bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic instability and tumor‐specific DNA alterations in oral leukoplakias
Authors: Tanić Nasta , Tanić Nikola , Milašin Jelena , Vukadinović Miroslav , Dimitrijević Bogomir
Published: May 2009

Leukoplakias, clinically identifiable premalignant lesions, often precede oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Identification of leukoplakias that have the potential for transformation to malignancy is a key clinical problem. The aim of this study was to assess genomic instability, and to detect tumor‐specific genomic alterations, in leukoplakias. Genomic instability was analyzed by comparing the DNA fingerprints of 32 leukoplakias with those of paired normal tissue. In addition, the mutational status of the p53 gene was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction–single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) and polymerase chain reaction–heteroduplex DNA (PCR‐HET), and the mutations were subsequently confirmed by DNA sequencing. Moderate‐to‐significant genomic instability was detected in all leukoplakias analysed. Nine unique amplicons, present in leukoplakias but not in normal tissue, were retrieved and successfully characterized. The p53 gene was mutated in 40.6% of patients. Four patients with moderate instability and mutated p53 developed OSCC. The data obtained in this study support and concretize the thesis that premalignant lesions possess many of the alterations found in cancer before the development of a malignant phenotype. Inactivation or mutation of the p53 tumor‐suppressor might be an early event contributing to genomic instability and increasing the risk of malignant transformation.
Reduction of orthodontic tooth movement by experimentally induced periodontal inflammation in mice
Authors: Okamoto Atsuko , Ohnishi Tomokazu , Bandow Kenjiro , Kakimoto Kyoko , Chiba Norika , Maeda Aya , Fukunaga Tomohiro , Miyawaki Shouichi , Matsuguchi Tetsuya
Published: May 2009

Orthodontic therapy is known to have an aggravating effect on the progression of destructive periodontitis if oral hygiene is not maintained. However, it is largely unknown how active periodontitis affects the velocity of orthodontic tooth movement. In this study, we examined the effect of periodontal inflammation on orthodontic tooth movement using a mouse model. Orthodontic force was applied on the maxillary first molar of mice, with or without ligature wire to induce experimental periodontitis. The distance moved by the first molar was significantly reduced by the ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis. Tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining revealed that the number of osteoclasts present during orthodontic treatment was lower in the pressure zone of alveolar bone in the presence of periodontal inflammation. Consistently, the expression level of receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) in the pressure zone was decreased in the ligature group. By contrast, experimental periodontitis increased the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 mRNA in the periodontal tissues, while in vitro treatment with prostaglandin E2 decreased extracellular signal‐regulated kinase phosphorylation and RANKL expression induced by mechanical stress in osteoblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that the orthodontic force‐induced osteoclastogenesis in alveolar bone was inhibited by the accompanying periodontal inflammation, at least partly through prostaglandin E2, resulting in reduced orthodontic tooth movement.
Young children’s Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life and dental fear after treatment under general anaesthesia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Klaassen Marleen A. , Veerkamp Jacobus S. J. , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: May 2009

During the past decade the research interest in Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) has been prospering. This study was performed to test (using a randomized controlled trial design) the hypothesis that young children’s OHRQoL improves after oral rehabilitation under general anaesthesia (GA). A further aim of this study was to explore whether dental fear also changes. One‐hundred and four children (54 boys; mean age 4.08 yr, standard deviation = 1.09), who had been referred to a specialized clinic in paediatric dentistry, were randomly assigned, based on a Solomon four‐group design, to two treatment (GA) and two control conditions. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) and the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule‐Dental Subscale (CFSS‐DS) were used to assess OHRQoL and dental fear, respectively, before and after the rehabilitation procedures. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance revealed that the total ECOHIS score after GA was more positive in the GA group than in the control group. There was no effect found of the pre‐test and there was also no interaction between the pre‐test and treatment. In the total CFSS‐DS scores no effects were found. The results of this study showed that the child’s OHRQoL improved after treatment under GA. Furthermore, children need guidance in reducing dental fear after treatment under GA.
One‐ vs. five‐session treatment of intra‐oral injection phobia: a randomized clinical study
Authors: Vika Margrethe , Skaret Erik , Raadal Magne , Öst Lars‐Göran , Kvale Gerd
Published: May 2009

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of one and five sessions of treatment for intra‐oral injection phobia in 55 subjects fulfilling the DSM‐IV criteria for specific phobia. The subjects were randomly assigned to one or five sessions of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) performed by dentists. Assessments included behavioural tests and self‐report instruments used pretreatment, post‐treatment, and at 1 yr of follow‐up. The dental anxiety scale (DAS), the injection phobia scale‐anxiety, and the mutilation questionnaires were applied. Mean avoidance duration of intra‐oral injections before treatment was 7.0 yr. The results showed that 89% of the subjects had received intra‐oral injections from a regular dentist during the 1‐yr follow‐up. The only significant difference between the one‐ and the five‐session groups was that the five‐session group reported less anxiety (as measured using the DAS) at 1 yr of follow‐up. It was concluded that both treatments performed by dentists specially trained in CBT have a significant treatment effect on the intra‐oral injection phobia.
Effects of amphetamine on salivary secretion
Authors: Götrick Bengt , Giglio Daniel , Tobin Gunnar
Published: May 2009

