bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stapes Surgery: Problems and Revisions
Authors: Farrior Jay B.
Published: August 2007

Educational objective: To achieve variations in the techniques dealing with stapes surgery, problems, and revisions.
Diseases of the External Auditory Canal
Authors: Roland Peter S. , Marple Bradley F.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To recognize and treat the described conditions and, for most conditions, to choose from several treatment alternatives.
Photodynamic Therapy in the Head and Neck, Why, When, and How
Authors: Shikowitz Mark J. , Lofgren Lennart , Ronn Aviador M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the basic principles of photodynamic therapy (PDT), including when it is and is not appropriate for treating head and neck tumors, and to know the requirements for starting a photodynamic therapy treatment protocol and understand the basic principles that govern the choice of drug and light‐delivery devices.
Avoiding Perils and Pitfalls in Pediatric Bronchoscopy
Authors: Isaacson Glenn C. , Tomaski Sharon M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To summarize current concepts in pediatric airway endoscopy and highlight various anesthetic techniques and their uses, depending on airway pathology and select optimal pediatric airway instrumentation and to avoid and manage complications of pediatric airway endoscopy and improve surgical outcome.
Cancer Treatment Planning: Integrating Old and New Concepts
Authors: Collins Sharon L.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To be aware of processes that regulate tumor/host interactions with relevance to clinical surgical oncology and to evaluate the validity of any combination/sequence of multimodality treatment for head and neck cancer.
Modern T&A: Bipolar Tonsillectomy and Endoscopic Adenoidectomy
Authors: Drezner Dean A. , Schaffer Scott R.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the relevant clinical anatomy of the oropharynx and hypopharynx and to recognize advantages and limitations of the techniques described and incorporate these techniques into their management of adenotonsillar disease.
Parotid Tumors and Parotidectomy
Authors: Nichols Richard D.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To differentiate between true tumors and other intraparotid and paraparotid disease and to treat parotid tumors effectively and safely by use of a concise paradigm based on clinical presentation.
Combined Craniofacial and Skull‐Base Injuries—New Advances
Authors: Raveh Joram , Turk Jon B.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To become acquainted with the multiple aspects induced by high‐velocity trauma leading to combined skull‐base and facial frame disruption and with subcranial exposure and other new methods for early one‐stage management and reconstruction.
Audiologic Evaluation of Patients with Vertigo and Tinnitus
Authors: Amedee Ronald G. , Risey John A.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To identify audiologic test results important in separating peripheral from central dysfunction inpatients complaining of vertigo and tinnitus and to demonstrate applications of test battery results in choosing rehabilitative strategies.
The Diagnosis and Management of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Strauss Melvin
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To distinguish all types of fungal sinusitis, including allergic fungal sinusitis, and to understand the proper management of allergic fungal sinusitis on the basis of our current understanding of its pathophysiology.
Capitation Essentials for Otolaryngologists
Authors: Maves Michael D. , Paulette André
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To assess opportunities and risks in capitated contracts and to determine practice costs for capitation.
Voice Evaluation: State of the Art
Authors: Grillone Gregory A. , Charpied George
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To perform a collection of patient information, videolaryngoscopy, videolaryngostroboscopy, and acoustic data using a rigorous data collection scheme and to use a computerized interface for digitizing acoustic, video and patient data into a multimedia database for archiving and retrieval.
Office Laryngostroboscopy: Basic Setup and Interpretation
Authors: Woo Peak
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To provide an understanding of the capabilities and limitations of stroboscopy examination of the larynx and to incorporate stroboscopy into clinical practice by appropriately selecting patients for examination, performing the basic examination, and dictating and reporting stroboscopy findings.
Radical Mastoidectomy Cavity Restoration Into a Hearing Ear
Authors: Campbell Emmett E.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To consider hearing restoration of an otherwise useless, radical cavity ear and to eliminate a troublesome mastoidectomy cavity.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Pediatric Cervicofacial Masses
Authors: Tunkel David E. , Kelly Steven
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand differential diagnosis of head and neck masses in young children, to employ cost and time‐efficient evaluation, and to understand medical and surgical therapies of congenital and inflammatory neck masses in children.
Early Management of Facial Nerve Paralysis
Authors: Selesnick Samuel H. , Kwartler Jed
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand facial nerve anatomy and likely sites of pathology and to develop a management plan for acute facial nerve injury.
Journal Expectations: How to Publish
Authors: Neely J. Gail , Trumbold Carol
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To formulate an organized plan for the approach, assembly, and choice of presentation of a clinical manuscript after an annotated outline and to complete a manuscript, illustrations, and important technicalities with precision and efficiency after written instructions highlighting crucial components of structure and content.
Endoscopic Management of Frontal Sinus Disease
Authors: Har‐El Gady
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the different anatomic variations of the frontal outflow tract and to know the indications for and the surgical technique of endoscopic frontal sinusotomy.
Endoscopy, KTP Laser, and Facial Plastic Surgery
Authors: Dedo Douglas D.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the anatomy of the deep plane facelift and the theory of its usefulness and to decide whether endoscopic laser surgery offers new and usable additions to the present surgical armamentarium.
Forensic Audiology: Assessment of the Patient/Litigant
Authors: Kramer Marc B.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To critically review the audiologic data and the assessment technique utilized in evaluating a patient/litigant and to be more conversant with the role of an expert witness with respect to allegations of hearing loss.
OSHA Exposure Control Plan for the Otolaryngology Office
Authors: Osguthorpe J. David , Dichtel William J.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To develop an exposure control plan for an otolaryngology office or ambulatory care facility and to teach universal precautions, proper use of personal protective equipment, and safe techniques to otolaryngology office employees.
Cancer of the Ear and Temporal Bones
Authors: Wetmore Stephen J. , Owens Fred D.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To know about the variety of malignant tumors that can affect the ear and the treatment options and prognosis of each type of treatment.
TE Voice Restoration Following Total Laryngectomy
Authors: Blom Eric D. , Hamaker Ronald C. , Freeman Stephen B.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To perform primary and secondary tracheoesophageal voice restoration procedures and measure, fit, and trouble‐shoot tracheoesophageal voice prostheses.
Pharyngocutaneous Fistula: Prevention and Management
Authors: Harel Gady
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the factors related to the development of postoperative fistulas, to apply preventive measures, and to use medical and surgical methods for the management of fistulas.
Brachytherapy for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Stern Jordan , Ng Tracy
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand indications for using adjuvant brachytherapy in advanced head and neck cancers and to become acquainted with specific techniques that allow the placement of brachytherapy catheters in anatomic areas that are difficult to target.
Nasal Polyposis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Treatment
Authors: Bernstein Joel M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the pathophysiology and immunohistopathology of nasal polyps and the logical forms of medical and surgical therapy and to understand a hypothetical model for the development of chronic recurrent nasal polyps.
Fine‐Needle Aspiration of Thyroid and Cervical Lymph Nodes
Authors: Konrad Horst R. , Hindman Travis L. , Dick Barrett W.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To perform fine‐needle aspiration of thyroid and cervical lymph nodes and needle core biopsy of lymph nodes suspicious for lymphoma and to have a high probability for adequate samples and diagnosing thyroid or lymph node abnormalities.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Otolaryngology
Authors: Koufman James A.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To diagnose and treat gastroesophageal reflux disease with state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Audiologic Pitfalls in Otologic Diagnosis
Authors: Kileny Paul R. , Telian Steven A.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To identify inconsistencies in audiologic test results and methodology that may lead to diagnostic errors and to interpret and integrate results of behavioral and electrophysiological tests of auditory function in controversial cases.
Evaluating Your Staff
Authors: Zupko Karen
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To improve their personnel evaluation systems and refine compensation systems.
Tracheostomal Stenosis: Etiology and Treatment
Authors: Wax Mark K. , Ramadan Hassan H. , Touma B. Joseph
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the etiologic factors contributing to tracheostotnal stenosis, to plan intraoperatively how best to avoid this complication, and to manage both medically and surgically a postoperative tracheostomal stenosis.
The Treatment of Intractable Vertigo
Authors: Knox Glenn W. , Bigelow Douglas
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand and use methods of differential diagnosis of intractable vertigo and to understand the diagnostic and treatment modalities for the intractably vertiginous patient.
Surgery of the Posterior and Lateral Cranial Base
Authors: Jackler Robert K.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To appreciate the capabilites and limitations of contemporary skull base surgery and to understand the essential elements needed to organize and equip a multidisciplinary skull base team.
Chronic Otitis‐Cholesteatoma Surgery
Authors: Hosal I. Nazmi
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To explain the surgical techniques for chronic otitis, especially cholesteatoma and masked mastoiditis, the operative technique of removing the pathologies from the ear and mastoid, and the technique of separation of the mastoid cavity from the middle ear and reconstruction of the canal.
Middle Turbinate
Authors: Duncavage James A.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To educate course participants about the middle turbinate and provide a safe technique for removal when the surgeon feels it is indicated.
Intratympanic Gentamicin for Meniere's Disease
Authors: Bartels Loren J. , Sillman Jonathon S.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To comprehensively evaluate patients with Meniere's disease and determine their candidacy for gentamicin therapy and to administer intratympanic gentamicin for the treatment of vertico in Meniere's disease.
Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: An Otologic Emergency
Authors: Murphy Terrence P.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To evaluate and treat a sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
Mandibular Fractures—What to Do When
Authors: Clark William D. , Morehead John M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To determine the appropriate techniques to treat a variety of mandible fractures and to access the special circumstances of the patient with a mandibular fracture and modify treatment accordingly.
Molecular Biology 101 for the Practitioner
Authors: Faust Russell A. , Gapany Markus
Published: August 2007

