bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences Between Learning Disability Subtypes Classified Using the Revised Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery
Authors: Davis Jeremy T. , Parr Gerald , Lan William
Published: December 2008

This study examined the characteristics of students with specific learning disabilities in either reading and spelling or arithmetic. Based on scores obtained using the revised Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery, students with a marked weakness in arithmetic relative to reading and spelling were designated as Group A. Group R-S showed the opposite pattern. Each group included 30 participants ranging in age from 7 to 16 years, with a mean age of 10 years. The boy-to-girl ratios were 16:14 and 19:11 in Group A and Group R-S, respectively. Comparisons using measures from the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition (WISC-III) indicated that Group A was weaker in nonverbal skills than Group R-S, despite equivalent overall IQ scores between the two groups. Group R-S showed a within-group strength in nonverbal versus verbal skills. Group A students were more likely than Group R-S students to have counseling provided as part of their Individualized Education Program, suggesting greater socioemotional difficulty among Group A students. The present study supports the connection between nonverbal skills and socioemotional functioning noted by previous researchers, and generalizes findings from earlier studies to more current test editions.
Phonologic Impairment and Prereading
Authors: Webster Penelope E. , Plante Amy Solomon , Couvillion L. Michael
Published: December 2008

This study examined the effects of overt phonologic impairment (disordered speech) on phonological awareness, verbal working memory, and letter knowledge. Forty-five children—29 with moderate to severe productive phonologic impairment at the inception of the project and 16 without impairment—were followed from mean age 3–6 to age 6–0. Fifteen participants with impairment were matched on gender and mental age to 15 without impairment for certain aspects of the analysis. The children with phonologic impairment performed significantly worse than their controls on tasks of verbal working memory, phoneme segmentation, and letter identification. In addition, a path analysis revealed working memory to be a potentially important mediating variable. The investigators also measured productive syntax, which, although associated with productive phonology and working memory, was not associated with letter identification.
What Have We Learned and Where Are We Headed? Issues in Collaboration and School Reform
Authors: O'Shea Dorothy J. , O'Shea Lawrence J.
Published: December 2008

The authors introduce the series. They pose key questions on collaboration and school reform related to our past knowledge and future endeavors regarding students with learning disabilities. The authors introduce series authors and summarize each manuscript.
The Bridge Project
Authors: Stoddard Kim , Hewitt Margaret , Danforth Scot
Published: December 2008

BRIDGE (Being Responsive to Individual Differences in General Education) is a partnership between university faculty and two elementary schools, focusing on the collaborative practices and programs in general and special education. University faculty have adopted new roles as facilitators, rather than “experts,” in working side by side with teachers seeking to increase their sense of professional efficacy. Teachers at the two sites collaborate with university faculty and each other in acquiring new information and practices within four initiative areas. The four initiatives, designed generally to support professional development toward meeting the needs of struggling students, are (a) collaboration between special and general education, (b) family liaisons, (c) teacher research, and (d) teacher education. University student teachers at these two schools receive their clinical education in settings ripe with teacher inquiry, collaboration, and ongoing development of new and creative strategies.
Collaboration and School Reform
Authors: O'Shea Dorothy J. , O'Shea Lawrence J.
Published: December 2008

Collaboration and school reform are current social—political issues that affect many individuals and school districts. In this series summary, the authors examine national goals, federal legislation, and local reform practices. A twenty—first—century perspective predicting the integration of collaboration and school reform may help to guide future teaching, research, and/or service efforts. How families and professionals work together today will affect how we educate students during the next century.
What We Know About Using Research Findings
Authors: Gersten Russell , Vaughn Sharon , Deshler Donald , Schiller Ellen
Published: December 2008

This article discusses the alternative roles and responsibilities that researchers might assume to bridge the gap between special education research and classroom practice. Literature is reviewed that addresses why some research-based practices fail, and the factors likely to lead to sustained use of research-based practices. The roles of researchers as collaborators, facilitators and coaches, interpreters of the culture and dynamics of the school, and critics are described in an attempt to promote researchers as leaders in efforts to improve practices in the field of special education.
Psychosocial Dimensions of Learning Disabilities
Authors: Tsatsanis Katherine D. , Fuerst Darren R. , Rourke Byron P.
Published: December 2008

