bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Las variantes de "vime" y el proceso de catellanización en el dominio leonés
Authors: Gutiérrez César
Published: April 2022

Dentro del espacio lingüístico correspondiente al antiguo Reino de León existen varias formas en las que las secuencias [min] de sus étimos (FEMINAM y *VIMINEM) no han evolucionado a la solución normativa leonesa [m] (v. gr., fembla, frema, bimbria, blima, brime). Estas variantes han sido justificadas bien como cambios fonéticos esporádicos o bien como fruto de diversos grados de contacto con el castellano durante la expansión de esta lengua por el dominio leonés. Sin embargo, estas explicaciones no son satisfactorias, por un lado, porque en otras partes de la Romania se hallan desarrollos semejantes a los leoneses y, por otro, porque no parece posible derivar toda la heterogeneidad de variantes leonesas de la solución única castellana [mbɾ] (hembra, mimbre). Teniendo esto en cuenta, en este trabajo se defenderá que muchas de las evoluciones tradicionalmente catalogadas como foráneas en leonés son, en realidad, autóctonas en este dialecto. Con este fin se estudiarán desde una perspectiva románica las particularidades de los procesos fonéticos implicados, incluyendo su cronología relativa. Asimismo se analizará la cronología real de aparición de las secuencias [mbɾ] tanto en leonés como en castellano. Ambas pesquisas se complementarán con el examen de la extensión geográfica de algunas de las variantes encontradas.
Limón sutil
Authors: Arrizabalaga Carlos
Published: April 2022

En el marco de la adaptación del léxico patrimonial al espacio americano hay un caso
de etimología popular en la denominación de "limón sutil”, extendida en varios países de
Sudamérica, que resulta de una mala lectura del gentilicio denominativo "limón ceutí”.
Incorporado al español a través del portugués por el presunto origen magrebí de esta variedad
de cítrico, fue sometido a una transformación esporádica en el periodo de florecimiento
del periodo colonial.
Léxico tradicional para la superficie agraria en inventarios del siglo XVII
Authors: Pérez Toral Marta
Published: April 2022

En este trabajo analizamos algunas voces tradicionales utilizadas para la medición de la superficie agraria antes de la implantación del Sistema Métrico Decimal. Nuestro punto de partida es el Corpus Léxico de Inventarios (CorLexIn), que reúne un importante número de documentos notariales peninsulares del siglo XVII . En nuestro estudio nos detendremos en el origen y motivación de cada voz, así como en su significado, en las posibles variantes y en la extensión diatópica constatada a partir de los ejemplos documentados en nuestro corpus sin olvidar las aportaciones hechas por otros autores.
De borrador a versión final: la preparación de documentos en la corte de Felipe IV
Authors: Williams Lynn
Published: April 2022

En este artículo se pretende dar un primer paso en la investigación de la preparación
de documentos en la secretaría del Despacho Universal de Felipe IV. La idea principal es
investigar si la labor de revisión de los borradores de documentos escritos al dictado obedece
a una corrección por parte de un corrector profesional que impone determinada
norma lingüística, o si se trata simplemente de limpiar un texto imperfecto precisamente
por haberse escrito al dictado. La tarea de estos escribanos se ilustra con una carta preparada
a finales de 1659, junto con transcripciones que reproducen la forma y el formato de
los originales (borrador y versión revisada) con la máxima fidelidad posible. Los cambios
introducidos por el revisor de esta carta son múltiples, sobre todo a nivel de la ortografía,
pero, debido a su carácter caótico, no permiten responder de manera taxativa a las preguntas
planteadas. Para ello habrá que escudriñar muchos más documentos, sometiéndolos
a un análisis similar al que se ha llevado a cabo aquí.
El "Manual del cajista" (1845, 1861) de José María Palacios y su vocabulario de voces de la imprenta
Authors: Pablo Núñez Luis , De Beni Matteo
Published: April 2022

Este artículo analiza el “Vocabulario tipográfico” incluido en el Manual del cajista (1845,1861) de José María Palacios. Tras describir el contexto de la época en que fue realizado, los datos biográficos conocidos del autor, los contenidos de la obra y otras cuestiones bibliográficas, se analiza el léxico del vocabulario en comparación con los tecnicismos del ámbito de la imprenta aparecidos en diccionarios académicos y no académicos, sobre todo decimonónicos.Este es el primer estudio de un proyecto dirigido a la creación de un vocabulario de voces de la imprenta del siglo XIX en español.
Algunas voces náuticas documentadas en manuscritos notariales del siglo XVII
Authors: Pérez Toral Marta
Published: April 2022

El objetivo de este trabajo es el análisis de algunas voces náuticas documentadas en el Corpus Léxico de Inventarios (CorLexIn) que reúne un importante número de documentos notariales originales, manuscritos e inéditos del siglo XVII tanto españoles como hispanoamericanos. En cada caso, nos interesa la aparición de esas voces en otras bases de datos y en diccionarios técnicos de la época, así como los primeros registros lexicográficos en el ámbito de la lengua española.
Análisis construccionista de la historia de "señal" en español
Authors: Granvik Anton
Published: April 2022

