bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐Supporting Electrode of High Conductive PEDOT:PSS/CNTs Coaxial Nanocables Wrapped by MnO2 Nanosheets
Authors: Guan Xunbao , Zhao Liping , Zhang Peng , Song Xuefeng , Liu Jing , Gao Lian
Published: February 2019

A free‐standing film of manganese oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonate)/ carbon nanotubes (MnO2/PEDOT:PSS/CNTs) is obtained and directly applied as self‐supporting electrode of supercapacitors. CNTs (modified by ionic liquid) are homogeneously wrapped by conducting polymer PEDOT:PSS. The presence of PEDOT:PSS prevents ultrathin MnO2 nanosheets from restacking as well as promotes them vertical growth and uniform distribution on the surface of PEDOT:PSS/CNTs. The MnO2/PEDOT:PSS/CNTs hybrid electrode which possesses coaxial nanocable structure exhibits significant improvement both in specific capacitance and conductivity compared with CNTs or MnO2/CNTs electrodes. This specific hybrid structure greatly accelerates electrons transport. The specific capacitance of MnO2/PEDOT:PSS/CNTs electrode is 533 Fcm−3 at the current density of 1 mAcm−2, while the specific capacitance values of CNTs and MnO2/CNTs electrodes at the same current density only show 15 and 150 Fcm−3, respectively. The as‐fabricated MnO2/PEDOT:PSS/CNTs hybrid film also exhibits excellent rate capability and cycle stability. For example, the hybrid film shows a specific capacitance of 265 Fcm−3 at current density of 20 mAcm−2, and the high capacitance retention ratio of 129% is achieved after 20000 cycles. Due to its excellent electrochemical properties and good flexibility, MnO2/PEDOT:PSS/CNTs self‐supporting electrode presents promising applications in flexible supercapacitors.
Fulfilling psychological needs predicts less sleep disruption and worry while awaiting uncertain news
Authors: Howell Jennifer L. , Sweeny Kate
Published: February 2019

Research on self‐determination theory suggests that people have fundamental needs to feel autonomous, competent, and socially connected and that fulfilling these needs is critical for well‐being. In the present study, we examined whether fulfilling psychological needs is associated with physical and psychological well‐being—specifically sleep disruption and worry, two key indicators of well‐being during waiting periods—while managing the unique stress of awaiting uncertain news. In a study of law graduates during the 4 months while they awaited their California bar exam (the exam one is required to pass before practicing law) results, personal increases in need fulfilment related to temporally congruent reductions in sleep disruption and worry. In addition, those whose needs were most fulfilled during the waiting period responded less negatively to failing the bar exam. The picture for need frustration was mixed; only autonomy frustration was associated with concurrent increases in worry, although those whose needs were more frustrated in general also experienced greater worry and sleep disruption on average. On the whole, our findings suggest that self‐determination theory needs may be a fruitful target for interventions that can protect well‐being while people wait and even once their uncertainty is resolved.
Frame flexibility: The role of cognitive and emotional framing in innovation adoption by incumbent firms
Authors: Raffaelli Ryan , Glynn Mary Ann , Tushman Michael
Published: February 2019

Research Summary

Why do incumbent firms frequently reject nonincremental innovations? Beyond technical, structural, or economic factors, we propose an additional factor: the degree of the top management team's (TMT) frame flexibility, i.e., their capability to cognitively expand an innovation's categorical boundaries and to cast the innovation as emotionally resonant with the organization's identity, competencies, and competitive boundaries. We argue that inertial forces generally constrict how TMTs perceive innovations, but that frame flexibility can overcome these constraints, increasing the likelihood of adoption and broadening the organization's innovation practices. We advance a theoretical model that relaxes the assumption that cognitive frames are static, showing how they become flexible via categorical positioning, and introduce a role for emotional frames that appeal to organizational members' sentiments and aspirations in innovation adoption.

Managerial Summary

Confronting a technological change is one of the most difficult challenges facing any incumbent firm. Technological transitions create pressure for leaders to reframe their mental models while continuing to develop existing capabilities and product category variants. Yet at key junctures in a product class and during technological change, a concrete definition of the firm's innovation boundaries and identity hold a firm hostage to its past. We show how a flexible cognitive frame—coupled with emotional framing—helps leaders and organization members become emotionally engaged in transformation efforts and, in turn, learn about executing nonincremental innovation over time. At technological transitions, perhaps there is no more important role for leaders than to expand their cognitive frames and to infuse these expanded frames with emotion.
Count‐rate, linearity, and performance of new backgammon detector technology
Authors: Melia Hamish A. , Dean Jonathan W. , Smale Lucas F. , Illig Alexis J. , Chantler Christopher T.
Published: February 2019

The meander wire backgammon technology has high levels of flux and spatial linearity across a wide range of energies. One of the attractive features of these technologies is the stability of response and robustness under long X‐ray exposure, compactness, and portability. A key problem historically has been the limited range of count‐rate for processing to the optimum resolution. We report dramatic advances in this and other areas appropriate for high‐accuracy experiments including tests of quantum electrodynamics, fundamental relativistic atomic physics, X‐ray calibration, and crystallography. We illustrate this technology applied to the Kα1,2 spectra of titanium, chromium, and copper. The quality of the spectra permits deeper insight into atomic and solid state science and permits accurate measurement of energy and relativistic atomic physics processes, below 1‐μm accuracy or down to 1 ppm in energy.
Synthesis and Characterization of HgII/Se/CuI Multinuclear Compounds from Mercury(II) Bis(p‐aminobenzeneselenolate) – Hg(SeC6H4NH2‐p)2
Authors: Bublitz Fabricio , de Azevedo Mello Melina , Cocco Durigon Daniele , Dornelles da Silva Felipe , Hennemann Artur Luis , Schulz Lang Ernesto
Published: February 2019

