bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Error Experience When Learning to Simulate Hypernasality
Authors: Wong Andus W.-K. , Tse Andy C.-Y. , Ma Estella P.-M. , Whitehill Tara L. , Masters Rich S. W.
Published: July 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of error experience on the acquisition of hypernasal speech.

Method

Twenty-eight healthy participants were asked to simulate hypernasality in either an
errorless learning
condition (in which the possibility for errors was limited) or an
errorful learning
condition (in which the possibility for errors was not limited). The nasality level of the participants' speech was measured with a nasometer and reflected by nasalance scores (in percentages). Errorless learners practiced producing hypernasal speech with a threshold nasalance score of 10% at the beginning, gradually increasing to a threshold of 50% at the end. The same set of threshold targets were presented to errorful learners but in a reversed order. Errors were defined by the proportion of speech with a nasalance score below the threshold. A retention test and a transfer test were administered.

Results

Relative to errorful learners, errorless learners displayed fewer errors and a higher mean nasalance score during acquisition. Furthermore, errorless learners outperformed errorful learners in both retention and transfer tests.

Conclusion

The results suggest that errorless learning is more effective than errorful learning in acquiring a novel speech motor task that involves manipulation of the nasality level of speech.
SIG 12 Perspectives Vol. 21, No. 2, June 2012
Authors: Vermilya Sally , Stevens Lizbeth Curme
Published: July 2014

Sorry, this activity is no longer available for CEUs. Visit the SIG 12 page on the
ASHA Store
to see available CE activities.

Use the CE questions PDF here as study questions to guide your Perspectives reading.
Applying Adult Experiential Learning Theory to Clinical Supervision: A Practical Guide for Supervisors and Supervisees
Authors: Walden Patrick R. , Gordon-Pershey Monica
Published: July 2014

This article describes the application of adult experiential learning theory to the clinical supervision of graduate student clinicians in communication sciences and disorders. The proposed adult experiential learning model integrates enhanced and updated interpretations of Bloom’s Taxonomy. Practical tools to help supervisors and supervisees implement the model are provided: a clinical supervision worksheet and two case studies illustrating use of the model.
Scaffolding Early Clinical Learning for Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders
Authors: Austin Lynette
Published: July 2014

Clinical practicum may appear to be the ideal setting for students to independently acquire clinical knowledge and skills through problem-solving. However, recent application of Cognitive Load Theory (CLT) to the fields of medicine and health sciences indicates that supported or scaffolded learning yields better outcomes for novice clinicians. This article discusses implications of CLT for students and clinical faculty/supervisors.
The Relationship Between Perceived Supervisory Roles, Working Alliances, and Students’ Self-Efficacy in Speech-Language Pathology Practicum Experiences
Authors: Cassidy Corey Herd
Published: July 2014

Purpose:To examine Anderson’s Continuum Model of Supervision with respect to the field of speech-language pathology, clinical supervision, and the inter-relationships between the Model and perceived supervisory roles, working alliances, and change in students’ self-efficacy (SE).

Methods:Graduate students enrolled in initial practicum (N = 117) completed pre-post semester sets of the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, Student Profile, Supervisor Rating Form, and Supervisor Working Alliance Inventory. Descriptive demographic information was derived from the Student Profile. Data were analyzed by utilizing a series of parametric statistics for assessing the relationships between variables.

Results:Significant positive change in student reports of SE occurred between the beginning and end of the semester (effect size d = 1.547). Relationships were established between change in student SE and supervisor roles (F[5,11]= 8.13, p < 01) and between working alliances and supervisor roles (F[10,220]= 2.56, p <.01). A structural equation model revealed that student demographics had an effect (18.8%) on the relationship between change in students’ SE and independent study constructs.

Conclusion:48% of students perceived supervisors to emphasize the Consultant role of clinical supervision; these students also demonstrated greatest perceived change in SE. Although supervision roles within Anderson’s Model relate to effective training of speech-language pathology students, the order in which these roles are presented should not be assumed based on practicum level, but should instead match each student’s individual needs.
Wideband Power Reflectance and Power Transmittance as Tools for Assessing Middle-Ear Function
Authors: Jeng Patricia S. , Allen Jont B. , Miller Judi A. Lapsley , Levitt Harry
Published: July 2014

Hearing screening programs using otoacoustic emissions can have high false positive rates, due to temporary middle-ear and outer-ear disorders. This is especially the case for newborns, infants, and young children. Standard tympanometry is limited, uncomfortable, and unreliable in young ears. By incorporating wideband acoustic power flow measurements into hearing screening (using the same equipment), middle-ear and outer-ear disorders can be detected, thus allowing for rescreening rather than more expensive audiological referrals. Wideband acoustic power flow is described in detail and four case examples are provided for adults and children.
Averaged Electroencephalic Audiometry in Infants
Authors: Lentz William E. , McCandless Geary A.
Published: July 2014