Amphetamine induces xerogenic effects, but its mechanism of action and xerogenic potency are unknown. In the current in vivo study on the rat parotid gland, the effects of amphetamine on reflex‐evoked and acetylcholine‐evoked salivation were examined in the absence and presence of adrenergic and dopaminergic antagonists. Under anaesthesia, amphetamine increased the secretion of salivary fluid and the amount of protein therein in response to acetylcholine. Phentolamine abolished the increase in salivary flow and had no effect on the salivary protein concentration, whereas propranolol only reduced the salivary protein concentration. Reflex activation of the secretion evoked a well‐maintained level of secretion that was reduced by amphetamine [50% inhibitory dose (ID50) 1.9 ± 0.1 mg kg−1 intravenously); the salivary protein concentration was increased in the presence of amphetamine. Phentolamine and haloperidol reduced the amphetamine‐inhibitory effect on the reflex‐evoked fluid response, whereas propranolol had no effect on the fluid response. The xerogenic effect of amphetamine is mainly exerted by central mechanisms involving α‐adrenoceptors, while, indirectly, amphetamine causes secretion of protein by inducing the release of noradrenaline from glandular nerve terminals.
Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland:
Authors: Bornstein Michael M. , Kislig Karin , Hoti Beatrice Brun , Seemann Rainer , Lussi Adrian
Published: May 2009

Epidemiological data on halitosis are rare. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland, using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination. First of all, a standardized questionnaire was filled out by all 419 participants. In the clinical examination, ‘objective’ values for halitosis were gathered through two different organoleptic assessments and by the measurement of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). Additionally, tongue coating and the modified periodontal screening index (PSI) were evaluated for each participant. The questionnaire revealed that 32% of all subjects sometimes or often experienced halitosis. The organoleptic evaluation (grade 0–5) identified 48 persons with grade 3 and higher. Measurement of VSC identified 117 subjects (28%) with readings of ≥ 75 parts per billion (ppb). Tongue coating, modified PSI, and smoking were significantly associated with higher organoleptic scores, and tongue coating and smoking were associated with higher VSC values. For about one‐third of the Bernese city population, halitosis seems to pose an oral health problem. Only a weak correlation between self‐reported halitosis and either organoleptic or VSC measurements could be detected.
Dental fear and subjective oral impacts among adults in Finland
Authors: Pohjola Vesa , Lahti Satu , Suominen‐Taipale Liisa , Hausen Hannu
Published: May 2009

We aimed to study the association between subjective oral impacts and dental fear adjusted for age, gender, level of education, and dental attendance, and to evaluate whether this association was modified by the number of remaining teeth. Nationally representative data on Finnish adults, 30+ yr of age (n = 5,987), were gathered through interviews, clinical examination, and questionnaires. Dental fear was measured using the question: ‘How afraid are you of visiting a dentist?’ and subjective oral impacts were measured using the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) questionnaire. The outcome variables were the percentage of people reporting one or more OHIP‐14 items fairly often or very often, and the ‘extent’ and ‘severity’. Those with high dental fear reported higher levels of prevalence, ‘extent’, and ‘severity’ of subjective oral impacts than did those with low dental fear or no fear. The association between dental fear and subjective oral impacts was not significantly modified by the number of remaining teeth. The greatest differences between those with high dental fear and low dental fear were found in psychological, social, and handicap dimensions, but not in functional or physical dimensions of the OHIP‐14. Treating dental fear could have positive effects on subjective oral impacts by reducing psychological and social stress and by improving regular dental attendance and oral health.
The effect of a peroxidase primer on bond strength of three luting systems to dentin
Authors: Taira Yohsuke , Soeno Kohyoh
Published: May 2009

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of an experimental primer containing a microperoxidase (MP‐11) with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate on adhesive bonding of three different luting systems and dentin. The luting systems prepared were three etch‐and‐rinse systems (10‐3/Super‐Bond, 10‐0/Super‐Bond, 65PA/Super‐Bond), a self‐etching system (PanaviaF2.0), and a self‐adhesive system (SA‐Luting). These luting systems were used in conjunction with the MP‐11 primer, and were designated as 10‐3/MP‐11/Super‐Bond, 10‐0/MP‐11/Super‐Bond, 65PA/MP‐11/Super‐Bond, MP‐11/PanaviaF2.0, MP‐11/SA‐Luting, respectively. The dentin surfaces of human premolar teeth were treated, and then bonded with acrylic rods. Shear bond strengths were determined after 24 h of storage in water. The maximum mean bond strength was obtained with 10‐0/MP‐11/Super‐Bond (48.7 ± 6.6 MPa), followed by 10‐3/MP‐11/Super‐Bond (36.3 ± 10.2 MPa), 65PA/MP‐11/Super‐Bond (32.9 ± 9.2 MPa), 10‐3/Super‐Bond (26.6 ± 6.7 MPa), MP‐11/PanaviaF2.0 (21.4 ± 5.6 MPa), MP‐11/SA‐Luting (17.2 ± 3.5 MPa), PanaviaF2.0 (16.9 ± 5.7 MPa), 65PA/Super‐Bond (12.8 ± 2.0 MPa), SA‐Luting (11.2 ± 5.4 MPa), and 10‐0/Super‐Bond (9.6 ± 3.9 MPa). The additional use of MP‐11 primer significantly improved the bond strengths in the etch‐and‐rinse systems with 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin. It is suggested that the peroxidase has a potential to improve dentin adhesion in the etch‐and rinse, self‐etching, and self‐adhesive systems.
Evaluation of sixth grade primary schoolchildren’s knowledge about avulsion and dental reimplantation
Authors: Castilho Lithiene Ribeiro , Sundefeld Maria Lucia Marçal Mazza , De Andrade Dalton Francisco , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Poi Wilson Roberto
Published: May 2009