In this paper we explore an amino functionalized selenolate unit for the synthesis of new multinuclear compounds with promising interesting properties and potential precursors of semiconductors. We present for the first time the X‐ray crystallographic structure of [Hg(SeC6H4NH2)2]2·diox (1·diox) and its copper(I) derivatives: HgCu2X2(SeC6H4NH2)2(PPh3)4·4diox [X = Br (2·4diox) and I (3·4diox)]. The compounds 1 and 2, 3 can be considered as the starting material and intermediates, respectively, for the synthesis of ternary HgII/Se/CuI nanoclusters. We also provide IR and NMR spectroscopic data and evaluate the optical features of these compounds by difuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy.
H2O‐Catalyzed Route to Early Lanthanide Tribromide THF and DME Solvates from Oxides
Authors: Petrov Alex R. , Pruß Noa K. , Churakov Andrei V. , Rufanov Konstantin A. , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: February 2019

A convenient one‐pot synthetic protocol towards THF and DME solvates of lanthanum and other early lanthanide tribromides was developed using the water‐catalyzed reaction of lanthanide(III) oxides with highly reactive Me3SiBr in situ formed from commercially available disilane Si2Me6 and Br2. This practical route allows to obtain the target lanthanum tribromide solvates [LaBr3(thf)4] (1a) and [LaBr3(dme)2]2 (1b) as well as analogous early lanthanide molecular tribromide solvates [NdBr3(thf)4] (2a), [NdBr3(dme)2] (2b), [SmBr3(thf)2] (3a), and [SmBr3(dme)2] (3b) difficult to prepare by other solution‐based procedures. The molecular structure of 1b·2CH2Cl2 was determined by an XRD study.
UV cancellations in gravity loop integrands
Authors: Herrmann Enrico , Trnka Jaroslav
Published: February 2019

Abstract

In this work we explore the properties of four-dimensional gravity integrands at large loop momenta. This analysis can not be done directly for the full off-shell integrand but only becomes well-defined on cuts that allow us to unambiguously specify labels for the loop variables. The ultraviolet region of scattering amplitudes originates from poles at infinity of the loop integrands and we show that in gravity these integrands conceal a number of surprising features. In particular, certain poles at infinity are absent which requires a conspiracy between individual Feynman integrals contributing to the amplitude. We suspect that this non-trivial behavior is a consequence of yet-to-be found symmetry or a hidden property of gravity amplitudes.
Comparing elliptic and toric hypersurface Calabi-Yau threefolds at large Hodge numbers
Authors: Huang Yu-Chien , Taylor Washington
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We compare the sets of Calabi-Yau threefolds with large Hodge numbers that are constructed using toric hypersurface methods with those can be constructed as elliptic fibrations using Weierstrass model techniques motivated by F-theory. There is a close correspondence between the structure of “tops” in the toric polytope construction and Tate form tunings of Weierstrass models for elliptic fibrations. We find that all of the Hodge number pairs (h
1,1, h
2,1) with h
1,1 or h
2,1 ≥ 240 that are associated with threefolds in the Kreuzer-Skarke database can be realized explicitly by generic or tuned Weierstrass/Tate models for elliptic fibrations over complex base surfaces. This includes a relatively small number of somewhat exotic constructions, including elliptic fibrations over non-toric bases, models with new Tate tunings that can give rise to exotic matter in the 6D F-theory picture, tunings of gauge groups over non-toric curves, tunings with very large Hodge number shifts and associated nonabelian gauge groups, and tuned Mordell-Weil sections associated with U(1) factors in the corresponding 6D theory.
Searching for flavored gauge bosons
Authors: Chun Eung Jin , Das Arindam , Kim Jinsu , Kim Jongkuk
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Standard Model may allow an extended gauge sector with anomaly-free flavored gauge symmetries, such as L

i
−L

j
, B

i
−L

j
, and B −3L

i
, where i, j = 1, 2, 3 are flavor indices. We investigate phenomenological implications of the new flavored gauge boson Z
′ in the above three classes of gauge symmetries. Focusing on the gauge boson mass above 5 GeV, we use the lepton universality test in the Z and τ /μ decays, LEP searches, LHC searches, neutrino trident production bound, and LHC Z → 4μ searches to put constraints on the g
′ −M

Z
′ plane. When L
1 is involved, the LEP bounds on the e
−
e
+ → ℓ
−
ℓ
+ processes give the most stringent bounds, while the LHC bound becomes the strongest constraints in the large

$$ {M}_{Z^{\prime }} $$

M

Z
′

region when B

i
is involved. The bound from Z → 4μ productions, which is applicable for L
2-involved scenarios, provides stringent bounds in the small

$$ {M}_{Z^{\prime }} $$

M

Z
′

region. One exception is the B − 3L
2 scenario, in which case only a small region is favored due to the lepton universality.
Double scaling limit of $$ \mathcal{N} $$= 2 chiral correlators with Maldacena-Wilson loop
Authors: Beccaria Matteo
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We consider

