bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How are Constitutional Rights Created?
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

It is natural to think that constitutional rights are rights stated in the text of the Constitution of the United States. But it is wrong, not completely but in an important sense. Constitutional rights are created mainly by the Supreme Court of the United States by “interpretation” of the constitutional text. I put the word in scare quotes because the line between judicial interpretation and judicial creation is frequently—particularly in the case of American constitutional law—fine to the point of invisibility.
Rights Against Detention
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

I turn now to the specific constitutional rights that may be imperiled by measures to protect national security in times of emergency, that is, when the safety of the nation is believed to be unusually endangered. That is the reigning belief today because of the rise of global terrorism and the intertwined menace of weapons of mass destruction.
Rights Against Brutal Interrogation, and Against Searches and Seizures
Authors: Posner Richard A
Published: November 2023

Supposing that an interned suspected terrorist fails to gain his freedom through habeas corpus, we must consider what the government can do to him while he is detained, and specifically how forcefully it can interrogate him. The issue usually arises in the context of a prosecution rather than a detention, when the government tries to place in evidence the defendant’s confession obtained in the interrogation and the defendant objects on the ground that the confession was coerced. Coerced confessions, even when corroborated, are made inadmissible in evidence by interpretation of the Fifth Amendment’s self-incrimination clause, though “coerced” is somewhat loosely interpreted in this context. The courts allow the government to use a certain amount of trickery, and to make at least implied promises of lenity, in an effort to extract a confession. Custodial interrogation is, to a degree, inherently coercive, yet it is permitted; even protracted custodial interrogation is permitted. But the line is drawn well short of torture; lesser forms of coercion, such as the old “third degree” (bright lights), sleep deprivation, frightening threats, and the injection of truth serum, are forbidden.
Introduction
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E
Published: November 2023

Slavery played a profoundly important role in the making of the United States, as the institution grew from the handful of Africans landed in Virginia in 1619 to the four million African Americans held in bondage at the beginning of the Civil War in 1861. The bound labor of at least twelve generations of black people created great wealth for slaveholders, wealth that was translated into extraordinary political power. The slave trade and the products created by slaves’ labor, particularly cotton, provided the basis for America’s wealth as a nation, underwriting the country’s industrial revolution and enabling it to project its power into the rest of the world. African slaves were not simply passive laborers. They brought many new cultures to America, and their religion, music, language, values, and skills helped shape America and its unique blended culture. Enduring a brutally oppressive system, African slaves also developed a deep commitment to liberty and became a living testament to the powerful appeal of freedom.
Thoreau and Indian Selfhood: Circles, Silence, and Democratic Land
Authors: Novak Barbara
Published: November 2023

We begin with the idea of the circle. Jung suggests that what led psychologists to conjecture “an archetype of wholeness, i.e. the self . . . are in the first place, dreams and visions, in the second place, products of active imagination in which symbols of wholeness appear. The most important of these are geometrical structures containing elements of the circle and quaternity “ The notion of the circle, as an archetype of the self, of a self that is also whole, of wholeness—in fact—as self, is of great interest when placed beside Native American building structures, works of art, artifacts, rituals, and ceremonies in which the circular form is invested with sacred meaning. Jung’s self as wholeness would seem to relate to the Indian concept of cosmic interrelatedness, from the ancient medicine wheels, to the stone circles in the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming, to the circles within circles of ancient pots, the round kivas of the Southwest, the hogans of the Navajo, and the sacred circles on Plains medicine shields, sometimes marked with signs of the four wind directions (Jung’s quaternity).
Introduction
Authors: Bouton Terry
Published: November 2023

Every Fourth of July, Americans gather at cookouts, parades, and fire-work displays to commemorate the birth of American democracy. From a broad perspective, there is much to celebrate in the story of thirteen colonies breaking away from monarchy to begin their unprecedented experiment in democratizing government and society. Even if the kind of democracy the Revolution created was in many ways more limited than the one we enjoy today, it was, nonetheless, a form of government that often provided greater freedom than Americans had experienced under British rule. The new state and national governments opened political access to ordinary folk as never before. They also tended to protect a wider range of civil liberties than had the system of rights granted by colonial governments, the British Parliament, and the king.
Oppression
Authors: Bouton Terry
Published: November 2023