This study was designed to assess the following in a group of 152 children with learning disabilities between the ages of 7 and 13 years: (a) the relationships between age and psychosocial functioning; (b) the relationships among psychosocial functioning, cognitive abilities, and academic achievement; and (c) the external validity of statistically derived psychosocial subtypes. Participants were assigned to one of seven psychosocial subtypes on the basis of a profile-matching algorithm. Overall, the findings suggested no increase in psychopathology with advancing age. In addition, clear relationships were found between academic achievement patterns and personality subtypes. Finally, the subtypes could be distinguished on the basis of a behavior problem checklist not used for the construction of the subtypes.
Is Attribution Retraining Necessary? Use of Self-Regulation Procedures for Enhancing the Reading Comprehension Strategies of Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Miranda Ana , Villaescusa Maria Isabel , Vidal-Abarca Eduardo
Published: December 2008

The present study investigates the need to include explicit attribution retraining in a program designed to teach reading comprehension strategies to children with learning disabilities (LD). The program had two versions: (a) self-regulation procedures and (b) self-regulation procedures plus explicit attributional retraining. Sixty children with LD were assigned to two training groups (with and without attributional retraining) and a control group. Twenty normally achieving students served as an additional control group. The effects were assessed via attribution measures and cognitive and metacognitive reading comprehension tests. Results indicated that children from both training groups improved on measures of cognitive strategies, but their gains were very low on metacognitive measures. In addition, regardless of training condition, students from both groups showed equally good attribution profiles.
Teaching Secondary Students with Learning Disabilities to Self-Manage Classroom Survival Skills
Authors: Snyder Mary C. , Bambara Linda M.
Published: December 2008

This multiple baseline study investigated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioral self-management training package on the consistent use of specific classroom survival skills. Participants were three adolescent males with learning disabilities in Grades 7 and 8. The training package involved a multicomponent strategy focused on the improvement, maintenance, and cross-classroom generalization of targeted classroom preparedness skills. Following intervention, the training procedures were systematically faded. Results demonstrated more consistent use of targeted classroom survival skills by all three students in both learning support and mainstream generalization settings. Long-term maintenance of the intervention effects was observed for two students in both settings. Three social validity measures revealed positive results. Implications for self-management in secondary education settings are discussed.
Critical Conceptual and Methodological Considerations in Reading Intervention Research
Authors: Lyon G. Reid , Moats Louisa C.
Published: December 2008

Research designed to identify the instructional and ecological conditions that foster the development of literacy skills in children with reading disabilities reflects a complex, multivariate enterprise. In essence, such research must be able to ultimately identify the teacher characteristics and instructional components that are critical for individual children and the interrelationships among these components. The intensity and duration of instruction will differ according to the severity of deficits in either single- or multiple-component reading processes. Moreover, training in any one component may not be sufficient to produce automatic improvements in other reading skills. This article identifies a number of conceptual and methodological issues that should be considered when conducting and interpreting reading intervention research.
NCAA College Freshmen Academic Requirements
Authors: Hishinuma Earl S. , Fremstad John S.
Published: December 2008

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has implemented sweeping legislation for all high school students who desire to participate in Division I or II freshman college athletics. Cutoff scores have been set by the NCAA in two areas: grade-point average (GPA) in “core” high school courses, and college-bound tests. High schools must obtain approval from the NCAA Initial-Eligibility Clearinghouse when determining core courses. Unfortunately, minimal attention has been given in the professional learning disability literature to the implications of the NCAA's policies, especially with regard to federal antidiscrimination legislation. Issues are raised regarding (a) the use of test score cutoffs, (b) a minimum GPA for core courses, (c) the responsibility of high schools, and (d) the lack of alternative eligibility procedures for accessing the essential elements of the NCAA's program. Options for consideration are provided in the context of meeting the needs of students with learning disabilities.
Cognitive Arithmetic and Problem Solving
Authors: Jordan Nancy C. , Montani Teresa Oettinger
Published: December 2008

This study examined problem-solving and number-fact skills in two subgroups of third-grade children with mathematics difficulties (MD): MD-specific ( n = 12) and MD-general ( n = 12). The MD-specific group had difficulties in mathematics but not in reading, and the MD-general group had difficulties in reading as well as in mathematics. A comparison group of nonimpaired children ( n = 24) also was included. The findings showed that on both story and number-fact problems, the MD-specific group performed worse than the nonimpaired group in timed conditions but not in untimed conditions. The MD-general group, on the other hand, performed worse than the nonimpaired group, regardless of whether tasks were timed or not. An analysis of children's strategies in untimed conditions showed that both the MD-specific and the MD-general groups relied more on backup strategies than the nonimpaired group. However, children in the MD-specific group executed backup strategies more skillfully than children in the MD-general group, allowing them to achieve parity with children in the nonimpaired group when tasks were not timed. The findings suggest that children with specific MD have circumscribed deficits associated with fact retrieval, whereas children with general MD have more basic delays associated with problem conceptualization and execution of calculation procedures.
Learning Disabilities and Adolescent Suicide
Authors: A. McBride Hazel E. , Siegel Linda S.
Published: December 2008

