bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B viral DNA is methylated in liver tissues
Authors: Vivekanandan P. , Thomas D. , Torbenson M.
Published: August 2007

Summary.  The mechanisms that regulate hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication within the liver are poorly understood. Given that methylation of CpG islands regulates gene expression in human tissues, we sought to identify CpG islands in HBV‐DNA and to determine if they are methylated in human tissues. In silico analysis demonstrated three CpG islands in HBV genotype A sequences, two of which were of particular interest because of their proximity to the HBV surface gene start codon (island 1) and to the enhancer 1/X gene promoter region (island 2). Human sera with intact virions that were largely unmethylated were used to transfect HepG2 cells and HBV‐DNA became partially methylated at both islands 1 and 2 by day 6 following exposure of HepG2 to virus. Examination of three additional human sera and 10 liver tissues showed no methylation in sera but tissues showed methylation of island 1 in six of 10 cases and of island 2 in five of 10 cases. The cell line Hep3B, with integrated HBV, showed complete methylation of island 1 but no methylation of island 2. In conclusion, HBV‐DNA can be methylated in human tissues and methylation may play an important role in regulation of HBV gene expression.
Statistical analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism data: a toolbox for molecular ecologists and evolutionists
Authors: Bonin A. , Ehrich D. , Manel S.
Published: August 2007

Recently, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique has gained a lot of popularity, and is now frequently applied to a wide variety of organisms. Technical specificities of the AFLP procedure have been well documented over the years, but there is on the contrary little or scattered information about the statistical analysis of AFLPs. In this review, we describe the various methods available to handle AFLP data, focusing on four research topics at the population or individual level of analysis: (i) assessment of genetic diversity; (ii) identification of population structure; (iii) identification of hybrid individuals; and (iv) detection of markers associated with phenotypes. Two kinds of analysis methods can be distinguished, depending on whether they are based on the direct study of band presences or absences in AFLP profiles (‘band‐based’ methods), or on allelic frequencies estimated at each locus from these profiles (‘allele frequency‐based’ methods). We investigate the characteristics and limitations of these statistical tools; finally, we appeal for a wider adoption of methodologies borrowed from other research fields, like for example those especially designed to deal with binary data.
Multiple paternity and kin recognition mechanisms in a guppy population
Authors: HAIN TIMOTHY J. A. , NEFF BRYAN D.
Published: August 2007

Help directed toward kin (nepotism) is an important example of social behaviour. Such helping behaviour requires a mechanism to distinguish kin from nonkin. The prevailing kin recognition hypothesis is that when familiarity is a reliable cue of relatedness, other mechanisms of recognition will not evolve. However, when familiarity is an unreliable cue of relatedness, kin recognition by phenotype matching is instead predicted to evolve. Here we use genetic markers to show that guppies (Poecilia reticulata) from a population in a tributary of the Paria River in Trinidad are characterized by a high degree of multiple mating with 95% of broods having more than one sire and some dams having offspring sired by six males. These levels of multiple mating are the highest reported among live‐bearing fishes. The mean relatedness of brood‐mates was 0.36 (as compared to 0.5 for full‐siblings). Therefore, familiarity does not seem to be a reliable mechanism to assess full‐sibling relatedness. Using two‐choice behavioural trials, we found that juveniles from this population use both phenotype matching and familiarity to distinguish kin from nonkin. However, we did not find strong evidence that the guppies use these mechanisms to form shoals of related individuals as adults, which is similar to results from other guppy populations in Trinidad. The use of both familiarity and phenotype matching is discussed in the context of the Paria River guppy population's mating system and ecology. Overall, these data provide support for the kin recognition hypothesis and increase our understanding of the evolution of kin recognition systems.
Historical and biological determinants of genetic diversity in the highly endemic triploid sea lavender Limonium dufourii (Plumbaginaceae)
Authors: PALOP‐ESTEBAN M. , SEGARRA‐MORAGUES J. G. , GONZÁLEZ‐CANDELAS F.
Published: August 2007

Microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population genetic structure in the critically endangered Limonium dufourii (Plumbaginaceae), a highly endemic triploid species from the coasts of eastern Spain. Sixty‐five alleles from 13 microsatellite regions were amplified in a sample of 122 individuals collected from the six extant populations. Microsatellite patterns were consistent with the triploid nature of L. dufourii. Alleles were unambiguously assigned to two different parental subgenomes in this hybrid species and the greater contribution of the diploid parental subgenome was confirmed. Eleven, 25 and 26 multilocus genotypes were recorded from the haploid, diploid and from the combined information of both subgenomes, respectively. Genetic diversity was mostly distributed among populations (72.06% of the total genetic variation). Genotypes from Marjal del Moro populations grouped into two highly structured clusters (88.41% of the total variance). The observed patterns of distribution of genetic diversity are interpreted to result from multiple hybridization events and isolation between populations. Threats to this species are mainly anthropogenic (urbanization and tourism pressure), although stochastic risks cannot be ignored. Therefore, in order to preserve extant genetic variation of L. dufourii, in situ strategies such as the preservation of its habitat are a high priority. Several recommendations in order to assist ex situ measures to guarantee the success of conservation strategies and maintain the relationships between individuals and populations are proposed.
Molecular ecology of global change
Authors: REUSCH THORSTEN B. H. , WOOD TROY E.
Published: August 2007

