bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlated responses to selection for large body size in
oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice: reproductive traits
Authors: PARKS K. R. , EISEN E. J. , PARKER I. J. , HESTER L. G. , MURRAY J. D.
Published: July 2002

Correlated responses in female reproductive performance were evaluated following short-term
selection within full-sib families for increased 8-week body weight in two replicates of four lines of
mice: two ovine metallothionein–ovine growth hormone (oMt1a-oGH) transgene-carrier lines, one
from a high-growth background (TM) and one from a control background (TC), and two non-transgenic lines, one from each of these genetic backgrounds (NM and NC, respectively). A fifth
line (CC), not containing the transgene, served as a randomly selected control. The initial
frequency of the oMt1a-oGH transgene construct in the TM and TC lines was 0·5. The frequency
of transgenic females sampled at generations 7 and 8 of selection was 84·0% and 6·1% in the TC
and TM lines, respectively. No significant female infertility differences were detected between
transgene-carrier and non-transgenic lines or between transgenic and non-transgenic mice within
carrier lines, whereas high-growth background lines had a higher infertility than control
background lines (P < 0·05). Correlated responses in the TC transgene-carrier line were suggestive
of reduced reproductive performance as indicated by increased post-implantation mortality
(P < 0·05), number of dead fetuses plus implants (P < 0·05), and loss of fetuses from day 16 to
parturition (P < 0·001). For the first two traits, the negative correlated responses were accounted
for by the reduced performance of transgenic compared with non-transgenic females. Embryos
carrying the transgene may also have a lower viability. In contrast, the NC non-transgenic line did
not exhibit reduced reproductive performance for these traits. The low frequency of the transgene
in the high-growth background TM line was associated with reduced fitness and a lower additive
effect for 8-week body weight compared with the control background TC line.
Shallow marine Lower and Middle Miocene deposits at the
southern margin of the North Sea Basin (northern Belgium):
dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy and depositional history
Authors: LOUWYE S. , DE CONINCK J. , VERNIERS J.
Published: July 2002

Detailed dinoflagellate cyst analysis of the Lower–Middle Miocene Berchem Formation at
the southernmost margin of the North Sea Basin (northern Belgium) allowed a precise biostratigraphical
positioning and a reconstruction of the depositional history. The two lower members of the formation
(Edegem Sands and decalcified Kiel Sands) are biostratigraphically regarded as one unit since no
significant break within the dinocyst assemblages is observed. The base of this late (or latest)
Aquitanian–Burdigalian unit coincides with sequence boundary Aq3/Bur1 as defined by Hardenbol
and others, in work published in 1998. A hiatus at the Lower–Middle Miocene transition separates the
upper member (the Antwerpen Sands) from the underlying member. The greater part of the Antwerpen
Sands were deposited in a Langhian (latest Burdigalian?)–middle Serravallian interval. The base of this
unit coincides with sequence boundary Bur5/Lan1. Biostratigraphical correlation points to a diachronous
post-depositional decalcification within the formation since parts of the decalcified Kiel Sands
can be correlated with parts of the calcareous fossil-bearing section, up to now interpreted as
Antwerpen Sands. The dinoflagellate cyst assemblages are dominated by species with a inner neritic
preference, although higher numbers of oceanic taxa in the upper part of the formation indicate incursions
of oceanic watermasses into the confined depositional environment of the southern North Sea Basin.
RAPID COMMUNICATIONS Complex quartz growth histories in granite revealed by scanning
cathodoluminescence techniques
Authors: D'LEMOS R. S. , KEARSLEY A. T. , PEMBROKE J. W. , WATT G. R. , WRIGHT P.
Published: July 2002

A scanning electron microscope based cathodoluminescence
technique utilizing a novel collector system reveals complex
internal heterogeneities within granitic quartz grains. The technique
overcomes the low intensity and limited variation in
cathodoluminescence generated by quartz, which hamper conventional
cathodoluminescence analysis. Detailed images of
zoning patterns in quartz are comparable to those observed in
minerals such as feldspar, and attributed to a combination of progressive
growth, boundary layer effects and mineral–melt disequilibria
produced during fluctuations in melt composition and
temperature during the crystallization interval. We attribute such
mineral–melt disequilibria to open system, mixing behaviour in
the granite plutons sampled.
Birth of the Avalon arc in Nova Scotia, Canada:
geochemical evidence for ∼700–630 Ma
back-arc rift volcanism off Gondwana
Authors: KEPPIE J. D. , DOSTAL J.
Published: July 2002

Central Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia, Canada, is host to
∼700–630 Ma felsic and associated
mafic volcanic rocks that are relatively rare in other parts of the Avalon

Composite Terrane, occurring
elsewhere only in the Stirling Block of southern Cape Breton Island and
in
parts of eastern Newfoundland.
The mafic rocks of central Cape Breton Island are typically intraplate

tholeiitic basalts generated by melting
of a garnet-bearing mantle source. They lack a continental trace element

and εNd imprint although they were
emplaced on continental crust; they resemble oceanic island basalts.
Contemporaneous volcanism in the
Stirling Block is calc-alkaline and formed in a volcanic arc setting.
In the absence of evidence for an intervening
trench complex or suture, it may be inferred that the central Cape
Breton tholeiites formed in a back-arc
setting relative to the Stirling Block. This rifting may represent the

initial stages of separation of an
Avalonian arc from western Gondwana. The arc rifted further between
∼630–610 Ma when the younger
Antigonish-Cobequid back-arc basin formed. Subsequently, the extensional
arc became convergent,
telescoping the back-arc basin. Northwestward migration of calc-alkaline

arc magmatism may be related to
shallowing of the associated Benioff zone through time.
The black skarns of Pine Canyon, Piute County, Utah
Authors: AGRELL S. O. , CHINNER G. A. , ROWLEY P. D.
Published: July 2002

