bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Russell’s Theorem
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

Faced with occasional doubts about the dearly beloved dream of One World, the ostrich that is in all of us buried its head in the peaceful sand. This peace was momentarily broken in 1948 when the English philosopher Bertrand Russell came forth with a few well-chosen words about the Human Possible. “Always,” he said, “when we pass beyond the limits of the family it is the external enemy which supplies the cohesive force” of a group larger than the family. Continuing, he wrote: A world state, if it were firmly established, would have no enemies to fear, and would therefore be in danger of breaking down through lack of cohesive force.
Multiculturalism: For and Against
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

Evaluating different ways of life-especially the ways of one’s own people compared with those of others-may seem at first glance as beyond the reach of objectivity. The distinction between ours and theirs is basic to the individual’s biology; it is also basic to traditional groups, particularly when the different ways are tied to religion. The public passion for objectivity, so important in the nourishment of science and the scientific attitude, came late in the development of civilization. It was greatly strengthened by the invention of the mythical Man from Mars, whom we compel to question our prejudices.
American Theatre
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Volume Four of the distinguished American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama series offers a thorough, candid, and fascinating look at the theater in New York during the last decades of the twentieth century.
The American Disease, Origins Of Narcotic Control
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

The American Disease is a classic study of the development of drug laws in the USA. Supporting the theory that Americans’ attitudes toward drugs have followed a cyclic pattern of tolerance and restraint, author David Musto examines the relations between public outcry and the creation of prohibitive drug laws from the end of the Civil War to the present day. The book traces the development of narcotic use, legislation, American foreign policy, attitudes towards groups associated with particular drugs, and the roles of physicians and the growing pharmaceutical industry. Originally published in 1973, with an expanded edition in 1987, this revised and expanded third edition contains a new chapter and preface that cover the renewed debate on policy and drug legislation from the end of the Reagan administration to the present Clinton administration. Musto investigates how our nation has dealt with issues including the controversies over prevention programs and mandatory minimum sentencing, the catastrophe of the crack epidemic, the fear of a heroin revival, and the continued debate over the legalization of marijuana.
The Troubled Twenties
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

The successful campaign to close the clinics can be credited to the establishment of a semiautonomous federal agency, the Narcotic Division of the Prohibition Unit, which could mount a coordinated and enduring attack from its headquarters in Washington with its own field force of about 170 agents divided among thirteen districts.1 The head of the Narcotic Division, Levi G. Nutt, remained in his post from 1920 until early 1930, outlasting several Prohibition commissioners who succeeded one another as the enforcement of dry laws failed under widespread dishonesty and public contempt. One reason for the poor quality of prohibition enforcement was that jobs were openly filled by political patronage. Even Warren Harding informed Congress in 1922: “there are conditions relating to [Volstead Act] enforcement which savor of nationwide scandal. It is the most demoralizing factor in public life.” The Narcotic Division, however, was under civil service. Scandal in its operation occurred less often, although indiscretions discovered in 1929 led to Nutt’s removal in 1930. For the first decade of the Narcotic Division’s existence, enforcement of the Harrison Act was eclipsed by the drama of national liquor prohibition. Narcotic agents were eventually embarrassed by their association with dry agents, and there were several recommendations by the AMA as early as 1921 that Nutt’s agency be separated from Prohibition affairs. There were other loud dissidents, Internal Revenue Commissioner Roper among the earliest, who saw no reason for making the tax agency of the government responsible for Prohibition enforcement. Finally, in 1930, Prohibition was transferred to the Justice Department, and narcotic affairs were vested in a new unit, the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, which remained in the Treasury Department until 1968, when it too was turned over to the Justice Department and considerably revamped.
Drug Resistance
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

Drug resistance is one of the most important problems in present-day antimicrobial chemotherapy. Several diseases that for many years were sensitive to antibiotic therapy are suddenly no longer sensitive to the same drugs. This has created a major problem for treatment of these diseases. Classically, Yer sinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, is uniformly susceptible to the antibiotics streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline. Recently, however, high-level resistance to multiple antibiotics has been reported.
The Inhibitors of Cell Wall Synthesis, II: Pharmacology and Adverse Effects of the Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams, Vancomycin, and Bacitracin
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The penicillins can be classified according to their antibacterial spectrum of action as out lined in Table 4-1. Penicillin G (benzylpen icillin) has been in clinical use since the 1940s and is still the antibiotic of choice for treatment of a wide variety of infections (see tables on drugs of choice in Chapter 1 for a complete listing). Penicillin G is the antibi otic of choice for treatment of infections caused by most of the gram-positive cocci (the exceptions being Streptococcus faecalis and penicillinase-producing staphylococci), some gram-positive bacilli (e.g., Bacillus an thracis), a variety of anaerobic pathogens (gastrointestinal strains of Bacteroides fra gilis are an exception), a few uncommon gram-negative bacilli ( e.g., Leptotrichia bu calis, Pasture/la multocida, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Spirillum minus), several spi rochetes (Treponema pallidum, Treponema pertenue, Leptospira), and Actinomyces is raelii.
Chemotherapy of Protozoa/ Diseases
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

