bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The global trauma of the nuclear age in Beckett’s post-war plays
Authors: Tanaka Mariko Hori
Published: January 2019

In this chapter, Mariko Hori Tanaka focuses on how Beckett responds to the imagined nuclear winter inherent in the global competition in the production of nuclear bombs and energy during the Cold War years. Many of his post-war plays including Endgame and Happy Days are clearly set in a post-apocalyptic world, where the only human survivors are the onstage characters. The earth uninhabited and the landscape of ruins with the last remaining human beings barely alive are suggested in many of Beckett’s works. Our post-holocaust world is filled with repeated disasters such as wars, conflicts, and natural disasters, so that we endlessly feel a sense of apocalypse. Beckett’s sense of men and women living in worsening conditions towards the unseen ending is the global anxiety shared in the late twentieth to the twenty-first century. Beckett’s imagination of dead victims ruined and suffering in some traumatic event (which he never clarifies) reminds us, the audience and the readers, of those who suffered and died in apocalyptic disasters. This chapter thus deals with the recent cultural traumas globally shared in our age.
Introduction
Authors: Mariuzzo Andrea
Published: January 2019

Basically there was only one problem, and they were completely agreed about it: to restore the authority of the State … They were ready to make every concession for this, although in different degrees. Colombi talked in a lukewarm fashion of reforms. Tempesti, when it was his turn, wholeheartedly professed a reverence for the religious beliefs of his colleague. The crisis [of government] might prove useful, a good step along the road to normality. It didn’t matter, although it was obvious, that to each this meant something different. The expression was the same and all that really mattered was that it should seem identical....
Towards a legitimation of prosperity?
Authors: Mariuzzo Andrea
Published: January 2019

This chapter deals with the consequences of post-WWII economic development on Italian political identities. The guarantee of economic growth in view of the prosperity of citizens became the main parameter for measuring the effectiveness of policy proposals. In Italy, the main political families presented the themes related to massive increases in production and living standards through the idealization of opposing models. The representations of the Soviet Union and the United States were the points of reference through which different socio-economic concepts surpassed their opponents’ criticism of their attitudes and offered a positive proposal regarding the demand for an assurance of prosperity throughout Italian public opinion. The different fortune of these foreign models of economic and civil development in Italy can be understood through a comparison of the treatment party press and popular magazines reserved for them. In spite of Communist efforts to present the Soviet ‘myth’ as an effective model of egalitarian and participated development, any comparison with the real success of the American way of life was impossible, and even Communists proved to be influenced, though with doubts and critics, by the emerging force of post-war ‘americanisation’
Text, image, audience: Adaptation and reception of Andrea Newman’s A Bouquet of Barbed Wire (1969)
Authors: Pheasant-Kelly Frances
Published: January 2019

Engaging with adaptation theory and narrative theory, and relevant contemporaneous critical reviews, this essay textually analyses Newman’s original novel and its television adaptations and considers these in relation to audience reception, as well as to other similarly placed literary adaptations. In analysing the repression of incestuous desire, and the sado-masochistic themes that arise in A Bouquet of Barbed Wire, this chapter also refers to Freudian psychoanalysis, connecting the themes of incestuous desire, and associated guilt-induced masochism to narrative theory in the way that these dual fantasies propel the narrative forward. Finally, this essay comments upon incest as taboo in interpreting audience reception.
Assuming a ‘manly position’:1 The crisis of masculinity in Ian McEwan’s early fiction
Authors: Gieni Justine
Published: January 2019

Ian McEwan’s early fiction delves into the dark drives and desires of ordinary men and women, revealing disturbing realities about the human psyche. McEwan’s psychological probing of deeply disturbed characters reveals how it is often the mundane feelings of inadequacy or failure that compel seemingly ‘normal’ people to commit horrific acts of sexual violence. Within selected short stories in First Love, Last Rites (1975) and In Between the Sheets (1978), and his first novel The Cement Garden (1978), McEwan horrifies his audience by representing insidious evils that occur through the actions and in the minds of seemingly ordinary men. Reading McEwan’s portrayals of ‘manliness’ is shocking and disturbing not only in his portrayals of rape and incest, but also in the seemingly normal occurrence of sadomasochism, produced and supported by traditional gender relationships.
The desire for power and the power of desire: The case of Pier Paolo Pasolini
Authors: Mack Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on Pasolini’s film Edipe Re (1967), his love poem to his mother, and his play “Affabulacione” (1966). The latter is concerned with a father who turns into a jealous lover of his son. He is so possessive of his son that he ends up killing the son. A reversal of Oedipus and Sophocles’ ghost is a key character in the play. Thus “Affublacione” or “Fabrications” problematizes incest as a gay reversal of the Oedipus complex. The crucial point is that the reversal of Oedipus in Pasolini’s play “Affabulacione” is Oedipal too: it is premised on the desire for power and the power of desire. Art and psychoanalysis here meet politics. The political aspect of mental life and its deceptive representations are also pertinent for a better understanding of Pasolini’s early films. “Mamma Roma” (1962) and Accatone (1961).
‘[T]he thing that makes us different from other people’:1 Narrating incest through ‘différance’ in the work of Angela Carter, A.S. Byatt and Doris Lessing
Authors: Miller Emma V. , Leeson Miles
Published: January 2019

