bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruskin and His Father
Authors: Fain John Tyree
Published: November 2006

Students of Ruskin have often wondered why Ruskin waited until mid-life before developing his political economy, the subject which engrossed his later life. Saintsbury will have it that the idea merely occurred to Ruskin, and he started writing books, thus exemplifying his “knack of succumbing to any tempting current theory.“ Hobson attributes Ruskin's tardy development to the fact that his early interests excluded definite contact with the inquiry which later became his chief concern. Many commentators have emphasized the influence of Carlyle in causing Ruskin's change of interest from art to social problems, since that change occurred during a period of close association with Carlyle.
Thomas Manns Goethebild
Authors: Blume Bernhard
Published: November 2006

Thomas Mann hat einmal, ein Wort Adalbert Stifters auf sich anwendend, gesagt: “Ich bin kein Goethe; aber ein wenig, irgendwie, von weither, bin ich . . . von seiner Familie.“ Gerade wenn man sich klar macht, mit welch großem Recht Stifter dies von sich sagen durfte, wird man zunächst zögern, für Thomas Mann denselben Anspruch auf Verwandtschaft zuzugeben. In den großen Rechenschaftsberichten, in denen Thomas Mann sich selbst um Klärung seiner geistigen Abstammung bemüht hat, den “Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen” etwa, oder dem “Lebensabriß,” ist es auch keineswegs der Name Goethes, von dem er seine Herkunft ableitet; es sind drei andere, die beständig wiederkehren: Schopenhauer, Wagner und Nietzsche. Sie dienen ihm als Symbol für seine großen Themen und Leitmotive, für das ihm Angeborene und Mitgegebene, für Substanz und Erbschaft, für seine Natur: die tiefe “Sympathie mit dem Tode” die dionysische Verführung der Musik, die dichterische Kritik des Lebens.
The Science of Idiom: A Method of Inquiry into the Cognitive Design of Language
Authors: Roberts Murat H.
Published: November 2006

The idiom of a language is the atmosphere of thought which pervades the signification of all its words and governs the architecture of all its sentences. Idiom appears in the structure of the language as an effect; as a cause, it resides in the experiences and predilections of the speakers of the language. Arising in the domain of ideas, belonging to the content communicated rather than to the communicating instrument, idiom is the attitude of mind common to all members of a linguistic community and inherent in all their thinking. This common attitude creates the master pattern, the cardinal orientation of cognition, to which all the phrases of the language must conform.
A Mid-Nineteenth Century Dutch View of American Life and Letters
Authors: Zylstra Henry
Published: November 2006

Perhaps it would have been hard to find a writer on the continent of Europe during the second and third quarters of the last century who was so eager, so sympathetic, and so persistent a student of American life and letters as the Dutch poet, author, and critic, Everhardus Tan Potgieter (1808–75).
Villon, Testament, Strophe CXXXVIII
Authors: Schutz A. H.
Published: November 2006

Villon's propensity for punning needs no comment. It is not often, however, that an entire stanza of his represents a well-knit and complex chain of word-plays in the manner of the following one.

Item, je donne a Basennier,Notaire et greffier criminel,De giroffle ung plain panierPrins sur maistre Jehan de Ruel,Tant a Mautaint, tant a Rosnel,Et, avec ce don de giroffle,Servir de cuer gent et ysnelLe seigneur qui sert saint Cristoffle.
Da Porto'S Deviations from Masuccio
Authors: Moore Olin H.
Published: November 2006

That Masuccio's tale of the adventures of Giannozza and Mariotto was the principal source for Luigi da Porto's Giulietta e Romeo, a novella which agrees rather closely in plot with Shakespeare's tragedy, is generally acknowledged. The purpose of this paper is to show that many of da Porto's deviations from Masuccio are due to neglected literary influences rather than, as has commonly been supposed, to da Porto's originality.
A Measure for the Early Freneau's Debt to Milton
Authors: Haviland Thomas P.
Published: November 2006

That Philip Freneau, “the poet of the American Revolution,” outspokenly devoted to the cause of freedom and the democratic ideal, and plunging into the midst of the political activities of his time with an ardor that forswore all compromise, bears a strong spiritual kinship to the blind poet of the Commonwealth certainly no one familiar with the stormy public careers of the two would for a moment deny. That this extended in Freneau's earlier poetry to an actual literary discipleship has been more than once stated, but illustrated only in the most general terms. The temptation to cite concrete examples of the youthful poet's indebtedness to Paradise Lost, extending from borrowed phrase to actual paraphrase, is difficult to resist; “The Rising Glory of America,” “The History of the Prophet Jonah,” and “The Monument of Phaon” in particular prove rich ground and practically unturned. However, in the interest of exactness, as well as correction of what seems a mistaken attitude, it will be well to restrict the present discussion to one poem. Upon the publication of “The Power of Fancy” (1786) Freneau appended to line 33, “See's this earth a distant star,” the note “Milton's Paradise Lost B. ii, v, 1052.” This allusion to Satan's viewing “this pendant world, in bigness as a star” has been several times cited as evidence of the American's debt, but, strangely enough, with little effort to find substantiation in the matter and manner of the poem itself.
The Conservative Attitude toward Fiction, 1770–1830
Authors: Gallaway W. F.
Published: November 2006

