bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vapor phase dehydrochlorination of chlorinated fatty substances
Authors: Van Atta G. R. , Houston D. F. , Dietrich W. C.
Published: June 2007

Dichlorinated palmitic acid was catalytically dehydrochlorinated rapidly and nearly completely in the vapor phase at low pressures and at temperatures of 220–315°C. Polymerization of the liquid desaturated material is catalyzed by strong acids. This was prevented from occurring in the recovered products, which were clear and pale in color, by maintaining the pressure of hydrogen chloride liberated in the reaction at less than 2 mm. However, some nonvolatile polymers were formed in the process and deposited on the surface of the solid catalyst, thus lowering its activity and shortening its period of usefulness.

The desaturated products of the process contained about 20 per cent of γ‐lactones and some conjugated unsaturation.
Analysis of mixtures of glycerol, propylene glycol, and trimethylene glycol
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Mehlenbacher V. C.
Published: June 2007

Procedures have been presented for the determination of glycerol, propylene glycol, and trimethylene glycol in the solutions containing all three and for analysis of sweet water concentrates. The methods are not limited to the products studied, but may be applied to mixtures of other hydroxy compounds which possess similar properties.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. I. A test of the water washing‐citric acid refining technique
Authors: Dutton Herbert J. , Moser Helen A. , Cowan John C.
Published: June 2007

The future of the soybean oil industry depends in part upon increasing the flavor stability of edible soybean oil. A procedure, which is reported to have been used by the German soybean oil refiners for combating flavor instability, has been tested on laboratory scale and appears to have distinct merit. Oils subjected to a particularly thorough degumming operation and to the subsequent addition of a small amount of citric acid during deodorization possessed a significantly higher flavor stability than did those subjected to a conventional type of refining.
The measurement of the hydrolysis of solutions of sodium salts of fatty acids. I.
Authors: McBain J. W. , van Tuyl Andrew
Published: June 2007

pH values of recrystallized samples of sodium acetate, NaAc.3H2O, measured with the Beckman pH meter at 25°C., using the “blue glass” electrode were near pH 8, rather than the calculated and true value for pure sodium acetate of 8.88. Titration curves were made beginning with decinormal solution of the slightly acid salt and adding sodium hydroxide; the pH at the inflection of these curves was near the correct value, 8.8.

Sodium hydroxide titration curves in aqueous solution were made at 50°C. for myristic acid and lauric acid, decinormal at the equivalence point. The point of inflection came after the equivalence point, giving the values of hydrolysis alkalinity for these two soaps.

Sodium hydroxide titrations in 80% alcohol at room temperature were made in the presence of phenolphthalein for Eastman myristic, Kahlbaum lauric, Lepkovsky myristic and the very pure Francis lauric acid. Concentrations at the equivalence point were about N/60. In every case the equivalence point, the point of inflection, and the color change coincided with the color change occurring near an apparent pH of 10.5 as indicated in alcohol.

The solubility of Eastman lauric acid was measured in a number of non‐aqueous solvents at temperatures ranging from 23 to 26°C. Solubility was least in a sample of Braun‐Knecht‐Heimann medicinal mineral oil.
A new approach to the glyceride structure of natural fats
Authors: Norris F. A. , Mattil K. F.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

A new approach to the glyceride structure of natural fats has been achieved through the application of enforced interesterification to samples of animal and vegetable fats. The results obtained further substantiatte the hypothesis that animal fats, in contradistinction to seed fats, are essentially randomly distributed.
The component glycerides of soya bean oil and of soya bean oil fractions
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L. , Holmberg John
Published: June 2007

The mixed glycerides of soya bean oil consist of nearly 60% of mono‐saturated di‐unsaturated glycerides and about 40% of tri‐unsaturated glycerides; two polyethenoid groups (chiefly linoleic) are present in nearly 70% of the tri‐glycerides, but less than 5% contains three in the same triglyceride molecule whilst linolenic groups occur (singly) in not much more than 25% of the soya bean glycerides.

Of the soya bean oil glycerides (37%) which remain in solution in acetone at −40°, about 90% contain two polyethenoid groups and about 10% contain all three acid radicals in this form whilst linolenic acid is present (singly) in about 40% of the glycerides; but over 30% of this fraction still contains one saturated acyl group.

Such a solvent‐separated soya bean oil fraction would thus appear to be considerably less efficient as a drying oil than certain whole oils such as those of rubber seed or candlenut (lumbang), the latter in turn not possessing so great a linolenic acid content and content of linoleo‐linoleno‐(tri‐unsaturated) glycerides as linseed oil itself.
A laboratory method for determining the ability of antioxidants to stabilize fat in baked goods
Authors: Mattil K. F. , Black H. C.
Published: June 2007

Verification is offered for the hypothesis that the ability of an antioxidant to stabilize the fat in baked goods is a function of its solubility characteristics. Thus, to be effective in baked goods, an antioxidant may not be sufficiently more soluble in water than in fat that it will be washed out of the fat by the moisture in the other ingredients. On the basis of this observation a laboratory method involving the partition of antioxidants between equal amounts of fat and hot water has been developed. Good correlation has been found between this laboratory test and actual bakeshop results.
Norconidendrin: A new antioxidant for fats and oils
Authors: Fisher G. S. , Kyame Lillian , Bickford W. G.
Published: June 2007

