bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Concept Lattice Merger Approach for Ontology Construction
Authors: Han Bao Chuan , Du Ya Jun , Wang Chang , Xu Jing
Published: March 2011

The method of merging concept lattice in domain ontology construction can describe the implicit concepts and relationships between concepts more appropriately for semantic representation and query match. In order to enrich semantic query, the paper intends to apply the theory of Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) to establish source concept lattices, through which the domain concepts are extracted from source concept lattices to generate the optimized concept lattice. Then, the ontology tree is generated by lattice mapping ontology algorithm (LMOA) combing some hierarchical relations in the optimized concept lattice. The experiment proves that the domain ontology can be achieved effectively by merging concept lattices and provide the semantic relations more precisely.
Lengthening Steel-Work Hole Processing Machine Design Based on Open CNC System
Authors: Cao Shu Kun , Yang Shang Wei , Yin Jing Bo , Zhang Hui , Deng Hai Long
Published: March 2011

This paper describes two schemes of lengthening steel structure hole processing machine tool. Their base length of lengthening steel structure hole processing machine tool is fixed and the column who can move around realizes the horizontal movement by dovetail slot and the screw. The former can realize that a machine can simultaneously process multiple holes after work-piece being clamped once. The latter is that machine tool can only process a single hole for the work-piece clamping, then process other holes by the mobile of the column and the spindle box. It is not only labor-saving and energy but is efficiency. Through the NC programming, the machine tool can fast install the parts and process four holes at the same time accurately. In allusion to all sorts of questions of the present NC programming using G, M code, lengthening steel structure hole processing machine tool based on open CNC is proposed in the paper, which can machining parts directly by using the corresponding computer modules and achieves information sharing of work-piece.
Study on Printing Techniques of Modified Aluminum Paste Printing Ink
Authors: Du Bin , Zhou Shi Sheng , Wang Nan
Published: March 2011

The print production conditions of print production conditions are very strict that ink layer must be uniform and achieve sufficient gloss. To optimize the optimum printing process for aluminum paste printing ink，the L9(34)orthogonal design is used to observe influential factors such as the modified ratio of aluminum paste printing ink (A), printing speed (B), drying power (C). Print gloss, masking effects and scratch results are determined to evaluate the effects of different processes, and the results are analyzed by grading methods including direct method and variance method. The results showed that the main factor was printing speed (B), and the optimum extraction process was that print speed was 70m/min, the first printing UV drying power was 12kw and the second printing UV drying power was 12kw with the second modified aluminum paste printing ink. The optimal extraction process is simple, repeatable and adapt to industrial production.
Effects of Pretreatment and the First Anodization Time on Morphology of Anodic Aluminium Oxide Templates
Authors: Wu Yu Cheng , Cui Jie Wu , Wang Yan , Xu Guang Qing , Zhang Xin Yi
Published: March 2011

Anodic aluminium oxide(AAO) templates were fabricated by a two-step anodization method utilizing high purity aluminium sheets. On the basis of getting the optimum preparation parameters of AAO templates, effects of the pretreatment and the first anodization time on morphology of AAO templates were studied. Field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM) was used to investigate surface morphology of AAO templates. The SEM images indicated that both pretreatment and the first anodization time had a significant influence on morphology of AAO templates. Meanwhile,effect mechanism of pretreatment and the first anodization time on AAO templates morphology was elucidated.
Waveband Selection of NIR Spectroscopy Analysis for Glucose Aqueous Solution Based on Savitzky-Golay Smoothing
Authors: Pan Tao , Jiang Guo Qiang , Chen Jie Mei
Published: March 2011

The high accurate partial least squares (PLS) models of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis for glucose aqueous solution were established by large-scale simultaneous optimization of Savitzky-Golay (SG) smoothing mode and PLS factor. A total of 6 wavebands were used for modelling respectively. The model prediction effect with SG smoothing was obviously better than ones without SG smoothing for each waveband, it indicated that the large-scale simultaneous optimization of SG smoothing mode and PLS factor could obviously improve model prediction effect. The optimal waveband was the combination of 400-1880 and 2082-2350 nm, the optimal SG smoothing mode was 1st order derivative smoothing, 2nd degree polynomial, 63 smoothing points, and the corresponding PLS factor, RMSEP and RP were 14, 0.289 mmol/L and 0.9996 respectively. The combination of 1100-1880 and 2082-2350 nm was also a waveband with high signal to noise ratio for glucose, could replace the whole spectral collecting region and get very good prediction effect, which could provide valuable references for designing spectrophotometer system in special NIR spectrometer. To get the stable prediction results, all models and results were obtained based on the average data on 30 different divisions of calibration set and prediction set.
The Approximate Solution to the Finite Cantilever with Concentrate Load
Authors: Liu Hu Ran
Published: March 2011

