bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A computational model for the cancer field effect
Authors: Deutscher Karl , Hillen Thomas , Newby Jay
Published: July 2023

Introduction

The Cancer Field Effect describes an area of pre-cancerous cells that results from continued exposure to carcinogens. Cells in the cancer field can easily develop into cancer. Removal of the main tumor mass might leave the cancer field behind, increasing risk of recurrence.

Methods

The model we propose for the cancer field effect is a hybrid cellular automaton (CA), which includes a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) to compute the effects of the carcinogens on the gene expression of the genes related to cancer development. We use carcinogen interactions that are typically associated with smoking and alcohol consumption and their effect on cancer fields of the tongue.

Results

Using simulations we support the understanding that tobacco smoking is a potent carcinogen, which can be reinforced by alcohol consumption. The effect of alcohol alone is significantly less than the effect of tobacco. We further observe that pairing tumor excision with field removal delays recurrence compared to tumor excision alone. We track cell lineages and find that, in most cases, a polyclonal field develops, where the number of distinct cell lineages decreases over time as some lineages become dominant over others. Finally, we find tumor masses rarely form via monoclonal origin.
From “smart growth” to “frontier” intensification: density, YIMBYism, and the development of garden suites in Toronto
Authors: Bunce Susannah
Published: July 2023

Toronto's official intensification policy has directed increased density primarily through residential development over the last 20 years. Recently, new intensification efforts have focused on increasing density in existing residential neighborhoods through so-called “gentle density” and “missing middle” built form, as a new “frontier” of intensification. These efforts have included a focus on the production of garden suites on residential properties. In this short intervention, I suggest that Yes-In-My-Backyard narratives, that celebrate intensification, raise problematic arguments under the guise of sustainable urbanism and liberal progressive politics which foreclose important critiques of intensification. I argue that increased YIMBYism and new intensification efforts in Toronto are entwined with homeownership wealth-building and market-oriented property development.
Sarcocystis moreliae sp. nov. in the imported green tree python Morelia cf. viridis (Reptilia, Pythonidae)
Authors: Máca Ondřej , González-Solís David
Published: July 2023

Species of Sarcocystis use various vertebrates as intermediate or definitive hosts in their life cycles. One of these is snakes, whose role as intermediate hosts for these protozoans is scarce; in fact, there are six records, but only three with molecular characterization. An imported green tree python was involved in the morphological and molecular characterization (four loci) of a new species of Sarcocystis localized in skeletal muscles. Sarcocystis moreliae sp. nov. has a type 1 sarcocyst with a smooth wall and is genetically similar (at the 18S rRNA gene) to two unnamed species of Sarcocystis found in Lytorhynchus diadema from Oman and Varanus salvator macromaculatus from Malaysia, but their detailed comparison is impossible. The new species showed lower similarity to its congeners in other loci (28S rRNA, ITS1, and cox1). This is the first morphological and genetic characterization of a Sarcocystis species in snakes of the genus Morelia, particularly M. viridis, using four loci, but more data are needed to fill the knowledge gap about snakes as intermediate hosts of Sarcocystis.
Addressing Non-Communicable Diseases in Primary Healthcare in Kyrgyzstan: A Study on Population’ Knowledge and Behavioral Changes
Authors: Muratalieva Elvira , Ablezova Mehrigiul , Djamangulova Tolkun , Hoffarth Tobias , Kissimova-Skarbek Katarzyna , Graeser Silke , Nendaz Mathieu , Beran David
Published: July 2023

Objective: Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Kyrgyzstan are responsible for 83% of all deaths. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of WHO “Package of Essential Interventions on NCDs” (PEN) on health education and counselling at primary healthcare in Kyrgyzstan.

Methods: Interventions consisted of information diffusion in primary care facilities and in communities by trained volunteers. The study aimed to assess the evolution of population’s knowledge and behaviour through a questionnaire applying a quasi-experimental approach. The sample size was 2,000 at baseline and after 4 years in intervention and control oblasts.

Results: Population’s knowledge and behaviour improved in intervention areas compared to control areas. Knowledge on NCD-related risks increased from 61% to 87%. Behaviour improved with physical activity increasing from 23% to 32%; smokers reduced from 22% to 20%; alcohol consumption reduced from 23% to 16%; daily walking (minimum 30’) improved from 40% to 71%.

Conclusion: This study suggests that the PEN-protocol is effective in improving healthy behaviour, thus potentially contributing to prevent NCDs. This example from Kyrgyzstan provides a practical example for promoting PEN-protocol adaptation in other countries.
Thermo-Electro-Mechanical Modeling and Experimental Validation of Thickness Change of a Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell with Blend Positive Electrode
Authors: Schmider David , Bessler Wolfgang G.
Published: July 2023

