bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Outcomes in a Preterm Baboon Model of Early Versus Delayed Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
Authors: Loeliger Michelle , Inder Terrie , Cain Sarah , Ramesh Rajalakshmi C. , Camm Emily , Thomson Merran A. , Coalson Jacqueline , Rees Sandra M.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND. The survival of prematurely born infants has greatly increased in recent decades because of advances in neonatal intensive care, which have included the advent of ventilatory therapies. However, there is limited knowledge as to the impact of these therapies on the developing brain. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of randomized respiratory therapy with either early continuous positive airway pressure or delayed continuous positive airway pressure preceded by positive pressure ventilation on the extent of brain injury and altered development in a prematurely delivered primate model.

METHODS. Fetal baboons were delivered at 125 days of gestation (term: ∼185 days of gestation) by cesarean section. Animals were maintained for 28 days postdelivery with either: early continuous positive airway pressure (commencing at 24 hours; n = 6) or delayed continuous positive airway pressure (positive pressure ventilation for 5 days followed by nCPAP; n = 5). Gestational controls (n = 4) were delivered at 153 days of gestation. At the completion of the study, animals were killed, the brains were assessed histologically for growth and development, and evidence of cerebral injury and indices for both parameters were formulated.

RESULTS. Brain and body weights were reduced in all of the nasal continuous positive airway pressure animals compared with controls; however, the brain/body weight ratio was increased in early continuous positive airway pressure animals. Within both nasal continuous positive airway pressure groups compared with controls, there was increased gliosis in the subcortical and deep white matter and cortex and a persistence of radial glia. Early continuous positive airway pressure was associated with less cerebral injury than delayed continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Neuropathologies were not observed in controls.

CONCLUSIONS. Premature delivery, in the absence of potentiating factors, such as hypoxia or infection, is associated with a decrease in brain growth and the presence of subtle brain injury, which seems to be modified by respiratory therapies with early continuous positive airway pressure being associated with less overall cerebral injury.
Position Statement: Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion in Very Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Eugster Erica A. , Francis Gary ,   and the Lawson-Wilkins Drug and Therapeutics Committee
Published: October 2006

Insulin pump therapy has become increasingly popular for the treatment of type 1 diabetes in pediatric patients. Although significant experience has accrued with the use of this modality in older children and adolescents, much less data are available regarding continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the very young. Policies of individual physician practices and insurance companies vary widely, and there is currently no consensus regarding the appropriateness of insulin pump therapy in the under 6 age group. However, we have witnessed in recent years a significant increase in the number of clinical trials investigating the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in young patients, and reports of >100 preschool-aged diabetic children treated with insulin pumps are available in the literature. Although these studies have been of relatively short duration (≤12 months), the results are remarkably consistent. Although there is no evidence that insulin pump therapy results in a sustained improvement in glycemic control in this age group, risks associated with these devices in the hands of reliable adults who are managing diabetes in very young children are low. Parental satisfaction related to the increased flexibility that continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion affords anecdotally seems to be high, although formal examination of parental stress and health-related quality of life in this setting has been minimal. Important questions remain regarding selection of appropriate candidates for insulin pump therapy, whether benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion outweigh the costs, and what eventual outcomes will be in children treated with pumps from a very young age. Long-term follow-up of medical, psychological, and neurocognitive parameters in these young patients will be paramount. Our goal with this review is to summarize efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children ≤6 years of age, present potential pros and cons of using insulin pumps in this population, and propose clinical management guidelines that could be useful for both practitioners and third-party payers alike.
Changing Epidemiology of Life-Threatening Upper Airway Infections: The Reemergence of Bacterial Tracheitis
Authors: Hopkins Amelia , Lahiri Thomas , Salerno Richard , Heath Barry
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. As a consequence of evolving medical practice, the epidemiology of potentially life-threatening upper airway infections is changing. We report our experience over 9 years with viral croup, epiglottitis, and bacterial tracheitis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS. We studied a retrospective case series of patients admitted to Vermont Children's Hospital with potentially life-threatening upper airway infections viral croup, epiglottitis, or bacterial tracheitis between 1997 and 2006.

MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS. There were 107 patients with viral croup admitted to Vermont Children's Hospital, with 16 (15%) admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Three patients with croup (17% of pediatric intensive care unit admissions, 3% of total admissions) required intubation. There were no serious complications. Eighteen patients were admitted with bacterial tracheitis. Ninety-four percent (n = 17) were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. Eighty-three percent (n = 15) were intubated. Twenty-eight percent of patients (n = 5) developed serious complications. Two adolescent patients were admitted with epiglottitis. Both were intubated and recovered without complications. Of 35 patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit with these potentially life-threatening upper airway infections, 20 patients (57%) developed respiratory failure. Fifteen patients (75%) had bacterial tracheitis, 3 patients (15%) had viral croup, and 2 patients (10%) had nonclassic epiglottitis.