Most protozoa! and helminthic infections occur in impoverished populations living un der poor sanitary conditions. Because parasitic infections occur largely in residents of developing tropical nations, physicians in the United States and many other temperate zone nations generally have little knowledge of and often little interest in parasitic dis eases. Some parasitic infections, like amebiasis, occur in North America and Europe, but the incidence is not high and they occur predominantly in economically poor rural settings, like Indian reservations, and in poor inner city areas populated by recent immigrants from regions where parasitic diseases are endemic.
Transforming Social Dilemmas: Group Identity and Co-operation
Authors: Kollock Peter
Published: November 2023

In situations where there is a temptation to behave selfishly even though all would be made better off by co-operating (i.e., a social dilemma), why do people co-operate or defect? The dominant assumption is that people act so as to maximize their own outcomes. Thus, if people fail to contribute to the provision of a public good or overuse a commons, it is because of the temptation to free-ride. But narrow selfinterest may not be the only motivation at work.
Béla Bartók and Bulgarian Rhythm
Authors: Rice Timothy
Published: November 2023

Béla Bartók first encountered Bulgarian folk music in 1912, when he recorded seven Bulgarian songs in a village near Timioara in Romania’s Banat region.1 Five of the seven transcriptions are parlando melodies.
The Origin, Expansion, and Demise of Plant Species
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Each plant species has its own unique passage that is affected by its gene pool, dispersal ability, interactions with competitors and pests, and the habitats and climactic conditions to which it is exposed. This book will explore plant species as dynamic entities within this passage, following the four stages of plant species life that normally occur. Those four stages can be identified as birth, expansion, differentiation and loss of cohesion, and decline/extinction. Each chapter focuses on part of the speciation process and examines it closely in the light of exploring the species passage from birth to death.
The Premise and Species Concepts
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Organic diversity is divided into nodes or clusters that, for the most part, are discontinuous. These clusters are assigned to categories such as races, subspecies, species, genera, and families, which in turn are placed in a phylogenetic framework. The most important category is that of the species, which is the basic unit in evolutionary biology. The species has had a special status as an evolutionary unit because it is thought to be more natural than higher categories and more amenable to definition and empirical demon stration (Huxley, 1940; Dobzhansky, 1940; Mayr, 1942). Moreover, the species is considered to have properties of its own—that is, not shared with its component individuals—such as breeding systems, mate recognition systems, and dis tributions (Grant, 1981; Paterson, 1985).
Pathology of Saccular and Nonsaccular Aneurysms
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

The critical change for saccular aneurysm formation is progressive fragmentation of the internal elastica. This usually develops during adulthood. Aneurysms develop relatively more frequently in cerebral arteries than in systemic muscular arteries, possibly because cerebral arteries have only one elastic lamina. The influence of defects in the muscularis layer, particularly at bifurcations, on the genesis of aneurysms is unclear. Such medial defects may be normal anatomic features. Aneurysms arise preferentially at the apex of a bifurcation, not because of congenital weakness but because this is the site of maximum hemodynamic stress. An “unbalanced” circle of Willis may increase the flow rate across a particular bifurcation, thereby subjecting it to increased stress and the likelihood of the development of an aneurysm. This is the only discernible inborn aspect of the pathogenesis of aneurysms. Once the internal elastic membrane is damaged, aneurysmal outpouching can begin in response to the pulsatile pressure head transmitted to the weakened apex by the impinging axial stream (Fig. 6-1).
Diagnostic Aspects of Sah
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

Aneurysms are usually diagnosed only after they rupture. Subsequent to this catastrophe, patients generally evidence severe headache of sudden onset, signs of meningeal irritation, and depression of consciousness. Difficulties in diagnosis arise when the ictus is mild and the headache is not typical. Aneurysmal rupture classically causes a violent and sudden headache, worse than any previously experienced, which is followed by depression of consciousness and the development of neck stiffness. This constellation of signs and symptoms is readily diagnosed by most physicians as aneurysmal rupture. Unfortunately, the nature of the headache is highly variable. Although it has a severe character at onset, is continuous, and becomes generalized, the deviations from this pattern are considerable (Table 7-1). In one series of 192 cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 10% of patients reported no headache, and another 8% reported mild headache, which gradually increased. In another large series, the percentage of patients with headache increased from 66% of those admitted on day O to 77% of those on day 3. The headache of aneurysmal rupture is set apart from other headaches in severity and suddenness of onset, which can cause patients to scream with pain and alarm.3 The elicitation of associated symptoms, the past medical history, and confirmatory physical, laboratory, and radiologic findings are helpful in making the diagnosis.
Voices From Roslin
Authors: Klotzko Arlene Judith
Published: November 2023

