bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mode of Action of an Inhibitor from Agar on Growth and Hemagglutination of Group A Arboviruses
Authors: Colón Julio I. , Idoine Jane B. , Brand Orville M. , Costlow Richard D.
Published: January 2020

Colón, JulioI. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),Jane B. Idoine, Orville M. Brand, and Richard D. Costlow. Mode of action of an inhibitor from agar on growth and hemagglutination of group A arboviruses. J. Bacteriol.90:172–179. 1965.—A polysaccharide obtained from agar, and having properties similar to a previously described sulfated polysaccharide, was observed to inhibit growth and hemagglutination of some group A arboviruses. The evidence presented confirms that the inhibitory activity, in part, is the result of direct interaction between the agar polysaccharide (AP) and free virus particles. Additional evidence indicates that inhibition of viral growth also occurs as the result of interaction between AP and the chick-fibroblast cells used for propagation of the virus. The possibility was considered, therefore, that at least two different inhibitors could be present in AP—one that reacts directly with the virus particle and another that reacts with host cells. AP does not induce the production of interferon in the test system used.
Characterization of the Phospholipases ofBacillus cereusand Their Effects on Erythrocytes, Bone, and Kidney Cells
Authors: Slein Milton W. , Logan Gerald F.
Published: January 2020

Slein, MiltonW. (Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.),and Gerald F. Logan, Jr. Characterization of the phospholipases ofBacillus cereusand their effects on erythrocytes, bone, and kidney cells. J. Bacteriol.90:69–81. 1965.—Culture filtrates ofBacillus cereuscontain phospholipases that split phosphoryl choline, phosphoryl ethanolamine, and phosphoryl inositol from the phospholipids phosphatidyl choline (PTC), sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PTE), and phosphatidyl inositol (PTI). It is possible that one enzyme catalyzes the degradation of PTE and PTC, but the other phospholipases appear to be separate entities. Some activity on phosphatidyl serine has also been noted. Quantitative paper chromatography has been used for characterizing the phospholipases that are separated onN,N′-diethylaminoethyl cellulose columns. A procedure for the analysis of inositol is included. A sensitive kidney cortex homogenate test is described that depends on the release of alkaline phosphatase for the measurement of phosphatasemia factor (PF) activity associated with the phospholipases. The effects of the phospholipases on erythrocytes, kidney, and bone cells are discussed. Hemolysin activity is inhibited by crude soybean “lecithin,” but hemolysis does not seem to be identical with PTE- or PTC-phospholipase activity. PF activity is also inhibited by the “lecithin.” Highest PF activity is associated with PTI-phospholipase. The phospholipase fractions differ in their sensitivities to trypsin. Phospholipases with similar properties have been obtained from culture filtrates ofB. anthracis.
Linkage Relationships of Genes Controlling Isoleucine, Valine, and Leucine Biosynthesis in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Barat M. , Anagnostopoulos C. , Schneider A.-M.
Published: January 2020

Barat
, M. (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, Seine et Oise, France), C.
Anagnostopoulos, and A.-M. Schneider
. Linkage relationships of genes controlling isoleucine, valine, and leucine biosynthesis in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
357–369. 1965.—In
Bacillus subtilis
, the genetic loci controlling isoleucine and valine biosynthesis are not all clustered. Some of them were located on two distinct transforming deoxyribonucleic acid “molecules.” One of these molecules (the “
ileilva
2–4
-
met
segment”) carries the threonine deaminase and the dihydroxy acid dehydrase loci linked to methionine markers. The other (the “
ilva
1–3
-
leu
segment”) bears the reductoisomerase locus and one or more loci involved in leucine synthesis. A phenylalanine marker was also shown to be weakly linked to this latter group. In transduction mediated by phage PBS-1, these groups are transferred jointly with other gene clusters. The phage appears to convey chromosome fragments considerably longer than the transforming “molecules.” The genetic maps of both the above segments were extended by transduction. Some groups previously studied by transformation can be placed in the following linear order: the
ile-ilva
2–4
-
met
segment, the cluster of loci involved in aromatic amino acid synthesis (
try
segment), and a lysine locus. An arginine locus is cotransduced with the
phe-ilva
1–2
-
leu
segment. Recombination frequencies between linked markers are much lower in transduction by this phage than in transformation.
Lysis of Bacterial Cell Walls by an Enzyme Isolated from a Myxobacter
Authors: Ensign J. C. , Wolfe R. S.
Published: January 2020

Ensign
, J. C. (University of Illinois, Urbana),
and R. S. Wolfe
. Lysis of bacterial cell walls by an enzyme isolated from a myxobacter. J. Bacteriol.
90:
395–402. 1965.—An exoenzyme which lyses intact cells, heat-killed cells, and cell walls of
Arthrobacter crystallopoietes
was purified 60-fold from the growth liquor obtained from a myxobacter (strain AL-1). The lytic enzyme was produced during growth of the organism in a number of complex media, the maximal amount of enzyme being produced in yeast extract broth. The purified enzyme lysed at different rates a number of gram-positive bacteria. With the exception of
Rhodospirillum rubrum, Spirillum itersonii
, and
S. serpens
, the gram-negative bacteria tested were not attacked.
Acriflavine Induction of Different Kinds of “Petite” Mitochondrial Populations inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Avers Charlotte J. , Pfeffer Cynthia R. , Rancourt Martha W.
Published: January 2020