Educational objective: To acquire a basic understanding of the concepts and research methodology used in molecular otolaryngology.
Lateral Rhinotomy: Indication, Technique, and Modification
Authors: Cho Hyun T.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To learn that open nasal surgery is another way to handle nasal pathology and to instruct the indications, techniques, and modifications of the procedure.
The Management of Facial Paralysis
Authors: May Mark , Wazen Jack J.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To review the variety of treatment options for the different causes of facial paralysis and to individualize the care of each patient according to cause, and time of onset.
Updates in the Treatment of Vertigo
Authors: Poe Dennis S. , Johnson Glenn D.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To differentiate more accurately between various vertigo diagnoses and deliver state‐of‐the‐art conservative therapy and to achieve a better understanding of surgical indications, operative options, techniques, and the use of newer procedures.
Ophthalmologic Considerations in Maxillofacial Trauma
Authors: Millay Donna J. , Millay Robert H.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To evaluate the globe, lids, lacrimal system, and orbit inpatients with maxillofacial trauma and to recognize common injuries and provide appropriate management.
Surgical and Medical Management of Otosclerosis
Authors: Causse Jean‐Bernard , Vincent Robert
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To instruct participants in easier and safer methods of performing otosclerosis surgery (focusing on tips for avoiding complications) and on medical treatment of otosclerosis.
Nasal Reconstruction—Something Old, Something New
Authors: Klingensmith Mark R. , Marks Victor
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To become familiar with the options for nasal reconstruction and apply these methods in the repair of various defects of the nose with excellent cosmetic results.
Noise Induced Hearing Loss and Worker's Compensation
Authors: Jones Raleigh , Green William
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To develop a protocol for evaluating patients with noise‐induced hearing loss (NIHL) and to effectively determine compensable hearing loss and follow‐up needs for individuals with NIHL.
Lasers in Otology—Which One and Why?
Authors: Vernick David M. , Lesinski S. George , Kartush Jack M.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of all presently available lasers for ear surgery and to determine which laser would best fit individual needs.
Neck Masses in Children
Authors: Ramadan Hassan H. , Wax Mark K.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To develop a practical approach to the evaluation of a child with a neck mass and to become familiar with etiologies, clinical diagnosis, and management of midline, lateral, and posterior neck masses.
Financial Management for Experienced Otolaryngologists
Authors: Zupko Karen
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To implement systems that can positively improve financial practice management and to improve ability to budget and plan for today's changing environment.
The Latissimus Dorsi Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction
Authors: Paniello Randal C. , Nagorsky Matthew
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To understand the anatomy and surgical technique involved in the latissiums dorsi family of donor sites for pedicled and free flap reconstructions and to understand the clinical indications for and the limitations of these flaps.
Posterior Epistaxis, IMA Ligation and Endoscopic Cautery
Authors: Wurman Leonard H. , Sack J. Garry , Flannery John V.
Published: August 2007