Dolly is a very remarkable sheep. Not because of what she is, but because of the mode by which she appeared in our midst. Dolly was cloned1 in a laboratory by a technique called nuclear transfer; she is virtually genetically identical to a sheep born six years before she was. And we—and the ways in which we view the world and each other—will never be the same again.
On Recent Developments in Mammalian Nuclear Transplantation and Cloning
Authors: Willadsen Steen M
Published: November 2023

I have been asked to compare the report by Wilmut, Schnieke, McWhir, Kind, and Campbell published in Nature in February 1997, about the experiments that resulted in the birth of Dolly, “the first mammalian clone,” with that published more recently in the same journal by Wakayama, Perry, Zuicotti, Johnson, and Yanagimachi, which describes the production of a whole swarm of cloned mice—and to add my own comments. It is with some reluctance that I have accepted the commission, for although I have been, and in a way still am involved in precisely the type of work these articles deal with—nuclear transplantation as a means of cloning mammals—I cannot pretend to have any precise, let alone complete knowledge of the underlying biology, especially not the molecular part, which is becoming increasingly important in the discussion. But then, it is doubtful whether any single person has such complete knowledge or understanding at this point. However, although our insight is far from complete, nuclear transfer experiments involving mammalian eggs and embryos have been surprisingly, to some worryingly, successful of late.
Cloning, Then and Now
Authors: Callahan Daniel
Published: November 2023

The possibility of human cloning first surfaced in the 1960s, stimulated by the report that a salamander had been cloned. James D. Watson and Joshua Lederberg, distinguished Nobel laureates, speculated that the cloning of human beings might one day be within reach; it was only a matter of time. Bioethics was still at that point in its infancy—indeed, the term “bioethics” was not even widely used then—and cloning immediately caught the eye of a number of those beginning to write in the field. They included Paul Ramsey, Hans Jonas, and Leon Kass. Cloning became one of the symbolic issues of what was, at that time, called “the new biology,” a biology that would be dominated by molecular genetics. Over a period of five years or so in the early 1970s a number of articles and book chapters on the ethical issues appeared, discussing cloning in its own right and cloning as a token of the radical genetic possibilities.
A Report from America: The Debate about Dolly
Authors: Klotzko Arlene Judith
Published: November 2023

On February 23, 1997, a British newspaper, the Observer, broke a story that truly shocked the world. Dr. Ian Wilmut and his team at the Roslin Institute, near Edinburgh, Scotland, had succeeded in a task many had believed to be impossible. They had cloned a mammal—a sheep, named Dolly—from an adult mammary cell. (In the same experiment, the scientists also cloned sheep from cell lines composed of fetal and embryo cells.)
Reflections on the Interface of Bioethics, Public Policy, and Science
Authors: Shapiro Harold T
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the role of ethical considerations in the formulation of public policies aimed at shaping the scientific agenda. specfically, new and controversial public policy issues will confront us in the twenty-first century as the result of developments on the frontiers of biomedical science. Some of the anxieties in the ethical arena generated by the rapid pace of these developments are likely to result in efforts to place constraints on the shape of the scientific agenda and the application of new knowledge.
Cloning and the Regulative Dilemma
Authors: Magnus David
Published: November 2023

Reproductive and genetic technologies have developed far more quickly than our ability to cope with their implications. That is especially clear when it comes to dealing with the regulation of these technologies. Eugenic anxieties burble up into public dis- course; yet little has been done to alleviate those anxieties.
The Aims Of The Elenchos
Authors: Benson Hugh H
Published: November 2023

Let us begin with Socrates’ method. What does Socrates hope to accomplish with it and how does he hope to accomplish it? The former question occupies my attention in this chapter. The latter question occupies the next two.
The Problem Of The Elenchos
Authors: Benson Hugh H
Published: November 2023

In Plato’s Apology, Socrates maintains that his distinctive method is responsible for the informal and formal indictments leveled against him. We have seen that the Apology and the other early dialogues exhibit a structure of various aims of this method, whose centerpiece is the testing of the knowledge or expertise of individuals who have some claim to it. In the next two chapters I examine this distinctive method. In particular, I investigate how Socrates can and does test the knowledge or expertise of those individuals who have some claim to it. Since he takes himself to be testing the knowledge or expertise of these individuals, determining how he attempts to do so should go a long way toward uncovering the model of knowledge on which this method depends.
The ‘What Is F-Ness?’: Question And Socratic Definition
Authors: Benson Hugh H
Published: November 2023

