bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research About Key Factors in Jet Puncturing Process for Multilayer Composite Material
Authors: Yao Yiyong , Zhao Liping , Hu Sheng , Zhou Rongya , Zheng Mei
Published: October 2014

In the traditional molding process of laminated carbon fiber reinforced C/C composites - preform, it always causes great damage to a high modulus carbon fiber. Research about key factors for jet puncture in multilayer composite material is proposed in this paper. With the method, carbon fiber is added into the laminating direction of high-modulus carbon cloth by using jet method, so the preform is combined together to improve interlayer fiber connection strength in laminating direction (Z direction). Firstly, the key factors in jet puncture process are investigated. Parameter optimization and dynamic modeling of jet process have been studied to explore the mechanism of jet puncture process. Then a fluid simulation is conducted by studying the formation and distribution of diffusion flow field, jet resistance, penetration ability and jet kinetic energy loss. Finally, the fluid software is used to simulate and obtain the optimal structure of carbon cloth and the nozzle. It is expected that this paper can provide a new and effective approach for Z-puncture reinforcement fibers of laminated composite materials.
Towards Computationally Tractable Simulations of Metal Forming Processes With Evolving Microstructures
Authors: Knezevic Marko , Savage Daniel J. , Landry Nicholas W.
Published: October 2014

Performing microstructure sensitive metal-forming simulations is widely recognized as a computational challenge because of the need to store large sets of state variables related to microstructure data. We present a rigorous methodology for the compaction of microstructural data associated with a material point and show that the statistical distributions of microstructure of any size can be compacted to several hundred grains. The methodology is based on the spectral representation of microstructure distribution functions through the use of generalizes spherical harmonics. Subsequently, we present a computational framework aimed at dramatically reducing time needed for microstructure sensitive simulations of metal forming processes. The framework is based on a combination of the recently developed numerical implementations of crystal plasticity models in the spectral representation for obtaining the response of single crystals and specialized computer hardware that integrates a graphics-processing unit. We apply these two methodologies on a plane strain compression case study and obtain speedup factors exceeding three orders of magnitude.
Simple Dynamics and Open-Loop Control for Horizontal Boom Motion of Rotary Cranes
Authors: Uchiyama Naoki , Sano Shigenori , Ouyang Huimin
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a simple model of rotary crane dynamics that includes only significant nonlinear force terms. This simple model allows to derive analytical solutions of the differential equations of the model. Thus, a simple trajectory that considers residual vibration suppression without sensing it, using only horizontal boom motion, can be generated by solving algebraic equations numerically. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by numerical simulations and experimental results.
Cylindrical Grinding of Nitrided Steels: Grindability, Specific Energy, Temperatures, Residual Stresses and Fatigue Failure
Authors: Badger Jeffrey
Published: October 2014

An investigation was made into plunge and traverse cylindrical grinding of nitrided steels in an industrial case involving premature fatigue failure due to residual stresses. The effect of nitriding on grindability was analyzed via specific-energy measurements. Residual stresses were analyzed, including: (1) compressive, from nitriding, with discussion on how this alters stress measurements in practice; (2) compressive, from plastic deformation from grinding; and (3) tensile, from thermal effects in grinding, including the alteration of the nitriding compressive effect. A thermal model was developed to predict surface temperatures in grinding — which were correlated to residual tensile stress measurements — allowing the reduction of stresses and the elimination of fatigue failure.
Understanding Deformation on Machined Surfaces
Authors: Guo Yang , Sagapuram Dinakar , Mahato Anirban , M’Saoubi Rachid , Trumble Kevin P. , Chandrasekar Srinivasan
Published: October 2014

The deformation history and state of machined surface in cutting of metals are characterized using high-speed image analysis, complemented by hardness, microstructure and texture measurements. Large surface strains are observed, due to the severe plastic deformation (SPD) intrinsic to chip formation. The deformation history and microstructure/texture of the chip and surface are found to be equivalent. The surface strain distribution is shown to scale with undeformed chip thickness and influenced by the rake angle. Based on the observations, and related prior work on process-microstructure-property correlations, a framework is suggested for controlling deformation levels, microstructure and texture on machined surfaces. The results offer scope also for validation of machining simulations and multi-scale modeling of machining.
Sustaining the Competitive Edge of Small to Medium Size Enterprises Through Innovative Manufacturing System Design
Authors: Gadalla Mohamed A.
Published: October 2014

Increasing Small to Medium size Enterprises (SME’s) competitive edge requires continuously developing creative and novel methods and solutions. This paper presents a novel design for a manufacturing system named Smart Manufacturing Systems (SMS). The new design can be viewed as a modification to the Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) to better suits continuously changing market conditions, which may lead a company to develop a more sustainable competitive edge. The new design address several issues in manufacturing system design that affect the competitiveness of the system such as: merger of different manufacturing processes, non-productive times, and to be able to performing economically under different market conditions.
Environmentally Benign Electropolishing of Biomedical Alloys
Authors: Inman Maria , Hall Timothy , Garich Holly , Taylor E. Jennings
Published: October 2014

