bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of essential oils of some higher plants on Aspergillus flavus link. infesting stored seeds of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba l. (taub.))
Authors: Dwivedi Suresh K. , Dwivedi S. Kumar , Pandey V. N. , Dubey N. K.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from leaves and seeds of some angiosperms collected from different localities of Varanasi as well as from local markets were tested against the mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus. Amongst them the volatile oil from seeds of Daucus carota L. exhibited absolute toxicity against the test fungus. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the oil at which it exhibited fungistasis was 2000 ppm when it was not phytotoxic on seed germination and seedling growth of guar, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. (Taub.). It exhibited a broad fungitoxic spectrum inhibiting the mycelial growth of a number of fungi at 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm. Moreover, the oil was more effective than some synthetic fungicides including Agrosan G.N., copper oxychloride, Derosal, Dithane M‐45 and Thiovit.
Steam volatile leaf oils of some melaleuca species from western Australia
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Lassak Erich V.
Published: November 2006

The steam volatile leaf oils of Melaleuca cordata Turcz., M. halmaturorum F. Muell. ex Miq. subsp. cymbifolia (Benth.) Barlow, M. incana R.Br., M. lanceolata Otto subsp. planifolia Barlow, M. rhaphiophylla Schauer, M. sheathiana W. Fitzg, M. sp.aff. sheathiana and M. uncinata R.Br. sensu lato were analysed by GC‐MS. The oils were entirely terpenoid with the exception of M. halmaturorum var. cymbifolia which contained small amounts of baeckeol. Whilst 1,8‐cineole was a major constituent of most oils, terpinen‐4‐ol was the chief constituent of M. uncinata oil.
Volatile components of plumeria flowers. Part 2.1 Plumeria rubra L. cv. ‘Irma Bryan’
Authors: Omata Akihiko , Nakamura Shoji , Hashimoto Seiji , Furukawa Kiyoshi
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of one of the cultivars of Plumeria rubra L. ‘Irma Bryan’ growing in Hawaii was extracted by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE). The essential oil was analysed with GC and GC‐MS, and a total of 67 compounds were identified. β‐Phenylethyl alcohol, phenylacetaldehyde and methyl cinnamate were found to make a major contribution to the floral spicy scent of this flower.
Essential oil components of Santolina chamaecyparissus L.
Authors: Pérez‐Alonso M. J. , Velasco‐Negueruela A.
Published: November 2006

The essential oils from several Santolina chamaecyparissus L. subspecies from wild (Spanish insular and peninsular) and cultivated (Spanish and British) populations have been examined. According to the composition of the volatiles three different groups are proposed: cultivated, insular, and peninsular samples. Artemisia ketone (27.8–35.6%) and T‐cadinol (23.6–4.8%) were characteristic components in cultivated samples, whereas in the insular ones camphor (42.9%) and cubenol (17.3%) were the main compounds. Monoterpenes predominated in the essential oils of peninsular populations corresponding to subspecies incana (85.9%) and squarrosa (45.2–68.5%), of which camphor (9.2–24.9%), borneol (11.6–28.4%) and 1,8‐cineole (2.3–8.7%) were the major components. Conversely, the essential oil of subspecies tomentosa was mainly composed of sesquiterpenes (61.4%), elemol (5.0%), nerolidol + spathulenol (9.3%), copaenol (15.2%), ledol (4.1%) and cubenol (6.7%) being the major components.
Determination of the enantiomeric composition of terpinen‐4‐ol in essential oils using a permethylated β‐cyclodextrin coated chiral capillary column
Authors: Ravid Uzi , Putievsky Eli , Katzir Irena , Ikan Raphel
Published: November 2006

The enantiomeric composition and relative quantity of terpinen‐4‐ol was determined in laboratory made essential oils and in essential oils and samples of terpinen‐4‐ol from commercial sources using a permethylated‐β‐cyclodextrin‐coated chiral capillary column. Chromatographic enantiomeric resolution of terpinen‐4‐ol was achieved by injection of a purified fraction collected by preparative gas chromatography. (S)‐(+)‐Terpinen‐4‐ol with high enantiomeric purity was detected in three lavender oils of different origin.
The essential oil of artemisia moorcroftiana wall
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Kaul Vijay K.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of the aerial parts of Artemisia moorcroftiana Wall. has been investigated by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. This essential oil possesses a penetrating herbaceous‐green odour. The main constituents of the essential oil are β‐pinene (7.7%), 1,8‐cineole (5.8%), artemisia ketone (10.2%), α‐ and β‐thujone (12.8 and 4.0%), camphor (5%). Major components of the sesquiterpenes are germacrene‐D (2.3%), (E)‐nerolidol (2.6%), vulgarone B (α‐longipinen‐1‐one, 2.6%) and a new sesquiterpene alcohol α‐longipinen‐7β‐ol (1.4%).
The leaf essential oil of Idiospermum australiense (Diels) S. T. Blake (idiospermaceae)
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Goldsack Robert J.
Published: November 2006

The leaf essential oil obtained from Idiospermum australiense (Diels) S. T. Blake in 0.3–0.5% yield (based on fresh weight) consisted of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Of the 41 compounds detected in amounts >0.05%, the principal components were bicyclogermacrene (48%) and caryophyllene (8%). The tricyclic sesquiterpene alcohols globulol, viridiflorol and spathulenol were also present each in approximately 5% amounts.
The leaf essential oil of allosyncarpia ternata S. T. Blake
Authors: Brophy Joseph J. , Boland Douglas J.
Published: November 2006

