bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SUCCESSION OF DIATOM ASSEMBLAGES IN THE RECENT SEDIMENTS OF LAKE WASHINGTON1
Authors: Stockner John G. , Benson Woodruff W.
Published: March 2010

Examination of the diatom remains in the recent sediment of Lake Washington reveals striking correlations with the pattern of sewage enrichment over the past 80 years. In the deeper sediment, which was deposited prior to cultural enrichment, the relative composition of the diatoms was constant. Diversity and redundancy values also reflect this constancy and near steady‐state conditions. An approximate time sequence, based on estimates of sedimentation rates, was derived for the sediments. Correlated with the pattern of sewage discharge into the lake, many of the species changed in proportion in accordance with their ascribed trophic behavior as indicator species. Statistical treatment revealed significant shifts in species ranking, including a change in dominance from Melosira italica to Fragilaria crotonensis between 35 and 20 cm that is associated with the establishment of Seattle. The reversal of this relationship from 9 to 6 cm and its re‐establishment from 5 cm to the surface of the sediment correspond to a diversion of sewage from the lake about 1930 and a gradual increase from 1941 to 1965. The considerable changes in species ranking, diversity, and redundancy values in the upper 30 cm of sediment is interpreted as the result of the interaction between the various species and the degree of cultural enrichment. The percentages of Araphidincae and Centrales followed this pattern very closely and seem to be much more reliable indicators than the fluctuations of individual indicator species.
PRODUCTIVITY STUDIES ON THE MADISON RIVER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK1
Authors: Wright John C. , Mills I. K.
Published: March 2010

Net photosynthesis and respiration in the Madison River, Yellowstone National Park, was calculated using pH measurements to estimate CO2 changes. The upstream‐downstream method was used on five successive reaches. Primary production and macrophyte standing crops decreased downstream and the ratio of gross to net photosynthesis also became less. The downstream decline in productivity was correlated with successively lower concentrations of free CO2. The decline in free CO2 was due to photosynthetic removal during daylight and outward diffusion of CO2 during all hours of the day and night.
HEAT BUDGET STUDIES ON THE MADISON RIVER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK1
Authors: Wright John C. , Horrall Ross M.
Published: March 2010

The analytical heat budget of a reach of the Madison River was determined. Net radiation and heat change in the river were measured. The difference between these two measurements was apportioned into evaporation and sensible heat flux by the use of Bowen’s ratio. An equation that is based on net radiation, air and water temperatures, and air and water vapor pressures was developed for the prediction of downstream cooling.
THE MEASUREMENT OF CHLOROPHYLL, PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY, PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION, AND MACROMOLECULES IN BENTHIC ALGAL MATS
Authors: Brock Thomas D. , Brock M. Louise
Published: March 2010

Methods are described for measuring primary productivity, chlorophyll, protein, and nucleic acid in algal cores. The cores are homogenized after incubation with a radioactive isotope so that representative subsamples can be taken. Isotope self‐absorption is not a problem, because only a small fraction of the core is actually filtered. The method eliminates sampling variability since chlorophyll is estimated in the same samples used to determine 14C uptake. Acid or alkali extraction was used to indicate the biochemical fractions into which the 14C was incorporated. Rates of pholephosphorylation and RNA synthesis were measured using 32P.
ATTACHED EPIFAUNA—SUBSTRATE RELATIONS
Authors: Driscoll Egbert G.
Published: March 2010

Examination of nine attached or sedentary epifaunal species in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, shows an anomalous distribution for Cliona celata. The other species are Microciona prolifera, Astrangia danae, Chaetopleura apiculata, Anadara transversa, Anomia simplex, Crepidula fornicata, C. plana, and C. convexa. With the exception of C. apiculata, all are suspension feeders. All forms except Crepidula are more abundant on bottoms with a low silt‐clay content and a mean grain diameter in the medium sand range. They are more plentiful in sediments coarser than those in which infaunal suspension feeders reach their maximum abundance. It is suggested that the stronger currents associated with coarser sediments provide an increased food supply that results in their more plentiful occurrence.

All species, except the boring sulfur sponge C. celata, are found abundantly only on bottoms rich in dead shell material. The occurrence of C. celata is anomalous because, although it requires calcareous surfaces for initial fixation, the adult γ‐stage is more plentiful on bottoms poor in dead shells than elsewhere. It is suggested that C. celata reduces the abundance of dead shells through its boring activities, leading to a depletion of other species that require hard surfaces for fixation.
THE SEASONAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER IN AN AREA OF THE NORTHEAST PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Hobson Louis A.
Published: March 2010

Concentrations of the particulate matter, particulate organic carbon, and particulate carbohydrate were determined in an area of the northeast Pacific Ocean, at depths between the surface and 4,000 mn, on six occasions in two years. Below 250 m, concentrations of particulate matter ranged from 30 to 1,000 mg/m3, particulate organic carbon from 8 to 110 mg/m3, and particulate carbohydrate from undetectable to 30 mg/m3. There was more particulate matter in winter than in spring and summer. This temporal variation appeared to be related to variations in advection.

The particles making up about 90% of the mass of the particulate matter with diameters greater than about 2 µ ranged between 8‐ and 44‐µ diameter. Sinking rates were calculated (0.1 to 10 m/day) and were slow compared with horizontal speeds. Thus, the influence of phytoplankton production in the area of the concentration of particles below 250 m in that area was of minor importance.

