bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Review article: Maxillofacial emergencies: Dentoalveolar and temporomandibular joint trauma
Authors: DeAngelis Adrian F , Barrowman Roland A , Harrod Richard , Nastri Alf L
Published: July 2014

Dentoalveolar trauma and dislocations of the temporomandibular joint are common reasons for patients to present to EDs in Australia. The majority of medical practitioners receive very little formal training in the management of these injuries and might not have ready access to dental services out of hours for advice. This article focuses on the emergency assessment, triage and non‐specialist management of dentoalveolar trauma and injuries to the temporomandibular joint.
Extended longevity and robust early‐stage development of Caenorhabditis elegans by a soil microbe, Lysinibacillus sphaericus
Authors: Go Junhyeok , Lee Kang‐Mu , Park Yongjin , Yoon Sang Sun
Published: July 2014

Caenorhabditis elegans, originally isolated from soil, is a nematode used in various fields of biological research including host–microbe interaction. While bacterial pathogens responsible for human infections have been actively studied in C. elegans, very few bacterial species that provide beneficial effects on C. elegans have been reported. Here, we tested several bacterial soil isolates and then characterized the effects of Lysinibacillus sphaericus on C. elegans growth‐related phenotypes. Worms fed with L. sphaericus lived significantly longer than those growing with typical Escherichia coli OP50. Early‐ and juvenile‐stage growth was also highly stimulated by L. sphaericus; body size at 28 h post‐hatching was > 2 times larger than OP50‐fed worms and L. sphaericus‐fed worms moved through the larval stage development more rapidly than control worms. In addition, significantly elevated fertilization was observed in worms fed with L. sphaericus (∼ 8 h faster than the control group). Furthermore, growth with L. sphaericus resulted in the production of larger numbers of progeny than the control growth with OP50. Worms grown with L. sphaericus were highly resistant to oxidative, osmotic and infection stresses. Together, our results reveal a novel mode of growth that involves healthy ageing of nematodes.
agTrend: A Bayesian approach for estimating trends of aggregated abundance
Authors: Johnson Devin S. , Fritz Lowell
Published: July 2014

We describe a method and open source R package agTrend for analysing regional trends of abundance from sites with uneven sample schedules over space and time.

The method uses a hierarchical model to augment missing abundance measurements, while accounting for survey methodology changes and variability due to survey replication. A zero‐inflated log‐normal distribution is used to model abundance (normalized for methodology changes) and a log‐normal distribution to model the observed abundance conditional on the true normalized abundance.

The proposed method and software are demonstrated with an analysis of regional abundance index trends of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in Alaska.

The package will be of most use to ecologists and resource managers interested in estimating regional trends of abundance surveys aggregated over several sites when sites have not been surveyed at concurrent times and hence regional abundance measurements cannot be directly calculated.
Variants of the IL‐10 gene associate with muscle strength in elderly from rural Africa: a candidate gene study
Authors: Beenakker Karel G. M. , Koopman Jacob J. E. , van Bodegom David , Kuningas Maris , Slagboom Pieternella E. , Meij Johannes J. , Maier Andrea B. , Westendorp Rudi G. J.
Published: July 2014

Recently, it has been shown that the capacity of the innate immune system to produce cytokines relates to skeletal muscle mass and strength in older persons. The interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) gene regulates the production capacities of IL‐10 and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). In rural Ghana, IL‐10 gene variants associated with different production capacities of IL‐10 and TNF‐α are enriched compared with Caucasian populations. In this setting, we explored the association between these gene variants and muscle strength. Among 554 Ghanaians aged 50 years and older, we determined 20 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL‐10 gene, production capacities of IL‐10 and TNF‐α in whole blood upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and handgrip strength as a proxy for skeletal muscle strength. We distinguished pro‐inflammatory haplotypes associated with low IL‐10 production capacity and anti‐inflammatory haplotypes with high IL‐10 production capacity. We found that distinct haplotypes of the IL‐10 gene associated with handgrip strength. A pro‐inflammatory haplotype with a population frequency of 43.2% was associated with higher handgrip strength (P = 0.015). An anti‐inflammatory haplotype with a population frequency of 7.9% was associated with lower handgrip strength (P = 0.006). In conclusion, variants of the IL‐10 gene contributing to a pro‐inflammatory cytokine response associate with higher muscle strength, whereas those with anti‐inflammatory response associate with lower muscle strength. Future research needs to elucidate whether these effects of variation in the IL‐10 gene are exerted directly through its role in the repair of muscle tissue or indirectly through its role in the defence against infectious diseases.
A randomized clinical trial of a financial education intervention with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for low socio‐economic status Australian smokers: a study protocol
Authors: Courtney Ryan J. , Bradford Deborah , Martire Kristy A. , Bonevski Billie , Borland Ron , Doran Christopher , Hall Wayne , Farrell Michael , Siahpush Mohammad , Sanson‐Fisher Rob , West Robert , Mattick Richard P.
Published: July 2014

Background and Aims

Reducing smoking prevalence among smokers from low socio‐economic status (SES) is a preventative health priority. Financial stress (e.g. shortage of money or inability to pay bills) may be a major barrier to quitting smoking. This study evaluates the efficacy of a financial education and support programme coupled with pharmacotherapy at improving cessation rates at 8‐month follow‐up among Australian low SES smokers (people receiving a government pension or allowance).