Using Carter’s textual relationship with Saussure and Derrida as a starting point, this chapter will examine the writing of two other “literary” female authors and their narratological engagement with incest and difference with regard to Derridean différance. This will include a discussion of A.S. Byatt’s writing of incest and the assertion of familial class difference in Morpho Eugenia (1992). Similarly in Doris Lessing’s The Golden Notebook (1962), there is also a social and cultural hierarchy of difference, which is expressed through the telling of incest. By linking the difference of both the incestuous and the separateness of the notebooks a reading of transcription will suggest that incest does not only fill the abject space but comes perilously closer to home.
Ideological dimensions in the 2016 elections
Authors: Cunningham Kevin , Elkink Johan A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter evaluates the extent to which ideology may now matter more in Irish elections than before. It does so by analysing the relationship between the ideological positions of parties and vote choice, and by developing a dimensional mapping of ideological space based on rankings in the mock ballots. The principal conclusion is that while it may still be the case that ideology does not play a lead role in Irish politics, perhaps now it might be seen at least as ‘a supporting actor’. It remains the case that ideological positioning does not separate the two largest Irish parties, Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil; however, ideology does determine whether someone might vote for either or neither of these parties. On average Irish voters select parties that are ideologically close to them on a left-right scale, most prominently so for voters on the left of the spectrum where left vs. right does matter in their choice between parties. Overall, from a comparative perspective the Irish case may appear more conventional in terms of left-right competition than typically assumed; it also has an undercurrent of anti-globalisation that is similar to that found in other European states.
Myths, methods and minorities
Authors: Peacock Timothy Noël
Published: January 2019

This chapter sets out the methodological framework, demonstrating through the study that there is a distinctive British tradition of minority government: parties in a hung parliament usually preferring minority to coalition governance, grounded in majoritarian rule and relying on examples from British history when formulating strategy, but open to pragmatic innovations in order to stay in power. Popular and scholarly myths surrounding the 1970s British Minority Governments show how some of the conclusions of existing historical and political science studies, documentaries, and television news, have helped to form and perpetuate these false assumptions. It is argued that this book’s interface with and challenges to existing international minority government theory provide the basis for a new perspective on British political history and minority governance globally.
Myths about leaders: personalities and strategy-making
Authors: Peacock Timothy Noël
Published: January 2019

This chapter aims to demonstrate that both Labour and the Conservatives were far more strategically proactive when approaching Minority Government in the 1970s than has been assumed in popular and scholarly accounts. The analysis of the strategy-making processes in both main parties provides new insights by drawing on a combination of recently released papers of bodies including Cabinet and Shadow Cabinet meetings, the No. 10 Policy Unit, the Conservative Research Department (CRD), and correspondence between party leaders and their respective advisers. The examination of the often-overlooked impact of Minority Governments on the formation of strategy ranges from the transformation of established institutions to such innovations as Conservative leader Edward Heath’s ‘Party Strategy Group’, created primarily as a response to the Wilson Minority Government in 1974.
The birth of myths: alternatives to government formation
Authors: Peacock Timothy Noël
Published: January 2019

This chapter identifies and analyses previously neglected strategic dilemmas confronted at the outset of the formation of Minority Governments by Wilson in 1974 and Callaghan in 1976. Challenging pre-existing myths and assumptions, it shows that their establishment or continuation as Minority Governments were not necessarily inevitable. It is argued that alternative courses of action were considered by policymakers, including the prospects of an early election or a possible Labour coalition with the SDLP in 1976. The Conservative Opposition also played an important role in the formation of these different minority governments, from calls for institutional reform to contemplating a prospective Government of National Unity.
Rewriting political mythology in 2017
Authors: Peacock Timothy Noël
Published: January 2019