Oppression. Tyranny. Slavery. These were the words American colonists used to describe their plight under British rule. In Pennsylvania, such words echoed in political speeches, newspaper editorials, church sermons, and private writings condemning Britain for driving the colonies into poverty and stripping Americans of their independence. People from all walks of life claimed that Britain was transforming a colony once “famed, even beyond the seas” for “its wealth and plenty” into a land of “poverty, distress, and absolute ruin.” It was said that even land-owning yeomen were being “lost in the ocean of poverty” as “respectable farmers, lately in good credit and having sufficient possessions” were “reduced to the lowest ebb of mis-fortune, and perhaps rendered incapable of ever raising” their families back to prosperity. Some said that Britain was lowering Americans to a “condition little superior to that of beggary”; others said it was like slavery.
Military Force
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian
Published: November 2023

The Bush administration’s reaction to the 9/11 attacks combined law enforcement, administrative, and military strategies. As we discussed in the introduction, the law enforcement strategies mainly took advantage of the enhanced search, surveillance, and information-sharing provisions of the USA PATRIOT Act, as well as earlier laws against material support, conspiracy, and terrorism. Federal authorities have arrested, tried, and convicted a number of people involved in terrorist activities on American soil. The administrative strategies have focused on immigration control; numerous aliens were detained and deported in the wake of the September 11 attacks, and since then standards for permitting entrance into the United States have been tightened. The military strategies have raised the most far-reaching and challenging issues, and they are the subject of this chapter.
The EU Takeover Directive in Context: A Comparison to the US Takeover Rules
Authors: Berick Joshua , Shropshire Tom
Published: November 2023

The following chapters will describe the national takeover legislation of each of the European Union (EU) Member States, including the manner in which the implementation of the Directive 2004/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 21, 2004 on takeover bids (the Takeover Directive or the Directive) has resulted in the adoption of new takeover rules. By contrast, this chapter is intended to provide an overview of the primary distinctions between the Directive and United States (US) federal and state takeover regulations.
Strategies of Courtship and Marriage
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

Men controlled the economy, and as part of that power they controlled matrimony as well. No less than career and education, marriage was a means for securing livelihood and social position. It was preferable, though, to get a start with a sound education and a promising career, then use them for high marital ambitions. “A good marriage,” James H. Hammond remarked, “is the result of success in one’s career-very rarely the beginning of it.” Yet Hammond, like many others rising from indifferent economic status, did not follow the precept. He had married wealth before making it, but he had prepared for the situation with a college degree and the beginnings of a law practice in the early 1830s. It was the desperate need to make a place in the world for oneself that drove the ambitious young man to self-justifications such as Hammond expressed.
Personal Strategies and Community Life: Hospitality, Gambling, and Combat
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

Welcoming strangers, taking risks at cards or sport, and defending personal honor were all characteristics that Southerners eagerly seized on to identify themselves. Although Southerners boasted loudly enough about these inclinations before the Civil War, afterward they became articles of sacred memory. In the 1880s, for instance, to illustrate the hospitable and gentlemanly ways of fellow Virginians in the old days, George W. Bagby, a Richmond journalist, described how “Colonel Tidewater had come half the length of the State to try a little more of Judge Piedmont’s Madeira, to know what on earth induced Piedmont to influence the governor in making that appointment, and to inquire if it were possible that Piedmont intended to bring out Jimson-of all human beings-Jimson! for Congress?” Leisure, graciousness, and quaint concerns, Bagby and others of his kind fancied, had been more or less the rule until the Civil War.
Honor, Shame, and Justice in a Slavocracy
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

For many years historians have argued that “justice” for Southern antebellum whites “was mixed at best.” The whiter the skin, it seemed, the better matters stood for the felon, especially when the fate awaiting the black criminal, slave or free, was compared with that of the white. “The combination of archaic laws, penalties far in excess of popular values, and the lack of facilities for the long term confinement were easily turned to a defendant’s benefit,” a recent critic of Southern justice has suggested. As a result, the argument runs, personal violence, public disorder, and crimes against property were all but encouraged, so inefficient, incompetent, and casual the apparatus. The whole machinery of criminal justice either promoted the interests of the slaveholding elite, who used it “to shape the world in its own image,” as another historian has said, or suited the needs of a frontier individualism that gave all whites freedom from Old World restraints, as the disciples of the great historian Frederick Jackson Turner once averred. By either interpretation, white society was allegedly ill served by a legal structure both unjust and ineffective.
Charivari and Lynch Law
Authors: Wyatt-Brown Bertram
Published: November 2023