Below 250 m, the ratios of the variables and particle size showed no consistent changes with depth, suggesting that the particles were not rapidly oxidized while suspended in the water column.
DISTRIBUTION AND ECOLOGY OF LANCELETS (ORDER AMPHIOXI) OVER THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Cory Robert L.
Published: March 2010

The lancelet Branchiostoma caribaeum Sundevall has been reported infrequently from the southeastern Atlantic Coast of the United States; no study had been made of its abundance, distribution, or ecology on the continental shelf. Lancelets were collected with a sand dredge and Campbell grab from North Carolina to Florida.

Concentrations of lancelets were found south of Cape Hatteras. There is a 2 to 18 km wide belt that is rich in lancelets extending from Charleston, South Carolina, to at least Cape Kennedy, Florida. The largest numbers are off South Carolina and Georgia, where population densities reach 200/m2 (Campbell grab) or 57/liter (sand dredge). Most specimens were taken from coarse, shelly, siliceous sand. A few were occasionally collected from finer sands, but none from silt. Most were taken from depths between 10 and 30 m.
THE SECCHI DISC
Authors: Tyler John E.
Published: March 2010

The theory and practice of the Secchi disc experiment are discussed. It is shown, in theory, that the Secchi disc reading can be used to calculate the sum of the total and diffuse attenuation coefficients, α and K. To obtain independent values of α and K it is necessary to make some other measurement.

Some recent measurements of the per cent of surface light reaching various depths, obtained in conjunction with Secchi disc readings, are discussed with respect to their usefulness in determining α and K independently.

It is suggested that the Secchi disc could be calibrated against modern instrumental measurements of α and K and a practical value for apparent contrast thus determined for the Secchi disc experiment. However if modern instruments are available for measuring α and K, it would probably be better not to undertake such a calibration.
PRODUCTION ECOLOGY OF A SANDY BEACH
Authors: J. H. Steele , I. E. Baird
Published: March 2010

The vertical distribution of pigments and organic matter and the yearly cycle of production in a sandy beach are described for positions at low water and to a sublittoral depth of 13 m. The chlorophyll and carbon content of the populations attached to the sand grains increases with increasing depth of overlying water. At low‐water mark, viable diatom populations are found to 20 cm deep in the sand. The effects of wave action, however, keep these populations at a relatively low level so that the yearly primary production of the benthic flora is in the range 4–9 g C m−2.
RESPIRATORY RATES OF MIGRATING ZOOPLANKTON IN THE NATURAL HABITAT
Authors: Bishop John W.
Published: March 2010

Rates of oxygen consumption by zooplankton in Cayuga Lake were measured when the lake was stratified. The effects of temperature, pressure, and light were examined.

Animals from the epilimnion, mostly cladocerans, and from the hypolimnion, mostly copepods, respired at similar rates in their respective habitats. When the animals were placed in the same habitats, copepods from the hypolimnion had the greater rates of respiration. Copepods, which migrated over an extensive vertical distance daily, were less sensitive to changes in depth than were cladocerans, which remained within a narrow vertical range. The copepods were less affected by changes in pressure and temperature within than outside their range of migration.
PHYTOPLANKTON‐ZOOPLANKTON RELATIONSHIPS IN NARRAGANSETT BAY. III. SEASONAL CHANGES IN ZOOPLANKTON EXCRETION RATES IN RELATION TO PHYTOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE1
Authors: Martin John H.
Published: March 2010

Phytoplankton and zooplankton were sampled at three stations in Narragansett Bay over a nine‐month period at weekly or biweekly intervals. The freshly‐caught plankton was then utilized in laboratory experiments in which zooplankton oxygen consumption and phosphorus and nitrogen excretion were measured.

Nitrogen excretion was minimal when phytoplankton was abundant and vice versa; this phenomenon may be due to the animals’ greater utilization of protein as an energy source when food is scarce. A similar relationship was observed between food abundance and phosphate excretion, and it was hypothesized that when food was abundant low rates of P excretion indicated that lipid was being stored or used in egg production or both. When food was scarce more lipid was used for energy and rates of P excretion increased.

From the experimental results, it was estimated that the zooplankton provide only a small fraction of the required N and P to the phytoplankton during periods of phytoplankton abundance. However, during periods of phytoplankton scarcity, when plant nutrient requirements are low and zooplankton excretion rates are high, the zooplankton provide amounts of N and P in excess of phytoplankton demand.
THE RELATIVE TOXICITIES OF SEVERAL PESTICIDES TO NAIADS OF THREE SPECIES OF STONEFLIES
Authors: Sanders Herman O. , Cope Oliver B.
Published: March 2010

Static bioassays were conducted to determine the relative acute toxicities of some insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, a defoliant, and a molluscicide to the naiads of three species of stonefly, Pteronarcys californica, Pteronarcella badia, and Claassenia sabulosa. Toxic effects were measured by determination of median lethal conen (lc50) for 24‐, 48‐, and 96‐hr exposures, at 15.5C. Endrin and dieldrin were the most and DDT the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides tested. Parathion was the most toxic organophosphate insecticide to P. californica naiads, but dursban was the most toxic to P. badia and C. sabulosa naiads. Trichlorofon (Dipterex) was the least toxic to all three species. P. badia, the species of smallest size, was the species most susceptible to most pesticides, followed in descending order of sensitivity by C. sabulosa and P. californica. Smaller specimens of P. californica naiads were consistently more susceptible to some insecticides than larger specimens of the same species.
THE FRESHWATER MUSSEL AS A BIOLOGICAL MONITOR OF PESTICIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN A LOTIC ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Bedford J. W. , Roelofs E. W. , Zabik M. J.
Published: March 2010

