bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible eucynodont (Synapsida: Cynodontia) tracks from a lacustrine facies in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation of southwestern Utah
Authors: Hurtado Holly , Harris Jerald D. , Milner Andrew R.C.
Published: June 2024

Eight fossil tetrapod footprints from lake-shore deposits in the Lower Jurassic Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site (SGDS) in southwestern Utah cannot be assigned to the prevalent dinosaurian (Anomoepus, Eubrontes, Gigandipus, Grallator, Kayentapus) or crocodyliform (Batrachopus) ichnotaxa at the site. The tridactyl and tetradactyl footprints are incomplete, consisting of digit- and digit-tip-only imprints. Seven of the eight are likely pes prints; the remaining specimen is a possible manus print. The pes prints have digit imprint morphologies and similar anterior projections and divarication angles to those of Brasilichnium, an ichnotaxon found primarily in eolian paleoenvironments attributed to eucynodont synapsids. Although their incompleteness prevents clear referral to Brasilichnium, the SGDS tracks nevertheless suggest a eucynodont track maker and thus represent a rare, Early Mesozoic occurrence of such tracks outside of an eolian paleoenvironment.
Perspectiva de género como herramienta de diseño en la rehabilitación de barrios.
Authors: Cortés Urzúa Daniela
Published: June 2024

Ante el desafío de la política habitacional chilena de satisfacer el déficit habitacional cualitativo,  la rehabilitación de conjuntos habitacionales se posiciona como una alternativa para solucionar los  problemas materiales de viviendas existentes. Los conjuntos CORVI construidos con la tipología 1010 y 1020 son candidatos para una eventual rehabilitación dadas sus positivas cualidades técnicas, urbanas y espaciales. Junto a lo anterior, se considera como punto de partida para el desarrollo de un modelo de rehabilitación de vivienda colectiva en altura, el rol de las mujeres en las labores de cuidado y domésticas, tomando como caso de estudio el conjunto habitacional CORVI Jaime Eyzaguirre, ubicado en la comuna de Macul. Mediante la aplicación de una metodología de análisis cualitativo de datos, se propone un proyecto de intervención que, al incorporar tempranamente las experiencias femeninas, permite integrar en el proyecto consideraciones históricamente omitidas, tales como las labores domésticas y los roles que asumen las mujeres en los hogares. Esto resulta en una intervención multiescalar que contempla el diseño de equipamientos colectivos y espacios interiores para impactar positivamente en estos roles y favorecer su integración al mercado laboral.
Jugar Afuera.
Authors: Saavedra Quezada Catalina Isidora
Published: June 2024

Según el Artículo 31 de la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño, niños y niñas tienen derecho al juego, al esparcimiento y a la participación en la vida cultural, artística y recreativa. Para las infancias urbanas, estos derechos se entienden dentro de la ciudad. Sin embargo, actualmente cada vez es más difícil para niños y niñas hacer uso de su entorno urbano, dificultando el ejercicio de sus derechos. Esto empeora en barrios de alto riesgo, donde la precariedad e inseguridad imposibilitan a la infancia el disfrute de los espacios abiertos. 
A partir de la problemática anterior, el artículo indaga en la pregunta sobre cómo crear espacios públicos seguros, que garanticen los derechos de la infancia a la recreación y participación en la ciudad, en barrios de alto riesgo. Esta interrogante se aborda a través de un marco teórico en torno al juego, la infancia y sus derechos en relación con la ciudad, y la seguridad en el espacio público y se aplica al caso de estudio del barrio Bajos de Mena, un sector de la comuna de Puente Alto conocido como el gueto más grande de Chile por sus altos niveles de inseguridad y precariedad. Este se analiza de forma escalar en función de las necesidades de la infancia, el juego y la seguridad con el objetivo de identificar estrategias para crear espacios públicos de recreación más seguros. De esta forma, se plantea una recuperación del entorno urbano en beneficio de la infancia y la comunidad que lo habita.
proyecto de futuro interrumpido: el edificio del Sindicato Minero número seis de Lota como escenario y representación de la lucha proletaria
Authors: Torrubiano Sams Josephina Irene
Published: June 2024

El artículo aborda el concepto de ruina a partir del caso del edificio del Sindicato Minero número seis de Lota, un proyecto inconcluso que no logró ser construido en su totalidad y que comenzó su proceso de ruinación antes de abandonar siquiera la etapa de obra gruesa. A pesar de esto —y aquí reside su singularidad—, se trata de un espacio que fue utilizado de manera activa por la comunidad minera desde los inicios de su construcción, acogiendo sucesos históricos del movimiento proletario a nivel nacional. A partir de una investigación histórica y una revisión bibliográfica crítica, se concluye que es posible leer este edificio como la representación de una idea de futuro interrumpida, materializada en un proyecto arquitectónico inconcluso. El edificio del Sindicato Minero funcionó como escenario en el cual se desenvolvieron los mineros y su comunidad, dando cabida a sus proyectos y preocupaciones y, a su vez, sirvió de lienzo en el cual plasmaron estas inquietudes.
instalaciones como oportunidad de proyecto en edificios de vivienda.
Authors: Eijkman Schnell Roxane
Published: June 2024

