bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation Between Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytopathology and Histopathology of the Lung in Dogs and Cats
Authors: DeBerry Jennifer D. , Norris Carol R. , Samii Valerie F. , Griffey Stephen M. , Almy Frederic S.
Published: September 2014

Medical records from 28 patients having fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytopathology and histopathology of pulmonary lesions were reviewed. Clinical signs, thoracic radiographs, cytopathology, histopathology, and complications associated with FNA were evaluated. Correlation between cytopathological and histopathological diagnoses was determined.

Cytopathological specimens were classified as neoplastic, inflammatory, or nondiagnostic. Histopathological diagnoses were categorized as neoplastic or inflammatory. No complications were observed following FNA. Diagnoses obtained by FNA cytopathology accurately reflected the diagnosis obtained on histopathological examination in 82% of cases. Fine-needle aspiration cytopathology of the lung is a useful and safe diagnostic tool in dogs and cats with pulmonary parenchymal lesions.
Canine Synovial Sarcoma: A Retrospective Assessment of Described Prognostic Criteria in 16 Cases (1994–1999)
Authors: Fox Derek B. , Cook James L. , Kreeger John M. , Beissenherz Marilyn , Henry Carolyn J.
Published: September 2014

Pertinent patient data and biopsied tissue from 16 cases of canine synovial sarcoma (SS) were reviewed. Histopathological grade, clinical stage, and tissue immunoreactivity to cytokeratin (broad stain, AE1/AE3 and cytokeratin 7) and vimentin were determined and correlated with survival. Effect of treatment on survival was similarly evaluated. Neither clinical stage nor histopathological grade significantly affected survival patterns. Tissues from all cases stained >30% positively with vimentin, whereas no tissue from any case exhibited cytokeratin immunoreactivity. Dogs receiving surgical tumor excision or amputation had a significantly higher survivability than those receiving no treatment (P<0.02). Treatment aggressiveness may be more appropriate than clinical staging or tumor grading in predicting survival. Reliability of diagnosing and prognosticating canine SS with current immunohistochemistry protocols should be questioned.
Cutaneous Neosporosis During Treatment of Pemphigus Foliaceus in a Dog
Authors: Ordeix Laura , Lloret Albert , Fondevila Dolors , Dubey J. P. , Ferrer Lluís , Fondati Alessandra
Published: September 2014

A 4-year-old, intact male rottweiler was presented with a 10-day history of papulonodular dermatitis. At the time of presentation, the dog was receiving prednisone and azathioprine to treat pemphigus foliaceus. Cutaneous neosporosis was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry on skin biopsy specimens and a high serum antibody titer to Neospora caninum by Neospora agglutination test. Electron microscopy examination of skin specimens further supported the diagnosis. Clindamycin therapy, together with withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication, resulted in prolonged clinical remission. This report documents cutaneous neosporosis in an adult dog and suggests that immunosuppressive therapy might be a predisposing factor.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism Associated With Blastomyces dermatitidis in a Dog
Authors: McGuire Nancy C. , Vitsky Allison , Daly Curt M. , Behr Melissa J.
Published: September 2014

An 8-year-old, male castrated golden retriever presented for cough and increased respiratory effort. Radiographs revealed an alveolar pattern in the right caudal lung lobe and an opacity at the carina suspected to be enlarged tracheobronchial lymph nodes. The disease progressed to involve the right middle lung lobe. Cytopathology of a fine-needle aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were nondiagnostic. Surgical removal of the right caudal lung lobe and biopsy of the perihilar lymph nodes revealed pulmonary thromboembolism and reactive lymph nodes. The dog died several days postoperatively, and necropsy revealed diffuse pulmonary thromboembolism. Additionally, Blastomyces dermatitis organisms were identified in a pyogranulomatous mass surrounding the trachea near the carina. In an extensive literature search, no reports of pulmonary thromboembolism associated with blastomycosis were identified. It is suspected that the inflammation secondary to blastomycosis caused the thromboembolism.
Four Fraction Palliative Radiotherapy for Osteosarcoma in 24 Dogs
Authors: Green Eric M. , Adams William M. , Forrest Lisa J.
Published: September 2014