CONCLUSIONS. Immunization against Haemophilus influenza type b and widespread use of corticosteroids for the treatment of viral croup have changed the epidemiology of acute infectious upper airway disease. As potentially life-threatening infections, viral croup and epiglottitis have been eclipsed by bacterial tracheitis. In this series, bacterial tracheitis was 3 times more likely to have caused respiratory failure than viral croup and epiglottitis combined. Bacterial tracheitis should be considered in children who present with acute life-threatening upper airway infection.
The Toothbrush: A Rare but Potentially Life-Threatening Cause of Penetrating Oropharyngeal Trauma in Children
Authors: Sasaki Toru , Toriumi Sayaka , Asakage Takahiro , Kaga Kimitaka , Yamaguchi Daisuke , Yahagi Naoki
Published: October 2006

We present the case of a 10-year-old girl with pharyngeal injury caused by a toothbrush, the snapped head of which lodged in her upper oropharyngeal wall. Initial examination of the oral cavity did not reveal bleeding, a foreign body, or a wound. Nasopharyngoscopy showed lodgment of the toothbrush piece in the upper oropharynx, pulsating in synchrony with heartbeats. Computed tomography showed the toothbrush head near the carotid artery. The foreign body was surgically removed without any intraoperative or postoperative complications. The diagnosis and management of oropharyngeal injuries by stick-like foreign bodies, such as a toothbrush or chopsticks, are discussed.
Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Risk Scores Are Associated With Early and Advanced Atherosclerosis
Authors: McMahan C. Alex , Gidding Samuel S. , Malcom Gray T. , Tracy Richard E. , Strong Jack P. , McGill Henry C. ,   for the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Research Group
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVES. Atherosclerosis begins in childhood and progresses during adolescence and young adulthood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study previously reported risk scores to estimate the probability of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in young individuals aged 15 to 34 years using the coronary heart disease risk factors (gender, age, serum lipoprotein concentrations, smoking, hypertension, obesity, and hyperglycemia). In this study we investigated the relation of these risk scores to the early atherosclerotic lesions.

METHODS. We measured atherosclerotic lesions in the left anterior descending coronary artery, right coronary artery, and abdominal aorta and the coronary heart disease risk factors in persons 15 to 34 years of age who died as a result of external causes and were autopsied in forensic laboratories.

RESULTS. Risk scores computed from the modifiable risk factors were associated with prevalence of microscopically demonstrable lesions of atherosclerosis (American Heart Association grade 1) in the left anterior descending coronary artery and with the extent of the earliest detectable gross lesion (fatty streaks) in the right coronary artery and abdominal aorta. Risk scores computed from the modifiable risk factors also were associated with prevalence of lesions of higher degrees of microscopic severity (intermediate as well as advanced) in the left anterior descending coronary artery and with extent of lesions of higher degrees of severity (intermediate and raised lesions) in the right coronary artery and abdominal aorta.

CONCLUSIONS. Risk scores calculated from traditional coronary heart disease risk factors to identify individual young persons with high probability of having advanced atherosclerotic lesions also are associated with earlier atherosclerotic lesions, including the earliest anatomically demonstrable atherosclerotic lesion. These results support lifestyle modification in youth to prevent development of the initial lesions and the subsequent progression to advanced lesions and, thereafter, to prevent or delay coronary heart disease.
Prevalence of Fatty Liver in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Schwimmer Jeffrey B. , Deutsch Reena , Kahen Tanaz , Lavine Joel E. , Stanley Christina , Behling Cynthia
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. Fatty liver disease is diagnosed increasingly in children, but the prevalence remains unknown. We sought to determine the prevalence of pediatric fatty liver as diagnosed by histology in a population-based sample.

METHODS. We conducted a retrospective review of 742 children between the ages of 2 and 19 years who had an autopsy performed by a county medical examiner from 1993 to 2003. Fatty liver was defined as ≥5% of hepatocytes containing macrovesicular fat.

RESULTS. Fatty liver was present in 13% of subjects. For children and adolescents age 2 to 19 years, the prevalence of fatty liver adjusted for age, gender, race, and ethnicity is estimated to be 9.6%. Fatty liver prevalence increases with age, ranging from 0.7% for ages 2 to 4 up to 17.3% for ages 15 to 19 years. Fatty liver prevalence differs significantly by race and ethnicity (Asian: 10.2%; black: 1.5%; Hispanic: 11.8%; white: 8.6%). The highest rate of fatty liver was seen in obese children (38%).

CONCLUSIONS. Fatty liver is the most common liver abnormality in children age 2 to 19 years. The presence of macrovesicular hepatic steatosis in ∼1 of every 10 children has important ramifications for the long-term health of children and young adults. The influence of the risk factors identified should be taken into consideration in the development of protocols designed to screen at-risk children and adolescents.
A DESCRIPTIVE ASSESSMENT OF INSTRUCTION‐BASED INTERACTIONS IN THE PRESCHOOL CLASSROOM
Authors: Ndoro Virginia W. , Hanley Gregory P. , Tiger Jeffrey H. , Heal Nicole A.
Published: October 2006