Normal, preterm, and high-risk infants were tested at one, three, six, and 12 months of age using AEA. Few responded at 20 or 0 dB HL at any age. At one month, the lowest responses observed for the normal group averaged 43 dB HL, in contrast to an average of 59 dB HL for infants in the preterm and high-risk groups. At three months, the majority of infants in the normal and preterm categories yielded their lowest response at 40 dB HL. In contrast, infants in the high-risk group failed to yield the majority of their responses below 60 dB HL until age six months. Behavioral problems encountered in many of the infants at 12 months made it necessary to terminate testing prematurely. We do not know whether the inability to obtain responses at low hearing levels is due to procedural problems entirely or in part to immature neurological development beyond the peripheral auditory process. Infants could be prepared for testing easily at one and three months of age. In contrast, older subjects offered considerable resistance and were especially annoyed when conventional recording procedures necessitated that their movement be restricted. In this regard, telemetry was found to be most helpful since the coupling of the transmitter and receiver was by an FM radio frequency and not by wires as in conventional recording. However, movement artifact during testing was a significant problem regardless of the recording method employed.
Speech Rehabilitation Following Asai Method, Laryngoplasty
Authors: Turnbull Frederick M. , Passy Victor , Siegel Janice R.
Published: July 2014

A reliable technique of vocal rehabilitation for laryngectomized patients was devised by Ryozo Asai in 1959. This type of laryngoplasty is described in three planned stages; since first described, it has been modified in specific cases. This method presents considerable advantages over other techniques of voice rehabilitation. Speech exercises are presented so that they may be utilized by the physician or persons assigned to the task of rehabilitating patients who have had the Asai Laryngoplasty.
Tongue Thrusting: Some Clinical Observations
Authors: Wood James M.
Published: July 2014

Certain clinical observations in the evaluation and treatment of tongue-thrusting patients may oftentimes improve the therapeutic outcome. This paper is directed toward three areas felt to be particularly important. First, by evaluating the ability of the patient to assume certain lingual postures, the prognosis may be improved. Second, greater emphasis should be placed upon the attainment of a lingual-palatal seal during swallow to counteract the thrust. Third, habit formation may be improved by using a squirt gun to inject water into the mouth while the patient is performing more cognitive tasks such as spelling or counting backward.
The Use of the Portable Voice Masker in Stuttering Therapy
Authors: Gruber Leslie
Published: July 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a portable voice masker used as an adjunct to stuttering therapy. Eight high-school and three adult stutterers undergoing intensive six-week summer therapy at the Central Michigan University Speech Clinic served as subjects. It was noticed that, when using the masker, a stutterer could often succeed in stopping a stuttering tremor and make a smooth, forceful transition to the next sound. The stutterers were trained to shift their monitoring set from auditory to tactual and proprioceptive channels in order to become aware of this phenomenon. At no time did a stutterer obtain stutter-free speech; however, the severity of his blocks was significantly reduced. The results indicate that the portable voice masker can be employed as a useful adjunct to stuttering therapy.
The Expanding Responsibilities of the Speech and Hearing Clinician in the Public Schools
Authors: Bown J. Clinton
Published: July 2014

The expanding responsibilities of the speech and hearing clinician in the public schools are discussed within the framework of (1) his role in defining his own educational responsibilities; (2) the emerging duties of the resource, remedial, and learning disability teachers and speech and hearing clinicians, and educational implications; (3) the traditional role of the sensory-motor technician as contrasted to his emerging role as a specialist in communication disorders; (4) evaluating and remediating communication and achievement problems with regard to channels, processes, and levels of communication; (5) important guidelines for planning remedial activities; (6) defining responsibilities for a team approach; (7) his responsibilities toward a speech improvement program in the classroom; and (8) the necessity for him to expand his role from that of a sensory-motor technician to that of a specialist in the area of communication disorders.
A Follow-Up Study of the CROS Hearing Aid
Authors: Aufricht Hedda
Published: July 2014

A recent development in hearing aids, the contralateral routing of signals (CROS), makes it possible to provide amplification for persons with unilateral hearing loss. In 1967, a CROS eyeglass hearing aid was placed on government contract and made available to veterans. To study the efficiency of the CROS, a follow-up questionnaire was sent to 60 male veterans who had been fitted with this aid. All had demonstrated unilateral hearing losses, and the mean threshold for the speech frequencies (500–2000 Hz) in the good ear was 24 dB. The 54 replies (90%) indicated that 85% wore the aid, liked it, and derived benefit from it; 15% neither liked nor wore the aid. The CROS appeared to be most helpful in listening to conversational speech and at work, and most disturbing in a noisy environment. The complaints about the aid fell into major categories: 33% objected to its poor fit and construction and 11% were disturbed by speech distortion.

