bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novas perspetivas sobre as identidades de classe
Authors: Rodrigues José Cavaleiro
Published: January 2014

Há mais de uma década começou a formar-se um movimento de reconversão nos estudos sobre as classes sociais, orientado pela ideia de que é preciso dar mais relevo aos processos culturais, à formação de identidades, ao gosto e à expressão de modos de vida e proceder ao exame direto da maneira como as posições de classe são vividas. Nesta perspetiva, as culturas de classe deixam de designar apenas tipos de comportamento próprios de grupos de desigualdade e passam a ser vistas também como modos de diferenciação, em que as categorias de classe operam através de distinções individualizadas e comparações relacionais com membros de outras classes. O que o conceito de identidade de classe quer agora indicar é um sentido das distâncias sociais dentro das hierarquias, que recorre às diferenças culturais para se exprimir. Este texto recenseia os desenvolvimentos teóricos e as bases empíricas desta linha de trabalho, emergente na sociologia britânica a partir do final da década de 90, com as propostas de autores como Savage, Skeggs, Reay, ou Bottero, entre outros.
KLRG1+ NK Cells Protect T-bet–Deficient Mice from Pulmonary Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Malaisé Muriel , Rovira Jordi , Renner Philipp , Eggenhofer Elke , Sabet-Baktach Manije , Lantow Margareta , Lang Sven A. , Koehl Gudrun E. , Farkas Stefan A. , Loss Martin , Agha Ayman , Campistol Josep M. , Schlitt Hans J. , Geissler Edward K. , Kroemer Alexander
Published: January 2014

We studied the developmental and functional mechanisms behind NK cell–mediated antitumor responses against metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in mice. In particular, we focused on investigating the significance of T-box transcription factors and the immunotherapeutic relevance of IL-15 in the development and function of tumor-reactive NK cells. Pulmonary CRC metastases were experimentally seeded via an adoptive i.v. transfer of luciferase-expressing CT26 CRC cells that form viewable masses via an in vivo imaging device; genetically deficient mice were used to dissect the antitumor effects of developmentally different NK cell subsets. IL-15 precomplexed to IL-15 receptor-α was used in immunotherapy experiments. We found that mice deficient for the T-box transcription factor T-bet lack terminally differentiated antitumor CD27lowKLRG1+ NK cells, leading to a terminal course of rapid-onset pulmonary CRC metastases. The importance of this NK cell subset for effective antitumor immunity was shown by adoptively transferring purified CD27lowKLRG1+ NK cells into T-bet–deficient mice and, thereby, restoring immunity against lung metastasis formation. Importantly, immunity to metastasis formation could also be restored in T-bet–deficient recipients by treating mice with IL-15 precomplexed to IL-15 receptor-α, which induced the development of eomesodermin+KLRG1+ NK cells from existing NK cell populations. Thus, contingent upon their T-bet–dependent development and activation status, NK cells can control metastatic CRC in mice, which is highly relevant for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches in the clinic.
New insight into the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
Authors: El Demellawy Heba H. , El Feky Mohamed A. , Shoier Rania A. , Shaker Olfat G.
Published: January 2014

Background and aim

Thyroid hormones are linked to the different metabolic processes in the body. We evaluated the association of metabolic syndrome and different thyroid diseases.

Patients and methods

Eighty female patients were enrolled in this study; 40 hypothyroid (group I) and 40 hyperthyroid (group II) as well as 40 healthy females as control group. Waist circumference, BMI, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, HOMAIR index, adiponectin, free T3, freeT4, TSH, total cholesterol and HDL were measured in all patients.

Results

Adiponectin was lower in hypothyroid group (3.68 ± 0.63 ng/dl) and higher in hyperthyroid group (7.52 ± 0.68 ng/dl) than the control group (5.11 ± 0.67 ng/dl) P = 0.0001. The HOMAIR was higher in both hypothyroid (3.56 ± 0.57 ng/dl) and hyperthyroid groups (1.68 ± 0.27) compared to control group (1.33 ± 0.25) P = 0.0001. The cholesterol was also higher in both hypothyroid (161.22 ± 12.98 mg/dl) and hyperthyroid (147.02 ± 8.7 mg/dl) compared to control group (134.74 ± 6.34 mg/dl) P = 0.0001. The HDL was low in both hypothyroid group (35.86 ± 3.55 mg/dl) and hyperthyroid group (40.34 ± 3.17 mg/dl) compared with the control group (41.64 ± 3.12 mg/dl) P = 0.04. The adiponectin was positively correlated to free T3, free T4 and negatively correlated to TSH (r = 0.8, P = 0.0001; r = 0.9, P = 0.000; r = -0.9, P = 0.0001) respectively. HOMAIR was significantly correlated to the thyroid parameters (r = -0.8, P = 0.0001; r = -0.9, P = 0.0001; r = 0.8, P = 0.0001) respectively. The total cholesterol was negatively correlated with the free T3 and T4 (r = -0.5, P = 0.0001; r = -0.5, P = 0.0001) and positively correlated with the TSH (r = 0.5, P = 0.0001), It was also negatively correlated with adiponectin (r = -0.5, P = 0.0001), and positively correlated with HOMAIR (r = 0.5, P = 0.0001). The HDL was negatively correlated with TSH (r = -0.5, P = 0.000) and HOMAIR (r = -0.5, P = 0.0001), it was positively correlated with free T3, T4 (r = 0.6, P = 0.000; r = 0.5, P = 0.000) and adiponectin (r = 0.5, P = 0.0001).