The leaf essential oil from Allosyncarpia ternata S. T. Blake was found to consist of a mixture of over 60 monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. The two groups of compounds contributed approximately equal amounts to the oil. The principal monoterpenes were β‐ and α‐pinene and limonene, while the principal sesquiterpenes were β‐caryophyllene, globulol and spathulenol.
Chiral compounds of essential oils. Part XII. Authenticity control of rose oils, using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography
Authors: Kreis Peter , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

cis/trans Rose oxides, linalol, citronellol and carvone are widespread natural fragrance compounds and well known among the genuine constituents of rose oils. Using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography (enantio‐MDGC) and the column combination Carbowax 20 M/heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin in OV 1701‐vi the direct and simultaneous stereoanalysis of these chiral fragrance compounds is achieved. The method is applied to the chirality evaluation of cis/trans rose oxides, linalol and citronellol from authentic Bulgarian and Turkish rose oils as well as commercially available rose oils. The enantiomeric ratios of genuine constituents from rose oils are discussed as indicators of naturalness.
Composition of the essential oil of geranium robertianum L.
Authors: Pedro Luis G. , Pais M. Salomé S. , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil of Geranium robertianum L. was investigated by GC and GC‐MS, which showed that linalol (22.9%) was its major component. γ‐Terpinene (13.9%), germacrene‐D (7.8%), limonene (5.3%), geraniol (4.4%), α‐terpineol (3.8%) and phytol (3.8%) were the other major components of the oil, the composition of which has not been described to date.
Isolation of rosemary oil: Comparison between hydrodistillation and supercritical CO2 extraction
Authors: Reverchon E. , Senatore F.
Published: November 2006

Rosemary leaf oil was isolated by a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure coupled to a fractional separation following the extraction stage. The oil produced was compared with rosemary oil isolated by hydrodistillation. Chemical analysis revealed that, although roughly the same compounds were extracted, the two oils possessed a widely different percentage composition. Qualitative aroma testing showed that the oil obtained by SFE using CO2 showed a fragrance that better resembled that of the rosemary leaves used for the isolation of the oil.
Constituents of the essential oil of Zhumeria majdae Rech
Authors: Rustaiyan Abdolhossein , Sigari Haydeh , Bamoniri Abdolhamid , Weyerstahl Peter
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil from the leaves and flowers of Zhumeria majdae Rech., growing wild in the south of Iran, was investigated by GC‐MS and 1H‐NMR‐spectroscopy. Of the thirty components identified, camphor and linalol were found to be the major constituents.
Chemical analysis of essential oils of malagasy medicinal plants by gas chromatography and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: De Medici D. , Pieretti S. , Salvatore G. , Nicoletti M. , Rasoanaivo P.
Published: November 2006

In Collaboration with the Institut Malgache de Recherches Appliquées, Antananarivo, the composition of the essential oils of medicinal plants indigenous to or cultivated in Madagascar was determined. The aim of the study was the evaluation of these plants for their possible safe use in many products of wide consumption such as foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals or cosmetics.

Analyses were performed coupling the data obtained by capillary gas chromatography and 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR techniques. The 13C‐NMR spectroscopy proved to be an important tool, which can be very useful in the identification of main constituents, whereas only partial indications can be obtained for minor components. The results of the analyses of the essential oils of commercial plants (Cinnamomum camphora Nees and Eberm., Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyn., Eucalyptus citriodora Hook, Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus spp., Melaleuca viridiflora Soland. ex Gaertn., Ocimum gratissmium L.) and endemic species (i.e., Helichrysum gymnocephalum Humbert, Priadia goyavia Berger, Ravensara anisata Danguy and Choux) are reported. Some antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli of the essential oils are also reported.
Volatile constituents of the essential oil and of the absolute of artemisia salsoloides Willd. from Ladakh
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Wahlburg Hans‐Christian , Marschall Helga , Kaul Vijay K.
Published: November 2006

The essential oil and the absolute of Artemisia salsoloides Willd. was investigated. More than 100 compounds, mainly monoterpene derivatives, could be identified by GC‐MS and/or 1H‐NMR spectra. (Z)‐Jasmone and some cinnamates are most interesting from the olfactory point of view. The absolute contains products of the oxidative degradation of davanone and higher oxidized monoterpenes, especially a new keto alcohol ‘photo‐oxonerol’ (5‐hydroxymethyl‐1,6,6‐trimethylbicyclo[2.1.1]hexan‐2‐one).
Volatile Flavour Constituents of Chempedak (Artocarpus polyphema Pers.) Fruit and Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) from Malaysia
Authors: Wong K. C. , Lim C. L. , Wong L. L.
Published: November 2006

Steam‐distilled volatile constituents from chempedak (Artocarpus polyphema Pers.) fruit and jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) grown in Malaysia were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS. Chempedak fruit volatiles contained 54 components of which 37.4%, were alcohols and 32.2% carboxylic acids. The main constituents were 3‐methylbutanoic acid (28.2%) and 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol (24.3%). Other important flavour compounds include 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline and the tentatively identified 2,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone. Jackfruit volatiles contained 45 components of which 32 have not been reported previously. Esters represented a high proportion (31.9%) of the jackfruit volatiles and are important contributors to the flavour of this fruit.
Seasonal studies on the concrete and absolute of Indian Jasminium grandiflorum L. flowers
Authors: Verghese J. , Sunny T. P.
Published: November 2006

Indian Jasminium grandiflorum L. flowers furnish a concrete and an absolute comparable with that from flowers of the same species from different locations, the average seasonal yield being 0.31% of the weight of flowers as concrete and 53.6% of the concrete as absolute. Gas chromatographic screening of the jasmine fragrances reveal that the gross compositional pattern is similar to that of oils from other countries. For comparison, quantitative data of major components gleaned from literature have been compiled. Organoleptically, isolates derived from the Indian flowers have gained the confidence of perfumery houses. The Indian jasmine industry has thus matured to play a significant international role.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XLI. Italian bitter orange essential oil: Composition and detection of contamination and additions of oils and terpenes of sweet orange and of lemon
Authors: Dugo Giovanni , Verzera Antonella , Stagno d'Alcontres Ildefonsa , Cotroneo Antonella , Ficarra Rita
Published: November 2006

The composition of the volatile fraction of Italian bitter orange essential oil, carried out by LC, HRGC and GC–MS, is reported: 60 components have been identified. The results obtained are compared with those in the literature for Italian and Spanish bitter orange oils.