El gran impacto de la construcción en la generación de residuos, que alcanza aproximadamente el 35% a nivel mundial, ha llevado a proponer diversas estrategias de reducción en el ámbito de la arquitectura mediante el diseño de metodologías constructivas. Una postura relevante ante este problema ha sido la integración de la economía circular en la industria asociada a la arquitectura, generando edificios que requieren menores costos de mantenimiento y que enfrenten de mejor manera los desafíos de la construcción en la época de crisis climática. Existen múltiples formas de entender la economía circular asociada a la vivienda en las diferentes etapas del proyecto. Una de ellas, enfocada en las oportunidades que ofrecen las instalaciones en los edificios destinados a viviendas. Específicamente, esto se advierte en tres categorías: la relevancia de su accesibilidad, su adaptabilidad y en la flexibilidad programática que permiten, cuestionando la manera en que, hasta hora, las instalaciones han sido tratadas, ocultas entre muros y losas. Este artículo propone que, si son bien concebidas, las instalaciones pueden dar lugar a edificios longevos y eficientes.
meta-ciudad
Authors: Alonso Pedro Ignacio
Published: June 2024

El texto discute y cuestiona la validez de la dicotomía campo-ciudad —aún prevaleciente en el discurso arquitectónico— y los dilemas conceptuales que plantea en un momento en que el mundo se ha contraído a través de la velocidad de las telecomunicaciones, las redes satelitales, la hiperconectividad virtual del internet y los medios ultrarrápidos de transporte aéreo. Refutando el esquematismo de esta dicotomía, el artículo revisa la emergencia de una única área metropolitana global que incorpora, en su interior, lo que usualmente consideramos como lo no-urbano.
Alcoholism, Family Violence and Related Consequences: A Case Study of Alcohol Affected Families of Punjab
Authors: Kumar Honey
Published: June 2024

Aims: The main objective of the study was to understand the issues of alcoholism and violence in the family. It discusses how alcoholism leads to family violence and further, derails the life of family members and put an institution of family into a crisis.
Study Design: The study was based on fieldwork conducted in different parts of Punjab. Exploratory research design was prepared to understand the issue.
Methodology: Sample of 100 families were selected for study and further, four members in each family namely, the alcoholic, spouse, one of the parents and one of the children were selected for the interview, so that an overall picture of family violence can be obtained. A total number of 303 respondents (100 alcoholics, 73 spouse, 68 children, and 62 parents) are interviewed. Semi-structured interview schedule used for data collection purpose. With the help of snowball technique, sampled families and their members are located and interviewed.
Results: The study found 87% of the families faced the incident of violence due to the critical addiction of alcoholic members. Among these families, 80.82% spouses, 79.03% parents and 64.70% children were the victim of violence. Physical abuse was found very common among spouses (69.86%), verbal abuse among parents (91.78%) and mental abuse among children (63.01%). Majority (57.47%) families, who faced violence, belongs to low income category and less education category (86.18%). 
Conclusion: The study concludes, critical addiction of alcohol leaves the highest probability for occurrence of violence in the family. Further, it increases the probability of more critical consumption of alcohol among alcoholics and then more violence. Gradually, all of this turn into a vicious circle of critical drinking and family violence. Moreover, this creates many troubles for all members of the family and pushes the institution of family towards crisis.
Identification of Factors Responsible for Shifts in Cropping Pattern
Authors: Pardhi V.B. , Khandave S.S. , Kolgane B.T.
Published: June 2024

The present study was purposively conducted in Khed tehsil of Pune district. Considering the impact of industrialization, 15 villages and 150 respondents from western and southern part of Khed tehsil were purposively selected. The results of the study revealed that physical, biological, resource related, and economic factors had dominant role in change in cropping pattern. Among physical factors almost (92.67 per cent) of the respondents stated that change in the crops is due to “variation in temperature and humidity” and “change in rainfall pattern”. Majority of the respondents (96.67 per cent) changed the crops due to resource related factors such as "more irrigation requirement. Among biological factors almost (88.67 per cent) of the respondents changed the crops because of “reduced yield due to pest and disease attack” followed by “more pest and disease incidence” (86.67 per cent). Among social factors the majority of respondents (90.00 per cent) changed crop due to market price. Most farmers (71.33 per cent) changed cropping pattern due to legislative and administrative policies, followed by price maximization of MSP and FRP (52.00 per cent).
Amongst all the factors under study, biological factors (87.67 per cent) ranked first while physical factors (73.07 per cent) ranked second as the main reasons for shifts in cropping pattern.
Enhancing Aviation Safety through Helideck Surface Friction Management and Maintenance for Safe Helicopter Operations
Authors: Onuchukwu Okechukwu Chukwuebuka , Onyiliofor Arinze Odira , Ekong Akaninyene Edet
Published: June 2024