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 conformal QCD in four dimensions and the one-point correlator of a class of chiral primaries with the circular

$$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

-BPS Maldacena-Wilson loop. We analyze a recently introduced double scaling limit where the gauge coupling is weak while the R-charge of the chiral primary Φ is large. In particular, we consider the case Φ = (Trφ
2)
n
, where φ is the complex scalar in the vector multiplet. The correlator defines a non-trivial scaling function at fixed κ = ng
YM
2
and large n that may be studied by localization. For any gauge group SU(N) we provide the analytic expression of the first correction ~ ζ(3)κ
2 and prove its universality. In the SU(2) and SU(3) theories we compute the scaling functions at order

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(κ
6). Remarkably, in the SU(2) case the scaling – function is equal to an analogous quantity describing the chiral 2-point functions

$$ \left\langle \Phi \overline{\Phi}\right\rangle $$

Φ

Φ
¯

in the same large R-charge limit. We conjecture that this SU(2) scaling function is computed at all-orders by a

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 SYM expectation value of a matrix model object characterizing the one-loop contribution to the 4-sphere partition function. The conjecture provides an explicit series expansion for the scaling function and is checked at order

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(κ
10) by showing agreement with the available data in the sector of chiral 2-point functions.
Complete protein assignment from sets of spectra recorded overnight
Authors: Fredriksson Jonas , Bermel Wolfgang , Billeter Martin
Published: February 2019

A flexible and scalable approach for protein NMR is introduced that builds on rapid data collection via projection spectroscopy and analysis of the spectral input data via joint decomposition. Input data may originate from various types of spectra, depending on the ultimate goal: these may result from experiments based on triple-resonance pulse sequences, or on TOCSY or NOESY sequences, or mixtures thereof. Flexible refers to the free choice of spectra for the joint decompositions depending on the purpose: assignments, structure, dynamics, interactions. Scalable means that the approach is open to the addition of similar or different experiments, e.g. larger proteins may require a wider selection of triple-resonance based experiments. Central to the proposed approach is the mutual support among the different spectra during the spectral analysis: for example, sparser triple-resonance spectra may help decomposing (separating) spin systems in a TOCSY or identifying unique NOEs. In the example presented, backbone plus side chain assignments of ubiquitin were obtained from the combination of either two or three of the following projection experiments: a 4D HCCCONH, a 4D HNCACO and a 3D HNCACB. In all cases, TOCSY data (4D HCCCONH) proved crucial not only for the side chain assignments, but also for the sequential assignment. Even when total recording time was reduced to about 10 h, nearly complete assignments were obtained, with very few missing assignments and even fewer differences to a reference.
Generalizing empirical adequacy II: partial structures
Authors: Lutz Sebastian
Published: February 2019

I show that extant attempts to capture and generalize empirical adequacy in terms of partial structures fail. Indeed, the motivations for the generalizations in the partial structures approach are better met by the generalizations via approximation sets developed in “Generalizing Empirical Adequacy I” (Lutz in Synthese 191:3195–3225, 2014b.10.1007/s11229-014-0440-3). Approximation sets also generalize partial structures.
Staging biomarkers in preclinical autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease by estimated years to symptom onset
Authors: Wang Guoqiao , Coble Dean , McDade Eric M. , Hassenstab Jason , Fagan Anne M. , Benzinger Tammie L.S. , Bateman Randall J. , Morris John C. , Xiong Chengjie ,   and the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN)
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Staging preclinical Alzheimer disease (AD) by the expected years to symptom onset (EYO) in autosomal dominant AD (ADAD) through biomarker correlations is important.

Methods

We estimated the correlation matrix between EYO/cognition and imaging/CSF biomarkers, and searched for the EYO cutoff where a change in the correlations occurred before and after the cutoff among the asymptomatic mutation carriers of ADAD. We then estimated the longitudinal rate of change for biomarkers/cognition within each preclinical stage defined by the EYO.

Results

Based on the change in the correlations, the preclinical ADAD was divided by EYOs −7 and −13 years. Mutation carriers demonstrated a temporal ordering of biomarker/cognition changes across the three preclinical stages.

Discussion

Duration of each preclinical stage can be estimated in ADAD, facilitating better planning of prevention trials with the EYO cutoffs under the recently released FDA guidance. The generalization of these results to sporadic AD warrants further investigation.
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: February 2019

So, Facebook has been caught with its hand in the personal data cookie jar – again. And, as has happened before, the social media giant has compounded the problem by badly mishandling the situation. If you were charitable, you might say that the firm was simply inept. A less generous analysis would conclude that it has been sneaky and, when caught, resorted to lying.
A framework to define the relationship between cyber security and cloud performance
Authors: Bhardwaj Akashdeep , Goundar Sam
Published: February 2019

Cloud computing has become one of the most critical components of businesses and corporate organisations worldwide. It is a technology that has applications and services running on distributed networks and pooled virtualised resources that small, medium and large organisations can utilise to host their applications, processes and portals online via datacentres to provide access over the Internet to end users, customers and employees. In today's dynamic business world, traditional IT systems cannot keep up with ever-changing market demands and complex environments.

Cloud computing has become one of the most critical components of enterprises worldwide. In today's dynamic business world, traditional IT systems cannot keep up with ever-changing market demands and complex environments.