The current study describes preschool teacher—child interactions during several commonly scheduled classroom activities in which teachers deliver instructions. An observation system was developed that incorporated measurement of evidence‐based compliance strategies and included the types of instructions delivered (e.g., integral or deficient directives, embedded directives, “do” or “don't” commands), the children's behavior with respect to the instructions (e.g., compliance, noncompliance, active avoidance, problem behavior), and the differential responses of the teacher to the child's behavior following an instruction (e.g., appropriate or inappropriate provision of attention and escape). After 4 classroom teachers were observed at least five times in each of five target activities, simple and conditional probabilities were calculated. Results indicated that (a) the frequency of instruction and probability of compliance varied as a function of activity type, (b) “do” commands and directive prompts were delivered almost to the exclusion of “don't” commands and nondirective prompts, (c) the likelihood of compliance was highest following an embedded or an integral directive prompt, and (d) although putative social reinforcers were more likely to follow noncompliance than compliance and were highly likely following problem behavior, compliance occurred over twice as much as noncompliance, and problem behavior during instructions was very low. Implications for using descriptive assessments for understanding and improving teacher—child interactions in the preschool classroom are discussed.
AN EVALUATION OF THE VALUE OF CHOICE WITH PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Tiger Jeffrey H. , Hanley Gregory P. , Hernandez Emma
Published: October 2006

The current study examined the reinforcing effects of choosing among alternatives in a four‐part evaluation. In the first study, initial‐link responses in a concurrent‐chains arrangement resulted in access to terminal links in which the completion of an academic task resulted in (a) the choice of a reinforcer (choice), (b) the delivery of an identical reinforcer (no choice), or (c) no material reinforcer (control). Three patterns of responding emerged: persistent preference for choice (3 participants); initial preference for choice, which did not persist (2 participants); and preference for no choice (1 participant). Additional evaluations determined if preference for choice could be enhanced (Study 2) or established (Study 3) by including more stimuli from which to choose. Choice‐link selections systematically increased for all participants when more items were available from which to choose. Study 4 identified the precise value of the opportunity to choose by progressively increasing the response requirement during the choice terminal links for 3 children and determining the point at which these children stopped selecting the choice link. All children continued to select the choice link even when the work required in the choice link was much greater than that arranged in the no‐choice link.
EVALUATING THE RELATIVE EFFECTS OF FEEDBACK AND CONTINGENT MONEY FOR STAFF TRAINING OF STIMULUS PREFERENCE ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Roscoe Eileen M. , Fisher Wayne W. , Glover Ashley C. , Volkert Valerie M.
Published: October 2006

Performance feedback has facilitated the acquisition and maintenance of a wide range of behaviors (e.g., health‐care routines, seat‐belt use). Most researchers have attributed the effectiveness of performance feedback to (a) its discriminative functions, (b) its reinforcing functions, or (c) the combination of the two. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the relative contributions of the discriminative and reinforcing functions of performance feedback by comparing a condition in which the discriminative functions were maximized and the reinforcing functions were minimized (i.e., performance‐specific instructions without contingent money) with one in which the reinforcing functions were maximized and the discriminative functions were minimized (i.e., contingent money with no performance‐specific instructions). We compared the effects of these two conditions on the acquisition of skills involved in conducting two commonly used preference assessments. Results showed that acquisition of these skills occurred primarily in the condition with performance‐specific instruction without contingent money, suggesting that the delivery of performance‐specific instructions was critical to skill acquisition, whereas the delivery of contingent money had little effect.
IDENTITY MATCHING‐TO‐SAMPLE WITH OLFACTORY STIMULI IN RATS
Authors: Peña Tracy , Pitts Raymond C. , Galizio Mark
Published: October 2006

Identity matching‐to‐sample has been difficult to demonstrate in rats, but most studies have used visual stimuli. There is evidence that rats can acquire complex forms of olfactory stimulus control, and the present study explored the possibility that identity matching might be facilitated in rats if olfactory stimuli were used. Four rats were trained on an identity match‐to‐sample procedure with odorants mixed in cups of sand as stimuli. Digging in the sample cup produced two comparison cups, and digging in the comparison cup that contained the same scent as the sample was reinforced. When criterion accuracy levels were reached, novel stimuli were added to the baseline training regimen. All 4 rats reached terminal performance of above 90% correct matching with more than 20 different baseline stimuli and matched novel stimulus combinations with above‐chance accuracy; 3 of the 4 rats matched novel stimuli at levels significantly above chance. Accurate matching performance was demonstrated both with 2‐ and 3‐comparison procedures. These results suggest that generalized matching‐to‐sample can be observed in rats when olfactory stimuli are used and, furthermore, that multiple‐exemplar training may be important for its emergence.
NAMING AND CATEGORIZATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN: IV: LISTENER BEHAVIOR TRAINING AND TRANSFER OF FUNCTION
Authors: Horne Pauline J. , Hughes J. Carl , Lowe C. Fergus
Published: October 2006

