bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Barium Hexaferrite BaFe12O19 Electro Physical Parameters Using Open-Ended Coaxial Probe Method
Authors: Zeyde K.M. , Gudkova S.A. , Vinnik D.A.
Published: September 2017

Barium hexaferrite BaFe12O19 single crystals hexagonal shaped and sizes of up to 5 mm were grown from barium borate flux. The electro physical parameters of grinded crystals were investigated following the open-ended methodology, using Speag DAK system. Thebtained Debye characteristic for permittivity confirmed the theoretical expectations. The presented results show the specific behavior of the target value in terms of causal models for metal powder materials.
Research of Surface Phase Formation in Interaction of Granular Composite Sorbent with Technological Multicomponent Saline Solutions
Authors: Mikhailov G.G. , Morozova A.G. , Lonzinger T.M.
Published: September 2017

The article describes the difficulties in the rehabilitation of water and soil contaminated by industries such as open mining, whereby the existing methods of recovery often only transfer the pollutants from one object to another. The work in question is aimed at using nature-like technologies to reduce the environmental hazard level associated with the synthesis of new materials. The presented technology offers a new composite material capable of irreversible immobilization of heavy metals cations in various concentrations. The ability of the granular composite sorbent to make up stable insoluble aggregates and hence efficiently remove pollutants from water and soil is proven using samples taken in the Karabash industrial area before and after their interaction with the sorbent presented.
Research of Mechanisms of Copper Ions Removal out of Sewage of Machine-Building Productions by Combined Reagent Based on Industrial Wastes
Authors: Porozhnyuk L.A. , Lupandina N.S. , Porozhnyuk E.V.
Published: September 2017

The need for sewage purification of machine-building production from copper compounds which possess toxic, allergic, cancerogenic, gonadotropny and embryotoxic action, has been justified. The methods of studying of component and mineralogical composition of wastes, which are used for purification of model mortars, have been given. Some methods of purification of mortars from copper ions have been considered. The need for the search of alternative methods of purification, taking into consideration the composition and properties of the purified environments, and also taking into account the possible reset of purified sewage into natural reservoirs, has been shown. It has been revealed, that application of calcium- containingwaste as reagent won't help to additional alkalization of natural reservoirs. Prospects of use of regional industrial wastes for extraction of copper ions out of model mortarshave been shown. The mechanism of purification of model drains from copper ions by a combined reagent has been described.
Heat Resistance of Certain Structural Steels
Authors: Tyusenkov A.S. , Rubtsov A.V. , Tlyasheva R.R.
Published: September 2017

Heat-resistance (scale resistance) is the steel corrosion fastness in dry gas at high temperatures. At the temperatures over 570 °С, the ferrous alloys oxidize, as ferric oxide (wustite) with simple cubic lattice appears on the metal surface. Such oxide lacks oxygen atoms (omission solid solution) and does not interfere with the diffusion between metal and oxygen. As a result of this process the brittle oxide-scale develops and the loss of metal increases. In order to increase the heat-resistance of steel, different alloying elements are included into its composition, forming oxides with the tight structure of crystal lattice. In this paper we’ve investigated the heat-resistance of some structural steels and analyzed their corrosion resistance in the high temperature aggressive environments of chemical productions.
Influence of Biologically Active Substances on Wastewater Treatment Process
Authors: Khabibrakhmanova A.I. , Yugina N.A. , Shulaev M.V.
Published: September 2017

The analysis of processes intensification of biological wastewater treatment in aerobic and anaerobic conditions using a new generation of bio-stimulants was performed. The humic preparation and synthetic Melaphen influence was investigated on the biocenosis sludge. The humic preparation and Melaphen provided different effects on the growth of microorganisms in the sludge. It was shown that effect depends on concentration of bio-stimulants and stage of microorganisms growth. The concentrations 10-1 and 10-3 g /dm3 for humic preparation and Melaphen respectively were intensified microorganisms growth. The results show that using humic preparation 10-3 g /dm3 and Melaphen - 10-6 mg/dm3 the most effective for the treatment of wastewater in aerobic conditions, but using humic preparation 10-1 g/dm3 and Melaphen - 10-6 mg/dm3 in anaerobic conditions.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Copper Melt Deoxidation with Lanthanum
Authors: Samoilova O.V. , Mikhailov G.G. , Makrovets L.A.
Published: September 2017

Using rare earth metals as deoxidizers is an efficient way of getting highly deoxidized copper melt required for certain bronzes production. Thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria in the Cu–La–O system in the temperature range of 1100–1300 °С was performed to assess a possible depth of copper melt deoxidation with lanthanum, and also to determine the resulting oxide phases. During the experimental part of the work, Cu–La–O system metal samples were melted and then studied with the JEOL JSM 6460-LV scanning electron microscope equipped with the energy-dispersive spectrometer providing electron microprobe analysis to specify formed nonmetallic inclusion type.
Beneficiation of Vanadium and Titanium Oxides by Using Selective Extraction of Iron in Low-Titanium Magnetite Concentrate
Authors: Kapelyushin Yu. , Roshchin V. , Roshchin A.
Published: September 2017

