bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone on Amino Acid Transport and Protein Biosynthesis in the Isolated Rat Ovary
Authors: AHRÉN KURT , RUBINSTEIN LIDIA
Published: December 2008

Ahrén, K. and L. Rubinstein. Effects of follicle stimulating hormone on amino acid transport and protein biosynthesis in the isolated rat ovary. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 463–474. – Whole ovaries from prepubertal rats were incubated in Krebs phosphate or bicarbonate buffer. I. v. injection of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) 4 hrs before removal of the ovaries stimulated the incorporation of glycine‐3H into the ovarian protein and accelerated the intracellular accumulation of radioactivity from α‐aminoisobutyric acid‐14C (AIB‐14C), glycine‐3H and valine‐14C. Addition of FSH directly to the incubation medium did not have these effects. The accumulation of amino acids was more rapid when the ovaries were incubated in bicarbonate buffer than when phosphate buffer was used. Addition of glucose to the incubation medium did not influence the rate of accumulation of amino acids, nor did it influence the effect of FSH. Addition of puromycin to the medium inhibited and, in higher concentration, completely blocked the protein synthesis in the isolated ovaries. FSH did,‐however, stimulate the accumulation of AIB‐14C, glycine‐3H and valine‐14C even when the protein synthesis was completely blocked by puromycin. It is therefore concluded that the effect of FSH on amino acid transport in the isolated rat ovary is not secondary to a stimulation of amino acid incorporation into protein and that this effect might represent a primary action of this gonadotrophin. Some evidence concerning the specificity of the observed effects of FSH is given.
Definition of two Distinct Processes in Activation during Potassium‐Induced Contractures of Frog's Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Frank George B.
Published: December 2008

The responses to rapid stretches applied just prior to or during potassium‐induced contractures were investigated using small bundles of muscle fibres. In submaximal contractures induced by 27 or 42 mM KCl (in choline‐Ringer's) the “resistance to stretch” (i. e., the extra tension recorded about 0.1 sec following the start of the stretch) and the tension developed without stretching followed different time courses. When stretched during the rise in tension the muscles always developed greater tensions than when the same stretch was applied before exposure to the elevated potassium. The “resistance to stretch” was small at the start of the contracture, it was maximal about halfway through the rise in tension and it declined slowly thereafter. By a proper selection of the amount of stretch and the instant of stretching it was possible to obtain tensions equal to or greater than the maximal tensions induced by isotonic KCl. In contractures induced by isotonic KCl the “resistance to stretch” was maximal near the start, it declined slowly during the rise of tension, and it declined rapidly during the fall in tension. These results suggest that the changes in elasticity (as indicated by the ‘resistance to stretch’) and the ability to develop tension resulted from two distinct processes and in potassium‐induced contractures they follow different time courses which can be varied experimentally.
The Antagonistic Effect of Human Plasma Albumin on the Insulin Stimulated Glucose Uptake of the Isolated Rat Diaphragm
Authors: Jervell Jak
Published: December 2008

Jervell, J., The antagonistic effect of human plasma albumin on the insulin stimulated of glucose uptake of the isolated rat diaphragm. Acta physiol. scand. 1965, 65, 33–44. — Albumin isolated by several different procedures antagonized the effect of insulin on the glucose uptake of the isolated rat hemidiaphragm. The antagonism was still present after the pH reducing effect of the albumins had been corrected. A decrease in pH was also found to have some insulin‐antagonistic effect. There was no correlation between the antagonistic effect and the free fatty acid content of the albumins, and adding palmitate to a nonantagonistic albumin did not increase its antagonistic activity. The antagonistic effect cannot he explained by the calcium and magnesium binding properties of the albumin.
Spectral Sensitivity of Single Units in the Cortical Area Corresponding to Central Vision in the Monkey1
Authors: Lennox‐Buchthal Margaret A.
Published: December 2008

Those single units, in the cortex corresponding to foveal representation in the monkey, which responded reproducibly to restricted portions of the spectrum did so to blue, to green or to red (Andersen, Buchmann and Lennox‐Buchthal 1962). The combined spectral sensitivity curves of these units showed the blue‐sensitive units to have a sharp peak at 470 nm. The sensitivity of the red‐sensitive units was broader, 590 to 650 nm, with peak sensitivity at 630 nm at the highest criterion of threshold. The green‐sensitive units gave sparser responses and were more variable from trial to trial, sometimes responding in a vaguely opponent colour fashion to about 500 and 590 nm, and sometimes with peak sensitivity at about 545 nm.
Recurrent and Reflex Discharges in Plantar Muscles of the Cat
Authors: Gassel M. M. , Wiesendanger M.
Published: December 2008

Gassel, M. M. and M. Wiesendanger. Recurrent and refleex discharges in plantar muscles of the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 138–142. — The response subsequent to the maximal direct response in plantar muscles of the cat elicited by electrical stimulation of the tibial nerve at the ankle had an early, triphasic, and a late, polyphasic, component. Deafferentation of the hind leg showed that the early component was an antidromically induced recurrent discharge and the late component a polysynaptic reflex. A monosynaptic reflex could however add to or even replace the recurrent discharge at the same latency as the recurrent discharge when the strength of stimulation was reduced or following repetitive stimulation. As to the secondary response in the intrinsic hand and foot muscles in man (F‐wave) it is unsettled whether the first deflection originates from a recurrent discharge or is a combination of a recurrent discharge and a monosynaptic reflex. This makes the F‐wave unsuitable for the measurement of sensory conduction velocity.
Steady State Diffusing Capacity during Prolonged, Non‐Steady State Sitting Exercise in Ordinarily Trained Young Men
Authors: Ekelund Lars Göran , Holmgren Alf
Published: December 2008

