type theory, which is concerned with the intersection pattern of faces in a simplicial complex when continuously mapped to Euclidean space. As an application we get a simple proof of a generalization of a result of Kriz for certain parameters. This specializes to a short and simple proof of Kneser’s conjecture. Moreover, combining this result with recent work of Mabillard and Wagner we show that the existence of certain equivariant maps yields lower bounds for chromatic numbers. We obtain an essentially elementary proof of the result of Schrijver on the chromatic number of stable Kneser graphs. In fact, we show that every neighborly even-dimensional polytope yields a small induced subgraph of the Kneser graph of the same chromatic number. We furthermore use this geometric viewpoint to give tight lower bounds for the chromatic number of certain small subhypergraphs of Kneser hypergraphs.
Matrix weighted Triebel-Lizorkin bounds: A simple stopping time proof
Authors: Isralowitz Joshua
Published: September 2016

In this paper we will give a simple stopping time proof in the

R

d

\mathbb {R}^d

setting of the matrix weighted Triebel-Lizorkin bounds proved by F. Nazarov–S. Treil and A. Volberg, respectively. Furthermore, we provide explicit matrix A

p

{}_p

characteristic dependence and also discuss some interesting open questions.
On symmetric 3-wise intersecting families
Authors: Ellis David , Narayanan Bhargav
Published: September 2016

A family of sets is said to be symmetric if its automorphism group is transitive, and

3
3

-wise intersecting if any three sets in the family have nonempty intersection. Frankl conjectured in 1981 that if

A

\mathcal {A}

is a symmetric

3
3

-wise intersecting family of subsets of

{
1
,
2
,
…
,
n
}

\{1,2,\dots ,n\}

, then

|

A

|

=
o
(

2
n

)

|\mathcal {A}| = o(2^n)

. Here, we give a short proof of Frankl’s conjecture using a ‘sharp threshold’ result of Friedgut and Kalai.
Finiteness of the number of coideal subalgebras
Authors: Skryabin Serge
Published: September 2016

It is proved that any finite dimensional Hopf algebra which is either semisimple or cosemisimple has finitely many right coideal subalgebras. As a consequence, over an algebraically closed base field any action of a finite dimensional cosemisimple Hopf algebra on a commutative domain factors through an action of a group algebra. This extends two results of Etingof and Walton to the case where the Hopf algebra is cosemisimple, but not necessarily semisimple.
An elemental Erdős–Kac theorem for algebraic number fields
Authors: Pollack Paul
Published: September 2016

Fix a number field

K
K

. For each nonzero

α
∈

Z

K

\alpha \in \mathbf {Z}_K

, let

ν
(
α
)

\nu (\alpha )

denote the number of distinct, nonassociate irreducible divisors of

α
\alpha

. We show that

ν
(
α
)

\nu (\alpha )

is normally distributed with mean proportional to

(
log
⁡
log
⁡

|

N
(
α
)

|

)

D

(\log \log |N(\alpha )|)^{D}

and standard deviation proportional to

(
log
⁡
log
⁡

|

N
(
α
)

|

)

D
−
1

/

2

(\log \log {|N(\alpha )|})^{D-1/2}

. Here

D
D

, as well as the constants of proportionality, depend only on the class group of

K
K

. For example, for each fixed real

λ
\lambda

, the proportion of

α
∈

Z

[

−
5

]

\alpha \in \mathbf {Z}[\sqrt {-5}]

with
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="nu left-parenthesis alpha right-parenthesis less-than-or-equal-to one eighth left-parenthesis log log upper N left-parenthesis alpha right-parenthesis right-parenthesis squared plus StartFraction lamda Over 2 StartRoot 2 EndRoot EndFraction left-parenthesis log log upper N left-parenthesis alpha right-parenthesis right-parenthesis Superscript 3 slash 2">

ν
(
α
)
≤

1
8

(
log
⁡
log
⁡

N
(
α
)

)
2

+

λ

2

2

(
log
⁡
log
⁡

N
(
α
)

)

3

/

2

\nu (\alpha ) \le \frac {1}{8}(\log \log {N(\alpha )})^2 + \frac {\lambda }{2\sqrt {2}} (\log \log {N(\alpha )})^{3/2}