Twenty-four dogs underwent palliative radiotherapy consisting of four 8 gray (Gy) fractions of 60Co radiation on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 at 26 sites for axial (n=11) or appendicular (n=15) osteosarcoma. Response was noted in 92% of sites treated. Seventeen dogs were euthanized due to local or metastatic disease, one dog died of metastatic disease, five dogs died of unrelated causes, and one dog is alive. The four fraction protocol is effective for palliation of clinical signs associated with axial or appendicular osteosarcoma and may result in a higher response rate and longer survival time than three fraction palliative protocols.
Breed Susceptibility for Developmental Orthopedic Diseases in Dogs
Authors: LaFond Elizabeth , Breur Gert J. , Austin Connie C.
Published: September 2014

A large-scale epidemiological study was conducted to determine breeds at risk for 12 developmental orthopedic diseases (DODs). Developmental orthopedic diseases investigated included canine hip dysplasia (CHD); craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO); fragmented coronoid process; hypertrophic osteodystrophy; Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease; osteochondrosis of the medial humeral condyle, caudal humeral head, femoral condyles, and talar trochlear ridges; panosteitis; patella luxation; and ununited anconeal process. Dogs that were diagnosed with any one of the diseases of interest at any of 10 veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Database from 1986 to 1995 were included as cases. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine risk. Frequency of diagnosis during the 10-year period ranged from 35 cases (CMO) to 10,637 cases (CHD). The number of breeds at increased risk for a disease ranged from one (CMO) to 35 (CHD). Breed susceptibility for a DOD may suggest a genetic component in the disease etiology. The results of this study serve to increase veterinarians’ awareness of breeds susceptible to DODs and may facilitate the control of such diseases by identifying breeds that might benefit from breeding programs or environmental intervention such as dietary modification.
Comparison of the Effects of Buprenorphine, Oxymorphone Hydrochloride, and Ketoprofen for Postoperative Analgesia After Onychectomy or Onychectomy and Sterilization in Cats
Authors: Dobbins Stephanie , Brown Nancy O. , Shofer Frances S.
Published: September 2014

In this prospective, randomized, blinded study, 68 clinically healthy cats that had onychectomy (n=20), onychectomy and castration (n=20), or onychectomy and ovariohysterectomy (n=28) were randomly assigned to one of four postoperative analgesic treatment groups: buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly [IM]), oxymorphone hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg body weight, IM), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg body weight, IM), and placebo (physiological saline). Sedation scores, visual analog pain scores, cumulative pain scores, serum cortisol concentration, and appetite were used to assess postoperative analgesic effect. Buprenorphine demonstrated the highest efficacy with the lowest cumulative pain scores and serum cortisol levels.
Detection of Occult Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: McGuire Nancy C. , Schulman Rhonda , Ridgway Marcella D. , Bollero German
Published: September 2014

Dogs with diabetes mellitus may develop occult urinary tract infections. In this study, diabetic dogs with negative and positive bacterial urine cultures were compared. Records from 51 dogs with diabetes mellitus were reviewed at the University of Illinois. No difference was identified between the groups in urine specific gravity, pH, glucose, ketones, protein, red blood cells, white blood cells, or epithelial cells. Dogs with occult urinary tract infection did have an increased incidence of bacteriuria, but this was not a consistent finding. Therefore, the urine on all diabetic dogs should be cultured to accurately identify the presence or absence of bacterial urinary tract infections.
Congenital Factor XI Deficiency in a Domestic Shorthair Cat
Authors: Troxel Mark T. , Brooks Marjory B. , Esterline Meredith L.
Published: September 2014

A 6-month-old, female, domestic shorthair cat was examined after onychectomy and ovariohysterectomy because of bleeding from the paws. Prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time was discovered. Coagulation factor analyses revealed deficiency of factor XI coagulant activity. Plasma mixing studies indicated factor deficiency or dysfunction rather than factor inhibition. Feline factor XI deficiency in one adult cat has been previously reported but was attributed to factor XI inhibitors. The signalment, lack of primary disease, and the finding of persistent factor XI deficiency in the absence of coagulation inhibitors were considered compatible with congenital factor XI deficiency in the cat of this report.
Association of Cauda Equina Compression on Magnetic Resonance Images and Clinical Signs in Dogs With Degenerative Lumbosacral Stenosis
Authors: Mayhew Philipp D. , Kapatkin Amy S. , Wortman Jeffrey A. , Vite Charles H.
Published: September 2014