Summary and Conclusions

The preparation of norconidendrin from western hemlock sulfite waste liquor has been described. Norconidendrin has been shown to possess antioxidant activity in both hydrogenated and unhydrogenated cottonseed and peanut oils, in a peanut oil essentially free of natural antioxidants, and in lard. Its activity in these products is comparable with that of other polyphenolic antioxidants. Norconidendrin, as well as the other polyphenols tested, exhibited greater antioxidant activity in the particular peanut oils used than in several other vegetable oils and still greater activity in substrates which contained only small amounts of natural antioxidants. The effectiveness of norconidendrin was found to be appreciably enhanced by the addition of acid‐type synergists. It may be added either before or after deodorization with approximately equal effectiveness. When added before deodorization, it contributes no odor, color, or flavor to the finished oil.

Practical applications of norconidendrin in preserving food products should be postponed until toxicity studies have been conducted.
The phase behavior of soaps in organic solvents and its relation to lubricating greases
Authors: Smith Gerould H.
Published: June 2007

The addition of water, methyl alcohol, and lauric acid all greatly lower the temperature at which anisotropic material separates on cooling from an isotropic solution of sodium stearate in hydrocarbon. Crystallization then appears in these cooled samples. No effect was observed when dry nitrobenzene was used as an additive.

The thickening of hydrocarbons by soaps has been shown to be possible either by compaction of gelled lumps exhibiting only limited swelling or by a much more efficient, homogeneous dispersion of the soap in colloidal micelles and secondary colloidal aggregation thereof, forming the jelly phase.

The texture of lubricating greases can be attributed to the condition and state of dispersion of the soap and it is influenced markedly by the stability of the system. The formation of fibers is the result of recrystallization of the soap and they are indicative of a previously unstable or metastable system. They are of relatively little permanent value in thickening hydrocarbons as compared with jelly or liquid‐crystalline states.

The conditions which define a stable, homogeneous, phase area occupied by the jelly also define to a large extent the conditions under which lubricating greases exhibit structural stability. The reversion of a jelly or liquid‐crystalline phase to a gel is always accompanied by syneresis. Metathesis of soaps in hydrocarbons can be another contributing factor in unstable greases exhibiting syneresis.
Determination of nitrogen in vegetable oils
Authors: McGuire T. A. , Earle F. R. , Dutton H. J.
Published: June 2007

Hydrolysis with alcoholic hydrochloric acid quantitatively converts the nitrogen of crude soybean lecithin to a water‐dispersible form. This alcoholic‐acid hydrolysis also converts the nitrogen in large amounts of crude soybean oil to a water‐dispersible form which can then be separated and digested with a minimum amount of sulfuric acid by the Kjeldahl procedure. With careful control of both reagents and blank determinations, as little as 0.1 mg. of nitrogen can be measured with a precision of about 10%. The details of the method are given and it is applied to a series of soybean oils after various treatments and to three kinds of salad oils.
Processing of cottonseed
Authors: Williams P. A. , Boatner C. H. , Hall C. M. , O'Connor R. T. , Castillon L. E.
Published: June 2007

Processing of cottonseed by the hydraulic press method has been carried out at two mills, one located about 100 miles farther south than the other. The varieties of seed processed and conditions during processing, which included cooking of moistened seed, were essentially the same at both mills. Seed was also processed at the more southerly mill by the screw press method for which seed was cooked without added moisture.

The crude hydraulic‐ and screw‐pressed oils produced at the two mills were stored at different temperatures for a total of ten months, and samples of the oils were periodically refined and bleached. Seed was also stored at the two mills, and was periodically processed for comparison of the oils produced from stored seed with the stored oils. The absorption spectra of the crude, refined, and bleached oils were determined.

The rate of increase of bleach color in the oils during storage of the seed and crude oils has been correlated with temperature of storage and changes in the absorption spectra of the oils.
Isopropanol as a solvent for extraction of cottonseed oil
Authors: Harris W. D. , Bishop F. F. , Lyman C. M. , Helpert R.
Published: June 2007

Phase equilibrium data for the system; cottonseed oil‐isopropanol‐water were determined at 30°C. and compared with data for the system; cottonseed oilethanol‐water. The relative phase distribution of fatty acids and cottonseed oil in mixtures with isopropanol and water was studied under varying conditions of water and fatty acid concentrations. These tests showed the fatty acids to be highly concentrated in the alcohol‐water phase.

Flaked cottonseed meats were extracted in continuous extraction apparatus with 91% isopropanol, 99% isopropanol, and mixtures of commercial hexane and isopropanol. Analytical data on the extractions show that 91% isopropanol is an efficient solvent for extracting active gossypol along with the oil.

Rat and swine feeding tests of the isopropanol extracted meal showed it to be highly superior to hydraulic meal as a source of protein.

