bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long maternal separation has protective effects in rats exposed to activity‐based anorexia
Authors: Carrera O. , Cerrato M. , Sanchez A. , Gutierrez E.
Published: September 2009

This study examined the effect of three neonatal treatments of maternal separation during infancy in young adult rats exposed to standard activity‐based anorexia (ABA) consisting of food restriction plus free access to an activity wheel. During the first 20 postnatal days of life rat pups were exposed to periods of either brief maternal separation (BMS, 15 min), long maternal separation (LMS, 180 min), or were non‐handled (NH). Thereafter, male and female rats were exposed to ABA. Neonatal treatment produced no significant differences in the survival time of male rats, whereas survival was greater in female rats exposed to LMS than in NH rats under ABA procedure. In conclusion, prolonged maternal separation appears to promote resistance in female animals subjected to harsh ABA life‐threatening conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 616–624, 2009
Epigenetic dysregulation of dopaminergic genes in eating disorders
Authors: Frieling Helge , Römer Konstanze D. , Scholz Sarah , Mittelbach Franziska , Wilhelm Julia , De Zwaan Martina , Jacoby Georg E. , Kornhuber Johannes , Hillemacher Thomas , Bleich Stefan
Published: September 2009

Objective:

The pathophysiology of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) has been linked to an impaired dopaminergic neurotransmission, still the origin of this disturbance remains unknown. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate whether the expression of dopaminergic genes is altered in the blood of patients suffering from eating disorders and if these alterations can be explained by changes in the promoter specific DNA methylation of the genes.

Method:

We used quantitative real‐time PCR to measure both the expression and the promoter specific DNA methylation of the dopamine transporter (DAT), and the D2 (DRD2) and D4 receptor (DRD4) gene in the blood of 46 patients (22 AN, 24 BN) and 30 healthy controls.

Results:

Patients showed an elevated expression of DAT mRNA when compared with the controls and a downregulation of the DRD2 expression. The upregulation of the DAT gene was accompanied by a hypermethylation of the gene's promoter in the AN and BN group while a significant hypermethylation of the DRD2 promoter was only present in the AN group. No differences in expression or methylation were found for the other dopamine receptors investigated.

Discussion:

Our study shows a disturbed expression of dopaminergic genes that is accompanied by a dysregulation of the epigenetic DNA methylation. Further studies are necessary to provide more insight into the epigenetic dysregulation of the dopaminergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of eating disorders. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2010;)
Ferrocene Conjugates Containing Diarginine and Aspartic Acid: Salt Bridge Interactions in Water
Authors: Lataifeh Anas , Bondy Chantelle R. , Kraatz Heinz‐Bernhard
Published: September 2009

The ferrocene peptide conjugates of diarginine (MeO‐Fc‐Arg‐Arg‐NH2) (1) and aspartic acid [Boc‐Fca‐Asp(OH)‐OH] (2) were found to form a stable 1:1 associate in aqueous solution. The molecular recognition was achieved through a combination of multipoint hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) sites and a guanidinium‐carboxylate ion pair. The associate stoichiometry was confirmed by using ESI‐MS and NMR experiments; the NMR titration curve shows multiple equilibria with stepwise interconversion from 1:2 → 1:1 binding ratios, and the electrochemical behaviour of the ferrocenyl groups (Fc, Fca) confirm the formation of an ion pair. The CD spectra in the peptide region exhibit a characteristic absorption of a more ordered structure, while the ferrocene helical chirality remains intact. The solid‐state IR measurements exclude the involvement of the amide backbone in the interaction.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Versatility in the Coordination Modes of n‐Chlorobenzoato Ligands: Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Three Types of Polynuclear MnII Compounds
Authors: Gómez Verónica , Corbella Montserrat
Published: September 2009

Three different types of polynuclear manganese(II) compounds with chlorobenzoato bridges were obtained from the reaction of Mn(n‐ClC6H4COO)2 with 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen): three trinuclear compounds [Mn3(μ‐n‐ClC6H4COO)6(phen)2] with n = 2, 3, 4 (1–3), one one‐dimensional system [Mn(μ‐3‐ClC6H4COO)2(phen)]n (4) and one neutral dinuclear compound [{Mn(4‐ClC6H4COO)(phen)}2(μ‐4‐ClC6H4COO)2(μ‐H2O)] (5). Compounds 1, 3, 4 and 5 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and show four different coordination modes for the carboxylate ligand: as a bidentate bridge in a syn–syn mode or syn–anti mode, as a monodentate bridge and as a terminal monodentate ligand. The five compounds show weak antiferromagnetic coupling; the J values are –2.9, –2.8, –2.8, –1.8 and –3.6 cm–1 for compounds 1–5, respectively. Each type of compound may be distinguished by their characteristic EPR spectrum at 4 K. Fairly good simulations of the spectra at 4 K for the trinuclear compounds 1–3 were obtained with ground state ZFS parameters, D5/2 and E5/2, of 0.16 cm–1 and 0.05 cm–1 (1), 0.16 cm–1 and 0.043 cm–1 (2) and 0.16 cm–1 and 0.053 cm–1 (3), respectively. For the dinuclear complex 5, the best simulation of the spectrum at 4 K was obtained with ZFS parameters of the ion, DMn and EMn, of 0.187 cm–1 and 0.061 cm–1, respectively.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Magnetic Slow Relaxation in Cyclic TbIII‐Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical Complexes
Authors: Tian Haixia , Liu Ruina , Wang Xiaoling , Yang Peipei , Li Zuoxi , Li Licun , Liao Daizheng
Published: September 2009