Design

A two‐group parallel block randomized (ratio 1 : 1) open‐label clinical trial (RCT) with allocation concealment will be conducted. Allocation will be concealed to interviewers at data collection‐points.

Setting

The study will be conducted primarily by telephone with baseline, follow‐up interviews and telephone‐based support sessions. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) delivery will be mail‐based.

Participants

Daily smokers who are interested in quitting smoking and are currently in receipt of government benefits (n = 1046) will be recruited through study advertisements placed in newspapers, posters placed in government social assistance agencies and Quitline telephone‐based cessation support services. After completion of a baseline computer‐assisted telephone interview, participants will be allocated randomly to control or intervention group using a permuted block approach.

Intervention and Comparator

Participants in both groups will receive 8 weeks of free combination NRT plus Quitline support. Participants in the intervention group will also receive four telephone‐delivered financial education and support sessions.

Measurements

The primary outcome measure will be prolonged abstinence (at 8‐month follow‐up) assessed using Russell Standard criteria and biochemically verified (urine cotinine).

Comments

This is the first intervention study to evaluate the potential of co‐managing financial stress as a means of enhancing smokers' capacity to quit smoking. Such an intervention may provide a scalable intervention to help low SES smokers to quit.
Single incision and reduced port laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer: initial experience in 96 cases
Authors: Jung Kyung Uk , Yun Seong Hyeon , Cho Yong Beom , Kim Hee Cheol , Lee Woo Yong , Chun Ho‐Kyung
Published: July 2014

Background

Although a single incision laparoscopic (SIL) technique has been used increasingly in colorectal surgery, there are only a few reports on the clinical availability of this approach coupled with low anterior resection (SIL–LAR) for colorectal cancers. We report here 96 consecutive cases of SIL–LAR and reduced port LAR cases, of which the initial approach was SIL.

Methods

This is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data of SIL–LAR cases performed by a single surgeon in Samsung Medical Center between June 2011 and June 2012.

Results

Out of 96 cases, 28 were finished as ‘pure’ SIL–LAR. Sixty‐four cases were performed with one additional port, and four needed two more ports. There was no open conversion. The median duration of operation was 165 min. Proximal and distal resection margins were negative in all cases. Circumferential resection margins were positive in four cases. The median duration of postoperative stay was 7 days and the complication rate was 20%. There were six cases of anastomosis leakage (6%).

Conclusion

The SIL–LAR technique can be applied safely with the optional use of an additional port. One additional port in the right suprapubic area is useful for obtaining a secure distal division and a safe total mesorectal excision, especially in patients with lower lesions or history of neoadjuvant chemoradiation.
Victorian Audit of Surgical Mortality is associated with improved clinical outcomes
Authors: Beiles C. Barry , Retegan Claudia , Maddern Guy J.
Published: July 2014

Background

Improved outcomes are desirable results of clinical audit. The aim of this study was to use data from the Victorian Audit of Surgical Mortality (VASM) and the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (VAED) to highlight specific areas of clinical improvement and reduction in mortality over the duration of the audit process.

Methods

This study used retrospective, observational data from VASM and VAED. VASM data were reported by participating public and private health services, the Coroner and self‐reporting surgeons across Victoria. Aggregated VAED data were supplied by the Victorian Department of Health. Assessment of outcomes was performed using chi‐squared trend analysis over successive annual audit periods. Because initial collection of data was incomplete in the recruitment phase, statistical analysis was confined to the last 3‐year period, 2010–2013.

Results

A 20% reduction in surgical mortality over the past 5 years has been identified from the VAED data. Progressive increase in both surgeon and hospital participation, significant reduction in both errors in management as perceived by assessors and increased direct consultant involvement in cases returned to theatre have been documented.

Conclusions

The benefits of VASM are reflected in the association with a reduction of mortality and adverse clinical outcomes, which have clinical and financial benefits. It is a purely educational exercise and continued participation in this audit will ensure the highest standards of surgical care in Australia. This also highlights the valuable collaboration between the Victorian Department of Health and the RACS.
Fetal head–symphysis distance and mode of delivery in the second stage of labor
Authors: Youssef Aly , Maroni Elisa , Cariello Luisa , Bellussi Federica , Montaguti Elisa , Salsi Ginevra , Morselli‐Labate Antonio Maria , Paccapelo Alexandro , Rizzo Nicola , Pilu Gianluigi , Ghi Tullio
Published: July 2014

Objective

To evaluate whether the fetal head–symphysis distance measured by three‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound during the active second stage predicts operative delivery.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

University hospital, Bologna, Italy.

Population

Seventy‐one nulliparous women at term in active second stage of labor.

Methods

We acquired a series of sonographic volumes at the beginning of the active second stage (T1) and every 20 min thereafter (T2, T3, T4, T5, T6) until delivery. All volumes were retrospectively analyzed and head–symphysis distance was measured for each acquisition. We compared head–symphysis distance between women with spontaneous vaginal delivery and those with operative delivery. Receiver operator characteristic curves were constructed to estimate the accuracy of head–symphysis distance in the prediction of operative delivery. Logistic regression was used to identify independent variables associated with operative delivery.