A method was developed for treatment of the cottonseed‐isopropanol miscella by liquid‐liquid extraction to separate purified oil and fatty acid fractions from other materials in the extract.
Soap content of some commercially refined oils; Effect of soap on the bleachability of the oils
Authors: Newby Wales
Published: June 2007

Samples of commercially refined cottonseed and soybean oils, from various points in the centrifugal sodium hydroxide refining process, were analyzed for residual soap content. The results indicate that the soap content of refined cottonseed oil, as it comes from the first stage of centrifugal separation, may vary anywhere from 0.038% to 0.672%. Soybean oil seems to be somewhat more consistent, running 0.183% to 0.207%. A single stage of waterwashing reduced the soap content of these oils to 0.03% or less and bleaching in the laboratory further reduced this concentration to below 0.005%.

Of the two samples of commercially bleached oil examined, one contained 0.004% soap and the other 0.008%. Treatment on a plant seale with a filter aid only, followed by filtration, reduced the soap content of a normal, single waterwashed, refined soybean oil about as much as bleaching would have. The presence of sodium soap in refined oil, even up to 0.240%, did not effect the color of the bleached oil produced there‐from insofar as the Lovibond reading in the Wesson tintometer was concerned. However, the appearance of the oil bleached in the presence of excessive soap was different when the samples were viewed in reflected as well as transmitted light.
Correlation of stability with fatty acid composition of hydrogenated vegetable oil
Authors: Fisher G. S. , Bickford W. G. , Dollear F. G.
Published: June 2007

Cottonseed, peanut, and linseed oils were hydrogenated under selective and non‐selective conditions and samples were withdrawn periodically for determination of their fatty acid composition, keeping quality, and other characteristics. The results were submitted to graphical and statistical analysis from which the following conclusions were drawn.

When cottonseed or peanut oil is hydrogenated either under selective or non‐selective conditions, the change in the reciprocal of the keeping quality, as measured by the active oxygen method, is proportional to the change in linolein content up to the point of disappearance of linolein.

After all linoleic acid has disappeared, the change in keeping quality is proportional to the change in olein content.

When linseed oil is hydrogenated under selective conditions, the change in the reciprocal of the keeping quality is proportional to the change in the linolenin content up to the point of disappearance of the linolenin.
Estimation of vitamin a in margarine. II. Laboratory control procedures in assaying uncolored margarine
Authors: Luckmann Frederick H. , Melnick Daniel , Vahlteich Hans W.
Published: June 2007

A simple and precise spectrophotometric procedure has been described for the control of vitamin A fortification of margarine made in the plant. This method involves readings taken at 328 mμ of the whole margarine oil dissolved in cyclohexane. The spectrophotometer was set at 100% transmission with the corresponding unfortified oil at the same concentration in cyclohexane. Physico‐chemical and biological assay data have been presented demonstrating that the spectrophotometric method is the most reliable procedure for assaying margarine for vitamin A following fortification with quality vitamin A concentrates. It is far more precise than the biological assay method and equally as specific for vitamin A when the fortifying concentrates used satisfy the requirements set forth in the preceding paper (2).

The colorimetric procedure, involving the reaction of vitamin A in the unsaponifiable extract of margarine with antimony trichloride, tends to overestimate on the average by about 600 USP units per pound the true vitamin A content of the margarine. However it is not at all unusual for the overestimates to exceed 1,000 USP units. The colorimetric method is useful as a screening test on open‐market samples for estimating maximal vitamin A potencies and as a check on the reliability of the unfortified oil blanks used in the spectrophotometric assay. Reasons were given for the belief that some conversion of vitamin A to the biologically‐inactive anhydro vitamin A occurs in margarine and that the presence of this derivative is responsible in large part for the discrepancy between colorimetric and spectrophotometric estimates.
Iodine number determinations by dead‐stop titrimetry
Authors: Duke J. A. , Maselli J. A.
Published: June 2007

The amperometric (dead‐stop) method has been applied to iodine value determinations of fatty acids and oils. The values obtained agree with those arrived at by the starch end‐point method. The use of this simple instrument appears to give however more accurate results since the endpoint is determined by the extrapolation of the linear response of the galvanometer with small increments of added thiosulfate to a zero galyanometer reading which corresponds to a zero iodine concentration. The fluctuations of the galvanometer needle give visible evidence of the approach of the endpoint, thereby facilitating the titration.
Dilatometric studies of pure triglycerides and mixtures
Authors: Craig B. M. , Lundberg W. O. , Geddes W. F.
Published: June 2007

The melting dilations and the coefficients of expansion of the solid and liquid states have been reported for five symmetrical mixed triglycerides and three simple triglyceride . The melting dilations were found to decrease with increasing proportions of oleic acid in the triglyceride molecule. In some simple mixtures the melting dilations of the several phases were found to occur discretely, but in the more complex systems there was an extension and overlapping of the melting ranges. In the mixtures of triolein with more saturated triglycerides, the melting point of triolein was found to be generally unaffected, but the melting points of the more saturated glycerides were lowered by the presence of triolein. Calculations of the solid‐to‐liquid ratios from dilatometric data were found to be impossible in the more complex mixtures due to wide variations in the melting dilations of the several phases and to the overlapping of their melting ranges. Approximate calculations of solid‐to‐liquid ratios in simple systems in which melting dilations occur discretely can be accomplished if the melting dilations of the individual triglycerides are known.
Dilatometric investigations of fats. VI. Melting dilation as a function of chain length in fatty acids and their glyceryl esters
Authors: Singleton W. S. , Gros Audrey T.
Published: June 2007

Melting dilations have been determined for the even‐numbered, saturatedn‐fatty acids in the series lauric through stearic, and some of their glyceryl esters. These data have been correlated with data obtained previously to determine the relationship between melting dilation and the effective chain length of these compounds.