Global environmental change is altering the selection regime for all biota. The key selective factors are altered mean, variance and seasonality of climatic variables and increase in CO2 concentration itself. We review recent studies that document rapid evolution to global climate change at the phenotypic and genetic level, as a response to shifts in these factors. Among the traits that have changed are photoperiod responses, stress tolerance and traits associated with enhanced dispersal. The genetic basis of two traits with a critical role under climate change, stress tolerance and photoperiod behaviour, is beginning to be understood for model organisms, providing a starting point for candidate gene approaches in targeted nonmodel species. Most studies that have documented evolutionary change are correlative, while selection experiments that manipulate relevant variables are rare. The latter are particularly valuable for prediction because they provide insight into heritable change to simulated future conditions. An important gap is that experimental selection regimes have mostly been testing one variable at a time, while synergistic interactions are likely under global change. The expanding toolbox available to molecular ecologists holds great promise for identifying the genetic basis of many more traits relevant to fitness under global change. Such knowledge, in turn, will significantly advance predictions on global change effects because presence and polymorphism of critical genes can be directly assessed. Moreover, knowledge of the genetic architecture of trait correlations will provide the necessary framework for understanding limits to phenotypic evolution; in particular as lack of critical gene polymorphism or entire pathways, metabolic costs of tolerance and linkage or pleiotropy causing negative trait correlations. Synergism among stressor impacts on organismal function may be causally related to conflict among transcriptomic syndromes specific to stressor types. Because adaptation to changing environment is always contingent upon the spatial distribution of genetic variation, high‐resolution estimates of gene flow and hybridization should be used to inform predictions of evolutionary rates.
The cysteine bond in the Escherichia coli FimH adhesin is critical for adhesion under flow conditions
Authors: Nilsson Lina M. , Yakovenko Olga , Tchesnokova Veronika , Thomas Wendy E. , Schembri Mark A. , Vogel Viola , Klemm Per , Sokurenko Evgeni V.
Published: August 2007

Cysteine bonds are found near the ligand‐binding sites of a wide range of microbial adhesive proteins, including the FimH adhesin of Escherichia coli. We show here that removal of the cysteine bond in the mannose‐binding domain of FimH did not affect FimH–mannose binding under static or low shear conditions (≤ 0.2 dyne cm−2). However, the adhesion level was substantially decreased under increased fluid flow. Under intermediate shear (2 dynes cm−2), the ON‐rate of bacterial attachment was significantly decreased for disulphide‐free mutants. Molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that the lower ON‐rate of cysteine bond‐free FimH could be due to destabilization of the mannose‐free binding pocket of FimH. In contrast, mutant and wild‐type FimH had similar conformation when bound to mannose, explaining their similar binding strength to mannose under intermediate shear. The stabilizing effect of mannose on disulphide‐free FimH was also confirmed by protection of the FimH from thermal and chemical inactivation in the presence of mannose. However, this stabilizing effect could not protect the integrity of FimH structure under high shear (> 20 dynes cm−2), where lack of the disulphide significantly increased adhesion OFF‐rates. Thus, the cysteine bonds in bacterial adhesins could be adapted to enable bacteria to bind target surfaces under increased shear conditions.
The detection of the very low amplitude 16.2-min pulsation in individual lines of first ionization stage of rare earth elements in the roAp star β CrB
Authors: Kurtz D. W. , Elkin V. G. , Mathys G.
Published: August 2007

With high precision spectroscopic data obtained with Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) we detect radial velocity pulsation with a period of 16.2 min and with amplitudes of about 30 m s−1 in individual lines of the first ionization stage of rare earth elements, and in Hα, with typical precision in the range 2–8 m s−1 for a single line, and better than 1 m s−1 for some ensembles of lines. The second ionization stages of rare earth elements show weak or no detectable pulsation, while lines of Fe i or Fe ii show no signal at high precision. An abundance analysis shows the rare earth elements to be overabundant by about 1 dex, rather than the 2–3 dex often seen in other rapidly oscillating Ap (roAp) stars, and it shows the presence of the ionization disequilibrium for Nd and Pr that is typical of most roAp stars. The pulsational radial velocity curve reaches maximum for the lines of the rare earth elements before it does for Hα which is opposite to the case for most other roAp stars with implications for the stratification level of the rare earth elements. Similarities between β CrB and the longest period roAp star, HD 116114, suggest that many more low-amplitude roAp stars await detection, with implications for understanding the pulsation driving mechanism and mode selection mechanism in these stars.
α2‐Adrenoceptors couple to inhibition of R‐type calcium currents in myenteric neurons
Authors: Bian X. , Galligan J. J.
Published: August 2007