In 1843 when Lord Jeffrey reviewed the critical activity of his early maturity he took pains to explain his unsympathetic treatment of fiction in the columns of The Edinburgh Review:

It may be worth while to inform the present generation that, in my youth, writings of this sort were rated very low with us—scarcely allowed indeed to pass as part of a nation's permanent literature—and generally deemed altogether unworthy of any grave critical notice.
Wordsworth and de Quincey in Westmorland Politics, 1818
Authors: Wells John Edwin
Published: November 2006

The following pages communicate certain features of the Westmorland Parliamentary campaign of 1818; the text of two articles by William Wordsworth apparently not hitherto reprinted; a number of facts regarding the publication of Wordsworth's Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmorland; the readings of a broadside printing of a portion of Two Addresses; the variants of the several texts of Two Addresses; the text of a pamphlet by Thomas De Quincey never reprinted, of which but one extant copy has been reported hitherto; the text of eight letters, of which only a few slight extracts have been published, addressed by De Quincey to Wordsworth, dealing with the campaign, revealing his labors on the pamphlet and other political pieces, and applying for the editorship of the Westmorland Gazette; and materials exhibiting more definitely the relations between De Quincey and Wordsworth in the period.
Whitman's Poet-Prophet and Carlyle's Hero
Authors: Smith Fred Manning
Published: November 2006

An interest in Whitman's sources is to be expected, partly because of Whitman's secretiveness. The extent of his indebtedness to Emerson continues to be a problem. That this influence was felt before the first edition of Leaves of Grass in 1855 is questioned, since Walt himself and his earliest biographers say that he had not read Emerson before publishing the first edition of the Leaves. Thus, in his Notes on Walt Whitman, John Burroughs writes: “Up to the time he published the quarto edition [the 1855 edition] he had never read the Essays or Poems of Mr. Emerson at all. This is positively true. In the summer following that publication he first became acquainted with the Essays.” Whitman's friend, W. D. O'Connor, says that Walt had read Kant, Schelling, Fichte, and Hegel, and that any fancied indebtedness to Emerson “is referable to the German source both had drunk from.” Though I believe that Whitman had read more of Emerson before 1855 than he would admit or would allow his friends to admit, I believe, too, that much of the resemblance between the writings of Emerson and Whitman, with reference especially to the first (1855) edition of Leaves of Grass, may be due to their “having drunk from the same source,” that source being Carlyle.
Longfellow and His Authorized British Publishers
Authors: Gohdes Clarence
Published: November 2006

The fact that Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was one of the most widely read poets in the British Isles during the middle of the nineteenth century cannot be explained entirely by the popular nature of a large portion of his writings. Equally important are the circumstances connected with the publishing business, which, prior to the passage of the American international copyright act in 1891, made possible the purchase of pirated editions of his various works at a price within the range of the lower levels of the reading classes. Tennyson was indeed popular, but in the 1850's a copy of one of his books cost a good round sum. Longfellow likewise was popular, but a copy of his latest work could often be bought for a shilling. The result was inevitable. When an English woman wrote to Longfellow in 1876 protesting against American publishers, who had reprinted her works without permission, the poet replied:

It may comfort you to know that I have had twenty-two publishers in England and Scotland, and only four of them ever took the slightest notice of my existence, even so far as to send me a copy of the books. Shall we call that “chivalry,” —or the other word? Some good comes of it, after all; for it is an advertisement, and surely helps what follows. It gives you thousands of readers instead of hundreds.
L Thomas Campion's Share in A Booke of Ayres
Authors: Berringer Ralph W.
Published: November 2006

Thomas Campion was a gifted pioneer in the polished and sophisticated seventeenth-century lyric that freed English poetry from the adoration of conventional sonnet mistresses. But the significance of his contribution is obscured when his authentic work is weighted down with the worn-out motifs and frequently slipshod workmanship of the poems appearing in Part ii of A Booke of Ayres. This songbook was brought out in 1601 by Philip Rosseter, lutenist, later King's Musician and Manager of the Children of the Queen's Revels, and Campion's lifelong friend. It was divided, as Rosseter took pains to make clear, into two parts, the first consisting of twenty-one songs by Campion, the second of twenty-one more—“the rest of the Songs contained in this Booke, made by Philip Rosseter.” No one has denied to Rosseter the musical settings of this second part, several of them among the most charming of the period; but almost everyone has kidnaped the lyrics from those settings and presented them as a free gift to Campion, who, I think, might not greatly relish the honor.
LV Nature to Advantage Dressed: Eighteenth-Century Acting
Authors: Downer Alan S.
Published: November 2006

For the student of acting and actors, the Eighteenth Century is a rich period. Within a century the careers of such players as Betterton, Quin, Macklin, Garrick, and Kemble ran their courses; these were actors of varying techniques, yet they had in common their century's earnest desire to imitate “nature” and they all subscribed to the same basic set of acting conventions. The century is rich too in theorists and critics: Gildon, John and Aaron Hill, Churchill, Lloyd, Hiffernan.
The Allegedly Dead Suffix -dom in Modern English
Authors: Wentworth Harold
Published: November 2006

The sharp division, not to say chaos, of opinion on whether the native English suffix -dom is dead or is active and freely available for forming nouns is illustrated by the following thirteen representative views, all but one of which are of the twentieth century.
Shakespeare on the Stage in Restoration Dublin
Authors: Bald R. C.
Published: November 2006