The melting dilations of the mono‐, di‐, and triglyceryl esters of a fatty acid were found to be proportional to the acid residue content of each compound. The melting dilation of a monoglyceride was one‐half that of the diglyceride and one‐third that of the triglyceride of the same fatty acid.

The increment of melting dilation of the fatty acids and glyceryl esters increased regularly with each addition of two methylene groups, with the end group components exerting a contant effect on the volume change.

Equations were developed for calculating the melting dilation of then‐fatty acids and their glycerides as a function of chain length of the fatty acid radical.

The melting dilations of those compounds which are unsaturated, or have less than 10 carbon atoms, cannot be calculated by these equations.
Biochemical studies on vitamin A. X. A nutritional investigation of synthetic vitamin A in margarine
Authors: Ames Stanley R. , Ludwig Marion I. , Swanson William J. , Harris Philip L.
Published: June 2007

The growth, reproduction, and lactation of three generations of albino rats fed diets containing 7.5% of margarine oil fortified with synthetic vitamin A palmitate to contain 1,850,000 units of vitamin A per pound of fat (1,500,000 units per pound of margarine) was investigated. This level of supplementation gave normal responses comparable to those shown by animals fed regular margarine oil (18,500 units of natural vitamin A per pound of fat or 15,000 units per pound of margarine).
Thermal properties of fats and oils. VIII. Specific heats, heats of fusion, and entropy of alpha and beta tung oils
Authors: Ward T. L. , Singleton W. S. , Planck R. W.
Published: June 2007

Beta tung oil belongs to that group of substances which are capable of existing in more than one crystalline form, each of which has a distinet melting point. Three different melting points of the beta tung oil were observed, each dependent upon the rate of cooling. Forms I, II, and III have been used to distinguish beta tung oil melting at 52.8°, 44°, and 28° C., respectively.

Equations were developed to express in cals./g./°C. the specific heats of the stable forms of tung oil. Alpha tung oil Solid state (−184° to −43°C.)Cp=0.404+0.001t Liquid state (9° to 80°C.)Cp=0.463+0.0011t Beta tung oil Solid state (−178° to 27°C.)Cp=0.390+0.0013t Liquid state (67° to 87° C.)Cp=0.489+0.00016t The specific heat of beta tung oil was found to be higher when the sample was rapidly cooled than when it was slowly cooled or tempered.

The heat of fusion of the beta form of tung oil was caleulated to be 16.12 cals./g., and for the alpha form to be 21.02 cals./g. Entropies at 298.16°K. were 231.04 and 252.15 entropy units for the two forms of these oils, respectively.

The liquid glycerides present at any temperature in the melting range were estimated from the data for the heat contents of the oils. The rate of liquidphase formation at constant heat input of both alpha and beta tung oils, unlike that of cottonseed and peanut oils, increased sharply during the final 10° of the interval owing to the greater homogeneity of the glycerides of the former.
The deposition of lime soap on fabrics during washing
Authors: Knowles D. C. , Berch Julian , Schwartz Anthony M.
Published: June 2007

A method is described for the direct volumetric estimation of lime soap on fabrics. Experimental evidence is presented to demonstrate the conditions under which lime soap may become firmly attached to the fabric. The effects of two anionic surfactant additives, oleyl methyl tauride and alkyl benzene sulfonate, in preventing firm lime soap deposition have been described.
The composition of fat from icterus swine
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Petheram Marjorie , Kraybill H. R.
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid composition of depot fats from 18 “icterus swine” has been determined. These fats represented back, belly, and abdominal fats. Depot fats from comparable carcass locations in nine normal swine were examined in the same manner. The fatty acid composition of depot fats from “icterus swine” corresponds well with that from the same carcass location of normal swine. The yellow fat in “icterus swine” is believed to be due to bile pigments or similar substances deposited by the pig under the conditions of disease existing in the animal. This yellow fat (from diseased swine) differs from that observed by Beadle,et al. (1), in that it has an apparently normal linolenic acid content whereas they found an abnormal linolenic acid content which they ascribed to dietary effects.
Removal of fatty soil from glass. Electrolyte detergent‐builder effect
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Satanek J. , Harris J. C.
Published: June 2007

The mechanism of radio‐tagged tristearin removal from a glass substrate by sodium tripolyphosphate is primarily one of preferential displacement. Tristearin removal by STP appears to be a competition for primary polar adsorption sites: being the more polar, STP displaces the soil. Continuous soil films are more slowly removed than spotty soil films because initially fewer accessible adsorption sites are available for displacement attack by STP. It is believed that emulsification of these heavy films occurs initially by the ‘stripping” or preferential displacement by STP of the adsorbed monolayer at a site, followed by a rolling up of coherent soil along with the desorbed monolayer, resulting in a degree of emulsification.