Two species of freshwater mussels were introduced into the Red Cedar River at six different locations and analyzed for pesticide content following different lengths of time in the river. DDT and its metabolites, TDE and DDE, were found in all mussels analyzed. The concentration of DDT and its metabolites increased significantly in a downstream direction and increased significantly with time before reaching a plateau. Methoxychlor was found in mussels introduced into the lower sections of the study area. Aldrin was found in all mussels on two dates of retrieval from the river but was not found before or after these dates.

Mussels collected from the upper portion of the study area contained small concentrations of DDT and its metabolites. There was no significant difference in pesticide content between species.
VERTICAL TEMPERATURE GRADIENT VARIATIONS RELATED TO CURRENT SHEAR AND TURBULENCE
Authors: Lovett J. R.
Published: March 2010

Continuous temperature profile measurements made with the NWC SVTP instrument reveal considerable structure in vertical temperature gradients, including temperature inversions. Some differences in the macrogradients in the California Current are due to dissimilarities between regions of upwelling, surface countercurrent, and current shear. Sharp small‐scale gradient changes may possibly be caused by differential currents and two‐dimensional Kolmogorov turbulence generated by current shears and dynamically unstable internal waves.
REACTIONS OF PLANKTON ORGANISMS TO WATER STRATIFICATION
Authors: Harder Wilhelm
Published: March 2010

A survey of the literature indicates that zooplankton aggregate at salinity or temperature interfaces. The experiments reported here offer evidence that such interfaces may be preferential sites for certain marine organisms. Experiments were made by layering water of various densities and introducing planktonic organisms into the layers. The zooplankters under study included protozoa, and adults or larvae, or both, of ctenophores, chaetognaths, cirripeds, amphipods, polychaetes, brachiopods, mysids, molluscs, appendicularians, and teleost eggs. Almost all organisms tested accumulated at the interfaces of water layers.
BACTERIAL CAROTENOIDS FROM FRESHWATER SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Brown Seward R.
Published: March 2010

Sediment cores from Little Round Lake, Ontario, contain a band extending from 200 to 225 cm beneath the mud‐water interface that is rich in bacterial carotenoids. Crystalline preparations of spheroidenone were obtained from extracts of the sediment, together with smaller quantities of spheroidene (pigment Y) and 2‐keto‐spirilloxanthin (P‐518). The bacterial carotenoids occur in association with algal carotenoids, chlorophyll derivatives, and bacteriopheophytin.

Cis‐trans isomerization of the compounds appears to have taken place in the sediments. Three stereoisomers of spheroidenone and two of spheroidene were found. P‐518 was isolated only in the trans form. The isomerization process may have geochemical implications.

No morphologically distinguishable remains of the organisms that produced the pigments could be found in the sediments. The relative proportions of the three fossil xanthophylls are in close agreement with those found in senescent cultures of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides when grown under aerobic conditions. Identification of the organism is attempted, based on comparison of pigment distribution in the Athiorhodaceae with that of the fossil pigments from the lake sediment.
SEICHES AND SET‐UP ON LAKE WINNIPEG
Authors: Einarsson E. , Lowe A. B.
Published: March 2010

Recorder charts of water level for the ice‐free season are examined for six stations on Lake Winnipeg for the years 1961–1964. Transverse and longitudinal seiches are identified for the north and south basins. An interference pattern is noted for seiches over two different fetches at Victoria Beach. Typical weather situations producing transverse and longitudinal seiches are identified. Moderate to large set‐up is examined for 37 cases and geostrophic winds sealed off from weather charts covering an 18‐hr period preceding the peak set‐up. Using corrections for curvature, motion of the pressure system, deviation from the main axis of the lake, and air stability, an assumed over‐water component is computed for each case. The correlation between set‐up and over‐water wind square is found to be 0.81. Standard deviation of actual set‐up from that predicted by the regression equation is 0.076 m.
CHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC BALANCES FOR A MEROMICTIC LAKE1
Authors: Takahashi Taro , Broecker Wallace , Li Yuan Hui , Thurber David
Published: March 2010

A chemical and isotopic study of the waters and sediments of Fayetteville, New York, Green Lake has allowed the cause of its meromixis to be defined. Stagnation is clearly the result of two different water types entering the lake. Water entering below the chemocline is almost twice as saline as that entering the surface layer. This conclusion is based on hydrologic, isotopic, and chemical balances. For carbon and its isotopes, the contributions of CaCO3 precipitation, of the photosynthetic cycle, of gas exchange with the atmosphere, and of hydrologic transport are considered. Our results indicate a mean residence time of two years for surface water and of 4–30 years for deep water. The water entering the deep reservoir must be richer in Na+ + K+ + Cl− relative to Mg2+ + Ca2+ + HCO3− + SO42− than that entering the surface reservoir. Its carbon must also be more deficient in 13C and 14C and its degree of supersaturation with respect to calcite lower than surface water. Although both reservoirs are supersaturated with calcite, the carbon isotope data clearly indicate that precipitation takes place largely from the surface water.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON CORAL REEF PLANKTON1
Authors: Emery Alan R.
Published: March 2010