Issues with existing vanadium beneficiation stimulate the development of new technologies for wasteless production of vanadium. The present work investigates a possibility of beneficiation of vanadium and titanium oxides in a low-titanium magnetite concentrate by using selective reduction and extraction of iron. Iron was selectively reduced by coal without melting and separated from the oxide (slag) phase during further smelting operation. After the liquid-phase separation vanadium and titanium oxides were accumulated in a slag phase. The following products were produced: slag, containing vanadium and titanium oxides, and iron with relatively low carbon content. The content of vanadium and titanium in a final product has increased in comparison to the initial concentrate.
Calculation-Experimental Method of Manganese Losses Control in High-Carbon Ferromanganese Slag
Authors: Senin A.V. , Zhuravlev D.L. , Ivanov A.V.
Published: September 2017

Three tasks have been consistently solved in this paper. A thermodynamic analysis of the high-carbon ferromanganese smelting was carried out. The associated solutions theory was used to describe a thermodynamic activity of components in the metal and slag. Comparison of the calculated and technological data shows that the melting ends in conditions close to chemical equilibrium. The mineral phases in the slag, the relative amount and chemical composition of the phases are determined by X-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray spectral microanalysis. The method of converting the phase volume fraction to phase mass fraction (without using weight density) was suggested. It is established that there is no unambiguous relationship between the total content of MnO by chemical analysis and the MnO content in slag oxide phases. Also, there is no correspondence between the total content of MnO by chemical analysis and the amount of ferromanganese inclusions in the slag. A calculation-experimental method for description of manganese losses in the slag has been created. Correlation equations allow calculating the manganese distribution between the ferromanganese inclusions and slag phases by chemical analysis data only, without microscopic analysis of the structure.
Chemical and Technological Thermally Activated Process Research of Roasting Pellets in Dense Bed of Conveyor Indurating Machine
Authors: Bobkov V.I. , Dli M.I. , Fedulov A.S.
Published: September 2017

The work focuses on an important scientific problem of modeling thermal processes of thermal technology, which are complicated with non-isothermal chemical reactions during the thermal preparation of raw materials in a dense layer. A mathematical model is presented for heat and mass transfer in a dense layer. The firing phosphate pellets parameters analysis calculated according to the model and performed on a kiln machinery in the scheduled mode was conducted. The features of the course of processes of drying, agglomeration and dissociation of carbonates in the pellets are revealed at their heat treatment. The received results, allow defining the temperature and gas dynamic condition of roasting the pellets for achievement of the required moisture content, necessary extent of dissociation of carbonates and the acceptable durability.
Computer-Aided Modeling of a Screw Firmware of the Workpiece and Adequacy Evaluation of Solution Results
Authors: Toporov V.A. , Panasenko O. , Nukhov D.Sh. , Bogatov Aleksandr Aleksandrovich , Pyankov K.
Published: September 2017

In the work were set and solved the task of the FEM simulation process, the screw firmware blank on the double roller mill with mushroom-shaped rolls. The decision of the task allowed us to calculate the parameters of the contact surface of the workpiece to roll as well as the analysis of dimensional accuracy of the casings. The adequacy of the models is proved by comparison of calculated and experimental values of the parameters of the contact surface and the sizes of the casings. Implementation of the developed technical solutions for adaptation of a piercing mill in the shop No1 PJSC "STZ" has allowed to provide high stability of the rolling of thin-walled shells with size 328×433 of 20.55 mm x 26,9 mm.
Deep Treatment of Copper Plant Waste Water Streams with Water Recycling
Authors: Timofeev K.L. , Lebed A.B. , Malyutin A.J.
Published: September 2017

Reducing the negative environmental impact and securing the efficient use of water resources are key factors in the mining-metallurgical industry. At the enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy the residual waters contaminated by a substantial amount of ions of heavy metals, sulphates and other impurities are formed. A promising way of their deep treatment consists in membrane technologies. This paper presents the results of pilot testing of ultrafiltration, electrodialysis, reverse osmosis and ion exchange technologies for purification residual waters of metallurgical enterprise of the Middle Ural. The possibility of using these technologies to achieve the final result – obtaining treated water, that meets the standards for fishery water bodies, is presented. It is reasonable to use the resulting water for the technical needs of the enterprise, which will significantly reduce the fresh water consumption and the environmental load, providing the ecological and economic benefits.
Effect of Semisolid Metal Casting of Large Forging Ingots on Quality of Large-Sized Forgings Produced
Authors: Rutskii D.V. , Zyuban N.A. , Gamanyuk S.B.
Published: September 2017