A small micromonzonite pluton intruding Miocene extrusives of the Marysvale volcanic field
of southern Utah has undergone a sequence of explosive brecciation, syenite veining, rheomorphism,
calcium metasomatism and zeolitization. Skarn-like occurrences of magnetite and Al-spinel-rich
feldspathoidal rocks within the outcrop are of two main types: (1) an olivine-bearing variety with occasional
REE-rich minerals (zirconolite) occurs as veins and seams in desilicated latite screens and xeno-liths.;
(2) an aluminous, corundum- and hibonite-bearing variety with accessory zirconolite, perovskite
and armalcolite occurs mainly as fillings to the micromonzonite breccias. The chemically disparate types
are interpreted as having initiated as propylitic, and argillic/alunitic, alterations of latite country rock in
the early hydrothermal system of the pluton. Subsequent intrusion of the micromonzonite to higher
levels has incorporated these products into the igneous complex, in which they have experienced
varying degrees of nephelinization, pyrometamorphism, rheomorphism and veining.
PAPIST AS HERETIC: THE BURNING OF JOHN FOREST, 1538
Authors: MARSHALL PETER
Published: July 2002

This article examines the circumstances surrounding the condemnation
and burning for
heresy of the Observant Franciscan John Forest in 1538. Forest's principal

‘heresy’ was his adherence
to the papacy, making him the only Englishman to be burnt for this
offence by any Tudor regime. His
fate, however, can be placed in the context of an increasing
willingness of Henrician apologists in the
1530s to identify papal claims as heretical, particularly over the
issue of the authority of a general
council, to which Henry VIII had appealed over the divorce. The papal
convocation of the council of
Mantua in 1536–7, and Henry's need to impugn its authority,

provides the immediate context for
Forest's condemnation. The article also demonstrates how the
harshness of Forest's treatment was
related to his avowed equivocation over the oath of supremacy, and
how Forest and a number of other
conservative priests and laypeople were able to employ strategies
to subvert the government's attempts
to bind their consciences. It concludes by suggesting a number of
reasons, political and theological, why
the policy pursued with Forest was not repeated.
HARRINGTONIAN VIRTUE:
HARRINGTON, MACHIAVELLI, AND
THE METHOD OF THE MOMENT
Authors: CROMARTIE ALAN
Published: July 2002

This article presents a reinterpretation of James Harrington's
writings. It takes issue
with J. G. A. Pocock's reading, which treats him as importing into
England a Machiavellian
‘language of political thought’. This reading is the basis
of Pocock's stress on the republicanism of
eighteenth-century opposition values. Harrington's writings were in
fact a most implausible channel
for such ideas. His outlook owed much to Stoicism. Unlike the Florentine,
he admired the
contemplative life; was sympathetic to commerce; and was relaxed about
the threat of ‘corruption’ (a
concept that he did not understand). These views can be associated with
his apparent aims: the
preservation of a national church with a salaried but politically impotent
clergy; and the restoration
of the royalist gentry to a leading role in English politics. Pocock's
hypothesis is shown to be
conditioned by his method; its weaknesses reflect some difficulties inherent
in the notion of ‘languages
of thought’.
TYRANNY DENIED: CHARLES I,
ATTORNEY GENERAL HEATH, AND
THE FIVE KNIGHTS' CASE
Authors: KISHLANSKY MARK
Published: July 2002

This article exonerates Charles I and Attorney General Sir Robert
Heath from charges
that they tampered with the records of the court of King's Bench in
the Five Knights' Case. It refutes
allegations made by John Selden in the parliament of 1628 and repeated
by modern historians. Selden's
attack on Heath and the king's government was based on a fundamental
misunderstanding of the
nature of King's Bench enrolments and a radical view of the crown's
intentions in imprisoning loan
resisters. The view that Charles was attempting to establish the prerogative
right to imprison
opponents without remedy at common law has no basis in either the arguments
presented during the
Five Knights' Case or the king's behaviour both before and during
the parliament. By accepting the
most radical critique of Caroline government at face value, historians
have concluded that Charles was
attempting to establish a ‘legal tyranny’. This article rejects
these views.
COMMERCIAL PROJECTS AND THE FISCAL POLICY OF JAMES VI AND I
Authors: CRAMSIE JOHN
Published: July 2002