To investigate the hypothesis that learning disabilities (LD) play a part in adolescent suicide, all available suicide notes ( n = 27) from 267 consecutive adolescent suicides were analyzed for spelling and handwriting errors. The suicide notes were dictated to adolescents with LD and adolescent non-LD controls. The results showed that 89% of the 27 adolescents who committed suicide had significant deficits in spelling and handwriting that were similar to those of the adolescents with LD, and they were significantly more impaired than the non-LD adolescents and older adults (65 and older) who had committed suicide in the same time period and in the same geographical area.
Supported Inquiry Science
Authors: Dalton Bridget , Morocco Catherine Cobb , Tivnan Terrence , Rawson Mead Penelope L.
Published: December 2008

Science education professionals generally agree that hands-on, inquiry-based science potentially benefits all students, yet there are few specific guidelines for helping students with learning disabilities (LD) achieve success in general education science classrooms. This study compared the effects of two approaches to hands-on science–-supported inquiry science (SIS) and activity-based science–-in six urban and two suburban fourth-grade general education classrooms. Participants included 172 students, 33 of whom had learning disabilities. The study found that students with and without LD demonstrated greater concept learning in the SIS classrooms, which focused on eliciting and reworking students' misconceptions and co-constructing knowledge under the guidance of a teachercoach.
Assistive Technology and Learning Disabilities
Authors: Lewis Rena B. , Lewis Rena B.
Published: December 2008

Many forms of technology, both “high” and “low,” can help individuals with learning disabilities capitalize on their strengths and bypass, or compensate for, their disabilities. This article surveys the current status of assistive technology for this population and reflects on future promises and potential problems. In addition, a model is presented for conceptualizing assistive technology in terms of the types of barriers it helps persons with disabilities to surmount. Several current technologies are described and the research supporting their effectiveness reviewed: word processing, computer-based instruction in reading and other academic areas, interactive videodisc interventions for math, and technologies for daily life. In conclusion, three themes related to the future success of assistive technology applications are discussed: equity of access to technology; ease of technology use; and emergent technologies, such as virtual reality.
Selective Predictive Value of Rapid Automatized Naming in Poor Readers
Authors: Meyer Marianne S. , Wood Frank B. , Hart Lesley A. , Felton Rebecca H.
Published: December 2008

This study considers the differential predictive value of rapid naming tests for various aspects of later reading, where the differential is between nondisabled and poor readers. Two large-N longitudinal samples of students who have been evaluated from third through eighth grades are studied: (a) a randomly accessed, normally distributed group including students with varying degrees of reading ability (N = 154), and (b) a group of poor readers whose single-word reading in third grade is at or below the population 10th percentile (N = 64). Outcomes in fifth and eighth grade were measured in both groups. Single-word reading in both grades was strongly predicted from third-grade rapid naming only within the poor readers, even when IQ, socioeconomc status, and third-grade single-word reading were statistically controlled. Although rapid naming had predictive value within the large, normally distributed group, its predictive power was entirely absent in the average-reading nondisabled students who were between the 10th and 90th percentiles (n = 122). The fact that rapid naming has predictive power only for poor readers but not for average readers is interpreted as suggesting that impaired readers are qualitatively different from the normal-reading population and are not simply the “tail” of a normal distribution of reading ability. It also seems that it is the automaticity of retrieval, not the knowledge of names itself (as in confrontational naming tasks), that gives the predictive power in rapid naming. These data are considered in light of the one-and two-factor theories of the underlying processes involved in reading disability or dyslexia.
The Middle School Experience
Authors: Anderman Eric M.
Published: December 2008

The present study examined the relation between middle school transitions and achievement gaps in math and science between adolescents with and without learning disabilities (LD). An abundance of research indicates that motivation and achievement decline during the early adolescent years, and that this decline is often attributable to the transition from elementary to middle grade schools during early adolescence. Using data from the National Education Longitudinal Study, it was found that, on average, there was a strong gap in achievement between the two groups of early adolescents. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine school effects on these achievement gaps. Results indicated that although there were achievement gaps in math and science between adolescents with LD and non-LD adolescents, this gap was greatly reduced for adolescents who did not make a school transition until at least the ninth grade. It is proposed that the policies and practices of typical middle-grade schools are particularly incompatible with the educational and psychological needs of young adolescents with LD.
Russian “Defectology”
Authors: Grigorenko Elena L.
Published: December 2008