Two methods are suggested which allows the detection of contamination or possible additions of terpenes and oils of sweet orange and of lemon to genuine bitter orange oil. One is based upon the content of δ‐3‐carene and the value of the ratios δ‐3‐carene/camphene and δ‐3‐carene/terpinolene which permits the detection of the additions of 5% of sweet orange terpenes and oils; the second is based upon the content of α‐terpinene and the value of the ratios α‐terpinene/camphene and α‐terpinene/cis‐β‐ocimene and allows the detection of the addition of even 3% of lemon terpenes and oils.
The essential oils of two endemic Portuguese thyme species: Thymus capitellatus Hoffmanns. & Link and T. lotocephalus G. López & R. Morales
Authors: Figueiredo A. Cristina , Barroso José G. , Pedro Luis G. , Pais M. Salomé S. , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oils of Thymus capitellatus Hoffmanns. & Link and T. lotocephalus G. López & R Morales was studied by GC and GC–MS. The essential oils of T. capitellatus, isolated either from flowers or from leaves of the plant during its vegetative phase, showed a more or less similar composition, but the corresponding oil from T. lotocephalus showed marked differences. The oils of both species consisted mainly of oxygen‐containin monoterpenes (55–69% of the total oils). 1,8‐Cineole (50–56%) was the main component of the oils of T. capitellatus both in the oil from its flowers and in that from its leaves.

The oil isolated from the flowers of T. lotocephalus was dominated by linalyl acetate (23%); the other major components were linalol (11%) and 1,8‐cineole (10%). However, in the oil from the leaves of this species 1,8‐cineole (24%) was again the major component, while linalyl acetate and linalol amounted to 5% and 6% respectively Although present in relatively small amounts, sesquiterpenes were more important in the oils of T. lotocephalu (15–17%) than in those of T. capitellatus (3–4%). The presence of 1,8‐cineole, in relatively large amounts, in the oil analysed was in agreement with the earlier finding of this compound as major component of other Iberian thyme oils However, the oil isolated from flowers of T. lotocephalus must be considered as being characterized by linalyl acetate, linalol instead of by 1,8‐cineole.
Glycosidically bound volatiles—a review 1986–1991
Authors: Stahl‐Biskup E. , Intert F. , Holthuijzen J. , Stengele M. , Schulz G.
Published: November 2006

Five years ago, in 1986, only a limited number of glycosidically bound volatiles were known and little could be reported on the distribution of those compounds in the plant kingdom. Since then an explosion of research activities in this field has led to the publication of many interesting results concerning structurally diverse terpenoid and non‐terpenoid glycosides, their occurrence, and their role in different plant species. Up to now, about 200 different aglycone structures have been found in about 150 species belonging to 35 different families including ferns, gymnosperms, dicotyledons, and monocotyledons.

All the diverse results concerning the role of these compounds in the plants should not lead us into ascribing to them an exclusive role, such as being involved in essential oil metabolism, as early workers have postulated. Although considering new electron microscopical observations of a transformation of carbohydrate‐rich substances into lipophilic droplets at the tonoplast of Mentha × piperita secretory cells, the range of possible roles should not be underestimated. New experimental work should not only provide new analytical data but should also attempt to throw more light on the role of the glycosides.
Some critical comments on the legislative control of flavourings in food
Authors: Siegwart Y.
Published: November 2006

For many reasons flavouring agents have to be considered as a special type of food additives. A general system for their approval is still lacking, largely because of insufficient toxicological data. In addition, consumers want a comprehensible definition of flavouring agents and the scope for their use in foods. Work done in this field and existing and new regulations required to improve the legislative control of flavourings in food are discussed.
Isotopic methods for control of natural flavours authenticity
Authors: Martin Gilles , Remaud Gérald , Martin Gérard J.
Published: November 2006

The use of natural flavours or essential oils often brings a clear marketing advantage in certain products (ice creams, soft drinks, sweets, etc.). The cost of natural flavours, however, is often a factor of 10 or more higher than the price of synthetic copies. Owing to this price advantage and to the difficulty of differentiating natural flavours from the same molecules made by chemical synthesis, it has been reported that synthetic flavours are sometimes sold as natural ones.

Isotopic mass spectrometry (carbon‐13 and deuterium) have in the past made it possible in many cases to differentiate natural and synthetic molecules. Unfortunately, the possibility of isotopic marking or 13C enrichment, more recently reported, renders, in some cases (such as vanilla), isotopic mass spectrometry of less interest nowadays.

