bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial communities along biogeochemical gradients in a hydrocarbon‐contaminated aquifer
Authors: Tischer Karolin , Kleinsteuber Sabine , Schleinitz Kathleen M. , Fetzer Ingo , Spott Oliver , Stange Florian , Lohse Ute , Franz Janett , Neumann Franziska , Gerling Sarah , Schmidt Christian , Hasselwander Eyk , Harms Hauke , Wendeberg Annelie
Published: June 2013

Micro‐organisms are known to degrade a wide range of toxic substances. How the environment shapes microbial communities in polluted ecosystems and thus influences degradation capabilities is not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated microbial communities in a highly complex environment: the capillary fringe and subjacent sediments in a hydrocarbon‐contaminated aquifer. Sixty sediment sections were analysed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) fingerprinting, cloning and sequencing of bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes, complemented by chemical analyses of petroleum hydrocarbons, methane, oxygen and alternative terminal electron acceptors. Multivariate statistics revealed concentrations of contaminants and the position of the water table as significant factors shaping the microbial community composition.

Micro‐organisms with highest T‐RFLP abundances were related to sulphate reducers belonging to the genus Desulfosporosinus, fermenting bacteria of the genera Sedimentibacter and Smithella, and aerobic hydrocarbon degraders of the genus Acidovorax. Furthermore, the acetoclastic methanogens Methanosaeta, and hydrogenotrophic methanogens Methanocella and Methanoregula were detected.

Whereas sulphate and sulphate reducers prevail at the contamination source, the detection of methane, fermenting bacteria and methanogenic archaea further downstream points towards syntrophic hydrocarbon degradation.
Horizontal transfers of feminizing versus non‐feminizing Wolbachia strains: from harmless passengers to pathogens
Authors: Le Clec'h Winka , Raimond Maryline , Guillot Sylvain , Bouchon Didier , Sicard Mathieu
Published: June 2013

The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis infects various hosts in which it navigates vertically from mothers to offspring. However, horizontal transfers of Wolbachia can occur between hosts. The virulence of the horizontally acquired Wolbachia can change in the new host as it has been illustrated by the case of the feminizing strain wVulC from the woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare that turns to a pathogen when introduced into Porcellio dilatatus dilatatus. In the present study, we aim to show whether symbiotic traits, such as (i) host sex manipulation and (ii) colonization patterns, which differ between eight isopod Wolbachia strains, are connected to their virulence towards the recipient host P. d. dilatatus. Among the transferred Wolbachia, some feminizing strains gradually differing in feminizing intensity in their native hosts induced different levels of pathogenicity to P. d. dilatatus. Not a single feminizing strain passed vertically with high titres to the next generation. The non‐feminizing Wolbachia strains, even if they reached high densities in the host, did not impact host life‐history traits and some vertically passed with high titres to the offspring. These results suggest that a potential link between the manners Wolbachia manipulates its native host reproduction, its virulence and its ability to vertically infect the offspring.
Urban Responses to The Economic Crisis: Confirmation of Urban Policies as Crisis Management in Malmö
Authors: Holgersen Ståle
Published: June 2013

It is common knowledge that crisis also signifies opportunity and opens spaces for change. When responding to the current economic crisis, is urban planning seizing this opportunity? This article investigates the case of the Swedish city of Malmö and explores its responses to the crisis by looking dialectically at the crisis, municipal planning policy and real‐estate capital. In this article, the local state and urban planning are regarded as social relations, with the aim of going beyond traditional formulations that oppose market (neoliberal) and state intervention (Keynesianism) as the main focus for crisis management. Against this background, the article shows that the 2008 crisis was met in Malmö by an active municipality that confirmed the existing visions and tendencies, rather than exploiting the crisis as a moment for changes and transformation. The article seeks to explain this by looking at the social relations that have constituted the urban policies in Malmö for the past two decades.
Living on the Edge: Lessons from the Peri‐urban Village
Authors: Vallance Suzanne
Published: June 2013

The idea of an urban renaissance — based on a celebration of city life and its possibilities — is timely given half of the world's population now resides in urban areas. Yet, as appealing as this prospect may be, both in principle and planning theory, it remains at odds with the desires of many residents who seek ‘lifestyle living’ in low‐density suburban or ex‐urban settings. This article presents the results of a qualitative investigation of what it means to ‘live on the edge’ in a peri‐urban village, as understood by residents living in those settings. These results are evaluated in light of phenomenological literature on authentic and inauthentic places, and the myriad reasons so‐called amenity migrants choose the peri‐urban village as their preferred residential location. The results of in‐depth interviews with 28 residents are presented as a four‐part typology of ‘active’ lifestylers and those searching for community, and ‘passive’ speculators and those seeking a civilized society. Though prior work suggests people are attracted to the peri‐urban village for its bio‐physical environmental features, this research suggests socioeconomic factors and opportunities for active place‐making experiences are as, if not more, important.
Children's exposure to food advertising: An analysis of the effectiveness of self‐regulatory codes in Australia
Authors: Roberts Michele , Pettigrew Simone , Chapman Kathy , Quester Pascale , Miller Caroline
Published: June 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to update knowledge about children's exposure to televised food advertising in Australia, providing a more comprehensive examination of children's exposure since the introduction of self‐regulatory codes.