Created as a part of the general Russian educational system, special education in Russia has mirrored all the good and bad qualities of that system. It was during the Soviet phase of its existence that Russian remedial education developed its specific and unique character, reflecting the structure and values of the global social environment. Despite the fact that Russian society realized the need to change its general educational system, remedial education remained untouched by reconstructive forces. This article discusses both the background and the current state of treatment of children with disabilities in Russia. The theoretical basis of the modern Russian approach to disability, the current needy population, and the existing system for referral and rehabilitation are described, and emerging trends and new perspectives on the Russian treatment of children with disabilities are presented.
Interpretation of Facial Expressions of Affect in Children with Learning Disabilities with Verbal or Nonverbal Deficits
Authors: Dimitrovsky Lilly , Spector Hedva , Levy-Shiff Rachel , Vakil Eli
Published: December 2008

The ability to identify facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust was studied in 48 nondisabled children and 76 children with learning disabilities aged 9 through 12. On the basis of their performance on the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test and the Benton Visual Retention Test, the LD group was divided into three subgroups: those with verbal deficits (VD), nonverbal deficits (NVD), and both verbal and nonverbal.
Discrepancy Between Definitions of Learning Disabilities and School Practices
Authors: MacMillan Donald L. , Gresham Frank M. , Bocian Kathleen M.
Published: December 2008

Students referred by general education teachers to school study teams (SSTs) were evaluated for learning disabilities (LD) eligibility. We classified children as LD on the basis of a WISC-III Full Scale IQ of 82 or higher and a 22-point discrepancy between IQ and any WRAT-R achievement score. Research decisions were then contrasted with actual school-based decisions regarding the child as LD. Over half of the students referred to SSTs were certified by the schools as LD, yet less than half of these school-certified students with LD evidenced the aptitude-achievement discrepancy required by the state. Examination of the cases called LD by the schools revealed that children were classified as LD on the basis of low absolute achievement, regardless of whether or not a discrepancy existed. Moreover, in cases where a discrepancy was found but the school did not classify the child as LD, that child evidenced significantly higher achievement, despite exhibiting the requisite 22-point discrepancy. The school-identified students with LD constituted an extremely heterogeneous group, including students with mental retardation along with a substantial number who failed to qualify for any special education services. Findings are discussed in terms of the discrepancy between criteria specified in state regulations and what the committee members at the school site seemed to use in classifying children with LD.
Keeping the Metaphor of Scaffolding Fresh—-A Response to C. Addison Stone's “The Metaphor of Scaffolding
Authors: Palincsar Annemarie Sullivan
Published: December 2008

This author suggests three responses to Professor Stone's call for enriching the scaffolding metaphor: (a) repositioning the metaphor in its theoretical frame; (b) considering the ways in which contexts and activities, as well as individuals, scaffold learning; and (c) examining the relationship between scaffolding and effective teaching. The author describes research that has been conducted toward these ends.
Should We Salvage the Scaffolding Metaphor?
Authors: Stone C. Addison
Published: December 2008

In response to the six commentaries on my analysis of the value of the scaffolding metaphor, I attempt to highlight common themes and revisit arguments for and against the utility of the metaphor.
Social Outcomes for Students With and Without Learning Disabilities in Inclusive Classrooms
Authors: Vaughn Sharon , Elbaum Batya E. , Schumm Jeanne Shay , Hughes Marie Tejero
Published: December 2008

Social outcomes of students who participated in two different educational settings designed to provide special services for students with learning disabilities (LD) placed full-time within the general education classroom were examined. Participants were 185 thirdthrough sixth-grade students: 59 students with LD, 72 low to average achieving, and 54 high achieving. There was an overall educational setting effect, with students on the consultation/collaborative teaching setting demonstrating more positive outcomes than students in the co-teaching setting on friendship quality and peer acceptance. Students with LD in the consultation/collaborative teaching setting also demonstrated moderate increases in the number of reciprocal friendships from fall to spring. Discussion addresses the positive social outcomes for students with LD and high-achieving students in the consultation/collaborative teaching setting, and the importance of monitoring student progress in all settings.
Cognition in Children does not Suffer from very Low Lead Exposure
Authors: Minder Barbara , Das-Smaal Edith A. , Orlebeke Jacob F.
Published: December 2008