Two nitronyl nitroxide radical‐TbIII complexes, [Tb(hfac)3(NIT‐3Py)]2 (1) and [Tb(hfac)3(NIT‐4Py)]2 (2) {hfac = hexafluoroacetylacetonate; NIT‐3Py = 2‐(3′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide; NIT‐4Py = 2‐(4′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide} have been synthesized. Both complexes possess cyclic dimer structure in which each pyridyl‐substituted radical links two different metal ions through the oxygen of nitroxide group and the pyridine nitrogen. DC magnetic studies show the TbIII ion interacts ferromagnetically with the directly bonding nitronyl nitroxide. Complex 1 exhibits magnetic slow relaxation resembling SMM behavior, while there are no clearly the frequency‐dependent out‐of‐phase signals for complex 2.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Halido‐Bridged Dinuclear Nickel and Zinc Complexes with a Bis(tripodal) Octaamine Ligand – Unusual Coordination Mode of an ortho‐Phenylenediamine
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Schröder Henning , Pape Tania
Published: September 2009

A potentially dinucleating octaamine ligand H6‐4 consisting of two aliphatic tripodal tetraamine units connected by an ortho‐phenylenediamine spacer has been synthesized. Treatment of H6‐4 with Ni(BF4)2·6H2O or H10‐4(BF4)4 with Et2Zn in the presence of a halide source leads to the formation of the dinuclear complexes [Ni2(μ‐Cl)2(H6‐4)](BF4)2 (5) and [Zn(μ‐F)(H6‐4)](BF4)3 (6), respectively, which were structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction studies. In both 5 and 6 the ligand coordinates with four nitrogen donors to each metal center. The ortho‐phenylenediamine bridging unit coordinates in an unprecedented fashion with each of its amine functions to only one of the metal centers. The dinickel complex 5 possesses two bridging chlorido ligands that differ notably in their Cl–Ni bond lengths, due to interactions of four amine N–H protons with one of the chlorido bridges leading to a reduced donor ability. The dizinc complex 6 was synthesized without addition of an external halide source. The two zinc atoms in 6 facilitate the abstraction of a fluoride from a tetrafluoroborate anion through a cooperative activation by the two adjacent metal centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Selective Syntheses of Mono‐ and Diphosphanyltriazines as Novel Ligands for Transition Metal Catalysts
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Yamasaki Toshikazu , Kobayashi Yusuke , Imai Yoshito , Watanabe Yutaka
Published: September 2009

1,3,5‐Triazines bearing one, two or three diphenylphosphanyl group(s) were selectively synthesized from cyanuric chloride by the one‐pot step‐by‐step addition of silylphosphane and other nucleophiles. Mono‐ and diphosphanyltriazines with a variety of substituents on the triazine ring could be easily prepared in good yields. The Pd complexes of mono‐ and diphosphanyltriazine were isolated, and the crystal structures were determined. Polymer‐supported and water‐soluble ligands were prepared. The Mizorogi–Heck reaction and the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction using the phosphanyltriazine‐Pd catalysts are described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Temporary Carbohydrate Diol Protection with Ester Groups – Orthogonality under Solid‐Phase Oligosaccharide Synthesis Conditions
Authors: Markad Shankar D. , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: September 2009

For regioselective deprotection studies under SPOS conditions the glucosamine derivatives 4ab/4ba, 4ac/4ca and 4ad/4da – with Fmoc/PA, Fmoc/Lev or Fmoc/Alloc, respectively, as temporary ester protecting groups at 3‐O and 4‐O – were prepared. Fmoc cleavage with triethylamine in 4ab or 4ba led to PA migration, so the Fmoc/PA pair does not permit regioselective access to the vicinal hydroxy groups. Under the same reaction conditions no Lev migration in 4ac/4ca or Alloc migration in 4ad/4da was observed. Lev removal with hydrazinium acetate in 4ac/4ca and Alloc removal with Pd0 and dimedone as nucleophile in 4ad/4da was also not accompanied by Fmoc migration, so the Fmoc/Lev pair and the Fmoc/Alloc pair can be successfully employed for regioselective access to the 3‐hydroxy or the 4‐hydroxy group, respectively. However, Fmoc cleavage with piperidine in 4ac/4ca led to Lev migration, and the use of a basic nucleophile for Alloc cleavage also led to Fmoc migration in 4ad. 4‐O‐Fmoc protection was also combined with Nap ether protection in 4ea. These two groups could be readily and regioselectively removed, thus providing another useful pair for temporary protection of vicinal diols.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Total Synthesis of (–)‐13‐Acetoxymodhephene and (+)‐14‐Acetoxymodhephene
Authors: Lee Hee‐Yoon , Murugan Ravichandran N. , Moon Deuk Kyu
Published: September 2009