Conclusion

Both hypo and hyperthyroidism were associated with insulin resistance and disturbances in lipid profiles.
Effects of Vivax Malaria Acquired Before 20 Weeks of Pregnancy on Subsequent Changes in Fetal Growth
Authors: Machado Filho Amantino C. , da Costa Elenice P. , da Costa Emely P. , Reis Iracema S. , Fernandes Emanoela A. C. , Paim Bernardo V. , Martinez-Espinosa Flor E.
Published: January 2014

The resistance index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), fetal biometry, fetal heart rate (FHR), placental thickness, and hemoglobin levels were compared in 30 Plasmodium vivax-infected women between 14 and 20 weeks of pregnancy and a control group. Evaluations were performed at the moment of the malaria diagnosis and 26 weeks of pregnancy. The malaria group had lower levels of hemoglobin and greater placental thickness in both assessments, higher FHR in the first evaluation, and lower values on fetal biometry in the second assessment. There were no differences when comparing RI and PI on umbilical arteries between the two groups. Birth weight and height were lower in newborns in the malaria group than the control group. The results suggest that P. vivax infections at an earlier gestational age do not affect umbilical arteries blood flow but do affect fetal biometry in the second trimester of pregnancy and at birth.
Preliminary Study of Quinine Pharmacokinetics in Pregnant Women with Malaria-HIV Co-Infection
Authors: Kayentao Kassoum , Guirou Etienne A. , Doumbo Ogobara K. , Venkatesan Meera , Plowe Christopher V. , Parsons Teresa L. , Hendrix Craig W. , Nyunt Myaing M.
Published: January 2014

Pregnant women bear the greatest burden of malaria–human immunodeficiency virus co-infection. Previous studies suggest that interaction with antiretroviral drugs may compromise antimalarial pharmacokinetics and treatment outcomes. We conducted a preliminary clinical study to assess quinine pharmacokinetics in Malian pregnant women with acute malaria who reported taking nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. Of seven women, six had stable concentrations of nevirapine in the plasma and one had none. Quinine concentrations were lower, and its metabolite 3-hydroxyquinine higher, in the six women with nevirapine than in the one without, and quinine concentrations were below the recommended therapeutic range in 50% of the women. This preliminary observation warrants further research to understand the impact of long-term antiretroviral therapy on the treatment of acute malaria.
Test of Integrated Professional Skills: Objective Structured Clinical Examination/Simulation Hybrid Assessment of Obstetrics-Gynecology Residents' Skill Integration
Authors: Winkel Abigail Ford , Gillespie Colleen , Hiruma Marissa T. , Goepfert Alice R. , Zabar Sondra , Szyld Demian
Published: January 2014

Background

Assessment of obstetrics-gynecology residents' ability to integrate clinical judgment, interpersonal skills, and technical ability in a uniform fashion is required to document achievement of benchmarks of competency. An observed structured clinical examination that incorporates simulation and bench models uses direct observation of performance to generate formative feedback and standardized evaluation.

Methods

The Test of Integrated Professional Skills (TIPS) is a 5-station performance-based assessment that uses standardized patients and complex scenarios involving ultrasonography, procedural skills, and evidence-based medicine. Standardized patients and faculty rated residents by using behaviorally anchored checklists. Mean scores reflecting performance in TIPS were compared across competency domains and by developmental level (using analysis of variance) and then compared to standard faculty clinical evaluations (using Spearman ρ). Participating faculty and residents were also asked to evaluate the usefulness of the TIPS.

Results

Twenty-four residents participated in the TIPS. Checklist items used to assess competency were sufficiently reliable, with Cronbach α estimates from 0.69 to 0.82. Performance improved with level of training, with wide variation in performance. Standard faculty evaluations did not correlate with TIPS performance. Several residents who were rated as average or above average by faculty performed poorly on the TIPS (> 1 SD below the mean). Both faculty and residents found the TIPS format useful, providing meaningful evaluation and opportunity for feedback.

Conclusions

A simulation-based observed structured clinical examination facilitates observation of a range of skills, including competencies that are difficult to observe and measure in a standardized way. Debriefing with faculty provides an important interface for identification of performance gaps and individualization of learning plans.
Noncompletion in Pediatric Rheumatology Fellowships
Authors: Riebschleger Meredith , McGuinness Gail , Currin Lee , Althouse Linda , Freed Gary
Published: January 2014

Background

One challenge facing the health care workforce is a paucity of pediatrics subspecialists. No prior studies have investigated fellowship noncompletion as an influence of the subspecialty workforce.