Ekelund, L. G. and A. Holmgren,Steady state diffusing capacity during prolonged, non‐steady‐state sitting exercise in ordinarily trained young men. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65. 143–152. — Ventilation, alveolar gas exchange and steady state diffusing capacity (DLCO) were measured at rest and during prolonged non‐steady‐state exercise in 6 healthy young men. Measurements were obtained after 7, 30 and 60 rnin work. The work load increased the heart rate from an average of 136 beats/min after 7 min to 167 beats/min after 60 min work. Ventilation increased from 38.5 l/min to 45.9 l/min after 60 rnin work. Alveolar ventilation increased slightly with a corresponding increase in oxygen uptake. The increase in ventilation was caused by an increase in respiratory rate in spite of a decrease in tidal volume. The physiological dead space increased only slightly. The resulting increase in the dead space ventilation was thus mainly a result of increasing repiratory rate. The steady state (DLCO) averaged 35.0 ml. min‐1mm Hg‐lafter 7 rnin and increased slightly to 37.8 ml min‐1mm Hg‐1after 60 min work. Arterial oxygen tension increased slightly from 88 mm Hg after 7 min to 93 mm Hg after 60 min work. Carbon dioxide tension decreased from 43.1 mm Hg after 7 min to 41.2 mm Hg after 60 min work. The pH remained normal throughout the whole exercise period.
Studies on the Elimination of Exogenous Lipids from the Blood Stream: The effect of fasting and surgical trauma in man on the elimination rate of a fat emulsion injected intravenously
Authors: Hallberg Dag
Published: December 2008

Hallberg, D.Studies on the elimination of exogenous lipids from the blood stream. The effect of fasting and surgical trauma in man on the elimination rate of a fat emulsion injected intravenously. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65, 153–163. Single i. v. injections of a fat emulsion were given to 2 groups of patients after 15 hrs and 39 hrs of fasting. One group fasted only and the other group was subjected to abdominal surgery between the 2 tests. The elimination rate of the fat emulsion from the blood stream was determined by triglyceride analyses on plasma with and without separation into 3 fractions in a polyvinylpyrrolidone density gradient. The results showed that the maximal elimination capacity, which operates at high concentration of the fat emulsion in plasma, increased by 50 per cent in the non‐surgery group after prolonged fasting and by 250 per cent in the surgery group. The fractional removal rate operating at low concentration of the fat emulsion in plasma, was unchanged in the control group and increased in the surgery group. Observations on recirculating lipid fractions are reported. The results are discussed with regard to factors influencing the two rate constants.
The Location of the Thalamic Relay in the Spino‐Cervico‐Lemniscal Path
Authors: Landgren S. , Nordwall A. , Wengström C.
Published: December 2008

Landgren, S., A. Nordwall and C. Wengström. The location of the thalamic relay in the spinocervico‐lemniscal path. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 164–175. — Cats anesthetized with nembutal were used. The dorsal half of the lateral funicle and the dorsal columns at L1 as well as the superficial radial nerve were dissected. The cerebellum was removed. Focal potentials and action potentials of single units were recorded in the contralateral thalamus in response to electrical stimulation of the three inputs. Ipsilateral hemisection rostral to C1 did not abolish the response to stimulation of the dorsolateral funicle. It was therefore concluded that this response was evoked via the spino‐cervico‐lemniscal path. It was shown that the thalamic relay of this path was located in a border zone within n. centralis postero‐ lateralis. This zone covered the rostral pole, the dorsal, lateral and ventro‐lateral aspect of the nucleus and surrounded like a shell the somatotopically organized hindlimb region dominated by the dorsal column response. Convergence between the spino‐cervico‐lemniscal. the dorsal‐column‐lemniscal and the superficial radial paths was a characteristic feature of the border zone. In a population of 62 thalamic units, isolated in the zone of convergence, 20 units were discharged only via the spinocervico‐lemniscal path. Out of the remaining units 31 were discharged by two or by all three of the stimulated paths.
The Form and Function of the Loaded Human Spine
Authors: Klausen Klaus
Published: December 2008

Klausen, K.The form and function of the loaded human spine. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65. 176–190. — The reaction of the spine and its muscles to an increase of the pull of gravity was investigated in different ways: The change of the curves of the spine was measured with an inclinometer. The placement of the line of gravity in relation to L4 and the ankle joints was determined, and the activity of the trunk muscles and some of the leg muscles was investigated electromyographically. From a discussion of the mechanical effect of gravity on the individual joints, and on the spine as a whole it is concluded that the short, deep muscles of the back must play an important part in stabilizing the individual joints, and that the long back muscles or the abdominal muscles are responsible for the stabilization of the spine as a whole. It was found that an increased pull of gravity always was counteracted by increased activity in one set of muscles only, i. e. either in the back muscles or in the abdominal wall muscles. An increased pull of gravity gave rise to a flattening of the lumbar lordosis probably due to a deformation of the discs, while the thoracic kyphosis was almost unaltered. A load placed high on the back caused the trunk to lean, slightly forward, and tbe increased pull of gnavity was counteracted by an increased activity of the lower back muscles. A load placed low on the back caused the activity of the back muscles to decrease, and in most cases the pull backwards of the load was counteracted by the psoas muscle.
On the Variation of DLCO with Increasing Oxygen Uptake during Exercise in Healthy Ordinarily Untrained Young Men and Women
Authors: Freyschuss U. , Holmgren A.
Published: December 2008