Stereoselective epoxidation of [4.3.3]propellane 16 set the stage for the Lewis acid catalyzed stereospecific ring contraction to an oxygenated modhephene structure and eventually led to the total synthesis of (–)‐13‐acetoxymodhephene and (+)‐14‐acetoxymodhephene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Efficient One‐Step Synthesis of Benzazoles in Aqueous Media
Authors: Zali Boeini Hassan , Hajibabaei Najafabadi Khadijeh
Published: September 2009

Benzazoles (benzoxazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzimidazoles) were efficiently prepared by the aquatic reaction of the corresponding thioamidinium salts and 2‐aminophenol, 2‐aminothiophenol, and 1,2‐diaminobenzene, respectively. The thioamidinium salt was successfully applied as an alternative to a carboxylic acid derivative to react smoothly with an amino precursor and in the presence of catalytic amounts of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide salt to produce benzazoles in good to excellent yields.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Reduction of Ketones and Imines Using Silicon‐Stereogenic Silanes: Stereoinduction by Single‐Point Binding
Authors: Hog Daniel T. , Oestreich Martin
Published: September 2009

We recently employed a silicon‐stereogenic silane as astereochemical probe to clarify the mechanism of the B(C6F5)3‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of ketones. When using a prochiral ketone, reasonable stereoinduction was seen, originating from the stereogenicity at the silicon atom, a chirality transfer from silicon to carbon through single‐point binding of the chiral silane to the carbonyl oxygen atom. In the present investigation, we further elaborated on this remarkable observation by systematic variation of the ketone substitution pattern. We then included prochiral imines as well to test for diastereocontrol. Unexpectedly, these substance classes, ketones and imines, yielded diametrically opposed results in the reduction with a silicon‐stereogenic silane. While the level of diastereoselection was decent in the C=O reduction (dr ≈ 80:20), no asymmetric induction was detected in the C=NR reduction. On the basis of these experimental data and our previous mechanistic insight, we propose different reaction pathways for the reduction step of these related B(C6F5)3 catalyses. Aside from these mechanistic implications, we also report an unusual 1,6‐ rather than conventional 1,2‐reduction of a sterically encumbered diaryl‐substituted ketone.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Effects of heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate on the resolution of electrophoretic separations based on microfluidics with end‐column electrochemical detection
Authors: Wang Joseph , Tian Baomin , Chatrathi Madhu Prakash , Escarpa Alberto , Pumera Martin
Published: September 2009

We demonstrate here that the electrode kinetics of an electrochemical detector contributes greatly to the resolution of the analyte bands in microchip electrophoresis systems with amperometric detection. The separation performance in terms of resolution and theoretical plate number can be improved and tailored by selecting or modifying the working electrode and/or by controlling the detection potential. Such improvements in the separation performance reflect the influence of the heterogeneous electron‐transfer rate of electroactive analytes upon the post‐channel band broadening, as illustrated for catechol and hydrazine compounds. The electrode kinetics thus has a profound effect not only on the sensitivity of electrochemical detectors but on the separation efficiency and the overall performance of microchip electrochemistry systems.
Online purification and determination of β‐antagonists in blood sample based on heart‐cutting CE with electrochemical detection
Authors: Zhang Zhaoxiang , Zhang Mingzhe , Zhang Shusheng
Published: September 2009

A novel method to detect β‐antagonists in rat blood was developed by combining heart‐cutting 2‐D CE in a single capillary with on‐column electrochemical (EC) detection. The blood sample was purified in first dimension by non‐micellar CZE separation. Then only a desirable fraction of the first dimension separation was transferred into the second dimension of the capillary by pressure. Finally, the purified sample was separated by MEKC. On‐line dual concentration method, field amplified sample stacking and sweeping, was employed to accumulate the purified components that effectively counteracted the sample zone diffusion during the mobilization pressure step. A field decoupler joint and an EC detection cell were employed for on‐column EC detection. After optimizing the analytical conditions, the RSD of peak height, peak area and migration time were 2.1–4.3%, 1.5–3.9% and 0.7–1.8% (n=10), respectively. This method has been successfully applied to determine β‐antagonists in postdosing rat blood sample. The pharmacokinetic study also demonstrated that the proposed heart‐cutting 2‐D CE with on‐column EC detection was convenient, sensitive and would become an attractively alternative method for on‐line sample cleanup and separation in complex samples.
Liquid–liquid ion transport junctions based on paired gold electrodes in generator–collector mode
Authors: French Robert W. , Chan Yohan , Bulman‐Page Philip C. , Marken Frank
Published: September 2009

Simultaneous electrochemically driven double anion transfer across liquid–liquid interfaces is demonstrated at a gold–gold junction electrode. In the presence of two closely spaced electrodes (generator and collector), anion uptake into the organic phase (oxidation) and anion expulsion into the aqueous phase (reduction) can be combined to result in a generator–collector anion transport system across the liquid–liquid interface. In this report we are employing a paired gold junction grown by electro‐deposition to ca. 5 μm gap size with the N,N‐diethyl‐N′,N′‐didodecyl‐phenylene‐diamine water immiscible redox liquid immobilized into the gap to demonstrate simultaneous perchlorate anion uptake and expulsion. The effects of redox liquid volume and scan rate on the magnitude of currents and two mechanistic pathways for ion transport are discussed in the context of micro‐electrophoretic processes.
Assessment of ion transfer amperometry at liquid–liquid interfaces for detection in CE
Authors: Sisk Garry D. , Herzog Grégoire , Glennon Jeremy D. , Arrigan Damien W. M.
Published: September 2009