Objective

We sought to determine the noncompletion rate for pediatric rheumatology fellowships and to identify demographic characteristics associated with noncompletion.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of all trainees entering US pediatric rheumatology fellowship programs between 1997 and 2007 was performed. American Board of Pediatrics tracking data were used to determine completion status (completer or noncompleter) for each trainee. Completers were compared with noncompleters, using the independent variables sex, medical school location, and age. The noncompletion rate was calculated overall and individually. Program size was examined as a predictor of nonompletion rate. Data analysis used χ2 tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Spearman correlation.

Results

The cohort included 182 trainees from 28 pediatric rheumatology fellowship programs. Program size ranged from 1 to 18 trainees. The overall noncompletion rate was 16%. Male fellows, especially male international medical graduates, were more likely to be noncompleters. Noncompletion rates varied among programs: 15 programs had noncompletion rates of 0% and 4 programs had noncompletion rates of 50% or higher. Program size was not associated with noncompletion rate.

Conclusions

During the study period, 1 of 6 pediatric rheumatology fellows did not complete training. Noncompletion was concentrated in a small number of programs. Further research should investigate noncompletion across specialties, identifying the causes of noncompletion at the individual, program, and specialty levels to inform future interventions to improve fellowship completion.
A Multicenter Intervention to Improve Ambulatory Care Handoffs at the End of Residency
Authors: Donnelly Michael J. , Clauser Janelle M. , Tractenberg Rochelle E.
Published: January 2014

Background

Graduating residents transition their continuity clinic patients to junior colleagues every year, creating a vulnerable transition period for about 1 million patients nationally.

Objective

We examined a standardized, electronic template for handing off high-risk ambulatory patients by outgoing residents from 7 residencies within a large health care system, and compared handoff quantity and provider satisfaction for handoffs with and without that template.

Methods

Residents graduating in 2011 from 5 internal medicine, 1 family medicine, and 1 internal medicine-pediatrics residency programs in 1 health care system were randomized to a new electronic handoff process with a standardized intervention template or a free-text handoff. Expert reviewers independently evaluated all handoff notes, and providers were surveyed after follow-up appointments regarding use, helpfulness, and overall satisfaction with the handoffs.

Results

Fifty-two of 79 residents (66%) participated, performing 278 handoffs. Eighty-four patients (30%, 17 of 57) failed to follow up within the study period. For patients who followed up, providers read 61% (101 of 165) of the handoffs at the time of the visit. No significant difference existed between groups in the satisfaction of the follow up provider or the quality measure of the handoffs in our process. Expert agreement on which features make the handoff “helpful” was fair (κ  =  0.34).

Conclusions

A standardized template did not improve handoff quantity or satisfaction compared with a free-text handoff. Practical handoff programs can be instituted into diverse residencies within a short time frame, with most residents taking part in creating the handoff formats.
Implementation and Evaluation of a Multidisciplinary Systems-Focused Internal Medicine Morbidity and Mortality Conference
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Bump Gregory M. , Huang Grace C. , Herzig Shoshana J.
Published: January 2014

Background

Morbidity and mortality (M&M) conferences provide a forum for discussing adverse events and systems-based practice (SBP) issues; however, few models for implementing multidisciplinary, systems-focused M&M conferences exist.

Objective

To implement a new systems-focused M&M conference and evaluate success in focusing on adverse events and systems issues in a nonpunitive, multidisciplinary manner.

Methods

We implemented a new M&M conference into our large university-based internal medicine residency program. Using content analysis, we qualitatively analyzed audio recordings of M&M conferences from the first year of implementation (2010–2011) to determine the frequency of adverse events (injury resulting from medical care), SBP discussion, and allocation of blame. Multidisciplinary attendance was evaluated by attendance logs. Surveys assessed change in interns' perceptions of M&M conferences before and after the conference series (measured by median Likert-scale response) and trainee/faculty attitudes regarding the goal of M&M conferences.

Results

There were 226 attendees (66 faculty, 160 residents/fellows) at 9 M&M conferences. Average attendance per conference was 71, with representation from 16 disciplines. All M&M conferences (100%) included adverse events, SBP discussion, and lacked explicit individual blame. Interns' perceptions improved, including their belief that the M&M conference's purpose is systems improvement (4.35 versus 4.71, P  =  .02) and complications are discussed without blame (3.81 versus 4.34, P  =  .01). After experiencing M&M conferences, trainees/faculty reported favorable ratings, including beliefs that the M&M conference is important for education (97%) and the purpose is systems improvement (95%).

Conclusions

The implementation of a new systems-focused M&M conference resulted in a conference series focusing on adverse events and associated system issues in a nonpunitive, multidisciplinary context.
Transitioning From a Noon Conference to an Academic Half-Day Curriculum Model: Effect on Medical Knowledge Acquisition and Learning Satisfaction
Authors: Ha Duc , Faulx Michael , Isada Carlos , Kattan Michael , Yu Changhong , Olender Jeff , Nielsen Craig , Brateanu Andrei
Published: January 2014

Background

The academic half-day (AHD) curriculum is an alternative to the traditional noon conference in graduate medical education, yet little is known regarding its effect on knowledge acquisition and resident satisfaction.