Abstract –  Dental trauma, particularly tooth avulsion, is a frequent cause of tooth loss in children, adolescents, and young adults. The avulsed tooth should be immediately reimplanted in its alveolus. This procedure can be performed by anyone at the accident site and not only by dental surgeons. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the knowledge of sixth graders of the city of Araçatuba, SP, about dental avulsion and tooth reimplantation through a structured and standardized survey. Our sample consisted of 778 students. The data collected was processed using the program epiinfo 2000. Most students were around 12 years of age and 94.5% related to practice some kind of sports. Results demonstrated that the possibility of tooth reimplantation after dental avulsion is not acknowledged among these students and dental traumatism was associated to caries, toothache, and use of orthodontic appliances. Only 18.9% of the students associated dental traumatism to an impact trauma; 3.6% would store the tooth in milk, and 3.1% believed the tooth could be reimplanted by anyone present at the accident site. In summary, the results show an overall the lack of knowledge about dental traumatism and highlight the need of special programs designed to educate school‐aged students about emergency procedures to handle cases of dental traumatisms.
Elastic modulus of posts and the risk of root fracture
Authors: Meira Josete B. C. , Espósito Camila O. M. , Quitero Mayra F. Z. , Poiate Isis A. V. P. , Pfeifer Carmem Silvia C. , Tanaka Carina B. , Ballester Rafael Y.
Published: May 2009

Abstract –  The definition of an optimal elastic modulus for a post is controversial. This work hypothesized that the influence of the posts’ elastic modulus on dentin stress concentration is dependent on the load direction. The objective was to evaluate, using finite element analysis, the maximum principal stress (σmax) on the root, using posts with different elastic modulus submitted to different loading directions. Nine 3D models were built, representing the dentin root, gutta‐percha, a conical post and the cortical bone. The softwares used were: MSC.PATRAN2005r2 (preprocessing) and MSC.Marc2005r2 (processing). Load of 100 N was applied, varying the directions (0°, 45° and 90°) in relation to the post’s long axis. The magnitude and direction of the σmax were recorded. At the 45° and 90° loading, the highest values of σmax were recorded for the lowest modulus posts, on the cervical region, with a direction that suggests debonding of the post. For the 0° loading, the highest values of σmax were recorded for higher modulus posts, on the apical region, and the circumferential direction suggests vertical root fracture. The hypothesis was accepted: the effect of the elastic modulus on the magnitude and direction of the σmax generated on the root was dependent on the loading direction.
Relationship between traumatic dental injuries and obesity in Brazilian schoolchildren
Authors: Soriano Evelyne Pessoa , Caldas Jr Arnaldo De França , De Carvalho Marcus Vitor Diniz , Caldas Kátia Urbano
Published: May 2009

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to investigate if obesity is associated to the occurrence of dental trauma in the permanent anterior teeth of adolescents from Recife, Brazil. It included a random sample of 1046 boys and girls aged 12 years attending both public and private schools. The sample size was calculated using a 95% confidence interval level; a statistical significance of 5%; and an odds ratio of 1.55. The sample selection was carried out in two stages: first, schools were selected by simple sampling, and then children were chosen using a proportionality coefficient. Data were collected through clinical examinations and interviews, after examiner calibration. Dental trauma was classified according to ANDREASEN; ANDREASEN criteria. Obesity was considered according to National Center of Health Statistics – NCHS (USA) procedures for the assessment of nutritional status. Subjects were considered as non‐obese when the observed percentile was ≤97, while obese adolescent presented percentiles >97. Data were summarized and analyzed using the statistical software spss. The prevalence of traumatic injuries was higher among obese boys than obese girls (17.2% and 16.2%, respectively), but there were no statistically significant differences between traumatic dental injuries and obesity (P > 0.05). It was concluded that the presence of obesity was not associated to traumatic dental injuries in adolescents from Recife, Brazil.
The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm
Authors: Rasooli I , Shayegh S , Astaneh SDA
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Objectives:  To assess the antimicrobial effects of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and chlorhexidine against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus pyogenes, with a particular focus on in vitro and in vivo biofilm formation.