In this research, ion transfer across the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) was used as a method of detection in a CE separation system. This method allows for the electrochemical detection of ionic analytes that cannot be easily oxidized or reduced. Method development revealed that the optimal separation conditions for three model ions (tetraethylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, and benzensulfonate) were found to be 5 mM sodium tetraborate buffer pH 9.2 with a separation voltage of 20 kV using a 40 cm, 50 μm id fused silica capillary. Constant potential amperometry and pulsed amperometric detection were applied at the ITIES in which the organic phase was gelled. A miniaturized ITIES within a pipette tip was investigated, which resulted in improved separation efficiency and LOD. To demonstrate the ability of the system to detect substances of bioanalytical interest, the β‐adrenergic receptor blockers timolol and propranolol were detected. The simplicity of the detection platform means that it may be useful for analytical situations not requiring trace or ultratrace detection capabilities.
Structural analysis of spatio‐temporal threshold exceedances
Authors: Angulo J. M. , Madrid A. E.
Published: September 2009

Due to both the complexity of real systems and the technical difficulties inherent to extremal analysis, the statistics of extremes in spatio‐temporal processes has become one of the most challenging research areas in relation to the increasingly demanding interest on risk assessment tools in many fields of application. Recent advances in spatio‐temporal statistical analysis are focused, in particular, on the formulation and study of new model families, flexible to represent such real complexities and, at the same time, suitable for technical treatment and interpretation, as well as on related system dynamics problems.

In this paper, significant characteristics of threshold exceedances with reference to structural properties of the processes generating such events, particularly in the context of input/output systems, are analyzed. Specifically, the effect of spatial deformation and blurring transformations on the second order structure and the geometrical properties of excursion sets is studied and illustrated through some simulated cases. A spatio‐temporal model based on spatial deformation and blurring, which provides a suitable representation for a variety of environme‐ntal applications, is formulated, and further aspects regarding the temporal structure of threshold exceedances are explored and discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete‐time linear‐quadratic (LQ) optimal and nonlinear flow control in multi‐source connection‐oriented communication networks
Authors: Ignaciuk Przemysław , Bartoszewicz Andrzej
Published: September 2009

In this paper, control theoretic approach is applied to design a new, optimal flow controller for multi‐source connection‐oriented communication networks. The networks are modelled as discrete time, nth order systems. On the basis of the system state space description, a feedback control law is derived by minimising a quadratic cost functional. The proposed analytical solution to the optimisation problem allows the expression of control law in a closed form, which is simple in implementation and guarantees efficient rate computations. Afterwards, nonlinearity is introduced into the basic controller operation, which limits the transmission rates to the network transfer capabilities. The closed‐loop system stability of the obtained solution is demonstrated, and conditions for data loss elimination and full bandwidth usage at the node implementing the designed algorithm are presented, and strictly proved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The phosphorylation of ephrin‐B2 ligand promotes glioma cell migration and invasion
Authors: Nakada Mitsutoshi , Anderson Eric M. , Demuth Tim , Nakada Satoko , Reavie Linsey B. , Drake Kelsey L. , Hoelzinger Dominique B. , Berens Michael E.
Published: September 2009

To reveal molecular drivers of glioma invasion, two distinct glioblastoma (GBM) cell phenotypes (invading cells and tumor core cells) were collected from 19 GBM specimens using laser capture microdissection. Isolated RNA underwent whole human genome expression profiling to identify differentially expressed genes. Pathway enrichment analysis highlighted the bidirectional receptor/ligand tyrosine kinase system, EphB/ephrin‐B, as the most tightly linked system to the invading cell phenotype. Clinical relevance of ephrin‐B genes was confirmed in a clinically annotated expression data set of 195 brain biopsy specimens. Levels of ephrin‐B1 and ‐B2 mRNA were significantly higher in GBM (n = 82) than in normal brain (n = 24). Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated ephrin‐B2, but not ephrin‐B1, expression levels were significantly associated with short term survival in malignant astrocytomas (n = 97, p = 0.016). In human brain tumor specimens, the production and phosphorylation of ephrin‐B2 were high in GBM. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated ephrin‐B2 localization primarily in GBM cells but not in normal brain. A highly invasive glioma cell line, U87, expressed high levels of ephrin‐B2 compared with relatively less invasive cell lines. Treatment with EphB2/Fc chimera further enhanced migration and invasion of U87 cells, whereas treatment with an ephrin‐B2 blocking antibody significantly slowed migration and invasion. Forced expression of ephrin‐B2 in the U251 cell line stimulated migration and invasion in vitro and ex vivo, concomitant with tyrosine phosphorylation of ephrin‐B2. These results demonstrate that high expression of ephrin‐B2 is a strong predictor of short‐term survival and that ephrin‐B2 plays a critical role in glioma invasion rendering this signaling pathway as a potential therapeutic target.
Risk of cancer among children of cancer patients—a nationwide study in Finland
Authors: Madanat‐Harjuoja Laura‐Maria S. , Malila Nea , Lähteenmäki Päivi , Pukkala Eero , Mulvihill John J. , Boice John D. , Sankila Risto
Published: September 2009