Financing the crown was, perhaps, the seminal question in the English reign of James
VI and I. Attempts to tap commercial wealth were a central feature of fiscal policy. The derivations
of crown finance from commerce are straightforward; for instance, customs duties or concessions the
crown held in monopolies and patents. The grandest project of James's reign, Alderman Cockayne's
project to export dyed and dressed cloth, embodied these commercial-fiscal connections in addition to the
goal of economic growth. The same points are exemplified by proposals to construct a fleet of fishing
vessels (busses) with which to confront Dutch mastery of the trade. This project also enticed policy-makers and provides a vehicle through which to examine the relationship between crown finance and
commerce, the revisionist approach to the structural failures of early Stuart government, and the politics
of crown finance. The first section will trace the development of ‘projects’ and the conceptualization
of crown finance as a project par excellence. The second section analyses specifically the busses projects.
The final section examines the interaction of busses and fiscal policy in the 1610s. The argument is
that the ultimate failure of finance was political rather than structural and the basis for this failure
lay in the operation of Jacobean kingship upon policy-making.
ERVAND ABRAHAMIAN, Tortured Confessions: Prison and Public Recantations in Modern Iran (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999). Pp. 279.
Authors: Mahdi Ali Akbar
Published: July 2002

The Iranian Revolution of 1979 has unleashed a flood of books on the causes and consequences of the rise of political Islam and the failure of Western-supported modernizing states. Ervand Abrahamian's new book is important because it is the first detailed academic work that deals with the conditions of the prisons and the horrors of the criminal system—the torture, the forced confessions, and the executions—in the newly established theocratic state. This book is a testimony to the horrors of self-righteous ideological regimes whose ruling elite claims a monopoly on truth and the knowledge of what is best for its citizens. This is a chilling book that should be read by all scholars and non-scholars who care about human rights.
Ali-Ogba: A History of Ogba People. By FRANCIS

J. ELLAH. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishing Co., 1995. Pp.

xiv + 226. $18.00; £9.95 (ISBN 978-156-400-8).

(Distributed by African Books Collective, The Jam Factory, 27 Park End

Street, Oxford OX1 1HU.)
Authors: LAW ROBIN
Published: July 2002

The Ogba are an Igbo-speaking group, situated in the extreme

south-west of the Igbo area, in the modern Rivers State of Nigeria

(though the maps in this book, which depict only the Ogba country

itself, do not convey a very clear sense of its location). This

history of the community, written by its current Eze (king),

sets out to cover the entire sweep of its history, from ‘the

origin of the Ogbas’ (attributed to the fourteenth century) to

the colonial period (post-independence history being treated only

cursorily). It is based mainly on local oral traditions, taken partly

from colonial Intelligence Reports, but also including extensive new

material collected by the author; some use is also made, for the

colonial period, of contemporary documents from British and Nigerian

archives, and for prehistory, of archaeological evidence.
LESSONS LEARNED? DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES IN THE LATE COLONIAL PERIOD
Authors: VAN BEUSEKOM MONICA M. , HODGSON DOROTHY L.
Published: July 2002

The post-World-War-II period has typically been seen as the beginning of
the ‘development era’. As global power relations shifted and nationalist and
international pressure to liberalize and end colonial rule mounted, the
colonial powers sought to revise their rationales for the legitimacy of the
colonial endeavor. Longstanding dichotomies such as metropole/colony and
civilized/primitive were reworked into the categories of developed/underdeveloped.
The scale and intensity of development interventions
increased dramatically, and a language of planned development, undergirded
by ‘science’, came to frame the policy debates of colonial administrators and
the technical experts they relied on, as well as nationalists and local elites. But
development had been a central feature of encounters between the West and
Africa since at least the early twentieth century, so that by the 1950s, all
parties involved in the encounter had substantial experience of its policies
and practices. Using detailed ethnohistorical and archival data, the papers in
this special issue examine development programs in the late colonial period
from across the continent in order to analyze how such historical experiences
contributed to the conceptualization, implementation and outcomes of these
programs.

These papers, like much recent research on development, explore development
discourses and the ways in which experts and government officials
defined particular development problems and conceptualized solutions. But
in examining particular development programs across Africa, these papers
seek to bring development practice into the analysis of development
discourse. Rather than situating persistence and change in development
discourses largely within dominant international and government institutions,
these papers argue that such discourses were inevitably intertwined
with development practice. In considering the local configurations within
which experts and officials sought to implement their ambitious master
plans, these papers show that few if any plans remained uninfluenced by local
struggles over land, labor or agricultural and environmental expertise.
Neither hegemonic nor unchanging, late colonial development agendas were
in fact rooted in the experiences of earlier colonial efforts to manage rural
livelihoods and tied to both the global changes and local realities of the late
colonial era.
Genotypic variation in proanthocyanidin status in the Leucaena genus
Authors: DALZELL S. A. , SHELTON H. M.
Published: July 2002

