bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleep-dependent activity of T cells and regulatory T cells
Authors: Bollinger T , Bollinger A , Skrum L , Dimitrov S , Lange T , Solbach W
Published: November 2008

A number of immunological functions are dependent on circadian rhythms and regular sleep. This has impact on the type and magnitude of immune responses following antigenic challenge, for example in vaccination. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms. One possibility may be the circadian and sleep-dependent modulation of CD4+CD25- T cell responses by CD4+CD25+ natural regulatory T cells (nTreg). In a variety of studies, nTreg have been shown to regulate T cell responses negatively. Thus, we investigated the influence of sleep and circadian rhythm on the number and function of nTreg as well as on the function of CD4+CD25- T cells. Seven healthy young men were examined under defined conditions on two occasions, i.e. during sleep and sleep deprivation. Venous blood was drawn periodically; numbers of nTreg, suppressive activity of nTreg, interleukin-2 production and proliferation of CD4+CD25- T cells were explored in vitro. nTreg counts revealed a significant circadian rhythm with highest levels during the night (mean 95 nTreg/µl) and lowest levels during the day (mean 55 nTreg/µl). During normal sleep, the suppressive activity of nTreg was highest at 02.00 h and somewhat lower at 15.00 h. Surprisingly, almost no suppressive activity was present at 07.00 h. Deprivation of sleep abrogated this rhythm. CD4+CD25– T cell proliferation was dampened significantly by sleep deprivation. This is the first study in human cells to show that nTreg number and function follow a rhythm across the 24-h period. Furthermore, sleep deprivation severely disturbs the functional rhythm of nTreg and CD4+CD25– T cells.
Nursing practice, knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers to evidence‐based practice at an academic medical center
Authors: Brown Caroline E. , Wickline Mary A. , Ecoff Laurie , Glaser Dale
Published: November 2008

Title.  Nursing practice, knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers to evidence‐based practice at an academic medical center.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to describe nurses’ practices, knowledge, and attitudes related to evidence‐based nursing, and the relation of perceived barriers to and facilitators of evidence‐based practice.

Background.  Evidence‐based practice has been recognized by the healthcare community as the gold standard for the provision of safe and compassionate healthcare. Barriers and facilitators for the adoption of evidence‐based practice in nursing have been identified by researchers. Healthcare organizations have been challenged to foster an environment conducive to providing care based on evidence and not steeped in ritualized practice.

Methods.  A descriptive, cross‐sectional research study was conducted in 2006–2007 with a convenience sample of 458 nurses at an academic medical center in California (response rate 44·68%). Two reliable and valid questionnaires were electronically formatted and administered using a secured website. Relationships between responses to the two instruments were examined and results compared with previously published data.

Results.  Organizational barriers (lack of time and lack of nursing autonomy) were the top perceived barriers. Facilitators were learning opportunities, culture building, and availability and simplicity of resources. Statistically significant correlations were found between barriers and practice, knowledge and attitudes related to evidence‐based practice.

Conclusion.  Similar barriers to the adoption of evidence‐based practice have been identified internationally. Educators must work with managers to address organizational barriers and proactively support evidence‐based practice.
The influence of bonding agents in improving interactionsin composite propellants determined using image analysis
Authors: DOSTANIĆ J. , HUSOVIĆ T.V. , UŠĆUMLIĆ G. , HEINEMANN R.J. , MIJIN D.
Published: November 2008

Binder–oxidizer interactions in rocket composite propellants can be improved using adequate bonding agents. In the present work, the effectiveness of different 1,3,5‐trisubstituted isocyanurates was determined by stereo and metallographic microscopy and using the software package Image‐Pro Plus. The chemical analysis of samples was performed by a scanning electron microscope equipped for energy dispersive spectrometry.
Particle size analysis: 90Y and 99mTc‐labelled colloids
Authors: JANKOVIĆ D. , MAKSIN T. , DJOKIĆ D. , MILONJIĆ S. , NIKOLIĆ N. , MIRKOVIĆ M. , VRANJEŠ‐DJURIĆ S.
Published: November 2008

Colloidal particle size is an important characteristic to consider when choosing a radiopharmaceutical for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes in nuclear medicine. Photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the particle‐size distribution of 90Y‐ and 99mTc‐labelled antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3) and tin colloids (Sn‐colloid). 90Y‐Sb2S3 and 99mTc‐Sb2S3 were found to have a diameter of 28.92 ± 0.14 and 35.61 ± 0.11 nm, respectively, by PCS. By TEM, 90Y‐Sb2S3 particles were measured to be 14.33 ± 0.09 nm. 90Y‐labelled Sn colloid were found to exist with a dv(max1) of 805 nm and a dv(max2) of 2590 nm, by PCS, whereas 99mTc‐Sn colloid was shown to have more than 80% of radioactive particles of approximately 910 nm by PCS. For 90Y‐labelled Sb2S3 and Sn colloid, a comparison of TEM and PCS indicates that these techniques found significantly different mean diameters. TEM has an excellent resolution necessary for radiocolloid particle‐sizing analysis, and it is a desirable size‐measuring technique because it is more reliable than PCS.
HvLsi1 is a silicon influx transporter in barley
Authors: Chiba Yukako , Mitani Namiki , Yamaji Naoki , Ma Jian Feng
Published: November 2008