Objective

We investigated the association between the 2 approaches for delivering the curriculum and knowledge acquisition, as reflected by the Internal Medicine In-Training Examination (IM-ITE) scores and assessed resident learning satisfaction under both curricula.

Methods

The Cleveland Clinic Internal Medicine Residency Program transitioned from the noon conference to the AHD curriculum in 2011. Covariates for residents enrolled from 2004 to 2011 were age; sex; type of medical degree; United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1, 2 Clinical Knowledge; and IM-ITE-1 scores. We performed univariable and multivariable linear regressions to investigate the association between covariates and IM-ITE-2 and IM-ITE-3 scores. Residents also were surveyed about their learning satisfaction in both curricula.

Results

Of 364 residents, 112 (31%) and 252 (69%) were exposed to the AHD and the noon conference curriculum, respectively. In multivariable analyses, the AHD curriculum was associated with higher IM-ITE-3 (regression coefficient, 4.8; 95% confidence interval 2.9–6.6) scores, and residents in the AHD curriculum had greater learning satisfaction compared with the noon conference cohort (Likert, 3.4 versus 3.0; P  =  .003).

Conclusions

The AHD curriculum was associated with improvement in resident medical knowledge acquisition and increased learner satisfaction.
The Effects of Group Leader Learning Style on Student Knowledge Gain in a Leadership Camp Setting: A Repeated-Measures Experiment
Authors: Brown Nicholas R. , Terry Jr.
Published: January 2014

Many state FFA associations conduct summer camps focusing on leadership and personal development for FFA members. Interestingly, little research has been conducted on the impact or outcomes of these common activities. The purpose of this split-plot factorial repeated-measures experiment was to assess the level of campers’ learning of the curriculum taught during small group breakout sessions and to study the effects of the learning style of camp Small Group Leaders on student knowledge gain of camp curriculum measured by pre-test and post-test scores. Analysis of variance was utilized to test null hypotheses using an F-ratio to determine the significance (α = .05). Although there was a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, the interaction of test scores and SGL learning style failed to produce a statistically significant interaction; therefore, there was no significant treatment effect by SGL learning style. Recommendations for camp leaders in response to study results include regular summative assessments of the camp experience, annual evaluations of Small Group Leaders and campers, and the formation of instructional standards and learning goals. Further research was recommended in the impact of teacher learning styles on student academic performance in informal educational settings.
Developing Metrics for Effective Teaching in Extension Education: A Multi-State Factor-Analytic and Psychometric Analysis of Effective Teaching
Authors: McKim Billy R. , Lawver Rebecca G. , Enns Kellie , Smith Amy R. , Aschenbrener Mollie S.
Published: January 2014

To successfully educate the public about agriculture, food, and natural resources, we must have effective
educators in both formal and nonformal settings. Specifically, this study, which is a valuable part of a
larger sequential mixed-method study addressing effective teaching in formal and nonformal agricultural
education, provides direction for future effective teaching research in extension education. Particularly,
this study assessed 142 behaviors, characteristics, and techniques considered indicative of effective
teaching, to reduce the number of competencies and identify constructs of effective teaching in extension
education. A total of 1,470 extension educators from 30 states, surveyed in the fall of 2011, served as the
population for this study. As a result, 63 effective teaching competencies in 11 constructs were identified.
Psychometric evaluation of the 11 constructs resulted in Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranging from .82
to .93, supporting the reliability of the identified constructs. An expert panel then named the constructs,
many of which aligned with those identified in previous teaching effectiveness research. Implications for
practice and research resulted from this study, including a proposed three-part framework for assessing
effective teaching in extension education, which includes self-evaluation, observation-based assessment,
teaching-related output and/or outcome measures.
Assessing the Motivators and Barriers Influencing Undergraduate Students' Choices to Participate in International Experiences
Authors: Bunch J. C. , Lamm Alexa J. , Israel Glenn D. , Edwards M. Craig
Published: January 2014