Avers, CharlotteJ. (Rutgers, The State University, New Brunswick, N. J.),Cynthia R. Pfeffer, and Martha W. Rancourt. Acriflavine induction of different kinds of “petite” mitochondrial populations inSaccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Bacteriol.90:481–494. 1965.—Mutant frequencies induced by 1 or 2 hr in 16 and 64 μg/ml of acriflavine were significantly higher during acceleration and log-phase exposures than during lag or stationary phases. From these induced petites, 59 colonies were selected at random and established in pure culture. All strains were analyzed histochemically for mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) reactions. On the basis of counts of stained mitochondria per cell obtained by light microscopy, four different cell phenotypes were recognized among the mutant strains: (i) reduced cytochrome oxidase, wild-type SDH; (ii) reduced cytochrome oxidase, high SDH; (iii) absent cytochrome oxidase, high SDH; and (iv) absent cytochrome oxidase, wild-type SDH. The last group was the most common, characterizing 43 of the 59 strains. Electron microscopy showed differences in mitochondrial ultrastructure for the various cell phenotype classes. Electron histochemical localizations showed cytochrome oxidase reaction product only on mitochondrial membranes of respiration-competent cells. Both reactive and unreactive mitochondria occurred in thesamecell in mutants with partial respiratory competence. Different mitochondrial subpopulation mixtures characterized the mutant strains, many of which had at least two kinds of respiratory-competent types per chondriome. The diverse chondriomes comprised a stable feature of the mutants, since they have been maintained unchanged during serial transfer for more than 1 year in culture. Together with earlier reports of at least two kinds of mitochondria in wild-type cells, the evidence indicated that mitochondria were capable of regulating some portion of their phenotype. The recognition of mitochondrial phenotypes was proposed as an initial step in a formal analysis of organelle heredity.
Unstable Genetic Transformation in
Bacillus subtilis
and the Mode of Inheritance in Unstable Clones
Authors: Iyer V. N.
Published: January 2020

Iyer
, V. N. (Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ont., Canada). Unstable genetic transformation in
Bacillus subtilis
and the mode of inheritance in unstable clones. J. Bacteriol.
90:
495–503. 1965.—An ultraviolet-induced mutant has been isolated from the double auxotroph of
Bacillus subtilis
(bearing the linked mutations
try
2
and
his
2
). This mutant has the property of yielding unstable transformants which, in the case of transformation to prototrophy, can be recognized by reduced colony size on minimal agar. Unstable transformant clones usually become stabilized early during the development of the clone (within 12 generations). Analyses of genotypes emerging from such clones on stabilization indicate that in some of these clones the exogenote is transmitted linearly; its integrity is sufficiently preserved that it can participate in two independent recombination events in two different cells. Genetic markers on the exogenote are expressed in situations where genetic integration has not occurred.
Ultrastructure of a Mycoplasma (Negroni) Isolated from Human Leukemia
Authors: Hummeler Klaus , Tomassini Natale , Hayflick Leonard
Published: January 2020

Hummeler, Klaus
(The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.),
Natale Tomassini, and Leonard Hayflick
. Ultrastructure of a mycoplasma (Negroni) isolated from human leukemia. J. Bacteriol.
90:
517–523. 1965.—A strain of mycoplasma isolated in tissue cultures from human leukemic bone marrow was cultivated in cell-free media for 23 passages. Concentrates of broth cultures were investigated under the electron microscope in thin sections and negative contrast. The ultrastructure of the mature mycoplasma cells and their elementary bodies is described. It was found that the elementary bodies, particularly in the negative contrast preparations, bear a close resemblance to viruslike particles seen in tissues and plasmas of leukemic patients.
Cyanide Resistance in
Achromobacter
I. Induced Formation of Cytochrome
a
2
and Its Role in Cyanide-Resistant Respiration
Authors: Arima Kei , Oka Tetuo
Published: January 2020

Arima, Kei
(University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan),
and Tetuo Oka
. Cyanide resistance in
Achromobacter
. I. Induced formation of cytochrome
a
2
and its role in cyanide-resistant respiration. J. Bacteriol.
90:
734–743. 1965.—By following the cytochrome concentrations during the growth cycle and under various conditions (aerobic, aerobic plus KCN, reduced aeration, anaerobic plus NaNO
3
) in
Achromobacter
strain D, a close relationship between the formation of cytochrome
a
2
(and
a
1
) and the difficulty of oxygen utilization was demonstrated. Cytochrome
o
, which was the only oxidase found in aerobic log-phase cells, was present in bacterial cells grown under various conditions; the amount present had no relation to the degree of cyanide resistance. On the other hand, cytochrome
a
2
(and
a
1
) was inducible, and a close relation was observed between the amount of cytochrome and resistance to cyanide. Spectrophotometric observations indicated that, among the cytochromes present in resistant cells, cytochrome
a
2
could be oxidized most easily in the presence of cyanide and that cytochrome
b
1
could be oxidized without the oxidation of cytochrome
a
1
. We concluded that cytochrome
a
2
is a cyanide-resistant oxidase capable of catalyzing the oxidation of cytochromes in the presence of cyanide. Cytochrome
a
2
is also resistant to azide, an inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase.
Direct Transition of Outgrowing Bacterial Spores to New Sporangia Without Intermediate Cell Division
Authors: Vinter Vladimir , Slepecky Ralph A.
Published: January 2020