Abstract  α2‐Adrenoceptors inhibit Ca2+ influx through voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels throughout the nervous system and Ca2+ channel function is modulated following activation of some G‐protein coupled receptors. We studied the specific Ca2+ channel inhibited following α2‐adrenoceptor activation in guinea‐pig small intestinal myenteric neurons. Ca2+ currents (ICa2+) were studied using whole‐cell patch‐clamp techniques. Changes in intracellular Ca2+ (Δ[Ca2+]i) in nerve cell bodies and varicosities were studied using digital imaging where Ca2+ influx was evoked by KCl (60 mmol L−1) depolarization. The α2‐adrenoceptor agonist, UK 14 304 (0.01–1 μmol L−1) inhibited ICa2+ and Δ[Ca2+]i; maximum inhibition of ICa2+ was 40%. UK 14 304 did not affect ICa2+ in the presence of SNX‐482 or NiCl2 (R‐type Ca2+ channel antagonists). UK 14 304 inhibited ICa2+ in the presence of nifedipine, ω‐agatoxin IVA or ω‐conotoxin, inhibitors of L‐, P/Q‐ and N‐type Ca2+ channels. UK 14 304 induced inhibition of ICa2+ was blocked by pertussis toxin pretreatment (1 μg mL−1 for 2 h). α2‐Adrenoceptors couple to inhibition of R‐type Ca2+ channels via a pertussis toxin‐sensitive pathway in myenteric neurons. R‐type channels may be a target for the inhibitory actions of noradrenaline released from sympathetic nerves on to myenteric neurons.
Depositional environments in an extensive tide‐influenced delta plain, Middle Devonian Gauja Formation, Devonian Baltic Basin
Authors: PONTÉN ANNA , PLINK‐BJÖRKLUND PIRET
Published: August 2007

The Middle Devonian Gauja Formation in the Devonian Baltic Basin preserves tide‐influenced delta plain and delta front deposits associated with a large southward prograding delta complex. The outcrops extend over 250 km from southern Estonia to southern Lithuania. The succession can be divided into 10 facies associations recording distributary channel belts that became progressively more tide influenced when traced southwards towards the palaeo‐shoreline, separated by muddy intra‐channel areas where deposition was characterized by crevasse splays, delta plain lakes, abandoned channel deposits and tidal gullies. Tidal currents influenced deposition over the entire delta plain, extending up to 250 km from the contemporary shoreline. Tidal facies on the upper delta plain differ from those on the lower delta plain and delta front. In the former case, deposition from river currents was only occasionally interrupted by tidal currents, e.g. during spring tides, resulting in mica and mudstone drapes, and distinctive graded cross‐stratification. The lower delta plain was dominated by tidal facies and tidal currents regularly influenced deposition. There was a change from progradation to aggradation from the lower to the upper part of the Gauja Formation coupled with a vertical decrease in tidal influence and a decrease in coarse‐grained sediment input. The Gauja Formation contrasts with established models for tide‐influenced deltas as the active delta plain was not restricted by topography. The shape of the delta plain, the predominant southward (basinward)‐directed palaeocurrents, and the thick sandstone succession, show that although tidal currents strongly influenced deposition at bed scale, rivers still controlled the overall morphology of the delta and the larger‐scale bedforms. In addition, there are no signs of wave influence, indicating very low wave energy in the basin. The widespread tidal influence in the Devonian Baltic Basin is explained by changes in the wider basin geometry and by local bathymetrical differences in the basin during progradation and aggradation of the delta plain, with changes in tidal efficiency accompanying the change in basin geometry produced by shoreline progradation.
Geodynamic impact on the stable isotope signatures in a shallow epicontinental sea
Authors: Harzhauser Mathias , Piller Werner E. , Latal Christine
Published: August 2007

Analyses were made of a mollusc‐based meta dataset of 859 δ13C and δ18O data of Miocene nearshore settings in the European Paratethys Sea and its descendant Lake Pannon. The observed trends document a strong tie to geodynamics, which are largely decoupled from Miocene open ocean isotope curves. Semi‐ to fully enclosed, initially marine water bodies such as the Paratethys Sea are prone to switching seawater isotope signatures because they respond rapidly to changes in the evaporation/precipitation ratio. Two phases of positive deviations of oxygen isotope values of water (relative to the modern ocean value, SMOW) occurred during the Middle Miocene; both were initiated by tectonic constrictions of the seaways and became amplified by global warming and regionally decreasing precipitation. With the final disintegration of the Paratethys, the marine isotope signatures vanish. Instead, the observed isotope trends suggest a comparably simple system of an alkaline lake with steadily declining salinity. The ‘ocean‐derived’ Paratethys Sea may thus act as a key for understanding isotope trends in epicontinental seas.
TECHNICAL ADVANCE: EVE (external variance estimation) increases statistical power for detecting differentially expressed genes
Authors: Wille Anja , Gruissem Wilhelm , Bühlmann Peter , Hennig Lars
Published: August 2007