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine the lumbosacral spine of 27 dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis. Four normal dogs were also similarly imaged. Compression of the soft-tissue structures within the vertebral canal at the lumbosacral space was assessed in two ways: by measuring dorsoventral diameter on T1-weighted sagittal images and cross-sectional area on transverse images. The severity of the clinical signs was compared to the severity of cauda equina compression. No significant correlation was found. It is concluded that degree of compression as determined by MRI at time of presentation is independent of disease severity.
Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens in Dogs of North-Central Colorado
Authors: Hackett Tim , Lappin Michael R.
Published: September 2014

To evaluate the prevalence of enteric pathogens in dogs of north-central Colorado, fecal samples were obtained from client-owned dogs presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Colorado State University for evaluation of acute small-bowel, large-bowel, or mixed-bowel diarrhea (n=71) and from age-matched, client-owned, healthy dogs (n=59). Infectious agents potentially associated with gastrointestinal disease were detected in 34 of 130 (26.1%) fecal samples. Agents with zoonotic potential were detected in feces from 21 (16.2%) of 130 dogs and included Giardia spp. (5.4%), Cryptosporidium parvum (3.8%), Toxocara canis (3.1%), Salmonella spp. (2.3%), Ancylostoma caninum (0.8%), and Campylobacter jejuni (0.8%). Positive test results occurred in dogs with or without gastrointestinal signs of disease. Dogs, particularly those in homes of immunocompromised humans, should be evaluated for enteric zoonotic agents.
Extradural Spinal, Bone Marrow, and Renal Nephroblastoma
Authors: Gasser Angela M. , Bush William W. , Smith Sionagh , Walton Raquel
Published: September 2014

A 1-year-old, female intact Shetland sheepdog presented with acute onset of neurological signs. Physical examination revealed a large abdominal mass. Neurological examination revealed multifocal disease with neck pain, short-strided forelimbs, and hind-limb paresis with loss of tail and anal tone. Blood work, imaging techniques, cytopathology, and histopathology led to a diagnosis of renal, bone-marrow, and extradural spinal nephroblastoma. This report documents potential clinical and pathological manifestations of canine nephroblastoma that have not been previously reported.
Protein-Losing Enteropathy Associated With Cystic Mucoid Changes in the Intestinal Crypts of Two Dogs
Authors: Willard Michael D. , Zenger Elizabeth , Mansell Joanne L.
Published: September 2014

Two dogs were emaciated and hypoalbuminemic due to protein-losing enteropathy associated with a severe, focal, mucoid, cryptal ectasia of the duodenum and marked villus atrophy. In one case, diseased portions of the duodenum were obvious endoscopically and were limited to discrete, focal areas in the small intestine, with apparently more undiseased tissue than diseased tissue being present. The signs and lesions in one dog resolved after initiating combination dietary and pharmacological therapy.
Accuracy of Heart Rate Obtained by Auscultation in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Glaus Tony M. , Hässig Michael , Keene Bruce W.
Published: September 2014

The accuracy of heart rate estimation by cardiac auscultation over a 15-second period, and the influence of clinical experience on accuracy were evaluated in a dog with chronic atrial fibrillation by test subjects of varying experience. Only 30% of all test subjects provided accurate heart rate estimates. Board-certified specialists, medicine residents, and experienced nurses were significantly more accurate in their estimates than surgery residents and students. Accurate estimates were provided by 12.5% of surgery residents and students, as opposed to 64% of the other test subjects. Auscultatory estimates of heart rate in atrial fibrillation may be significantly inaccurate, and under some circumstances they may not provide a sound basis for making clinical decisions.
A Comparison of Owner Management and Complications in 67 Cats With Esophagostomy and Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Feeding Tubes
Authors: Ireland Lisa M. , Hohenhaus Ann E. , Broussard John D. , Weissman Brenda L.
Published: September 2014

Esophagostomy feeding tubes were placed in 46 cats. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding tubes were placed in 21 cats. Owner management and complications and facility of use were evaluated retrospectively by review of medical records and owner survey. Both tube types were equally effective for maintenance of body weight, ease of owner management, and complication rates. All of 12 owners surveyed were comfortable with PEG tube management. Ninety-six percent of 24 owners surveyed were comfortable with esophagostomy tube management. The esophagostomy tube can be placed less invasively, without specialized equipment, making it an excellent alternative to the PEG tube.
Evaluation of Systemic and Secretory IgA Concentrations and Immunohistochemical Stains for IgA-Containing B Cells in Mucosal Tissues of an Irish Setter With Selective IgA Deficiency
Authors: Norris Carol R. , Gershwin Laurel J.
Published: September 2014

