bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2. Channeled, Reformulated, and Controlled: Love Poetry from the Song of Songs to Aeneas and Dido
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

This chapter covers ancient ideas of love, beginning with the Song of Songs (Song of Solomon), a love poem sublimated by a two-millennia-long tradition of allegory (beginning with the interpretations of Rabbi Akiba and the early Church theologian Origen, each of whom insisted that the love in the poem was divine, not human. It then moves to a consideration of Ovid's Amores and Ars Amatoria as eros, a seduction/resistance manual, poems which celebrate passion and love without the need for disguise or allegory, befrore proceeding to an analysis of Virgil's portrayal, in the Aeneid, of love as a dangerous passion to be overcome/denied by the “pious” Aeneas in the episode with Dido. Love is pictured here as a passion to be indulged (at best), but then either denied or sublimated in moving on to higher pursuits (like Aeneas’ obedience to the gods). The chapter then considers Ovid’s response to Virgil’s treatment of Dido, in his Heroides VII, in which he gives Dido the last word, and clearly sympathizes with her over Aeneas; and Marlowe’s Early Modern rewriting of the episode, in which he goes even further than did Ovid in valorizing Dido, while giving the back of his dramatic hand to Aeneas. This chapter also devotes a good deal of its focus to discussions of the kind of criticism discussed in the introduction—criticism that tries to allegorize away, or otherwise argue away the significance of love in the Song of Songs (insisting that the love is between God and humanity), setting such arguments up as a template for the meta-analysis of similar trends in criticism in the later chapters.
7. The Ladder of Love in Italian Poetry and Prose, and the Reactions of the Sixteenth-Century Sonneteers
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

Moving from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries in France and England, this chapter works with poetry from the thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries in Italy and England, though it begins, providing necessary background, with a discussion of Platonic and Neoplatonic versions of the ‘ladder of love’ idea, in which human passion is to be redirected toward a divine object, with a special focus on the Symposium of Plato (balance, higher and lower forms) and Diotima's discussion of love as a pathway/ladder to the divine. It then considers how the Italian poetic tradition, influenced by the ‘ladder of love’, changes the emphasis it found in the Troubadour poetry it so admired from fin'amor to something like its sublimation into worship in the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Italian tradition of Guinizelli, Colonne, Dante, and Petrarch, in which the mutual one-to-one choice of the Occitan tradition, is replaced by a one-way form of passionate male idolatry of the female object (Beatrice, Laura, etc.). The chapter moves to a consideration of how love is spiritualized and sublimated in Peter Bembo's discourse at the end of Castiglione's early-sixteenth-century work The Courtier, which then leads to a discussion of the English sonnets of Wyatt, Howard, and Sidney as continued exercises in a desexualized Platonic/Neoplatonic idolization and objectification of the female, who is denied any role except that of inspiration to the male poet. Finally, this chapter turns to Shakespeare’s sonnets, arguing that in this body of work, we see a definitive rejection of the sublimated and spiritualized treatment of love, and a return of the person-to-person passions of fin’amor.
8. Shakespeare: The Return of Fin’amor
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses Shakespeare’s plays, specifically focusing on the economic, authoritarian, and even dynastic impediments to love in the marital and family structures of the time, and the way love is portrayed as in resistance to those structures. Here the project moves to a close consideration of several plays (The Two Gentlemen of Verona, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, Othello, King Lear, and Pericles, the Prince of Tyre), examining the ways in which love operates as both a subject-enabling force, and as a subversive, if sometimes unsuccessful, force in the dramatic contexts of arranged marriages as exchanges of property and political influence. Criticism is engaged throughout.
9. Love and its Costs in Seventeenth-Century Literature
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

This chapter engages in a discussion of the carpe diem motif in poems by Donne, Herrick, Jonson, and Marvell in terms of their emphasis on troubadour/trobaritz ideas of love and individual choice in a world of arranged marriages. This chapter includes a prime example of the criticism of suspicion (based in the idea of pulling back the surface of a poem to reveal what ‘really’ lies beneath that surface) in a discussion of Robert Herrick’s ‘To the Virgins to Make Much of Time.’
Epilogue. Belonging to Poetry: A Reparative Reading
Authors: Bryson Michael , Movsesian Arpi
Published: July 2017

The book concludes with a brief consideration of the ways in which love is treated as a spent force in modern literature, beginning with a discussion of Carol Ann Duffy’s ‘The Love Poem,’ from her 2005 collection Rapture, and then moving on to considerations of two of the great dystopian novels of the twentieth century (Evgeny Zamyatin’s We and George Orwell’s 1984)), each of which casts love as the most powerful force for resisting a tyranny that finally crushes it beneath its heels. The epilogue suggests that the authoritarian spirit of Zamyatin’s ‘One State’ and Orwell’s ‘Big Brother’ is akin to that of the tradition of literary criticism that would transform the Song of Songs into a hymn of praise to an all-powerful God, that would turn the poetry of the troubadours into something less passionate than formulaic, and that would suggest that Adam should have abandoned Eve, choosing the power and authority of God over the love for (and of) his wife. The book’s final suggestion—made in a comparison of Pablo Neruda’s 1924 poem ‘Puedo escribir los versos más tristes esta noche’ to the emotional situation of Adam’s choice in Paradise Lost, is that we read poetry through poetry, searching once again—perhaps in a Romantic sense—for the human spirit that all too much literary criticism has made a millennia-long career of interpreting away.
The ‘Quadrangular Duel’ and the Critique of Religious Unbelief
Authors: Scotti Paschal
Published: July 2017