Accurately identifying differentially expressed genes from microarray data is not a trivial task, partly because of poor variance estimates of gene expression signals. Here, after analyzing 380 replicated microarray experiments, we found that probesets have typical, distinct variances that can be estimated based on a large number of microarray experiments. These probeset‐specific variances depend at least in part on the function of the probed gene: genes for ribosomal or structural proteins often have a small variance, while genes implicated in stress responses often have large variances. We used these variance estimates to develop a statistical test for differentially expressed genes called EVE (external variance estimation). The EVE algorithm performs better than the t‐test and LIMMA on some real‐world data, where external information from appropriate databases is available. Thus, EVE helps to maximize the information gained from a typical microarray experiment. Nonetheless, only a large number of replicates will guarantee to identify nearly all truly differentially expressed genes. However, our simulation studies suggest that even limited numbers of replicates will usually result in good coverage of strongly differentially expressed genes.
Vitamin D serum levels and allergic rhinitis
Authors: Wjst M. , Hyppönen E.
Published: August 2007

In addition to its role in the regulation of calcium metabolism, vitamin D has a number of immunological effects. Several studies in children found an effect of oral supplementation on allergic sensitization but so far there are no population‐based studies of vitamin D serum levels. We therefore examined 25(OH)‐D3 status in 18 224 adults of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. There was no effect on sensitization to a single allergen while the prevalence of allergic rhinitis increased across quartile groups of current vitamin D serum levels. The association could be due to unrecognized confounding, however, could also point towards an altered metabolism or an increased sensitivity to vitamin D in allergic patients.
Prevalence of allergy, patterns of allergic sensitization and allergy risk factors in rural and urban children
Authors: Majkowska–Wojciechowska B. , Pełka J. , Korzon L. , Kozłowska A. , Kaczała M. , Jarzębska M. , Gwardys T. , Kowalski M. L.
Published: August 2007

Background:  We aimed to compare the prevalence of allergic diseases and sensitization in children living in urban and rural areas and to identify potential risk/protection factors associated with allergy.

Methods:  School children 12–16 years old, from urban community (n = 201) and rural area (n = 203) were recruited. The data obtained by questionnaire were referred to doctors’ diagnosis, skin prick tests (SPTs), and serum specific and total IgE assessment.

Results:  The prevalence of allergic diseases in urban children was significantly higher as compared with rural children [asthma 16.42%vs 1.97% (P < 0.001) allergic rhinitis 38.81%vs 10.84% (P < 0.001)]. Positive SPTs to at least one allergen was found in 63.7% of urban and 22.7% rural children (P < 0.001). Significantly higher percentage of allergic rural than urban children were monosensitized or sensitized to 2–4 allergens, but almost a fourfold higher percentage of allergic urban children was found to be sensitized to five or more allergens (P < 0.0001). The history of frequent upper respiratory factor (URT) infections, antibiotic therapy, tonsiltectomy/adenoidectomy were positively associated with development of atopy and sensitization.

Conclusion:  Our findings confirm that residence of rural area is associated with a significant lower prevalence of allergic sensitization and symptoms in school children. Several risk and protective factors related to environment and style of life could be identified in both environments.
Long‐term safety of fluticasone furoate nasal spray in adults and adolescents with perennial allergic rhinitis
Authors: Rosenblut A. , Bardin P. G. , Muller B. , Faris M. A. , Wu W. W. , Caldwell M. F. , Fokkens W. J.
Published: August 2007

Background:  Fluticasone furoate is a novel‐enhanced affinity glucocorticoid and its long‐term safety must be assessed. This study was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of 12‐month intranasal administration of fluticasone furoate in adult and adolescent patients with perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR).

Methods:  In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study, 806 patients with PAR were randomized to once daily (od) fluticasone furoate nasal spray 110 μg (n = 605) or vehicle placebo nasal spray (n = 201) for 12 months, following a 7‐ to 14‐day screening period. Safety was assessed by monitoring adverse events (AEs), 24‐h urinary cortisol excretion, nasal and ophthalmic examinations, electrocardiograms and clinical laboratory tests. Plasma concentrations of fluticasone furoate were determined from blood samples.

Results:  Fluticasone furoate was well tolerated. The incidence of most AEs was similar to that observed with placebo, with the exception of epistaxis, which was more frequently reported on active treatment. There were no clinically meaningful differences between fluticasone furoate and placebo in terms of safety assessments, including mean changes in ophthalmic parameters and 24‐h urine cortisol excretion. Plasma concentrations of fluticasone furoate were not quantifiable in the majority of patients following intranasal administration.

Conclusions:  Long‐term (12‐month) administration of fluticasone furoate 110 μg od revealed an AE profile typical of the intranasal corticosteroid class in both adult and adolescent patients with PAR, with no evidence of clinically relevant systemic corticosteroid exposure.
Once daily fluticasone furoate nasal spray is effective in seasonal allergic rhinitis caused by grass pollen
Authors: Fokkens W. J. , Jogi R. , Reinartz S. , Sidorenko I. , Sitkauskiene B. , Van Oene C. , Faris M. A. , Ellsworth A. , Caldwell M. F.
Published: August 2007

Background:  Fluticasone furoate is a new enhanced‐affinity glucocorticoid with a unique combination of pharmacodynamic and physicochemical properties suitable for topical activity.