Methods:  The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry. In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial and biofilm preventing activities of the oils were studied.

Results:  Fifteen and 21 compounds were identified in the essential oils of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis respectively. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of the M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils were found to be 4 and 2 mg ml−1, and those of chlorhexidine (2%) were 8 and 1 mg ml−1 for both S. mutans and S. pyogenes respectively. Decimal reduction time of S. mutans by M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils at their MBC levels was 2.8 min, while that of cholrhexidine was 12.8 min. D‐value of S. pyogenes exposed to the MBC levels of M. spicata and E. camaldulensis oils and of chlorhexidine were 4.3, 3.6 and 2.8 min respectively. Antibacterial and in vivo biofilm preventive efficacies of all the concentrations of eucalyptus oil were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than that of M. spicata oil and chlorhexidine. In conclusion, essential oils are capable of affecting biofilm formation.

Conclusion:  The essential oils from E. camaldulensis and M. spicata significantly retard biofilm formation that can contribute to the development of novel anticaries treatments.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of home fortification of complementary foods
Authors: Dewey Kathryn G. , Yang Zhenyu , Boy Erick
Published: May 2009

We reviewed the efficacy and effectiveness of home fortification of complementary foods with micronutrient powders (e.g. Sprinkles®), crushable tablets and lipid‐based or soy‐based products. Sixteen studies (5 anaemia treatment trials, 11 prevention trials) met the inclusion criteria. The treatment trials indicate that Sprinkles were as effective as iron drops, and were better accepted and had fewer side effects. In the prevention trials, the risk of anaemia was cut in half. The effect of home fortification with multiple micronutrients on plasma zinc and vitamin A levels was mixed. The impact on child growth of home fortification using only micronutrients was not significant. However, with products containing both micronutrients and a small amount of energy (including fat and protein), the pooled data from two efficacy trials in Africa suggest an effect size of ∼0.4 for both weight and height. Home fortification with products that include some energy also showed positive effects on indices of child development in two studies. There was a beneficial impact of home fortification on morbidity in high‐risk populations in some studies, but most showed no significant impact. Acceptability of home fortification by caregivers and young children is high, and side effects are rare. The safety of home fortification using ‘bolus’ doses of iron, particularly in malarial areas, needs further investigation. In one study of Sprinkles in a low‐income country, the estimates of cost per disability‐adjusted life year regained compared favourably with other approaches, but more data on operational and cost considerations for the various home fortification products are needed.
Associations Between School Recreational Environments and Physical Activity
Authors: Nichol Marianne E. , Pickett William , Janssen Ian
Published: May 2009

Background:  School environments may promote or hinder physical activity in young people. The purpose of this research was to examine relationships between school recreational environments and adolescent physical activity.

Methods:  Using multilevel logistic regression, data from 7638 grade 6 to 10 students from 154 schools who participated in the 2005/06 Canadian Health Behaviour in School‐Aged Children Survey were analyzed. Individual and cumulative effects of school policies, varsity and intramural athletics, presence and condition of fields, and condition of gymnasiums on students’ self‐reported physical activity (≥2 h/wk vs <2 h/wk) were examined.

Results:  Moderate gradients in physical activity were observed according to number of recreational features and opportunities. Overall, students at schools with more recreational features and opportunities reported higher rates of class‐time and free‐time physical activity; this was strongest among high school students. Boys’ rates of class‐time physical activity were 1.53 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.12‐1.80) times as high at high schools with the most recreational features as at schools with the fewest. Similarly, girls’ rates of free‐time physical activity at school were 1.62 (95% CI: 0.96‐2.21) times as high at high schools with the most opportunities and facilities as compared to schools with the fewest. Modest associations were observed between individual school characteristics and class‐time and free‐time physical activity.

Conclusions:  Taken together, the cumulative effect of school recreational features may be more important than any one characteristic individually.
Demographic, Environmental, Access, and Attitude Factors That Influence Walking to School by Elementary School‐Aged Children
Authors: Rodríguez Ariel , Vogt Christine A.
Published: May 2009

Background:  Walking to school has been identified as an activity that contributes to children’s daily exercise requirements. The purpose of this study was to better understand factors that influence walking to school by elementary school–aged children.

Methods:  A sample of 1,897 elementary school–aged children (84% response rate; 3rd‐5th graders) throughout Michigan completed the Michigan Safe Routes to School Student Survey. The survey measures environmental, access, and attitudinal perceptions toward school routes and transportation methods.

Results:  Using logistic regression, the results indicate that the odds of walking to school increase the older children are (odds ratio (OR) =  1.80, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20‐2.70) and if students perceive that walking to school saves time (OR = 3.32, 95% CI = 1.44‐7.66) or is safe (OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.06‐6.39). The odds of a student walking to school decrease the farther a student lives from his or her school (OR = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.04‐0.37), if his or her parents have a car (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.02‐0.22), and if the student has access to a school bus (OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.03‐0.18). These factors are significant (p < .05) predictors of walking to school after controlling for other demographic, environmental, access, and attitude factors.