The paper reports the findings on the effect of various casting methods on the quality and development of primary dendritic structure in large-sized forging ingots of steel 38ХН3МФА. One ingot was teemed as per a conventional teeming method while the other was teemed with an inoculated metal stream. It was established that the dendritic parameter value in the inoculated ingot is much smaller than that in the conventional ingot. Consequently, the solidification process occurs at a higher rate in the inoculated ingot compared with that in the conventional ingot, and this assumption is supported by a more homogeneous dendritic structure. It is demonstrated that disperse inoculants positively affect the structure, physical and chemical homogeneity as well as the mechanical properties of cast metal. This finding is clearly supported by the examination of the forgings made of the conventionally teemed ingot and the one teemed with an inoculated stream. When inoculants were introduced in the metal stream, total chemical heterogeneity increased on the average by 1.2-2 times. It is established that the best results for the inoculation casting method are achieved when 2.4-2.6% inoculants are introduced in the stream. Such quantity of inoculants forms at a distance of 5 meters between the guiding pipe and the hot top.
Influence of Hot Rolling Technological Regimes on 6061 Aluminium Alloy Sheet Texture
Authors: Danilov S.V. , Mustaeva I.A. , Golovnin M.A.
Published: September 2017

The effect of the hot rolling speed on the textural and structural state of 6061aluminum alloy sheet was investigated. The final deformation temperature allows avoiding the development of recrystallization processes due the decrease of rolling speed. The heterogeneity of the texture state is provided for by the differences in stress conditions for semifinished rolled plate. The deformation texture of the central layer of the hot-rolled sheet corresponds to the stable orientations of the rolling texture of the fcc material. The deformation texture of the surface area generally corresponds to the shear texture of the material with fcc lattice. The recrystallization texture is more scattered, however its component composition is the same as for the deformation texture, but the main orientations can either be maintained of varied.
Arthropods of Canadian grasslands: a retrospective of a 40-year project of the Biological Survey of Canada
Authors: Floate K.D. , Shorthouse J.D. , Giberson D.J. , Cárcamo H.A.
Published: September 2017

The Biological Survey of Canada initiated a project in 1979 to collect and synthesise information on the native arthropod fauna of the vanishing grassland habitats of Canada. At that time, it was thought that the Canadian arthropod fauna might comprise about 66 000 species. Recent studies suggest that the fauna may exceed 100 000 species, of which >25% may occur in the Prairies Ecozone. Results of this near 40-year project have been published in four volumes of the Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands monograph series of the Biological Survey of Canada. Here, the editors of this series review the grasslands project of the Biological Survey of Canada, summarise the contents of the volumes, and discuss current knowledge on the diversity of the grasslands arthropods of Canada. Whereas information on the species richness of some groups in the Prairies Ecozone is largely complete, information on the diversity of many other groups remains sparse. Reviewing the steps between initiation and publication of the Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands series may aid development of similar projects elsewhere. Identifying knowledge gaps will direct future research efforts. Identifying the diversity of grassland arthropods, their distribution and abundance, and the ecosystem services that they provide will facilitate efforts to conserve the remaining grassland habitats in Canada.
Wheelchair accessibility to public buildings in the Kumasi metropolis, Ghana
Authors: Yarfi Cosmos , Ashigbi Evans Y.K. , Nakua Emmanuel K.
Published: September 2017

Background: Accessibility implies making public places accessible to every individual, irrespective of his or her disability or special need, ensuring the integration of the wheelchair user into the society and thereby granting them the capability of participating in activities of daily living and ensuring equality in daily life.Objective: This study was carried out to assess the accessibility of the physical infrastructures (public buildings) in the Kumasi metropolis to wheelchairs after the passage of the Ghanaian Disability Law (Act 716, 2006).Methods: Eighty-four public buildings housing education facilities, health facilities, ministries, departments and agencies, sports and recreation, religious groups and banks were assessed. The routes, entrances, height of steps, grade of ramps, sinks, entrance to washrooms, toilets, urinals, automated teller machines and tellers’ counters were measured and computed.Results: Out of a total of 84 buildings assessed, only 34 (40.5%) of the buildings, 52.3% of the entrances and 87.4% of the routes of the buildings were accessible to wheelchair users. A total of 25% (13 out of 52) of the public buildings with more than one floor were fitted with elevators to connect the different levels of floors.Conclusion: The results of this study show that public buildings in the Kumasi metropolis are not wheelchair accessible. An important observation made during this study was that there is an intention to improve accessibility when buildings are being constructed or renovated, but there are no laid down guidelines as how to make the buildings accessible for wheelchair users.
Created in the image of God and sexuality in early-Jewish writings
Authors: Van Eck Ernest
Published: September 2017

This article pays tribute to the contribution made by Yolanda Dreyer regarding critique on the prevalence of patriarchy in society, as well as her defence of homosexuality as a normal sexual orientation. Taking as point of departure her work on the woman as created in God’s image, it is argued that understanding the metaphor ‘created in God’s image’ as referring to rule over all, and not as created as man and woman, has important implications for the relationship between man and woman, as well as the normalisation of relationships between the same sex.
A performance measurement framework for the South African bulk export wine supply chain
Authors: Smit Johan B. , Van Eeden Joubert , Van Dyk Frances E.
Published: September 2017

