bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein complexes that control renal epithelial polarity
Authors: Pieczynski Jay , Margolis Ben
Published: January 2011

Establishment of epithelial apicobasal polarity is crucial for proper kidney development and function. In recent years, there have been important advances in our understanding of the factors that mediate the initiation of apicobasal polarization. Key among these are the polarity complexes that are evolutionarily conserved from simple organisms to humans. Three of these complexes are discussed in this review: the Crumbs complex, the Par complex, and the Scribble complex. The apical Crumbs complex consists of three proteins, Crumbs, PALS1, and PATJ, whereas the apical Par complex consists of Par-3, Par-6, and atypical protein kinase C. The lateral Scribble complex consists of Scribble, discs large, and lethal giant larvae. These complexes modulate kinase and small G protein activity such that the apical and basolateral complexes signal antagonistically, leading to the segregation of the apical and basolateral membranes. The polarity complexes also serve as scaffolds to direct and retain proteins at the apical membrane, the basolateral membrane, or the intervening tight junction. There is plasticity in apicobasal polarity, and this is best seen in the processes of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the converse mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. These transitions are important in kidney disease as well as kidney development, and modulation of the polarity complexes are critical for these transitions.
On the Fredholm Alternative for the Fučík Spectrum
Authors: Drábek Pavel , Robinson Stephen B.
Published: January 2011

We consider resonance problems for the one‐dimensional p‐Laplacian assuming
Dirichlet boundary conditions. In particular, we consider resonance problems associated
with the first three curves of the Fučík Spectrum. Using variational arguments
based on linking theorems, we prove sufficient conditions for the existence of at least
one solution. Our results are related to the classical Fredholm Alternative for linear
operators. We also provide a new variational characterization for points on the third
Fučík curve.
Derivations of MV‐Algebras
Authors: Alshehri N. O.
Published: January 2011

We introduce the notion of derivation for
an MV‐algebra and discuss some related properties. Using the notion of an
isotone derivation, we give some characterizations of a derivation of an
MV‐algebra. Moreover, we define an additive derivation of an MV‐algebra and
investigate some of its properties. Also, we prove that an additive
derivation of a linearly ordered MV‐algebral is an isotone.
Poorly Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma Arising in Tattooed Skin
Authors: Sarma Deba P. , Dentlinger Renee B. , Forystek Amanda M. , Stevens Todd , Huerter Christopher
Published: January 2011

Introduction. Tattoos have increasingly become accepted by mainstream Western society. As a result, the incidence of tattoo-associated dermatoses is on the rise. The presence of a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma in an old tattooed skin is of interest as it has not been previously documented.Case Presentation. A 79-year-old white homeless man of European descent presented to the dermatology clinic with a painless raised nodule on his left forearm arising in a tattooed area. A biopsy of the lesion revealed a poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma infiltrating into a tattoo. The lesion was completely excised and the patient remains disease-free one year later.Conclusion. All previous reports of squamous cell carcinomas arising in tattoos have been well-differentiated low-grade type or keratoacanthoma-type and are considered to be coincidental rather than related to any carcinogenic effect of the tattoo pigments. Tattoo-associated poorly differentiated invasive carcinoma appears to be extremely rare.
Asymptotic Behavior of the Likelihood Function of Covariance Matrices of Spatial Gaussian Processes
Authors: Zimmermann Ralf
Published: January 2011

The covariance structure of spatial Gaussian predictors (aka Kriging predictors)
is generally modeled by parameterized covariance functions; the associated hyperparameters in turn are estimated via the method of maximum likelihood. In this work, the asymptotic behavior of the maximum likelihood of spatial Gaussian predictor
models as a function of its hyperparameters is investigated theoretically. Asymptotic sandwich bounds for the maximum likelihood function in terms of the condition number of the associated covariance matrix are established. As a consequence, the main result is obtained: optimally trained nondegenerate spatial Gaussian processes cannot feature arbitrary ill-conditioned correlation matrices. The implication of this theorem on Kriging hyperparameter optimization is exposed. A nonartificial example is presented, where maximum likelihood‐based Kriging model training is necessarily bound to fail.
Rs9939609 Variant of the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene and Trunk Obesity in Adolescents
Authors: Mangge Harald , Renner Wilfried , Almer Gunter , Weghuber Daniel , Möller Reinhard , Horejsi Renate
Published: January 2011

A common T/A polymorphism (rs9939609) in the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene was found associated with early-onset and severe obesity in both adults and children. However, recent observations failed to find associations of FTO with obesity. To investigate the genetic background of early obesity, we analysed the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9939609 of FTO in 371 styrian adolescents towards degree of obesity, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT)-distribution determined by lipometry, early metabolic and preatherosclerotic symptoms. The percentage of AA homozygotes for the rs9939609 SNP of FTO was significantly increased in the obese adolescents. Compared to the TT wildtype, AA homozygotes showed significantly elevated values of SAT thickness at the trunk-located lipometer measure points neck and frontal chest, body weight, body mass index, waist, and hip circumference. No associations were found with carotis communis intima media thickness, systolic, diastolic blood pressure, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein (US-CRP), homocystein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL, fasted glucose, insulin, HOMA-index, liver transaminases, uric acid, and adipokines like resistin, leptin, and adiponectin. Taken together, to the best of our knowledge we are the first to report that the rs9939609 FTO SNP is associated with trunk weighted obesity as early as in adolescence.
How Hyperpolarization and the Recovery of Excitability Affect Propagation through a Virtual Anode in the Heart
Authors: Charteris Nicholas P. , Roth Bradley J.
Published: January 2011