\]
is given by

1

2
π

∫

−
∞

λ

e

−

t
2

/

2

d

t

\frac {1}{\sqrt {2\pi }} \int _{-\infty }^{\lambda } e^{-t^2/2}\, \mathrm {d}t

. As further evidence that “irreducibles play a game of chance”, we show that the values

ν
(
α
)

\nu (\alpha )

are equidistributed modulo

m
m

for every fixed

m
m

.
On the minimal number of singular fibers in Lefschetz fibrations over the torus
Authors: Stipsicz András , Yun Ki-Heon
Published: September 2016

We show that the minimal number of singular fibers

N
(
g
,
1
)

N(g,1)

in a genus-

g
g

Lefschetz fibration over the torus is at least

3
3

. As an application, we show that

N
(
g
,
1
)
∈
{
3
,
4
}

N(g, 1) \in \{ 3, 4\}

for

g
≥
5

g\ge 5

,

N
(
g
,
1
)
∈
{
3
,
4
,
5
}

N(g, 1) \in \{3, 4,5 \}

for

g
=
3
,
4

g= 3, 4

and

N
(
2
,
1
)
=
7

N(2,1) = 7

.
Singularity of the generator subalgebra in 𝑞-Gaussian algebras
Authors: Wen Chenxu
Published: September 2016

Given

−
1
>
q
>
1

-1>q>1

and a separable real Hilbert space

H

R

\mathcal {H}_{\mathbb {R}}

with dimension no less than 2, we prove that the generator subalgebra in the

q
q

-Gaussian algebra

Γ
q

(

H

R

)

\Gamma _q(\mathcal {H}_{\mathbb {R}})

is singular.
Organizations, Power, and Resistance
Authors: Mumby Dennis K.
Published: September 2016

In the last 30 years or so, the relationship between power and resistance has been theorized as a defining feature of organizations and organizing. While there is little consensus around its definition, a useful starting point for thinking about the organization–power–resistance relationship is to view organizations as political sites of contestation where various stakeholder groups compete for resources—economic, political, and symbolic. Much of the research on power, resistance, and organizations has emerged out of a critical tradition that draws on numerous theoretical and philosophical threads, including Marxism, neo-Marxism, critical theory, poststructuralism, and feminism. Common to these threads are various efforts to link power and resistance to issues of meaning, identity, and discourse processes. In this sense—and particularly in the last 30 years—there have been multiple efforts to theorize power as intimately connected to communication. This connection has become particularly important with the shift from Fordist (bureaucratic, hierarchical, centralized, deskilled) organizational forms to post-Fordist (flexible, flat, dispersed, knowledge-based) organizations that place a premium on decentralized, “consensual” forms of power and control (as opposed to the coercive methods of Fordist regimes). Exploring communicative conceptions of power and resistance shows how these phenomena are closely tied to the regulation of meaning and identities in the contemporary workplace.
Substance Abuse Prevention Message Generation: Engaging Adolescents in Health Message Planning and/or Production of Health Promotion Messages
Authors: Banerjee Smita C. , Greene Kathryn
Published: September 2016

Adolescent substance use remains a significant public health challenge, with recent approaches to address these problems including actively engaging adolescents in message planning and/or production as a prevention strategy. There are two benefits of this active involvement strategy. First, engaging adolescents in message planning or producing substance prevention messages is a form of participatory research that results in participant-generated messages for use in future intervention efforts. This participatory form of research is increasingly common in a wide range of topics and populations, particularly disenfranchised or stigmatized groups. It is important to focus on the second benefit of engaging adolescents in message planning and prevention: the effect of engaging in planning or producing substance prevention messages on the adolescents themselves. If done properly, the process of engaging adolescents in planning (or producing) anti-substance messages can provide longer-term benefits of delaying onset of substance use (strengthening resistance) as well as changing patterns for those already using. Some examples of this strategy exist with media literacy, although applied with a great deal of variability. The increased popularity of these planning/production approaches requires greater explication of how, when, and why they produce effects for participants. Two different theoretical perspectives address this active involvement intervention approach: narrative engagement theory and the theory of active involvement. Beyond these theories, sensation seeking is positioned as a moderator to explore for active involvement intervention effects.
Partisan Cueing and Polarization in Public Opinion About Climate Change
Authors: Guber Deborah Lynn
Published: September 2016

Despite an accumulation of scientific evidence on both the causes and consequences of climate change, U.S. public opinion on the subject has splintered sharply along party lines. While a vast majority of Democrats now believe that global warming is real, that its effects will happen within their lifetime, and that human activity is the dominant cause, Republicans have grown increasingly skeptical, creating a yawning gap that complicates efforts to communicate the urgency of the problem and the need for aggressive action.