Lithium-ion battery cells exhibit a complex and nonlinear coupling of thermal, electrochemical, and mechanical behavior. In order to increase insight into these processes, we report the development of a pseudo-three-dimensional (P3D) thermo-electro-mechanical model of a commercial lithium-ion pouch cell with graphite negative electrode and lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide/lithium cobalt oxide blend positive electrode. Nonlinear molar volumes of the active materials as function of lithium stoichiometry are taken from literature and implemented into the open-source software Cantera for convenient coupling to battery simulation codes. The model is parameterized and validated using electrical, thermal and thickness measurements over a wide range of C-rates from 0.05 C to 10 C. The combined experimental and simulated analyses show that thickness change during cycling is dominated by intercalation-induced swelling of graphite, while swelling of the two blend components partially cancel each other. At C-rates above 2 C, electrochemistry-induced temperature increase significantly contributes to cell swelling due to thermal expansion. The thickness changes are nonlinearly distributed over the thickness of the electrode pair due to gradients in the local lithiation, which may accelerate local degradation. Remaining discrepancies between simulation and experiment at high C-rates might be attributed to lithium plating, which is not considered in the model at present.
Determination of Caffeine and Elements in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Beverages
Authors: Athanasiadis Vassilis , Chatzimitakos Theodoros , Kalompatsios Dimitrios , Mantiniotou Martha , Bozinou Eleni , Lalas Stavros I.
Published: July 2023

The study focused on the examination of eight commercial hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic beverage samples that were packaged in aluminum cans or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. The pH value, caffeine content, and concentration of thirty elements were determined. Caffeine quantification was performed by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Element determination was conducted by using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that pH values were much more acidic in all samples, ranging from 2.68 to 3.97. Caffeine concentrations ranged from 0.02–38.93 mg/100 mL between the samples and were found to be below the acceptable daily level (~400 mg) established by the relevant food regulatory authority. The measurable quantity of caffeine (~10 mg/100 mL) was found in two functional beverage samples where caffeine was labeled as an ingredient. Element concentration varied with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among all samples. Elements such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead were measured below the corresponding permissible levels set by the European Commission; however, daily consumption of functional beverages should be examined to deteriorate several health risks. Aluminum was quantified above the parametric value by 21 to 117% in the canned samples, whereas antimony was only measured in PET-bottled samples at approximately 3 μg/L. Multivariate methods were applied to investigate any possible correlation between the samples and the examined parameters. Strong positive correlations with statistically significant differences (R > 0.9, p < 0.05) were observed between zinc and copper and between calcium and silver. Finally, similarities and differences between the samples and the examined parameters resulted in satisfactory discrimination of them regarding not only their caffeine content but also their tonicity. Excessive consumption of functional beverages could represent a major public health issue due to elevated amounts of caffeine and elements. Consequently, the results of this research could facilitate the formulation of stricter standards in beverage consumption by revealing potential health hazards to consumers.
Novel Beverages and Novel Technologies for Their Production
Authors: Papadimitriou Konstantinos , Kapolos John , Papadelli Marina
Published: July 2023

Beverages have been part of human nutrition for millennia [...]
Mitochondrial Proteome Changes in Rett Syndrome
Authors: Golubiani Gocha , van Agen Laura , Tsverava Lia , Solomonia Revaz , Müller Michael
Published: July 2023

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with mutations in the X-chromosomal MECP2 (methyl-CpG-binding protein 2) gene. Most patients are young girls. For 7–18 months after birth, they hardly present any symptoms; later they develop mental problems, a lack of communication, irregular sleep and breathing, motor dysfunction, hand stereotypies, and seizures. The complex pathology involves mitochondrial structure and function. Mecp2−/y hippocampal astrocytes show increased mitochondrial contents. Neurons and glia suffer from oxidative stress, a lack of ATP, and increased hypoxia vulnerability. This spectrum of changes demands comprehensive molecular studies of mitochondria to further define their pathogenic role in RTT. Therefore, we applied a comparative proteomic approach for the first time to study the entity of mitochondrial proteins in a mouse model of RTT. In the neocortex and hippocampus of symptomatic male mice, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and subsequent mass-spectrometry identified various differentially expressed mitochondrial proteins, including components of respiratory chain complexes I and III and the ATP-synthase FoF1 complex. The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 75 kDa subunit, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 8, NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2, cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 1, and ATP synthase subunit d are upregulated either in the hippocampus alone or both the hippocampus and neocortex of Mecp2−/y mice. Furthermore, the regulatory mitochondrial proteins mitofusin-1, HSP60, and 14-3-3 protein theta are decreased in the Mecp2−/y neocortex. The expressional changes identified provide further details of the altered mitochondrial function and morphology in RTT. They emphasize brain-region-specific alterations of the mitochondrial proteome and support the notion of a metabolic component of this devastating disorder.
Microbial Communities Associated with Alternative Fuels in Model Seawater-Compensated Fuel Ballast Tanks
Authors: Dominici Lina , Duncan Kathleen , Nanny Mark , Davidova Irene , Harriman Brian , Suflita Joseph
Published: July 2023

