bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonmarine ostracode shell chemistry from ancient hohokam irrigation canals in central Arizona: A paleohydrochemical tool for the interpretation of prehistoric human occupation in the North American Southwest
Authors: Palacios‐Fest Manuel R.
Published: February 2007

Environmental archaeology studies on samples from an agricultural context provide information that may be used to answer questions of climatic vs. human impact on Hohokam prehistory. Hohokam irrigation systems were fragile and subject to episodic damage and destruction. Ostracodes are sensitive to hydrochemical changes. Their fossil record in Hohokam canals can provide useful data to understand human/environment relationships in the past. Low‐Mg calcite ostracode carapaces form in thermal and chemical equilibrium with the host water. Magnesium and strontium are commonly incorporated into the shell as trace elements, which can be used to track paleotemperature and paleosalinity variations. Thus, fossil ostracodes reflect the water chemistry in which the valves were precipitated. Valves of Limnocythere staplini, Candona patzcuaro, and Cypridopsis vidua were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to determine the Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca ratios. Trace element data were used to reconstruct the canal water chemistry and to propose paleoclimatic and human‐impact hypotheses for environmental change. The ostracode record shows some evidence of a progressive salinization process between A. D. 1025 and 1425 that may be the result of human disturbance; this inference is supported by independent evidence from geographic, palynologic, and dendroclimatologic data. In addition, two major climatic events, large enough not to be masked by human activity, were also recorded by ostracode geochemistry: a flood between A. D. 855 and 910, another flood prior to A. D. 1350, and a drought between A. D. 1365 and 1425. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Landscape and prehistoric chronology of West‐Central Jordan
Authors: Schuldenrein Joseph , Clark Geoffrey A.
Published: February 2007

Remnant lake and stream terraces of the Wadi el Hasa (west‐central Jordan) are associated with in situ prehistoric sites spanning > 100,000 years. Eighteen radiocarbon dates from cultural and geological deposits on the terraces facilitate the first comprehensive prehistoric landscape chronology for the southern Levant east of the Jordan Rift. In the eastern Hasa basin, the uppermost of three cut and fill surfaces (>20 m) is linked to massive fossil spring deposits and an early Middle Paleolithic occupation (100,000–70,000 B. P.), suggestive of considerably wetter climates. A later Middle Paleolithic occupation may be synchronous with the emergence of Pleistocene Lake Hasa (ca. 70,000 B. P.). Peak lake levels were attained 40,000 years ago. Dates proliferate after 25,000 B. P. and register recession of Lake Hasa (ca. 20,000 B. P.), an intervening erosional phase, and the initiation of complex humid‐desiccation cycles for the terminal Pleistocene—Holocene (17,000–9,000 B. P.). The contemporary Wadi el Hasa channel began aggrading its floodplain after 8000 B. P. and was incised to its present depths 1000–500 years ago. The prehistoric landscape history of the Hasa drainage is broadly synchronous with sequences in the Rift Valley and Negev desert and offers baseline chronologies for the Late Quaternary of eastern Jordan and the Arabian peninsula. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impact of hydro‐isostatic holocene sea‐level change on the geologic context of Island archaeological sites, Northern Ha'apai group, Kingdom of Tonga
Authors: Dickinson William R. , Burley David V. , Shutler Richard
Published: February 2007

Archaeological sites in the northern Ha'apai Group of central Tonga occur on small islands within the uplifted forearc belt of the Tonga‐Kermadec arc‐trench system. The present inland positions of occupation sites that probably once occupied coastal settings imply significant expansion of some island shorelines during late Holocene time (ca. 3250 B.P. to present). Geologic processes leading potentially to enlargement of the islands include continuing forearc uplift, eustatic or glacio‐hydro‐isostatic fall in sea level following a mid‐Holocene highstand, and progressive accretion of beach ridges to island coasts, with or without changes in relative sea level. Radiometric dates for uplifted coral terraces in Tonga indicate that forearc uplift has been negligible during Holocene time. By contrast, theoretical considerations, regional analysis of shoreline indicators throughout the South Pacific, and limited empirical data from Tonga itself all imply that regional sea level has declined locally by 1–2 m since a mid‐Holocene highstand (ca. 6000‐3000 B.P.), which was a hydro‐isostatic response to transfer of water mass from Pleistocene ice caps to the ocean basins. Emergence of originally coastal sites is thus expected since initial settlement of the islands by Lapita peoples. Accretionary coastal flats composed of multiple beach ridges are 250–500 m wide on favorable leeward shores and the flanks of sand cays, but some presently unknown proportion of this incremental island growth may have occurred prior to the post‐mid‐Holocene decline in relative sea level. Ash falls from tephra eruptions at Tongan volcanoes also modified island environments through Quaternary time. Evidence for significant change in the configuration and morphology of islands in Ha'apai during the period of human settlement highlights the need for systematic interdisciplinary archaeological and geological research in the study of Pacific prehistory. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cultural responses to the altithermal: The role of aquifer‐related water resources
Authors: Sheehan Michael S.
Published: February 2007

