bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pain mitigation during vaccine injections of the frail older adult population: A systematic review
Authors: Cull Kathryn , Bowles Susan , Isenor Jennifer
Published: January 2022

Background: Adults require disease-appropriate immunizations against a variety of vaccine preventable illnesses. The frail older adult population is at particular risk if not appropriately immunized due to increased vulnerability of morbidity and mortality. Despite this, adult immunization rates continue to be suboptimal, and studies have shown that pain mitigation is an important, modifiable factor in low immunization rates.Objectives: To determine the effective pain mitigating interventions available for use by the frail older adult population during routine vaccine injections.Methods: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and quasi-randomized controlled trials was conducted, evaluating the effectiveness of available pain-relieving interventions during vaccine injections of the frail older adult population. Original articles were searched through MEDLINE via Ovid, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Database, CINAHL via EBSCOhost, and grey literature until February 2017.Results: There were no documented trials to investigate the effectiveness of pain-mitigating strategies during vaccine injections of the frail older adult population.Conclusion: This systematic review demonstrates the need for investigation and further research of pain-mitigating strategies in the immunization of frail older adults. Research in this field may help to improve vaccination rates in this population.
Risk factors for prolonged opioid use and adverse events following orthopedic surgery
Authors: VanIderstine Carter , Johnston Emily
Published: January 2022

Over the past few years, the field of opioid research has been aimed at targeting the opioid crisis affecting communities across Canada. One way that health care workers have been contributing to this field is by identifying risk factors that predispose patients to prolonged opioid use. Given opioids have long been used for post operative pain control in orthopaedics, this article aims to address some of the more common and severe risk factors seen in orthopedic surgery patients. Included with each of the risk factors are potential mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of opioid dependence or adverse effects, including medication interactions.
Preconception weight loss improves fertility and maternal outcomes in obese mice
Authors: Rodrigo Natassia , Chen Hui , Pollock Carol A , Glastras Sarah J
Published: January 2022

Women with obesity have higher incidences of infertility, with longer time to conception and increased risk of pregnancy complications compared to women with normal body weight. There is a lack of evidence demonstrating the benefit of preconception maternal weight loss on fertility and pregnancy outcomes. We aimed to determine if preconception weight loss, either with diet modification or glucose-like peptide 1 receptor agonist liraglutide, improves maternal weight, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. C57BL/6 female mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or chow for 8 weeks. HFD-fed dams were administered liraglutide (0.3 mg/kg, s.c., for 4 weeks) or switched to chow to induce weight loss. Prior to mating, liraglutide was ceased and mice continued on HFD. Mice in the ‘diet switch’ group continued on chow. Pregnancy rates were recorded. Maternal anthropometry and glucose tolerance were measured before and after the intervention and at late gestation. Offspring outcomes were assessed. Liraglutide or diet switch led to weight reduction, improved insulin resistance (P< 0.001), and enhanced fertility, particularly in the liraglutide group (P< 0.005). Liraglutide-treated mice had significantly higher gestational weight gain (GWG) compared to the diet switch group (P< 0.05), with similar weight and glucose tolerance in late gestation to HFD mice. In contrast, diet switch maintained similar weight and glucose tolerance in late gestation to control mice. Pre-pregnancy weight intervention with liraglutide was effective at restoring fertility. Diet modification also improved fertility and avoided catch up weight gain in pregnancy. Liraglutide may be a therapeutic strategy for weight loss to prepare for pregnancy. However, our study provides caution about the potential for excessive GWG without diet intervention in pregnancy.
Editorial Enero-Junio 2022
Authors: Fuentes Belgrave Laura
Published: January 2022

No posee
Contrapuntos de la “heroica” a la “fantástica”: institucionalización de la música nacional, prácticas de resistencia “negras” “populares” e interculturalidad en Cartagena de Indias
Authors: Cabarcas Ortega Marcelo José
Published: January 2022

Este trabajo entiende lo musical como dinámica cultural híbrida y como espacio de resistencia simbólica y material, corporal y subjetiva, que se manifiesta entre formas culturales hegemónicas y subalternizadas. Se parte de la idea de hibridez para analizar la capacidad de adaptación y resistencia de los movimientos culturales y, por esa vía, reflexionar sobre el universo social del Caribe colombiano. Tres aspectos se estudian con este fin: primero, los procesos de institucionalización de la música nacional y su impacto en la conformación de la música popular; segundo, las relaciones entre la cultura oficial y las prácticas negras “populares”; y tercero, la interacción entre lo hegemónico y lo subordinado como medio de reconfiguración de los ritmos y estilos cotidianos. Este texto parte de una perspectiva ensayística e interdisciplinar, propia de los estudios culturales, para contribuir a los debates sobre cultura, marginación y resistencia en el Caribe colombiano, en particular, e hispánico, en general.
Can Creative Accounting be Equated with Creativity and Called Positive?
Authors: Bachtijeva Diana
Published: January 2022