The second distinctive feature of Socratic philosophy is his preoccupation with definition. Of the fourteen traditionally accepted early Platonic dialogues, five are almost entirely definitional: Euthyphro, Laches, Charmides, Hippias Major, and Republic I. The Lysis too might be included on this list, although this has been a matter of some dispute. The Protagoras and Gorgias exhibit some concern for definition (see, for example, Protagoras 312cI-4 and Gorgias 462a-463a, especially 462bro), but the search for a definition is abandoned fairly early on for another question and is clearly not their primary concern.The Protagoras ends (36oe-36rd), however, with the suggestion that abandoning the concern for definition may have been a mistake. Finally, the first third of the Meno, the Socratic portion of the dialogue, is a search for a definition.
The Sufficiency Of Definitional Knowledge
Authors: Benson Hugh H
Published: November 2023

There is a second tradition in Socratic scholarship according to which Socrates is committed to something like the following principle (which might be called ‘the sufficiency of definitional knowledge’): (SF) If A knows what F-ness is, then A knows everything about F-ness.
Sleep and Epilepsy
Authors: Aldrich Michaels.
Published: November 2023

Epilepsy, present in about 1 in 200 persons, is characterized by intermittent disruption of brain function-seizures associated with bursts of abnormal brain electrical activity. The sometimes extraordinary features of epileptic seizures have intrigued physicians, philosophers, and writers for centuries, and the occurrence in many epileptics of seizures during sleep has been recognized since antiquity. Hippocrates described seizures during the night, and one of three main types of seizures recognized in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD was associated with sleepy states.
Production of Carrier Pairs in the Bulk
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

Up to now, consideration has been given to carrier production in the organic crystal by uni and bipolar injection. That is, carriers of either sign were produced as a result of the dissociation of an exciton at a surface or at an impurity molecule, or by thermal injection from an electrode into the crystal. The process of intrinsic carrier production or ionization, in which holes and electrons are formed simultaneously and in equal numbers by the deposition of at least the band gap energy, will now be discussed. There are several ways in which this ionization may be effected.
Electronic processes in fullerenes (C60)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

In 1985, a remarkable discovery was made of a new allotropic form of carbon with the molecular formula C60 (Kroto et al. 1985). It is called buckminsterfullerene or fullerene, named after the famous architect R. Buckminster Fuller, who designed structures that resembled C60, which looks like a soccer ball. Although C60 is not a hydrocarbon, it behaves as a typical molecular solid like anthracene, which is an insulator, but it also forms compounds that are metallic and even superconducting. These properties make C60 a fascinating and important subject for study.
Deprivation and Desert
Authors: Morse Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Appalled by the inequalities of material opportunity and existence in the United States and by the strong statistical association between material deprivation and criminal behavior, many thoughtful scholars have sought a conceptually coherent theory that would mitigate or excuse the crimes of people who suffer deprivation. The plight of the deprived arouses sufficient sympathy to motivate the search to discover what justice appears to demand. Others who are equally sympathetic deny that deprivation per se excuses or mitigates moral responsibility for criminal conduct and reject the quest for an excuse as misguided or confused. This contribution seeks to add to the debate. The first section briefly sets forth the basic assumptions about criminal behavior, the criminal law, and responsibility that inform the analysis. Section 2 then offers a theory of responsibility that underlies section 3’s analysis of the responsibility of the deprived. Section 3 considers the leading theories that have been advanced to support mitigation or excuse for the criminal conduct of deprived defendants. It suggests that none supports the conclusion that deprivation per se should furnish an excuse.
Stuffed Animals & pickled Heads
Authors: Asma Stephen T
Published: November 2023