In addition to its sequestrant water‐softening action, previously considered its main function, and its detersive effectiveness, another very important feature has been discovered. Tripolyphosphate (and sequestrant type of anion) adsorbs on a glass surface and reduces the tenacity of subsequent fatty resoiling. This may account to a considerable degree for the demonstratedly high practical cleansing effectiveness of the compound.

Adsorption of STP is not by a base exchange mechanism for quartz also displays the same effect as glass. It seems apprarent that the same type of adsorption sites exists on both glass and quartz surfaces though those on quartz suggest either a stronger adsorption of a higher energy level or a larger number of adsorption sites.

These data demonstrate the relatively high detersive efficiency of the polyphosphates for this soil/substrate system. Sodium metasilicate and sodium carbonate fall considerably lower in soil‐removal value.
Direct extraction of jojoba seed
Authors: Spadaro J. J. , Eaves P. H. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: June 2007

Data for the application of the versatile filtration‐extraction process to jojoba seed on a bench‐scale has been presented. Based on experience with other oil‐seeds, there should be good correlation between the bench‐scale and its commercial application. Moisture contents of the material during cooking were optimum at 10 and 15%. Mass velocities in excess of 2,000 and extraction efficiencies of over 98% were obtained. These results are considered suitable for commercial application. Hexane is recommended over heptane as the extraction solvent. The use of uncooked flakes is not considered feasible for large‐scale application.
A simple method for evaluation of heat treatment of soybean meal
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Lindner C.
Published: June 2007

A simple and rapid method for estimating protein solubility of soybean meals on the basis of changes in the refractive index of dilute sodium hydroxide solution extracts was tested and found to be highly correlated with the usual protein solubility test. The method was compared with fourin vitro tests of evaluating severity and adequacy of heating soybean meal. The value and inherent limitations of the various sereening methods were compared.
Analysis of fats and oils by gas‐liquid chromatography and by ultraviolet spectrophotometry
Authors: Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: June 2007

Known mixtures of pure fatty acid methyl esters and a number of fats and oils as their methyl esters have been analyzed by conventional GLC with thermal conductivity detectors.

Percentage of fatty acid distribution determined by GLC agreed well with known percentages in model mixtures and with analysis by the spectrophotometric method for fats and oils.

Determination of very small amounts of arachidonic and pentacnoic acids in lard by GLC was not successful.
The hydrogenation of fatty oils with palladium catalyst. IV. Pilot‐plant preparation of shortening stocks
Authors: Zajcew Mykola
Published: June 2007

Shortening stocks obtained in the pilot plant differ slightly from those obtained in the laboratory under nominally the same conditions. Pilot‐plant processing is easily controlled to give a commercially attractive shortening at a cost competitive with nickel. By repeated re‐use 1 g. of 5% palladium on earbon catalyst will hydrogenate about 18 kg. of oil to a satisfactory product, and 1 g. of 2% palladium on carbon catalyst about 11 kg. of oil.
Vinyl ketostearates. Preparation, properties, infrared spectra, and analysis of 4‐ and 12‐ketostearates
Authors: Calderon Roberto , Dupuy H. P. , McCall E. R. , O'Connor R. T. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: June 2007

Vinyl 12‐ketostearate and vinyl 4‐ketostearate were prepared by vinylating 12‐ketostearic and 4‐ketostearic acids, respectively, with vinyl acetate in the presence of a mercuric sulfate catalyst. The crude vinyl esters were purified by extracting the free fatty acids with dilute potassium carbonate, removing the mercury by distillation, and crystallizing successively from acetone and pertroleum ether.

Infrared analyses revealed that lactonization occurred with the 4‐ketostearic acid during the hydrogenation of the oiticica oil and during the vinylation of the keto acid. Two γ‐lactones were produced. The γ‐lactone of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐octadecenoic acid was isolated in relatively pure form, and evidence was obtained for the concurrent formation of the less stable γ‐lactone of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐octadecenoic acid. The infrared spectra of the methyl keto esters, keto acids, vinyl keto esters, and the γ‐lactone of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐octadecenoic acid were determined in carbon tetrachloride solutions. It was found that the characteristic absorbances for the lactone‐carbonyl, ester‐carbonyl, ketonecarbonyl, and the vinyl group at about 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, and 6.1 microns, respectively, obey the Lambert‐Beer law over a wide range of concentrations.
The fatty acid composition of clothes soil
Authors: Powe W. C. , Marple W. L.
Published: June 2007

Organic soil that had gradually accumulated on cotton garments and was unremovable by normal washing procedures was analyzed for free and combined fatty acids by gas‐liquid chromatography.