Freyschuss, U. and A. Holmgren. On the variation of Dlcowith increasing oxygen uptake in healthy, ordinarily untrained young men and women. Acta physiol scand. 1965. 65, 193–206. ‐ Dlco, was measured at rest in supine position and during steady state exercise in sitting position at increasing oxygen uptake in 9 women and 9 men using the steady state technique. DlCO, was found to increase on transition from supine rest to sitting work increase in 4 of 5 men and 1 of 8 women. In 7 women there were only minor changes. On increasing the work load, DlCO, was found to reach an approximately constant level at a heart rate of 120 beats per minute. This value for DlCO may be called a true “maximal” DlCO and was found to be significantly correlated to various measures of body size, the size of the cardiovascular system and the size of the lungs.
The Effect of Sustained and Rhythmic Contractions on the Electromyogram (EMG)
Authors: Larsson L. E. , Linderholm H. , Kingqvist T.
Published: December 2008

Larsson. L. E., H. Lidnderholm, and T. Kingqvist. The effect of sustained and rhythmic contractions on the electromyogram (EMG). Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 310–318.—The effect on the EMG of various types of muscular work was studied in 20 healthy volunteers. The work consisted of 1) cycling of rnasirnal intensity on a bicycle ergometer. 2) exhausting sustained contractions of the elbow flexors. 3) internlittent rhythmic contractions of the same muscles as in 2 of a duration. the sum of which was equal to the duration of the sustained contractions. Particularly after the sustained muscular contractions, and to a less degree after rhythmic contractions or cycling, there appeared in the active muscles after exercise an increased number of polyphasic action potentials. The change was reversible. The duration of all action potentials decreased after exercise. There was no significant change in amplitude. The genesis of the EMG changm arc discussed particularly with regard to the circulatory conditions and metabolism of the muscle in the various types of muscle contractions.
Effects of Various Anesthetics and of Surgical Preparation on Acid‐Base Balance in Cats
Authors: Berglund Erik , Nylén Olle , Wallentin Ingemar
Published: December 2008

Berglund, E., O. Nylén and I. Wallentin. Effects of various anesthetics and of surgical preparation on acid‐base balance in cats. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 319–323. — Acid‐base data were obtained in cats during anesthesia with various drugs. During anesthesia with nembutal, chloralose or urethane there was no metabolic acidosis. Administration of“chloralose‐urethane” was accompanied by metabolic acidosis in 6 out of 10 cats. When urethane was given in cats either alone or after 1 1/2–3 hrs of chloralose anesthesia, metabolic acidosis was found in only 1 out of 9 cats. In 12 cats, anesthetized with nembutal or chloralose, extensive surgical preparation was added; in these cats there was after 3 1/2 hrs a progressive metabolic acidosis.
Catecholamine Depletion and Uptake in Adrenergic Nerve Vesicles and in Rabbit Organs after Decaborane
Authors: Euler U. S. von , Lishajko F.
Published: December 2008

Euler. U. S. v. and F. Lishajko. Catecholamine depletion and uptake in adrenergic neme vesicles and in rabbit organs after decaborane. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 324–330. — Decaborane (B10H14) increases the release rate of noradrenaline (NA) from isolated nerve vesicles in concentrations of 10‐5 M and stronger. The NA retention in nerve vesicles incubated in the presence of NA and of ATP is decreased by decaborane 10‐4 M which also inhibits the ATP‐dependent NA uptake in partially depleted vesicles.

In a dose of 4 mg/kg i.p. decaborane gradually decreases the catecholamine stores in various organs of the rabbit. Between 23–48 hours after the decaborane injection the NA content in the heart is about 10–20 per cent of the normal value. Injection of NA. 0.3–0.4 mg/kg i. m., increases the NA content in the heart to near normal in 1–2 hrs, whereafter it falls to the previous low value in some 20 hrs.

The NA taken up by the rabbit heart after depletion with decaborane is distributed between the high speed sediment and the supernatant in the same proportions as found in the normal heart suggesting a dynamic equilibrium between the vesicles and the non‐vesicular pool.
Adrenomedullary Response to 2–Deoxyglucose in the Hypothyroid, Euthyroid, and Hyperthyroid Rat
Authors: Johnson D. G.
Published: December 2008