We studied the relationship between exposure to lead and memory and attention in children. Participants were 313 boys aged 9 to 12 years who attended special education schools in the Netherlands. Children whose possible attentional or memory problems were obviously due to causes other than lead contamination were excluded from the study. Cognition was assessed by extensive theory-based testing. Blood lead concentration was measured to assess body lead burden. Possible confounding factors that might affect blood lead level and/or cognitive functioning were assessed. Blood lead levels were higher in children with lower socioeconomic status and in children with more hand-to-mouth behavior, and varied seasonally, with higher values in spring and summer. The mean blood lead level was 44.4 microgram lead per liter blood, which is considered low. Only 2% of the children showed a slightly higher blood lead level than the American safety standard. To obtain robust measures of cognitive aspects, we performed a factor analysis. The results showed that blood lead level did not influence any of the cognitive factors. Therefore this study, despite being designed to maximize the chance of finding an effect in asymptomatic children, does not support a relationship between lead at very low doses (below 100 micogram/liter blood) and cognition in schoolchildren.
False Starts and Other Dilemmas of a Secondary General Education Collaborative Teacher
Authors: Trent Stanley C.
Published: December 2008

Currently, many special education policymakers, researchers, and practitioners are questioning the efficacy of pull-out programs for students with disabilities and advocating service delivery in inclusive or general education settings at both the elementary and the secondary level. I investigated the implementation of a collaborative teaching model in a suburban high school to determine how this move toward inclusive education benefited teachers and students. Through examination of the “ups and downs” of a U.S. History teacher, I concluded that replicating and sustaining collaborative teaching can be difficult and complex and, without careful consideration of contextual variables, may not lead to improved outcomes for either teachers or students. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
School-Based Methylphenidate Placebo Protocols
Authors: Hyman Irwin A. , Wojtowicz Alexandra , Lee Kee Duk , Haffner Mary Elizabeth , Fiorello Catherine A. , Storlazzi J. Jordan , Rosenfeld Joseph
Published: December 2008

Around 1990, psychologists and educators began to notice increasing use of methylphenidate by students. Diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder by family physicians and pediatricians was most commonly based on brief behavioral descriptions by parents and, infrequently, by use of rating scales. At that time, the present researchers began to explore the development of a school-based, methodologically sound, and inexpensive method of assessing the efficacy of stimulant medications, which would ensure reasonable compliance by teachers, parents, and students in monitoring the effects of medications and placebos. This article focuses on the methodological issues involved in choosing instruments to monitor behavior, once a comprehensive evaluation has suggested trials on Ritalin. Case examples illustrate problems of teacher compliance in filling out measures, supplying adequate placebos, and obtaining physician cooperation, and with the practical issue of providing adequate data without overwhelming the time and resources of participants. Emerging school-based methodologies are discussed with recommendations for future efforts.
Use of the Restricted Academic Task in ADHD Dose-Response Relationships
Authors: Fischer Mariellen , Newby Robert F.
Published: December 2008

Behavioral assessment techniques have been shown to make a significant contribution in the evaluation of stimulant medication response in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This article examines the role of a behavioral measure consisting of standardized observation of a child while he or she performs an academic-like task (Restricted Academic Task). This technique is reliable and valid for repeated administrations across medication dosages and placebo. It can assist in optimizing medication dosage for individual children, given its sensitivity to dosage effects. It also allows the capture of medication-related changes in an area of functioning that is not directly assessed by parent and teacher judgments and ratings. In this way the Restricted Academic Task may have greater ecological validity than the results of other, more traditional in-clinic measures. Finally, given the idiosyncratic nature of stimulant medication effects on individual children, it contributes to the explication of a specific child's behavioral dose-response relationship.
Preparing Students with Special Needs for Reintegration
Authors: Mathes Patricia G. , Fuchs Douglas , Roberts P. Holley , Fuchs Lynn S.
Published: December 2008

The original intent of special education pull-out services was to remove students from general education temporarily for intensive, individualized instruction in deficit areas. In many school districts, however, it seems that once students participate in pull-out services, there is little effort to return them to general education. One explanation for this is that not much is known about how best to prepare students for movement up the cascade of services, including reintegration into the mainstream. A promising reintegration approach is transenvironmental programming (TP). Research suggests that supplementing TP with continuous progress monitoring, specifically via curriculum-based measurement (CBM), better prepares students for reintegration than either TP or CBM alone. Findings from the present study provide a possible explanation: Results suggest that special educators using TP who receive CBM information about their students' academic progress are more likely to plan and implement academic interventions in preparation for students' transition than are those special educators who do not receive this information. This supports the hypothesis that the relatively greater success of TP+CBM is due to increased attention to academic preparation. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Israeli Guests and Egyptian Hosts in Sinai
Authors: Uriely Natan , Maoz Darya , Reichel Arie
Published: December 2008

This study explores the interactions between tourists and service employees of countries that have been traditionally hostile to each other. Based on a qualitative research of Israeli tourists and Egyptian service providers in the Sinai Peninsula, this study exposes five practices through which both parties emphasize constructive elements of interaction and avoid possible obstruction of peaceful encounters. The study indicates that the practices of the involved parties were provisionally abandoned after terrorist attacks in this region and then gradually reinstated. Accordingly, the guest—host encounter examined in Sinai is conceptualized as a two-party “bubble of serenity” and analyzed in terms of its authentic or inauthentic nature.
Thermal radiation in a room: an improved progressive refinement method
Authors: Tuomaala P. , Piira K.
Published: December 2008