Conclusions:  The study results support research indicating that environmental and access factors influence whether elementary school–aged children walk to school. In addition, when children perceive walking to school to be convenient (ie, saves time), their odds of walking to school increase. Future school‐ and community‐based programs promoting walking to school should continue to focus on making walking to school not only safer, but also more convenient.
A Work Sampling Study of Provider Activities in School‐Based Health Centers
Authors: Mavis Brian , Pearson Rachel , Stewart Gail , Keefe Carole
Published: May 2009

Background:  The purpose of this study was to describe provider activities in a convenience sample of School‐Based Health Centers (SBHCs). The goal was to determine the relative proportion of time that clinic staff engaged in various patient care and non‐patient care activities.

Methods:  All provider staff at 4 urban SBHCs participated in this study; 2 were in elementary schools, 1 in a middle school, and 1 in a school with kindergarten through grade 8. The study examined provider activity from 6 days sampled at random from the school year. Participants were asked to document their activities in 15‐minute intervals from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. A structured recording form was used that included 35 activity categories.

Results:  Overall, 1492 records were completed, accounting for 2708 coded activities. Almost half (48%) of all staff activities were coded as direct patient contact, with clinic operations the second largest category. Limited variations in activities were found across clinic sites and according to season.

Conclusions:  A significant amount of provider activity was directed at the delivery of health care; direct patient care and clinic operations combined accounted for approximately 75% of clinic activity. Patient, classroom, and group education activities, as well as contacts with parents and school staff accounted for 20% of all clinic activity and represent important SBHC functions that other productivity measures such as billing data might not consistently track. Overall, the method was acceptable to professional staff as a means of tracking activity and was adaptable to meet their needs.
School Psychologists’ Perceived Competence and Training Needs for Student Substance Abuse*
Authors: Burrow‐Sanchez Jason , Call Megan E. , Adolphson S. Lillian , Hawken Leanne S.
Published: May 2009

Background:  School psychologists are some of the most likely personnel to deliver mental health services, including substance abuse, in school settings, but there is limited research on the perceived competence of school psychologists to address student substance abuse concerns. The 3 aims of this study were to determine how school psychologists perceive their training in 9 competence areas related to student substance abuse and to identify which training areas they indicate as being most needed to address student substance and which substances they perceive as being the most common in their schools.

Methods:  A descriptive survey study was conducted with a national sample of 210 school psychologists working in high schools. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance to test for differences between competency areas; descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were employed to determine key training areas for school psychologists.

Results:  Findings indicated that school psychologists varied in their ratings of perceived competence to address student substance abuse concerns. Participants identified screening and assessment, consultation, and individual interventions as the most important areas for future training.

Conclusions:  School psychologists need and want more training for working with students who use or abuse substances. Implications for pre‐service and in‐service training are discussed and directions for future research are provided.
Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in Urban Youth at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Jaser Sarah S. , Holl Marita G. , Jefferson Vanessa , Grey Margaret
Published: May 2009

Background:  Rates of overweight in youth have increased at an alarming rate, particularly in minority youth, and depressive symptoms may affect the ability of youth to engage in healthy lifestyle behaviors to manage weight and reduce their risk for health problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between depressive symptoms, clinical risk factors, and health behaviors and attitudes in a sample of urban youth at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods:  We obtained self‐report questionnaire data on depressive symptoms and health attitudes and behaviors related to diet and exercise and clinical data on risk markers (eg, fasting insulin) from 198 youth from an urban setting. Seventh‐grade students were eligible if they were at risk for developing T2DM because they had a body mass index (BMI) in the 85th percentile or higher and a family history of diabetes.

Results:  Clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms were evident in approximately 21% of the sample, and Hispanic youth reported higher levels of depressive symptoms than black youth. Higher levels of depression were associated with several health behaviors and attitudes, in particular less perceived support for physical activity and poorer self‐efficacy for diet. Depressive symptoms were also related to some clinical risk markers, such as higher BMI and fasting insulin levels.

Conclusions:  Because depressive symptoms may affect ability to engage in healthy behavior changes, evaluation and treatment of depressive symptoms should be considered in preventive interventions for youth at risk for T2DM.
Impact of carbohydrate supplementation during endurance training on glycogen storage and performance
Authors: Nybo L. , Pedersen K. , Christensen B. , Aagaard P. , Brandt N. , Kiens B.
Published: May 2009

Aim:  Glucose ingestion may improve exercise endurance, but it apparently also influences the transcription rate of several metabolic genes and it alters muscle metabolism during an acute exercise bout. Therefore, we investigated how chronic training responses are affected by glucose ingestion.

Methods:  In previously untrained males performance and various muscular adaptations were evaluated before and after 8 weeks of supervised endurance training conducted either with (n = 8; CHO group) or without (n = 7; placebo) glucose supplementation.