Main outcome measures

Operative delivery (vacuum or cesarean).

Results

Of the women included, 81.7% had a spontaneous vaginal delivery and 18.3% underwent operative delivery. Women with spontaneous vaginal delivery had shorter head–symphysis distance than women in the operative delivery group at T1 (p < 0.001), T2 (p < 0.001) and T3 (p = 0.025), whereas no significant differences were recorded thereafter. Receiver operator characteristic curves revealed accuracy values of 81.0%, 87.9% and 77.6% in the prediction of operative delivery at T1, T2 and T3, respectively. At multivariate logistic regression head–symphysis distance and epidural analgesia were the only independent predictors of operative delivery among ultrasonographic, maternal and intrapartum variables.

Conclusions

Ultrasonographic measurement of head–symphysis distance in the second stage of labor can be used to predict operative delivery.
Recurrent miscarriage is a useful and valid clinical concept
Authors: Christiansen Ole B.
Published: July 2014

Although epidemiological, clinical and biochemical risk factors are known for recurrent miscarriage (RM), the etiology is mainly unknown. Two main hypotheses dominate: that RM is mainly caused by aneuploid conceptions and other conception errors and that the recurrence rate is explained by the combination of chance and increased risk, or that maternal endocrinological, thrombophilic or immunological abnormalities play a main role in causing loss of euploid conceptions. Believers of the former hypothesis advocate that management of RM should be conservative and that the spontaneous prognosis is very favorable. Believers of the latter hypothesis think that treatments aimed at the woman may improve pregnancy outcome, but that testing of such treatments in randomized controlled trials is needed. In this article in favor of RM being a specific and useful clinical concept, arguments are advanced that a significant subset of RM patients exhibit a poor spontaneous prognosis and should be offered relevant investigations, close surveillance during pregnancy, and treatment, preferably as part of randomized controlled trials.
The implications of a connectivist learning blog model and the changing role of teaching and learning
Authors: Garcia Elaine , Elbeltagi Ibrahim , Brown Mel , Dungay Kerry
Published: July 2014

While the use of Web 2.0 tools and specifically blogs is becoming increasingly popular within higher education (HE) and has been shown to promote learning, relatively little is known about the manner in which such tools may affect how teaching and learning may change as a result of the use of such tools. It is within this context that a connectivist learning model was created and has been further developed within this paper in order to consider the implications of how the use of blogs may change the manner in which teaching and learning occurs. Within this research, a case study of the use of collective student blogs utilized as part of a formally assessed module, undertaken within an HE institution, is utilized to explore the manner in which teaching and learning can be seen to change through a connectivist learning model of blog usage. From this case study, it appears that connectivism does provide a theoretical model for the way in which teaching and learning may change as a result of the use of blogs by learners. However, the experience of staff and students who undertook the project suggests that while a number of elements of the connectivist model can be identified, these are not seen universally among all students.
Designing computer‐supported collaborative learning at work for ruralITworkers: Learning ensembles and geographic isolation
Authors: Goggins Sean P.
Published: July 2014

This paper presents the results of a 9‐month ethnographic and action research study of rural technology workers where computer support for collaborative learning through workplace technologies was introduced to aUS‐based technology firm. Throughout the implementation of this support and participation, issues related to geographic isolation are contrasted with the information and learning needs of 89 employees. The development of information seeking, cataloguing and coordination practices through technology is described. Resulting insights have led to the identification oflearning ensemblesas an informal, socio‐technical unit of organization within geographically isolated firms. Learning ensembles are hypothesized as a bridge between the mid‐level, limited knowledge required in order to perform particular duties at the firm, and the greater potential of individual team members that is enabled by participation in the firm's technologically mediated, geographically dispersed customer teams. The discussion calls for future research on learning ensembles to further inform technologically mediated workplace learning.
Red blood cells of sickle cell disease patients exhibit abnormally high abundance of N‐methyl D‐aspartate receptors mediating excessive calcium uptake
Authors: Hänggi Pascal , Makhro Asya , Gassmann Max , Schmugge Markus , Goede Jeroen S. , Speer Oliver , Bogdanova Anna
Published: July 2014

Recently we showed that N‐methyl D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are expressed in erythroid precursors (EPCs) and present in the circulating red blood cells (RBCs) of healthy humans, regulating intracellular Ca2+ in these cells. This study focuses on investigating the possible role of NMDARs in abnormally high Ca2+ permeability in the RBCs of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Protein levels of the NMDAR subunits in the EPCs of SCD patients did not differ from those in EPCs of healthy humans. However, the number and activity of the NMDARs in circulating SCD‐RBCs was substantially up‐regulated, being particularly high during haemolytic crises. The number of active NMDARs correlated negatively with haematocrit and haemoglobin levels in the blood of SCD patients. Calcium uptake via these non‐selective cation channels was induced by RBC treatment with glycine, glutamate and homocysteine and was facilitated by de‐oxygenation of SCD‐RBCs. Oxidative stress and RBC dehydration followed receptor stimulation and Ca2+ uptake. Inhibition of the NMDARs with an antagonist memantine caused re‐hydration and largely prevented hypoxia‐induced sickling. The EPCs of SCD patients showed higher tolerance to memantine than those of healthy subjects. Consequently, NMDARs in the RBCs of SCD patients appear to be an attractive target for pharmacological intervention.
Mitotic Index is an Independent Predictor of Recurrence‐Free Survival in Meningioma
Authors: Olar Adriana , Wani Khalida M. , Sulman Erik P. , Mansouri Alireza , Zadeh Gelareh , Wilson Charmaine D. , DeMonte Franco , Fuller Gregory N. , Aldape Kenneth D.
Published: July 2014