The proanthocyanidin (PA) status of 116 accessions from the Leucaena genus representing 21 species, 6 subspecies, 3 varieties and 4 interspecific hybrids was evaluated under uniform environmental and experimental conditions at Redland Bay, Queensland, Australia in October 1997. The PA content of lyophilized youngest fully expanded leaves was measured spectrophotometrically by the butanol/HCl assay referenced to L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata standard PA and expressed as L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata PA equivalents (LLPAE). Considerable interspecific variation in PA concentration existed within the genus, ranging from 0–339 g LLPAE/kg dry matter (DM). Taxa including L. confertiflora, L. cuspidata, L. esculenta and L. greggii contained very high (>180 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA concentrations. Similarly, many agronomically superior accessions from L. diversifolia, L. pallida and L. trichandra contained extremely high (up to 250 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA concentrations, although these taxa exhibited wide intraspecific variation in PA content offering the potential to select accessions with lower (120–160 g LLPAE/kg DM) PA content. Commercial cultivars of L. leucocephala ssp. glabrata, known to produce forage of superior quality, contained low amounts of PA (33–39 g LLPAE/kg DM). Artificial interspecific hybrids had PA contents intermediate to those of both parents. Lesser-known taxa, including L. collinsii, L. lanceolata, L. lempirana, L. macrophylla, L. magnifica, L. multicapitula, L. salvadorensis and L. trichodes, contained undetectable to low (0–36 g LLPAE/kg DM) quantities of PA and have potential as parents to breed interspecific hybrids of low PA status and superior forage quality. Extractable PA was the dominant PA component, accounting for 91% of total PA within the genus. Regression analysis of accession ranks from different experiments compared to these results indicated that genetic regulation of Leucaena spp. PA content was consistent (P<0·01) under different edapho-climatic environments. The distribution of PA within the Leucaena genus did not concur with the predictions of various evolutionary and phylogenetic plant defence theories.
Comparative performance of British hill sheep breeds and crosses
Authors: AL-NAKIB F. M. S. , BATEMAN N. , FINDLAY R. H. , SMITH C. , THOMPSON R.
Published: July 2002

Five British hill sheep breeds and their crosses were compared
on

a hill farm in a common

environmental and husbandry system in 1974 in Peeblesshire, Scotland. A

home-bred Scottish

Blackface stock was maintained, and ewes were crossed with rams of each

of the five hill breeds,

North Country Cheviot, Derbyshire Gritstone, Exmoor Horn, Swaledale and

Scottish Blackface. The

crossbred female progeny were then mated half to homebred Blackface rams

and half to rams of the paternal breed. This was reversed in later

generations to form a continuous criss-crossing system. The

performances of the crossbred ewes and of the crossbred lambs were

compared, and the effects of the

breeds and the average heterosis were estimated. A total of 5579 ewe

and 6516 lamb records were

available for comparison over an 8-year period from 1977 to 1984. Some

20 rams per breed were used

over this period. The Swaledale crosses had substantially higher output

and efficiency than any of the

other crosses, while the Derbyshire Gritstone and Exmoor Horn crosses

were generally inferior.

There was appreciable heterosis for most traits, that for fleece weight

and for litter weight at weaning

being the highest. The heterosis for output per ewe exposed and

efficiency of lamb production are positive and significant. The results

support greater use of the Swaledale and of a crossbreeding

system with Blackface to exploit heterosis in harsh hill farm

conditions.
Changes in the weight and quality of sugarbeet

(Beta vulgaris) roots in storage clamps on farms
Authors: JAGGARD K. W. , CLARK C. J. A. , MAY M. J. , McCULLAGH S. , DRAYCOTT A. P.
Published: July 2002

The changes in weight and quality of sugarbeet roots stored in
18

clamps, mostly in eastern England

during the winters of 1992/93 to 1994/95, were studied on farms

using best commercial practice.

Storage usually started in early December, at about the last recommended

date of harvesting, and

continued until the end of the beet-processing campaign at the local sugar

factory (usually in

February). Random samples of beet, in open-weave nets, were either analysed

at the outset or were

buried in a predetermined pattern in the clamp for up to 84 days.

Periodically, samples were removed

from the clamps for analysis. Beet weight hardly changed but sugar was

lost as a reduction in sugar

concentration: this declined at c. 0·02% per day. The

concentration of reducing sugars, which are

important impurities, increased fourfold during storage. Most other beet

quality parameters remained unchanged. Sugar and adjusted weight was lost
at

0·143 and 0·187% per day respectively.

This relationship was highly significant, but a relationship between

sugar loss and accumulated

thermal time (0·0188% per °C day) accounted for more of the

variation (73%). Temperature changes

within the clamps, and the differences between clamps in accumulated

thermal time, were not

predictable. Some clamp insulation materials appear to allow more heat
to

accumulate than is desirable.
Effect of transmural potential difference on Mg
transport across rumen epithelium from four different
breeds of sheep
Authors: LEONHARD-MAREK S. , MAREK M. , MARTENS H.
Published: July 2002

Increasing the dietary intake of K reduces the Mg
absorption from the forestomachs of ruminants
by decreasing the apical membrane potential and increasing
the transepithelial potential difference
(Vt). To evaluate genetic variations in the
dependence of Mg absorption on K intake, we performed
Ussing chamber experiments and studied the effect of
Vt on 28Mg fluxes across rumen epithelium
from different breeds of sheep. All breeds showed net
absorption of Mg (JMgnet) in the
absence of electrochemical gradients.
JMgnet of Skudde was lower
compared to Merino or Schwarzkopf sheep.
Increasing Vt decreased mucosal to serosal Mg
flux (JMgms) and increased
serosal to mucosal Mg flux. The effect of Vt
on JMgnet
was almost identical in all breeds of sheep (−30 to
−45% for a 25 mV increase
in Vt). The effect of Vt on
JMgms revealed a
Vt-dependent and a Vt-independent
component of transcellular Mg absorption in all breeds.
Considering the driving forces for these two Mg transport
mechanisms, the effect of K on Mg absorption will mainly
depend on the feeding regimen, i.e. dietary
K must have a relatively higher effect on Mg absorption at low
Mg intake levels, which explains the
correlation between pasture quality and tetany frequency as
well as the missing effect of K on Mg
status in some older studies.
Gas exchange and water relations of young apricot
plants under drought conditions
Authors: TORRECILLAS A. , GALEGO R. , PÉREZ-PASTOR A. , RUIZ-SÁNCHEZ M. C.
Published: July 2002