The SNIF–NMRTM method (site‐specific natural isotope fractionation measured by nuclear magnetic resonance) makes possible the measurement of the D/H ratios in several sites in the molecule (five in the case of vanillin). This isotopic fingerprint is very much correlated with the origin of the molecule (type of plant, biotechnology, synthesis) and therefore makes possible a real guarantee of the natural origin of many flavours.
Volatile constituents of Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Woerdenbag Herman J. , Bos Rein , Salomons Mariska C. , Hendriks Henk , Pras Niesko , Malingré Theo M.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of Artemisia annua L. plants, grown in the field in The Netherlands from seeds of Chinese and Vietnamese origin, were investigated using GC and GC–MS (EI, NICI) analysis. The plants grown from Chinese seeds contained 4.0% (v/w) essential oil on a dry weight (DW) basis, those from Vietnamese seeds, 1.4% (v/w). More than forty compounds were identified. The principal component of the Chinese oil was artemisia ketone (63.9%); other major constituents included artemisia alcohol (7.5%), myrcene (5.1%), α‐guaiene (4.7%) and camphor (3.3%). In the Vietnamese oil the main components were camphor (21.8%) and germacrene‐D (18.3%); other important constituents were β‐caryophyllene (5.6%), trans‐β‐farnesene (3.8%) and 1,8‐cineole (3.1%). In the Vietnamese variety the terpenoid biosynthesis proceeded further towards sesquiterpenes, whereas in the Chinese predominantly monoterpenes were formed. This was also reflected in the artemisinin contents, found in dichloromethane extracts of the herbaceous plant material: 0.17% (DW) in Chinese and 1.00% (DW) in Vietnamese plants. We suggest that the differences in the essential oil composition may be ascribed to the existence of different A. annua chemotypes. In a dichloromethane extract of the roots several non‐volatile sesquiterpenes were found. The main constituent was a new compound, which was identified tentatively as arteannuic alcohol.
Minor components in the essential oil of Juniperus oxycedrus L. wood
Authors: Barrero Alejandro F. , Oltra J. Enrique , Altarejos Joaquíin , Barragán Armando , Lara Armando , Laurent Raymond
Published: November 2006

A detailed study of the essential oil from the wood of Juniperus oxycedrus L. allowed the identification of 42 components, 15 of them being reported the first time in this oil.
Constituents of the leaf essential oil of Persea indica (L.) K. Spreng.
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Scora Rainer W.
Published: November 2006

Steam‐distilled leaf oils of Persea indica (L.) K. Spreng. were investigated by GC, GC–MS, and NMR spectroscopy. More than fifty components were identified. Monoterpenes, comprising only 5%, were the smallest group, followed by avocadofurans with 37%, and sesquiterpenes with 49%. The most prominent of the latter were β‐caryophyllene with 18% and germacrene‐D with 15%. The most prominent avocadofuran was (E)‐avocadienofuran with 16%. These furans substituted in the 2‐position seem to be typical of the genus Persea.
Extraction of essential oils with carbon dioxide
Authors: Moyler David A.
Published: November 2006

The use of compressed carbon dioxide to extract essential oils from primary botanicals has been an established practice for ten years. The technology involves high pressures and low temperatures in an energy efficient process which is environmentally friendly because the source of CO2 is a by‐product of fermentations, not combustion of fossil fuels.

A comparative study of steam‐distillation and CO2‐extracted essential oils of celery seed (Apium graveolens L.), hop (Humulus lupulus L.), clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merill. et L. M. Perry), juniper berry (Juniperus communis L.), mace (Myristica fragrans Houtt.), and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is made using free choice odour profiling and standardized fingerprint GLC analysis.
Constituents of the volatile oil of Mitracarpus scaber Zucc.
Authors: Ekpendu T. O. E. , Adesomoju A. A. , Ekundayo O. , Okogun J. I. , Laakso I.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the volatile oil from aerial parts of Mitracarpus scaber Zucc. (Rubiaceae) was investigated in detail by means of gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) techniques. Of the twenty‐six compounds identified, eleven were free fatty acids constituting the major components. Hexadecanoic acid was the most abundant component (51.2%). The other major acids were pentadecanoic, (Z)‐octadec‐9‐enoic, tetradecanoic, (ZZ)‐octadeca‐9, 12‐dienoic, (Z)‐hexadec‐9‐enoic, octadecanoic, and dodecanoic acids. Minor constituents included six fatty acid esters, two aldehydes and six oxygenated monoterpenoids.
Improved determination of vanillin and related phenolic components in vanilla (Vanilla fragrans (Salisb.) Ames) by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Taylor Sarah
Published: November 2006

This paper describes a reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the separation, identification and quantification of vanillin and related phenolic compounds in ethanolic extracts of cured vanilla. The compounds were separated on a silica column, bonded with pentafluorophenyl, using a mobile phase gradient of methanol–citric acid with diode‐array detection at 275 nm. Vanillin, vanillic acid, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid and p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde were identified by the spectral data and retention times given by reference compounds. Retention times and spectral data for a further 36 compounds are presented. The new HPLC technique allows a more accurate means of determining the vanillin content of vanilla than the ISO spectrophotometric assay.
Application of a home‐made supercritical fluid extraction system to the study of essential oils
Authors: Vilegas Janete H. Y. , Lanças Fernando M. , Vilegas Wagner
Published: November 2006

Using a home‐made supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) system, SFE‐CO2 extracts with chemical composition comparable to those of the essential oils obtained by a traditional steam distillation procedure were obtained from two Lauraceae samples. Both the steam distillation oils and the SFE‐CO2 extract of Ocotea caesia Mez (Lauraceae) contained the oxygenated sesquiterpenes bisabolol and nerolidol as the main components.
The leaf essential oil of arillastrum gummiferum (brongriart & gris) pancher ex baillon
Authors: Boland Douglas J. , Brophy Joseph J. , Goldsack Robert J.
Published: November 2006