The fatty acid composition of this material was similar to sebum and hair fat and was remarkably uniform although from several different sources and geographical locations. The predominant fatty acids were C15, C16, and C18 straight‐chain acids. More than 30% of the total fatty acid was palmitic acid. The amount of oleic acid was considerably less than is reported for hair and skin fat. No linoleic acid or linolenic acid was detected. The small amount of unsaturated acids is probably the result of their oxidation to polymers and other oxidation products. The amount of free fatty acids was very small because they were converted to insoluble heavy metal soaps. Most of the combined fatty acids were present as esters,i.e., triglycerides.
Analysis of surfactant mixtures
Authors: Weeks Lloyd E. , Lewis John T.
Published: June 2007

A scheme has been presented for the separation of active ingredients from built detergent compositions and subsequent analysis of active components. Active components investigated are those commonly encountered in practice. Data obtained are in good agreement with expected values. The main difficulty encountered was the characterization of a fatty alcohol‐EO sulfate which gave higher than expected values for its analyzed content. It was also difficult completely to characterize this fatty alcohol‐EO sulfate.
Detoxification and deallergenization of castor beans
Authors: Gardner H. K. , D'Aquin E. L. , Koltun S. P. , McCourtney E. J. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: June 2007

Results are reported of a series of experimental treatments of flaked castor bean meats and pomaces directed toward total detoxification of the ricin and total destruction or inactivation of the allergenic property.

The treatments comprised cooking of the flaked raw meats or pomaces under various conditions of moisture and temperature, with chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hypochlorite, formaldehyde, ammonia, ammonium sulfate, potassium permanganate, and urea, and with selected combinations of these. Also tried were aerobic fermentation, enzymatic digestion, and simple heating of pomaces at elevated temperatures.

The five most promising deallergeuization treatments and the corresponding percentage reductions in allergen content as measured by the precipitin test were as follows: dry heating of pomace to 401°F., 100%; moist‐cooking of flaked meats with 2% NaOH and 10% HCHO, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 0.9% HCl and 3% HCHO, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 2% NaOH at 20 psig. pressure, possibly 100%; moist‐cooking with 1% NaOH, 98.4%. For the first four treatments the Schultz‐Dale test indicated possible reductions of 100, 99.9, 99.9, and 100%, respectively. While the latter method is generally considered to be reasonably accurate, final tests would have to be conducted with naturally sensitive human subjects.

The data also showed that the ricin component can be completely detoxified by a mild moist‐cooking of the flaked meats, either with or without added alkali.
The formation of polarographically reducible substances in autoxidizing lard
Authors: Kuta E. J. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: June 2007

In a polarographic study of lard during the early stages of autoxidation at 55° and 100°C. three reduction potentials were observed, and curves were plotted from the diffusion current values at the corresponding half‐wave potential to show the changes in concentration of each of the reducible substances with time. All three curves followed the general pattern of the peroxide value, determined titrimetrically. However Curve A (E 1/2=−0.15 v.) reached a maximum much earlier than either Curve B (E 1/2=−0.68 v.) or Curve C (E 1/2=−1.10 v.). Pro‐oxidants steepened the curves; antioxidants introduced a lag phase. Although the relative heights shifted somewhat, three curves persisted under all conditions. It is concluded that autoxidizing lard contains at least three types of primary “peroxidic” compounds and that these are not changed qualitatively by the presence of prooxidants and antioxidants.
Substituted sulfonamides, ureas, and alkyl‐3‐nitrophthali‐mides as identification derivatives of pentyl‐, hexyl‐, heptyl‐, octyl‐, and decylamines
Authors: Sasin Richard , Longo Frederick R. , Carey Francis A. , Paulson Charles M. , Sasin George S.
Published: June 2007

p‐Bromo‐,m‐nitro‐,p‐nitrobenzenesulfonamides,p‐toluenesulfonamides,p‐tolyl‐, anda‐naphthylureas, and 3‐nitrophthalimide derivatives of pentyl‐, hexyl‐, heptyl‐, octyl‐, and decylamines were prepared.m‐Nitrobenzenesulfonamides,p‐nitrobenzensulfonamides, andp‐tolylureas appear to be the most satisfactory derivatives for the identification of these amines.
Tempeh oil‐antioxidant(?)
Authors: Stahl H. D. , Sims R. J.
Published: June 2007

Previous workers have claimed that tempeh oil contains a potent fat antioxidant. These claims were based solely on measurements of peroxide value during accelerated storage of tempeh oil alone or as an additive to other unsaturated oils. Oxygen absorption rate measurements indicate that tempeh oil actually has weak prooxidant activity. Fermentation of soybeans to produce tempeh generates high levels of free fatty acids. FFA promote rapid decomposition of peroxides so that the levels in the oil never increase substantially during oxidation. Consequently, PV is a poor index of oxidation rate in oils which are high in FFA. Our experience with tempeh oil does not confirm earlier observations of its efficacy as an antioxidant.
Solubilities of five triglycerides in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Arnold Lionel K. , Roy Choudhury R. Basu , Guzman Alberto
Published: June 2007

The solubilities of trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, and triolein in 90, 95.4, 98, and 100% ethanol between 40C and 90C were determined. The data were compared with data calculated by the ideal solution law.
Colorimetric and potentiometric determination of acid numbers of vegetable and marine oils
Authors: Ames Stanley R. , Licata S. B.
Published: June 2007

A discussion is presented of present official methods of determining the acid number of oils. A colorimetric method is presented for the determination of acid numbers of marine and vegetable oils and related products. It involves the use of alcoholic KOH, phenolphthalein, and a titration solvent consisting of 49.5% anhydrous isopropanol. 50% benzene, and 0.5% water. Most oils are completely soluble in the titration solvent, thus avoiding the disadvantages of two phase systems and of heating the oil. It compares satisfactorily with present official methods.