A process for surface finishing of medical device and implant alloys is described. Unlike conventional electrochemical surface finishing processes, Faraday’s pulse reverse process does not require low conductivity/high viscosity electrolytes and does not require the addition of aggressive chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid to remove the passive film associated with electropolishing of passive and strongly passive materials. This paper focuses on pulse/pulse reverse electropolishing of Nitinol and other metals and alloys containing titanium, molybdenum and niobium.
Dissimilar Material Joint Strength and Structure for Friction Stir Forming Process
Authors: Ogata Kenneth A. , Lazarevic Sladjan , Miller Scott F.
Published: October 2014

Mass reduction of automotive body structures is a critical part of achieving reduced CO2 emissions in the automotive industry. There has been significant work on the application of ultra high strength steels and aluminum alloys. However, the next paradigm is the integrated use of both materials, which creates the need to join them together. Friction stir forming is a new environmentally benign manufacturing process for joining dissimilar materials. The concept of this process is stir heating one material and forming it into a mechanical interlocking joint with the second material. In this research the process was experimentally analyzed in a computer numerical controlled machining center between aluminum and steel work pieces. The significant process parameters were identified and their optimized settings for the current experimental conditions defined using a design of experiments methodology. Three failure modes were identified (neck fracture, aluminum sheet peeling, and bonding delamination i.e. braze fracture). The overall joint structure and grain microstructure were mapped along different stages of the friction stir forming process. Two layers were formed within the aluminum, the thermo-mechanical affected zone that had been deformed due to the contact pressure and angular momentum of the tool, and the heat affected deformation zone that deformed into the cavity.
Resilience Measures of Manufacturing Systems Under Disruptions
Authors: Gu Xi , Jin Xiaoning , Ni Jun
Published: October 2014

Unexpected disruptive events always interrupt normal production condition and cause production losses in the manufacturing system. A resilient system is capable of settling itself to the steady-state quickly after the disruption, and compensating for the lost production by using a relatively little overtime. In this paper, we define throughput settling time (TST) and overtime to recover (OTTR) as two resilience measures to analyze multi-stage serial-parallel systems with unreliable machines and finite intermediate buffers. We perform an exact analysis for a two-stage system and develop an approximation method for general multi-stage systems. Numerical case studies are conducted to investigate the system resilience under different configurations.
Laser Crystallization of Transparent AZO Films on Sapphire With High Electron Mobility for Photo-Application
Authors: Nian Qiong , Zhang Martin Y. , Schwartz Bradley D. , Cheng Gary J.
Published: October 2014

Transparent and conductive alumina-doped ZnO (AZO) films were deposited on sapphire substrates at room temperature by room temperature pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and then followed by laser crystallization at 500K. As implied by the Multiphysics Simulation, X-ray diffraction spectra and morphological characterizations show grain growth and crystallinity enhancement during the crystallization process, resulting in less film internal imperfections. With lower internal defects, higher conductivity and transmittance were expected. Electrical and optical measurements show that the crystallization process dramatically improves the electron mobility and conductivity while the carrier concentration decreases, which in turn increases infrared transmittance. Under an optimal laser crystallization condition, AZO films with low resistivity of 9.90×10−4 Ω-cm and a high electron mobility of 79 cm2/Vs. UV-Vis-IR transmittance spectrum shows the laser crystallization significantly enhanced the AZO film transparency to 6000nm with over 60% transmittance. And the crystallized AZO film shows 36% higher transmittance than room temperature PLD deposited AZO film over 900–5000nm wavelength range.
A Study on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis of Injection Molding Process Using Probabilistic Neural Network Method
Authors: Baek Dae Seong , Li Chengjun , Nam Jung Soo , Na Cho Rok , Kim Myungho , Rhee Byungohk , Lee Sangwon
Published: October 2014

The objective of this research is the development of condition diagnosis model for injection molding process based on wavelet packet decomposition (WPD), feature extraction from cavity pressure, nozzle pressure and screw position signals and probability neural network (PNN) method. The node energies from the WPD of cavity and nozzle pressure signals are identified. In addition, five (5), seven (7) and two (2) critical features are extracted from the cavity pressure, nozzle pressure and screw position signals via the new feature extraction algorithm. The node energies and critical features are input to the PNN based condition diagnosis model for the injection modeling process. A series of injection modeling experiments are conducted and their results are used to validate the model. It is demonstrated that the proposed model is applicable to diagnose the injection molding process conditions. In particular, it is also shown that the utilization of cavity pressure and screw position signals in the model can result in higher diagnosis accuracy from the case studies.
Nonwoven Wheel Polishing of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo Alloys
Authors: Wang Yancheng , Yan Bing , Shih Albert J.
Published: October 2014