Este trabajo ofrece una descripción detallada de los usos y la semántica del sustantivo señal a lo largo de la historia del español. Sobre la base de una muestra de unos 8.000 casos extraídos del Corpus del Nuevo Diccionario Histórico del Español (CDH), se caracterizan los diferentes usos del sustantivo señal en cinco funciones sintácticas: construcción absoluta, sujeto, predicado, complemento directo y complemento preposicional. Estas cinco funciones sintácticas se caracterizan con ayuda de cinco variables adicionales: presencia o ausencia de complemento, determinante, modificador e identificación así como número gramatical con el objetivo de ofrecer un panorama global de la evolución del uso de señal desde la época medieval hasta la actualidad. Se describen los usos típicos de señal en las diferentes funciones sintácticas, con énfasis en la variación diacrónica y en la interrelación entre forma y significado. Con ayuda de un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico (Cries y Hilpert 2008, 2012) se dividen los usos de señal en cuatro periodos. El análisis detallado de la relación entre las variables permite identificar los siguientes cambios y tendencias: a) el nacimiento y fijación de la construcción absoluta de señal; b) la extensión de la locución preposicional en señal de; c) la aparición de predicados compuestos como dar señal y hacer señal, así como de expresiones idiomáticas, como con pelos y señales, y locuciones nominales, como señal de tráfico, señal de amor, señal de la cruz. En general, se aprecia una disminución paulatina de la frecuencia de uso de señal y una mayor concentración de su uso en un número más reducido de expresiones fijadas.
Necrosis del pene por uso de catéter tipo condón (catéter de Texas): caso interesante en Instituto Guatemalteco de Seguridad Social
Authors: Barrios Martínez Fernanda Lilí , Estrada Pazos Carlos Gonzalo , Escobar Gómez Andrés Salvador
Published: April 2022

Objetivo: La necrosis del pene es un padecimiento urológico asociado generalmente a enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. En Guatemala no se cuenta con ninguna publicación respecto al tema lo que hace que el caso clínico presentado aporte información importante. Presentación Caso Clínico: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de la tercera edad quien utilizó catéter tipo condón para el drenaje urinario el cual, al utilizarlo de forma inadecuada, causó compresión prolongada del pene. Dió como resultado disminución del flujo sanguíneo, edema y equimosis; provocando posteriormente necrosis del pene la cual fue tratada de forma quirúrgica con penectomía total y uretrostomía perineal debido al fallo del tratamiento conservador. Discusión: En los pacientes en los que se realizan el diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno, presentan adecuada evolución post quirúrgica. Conclusiones: Pese a que la necrosis del pene es una patología poco común tiene una alta morbimortalidad, principalmente si se asocia a enfermedades crónico-degenerativas. El diagnóstico y tratamiento tempranos son pilares fundamentales para mejorar la sobrevida de los pacientes.
EFFECT OF RECRUITMENT PROCESSES, PLACEMENTS, WORK EXPERIENCE AND EMPLOYEE DISCIPLINE ON EMPLOYEE WORK ACHIEVEMENT IN THE DEPARTMENT OF POPULATION AND CIVIL REGISTRATION OF KARIMUN DISTRICT IN 2020
Authors: Hutasoit Hasudungan , Syahril Syahril , Andykhatria Andykhatria , Almansa Fitra Mohamad , Indrayani Indrayani
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine: (1) the effect of the recruitment process on employee job performance at the Population and Civil Registration Service, (2) the effect of employee placement on employee performance at the Population and Civil Registration Service, (3) the effect of employee discipline on achievement Employee work at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (4) the effect of work experience on employee performance at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (5) the effect of the recruitment process on the placement of staff at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (6) the effect of the recruitment process on employee discipline at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (7) the effect of the recruitment process on work experience at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (8) the effect of employee placement on work discipline at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (9) the effect of employee placement on work experience at the Office Citizenship and Civil Registration, (10) the influence of employee discipline on work experience at the Department of Population and Civil Registration, (11) the effect of the recruitment process, placement, employee discipline and work experience on employee work performance at the Population and Civil Registration Service, (12) the effect of the recruitment process on employee placement through employee job performance at the Population and Civil Registration Service. This study uses research. quantitative by associative method. The data collection techniques in this study were questionnaires and interviews. The sampling technique used was probability sampling technique, namely stratified random sampling at the Department of Population and Civil Registration with a total of 50 respondents. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire data have been tested.
NUÔI CẤY HUYỀN PHÙ VÀ TẠO KEO TỤ LẮNG TẢO CHLORELLA VULGARIS CHO NUÔI CẤY CỐ ĐỊNH TRONG BIOFILM PHOTOBIOREACTOR PHƯƠNG NGHIÊNG
Authors: Trí Đỗ Thành , Anh Lại Thị Lan , Em Quách Văn Toàn
Published: April 2022