The biocorrosion of carbon steel poses a risk for ships combining seawater and fuel in metal ballast tanks. Ballast tanks were simulated by duplicate reactors containing carbon steel coupons and either petroleum F76 (petro-F76), Fischer–Tropsch F76 (FT-F76), or a 1:1 mix of both fuels, to investigate whether the alternative fuel FT-F76 influenced this risk. The polycarbonate reactors were inoculated with seawater, and the control reactors did not receive fuel. The reactors were monitored for 400 days, and they all reached a pH and open circuit potential where elemental iron was oxidized, indicating corrosion. The reactors containing petro-76 or fuel mix had higher levels of dissolved iron; one of each replicate had lower concentrations of sulfate than the original seawater, while the sulfate concentration did not decrease in the other incubations. The high sulfate reactors, but not the low sulfate reactors, had a high relative abundance of microaerophilic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. The FT-F76 and the no-fuel reactors had a high relative abundance of iron-sequestering Magnetovibrio. Although dissolved iron and loss of sulfate under anoxic conditions are associated with biocorrosion, our results suggest that in our reactors these indicators were altered by iron-sequestering and sulfide-oxidizing microbes, which is consistent with the slow diffusion of oxygen across the polycarbonate reactors.
Diversity in the Nutritional Values of Some Moringa oleifera Lam. Cultivars
Authors: Ndhlala Ashwell R. , Tshabalala Thulani
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to assess the variations in the nutritional attributes of thirteen Moringa oleifera cultivars. Leaves from six-month-old plants were harvested and tested for various nutritional attributes. There were significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences in the carbohydrates, energy, some of the sugars, and fibre amongst the cultivars. The levels of moisture in the cultivars ranged from 7.10% to 8.20%. Additionally, there were significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences across the cultivars in microelements studied except for zinc (Zn). These data revealed that plants from different geographical provenances differed in their adapting to varied environments. In general, under the same cultivation, management, and environmental conditions, the main reasons for these differences occurring in cultivars could be associated with the genetic background of each M. oleifera germplasm. However, the study cautions on the differences in nutritional properties, as some of the cultivars have been reported not to be pharmacologically potent.
Supporting Multifunctional Bio-Inspired Design Concept Generation through Case-Based Expandable Domain Integrated Design (xDID) Model
Authors: Velivela Pavan , Zhao Yaoyao
Published: July 2023

Combining different features inspired by biological systems is necessary to obtain uncommon and unique multifunctional biologically inspired conceptual designs. The Expandable Domain Integrated Design (xDID) model is proposed to facilitate the multifunctional concept generation process. The xDID model extends the previously defined Domain Integrated Design (DID) method. The xDID model classifies biological features by their feature characteristics taken from various case-based bio-inspired design examples into their respective geometric designations called domains. The classified biological features are mapped to the respective plant and animal tissues from which they originate. Furthermore, the paper proposes a representation of the functions exhibited by the biological features at the embodiment level as a combination of the integrated structure (multiscale) and the structural strategy associated with the integrated structure. The xDID model is validated using three multifunctional bio-inspired design case studies at the end of the paper.
About the Mechanical Strength of Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds
Authors: Bertrand Elisa , Zankovic Sergej , Vinke Johannes , Schmal Hagen , Seidenstuecker Michael
Published: July 2023

For the treatment of bone defects, biodegradable, compressive biomaterials are needed as replacements that degrade as the bone regenerates. The problem with existing materials has either been their insufficient mechanical strength or the excessive differences in their elastic modulus, leading to stress shielding and eventual failure. In this study, the compressive strength of CPC ceramics (with a layer thickness of more than 12 layers) was compared with sintered β-TCP ceramics. It was assumed that as the number of layers increased, the mechanical strength of 3D-printed scaffolds would increase toward the value of sintered ceramics. In addition, the influence of the needle inner diameter on the mechanical strength was investigated. Circular scaffolds with 20, 25, 30, and 45 layers were 3D printed using a 3D bioplotter, solidified in a water-saturated atmosphere for 3 days, and then tested for compressive strength together with a β-TCP sintered ceramic using a Zwick universal testing machine. The 3D-printed scaffolds had a compressive strength of 41.56 ± 7.12 MPa, which was significantly higher than that of the sintered ceramic (24.16 ± 4.44 MPa). The 3D-printed scaffolds with round geometry reached or exceeded the upper limit of the compressive strength of cancellous bone toward substantia compacta. In addition, CPC scaffolds exhibited more bone-like compressibility than the comparable β-TCP sintered ceramic, demonstrating that the mechanical properties of CPC scaffolds are more similar to bone than sintered β-TCP ceramics.
The Dynamics of a Turning Ship: Mathematical Analysis and Simulation Based on Free Body Diagrams and the Proposal of a Pleometric Index
Authors: Fuss Franz Konstantin
Published: July 2023