Following pretraining with everyday objects, 14 children aged from 1 to 4 years were trained, for each of three pairs of different arbitrary wooden shapes (Set 1), to select one stimulus in response to the spoken word /zog/, and the other to /vek/. When given a test for the corresponding tacts (“zog” and “vek”), 10 children passed, showing that they had learned common names for the stimuli, and 4 failed. All children were trained to clap to one stimulus of Pair 1 and wave to the other. All those who named showed either transfer of the novel functions to the remaining two pairs of stimuli in Test 1, or novel function comprehension for all three pairs in Test 2, or both. Three of these children next participated in, and passed, category match‐to‐sample tests. In contrast, all 4 children who had learned only listener behavior failed both the category transfer and category match‐to‐sample tests. When 3 of them were next trained to name the stimuli, they passed the category transfer and (for the 2 subjects tested) category match‐to‐sample tests. Three children were next trained on the common listener relations with another set of arbitrary stimuli (Set 2); all succeeded on the tact and category tests with the Set 2 stimuli. Taken together with the findings from the other studies in the series, the present experiment shows that (a) common listener training also establishes the corresponding names in some but not all children, and (b) only children who learn common names categorize; all those who learn only listener behavior fail. This is good evidence in support of the naming account of categorization.
MATHEMATICAL MODELS AND THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR
Authors: Mazur James E.
Published: October 2006

The use of mathematical models in the experimental analysis of behavior has increased over the years, and they offer several advantages. Mathematical models require theorists to be precise and unambiguous, often allowing comparisons of competing theories that sound similar when stated in words. Sometimes different mathematical models may make equally accurate predictions for a large body of data. In such cases, it is important to find and investigate situations for which the competing models make different predictions because, unless two models are actually mathematically equivalent, they are based on different assumptions about the psychological processes that underlie an observed behavior. Mathematical models developed in basic behavioral research have been used to predict and control behavior in applied settings, and they have guided research in other areas of psychology. A good mathematical model can provide a common framework for understanding what might otherwise appear to be diverse and unrelated behavioral phenomena. Because psychologists vary in their quantitative skills and in their tolerance for mathematical equations, it is important for those who develop mathematical models of behavior to find ways (such as verbal analogies, pictorial representations, or concrete examples) to communicate the key premises of their models to nonspecialists.
Forage Production and Nutritive Value of Oat in Autumn and Early Summer
Authors: Contreras‐Govea Francisco E. , Albrecht Kenneth A.
Published: October 2006

Oat (Avena sativa L.) grown for forage in the northern USA usually is sown in spring and harvested in early summer, with rapid decline in quality after boot stage. This study was conducted to determine if there are differences in forage yield and forage quality between summer sown–autumn harvested and spring sown–early summer harvested oat, and to determine whether seasonal effect is similar among oat cultivars that vary in maturity classification. Oat was sown in summer 2001 and spring 2002 at two locations in Wisconsin and harvested in autumn and early summer, respectively. Oat sown in August produced 6.7 Mg ha−1 of forage when harvested 77 d later, about 1.0 Mg ha−1 less than that obtained from spring sown oat harvested 77 d after sowing. Autumn forage yield was similar among oat cultivars due to decreasing daylength and temperature. Maturation of summer‐sown oat was delayed, resulting in 10 to 15% less neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 18% greater digestibility, and 250% greater water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentration than spring‐sown oat. High WSC levels are of particular importance since oat forage harvested in autumn will likely be stored as silage due to poor drying conditions in autumn. Differences in forage quality among cultivars and between spring and autumn oat forage are associated with maturity differences. Oat sown in late summer, and especially the leafy, late maturing cultivar ForagePlus, can supplement high quality forage production in autumn.
Mechanism of Effective Nocardioform Foam Control Measures for Non‐Selector Activated Sludge Systems
Authors: Jolis Domènec , Ho Chu‐Fei H. , Pitt Paul A. , Jones Bonnie M.
Published: October 2006

Solids retention time (SRT), biological scum trapping and recycle, and the dynamic equilibrium between Nocardioform populations in the foam and the mixed liquor are the controlling factors in activated sludge foaming events caused by Nocardioform bacteria. For the operating modes described in this paper, a cured mixed liquor foaming condition (filament counts of approximately 105 intersections/g volatile suspended solids) was only achieved when SRT control, selective wasting, and polymer addition were in effect. Solids retention time control, with the SRT remaining below 1.5 days, and selective wasting will cure a severely foaming mixed liquor, but effects will only be observed after 3 or 4 months after implementation. The combined wastage of Nocardioform bacteria from selective wasting and SRT control can ensure long‐term foam control to the operation of a pure‐oxygen activated sludge system with foam‐trapping features. An SRT of 0.3 days will result in the complete washout of Nocardioform bacteria from the activated sludge system, which can then operate at an SRT of 3 days free of Nocardioform. Polymer addition to mixed liquor is only effective for foam control when a large portion of the system biomass exists as a heavy layer of foam above the mixed liquor.
Treatment of Distillery Spent‐Wash by Ozonation and Biodegradation: Significance of pH Reduction and Inorganic Carbon Removal Before Ozonation
Authors: Kumar Arun , Saroj Devendra P. , Tare Vinod , Bose Purnendu
Published: October 2006