This research investigates the nonwoven wheels polishing of Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo alloys, which are biocompatible materials for medical implants. The structure of the high porosity nonwoven wheels consisting of the nonwoven fibers and abrasive grains are characterized. The compressibility and stiffness of the wheel are measured. The stiffness of the wheel is nonlinear depending on the wheel surface speed and compression depth. Polishing tests at two levels of wheel surface speed and compression depth are conducted. Surface roughness and polishing forces are studied. Results demonstrated that polishing of Ti-6Al-4V is difficult, which has twice larger surface roughness than that of Co-Cr-Mo. The nonwoven wheel operating at lower surface speed and smaller compression depth is beneficial to generate a better surface roughness for Ti-6Al-4V and Co-Cr-Mo.
Complexity Optimization for Cooperative Sensing Using Coalition Games
Authors: Ji Xi , Liu Quan , Xu Wenjun , Zhang Duzhong
Published: October 2014

Cognitive radio is a far effective method to solve the problem of limited spectrum resources in the wireless communication in cloud manufacturing, involved in kinds of networks. Cooperative spectrum sensing, as a research hotspot in cognitive radio, can improve the sensing quality in cognitive radio networks, but it will also bring in extra cost when forming coalitions and conduct cooperative spectrum sensing. Although CSS based on coalition formation games can significantly conquer this problem by improving the sensing quality and at the same time reducing extra cost, it is much too complex with many nodes. In this paper, we analyze the complexity of the proposed coalition formation (CF) algorithm, and then present an enhanced Selecting SUs and Coalition Formation (SSCF) algorithm where coalition formation and cooperative spectrum sensing is carried out with SUs selected before. In addition, it is shown that SSCF can lower the complexity of CF by reducing the number of nodes for coalition formation while hardly bringing down the sensing quality of CF with at most 0.5% decrease of utility in common case and at average 3% increase of that.
Manufacturing Process Information Models for Sustainable Manufacturing
Authors: Valivullah Lina , Mani Mahesh , Lyons Kevin W. , Gupta S. K.
Published: October 2014

Sustainable manufacturing systems use processes, methodologies, and technologies that are energy efficient and environmentally friendly. To create and maintain such systems, well-defined measurement methodologies and corresponding manufacturing information models play a crucial role to consistently compute and evaluate sustainability performance indicators of manufacturing processes that will result in reliable decision support. However, when it comes to describing sustainability of product manufacturing, the presently available methods and tools do not account for manufacturing processes explicitly and hence result in inaccurate and ambiguous decisions between alternate systems. Furthermore, there are no formal methods for acquiring and exchanging sustainability-related information that help establish a consolidated sustainability information base for decision support. This paper presents a study on the scope of the currently available manufacturing information models to incorporate sustainability. Identifying the requirements for information models that cater to sustainable manufacturing was done utilizing an earlier developed Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) reference architecture model. We propose an extension to the SIMA architecture considering sustainability and refer to it as a GreenSIMA architecture. We present injection-molding unit manufacturing process as an example.
Development of Novel Long-Life CBN Grinding Wheel at High Efficiency Condition
Authors: Yoshimura Kouichi , Mizuno Akihiro , Mishima Takeshi , Yoshida Kazumasa , Hoshino Hiroshi , Hashimoto Fukuo
Published: October 2014

Vitrified CBN wheels have been widely employed for precision and high efficiency grinding in industry. However, the high stock removal grinding tends to generate the grinding burning which causes tensile residual stress, cracking and hardness softening on the ground surfaces, and it leads to shorten the wheel life. In order to overcome these issues and extend the wheel life, a novel vitrified CBN wheel has been developed. This paper describes features of bond material, and wheel structure applied to the developed CBN wheels. Grinding performances of the new wheel under high efficiency conditions are discussed. Finally it concludes that the newly developed wheel having uniform dispersion structure with new bond with high bending strength significantly improves the wheel life and the ground surface quality. The mechanism for achieving the high performance is discussed from the view point of grinding fundamentals.
Measuring and Tracking of Lean Manufacturing Transformation
Authors: Soliman Ahmed , Gadalla Mohamed A.
Published: October 2014

Although lean is rapidly growing in popularity, its implementation is far from problem free and companies may experience difficulties sustaining long-term success. In this paper, it is suggested that sustainable lean requires attention to performance improvement, capability development and maturity tracking. A framework for describing levels of lean capability measurement and tracking are presented.
Experimental Study on Micro End-Milling Process of Ti-6AL-4V Using Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)
Authors: Kim Dae Hoon , Lee Pil-Ho , Kim Jung Sub , Moon Hyungpil , Lee Sang Won
Published: October 2014

This paper investigates the characteristics of micro end-milling process of titanium alloy (Ti-6AL-4V) using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). A series of micro end-milling experiments are conducted in the meso-scale machine tool system, and milling forces, burr formations, surface roughness, and tool wear are observed and analyzed according to varying feed per tooth and lubrication conditions. The experimental results show that MQL and nanofluid MQL with nanodiamond particles can be effective to reduce milling forces, burrs and surface roughness during micro end-milling of titanium alloy. In particular, it is demonstrated that smaller size of nanodiamond particles — 35 nm — can be more effective to decrease burrs and surface roughness in the case of nanofluid MQL micro end-milling.
A Mixed Toolpath Strategy for Improved Geometric Accuracy and Higher Throughput in Double-Sided Incremental Forming
Authors: Xu Rui , Ren Huaqing , Zhang Zixuan , Malhotra Rajiv , Cao Jian
Published: October 2014

