bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angel Pope and Papal Antichrist
Authors: McGinn Bernard
Published: April 2006

In one of the great purple passages of nineteenth-century English historiography, Thomas Babington Macauley in his review of Leopold von Ranke'sHistory of the Popesdeclared the papacy to be the western institution most worthy of historical study. Accordingly, historians have devoted innumerable pages to the analysis of papal politics, ideology, finances, and many other areas. However, there are still aspects of the history of the papacy that have been seriously neglected.
Schleiermacher and the Reformation: A Question of Doctrinal Development
Authors: Gerrish B. A.
Published: April 2006

The month of December 1816 found Schleiermacher thinking about too many things at once and not at all in the best of health. To his friend Gass, who seemed to have no trouble combining scholarship with administration, he sent a plea for help:

I have long been bent upon making just some superficial patristic and scholastic studies, in order to gather a few handy quotations for my dogmatics; and I never got around to it. I would be very much obliged if you would write me somewhat more exactly how you have gone about it and on what [passages] you have chiefly relied.
Why the French Christian Democrats Were Condemned
Authors: Arnal Oscar L.
Published: April 2006

The enthusiastic reception with which the Catholic hierarchy greeted the burgeoning Christian Democratic movements immediately after World War II could leave the impression of a solidarity born of a long and stable relationship. In fact, such was not the case. Christian Democracy had failed for a century in its attempts to reconcile Catholicism with the democratic values emanating from the French Revolution. Antirepublican forces within the church had been too strong and the hierarchy too unsympathetic to permit such a reconciliation. In addition, the democratic forces outside the church had come to incorporate anticlericalism as part of their creed. Both camps seemed to share at least one view in common: one could not be both a Christian and a democrat. Only small groups of Christian republicans sought to challenge this assumption by word and deed.
The Church and Béla III of Hungary (1172–1196): The Role of Archbishop Lukäcs of Esztergom
Authors: Kosztolnyik Zoltan J.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this article is to review the relations of Béla III of Hungary with the papal curia and the role Lukács, archbishop of Esztergom, played in the development of those relations. To do this, one must first direct one's attention to politics at the Byzantine court, where Manuel Comnenus succeeded to the imperial throne in 1143. Because Emperor Menuel regarded himself as heir to the territorial and intellectual integrity of old Rome and of the crown of Constantine the Great, he let it be known that he had in mind a role for the Hungarian court to play in his policies. He was the grandson of Ladislas I, the Saint of Hungary (1077–1095)—his mother, Pyrisk (Iréne) was the daughter of Ladislas—and looked. upon Hungary as an integral part of the former province(s) of (Upper and Lower) Pannonia. Emperor Manuel decided to have Béla III, educated at the imperial court.
Ecumenicity or Orthodoxy: The Dilemma of The Protestants in the Lands of the Austrian Habsburgs
Authors: Daniel David P.
Published: April 2006

The call for the reform of the life and teachings of the church which emanated from Wittenberg early in the sixteenth century elicited an almost immediate response in southeast central Europe. In the lands which came under the rule of Ferdinand I after the disastrous battle at Mohács, reformation doctrines and practices spread quickly. By the middle of the sixteenth century the majority of the population in the lands ruled by the Austrian Habsburgs adhered to one of the several evangelical reform movements. Hussite, Lutheran, Helvetic, Anabaptist and Anti-Trinitarian theologies all found supporters in the region.
Spanish Missions, Cultural Conflict and the Pueblo Revolt of 1680
Authors: Bowden Henry Warner
Published: April 2006

Historians who try to understand encounters between red men and white men in the seventeenth century are immediately confronted with a problem: Indians were not literate, and they left no records of the sort we are accustomed to studying. For centuries the only information about aboriginal populations in the Americas was derived from European narratives, conditioned by viewpoints that harbored an outsider's values. Archaeology added some indigenous references, but the evidence has usually been too meager for adequate generalization. Historians have pursued the goal of avoiding white men's biases and viewing Indian cultures as having an integrity all their own, but that goal has remained an ideal, causing more despair than hope of eventual success. As far as the history of early New Mexico is concerned, the situation is worsened by the fact that most church and government archives were burned during the fighting of 1680–1696.
Pietism and Nationalism: The Relationship between Protestant Revivalism and National Renewal in Nineteenth-Century Germany
Authors: Lehmann Hartmut
Published: April 2006

Any discussion of the relationship between Pietism and nationalism must start from a consideration of the two major works in this field: Koppel S. Pinson's Pietism as a Factor in the Rise of German Nationalism, published in 1934, and Gerhard Kaiser's Pietismus und Patriotismus im literarischen Deutschland, published in 1961. Both studies are valuable and lasting contributions to the topic. After presenting the main thesis of both works I will comment on the premises and conclusions of both works and then focus on aspects not mentioned by Pinson and Kaiser, especially the impact of Protestant revivalism on German nationalism in the middle of the nineteenth century.
Catholic Opinion on the Eastern Question, 1876–1878
Authors: Rossi John P.
Published: April 2006