Many organisations are seeking an all-purpose cloud deployment to achieve increased service quality, which translates into better security and higher performance. In such cases, it becomes critical to concentrate on metrics for security and performance. Akashdeep Bhardwaj and Sam Goundar propose a framework for examining those two crucial elements.
Vitamins and Minerals for Migraine Prophylaxis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Okoli George N. , Rabbani Rasheda , Kashani Hessam H. , Wierzbowski Aleksandra K. , Neilson Christine , Mansouri Behzad , Zarychanski Ryan , Abou-Setta Ahmed M.
Published: February 2019

Objective: To summarize the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy and safety of vitamins and minerals for migraine prophylaxis. Methods: We systematically searched bibliographic databases and relevant websites for parallel and crossover RCTs reporting efficacy and/or safety of vitamins and/or minerals for migraine prophylaxis. Our primary outcomes were migraine frequency (number of attacks) and duration (hours). Secondary outcomes were severity (intensity), days with migraine, and adverse events. Meta-analysis was conducted when analyzable data were available from at least two trials. Results: Eighteen placebo-controlled trials met our eligibility criteria. Only coenzyme Q10 and magnesium contributed to meta-analyses. In adults, compared with placebo, coenzyme Q10 did not significantly decrease migraine frequency (mean difference (MD) −0.44 (−2.14 to 1.26); I2 53%; 2 trials; 97 participants; moderate strength of the evidence), duration (MD −1.97 (−4.82 to 0.87); I2 0%; 2 trials; 97 participants; moderate strength of the evidence), or severity (ratio of means (RoM) −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.11); I2 0%; 2 trials; 97 participants). In adults, compared with placebo, magnesium did not significantly decrease migraine severity (RoM −0.17 (−0.36 to 0.02); I2 48%; 3 trials; 226 participants; low strength of the evidence). Meta-analysis of other vitamins and minerals, and other outcomes were not feasible due to a lack of sufficiently reported data. Conclusions: Based on insufficient evidence, it is unknown if coenzyme Q10 and magnesium are effective for migraine prophylaxis in adults. High-quality, adequately powered RCTs are needed to fully evaluate the efficacy and safety of vitamins and minerals for migraine prophylaxis.
“Judge Lynch” in the Court of Public Opinion: Publicity and the De-legitimation of Lynching
Authors: WEAVER MICHAEL
Published: February 2019

How does violence become publicly unacceptable? I address this question in the context of lynching in the United States. Between 1880 and the 1930s, public discourse about lynching moved from open or tacit endorsement to widespread condemnation. I argue this occurred because of increasing publicity for lynchings. While locals justified nearby lynchings, publicity exposed lynching to distant, un-supportive audiences and allowed African Americans to safely articulate counternarratives and condemnations. I test this argument using data on lynchings, rail networks, and newspaper coverage of lynchings in millions of issues across thousands of newspapers. I find that lynchings in counties with greater access to publicity (via rail networks) saw more and geographically dispersed coverage, that distant coverage was more critical, and that increased risk of media exposure may have reduced the incidence of lynching. I discuss how publicity could be a mechanism for strengthening or weakening justifications of violence in other contexts.
Comment on ‘Electron acoustic super solitary waves in a magnetized plasma’, J. Plasma Phys. 84, 905840406 (2018)
Authors: Verheest Frank , Hellberg Manfred A.
Published: February 2019

The plasma model used in a recent paper by Kamalam et al. (J. Plasma Phys., vol. 84, 2018, 905840406) assumes a Boltzmann description for two hot ion species, in the presence of two adiabatic (fluid) electron species, for the study of obliquely propagating acoustic-type nonlinear solitary waves with respect to a static magnetic field. We argue that the assumption of Boltzmann distributions for the hot ions is incorrect, thus invalidating their conclusions, in particular about the possible occurrence of supersolitons in magnetized plasmas.
Larval development of the brush-clawed shore crab Hemigrapsus takanoi Asakura & Watanabe, 2005 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Varunidae)
Authors: Landeira Jose M. , Cuesta Jose A. , Tanaka Yuji
Published: February 2019

The brush-clawed shore crab Hemigrapsus takanoi is a native species from the Western Pacific and an invader of the European Atlantic coast from northern Spain to southern Denmark. Despite the increasing concern about its rapid expansion, little is known about the early stages in its life history. In the present study, the larval morphology of H. takanoi is described and illustrated from specimens obtained in the laboratory from its type locality, Tokyo Bay, Japan. Its larval development follows the pattern of Varunidae, that involves five zoeae and one megalopa. The morphological characters of the larvae of H. takanoi are compared with those of the other known Hemigrapsus species of the North Pacific. In addition, to facilitate an early detection of the invasive species of Varunidae inhabiting European Atlantic waters, a summary of the key characters to identify their larval stages is included.
Role of metabolomics in identification of biomarkers related to food intake
Authors: Collins Cassandra , McNamara Aoife E. , Brennan Lorraine
Published: February 2019