Cancer treatments have the potential to cause germline mutations that might increase the risk of cancer in the offspring of former cancer patients. This risk was evaluated in a population‐based study of early onset cancer patients in Finland. Using the nationwide registry data, 26,331 children of pediatric and early onset cancer patients (diagnosed under age 35 between 1953 and 2004) were compared to 58,155 children of siblings. Cancer occurrence among the children was determined by linkage with the cancer registry, and the standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated comparing the observed number of cancers with that expected, based on rates in the general population of Finland. Among the 9,877 children born after their parent's diagnosis, cancer risk was increased (SIR 1.67; 95% CI 1.29–2.12). However, after removing those with hereditary cancer syndromes, this increase disappeared (SIR 1.03; 95% CI 0.74–1.40). The overall risk of cancer among the offspring of siblings (SIR 1.07; 95% CI 0.94–1.21) was the same as among the offspring of the patients with nonhereditary cancer. Risk of cancer in offspring, born before their parents cancer diagnosis, was elevated (SIR 1.37, 95% CI 1.20‐1.54), but removing hereditary syndromes resulted in a diminished and nonsignificant association (SIR 1.08, 95% CI 0.93‐1.25). This study shows that offspring of cancer patients are not at an increased risk of cancer except when the patient has a cancer‐predisposing syndrome. These findings are directly relevant to counseling cancer survivors with regard to family planning.
The effect of a transaction tax on exchange rate volatility
Authors: Lanne Markku , Vesala Timo
Published: September 2009

We argue that a transaction tax is likely to amplify, not dampen, volatility in foreign exchange markets. Our argument stems from the decentralized trading practice and the presumable discrepancy between ‘informed’ and ‘uninformed’ traders' valuations. Given that the informed valuations are likely to be less dispersed, a transaction tax penalizes informed trades disproportionately, leading to increased volatility. Empirical support for this prediction is found by investigating the effect of transaction costs on the volatility of DEM/USD and JPY/USD returns. High‐frequency data are used and an increase in transaction costs is found to have a significant positive effect on volatility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Young African American mothers' changing perceptions of their infants during the transition to parenthood
Authors: Lashley Cynthia O. , Hans Sydney L. , Henson Linda G.
Published: September 2009

Although theory and empirical research with middle‐class, mostly White women have suggested that motherhood is an important developmental transition for women, rarely have investigations of adolescent motherhood systematically examined developmental change. This study examines one aspect of change during the transition to parenthood: the mother's emerging perception of her infant. During pregnancy and at 4 months' postpartum, 220 urban African American mothers between the ages of 13 and 21 years were asked to describe their infants. Content analysis of their responses and ratings of the affective tone of the responses suggest that there are changes from pregnancy to 4 months after the birth that parallel shifts noted in literature on women going through the transition to motherhood as adults. Between pregnancy and 4 months, there was a decreasing focus on infant health and physical appearance and an increasing focus on infant behavioral achievements and personality characteristics. Of particular importance to mothers was that their infants be “good” babies who were easy to care for and were easily accepted by the family. Mothers imagined physical similarities with their infants during pregnancy and describe aspects of their interaction and emotional bond with their infants at 4 months. Overall, mothers' descriptions of their babies were quite positive, increasingly positive over time, and offered little evidence that for these young African American women the transition to parenthood was problematic.
What are infants learning aboutrace? A look at a sample of infants from multipleracialgroups
Authors: Njoroge Wanjiku , Benton Tami , Lewis Marva L. , Njoroge Njoroge M.
Published: September 2009

Little empirical knowledge exists about the importance of culture and the sociopolitical context ofrace'sinfluence on the social development of infants and young children. In this article, we review current research on the transmission of race and culture to the developing child. Utilizing a historical theoretical framework proposed by Margaret Mahler and colleagues' (1975) theory of infant's development of a separate self, we will examine the potential influence ofracialcontext on children's development. Observational videotaped research methods will be used to describe several young children ages 6 months to 36 months from several racial/ethnic groups and their preferences for “same‐race” and “different‐race” dolls during structured play. How infants at different stages of social development notice differences associated with racial phenotype of toys during their play, how parents of these young children discuss issues of culture and race with their children, and the reasons underlying these discussions will be described for this sample. Finally, we discuss future research questions and areas of study suggested by the findings of this pilot study.
Application of quantitative structure–activity relationships for modeling drug and chemical transport across the human placenta barrier: a multivariate data analysis approach
Authors: Giaginis Costas , Zira Athina , Theocharis Stamatios , Tsantili‐Kakoulidou Anna
Published: September 2009

Pharmacological agents and environmental pollutants can transfer from mother to fetus across the placental barrier, leading to reproductive toxic effects.Ex vivohuman placental perfusion constitutes the most widely used method to study placental transfer and metabolism of drugs and chemicals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) methodology could serve as an effective alternative tool to estimate drugs and chemicals transport across the human placental barrier on the basis of easily interpretable molecular, physicochemical and structural properties. Multivariate data analysis (MVDA) was applied to a set of 88 structurally diverse drugs and chemicals to model placental transfer expressed by clearance index values compiled from literature sources. An adequate and robust QSAR model (r2= 0.73,Q2= 0.71, RMSEE = 0.15) was established, providing an informative illustration of the contributing physicochemical, molecular and structural properties of the compounds in placental transfer process. Descriptors reflecting the polarity of compounds proved to be the most important with a negative sign. Lipophilicity and, at a lower extent, molecular size parameters exerted positive contribution in the model. Thus, QSAR analysis may be considered as a promising alternative tool to support high‐throughput screening of drugs and chemicals in respect to their transport across placental barrier. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal and offspring arrhythmia following exposure to nicotine during pregnancy
Authors: Feng Yu , Caiping Mao , Li Cao , Can Rui , Feichao Xu , Li Zhao , Zhice Xu
Published: September 2009

