bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasticity-improved Zr–Cu–Al bulk metallic glass matrix composites containing martensite phase
Authors: Sun Y. F. , Wei B. C. , Wang Y. R. , Li W. H. , Cheung T. L. , Shek C. H.
Published: July 2005

Zr 48.5 Cu 46.5 Al 5 bulk metallic glass matrix composites with diameters of 3 and 4mm were produced through water-cooled copper mold casting. Micrometer-sized bcc based B2 structured CuZr phase containing martensite plate, together with some densely distributed nanocrystalline Zr2Cu and plate-like Cu10Zr7 compound, was found embedded in a glassy matrix. The microstructure formation strongly depends on the composition and cooling rate. Room temperature compression tests reveal significant strain hardening and plastic strains of 7.7% and 6.4% before failure are obtained for the 3-mm- and 4-mm-diam samples, respectively. The formation of the martensite phase is proposed to contribute to the strain hardening and plastic deformation of the materials.
Probing a molecular interface in a functioning organic diode
Authors: Lee Young Jong , Park So-Jung , Gesquiere Andre J. , Barbara Paul F.
Published: July 2005

The effect of hole-polaron charging at a hole-injection/hole-transport interface within a functioning organic diode was investigated by single molecule spectroscopy and associated modeling. Efficient quenching of both singlet and triplet excitons by hole polarons is observed at high forward bias due to a buildup of interfacial polaron density. Additionally, for some diodes, an unexpected quenching process was observed at reverse bias, which is ascribed to hole charging of the interface due to the leakage current.
Magnetotransport and rectifying properties in La0.67Ca0.33MnO3/yttrium-stabilized zirconia/Si heterojunction
Authors: Lang P. L. , Zhao Y. G. , Yang B. , Zhang X. L. , Li J. , Wang P. , Zheng D. N.
Published: July 2005

A heterojunction has been fabricated by growing a La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 film on silicon with a buffer layer of yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). The current-voltage measurement shows that it is a diode with a good rectifying property. At low positive bias voltage, temperature dependence of the junction resistance shows a peak at a certain temperature, which shifts to low temperatures when the voltage is increased from 0.3Vto0.7V. This behavior is quite different from the previous reports on p-n junctions composed of manganites and Nb-doped SrTiO3. The heterojunction shows remarkable magnetoresistance for both positive and negative biases. The results were discussed by considering the depletion layers in both La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 and Si, and the tunneling through YSZ. This work shows the potential application of integrating manganite-based devices and semiconductor circuits.
A Decade of Decentralisation? Assessing the Role of the Government Offices for the English Regions
Authors: Musson Steven , Tickell Adam , John Peter
Published: July 2005

The Government Offices for the English regions were established in 1994 to coordinate the regional activities of three central government departments. A decade on, regional government in England is greatly expanded, and two other institutions of regional governance, the Regional Development Agencies and the Regional Assemblies, have also been created. In 2002 the Labour government proposed that this ‘triad’ of regional governance should be further reformed and strengthened, in some places being brought to democratic account. In this paper, we argue that academic research on the English regions has generally focused on the Regional Development Agencies and to a lesser extent the Regional Assemblies, to the exclusion of the Government Offices. This focus has led some to overstate the extent to which regional government represents the real decentralisation of power. Focusing on the role of the Government Offices, we argue that central government retains a great deal of power over the ‘triad’ institutions, which in their current form may be unable to challenge the structure of power in the English state.
Indigenous Forest Management in 21st-Century New Zealand: Towards a ‘Postproductivist’ Indigenous Forest–Farmland Interface?
Authors: Wilson Geoff A , Memon P Ali
Published: July 2005

The critique of indigenous forest management in New Zealand in this paper contextualises the discussion in light of recent Eurocentric debates on the transition towards ‘postproductivist’ and ‘multifunctional’ agricultural and forestry regimes. The research findings confirm recent criticisms of Australian writers with regard to the direct transferability of the notion of a transition towards postproductivism developed by European researchers and also lend support to Holmes's (2002) notion of productivist and postproductivist occupance. Long-standing productivist demands continue to be made on New Zealand's indigenous forests, especially from economically marginalised stakeholder groups who depend on the continuation of logging for economic survival. We argue that the tension between the recent adoption of a ‘postproductivist’ conservation policy at government level and the continuing ‘productivist’ attitudes among some stakeholder groups explains why the protection of remaining indigenous forests continues to be contested. The New Zealand findings also provide further evidence for those persons criticising the implied linearity and dualism inherent in the Eurocentric postproductivist transition model. We argue that processes at the New Zealand forest–farmland interface support Wilson's (2001) notion of a territorialisation of productivist and postproductivist territories into a ‘multifunctional’ territory. From a social constructionist perspective, the results highlight the fact that a clear separation into productivist and postproductivist occupance may not be easy to conceptualise as our view of agricultural land as ‘productivist’ territory and unlogged or sustainably managed indigenous forest as ‘postproductivist’ territory is largely based on a Euro–American ‘deep green’ view of unaltered ‘nonhuman’ nature. This supports Mather's (2001) suggestion that postproductivism should be cast as part of a shifting mode of social regulation of forestry with particular stakeholder groups constructing images of nature according to their interests, and where western ideas of nature as a (postproductivist) wilderness embody cultural politics which arguably serve to marginalise the interests of indigenous communities.
Integrated Water Resource Management, Institutional Arrangements, and Land-Use Planning
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: July 2005