The advent of creative accounting in the middle of the 20th century sparked great interest among researchers and practitioners. In the work of both foreign and Lithuanian scientists, this phenomenon is widely researched and defined as the ability to use the flexibility of legal acts in order to reflect subjective information in financial statements. However, in contrast to foreign literature, linguistic interpretations of the term "creative accounting" appeared in Lithuanian literature, which gave this phenomenon a positive meaning, associated with creativity and identified as positive creative accounting. The article examines the concept of creativity, its relationship with accounting, assesses the compatibility of creativity with creative accounting. Based on the analysis of the literature, it is proposed to refuse to divide creative accounting into positive and manipulative, as such a division not only contradicts the concept of creativity, but also undermines the essence of accounting and its multiplicity.
OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO DETERMINATION OF CONSTRUCTIONAL PARAMETERS OF A LINEAR PERMANENT MAGNET VIBRATORY MOTOR
Authors:   Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Povitroflotsky Ave., 31, Kyiv, 03037, Ukraine, Bondar R.P.
Published: January 2022

The constructional parameters of the linear permanent magnet vibratory motor in accordance with the set optimization criteria (minimum cost, force to volume ratio and efficiency) and mechanical load parameters are substantiated in the work. To do this, a computer model was developed, which is based on magnetic and electrical equivalent circuits with lumped parameters. The magnetic circuit of the model is built taking into account the saturation of the magnetic material, magnetic losses and leakage fluxes. The electromagnetic force amplitude of the motor is determined on the basis of the fundamental component of the Fourier series expansion of the air-gap flux density. The mechanical part of the model is constructed using the electromechanical analogy method, according to which, induced armature EMF is represented by a voltage drop on the equivalent mechanical resistance. The problem of choosing the constructional parameters for the given mechanical load characteristics is considered in conjunction with the nonlinear connections of the system and subject to thermal, magnetic and electrical constraints. Using the gradient descent method, the motor parameters were optimized and the most effective designs that meet the selected criteria were determined. References 8, figures 5, tables 2.
DEPENDENCE OF ENERGY PROCESSES OF HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC-DISCHARGE BOREHOLE COMPLEXES "SKIF" ON CHARACTERISTICS OF LOADING
Authors:   Institute of Pulse Processes and Technologies National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bohoyavlensky Ave., 43A, Mykolaiv, 54018, Ukraine, Khvoshchan O.V. , Smirnov O.P. ,   Institute of Pulse Processes and Technologies National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Bohoyavlensky Ave., 43A, Mykolaiv, 54018, Ukraine
Published: January 2022

The work determines the dependences of electrical parameters of the ground and submerged parts of the charging unit of the electric-discharge borehole complex "Skif-100M" on peculiarities of changing of electrical characteristics of the active and reactive load contributed by modern geophysical cables up to 10 km long with an active resistance from 24 to 644 Ohm, capacitance from 0.2 to 1.8 μF and inductance from 2.9 to 31 mH. New dependences and conditions to increase the charging power of storage capacitor, the output power of the complex and the voltage of ground part of its power supply from load parameters were determined on the basis of analysis of transients in the charging circuit of a complex. There were realized necessary energy characteristics for creation of a universal submersible charging unit to increase energy efficiency and productivity of high-voltage borehole electric-discharge complexes of "Skif" type. The obtained results provide effective modernization of the domestic submersible electric-discharge equipment of such complexes (in particular, their ground power sources and submersible charging units). This extends the scope of their application in the oil and gas industry of Ukraine and increases the attractiveness of investment of foreign companies engaged in the processing of oil wells in different countries of the world to the Ukrainian economy. References 11, figures 4, tables 3.
TREATMENT OF AN AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF METHYLENE BLUE IN THE DROPLET-FILM STATE BY PULSED BARRIER DISCHARGE
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Bereka V.O. , Bozhko I.V. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Karlov O.N. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Kondratenko I.P. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine
Published: January 2022

The influence of various factors that can affect the efficiency of pulsed barrier discharge treatment in the air of atmospheric pressure of a model sample of contaminated water in the droplet-film state was investigated. The impurity in the water was an organic dye (methylene blue) with an initial concentration of 50 mg / l. Water consumption was 2–4 l / min, the characteristic diameter of the droplets was 1.7 mm, and the film thickness at the electrodes was about 0.15 mm. The water was treated in a flat discharge chamber with gas gaps of 3.36 mm and glass dielectric barriers, and in addition in an ozonation chamber, which used ozone that had not previously been useful. The discharge was excited by short ~ 100 ns pulses from voltage up to 21 kV, which provided the current density amplitude up to 1.7 A / cm2 and their energy up to 140 mJ. The decomposition time of the impurity and the energy efficiency of the discharge depending on the pulse repetition frequency of 25–300 Hz were studied. The discharge had the highest energy efficiency at frequencies of 25-50 Hz, at which the energy yield, which corresponds to 50% decomposition of the impurity, reaches ≈270 g / kWh, and for 90% decomposition − 60 g / kWh. As the pulse energy increases, the transparency of the solution for ultraviolet light increases, which is associated with the splitting of stable benzene rings that is part of the impurity molecule. No noticeable effect of water and gas consumption (0.36-1.5 l / min) on the research results was found. References 16, figures 8.
CORRECTION OF ERRORS OF THE MEASURING CHANNEL AVERAGE ACTIVE POWER
Authors:   National Aviation University, Husar Lubomyr ave., 1, Kyiv, 03058, Ukraine, Ornatskyi D.P. , Ehorov S.V. ,   National Aviation University, Husar Lubomyr ave., 1, Kyiv, 03058, Ukraine, Dovhan V.V. ,   SE "UKRMETRTESTSTANDART", Metrologichna str., 4, Kyiv, 03143, Ukraine
Published: January 2022