The focus of this research is Early Archaic adaptation to the hot and dry Altithermal in the North American Great Plains. The view presented here suggests a direct link between Altithermal climatic conditions and cultural responses to those conditions. Water was a key factor in cultural adaptation to arid Altithermal conditions. Statistical analysis reveals a significant relationship between Early Archaic site location and certain sources of groundwater that is not apparent during the periods preceding and succeeding the Altithermal. The distribution of Early Archaic sites may reflect increased emphasis on predictable water supplies offered by aquifers. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Erosion of archaeological sites: Results and implications of a site simulation model
Authors: Wainwright John
Published: February 2007

A computer simulation model has been developed to investigate the postdepositional changes on archaeological sites due to soil erosion in a semiarid (Mediterranean) environment. Both soil matrix and archaeological artifact movement are accounted for by the model. The model is applied to a series of hypothetical site configurations on hillslopes, using archaeological structures, to observe the morphological changes due to slope form. The results show considerable variation in site preservation potential, relating to different initial spatial patterning of the site and initial slope form. The model predicts thresholds for the start of movement by artifacts, and suggests a correlation between the location of deposition and the potential for disturbance of the artifact record. Implications are drawn from the results of the simulations, both in terms of archaeological theory and practice, and in terms of site conservation and management. The simulation method is recognized as a useful tool for the investigation of natural site formation processes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Petrographic thin sections of archaeologial sediments: A new method for paleobotanical studies
Authors: Goldberg P. , Lev‐Yadun S. , Bar‐Yosef O.
Published: February 2007

The use of petrographic thin sections to examine archaeological sediments has centered on the study of detrital and chemical components of the material. There has been relatively little effort made to study botanical remains—particularly charcoal—with this technique. This paper illustrates that millimeter‐size or even smaller fragments examined in undisturbed, artificially indurated samples, which normally would escape collection with standard flotation and sieving techniques, can furnish significant paleobotanical information about the types of vegetal matter found in a site. Samples from cave sediments in Israel and an open‐air site in Canada are presented. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bronze‐early iron age environment of the Iman River Basin, Russian far east
Authors: Verkhovskaya Natalya B. , Kundyshev Aleksandr S. , Kliuev Nikolay A.
Published: February 2007

Three archaeological sites of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages were investigated using palynological methods. To interpret the fossil spectra more accurately, recent pollen from alluvium, surface soil and cultural layers within modern villages were also studied in the area. During the time interval when the ancient cultural layers accumulated, thinned‐out birch forests were replaced by mixed coniferous and broad‐leaved trees. This might have been caused by climatic transition which possibly influenced the changing cultural traditions within the area. The climatic transition also includes a change in humidity. The wettest stages are recorded by pollen data during the transition period between the Bronze and Early Iron Age. This corresponds to the Subboreal/Subatlantic boundary within the European Holocene (around 2500 yr B.P.). © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How has coastal erosion affected the prehistoric settlement pattern of the boothbay region of maine?
Authors: Kellogg Douglas C.
Published: February 2007

Erosion of complex, rocky coasts has largely been neglected by geologists. Thus, a geo‐archaeological study of coastal erosion was required before analysis of the prehistoric settlement pattern could be undertaken. Along the outer, wave‐dominated coast of Maine, erosion is episodic, occurring when large storms raise water levels to new heights. Along the inner, tide‐dominated coast, erosion occurs more frequently because unconsolidated sediments are exposed at low elevations in bedrock features. The shell midden archaeological sites of the Boothbay, Maine region are situated in the most rapidly eroding areas; therefore, it can be reasoned that localities without cultural deposits were never occupied. On the other hand, coastal erosion is widespread enough to insure that sites have been exposed to discovery by archaeological survey. Settlement pattern analysis of the study area is, therefore, not biased by differential preservation or discovery of archaeological sites.
Geophysical diffraction tomography: New views on the shiqmim prehistoric subterranean village site (israel)
Authors: Witten Alan J. , Levy Thomas E. , Ursic James , White Paul
Published: February 2007

Shiqmim is a late prehistoric farming village in the Beersheva river valley in Israel's northern Negev desert dating to the late 5th‐early 4th millennia B. C. Along with surface architecture, archaeologists discovered a sequence of large subterranean rooms interconnected by narrow tunnels. This discovery, found in the northern Negev, as well as similar subterranean features and dating back to the same period, has created considerable controversy as to the functions of this innovative architecture. To a large extent, this controversy results from conflicting hypotheses based on the small sample of subterranean Negev architectures. A fundamental task in the resolution of these problems is the location and investigation of similar features within this region. This is not a simple task because these subterranean features can be as much as 7 m deep in hard‐packed soil and are usually completely filled with fine sediment as a result of depositional forces acting over the 6 millennium since their abandonment. To help quantify the spatial extent of subterranean features at Shiqmim and identify particularly promising locations for excavation, an emerging geophysical method, known as geophysical diffraction tomography, was applied. This method is based on the propagation of acoustic waves and employs the mathematical concepts of optical holography to reconstruct quantitative, high‐resolution images of the subsurface environment. Two geophysical imaging field studies were performed at Shiqmim, and the results of these studies indicate that subterranean architecture is much more pervasive at this site than previously thought. The new geophysical studies help answer social questions and highlight the contribution of geoarchaeology to anthropological reconstructions of the past. This article discusses geophysical diffraction tomography and the first attempt to apply it in an archaeological context. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Archaeological implications of late‐holocene channel changes on the middle gila river, arizona
Authors: Huckleberry Gary A.
Published: February 2007