Researchers have suggested that the fate of a shock-induced wave front at the edge of a “virtual anode” (a region hyperpolarized by the shock) is a key factor determining success or failure during defibrillation of the heart. In this paper, we use a simple one-dimensional computer model to examine propagation speed through a hyperpolarized region. Our goal is to test the hypothesis that rapid propagation through a virtual anode can cause failure of propagation at the edge of the virtual anode. The calculations support this hypothesis and suggest that the time constant of the sodium inactivation gate is an important parameter. These results may be significant in understanding the mechanism of the upper limit of vulnerability.
Metallurgical Aspects of Laser Surface Processing of PM Cr-V Ledeburitic Steel
Authors: Jurči Peter , Cejp Jiři , Brajer Jan
Published: January 2011

The Vanadis 6 ledeburitic-type steel was laser surface remelted. Microstructural changes and hardness in laser affected material were investigated using light microscopy, SEM, and EDS-microanalysis. It was found that the laser surface melting and subsequent rapid solidifying led to softening of the material, due to presence of retained austenite. The melting of the material begins with the transformation of M7C3-carbide into a liquid and finishes via the dissolution of primary solid solution grains. The solidification proceeded in a reverse manner while the eutectics became often so-called degenerous form.
Enhancement of 2,3‐Butanediol Production by Klebsiella oxytoca PTCC 1402
Authors: Anvari Maesomeh , Safari Motlagh Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2011

Optimal operating parameters of 2,3‐Butanediol production using Klebsiella oxytoca under submerged culture conditions are determined by using Taguchi method. The effect of different factors including medium composition, pH, temperature, mixing intensity, and inoculum size on 2,3‐butanediol production was analyzed using the Taguchi method in three levels. Based on these analyses the optimum concentrations of glucose, acetic acid, and succinic acid were found to be 6, 0.5, and 1.0 (% w/v), respectively. Furthermore, optimum values for temperature, inoculum size, pH, and the shaking speed were determined as 37°C, 8 (g/L), 6.1, and 150 rpm, respectively. The optimal combinations of factors obtained from the proposed DOE methodology was further validated by conducting fermentation experiments and the obtained results revealed an enhanced 2,3‐Butanediol yield of 44%.
Aortocaval Fistula in Rat: A Unique Model of Volume‐Overload Congestive Heart Failure and Cardiac Hypertrophy
Authors: Abassi Zaid , Goltsman Ilia , Karram Tony , Winaver Joseph , Hoffman Aaron
Published: January 2011

Despite continuous progress in our understanding of the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure (CHF) and its management, mortality remains high. Therefore, development of reliable experimental models of CHF and cardiac hypertrophy is essential to better understand disease progression and allow new therapy developement. The aortocaval fistula (ACF) model, first described in dogs almost a century ago, has been adopted in rodents by several groups including ours. Although considered to be a model of high‐output heart failure, its long‐term renal and cardiac manifestations are similar to those seen in patients with low‐output CHF. These include Na+‐retention, cardiac hypertrophy and increased activity of both vasoconstrictor/antinatriureticneurohormonal systems and compensatory vasodilating/natriuretic systems. Previous data from our group and others suggest that progression of cardiorenal pathophysiology in this model is largely determined by balance between opposing hormonal forces, as reflected in states of CHF decompensation that are characterized by overactivation of vasoconstrictive/Na+‐retaining systems. Thus, ACF serves as a simple, cheap, and reproducible platform to investigate the pathogenesis of CHF and to examine efficacy of new therapeutic approaches. Hereby, we will focus on the neurohormonal, renal, and cardiac manifestations of the ACF model in rats, with special emphasis on our own experience.
Integrated Software Environment for Pressurized Thermal Shock Analysis
Authors: Araneo Dino , Ferrara Paolo , Moretti Fabio , Rossi Andrea , Latini Andrea , D′Auria Francesco , Mazzantini Oscar A.
Published: January 2011

The present paper describes the main features and an application to a real Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) of an Integrated Software Environment (in the following referred to as “platform”) developed at University of Pisa (UNIPI) to perform Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS) analysis. The platform is written in Java for the portability and it implements all the steps foreseen in the methodology developed at UNIPI for the deterministic analysis of PTS scenarios. The methodology starts with the thermal hydraulic analysis of the NPP with a system code (such as Relap5‐3D and Cathare2), during a selected transient scenario. The results so obtained are then processed to provide boundary conditions for the next step, that is, a CFD calculation. Once the system pressure and the RPV wall temperature are known, the stresses inside the RPV wall can be calculated by mean a Finite Element (FE) code. The last step of the methodology is the Fracture Mechanics (FM) analysis, using weight functions, aimed at evaluating the stress intensity factor (KI) at crack tip to be compared with the critical stress intensity factor KIc. The platform automates all these steps foreseen in the methodology once the user specifies a number of boundary conditions at the beginning of the simulation.
15,16‐Dihydrotanshinone I, a Compound of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, Induces Apoptosis through Inducing Endoplasmic Reticular Stress in Human Prostate Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Chuang Mao-Te , Ho Feng-Ming , Wu Chien-Chih , Zhuang Shao-Yu , Lin Shyr-Yi , Suk Fat-Moon , Liang Yu-Chih
Published: January 2011