Dietary assessment methods including FFQ and food diaries are associated with many measurement errors including energy under-reporting and incorrect estimation of portion sizes. Such errors can lead to inconsistent results especially when investigating the relationship between food intake and disease causation. To improve the classification of a person's dietary intake and therefore clarify proposed links between diet and disease, reliable and accurate dietary assessment methods are essential. Dietary biomarkers have emerged as a complementary approach to the traditional methods, and in recent years, metabolomics has developed as a key technology for the identification of new dietary biomarkers. The objective of this review is to give an overview of the approaches used for the identification of biomarkers and potential use of the biomarkers. Over the years, a number of strategies have emerged for the discovery of dietary biomarkers including acute and medium term interventions and cross-sectional/cohort study approaches. Examples of the different approaches will be presented. Concomitant with the focus on single biomarkers of specific foods, there is an interest in the development of biomarker signatures for the identification of dietary patterns. In the present review, we present an overview of the techniques used in food intake biomarker discover, including the experimental approaches used and challenges faced in the field. While significant progress has been achieved in the field of dietary biomarkers in recent years, a number of challenges remain. Addressing these challenges will be key to ensure success in implementing use of dietary biomarkers.
Utilisation of a three-dimensional printed model for the management of coronary-pulmonary artery fistula from left main coronary artery
Authors: Misra Amrit , Walters Henry L. , Kobayashi Daisuke
Published: February 2019

Coronary-pulmonary artery fistula is a rare anomaly in which an aortopulmonary collateral artery arises from a coronary artery, often seen in patients with pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect. In the presented case, a coronary-pulmonary artery fistula arose from the left main coronary artery and supplied blood flow to a left upper lobe segment. The life-sized three-dimensional printed model was helpful in pre-surgical planning for unifocalisation of the aortopulmonary collateral arteries.
Comparative dosimetric analysis of whole abdominal radiotherapy with VMAT versus 3D conformal in patients with Wilms tumour
Authors: Olmos Alejandro , Rodriguez Alejandro , Beltran Estefania , Garay Onix , Felix Armando , Ponce Mario Alberto , Salcedo Maurico , Apresa Teresa , Lio Lorena , Guzman Martha , Chilaca Fatima
Published: February 2019

Introduction

In this study, we undertake a dosimetric comparison of whole abdominal treatment plans of patients diagnosed with stage 3 Wilms tumour, to assess the benefits of treating these patients with volumetric arch therapy (VMAT) versus 3D conformal radiotherapy.

Material and methods

A retrospective study was undertaken on 23 patients receiving either VMAT or 3D conformal radiotherapy during 2013–2017. A dosimetric comparison was undertaken for both techniques, measuring planning target volume (PTV), conformity index (CI), homogeneity index (HI) and organs at risk (OAR).

Results

The dosimetric parameters for the PTV dose in the VMAT and 3D conformal technique showed no statistical difference (1,289·17 cGy versus 1,357·13 cGy, respectively, p=0·404). However, the VMAT technique had a better CI (1·04 VMAT versus 1·26 3D, p=0·004), and there was little difference in the HI (1·13 VMAT versus 1·15 3D, p=0·1606). In the statistical analysis, the decrease in dose to OAR for the VMAT technique is statistically significant for doses to lung and kidney (p=0·011 and p=0·002, respectively). Between the two techniques, there was no statistical significance in dose difference to the other OAR.

Conclusion

This work proposes using the VMAT technique in whole abdominal irradiation to improve conformity, without affecting the quality of the PTV coverage, when compared with the 3D conformal technique. In addition, VMAT reduces the doses to OAR such as the remaining kidney and lungs that are important to preserve to reduce the probability of radiation toxicity in these patients.
Morphological Change Through Phonological Analogy: 2nd Person Singular -s→ -stand Related Developments in Germanic
Authors: Fertig David
Published: February 2019

Almost all existing accounts of the change of the 2nd person singular verbal agreement ending -sto -stin Old English and Old High German attribute the development to some combination of reanalysis of forms with enclitic subject pronouns ending in -stuand analogy based on a handful of mainly preterite-present verbs that already had 2nd person singular -stin the present indicative in Proto-(West)-Germanic. These factors retain a role in the analysis presented here, but I argue that the operative mechanisms are essentially phonological in nature, licensed ultimately by certain neutralizing processes such as degemination, rather than involving the spread of an existing -stmorpheme, grammaticalization of an enclitic subject pronoun, or relocation of a morphological boundary. This analysis also sheds light on the relationship of the 2nd person singular change to the more general phenomenon of word-finaltaccretion seen in dozens of words such as GermanAxt‘ax’ < Middle High Germanackesor Englishagainst< earlieragains.*
Slab Control on the Northeastern Edge of the Mid‐Pacific LLSVP Near Hawaii
Authors: Sun D. , Helmberger D. , Lai V. H. , Gurnis M. , Jackson J. M. , Yang H.‐Y.
Published: February 2019

At the core‐mantle boundary, most observed ultralow velocity zones (ULVZs) cluster along the edges of the large low shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs) and provide key information on the composition, dynamics, and evolution of the lower mantle. However, their detailed structure near slab‐like structures beneath the mid‐Pacific remains particularly challenging because of the lack of station coverage. While most studies of ULVZs concentrate on SKS‐complexity, here we report on the multipathing of ScS, which expands the sampling for ULVZs. We find the strongest multipathing along a ULVZ patch located just south of Hawaii and the far northeastern edge of the LLSVP, in a zone ~200 km in width and extending 600 km southward. The anomalous ScS travel times and distorted Sdiff waveforms further reveal patches interrupted by observed enhanced D″ indicative of slab‐debris influence on the complexity of the northeastern boundary of the mid‐Pacific LLSVP.
Rupture Model of the M5.8 Pawnee, Oklahoma, Earthquake From Regional and Teleseismic Waveforms
Authors: Moschetti M. P. , Hartzell S. H. , Herrmann R. B.
Published: February 2019