A systems, holistic, or ecosystem approach is often advocated for water management, and has led to the emergence of integrated water resource management, or IWRM. Such an approach can be interpreted as ‘comprehensive’ or ‘integrated’, and analysts, planners, and managers need to understand the difference. Edge or boundary problems always are encountered when applying a holistic approach, and design of institutional arrangements cannot eliminate these problems but can minimize them. IWRM often does not have a statutory basis, which can lead to implementation challenges. By linking IWRM to land-use planning and official plans at the local level, IWRM can be given credibility, as well as be systematically connected to land-based issues.
“Where has the Future Gone?” Rethinking the Role of Integrated Land-Use Models in Spatial Planning
Authors: Couclelis Helen
Published: July 2005

Despite more than four decades of efforts to integrate the two fields, the place of land-use models in planning remains problematic. The expanding possibilities afforded by today's planning support systems (PSS) invite a rethinking of the relationship between land-use models and planning in the context of new approaches, tools, and techniques that can amplify the positive synergies between the two domains and enhance the ability of spatial planning to prepare for the future. This paper addresses one vitally important area in which the contribution of models to planning practice could be greatly improved. This is the neglected area of strategic planning, which is inextricably linked with the future-oriented mission of the field. The paper begins with an examination of the continuing tensions between modeling and planning, tensions that need to be reconsidered in light of the growing sophistication of land-use models intended for use in a planning context. It then outlines three interrelated roles for land-use models that would help support the mission of planning as a visionary and future-oriented process. These roles are based on approaches discussed in the planning literature (and in the ‘futures' literature more generally) as scenario writing, visioning, and storytelling. Although scenario writing (or development) is a notion familiar to land-use modelers, not every form of scenario development commonly proposed by modelers is useful to planners. Visioning is a goal-oriented process that focuses the community on desired ends and helps sort out the means for reaching these ends. Finally, good storytelling can help to clarify the implications of different alternatives and to build consensus by presenting particular desired or feared future developments in terms meaningful enough to be credible to nonspecialists. The paper presents examples of land-use models that seem well suited to one or the other of these roles. Although no single model is likely to satisfy all three roles, a well-designed PSS can provide the context for their seamless integration and mutual reinforcement.
HOPE VI New Communities: Neighborhood Relationships in Mixed-Income Housing
Authors: Kleit Rachel Garshick
Published: July 2005

To what extent are people of different incomes and housing tenures engaged in social relationships in new mixed-income, New Urbanist HOPE VI communities? In Seattle's NewHolly Phase I, neighboring relationships are generally more frequent than in other mixed-income situations. Yet systematic differences among housing tenures by language, family composition, and patterns of local facility use and community involvement curtail social interactions. Most important, lack of proximity curtails relations among public housing residents and others on site, implying that the level of physical integration of housing units for the various tenures and incomes in a mixed-income development has repercussions for social interactions.
A high frequency of overlapping gene expression in compacted eukaryotic genomes
Authors: Williams Bryony A. P. , Slamovits Claudio H. , Patron Nicola J. , Fast Naomi M. , Keeling Patrick J.
Published: July 2005

The gene density of eukaryotic nuclear genomes is generally low relative to prokaryotes, but several eukaryotic lineages (many parasites or endosymbionts) have independently evolved highly compacted, gene-dense genomes. The best studied of these are the microsporidia, highly adapted fungal parasites, and the nucleomorphs, relict nuclei of endosymbiotic algae found in cryptomonads and chlorarachniophytes. These systems are now models for the effects of compaction on the form and dynamics of the nuclear genome. Here we report a large-scale investigation of gene expression from compacted eukaryotic genomes. We have conducted EST surveys of the microsporidian
Antonospora locustae
and nucleomorphs of the cryptomonad
Guillardia theta
and the chlorarachniophyte
Bigelowiella natans
. In all three systems we find a high frequency of mRNA molecules that encode sequence from more than one gene. There is no bias for these genes to be on the same strand, so it is unlikely that these mRNAs represent operons. Instead, compaction appears to have reduced the intergenic regions to such an extent that control elements like promoters and terminators have been forced into or beyond adjacent genes, resulting in long untranslated regions that encode other genes. Normally, transcriptional overlap can interfere with expression of a gene, but these genomes cope with high frequencies of overlap and with termination signals within expressed genes. These findings also point to serious practical difficulties in studying expression in compacted genomes, because many techniques, such as arrays or serial analysis of gene expression will be misleading.
Inhibition of a vaccine-induced anti-tumor B cell response by soluble protein antigen in the absence of continuing T cell help
Authors: Savelyeva Natalia , King Catherine A. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Stevenson Freda K.
Published: July 2005