Công nghệ nuôi vi tảo Chlorella vulgaris cho thấy có nhiều tiềm năng trong việc xử lí nước thải song song với thu sinh khối để sản xuất nhiên liệu sinh học. Việc nuôi tảo kiểu huyền phù, tự dưỡng ở nhiều quy mô khác nhau vẫn là phương thức chủ yếu để tăng sinh khối trong các giai đoạn của công nghệ nuôi tảo. Trong nghiên cứu này, tảo C. vulgaris được nuôi tăng sinh trong hệ thống huyền phù 2 l để chuẩn bị sinh khối cho nuôi tảo kiểu cố định trong hệ thống biofilm photobioreactor phương nghiêng. Mật độ tế bào ban đầu và cường độ ánh sáng thích hợp cho nuôi huyền phù được xác định là 5.105 tế bào/ml và 120 µmol photon/m2/s. Sau 20 ngày nuôi, mật độ sinh khối khô vi tảo trong hệ thống 2 l đạt 0,315 g/l. Để cô đặc huyền phù tảo chuẩn bị sinh khối cho cố định thành biofilm, phèn chua (KAl(SO4)2) được sử dụng ở các nồng độ từ 0,2 đến 2 g/l để tạo keo tụ lắng. Nồng độ phèn chua 0,2 g/l cho thấy hiệu quả thu tảo đến 95% và tảo thu được có khả năng tăng sinh mạnh khi được chuyển nuôi cố định trong biofilm photobioreactor phương nghiêng.
CHIẾN LƯỢC NUÔI CẤY TĂNG TÍCH LŨY CAROTENOID VÀ LIPID Ở VI TẢO HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS
Authors: Huy Triệu Quốc , Trung Võ Hồng , Hiền Trương Ngọc , Phúc Nguyễn Thị Hồng
Published: April 2022

Haematococcus pluvialis là một loài vi tảo lục đơn bào có giá trị thương mại cao nhờ khả năng tích lũy một lượng lớn carotenoid đặc biệt là astaxanthin dưới các điều kiện nuôi cấy bất lợi. Ánh sáng cao hay cạn kiệt dinh dưỡng đều góp phần ảnh hưởng lên sự tăng trưởng, sự tích lũy carotenoid và lipid ở vi tảo. Haematococcus pluvialis nuôi cấy ở ba điều kiện cạn kiệt dinh dưỡng, ức chế bằng ánh sáng tự nhiên, và ức chế bằng cách khử nitrat và bổ sung NPK trên môi trường BG11 nhằm khảo sát hàm lượng lipid và carotenoid của vi tảo. Kết quả cho thấy tế bào H. pluvialis tích lũy hàm lượng sắc tố carotenoid cao ở điều kiện nuôi cấy khử nitrat và bổ sung NPK (54,709 ± 1,905 mg/g) và hàm lượng lipid đạt cao nhất ở điều kiện nuôi cấy ức chế ánh sáng tự nhiên (5,434 ± 0,146 mg/100g).
CẢM ỨNG SỰ DIMER HÓA PROTEIN BỞI TRÌNH TỰ DNA CHỨA HAI CẤU TRÚC G-QUADRUPLEX
Authors: Dũng Đặng Thanh , Trang Phan Thị Phượng
Published: April 2022

Sự dimer protein đóng vai trò quan trọng trong hầu hết các quá trình sinh học như phiên mã, sao chép, truyền tín hiệu, hoạt hóa enzyme...Do đó, kiểm soát sự dimer của protein sẽ giúp điều hòa các quá trình này trong tế bào. Trong nghiên cứu này, kiểm soát sự dimer hóa của protein được thực hiện bởi trình tự DNA chứa 2 cấu trúc G-quadruplex (2G4). Các protein chỉ thị CFP và YFP sẽ được dung hợp vào peptide RHAU tạo ra lần lượt RHAU-CFP và RHAU-YFP, sau đó sự dimer hóa protein sẽ được phân tích dựa vào sự trao đổi năng lượng giữa CFP và YFP khi 2 protein này gần với nhau bằng kĩ thuật FRET. Tính hiệu FRET được ghi nhận trong hỗn hợp RHAUCFP/RHAUYFP dưới sự hiện diện của 2G4. Điều đó cho thấy được 2G4 có khả năng cảm ứng sự hình thành dimer của protein dung hợp với peptide RHAU trong ống nghiệm. Kết quả này làm tiền đề cho những nghiên cứu về kiểm soát hoạt tính của những protein dimer chức năng bởi cấu trúc 2G4 trong những ứng dụng sinh hóa.
Plädieren durch die Hintertür / Pleading through the back door
Authors: Schürmann Hans-Jürg
Published: April 2022

When do the parties have to develop their full case? Can the witness hearing and/or witness statements be used to raise new issues? The desire to base an award on as broad and complete a factual basis as possible would suggest that the arbitral tribunal should take a very liberal attitude towards accepting new facts even after the ?pleading phase?. Efficiency considerations, however, require a strict deadline ending with the exchange of briefs, not allowing the tribunal to consider new facts brought forward in the course of the evidentiary proceedings. Arbitrators must decide whether their primary goal is to render a ?just? award or an ?efficient? award. Both are valid approaches depending on the circumstances of a case. The author discusses various techniques used by parties when ?pleading through the back door? and how arbitral tribunals cope with them. The author stresses the importance of the tribunal addressing the issue of new facts in a procedural order early in the proceedings, in particular in proceedings involving opposing parties/lawyers with a common law approach (development of the case on cross-examination) and parties/lawyers used to the continental view (clear distinction between fact presentation and evidentiary phase).
Neues aus der schweizerischen Gesetzgebung zur internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit – zwei Anmerkungen zum Aufsatz von Christoph Müller
Authors: Wirth Markus
Published: April 2022