Plankton collections near coral reefs were made by hand‐towing nets while swimming and by using a suction device for sampling caves. Plankton in sheltered areas was considerably different from that in nonsheltered areas; some plankton forms maintained position near coral reefs, indicating that the terms planktonic and epibenthic may represent extremes of a behavior continuum. Copepods were observed to swarm and mysids to school on the reef. Mysids and nesting pomacentrids exhibit a loosely developed commensalism. Offshore plankton probably represents a net energy gain to the reef.
COBALT, SILVER, AND URANIUM CONCENTRATIONS OF REEF‐BUILDING CORALS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN1
Authors: Veeh H. Herbert , Turekian Karl K.
Published: March 2010

A study was made of the concentration of silver, cobalt, and uranium in the calcium carbonate skeletons of reef‐building corals, using neutron activation analysis. The silver, cobalt, and uranium concentrations in the corals vary considerably, with mean values of 0.041 ppm Ag, 0.005 ppm Co, and 2.2 ppm U. The Ag : Ca and Co : Ca ratios in the corals are much lower than those reported for open ocean water from the same general area, showing that corals discriminate against these trace elements during the deposition of their aragonite skeletons. The U: Ca ratios in the corals on the average appear to approach that of seawater with a slight discrimination against uranium. Variations among species from the same locale, beyond the limits of analytical error, further suggest biochemical control by the corals in the incorporation of uranium in the skeleton.
FACTORIAL PRODUCTIVITY EXPERIMENTS IN A SHALLOW ESTUARY: ENERGETICS OF INDIVIDUAL PLANKTON SPECIES IN MIXED POPULATIONS
Authors: Patten Bernard C. , Van Dyne George M.
Published: March 2010

A nonlinear programming method is described for estimating productivity parameters of individual plankton populations from data on mixed species water samples. The method is flexible in yielding average values over a treatment set established by experimental design. Specimen data on in situ populations of Skeletonema costatum are examined for illustration. Changes in estimated energy‐processing characteristics of this diatom during a summer succession in the York River, Virginia, indicated a wide range of physiological states available to the species. Computed values of its gross production and respiration were correlated positively, but estimates of its productive output per individual were related inversely to corresponding values for other species. Various usages of the technique are discussed.
PLANKTON PATCHINESS: EFFECTS ON REPEATED NET TOWS1
Authors: Wiebe Peter Howard , Wiebe Peter Howard
Published: March 2010

Simulated net tows in a computer model of a body of water containing aggregations of individuals demonstrated that the size and distribution of the patches significantly affects both the accuracy and the precision of estimates of abundance. A comparison between tows taken with nets of 25‐, 100‐, and 200‐cm diameter showed that, in general, estimates from the largest net were the most accurate and precise.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS OF THE PHYTOPLANKTON OF SOME CORAL REEF WATERS1
Authors: Jeffrey S. W.
Published: March 2010

Phytoplankton pigments in reef waters of Princess Charlotte Bay, North Queensland, Australia, were studied by spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods. The chlorophyll concentration of reef waters was extremely low: 0.1–0.35 µg of chlorophyll (a + c)/ liter. Chlorophyll a in most samples was 1–2 times as abundant as chlorophyll c. The phytoplankton consisted mostly of pennate diatoms and coccolithophores, with only small numbers of free‐swimming dinoflagellates. This was reflected in the presence of carotenes, chlorophylls a and c, yellow xanthophylls, and fucoxanthin in each sample. The absence of dinoflagellate pigments from most samples of reef water contrasted strongly with the abundant growth of symbiotic dinoflagellates within the reef corals.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ROLE OF GLUCOSE IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Vaccaro Ralph F. , Hicks Sonja E. , Jannasch Holger W. , Carey Francis G.
Published: March 2010

Glucose in the Atlantic was measured along a transoceanic section by two independent techniques. The concentrations varied from a high of 10−8 m to values below 10−8 m. The highest concentrations occurred within 480 km of Bermuda although significant concentrations were also associated with the area of upwelling off Senegal. Densities of phytoplankton exhibited a positive correlation with the glucose concentration. Experiments on glucose uptake by the natural microbial population showed the common occurrence of glucose users in the sea but also pointed out the need for enzymatic adaptation whenever glucose was absent or present below a critical concentration.
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON CARBONIC ACID, BORIC ACID, AND THE pH IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Culberson C. , Pytkowicx R. M.
Published: March 2010

The pressure coefficients of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic and boric acids in seawater were determined for pressures up to 1,000 atm at 2, 11.6, and 22C in seawater of 34.8‰ salinity and at 13.5C in seawater of 38.5‰ salinity. The results were used to calculate the effect of pressure on the pH and the distributions of the various inorganic carbon species in a deep station in the North Pacific Ocean.
THE OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL WATERS BY MEANS OF AN “EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT”1
Authors: Smith Raymond C.
Published: March 2010

Natural waters are frequently characterized by an extinction coefficient that is generally recognized as a function of the spectral response of the photoprocess as well as of the spectral transmission of the water.

