bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the accuracy of the viscous form in simulations of incompressible flow problems
Authors: Hannasch David , Neda Monika
Published: April 2011

We present a numerical study of drag/lift and flux estimates using two forms of Navier‐Stokes equations (NSE) that are equivalent in the continuum formulation but not in the discrete finite element formulation. The two investigated forms of the NSE differ in the viscous term that is represented in one form by νΔu with ν being the viscosity and 2ν∇·∇Su in the other form where ∇S represents the deformation tensor. The study consists of numerical analysis of the two forms and computations of drag/lift, pressure drop on the cylinder problem and computations of flux for the Poiseuille flow. The main objective is to provide a clear comparison of the reference values for the maximal drag and lift coefficient at the cylinder and for the pressure difference between the front and the back of the cylinder at the final time for the two forms of NSEs. Our computational results of the reference values do not differ significantly between the two forms, but the differences are there. For the Poiseuille flow, the differences in the flux computations were much smaller, and this agreed with the computationally obtained results of the divergence of the velocity field. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 523–541, 2012
A block preconditioning technique for the streamfunction‐vorticity formulation of the Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Fairag Faisal A. , Wathen Andrew J.
Published: April 2011

Iterative methods of Krylov‐subspace type can be very effective solvers for matrix systems resulting from partial differential equations if appropriate preconditioning is employed. We describe and test block preconditioners based on a Schur complement approximation which uses a multigrid method for finite element approximations of the linearized incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations in streamfunction and vorticity formulation. By using a Picard iteration, we use this technology to solve fully nonlinear Navier‐Stokes problems. The solvers which result scale very well with problem parameters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011
A priori and a posteriori estimates for three‐dimensional Stokes equations with nonstandard boundary conditions
Authors: Abboud Hyam , El Chami Fida , Sayah Toni
Published: April 2011

In this article, we study the Stokes problem with some nonstandard boundary conditions. The variational formulation decouples into a system for the velocity and a Poisson equation for the pressure. The corresponding discrete system do not need an inf‐sup condition. Hence, the velocity is approximated with “curl” conforming finite elements and the pressure with standard continuous elements. Next, we establish optimal a priori and a posteriori estimates and we finally concluded with numerical tests. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2012
IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are frequent events in central chondrosarcoma and central and periosteal chondromas but not in other mesenchymal tumours
Authors: Amary M Fernanda , Bacsi Krisztian , Maggiani Francesca , Damato Stephen , Halai Dina , Berisha Fitim , Pollock Robin , O'Donnell Paul , Grigoriadis Anita , Diss Tim , Eskandarpour Malihe , Presneau Nadège , Hogendoorn Pancras CW , Futreal Andrew , Tirabosco Roberto , Flanagan Adrienne M
Published: April 2011

Somatic mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and IDH2 occur in gliomas and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Since patients with multiple enchondromas have occasionally been reported to have these conditions, we hypothesized that the same mutations would occur in cartilaginous neoplasms. Approximately 1200 mesenchymal tumours, including 220 cartilaginous tumours, 222 osteosarcomas and another ∼750 bone and soft tissue tumours, were screened for IDH1 R132 mutations, using Sequenom® mass spectrometry. Cartilaginous tumours and chondroblastic osteosarcomas, wild‐type for IDH1 R132, were analysed for IDH2 (R172, R140) mutations. Validation was performed by capillary sequencing and restriction enzyme digestion. Heterozygous somatic IDH1/IDH2 mutations, which result in the production of a potential oncometabolite, 2‐hydroxyglutarate, were only detected in central and periosteal cartilaginous tumours, and were found in at least 56% of these, ∼40% of which were represented by R132C. IDH1 R132H mutations were confirmed by immunoreactivity for this mutant allele. The ratio of IDH1:IDH2 mutation was 10.6 : 1. No IDH2 R140 mutations were detected. Mutations were detected in enchondromas through to conventional central and dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, in patients with both solitary and multiple neoplasms. No germline mutations were detected. No mutations were detected in peripheral chondrosarcomas and osteochondromas. In conclusion, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations represent the first common genetic abnormalities to be identified in conventional central and periosteal cartilaginous tumours. As in gliomas and AML, the mutations appear to occur early in tumourigenesis. We speculate that a mosaic pattern of IDH‐mutation‐bearing cells explains the reports of diverse tumours (gliomas, AML, multiple cartilaginous neoplasms, haemangiomas) occurring in the same patient. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facile method for the synthesis of polyaniline nanospheres and the effect of doping on their electrical conductivity
Authors: Neelgund Gururaj M , Oki Aderemi
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of polyaniline (PANI) nanospheres using a simple template‐free method is described. The polymerization of aniline in aqueous medium was accomplished using ammonium persulfate without any protonic acid. The UV‐visible spectrum of the PANI nanospheres displayed the characteristic absorption peak of the π–π* transition of the benzenoid ring at 355 nm. The oxidation state of the PANI nanospheres was identified with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy by comparing the two bands at 1582 cm−1 (ring stretching in quinoid unit) and 1498 cm−1 (ring stretching in bezenoid unit). X‐ray diffraction patterns demonstrated the low crystallinity of the PANI nanospheres. The morphology of the PANI nanospheres was spherical and their mean diameter was found to be in the range 3–12 nm. The thermal behavior of the PANI nanospheres was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The effect of doping of HCl and H2SO4 on the PANI nanospheres was studied by measuring the current as a function of time of exposure. A high electrical conductivity of 6 × 10−2 S cm−1 was obtained for the PANI nanospheres doped with 100 ppm HCl, their optimum doping state. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced thermal conductivity of semi‐aliphatic liquid crystalline polybenzoxazoles using magnetic orientation
Authors: Hasegawa Masatoshi , Suyama Noriaki , Shimoyama Naoyuki , Aoki Hisashi , Nunokawa Takehiko , Kimura Tohru
Published: April 2011