This paper deduced the solution of the cantilever of infinite length with periodic concentrate loads, and uses it as the approximate solution of the finite cantilever with concentrate load.
Design and Development of Warehouse Management System of Inland River Port
Authors: Peng Jian Liang
Published: March 2011

Inland river port has a unique advantage in the transport industry. In order to improve the efficiency of operation and management and optimize workflow, it is urgent to design and development of a suitable warehouse management system. Based on field research river port CX, a practical personalized warehouse management system is designed and developed. The practical operation shows that the warehouse management system runs normally and achieves the various basic operation functions of warehouse management. It includes receiving, warehousing, delivery, a library, direct shipment, transfer, query, user management, setting of basic information and other functions, can basically meet the company's individual business needs. In addition, the designs of various types of schedules also greatly help the company to conduct business operations. However, for the system to improve a grade, it is needed to improve appropriately in the follow-up.
The Theoretical Principle and Generate Method for the Spiral Bevel Gear with Circular Profile and Cycloid Teeth
Authors: Liu Hu Ran
Published: March 2011

from the generation principle and meshing theory of spiral bevel gear, this paper present a method to produce the conjugate tooth surface of point contact, and find its application on the spiral bevel gear with circular tooth profile and cycloid teeth. The equation of tooth surface of this kind is deduced as well.
Comparable Experiments Study on the Embedded Optimization Methodology of Self-Organizing
Authors: Luo Ya Bo , Tang Ming Chun
Published: March 2011

In the previous research, a novel embedded multi-phase optimization methodology was proposed to solve the NC-hard difficulty of self-organizing system involving the complex correlated constraints, which has been theoretically verified. This paper takes a serial of comparable experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of the previously proposed novel methodology. First, the description of the universal problem is given, based which the mathematic model for the self-organizing system is elected. Second, a detailed example that includes complex correlated relationship is suggested. Finally, the detailed experiments verify the correct of the proposed methodology, which integrates these two sub optimization problems into a searching loop to ensure the feasibility of solution and improve the searching efficiency in the complex correlated system, with the graphics, figures, and tables.
Voice Activity Detection Based on Multiple Statistical Models
Authors: Ji Chang Peng , Gao Mo , Yang Jie
Published: March 2011

One of the key issues in practical speech processing is to achieve robust voice activity detection (VAD) against the background noise. Most of the statistical model-based approaches have tried to employ the Gaussian assumption in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) domain, which, however, deviates from the real observation. For a class of VAD algorithms based on Gaussian model and Laplacian model, we incorporate complex Laplacian probability density function to our analysis of statistical properties. Since the statistical characteristics of the speech signal are differently affected by the noise types and levels, to cope with the time-varying environments, our approach is aimed at finding adaptively an appropriate statistical model in an online fashion. The performance of the proposed VAD approaches in stationary noise environment is evaluated with the aid of an objective measure.
Video-Based Automatic Incident Detection of Highway Network Monitoring System
Authors: Fu Xin Sha , Zhu Juan
Published: March 2011

Traffic information collection and incident detection is the base of Expressway network monitoring and operational management, and is the important components and key technologies of intelligent transportation systems. This paper Based on computer vision technology and digital image processing technology, Combining the needs and existing monitoring facilities of current highway traffic monitoring, study Video images based on highway traffic incident detection monitoring system, complete the system development, system engineering and system integration technology, And monitoring operations in the highway has been applied.
Automotive Air Conditioning System Fuzzy Control Algorithm
Authors: Hou Li Min , Xing Xing
Published: March 2011

The traditional PID algorithm control automotive air conditioning needs urgently to be improved in energy conservation effect and the human body comfort level. Uses the fuzzy control principle, to design fuzzy control algorithm to realize the automotive air conditioning's intelligent control, according to the temperature humidity from the temperature sensor and the humidity sensor , take the human body comfort as the foundation to carry on the fuzzy revision to the temperature in the compartment; According to the difference between the set temperature and the actual temperature, uses fuzzy control principle deduction to control the output; According to the outdoor temperature and the passenger full strength rate carries on the heat load fuzzy revision to the control output; or based on the situation of vehicle door shuts/opens, carries on the revision to the control output. Compares with the PID control, the energy conservation effect is about 15-20%.
Study on Risk Assessment of Network Security Based on Game Theory
Authors: Xu Yan Li , Wang Ling Ling
Published: March 2011

to strengthen the network security and to enhance the accuracy of the network security risk assessment, the essay conducts game analysis to the security system of protective mechanisms. Using the basic theory of games and the analytical and comparative method, and raising the network security and physical model for the security system, this process will protect and improve the network security. At the aspect of setting the model, we did not rely on the traditional game theory, but creatively set behavior of the game for a large number of players for the limit logos of groups in the model, and paid more attention to the detection system to reach a state of stability. Analysis shows that the proposed models and the method are feasible and effective.
Ethylene Polymerization by Phenyl Sulfide Bridged Dinuclear Zirconocene Complex/MAO
Authors: Nie Yu Jing , Yang Ming
Published: March 2011