In the Aviation industry, helicopters provide an important medium of transportation of passengers, cargo, and provision of specialized services especially to the oil and gas sector of the economy. Various operators exist within Nigeria, some of these key operators include Bristow helicopters, Caverton group, OAS helicopters, Nestav, Eastwind Aviation and a few other operators. These companies operate a variety of helicopter types like the SK 76, AW139, AW189, SK 92 etc. These aircrafts typically take off from Airports or client onshore bases to various locations including the offshore sites such as oil rigs, oil tankers, jack ups, semi submersibles, floating production and storage offloading (FPSO) vessels, seismic vessels etc. Many of the offshore sites have helicopter landing platforms-Helidecks, capable of serving different helicopter types based on their design and the dimensions of the aircraft. These helidecks play a critical role in offshore operations, serving as landing and take-offs structures on platforms for helicopters. Hence, the Surface friction, management, and maintenance are critical considerations in ensuring the safety and efficiency of personnel and aircraft.
This paper presents an exploration of the challenges associated with helideck surfaces, the importance of friction management, strategies for effective maintenance, and a brief discussion of the benefits of graphene in significantly improving the characteristics of helideck surfaces, ensuring compliance to the provisions of the UK CAA Standards for offshore helicopter landing areas CAP 437 Edition 9. The paper will explore the importance of helideck surface friction, how friction values are determined, and the need for stakeholders to act on helideck surface degradation to mitigate risks, enhance safety, and optimize operational performance.
Library and Information Science Professionals’ Awareness, Competencies, Institutional Support, and Application of AI-Powered Tools in Research Writing in South-South, Nigerian Universities
Authors: Akwang Nse Emmanuel , Ebiwolate Posigha Bassil
Published: June 2024

This study investigates Library and Information Science professionals’ awareness, competencies, institutional support, and application of AI-powered tools in research writing in South-South Nigerian universities. Four research questions guide the investigation. The study adopted a mixed (two-step) approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods in a sequential exploration design. A 55-items researcher-developed structured questionnaire titled: Library and Information Science Professionals’ Awareness, Competences, Institutional Support and Application of AI Powered Tools in Research Writing Questionnaire (LISPACIAAIPTRWQ) with a reliability index of .804 determined using Cronbach’ reliability coefficient and semi-structured interview schedule were used for data collection. The questionnaire was designed using Google Doc platform and administered through major Nigerian Library Association (NLA) WhatsApp groups of the six states in South South zone of Nigeria – Akwa Ibom State, Bayelsa State, Cross River State, Delta State, Edo State and Rivers State. The interview was conducted through private WhatsApp calls to 20 respondents within the study area. A total of 133 targeted participants from twelve university libraries, one federal and one state university per state were involved in the study. The professional librarians considered in this study were those with at least LS/LIS degree and a year of work experience. This group of participants were purposively considered taking into account that they are professionals and expected to conduct cutting-edge research and publish findings in reputable journals for personal and professional growth. The collected data, analyzed descriptively using frequency counts, mean, and standard deviation were used to answer research questions. The interview responses were qualitatively analyzed using the narrative method in order to deeply understand the respondents’ experiences with AI-powered tools and to also reduce the impact of individual bias. The findings revealed a low awareness level and a relatively high level of competencies of LIS professionals towards AI and its applicability to research writing. It also revealed low institutional support and high application index of AI-powered tools to mostly library services but not research writing by LIS professionals. The study recommended that the university administration should encourage more research on AI and formulate a workable policy to guide its applicability, among others.
Efficacy of Okra Leaf [Abelmoschus esculentus L.] Extract for Removal of Egg Adhesiveness During Artificial Propagation of African Catfish [Clarias gariepinus, Burchel 1822]
Authors: Ojebuola Timothy Okiki , Adebayo Olabode Thomas , Gbadamosi Oluyemi Kazeem
Published: June 2024

This study evaluated the most effective immersion duration and concentration of okra leaf extract for removing the adhesive properties of Clarias gariepinus eggs. For the breeding experiment, a male and a female C. gariepinus broodstock, weighing 1.3 kg and 1.4 kg respectively, were used. The okra leaf extract was tested at three different concentrations: 1%, 3%, and 5%. Tannic acid at a concentration of 0.75 g per liter of water served as the reference de-adhesion agent, while plain water (without tannic acid or plant extract) was used as the control. The fish eggs were rinsed with the solutions for one, three, and five minutes. Each concentration and rinsing time were recorded in triplicate. The generated data was subjected to an Analysis of Variance Test, followed by a third order polynomial regression analysis to determine the best concentration and immersion period for removing C. gariepinus egg adhesiveness. The results of the study showed that the use of okra leaf extract at 1% lowest concentration and 1 minute immersion period was not significantly different (p>0.05) from the use of tannic acid solution. Therefore, this study found that okra leaf extract at 1% concentration with a one-minute immersion period can effectively remove egg adhesiveness and increase hatching in C. gariepinus.
Copperized Karanj Seed (Pongamia pinnata) Oil as an Alternative to Chemical Preservative in Plywood Manufacturing
Authors: Solanki Riya Tudu , Sahoo S C , Solanki Akash Anand
Published: June 2024