Polybenzoxazole (PBO) model compounds consisting of benzoxazole mesogenic units linked with long alkyl chains via ether or ester groups were prepared from flexible dicarboxylic acids with two kinds of bis(o‐aminophenol)s, i.e. 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dihydroxybiphenyl (p‐HAB) and 3,3′‐diamino‐4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl (m‐HAB). The results revealed that the use of p‐HAB completely erased the thermotropic liquid crystallinity and that the m‐HAB‐based ether‐linked model compound was much more advantageous for the formation of a stable liquid crystal phase than the corresponding ester‐linked one. However, the relevant high‐molecular‐weight PBOs showed quite opposite results. Only the m‐HAB‐based ester‐linked C10 PBO system showed a liquid crystal‐like texture among various semi‐aliphatic PBO systems examined. A very high thermal conductivity of 1.79 W m−1 K−1 along the thickness direction for the m‐HAB‐based ester‐linked C10 PBO film was achieved by heat treatment in the liquid crystalline state under a strong magnetic field of 10 T. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Organosoluble asymmetric aromatic polyamides bearing pendent phenoxy groups
Authors: Damaceanu Mariana‐Dana , Rusu Radu‐Dan , Nicolescu Alina , Bruma Maria , Rusanov Alexander L
Published: April 2011

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of new polyamides based on an aromatic asymmetric diamine‐containing phenoxy‐substituted benzophenone segment. Low‐temperature solution polycondensation reactions of this diamine with various aromatic diacid chlorides containing ether, hexafluoroisopropylidene or diphenylsilane groups resulted in polyamides with molecular weights in the range 102 900–113 200 g mol−1. The structures of these monomers and the corresponding polymers were fully confirmed using elemental analysis and infrared and NMR spectroscopy. All polyamides were easily soluble at room temperature in polar aprotic solvents and even in less polar solvents such as tetrahydrofuran. The polymers showed excellent thermal stability, up to 385 °C, and displayed glass transition temperatures in the range 225–256 °C. All the polymers presented blue florescence upon irradiation with UV light and thus show promise for applications in electroluminescent devices. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Electron correlation and the stability of substituted alkenes
Authors: Stewart Preston S. , Rodriguez Linda , Ess Daniel H.
Published: April 2011

Isomerization energies for hexenes (C6H12) were evaluated with ab initio (Hartree–Fock (HF), MP2, SCS‐MP2, and CCSD(T)) and several density functional approximation (DFA) methods. CCSD(T)/6‐311+G(2d,p) energies were taken as a benchmark standard. The HF method incorrectly predicts that monosubstituted alkenes are more stable than multiply‐substituted alkenes. DFAs generally predict the correct stability trends of alkenes (mono‐, < di‐, < tri‐, < tetra‐substituted alkenes) but errors in popular functionals, such as B3LYP, can be as large as errors found for alkane hydrocarbon thermochemistries. Some of the HF error is traced back to deficiencies in modeling 1,3‐geminal and 1,4‐vicinal alkyl–alkyl group interactions, called vinylbranches, and changes in CC and CH bond types (sp3–sp2 CC to sp3–sp3 CC and sp3 CH to sp2 CH). The latter is shown to be more significant. Comparison of CCSD(T) energies of trans‐2‐butene with 2‐methylpropylene and cis‐2‐butene suggests that geminal vinylbranches are stabilizing while vicinal vinylbranches are destabilizing. B3LYP and other DFAs have much smaller errors than HF theory due to inclusion of correlation energy that better reproduces bond type changes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate a precursor lesion?
Authors: Zhang Chen , Montironi Rodolfo , MacLennan Gregory T. , Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Li Yan , Tan Puay‐Hoon , Wang Mingsheng , Zhang Shaobo , Iczkowski Kenneth A. , Cheng Liang
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

Alpha‐methylacyl‐CoA racemase (AMACR) is highly expressed in prostatic adenocarcinoma. The precursor nature of atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) is uncertain.

METHODS

One hundred twenty‐one AAH foci from 101 patients who underwent transurethral prostatic resection or prostatectomy were immunohistochemically analyzed for AMACR, high molecular weight cytokeratin 34βE12, and p63 expression by a triple antibody (PIN4) cocktail stain.