Archival and stratigraphic data from the middle Gila River, Arizona, provide insight into late‐Holocene floods and channel changes that affected the Hohokam, prehistoric agriculturalists who practiced canal irrigation 2000‐500 B.P. The relationship between floods and channel changes during the past 300 years is characterized by an increased frequency of wide, braided channel conditions during episodes of increased large flood frequency. Ten radiocarbon ages from overbank deposits from the middle Gila River flood plain indicate that the frequency of large floods was relatively low 4000‐1000 B.P. (14C years) but increased after 1000 B.P., a pattern supported by paleoflood slackwater sites in the upper Gila River watershed. This suggests that channel instability (shifts between narrow, single‐channel and wide, braided planforms) increased after 1000 B.P. The latter part of the 4000‐1000 B.P. period of relative channel stability corresponds in time with the development of Hohokam irrigation agriculture and expansion of canal systems, whereas increased fluvial dynamics beginning 1000 B.P. correlate (in time) to changes in settlement patterns during the Sedentary‐Classic period transition. Higher large flood frequency may be responsible for the consolidation of canal systems and relocation of villages along the middle Gila River after 1000 B.P. and during the Classic period. Increased flooding and concomitant channel changes alone, however, do not adequately explain the collapse of the Hohokam pattern.
Understanding the stratigraphic context of the maya postclassic in belize
Authors: Masson Marilyn A.
Published: February 2007

The Maya Postclassic (A. D. 900–1500) is a complex and poorly understood period of history which represents a conspicuous gap in the understanding of processes of social change in lowland Mesoamerica. Difficulties in interpreting this period are directly related to the stratigraphic context of Postclassic deposits such as those described in this examination of the site of Laguna de On, northern Belize. Belize Postclassic settlement has been heavily underestimated due to difficulties in detecting remains from this period in disturbed surface deposits. A lack of priority placed on Postclassic research in the southern Maya lowlands has also contributed to the relatively low number of large scale projects and refined descriptions of Postclassic remains that would enable regional synthetic reconstruction. Given the combined effect of problematic stratigraphy and limited professional attention, it is not surprising that the southern Maya lowlands are generally thought to have been drastically depopulated at the time of the collapse of Maya “civilization” around A.D. 900. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Untersuchungen über die Verankerung der Samen von Podostemaceen
Authors: Grubert Meinhard Wolfgang
Published: February 2007

Studies on the adhesion of the seeds of Podostemaceac
Weitere Vorschläge für eine Klassifizierung subterraner Biotope und Biocoenosen der Süßwasserfauna
Authors: Husmann Siegfried
Published: February 2007

Further suggestions for a classification of subterranean biotopes and biocoenoses of the fresh water fauna
Revision der Gattung Microcricotopus Thien. u. Harn. (Dipt., Chironomidae)
Authors: Fittkau E.‐J. , Lehmann J.
Published: February 2007

Revision of the Genus Microcricotopus Thien. et Harn. (Dipt. Chironomidae)
Isolierung einer Gallertkolonien bildenden Mutante) von Cyclotella cryptica (Diatomeae) nach Temperaturschockbehandlung
Authors: Werner D.
Published: February 2007

Isolation of Jelly Colony Formation in Cyclotella cryptica Mutant (Diatomeae) after Heat Shock
Über die Abhängigkeit der Enzymaktivitäten im Rumpfmuskel der Goldorfe (Idus idus L.) von der Vorbehandlungstemperatur
Authors: Lehmann Johannes
Published: February 2007

The Dependence of the Enzymatic Activites in the Trunk Muscles of Idus idus L. on the Adaptation Temperature
pH und Elektrolytgehalt im Casiquiare
Authors: Gessner Fritz
Published: February 2007

pH and Electrolyt Content in the Casiquiare Zum 200. Geburtstag Alexander von Humboldts am 14. September 1969
Untersuchungen zur Taxonomie, Biologie und Ökologie einiger Köcherfliegenarten der Gattung Hydropsyche Pict. (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Authors: Schuhmacher Helmut
Published: February 2007

Taxonomic and Ecological Studies on Some Species of Hydropsyche Pict. (Insecta, Trichoptera)
Lithothamnion‐Terrassen im Karibischen Meer
Authors: Gessner Fritz
Published: February 2007

Terraced pools of Lithothamnion in the Caribbean Sea
Veränderungen der Enzymaktivitäten nach einem Wechsel der Adaptationstemperatur, untersucht am Seitenrumpfmuskel des Goldfisches (Carassius auratus L.)
Authors: Lehmann Johannes
Published: February 2007

Changes of Enzymes Activities After Altering the Temperatures of Adaptation Examined on the Sidetrunk Muscle of Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)
Notizen über die Blaualge Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) Boye Petersen
Authors: Pankow H.
Published: February 2007

Notes on the Blue Green Alga Aphanothece stagnina (Sprengel) Boye Petersen
Die Ernährungsweise der Wassermilben (Hydrachnellae, Acari)
Authors: Böttger Klaus
Published: February 2007

Feeding of Water‐Mites (Hydrachnellae, Acari)
Reconnaissance Limnology of Sub‐Antarctic Islands I. Chemistry of Lake Waters from Macquarie Island and the Iles Kerguelen
Authors: Tyler Peter A.
Published: February 2007