The Folger Shakespeare Library possesses a number of separate plays, all from the Shakespearian Third Folio, and all bearing unmistakable signs of theatrical annotation. They were acquired by Mr. Folger from a variety of sources: the majority were bought from a bookseller in Munich, one was purchased in London, and another came with the Warwick Castle collection of Shakespeariana. There are nine plays in all: The Comedy of Errors, The Merry Wives of Windsor, Twelfth Night, The Winter's Tale, Henry VIII, Timon of Athens, Macbeth, King Lear, and Othello, but three of them—The Merry Wives, Macbeth, and Othello—are imperfect. It soon became clear that they were all from the same original volume, which, apparently, had belonged to Halliwell-Phillipps and was dismembered by him. The bindings of the separate plays—half leather, with boards of marbled paper or purplish-brown cloth—are obviously all the work of one binder, and are similar to the bindings of other books which have passed through Halliwell-Phillipps's hands. In addition, his handwriting is to be found in six of them: in The Merry Wives and Macbeth there is an inscription on one of the preliminary flyleaves, and in the other four there is a mere “C. and P.” on a fly-leaf at the end of the book.
Smollett and the Expedition to Carthagena
Authors: Martz Louis L.
Published: November 2006

On October 26, 1740, Tobias Smollett, surgeon's second mate, sailed from St. Helen's aboard His Majesty's eighty-gun ship, the Chichester, one of the largest vessels in the fleet of over a hundred sail which Sir Chaloner Ogle was leading to the Caribbean. At Jamaica this huge expedition joined Admiral Vernon's squadron, already in those waters; and from there the combined forces proceeded to attack the Spanish stronghold of Carthagena, near the southern base of the Isthmus of Panama.
Literary Sources of Shelley's The Witch of Atlas
Authors: Baker Carlos , Clark David Lee
Published: November 2006

Mary Shelley, in the note she supplied to the poem, properly characterizes The Witch of Atlas as “wildly fanciful, full of brilliant imagery,” and burgeoning with “fantastic ideas.” Rather misleading is her further statement that its source materials were borrowed “from sunrise or sunset, from the yellow moonshine, or paly twilight,” a kind of emotional garner from Shelley's rambles “in the sunny land he so much loved.” For The Witch is as literary a poem in its origins as Shelley ever wrote. It teems with images which suggest Spenser, Milton, and Shakespeare, as well as Virgil, Ovid, Lucan, Herodotus, and Pliny. A recent article by Professor Lowes indicates that Keats's Endymion should be added to the list of sources, with what justification Professor Clark's ensuing article makes clear.
Nietzsche-Wagner, to January, 1872
Authors: Campbell T. Moody
Published: November 2006

Although a great deal has been written on the relation between Nietzsche and Wagner, no detailed study has been made hitherto of the period indicated in the title of this paper. And even here a comprehensive treatment of the relation is not attempted. Only one phase of it is considered. The question proposed is: What was Nietzsche's opinion of Wagner's music-dramas when he wrote the final version of Die Geburt der Tragödie aus dem Geiste der Musik? A chronological survey of Nietzche's notes, letters, and shorter essays of the period has been made, as far as they bear on the nature of tragedy in general and more specifically on its relation to music. His ideas are discussed in their development and in their relation to the theories of Wagner and of Schopenhauer on music and poetry, in the hope that at least a few of the lines in the vexed and vexing Nietzsche–Wagner record may be deciphered more clearly.
Le Rêve de Stéphane Mallarmé D'Après sa Correspondance
Authors: Aish Deborah A. K.
Published: November 2006

Toute sa vie, Mallarmé poursuit un idéal illusoire. Créer un œuvre parfait qui sera l'étude de l'homme et de l'univers, voilà son rêve. L'idée de ce travail gigantesque s'est brusquement présentée à lui, comme une sorte de révélation fulgurante. A partir de ce moment, le projet du “Grand Œuvre” domine de plus en plus la vie du poète, au point de se transformer en véritable obsession. Mallarmé lui-même n'ignore pas le progrès funeste de ce rêve qui va gâter sa vie. Dans ses lettres intimes, il parle très franchement à ses amis de son travail. Parfois il veut partager avec eux toute la joie que lui cause la révélation de l'idéal; parfois il analyse avec tristesse l'impuissance totale où aboutissent ses efforts.
Passio Als Leidenschaft
Authors: Auerbach Erich
Published: November 2006

In seinem Vortrag über “Passion” und “Gefühl” (Arch.
Rom.,xxii, 320 ff.) hat E. Lerch
versucht die vielfältig geschichtete Bedeutungsentwicklung von
passio im Ganzen darzustellen. Das Bild, das
er entwirft, ist das Folgende.
C. F. Meyer's Der Heilige in Relation to Its Sources
Authors: Hardaway R. Travis
Published: November 2006