5,16‐dihydrotanshinone I (DHTS) is extracted from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (tanshen root) and was found to be the most effective compound of tanshen extracts against breast cancer cells in our previous studies. However, whether DHTS can induce apoptosis through an endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress pathway was examined herein. In this study, we found that DHTS significantly inhibited the proliferation of human prostate DU145 carcinoma cells and induced apoptosis. DHTS was able to induce ER stress as evidenced by the upregulation of glucose regulation protein 78 (GRP78/Bip) and CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein/growth arrest‐ and DNA damage‐inducible gene 153 (CHOP/GADD153), as well as increases in phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and X‐box‐binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA splicing forms. DHTS treatment also caused significant accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins and hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, indicating that DHTS might be a proteasome inhibitor that is known to induce ER stress or enhance apoptosis caused by the classic ER stress‐dependent mechanism. Moreover, DHTS‐induced apoptosis was reversed by salubrinal, an ER stress inhibitor. Results suggest that DHTS can induce apoptosis of prostate carcinoma cells via induction of ER stress and/or inhibition of proteasome activity, and may have therapeutic potential for prostate cancer patients.
Arthroscopic Subtalar Arthrodesis after a Calcaneus Fracture Covered with a Forearm Flap
Authors: Michels Frederick , Stockmans Filip , Guillo Stéphane , Van Der Bauwhede Jan , Oosterlinck Dirk
Published: January 2011

Surgical treatment of intraarticular calcaneal fractures is often associated with postoperative wound problems. Soft tissue necrosis, bone loss and uncontrollable infection are a challenge for the surgeon and amputation may in some cases be the ultimate solution. A free flap can be very helpful to cover a significant soft tissue defect and help in fighting the infection. However, the free flap complicates the surgical approach if subtalar arthrodesis and bone reconstruction are needed. This study demonstrates the value of an arthroscopic technique to resect the remaining articular cartilage in preparation for subtalar arthrodesis and bone grafting. This approach avoids compromising the soft tissues and minimizes damage to the free flap.
KPNA2 Expression Is an Independent Adverse Predictor of Biochemical Recurrence after Radical Prostatectomy
Authors: Mortezavi Ashkan , Hermanns Thomas , Seifert Hans-Helge , Baumgartner Martin K. , Provenzano Maurizio , Sulser Tullio , Burger Maximilian , Montani Matteo , Ikenberg Kristian , Hofstädter Ferdinand , Hartmann Arndt , Jaggi Rolf , Moch Holger , Kristiansen Glen , Wild Peter J.
Published: January 2011

Purpose: To analyze rates of expression of karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) in different prostate tissues and to evaluate the prognostic properties for patients with primary prostate cancer.

Experimental Design: Tissue microarrays (TMA) contained 798 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded prostate tissue cores from two different institutes of pathology. TMAs were stained immunohistochemically for KPNA2 and NBS1. SiRNA technologies were used to inhibit KPNA2 expression in vitro, and the effect of this inhibition on cellular viability was determined. Efficiency of knockdown experiments was determined by Western blot analysis.

Results: KPNA2 expression was significantly upregulated in carcinomas of the prostate, especially in metastatic and castration-resistant prostate cancer samples. Positive nuclear KPNA2 immunoreactivity was identified as a novel predictor of biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy (n = 348), and was independent of the well-established predictive factors preoperative PSA value, Gleason score, tumor stage, and surgical margin status. These results were validated by analyzing a second and independent prostate cancer cohort (n = 330). Further, in vitro experiments showed that the cell proliferation and viability of PC3 cells was significantly reduced when KPNA2 expression was inhibited. KPNA2 knockdown did not induce PARP cleavage as marker for apoptosis. No significantly increased sub-G1 fraction could be found by FACS analysis.

Conclusions: KPNA2 is a novel independent prognostic marker for disease progression after radical prostatectomy. This allows to identify patients who need more aggressive treatment. It can moreover be speculated that patients not suited for surveillance regimens might be identified at initial biopsy by a positive KPNA2 immunohistochemistry. Clin Cancer Res; 17(5); 1111–21. ©2011 AACR.
Phase I Studies of CBP501, a G2 Checkpoint Abrogator, as Monotherapy and in Combination with Cisplatin in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Tibes Raoul , Gordon Michael S. , Wong Bryan Y. , Eder Joseph Paul , Borad Mitesh J. , Mendelson David S. , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Bastos Bruno R. , Weiss Glen J. , Fernandez Cristian , Sutherland William , Sato Hitoshi , Pierceall William E. , Weaver David , Slough Scott , Wasserman Ernesto , Kufe Donald W. , Von Hoff Daniel , Kawabe Takumi , Sharma Sunil
Published: January 2011

Purpose: Two phase I dose-escalation studies were conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety profile of the G2 checkpoint abrogator CBP501, as a single agent and in combination with cisplatin.