The plateau lakes of Macquarie Island and Kerguelen illustrate the dominant role of the sea in the chemistry of lakes on Sub‐Antarctic islands. The salinity of the waters depends on distance from the coast in the direction of prevailing winds, and ionic composition points to sea spray as the major supplier of ions. Geochemical influence is slight but varies from lake to lake. The lake waters are soft, slightly‐coloured or colourless, and have a pH near neutrality or moderately acid.
Eastward and Westward Dispersal Across the Tropical Atlantic Ocean of Larvae Belonging to the Genus Bursa (Prosobranchia, Mesogastropoda, Bursidae)
Authors: Scheltema Rudolf S.
Published: February 2007

Larvae of the genus Bursa are commonly found in the South Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Undercurrent of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Identification of Bursa veliger larvae in the plankton of such tropical waters is made possible by a comparison of larval shells with protoconchs of juvenile and well‐preserved adult specimens.

The relationship between the average current velocity and the estimated minimum duration of larval development of Bursa thomae suggests that there is sufficient time to account for successful trans‐Atlantic transport of its veligers in either direction between West Africa and South America. The dispersal of veliger larvae explains the wide geographical distribution attained by the genus Bursa.
Species of the Genus ScrupocellariaVAN BENEDEN (Bryozoa, Anasca) from Indian Waters
Authors: Menon N. R.
Published: February 2007

Nine species of the genus Scrupocellaria VAN BENEDEN are figured and described in this paper. They are:

Scrupocellaria maderensis BUSK.

S. obtecta HASWELL.

S. mansueta WATERS.

S diadema BUSK.

S. scruposa (LINNAEUS).

S. spatulata (D'ORBIGNY).

S. delilii (AUDOUIN).

S. bertholettii (AUDOUIN).

S. talonis OSBURN.

The specimens were collected from the south west and south east coasts of India. Six species are described for the first time from Indian waters. Variations noticed in the morphology of the above species with those described elsewhere are assessed and discussed.

A study of the genus from the available material shows that characters like the number of spines and nature of scuta show considerable intraspecific differences. Variation in spine number is a common occurrence and undue importance to spine number, especially in the case of tropical species, should be given with due caution. The history of S. bertholettii is really confusing especially in view of the creation of the var. tenuirostris. A comparative study of the type specimens would help to clarify the taxonomic ambiguity of this species.
Growth‐potential Bioassay of Sea Waters Using Algal Cultures. I. Comparison of Methods of Estimation
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Pointier J. P.
Published: February 2007

Several methods of growth potential estimation of marine productivity are discussed: (1) simultaneous measurements of nutrient content and organic production, (2) chemical composition of algal cells, (3) bioassay with algal cultures. This last method appears to be the most convenient; it allows to study the role of a nutrient component both when utilized alone and when combined in a pool of nutrients. Several aspects of bioassay technology are discussed: test species, chemical enrichments and growth estimation of test cultures.
Seasonal Periodicity of Plankton in a Freshwater Pond in West Bengal, India
Authors: Jana B. B.
Published: February 2007

The paper describes a year‐round limnoplanktonic study of a freshwater pond in West Bengal, India. Always predominant over zooplankton, phytoplankton demonstrates three peaks. The relationships between pH and phytoplankton, between phosphate and green algae and between rotifers and diatoms are significant. The role of physico‐chemical factors in determining different planktonic population is discussed. The multiple correlation between several physico‐chemical factors and phytoplankton percentage is not significant.
Studies on the Oyster Community in Delaware: The Effects of the Estuarine Environment on the Associated Fauna
Authors: Maurer Don , Watling Les
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the composition of the associated fauna of Delaware's oyster beds. Moreover the relative position of Delaware's oyster producing tributaries lends itself to testing the classic hypothesis concerning the effect of salinity on faunal distribution. Interaction of substrate was also studied. The local oyster beds are termed the bay beds which include planted and natural populations, and the river beds. From 1967 to 1971 approximately 800 samples have been collected and the majority of these were from the bay beds. In 1968 and 1969, 132 samples were systematically collected from the river beds and 19 from the bay beds. These were returned to the laboratory for special care in identification. Samples from fouling panels and oyster rafts provided additional species. 152 species were identified but only 133 species were statistically analysed because they were from the systematic collections. Nonparametric statistics were used. In order to facilitate analysis the top 23 species were selected for special treatment. In order of decreasing frequency of occurrence the species were: Sabellaria vulgaris, Conopeum tenuissimum, Panopeus herbsti, Nereis succinea, Palaemonetes vulgaris, Crassostrea virginica, Nassarius obsoletus, Polydora websteri, Membranipora tenuis, Garveia fransiscana, Bulanus improvisus, Diadumene leucolena, Aiptasiomorpha luciae, Melita nitida, Obelia longicyatha, Alcyonidium polyoum, Sertularia argentea, Crangon septemspinosa, Hydroides dianthus, Eurypanopeus depressus, Modiolus demissus, Parapleustes sp., and Hartlaubella gelatinosa. The diversity of species decreases up the estuary with decreasing salinity. Substrate can alter this pattern in particular cases. Within a given salinity range the presence of any firm substrate or mud influenced the nature of the community from epifaunal to infaunal. Four faunal units were recognized: the planted and natural beds, the four southern rivers, the Leipsic River, the Woodland Beach area. The Leipsic River area marks a critical transition zone with a rapid reduction in species. North of Woodland Beach brackish water conditions begin to prevail. The fauna was more diverse in late spring than in the fall but seasonality was not as marked as expected. The faunal composition of Delaware's oyster beds agrees with the cosmopolitan view of estuaries. The stability — time hypothesis proposed by SANDERS provides a theoretical basis to explain faunal distributions in Delaware's oyster community. The hardy nature and geologic history of this oyster community makes it a likely candidate as a sensitive indicator of environmental degradation in the estuary.
Growth‐potential Bioassay of Sea Waters Using Algal cultures II. Effect of preliminary Nutrient Limitation on Inoculum Survival and Efficiency
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Pointier J. P.
Published: February 2007