Educational objectives: To develop a step‐by‐step approach for posterior epistaxis and to develop ability for both IMA ligation and posterior endoscopic cautery.
Real-time computed tomography image update for endoscopic skull base surgery
Authors: Woodworth B A , Chiu A G , Cohen N A , Kennedy D W , O'Malley B W , Palmer J N
Published: August 2007

Introduction:

The development of computer-aided systems for endoscopic sinus surgery has enabled surgical navigation through diseased or surgically altered sinus anatomy with increased confidence. However, conventional computer-aided systems do not provide intra-operative updated computed tomography imaging. We describe the technical aspects of the xCAT™, a new intra-operative mobile volume computed tomography scanner.

Technical report:

A patient with a malignant melanoma unwittingly removed at another hospital underwent surgery for removal of the lateral nasal wall and directed biopsies, in an attempt to identify the site of tumour origin. The procedure was performed with the GE InstaTrak 3500 PlusTM computer-aided system, updated with intra-operative computed tomography images. Intra-operative, updated images were integrated successfully into the InstaTrak system, and these images were consistent with the observed endoscopic anatomy.

Conclusion:

The xCAT intra-operative mobile volume computed tomography scanner is a technological advancement that can assist the endoscopic sinus surgeon when performing complex rhinological and skull base procedures.
Topographic and edaphic effects on the distribution of terrestrially reproducing anurans in Central Amazonia: mesoscale spatial patterns
Authors: Menin Marcelo , Lima Albertina P. , Magnusson William E. , Waldez Fabiano
Published: August 2007

Many studies suggest that edaphic variables are major determinants of frog distributions. However, leaf-litter depth and soil characteristics are influenced by distance from streams, so the apparent relationship between edaphic characteristics and species distributions could be an artefact of the dependence of species on free water for reproduction. Therefore, we investigated the effect of edaphic variables on the mesoscale distribution of frog species not dependent on free water for reproduction. We evaluated the effects of soil texture, pH, slope, number of trees and leaf-litter volume on the distribution of nine terrestrially reproducing anuran species in the Reserva Ducke, a 100-km2 terra firme forest preserve in central Amazonia. Diurnal and nocturnal assemblages of anuran species were sampled in 72 plots systematically distributed across the reserve. We sampled the diurnal anuran assemblage by visual encounter in 250 × 1-m plots and the nocturnal assemblage in 250 × 20-m plots using both auditory and visual surveys. The majority of terrestrially breeding anuran species were influenced by topographic and/or edaphic variables, such as slope, soil clay content and pH. However, responses to environmental predictors differed among species. Most species occurred throughout all environmental gradients and relationships with soil characteristics were subtle, indicating that these species occur in the majority of habitats in Reserva Ducke. The results of this study indicate that terrestrially breeding frogs are habitat generalists that show little mesoscale beta diversity associated with habitat variation.
Fragmentation and elevation effects on bird–army ant interactions in neotropical montane forest of Costa Rica
Authors: Kumar Anjali , O'Donnell Sean
Published: August 2007