Most chemicals used in wood preservation are toxic to the environment. Use of synthetic preservatives are highly prevalent in plywood manufacture. Wood, which is the basic raw material for plywood manufacture, being ligno-cellulosic material is liable to degradation due to microbiological organisms and other biological wood destroying organisms causing significant loss. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternate naturally available preservative which will be effective for plywood manufacture. Karanj or Pongamia pinnata is known for its anti-fungal and pesticide properties that make it an ideal material as wood preservative. Therefore, an attempt was made to develop an eco-friendly green preservative using naturally available plant resources with high toxicity to wood destroying organisms and low toxicity to humans. Copper was incorporated into Karanj seed extractive and 12mm thick plywood samples were prepared at different concentrations 0.5% to 5% of preservative which were subjected to tests for efficacy study and mechanical properties as per Indian Standards. From the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that 3% concentration of the preservative can be utilized in plywood manufacture which can resist against wood borers and termites. Concentration above 3% of the preservative interfere with the bonding properties of the resin and significantly reduces glue shear strength.
Prospects of Sea Anemone Peptides for Pharmacology
Authors: Monastyrnaya Margarita , Kozlovskaya Emma
Published: June 2024

It has been found that the genes of a number of protein components of sea anemone venoms underwent significant diversification in the course of evolution. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of sea anemone peptides interactions with targets let investigators in the last decade actively study the molecular organization and the functioning mechanisms of cytoplasmic membranes, the various types and subtypes of ion channels/receptors involved in the processes of perception, processing, intra- and intercellular signal transduction, both in a body physiological and pathological state. A short characteristic of the structure and functional activity of several classes of sea anemone peptide components, which have pronounced pharmacological potential, is presented in this mini-review.
In vitro Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi for the Management of Broad Mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus Occurrence on Mulberry
Authors: Ramesha B.S. , Sannappa B.
Published: June 2024

The in vitro evaluation of two entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii and Hirsutella thompsonii, was conducted to assess their efficacy against the Broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, damaging mulberry. The study measured the cumulative mortality rates of Broad mites at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after Spraying (DAS) of the fungi at different concentrations (1.5, 2.5, and 3.0 ml/l). Significant variations in mite mortality were observed across different treatments and time points. The highest mortality rate was 65.87 ± 1.61% with H. thompsonii at 3.0 ml/l, while the lowest was at 1.5 ml/l with a 43.86 ± 0.90% mortality rate at one DAS. Three days after spray, H. thompsonii at 3.0 ml/l showed the highest mortality rate (82.00 ± 1.05%), with the least effective being at 1.5 ml/l (53.60 ± 3.20%). At five days after treatment, the highest mortality was 95.60 ± 1.31% observed in H. thompsonii at 3.0 ml/l, whereas L. lecanii recorded 91.34 ± 0.76% with. By the seventh day, H. thompsonii at 3.0 ml/l achieved the highest mortality rate of 98.80 ± 0.65%, while L. lecanii showed 98.00 ± 0.42%.
Assessment and Mapping of Nutrients in Soils of Babain and Ladwa Blocks of Kurukshetra using GIS
Authors: Sheoran Dikshant , Garhwal R.S. , Sharma Mohit , Karuna  , Arun
Published: June 2024

The study was conducted in 2021-22 to evaluate the soil fertility status and create geospatial thematic mapping of available macro and micronutrients using GIS, and their correlation with physico-chemical properties of the soils of the Babain and Ladwa blocks of Kurukshetra, India. A composite of 204 georeferenced soil samples was collected from different villages of both blocks and samples were analysed using standard procedures. The average pH of the soils of Babain and Ladwa had a mean value of 8.10 and 8.18. Among the total soil samples, 92 and 80 samples were found to be saline in Babain and Ladwa, respectively. The nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur content in the soils of the Babain block ranged from 105-280, 6-32, 80-500 and 34-298 kg ha-1, while in the Ladwa block nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and sulphur content in the soils ranged from 89-287, 7-27, 65-510 and 45-430 kg ha-1, respectively. The soil samples exhibited varying levels of zinc, iron, and copper, with some falling into the sufficient category and others into the deficient category. However, all samples had sufficient manganese and boron content. The observed deficiency of zinc, iron and copper can be replenished with the application of manures and fertilizers to improve soil fertility and crop productivity.
Genetic Variability, Correlation and Path Analysis in F3 and F4 Generation of Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Mol.) Standl.]
Authors: Hegde Sapana Gurupad , Duhan D. S. , Sudesh  , K R Nayana
Published: June 2024

The bottle gourd is an important summer vegetable in India, but its productivity is hindered by biotic and abiotic stresses, challenging growing conditions and the lack of high-yielding varieties. Therefore, it is essential to understand its genetics to develop high-yielding cultivars. A thorough understanding of genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance is necessary for a successful crop improvement program. Research conducted during the spring-summer and rainy seasons of 2021–22 at CCS HAU, Hisar, on the F3 and F4 generations of the bottle gourd cross GH-28 × Pusa Santushti, showed variability in various yield and yield-contributing traits. The fruit yield per hectare showed high values for genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance in both generations, with progeny 4 performing best in yield-related traits fruit length (44.33cm and 41.17cm), average fruit weight (882.00g and 832.67g), number of fruits per vine (7.20 and 6.07) and fruit yield per plot (63.65Kg and 50.37Kg) was superior in both F3 to F4 generations, respectively. The observed changes in genetic variability across generations suggested heterozygosity, which may stabilize once homozygosity is achieved in later generations. Additionally, correlation analysis indicated that number of primary branches (0.778 and 0.904), average fruit weight (0.974 and 0.856), number of fruits per vine (0.995 and 0.682), days to first harvest (-0.624 and -0.784) and days to first female flower opening (-0.926 and -0.661) directly affected fruit yield per hectare in F3 and F4 generations, respectively. Similar traits were shown to influence fruit yield by path analysis studies Thus, selecting for these traits could significantly enhance a breeding program's success.
Study on the Evaluation Genetic Variability of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) Cultivars Under Agro –Climatic Conditions of Prayagraj
Authors: S. S Suhas , Singh Devi
Published: June 2024