Although recent studies have demonstrated prenatal nicotine can increase cardiovascular risk in the offspring, it is unknown whether exposure to nicotine during pregnancy also may be a risk for development of arrhythmia in the offspring. In addition, in previous studies of fetal arrhythmia affected by smoking, only two patterns, bradycardia and tachycardia, were observed. The present study examined acute effects of maternal nicotine on the fetal arrhythmiain utero, and chronic influence on offspring arrhythmia at adult stage following prenatal exposure to nicotine. Nicotine was administered to pregnant ewes and rats. In the fetal sheep, intravenous nicotine not only induced changes of fetal heart rate, but also caused cardiac cycle irregularity, single and multiple dropped cardiac cycles. Although maternal nicotine had no influence on fetal blood pH, lactic acid, hemocrit, Na+, K+levels and plasma osmolality, fetal blood PO2levels were significantly decreased following maternal nicotine in ewes. In offspring rats at 4–5 months after birth, prenatal exposure to nicotine significantly increased heart rate and premature ventricular contraction in restraint stress. In addition, arrhythmias induced by injection of nicotine were higher in the offspring prenatal exposure to nicotinein utero. The results provide new evidence that exposure to nicotine in pregnancy can cause fetal arrhythmia in various patterns besides tachycardia and bradycardia, the possible mechanisms for nicotine‐induced fetal arrhythmia includedin uterohypoxia. Importantly, following exposure to nicotine significantly increased risk of arrhythmia in the adult offspring. The finding offers new insight for development of cardiac rhythm problems in fetal origins. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enrichment of omega3 fatty acids from Tyulka oil by supercritical CO2 extraction
Authors: Zakizadeh Nei Nei H. , Fatemi Sh. , Salimi A. R. , Vatanara A. , Rouholamini Najafabadi A.
Published: September 2009

BACKGROUND: Supercritical CO2 enrichment of omega3 essential fatty acids (FAs) from Tyulka oil, using a batch process was investigated. Fractional factorial design was applied to evaluate the effects of the five process parameters: pressure (20.26 to 25.33 MPa); temperature (40 to 50 °C); packing fraction (0.5 to 0.7); modifier fraction (2 to 5%); and dynamic time (15 to 25 min), and their binary interactions on the enrichment of extracted omega3 FAs. By employing experimental design and analysis of variance, the variables were evaluated according to the significance of their effect on the yield of extracted omega3.

RESULTS: The experimental results confirmed that pressure and dynamic time were the most important factors affecting enrichment of omega3. The amount of modifier in the feed also showed an increasing effect on the response. The binary interaction effects were investigated, and are discussed in detail.

CONCLUSION: Optimum conditions were found at 25.33 MPa, 46.65 °C, packing fraction 0.50, modifier 5% and dynamic time 25 min, improving the enrichment of omega3 FAs up to 2.9 times. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A facile method for the synthesis of thiocoumestan derivatives
Authors: Nematollahi Davood , Azizian Javad , Sargordan‐Arani Mohsen , Hesari Mahdi , Mirza Behrooz
Published: September 2009

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An efficient synthesis of thiocoumestan derivatives, starting from catechols and 4‐mercaptocoumarin in the presence of potassium ferricyanide as an oxidizing agent (Decker oxidation) was developed. The results indicate that the 4‐mercaptocoumarin participates in Michael addition reactions with in situ generated o‐benzoquinones. The present work has led to the development of a one‐pot oxidative method for the synthesis of the 6H‐benzothieno[3,2‐c][1]benzopyron‐6‐one derivatives. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
One‐pot three‐component synthesis of dihydrobenzo‐ and naphtho[e]‐1,3‐oxazines in water
Authors: Mathew Bijoy P. , Nath Mahendra
Published: September 2009

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A simple, green and efficient method has been developed for the synthesis of biologically and materially important dihydrobenzo/naphtho[e]‐1,3‐oxazines in good to excellent yields through a Mannich‐type condensation cyclization reaction of aromatic alcohols with HCHO and primary amines in aqueous media at ambient temperature. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
New access to the one‐pot solvent‐free synthesis of 4,5‐dihydro‐pyrido[2,3‐b][1,4]diazepines and 2,3‐dihydro‐benzo[b][1,4]diazepines by microwave irradiation
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Hazra Anita , Jana Subrata
Published: September 2009

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A series of diversely substituted pyridodiazepines and benzodiazepines have been synthesized in solvent and catalyst free microwave condition from aryl/heteroaryl diamines and β‐aryl vinyl ketones. The yields of the reactions varied with the substituents attached to the aryl/heteroaryl diamines. This common protocol is equally effective for the synthesis of pyridodiazepines and benzodiazepines with pharmacological interest, though in case of pyridodiazepines required time is comparatively higher than benzodiazepines. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Unsymmetrically substituted furoxans. Part 19. Methyl and phenylfuroxansulfonic acids and related sulfonamides
Authors: Chegaev Konstantin , Rolando Barbara , Guglielmo Stefano , Fruttero Roberta , Gasco Alberto
Published: September 2009