Army ants (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) are top predators in neotropical forests. Army ant raids support a community of diverse organisms, including birds that attend the raids to collect prey. While elevation and forest fragmentation influence army ant and insectivorous bird communities, their effects on the interaction between army ants and bird species is unknown. We studied the size and species composition of bird flocks attending army ant swarms in forest fragments and continuous forest across an elevational gradient (1100–1680 m asl) in a neotropical montane region (Monteverde, Costa Rica). We observed a total of 41 bird species attending army ant swarms. Neither the number of birds, nor the total body mass of birds, nor the number of bird species in attending bird flocks was related to elevation. However, we found a higher bird species richness, larger flock size and greater total body mass of birds attending army ant swarms in continuous forest. Continuous and fragmented forest shared many attending bird species in common, but there was elevational segregation of attending bird species. Some montane endemic birds, and neotropical migrants, attend swarms regularly and use army ant raids as a food source.
Partitioning of understorey light and dry-season soil moisture gradients among seedlings of four rain-forest tree species in Madagascar
Authors: de Gouvenain Roland C. , Kobe Richard K. , Silander John A.
Published: August 2007

Resource partitioning has been hypothesized to play a role in the maintenance of tree diversity in tropical forests. We looked for evidence of light and soil moisture partitioning among seedlings of four native Malagasy tree species, the pioneer, gap-adapted species Harungana madagascariensis and the three shade-tolerant species Ocotea cymosa, Stephanostegia capuronii and Uapaca ferruginea. Four hundred and eighty seedlings were transplanted in experimental plots in the Tampolo coastal forest and grown for 2 y. Growth rates increased with increasing light availability for all species, and with increasing dry-season soil moisture for H. madagascariensis. With increasing light availability, survival increased for H. madagascariensis, S. capuronii and U. ferruginea but decreased for O. cymosa. While dry-season soil moisture did not influence the growth or survival of the shade-tolerant species, it interacted with understorey light in its effect on the performance of H. madagascariensis, which performed better in wet soils at high light than in dry soils in shade. Rank reversals in species performance suggested that three of the four tree species partition resource gradients as seedlings, mostly light and secondarily dry-season soil moisture. There was only partial agreement between the performance of transplanted seedlings and the distribution of natural seedlings of the same four species with respect to light and soil moisture, suggesting that the success of tropical tree regeneration can only be partly accounted for by seedling performance across resource gradients.
Habitat divergence in sympatric Fagaceae tree species of a tropical montane forest in northern Thailand
Authors: Noguchi Hideyuki , Itoh Akira , Mizuno Takashi , Sri-ngernyuang Kriangsak , Kanzaki Mamoru , Teejuntuk Sakhan , Sungpalee Witchaphart , Hara Masatoshi , Ohkubo Tatsuhiro , Sahunalu Pongsak , Dhanmmanonda Pricha , Yamakura Takuo
Published: August 2007

Spatial distributions of many tropical trees are skewed to specific habitats, i.e. habitat specialization. However, habitats of specialist species must be divergent, i.e. habitat divergence, to coexist in a local community. When a pair of species specialize in the same habitat, i.e. habitat convergence, they could not coexist by way of habitat specialization. Thus, analyses of habitat divergence, in addition to habitat specialization, are necessary to discuss coexistence mechanisms of sympatric species. In this study, the habitat specialization and habitat divergence along topographic gradients of eight sympatric tree species of the Fagaceae were studied in a 15-ha study plot in a tropical lower montane forest in northern Thailand. A statistical test with torus shift randomizations for 9673 trees of Fagaceae revealed significantly biased distributions for all of the species, for at least one of the four topographic variables used: elevation, slope inclination, aspect and convexity. Slope convexity was the most critical topographic variable, along which all but one species had significantly skewed distributions. Out of 112 possible combinations of species pairs and topographic variables, 18 (16%) and two pairs (1.8%) showed significant habitat divergence and habitat convergence, respectively. The observed habitat divergence alone could not completely explain the coexistence of the eight species. There was a gradation in the habitat position of each species, with relatively large overlaps between species distributed in similar habitats, and small overlaps between species associated with contrasting habitats, respectively. The gradual changes in the habitats of the species suggested that dividing the species into a small number of distinct habitat groups, such as ridge and valley specialists, would not be straightforward.
Evolution and biogeography ofLyalliaandHectorella(Portulacaceae), geographically isolated sisters from the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Wagstaff Steven J. , Hennion Françoise
Published: August 2007

The Southern Hemisphere contains many monotypic taxa, for which phylogenetic relationships are important to illuminate biogeographical history. The monotypic genusLyalliais endemic to the sub-Antarctic Iles Kerguelen. A close relationship with another monotypic taxon, the New Zealand endemicHectorella, was proposed. They share a dense cushion growth habit with small coriaceous leaves that lack stipules. The solitary flowers are bicarpellate with two sepals, 4–5 petals, 3–5 stamens and a bifid style. The fruit is an indehiscent capsule with 1–5 seeds. The flowers ofLyallia kerguelensisare hermaphroditic with four petals and three stamens whereas the flowers ofHectorella caespitosaare female, male or hermaphroditic, with five petals and five stamens.Lyallia kerguelensisis rare on Kerguelen, whereasHectorella caespitosais confined to the South Island of New Zealand. Our phylogenetic analysis oftrnK/matK intergenic spacer andrbcL sequences provides evidence supporting a close relationship betweenLyalliaandHectorella. The two species form a well-supported clade that is nested within the Portulacaceae. Divergence estimates suggest they shared a common ancestor during the late Tertiary long after the fragmentation of Gondwana. Such relationships underscore the importance of transoceanic dispersal and extinctions for plant evolution in the Southern Hemisphere.
Strong-wind events and their impact on the near-surface climate at Kohnen Station on the Antarctic Plateau
Authors: van As Dirk , van den Broeke Michiel R. , Helsen Michiel M.
Published: August 2007