In the middle 1870s British society experienced the greatest debate over foreign policy since the early days of the French Revolution: the dispute known as the Eastern question. For two years the British political world was divided by this issue as the country took sides between the Ottoman Empire, the oppressor of the Christian Slavic peoples of the Balkans, and Czarist Russia, the Slavs' protectors. What began as a diplomatic dispute became through its religious dimension a moral, even ideological, issue. Responsibility for this transformation belonged to a strange coalition made up of English radicals, a major portion of the Nonconformist community, and a considerable number of High Church Anglicans. They were joined later by the greatest Victorian exponent of moral force in politics, William Ewart Gladstone. Inexorably the Catholic community in Britain was drawn into this dispute.
Love, Knowledge, and Mystical Union in Western Christianity: Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: McGinn Bernard
Published: April 2006

All ideals of Christian perfection, and mysticism is certainly one of these, are forms of response to the presence of God, a presence that is not open, evident, or easily accessible, but that is always in some way mysterious or hidden. When that hidden presence becomes the subject of some form of immediate experience, we can perhaps begin to speak of mysticism in the proper sense of the term. The responses of the subject to immediate divine presence have been discussed theologically in a variety of ways and according to a number of different models. Among them we might list direct contemplation or vision of God, rapture or ecstasy, deification, living in Christ, the birth of the Word in the soul, radical obedience to the directly present will of God, and especially union with God. All of these responses, which have rarely been mutually exclusive, can be called mystical in the sense that they are answers to the immediately experienced divine presence. Therefore, the mysticism of union is just one of the species of a wider and more diverse genus or group.
Types of Puritan Piety
Authors: Brauer Jerald C.
Published: April 2006

The Practice of Piety by Lewis Bayly was one of the most famous treatises ever penned by a Puritan. This devotional manual went through numerous editions and was translated into six languages, including into German by Philip Jacob Spener. Piety is the term that best expresses Puritan religiousness. Spirituality was a term seldom employed by Puritans, and when used it never referred to their essential religiousness. Today spirituality is used as a description of all forms of piety, though originally it referred to a particular kind of piety, namely that which developed out of monasticism. Roman Catholic spirituality, whether lay or clerical, has been shaped by the massive presence of monasticism. But Protestant piety has been shaped by the massive absence of that monastic ideal. Hence, the term piety will be used in an effort to delineate Puritan religiousness.
Spiritual Purity and Sexual Shame: Religious Themes in the Writings of Harriet Jacobs
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: April 2006

In a review published in 1849, Ephraim Peabody observed that “America has the mournful honor of adding a new department to the literature of civilization,—the autobiographies of escaped slaves.” As Peabody went on to point out, “these narratives show how it [slavery] looks as seen from the side of the slave. They contain the victim's account of the workings of this great institution.” As such, they have proved an invaluable resource for examining the religious life of Afro-Americans under slavery. Yet despite the fact that Peabody and others recognized “the peculiar hardships to which the female slave [was] subjected” during the nineteenth century, few recent studies of slavery have paid attention to differences in gender and none, to my knowledge, have explored the impact to gender differences on the religious life of slaves.
Christian Freedom: What Calvin Learned at the School of Women
Authors: Douglass Jane Dempsey
Published: April 2006

Christian freedom was a major concern for Calvin from the very beginning of his theological career. The very long sixth and final chapter of the first edition of theInstitutesis devoted to this question. He opens the chapter by calling this freedom “a matter of prime necessity; … without a knowledge of it consciences dare undertake almost nothing without faltering, often hesitate and draw back, constantly waver and are afraid … unless this freedom be grasped, neither Christ nor gospel truth is rightly known.” From this first edition till the last Calvin continues to talk at length about three aspects of Christian freedom: freedom of the conscience and freedom from the law because of justification by grace alone; freedom of the liberated Christian to obey God's will voluntarily and not out of necessity; and freedom in outward things which are “indifferent,” that is, in themselves neither necessary nor forbidden. For much of this understanding Calvin is deeply indebted to Luther and Melanchthon.
John Ireland and the Modernist Controversy
Authors: Storch Neil T.
Published: April 2006

The effects of the condemnation of Modernism in the opening decades of the twentieth century were deep and far reaching. The Vatican, continuing its long-standing feud with doctrinal Modernism, took sharp, decisive action on 3 July 1907 when the Holy Office issued a syllabus, Lamentabili sane exitu, listing sixty-five condemned propositions taken mostly from the writings of the noted French theologian and exegete Alfred Loisy.1 Two months later, on 8 September, Pius X renewed the attack with his anti-Modernist encyclical, Pascendi Dominici gregis.2 The encyclical outlined and condemned “most attempts then being made by European Catholics, priests and laity, to incorporate the most recent nonscholastic research and scholarship into the development of theology and scripture studies.”
Ends and Means in Church History
Authors: Bowden Henry Warner
Published: April 2006