In a remarkable scene in Huckleberry Finn (1885), set before the Civil War, Mark Twain has Colonel Sherburn heap scorn on a mob gathered to lynch him. Sherburn has just killed the unarmed Boggs, a drunken old man whose reckless insults Sherburn had repaid with two shots in the chest. The crowd rages in front of Sherburn’s house until he steps out, shotgun in hand, and coolly says, “The idea of your lynching anybody! It’s amusing.... Because you’re brave enough to tar and feather poor friendless cast-out women . . . did that make you think you had grit enough to lay your hands on a man?” Empty praise from Southern journalists, Sherburn continues, could not hide the fact that lynchers were cowards, no better, no worse than other men, but cowards nonetheless. Otherwise, why do juries acquit murderers? “Because they’re afraid the man’s friends will shoot them in the back . . . so they always acquit; and then a man goes in the night, with a hundred masked cowards at his back, and lynches the rascal. ... The pitifulest thing out is a mob.” The crowd dissolves, each villager slinking off to protect his own skin.
The Fat Tail
Authors: Bremmer Ian , Keat Preston
Published: November 2023

Civil wars, acts of terror, seizures of private industries--the world is a dangerous place for investors. Indeed, it is more dangerous today than ten or twenty years ago, because of the growing importance of emerging and frontier markets. Even many relatively passive or risk averse investors are exposed in places like Turkey, China, and Brazil. But while they recognize the importance of political risks, until now they have not the right tools to analyze, evaluate, and predict them. This groundbreaking book is the first to both identify the wide range of political risks that global firms face and show investors how to effectively manage them. Written by two of the world's leading figures in political risk management, it explains that while the world remains exceedingly risky for businesses, it is by no means incomprehensible. Political risk is unpredictable, but it is easier to analyze and manage than most people think. Applying the lessons of world history, Bremmer and Keat survey a vast range of contemporary risky situations, from stable markets like the United States or Japan, where politically driven regulation can still dramatically effect business, to more precarious regions like Iran, China, Russia, Turkey, Mexico, and Brazil, where private property is less secure and energy politics sparks constant volatility. The book sheds light on a wide array of political risks--risks that stem from great power rivalries, terrorist groups, government takeover of private property, weak leaders and internal strife, and even the "black swans" that defy prediction. But more importantly, the authors provide a wealth of unique methods, tools, and concepts to help corporations, money managers, and policy makers understand political risk, showing when and how political risk analysis works--and when it does not. Authored by Ian Bremmer (author of the bestselling The J-Curve) and Preston Keat, the president and research director (respectively) of Eurasia Group, the world's largest political risk consultancy, Machiavelli and the Markets is an indispensable guide for anyone involved in the international economy, from major multinational corporations to small businesses simply trying to understand the risks that come with exports and imports.
Overview of Epilepsy and Seizures
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: November 2023

A seizure (also called attack, crisis, turn, fit, breakout, trembling, convulsion, and insult) is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain, in particular the outer layer of the brain called the cortex. Epilepsy means recurrent seizures. Seizures can take many different forms, as the descriptions in this book indicate. However, any given person usually has a limited number of different types of seizures that they experience, and readers should understand that seizures affect different people in different ways. The material in this book points out these differences, but should not be taken to imply that every person with seizures will experience everything described in this book at some time. Sometimes, seizures can be triggered by alcohol, strong emotions, intense exercise, flashing lights or loud music, illness and fever, the menstrual period, lack of sleep, and stress. Often an individual learns to recognize what they may be susceptible to. Sometimes there is no identifiable or consistent trigger. Seizures have a beginning, a middle, and an end. When an individual is aware of the beginning, it may be thought of as a warning. Another word used for the warning is the aura. Auras are actually seizures that affect only a very small part of the brain; enough to cause symptoms, but not enough to disrupt consciousness. Doctors may refer to auras as “simple partial seizures”—“simple” means that consciousness is not impaired, and “partial” means that only part of the brain is involved with the seizure.
Portfolio Rebalancing, Analysis, And Monitoring
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O
Published: November 2023

Investment information is often statistically insignificant. MV optimization is insensitive to investment insignificance, resulting in frequent but ineffective and costly portfolio rebalancings. In current investment practice, portfolio rebalancing and monitoring rules are largely ad hoc. For example, institutions commonly rebalance their portfolios on a calendar basis, such as monthly, quarterly, or annually. Another widely used rule is to rebalance a portfolio if asset weights exceed a predetermined fixed range, such as ±5%, of optimal or benchmark weights. Ad hoc rules exist to limit the number of rebalancings and to avoid trading on insignificant information. A proper and reliable portfolio rebalancing rule is necessarily statistical. An investor will want to know whether trading a portfolio for a presumably more optimal one is likely to significantly improve performance in the investment period. If the current portfolio is not statistically significantly different from the optimal, trading is unlikely to be productive. The challenge lies in identifying statistically significant differences. This chapter introduces statistically based rigorous portfolio trading rules for linear constrained MV optimized portfolios. Rigorous statistical rules have not been available until now because standard analytical techniques do not treat linear constrained MV optimization.
Investment Policy And Economic Liabilities
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O
Published: November 2023