This study attempts to shed new light on the dynamics of a turning ship using the principles of free body diagrams (FBDs). Unexpectedly, the literature gap is defined by incomplete and flawed FBDs. The method behind this new approach involves the FBD of a turning ship, with all the essential forces included, namely propulsive force, sideward thruster force (producing the initial turning moment), drag force, lift force, centrifugal force, inertial force, and hydrodynamic force couple. From these forces, the force and moment equations are derived. The accelerations are calculated from the force and moment equilibria to simulate the dynamics from input parameters such as mass m, length L, draught D, and fluid density ρ. The turning dynamics are explained in terms of velocities, accelerations, forces, and moments, based on two conditions: flat and steep angles of attack (AoA) and long and short turning radii R. A critical result is the proportionality of lift and centrifugal forces, leading to the proposal of a pleometric index (m·L–2·D–1·ρ–1), which is nonlinearly proportional to the product of AoA and R/L, characterising the dynamics of a turning ship. The FBD approach of this study also identified missing databases required for accurate simulation of turning dynamics, such as drag and lift coefficients of different hull geometries.
Utilization of Meat and Bone Meal for Yeast Fermentation to Produce Astaxanthin
Authors: Li Sang , Zheng Yi
Published: July 2023

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a product of the rendering industry, which is looking for high-value applications of rendered animal proteins (RAP). The objective of this research was to utilize MBM as a nitrogen source to produce astaxanthin (AX) by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous and quantify the bioavailability of MBM as a potential substitution of commercial nitrogen sources (i.e., yeast extract and peptone). To conduct yeast fermentation under the optimal glucose loading, the C/N ratio was optimized to achieve maximum AX content. MBM was hydrolyzed by using proteinase and alkaline (Ca(OH)2) for 4, 8, and 16 h with different enzyme and alkaline loadings to produce MBM hydrolysates (MBMHs). The MBMHs were directly fermented by X. dendrorhous under the optimum glucose concentration. Experimentally, the optimum medium contained 40 g/L glucose, 5 g/L peptone, and 3 g/L yeast extract, where AX content of 3.69 mg/g dry cell mass was achieved. MBMHs were used by X. dendrorhous as a nitrogen source, while fermentation with lyophilized MBMHs was generated using proteinase K. This resulted in a maximum AX content of 1.58 mg/g dry cell mass. This research exhibits the feasibility of using MBM as a nitrogen source to produce AX with X. dendrorhous.
Optimization of the Methods to Develop Stable Polymer Gels for Water Management in Medium- and Ultra-High-Salinity Reservoirs
Authors: Hu Shuiqing , Ding Mingchen , Hu Yafei , Wang Yefei , Dong Jiangyang
Published: July 2023

Polymer gels suffer from a serious syneresis issue when exposed to high-temperature and high-salinity (HTHS) conditions, which limits their use as water-treatment agents in this type of reservoir. In this paper, the effects of the polymer type/concentration, deoxidizers, and stabilizers on the long-term stability of polymer gels were systematically studied; thus, the methods to develop stable polymer gels for two typical levels of salinity were optimized. The results show the following: (1) For a medium-salinity condition (TDS: 33,645.0 mg/L) at 125 °C, conventional HPAM gels completely dehydrate within only 1 day, and the addition of a deoxidizer hardly improved their stability. Some special polymers, e.g., AP-P5, MKY, and CPAM, are able to form stable gels if a high concentration of 0.8% is used; the syneresis rate of these gels is about 10% after 30 days. However, the addition of the complexant sodium oxalate significantly improves the stability of gels formed by all five of these different polymers, which behave with a 0% syneresis rate after 30 days pass. Complexants are the most economical and feasible agents to develop stable gels in medium-salinity water. (2) Gels enhanced using the methods above all become unstable in a more challenging ultra-high-saline condition (TDS: 225,068.0 mg/L). In this case, special calcium- and magnesium-resistant polymers are required to prepare stable gels, which show 0% syneresis rates after 30 days, have relatively low strengths, but do produce a good plugging effect in high-permeability cores.
MicroRNA Biomarkers as Promising Tools for Early Colorectal Cancer Screening—A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Santos Daniela A. R. , Gaiteiro Cristiana , Santos Marlene , Santos Lúcio , Dinis-Ribeiro Mário , Lima Luís
Published: July 2023

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent cancer worldwide. Early detection of this neoplasia has proven to improve prognosis, resulting in a 90% increase in survival. However, available CRC screening methods have limitations, requiring the development of new tools. MicroRNA biomarkers have emerged as a powerful screening tool, as they are highly expressed in CRC patients and easily detectable in several biological samples. While microRNAs are extensively studied in blood samples, recent interest has now arisen in other samples, such as stool samples, where they can be combined with existing screening methods. Among the microRNAs described in the literature, microRNA-21-5p and microRNA-92a-3p and their cluster have demonstrated high potential for early CRC screening. Furthermore, the combination of multiple microRNAs has shown improved performance in CRC detection compared to individual microRNAs. This review aims to assess the available data in the literature on microRNAs as promising biomarkers for early CRC screening, explore their advantages and disadvantages, and discuss the optimal study characteristics for analyzing these biomarkers.
Humanization of the Reaction Specificity of Mouse Alox15b Inversely Modified the Susceptibility of Corresponding Knock-In Mice in Two Different Animal Inflammation Models
Authors: Schäfer Marjann , Reisch Florian , Labuz Dominika , Machelska Halina , Stehling Sabine , Püschel Gerhard P. , Rothe Michael , Heydeck Dagmar , Kuhn Hartmut
Published: July 2023