Presidents of our Society have usually delivered annual addresses based
on some aspect of their research interests. Few of these customary
presentations (13 of 80) have self-consciously grappled with questions of
method, definition, or interpretation in the larger context of
historiographical concerns. My effort tries to honor both precedents,
reporting on my current studies of twentieth-century American church
historians while making some normative observations on perennially difficult
philosophical problems, particularly those dealing with sacred references in
a secular framework. Some of you might think that speaking to historians
about historical procedures comes close to violating the injunction in
Exodus 23:19 against boiling a kid in its mother's milk. But I suggest that
such an exercise is beneficial because all of us can derive greater
professional awareness from surveying the options found in scholarly
practices past and present.
On the Education of the Pre-Reformation Clergy
Authors: Kiermayr Reinhold
Published: April 2006

No literary product of the humanistic period north of the Alps enjoyed a wider circulation or had a more lasting impact than satire. By far the best known of Erasmus's works today is In Praise of Folly, a satire that lays open and criticizes the foolishness of pre-Reformation society. Yet the prince of humanism had produced only a derivative of another satire, Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff which also claimed a spot on the Western world's best-seller list for a few centuries. Sebastian Brant and Erasmus still are recognized as two of the severest critics of the society in which they lived, and their conception of pre-Reformation life set the trend for generations of historians to come. Erasmus's “Fool Stultitia continues, year after year, to climb her pulpit and deliver her oration to new audiences in every langauge…”
The Call for Unity at the Council of Constance: Sermons and Addresses of Cardinal Zabarella, 1415–1417
Authors: Morrissey Thomas E.
Published: April 2006

On 11 November 1417 the Great Western Schism ended with the election of one pope accepted by almost all of western Christendom. The thirty-nine terrible years of disunity were over, and the members of the Council of Constance had good reason to rejoice. Among those at Constance who did not live to see this happy day was Cardinal Franciscus Zabarella, who had died in late September and who up to his death had been considered a leading candidate for the papacy. During the council he had indicated in several sermons and addresses how much the unity which they had sought for so long meant to him and his contemporaries. He expressed these ideas and sentiments on the occasions when, little by little, various groups were united with and took their places at the Council at Constance in the years 1415–1416, reintegrating the fragmented western church. These sermons reflected the hopes and dreams of the members of the council.
The Contours of Female Piety in Later Medieval Hagiography
Authors: Goodich Michael
Published: April 2006

The thirteenth century represents a high point in the establishment of female orders, whose ministry was directed largely at an urban population prone to heresy and undergoing the disruptive transition from pastoral feudalism to nascent capitalism. During this period, more than a quarter of the contemporary saints were women; they identified with all of the new movements which animated the church. Some, continuing the already established tradition of princely veneration, were active in evangelization in the recently Christianized regions of Europe's periphery, like Spain and Poland, through the patronage of charitable institutions and religious houses. The canonization trials of Hedwig of Poland, Elizabeth of Thuringia and Margaret of Hungary all reflect a broadly based constituency including rural and urban, lay and clerical, male and female support Others appealed to a narrower social and geographical audience and ministered to the problems of the urban poor: Sperandea of Cingoli's miraculous cures were performed exclusively on married women of the city and of the adjacent countryside. But the largest number of female saints continued to be cloistered women whose chief accomplishment was the establishment or endowment of a new convent or the foundation of a new female order, usually in association with a male order; for while many such orders began independently, the church feared the consequences of independent female piety and sought to ensure orthodoxy by associating the female houses with a corresponding male order. Nevertheless, while contemporary hagiography continued to be patterned after the stereotypical saints of early Christianity, the character of female piety changed to reflect such dynamic changes within the church as the rise of mendicancy, the transition from rural to urban life, the cult of the Virgin, the rise of national states, the war against heresy, the new emphasis on the humanity of Christ and the political struggles of the papacy.
The “Patriot”Curésof 1789 and the “Constitutional”Curésof 1791: A Comparison
Authors: Allen Edward A.
Published: April 2006

Most historians of the French Revolution accept the now familiar contention that villagecurésandvicairessided with the Third Estate in 1789, presumably out of class solidarity born of common origins and personal contact with the sad lot of ordinary people. Historians also agree that most of these “patriot”curiés(as those who supported reforms and the Third Estate in 1789 called themselves) later deserted the Revolution once it became clear that what the Third had in mind included sweeping restraints on the once vaunted power and property of the church and on the spiritual autonomy and authority of the French clergy.
Poems, Propositions, and Dogma: The Controversy over Religious Language and the Demise of Theology in American Learning
Authors: Hart D. G.
Published: April 2006