Incremental sheet forming has attracted considerable attention in the recent past due to advantages that include high process flexibility and higher formability as compared to conventional forming processes. However, attaining required geometric accuracy of the formed part is one of the major issues plaguing this process. The Double-Sided Incremental Forming process has emerged as a potential process variant which can preserve the process flexibility while maintaining required geometric accuracy. This paper investigates a mixed toolpath for Double-Sided Incremental Forming which is able to simultaneously achieve good geometric accuracy and higher throughput than is currently possible. The geometries of parts formed using the mixed toolpath strategy are compared to the desired geometry. Furthermore, an examination of the forming forces is used to uncover the reasons for experimentally observed trends. Future work in this area is also discussed.
Formability Enhancement in Titanium Tube Flaring by Controlling the Deformation Path
Authors: Nikhare Chetan P. , Kinsey Brad L. , Korkolis Yannis P.
Published: October 2014

The tube flaring process has been traditionally used to expand one end of the tube without changing its main cross-sectional area. This simple process typically forms the product with a single punch along a unique deformation path. To delay failure and enhance formability, a two-step flaring process can be used. For example, if a significant elliptical flared shape is attempted in a one step process, a tearing failure would occur on the major elliptical axis. However if a two-step process with a mildly elliptical punch, followed by the final elliptical punch was used, the desired elliptical shape can be achieved. In this paper the effects of the punch geometry and forming depth of the first step on the deformation paths were numerically analyzed. By changing the deformation path, failure can be delayed so that higher formability is achieved. The numerical simulations were validated by comparison with experimental results.
Sizing Design for 4-High Cold Rolling Mills
Authors: Nelson Andrew W. , Zhang Feng , Malik Arif S. , Zipf Mark E.
Published: October 2014

As the demand for thin and ultra-thin gage for cold-rolled sheet metals increases, cold rolling manufacturers and sheet metal producers must utilize technological advancements to stay competitive globally. To manufacture a competitive rolling mill, the mill designer must identify an appropriate mill configuration, roll sizes, and flatness control systems, etc. The design must be robust enough to accommodate broad product envelopes containing strips of different widths, gages, and materials. At the same time, the mill “sizing” must be competitive by avoiding over- or under-design. These two objectives, designing a robust mill and remaining competitive, tend to conflict, which establishes the need for optimal mill design based on rigorous multidisciplinary analysis.

Conventionally, mill design is done using a ‘sequential’ design approach relying heavily on experience. The major limitation of sequential mill design is that it can lead to over-design or under-design since it segregates design tasks for the coupled components, making it difficult to consider many combinations of the design space. The result is a ‘feasible’ rather than ‘optimum feasible’ mill design. This work applies nonlinear programming to optimize the basic design of a 4-high reversing cold rolling mill, subject to static strength, fatigue, and strip geometric quality constraints. The work offers an improved multi-disciplinary design approach based on stress and fatigue analysis of rolls, and an efficient strip profile/flatness analysis to identify suitable design limits for roll bending devices.
Online Eccentricity Monitoring of Seamless Tubes in Cross-Roll Piercing Mill
Authors: Chen Rui , Guo Weihong , Jin Jionghua (Judy)
Published: October 2014

Wall thickness eccentricity is a major dimensional deviation problem in seamless steel tube production. Although eccentricity is mainly caused by abnormal process conditions in the cross-roll piercing mill, most seamless tube plants lack the monitoring at the hot piercing stage but only inspect the quality of finished tubes using ultrasonic testing at the end of all manufacturing processes. This paper develops an online monitoring technique to detect abnormal conditions in the cross-roll piercing mill. Based on an image-sensing technique, process operation condition can be extracted from the vibration signals. Optimal frequency features that are sensitive to tube wall thickness variation are then selected through the formulation and solution of a set-covering optimization problem. Hotelling T2 control charts are constructed using the selected features for online monitoring. The developed monitoring technique enables early detection of eccentricity problems at the hot piercing stage, which can facilitate timely adjustment and defect prevention. The monitoring technique developed in this paper is generic and can be widely applied to the hot piercing process of various products. This paper also provides a general framework for effectively analyzing image-based sensing data and establishing the linkage between product quality information and process information.
Fabrication of Tapered Bio Mimetic Cilia Using Bulk Lithography and Ceramic Mold
Authors: Adake Chandrashekar V. , Bhargava Parag , Gandhi Prasanna S. , Kashyap Bhargava
Published: October 2014