Assume that Christianity is to be destroyed, what prospect have Mr. Harrison and other like-minded persons of establishing a new religion which will do what was done by the old one? It appears to me that their attempts to do so are not only accidentally unsuccessful but essentially misconceived, and doomed to failure by the conditions under which they are undertaken. The old story of Talleyrand and the theophilanthropists puts the standing difficulty of all such creeds in a striking light.

‘Gentlemen’, he said, after listening to an exposition of their creed, ‘when Jesus Christ established a new religion he found it necessary to be crucified, dead, and buried, and to rise again the third day from the dead; go and do likewise, and your religion will be worth discussing’.
Conventual Mass and Monastic Life
Authors: Sankey Benedict
Published: July 2017

The following paragraphs are elicited by Dom Adalbert de Vogüé's article ‘Problems of the Monastic Conventual Mass’ in THE DOWNSIDE REVIEW, October 1969, pp. 327–38. It would be an impertinence on my part to attempt to engage in controversy with so erudite an author; I can claim no more qualification to write on things monastic than may be attributed to one who for a little over twenty years has attempted, however imperfectly, to live the life put before us by the Rule of St Benedict, having been attracted ( under God) to the life by reading the Rule ( and who will always be grateful to those who encouraged him to read it). But controversy with Dom Adalbert is not in fact my aim; for though, as will be seen, I cannot entirely agree with his conclusions, his article seems to me to point to questions that go to the heart of Benedictine life; questions which must be faced if the renewal of our life is to be true to the origins and tradition of Benedictine monasticism ( cf. II Vatican Council, Perfectae Caritatis, § 2).
What Educators Need to Know about Bullying
Authors: Graham Sandra
Published: July 2017

Six myths cloud our understanding of bullying behavior in schools and prevent us from addressing the issue effectively.
From Teacher to Teacher Educator
Authors: Clement Mary C.
Published: July 2017

College teaching can be as rewarding as a K-12 career and, whether in elementary school or college, students deserve good teachers.
From Ringmaster to Conductor
Authors: Kraft Matthew A.
Published: July 2017

These 10 simple techniques can help you turn an unruly class into a productive one.
Closing the Communication Gap
Authors: Walmsley Angela L.E.
Published: July 2017

How can you work successfully with teachers who are much older than you? Check out this primer on the three generations, including a List of helpful tips.
Calm, Cool, and Collected
Authors: Graham Susan , Williams Qiahna G. , Kamm Carrie Jenkins
Published: July 2017

Do you struggle to keep students focused? Do you want advice on how to handle a recurring classroom management challenge in your K-12 classroom? Post your questions at www.pilambda.org/horizons/calm-cool-and-collected to get advice from experienced teachers.
Pajamas or Tuxedo? Digitalk and Formality in Adolescent Writing
Authors: Turner Kristen H.
Published: July 2017

Teens write all the time. They post updates on their Facebook pages, text their friends, and send instant messages. How can you help them bring their writing skills into the classroom?
Your Life v. Your Job
Authors: Underwood Julie
Published: July 2017

Can your school district dictate what you do in your free time? Learn what off-campus actions have caused teachers to lose their jobs.
Class List ≠ Friend List
Authors: Hunter Eileen
Published: July 2017

Students use Facebook and other electronic communication as a primary means of sharing information. Should teachers use these methods to reach their students?
Social Media and the Job Hunt
Authors: Greene Katie
Published: July 2017

Facebook, Linkedln, and other social media sites can help you get a job. Find out how to use them to your advantage to make connections and enhance your career.
A Teaching Journey
Authors: Ratzel Marsha
Published: July 2017

Lifelong learning applies to teachers, too. Reflecting on her practice and connecting to other educators helped this middle school science teacher fuel her students' love of learning.
Six Networking Tips to Advance Your Career Goals
Authors: Jones Angela
Published: July 2017

Build your network of education professionals, and you can advance your career and improve your practice. Follow these tips to get started and keep your network thriving.
Tackling Climate Change in the Science Classroom
Authors: Johnson Roberta
Published: July 2017

How do you teach controversial topics like climate change? Try these three approaches.
Connecting with Families
Authors: McNatt Jackie
Published: July 2017

Feeling unprepared? Overwhelmed? Tap into some wisdom from National Board Certified Teachers and get up-to-speed with these practical tips on topics ranging from working with families to managing your classroom.
How Comics Made Me Love Reading
Authors: Silberkleit Nancy
Published: July 2017

The co-CEO of Archie Comics, a former elementary school art teacher, knows from personal experience that comics should be a tool in a teacher's toolbox.
A Multi-practice Clinical Study on Posterior Resin-bonded Bridges: a 2.5-year Interim Report
Authors: Verzijden C.W.G.J.M. , Creugers N.H.J. , Mulder J.
Published: July 2017