One of the ironies in the annals of nineteenth-century American Protestantism is the impact that Horace Bushnell's famed address “Dogma and Spirit” had upon the theological scene. In his remarks before the Porter Rhetorical Society at Andover Seminary in September 1848, the Congregationalist minister from Hartford established his reputation as one of the more controversial, if not gifted, theologians in New England. Bushnell offered a vision of Christianity that he hoped would eliminate the theological bickering that, as he saw it, had plagued the church throughout its history. To be sure, many in Andover's audience would not have been surprised if Bushnell's quirky views on the Trinity and the Atonement drew fire from New England Calvinists. But few would have predicted that this reconciliatory address would provoke one of the era's more noteworthy debates, a lengthy one-and-a-half-year, 250-page quarrel between America's two most prominent Calvinist theologians, Princeton Seminary's Charles Hodge and Andover's Edwards A. Park.
The Rural Ideal and Agrarian Realities: Arthur E. Holt and the Vision of a Decentralized America in the Interwar Years
Authors: Dorn Jacob H.
Published: April 2006

A revolution in rural life since the 1940s has produced agribusiness, corporate farms, and situation in which less than five percent of Americans are engaged in farming activities and fewer still work family farms. Richard Hofstadter once observed, “The United States was born in the country and has moved to the city.” Today, when few vestiges remain of “the localistic and personalistic frame of reference, which describes farming and country life effectively all the way through the depression years,” it is important to remember the influence that an idealized picture of rural life had on earlier generations of American intellectuals. Amidst the profound changes in American society produced by industrialization, urbanization, and corporate capitalism, many thinkers adhered to a vision of simpler times—one of grass-— Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. (New York, 1955), p. 23. John L.—Last Minority: The Transforming of Rural Life in America (DeKalb, Ill., 1976), p. xvi; Shover's book is a poignant analysis of the revolution in rural life since the 1940s. Jean Quandt, From the Small Town to the Great Community: The Social Thought of Progressive Intellectuals (New Brunswick, N.J., 1970), examines the nostalgia for simpler times in the thought of nine people, including John Dewey, Charles H. Cooley, Jane Addams, Josiah Royce, and Robert E. Park, who identified personally and professionally with urban life.
The ‘African National Church’: Self-Determination and Political Struggle Among Black Christians in South Africa to 1948
Authors: Cobley Alan Gregor
Published: April 2006

The first generations of black Christians in Southern Africa went through a painful process of critical examination and experiment as they struggled to assimilate new economic, social, and religious values. These values were presented to them mainly by white missionaries and were based largely on European models. It was as part of this dialectical process that an independent black churches movement—quickly labeled by friends and foes the “Ethiopian Movement”—had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. The independent black churches spread and multiplied rapidly in South Africa. By 1919 there were seventy-six recognized sects; however, there were many more which were not officially recognized. A black newspaper reported in 1921 that there were “at least one thousand natives within the municipal boundary of Johannesburg who call themselves ministers, but who are unattached to any recognised chuch, and who live on the offerings of their respective flocks.” Although many members of these churches were active politically, the most pervasive influence of the movement was on the ideology of African nationalism, as the role of the church became a recurring theme in debates on the development of an African national identity.
From Advent to Easter: Catholic Preaching in New York City, 1808–1809.
Authors: O'toole James M.
Published: April 2006

The recent interest in reconstructing the history of spirituality and religious belief is nowhere more welcome than in the history of Roman Catholicism in the United States. From the very point of its emergence as a recognizable subdiscipline at the turn of the century and lasting into very recent scholarship, American Catholic history has been a relentlessly “topdown”affair. It focused on the leaders of the church—almost all of them white males—and on official church institutions. Episcopal biography was the preferred form and, as often as not, “progress” was the theme: the hierarchy established itself steadily along the advancing frontier; populations of clergy, religious, and laity all increased heroically; immigrants once despised were transformed into the American mainstream. There was even an inspirational final chapter to the tale, as one American Catholic finally grasped the brass ring of acceptance and moved into the White House. The story was a deliberately edifying one, but it was a story primarily for insiders. Perhaps for that reason alone, American Catholic history seemed to remain, as Leslie Tender has recently observed, “on the margins” of serious scholarly discourse.
Religion and Politics in the Writings of Eusebius: Reassessing the First ‘Court Theologian’
Authors: Hollerich Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Ever since Jacob Burckhardt dismissed him as “the first thoroughly dishonest historian of antiquity,” Eusebius has been an inviting target for students of the Constantinian era. At one time or another they have characterized him as a political propagandist, a good courtier, the shrewd and worldly adviser of the Emperor Constantine, the great publicist of the first Christian emperor, the first in a long succession of ecclesiastical politicians, the herald of Byzantinism, a political theologian, a political metaphysician, and a caesaropapist. It is obvious that these are not, in the main, neutral descriptions. Much traditional scholarship, sometimes with barely suppressed disdain, has regarded Eusebius as one who risked his orthodoxy and perhaps his character because of his zeal for the Constantinian establishment.
Philip of Harvengt and Anselm of Havelberg: The Premonstratensian Vision of Time
Authors: Neel Carol
Published: April 2006