In the article is offered the structural scheme of error correction of the precision measuring channel of average active power for researches in laboratory conditions and exclusively within the limits of changes of the basic frequency of a network. A feature of the scheme is the use of calibration of functional transducers with piecewise linear approximation. The input voltages of these converters are a triangular voltage, which is formed at the output of the integrator by integrating rectangular bipolar meanders, which are formed from the output signals of the frequency divider phase shifter synchronized with the network by a device based on the original precision amplitude-pulse system of phase frequency tuning. Compensatory small-sized low-voltage transformers using measuring amplifiers with differentially split inputs are used as primary converters, which increases the linearity of the characteristic in a wide dynamic range, due to which additive-multiplicative correction of errors of the whole measuring path by two points is realized. The article presents the results of computer modeling of the main functional components of the measuring channel, which confirm its precision and high metrological characteristics. References 10, Figures 2.
Experiencias sobre la implementación del Expediente Clínico Electrónico
Authors: Rivera Rodríguez Rosalia
Published: January 2022

Introducción. Un elemento de la e-salud que ha cobrado gran relevancia es el Expediente Clínico Electrónico (ECE) ya que es un medio para lograr mejores resultados en la práctica médica. Al momento, han sido pocas las investigaciones que se han centrado en analizar e identificar la situación de esta estrategia en el mundo. Por ello, el objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el panorama actual del ECE en diversos países considerando las ventajas, desventajas, desafíos y factores de éxito en su implementación. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura existente sobre el ECE en base de datos especializadas. Para obtener estos estudios se utilizó la base de datos de  scopus y sciencedirect , utilizando palabras de búsqueda como como “registro electrónico de salud”, “registro médico electrónico” o “expediente clínico electrónico”; se  seleccionaron solamente aquellos estudios con un alto factor de impacto, mismo que se refiere al número de veces que se hayan citado los artículos consultados. Se seleccionaron y analizaron 64 estudios académicos. Resultados. Se encontró que aún existen importantes desafíos y desventajas en la implementación del ECE como la interoperabilidad semántica y el estrés laboral que genera en los usuarios este sistema. Conclusiones. Existen cuestiones importantes que aún quedan por resolver para una implementación eficaz del ECE. Es necesario integrar a todos los involucrados en el proceso de cambio, así como establecer las medidas de seguridad necesarias para garantizar la privacidad de la información.
Archivística e historia: Un diálogo por el deber de recordar y el derecho a saber
Authors: Puentes-Cala Mauricio
Published: January 2022

Este trabajo busca resaltar la relación bilateral y el potencial interdisciplinar que existe entre la archivística y la historia. Dos saberes, cuyo vínculo se ha dado por sentado, pero que pocas veces se ha analizado a profundidad con el propósito de dimensionar a cabalidad las interdefiniciones y la reciprocidad entre estos ámbitos de conocimiento. Regularmente, la historia y la archivística han caído en una rencilla sin sentido por determinar quién es “auxiliar de” quién. Un legado de las viejas jerarquizaciones intelectuales del positivismo que aún no parece estar superado. Se sostiene que la archivística es parte central de la institución historiadora, al igual que la racionalidad histórica es un componente inseparable de la estructura de conocimiento archivístico. En otras palabras, la relación entre la archivación y la indagación histórica es dialéctica y mutuamente complementaria, sin una no es posible la otra.
Evaluación de los contenidos de los gestores de información y conocimiento en el Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas-Universidad de la Habana
Authors: Madruga Rios Oraily , Gutiérrez Pérez Miguel Ángel , Romero Suárez Pedro Lázaro
Published: January 2022

Evaluar el funcionamiento de los gestores de información y conocimiento implementados en el Instituto Superior de Tecnologías y Ciencias Aplicadas (InSTEC) es el objetivo de la investigación. Ello, no solo posibilita el mejoramiento futuro del desempeño de estos, sino también sirve como estudio preliminar para la inserción de otros gestores en el futuro. Los métodos de análisis documental y evaluación heurística sustentan las bases teóricas, mientras que las herramientas automáticas Nibbler, GooglePageRank, SEOptimer, Website Grader, la entrevista y las encuestas a usuarios evidencian el desempeño de los gestores. Los resultados revelaron que la calidad del sitio externo y de la intranet obtuvo 69,4% de competencia global. Varios de los indicadores de estos sitios se deben perfeccionar en aras de brindar un mejor servicio a los usuarios del Instituto en la gestión de la información y el conocimiento, tan necesaria en las universidades.
La salud como representación social: el fenómeno de la salud dentro de la cotidianidad de las personas migrantes nicaragüenses en Costa Rica
Authors: Mora-Rivera Wendel
Published: January 2022