The rereading of Minority Governments in 1970s Britain, through declassified papers and a wide range of publicly available sources, provides an invaluable perspective on subsequent British political history and, in particular, on the Conservative Minority Government formed, with DUP support, in June 2017. This chapter offers lessons from history on the potential challenges and opportunities confronting Theresa May’s Minority Government and the Labour Opposition led by Jeremy Corbyn. This study concludes by highlighting the significant longer-term implications for future political decision-making in Britain and other countries, as well as the potential impact on future scholarship and international minority government theory.
Was Schutz a positivist? Was he even a sociologist? Comparing the reception and inception of his work
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: January 2019

The phenomenology of Alfred Schutz was a major influence on ethnomethodology, and on some other developments in sociology during the 1950s and 60s, notably the work of Cicourel and Berger and Luckmann. The character and reception of Schutz’s work is examined, and it is suggested that there are significant respects in which it has been misinterpreted. The context in which he began his studies is documented, and in particular his relationship to Austrian economics. Schutz’s aim was to resolve a problem that had been at the heart of this economic tradition: the grounding of its basic theoretical principles. And he identified much the same gap in the interpretive sociology of Max Weber. Schutz drew on the work of Bergson and Husserl in an attempt to clarify the nature of the lifeworld that underpins social and economic action. Two key questions are addressed here: whether his work served as a fundamental challenge to the positivism of the dominant sociological tradition in the 1960s; and whether Schutz regarded his work as part of social science or of philosophy, and therefore whether he was, in fact, aiming to build a phenomenological sociology, as seems to have been assumed by Garfinkel and many others.
Garfinkel and Goffman via Simmel: parallels and divergences
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter compares the orientations of Garfinkel and Goffman. Their work is often regarded as similar, being concerned with the study of mundane patterns of social interaction. However, ethnomethodologists usually insist that there are fundamental differences between them. Their orientations are examined via a comparison with the work of a third sociologist, Georg Simmel, who was an important influence upon Goffman. While Garfinkel does not seem to have drawn on Simmel’s work, there are interesting parallels: in particular, they share a concern with the constitutive role that social interaction plays in social life. It is argued that, despite similarities between the orientations of Garfinkel and Goffman, the differences are more significant. For Goffman, the aim is to generate conceptual frameworks that illuminate everyday behavior, whereas ethnomethodologists resist the bringing in of new concepts, being concerned instead with explicating the processes by which social phenomena are produced in their own terms. Other differences relate to what is taken to be the context of social interaction, with Goffman treating the interaction order as mediating the effects of outside factors, whereas ethnomethodologists insist that the context of any process of social interaction can only be what is constituted as context within it.
Controlling disease in a civil-war garrison town: military discipline or civic duty? The surviving evidence for Newark-upon-Trent, 1642–46
Authors: Jennings Stuart B.
Published: January 2019

Across England, between 1642 and 1648, numerous towns found themselves garrisoned. Whilst some issues were clearly military matters, relationships between civic authorities and garrison commanders over more generic matters often proved to be fraught. One such issue where responsibility was unclear was in the response to the arrival of endemic disease, such as typhus or plague, which impacted on all in a garrison town and where a degree of coordinated action was required to limit the spread of infection: who took charge, how and where were the infected treated and quarantined and who met the cost (both financial and logistical) in such situations? A rare survival of civilian sources from the town of Newark enables an exploration of some of the issues within this garrison town.
A new kind of surgery for a new kind of war: gunshot wounds and their treatment in the British Civil Wars
Authors: Rutherford Stephen M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the medical challenges posed by the increased number of gunshot wounds during the civil wars, and sets out the changes in the way these wounds were treated. The treatment of battlefield wounds expounded in surgeons’ manuals, is placed in context with what we now understand about the biology, pathology and effective treatment methods for wounds. The techniques used by the civil-war surgeon are compared with those of later periods. Despite a lack of understanding of microbiology, physiology and, in many cases, anatomy, many methods employed by civil-war military surgeons reflect good contemporary surgical practice. Despite the lack of antibiotics, anaesthetics, hygienic environments and high-quality surgical implements, survival rates from injuries on the field arrear to have been considerable, if treated. In developing treatments for the problems posed by gunshot wounds, some civil-war surgeons used an evidence-based approach, and laid the foundations for much modern surgical practice.
‘Stout Skippon hath a wound’: the medical treatment of Parliament’s infantry commander following the battle of Naseby
Authors: Pells Ismini
Published: January 2019

