bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting the Best Flexural Strength of Banana-Bamboo-Glass Fiber Reinforced Natural Fiber Composites Using Taguchi Method
Authors: Sailesh Ashwin , Palanikumar K. , Arunkumar R. , Ramu P. , Briston A. Maxwell , Chandrakanth E.Vijay
Published: June 2015

Over the past two to three decades the development in the field of composite material is immense and continues to be increasing. The utilization of natural fibers in the field of composites is increasing day by day. This is due the fact that natural fibers are eco-friendly, easily available, non-abrasive and economical. The combination of natural fiber with Glass fibers is finding increased applications. In the current investigation Banana – Bamboo – Glass fiber reinforced composites is fabricated by the method of Hand – Layup with variable fiber orientation and is tested for its flexural strength and the best flexural strength is identified by using Taguchi Methodology.
Nomenclature Used: BN – Banana Fiber
BM – Bamboo Fiber
G – Glass fiber
DOE – Design of Experiments
S/N Ratio – Signal to Noise Ratio
OA – Orthogonal Array.
Assessing of Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composites
Authors: Nirmal Kumar Jayachandran , Premkumar D.
Published: June 2015

An experimental analysis has been carried out to investigate the mechanical properties of composites reinforced by sisal, coir, and banana fibres into epoxy resin matrix. The natural fibres were extracted by retting and manual processes. The composites fabricated by epoxy resin and reinforcement in the hybrid combination of Sisal-Banana and Sisal-Coir with the volume fraction of fibres varying from 5% to 30%. It has been identified that the mechanical properties increase with the increase of volume fraction of fibres to a certain extent and then decreases. The hybridization of the reinforcement in the composite shows greater mechanical properties when compared to individual type of natural fibres reinforced. For all the composites tested, the tensile strength of the composite increased up to 25% of volume fraction of the fibres and further for the increase in the volume fraction of fibre the mechanical properties were decreased. As same as tensile properties, the flexural and impact strength also increased linearly up to 25% of volume fraction of fibres and further for the increase in the volume fraction of fibre the mechanical properties were slightly decreased.
Key Words: Sisal, Banana, Coir, Epoxy, Hybrid composite.
Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy and Chemical Resistance of Untreated and Alkali Treated Coconut Leaf Sheath Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
Authors: Bharath K.N. , Basavarajappa S.
Published: June 2015

In these days, natural fiber and its composites are gaining more interest and utilization of biofibers has increased because of growing concern towards economic, environmental and conservation issues. The present study investigates, Fourier Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy and chemical resistance properties on the coconut leaf sheath (CLS) reinforced Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) composites. Naturally woven coconut leaf sheath composites were prepared in both NaOH treated and untreated forms with volume fraction of 60% of sheath and 40% of Phenol Formaldehyde resin. CLS were chemically treated using 5% of NaOH and composite boards were made using a hydraulic hot press at 140°C. FTIR test was conducted for both treated and untreated CLS fiber composites. And it was found that, due to chemical treatment of fibers reduction in lignin and hemicellulose content was observed. The chemical resistance of alkali treated and untreated CLS composites were measured by chemical absorption and chemical thickness swelling methods. Treated and untreated composite samples were then placed in 1N of saline, Hcl, HNO3 and H2SO4 separately. It is also observed that, saline and Hcl have been absorbed more in case of untreated composites and HNO3and H2SO4 is absorbed more in treated composites. These tests were done to know that, these composites can be used in manufacturing products which gives better chemical resistance.
Tribological Behaviour of Hybrid (Al356 + SiC + Gr) Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Saravanan G. , Shanmugasundaram K. , Prakash M. , Velayudham A.
Published: June 2015

The tribological behaviour of hybrid aluminium matrix composites (AMCs) A356 reinforced with SiC , Gr and Tin particulate, fabricated by powder metallurgy route. In this experimental study, the mechanical and tribological properties are investigated. The results show that addition of more reinforcements reduce the hardness and also increase the wear rate of the composites. The addition of Gr beyond certain limit will decrease hardness and that of SiC will increase brittleness. In the hybrid composite with 15% weight SiC and 5% weight Gr reinforcement results show that great improvement under tribological condition. The wear loss of the hybrid composites decreased with increasing applied load and sliding distance. The SEM analysis shows the wear tracks results of the composite materials.
The Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Properties on MMC (AA6061 + SiCp 10% wt) before and after Age Hardening
Authors: Dilip Raja N. , Velu R. , Selvamani S.T. , Palani Kumar K.
Published: June 2015

Discontinuously reinforced SiCp/Al composites were extensively used in space applications including joints and attachment fittings for truss structures, electronic packages, thermal planes, mechanism housing and bushing. In this research work, the metal matrix composite of AA6061+ SiCp 10% were produced by stir casting method with an aim to predict the mechanical properties of a Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) subjected to age hardening. The Ultimate tensile test and Vickers hardness test was carried on the both condition of produced MMC and Age hardened (HMMC). A comparative study of the mechanical properties of the MMC before and after age hardening has been reported.
Development of Magnesium Matrix Syntactic Foams Processed through Powder Metallurgy Techniques
Authors: Anbuchezhiyan G , Mohan B. , Karthikeyan R.V.
Published: June 2015

