bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of forced flows on freeways with single‐loop detectors
Authors: Nihan Nancy L.
Published: January 2010

This paper documents the development of a simple method for identifying and/or predicting freeway congestion using single loop detection systems. The proposed algorithm is simple and easy to incorporate into most freeway management systems. The Washington State Department of Transportation's Traffic Systems Management Center (TSMC) sponsored the original study. The investigation also led to a recommendation to replace the original TSMC definition of congestion or forced flow conditions with a more reliable indicator. Although, the TSMC has recently implemented a more advanced prediction system based on fuzzy set theory and neural networks to further identify patterns and rules for ramp metering strategies, the findings presented here continue to be constructive to freeway managers looking for quick and easy analyses that rely solely on single‐loop detection systems.

The Seattle Area freeway study section used for the original study was the portion of mainline 1–5 northbound starting at the downtown Seattle Station 108 and ending at the Mountlake Terrace Station 193. Several days' worth of volume and lane‐occupancy data were collected for the afternoon time period from 2:30 p.m. to 6:30 p.m. Time intervals of 20 seconds were chosen for each data collection period.

Important products of this research include the following:

simple, and more reliable criterion for the definition of “bottleneck” or forced flow conditions than that originally used by the TSMC.

simple, and reliable criterion for predicting impending “bottlenecks” or forced flow conditions.

A proposed variable for improved selection of the appropriate metering rate. (Further analysis of the use of this variable for determining metering rates is recommended for future studies.

The proposed criteria are simple and easy to incorporate into current freeway management computer systems. Further investigation of freeway performance measurement using volume and occupancy data obtained from single‐loop systems is currently being performed.
Probabilistic reasoning in prediction and diagnosis: Effects of problem type, response mode, and individual differences
Authors: Wedell Douglas H.
Published: January 2010

In prediction, subset relations require that the probability of conjoined events is never higher than that of constituent events. However, people's judgments regularly violate this principle, producing conjunction errors. In diagnosis, the probability of a hypothesis normatively is often higher for conjoined cues. An online survey used a within‐subjects design to explore the degree to which participants (n = 347) differentiated diagnosis and prediction using matched scenarios and both choice and estimation responses. Conjunctions were judged more probable than a constituent in diagnosis (76%) more often than prediction (64%) and in choice (84%) more often than direct estimation (57%), with no interaction of type of task and response mode. Correlation, regression, and path analyses were used to determine the relationships among individual difference variables and the diagnosis and prediction tasks. Among the correlation findings was that time spent on the task predicted higher conjunction probabilities in diagnosis but not prediction and that class inclusion errors predicted increased conjunction errors in choice but not estimation. Need for cognition and numeracy were only minimally related to reasoning about conjunctions. Results are consistent with the idea that people may misapply diagnostic reasoning to the prediction task and consequently commit the conjunction error. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of developmental and reproductive toxicity risk assessment in China
Authors: Wang Haixue , Wang Qingli , Liao Mingyang
Published: January 2010

Development and reproductive toxicology (DART) studies in animals are integral parts of nonclinical safety evaluation of drugs. The State Food and Drug Administration (SFDA) of the People's Republic of China developed a new guideline on DART studies in 2006. This guideline is in broad agreement with ICH guideline S5A (1994), “Detection of Toxicity to Reproduction for Medical Products,” and M3, “Nonclinical Safety Studies for the Conduct of Human Clinical Trials for Pharmaceuticals.” However, the new guideline on DART testing differs from ICH in some detailed requirements. This overview reviews some main specifications in China's guidelines on DART testing, and also briefly introduces the recommendations for conducting human clinical trials and marketing authorization in China. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:2–8, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of CNTO 530, an erythropoietin mimetic‐IgG4 fusion protein, on embryofetal development in rats and rabbits
Authors: Martin Pauline L. , Sachs Clifford , Hoberman Alan , Jiao Qun , Bugelski Peter J.
Published: January 2010

BACKGROUND: CNTO 530is a biopharmaceutical consisting of a novel peptide that mimics the actions of erythropoietin, fused to the Fc fragment of human IgG4. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies showed that CNTO 530 produced sustained increases in red blood cell parameters in rats and rabbits and that the serum half life of CNTO 530 was 2 days in rabbits and 3 days in rats. METHODS: For the evaluation of embryofetal development, CNTO 530 was injected at loading doses of 0, 0.9/1, 6, or 60 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC) on gestation day (GD)7 followed by maintenance doses of 0, 0.3, 2, or 20 mg/kg SC every 3 days through GD16 in rats and every 2 days through GD19 in rabbits (GD0 was the day of mating). Rats were Caesarean sectioned on GD21, rabbits on GD29. RESULTS: Administration of CNTO 530 was associated with an increase in hematocrit at all dose levels and a decrease in maternal body weight gains. Fetuses exhibited reduced body weight and delayed ossification. Soft tissue changes were limited to cardiovascular alterations in the high‐dose rabbits only. Rat and rabbit fetuses were exposed to CNTO 530 in all dose groups. CONCLUSIONS: These studies show that the embryo/fetal development effects observed following CNTO 530 treatment during organogenesis are qualitatively similar to those seen with other erythropoietin agonists and are likely a secondary consequence of increased hematocrit in the dams. Unlike other erythropoietin receptor agonists, CNTO 530 was able to cross the placental barrier, which was considered likely the result of FcRn‐mediated transcytosis. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:87–96, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional comparison of hemoglobin purified by different methods and their biophysical implications
Authors: Elmer Jacob , Buehler Paul W. , Jia Yiping , Wood Francine , Harris David R. , Alayash Abdu I. , Palmer Andre F.
Published: January 2010