Most plants accumulate silicon in their bodies, and this is thought to be important for resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses; however, the molecular mechanisms for Si uptake and accumulation are poorly understood. Here, we describe an Si influx transporter, HvLsi1, in barley. This protein is homologous to rice influx transporter OsLsi1 with 81% identity, and belongs to a Nod26‐like major intrinsic protein sub‐family of aquaporins. Heterologous expression in both Xenopus laevis oocytes and a rice mutant defective in Si uptake showed that HvLsi1 has transport activity for silicic acid. Expression of HvLsi1 was detected specifically in the basal root, and the expression level was not affected by Si supply. There was a weak correlation between Si uptake and the expression level of HvLsi1 in eight cultivars tested. In the seminal roots, HvLsi1 is localized on the plasma membrane on the distal side of epidermal and cortical cells. HvLsi1 is also located in lateral roots on the plasma membrane of hypodermal cells. These cell‐type specificity of localization and expression patterns of HvLsi1 are different from those of OsLsi1. These observations indicate that HvLsi1 is a silicon influx transporter that is involved in radial transport of Si through the epidermal and cortical layers of the basal roots of barley.
The Pseudomonas syringae effector protein, AvrRPS4, requires in planta processing and the KRVY domain to function
Authors: Sohn Kee Hoon , Zhang Yan , Jones Jonathan D. G.
Published: November 2008

A Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi effector protein, AvrRPS4, triggers RPS4‐dependent immunity in Arabidopsis. We characterized biochemical and genetic aspects of AvrRPS4 function. Secretion of AvrRPS4 from Pst DC3000 is type III secretion‐dependent, and AvrRPS4 is processed into a smaller form in plant cells but not in bacteria or yeast. Agrobacterium‐mediated transient expression analysis of N‐terminally truncated AvrRPS4 mutants revealed that the C‐terminal 88 amino acids are sufficient to trigger the hypersensitive response in turnip. N‐terminal sequencing of the processed AvrRPS4 showed that processing occurs between G133 and G134. The processing‐deficient mutant, R112L, still triggers RPS4‐dependent immunity, suggesting that the processing is not required for the AvrRPS4 avirulence function. AvrRPS4 enhances bacterial growth when delivered by Pta 6606 into Nicotiana benthamiana in which AvrRPS4 is not recognized. Transgenic expression of AvrRPS4 in the Arabidopsis rps4 mutant enhances the growth of Pst DC3000 and suppresses PTI (PAMP‐triggered immunity), showing that AvrRPS4 promotes virulence in two distinct host plants. Furthermore, full virulence activity of AvrRPS4 requires both proteolytic processing and the KRVY motif at the N‐terminus of processed AvrRPS4. XopO, an Xcv effector, shares the amino acids required for AvrRPS4 processing and the KRVY motif. XopO is also processed into a smaller form in N. benthamiana, similar to AvrRPS4, suggesting that a common mechanism is involved in activation of the virulence activities of both AvrRPS4 and XopO.
Iron status in Norwegian blood donors: comparison of iron status in new blood donors registered in 1993–1997 and in 2005–2006
Authors: Røsvik A. S. , Hervig T. , Wentzel‐Larsen T. , Ulvik R. J.
Published: November 2008

Background and Objectives  The impact of a poor iron status on the difficulties to keep recruitment of new donors at pace with the ongoing increased demand for blood transfusions was studied by comparing the iron status of new donors recruited in 1993–1997 and in 2005–2006.

Materials and Methods  Iron status was defined by haemoglobin and serum ferritin. Inclusion criteria for approving new donors were haemoglobin ≥ 12·5 g/dl for women and ≥ 13·5 g/dl for men, and serum ferritin > 15 µg/l for both genders. Data were gathered retrospectively from 943 subjects (55% women) in the 1990 ties and prospectively from 1013 subjects (63% women) 10 years later.

Results  In women, there was a significant fall in haemoglobin and serum ferritin mean values from 13·2 to 13·1 g/dl and from 30·9 to 26·9 µg/l, respectively. Rejection due to low haemoglobin was significantly increased from 14% to 24%. In men, there were minor changes that did not affect rejection rates.

Conclusion  Iron status of women who want to serve as blood donors has deteriorated in the last 10 years, leading to an increased rejection due to haemoglobin below the inclusion criterion for blood donors.
Detection of European mountain ash ringspot‐associated virus (EMARAV) in Sorbus aucuparia L. by a specific antiserum and reverse transcription‐PCR
Authors: Mielke N. , Weber M. , Khan S. , Muehlbach H.‐P.
Published: November 2008

Chlorotic ringspots and mottling on leaves of European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) are typical symptoms of the widely distributed ringspot disease. We found a novel plant RNA virus with a multipartite genome associated with these symptoms, called European mountain ash ringspot‐associated virus (EMARAV). This virus is not classified yet but shows certain similarities to members of the virus family Bunyaviridae. Characterization of the complete viral genome of EMARAV allowed us to develop two sensitive procedures, which enable the specific detection in its host plant. By raising an antiserum against the N‐terminal part of the putative nucleocapsid protein p3, the detection of EMARAV, respectively its proteins, in leaf extracts is now feasible. A second diagnostic tool, the reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR), allows the detection of EMARAV with even higher sensitivity. One specific primer pair was deduced from each of the four viral genomic RNAs to amplify minute amounts of the virus in various plant tissues.
Clinical implication of main pulmonary artery Windkessel size after banding operation
Authors: Waragai Tadashi , Awa Shoichi , Akagi Michio , Andou Yasushi , Watanabe Naoyuki , Hosaki Akira , Kawamata Hikari
Published: November 2008