The leaf essential oil of Arillastrum gummiferum (Brongriart & Gris) Pancher ex Baillon, obtained in 0.2‐0.3% w/w on a dry weight basis, consisted approximately 80% of (‐)‐limonene. Other monoterpene hydrocarbons, the principal members being α‐ and α‐pinene, accounted for approximately a further 9% of the oil. Caryophyllene (3‐7%) was the major sesquiterpene detected.
Volatile constituents of exacum affine balf. f. Flowers obtained by dynamic headspace sampling and as the essential oil
Authors: Buchbauer Gerhard , Jirovetz Leopold , Wasicky Michael , Nikiforov Alexej
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the white flowers of Exacum affine Balf. f. cv. “Blithe Spirit” (Gentianaceae) have been examined by dynamic headspace sampling and as the essential oil using GC‐FID, GC‐FTIR‐MS and a GC‐sniffing technique. The flowers and headspace concentrate possess a characteristic lily‐of‐the‐valley‐like, fresh, green, beautiful floral odour while the essential oil shows only a weak lily‐of‐the‐valley‐like odour with earthy and vegetable notes. Forty‐two compounds were identified (excluding fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives). The major components of the headspace concentrate were limonene, α‐pinene and camphor (together 34.7% of the headspace concentrate). The same compounds made up 29.4% of the essential oil.
Composition of the essential oil from inflorescences of nepeta tuberosa L. ssp. tuberosa
Authors: Cotrim Helena C. , Barroso José G. , Figueiredo A. Cristina , Pais M. Salomé S. , Scheffer Johannes J. C.
Published: November 2006

The composition of the essential oil isolated from inflorescences of Nepeta tuberosa L. ssp. tuberosa was analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The oil consisted mainly of monoterpenes (89%), 5,9‐dehydronepetalactone (69%) and geranyl acetate (17%) being the main components. The sesquiterpene fraction amounted to 8% and was dominated by α‐caryophyllene (5%).
Some 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3,5‐dithiazines in peanut butter
Authors: Velluz A. , Brönner H. , Näf R. , Wüest H. , Büchi G. , Pickenhagen W.
Published: November 2006

In an extract of peanut butter, prepared by a Likens‐Nickerson extraction, 16 alkyl‐substituted 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3,5‐dithiazines were identified. Their structures were confirmed by specific synthesis.
On the genuineness of citrus essential oils. Part XLVI. Polymethoxylated flavones of the non‐volatile residue of Italian sweet orange and mandarin essential oils
Authors: Dugo Paola , Mondello Luigi , Cogliandro Eugenia , Stagno d'Alcontres Ildefonsa , Cotroneo Antonella
Published: November 2006

The composition of the polymethoxylated flavone (PMF) fraction of the Italian sweet orange and mandarin essential oils, obtained by normal‐phase HPLC, is reported. The results refer to the whole production season 1991/92; the oils have been extracted by the usual Italian technologies, viz. “FMC”, “Pelatrice” and “Torchi”.

3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8‐Heptamethoxyflavone, 3′,4′,5,6,7,8‐hexamethoxyflavone (nobiletin), 3,3′,4′,5,6,7‐hexamethoxyflavone and 3′,4′,5,6,7‐pentamethoxyflavone (sinensetin), in the sweet orange essential oil tend to increase during the production season. 4′,5,6,7‐Tetramethoxyflavone (tetra‐O‐methylscutellarein) increases only for oils extracted by the “FMC” technique which is the preferred technique for “blood” fruit while the 4′,5,6,7,8‐pentamethoxyflavone (tangeretin) content decreases when the oils are obtained by the “pelatrice” technique which is the preferred technique for “blond” fruit. Tangeretin, nobiletin and tetra‐O‐methylscutellarein levels are, on average, higher in the oils obtained from blond fruits than in the oils obtained from blood fruits. 3,3′,4′,5,6,7,8‐Heptamethoxyflavone and 3,3′,4′,5,6,7‐hexamethoxyflavone show the opposite behaviour; for sinensetin there are no differences between “pelatrice” and “FMC” extracted oils.

Mandarin essential oils produced with “Pelatrice” extractors show a polymethoxyflavone content higher than oils produced with “Torchi” extractors, while there are no quantitative differences between oils produced in different periods of the productive season.

Standards for quantitative analysis have been isolated from sweet orange and mandarin oils by chromatography on silica gel columns and semi‐preparative HPLC with recycling.
Volatile leaf oils of some south‐western and southern australian species of the genus eucalyptus. Part I: Subgenus symphyomyrtus, section dumaria, series incrassatae
Authors: Bignell C. M. , Dunlop P. J. , Brophy J. J. , Jackson J. F.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus incrassata Labill., E. angulosa Schau., E. ceratocorys (Blakely) L. A. S. Johnson & K. D. Hill, E. erythrandra Blakely & Steedm., E. tetraptera Turcz., E. forrestiana Diels, E. dolichorhyncha (Brooker) Brooker & Hopper and E. stoatei C. A. Gardner, isolated by vacuum distillation, were analysed by GC–MS. All species contained α‐pinene (12–34%), 1,8‐cineole (14–34%) and aromadendrene (2‐13%) as principal leaf oil components.
Are leaf area index (LAI) and flowering related to oil productivity in peppermint?
Authors: Maffei Massimo , Mucciarelli Marco , Scannerini Silvano
Published: November 2006

Leaf area index (LAI) was calculated in flowering (FP) and flower bud removed (NFP) peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) plants and related to essential oil productivity. The LAI was calculated using computerized image analysis, while the essential oils were distilled from leaves and flowers separately and analysed by GC–MS. Stolons and rhizomes were also measured and submitted to distillation.