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Synthesis, structural characterization, and acid dissociation constants (pKa) of a series of methyl‐ and phenyl‐substituted furoxansulfonic acids and related sulfonamide derivatives, as well as their furazan analogues are described. The ability of furoxans to dilate rat aorta strips precontracted with phenylephrine is reported as an example of their NO‐dependent pharmacological properties. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Efficient synthesis of benzothieno[3,2‐d]‐1,2,4‐triazolo [1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5(1H)‐ones via a tandem aza‐Wittig/heterocumulene‐mediated annulation
Authors: Xu Sheng‐Zhen , Cao Min‐Hui , Chen Chang‐Shui , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: September 2009

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The carbodiimides 2, obtained from reactions of iminophosphorane 1 with isocyanates, reacted with hydrazine to give selectively 3‐amino‐2‐arylaminobenzothieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones 4. Reactions of 4 with triphenylphosphine, hexachloroethane, and Et3N produced iminophosphoranes 5. A tandem aza‐Wittig reaction of iminophosphorane 5 with isocyanate, acyl chloride generated benzothieno[3,2‐d]‐1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐5(1H)‐ones 7 and 9 in satisfactory yields. The effects of the nucleophiles on cyclization have been investigated. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Highly soluble perylene tetracarboxylic diimides (PDI)‐tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) dyad and TTF‐PDI‐TTF triad
Authors: Wang Chengyun , Tang Wei , Zhong Hanbin , Zhang Xuechao , Shen Yongjia
Published: September 2009

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Two highly soluble donor‐σ‐acceptor and donor‐σ‐accepter‐σ‐donor type fluorescence switches consisting tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and 3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic diimides (PDI) were synthesized. The structure of the dyad and triad as well as their intermediates was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR MS, elemental analysis. Their fluorescence behavior could be modulated by oxidization and reduction of the TTF unit using either chemical or electrochemical method. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
An efficient and direct synthesis of 2‐thiopyridines via microwave‐assisted three‐component reaction
Authors: Wang Xing‐Han , Cao Xu‐Dong , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Hao Wen‐Juan , Yan Shu , Wu Shan‐Shan , Han Zheng‐Guo , Shi Feng
Published: September 2009

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A series of 2‐p‐tolylthiopyridine derivatives was directly synthesized via three‐component reactions of chalcones, malononitrile, and 4‐methylbenzenethiol catalyzed by Et3N in DMF under microwave irradiation. It is an efficient and promising synthetic strategy to construct 2‐thiopyridine skeleton with the advantage of short time, excellent yield, and convenient operation. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
The Boulton–Katritzky rearrangement of isocarboxazid
Authors: Van Arnum Susan D. , Niemczyk Henry J.
Published: September 2009

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Isocarboxazid rearranges on heating to 5‐acetonyl‐2‐benzyl‐4‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐triazole in DMF at 150°C, in the ionic liquid, [bmin]HSO at 100°C or as a melt at 105°C. This is the first reported example of the Boulton–Katritzky rearrangement of an acyl hydrazide. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009)
Silica gel‐supported sulfuric acid catalyzed synthesis of 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives
Authors: Shobha D. , Chari M. Adharvana , Mukkanti K. , Ahn K. H.
Published: September 2009

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Silica gel‐supported sulfuric acid has been found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 1,5‐benzodiazepines from o‐phenylenediamine and ketones in acetonitrile solvent. This method is simple, effective, and environmentally friendly and gives better yields. Compared to the classical reaction conditions, this new method consistently has the advantage of excellent yields (80–97%) and short reaction time (30–150 min) at room temperature. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Ethyl {4‐[2‐(saccharin‐2‐yl)acetylsulfamoyl]phenylazo}cyanoacetate in the synthesis of polyfunctionally heteroaromatic derivatives
Authors: Aly A. A.
Published: September 2009

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An efficient and direct one‐pot reaction of ethyl saccharinylcyanoacetate derivative 3 with a variety of active methylene reagents and nitrogen nucleophiles afforded novel series of polyfunctionally substituted heteroaromatic derivatives 5–13, respectively. The pyrazole derivative 13 was seemed to be the excellent precursors for the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives 14–24. The antimicrobial screening of some synthesized products was evaluated against some selected bacteria and fungi. The structures of the synthesized derivatives were established by elemental and spectral data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Malpractice claims closed against hospital defendants in Florida: 1986–1993
Authors: Studnicki James , Campbell Robert R. , Werner Dennis C. , Remmel Randall
Published: September 2009

Objective — To provide a statewide trend analysis of all hospital malpractice claims, payment amounts, and their distribution by location of the event within hospitals.

Design — A retrospective, descriptive study of 7,819 hospital claims closed in the state of Florida during the period 1986 to 1993.