On 1 February 2007, a new provision was added to the PIL Act: Art. 186 (1)bis. It states that as a rule arbitral tribunals sitting in Switzerland shall decide on their jurisdiction irrespective of pending court or arbitration proceedings. Markus Wirth elaborates on two issues raised in Ch. Müller?s paper in ASA Bull. 4/2006, p. 647 ff. Wirth states that contrary to Müller?s view, the new provision was a legal necessity, not only a political answer to unjustified criticism against a recent Swiss Supreme Court Decision (Fomento). Second, Wirth clarifies that in his view, the new provision does not modify the rules previously established by the Supreme Court on the limits to challenges of partial awards.
Clauses de la Nation la Plus Favorisée et Clauses d’Arbitrage Investisseur-Etat: Est-ce la Fin de la Jurisprudence Maffezini?
Authors: Poulain Bruno
Published: April 2022

The Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) clause is a provision by which contracting States to a bilateral investment treaty (BIT) commit to afford to ‘investors’ under the BIT a treatment not less favourable than that extended to other foreign investors. In the Maffezini case in 2000, the arbitral tribunal held that international arbitration is inextricably linked to the treatment of foreign investors and on this basis that the MFN clause may also apply to dispute settlement clauses. Such solution renders available to ‘investors’ under a given BIT encompassing an appropriate MFN clause more favourable dispute settlement mechanisms offered by the contracting State under other BIT. However, in the arbitral tribunal’s view, some limits have to be associated to this principle for complying with policy of the concerned State in matter of international investment disputes settlement. Despite the flexibility of the solution adopted by the arbitral tribunal, the margin of uncertainty resulting thereof had drastic consequences in practice. The Maffezini case impacted both behaviours of those drafting new BIT or similar instruments and conducts of legal counsels seeking for their clients the most efficient legal ground for supporting their claims. In two very recent cases rendered in 2005 and 2006, namely Plama and Telenor, other ICSID arbitral tribunals considered that the MFN clause cannot prevail on the basic arbitration requirement which is the meeting of the parties’ consents to arbitrate. Consequently, arbitral tribunals constituted in these two recent cases were reluctant to set up a procedural bridge between two bilateral instruments and to consider possible the application of a specific dispute settlement clause provided for in a given BIT to disputes raised under the realm of another BIT. Consistently with this opinion, they held that an MFN clause must apply only to the ‘treatment of investments’ understood as ‘substantial’ not ‘procedural’ rights applicable thereto. However, taking into account the factual and procedural circumstances in which these cases were addressed as the weakness of some of their legal justifications, it would be burning steps to declare the end of the Maffezini case authority.
Non-Signatories and the Consensus to Arbitrate
Authors: Zuberbühler Tobias
Published: April 2022

The extension, and its limits, of arbitration clauses to non-signatories is one of the thorny issues in international arbitration. The author examines the concepts and legal theories relevant to the issue, including agency, intervention, implied guarantees, groups of companies, piercing of the corporate veil, and estoppel. The author focuses on Swiss case law, considered in the context of US and UK legal precedents.
Expert Witnesses in Danish Arbitration
Authors: Jørgensen Jacob C.
Published: April 2022

There appears to be a growing tendency towards allowing parties to use their own experts under Danish arbitration law. However, the general skepticism against party–appointed experts in the Danish “procedural culture” still dominates and effectively eliminates the influence, which party appointed experts often have on the outcome of international arbitration proceedings.

Danish arbitrators prefer using tribunal–appointed experts, whose influence on the outcome of the case is generally overwhelming. The parties can make recommendations as to the number and choice of the expert(s) to be appointed by the tribunal; but ultimately it is the arbitrators who decide on these crucial issues if the parties cannot agree.

The main purpose of the article is to provide some practical guidance to international legal practitioners as to how experts in general should be used in the context of arbitrations taking place in Denmark. Furthermore, some recommendations are made in regard to regulating the issue of the use of experts in Danish arbitration agreements.
Party Autonomy to Agree on Non–Final Arbitration?
Authors: Wolff Reinmar
Published: April 2022

Recently the Supreme Courts of Germany and of the United States decided on party–agreed post–award state court review on the merits. While the German Federal Supreme Court held an arbitration clause valid which allowed each party to request a state court de novo review after the award was rendered (25 ASA Bulletin 4/2007 p. 810), the U.S. Supreme Court disallowed the parties to agree to expanded review of awards under the Federal Arbitration Act (26 ASA Bulletin 3/2008 p. 577).