This paper presents fabrication of tapered, high aspect ratio bio mimetic cilia from Nickel-polydimethyl siloxane (Ni-PDMS) composite by using bulk lithography technique and ceramic molding. Many research groups suggested fabrication of bio mimetic cilia using various techniques which are based on soft lithography and VLSI techniques. Recently a novel single layer micro fabrication technique known as ‘bulk lithography’ which uses an unconstrained photopolymer has been reported by co-authors. This technique is used to fabricate a polymer cilia pattern (an array of photopolymerised inverted cone profile) and using this pattern a ceramic green body is fabricated by slip casting technique. An aqueous suspension containing sub micron size alumina is used to cast ceramic green body. After casting this cilia pattern makes negative impression of tapered holes on green ceramic body. During sintering of green ceramic body the polymer burns off resulting in ceramic mould with tapered holes imprinted on it. This mold retains shape of a tapered hole though it shrinks in size after sintering. This mold is used further to cast Ni-PDMS composite in the form of cilia structures.
A Method to Study Fatigue Life of Ultrasonically Welded Lithium-Ion Battery Tab Joints Using Electrical Resistance
Authors: Zhao Nanzhu , Li Wei , Cai Wayne W. , Abell Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2014

The fatigue life of ultrasonically welded lithium-ion battery tab joints is studied for electric and hybrid-electric vehicle applications. Similar to metallic materials, the electrical resistance of these ultrasonic welds strongly depends on their quality and the crack growth under fatigue loading. A fatigue life model is developed using the continuum damage mechanics formulation, where the damage variable is defined using the electrical resistance of ultrasonic welds. Fatigue tests under various loading conditions are conducted with aluminum-copper battery tab joints made under various ultrasonic welding conditions. It is shown that the electrical resistance of ultrasonic welds increases characteristically during the fatigue life test. There is a threshold for the damage variable, after which the ultrasound welds fail rapidly. Due to welding process variation, welds made under the same process settings may have different fatigue performance. This quality difference may be classified using two parameters estimated from the fatigue life model. By monitoring the electrical resistance, it is possible to predict the remaining life of ultrasonically welded battery tab joints using only a portion of the fatigue test data. The prediction is more reliable by incorporating data beyond the half-life of the joints during the fatigue test.
Direct Fabrication of Highly Conductive Micro Silver Tracks Using Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing for Sub-20 µM Micro-Manufacturing
Authors: Qin Hangtang , Wei Chuang , Dong Jingyan , Lee Yuan-Shin
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a direct fabrication method of highly conductive silver tracks with sub-20 μm microstructures on glass substrate by using electrohydrodynamic jet printing (EHDJP) with alternative current (AC) voltage. Traditional ink jet printing fabrication approaches are limited in the achievable resolution. EHDJP has been used in directly printing by generating a fine jet through a large electrical potential between nozzle and substrate. When charge accumulates on the ink meniscus at the nozzle, a fine jet down to nano scale can be generated. In the paper, we successfully applied EHDJP for fabrication of highly conductive silver tracks using AC voltage. It was the first time that sub-20 μm silver tracks were demonstrated and printed with resistivity about 3.16 times than bulk silver. The variables of fabrication process were investigated to achieve reliable jet printing of conductive silver tracks. The topography of printed tracks was characterized and verified in the study. The presented technique can be used for micro-manufacturing of three-dimensional microstructures and biomedical device fabrications.
Effects of Single Point Dressing on Seeded Gel Grinding Wheel Surface Topography
Authors: Woodin Craig , Malshe Harsha , Melkote Shreyes
Published: October 2014

The effects of single point dressing on the surface topography of a seeded gel (SG) ceramic grinding wheel are investigated. First, new wheel and grain characterization techniques including X-ray micro-tomography (μCT) are introduced to obtain a better understanding of the micro surface topography of the SG grinding wheel. Single point dressing experiments are then carried out and the resulting wheel topography evaluated using optical surface metrology to understand the effects of dressing parameters. A special wheel indexing and relocation apparatus is designed and used to analyze changes in wheel surface topography at a given location before and after dressing. In addition, statistical distributions of the key parameters (e.g. grit density, grit size, grit height, number of sides of grit, grit spacing) are determined and analyzed.
External High-Order Multistage Modified Elliptical Helical Gears and Design Procedure of Its Gear Pair
Authors: Han Jiang , Liu Youyu , Li Dazhu , Xia Lian
Published: October 2014

In view of the limited number of the modified segments for high-order and two-stage modified elliptical helical gears, and poor adjustment capacity for gear ratio, the formation mechanism of a high-order multistage modified ellipse was studied, and a unified mathematical expression of the family of ellipses was obtained. Thus, a design procedure for the helical gear pair of the high-order multistage modified ellipse was suggested, and its transmission characteristics were discussed exhaustively. Moreover, some checking methods such as the curvature radius of the pitch curve, convexity, pressure angle, root cutting, and contact ratio were offered. Finally, two design cases, including two-order and three-stage modified elliptical helical gear pair and two-order and four-stage one, were implemented. The cases indicate that a high-order multistage modified elliptical helical gear can be utilized in practice.
Diamond, Lean Innovation and Intelligent Energy Field Manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Wenwu , Jiang Nan , Zhang Tianrun , Zhang JunAn
Published: October 2014