While World Health Organization (WHO) grading of meningioma stratifies patients according to recurrence risk overall, there is substantial within‐grade heterogeneity with respect to recurrence‐free survival (RFS). Most meningiomas are graded according to mitotic counts per unit area on hematoxylin and eosin sections, a method potentially confounded by tumor cellularity, as well as potential limitations of accurate mitotic figure detection on routine histology. To refine mitotic figure assessment, we evaluated 363 meningiomas with phospho‐histone H3 (Ser10) and determined the mitotic index (number of mitoses per 1000 tumor cells). The median mitotic indices among WHO grade I (n = 268), grade II (n = 84) and grade III (n = 11) tumors were 1, 4 and 12. Classification and regression tree analysis to categorize cut‐offs identified three subgroups defined by mitotic indices of 0–2, 3–4 and ≥5, which on univariate analysis were associated with RFS (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, mitotic index subgrouped in this manner was significantly associated with RFS (P < 0.01) after adjustment for Simpson grade, WHO grade and MIB‐1 index. Mitotic index was then examined within individual WHO grade, showing that for grade I and grade II meningiomas, mitotic index can add additional information to RFS risk. The results suggest that the use of a robust mitotic marker in meningioma could refine risk stratification.
Association of cognitive impairment with magnetic resonance imaging findings and social activities in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Niino Masaaki , Mifune Nobuhiro , Kohriyama Tatsuo , Mori Masahiro , Ohashi Takashi , Kawachi Izumi , Shimizu Yuko , Fukaura Hikoaki , Nakashima Ichiro , Kusunoki Susumu , Miyamoto Katsuichi , Yoshida Kazuto , Kanda Takashi , Nomura Kyoichi , Yamamura Takashi , Yoshii Fumihito , Kira Jun‐ichi , Nakane Shunya , Yokoyama Kazumasa , Matsui Makoto , Miyazaki Yusei , Kikuchi Seiji
Published: July 2014

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and social activity with cognitive function in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods

The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological tests (BRB‐N) was carried out in 184 Japanese patients with MS, and 163 controls matched for age, sex and education. MRI findings of cerebral, brainstem, and cerebellar lesions and social activities of MS patients were further examined.

Results

MS patients with higher numbers of cerebral lesions on MRI had lower scores in most BRB‐N tests. BRB‐N scores in the majority of tests were significantly lower in patients with brainstem and cerebellar lesions. Data from an analysis of variance model in which only the main effects of cerebral, brainstem and cerebellar lesions were hypothesized showed an association of cerebral lesions with decreased scores in all BRB‐N tests, except symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) and paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT). In contrast, cerebellar lesions were associated with decreased SDMT and PASAT scores. Patients categorized as “unemployed because of MS” had lower BRB‐N scores than other social activity groups. Lower SDMT scores had an effect on the “unemployed because of MS” group, whereas the Expanded Disability Status Scale had a significantly greater negative impact on patients in this social category.

Conclusions

Higher numbers of brain lesions on MRI could have an impact on cognitive function in patients with MS, and impairment of information processing appears significantly associated with cerebellar lesions. Cognitive impairment affects the employment status of patients with MS.
Readability of product ingredient labels can be improved by simple means: an experimental study
Authors: Yazar Kerem , Seimyr Gustaf Ö. , Novak Jiri A. , White Ian R. , Lidén Carola
Published: July 2014

Background

Ingredient labels on products used by consumers and workers every day, such as food, cosmetics, and detergents, can be difficult to read and understand.

Objective

To assess whether typographical design and ordering of ingredients can improve the readability of product ingredient labels.

Methods

The study subjects (n = 16) had to search for two target ingredients in 30 cosmetic product labels and three alternative formats of each. Outcome measures were completion time (reading speed), recognition rate, eye movements, task load and subjective rating when the reading of ingredient labels was assessed by video recording, an eye tracking device, and questionnaires.

Results

The completion time was significantly lower (p < 0.001) when subjects were reading all alternative formats than when they were reading the original. The recognition rate was generally high, and improved slightly with the alternative formats. The eye movement measures confirmed that the alternative formats were easier to read than the original product labels. Mental and physical demand and effort were significantly lower (p < 0.036) and experience rating was higher (p < 0.042) for the alternative formats. There were also differences between the alternative formats.