The article formulates an international perspective on the underlying conflict between party autonomy and finality of awards and draws conclusions for the handling of similar cases.
Domestic Review of Investment Treaty Arbitrations: The Swiss Experience
Authors: Moss Sam , Scherer Matthias
Published: April 2022

With the increase of non-ICSID investment treaty arbitrations over the recent years, domestic courts have faced an increasing number of challenges to investment treaty awards. Reflecting Switzerland’s emergence as one of the favored seats in investment treaty arbitration, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court has to date rendered decisions in four cases involving challenges of investment treaty awards.

After a brief analysis of the Swiss legal framework governing challenges of arbitral awards, the article summarises the Supreme Court’s rulings in each of the four cases. These rulings confirm the Supreme Court’s traditional reluctance to interfere with decisions of arbitral tribunals. They also confirm, equally traditionally, the speed and efficiency with which the Court tends to dispose of such challenges. As a result, and taking into account the country’s arbitration-friendly regulatory framework, Switzerland is likely to continue to remain among the favored venues for investment treaty arbitration.
Annulment and enforcement of arbitral awards in Poland
Authors: Kolber Joanna , Blaszczak Lukasz
Published: April 2022

State support is crucial for the development of arbitration. This support is particularly visible in state courts' approach to the annulment and recognition of arbitral awards. This article discusses this dimension of the arbitration legislation in Poland. Specifically, this article presents the legal basis, procedure and grounds for annulment as well as the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards in Poland. In 2005, Poland introduced modern arbitration legislation based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. This article addresses in detail recent case-law pertaining to annulment and enforcement of arbitral awards, which makes reference to the new Polish arbitration law. The cases discussed in this article were rendered by local courts and the Supreme Court.
Importance of the Seat of Arbitration in International Arbitration: Delocalization and Denationalization of Arbitration as an Outdated Myth
Authors: Belohlávek Alexander J.
Published: April 2022

The seat of arbitration seems to be one of the most important issues to be agreed within an arbitration agreement. It directly influences a number of issues: arbitrability, determination of the governing law, whether substantive or procedural, and determination of the place for the proceedings on annulment of the arbitral award (and for the exercise of the juge d´appui and supervisory functions of courts with respect to arbitration). The examples of many countries clearly illustrate that the ideas of the denationalization of arbitration are somewhat chimerical, especially because the states desire to preserve a certain degree of control over arbitration; it also demonstrates the fact that the denationalization of arbitration generally does not even correspond to the actual interest of the parties. The reason often inheres in the greater security guaranteed in localized proceedings. Consequently, the denationalization of arbitration has never been fully implemented, and it appears that it has become a very marginal issue.
Rechtsmittel gegen Entscheide des juge dappui bei der internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit der Schweiz
Authors: Markus Alexander R.
Published: April 2022

The author examines whether and by which means the decisions handed down by the State judge giving his support to the arbitral proceeding (juge d'appui) may be appealed. Every relevant Article in the PILA (Private International Law Act) is addressed and analyzed in this regard (Art. 179(2) and (3), Art. 180(3), Art. 183(2), Art. 184(3) and Art. 185) by reference to the present legal doctrine and case law.

Concerning the stages of appeal, the view is held that by direct or analogous application of Art. 356(2) CPC (Civil Procedure Code) the juge d'appui has jurisdiction as the sole instance of the Canton to render decisions in support of the arbitral tribunal. On the federal level however, the parties shall have the right to appeal against these decisions by filing a civil law appeal before the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, with the exception of most decisions given by juge d'appui within the meaning of Art. 180(3) PILA. As to this federal appeal, it is established that the case law of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court under the FTA (Act on the Federal Tribunal) indicates the Court's inclination to qualify both negative and positive decisions issued by the juge d'appui as final decisions in terms of Art. 90 FTA.

In reference to the upcoming revision of the PILA's 12th Chapter the author concludes that the legislator might implement some clarifications in the current legal framework. It seems particularly advisable to ensure that all relevant Articles in the PILA regarding decisions of the juge d'appui explicitly reference to Art. 356(2) CPC. Moreover, the author is of the opinion that it would also be expedient to specify the scope and significance of the term "final" in the meaning of Art. 180(3) PILA.
Breaking the Bond: Vulture Funds and Investment Arbitration
Authors: Euler Dimitrij
Published: April 2022

The recent decision on jurisdiction and admissibility in Abaclat and others v. Argentina has brought to the public's attention the issue of sovereign defaults and restructuring. Whilst in the Abaclat case, claimants were mostly individual retirees who then assembled to file a class action, a more frightening protagonist is made up of "vulture" funds. These are hedge funds, or other financial vehicles, which purchase sovereign (or corporate) bonds on secondary markets when their prices are extremely low due to the debtor's repudiation or inability to pay back. They then litigate before national courts or international arbitral tribunals in order to recover the entire sums accrued.

The analysis in this article begins with an overview of the process of sovereign debt restructuring. We then explore the case of a vulture fund which does not participate in a debt restructuring, and proceeds to enforce an award condemning a State to pay on its bonds, outside of the ICSID framework. Art. V(2) of the New York Convention offers two potential grounds to the State: non-arbitrability and public policy. We examine the interpretations given to the two notions in several cases most relevant to our research.