Background:  The Windkessel model, proposed in 1895 by O. Frank, successfully explained systemic and abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics of congenital cardiac defects. The model is essentially a functional one and describes only hemodynamics, not anatomical or geographic structures. Because pulmonary arterial banding (PAB) adds a substantial resistance proximal to arterioles, it provides an ideal anatomical structure of the Windkessel model, namely, an elastic reservoir of much dilated main pulmonary artery (mPA) followed by a substantial artificial resistance of banding.

Methods:  The pulmonary artery (PA) Windkessel size (WS) of 10 patients, several months to years after PAB, were estimated both in peak systole (WSs) and minimum diastole (WSd), as the product of Windkessel compliance and proximal to distal pulmonary arterial pressure difference at each cardiac phase. They were compared to cineangiogram‐determined corresponding volumes (Vs, Vd) of PA proximal to the band or mPA.

Result:  WSs and WSd correlated well with Vs and Vd, respectively, with the correlation coefficient of 0.91 and 0.62, indicating that the Windkessel in these patients corresponds to mPA. Among five patients whose resistance at the band comprised more than half of the whole PA resistance, the coefficients proved even better.

Conclusion:  Much bigger secondarily developed Windkessel, as placed proximal to the band on top of a substantial resistance at PAB, contributed much to alleviate the stress downstream at the periphery caused by greatly increased systolic stroke volume into mPA in these cardiac defects.
Late‐onset hypogonadism (LOH) and androgens: Validity of the measurement of free testosterone levels in the diagnostic criteria in Japan
Authors: Iwamoto Teruaki , Yanase Toshihiko , Horie Hitoshi , Namiki Mikio , Okuyama Akihiko
Published: November 2008

The basis of diagnosis of late‐onset hypogonadism (LOH) is the measurement of androgen levels. Traditionally, total testosterone (total T) was also used as the primary indicator of gonadal function in Japan. In 1998, the International Society for the Study of the Aging Male was founded to conduct basic and clinical research on this issue internationally. As a result, it is said that bioavailable testosterone levels should be measured in the diagnosis of LOH. At present, however, there are a number of problems for bioavailable testosterone to become a routine diagnostic tool. Here, we will explain the various measurement indicators of androgens, measurement problems, standard values of total T, and free testosterone (free T) in Japan, and the diagnostic methods for LOH overseas. In Japan, the Japanese Urological Association and the Japanese Association of Men's Health recommend the measurement of free T levels in the diagnosis of LOH, for the following reasons: (i) It has been demonstrated that free T is more strongly correlated with calculated bioavailable testosterone, than total T, showing a statistically significant difference; (ii) The behavior of free T is highly consistent with that of bioavailable testosterone, with free T levels being markedly decreased due to aging; (iii) For the measurement of free T, a method that allows the measurement of free T only, without affecting the balance between free T and protein‐bound testosterone in blood, is available; and 4) The mean total T by age range decreases only to 80% of the young adult mean even during presenile and senile periods, when LOH occurs most frequently, but the free T level shows a linear decrease with aging and drops to 50% of the young adult mean. For these reasons, we will describe the validity of the recommendation for the measurement of free T levels.
Anesthesia for thoracic surgery in children in developing countries
Authors: JACOB REBECCA
Published: November 2008

Anesthesia for surgery on the lung and intra‐thoracic structures requires a high level of expertise. In the developing world, patients are often poor, anemic and malnourished. They present late with a variety of diseases. Surgery is often mandated in spite of inadequate resources. Maintaining the safety of the patient while treating them within the limits of our resources is a continuing challenge.
Prescreening and Repairing in a Genetic Algorithm for Highway Alignment Optimization
Authors: Kang Min Wook , Schonfeld Paul , Yang Ning
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  The method of handling infeasible solutions in an evolutionary search algorithm [e.g., genetic algorithms (GAs)] is crucial to the effectiveness of the solution search process. This problem arises because solution search steps, techniques, and operators used in GAs (such as reproduction, mutation, and recombination) are normally “blind”to the constraints, and thus GAs can generate solutions that do not satisfy the requirements of the problems. In GA‐based highway alignment optimization (HAO), many infeasible solutions, which violate model constraints, are also possibly generated, and evaluation of such solutions is wasteful. This study focuses on ways to avoid wasting computation time on evaluating infeasible solutions generated from the GA‐based HAO, and develops a prescreening and repairing (P&R) method for an efficient search of highway alignments. The key idea of the P&R method is to repair (before the very detailed alignment evaluation) any candidate alignments whose violations of design constraints can be fixed with reasonable modifications. However, infeasible alignments whose violations of constraints are too severe to repair are discarded (prescreened) before any detailed evaluation procedure is applied. The proposed P&R method is simple, but significantly improves computation time and solution quality in the GA‐based HAO process. Such improvements are demonstrated with a test example for a real road project. Through the example study, it is shown that the model incorporating the P&R method can find a good solution much faster (by approximately 23%) than the model with the conventional penalty method. In addition, the P&R method allows the model to evaluate about 70% more solutions than that it can evaluate with the penalty method for the same number of generations.
Model‐Free Video Detection and Tracking of Pedestrians and Bicyclists
Authors: Malinovskiy Yegor , Zheng Jianyang , Wang Yinhai
Published: November 2008