Immunoglobulin A is the predominant secretory antibody at mucosal surfaces. In the dog, immunoglobulin A deficiency (IgAD) is characterized by low to absent serum IgA and normal to elevated serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations. However, studies comparing serum and secretory IgA in dogs have often documented a poor correlation, suggesting that serum concentrations should not be used to estimate mucosal secretion of this antibody. This report demonstrates the concurrent use of serum IgA, IgG, and IgM; secretory IgA (from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid); and immunohistochemical stains on bronchial and duodenal mucosa for IgA-containing B cells in a young Irish setter with recurrent respiratory and gastrointestinal signs.
Laparoscopic Ovariohysterectomy in Nine Dogs
Authors: Austin Brenda , Lanz Otto I. , Hamilton Stephanie M. , Broadstone Richard V. , Martin Robert A.
Published: September 2014

Minimally invasive surgery has been found in humans to reduce pain, incidence of infections, and duration of hospitalization. Minimally invasive procedures are also being described in veterinary medicine. Laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy (OHE) was performed on nine, healthy, intact female dogs using a Harmonic scalpel. Creatine kinase values were determined both before and 12 hours following the laparoscopic OHE; the magnitude of the difference between preoperative and postoperative creatine kinase values did not correlate with length of operative time, length of incisions, or amount of hemorrhage. Complications included one dog that had an omental herniation that was primarily repaired and one dog with seroma formation. Median surgical time for all dogs was 60 minutes (range, 35 to 100 minutes).
The Use of a Low-Profile Cystostomy Tube to Relieve Urethral Obstruction in a Dog
Authors: Salinardi Brenda Jo , Marks Steven L. , Davidson Jacqueline R. , Senior David F.
Published: September 2014

A 10-year-old, spayed female Dalmatian was diagnosed with granulomatous urethritis causing urethral obstruction. Due to the extensive involvement of the urethra, a urethrostomy was not possible. A commercially available, silicone, low-profile gastrostomy tube was placed as a prepubic cystostomy tube to achieve urinary diversion. This tube is easy to use, has a one-way valve, and lies flush with the skin margin, thereby decreasing the likelihood of inadvertent removal. This tube should be considered to achieve long-term urinary diversion when urethral involvement is extensive.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax Caused by Pulmonary Blebs and Bullae in 12 Dogs
Authors: Lipscomb Victoria J. , Hardie Robert J. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: September 2014

Spontaneous pneumothorax caused by pulmonary blebs and bullae was diagnosed in 12 dogs based on history, clinical examination, thoracic radiographs, surgical findings, and histopathological examination of resected pulmonary lesions. Radiographic evidence of blebs or bullae was seen in only one dog. None of the dogs responded to conservative treatment with thoracocentesis or thoracostomy tube drainage. A median sternotomy approach was used to explore the thorax in all dogs. Pulmonary blebs and bullae were resected with partial or complete lung lobectomy. Ten of the dogs had more than one lesion, and seven of the dogs had bilateral lesions. The cranial lung lobes were most commonly affected. Histopathology results of the blebs and bullae were consistent in all dogs and resembled lesions found in humans with primary spontaneous pneumothorax. None of the dogs developed recurrence of pneumothorax. Median follow-up time was 19 months. The outcome following resection of the pulmonary blebs and bullae was excellent.
The Accessory Lung Lobe in Thoracic Disease: A Case Series and Anatomical Review
Authors: Lora-Michiels Michaël , Biller David S. , Olsen Dennis , Hoskinson James J. , Kraft Susan L. , Jones Jeryl C.
Published: September 2014

Diseases of the accessory lung lobe (AccLL) are often overlooked in dogs and cats, perhaps because of its recessed location. Diseases of this lobe also can mimic diseases of the diaphragm or structures comprising the caudal mediastinum. Normal anatomy of the AccLL and the diagnostic tools used today will be reviewed to help differentiate disease of adjacent organs. Four cases will also be described to illustrate disease presentation and radiographic findings affecting this lobe.
Cerebellar Degeneration in a Mature Staffordshire Terrier
Authors: Speciale John , de Lahunta Alexander
Published: September 2014