The natural history museum is a place where the line between “high” and “low” culture effectively vanishes--where our awe of nature, our taste for the bizarre, and our thirst for knowledge all blend happily together. But as Stephen Asma shows in Stuffed Animals and Pickled Heads, there is more going on in these great institutions than just smart fun. Asma takes us on a wide-ranging tour of natural history museums in New York and Chicago, London and Paris, interviewing curators, scientists, and exhibit designers, and providing a wealth of fascinating observations. We learn how the first museums were little more than high-toned side shows, with such garish exhibits as the pickled head of Peter the Great’s lover. In contrast, today’s museums are hot-beds of serious science, funding major research in such fields as anthropology and archaeology. Asma also points out that these museums actively shape our perception of nature, and that these efforts are swayed as much by politics as by science. In countless exhibits, for instance, the idea of the traditional nuclear family is evident in displays of everything from extinct animals to grizzly bears (in nature, alas, the male bear is more likely to devour its young than to nurture them). Where else but at a natural history museum could you find a rex, a high-tech planetarium, a Native American totem pole, and flesh-eating beetles--all under one roof. And in Stuffed Animals and Pickled Heads, Stephen Asma reveals that what we don’t see--the scientific research that is going on backstage--is just as fascinating as the exhibits on display.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Plan to Win
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful, incurable connective-tissue disease that attacks the hands and feet as well as the joints and may lead to deformities and permanent disabilities. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Plan to Win offers an inspiring, scientifically based game plan for minimizing the effects of this chronic illness, and ultimately, achieving optimal health. Here is the definitive resource for practical strategies and emotional support, whether you need help controlling pain, are concerned about medication side-effects, or want to locate a reliable RA news source or support group on the Internet. Helpful chapters detail the latest therapies, special dietary and exercise needs of people with RA, how to deal with arthritis at home and in the workplace, prepare for surgery, pregnancy and childbirth, enjoy healthy sexuality, use the mind-body connection to control symptoms, make informed decisions about alternative medicine, and perhaps most important, how to build a healthcare team and maintain excellent communication and working relationships with that team. By using this book as a starting point and a 24/7 reference guide, people with RA will be better equipped to form an effective plan of action, making well-informed decisions about their health along the way, and greatly enhancing their ability to live happy, productive lives. Cheryl Koehn, who was an Olympic-calibre athlete when she developed RA, is a leading advocate and spokesperson for people with arthritis. Together with her co-authors, John Esdaile, MD, and science writer Taysha Palmer, Koehn provides a wealth of information and practical advice, assembled from thousands of research papers as well as from her personal experiences with this debilitating disease.
Quarter-Power Allometric Scaling in Vascular Plants: Functional Basis and Ecological Consequences
Authors: Enquist Brian J , West Geoffrey B , Brown James H
Published: November 2023

Although there are approximately 230,000 species [78], of vascular plants, all share essentially the same anatomical and physiological design. Vascular plants span well over 12 orders of magnitude in body size. A single Sequoia functions across this entire size range as it develops from seedling to adult tree. There is a rich empirical literature that provides many details of the anatomy and physiology of plants of differing sizes, growth forms, taxonomic groups, and environmental settings (e.g., Shinozaki et al. [99]; Yoda et al. [132]; Whittaker and Woodwell [128]; Shidei and Kira [98]; Cannell [11]; Niklas [74]). Nevertheless, there are few mechanistic models that attempt to link the relationships between whole plant architectural geometry, microscopic anatomy of the vascular system, and the physiological process of fluid flow, either within the different parts of a single plant or among plants that differ in size (see Niklas [74]; Tyree and Ewers [111]; Dewar et al. [21]). The only widely cited general model that integrates the salient features as a complete system for distributing resources from rootlet to leaf is the simplistic and often criticized “pipe model” [99].
Henry James among the Jews
Authors: Freedman Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The truth of our little age is this: nowadays no one gives a damn about what Henry James knew. I dare say our “little age” not to denigrate (or not only to denigrate) but because we squat now over the remnant embers of the last diminishing decade of the dying twentieth century, possibly the rottenest of all centuries, and good riddance to it.... The victories over mass murder and mass delusion, are hardly permanent. “Never again” is a pointless slogan; old atrocities are models (they give permission) for new ones. The worst reproduces itself; the best is singular. Tyrants, it seems, can be spewed out by the dozens, and their atrocities by the thousands, as by a copy machine; but Kafka, tyranny’s symbolist, is like a fingerprint, or like handwriting, not duplicatable. This is what Henry James knew: that civilization is not bred out of machines, whether the machines are tanks or missiles, or whether they are laser copiers. Civilization, like art its handmaid (read: hand-made), is custom built.
Erikson on Development in Adulthood
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren
Published: November 2023

Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was one of the most eminent and prolific psychologists of the 20th century. Over his long career he published a dozen books, including classics such as Childhood and Society; Identity, Youth, and Crisis; and Young Man Luther. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award in 1970 for his biography Ghandi’s Truth. It was also in 1970, when he retired from Harvard University, that Erikson began to rethink his earlier theories of development. He became increasingly occupied with the conflicts and challenges of adulthood—a shift from his earlier writings on the “identity crises” of adolescence. For the past twenty years, Carol Hoare has written extensively on various aspects of Erikson’s work. She has been aided by access to Erikson’s unpublished papers at Harvard, as well as cooperation with Joan Erikson, the psychologist’s wife and longtime collaborator. By reconstructing Erikson’s theory of adulthood from his unpublished papers, Hoare provides not only a much-needed revision of Erikson’s work, but also a glimpse into the mind of one of the 20th century’s most profound thinkers.
Stimulant Effects on Striatal and Cortical Dopamine Systems Involved in Reward Related Behavior and lmpulsivity
Authors: Taylor Jane R , Jentsch J David
Published: November 2023