Abstract:  Pedestrian and bicycle monitoring is quickly becoming an avid area of interest as information regarding pedestrian and bicycle flow is needed not only for developing competent access to particular urban corridors and trails, but also for system optimization scenarios, such as transit system operations and intersection controls. In this article, we present a simple, yet effective method for tracking pedestrian and bicycle objects in a relatively large surveillance area, using ordinary un‐calibrated video images. Object extraction is accomplished via background subtraction, while tracking is accomplished through an inherent characteristic cost function. Composite objects are used as a means of dealing with occlusions. The algorithm is implemented using Microsoft Visual C# and was tested on numerous scenes of varying complexity, resulting in an average count rate of 92.7% at the specified checkpoints.
THINKING THROUGH KIERKEGAARD'S ANTI‐CLIMACUS: ART, IMAGINATION, AND IMITATION
Authors: GREGOR BRIAN
Published: November 2008

What place do imagination and art have in Christian existence? This paper examines this question through the writings of Kierkegaard's pseudonym Anti‐Climacus: The Sickness Unto Death and Practice in Christianity. I focus on the latter work in particular because it best illustrates the importance of imagination in following after (Efterfølgelse) Christ in imitation, which Anti‐Climacus presents as the proper task of faithful Christian existence. After outlining both his critique and his affirmation of the imagination, I then consider what role the notion of ‘Christian art’ might play in his account of the imitation of Christ. Anti‐Climacus gives a severe critique of Christian art, insofar as it disposes the viewer to detached observation and admiration – rather than imitation – of Christ. However, an earlier passage in the same text gives a provocative yet cryptic indication of the sort of art that would not succumb to this danger. Taking a cue from the phenomenology of Jean‐Luc Marion, I draw out this suggestion and argue for the important role that visual art can play in imitating Christ. The final section illustrates this point briefly with three paintings: Matthias Grünewald's Crucifixion, Hans Holbein's The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb, and Albrecht Dürer's Self‐Portrait (1500).
Adaptive and Generative Learning: Implications from Complexity Theories
Authors: Chiva Ricardo , Grandío Antonio , Alegre Joaquín
Published: November 2008

One of the most important classical typologies within the organizational learning literature is the distinction between adaptive and generative learning. However, the processes of these types of learning, particularly the latter, have not been widely analyzed and incorporated into the organizational learning process. This paper puts forward a new understanding of adaptive and generative learning within organizations, grounded in some ideas from complexity theories: mainly self‐organization and implicate order. Adaptive learning involves any improvement or development of the explicate order through a process of self‐organization. Self‐organization is a self‐referential process characterized by logical deductive reasoning, concentration, discussion and improvement. Generative learning involves any approach to the implicate order through a process of self‐transcendence. Self‐transcendence is a holo‐organizational process characterized by intuition, attention, dialogue and inquiry. The main implications of the two types of learning for organizational learning are discussed.
Effects of short‐term Western diet on cerebral oxidative stress and diabetes related factors in APP × PS1 knock‐in mice
Authors: Studzinski Christa M. , Li Feng , Bruce‐Keller Annadora J , Fernandez‐Kim Sun Ok , Zhang Le , Weidner Adam M. , Markesbery William R. , Murphy M. Paul , Keller Jeffrey N.
Published: November 2008

A chronic high fat Western diet (WD) promotes a variety of morbidity factors although experimental evidence for short‐term WD mediating brain dysfunction remains to be elucidated. The amyloid precursor protein and presenilin‐1 (APP × PS1) knock‐in mouse model has been demonstrated to recapitulate some key features of Alzheimer’s disease pathology, including amyloid‐β (Aβ) pathogenesis. In this study, we placed 1‐month‐old APP × PS1 mice and non‐transgenic littermates on a WD for 4 weeks. The WD resulted in a significant elevation in protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the brain of APP × PS1 mice relative to non‐transgenic littermates, which occurred in the absence of increased Aβ levels. Altered adipokine levels were also observed in APP × PS1 mice placed on a short‐term WD, relative to non‐transgenic littermates. Taken together, these data indicate that short‐term WD is sufficient to selectively promote cerebral oxidative stress and metabolic disturbances in APP × PS1 knock‐in mice, with increased oxidative stress preceding alterations in Aβ. These data have important implications for understanding how WD may potentially contribute to brain dysfunction and the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease.
Intraoperative Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiographic Measurement of Hemodynamic, Anatomic and Functional Changes after Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Scohy Thierry V. , Soliman Osama I.I. , Lecomte Patrick V.E.L. , McGhie Jackie , Kappetein A. Pieter , Hofland Jan , Cate Folkert J. Ten
Published: November 2008