Vinter, Vladimir
(Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.),
and Ralph A. Slepecky
. Direct transition of outgrowing bacterial spores to new sporangia without intermediate cell division. J. Bacteriol.
90:
803–807. 1965.—A direct transition was observed of the primary cell developed after germination of
Bacillus cereus
spores into new sporangia without intermediate division stages. Two simple methods were used for replacement of outgrowing spores into diluted medium or saline. Elongated primary cells prevented from division by limitation of nutrients in the suspending medium were able to form new forespores in 8 hr and sporangia in 12 hr. These new sporangia were still marked by attached envelopes of the original spore. Under the same conditions, cells replaced during the first divisions quickly lysed. Spores formed in the elongated primary cell during “microcycle sporogenesis” possessed normal heat resistance and refractility and were later released from sporangia.
Biotin Transport and Accumulation by Cells of
Lactobacillus plantarum
I. General Properties of the System
Authors: Waller James R. , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: January 2020

Waller, James
R. (University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),
and Herman C. Lichstein
. Biotin transport and accumulation by cells of
Lactobacillus plantarum
. I. General properties of the system. J. Bacteriol.
90:
843–852. 1965.—Resting cells of
Lactobacillus plantarum
were saturated with bound biotin by incubation in phosphate buffer with biotin and glucose for 2 hr. This bound biotin was stable to wide changes in temperature,
p
H, and reaction time. Free biotin could be eluted from the cells by suspending them in cold water or saline. Immersing the cells in boiling water for 30 sec released all free biotin. Recoveries of added biotin exceeded 92%. Free biotin uptake by bound biotin-saturated cells occurred by two mechanisms. One process was independent from temperature (Q
10
, 1.25),
p
H, cellular metabolism, and inhibition by iodoacetate. The other mechanism was dependent upon temperature (Q
10
, 2.58; optimum, 37 C),
p
H (optimum, 7.5), and active cellular metabolism, and was inhibited by iodoacetate. Activation energies of 3,700 and 13,800 cal per mole, respectively, were observed for glucose-independent and -dependent free biotin uptake. Both processes exhibited approximately the same degree of inhibition by homobiotin. Higher concentrations of homobiotin were required to inhibit growth than to inhibit free biotin uptake. Intracellular–extracellular ratios as high as 600 were established in the absence of glucose, whereas ratios of nearly 4,000 occurred in the presence of glucose.
Role of Superinfecting Phage in Lysis Inhibition with Phage T4 in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Rutberg Blanka , Rutberg Lars
Published: January 2020

Rutberg, Blanka
(Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden),
and Lars Rutberg
. Role of superinfecting phage in lysis inhibition with phage T4 in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
891–894. 1965.—The ability of bacteriophage T4 to induce lysis inhibition upon superinfection was investigated after various treatments of the phage. This ability was found not to be a property of the external protein part of the phage, nor was it dependent on the functional and possibly structural integrity of the phage genetic material.
Nucleic Acid Homologies of Selected Bacteria, L Forms, and
Mycoplasma
Species
Authors: Rogul M. , McGee Z. A. , Wittler R. G. , Falkow Stanley
Published: January 2020

Rogul
, M. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.), Z. A.
McGee, R. G. Wittler, and Stanley Falkow
. Nucleic acid homologies of selected bacteria, L forms, and
Mycoplasma
species. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1200–1204. 1965.—The molar per cent of guanine plus cytosine (G + C) in the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) of
Proteus mirabilis
, strain 9, and its stable L form was determined by thermal denaturation and found to be approximately 39.5% G + C. The DNA homologies of this bacterium and its L form were estimated by the agar-column technique and were equivalent in their abilities to anneal and form specific duplexes. The next series of comparisons were performed between two
Mycoplasma
species and their often suggested bacterial parent. The G + C ratios of
M. gallisepticum
(32.7%),
M. gallinarum
(28.1%), and
Haemophilus gallinarum
(41.9%) varied to a high degree. In the homologous system, the denatured DNA of
H. gallinarum
trapped in agar bound approximately 40% of its sheared, denatured, and H
3
-labeled DNA. In comparison, the nucleic acids of
M. gallinarum
and
M. gallisepticum
were incapable of binding the labeled DNA of
H. gallinarum
. These findings provided evidence that the two strains of
Mycoplasma
were not derived from
H. gallinarum
.
Relationship Between the Competence Antigen and the Competence-Activator Substance in Pneumococci
Authors: Tomasz Alexander , Beiser Samuel M.
Published: January 2020

Tomasz, Alexander
(The Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.),
and Samuel M. Beiser
. Relationship between the competence antigen and the competence-activator substance in pneumococci. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1226–1232. 1965.—Antisera prepared against pneumococci in their competent phase inhibit deoxyribonuoleic acid (DNA)-mediated genetic transformation as well as binding of radioactive DNA by the cells. The same sera do not inhibit transformation of competent
Haemophilus influenzae
and
Bacillus subtilis
cells, but transformation of a
Streptococcus
strain genetically related to pneumococci is inhibited. The kinetics of immune inhibition of transformation resembles the inactivation of bacteriophage by phage-neutralizing antisera. The appearance of the competence antigen on the surface of pneumococci can be induced by the competence-activator substance. Antisera prepared against competent pneumococci can also inhibit the conversion of incompetent cells to competence by the competence-activator substance. The possibility is considered that part of the new antigenic determinant appearing on the cell surface during competence may be the activator itself.
Folic Acid Involvement in Cyclopropane Fatty Acid Synthesis in Lactobacilli
Authors: Henderson Thomas O. , McNeill John J. , Tove S. B.
Published: January 2020