The first purpose of this paper is to review the question of just what sources Conrad Ferdinand Meyer used in writing Der Heilige; the second and more important aim is to interpret in some detail Meyer's use of his material, to show how he adapted it to his purposes and added to it from his creative imagination. Both matters have been discussed by students of Meyer, but usually incidentally, sometimes under mistaken impressions, and never comprehensively. Before proceeding with the actual investigation, it will perhaps serve the purpose of clarity to state my conception of Meyer's purpose in writing the Novelle: it was not primarily to retell or to vivify history, nor to glorify a saint; it was rather to narrate an “unerhörte Begebenheit.” To be sure, Der Heilige is a historical Novelle, but so far as history was concerned Meyer's chief solicitude was to give a vivid background for the characters and events presented, and at the same time to avoid disturbing unduly the preconceived notions of readers with some knowledge of twelfth-century England. This attitude of Meyer's, which he held in general toward history as fictional material, permits many significant deviations from history—deviations which are made for specific artistic purposes. They therefore merit our particular attention.
Das Lutherbild des Jungen Nietzsche
Authors: Bluhm Heinz
Published: November 2006

Es ist bekannt, daβ der ältere Nietzsche mit den schärfsten und bittersten Gegnern Martin Luthers gehört, die bis heute gegen ihn und die deutsche Reformation auf den Plan getreten sind. Weniger bekannt scheint zu sein, daβ der junge Nietzsche, der Verfasser der Geburt der Tragödie, der Bildungsanstaltenvorträge und der unzeitgemäβen Betrachtungen, für den deutschen Reformator und sein Werk warme, ja wärmste Worte der Verehrung gefunden hat. Plötzlich und scheinbar unvermittelt wendet sich dann der Nietzsche des Menschlichen-Allzumenschlichen gegen den eben noch öffentlich gepriesenen Luther und verbrennt, was er, wenn auch nicht angebetet, so doch emphatisch gelobt und gutgeheiβen hatte. Zweifellos ist nun das Sonderproblem des Umschwungs in Nietzsches innerer Einstellung zu Luther nur ein Teil des Allgemeinproblems des groβen Wandels überhaupt, der sich in Nietzsches Denken seit etwa der Mitte der siebziger Jahre bemerkbar macht. Ohne diese wesentlichen Zusammenhänge des hier zu behandelnden Spezialproblems mit der Gesamtwandlung Nietzsches aus den Augen zu verlieren, hat es dennoch etwas ungemein Verlockendes, den Sonderfall ‘Nietzsche-Luther’ aus dem ganzen Problemkomplex einmal behutsam herauszulockern, ohne ihn vollständig herauszulösen. Es wäre sogar nicht ausgeschlossen, daβ bei solch induktivem Vorgehen möglicherweise neues Licht auf die m. E. immer noch nicht befriedigend beantwortete Grundfrage nach den tieferen Ursprüngen des zweiten Nietzsche fiele. Wie konnte es geschehen—so soll das vorliegende Individualproblem formuliert werden–-, daβ aus dem Lutherverehrer in kurzer Zeit ein Lutherfeind wurde? Wie schon angedeutet, ist dies nur ein Teil und zwar ein dem Nichtfachmann wohl kaum in die Augen springender Teil der Gesamtfrage, wie aus Nietzsche dem Metaphysiker und Kunstjünger der wissenschaftlich-theoretische Mensch wurde, aus dem Wagnerverehrer der Wagnerfeind. Was unsere Spezialfrage angeht, so ist vorerst unter Heranziehung aller Tatsachen genau zu untersuchen, wie sich das Lutherbild des jungen Nietzsche eigentlich entwickelt hat und wie umfassend und tiefgehend es wirklich gewesen ist. Mit andern Worten, es soll festgestellt werden, welcher Art der Luther war, den der frühe Nietzsche verehrte und bald darauf verwarf.
Castiglione and the Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: Menut Alfred D.
Published: November 2006

As though from a sudden awareness of the ethical void in which we have been living since the first World War, a growing number of scholars, several among them Americans, have lately been turning their attention eagerly and fruitfully to the doctrine of the gentleman. They have studied its varied aspects in different national environments and have examined painstakingly its effects upon human conduct as this is reflected in the various literatures of Western Europe. A large segment of that vast aggregation of dust-laden volumes bearing the forbidding name “didactic literature” has been taken from library shelves and scanned anew in this effort to lay bare the minutest details of the doctrine. The initiator of this contemporary revival of interest in the ideals which nourished the gentleman appears to have been Maurice Magendie, whose study of the doctrine in seventeenth-century France gave rise to a healthy polemic regarding the appropriate scope and methods of literary history. This work was followed by Ruth Kelso's Doctrine of the English Gentleman in the Sixteenth Century, a model of erudite scholarship especially rich in bibliographical lore. Fittingly enough in a German work of the totalitarian period, August Hoyler's Gentleman Ideal and Gentleman Erziehung, dealing with the doctrine in England, sets up the Führerprinzip as the nucleus of the ideal. J. E. Mason's Gentlefolk in the Making continues Kelso's investigations down into the eighteenth century. The Italian contribution to the doctrine has been summarily discussed by F. R. Bryson. Written in semi-popular vein, In Praise of Gentlemen expresses the nostalgic longing of H. E. Sedgwick for a return to the social ideals of our forefathers. Perhaps the most complete analysis of the workings of the doctrine is found in E. Wingfield-Stratford's Making of a Gentleman. The number of these investigations is alone sufficient to show the interest which the subject holds for the literary and social historian, in spite of the doubt cast in some quarters on the present vitality of the ideal of the gentleman as an active social force. There is good reason to believe that we shall presently witness attempts, based upon these studies, to reinterpret the literature of the Renaissance as a reflection, in part, of the workings of the doctrine upon the minds of authors as disparate as Rabelais and Shakespeare or Spenser and Cervantes. Recalling the fruitful results obtained during the past half-century from the application of the investigations of Renaissance Platonism to literary interpretation, who can doubt that a similar success awaits the scholar who will launch forth upon a similar quest concerning the literary influence exerted by the concept of the “perfect gentleman,” of which concept Platonic love was but a part, however important?
Johnson's Lives of Sarpi, Blake, and Drake
Authors: McAdam E. L.
Published: November 2006