Technological innovation is the major driving force of global economy, and it is a long and risky process involving both the engineering and the societal realm. This paper discusses the need of Lean Innovation, which is aimed at improving the efficiency of innovation and binding innovations with the long term sustainability of the big eco-system. Lean innovation is a new development in Intelligent Energy Field manufacturing. A brief review of Intelligent Energy Field Manufacturing is given. The Lean Innovation Methodology is illustrated with the real example of diamond related technologies.
Surface Micro-Scale Patterning for Biomedical Implant Material of Pure Titanium via High Energy Pulse Laser Peening
Authors: Shen Ninggang , Pence Chelsey N. , Bowers Robert , Yu Yin , Ding Hongtao , Stanford Clark M. , Ozbolat Ibrahim T.
Published: October 2014

Pure titanium (commercial pure cpTi) is an ideal dental implant material without the leeching of toxic alloy elements. Evidence has shown that unsmooth implant surface topologies may contribute to the osteoblast differentiation in human mesenchymal pre-osteoblastic cells, which is helpful to avoid long-term peri-abutment inflammation issues for the dental implant therapy with transcutaneous devices. Studies have been conducted on the grit blasted, acid etched, or uni-directional grooved Ti surface. However, for these existing approaches, the surface quality is difficult to control or may even damage the implant. A novel idea has been studied in which more complex two-dimensional (2D) patterns can be imprinted into the dental implant material of cpTi by high energy pulse laser peening (HEPLP). The strong shock wave generated by HEPLP press a stainless steel grid, used as a stamp, on Ti foils to imprint a 2D pattern. In this study, the multiple grid patterns and grid sizes were applied to test the cell’s favor. The HEPLP induced shock wave pressure profile and history were simulated by a 2D multi-physics hydrodynamic numerical analysis for a better understanding of this technique. Then, the cell culture tests were conducted with the patterned surface to investigate the contribution of these 2D patterns, with the control tests of the other existing implant surface topography forming approaches.
A Straightening Stroke-Deflection Modeling and Simulating Approach Based on Online Measurement
Authors: Lu Hong , Zhang Yongquan , Tochukwu Okonkwo Valentine , Gao Sheng
Published: October 2014

Straightening processing is one of the most important processes to improve straightness of linear motion components. The most urgent problem to be solved by the precision straightening process is the residual deflection caused by elastic rebound and obtaining accurate straightening stroke. Stroke-deflection model is a major critical factor that decides the precision and efficiency of straightening process. In this paper, a novel way to establish and simulate the stroke-deflection model is proposed based on mathematical method, bending experiment and online real-time measurement method. The online real-time technology, as well as online measurement experiment and data processing, improves the accuracy of stroke-deflection model. It is demonstrated that the stroke-deflection model adjusted by the online measurement model is more accurate than that of the theory model and bending experiment model. The stroke-deflection model based on online measurement can compensate the errors caused by various reasons and be more compatible with the actual straightening process.
Investigation and Optimization of Disk-Laser Welding of 1 MM Thick Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy Sheets
Authors: Caiazzo Fabrizia , Alfieri Vittorio , Fierro Ilaria , Sergi Vincenzo
Published: October 2014

Welded Ti-6Al-4V joints are employed in nuclear engineering, civil industries, military and space vehicles. Laser beam welding has been used for welding thanks to its advantages in terms of increase in penetration depth and reduction of possible defects; moreover a smaller grain size in the fused zone is benefited in comparison to either TIG and plasma arc welding, thus providing an increase in the tensile strength of the welded structures.

The aim of this work is to develop and test the regression model for a number of crucial responses. The study has been carried out on 1 mm thick Ti-6Al-4V plates; a square butt welding configuration was considered employing a disk-laser source. A three level Box-Behnken experimental design is considered. An optimum condition has been suggested via numerical optimization of the desirability function with proper weights and importance of constraints. Vickers micro hardness testing was conducted to discuss structural changes in fused and heat affected zone.
Fabrication of Tapered Micro Pillars on Titanium Using Electric Discharge Micromachining
Authors: Jain V. K. , Suthar Vishnu , Kulkarni Anjali V.
Published: October 2014

Materials are made harder, tougher, heat resistant and more corrosion resistant which make them difficult-to-machine by traditional machining methods. Titanium and its alloys are in the group of these difficult-to-machine materials, and these alloys have applications in aerospace, power generation, surgical instruments, automobile, chemical plants etc. Ti-6Al-4V is amongst the commonly used titanium alloy, and the current research is focused on its efficient machining. Electro discharge micromachining can be used for producing features in micro range on electrically conductive materials. Straight micro electrodes have been produced using EDMM process. The main objective of the current research is to achieve array of tapered micro pillars on Ti-6Al-4V Work piece material using EDMM process. The effect of process parameters such as gap voltage, discharge current, pulse on-time and duty cycle on the response parameters such as taper angle, material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) are studied. The experiments are designed using statistical technique. After studying the results of the experiments, the array of micro tapered pillars of different taper angles is produced to see the feasibility of fabrication of tapered pillars on titanium alloy using EDMM process.
Geometric Parameter Optimization in Cutting Force Model for Deep-Hole Drilling
Authors: Li Yueen , Zhang Haiyan H. , Liao Cong
Published: October 2014