RESULTS

Sixty‐eight foci (56%) of AAH showed no AMACR immunostaining. Fourteen cases (12%) showed weak AMACR immunoreactivity in 1–9% of lesional cells. Sixteen cases (13%) showed strong immunopositivity for AMACR in >50% of lesional cells. AMACR expression in AAH was significantly higher in cases in which coexisting PCA was present, compared with its expression in AAH foci without coexisting PCA (P = 0.03). Strong diffuse AMACR positivity in over 50% of lesional cells was seen almost exclusively in AAH foci with coexisting PCA (P = 0.002). AMACR expression in AAH showed no correlation with patient age (P = 0.38), specimen type (P = 0.35), prostate weight (P = 0.80), zonal location (P = 0.50), distance to cancer (P = 0.28), Gleason score (P = 0.06), or pathologic stage (P = 0.23). Increased AMACR expression showed a negative correlation with the size of AAH foci (P = 0.03). All AAH lesions showed fragmented basal cell layers, highlighted by p63 and high molecular weight cytokeratin staining.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant percentage of AAH cases show stronger and more extensive AMACR expression when associated with prostatic adenocarcinoma, as compared to AAH foci found without coexisting prostate cancer. Our data provide additional evidence linking AAH to prostatic adenocarcinoma. Prostate 71:1746–1751, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone marrow‐derived macrophages are associated with androgen modulated prostate regeneration
Authors: Ikehara Akashi , Maeda Hiroyuki , Kimura Taichi , Saito Seiichi , Ochiai Atsushi
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have reported that bone marrow‐derived cells (BMDCs) can be cellular components of tissue undergoing remodeling. However, the types of BMDCs that contribute to prostate regeneration are unclear. Elucidating the association between BMDCs and prostate regeneration will help to identify the mechanism responsible for abnormal prostate tissue remodeling in conditions such as benign prostate hyperplasia, proliferative inflammatory atrophy, and prostate cancer.

METHODS

We used a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) technique involving green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐expressing bone marrow cells and a murine model of prostate regeneration induced by androgen modulation. Immunophenotypes of recruited GFP‐positive cells at days 3, 14, and 28 after regeneration were analyzed in the prostate tissue of mice that had undergone BMT.

RESULTS

During the regenerating process, the most abundant BMDC phenotype was the F4/80‐positive macrophage followed by the CD3‐positive T lymphocyte. The proportion of all nucleated cells that were F4/80‐positive BMDCs was greatest at day 3 after regeneration and was lower at days 14 and 28. By contrast, the proportion of F4/80‐positive/GFP‐negative cells remained unchanged at days 3, 14, and 28. Macrophage‐colony stimulating factor mRNA expression level was the highest in the regenerating prostate. The number of F4/80‐positive BMDCs, but not CD3‐positive BMDCs, correlated with the proliferative activity of epithelial cells of the regenerating prostate at day 14.

CONCLUSIONS

The observation that bone marrow‐derived macrophages are recruited into the prostate where they associate with prostate regeneration suggests that bone marrow‐derived macrophages are involved in prostate regeneration. Prostate 72:1–11, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth of dilute nitrides and 1.3 µm edge emitting lasers on GaAs by MBE
Authors: Wang S. M. , Adolfsson G. , Zhao H. , Song Y. X. , Sadeghi M. , Gustavsson J. , Modh P. , Haglund Å. , Westbergh P. , Larsson A.
Published: April 2011

In this paper, we report recent progresses on growth of dilute nitrides and 1.3 µm lasers on GaAs using molecular beam epitaxy at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden. Intense long wavelength light emission up to 1.71 µm at room temperature has been achieved by using the N irradiation method and the low growth rate. It is also demonstrated that incorporation of N in relaxed InGaAs buffer grown on GaAs strongly enhances the optical quality of metamorphic InGaAs quantum wells. With the optimized growth conditions and the laser structures, we demonstrate 1.3 µm GaInNAs edge emitting lasers on GaAs with state‐of‐the‐art performances including a low threshold current density, a high‐characteristic temperature, a 3 dB bandwidth of 17 GHz and uncooled operation at 10 Gbit/s up to 110 °C. The laser performances are comparable with the best reported data from the InGaAsP lasers on InP and is superior to the InAs quantum dot lasers on GaAs.
Porous germanium multilayers
Authors: Garralaga Rojas Enrique , Hensen Jan , Carstensen Jürgen , Föll Helmut , Brendel Rolf
Published: April 2011

We present the reproducible fabrication of porous germanium (PGe) single‐ and multilayers. Mesoporous layers form on heavily doped 4” p‐type Ge wafers by electrochemical etching in highly concentrated HF‐based electrolytes with concentrations in a range of 30‐50 wt.%. Direct PGe formation is accompanied by a constant dissolution of the already‐formed porous layer at the electrolyte/PGe interface, hence yielding a thinner substrate after etching. This effect inhibits multilayer formation as the starting layer is etched while forming the second layer. We avoid dissolution of the porous layer by alternating the etching bias from anodic to cathodic. PGe formation occurs during anodic etching whereas the cathodic step passivates pore walls with H‐atoms and avoids electropolishing. The passivation lasts a limited time depending on the etching current density and electrolyte concentration, necessitating a repetition of the cathodic step at suitable intervals. With optimized alternating bias mesoporous multilayer production is possible. We control the porosity of each single layer by varying the etching current density and the electrolyte (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and Raman spectroscopy study of TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Alcántara R. , Navas J. , Fernández‐Lorenzo C. , Martín J. , Guillén E. , Anta J. A.
Published: April 2011