Methods

Two months of food advertisement data from four free‐to‐air television stations (SBS, Seven Network, Nine Network and Ten Network) in the five largest Australian cities (Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth) were purchased and analysed. A content analysis was performed to classify the advertised products into food groups according to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and whether they were scheduled in children's popular viewing times (CPVT) according to audience viewing data from OzTam. They were also assessed as to whether they included a premium offer (free incentive). The 2 months of data covered September and October 2010 and included 43 weekdays, 18 weekend days and 15 days of school holidays.

Results

In total, 93 284 food advertisements, including repeat airings, were analysed from 1464 hours of continuous programming. The majority (63%) included non‐core foods. During CPVT, this figure was significantly higher at 65% versus 61% outside CPVT. Within CPVT, the percentage of advertisements was higher for quick‐service restaurants (30% vs 26%) and unhealthy beverages (3% vs 2%). Fifteen per cent of all advertisements were for sugar‐sweetened soft drinks. Premiums were still apparent (10% vs 8%) despite being restricted by the codes.

Conclusions

Australian children continue to be exposed to a large amount of advertising for non‐core foods, despite the introduction of voluntary codes.
Evolution of the clinical educator role to increase student placement capacity: From traditional to innovative
Authors: Ferguson Allison , Haantjens Amy , Milosavljevic Marianna
Published: June 2013

Aim

To evaluate the role of the clinical educator position in a specific teaching hospital setting on its ability to increase clinical student supervision capacity while maintaining staff productivity and sustaining staff morale.

Methods

A Clinical Educator position (0.5 full‐time equivalent) was established as a manager of student placements as opposed to the traditional ‘hands‐on’ clinical supervision or student team teaching role. This position developed two strategies to increase capacity for clinical placements: a peer support program, ‘INSITE’ (Innovative and Novel System to Improve the Teaching Experience) and ‘supervisory teams’. Over four years (2008–2011), the effect on staff productivity, staff morale and students was assessed using a range of measures including investigation of staff attitudes (focus groups and surveys), student perception of the placement (survey) and review of departmental productivity measures.

Results

Staff participation in supervision increased from 42% to 98%. Thematic analysis of the focus groups found four main themes considered as components of an effective and manageable student placement program: communication, management of student progress, opportunities for professional growth and the management of challenges in supervision. With the introduction of INSITE, staff surveys found a noticeable improvement in the perception of their ability to manage students. A survey reported that students were satisfied or very satisfied with the clinical placement. Department activity statistics were maintained across the four years despite a 165% increase in clinical placement activity.

Conclusion

The development of the Clinical Educator from ‘ hands‐on’ to manager increased the department's capacity to facilitate clinical placements while maintaining productivity and staff morale.
Effects of a hospital ward eating environment on patients' mealtime experience: A pilot study
Authors: Hartwell Heather J. , Shepherd Paula A. , Edwards John S.A.
Published: June 2013

Aims

This study focuses on a philosophy of providing ‘hospitality’ in a hospital setting, specifically an enhanced group dining environment from a ward operational perspective.

Methods

An eating environment, which offered an opportunity to create a group communitesque experience, was provided. Patients (n = 12, male = 6, female = 6) in recovery and rehabilitation stage were recruited from Orthopaedic wards at an Acute Care Hospital. They were given the opportunity to consume their meals together at tables that were covered with a table cloth and laid with cutlery, crockery, glasses, jugs of water and condiments. Interviews were conducted with ward staff and patient observations were collected in the form of field notes.

Results

The research suggests that providing a group dining facility enables a more efficient, prompt and effective foodservice, while an ‘at‐home’ environment is also welcomed by patients.

Conclusion

In hospital, patients have shared and common needs, interests and experiences. Creating a more home‐like environment may provide an opportunity to promote feelings of belonging and togetherness, which, in turn, will support the rehabilitation process, while aiding pragmatic operational practice.
An exploratory study of associations between Australian‐Indian mothers' use of controlling feeding practices, concerns and perceptions of children's weight and children's picky eating
Authors: Jani Mehta Rati , Mallan Kimberley M. , Mihrshahi Seema , Mandalika Subhadra , Daniels Lynne A.
Published: June 2013

Aim

This cross‐sectional study explores associations between migrant Indian mothers' use of controlling feeding practices (pressure to eat, restriction and monitoring) and their concerns and perceptions regarding their children's weight and picky eating behaviour.

Methods

A total of 230 mothers with children aged 1–5 years, residing in Australia for 1–8 years, participated by completing a self‐reported questionnaire.

Results

Perceptions and concerns regarding children's weight were not associated with any of the controlling feeding practices. A positive association was noted between pressure‐feeding and perceptions of pickiness after adjusting for covariates: children's age, gender and weight‐for‐age Z‐score. Girls, older children, and children with higher weight‐for‐age Z‐scores were pressure‐fed to a greater extent.