The 2016 M5.8 Pawnee, Oklahoma, earthquake is the largest earthquake to have been induced by wastewater disposal. We infer the coseismic slip history from analysis of apparent source time functions and inversion of regional and teleseismic P waveforms, using aftershocks as empirical Green's functions. The earthquake nucleated on the shallow part of the fault, initially rupturing toward the surface, followed shortly thereafter by slip deeper on the fault. Deeper slip occurred below the aftershocks and at greater depths than most induced seismicity in the region, suggesting that small‐ to moderate‐sized earthquakes may not occur on deeper parts of faults in Oklahoma because they are further from failure than shallower fault sections. Comparisons with models of pore pressure perturbations further suggest that the earthquake may have initiated within a region of higher pore pressure perturbation but was not confined to this zone. These observations inform source physics and understanding of maximum magnitudes.
Illuminating Faulting Complexity of the 2017 Yellowstone Maple Creek Earthquake Swarm
Authors: Shelly David R. , Hardebeck Jeanne L.
Published: February 2019

The 2017 Maple Creek earthquake swarm was one of the most prolific swarms to occur in the Yellowstone region in the past few decades, with nearly 2,500 routinely detected earthquakes up toMw4.4 between June and September 2017. To gain insight into the mechanics and underlying mechanisms of this swarm, we enhanced the seismic catalog, detecting and precisely locating nearly 16,000 earthquakes, while estimating magnitudes for more than 30,000 events. We further utilized the cross‐correlation measurements derived from this processing to determine relative polarities for event pairs and to estimate focal mechanisms for the relocated population of events. The results reveal a complex network of faults activated progressively during the swarm, which may reflect diffusion of aqueous fluid pressure through these structures. Fluid‐driven earthquake sequences may naturally generate more complex faulting geometries compared to earthquake sequences dominated by stress transfer.
The Origin of Carbonate Mud
Authors: Trower Elizabeth J. , Lamb Michael P. , Fischer Woodward W.
Published: February 2019

Carbonate mudstones are key geochemical archives for past seawater chemistry, yet the origin of carbonate mud remains a subject of continued debate and uncertainty. Prevailing hypotheses have settled on two mechanisms: (1) direct precipitation in the water column and (2) postmortem dispersal of mud‐sized algal skeletal components. However, both mechanisms conflict with geochemical observations in modern systems and are problematic in deep time. We tested the hypothesis that abrasion of carbonate sand during sediment transport might produce carbonate mud using laboratory experiments and a sediment transport model. We documented experimental mud production rates up to two orders f magnitude faster than rates estimated for other mechanisms. Combined with model calculations, these results illustrated that transport and abrasion of carbonate sand is a major source of carbonate mud.
Geochemistry and Geochronology of the Accreted Mafic Rocks From the Hengchun Peninsula, Southern Taiwan: Origin and Tectonic Implications
Authors: Tian Zhi‐Xian , Yan Yi , Huang Chi‐Yue , Zhang Xin‐Chang , Liu Hai‐Quan , Yu Meng‐Ming , Yao Deng , Dilek Yildirim
Published: February 2019

The accretionary prism of the Hengchun Peninsula at the southernmost tip of the active Taiwan orogen has newly emerged due to the transition from a subduction zone to an arc‐continent collision zone. The mafic rocks within the Hengchun accretionary prism, whose provenance has long been controversial, are highly indicative of the mantle nature and tectonic evolution around the northern Manila Trench. Based on geochemical analyses, the accreted basalts are classified as normal and enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalts (N‐MORB and E‐MORB) and alkaline ocean island basalts. The N‐MORBs, which exhibit geochemical signatures indicative of virtually unmetasomatized depleted MORB mantle and yield zircon U‐Pb ages of 22.8 ± 0.3 and 24.2 ± 1.1 Ma, were off‐scraped from the subducted oceanic crust of the South China Sea (SCS). The alkaline ocean island basalts are considered fragments of subducted seamount due to their geochemical similarity with seamount basalts from the SCS. The Hf‐Nd isotopic compositions of basalts from the north SCS may represent the contributions of recycled oceanic crust and the upwelling Hainan Plume. The E‐MORBs, which exhibit similar geochemical compositions as rocks from the Huatung Basin and yield an 40Ar/39Ar age of 135.0 ± 5.6 Ma, were removed from the overriding plate due to the excessive shear stress between the converging plates and were laterally transported by strike‐slip movement; alternatively, they were off‐scraped from the subducted Luzon forearc slices. The temporary uplift and collapse of the accretionary prism caused by seamount subduction may have been responsible for the genesis of the lenticular Shihmen Conglomerate.
Resolving Geophysical Signals by Terrestrial Gravimetry: A Time Domain Assessment of the Correction‐Induced Uncertainty
Authors: Mikolaj M. , Reich M. , Güntner A.
Published: February 2019