Henderson, Thomas
O. (North Carolina State University, Raleigh),
John J. McNeill, and S. B. Tove
. Folic acid involvement in cyclopropane fatty acid synthesis in lactobacilli. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1283–1287. 1965.—Evidence for the involvement of folic acid in the synthesis of lactobacillic acid (11,12-methyleneoctadecanoic acid) was obtained with
Lactobacillus plantarum
and
L. casei. L. plantarum
, in the presence of aminopterin, incorporated 25% less radioactivity from methionine-methyl-
C
14
into long-chain fatty acids than did control cultures, whereas the incorporation of acetate-
1-C
14
, representing overall fatty acid synthesis, was the same in both conditions. Control cultures of
L. plantarum
contained 3 to 4.5 times more lactobacillic acid than did aminopterin-grown cultures. Similarly,
L. casei
, in the presence of folic acid, synthesized six times more lactobacillic acid than did folic-deficient cultures. The results of this study indicate that coenzymes of the folic acid group are involved in the synthesis of lactobacillic acid in these organisms.
Metabolism of Glutamic Acid in a Mutant of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Vender Joyce , Jayaraman Kunthala , Rickenberg H. V.
Published: January 2020

Vender, Joyce
(Indiana University, Bloomington),
Kunthala Jayaraman, and H. V. Rickenberg
. Metabolism of glutamic acid in a mutant of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1304–1307. 1965.—A mutant strain of
Escherichia coli
W1485 was selected for its ability to utilize glutamic acid as the sole source of carbon. Growth of the mutant on glutamic acid led to the repression of glutamic acid dehydrogenase formation. The mutant differed from the wild-type strain in that glutamic decarboxylase activity was absent from the mutant under conditions of growth which supported the formation of this enzyme in the parent strain. Evidence is presented which suggests that loss of the decarboxylase activity results in the acquisition of the ability to utilize glutamic acid as sole source of carbon; a pathway of glutamate utilization via transamination is proposed.
Factors Regulating Competence in Transformation of Streptococci
Authors: Pakula Roman
Published: January 2020

Pakula, Roman
(University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada). Factors regulating competence in transformation of streptococci. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1320–1324. 1965.—The highly transformable group H
Streptococcus
strain Challis produced an exocellular competence-provoking enzyme capable of converting to the state of competency incompetent cells of the homologous strain, and of the very poorly transformable strain Wicky. The competence-provoking activities of culture filtrates of strain Challis prepared at various periods of growth were tested on cells of strain Wicky. In the first 3 hr of growth, a strict correlation was found between the degree of competence and the competence-provoking activity. The period of maximal competency was followed by a rapid decline, although the competence-provoking activity of the filtrates remained at a maximum. The decay of competence was caused by a change in the structure of the cells which rendered them nonreceptive to the action of the competence-provoking enzyme.
Biological Properties of Streptococcal Cell-Wall Particles I. Determinants of the Chronic Nodular Lesion of Connective Tissue
Authors: Schwab John H.
Published: January 2020

Schwab, John
H. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Biological properties of streptococcal cell-wall particles. I. Determinants of the chronic nodular lesion of connective tissue. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1405–1411. 1965.—The capacity of cell-wall fragments to induce a chronic remittent nodular lesion after a single injection into rabbit skin varies qualitatively as well as quantitatively among the streptococci. This variation among strains is the result of a summation of several properties of the bacterial cell, some intrinsic and others extrinsic to the cell-wall structure. With some species, the inability to produce this lesion may be related to the susceptibility of cell walls to lysozyme. Other factors defined in this paper include production of hyaluronidase, and association of the cell walls with a component which can affect the interval between injection and appearance of the nodules, called the latent time. Separation of cell-wall fragments from more soluble cell material by centrifugation results in a shorter latent time. Addition of the soluble supernatant fraction back to the cell walls prolongs the latent time and increases the area of lesion involvement. This latter effect is due to a spreading factor present in most cell extracts. Addition of hyaluronidase to isolated cell-wall fragments duplicates the increased lesion area but tends to shorten further the latent time. Thus, the soluble cell extract contains both a spreading factor and a component which prolongs the latent time, and the final influence on the lesion is in part a product of these two activities. The ease and extent of mechanical disintegration of the cell wall can also vary widely among strains and yield cell extracts differing in their content of cell-wall fragments of optimal size.
Detection of Viruslike Particles in Germ-Free Mice
Authors: Kajima Masahiro , Pollard Morris
Published: January 2020

Kajima, Masahiro
(University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.),
and Morris Pollard
. Detection of viruslike particles in germ-free mice. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1448–1454. 1965.—Viruslike particles similar in structure to the mouse leukemia agent were detected by electron microscopy in thymus tissues of germ-free AK mice which had developed spontaneous leukemia. In addition, unique viruslike particles (type B) were detected in tissues from spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma of germ-free C3H mice. Leukemia virus-like particles were also observed in the thymuses of the control AK mice and of the C3H control mice as well as of those with mammary tumors. Germ-free mice are not virus-free. The routes of transmission of leukemia as well as of mammary tumor viruses may be “vertical,” through the embryo or placenta.
Nucleic Acid-Induced Resistance to Viral Infection
Authors: Takano Kouichi , Warren Joel , Jensen Keith E. , Neal Alan L.
Published: January 2020