A 5-year-old Staffordshire terrier exhibited slowly progressive signs of cerebellar disease, including nystagmus and dysmetria. After a 30-month course, the dog was euthanized. Grossly, the cerebellum was small and comprised only 5% of the brain weight. Histopathological examination of the brain documented diffuse degeneration. Purkinje cells were most depleted, but granular cells and the molecular layer of cerebellum were also depleted. The history and necropsy examination were evidence of late-onset primary cerebellar degeneration.
Gemcitabine as a Radiosensitizer for Nonresectable Feline Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Jones Pamela D. , de Lorimier Louis-Philippe , Kitchell Barbara E. , Losonsky John M.
Published: September 2014

Eight cats with locally advanced, oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were treated with a combination of gemcitabine and palliative radiotherapy. Low-dose gemcitabine was administered twice weekly (25 mg/m2) in conjunction with megavoltage radiation in 6 Gray (Gy) fractions for a total dose of 36 Gy. Responses included two complete and four partial responses, and two cats had no response to therapy. Median duration of remission was 42.5 days (range, 11 to 85 days). Median survival time was 111.5 days (range, 11 to 234 days). This data suggests that a combination of low-dose gemcitabine and palliative radiation therapy may be tolerable for cats with oral SCC and may cause a therapeutic benefit.
Septicemic Salmonellosis in Two Cats Fed a Raw-Meat Diet
Authors: Stiver Shane L. , Frazier Kendall S. , Mauel Michael J. , Styer Eloise L.
Published: September 2014

Salmonella gastroenteritis and septicemia were diagnosed in two cats presented for necropsy. Both cats resided in the same household and were fed a home-prepared, raw meat-based diet. Salmonella was isolated from multiple organs in both cats and from samples of raw beef incorporated into the diet fed to one of the cats. Subtyping of the bacterial isolates yielded Salmonella newport from one cat and from the diet it had been fed. This report provides evidence that the practice of feeding raw meat-based diets to domestic cats may result in clinical salmonellosis.
External Hydrocephalus in Two Cats
Authors: Dewey Curtis W. , Coates Joan R. , Ducoté Julie M. , Stefanacci Joseph D. , Walker Michael A. , Marino Dominic J.
Published: September 2014

External hydrocephalus describes an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cerebral hemispheres and the overlying arachnoid membrane, rather than within the lateral ventricles. Two young cats with encephalopathic signs were diagnosed with external hydrocephalus, one via magnetic resonance imaging and one via computed tomography. Both cats had abnormally large, broad heads, with no evidence of open fontanelles. A surgical shunt was placed in each cat to divert the accumulated CSF within the cranial cavity to the peritoneal space. Both cats improved dramatically soon after surgical shunting was performed, and they continue to do well clinically, approximately 42 months and 8 months postoperatively, respectively.
Comparison of Body Temperature in Cats Using a Veterinary Infrared Thermometer and a Digital Rectal Thermometer
Authors: Kunkle Gail A. , Nicklin Constance F. , Sullivan-Tamboe Deborah L.
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine if the temperatures obtained using a veterinary infrared (IR) thermometer agreed with a digital rectal thermometer in a group of research cats, half of which had transient fevers. The thermometers were weakly correlated (r=0.62). The mean difference was 0.13°F (0.07°C), and the limits of agreement were 2.6°F (1.43°C) and −2.5°F (−1.36°C), which were unacceptable for clinical purposes. The results of this study indicate that, while the IR thermometer was easy to use, it cannot be used interchangeably with the rectal thermometer.
Vaccine Site-Associated Sarcoma and Malignant Lymphoma in Cats: A Report of Six Cases (1997–2002)
Authors: Madewell Bruce R. , Gieger Tracy L. , Pesavento Patricia A. , Kent Michael S.
Published: September 2014

Six cats developed malignant lymphoma 3 to 45 months after treatment for vaccine site-associated sarcoma. During the same time period, 184 cats were evaluated in the teaching hospital for vaccine site-associated sarcomas. Feline vaccine site-associated sarcoma is not believed to be associated with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection. Five of six cats were negative by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for FeLV antigens at the times of diagnosis of both sarcoma and lymphoma, and no cats were infected with feline immunodeficiency virus.
Electrolyte Disturbances and Cardiac Arrhythmias in a Dog Following Pamidronate, Calcitonin, and Furosemide Administration for Hypercalcemia of Malignancy
Authors: Kadar Elissa , Rush John E. , Wetmore Lois , Chan Daniel L.
Published: September 2014