Potted 1·5-year-old apricot plants (Prunus armeniaca L.), growing under polycarbonate glasshouse
conditions with a cooling system, were subjected to two successive water stress/recovery periods until
pre-dawn leaf water potential (Ψpd) reached values between −2·0 and −2·5 MPa, during summer
1996. Control plants were irrigated daily to maintain the soil matric potential at c. −20 kPa. Water
stress limited plant growth and induced a significant reduction in leaf area, caused by mature leaf
abscission. The parallel behaviour of leaf turgor potential and epinasty in stressed plants indicated
that these movements are turgor-dependent. Osmotic adjustments of 0·27 and 0·60 MPa were
observed at the end of the first and second stress period, respectively. Relative apoplastic water
content (RWCa) values were high, ranging from 27 to 42%, and were not affected by water stress.
The rapid decrease in leaf conductance (gl) from the beginning of the stress periods, together with the
delay in stomatal reopening after rewatering the plants, indicated that stomatal behaviour was not
a simple passive response to water deficits. Net photosynthesis decreased only at the end of both stress
periods and recovered quickly. These observations indicate that leaf productivity may be affected
only slightly by short-term water stress. The results indicate that drought resistance in apricot is based
mainly on avoidance mechanisms, such as stomatal control, epinasty and limitation of transpiration
by reducing leaf area. However, some tolerance characteristics, including osmotic adjustment, high
RWC a and low leaf osmotic potential at turgor loss point (Ψtlp) values were observed.
Global change and the challenges for agriculture and forestry
Authors: AWMACK C. S. , SMITH P. , PINTER P. J.
Published: July 2002

A key need of the global change research community
is to be able to synthesize the data collected by
scientists from a wide range of disciplines and use it to
make predictions about our future environment. In
an agricultural and forestry context, this will allow
predictions of yields under elevated atmospheric CO2
levels and/or changed climate using data from studies
of both the direct effects of global change on plant
growth and physiology and indirect effects on soil
fertility, water resources, pests and diseases.

A conference held at the University of Reading,
UK in September 1999, and organized under
the auspices of Focus 3 (Global Change Impact
on Agriculture, Forestry and Soils; http://mwnta.nmw.ac.uk/GCTEFocus3) of the IGBP Core
Project “Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems”
addressed many of these issues.
Morphology of white clover during development from seed to clonal populations in grazed pastures
Authors: BROCK J. L. , ALBRECHT K. A. , TILBROOK J. C. , HAY M. J. M.
Published: July 2002

Following germination, the ontogeny of white clover is characterized by two distinct morphological
growth phases, a seminal taprooted stage followed by a clonal growth stage. Death of the seminal
taproot and primary stolon initiates a process of fragmentation of the taprooted plant into a variable
number of independent clonal fragments (plants) which comprise the initial population of the clonal
growth stage. The objective of this study was to characterize the plant morphology of field-sown
white clover populations from germination through to established clonal populations. Populations of
eight white clover cultivars were assessed when sown with perennial ryegrass or tall fescue in pastures
established under a common grazing regime for 16 months prior to imposition of continuous or
rotational grazing treatments. One year from sowing, taprooted plants attained maximum size, with
a mean plant branching order of 3·35, stolon DW of 460 mg and lateral spread of 250 mm, with some
individuals having 6th order branching, 3·5 g stolon DW and 1m lateral spread. These taprooted
plants were 4–5 times the size of plants in the subsequently formed clonal population. Nine months
after sowing, the first individual taprooted plants fragmented into clonal plants. Twelve months from
sowing, fragmentation processes were occurring at a linear rate, eliminating 6% of the original
taprooted population each month. This resulted in a 12–15 month transition period when the white
clover population comprised both taprooted and clonal plants. During this transition period, the
initial clonal fragments produced from taprooted plants were large, and this maintained a larger
mean plant size in the clonal plant proportion of the transition population than measured in the later
fully clonal population. This process was also considered to act to prevent the development of the
expected differences between grazing managements, as it was not until the third year when all
taprooted plants had disappeared that the clonal populations developed characteristics reflecting the
expected influence of grazing management. Variation due to white clover cultivar and companion
grasses was minor. The substantial differences in plant size and branching structure between
taprooted and clonal populations has significant implications for the evaluation of breeding lines.
George Washington and the Problem of Slavery
Authors: MORGAN KENNETH
Published: July 2002