Takano, Kouichi
(Chas. Pfizer & Co., Inc., Terre Haute, Ind.),
Joel Warren, Keith E. Jensen, and Alan L. Neal
. Nucleic acid resistance to viral infection. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1542–1547. 1965.—Administration of nonviral nucleic acids to mice increased their resistance to a subsequent infection with influenza or encephalomyocarditis viruses. Injection of ribonucleic acid or deoxyribonucleic acid by peripheral routes did not modify susceptibility to intranasal infection. Lung tissue extracts from animals previously treated with yeast nucleic acid inhibited the growth of vaccinia and influenza viruses. The protective effect of exogenous nucleic acids persisted in mice for several days, but gradually diminished to undetectable levels.
Sorbose Counterflow as a Measure of Intracellular Glucose in Baker's Yeast
Authors: Wilkins Peter O. , Cirill Vincent P.
Published: January 2020

Wilkins, Peter
O. (New Jersey College of Medicine and Dentistry, Jersey City),
and Vincent P. Cirillo
. Sorbose counterflow as a measure of intracellular glucose in baker's yeast. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1605–1610. 1965.—The intracellular concentration of glucose in metabolizing baker's yeast was determined indirectly from the glucose-induced counterflow of previously accumulated sorbose. The method is based on the concept that sugar transport in yeast is a symmetrical facilitated diffusion. The intracellular glucose concentration increased with an increase in the extracellular concentration and was higher in aerobiosis than in anaerobiosis. The concentrations were considerably greater than those obtained by direct analysis of intracellular glucose. Calculation of the apparent maximal velocity of glucose transport yielded values which varied with the rate of metabolism and the extracellular concentration. This suggests that during glucose metabolism the transport of hexoses includes elements that are not revealed by experiments involving metabolic inhibitors or nonmetabolizable sugars.
Fine Structure of
Haemobartonella muris
as Compared with
Eperythrozoon coccoides
and
Mycoplasma pulmonis
Authors: Tanaka H. , Hall W. T. , Sheffield J. B. , Moore D. H.
Published: January 2020

Tanaka
, H. (The Rockefeller University, New York, N.Y.), W. T.
Hall, J. B. Sheffield, and D. H. Moore
. Fine structure of
Haemobartonella muris
as compared with
Eperythrozoon coccoides
and
Mycoplasma pulmonis
. J. Bacteriol.
90:
1735–1749. 1965.—Thin sections of filterable hemolytic anemia agent of rat, now identified as
Haemobartonella muris
, revealed (i) that the agent is spherical or ellipsoidal and 350 to 700 mμ in size, (ii) that it has a single limiting membrane enclosing granules and some filaments (neither cell wall nor nucleoid was found), and (iii) that it is found preferentially at the surface and sometimes within the cytoplasmic vacuoles of erythrocytes in the circulating blood and bone marrow, and multiplies there through binary fission. No specific structure suggestive of motility was found. From the morphological point of view,
Eperythrozoon coccoides
was found to be very similar to
H. muris
, whereas
Mycoplasma pulmonis
, also covered with a single limiting membrane, differs in its pleomorphism and multiplication. These and some other microorganisms taxonomically between bacteria and viruses were compared morphologically, and their possible classification is discussed.
Elution of Exocellular Enzymes from
Saccharomyces fragilis
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Weimberg Ralph , Orton William L.
Published: January 2020

Weimberg, Ralph
(Northern Regional Research Laboratory, Peoria, Ill.),
and William L. Orton
. Elution of exocellular enzymes from
Saccharomyces fragilis
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
1–13. 1966.—Invertase and acid phosphatase are repressible exocellular enzymes in
Saccharomyces fragilis
and
S. cerevisiae
. The conditions for eluting these enzymes from both organisms were compared. Either KCl or β-mercaptoethanol eluted the enzymes from
S. fragilis
, and the amounts eluted varied quantitatively according to the physiological age of the organism. In addition to eluting enzymatic activity from the cells, these reagents also caused a large increase in the amount of activity that remained associated with the cells of
S. fragilis
. Invertase and acid phosphatase were not removed from cells of
S. cerevisiae
by KCl or β-mercaptoethanol. These enzymes were separated from
S. cerevisiae
cells only when there was some degree of cell-wall digestion by snail gut fluid.
Normal Serum Cytotoxicity for P
32
-Labeled Smooth
Enterobacteriaceae
II. Fate of Macromolecular and Lipid Phosphorus of Damaged Cells
Authors: Spitznagel John K.
Published: January 2020

Spitznagel, John
K. (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill). Normal serum cytotoxicity for P
32
-labeled smooth
Enterobacteriaceae
. II. Fate of macromolecular and lipid phosphorus of damaged cells. J. Bacteriol.
91:
148–152. 1966.—Fresh, normal adult guinea pig serum released micro- and macromolecular forms of metabolically incorporated P
32
from smooth
Escherichia coli
. A significant amount of P
32
-labeled phospholipid was also released. The overall acid solubility distribution of the P
32
label in bacterial suspensions was very little affected in fresh serum, although P
32
-labeled cytoplasmic contents and cell walls of
E. coli
lost some P
32
when they were suspended in fresh or heat-inactivated normal serum. These findings confirmed and extended earlier evidence that the peripheral wall and membrane structures of smooth
E. coli
are extensively damaged by factors in fresh normal serum.
Changes in Fungi with Age I. Chemical Composition of
Rhizoctonia solani
and
Sclerotium bataticola
Authors: Gottlieb David , Van Etten James L.
Published: January 2020