Conclusions

This study supports the generalisation of findings from Caucasian literature that pressure‐feeding and perceptions of pickiness are positively related.
Politicians, Merchants, and Colonial Maritime War: The Political and Economic Background of the American Act of 1708
Authors: Satsuma Shinsuke
Published: June 2013

During the War of the Spanish Succession (1702–13), there were attempts to support colonial maritime war by legislation, and the American Act of 1708 can be seen as their culmination. Historians who study privateering or colonial history have referred to this act in several contexts, such as reform in prize administration, naval impressment in American colonies, and Spanish‐American trade. However, the political and economic interests behind this act have not been fully investigated. By examining the process of the enactment of the American Act together with antecedent attempts to promote colonial maritime war in parliament, this article reveals the political and vested interests involved in the act, the relations between them, and the influence they had on the content of the act. This analysis will show the complex interaction between politics, trade, and colonial maritime war in the early‐18th‐century American colonies.
Correlation between senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase expression in articular cartilage and disease severity of patients with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Gao Shu‐Guang , Zeng Chao , Li Liang‐Jun , Luo Wei , Zhang Fang‐Jie , Tian Jian , Cheng Chao , Tu Min , Xiong Yi‐Lin , Jiang Wei , Xu Mai , Lei Guang‐Hua
Published: June 2013

Aim

The purposes of this study were to investigate senescence‐associated beta‐galactosidase (SA‐beta‐Gal) levels in articular cartilage of knee osteoarthritis (OA) and the relationship with severity of the disease.

Methods

All the 50 cartilage tissues, including normal (controls) andOAcartilage were ascribed to four groups of normal, mild lesions, moderate lesions and severe lesions on the basis of the modifiedMankin score. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess theSA‐beta‐Gal expression in articular cartilage.

Results

NoSA‐beta‐Gal staining was observed in the normal articular cartilage samples.SA‐beta‐Gal staining was found in a subset of the chondrocytes close to the lesion site of mild, moderate and severe damaged kneeOAcartilage. The percentage ofSA‐beta‐Gal‐positive chondrocytes in articular cartilage was 0% in controls, 13.00 ± 5.77% in mild lesions, 31.65 ± 6.91% in moderate lesions and 51.95 ± 6.21% in severe lesions.SA‐beta‐Gal expression in mild lesions, moderate lesions and severe lesions was higher compared with that of controls (P < 0.0001).SA‐beta‐Gal expression in moderate lesions and severe lesions were higher with respect to mild lesion samples (P < 0.0001).SA‐beta‐Gal expression in severe lesions was elevated compared with those of moderate lesions (P < 0.0001). Subsequent analysis showed that articular cartilageSA‐beta‐Gal levels correlated with severity of disease (Spearman's ρ = 0.94,P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

SA‐beta‐Gal expression in articular cartilage is associated with progressive kneeOAjoint damage and is a potential indictor of disease severity.
Are Legal Families Related to Financial Reporting Quality?
Authors: Lindahl Frederick , Schadéwitz Hannu
Published: June 2013

A large body of financial accounting research explores the quality of accounting in different countries. An important assumption in most of that research is that common law provides a firmer foundation for good accounting transparency than civil law. Researchers usually regress their proxy for accounting quality on an indicator variable that designates the firm's country as a common or civil law jurisdiction (along with other regressors). But what is the support for that nearly universal assumption? This study addresses that question. It traces the distinctions made by legal scholars that characterize the two ‘families’. It analyzes La Porta et al. (1998), which is the nearly universal citation to support the civil/common dummy, and assesses the design and development of research designs that use law in accounting studies. It concludes that the use of the civil/common distinction as applied in accounting studies cannot be supported, and offers suggestions for how to better investigate the ways in which the law interacts with financial reporting.
Validation of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory‐20 and the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire‐7 in Danish women with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Due Ulla , Brostrøm Søren , Lose Gunnar
Published: June 2013

Objective

To translate the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory‐20 (PFDI‐20) and the Pelvic Floor Impact Questionnaire‐7 (PFIQ‐7) and to evaluate their psychometric properties in Danish women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse.

Design and setting

Cross‐sectional, university hospital setting.

Sample

Women with symptomatic pelvic organ prolapse (n = 132).

Methods

A panel of gynecologists performed three independent translations, which were combined and psychometrically evaluated through interviews and pretesting.

Main outcome measures

Construct, content and convergent validity. Internal consistency and reliability. Sensitivity to change, responsiveness and minimal clinical important difference.

Results

After two revisions PFDI‐20 demonstrated good construct and content validity but PFIQ‐7 showed major ceiling effect and lacked items describing affection of health‐related quality of life. Convergent validity was moderate with only single items of PFDI‐20 correlating with the pelvic organ prolapse quantification system (POP‐Q) and only weak to moderate correlations between PFDI‐20 and PFIQ‐7 scores. Cronbach's alpha and inter‐item‐total correlation analysis were satisfactory overall. Intra‐class correlation coefficient demonstrated good reliability for all but one subscale (r = 0.701–0.894 p < 0.001). Wilcoxon signed rank test showed significant sensitivity to change. Effect size and standardized response mean was good in pelvic organ prolapse subscales and correlated with the Patient Global Index of Improvement scale (PGI‐I). Minimal clinical important difference could not be clearly demonstrated.