Mammalian arachidonic acid lipoxygenases (ALOXs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and its pro- and anti-inflammatory effects have been reported for different ALOX-isoforms. Human ALOX15B oxygenates arachidonic acid to its 15-hydroperoxy derivative, whereas the corresponding 8-hydroperoxide is formed by mouse Alox15b (Alox8). This functional difference impacts the biosynthetic capacity of the two enzymes for creating pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. To explore the functional consequences of the humanization of the reaction specificity of mouse Alox15b in vivo, we tested Alox15b knock-in mice that express the arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenating Tyr603Asp and His604Val double mutant of Alox15b, instead of the arachidonic acid 8-lipoxygenating wildtype enzyme, in two different animal inflammation models. In the dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model, female Alox15b-KI mice lost significantly more bodyweight during the acute phase of inflammation and recovered less rapidly during the resolution phase. Although we observed significant differences in the colonic levels of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids during the time-course of inflammation, there were no differences between the two genotypes at any time-point of the disease. In Freund’s complete adjuvant-induced paw edema model, Alox15b-KI mice were less susceptible than outbred wildtype controls, though we did not observe significant differences in pain perception (Hargreaves-test, von Frey-test) when the two genotypes were compared. our data indicate that humanization of the reaction specificity of mouse Alox15b (Alox8) sensitizes mice for dextran sodium sulfate-induced experimental colitis, but partly protects the animals in the complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced paw edema model.
The Global Burden of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults, Encompassing Invasive Pneumococcal Disease and the Prevalence of Its Associated Cardiovascular Events, with a Focus on Pneumolysin and Macrolide Antibiotics in Pathogenesis and Therapy
Authors: Anderson Ronald , Feldman Charles
Published: July 2023

Despite innovative advances in anti-infective therapies and vaccine development technologies, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains the most persistent cause of infection-related mortality globally. Confronting the ongoing threat posed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus), the most common bacterial cause of CAP, particularly to the non-immune elderly, remains challenging due to the propensity of the elderly to develop invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), together with the predilection of the pathogen for the heart. The resultant development of often fatal cardiovascular events (CVEs), particularly during the first seven days of acute infection, is now recognized as a relatively common complication of IPD. The current review represents an update on the prevalence and types of CVEs associated with acute bacterial CAP, particularly IPD. In addition, it is focused on recent insights into the involvement of the pneumococcal pore-forming toxin, pneumolysin (Ply), in subverting host immune defenses, particularly the protective functions of the alveolar macrophage during early-stage disease. This, in turn, enables extra-pulmonary dissemination of the pathogen, leading to cardiac invasion, cardiotoxicity and myocardial dysfunction. The review concludes with an overview of the current status of macrolide antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial CAP in general, as well as severe pneumococcal CAP, including a consideration of the mechanisms by which these agents inhibit the production of Ply by macrolide-resistant strains of the pathogen.
Innovative Pre-Clinical Data Using Peptides to Intervene in the Evolution of Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Simon Karina Smidt , Coelho Luísa Coutinho , Veloso Paulo Henrique de Holanda , Melo-Silva Cesar Augusto , Morais José Athayde Vasconcelos , Longo João Paulo Figueiró , Figueiredo Florencio , Viana Leonora , Silva Pereira Ildinete , Amado Veronica Moreira , Mortari Marcia Renata , Bocca Anamelia Lorenzetti
Published: July 2023

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, relentless, and deadly disease. Little is known about its pathogenetic mechanisms; therefore, developing efficient pharmacological therapies is challenging. This work aimed to apply a therapeutic alternative using immunomodulatory peptides in a chronic pulmonary fibrosis murine model. BALB/c mice were intratracheally instilled with bleomycin (BLM) and followed for 30 days. The mice were treated with the immune modulatory peptides ToAP3 and ToAP4 every three days, starting on the 5th day post-BLM instillation. ELISA, qPCR, morphology, and respiratory function analyses were performed. The treatment with both peptides delayed the inflammatory process observed in the non-treated group, which showed a fibrotic process with alterations in the production of collagen I, III, and IV that were associated with significant alterations in their ventilatory mechanics. The ToAP3 and ToAP4 treatments, by lung gene modulation patterns, indicated that distinct mechanisms determine the action of peptides. Both peptides controlled the experimental IPF, maintaining the tissue characteristics and standard function properties and regulating fibrotic-associated cytokine production. Data obtained in this work show that the immune response regulation by ToAP3 and ToAP4 can control the alterations that cause the fibrotic process after BLM instillation, making both peptides potential therapeutic alternatives and/or adjuvants for IPF.
Phosphorylation of Metabolites Involved in Salvage Pathways for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Plants
Authors: Hemmerlin Andréa
Published: July 2023