Investment policy is the proposed long-term average risk level or asset allocation stock/bond ratio for the fund. For many trustees, appropriately defining investment policy relative to fund liabilities or use of invested assets is a major priority and significant fiduciary responsibility. An investment policy study often consists of substantial expenditures of time and capital. Many consider investment policy as the single most important investment decision for long-term investors. Investment policy is generally implemented in a core-satellite framework comprising strategic and tactical asset management mandates. A strategic asset allocation consists of an optimal risk-adjusted portfolio for a particular stock-bond mix policy and rebalancing to maintain that policy. Strategic asset allocations represent a core investment strategy that are generally based on relatively long-term risk-return relationships relative to liquid, diversified, and economically representative fixed and non- fixed income global capital market indices, often implemented with index funds. Long-term investors consider strategic asset allocation funds the investments of choice because they are designed to optimally enhance long-term compound return on a risk-adjusted basis.
Beetle Bombs
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

If Adolf Hitler had not forbidden offensive research on biological warfare, the Germans might have surpassed the Japanese in entomological weaponry. Scholars speculate that Hitler’s aversion to unconventional arms may have stemmed from having been gassed in the First World War. Others note that among Hitler’s eccentricities was a phobia of bacteria, so producing pathogens by the ton might have been too much for him to contemplate.1 The Führer, however, was not entirely in control of his military. Although Hitler’s prohibition impeded progress, the Nazis were able to surreptitiously pursue offensive research under the auspices of developing defensive capabilities. Germany’s research and development program was centered at the SS Military Medical Academy at Posen, under the supervision of Professor Kurt Blome—Germany’s version of Ishii Shiro, but without the megalomania. As part of Blome’s network, an Institute of Entomology was established within the Waffen-SS by order of Heinrich Himmler.
Korea’s Hailstorms of Hexapods
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

The case presented by the North Koreans and Chinese in 1952 provides either irrefutable evidence that the United States engaged in the most comprehensive and systematic program of entomological warfare in modern times or compelling evidence that the communists had the most coordinated and insidious program of propaganda in memory. Or something intriguingly in-between. All that we know with absolute certainty is that the Korean War produced the most sensational accusations of the use of insects as weapons of war in the last half of the 20th century.The nations of the world were bloodied and exhausted at the end of the Second World War, and neither the capitalists nor the communists were particularly anxious to start another shooting war. Although tensions ran high, an uneasy stalemate developed as the spoils of the beaten Axis powers were divided among the victors. In Germany, this meant splitting a nation into east and west portions. In Korea, the 38th Parallel separated the north and the south.
Yankee (and Vietnamese) Ingenuity
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

Entomologists working to convert insects into weapons for the U.S. Department of Defense could not have asked for a more propitious conflict than a war in Southeast Asia. While Korea was at the latitude of northern Colorado, Vietnam was 2,000 miles closer to the equator—and insects flourish in tropical climes. In 1965, the American military conducted Operation Magic Sword to assess the biting habits of the yellow fever mosquito after being released from a ship anchored off the warm, humid shores of the southeastern United States.1 This was the best approximation, without mounting an insect invasion of another sovereign nation, for determining if vectors released from naval vessels off the coast of Vietnam would make landfall and attack the enemy.
Wimpy Warmups and Real Deals
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A
Published: November 2023

A critical lesson of the last few years is that terrorists can rely on simple weapons: box cutters and car bombs. Whether simplicity is a matter of choice or necessity is difficult to know, but the latter is certainly relevant with respect to biological attacks. Without the scientific and technical support of a militaryindustrial complex, terrorists may be unable to culture and formulate pathogenic organisms into effective weapon systems. Insects, however, offer a low-tech, “safe and effective” alternative: they are easily collected or reared, robust to environmental adversity, and able to disperse on their own. Until recent years, entomological weapons were discounted by some military analysts because of a pair of perceived weaknesses: insect invasions were deemed too slow and too imprecise to alter the course of a modern war. But terrorists are engaged in what we might call postmodern warfare.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Sandel Michael J
Published: November 2023

One way of thinking about the right thing to do, perhaps the most natural and familiar way, is to ask what will produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. This way of thinking about morality finds its clearest statement in the philosophy of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832). In his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789), Bentham argues that the principle of utility should be the basis of morality and law. By utility, he means whatever promotes pleasure or prevents pain.
Locke: Property Rights
Authors: Sandel Michael J
Published: November 2023