A 13-year-old dog was diagnosed with hypercalcemia of malignancy associated with adenocarcinoma of the anal sacs. Hypercalcemia was treated with intravenous (IV) 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl), furosemide, calcitonin, and pamidronate. Hypomagnesemia was documented by 72 hours following a single, IV dose of pamidronate. The dog subsequently underwent surgery to remove the primary tumors, and multiple cardiac arrhythmias occurred during anesthesia. This case documents electrolyte abnormalities in a dog following treatment with pamidronate in conjunction with other therapies used to manage hypercalcemia. The authors postulate that hypomagnesemia may have contributed to the arrhythmias that occurred during anesthesia. Electrolyte abnormalities should be anticipated and corrected following pamidronate therapy in canine patients.
Clinical Effects of Short-Term Oral Budesonide on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Dogs With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Tumulty Joshua W. , Broussard John D. , Steiner Jörg M. , Peterson Mark E. , Williams David A.
Published: September 2014

Six dogs were entered into a 30-day, prospective, nonrandomized, uncontrolled clinical trial evaluating the effects of an oral preparation of budesonide on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during therapeutic management of active inflammatory bowel disease. Oral budesonide, at a dose of 3 mg/m2, was administered once daily. Upon entry and completion of the trial, serum basal cortisol, adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)-stimulated cortisol, endogenous ACTH concentration, serum alkaline phosphatase (SAP) activity, and urine specific gravity were evaluated, as well as owner assessment of glucocorticoid-associated side effects. Significant suppression of the HPA axis occurred. No significant differences in SAP activity, urine specific gravity, or owner-subjective assessments were detected.
Bilateral Rostral Maxillectomy and Nasal Planectomy for Large Rostral Maxillofacial Neoplasms in Six Dogs and One Cat
Authors: Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Henderson Ralph A. , Seguin Bernard , Liptak Julius M. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: September 2014

This paper describes in detail an aggressive rostral maxillectomy procedure in one cat and six dogs, and the postoperative complications and outcomes are reported. The surgeries were performed to attempt complete excision of large and extensive rostral maxillary fibrosarcomas (n=4), squamous cell carcinomas (n=2), or poorly differentiated mesenchymal neoplasia (n=1). The surgeries involved transection of the maxilla at the level of premolar (PM)1 and PM2 in a cat and two dogs, and between PM2 and PM3 in four dogs. There were no intraoperative complications. Complete margins of resection were obtained in all cases. The postoperative appearance was acceptable to owners. Local recurrence was only observed in one dog (10 months after surgery) during a follow-up period of 11 to 66 months (median, 21.5 months).
Histoplasmosis Infection in Two Cats From California
Authors: Johnson Lynelle R. , Fry Michael M. , Anez Kelly L. , Proctor Bryan M. , Jang Spencer S.
Published: September 2014

Systemic mycotic infections are typically localized to specific geographic regions of the country, because the organisms involved have certain environmental requirements for growth. Suspicion of infection relies on travel to or residence in recognized endemic regions. This report describes infection with histoplasmosis in two indoor cats from central California, an area not considered to be endemic for the disease. Systemic mycotic infections should be considered as differential diagnoses in any cat with compatible clinical signs, regardless of travel history or residence, especially if the cat is presented within a recognized endemic region.
Effects of Diet on Urine Composition of Cats With Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis
Authors: Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Kirk Claudia A. , Bartges Joseph W.
Published: September 2014

Ten client-owned cats with calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis were evaluated to determine the effect of diet on urine CaOx saturation. Two dietary treatments were evaluated in each cat: the diet consumed just prior to urolith detection and a canned diet formulated to prevent CaOx uroliths. This study revealed that hypercalciuria is a consistent abnormality in cats with CaOx urolith formation. When urolith-forming cats consumed a diet formulated to prevent urolith formation, activity product ratios for CaOx (which estimate the degree to which urine is saturated with CaOx) were significantly lower. These results suggest that consumption of an appropriately formulated urolith-prevention diet will reduce recurrence of CaOx urolithiasis.
Diet-Related Risk Factors for Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus in Dogs of High-Risk Breeds
Authors: Raghavan Malathi , Glickman Nita , McCabe George , Lantz Gary , Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: September 2014