In general, flowering markedly influenced the plant phyllotaxis and also had an inhibitory effect on rhizome and stolon production. In terms of oil productivity, the avoidance of flowering did not change significantly the leaf characteristics, but it had an evident effect on the rhizomes and stolons. From a quantitative point of view, menthol, the main compound in peppermint oil, was not affected by flowering avoidance, whereas a significant increase was observed for menthone in leaves of NFP. No significant correlation between LAI and oil productivity was found when FP and NFP were compared.
Variations in the volatile constituents of peperomia rotundifolia schlecht. & cham. grown on different host‐trees in guadeloupe
Authors: Bessiere J. M. , Menut C. , Lamaty G. , Joseph H.
Published: November 2006

Plants of Peperomia rotundifolia Schlecht. & Cham. were collected in Guadeloupe from seven different host‐trees at two periods in the year and extracted with dichloromethane; after steam distillation the volatile constituents were analysed by GC and GC–MS coupling.

In all samples, limonene is the most abundant component (18–43%) together with variable amounts of camphor (5–20%); safrole, absent in some extracts, can represent up to 24% of the volatile constituents in others.

No correlation has been found between the chemical composition of the volatile oil and the period of gathering or the botanical nature of the host‐tree.
Supercritical fluid extraction of the volatile components from the leaves of psidium guajava l. (guava)
Authors: Sagrero‐Nieves Lorenzo , Bartley John P. , Provis‐Schwede Alan
Published: November 2006

Volatile constituents of guava leaves were obtained by supercritical fluid extraction and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). A total of 17 compounds accounting for 86.1% of the aroma were identified. α‐Selinene (23.7%), α‐caryophyllene (18.8%) and δ‐selinene (18.3%) were the major compounds identified. The volatile fraction was rich in sesquiterpene compounds.
Determination of Potent Odourants in Foods by Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis (AEDA) and Calculation of Odour Activity Values (OAVs)
Authors: Grosch Werner
Published: November 2006

The potency of odourants in foods is determined by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) and by the calculation of odour activity values (OAVs). The application of these methods to olive oil, butter, Swiss cheese, heated beef, bread, beer, green tea, dill herb and to the off‐flavours formed in lemon oil, soybean oil and boiled trout is reviewed. The results allow the conclusion that only a small fraction of the complex mixture of volatiles causes the characteristic odour of a distinct food.
Volatile components of japanese yuzu and lemon oils
Authors: Njoroge S. M. , Ukeda H. , Kusunose H. , Sawamura M.
Published: November 2006

The volatile components of yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) cold‐pressed oil were analysed by capillary GC and GC–MS, without prior separation, and compared with those of lemon (Citrus limon Burm. f., cv. Lisbon) grown in Japan. p‐Mentha‐1,4,8‐triene, was newly found among the seventy‐seven components identified in the yuzu oil. In the lemon oil, one hundred and two components were identified, including limonene diol, caryophyllene epoxide, and limonene‐8,9‐epoxide. Monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated in both the yuzu and lemon oils (96%). The two oils were distinctively different in the composition of alcohols, aldehydes, esters, and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. In the yuzu oil, alcohols were the second major components (2.05%), while in lemon, aldehydes (2.10%) and esters (0.63%) were more dominant. Bicyclogermacrene and germacrene‐D were significant sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of the yuzu, while α‐bisabolene and γ‐bergamotene were the main ones in the lemon oil. The components of the two oils are presented, and comparatively discussed, with regard to the flavour differences of the citrus oils.
The enantiomeric composition of monoterpene hydrocarbons as a chemotaxonomic marker in abies sachalinensis (fr. schm.) mast. and a. mayriana miy. et kudo needle essential oils
Authors: Laakso Y. Holm I. , Hiltunen R.
Published: November 2006

The compositions of Abies sachalinensis (Fr. Schm.) Mast. and A. mayriana Miy. et Kudo needle essential oils were analysed on non‐chiral and chiral GC columns. Both oils were characterized by high proportions of bornyl acetate and (‐)‐camphene. The (‐)‐enantiomers of α‐ and β‐pinene, camphene, limonene and β‐phellandrene predominated and amounted to 80% of the monoterpene hydrocarbons. The monoterpene composition was used to study the differences between the two species. Cluster analysis tended to separate A. sachalinensis and A. mayriana into two major groups. In addition, both groups were divided into subgroups on the basis of the (‐)‐β‐phellandrene and (‐)‐β‐pinene levels.
Chiral compounds of essential oils. Part XVI. enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography in authenticity control of balm oil (melissa officinalis l.)
Authors: Kreis Peter , Mosandl Armin
Published: November 2006

Using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography (enantio‐MDGC) and the column combination polyethylene glycol/heptakis (2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin in OV 1701‐vi, the chiral monoterpenoids cis/trans‐rose oxides, octan‐3‐ol, oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol, linalol, citronellal, citronellol and citronellic acid methyl ester were stereoanalysed. The method is applied to chirality evaluation of these compounds from balm oils. The enantiomeric distributions are discussed in order to assess the authenticity of this essential oil.
Constituents of the essential oil of solidago graminifolia (l.) salisb
Authors: Kalemba Danuta , Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga
Published: November 2006

The steam‐distilled essential oil of Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb. was investigated by GC, GC‐MS and NMR spectroscopy. About eighty components were identified. The main constituents are sabinene (18%), β‐pinene (10%) and β‐phellandrene (23%). Two new compounds, 3‐oxo‐p‐menth‐1‐en‐7‐al and 8,9‐oxidocadalene, were isolated and characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra.
Volatile components of the essential oils from Kabosu, Daidai, and Yuko, Japanese sour citrus fruits
Authors: Njoroge S. M. , Ukeda H. , Kusunose H. , Sawamura M.
Published: November 2006