DNA vaccination can elicit the production of anti-tumor antibodies, thus obviating the need to continuously administer passive antibody. This vaccination strategy is particularly important where antibodies have proven to be effective anti-tumor agents. To amplify antibody responses against weak tumor antigens, we previously designed DNA-fusion vaccines incorporating tumor sequences linked to microbial genes. By using a safe idiotypic (Id) antigen from a B cell tumor fused to a fragment C (FrC) sequence from tetanus toxin, we induced both anti-Id and anti-FrC antibodies. It was important to determine whether the antigen itself, either injected or released from residual tumor cells, would boost the antibody response. Id protein not only failed to boost the response, but permanently and rapidly inhibited it by ablating Id-specific memory B cells. In contrast, an Id protein-FrC conjugate boosted both Id-specific and FrC-specific responses. Strikingly, the depletion of CD4+T cells converted the Id protein-FrC conjugate vaccine into an inhibitor. These findings support the hypothesis that the activation of memory B cells by a DNA vaccine encoding a protein antigen, in the presence of the protein itself, depends completely on T cell help. Furthermore, by using knockout mice, we have shown that inhibition of the Id-specific memory B cells by the Id protein is largely independent of the FcγRIIB and, hence, independent of immune complexes. The principles revealed by using a DNA vaccine have implications for all cancer vaccines designed to induce and maintain antibody responses against weak autologous tumor antigens.
Resolving abbreviations to their senses in Medline
Authors: Gaudan S. , Kirsch H. , Rebholz-Schuhmann D.
Published: July 2005

Motivation: Biological literature contains many abbreviations with one particular sense in each document. However, most abbreviations do not have a unique sense across the literature. Furthermore, many documents do not contain the long forms of the abbreviations. Resolving an abbreviation in a document consists of retrieving its sense in use. Abbreviation resolution improves accuracy of document retrieval engines and of information extraction systems.

Results: We combine an automatic analysis of Medline abstracts and linguistic methods to build a dictionary of abbreviation/sense pairs. The dictionary is used for the resolution of abbreviations occurring with their long forms. Ambiguous global abbreviations are resolved using support vector machines that have been trained on the context of each instance of the abbreviation/sense pairs, previously extracted for the dictionary set-up. The system disambiguates abbreviations with a precision of 98.9% for a recall of 98.2% (98.5% accuracy). This performance is superior in comparison with previously reported research work.

Availability: The abbreviation resolution module is available at http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Rebholz/software.html

Contact:  gaudan@ebi.ac.uk
Hybrid molecular-continuum fluid models: implementation within a general coupling framework
Authors: Delgado-Buscalioni Rafael , Coveney Peter V , Riley Graham D , Ford Rupert W
Published: July 2005

Over the past three years we have been developing a new approach for the modelling and simulation of complex fluids. This approach is based on a multiscale hybrid scheme, in which two or more contiguous subdomains are dynamically coupled together. One subdomain is described by molecular dynamics while the other is described by continuum fluid dynamics; such coupled models are of considerable importance for the study of fluid dynamics problems in which only a restricted aspect requires a fully molecular representation. Our model is representative of the generic set of
coupled models
whose algorithmic structure presents interesting opportunities for deployment on a range of architectures including computational grids. Here we describe the implementation of our HybridMD code within a coupling framework that facilitates flexible deployment on such architectures.
Simple pressure cell for single-crystal X-ray crystallography
Authors: Yufit Dmitry S. , Howard Judith A. K.
Published: July 2005

A simple pressure cell for single-crystal X-ray crystallography at pressures up to 1 kbar (105 kPa) has been developed. A special attachment for mounting the cell onto a goniometer and a new data collection procedure are described.
Reliability criteria in quantitative texture analysis with experimental and simulated orientation distributions
Authors: Chateigner Daniel
Published: July 2005

Quantitative texture analysis reliability factors are examined from an experimental point of view, using real-sample and modelled orientation distribution refinements. The classicalRPfactors of texture analysis are shown to depend on the texture strength, and their representation of the various textures is not homogeneous. The surface-weightedRPwhomologues exhibit lower texture strength dependency and better homogeneities, but still do not allow for comparison of refinements operated on samples with different textures. New factors,Rw, weighted by the counting statistics, show the lowest dependency and best homogeneity. FromRw1(Rw0) curves a new criterion is established, which allows the detection of poorly refined orientation distributions. This study highlights a unique entropy-to-texture index relationship, which also gives a new criterion for testing refinement reliability, and proposes two different ranges in which to apply the texture index and the entropy factors.
The incompressibility and thermal expansivity of D2O ice II determined by powder neutron diffraction
Authors: Fortes A. D. , Wood I. G. , Alfredsson M. , Vočadlo L. , Knight K. S.
Published: July 2005