Background: Many participants in the South African wine industry still exhibit low supply chain maturity in the management of their supply chains. This hampers export performance and ultimately client satisfaction. The development and tracking of appropriate metrics are key steps in improving supply chain performance.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to develop a performance measurement framework for the South African wine industry, focussing on the bulk export segment.Method: The framework was developed using an emergent multi-phased exploratory approach. The approach was implemented in two distinct phases, namely qualitative research followed by quantitative research in each of three iterations to develop and refine the framework. In each iteration, the qualitative research phase consisted of a literature survey, semi-structured and unstructured interviews and case studies, while the quantitative research phase consisted of the development, distribution, completion and analysis of the framework questionnaire, each iteration building on the framework outputs from the previous iteration.Results: The research highlighted that the wine supply chain performance of bulk exports is hindered by the lack of a measurement culture, hampering the identification and prioritisation of interventions. The creation of a performance measurement framework in conjunction with industry, and informed by the Supply Chain Operations Reference framework, creates a platform for the industry to address these challenges.Conclusion: The implementation of this framework will provide performance visibility for cellars in the wine industry. This would enable them to improve their logistics processes and increase their supply chain maturity, ultimately enabling benchmarking against competing supply chains both within South Africa and abroad, such as in Australia, Argentina and Chile.
A retrospective study of anthrax on the Ghaap Plateau, Northern Cape province of South Africa, with special reference to the 2007–2008 outbreaks
Authors: Hassim Ayesha , Dekker Edgar H. , Byaruhanga Charles , Reardon Tommy , Van Heerden Henriette
Published: September 2017

Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the gram-positive, endospore-forming and soil-borne bacterium Bacillus anthracis. When in spore form, the organism can survive in dormancy in the environment for decades. It is a controlled disease of livestock and wild ungulates in South Africa. In South Africa, the two enzootic regions are the Kruger National Park and the Ghaap Plateau in the Northern Cape province. Farms on the Plateau span thousands of hectares comprising of wildlife – livestock mixed use farming. In 2007–2008, anthrax outbreaks in the province led to government officials intervening to aid farmers with control measures aimed at preventing further losses. Because of the ability of the organism to persist in the environment for prolonged periods, an environmental risk or isolation survey was carried out in 2012 to determine the efficacy of control measures employed during the 2007–2008, anthrax outbreaks. No B. anthracis could be isolated from the old carcass sites, even when bone fragments from the carcasses were still clearly evident. This is an indication that the control measures and protocols were apparently successful in stemming the continuity of spore deposits at previously positive carcass sites.
Perceptions of clients on awareness and the geographical location of a South African university sexual health clinic
Authors: Adams Rukshana , Van Der Heever Mariana M. , Damons Anneleen
Published: September 2017

Background: The Campus Health Service at Stellenbosch University has a sub-division, a sexual health clinic, which provides sexual health services. The clients of the sexual health clinic consist of staff members and students.Aim: This article reports on the perceptions of clients that relate to awareness and the geographical location of the clinic.Setting: The Campus Health Service at Stellenbosch University’s main campus.Method: A descriptive qualitative approach was applied utilising in-depth interviews. A sample of n = 15 was drawn through purposive sampling and data saturation was achieved with the sample.Results: The following themes emerged from the data: location of the clinic, awareness of sexual health services and marketing and advertising.Conclusion: The findings of the study revealed that accessibility of the clinic is influenced by the geographical location of the clinic and that marketing and awareness of services require attention.
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in a KwaZulu-Natal HIV clinic: A prospective study
Authors: Mogambery Jade C. , Dawood Halima , Wilson Douglas , Moodley Anand
Published: September 2017

Introduction: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is a consequence of HIV infection of the central nervous system. The prevalence ranges between 15% and 60% in different settings.Objectives: This prospective study determined the prevalence of HAND at a peri-urban HIV clinic in KwaZulu-Natal. Factors associated with HAND were examined, alternate neurocognitive tools were tested against the international HIV dementia scale (IHDS) score and an association between HAND and non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) was explored.Methods: Between May 2014 and May 2015, 146 ART-naïve outpatients were assessed for HAND. IHDS score ≤ 10 established a diagnosis of HAND. Functional capacity was assessed using Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score. Chi-squared test was used to identify risk factors for HAND. The get-up-and-go test (GUGT) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale – revised (CESD-r) were tested against the IHDS. HIV viral load done six months after initiating ART was used as a surrogate marker for adherence to ART.Results: The prevalence of HAND was 53%. In total, 99.9% of patients with HAND had no functional impairment. Age > 50 years old was associated with HAND (p = 0.003). There was no correlation between the GUGT, CESD-r and the IHDS score. HAND was not associated with non-adherence (p = 0.06).Conclusions: While the prevalence of HAND is high, it is not associated with functional impairment which suggests that asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment is prevalent. Age > 50 years old is a risk factor for HAND. The GUGT and CESD-r are not useful diagnostic tools for HAND. The relationship between HAND and non-adherence should be further explored.
The role of medical records in the provision of public healthcare services in the Limpopo province of South Africa
Authors: Marutha Ngoako S. , Ngoepe Mpho
Published: September 2017