Johnson, D. G. Adrenomedullary response to 2–deoxyglucose in the hypothyroid, euthyroid, and hyperthyroid rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 337–343. — Hypothyroid animals show an increased hyperglycemic response to 2–deoxyglucose (2–DG) administration, while hyperthyroid animals show a decreased response when compared to euthyroid controls. This quantitative difference in response is reflected in a much greater depletion of the adrenaline content of the adrenals of the hypothyroid animals, while the hyperthyroid animals appear less depleted than euthyroid cofitrols. Estimation of urinary catecholamine excretion following 2–DG administration indicates that the hypothyroid rats excrete much larger amounts of adrenaline than the other groups. The hearts of all animals treated with 2–DG contain increased absolute and relative amounts of adrenaline, with the largest absolute increase being seen in the hyperthyroid animals. These results suggest that the adrenomedullary response to cellular glucopenia is modified by the thyroid status. This action may be exerted either at the level of the adrenal medulla itself or on the blood glucose receptor neurons of the hypothalamus.
Peripheral Autonomic Influence on the Motility of the Urinary Bladder in the Cat I. Rhythmic Contractions
Authors: Gjone Ragnar
Published: December 2008

Gjone, R. Peripheral autonomic intuence on the motility of the urinary bladder in the cat. I. Rhythmic contractions. iicta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 370–377. — In the present work the influence of each peripheral autonomic component was studied by comparing the intravesical pressure curves obtained under progressive bladder denervation in cats lightly anesthetized with nembutal. lntravesical pressure recording was established by the direct approach described in a preceding communication (Gjone and Setekleiv 1963). The following results were obtained: By bilateral section of the parasympathetic nerve fibres to the bladder, leaving the sympathetic supply intact. a marked reduction, or abolition of the rhythmic activity was seen. Subsequent to further, bilateral section of the sympathetic bladder supply (complete extrinsic denervation), the rhythmic contractions were re‐established although somewhat reduced in amplitude. In other experiments the sympathetic nerves were first sectioned bikaterally with the parasympathetic fibres intact. This was followed by a marked enhancement of the frequency and amplitude of the rhythmic bladder contractions. After additional section of the parasympathetic bladder nerves the vesical hyperactivity was abolished. Fairly“normal” pressure fluctuations were again recorded. similar to those described above from the fully intact bladder. Thus, definite evidence of a dual autonomic influence on the rhythmic vesical activity was established by the demonstration of excitatory parasympathetic and inhibitory sympathetic effects.
Influence of Ionic Environment on Acetylcholine Release from the Motor Nerve Terminals
Authors: Elmqvist D. , Feldman D. S.
Published: December 2008

Acetylcholine release from motor nerve terminals in rat diaphragm was estimated as the frequency of miniature end‐plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s). K+20 mM induced sustained rapid release of m.e.p.p.s which was slow in onset. With higher K+concentration m.e.p.p. frequency rose rapidly. Very high release rates induced by 40 and 50 mM K+were not maintained but declined to a lower sustained level. Augmented m.e.p.p. release could be inhibited by increasing the Ca2+concentration above normal. Reduction was approximately 80% with 16 mM Ca2+. Reduction of Na+to 1/3 doubled the m.e.p.p. rate. Increase in Ca2+raised the rate further in 5 mM K+but reduced it in 20 mM K+. The mechanism of low sodium augmentation of release is obscure but may involve inverse interaction with calcium at an early step in ACh release. Elevation of Ba2+to 16 mM gave a transient decline in m.e.p.p. frequency augmented to high level with 20 mM K+, presumably by displacing residual bound calcium. It did not reduce the frequency when Ba2+had replaced Ca2+in the bathing solution for longer periods. The effects of calcium are discussed and the similarities between excitation‐transmitter release and excitation‐contraction coupling are pointed out.
Multiple‐Spike Discharge Evoking After‐Depolarizations in the Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptor Neuron of the Lobster
Authors: Grampp Wolfgang
Published: December 2008

The extra impulses of the multiple‐spike discharges of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the lobster were evoked by different kinds of after‐depolarizations which appeared with rising temperature. Two of them, called labile and fast after‐depolarization, were studied by recording extra‐and intracellularly at different cell regions under varying experimental conditions. The labile after‐depolarization which succeeded small impulses of a type indicative of a conduction block was most prominent under conditions critical for the establishment of the block. It was able to initiate one extra spike.—With rising temperature the terminal step of the repolarizing phase of full‐sized action potentials became increasingly retarded in relation to the earlier phases of the spike. Therefore, it assumed the form of a fast after‐depolarization which was able to evoke one extra spike. The intrasomally recordable fast after‐depolarization coincided in time with the negative phase of extradendritically recorded impulses and with the peak of intradendritically recorded spike potentials. At any temperature the prominence of the fast after‐depolarization increased with decreasing safety factor for propagation of the active process along the somato‐dendritic membrane. The findings indicate that the labile after‐depolarization is caused by a partial activation of the membrane of the cell region behind a blocking zone, whereas the fast after‐depolarization reflects the active depolarization of the cell region beyond that impaled.
Multiple‐Spike Discharge Evoking After‐Depolarizations in the Slowly Adapting Stretch Receptor Neuron of the Lobster II. The slow after‐depolarization
Authors: Grampp Wolfgang
Published: December 2008