This study is aimed at exploring strategies for mineralization of refractory compounds in distillery effluent by anaerobic biodegradation/ozonation/aerobic biodegradation. Treatment of distillery spent‐wash used in this research by anaerobic‐aerobic biodegradation resulted in overall COD removal of 70.8%. Ozonation of the anaerobically treated distillery spent‐wash was carried out as‐is (phase I experiments) and after pH reduction and removal of inorganic carbon (phase II experiments). Introduction of the ozonation step resulted in an increase in overall chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, with the highest COD removals of greater than 95% obtained when an ozone dose of approximately 5.3 mg ozone absorbed/mg initial total organic carbon was used. The COD removal during phase II experiments was slightly superior compared with phase I experiments at similar ozone doses. Moreover, efficiency of ozone absorption from the gas phase into distillery spent‐wash aliquots was considerably enhanced during phase II experiments.
Decomposition of 2‐Nitrophenol in Aqueous Solution by Ozone and UV/Ozone Processes
Authors: Ku Young , Hung Jia‐Jing , Wang Wen‐Yu
Published: October 2006

The decomposition of 2‐nitrophenol in aqueous solutions by ozone and UV/ozone processes was found to be technically feasible under adequate experimental conditions. Formation of nitrate ions was observed following the decomposition of 2‐nitrophenol by ozone and UV/ozone processes. Increasing ozone dosage and UV light intensity accelerated the decomposition rate of 2‐nitrophenol in an aqueous solution. The species distribution of 2‐nitrophenol under various solution conditions plays a significant role in determining decomposition behavior. In most experiments conducted in this study, the decomposition of 2‐nitrophenol by ozone and UV/ozone processes was favored to occur in alkaline conditions. The addition of 2‐butanol accelerated the rate of gaseous ozone transfer to an aqueous phase by reducing the surface tension of aqueous solution and therefore enhancing the decomposition rate of 2‐nitrophenol by ozone and UV/ozone processes.
Volatile fatty acid production and uptake in biological nutrient removal systems with process separation
Authors: Danesh Shahnaz , Oleszkiewicz Jan A.
Published: October 2006

In this research, the relative rates of volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and VFA uptake were quantified through separation of fermentation step from the phosphorus‐accumulating bacteria (Bio‐P removal process). Furthermore, the effect of prefermentation of raw wastewater on Bio‐P removal was evaluated. Degritted raw wastewater was fermented under different conditions in bench‐scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactors called primary acid fermenters (PAFs). Specific rates of VFA production were measured under different solids retention times (4, 8, 12, and 13 days), two pH levels (natural pH of wastewater and pH of 6.1 to 6.4), two regimens of mixing (6 h/cycle versus 0.25 h/cycle), and hydraulic retention times of 9 and 12 hours. Experiments were conducted at room temperature (20 ± 2°C). Specific rate of VFA production ranged from 0.3 to 3.0 mg VFA/g VSS · h under investigated conditions while the volumetric rate of production varied from 4 to 54 mg VFA/L · d depending on the conditions of the reactors. The rate of VFA uptake was measured in a subsequent biological nutrient removal sequencing batch reactor fed with fermented wastewater. The rate was 28.5 mg VFA/g VSS · h. Phosphorus release was found to be 18.8 mg ortho‐P/g VSS · h (primary release) during the period of VFA uptake and 1.8 mg ortho‐P/g VSS · h (secondary release) when VFA were depleted in the environment. Bio‐P removal improved significantly as the result of prefermentation of degritted raw wastewater.
Influence of particle size on wet pond effectiveness
Authors: Greb Steven R. , Bannerman Roger T.
Published: October 2006

A 5 670‐m2 wet detention pond draining a predominantly residential urban area was monitored for flow, suspended solids, bedload, particle‐size distribution, and selected pollutants during 16 storm events. Both suspended solids concentrations and particle‐size distribution of the suspended solids in runoff water exhibited large variations between storms. Though a portion of particles larger than the pond's critical particle size left the pond, the pond removed 87% of the total suspended solids entering the pond. The relative proportion of clay‐size particles increased from 36 to 72%. Sand‐ and silt‐size fractions both decreased. Heavier particulate material saltating along the channel bottom, termed bedload, composed an average of 14% of the total particulate mass or load to the pond. The pond's sediment and associated pollutant removal efficiencies were influenced by influent particle‐size distribution.
Cardiopulmonary effects of buprenorphine in horses
Authors: Carregaro Adriano B. , Neto Francisco J. Teixeira , Beier Suzane L. , Luna Stelio P. L.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To investigate the effects of buprenorphine on cardiopulmonary variables and on abdominal auscultation scores in horses.

Animals—6 healthy adult horses.

Procedures—Horses were restrained in stocks and allocated to 2 treatments in a randomized crossover design, with 1-week intervals between each treatment. Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution was administered IV as a control, whereas buprenorphine (10 μg/kg, IV) was administered to the experimental group. Cardiopulmonary data were collected for 120 minutes after buprenorphine or saline solution administration. Abdominal auscultation scores were monitored for 2 and 12 hours after drug administration in the control and experimental groups, respectively.