Using high-resolution neutron powder diffraction, the molar volume of a pure sample of D2O ice II has been measured, within its stability field, at 225 K, over the pressure range 0.25 <P< 0.45 GPa. Ar gas was used as the pressure medium, to avoid the formation of `stuffed ice' gas hydrates encountered when using He. The third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state parameters of helium-free D2O ice II, referenced to 225 K, are:V0,225= 306.95 ± 0.04 Å3(1299.7 ± 0.2 kg m−3),K0,225= 12.13 ± 0.07 GPa, with K'_{0,225} fixed at 6.0. The thermal expansivity of metastable D2O ice II samples recovered to ambient pressure has also been measured, over the range 4.2 <T< 160 K; above 160 K an irreversible transition to ice Icwas observed. The volumetric expansion coefficient, αV, atP= 0 andT= 225 K, is predicted to be 2.48 × 10−4 K−1.
A novel strategy forab initiostructure determination using micro-powder X-ray diffraction: structure solution and refinement of 3-bromophenylboronic acid and tris(4-bromophenyl)boroxine
Authors: Bhuvanesh Nattamai S. P. , Reibenspies Joseph H. , Zhang Yuegang , Lee Peter L.
Published: July 2005

Micro-powder X-ray diffraction patterns of two compounds, namely 3-bromophenylboronic acid and tris(4-bromophenyl)boroxine, were recorded with microgram quantities of sample using a recently developed method employing nylon loops with synchrotron radiation and an image-plate detector. This method, besides using small amount of samples, offers the advantage of recording the powder pattern in the shortest possible time (less than a minute). The structures of the two compounds have been solved byab initiomethods using real-space techniques (simulated annealing and/or parallel tempering) followed by Rietveld refinements with soft restraints on the bond lengths of the rigid bodies. The former compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system [a= 15.7797 (4),b= 5.3085 (2),c= 9.3757 (3) Å, β = 93.357 (3)°; space groupP21/c;Z= 4;Rp= 16.060,Rwp= 10.543,RB= 4.25] with sheets of individual molecules linked through an extended hydrogen-bonding network. Tris(4-bromophenyl)boroxine, displaying molecular disorder, crystallizes in the orthorhombic system [a= 18.9289 (6),b= 21.8872 (6),c= 4.8842 (2) Å; space groupPnma;Z= 4;Rp= 13.270,Rwp= 12.083,RB= 6.06], with discrete molecules held by weak van der Waals forces in a zigzag fashion. It is believed that this is the first time that powder X-ray diffraction patterns using microgram samples have been successfully employed for the structure solution and refinement of molecules with reasonable complexity.
Organa– a program package for structure determination from powder diffraction data by direct-space methods
Authors: Brodski V. , Peschar R. , Schenk H.
Published: July 2005

A new software package has been developed, namedOrgana, forab initiosolution of crystal structures from powder diffraction data by direct-space methods. The package contains energy-guiding Monte Carlo and grid-search algorithms and is based on a combined global minimization of theRfactor and a potential energy function of the system with the option of local minimization of the cost function for each generated trial structure. Basically, the potential energy function consists of van der Waals interactions, but harmonic potentials can be added to impose soft distance restraints. The program was successfully applied to the structure determination of a series of melamine phosphate compounds. The program is freely available (for all Windows platforms) from the correspondence author upon request.
Single-crystal neutron diffuse scattering and Monte Carlo study of the relaxor ferroelectric PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3(PZN)
Authors: Welberry T. R. , Gutmann M. J. , Woo Hyungje , Goossens D. J. , Xu Guangyong , Stock C. , Chen W. , Ye Z.-G.
Published: July 2005

Full three-dimensional diffuse neutron scattering data have been recorded from a single crystal of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3(PZN) at 300 K using the time-of-flight Laue technique on the SXD single-crystal instrument at ISIS. The data show a series of diffuse rods of scattering oriented parallel to each of the six 〈1 1 0〉 crystal directions. Monte Carlo simulation has been used to demonstrate that the diffuse rods are caused by planar nanodomains oriented normal to the 〈1 1 0〉 directions. Within these domains, there are correlated displacements of the atoms away from their average site positions. In order to explain the systematic absence of some rods of scattering in the (h k 1) data but the presence of all rods in the (h k 0) data, it is necessary that the displacement of an O atom is of opposite sign to that of its neighbouring Pb atoms. This is explained in terms of a model based on the fact that Pb2+possesses a lone pair of electrons, giving the Pb ion directionality.
On the sensitivity of electron and X-ray scattering factors to valence charge distributions
Authors: Zheng Jin-Cheng , Zhu Yimei , Wu Lijun , Davenport James W.
Published: July 2005