The extra impulses of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neuron of the lobster were evoked by different kinds of after‐depolarizations which appeared with rising temperature. One of them, called slow after‐depolarization, was studied by recording extra‐and intracellularly at different cell regions under varying experimental conditions. The slow after‐depolarization developed after the first full‐sized action potential of the multiple spike discharge. With rising temperature its amplitude increased from about 10 mV to 30–40 mV (from the resting membrane potential), and its duration from about 25 msec to several seconds. Depending on its length the slow after‐depolarization was able to evoke between one and several hundred extra spikes. There was an inverse relationship between the safety factor for propagation of the active process along the somato‐dendritic membrane and the duration and, to some extent, the amplitude of the slow after‐depolarization. In any discharge a premature termination of the slow after‐depolarization could be provoked by a short pulse of intracellularly injected anodal current or by activation of the inhibitory system of the stretch receptor organ. The membrane resistance was reduced during the course of the slow after‐depolarization. The findings support the idea of an asynchronous activation and subsequent asynchronous activity in action current generating sites of the dendritic membrane.
Pyramidal Effect on Alpha and Gamma Motoneurons
Authors: Laursen Arne Mosfeldt , Wiesendanger Mario
Published: December 2008

Reports on the movements evoked by pyramidal stimuli are conflicting. To avoid the effects of spread of current we have studied the response to impulses confined to the pyramidal tract in two ways: 1) By transection of all other structures in the medulla oblongata. We maintained the arterial blood pressure above 100 mm Hg by vagotomy and intravenous infusion of noradrenalin and dextran. The tone in flexor muscles predominated. 2) By dissection of the pyramids away from the medulla oblongata. Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts being intact, the tone in extensor muscles predominated. Pure pyramidal stimuli activated flexors and inhibited extensors after both procedures; complex movements were not observed. We recorded action potentials of alpha and gamma motoneurons in the nerve to the tenuissimus muscle. Pyramidal stimuli discharged both types of motoneuron, alpha motoneurons having the higher threshold, longer latency and shorter duration of the burst of potentials.
Rubidium86 Clearance during Neurogenic Redistribution of Intestinal Blood Flow
Authors: Dresel P. , Folkow B. , Wallentin I.
Published: December 2008

Arterio‐venous extraction of rubidium86 was recorded in the intestine of the cat, using two different administration techniques; and the capillary transport coefficient, PS, was calculated. In all experiments intestinal blood flow resistance was calculated, and in some the capillary filtration coefficient, CFC. These two methods to determine the capillary surface area open to blood flow were well correlated, but the total range for variations for PS was less than for CFC. This difference was explained by the fact that exclusion of some part of the capillary circulation by the precapillary sphincters causes the filtration to cease much more completely than the diffusion. Therefore, CFC seems to better reflect the changing capillary surface area than PS. During the “autoregulatory escape”, the typical vascular response to stimulation of the vasoconstrictor fibres, PS was decreased but in most cases much less so than CFC. These results seem to exclude involvement of true arteriovenous shunts to any significant degree during activation of the vasoconstrictor nerves. If the redistribution of blood flow from the mucosa towards the submucosa during the “autoregulatory escape” utilizes special low‐resistance channels, these must allow for exchange of solutes, implying a situation of “physiological shunting” rather than “true‐shunting”.
Effect of Different Doses of Prostaglandin E1 on Free Fatty Acids of Plasma, Blood Glucose and Heart Rate in the Nonanesthetized Dog Prostaglandin and related factors 53
Authors: Bergström Sune , Carlson Lars A. , Orö Lars
Published: December 2008

Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) was infused i.v., in doses of 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 μg/kg/min during 30 min in different experiments into nonanesthetized dogs. The smallest dose, 0.2 μg/kg/min, produced a consistent and reproducible increase in venous plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA). The mean venous plasma level of glycerol showed the same type of response but the rise was not statistically significant. The higher doses of PGE1 lowered the plasma levels of FFA and glycerol, the highest dose tending to produce the most marked decrease. The average concentration of blood glucose increased at all dose levels but only statistically significant at 0.8 μg/kg/min. The heart rate increased when 0.2–0.8 μg/kg/min of PGE1 was given. With the highest dose, 1.6 μg/kg/min, the heart rate either tended to increase to a lesser extent or decreased. The increase in plasma levels of FFA and glycerol as well as the increase in heart rate induced by 0.2 μg/kg/min of PGE1 were abolished after administration of a sympathetic ganglionic blocking agent. The possibility is discussed that PGE1 not only has a direct inhibitory effect on FFA mobilization from adipose tissue, but may in addition, at low infusion rates, enhance lipid mobilization due to a stimulation of sympathetic nervous activity.
Electrical Stimulation of the Thalamic and Subthalamic Area in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Bergström M. R. , Johansson G. G. , Laitinen L. V. , Sipponen P.
Published: December 2008

Electrical stimulation of the thalamic‐subthalamic area was performed on 17 anesthetized patients treated stereotaxically for cerebral palsy. Two of these patients had permanent electrodes implanted. Stimulations were performed some days later when the patients were fully awake. Permanent lesions were produced at the sites that seemed to give the optimal response to stimulation. Different responses to stimulation were studied.
Pancreatic Response to Repeated Secretin Stimulation in Dogs
Authors: Henriksen Finn W.
Published: December 2008

By cannulation of the major pancreatic duct in 5 anesthetized dogs with chronic Thomas type duodenal fistulas, pancreatic juice has been collected after repeated injections of equal, submaximal doses of secretin (Vitrum). The intervals between injections has been 60 min and 120 min. It is shown that the pancreatic response to secretin decreases when intervals between injections are 60 min. When the intervals are 120 min there is no decrease. The possible explanations of this phenomenon is discussed. The most likely assumption seems to be that the gland in a certain period following secretin stimulation has a reduced sensitivity to secretin, indicating a “relative refractory period”.
Metabolic Effects of Infused Sodium L (+) Lactate in Man before and after Triiodothyronine Treatment
Authors: Svedmyr Nils
Published: December 2008