Introducción: la salud está cargada de simbolismos y manifestaciones prácticas que difieren según los grupos sociales y los contextos socioculturales. Con el fin de visibilizar la cotidianidad y las necesidades, el paradigma teórico de las representaciones sociales aporta las bases teórico-metodológicas pertinentes para comprender los conocimientos de sentido común asociados a la salud entre la población migrante nicaragüense en Costa Rica. Metodología: estudio de abordaje cualitativo y enfoque etnográfico con el fin de identificar la representación social de la salud por medio de los procesos de la objetivación y el anclaje presentes entre las personas migrantes nicaragüenses radicadas en Costa Rica. Datos recolectados por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación participante y diarios de campo. Procesamiento según análisis de contenido. Resultados: la representación social de la salud hallada se comporta de manera análoga a una fórmula, en donde la búsqueda de ambientes pacíficos se suma a la consecución de estabilidad financiera para dar como resultado dos representaciones interdependientes: 1) salud como fuerza físico-mental y 2) salud como sensación futura y abstracta de bienestar, felicidad y trascendencia. Los antecedentes socio-políticos en Nicaragua, el proceso migratorio, y la adaptación a Costa Rica juegan un rol preponderante en dicha conformación. Conclusión: las representaciones sociales sobre la salud poseen implicaciones prácticas directas sobre los modos de vida y las necesidades de los colectivos migrantes. Comprender su conocimiento de sentido común permite avanzar hacia políticas públicas más contextualizadas. Se recomienda mayor integración de los pensamientos, las opiniones y los sentimientos de las personas migrantes en plataformas de toma de decisiones.
Análise epidemiológica dos casos de Aids no Sudeste brasileiro de 2010 a 2019
Authors: Rodrigues Isabela Martins , Faria Bárbara Martins , Marquez Leticia Verri , Pires Uriel Da Silva , Rende Vinícius Ferreira , Silva William Nicoleti Turazza da , Oliveira Stefan Vilges de
Published: January 2022

Introdução: A epidemia de HIV e Aids representa um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública atualmente. No Brasil, estima-se que apenas 83 % das pessoas vivendo com HIV conhecem seu diagnóstico e somente 46 % possuem carga viral indetectável. Isso evidencia a necessidade de estudos voltados à compreensão do HIV e da Aids no Brasil, para a melhora das políticas públicas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é realizar um levantamento de dados sobre o perfil epidemiológico de pacientes portadores de Aids no Sudeste brasileiro. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico descritivo, de caráter quantitativo. Os dados foram obtidos no SINAN. A análise restringiu-se ao período de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2019. Resultados: No período analisado, o ano de 2017 apresentou a maior prevalência da doença (11,97 %). Além disso, observa-se uma tendência de crescimento no número de casos entre 2010 e 2014 e uma tendência decrescente nos últimos anos. O Rio de Janeiro foi o estado com maior número de novos casos (21,90 %) da Região Sudeste. Observou-se que os grupos com maior incidência de casos foram: sexo masculino (71,1 %), jovens e adultos (79,37 %), cor branca (46,67 %), ensino médio completo (19,71 %) e heterossexuais (46,94 %). Contudo, foi observado um aumento relativo da incidência entre homens homossexuais e entre os pardos. Além disso, a principal forma de transmissão foi via sexual (78,09 %). Conclusão: O estudo concluiu que são necessárias mais pesquisas acerca do tema, para acompanhar a epidemiologia da Aids e orientar medidas governamentais eficientes.
Eficacia del «Programa de tamizaje auditivo neonatal universal» de la Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social en la detección de sordera en niñas y niños, entre 2016 y 2018
Authors: González Leiner Rodríguez , Zeledón Díaz Ana Laura , Mora Óscar Centeno
Published: January 2022

Introducción: el tamizaje auditivo es un método de detección y su propósito es intervenir de forma temprana para reducir las consecuencias negativas de una eventual afección auditiva en el desarrollo integral del infante. Costa Rica ha implementado en el sistema de salud público un programa de tamizaje auditivo neonatal universal, donde se examina todo niño o niña antes del primer mes de vida. Aunque se han percibido múltiples beneficios, es importante demostrar con evidencia científica si cumple sus objetivos. Metodología: se analizó la eficacia del «Programa de tamizaje auditivo neonatal universal» (TANU) de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, a partir de la información registrada de 37 656 infantes evaluados entre los años 2016 y 2018, mediante el contraste empírico con las técnicas descriptivas de distribución de frecuencias de variables, y las pruebas inferenciales chi cuadrado y análisis de varianza (ANOVA). Resultados: en cuanto a la edad al momento del examen, el 71 % de la muestra tenía entre 0 y 3 días. Su desempeño a través del tiempo y la extensión a distintos centros de salud ha sido satisfactorio, así mismo, la cantidad de infantes valorados ha sido hasta del 98 % de la población. Conclusiones: el programa TANU es eficaz en la mayoría de aspectos analizados, destaca la identificación de factores de riesgo y la detección temprana de afecciones auditivas, sin embargo, se proponen mejoras en relación con el manejo de la información.
Exceso de mortalidad en México en 2020: una estimación preliminar a nivel nacional y estatal
Authors: Silva Urrutia Jose Eliud , Peralta Andrea , Peralta Eric
Published: January 2022