Experimental Design: Patients with advanced solid tumors were treated with CBP501 alone (D1/D8/D15, q4w, from 0.9 mg/m2), or with cisplatin (both on D1, q3w, from 3.6 mg/m2 CBP501, 50 mg/m2 cisplatin). Dose escalation proceeded if dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was observed in 1 or less of 3 to 6 patients; CBP501 dose increments were implemented according to the incidence of toxicity. MTD was determined from DLTs occurring during the first two cycles.

Results: In the combination study, the DLT was a histamine-release syndrome (HRS) occurring 10 to 60 minutes after initiating infusion that was attenuated by prophylaxis comprising dexamethasone, diphenhydramine, ranitidine, and loratadine. The MTD was 25 mg/m2 CBP501 and 75 mg/m2 cisplatin, with two patients at the highest dose (36.4 mg/m2 CBP501, 75 mg/m2 cisplatin) experiencing grade 3 HRS. The only DLT with monotherapy was transient G3 rise of troponin in one patient. Grade 3 to 4 treatment–related events were rare. Promising activity was observed with CBP501/cisplatin, mainly in ovarian and mesothelioma patients who had previously progressed on platinum-containing regimens. Among ovarian cancer patients, low expression of DNA repair proteins was associated with partial response or stable disease.

Conclusions: CBP501 is well tolerated in patients as monotherapy and with cisplatin. At the recommended phase II dose (RP2D), the combination is feasible and HRS manageable with prophylaxis. Evidence of antitumor activity was observed in platinum-resistant patients. Clin Cancer Res; 17(10); 3431–42. ©2011 AACR.
Influence of Anticholinergic Activity in Serum on Clinical Symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Hori Koji , Konishi Kimiko , Watanabe Koichiro , Uchida Hiroyuki , Tsuboi Takashi , Moriyasu Matsuko , Tominaga Itaru , Hachisu Mitsugu
Published: January 2011

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is well known as a disease characterized by degeneration of cholinergic neuronal activity in the brain. It follows that patients with AD would be sensitive to an ‘anticholinergic burden’, and also that medicine with anticholinergic properties would promote various clinical symptoms of AD. Despite the relevance of this important phenomenon to the clinical therapeutics of AD patients, few reports have been seen concerning the relationship between anticholinergic burden and clinical AD symptoms. Therefore, we wished to investigate the relationship between serum anticholinergic activity (SAA) and the severity of clinical symptoms of AD patients. Twenty-six out of 76 AD patients referred by practitioners to our hospital were positive for anticholinergic activity in their serum, and the remaining 50 patients were negative. Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms in AD patients were compared between the positive SAA (SAA+) group and the negative SAA (SAA–) group. The SAA+ group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower total score on the Mini-Mental State Examination, and significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores on the Functional Assessment Staging and the Behavioral Pathology in Alzheimer’s Disease Rating Scale (BEHAVE-AD). In particular, certain subscales of the BEHAVE-AD, i.e. the items of paranoid and delusional ideation, hallucinations and diurnal rhythm disturbances, had higher scores in the SAA+ group. Moreover, it was shown that many more psychotropic medicines were prescribed to the SAA+ group. By means of logistic regression analysis, the items of paranoid and delusional ideation and diurnal rhythm disturbances in the BEHAVE-AD were positively correlated with SAA in patients. We hypothesized that SAA in AD patients would be associated with clinical symptoms, especially delusion and diurnal rhythm disturbances.
A2A Adenosine Receptor Binding Parameters in Platelets from Patients Affected by Pathological Gambling
Authors: Martini Claudia , Daniele Simona , Picchetti Michela , Panighini Anna , Carlini Marina , Trincavelli Maria Letizia , Cesari Daniela , Da Pozzo Eleonora , Golia Francesca , Dell’Osso Liliana
Published: January 2011

Background/Aims: A structural and functional interaction between A2A adenosine receptors and D2 dopamine receptors has been implicated in the pathophysiology of impulse control disorders. The aim of this study was to use platelet membranes to assess A2A adenosine receptor affinity and density in patients affected by pathological gambling (PG; which is classified as a specific impulse control disorder) with respect to those of control subjects. Methods: Twelve drug-free PG patients and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. PG was diagnosed according to the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV – Patient Version 2.0 and the South Oaks Gambling Screen. A2A adenosine receptor binding parameters were evaluated using a [3H]ZM241385 binding assay; affinity and density (Bmax) were determined by means of saturation binding studies with platelet membranes. Results: The A2A adenosine receptor binding affinity was found to be significantly higher in patients affected by PG than in healthy subjects; in contrast, no significant differences in Bmax were observed between the 2 groups. Conclusions: The elevated A2A adenosine receptor binding affinity in platelets from PG patients with respect to control subjects demonstrates for the first time a change in adenosine receptor parameters, and it suggests the involvement of the adenosine system in this pathology. The previously demonstrated hyperactivity of the dopamine system in PG may modulate the A2A adenosine receptor, supporting a role for this receptor as a peripheral marker of dopamine dysfunction. Because it is not possible to directly measure the D2 dopamine receptor in human platelets, these data are particularly relevant to the detection of dopamine dysfunction.
Antidepressant Treatments Change 5-HT2C Receptor mRNA Expression in Rat Prefrontal/Frontal Cortex and Hippocampus
Authors: Barbon Alessandro , Orlandi Cesare , La Via Luca , Caracciolo Luca , Tardito Daniela , Musazzi Laura , Mallei Alessandra , Gennarelli Massimo , Racagni Giorgio , Popoli Maurizio , Barlati Sergio
Published: January 2011