In untreated subjects infusion of 2.3 mg L(+) lactate per kg per min for 30 min increased the blood lactate concentration by a maximum of 9.4 ± 0.46 mg% and the oxygen consumption by a maximum of 9.5 ± 1.50%. The increase in oxygen consumption was sufficient to oxidize 34% of the infused lactate. After treatment with 1 mg triiodothyronine the increase in the blood lactate concentration was smaller than in the same subject before T3 treatment. The increase in oxygen consumption was greater, on the other hand, and was calculated to be sufficient for complete oxidation of 52% of the infused lactate.
Responses of Skeletal Musculature and its Vasculature During “Diving” in the Duck: Peculiarities of the Adrenergic Vasoconstrictor Innervation
Authors: Folkow B. , Fuxe K. , Sonnenschein R. R.
Published: December 2008

The vasoconstrictor response to “diving” was simulated in pentobarbital‐anesthetized ducks by administration of 20 % CO2 combined with vagotomy and controlled bleeding. Muscle blood flow, 30–50 ml/min ×. 100 g, at rest, could by reflex vasoconstriction be almost stopped and was then barely increased by exercise; in the absence of vasoconstriction, however, exercise increased flow to about 150 ml. In cats exercise produced considerable flow increases also during vasoconstriction; further, maximal flow reached only some 50 ml. Simultaneous recordings of venous outflow and pressures in the femoral artery and a small (0.3–0.5 mm) extramuscular artery revealed that large extramuscular arteries constrict far more in ducks than in cats and then fail to manifest ascending dilatation. The femoral artery has a far richer supply of adrenergic nerve terminals in ducks than in cats. In all the above respects, turkeys were more similar to cats than to ducks. In duck muscles maximal contractile force increased during CO2 breathing due to augmentation via the sympathetic innervation (Orbeli effect), an effect mimicked by intra‐arterial catechol amines. The ability of diving animals to maintain muscle vasoconstriction during exercise while diving may well reside in the differently balanced vascular innervation with intense constrictions of extramuscular vessels. The sympathetic augmentation of contractility may partly compensate for the effect of flow reduction. The larger maximal flow capacity and capillary area in duck muscles facilitates rapid post‐dive restitution.
Active State Durations of Rat Gastrocnemius Muscle
Authors: Wilander B.
Published: December 2008

For rat gastrocnemius muscle it has been found that: 1. The shortening velocity of an isotonic afterloaded contraction increases with the stimulation frequency up to a frequency of 425 imp/sec, about twice as high as that above which no substantial increase in isometric peak tension occurs. 2. The initial form of the isometric contraction curves for one and for two closely spaced impulses have been found to be consistent with the active state concept of Hill. 3. The duration of the active state plateau after a single impulse, as indicated by the capacity to shorten, is no longer than 1.5 msec. 4. The stimulation interval just necessary for fusion of an isometric tension plateau at 150 msec of stimulation is more than twice as long as the longest possible duration of the active state plateau for shortening after a single impulse. 5. From an analysis of the tension oscillations at stimulation with frequencies somewhat below that necessary for fusion it has been found that the mechanical latency is as short as after the first impulse (0.6 msec). The maximal rate of tension rise after an impulse is, however, considerably delayed, and the implications of this finding are discussed in terms of the active state concept.
Surface Properties of Lung Extracts
Authors: Adams Forrest H. , Enhörning Goran , Norman Anne
Published: December 2008

Extracts of rabbit lungs from adult animals as well as from fetuses near term were studied with a dynamic alveolar model and with a modified Wilhelmy balance. With both methods the minimal value of surface tension was significantly higher in the fetal extracts, probably because they have a lower concentration of surface active material. With no change in surface area the extracts from adult lungs after 30 min had a mean surface tension of 41 ± 5 dyn/min. When surface area was compressed the tension decreased and when the surface area was expanded the tension increased. The difference between the mean value and the minimal or the maximal value was a function of change in surface area as well as time. The change in surface area and the rate with which it occurs in the lungs is more closely simulated with the dynamic alveolar model than with the modified Wilhelmy balance. The minimal value of surface tension was recorded at minimal surface area. It increased if surface area was maintained at minimal size. This demonstrates viscosity of the surface film. For alveolar stability the outlining film should probably have high viscosity as well as low surface tension. In the newborn these properties have to develop rapidly to prevent alveolar collapse.
Electrophysiological and Micro‐electrophoretic Studies on Sympathetic Preganglionic Neurones in the Spinal Cord
Authors: Hongo T. , Ryall R. W.
Published: December 2008

Preganglionic sympathetic neurones in the thoracic cord of the spinal cat were located by recording antidromic extracellular potentials in response to stimulation of preganglionic fibres in the superior splanchnic nerve. Antidromic potentials were only recorded in the region of the intermedio‐lateral cell column. Few units were firing spontaneously or could be orthodromically activated. The conduction velocities in the preganglionic axons of units from which recordings were obtained ranged from 1.5 to 9 m/sec. Local micro‐electrophoretic applications of DL‐homocysteic acid fired the cells but noradrenaline had no excitatory effect and did not inhibit spontaneous, synaptic or antidromic firing or the firing to the excitant amino acid. Acetylcholine had no effect on the few cells tested.
Afferent Activity Recorded in the Kidney Nerves of Rats By
Authors: ÅStröm A. , Crafoord J.
Published: December 2008