At the battle of Naseby, Sergeant-Major-General Philip Skippon, commander of the New Model Army infantry, was near-fatally wounded. His subsequent treatment is one of the best documented examples of civil-war medical care. This chapter will investigate Skippon’s treatment in detail and demonstrate how the medical care he received was neither barbaric nor backward but in fact representative of significant advances that had been made in military medicine as a result of the civil wars. Moreover, this chapter will also explore the propaganda campaign surrounding Skippon’s treatment. It will argue that political considerations, namely the need to overcome opposition to the formation of the New Model from within the parliamentarian alliance itself, played a vital role in Skippon's care and the consequent portray of his providential survival as divine vindication of the New Model experiment.
‘Dead Hogges, Dogges, Cats and well flayed Carryon Horses’: royalist hospital provision during the First Civil War
Authors: Arni Eric Gruber von
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the philosophy and measures adopted by Charles I and his Council of War to provide hospitals and care for their army’s sick and wounded. The King’s army faced horrendous logistical, medical and environmental problems throughout the wars. His Council of War formed a centralised command system operating under the King’s autocratic personal direction. Their complete failure to coordinate an effective casualty care policy led, inevitably, to grossly insanitary living conditions and diseases. Surgical facilities were established at New Inn Hall Street and Sunningwell with an isolation hospital in Yarnton Manor. Overall, the King’s administrators adopted a very different approach towards casualty care that compared unfavourably with that of their enemies.
Gerard’s Herball and the treatment of war-wounds and contagion during the English Civil War
Authors: Jones Richard
Published: January 2019

Published in 1597, the Herball of John Gerard was instantly recognised as an essential medical treatise. It was substantially revised and extended in a new edition published in 1633. As the most extensive and up-to-date statement on matters medical, there can be no doubt that Gerard’s Herball must have been a go-to manual during the civil wars. Yet the role it played in the treatment of the soldiery and general populace has yet to be told. This chapter analyses a surviving copy of the Herball, and its seventeenth-century ownership and usage by the royalist family, the Coopers of Thurgarton. An analysis of the numerous annotations it includes and the conditions they identify, argues that this artefact was used to inform treatments for those suffering ailments commonly associated with seventeenth-century siege warfare, and in this instance, the sieges of Newark in particular.
The Knights of Labor and the British trade unions, 1880–1900
Authors: Parfitt Steven
Published: January 2019