Background: The importance of medical records to the provision of healthcare services cannot be overemphasised. Medical practitioners need information about previous diagnoses, treatments and prescriptions in order to note the progress made with previous treatments and how to move forward. If medical records are not managed properly, it becomes difficult to retrieve such records, which results in hospitals not being able to render healthcare services or these services being rendered incorrectly, especially for chronic patients. Despite the importance of medical records, they are not being managed properly, resulting in a lack of effective systems for opening, tracking and indexing files.Objective: This study seeks to investigate the role of medical records in the provision of public healthcare services in the Limpopo province of South Africa.Method: Quantitative data were collected through questionnaires distributed to staff members in the records management unit and the information management unit in 40 hospitals in Limpopo. These units were relevant as they made use of patient files daily to discharge their duties.Results: The study revealed that missing medical records negatively affected timely and effective healthcare service delivery. This resulted in patients having to wait longer to be treated and in some instances patients being treated without medical history.Conclusion: The study concludes by arguing that missing files contribute to the length of time patients wait to be assisted. As a result, nurses and doctors are unable to assist patients or treat them immediately. The study recommends the introduction of an electronic records management system that can capture and provide access to a full patient record, as well as tracking paper records movement, irrespective of the location.
Коприсоединенные орбиты в дуальных пространствах алгебр Ли с допустимыми идеалами
Authors: Bloch Anthony Michael , Gay-Balmaz Francois , Ratiu Tudor Stefan
Published: September 2017

Изучается симплектическая структура коприсоединенных орбит групп Ли, алгебры Ли которых содержат допустимые идеалы. Эти идеалы были введены Л. Пуканским при изучении глобальной симплектической структуры односвязных коприсоединенных орбит связных односвязных разрешимых групп Ли. С использованием теории симплектической редукции кокасательных расслоений определяются классы коприсоединенных орбит, которые являются векторными расслоениями. Отсюда следует полученный ранее результат Пуканского о том, что на этих орбитах есть симплектическая форма, которая является суммой канонической формы и магнитного слагаемого.
Этот подход позволяет также обеспечить многие существенные детали результата Пуканского, касающиеся существования глобальных координат Дарбу для односвязных коприсоединенных орбит связных односвязных разрешимых групп Ли.
Библиография: 26 названий.
Лапласианы на гладких распределениях
Authors: Kordyukov Yuri Arkadevich
Published: September 2017

Пусть $M$ - гладкое компактное многоообразие, наделенное положительной гладкой плотностью $\mu$, и $H$ - гладкое распределение, наделенное послойным скалярным произведением $g$. Определяется лапласиан $\Delta_H$, ассоциированный с $(H,\mu,g)$, и доказывается, что он задает неограниченный самосопряженный оператор в $L^2(M,\mu)$. Затем, в предположении, что $H$ порождает сингулярное слоение $\mathscr F$, доказывается, что для любой функции $\varphi$ из пространства Шварца $\mathscr S(\mathbb R)$ оператор $\varphi(\Delta_H)$ является сглаживающим оператором в шкале послойных пространств Соболева, ассоциированных с $\mathscr F$. Доказательства опираются на псевдодифференциальное исчисление на сингулярных слоениях, разработанное И. Андрулидакисом и Дж. Скандалисом, и субэллиптические оценки для $\Delta_H$.
Библиография: 35 названий.
Квазиклассический предел спектра оператора Шрeдингера с комплексным периодическим потенциалом
Authors: Nekhaev Dmitrii Vadimovich , Shafarevich Andrei Igorevich
Published: September 2017

Описана квазиклассическая асимптотика спектра одномерного оператора Шредингера с комплексным периодическим потенциалом, возникающим в статистической механике кулоновского газа. Доказано, что спектр концентрируется вблизи дерева на комплексной плоскости, причем вершины дерева вычисляются явно, а расположение ребер может быть детально изучено. Получены уравнения, из которых находятся асимптотические собственные значения; они представляют собой условия целочисленности некоторых специальных периодов голоморфной формы на римановой поверхности постоянной классической энергии.
Пары операторов с равным отклонением от унитарности и их относительный индекс
Authors: Manuilov Vladimir Markovich
Published: September 2017