Strong-wind events occur 10–20 times per year at Kohnen Station, East Antarctica (75°00′S, 0°04′E, 2892 m above sea level), and are often caused by warm-core cyclones in the north-eastern Weddell Sea. An uncommon event occurred in January 2002, when blocking both in the south Atlantic Ocean and in the south Tasman Sea caused a split-up of the circumpolar vortex, and large amounts of heat and moisture were transported onto the Antarctic Plateau. During strong-wind events over the plateau the near-surface temperature can increase by tens of degrees, which is partly caused by the advection of heat, but for an important part by the destruction of the stable temperature-deficit layer by enhanced vertical mixing. The temperature rise is larger during the winter/night than during the summer/day, due to a better-developed temperature deficit. Snowdrift during the January 2002 event linearly increased surface roughness for momentum with friction velocity, for values over about 0.18 m s-1. The cloud cover during the event reduced down-welling solar radiation by 32%, and increased the albedo from about 0.86 to 0.92. Changes in longwave radiation largely cancelled the daytime changes in shortwave radiation, thus net radiation was most affected at night.
Initial comparison of ozone and NO2 profiles from ACE‐MAESTRO with balloon and satellite data
Authors: Kar Jayanta , McElroy C. Thomas , Drummond James R. , Zou Jason , Nichitiu Florian , Walker Kaley A. , Randall Cora E. , Nowlan Caroline R. , Dufour Denis G. , Boone Chris D. , Bernath Peter F. , Trepte Charles R. , Thomason Larry W. , McLinden Chris
Published: August 2007

Atmospheric retrievals of ozone and NO2 by the Measurements of Aerosol Extinction in the Stratosphere and Troposphere Retrieved by Occultation (MAESTRO) instrument which is part of the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment (ACE) satellite aboard SCISAT are compared statistically with coincident measurements by ozonesondes, the Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) also aboard SCISAT, the SAGE III and the POAM III instruments. The ozone mixing ratio profiles from MAESTRO and ozonesondes agree within about 5–10% from 16–30 km in the northern middle and high latitudes. Further, ACE‐FTS and MAESTRO ozone profiles agree within ∼5–15% from 16–50 km. MAESTRO ozone profiles show a systematic bias which is opposite for sunrise (SR) and sunset (SS) events and was also seen in comparisons with SAGE III and POAM III ozone. MAESTRO SS ozone profiles mostly agree within 5–10% from 16–40 km with either SAGE III or POAM III SR or SS retrievals, but show a significant high bias from 40–55 km, reaching a maximum of ∼20–30%. MAESTRO SR ozone profiles show a low bias of ∼5–15% from 20–50 km, as compared to SAGE III and POAM III SR or SS measurements. The NO2 profiles agree within about 10–15% between ACE‐FTS and MAESTRO from 15–40 km for the SR and 22–35 km for the SS measurements. Further, MAESTRO NO2 profiles agree with SAGE III NO2 mostly within 10% from 25–40 km. MAESTRO NO2 profiles agree with POAM III SR profiles within 5–10% from 25–42 km. However, compared to POAM III SS profiles, MAESTRO NO2 profiles show a low bias between 20 and 25 km (∼30–50%), a high MAESTRO bias between 25 and 32 km (10–30%), and again a low bias above 33 km that increases with altitude to 50–60%.
Post‐glacial sediment load and subsidence in coastal Louisiana
Authors: Ivins Erik R. , Dokka Roy K. , Blom Ronald G.
Published: August 2007

Sea level rise in the Gulf of Mexico has occurred at a rate of 1.8–2.2 mm/yr during the 20th century, or nearly the same as observed globally due to combined steric and water mass changes. Tide gauges in coastal Louisiana, however, record a substantially larger rate of rise and while a number of causal mechanisms may be responsible, their specific contribution is poorly understood. Using a realistic viscoelastic Earth model, detailed geologic parameters for south Louisiana and new GPS data, we demonstrate that Holocene sedimentary loading in the Gulf and Mississippi River delta is capable of contributing to 1–8 mm/yr of subsidence over areas of 30–0.75 × 103 km2.
Thirty‐five year trend of hydrogen chloride amount above Kitt Peak, Arizona
Authors: Wallace L. , Livingston W. C.
Published: August 2007

We have analysed solar spectra obtained with the McMath‐Pierce telescope on Kitt Peak, Arizona, for column amount of HCl for the period Sept. 1971 through Feb. 2007 using the absorption line at 3.4168 μm. In addition to the previously well‐established increase in amount from 1971 to ∼1993 and a plateau between ∼1993 and ∼1997, we now see a definite decrease from ∼1997 to 2007.
Longitudinal variation of F region electron density and thermospheric zonal wind caused by atmospheric tides
Authors: Lühr Hermann , Häusler Kathrin , Stolle Claudia
Published: August 2007