Results:  The two groups achieved similar improvements in maximal oxygen uptake and peak power output during incremental cycling (both parameters elevated by 17% on average) and both groups lost ∼3 kg of fat mass during the 8 weeks of training. An equal reduction in respiratory exchange ratio (0.02 units) during submaximal exercise was observed in both groups. Beta‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase activity was increased in both groups, however, to a larger extent in the placebo group (45 ± 11%) than CHO (23 ± 9%, P < 0.05). GLUT‐4 protein expression increased by 74 ± 14% in the placebo group and 45 ± 14% in CHO (both P < 0.05), while resting muscle glycogen increased (P < 0.05) to a larger extent in the placebo group (96 ± 4%) than CHO (33 ± 2%).

Conclusion:  These results show that carbohydrate supplementation consumed during exercise training influences various muscular training adaptations, but improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and reductions in fat mass are not affected.
Humour and Insult in the House of Commons: The Case of Palmerston and Disraeli*
Authors: MEISEL JOSEPH S.
Published: May 2009

Formal prohibitions on ‘personalities’ notwithstanding, a constant of parliamentary life is that members regularly insult one another. Within the conventions of 19th‐century public decorum, humour served as an effective means for some politicians to deliver personal insults to their opponents. This article examines the nature of the personal attacks made by Disraeli and Palmerston on each other between 1837 and 1865, and describes how their styles of humorous insult were different but equally effective. Analysis of their political contest sheds new light on the careers of the two men, while also providing the basis for broader considerations about the changing nature and functions of humour in political discourse from the 18th to the 20th centuries.
Change in Order to Conserve: Explaining the Decision to Introduce the 1958 Life Peerages Act
Authors: DOREY PETE
Published: May 2009

The introduction of life peers in 1958 represented the 20th century's most significant change in the composition of the house of lords, until the removal of (most) hereditary peers in 1999. Yet the 1958 reform was introduced by a Conservative government which was under no discernible pressure to do so, least of all by its own back benchers. Yet the Conservative leadership in both houses of parliament decided to seize the initiative on house of lords reform, partly to enable the house of lords to discharge its political responsibilities more effectively, thereby preventing it from atrophying, and partly to pre‐empt more extreme reform by a future Labour government. Yet having agreed to undertake such a reform, senior Conservatives encountered a range of often unforeseen constitutional and political problems, which ensured that the final reform was actually rather less comprehensive than many ministers had originally envisaged.
The Origins of Tunnage and Poundage: Parliament and the Estate of Merchants in the 14th Century
Authors: ORMROD W. MARK
Published: May 2009