The traditional intraoperative two‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2DTEE) has limitations in measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) because measurements rely on geometric assumptions. The availability of online software and real time three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (RT3D‐TEE) makes intraoperative LVEF measurements fast and easy. This is the first report of intraoperative measurement of LVEF and aortic valve area (AVA) by RT3‐DTEE in a patient who received transcatheter‐based transapical aortic valve implantation.
Diagnosis of a Very Rare Variant of Cor Triatriatum Dexter by Contrast Echocardiography: A Case Report
Authors: Modi Kalgi , Reddy Pratap , Madhusudanannair Vinu
Published: November 2008

Cor triatriatum dexter is a rare congenital abnormality in which the right atrium is divided into two chambers by a membrane. A rare variant of cor triatriatum dexter where the membrane is attached to the left of the superior vena cava at one end and to the right of inferior vena cava and coronary sinus at the other end has been described only once before. We describe here a case of this very rare variant of cor triatriatum dexter that was diagnosed using contrast echocardiography.
The social representation and reality of BSE's impact in North Central Alberta
Authors: BROADWAY MICHAEL J.
Published: November 2008

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), popularly known as ‘Mad Cow’ disease, was discovered in the late 1980s in Britain; in 1996, scientists announced a ‘probable’ link between eating BSE‐contaminated meat and a new form of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease, a fatal human brain disease. Britain's beef industry was devastated, beef consumption dropped, export markets closed and a mass cull of older cattle was implemented. This article uses social representation theory to analyze how Canada's 2003 BSE outbreak was portrayed to Canadians in major newspapers and compares this representation with BSE's impact in two rural Alberta counties. The day Canada's BSE case was reported, the United States closed its border to Canadian cattle and beef. The event was represented as ‘devastating’ to Canada's cattle and beef industries and rural areas in general, a view that went largely unchallenged and was critical to gaining government support for the affected industries. Little evidence of economic devastation was found in the heart of Alberta's cow‐calf producing area; producers adapted to their changing economic circumstances and acquired other sources of income. But there is little doubt that the financial uncertainty associated with BSE added to stress levels among farm families.
Three‐Dimensional Array‐Based Group Testing Algorithms
Authors: Kim Hae‐Young , Hudgens Michael G.
Published: November 2008

Summary We derive the operating characteristics of three‐dimensional array‐based testing algorithms for case identification in the presence of testing error. The operating characteristics investigated include efficiency (i.e., expected number of tests per specimen) and error rates (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values). The methods are illustrated by comparing the proposed algorithms with previously studied hierarchical and two‐dimensional array algorithms for detecting recent HIV infections in North Carolina. Our results indicate that three‐dimensional array‐based algorithms can be more efficient and accurate than previously proposed algorithms in settings with test error and low prevalence.
Computer‐aided Dental Identification: An Objective Method for Assessment of Radiographic Image Similarity*
Authors: Flint Diane J. , Brent Dove Stephen , Brumit Paula C. , White Marea , Senn David R.
Published: November 2008

Abstract: A pilot study evaluated a computer‐based method for comparing digital dental images, utilizing a registration algorithm to correct for variations in projection geometry between images prior to a subtraction analysis. A numerical assessment of similarity was generated for pairs of images. Using well‐controlled laboratory settings, the method was evaluated as to its ability to identify the correct specimen with positive results. A subsequent clinical study examined longitudinal radiographic examinations of selected anatomical areas on 47 patients, analyzing the computer‐based method in making the correct identification based upon a threshold level of similarity. The results showed that at a threshold of 0.855, there were two false negative and two false positive identifications out of 957 analyses. Based on these initial findings, 25 dental records having two sets of full mouth series of radiographs were selected. The radiographs were digitized and grouped into six anatomical regions. The more recent set of films served as postmortem images. Each postmortem image was analyzed against all other images within the region. Images were registered to correct for differences in projection geometry prior to analysis. An area of interest was selected to assess image similarity. Analysis of variance was used to determine that there was a significant difference between images from the same individual and those from different individuals. Results showed that the threshold level of concordance will vary with the anatomical region of the mouth examined. This method may provide the most objective and reliable method for postmortem dental identification using intra‐oral images.
Aggregations from using inadvertent social information: a form of ideal habitat selection
Authors: Nocera Joseph J. , Forbes Graham J. , Giraldeau Luc‐Alain
Published: November 2008

Social information in breeding site selection has received extensive study; however, few attempts have been made to link this process to pre‐existing models. We examine the importance of social information to three pertinent models of habitat selection that describe breeding aggregations and spatial patterns: 1) the ideal despotic distribution (IDD) which considers conspecific competition and habitat availability, 2) the perceptual constraints model which accounts for patch selection when animals experience a threshold of undetectable difference in quality, and 3) the “neighbourhood model” which predicts concordance between resources and settlers can be disrupted by conspecific attraction when resources are patchy. These models all predict initial settlers will select a high quality patch first. However, their predictions of subsequent settlement behaviour in remaining patches differ: the IDD predicts subsequent settlers will be distributed regularly, the perceptual constraints model predicts a random distribution, and the neighbourhood model predicts clustering from conspecific attraction. We examined which model best described settlement patterns of bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus and savannah sparrow Passerculus sandwichensis, in the context of social information. We observed settlement timing, quantified available resources, and determined where they occurred in the highest (local population “core”) and lowest densities (local population “periphery”). We then assessed whether individuals in the periphery settled in greater concordance with resources or conspecific presence. Core territories were clustered strongly on relevant resources, and these territory holders were older than in the periphery. Peripheral territories were likewise clustered but did not always co‐occur with the best available resources, matching the neighbourhood model prediction that social information may not always direct them to the best sites available. This suggests older individuals used their own experience to locate ideal habitat, whereas younger individuals attempted to aggregate on seemingly ideal habitat by using conspecific location; such information asymmetry due to age can be viewed as an “ideal aggregative distribution”.
Homoclinic bifurcation and global indeterminacy of equilibrium in a two‐sector endogenous growth model
Authors: Mattana Paolo , Nishimura Kazuo , Shigoka Tadashi
Published: November 2008