A nested case-control study was conducted among 1634 dogs with complete diet information in a 5-year prospective study to determine diet-related risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV). Cases included 106 dogs that developed GDV; controls included 212 dogs without GDV that were frequency matched to cases by year of GDV onset. Proportionate energy consumed from major food types and from carbohydrates was determined. Dogs were categorized as consuming either a low volume or high volume of food based on the median number of cups of food fed per kg of body weight per meal. Dogs fed a larger volume of food per meal were at a significantly (P<0.05) increased risk of GDV, regardless of the number of meals fed daily. For both large- and giant-breed dogs, the risk of GDV was highest for dogs fed a larger volume of food once daily.
Fatal Intraoperative Pulmonary Fat Embolism During Cemented Total Hip Arthroplasty in a Dog
Authors: Terrell Scott P. , Sundeep Chandra A. M. , Pablo Lusito S. , Lewis Daniel D.
Published: September 2014

A 3-year-old, German shepherd dog died suddenly during cemented total hip arthroplasty. Gross necropsy findings included severe pulmonary edema and congestion as well as congestion of the liver and kidneys. Acute pulmonary embolism was suspected as the cause of death. Microscopic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained, formalin-fixed, and oil red O-stained frozen tissue sections confirmed the presence of large numbers of fat globules in blood vessels in the lungs, liver, and kidneys. Fat embolism during total hip arthroplasty is a common surgical complication in humans, but it is uncommon in veterinary cases and is rarely a cause of death.
Comparison of Serological Tests for the Detection of Natural Heartworm Infection in Cats
Authors: Berdoulay Paul , Levy Julie K. , Snyder Patti S. , Pegelow Michael J. , Hooks Jennifer L. , Tavares Larissa M. , Gibson Nicole M. , Salute Marc E.
Published: September 2014

Serological tests were performed on 380 cats with necropsy-confirmed heartworm status to compare the performance of currently available commercial laboratory and point-of-care heart-worm serological tests in a heartworm-endemic area. Overall, antigen tests detected 79.3% to 86.2% of heartworm infections and were highly specific. Most cats with false-negative antigen tests had a single male worm. Antibody tests detected 62.1% to 72.4% of heartworm infections and had a wider range of false-positive results (1.4% to 19.1%) than antigen tests (0.3% to 2.0%). Serological tests for feline heartworm infection varied in diagnostic performance. Combining results from antigen and antibody tests achieved greater sensitivity than using either test alone.
Pigmented Epidermal Plaques in Three Dogs
Authors: Stokking Laura B. , Ehrhart Eugene J. , Lichtensteiger Carol A. , Campbell Karen L.
Published: September 2014

Papillomavirus was identified in pigmented epidermal plaques (PEP) from three dogs: a miniature schnauzer with hyperadrenocorticism and hypoglobulinemia, an American Staffordshire terrier with hypoglobulinemia, and a Pomeranian with unconfirmed hypothyroidism. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arose within several plaques in the Pomeranian. Clinical improvement coincided in the first two cases with treatment of the concurrent disease and the administration of low-dose oral interferon-α. This is the first report of PEP in an American Staffordshire terrier and a Pomeranian. The potential for malignant transformation of PEP to SCC emphasizes the need for recognition and clinical management of PEP.
Postanesthetic Esophageal Dysfunction in 13 Dogs
Authors: Wilson Deborah V. , Walshaw Richard
Published: September 2014

Thirteen dogs with postanesthetic esophageal dysfunction were identified; 10 of these animals had esophageal stricture. Regurgitation was noted in six dogs during the inciting anesthetic event. Clinical problems common to all dogs included vomiting/regurgitation and weight loss. Coughing was noted in six dogs, and aspiration pneumonia was present in four of these dogs. The associated mortality rate was 23%. The duration of symptoms ranged from 17 to 150 days, and the diagnosis was often delayed (up to 76 days from onset of clinical signs to diagnosis). Postanesthetic esophageal dysfunction was a debilitating and costly problem that developed in one dog despite current preventative treatment.
Intracranial Epidural Mucocele in a Cat
Authors: Adamo P. Filippo
Published: September 2014