Nanostructured anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) was synthesized by hydrolysis of tetrabutyl titanate at low temperature, re‐disolution with nitric acid and subsequent precipitation and annealing at different temperatures. Raman spectroscopy has been used for determining the crystallite size of the samples, through analysis of the bandwidth and position of the strongest Eg mode (phonon confinement model) and the position of the low‐wavenumber band (acoustic‐phonon confinement). A reasonable agreement is found with the data obtained using X‐Ray diffraction and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, although the differences increase when the crystallite size increases. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Emission related to exciton‐polariton coupling in porous SiC
Authors: Torchynska T. V. , Diaz Cano A. , Yescas Hernandez J. A. , Vorobiev Yu. V. , Shcherbyna L. V.
Published: April 2011

The paper presents the results of SiC nanocrystal (NC) characterization using the photoluminescence (PL), its temperature dependence and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. It is revealed that original n‐type 6H‐SiC wafers and porous 6H‐SiC layers consisted inclusions of 2H‐SiC, 4H‐SiC, and 8H‐SiC polytypes. The photoluminescence study has shown that in porous SiC layers the emission intensity of high energy PL bands enlarges. Temperature dependences of high energy PL bands testify that these PL bands related to excitons bounded at nitrogen donors in different SiC polytypes. The PL intensity enhancement of donor‐bound exciton PL bands in the big size (50‐250nm) SiC nanocrystals has been attributed to the realization of exciton weak confinement and exciton‐polariton coupling in SiC nanocrystals. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A SATS algorithm for jointly identifying multiple differentially expressed gene sets
Authors: Yang Tae Young
Published: April 2011

A gene set in DNA microarrays is a group of genes that share a common biological function, chromosomal location, or regulation. This paper discusses the problem of jointly identifying multiple differentially expressed gene sets associated with a phenotype of interest from many hundreds of pre‐defined gene sets in a microarray experiment. We propose a null hypothesis that any group of gene sets from the experiment is not differentially expressed. The hypothesis is applicable to a real microarray experiment, where only a fraction of gene sets examined in the experiment are differentially expressed. To test this hypothesis, we provide an algorithm called set association for tail strength (SATS). SATS assigns the tail‐strength statistic (TS) to each gene set to measure differential expression that is related to the phenotype of interest, combines the statistics into an overall association measure of multiple gene sets by utilizing a set‐association method, and then calculates the significance of the overall measure by conducting sample permutations. SATS performs a simultaneous significance test on several gene sets, while controlling the Type I error rate. As multiple gene sets work together toward the significance, SATS can capture correlations across gene sets that should be considered in assessing joint statistical significance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Properties of Glass‐Ceramics Synthesized from Blast Furnace Slag with Different Sizes
Authors: Lu Hong‐xia , Liu Hong‐yu , He Man , Yu Lin , Wan Fang , Chen De‐liang , Wang Hai‐long , Xu Hong‐liang , Zhang Rui
Published: April 2011

Glass‐ceramics were made from ground blast‐furnace slag and other additives using a conventional ceramic‐sintering route. The weight percent of blast furnace slag reached more than 90% in raw material. The size influence of slag powders on the properties of glass‐ceramics was investigated. The main crystalline phase of glass‐ceramic is melilite. A high microhardness between 4.4 to 5.2 GPa and a bending strength between 74 to 90 MPa as well as a density between 2.5 to 2.8 g/cm3 were obtained. The result indicated that the obtained glass‐ceramics present desirable properties for building materials, and this may be an attractive method for making useful and marketable products from the waste of iron production.
AlN Precipitation During Isothermal Annealing of Ultra Low Carbon Steel
Authors: Radis Rene , Schwarz Sabine , Zamberger Sabine , Kozeschnik Ernst
Published: April 2011

The precipitation of AlN is investigated in the austenite region of ultra low carbon steel. The evolution of the size and the morphology of AlN precipitates are studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after isothermal annealing for different times at temperatures of 950 °C and 1050 °C. Various different morphologies are observed, including cuboids, large plates as well as irregular structures. In addition to the experimental analysis, thermo‐kinetic simulations are carried out with the software package MatCalc. The numerically calculated evolution of the mean radii as well as the time‐temperature‐precipitation (TTP) diagram for AlN precipitation in the present alloy show good agreement with experiment.
Development of Technologies for High Phosphorus Oolitic Hematite Utilization
Authors: Jie Wu , Zhijun Wen , Mingjin Cen
Published: April 2011

With increasing consumption of iron ore over the world, new technology of beneficiation and smelting is more urgently needed than ever before to explore ores which, are difficult to utilise by beneficiation and smelting processes. Oolitic Hematite mines, iron ore with poor beneficiation efficiency are widely distributed in China with the most abundant deposits. In this paper, comprehensive technology integrating beneficiation and smelting processes was proposed. This paper reports the experimental results on ore beneficiation, pretreatment of hot metal with high phosphorus and dephosphorization during direct reduction. It would provide technology support for the efficient utilization of high phosphorus Oolitic Hematite, and also provide technology for industrial demonstrating projects.
Rapid small‐scale starch isolation using a combination of ultrasonic sonication and sucrose density separation
Authors: Benmoussa Mustapha , Hamaker Bruce R.
Published: April 2011