Como consecuencia directa o indirecta de la pandemia de COVID-19, junto con otros problemas de salud pública preexistentes, México se ha posicionado como uno de los países más afectados en cuanto al exceso de mortalidad, la cual está  prácticamente generalizada, pero es heterogénea según el estado. Por ello, se tiene por objetivo cuantificarla a nivel nacional y estatal por medio del porcentaje de exceso de mortalidad ( % EM) y de diferencias en esperanzas de vida ( EMex) por sexo. En particular, para EMex, se construyeron tablas de mortalidad con tasas específicas que se suavizan de manera controlada y por segmentos, con un enfoque no paramétrico. Los resultados mostraron una demasía en la población masculina y en algunos estados del país. Asimismo, respecto a EMex, se evidenciaron fuertes retrocesos en la esperanza de vida en ciertos casos, incluida la capital del país: la Ciudad de México.
Circulación de genes de virulencia asociados a Escherichia coli diarrogénica en aguas residuales del Gran Área Metropolitana de Costa Rica
Authors: Chacón Jiménez Luz María , Hall Loría Karolina , Rivera Navarro Pablo César , Reyes Lizano Liliana , Achí Araya Rosario , Barrantes Jiménez Kenia
Published: January 2022

Introducción: la enfermedad diarreica es una de las principales causas de muerte en niños menores de cinco años. Uno de los agentes etiológicos bacterianos más reconocido es Escherichia coli, que puede causar infecciones a través de diversos mecanismos asociados a la adquisición de genes de virulencia. Metodología: se recolectaron muestras de aguas residuales en los afluentes y los efluentes de cinco plantas de tratamiento de la Gran Área Metropolitana, durante tres días consecutivos, en los meses de marzo, mayo, octubre y diciembre del año 2013, a fin de cuantificar la concentración de E. coli, mediante la técnica de fermentación en tubos múltiples, y evaluar la presencia de los genes de virulencia aatA, bfpA, eaeA, ipaH, lt, st, stx1 y stx2, vinculados con patotipos de E. coli diarrogénica, con la técnica de PCR punto final. Resultados: el estudio reveló niveles de E. coli similares a los encontrados en afluentes de otras regiones del mundo, en cambio, los efluentes presentaron concentraciones superiores a los 4 Log10 NMP/100 mL. La circulación anual de genes de virulencia fue relacionada con los patotipos enterotoxigénica, productores de toxina Shiga/enterohemorrágica, enteroagregativa y enteropatógena. No se detectaron genes referentes a la variedad enteroinvasora. Además, se determinó que no todas las plantas de tratamiento remueven significativamente la carga de E. coli. Conclusiones: el flujo de E. coli diarrogénica es común en nuestro país y su diseminación en el ambiente es posible cuando los efluentes se descargan en cuerpos de aguas superficiales.
Estudios genético-moleculares de miotonías hereditarias en la población costarricense
Authors: Vásquez Cerdas Melissa , Vindas-Smith Rebeca , Cuenca Berger Patricia , Del Valle Carazo Gerardo , Morales Montero Fernando
Published: January 2022

Introducción: las miotonías hereditarias son enfermedades del músculo esquelético, clínica y genéticamente heterogéneas, caracterizadas por presentar miotonía (retraso en la relajación muscular). Se dividen en distróficas y no distróficas, las cuales son causadas por mutaciones en el ADN. Objetivo: describir los hallazgos más relevantes sobre algunas miotonías hereditarias en Costa Rica. Metodología: se realizaron estudios genético-moleculares en individuos afectados con una condición miotónica y sus familiares en riesgo genético. Resultados: la mutación de la distrofia miotónica tipo 1 (DM1) se encontró en 246 individuos. Nuestros estudios contribuyeron a mejorar la correlación entre el tamaño de la mutación y la edad de inicio de los síntomas, además, se demostró el papel modificador de algunos otros factores genéticos en la DM1. De las familias de 18 pacientes negativos para la mutación DM1, en ocho se logró identificar una mutación en genes que proporcionan la información para formar canales iónicos. Los análisis de función ayudaron a mostrar que esas mutaciones ocasionan cambios estructurales y estos modifican las propiedades de los canales, provocando una pérdida o ganancia de su función. Conclusiones: este trabajo permitió la clasificación clínica correcta de muchos pacientes, así como explorar las bases genéticas y moleculares de la variabilidad clínica de estas enfermedades, mediante la búsqueda de factores modificadores de la DM1 y los estudios funcionales de mutaciones causantes de canalopatías hereditarias, aspecto clave para asesorar a pacientes y familias y abordar la enfermedad de la forma más adecuada.
Ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis como biomarcador de daño genético en poblaciones sobreexpuestas a radiaciones ionizantes
Authors: Chaves-Campos Fabio Andrés , Valle Bourrouet Luisa , Malespín-Bendaña Wendy , Ramírez-Mayorga Vanessa
Published: January 2022

Introducción: las radiaciones ionizantes (RI) son capaces de perjudicar el ADN; para evaluar este fenómeno es posible utilizar la formación de micronúcleos como biomarcador de efecto temprano del daño radioinducido. El ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis (MNBC) es una técnica citogenética que permite demostrar el impacto de agentes genotóxicos. Propósito: en el presente trabajo se describieron mecanismos moleculares involucrados en la radioinducción de micronúcleos, la técnica del MNBC, los criterios de análisis, sus aplicaciones dentro de la investigación biológica y su extensión a la clínica, con énfasis en su empleo como biomarcador del daño genético en grupos sobreexpuestos a RI. Argumentos para la discusión: el MNBC se considera un método confiable, simple y rápido y existe evidencia de su aplicabilidad para el estudio de los efectos biológicos en casos de riesgo ocupacional y en accidentes radiológicos aislados o a gran escala. Conclusiones: el MNBC es una herramienta valiosa que posibilita estimar las consecuencias por dosis bajas de RI en poblaciones involucradas y, a la vez, orientar la toma de decisiones en cuanto a su prevención o atenuación . De igual forma, puede ser utilizado en análisis del campo de la radiobiología, a fin de detallar las incidencias de las radiaciones ionizantes sobre el ADN.
Inequidades en la detección temprana del cáncer de cérvix: una realidad en la población costarricense
Authors: Santamaría-Ulloa Carolina , Montero-López Melina , Quesada-Leitón Hazel , Quirós-Rojas Ileana
Published: January 2022