This paper considers an endogenous growth model that belongs to the same family as the Lucas model. In the Lucas model an external effect appears in the physical‐goods sector, whereas in our model, it appears in the educational sector. In our model, this external effect yields multiple balanced growth paths. Our model undergoes a homoclinic bifurcation and exhibits global indeterminacy of equilibrium.
Implications of recent measurements of the Milky Way rotation for the orbit of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Shattow Genevieve , Loeb Abraham
Published: November 2008

We examine the implications of recent measurements of the Milky Way (MW) rotation for the trajectory of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The ∼14 ± 6 per cent increase in the MW circular velocity relative to the International Astronomical Union (IAU) standard of 220 km s−1 changes the qualitative nature of the inferred LMC orbit. Instead of the LMC being gravitationally unbound, as has been suggested based on a recent measurement of its proper motion, we find that the past orbit of the LMC is naturally confined within the virial boundary of the MW. The orbit is not as tightly bound as in models derived before the LMC proper motion was measured.
Connective tissue growth factor and cardiac fibrosis
Authors: Daniels A. , Van Bilsen M. , Goldschmeding R. , Van Der Vusse G. J. , Van Nieuwenhoven F. A.
Published: November 2008

Cardiac fibrosis is a major pathogenic factor in a variety of cardiovascular diseases and refers to an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components in the heart, which leads to cardiac dysfunction and eventually overt heart failure. Evidence is accumulating for a crucial role of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in fibrotic processes in several tissues including the heart. CTGF orchestrates the actions of important local factors evoking cardiac fibrosis. The central role of CTGF as a matricellular protein modulating the fibrotic process in cardiac remodelling makes it a possible biomarker for cardiac fibrosis and a potential candidate for therapeutic intervention to mitigate fibrosis in the heart.
Different adaptations of alpha‐actinin isoforms to exercise training in rat skeletal muscles
Authors: Ogura Y. , Naito H. , Kakigi R. , Akema T. , Sugiura T. , Katamoto S. , Aoki J.
Published: November 2008

Aim:  Alpha (α)‐actinins are located in the skeletal muscle Z‐line and form actin–actin cross‐links. Mammalian skeletal muscle has two isoforms: α‐actinin‐2 and α‐actinin‐3. However, the response of α‐actinin to exercise training is little understood. Therefore, the current study examined the effects of exercise training on the expression level of two α‐actinin isoforms in skeletal muscles.

Methods:  Twelve male Wistar rats were assigned randomly to a control (C; n = 6) or exercise training (T; n = 6) group. After T animals were trained on an animal treadmill for 9 weeks, α‐actinin‐2 and α‐actinin‐3 levels in the plantaris, white and red gastrocnemius muscles were analysed. In addition, changes in the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition were assessed, and muscle bioenergetic enzyme activities were measured.

Results:  Results show that exercise training increased α‐actinin‐2 expression levels in all muscles (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found in α‐actinin‐3 expression levels between C and T animals. Subsequent MyHC analyses of all muscle showed an MyHC shift with direction from IIb to IIa. Furthermore, enzymatic analysis revealed that exercise training improved enzyme activities related to aerobic metabolism.

Conclusion:  The results of this study demonstrate that exercise training alters the expression level of α‐actinin at the isoform level. Moreover, the increase in expression levels of α‐actinin‐2 is apparently related to alteration of skeletal muscle: its aerobic capacity is improved.
Heart Failure: A Call to Action
Authors: Trupp Robin J. , Wingate Sue
Published: November 2008

A recent survey commissioned by The American Association of Heart Failure Nurses, The Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association, and The Society for Chest Pain Centers found that respondents had a striking lack of awareness and knowledge about heart failure. This article reviews the confusion and misperceptions surrounding heart failure, discusses implications of the survey findings, and offers suggestions for patients at risk for heart failure as well as professionals who work with these patients—including clinicians, researchers, and those in larger groups such as institutions and government bodies.
Protective effect of yogurt extract on dental enamel demineralization in vitro
Authors: Ferrazzano GF , Cantile T , Quarto M , Ingenito A , Chianese L , Addeo F
Published: November 2008

Background:  Casein phosphopeptides (CPPs) are phosphorylated casein‐derived peptides produced synthetically by proteolytic digestion of αs1‐, αs2‐ and β‐casein. The anticariogenic activity of CPPs is due to their ability to stabilize high levels of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on tooth surface, preventing demineralization and enhancing remineralization of enamel caries. The aim of this study was to test the in vitro ability of natural CPPs (contained in yogurt) to prevent demineralization and promote remineralization of dental enamel.