Background/Aims: Compelling evidence would suggest the involvement of the serotonin 2C receptor in the pathophysiology of affective disorders and in the action of antidepressants. We analyzed the time course of 5-HT2C receptor (5-HTR2C) mRNA expression during antidepressant treatment in the prefrontal/frontal cortex (P/FC) and in the hippocampus (HC) of rats chronically treated with fluoxetine (a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and reboxetine (a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor). We also analyzed the 5-HTR2C RNA-editing levels at the sites called A, B, C, C’ and D, which are known to modulate 5-HTR2C receptor function. Results: The expression profile of 5-HTR2C mRNA was modified during treatment with both antidepressants. In particular, we found a general down-regulation of 5-HTR2C mRNA expression in P/FC, which became significant after 3 weeks of treatment with both antidepressants and persisted after a fourth week of drug withdrawal (–46% with fluoxetine, –41% with reboxetine, p < 0.05). In HC, however, reboxetine induced significant down-regulation (–56%, p < 0.05) of 5-HTR2C mRNA after 3 weeks, while fluoxetine induced threefold up-regulation (p < 0.01) by the 2nd and 3rd week, returning to the base level after drug withdrawal of both antidepressants. Moreover, the frequency of 5-HTR2C-edited isoforms showed no significant alterations, although analysis of the RNA-editing level at the single editing sites showed small decreases in the C’ and D sites induced by reboxetine in P/FC. Conclusion: Our results suggest that chronic administration of antidepressants in rats slightly modifies the editing levels of 5-HT2C receptor but has considerable influence on its mRNA expression patterns in a way that is area- and time-specific.
Effects of Raloxifene on Voltage- Dependent T-Type Ca2+ Channels in Mouse Spermatogenic Cells
Authors: Wang Qiang , Lu Liang , Gao Xiaohua , Wang Changsong , Wang Jun , Cheng Jie , Gao Rong , Xiao Hang
Published: January 2011

Voltage-dependent T-type Ca2+ channels have eminent roles in sperm function. In the present study, we investigated the effects of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on T-type Ca2+ channels in mouse spermatogenic cells by using both electrophysiological and molecular techniques. We found that T-type calcium currents (IT-Ca) were inhibited by raloxifene in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 2.97 µM, as assessed with the patch clamp technique. Application of raloxifene at 2 µM inhibited IT-Ca by 54.9 ± 2.1% at –20 mV (n = 10, p < 0.05). Furthermore, raloxifene-induced inhibition of IT-Ca was associated with a negative shift of both the activation and the steady-state inactivation properties. The time constants of activation and inactivation were decreased, the time constant of deactivation was increased, but the time constant of recovery was not affected. In addition, the inhibitory effects of raloxifene and 17β-estradiol on IT-Ca were unaffected by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780. We also found that raloxifene treatment decreased the mRNA expression of CaV3.2 and CaV3.3, but not CaV3.1 in GC-2spd (ts) cells (mouse spermatocyte cell line), as assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Taken together, these data indicate that in mouse spermatogenic cells, raloxifene decreases IT-Ca independent of classical estrogen, and the mRNA expression of T-type calcium channels and therefore may affect male reproductive function.
Predictors of Retention in the ‘Voluntary’ and ‘Quasi-Compulsory’ Treatment of Substance Dependence in Europe
Authors: Schaub Michael , Stevens Alex , Haug Severin , Berto Daniele , Hunt Neil , Kerschl Viktoria , McSweeney Tim , Oeuvray Kerrie , Puppo Irene , Santa Maria Alberto , Trinkl Barbara , Werdenich Wolfgang , Uchtenhagen Ambros
Published: January 2011

Background: Policies and practices related to the quasi-compulsory treatment (QCT) of substance-dependent offenders are currently implemented in many countries, despite the absence of reliable knowledge about significant predictors of treatment retention. This study aimed to identify such predictors in QCT and voluntary treatment. Methods: Participants were treated in one of 65 institutions in 5 European countries. They were interviewed at intake on substance use, crimes committed, perceived pressure for treatment, self-efficacy, stage of change, employment, and health-related variables. Binary logistic regression models were computed to identify predictors of treatment retention at an 18-month follow-up. Moderator analyses were computed to investigate whether these predictors vary by treatment condition (QCT vs. voluntary). Results: A higher number of working days in the previous month was positively associated with treatment retention, while use of heroin, crack, and multiple drugs, psychiatric problems in the previous month, and lifetime depression were negatively associated with treatment retention. Higher perceived medical pressure resulted in higher treatment retention rates only for participants in QCT. Conclusion:Predictors of substance abuse treatment retention are quite similar across both QCT and voluntary treatments. Perceived medical pressure is of higher relevance than the often-believed legal pressure for treatment retention in QCT.
Functional Results of Vibrant Soundbridge Middle Ear Implants in Conductive and Mixed Hearing Losses
Authors: Bernardeschi Daniele , Hoffman Caroline , Benchaa Tarek , Labassi Samia , Beliaeff Michel , Sterkers Olivier , Grayeli Alexis Bozorg
Published: January 2011