By establishing the dates and political context of all early grants of the subsidy of tunnage and poundage, this study provides new evidence for the relationship between parliament and the so‐called ‘estate of merchants’ during the third quarter of the 14th century. Until the 1370s, tunnage and poundage was granted by the king's council with the assent of groups of merchants; it was only at the end of Edward III's reign that grants of the tax began to be made in parliament, and only from the mid 1380s that it became fully integrated into the customs system. Throughout the period of experimentation, the subsidy was intended for a specific purpose: the defence of the coasts and of English shipping. This partly explains why the crown chose to discuss it with groups of mariners and merchants rather than with the Lords and Commons in parliament. The chronology therefore calls into question assumptions about the collapse of the estate of merchants in the 1350s and the take‐over of its fiscal and political agenda by the burgesses in the parliamentary Commons. Through an analysis of petitions made in the name of the ‘merchants of England’, it can be shown that crown and parliament alike continued to recognize this group as a distinct political entity for the rest of Edward III's reign. The decisive shift came not in the 1350s but in 1382, when the merchants themselves acknowledged that the appropriate place to determine the crown's financial policies was, indeed, in parliament.
Kinetic Study of the Quenching Reaction of Singlet Oxygen by Common Synthetic Antioxidants (tert‐Butylhydroxyanisol, tert‐di‐Butylhydroxytoluene, and tert‐Butylhydroquinone) as Compared with α‐Tocopherol
Authors: Kim Ji In , Lee Jun Hyun , Choi Dong Seong , Won Bo Mi , Jung Mun Yhung , Park Jiyong
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  Effects of synthetic phenolic antioxidants (BHA, BHT, and TBHQ) on the methylene blue (MB) sensitized photooxidation of linoleic acid as compared with that of α‐tocopherol have been studied. Their antioxidative mechanism was studied by both ESR spectroscopy in a 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidone (TMPD)‐methylene blue (MB) system and spectroscopic analysis of rubrene oxidation induced by a chemical source of singlet oxygen. Total singlet oxygen quenching rate constants (kox−Q+kq) were determined using a steady state kinetic equation. TBHQ showed the strongest protective activity against the MB sensitized photooxidation of linoleic acid, followed by BHA and BHT. TBHQ (1 × 10−3 M) exhibited 86.5% and 71.4% inhibition of peroxide and conjugated diene formations, respectively, in linoleic acid photooxidation after 60‐min light illumination. The protective activity of TBHQ against the photosensitized oxidation of linoleic acid was almost comparable to that of α‐tocopherol. The data obtained from ESR and rubrene oxidation studies clearly showed the strong singlet oxygen quenching ability of TBHQ. The kox−Q+kq of BHA, BHT, and TBHQ were determined to be 3.37 × 107, 4.26 × 106, and 1.67 × 108 M−1 s−1, respectively. The kox−Q+kq of TBHQ was within the same order of magnitude of that of α‐tocopherol, a known efficient singlet oxygen quencher. There was a high negative correlation (r2 = −0.991) between log (kox−Q+kq) and reported oxidation potentials for the synthetic antioxidants, indicating their charge‐transfer mechanism for singlet oxygen quenching. This is the 1st report on the kinetic study on kox−Q+kq of TBHQ in methanol as compared with other commonly used commercial synthetic antioxidants and α‐tocopherol.
Seed Viability and Functional Properties of Broccoli Sprouts during Germination and Postharvest Storage as Affected by Irradiation of Seeds
Authors: Waje Catherine K. , Jun So‐Yun , Lee Yeon‐Kyung , Moon Kwang‐Deog , Choi Yong Hee , Kwon Joong‐Ho
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  The viability of broccoli seeds and functional properties, such as ascorbic acid, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and total phenol contents, of broccoli sprouts grown from irradiated seeds were evaluated. The seeds were irradiated using electron beam and gamma ray at doses up to 8 kGy. High germination percentages (>90%) were observed in seeds irradiated at ≤4 kGy, but the yield ratio and sprout length decreased with increased irradiation dose. Irradiation at ≥6 kGy resulted in curling of the sprout roots. Germinated seeds contained higher amounts of nutrients than raw seeds but the nutritional quality of sprouts decreased during postharvest storage. Radiation treatment hampered the growth of irradiated seeds resulting in underdeveloped sprouts with decreased ascorbic acid, carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents. In addition, the decrease in functional content of sprouts was more substantial in samples grown from high‐dose (5 kGy) irradiated seeds than that of the low‐dose (1 kGy) treated ones. Seed irradiation did not negatively affect the total phenol content of sprouts. In general, electron beam and gamma irradiation of broccoli seeds showed similar effects on the viability and functional properties of sprouts.
Detection of Mustard, Egg, Milk, and Gluten in Salad Dressing Using Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISAs)
Authors: Lee Poi‐Wah , Niemann Lynn M. , Lambrecht Debra M. , Nordlee Julie A. , Taylor Steve L.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT:  Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a commonly used method for the detection of trace amounts of potentially allergenic protein residues in foods. However, food matrices and processing conditions can affect the detection of protein residues. The effects of acidity on the detectability of several allergenic proteins commonly found in salad dressing using ELISAs was investigated. First, recovery experiments were performed on salad dressing formulated with 0 to 1000 ppm mustard flour (mustard). The mean percent recovery for mustard from the salad dressing was only 7.7%± 1.6%. When the pH of the salad dressing was adjusted to pH 7 prior to spiking with mustard, recovery improved to 94.1%± 7.6%. However, if the pH was adjusted to pH 7 after spiking and extraction, the recovery was only 11.1%± 1.7%. When vinegar was spiked with mustard flour at pH 3, 3.5, and 4, detectability of mustard was lowest at pH 3. Basic extraction of mustard proteins from salad dressing did not improve the mustard detection. Acidic salad dressing matrices reduced the detectability of mustard by the mustard ELISA probably because of acid precipitation of mustard proteins that renders them insoluble and nonextractable. Commercial salad dressings containing 100 ppm (mg/kg) of egg, milk, or gluten were analyzed every 2 to 4 d for 90 d using 3 commercially available ELISAs. A decrease in the detection of the egg, milk, and gluten in the salad dressing upon storage was observed. Our study highlighted the importance of evaluating the utility of various ELISAs for specific food matrices and the recovery as a function of product storage.
Behavioral Treatments of Chronic Tension‐Type Headache in Adults: Are They Beneficial?
Authors: Verhagen Arianne P. , Damen Léonie , Berger Marjolein Y. , Passchier Jan , Koes Bart W.
Published: May 2009

To assess the efficacy of behavioral treatments in patients with tension headache. Medline, Cinahl, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library were searched from inception to October 2007 and reference lists were checked. We selected randomized trials evaluating behavioral treatments (e.g., relaxation, electromyographic [EMG] biofeedback, and cognitive behavioral training) in patients with tension‐type headache (TTH). We assessed the risk of bias using the Delphi list and extracted data from the original reports. A qualitative analysis was carried out. We found 44 trials (2618 patients), which were included in this review, of which only 5 studies (11.4%) were considered to have low risk of bias. Most trials lacked adequate power to show statistical significant differences, but frequently, recovery/improvement rates did not reach clinical relevance. In 8 studies, relaxation treatment was compared with waiting list conditions, and in 11 studies, biofeedback was compared with waiting list conditions, both showing inconsistent results. On the basis of the available literature, we found no indications that relaxation, EMG biofeedback, or cognitive behavioral treatment is better than no treatment, waiting list, or placebo controls.
Neuroprotective Effects of Vinpocetine and its Major Metabolite Cis‐apovincaminic Acid on NMDA‐Induced Neurotoxicity in a Rat Entorhinal Cortex Lesion Model
Authors: Nyakas Csaba , Felszeghy Klára , Szabó Róbert , Keijser Jan N. , Luiten Paul G.M. , Szombathelyi Zsolt , Tihanyi Károly
Published: May 2009