Gottlieb, David
(University of Illinois, Urbana),
and James L. Van Etten
. Changes in fungi with age. I. Chemical composition of
Rhizoctonia solani
and
Sclerotium bataticola
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
161–168. 1966.—The chemical composition of the mycelium of
Rhizoctonia solani
and
Sclerotium bataticola
was determined in cells of various ages. The percentage, per unit of dry weight, of soluble amino nitrogen, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), ergosterol, and protein decreased with age in both fungi. Total lipids and fatty acids increased with age in
S. bataticola
but remained constant in
R. solani
. Total carbohydrate increased with age in
R. solani
and decreased in
S. bataticola
. Fewer changes with age were observed when the results were calculated in ratio to DNA. There was no change in the ratios of protein, RNA, and soluble amino nitrogen to DNA with age in either fungus, but the ergosterol-DNA ratio decreased. The total lipid-DNA ratio and the total fatty acid-DNA ratio increased with age in both fungi, whereas the total carbohydrate-DNA ratio increased in
R. solani
but remained constant in
S. bataticola
. Both fungi contained myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids. In addition,
R. solani
contained pentadecanoic acid, and
S. bataticola
had myristoleic, linolenic, and arachidic acids. No marked change in the fatty acid pattern of
S. bataticola
was observed with age, whereas in
R. solani
the percentage of linoleic acid per total fatty acids decreased slightly when oleic acid increased.
Presence of the Arginine Dihydrolase Pathway in
Mycoplasma
Authors: Barile Michael F. , Schimke Robert T. , Riggs Donald B.
Published: January 2020

Barile, Michael
F. (Division of Biologics Standards, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.),
Robert T. Schimke, and Donald B. Riggs
. Presence of the arginine dihydrolase pathway in
Mycoplasma
. J. Bacteriol.
91
:189–192. 1966.—The presence of the arginine dihydrolase pathway was examined in 61
Mycoplasma
strains representing at least 18
Mycoplasma
species isolated from nine different sources: human, bovine, avian, murine, swine, goat, canine, sewage, and tissue cell culture origin. Some species were represented by only one or two strains. Different strains of the same species gave the same results. Ten species (56%) were positive. Many nonpathogenic
Mycoplasma
species (
M. hominis
, type 1 and 2,
M. fermentans, M. salivarium
, and
M. gallinarum
) were positive, whereas most pathogenic species (
M. pneumoniae, M. gallisepticum, M. neurolyticum
, and
M. hyorhinis
) were negative. The presence of arginine dihydrolase activity among
Mycoplasma
species may prove to be useful for purposes of identification and classification.
Role of Interferon-Like Viral Inhibitor in Endotoxin-Induced Corneal Resistance to Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Oh J. O. , Gill E. J.
Published: January 2020

Oh, J. O. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada),and E. J. Gill. Role of interferon-like viral inhibitor in endotoxin-induced corneal resistance to Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol.91:251–256. 1966.—A state of marked resistance to the toxic corneal effects of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was observed in rabbit eyes after intravenous injection of 10 or 100 μg of typhoid endotoxin. By use of tissue cultures of rabbit corneal endothelial cells for assay, high titers of an interferon-like viral inhibitor were detected in serum and in ocular aqueous humor of these animals. The pretreatment of eyes with aqueous humor or serum containing the inhibitor markedly suppressed the production of corneal toxicity by NDV. The intravenous injection of 1 μg of the endotoxin had a negligible effect on the corneal reaction, and little or no inhibitor was found in either serum or aqueous humor. Normal aqueous humor or serum contained no inhibitor and had no suppressive effect on the NDV-induced reactions. The results indicated that the inhibitor played an important role in the induction of corneal resistance to NDV in vivo. The inhibitor in aqueous humor of endotoxin-injected rabbits was found to be derived from blood after an increase in the permeability of “blood-aqueous barrier” of iris due to the endotoxin. Therefore, intravenously administered typhoid endotoxin induced corneal resistance to NDV in rabbits through its dual action on host: (i) release of an interferon-like viral inhibitor into the blood stream and (ii) disruption of the blood-aqueous barrier of the iris, thus allowing the passage of the viral inhibitor from blood into the anterior chamber, where it modified the corneal endothelial cells to render them resistant to NDV.
Thermostability of
Bacillus cereus
Penicillinase
Authors: Williams Daniel H. , Bondi A. , Moat A. G. , Ahmad F.
Published: January 2020

Williams, Daniel
H., III (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.), A.
Bondi, A. G. Moat, and F. Ahmad
. Thermostability of
Bacillus cereus
penicillinase. J. Bacteriol.
91:
257–261. 1966.—The extracellular penicillinase of
Bacillus cereus
, strain 13-10, exhibited an unusual thermostability. Whereas it was completely and irreversibly inactivated by heating at 70 C, it retained considerable activity when heated at 100 C for 30 min. The active enzyme remaining was completely stable to further heating at temperatures from 40 to 100 C for as long as 1 hr. Preparations of the enzyme heated to 100 C possessed
p
H (7.0) and temperature (37 C) optima identical with the unheated enzyme. Furthermore, both enzyme preparations exhibited identical combining capacity for the substrate (penicillin G), suggesting that the two preparations had similar hydrolytic properties. Our findings suggest that heating of penicillinase at 100 C results in the formation of a protein complex which is resistant to further denaturation by heat and other agents. Addition of certain metal ions to the enzyme solution before heat treatment increased the stability to heat at 100 C by virtue of their ability to induce complex formation. Pectin was shown to decrease thermostability, presumably by preventing aggregation of proteins present in the enzyme preparations. The well-known stabilizing effect of gelatin may be attributed to its role in enhancing complex formation.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Conn III. Effect of Thermal Shock on Bacteria in Relation to Tumor-Inducing Ability
Authors: Stonier Tom , Beardsley Robert E. , Parsons Lowell , McSharry James
Published: January 2020