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has recently been described as a disorder of the active inhibition of impulsive behavior (see for review, Barkley, 1997). This hypothesis predicts that the relative inability of ADHD patients to per form well in academic and social situations is a consequence of increased stimulus control of behavior and reduced capacity for self-regulation at the cognitive level. Consequently, several researchers have suggested that dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is fundamental to ADHD given the resemblance between ADHD patients and subjects with damage restricted to the frontal lobe.
Psychostimulant Actions on Dopamine and Limbic System Function: Relevance to the Pathophysiology and Treatment of ADH D
Authors: Grace Anthony A
Published: November 2023

Understanding the mechanism of action of psychostimulants must begin with a comprehension of their neurochemical action at the site of the nerve terminal in the central nervous system. It is the catecholamine terminal at which drugs such as methylphenidate have their primary site of action. Moreover, the action of psychostimulants on the dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter system is believed to mediate the rewarding properties of these drugs (Colle & Wise, 1988; Gratton et al., 1988; Olds, 1990). However, to understand the effects of such compounds on nor mal behavior and their therapeutic actions in disorders such as Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), psychostimulant effects must be placed in the context of multiple interacting systems.
Arousal- and Attention-Related Actions of the Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenergic System: Potential Target in the Therapeutic Actions of Amphetamine-Like Stimulants
Authors: Berridge Craig W
Published: November 2023

The early demonstration of a neurotransmitter role of norepinephrine (NE) within the brain stimulated intense study of its functions over the subsequent decades. A majority of brain noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in the brainstem nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC). This nucleus gives rise to an extensive and regionally specialized noradrenergic innervation of the CNS. Importantly, the LC provides the sole source of NE to hippocampus and neocortex. Despite intense examination of the LC-noradrenergic (LC-NA) system, and substantial progress in our under standing of the neurobiology of this system, the behavioral functions supported by this neurotransmitter system remained largely enigmatic.
A Review of Rodent Models of ADHD
Authors: Ferguson Sherry A
Published: November 2023

Studies using animal models of ADHD provide some necessary inherent advantages over human studies. For example, socioeconomic status, parental behavior, and school environment are potential confounds in human studies of ADHD. As noted by Smith (1989), over- or under controlling for these confounding variables can diminish or magnify effects. Development of subjects in longitudinal studies cannot be hastened and such studies proceed slowly. There may be inter actions of ADHD with aging during the geriatric period, which would be extremely difficult for a longitudinal study to assess. Finally, human studies investigating the etiology of ADHD are often correlational in nature and thus cannot establish causal relationships.
Wisdom and the Improvement of the Understanding
Authors: Spinoza Baruch
Published: November 2023

Born in Amsterdam to a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) received his first education in scriptural and Talmudic studies. Influenced by his reading of Maimonides, he turned to philosophy and immersed himself in Cartesian studies. As his views on the divine nature became increasingly unorthodox, he ceased being a practicing Jew and was excommunicated by the Jewish community in 1656. In 1663, he recast and revised Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy in a deductive form. The Theological-Political Treatise— which argued for the freedom of thought and speech as a support for civic peace and harmony—appeared anonymously in 1670. Deeply affected by the political turbulence marked by the murder of the DeWitt brothers, Spinoza determined to avoid being entangled in political and religious controversies. He declined a professorship in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 1673 on the grounds that he wanted to philosophize “in accordance with his own mind.” Earning his living as a lens grinder, he contributed to the optics of the times. Along with his unfinished Political Treatise and the Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding, Spinoza’s major work, Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, was published posthumously, in 1677. Cast on the deductive model of Euclid’s Elements of Geometry—with definitions, postulates, and axioms—the book begins with a theological treatise on divine substance; it then turns to an argument for nonreductive mind-body identity, moves to an attack on the distinction between the will and the understanding, and to a psychological study of the correction of the passions. The book culminates with an argument that freedom and salvation are achieved through the intellectual love of God.
Signalers and Receivers
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

In most terrestrial and aquatic habitats, the vast majority of animals transmitting and receiving communicative signals are arthropods. This book presents the story of how this important group of animals use pheromones, sound, vibration, and light for sexual and social communication. Because of their small to minute body size most arthropods have problems sending and receiving acoustic and optical information, each of which have their own severe constraints. Because of these restraints they have developed chemical signaling which is not similarly limited by scale. Presenting the latest theoretical and experimental findings from studies of signaling, it suggests that close parallels between arthropods and vertebrates reflect a very limited number of solutions to problems in behavior that are available within the confines of physical laws.
The First Emergence: The Primordium— Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