The tool wear is one of common failure modes under the higher speed operating conditions in the deep-hole drilling. Since the tool wear is directly related to the tool geometry and the cutting forces, it is reasonable to utilize the cutting force modeling to optimize the tool geometric parameters. Two typical modeling methods were utilized for the cutting force modeling of drilling processes: empirical model and geometric analytical model. Since the value and distribution of cutting force are influenced by the tool geometry, the optimization of the geometric parameters is deduced in the geometric analytical model of the deep-hole drilling processes in this paper. As a result, a tool design was derived based on the optimization of these geometric parameters.
Self-aligned process for forming microlenses at the tips of vertical silicon nanowires by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Dan Yaping , Chen Kaixiang , Crozier Kenneth B.
Published: October 2014

The microlens is a key enabling technology in optoelectronics, permitting light to be efficiently coupled to and from devices such as image sensors and light-emitting diodes. Their ubiquitous nature motivates the development of new fabrication techniques, since existing methods face challenges as microlenses are scaled to smaller dimensions. Here, the authors demonstrate the formation of microlenses at the tips of vertically oriented silicon nanowires via a rapid atomic layer deposition process. The nature of the process is such that the microlenses are centered on the nanowires, and there is a self-limiting effect on the final sizes of the microlenses arising from the nanowire spacing. Finite difference time domain electromagnetic simulations are performed of microlens focusing properties, including showing their ability to enhance visible-wavelength absorption in silicon nanowires.
A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targets
Authors: Tittensor Derek P. , Walpole Matt , Hill Samantha L. L. , Boyce Daniel G. , Britten Gregory L. , Burgess Neil D. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Leadley Paul W. , Regan Eugenie C. , Alkemade Rob , Baumung Roswitha , Bellard Céline , Bouwman Lex , Bowles-Newark Nadine J. , Chenery Anna M. , Cheung William W. L. , Christensen Villy , Cooper H. David , Crowther Annabel R. , Dixon Matthew J. R. , Galli Alessandro , Gaveau Valérie , Gregory Richard D. , Gutierrez Nicolas L. , Hirsch Tim L. , Höft Robert , Januchowski-Hartley Stephanie R. , Karmann Marion , Krug Cornelia B. , Leverington Fiona J. , Loh Jonathan , Lojenga Rik Kutsch , Malsch Kelly , Marques Alexandra , Morgan David H. W. , Mumby Peter J. , Newbold Tim , Noonan-Mooney Kieran , Pagad Shyama N. , Parks Bradley C. , Pereira Henrique M. , Robertson Tim , Rondinini Carlo , Santini Luca , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. , Schindler Stefan , Sumaila U. Rashid , Teh Louise S.L. , van Kolck Jennifer , Visconti Piero , Ye Yimin
Published: October 2014

In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related “Aichi Targets” to be achieved within a decade. We provide a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward these global targets using 55 indicator data sets. We projected indicator trends to 2020 using an adaptive statistical framework that incorporated the specific properties of individual time series. On current trajectories, results suggest that despite accelerating policy and management responses to the biodiversity crisis, the impacts of these efforts are unlikely to be reflected in improved trends in the state of biodiversity by 2020. We highlight areas of societal endeavor requiring additional efforts to achieve the Aichi Targets, and provide a baseline against which to assess future progress.
Cavity quantum electrodynamics with many-body states of a two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Smolka Stephan , Wuester Wolf , Haupt Florian , Faelt Stefan , Wegscheider Werner , Imamoglu Ataç
Published: October 2014

Light-matter interaction has played a central role in understanding as well as engineering new states of matter. Reversible coupling of excitons and photons enabled groundbreaking results in condensation and superfluidity of nonequilibrium quasiparticles with a photonic component. We investigated such cavity-polaritons in the presence of a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas, exhibiting strongly correlated phases. When the cavity was on resonance with the Fermi level, we observed previously unknown many-body physics associated with a dynamical hole-scattering potential. In finite magnetic fields, polaritons show distinct signatures of integer and fractional quantum Hall ground states. Our results lay the groundwork for probing nonequilibrium dynamics of quantum Hall states and exploiting the electron density dependence of polariton splitting so as to obtain ultrastrong optical nonlinearities.
Draft Genome Sequence of a Psychrophilic Bacterium,
Sphingomonas antarcticum
, Isolated from the Soils of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica
Authors: Sreenivas Ara , Sathyanarayana Reddy Gundlapally , Shivaji Sisinthy
Published: October 2014

We report the 4.5-Mbp genome sequences of
Sphingobacterium antarcticum
4BY, a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from the soils of Schirmacher Oasis, Antarctica. The draft genome of
S. antarcticum
strain 4BY consists of 4,566,318 bp with 40.4% G+C content, 4,234 protein coding genes, and 52 RNAs.
Complete Genome Sequence of an Indian Field Isolate of Classical Swine Fever Virus Belonging to Subgenotype 1.1
Authors: Kamboj Aman , Patel Chhabi L. , Chaturvedi V. K. , Saini Mohini , Gupta Praveen K.
Published: October 2014