The phenyl sulfide bridged Zirconocene complex [(C5H5)Cl2ZrC5H4CH2(C6H4-p)]2S has been synthesized by treating the dilithium salts of the phenyl sulfide bridged cyclopentadienyl ligand with two equivalents of C5H5ZrCl3(DME) and characterized by 1HMNR and elemental analysis. Homogenous ethylene polymerization by this complex has been conducted systematically in the presence of methylaluminoxane (MAO). The influence of the molar ratio [MAO]/[Cat], the catalyst concentration, time and temperature have been studied in detail. The highest catalytic activity of 1 is up to 13.78×105 g PE/mol•Cat•h. Higher temperature is favorable for increasing the catalytic activity for 1. High temperature gel permeation chromatography (HT-GPC) proves the production of polyethylene with a broad molecular weight distribution (MWD), which is reached 6.02.
Effects of Impact on the Failure of CFRP/Al Bonded Single-Lap Joints with Different Overlap Length
Authors: Ma Yan Yan , Zhang Kai Fu , Yang Zhao Jun , Li Yuan
Published: March 2011

A parametric study on CFRP/Al adhesively bonded single lap joints was experimentally conducted. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effects of overlap length and impact loads on the failure mode and failure load of joints. Experimental results show that structural failure of joints occurred in the adhesive layer or the bonded interface; failure loads and impact resistance of the joint increased as the overlap length increased; the carrying load of joints which subjected to impact declined significantly because of internal damage of the adhesive layer.
Based on the Minimum Variance Spectral Estimation of Radar Wind Profile Analysis
Authors: Zhou Jie , Hui Jian Xin , Wu Lei , Gao Yu Chun
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we apply minimum variance method for removing automatically ground and intermittent clutter (airplane echo) from wind profiler radar data. Using the concept of discrete multi-resolution analysis and non-parametric estimation theory, we develop Doppler echo power spectral, which allow us to identify the coefficients relevant for clutter and to suppress them in order to effectively restrain and remove clutter and increase the wind profile radar detection range and accuracy; must be on the air back to the effective spectrum of the spectral moments estimation. Using MATLAB simulation analysis , compared with the conventional method of analysis to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the algorithm, also, try the algorithm is applied to the complexity of the weather with a strong interference case of precipitation particles; Data analysis showed that the actual detection, from the library in the lower spectrum moment estimation has been improved significantly.
Explosive Consolidation and its Application on Preparing of Ultra-Fine Grained Tungsten Plasma Facing Material
Authors: Wang Shu Ming , Yan Qing Zhi , Shen Wei Ping , Ge Chang Chun
Published: March 2011

Nuclear fusion is a promising source of environmental friendly energy for the future, and the ultra-fine grained Tungsten (W) is a hopeful candidate material to be used as plasma-facing materials (PFMs), which are the key materials in the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), for its many useful advantages. While, due to its high melting point and high sintering temperature needed, the ultra-fine grain sized tungsten is not easy to be fabricated. In this paper, the method of explosive consolidation of powders as well as its mechanism and improvements are discussed, and finally the possibility of using this method to preparing of ultra-fine grained W plasma facing material are also introduced.
Numerical Simulation on Mass Transfer in Micro Electroforming with Ultrasonic
Authors: Wu Meng Hua , Liu Lan Bo , Wang Yuan Gang , Jia Wei Ping
Published: March 2011

The numerical simulation of flow field and pressure field in the micro-region with different power ultrasonic were performed by FLUENT6.3 simulation software. Ultrasonic power on mass transfer effect was analyzed through the simulation results combined with surface morphology of micro casting. The results illustrated that micro electroforming assisted with appropriate power ultrasonic can significantly enhance mass transfer process and improve surface morphology of micro casting. And it was confirmed that Fluent was reliable in simulating the effect of ultrasonic on mass transfer and helpful to optimize and design deposition experiments with ultrasonic.
Resource Allocation for Parallel Task in Grids
Authors: Xie Jun , Wu Min Hua
Published: March 2011

Task running in Grids may require multiple types of resources simultaneously. Proposing and designing a resource discovery scheme based on Economic Agent. Base on the economic model and the technique in agent of grouping nodes sharing similar files to improve efficiency, this thesis suggests a resource discovery scheme based on economic agent, which is called EAGRD. Theoretical models on resource discovery are provided, under which EAGRD is compared with existing schemes theoretically. By controlling propagation of message into related communities, EAGRD improves time and network efficiency at the cost of topological maintenance overhead.
Evaluating Freeway Traffic Conditions by Data Envelopment Analysis Using Loop Data
Authors: Zhang Shen , An Shi
Published: March 2011