The presence of Hollow particles instead of gas porosity provides a closed cell structure called Syntactic foams. Syntactic foams have gained significant attention in recent years due to their low density, moisture absorption and thermal expansion coefficient compared to other cellular materials, such as open and closed cell structured foams. In terms of mechanical behavior, it is generally more insightful to compare metal matrix syntactic foams with metal foams and metal matrix composites. In comparison with metal foams, they have high compressive yield strength and more homogenous mechanical properties but usually higher densities and lower plasticity. In comparison with metal matrix composites, they have lower strength but offer compressibility, which is not existence in metal matrix composites. Syntactic foams have been extensively studied for aluminum based metal matricesand polymer matrices. Importance in magnesium foams is increasing in recent periods due to their very low density. Only a few studies are available on magnesium matrix syntactic foams processed through powder metallurgy techniques. This review presents an overview of hollow particle filled magnesium matrix (AZ91D/microballons) syntactic foams using powder metallurgy methods.
Characterisation of Dicyclopentadiene Filled Microcapsules for Self-Healing Composite Materials
Authors: Mercy J. Lilly , Prakash S. , Sandeep Katta Sai , Praveen Dasari Sai
Published: June 2015

Self-healing composite materials possess healing agent which fills up the crack when ruptured and heals the crack by becoming a tough polymer when stimulated by a catalyst. Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) in its monomer form is microencapsulated in the shell of Urea Formaldehyde (UF) under different agitation rates to acquire microcapsules of different diameters. The distribution of particle size, surface morphology and the presence of various chemical constituents in the microcapsules were analysed using optical microscopy, SEM and EDAX respectively. An agitation rate of 300 rpm, yielded capsules of diameters ranging from 800μm to 1700μm and at 900rpm the diameters were less than 300μm. Spherical shaped free flowing microcapsules were obtained through insitu polymerisation of dicyclopentadiene in Urea Formaldehyde.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al6061-Graphite Composites Fabricated by Stir-Casting Process
Authors: Nagaral Madev , Auradi V. , Kori S.A.
Published: June 2015

In the present study, the experimental results of the mechanical properties of Al6061-Graphite composites presented. The composites containing 6 to 9 wt% of graphite in steps of 3 wt% were prepared using liquid metallurgy route in particular stir casting technique. For each composite, reinforcement particles were preheated to a temperature of 250°C and then dispersed in steps of two into the vortex of molten Al6061 alloy to improve the wettability and distribution. Microstructural characterization was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscopy. Tensile and hardness tests were carried out in order to identify mechanical properties of composites. The results of microstructural study revealed uniform distribution of graphite particles and low porosity in micro composite specimens.The results of this study revealed that as graphite percentage was increased, there was significant increase in ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and ductility, accompanied by a nominal drop in the hardness of the material
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Nano Sized Clay/LDH Particle as Hybrid Nano Composite Material
Authors: Sivasaravanan S. , Raja V.K. Bupesh , Prabhu S. , Dineshkumar S. , Gokulaprasad Gokulaprasad
Published: June 2015

Usage of Hybrid nanocomposite materials provides a greater opportunity to replace the conventional materials due to their properties such as light weight and high strength to based on weight ratio. In this synergitic study, nanosized clay particle and layered double hydroxide particles are used. nanoclay and LDH particles were mixed on the bases of weight percentage (1wt% to 5wt%) by ultra sonication technique. The composite material was fabricated by one of the most common method known as hand lay-up technique. The composite materials was prepared in the form of plate with 4mm of thickness.The characterization of tensile and flexural property of the nanoclay, LDH and combination of both was analysis by tensile test using universal testing machine and three point bending test respectively. The tensile and three point bending test specimens were cut to size as per ASTM standard.The morphology of composite was studied using SEM analysis.
Material Characteristics of Fabricated Resin Carbon Nanotube Reinforced and Resin Glass Fiber Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Composites
Authors: Venkatesan M. , Palanikumar K.
Published: June 2015

Due to high mechanical strength, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are being considered as nanoscale fibres to enhance the performance of polymer composite materials. The two different types of composite reinforced polymers are fabricated with correct proportions with CNTs for better mechanical efficiency. Two types of CNT-based composites are resin carbon nanotube reinforced and resin glass fiber carbon nanotube reinforced. The reinforced CNT composite polymers are SEM, EDAX and XRD analysed for unified structural stability.
Morphological Study of Coated Silicon Carbide Particle with Multi Wall Carbon Nano Tubes
Authors: Sangeetha M. , Prakash S.
Published: June 2015