A new approach is described for the calculation of radiative heat transfer within buildings. The progressive refinement method together and a fast view factor estimation algorithm are introduced, implemented and tested. Results obtained by the Improved Progressive Refinement Method (IPRM) are compared with the results from the standard matrix method and an earlier study. This paper also demonstrates how the IPRM is capable of evaluating the distribution of heat flux on wall surfaces iteratively to a desired accuracy level, and with no need to store view factors between all sub-surfaces concurrently. In other words, IPRM allows a more realistic evaluation of nonuniform thermal radiation of a space into a desired accuracy level, while requiring less computer time and memory.
Development and inter-model comparative testing of a novel earth-contact heat-transfer simulation method
Authors: Davies M. , Zoras S. , Adjali M.H.
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the theory and inter-model comparative testing of a new earth-contact heat-transfer simulation method that is flexible, fast and accurate. The method combines the finite volume and response factor techniques and is intended to aid the design of buildings by contributing to the rapid parametric analysis of a structure. In other words, the method is at its most useful when being used to provide an accurate yearly simulation of the earth-contact heat transfer in situations when it is required to know the effect of repeatedly varying other aspects of the design. Work undertaken so far for a typical basement shows extremely good hourly heat transfer correlation between the time series method and a three-dimensional finite volume method, coupled with dramatically improved run times (of the order of a factor of 1000) when the method is used in its parametric analysis role.
Robust control of HVAC plant I: modelling
Authors: Underwood C.P.
Published: December 2008

A simulation model of a discharge air temperature plant is developed using SLMULINK within the MATLAB environment. Step response results from an open-loop form of this model are correlated with experimental data with good agreement. Settings for a fixed-parameter PID controller are 'benchmarked' from manufacturers' recommendations and optimised at local plant operating conditions using cost-function minimisation. A closed-loop form of the plant model is simulated using these controller specifications, revealing significant lack of robustness due to plant nonlinearity when the manufacturers' recommendations were applied. The locally optimised PID controller performed well, but this would require extensive understanding of plant characteristics to be achieved in practice. In a second part of this paper, a method is developed that achieves robust control for a wide variety of plant operating conditions based on simple a priori data about the plant.
Effect of recirculation on the local mean age of air
Authors: Waters J.R. , Simons M.W.
Published: December 2008

When it is required to predict the local mean age of air, the calculations are often carried out assuming that there is no recirculation, that is that all of the supply air is fresh. However, local mean age values will be greater than in the fresh air case when some of the exhaust air is recirculated. This paper examines and discusses the effect of recirculation and shows that, for many systems, the increase in local mean age due to recirculation can be calculated by means of an elementary analysis that leads to a simple algebraic expression. The paper also shows how the zonal model may be adapted for the general case of multiple recirculation paths. Compatibility between the elementary approach and the general zonal method is demonstrated.
Simulating the performance of rainwater collection and reuse systems using behavioural models
Authors: Fewkes A. , Butler D.
Published: December 2008

The collection of rainwater from roofs and its storage and subsequent use make a significant saving in the use of potable water. The capacity of the rainwater store is important because it affects both system and initial costs. The investigation concentrates upon the use of behavioural models to simulate the performance of rainwater collectors. The input data, in time series form, is used to simulate the mass flows through the model, and will be based upon time intervals of a minute, an hour, a day or a month. A preliminary mapping exercise is described that evaluates the accuracy of behavioural models for the sizing of rainwater collection systems using different time intervals and different reservoir operating rules applied to a range of reservoir capacities and collection areas. The preliminary analysis indicated that the yield after spillage (YAS) reservoir operating algorithm based on a hourly time interval could be used as a standard against which other models could be compared and calibrated. The detailed analysis enabled constraints to be proposed for the application of hourly, daily and monthly models expressed in terms of storage fraction, S/AR, where S = storage capacity (m3 ), A = roof area (m2) and R = annual rainfall (m). Hourly models can be used for sizing small stores with a storage fraction below or equal to 0.01. Daily models can be applied to systems with storage fractions within the range 0.01 to 0.125. Monthly models are only recommended for use with storage fractions in excess of 0.125.
Energy performance assessment of lifts and escalators
Authors: So A T P , Li T K L
Published: December 2008