In no other field of writing save poetry did Johnson spend so much of his career as in biography—from the Life of Sarpi in 1738 to the Lives of the Poets in 1781. And in few of his undertakings was he so successful. Most of his biographical writing was done to order, and it frequently suffers from haste, but from first to last it shows his characteristic excellences, his eagerness and facility in generalization, his piercing analysis of character.
Diabetes Self-Management Education for Older Adults: General Principles and Practical Application
Authors: Suhl Emmy , Bonsignore Patricia
Published: November 2006

In Brief

Diabetes self-management education (DSME) for older adults is complicated by the high prevalence of medical comorbidities and declining functional status among this patient population. To adequately meet the DSME needs of older adults, DSME should be individualized, involve multiple disciplines, involve care partners when patients cannot assume full responsibility for their own self-care, and carefully weigh the potential effects of diabetes treatments on quality of life. This article presents pointers for effective DSME for older adults and a case study illustrating some of the particular challenges involved.
Rheological behavior of acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymer solutions
Authors: Ying Liang , Hou Chen , Qun Wang
Published: November 2006

Ammonium acrylate was first used as a comonomer to copolymerize with acrylonitrile. The viscosity behavior of dimethyl formamide solutions of acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymer was studied, and the rheological kinetics of the solutions were studied for comparison. It was shown that the solutions behaved the same as a Newtonian flow as the rotor speed increased beyond 12 rpm. With an increase in temperature, the apparent viscosity of acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymer solutions showed a trend of decreasing. The changes in the apparent flow‐activation energy of solutions (Eη) calculated by the Arrhenius equation became less prominent along with the changes in the molecular weight of the acrylonitrile/ammonium acrylate copolymers. Eη increased continuously with an increase in copolymer concentration. The viscosity of copolymer solutions decreased continuously as the concentrations of KCl and NaCl increased up to 0.015 mol/L, and then it increased. The Eη showed an obvious trend of decreasing with the addition of alkali salts, and the changes in the Eη containing NaCl were more prominent than those of solutions containing KCl. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2320–2324, 2007
Presumption of shear strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete beam using artificial neural network model
Authors: Ahn Namshik , Jang Hwasup , Park Do Kyong
Published: November 2006

The shear force characteristics of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) are investigated with varying shapes and mixture ratios. However, because experimental characterization of SFRC is experimentally demanding in terms of time and equipment, the characterized SFRC data are used with limitation. Therefore, for various applications, an easier approach is required to predict the shear force characteristics of unsaturated soils. In consideration of such a situation, a method to ascertain the shear force characteristics of SFRC is suggested and applied to this study as a neural network theory. The backpropagation algorithm is applied as a learning algorithm for a neural network, and learning is performed in order to converge within an error range of 0.001. In addition, a nonlinear function is used as an objective function and the problem of overfitting is resolved with a more generalized method by adopting the Bayesian regularization technique as a generalization process. To identify the reliability of this artificial neural network model, we compare values from the shear strength test of SFRC beams with the values from the model. They show correspondence between them. Therefore, it is concluded that, if many test variables and data are used as input for learning in the neural network model developed in this study, it is possible to attain a much more reliable prediction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2351–2358, 2007
Dielectric properties of SBR vulcanizates loaded with HAF carbon black and BaTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Abu‐Abdeen M. , Hamza S. S. , Elwy A. A. , El‐Wahab S. M. Abd
Published: November 2006

The influence of HAF carbon black and BaTiO3 ceramic powder contents in SBR vulcanizates on the dielectric constant (ε′) at different frequencies and at fixed temperature of 303 K is studied well in this article. The temperature dependence of the ac conductivity (σac) was also studied. ε′ appreciably decreases as frequency increased for both filled and unfilled SBR vulcanizates. At each frequency, ε′ gradually decreased with BaTiO3 loading, but its change at any fixed frequency with BaTiO3 filler loading is not uniform. For HAF group ε′ (at loading ≥ 40 phr), drops rapidly with frequency. Meanwhile, it increased appreciably beyond a certain HAF filler loading (≈ 20 phr). Experimental values of the dielectric constant of both BaTiO3 and HAF contents were compared with those calculated by using Tsangaris, Clausius and Bruggman models. Tsangaris model with simple modifications was applied and a fairly good agreement was obtained. The HAF particles or aggregates was found to take the shape of oblate ellipsoids with the minor axes parallel to the applied frequency as detected from the decreasing behavior of the depolarizing factor (Y) with HAF contents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2227–2234, 2007
Effect of different forms of poly o‐toluidine/poly vinyl chloride composites on dielectric properties in the microwave field
Authors: John Honey , Joseph Rani , Mathew K. T.
Published: November 2006