Conclusions

Simple adjustments in the design of product ingredient labels would significantly improve their readability, benefiting the many allergic individuals and others in their daily struggle to avoid harmful or unwanted exposure.
All in the blink of an eye: new insight into cerebellar and brainstem function in DYT1 and DYT6 dystonia
Authors: Sadnicka A. , Teo J. T. , Kojovic M. , Pareés I. , Saifee T. A. , Kassavetis P. , Schwingenschuh P. , Katschnig‐Winter P. , Stamelou M. , Mencacci N. E. , Rothwell J. C. , Edwards M. J. , Bhatia K. P.
Published: July 2014

Background and purpose

Traditionally dystonia has been considered a disorder of basal ganglia dysfunction. However, recent research has advocated a more complex neuroanatomical network. In particular, there is increasing interest in the pathophysiological role of the cerebellum. Patients with cervical and focal hand dystonia have impaired cerebellar associative learning using the paradigm eyeblink conditioning. This is perhaps the most direct evidence to date that the cerebellum is implicated in patients.

Methods

Eleven patients with DYT1 dystonia and five patients with DYT6 dystonia were examined and rates of eyeblink conditioning were compared with age‐matched controls. A marker of brainstem excitability, the blink reflex recovery, was also studied in the same groups.

Results

Patients with DYT1 and DYT6 dystonia have a normal ability to acquire conditioned responses. Blink reflex recovery was enhanced in DYT1 but this effect was not seen in DYT6.

Conclusions

If the cerebellum is an important driver in DYT1 and DYT6 dystonia our data suggest that there is specific cerebellar dysfunction such that the circuits essential for conditioning function normally. Our data are contrary to observations in focal dystonia and suggest that the cerebellum may have a distinct role in different subsets of dystonia. Evidence of enhanced blink reflex recovery in all patients with dystonia was not found and recent studies calling for the blink recovery reflex to be used as a diagnostic test for dystonic tremor may require further corroboration.
Does Labor Power Affect the Likelihood of a Share Repurchase?
Authors: Chen Sheng‐Syan , Chen Yan‐Shing , Wang Yanzhi
Published: July 2014

This research examines the impact of labor power on the firm's repurchase decisions. Firms facing stronger labor power repurchase fewer shares, suggesting that, on average, repurchases are against the interests of labor. However, the negative effect of labor power on repurchases is significantly reduced when repurchases benefit employees by fending off an unwanted takeover or countering the dilution effects of employee stock options. We also examine the ex post consequences of share repurchases. Repurchases are positively related to the probability of a strike. Repurchase announcement returns and the operating performance of repurchasing firms are negatively related to labor power.
‘MaxClover’ grazing experiment: I. Annual yields, botanical composition and growth rates of six dryland pastures over nine years
Authors: Mills A. , Lucas R. J. , Moot D. J.
Published: July 2014

Six dryland pastures were established at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand, in February 2002. Production and persistence of cocksfoot pastures established with subterranean, balansa, white or Caucasian clovers, and a perennial ryegrass‐white clover control and a lucerne monoculture were monitored for nine years. Total annual dry‐matter (10.0–18·5 t DM ha−1) and sown legume yields from the lucerne monoculture exceeded those from the grass‐based pastures in all but one year. The lowest lucerne yield (10 t ha−1 yr−1) occurred in Year 4, when spring snow caused ungrazed lucerne to lodge and senesce. Cocksfoot with subterranean clover was the most productive grass‐based pasture. Yields were 8·7–13·0 t DM ha−1 annually. Subterranean clover yields were 2·4–3·7 t ha−1 in six of the nine years which represented 26–32% of total annual production. In all cocksfoot‐based pastures, the contribution of sown pasture components decreased at a rate equivalent to 3·3 ± 0·05% per year (R2 = 0·83) and sown components accounted for 65% of total yield in Year 9. In contrast, sown components represented only 13% of total yield in the ryegrass‐white clover pastures in Year 9, and their contribution declined at 10·1 ± 0·9% per year (R2 = 0·94). By Year 9, 79% of the 6.6 t ha−1 produced from the ryegrass‐white clover pasture was from unsown species and 7% was dead material. For maximum production and persistence, dryland farmers on 450–780 mm yr−1 rainfall should grow lucerne or cocksfoot‐subterranean clover pastures in preference to ryegrass and white clover. Inclusion of white clover as a secondary legume component to sub clover would offer opportunities to respond to unpredictable summer rainfall after sub clover has set seed.
Numerical Analysis of Thermal Remediation in 3D Field‐Scale Fractured Geologic Media
Authors: Chen Fei , Falta Ronald W. , Murdoch Lawrence C.
Published: July 2014