Arguably, the interests involved in debt restructuring proceedings do appear to be sufficient to preclude arbitrability of the subject matter, and thus the enforcement of the award may be prevented. Secondly, the permeability of the public policy exception to economic considerations of fundamental importance - such as those involved in sovereign debt restructuring - finds supporting evidence in a host of jurisdictions. The two grounds might thus be used by States to "break the bond" and prevent non-participating vulture funds from obtaining an unfair advantage over the rest of the creditors.
The Word is not Enough  Arbitration, Choice of Forum and Choice of Law Clauses Under the CISG
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Tebel David
Published: April 2022

Form requirements particularly for arbitration clauses are widely perceived as an obstacle for efficiently resolving disputes on an international level. The paper discusses recent suggestions that the freedom of form principle under Art. 11 CISG extends to arbitration, forum selection or choice of law clauses in international sales contracts and thus supersedes any and all formal requirements in this regard.

The authors establish that said clauses indeed are generally within the CISG's scope of application and that, consequently, questions of contract conclusion, interpretation, and remedies for breach of these clauses are governed by the CISG. Freedom of form under the CISG, however, was neither intended to nor should it apply to arbitration, forum selection or choice of law clauses. This result is further confirmed by the interplay of the CISG with other international conventions, first and foremost the 1958 New York Convention, as well as a careful analysis of the so called most-favourable-law-approach. The recent aim to do away with form requirements for arbitration, forum selection or choice of law clauses can thus not be reached by taking a detour to the CISG, but only by directly abolishing or adjusting these form requirements.
Denial of Justice under NAFTA Article 1105: A Review of 20 Years of Case Law
Authors: Dumberry Patrick
Published: April 2022

This article examines one ground of complaint which has been consistently raised by investors in the context of their claims of breach of the fair and equitable treatment standard under NAFTA Article 1105: allegations of denial of justice by the host State and its failure to respect due process. The present article analyses the most salient features of NAFTA Chapter 11 case law regarding these two concepts. Specifically, this article analyses how NAFTA tribunals have interpreted and applied the exhaustion of local remedies rule. It also examines the different 'tests' that have been put forward by them to determine whether or not a denial of justice has been committed. Finally, this article addresses the actual scope and contours of the prohibition against denial of justice and the obligation of due process and the different circumstances under which tribunals have concluded that these standards have been breached.
Les arbitres et centres darbitrage face à leurs responsabilités : le droit français à son point déquilibre
Authors: Dupeyré Romain
Published: April 2022

The liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions is increasingly a contentious issue which reflects a trend toward the expansion of disputes beyond the arbitration forum. Lawsuits against arbitrators and arbitral institutions are, more and more, part of a procedural tactic and certain parties hope to "transform a procedure lost before the arbitrator in a procedure won against the arbitrator."

Arbitrators and arbitral institutions must, however, make sure that the arbitration procedure is properly run. As a result, they must be sure that they can render a decision without undue pressure or fearing legal proceedings. They must, therefore, benefit, to some extent, of certain warranties to make sure they can exercise their function with efficiency and serenity.

French courts have, therefore, endeavoured to create a specific legal regime for arbitrators and arbitral institutions' liability, by protecting them in their jurisdictional role, with notable exceptions, while allowing lawsuits against arbitrators and arbitral institutions when they fail to properly run the arbitration and, as a result, breach one of their contractual commitments to the parties. This will, for instance, be the case when arbitrators fail to render an award before the legal deadline for doing so, when they fail to properly reveal circumstances which affect their independence and impartiality and when they unduly resign from their mission.

The liability of arbitrators and arbitral institution is, however, not limited to contractual liability and recent practice demonstrate that parties are more and more ready to pursue their suits against arbitrators and arbitral institutions before criminal courts.

Attempts to limit the arbitrators and arbitral institutions' liability by way of contractual provisions, in particular in arbitration rules, have been received with scepticism by scholars and courts have, to a large extent, held that these clauses have no effect in practice. The best way for arbitrators and arbitral institutions to manage their liability risk may, therefore, lie with a proper insurance coverage.
Do Lawyers Always Have to Have the Last Word? Iura Novit Curia and the Right to Be Heard in International Arbitration: an Analysis in View of Recent Swiss Case Law
Authors: Meier Andrea , Mcgough Yolanda
Published: April 2022

This article examines the civil law principle of iura novit curia and its relationship with the parties' right to be heard in international arbitration, with a particular focus on recent Swiss case law. The principle of iura novit curia empowers arbitral tribunals in an arbitration seated in Switzerland to apply the law ex officio, without being limited to the legal arguments pleaded by the parties. The parties do not have a specifically protected right to be heard on the arbitral tribunal's legal assessment unless the tribunal intends to base its decision on a rule of law or legal concept the parties neither have invoked nor could have anticipated as relevant, i.e. unforeseeable legal grounds. Recent case law has consolidated and further refined the strict requirements that need to be fulfilled in order for the Swiss Federal Tribunal to set aside an award on the basis of unforeseeable legal grounds. The Federal Tribunal's restrictive practice is consistent with the limited judicial control over arbitral awards available under the Swiss Private International Law Act. However, for reasons of transparency and the parties' trust in the conduct of the proceedings, the authors submit hat arbitral tribunals should apply a more generous standard and grant the parties a right to be heard whenever they intend to rely on legal grounds the parties did not plead. Finally, the article raises the question whether the principle of iura novit curia not only vests the arbitral tribunal with the power to apply the law ex officio, but also imposes a corresponding duty on the tribunal.
International Arbitration in Switzerland and Foreign Bankruptcy: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Lembo Saverio
Published: April 2022