Hemoglobin (Hb) that is purified from red blood cells (RBCs) is commonly subjected to harsh processing conditions, such as high temperatures and extensive column separation, which may damage the Hb by altering the heme prosthetic group and/or the Hb protein structure. In this study, bovine and human Hb purified by tangential flow filtration (TFF) was compared to commercial preparations of human Hb (Hemosol, Inc., Toronto, Canada) and bovine Hb (Biopure, Inc., Cambridge, MA). Purified Hbs were characterized by measuring their overall purity (SDS–PAGE, SEC, and ESI‐MS), susceptibility to oxidation (kox), responses to physiological conditions (pH, [Cl−], [IHP], and T), and ligand binding kinetics (O2, NO, and CO). All Hbs evaluated possessed comparable biophysical properties, however, a small amount of catalase was detected in the TFF‐purified Hbs that reduced the rate of autoxidation. Mass changes observed by mass spectrometry suggest that structural alterations may be introduced into Hbs that are purified by extensive chromatographic separations. These results demonstrate that TFF is a suitable process for the purification of Hb from RBCs with a quality equivalent to that of commercial Hb preparations that employ more extensive purification strategies. This work also shows that TFF can yield highly pure Hb which can be used for Hb‐based O2 carrier synthesis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010; 106: 76–85. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TCR‐β repertoire analysis of antigen‐specific single T cells using a high‐density microcavity array
Authors: Arakaki Atsushi , Ooya Kaori , Akiyama Yasuto , Hosokawa Masahito , Komiyama Masaru , Iizuka Akira , Yamaguchi Ken , Matsunaga Tadashi
Published: January 2010

The antigen specificity of cytotoxic T cells, provided by T‐cell receptors (TCRs), plays a central role in human autoimmune diseases, infection, and cancer. As the TCR repertoire is unique in individual cytotoxic T cells, a strategy to analyze its gene rearrangement at the single‐cell level is required. In this study, we applied a high‐density microcavity array enabling target cell screening of several thousands of single cells for identification of functional TCR‐β gene repertoires specific to melanoma (gp100) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens. T cells expressing TCRs with the ability to recognize fluorescent‐labeled antigen peptide tetramers were isolated by using a micromanipulator under microscopy. Regularly arranged cells on the microcavity array eased detection and isolation of target single cells from a polyclonal T‐cell population. The isolated single cells were then directly utilized for RT‐PCR. By sequencing the amplified PCR products, antigen‐specific TCR‐β repertoires for gp100 and human cytomegalovirus antigens were successfully identified at the single‐cell level. This simple, accurate, and cost‐effective technique for single‐cell analysis has further potential as a valuable and widely applicable tool for studies on gene screening and expression analyses of various kinds of cells. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;106: 311–318. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Insulin-like growth factor 1-coated sutures improve anastomotic healing in an experimental model of colitis
Authors: Rijcken E , Fuchs T , Sachs L , Kersting C M , Bruewer M , Krieglstein C F
Published: January 2010

Background

Exogenously applied insulin-like growth factor (rhIGF-1) may improve normal intestinal healing. This study examined the effect of rhIGF-1-coated sutures on anastomotic healing in experimental colitis.

Methods

Acute colitis was induced in rats by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). Inflammation was assessed by clinical Disease Activity Index (DAI), myeloperoxidase (MPO) measurement and histological examination. A distal colonic anastomosis was performed using sutures coated with rhIGF-1 dissolved in poly(d,l-lactide) (PDLLA) under general anaesthetic. Anastomotic healing was evaluated histologically, and by hydroxyproline measurement and bursting parameters after 1, 3 and 7 days, and compared with healthy, DSS and DSS + PDLLA controls.

Results

DAI, MPO and histological inflammation scores were significantly increased in all animals treated with DSS. Bursting occurred less often within the anastomotic line on day 3 in the IGF group than in DSS controls (three versus eight of ten). On day 7, the IGF group had significantly increased histological healing scores (mean(s.e.m.) 12·5(0·7) versus 9·2(0·8) (P < 0·050)) and hydroxyproline content (4·6(0·3) versus 3·6(0·1) mg/g tissue; P < 0·050) compared with DSS controls.