Methods:  In this multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group study, patients [adults and adolescents ≥12 years of age with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR)] received once‐daily (od) treatment for 2 weeks with either fluticasone furoate nasal spray 110 μg (n = 141) or placebo nasal spray (n = 144) administered in a unique, side‐actuated device. Efficacy measures included total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and total ocular symptom score (TOSS). Patients also reported their overall response to therapy and rated their quality of life using the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ).

Results:  Fluticasone furoate significantly improved the mean change from baseline in daily reflective TNSS compared with placebo (treatment difference of −1.757; P < 0.001). Fluticasone furoate was also significantly more effective in improving the morning predose instantaneous TNSS (treatment difference of −1.898; P < 0.001) and daily reflective TOSS (treatment difference of −0.741; P = 0.001). A significant treatment effect was observed as early as day 1. Compared with placebo‐treated patients, fluticasone furoate‐treated patients showed significantly greater improvements in overall evaluation of response to therapy (P < 0.001), as well as in overall RQLQ score (P < 0.001). Fluticasone furoate was well tolerated.

Conclusion:  Fluticasone furoate nasal spray 110 μg od was effective in improving the nasal symptoms of SAR. It also produced significant improvements in ocular symptoms.
Characterization of mouse CD229 (Ly9), a leukocyte cell surface molecule of the CD150 (SLAM) family
Authors: Sintes J. , Vidal‐Laliena M. , Romero X. , Tovar V. , Engel P.
Published: August 2007

Mouse CD229 (Ly9) is a cell surface molecule of the CD150 (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule) family. This family consists of nine leukocyte receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily that are involved in leukocyte activation. CD229 binds to SAP, a protein encoded by the gene for X‐linked lymphoproliferative disease. In this study, mouse CD229 expression was assessed with a new CD229‐specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) (Ly9.ab3), raised using CD229‐transfected cells. CD229 was expressed on Sca‐1+c‐kit+Lin− hematopoietic stem cells, and this expression increased during lymphocyte maturation. Virtually, all T and B cells expressed high levels of CD229. CD229 was absent on granulocytes, bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells, platelets, and red blood cells (RBCs). However, it was expressed at significant levels on monocytes, indicating that it is also expressed on mouse myeloid cells. We also show that natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and B1 cells express very high levels of this molecule. In vitro functional experiments showed that ligation of CD229 inhibited the expression of the activation markers CD69 and CD25 on T lymphocytes in response to anti‐CD3 stimulation. Moreover, this reduced activation was concurrent with a reduction in cytokine production. Our results show that CD229 is a pan‐lymphocyte marker and indicate that mAbs against CD229 are able to down‐modulate T‐cell activation.
Sequence analysis of the novel HLA‐B35 (B*3576) allele in an African individual
Authors: Aubert V. , Mayerat C. , Lopez N. , Pantaleo G.
Published: August 2007

A novel human leucocyte antigen (HLA)‐B35 (HLA‐B*3576) allele has been described in an African individual by polymerase chain reaction sequence‐based typing. This new allele contains six nucleotide substitutions and is homologous to B*3501 with the exception of residues 66–74 resulting in five amino acid mutations.
Tracking of blood pressure and its impact on graft function in pediatric renal transplant patients
Authors: Silverstein Douglas M. , LeBlanc Pamela , Hempe James M. , Ramcharan Thiagarajan , Boudreaux J. Philip
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  We studied tracking of BP and its impact on GFR in 44 PRTP followed for 56 months. Three months PT 77% had elevated SBP percentile. First year SBP and DBP correlated positively with final values (p < 0.0001, 0.0002, respectively). Pretransplant and three month PT SBP correlated positively (p = 0.02). At one yr, SBP and DBP were inversely associated with GFR (p = 0.002, p < 0.0001, respectively). SBP and BMI were positively associated at all time points. DBP was significantly higher in deceased recipients throughout the study period. Final DBP was higher (p = 0.03) and GFR lower (p = 0.04) in African‐American patients. Patients with end‐stage renal disease caused by glomerular disease had higher SBP (p = 0.03) and DBP (p = 0.04) than those with congenital malformations. GFR at one‐yr PT (p = 0.02) and end of study (p = 0.003) was significantly lower in patients with high BP. Moreover, patients who maintained a normal systolic BP throughout the study had a significantly higher final GFR than those who were hypertensive at both time points [84 (normal BP throughout) vs. 52 mL/min/1.73 m2 (high BP throughout), p = 0.02]. We conclude that PT hypertension is common in PRTP and predicts lower GFR.
Improved detection of acute parvovirus B19 infection by immunoglobulin M EIA in combination with a novel antigen EIA
Authors: Corcoran A. , Kerr S. , Elliott G. , Koppelman M. , Doyle S.
Published: August 2007

Background and Objectives  Although parvovirus B19 is a significant blood product contaminant, few methods other than polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed to detect the presence of the virus.