Terrestrial gravimetry is increasingly used to monitor mass transport processes in geophysics boosted by the ongoing technological development of instruments. Resolving a particular phenomenon of interest, however, requires a set of gravity corrections of which the uncertainties have not been addressed up to now. In this study, we quantify the time domain uncertainty of tide, global atmospheric, large‐scale hydrological, and nontidal ocean loading corrections. The uncertainty is assessed by comparing the majority of available global models for a suite of sites worldwide. The average uncertainty expressed as root‐mean‐square error equals 5.1 nm/s2, discounting local hydrology or air pressure. The correction‐induced uncertainty of gravity changes over various time periods of interest ranges from 0.6 nm/s2 for hours up to a maximum of 6.7 nm/s2 for 6 months. The corrections are shown to be significant and should be applied for most geophysical applications of terrestrial gravimetry. From a statistical point of view, however, resolving subtle gravity effects in the order of few nanometers per square second is challenged by the uncertainty of the corrections.
Proxies for Basement Structure and Its Implications for Mesoproterozoic Metallogenic Provinces in the Gawler Craton
Authors: Motta J. G. , Betts P. G. , de Souza Filho C. R. , Thiel S. , Curtis S. , Armit R. J.
Published: February 2019

The link between mineral resources and crustal‐rooted structures has been proposed for many of the world's most significant mineral provinces. Here we utilize a new approach by interpreting potential field data, including satellite gravity data, and high‐resolution continental‐scale magnetotelluric data, constrained with aeromagnetic, and seismic tomography and reflection data, to determine the distribution of crustal‐scale faults in the Archean to Proterozoic Gawler Craton (South Australia). The eastern flank of the craton hosts the supergiant Olympic Dam iron oxide‐copper‐gold (IOCG) deposit within a larger Olympic IOCG province. The central part of the craton contains gold‐only deposits, which define the Central Gawler Gold province. Both of these provinces are part of a Mesoproterozoic mineral system with an extensive hydrothermal alteration footprint, which formed during complicated tectonic mode switches. We show that both types of mineralization are located in proximity to crustal‐scale structures that appear to connect deep crustal fragments, which likely record the amalgamation of the Archean nucleus of the craton during the Neoarchean with subsequent reworking during the Mesoproterozoic. Many of these structures do not have a surface expression but coincide with gradients in magnetism, gravity, and electric resistivity anomalies, the latter data set suggesting they acted as fluid pathways extending to the lower crust. The results indicate that the first‐order controls on the distribution of IOCG and Central Gawler Gold metallogenic provinces are inherited from earlier tectonic events, which formed major crustal boundaries and related structures that are prone to reworking during later tectonism.
A Global Perspective on Iron and Plankton Through the Tara Oceans Lens
Authors: Marchetti Adrian
Published: February 2019

The Tara Oceans program has delivered major advances in our knowledge of ocean plankton diversity and complexity, shedding light on key interactions that explain their success on a planetary scale. In this issue, Caputi et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GB006022) further contribute to this knowledge through combining comprehensive bio‐oceanographic genomic and transcriptomic Tara Oceans data sets with iron distributions derived from two global‐scale biogeochemical models. Their findings reveal the prevalence of iron as a limiting nutrient in pelagic ecosystems at both local and global scales, exerting a considerable force that drives plankton evolution and shapes community structure. Integration of omics data (i.e., genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) with oceanographic properties and biogeochemical models will transform our view of the ocean ecosystem and its role on a changing planet.
Aberrant Wnt signaling in multiple myeloma: molecular mechanisms and targeting options
Authors: van Andel Harmen , Kocemba Kinga A. , Spaargaren Marcel , Pals Steven T.
Published: February 2019

Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of malignancies and is typically caused by mutations in core Wnt pathway components driving constitutive, ligand-independent signaling. In multiple myelomas (MMs), however, these pathway intrinsic mutations are rare despite the fact that most tumors display aberrant Wnt pathway activity. Recent studies indicate that this activation is caused by genetic and epigenetic lesions of Wnt regulatory components, sensitizing MM cells to autocrine Wnt ligands and paracrine Wnts emanating from the bone marrow niche. These include deletion of the tumor suppressor CYLD, promotor methylation of the Wnt antagonists WIF1, DKK1, DKK3, and sFRP1, sFRP2, sFRP4, sFRP5, as well as overexpression of the co-transcriptional activator BCL9 and the R-spondin receptor LGR4. Furthermore, Wnt activity in MM is strongly promoted by interaction of both Wnts and R-spondins with syndecan-1 (CD138) on the MM cell-surface. Functionally, aberrant canonical Wnt signaling plays a dual role in the pathogenesis of MM: (I) it mediates proliferation, migration, and drug resistance of MM cells; (II) MM cells secrete Wnt antagonists that contribute to the development of osteolytic lesions by impairing osteoblast differentiation. As discussed in this review, these insights into the causes and consequences of aberrant Wnt signaling in MM will help to guide the development of targeting strategies. Importantly, since Wnt signaling in MM cells is largely ligand dependent, it can be targeted by drugs/antibodies that act upstream in the pathway, interfering with Wnt secretion, sequestering Wnts, or blocking Wnt (co)receptors.
Soft fibrin matrix downregulates DAB2IP to promote Nanog-dependent growth of colon tumor-repopulating cells
Authors: Zhang Meng , Xu Cong , Wang Hai-zhou , Peng Ya-nan , Li Hai-ou , Zhou Yun-jiao , Liu Shi , Wang Fan , Liu Lan , Chang Ying , Zhao Qiu , Liu Jing
Published: February 2019

Colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been shown to be responsible for the recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC). As a crucial microenvironmental factor, extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness is known to affect the stemness of CSCs. Recently, fibrin deposition in the stroma of CRC was demonstrated to be responsible for tumor development. In this study, we used salmon fibrin gel to provide a 3D ECM for colon cancer cells and investigated its effects on cell growth as well as the underlying mechanisms. Compared with stiff 420 Pascal (Pa) and 1 050 Pa gels, 90 Pa soft fibrin gel was most efficient at isolating and enriching tumor colonies. The size and number of colony formation negatively correlated with gel stiffness. Specifically, these tumor colonies exhibited efficient tumorigenicity, upregulated stem cell markers, and had anti-chemotherapeutic properties and were thus named tumor-repopulating cells (TRCs). More importantly, the self-renewal molecule Nanog was sharply induced in 3D-cultured colon TRCs; further, Nanog siRNA significantly inhibited colony formation, suggesting the indispensable role of Nanog in TRC growth. A subsequent mechanistic study illustrated that Nanog expression could be modulated through fibrin gel stiffness-induced DAB2IP/PI3K/FOXA1 signaling in colon TRCs.
Fhit–Fdxr interaction in the mitochondria: modulation of reactive oxygen species generation and apoptosis in cancer cells
Authors: Druck Teresa , Cheung Douglas G. , Park Dongju , Trapasso Francesco , Pichiorri Flavia , Gaspari Marco , Palumbo Tiziana , Aqeilan Rami I. , Gaudio Eugenio , Okumura Hiroshi , Iuliano Rodolfo , Raso Cinzia , Green Kari , Huebner Kay , Croce Carlo M.
Published: February 2019

Fhit protein is lost in cancers of most, perhaps all, cancer types; when restored, it can induce apoptosis and suppress tumorigenicity, as shown in vitro and in mouse tumor models in vivo. Following protein cross-linking and proteomics analyses, we characterized a Fhit protein complex involved in triggering Fhit-mediated apoptosis. The complex includes the heat-shock chaperonin pair, HSP60/10, which is likely involved in importing Fhit into the mitochondria, where it interacts with ferredoxin reductase, responsible for transferring electrons from NADPH to cytochrome P450 via ferredoxin, in electron transport chain complex III. Overexpression of Fhit protein in Fhit-deficient cancer cells modulates the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, causing increased ROS, following peroxide treatment, with subsequent increased apoptosis of lung cancer cells under oxidative stress conditions; conversely, Fhit-negative cells escape ROS overproduction and ROS-induced apoptosis, likely carrying oxidative damage. Thus, characterization of Fhit-interacting proteins has identified direct effectors of a Fhit-mediated apoptotic signal pathway that is lost in many cancers. This is of translational interest considering the very recent emphasis in a number of high-profile publications, concerning the role of oxidative phosphorylation in the treatment of human cancers, and especially cancer stem cells that rely upon oxidative phosphorylation for survival. Additionally, we have shown that cells from a Fhit-deficient lung cancer cell line, are sensitive to killing by exposure to atovaquone, thought to act as a selective oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor by targeting the CoQ10 dependence of the mitochondrial complex III, while the Fhit-expressing sister clone is resistant to this treatment.
Gigaxonin E3 ligase governs ATG16L1 turnover to control autophagosome production
Authors: Scrivo Aurora , Codogno Patrice , Bomont Pascale
Published: February 2019

Autophagy is an essential self-digestion machinery for cell survival and homoeostasis. Membrane elongation is fundamental, as it drives the formation of the double-membrane vesicles that engulf cytosolic material. LC3-lipidation, the signature of autophagosome formation, results from a complex ubiquitin-conjugating cascade orchestrated by the ATG16L1 protein, whose regulation is unknown. Here, we identify the Gigaxonin-E3 ligase as the first regulator of ATG16L1 turn-over and autophagosome production. Gigaxonin interacts with the WD40 domain of ATG16L1 to drive its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Gigaxonin depletion induces the formation of ATG16L1 aggregates and impairs LC3 lipidation, hence altering lysosomal fusion and degradation of the main autophagy receptor p62. Altogether, we demonstrate that the Gigaxonin-E3 ligase controls the production of autophagosomes by a reversible, ubiquitin-dependent process selective for ATG16L1. Our findings unveil the fundamental mechanisms of the control of autophagosome formation, and provide a molecular switch to fine-tune the activation of autophagy.
A multi-substrate screening approach for the identification of a broadly applicable Diels–Alder catalyst
Authors: Kim Hyejin , Gerosa Gabriela , Aronow Jonas , Kasaplar Pinar , Ouyang Jie , Lingnau Julia B. , Guerry Paul , Farès Christophe , List Benjamin
Published: February 2019

When developing a synthetic methodology, chemists generally optimize a single substrate and then explore the substrate scope of their method. This approach has led to innumerable and widely-used chemical reactions. However, it frequently provides methods that only work on model substrate-like compounds. Perhaps worse, reaction conditions that would enable the conversion of other substrates may be missed. We now show that a different approach, originally proposed by Kagan, in which a collection of structurally distinct substrates are evaluated in a single reaction vessel, can not only provide information on the substrate scope at a much earlier stage in methodology development, but even lead to a broadly applicable synthetic methodology. Using this multi-substrate screening approach, we have identified an efficient and stereoselective imidodiphosphorimidate organocatalyst for scalable Diels–Alder reactions of cyclopentadiene with different classes of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.