Silicon carbide particle (SiCp) of 400 mesh size is coated with Multi Wall Carbon nanoTubes (MWCNT) of 10-20nm diameter and 20-100μm length using sonication process. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is used to verify whether the MWCNT is coated uniformly on the SiCp. Four different samples in which SiCp ranges between 10% and 15% and MWCNT ranges between 1% and 1.5% are prepared and verified using SEM. The percentage of reinforcements was selected on the basis of improved mechanical properties.
Parametric Optimization of AWJM in AA6351-SiC-B4C Hybrid Composite Using Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Thirumalai Kumaran S. , Uthayakumar Marimuthu , Kiran Kumar V.S. , Sundaram A. Meenatchi , Rajaselvam E. Milton
Published: June 2015

In the present study, the aluminum based hybrid composite with Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Boron Carbide (B4C) particles are prepared through the stir casting process and subjected to Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM). The pressure, standoff distance and traverse speed are considered as the input process parameters and the output response such as Kerf angle, Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (Ra) are measured and optimized using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the F-test are performed to understand the contribution and the significant level of importance of each input parameter over the output response. The experimental result shows that the traverse speed and the standoff distance contributed more on affecting the performance, with a contribution of 62.14% and 18.43% respectively.
Effects of Nano-Sized Metal Oxide Additive on Performance and Exhaust Emissions of C I Engine
Authors: Venkatesan S.P. , Kadiresh P.N.
Published: June 2015

An Experimental investigation was carried out to determine performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of diesel engine using nanoaluminum oxide (n-Al2O3) blended diesel fuel. The n-Al2O3 of size 40 nm was blended into diesel fuel. The different dosing levels studied were 250mg, 500mg, 750mg, and 1000mg. Each dosing levels of nanoparticles were mixed with one litre of diesel to prepare test fuels. The n-Al2O3was dispersed by means of an ultrasonic vibrator in order to produce uniform dispersion of n-Al2O3 in the diesel fuel. nanoAl2O3possess better combustion characteristics and enhanced surface-area-to-volume ratio and hence allows more amount of diesel to react with the oxidizer which in turn enhances the burning efficiency of the test fuels. The diesel fuel with and without n-Al2O3 additive were tested in a direct injection diesel engine at different load conditions and the results revealed that a considerable enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency and substantial reduction in content of NOX and unburnt hydrocarbon (UBHC) at all the loads compared to neat diesel were observed due to nanoAl2O3’s better combustion characteristics and improved degree of mixing with air.
Effect of Mold Material on Boundary Heat Flux Transients during Gravity Die-Casting
Authors: Sanman S. , Sreenivas Rao K.V. , Anil K.C.
Published: June 2015

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of mold material on boundary heat flux variation during gravity die-casting. Inverse method was used for determining heat flux on the inside and outside surface of the mold during casting of pure Aluminum and Al-B4C composites. Different chill materials were used as mold material on one side of the rectangular mold cavity. K- type thermocouples were used for measurement of mold temperature during casting solidification. The mold temperatures at various locations were recorded using a data logger. These measured temperatures were used as input by the inverse algorithm for the assessment of the surface heat flux as a function of time. It was observed that the temperature difference between the inner and outer surface of the copper is very less in comparison to the cast iron mold and stainless steel mold. The cooling curve of the insulation mold indicates that there is no heat transfer through the insulation mold. The boundary heat flux is much higher in the case of copper mold than in the cases of cast iron mold and stainless steel mold.
Experimental Study of Squeeze Casting of Aluminium Alloy AA6061
Authors: Azhagan M. Thirumal , Mohan B. , Rajadurai A.
Published: June 2015

The squeeze casting of aluminium alloys is a rapidly developing technical process that offers the potential for widespread utilization and growth. Squeeze casting process is the result of search of new production processes which are capable of producing components with high integrity. Squeeze casting also called as liquid metal forging combines the advantages of both casting and forging in one operation. Squeeze casting process is suited for all melting ranges of metals. But nowadays, light weight materials like aluminium and magnesium are mostly used in the aerospace and automotive industries. In this attempt, Squeeze casting of AA6061 was done by varying the process parameters such as squeeze pressure at three levels(40 MPa, 80 MPa and 120 MPa) , die preheat temperature at 200 °C and pressure applied duration at 15 seconds respectively and the components were produced. The specimens were made from these components and they were tested for tensile strength and fatigue life. It was observed that the tensile strength and fatigue life exhibited by the components were enhanced with the increase in squeeze pressure.
Experimental Study on Solar Cooker Using Phase Change Materials
Authors: Kanimozhi B. , Sanandharya Kumar , Anand Sumit , Kumar Sandeep
Published: June 2015