A clinical trial of 201 posterior resin-bonded bridges (PRBBs) was conducted partially in a University clinic and partially in general dental practices, for study of the influence of some experimental variables on the survival of these restorations. This report contains the results of an interim analysis which was done after 2.5 years' follow-up. No significant differences were found among the bonding systems used to adhere the PRBBs (Clearfil F2/etching, Panavia EX/sandblasting, and Microfill Pontic C/silicate-coating), or among the different preparation forms. PRBBs made in general dental practices were as retentive as those made in the University clinic. The "location" factor was found to be highly significant (p = 0.0001). The survival rates were 81% for maxillary PRBBs and 56% for mandibular PRBBs.
Stage-specific Expression of Decapentaplegic-Vg-related Genes 2, 4, and 6 (Bone Morphogenetic Proteins 2, 4, and 6) During Human Tooth Morphogenesis
Authors: Heikinheimo K.
Published: July 2017

Members of the decapentaplegic-Vg-related (DVR) gene family are diffusible signaling molecules regulating inductive tissue interactions during vertebrate development. Expression of DVR/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2, 4, and 6 was studied in human fetal teeth. Sequential morphogenetic stage-specific studies of DVR/BMP 2 and 4 mRNA expression by in situ hybridization revealed transcripts for DVR/BMP 4 during compaction of the dental mesenchyme. In contrast, DVR/BMP 2 mRNA appeared later during tooth development and was located in differentiated cells (odontoblasts). These results were confirmed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which detected DVR/BMP 2 and 4 mRNA in human tooth-germ samples. DVR/BMP 6 protein was distributed in the early dental epithelium and, later, in pre-odontoblasts and odontoblasts, where it remained during dentin formation. These results suggest that DVR/BMP 4 is involved in the early tooth morphogenesis. DVR/BMP 6 may, in particular, be implicated inepithelial-mesenchymalinteractionscontrolling cytodifferentiation. DVR/BMP 2 and 6 may also be involved in odontoblast secretory function. The results suggest that members of the DVR gene family may play regulatory roles during human tooth development.
Fracture Surface Characterization of Dentin-bonded Interfacial Fracture Toughness Specimens
Authors: Tam L.E. , Pilliar R.M.
Published: July 2017

Although the current trend in dentin bonding favors the development of a hybrid layer interdiffusion zone for micromechanical bonding, the exact nature of the dentin-composite bond is still unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize the fracture surfaces of specimens used to measure interfacial fracture toughness. Morphological (SEM) and chemical (EDS and XPS) surface analyses were used for characterization. Fracture toughness specimens generally failed along the dentin-bonded interface in agreement with observed clinical failure modes.

Four sites of bond failure were identified within the dentin-composite interf aces when All-Bond 2, Scotchbond MultiPurpose, and Scotchbond 2 were used as the dentinal adhesives. These were located within (1) the smear layer, (2) a resin-modified layer between the interdiffusion zone and the adhesive resin, (3) a well-infiltrated hybrid interdiffusion zone, and (4) a non-infiltrated unsupported collagen layer.The interf acial region had a complex architecture which varied with the nature of the dentin, the dentin surface treatment, and the dentin bonding system. The sites of bond failure appeared to correlate with the interfacial fracture toughness and the extent to which polymerized resin infiltrated and acted to support the organic dentinal structures.
Structural Evidence of a Sealed Tissue Interface with a Total-etch Wet-bonding Technique in vivo
Authors: Tay F.R. , Gwinnett AJ , Pang K.M. , Wei S.H.Y.
Published: July 2017

The resin-dentin interface of in vivo specimens restored with the All-Bond 2 system by use of a total-etch wet-bonding technique on vital deep human dentin was investigated by: (a) SEM examination of cryofractured specimens; (b) SEM examination of acid-rinsed, highly polished, embedded specimens; and (c) TEM examination of demineralized ultrathin sections. Ultrastructural features that were pertinent to the formation of an effective clinical seal were characterized. It is suggested that the establishment of an effective seal of the patent dentinal tubules following total etching is accomplished by: (1) the formation of an outer zone of a solid resin plug surrounded by a circumferential cuff of resin-impregnated dentin; and (2) the formation of an inner zone of a hollow resin sheath with resin globules along the internal walls of the tubules, closely adapting to the odontoblast process. The structural appearance and functional implications of these two zones were strikingly similar, with the sealing of exposed dentinal tubules in arrested carious lesions or cervical abfraction lesions. It appeared that there is a common denominator in physiologic isolation defense mechanisms and the total-etch, wet-bonding technique in the All-Bond 2 system in preserving the biological and morphological integrity of the pulpo-dentinal complex.
Pilocarpine Alters Caries Development in Partially-desalivated Rats
Authors: O'Connell A.C. , Pearson S.K. , Bowen W.H.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the effect of pilocarpine on caries and saliva composition in rats with compromised salivary gland function. Eight litters of specific-pathogen-free female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups for surgery. Partial desalivation was performed in either of three ways: (1) Both parotid ducts were ligated; (2) both submandibular/sublingual (SM/SL) glands were excised; or (3) one parotid duct was ligated, and submandibular/ sublingual glands were removed unilaterally. Completely desalivated animals and unoperated animals served as positive and negative controls, respectively. One week following surgery, groups were subdivided so that half of each group had osmotic pumps implanted which delivered pilocarpine HCl (24 mg/kg/day). All animals were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715 and fed cariogenic diet ad libitum for 28 days. Caries scores, microbiological data, and saliva flow rate and composition were determined for all animals. Animals which had both SM/SL glands removed and received pilocarpine developed significantly lower sulcal caries (p ≤0.05) compared with the animals that had both SM/SL removed but did not receive pilocarpine. The concentration of protein in parotid saliva in these pilocarpine-treated animals was unaffected, and nodif f erences were observed in the electrophoretic profiles on SDS-PAGE. Pilocarpine appears to exert its greatest caries-protective effect when the parotid glands remain intact.
Effect of Frequent Consumption of Starchy Food Items on Enamel and Dentin Demineralization and on Plaque pH in situ
Authors: Lingstrom P. , Birkhed D. , Ruben J. , Arends J.
Published: July 2017