When attitudes harden and diverge, it is often driven by the behavior of political elites, who shape the frames and mental models that people use to interpret events. Scholars have long observed that people resort instinctively to heuristics to ease the burden of making decisions, especially on issues like climate, where there is an obvious disconnect between scientific understanding and mass competence. Those cues, however, are often unreliable and prone to cognitive bias. When voters act upon signals provided by their preferred political party and by selective exposure to preferred media outlets, they may do so mechanically, with little regard for the accuracy of the evidence that they receive, or they may ignore and distort information in a way that reinforces preexisting assumptions.

In the end, beliefs about climate change are as complex as the issue itself, which suggests that awareness of the problem and an understanding of its effects will not translate automatically—or even easily—into increased concern, issue salience, or policy preferences. The “pictures in our heads,” to borrow Walter Lippmann’s famous phrase, are shaped less by factual knowledge than by a variety of other factors more difficult to control—by personal experience and assorted real-world cues (such as the weather), but also by opinion leaders, media narratives, and political rhetoric, each of which provides a competing frame of reference with the power to filter and mislead. Because climate change has become so heavily laden with values and so absorbed into partisan identity, it will be nearly impossible to build social consensus through conventional means. Once a “hard” issue for all, which seemed to demand sophisticated calculation or technical expertise, it has now become an “easy” one for many, where the reactions that it prompts are familiar, stable, and symbolic, increasingly polarized, immune to rational argument, and vulnerable to manipulation by elites.
Changes in African Glaciers since the 19th Century
Authors: Hastenrath Stefan
Published: September 2016

In equatorial East Africa, glaciers still exist on Mount Kenya, Kilimanjaro, and Ruwenzori. The decreasing ice extent has been documented by field reports since the end of the 19th century and a series of mappings. For Mount Kenya, the mappings are of 1947, 1963, 1987, 1993, and 2004, with more detailed mappings of Lewis Glacier in 1934, 1958, 1963, 1974, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1990, and 1993. For Kilimanjaro, the sequence is 1912, 1953, 1976, 1989, and 2000. For Ruwenzori (for which information is more scarce), the information is from 1906, 1955, and 1990. Photographs are valuable complementary evidence. At Lewis Glacier on Mount Kenya, measurements of mass budget and ice flow have been conducted over decades. The climatic forcing of ice recession in East Africa at the onset in the 1880s was radiationally controlled, affecting the most exposed locations. Later warming caused further ice shrinkage, except on the summit plateau of Kilimanjaro, above the freezing level. Whereas the ice recession in the Ecuadorian Andes and New Guinea began in the middle of the 19th century, plausibly caused by warming, the late onset in East Africa should be appreciated in the context of large-scale circulation changes evidenced by the historical ship observations in the equatorial Indian Ocean.
Ethics for Climate Change Communicators
Authors: Lamb Michael
Published: September 2016

Over the last decade, scholars have devoted significant attention to making climate change communication more effective but less attention to ensuring that it is ethical. This neglect risks blurring the distinction between persuasion and manipulation, generating distrust among audiences, and obscuring the conceptual resources needed to guide communicators.