The main objective of our project is to conserve the available solar energy and improve its utilization with the help of phase change material; here we have absorbed solar energy to prepare food especially for cooking rice, boiling potatoes and eggs. The use of PCM in the solar cooker has improved its efficiency over conventional solar cooker and cooking food hot in off sunshine hours. It is being eco-friendly and other than that it save fuel, gas, coal which are exhaustible source of energy. In the present article some of different phase change materials are studied for solar cooking and among them Coconut Oil (commercial grade) is found to be a good latent heat storage which is experimentally tested in a simple box type solar cooker and the comparison is made with and without PCM.Key word: solar cooker, coconut oil, concentrating lens, phase change materials.
Review on Phase Change Materials in Thermal Energy Storage System
Authors: Kanimozhi B. , Arnav Amit , Krishna Eluri Vamsi , Thamarai Kannan R.
Published: June 2015

Phase Change Materials (PCM) plays an important role in energy conservation, which is very attractive because of its high storage density with small temperature change. In this paper an attempt made to review number of paper based on Phase Change Materials (PCM) in various field of thermal energy storage systems and its applications. The Phase Change Material is the latent heat storage material. As the source temperature raises the chemical bonds within the PCM breaks and the material changes its phase from one phase to another phase. The material begins to melt when the phase change temperature is reached. The temperature then stays constant until the melting process is finished. Thermal Energy Storage deals with the storing of energy by cooling, heating, melting, solidifying or vaporizing a material, the energy becoming available as heat when the process is reversed. Hence it is important to study about phase change materials in thermal energy storage system.Keywords: Phase change materials, Thermal energy storage system, Encapsulation, solar system, Heating and cooling of building
Fabrication of Hydraulic Bumper for Anti-Collision in a Vehicle
Authors: Anish M. , Thamaraikannan R. , Kanimozhi B. , Varghese Ham G. , Varghese Shem G.
Published: June 2015

Improvement of bumper system is crucial in the automotive industry. The main objectives are to increase the performance of the bumper and also to find a solution to reduce the cost of the bumper thereby facilitating the reduction of production cost. The cost of bumper is high owing to the amount of material used and various processes involved .The new design considers on reducing the amount of material use and adding improved hydraulics instead of normal bumper to give cushioning effect and also assures safety in low speed collision. The new design also improves the ability to absorb more impact load and increase the protection of the front car component. The methodology employed was the study of the front bumper system, design and fabrication. The suitable material that can be used as the bumper in terms of economical but still maintaining the toughness is Plastic-Polycarbonate (Molded) which is not expensive compared to the best material from the analysis of E-Glass Fiber, Plastic-Nylon Type 6/6 and Plastic ABS (Molded). The suitable material to be used for making beam is AISI E52100 Steel. Rearrangement of the mounting positions gives a different effect on the ability to withstand the impact force.
Evaluation of Recast Layer Thickness of Electrical Discharge Machined AISI 202 Stainless Steel with Various Pulse Generators
Authors: Vignesh S. , Mohan B. , Muthuramalingam Thangaraj , Karthikeyan S.
Published: June 2015

Many of the recent developments in the fields such as aerospace, automobile and nuclear engineering industries are partly due to the increasing usage of difficult-to-machining materials. The machining of these materials is very tedious and time consuming process. Electrical discharge machining process has been developed to overcome these difficulties. It is very important to reduce the recast layer thickness of the machined workpiece using EDM process for improving the surface integrity. In the present study, an attempt has been made to study the effect of conventional transistor pulse generator and modified iso current pulse generator on recast layer thickness. In this study, machining experiments have been conducted on AISI 202 stainless steel with transistor pulse generator and iso energy pulse generator in electrical erosion process. The effects of these pulse generators on recast layer have been evaluated and analyzed. From the experimental results, it has been detected that the iso energy pulse generator has produced lower thickness of recast layer than conventional transistor pulse generator.
Influence of Nd: YAG Laser Parameters on Tensile Behaviour, Microhardness and Surface Roughness of Ni-Cr Alloy for Dental Prostheses
Authors: Gurusami K. , Shanmuga Sundaram Karibeeran , Vijay R.
Published: June 2015