Simultaneous observations of the electron density and the zonal wind obtained by the CHAMP satellite at 400 km are used to study systematic longitudinal variations. The time period selected is August–September 2004 allowing observations at pre‐noon and post‐sunset hours. The equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and the zonal delta‐wind (deviation from zonal average) show a persistent and dominant 4‐peaked longitudinal variation. We interpret this structure as caused by the wavenumber‐3 nonmigrating diurnal tide (DE3). The EIA and the zonal delta‐wind exhibit extrema at about the same longitudes. But, while the intensifications of the EIA and the delta‐wind are in phase during the evening hours, they are out of phase in the morning. Possible coupling mechanisms are investigated.
Multi‐sensor analysis of water storage variations of the Caspian Sea
Authors: Swenson Sean , Wahr John
Published: August 2007

We perform a multi‐sensor analysis of water storage and surface height variations of the Caspian Sea, from mid‐2002 through 2006. Data from three satellite missions (GRACE, Jason‐1, and Aqua) are used to examine the relationship between changes in spatially averaged sea surface height (SSH) and water storage in and around the Caspian Sea. Two composite time series are constructed to represent the mass change signal, the first by removing a model of nearby hydrological signals from the GRACE time series, and the second by subtracting a MODIS SST‐based estimate of thermal expansion from the Jason‐1 time series. The composite time series agree well (rms difference = 5.2 cm), and a positive trend is seen in both the GRACE (4.5 ± 0.7 cm/yr) and Jason (3.2 ± 0.3 cm/yr) composite time series. This analysis provides an indirect means of validating these data at regional spatial and monthly temporal scales.
Expressions for far electric fields produced at an arbitrary altitude by lightning return strokes
Authors: Thottappillil Rajeev , Rakov Vladimir A. , Theethayi Nelson
Published: August 2007

Electromagnetic fields produced at high altitudes by return strokes in cloud‐to‐ground lightning are needed in studies of transient luminous events in the mesosphere. Such calculations require the use of a lightning return stroke model. Two of the widely used return stroke models are (1) the modified transmission line model with exponential decay (MTLE) of current with height and (2) the modified transmission line model with linear decay (MTLL) of current with height. In this paper, simplified expressions based on the MTLE and MTLL models are derived for calculating far (radiation) electric fields produced at an arbitrary elevation angle by lightning return strokes. It is shown that different (for example, containing either spatial or time integral), but equivalent equations can be derived for each of the models. Predictions of simplified expressions are compared with electric fields computed using exact expressions, including all the field components, and the validity of simplified expressions for distances that are much greater than the radiating channel length is confirmed.
THE GROWTH OF SEGMENTAL NERVES FROM THE SPINAL CORD TO THE HIND LIMB‐BUD IN THE AXOLOTL
Authors: Freeman JM , Bennett MR
Published: August 2007

It has been concluded from previous experiments involving the growth of segmental nerves from the amphibian spinal cord to the limb‐bud that axons are attracted to the limb‐bud region by their target tissue (Hamburger, 1929; Hughes and Tschumi, 1958). In the present study this hypothesis has been tested by obstructing the pathways over which the nerves normally grow. It was found that for those nerves which were marginally obstructed far fewer axons were able to reach their target. The spinal ganglia associated with these nerves contained up to 50% fewer cells than the adjacent unobstructed segmental level. These results suggest that nerves are not attracted from the spinal cord by the target tissue, but rather that the pathways provided by the axial segmental nerves are essential if a normal number of axons are to reach their target.
METABOLISM OF BABESIA PARASITES IN VITRO. COMPARISON OF SEVERAL ZWITTERION BUFFERS FOR THE IN VITRO INCUBATION OF BARESIA RODHAINI
Authors: Barry DN
Published: August 2007

The effect on the haemoprotozoan parasite Babesia rodhaini of adding a zwitterion buffer, HEPES, to a basal medium was studied by comparing the glucose uptake, ATP concentration, medium pH and infectivity of parasitized rat erythrocytes every 4 h during 24 h incubation in either Krebs Ringer phosphate (KRP) or KRP plus 28 mM HEPES. KRP plus HEPES was found to be superior to KRP for the maintenance of glucose uptake, erythrocyte ATP concentration, medium pH and infectivity of the parasite.

Having established that HEPES improved the basal KRP medium, HEPES was then compared to three other buffers TES, BES and TRIS, to determine their relative effects on B. rodhaini during 18 h of incubation. At 28 and 56 mM concentration there was no significant difference in glucose uptake or lactate production among the 4 buffers. However, TES maintained the medium pH best, and BES preserved the infectivity of the parasite best. Further comparison of TES and BES at 10, 20, 30 and 40 mM established 40 mM TES to be best for buffering the pH of the medium and maintaining infectivity of B. rodhaini.
LUPINOSIS: RESPONSE OF SHEEP TO DIFFERENT DOSES OF PHOMOPSIN
Authors: Jago MV , Peterson JE , Payne AL , Campbell DG
Published: August 2007