This chapter charts the conflicts that erupted between those unions and British branches of the Knights of Labor. Between 1884 and 1894, an American working-class movement named the Knights of Labor set up more than thirty branches across Britain and Ireland. In that time the Knights organised more than ten thousand members, and contributed to epochal changes in the British trade union movement and in British labour politics. They also faced serious opposition from British unions that resented the Knights’ incursion into their trades and industries. Knights suffered first from battles with craft unions, and then, after the so-called “new unionism” brought large numbers of hitherto unorganised workers into the British union movement, from battles with many of the “new” unions. This chapter argues that the Knights lost these battles because their organisational model, and their reliance on help from an ailing movement in the United States, cut against the sweeping changes that transformed the British labour movement in the late nineteenth century – the growth of national unions and local labour federations in particular. In some cases, the Knights were undone by the very organisations that they had inspired or helped to create.
‘The people’s main defence against monopoly’?1 The Co-op, the Labour Party and Resale Price Maintenance, 1918–1964
Authors: Stewart David
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the contentious political alliance between the Co-op and the Labour Party through a case study of the debate over Resale Price Maintenance during the period 1918-1964. In particular, it tests the hypothesis that there was an inherent tension between the Co-op’s voluntarism and Labour’s state socialism, while scrutinising the extent to which organisational issues regarding forms of affiliation inhibited the coordination of RPM policy. The chapter argues that by supporting state regulation of profiteering trusts, trade associations and cartels, the Co-op moderated its opposition towards state action and channelled it into an anti-monopolist critique, which became a more prominent source of disagreement with Labour than has hitherto been recognised. It concludes that the degree of dysfunctionality generated by internal Co-op differences over its anti-monopoly strategy and divisions with Labour over national affiliation rendered the coordination of RPM policy nearly impossible, reinforcing the Co-op’s junior status in the alliance of consumer and producer democracy.
The British left’s attitude towards the Battle of Athens, December 1944–February 1945: commonalities and divisions
Authors: Chartomatsidi Anastasia
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the wide range of discussions in British society sparked by the unprovoked shooting of unarmed civilians by the Greek police and British troops at Syntagma Square on 3 December 1944, the Battle of Athens between the EAM/ELAS forces and the British troops assisted by Greek royalist forces until January 1945, and the reconciliation between the warring parties on 12 February 1945, after the signing of the Varkiza Agreement. The British Left participated in, and actively shaped, the public conversation on the events in Greece and on the role of the British government. On the surface, the three examined parties of the British Left called for the same thing: the withdrawal of British troops from Greece, the end of the British Government’s interventionist policy in Greek political affairs, and the prosperity and sovereignty of the Greek people. However, the response to the events was not unanimous since differences between the parties examined existed on the ideological, rhetorical and practical levels.
Dissent in the Parliamentary Labour Party, 1945–2015
Authors: Randall Nick
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses dissent within the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) during the post-war period. It examines the frequency, depth and extent of parliamentary rebellions and the policy issues which generated these divisions. In addition, the PLP’s role in destabilising party leaders and the willingness of dissidents to resign the whip and defect to other parties are reviewed. The chapter then examines the contribution of parliamentary factions in organising this dissent, finding that their role is easily exaggerated. The strategies available to the party’s leaders in managing parliamentary dissent are considered before the focus shifts to the PLP’s relations with the extra-parliamentary party and the circumstances in which it has compromised its legitimacy with grassroots members. The chapter concludes by arguing that these patterns of dissent, factionalism and party management can be understood as a sequence of three regimes before offering a preliminary assessment of findings of the chapter as they relate to Jeremy Corbyn’s leadership.
Cut and paste
Authors: Dahlgren Anna
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 considers the mechanisms of breaks and continuities in the history of photocollage with regard to gender, genre and locations of display. Collage is commonly celebrated as a twentieth-century art form invented by Dada artists in the 1910s. Yet there was already a vibrant culture of making photocollages in Victorian Britain. From an art historical perspective this can be interpreted as an expression of typical modernist amnesia. The default stance of the early twentieth century’s avant-garde was to be radically, ground-breakingly new and different from any historical precursors. However, there is, when turning to the illustrated press, also a trajectory of continuity and withholding of traditions in the history of photocollage. This chapter has two parts. The first includes a critical investigation of the writings on the history of photocollage between the 1970s and 2010s, focusing on the arguments and rationales of forgetting and retrieving those nineteenth-century forerunners. It includes examples of amnesia and recognition and revaluation. The second is a close study of a number of images that appear in Victorian albums produced between 1870 and 1900 and their contemporary counterparts in the visual culture of illustrated journals and books.
Modernism in the streets
Authors: Dahlgren Anna
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 considers the introduction of modernist aesthetics in Sweden in the early 1930s in the image communities of marketing and visual art. The main focus is the Stockholm Exhibition held in 1930 in which marketing and advertising played an integral part in the presentation of modern architecture, design and visual art. The exhibition area hosted the first large presentation of modernist visual art in Sweden and was simultanoeusly a decisive event for the introduction of modernist window displays. From the late 1920s and onwards window displays were clearly being influenced by avant-garde modernist art such as cubism, futurism and constructivism. This is evident in the designs themselves but it was also spelled out in professional journals and handbooks. In the commercial context pure marketing rationales and arguments were linked to the modernist aesthetic.The modernist design in window displays was not unique to Sweden around 1930. However, this is an instructive case as the reception of modernist images differed widely between the two image communities. Within marketing aesthetics the Stockholm exhibition marks the breakthrough for modernism. But simultaneously, the art field was very resistant to modernist aesthetics and the Art Concret exhibition proved to be a complete fiasco.
Magazined art
Authors: Dahlgren Anna
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 investigates the printed magazine as a site where the world of art and fashion merged in the 1980s. Since the early 1990s fashion photographs have migrated effortlessly between the art field and the commercial field, between being considered as personal works or assignments limited by the ideas and wants of designers, brands and fashion publications. As pointed out by several scholars a crucial part of this development was the new aesthetics that emerged in the 1990s which challenged traditional notions of fashion as glamorous depictions of garments, a style labelled ‘trash realism’, ’radical fashion’ or ’post fashion’. However, as the chapter shows, an equally important material basis for this development was the emergence of new fora in the 1980s. Later on, in the 1990s and early 2000s several magazines that straddled art, style culture and high fashion appeared, such as Purple Prose, Tank, 032C and Sleek. This chapter trace the beginnings of these transgressions through a close examination of the two magazines i-D and Artforum, which from different positions and with different strategies served as an active interface between art and fashion in the 1980s.
Imposter art
Authors: Dahlgren Anna
Published: January 2019