Results — Both total claims closed (1,756) and paid (655) peaked in 1987 and declined to lows of 507 and 338, respectively, in 1993. The percentage of claims receiving a payment, however, increased steadily from a low of just under 35 percent in 1988 to nearly 67 percent in 1993. More than $537 million has been paid for 3,409 claims. The average payment amount increased an inflation‐adjusted 71 percent, from $94,000 to $212,000. Claims resulting in awards of $1 million or more represented only 3.6 percent of paid claims, but accounted for 52 percent of the total dollars awarded.
As others see us: Physicians' perceptions of risk managers
Authors: Kapp Marshall B.
Published: September 2009

The financial support of the Greenwall Foundation in the preparation of this manuscript is gratefully acknowledged.
Allegations of sexual misconduct: A risk management perspective
Authors: Jones Linda E. , Adkins Elizabeth
Published: September 2009

Increasingly, patients are making complaints to state licensing boards and filing lawsuits against healthcare providers alleging sexual misconduct. This article addresses the risk management implications of patient allegations of sexual misconduct involving inappropriate touching by healthcare providers during an examination or treatment. From a risk management standpoint, techniques can be implemented before and after these incidents that can help reduce the facility's exposure.
Professional liability loss control in the vertically integrated healthcare system: Managing from a helicopter
Authors: Boswell David J.
Published: September 2009

As the prevalence of integrated healthcare organizations increases, the opportunities and threats confronting the risk manager increase as well. It is important that risk managers recognize not only the type of organizational configuration in which they work, but also the proper loss prevention techniques applicable to that system.
Patient relations for modern times
Authors: Para Pamela J.
Published: September 2009

A well‐organized patient relations program can improve the quality of care while reducing risk to the organization. Patient relations is also a matter of the organization's survival in a competitive marketplace. The consumer's choice for healthcare will be made based on how the organization is differentiated from other organizations with otherwise common attributes. These distinct attributes set a product or organization apart from its competitors by creating a “personality” in the marketplace. A selected program, such as patient relations, can build a marketing plan that creates an identifiable market personality with opportunity for good financial returns and stability.
Survey of hospital systems and common serious medication errors
Authors: Cohen Michael R. , Proulx Susan M. , Crawford Stephanie Y.
Published: September 2009

The Institute for Safe Medication Practices and the University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Pharmacy, undertook a hospital survey of medical‐surgical hospitals to determine systems‐oriented factors that allow the highest level of medication safety. The study incorporated a peer‐reviewed and pretested questionnaire, which focused on critical information necessary to yield quality data for comparison. Through analysis, it was shown that over one third of all medication errors reported in the survey involve just six categories–allergies, insulin, heparin, opiates, PCA devices, and potassium concentrates.
Unlicensed assistive personnel—risk management considerations
Authors: Shostek Kathleen
Published: September 2009

Along with the restructuring and downsizing of healthcare organizations is the move toward further cost‐reduction efforts, including the increased use of unlicensed assistive personnel for patient care activities. This can create new/increased risk exposures. Implications for healthcare risk managers are discussed and strategies for preventing and managing associated liability exposures are provided.
An incident reporting system: Documented at the point of service
Authors: Golden Mary Sue
Published: September 2009

Many healthcare organizations maintain two systems for documenting incidents reports:

• A paper incident report system completed by staff and managers and

• A computerized system where clerical staff duplicate the same information in a database

This article discusses the way risk managers in hospitals and healthcare organizations can reduce paperwork and more rapidly address the implementation of a point of service computerized system to document incidents. The benefits of such a system include:

• Real‐time information and trending of occurrences

• Reduced liability by securing reports earlier

• Maintaining a higher level of confidentiality

• Earlier problem resolution

• Providing a valuable link between the risk, quality, and safety functions of the organization
Flood disaster preparedness: A retrospect from grand forks, north dakota
Authors: Siders Cindy , Jacobson Rosemary
Published: September 2009

Natural disasters often come without warning. The clinical, financial, and business risks can be enormous. Grand Forks' (ND) healthcare systems experienced a flooding disaster of unprecedented proportions in April of 1997. Planned and practiced disaster and evacuation procedures can significantly reduce a healthcare facilities' risk to life, health, and safety. This article retrospectively analyzes disaster preparation and the complete evacuation of the facilities' patients.
Four indefensible phlebotomy errors and how to prevent them
Authors: Ernst Dennis J.
Published: September 2009

The author identifies four errors in phlebotomy that are effectively indefensible in a court of law: patient misidentification, improper angle of insertion, improper vein selection, and ineffective training and evaluation of those performing venipunctures. Strategies to avoid these errors include the implementation and enforcement of specific administrative and procedural policies. A side bar on the “Ten Commandments of Phlebotomy Liability” accompanies this article.
Managing risks in managed care environment
Authors: Saxton James W.
Published: September 2009

The healthcare environment is rapidly changing as managed care penetrates your community. Risk management in the office setting is becoming more critical as the strategies for preventing claims in the first place become more important. It is time to reexamine the environment that is being created, increase the involvement of patients in their own care, create documentation systems and recognize when you are at risk.
Managing workers' compensation exposures in healthcare
Authors: McDonald Linda
Published: September 2009

Employees in healthcare are exposed to numerous and varied risks that pose the threat of injury. Management of those exposures by the organization will ultimately help create a safe environment for staff, patients and the public. Incorporating workers' compensation into the risk management program is the first step toward managing and reducing these exposures. This article presents a suggested outline for a written risk management plan for workers' compensation exposures.