Aims: A field experiment was carried out to “Study on Evaluating Genetic Variability of Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) Cultivars under Agro –Climatic conditions of Prayagraj”.
Place and Duration of Study: An experiment was carried out in the Department of Horticulture during the Rabi season of 2023-2024.
Study Design: Randomized Block Design.
Methodology: The analysis of the data showed that phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all characters studied, indicating that environmental factors had a significant influence on these characters. In addition, positive and highly significant correlations were observed in between tuber yield per plant (gm) and various other traits including the No. of leaves at 30DAS, 60DAS and 90DAS and No. of shoots per plant, days for the first flowering, peduncle length, No. of florets per spike, No. of ears per plant, length of floret, diameter of floret, No. of corms per plant and diameter of corms, weight of corms and No. of corms per hectare and No. of corms per hectare.
Results: The mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all characters under study for except days taken for emergence of flower spike and days taken to show color of basal floret. High magnitude of GCV were recorded for No. of leaves (52.70), Corm yield/plant (46.40), No. of cormels/hectare(39.12), Cormel diameter(38.36), No. of corms/hectare(28.97), No. of corms per plant(28.97), No. of leaves at 60DAS(26.64), No. of shoot(26.64). The genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient of different characters with Corms yield/plant (g) and their relationship among themselves
Conclusion: Genotypic and Phenotypic correlation revealed that corms weight/plant (g) showed positive significant association with plant height, number of leavesper plant, number of shoots per plant, rachis length, no. of cormels per hectare and corm yield/ plant at both levels genotypic and phenotypic.
Ampulla of Vater
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Pancreas
Authors: Sobin L. H. , Gospodarowicz M.K. , Wittekind Ch.
Published: September 2012

The TNM system is used to describe and classify cancer stages and progression based on the assessment of three components:

T

The extent of the primary tumour

N

The absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis

M

The absence or presence of distant metastasis.

TNM classification for the above site is described under the following headings:

Rules for classification with the procedures for assessing T, N, and M categories; additional methods may be used when they enhance the accuracy of appraisal before treatment

Anatomical sites and subsites where appropriate

Definition of the regional lymph nodes

TNM Clinical classification

pTNM Pathological classification

G Histopathological grading

Stage grouping

Summary
Adaptive stabilization of LTI systems with distributed input delay
Authors: Bekiaris‐Liberis Nikolaos , Jankovic Mrdjan , Krstic Miroslav
Published: September 2012

We solve stabilization problems of LTI systems with unknown parameters and distributed input delay. The key challenge is that the infinite‐dimensional input dynamics are distributed, which makes traditional infinite‐dimensional backstepping inapplicable. We resolve this challenge by employing backstepping–forwarding transformations of the finite‐dimensional state of the plant and of the infinite‐dimensional actuator state. These transformations enable us to design Lyapunov‐based update laws. We also design an adaptive controller for rejecting a constant disturbance in the input of the LTI plant, in the case where the parameters of the plant are known. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold Nanoshell Nanomicelles for Potential Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Light‐Triggered Drug Release, and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Ma Yan , Liang Xiaolong , Tong Sheng , Bao Gang , Ren Qiushi , Dai Zhifei
Published: September 2012

A novel multifunctional drug‐delivery platform is developed based on cholesteryl succinyl silane (CSS) nanomicelles loaded with doxorubicin, Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, and gold nanoshells (CDF‐Au‐shell nanomicelles) to combine magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, magnetic‐targeted drug delivery, light‐triggered drug release, and photothermal therapy. The nanomicelles show improved drug‐encapsulation efficiency and loading level, and a good response to magnetic fields, even after the formation of the gold nanoshell. An enhancement for T2‐weighted MR imaging is observed for the CDF‐Au‐shell nanomicelles. These nanomicelles display surface plasmon absorbance in the near‐infrared (NIR) region, thus exhibiting an NIR (808 nm)‐induced temperature elevation and an NIR light‐triggered and stepwise release behavior of doxorubicin due to the unique characteristics of the CSS nanomicelles. Photothermal cytotoxicity in vitro confirms that the CDF‐Au‐shell nanomicelles cause cell death through photothermal effects only under NIR laser irradiation. Cancer cells incubated with CDF‐Au‐shell nanomicelles show a significant decrease in cell viability only in the presence of both NIR irradiation and a magnetic field, which is attributed to the synergetic effects of the magnetic‐field‐guided drug delivery and the photothermal therapy. Therefore, such multicomponent nanomicelles can be developed as a smart and promising nanosystem that integrates multiple capabilities for effective cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Synthesis of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates and Their Antioxidant Properties
Authors: Naidu Kalla Reddi Mohan , Kumar Krishnammagari Suresh , Arulselvan Palanisamy , Reddy Chinnappareddy Bhupendra , Lasekan Ola
Published: September 2012