Results—Following control treatment, horses remained calm while restrained in the stocks and no significant changes in cardiopulmonary variables were observed throughout the study. Buprenorphine administration caused excitatory phenomena (restlessness and head shaking). Heart rate, cardiac index, and arterial blood pressure were significantly increased after buprenorphine administration until the end of the observational period (120 minutes). Minimal changes were found in arterial blood gas tensions. Abdominal auscultation scores decreased significantly from baseline for 4 hours after buprenorphine administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Buprenorphine induced excitement and hemodynamic stimulation with minimal changes in arterial blood gas tensions. These effects may impact the clinical use of buprenorphine in horses. Further studies are indicated to investigate the effects of buprenorphine on gastrointestinal motility and fecal output.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional intravenous limb perfusion in standing horses
Authors: Parra-Sanchez Alberto , Lugo Joel , Boothe Dawn M. , Gaughan Earl M. , Hanson R. Reid , Duran Sue , Belknap James K.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic parameters of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional IV limb perfusion (RILP) in standing horses.

Animals—14 adult horses.

Procedures—Standing horses (7 horses/group) received either enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) or amikacin (250 mg) via RILP (involving tourniquet application) in 1 forelimb. Samples of interstitial fluid (collected via implanted capillary ultrafiltration devices) from the bone marrow (BMIF) of the third metacarpal bone and overlying subcutaneous tissues (STIF), blood, and synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint were collected prior to (time 0) and at intervals after tourniquet release for determination of drug concentrations. For pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analyses, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 16 μg/mL (amikacin) and 0.5 μg/mL (enrofloxacin) were applied.

Results—After RILP with enrofloxacin, 3 horses developed vasculitis. The highest synovial fluid concentrations of enrofloxacin and amikacin were detected at time 0; median values (range) were 13.22 μg/mL (0.254 to 167.9 μg/mL) and 26.2 μg/mL (5.78 to 50.0 μg/mL), respectively. Enrofloxacin concentrations exceeded MIC for approximately 24 hours in STIF and synovial fluid and for 36 hours in BMIF. After perfusion of amikacin, concentrations greater than the MIC were not detected in any samples. Effective therapeutic concentrations of enrofloxacin were attained in all samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses with orthopedic infections, RILP of enrofloxacin (1.5 mg/kg) should be considered as a treatment option. However, care must be taken during administration. A dose of amikacin > 250 mg is recommended to attain effective tissue concentrations via RILP in standing horses.
Concentrations of serum amyloid A in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease
Authors: Jacobsen Stine , Thomsen Maj Halling , Nanni Simone
Published: October 2006

Objective—To determine serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease and assess the effect of repeated arthrocentesis on SAA concentrations in synovial fluid.

Animals—10 healthy horses and 21 horses with various types of joint disease.

Procedures—Serum and synovial fluid samples were obtained from each horse. In 5 of the 10 healthy horses, arthrocentesis was repeated 9 times. Concentrations of SAA were determined via immunoturbidometry.

Results—Serum and synovial fluid SAA concentrations were less than the assay detection limit in healthy horses and did not change in response to repeated arthrocentesis. Synovial fluid SAA concentrations were significantly higher in horses with suspected bacterial joint contamination or infectious arthritis, or tenovaginitis than in healthy controls, and serum concentrations were significantly higher in horses with infectious conditions than in the other groups. Neither serum nor synovial fluid SAA concentrations in horses with low-inflammation joint conditions differed significantly from those in healthy controls. Concentrations of SAA and total protein in synovial fluid were significantly correlated.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Synovial fluid SAA concentration was a good marker of infectious arthritis and tenovaginitis and appeared to reflect changes in inflammatory activity. The advantages of use of SAA as a marker include the ease and speed of measurement and the fact that concentrations in synovial fluid were not influenced by repeated arthrocentesis in healthy horses. Further study of the SAA response in osteoarthritic joints to assess its usefulness in diagnosis and monitoring of osteoarthritis is warranted.
Evaluation of the anatomic effect of physical therapy exercises for mobilization of lumbar spinal nerves and the dura mater in dogs
Authors: Gruenenfelder Fredrik I. , Boos Alois , Mouwen Marco , Steffen Frank
Published: October 2006

Objective—To adapt and standardize neural tissue mobilization exercises, quantify nerve root movement, and assess the anatomic effects of lumbar spinal nerve and dural mobilization in dogs.

Animals—15 canine cadavers.

Procedures—5 cadavers were used in the preliminary part of the study to adapt 3 neural tissue mobilization physical therapy exercises to canine anatomy. In the other 10 cadavers, the L4 to L7 nerve roots and the dura at the level of T13 and L1 were isolated and marked. Movements during the physical therapy exercises were standardized by means of goniometric control. Movement of the nerve roots in response to each exercise was digitally measured. The effects of body weight and crownrump length on the distance of nerve root movement achieved during each exercise were also assessed. Each exercise was divided into 4 steps, and the overall distance of neural movement achieved was compared with distances achieved between steps.