Energy issues have been a worldwide concern since the oil crisis in 1973. In the past, people were not interested in the energy consumption of elevators because it represented only up to 3% of the total consumption of an office building(1) in 1984. However, in 1998 the figure had already risen to 7%(2) in Hong Kong. Since 1996, a series of building energy codes had been prepared by the Hong Kong government. The last code, the Lift Code, was on the energy efficiency of lifts and escalators, and was very different from existing statutory regulations in Hong Kong. In this paper, a brief introduction to the new code and clarification of the meanings of the various electrical parameters— total power factor, total harmonic distortion, etc.-are given. A new measurement system has been developed for assessing the compliance of an installation with these electrical requirements. The hardware structure of this measurement system and the background mathematical formulae for producing graphic outputs are described. Graphs for one common type of lift drive-active power of a particular calculation cycle-are attached and analysed in detail. It is believed that the comprehensive-ness of this new measurement system with respect to the Lift Code is unique in the world.
Effectiveness of energy refurbishment measures applied to high-rise dwellings
Authors: Barbour D. , Cant J. , Galbraith G.H. , McLean R.C.
Published: December 2008

From 1953 to 1975, some half a million high-rise flats were constructed in the UK in response to the need at that time for the rapid provision of substantial numbers of affordable dwellings. For a variety of reasons, including environmental and social problems, many of these buildings were subsequently demolished. However, many housing authorities still own a considerable number of high-rise developments which, while structurally sound, will require to be upgraded if they are to continue in service for rental purposes. In Scotland alone, there are over 52,000 high-rise flats, representing about 8% of the total available public sector housing. This paper reports on an environmental monitoring exercise carried out to assess the effectiveness of a extensive refurbishment, which included thermal over-cladding and heating system replacement, to a development of 24-storey buildings in Glasgow, Scotland. Monitoring of temperature and relative humidity was carried out in flats in a pre-and post-refurbishment block over a three-year period to evaluate the effect on occupant comfort levels and condensation risk. A limited energy use comparison was also carried out. An analysis of the monitored data indicates that the refurbishment has been successful in achieving its objectives, namely improved environmental conditions at a reduced overall energy cost to the tenants.
Overview of investigations addressing the issue of low water use sanitary appliances and associated drainage network design
Authors: Jack L.B.
Published: December 2008

With the development of water conservation as a key factor in both social and economic issues, the use of low water consumption appliances has significantly increased. A good deal of research has been carried out in order that such fixtures can be utilised efficiently and with confidence on the part of the designer, installer and end user. This paper introduces some of the basic principles of the drainage network and will attempt to collate and thereby complement associated research findings. Developments are detailed and parallel or synonymous findings are highlighted, bearing in mind that the overall aim of the research is to ensure that low water use appliances effectively and efficiently remove waste from the fixture, and that transport through the connected network is maximised. A comprehensive list of references is given.
Preliminary experimental investigation into the influence of bends on the thermal and hydraulic performance of domestic flues
Authors: Silcock G W H , Shields TJ
Published: December 2008

Because of the lack of valid information regarding the influence of bends on the thermal and hydraulic performance of flues, a series of preliminary experiments were conducted using a full-scale Perspex rig. Analysis of the results and observations enabled the development of a methodology capable of determining the reduction of flow rate arising from the presence of bends. The analysis has also shown that existing quasi-steady-state methods used for the design of these flue systems are valid. Consequently, it is possible to determine flue gas and flue wall temperatures with respect to height within a flue system containing bends operating under low bum rate conditions.
Improved direct solver for building energy simulation
Authors: Crowley M.E. , Hashmi M S J
Published: December 2008

Finite-difference methods, when applied to the differential equations modelling energy flows in buildings, give rise to a system of non-linear difference equations. A frequently used direct solution method involving linearisation is analysed and a related method is proposed. These and one other connected method are compared using a building-related test problem prepared for this purpose. The proposed numerical method is found to produce least error, about 30% less than the commonly used method, and it is recommended for inclusion in building energy simulation software. A fundamental method for estimating the pre-conditioning period of a building, arising from the work, is discussed.
Effect on pressure loss of separation and orientation of closely coupled HVAC duct fittings
Authors: Atkin S.M. , Shao Li
Published: December 2008

The effects on pressure loss of the separation and orientation of closely coupled duct fittings in HVAC systems were investigated using computational fluid dynamics to analyse the pressure distribution in a system containing two 90° bends in two common configurations; an S bend and a U bend. Fittings that are separated by less than 8 to 10 hydraulic diameters of the duct behaved in very different ways depending upon the orientation of the fittings in relation to one another. Further in-depth analysis is required to produce accurate and comprehensive pressure loss coefficient data, and thus improve HVAC systems design.
Audit of water consumption in hotels in Hong Kong
Authors: Deng S-M. , Burnett J.
Published: December 2008