Introducción: el cáncer de cérvix es una de las enfermedades neoplásicas más frecuentes que afecta la salud de las mujeres en el mundo. Objetivo: determinar si existen diferencias entre regiones de Costa Rica en el uso del papanicoláu, con el fin de visualizar las inequidades relacionadas con la detección temprana del cáncer cérvico-uterino. Metodología: este estudio se realizó a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de 2014, la cual es representativa en el ámbito nacional. Se utilizó R-Studio para estimar dos modelos de regresión multinomial que explican el tiempo transcurrido desde el último papanicoláu y las razones por las que las mujeres nunca se habían realizado uno. Se recurrió a datos del Registro Nacional de Tumores del Ministerio de Salud para evaluar la razón in-situ/invasor. Resultados: en comparación con las residentes de la región Central, las mujeres de las regiones Chorotega, Pacífico Central y Huetar Caribe son respectivamente un 80 % (OR=1,80; p<0,01), un 52 % (OR=1,52; p=0,031) y un 58 % (OR=1,58; p<0,01) más propensas a haberse realizado la citología vaginal por última vez hace 5 años o más que hace 1 o 2 años. Discusión: de acuerdo con los resultados de la presente investigación, la Región Chorotega presenta las condiciones más desventajosas en cuanto a la práctica de PAP, esto implica un mayor riesgo de desarrollar lesiones y cáncer de cérvix. Conclusiones: en busca de reducir las brechas y mejorar las condiciones de acceso, es necesario coordinar y articular esfuerzos institucionales tanto gubernamentales como no gubernamentales, incluyendo la participación y el protagonismo de las mujeres.
Presentación
Authors: Montero López Melina
Published: January 2022

El instituto de investigaciones en Salud de la Universidad de Costa Rica ha contribuido a fomentar la salud humana mediante la investigación científica, la docencia y la acción social desde 1974, cuando por recomendación del Consejo Nacional para Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICIT) se plantea la creación de un instituto para investigar sobre la salud humana.
Pseudomona sp en la emergencia de semillas y el desarrollo de posturas de cacao
Authors: Ferrás Negrín Yusdel , Bustamante González Carlos Alberto , Ortíz Gómez Nosleiby
Published: January 2022

Introducción. Pseudomona sp como rizobacteria promotora del crecimiento vegetal es muy utilizada en diversos cultivos, ya que promueve el crecimiento y previene la colonización de patógenos. Objetivo. Evaluar la influencia de Pseudomona sp en la emergencia de las semillas y el desarrollo de posturas de Theobroma cacao L. en suelos fersialíticos pardos rojizo de Jibacoa. Materiales y métodos. La investigación se realizó en el 2018 en la Estación Experimental Agro-Forestal de Jibacoa en el municipio Manicaragua, provincia Villa Clara, Cuba. En un diseño de bloques al azar con 3 réplicas, se estudiaron 3 tratamientos: a- Control: siembra de semillas en un sustrato compuesto por 3 partes de suelo y una de abono orgánico (3/1); b- siembra de semillas en un sustrato 5/1; c- sustrato 5/1 con siembra de semillas peletizadas con Pseudomona sp. Se evaluó la emergencia de las semillas y a 10 posturas se le midieron la altura, el diámetro del tallo, la masa seca y el área foliar. Resultados. La aplicación de Psedomona sp a las semillas del cacao en el momento de la siembra incrementó su emergencia en un 14,57% con respecto a las no peletizadas en igual volumen de abono orgánico y en un 4,18% con respecto al tratamiento control. Este biofertilizante aumentó la masa seca y el área foliar en un 18,3% y 37,8% respectivamente en el sustrato 5/1, y en 18,3% y 46,9% de igual manera con respecto al tratamiento control. Conclusiones. La aplicación de Psedomona sp a las semillas del cacao en el momento de la siembra provoca efectos positivos en la emergencia y el desarrollo de las posturas de cacao al aumentar su peso seco y área foliar.
Buddhism in Ireland: An Introduction to the Problem
Authors: Cox Laurence
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces the aim of the book and highlights some features of Irish culture and society which are particularly significant for the development of Buddhism; it also raises broader theoretical and methodological issues for the study of Buddhism in the west.
The Two Empires: Ireland in Asia, Asia in Ireland
Authors: Cox Laurence
Published: January 2022