The paper presents the results of tensile behaviour, microhardness, surface roughness and microstructure of Ni-Cr alloy surface treated using high power Q-switched Nd: YAG laser has been studied. The major clinical disadvantage of the Ni – Cr is their lack of adequate ductility and yield strength. These properties combined made finishing, polishing and burnishing of conventional base metal alloys rather difficult. The dumbbell shaped tensile and cylindrical specimens of Ni-Cr were cast with a phosphate bonded investment material, using an induction melting centrifugal casting machine. The microhardness values of the surface melted layers increased as compared with Ni-Cr as - cast condition. The results of experiment showed that the surface treatment process has improved the % elongation, and surface roughness and microhardness as compared with as-cast. The improvement of the mechanical properties may be attributed due to grain refinement imparted by laser shock peening. The microstructure and changes in crystal orientation presented in the surface layer of the laser treated material were analyzed by optical, SEM as well as XRD. The chemical composition of laser treated surface was determined by EDAX attached along with SEM. Vickers microhardness was measured as per ASTM E384 11el standard test method. The data were compared using ANOVA and post hoc –Tukey test. In our present study, the laser shock peening process shows, a substantial increase in surface roughness from Ra = 0.440 μm before LSP treatment to 1.781 μm and surface hardness of Ni-Cr was achieved by 53.5% the base material hardness (i.e. from284 HV to 436 HV) and the mean values of % elongation of Ni-Cr alloy was higher (double) than that of after laser shock peening. The mean values of UTS, YS, modulus of elasticity of Ni-Cr were significantly lower after LSP. The experimental results showed that the mean values of percentage elongation of Ni-Cr increased by 200 % after LSP. It is evident from the above experimentation, increase of ductility of Ni-Cr alloy facilities workability which could produce a reliable removable partial denture (RPD) metal framework for dental prostheses.
Effect and Optimization of Performance of Ceramic Coated Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Ramanamurthy E.V.V. , Gaurav Nishant , Paudel Abhiyan , Jasleen Jasleen
Published: June 2015

Ceramic coating on the internal combustion engine has appeared as one of the great means that increase performance and efficiency of an engine. This paper presents a novel approach for the optimization and study of the effect of performance of ceramic coated internal combustion engine. In this paper, different parameters like engine load and engine speed are optimized with the consideration of various responses such as engine power output, volumetric efficiency, heat transfer rate to coolant and carbon monoxide (CO) emission. Experiments are carried out by varying the parameters of load and engine speed of ceramic coated internal combustion engine. Orthogonal array is taken to conduct the experiments with the load of 40 Nm, 120 Nm, 200 Nm and speed of 1200, 2000 and 2800 in rev/min. This method shows a good convergence with the experimental and optimum process parameters where maximum volumetric efficiency, minimum heat transfer rate and minimum CO emission are obtained by using the grey relational analysis method.
Formation of Bio-Fuel from Waste Plastic Scrap
Authors: Kanimozhi B. , Shinde Amit Tanaji , Kumar Ashutosh , Kumar Alok
Published: June 2015

The objective of the paper is to investigate the formation of Bio-fuel from waste plastic scrap. The experiment was carried out by converting the waste plastic into useful alternative oil by means of pyrolysis process. Main component of working model were furnace as heating coil and condenser as cooling coil tube. The arrangements have made to continue the process constantly. The waste plastics have kept in furnace. The furnace having heating coils which provides required heat to melt the waste plastics by three phase electric supply. Due to the high temperature in furnace waste plastics have been melted and liquefied at 350°C and formed as a vapour at 450° C. Then these vapours were sent to condenser which cools from heated vapour into liquefied oil by cooling process with slow down temperature of 30°C to 35°C. Here the vapour is fully consisting of gaseous hydrocarbons property. These hydro carbons can be used as a bio fuel after the condensation. The fuel properties were tested in reputed laboratory testing centre.
Research in the Area of Material Failure in Aeroengine
Authors: Augustine B.S.M.
Published: June 2015

The present investigation focuses on the influence of failure of material during maintenance of aeroengines installed in helicopters. This research study is on fifty eight engines withdrawn prematurely over a period of five years from the helicopters operated around the country before the completion of their actual life periods due to the failures of materials as serious defects. The effect of the trend of these defects was investigated thoroughly based on the analysis reports on the observation from the stripping laboratory test and the study on the investigation done thereafter at the defect investigation agency of the engine at overhaul shop. The entire study of these defects is carried out from the facts received from the analytical and experimental investigations. The remedial measures are identified and established after a deep evaluation. The causes of the factors attributing to the development of defects are found out by research analysis. They are mainly based on design, qualities of material, poor standard in quality control procedures and maintenance practices. They are implemented by the users for the achievement of reduction in the occurrence of such defects towards a significant improvement in the subsequent maintenance of aeroengines. Further, the remedial measures, besides prevention of occurrence of such defects has a great impact on the development of a high degree of aeroengine maintenance The final results of this research study are prepared as suggested measures to be forwarded for implementation to manufactures, overhaul agency and operators
Investigation on Tensile Strength of Water Hyacinth - Coconut Shell Powder Reinforced Hybrid Eco Composite
Authors: Kumaravel D. , Gopal P. , Bupesh Raja V.K.
Published: June 2015

The objective of this investigation is to fabricate a natural material based composite and study its tensile strength. The water hyacinth is a plant which is considered as an unwanted wild growth which is detrimental to the water bodies. It affects the oxygen and nutrients content of the fresh and sewage water and also hampers the flow of the water, thus leading to stagnation and flooding. In this method the water hyacinth was harvested and used as a reinforcing fibre in its untreated condition [1]. Our nation having a long sea shore is blessed with coconut trees. All the parts of the coconut tree are being used for various purposes [2-4]. Based on literature 15% by weight of powdered coconut shell was used as particulate reinforcement in this study [5, 6]. Hence this experimental work is an effort to fabricate a composite using the waste water hyacinth fibres and the coconut shell powder using an epoxy resin matrix through hand layup technique and subjected to tensile loading. This test results show good ultimate tensile strength.
Atomic Force Microscopy Study on WC 14Co and WC 14Co+CNT Coated Surfaces
Authors: Balan K.N.
Published: June 2015