International experiences (IEs) are becoming one of the most critical elements of an undergraduate
student’s education to address the knowledge needed to become globally competent. However, student
enrollment in IEs has been limited. Agricultural educators can more easily influence students’ decisions
regarding participation in IEs if they understand students’ perceptions of associated motivators and
barriers. Realizing geographic location may have an impact on students’ decisions, this study assessed
the motivators and barriers influencing students’ choices to participate in IEs at two geographically
diverse land-grant universities. Students at both schools perceived the overall importance of participating
in IEs as moderately important, and exhibited a neutral level of agreement with the International
experience (IE) barrier items. Even though the barriers and the motivators were similar, previous
participation levels in IEs were significantly different when the universities were compared. Specific
barriers, motivators, and personal characteristics were found to be significant predictors of participation
in IEs, and the level of significance varied depending on the university attended. The results confirm that
many undergraduate students are not fully engaged in IEs, that agricultural educators should to strive
toward eliminating barriers to participation, and that recruitment incentives should be developed based
on the needs of the specific university.
Acquisition of intact polar lipids from the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa by its lytic virus PgV-07T
Authors: Maat D. S. , Bale N. J. , Hopmans E. C. , Baudoux A.-C. , Sinninghe Damsté J. S. , Schouten S. , Brussaard C. P. D.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Recent studies showed changes in phytoplankton lipid composition during viral infection and have indicated roles for specific lipids in the mechanisms of algal virus-host interaction. To investigate the generality of these findings and obtain a better understanding of the allocation of specific lipids to viruses, we studied the intact polar lipid (IPL) composition of virally infected and non-infected cultures of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis globosa G(A) and its lytic virus PgV-07T. The P. globosa IPL composition was relatively stable over a diel cycle and not strongly affected by viral infection. Glycolipids, phospholipids and betaine lipids were present in both the host and virus, although specific groups such as the diacylglyceryl-hydroxymethyltrimethyl-β-alanines and the sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, were present in a lower proportion or were not detected in the virus. Viral glycosphingolipids (vGSLs), which have been shown to play a role in the infection strategy of the virus EhV-86, infecting the prymnesiophyte Emiliania huxleyi CCMP374, were not encountered. Our results show that the involvement of lipids in virus–algal host interactions can be very different amongst virus–algal host systems.
Hindcasting the continuum of Dansgaard–Oeschger variability: mechanisms, patterns and timing
Authors: Menviel L. , Timmermann A. , Friedrich T. , England M. H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Millennial-scale variability associated with Dansgaard–Oeschger events is arguably one of the most puzzling climate phenomena ever discovered in paleoclimate archives. Here, we set out to elucidate the underlying dynamics by conducting a transient global hindcast simulation with a 3-D intermediate complexity earth system model covering the period 50 to 30 ka BP. The model is forced by time-varying external boundary conditions (greenhouse gases, orbital forcing, and ice-sheet orography and albedo) and anomalous North Atlantic freshwater fluxes, which mimic the effects of changing northern hemispheric ice volume on millennial timescales. Together these forcings generate a realistic global climate trajectory, as demonstrated by an extensive model/paleo data comparison. Our results are consistent with the idea that variations in ice-sheet calving and subsequent changes of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation were the main drivers for the continuum of glacial millennial-scale variability seen in paleorecords across the globe.
A standard test case suite for two-dimensional linear transport on the sphere: results from a collection of state-of-the-art schemes
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Ullrich P. A. , Jablonowski C. , Bosler P. A. , Calhoun D. , Conley A. J. , Enomoto T. , Dong L. , Dubey S. , Guba O. , Hansen A. B. , Kaas E. , Kent J. , Lamarque J.-F. , Prather M. J. , Reinert D. , Shashkin V. V. , Skamarock W. C. , Sørensen B. , Taylor M. A. , Tolstykh M. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Recently, a standard test case suite for 2-D linear transport on the sphere was proposed to assess important aspects of accuracy in geophysical fluid dynamics with a "minimal" set of idealized model configurations/runs/diagnostics. Here we present results from 19 state-of-the-art transport scheme formulations based on finite-difference/finite-volume methods as well as emerging (in the context of atmospheric/oceanographic sciences) Galerkin methods. Discretization grids range from traditional regular latitude–longitude grids to more isotropic domain discretizations such as icosahedral and cubed-sphere tessellations of the sphere. The schemes are evaluated using a wide range of diagnostics in idealized flow environments. Accuracy is assessed in single- and two-tracer configurations using conventional error norms as well as novel diagnostics designed for climate and climate–chemistry applications. In addition, algorithmic considerations that may be important for computational efficiency are reported on. The latter is inevitably computing platform dependent. The ensemble of results from a wide variety of schemes presented here helps shed light on the ability of the test case suite diagnostics and flow settings to discriminate between algorithms and provide insights into accuracy in the context of global atmospheric/ocean modeling. A library of benchmark results is provided to facilitate scheme intercomparison and model development. Simple software and data sets are made available to facilitate the process of model evaluation and scheme intercomparison.
The Secondary Organic Aerosol Processor (SOAP v1.0) model: a unified model with different ranges of complexity based on the molecular surrogate approach