Material and Methods  A B19 antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed and the sensitivity of detection is ascertained using dilutions of the B19 capsid protein VP2 and 10‐fold dilutions of B19 viraemic serum. Once the assay cut‐off was established, a panel of viraemic donations (n = 70) was screened by the antigen EIA. The B19 immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG status of these specimens was also determined. During screening of blood donor units by quantitative PCR, 70 individuals were identified with levels of B19 DNA greater than 106 IU/ml at the time of blood donation.

Results  The sensitivity of the B19 antigen EIA was estimated to be equivalent to between 108 and 109 IU/ml B19 DNA or 1–10 pg/ml of recombinant capsid protein. B19 detection was significantly enhanced when viraemic specimens were pretreated with a low pH proprietary reagent. Unlike other virus‐detection assays, detection of the B19 antigen was not affected by the presence of B19 IgM or IgG antibodies. In addition, the assay was capable of detecting all three genotypes of human erythrovirus. Combined specimen analysis by the B19 antigen assay and a B19 IgM assay facilitated the detection of 91% of acute B19 infections in the test population.

Conclusion  In combination with B19 IgM detection, application of the B19 antigen EIA is a flexible and efficient method of detecting recent B19 infection and can be used as an alternative to PCR.
Functions of red cell surface proteins
Authors: Daniels G.
Published: August 2007

The external membrane of the red cell contains numerous proteins that either cross the lipid bilayer one or more times or are anchored to it through a lipid tail. Many of these proteins express blood group activity. The functions of some of these proteins are known; in others their function can only be surmised from the protein structure or from limited experimental evidence. They are loosely divided into four categories based on their functions: membrane transporters; adhesion molecules and receptors; enzymes; and structural proteins that link the membrane with the membrane skeleton. Some of the proteins carry out more than one of these functions. Some proteins may complete their major functions during erythropoiesis or may only be important under adverse physiological conditions. Furthermore, some might be evolutionary relics and may no longer have significant functions. Polymorphisms or rare changes in red cell surface proteins are often responsible for blood groups. The biological significance of these polymorphisms or the selective pressures responsible for their stability within populations are mostly not known, although exploitation of the proteins by pathogenic micro‐organisms has probably played a major role.
Epidemiology of tinea capitis in Europe: current state and changing patterns
Authors: Ginter‐Hanselmayer Gabriele , Weger Wolfgang , Ilkit Marcit , Smolle Josef
Published: August 2007

Tinea capitis (scalp ringworm) is the most common dermatophyte infection of the scalp affecting mainly children and rarely adults. The epidemiology of tinea capitis varies within different geographical areas throughout the world. It may occur sporadically or epidemically and an increase in its incidence has been noted over the last few decades. The aim of the study is to obtain a general overview of the current state and changing pattern of tinea capitis in Europe. According to the literature, there has been a significant increase in the incidence of tinea capitis and a change in the pattern of infectious agents in particular. Microsporum canis, a zoophilic dermatophyte, is still the most common reported causative agent of tinea capitis in Europe. The countries reporting the highest incidence of M. canis infections are mainly in the Mediterranean but also bordering countries like Austria, Hungary, Germany and Poland. Besides the increase in Microsporum‐induced tinea capitis, there is a shift towards anthrophilic tinea capitis mainly in urban areas in Europe. The largest overall increase with anthropophilic dermatophytes has been noted with Trichophyton tonsurans mainly in the UK and with Trichophyton soudanense and Microsporum audouinii in France. The occurrence of anthropophilic infections seems to be geographically restricted and is possibly linked to the immigration from African countries. Children (aged 3–7 years with no predilection of gender) remain the most commonly affected, but recently an increase of tinea capitis has been observed in adults and in the elderly. The results of the study clearly demonstrate the importance of diagnosing and proper treatment of mycotic scalp infection in the Europe. If not diagnosed and treated properly, its prevalence might reach epidemic proportions in the near future. Therefore, an increased level of surveillance (screening in schools), and a highly effective interdisciplinary cooperation among general practitioners, mycologists, veterinarians and dermatologists are strongly recommended.
Tinea faciei incognito due to Trichophyton rubrum as a result of autoinoculation from onychomycosis
Authors: Nenoff Pietro , Mügge Claudia , Herrmann Jürgen , Keller Ulrike
Published: August 2007

The localisation of a dermatophytosis on the face is rare. Differential diagnoses include a broad range of dermatological disorders, e. g. contact dermatitis, psoriasis vulgaris, seborrhoeic dermatitis, demodicosis, and polymorphic photo eruptions. Two patients suffering from tinea faciei incognito caused by Trichophyton rubrum are presented. Diagnosis was based on mycological diagnostics of skin scrapings using Calcofluor preparation and cultivation of the causative dermatophyte. Both patients were suffering from tinea pedis and tinea unguium caused by the same dermatophyte species. An infection caused by Trichophyton rubrum of the face always occurs following autoinoculation from a pre‐existing tinea pedis and tinea unguium of feet and toenails, sometimes of the fingernails.
Widespread tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton rubrum with non‐typical cultural characteristics – diagnosis via PCR
Authors: Seyfarth Florian , Ziemer Mirjana , Gräser Yvonne , Elsner Peter , Hipler Uta‐Christina
Published: August 2007