The CROS aid has been a useful addition to the hearing-aid stock at the clinic reported here. It has expanded the program by providing amplification to veterans who could not be fitted with the conventional stock of aids.
Unusual Findings in a Bekesy Audiogram
Authors: Upfold L. J.
Published: July 2014

Details are presented of a case of acoustic neuroma in which there was a discrepancy between Bekesy sweep-frequency results and those of fixed frequency traces and a tone-decay test. A series of Bekesy fixed frequency traces produced the unexpected findings that frequencies at which adaptation does and does not occur can show bizarre patterns; that the difference between adapting and nonadapting frequencies can be quite small; and that adaptation at a given frequency can vary over a short time. It is suggested that more attention be given to Bekesy fixed frequency tracings when adaptation is not displayed in sweep-frequency tracings.
Genetic Hearing Loss with No Associated Abnormalities: A Review
Authors: Konigsmark Bruce W.
Published: July 2014

There are 12 types of hereditary hearing loss with no associated abnormalities: (1) dominant congenital severe deafness, (2) recessive congenital severe deafness, (3) sex-linked congenital deafness, (4) recessive early-onset deafness, (5) sex-linked early-onset deafness, (6) dominant low-frequency hearing loss, (7) dominant mid-frequency hearing loss, (8) dominant progressive hearing loss, (9) dominant unilateral deafness, (10) otosclerosis, (11) recessive congenital moderate hearing loss, and (12) sex-linked mixed hearing loss with fixation of stapedial footplate. The major features of these diseases are reviewed.
Speech Audiometry: Earphone and Sound Field
Authors: Dirks Donald D. , Stream Richard W. , Wilson Richard H.
Published: July 2014

The relationships between earphone and sound-field speech audiometry have been poorly defined, primarily as a result of the uncertainties of performing sound-field speech testing with precision and validity. This article provides guidelines for specifying the intensity level of spondee words at threshold for loudspeakers at azimuth positions of 0° and 45° from the listener’s head. A technique for calibrating the speech stimulus through loudspeakers is suggested. Other related problems, such as the threshold differences between MAP and MAF, and differences in the physical characteristics of loudspeakers and audiometric test rooms are discussed.
Bases of Decision in Language Training
Authors: Rees Norma S.
Published: July 2014

When selecting grammatical structures to use as language development goals in training language-disordered children, the language clinician may refer to various theoretical approaches. Six bases of decision for language training, each following from differing theoretical approaches, are discussed and reviewed: (1) the structural complexity basis, (2) the developmental language basis, (3) the perceptual strategy basis, (4) the mean-length-of-utterance basis, (5) the cognitive basis, and (6) the dialectal basis. Of these possible bases of decision, the developmental language basis, the cognitive basis, the perceptual strategy basis, and the dialectal basis appear to suggest the most useful guidelines for sequences in language training. The language clinician may be able to organize his training program more effectively by recognizing the theoretical bases from which his decisions arise.
Treatment of a Case of Cerebral Palsy with Hearing Impairment
Authors: Fitch James L.
Published: July 2014

The case study of an 11-year-old girl with cerebral palsy, athetoid type, is reported. The girl had been diagnosed as severely mentally retarded, and placement in a residential institution with custodial care had been recommended. The girl was found to have extensive hearing impairment, with residual hearing in the low frequencies. Hearing testing was complicated by uncontrolled, extraneous movement. The loss was identified only after her understanding of nonverbal concepts was found to be well developed. A program of instruction was presented both orally and manually. In eight months the girl had a manual vocabulary in excess of 500 words and was functioning in reading and arithmetic at a mid-first-grade level. Placement in a special class for the deaf followed.
Effects of Adenoidectomy on the Speech of Children with Potential Velopharyngeal Dysfunction
Authors: Lawson Lucie I. , Chierici George , Castro A. , Harvold Egil P. , Miller Earl R. , Owsley John Q.
Published: July 2014

Despite the absence of an overt or submucous cleft of the palate, certain children manifest persistent nasality after an adenoidectomy. Removal of the adenoid tissue has unmasked an underlying anatomic or physiologic deficit in the velopharyngeal mechanism. In an effort to identify the premonitory signs of potential difficulties, 40 children with suspected velopharyngeal dysfunction were studied prior to consideration of an adenoidectomy. Four evaluative techniques were used: (1) clinical speech evaluation, (2) cinefluorography, (3) cephalometrics, and (4) coordination pattern recordings. Each method of assessment contributed information that can serve as an “alert” to the potential consequences of a total adenoidectomy. The findings suggest the importance of careful evaluations and caution when considering a total adenoidectomy for children in whom there may exist only marginal indications of a potential velopharyngeal dysfunction. Where necessary for preservation of a child’s hearing, a lateral adenoidectomy, maintaining the midline adenoid pad, would seem indicated.
Effect of Prolonged Nasotracheal Intubation on Communication
Authors: Bowman Sally A. , Shanks James C. , Manion Marlow W.
Published: July 2014