One of the difficult things about reading the political theory of John Locke (1632–1704) is that it seems so familiar, especially to those who have grown up in the American system of government. His Second Treatise of Government (1690) argues that legitimate government is a limited government based on consent, in which the majority rules but may not violate people’s fundamental rights. At first glance, Locke’s theory of government may seem too obvious to be interesting. But its surface familiarity conceals some intriguing questions. For example: Just how limited are the powers of government, according to Locke? A legitimate government may not violate our natural right to life, liberty, and property. But Locke allows that government can legitimately take our property through taxation and require citizens to sacrifice their lives in war.
Kant: Freedom as Autonomy
Authors: Sandel Michael J
Published: November 2023

The Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) by Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) is one of the most important works of moral philosophy ever written. But it is not an easy read. One way to approach it is with certain questions in mind: Why, according to Kant, is utilitarianism wrong? Why, for that matter, is it a mistake to base morality on any interest, desire, or empirically given end, including the aim of maximizing happiness? And if no interest or empirically given end can serve as the basis for morality, what other basis could there be? Kant’s answer is that reason is the basis of the moral law. But this answer raises a further question. Different people reason differently. Does this mean that morality is one thing for me and another for you? Kant does not think so. But if reason is the source of morality, how can there be a single, universal moral law, rather than a plurality of such laws? If you can figure out the answer this question, you will be well on your way to making sense of Kant’s moral theory.
Rawls: Justice as Fairness
Authors: Sandel Michael J
Published: November 2023

One way of thinking about justice is to imagine a social contract in which people come together to choose the basic principles that will govern their society. Would the principles chosen in this way be fair? Not necessarily. Some parties to the social contract might be stronger, or wealthier, or savvier than others. Some might take advantage of a superior bargaining position. Now try to imagine a social contract that would not be subject to these contingencies. This is what John Rawls (1921–2002) invites us to imagine in his book A Theory of Justice (1971). According to Rawls, the way to think about justice is to ask what principles would be chosen by people who came together behind a “veil of ignorance” that temporarily deprived them of any knowledge about where they would wind up in society. Only a hypothetical contract such as this, carried out in an original position of equality, would produce principles of justice untainted by differences of bargaining power or knowledge.
Affirmative Action: Reverse Discrimination?
Authors: Sandel Michael J
Published: November 2023

Is it unjust to consider race as a factor in college and university admissions? Some say yes; it is unfair to bestow benefits or impose burdens on people based on characteristics they cannot control. Others point out that many traits that count—including academic, athletic, and musical talent—may not be wholly within the control of the students who possess them (or who do not possess them in sufficient measure to gain admission).This is even more clearly the case with factors such as geographical diversity and “legacy” status (being the child of an alumnus).
Four Relationships between War and Commerce
Authors: Gathii James Thuo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I explore the relationship between commerce, conquest, and the confiscation of private property in the context of war. I do this by examining illustrative case law and other materials. In doing so, I make two primary arguments. My first argument is that the relationship between conquest and confiscation, on the one hand, and commerce, on the other, is not fixed or even stable but rather occupies a continuum between at least two extremes: on one end, the absolute power of a sovereign belligerent to confiscate enemy private property upon conquest, and on the other, the policy of allowing commerce safe passage during times of war. Given this relationship, my second argument is that it is inaccurate to portray the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as periods during which the absolute power of confiscation prevailed, and the twentieth century as a period in which a rule prohibiting confiscation of private property during wartime held sway.
Emergence of the Legislative License
Authors: Phillips Douglas E
Published: November 2023

just before the year 2000, when others were worried about the impending “Y2K” crisis that never came, an article in Network Computing asked about a prospect that it viewed with even more alarm: “What if the law enforced almost any term a software publisher specified in a shrink-wrap license?”1 The article stated that the “very real prospect of this happening” as a result of proposed model legislation had “some of the nation’s largest corporations running scared.”2 Explaining that shrinkwrap licenses affect businesses as well as individual users, the article noted the concern of user groups that enforcing such licenses could lead to “a parade of horrors.”3 The question’s premise was that the enforceability of shrinkwrap license terms remained in doubt. Even by 1999, however, the courts had already largely resolved that issue in favor of software providers. Today, there appears to be little that a shrinkwrap or click-through software license can say to which the law will not give effect. In the early years of the shrinkwrap license, the validity of such licenses was indeed an open question. In 1988, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that federal law preempted a state law that provided for the enforcement of shrinkwrap license terms, when the terms barred the reverse engineering of software.4 In 1991, the Third Circuit held that a “box-top license” printed on a software package did not become part of the parties’ contract.5
Stripping Gypsy
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