Conclusion

IGF-1-coated sutures improve important aspects of anastomotic healing in rats with experimental colitis.
New protocol to obtain spirolides from Alexandrium ostenfeldii cultures with high recovery and purity
Authors: Otero Paz , Alfonso Amparo , Alfonso Carmen , Vieytes Mercedes R. , Louzao M. Carmen , Botana Ana M. , Botana Luis M.
Published: January 2010

The aim of this work was to develop a method to purify large amounts of spirolide toxins from cultures of Alexandrium ostenfeldii. The dinoflagellates grew in batches under controlled conditions of salinity, light and temperature. Analysis of the cultures demonstrated the existence of neurotoxins associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins and two spirolides, 13‐desmethyl spirolide C and 13,19‐didesmethyl spirolide C. The protocol designed presents several stages of extraction, separation between spirolides and paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, and cleanup in solid‐phase extraction. Finally, the purification of spirolides was conducted by a preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography system coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. The purity and the amount of both toxins in each step was monitored by analytical liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometry. Large amounts of 13‐desMeC, 97% pure, and 13,19‐didesMeC, 99% pure, were obtained. A novel and efficient method to separate and purify spirolide toxins from large amounts of phytoplankton is provided. The protocol proposed shows, for the first time, a complete and detailed methodology to separate and purify spirolide toxins with high purity, recovery, repeatability and stability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quadruplex‐Based, Label‐Free, and Real‐Time Fluorescence Assay for RNase H Activity and Inhibition
Authors: Hu Dan , Pu Fang , Huang Zhenzhen , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang
Published: January 2010

We demonstrate a unique quadruplex‐based fluorescence assay for sensitive, facile, real‐time, and label‐free detection of RNase H activity and inhibition by using a G‐quadruplex formation strategy. In our approach, a RNA–DNA substrate was prepared, with the DNA strand designed as a quadruplex‐forming oligomer. Upon cleavage of the RNA strand by RNase H, the released G‐rich DNA strand folds into a quadruplex in the presence of monovalent ions and interacts with a specific G‐quadruplex binder, N‐methyl mesoporphyrin IX (NMM); this gives a dramatic increase in fluorescence and serves as a reporter of the reaction. This novel assay is simple in design, fast in operation, and is more convenient and promising than other methods. It takes less than 30 min to finish and the detection limit is much better or at least comparable to previous reports. No sophisticated experimental techniques or chemical modification for either RNA or DNA are required. The assay can be accomplished by using a common spectrophotometer and obviates possible interference with the kinetic behavior of the catalysts. Our approach offers an ideal system for high‐throughput screening of enzyme inhibitors and demonstrates that the structure of the G‐quadruplex can be used as a functional tool in specific fields in the future.
Attachment of a Hydrogen‐Bonding Carboxylate Side Chain to an [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Model Complex: Influence on the Catalytic Mechanism
Authors: Gao Weiming , Sun Junliang , Åkermark Torbjörn , Li Mingrun , Eriksson Lars , Sun Licheng , Åkermark Björn
Published: January 2010

Azapropanedithiolate (adt)‐bridged model complexes of [FeFe]‐hydrogenase bearing a carboxylic acid functionality have been designed with the aim of decreasing the potential for reduction of protons to hydrogen. Protonation of the bisphosphine complexes 4–6 has been studied by in situ IR and NMR spectroscopy, which revealed that protonation with triflic acid most likely takes place first at the N‐bridge for complex 4 but at the FeFe bond for complexes 5 and 6. Using an excess of acid, the diprotonated species could also be observed, but none of the protonated species was sufficiently stable to be isolated in a pure state. Electrochemical studies have provided an insight into the catalytic mechanisms under strongly acidic conditions, and have also shown that complexes 3 and 6 are electro‐active in aqueous solution even in the absence of acid, presumably due to hydrogen bonding. Hydrogen evolution, driven by visible light, has been observed for three‐component systems consisting of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, complex 1, 2, or 3, and ascorbic acid in CH3CN/D2O solution by on‐line mass spectrometry.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Pentacoordinate Chiral Phosphorus Compounds in Solution by Using Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory
Authors: Yang Guochun , Xu Yunjie , Hou Jianbo , Zhang Hui , Zhao Yufen
Published: January 2010

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to obtain the absolute structural information about four sets of diastereomers of pentacoordinate spirophosphoranes derived separately from l‐ (or d‐) valine and l‐ (or d‐) leucine for the first time. Each compound contains three stereogenic centers: one at the phosphorus center and two at the amino acid ligands. Extensive conformational searches for the compounds have been carried out and their vibrational absorption (VA) and VCD spectra have been simulated at the B3LYP/6‐311++G** level. Although both VA and VCD spectra are highly sensitive to the structural variation of the apical axis, that is, the OPO or NPO arrangement, the rotamers generated by the aliphatic amino side chains show little effect on both. The dominant experimental VCD features in the 1100–1500 cm−1 region were found to be controlled by the chirality at the phosphorus center, whereas those at the CO stretching region are determined by the chirality of the amino acid ligands. The good agreement between the experimental VA and VCD spectra in CDCl3 solution and the simulated ones allows us to assign the absolute configurations of these pentacoordinate phosphorus compounds with high confidence. This study shows that the VCD spectroscopy complemented with DFT calculations is a powerful and reliable method for determining the absolute configurations and dominating conformers of synthetic phosphorus coordination complexes in solution.
Aggregation and Contingent Metal/Surface Reactivity of 1,3,8,10‐Tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) on Cu(111)
Authors: Matena Manfred , Stöhr Meike , Riehm Till , Björk Jonas , Martens Susanne , Dyer Matthew S. , Persson Mats , Lobo‐Checa Jorge , Müller Kathrin , Enache Mihaela , Wadepohl Hubert , Zegenhagen Jörg , Jung Thomas A. , Gade Lutz H.
Published: January 2010