We report the complete genome sequence of an Indian field isolate of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belonging to predominant subgenotype 1.1 prevalent in India. This report will help in understanding the molecular diversity of CSFV strains circulating worldwide and to select and develop a suitable vaccine candidate for classical swine fever (CSF) control in India.
Genome Assembly of Methicillin-Resistant Quality Control Strain Staphylococcus aureus CDC73-57501 (ATCC 29247)
Authors: Daligault H. E. , Davenport K. W. , Minogue T. D. , Bishop-Lilly K. A. , Broomall S. M. , Bruce D. C. , Chain P. S. , Coyne S. R. , Freitas T. , Frey K. G. , Gibbons H. S. , Jaissle J. , Lo C.-C. , Meincke L. , Munk A. C. , Redden C. L. , Rosenzweig C. N. , Johnson S. L.
Published: October 2014

Staphylococcus aureus
is a major cause of bacterial infections in the United States, with high percentages of serious infections resistant to a variety of β-lactam antibiotics. Here, we present the scaffolded genome assembly into 16 contigs of
S. aureus
CDC73-57501 (ATCC 29247), a methicillin-resistant quality control strain.
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycoplasma canadense Strain HAZ 360_1 from Bovine Mastitic Milk in Japan
Authors: Hata Eiji
Published: October 2014

Bovine mycoplasmal mastitis is spreading quickly among cows.
Mycoplasma canadense
, a causal species of bovine mastitis, reduces milk quality and quantity via the infiltration of numerous inflammatory cells. Presented here is the complete 693,241-bp genome sequence of
M. canadense
strain HAZ 360_1, which was isolated in Japan.
Draft Genome Sequence of “
Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus” from California
Authors: Zheng Z. , Deng X. , Chen J.
Published: October 2014

We report here the draft genome sequence of “
Candidatus
Liberibacter asiaticus” strain HHCA, collected from a lemon tree in California. The HHCA strain has a genome size of 1,150,620 bp, 36.5% G+C content, 1,119 predicted open reading frames, and 51 RNA genes.
A case of residual inferior sinus venosus defect after ineffective surgical closure
Authors: Uga Sayuri , Hidaka Takayuki , Takasaki Taiichi , Kihara Yasuki
Published: October 2014

A 38-year-old woman presented with cyanosis and heart failure 34 years after patch closure of an atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. CT and cardiac catheterisation showed a residual defect that caused right-to-left shunting. The patch almost blocked the inferior vena cava from the right atrium, resulting in uncommon drainage of the inferior vena cava into the left atrium. Other anomalies included the coronary-to-pulmonary artery fistula and duplicate inferior vena cava with dilated azygos venous system. A second surgery was performed, and we confirmed an inferior sinus venosus defect, which is rare and can be misdiagnosed. The ineffective patch closure had caused a haemodynamic status that rarely occurs. We describe the diagnostic process and emphasise the importance of correctly understanding the entity.
Preliminary prediction of endurance limit for asphalt rubber mixtures due to healing
Authors: Souliman Mena I. , Mamlouk Michael , Kaloush Kamil E.
Published: October 2014

One of the main requirements of designing perpetual pavements is to determine the endurance limit of asphalt mixtures. The endurance limit is the strain below which no fatigue damage occurs or can be healed during unloading. If the pavement thickness is controlled so that the strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer is kept below the endurance limit, the pavement would endure indefinite load repetitions and would not experience bottom-up fatigue cracking. Field observation shows that an endurance limit for hot mix asphalt (HMA) does exist. The endurance limit values were previously determined in the laboratory in the NCHRP Project 9-44A for conventional HMA at different conditions. The purpose of this paper was to determine the endurance limit values for asphalt rubber (AR) mixtures using laboratory beam fatigue tests. The paper discusses the results of a study that produced a preliminary estimation of the endurance limit for an asphalt rubber mixture placed in Sweden. This study included 24 beam fatigue laboratory tests conducted according to the AASHTO T321-03 test procedure with rest periods between loading cycles. Two factors that affect the fatigue response of asphalt mixtures were evaluated, which are the applied strain and the rest period between loading cycles. A model was developed to determine the stiffness ratio as a function of strain and rest period. The endurance limit was determined using the developed model by setting the stiffness ratio as one, indicating no accumulated damage or complete healing. Endurance limit values for the AR mixture ranged from 150 to 175 microstrain at 20 °C, which are significantly higher than those of conventional HMA. This indicates that a thinner asphalt rubber layer can be used to reach the endurance limit as compared to the HMA layer. Determining the endurance limit of asphalt rubber has significant design and economic implications.
Multiple choice of gauge generators and consistency of interactions
Authors: Lyakhovich S. L. , Sharapov A. A.
Published: October 2014

It is usually assumed that any consistent interaction either deforms or retains the gauge symmetries of the corresponding free theory. We propose a simple model where an obvious irreducible gauge symmetry does not survive an interaction, while the interaction is consistent as it preserves the number of physical degrees of freedom. The model turns out admitting a less obvious reducible set of gauge generators which is compatible with the interaction and smooth in coupling constant. Possible application to gravity models is discussed.