The volatile components of kabosu (Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka), daidai (Citrus aurantium L. var. Cyathifera Y. Tanaka), and yuko (Citrus yuko Hort. ex Tanaka) peel oils were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS, following extraction by cold‐pressing. Sixty‐six components were identified in kabosu oil, and sixty‐two in each of those of daidai and yuko. The volatiles of yuko oil are reported for the first time in this study, and only fourteen of those in daidai oil had been previously identified. In kabosu oil, five sesquiterpenes, one monoterpene, and one alcohol, were newly identified. Monoterpene hydrocarbons accounted for about 98.0% in each oil. Limonene (94.7%) was the only major monoterpene in daidai oil, while myrcene in kabosu oil (18.5%), and γ‐terpinene in yuko oil (21.3%) were the second most abundant. Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons constituted 1.5% of the yuko, 1.0% of the kabosu, and 0.2% of the daidai volatiles, and the most significant were respectively, β‐elemene, β‐farnesene, and germacrene‐D. Among the oxygenated components, aldehydes were the most abundant in kabosu oil (0.6%), esters in daidai oil (1.4%), and alcohols in the yuko oil (0.9%). The flavour volatiles are assessed in relation to other Citrus oils.
Volatile constituents of the fruits of lansium domesticum correa (Duku and Langsat) and baccaurea motleyana (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. (Rambai)
Authors: Wong K. C. , Wong S. W. , Siew S. S. , Tie D. Y.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of the fruits of Lansium domesticum Correa (duku and langsat) and Baccaurea motleyana (Muell. Arg.) Muell. Arg. (rambai) were isolated by vacuum distillation with subsequent extraction of the distillates with dichloromethane. The concentrated extracts were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS. The volatile constituents of both duku and langsat fruits were dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, the most abundant of which was germacrene‐D. (E)‐Hex‐2‐enal was the major component of rambai fruit volatiles which also contained high levels of methyl 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoate, methyl 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylpentanoate and methyl 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methylpentanoate.
Volatile components of honeysuckle (lonicera japonica thunb.) Flowers
Authors: Ikeda Nobuo , Ishihara Masakazu , Tsuneya Tomoyuki , Kawakita Masayuki , Yoshihara Masaaki , Suzuki Yasushi , Komaki Ryoichi , Inui Masayoshi
Published: November 2006

The volatile components of the concrete from flowers of honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Thunb. were analysed by GC and GC‐MS. One hundred and fifty compounds, made up of 36 hydrocarbons, 28 alcohols, 21 aldehydes, 12 ketones, 38 esters and 15 miscellaneous, were identified and the important components that characterize the volatiles of honeysuckle flowers were recognized to be linalol, (Z)‐jasmone, (Z)‐jasmin lactone, methyl jasmonate, and methyl epi‐jasmonate. In addition, changes of the volatile components emitted from the living flowers throughout the whole day were investigated by dynamic headspace analysis using GC and GC‐MS, and the strongest odour was found to be emitted in the middle of the night.
The effect of eating on aroma release from mint‐flavoured sweets
Authors: Ingham Kate E. , Linforth Rob S. T. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: November 2006

The release of aromas during eating of mint‐flavoured sweets was investigated by collecting volatiles in the expired air from the noses of human subjects (nosespace) on Tenax and determining the amounts of eleven key volatiles by GC‐MS. The variation in aroma release was first measured by analysing the amounts of the volatiles from one person who chewed mints on four separate occasions. No attempt was made to standardize eating patterns. There was some variation in the amounts of volatiles in the four replicates but the pattern of volatiles was similar. The degree of similarity was assessed by expressing each volatile as a percentage of the total peak area (normalization) which reduced the variation between replicates as measured by the coefficient of variation. Aroma release on chewing was then tested using nine people who ate mints on four occasions. All the aroma profiles showed a similar pattern and normalization of the data again improved the degree of similarity between the profiles of the assessors. When mints were sucked rather than chewed, the aroma profiles showed greater variation, probably due to greater differences in the way individuals suck and the associated airflow through the mouth and nose. Using headspace analysis of whole mints, crushed mints and mints crushed in water (to simulate the hydration of mints in the mouth), it was clear from the volatile profiles, that crushing increased the amounts of volatiles in the headspace but the addition of water changed the volatile profile. A methanolic extract of mints was also prepared and analysed to give an estimate of the total volatile content. Analysis of the aroma profiles using pattern recognition software indicated the degree of similarity and showed that the crushed mint in water profile was most similar to nosespace profile, although not similar enough to be an adequate model.
Volatile constituents of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.)
Authors: Wong K. C. , Tie D. Y.
Published: November 2006

The volatile constituents of three different clones of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) were isolated by vacuum distillation with subsequent extraction of the distillates with dichloromethane. The concentrated extracts were analysed by capillary GC and GC‐MS. A total of 63 constituents were identified, comprising 30 esters, 16 sulphurcontaining compounds, 5 ketones, 8 alcohols and 4 miscellaneous compounds. All three clones produced approximately the same proportions of esters and of ketones. The first‐mentioned chemical class was quantitatively the most important among durian volatiles. There was much variation in the content of sulphur volatiles among the three clones. Identified among this chemical class were some uncommon plant volatiles such as cis‐ and trans‐3,5‐dimethyl‐1,2,4‐trithiolane and S‐alkyl esters of alkylthiocarboxylic acids.
Volatile leaf oils of some South‐western and Southern Australian species of the genus Eucalyptus. Part IV. subgenus symphyomyrtus, section dumaria, series dumosae
Authors: Bignell C. M. , Dunlop P. J. , Brophy J. J. , Jackson J. F.
Published: November 2006