Stonier, Tom
(Manhattan College, Bronx, N.Y.),
Robert E. Beardsley, Lowell Parsons, and James McSharry
.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Conn. III. Effect of thermal shock on bacteria in relation to tumor-inducing ability. J. Bacteriol.
91:
266–269. 1966.—Bacteria heated to 42 C for 30 min exhibit a decrease in tumor-initiating ability without a detectable loss in viability. The thermal shock inhibits subsequent bacterial growth for up to 1.5 hr. As bacterial growth recovers, so does tumor-initiating ability. Respiration of the culture is somewhat increased by the heat treatment. The data suggest that living, actively respiring bacteria do not induce tumors unless they are also growing. The results also point to the necessity for excluding bacterial growth inhibition when interpreting data on the effect of various agents on tumor initiation.
Nutritional Requirements of Anaerobic Spirochetes I. Demonstration of Isobutyrate and Bicarbonate as Growth Factors for a Strain of
Treponema microdentium
Authors: Hardy Paul H. , Munro Carole O.
Published: January 2020

Hardy, Paul H., Jr
. (The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.),
and Carole O. Munro
. Nutritional requirements of anaerobic spirochetes. I. Demonstration of isobutyrate and bicarbonate as growth factors for a strain of
Treponema microdentium
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
27–32. 1966.—The previously reported ability of a microaerophilic diphtheroid to support the growth of some oral spirochetes resides in the acid-distillable fraction of the culture fluid. This fraction can be replaced by isobutyrate and, to a lesser extent, by 2-methylbutyrate. When media are supplemented with isobutyrate alone, there is a prolonged lag phase before spirochetal growth commences, but when sodium bicarbonate is also added the lag phase is shortened, and both the growth rate and the total yield are increased. Serum, in low concentration, also acts as a growth stimulant, but it is inhibitory when present at higher concentrations.
Replication in Simian Cells of Defective Viruses in an SV40-Adenovirus “Hybrid” Population
Authors: Butel Janet S. , Rapp Fred
Published: January 2020

Butel, Janet
S. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),
and Fred Rapp
. Replication in simian cells of defective viruses in an SV40-adenovirus “hybrid” population. J. Bacteriol.
91:
278–284. 1966.—An SV40-adenovirus type 7 “hybrid” virus population, previously shown to contain two viruses capable of complementation in green monkey kidney (GMK) cells, has a growth cycle in GMK cells similar to that of adenovirus type 7 in the presence of SV40. Extending previous preliminary results, the addition of adenovirus types 2, 7, or 12 to monolayers of GMK cells enhanced plaque formation by the SV40-adenovirus hybrid by as much as 200-fold. The terminal enhanced plaques, initiated by the hybrid in the presence of helper adenovirus, were found to contain progeny which could induce the synthesis of SV40 tumor antigen but which were coated with the protein of the helper adenovirus, type 2, 7, or 12, respectively. The particle carrying the SV40 tumor antigen determinant, named PARA, is defective in that it cannot direct the synthesis of capsid protein; information for the coat for PARA is supplied by the adenovirus. One-step growth curves of the hybrid virus population in monkey cells revealed that synthesis of both types of particles, adenovirus and PARA, proceeds at a similar rate, with a latent period of 16 to 20 hr being followed by an exponential increase in titer during the following 20 hr. Maximal titers for both particles were obtained 48 hr after inoculation of the cultures. Neither the PARA nor the adenovirus component replicated in GMK cells in the absence of the other.
Central Body of the
Azotobacter
Cyst
Authors: Parker Laura T. , Socolofsky M. D.
Published: January 2020

Parker, Laura
T. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge),
and
M. D.
Socolofsky
. Central body of the
Azotobacter
cyst. J. Bacteriol.
91:
297–303. 1966.—Sodium citrate was found to effect extensive rupture of cyst coats of
Azotobacter vinelandii
. By filtering a citrate-ruptured cyst suspension through a Millipore microfiber glass prefilter, a preparation of viable central bodies was obtained that contained less than 1% residual cysts and vegetative cells. Electron micrographs showed the central bodies to have a cell wall and cell membrane. Free central bodies germinated into typical vegetative cells. Central bodies exhibited approximately the same resistance to ultraviolet radiation, sonic treatment, and elevated temperatures as did vegetative cells; cysts were much more resistant. Manometric experiments indicated that central bodies and cysts have almost the same oxidative capabilities. Results of resistance studies indicated that the central body is a contracted vegetative cell encased in a protective coat. The cyst coat appears to account for the resistance of the cyst.
Inhibition of the Development of the Spore Septum and Membranes in
Bacillus cereus
by β-Phenethyl Alcohol
Authors: Remsen C. C. , Lundgren D. G. , Slepecky R. A.
Published: January 2020

Remsen
, C. C. (Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y.), D. G.
Lundgren, and R. A. Slepecky
. Inhibition of the development of the spore septum and membranes in
Bacillus cereus
by β-phenethyl alcohol. J. Bacteriol.
91:
324–331. 1966.—The effect of phenethyl alcohol (PEA) upon the initial stages of sporulation in
Bacillus cereus
was studied with an electron microscope. PEA (0.35%) completely inhibited the development of the spore septum and forespore membranes. Some of the treated cells did form the axial filament of chromatin material regarded as the first stage in sporulation, but this was delayed by 4 to 5 hr compared with untreated cells. The definite effect upon these membrane systems lends support to the belief that the primary site of PEA inhibition may be upon the bacterial membrane. The fine-structure details observed during the initial stages of sporulation in untreated cells were in agreement with the structure published for other
Bacillus
species.
Patterns of Human Antibody Reactions in Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Sawaki Y. , Huppert M. , Bailey J. W. , Yagi Y.
Published: January 2020