Three prevailing approaches to moral philosophy can illuminate various ethical considerations involved in communicating climate change. Consequentialism, which evaluates actions as morally right or wrong according to their consequences, is the implicit moral framework shared by many social scientists and policymakers interested in climate change. While consequentialism rightly emphasizes the consequences of communication, its exclusive focus on the effectiveness of communication tends to obscure other moral considerations, such as what communicators owe to audiences as a matter of duty or respect. Deontology better captures these duties and provides grounds for communicating in ways that respect the rights of citizens to deliberate and decide how to act. But because deontology tends to cast ethics as an abstract set of universalizable principles, it often downplays the virtues of character needed to motivate action and apply principles across a variety of contexts. Virtue ethics seeks to overcome the limits of both consequentialism and deontology by focusing on the virtues that individuals and communities need to flourish. While virtue ethics is often criticized for failing to provide a concrete blueprint for action, its conception of moral development and thick vocabulary of virtues and vices offer a robust set of practical and conceptual resources for guiding the actions, attitudes, and relationships that characterize climate change communication. Ultimately, all three approaches highlight moral considerations that should inform the ethics of communicating climate change.
Adaptation to Current and Future Climate in Pastoral Communities Across Africa
Authors: Wangui Edna
Published: September 2016

Pastoralists around the world are exposed to climate change and increasing climate variability. Various downscaled regional climate models in Africa support community reports of rising temperatures as well as changes in the seasonality of rainfall and drought. In addition to climate, pastoralists have faced a second exposure to unsupportive policy environments. Dating back to the colonial period, a lack of knowledge about pastoralism and a systemic marginalization of pastoral communities influenced the size and nature of government investments in pastoral lands. National governments prioritized farming communities and failed to pay adequate attention to drylands and pastoral communities. The limited government interventions that occurred were often inconsistent with contemporary realities of pastoralism and pastoral communities. These included attempts at sedentarization and modernization, and in other ways changing the priorities and practices of pastoral communities.

The survival of pastoral communities in Africa in the context of this double exposure has been a focus for scholars, development practitioners, as well as national governments in recent years. Scholars initially drew attention to pastoralists’ drought-coping strategies, and later examined the multiple ways in which pastoralists manage risk and exploit unpredictability. It has been learned that pastoralists are rational land managers whose experience with variable climate has equipped them with the skills needed for adaptation. Pastoralists follow several identifiable adaptation paths, including diversification and modification of their herds and herding strategies; adoption of livelihood activities that did not previously play a permanent role; and a conscious decision to train the next generation for nonpastoral livelihoods. Ongoing government interventions around climate change still prioritize cropping over herding. Sometimes, such nationally supported adaptation plans can undermine community-based adaptation practices, autonomously evolving within pastoral communities. Successful adaptation hinges on recognition of the value of autonomous adaptation and careful integration of such adaptation with national plans.
A Collaborative Process for Incorporating Universal Design for Learning and Evidence-Based Practice into Inclusive Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Salend Spencer , Whittaker Catharine
Published: September 2016

In light of the need to prepare reflective and effective teachers who can differentiate their instruction to support the learning of all students in inclusive classrooms, this article describes the collaborative process faculty have used to incorporate universal design for learning (UDL) and evidence-based practice (EBP) into an inclusive teacher education program’s curriculum and practicum experiences. Initially, faculty mapped the curriculum by agreeing upon a common definition of UDL and EBP, reviewing the research to create EBP documentation charts, which were used to constructing self-assessment tools known as innovation configurations (IC). Faculty used the IC to identify and address the strengths and gaps within the program’s courses and clinical experiences and align courses with online interactive instructional resources related to UDL and EBP. To bridge the gap between research and practice and guide educators in making evidence-informed decisions, faculty developed a 10-step practice-based evidence assessment and instructional model to collect and analyze classroom-based data about the efficacy, acceptability, and fidelity of one’s instructional practices and use of UDL and EBP. Faculty revised and field-tested a lesson plan template that prompted educators to personalize their instruction and make it more explicit by addressing such factors as student diversity and collaboration, and employing UDL, EBP, instructional and assistive technology and formative and summative assessment. Faculty also redesigned the program’s lesson observation form used to better evaluate preservice teachers working in inclusive classrooms and provide them with feedback related to their effective use of EBP, UDL, instructional and assistive technology, and assessment and classroom management strategies. The lesson observation form also was revised to make it more reflective of the program’s curriculum reform efforts related to the use of UDL and EBP, and to align it with the national teacher education accreditation standards, national and statewide teacher evaluation, curriculum and teacher education certification standards.
Martin Luther and Christian Hebraism
Authors: Burnett Stephen G.
Published: September 2016