Ten cultures of phytoplankters, including four strains of Skeletonema costatum from different origins, were used to improve some aspects of the bioassay technology. Special attention was paid to the preliminary nutrient limitation of the inocula.

When the cells are maintained in nutrient starvation, their carbon, nitrogen, carbohydrates, proteins and above all chlorophyll a contents decrease. The minimum appears after a range of 2–7 days, according to species. The survival of these limited cells and their capacity to give rise to active growing cultures when sub‐cultured are different with species, but efficiency in the inocula they provide usually can occur only until the minimum content in cellular components appears.

Starved cells and enriched cultures of Chaetoceros lauderi and Skeletonema costatum were used to inoculate several samples of sea water, in order to test the effect of the starvation on the experimental results. It appears that the starved cells increase the sensitivity of the method, but they are more susceptible to substances limiting their growth. In the opinion of the authors the best way would be to use both starved and enriched cells as inocula, but, when this is impossible, cautiously starved cells should be used with unpolluted sea waters.
Testacea (Protozoa, Rhizopoda) of Several High‐mountain Waters from Mexico, Costa Rica and Guatemala
Authors: Laminger Hilde
Published: February 2007

The present paper deals with the Testacea living in several Mexican and Central American high‐mountain waters. A total of 127 species, varieties and forms including 11 new ones are detected. Faunistical, ecological, zoogeographical and taxonomical notes are given. The results of investigation are represented as diagrams and extensive illustrations are provided.
Growth‐potential bioassay of sea waters using algae cultures III, Skeletonema costatum growth at different concentrations of nutrients
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Pointier J. P.
Published: February 2007

The growth of the diatom Skeletonema costatum in culture media, with different nutrients concentrations, is followed by measuring and comparing the cell density and the nitrogen, proteins, carbon, carbohydrates, chlorophyll a and ATP contents. The experiments are carried out in order to decide the best enrichments which have to be used for the measurement of growth‐potential of sea water, with S. costatum as a test organism.

The cell density appears to be ruled by very low concentrations of phosphorus, silicates, vitamin B12 and also by nitrogen, but with less importance. With iron and chelator EDTA the answers are not easy to understand (because of the role of EDTA to get metal available). Inhibition appears with the highest concentrations.

In phosphorus, silicium and vitamins starvation, the size of cells increased (the informations obtained from cell density and other parameters are not similar). Cell ATP content is especially linked with silicium and phosphorus concentrations in the medium, chlorophyll a content follows mainly the nitrogen evolution, but also that one of phosphorus.

The cell density measurement does not appear always to be the best way to obtain valuable data of growth‐potential of sea water. But, if several nutrients are supposed to rule this growth‐potential, and if only one method can be used, it is then the most convenient to get averaged informations.

The maximum growth is obtained from low concentrations of nitrogen, iron and EDTA in the media. With S. costatum the best enrichments, for growth potential experiments, range from 0,25 to 1 time the chemical composition of the ASP 2 solution of PROVASOLI et al. (1957) as nitrogen, phosphorus, silicium, iron, metal mix, EDTA and vitamins are concerned. This values could be lowered with other species.
A Comparative Study on Photosynthesis Temperature Relationships and Their Seasonal Changes in Marine Benthic Algae
Authors: Yokohama Yasutsugu
Published: February 2007

In each of the species examined — 4 Chlorophyceae, 7 Phaeophyceae and 4 Rhodophyceae — the optimum temperature for photosynthesis was apparently higher in summer material than in winter material. In the brown algae the optimum temperature for the apparent photosynthesis lies between 20°C and 23°C, in the green algae and in most of the red algae between 25° and 30°C. In most of the red algae the activity decreased markedly at 35°GC, while a considerable part of the green algae survived at this temperature. In 50% of the species of brown algae examined the photosynthetic activity decreased at 30°C and was completely lost at 35°C, while in the remaining species a strong resistance to high temperatures was observed.
Growth‐Potential Bioassay of Sea Waters Using Algal Cultures. IV. Use of Coastal Mediterranean Waters from Different Origins
Authors: Berland B. R. , Bonin D. J. , Maestrini S. Y. , Pointier J. P.
Published: February 2007

Several aspects of sea water enrichments were previously studied and the method for growth‐potential measurements was improved. The experiments presently reported were carried out in order to estimate the validity of the method. Natural sea water was used from two different marine areas. Eleven enrichments are added to the samples; their concentrations are those of the ASP 2 solution of PROVASOLI et al. (1957); one, two or three of the components are missing. Chaetoceros lauderi, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Skeletonema costatum are used as test organisms.