Conclusion

The Danish version of PFDI‐20 is valid while the PFIQ‐7 has a major ceiling effect and lacks items about health‐related quality of life. The subscales of PFDI‐20 and PFIQ‐7 demonstrate good internal consistency and reliability. Pelvic organ prolapse subscales show good responsiveness.
Materials Characteristics of Roman and Arabic Mortars and Stuccoes from the Patio De Banderas in the Real Alcazar of Seville (Spain)
Authors: Garofano I. , Robador M. D. , Duran A.
Published: June 2013

This study discusses the materials and traditional knowledge used in the manufacture and application of lime mortars and stuccoes by Romans and Arabs in Seville (southern Iberian Peninsula). All of the samples studied contain calcite as a binder, combined with aggregates based on river sand from the filling materials of the Guadalquivir River's depression, located in the vicinity of the Real Alcazar Palace in Seville, Spain, where the artefacts were discovered. The Romans used high‐quality production technology, as evidenced by the careful selection of raw materials as well as by the adequate binder‐to‐aggregate ratio and the elevated homogeneity of the mortars and stuccoes. The suitable distribution of aggregates resulted in higher density values for Roman fragments than for Arabic ones. Results derived from Arabic samples suggest a decline in technology manufacture over time. This work provides useful information, particularly regarding the Roman and Arabic periods in the Iberian Peninsula. The analytical techniques employed in this study were X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF)—using conventional and portable systems, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), petrographic microscopy, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry (DTA/TG), particle‐size analysis and mercury intrusion porosimetry.
RachelCarson's Toxic Discourse: Conjectures on Counterpublics, Stakeholders and the “Occupy Movement”
Authors: Wexler Mark N.
Published: June 2013

This article draws attention to the origins, forms, and implications of “toxic discourse” as a genre central to the understanding of the public sphere in business in society.RachelCarson'sSilentSpringis used as a pivotal cultural document establishing “toxic discourse” as an ongoing form of moral narrative rooted in the rationality of counterpublics. Toxic discourse is framed within a center/periphery model in which toxic discourse gains salience in periods of economic dislocation and uncertainty. In these periods, toxic discourse draws together those on the periphery or counterpublics who otherwise would not unite in their opposition to the center. The article critically examines how stakeholder theory, despite making sense of the public sphere for agents of organizations, glosses counterpublics and relegates toxic discourse, as evident in the “Occupy Movement,” to the ephemeral role of temporary, disruptive protest groups with very little of substance to communicate.
Epstein–Barr virus encoded RNA detected by in situ hybridization using cytological preparations
Authors: Garady C. , Saieg M. A. , Ko H. M. , Geddie W. R. , Boerner S. L. , da Cunha Santos G.
Published: June 2013

Objective

Detection of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status might help in the diagnosis of EBV‐related neoplasms. The rate of successful assays for the detection of EBV‐infected cells in cytological preparations has not been fully explored. Our aims were to examine the rate of successful in situ hybridization (ISH) assays for EBV‐encoded RNA (EBER) in cytological specimens and to explore reasons for failure.

Methods

An electronic search selected cases with ISH‐EBER assays performed on cytological preparations during a 10‐year period. Data regarding patient age, gender and immune status, sample type and site, type of preparation, ISH‐EBER results, immunophenotyping and immunohistochemistry results, final diagnosis and correspondent histopathological samples were retrieved.

Results

Sixty specimens from 58 patients with diagnoses of lymphoproliferative disorder (n = 35), carcinoma (n = 24) and sarcoma (n = 1) were identified. ISH‐EBER assays were performed on 50 cell block sections and on 10 cytospin preparations, with 22 positive and 32 negative results. Six tests (four cytospins and two cell block sections) failed owing to loss of material during the assay and background staining, with an overall failure rate of 10% and 4% if cytospins were excluded. Assays were performed on 13 cytology and surgical specimens from the same site, with only one discrepant result.

Conclusions

Cell block sections had more successful ISH‐EBER assays when compared with cytospins. Reasons for failure were loss of material on the slide and background staining. A high concordance rate with surgical specimens emphasizes the usefulness of cytological samples for determining EBV status in patients with exhausted or no histological material available.
Christianity and Opposition to the Death Penalty: Late Modern Shifts
Authors: Gudorf Christine E.
Published: June 2013

This article sketches the shifts in Christian thought and denominations on capital punishment from the early church to today in the United States, and then examines the ethical issues in the administration of capital punishment both before and since the Supreme Count stopped executions in 1972. The conclusion of the article is that overwhelming evidence of the injustice of death sentences could not sway popular support for capital punishment, but evidence that switching to life sentences could save states millions of dollars is swaying many pro‐death penalty voters and legislators.
Engineered proteins with Pumilio/fem‐3 mRNA binding factor scaffold to manipulate RNA metabolism
Authors: Wang Yang , Wang Zefeng , Tanaka Hall Traci M.
Published: June 2013

Pumilio/fem‐3 mRNA binding factor proteins are characterized by a sequence‐specific RNA‐binding domain. This unique single‐stranded RNA recognition module, whose sequence specificity can be reprogrammed, has been fused with functional modules to engineer protein factors with various functions. We summarize the advances made with respect to developing RNA regulatory tools, as well as opportunities for the future.
Sociodemographic Determinants of Prevalence and Incidence of Helicobacter pylori Infection in Portuguese Adults
Authors: Bastos Joana , Peleteiro Bárbara , Barros Rita , Alves Luís , Severo Milton , de Fátima Pina Maria , Pinto Hugo , Carvalho Sandra , Marinho Ana , Guimarães João T. , Azevedo Ana , La Vecchia Carlo , Barros Henrique , Lunet Nuno
Published: June 2013

Background

Understanding the determinants of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults is essential to predict the burden of H. pylori‐related diseases. We aimed to estimate the prevalence and incidence of H. pylori infection and to identify its major sociodemographic correlates in an urban population from the North of Portugal.