The aim of this cross-over study was to determine the cariogenic potential of starchy food items as between-meal snacks. This was done by measuring demineralization of human enamel and dentin as well as the pH of dental plaque in situ. Eight volunteers with complete dentures carried two enamel and two dentin specimens, mounted in the molar regions of their mandibular prostheses. There were three test periods, each lasting for 21 days, followed in a randomized order: (1) consumption of starchy food products, 12-15 times a day, in addition to the normal diet (starch period); (2) consumption of sucrose products, 12-15 times a day, in addition to the normal diet (sucrose period); and (3) no addition of test products to the normal diet (control period). Both the starch and the sucrose diets increased the demineralization of enamel and dentin compared with the control period. However, only the sucrose period resulted in significant demineralization of dentin compared with the control period. The plaque pH, followed during 60 min after a one-minute mouthrinse with 10% sucrose, was lower at all time points after both the starch and the sucrose periods compared with the control period.
Regulation of Oral Chemotherapeutic Products in the United States
Authors: Trummel C.L.
Published: July 2017

Although many countries have well-established mechanisms for regulation of drugs dispensed by prescription order, far less attention has been directed to control of drugs sold "over-the-counter" (OTC). Since most oral chemotherapeutic agents are OTC preparations, these drugs frequently escape critical review of their safety and efficacy by regulatory agencies. Although widespread use of these OTC preparations indicates that they are generally safe, their effectiveness is not established. In some cases (e.g., detergent pre-brush rinses), there is good evidence for lack of efficacy. In the US, two recent developments suggest that more rigorous scientific review and oversight of oral chemotherapeutic agents will occur. First, the US Food & Drug Administration has initiated a process to evaluate several OTC products which claim to be effective against plaque and gingivitis. A panel of experts has been convened to establish criteria by which these products will be judged and regulated. The agency has also publicly indicated its intention to interact more closely with the dental community in discharging its responsibility for ensuring drug safety and eff icacy. Second, the American Dental Association, through its Council on Dental Therapeutics, is refining criteria for evaluating various types of chemotherapeutic agents. These criteria will be used to judge the efficacy and safety of agents voluntarily submitted for review to the Council by manufacturers. Both of these developmentsshould improve the clinical utility of suchagents and may provide models for regulatory agencies in other countries.
Cytotoxicity of Gallium and Indium Ions Compared with Mercuric Ion
Authors: Chandler J.E. , Messer H.H. , Ellender G.
Published: July 2017

The use of mercury in dental amalgam restorations has become the subject of political controversy despite its long history of safe clinical use, and alternative materials based on gallium and indium rather than mercury have been developed. The biological safety of these metals must be evaluated, as part of their assessment as mercury substitutes. The cytotoxicities of mercury (II) nitrate, gallium (III) nitrate, and indium (III) nitrate were assessed at concentrations between 0.001 mmol/L and 1.0 mmol/L, using L929 mouse fibroblasts and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay and scanning electron microscopy. The mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity at each metal ion concentration as a percentage of the control was calculated from the absorbance values. The 50% inhibition concentration of mercury (II) nitrate was 0.35 mmol/L for cells in the rapid-growth phase and at confluence; gallium (III) nitrate and indium (III) nitrate did not significantly inhibit dehydrogenase activity in either the growing or confluent phase. Gallium and indium ions were not significantly toxic under the conditions of this assay.
Sterilization of Teeth by Gamma Radiation
Authors: White J.M. , Goodis H.E. , Marshall S.J. , Marshall G.W.
Published: July 2017