Ireland became related to Buddhist Asia in new ways, with British global hegemony, and knowledge about Buddhism came to be produced within the social relations of high imperialism. This affected Orientalisms both mainstream and dissident, with the use of the Asian Other to critique the here-and now, and the development of anti-colonial and anti-missionary solidarity. Europeans, and Irish people, started to become Buddhist converts and sympathisers, facing far less severe formal sanctions for this, although informal social costs remained high.
Esotericism Against Empire: Irish Theosophy
Authors: Cox Laurence
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the problem of non-conversion, with a view to understanding Buddhism and Ireland. Dublin Theosophy was not purely a literary phenomenon, but also a new religious movement opposed to exclusivist Christianity. This chapter further explores the role of Buddhism in the formation of Irish Theosophy and the religious politics of the choices within Irish Theosophy which explain the absence of a post-Theosophical Buddhist development. It also discusses the 1890s counter-culture of which Theosophy was part.
The First Irish Buddhists: Jumping Ship and ‘Going Native’
Authors: Cox Laurence
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the known early Irish Buddhists and the problem of Buddhism’s ‘hidden histories’. The literate and articulate figures identified here are almost exclusively those who had access to the published word and nothing to lose by writing about their experiences.
Cultivating Buddhism in Ireland: Choices for the Future
Authors: Cox Laurence
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how publicly organised Buddhism has developed in Ireland. This chapter also discusses the growing interest in, and respectability of, Buddhism in Ireland from the 1990s on, as well as issues of hybridity, creolisation and refusal of identification, which are constitutive of Irish Buddhism.
The Theosophical Society: The Quest for the Spiritual Source
Authors: Lubelsky Isaac
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the author explains the origin of the Theosophical Society and how it was founded by Helena Petrovna Blavatsky.
The Struggle Over the Leadership of the Theosophical Society, 1889–1907
Authors: Lubelsky Isaac
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the author explains how Helena Blavatsky ran the Theosophical Society, controlling everyone that would participate of this group.
Introduction
Authors: Sirimane Yuki
Published: January 2022

In this introductory Chapter I have set out some current debates and controversies relating to the Buddhist religious experiences and identified some of the issues which are dealt with in this study. This study depends on both textual analysis and findings of field research based on reports of religious experiences of practitioners of the Path. Hence the issue of identifying those with attainments of the Path particularly for the purpose of the field research is a vital factor for the success of the study.
Noble persons and how to recognize one
Authors: Sirimane Yuki
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 discusses the topic “Noble persons and how to recognize one.” In this chapter, this subject has been dealt with under four sub-topics: 1) The references in the Pāli Nikāyas to the four supramundane fruits of the Path: linking them to the corresponding fetters that are eliminated on the attainment of each fruit. 2) Declarations of having attained a phala as set out in the Pāli Nikāyas: This includes the various expressions used by those who claim to have attained a fruit of the Path, and highlights the various ways in which the attainment of a fruit of the Path is signaled: i.e. with references to the types or the number of fetters broken, knowledge acquired, consequences [ānisaṃsa] in terms of future rebirths, and lists out a spectrum of such expressions. It further examines as to by whom these claims have been made and concludes that the declarations have been made only by the person who attained the phala or by the Buddha, excluding a teacher or any third party bestowing such status. 3) The possibility of recognizing a noble person: This sub-topic sets out the possibilities of and limitations for recognizing a noble person as set out in the texts and who, if any, can recognize one. It concludes that one with the same or a higher attainment may recognize another with the same or lower attainment, or certain gross behaviours may be indications of not having a particular supramundane fruit, if such behaviour has been categorized in the text as impossible at the level of a particular attainment. In general, none other than the Buddha (or one equal to him) and the person who attained himself would know for sure about the attainment of a supramundane fruit. 4) Contemporary difficulties of recognizing a noble person: Presented in terms of the field research of the writer and other recent research and contemporary books such as research by psychologists, psychiatrists and meditators.
Religion and Caste in North Malabar
Authors: Gabriel Theodore
Published: January 2022

A discussion of the religion and caste in the two districts of North Malabar - Kannur and Vayanad.
The Muttappan Legend and emancipation of untouchables in North Malabar
Authors: Gabriel Theodore
Published: January 2022

A discussion of the Muttappan Legend and its origins.
Going Round to Visit Kannon-Sama
Authors: Pye Michael
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at some of the most well-known Buddhist circulatory pilgrimage routes in Japan, namely those which focus on the bodhisattva Kannon, or Kanzeon. The most famous of the Japanese pilgrimage routes devoted to this bodhisattva is that of the Saikoku Thirty-three Spiritual Sites, reputedly founded in about 718 by the monk Tokudō Shōnin, and many others are modelled on this one. The closest and most important imitations of the Saikoku pilgrimage are known as the Bandō Thirty-three Spiritual Sites, which are a widely dispersed string of temples in eastern Japan, and the Chichibu Thirty-four Spiritual Sites which are located relatively close to each other in and around the city of Chichibu not far from Tokyo. The chapter looks at other Kannon-sama routes, the Izumo, Kamakura and Izu Kannon routes and miniature Kannon-sama routes and at the denominational spread of these routes.
More Buddhist Routes
Authors: Pye Michael
Published: January 2022