Thermal methods are promising for remediating fractured geologic media contaminated with volatile organic compounds, and the success of this process depends on the coupled heat transfer, multiphase flow, and thermodynamics. This study analyzed field‐scale removal of trichloroethylene (TCE) and heat transfer behavior in boiling fractured geologic media using the multiple interacting continua method. This method can resolve local gradients in the matrix and is less computationally demanding than alternative methods like discrete fracture‐matrix models. A 2D axisymmetric model was used to simulate a single element of symmetry in a repeated pattern of extraction wells inside a large heated zone and evaluate effects of parameter sensitivity on contaminant recovery. The results showed that the removal of TCE increased with matrix permeability, and the removal rate was more sensitive to matrix permeability than any other parameter. Increasing fracture density promoted TCE removal, especially when the matrix permeability was low (e.g., <10−17 m2). A 3D model was used to simulate an entire treatment zone and the surrounding groundwater in fractured material, with the interaction between them being considered. Boiling was initiated in the center of the upper part of the heated region and expanded toward the boundaries. This boiling process resulted in a large increase in the TCE removal rate and spread of TCE to the vadose zone and the peripheries of the heated zone. The incorporation of extraction wells helped control the contaminant from migrating to far regions. After 22 d, more than 99.3% of TCE mass was recovered in the simulation.
Relationship between Hospital Volume and Early Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated with Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Wada Tomoki , Yasunaga Hideo , Inokuchi Ryota , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Fushimi Kiyohide , Matsubara Takehiro , Nakajima Susumu , Yahagi Naoki
Published: July 2014

Background

There is controversy whether the annual number of acute ischemic stroke patients receiving stroke thrombolysis per hospital (hospital volume) is associated with outcomes in these patients.

Aims

The study aims to assess the relationship between hospital volume and early outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.

Methods

Patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator from July 1, 2010 to March 31, 2012 were identified in the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database. Hospital volume was categorized into three levels (low, medium, and high volume) to obtain approximately equal numbers of patients in each group. Primary outcomes were seven-day mortality and functional independence (modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 2) at discharge. Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses fitted with generalized estimating equations were performed.

Results

We identified 7476 eligible patients, including 2339 (31·3%) treated in low-volume hospitals (1–7 patients annually), 2670 (35·7%) in medium-volume hospitals (8–16 patients annually), and 2467 (33·0%) in high-volume hospitals (17–48 patients annually). Seven-day mortality and functional independence at discharge were comparable among the three hospital volume groups ( P = 0·17 for seven-day mortality; P = 0·22 for functional independence at discharge). The comparability between groups persisted after multivariate adjustment.

Conclusion

Hospital volume was not significantly associated with seven-day mortality or functional independence at discharge in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in Japan.
Prevalence of Vertebral Artery Origin Stenosis in a Multirace-Ethnic Posterior Circulation Stroke Cohort: Miami Stroke Registry (MIAMISR)
Authors: Perue Gillian L. Gordon , Narayan Ram , Zangiabadi Amir H. , Romano Jose G. , Rundek Tatjana , Sacco Ralph L. , Koch Sebastian
Published: July 2014

Background

Vertebral artery origin stenosis is an important etiology for stroke in the posterior circulation. Data from the Oxford Vascular Study and New England Registry show a prevalence of vertebral artery origin disease of 26–32%. These populations are largely comprised of Caucasians. The prevalence of vertebral artery origin disease in multirace-ethnic stroke population is unknown.

Aim

The study aims to assess the prevalence of vertebral artery origin stenosis in a multirace population with posterior circulation stroke.

Design/Methods

The Miami Stroke Registry is a prospective registry which offers enrollment to consecutive patients admitted with a diagnosis of stroke/transient ischemic attack. Baseline demographics, vascular risk factors, and stroke topography in the posterior circulation were analyzed. All vascular imaging studies were reviewed for the presence of vertebral artery origin stenosis, and stroke etiology was adjudicated by TOAST classification.

Results

Mean age of the population was 63 ± 13 years; 149 (70%) were men. Among cases, 123 were Hispanic (58%), almost one third 70 (32%) were of African descent, and 15 (7%) were white. The most common stroke etiology was small vessel occlusion (27%), followed by large artery intracranial disease 25% (posterior cerebral arteries, basilar and vertebral arteries), cardioembolic 19%, and cryptogenic 16%. Vertebral artery origin stenosis/occlusion was present in 28 (13·1%) patients, of whom only 2 (0·9%) were bilateral; it was attributed as the direct cause of stroke in 11 (5·2%) patients.

Conclusions

We found a lower prevalence of vertebral artery origin stenosis in a predominately non-white population with posterior circulation stroke than previously reported. Vertebral artery origin stenosis was a direct cause of posterior circulation stroke in only 5·2% of patients.
Telestroke a Viable Option to Improve Stroke Care in India
Authors: Srivastava Padma V. , Sudhan Paulin , Khurana Dheeraj , Bhatia Rohit , Kaul Subash , Sylaja P. N. , Moonis Majaz , Pandian Jeyaraj Durai
Published: July 2014