The sensitivity of atomic scattering factors to valence charge distributions has been compared quantitatively for X-ray and electron diffraction. It is found that below a critical scattering vector,s(|s| = sinθ/λ), ranging typically from 0.2 to 0.6 Å−1depending on the atomic number, electron diffraction is more sensitive to valence charge densities than X-ray diffraction. Thus, electron diffraction provides crucial electronic structure informationviathe low-order structure factors, which are relatively insensitive to thermal vibrations, but sensitive to the charge distribution that characterizes the chemical bonding properties of the materials. On the other hand, the high-order structure factors, which are mainly influenced by atomic position and core charge, in many cases can be replaced by structure factors of a procrystal (superposition of neutral atoms), or by calculated structure factors from modern density functional theory (DFT), without losing significant accuracy. This is demonstrated by detailed analyses of an MgB2superconductor. The work reveals the importance of accurate determination of a very few low-order structure factors in valence electron density studies, and suggests the merit of the combined use of electron diffraction and DFT calculations for solids, especially those with large unit cells and nanocrystalline grains, unsuitable for X-ray studies.
GRX: a program to search the CSD for functional group exchanges
Authors: van de Streek Jacco , Motherwell Sam
Published: July 2005

In order to establish the effect of exchanging one functional group by another on the crystal structure, one would like to be able to search the Cambridge Structural Database for all pairs of crystal structures where this substitution has been made. A program calledGRX(group exchange) was written for that purpose.
Evaluation of stored energy after accumulative roll bonding of an interstitial-free steel by means of orientation microscopy data
Authors: Lee K. , Reis A. C. C. , Kim G. , Kestens L.
Published: July 2005

The stored energy of warm-rolled interstitial-free steels, produced in an accumulative roll bonding process, is evaluated by using the textural and microstructural information contained in orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) scans which were measured after accumulated von Mises strains (∊vM) of 0.8, 1.6, 2.4 and 4.0, respectively. It is assumed that the plastic strain energy is stored in a cellular network of local boundaries of low and high misorientations. The presence of intracellular dislocations which do not contribute to a local crystal orientation gradient is ignored in the present analysis. On the basis of the Read–Shockley equation, the local misorientation can be associated with a local boundary energy which can be expressed as a local stored energy by taking into account the radius of curvature of the cellular network. The validity of this procedure was verified by comparing the integrated average stored energy of the sample with the Vickers hardness data, which produced a reasonable correspondence. The present analysis also allowed the calculation of the stored energy distribution in the areas of the orientation representation space which were sufficiently populated by sample crystal orientations,i.e.the γ fibre (〈111〉||ND) of the present deformation texture. The distribution of stored energy along this fibre displayed a maximum on the {111}〈211〉 texture component, particularly after a von Mises strain of 1.6, whereas the {111}〈110〉 component displayed a local minimum of stored energy after ∊vM= 2.4 and 4.0.
Disentangling instrumental broadening
Authors: Cervellino Antonio , Giannini Cinzia , Guagliardi Antonietta , Ladisa Massimo
Published: July 2005

A new procedure aimed at disentangling the instrumental profile broadening and the relevant X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) profile shape is presented. The technique consists of three steps: de-noising by means of wavelet transforms, background suppression by morphological functions and deblurring by a Lucy–Richardson damped deconvolution algorithm. Real XRPD intensity profiles of ceria samples are used to test the performance. Results show the robustness of the method and its capability of efficiently disentangling the instrumental broadening affecting the measurement of the intrinsic physical line profile. These features make the whole procedure an interesting and user-friendly tool for the pre-processing of XRPD data.
Quantum software interfaced with crystal-structure databases: tools, results and perspectives
Authors: Le Page Yvon , Rodgers John R.
Published: July 2005

Version 2.0 of Toth'sMaterials Toolkitruns under Windows and prepares ASCII input files for popularab initiopackages such asABINIT,VASPetc. Those packages, obtainable from their respective developers, may run in desktop or supercomputer setups with Linux or Windows operating systems. TheToolkitinput is taken at will from a direct plug into CRYSTMET, with 93000 crystal-structure entries for metals and inorganic compounds, from CIF files of public-domain crystal-structure databases, or cut-and-paste from electronic journals followed by minimal free-format editing. The collection of fully general and highly graphical tools grouped on two command screens operates on the structure description stored in an editable ASCII screen. After the model has been searched, modified and evaluated in a few keystrokes with the above tools, its ASCII input files for a selection ofab initiopackages are produced by selecting the meaningful flags and run options on a dialog. The tedious structure manipulation or decomposition into multiple simulations is performed in the background. Execution is followed by production of a plain-English job report. Four examples among the numerous possible applications of theToolkitillustrate the fact that daunting topics, like the symmetry of chlorapatite, the voids and channels in the hydrogen-storage material EuNi5, the energy per unit area of the contact plane for spinel twin in diamond, and the hardness of lonsdaleiteversusdiamond, are amenable to processing by materials scientists more versed in experiment than theory. The manual with tutorials and availability information can be found at http://www.tothcanada.com/toolkit/.
Growth defects and infrared spectra analysis of CePO4single crystals
Authors: Wang Kunpeng , Zhang Jianxiu , Wang Jiyang , Fang Changshui , Yu Wentao , Zhao Xian , Xu Hongyan
Published: July 2005