Vinpocetine (ethyl‐apovincaminate, Cavinton), a synthetic derivative of the Vinca minor alkaloid vincamine, has been used now for decades for prevention and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases predisposing to development of dementia. Both vinpocetine and its main metabolite cis‐apovincaminic acid (cAVA) exert a neuroprotective type of action. Bilateral N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐induced neurodegeneration in the entorhinal cortex of rat was used as a dementia model to confirm the neuroprotective action of these compounds in vivo. NMDA‐lesioned rats were treated 60 min before lesion and throughout 3 postoperative days with a 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal dose of vinpocetine or cAVA. Behavioral tests started after termination of drug treatment and consisted of novel object recognition, social discrimination, and spontaneous alternation in a Y‐maze, and spatial learning in the Morris water maze. At the end of behavioral testing brains were perfused with fixative and the size of the excitotoxic neuronal lesion and that of microglial activation around the lesion were assayed quantitatively on brain sections immunostained for neuron‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and integrin CD11b, respectively. Entorhinal NMDA lesions impaired recognition of novel objects and the new social partner, and suppressed spontaneous alternation and spatial learning performance in the Morris maze. Both vinpocetine and cAVA effectively attenuated the behavioral deficits, and significantly decreased lesion size and the region of microglia activation. Both lesion‐induced attention deficit and learning disabilities were markedly alleviated by vinpocetine and cAVA. The morphological findings corroborated the behavioral observations and indicated reduced lesion size and microglia activation especially after vinpocetine treatment which supports an in vivo neuroprotective mode of action of vinpocitine and a less potent action of cAVA.
The development of MISCANFOR, a new Miscanthus crop growth model: towards more robust yield predictions under different climatic and soil conditions
Authors: HASTINGS ASTLEY , CLIFTON‐BROWN JOHN , WATTENBACH MARTIN , MITCHELL C. PAUL , SMITH PETE
Published: May 2009

Miscanthus×giganteus (Greef et Deu.), a perennial rhizomatous grass, native of SE Asia, has been trialed Europe‐wide as a potential bio‐energy crop. Plant growth models have been developed to match previously reported field experiments. These models have been used to extrapolate Miscanthus yields to other environments. Although the models use similar process descriptions, the parameters used to match the experimental data vary from site to site. This paper describes the development of universal process descriptions that use genotype‐specific parameters to predict yields in a wide range of environments. Using these, we develop a new model, MISCANFOR, from an existing model MISCANMOD by improving process descriptions for light interception by the canopy and the impact of temperature and water stress on radiation use efficiency. Genotype‐specific process descriptions for plant growth phase, photo‐period sensitivity, thermal time, temperature dependant radiation‐use efficiency, drought and frost kill predictions, nutrient repartition to the rhizome, and moisture content at harvest are added. Predictions made with MISCANFOR are compared with MISCANMOD for 36 experimental data sets for a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions in Europe. MISCANFOR matches field experiments with an r2=0.84 compared with 0.64 for MISCANMOD, building confidence that the new model will be better able to predict Miscanthus yields for other areas and future IPCC climate scenarios. This model has identified photoperiod sensitivity in addition to drought resistance and frost tolerance as parameters for crop improvement to extend the range of climatic conditions under which this crop can be grown economically.
Exacerbation of Hyperlactatemia by Infusion of Lactated Ringer's Solution in Dogs With Lymphoma
Authors: Vail David M. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Fettman Martin J. , Wheeler Steven L.
Published: May 2009

Blood lactate concentrations and acid‐base status of six dogs with lymphoma were compared statistically with those from six healthy control dogs before, during, and after a 6‐hour infusion of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS). Blood lactate concentrations in dogs with lymphoma were significantly (P< 0.05) higher immediately before, and at the 1‐, 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐hour time periods after infusion when compared with controls. Blood lactate concentrations increased significantly (P= 0.016) after the first hour of infusion in dogs with lymphoma but did not increase in the control dogs. The increase in blood lactate concentrations over baseline values after 1 hour of LRS infusion was significantly (P= 0.008) greater in dogs with lymphoma when compared with controls. Blood lactate concentrations returned to baseline levels after 2 hours of infusion in dogs with lymphoma, suggesting that dogs with lymphoma have a transient inability to handle increased lactate loads when compared with controls. However, the potential to augment lactate use, clearance, or both is present and does occur over time. Blood gas values were not significantly altered within the lymphoma or control dog groups after 6 hours of LRS infusion. Blood bicarbonate concentrations in dogs with lymphoma were significantly decreased before and after LRS infusion when compared with controls.