The structural chemistry and reactivity of 1,3,8,10‐tetraazaperopyrene (TAPP) on Cu(111) under ultra‐high‐vacuum (UHV) conditions has been studied by a combination of experimental techniques (scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS) and DFT calculations. Depending on the deposition conditions, TAPP forms three main assemblies, which result from initial submonolayer coverages based on different intermolecular interactions: a close‐packed assembly similar to a projection of the bulk structure of TAPP, in which the molecules interact mainly through van der Waals (vDW) forces and weak hydrogen bonds; a porous copper surface coordination network; and covalently linked molecular chains. The Cu substrate is of crucial importance in determining the structures of the aggregates and available reaction channels on the surface, both in the formation of the porous network for which it provides the Cu atoms for surface metal coordination and in the covalent coupling of the TAPP molecules at elevated temperature. Apart from their role in the kinetics of surface transformations, the available metal adatoms may also profoundly influence the thermodynamics of transformations by coordination to the reaction product, as shown in this work for the case of the Cu‐decorated covalent poly(TAPPCu) chains.
Vectorial Electron Transfer in Donor–Photosensitizer–Acceptor Triads Based on Novel Bis‐tridentate Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes
Authors: Kumar Rohan J. , Karlsson Susanne , Streich Daniel , Rolandini Jensen Alice , Jäger Michael , Becker Hans‐Christian , Bergquist Jonas , Johansson Olof , Hammarström Leif
Published: January 2010

The first examples of rodlike donor–photosensitizer–acceptor arrays based on bis‐2,6‐di(quinolin‐8‐yl)pyridine RuII complexes 1 a and 3 a for photoinduced electron transfer have been synthesized and investigated. The complexes are synthesized in a convergent manner and are isolated as linear, single isomers. Time‐resolved absorption spectroscopy reveals long‐lived, photoinduced charge‐separated states (τCSS (1 a)=140 ns, τCSS (3 a)=200 ns) formed by stepwise electron transfer. The overall yields of charge separation (≥50 % for complex 1 a and ≥95 % for complex 3 a) are unprecedented for bis‐tridentate RuII polypyridyl complexes. This is attributed to the long‐lived excited state of the [Ru(dqp)2]2+ complex combined with fast electron transfer from the donor moiety following the initial charge separation. The rodlike arrangement of donor and acceptor gives controlled, vectorial electron transfer, free from the complications of stereoisomeric diversity. Thus, such arrays provide an excellent system for the study of photoinduced electron transfer and, ultimately, the harvesting of solar energy.
Tertiary Carbinamine Synthesis by Rhodium‐Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation of N‐Unsubstituted Aromatic Ketimines and Alkynes
Authors: Sun Zhong‐Ming , Chen Shuo‐Ping , Zhao Pinjing
Published: January 2010

A convenient and waste‐free synthesis of indene‐based tertiary carbinamines by rhodium‐catalyzed imine/alkyne [3+2] annulation is described. Under the optimized conditions of 0.5–2.5 mol % [{(cod)Rh(OH)}2] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) catalyst, 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane (DPPP) ligand, in toluene at 120 °C, N‐unsubstituted aromatic ketimines and internal alkynes were coupled in a 1:1 ratio to form tertiary 1H‐inden‐1‐amines in good yields and with high selectivities over isoquinoline products. A plausible catalytic cycle involves sequential imine‐directed aromatic CH bond activation, alkyne insertion, and a rare example of intramolecular ketimine insertion into a RhI–alkenyl linkage.
Step‐by‐Step Synthesis of the Endohedral Stannaspherene [Ir@Sn12]3− via the Capped Cluster Anion [Sn9Ir(cod)]3−
Authors: Wang Jian‐Qiang , Stegmaier Saskia , Wahl Bernhard , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: January 2010

The endohedral stannaspherene cluster anion [Ir@Sn12]3− was synthesized in two steps. The reaction of K4Sn9 with [IrCl(cod)]2 (cod: 1,5‐cyclooctadienyl) in ethylenediamine (en) solution first yielded the [K(2,2,2‐crypt)]+ salt (2,2,2‐crypt: 4,7,13,16,21,24‐hexaoxa‐1,10‐diazabicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane) of the capped cluster anion [Sn9Ir(cod)]3−. Subsequently, crystals of this compound were dissolved in en, followed by the addition of triphenylphosphine or 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane and treatment at elevated temperatures. [Ir@Sn12]3− was obtained and characterized as the [K(2,2,2‐crypt)]+ salt. The isolation of [Sn9Ir(cod)]3− as an intermediate product establishes that the formation of the stannaspherene [Ir@Sn12]3− occurs through the oxidation of [Sn9Ir(cod)]3−. Among the structurally characterized tetrel cluster anions, [Ir@Sn12]3− is a unique example of a stannaspherene, and one of the rare spherical clusters encapsulating a metal atom that is not a member of Group 10. Single‐crystal structure determination shows that the novel Zintl ion cluster has nearly perfect icosahedral Ih point symmetry.
Catalytic Asymmetric Formation of δ‐Lactones from Unsaturated Acyl Halides
Authors: Tiseni Paolo S. , Peters René
Published: January 2010