The data clearly indicate that the information obtained from sea water enrichments can be different from those given by the usual analysis of chemical nutrients. For the same chemical substances missing, there is a striking discrepancy between the results obtained from different test strains. On the contrary, within the array of sea water samples, the same enrichments are always growth‐promoting or growth‐inhibiting for each of the three organisms.
Studies on Abundance and Biomass of the Sediment‐Inhabiting Testacea (Protozoa. Rhizopoda) in a High‐Mountain Lake (Vorderer Finstertaler See. Tyrol. Austria)
Authors: Laninger Hilde
Published: February 2007

This study aims at providing quantitative information on the distribution of sediment‐inhabiting Testacea in high‐mountain lakes. The seasonal and spatial changes in species distribution. abundance and biomass are described. Through discussion of the relevant findings of other authors. the importance of some of those factors responsible for the Testacean distribution in time and depth is indicated.
On Austrognatharia strunki nov. spec. from the Florida Keys (Gnathostomulida)
Authors: Farris Richard A.
Published: February 2007

The present paper belongs to a series dealing with Gnathostomulids from the West Atlantic coasts (RIEDL 1970a, b; 1971a, b; STERRER 1970, 1971, 1972). Others will include additional species descriptions, distribution patterns and improved sampling techniques. Organization will generally follow the format of previous Gnathostomulida papers. The following description based on studies of living individuals is the fourth species in the genus Austrognatharia STERRER, 1971 and the second to be described from North America. Primary emphasis is placed on characters of systematic importance; supplementary data including a distribution pattern are mentioned briefly under “Notes and Obersvations.”

I am deeply indebted to Dr. WOLFGANG STERRER (Bermuda Biological Station for valuable material and generous assistance. I would also like to thank Dr. REINHARD RIEGER (Chapel Hill) for his helpful suggestions, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for facilities, and Dr. STEVEN WAINWRIGHT (Duke University) for his financial subsidy. Further support: NSF grant No. XA 120 (R. J. RIEDL, principal investigator) and North Carolina Board of Science and Technology grants No. RA 012 and RA 023, University Research Council VF 255.
Photosynthetic Production and Dark‐assimilation of CO2 in the Black Sea
Authors: Gupta Rabin Sen , Jannasch Holger W.
Published: February 2007

Data on the photosynthetic production collected in the Black Sea during March and April 1969 showed a particularly strong spring bloom. Details of the interpretation of the data are concerned with seasonal and local variations as characteristics of semi‐enclosed oceanic basins. High values of dark‐assimilation of carbon dioxide have been found in and below the oxygen/sulfide interface and the difficulties of their interpretation are discussed.
On the High Density of a Phytoplankton Population Found in a Lake under Ice
Authors: Maeda Osamu , Ichimura Shun‐Ei
Published: February 2007

The growth of phytoplankton in an ice‐covered lake was investigated with special reference to their photosynthetic and heterotrophic activities. Under transparent ice the photosynthetic production of organic matter was maintained enough to hold a high density of phytoplankton. When the light penetration to the water was diminished strongly by the ice‐sheet, heterotrophy contributed largely to the growth of phytoplankton.
Marine Polychaete Annelids of Easter Island
Authors: Kohn Alan J. , Lloyd Margaret C.
Published: February 2007

This study increases the number of species of marine polychaete annelids known to occur at Easter Island from 11 to 60, of which 43 are identified to species. Nearly 90% of these occur in the tropical Indo‐West Pacific region, but 60% are of circumtropical distribution. The strong Indo‐West Pacific zoogeographic affinity is consistent with other taxa of Easter Island inshore marine animals for which data are available, the fishes, corals, and gastropod molluscs.

Polychaete species composition and abundance were determined in substrate samples from two types of microhabitat in a tidepool. A sample of 290 ml of sand and 70 ml of algae contained 1,779 specimens of 41 species of polychaetes (species diversity H′ = 2.57). A basalt boulder of surface area 340 cm2 contained a polychaete assemblage of 864 specimens of 35 species (H′ = 2.49). Population density of the latter sample is equivalent to 25,400 polychaetes/m2. Of the 49 species present in the two samples, 34 were identified to species. Although 27 species (55%) were common to both samples, similarity as measured by Cλ, which weighs differences in relative abundance, was only 24%. More than half of all polychaetes present in the two samples belonged to the family Syllidae; they comprised 65% of the individuals in the sand‐algae sample and 35% in the boulder sample. Spirorbinae predominated numerically in the boulder sample (40%). Chaetopteridae (10%) and Spionidae (8%) were the next most abundant families in the sand‐algae sample.
Rates of Turnover and Net Accretion of Calcium and the Role of Calcium Binding Polysaccharides During Calcification in the Calcareous Alga Halimeda opuntia (L.)
Authors: Böhm E. L.
Published: February 2007