Clinical simulations and restorative materials research and development conducted in vitro require the use of large numbers of extracted teeth. The simultaneous need for infection control procedures and minimal alterations of structure and properties of the tissue prompted this study of gamma irradiation as a method to eliminate microbes associated with extracted teeth and their storage solutions. Evaluations of potential change in structure of dentin were conducted in terms of permeability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and optical properties. The dose required for sterilization by gamma irradiation was established by means of a tooth model inoculated with Bacillus subtilis (108 organisms/mL). Sterilization occurred at a dose above 173 krad with use of a Cesium (Cs137) radiation source. Gamma irradiation did not affect permeability of crown segments of dentin. A comparative evaluation of the effects of four sterilization methods on dentin disks was based on FTIR and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV/VIS/NIR) spectra before and after sterilization by (1) gamma irradiation; (2) ethylene oxide; (3) dry heat; and (4) autoclaving. No detectable changes were found with gamma irradiation, but all other methods introduced some detectable change in the spectra. This suggests that common methods of sterilization alter the structure of the dentin, but gamma irradiation shows promise as a method which both is effective and introduces no detectable changes as measured by FTIR, UV/VIS/NIR, or permeability.
Reduced Mercury Vapor Release from Dental Amalgams Prepared with Binary Hg-In Liquid Alloys
Authors: Okabe T. , Yamashita T. , Nakajima H. , Berglund A. , Zhao L. , Guo I. , Ferracane J.L.
Published: July 2017

For the past ten years, the amounts of mercury vapor released from dental amalgams and the possibility of side-effects caused by these amounts have been discussed. Although no adverse health effects have been substantiated from these minute amounts, besides rare cases of allergies, this release should be reduced. The aim of this study was to reduce the mercury evaporation from a high-copper amalgam during setting by triturating the alloy powder with binary Hg-In liquid alloys having various indium concentrations set at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt%. Specimens (n = 4) were made for each amalgam according to ANSI/ADA Specification #1 and placed into a measuring chamber kept at 36.5 ± 0.5'C, through which a continuous air flow of 0.75 L/min was pumped. The total mercury release was measured during the setting period, according to the method described by Ferracane et al. (1992). Four additional specimens were prepared from a modified 14% Indisperse amalgam powder for the purpose of comparison. The results showed that the release of mercury vapor decreased with increasing indium concentrations, and that the amalgams made with the Hg-In liquid alloy with 10% In or more released significantly less mercury than the modified 14% Indisperse. The method of mixing indium in mercury prior to trituration appeared to be another effective method for reducing mercury evaporation during setting. The reduced mercury release may be explained by a reduction of mercury concentration in the structure, a reduction of vapor pressure for the mercury in the matrix phases, or more efficient formation of a surface oxide layer.
Maxillary Molar Extraction Decreases Stiffness of the Mandible in Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Elovic R.P. , Hipp J.A. , Hayes W.C.
Published: July 2017

Although osteoporosis is a major public health concern, the effect of this condition on oral bone has not been determined. Using the ovariectomized rat as a model, we examined whether acute estrogen depletion affects the mandible of the ovariectomized rat with and without maxillary molar extraction. Twenty-two ovariectomized and 20 sham-ovariectomized 90-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups: (1) sham-ovariectomized, baseline control; (2) ovariectomized, baseline control; (3) ovariectomized; (4) ovariectomized, tooth extraction; (5) sham-ovariectomized; and (6) sham-ovariectomized, tooth extraction. On day eight, sham-ovariectomized and ovariectomized rats had all their maxillary molars extracted, and the baseline control sham-ovariectomized and ovariectomized rats were killed. On day 35, the remaining animals were killed. After teeth were harvested, the right mandible was tested to failure in three-point bending. The bone mineral density of the left mandible was measured with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. The area fraction and area moment of inertia of a section of mandible were determined. Neither ovariectomy nor tooth extraction significantly affected the bone mineral density or structural properties of the rat mandible. However, there was an interaction between ovariectomy and maxillary molar extraction on the stiffness of the rat mandible (p < 0.008). Maxillary molar extraction decreased the stiffness of the mandible by 25% (p < 0.05) in the ovariectomized rat, whereas it did not do so in the sham-ovariectomized rat.
Chemostat Flow Cell System: An in vitro Model for the Evaluation of Antiplaque Agents
Authors: Herles S. , Olsen S. , Afflitto J. , Gaffar A.
Published: July 2017

We developed an experimental in vitro model of dental plaque to assess the potential efficacy of antiplaque agents. The model used a chemostat, which provided a continuous source of 5 species of oral bacteria grown in an artificial "saliva-like" medium. This mixture was pumped through six flow cells, each containing two types of surfaces on which plaque formed and was subsequently measured. Formation of bacterial plaque on hydroxyapatite surfaces was assessed by measurement of the DNA and protein content of the plaque film. The amount of bacterial plaque formed on germanium surfaces was measured by attenuated total reflectance (ATR/FT-IR) spectroscopy. Plaque viability was also assessed by a fluorescent staining technique. The quantity of plaque formed on both types of surfaces gradually increased with the duration of flow (from 24 to 72 h) through the cells during a 72-hour experimental period. The flow cells were then pulsed with experimental treatment solutions for 30 s, twice daily. Parallel to results of human clinical studies, the model was capable of discriminating among water, a placebo mouthrinse, and an active antimicrobial mouthrinse formulation containing 0.03% triclosan. It therefore offers a valuable alternative to animal model testing and allows for more rapid evaluations under well-controlled experimental conditions.
Characterization of the Human Junctional Epithelial Cells Directly Attached to the Tooth (DAT Cells)in Periodontal Disease
Authors: Overman D.O. , Salonen J.I.
Published: July 2017