Whenever stripper Gypsy Rose Lee encountered public criticism, she spoke frankly in her own defense. “Thousands have seen me at my--ah--best; and thousands have made no objections.” Noralee Frankel’s lively biography, Stripping Gypsy, the first ever published about the highly mythologized Gypsy, examines the struggles Lee faced in making a lucrative and unconventional career for herself while maintaining a sense of dignity and social value. Frankel shows that the famous Miss Lee was an enigma, clearly struggling with her choices and her desire to be respected and legitimized. Those who know Gypsy Rose Lee only from the musical and film based on her rise to stardom will be surprised by what they uncover in Stripping Gypsy. In all ways, Lee trafficked in the incongruous: she was at once sex object, intellectual, and activist. In addition to her highly successful strip-tease act and film career, she published two mystery novels and a memoir, wrote two plays, and showed her original artwork in famed Modern Art-impresario Peggy Guggenheim’s gallery. Lee also gained notoriety for her participation in liberal politics. As photographer Arnold Newman said, “She was a lady, a brilliant, bright woman who was the friend of many writers and intellectuals.” Though she wasn’t above using her femininity to full advantage, Lee aspired to much more than admiration for her physical beauty. Frankel places Lee’s life in social and political context while detailing a fascinating entertainment career, in which Lee created and recreated her own identity to fit changing times. Frankel’s biography transcends the sensationalism of stripping and asks the public to see the woman beneath the costume, a woman who always kept a little of herself shrouded in mystery.
Sophisticated Stripper
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

Back at Minsky’s, Gypsy recreated herself as a sophisticated stripper. “She quickly got the idea from the ritzier people that attended the show that if a stripper could speak even two lines of French, it would be considered a miracle,” noted Morton Minsky. She learned that if she quoted from a book she had read, “she would be considered an intellectual genius, so she went about cultivating these talents.” Gypsy’s married lover, whom she identified only as Eddy, supplied the money for her to cultivate an urbane and chic lifestyle that merged with her new image onstage. Gypsy loved books as a child, and she used a uniquely bookish approach to her act. Unwillingly forced out of schooling, Gypsy must have been pleased to rely on her intellect onstage, unlike any other stripper.

Talking as she stripped, Gypsy conveyed humor and intelligence as well as sexuality to her audience. Witty patter worked for Gypsy. It emphasized her brains and her gift for comedy. Since Gypsy talked all the time, why not onstage? Her dialogue covered up any insecurity about her own talent. Gypsy appeared to relish performing. Presenting sex as mutually pleasurable and nonthreatening to anyone involved, she stripped it of guilt. Ordinary strippers seemed bored or sad and left their audiences feeling sordid. Gypsy left her audiences happy.
Death, Dies, and Mother
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

When Gypsy and Bob bade Rose adieu after their honeymoon, they could not have realized that Rose would soon gain her own publicity. Two months after Rose returned to Witchwood Manor, she testified before a grand jury about the death of a twenty-nine-year-old New York City art teacher, Genevieve Augustin. On June 2, 1937, the coroner was summoned to Witchwood Manor and found Augustin on a bedroom floor with a rifle by her side. The coroner determined that Augustin had shot herself in the temple during a house party for some of Gypsy’s friends, although Gypsy was not there and Rose acted as hostess. In November, a grand jury convened to investigate the supposed suicide at the request of Augustin’s mother, who had raised concerns. The grand jury ultimately agreed with the coroner.
The Naked Genius
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

At the New York World’s Fair in 1940, Mike Todd, the impresario of Gypsy’s show Streets of Paris, posted a large sign proclaiming no cooking backstage. Gypsy ignored it. When Todd confronted her, she explained that she loved to cook and it was more frugal than constantly eating in restaurants. Todd countered that the food smells wafted through the entire theater. Todd demanded to know what Gypsy was cooking. When Gypsy replied that she was frying knockwurst, Todd insisted, “It better be good. I’m a maven.” Before eating, so as not to be a hypocrite, he tore down the sign. Their romance began over their shared passion for sausage.