Methods:  Eighty human molars were used. After standardizing an in vitro demineralization procedure for producing artificial caries (Group 1: pH 4.8; Group 2: pH 3.97), this procedure was used on teeth, but with the addition of natural CPPs (Group 3: pH 4.8; Group 4: pH 3.97). The effects of these procedures were evaluated by quantitative analysis (change in weight and calcium titration) and qualitative analysis (SEM). Statistical analysis of the results was performed using ANOVA.

Results:  Statistical analysis showed significant differences in weight changes between the groups with and without natural CPPs. The SEM observation showed the protective effects of natural CPPs.

Conclusions:  The results demonstrated that CPPs contained in yogurt have an inhibitory effect on demineralization and promote the remineralization of dental enamel.
Retention of cast crown copings cemented to implant abutments
Authors: Dudley JE , Richards LC , Abbott JR
Published: November 2008

Background:  The cementation of crowns to dental implant abutments is an accepted form of crown retention that requires consideration of the properties of available cements within the applied clinical context. Dental luting agents are exposed to a number of stressors that may reduce crown retention in vivo, not the least of which is occlusal loading. This study investigated the influence of compressive cyclic loading on the physical retention of cast crown copings cemented to implant abutments.

Methods:  Cast crown copings were cemented to Straumann synOcta titanium implant abutments with three different readily used and available cements. Specimens were placed in a humidifier, thermocycled and subjected to one of four quantities of compressive cyclic loading. The uniaxial tensile force required to remove the cast crown copings was then recorded.

Results:  The mean retention values for crown copings cemented with Panavia‐F cement were statistically significantly greater than both KetacCem and TempBond non‐eugenol cements at each compressive cyclic loading quantity. KetacCem and TempBond non‐eugenol cements produced relatively low mean retention values that were not statistically significantly different at each quantity of compressive cyclic loading. Compressive cyclic loading had a statistically significant effect on Panavia‐F specimens alone, but increased loading quantities produced no further statistically significant difference in mean retention.

Conclusions:  Within the limitations of the current in vitro conditions employed in this study, the retention of cast crown copings cemented to Straumann synOcta implant abutments with a resin, glass ionomer and temporary cement was significantly affected by cement type but not compressive cyclic loading. Resin cement is the cement of choice for the definitive non‐retrievable cementation of cast crown copings to Straumann synOcta implant abutments out of the three cements tested.
Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Adjuvant Pamidronate with Palliative Radiotherapy and Intravenous Doxorubicin for Canine Appendicular Osteosarcoma Bone Pain
Authors: Fan T.M. , Charney S.C. , De Lorimier L.P. , Garrett L.D. , Griffon D.J. , Gordon‐Evans W.J. , Wypij J.M.
Published: November 2008

Background: Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) causes focal malignant osteolysis leading to severe pain. Despite the documented efficacy of radiotherapy or IV aminobisphosphonates for managing cancer bone pain, their potential combined therapeutic value has not been reported in OSA‐bearing dogs.

Hypothesis: Pamidronate combined with standardized palliative therapy will improve pain control and bone biologic effects in OSA‐bearing dogs.

Animals: Fifty dogs with appendicular OSA treated with standardized palliative therapy and either pamidronate or sterile saline.

Methods: Randomized, prospective, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study. Treatment responses for dogs receiving standardized palliative therapy with (n = 26) or without (n = 24) adjuvant pamidronate were serially evaluated for changes in subjective pain scores, urine N‐telopeptide (NTx) excretion, primary tumor relative bone mineral density (rBMD), and computerized pressure platform gait analysis.

Results: Median duration of subjective pain relief for dogs treated with adjuvant pamidronate or placebo was 76 and 75 days, respectively (P= .39). Forty percent (20/50; pamidronate [11/26] and placebo [9/24]) of dogs experienced durable analgesia, defined by pain alleviation ≥112 days. For patients achieving durable pain control, dogs treated with pamidronate achieved greater reductions in NTx excretion and larger increases in rBMD compared with placebo controls. Changes in peak vertical force assessed by computerized pressure platform gait analysis correlated with pain alleviation in OSA‐bearing dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Combining pamidronate with standardized palliative therapy is safe, but does not clearly improve pain alleviation. However, in dogs achieving durable pain control, adjuvant pamidronate appears to decrease focal bone resorption in the local tumor microenvironment.
Adverse Effects of Concurrent Carboplatin Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Dogs
Authors: Hume K.R. , Johnson J.L. , Williams L.E.
Published: November 2008

Background:Concurrent chemo‐ and radiotherapy improves outcome of certain human neoplasms but with increased signs of toxicity. Reports on adverse effects of concurrent chemo‐ and radiotherapy in the veterinary literature are scant.

Objective:To report adverse hematologic and gastrointestinal effects of combined carboplatin and radiation therapy in dogs.

Animals:Client‐owned dogs with spontaneously occurring neoplasia.

Methods:Retrospective case study. Medical records of 65 dogs were reviewed. Criteria for inclusion were administration of radiation according to 1 of 3 fractionation schemes (19 × 3, 16 × 3, or 12 × 4 Gy) and administration of at least 1 concurrent carboplatin treatment at a dosage of 200–300 mg/m2. Dog and treatment‐related variables were analyzed for association with signs of intoxication.