Nasotracheal intubation from two weeks to 40 months of age and its effect on communication are described. The treatment program for this patient with the condition of asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy included four surgical procedures to expand her rib cage and positive pressure ventilation to subserve respiration. The positive pressure ventilator was connected to a nasotracheal tube. The results of laryngeal examinations are discussed, as is the patient’s development of language and speech. The prolonged use of nasotracheal intubation had minimal consequences on the vocal folds and the development of language and speech.
Recovery from Aphasia as Monitored by AER Audiometry
Authors: Kolman Ira , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: July 2014

An aphasic patient was evaluated and periodically checked beginning four days after suffering a stroke. His general recovery was monitored via AER audiometry and standard language testing. When seen initially, the patient exhibited no clearly discernible AERs, although behavioral (standard) audiometric procedures indicated normal hearing sensitivity. Upon retesting, AERs became discernible and gradually improved over time. Language function also improved, gradually but consistently. Response-component latencies increased and amplitudes decreased with stimulation contralateral to the site of lesion. This and continued study may contribute to the understanding of the aphasic’s physiological deficits, his language difficulties, and their inter-relationships, to better evaluate the aphasic’s problems and needs and to aid in planning appropriate rehabilitation programs.
Disorders of Articulation: Some Clinical Applications of Distinctive Feature Theory
Authors: Pollack Evelyn , Rees Norma S.
Published: July 2014

The application of distinctive feature theory to the analysis of the speech of children with defective articulation is suggested as a clinical approach. Distinctions are made between children with phonetic disorders and children with phonemic disorders. Distinctive feature analyses were made of the articulation test data of a child receiving speech therapy for an articulation disorder at three intervals, at ages 5-2, 5–8, and 6-3. Each analysis was compared with the adult model to reveal the rules of the child’s phonological competence at that time. Each analysis is compared with the preceding one(s) to show the changes in the rule system as the child’s speech gradually approached the adult model. Discussion of these analyses suggests some specific applications of the resulting data to clinical management and some limitations of this approach.
Distinctive Feature Generalization in Articulation Training
Authors: McReynolds Leija V. , Bennett Shannon
Published: July 2014

Articulation errors of several children with severe articulation problems were analyzed for distinctive feature errors. On the basis of the analysis, children were administered training programs to teach production of features lacking in their repertoires. The study was concerned with generalization of trained features across phonemes in which the feature had been in error. During training, probes on selected phonemes were administered to test for feature generalization. Results for three children are presented to represent generalization from training on three different features. During training, feature errors deceased by 69% to 84%, indicating that a feature generalizes across several phonemes although training in only one phoneme is administered. The degree of generalization varied across phonemes and across phonemes in different positions in words. The study indicated that features have generality and that children’s feature errors are consistent and systematic. For clinical purposes, the results suggest that detailed analyses will aid in selecting items for training that may increase the efficiency of articulation training.
The Clinical Use of the Taub Oral Panendoscope in the Observation of Velopharyngeal Function
Authors: Willis Clyde R. , Stutz Martin L.
Published: July 2014

Observation of velopharyngeal activity is facilitated by the use of the Taub oral panendoscope coupled to videotape equipment. The procedure permits visualization of the velopharyngeal structures during rest, speech, and nonspeech activities. It allows easy synchronization of audio and video signals, immediate playback, and permanent storage of data. The success of oral panendoscopy depends, in part, on the preparation by the examiner and on the procedures used in conducting the examination. While there are restrictions and limitations to oral panendoscopy, it appears to have significant clinical potential.
A Lexical Approach to the Remediation of Final Sound Omissions
Authors: Ferrier E. E. , Davis Marilyn
Published: July 2014

The hypothesis presented and the training method arising from that hypothesis suggest that a language training (vocabulary building) or lexical approach to the remediation of final sound omissions may for some children be an effective method of therapy. A six-year-old trainable mentally retarded boy with a vocabulary of five understandable words, all of which contained final consonant omissions, was taught by a lexical method. He was required to use the final consonant to differentiate between word alternatives not previously present in his vocabulary. This method of training brought obvious improvement in the use of final consonants, and should offer an alternative to the traditional approach to therapy for some children who omit final consonant sounds.
The Nature of Deviant Articulation
Authors: Leonard Laurence B.
Published: July 2014

This paper examines the credibility of deviant articulation as a less mature phonological system and as an individual phonological system with its own rules. Evidence is presented suggesting that both types of deviant phonological systems may occur in the articulatory defective population. The clinical implications of each type of deviant system are presented.
Linguistic Analysis of Speech Samples: A Practical Guide for Clinicians
Authors: Engler Leo F. , Hannah Elaine P. , Longhurst Thomas M.
Published: July 2014

Linguistic procedures which allow the speech clinician to elicit, record, segment, and analyze the spontaneous speech of children in a relatively standardized test situation are described. The procedures are based on a combination of concepts borrowed from the three major approaches current in linguistics—slot and filler, immediate constituent, and elementary transformational grammar.
The Modification of Velar Movement
Authors: Moller Karlind T. , Path Michael , Werth Larry J. , Christiansen Richard L.
Published: July 2014