High-quality CePO4single crystals (monazite) were grown by the flux TSSG (top-seeded-solution growth) slow-cooling method. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern shows good crystalline quality of the crystals and the various peaks were assigned. The unit-cell parameters were calculated using theDICVOL90andTERORcomputer programs. The concentrations of all elements in the crystals were measured by electron probe microanalysis. Growth habits were deduced by the Bravais–Friedel Donnay–Harker (BFDH) method and macro-defects in the crystals are discussed. An infrared spectrum of the crystal was recorded in the frequency range of 300 to 1600 cm−1and all vibration frequency peaks were assigned.
Lattice-constant and stress measurement in single crystals: a new method
Authors: Ortner Balder
Published: July 2005

A method for the X-ray determination of lattice-plane distances is given. Similar to Bond's method, it is based on the measurement of rocking curves, with some advantages and disadvantages compared with the former method. The new method is especially designed for single-crystal stress measurement. Its usefulness is demonstrated in two examples of lattice-constant and stress measurement.
Land Policy and Farming Practices in Laos
Authors: Ducourtieux Olivier , Laffort Jean‐Richard , Sacklokham Silinthone
Published: July 2005

The government of Laos has identified the eradication of poverty as a priority. Given the primarily agricultural character of the country, it has selected land reform as a core policy to reach this goal. The policy has two major aims: to increase land tenure security in order to encourage farmer involvement in intensive farming, and to eliminate slash‐and‐burn agriculture to protect the environment in a country still rich in forest resources. State intervention takes the form of land allocation, a process which combines the protection of some areas of village land with the formal recognition of private ownership in authorized farming areas. In a country with different types of geography, the effects of the policy are variable, but the research presented in this article demonstrates that the land laws have shortcomings which allow for differing interpretations depending on the local social relationships. Since local specificities are not taken into account, the reform is proving counterproductive for both forest protection and agricultural modernization, as well as having a negative social impact by marginalizing the poorest farmers.
The South African Transition: From Development to Security?
Authors: Jensen Steffen
Published: July 2005

This article questions some recent analyses which claim that global neo‐liberal discourses are disseminated to shift the focus away from development towards a greater emphasis on security issues. Taking as its point of departure the analysis of empirical material from Cape Town, the article shows that security and development in South Africa were never separate concerns. After the ANC came to power in 1994 there was an effort to boost development efforts rather than security. However, these efforts were soon dwarfed by local circumstances, notably the pressure from local state employees who felt their jobs and lives to be under threat from the townships, and the changing nature of violence in the city. The first part of the article details the practices and discourses of state agencies; the second section analyses the consequences of reconfigured security and development concerns for the production of political subjectivity in South Africa's townships.
Inversion of terrestrial ecosystem model parameter values against eddy covariance measurements by Monte Carlo sampling
Authors: Knorr Wolfgang , Kattge Jens
Published: July 2005

Effective measures to counter the rising levels of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere require that we better understand the functioning of the global carbon cycle. Uncertainties about, in particular, the terrestrial carbon cycle's response to climate change remain high. We use a well‐known stochastic inversion technique originally developed in nuclear physics, the Metropolis algorithm, to determine the full probability density functions (PDFs) of parameters of a terrestrial ecosystem model. By thus assimilating half‐hourly eddy covariance measurements of CO2and water fluxes, we can substantially reduce the uncertainty of approximately five model parameters, depending on prior uncertainties. Further analysis of the posterior PDF shows that almost all parameters are nearly Gaussian distributed, and reveals some distinct groups of parameters that are constrained together. We show that after assimilating only 7 days of measurements, uncertainties for net carbon uptake over 2 years for the forest site can be substantially reduced, with the median estimate in excellent agreement with measurements.
Accumulation of phenolic compounds in birch leaves is changed by elevated carbon dioxide and ozone
Authors: Peltonen Petri A. , Vapaavuori Elina , Julkunen‐tiitto Riitta
Published: July 2005

Atmospheric change may affect plant phenolic compounds, which play an important part in plant survival. Therefore, we studied the impacts of CO2and O3on the accumulation of 27 phenolic compounds in the short‐shoot leaves of two European silver birch (Betula pendulaRoth) clones (clones 4 and 80). Seven‐year‐old soil‐grown trees were exposed in open‐top chambers over three growing seasons to ambient and twice ambient CO2and O3concentrations singly and in combination in central Finland.