In anesthetized rats no spontaneous afferent activity in the kidney nerves could be recorded. If the renal vein pressure was elevated, or if i.v. infusion of saline or Ringer solution was given, an afferent discharge of a slowly adapting type could be recorded. It is concluded that an adequate stimulus for the mechanoreceptors responsible for this activity is increased kidney tenseness (intra‐renal pressure) and perhaps also distension of the intrarenal veins. The results indicate that more than one kind of fibers are engaged in the afferent activity which can be elicited by various kinds of stimuli.
Augmentation of Tissue‐Blood Transfer of Solutes by Transcapillary Filtration and Absorption
Authors: Lundgren O. , Mellander S.
Published: December 2008

The effect of net transcapillary fluid movement on the rate of transfer of131I,24Na,86Rb and133Xe from tissue to blood was studied in cat skeletal muscle. The technique used permitted control, directly or indirectly, of other factors of importance for exchange, such as blood flow, flow velocity. capillary‐ flow distribution. size of capillary surface area and capillary permeability. Net fluid filtration was produced by raising mean hydrostatic capillary pressure and net fluid absorption by increasing plasma osmotic pressure. It was shown that a net transcapillary fluid movementper se(filtration or absorption) increased the transport rate from tissue to blood considerably above the control level when no net fluid movement occurred (Fig. 3). The rate of solute transfer seemed to increase progressively with the rate of net fluid movement, at least in the lower range. The extent to which transfer increased was roughly the same for all water‐soluble substances studied. While for133Xe net transcapillary filtration appeared to produce a less marked increase in transport rate. Reduction in nutritional blood flow was followed by a decrease in rate of isotope transfer. This decrease proved much smaller when the flow reduction was associated with net transcapillary fluid filtration. The possible physiological significance of transcapillary fluid movements for control of tissue‐blood exchange is tentatively discussed.
Mast Cells and 5‐HT: Uptake of labelled 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxytryptophan in relation to storage of 5‐HT in individual rat mast cells
Authors: Ritzén Martin
Published: December 2008

The capacity of individual rat peritoneal mast cells to take up and concentrate radioactively labelled 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) was studied by quantitative cyto‐chemical methods. By means of consecutive application of microfluorometric, autoradiographic and microinterferometric methods, the following parameters could be determined for each cell: 1. Relative amount of endogenous 5‐HT. 2. Concentration of accumulated isotopes. 3. Dry mass. 4. Concentration of endogenous 5‐HT. 5. Total amount of accumulated isotopes. The calculated correlations of these variables to each other showed general heterogeneity of the population, variations between the different cells being very large. However, on the whole, increasing dry mass of the mast cells was accompanied by an increase in 5‐HT content, but with a decrease in concentrations of endogenous 5‐HT and accumulated radioactive 5‐HTP. Similarly, cells having large stores of endogenous 5‐HT showed a higher total uptake, but a lower cellular concentration of exogenous 5‐HT and 5‐HTP, than cells that were poor in endogenous 5‐HT. The results indicated that the uptake of 3H‐5‐HTP was proportional to the total area of the cell membrane, while the degree of 3‐HT uptake was determined by other factors. When the concentrations of radioactivity in the incubation medium was compared to that of the living mast cell, it was found that the averagr cell was able to concentrate exogenous 5‐HTP and 5‐HT around 4 and 30 times, respectively.
Electrical and Mechanical Activity of Human Respiratory Muscles during Voluntary Inspiration
Authors: Viljanen A. A.
Published: December 2008

It has been shown, that in a certain range of inspiration there exists a linear relationship between the total number of electromyogram impulses during inspiration and the first time integral of the muscular inspiratory work of breathing. During one inspiration the number of electrumyogram impulses is increasing in a linear relationship to the pressure impulse.
Insulin Binding Proteins in Normal Serum. Qualitative and Quantitative Studies in vivo in Cats
Authors: Gjedde F.
Published: December 2008

After iv. infusion of homlogous 125I labelled insulin to cats, the serum radioactivity decreased exponentially and in a logarithmic plot three different slopes were observed. The portion with the steepest slope had a half‐life of from 4 to 8 min and corresponded to the elimination of free insulin.

The intermediate portion of the curve was caused by the association of about 18 per cent of the injected radioactivity with an alpha‐one globulin. The half‐life of this complex was 150 min being caused by equilibration of the labelled substance between intra‐and extravascular space. Of this radioactivity associated with the alpha globulin 30 per cent could be precipitated using a double immunoprecipitation for insulin. By electrophoresis on starch block and starch gel the radioactive globulin was characterized as a fast alpha‐one globulin. By gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 it was eluted with the albumin peak. Only 15 per cent of the radioactivity associated with the alpha‐one globulin could be precipitated by 80 per cent saturation with ammoniun sulphate, whereas 100 per cent could be precipitated with trichloroacetic acid.