Material and Methods

A representative sample of noninstitutionalized adult inhabitants of Porto (n = 2067) was evaluated by ELISA (IgG) and a subsample (n = 412) was tested by Western Blot to assess infection with CagA‐positive strains. Modified Poisson and Poisson regression models were used to estimate crude and sex‐, age‐, and education‐adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and incidence rate ratios (RR), respectively.

Results

The prevalence of H. pylori infection was 84.2% [95% confidence interval (95%CI): 82.4–86.1]. It increased across age‐groups in the more educated subjects, (18–30 years: 72.6%; ≥71 years: 88.1%; p for trend <0.001) and decreased with education in the younger (≤4 schooling years: 100.0%; ≥10 schooling years: 72.6%; p for trend <0.001). Living in a more deprived neighborhood was associated with a higher prevalence of infection, only in the younger (PR = 1.20, 95%CI: 1.03–1.38) and more educated participants (PR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.03–1.29). Among the infected, the proportion with CagA‐positive strains was 61.7% (95%CI: 56.6–66.9). The incidence rate was 3.6/100 person‐years (median follow‐up: 3 years; 95%CI: 2.1–6.2), lower among the more educated (≥10 vs ≤9: RR = 0.25, 95%CI: 0.06–0.96). The seroreversion rate was 1.0/100 person‐years (95%CI: 0.6–1.7).

Conclusions

The prevalence of infection among adults is still very high in Portugal, suggesting that stomach cancer rates will remain high over the next few decades.
Prebiotic fibre‐incorporated whey protein crisps processed by supercritical fluid extrusion
Authors: Paraman Ilankovan , Supriyadi Susmoko , Wagner Michael E. , Rizvi Syed S. H.
Published: June 2013

Prebiotic soluble fibre (fructooligosaccharides)‐incorporated whey protein crisps were produced by low‐shear supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX), which utilises supercritical CO2 as an expansion agent instead of steam. Protein crisps with desirable qualities were obtained with a formulation containing 8% prebiotic fibre and 60% whey protein concentrate (WPC‐80), which gave the final product with a protein content of 49.6% (w/w). A maximum of 70% WPC‐80 and 8% prebiotic fibre could be incorporated to produce expanded protein crisps; however, increasing WPC‐80 from 50% to 70% decreased the end‐product expansion ratio from 3.1 to 1.2 and increased the product hardness and piece density from 1.3 to 2.8 kN and 0.63 to 0.75 g mL−1, respectively. Addition of 8% prebiotic fibre did not affect the textural qualities of final products. The process produced an expanded protein matrix with unique internal microstructure of uniformly distributed closed cells. Amino acid analysis indicated that 90% of the total lysine and 92% of the total essential amino acids were retained after SCFX processing and oven‐drying, indicating the preservation of protein nutritional quality during the process.
Early detection of iron deficiency in elite athletes: could microcytic anemia factor (Maf) be useful?
Authors: Dopsaj V. , Martinovic J. , Dopsaj M.
Published: June 2013

Introduction

The aim of this study was to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the microcytic anemia factor (Maf®), which is generated by the Coulter LH 750 analyzer in the evaluation of iron depletion and iron‐deficient erythropoiesis in athletes.

Methods

A total of 142 athletes were divided into three groups: with iron depletion, with iron‐deficient erythropoiesis, and controls. The following parameters were measured: RBCs (red blood cells), Hb (hemoglobin), Hct (hematocrit), MCV (mean cellular volume), MCH (mean cell hemoglobin), MCHC (mean cell hemoglobin corpuscular), RDW (red cell distribution width), Maf®, Reticulocytes, Ferritin, sTfR (soluble transferrin receptor), Transferrin, Haptoglobin, IL‐ 6 (Interleukin‐6), hs‐CRP (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein).

Results

The best Maf® value to exclude iron depletion in athletes was 130.3, showing a sensitivity of 72.6% and a specificity of 57.3%. The AUC was 0.690 (CI 95% 0.607–0.765, P < 0.001). ROC curve analysis for Maf® in the diagnosis of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis indicates sensitivity of 61.5%, and specificity of 93.0%, with AUC = 0.826 (CI 95% 0.754–0.885, P < 0.001) and on cutoff value 114.