Effective evaluation of traffic conditions is a key issue involved in alleviating freeway congestion, improving operations and estimating travel time. Loop detectors can provide reliable traffic data sources for traffic conditions measurement and monitoring, however, the multiple influencing factors derived from loop data lead to a combined effect which complicates the measurement. Therefore, a novel traffic conditions evaluation method by utilizing Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is proposed. The method can devise an overall traffic conditions evaluation based on the multiple performance measures. To illustrate our method, an experimental study was undertaken with dual-loop-detector data from 6 freeway sections for the year 2006, and 5 measures were selected for inclusion in this multivariate analysis to evaluate the traffic conditions. The conclusions indicate the stakeholders can gain new insight into the overall traffic conditions behind multiple performance measures with our method, and the evaluation results is helpful in identifying transportation investment priorities for specific regions and improving resource utilization among competing sectors.
Study on a Sewage Heat Exchanger with On-Line Hydraulic Removing Fouling Technology
Authors: Zhuang Zhao Yi , Zhang Cheng Hu , Sun Qiong , Sun De Xing
Published: March 2011

Based on the particularity of the fouling in the sewage heat exchanger, proposed a new heat exchanger with on-line hydraulic removing fouling technology, focused on the structure and principle of this heat exchanger, designed and manufactured the experimental prototype, and determined the best scheme based on analyzing the technical and economic feasibility of various irrigation programs. The experimental results shows that keeping each tube washed for one minute with 5m/s and flushing 10 to 20 heat exchange tubes once a time is the feasible program both in technology and economy. That will give a new way of thinking for the sewage heat exchanger using vigorously in the engineering.
Research on a Removing Fouling Technology for the Sewage Heat Exchanger
Authors: Zhuang Zhao Yi , Xiao Hong Xia , Liu Xiao Xin , Sun De Xing
Published: March 2011

Based on the particularity of the fouling in the sewage heat exchanger, this paper proposed a new heat exchanger with on-line draw-ring removing fouling technology, focused on the structure and principle of this heat exchanger, designed and manufactured the experimental prototype. After the experiment on this prototype with the scraper-ring mechanism or not for one month, the experimental results show that this heat exchanger has a very perfect removing fouling effect. That will provide a new concept for the broaden use of sewage heat exchanger.
Condition Number of Acoustic Infinite Element
Authors: Yang Rui Liang , Zhu Cai Xia
Published: March 2011

Various shape function and weight function of infinite element are researched and summarized into eight methods, and then various infinite element methods can be summarized as general equation, the condition number of which can reflect merits of infinite method. Condition number of various methods versus frequency and the node number are calculated in this paper. Finally, most optimal infinite element method is summed up. The infinite element method [1-12] is among the most successful techniques used to solve boundary-value problems on unbounded domains and whose solutions satisfy some condition at infinity. Two ideas make the infinite element method attractive: the idea of partition and the idea of approximation. The partition idea covers unbounded domains by attaching infinite strips to finite element partitions of bounded domains. More mature versions of infinite element method involved the approximation idea. These ideas make it possible that the finite element/infinite element method yields significantly greater computational efficiency than other methods such as the boundary element method. There have been a large number of infinite element methods, in which some methods have obvious advantages and some methods have fewer advantages. However, there is less research literature about merits of various infinite element methods appear at home and abroad. Thus, condition number of matrix equation is applied to verify merits of various infinite methods in this paper.
Matrix Assembly Method for Insulating Glass Sound Transmission
Authors: Yang Rui Liang , Zhu Cai Xia
Published: March 2011

A novel method named matrix assembly method is proposed for insulating glass sound transmission. Firstly, acoustic principle and boundary condition are applied to form acoustic equations. Using the matrix assembly method, these acoustic equations can be composed a universal procedure with a general format for insulating glass sound transmission. Efficiency and general capability of this novel method are very high. Lastly, universal procedure is used to solve insulating glass in the code for insulating glass of People's Republic of China. Subsequently some very useful conclusions are conducted for insulating glass, which shows that this novel method for insulating glass is feasible. Furthermore, efficiency and general capability of this novel method are high
A Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm Based on Proportional Distribution of Particles
Authors: Liu Bo , Pan Hong Xia
Published: March 2011

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is widely used to solve complex optimization problems. However, classical PSO may be trapped in local optima and fails to converge to global optimum. In this paper, the concept of the self particles and the random particles is introduced into classical PSO to keep the particle diversity. All particles are divided into the standard particles, the self particles and the random particles according to special proportion. The feature of the proposed algorithm is analyzed and several testing functions are performed in simulation study. Experimental results show that, the proposed PDPSO algorithm can escape from local minima and significantly enhance the convergence precision.
Lexical Analyzer Development for Embedded Browser
Authors: Zhang Dong Yu
Published: March 2011