When the radioactive alpha‐globulin was infused into four other cats, it was diluted with a volume corresponding to 4.7 per cent of the body weight; after 24 hrs the space had expanded to a value corresponding to 19 per cent of the body weight. After equilibration, a fall of the protein‐bound radioactivity of serum and an excretion of radioactivity in the urine corresponding to a half life of 50 and 52 hrs was observed.

No association of radioactivity with the macroglobulins could be demonstrated in vivo.
The Effect of Thyroidectomy on the Hypothalamus of the Rat with Special Reference to the Hypothalamic‐Hypophyseal Neurosecretory System
Authors: Talanti S.
Published: December 2008

With male adult albino rats for experimental animals, the effects of operative thyroparathyroidec‐tomy and of thyroidectomy accomplished with radioactive iodine on the nuclear volume of the ganglion cells in the nuclei of the hypothalamus were studied. In addition, the amount and distribution of aldehyde‐fuchsin‐positive neurosecretory material under these experimental conditions were studied. The changes were similar in rats ectomized by either procedure. In comparison to untreated control animals, the nuclear volume of the ganglion cells decreased in all nuclei investigated. The change was statistically highly significant in most instances. The amount of neurosecretory material seemed to decrease, on the strength of visual assessment, both in the neurohypophysis and in the median eminence. The depletion of the material in the neurohypophysis could also he demonstrated by photometric measurement. From the results the inference was drawn that a decrease in the activity of the hypothalamus occurs after thyroidectomy. At the same time also the activity of the neurosecretory system goes down, which is reflected by depletion of the neurosecretion. No sharply localized regulatory centre could be shown for the pituitary‐thyroid interplay because the entire hypothalamus reacted in identical manner.
Local Myocardial Blood Flow Measured by Hydrogen Polarography; Distribution and Effect of Hypoxia
Authors: Aukland Knut , Kiil Fredrik , Kjekshus John , Semlb Gudmund
Published: December 2008

Local myocardial blood flow was measured in open chest dogs by polarographic recording of hydrogen desaturation with needlrshaped platinum electrodes. A potential of + 0.3 V relative to a KCl saturated calomel elrctrode was applied to the platinum electrode to minimize oxygen sensitivity. The influence of convection in the medium on electrode current was investigated in vitro. Myocardial hydrogen desaturation recorded with tissue electrodes gave acceptable monoexponen‐tial curves in about 80 per cent of all electrode sites. Possible mechanisms of multi‐exponential curves which were discarded are discussed. Good agreement was obtained between two electrodes in one ventricle and between left ventricular and coronary sinus recordings, and arguments are given that hydrogen clearance equals blood flow in the range of 50 to 450 ml/min 100 g. Myocardial blood flow was on the average 11 per cent lower in the right than in the left ventricle (anterior walls), and this relationship was unchanged during dextran infusion and spontaneous variations of myocardial flow. Right/left flow ratio also remained unchanged when myocardial flow was increased up to four times by hypoxia. The flow rise was such as to maintain or even increase the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium of both ventricles.
Muscle Glycogen and Muscle Electrolytes during Prolonged Physical Exercise1
Authors: Ahlborg Björn , Bergström Jonas , Ekelund Lars‐Göran , Hultman Eric
Published: December 2008

Nine volunteers have been examined during prolonged physical exercise to exhaustion at a load of about 60 per cent of W170. Ordinary circulatory parameters were measured as well as the quantities of glycogen, water and electrolytes in muscle tissue obtained by needle biopsy. In a separate study 6 subjects were examined for respiratory quotient under similar exercising conditions. The muscle glycogen fell considerably from a mean of 6.9 per 100g glycogen and fat‐free solids to a mean of 1.7 g at the end of exercise. The quantity of muscle glycogen used was correlated both to total energy developed during exercise and also to duration of exercise.

The electrolyte and water content in muscle tissue showed only small changes. Some increase was found in muscle sodium and chloride, and also in the chloride space. The potassium content fell significantly by about 4 per cent of the basal value. None of the circulatory parameters measured showed changes of such magnitude as to have a limiting effect on performance. Two subjects were examined also with glucose infusion during the exercise. The reduction of glycogen, as also the performance of these two subjects, was of the same order of magnitude with and without infusion of glucose. The results suggest that the capacity for prolonged work is directly correlated to the glycogen store in the working muscles.
Excretion of Sodium and Potassium in Cat Submandibular Saliva
Authors: Petersen Ole Holger , Poulsen Jørges Hedemark
Published: December 2008

The concentrations of ions in the saliva vary with the secretory rate. Different results concerning sodium concentration in relation to flow rate have been found by different investigators. In the present work secretion was elicited by chorda stimulation and the concentrations of sodium and potassiuni in the saliva were determined by flame photometry. The sodium concentrations in the first samples of cat submandibular saliva taken from a previously resting gland were higher than the sodium concentrations in samples taken later at the same secretory rate. The maximal difference in concentration between transient and steady state sample was about 50 meq/l. Steady state concentrations of sodium increased proportionally to the flow rate except at low flow rates where sodium concentrations were greater than expected on the basis of this relation. Steady start concentrations of potassium were independent of the secretory rate when this was higher than 100 μ1/min/g gland, with a value of about 10 meq/l. Below this flow rate the potassium Concentration rose, first slightly and then steeply, when flow rate decreased, and reached values of more than 100 nieq/1 at secretory rates of about 2 μl/min/g gland.