During the past two decades, a spate of interpretive studies has addressed the spirituality of regular canons in the twelfth century. Caroline Bynum'sDocere Verbo et Exemplo, most notably, has established that there was a distinctive canonical perspective on medieval religious reform. In Bynum's work in particular, the works of two Augustinian canons of the Order of Prémontré, Anselm of Havelberg (d. 1158) and Philip of Harvengt (d. 1183), figure importantly. Both Anselm and Philip—the one a bishop on the Slavic frontier and the other abbot of a double community in Brabant—were prominent apologists for their order's place among a proliferation of new religious groups. But recent scholarship has so far suggested no particular community of ideas between these two eminent twelfth-century Premonstratensians. Nor, more generally, has the ideology and spirituality of canons of their order, founded in 1121 by the Belgian nobleman Norbert of Xanten, been set clearly apart in more than name from the thought and practice of other groups of contemporary Augustinians.
Gustavo Juan Franceschi and the Jews: The Overcoming of Prejudice by an Argentine Prelate
Authors: Metz Allan
Published: April 2006

This article seeks to demonstrate how Monsignor Gustavo Juan Franceschi (1871–1957) became a friend of the newly created state of Israel when only twenty years earlier he had maintained that Jews constituted Argentina's major political problem. This intellectual transformation will be traced through a consideration of Franceschi's writings about the Jews. As a prominent member of the Catholic church and a strong advocate of Argentine nationalism, his views also reflected the generally ambivalent and suspicious attitude which that powerful institution held regarding Jews. However, following the devastation of European Jewry during World War II and the creation of the state of Israel in 1948, Franceschi's opinion of Jews moderated, resulting in greater understanding. Before presenting Franceschi's views, a consideration of Argentine Catholic nationalism will be provided in order to place these opinions within a proper context.
Radicals, Rights, and Revolution: British Nonconformity and Roots of the American Experience
Authors: Greaves Richard L.
Published: April 2006

The bicentennial of the American Bill of Rights offers an appropriate occasion to reassess its intellectual heritage. British radicals, I will argue, had a major impact on the principles enunciated in the Bill of Rights, including the rarely cited ninth amendment, so crucial for the resolution of such sociolegal issues as the rights to life and privacy and the place of religion in society. By radicals I mean those who sought fundamental changes in politics, religion, society, or the economy by striking at the root of contemporary assumptions and institutions.
Thirty Years of Street Preaching: Vincentian Motor Missions, 1934–1965
Authors: Slawson Douglas J.
Published: April 2006

Known in the United States as the Vincentian Fathers, the Congregation of the Mission is a religious community founded during the early seventeenth century by the French priest Vincent de Paul for the purpose of revitalizing religious life in rural areas through the preaching of parish missions. Such missions began with a sermon on repentance that urged people to make a general confession of all their past sins. The priests continued with a protracted catechesis that lasted for several weeks to several months. In time, Vincent de Paul realized the futility of pumping new life into a parish only to leave it in the hands of an inept or lax pastor. So the Vincentians began establishing seminaries to educate and prepare good priests. Thus parish missions and the training of clergy became the two cardinal tasks of that community.
Providence and Perdition: Fray Diego de Landa Justifies His Inquisition against the Yucatecan Maya
Authors: Timmer David E.
Published: April 2006

Fray Diego de Landa's harsh inquisition against the Maya Indians of Yucatán has generated passionate controversy for over four centuries. This essay reexamines documentary sources related to the case in order to better understand both the event and Landa's interpretation of his own actions. The evidence suggests that Landa's reading of and response to the Mayan apostasies were shaped by the millenarian ideas of Spanish Franciscanism. Within this millenarian context, a richer and more consistent account of Landa's character and actions becomes possible.
The Virgin, the Bride, and the Church: Reading Psalm 45 in Ambrose, Jerome, and Augustine
Authors: Hunter David G.
Published: April 2006

Within the past decade or so, historical studies of early Christianity have been affected by what has been called the “linguistic turn.” This development has entailed a new appreciation of the varied forms of Christian “discourse” and their importance in shaping the cultural, political, and social worlds of late antiquity. For example, historians of religion and culture, such as Judith Perkins and Kate Cooper, have drawn attention to the way in which narrative representation in early Christian literature functioned to construct Christian identities and to negotiate power relations both within the church and in society at large. It has become increasingly difficult for historians to ignore the power of rhetoric in shaping the imaginative (and, therefore, real) worlds of late ancient Christians.
Preaching at Epiphany: Gregory of Nyssa and John Chrysostom on Baptism and the Church
Authors: Ferguson Everett
Published: April 2006