Embedded browsers are designed for customized systems to provide web page browsing function for users and have the characteristics of small volume, little resource consumption and high efficiency. These browsers are compatible for network transmission protocols such as HTTP, WAP and etc. and network markup languages such as HTML, JavaScript, XML and etc. Tailored and modified browsers are suitable for various embedded systems, as well as fitting the requirements of users for acquiring information. Language analyzing for HTML is the core technology in browsers and the analyzing result concerns the browsing efficiency. To understand the design process of embedded lexical analyzer to further address the issues of this field, we accomplished the design of lexical analyzer for embedded browser on the platform of ARM2410-S, a platform for embedded system development, and we made cross compilation on PC platform to generate the binary file suitable for ARM structure, then transplant it onto a development board to finish the lexical analyzing function for embedded browser and obtained satisfying result.
A Removal Modus of Thin Film Nanostructures via a Gear Form Tool
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2011

A effective method for the precision electrochemical removal of thin film nanostructures from LCD panels using a gear-shaped electrode tool has been developed. This ultra-precise process effectively removes defective Indium-Tin-Oxide layers allowing LCD panels to be returned to the production line and significantly reduces costs. In the current experiment a 7th Generation TFT-LCD panel was used. A high rotational speed of the gear-shaped negative electrode elevates discharge mobility and improves the removal effect. Pulsed direct current can improve the effect of dregs discharge and is advantageous when combined with a fast workpiece feed rate. A fast feed combined with a high current flow results in very effective removal of the color filter layer. A negative electrode of large diameter with a small edge radius provides higher current density and also improves the removal affect. This novel design using electrochemical removal as a precision recycling process for removing ITO layers from LCD panels is clean, effective and very fast.
Prediction of the Flow Stress of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 Steel during Hot Deformation Using a BP Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Hao Nan Hai , Li Jiu Shi
Published: March 2011

The knowledge of the flow behavior of metals during hot deformation is of great importance in determining the optimum forming conditions. In this paper, the flow stress of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 (ANSI 316L) austenitic stainless steel in elevated temperature is measured with compression deformation tests. The temperatures at which the steel is compressed are 800-1100°C with strain rates of 0.01-1s-1. With the experiment result as the training set, the flow stress of 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 steel during hot deformation is predicted using a BP artificial neural network. The architecture of the network includes three input parameters, one output parameter and two hidden layers with 5 neurons in first layer and 6 neurons in second layer. Compared with the regression method, the prediction using the BP artificial neural network has higher efficiency and accuracy.
Experimental Study on the Blanking of Thick Wall Metal Tube
Authors: Hao Nan Hai , Li Jiu Shi
Published: March 2011

In this paper, we present a comprehensive experimental study on the blanking process of thick wall metal tube. The tube used in experiment is GCr15 bearing steel with 56 mm in outer-diameter and 6.5 mm in wall-thickness. The experiment was conducted with an experimental blanking apparatus, which consists of fixed die, moving die and inner cores rod. Two blanking schemes, single punching and cross punching, are compared through experiment. The single punching scheme is realizable for tube blanking but the effect is not acceptable in recent stage. Cross scheme is a better choice for tube blanking as the surface roughness in blanking section can be greatly improved. In cross scheme, the first penetration depth is the key factor to final blanking quality. It was found through experiment that the adequate first penetration depth is around 60 percent of the wall thickness of the tube.
Mechanical Property of Nano-Particles Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composite Materials
Authors: Lv Xin Ying , Sun Yong , Jiang Zhi Cheng , Zhang Yan Hua , Di Ming Wei
Published: March 2011

The two kinds of composites, including nano-nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/epoxy resin (EP) and nano-acrylate/EP composites were prepared with the three-roll mill. The effect of nano-particles on the mechanical property of epoxy resin composites were investigated by tensile strength testing. SEM images were taken to characterize the decentralization of the nano-particles in the composites. Mechanical testing results were presented that the epoxy nano-composites has the higher tensile strengths after filling with nano-particles. The tensile strength of EP composites has been significantly improved with nano-NBR content 4 wt. % and the nano-acrylate content 3 wt. %, respectively. SEM results indicated that nano-particles can be evenly dispersed in the epoxy resin by the three-roll mill dispersion method.
Electromyographic Activity in the EEG in Alzheimer′s Disease: Noise or Signal?
Authors: van der Hiele Karin , Reijntjes Robert H. A. M. , Vein Alla A. , Westendorp Rudi G. J. , van Buchem Mark A. , Bollen Eduard L. E. M. , Middelkoop Huub A. M. , van Dijk J. Gert
Published: March 2011

Many efforts have been directed at negating the influence of electromyographic (EMG) activity on the EEG, especially in elderly demented patients. We wondered whether these “artifacts” might reflect cognitive and behavioural aspects of dementia. In this pilot study, 11 patients with probable Alzheimer′s disease (AD), 13 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 13 controls underwent EEG registration. As EMG measures, we used frontal and temporal 50–70 Hz activity. We found that the EEGs of AD patients displayed more theta activity, less alpha reactivity, and more frontal EMG than controls. Interestingly, increased EMG activity indicated more cognitive impairment and more depressive complaints. EEG variables on the whole distinguished better between groups than EMG variables, but an EMG variable was best for the distinction between MCI and controls. Our results suggest that EMG activity in the EEG could be more than noise; it differs systematically between groups and may reflect different cerebral functions than the EEG.
Establishment and biological characteristics of a Jingning chicken embryonic fibroblast bank
Authors: Bai C. , Wang D. , Li C. , Jin D. , Li C. , Guan W. , Ma Y.
Published: March 2011