Authors: Couvidat F. , Sartelet K.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Secondary Organic Aerosol Processor (SOAP v1.0) model is presented. This model is designed to be modular with different user options depending on the computing time and the complexity required by the user. This model is based on the molecular surrogate approach, in which each surrogate compound is associated with a molecular structure to estimate some properties and parameters (hygroscopicity, absorption on the aqueous phase of particles, activity coefficients, phase separation). Each surrogate can be hydrophilic (condenses only on the aqueous phase of particles), hydrophobic (condenses only on the organic phase of particles) or both (condenses on both the aqueous and the organic phases of particles). Activity coefficients are computed with the UNIFAC thermodynamic model for short-range interactions and with the AIOMFAC parameterization for medium and long-range interactions between electrolytes and organic compounds. Phase separation is determined by Gibbs energy minimization. The user can choose between an equilibrium and a dynamic representation of the organic aerosol. In the equilibrium representation, compounds in the particle phase are assumed to be at equilibrium with the gas phase. However, recent studies show that the organic aerosol (OA) is not at equilibrium with the gas phase because the organic phase could be semi-solid (very viscous liquid phase). The condensation or evaporation of organic compounds could then be limited by the diffusion in the organic phase due to the high viscosity. A dynamic representation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) is used with OA divided into layers, the first layer at the center of the particle (slowly reaches equilibrium) and the final layer near the interface with the gas phase (quickly reaches equilibrium).
The efficiency of the WRF model for simulating typhoons
Authors: Haghroosta T. , Ismail W. R. , Ghafarian P. , Barekati S. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model includes various configuration options related to physics parameters, which can affect the performance of the model. In this study, different numerical experiments were conducted to determine the best combination of physics parameterization schemes for the simulation of sea surface temperatures, latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, precipitation rate, and wind speed that characterized typhoons. Through these experiments, several physics parameterization options within the WRF model were exhaustively tested for typhoon Noul, which had originated in the South China Sea in November 2008. The model domain consisted of one coarse domain and one nested domain. The resolution of the coarse domain was 30 km, and that of the nested domain was 10 km. In this study, model simulation results were compared with the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) data set. Comparisons between predicted and control data were made through the use of standard statistical measurements. The results facilitated the determination of the best combination of options suitable for predicting each physics parameter. Then, the suggested best combinations were examined for seven other typhoons and the solutions were confirmed. Finally, the best combination was compared with other introduced combinations for wind speed prediction for typhoon Washi (2011). The contribution of this study is to have attention to the heat fluxes besides the other parameters. The outcomes showed that the suggested combinations are comparable with the ones in the literature.
Observation of a local gravity isosurface by airborne LIDAR of Lake Balaton, Hungary
Authors: Zlinszky A. , Timár G. , Weber R. , Székely B. , Briese C. , Ressl C. , Pfeifer N.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Airborne LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a remote sensing method commonly used for mapping surface topography in high resolution. A water surface in hydrostatic equilibrium theoretically represents a gravity isosurface. Here we compare LIDAR-based ellipsoidal water surface height measurements all around the shore of a major lake with a local high resolution geoid model. The ellipsoidal heights of the 87 km2 we sampled all around the shore of the 597 km2 lake surface vary by 0.8 m and strong spatial correlation with the geoid undulation was calculated (R2=0.91). After subtraction of the local geoid undulation from the measured ellipsoidal water surface heights, their variation was considerably reduced. This demonstrates that the water surface heights of the lake were truly determined by the local gravity potential. We conclude that the accuracy of airborne LIDAR is sufficient for identifying the spatial variations of gravity potential over large inland water surfaces.
A decade (2002–2012) of supraglacial lake volume estimates across Russell Glacier, West Greenland
Authors: Fitzpatrick A. A. W. , Hubbard A. L. , Box J. E. , Quincey D. J. , van As D. , Mikkelsen A. P. B. , Doyle S. H. , Dow C. F. , Hasholt B. , Jones G. A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Supraglacial lakes represent an ephemeral storage buffer for meltwater runoff and lead to significant, yet short-lived, episodes of ice-flow acceleration by decanting large meltwater and energy fluxes into the ice sheet's hydrological system. Here, a methodology for calculating lake volume is used to quantify storage and drainage across Russell Glacier, West Greenland, between 2002 and 2012. Using 502 MODIS scenes, water volume at ~200 seasonally occurring lakes was derived using a depth–reflectance relationship, which was independently calibrated and field validated against lake bathymetry. The inland expansion of lakes is strongly correlated with air temperature: during the record melt years of 2010 and 2012, lakes formed and drained earlier, attaining their maximum volume 38 and 20 days earlier than the 11 yr mean, as well as occupying a greater area and forming at higher elevations (> 1800 m) than previously. Despite occupying under 2% of the study area, lakes delay the transmission of up to 7–13% of the bulk meltwater discharged. Although the results are subject to an observational bias caused by periods of cloud cover, we estimate that across Russell Glacier, 28% of supraglacial lakes drain rapidly (< 4 days). Clustering of such events in space and time suggests a synoptic trigger mechanism. Further, we find no evidence to support a unifying critical size or depth-dependent drainage threshold.
Globalization versus Integration - The Quest for Appropriate Market System in the Philippines
Authors: Alvendia Arthur M. , Kireeva Irina
Published: January 2014