Chapter 4 explores how mass media, in the form of daily press, professional journals and television, represented and interpreted contemporary art that was deemed as illegal acts. In consequence, it considers how media discourses intervened and acted in such artistic and legal processes. At the centre of this study are artworks made by three Swedish artists between 1967 and 2009 which were simultaneously considered as both artistic statements and real illegal deeds. These artworks and the ensuing media debates are illuminating examples of how the notion of art is continuously negotiated and interpreted very differently by various agents in diverse contexts. This chapter, therefore, expands its focus beyond the typical agents of the art world such as curators, critics and art historians to include statements and writing by representatives of politics, media, entertainment, law and the general public. Being controversial acts, these artworks were open to multiple interpretations and fed smoothly into the logic of the media system. Accordingly, the artists and their artworks were described as breaking news in the standard vocabulary of the press. In addition, they all elicited extensive media discussions on the definition of art.
The belly and the viscera of the capital city
Authors: Thomas Gilles
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the catacombs and sewers of Paris: a maze of underground galleries that were essential to the proper functioning of the city above them. They create a vast network that resemble the vascular, respiratory and digestive systems of the human body. Unlike London, Paris was built with the very material taken from what later became the hole-ridden foundations of the city. To prevent Paris from collapsing, Louis XVI created an administration for the inspection and maintenance of the disused underground quarries of the city and its suburbs. At the same time, the Parisians increasingly complained and petitioned against the pestilential air exhaled by the city’s graveyards, as their grounds were as swollen as the belly of a corpse under the pressure of the gases of decomposition. This led to the closure of the graveyards and the relocation of the remains in the underground ossuary of Montsouris.
The legibility of the bowels: Lichtenberg’s excretory vision of Hogarth’s A Harlot’s Progress
Authors: Mahler Anthony
Published: January 2019

This essay lays bare the rampant but thinly veiled scatology in Georg Christoph Lichtenberg’s renowned commentaries of William Hogarth’s A Harlot’s Progress. It shows that Lichtenberg finds all kinds of scatological objects – chamber pots, enemas, anal swabs – in Hogarth’s prints by applying what he calls the hermeneutics of hypochondria. Such a hermeneutics follows digressions, metaphorical associations, and metonymical connections to identify scatological objects in the images even where there are none. The resulting excremental vision of A Harlot’s Progress evidences, in Lichtenberg’s view, his own hypochondria and threatens the validity of his interpretations. But he also turns the scatological motif against the interpretive excess that produced it: excrement confronts the hypochondriacal interpreter with his own corporeal mortality and thus with the limits of his interpretive capacities as a human. Scatological satire therefore serves, in Lichtenberg’s conception, as something like a cynic self-therapy for interpretive hubris.
Parodies of pompous knowledge: treatises on farting
Authors: Armand Guilhem
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses parodic treatises on winds, imagined as productions of the Rabelaisian tradition and of the new science of the Enlightenment. As science became more popular, this new popularity had its drawbacks: innumerable books, often pseudo-scientific ones, were written on every subject, and long before the advent of positivism, new scientists proclaimed the new physics had an explanation for everything. If the veneer of science allowed any subject to be turned into vain and pompous writings, then flatulence could also be an object of interest. Treatises or eulogies, these texts combine the parodies of several literary genres to form their own unique genre. From Pierre Hurtaut to Mercier de Compiègne or Swift, their authors rely on satirical winds to write on more serious matters.
Potbelly, paunch and innards: variations on the abdomen in Marivaux’s L’Homère travesti and Le Télémaque travesti
Authors: Aznavour Clémence
Published: January 2019

In Marivaux’s plays and fictional memoirs, the somatic vocabulary is quite limited and mostly refers to the ‘face’, the ‘eyes’ and the ‘hands’ of the characters. The ‘belly’ is rarely mentioned, except in order to describe the gluttony of servants and peasants. ‘Paunch’, ‘potbelly’ and ‘innards’, on the other hand, punctuate two parodic works Marivaux wrote at the beginning of his career: L’Homère travesti and Le Télémaque travesti. This chapter analyses this exceptional vocabulary and highlights its link with the burlesque register, and the specific context of the Homeric Warfare in which L’Homère traveti and Le Télémaque travesti played their part. Throughout the burlesque register, Marivaux creates new epic targets and focuses on physiological disturbances in order to call into questions the heroism of antiquity and the alleged perfection of the heroic body. This register also allows him to examine the link between appetite and sexual desire: if the equivalence between food and women’s body will remain in Marivaux’s following works, the ‘belly’ will never appear again as the material location of desire.
Traditio Romana
Authors: Rennie Kriston R.
Published: January 2019

The second half of the ninth century is a particularly cogent era for monastic exemption privileges. This chapter explains the promise and growth of papal protection during this period, when it became a defining feature of monastic exemption privileges. As a coveted ambition for many medieval monasteries, this valuable commodity introduced a physical, ideological, and rhetorical dimension into the political exchange, shaping a distinctly Roman tradition.
Making concessions
Authors: Rennie Kriston R.
Published: January 2019