Slavery was not the most important issue for which George Washington
is remembered; nor were his views on the institution as revealing as those
of some of his fellow Founding Fathers. But Washington was a
slaveowner for all of his adult life and he lived in Virginia, which was
dominated by tobacco plantations based on slave labour. Slavery was
central to the socio-economic life of the Old Dominion: after 1750 40 per
cent of the North American slave population lived there and the first
United States census of 1790 showed 300,000 slaves in Virginia. The
tobacco they produced was the most valuable staple crop grown in North
America. At his home Mount Vernon, situated on the upper Potomac
river overlooking the Maryland shore, Washington created an estate,
based on the latest agricultural practice, that was also a set of plantation
farms centred around the work of enslaved Africans. Slavery, then, was
clearly a persistent part of Washington's life and career. Because of this
and his pre-eminent position in American public life, Washington's use of
slave labour and his views on an important paradox of American history
in the revolutionary era – the coexistence of slavery and liberty – deserve
close attention. One man's dilemma in dealing with the morality of his
own slaveholding was mirrored in the broader context of what the United
States could or would do about the problem of slavery.
HOUSEHOLD VULNERABILITY TO FOOD CRISIS AND MORTALITY IN THE DROUGHT-PRONE AREAS OF NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: EZRA MARKOS , KIROS GEBRE-EGZIABHER
Published: July 2002

This study examines the association between a household's degree of vulnerability to food crisis and the incidence of deaths using primary survey data carried out to look at the demographic consequences of drought and famine in the drought-prone areas of northern Ethiopia. Retrospective data on the occurrences of deaths within a household were collected for the period 1984 to 1994. Consistent with previous studies, the findings confirm that mortality was clustered among the age groups 1–4 and 5–9 and varied considerably by famine and non-famine years. Enormous variation in incidence of deaths was also observed by region, ethnicity and religion. Most importantly, the analysis provides substantial evidence that the level of household vulnerability to food crisis is strongly related to the number of hunger-related deaths reported in a household.
MOTIVES UNDERLYING HEALTHY EATING: USING THE FOOD CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE TO EXPLAIN VARIATION IN DIETARY INTAKE
Authors: POLLARD TESSA M. , STEPTOE ANDREW , WARDLE JANE
Published: July 2002

The Food Choice Questionnaire (FCQ), which measures the reported importance to a given individual of nine factors underlying food choice, and a food frequency questionnaire, were administered to 241 participants, who were also required to classify their diet as either 'standard', 'low in red meat' or 'vegetarian'. Respondents describing their diet as low in red meat attributed greater importance to health, natural content, weight control and ethical concern in their food choice than did those who described their diets as standard, whereas vegetarians differed significantly from those with a standard diet only on the score for ethical concern. Differences between men and women and between students and non-students in the frequency of consumption of a number of foods were shown to be mediated by differences in the importance attached to FCQ factors. Thus the generally healthier diets of women compared to men appeared to be accounted for by the greater importance attributed by women to weight control, natural content and ethical concerns.
Pressure in the teat cistern and the mouth of the calf during suckling
Authors: RASMUSSEN MORTEN D. , MAYNTZ MICHAEL
Published: July 2002

The principles of today's machine milking techniques have
developed since the
early 1900s. The original intention to imitate the sucking action of the
calf had to be
abandoned owing to technical difficulties. Further developments were made
on a
largely empirical basis and milking technique became a specific complex
of tasks,
problems and solutions. Consequently, the sucking of the calf was rejected
as a model
for machine milking. The sucking behaviour and the application of vacuum
and/or
pressure by the sucking mammalian offspring have been adapted through evolution.
Any eventual changes due to ‘recent’ breeding and development
of the milking
machine remain marginal compared with evolutionary changes.

Since the cineradiographic techniques used by Ardran et al. (1957, 1958)
it was
believed that sucking calves use mainly pressure to transfer a squirt of
milk from the
proximally closed teat cistern and through the teat canal. The calf creates
the
pressure by compressing the teat between the tongue and the hard palate
from the
base of the teat towards the teat end. Cowie (1977) summarized these results
as
follows: ‘Sucking, that is the production of vacuum within the mouth
cavity, is not
an essential feature in suckling, although it aids the process. …
The act of suckling
is thus analogous to hand milking …’. These conclusions were
based on visually
analysed recordings. McDonald & Witzel (1966) measured pressure in
teat cisterns
and vacuum at the teat end simultaneously during suckling. Average maximum
pressure in the teat cistern was 36·6 kPa and vacuum at the end
of the teat averaged
−34·6 kPa. These authors concluded that the average differential
pressure across the
teat canal was 71 kPa. However, this method of calculation gives only the
maximal
pressure difference and not the average pressure applied by the calf. They
noted that
vacuum in the teat cistern occurred during the resting phase of a suckling
cycle. The
calf's sucking technique for single teats during a meal has been analysed
(Mayntz,
1996). Further details of pressure and/or vacuum application during
suckling at a
specific teat remain unknown.