The Philippines is essentially a nation of micro and small producers living in a group of islands that is very rich in agricultural, fisheries, forest, mineral, and touristic resources. Hence, the participation of this nation in the global economy should be grounded on this structure and resource endowment. While these define the demographic and economic makeup of the Filipino, it is his deep socio-political and moral belief in freedom and capitalism that has shaped his psycho-cultural make-up. It is his deep conviction that progress must come with and thru the exercise of civil liberties, that has led to a doctrinaire adherence to market economics enforced by a rigid institutional systems in finance, governance and laws.
Meaning and Egoism: Are the Notions Compatible?
Authors: Levit Leonid Z.
Published: January 2014

The author shares some results of his pioneering investigations in the specific sphere of positive psychology dealing with the connectedness between the “egoism” and the “meaning” concepts. The conclusions obtained provide more space for new advances and further specifications of the scientific landscape in the domain of meaningful and happy life achievement.
Factors influencing the stability of senior executives in corporate hospitals of India
Authors: Koppala Ravi Babu , Vurity Kavita , Sherry Mathew
Published: January 2014

Objective: To assess the factors (both job motivating and de-motivating) influencing the stability of senior executives in corporate hospitals and to find out the correlates of those job motivating and de-motivating factors. Methods: A cross sectional design was adopted for this study in which 14 factors were chosen to assess the level of job satisfaction using a five point Likert scale questionnaire. Seventy six senior executives with at least minimum 10 years of work experience from various corporate hospitals of India were interviewed using a non probability convenience sampling technique. Results: Majority (more than 75%) of the senior executives were satisfied with their job. Age, sex and work experience could not significantly affect the job satisfaction except for the stability of the job and salary and other added benefits. Conclusion: The current study makes an important contribution to the literature in finding the determinants of job satisfaction among senior executives built upon evidence from the findings.
Copying Error and the Cultural Evolution of “Additive” vs. “Reductive” Material Traditions: An Experimental Assessment
Authors: Schillinger Kerstin , Mesoudi Alex , Lycett Stephen J.
Published: January 2014

Copying errors that occur during the manufacture of artifactual traditions are potentially a major source of variation. It has been proposed that material items produced via “additive” processes (e.g., pottery) will possess less variation than traditions produced via “reductive” processes (e.g., stone knapping). The logic of this premise is that “additive” production methods more readily allow for the reversal of copying errors compared to strictly “reductive-only” processes. Here, we tested this hypothesis in shape data using an experimental framework in which we generated and statistically analyzed morphometry (size-adjusted) shape data under controlled and replicable conditions. Participants engaged in one of two alternative conditions: an irreversible (“reductive-only”) manufacturing process or a reversible (“additive-reductive”) process. With a number of factors held constant, participants were required to copy the shape of a “target form” as accurately as possible using a standardized block of plasticine and a steel table knife. Results demonstrated statistically greater levels of shape-copying errors in the replicas produced in the reductive-only condition. This indicates that “mutation rates” in the shape attributes of artifactual traditions produced via reductive processes are inherently greater than those produced via alternative means. Several implications for the study of variation in artifactual traditions are discussed.
Avantages et défis d’une communauté d’apprentissage pour dynamiser l’enseignement des sciences et de la technologie à l’élémentaire
Authors: Dionne Liliane , Couture Christine
Published: January 2014

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche portant sur une communauté d’apprentissage (CA) qui a permis à huit enseignantes franco-ontariennes de 5eet de 6eannée de s’engager dans une démarche d’amélioration de l’enseignement des sciences et de la technologie (S-T). L’analyse effectuée vise à mieux comprendre, à partir des témoignages des enseignantes, les avantages et les défis de la CA pour dynamiser l’enseignement des S-T. S’appuyant sur le cadre des trois dimensions de la communauté d’apprentissage de Schussler (2003), l’analyse de contenu (L’Écuyer, 1987) révèle que, selon la dimension cognitive, les enseignants disent apprendre des notions de sciences et de nouvelles approches pédagogiques. Sur le plan affectif, la communauté d’apprentissage leur apporte la motivation pour enseigner les S-T. Selon la dimension idéologique, la CA procure des bénéfices aux enseignantes au niveau de l’autonomie professionnelle. Finalement, certains défis de la CA, notamment l’importance de mieux répondre aux besoins cognitifs des enseignants en stimulant davantage leur zone d’apprentissage, sont discutés.
Mechanical characterization of sub-100-nm-thick Au thin films by electrostatically actuated tensile testing with several strain rates
Authors: Oh Hyun-Jin , Kawase Shinya , Hanasaki Itsuo , Isono Yoshitada
Published: January 2014

We have developed the tensile testing device based on MEMS technology and applied it to the Au thin films with thickness in the sub-100-nm regime. The specimen was fabricated by thermal deposition and sputtering processes in the course of device fabrication. This technique of device fabrication in combination with the specimen realizes the precise loading direction without preloading before tensile tests. The loads were applied electrostatically by the comb-drive actuator. The obtained Young’s modulus was 28 ± 3 GPa and was insensitive to the strain rate. The 0.2% yield strength was in the range from 192 to 519 MPa with a trend of decrease with decreasing strain rate in the range from 5 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−2 s−1.
Limited magnesium isotope fractionation during metamorphic dehydration in metapelites from the Onawa contact aureole, Maine
Authors: Li Wang‐Ye , Teng Fang‐Zhen , Wing Boswell A. , Xiao Yilin
Published: January 2014