Objective: Our purpose was to evaluate the results of Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) in conductive or mixed hearing loss. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five adult patients (29 ears) with a mixed or conductive hearing loss and various etiologies were included in this retrospective study. The preoperative ipsilateral pure tone average was 71 ± 3.0 dB, and the average bone conduction threshold was 42 ± 2.8 dB (n = 29). The transducer was placed on the long apophysis of the incus (n = 16), in the round window (n = 10) or on the stapes (n = 3). Results: No complications were noted. The bone conduction threshold remained unchanged. VSB was activated in all cases. The postoperative pure tone average without VSB was 63 ± 3.9 dB (n = 24) and with VSB in free-field condition 24 ± 2.1 dB (n = 22). Conclusions: VSB is safe and efficacious for auditory rehabilitation in conductive and mixed hearing losses.
A Unique Case of Intra-Epidermal Neutrophilic Dermatosis-Type IgA Pemphigus Presenting with Subcorneal Pustules
Authors: Iida Koji , Sueki Hirohiko , Ohyama Bungo , Ishii Norito , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: January 2011

Background: While subcorneal pustular dermatosis-type IgA pemphigus shows subcorneal pustules, intra-epidermal neutrophilic dermatosis (IEN)-type IgA pemphigus is characterised by pustule formation throughout the entire epidermis. Objective: We analysed an unusual case of IEN-type IgA pemphigus showing subcorneal pustules. Methods: Indirect immunofluorescence, immunoblot analysis, auto-antibody-specific ELISAs, and double-labelling immuno-electron microscopy were performed. Results: IgA antibodies bound to the surface of keratinocytes distributed throughout the epidermis were detected by indirect immunofluorescence. IgA from the patient’s serum failed to react with COS-7 cells expressing desmocollins (Dsc) 1, 2 or 3. IgG or IgA antibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3 were also found to be absent by ELISA. Double-labelling immuno-electron microscopy using an anti-Dsc monoclonal antibody showed localisation in the desmosomes, while IgA from the patient’s serum was found in non-desmosomal regions. Conclusion: The patient in the present study most likely suffers from IEN-type IgA pemphigus.
An Exploratory Study on the CHRNA3-CHRNA5-CHRNB4 Cluster, Smoking, and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Gao Jianjun , Xu Hong , Weinberg Clarice , Huang Xuemei , Park Yikyung , Hollenbeck Albert , Blair Aaron , Schatzkin Arthur , Burch Lauranell , Chen Honglei
Published: January 2011

Background: Smokers have a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have consistently linked several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CHRNA3-CHRNA5-CHRNB4 cluster on chromosome 15.q25 to smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence. Investigations into these SNPs may help explain the nature and mechanisms of the smoking-PD relationship. Objective: To examine whether the genetic variations that were consistently associated with smoking or nicotine dependence in recent GWAS also predict the risk of PD. Methods: This is a population-based case-control study of 788 physician-diagnosed PD patients and 911 controls, all non-Hispanic Whites. Seven SNPs were selected based on findings from recent GWAS on smoking and nicotine dependence, all from the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits (CHRN) A3-A5-B4. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were derived from logistic regression models under the assumption of logit-additive allelic effects. Results: Four SNPs in linkage disequilibrium from the CHRNA3-CHRNA5-CHRNB4 cluster were associated with smoking duration (OR >1.3, p < 0.05). However, none of the SNPs from this cluster was associated with PD risk in the overall analysis or after stratifying on smoking status. Conclusion: This preliminary analysis does not support a relationship between these smoking-related GWAS SNPs and PD.
The Neuroendocrine Basis of Anorexia Nervosa and Its Impact on Bone Metabolism
Authors: Misra Madhusmita , Klibanski Anne
Published: January 2011

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a condition of profound undernutrition associated with alterations in various neuroendocrine axes, many of which contribute to a marked impairment in bone accrual and low bone mineral density. This review focuses on changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis, the growth hormone insulin-like growth factor-1 axis, and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in AN, as well as alterations in various appetite-regulating hormones. In addition, the review discusses low bone mineral density and altered bone microarchitecture in AN, the pathophysiology underlying impaired bone metabolism, and possible therapeutic strategies to optimize bone health.
Contesting Famine: Hunger and Nutrition in Occupied Japan, 1945-1952
Authors: Aldous Chris
Published: January 2011