Results:Median carboplatin dosage was 200 mg/m2(range, 200–250 mg/m2). Twelve of 58 dogs (21%) developed grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Eleven of 56 dogs (20%) developed grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia. Six of 62 dogs (10%) developed grade 3, 4, or 5 gastrointestinal toxicosis. Analysis of association of dog and treatment‐related variables with signs of intoxication was hampered by the small numbers of dogs in individual groups, and no statistically significant associations were found.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Combined modality therapy resulted in myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicosis. Future studies are needed to determine whether the potential benefit of combined modality therapy outweighs the risk of decreasing chemotherapy and radiation treatment intensity.
Cryopreservation of Canine Platelets
Authors: Appleman E.H. , Sachais B.S. , Patel R. , Drobatz K.J. , Groman R.P. , Kennedy D.R. , O'Donnell P.A. , Bryan C. , Callan M.B.
Published: November 2008

Background:Platelet cryopreservation allows long‐term storage and immediate availability of transfusion products.

Hypothesis:The addition of a preparation inhibiting platelet activation (Thrombosol, in 2% dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) will enhance in vitro function and prolong in vivo survival of cryopreserved platelets compared with those preserved in 6% DMSO.

Animals:Thirty‐three research dogs.

Methods:Prospective study. Eleven fresh canine apheresis platelet concentrates (PCs) were each split into 3 units: fresh and cryopreserved in 6% DMSO or Thrombosol. Platelet analysis, performed 1–10 weeks postfreezing, included in vitro functional testing and in vivo survival assessed by administration of biotinylated platelets.

Results:Platelet aggregation was diminished in cryopreserved PC. Cryopreserved platelets could be activated, as based on mean thrombin‐stimulated P‐selectin expression (6% DMSO, 23.0%; Thrombosol, 18.4%), although to a lesser extent than fresh PC (49.1%) (P< .0001). The mean maximum in vivo platelet recovery for fresh PC was 80.3%, significantly greater than recovery for 6% DMSO (49.2%) and Thrombosol PC (43.7%) (P≤ .001). The half‐life (days) of fresh PC (3.8 ± 0.4) was significantly (P< .002) greater than that of 6% DMSO (1.9 ± 1.0) and Thrombosol (2.4 ± 1.1) PC, with no difference (P= .3) between cryopreserved PC.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Cryopreservation of canine platelets using Thrombosol did not provide any advantage over preservation using 6% DMSO. Cryopreserved platelets can be activated in vitro and provide therapeutic benefit when fresh platelets are unavailable. Further studies are needed to assess their in vivo hemostatic function.
Comment on "Climate-Driven Ecosystem Succession in the Sahara: The Past 6000 Years"
Authors: Brovkin Victor , Claussen Martin
Published: November 2008

Kröpelin
et al
. (Research Articles, 9 May 2008, p. 765) interpreted a sediment record from Lake Yoa in the east-central part of North Africa as support for a weak biogeophysical climate-vegetation feedback in the Sahara during the mid-Holocene. We argue that the new data do not invalidate earlier modeling results on strong land-atmosphere coupling in the Western Sahara for which the Lake Yoa record is far less representative.
The Widespread Threat of Calcium Decline in Fresh Waters
Authors: Jeziorski Adam , Yan Norman D. , Paterson Andrew M. , DeSellas Anna M. , Turner Michael A. , Jeffries Dean S. , Keller Bill , Weeber Russ C. , McNicol Don K. , Palmer Michelle E. , McIver Kyle , Arseneau Kristina , Ginn Brian K. , Cumming Brian F. , Smol John P.
Published: November 2008

Calcium concentrations are now commonly declining in softwater boreal lakes. Although the mechanisms leading to these declines are generally well known, the consequences for the aquatic biota have not yet been reported. By examining crustacean zooplankton remains preserved in lake sediment cores, we document near extirpations of calcium-rich
Daphnia
species, which are keystone herbivores in pelagic food webs, concurrent with declining lake-water calcium. A large proportion (62%, 47 to 81% by region) of the Canadian Shield lakes we examined has a calcium concentration approaching or below the threshold at which laboratory
Daphnia
populations suffer reduced survival and fecundity. The ecological impacts of environmental calcium loss are likely to be both widespread and pronounced.
An Epigenetic Role for Maternally Inherited piRNAs in Transposon Silencing
Authors: Brennecke Julius , Malone Colin D. , Aravin Alexei A. , Sachidanandam Ravi , Stark Alexander , Hannon Gregory J.
Published: November 2008

In plants and mammals, small RNAs indirectly mediate epigenetic inheritance by specifying cytosine methylation. We found that small RNAs themselves serve as vectors for epigenetic information. Crosses between
Drosophila
strains that differ in the presence of a particular transposon can produce sterile progeny, a phenomenon called hybrid dysgenesis. This phenotype manifests itself only if the transposon is paternally inherited, suggesting maternal transmission of a factor that maintains fertility. In both
P
- and
I
-element–mediated hybrid dysgenesis models, daughters show a markedly different content of Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) targeting each element, depending on their parents of origin. Such differences persist from fertilization through adulthood. This indicates that maternally deposited piRNAs are important for mounting an effective silencing response and that a lack of maternal piRNA inheritance underlies hybrid dysgenesis.