This chapter covers circulatory Buddhist pilgrimage routes which follow the basic concept of the two main models but are associated with other buddhas, bodhisattvas and holy places. The easy association of different kinds of buddhist divinities is found notably in the list of the “thirteen buddhas” (jūsanbutsu) found in devotional books, especially in the context of Shingon Buddhism. Two figures who cross various denominational boundaries and whose own pilgrimages are briefly introduced are Yakushi Nyorai, the Buddha of Medicine and Fudō Myōō, the Immovable Bright King. Another major figure is the bodhisattva Jizō, known in Japanese formally as Jizō Bosatsu and popularly as Jizō-sama, who is particularly close to the people and is represented in a myriad statues all over the country. The practice of making special visits to the various places connected with the founders of particular practices or teachings as well as pilgrimage in Shin Buddhism is discussed. The concept of encouraging visits to a number of halls within one major temple complex is covered including important examples such as Mount Hiei, Kyōto’s centre of Tendai Buddhism, and Mount Kōya, the ultimate home of Shingon Buddhism. In modern times Buddhist temple authorities have begun to cater for those who do not have a strong devotional attachment to any one buddha, bodhisattva or religious leader. Thus in 1984 a group known as the “Society for Familiar Temples” came into existence in order to promote visits to a collection of forty temples in Kyōto. The practice of circumambulation widely current in various religions of the world is discussed.
The New Life of Old Beliefs: Religious and Spiritual Concepts in Anime
Authors: Buljan Katherine , Cusack Carole M.
Published: January 2022

The religious and spiritual content of anime is one of its remarkable qualities, as in the West it is not common for popular cultural forms to be so saturated with the religious and the spiritual. This chapter has four distinct sections. First, it discusses the role and function of religion in Japanese society, and analyses the complex historical dynamic existing between Shinto and Buddhism, giving greater attention to Shinto as the religious tradition that has contributed most substantially to anime. Second, it considers the Western conceptual categories of animism and anthropomorphism as tools of analysis in the identification of religious and spiritual motifs in anime. The third section examines human to animal and animal to human metamorphosis in Japanese folklore, and the role of magical animals in general and their treatment in anime. The final section identifies supernatural themes and motifs in anime (for example types of spirit beings, animal transformations, and issues of life, death and afterlife) and traces their connections with Shinto, Buddhism, and to a lesser extent, the minority traditions of Christianity and new religions (shin shūkyō) in Japan.
Preface
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

The intention behind this book took shape from the difficulties that lay people (non-monastic) the ‘West’ have in understanding and engaging with the Buddha’s teaching (Dhamma). The author aims to get the teaching across in terms of conceptual models they are more familiar with. A ‘model’ is a conceptual representation of something that cannot be seen or understood directly or easily. For example, ‘wave motion’ and ‘mirror reflection’ are models used to convey vital but difficult parts of the Buddha’s vision of human reality. Besides seeking clarity of explanation, this book is also in part a work manual, a lay instruction handbook to be used for seeing things differently and doing things differently. The offering to the reader of personal exercises and advice is an indication of the engagement of this manual with real life. It seeks a shift in one’s perception of human reality.
Right Concentration: Breathing
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

This chapter instructs on the focusing of attention on an object in a non-grasping manner, and the benefits this brings: quietening the mind, and centering the object of meditation, particularly the motion of the breath. This raises the mind to one-pointedness, eventually unifying other mental factors in pure awareness. This concentration of the mind is shown to be a factor in developing mindfulness and insight, which in turn lead to wisdom, compassion and peace. A sketch is used to explain the function of the diaphragm in the movement of lungs and belly.
Right Understanding: Ignorance & Nibbāna
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces a holistic understanding or view of suffering, the ‘law of kamma’, and the release from or attenuation of suffering. While the mundane understanding of the Path introduces what is conducive to a comfortable life and its benefits ‘in this world’, the full (supramundane) understanding entails the transformation of one’s human reality: the Middle Way (nondual) dimension and dependent origination (complex emergence). Right Understanding (or Right View) is not just intellectual, but enjoins authenticity and radical honesty. Ignorance (or delusion) was in the Buddha’s eyes ignorance of rightness i.e. of laws which were both at once natural patterns of the physical world and moral patterns of the human world. The distinction between the two, which we now take for granted, was creatively ‘fuzzy’ in the Buddha’s thinking. This chapter examines the mundane and supramundane (transcendental, ultimate) understandings of the Buddha’s 1st Noble Truth (suffering) and the 2nd (craving and clinging).
Right Understanding: Self-Evaluation
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

The reader may now be asking if the Path is not ‘all about me’, what is it about? The 4th Foundation of Mindfulness provides us with the opportunity of evaluating how far we have journeyed between assuming ‘me’ (the discrete self) and letting go of that assumption. This chapter reminds us to be careful: there is not a ‘not-me’ (anattā) which contrasts with ‘me’, for that would make the mistake of assuming ‘not-me’ to be another object on a par with other assumed (conditioned) substantive objects which include ‘me’. Despite the impression given in some quarters there is immediately nothing more to ‘not-me’ than letting go of an independent discrete ‘me’. An analogy with ‘Newton’s Cradle’ is used to clarify.
Right Resolve: Silence
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

Here is a critical discussion of the interrelated concepts of faith, after-life, re-becoming, body and soul, ‘God’, ‘existence’ and ‘non-existence’ and the significance of unanswerable questions and the silence that reveals.
Glossary of Neologisms
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

Here is a list of words with definitions that the author has invented or adapted in order to address the absence or the limitations of some English words in getting across a profound Eastern philosophy.