The recycling of metabolic products is a major way to reduce the energy cost of de novo biosynthesis. The salvage pathways involved not only regain a metabolic product but also generate additional molecules that might serve specific physiological, developmental and/or defensive functions. The isoprenoid pathway is a perfect example of a fine-regulated biosynthetic pathway, by virtue of the large number of molecules with different functions that must be synthesized simultaneously. Additionally, isoprenoid salvage pathways have been characterized. Thus, to produce isoprenoid precursors such as farnesyl diphosphate or phytyl diphosphate, short-chain isoprenols recovered from end-chain metabolites are phosphorylated. In the first instance, the so-called FPP-salvage machinery recycles farnesyl diphosphate from proteolyzed farnesylated proteins. In a second example, phytyl diphosphate is recycled from degraded chlorophyll, to be used for the biosynthesis of vitamin E. Both compounds are recovered as alcohols and require two phosphorylation events to be reactivated and reintegrated into the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway. This review covers current knowledge of isoprenol biosynthesis, metabolism and function, as well as potential benefits of recycling pathways for plants, with a particular focus on stress responses.
Lymphatics: Future Perspectives Unrealized Potential
Authors: Houck Philip D. , Dandapantula Hari Kumar , Massey Janet Mary
Published: July 2023

Proposed fundamental laws of biology and a model of health and disease underscore the importance of the lymphatic system. The lymphatics are responsible for two of the laws of biology and the fulcrum of health and disease balancing regeneration with degeneration through the immune system. It is responsible for protection from the environment and repair of senile and damaged tissue. Life is constantly bombarded by forces that increase entropy. Lymphatics provide negative entropy to maintain health. Lymphatics help maintain cellular homeostasis removing products of metabolism. Using these principles, the role of lymphatics is investigated in salt sensitivity hypertension, cardio-renal system, the new pillar of heart failure and kidney disease—Sodium-Glucose Transport Protein 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors, and brain diseases. The realization of organ lymphatics in maintenance of health and disease opens the avenue to new therapeutics. This is the unrealized potential of lymphatic study.
Cocrystal of 4-Nitrophenol and 2,1,3-Benzoselenadizole
Authors: Lan Honghong , Miao Shaobin , Wang Weizhou
Published: July 2023

The 1:1 cocrystal of 4-nitrophenol (NP) and 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole (BSA) was successfully synthesized. The X-ray single-crystal diffraction analysis revealed that the structure contained a [Se–N]2 cyclic supramolecular synthon. The synthons were connected into a one-dimensional ribbon by O–H···N hydrogen bonds and N–Se···O chalcogen bonds. Furthermore, adjacent ribbons were stabilized by the π···π stacking interactions between two 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole molecules, leading to the formation of a two-dimensional network.
New Numerical Method Based on Linear Damage Evolution Law for Predicting Mechanical Properties of TiB2/6061Al
Authors: Fu Weigang , Ma Junchi , Liao Zhe , Xiong Huanjie , Fu Yaoming , Wang Bin
Published: July 2023

In order to study the effect of TiB2 particles on the mechanical properties of TiB2/6061Al composites, a series of 3D TiB2/6061Al representative volume elements (RVEs) were established based on SEM photos. This model took into account the ductile damage of the matrix and the traction separation behavior of the interface, and the linear damage evolution law was introduced to characterize stiffness degradation in the matrix elements. Mixed boundary conditions were used in the RVE tensile experiments, and the accuracy of the predicted result was verified by the agreement of the experimental stress-strain curve. The results showed that the addition of TiB2 particles can effectively promote the load-bearing capacity of the composite, but elongation is reduced. When the weight fraction of TiB2 increased from 2.5% to 12.5%, the elastic modulus, yield strength, and tensile strength increased by 8%, 10.37%, and 11.55%, respectively, while the elongation decreased by 10%. The clustering rate of the TiB2 particles is also an important factor affecting the toughness of the composites. With an increase in the clustering rate of TiB2 particles from 20% to 80%, the load-bearing capacity of the composites did not improve, and the elongation of the composites was reduced by 8%. Moreover, the high-strain region provides a path for rapid crack propagation, and particle spacing is a crucial factor that affects the stress field.
Lithium Manganese Sulfates as a New Class of Supercapattery Materials at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Marinova Delyana , Kalapsazova Mariya , Zlatanova Zlatina , Mereacre Liuda , Zhecheva Ekaterina , Stoyanova Radostina
Published: July 2023

To make supercapattery devices feasible, there is an urgent need to find electrode materials that exhibit a hybrid mechanism of energy storage. Herein, we provide a first report on the capability of lithium manganese sulfates to be used as supercapattery materials at elevated temperatures. Two compositions are studied: monoclinic Li2Mn(SO4)2 and orthorhombic Li2Mn2(SO4)3, which are prepared by a freeze-drying method followed by heat treatment at 500 °C. The electrochemical performance of sulfate electrodes is evaluated in lithium-ion cells using two types of electrolytes: conventional carbonate-based electrolytes and ionic liquid IL ones. The electrochemical measurements are carried out in the temperature range of 20–60 °C. The stability of sulfate electrodes after cycling is monitored by in-situ Raman spectroscopy and ex-situ XRD and TEM analysis. It is found that sulfate salts store Li+ by a hybrid mechanism that depends on the kind of electrolyte used and the recording temperature. Li2Mn(SO4)2 outperforms Li2Mn2(SO4)3 and displays excellent electrochemical properties at elevated temperatures: at 60 °C, the energy density reaches 280 Wh/kg at a power density of 11,000 W/kg. During cell cycling, there is a transformation of the Li-rich salt, Li2Mn(SO4)2, into a defective Li-poor one, Li2Mn2(SO4)3, which appears to be responsible for the improved storage properties. The data reveals that Li2Mn(SO4)2 is a prospective candidate for supercapacitor electrode materials at elevated temperatures.
CuO Nanoparticles and Microaggregates: An Experimental and Computational Study of Structure and Electronic Properties
Authors: Gontrani Lorenzo , Bauer Elvira Maria , Talone Alessandro , Missori Mauro , Imperatori Patrizia , Tagliatesta Pietro , Carbone Marilena
Published: July 2023