In India, stroke care services are not well developed. There is a need to explore alternative options to tackle the rising burden of stroke. Telemedicine has been used by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to meet the needs of remote hospitals in India. The telemedicine network implemented by ISRO in 2001 presently stretches to around 100 hospitals all over the country, with 78 remote/rural/district health centers connected to 22 specialty hospitals in major cities, thus providing treatment to more than 25 000 patients, which includes stroke patients. Telemedicine is currently used in India for diagnosing stroke patients, subtyping stroke as ischemic or hemorrhagic, and treating accordingly. However, a dedicated telestroke system for providing acute stroke care is needed. Keeping in mind India's flourishing technology sector and leading communication networks, the hub-and-spoke model could work out really well in the upcoming years. Until then, simpler alternatives like smartphones, online data transfer, and new mobile applications like WhatsApp could be used. Telestroke facilities could increase the pool of patients eligible for thrombolysis. But this primary aim of telestroke can be achieved in India only if thrombolysis and imaging techniques are made available at all levels of health care.
Atomic Force Microscopic Imaging of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Balamuthia mandrillaris Trophozoites and Cysts
Authors: Aqeel Yousuf , Siddiqui Ruqaiyyah , Ateeq Muhammad , Raza Shah Muhammad , Kulsoom Huma , Khan Naveed Ahmed
Published: July 2014

Light microscopy and electron microscopy have been successfully used in the study of microbes, as well as free‐living protists. Unlike light microscopy, which enables us to observe living organisms or the electron microscope which provides a two‐dimensional image, atomic force microscopy provides a three‐dimensional surface profile. Here, we observed two free‐living amoebae, Acanthamoeba castellanii and Balamuthia mandrillaris under the phase contrast inverted microscope, transmission electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Although light microscopy was of lower magnification, it revealed functional biology of live amoebae such as motility and osmoregulation using contractile vacuoles of the trophozoite stage, but it is of limited value in defining the cyst stage. In contrast, transmission electron microscopy showed significantly greater magnification and resolution to reveal the ultra‐structural features of trophozoites and cysts including intracellular organelles and cyst wall characteristics but it only produced a snapshot in time of a dead amoeba cell. Atomic force microscopy produced three‐dimensional images providing detailed topographic description of shape and surface, phase imaging measuring boundary stiffness, and amplitude measurements including width, height and length of A. castellanii and B. mandrillaris trophozoites and cysts. These results demonstrate the importance of the application of various microscopic methods in the biological and structural characterization of the whole cell, ultra‐structural features, as well as surface components and cytoskeleton of protist pathogens.
From egg to hatchling: preferential retention of fatty acid biomarkers in young‐of‐the‐year Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni
Authors: Beckmann C. L. , Mitchell J. G. , Seuront L. , Stone D.A.J. , Huveneers C.
Published: July 2014

The muscle and liver fatty acid composition of young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni were investigated to determine the effects of a known dietary lipid source v. maternal input as demonstrated by egg yolk fatty acid profiles. Ten Heterodontus portusjacksoni egg yolks were collected in situ and compared with four hatched H. portusjacksoni fed a known diet in a controlled feeding experiment of 185 days. This study demonstrated that fatty acids are probably conservatively transferred from egg yolks to YOY H. portusjacksoni, while diet did not have a large effect on the fatty acid composition of the liver or muscle.
Stock Options as Lotteries
Authors: BOYER BRIAN H. , VORKINK KEITH
Published: July 2014

We investigate the relationship between ex ante total skewness and holding returns on individual equity options. Recent theoretical developments predict a negative relationship between total skewness and average returns, in contrast to the traditional view that only coskewness is priced. We find, consistent with recent theory, that total skewness exhibits a strong negative relationship with average option returns. Differences in average returns for option portfolios sorted on ex ante skewness range from 10% to 50% per week, even after controlling for risk. Our findings suggest that these large premiums compensate intermediaries for bearing unhedgeable risk when accommodating investor demand for lottery‐like options.
Outcomes of invitational and opportunistic oral cancer screening initiatives in Oporto, Portugal
Authors: Monteiro Luís Silva , Salazar Filomena , Pacheco Jose Júlio , Martins Marco , Warnakulasuriya Saman
Published: July 2014

Objective

To assess the utility of oral cancer screening for the early detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC) in a population of Oporto city.

Material and Methods

We conducted an OC screening program in the city of Oporto between 2010 and 2011 using two methodologies of population recruitment: Volunteers attending an OC screening day recruited via a mass media campaign; and OC screening during dental visits to a public hospital in the Oporto City. Participants' socio‐demographic information and life‐style habits were ascertained by interviewers, and an oral mucosal examination (screen) was conducted by previously trained and calibrated group of 20 screeners.

Results

A total of 727 individuals (277 males and 450 females) with a mean age of 54 years (range 18–94) were screened. During screening, we detected 22 OPMDs: 13 (59.1%) oral leukoplakias and 9 (40.9%) cases with oral lichen planus. No erythroplakias were detected. In addition, two oral carcinomas were detected, both in the T1 stages of the disease. All screen positives attended a specialist clinic following referral to confirm their diagnoses. A randomly selected sample among negative screens was also examined to assess any false negatives. The sensitivity was 96% and specificity was 98%. Significantly more positive cases were found among older individuals (≥54 years) (P = 0.045).