Previously unexplored enantiopure zwitterionic ammonium dienolates have been utilized in this work as reactive intermediates that act as diene components in hetero‐Diels–Alder reactions (HDAs) with aldehydes to produce optically active δ‐lactones, subunits of numerous bioactive products. The dienolates were generated in situ from E/Z mixtures of α,β‐unsaturated acid chlorides by use of a nucleophilic quinidine derivative and Sn(OTf)2 as co‐catalyst. The latter component was not directly involved in the cycloaddition step with aldehydes and simply facilitated the formation of the reactive dienolate species. The scope of the cycloaddition was considerably improved by use of a complex formed from Er(OTf)3 and a simple commercially available norephedrine‐derived ligand that tolerated a broad range of aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes for a cooperative bifunctional Lewis‐acid‐/Lewis‐base‐catalyzed reaction, providing α,β‐unsaturated δ‐lactones with excellent enantioselectivities. Mechanistic studies confirmed the formation of the dienolate intermediates for both catalytic systems. The active ErIII complex is most likely a monomeric species. Interestingly, all lanthanides can catalyze the title reaction, but the efficiency in terms of yield and enantioselectivity depends directly on the radius of the LnIII ion. Similarly, use of the pseudolanthanides ScIII and YIII also resulted in product formation, whereas the larger LaIII and other transition metal salts, as well as main group metal salts, proved to be inefficient. In addition, various synthetic transformations of 6‐CCl3‐ or 4‐silyl‐substituted α,β‐unsaturated δ‐lactones, giving access to a number of valuable δ‐lactone building blocks, were investigated.
Dye binary mixture formulation by means of derivative ratio spectra of the Kubelka–Munk function
Authors: Nateri A. Shams , Ekrami Ehsan
Published: January 2010

In this study, a new method is introduced for the determination of dye concentration in fabrics dyed with bicomponent dye mixtures. The reflectance spectra of the samples dyed with different binary mixtures of dyes were recorded between 400 and 700 nm. The obtained $ \left ({K\over S}\right )$ spectra were divided by a standard $ \left({K\over S}\right) $ spectrum of each of the components in the mixtures and the derivative spectra were calculated. The amounts of dyes were determined by measurements in suitably selected wavelengths in the acquired derivative ratio spectra. The obtained results indicate that the developed derivative ratio $ \left ({K\over S}\right ) $ spectra method is more accurate than the normal Kubelka–Munk method. The proposed derivative method is simple, accurate, and suitable for quantitative analysis of samples dyed with binary mixed shades. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Colour category foci of Munsell colour spectra revealed by two computational methods
Authors: Raisanen Elina , Hauta‐Kasari Markku
Published: January 2010

Colour names and psychophysical colour categories play an important role on human communication. For several application areas from computer vision to Internet shopping, it would be useful to manage colour information using methods of computational colour naming in a similar manner as people do in their everyday life. In this study, we applied two computational methods, the nonnegative matrix factorization and self‐organizing maps, to derive basic colours from a spectral database of Munsell colours, and a subset of it. The subset was generated to include only the most saturated samples of each Munsell Hue and Munsell Value pair of the original database. Using both the methods and both the databases, we calculated the sets of 3, 4, 6, and 8 basis vectors to represent the focal colours of colour categories. Colour names of the calculated focal colours were investigated using the results by Sturges and Whitfield as a reference. Nonnegative matrix factorization yields calculated colours more compatible with human basic colours, but the spectra generated by self‐organizing maps are more similar to natural spectra as their shape is smoother. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Two new von Kries based chromatic adaptation transforms found by numerical optimization
Authors: Bianco S. , Schettini R.
Published: January 2010

In this article, two new von Kries based chromatic adaptation transforms are proposed. The numerical optimization procedure adopted for deriving them simultaneously exploits the whole sets of data available and the existing chromatic adaptation transforms. Experimental results report several statistics to prove the effectiveness of our proposals with respect to the state‐of‐the‐art. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2010
Hemodialysis Adequacy: A Review
Authors: Mehta Ankit N. , Fenves Andrew Z.
Published: January 2010

“Adequate dialysis” is interpreted as the amount of dialysis required to keep a patient alive and relatively asymptomatic. Since the inception of hemodialysis, there have been numerous approaches to quantify the delivered dialysis dose in a reproducible manner, and to link the dialysis dose with clinical outcomes.
Acute Blindness During Hemodialysis: Neuroimaging in Diagnosis
Authors: Hatipoglu Hatice Gul , Erhuner Zeynep , Ciliz Deniz , Yuksel Enis
Published: January 2010

Acute blindness related to hemodialysis is very rare. It is important to find out the real etiology before beginning treatment. In this case, we sought to emphasize the importance of diffusion‐weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient mapping, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for diagnosis. Close collaboration among nephrologists, neuro‐ophthalmologists, and radiologists is important in this interdisciplinary emergency.
Isotope Differential Renal Function Versus Ultrasound Measured Kidney Size in Assessing Potential Living Donors
Authors: Akoh Jacob A. , Rana Tahawar A. , Stacey Sarah L.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

This study evaluated a possible correlation between Mercapto Acetyl Tri Glycine (MAG3) differential renal function and kidney size measured by ultrasonography (US) and whether US alone is sufficient in deciding which kidney to donate.

METHODS

Between March 2003 and November 2008, 81 potential kidney donors underwent full assessment including 51‐chromium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (51‐Cr EDTA), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 99mTc MAG3 renograms for differential renal function, and US to determine kidney size. Transplant outcome (estimated GFR and creatinine at 1, 3, and 6 months) was analyzed according to category of differential function (0%; 1%–10%; 11%–20%), donor sex, and donated GFR.