Results—Neural tissue mobilization exercises elicited visible and measurable movement of nerve roots L4 to L7 and of the dura at T13 and L1 in all cadavers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The physical therapy exercises evaluated had measurable effects on nerve roots L4 to L7 and the dura mater in the T13 and L1 segments. These exercises should be evaluated in clinical trials to validate their efficacy as primary treatments or ancillary postsurgical therapy in dogs with disorders of the thoracolumbar and lumbosacral segments of the vertebral column.
Effects of topical administration of an aldose reductase inhibitor on cataract formation in dogs fed a diet high in galactose
Authors: Kador Peter F. , Betts Daniel , Wyman Milton , Blessing Karen , Randazzo James
Published: October 2006

Objective—To determine effects of a topical formulation of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) on the development of sugar cataracts in dogs fed a diet high in galactose.

Animals—Ten 6-month old Beagles.

Procedures—Dogs were fed a diet containing 30% galactose, and after 16 weeks, 6 dogs were treated topically with a proprietary ARI formulation and 4 dogs were treated with a placebo. Cataract formation was monitored by means of slit-lamp biomicroscopy and fundus photography. Dogs were euthanized after 10 weeks of treatment, and lenses were evaluated for degree of opacity, myo-inositol and galactitol concentrations, and concentration of the ARI.

Results—All dogs developed bilateral cortical opacities dense enough to result in a decrease in the tapetal reflex after being fed the galactose-containing diet for 16 weeks. Administration of the ARI arrested further development of cataract formation. In contrast, cataracts in the vehicle-treated dogs progressed over the 10-week period to the mature stage. Evaluation of the isolated lenses after 26 weeks of galactose feeding indicated that lenses from treated dogs were significantly less optically dense than lenses from control dogs. Lenticular myo-inositol concentration was significantly higher in the treated than in the control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that topical application of a proprietary ARI formulation may arrest or reverse the development of sugar cataracts in dogs fed a diet high in galactose. This suggests that this ARI formulation may be beneficial in maintaining or improving functional vision in diabetic dogs with early lens opacities.
Effect of short-term sequential administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the stomach and proximal portion of the duodenum in healthy dogs
Authors: Dowers Kristy L. , Uhrig Samantha R. , Mama Khursheed R. , Gaynor James S. , Hellyer Peter W.
Published: October 2006

Objective—To evaluate effects of injection with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) followed by oral administration of an NSAID on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of healthy dogs.

Animals—6 healthy Walker Hounds.

Procedures—In a randomized, crossover design, dogs were administered 4 treatments consisting of an SC injection of an NSAID or control solution (day 0), followed by oral administration of an NSAID or inert substance for 4 days (days 1 through 4). Treatment regimens included carprofen (4 mg/kg) followed by inert substance; saline (0.9% NaCl) solution followed by deracoxib (4 mg/kg); carprofen (4 mg/kg) followed by carprofen (4 mg/kg); and carprofen (4 mg/kg) followed by deracoxib (4 mg/kg). Hematologic, serum biochemical, and fecal evaluations were conducted weekly, and clinical scores were obtained daily. Endoscopy of the GIT was performed before and on days 1, 2, and 5 for each treatment. Lesions were scored by use of a 6-point scale.

Results—No significant differences existed for clinical data, clinicopathologic data, or lesion scores in the esophagus, cardia, or duodenum. For the gastric fundus, antrum, and lesser curvature, an effect of time was observed for all treatments, with lesions worsening from before to day 2 of treatments but improving by day 5.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Sequential administration of NSAIDs in this experiment did not result in clinically important gastroduodenal ulcers. A larger study to investigate the effect of sequential administration of NSAIDs for longer durations and in dogs with signs of acute and chronic pain is essential to substantiate these findings.
Spontaneous retrograde movement of ureteroliths in two dogs and five cats
Authors: Dalby Anne M. , Adams Larry G. , Salisbury S. Kathleen , Blevins William E.
Published: October 2006

Case Description—2 dogs and 5 cats were evaluated for treatment of ureteroliths.

Clinical Findings—Spontaneous retrograde movement of 1 or more ureteroliths was detected by radiography, ultrasonography, fluoroscopy, and a combination of fluoroscopy and ultrasonography. The ureteroliths moved retrograde up to 4 centimeters. Retrograde movement of ureteroliths into the renal pelvis resulted in improved renal function in some patients but made complete surgical removal of all uroliths more difficult.

Treatment and Outcome—Medical management was not successful, and ureteroliths were surgically removed. Surgical management of ureteroliths was complicated by retrograde movement of ureteroliths in the perioperative period.