This article analyzes both the policy debates within the American Occupation over famine, food relief and nutrition in Occupied Japan (1945-52) and the contested terms in which the debate was conducted. Conflict arose over muddled accounting of food intake in calories, a rampant black market that suggested a failure of equitable distribution, and the absence of serious unrest despite imports falling short of minimal stated requirements. Occupation authorities questioned estimates made by the Japanese government. There was internal disagreement among American authorities in Japan and between interested parties in Washington, as well as among the Allies in the Far Eastern Commission. Herbert Hoover's Famine Emergency Committee of 1946 sounded an alarm, and the Food and Fertilizer Mission of February 1947 marked a shift away from rather crude quantitative measures of caloric intake to more subtle qualitative ones of dietary balance and combinations of nutrients. The Occupation's chief concern then became the dearth of animal protein. Attempts to correct this shortfall by reestablishing Japan's fishing and whaling industries proved unpopular with U.S. allies. The Occupation preferred to champion the success of its school lunch program, whose core component – powdered skim milk imported from the United States – was viewed as an invaluable weapon in the Cold War.
A Three-Year Climatology of Cloud-Top Phase over the Southern Ocean and North Pacific
Authors: Morrison Anthony E. , Siems Steven T. , Manton Michael J.
Published: January 2011

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level 2 observations from the Terra satellite are used to create a 3-yr climatology of cloud-top phase over a section of the Southern Ocean (south of Australia) and the North Pacific Ocean. The intent is to highlight the extensive presence of supercooled liquid water over the Southern Ocean region, particularly during summer. The phase of such clouds directly affects the absorbed shortwave radiation, which has recently been found to be “poorly simulated in both state-of-the-art reanalysis and coupled global climate models” (Trenberth and Fasullo).

The climatology finds that supercooled liquid water is present year-round in the low-altitude clouds across this section of the Southern Ocean. Further, the MODIS cloud phase algorithm identifies very few glaciated cloud tops at temperatures above −20°C, rather inferring a large portion of “uncertain” cloud tops. Between 50° and 60°S during the summer, the albedo effect is compounded by a seasonal reduction in high-level cirrus. This is in direct contrast to the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Here MODIS finds a higher likelihood of observing warm liquid water clouds during summer and a reduction in the relative frequency of cloud tops within the 0° to −20°C temperature range.

As the MODIS cloud phase product has limited ability to confidently identify cloud-top phase between −5° and −25°C, future research should include observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and other space-based sensors to help with the classification within this temperature range. Further, multiregion in situ verification of any remotely sensed observations is vital to further understanding the cloud phase processes.
The Role of Nonlinear Momentum Fluxes on the Evolution of Directional Wind-Wave Spectra
Authors: Resio Donald T. , Long Charles E. , Perrie William
Published: January 2011

It has long been known that nonlinear wave–wave interactions produce stationary solutions related to constant energy flux through the equilibrium range when a deep-water spectrum follows an f−4 form, as has been verified in numerical studies in which spectra follow a constant angular spreading distribution. This paper shows that, although energy fluxes through such spectra remain essentially constant, momentum fluxes do not. On the other hand, if the angular distribution of a spectrum is allowed to behave in a manner consistent with observations, both the energy flux and the momentum flux tend to remain constant through a major portion of the spectrum. Thus, it appears that directional distributions of energy within wind-wave spectra adjust to a form consistent with nondivergent nonlinear fluxes, suggesting that these fluxes likely play a very prominent role in the evolution of directional spectra during wave generation.
Automated Lightning Flash Detection in Nighttime Visible Satellite Data
Authors: Bankert Richard L. , Solbrig Jeremy E. , Lee Thomas F. , Miller Steven D.
Published: January 2011

The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) nighttime visible channel was designed to detect earth–atmosphere features under conditions of low illumination (e.g., near the solar terminator or via moonlight reflection). However, this sensor also detects visible light emissions from various terrestrial sources (both natural and anthropogenic), including lightning-illuminated thunderstorm tops. This research presents an automated technique for objectively identifying and enhancing the bright steaks associated with lightning flashes, even in the presence of lunar illumination, derived from OLS imagery. A line-directional filter is applied to the data in order to identify lightning strike features and an associated false color imagery product enhances this information while minimizing false alarms. Comparisons of this satellite product to U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) data in one case as well as to a lightning mapping array (LMA) in another case demonstrate general consistency to within the expected limits of detection. This algorithm is potentially useful in either finding or confirming electrically active storms anywhere on the globe, particularly those occurring in remote areas where surface-based observations are not available. Additionally, the OLS nighttime visible sensor provides heritage data for examining the potential usefulness of the Visible-Infrared Imager-Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) on future satellites including the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) Preparatory Project (NPP). The VIIRS DNB will offer several improvements to the legacy OLS nighttime visible channel, including full calibration and collocation with 21 narrowband spectral channels.
Association Rule Data Mining Applications for Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Intensity Changes
Authors: Yang Ruixin , Tang Jiang , Sun Donglian
Published: January 2011