From as early as 200 C.E., the church made the spring paschal celebration its primary occasion for baptizing new converts. A week of intense preparation climaxed for the candidates in their reception of baptism early on Easter Sunday. During the fourth century, the preliminary preparation of candidates during Lent included attendance at lectures that gave doctrinal instruction. The catechumens who were ready to receive baptism at the coming Pasch turned in their names to be enrolled for the period of teaching. This registration for the final period of catechetical instruction occurred near the beginning of the year, not long after the feast of Epiphany on 6 January—celebrated in the Eastern church since the fourth century as the feast of the baptism of Christ. The proximity of these two events—a celebration of Christ's baptism and the enrolling of candidates for baptism at the next Pasch—made the time around Epiphany a propitious time for preaching sermons on baptism. Since many catechumens in the fourth century delayed their baptism until old age, many of these sermons took the form of exhortations to baptism in order to encourage the hearers not to postpone baptism but to enroll for the immediate season.
Noble Patrons and Religious Innovators in 18th-Century Germany: The Case of Johann Lorenz Schmidt
Authors: Spalding Paul
Published: April 2006

Imperial law strictly prohibited religious novelty in eighteenth-century Germany. The Westphalian Peace accords of 1648, which served as the constitutional framework for the German empire until Napoleon, banned all public expression objectionable to the three sanctioned churches: the Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist or Reformed. Various ordinances applied the Westphalian definitions broadly, but the jurisdictional quilt of the empire frustrated implementation. In particular, noble patrons could enable a writer accused of spreading heterodox, antichurch, or even anti-Christian views to remain active and influential.
“Let us Go and Burn Her Body”: The Image of the Jews in the Early Dormition Traditions
Authors: Shoemaker Stephen J.
Published: April 2006

In his recent book,Mary through the Centuries, Jaroslav Pelikan notes that “one of the most profound and persistent roles of the Virgin Mary in history has been her function as a bridge builder to other traditions, other cultures, and other religions.” This is particularly true of the late ancient Near East, where Mary's significance frequently reached across various cultural and religious boundaries. But it is equally true that Mary often served to define boundaries between traditions, cultures, and religions. As Klaus Schreiner explains in his similarly recent book,Maria: Jungfrau, Mutter, Herrsherin, “Brücken, die Juden und Christen miteinander hätten verbinden können, schlug Maria im Mittelalter nicht… Maria trennte, grenzte aus.” In the rather substantial chapter that follows, Schreiner presents perhaps the best overview of Mary's role as a focus of Jewish/Christian conflict in late antiquity and the Middle Ages. Scholars have long recognized the role played by the Virgin and her cult in the exclusion of Jews from Christian society during the Western Middle Ages, Marian piety being, along with eucharistic devotion, the most anti-Jewish aspect of medieval piety. Throughout the medieval period, and likewise continuing into the Renaissance and Reformation, the Virgin Mary figured prominently in Christian anti-Jewish literature, where the (alleged) Jewish disparagement of Virgin Mary “weighed heavier than thefts of the host, ritual murders, and … ell poisoning.”
The Alleged Abduction of Milly McPherson and Catholic Recruitment of Presbyterian Girls
Authors: Gollar C.Walker
Published: April 2006

When a Yankee named George Washington rode into the town of Lebanon in central Kentucky during the summer of 1834, most townspeople grew suspicious of what they called “his eastern ways.” Washington assumed control of the eight-year-old Presbyterian school for girls and soon made it his goal to monopolize education in the area. Finding that since 1828 the Catholic Sisters of Loretto ran Saint Augustine's Female Academy in the same town, Washington, according to one report, “did all in his power to bring odium upon” the rival institution. He even encouraged some sort of ill reports about the school's principal, Sister Ann Constantia Spalding, the daughter of prominent Catholic pioneers Henrietta and Richard Spalding. Within that first year, Washington challenged Sister Spalding to select a handful of her students to face a like number of his pupils in a debate so that the public might judge, as he wrote, which “is the best of the two [schools].” “‘Which is the best of the two,’” Spalding responded, [would have been more grammatically written ‘which is the better of the two.’” Having thus asserted herself, Spalding politely declined the invitation. Embarrassed by this exchange, Washington slipped out of town at the end of the academic year.
Faith and History: Reflections on the Work of the ASCH
Authors: Zikmund Barbara Brown
Published: April 2006

Robert Greenleaf, in his classic book Servant Leadership, makes the argument that in earlier eras it was possible to make a difference in society as an individual. He writes, “Whereas, until recently, caring was largely person to person, now most of it is mediated through institutions—often large, complex, powerful, impersonal, not always competent, sometimes corrupt [institutions]. If a better society is to be built, one that is more just and more loving, one that provides greater creative opportunity for its people, then the most open course is to raise both the capacity to serve and the very performance as servant of existing major institutions by new regenerative forces operating within them.” He goes on to make the case that “trustees” have a key role in creating and maintaining what he calls “servant institutions.”
Microwave‐induced rapid one‐pot synthesis of κ‐carrageenan‐g‐PMMA copolymer by potassium persulphate initiating system
Authors: Prasad Kamalesh , Meena Ramavatar , Siddhanta A. K.
Published: April 2006