A series of α‐hydroxyphosphonates were synthesized from the reaction of aldehyde (1) with triethylphosphite (2) in the presence of oxone and evaluated for their antioxidant properties against lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. The majority of the compounds showed promising antioxidant activity. Diethyl anthracen‐9‐yl (hydroxy) methylphosphonate (3n) is the most potent and biologically active compound against free radicals.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship of Vicenistatin, a Cytotoxic 20‐Membered Macrolactam Glycoside
Authors: Fukuda Hayato , Nishiyama Yuko , Nakamura Shiina , Ohno Yutaro , Eguchi Tadashi , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu , Usui Takeo , Kanoh Naoki
Published: September 2012

We have developed two syntheses of vicenistatin and its analogues. Our first‐generation strategy included the rapid and sequential assembly of the macrocyclic lactam by using an intermolecular Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction between the C3–C13 fragment and the C1–C2, C14–C19 fragment, followed by an intramolecular Stille coupling reaction. The second‐generation strategy utilized a ring‐closing metathesis of a hexaene intermediate to generate the desired 20‐membered macrolactam. This second‐generation strategy made it possible to prepare synthetic analogues of vicenistatin, including the C20‐ and/or C23‐demethyl analogues. Evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of these analogues indicated the importance of the fixed conformation of aglycon for determining the biological activity of the vicenistatins.
Tuning the Electrical and Optical Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Complexes for Panchromatic Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Qu Sanyin , Qin Chuanjiang , Islam Ashraful , Hua Jianli , Chen Han , Tian He , Han Liyuan
Published: September 2012

A series of metal‐free organic dyes that were bridged by a diketopyrrolopyrrole moiety and were composed of indoline and triphenylamine as donor groups and furan and benzene as conjugated spacer groups were designed and synthesized for use in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The photophysical properties, electrochemical properties, and performance of the DSCs were related to the structure of their corresponding dyes. Their absorption spectra broadened upon the introduction of the indoline and heterocyclic furan moieties through fine‐tuning of their molecular configuration. The overall conversion efficiencies of DSCs that were based on these dyes ranged from 5.14–6.53 %. Among the four dyes that were tested, indoline‐based ID01 and ID02 showed higher efficiencies (6.35 % and 6.53 %) as a result of their improved light‐harvesting efficiency and larger electron driving force. The ID01 dye, which contained an indoline moiety as an electron donor and a furan group as a π‐conjugated linker, showed an excellent monochromatic incident‐photon‐to‐current‐conversion efficiency (IPCE) spectrum (350–650 nm) with a maximum value of 78 % in the high plateau region and an onset value close to 800 nm. Intensity‐modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS) and impedance spectroscopy (IS) revealed that dyes that contained benzene conjugation spacers suppressed the charge‐recombination rate more efficiently than dyes that contained furan spacers, thereby resulting in improved photovoltage.
Knowledge‐Based Expert Control of Thalamic Neuron Firing Mode
Authors: Devia Christ , Duarte‐Mermoud Manuel A. , de la Luz Aylwin O María
Published: September 2012

This work sheds light on the possibility of using control strategies to set the parameters of electric stimulation, a commonly used technique in severe human central nervous system diseases. Currently, parameters of electric stimulation are set through a trial and error process, with a lot of undesirable side effects. Accordingly, and based on the problem of having a population of sick neurons embedded in a population of normal neurons, this work explores the possibility of using a control system based on the behavior of healthy neurons to set current parameters able to modify the electric behavior of sick neurons. Specifically, we posit a knowledge‐based expert control system that modifies the firing mode of a thalamic neuron by applying a control stimulation current, with the aim of making it fire in the same mode as a reference thalamic neuron. The controller parameters are tuned based on some characteristics of neurons that have to be determined through experiments before their application, but this controller does not require a detailed mathematical model of each neuron. Simulation results indicate that the proposed system satisfies the control objectives.
Handschrift und Frühdruck als Überlieferungsinstrumente der Wissenschaften
Authors: Baader Gerhard
Published: September 2012

Manuscripts and early prints are the two most important instruments of tradition of knowledge in the Middle Ages and in the beginning of modern times. Their history is connected with the history of learning, onwards from antiquity. The fact that neither in antiquity nor in the early Middle Ages medicine had been strictly a part of the liberal arts is reflected by the bad situation of manuscript tradition of medical texts during this period. Up from the beginning of university studies in the end of the 11th century this situation had completely been changed. The new composite manuscripts of the universities reflect the new curricula of the universities, also in medicine. The first prints from the 15th century onwards mostly continue this manuscript tradition of knowledge of the universities. Only new literary forms, as for instance pamphlets, show new methods of tradition and especially of popularizing of knowledge beyond the universities.
Der Dialog in Pharmazie, Chemie und Botanik: Zum Anteil einer literarischen Gattung in der Darstellung, Vermittlung und im Unterricht der Naturwissenschaften
Authors: Jüttner Guido
Published: September 2012