This study applies a data mining technique called association rule mining to the analysis of intensity changes of North Atlantic tropical cyclones (TCs). The “best track” data from the National Hurricane Center and the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme databases were stratified into tropical depressions, tropical storms, and category 1–5 hurricanes based on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane scale. After stratification, the seven resulting groups of TCs plus two additional aggregation groups were further separated into intensifying, weakening, and stable TCs. The analysis of the stratified data for preprocessing revealed that faster northward storm motion (the meridional component of storm motion) favors tropical storm intensification but does not favor the intensification of hurricanes. Intensifying tropical storms are more strongly associated with a higher convergence in the upper atmosphere (200-hPa relative eddy momentum flux convergence) than weakening tropical storms, while intensifying hurricanes are more strongly associated with lower convergence values. The mined association rules showed that cofactors usually display higher-intensity prediction power in the stratified TC groups. The data mining results also identified a predictor set with fewer factors but improved probabilities of rapid intensification. This study found that the data mining technique not only sheds light on the roles of multiple-associated physical processes in tropical cyclone development—especially in rapid intensification processes—but also will help improve TC intensity forecasting. This paper provides an outline on how to use this data mining technique and how to overcome low occurrences of mined conditions in order to improve TC intensity forecasting capabilities.
Positive Experiences and Personal Growth in a Two-Man North Pole Expedition Team
Authors: Leon Gloria R. , Sandal Gro M. , Fink Birgit A. , Ciofani Paul
Published: January 2011

This study assessed personal values and positive growth experiences, possible changes in these factors, and interpersonal functioning in a two-man expedition team that successfully reached the North Pole in 55 days without outside support. Personality measures were administered before expedition, weekly rating forms were completed on the ice, and semi-structured interviews and several repeat measures were carried out at the end of the expedition and at a 6-month follow-up. Both team members had high scores on the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) Social Closeness, Social Potency, and Positive Emotionality Scales, and on the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Extraversion Scale. The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) findings indicated that for both team members, Self-direction and Stimulation were strong personal values; Power, Tradition, and Conformity were low on the values hierarchy. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) assessments indicated different aspects of personal growth for each team member from postexpedition to the follow-up. Contrary to previous findings, this all-male team did not exhibit strong competitiveness with each other.
Sensitive Questions in Online Surveys: Experimental Results for the Randomized Response Technique (RRT) and the Unmatched Count Technique (UCT)
Authors: Coutts Elisabeth , Jann Ben
Published: January 2011

Gaining valid answers to so-called sensitive questions is an age-old problem in survey research. Various techniques have been developed to guarantee anonymity and minimize the respondent’s feelings of jeopardy. Two such techniques are the randomized response technique (RRT) and the unmatched count technique (UCT). In this study the authors evaluate the effectiveness of different implementations of the RRT (using a forced-response design) in a computer-assisted setting and also compare the use of the RRT to that of the UCT. The techniques are evaluated according to various quality criteria, such as the prevalence estimates they provide, the ease of their use, and respondent trust in the techniques. The results indicate that the RRTs are problematic with respect to several domains, such as the limited trust they inspire and nonresponse, and that the RRT estimates are unreliable due to a strong false no bias, especially for the more sensitive questions. The UCT, however, performed well compared to the RRTs on all the evaluated measures. The authors conclude that the UCT is a promising alternative to RRT in self-administered surveys and that future research should be directed toward evaluating and improving the technique.
Ethically Attractive Dose‐Finding Designs for Drugs With a Narrow Therapeutic Index
Authors: Lledó‐García Rocío , Hennig Stefanie , Nyberg Joakim , Hooker Andrew C. , Karlsson Mats O.
Published: January 2011

A simulation‐based comparison study on the relative merits of dose‐control trials (DCTs) with exposure—response analysis versus concentration‐control trials (CCTs) for drugs with narrow therapeutic index showed that DCT designs are more informative about the exposure—response relationship. The authors revisit the question employing optimal design methodology and propose strategies for designing ethically attractive trials for these drugs, balancing between individual—collective risk and informativeness. An optimal study was performed considering a hypothetical immunosuppressant agent with 2 clinical end points. Different scenarios were optimized applying cost‐based designs (unwanted events vs number of subjects/trial or maximal individual risk). Dose/exposure targets and number of subjects per trial/arm were optimized. Prior information inclusion on baseline risks was evaluated. DCTs were more informative, needing smaller studies to provide the same information as CCTs. Using the number of unwanted events—rather than subjects—as cost resulted in ethically more attractive designs. Including prior baseline risk information reduced the number of subject/events and allowed the use of targets closer to the optimal. Designing dose‐finding trials for some narrow therapeutic index drugs may be improved by using DCTs with exposure—response analysis, cost‐based designs, prior information, and optimal design analysis providing information on the ethical trade‐off between individual risk and information gain.
The Impact of Stereotypical Versus Counterstereotypical Media Exemplars on Racial Attitudes, Causal Attributions, and Support for Affirmative Action
Authors: Ramasubramanian Srividya
Published: January 2011

This study examines how exposure to media characters of color shapes viewers’ opinions of race-targeted policies. Exemplar-based information processing, attribution theory, and heuristic policy decision-making formed the theoretical foundation for the study. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment ( N = 363) exposed participants to stereotypical or counterstereotypical exemplars representing the in-group (Whites) and the out-group (Blacks). The experiment revealed that exposure to stereotypical African American media characters compared to exposure to counter-stereotypical ones influenced real-world beliefs of African American stereotypes, internal attributions for perceived failures of this out-group, prejudicial feelings toward this out-group, and lack of support for pro-minority affirmative action policies. A structural model established “internal attributions for out-group failures” as a crucial mediator. Implications for entertainment studies and political communication are discussed.