The extinction coefficients for two distinct water types are calculated for three types of photoreceptors to demonstrate the manner in which the extinction coefficient depends upon the photoprocess. The visual response of the human eye and the photosynthetic response of Chlorella have been chosen as examples of biological photoprocesses: these are compared with a hypothetical receptor sensitive to the total radiant energy from 350 to 700 mµ. Extinction coefficients for the two water types have been calculated which relate specifically to: the total radiant energy within the limits 350 to 700 mµ; the visibility of objects in the water; and the photosynthetic activity of the chosen plant. Support is given for the suggestion that the extinction coefficient for the total radiant energy beween 350 and 700 mµ provides the most accurate method for characterizing the photosynthetically useful radiant energy in natural waters.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN THE SAND CRAB EMERITA ANALOGA (DECAPODA, HIPPIDAE) IN THE SANTA BARBARA AREA OF CALIFORNIA
Authors: Barnes Nora B. , Wenner Adrian M.
Published: March 2010

Studies were made of the population structure and life cycle of the sand crab Emerita analoga (Stimpson). Frequent sampling of the beach and of the plankton during a two‐year period indicates: 1) the population structure of the species differs from beach to beach; 2) an aggregation is not necessarily characteristic of the entire beach population; 3) seasonal changes drastically alter the population structure of sand crabs; and 4) occurrence and abundance of zoeae in the plankton closely parallel the arrival of megalopae on the beaches, but not necessarily on any one beach.

The life cycle of this species can now be summarized as follows: The mating season in late spring and summer precedes a continual production and release of young during the summer. These pelagic zoeae pass through at least five molts before returning to shore as megalopae. Megalopae arrive in quantity on our beaches as early as September and continue to arrive during winter and spring. By mid‐November the reproductive females that prevailed in late summer apparently disappear. The majority of the beach population during winter and early spring consists of megalopae, juveniles, and males; this suggests an annual cycle for the species.

The progressive seasonal increase in the percentage of females in the larger sizes, coupled with the relative absence of females in some of the smaller size classes, suggest a sex reversal (protandric hermaphroditism).
APPLICATION OF AN ELECTRONIC PARTICLE COUNTER IN ANALYZING NATURAL POPULATIONS OF PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Mulligan Hugh F. , Kingsbury John M.
Published: March 2010

Phytoplankton dynamics in 10 morphometrically identical ponds were analyzed using an electronic particle counter. Results were compared with data obtained by several standard methods. While the counter cannot distinguish living from dead particles, nor species from species, its use in sizing and counting plankton populations yields values for biomass against time which provide a highly resolved profile of pond dynamics. Peaks of biomass can often be correlated with presence of a particular phytoplankter as determined by simple microscopic examination. Biomass determined in this way was more precise than that obtained by determining chlorophyll a or dry weight. Far more data could be obtained in a given time by this means than with a hemocytometer.
LOCAL CHANGES OF SALINITY AND NUTRIENTS OFF THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER1
Authors: Duxbury Alyn C. , McGary Noel B.
Published: March 2010

Data from three anchor stations near the mouth of the Columbia River show that there is a large spatial and temporal variability of salinity, silicate, nitrate, and phosphate during both high and low discharge periods. The respective ratios of these nutrients to salinity reflect the contributions of river effluent and deeper upwelled water. Prediction curves based on simple mixtures of river water or deeper oceanic water with coastal surface water can be used to estimate concentrations of the nonconservative materials. These data demonstrate again that routine measurement of chemical parameters from single oceanographic casts in regions near river mouths does not assure the observer of obtaining values representative in either time or space.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE DEFANT METHOD OF SEICHE ANALYSIS1
Authors: Fee Everett J. , Bachmann Roger W.
Published: March 2010

The Defant method of seiche analysis was used to calculate the periods of a uniform rectangular model basin, a half parabolic model basin, Lake Tahoe, California, and Lake West Okoboji, Iowa. Increasing numbers of cross sections were used for each basin to determine how many are necessary to obtain a given degree of accuracy. In general 10 sections were sufficient to arrive at a calculated period within 99% of the value obtained with the largest number of sections used (88 for Lake Tahoe and 160 for the others).
MAGNESIUM SULFATE ASSOCIATION AT 25C IN SYNTHETIC SEAWATER1
Authors: Kester Dana R. , Pytkowicx Ricardo M.
Published: March 2010

The formation of magnesium sulfate ion pairs, Mg2+ + SO42− ⇌ MgSO40, in an aqueous NaCl‐MgCl2‐Na2SO4 solution was characterized by a stoichiometric association constant, K*mGso4 = [MgSO40]/[Mg2+] [SO42−]. A value of K*mGso4 = 10.2 was obtained at 25C and at an ionic strength of 0.670 by a potentiometric procedure. This value was used to make a preliminary estimate of the sulfate speciation in seawater.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY SIZE OF FILTER‐FEEDING CLADOCERA AND THE MAXIMUM SIZE OF PARTICLE INGESTED
Authors: Burns Carolyn W.
Published: March 2010