Conclusions

This study shows that Maf®, generated by the Coulter LH 700 Series hematology analyzers, performs very well in discriminating healthy athletes and those with different stages of iron deficiency. Also, in cost/benefit terms, monitoring of Maf® is justified as a low cost, effective screening parameter for determining iron status in athletes.
A Compilation of Silicon, Rare Earth Element and Twenty‐One other Trace Element Concentrations in the Natural River Water Reference Material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC)
Authors: Yeghicheyan Delphine , Bossy Cécile , Bouhnik Le Coz Martine , Douchet Chantal , Granier Guy , Heimburger Alexie , Lacan Francois , Lanzanova Aurélie , Rousseau Tristan C. C. , Seidel Jean‐Luc , Tharaud Mickaël , Candaudap Frédéric , Chmeleff Jérôme , Cloquet Christophe , Delpoux Sophie , Labatut Marie , Losno Rémi , Pradoux Catherine , Sivry Yann , Sonke Jeroen E.
Published: June 2013

The natural river water certified reference material SLRS‐5 (NRC‐CNRC) was routinely analysed in this study for major and trace elements by ten French laboratories. Most of the measurements were made using ICP‐MS. Because no certified values are assigned by NRC‐CNRC for silicon and 35 trace element concentrations (rare earth elements, Ag, B, Bi, Cs, Ga, Ge, Li, Nb, P, Rb, Rh, Re, S, Sc, Sn, Th, Ti, Tl, W, Y and Zr), or for isotopic ratios, we provide a compilation of the concentrations and related uncertainties obtained by the participating laboratories. Strontium isotopic ratios are also given.
Effects of Non‐Stoichiometry on the Microstructure, Oxygen Vacancies, and Piezoelectric Properties of CuTa2O6‐Doped NKN Ceramics
Authors: Yang Song‐Ling , Tsai Cheng‐Che , Liou Yi‐Cheng , Hong Cheng‐Shong , Chu Sheng‐Yuan
Published: June 2013

The effects of non‐stoichiometry on the microstructure, oxygen vacancies, and piezoelectric properties of (Na0.5K0.5)xNbO3 (NKxN, where x = 0.98, 1.00, 1.01, and 1.02) ceramics doped with sintering aid CuTa2O6 (CT) doping were investigated. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that a secondary phase formed in CT‐doped NKxN (NKxNCT) ceramics with x < 1.00 and that a pure phase was obtained with x ≥ 1.00. The grain size of NKxNCT ceramics increased with increasing x value due to the formation of a liquid phase. The internal bias field, activation energy, and Raman analysis for NKxNCT ceramics showed that the number of induced oxygen vacancies increased with decreasing x value. The high mechanical quality factor (Qm) value obtained for NKxNCT ceramics did not correspond to a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies, illustrating that the suitable compensation (excess Na and K) is more important than the concentration of oxygen vacancies to obtain the ceramics with high Qm values. The NKxNCT ceramics with x = 1.01 exhibited excellent piezoelectric properties, with kp and Qm values of 39.9% and 2,070, respectively.
Biogeography and evolutionary history of the Neotropical genus Saltator (Aves: Thraupini)
Authors: Chaves Jaime A. , Hidalgo José R. , Klicka John
Published: June 2013

Aim

We reconstructed the biogeographical and evolutionary history of Saltator by producing a robust phylogenetic hypothesis that we used to evaluate the geographical origins of this genus, and assessed the potential influence of major Neotropical biogeographical features on the origin of lineages within this assemblage (i.e. phylogroups).

Location

Neotropics.

Methods

Our phylogenetic reconstruction is based on newly sequenced mitochondrial DNA data representing all known species of Saltator. This phylogenetic hypothesis was then used to define phylogenetic structure and to assess divergence times for these clades. Phylogroups were assigned to unique biogeographical regions allowing us (1) to perform ancestral biogeographical analyses (using rasp) to reconstruct ancestral areas for all nodes within our topology, and (2) to examine the geography of speciation and evolutionary history of Saltator.

Results

The novel phylogenetic relationships in Saltator showed that this tanager clade originated and diversified in South America in the mid‐Miocene (c. 13 Ma), ultimately yielding three distinct clades composed of a minimum of 26 phylogroups. A positive correlation was found between phylogenetic distance and co‐occurrence (percentage range overlap) for Saltator.

Main conclusions

Our evolutionary scenario for Saltator is consistent with a radiation initiated by uplift of the Andes during the last 10 million years. The biogeography of Saltator and the large number of phylogroups recovered suggest that an allopatric mode of speciation is the major driver in the evolutionary history of this group of tanagers.
The British Chinese Adoption Study: orphanage care, adoption and mid‐life outcomes
Authors: Rushton Alan , Grant Margaret , Feast Julia , Simmonds John
Published: June 2013

Background

While studies of ex‐orphanage care show adverse effects on development, the longer‐term impact on mid‐life psychosocial functioning and physical health has not been established.

Methods

Orphanage records provided baseline data on a sample of 100 Hong Kong Chinese girls who were subsequently adopted into the UK. A mid‐life follow‐up using standardised questionnaires and face‐to‐face interviews assessed current circumstances, life satisfaction and mental and physical health outcomes. Comparisons were made with age‐matched UK‐born adopted and nonadopted women.