This study examined the directly attached cells (DAT cells) of the human junctional epithelium from teeth extracted for advanced periodontal disease. The monolayer nature of the DAT cells remaining on the tooth surface after extraction offers a unique opportunity to study their morphology and activity in situ. We collected DAT cells and examined them by transmission electron microscopy and by autoradiography of cells labeled with 3H-thymidine. Our morphological results suggest that degenerative changes associated with pocket formation affect individual cells rather than regions of the DAT cell population at one time. The epithelial attachment apparatus (EAA) appeared to be the most resistant structure persisting on the tooth surface during the degeneration of the individual DAT cells. The new technique developed for two-dimensional observation of the sheet of DAT cells labeled in situ on the tooth surface in culture showed that the attached cells, even in periodontal disease, exhibit proliferative ability, suggesting a regenerative role for the DAT cells.
A New Method of Investigating the Perception of Prosodic Features
Authors: Fonagy Ivan
Published: July 2017

Studies are reported illustrating possible applications of the Fabre-Fourcin laryngograph. The laryngograph may help to reveal prosodic features conveying emotive attitudes, or characterizing different verbal genres. It facilitates the exploration of the semantic field of "melodic clichés," and that of "implicative" intonation patterns. It proves to be a useful tool in teaching intonation patterns of foreign languages.
A Cross-National Comparison of English-Language Category Norms
Authors: Brown W.P.
Published: July 2017

The category norms collected in the U.S.A. by Battig and Montague are compared with category norms collected in Great Britain at the same time. Twelve categories common to the two sets of norms are examined. In some cases, such as Chemical Elements and Colours, the norms are very similar; in other cases, striking differences emerge. Possible explanations of the differences are discussed. In some cases the differences reflect the fact that the two national populations are exposed to a different set of referent objects, either naturally occurring (as in the case of Birds) or culturally created (as in Sports), and therefore need different names for different things. In other cases (such as Articles of Clothing) the two national groups differ less in the range of objects experienced and more in the choice of terms to name these objects.
Value of Diagnostic Laparoscopy in Developing Countries
Authors: Zanoni Paolo , De Lalla Fausto
Published: July 2017

A series is reported of 115 patients submitted to laparoscopy in two poorly equipped hospitals in Chad and Tanzania, with the indications for this diagnostic procedure and the findings in every patient. Laparoscopy was judged to have been definitively diagnostic in 74 (64.3%) and useful but not diagnostic in 30 (26.0%) of the 115 patients. On the grounds of the laparoscopic picture 24 patients (20.9%) underwent surgery and the other 91 (79.0%) received medical therapy. No serious complications ensued with any of the 115 cases studied.

Laparoscopy is a safe procedure with a satisfactory diagnostic success rate. We would recommend wider use of this diagnostic tool in small hospitals in developing countries where laboratory facilities are usually inadequate.
Endogenous Eczema in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Kubeyinje E P
Published: July 2017

The findings in 125 patients with endogenous eczema attending the skin clinic of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital during a 2-year period are presented.

In males nummular eczema was the commonest seen, followed by atopic, pityriasis alba, pompholyx and seborrhoeic eczema. In females seborrhoeic eczema was the most common, followed by nummular, atopic, varicose, pityriasis alba and pompholyx. The course of endogenous eczema is similar to that described from other parts of the world including Africa.
Lineages of language and the diagnosis of asthma
Authors: Netuveli Gopalakrishnan , Hurwitz Brian , Sheikh Aziz
Published: July 2017

Asthma, wheeze and cough are words with profoundly differing histories, etymologies and meanings. Yet their medical usage today is clustered around the diagnosis and management of a single disease. Hitherto, asthma has been a clinical diagnosis but wheeze, cough and asthma now are key terms in cross-cultural questionnaire surveys which seek information on asthma prevalence. In this essay, we examine differences in the linguistic properties of terms likely to be relevant to interpreting large-scale variations in asthma prevalence uncovered by questionnaires. We show how etymologically distinct each term is: while asthma and cough each share semantic congruencies across six European languages, albeit for different reasons, there is less congruence across these languages for the term wheeze. The medical meanings of all three terms contrast with meanings revealed by the non-medical usage of all three terms, which are highly figurative. Linguistic considerations indicate that interpretation of international questionnaires that phrase questions in terms of cough, asthma and their derivatives are likely to be more reliable for the purposes of comparing prevalence than those which deploy questions phrased in terms of wheeze.
Euthanasia and suicide in antiquity: viewpoint of the dramatists and philosophers
Authors: Papadimitriou John D , Skiadas Panayiotis , Mavrantonis Constantinos S , Polimeropoulos Vassilis , Papadimitriou Dimitris J , Papacostas Kyriaki J
Published: July 2017

‘It is not the death I fear to face but dying.’
Editorial: Should There Be Special Education for the Intellectually and Emotionally Different?
Authors: Lowenstein L.F.
Published: July 2017