Clinical Relevance—Ureteroliths can move retrograde within the ureter and even back into the renal pelvis. Retrograde movement of ureteroliths may make surgical planning more difficult.
New closed form analysis of resonances in microwave power for material processing
Authors: Bhattacharya Madhuchhanda , Basak Tanmay
Published: October 2006

A new closed form material invariant analysis on resonances of microwave induced power absorption is presented. It is shown that resonances in average power is confined within two asymptotic limits of thin and thick samples, and the resonances occur if λm ⩽ 1.5Dp,m for λm ≈ λ0 and λm ⩽ 3Dp,m for λm ≉ λ0. Here λm and Dp,m denote the wavelength and penetration depth within the sample, respectively, and λ0 is the wavelength within the free space. It has been shown that average absorbed power does not exhibit resonance for one side incidence if λm ≈ λ0, while the occurrence of resonance is independent of ϕl for λm ≉ λ0. Here, ϕl is the fractional power input from the left side. The amplitudes of subsequent resonating peaks are also shown to decay monotonically with sample length for λm ≈ λ0, while they vary nonmonotonically for λm ≉ λ0 and ϕl ≉ 0, 1 or 1/2 due to suppressions of odd (for λm < λ0), or even (for λm > λ0) resonating peaks, which increase as ϕl approaches 1/2 from either 0 or 1. Finally, at ϕl ≈ 1/2 with λm ≉ λ0 odd (for λm < λ0), or even (for λm > λ0) resonating peaks of average absorbed power vanish reducing the number of resonating points by a factor of two from one side incidence (ϕl ap; &0 or 1), to both side incidence with equal power input from left and right sides (ϕl ≈ 1/2). This work provides correlations (corresponding to λm ≈ λ0 and λm ≉ λ0) for predicting the locations of resonating peaks as function of λm/λ0, λm/Dp,m, and ϕl. The theoretical prediction on average power characteristics have been shown to be useful in forecasting the heating patterns for efficient material processing. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Collaborative information synthesis II: Recommendations for information systems to support synthesis activities
Authors: Blake Catherine , Pratt Wanda
Published: October 2006

As the quantity of information continues to exceed our human processing capacity, information systems must support users as they face the daunting task of synthesizing information. One activity that consumes much of a scientist's time is developing models that balance contradictory and redundant evidence. Driven by our desire to understand the information behaviors of this important user group, and the behaviors of scientific discovery in general, we conducted an observational study of academic research scientists as they resolved different experimental results reported in the biomedical literature. This article is Part 2 of two articles that report our findings. In Part 1 (Blake & Pratt, 2006), we introduced the Collaborative Information Synthesis (CIS) model, which captures the salient information behaviors that we observed. In this article, we review existing cognitive and information seeking models that have inadvertently reported synthesis behavior and provide five recommendations for systems designers to build information systems that support synthesis activities.
Effects of hypomagnetic field on noradrenergic activities in the brainstem of golden hamster
Authors: Zhang Xu , Li Jun‐Feng , Wu Qi‐Jiu , Li Bing , Jiang Jin‐Chang
Published: October 2006

Previous studies found that elimination of the geomagnetic field (GMF) interferes with the normal brain functions, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The present study examined the effects of long‐term exposures to a near‐zero magnetic environment on the noradrenergic activities in the brainstem of golden hamsters. Both the content of norepinephrine (NE) and the density of NE‐immunopositive neurons in the tissue decreased significantly after the treatment, and the effects could be progressive with time. These variations may substantially contribute to behavioral and mood disorders reported in other studies when animals are shielded from the GMF. Bioelectromagnetics © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zum Durchstanzen von Flachdecken – Einfluß der Momenten‐Querkraft Interaktion und der Vorspannung
Authors: Hegger Josef , Tuchlinski Dirk
Published: October 2006

Bei Rand‐ und Eckstützen führt das Einspannmoment aus Rahmenwirkung zu einer zusätzlichen Beanspruchung im Durchstanzbereich, die sich mit der Beanspruchung infolge Querkraft überlagert. Es kann daher von einer ausgeprägten Momenten‐Querkraft Interaktion gesprochen werden. Anhand experimenteller, numerischer und theoretischer Untersuchungen werden die Besonderheiten beim Durchstanzen von Flachdecken im Bereich von Rand‐ und Eckstützen erläutert und ein Ingenieurmodell zum Durchstanzen von Flachdecken abgeleitet, das auch eine Vorspannung berücksichtigt. Aufbauend auf dem Berechnungsansatz werden Lasterhöhungsfaktoren zur Beschreibung der Momenten‐Querkraft Interaktion für Rand‐ und Eckstützen vorgestellt, die in DIN 1045‐1 und EC 2 (Fassung 10/05) anstelle der bisherigen konstanten Faktoren verwendet werden können.
From flawed self‐assessment to blatant whoppers: the utility of voluntary and involuntary behavior in detecting deception
Authors: Ekman Paul , O'Sullivan Maureen
Published: October 2006

Malingering occupies a range on a continuum from biased self‐perception to conscious, deliberate, serious lies. One aspect of this continuum is the element of self‐conscious or deliberate control. Suggestions from Darwin's writings concerning the role of voluntary and involuntary activation of the facial muscles are examined and illustrated with data from a 40 year program of research on deception. The impact of the voluntary–involuntary distinction on the appearance, timing, symmetry and cohesion of facial expressions of emotion is explained. Data relevant to changes in vocal and gestural aspects of demeanor in honest and deceptive behavior are also reviewed. The relevance of these laboratory‐based findings on the voluntary control of nonverbal behavior in assessing some types of malingering is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.