The proposed rapid small‐scale starch isolation technique in the laboratory was a combination of dry grinding of grain, suspension of the resulting flour in extraction buffer, application of ultrasonic sonication, then separation by sucrose density centrifugation. Light microscopy of separated fractions showed intact starch granules in the pellet and proteins and damaged starch in the top layer. The extraction method yielded 61% starch from sorghum and 63% from maize. The isolated starch showed lower starch damage and proteins content than by the conventional method. The gelatinization enthalpy of isolated starch was slightly higher than by wet grinding conventional method. In addition to low amount of starting flour (100 mg) the new starch isolation method was performed in less than 2 h from dry grinded seed to dried starch. Thus, it could be a useful method for cereal chemists and plant genetists.
Prognostic Significance of Young Age (<35 Years) by Subtype Based on ER, PR, and HER2 Status in Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Registry‐Based Study
Authors: Kim Eun‐Kyu , Noh Woo Chul , Han Wonshik , Noh Dong‐Young
Published: April 2011

Background

Young age is regarded as an adverse prognostic factor in patients with breast cancer, especially in those with a hormone receptor (HR)‐positive tumor. We investigated the prognostic significance of an age of <35 years stratified by molecular subtype based on HR and HER2.

Methods

Two large databases of Korean breast cancer patients, which included nationwide registry data, were analyzed.

Results

In an analysis of 2,474 patients from the single institution, an age of <35 years was found to be an independent predictor of recurrence in patients with HR+/HER2− (hazard ratio 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.11–3.14; P = 0.018), HR+/HER2+ (hazard ratio 3.09; 95% CI: 1.19–8.03; P = 0.020), and HR−/HER2+ (hazard ratio 2.01; 95% CI: 1.03–3.92; P = 0.040) subtypes, but not in those with the HR−/HER2− (triple‐negative, TN) subtype (hazard ratio 1.08; 95% CI: 0.60–1.95; P = 0.802). The results of an analysis of nationwide database data on 31,672 patients also showed that an age of <35 years significantly predicted poor cancer‐specific survival in patients with HR+/HER2− (hazard ratio 3.40; 95% CI: 2.41–4.82; P < 0.001), HR+/HER2+ (hazard ratio 1.96; 95% CI: 1.23–3.12; P = 0.005), and HR−/HER2+ (hazard ratio 1.65; 95% CI: 1.07–2.52; P = 0.022) subtypes, but again not in those with the TN subtype (hazard ratio 1.21; 95% CI: 0.88–1.67; P = 0.240).

Conclusion

The prognostic significance of young age was found to depend on molecular subtype. An age of <35 years was a poor prognosticator in patients with the HR+/HER2−, HR+/HER2+, and HR−/HER2+ subtypes, but not in those with the TN subtype.
Unjustly Condemned?: Roman Catholic Involvement in the APUC 1857–64
Authors: Stuart E. B.
Published: April 2011

The Association for the Promotion of the Unity of Christendom (APUC), a joint Anglican/Roman Catholic association of prayer, was founded on 8 September 1857. Seven years later it was condemned by the Holy See for encouraging indifferentism by claiming that the Roman, Greek and Anglican Churches had an equal right to the title ‘Catholic’, the distinctive mark of a true Church. The papal rescript in which the condemnation was contained, Ad omnes Angliae episcopos, also offered a precise definition of the nature of the ‘Catholic Church’ which, in effect, excluded all possible schemes for reunion between the Churches except on the basis of unconditional submission to the Holy See.
The Tories and Church Patronage: 1812–30
Authors: Gibson William
Published: April 2011

For the most part historians of the nineteenth century have tended to categorise the Whigs as the party of reform and the Tories as the party opposed to it. This trend has been strongest in the spheres of political and ecclesiastical history and has been supported by reference to events that led to the reforms of Church and State in the 1830s. The Whig commitment to ecclesiastical reform under Grey and Melbourne has established their reputation in the minds of historians as Church reformers without equal in the era.
Merovingian, Carolingian and Cluniac Monasticism: Reform and Renewal in Burgundy
Authors: Bouchard Constance B.
Published: April 2011

Monastic renewal of the eleventh century used to be treated by scholars as essentially Cluniac : Cluny, as the head of an order totalling hundreds of houses, spread its reform across Europe as the tide spreads across a beach. More recently, since Kassius Hallinger demonstrated the existence of multiple centres of reform in his classic study of Gorze, it has become common to draw distinctions between ‘Cluniac’ and ‘young’ (or ‘second-generation’) Cluniac influences, and Cluny's ‘order’ has been redefined to include only priories directly dependent on Cluny's abbot, encompassing not hundreds of houses but only dozens. However, Cluny's order is still commonly treated as something new and unprecedented and Cluniac reform in the tenth and eleventh centuries as prefiguring the monastic renewal of the High Middle Ages.
Clovis and Constantine. The Uses of History in Sixteenth-Century Gallicanism
Authors: Salmon J. H. M.
Published: April 2011