A potentiometric method which is at present an A.S.T.M. Standard Method for petroleum products is discussed. It has proved to be satisfactory for use with marine and vegetable oils.

A close correspondence has been shown with a number of different oils between acid numbers obtained colorimetrically and potentiometrically. This makes it possible to compare directly results obtained by the two methods.
Identification and estimation of LAS in waters and effluents
Authors: Swisher R. D.
Published: June 2007

The detergent industry of the United States has replaced alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS) derived from tetrapropylene by linear alkylate sulfonate (LAS) in its formulations in an effort to eliminate waste surfactants from the nation's pollution load. The effectiveness of this move will be assessed by the monitoring of sewage treatment plant effluents and receiving waters by numerous agencies during the next several years. Most of the analytical methods available respond to a whole range of surfactants and are not specific for LAS. This deficiency can be avoided by use of the desulfonation‐gas chromatography technique, which gives unequivocal proof of the presence or absence of LAS and is readily applicable at the range of interest in the neighborhood of one part per million. Examples are given of examination of various samples for presence and semiquantitative estimation of LAS. A simple procedure is described for prepurification and separation of anionic surfactants from other components of the sample.
Sterol content of some plant oils; Further observations on fast‐reacting sterols
Authors: Norcia L. N. , Rosenthal Barbara E.
Published: June 2007

Total and free sterols were measured by a modified Sperry‐Webb procedure in raw and refined corn, cottonseed, safflower seed, linseed, soybean and wheat germ oils. Wheat germ and safflower seed oil sterols were relatively rich in fastreacting sterols, which predominated in the sterol ester fraction. Photometric constants following color reaction were obtained for cholesterol and plant sterols and applied to a procedure for analysis of cholesterol and plant sterols in mixtures thereof.
Titration of long‐chain quaternary ammonium compounds using tetraphenylboron
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. , Martin R. J. , Schmitz A. A.
Published: June 2007

A rapid macro procedure for the determination of long‐chain quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) has been developed using sodium tetraphenylboron as a titrant. About 1舑1.5 meq of QAC is dissolved or dispersed in 50 ml of water. Dichlorofluorescein is added as an indicator. The sample is then titrated with 0.06 N aqueous sodium tetraphenylboron. As long as free QAC is present the mixture will be pink. When the tetraphenylboron has reacted with all of the QAC, the indicator becomes yellow. The procedure has been used routinely to analyze both pure and commercial QAC with good results. The possible interferences include amine salts and potassium ion. The amine salt interference may be easily corrected or eliminated by changing the pH. The method has also been applied to the determination of a variety of quaternary ammonium salts having anions other than halides.
The role of safflower oil in edible oil applications
Authors: Blum John E.
Published: June 2007

Safflower oil has been used as an edible oil in numerous countries for many years. In the US, commercial use of safflower oil as an edible product was noted in the 1950's and the use continues at progressively higher levels each year.

One use of safflower oil in 舠dressing舡 type products is related to the natural cold resistance of the oil. Other applications include oil, margarine and some imitation dairy products. Additional development work has been done on other food products so that the scope of usage could be broadened if there should be increased demands for safflower oil.

The susceptibility of safflower oil to oxidation has been minimized by improved processing and packaging.

Further use of safflower oil appears to be dependent upon availability, pricing, good cold resistance and the role of polyunsaturates in the diet.
A procedure for the determination of total unsaturation in the products ofin vitro oxidation of fatty acids in biological systems
Authors: Mukherjee S.
Published: June 2007

The unsaturation produced during the biological oxidation of fatty acidsin vitro can be determined by use of a hypochlorous acid reagent, which readily adds at the double bond of the system as follows:
urn:x-wiley:0003021X:equation:aocs0097-math-0001

The addition is quantitative and complete within 10 minutes. The use of 15‐minute reaction time at 37°C. is recommended.

The method can be employed for the semi‐micro estimation of unsaturated acids.

There is no chance of substitution and hence prolonged reaction times are without any influence.

The results are affected by the presence of ketone bodies, but beta‐hydroxy acids cause no interference with the estimation.

The method has been successfully extended for the estimation of total unsaturation of oils and fats, which will form the subject matter of a future communication.
Detergency evaluation. III. Adjustment of Terg‐O‐Tometer and launderometer wash test methods to produce comparable soil removal data
Authors: Harris Jay C.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

It was demonstrated that the average soil removal values for the four 10‐minute wash Launderometer method could probably be essentially duplicated by a single 3‐minute Terg‐O‐Tometer wash and one 2‐minute rinse. The 3‐minute Terg‐O‐Tometer method did not result in the same comparative rating of four detergents, but a series of tests with several other detergents using a 5‐minute wash and a 5‐minute rinse (using for comparison purposes a standard detergent) resulted in quite effective ratings. Of 13 detergents tested over a period of time, the two test methods provided soil removal values identical within a 95% confidence limit.