The use of dialogue in scientific writing is for many reasons, as also L. Thorndike and R. Multhauf have mentioned, worth to investigate. This treatise concerning dialogues on pharmacy, chemistry, botany and also on medicine tries a classification and gives several interpretations of these important sources for the history of sciences, which in some disciplines were rather neglected in historiography for many reasons. One of these may be the difficulty to distinguish in this form of literature the poetical fiction from reality, the traditional topoi from contemporary controversies. The different aims of the dialogue, teaching, conversation, scientific discussion and also satirical intentions give the determination for the several literary forms of those colloquies, which have been important for progress and communication in sciences.
Die Funktion von Briefen in der Entwicklung der Physik
Authors: Hermann Armin
Published: September 2012

Usually one reads that after the foundation of scientific journals the journal article took the place of scientific correspondence. It is shown here that periodicals did not replace the letter, but only supplemented it. Norms were developed for the journal article such that (in short) only the „context of justification”︁, not the „context of discovery”︁, could be discussed. Any scholar who wanted to participate in the „discussion out of which science arises”︁ had to resort to the letter; the reading of journals did not suffice. — This circumstance is illustrated in particular by the example of quantum theory and by Wolfgang Pauli.
Bemerkungen zur „Sprache”︁ der Medizin
Authors: Winau Rolf
Published: September 2012

The study of medical language does not end with specialist terminology, it also includes the patient's language. Furthermore, language, e. g. in charms, is part of pre‐rational therapeutics. However, these aspects cannot be dealt with here; in keeping with the general theme of the meeting, the paper concentrates on the rôle of language as a means of passing on scientific knowledge. Medical terminology first developed in the classical age of Greece. Until the 19th century, knowledge was only passed on verbally. Since the middle of the last century, the presentation of scientific data etc. in charts has gained more and more importance. In the course of this process, terms which originally applied to the description of features in these charts, have come to be used independently outside this context.
Zielgerichtetheit und Zielsetzung in Wissenschaft und Natur: Entstehen und Verdrängen teleologischer Denkweisen in den exakten Naturwissenschaften
Authors: Krafft Fritz
Published: September 2012

Neben dem Unterschied zwischen einer ‚internen’︁ Finalität, die den Einzelprozeß deterministisch bestimmt, und einer ‚externen’︁ Finalität, die als allgemeine Zweckmäßigkeit die gesamte Natur durchwaltet, besteht auch ein Unterschied zwischen Zielgerichtetheit/Zweckmäßigkeit (in der Natur) und (subjektiver) Zielsetzung. Eine Wissenschaft als sprachliche Handlungsform kann demnach nur eine Zielsetzung durch den Menschen erfahren, sie entwickelt sich nicht auf ein inneres Ziel hin (ist also auch nicht von einem bestimmten Stand wie dem der Gegenwart her als Ziel zu verstehen).

Eine allgemeine Zweckmäßigkeit (externe Finalität) kennt Aristoteles im Gegensatz zum christlichen Aristotelismus noch nicht, wohl aber eine ‚interne’︁ Finalität des natürlichen Einzelprozesses. Erst der Versuch einer christlich orientierten Umformung der aristotelischen Physik läßt die Idee einer von Gott gesetzten ‚externen’︁ Zweckmäßigkeit aufkommen. Auf diese Weise entsteht bei Philoponos die Impetustheorie für ‚natürliche’︁ Bewegungen (die für ‚gewaltsame’︁ Bewegungen schon seit mehreren Jahrhunderten diskutiert worden war).

Die Vorstellung von der externen Finalität unterdrückte die genuin aristotelische von der ‚internen’︁ Finalität des Einzelprozesses, dessen streng determinierter Ablauf der Allmacht Gottes widerspreche. Dieser Verdrängungsprozeß wird am Beispiel der Theorie vom ‚horror vacui’︁ und des Weges von der Impetus‐Theorie zur Idee der Allgemeinen Gravitation dargestellt. Die danach dominierende Vorstellung von der ‚externen’︁ Finalität (als der durch Gottes Vorsehung zweckmäßig gemachten Schöpfung) geht im Laufe des 18. Jahrhunderts dann wegen der Transzendierung auf etwas Außernatürliches (Gott) deshalb verloren, weil einzelne Phänomene, die noch nicht als natürlich entstanden erklärt werden konnten und daraufhin auf Gottes weisen Ratschluß zurückgeführt wurden, nach und nach eine natürliche (kausal‐mechanische) Erklärung fanden. — Zurück bleibt eine Natur (und Naturwissenschaft) ohne Zweck, und das heißt: ohne Sinn.
Coordination Chemistry of Gold Catalysts in Solution: A Detailed NMR Study
Authors: Zhdanko Alexander , Ströbele Markus , Maier Martin E.
Published: September 2012