This Note reports an audit of water consumption in 17 hotels in Hong Kong, based on water consumption data for 1995. An averaged water use index (WUI) based on unit floor area for the 17 hotels has been derived. A number of factors potentially affeeting the WUI values for hotels have been examined. The difficulties in assessing water consumption in hotel buildings are discussed and a method for properly assessing water use performance in hotel buildings is proposed.
Calculation of heat transfer from corners of buildings
Authors: Tang D. , Beattie K.
Published: December 2008

Calculation of heat transfer from comers is one of the fundamental heat transfer problems encountered in building services designs. At present, calculation methods provided by the engineering design guides have been based on one-dimensional heat transfer theory. No calculation method, except numerical analysis, is so far available to calculate accurately the heat loss from corner and bridge structures. This paper presents a novel method, which allows the practical calculation of the multidimensional heat transfer problem. The method is based on an analytical solution of the two-dimensional thermal conduction equation coupled with convective boundary condition. Comparisons of the calculation methods with experimental measurements and numerical prediction are illustrated and working examples are presented for some typical cases.
Method of modelling the performance of rainwater collection systems in the United Kingdom
Authors: Fewkes A. , Wam P.
Published: December 2008

The collection of rainwater from roofs, its storage and subsequent use make a significant saving in the use of potable water. The capacity of the rainwater store is important because it affects both system and initial costs. This paper describes the development of a behavioural model that simulates the performance of rainwater collectors located within the United Kingdom. The input data in time series form are used to simulate mass flows through the model based on a daily time interval. Rainfall time series from 11 different UK locations are used to simulate the performance of rainwater collectors for a range of roof areas, storage capacities and demands. A set of rainwater collector performance curves for each of the geographic locations is developed. From the location-specific curves a set of average curves is determined that is shown to be sufficiently accurate for estimating rainwater collection performance within the United Kingdom. Finally, the average performance curves are shown to be adequately represented by an exponential association type equation, resulting in a computationally efficient method of determining rainwater collector performance.
Psychrometric control of dust mites in UK housing
Authors: Lowe R.J.
Published: December 2008

This note reviews the principles of psychrometric control of dust mites. It is shown that a simple passive equilibrium model explains the functional form of the empirical critical equilibrium humidity curve for Dermatophagoides farinae. The note confirms the inappropriateness of the Korsgaard limit of 7 g kg-1 as a practical constraint in the UK. The impact on UK housing of maximum RH limits proposed by Cunningham is examined. At temperatures typical of much UK housing, these limits are likely to be exceeded for most of the winter. Acceptable conditions are likely to be achievable only in dwellings with mean internal temperatures in the region of 20°C. Such temperatures are rarely achieved in the UK, except in very well insulated dwellings.
Selection of energy efficiency measures and their application to Wansbeck General Hospital
Authors: Cundall G.P.
Published: December 2008

The principal incentive for adopting energy efficiency measures is financial. Calculations of energy savings are complicated by the interactions between measures, and their cost effectiveness depends on the price of energy and therefore on the assumed energy source. This paper outlines a plan of work which, by taking account of these factors, minimises abortive work. The plan is illustrated by its application to the Wansbeck District General Hospital, in Northumberland, which is being designed to save nearly 60% of the normal delivered energy consumption.
Corrosion of heat recovery exchangers in swimming pool hall ventilation systems
Authors: Bird T.L.
Published: December 2008

An investigation of the corrosion of swimming pool hall heat recovery exchangers at eight different sites has shown that exchangers using copper for both tubes and fins have adequate corrosion resistance, and can be expected to remain efficient and structurally sound for more than ten years. On the other hand, aluminium was found to be less suitable as a fin material because of its tendency to suffer localised dissimilar metal corrosion in contact with the copper tubes. Though the survey was limited, these findings are likely to apply to other pools using similar systems.
Noise measurements in buildings
Authors: Jones A.J.
Published: December 2008

Acoustic design is an important consideration in mechanical services installations of all types and, with this in view, maximum noise levels in buildings are commonly specified by reference to either noise criterion (NC) or noise rating (NR) curves. Although these rating methods have existed for some years, confusion still arises from time to time regarding their use and appropriate measurement procedures. This Note is intended to assist engineers who are not primarily acousticians, but who are nevertheless charged with taking accurate and representative measurements to monitor and certify performance standards. The origin and applicability of rating indices are summarised and practical guidance given on field measurements.
Heat recovery in supermarkets
Authors: Harrop R.F.
Published: December 2008

The motivation for heat recovery from supermarket display case refrigeration plant is described. Heat recovery plant types are described and assigned to particular applications.