In this paper we report the preparation and dielectric properties of poly o‐toluidine:poly vinyl chloride composites in pellet and film forms. The composites were prepared using ammonium persulfate initiator and HCl dopant. The characterization is done by TGA and DSC. The dielectric properties including dielectric loss, conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric heating coefficient, absorption coefficient, and penetration depth were studied in the microwave field. An HP8510 vector network analyzer with rectangular cavity resonator was used for the study. S bands (2–4 GHz), C band (5–8 GHz), and X band (8–12 GHz) frequencies were used in the microwave field. Comparisons between the pellet and film forms of composites were also included. The result shows that the dielectric properties in the microwave field are dependent on the frequency and on the method of preparation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2253–2260, 2007
Synthesis, characterization, and application of a new chelating resin functionalized with dithiooxamide
Authors: Dutta S. , Das A. K.
Published: November 2006

Chloromethylated polystyrene‐divinylbenzene has been functionalized with dithiooxamide. The resulting chelating resin (DTOA) has been characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and metal ion sorption capacities. It has been used for the preconcentration and separation of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) prior to their determination by FAAS. Parameters such as the amount of the resin, effect of pH, equilibration rate, sorption and desorption of metal ions, and effect of diverse ions have been studied. The maximum sorption capacities found are 0.97, 0.12, 0.08, and 0.12 mmol g−1 for Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) at pH 6.0, 5.5, 1.0, and 5.5, respectively. The preconcentration factors are 100, 100, 50, and 50 for Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. Recoveries of the metal ions were 96 ± 5, 97 ± 6, 96 ± 5, and 96 ± 5 at 95% confidence level, whereas the limits of detection are 2.0, 1.3, 2.5, and 25.0 μg L−1 for Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The calibration curves were linear up to 12 μg mL−1 (R2 = 1.000), 2 μg mL−1 (R2 = 0.998), 2 μg ml−1 (R2 = 1.000), and 5 μg mL−1 (R2 = 0.979) for Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II), respectively. The reliability of the method has been tested by analyzing certified samples. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2281–2285, 2007
Study on superabsorbent composite. VIII. Effects of acid‐ and heat‐activated attapulgite on water absorbency of polyacrylamide/attapulgite
Authors: Wang Wenji , Zhang Junping , Chen Hao , Wang Aiqin
Published: November 2006

A novel superabsorbent composite, polyacrylamide/attapulgite, from acrylamide (AM) and attapulgite (APT), was prepared by free‐radical polymerization, using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The effects of hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentration, acidification time, and acidification temperature while acidifying APT and temperature and APT heat‐activation on water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite in distilled water and in 0.9 wt % NaCl solution were studied. The water absorbency first decreases with increasing the HCl concentration while acidifying APT, and then increases with further increasing the HCl concentration. Prolongation of acidification time is of benefit to the increase of water absorbency. At a given HCl concentration, water absorbency for the composite increases with increasing acidification temperature. An important increase in water absorbency was observed after incorporating heat‐activated APT into the polymeric network, reaching a maximum of 1964 g g−1 with the APT heat‐activated at 400°C. Acid‐ and heat‐activation can influence chemical composition, crystalline structure, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and specific surface area of APT according XRF, XRD, FTIR analysis, and physicochemical properties test, and then on water absorbency of corresponding PAM/APT superabsorbent composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2419–2424, 2007
Oxidative graft polymerization of aniline on the modified surface of polypropylene films
Authors: Zhong Wenbin , Deng Jianping , Wang Yongxin , Yang Wantai
Published: November 2006

A novel method for preparing electrically conductive polypropylene‐graft‐polyacrylic acid/polyaniline (PP‐g‐PAA/PANI) composite films was developed. 1,4‐Phenylenediamine (PDA) was introduced on the surface of PP‐g‐PAA film, and then, chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline on PP‐g‐PAA/PDA film was carried out to prepare PP‐g‐PAA/PANI electrically conductive composite films. After each step of reaction, the PP film surface was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Static water contact angles of the PP, PP‐g‐PAA, and PP‐g‐PAA/PANI films were measured, and the results revealed that graft reactions took place as expected. The morphology of the PP‐g‐PAA film and the PP‐g‐PAA/PANI composite film were observed by atomic force microscopy. The conductivity and the thickness of the PP‐g‐PAA/PANI composite films with 1.5 wt % PANI were around 0.21 S/cm and 0.4 μm, respectively. The PANI on the PP‐g‐PAA/PANI film was reactivated and chain growing occurred to further improve the molecular weight of PANI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2442–2450, 2007
Association of paternal age with prevalence of selected birth defects
Authors: Archer Natalie P. , Langlois Peter H. , Suarez Lucina , Brender Jean , Shanmugam Ram
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: Unlike maternal age, the effect of paternal age on birth defect prevalence has not been well examined. We used cases from the Texas birth defect registry, born during 1996–2002, to evaluate the association of paternal age with the prevalence of selected structural birth defects. METHODS: Poisson regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) associated with paternal age for each birth defect, adjusting for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and parity. RESULTS: Relative to fathers ages 25–29 years, fathers 20–24 years of age were more likely to have offspring with gastroschisis (PR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.12–1.94), and fathers 40+ years old were less likely to have offspring with trisomy 13 (PR 0.40, 95% CI: 0.16–0.96). No association was seen between paternal age and prevalence of anencephaly and encephalocele. A selection bias was observed for the other birth defects in which cases of younger fathers were more often excluded from study. CONCLUSIONS: In studies of birth defect risk and paternal age, the source of information may affect the validity of findings. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prognostic significance of perineural invasion in prostatic cancer biopsies
Authors: Harnden Patricia , Shelley Michael D. , Clements Hayley , Coles Bernadette , Tyndale‐Biscoe R. Sandy , Naylor Brian , Mason Malcolm D.
Published: November 2006