Knowledge on the behavior of Mg isotopes during metamorphic dehydration is the prerequisite for applying Mg isotopes as tracers for crustal recycling. Here we report Mg isotopic compositions of metapelites from the Onawa contact aureole, Maine. Except one sample, all metapelites across the aureole, from the wall‐rock regional metamorphic rocks to the partially melted rocks adjacent to the pluton, have similar Mg isotopic compositions (δ26Mg = −0.09 to +0.12‰). This observation indicates limited Mg isotope fractionation during metamorphic dehydration and fluid‐rock interaction, due to the low Mg concentration in fluids relative to rocks. Our results suggest that Mg isotopic compositions of metapelites can record those of their protoliths and, hence, recycled clastic sedimentary materials may preserve their low‐temperature Mg isotopic signatures through subduction zones. Therefore, Mg isotopes may serve as new tracers for crustal recycling, for example, tracing components experienced weathering cycles within granite sources.
Coupled heat and vapor transport: The thermostat effect of a freely evaporating land surface
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef , Schepers Aaron
Published: January 2014

Analytical solutions of the 2‐D heat and vapor transport equations for a surface moisture jump are often based on a constant streamwise temperature (Tws) assumption over the wet vegetated surface. By analyzing 90 thermal infrared images taken over center‐pivot irrigated areas in Nebraska, it has been demonstrated for the first time that such an assumption is realistic. Average temperature difference between the perimeter and core of the irrigated full or half circles stayed between −0.11 and 0.09°C (standard deviation of 0.25–0.41°C). It was further demonstrated that wet‐bulb temperatures (a proxy of Tws) remain near constant during drying of the environment when net radiation and wind conditions stay largely unchanged, enabling estimation of Tws at any stage of drying, thus improving evaporation estimates of the Priestley‐Taylor equation in arid and semiarid environments.
Developmental plasticity of red blood cell homeostasis
Authors: Golub Mari S. , Hogrefe Casey E. , Malka Roy , Higgins John M.
Published: January 2014

Most human physiologic set points like body temperature are tightly regulated and show little variation between healthy individuals. Red blood cell (RBC) characteristics such as hematocrit and mean cell volume are stable within individuals but can vary by 20% from one healthy person to the next. The mechanisms for the majority of this inter‐individual variation are unknown and do not appear to involve common genetic variation. Here, we show that environmental conditions present during development, namely in utero iron availability, can exert long‐term influence on a set point related to the RBC life cycle. In a controlled study of rhesus monkeys and a retrospective study of humans, we use a mathematical model of in vivo RBC population dynamics to show that in utero iron deficiency is associated with a lowered threshold for RBC clearance and turnover. This in utero effect is plastic, persisting at least 2 years after birth and after the cessation of iron deficiency. Our study reports a rare instance of developmental plasticity in the human hematologic system and also shows how mathematical modeling can be used to identify cellular mechanisms involved in the adaptive control of homeostatic set points. Am. J. Hematol. 89:459–466, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chlorambucil plus rituximab with or without maintenance rituximab as first‐line treatment for elderly chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients
Authors: Foà Robin , Del Giudice Ilaria , Cuneo Antonio , Del Poeta Giovanni , Ciolli Stefania , Di Raimondo Francesco , Lauria Francesco , Cencini Emanuele , Rigolin Gian Matteo , Cortelezzi Agostino , Nobile Francesco , Callea Vincenzo , Brugiatelli Maura , Massaia Massimo , Molica Stefano , Trentin Livio , Rizzi Rita , Specchia Giorgina , Di Serio Francesca , Orsucci Lorella , Ambrosetti Achille , Montillo Marco , Zinzani Pier Luigi , Ferrara Felicetto , Morabito Fortunato , Mura Maria Angela , Soriani Silvia , Peragine Nadia , Tavolaro Simona , Bonina Silvia , Marinelli Marilisa , De Propris Maria Stefania , Starza Irene Della , Piciocchi Alfonso , Alietti Alessandra , Runggaldier Eva Josephine , Gamba Enrica , Mauro Francesca Romana , Chiaretti Sabina , Guarini Anna
Published: January 2014

In a phase II trial, we evaluated chlorambucil and rituximab (CLB‐R) as first‐line induction treatment with or without R as maintenance for elderly chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients. Treatment consisted of eight 28‐day cycles of CLB (8 mg/m2/day, days 1–7) and R (day 1 of cycle 3, 375 mg/m2; cycles 4–8, 500 mg/m2). Responders were randomized to 12 8‐week doses of R (375 mg/m2) or observation. As per intention‐to‐treat analysis, 82.4% (95% CI, 74.25–90.46%) of 85 patients achieved an overall response (OR), 16.5% a complete response (CR), 2.4% a CR with incomplete bone marrow recovery. The OR was similar across Binet stages (A 86.4%, B 81.6%, and C 78.6%) and age categories (60–64 years, 92.3%; 65–69, 85.2%; 70–74, 75.0%; ≥75, 81.0%). CLB‐R was well tolerated. After a median follow‐up of 34.2 months, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 34.7 months (95% CI, 33.1–39.5). TP53 abnormalities, complex karyotype, and low CD20 gene expression predicted lack of response; SF3B1 mutation and BIRC3 disruption low CR rates. IGHV mutations significantly predicted PFS. R maintenance tended towards a better PFS than observation and was safe and most beneficial for patients in partial response and for unmutated IGHV cases. CLB‐R represents a promising option for elderly CLL patients. Am. J. Hematol. 89:480–486, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.