For thousands of years each culture around the world has developed a creation scenario or series of scenarios that have developed into ontological and theological schemata explaining existence itself. While the encyclopaedia refers to these views as “myths and doctrines of creation,” they play an important role in the self-image and religion of each society. We may conclude that speculation about origins is an essential part of the human condition. There are a number of these origins to be explained: matter and energy, celestial objects, and living beings. We add the origin of mind to other beginnings, for in the present context it is important to know when and how mind entered the description of the universe.
The Emergence of Stars
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The condition of the universe after the uncoupling of photons and charged particles and the joining of electrons and nuclei can be described as a vast sea of hydrogen atoms, helium atoms, neutrinos, and photons, spreading out and developing (for presently ill-understood reasons) variations of density over a whole range of sizes. Within this space, filled with the simplest molecules, were molecular clouds held together by gravity because they were surrounded by zones of lower density. Under the infiuence of this universal and space-filling attractive force, the hydrogens and heliums moved closer together.
Arboreal Mammals
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Several themes resonate through our chapters on biological emergence. These include coevolution, niche theory, and the growth of cephalization and mind in animal lineages. A fourth theme relates biological and geo- logical events on a planet with shifting tectonic plates and the recycling of land and water. All of these events are curiously related.
Toolmaking
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Toolmaking is not a property unique to Homo sapiens; nevertheless, the emergence of certain sophisticated types of fabrication of devices appears as one of the emergences along the hominid pathway.
Technology and Urbanization
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Technology did not suddenly emerge. In hominid society it goes back at least to the toolmaking Homo habilis living in East Africa and chipping away at stone rocks. The period from two million to 10,000 years ago is designated as the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. Technological advance came slowly to small groups of hunter-gatherers.
Science and Religion
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The dialog between science and religion has often been extremely simplistic. The epistemology of faith has led some theologians to a totally literal interpretation of Scripture, which opponents attempt to refute when it disagrees with the scientific view on issues such as age of the Earth. For some scientists, the fear of teleology had led to a cavalier assumption that each step along the history of life or even before represents an accident, so that the whole unfolding in time is a matter of chance. I contend that both views are wrong and make dialog virtually impossible.
The Task Ahead
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

This book has proceeded with two agendas: to study emergence by examining a number of examples, and to seek for the nature and operation of God in the emergent universe. We thus have reviewed in a very general way a series of major novelties from the Big Bang to the Spirit. At each stage we have sought for underlying interactions, laws, and ways in which actual outcomes have been selected to form the complex world of the possible.
The United Tastes
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

The third manuscript, F-Pn, Rés. Vm1114-115, revisits previous texts. Here the The Deum, set for instrumental and vocal trios in F-Pn, Rés. Vm1112, expands into a grand motet for chorus, soloists, and or-chestra and, like its predecessor, takes first position in the pair of larger works. Here Psalm , whose final couplet had appeared twice in Produzioni armoniche (nos.), receives a complete setting as the Exaudiat te, Dominus; the psalm’ s orchestration mirrors that of the first The Deum, with an instrumental trio matched in range to its vocal trio. Epitomizing early eighteenthcentury chamber music, such trios contain music for two treble-range instruments balanced by a fundamental bass.

The manuscript’ s dedication reveals its chronology as the composer’ s “terzo laboro,” offered to the entire royal family but especially to the king.

The Deum to pray God for the preservation of a monarch as great as Louis XIV and [of ] all his royal family. Accompanied by an Exaudiat. Composition of Antonia Bembo, Noble Venetian

Louis the great, the strong, the wise, the invincible, supreme Jove of the earth, monarch of monarchs: I make so bold as to dedicate the third product of my weak efforts to your sacred Majesty. A Te Deum to render thanks to the divine Majesty (and also to pray for the preservation of a prince so dear to your Majesty, and to all the court, as the Duke of Brittany) with the addition of an Exaudiat. Sire, [she] who gives as much as [she] can, gives what [she] owes, and strong passions are better expressed by devoted silence than by fluent eloquence. Nevertheless I venture to sign my name below with the most meek and profound respect.
Cognitive Dysfunction and Dementia
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

The disorders covered in Part II of this book collectively demonstrate that damage to the white matter of the brain can disrupt higher functions. The review of these individual disorders forms a basis for considering the many neurobehavioral syndromes they may produce. These syndromes are described primarily in case re¬ ports and case series, in which there is a variable amount of clinical detail. For some disorders, more comprehensive information is available from systematic studies using neuropsychological testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlation. The goal in Part ill is to discuss these syndromes in detail as a prelude to developing a behavioral neurology of white matter, to be presented in Chapter 18.
Wrist Drop
Authors: Liveson Jay Allan
Published: November 2023