The link between morphology and properties is well-established in the nanoparticle literature. In this report, we show that different approaches in the synthesis of copper oxide can lead to nanoparticles (NPs) of different size and morphology. The structure and properties of the synthesized NPs are investigated with powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Through detailed SEM analyses, we were able to correlate the synthetic pathways with the particles’ shape and aggregation, pointing out that bare hydrothermal pathways yield mainly spheroidal dandelion-like aggregates, whereas, if surfactants are added, the growth of the nanostructures along a preferential direction is promoted. The effect of the morphology on the electronic properties was evaluated through DRS, which allowed us to obtain the electron bandgap in every system synthesized, and to find that the rearrangement of threaded particles into more compact structures leads to a reduction in the energy difference. The latter result was compared with Density Functional Theory (DFT) computational models of small centrosymmetric CuO clusters, cut from the tenorite crystal structure. The computed UV-Vis absorption spectra obtained from the clusters are in good agreement with experimental findings.
Simulation of the Dynamics of Supersonic N-Crowdions in fcc Lead and Nickel
Authors: Bayazitov Ayrat M. , Semenov Alexander S. , Dmitriev Sergey V.
Published: July 2023

In the case where an interstitial atom is located in a close-packed atomic row of the crystal lattice, it is called a crowdion. Crowdions play an important role in the processes of mass and energy transfer resulting from irradiation, severe plastic deformation, ion implantation, plasma and laser processing, etc. In this work, supersonic N-crowdions (N=1, 2) in fcc lattices of lead and nickel are studied by the method of molecular dynamics. Modeling shows that the propagation distance of a supersonic 2-crowdion in lead at a high initial velocity is less than that of a supersonic 1-crowdion. In other fcc metals studied, including nickel, supersonic 2-crowdions have a longer propagation distance than 1-crowdions. The relatively short propagation distance of supersonic 2-crowdions in lead is due to their instability and rapid transformation into supersonic 1-crowdions. This feature of the dynamics of supersonic N-crowdions in lead explains its high radiation-shielding properties.
The Strength of hERG Inhibition by Erythromycin at Different Temperatures Might Be Due to Its Interacting Features with the Channels
Authors: Cheng Dongrong , Wei Xiaofeng , Zhang Yanting , Zhang Qian , Xu Jianwei , Yang Jiaxin , Yu Junjie , Stalin Antony , Liu Huan , Wang Jintao , Zhong Dian , Pan Lanying , Zhao Wei , Chen Yuan
Published: July 2023

Erythromycin is one of the few compounds that remarkably increase ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) inhibition from room temperature (RT) to physiological temperature (PT). Understanding how erythromycin inhibits the hERG could help us to decide which compounds are needed for further studies. The whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to investigate the effects of erythromycin on hERG channels at different temperatures. While erythromycin caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of cardiac hERG channels, it also shifted the steady-state activation and steady-state inactivation of the channel to the left and significantly accelerated the onset of inactivation at both temperatures, although temperature itself caused a profound change in the dynamics of hERG channels. Our data also suggest that the binding pattern to S6 of the channels changes at PT. In contrast, cisapride, a well-known hERG blocker whose inhibition is not affected by temperature, does not change its critical binding sites after the temperature is raised to PT. Our data suggest that erythromycin is unique and that the shift in hERG inhibition may not apply to other compounds.
Efficient D-π-π-A-Type Dye Sensitizer Based on a Benzothiadiazole Moiety: A Computational Study
Authors: Mustafa Fatma M. , Abdel-Latif Mahmoud K. , Abdel-Khalek Ahmed A. , Kühn Oliver
Published: July 2023

The design of highly efficient sensitizers is one of the most significant areas in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) research. We studied a series of benzothiadiazole-based D-π-π-A organic dyes, putting emphasis on the influence of the donor moiety on the DSSC’s efficiency. Using (linear-response time-dependent) density functional theory ((TD)DFT)) with the CAM-B3LYP functional, different donor groups were characterized in terms of electronic absorption spectra and key photovoltaic parameters. As a reference, a dye was considered that had a benzothiadiazole fragment linked via thiophene rings to a diphenylamine donor and a cyanoacrylic-acid acceptor. The different systems were first studied in terms of individual performance parameters, which eventually aggregated into power conversion efficiency. Only the amino-substituted species showed a modest increase, whereas the dimethylamino case showed a decrease.
Precise Analysis of Nanoparticle Size Distribution in TEM Image
Authors: Zhang Shan , Wang Chao
Published: July 2023