There are several methods to improve surface characteristics. Detonation Gun coating (D-Spray) is one of the popular method in thermal spray coating technique. Generally, to enhance the surface properties like wear and corrosion resistance, microhardness, surface finish etc.. D-Spray process was preferred. In this present study, the property of surface finish was considered for the coating powders of WC 14Co and WC 14Co+CNT. The Powder WC 14Co+CNT was prepared in a systematic way and coating process was carried out by using detonation gun coating technique. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) had been done on the powders of with and without CNT and Atomic force Microscopy (AFM) analysis on the surface was done for various places on the surface. A significant effect on the surface finish was exhibited.
Effect on Performance and Emission Analysis of Advanced Ceramic Material Coated Piston Crown Using Plasma Spray Coating Techniques
Authors: Mahalingam S. , Ganesan S. , Yashik Ahammed H. , Venkatesh V.
Published: June 2015

Advanced ceramic coating technologies are commonly used as metal coatings for internal combustion engine components and aerospace application. The thermal barrier coatings are being applied to the engine components to increasing life and improve the performance of the engine. This experimental study is focused on advanced ceramic material of Zirconia stabilized with the yttrium oxide (Zirconia 80% wt and Yttia 20 % by weight) applied on the piston crown for analyzing the performance and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. By using ceramics coated piston crown, the brake thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were improved as compared to that of the piston without coating. Exhaust emission level of CO, UHC and NOx are also considerably reduced using advanced ceramic metal coating techniques.
A Review on Applications of Image Processing in Inspection of Cutting Tool Surfaces
Authors: Prabhu S. , Karthik Saran S. , Majumder Debabrata , Siva Teja Putti Venkata
Published: June 2015

The increase in demand for industrial automation in the manufacturing industry has exposed the significance of machine vision in quality inspection and process monitoring. Contrast to stylus instruments, the computer vision systems have the advantages of being non-contact. In the present study a novel technique has been reviewed to explore various applications of Image processing in inspection of cutting tool surfaces. Measurement and inspection of Surface roughness, Tool wear, Tool profile, Thickness of coating done on tool and Surface defects are all reviewed in this paper which will help in developing a specialized inspection system particularly for inspection of machining tools alone in reduced production cost and minimised time.
Review on Machining Aspects in Metal Matrix and Ceramic Matrix Composites Using Abrasive Waterjet
Authors: Mohankumar V. , Kanthababu Mani , Raveendran R.
Published: June 2015

Abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) is one of the non-traditional machining processes used for machining hard and difficult materials including metal matrix composites (MMCs) and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). MMCs and CMCs are widely used in the industries such as automobile, aerospace, defense, etc. In AWJM, the material is removed by a narrow stream of high pressure water along with abrasive particles. This work, reviews the research work carried out on the machining aspects of MMCs and CMCs using AJWM. Most of the research work in MMCs is carried out on aluminum based matrix reinforced with ceramics such as silicon carbide (SiC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) in various proportions. In the case of CMCs, the research work mostly are carried out on alumina (Al2O3) based work specimen. Generally, it is observed that the reinforcement particles in the MMCs and CMCs greatly influence the output process parameters like depth of the cut, material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), kerf width, etc. From the literature review, it is observed that the increase in volume percentage of reinforced abrasive particles results in decreased MRR, decreased in the depth of cut and increase in the Ra. This work also covers the future research work in the machining aspects of MMCs and CMCs.
Hard Turning of AISI D2 Steel by Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN)
Authors: Srithar A. , Palanikumar K. , Durgaprasad B.
Published: June 2015

The machining of hard turning is performed on hardened steel in the range of 45 to 68 Rockwell hardness using a variety of tool materials such as Polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) , Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and Cubic boron nitride (CBN). It is an alternative to conventional grinding process is a flexible and effective machining process for hardened metals and hence broadly used in various applications such as dies, moulds, tools, gears, cams, shafts, axles, bearings and forgings. Although the process is performed within small depth of cut and feed rates, estimates to reduce machining time as high as 60 % in hard turning. This paper discusses the importance of hard turning of AISI D2 steel. In this study, Experimental investigations are carried out on conventional lathe using prefixed the cutting conditions. The responses studied in the investigation are cutting forces (Fa, Ft and Fz). The cutting parameters considered for the investigation are cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. The influence of machining parameters on response is studied and presented in detail.
Torsional Extrusion Processing of Titanium Alloy Ti 6Al-6V-2SN under High Feeding Rates
Authors: Gunasekar P.
Published: June 2015