The volatile leaf oils of Eucalyptus argutifolia Grayling & Brooker, E. kondininensis Maiden & Blakely, E. clelandii (Maiden) Maiden, E. striaticalyx W. Fitzg., E. lesouefi Maiden, E. pterocarpa C. Gardner ex P. Lang, E. fraseri (Brooker) Brooker subsp. fraseri, E. conglobata (R. Br. ex Benth.) Maiden, E. ‘anceps’, E. pileata Blakely, E. tenuis Brooker & Hopper, E. calcareana Boomsma, E. obtwiflora DC., E. dumosa A. Cunn. ex Oxley, E. percostata Brooker & P. Lang, E. cyanophylla Brooker, E. cretata P. Lang & Brooker, E. sheathiana Maiden, E. georgei Brooker & Blaxell and E. woodwardii Maiden, isolated by vacuum distillation, were analysed by GC‐MS. Most species contained α‐pinene (3‐28%), 1,8cineole (2‐62%), p‐cymene (0.5‐39%), aromadendrene (0.5‐30%) and bicyclogermacrene (0.1‐30%) as principal leaf oil components. Eighteen of the twenty species contained torquatone.
An introduction to the scent of cacti
Authors: Kaiser Roman , Tollsten Lars
Published: November 2006

The family of Cactaceae consists of around 1500 species in about 100 genera, being mostly leafless trees or shrubs of succulent appearance and often having attractive flowers. In comparison to other families, e.g. Orchidaceae, the flowers of Cactaceae are of a morphologically primitive structure. Nevertheless, they show adaptive traits towards different groups of pollinators. Adaptations are reflected to a certain degree also in their scent composition as illustrated by the selection of analytical data presented in this overview. Special attention is given to night‐scented species flowering in most cases only during one night and being pollinated either by moths or by bats. The representatives of the first group show similarities in their scent composition to well‐known moth flowers in other families, while the second group is dominated by repulsive garlic or cabbage‐like odours caused by large amounts of sulphur‐containing compounds such as dimethyl disulphide and methyl thioacetate. Among the scent components of the diurnal species, being pollinated by bees or a mixed spectrum of insects, the musty‐earthy smelling dehydrogeosmin and geosmin deserve special attention. Furthermore, some additional structurally and/ or olfactorily interesting constituents occumng in the cacti scents are highlighted.
Constituents of the essential oil from the rhizomes of Hedychium acumnatum Roscoe
Authors: Weyerstahl Peter , Marschall Helga , Schneider Sabina , Subba Gyan C.
Published: November 2006

Seventy‐five constituents (99%) of the essential oil of the rhizomes of Hedychium acuminatum Roscoe (Zingiber‐aceae) were identified. The main constituent is 1,8‐cineole (76%). The oil contains 0.5% of 2‐alkanones, 0.6% of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, 1.3% of sesquiterpene alcohols and 0.6% of drimane and labdane derivatives. Olfactorily interesting are the drim‐8(12)‐en‐11‐al (syn. albicanal or γ‐bicyclofarnesal) and the 11‐nordrim‐8‐en‐12‐al, as well as the known trans‐5,5,8a‐trimethyldecal‐2‐one and γ‐bicyclohomofarnesal (Ambralγ). The structures of the new sesquiterpene hdrocarbon, drim‐8(12)‐ene and of the new 15,16‐bisnorlabda‐8(17),12‐dien‐14‐al were confumed by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR data.
Volatiles of cold and burning fragrance candles with lavender and apple aromas
Authors: Buchbauer Gerhard , Jirovetz Leopold , Wasicky Michael , Nikiforov Alexej
Published: November 2006

Comparative investigations on cold and burning fragrance candles were carried out to identify possible changes of the volatiles caused by the heat of the flame. Headspace analysis of the volatiles of candles with lavender and apple aroma using GC, GC‐FTIR‐MS and a GC‐sniffing technique showed nearly the same combination of volatiles before and after burning of the candles. Only a slight decrease of the concentration of alcohols was found. Fragrance candles can therefore be used in the correct aromatherapeutical sense, because the unchanged biologically active fragrance compounds can be inhaled.

The dominating components in the headspace of the lavender fragrance candles (cold/burning) were mainly the terpenes 1,8‐cineole (25.9/25.9%), linalol (10.8/6.2%), linalyl acetate (10.0/9.6%), camphor (8.8/9.6%), lavandulyl acetate (7.0/9.2%) and limonene (6.5/3.3%). The fragrance candles with apple aroma furnished a totally different spectrum of volatiles as no terpenes, but esters of mainly aliphatic alcohols with short‐chain aliphatic acids dominated: 2‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐cyclohexyl acetate (17.7/15.4%), butyl acetate (16.7/20.6%), 2‐methylnonan‐3‐one (5.5/4.9%), propyl acetate (5.4/4.5%), phenyl benzoate (5.2/5.3%), isoamyl acetate (4.9/4.3%), (Z)‐hex‐2‐enal (4.1/5.2%), amyl butyrate (3.8/2.9%), hexyl butyrate (3.6/4.3%), ethyl valerate (3.3/4.2%) and amyl acetate (3.1/2.9%) were found as main constituents (concentration higher than 3%).
Synthesis and Odour of Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanone Derivatives: β‐Hydroxy Ketones and Enones
Authors: Spreitzer Helmut , Anderwald Christian , Buchbauer Gerhard
Published: November 2006

From bicyclo[2.2.2]octan‐2‐one (1) the β‐hydroxy ketones 2‐13 were prepared by aldol reaction with various aldehydes. Dehydration of the ketols furnished the corresponding enones 14‐22. The odour properties of these bicyclic, rigid hydroxy ketones as well as of the enones are described.