Using tissue explantation and cryopreservation biotechniques, a Jingning chicken embryonic fibroblast bank was successfully established, which includes 43 embryo samples and a stock of 178 cryovials, each one containing 3.0×106 cells. Most of the cells were apparently fibroblasts in their morphology, and the population doubling time (PDT) was about 48 h. The total chromosome number of a diploid cell was 78. According to karyotyping and G-banding, the diploid rate in the cell bank was 97.62±2.12%. The cells were tested for microbial contamination and found free of infections from bacteria, fungi, viruses and mycoplasms. There was no cross-contamination from other cell lines as revealed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) isoenzyme polymorphisms. Six fluorescent proteins were transfected into the Jingning chicken embryonic fibroblasts, and the transfection efficiencies of these genes were between 10.1 and 41.9%. All the tests showed that the quality of the cell line conforms to the quality criteria of the ATCC (American type culture collection). This work succeeded not only in preserving the genetic resources of Jingning chicken, but it also established a new protocol to preserve endangered animal breeds.
Plant diversity and flowering displays on old fields in the arid Namaqua National Park, South Africa
Authors: Van Rooyen Margaretha W. , Henstock Ronel , Van Rooyen Noel , Van der Merwe Helga
Published: March 2011

National Park and to investigate whether the time since abandonment has impacted on the diversity and mass flowering displays. Sixty-two old field sample sites were surveyed using the Braun-Blanquet method. Floristic data were analysed to produce a hierarchical classification, while a principal coordinates analysis was used to establish whether the ordination supported the classification. Species richness (total number of taxa), as well as the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, was calculated per vegetation unit for the different life forms. Four old field communities were identified, each containing a unique complement of species, which differed in their potential to produce a mass flowering display. On the Skilpad section of the park, Ursinia cakilefolia dominated the spectacular mass floral displays for which the park has become well known. Old fields in other parts of the park did not produce the same spectacular displays. Although total and perennial species richness did not differ significantly with time since abandonment, the richness of annual species, in particular of the showy annual species, decreased with time since abandonment. The relative contribution of the perennial species to vegetation cover increased with time since abandonment, whereas the relative contribution made by showy annual species to vegetation cover declined with time since abandonment. Although species composition and the potential to produce mass flowering displays of the four communities differed, diversity parameters were similar. However, to maintain a flower display for tourists on the Skilpad section, a degree of disturbance is essential. Conservation implication: Although deliberate disturbance is not desirable in a national park, we find that some disturbance is essential to maintain a spectacular flowering display. However, these intentionally disturbed old fields cover only a small proportion of the total area of the park. All other old fields in the park should not be disturbed, and should be allowed to recover naturally.
The influence of leadership behaviour on organisational citizenship behaviour in self-managed work teams in Malaysia
Authors: Omar Zoharah , Zainal Arifin , Omar Fatimah , Khairudin Rozainee
Published: March 2011

This study examined the influence of transformational-transactional leadership behaviour on organisational citizenship behaviour in self-managed work teams and the augmenting effect of transformational-transactional leadership behaviour. This cross-sectional correlation study was conducted on 93 self-managed work teams in a multinational manufacturing company. Data were collected through group face-to-face administration by the researcher and statistically analysed through Pearson correlation, partial correlation and multiple regressions. Results showed that both transactional and transformational leadership behaviour have a positive influence on organisational citizenship behaviour among team members. Transformational leadership behaviour, however, has a greater influence on organisational citizenship behaviour compared to transactional leadership behaviour. The results also conf rmed the augmenting effect of transformational leadership behaviour on the relationship between transactional leadership behaviour and organisational citizenship behaviour.
The validity of world class business criteria across developed and developing countries
Authors: Parker Andre J. , Veldsman Theo H.
Published: March 2011

Orientation: World class implies being able to respond effectively to the prevailing business challenges in a manner that surpasses competitors and to compete effectively in the global economy.Research purpose: To assess the validity of the general assumption in the literature that world class criteria are equally applicable worldwide.Motivation for research: The possibility exists that developing countries require an adjusted mix of world class criteria and practices to become globally competitive.Research design, approach and method: A quantitative field survey research approach was adopted. A web-enabled questionnaire was designed, covering 35 world class practices grouped under 7 world class criteria. A cross-section of the senior management from 14 developing and 20 developed country’s organisations partook in the study.Main findings: It was empirically confirmed that the majority of world class practices posited in the literature are used by participating organisations; that world class criteria do not apply equally across developed and developing countries; and that more important than country location, is the deliberate choice by an organisation’s leadership to become world class. An empirically based model of ascending to world class was proposed.Practical/managerial implications: Regardless of country location, the leadership of an organisation can make their organisation world class by applying the proposed world class model.Contribution/value add: A reliable web enabled instrument was designed that can be used to assess an organisation’s world class standing; the assumption that world class criteria are equally valid across developing and developed countries was proven partially incorrect; since becoming or being world class is also a leadership choice regardless of location.
Bridging the disconnect between development and disaster: A first step
Authors: Miller, PhD Chad R. , Birdsall, PhD Ian A.
Published: March 2011