The use of displacement transducers and certain procedures for training in an initial attempt to increase soft palate movement in a person with velopharyngeal inadequacy is described. An intraoral appliance with associated instrumentation for monitoring velar movement during speech is also described. Systematic training procedures using the visual feedback of velar movement offered by the transducer appliance were carried out over a period of approximately three months. Baseline elevation and elevation under visual feedback only were determined initially. Conditioning sessions followed during which the subject received points or reinforcement each time he achieved a predetermined criterion of velar elevation. Radiographs were taken before and after the study. Velar elevation was modified, but other structural changes negated any changes in velopharyngeal gap or the perceptual characteristics of speech. Problems encountered in instrumentation and procedure are reported.
On the Use of an Inflatable Probe Assembly in Electroacoustic Impedance Bridges
Authors: Mowry H. J. , Naunton R. F.
Published: July 2014

An inflatable probe tip assembly is presented for use with the Madsen electroacoustic impedance bridges. The assembly fits more of the clinical population than other assemblies tested and is more convenient to use. Additional advantages, such as low cost, durability, and tendency to remain in position despite considerable head movement, make this probe assembly a valuable adjunct in clinical impedance measurements.
Behavior Therapy and Stuttering: A Review
Authors: Ingham Roger J. , Andrews Gavin
Published: July 2014

The application of behavior therapy to the treatment of stuttering is reviewed, with special attention to the measurement procedures, the treatment design, and the adequacy of the measures of outcome in each study. The reports are grouped by the predominant technique used. Masking and shadowing now seem limited in therapeutic promise, and negative practice and anxiety reduction have yet to be demonstrated to have powerful therapeutic potential. Rhythmic speech and prolonged speech appear to have greater therapeutic promise, although they rely on changing the pattern of speech—which in turn must be shaped toward normal speech. Operant conditioning procedures appear to be useful for effective therapy: those procedures in which the stimulus is contingent on the stuttering response seem simple and effective; those which focus on other behaviors are more complex but may be no less effective. In general, however, reports of behavior therapy for stuttering are disappointing in their absence of concern for appropriate and systematic evaluation of outcome.
The Use of Systematic Desensitization in the Treatment of Chronic Stuttering Behavior
Authors: Tyre Timothy E. , Maisto Stephen A. , Companik Paul J.
Published: July 2014

A case study is reported in which systematic desensitization techniques were used for treatment of stuttering. Following Brutten and Shoemaker’s (1967) hypothesis that stuttering behavior is a learned disorder predicated upon speech anxieties, desensitization procedures were successfully employed in substantially decreasing this behavior. Limitations to the study are outlined, and suggestions are made regarding further research.
Establishing Imitative Speech Employing Operant Techniques in a Group Setting
Authors: Borus Judith F. , Greenfield Sandra , Spiegel Bernard , Daniels Gary
Published: July 2014

Language therapy programs using operant techniques to establish imitative language behavior in children with language deficits and behavior disturbances have been described previously. In those programs the clinician, or more often a team of clinicians, worked with one child at a time. In this study a team worked with four children as a group. These children appeared to progress at a rate approximately equal to that of children receiving similar therapy individually. As there were several advantages to the group therapy, the authors urge further consideration of group therapy for this type of disorder.
Predicting Hearing Loss from the Acoustic Reflex
Authors: Jerger James , Burney Phillip , Mauldin Larry , Crump Betsy
Published: July 2014

Acoustic reflex thresholds for pure tones and white noise were used to predict severity of audiometric loss in 1043 ears with sensorineural hearing loss. Both severity and slope of loss were predicted in an additional 113 ears. Prediction was usually quite accurate. Serious errors occurred in only 4% of cases. These findings have important implications for the auditory evaluation of babies and young children.
Visual Perception of Speech by Deaf Children: Recent Developments and Continuing Needs
Authors: Erber Norman P.
Published: July 2014

Two main groups of children attend schools for the deaf: the “severely hearing-impaired,” who can learn to use low-frequency cues in a nearly normal way; and the “profoundly deaf,” who seem to perceive only gross patterns of amplified speech through vibrotactile receptors in their ears. Improvements in early oral-aural education now allow many severely hearing-impaired and some profoundly deaf children to enter schools for the normally hearing before about age 10. Most children who remain in oral schools for the deaf beyond this age are profoundly deaf—those who rely primarily on lipreading for speech comprehension. Although hearing aids and auditory training are valuable, communication through lipreading remains an important factor in the successful oral education of profoundly deaf children. Recent studies have described several variables which limit the visual intelligibility of speech, but also have suggested some ways in which speech and language learning through lipreading may be enhanced. This paper reviews lipreading research from the point of view of educating deaf children and provides a rationale for continued stuay of visual perception of speech.
Erratum: Predicting Hearing Loss from the Acoustic Reflex
Authors: Jerger James , Burney Phillip , Mauldin Larry , Crump Betsy
Published: July 2014