A strong case has been made for the appearance of a new kind of history in late sixteenth-century France. Whether or not it deserves the label ‘historicist’, it has been credited with a desire to discover the objective face of the past, with a critical approach to sources, and even, though more rarely, with attempts to explain historical process. Prominent among the new brand of historians are Jean du Tillet, Charles du Moulin, Pierre and François Pithou, Claude Fauchet and Etienne Pasquier. All these men of the robe are also celebrated as defenders of the liberties of the Gallican Church. The Gallican tradition shared an attitude towards the past that was quite contrary to the new history. It did not accept change for its own sake, nor did it see change as improvement pointing towards the present.
Shipping and Trade between Hamburg-Bremen and the Indian Ocean, 1870–1914
Authors: Kellenbenz Hermann
Published: April 2011

This study is intended to give a short survey on the development of shipping and trade between two main German ports and the Indian Ocean from the early years of the Bismarck period to the beginning of the First World War. The study deals with the area from East Africa to East India and from Indochina to Indonesia. China, the Philippines, and Australia will not be considered. It is based on an analysis of published material.
Malay Urbanization and the Ethnic Profile of Urban Centres in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Thong Lee Boon
Published: April 2011

Many writers have shown that Peninsular Malaysia is undergoing rapid urbanization. The proportion of the total population living in urban areas, for instance, increased from 15·9 per cent in 1947 to 28·7 per cent in 1970. This growth is more readily appreciated if it is noted that the per annum urban population increase after independence (that is, between 1957 and 1970) is nearly twice the per annum increase in the previous inter-censal period (1947–1957). This rapid urbanization ushers in many political, social and economic problems among which is the unbalanced ethnic constituents of the urban population.
Pibulsongkram's Thai Nation-Building Programme during the Japanese Military Presence, 1941–1945
Authors: Numnonda Thamsook
Published: April 2011

During the Second World War, there was a momentous drive to build a new Thai society under the Government of Pibulsongkram, popularly known as Pibul. The wave of these changes lasted only about five years, but it had an enormous effect on all aspects of Thai life.
Military Expediency: A Determining Factor in the Japanese Policy Regarding Burmese Independence
Authors: Yoon Won Z.
Published: April 2011

Military consideration had been given top priority by the Japanese policy-makers in formulating policy towards Burma immediately prior to and after the outbreak of the Pacific War. This was evident in their decision to establish military administration in Burma in March 1942, and in granting independence to the Burmese in August 1943. These decisions, however, had an adverse effect for Japan during the war years, since they were largely responsible for turning the Burmese against Japan.
The Japanese Period in Indochina and the Coup of 9 March 1945
Authors: Smith Ralph B.
Published: April 2011

For the greater part of the period from 1940 to 1945, French Indochina occupied a peculiar place in the Co-Prosperity Sphere of Great East Asia. Following the capitulation of France before the German army in June 1940, the northern part of Indochina became the first area in Southeast Asia to admit Japanese troops — at that stage, as an extension of the Japanese campaign in southern China. In July 1941 the Japanese advance into southern Indochina marked the first step towards a full-scale attack on European and American possessions in the whole region, which materialized in December 1941. But this military advance into Indochina, precisely because it took place before the general assault on Southeast Asia and the Pacific, had to be achieved by means of agreements and treaties with an established government. These were possible only because the French in Indochina decided to recognize the pro-German government at Vichy, so that the Japanese were able to apply diplomatic pressure both in France and at Hanoi. Once the agreements had been made, the Japanese saw no need to change the basis of their occupation of Indochina even after December 1941; they were by then preoccupied with establishing their presence in other areas. Consequently they continued to recognize the French administration in Indochina and to maintain diplomatic relations with it, so long as diplomatic pressure was sufficient to ensure that Japanese military needs were fully met.
SEATO: Why It Survived until 1977 and Why It Was Abolished
Authors: Buszynski Leszek
Published: April 2011

The South East Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO) was established under the aegis of the Manila Pact which was formed in September 1954. As an international organization with its headquarters in Bangkok, SEATO had two functions; first, it was to provide limited economic assistance and counter-insurgency advice to its Southeast Asian members — Thailand and the Philippines. Second, its Military Planning Office comprised a group of senior officers drawn from member countries whose job it was to prepare plans for an alliance response in the event of a Communist invasion of Indochina. In this sense SEATO was created to ensure that the Vietnamese Communists would observe the Geneva agreements of July 1954.
The Cocos-Keeling Islands
Authors: Dutt Srikant
Published: April 2011

In recent years a sizeable literature has emerged concerning the Indian Ocean, owing in particular to the growth of perceived superpower rivalry and the resulting proposal by some littoral and regional states, notably Sri Lanka and India that the Indian Ocean should be declared a zone of peace. The strategic importance of the ocean has been dramatized by the build-up of the U. S. base in Diego Garcia. Every port and island has become of potential strategic importance as well. In the early 1970s, concern was expressed in the West over reports of Soviet bases at Berbera and Socotra in Somalia and the possible use of Gan in the Maldives after British withdrawal. As a highlight to this wider canvas, the Cocos-Keeling Islands emerged briefly in 1972 both as an internal Australian political issue which embarrassed the then ruling Liberal-Country party government and as a potentially embarrassing international issue at a time when Australia was preparing Papua-New Guinea for independence. However, the Cocos-Keeling Islands quickly slipped back into the obscurity from which they had briefly emerged, both during the period of Gough Whitlam's Labour government and later when the Liberal-Country party came back to power.
The Changing Landscape of the Past: New Histories in Thailand Since 1973
Authors: Winichakul Thongchai
Published: April 2011