In this issue I shall speak briefly about a variety of handicaps and of handicapped children who attend special schools or receive treatment of a special nature in ordinary schools or child guidance centres for a variety of disabilities. Some vital statistics will be provided and some opinions given.
Learning Disabilities
Authors: Rewilak Dmytro , Janzen Henry L.
Published: July 2017

The search for effective means of assessing learning disabled children is continuous and often frustrating. Because of the uniqueness of the learning disabled, few professionals feel totally confident in interpreting test data to reach the diagnosis ‘learning disabled’. Historically, diagnosis of learning disabilities has focused on a number of isolated variables. Deficits and strengths within the child were identified and labelled; task analysis has been used to determine level of skill; learning styles have been analysed and matched with supposed teaching models; motivation, interests and attitudes have been inventoried and plotted; attention has been given to the significance of parents, siblings and the home environment. No one could question the importance of each of the variables assessed; however, rarely are they all given to reach a diagnosis. Taken singly they provide little information (Hardin, 1978).
Teacher Certification in the Education of the Gifted: an Update
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Collins Emily C.
Published: July 2017

Current information on specialized certification requirements for teaching the gifted was elicited from the state consultants responsible for gifted education. Currently 10 states have certification requirements which specify specialized course work in gifted education. While state consultants generally have positive attitudes toward certification for teaching the gifted, only 10 additional states are working toward the establishment of certification requirements.
Congenital Dermoid Cyst of the Anterior Tongue
Authors: Flom Gary S. , Donovan Thomas J. , Landgraf James R. , Mattox Douglas E.
Published: July 2017

Thirteen cases of “dermoid” cysts of the tongue have been reported in the literature, whereas only three of these have been histologically of the dermoid variety.1 We report the fourth known case of pathologically proven dermoid type cyst of the tongue. The embryology is reviewed.
Cavernous Hemangiomas of the Internal Auditory Canal
Authors: Pappas Dennis G. , Schneiderman Terrence S. , Brackmann Derald E. , Simpson L. Clark , Chandra‐Sekar B. , Sofferman Robert A.
Published: July 2017

Cavernous hemangiomas are vascular malformations that are seldom found in the central nervous system. Four cavernous hemangiomas of the internal auditory canal and one of the cerebellopontine angle have been reported previously. We present a series of seven (six of which have never been reported) cavernous hemangiomas limited primarily to the internal auditory canal. Whereas all cases but one had marked unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, only two had preoperative facial nerve dysfunction. There are no specific symptoms or physical or audiometric findings to differentiate cavernous hemangiomas from acoustic neuromas. However, a hemangioma should be suspected when facial paralysis is present in conjunction with a small intracanallcular tumor as demonstrated by computed tomography or magnetic resonance Imaging. The former reveals calcium stippling In the lesions, whereas magnetic resonance imaging reveals a high signal Intensity on both T1‐ and T2‐weighted images.
Auditory Brainstem Prosthesis: Biocompatability of Stimulation
Authors: Niparko John K. , Altschuler Richard A. , Evans David A. , Xue Xiaolin , Farraye Jamille , Anderson David J.
Published: July 2017

As part of a program to develop a central auditory system prosthesis, we have examined the reaction of tissue to different levels of stimulation from electrodes chronically implanted in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig. Tolerance and histologic reaction to 20 hours of periodic electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus were analyzed. Intraoperative and postoperative electrically evoked middle latency responses were monitored during stimulus trials. The threshold necessary to generate the middle latency responses was frequently below 50 μA. In the animals that received 50 and 100 μA of blphasic charge‐balanced stimulation (corresponding to approximately 200 and 400 μC/cm2 phase), adverse tissue reaction was minimal, and glial proliferation along the electrode tract never exceeded 25 μm in width. Stimulation intensities of 150 and 200 μA (approximately 600 and 800 μC/cm2 phase) produced significant tissue response at the site of the electrode terminus, with necrosis, cell loss, and reactive cells present. Therefore neuronal damage was observed to occur at an intensity far greater than that required for eliciting an electrophysiologic response.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: Results at 2‐Year Followup
Authors: Rice Dale H.
Published: July 2017

Endoscopic sinus surgery is a relatively new technique for the management of sinusitis refractory to noninvasive therapy. Success depends on the use of newly developed instruments, including the endoscopes, that allow one to enlarge the natural drainage ostia of the Involved sinuses. Furthermore, its use assumes that the mucosal disease is reversible and that destructive procedures, such as the Caldwell‐Luc, are unnecessary. To date there have been no reports in the English literature of patients followed for more than a few months. Herein we report 100 consecutive patients followed for at least 2 years.
Video Documentation of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Cannon C. Ron
Published: July 2017

A simple, rellable technique for videotaping endoscopic sinus surgery is described. This system may be used for teaching purposes and patient education. It may also be used to document pathologic conditions of the sinus as well as for documenting the surgical procedure itself.
Multiple‐Channel Stimulation of the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Evans David E. , Niparko John K. , Miller Josef M. , Jyung Robert W. , Anderson David J.
Published: July 2017