From the epidemiological point of view, Trichophyton rubrum is the most important dermatophyte in the Western world. Mostly, the lesions of fungal infections of the skin are restricted and circumscribed. Immunodeficiency, diabetes or treatment with steroids, however, favour widespread disease involving the entire integument. In the present study, we describe a patient without immunodeficiency or diabetes presenting with widespread tinea corporis caused by T. rubrum. The fungal isolate showed atypical morphological features. Moreover, the typical metabolic features (negative urease test, production of red pigment on potato dextrose agar) were expressed with delay after 6 weeks of cultivation. Thus, sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA was applied to identify the fungal isolate and led us to the correct diagnosis, before conventional mycological methods were successful.
Analysis of protein, starch and oil content of single intact kernels by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Jiang H. Y. , Zhu Y. J. , Wei L. M. , Dai J. R. , Song T. M. , Yan Y. L. , Chen S. J.
Published: August 2007

Maize samples (n = 309) containing 3090 single intact kernels from a broad variety of breeding materials were scanned by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to develop non‐destructive determination calibrations for crude protein, starch and oil content in kernels. Calibration equations of single kernels were developed by partial least square regression (PLS). Regression parameters between the chemical values, determined by reference methods, and the predicted values, determined by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy, were verified by cross validation and external validation. It was found that embryo position had a significant influence on the effect of calibrations. Reliable calibrations were developed for the prediction of protein and starch contents with the embryo upwards, whereas the oil content required the embryo to be downwards. The cross validation and external validation coefficients for protein were 0.91 and 0.94, for starch 0.90 and 0.89 and for oil 0.94 and 0.95, respectively. The data suggested that NIRS could be successfully used in breeding programmes, as an accurate and non‐destructive tool to predict protein, starch and oil contents at the level of single kernels.
Development of STS markers and QTL validation for common bacterial blight resistance in common bean
Authors: Liu S. , Yu K. , Park S. J.
Published: August 2007

Common bacterial blight (CBB) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), is one of the major diseases that decrease yield and quality. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for CBB resistance from line XAN 159 was transferred into two bean lines, HR45 and HR67. Previous studies identified that two markers are linked to this QTL but the chromosome location was not consistent. To identify more tightly linked markers and to verify the chromosome location, 65 additional markers were mapped using 81 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross HR67 × OAC95‐4. The QTL was mapped to a 13 cM region on chromosome 1 and defined by eight molecular markers that explained 25–52% of the phenotypic variation. Six tightly linked amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (0.6–9.7 cM from the QTL peak) were converted into seven sequence tagged site markers, three of which were mapped to this QTL. Five tightly linked markers were used to screen 907 F2 plants derived from a cross HR45 × ‘OAC Rex’ and four of them were linked to each other within 4.2 cM. These markers may be useful in marker‐assisted selection and map‐based cloning of this major QTL.
Genetic linkage map construction and location of QTLs for fruit‐related traits in cucumber
Authors: Yuan X. J. , Li X. Z. , Pan J. S. , Wang G. , Jiang S. , Li X. H. , Deng S. L. , He H. L. , Si M. X. , Lai L. , Wu A. Z. , Zhu L. H. , Cai R.
Published: August 2007

A 173‐point genetic linkage map of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), consisting of 116 SRAPs, 33 RAPDs, 11 SSRs, 9 SCARs, 3 ISSRs, and 1 STS, was constructed using 130 F2 progeny derived from a narrow cross between line S94 (Northern China open‐field type) and line S06 (greenhouse European type). The seven linkage groups spanned 1016 cM with a mean marker interval of 5.9 cM. Using the F2 population and its F3 derived families, a total of 38 QTLs were detected on five linkage groups with an LOD threshold of 3.0 for nine fruit‐related traits: fruit weight, length, and diameter, fruit flesh thickness, seed‐cavity diameter, fruit‐stalk length, fruit pedicel length, length/diameter and length/stalk ratio. Of the identified QTLs, fsl4.3 for fruit‐stalk length explained the largest portion of phenotypic variation (r2 = ∼30%). Several QTLs were detected in the same linkage region in different generations and different seasons. Additionally, several QTLs for various fruit traits were mapped to the same or neighbouring marker intervals, suggesting they are possible character associations for controlling cucumber fruit development.
Inheritance of compact dwarf plant type in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: Dhanasekar P. , Pandey R. N. , Dhumal K. N.
Published: August 2007

A compact dwarf plant type TDT2004‐1 isolated from the progeny of a cross involving Cajanus cajan (cv. ‘C‐11’) and C. cajanifolia was investigated for its inheritance. Pigeonpea genotype TDT2004‐1 is semi‐determinate in growth habit; short (approximately 37 cm) with reduced internodal length (1.2 cm), a compact canopy and a high harvest index (40%), while genotype TT44‐4 is indeterminate in growth habit; tall (132 cm) with normal internodal length (2.3 cm), an open canopy and a low harvest index (28.9%). The inheritance study involving cross TT44‐4 × TDT2004‐1 showed that the compact dwarf plant type was governed by a single recessive gene. TDT2004‐1 could be utilized for improving the harvest index and also for restructuring the plant canopy in pigeonpea.
Mechanisms of Regulation of Litter Size in Pigs on the Genome Level
Authors: Distl O
Published: August 2007