This paper aims at analyzing the impact of the bankruptcy of a foreign party to an international arbitration seated in Switzerland. After having rendered a first decision (known as the "Vivendi Case"), which has been hotly debated among arbitration practitioners, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court rendered a new decision narrowing down the possible application of the Vivendi reasoning. While not overruling its Vivendi reasoning, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court however emphasized the peculiarity of the Vivendi Case and insisted on the necessity to adopt a distinguishing approach.

After briefly describing those both landmark decisions, the authors present a critical view on their outcome insisting on the preeminent role of the correct characterization of the issue at stake when dealing with the effect of bankruptcy on arbitration proceedings. They further discuss alternative paths to solve the issue and rely on various legal principles and/or provisions to demonstrate that when having to deal with a bankrupt entity, the arbitrators benefit from various tools existing under Swiss law to solve the matter in favorable way to privilege the validity of the arbitration clause, be it an issue of legal capacity or not.
Key features of the LCIA Arbitration Rules
Authors: Ponty Laurence
Published: April 2022

The aim of this article is to present the key features of the LCIA Rules, as revised in 2014, with a practical highlight on the most significant existing and new specificities of the Rules, at each phase of the arbitral proceedings.
La bonne foi dans larbitrage
Authors: Dasser Felix , Gauthey Danielle
Published: April 2022

Arbitration today is turning into a quagmire of clashing cultures and conflicting ethical rules. Opinions differ on whether and how to address this situation. One approach is to level the global playing field by means of best practices, rules and guidelines, such as the IBA Guidelines on Party Representation in International Arbitration. Institutions can also issue their own particular rules, such as the LCIA General Guidelines for the Parties' Legal Representatives. This article takes a contrary approach by exploring how the general principle of good faith can guide arbitration proceedings and help fend off guerilla tactics. A comparative analysis of selected legal systems suggests that the principle of good faith permeates both litigation and arbitration, increasingly also in common law jurisdictions. It applies to all participants - parties, counsel, and arbitrators alike - and allows for bespoke solutions. The aim is to keep arbitration informal and flexible, in the interest of the users. Good faith may not be a panacea for all real or perceived ills afflicting arbitration, but it is arguably the closest substitute we have available.
The Truth About Investment Arbitration (not only) under TTIP  Four Case Studies
Authors: Gremminger Nicolas , Risse Jörg
Published: April 2022

In the course of the negotiations between the European Union and the United States about the “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership” (TTIP) the aspects of investment protection and investment arbitration have attracted much press attention. They have become key targets of criticism and massive attacks. Investment arbitration has been depicted as some obscure and undemocratic mechanism that helps rich companies to exploit poor countries. The discussion has become so agitated that oftentimes the underlying facts got out of sight.

The goal of the present article therefore is to shed some light on these facts and thereby trace the heated discussion back to an objective, sober-minded level. The authors explain in a step-by-step approach how investment protection in bilateral/multilateral investment treaties works and what standard principles of protection these treaties typically grant to foreign investors (e.g. no direct/indirect expropriation without compensation; no discrimination against foreign investors; the duty to accord fair and equitable treatment to foreign investors). These legal basics are then filled with life by the illustration of four publicly known investment arbitration case studies: Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, Philip Morris v. Australia, Vattenfall v. Germany and Walter Bau v. Thailand. The authors conclude that much of the current criticism is unfounded as it ignores factual realities and new developments in international investment arbitration.
The role of good faith in arbitration: are arbitrators and arbitral institutions bound to act in good faith?
Authors: Henriques Duarte G.
Published: April 2022

The new LCIA Rules (2014) contain two provisions related to the obligation to act in good faith applicable to all participants in arbitration (Art. 14.5 and Art. 32.1) that might be considered both unexpected (in light of the common law tradition to disregard the concept of good faith) and forgotten (in recent commentaries and highlights related to the enactment of those new Rules). This obligation applies to all participants in arbitration, including the arbitrators and the arbitral institution, and not merely to the parties or their representatives. This is not an unprecedented move. Indeed, Art. 15 of the “Swiss Rules of International Arbitration”, Art. 23 of the “Cepani Rules” and Art. 26 of the rules of the “Corte de Arbitraje de la Cámara de Comercio de Madrid” (Art. 26), contemplate a provision setting forth a general principle of good faith in arbitration. However, in relation to other rules of arbitral institutions, these are the only examples.

This prompted the interest to analyse the existence and efficacy of the principle of good faith (and more particularly their corollaries such as the prohibition of “venire contra factum proprium” or “estoppel by representation”) in international arbitration. More specifically, it is interesting to ascertain whether or not good faith applies “universally” at the numerous levels and to the numerous players in international arbitration. More importantly, can we find a universal notion of good faith and its corollaries?