Показано, что $K_1$-группа $C^*$-алгебры $A$ может быть определена как гомотопические классы пар матриц над $A$ с равным отклонением от унитарности. Рассмотрены пары псевдодифференциальных операторов, не обязательно эллиптических, символы которых имеют равное отклонение от унитарности. Для таких пар операторов определен относительный индекс и доказано его совпадение с топологическим индексом, заданным парой символов.
Библиография: 4 названия.
Gross anatomy and ultrasonography of the udder in goat
Authors: Adam Z. , Ragab G. , Awaad A. , Tawfiek M. , Maksoud M.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The udder is a very important structural and physiological component in all dairy animals, so the precise knowledge of its normal gross morphology is fundamental for the clinical examination. Objective: The current study aimed to clarify the gross anatomical characteristics and ultrasonographic findings of the udder in Egyptian native breeds of goat (Baladi goat). Materials and Methods: Thirteen healthy Baladi goats during lactation period were grossly investigated and then they were examined through B-mode ultrasonography. Two specimens were used for corrosion casting and the remaining specimens were subjected to the anatomical dissection. Results: The gross anatomical investigation revealed that the udder of goat was consisted of two halves; each one had mammary body and teat, and it was suspended in the ventral abdominal wall and pelvic floor through the medial and lateral suspensory laminae. Moreover, each half was composed of a single mammary unit which included the mammary glandular parenchyma, lactiferous ducts, lactiferous sinus and teat canal ended by a teat orifice. These mammary structures showed variant echogenicity during ultrasonographic examination according to their reflective intensity to the ultrasound. Conclusion: The morphological features and ultrasonographic findings obtained in this study could assist in the further diagnosis of several pathological conditions of the udder of goat.
Histomorphometric changes in the gill of Clarias gariepinus exposed to acute concentrations of chlorpyrifos
Authors: Omirinde J. , Audu B. , Mohammed O. , Gosomji I.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Chlorpyrifos is an agrochemical pesticide of fame that is commonly used by farmers to control pests. This chemical may become harmful to fish when washed into waterways leading to aquatic environment. This study investigates the histo-morphometric changes in the gills of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to acute toxic concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Materials and Methods: Clarias gariepinus fingerlings (weight 7.28 ± 0.03g and length 4.82 ± 0.06cm) were exposed to grades of (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 pml/L) chlorpyrifos in solution. The 96 hour LC50 value of chlorpyrifos was found to be 160 pml/L. Results: The grades of chlorpyrifos induced several gill histo-architectural damages such as: moderate to severe gill epithelia sloughing, primary and secondary lamellar hyperplasia and central veinous congestion in the parenchyma with pronounced severity in fish exposed to higher concentrations. Similarly, the gill morphometrics (secondary lamellar length, width, interlamellar distance and surface area) were markedly altered by the graded concentrations of chlorpyrifos. Conclusion: Chlorpyrifos appears to be very toxic to ish and therefore, its use near ish farms or in areas close to aquatic environments should be discouraged.
High division of sciatic nerve associated with a double superior gemellus muscle
Authors: Dupim A. , Teixeira A. , Pires L. , Chagas C.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The superior gemellus muscle is a lateral rotator of the thigh, functioning together with other muscles of the region such as the piriformis muscle. The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve of the human body. It arises from the lumbosacral plexus and divides into two nerves: the tibial and common fibular nerves, which normally appear near the apex of the popliteal fossa. It is responsible for the innervation of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower limb. Case report: We report a doubled superior gemellus muscle associated with a high division of the sciatic nerve on the left side of a cadaveric specimen. The other muscles of the region showed no abnormality. Conclusion: This variation may offer information to piriformis muscle syndrome and be of importance in radiology and surgery of the region.
Morphological development of the testicles and spermatogenesis in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Nunes A. , Santos J. , Gouveia B. , Menezes V. , Matos M. , Faria M. , Gradela A.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Understanding the dynamics of spermatogenesis is crucial to clinical andrology and to understanding the processes which define the ability to produce sperm. However, the entire process cannot be modeled in vitro and guinea pig may be an alternative as animal model for studying human reproduction. Objective: In order to establish morphological patterns of the testicular development and spermatogenesis in guinea pigs, we examined testis to assess changes in the testis architecture, transition time from spermatocytes to elongated spermatids and stablishment of puberty. Materials and methods: We used macroscopic analysis, microstructural analysis and absolute measures of seminiferous tubules by light microscopy in fifty-five guinea pigs from one to eleven weeks of age. Results: Differences in relation to mass, length and width of the testes appeared at week 3 and were intensified in week 6 with the puberty. At week 2 the first spermatocytes at preleptotene/leptotene appeared, indicating the onset of meiosis. At week 6 the seminiferous tubules formed lumen, differentiated Sertoli cells and all kinds of germ cells; spermatozoa released into the lumen and the largest expansion of tubular diameter and height of the seminiferous epithelium occurred. Transition time from spermatocytes to elongated spermatids was estimated in 21 days. Conclusion: We conclude that the testicular development and puberty are faster than in other mammal and rodent species, demonstrating the suitability of the guinea pig testes as a model for studies of the testicular development and spermatogenesis.
Connective tissue, glial and neuronal expressions in testis of the African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus)
Authors: Falade T. , Olude M. , Mustapha O. , Mbajiorgu E. , Ihunwo A. , Olopade J. , Oke B.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: This study was carried out to investigate the expression of connective tissue (Collagens I and III), glia and neuronal markers in the testis of the African giant rat using histology and immunohistochemistry techniques. Materials and Methods: Eight (8) apparently healthy wild male African giant rats were used for this experiment, divided into 2 groups (juvenile and adult) of 4 animals each. The testes were harvested following intracardial perfusion of the rats and histology was performed using Haematoxylin-Eosin stain and Mallory-Heideinhain rapid one- step staining for connective tissue. Immunohistochemical identification was achieved using the following antibodies: anti-collagen type I, anti-collagen type III, anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein and anti-p75 nerve growth factor for the expression of collagen type I, collagen type III, astrocyte-like cell and neuronal cells respectively. Photomicrography was achieved using Axioskop® microscope and quantitative data were analyzed using student t-test. Results: The cyto-architecture of the testis was typical in the African giant rat. The connective tissue expressed in the juvenile and adult group, signaling of glial-like cells were seen in the perivascular region across the experimental groups. Immuno-localization of neuronal cells were seen in the interstitial spaces across all the groups, but with more expressions in the juvenile. Conclusion: This work has provided a clear description of the expression of connective tissue, neuronal and glial cells in the testis of the African giant rat and their possible relationships across juvenile and adult groups.
Sketching as a communication tool and a vehicle for exploring new ideas in Higher Education of industrial design. Implementation and analysis of new methodologies
Authors: Navarro José Luis , Felip Miralles Francisco
Published: September 2017