Christian Hebraism was a facet of Renaissance humanism. Biblical scholars, theologians, lawyers, physicians, astronomers, philosophers, and teachers in Latin schools sought to learn Hebrew in order to read the Old Testament in its original language, and to borrow and adapt ideas and literary forms from post-biblical Hebrew texts to meet Christian cultural and religious needs. While some medieval Christian scholars such as Nicholas of Lyra and Raymond Martin made extensive use of Hebrew in their works, not until the early 16th century were a significant number of Christians able to learn Hebrew and use it to study the Hebrew Bible and post-biblical Jewish texts. The desire of biblical humanists to read the Old Testament in Hebrew, the curiosity of Christian Kabbalists searching for ancient wisdom, and a slowly growing number of Jewish tutors and Christians who were able to provide Hebrew instruction all contributed to the growth of this movement. Jewish printers pioneered the techniques of mass-producing Hebrew books to feed this new market. Christian printers would use these same techniques to print grammars, dictionaries, and other books needed for instructing Christians. The growing conviction of Martin Luther and his followers that the Bible was the sole source of religious authority (sola scriptura) provided the most compelling reason for large numbers of Christians to learn Hebrew. The most active and innovative Protestant Hebraists during Luther’s lifetime were members of the “Upper Rhineland School of Biblical Exegesis,” including Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Capito, Conrad Pellican, and above all Sebastian Münster.

Martin Luther and his Wittenberg colleagues were early adopters of the new Hebrew learning. He first learned Hebrew using Johannes Reuchlin’s Hebrew grammar, and put his knowledge to practical use when lecturing on the Old Testament and translating the Bible into German. His colleagues, above all Philip Melanchthon and Matthaeus Aurogallus, helped Luther translate and revise his translation from 1521 until his death in 1546. Luther characterized his approach to interpreting the Hebrew Bible as “Grammatica Theologica,” employing Hebrew philology to interpret the text, but also wherever possible making it “rhyme” with the New Testament. Toward the end of his life, Luther became increasingly concerned that Münster and other Hebraists were too quick to accept Jewish interpretations of many Old Testament passages, particularly verses that traditionally had been understood to be messianic prophecies. In On the Last Words of David (1543) Luther offered a model of how he interpreted the Old Testament, while sharply criticizing Christian Hebraists who followed Jewish interpretation too closely.
Paraguayan War and Brazil: Conflicts and Interest
Authors: Doratioto Francisco
Published: September 2016

In 1863 and 1864, historical and political contradictions in the River Plate region led to civil war in Uruguay, creating tensions with neighboring nations in the region. The Brazilian government intervened both politically and militarily in Uruguay to address the interests of ranchers in its province of Rio Grande do Sul, to distract the attention of the Brazilian citizens from domestic problems, and to preserve the political influence of the Empire of Brazil on Uruguay. This action by the Empire clashed with the new Paraguayan policy of political interference in the River Plate region and resulted in the declaration of war against Brazil by Paraguayan dictator Francisco Solano López. This conflict broadened into the Paraguayan War.
Pragmatics and Language Evolution
Authors: Woensdregt Marieke , Smith Kenny
Published: September 2016

Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with language use in context. It looks at the meaning linguistic utterances can have beyond their literal meaning (implicature), and also at presupposition and turn taking in conversation. Thus, pragmatics lies on the interface between language and social cognition.

From the point of view of both speaker and listener, doing pragmatics requires reasoning about the minds of others. For instance, a speaker has to think about what knowledge they share with the listener to choose what information to explicitly encode in their utterance and what to leave implicit. A listener has to make inferences about what the speaker meant based on the context, their knowledge about the speaker, and their knowledge of general conventions in language use. This ability to reason about the minds of others (usually referred to as “mindreading” or “theory of mind”) is a cognitive capacity that is uniquely developed in humans compared to other animals.

What we know about how pragmatics (and the underlying ability to make inferences about the minds of others) has evolved. Biological evolution and cultural evolution are the two main processes that can lead to the development of a complex behavior over generations, and we can explore to what extent they account for what we know about pragmatics.