Elevated CO2increased the concentration of the phenolic acids (+25%), myricetin glycosides (+18%), catechin derivatives (+13%) and soluble condensed tannins (+19%) by increasing their accumulation in the leaves of the silver birch trees, but decreased the flavone aglycons (−7%) by growth dilution. Elevated O3increased the concentration of 3,4′‐dihydroxypropiophenone 3‐β‐d‐glucoside (+22%), chlorogenic acid (+19%) and flavone aglycons (+4%) by inducing their accumulation possibly as a response to increased oxidative stress in the leaf cells. Nevertheless, this induction of antioxidant phenolic compounds did not seem to protect the birch leaves from detrimental O3effects on leaf weight and area, but may have even exacerbated them. On the other hand, elevated CO2did seem to protect the leaves from elevated O3because all the O3‐derived effects on the leaf phenolics and traits were prevented by elevated CO2. The effects of the chamber and elevated CO2on some compounds changed over time in response to the changes in the leaf traits, which implies that the trees were acclimatizing to the altered environmental conditions. Although the two clones used possessed different composition and concentrations of phenolic compounds, which could be related to their different latitudinal origin and physiological characteristics, they responded similarly to the treatments. However, in some cases the variation in phenolic concentrations caused by genotype or chamber environment was much larger than the changes caused by either elevated CO2or O3.
Interannual variation and climatic regulation of the CO2 emission from large boreal lakes
Authors: Rantakari Miitta , Kortelainen Pirkko
Published: July 2005

We studied the interannual variation of surface water partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the CO2 emissions from the 37 large Finnish lakes linking them to the water quality, catchment and climate attributes in 1996–2001. The lake water CO2 was measured three times a year in the study lakes in 1998 and 1999 and for the rest of the years the CO2 was modeled by measured alkalinity. The median annual CO2 emission to the atmosphere ranged between 1.49 and 2.29 mol m−2 a−1. The annual CO2 emission followed closely the annual precipitation pattern with the highest emission during the years when the precipitation was highest (r2=0.81–0.97, P<0.05). There was a strong negative correlation (r2=0.50–0.82, P<0.001) between O2 and CO2 saturation in the lake water during stratification suggesting effective decomposition of organic matter in the lakes. Furthermore, total phosphorus and the proportion of agricultural land in the catchment had significant positive correlations with CO2 saturation.
Accelerated belowground C cycling in a managed agriforest ecosystem exposed to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations
Authors: Trueman Rebecca J. , Gonzalez‐Meler Miquel A.
Published: July 2005

We investigated the effects of three elevated atmospheric CO2 levels on a Populus deltoides plantation at Biosphere 2 Laboratory in Oracle Arizona. Stable isotopes of carbon have been used as tracers to separate the carbon present before the CO2 treatments started (old C), from that fixed after CO2 treatments began (new C). Tree growth at elevated [CO2] increased inputs to soil organic matter (SOM) by increasing the production of fine roots and accelerating the rate of root C turnover. However, soil carbon content decreased as [CO2] in the atmosphere increased and inputs of new C were not found in SOM. Consequently, the rates of soil respiration increased by 141% and 176% in the 800 and 1200 μL L−1 plantations, respectively, when compared with ambient [CO2] after 4 years of exposure. However, the increase in decomposition of old SOM (i.e. already present when CO2 treatments began) accounted for 72% and 69% of the increase in soil respiration seen under elevated [CO2]. This resulted in a net loss of soil C at a rate that was between 10 and 20 times faster at elevated [CO2] than at ambient conditions. The inability to retain new and old C in the soil may stem from the lack of stabilization of SOM, allowing for its rapid decomposition by soil heterotrophs.
Flood initiates bottom‐up cascades in a tri‐trophic system: host plant regrowth increases densities of a leaf beetle and its predators
Authors: NAKAMURA MASAHIRO , UTSUMI SHUNSUKE , MIKI TAKESHI , OHGUSHI TAKAYUKI
Published: July 2005

Following the passing of a typhoon over central Japan in late August 2001, a large‐scale flood occurred owing to the heavy precipitation. Willow trees on the banks of the Yasu River were badly damaged. In the following year, we examined the effects of the flood on the regrowth response of a willow, Salix eriocarpa (Franch), and its subsequent effects on the densities of a leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting), and its predators.

We used 10 randomly selected pairs of heavily and lightly damaged trees. Field observations showed that the number of sprouting shoots was significantly greater on heavily damaged trees than on lightly damaged trees. The sprouts continued to grow until August, producing lateral shoots and leaves.

The numbers of leaf beetles at all developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa and adult) significantly increased on heavily damaged trees as compared to numbers on lightly damaged trees. Adults of the leaf beetle aggregated predominantly on sprouting shoots throughout the growing season.

As a result of the increase in the number of leaf beetles, leaf herbivory on heavily damaged trees was significantly greater than on lightly damaged trees.