This article endeavours to address these issues and answer the fundamental and final question: are arbitrators and arbitral institutions obliged to act in good faith? The answer seems to be positive.
Liability of Arbitrators in Dubai: Still a Safe Seat of Arbitration
Authors: Lagarde Mercedes Torres
Published: April 2022

The recent law suits filed against arbitrators in Dubai seated arbitrations, have shown to be a hot topic in the international arbitration community. Unfortunately, to date, there has not been enough information shared with the public, other than hearsay, on the decisions issued by the Dubai Courts on those matters. Through five cases originally administered by the Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC), the Courts have dismissed the allegations made against the arbitral tribunals. The particularities, Courts’ decisions and analysis contained in this research seek to shed light on the arbitration friendly approach followed by the Dubai Courts, which should continue to hold Dubai as a safe seat for arbitration practitioners to accept appointments.
Waving the Green Flag to Emergency Arbitration under the Swiss Rules: the Sauber Saga
Authors: Pearson Sabrina , Müller Christoph
Published: April 2022

On 11 March 2015 – just four days before the start of the 2015 Grand Prix season in Melbourne – the Australian courts enforced a Partial Award effectively ordering the Sauber Formula One team to allow the race car driver, Mr van der Garde, to race in the 2015 Formula One season as one of its team drivers. An appeal was rejected the following day and the parties thereafter settled just over 24 hours before the start of the Melbourne Grand Prix with Mr van der Garde not proceeding to the starting grid. This dramatic turn of events was the culmination of a dispute arising from the ousting of Mr van der Garde from the Sauber team’s 2015 lineup which started with the initiation of emergency arbitrator proceedings before the Swiss Chambers’ Arbitration Institution in November 2014. The present article focuses on the emergency arbitrator mechanism under the Swiss Rules in both theory and practice. The first part of the article examines the theory behind this mechanism by elucidating the main aims underlying Article 43 of the Swiss Rules and how the latter provision sets out to achieve such aims. A comparison with emergency arbitrator provisions under other arbitral rules highlights the heightened degree of flexibility in the emergency arbitrator mechanism under the Swiss Rules as well as the unique possibility of obtaining ex parte relief available under these Rules. The second part of the article focuses on the experience of the Swiss Chambers’ Arbitration Institution with respect to the emergency arbitrator mechanism with particular emphasis on the “Sauber saga” as an illustrative example of how effectively this mechanism is working in practice.
Arbitrage et droit des sociétés : Avant de dissoudre une société, les arbitres doivent sassurer que celle-ci est bien partie à la cause
Authors: Poloni Flore , Danis Marie
Published: April 2022

Before dissolving a company, arbitrators should make sure that the company itself is a party to the arbitration proceedings.

In a recent case the Paris Court of Appeal judged that the failure to summon a company whose dissolution is requested renders the award null and void. While this solution may not come as a surprise, the fact that this requirement is based on international public policy is a novelty. This case highlights the need to clarify arbitrators’ powers in the context of companies’ corporate lives.
A Few Observations on the Remaining Fundamental Importance of Customary Rules in the Age of Treatification of International Investment Law
Authors: Dumberry Patrick
Published: April 2022

This article examines the contemporary role of custom in the present context of the proliferation of BITs which have become in the last decades the most important source of international law in the area of foreign investment. The article will provide a survey of the changing importance of the different sources of international investment law overtime. I will argue that customary rules remain of fundamental importance even in this age of ‘treatification’. First, custom is the applicable legal regime of protection in the absence of any BIT. Second, custom is important in the many instances where BITs make explicit reference to the concept. Third, custom plays a gap-filling role whenever a treaty, a contract or domestic legislation is silent on a given issue. Finally, I will explain the reasons why arbitral tribunals should always take into account relevant rules of customary international law.
The 2016 SIAC Rules: A State-of-the-Art Rules Revision Ensuring an even more Efficient Process
Authors: Boog Christopher
Published: April 2022

The sixth edition of the Arbitration Rules of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre (the “2016 SIAC Rules”) came into force on 1 August 2016. This article highlights the main amendments and innovations introduced by the 2016 SIAC Rules.

The first part of the article outlines the background and main purpose of the revision. It then addresses the new provisions on joinder, consolidation and multiple contracts and compares them to similar provisions in other sets of institutional rules. It then turns to one of the major innovations of the 2016 Rules, a newly introduced mechanism for the early dismissal of claims and defences, and elaborates the changes made to improve the pre-existing provisions on the expedited and emergency arbitrator procedures. The article also touches upon changes of minor importance which nonetheless improve the overall arbitral process. Finally, it includes a brief introduction to the draft Investment Arbitration Rules, which combine the features of commercial and investment arbitration as well as a reminder of the SIAC-SIMAC Arb-Med-Arb procedure.

With the adoption of the 2016 SIAC Rules, SIAC has brought its Rules in line with the most prominent sets of international arbitration rules and consolidates its position as one of the world's leading international arbitration centre.