Results

Half the group spent between 1 and 2 years in orphanages, average age at adoptive placement was 23 months and 72% participated in the follow‐up. Despite this poor early start, mid‐life outcomes were commensurate with the comparison groups in terms of mental and physical health measures. Serious psychiatric and social difficulties were largely absent. Although the timing and extent of exposure to orphanage care did not influence outcome, participants' reports of poorer quality adoptive family experience and a negative view of their adoption were significantly associated with poorer mental health outcomes (difference in means = 0.76, 95% CI 1.33–0.19, p = .01; difference in means = 1.2, 95% CI 0.68–1.73, p = .01, respectively).

Conclusions

Moderately depriving orphanage care did not predict enduring adverse consequences in mid‐life but subsequent poor adoption experience was associated with outcome.
A Microbiological Comparison of Poultry Products Obtained from Farmers' Markets and Supermarkets in Pennsylvania
Authors: Scheinberg Joshua , Doores Stephanie , Cutter Catherine N.
Published: June 2013

The popularity of farmers' markets continues to rise in the U.S.A. Raw poultry products sold at farmers' markets are of particular concern due to the United States Department of Agriculture inspection exemption status afforded to many poultry vendors. Whole chicken from farmers' markets and supermarkets in Pennsylvania were evaluated for the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. and demonstrated that 28% (28/100) and 90% (90/100) of chicken from farmers' markets, 20% (10/50) and 28% (14/50) of conventionally processed organic, and 8.0% (4/50) and 52% (26/50) of nonorganic chicken, were positive for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp., respectively. Additionally, among the 90% of Campylobacter spp.‐positive farmers' market poultry, 67% of rinses were enumerable, with a mean count of 1.6 log10 cfu/mL. The results from this study demonstrate the need to develop food safety training for poultry vendors at farmers' markets in order to improve the safety of these products for public consumption.

Practical Applications

The popularity of farmers' markets is increasing throughout the U.S.A. Vendors are selling numerous food products, including raw chicken, which is known to harbor Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. As such, their control continues to be a priority during commercial chicken processing. However, no study has evaluated the presence of these pathogens in raw chicken sold at farmers' markets. The data collected in this study demonstrated that of the raw, whole chicken carcasses sampled from farmers' markets in Pennsylvania, 90 and 28% were contaminated with Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp., respectively. These results suggest that vendors could greatly benefit from food safety training and education to address antimicrobial interventions during processing. This study also demonstrates the rationale for further research into the safety of foods sold at farmers' markets. This information may also be useful to local and state regulatory officials responsible for food safety.
Studying Housework Across Nations
Authors: Treas Judith , Lui Jonathan
Published: June 2013

Long motivated by microlevel paradigms, the study of housework has been revitalized by research emphasizing macrolevel influences. Common trends and persistent differences across the developed world underscore the importance of country context. Gender specialization, gender equality, and socioeconomic (in)equality are cultural and structural domains that channel domestic behavior in predictable directions. By demonstrating the country‐to‐country differences in the causes and consequences of domestic arrangements, this research points to 5 questions that set a course for studies of housework in comparative context.
“Doing” and “Undoing” Gender: The Meaning and Division of Housework in Same‐Sex Couples
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E.
Published: June 2013

Research on same‐sex couples and housework can add nuance to our understanding of gender and housework. This analytic review highlights what can be gained from research on same‐sex couples and housework. Specifically, this review reveals how same‐sex couples both “do” and “undo” gender through housework. It illustrates how partners in same‐sex couples are influenced by heteronormative meaning systems surrounding housework, yet it also points to ways housework can be redefined in the context of same‐sex couples. For example, same‐sex couples who enact arrangements with more specialized divisions of labor tend to reject the notion that their labor arrangements are imitative or derivative of those of heterosexual couples. Instead, they interpret their arrangements as pragmatic and chosen, as well as uniquely defined by the fact that they are enacted in a same‐sex relational context. This review also underscores the need to attend to the social and temporal contexts that shape how same‐sex couples give meaning to and enact housework. Finally, this review challenges us to think beyond simplistic classification systems of housework as feminine or masculine, or as gendered or nongendered, and, likewise, to move beyond characterizations of same‐sex couples as either “doing” or “undoing” gender.
Mechanical Muscle Function and Lean Body Mass During Supervised Strength Training and Testosterone Therapy in Aging Men with Low‐Normal Testosterone Levels
Authors: Kvorning Thue , Christensen Louise L. , Madsen Klavs , Nielsen Jakob L. , Gejl Kasper D. , Brixen Kim , Andersen Marianne
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To examine the effect of strength training and testosterone therapy on mechanical muscle function and lean body mass (LBM) in aging men with low‐normal testosterone levels in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled 24‐week study.

Design

Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled.

Setting

Odense, Denmark.

Participants

Men aged 60 to 78, with bioavailable testosterone levels of less than 7.3 nmol/L and a waist circumference greater than 94 cm were randomized to testosterone (50–100 mg/d, n = 22) placebo (n = 23) or strength training (n = 23) for 24 weeks. The strength training group was randomized to addition of testosterone or placebo after 12 weeks. Subjects performed supervised strength training (2–3 sets with 6‐ to 10‐repetition maximum loads, 3 times per week).

Measurements

Testosterone levels, maximal voluntary contraction and rate of force development, and LBM were obtained at 0 and at Weeks 12 and 24 of the intervention.