In biological evolution, changes happen as a result of natural selection on genetically transmitted traits. In cultural evolution on the other hand, selection happens on skills that are transmitted through social learning. Many hypotheses have been put forward about the role that natural selection may have played in the evolution of social and communicative skills in humans (for example, as a result of changes in food sources, foraging strategy, or group size). The role of social learning and cumulative culture, however, has been often overlooked. This omission is particularly striking in the case of pragmatics, as language itself is a prime example of a culturally transmitted skill, and there is solid evidence that the pragmatic capacities that are so central to language use may themselves be partially shaped by social learning.

In light of empirical findings from comparative, developmental, and experimental research, we can consider the potential contributions of both biological and cultural evolutionary mechanisms to the evolution of pragmatics. The dynamics of types of evolutionary processes can also be explored using experiments and computational models.
Agency Coordination and Cross-Sector Collaboration in Fragile States
Authors: Sadiq Abdul-Akeem , Tyler Jenna
Published: September 2016

Despite myriad descriptions and indicators used to define a fragile state, the international community has come to an agreement that a fragile state lacks the ability to maintain physical control of its territorial boundaries, provide basic public services, facilitate economic growth, and interact as a full member of the international community. Fragile states have historically experienced a disproportionate amount of natural disaster-related losses. For example, from 2005 to 2009, more than 50% of those impacted by a natural disaster lived in a fragile state, resulting in over $200 billion in losses. When natural disasters occur in such areas, they exacerbate already weak governance structures and further undermine their governments’ capability to respond to the crisis while simultaneously addressing challenges related to poverty and conflict. To remedy these and other complex issues inherent in fragile states, scholars are beginning to recognize the importance of investigating how fragile states can mitigate natural disaster losses through effective agency coordination and cross-sector collaboration. Agency coordination, in the context of natural disaster response, refers to the integration of facilities, equipment, personnel, and communication by public agencies for supporting incident response activities. Cross-sector collaboration refers to the sharing of information and resources by organizations in two or more sectors to achieve an outcome that cannot be produced by organizations in one sector alone. Because forecasts suggest that natural disaster-related losses will only increase in fragile states owing to population growth, urbanization, and climate change, there is a pressing need to understand the ways public organizations not only coordinate before, during, and after a natural disaster, but also how they collaborate across organizational sectors.
Remote Sensing of Floods
Authors: Schumann Guy J.-P.
Published: September 2016

For about 40 years, with a proliferation over the last two decades, remote sensing data, primarily in the form of satellite and airborne imagery and altimetry, have been used to study floods, floodplain inundation, and river hydrodynamics. The sensors and data processing techniques that exist to derive information about floods are numerous. Instruments that record flood events may operate in the visible, thermal, and microwave range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Due to the limitations posed by adverse weather conditions during flood events, radar (microwave range) sensors are invaluable for monitoring floods; however, if a visible image of flooding can be acquired, retrieving useful information from this is often more straightforward. During recent years, scientific contributions in the field of remote sensing of floods have increased considerably, and science has presented innovative research and methods for retrieving information content from multi-scale coverages of disastrous flood events all over the world. Progress has been transformative, and the information obtained from remote sensing of floods is becoming mature enough to not only be integrated with computer simulations of flooding to allow better prediction, but also to assist flood response agencies in their operations.

Furthermore, this advancement has led to a number of recent and upcoming satellite missions that are already transforming current procedures and operations in flood modeling and monitoring, as well as our understanding of river and floodplain hydrodynamics globally. Global initiatives that utilize remote sensing data to strengthen support in managing and responding to flood disasters (e.g., The International Charter, The Dartmouth Flood Observatory, CEOS, NASA’s Servir and the European Space Agency’s Tiger-Net initiatives), primarily in developing nations, are becoming established and also recognized by many nations that are in need of assistance because traditional ground-based monitoring systems are sparse and in decline. The value remote sensing can offer is growing rapidly, and the challenge now lies in ensuring sustainable and interoperable use as well as optimized distribution of remote sensing products and services for science as well as operational assistance.
Household Air Pollution in Low and Middle Income Countries
Authors: Ochieng Caroline A. , Tonne Cathryn , Vardoulakis Sotiris , Semenza Jan
Published: September 2016