The maximum size of plastic bead ingested by Bosmina longirostris and six species of Daphnia increased with increasing body size of the animals. The relationship between the diameter (µ) of the largest bead ingested (y) and carapace length (x, in mm) is given by an expression, y = 22x + 4.87. This relationship could be used to predict which members of a phytoplankton community would be available as food for different‐sized species of filter‐feeding Cladocera.
INTERACTION OF MARINE SEDIMENTS WITH DISSOLVED SILICA1
Authors: Fanning Kent A. , Schink David R.
Published: March 2010

A sample of Atlantic sea floor sediment released SiO2 in amounts greater than expected when placed in contact with silica‐poor seawater but failed to reduce the concentration of enriched (211 μm) seawater. In situ, these sediments had been in contact with seawater containing 30‐µm silica. The interstitial water from the core held 210‐µm silica, suggesting that clay‐silica equilibria control this concentration. If this interstitial silica were derived from resolution of clay minerals, then clay‐silica equilibria would be a major source of dissolved silica in the Atlantic Ocean. It is far more likely that the resolution of biological silica accounts for the bulk of the interstitial content and this mechanism might explain the high silica concentrations found in cores from productive regions. In barren areas, the lower interstitial concentrations may be regulated by clay‐silica equilibria.

The relative amounts of dissolved silica entering the oceans (~4 × 1014 g/yr) compared to the amount of pelagic clay sedimentation (~2 × 1015 g/yr) indicate that clay—if it were the major agent of removal—would have to contain 20% hydrogenous silica, whereas the maximum demonstrated adsorption is about 2%. It seems impossible that adsorption on clays is the prime agent for extraction of silica from the present oceans.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ORGANIC NITROGEN AND THE CAROTENOID TO CHLOROPHYLL a RATIO IN FIVE FRESHWATER PHYTOPLANKTON SPECIES1
Authors: Manny Bruce A.
Published: March 2010

A linear relationship of positive slope was found between the ratios of organic nitrogen: chlorophyll a and total carotenoids: chlorophyll a in cultures of five freshwater phytoplankters as they recovered from N‐deficiency. This differed markedly from information in the literature for a marine diatom under similar conditions.

This relationship in cultures of a freshwater diatom was not significantly different from one calculated from data in the literature for a N‐deficient natural population of marine diatoms. Therefore it is suggested that, under conditions of limiting nitrogen, the natural ratio of plant pigments can he used in conjunction with the nitrogen: pigment relationship to estimate the quantity of nitrogen in natural phytoplankton as distinct from other sources of particulate nitrogen in surface waters.
OCEANIC CO2 SYSTEM: AN EVALUATION OF TEN METHODS OF INVESTIGATION1
Authors: Park P. Kilho
Published: March 2010

By combining two or more of the parameters pH, carbonate alkalinity, total carbon dioxide, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, six equations can be obtained to express the concentration of carbonic acid that include molecular carbon dioxide, ten equations for bicarbonate ion, and eleven equations for carbonate ion concentrations. When the present‐day analytical precision and the normal oceanic variances of the above four parameters are considered, the pH‐partial pressure of carbon dioxide combination is the most promising to study the oceanic CO2 system.
NITRATE REDUCTION IN SEAWATER OF THE DEEP NITRITE MAXIMUM OFF PERU1
Authors: Carlucci A. F. , Schubert Hazel R.
Published: March 2010

Nitrate‐reducing bacteria were isolated from samples collected inside and outside the secondary nitrite maximum in oxygen‐poor deep waters off the coast of Peru. Under anaerobic conditions at 20C in the laboratory, these bacteria reduced nitrate to nitrite in seawater enriched with 0.5 to 1.0 mg glucose/liter. Nitrate reduction also occurred in seawater supplemented only with 20 µg‐atom NO3−‐N/liter and trace metals. Nitrite production generally was greatest during the first 24 hr while cell numbers were increasing. On continued incubation cells died, nitrate increased, and nitrite decreased. Dissolved organic carbon increased concurrently with the death of bacteria, indicating release of cell contents into the medium by lysis.

Microbiological evidence is presented to show that the high nitrite concentrations in oxygen‐poor deep waters of the secondary nitrite maximum arise from nitrate reduction.
A PERSISTENT DIURNAL RHYTHM IN CHAOBORUS LARVAE. II. ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE1
Authors: LaRow Edward J.
Published: March 2010

When Chaoborus larvae (Diptera:Culicidae) were kept under constant light conditions within sediment cores their distribution exhibited a 24‐hr periodicity. There was a gradual upward movement of larvae in the sediments; the greatest percentage (x̄ = 90%) was consistently found in the 0–1‐cm stratum at solar sunset. The data indicate the larvae “test” the light conditions at the mud‐water interface at solar sunset. When the light intensity was below some critical threshold value, the larvae emerged and became planktonic. When the light intensity was above this value, the larvae reentered the sediments. The depth to which they burrowed was a function of the light intensity to which they were exposed. A method of resetting the endogenous rhythm in nature is proposed.
A STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF NET SPEED ON CATCH1
Authors: Aron William , Collard Sneed
Published: March 2010

The influence of net speed on catch is not only species dependent, but is also related to the size of the animal at the time of sampling. For some species the catch was independent of speed; for others, high‐speed tows resulted in greater catches than slow‐speed tows. The length‐frequency distribution of the catch is shown to be speed dependent for some species, with slow tows catching smaller animals and fast tows bigger specimens.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY THE SEABED. II. IN SITU MEASUREMENTS TO A DEPTH OF 180 m1
Authors: Pamatmat Mario M. , Banse Karl
Published: March 2010