As an essential characterization, size distribution is an important indicator for the synthesis, optimization, and application of nanoparticles. Electron microscopes such as transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are commonly utilized to collect size information on nanoparticles. However, the current popular statistical method of manually measuring large particles one by one, using a ruler tool in the corresponding image analysis software is time-consuming and can introduce manual errors. Moreover, it is difficult to determine the measurement interval for irregularly shaped nanoparticles. Therefore, it is necessary to use an efficient and standard method to perform size distribution analysis of nanoparticles. In this work, we use basic ImageJ software (1.53 t) to analyze the size of typical silica nanoparticles in a TEM image and use Origin software to process the data, to obtain its accurate distribution quickly. Using it as a template, we believe that this work can provide a paradigm for the standardized analysis of nanoparticle size.
Beyond Soil Inoculation: Cyanobacteria as a Fertilizer Replacement
Authors: Massey Michael S. , Davis Jessica G.
Published: July 2023

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria such as cyanobacteria have the capability to fix atmospheric nitrogen at ambient temperature and pressure, and intensive cultivation of cyanobacteria for fertilizer could lead to its use as an “environmentally friendly” replacement or supplement for nitrogen (N) fertilizer derived from the Haber–Bosch process. Prior research has focused on the use of N-fixing bacteria as a soil inoculum, and while this can improve crop yields, yield improvements are generally attributed to plant-growth-promoting substances produced by the bacteria, rather than to biological N fixation. The intensive cultivation of cyanobacteria in raceways or bioreactors can result in a fertilizer that provides N and organic carbon, as well as potentially similar growth-promoting substances observed in prior research work. On-farm or local production of cyanobacterial fertilizer could also circumvent infrastructure limitations, economic and geopolitical issues, and challenges in distribution and transport related to Haber–Bosch-derived N fertilizers. The use of cyanobacterial N fertilizer could have many agronomic and environmental advantages over N fertilizer derived from the Haber–Bosch process, but study of cyanobacteria as a replacement for other N fertilizers remains very limited. Scientific and practical challenges remain for this promising but as-yet unproven approach to maintaining or improving soil N fertility.
Innovative Research for Nutrition- and Climate-Smart Food Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Freymond Mathilda , van Zutphen-Küffer Kesso Gabrielle , Kraemer Klaus
Published: July 2023

The world is off-track to end world hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030 [...]
Therapeutic Activity of Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate on Metabolic Diseases and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases: The Current Updates
Authors: James Armachius , Wang Ke , Wang Yousheng
Published: July 2023

Green tea polyphenols have numerous functions including antioxidation and modulation of various cellular proteins and are thus beneficial against metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, and their comorbidities. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol in green tea and is attributed to antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, and the likelihood of targeting multiple metabolic pathways. It has been shown to exhibit anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-arteriosclerotic, and weight-reducing effects in humans. Worldwide, the incidences of metabolic diseases have been escalating across all age groups in modern society. Therefore, EGCG is being increasingly investigated to address the problems. This review presents the current updates on the effects of EGCG on metabolic diseases, and highlights evidence related to its safety. Collectively, this review brings more evidence for therapeutic application and further studies on EGCG and its derivatives to alleviate metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases.
IOL Power Calculation in an Unusual Long Fellow Eye: A Case Report
Authors: Camellin Umberto , Franchina Francesco , Meduri Alessandro , Aragona Pasquale
Published: July 2023

Background: Intra-Ocular Lens (IOL) power calculation in long eyes remains challenging despite the availability of new formulas and biometers. This case report shows that optimization of the A-constant in the first eye can reduce postoperative refractive error in the second eye, even in the case of an IOL with negative power. This report aimed to describe a case in which this method was used to calculate IOL power to reduce postoperative refractive error in a long fellow eye. As far as we know, this is the first paper reporting the use of the optimized constant in the first eye to reduce postoperative error in the second eye in the case of a negative IOL. Case presentation: A highly myopic patient with nuclear cataracts underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery (PCS) in both eyes. The axial length (AL) was 39.42 mm in the right eye and 37.45 mm in the left eye. All biometric data were obtained via low-coherence reflectometry using an OA-2000 biometer (Tomey, Nagoya, Japan). First, an IOL power calculation using the Barrett II formula and PCS was performed in the shorter eye. To evaluate the postoperative refractive error, the optimized A-constant in the left eye was estimated using the Camellin-Calossi formula. The new A-constant was then used for the right eye IOL power calculation using the same formula. The prediction error (PE) in the left eye was −0.23 D with the Barrett II formula. The optimized A-constant method using the Camellin-Calossi formula in the fellow eye gave −0.28 D of PE. Conclusions: The A-constant optimization for very long eyes, using data from the first operated eye, may be useful to reduce refractive prediction error in the second eye in very long eyes, as well as in the case of IOL power with negative values.