Conclusion

Screening data suggest that new cancers and OPMDs can be detected by invitational and opportunistic screening and offer a platform to raise the awareness and knowledge on this cancer in the Portuguese population.
Socialization into single‐parent‐by‐choice family life
Authors: Poveda David , Jociles María Isabel , Rivas Ana María
Published: July 2014

This paper examines family interactions between mothers and children in single‐parent‐by‐choice (SPBC) families in Spain. The data is part of a larger multi‐sited ethnographic study focused on emergent family structures that examined families formed by women who began their family projects through adoption or assisted reproduction. Single‐mothers‐by‐choice formulate various socialization goals that are tied to the complexities of their non‐conventional family project. These goals are also realized in daily conversation, particularly when families talk about future events in their lives. Our findings expand existing family language socialization research in Western contexts, which has primarily focused on conventional two‐parent families, and invite developing a stronger dialogue between family language socialization research and current debates on changing kinship structures in post‐industrial societies.

Este trabajo examina interacciones entre madres e hijos/as en familias de madres solteras por elección (MSPE) en España. Los datos provienen de una investigación etnográfica multi‐lugar más amplia centrada en modelo familiares emergentes que estudió a familias formadas por mujeres solas que han comenzado su proyecto familiar a través de la reproducción asistida o la adopción. La madres solteras por elección formulan varias metas de socialización que están ligadas a las complejidades y demandas de su proyecto familiar no convencional. Estos objetivos también se plasman en conversaciones cotidianas, especialmente cuando las familias hablan sobre eventos futuros en su vidas. Nuestros resultados amplían la investigación sobre socialización lingüística familiar en contextos occidentales, que se ha centrado principalmente en familias bi‐parentales convencionales, e invitan a desarrollar un diálogo más fructífero entre la investigación sobre socialización lingüística familiar y los debates actuales en torno a cambios en los patrones de parentesco en sociedades post‐industriales. [Spanish]
Stability in the cumulative incidence, severity and mortality of 101 cases of invasive mucormycosis in high‐risk patients from 1995 to 2011: a comparison of eras immediately before and after the availability of voriconazole and echinocandin‐amphotericin combination therapies
Authors: Abidi Maheen Z. , Sohail Muhammad R. , Cummins Nathan , Wilhelm Mark , Wengenack Nancy , Brumble Lisa , Shah Harshal , Jane Hata Donna , McCullough Ann , Wendel Amy , Vikram Holenarasipur R. , Kusne Shimon , Litzow Mark , Letendre Louis , Lahr Brian D. , Poeschla Eric , Walker Randall C.
Published: July 2014

As invasive mucormycosis (IM) numbers rise, clinicians suspect prior voriconazole worsens IM incidence and severity, and believe combination anti‐fungal therapy improves IM survival. To compare the cumulative incidence (CI), severity and mortality of IM in eras immediately before and after the commercial availability of voriconazole all IM cases from 1995 to 2011 were analysed across four risk‐groups (hematologic/oncologic malignancy (H/O), stem cell transplantation (SCT), solid organ transplantation (SOT) and other), and two eras, E1 (1995–2003) and E2, (2004–2011). Of 101 IM cases, (79 proven, 22 probable): 30 were in E1 (3.3/year) and 71 in E2 (8.9/year). Between eras, the proportion with H/O or SCT rose from 47% to 73%, while ‘other’ dropped from 33% to 11% (P = 0.036). Between eras, the CI of IM did not significantly increase in SCT (P = 0.27) or SOT (P = 0.30), and patterns of anatomic location (P = 0.122) and surgical debridement (P = 0.200) were similar. Significantly more patients received amphotericin‐echinocandin combination therapy in E2 (31% vs. 5%, P = 0.01); however, 90‐day survival did not improve (54% vs. 59%, P = 0.67). Since 2003, the rise of IM reflects increasing numbers at risk, not prior use of voriconazole. Frequent combination of anti‐fungal therapy has not improved survival.
Baseline Characteristics and 1‐Year Follow‐Up of Chinese Atrial Fibrillation Patients according to Age: A Registry Study
Authors: CHEN TAO , YANG YAN‐MIN , TAN HUI‐QIONG , LIANG YAN , ZHU JUN
Published: July 2014

Background

The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) increases with age, and may lead to complications and reduced quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics, management, and prognosis of Chinese AF patients and whether there were differences according to age.

Methods

This registry‐based study enrolled ambulatory, outpatient clinic, or hospitalized patients with AF in four sites in China. Based on the Birmingham 2009 schema, patients without and with valve lesion were stratified into three groups according to age.

Results

Between September 2008 and April 2011, 2,016 patients were enrolled, including 1,606 patients without valve lesion and 410 patients with valve lesion. Compared with the other two groups, patients >74 years of age were more likely to have morbidity and a CHADS2 score >1, and less likely to receive oral anticoagulants and rhythm‐control drugs. At the 1‐year follow‐up, patients >74 years of age were more likely to have died or suffered a cerebrovascular event or systemic embolism. Age as a continuous variable (subdivided hazard ratio [SHR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–1.01, P = 0.29) was not associated with risk of a cerebrovascular event or systemic embolism at 1‐year but age ≥75 years (SHR 1.73, 95% CI 1.05–2.87, P = 0.03) was an independent risk factor for the outcome at 1‐year when all AF patients were included.

Conclusions

Elderly AF patients are inadequately studied and treated compared with younger patients. Education on evidence‐based management and the design of randomized controlled trials, specifically targeting the elderly, especially the Chinese elderly, should improve the management and prognosis of this frail segment of the AF population.