It is known that the torsional extrusion process being used to create the object is complex in cross sectional profile. When compared to conventional extrusion, it is evident that the strength of the titanium alloy could be increased in torsional extrusion. This torsional extrusion process could also be applied the materials having the property of brittleness. Hence, the titanium alloys have huge application in aerospace industries in the area of jet engine components subjected to operating at extreme temperature. Besides, it is also used in critical airframe applications where high strength and fracture toughness are mandatory requirement. Further, it is also used as fasteners and tubing throughout the application of aircraft structures, since it involves a lot of complications with a huge investment for machining. This paper investigates the challenges and a difficulty in the torsional extrusion process [2].The material titanium is well known for its high temperature resistance and also possesses poor machining rate. Therefore, the study on Titanium machining is chosen to enrich the role of titanium alloys in the field of engineering science and materials.
Evaluation of Tensile Behaviour of GFRP/SiC Polymer Reinforced Composites
Authors: Rajesh S. , Vijaya Ramnath B. , Elanchezhian C. , Kavin C. , Sathish S.
Published: June 2015

Silicon Carbide/GFRP reinforced matrix composite and SiC matrix composite has been developed by using hand layup and resin casting methods respectively. The GFRP reinforced polymer composite is made by sandwiching two layers of GFRP in between the SiC material. The resin used for the preparation the samples are epoxy and polyester, for both SiC/GFRP composite and SiC composite. An Arcan fixture with butterfly specimen is used to measure the fracture occurring in various modes of the polymer composite. The objective of the proposed testing method is to determine the variation in the stress value depending on the resin material as well as the influence of GFRP in the strength of SiC polymer composite. Results from the tests are analyzed to show that the epoxy resin is better for tensile strength, in both Sic/GFRP reinforced and SiC composite material.
Effect of Fibre Orientation on Specific Gravity, Hardness, Flexural Strength and Tensile Properties of Jute/Hemp Hybrid Laminate Composite
Authors: Akash Akash , Anil K.Chikkanna , Girisha K.G. , Sreenivas Rao K.V.
Published: June 2015

Bio-composites are taking over the polymer based composites due to their multi fold advantages. In this work, the natural fibre (jute-hemp) hybrid composite was prepared by traditional hand-lay-up method. The hardness, tensile and flexural properties of the composite specimen was evaluated in order to study the effect of fibres and fibre orientations using standard procedures. A significant improvement in hardness (114RHN), tensile (79.13mpa) and flexural (120.06mpa) properties were observed with fibre orientation of 900 compare to 300 & 450 orientations. Specific gravity test were conducted by using ASTM D792 standard at the temperature of 230c. The specific gravity was found to increase for 900 orientation of the fibre in the composite. It is also observed that the polyester based hybrid composite exhibits higher values of mechanical properties compared to epoxy based hybrid composites.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of Teak Wood Saw Dust – Cashew Nut Shell Liquid Resin Composites
Authors: Valarmathi T.N. , Ganesan M. , Sekar S.
Published: June 2015

Nowadays the use of composites is increased in various fields because of the favourable properties such as light weight, high stiffness and strength when compared to other materials. In the past few years natural fibres are being used due to their eco-friendly nature and lower costs. In this work, natural fibre composite panels are prepared using Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) resin as matrix and Teak wood saw dust as reinforcing material. Three set of samples have been made by varying the amount of resin by keeping the quantity of Teak wood saw dust as constant, to investigate the mechanical properties of the new composite.
Cutting Force Analysis in Drilling of Al6061/Mica Particulate Composite
Authors: Eabenrajkumar S. , Palanikumar K. , Kasivisvanathan Pitchandi
Published: June 2015

Metal Matrix Composites are being widely used in numerous applications like aerospace, Automobiles, Consumer goods etc. However, machining of these composites are being faced a lot of drawbacks in terms of increases in thrust force, machined surface roughness and tool wear etc. due to reinforcements of high hardness. In this paper, thrust forces in drilling of Al6061/mica composites with 1 and 3 weight% are recorded from Dynamometer for analysis. Cutting tool material of Tungsten carbide coated with TiAlN with 8 mm diameter was used. Al 6061/Micap composites were scrutinized on cast surface with the help of optical microscope. Also, Thrust force was analysed for different Cutting Speed and feed. It can be concluded that, as weight% of mica increases Thrust forces were decreased.
Experimental Investigations on Drilling Characteristics of Cenosphere Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Angadi S.B. , Melinamani Rashmi , Gaitonde V.N. , Doddamani Mrityunjay , Karnik S.R.
Published: June 2015