The objective of the present study was to extend the current knowledge
about
milk extraction by sucking calves through continuous and simultaneous
measurements of positive and negative pressure in the teat cistern and
in the mouth
cavity.
Differential expression of bovine β-lactoglobulin A and B promoter
variants in transiently transfected HC11 cells
Authors: FOLCH JOSEP M. , DOVČ PETER , MEDRANO JUAN F.
Published: July 2002

Quantification of β-lactoglobulin A and B in the milk of heterozygous
animals has revealed a differential content of these two variants. Nucleotide
sequence analysis of the first 733 bp of the bovine β-lactoglobulin promoter has
indicated the presence of ten polymorphic sites, nine of them being allele A and B
specific mutations. To study the differential expression of these alleles, constructs
containing 753 bp long fragments of the bovine β-lactoglobulin A and B associated
promoters were used in transient transfection experiments in HC11 cells. A
differential transcription activity directed by the A and B specific promoters was
consistently observed. The relative expression levels were 57% for β-lactoglobulin A
and 43% for β-lactoglobulin B promoters. An allele-specific mutation has been
reported to have a differential binding affinity to the activator protein-2 between the
β-lactoglobulin A and B promoters. However, experiments in HC11 cells where the
activator protein-2 binding sites were mutated in both β-lactoglobulin A and B
promoters showed no major differences in activity between the mutated and native
promoters.
Super-critical withdrawal from a two-layer fluid through a line sink if the lower layer is of finite depth
Authors: HOCKING G. C. , FORBES L. K.
Published: July 2002

The steady response of a fluid consisting of two regions of different density, the lower
of which is of finite depth, is considered during withdrawal. Super-critical flows are
considered in which water from both layers is being withdrawn, meaning that the
interface is drawn down directly into the sink. The results indicate that if the flow rate
is above some minimum, the angle of entry of the interface depends more strongly
on the relative depth of the sink than on the flow rate. This has quite dramatic
consequences for the understanding of selective withdrawal from layered fluids.
Annular and spiral patterns in flows between rotating and stationary discs
Authors: SERRE E. , CRESPO DEL ARCO E. , BONTOUX P.
Published: July 2002

Different instabilities of the boundary layer flows that appear in the cavity between
stationary and rotating discs are investigated using three-dimensional direct numerical simulations. The influence of curvature and confinement is studied using two
geometrical configurations: (i) a cylindrical cavity including the rotation axis and
(ii) an annular cavity radially confined by a shaft and a shroud. The numerical
computations are based on a pseudo-spectral Chebyshev–Fourier method for solving
the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations written in primitive variables. The high
level accuracy of the spectral methods is imperative for the investigation of such
instability structures. The basic flow is steady and of the Batchelor type. At a critical
rotation rate, stationary axisymmetric and/or three-dimensional structures appear in
the Bödewadt and Ekman layers while at higher rotation rates a second transition
to unsteady flow is observed. All features of the transitions are documented. A comparison of the wavenumbers, frequencies, and phase velocities of the instabilities with
available theoretical and experimental results shows that both type II (or A) and
type I (or B) instabilities appear, depending on flow and geometric control parameters. Interesting patterns exhibiting the coexistence of circular and spiral waves are
found under certain conditions.
Evaporative instabilities in climbing films
Authors: HOSOI A. E. , BUSH JOHN W. M.
Published: July 2002

We consider flow in a thin film generated by partially submerging an inclined rigid
plate in a reservoir of ethanol– or methanol–water solution and wetting its surface.
Evaporation leads to concentration and surface tension gradients that drive flow up
the plate. An experimental study indicates that the climbing film is subject to two
distinct instabilities. The first is a convective instability characterized by flattened
convection rolls aligned in the direction of flow and accompanied by free-surface
deformations; in the meniscus region, this instability gives rise to pronounced ridge
structures aligned with the mean flow. The second instability, evident when the plate
is nearly vertical, takes the form of transverse surface waves propagating up the plate.

We demonstrate that the observed longitudinal rolls are driven by the combined
influence of surface deformations and alcohol concentration gradients. Guided by the
observation that the rolls are flattened, we develop a quasi-two-dimensional theoretical
model for the instability of the film, based on lubrication theory, which includes the
effects of gravity, capillarity and Marangoni stresses at the surface. We develop
stability criteria for the film which are in qualitative agreement with our experimental
observations. Our analysis yields an equation for the shape of the interface which is
solved numerically and reproduces the salient features of the observed flows, including
the slow lateral drift and merging of the ridges.
A note on non-Boussinesq plumes in an incompressible stratified environment
Authors: WOODS ANDREW W.
Published: July 2002

The recent work of Rooney & Linden (1996) is generalized

to describe the motion

of non-Boussinesq plumes in both uniform and stratified environments. Using
an

integral model in which the horizontal entrainment velocity is assumed
to take the

form uε=α(ρ¯/ρe)

1/2w

where α is the entrainment coefficient, ρ¯ is the plume
density,

w the plume velocity and ρe the

ambient density, it is shown that the vertical scale

over which non-Boussinesq effects are significant is given by

zB=5/3

(B2o/

(20α4g3))1/5

where Bo is the buoyancy flux at the source.
In a

uniform environment, the system admits similarity solutions such that the

location of the source of a real plume lies a distance

zB[mid ]ρo/Δρ[mid ]

−5/3 beyond the point source of the similarity solution.

The above entrainment law implies a fundamental difference between the
motion

of upward and downward propagating non-Boussinesq plumes, with the radius
of

upward propagating plumes being greater than that of the equivalent Boussinesq

plume, while the radius of downward propagating plumes is smaller. In a
stratified

but incompressible environment the model predicts that non-Boussinesq effects
are

confined close to the source and that at each height, the plume velocity
and

the fluxes

of mass, momentum and buoyancy coincide exactly with those of the equivalent

Boussinesq plume. Furthermore, at the neutral buoyancy height, the plume
radius

equals that of the equivalent Boussinesq plume.
The PVC technique – a method to estimate the

dissipation length scale in turbulent flows
Authors: HO CHIH-MING , ZOHAR YITSHAK
Published: July 2002

A time-averaged length scale can be defined by a pair of successive

turbulent-velocity derivatives, i.e.