This article is an attempt to shed light on the development/ disaster disconnect highlighted by McEntire. Specifically, the authors examine how economic development influences the administration of transportation infrastructure rebuilding following a disaster. As economic development is a mixture of politics and economics, the authors use the Wamsley and Zald political/ economy analysis approach to frame the research. The authors examine case studies of post-Katrina reconstruction representing different organizational forms including CSX’s coast railroad, Mississippi Department of Transportation’s replacement of the Bay St. Louis Bridge, and the Mississippi State Port Authority’s rehabilitation of the Port of Gulfport to help understand how the political/economy context impacts the administration of the postdisaster rebuilding of transportation infrastructure. Finally, the authors develop hypotheses and recommend further research, including the possible expanded use of Kingdon’s policy stream theory, to further understand the administration of the rebuilding of transportation infrastructure in the wake of a disaster.
Lessons learned from a pandemic influenza triage exercise in a 3D interactive multiuser virtual learning environment—Play2Train
Authors: Beedasy, PhD Jaishree , Ramloll, PhD Rameshsharma
Published: March 2011

Practicing drills and exercises to improve individual and team performance in real physical hospital settings often requires lockdown of the healthcare center, and effects on real patients are unpredictable. A virtual triage exercise was developed around a pandemic influenza scenario and was carried out in a 3D interactive virtual environment. Without putting real patients or participants at risk, the environment allowed geographically dispersed first responders and hospital staff to practice their roles in a common setting. The results showed that the exercise produced perceived improvements in preparedness competencies and team interactions.
A new method for retrieval of the extinction coefficient of water clouds by using the tail of the CALIOP signal
Authors: Li J. , Hu Y. , Huang J. , Stamnes K. , Yi Y. , Stamnes S.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. A method is developed based on Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) level 1 attenuated backscatter profile data for deriving the mean extinction coefficient of water droplets close to cloud top. The method is applicable to low level (cloud top <2 km), opaque water clouds in which the lidar signal is completely attenuated beyond about 100 m of penetration into the cloud. The photo multiplier tubes (PMTs) of the 532 nm detectors (parallel and perpendicular polarizations) of the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) both exhibit a non-ideal recovery of the lidar signal after striking a strongly backscattering target (such as water cloud or surface). Therefore, the effects of any transient responses of CALIOP on the attenuated backscatter profile of the water cloud must first be removed in order to obtain a reliable (validated) attenuated backscatter profile. Then, the slope of the exponential decay of the validated water cloud attenuated backscatter profile, and the multiple scattering factor are used for deriving the mean extinction coefficient of low-level water cloud droplets close to cloud top. This novel method was evaluated and compared with the previous method which combined the cloud effective radius (3.7-μm) reported by MODIS with the lidar depolarization ratios measured by CALIPSO to estimate the mean extinction coefficient. Statistical results show that the extinction coefficients derived by the new method based on CALIOP alone agree reasonbably well with those obtained in the previous study using combined CALIOP and MODIS data. The mean absolute relative difference in extinction coefficient is about 13.4%. An important advantage of the new method is that it can be used to derive the extinction coefficient also during night time, and it is also applicable when multi-layered clouds are present. Overall, the stratocumulus dominated regions experience larger day-night differences which are all negative and seasonal. However, a contrary tendency consisted in the global mean values. The global mean cloud water extinction coefficients during different seasons range from 26 to 30 km−1, and the differences between day and night time are all positive and small (about 1–2 km−1). In addition, the global mean layer-integrated depolarization ratios of liquid water clouds during different seasons range from 0.2 to 0.23, and the differences between day and night also are small, about 0.01.
Size and time-resolved roadside enrichment of atmospheric particulate pollutants