In the present paper, the experimental investigations on drilling characteristics of cenosphere reinforced epoxy composites with cemented carbide drill have been presented. The drilling aspects such as thrust and hole surface roughness have been performed as function of four process parameters, namely, spindle speed, feed rate, drill diameter and % weight of the filler. Composite specimens were prepared with 20%, 40% and 60% by weight of cenosphere filler in epoxy resin as the matrix. The full factorial design (FFD) has been employed for conducting drilling experiments and the proposed drilling characteristics were analysed using response surface methodology (RSM) based quadratic models. The response surface analysis reveals that the addition of cenosphere as filler in epoxy resin appreciably decreases with the thrust and hole surface roughness for the developed composites.
Investigations of Damages during Drilling of Natural Sandwich Composites
Authors: Vinayagamoorthy R. , Rajeswari N. , Karthikeyan S.
Published: June 2015

The present research investigates the damage during drilling of natural sandwich composites. Three composite samples were prepared by using reinforcements namely vetiver, jute and glass in vinyl ester as matrix. Drilling operations were done on the composites and responses namely damage factor and surface roughness were measured. The responses were optimized in order to get optimal running conditions. Fuzzy modelling was done and its predictions of responses for experimental conditions were examined. A comparative analysis between the experimental, model and fuzzy was done. Confirmatory trials were made for optimum conditions and the responses were measured. Model validation was done by measuring the average error between the model and confirmatory and between the model and fuzzy. The errors were minimal and hence the optimization was accurate.
Micro-ECM Drilling of Copper Alloy and Taguchi Optimization
Authors: Subburam Venkatajalapathy , Ramesh Sengottuvelu
Published: June 2015

The objective of the study is to conduct experiments to investigate the performance of Electrochemical Micromachining (EMM) process to drill micro-holes on Copper alloy and analyze the parameters to optimize by Taguchi method. An EMM setup developed in-house is used to conduct the experiments. Copper alloy as workpiece, Stainless Steel needle of sharp conical edge as tool and Sodium Nitrate as electrolyte are used. A Pulse generator is used to supply pulsed current. The input parameters analyzed for optimization are Voltage, Pulse on-time and Electrolyte Concentration. The Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Overcut are taken as output parameters to study the process performance. The experiment was designed according to L9 Orthogonal Array (OA) of Taguchi design. The observations have shown that the MRR increases and the accuracy decreases when the level of input value for any parameter is increased. The process parameters are optimized using Taguchi Analysis.
Study on Drilling of Al/Al2O3/Gr Hybrid Particulate Composites
Authors: Saravana Kumar A. , Sasikumar P. , Nilavusri N.
Published: June 2015

This study presents an experimental investigation on the effects of cutting speed, feed and percentage of alumina particle on the burr height in drilling of Al 6063 reinforced with Al2O3 and Gr particles using solid carbide twist drills of 6 mm diameter. Taguchi method with three factors at three levels is employed to analyze the drilling characteristics of these composites. For all cutting conditions, Al 6063/6%Al2O3/1%Gr composite has lower burr height values than other fabricated composites. The results revealed that exit hole burr height are greatly influenced by the feed rate rather than the speed for all the samples of hybrid composites.
Application of Taguchi-Grey Relational Methodology for Multiple Optimal Performance Measures in WEDM Process
Authors: Ramamurthy A. , Sivaramakrishnan R. , Venugopal S. , Muthuramalingam Thangaraj
Published: June 2015

It is very tedious process to find the optimum multiple performance measures of wire EDM process parameters and role of each parameter to attain the better performance characteristics. Since the WEDM process involves more one than machining characteristics, it is important to carry out the multi-response optimization methodology. In the present study, an attempt has been made to find the optimum process parameters using Taguchi-Grey relational analysis. The machining experiments have been conducted with different levels of input factors such as voltage, peak current, pulse on time, and pulse off time and wire material based on Taguchi L18 orthogonal table. Experimental results have indicated that the multi-response characteristic such material removal rate and surface roughness can be enhanced by 1.2% effectively through grey relational analysis.
Flexural, Tensile and Impact Properties of Alkali Treated Coir Fibre Composites Prepared by Compression Molding Technique
Authors: Godwin G , Umanath K.
Published: June 2015

Polymeric materials reinforced with synthetic fibres such as glass provide advantage of high stiffness and high strength to weight ratio. Despite these advantages, the widespread use of synthetic fibre-reinforced polymer composite has a tendency to decline because of their high-initial cost and most importantly their adverse environmental impact. In this work, four different composites are prepared with untreated coconut fibres, NaOH mercerized coconut fibres, KOH mercerized coconut fibres and CSM glass fibres. A lot of studies are done earlier on NaOH mercerized coconut fibre composites. But, no studies are done specifically for KOH mercerized coconut fibre composites. So, KOH mercerized coconut fibre composites are prepared in this study. General purpose polyester resin is used for preparing all the compsites. The mechanical properties of composites are studied using the flexural test, impact test and tensile test. The mechanical properties of KOH mercerized coconut fibre composites are studied and compared with the mechanical properties of NaOH mercerized coconut fibre composites, untreated coconut fibre composites and CSM glass fibre composites.