In the February 1974 issue, the article by James Jerger, Phillip Burney, Larry Mauldin, and Betsy Crump, “Predicting Hearing Loss from the Acoustic Reflex,” contains several errors. Incorrect values appear in the two columns of Table 3 (p. 16) labeled “Predicted Mild-Moderate” and “Predicted Severe.” The corrected table follows:

In Table 6 (p. 17), the value given for moderate errors under the “Number of Ears” heading should read 370, instead of 369.
Vocal Therapy in Lieu of Surgery for Contact Granuloma: A Case Report
Authors: Bloch Carole S. , Gould Wilbur James
Published: July 2014

A case in which resolution of a contact granuloma of the larynx is attained with a regimen of vocal therapy and psychological support and in which regression of the granuloma is demonstrated objectively by comparison of pre- and posttherapeutic laryngoscopic and vocal-aerodynamic parameters is presented. It is concluded that surgery should probably never be used as initial therapy for contact granuloma of the larynx, regardless of its presumed state of evolution; instead, a course of intensive vocal therapy should be tried. A corollary to this conclusion is that competent vocal therapy has a considerable psychological content, since its basic aim is to alter the patient’s image of what an efficient voice should be. It is also concluded that pre- and posttherapeutic objective quantification of the granuloma and of the several aerodynamic parameters in phonation can furnish not only a reliable guide to therapy, but also a powerful argument in favor of vocal therapy in these cases.
Instrumental Modification of Hypernasal Voice Quality in Retarded Children: Case Reports
Authors: Daly David A. , Johnson Hettie Pippin
Published: July 2014

A bioelectric system for detecting and measuring voice parameters, The Oral Nasal Acoustic Ratio (TONAR), was used to explore its potential for reducing nasality in three mentally retarded children with hypernasality. All three reduced their hypernasality during a three-week treatment period. Concomitant improvements in speech intelligibility occurred in two of the children. While replication studies are definitely warranted, the findings strongly suggest that many educable mentally retarded children do have the potential for modifying their hypernasality and that TONAR appears to have significant clinical potential for such children.
Auditory Localization of Infants as a Function of Reinforcement Conditions
Authors: Moore John M. , Thompson Gary , Thompson Marie
Published: July 2014

The influence of four reinforcement conditions on the auditory localization behavior of normal infants was studied. Forty-eight infants 12 to 18 months of age were assigned to one of four groups of 12 subjects each. All received 30 presentations of complex noise at suprathreshold level. After each response to the stimulus, Group 1 received no reinforcement, Group 2 received social reinforcement, Group 3 received “simple” visual reinforcement (a blinking light) , and Group 4 received “complex” visual reinforcement (an animated toy animal). The two visual reinforcement conditions produced the most localization responses, followed in order by the social reinforcement and no reinforcement conditions. These results indicate that auditory localization behavior of infants is influenced by reinforcement and that the extent of this effect is related to the type of reinforcement employed.
Speech and Language Findings in a Chronic Hemodialysis Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Rosenbek John C. , McNeil Malcolm R. , Lemme Margaret L. , Prescott Thomas E. , Alfrey Allen C.
Published: July 2014

The speech and language findings in one patient who underwent chronic hemodialysis therapy are presented. The patient’s degenerating physical status was first signaled by stutteringlike repetitions. The speech diagnosis is mixed dysarthria, apraxia of speech, and aphasia. Clinical implications are discussed.
The Age of the Castrato Voice
Authors: Brodnitz Friedrich S.
Published: July 2014

In our time of rapidly changing life styles it is useful to understand that voices also mirror the spirit of an era. The study of the history of vocal styles may give valuable clues to a better understanding of contemporary phenomena. The age of the castrato voice is a remarkable episode. It illustrates the important role that the human voice plays in expressing psychological undercurrents of an age, and it throws some light on the powerful forces that influence the change of tastes and ideals in cultural history.
Auditory Responses of Infants
Authors: Watrous Betty Springer , McConnell Freeman , Sitton Ann B. , Fleet William F.
Published: July 2014

Forty infants, aged three through 12 months, participated in a study designed to differentiate the auditory response characteristics of normally developing infants in the age ranges three to five months, six to eight months, and nine to 12 months. Their selection was based on a determination of normal development upon pediatric examination and from the results of the Denver Developmental Screening Test. The results confirmed that a predictable developmental pattern as a function of age in the first year of life is observable despite the wide variability that may occur in a given child. Increased knowledge of these developmental milestones in normal-hearing infants should add to more effective programs of early identification and management of hearing-impaired children.
Cultural Influences in the Development and Treatment of Stuttering: A Preliminary Report on the Black Stutterer
Authors: Leith William R. , Mims Howard A.
Published: July 2014