Historical studies in Thailand have been closely related to the formation of the nation since the late nineteenth century, and until recently the pattern of the past in this elitist craft changed but little. It presented a royal/national chronicle, a historiography modern in character but based upon traditional perceptions of the past and traditional materials. It was a collection of stories by and for the national elite celebrating their successful mission of building and protecting the country despite great difficulties, and promising a prosperous future. The plot and meaning of this melodramatic past have become a paradigm of historical discourse, making history an ideological weapon and a source of legitimation of the state.
The Records of the Former Japanese Army Concerning the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
Authors: Kawashima Midori
Published: April 2011

One field of study which still remains unexplored in connection with the Japanese occupation is to examine the Japanese army's view of events by using Japanese military records. This paper gives an outline of records relating to the occupation of the Philippines found at the Military Archives of the National Institute for Defense Studies in Tokyo, and discusses their historical significance.
Recent Economic Trends in Southeast Asia: Introduction
Authors: Hooley Richard
Published: April 2011

The following papers were presented at a session of the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Mid-Atlantic Region of the Association of Asian Studies held in Pittsburgh, 22–24 October 1982. The countries that are discussed (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka) have a number of fundamental structural characteristics in common. All are open economies — i.e. foreign trade is a key element in their economic structure. All are still heavily dependent on the export of primary products, although light manufactures currently account for a small but increasing share of total exports. All have agricultural systems based on monsoon rice culture. All became politically independent after World War II. Three of the four are free enterprise economies while the fourth (Sri Lanka) shifted from a socialist to a free enterprise venue a few years ago. All possess enterprising populations with literacy rates that fall somewhere between 60 and 90 per cent — uniformly high by less developed country (LDC) standards. The importance of personal relationships and a profound sense of individualism permeate these cultures, and the establishment of a modern bureaucracy is a relatively recent phenomenon.
Individual and Society in Contemporary Thailand and Java: An Anthropologist's Comparison of Modern Serious Fiction
Authors: Mulder Niels
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this article is to gain insights into the relationship between individual and society in contemporary Thailand and Java by investigating how this relationship is seen by the most creative Thai and Javanese authors of modern Thai and Indonesian serious fiction. These authors have been selected because competent local informants thought them to be the best writers of socially relevant novels and short stories. It is expected that the comparative dimension of this article may be conducive to gain a finer understanding of the relationship between individual and society in two culturally related societies than would be possible to achieve by the study of each of them in isolation. Moreover, such comparison may help to control the observer's bias by raising questions that are not necessarily related to the latter's cultural or academic background.
Tan Cheng Lock: A Malayan Nationalist
Authors: Tregonning K. G.
Published: April 2011

Tan Cheng Lock was born in Malacca in 1883. His father Tan Keong Ann, his illustrious grandfather Tan Choon Bock, and his great grandfather were also born there, while his great great grandfather Tan Hay Kwan, who had migrated from Fukien as a youth to Malacca in the latter part of the eighteenth century (circa 1765), had died there in 1801. The Tans by now have been part of Malacca for over two hundred years.
Shahnon Ahmad's No Harvest but a Thorn
Authors: Thumboo Edwin
Published: April 2011

No Harvest but a Thorn opens with a sentence whose emphatic brevity outlines the macrocosm governing the interlocking spiritual, emotional, and physical environment inhabited by Lahuma and his family. That

Life and death, dearth and plenty, are in the hands of God. In the hands of Allah the Almighty. (p. 1)

is simultaneously religious doctrine and empirical attitude, declaration of faith and supplication. Moreover, the quartet of primeval forces, announced with stark simplicity of tone, creates a powerful, complementing sense of time as a cycle felt through significant events. Thus marshalled, the four key words emphasize further both their antithetical and complementing relationships (life-plenty, death-dearth) and the degree to which events, and the processes they embody, control the rhythms of life in Banggul Derdap. Allah presides over cause and effect. As the pair of sentences occurs four times in the first eight, relatively short paragraphs of Chapter 1, the realities of these basic equations are installed as constants in the readers' awareness. A vital point regarding what constitutes an essential part of Lahuma's existence is being urged vigorously for their benefit. Their world view, limited though it proves, derives from and remains utterly dependent on these dominant elements in the macrocosm. Village life, which takes hard, unremitting labour for granted, is prone to sudden, tragic turns — a fact that alters the scale we are inclined to adopt when assessing the tenor and the general quality of life.
Some Thoughts on the Economic Development of Malaya under British Administration
Authors: Drabble J. H.
Published: April 2011