Phomopsin, the mycotoxin produced by Phomopsis leptostromiformis, was found to have a very high toxicity for sheep. When administered as a single, subcutaneous injection over the dose range 1·25 to 98 μg/kg body weight, all sheep given 37·5 μg/kg or more died. Some, though not all, died following lower doses, the minimum lethal dose being 10 μg/kg. The time course of hepatic response over 21 days after phomopsin administration was followed by plasma biochemical analyses including those for some enzymes (glutamate dehydrogenase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase), total bilirubin and the determination of bromosulphophthalein clearance rates. Hepatobiliary impairment was apparent after all dosages of 2·5 μg/kg and above while 1·25 μg/kg approximated the ‘no effect’ level.
THE HYPOTHALAMO‐NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM OF NATIVE AUSTRALIAN DESERT RODENTS. THE CATECHOLAMINE CONTENTS OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND POSTERIOR PITUITARY OF NOTOMYS ALEXIS, PSEUDOMYS AUSTRALIS AND THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: Bridges TE , Bridges DCM
Published: August 2007

The putative central catecholamine neurotransmitters, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine, have been quantified by enzyme radiochemical methods in the hypothalamo‐neurohypophysial system (HNS) of the xeric rodents, Notomys alexis and Pseudomys australis, using the laboratory rat for comparison. All three catecholamines were found (noradrenaline > dopamine > adrenaline) in the hypothalami of the three species. The hypothalami of the two xeric rodents contained some 5–10 times as much of each of the catecholamines (when expressed as ng per body weight) as the rat. The ratio of noradrenaline to dopamine was constant (3·8–4·2) between species. Posterior pituitary contents of the catecholamines were generally inconsistent within and between species, with only dopamine being invariably and consistently present. It was also found that, like the antidiuretic hormone content, the dopamine content of the neural lobe was significantly correlated with the body surface area of the animal.

Withdrawal of drinking water or its replacement with 2·5% saline increased hypothalamic noradrenaline synthesis and dopamine utilisation. In the neural lobe, saline ingestion produced a significant increase in all three catecholamines, but with water deprivation only dopamine was increased (relative to body weight).

The results of these studies are interpreted as indicating a possible role for catecholamine neurotransmitters, particularly dopamine, in the control of neurohypophysial hormone release in the HNS.
PROPERTIES OF ABLASTIN—A FACTOR IN THE SERUM OF RATS INFECTED WITH TRYPANOSOMA LEWISI WHICH INHIBITS THE PARASITES' DIVISION
Authors: Drew PA , Jenkin CR
Published: August 2007

The present study investigated the nature of ablastin, a factor present in the serum of rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi and which inhibits the parasites' division. Ablastin was unstable to dialysis at pH 1·8, was not adsorbed from serum by trypanosomes and could not be induced in vivo by means other than a natural infection. Attempts to purify ablastin from serum by conventional chromatographic techniques were unsuccessful. Removal of over 90% of the immunoglobulins from ablastinic serum did not reduce the ablastin titre. It is concluded that ablastin is unlikely to be an immunoglobulin as has been previously suggested.
THREE MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF ROSS RIVER VIRUS BY AEDES VIGILAX (SKUSE)
Authors: Kay BH
Published: August 2007

Some 15% of the saltmarsh mosquito, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse) mechanically transmitted the T48 strain of Ross River virus from viraemic donors to uninfected recipient suckling mice. The population tested from near Brisbane was moderately susceptible to infection (ID50=104·5±0·1 suckling mouse LD50/mosquito) when fed virus diluted in blood on a cotton pledget. Rapid proliferation of the virus in the mosquito allowed transmission from 4 days after ingestion with maximum transmission of 50–57% occurring from 10 days. From assay of Ae vigilax ovaries and of progeny reared from parentally‐infected females, preliminary data suggest transovarial transmission as a potential survival method for this virus.
HAEMAGGLUTININ LEVELS IN HAEMOLYMPH FROM THE COLONIAL ASCIDIAN BOTRYLLOIDES LEACHII FOLLOWING INJECTION WITH SHEEP OR CHICKEN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Coombe Deirdre R , Ey PL , Jenkin CR
Published: August 2007

Haemolymph was collected from colonies of Botrylloides leachii killed at various times after injection with sheep or chicken erythrocytes and the agglutination titre for sheep, chicken and guinea‐pig erythrocytes was determined. Controls included haemolymph from groups of uninjected colonies and from others injected with balanced salt solution. Animals given a single injection of erythrocytes exhibited no change in titre until the second week when a marginal (2‐ to 4‐fold) but statistically significant rise in titre was detected using each of the 3 types of indicator erythrocytes. A return to control values was observed by 6 weeks. The response to a second injection of erythrocytes, given 6 weeks after the first, appeared to be identical in magnitude and time of onset to the primary response, i.e. there was no indication of an anamnestic response. The increased haemagglutinating activity apparent 2 weeks after each injection was attributable to a rise in the HA‐2 agglutinin specifically, since the activity of the HA‐1 agglutinin (a calcium‐dependent lectin which binds to guinea‐pig erythrocytes only) remained unchanged. The results are considered in relation to self: non‐self recognition in this species.
IMMUNOGENICITY OF ISOLATED FOETAL MOUSE PROISLETS
Authors: Simeonovic Charmaine J , Lafferty Kevin J
Published: August 2007