Men with clinically localized prostate cancer are faced with a wide range of treatment options, and only Gleason grading is universally used as a histopathological prognostic factor for this disease. The significance of perineural invasion in diagnostic biopsies is controversial. Opinion about whether or not it should influence treatment decisions is currently almost equally divided. To address this, the authors performed a systematic review of studies that examine the association between perineural invasion and prostate cancer recurrence. MEDLINE, Embase, and the Web of Knowledge were searched from January 1990 to December 2005. Outcomes analyzed were the development of biochemical or clinical recurrence. Twenty‐one articles on the association of perineural invasion in biopsies and prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy (n = 10) or radiotherapy (n = 11) were found but none on its significance in the context of watchful waiting. Structured data extraction was performed to allow comparisons between articles and to identify sources of heterogeneity to explain discrepancies in results. The considerable variation in study design, execution, and reporting precluded meta‐analysis and quantitative risk estimation, but the weight of evidence suggested that perineural invasion in biopsies was a significant prognostic indicator, particularly in specific patient groups defined by presenting serum prostate‐specific antigen levels and biopsy Gleason scores. Immediate treatment rather than watchful waiting may be more appropriate for patients with localized prostatic cancer and perineural invasion. However, the data are limited, and well‐designed studies that use predefined stringent protocols are required to provide robust estimates of risk to aid in treatment planning. Cancer 2007. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Origins and migratory routes of murine Cajal‐Retzius cells
Authors: García‐Moreno Fernando , López‐Mascaraque Laura , De Carlos Juan A.
Published: November 2006

The first layer that appears in the cortical neuroepithelium, the preplate, forms in the upper part of the cortex immediately below the pial surface. In mice, this layer exists between embryonic days (E) 10 and 13, and it hosts different cell populations. Here, we have studied the first cell population generated in the preplate, the Cajal‐Retzius cells. There is considerable confusion regarding these cells with respect to both their site of generation and the migratory routes that they follow. This perhaps is due largely to the different opinions that exist regarding their characterization. We have studied the site of origin of these cells, their migratory routes, and the molecular markers that may distinguish them by injecting tracers into early embryos, culturing them in toto for 24 hours, and then performing immunohistochemistry. We found that the Cajal‐Retzius cells are most likely generated in the cortical hem by comparing with other cortical or extracortical origins. These cells are generated mainly at E10 and E11, and they subsequently migrate tangentially to cover the whole cortical mantle in 24 hours. From their site of origin in the medial wall of the telencephalon, they spread in a caudorostral direction, following an oblique migratory path toward the lateral part of the neuroepithelium. Prior to the splitting of the preplate, a percentage of the Cajal‐Retzius cells that can be distinguished by the expression of reelin do not contain calretinin. Furthermore, there were no early‐migrating neurons that expressed calbindin. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:419–432, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peptidomics of identified neurons demonstrates a highly differentiated expression pattern of FXPRLamides in the neuroendocrine system of an insect
Authors: Predel Reinhard , Eckert Manfred , Pollák Edit , Molnár László , Scheibner Olaf , Neupert Susanne
Published: November 2006

FXPRLamides are insect neuropeptides that mediate such diverse functions as pheromone biosynthesis, visceral muscle contraction, and induction of diapause. Although multiple forms occur in every insect studied so far, little is known about a possible functional differentiation and/or differences in the cellular expression pattern of these messenger molecules. In this study, we performed a mass spectrometric survey of all FXPRLamide‐expressing neurosecretory neurons in the CNS of Periplaneta americana. That species combines a very well characterized peptidergic system with relatively easy accessible neurosecretory cells suitable for dissection. In addition to the extensive mass spectrometric analyses of single cells, the projection of the FXPRLamide‐expressing neurons was studied with three antisera specifically recognizing different FXPRLamides. The following conclusions can be drawn from this first comprehensive peptidomic approach on insect neurons. 1) A high degree of differentiation in the expression of FXPRLamides exists; not fewer then four cell types containing different sets of FXPRLamides were observed. 2) A low level of colocalization with other neuropeptides was found in these neurons. 3) A comparison with FXPRLamide‐expressing neurons of other insects shows a high degree of conservation in the localization and projection of these neurons, which is not corroborated by a similar conservation of the corresponding peptide sequences. 4) Although the methods for cell identification, dissection, and sample preparation for mass spectrometry were kept as simple as possible, it was unambiguously shown that this approach is generally suitable for routine analysis of single identified neurons of insects. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:498–512, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Region‐specific expression and sex‐steroidal regulation on aromatase and its mRNA in the male rat brain: Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses
Authors: Zhao Changjiu , Fujinaga Ryutaro , Tanaka Mayumi , Yanai Akie , Nakahama Ken‐Ichi , Shinoda Koh
Published: November 2006