Two months previously, a 46-year-old woman discovered a right wrist drop on awaking. She also noted paresthesias over the dorsum of her thumb and a mild forearm ache. Her strength was gradually returning. Medical history included multiple abdominal operations because of gastric ulcers. Physical Examination. Patient had weakness of all wrist and finger extensors on the right. The brachioradialis was atrophied, and elbow flexion (forearm in neutral position) was weak. The triceps and all other muscles in the upper extremity were normal. Hypalgesia was limited to the lateral dorsum of the hand. DTRs were active and symmetric. Plantar responses were flexor.
Fictions
Authors: Kermode Frank
Published: November 2023

One of my tasks in this second talk is to answer some of the questions which I begged in the first. I wanted to concentrate on eschatological fictions, fictions of the End, in relation to apocalypse itself; and though I did say something about these as analogous to literary fictions, by means of which we impose other patterns on historical time, I did little to justify the analogy. And when I spoke of the degree to which fictions vary from the paradigmatic base, I again confined myself largely to straight apocalypse-the way the type figures were modified, made to refer not to a common End but to personal death or to crisis, or to epoch. I mentioned that literary fictions changed in the same way-perpetually recurring crises of the person, and the death of that person, took over from myths which purport to relate one’s experience to grand beginnings and ends.
Bone Loss: Managing Calcium and Bone Loss in Space
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

November 11, 1982: aboard the Salyut 7 space station, Valentin Lebedev finds his crewmate Anatoli Berezovoy writhing in pain. The pain is on the left side of his abdomen. Both the crew and mission control are concerned, but fortunately the symptoms resolve on their own, and the mission moves forward [1]. In retrospect, the leading possible cause of the pain was a kidney stone. Although the details are not known, one explanation is that unloading of the skeleton led to calcium leaving the bones. This calcium entered the urine, increasing the risk of kidney stone formation during the flight. Berezovoy’s symptoms started when the stone, which had been growing in the kidney, broke loose and traveled down a ureter. The case highlights one of the major physiological changes facing crews in weightlessness: bone and calcium loss.
Cardiovascular Changes: Atrophy, Arrhythmias, and Orthostatic Intolerance
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

On May 16, 1963, Gordon Cooper splashed down after the longest (34 hours) and last Mercury flight. Thirty-five minutes later, his Faith 7 capsule was hoisted onto the deck of the USS Kearsarge. His blood pressure and pulse were monitored as he left the capsule and stood up. While standing on the deck, his heart rate climbed to 188 beats/minute. The postflight report noted: “After standing on the deck for approximately 1 minute, the pilot began to look pale and, although his face was already wet, new beads of perspiration appeared on his forehead. He swayed slightly and reported symptoms of impending loss of consciousness including lightheadedness, dimming of vision, and tingling of his feet and legs” [1, p. 317].
Neuroanatomy and Assessment of Cognitive-Behavioral Function
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

The assessment of cognitive and behavioral functions provides a benchmark for gauging and tracking these functions over time and assists in understanding the nature of normal and abnormal physiology, the mechanisms underlying these processes, and rational plans for treating cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders. Our exploration into how the brain and mind mediate behavior begins with neurobehavioral assessment, which traditionally focuses on abnormal or deficient performance. Understanding the mechanisms of neuro behavior is better served by also studying normal and superior performance. The explosion of information from newer technologies such as positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), expands our knowledge of the processes and networks underlying behavior.
Emotion and the Limbic System
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

The limbic system helps to regulate emotion, memory, motivation, drive, instinct, and social relations. The subcortical and cortical components of the limbic system strongly interconnect with other limbic areas, as well as with the brain stem and diencephalic and neocortical association areas. These connections allow limbic areas to balance and mediate drive functions, such as hunger, thirst, sex, aggression, and defense, as well as cognitive functions modulated by personal history and environment, such as social interactions.
Mechanics of Ventilation
Authors: Hlastala Michael P , Berger Albert J
Published: November 2023

Movement of air between the environment and the alveoli is governed by mechanical properties of the lungs and chest wall and by characteristics of air flow in the airways. These mechanical factors are fundamental to mammalian respiration and to an understanding of the impact of stress and/or disease on respiration. In fact, many pulmonary function tests designed to quantitate disease measure airflow and volume properties of the lung. Lung volume is divided into several overlapping components (Fig. 3.1), each of which varies from individual to individual and depends on age and body size; larger individuals have larger lung volumes. Tidal volume (VT) is the volume of the air that moves in and out in a single breath. Normally, a person begins inhalation of VT from functional residual capacity (FRC), the volume of gas within the lungs after total relaxation of all respiratory muscles.