Contents

Improvement in litter size has become of great interest in pig industry as good fecundity is directly related to a sow's productive life. Genetic regulation of litter size is complex and the main component traits so far defined are ovulation rate, embryonic survival, uterus capacity, foetal survival and pre‐weaning losses. Improvements using concepts of the quantitative genetics let expect only slow genetic progress due to its low heritability of approximately 0.09 for number of piglets born alive. Marker assisted selection allows to dissect litter size in its component traits and using molecular genetic markers for the components of litter size traits promises more progress and advantages in optimum balancing of the different physiological mechanisms influencing litter size. In this review, efforts being made to unravel the genetic determinants of litter size are accounted and discussed. For litter size traits, more than 50 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped and in more than 12 candidate genes associations confirmed. The number of useful candidate genes is much larger as shown by expression profiles and in addition, much more QTL can be assumed. These functional genomic approaches, both QTL mapping and candidate gene analysis, have to be merged for a better understanding of a wider application across different pig breeds and lines. Newly developed tools based on microarray techniques comprising DNA variants or expressed tags of many genes or even the whole genome appear useful for in depth understanding of the genetics of litter size in pigs.
Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by high fat diet
Authors: Kuzu Nalan , Bahcecioglu Ibrahim Halil , Dagli Adile Ferda , Ozercan Ibrahim Hanifi , Ustündag Bilal , Sahin Kazim
Published: August 2007

Background and Aim:  In the present study, we examined the preventive role of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in an experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis model induced by a high fat diet.

Methods:  The study included 21 male Sprague‐Dawley rats, which were equally divided into three groups. The first group was fed on a standard rat diet, the second group on a high fat diet (HFD), and the third group on a HFD + EGCG. The study concluded after 6 weeks. Histopathological examination was performed. Plasma and tissue MDA levels, glucose, insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride, and cholesterol levels were studied. Insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostasis model of insulin resistance method.

Results:  Steatosis, inflammation, ballooning degeneration, and necrosis increased significantly in the HFD group, compared to the control group (P < 0.01). Steatosis and inflammation decreased in the HFD + EGCG group, in comparison to the HFD group (P < 0.05, for each). There was a significant decline in ALT (P < 0.01), triglyceride (P < 0.01), insulin (P < 0.05), and glucose (P < 0.05) levels in the HFD + EGCG group, when compared to the HFD group. Plasma and liver MDA levels in the HFD + EGCG group were lower than those of the HFD group; the difference was significant (P < 0.01 for each). Glutathione levels in the HFD + EGCG group was significantly higher those in the HFD group. CYP 2E1 and α‐smooth muscle actin expression decreased in the HFD + EGCG group, in comparison to the HFD group (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusion:  EGCG reduces the development of experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high fat diet. It seems to exercise this effect through its effect on lipid metabolism and antioxidant characteristics.
RASSF1A expression inhibits the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma from Qidong County
Authors: Xue Wan‐Jiang , Li Chun , Zhou Xiao‐Jun , Guan Hong‐Geng , Qin Lei , Li Peng , Wang Zhi‐Wei , Qian Hai‐Xin
Published: August 2007

Background and Aim:  The tumor‐suppressing role of Ras‐association domain family 1A (RASSF1A) has been described in several systems. In this study, we tested its tumor‐suppressing ability and the potential molecular mechanisms in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from Qidong County.

Methods:  Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting were employed to detect the expression of RASSF1A in HCC. After establishing stable RASSF1A (wild type or mutant) expressing ‘qi dong gan ai yan jiu suo’ ([Qidong Institute of Liver Cancer] QGY)‐7703 cell lines, we tested the effects of RASSF1A expression on cell growth by cell proliferation rate, cell colony formation, and cell cycle progression. We also tested the effects of RASSF1A expression on tumorigenesis in nude mice and on cellular sensitivity to mitomycin treatment.

Results:  The RASSF1A transcript was not found in 75% (three of four) of HCC cell lines and 67% (32/48) of HCC primary biopsies. The stepwise regression analyses indicated that the loss of RASSF1A expression was more frequent in patients who were hepatitis B virus surface antigen positive (HBsAg+) compared to those who were HBsAg(−), both in tumor and corresponding non‐cancerous tissues. The wild‐type (wt)‐RASSF1A expression in the QGY‐7703 cell line resulted in fewer and smaller clones, decreased xenograft tumor volume and weight, and G1/S arrest in vitro and in vivo. The wt‐RASSF1A expression also decreased the cyclin D1 protein expression, which appeared to be at the level of post‐transcriptional control. In addition, the wt‐RASSF1A expression increased cell growth inhibition and the percentage of cells with sub‐G1 DNA content when the cells were treated with mitomycin.

Conclusion:  RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor in HCC. The loss of RASSF1A expression may be related to HBsAg+ in hepatocarcinogenesis. Its inactivation may play an important role in the development of HCC.