Household air pollution from use of solid fuels (biomass fuels and coal) is a major problem in low and middle income countries, where 90% of the population relies on these fuels as the primary source of domestic energy. Use of solid fuels has multiple impacts, on individuals and households, and on the local and global environment. For individuals, the impact on health can be considerable, as household air pollution from solid fuel use has been associated with acute lower respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and other illnesses. Household-level impacts include the work, time, and high opportunity costs involved in biomass fuel collection and processing. Harvesting and burning biomass fuels affects local environments by contributing to deforestation and outdoor air pollution. At a global level, inefficient burning of solid fuels contributes to climate change.

Improved biomass cookstoves have for a long time been considered the most feasible immediate intervention in resource-poor settings. Their ability to reduce exposure to household air pollution to levels that meet health standards is however questionable. In addition, adoption of improved cookstoves has been low, and there is limited evidence on how the barriers to adoption and use can be overcome. However, the issue of household air pollution in low and middle income countries has gained considerable attention in recent years, with a range of international initiatives in place to address it. These initiatives could enable a transition from biomass to cleaner fuels, but such a transition also requires an enabling policy environment, especially at the national level, and new modes of financing technology delivery. More research is also needed to guide policy and interventions, especially on exposure-response relationships with various health outcomes and on how to overcome poverty and other barriers to wide-scale transition from biomass fuels to cleaner forms of energy.
Computerized prescriber order entry–related patient safety reports: analysis of 2522 medication errors
Authors: Amato Mary G , Salazar Alejandra , Hickman Thu-Trang T , Quist Arbor JL , Volk Lynn A , Wright Adam , McEvoy Dustin , Galanter William L , Koppel Ross , Loudin Beverly , Adelman Jason , McGreevey John D , Smith David H , Bates David W , Schiff Gordon D
Published: September 2016

Objective: To examine medication errors potentially related to computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) and refine a previously published taxonomy to classify them.

Materials and Methods: We reviewed all patient safety medication reports that occurred in the medication ordering phase from 6 sites participating in a United States Food and Drug Administration–sponsored project examining CPOE safety. Two pharmacists independently reviewed each report to confirm whether the error occurred in the ordering/prescribing phase and was related to CPOE. For those related to CPOE, we assessed whether CPOE facilitated (actively contributed to) the error or failed to prevent the error (did not directly cause it, but optimal systems could have potentially prevented it). A previously developed taxonomy was iteratively refined to classify the reports.

Results: Of 2522 medication error reports, 1308 (51.9%) were related to CPOE. Of these, CPOE facilitated the error in 171 (13.1%) and potentially could have prevented the error in 1137 (86.9%). The most frequent categories of “what happened to the patient” were delays in medication reaching the patient, potentially receiving duplicate drugs, or receiving a higher dose than indicated. The most frequent categories for “what happened in CPOE” included orders not routed to or received at the intended location, wrong dose ordered, and duplicate orders. Variations were seen in the format, categorization, and quality of reports, resulting in error causation being assignable in only 403 instances (31%).

Discussion and Conclusion: Errors related to CPOE commonly involved transmission errors, erroneous dosing, and duplicate orders. More standardized safety reporting using a common taxonomy could help health care systems and vendors learn and implement prevention strategies.
Plato's Laws
Authors: Schofield Malcolm
Published: September 2016

The Laws was Plato’s last and longest dialogue. It can claim to be the first work of jurisprudence and likewise the first fully developed political theology ever written, offering a comprehensive view of how an entire society might be educated, organized, and governed. It covers a huge range of topics, of interest not just to philosophers and political theorists but also to students of ancient Greek culture and society, not all of which can be represented in this bibliography. There is not much scope for debate about choice of editions and Commentaries. But any selection of books, articles, and edited collections will inevitably be to a greater or lesser degree controversial. This bibliography attempts to be reasonably catholic in its choices. Many of the items listed will indicate further publications that it would be worthwhile to consult.
Covenant
Authors: Bergsma John
Published: September 2016