κ‐Carrageenan‐g‐PMMA copolymer has been synthesized by copolymerizing κ‐carrageenan with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous medium at about pH 7. The copolymerization was carried out under microwave irradiation in the presence of a water‐soluble initiator potassium persulphate. Optimum microwave irradiation conditions for obtaining maximum yields are described. The structural characteristics and thermal stability of κ‐carrageenan‐g‐PMMA was studied by FTIR, NMR, and thermo gravimetric (TGA) measurements. Crystallinity of the copolymer was studied by powder X‐ray diffraction. TGA, IR, and XRD data indicated that the κ‐carrageenan was considerably modified. Optical micrograph of the copolymer was also studied. A probable mechanism of formation of the copolymer is proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 161–166, 2006
Secondary crystallization and premelting endo‐ and exotherms in oriented polymers
Authors: Correale S. T. , Murthy N. S.
Published: April 2006

Crystallization in polyamide 6 (nylon 6) fibers during annealing was studied in detail by following the changes that occurred in the neighborhood of crystalline relaxation temperatures, by using wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two distinct crystallization regimes were observed depending on whether annealing was carried out below or above onset of crystalline relaxation at ∼190°C. In fibers annealed below 190°C, minor melting peaks were followed by exothermic transitions. These were attributed to ∼1.5% (by weight) of microcrystals formed during annealing that melt and recrystallize during the DSC scan. These microcrystals are nucleated from unoriented amorphous chains between the lamellar stack within a fibril, and are shown to account for the observed increase in the crystalline orientation and decrease in permeability. Fibers annealed above 190°C did not show the exotherm and had significantly fewer microcrystals. The crystallization in this regime was attributed to the growth of existing lamellae, as evidenced by the increase in crystallite size, crystalline density, crystalline orientation, lamellar spacing, and lamellar intensity. The changes at annealing temperatures >190°C are accompanied by increased dyeability, indicative of more open amorphous regions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 447–454, 2006
Thermal degradation of carboxylate‐based polyurethane anionomers
Authors: Matsunaga Katsuji , Tajima Masahiro , Yoshida Yasuhiko
Published: April 2006

With the purpose of elucidating the thermal degradation process of carboxylated polyurethane anionomers (PUAs), characterization of PUAs containing potassium and magnesium salts was conducted using thermogravimetry and FTIR spectroscopy. Potassium salt in PUA induced pronounced acceleration on the thermal degradation of urethane linkage in the hard segment as well as ester and carbonate linkages in the soft segment. The absorption bands of ν(NH), ν(C=O), δ(NH), ν (CN), and ν(COC) in FTIR spectra of PUAs recorded as a function of increasing temperature demonstrated abrupt changes around the initial thermal decomposition temperature, making possible comprehensive studies of the thermal degradation process of PUAs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 573–579, 2006
Effects of the structure of polymer and nanosilica additive on the sorption and electric properties of various alginate fibers
Authors: Mikołajczyk Teresa , Urbaniak‐Domagała Wiesława , Wołowska‐Czapnik Dorota
Published: April 2006

Effects of the structure of polymer and nanosilica additive on the sorption and electric properties of various alginate fibers has been investigated. It has been found that regardless of the differences in the chemical structure and the presence of nanosilica, the examined types of alginate fibers show similar values of moisture absorption at relative humidity up to 85%. An exception is the fiber from sodium alginate. It has been found that the electric conductivity and the accompanying polarization processes of various types of alginate fibers depend on the chemical structure of the fiber‐forming polymer. It has been found that the amount of moisture absorbed by the fiber‐forming polymer of alginate fibers exerts a strong influence on their electric properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 686–694, 2006
Direct Asymmetric Intermolecular Aldol Reactions Catalyzed by Amino Acids and Small Peptides
Authors: Córdova Armando , Zou Weibiao , Dziedzic Pawel , Ibrahem Ismail , Reyes Efraim , Xu Yongmei
Published: April 2006

In nature there are at least nineteen different acyclic amino acids that act as the building blocks of polypeptides and proteins with different functions. Here we report that α‐amino acids, β‐amino acids, and chiral amines containing primary amine functions catalyze direct asymmetric intermolecular aldol reactions with high enantioselectivities. Moreover, the amino acids can be combined into highly modular natural and unusual small peptides that also catalyze direct asymmetric intermolecular aldol reactions with high stereoselectivities, to furnish the corresponding aldol products with up to >99 % ee. Simple amino acids and small peptides can thus catalyze asymmetric aldol reactions with stereoselectivities matching those of natural enzymes that have evolved over billions of years. A small amount of water accelerates the asymmetric aldol reactions catalyzed by amino acids and small peptides, and also increases their stereoselectivities. Notably, small peptides and amino acid tetrazoles were able to catalyze direct asymmetric aldol reactions with high enantioselectivities in water, while the parent amino acids, in stark contrast, furnished nearly racemic products. These results suggest that the prebiotic oligomerization of amino acids to peptides may plausibly have been a link in the evolution of the homochirality of sugars. The mechanism and stereochemistry of the reactions are also discussed.
Characterization of the methanolic extract of hops using capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Arráez‐Román David , Cortacero‐Ramírez Sonia , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Martín‐Lagos Contreras José‐Antonio , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto
Published: April 2006