Authors: Amato F. , Viana M. , Richard A. , Furger M. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Nava S. , Lucarelli F. , Bukowiecki N. , Alastuey A. , Reche C. , Moreno T. , Pandolfi M. , Pey J. , Querol X.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Size and time-resolved roadside enrichments of atmospheric particulate pollutants in PM10 were detected and quantified in a Mediterranean urban environment (Barcelona, Spain). Simultaneous data from one urban background (UB), one traffic (T) and one heavy traffic (HT) location were analysed, and roadside PM10 enrichments (RE) in a number of elements arising from vehicular emissions were calculated. Tracers of primary traffic emissions (EC, Fe, Ba, Cu, Sb, Cr, Sn) showed the largest REs (>70%). Other traffic tracers (Zr, Cd) showed lower but still consistent REs (25–40%), similar to those obtained for mineral matter resulting from road dust resuspension (Ca, La, Ce, Ti, Ga, Sr, 30–40%). The sum of primary and secondary organic carbon showed a RE of 41%, with contributions of secondary OC (SOC) to total OC ranging from 46% at the HT site, 63% at the T site, and 78% in the UB. Finally, other trace elements (As, Co, Bi) showed unexpected but consistent roadside enrichments (23% up to 69%), suggesting a link to traffic emissions even though the emission process is unclear. Hourly-resolved PM speciation data proved to be a highly resourceful tool to determine the source origin of atmospheric pollutants in urban environments. At the HT site, up to 62% of fine Mn was attributable to industrial plumes, whereas coarse Mn levels were mainly attributed to traffic. Similarly, even though Zn showed on average no roadside enrichment and thus was classified as industrial, the hourly-resolved data proved that at least 15% of coarse Zn may be attributed to road traffic emissions. In addition, our results indicate that secondary nitrate formation occurs within the city-scale, even in the absence of long atmospheric residence times or long-range atmospheric transport processes. Characteristic tracer ratios of road traffic emissions were identified: Cu/Sb = 6.8–8.0, Cu/Sn = 4.7–5.4 and Sn/Sb = 1.5.
Temporal and spatial variability of the stable isotopic composition of atmospheric molecular hydrogen: observations at six EUROHYDROS stations
Authors: Batenburg A. M. , Walter S. , Pieterse G. , Levin I. , Schmidt M. , Jordan A. , Hammer S. , Yver C. , Röckmann T.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. Despite the potential of isotope measurements to improve our understanding of the global atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) cycle, few H2 isotope data have been published so far. Now, within the EUROpean network for atmospheric HYDRogen Observations and Studies project (EUROHYDROS), weekly to monthly air samples from six locations in a global sampling network have been analysed for hydrogen mixing ratio (m(H2)) and the stable hydrogen isotopic composition of H2 (δ(D,H2), hereafter referred to as δ(D)). The time series thus obtained now cover one to five years for all stations. This is the largest set of ground station observations of δ(D) so far. Annual average δ(D) values are higher at the Southern Hemisphere (SH) than at the Northern Hemisphere (NH) stations; the maximum is observed at Neumayer (Antarctica), and the minimum at the NH midlatitude or subtropical stations. The maximum seasonal differences in δ(D) range from ≈18‰ at Neumayer to ≈45‰ at Schauinsland (Southern Germany); in general, seasonal variability is largest at the NH stations. The timing of minima and maxima differs per station as well. In Alert (Arctic Canada), the variations in δ(D) and m(H2) can be approximated as simple harmonic functions with a ≈5-month phase shift. This out-of-phase seasonal behaviour of δ(D) and m(H2) can also be detected, but with a ≈6-month phase shift, at Mace Head and Cape Verde. However, no seasonal δ(D) cycle could be observed at Schauinsland, which likely reflects the larger influence of local sources and sinks at this continental station. At the two SH stations, no seasonal cycle could be detected in the δ(D) data. Assuming that the sink processes are the main drivers of the observed seasonality in m(H2) and δ(D) on the NH, the relative seasonal variations can be used to estimate the relative sink strength of the two major sinks, deposition to soils and atmospheric oxidation by the hydroxyl (OH) radical. For the NH coastal and marine stations this analysis shows that the relative contribution of soil uptake to the total sink processes increases with latitude.
Explicit modelling of SOA formation from α-pinene photooxidation: sensitivity to vapour pressure estimation
Authors: Valorso R. , Aumont B. , Camredon M. , Raventos-Duran T. , Mouchel-Vallon C. , Ng N. L. , Seinfeld J. H. , Lee-Taylor J. , Madronich S.
Published: March 2011

Abstract. The sensitivity of the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) to the estimated vapour pressures of the condensable oxidation products is explored. A highly detailed reaction scheme was generated for α-pinene photooxidation using the Generator for Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere (GECKO-A). Vapour pressures (Pvap) were estimated with three commonly used structure activity relationships. The values of Pvap were compared for the set of secondary species generated by GECKO-A to describe α-pinene oxidation. Discrepancies in the predicted vapour pressures were found to increase with the number of functional groups borne by the species. For semi-volatile organic compounds (i.e. organic species of interest for SOA formation), differences in the predicted Pvap range between a factor of 5 to 200 in average. The simulated SOA concentrations were compared to SOA observations in the Caltech chamber during three experiments performed under a range of NOx conditions. While the model captures the qualitative features of SOA formation for the chamber experiments, SOA concentrations are systematically overestimated. For the conditions simulated, the modelled SOA speciation appears to be rather insensitive to the Pvap estimation method.