A behavioral analysis of a group of stutterers revealed speech behavioral differences that appeared to be culturally determined. Two general types of stuttering behavioral patterns were differentiated. The stuttering behaviors characteristic of the first pattern were overt repetitions and prolongations with a moderate number of secondary characteristics that were also overt and of the same relative degree of severity as the prolongations and repetitions. The second pattern was characterized by prolongations and repetitions that were more covert and by a larger number of secondary characteristics that were considerably more severe than the repetitions and prolongations. While 85% of the first pattern, Group I, were white stutterers, 79% of the second pattern, Group II, were black stutterers. These results are explained by important black cultural elements such as (1) the importance of oral skills, (2) the importance of manifesting emotional “coolness,” and (3) the cultural rejection of disfluent speech patterns. The authors believe that, generally, the forces within the black culture tend to be in opposition to currently practiced stuttering treatment procedures.
The Use of Visual Feedback in Establishing Normal Vocal Intensity in Two Mildly Retarded Adults
Authors: Brody Donna M. , Nelson Barbara A. , Brody James F.
Published: July 2014

A voice-activated relay was used to provide visual feedback of vocal amplitude for two subjects who habitually used very soft voices. The relay system caused a light to go on when vocal intensity was 65 dB SPL or greater. Both subjects demonstrated significant increases in their use of normal vocal intensity. One subject was able to transfer this progress to spontaneous conversational settings. Though some difficulties in generalization and automatization were evident, this system is recommended for use with persons exhibiting functional intensity deficiencies.
Erratum: Anticipatory Middle-Ear Reflex Activity from Noisy Toys
Authors: Marshall Lynne , Brandt John F. , Marston Larry E.
Published: July 2014

In August 1975 issue, the article by Marshall, Brandt, and Marston, “Anticipatory Middle-Ear Reflex Activity from Noisy Toys,” contains an error. The sentence, “However, reflexes occurred to sounds with sufficient SPL to elicit a reflex that had been given anticipated loudness ratings as low as 3 (on a 1–5 scale)” found in the full paragraph above the figures on page 324 should read “However, reflexes occurred to sounds with insufficient SPL to elicit a reflex …”
Pure Tone-Spondee Threshold Relationships in Functional Hearing Loss: A Hypothesis
Authors: Ventry Ira M.
Published: July 2014

A hypothesis is offered to account for the fact that in functional hearing loss, spondee threshold is frequently significantly lower than the pure-tone average. The hypothesis has three basic components: (1) that patients with functional hearing loss use a loudness criterion in making response decisions to suprathreshold stimuli; (2) that, at suprathreshold levels, pure tones and spondee words appear equally loud at equal sound pressure levels, and (3) that calibration values employed in pure-tone and speech audiometry contribute to the aberrant speech—pure tone relationship. Factors that may confound the speech—pure tone relationship are discussed as are the clinical and research implication of the hypothesis.
Distinctive Features in Speech Pathology: Phonology or Phonemics?
Authors: Parker Frank
Published: July 2014

Distinctive feature is not a unique concept within linguistic theory. It has two distinct theoretical bases: phonemic theory and generative theory. Phonemic theory assumes a direct correspondence between distinctive features (the elements of phonemes) and the speech signal. Although this assumption can be shown to be incorrect, it seems to be the one most widely held in speech science. Generative theory, on the other hand, assumes no such direct relation and consequently can account for certain linguistic phenomena that phonemic theory cannot. This theory then seems to be preferable to phonemic theory for a featural analysis of misarticulation. However, there is a problem. Chomsky and Halle’s system (generative theory) as it stands does not deal with the link between what it conceives to be the lowest level of linguistic structure (the phonetic matrix) and speech production. Therefore, Chomsky and Halle’s distinctive features cannot be applied fruitfully to all instances of misarticulation. The discrepancy that exists between phonological structure and the speech signal must be accounted for in a theory of speech production. This can be accomplished by recognizing a production matrix below the phonetic matrix, where segments are described in terms of production features. The crucial point is that no one-to-one relationship necessarily exists between distinctive features and production features.
A Therapeutic Milieu for Establishing and Expanding Communicative Behaviors in Psychotic Children
Authors: Ratusnik Carol Melnick , Ratusnik David L.
Published: July 2014

This study describes a clinical intervention program that was used to facilitate development of receptive and expressive language skills in a group of four psychotic children. A group format utilizing an interactive language development teaching procedure combined with a therapeutic milieu was shown to be effective in establishing and expanding communicative behaviors in psychotic children. Nine diagnostic measures were utilized to assess children’s performance prior to therapy and at the end of three-month and six-month intervals. Results indicated substantial reduction of delayed and immediate echolalia, jargon, inappropriate stress, pitch, and intonation. Substantial improvement was noted in expressive syntactic and morphological functioning and in the children’s ability to generate novel utterances about day-to-day experiences, family, and toys. Increases in children’s concept of body image and ego functioning paralleled their improvement in receptive and expressive language development.
The Use of Auditory Masking to Estimate Automatization of Correct Articulatory Production
Authors: Manning Walter H. , Keappock Nancy E. , Stick Sheldon L.
Published: July 2014