These data indicate that a satisfactory technique can be developed using the Terg‐O‐Tometer, which would provide soil removal values and ratings of detergents closely paralleling the results obtained by the Launderometer multiple‐wash method.
Association of vitamin D receptor polymorphism with calcaneal broadband ultrasound attenuation in Korean postmenopausal women with low calcium intake
Authors: Kim Hee-Seon , Kim Ji-Sun , Kim Nam Soo , Ho Kim Jin , Lee Byung-Kook
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the associations among vitamin D receptor (VDR)BsmI polymorphism, calcium intake and bone strength as indicated by the broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) measured by calcaneal quantitative ultrasound at the left calcaneus in community-dwelling subjects with a low calcium intake. The VDRBsmI polymorphism was analysed in 335 women older than 65 years residing in rural Asan, Korea. Calcium intake was assessed with a 2 d, 24 h recall method. The distribution of genotypes was similar to that reported in other Asian populations (92 % bb, 7 % Bb and 1 % BB). The calcaneal BUA was significantly higher (P = 0·013) in the bb genotype than in the Bb or BB genotype (Bb and BB genotypes were combined due to the small number of BB subjects) in a multiple regression model after adjusting for age, body weight, height, physical activity and nutritional factors. BUA was not significantly affected by the calcium intake regardless of the genotype, cross-sectionally. The energy-adjusted average calcium intake of this population was 439·6 mg/d (432·5 mg/d for bb and 522·3 mg/d for Bb or BB), and 96 % of the subjects had dietary intakes that were less than the recommended Dietary Reference Intake for Koreans (which for calcium is 800 mg/d for women older than 65 years). In summary, the BUA in older Korean women with a low calcium intake was significantly influenced by the VDR genotype but not by the calcium intake, cross-sectionally.
Quantifying the contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose production in fasted human subjects using stable isotopes
Authors: Landau Bernard R.
Published: June 2007

The contribution of gluconeogenesis to glucose production is estimated from the enrichment of the H bound to C-5 of glucose relative to either that bound to C-2 of glucose or the enrichment in body water on ingesting2H2O in the fasted state. Contributions of all gluconeogenic substrates are included in the estimate and the limitation of an uncertain precursor enrichment removed. The half-life of2H2O in body water precludes a repeat study for many weeks. Glycogen cycling could result in underestimation, but there is evidence that glycogen cycling does not occur in liver in the fasted state. Gluconeogenesis has been estimated by mass-isotopomer-distribution analyses, usually by administering13C-labelled glycerol. Underestimates emphasize the major limitation of the method, i.e. the need to assume a single enrichment of the precursor pool. Estimates of gluconeogenesis from isotopomer distribution in arterial-blood glucose and lactate on infusing [U-13C6] glucose are unreliable, as a proportion of the glucose is formed from glycerol and from amino acids not converted to glucose via pyruvate. Loss of label in the Krebs cycle and relying on enrichment of arterial-blood lactate as a measure of hepatic pyruvate further add to the uncertainty. Estimates of the rate of gluconeogenesis by NMR are obtained by subtraction of the rate of glycogenolysis determined by NMR from the rate of glucose production. Estimates are then the mean rate for the period over which glycogen contents are measured. Technical considerations can limit the accuracy of analyses and result in overestimates.
Determination of activity of antioxidants in human subjects
Authors: Duthie Garry G.
Published: June 2007

Evidence from biochemical and animal models suggests that nutritional antioxidants should inhibit the development of diseases such as CHD and certain cancers. This evidence is not clearly corroborated by intervention studies in human subjects, due, in part, to inadequacies in current analytical methodologies. Althoughin vitroassays can give useful information on the attributes required by a compound to act as an antioxidant, results may have little nutritional relevance due to limited bioavailability. The determination of antioxidants in blood is often used as a measure of antioxidant statusin vivo, but may not necessarily reflect concentrations in target tissues where oxidative stress is greatest. In addition, the accumulation of antioxidants in selective tissues may not be apparent from plasma measurements. Participation in quality-control schemes for antioxidant determination by HPLC allows inter-laboratory comparison of results. Moderation of indices of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA can provide information on the effectiveness of compounds as nutritional antioxidants. However, most current methods of assessing oxidative stress are subject to confounding factors of non-oxidative origin. Assays for total antioxidant capacity in plasma differ in their type of oxidation source, target and measurement used to detect the oxidized product. They give different results, should never be used in isolation, and results should be interpreted with caution. Until more is known about the activity and metabolic fate of antioxidants, caution should be exercised in the consumption of large amounts of commercially-available antioxidant preparations.
AdviserNet and Adviceguide
Authors: Storey Paulette
Published: June 2007

This article by Paulette Storey describes the sources of information produced by the central Information Department of Citizens Advice. They are available to advisers, many of them volunteers, working in the various local bureaux across the country and dealing face-to-face and on the phone, with a huge variety of enquiries. Paulette explains how the databases are structured, their content and how the information within them is written and obtained.
A Checklist When Considering Consolidation of Subscriptions
Authors: Mullan James , Ireland Claire
Published: June 2007

In the latest article in our Checklist series, James Mullan and Claire Ireland of CMS Cameron McKenna provide an extremely practical and useful guide to the process of moving the administration of all aspects, including circulation systems, of the acquisition of journals, loose-leafs and other periodical publications to a subscription agent. They consider the advantages and disadvantages and point out potential pitfalls.