Coordination chemistry of gold catalysts bearing eight different ligands [L=PPh3, JohnPhos (L2), Xphos (L3), DTBP, IMes, IPr, dppf, S‐tolBINAP (L8)] has been studied by NMR spectroscopy in solution at room temperature. Cationic or neutral mononuclear complexes LAuX (L=L2, L3, IMes, IPr; X=charged or neutral ligand) underwent simple ligand exchange without giving any higher coordinate complexes. For L2AuX the following ligand strength series was determined: MeOH≪hex‐3‐yne <MeCN≈OTf−≪Me2S<2,6‐lutidine<4‐picoline<CF3CO2−≈DMAP<TMTU<PPh3<OH−≈Cl−. Some heteroligand complexes DTBPAuX exist in solution in equilibrium with the corresponding symmetrical species. Binuclear complexes dppf(AuOTf)2 and S‐tolBINAP(AuOTf)2 showed different behavior in exchange reactions with ligands depending on the ligand strength. Thus, PPh3 causes abstraction of one gold atom to give mononuclear complexes LLAuPPh3+ and (Ph3P)nAu+, but other N and S ligands give ordinary dicationic species LL(AuNu)22+. In reactions with different bases, LAu+ provided new oxonium ions whose chemistry was also studied: (DTBPAu)3O+, (L2Au)2OH+, (L2Au)3O+, (L3Au)2OH+, and (IMesAu)2OH+. Ultimately, formation of gold hydroxide LAuOH (L=L2, L3, IMes) was studied. Ligand‐ or base‐assisted interconversions between (L2Au)2OH+, (L2Au)3O+, and L2AuOH are described. Reactions of dppf(AuOTf)2 and S‐tolBINAP(AuOTf)2 with bases provided more interesting oxonium ions, whose molecular composition was found to be [dppf(Au)2]3O22+, L8(Au)2OH+, and [L8(Au)2]3O22+, but their exact structure was not established. Several reactions between different oxonium species were conducted to observe mixed heteroligand oxonium species. Reaction of L2AuNCMe+ with S2− was studied; several new complexes with sulfide are described. For many reversible reactions the corresponding equilibrium constants were determined.
An Artificial Estrogen Receptor through Combinatorial Imprinting
Authors: Schillinger Eric , Möder Monika , Olsson Gustaf D. , Nicholls Ian A. , Sellergren Börje
Published: September 2012

Polymeric sorbents targeting endocrine‐disrupting estrogen active compounds (EAC) were prepared by terpolymer imprinting using 17β‐estradiol (E2) as template. From a group of eight functional monomers representing Brønsted acids, bases, hydrogen‐bond donors and acceptors, as well as π‐interacting monomers, a terpolymer library that comprises all possible binary combinations of the functional monomers was prepared. Binding tests revealed that imprinted polymers exhibit a markedly higher affinity for E2 compared to nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) or polymers prepared by using single functional monomers. A combination of methacrylic acid (MAA) and p‐vinylbenzoic acid offered a particularly promising lead polymer, displaying an imprinting factor of 17 versus 2.4 for a benchmark polymer prepared by using only MAA as functional monomer. The saturation capacities ascribed to imprinted sites were four to five times higher for this polymer compared to previously reported imprinted polymers. NMR titrations and molecular dynamics simulations corroborated these results, indicating an orthogonal preference of the two functional monomers with respect to the E2 3‐OH and 17‐OH groups. The optimized polymer exhibited a retentivity for EACs that correlates with their inhibitory effect on the natural receptor. By using the optimized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in a model water‐purification system, they were capable of completely removing ppb levels of a small group of EACs from water. This is in contrast to the performance of nonimprinted polymers and well‐established sorbents for water purification (e.g., active carbon), which still contained detectable amounts of the compounds after treatment.
Nucleic Acid Driven DNA Machineries Synthesizing Mg2+‐Dependent DNAzymes: An Interplay between DNA Sensing and Logic‐Gate Operations
Authors: Orbach Ron , Mostinski Lena , Wang Fuan , Willner Itamar
Published: September 2012

Polymerase/nicking enzymes and nucleic‐acid scaffolds are implemented as DNA machines for the development of amplified DNA‐detection schemes, and for the design of logic gates. The analyte nucleic acid target acts, also, as input for the logic gates. In the presence of two DNA targets, acting as inputs, and appropriate DNA scaffolds, the polymerase‐induced replication of the scaffolds, followed by the nicking of the replication products, are activated, leading to the autonomous synthesis of the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme or the Mg2+‐dependent DNAzyme subunits. These biocatalysts cleave a fluorophore/quencher‐functionalized nucleic‐acid substrate, thus providing fluorescence signals for the sensing events or outputs for the logic gates. The systems are used to develop OR, AND, and Controlled‐AND gates, and the DNA‐analyte targets represent two nucleic acid sequences of the smallpox viral genome.
Reversible and Efficient Inhibition of UDP‐Galactopyranose Mutase by Electrophilic, Constrained and Unsaturated UDP‐Galactitol Analogues
Authors: Ansiaux Christophe , N'Go Inès , Vincent Stéphane P.
Published: September 2012

A series of UDP‐galactitols were designed as analogues of high‐energy intermediates of the UDP‐galactopyranose mutase (UGM) catalyzed furanose/pyranose interconversion, an essential step of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall biosynthesis. The final compounds structurally share the UDP and the galactitol substructures that were connected by four distinct electrophilic connections (epoxide, lactone and Michael acceptors). All molecules were synthesized from a common perbenzylated acyclic galactose precursor that was derivatized by alkenylation, alkynylation and cyclopropanation. The inhibition study against UGM could clearly show that slight changes in the relative orientation of the UDP and the galactitol moieties resulted in dramatic variations of binding properties. Compared to known inhibitors, the epoxide derivative displayed a very tight, reversible, inhibition profile. Moreover, a time‐dependent inactivation study showed that none of these electrophilic structures could react with UGM, or its FAD cofactor, the catalytic nucleophile of this still intriguing reaction.