The precise definition of covenant (Heb. b’rith, Gk. diatheke) is a matter of scholarly debate, but many contemporary scholars would agree that it denotes a sacred relationship of obligation established by means of an oath. The oath could be expressed in words, rituals, or both. The resulting obligations were sometimes expressed as laws in a text documenting the covenant relationship. Many are also convinced that covenant was, in essence and origin, a legal means to extend kinship bonds to a party not related by blood. Therefore, familial language (“father,” “son,” “brother”) and affective terms (Heb. ahaba, “love”; hesed, “faithfulness”) were often used to describe or prescribe the relationship of the parties. Other scholars would define covenant in a more limited fashion, as a “solemn promise made binding by an oath,” or even merely as a synonym for “duty” (German Pflicht) or “obligation” (German Verplichtung). Covenant is certainly a central theme in biblical literature, biblical theology, and biblical religions. A series of covenants between God and central figures of sacred history (Noah, Abraham, Moses, David) structures the so-called “Primary History” of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis through Kings). Covenant themes and motifs are significant, even dominant, in the Psalms and (Latter) Prophets. Only in the wisdom literature is the covenant theme muted, though it is often present subtly and implicitly. The New Testament presents Jesus as the anticipated “anointed one” come to establish the new covenant promised by the prophets (cf. Jer. 31:31; Luke 22:20). Rabbinic thought everywhere presupposed (and presupposes) a covenant between Israel and God, as discussed in Sanders 1977 (cited under Covenant in Paul Generally). Likewise, various early Church Fathers recognized the divine economy (i.e., salvation history) as divided into stages marked by covenants with key biblical figures. Explicit discussion of the covenant or covenantal concepts faded in the medieval period, but again became a major theological topos in the Reformation, especially within the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition, which continues to produce a disproportionate amount of scholarship on biblical covenants. The Dispensationalist movement in American Protestantism likewise takes great interest in covenant as an organizing principle for the stages of salvation history. Within Catholic theology since the mid-20th century, there has been a revival of interest in the covenant and its significance for biblical studies, sacramentology, and liturgy. There was a flurry of interest in covenant in critical scholarship in the mid-20th century, when parallels between ancient Near Easter covenant texts and those in the Old Testament were first recognized. Enthusiasm has since waned, but research continues steadily, albeit more slowly.
Counseling in Schools
Authors: Holliday Carol , McLaughlin Colleen
Published: September 2016

This bibliography addresses counseling in schools involving young people up to age eighteen and excluding higher education. We acknowledge that the transition between school and higher education can be an issue, but this is not addressed in this bibliography. Counseling in schools has been occurring formally in many countries and has been present in different forms and with different time scales. In the United States, school counseling began at the beginning of the 20th century with a focus on vocational guidance, and in the United Kingdom it began in the 1960s with a very person-centered emphasis. There are different emphases and models in different countries. Counseling in schools parallels the development of counseling in general and owes much to the original thinkers and practitioners of counseling, such as Carl Rogers, but it has developed particular ways of working with children and young people and current approaches owe much to the theoreticians and practitioners who developed working through play and the arts, such as Virginia Axline. There are different theoretical stances, as in other forms of psychotherapy. Counseling is similar to psychotherapy, and there have been attempts to distinguish it from psychotherapy by emphasizing that psychotherapy is concerned with “maladaptive responses and patterns associated with psychological disorders” (see the Oxford Bibliographies article Psychotherapy for more information), while counseling is concerned with problem solving and helping clients to make positive changes to their lives. Many debate this distinction or whether there is one. The section Definitions and Concepts explores this further. Counseling as a formal process can be found in every continent of the world, and the Western models have been highly influential, although there are moves to rediscover and reclaim more indigenous forms of counseling. Counseling activities include a wide range of helping forms and have different emphases within different contexts. They include vocational counseling and guidance; psychological assessment and testing; psychotherapeutic interventions; problem solving; a curriculum element for personal social and emotional learning, or a guidance curriculum; working or liaising with parents and caretakers, and with other professionals and teachers—all focusing on the personal issues of young people. The role titles of those who work in schools vary, too, from counselor to guidance officer, guidance counselor, and psychotherapist. There has been a recent upsurge in empirical research into the nature of the approaches, the effectiveness of various interventions and approaches, the nature of the client group, and the outcomes of counseling in schools.