Hops are used almost exclusively for bitterness and flavor by brewers. We propose the first analytical application of CZE coupled to ESI‐MS for the separation and structural elucidation of organic compounds in the methanolic extracts of hops, and different extraction procedures of the plant material have been carried out. The proposed method permits the identification of hop polyphenols (flavonoids glycosides and chalcones), bitter acids (α‐acids and β‐acids), and their oxidation products. The optimization of CZE parameters (pH, concentration, and type of buffer) and ESI‐MS parameters (nature and flow rate of the sheath liquid, nebulizer pressure, drying gas flow rate, temperature, and compound stability) have permitted the development of a rapid, simple, direct, and straightforward CZE–ESI‐MS method for the identification of components of methanolic extracts from different hops used in the brewing process.
German policy perspectives on enhancing the quality of student learning by university teaching
Authors: Webler Wolff‐Dietrich
Published: April 2006

Traditionally, the higher education sector in Germany has been research oriented. During their studies of ten to thirteen semesters, students have had close contact with research and have been motivated by new findings they have discovered themselves. Introducing a bachelor's‐ and master's‐style structure into the current system means in many cases losing this close contact at the bachelor's level. Only a few programs developed professionally maintain this link.
The role of histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser10 and Ser28) in cell growth and cell transformation
Authors: Dong Zigang , Bode Ann M.
Published: April 2006

Histones are now regarded as integral and dynamic components of the machinery responsible for regulating gene transcription. Many types of cancer and other diseases are associated with translocations or mutations in chromatin‐modifying enzymes and regulatory proteins. Much of the work in our laboratory has focused on identifying novel histone H3 kinases and the role of histone H3 phosphorylation in cell proliferation and transformation. We are beginning to unravel the complexities of gene expression mediated by histone H3 phosphorylation, which is induced by a whole host of diverse stimuli. Dissimilar cells respond differentially to distinct stimuli, and induction of gene expression is dependent on the type of stimuli, duration and strength of stimuli, state of the cell and of course, specific cell type. Thus, regulation of histone modifications and resultant gene expression is not just one‐ or two‐dimensional but multidimensional, encompassing a huge array of factors. Significant findings such as the observation that histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser10) is critical for neoplastic cell transformation suggests that histone H3 may be a crucial target for cancer chemotherapy or genetic therapy in the future. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of formal education and training on urodynamic practice in the United Kingdom: A survey
Authors: Ellis‐Jones Julie , Swithinbank Lucy , Abrams Paul
Published: April 2006

Aim

A previous survey of personnel performing urodynamics had shown that half of the respondents thought that their training had been inadequate. In order to address this the outcome of a 4‐day practical course for teaching urodynamics, which has been running since 1995 at the Bristol Urological Institute, was reviewed. We were not aware of any published studies that have assessed the impact of formal urodynamic training on clinical practice. With this in mind we set out to determine whether the education and training we had given had changed urodynamic practice in the UK.

Methods

Postal questionnaires were sent out to 84 delegates who had attended the course over a 2‐year period (2001–2003). Paired questionnaires were used to assess urodynamic practice before and after the course and also to establish whether their practice had changed as a direct result of attending the certificate course.

Results

The results suggested that 79% of those responders had changed their practice since completing the course. Significant changes to practice were observed in checking calibration, confidence in setting‐up equipment, interpretation of urodynamic traces and ability to check the accuracy of the results.

Conclusions

The results of this survey suggest that attendance at a recognised urodynamic training course has had an impact on clinical practice in the UK. Training and education raises the level of confidence and ability to perform and interpret urodynamic investigations, which has wide implications for the accuracy, reliability and consistency of urodynamic investigations performed by those without formal training. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraction of caesium from mosses and incorporation into an oxalate crystalline lattice
Authors: Nedić Olgica , Dragović Snežana
Published: April 2006

The ratios of stable and radioactive isotopes in the environment are not constant and their effects on living organisms are not the same. Whilst radionuclides can be monitored by measuring their radioactivity levels, it is also important to determine the stable isotopes. The method described in this paper represents a simple and cheap process by which to extract caesium from moss, without significant destruction of the plant, and to incorporate the isolated caesium into a water‐soluble crystal. Ammonium oxalate and phosphoric acid are water‐soluble substances at 5% concentration but, when the solutions are combined, crystallisation occurs. Crystals were estimated to contain 68.30% O, 20.98% C, 4.68% H, 6.04% N and less than 0.01% P, corresponding to NH4HC2O4·H2C2O4·2H2O (C4H11NO10). The crystal mass did not vary with the species of moss, although the effectiveness of caesium extraction did. Typically, 73.0 ± 6.1% of the solubilised caesium was entrapped within the crystals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.