Results

No changes in any variables were recorded with placebo. In the strength training group, maximal voluntary contraction increased 8% after 12 weeks (P = .005). During the following 12 weeks of strength training rate of force development increased by 10% (P = .04) and maximal voluntary contraction further increased (P < .001). Mechanical muscle function was unchanged in men receiving only testosterone for 24 weeks. LBM increased only in men receiving testosterone (P = .004).

Conclusion

Strength training in aging men with low‐normal testosterone levels may improve mechanical muscle function, but this effect occurs without a significant increase in LBM. Clinically, only the combination of testosterone therapy and strength training resulted in an increase in mechanical muscle function and LBM.
Translation of Oral Care Practice Guidelines Into Clinical Practice by Intensive Care Unit Nurses
Authors: Ganz Freda DeKeyser , Ofra Raanan , Khalaila Rabia , Levy Hadassa , Arad Dana , Kolpak Orly , Nun Maureen Ben , Drori Yardena , Benbenishty Julie
Published: June 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a change in the oral care practices of intensive care unit (ICU) nurses for ventilated patients after a national effort to increase evidence‐based oral care practices.

Design

Descriptive comparison of ICU nurses in 2004–2005 and 2012.

Method

Two convenience national surveys of ICU nurses were collected in 2004–2005 (n = 218) and 2012 (n = 233). After the results of the initial survey were reported, a national effort to increase awareness of evidence‐based oral care practices was conducted that included in‐service presentations; publication of an evidence‐based protocol in a national nursing journal; publication of the survey findings in an international nursing journal; and reports to the local press. A repeat survey was conducted 7 to 8 years later. The same survey instrument was used for both periods of data collection. This questionnaire included questions about demographic and personal characteristics and a checklist of oral care practices. Nurses rated their perceived priority level concerning oral care on a scale from 0 to 100. An evidence‐based practice (EBP)[O4] score was computed representing the sum of 14 items related to equipment, solutions, assessments, and techniques associated with the evidence. The EBP score, priority score, and oral care practices were compared between the two samples. A regression model was built based on those variables that were associated with the EBP score in 2012.

Findings

There was a statistically significant increase in the use of EBPs as shown by the EBP score and in the perceived priority level of oral care. Increased EBPs were found in the areas of teeth brushing and oral assessment. Decreases were found in the use of non–evidence‐based practices, such as the use of gauze pads, tongue depressors, lemon water, and sodium bicarbonate. No differences were found in the use of chlorhexidine, toothpaste, or the nursing documentation of oral care practices. A multiple regression model was found to be significant with the time of participation (2004–2005 vs. 2012) and priority level of oral care significantly contributing to the regression model.

Conclusions

The national effort was partially successful in improving evidence‐based oral care practices; however, increased awareness to EBP also might have come from other sources. Other strategies related to knowledge translation need to be attempted and researched in this clinical setting such as the use of opinion leaders, audits and feedback, small group consensus, provider reminder systems, incentives, clinical information systems, and computer decision support systems.

Clinical Relevance

This national effort to improve EBP did reap some rewards; however, other knowledge translation strategies should be used to further improve clinical practice.
Preparation, characterization, and moisturizing effect of liposomes containing glucosamine and N‐acetyl glucosamine
Authors: Malaekeh‐Nikouei Bizhan , Golmohammadzadeh Shiva , Salmani‐Chamanabad Somaye , Mosallaei Navid , Jamialahmadi Khadijeh
Published: June 2013

Background

N‐acetyl glucosamine (NAG) is a precursor for hyaluronic acid (HA) biosynthesis in the body. The main role of HA is to preserve the hydration and elasticity of the skin.

Aims

To prepare and characterize liposomes containing N‐acetyl glucosamine and glucosamine (GA) and to assess their effects on the skin moisture content.

Methods

Liposomal formulations containing NAG and GA were prepared using fusion and dehydration–rehydration (DRV) methods. The amount of the moisture contents of the skin before application and 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 h postapplication of the formulations were measured in human volunteers using corneometer. The occlusive factor was also estimated by in vitro method.

Results

Mean size of prepared liposomes was <2 μm, and all formulations showed negative surface charge. The highest effect on skin moisture content was achieved by NAG liposomal prepared using fusion method after 3 h. The difference between moisture content of the skin treated by preparations containing GA (solution and liposomes) and empty liposomes was negligible in all tests and duration times of the experiment.

The results of the moisturizing effect according to the in vivo method indicated that there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the skin moisture contents after application of liposomal formulation containing NAG 7 mm and empty liposomes during the 5‐h postapplication period.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated the potential of liposomes for improved NAG localization in the skin, and so it could be suggested as a new topical moisturizing formulation in skin care products.
Longitudinal evaluation of cryolipolysis efficacy: two case studies
Authors: Bernstein Eric F
Published: June 2013

Cryolipolysis treatment, or cold‐induced destruction of adipocytes, provides a noninvasive option for localized subcutaneous fat reduction without damaging the overlying skin or adjacent structures. This case study examines the long‐term visibility of fat layer reduction subsequent to cryolipolysis treatment, through longitudinal evaluation. Two male subjects were unilaterally treated on one flank. Baseline and postprocedure photographs (at 2 or 5 years) of the treated and contralateral untreated flanks display durable results despite natural fluctuations in body weight.