Calcification in the calcareous alga Halimeda opuntia involves Calcium exchange with the seawater. Calcium influx and‐outflux is nearly the same and approximately 300 μg Ca/g alga/min. Calcium net accretion is 3.6 ± 1.1 μg Ca/g alga/min. Calcium outflux alga‐seawater is higher in darkness than in light. Calcium exchange in live algae is 3–6 times faster than in dead algae. Calcium is lost from the seawater at two distinctly different rates and is taken up by watersoluble polysaccharides in the algal mucilage and by the skeleton. These two Calcium pools represent 0.1 and 99.9% of the algal Calcium respectively. Between 0.8–2.0% of the skeletal Calcium is exchangeable. The analysis of the 45Ca specific activity curves suggests that there are more than 2 Calcium pools in the alga. The polysaccharides constitute a small but rapidly exchanging Calcium pool which communicates with the seawater and at least 2 other pools. The Calcium binding polysaccharides are involved in the Calcium metabolism of the alga and may play a role in algal calcification.
Seasonal Cycles of Vitamin B12, Thiamine and Biotin in Lake Sagami. Patterns of Their Distribution and Ecological Significance
Authors: Ohwada Kouichi
Published: February 2007

Seasonal cycles of vitamin B12, thiamine and biotin in the water and sediment of Lake Sagami have been studied for two years in 1970 and 1971 at monthly intervals. They were compared with other biological and chemical factors. Sediments were very rich in the three vitamins during the period of study and they were considered to be a vitamin source for the Jake water. In the surface water, fluctuations both of dissolved and particulate forms of the vitamins were found to correspond fairly with the succession of phytoplankton during these years. Particularly, the dissolved vitamin B12concentration decreased remarkably at the same time that the particulate form increased considerably in the surface water during periods of dominance by diatoms such asCyclotellasp.,Nitzschia acicularis, N. paleacea, N. actinastroides, N. palea, N.sp. andSynedra acus.From the results, the possible importance of vitamin B12as one of the ecological factors in Lake Sagami was suggested and discussed.
Pollution of a Tasmanian River by Mine Effluents I. Chemical Evidence
Authors: Tyler Peter A. , Bbuckey Rodney T.
Published: February 2007

Discharge of effluents from tin and wolfram mines has caused severe pollution of two creeks and lesser pollution of the South Esk River in North‐East Tasmania. The principal pollutants are sulphuric acid, zinc, cadmium, copper, lead, iron and manganese in dissolved or particulate form or both. The creek waters are rendered unsuitable for domestic or agricultural use and all normal biota destroyed. In the South Esk River trout are absent from polluted reaches though abundant elsewhere. Flood‐borne mine tailings, rich in particulate pollutants, have destroyed or degraded pastures along the South Esk River.
Pollution of a Tasmanian River by Mine Effluents. II. Distribution of Macroinvertebrates
Authors: Thorp Veronica J. , Lake Philip S.
Published: February 2007

The distribution and abundance of macroinvertebrates were studied in the South Esk River, Tasmania; a river subject to cadmium and zinc pollution as a result of mining. The groups most intolerant of cadmium‐zinc pollution were the Crustacea, Mollusca and Annelida. Highly tolerant groups included aquatic Hemiptera and Arachnida, and larvae of leptocerid trichopterans. A drop in both species diversity and abundance occurred after floods in winter and was probably due to pulses of cadmium and zinc down the river and also to increased molar action of the unstable substrate.
Nitrate Uptake by Reef Corals
Authors: Franzisket Ludwig
Published: February 2007

In specimens of the hermatypic coral species Fungia scutaria and Montipora verrucosa and in the alga Ulva lactuca, nitrate uptake was measured in light and dark with a flow‐through apparatus. The nitrate uptake was measurable in high‐nitrate bay water of Kaneohe Bay and also in low‐nitrate open ocean water. Nitrate consumption rates by the corals and the alga did not differ from light to dark.

Neither the coral nor the alga showed measurable immediate nitrate uptake in open ocean water of low nitrate concentration when they had been held previously in the high‐nitrate bay water. In low‐nitrate open ocean water the uptake per unit time increases when the flow of the water increases.

The uptake of nitrate by reef corals even from low concentrations indicates nonspecific nutrient sources for reef corals.
An Experimental Study on the Food Chain Among Bacteria, Paramecium and Daphnia
Authors: Tezuka Yasuhiko
Published: February 2007

A quantitative study is made of the feeding of Paramecium caudatum on bacteria and of the feeding of Daphnia pulex on Paramecium and bacteria. The growth yield of P. caudatum on a diet of an unidentified yellow‐colored bacterium was about 55% on a dry weight basis. Paramecium would not grow if the concentration of bacteria is less than 1 . 107 cells ml. Several other bacterial species were tested. Paramecium could not grow successfully on all of them, but could on Rhodopseudomonas spheroides. Adults of Daphnia pulex could grow and reproduce on a diet of P. caudatum alone, but young grew successfully only when bacteria were present.
A Species of Styloscolex MICHAELSEN (Oligochaeta, Lumbriculidae) Found in Two Lakes in Northern Alaska
Authors: Holmquist Charlotte
Published: February 2007

Specimens of the lumbriculid genus Styloscolex MICHAELSEN have been found in northern Alaska. They were identified as St. opisthothecus SOKOLSKAJA 1969, known from Kamchatka. A description of the Alaskan specimens and habitats is given. The genus Styloscolex once supposed to be a Baikalian endemic has representatives also in Manchukuo and Japan. It is pointed to the fact that bottom‐living organisms of lakes of vast areas are rather unknown. Only Lake Baikal, famous for its size and depth, has attracted special interest and been thoroughly investigated. The genus Styloscolex may thus be found in more areas. In any case, the present finds show that it is not restricted to eastern Asia.
Three Monstrilloids (Copepoda: Monstrilloida) From the Arctic
Authors: Davis Charles C. , Green John M.
Published: February 2007