[dnu(x)/

dxn]′/

[dn+1u(x)/

dxn+1]′. The length scale associated
with

the zeroth- and the first-order derivatives,

u′/u′x, is the

Taylor microscale. In isotropic

turbulence, this scale is the average length between zero crossings of
the

velocity signal.

The average length between zero crossings of the first velocity derivative,
i.e.

u′x/u′xx,

can be reliably obtained by using the peak-valley-counting (PVC) technique.
We have

found that the most probable scale, rather than the average,

equals the wavelength at

the peak of the dissipation spectrum in a plane mixing layer (Zohar

& Ho 1996). In this

study, we experimentally investigate the generality of applying the PVC
technique to

estimate the dissipation scale in three basic turbulent shear flows:

a flat-plate boundary

layer, a wake behind a two-dimensional cylinder and a plane mixing layer.
We also

analytically explore the quantitative relationships among this length scale
and the

Kolmogorov and Taylor microscales.
An experimental study of oblique transition in plane Poiseuille flow
Authors: ELOFSSON PER A. , ALFREDSSON P. HENRIK
Published: July 2002

Interactions of oblique waves have recently been investigated theoretically

and numerically and found to give rise to rapid transition in flows subcritical
to linear wave
disturbances. The transition scenario consists of the formation and transient
growth
of streamwise streaks of high and low velocity and later a rapid growth
of high-frequency
disturbances leading to breakdown. The present study is the first extensive

experimental investigation of oblique transition. The experiments were
carried out in
a plane Poiseuille flow air channel in which the oblique waves were generated,
one at
each wall, by vibrating ribbons and the development of the flow was mapped
with
hot-wire anemometry. The experiments consist both of low- and high-amplitude
wave
disturbances; in both cases streaky structures are created. For the low-amplitude
case
these structures decay, whereas for the high amplitude the flow goes towards
breakdown. This study has confirmed and extended previous theoretical and numerical

results showing that oblique transition may be an important transition
scenario.
Submaximal exchange between a convectively
forced basin and a large reservoir
Authors: FINNIGAN T. D. , IVEY G. N.
Published: July 2002

If a sill-enclosed basin, connected to a large reservoir, is suddenly
subjected to a
de-stabilizing surface buoyancy flux, it will first mix vertically by turbulent
convection
before the resulting lateral buoyancy gradient generates a horizontal exchange
flow
across the sill. We present a study which examines the unsteady adjustment
of such
a basin under continued steady forcing. It is shown, through theoretical
development
and laboratory experimentation, that two consecutive unsteady regimes characterized

by different dynamic balances are traversed as the flow approaches a steady
state.

Once established the exchange flow is controlled at the sill crest where
it is
hydraulically critical. In the absence of a lateral contraction, the single
control at the
sill crest allows a range of submaximal exchange states with the flow at
the sill being
dependent not only on the forcing and geometrical parameters but also on
mixing
conditions within the basin which are, in turn, dependent on the sill exchange.
The
sill–basin system is therefore strongly coupled although it remains
isolated from the
external reservoir conditions by a region of internally supercritical flow.
Results from
the laboratory experiments are used to demonstrate the link between the
forcing and
the exchange flow at the sill. Steady-state measurements of the interior
mean velocity
and buoyancy fields are also compared with previous analytical models.
Curved slender structures in non-uniform flows
Authors: GALPER A. R. , MILOH T.
Published: July 2002

General expressions are derived for the load distribution acting on an arbitrary

curved and twisted rigid or deformable slender cylindrical structure moving in an

ambient non-uniform potential flow field. Further simplifications are presented for

flexible shapes in the limit of a small cross-section. The general analysis is illustrated

for straight, toroidal and helical shapes. These shapes are frequently encountered in

nature and are good examples of typical fluid–structure interaction problems.
Rayleigh–Bloch surface waves along
periodic gratings and their connection with
trapped modes in waveguides
Authors: PORTER R. , EVANS D. V.
Published: July 2002

Rayleigh–Bloch surface waves are acoustic or electromagnetic waves which propagate
parallel to a two-dimensional diffraction grating and which are exponentially damped
with distance from the grating. In the water-wave context they describe a localized
wave having dominant wavenumber β travelling along an infinite periodic array
of identical bottom-mounted cylinders having uniform cross-section throughout the
water depth. A numerical method is described which enables the frequencies of the
Rayleigh–Bloch waves to be determined as a function of β for an arbitrary cylinder
cross-section. For particular symmetric cylinders, it is shown how a special choice of
β produces results for the trapped mode frequencies and mode shapes in the vicinity
of any (finite) number of cylinders spanning a rectangular waveguide or channel. It
is also shown how one particular choice of β gives rise to a new type of trapped
mode near an unsymmetric cylinder contained within a parallel-sided waveguide with
locally-distorted walls. The implications for large forces due to incident waves on a
large but finite number of such cylinders in the ocean is discussed.