Freehand drawing is a basic tool to explore shapes and visualize ideas during the first phase of projective process in industrial design. Sketches, expressive and quickly executed, allow designers to highlight the most interesting aspects of the product to be designed and help to define its shape and general features. Due to the immediacy that characterizes the manual drafting industrial designers in training learn to become able to translate any ideas graphically and thus able to communicate with other designers, initiating a dialogue on the product to be designed. In the Bachelor's Degree in Industrial Design and Product Development Engineering at the Jaume I University of Castellón (Spain), the subject 'Artistic Expression II' maintains and strengthens the knowledge gained in other subjects about the different graphic techniques, making drawing a means of expression for represent, synthesize and define the shape of objects. However, it has been found that the subject procedures were not adequate to achieve the learning results proposed, so it was necessary to apply a new approach. This paper describes the implementation of a new methodological strategy on this subject, adapting it to the European Higher Education Area, with the aim that students in Industrial Design acquire the four core competences of this matter. We describe the activities designed to achieve each of the competences and the implemented methodology for each of these activities. Finally, the results are analyzed and the overall positive impact of the measures taken is discussed.
To Study and Compare Perception of Health Care Professionals Regarding the Role of Pharmacist in Health Care System in Pakistan
Authors: Akhtar Tashfeen , Maqsood Mehak , Bashir M Adnan , Gul Umer Hayat , Rashid Amina , Aslam Muhammad Shahzad , Nisar Saima
Published: September 2017

The healthcare team is mainly a triad of Physicians, Pharmacist & Nurses. Objective: The purpose of this paper is to help healthcare professionals understand more clearly the role of pharmacists within a health care team, especially inter-professional communication, pharmacists' responsibilities, and availability issues. A total of 200 samples were selected from 4 hospitals which include 100 samples of doctors and 100 of the nurses. Each sample is basically a questionnaire comprising of 23 questions. A total of two hundred questionnaires were distributed and one hundred and seventy-six questionnaires were returned resulting in the response rate of 88%. Pharmacists are being one of the major healthcare professional groups in the world after physicians and nurses are playing a very significant role in health care system. This understanding is a requirement for better communication and collaboration among the professions and for accomplishing the combined goal of better health care system.
The contribution of residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM2. 5 in northern China during winter
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Zhang Chenglong , Xue Chaoyang , Mu Yujing , Liu Junfeng , Zhang Yuanyuan , Tian Di , Ye Can , Zhang Hongxing , Guan Jian
Published: September 2017