Three species of monstrilloids were collected in the plankton beneath the ice in December at Resolute Bay, Cornwallis Island in the Canadian Arctic. The species are determined as Monstrilla arctica n. sp., M. nasuta n. sp. and M. bernardensis (WILLEY, 1920). They are described and figured in detail.
The Assessment of Numerical Value and Graphic Plotting of Bacteria and Fungi in Aerotanks
Authors: Godeanu Stoica
Published: February 2007

A numerial assessment is proposed for various types of both bacteria and fungi, relying on 10 plates. Photographs show how to make use of the plates. A formula is given, by the help of which the marks obtained are gathered within a single value, the latter being a synthesis of the morphological and functional state of bacteria and fungi in the considered treatment plant.
Carotenoids and Vitamin A in the Crabs Pachygrapsus marmoratus (FABRE) and Eriphia spinifrons (HERBST)
Authors: Czeczuga Bazyli
Published: February 2007

Investigations have been carried regarding carotenoids and vitamin A in the crabs Pachygrapsus marmoratus (FABRE) and Eriphia spinifrons (HERBST) from the Black and Adriatic Sea. The presence of carotenoids and vitamin A was determined by means of column and thinlayer chromatography.

The following carotenoids were found: Pachygrapsus marmoratus: β‐carotene, cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, astaxanthin and vitamin A; Eriphia spinifrons: β‐carotene, echinenone, canthaxanthin, isozeaxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein (ester and epoxy), astaxanthin and astacene.
Les Diatomées des Sédiments Holocènes du Bassin du Lac Afrera (Giulietti) (Afar Septentrional, Ethiopie). Essai de Reconstitution de l'Évolution du Milieu
Authors: Gasse Françoise
Published: February 2007

The calcareous holocene sediments found in the outlying areas around Lake Afrera (Ethiopia) contain diatoms in abundance, some of which seem to be new species. Qualitative and quantitative studies, with informatory treatment of the data, allow us to reconstruct the main characteristics of the sedimentation conditions and their variations in the course of time. During periods of warm and humid climatic conditions, the basin was progressively filled up with alkaline, lightly saline and quickly eutrophic water. At this time, the lake covered an area of 250 km2. This period occurred from 9800 years B. P. to around 7800 years B. P. It was followed by a short interruption, showed by important modifications in the diatom flora and a marked increase in the depth and salinity of the water. It has been hypothesized that this phenomenon had a tectonic origin. Soon thereafter, the previous ecological conditions reappeared. In the following period the lake began to dry up and the diatoms began to disappear. The present‐day highly saline Lake Afrera is all that remains of this large holocene water area.

Diatoms of the Holocene Sediments in the Afrera Lake Basin. (Northern Afar, Ethiopia). Reconstruction of the Environmental Evolution
Les Diatomées Holocènes du Bassin Inferieur de l'Aouache (Dépression des Danakil, Ethiopie). Leur Signification Paléoécologique
Authors: Gasse Françoise
Published: February 2007

Holocene Diatoms of Lower Awash Basin (Danakil Depression, Ethiopia). Their Paleoecological Meaning

Some residual lakes can be observed in the lower Awash Basin (Danakil Depression, Ethiopia). During the Lower Holocene period, a big lacustrine episode, already known in the South‐Saharian area, has been evidenced here. The deposits are rich in diatoms. Their systematic and quantitative study give valuable information on the ecological and climatic conditions of their sedimentation. During the optimal lacustrine period, the diatoms were the most abundant and the most varied. This period was preceded by several short oscillations of the water level. The shores of the paleolake were marshy, but its central area was deep enough for planktonic flora to prevail. Lacustrine, alkaline waters, rich in nutritive elements of organic origin, were not very saline. However, the salinity reached high enough values to allow the growth of brackish species. The quantitative importance of tropical diatoms shows that a hot climate occured in the Danakil Depression at the beginning of the lacustrine episode. During the lacustrine optimum the temperature was probably lower.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms I. The Problem and General Behavioral Responses
Authors: Menzies Robert J.
Published: February 2007

Behavioral responses of marine and aquatic animals are characterized as R1 (a first response of prolonged excitation), T (tetany or paralysis), I (inactivity and relaxation) and death as measured by the LD50. R1, T, and I are reversible responses and temperature dependent with each response occurring at high pressures as temperature increases. The lethal response is also temperature dependent but the tolerance to pressure increases with decreasing temperature. The responses are examined with reference to the ability of animals to successfully cope with the high pressure and low temperature of the abyssal environment.
The Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on Living Aquatic Organisms IV. Recovery and Pressure Experimentation on Deep‐sea Animals
Authors: Menzies Robert J. , George Robert Y. , Paul Allen Z.
Published: February 2007

Capture of living deep‐sea animals is reviewed. The conditions for the successful recovery of living animals from the deep‐sea are elaborated with examples. Control of pressure, temperature, or both, appears to be a prerequisite for the capture of living deep‐sea animals. Deep‐sea animals (archibenthal) show a loss of the R1 response in comparison with their shallow‐water counterparts. Genuine deep‐sea animals have now been recovered in a living state suitable for experimentation from the High Arctic.