Isolated foetal mouse proislets are significantly less immunogenic than uncultured or 10‐day cultured foetal pancreas. In contrast to uncultured and 10‐day cultured foetal pancreas allografts which are acutely rejected, a proportion of proislet allografts show no evidence of rejection up to 12 weeks post‐transplantation.
COMPARISON OF RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE PROFILES OF DNA FROM LOCAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 2 (HSV‐2) STRAINS
Authors: Sheppard Michael , Arsenakis Minas , May John T
Published: August 2007

Comparisons of restriction endonuclease profiles of DNA isolated from nine genital HSV‐2 strains isolated from 1973 to 1981 were, made using six restriction endonucleases (Bg1 II, Hind III, Xba 1, Eco RI, Bam HI and Hpa I). The only variation detected in the DNA profiles was found with Eco RI and Bam HI, and in each case all the isolates could he classified into two groups. The difference between the two Eco RI groups could be accounted for by the absence of an Eco RI cleavage site from the HSV DNA. However, if comparison of the profiles of Eco RI and Bam HI cleaved DNA of the individual HSV‐2 strains is made then this yields four different groups. The complete Bg1 II, Xba I, Eco RI and Hpa I restriction endonuclease maps for the DNA from one isolate (HSV‐2M1) are shown.

Little variation in the DNA profiles can be found in local genital HSV‐2 strains isolated over a 9‐year period, when individual restriction enzymes are used. Thus, restriction endonuclease analysis has limited use in local epidemiological studies of genital HSV‐2 isolates unless a wide variety of restriction endonucleases are used. However, the technique offers rapid differentiation between HSV‐2 and HSV‐1 local strains by using Hpa I endonuclease cleavage of HSV DNA.
DISTRIBUTION OF THE GC (GROUP‐SPECIFIC COMPONENT) SUBTYPES IN CORD BLOODS AND BLOOD DONORS
Authors: Nicholls Catherine , Mulley JC
Published: August 2007

The common allele, GC*1, was subtyped into GC*IF and GC*IS by isoelectric focusing, increasing the proportion of heterozygotes from 0.42 to 0.58. In a series of 200 blood donors and 200 cord bloods the allele frequencies were found to be: GC*IS = 0.59, GC*IF = 0.11, GC*2 = 0.30; and GC*IS = 0.54, GC*IF = 0.16, GC*2 = 0.30, respectively. These values were similar to frequencies obtained in studies of other Caucasian populations. The average probability of detecting non‐paternity for this population is increased from 17% to 30% after subtyping GC 1.
DETRIMENTAL EFFECT OF HIGH MEDIUM GLUCOSE CONCENTRATION ON SUBSEQUENT ENDOCRINE FUNCTION OF TRANSPLANTED ORGAN‐CULTURED FOETAL MOUSE PANCREAS
Authors: Collier SA , Mandel TE , Carter WM
Published: August 2007

Single 17‐day foetal mouse pancreases, cultured for 15 days in RPMI 1640 or DME containing either 1 or 4 g/1 glucose, were grafted under the kidney capsule of syngeneic mice made diabetic with Streptozotocin. Islets cultured in media containing 1 g/l glucose secreted less insulin in vitro than those grown in media containing 4 g/1 glucose. After transplantation, the blood glucose levels of diabetic mice grafted with islets grown in media containing 1 g/l glucose decreased to normal limits, whereas mice grafted with islets grown in media with 4 g/l glucose never became normoglycaemic. Histologically, grafts of tissue from high glucose cultures were smaller and had less well organized islet tissue than grafts from tissue maintained in physiological glucose concentrations. Islets cultured in DME secreted more insulin in vitro than those cultured in RPMI 1640, but the type of culture medium had no significant effect on subsequent graft function. These data support the concept that chronic exposure of foetal islets to high glucose concentrations may be deleterious to their subsequent function as grafts despite the fact that they secrete more insulin in vitro.
VIRUSES RECOVERED FROM MOSQUITOES AND WILDLIFE SERUM COLLECTED IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA, FEBRUARY 1974, DURING AN EPIDEMIC OF ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Marshall Ian D , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M , Hirsch Sylvia
Published: August 2007

Pools of mosquitoes collected in the Murray Valley in February, 1974, during an encephalitis epidemic yielded 239 isolates of 11 distinct viruses. These included 39 isolates of MVE virus, an incriminated causative agent of encephalitis in man, and 111 isolates of kunjin virus, a probable causative agent. An additional isolate of MVE virus was recovered from the serum of a white‐faced heron, Ardea novaehollandiae. The other 9 viruses comprised the Alpha‐viruses Ross River and Sindbis, the Flavivirus, Edge Hill, the Bunyaviruses, koongol and Wongal, the underfined Kowanyama virus, and 3 previously undescribed viruses. One isolate of MVE virus was recovered from a total of 180 Culex australicus, and all other isolates of all viruses were from Culex annulirostris. The combined apparent infection rate of MVE and Kunjin viruses in Cx annulirostris was 1/913. The concurrent activity of so many seemingly transient arboviruses, their wide geographical distribution and temporal considerations all weaken the widely held hypothesis that during the pre‐epidemic period MVE virus is introduced into the Murray Valley by viraemic waterbirds from distant areas of tropical enzooticity.