RESULTS

The mean donated GFR correlated significantly with categories of differential function (F5 4.998, p = .01). US kidney length correlated significantly with total donor GFR (right: r = 0.286, p = .016; left: r = 0.351, p = .003, respectively). Also, differential function correlated significantly with the difference in length between right and left kidneys (r = 0.333; p = .005). However, in 10 donors kidney length was inversely related to the divided renal function.

DISCUSSION

Donors could have their better kidneys removed if US alone is used. Differential renal function has advantages over US alone and should be used to assess all potential donors prior to kidney donation.
Dendrogeomorphic reconstruction of past debris‐flow activity using injured broad‐leaved trees
Authors: Arbellay Estelle , Stoffel Markus , Bollschweiler Michelle
Published: January 2010

Tree‐ring records from conifers have been regularly used over the last few decades to date debris‐flow events. The reconstruction of past debris‐flow activity was, in contrast, only very rarely based on growth anomalies in broad‐leaved trees. Consequently, this study aimed at dating the occurrence of former debris flows from growth series of broad‐leaved trees and at determining their suitability for dendrogeomorphic research. Results were obtained from gray alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench), silver birch and pubescent birch (Betula pendula Roth and Betula pubescens Ehrh.), aspen (Populus tremula L.), white poplar, black poplar and gray poplar (Populus alba L., Populus nigra L. and Populus x canescens (Ait.) Sm.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) and black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) injured by debris‐flow activity at Illgraben (Valais, Swiss Alps). Tree‐ring analysis of 104 increment cores, 118 wedges and 93 cross‐sections from 154 injured broad‐leaved trees allowed the reconstruction of 14 debris‐flow events between AD 1965 and 2007. These events were compared with archival records on debris‐flow activity at Illgraben. It appears that debris flows are very common at Illgraben, but only very rarely left the channel over the period AD 1965–2007. Furthermore, analysis of the spatial distribution of disturbed trees contributed to the identification of six patterns of debris‐flow routing and led to the determination of preferential breakout locations of events. The results of this study demonstrate the high potential of broad‐leaved trees for dendrogeomorphic research and for the assessment of the travel distance and lateral spread of debris‐flow surges. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced control and management functionalities for multi‐microgrids
Authors: Madureira A. G. , Pereira J. C. , Gil N. J. , Lopes J. A. Peças , Korres G. N. , Hatziargyriou N. D.
Published: January 2010

This paper addresses the extension of the microgrid concept, following a massive integration of these active cells in power distribution networks, by adopting a coordinated management strategy together with distributed generation units directly connected to the medium voltage distribution network. In order to achieve this, a technical and commercial management scheme must be developed for coordinated control of a distribution system with multi‐microgrids, which should take into account the specific technical capabilities and characteristics of each type of generating source. In particular, tools for coordinated voltage support and frequency control, as well as for state estimation have been developed for this type of network. Concerning voltage support, a new methodology exploiting an optimization tool based on a meta‐heuristic approach was developed. For state estimation, two approaches were considered: multi‐microgrid state estimation and fuzzy state estimation. Regarding frequency control, the hierarchical structure of the multi‐microgrid is exploited to deal with the transition to islanded operation and load following in islanded operation. All these tools have proved to be efficient in managing the multi‐microgrid system in normal interconnected mode and, in case of the frequency control, in islanded operation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Behavior of liquid menisci formed during the extraction of a vertical rod from the free surface of a liquid contained in a finite basin (Part 1)
Authors: Su J. , Nigro N. J.
Published: January 2010

Many studies involving the shapes and stability of liquid menisci formed during the extraction of a vertical rod from a liquid basin (rod‐in‐free‐surface problem) have been reported in the literature. However, the vast majority of these were conducted under the assumptions that the radius of the basin (R) is infinite and that, at its extremity, both the slope and curvature of the liquid surface are zero. Recently, a few studies involving finite basins have been reported; however, these were conducted under the assumption that the displaced volume of the liquid in the basin is prescribed. In this study, a parametric finite element method was employed to determine the behavior (shape and stability) of liquid menisci formed during the extraction of a vertical rod with circular cross‐section from a liquid contained in a circular basin with finite radius. The plots presented in this paper enable investigators to predict the critical extraction height (a priori) as a function of the radius ratio (R/r) and Bond number (β0=ρgr2/γ) for the case where the contact angle (θ2) at the outer extremity of the basin is 90∘. Theoretical and experimental results obtained for arbitrary values of θ2 will be presented in a Part 2 paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulations of non‐equilibrium turbulent boundary layer flowing over a bump
Authors: El‐Askary W. A.
Published: January 2010

Large‐eddy simulation (LES) and Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes simulation (RANS) with different turbulence models (including the standard k−ε, the standard k−ω, the shear stress transport k−ω (SST k−ω), and Spalart–Allmaras (S–A) turbulence models) have been employed to compute the turbulent flow of a two‐dimensional turbulent boundary layer over an unswept bump. The predictions of the simulations were compared with available experimental measurements in the literature. The comparisons of the LES and the SST k−ω model including the mean flow and turbulence stresses are in satisfied agreements with the available measurements. Although the flow experiences a strong adverse pressure gradient along the rear surface, the boundary layer is unique in that intermittent detachment occurring near the wall. The numerical results indicate that the boundary layer is not followed by mean‐flow separation or incipient separation as shown from the numerical results. The resolved turbulent shear stress is in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data, though the computational result of LES shows that its peak is overpredicted near the trailing edge of the bump, while the other used turbulence models, except the standard k−ε, underpredicts it. Analysis of the numerical results from LES confirms the experimental data, in which the existence of internal layers over the bump surface upstream of the summit and along the downstream flat plate. It also demonstrates that the quasi‐step increase in skin friction is due to perturbations in pressure gradient. The surface curvature enhances the near‐wall shear production of turbulent stresses, and is responsible for the formation of the internal layers.