Abstract. A vast area in northern China, especially during wintertime, is currently suffering from severe haze events due to the high levels of atmospheric PM2. 5. To recognize the reasons for the high levels of PM2. 5, daily samples of PM2. 5 were simultaneously collected at the four sampling sites of Beijing city (BJ), Baoding city (BD), Wangdu county (WD) and Dongbaituo (DBT) during the winter and spring of 2014–2015. The concentrations of the typical water-soluble ions (WSIs, such as Cl−, NO3−, SO42− and NH4+) at DBT were found to be remarkably higher than those at BJ in the two winters, but almost the same as those at BJ in the two springs. The evidently greater concentrations of OC, EC and secondary inorganic ions (NO3−, SO42−, NH4+ and Cl−) at DBT than at WD, BD and BJ during the winter of 2015 indicated that the pollutants in the rural area were not due to transportation from neighbouring cities but dominated by local emissions. As the distinct source of atmospheric OC and EC in the rural area, the residential coal combustion also made a contribution to secondary inorganic ions through the emissions of their precursors (NOx, SO2, NH3 and HCl) as well as heterogeneous or multiphase reactions on the surface of OC and EC. The average mass proportions of OC, EC, NO3− and SO42− at BD and WD were found to be very close to those at DBT, but were evidently different from those at BJ, implying that the pollutants in the cities of WD and BD, which are fully surrounded by the countryside, were strongly affected by the residential coal combustion. The OC ∕ EC ratios at the four sampling sites were almost the same value (4.8) when the concentrations of PM2. 5 were greater than 150 µg m−3, suggesting that the residential coal combustion could also make a dominant contribution to atmospheric PM2. 5 at BJ during the severe pollution period when the air parcels were usually from southwest–south regions, where a high density of farmers reside. The evident increase in the number of the species involved in significant correlations (p < 0. 05) from the countryside to the cities further confirmed that residential coal combustion was the dominant source of key species in the rural area. However, the complex sources including local emissions and regional transportation were responsible for the atmospheric species in the cities. Strong correlations among OC, EC, Cl−, NO3− and NH4+ were found at the four sampling sites but only a strong correlation was found between OC (or EC) and SO42− at BJ, implying that the formation rate of SO42− via heterogeneous or multiphase reactions might be relatively slower than those of NO3−, NH4+ and Cl−. Based on the chemical mass closure (CMC) method, the contributions of the primary particle emission from residential coal combustion to atmospheric PM2. 5 at BJ, BD, WD and DBT were estimated to be 32, 49, 43 and 58 %, respectively.
An “island” in the stratosphere – on the enhanced annual variation of water vapour in the middle and upper stratosphere in the southern tropics and subtropics
Authors: Lossow Stefan , Garny Hella , Jöckel Patrick
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The amplitude of the annual variation in water vapour exhibits a distinct isolated maximum in the middle and upper stratosphere in the southern tropics and subtropics, peaking typically around 15° S in latitude and close to 3 hPa (∼  40.5 km) in altitude. This enhanced annual variation is primarily related to the Brewer–Dobson circulation and hence also visible in other trace gases. So far this feature has not gained much attention in the literature and the present work aims to add more prominence. Using Envisat/MIPAS (Environmental Satellite/Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) observations and ECHAM/MESSy (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Hamburg/Modular Earth Submodel System) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) simulations we provide a dedicated illustration and a full account of the reasons for this enhanced annual variation.
Improved rain rate and drop size retrievals from airborne Doppler radar
Authors: Mason Shannon L. , Chiu J. Christine , Hogan Robin J. , Tian Lin
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing of rain is important for quantifying the hydrological cycle, atmospheric energy budget, and cloud and precipitation processes; however, radar retrievals of rain rate are sensitive to assumptions about the raindrop size distribution. The upcoming EarthCARE satellite will feature a 94 GHz Doppler radar alongside lidar and radiometer instruments, presenting opportunities for enhanced retrievals of the raindrop size distribution.
Quantification of atmospheric nucleation and growth process as a single source
of aerosol particles in a city
Authors: Salma Imre , Varga Veronika , Németh Zoltán
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Effects of new aerosol particle formation (NPF) and particle diameter growth process as a single source on atmospheric particle number concentrations were evaluated and quantified on the basis of experimental data sets obtained from particle number size distribution measurements in the city centre and near-city background of Budapest for 5 years. Nucleation strength factors separately for nucleation days (NSFnucl days) and for all days (NSFall days) were derived for seasons and full years. The former characteristics represents the concentration increment of ultrafine (UF) particle numbers with respect to background concentration due solely to nucleation specifically on nucleation days. The latter factor expresses the contribution of nucleation process to the background particle number concentrations in general, thus on a longer time interval such as season or year. The nucleation source had the largest effect on particle concentrations around noon and early afternoon as expected. During this time interval, it became the major source of particles in the near-city background. Nucleation increased the daily mean particle number concentrations on nucleation days by mean factors of 2.3 and 1.58 in the near-city background and city centre, respectively. Its effect was the largest in winter, which was explained with the substantially lower background concentration levels on nucleation days than that on non-nucleation days. On an annual time scale, 37 % of the UF particles were generated by nucleation in the near-city background, while NPF produced 13 % of UF particles in the city centre. The differences among the annual mean values, and among the corresponding seasonal mean values were likely caused by the variability in controlling factors from year to year. The values obtained represent lower limits of contributions. The shares determined imply that NPF is a non-negligible or substantial source of particles in near-city background environments and even in city centres, where the vehicular road emissions usually prevail. Atmospheric residence time of nucleation-mode particles was assessed by decay curve analysis of N6–25 concentrations in time, and a mean of 2:30 was obtained. The present study suggests that the health-related consequences of atmospheric NPF and growth process in cities should also be considered in addition to its urban climate implications.