Several years ago Wong Lin Ken noted that, as yet, no general economic history of Malaysia had been written. Since then a considerable number of studies in both article and bookform have appeared; too many for a comprehensive listing here. These range from specialised works on particular industries, or aspects such as immigration, to more wide-ranging analyses of the political, social and administrative structure. The periods surveyed also vary considerably, but the tendency is towards relatively short time-spans of some twenty to forty years in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Only one recent book, Economic Development of Modern Malaya by an economist, Lim Chong Yah, seeks to cover the economy as a whole over a longer period, roughly 1874–1963. But from the historian's viewpoint, much primary research still remains to be done before the pattern of changes in this period can be explained in full detail. However, the work done to date makes it possible to re-examine certain broad aspects such as the effects which can be directly attributed to the introduction of British administration. This is facilitated if some account is also taken of the very extensive literature on economic development, and colonialism, as well as on the situation in other countries with a similar historical experience. It must be emphasised that the following survey is necessarily selective in terms of the topics included and the published materials referred to.
Cinemas and Censorship in Colonial Malaya
Authors: Stevenson Rex
Published: April 2011

By the mid-1920s, the spread and popularity of a Hollywood dominated cinema in Malaya, and elsewhere in the Empire, was causing the British considerable concern. The motion picture or cinematograph (as it was then called) was a rapidly growing entertainment and educative phenomenon that transcended barriers of literacy and language in its appeal and was freely accessible to all sections of colonial society. In the words of a contemporary, “it taught the mass of uneducated Asiatics about the white race.” In Malaya, the Government had acted to place controls on the cinema soon after its introduction but by the opening years of the 1920s there was a growing number of travellers and expatriate critics who felt that the authorities had not yet realized the seriousness of the ‘threat’ posed by the cinema and had not acted with enough purpose in imposing safeguards. To emerge as the leading campaigner on the subject was Sir Hesketh Bell, (late Governor of Mauritius) who visited Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies in 1926, on a private tour of the Far East.
A Review of the Educational Developments in the Federated Malay States to 1939
Authors: Fook-Seng Philip Loh
Published: April 2011

An educational system reflects the norms and needs of the society it serves. In the Federated Malay States, a plural society, there were four separate school systems, each with its own distinctive characteristics. This paper discusses the British role in their development. The period studied extends from around 1900 to the outbreak of World War Two.
British Planning for Post-war Malaya
Authors: Turnbull C. M.
Published: April 2011

There is perhaps no more startling example in the history of the British Empire of a casual, almost imperceptible shift of attitude in the Colonial Office having such dramatic repercussions as in Malaya in 1874. Authorised to “enquire and report” into conditions in the western Malay states, the new Governor, Sir Andrew Clarke, found himself carried away by forces on the spot, which had been building up for twenty years while the British government maintained a strict policy of non-involvement. Within weeks of arriving in Malaya, Clarke made agreements with three Malay rulers for British Residents to be attached to their states, and laid the foundations for the relentless spread of British protection over the whole peninsula. These repercussions mystified Colonial Office officials at the time and left future generations of historians to unravel the mystery of what had happened and why.
Industrial and Occupational Change in Peninsular Malaysia, 1947–70
Authors: Hirschman Charles
Published: April 2011

Only a couple of decades ago, the prospects for socio-economic development in the Third World seemed much brighter than at present. The economic theories of the 1950s and early 1960s, at least those of the North American variety, prescribed more capital investment (from domestic and foreign sources) which then would lead to a “take-off” into sustained economic growth. Political theorists advocated Western political development as an irreversible step which would lead to modern democratic societies. Other social scientists suggested that the spread of modern values — “modernity” — to the developing world would solve the basic problems of underdevelopment. Those days of simpleminded theories were buoyed by the short-term euphoria of the decolonization process. If the political leaders of the newly-independent states were determined to achieve development, as indeed they were, it seemed possible that these strategies would lead to progressive social and economic changes.
Cultural Chameleons: Portuguese Eurasian Strategies for Survival in Post-colonial Malaysia
Authors: Sarkissian Margaret
Published: April 2011

This article documents the shifting identity over time of a single Malaysian ethnic minority, the Portuguese Eurasian community of Malacca. Through a close examination of three pivotal historical moments (1952, 1969, and 1995), it shows how cultural phenomena (in this case, music and dance) play key roles in the projection of new public images.
Indonesia's West Irian case in the UN General Assembly, 1954.
Authors: Brown Colin
Published: April 2011

In August 1953, Dr Ali Sastroamidjojo formed his first Cabinet in Indonesia. In doing so, he heralded the beginning of some major changes in Indonesian policies, both domestic and foreign. It is the purpose of this paper to examine certain aspects of the latter policy, particularly with respect to the United Nations.
Constructing a China Metaphor: Sukarno's Perception of the PRC and Indonesia's Political Transformation
Authors: Liu Hong
Published: April 2011

Throughout Sukarno's long and colourful political career, China constituted one of the central objects in his construction of the outside world. What did the PRC stand for in his intellectual and political imagination? How relevant was Sukarno's China perception to the evolution of his own socio-political thought? This paper suggests that Sukarno's favourable view of the PRC reflected more of his predispositions about Indonesia than it did Chinese realities. China as seen through Sukarno's eyes became the point of reference for both intellectual judgement and political thinking. Furthermore, Sukarno employed his perception of China as a cultural metaphor, social symbol, and political model in his drive to establish and consolidate the Guided Democracy regime.