The aim of the present work is to examine the response and prediction capability of LES with the dynamic eddy viscosity model as a sub‐grid scale to the complex turbulence structure with the presence of streamline curvature generated by a bumpy surface. Aiming to reduce the computational costs with focus on the mean behavior of the non‐equilibrium turbulent boundary layer of flow over the bump surface, the present investigation also explains the best capability of one of the used RANS turbulence models to capture the driving mechanism for the surprisingly rapid return to equilibrium over the trailing flat plate found in the measurements. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Design of Wave‐Like PEMFC Stack with Undulate MEAs and Perforated Bipolar Plates
Authors: Yi P. Y. , Peng L. F. , Lai X. M. , Liu D. A. , Ni J.
Published: January 2010

Commercialisation of proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) technology depends on high volumetric power density and specific power for a given cost. In the present study, a novel wave‐like architecture for PEMFC stack based on undulate membrane electrode assembles (MEAs) and perforated bipolar plates (PBPs) was presented. Different from conventional plate‐and‐frame architecture, this design increased active area and achieved higher volumetric power density due to undulate MEAs. Moreover, perforated sheet metal was used as bipolar plates so that it could improve specific power.

A single cell was designed and fabricated in house to evaluate the performance of the novel architecture stack. Stamped PBPs with open rate of 28.26% and hot pressed 5‐layer undulate MEAs with Nafion® 112 were adopted. The results indicated that the peak volumetric power density and specific power are 2,715.94 W L–1 and 2,157.86 W kg–1, respectively, while they are 2,151.28 W L–1 and 1,709.22 W kg–1 at the output voltage of 0.6 V. This study may propose a possible means to meet the DOE's 2010 technical target that volumetric power density is 2,000 W L–1 and specific power is 2,000 W kg–1 for stack.
Ultrafine Amorphous Co–Fe–B Catalysts for the Hydrolysis of NaBH4 Solution to Generate Hydrogen for PEMFC
Authors: Wang Y. P. , Wang Y. J. , Ren Q. L. , Li L. , Jiao L. F. , Song D. W. , Liu G. , Han Y. , Yuan H. T.
Published: January 2010

For hydrogen generation from alkaline sodium borohydride (NaBH4) solution, Co–Fe–B catalysts with different Co/(Co + Fe) molar ratios (χCo) were prepared by the chemical reduction of CoCl2 and FeCl3 ethanol solution with KBH4 solution. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that the as‐prepared Co–Fe–B catalysts were in amorphous form and ultrafine. The hydrogen generation measurements showed that as‐prepared Co–B and Co–Fe–B catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity. Co–Fe–B with the Co/(Co + Fe) molar ratio (χCo) of 0.85 was the best. Its maximum hydrogen generation rate at 298 K was 4,310 mL min–1 g–1, while the Co–B was 2,773 mL min–1 g–1. The enhanced activity could be attributed to large active surface area, electron transfer from B and Fe to active Co sites, and improvement in the dispersion of Co–B with Fe2O3. The activation energy of Co–Fe–B catalyst with the molar ratio χCo = 0.85 was decreased to 29.09 kJ mol–1 as compared to 30.85 kJ mol–1 obtained with Co–B.
Combinatorial Search for Quaternary Methanol Tolerant Oxygen Electro‐Reduction Catalyst
Authors: Jeon M. K. , Liu J. H. , Lee K. R. , Lee J. W. , McGinn P. J. , Woo S. I.
Published: January 2010

A combinatorial library containing 645 different compositions was synthesised and characterised for methanol tolerant oxygen electro‐reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic performance. The library was composed of compositions involving between 1 and 4 metals among Pt, Ru, Fe, Mo and Se. In an optical screening test, Pt(50)Ru(10)Fe(20)Se(10) composition exhibited the highest ORR activity in the presence of methanol. This composition was further investigated by synthesis and characterisation of a powder version catalyst [Pt(50)Ru(10)Fe(20)Se(10)/C]. At 0.85 V [vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)] in the absence of methanol, the Pt/C catalyst exhibited higher ORR current (0.0990 mA) than the Pt(50)Ru(10)Fe(20)Se(10)/C catalyst (0.0902 mA). But much higher specific activity (12.7 μA cmpt–2) was observed in the Pt(50)Ru(10)Fe(20)Se(10)/C catalyst than for the Pt/C catalyst 6.51 μA cmpt–2). In the presence of methanol, the ORR current decreased by 0.0343 and 0.247 mA for the Pt(50)Ru(10)Fe(20)Se(10)/C and Pt/C catalysts, respectively, which proved the excellent methanol tolerance of the Pt(50)Ru(10)Fe(20)Se(10)/C catalyst.
Optimizing the power of genome‐wide association studies by using publicly available reference samples to expand the control group
Authors: Zhuang Joanna J. , Zondervan Krina , Nyberg Fredrik , Harbron Chris , Jawaid Ansar , Cardon Lon R. , Barratt Bryan J. , Morris Andrew P.
Published: January 2010

Genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have proved extremely successful in identifying novel genetic loci contributing effects to complex human diseases. In doing so, they have highlighted the fact that many potential loci of modest effect remain undetected, partly due to the need for samples consisting of many thousands of individuals. Large‐scale international initiatives, such as the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, the Genetic Association Information Network, and the database of genetic and phenotypic information, aim to facilitate discovery of modest‐effect genes by making genome‐wide data publicly available, allowing information to be combined for the purpose of pooled analysis. In principle, disease or control samples from these studies could be used to increase the power of any GWA study via judicious use as “genetically matched controls” for other traits. Here, we present the biological motivation for the problem and the theoretical potential for expanding the control group with publicly available disease or reference samples. We demonstrate that a naïve application of this strategy can greatly inflate the false‐positive error rate in the presence of population structure. As a remedy, we make use of genome‐wide data and model selection techniques to identify “axes” of genetic variation which are associated with disease. These axes are then included as covariates in association analysis to correct for population structure, which can result in increases in power over standard analysis of genetic information from the samples in the original GWA study. Genet. Epidemiol. 34: 319–326, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial pattern of infiltration rate and its effect on hydrological processes in a small headwater catchment
Authors: Miyata Shusuke , Kosugi Ken'ichirou , Nishi Yotaro , Gomi Takashi , Sidle Roy C. , Mizuyama Takahisa
Published: January 2010

Overland flow, which occurs when the rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration rate, is an important factor in hillslope hydrological processes. Recent studies have suggested that a cause of Hortonian overland flow on forested hillslopes is the water repellency of surface soils. However, few studies have addressed the contribution of overland flow on storm runoff in such catchments. The overland flow generated on hillslopes needs to reach stream channels in order to contribute to storm runoff from a catchment. Therefore, the spatial pattern of the infiltration rate in a hillslope is essential for understanding the contribution of overland flow on storm runoff. To clarify the spatial pattern of infiltration for a hillslope, and its effect on overland flow generation and storm runoff from a small catchment with water repellent surface soil, we conducted artificial rainfall experiments along a hillslope transect (49 m) on 15 occasions over 20 months and measured the overland flow at a hillslope plot (8 × 20 m), stream flow at an outlet of a small catchment (0·43 ha), and the matric potential head along the hillslope transect. The replicated measurements suggest that the relationship between the infiltration rate and soil moisture was positive due to the impact of soil water repellency, and that the infiltration rate in the lower part of the hillslope was significantly higher than that of the upper and middle parts. Overland flow for individual storms measured at the plot scale was generally greater during dry periods than wet periods, suggesting that water repellency reduced the infiltration rate in dry periods as noted at the experiment plot scale. In contrast, stormflow for all events during wet and dry periods showed the opposite trend, indicating that the impact of soil water repellency during dry periods was not sufficient or continuous enough to cause measurable increases in stormflow. For a storm event < 100 mm in total precipitation, the comparison of hydrological responses during storm events between the dry and wet periods suggests that subsurface flow rather than Hortonian overland flow contributed to the storm runoff even though a substantial amount of overland flow was generated in the hillslope plot. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the impact of forest management practice on the runoff of the surface‐derived suspended sediment using fallout radionuclides
Authors: Fukuyama Taijiro , Onda Yuichi , Gomi Takashi , Yamamoto Kazukiyo , Kondo Naoto , Miyata Shusuke , Kosugi Ken'ichiro , Mizugaki Shigeru , Tsubonuma Nobuyuki
Published: January 2010

In order to quantify the impact of the abandonment of forest management practices on the runoff of surface‐derived suspended sediment at the catchment scale, we compared the relative contributions of surface soil erosion among Japanese cypress plantation catchments with different stand densities and surface coverage in a 4·9‐ha nested catchment. Source fingerprinting of suspended sediments was conducted using the fallout radionuclides Cs‐137 and Pb‐210ex. Eroded material from hillslope plots having different forest conditions and stream bank material were used as surface and subsurface sediment sources, respectively. The nested watershed monitoring of erosional behaviour and particulate runoff of radionuclides demonstrated decreases in the activities of radionuclides at downstream sampling sites. Hence, the scaling effect of catchments and forest conditions can affect the development of the concentration of surface‐derived material in stream water. An indicator of the forest condition, particularly the surface coverage, light condition of the forest floor was quantified. At the catchment of a thinned plantation with dense understory vegetation, all suspended sediment was calculated to be derived only from subsurface erosion. In contrast, at the catchment of a slightly thinned plantation, the highest proportion of surface erosion (67·8 ± 3·7%) was estimated. Therefore, the forest condition, particularly the light condition at the forest floor, which is related to the ground surface coverage, affects the magnitude of surface soil erosion and the particulate runoff of surface soil. It is suggested that forest management can affect the overland flow generation, stability of the surface soil and associated elements, and downstream water quality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.