Sawaki, Y. (Veterans Administration Hospital, San Fernando, Calif.),M. Huppert, J. W. Bailey, and Y. Yagi. Patterns of human antibody reactions in coccidioidomycosis. J. Bacteriol.91:422–427. 1966.—At least two antigen-antibody systems in coccidioidomycosis have been demonstrated by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, including the use of I131-coccidioidin. Sera which were positive in the conventional complement-fixation (CF) test, but negative in the tube precipitin (TP) test, yielded only one line of precipitate in the immunodiffusion test. In immunoelectrophoresis, also, there was only one precipitate arc which appeared in the γ2-globulin region. On the other hand, sera which were positive in both CF and TP tests yielded two different lines in the immunodiffusion test. In immunoelectrophoresis, also, there were two precipitate arcs: one in the γ2-globulin region and the other in the γ1-globulin area. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis demonstrated that the antibody activity in IG-G globulin, roughly parallels the CF titer. A similar correlation existed between the IG-M antibody activity and the TP reactivity. Antibody activity was present in the IG-A globulin but it did not reflect either CF or TP activity.
Characteristics of Serially Propagated Monkey Kidney Cell Cultures with Persistent Rubella Infection
Authors: Maassab H. F. , Veronelli J. A.
Published: January 2020

Maassab, H. F. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),and J. A. Veronelli. Characteristics of serially propagated monkey kidney cell cultures with persistent rubella infection. J. Bacteriol.91:436–441. 1966.—A persistent infection of LLC-MK2cells with rubella virus has been established and maintained for over 3 years. This “carrier culture,” designated as LLC-MK2-RAL, possesses distinct morphological and biological characteristics when compared with the original uninfected LLC-MK2line. The mechanism of viral persistance has not been entirely elucidated, but available data suggest a regulated infection with transmission of the virus directly from cell to cell or through cell division. Interferon was isolated from RAL (rubella-associated line) culture, which explains partly the wide spectrum of resistance to superinfecting viruses. Amantadine, although inhibiting cultures of LLC-MK2cells infected with rubella virus, failed to cure the “carrier culture.”
Comparison of Two Serologically Distinct Ribonucleic Acid Bacteriophages I. Properties of the Viral Particles
Authors: Overby L. R. , Barlow G. H. , Doi R. H. , Jacob Monique , Spiegelman S.
Published: January 2020

Overby
, L. R. (University of Illinois, Urbana), G. H.
Barlow
, R. H.
Doi, Monique Jacob, and S. Spiegelman
. Comparison of two serologically distinct ribonucleic acid bacteriophages. I. Properties of the viral particle. J. Bacteriol.
91:
442–448. 1966.—Two ribonucleic acid (RNA) coliphages, MS-2 and Qβ, have been characterized physically and serologically. MS-2 has an
S
20, w
value of 79, a molecular weight of 3.6 × 10
6
, a density of 1.422, and
p
H 3.9 as its isoelectric point. Qβ has an
S
20, w
of 84, a molecular weight of 4.2 × 10
6
, a density of 1.439, and an isoelectric point at
p
H 5.3. One host (
Escherichia coli
A-19) permits a distinction between the two on the basis of a marked difference in plaque size. They are distinct immunochemically, no serological cross-reaction being detectable.
Glucose-C
14
Metabolism of Dormant and Activated Ascospores of
Neurospora
Authors: Budd Kenneth , Sussman Alfred S. , Eilers Frederick I.
Published: January 2020

Budd, Kenneth
(The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
Alfred S. Sussman, and Frederick I. Eilers
. Glucose-C
14
metabolism of dormant and activated ascospores of
Neurospora
. J. Bacteriol.
91:
551–561. 1966.—Dormant and activated ascospores of
Neurospora tetrasperma
, incubated in C
14
-labeled glucose, absorb and metabolize this sugar. At the same time, up to 55% of the CO
2
production from endogenous substrates is quenched, whereas total CO
2
production is unchanged. Glucose-carbon appears in CO
2
, lipids, and ethyl alcohol-soluble and -insoluble material in both dormant and activated ascospores, although the proportions entering these fractions differ in the two groups of spores. With few exceptions, the identifiable intermediates of glucose metabolism are the same in dormant and activated ascospores, indicating that the principal pathways may be identical. During glucose metabolism, dormant ascospores accumulate a nondialyzable, ethyl alcohol-soluble polymer, or polymers, which is either absent from activated spores or present in much smaller amounts. This material contains glucose, ribose, and at least nine amino acids, and may represent precursors of more complex cell material which accumulate because of an enzymatic deficiency in the dormant spore. Radioactivity is incorporated into all fractions of the dormant spores and into CO
2
without a noticeable lag, indicating that most, if not all, of the enzymes for glucose utilization are present. A lag in incorporation is observed in the activated spores, which most probably is due to rapid endogenous production of glucose from trehalose, resulting in dilution of lable. After absorption of labeled glucose, two pools of trehalose are found in dormant spores, one of which is extractable without breaking the spores, and the other, only after the spores are disintegrated. The widely differing specific radioactivity of the two pools indicates that these are separated in the intact spore.