The brain has an estrogen‐biosynthetic potential resulting from the presence of neuronal aromatase, which controls the intraneural sex‐steroidal milieu and is involved in brain sexual differentiation, psychobehavioral regulation, and neuroprotection. In the rat brain, three distinct aromatase‐P450‐immunoreactive (AromP450‐I) neural groups have been categorized in terms of their peak expression time (fetal, fetoneonatal, and young‐to‐adult groups), suggesting the presence of region‐specific regulation on brain AromP450. In the present study, we compared the expressions between AromP450 protein and mRNA by using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization with an ovary‐derived cRNA probe in serial sections of fetal, fetoneonatal, and adult male rat brains and then performed steroidal manipulations to evaluate the sex‐steroidal effects on AromP450 in adult orchiectomized and adrenalectomized (OCX + ADX) male rats. As a result, prominent mRNA signals were detected in the fetal (i.e., the anterior medial preoptic nucleus) and fetoneonatal (i.e., the medial preopticoamygdaloid neuronal arc) groups, although no detectable signal was found in the “young‐to‐adult” group (i.e., the central amygdaloid nucleus). In addition, the “fetoneonatal” AromP450‐I neurons were prominently reduced in number and intensity after OCX + ADX and then were reinstated by the administration of dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, or 17β‐estradiol. In contrast, none of the sex steroids had any significant effects on the young‐to‐adult group. Several possible explanations were explored for why the young‐to‐adult group may differ in aromatase expression and regulation, including the possibility that distinct splicing variants or isozymes for aromatase exist in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:557–573, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Policy profile: The application of waste legislation to bio‐energy
Authors: McKay H. , Wilder M. , Curnow P. , Fitz‐Gerald L.
Published: November 2006

This article examines the EU Waste Directive and the implications of recent European case law for its implementation at national level. In particular, we consider how the directive has been implemented in the United Kingdom and the potential effects this may have on the use of forestry by‐products as a bio‐energy source. The analysis reveals that it is still unclear whether bio‐energy materials derived from sawmill operations are ‘waste’ according to EU and consequently UK law. This uncertainty may pose a barrier to the uptake of biomass of renewable energy. However, a new Framework Directive on Waste has now been proposed, which, if adopted, will resolve much of this uncertainty. Most importantly, the proposed directive provides for automatic classification of certain materials as ‘by‐products’, rather than waste, a reform that is likely to lead to exemption of woodchips, sawdust, bark and other forestry products from waste‐related obligations. © Crown copyright 2006. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accumulating quantitative trait linkage evidence across multiple datasets using the posterior probability of linkage
Authors: Bartlett Christopher W. , Vieland Veronica J.
Published: November 2006

Genome scans for complex disorders are frequently inconclusive, prompting researchers to increase sample size in an effort to obtain stronger evidence. However, increasing sample size in the presence of locus heterogeneity may actually, on average, decrease the linkage signal at a true susceptibility gene. The posterior probability of linkage, or PPL, was specifically designed to address this issue in the context of categorical trait analysis, by appropriately accumulating evidence either for or against linkage as new data are added. We now formulate a quantitative trait (QT) analog, the QT‐PPL, which directly measures the evidence that a QT is linked to a genetic marker or location. The new QT‐PPL is based on a classical single‐locus QT likelihood with the trait parameters (allele frequency, genotypic means and variances) integrated out. We show using simulations that the QT‐PPL is robust to two key modeling violations (multiple trait loci and non‐normality in the form of excess kurtosis), as well as being inherently ascertainment corrected, and illustrate the advantages of the QT‐PPL for accumulating linkage evidence across multiple sets of data compared to other QT linkage methods. Genet. Epidemiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentinel node in head and neck cancer: Use of size criterion to upstage the no neck in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Alkureishi Lee W. T. , Ross Gary L. , MacDonald D. Gordon , Shoaib Taimur , Gray Harry , Robertson Gerry , Soutar David S.
Published: November 2006

Background.

Anatomical imaging tools demonstrate poor sensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with clinically node‐negative necks (cN0). This study evaluates nodal size as a staging criterion for detection of cervical metastases, utilizing sentinel node biopsy (SNB) and additional pathology (step‐serial sectioning, SSS; and immunohistochemistry, IHC).

Methods.

Sixty‐five patients with clinically N0 disease underwent SNB, with a mean of 2.4 nodes excised per patient. Nodes were fixed in formalin, bisected, and measured in 3 axes before hematoxylin‐eosin staining. Negative nodes were subjected to SSS and IHC. SNB‐positive patients underwent modified radical neck dissection.

Results.

Maximum diameter was larger in levels II and III (13.1 and 13.2 mm) when compared with level I (10.5 mm; p = .004, p = .018), while minimum diameter was constant. Positive nodes were larger than negative nodes (p = .007), but nodes found positive by SSS/IHC were not significantly larger than negative nodes for either measurement (p = .433). Sensitivity and specificity were poor for all measurements.

Conclusions.

Nodal size is an inaccurate predictor of nodal metastases and should not be regarded as an accurate means of staging the clinically N0 neck. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006