During the most intense part of their relationship, Gypsy would have willingly given up her independence. Their successful business achievements and the excitement Todd brought to a relationship enthralled her. She admired Todd for being beyond any person’s control. He loved risk and adored gambling. “Nothing frightened Mike, not even fear,” his third wife stated. Such recklessness extended to the way he treated the people around him.
Stripping for Labor and the War Effort
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

Because Gypsy was known as a Democrat, fans jokingly urged her to put herself forward as President Roosevelt’s running mate in 1944. She quipped, “I’d like to but I haven’t kissed a baby in years.”Publicly, Gypsy joked about her loyalty to liberal causes. She attended the Greenwich Village Fair, joining other writers to raise money for the Spanish Refugee Relief Campaign. Gypsy performed along with Al Jolson and Paul Robeson, the gifted African American singer, former athlete, and political activist. A newspaper photographer from the Mirror requested that Gypsy pose for a picture, and she consented. Cheekily, the photographer asked her to lift her skirt, and she complied. Then she informed the photographer she would remove her skirt only for the Daily Worker, the Communist Party newspaper. “She has very spontaneous comebacks for someone with so much leg power,” an acquaintance wrote about the incident.
Motherhood
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

Gypsy appeared in a cameo role in a movie based on the New York Stage Door Canteen, a center for the armed forces during World War II. Proceeds from the Hollywood film went to the USO, which ran these clubs for servicemen. During Star and Garter’s run, Gypsy actually appeared on Friday nights at the canteen in New York with other celebrities.

The movie, entitled Stage Door Canteen, was stitched together by a clichéd romantic plotline about three servicemen and three canteen hostesses. Released in 1943, it featured a stellar array of talent. In the film, as at the actual canteen, the acts ran the gamut from serious to humorous. Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist, film critic, and screenwriter James Agee described it as “a nice harmless picture for the whole family, and a gold mine for those who are willing to go to it in the wrong spirit.
Nothing to Conceal
Authors: Frankel Noralee
Published: November 2023

During the 1940s, understanding that her aging body necessitated a new profession, Gypsy gravitated to radio and television. The media returned the compliment. Although putting a stripper on radio or squeaky-clean television did not seem so smart, Gypsy’s popularity steadily rose. On the radio, her slightly affected but clear and well-paced speech pattern worked well. Although she quipped double-entendres to keep the audience amused, as a guest star, Gypsy was careful to remain appropriate for a family audience.

Gypsy insisted that working in the new communications media represented “a good investment. I feel that I’m building toward something now.” Burlesque comics such as Phil Silvers had made successful transitions to TV, so why not a burlesque queen? Radio and television promised a great future for Gypsy and guaranteed her a very large audience. Fear of obscurity haunted Gypsy constantly. For her, as for all celebrities, fame was a significant part of the commodity she sold, as well as central to her identity.
Choices of Antiepileptic Drugs Based on Speciﬁc Epilepsy Syndromes and Seizure Types
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

For many patients, several agents are good choices with regard to efﬁcacy. However, for the generalized epilepsies, valproate may have the greatest efﬁcacy. Valproate has superior efﬁcacy in regard to seizure control in comparison to topiramate, and topiramate is better than lamotrigine. In respect to side effects and tolerability, lamotrigine is better than valproate and valproate is better than topiramate. In regard to time to treatment failure (considering both efﬁcacy and tolerability), valproate is the most effective drug and lamotrigine is better than topiramate in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) (Marson et al., 2007). Ethosuximide is efﬁcacious for absences but has no or minimal effect on generalized tonicclonic seizures (GTCS).
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Renal Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

The use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the presence of renal insufﬁciency is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. Knowledge of the mechanisms of elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an AED in epilepsy patients with renal impairment (Kuo et al., 2002; Lacerda et al., 2006; Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2007; RxList, n.d.). Drugs that are cleared by the kidneys have different pharmacokinetic properties in the presence of renal failure, and intermittent dialysis can cause signiﬁcant swings in serum levels, depending on serum levels.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Selection of the appropriate antiepileptic therapy should be guided by the recognition that some patients have multiple comorbidities and receive multiple medications. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may have various adverse or beneﬁcial effects in patients with diabetes mellitus. Acetazolamide has rarely caused severe metabolic acidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus (Zaidi and Kinnear, 2004). Diabetic patients should be monitored for a loss of blood glucose control and electrolyte
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With HIV Infection/AIDS
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R
Published: November 2023

Infection with the human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV) is associated both with infections of the central nervous system and with neurological deﬁcits due to direct effects of the neurotropic virus. The incidence of seizures may be as high as 11% in HIV-infected patients (Liedtke et al., 2004; Kellinghaus et al., 2007). The combination regimens used to treat HIV infection often include substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of several cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes. Complex interactions may occur when some antiepileptic drugs are administered to patients receiving treatment for HIV infection. The choice of an appropriate antiepileptic drug (AED) can therefore be challenging. For example, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid have complex drug-drug or drug-disease interactions and are suboptimal in these patients.
Investing to Express Your Values: A Natural Idea
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B
Published: November 2023