In order to estimate automatization of correct articulatory production in 71 elementary school children about to be dismissed from training, auditory masking was used during administration of the Deep Test of Articulation. White noise was presented binaurally at 86 dB SPL. The children’s articulation was tested under three conditions: Condition I without masking, Condition II with masking, and Condition III without masking three to four months after Condition II testing. Children’s performances on Conditions I and II were compared with their performances during Condition III. Results demonstrated that performance on the Deep Test during auditory masking as a criterion for dismissal would have resulted in children being correctly dismissed from therapy more of the time (94%) than the traditional (nonmasked) administration of the test (77%). In addition, use of experimental administration of the test would have resulted in 6% of the children being incorrectly dismissed from therapy while traditional administration would have resulted in 23% of the children being incorrectly dismissed. Clinical importance and implications for further investigation are discussed.
The Modification of Multiple Articulation Errors Based on Distinctive Feature Theory
Authors: Costello Jonis , Onstine Joanne M.
Published: July 2014

The effectiveness of articulation remediation procedures based on distinctive feature theory was evaluated through the administration of an articulation program designed for this purpose. Two preschool children with multiple phoneme errors which could be described by a distinctive feature analysis were the subjects. Both children substituted stop phonemes for most continuant phonemes. Each child was individually administered the distinctive feature program which is described in full. Data are presented which indicate the adequacy of. the treatment program, the acquisition of correct articulation of the two directly treated target phonemes, and the concurrent improvement of five other nontreated error phonemes. Such across-phoneme generalization was predicted by distinctive feature theory. Certain modifications in the treatment program are suggested and theoretical/empirical questions regarding articulation remediation from a distinctive features viewpoint are discussed.
A Tangibly Reinforced Speech Reception Threshold Procedure for Use with Small Children
Authors: Martin Frederick N. , Coombes Sherry
Published: July 2014

Forty normal-hearing children between 17 and 56 months were tested using a new method for determining speech reception thresholds. The words employed were names for parts of a device that was in the form of a colorful clown. The device automatically rewarded the child with a small piece of candy each time he pressed the part of the clown that had been announced through the sound field system of a speech audiometer. Results showed that operant conditioning speech audiometry using tangible reinforcers is feasible for small children. Both boys and girls can be tested accurately by this method down to age two and one-half years.
Programming for Articulation Modification
Authors: Gerber Adele
Published: July 2014

Within the past decade, principles and techniques of programmed instruction have been applied to the procedures of articulation modification in a number of preconstructed programs. The analysis of nine of these programs reveals that the majority of them are characterized by precisely stated objectives, ordered sequences of materials and procedures, clearly established criteria and rigorously controlled methods of reinforcement and recording of responses. Evaluation of the preconstructed programs raises some questions about the appropriateness of certain aspects of the technology to the process of articulation modification.
A Reexamination of the Role of Heredity in Stuttering
Authors: Sheehan Joseph G. , Costley Marian Sheehan
Published: July 2014

In the light of recent breakthroughs in the study of schizophrenia indicating a far stronger genetic factor than has been previously suspected, the role of heredity in stuttering is critically reexamined. Present knowledge of the role of heredity in stuttering springs from four principal data sources: (1) studies of familial incidence; (2) spontaneous recovery studies; (3) twin studies; and (4) studies of parental disfluency. It is hypothesized that the 4:1 sex ratio in stuttering may be the product of selective genetic factors. Critical examination of earlier and more recent studies leads to substantial evidence that a familial predisposing factor exists in about 25% of cases of stuttering.
Base-10 Programmed Stimulation: Task Specification, Scoring, and Plotting Performance in Aphasia Therapy
Authors: LaPointe Leonard L.
Published: July 2014

This report explains and advocates the applicability of time-series designs to document the effects of therapy with aphasic subjects; it describes a measurement system that contributes to organization of therapy, task specification and scoring, and graphic display of change in speech and language behaviors. Examples of patient performances illustrate the application of Base-10 Programmed Stimulation to therapy with aphasic persons.
Aphasia: A Divergent Semantic Interpretation
Authors: Chapey Roberta , Rigrodsky Seymour , Morrison Eleanor M.
Published: July 2014

The present paper reinterprets aphasia relative to the divergent and convergent components of Guilford’s model of behavior. It suggests that some aphasiologists have defined aphasia as a convergent semantic disorder. They have determined the presence or absence of an aphasic impairment on the basis of each individual’s ability to recognize and reproduce previously learned material and to converge upon one correct answer. The present analysis also shows that there are a number of theoretical models of aphasia which indicate that aphasia involves more than a convergent semantic impairment. Aphasia, interpreted according to Guilford’s model, appears to have a divergent component. Aphasia involves a decrease in an individual’s ability to provide ideas in situations where a proliferation of ideas on some topic is required, or to extend the boundaries of what he already knows. The individual who is impaired in his ability to produce a number of relevant ideas and a variety of different kinds or categories of responses has a divergent semantic impairment.