The law of monastic exemption is seldom viewed through an early medieval lens. Overcoming this historiographical problem, this chapter defines the character and growth of monastic exemption in a period comparatively lacking in legal expression and rhetoric. It examines how it operated, how it was defined, and what it meant to contemporaries. In what ways did its early practice shape later canon law? What were the precedents which framed later legal developments? To advance our understanding further, the technical form of exemption is stripped down to its constitutive elements. This methodological approach offers a richer understanding of monastic exemption in the early Middle Ages, in turn revealing its inherent value to the papacy in making concessions to the law over many subsequent centuries.
Defining and measuring
Authors: King Steven
Published: January 2019

The central purpose of this chapter is to understand the scale of sickness confronted by the Old Poor Law during its so- called crisis stages and to for a definition of medical welfare. In terms of the former, the chapter brings together the largest corpus of evidence ever assembled for this period. It argues that sickness increased in frequency, intensity and duration, such that the crisis of the Old Poor law was co-terminus with a crisis of health. Looking at how parochial officials recorded responses to such sickness, the chapter argues that we must follow them in adopting the widest possible definition of medical welfare.
Introduction: establishing the field of play
Authors: Rofe J. Simon
Published: January 2019

The introduction to the book lays out the key arguments of sport and diplomacy. It explains the value of the field of study, and why it has emerged in the last five years, and the relationship between these two enduring features of the contemporary world. The sections of the book addressing ‘Concepts and History’, ‘Public Diplomacy’ and ‘No Sport as Diplomacy’ are laid out. Further, it keeps a firm focus on the impact of the relationship between sport and diplomacy on practitioners and policy makers. The introduction argues for the relevance of the whole volume as shedding new light on to question such as: How far has sport been materially overlooked in the relationship between states and diplomacy? To what extent does sport provide a lens upon the international system that gives insight into broader issues of diplomacy, particularly the discourses of Soft Power and Public Diplomacy?; and What is the future of the relationship between Sport and Diplomacy?
Can sport contribute to the mission success of military peace support operations?
Authors: Cárdenas Alexander , Lang Sibylle
Published: January 2019

In this exploratory article, the authors investigate if and how sport may be used as a tool to advance Peace Support Operations’ (PSO) success. This is done based on a review of existing literature both in the Sport for Development and Peace (SDP) and PSO fields, as well as information on relevant activities going on “in the field” and a first round of interviews with Colombian and German officers. The authors start with an examination of sport as a tool for peace-building and the nexus between sport and the military. Outlining the characteristics and challenges of today’s complex PSO’s, they identify docking points and ways of how sport may be used to mitigate those challenges. The authors focus on four areas: multinational military-military cooperation, international civil-military interaction and PSO’s relations with the local population and the local authorities and armed forces. Acknowledging some restraints due to the nature of these operations’ constellations and dynamics, they propose six preliminary models for the use of sport to support mission success and encourage academia, the military and SDP practitioners to look further into the field.
Another brick in the wall
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: January 2019

Between 1945-1989 we can trace a growing conflation of economic liberalism with social and cultural liberalism, such that social liberalism becomes engulfed by neoliberal capital and subsumed under market fundamentalism. As a consequence, there emerges a political debate about liberal societies – in Popper’s terms, ‘open societies’ – and their relation to authoritarian and totalitarian regimes and institutions. However, this misses the point that, when social values are essentially monetized, the institutional values of academic freedom – characterised by an ‘open university’ - are potentially compromised. The chapter examines the historical constitution of the UK’s ‘Open University’ – as an explicitly democratising institution - and sets that against the contemporary logic of zero-sum competition, which envisages the failure and closure of some universities as a sign of the success of the national and global system. The paradox is that, as more universities open, so the range of intellectual options for critical thinking actually diminishes. The consequence is the enclosure of the intellectual commons, and the re-establishment of protected privilege and the legitimization of structural social inequality. Organisations such as the Russell Group embody this entrenching of inequality.
Preliminary hypotheses towards a manifesto
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: January 2019

The ‘social mobility’ agenda permits a society to circumvent the failings that are consequent on its hierarchical class structure. It exists to protect existing unearned privilege and authority, while permitting occasional individuals to be ‘admitted’ to those class privileges. The entire agenda should be scrapped, and the University should dedicate itself instead to a concern for ‘social justice’....
The rise and fall of the municipal art gallery movement? The public and private dimensions of local civic art
Authors: Moore James
Published: January 2019

By 1914 most Lancashire towns, including many small towns, maintained an art gallery at municipal expense. The origins and practical purpose of these galleries were more diverse than one might imagine. Yet, by 1914, the Lancashire art world faced something of a crisis. The generation of great Lancastrian patrons seemed to be receding. Modern revisionist thinking viewed many of Lancashire’s Victorian public art collections as outdated. The grand galleries of the nineteenth century were expensive to maintain and often poorly attended. This final chapter examines the reasons for this crisis and the way some innovative thinkers attempted to respond.
‘Those true sons of Mars’: chivalry, cowardice and the power of satire
Authors: Morgan Alison
Published: January 2019