The article is about a raid by Indian police on a sweatshop in the back streets of New Delhi. Ten-year-old children worked there, making hand-sewn clothes in inhumane conditions. While such child labor situations exist all over the developing world—including India—the news media have latched onto this story because the clothes are being made for a large retailer with a globally recognized brand—Gap Inc.
Profits or Values?
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B
Published: November 2023

“Are you sure?” asked Anthony, a professional financial advisor hired by a young firm to advise its employees on their pension allocations. The firm had grown rapidly and was well on their way to an initial public offering in the stock market. In antici-pation of this watershed event, the firm had set up a pension plan. With Anthony’s help, the employees were to decide where to invest. As he usually did, Anthony used the meeting to gauge risk characteristics of different employees. He asked them about how they saw themselves living in five years, and in 15 years.
Extremism Why and When
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, my major goal is to answer two questions: Why do like-minded people go to extremes? And when do they do so? As we shall see, the answers to those questions bear on an exceedingly wide range of social puzzles, including the immense power of authorities, the nature of “evil,” the idea of groupthink, and social cascades, by which large groups of people move in new directions in terms of their investments, their political choices, and even their religious convictions. The most important reason for group polarization, and a key to extremism in all its forms, involves the exchange of new information. Group polarization often occurs because people are telling one another what they know, and what they know is skewed in a predictable direction. When they listen to each other, they move.
The War on al Qaeda and the Military Order of November 1 2
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn
Published: November 2023

The days, weeks and months immediately following the attacks of / were the most tense moments I have experienced in my life. This is true, I presume, for most of my generation. It was, as many have stated, “a second Pearl Harbor.” In particular, New York City and Washington, D.C., both places I was in and out of routinely before and after / , were extremely tense. We seemed semper paratus—the United States was prepared to respond to anticipated additional attacks from al Qaeda—and we expected an attack every moment of every day in that fall and early winter of Like many Americans, I felt that the attacks were personal to me. I was born in New York City and still have many relatives there, my two older brothers in particular. One was living with his wife and two children in Battery Park City and one was living in the Franciscan Friary at Street. They both were impacted emotionally, spiritually, and person- ally by the events of that day. In fact, my brother and his wife were at the bottom of the Trade Center when the first plane hit the Twin Towers. They watched in horror as people they knew, and worked with, were killed, some of them jumping from the ninetieth floor to their deaths. Like so many Americans, they vowed never to forget that day.
American Legend, American Shrine
Authors: Desjardin Thomas A
Published: November 2023

As Joshua Chamberlain looked out upon the surviving veterans of the regiment that he had commanded to an unlikely victory on Vincent’s Spur thirty-five years earlier, he struggled to put into words the meaning of the event that had so greatly transformed his life, and the lives of many of his men. His foresight was remarkable. The world has continued to record the events on the spur to an extent beyond what the veterans themselves wrote and, as he foretold, the centuries have recognized the events with growing gratitude and importance. Such is the place that the Civil War, and Gettysburg in particular, has grown to occupy in the American psyche. Carefully examined, the spur is a worthless piece of land. Two hundred feet in diameter, it is little more than a pile of loose rocks and large boulders of no monetary or agricultural value whatsoever. Neither cows nor sheep could or would graze on the stony slopes, trees do not grow straight, tall, or plentifully in its shallow soil, and it yields neither water nor minerals. Yet despite its uselessness, it has become a national shrine, attracting as many as a million visitors each year.
Responsible Citizenship
Authors: Zakaras Alex
Published: November 2023

For over half a century now, social scientists have described American citizens as politically ignorant, apathetic, and self-involved. Consider this familiar litany of empirical findings: with occasional exceptions, voter turnout is low or declining; the average voter’s knowledge of public affairs is flimsy and her judgments vulnerable to “framing” and propaganda; public opinion is unstable and irrational, subject to voters’ variable moods and prejudices, or to the perennial instabilities of aggregation procedures. Readers unfamiliar with the past six decades of research on the American voter are invariably astonished by its pessimism.

Since Joseph Schumpeter’s influential writing in the 1940s, political scientists have used such research to puncture common assumptions about democracy. Democracy is, after all, thought to be government by the people. It is commonly thought to require, at the very least, that citizens be able to form judicious political judgments and be willing to sustain an interest in public affairs. If these requirements turn out to be impossible to fulfill, democracy itself loses much of its appeal. As an ideal, it becomes suddenly unattractive, for it recommends the political empowerment of a group of people terminally unfit for government. As a description, it seems simply wrong, a pleasant veneer that conceals the “iron law” of oligarchy: in modern democracy, as in every other society, elites rule and everyone else follows.