To further test the feasibility of a central nervous system auditory prosthesis, the characteristics of the electrically evoked middle latency response were studied in a series of acutely anesthetized pigmented guinea pigs, with multi‐channel penetrating cochlear nucleus electrodes placed into the cochlear nucleus under direct visualization. These stimulating electrodes consisted of a silicone substrate, with five stimulating pads each, sputtered with Iridium. Monopolar and bipolar stimulation were used. Threshold, latency, and input‐output functions of the electrically evoked middle latency response were studied. Systematic differences were observed, depending on the site and parameters of stimulation. Principally, higher currents were required to produce waves of equal amplitude when the electrodes were closely spaced. For near electrode pairs, the maximum wave amplitudes obtainable within the limits of tissue safety were much lower than for distant electrode pairs. The slope of the growth function curve was steeper for widely spaced electrodes than for adjacent sites. Monopolar stimulation demonstrated maximum wave amplitudes with the lowst current Intensity, implying current spread to the entire cochlear nucleus with this stimulation montage. In some cases, threshold differences were observed, higher thresholds being associated with closely spaced elecrodes. These findings are consistent with simple models of the electric fields expected to be generated by these electrode arrays. The results support the hypothesis that activtalon of subpopulations of auditory brainstem neurons with multi‐channel penetrating microelectrodes is possible.
The Craniofacial Resection—Eleven‐Year Experience at the University of Virginia: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Levine Paul A. , Scher Richard L. , Jane John A. , Persing John A. , Newman Steven A. , Miller John , Cantrell Robert W.
Published: July 2017

From September 1976 to December 1987, 25 patients underwent 27 craniofacial resections at the University of Virginia Health Sciences Center. Two of these patients, who had recurrent disease Involving the cavernous sinus, underwent repeat, extended resections. Seventeen of the tumors were esthesloneuroblastomas. Only one patient had received no treatment before surgery. The complications of this surgical technique are reviewed. The most significant complications were neurologic problems and Infection. Additional issues, such as the handling of the eye, lacrimal sac, and medial canthal ligament, are also reviewed.
The Adrenal Gland in Dogs with Hyperadrenocorticalism; A Pathologic Study
Authors: Kelly D. F. , Siegel E. T. , Berg P.
Published: July 2017

Bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia was present in 24 of 27 dogs with hyperadrenocorticalism. Two dogs had a unilateral adenoma, and one had a carcinoma of the adrenal cortex.

Bilateral cortical hyperplasia was diffuse or nodular. The difference between the two patterns of hyperplasia was not associated with any consistent varation in the clinical or endocrinologic features. In the three dogs with adrenal cortical neoplasia there was marked cortical atrophy of the contralateral adrenal gland. Extracapsular nodular hyperplasia was common in the adrenals of dogs with hyperadrenocorticalism and also in older control dogs without endocrine disease. Ten of the dogs with bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia were examined postmortem; two had a chromophobe adenoma of the pituitary, but no pituitary lesion was found in the others.
Rupture of the Urinary Bladder in the Foal
Authors: Rooney J. R.
Published: July 2017

The normal muscular anatomy of the urinary bladder of the horse is reviewed. The basic pattern is an outer longitudinal and inner circular layer of smooth muscle, except on the dorsal surface where the circular layer is external. This arrangement permits, according to the principles of mechanics, preferential bulging of the dorsal surface. At the time of birth the urachus is functionally closed, or nearly so. During parturition external pressure on the distended bladder may cause dorsal rupture because the urachus is closed, the penile urethra of the male is compressed in the pelvic canal, and the dorsal surface of the bladder is anatomically a weak point. Rupture of the dorsal surface was produced experimentally by simulating the in vivo conditions in vitro.
Cryptosporidial Infection in a Calf
Authors: Panciera R. J. , Thomassen R. W. , Garner F. M.
Published: July 2017

An 8-month-old female calf had a coccidian of the genus Cryptosporidium. This is the first report of cryptosporidial infection in cattle. The clinical syndrome was characterized by diarrhea, debilitation, and a chronic course. Gross lesions related to the infection were mild; however, histopathologic findings in the small intestine were generally characterized by villous atrophy and the presence of various developmental forms of Cryptosporidia in the microvillous border of the epithelium. The existence of signs and lesions very similar to those reported in the turkey and guinea pig suggests that disease in the calf might have been caused by cryptosporidial infection.
Giant Cell Tumor of Soft Parts: A Report of an Equine and a Feline Case
Authors: Ford G. H. , Empson R. N. , Plopper C. G. , Brown P. H.
Published: July 2017

Masses removed from the superficial fascia of the jugular groove of a 12-year-old Arabian mare and from the femoral canal of a 7 1/2-year-old female cat appeared to be counterparts of the human malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts, even recapitulating the clinical behavior of the respective subgroups. Histologically, both neoplasms contained the characteristic features of the malignant giant cell tumor of soft parts: large multinucleate giant cells, pleomorphic mononuclear giant cells, histiocytes, fibroblasts and fibrocytes that were sometimes sarcomatous, and foci of hemorrhage and necrosis. Ultrastructural characteristics of the giant cells suggest mesenchymal origin with osteoblastic or chondroblastic differentiation.