Two arthropod predators, the larvae of the ladybird Aiolocaria hexaspilota (Hope) and the web‐building spider Agelena opulenta (L. Koch), also increased significantly on heavily damaged trees. These findings indicate that the flood caused by the typhoon initiated bottom‐up cascading effects from the willow to arthropod predators through herbivorous insects by increased foliage sprouting.
Variation of primary production during winter induces synchrony in survival rates in migratory white storksCiconia ciconia
Authors: SCHAUB MICHAEL , KANIA WOJCIECH , KÖPPEN ULRICH
Published: July 2005

The environmental conditions that migratory birds experience during their stay at different locations throughout the year can have significant impact on the variation of annual survival rates. Because migrants often crowd during non‐breeding, environmental conditions can affect survival rates of individuals originating from different breeding populations, thus also provoking spatial synchronisation of annual survival rates. The identification of critical environmental factors affecting survival is therefore crucial for understanding large‐scale population dynamics of migrants.

We studied temporal and spatial variation of survival rates of migratory white storkCiconia ciconiafrom eastern Germany and Poland and examine factors associated with this variation. We used resighting and dead‐recovery data from more than 30 000 individuals sampled over 19 years to estimate survival.

Survival rates of juvenile and adult white storks originating from the two countries varied in parallel over time. Thus, variation in survival was caused by environmental variation to which individuals of both age classes from both countries were similarly sensitive. Variation in the primary production (as reflected by the normalized difference vegetation index) at one staging area in the eastern Sahel that is visited from October to November contributed up to 88% to the temporal variation in survival. Annual survival was reduced when primary production in the Sahel was low.

As the population growth rate of white storks is very sensitive to changes in survival, variation in primary production in the Sahelian staging area contributed significantly to population changes and is likely to be an important reason for population synchrony.

This study demonstrates that dynamics of migratory bird populations inhabiting large breeding areas can result from environmental variation encountered at a staging area that is visited for only a short period of time.
Ageing and reproductive effort in male moose under variable levels of intrasexual competition
Authors: MYSTERUD ATLE , SOLBERG ERLING J. , YOCCOZ NIGEL G.
Published: July 2005

Capital breeding is a resource use tactic common among polygynous mammals, such as many ungulates. Even though large, prime‐aged males stop eating during the rutting season, younger individuals often do not and may adopt alternative mating tactics that are less strenuous. The pattern of reproductive effort is therefore probably very variable among age classes, but has rarely been quantified in male mammals.

Based on data of body weight of 9949 male moose (Alces alces L.) aged up to 21 years from seven populations in Norway, we tested hypotheses regarding the pattern of reproductive effort (weight loss during rut) in this capital breeder, and how this may be affected by factors such as age, population sex ratio and density.

Reproductive effort increased with age, even after prime‐age was reached around the age of 6 years. This provides the first evidence consistent with the terminal investment hypothesis in male mammals. For the very oldest males (> 12 years) data were limited, but the tendency was that effort stabilized or even decreased slightly. Effort did not depend on the population sex ratio or density for adult males.

Yearling males also lost some weight during the rutting season, but this was not related to population sex ratio. Decreasing trends in yearling body weight as seen in many strongly harvested moose populations, therefore are due probably to other causes than earlier onset of rutting. Further, effort in yearlings decreased with increasing density.

Despite the lack of a correlation between effort and population sex ratio, a significantly faster ageing after prime‐age was observed with an increasingly female‐biased population sex ratio. This is consistent with the hypothesis that strongly skewed sex ratios may affect the ageing process.

Most ungulate populations in Europe and North America are heavily harvested or otherwise managed extensively, harvest being typically male‐biased to varying degrees. The resulting skews in sex ratio provide manipulations that give unique opportunities to study life‐history variation, in particular for large mammals that are otherwise difficult to manipulate. These opportunities are currently not fully utilized.
Relating predation mortality to broad‐scale habitat selection
Authors: McLOUGHLIN PHILIP D. , DUNFORD JESSE S. , BOUTIN STAN
Published: July 2005

Few studies have related metrics of fitness to broad‐scale, multivariate patterns of resource selection.

Our objective was to relate long‐term predation‐mortality patterns for adult woodland caribou [Rangifer tarandus caribou(Banfield)] from Alberta, Canada (1991–2002), with patterns of multivariate habitat selection.

We first compared probabilities of radio‐tracked caribou dying (n = 55) from predation in habitats within the home range, controlling for habitat availability, with that expected from habitat selection probabilities for the same animals during life. We then compared survival rates of caribou (n = 141) possessing dissimilar patterns of habitat selection using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Patterns in habitat‐specific predation mortality differed significantly from expected given probabilities of habitat selection during life (P < 0·0001). Cox regression indicated that mortality rates of caribou due to predation were affected significantly by and can be predicted from patterns of selection (P = 0·02).

Our results strongly suggest that uplands (primarily mixed deciduous and coniferous forest) present caribou with higher than expected levels of predation risk, and that caribou can avoid predation by maximizing selection of peatlands (open, conifer‐dominated bogs and fens).

Approaches presented in this study may be useful for ecologists interested in assessing the influence of mortality factors on broad‐scale, multivariate resource selection. Linking metrics of fitness to multivariate resource selection will enable us to ask questions of evolutionary ecology once restricted to only the finest ecological scales.