Oxygen consumption by the seabed in Puget Sound was measured in situ in bell jars pushed into the bottom while monitored by television. Eleven stations were visited irregularly between January and August 1967. Depths ranged from 11 to 180 m, and sediment varied from coarse sand to mud. Observed short‐term rates were between 4 and 40 ml O2 m−2 hr−1 and were unrelated to depth (pressure), mean grain size, fine fraction of the sediment, organic matter or organic nitrogen in the upper 0.5 cm, or the biomass of macrofauna. Temperature accounted for only about 30% of the total variation in rates. We suggest that the seasonal changes of rates, and possibly the differences between stations, are caused primarily by changes of activity of small organisms as governed by the rate of supply of organic matter from the plankton. Estimates of annual rates of oxidation of organic matter on the seabed correspond to 17 and 25% of the phytoplankton production (14C uptake) near the stations in northern and southern Puget Sound, respectively.
SUBMARINE CABLE MEASUREMENTS OF TIDAL CURRENTS IN THE IRISH SEA1
Authors: Hughes Peter
Published: March 2010

Results of the continuous measurement of tidally induced voltages on three submarine telephone cables in the Irish Sea are compared with a theoretical model. Particular attention is paid to the methods of analysis of the data and the effects of the physical parameters. The annual variation of the electrical conductivity of seawater produces a similar change in the sensitivity of the recording system. Direct current measurements in the vicinity of each cable were used to obtain calibrations of the voltages in terms of water transport. The cable sections enclose an area of the Irish Sea, which made possible an independent confirmation of the efficacy of the method. An estimate of 85 km3 of water passing into the enclosed area on the flood tide due to the harmonic constituent M2 compared well with 89 km3 from the distribution of corange lines for M2 given on Admiralty Chart No. 5058.
SOME PHOTOSYNTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A NATURALLY OCCURRING POPULATION OF OSCILLATORIA AGARDHII GOMONT1,2
Authors: Baker A. L. , Brook A. J. , Klemer A. R.
Published: March 2010

A natural metalimnetic population of the filamentous blue‐green Oscillatoria agardhii showed diurnal variation in net production of oxygen. The population was incubated during a series of 2‐hr periods during daylight hours on 7 August 1967, while suspended at several depths in Lake Itasca, Minnesota (47° N lat, 95° W long). The net rate of oxygen production varied with light intensity, reaching light saturation at near 10% of the maximum insolation (the incident intensity, I0, at solar noon). Productivity curves for depths corresponding to 100, 60, 30, 17, 11, 6, and 4% I° were obtained. High rates of production occurred during twilight at the surface, but near solar noon at the 6 and 4% levels. The variation, over the range of depths investigated, of oxygen per unit volume represents the shape of a photosynthesis‐depth profile for a homogeneously distributed population. The highest production is at 30% I0.

The rate‐light intensity curve for the Oscillatoria population is similar in shape to that for certain cultures of marine algae, using the 14C technique. Distribution of points on the rate‐light intensity curve suggests that light quality, as well as intensity, is important, and that the filtering effect of lake water enhances subsurface oxygen production even at relatively high light intensities (80% of the solar noon I0 value).
THE PARTIAL MOLAL VOLUMES OF IONS IN SEAWATER1
Authors: Millero Frank J.
Published: March 2010

The partial molal volumes of ions in 35.1‰ salinity seawater, V*0(ion)sw, have been examined by a simple model for ion‐solvent interactions. The volume of transfer of an ion from water to seawater (ml/mol) can be represented by the equation, ΔV*0(trans) = aZ2/r + b. The V*0 of other ions in seawater have been estimated using this semiempirical equation. The effects of temperature and salinity on V*0(ions) are discussed and shown to be predictable by the proposed model.
PARTICLE SIZE AND SEDIMENTATION IN THE FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF TWO SPECIES OF DAPHNIA
Authors: Burns Carolyn W.
Published: March 2010

When plastic beads were kept in suspension by continuous rotation of feeding bottles, there was no difference between two species of Daphnia in the size frequency distribution of the beads they ingested. Under conditions in which some settling out of suspension of the beads occurred, D. pulex ingested higher proportions of large beads (> 14‐µ diam) and D. galeata ingested higher proportions of small beads (<14‐µ diam). The mean number of beads consumed per animal and the percentage of animals ingesting more than 20 beads was always higher for D. pulex than for D. galeata.
INFLUENCE OF DINOFLAGELLATE TRICHOCYSTS AND OTHER FACTORS ON THE FEEDING OF CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA LARVAE ON MONOCHRYSIS LUTHERI1
Authors: Ukeles Ravenna , Sweeney Beatrice M.
Published: March 2010

Ingestion of 14C‐labeled Monochrysis lutheri by straight‐hinge larvae of Crassostrea virginica was influenced by several factors. Incorporation of radioactive flagellates increases rapidly in the first few hours of incubation but more slowly thereafter. The number of flagellates ingested becomes greater as the available number of food cells increases; however, retention or utilization of flagellates does not similarly increase. Feeding is stimulated as temperature is increased from 16 to 30C. At critical concentrations, trichocysts, as well as bacteria and small phytoplankton species. inhibit ingestion of M. lutheri. The data suggest that large numbers of small particles may interfere with larval feeding on useful phytoplankton species.
FORAMINIFERAL SPECIES DENSITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN AN ESTUARY
Authors: Buzas Martin A.
Published: March 2010

A pilot study of foraminiferal species densities in the Choptank River, Maryland, a part of the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system, indicated that the density of Elphidium clavatum decreased progressively upstream, while the densities of Ammobaculites exiguus and Ammonia beccarii varied little. Three stations were selected for more detailed analysis.