This is the longest section in the book and comprises seventeen poems, many of which use satire not only to delight a sympathetic readership but also as a way of demonstrating defiance and voicing outrage at the actions of the authorities both during and after Peterloo. The introduction explores how writers in the Romantic period, from the full range of the cultural spectrum, used satire as a form of cultural defiance and challenge to authority at a time when any form of opposition was deemed seditious. Another theme evident is that of chivalry, a contentious issue during the eighteenth century with its revival by conservatives such as Edmund Burke fuelling a radical counter-revival focussed on a new age of political chivalry. As a consequence, the language and symbolism of chivalry was adopted by both conservatives and radicals in support of their cause. The Manchester Yeomanry Cavalry is the target of many of thesatirical poems in this section, alongside the detested politicans, Lords Castlereagh and Sidmouth and the Manchester Magistrate, Reverend Ethelstone. It includes poems written by the radical writers, Robert Shorter and Allen Davenport.
Diatom ecological response to deposition of the 833-850 CE White River Ash (east lobe) ashfall in a small subarctic Canadian lake
Authors: Hutchinson Scott J. , Hamilton Paul B. , Patterson R. Timothy , Galloway Jennifer M. , Nasser Nawaf A. , Spence Christopher , Falck Hendrik
Published: January 2019

A <5 mm thick volcanic ashfall layer associated with the White River Ash (east lobe [WRAe]) originating from the eruption of Mount Churchill, Alaska (833-850 CE; 1,117–1,100 cal BP) was observed in two freeze cores obtained from Pocket Lake (62.5090°N, −114.3719°W), a small subarctic lake located within the city limits of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. Here we analyze changes in diatom assemblages to assess impact of tephra deposition on the aquatic biota of a subarctic lake. In a well-dated core constrained by 8 radiocarbon dates, diatom counts were carried out at 1-mm intervals through an interval spanning  1 cm above and below the tephra layer with each 1 mm sub-sample represented about 2 years of deposition. Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) and Stratigraphically Constrained Incremental Sum of Squares (CONISS) analyses were carried out and three distinct diatom assemblages were identified throughout the interval. The lowermost “Pre-WRAe Assemblage (Pre-WRAeA)” was indicative of slightly acidic and eutrophic lacustrine conditions. Winter deposition of the tephra layer drove a subsequent diatom flora shift to the “WRAe Assemblage (WRAeA)” the following spring. The WRAeA contained elevated abundances of taxa associated with oligotrophic, nutrient depleted and slightly more alkaline lake waters. These changes were only apparent in samples within the WRAe containing interval indicating that they were short lived and only sustained for a single year of deposition. Immediately above the WRAe horizon, a third, “Post-WRAe Assemblage (Post-WRAeA)” was observed. This assemblage was initially similar to that of the Pre-WRAeA but gradually became more distinct upwards, likely due to climatic patterns independent of the WRAe event. These results suggest that lacustrine environments are sensitive to perturbations such as deposition of ash fall, but that ecological communities in subarctic systems can also have high resilience and can recover rapidly. If subsampling of the freeze cores was carried out at a more standard resolution (0.5–1 cm) these subtle diatom ecological responses to perturbation associated with the WRAe depositional event would not have been observed. This research illustrates the importance of high-resolution subsampling when studying the environmental impact of geologically “near instantaneous” events such as episodic deposition of ashfalls.
Impact assessment of high soil CO2on plant growth and soil environment: a greenhouse study
Authors: He Wenmei , Yoo Gayoung , Moonis Mohammad , Kim Youjin , Chen Xuanlin
Published: January 2019

To ensure the safety of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, insight into the potential impacts of CO2leakage on the ecosystem is necessary. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of high soil CO2on plant growth and the soil environment. Treatments comprised 99.99% CO2injection (CG), 99.99% N2injection (NG), and no injection (BG). NG treatment was employed to differentiate the effects of O2depletion from those of CO2enrichment. Soil CO2and O2concentrations were maintained at an average of 53% and 11%, respectively, under CG treatment. We verified that high soil CO2had negative effects on root water absorption, chlorophyll, starch content and total biomass. Soil microbial acid phosphatase activity was affected by CG treatment. These negative effects were attributed to high soil CO2instead of low O2or low pH. Our results indicate that high soil CO2affected the root system, which in turn triggered further changes in aboveground plant tissues and rhizospheric soil water conditions. A conceptual diagram of CO2toxicity to plants and soil is suggested to act as a useful guideline for impact assessment of CCS technology.