Each station was sampled monthly for foraminiferal density for 12 months, and temperature, salinity, oxygen, and chlorophyll a, b, and c were measured. A general multiple regression‐analysis of variance model containing parameters for environmental variables, station differences, overall periodic differences, and the interaction of station and periodic differences was statistically compared to several more restricted models, with separate analyses for each species.

The set of environmental variables is significant at the 95% level for all three species. None of the variables is significant individually. However, the relatively large values of the regression coefficients for the chlorophylls, especially b, suggest that the amount and kind of available food is important in determining species densities.

All three species exhibit periodicity, and for each species the periodicity is different at the three stations. Restricted models containing 15 parameters are sufficient to account for the observed species densities in each case.
THE OSMOTIC ADAPTATION OF THE FAIRY SHRIMP BRANCHINECTA CAMPESTRIS LYNCH TO SALINE ASTATIC WATERS1
Authors: BROCH EDMUND S.
Published: March 2010

The fairy shrimp Branchinecta campestris was found in association with Artemia salina (L.) in four saline astatic lakes in Okanogan County, Washington, and in British Columbia. In all four lakes sulfate was the predominant ion making up in milliequivalence 48% of the total ions. The predominant cations sodium and magnesium occurred in varying proportions. The osmotic concentration of Penley Lake from hatching to death of the adult population of B. campestris increased progressively from 36 to 660 mOsm/liter. At concentrations of 286 mOsm/liter and less, B. campestris regulates hyperosmotically. However, from 451 to 660 mOsm/liter B. campestris is poikiloosmotic and not a hypoosmotic regulator like A. salina. Therefore, its ability to live in saline astatic waters can be partly attributed to tolerance of a high hemolymph concentration.

Coexistence between A. salina and B. campestris is brief. B. campestris is restricted to the early phase of the saline astatic lake, characterized by low but increasing salinity and temperature, whereas A. salina appears a month later and is restricted to the high salinity‐temperature phase of the lake. Factors responsible for temporal separation of these two species appear to be differences in osmoregulation and in factors regulating development and hatching.
RELEASE OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC MATTER BY MARINE SEAWEEDS AND DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR TOTAL ORGANIC PRODUCTION TO INSHORE COMMUNITIES1
Authors: Khailov K. M. , Burlakova Z. P.
Published: March 2010

Under controlled experimental conditions, release rates of organic matter were estimated for five species of Barents Sea macrophytes and for thirteen species of Black Sea macrophytes. The release rates of different species from the Barents Sea were between 0.9 and 2.9 mg of organic matter per gram (dry wt) of plants per hour (mg g−1 hr−1) in March and between 1.7 and 9.8 mg g−1 hr−1 in June. The release rates of different species from the Black Sea were between 1.25 and 6.1 mg g−1 hr−1 in fast growing plants and between 0.5 and 1.6 mg g−1 hr−1 in slowly growing plants.

Approximate quantities of total dissolved organic matter released per year have been calculated to be about 39% of gross production in brown algae, about 38% in red algae, and about 23% in green algae. The rest of the organic matter was released during decomposition of that part of standing stock not consumed by herbivorous animals. About 30% of gross production may be released in this way. Thus, the total flow of dissolved organic matter from seaweeds during growth and after death may be as much as 70% of their gross production.

The ecological significance of external organic metabolites released in the surrounding water is discussed.
NEOMYSIS AWATSCHENSIS IN THE SACRAMENTO‐SAN JOAQUIN RIVER ESTUARY
Authors: Heubach William
Published: March 2010

The opossum shrimp Neomysis awatschensis was collected systematically from Suisun Bay and the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers from March 1965 to Scptember 1966. Population densities were highest in summer from freshwater downstream to 4.0‰ chlorinity. Reproduction was greatest in spring and summer from the lowermost freshwater stations to 2.0‰ Cl and was the principal factor affecting seasonal and geographical abundance.

Mysid densities were lowest where chlorinity was greater than 10.0‰, little or no flow reversal occurred during floodtide, and light intensity in the water exceeded 10−5 lux. Water temperatures over 22C in combination with less than 8 ppm dissolved oxygen appear unfavorable to N. awatschensis. Tide and water velocity affected vertical distribution while light influenced both lateral and vertical distribution.
Eh AS AN OPERATIONAL, PARAMETER IN ESTUARINE STUDIES
Authors: Whitfield M.
Published: March 2010

Quantitative interpretation of Eh measurements in natural aqueous systems is difficult because of problems associated with the technique of measurement, the performance of the inert metal electrode, and the thermodynamic behavior of the environment. However, the parameter is useful as a semiquantitative indicator of the degree of stagnation of a particular environment.

A compound probe is described that reduces the technical problems and enables pH, Eh, and pS2− measurements to be made simultaneously on a single sample. With this probe, Eh can be used as an operational parameter to map the distribution of estuarine sediments.