An 18-month-old, spayed female, domestic shorthaired cat was presented with clinical signs of depression and reluctance to walk, which progressed to nonambulatory tetraparesis. Increased opacification of both frontal sinuses and a cyst-like abnormality causing compression and displacement of the right frontal lobe were seen on computed tomography. Bilateral frontal sinus trephination and right transfrontal craniotomy revealed clear, viscous fluid in the right frontal sinus and rostral fossa, compatible with an intracranial mucocele. At a 6-month follow-up examination, no signs of recurrence were appreciated.
Surgical Correction of a Partial Atrioventricular Septal Defect With a Ventricular Septal Defect in a Dog
Authors: Akiyama Midori , Tanaka Ryou , Maruo Kohji , Yamane Yoshihisa
Published: September 2014

Echocardiography of a dog with a cardiac murmur revealed an ostium primum septal defect, a ventricular septal defect, and mitral valve malformation with regurgitation. The mitral valve and tricuspid valve were separated and displaced at the same level as the ventricular septum. The mitral valve had a cleft in the septal cusp. Cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography showed a left-to-right shunt and a "goose-neck sign," which indicated an elongated left ventricular outflow tract. The diagnosis of a partial atrioventricular septal defect with ventricular septal defect was made. Surgical correction was successfully performed under extracorpo-real circulation using a cardiopulmonary bypass system.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: An Emerging Pathogen in Small Animals
Authors: Weese J. Scott
Published: September 2014

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important nosocomial pathogen in humans and is increasingly implicated in community-associated infections in people. In household pets, MRSA infections are uncommon but are on the rise, possibly because of the increased prevalence of human MRSA in the community. Clinical MRSA infections in some animals can be life threatening and difficult to treat; however, other animals may develop mild disease or only become colonized. Veterinarians should be aware of the concerns regarding MRSA and should develop an understanding of appropriate disease surveillance, diagnostic testing, and infection control in order to lessen the impact of MRSA on small animals.
Suspected Iatrogenic Paradoxical Embolization in a Cat
Authors: Green Henry W. , Hogan Daniel F.
Published: September 2014

A cat was evaluated for a 5-year history of progressive, episodic, exercise-induced cyanosis and panting. Diagnostic testing demonstrated tetralogy of Fallot with predominant right-to-left shunting and right-sided heart failure. Following diagnostic catheterization, the cat developed clinical signs consistent with systemic arterial thromboembolization and was euthanized. Necropsy findings included multiple thrombi within the right atrium and ventricle, and thromboemboli within the terminal aorta and right common carotid artery, a condition most consistent with iatrogenic paradoxical embolization secondary to diagnostic catheterization. Paradoxical embolization and thromboembolic complications of diagnostic catheterization are discussed.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Disseminated Toxoplasmosis in an Immunosuppressed Dog
Authors: Webb Jinelle A. , Keller Sonya L. , Southorn Erin P. , Armstrong Julie , Allen Dana G. , Peregrine Andrew S. , Dubey J.P.
Published: September 2014

A 3.5-year-old, castrated male, giant schnauzer was presented with alopecic pustular dermatitis. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia had been diagnosed 45 days previously. At the time of presentation, the dog was receiving prednisone, azathioprine, and cyclosporine. Cutaneous protozoosis was diagnosed, and postmortem examination revealed protozoa within cutaneous, cardiac, pancreatic, and pulmonary tissues. The protozoa divided by endodyogeny, had the morphology of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) tachyzoites, and stained positively with T. gondii polyclonal antibodies but not with antibodies to Neospora caninum or Sarcocystis neurona. Immunosuppression may have predisposed this dog to disseminated toxoplasmosis.
Outcomes of Dogs Presented for Cataract Evaluation: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Adkins Elizabeth A. , Hendrix Diane V.H.
Published: September 2014

Two hundred and forty-four dogs were evaluated for cataracts at the University of Tennessee from January 2001 to December 2002. Fifty-four canine breeds were affected. Odds ratios for cataracts were significantly higher for six purebred dogs (including the cocker spaniel, miniature schnauzer, toy poodle, Boston terrier, miniature poodle, and bichon frise) compared with mixed-breed dogs. One hundred fifty-nine dogs did not have cataract surgery. The most common reason for dogs not having surgery was retinal degeneration (n=66).
Soft-Tissue Sarcomas in Dogs: A Review
Authors: Ehrhart Nicole
Published: September 2014

Soft-tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors with similar biological behaviors. Wide surgical excision remains the cornerstone of treatment for these tumors. Local recurrence is common following conservative resection, and recurrent tumors are more difficult to treat. Radiation therapy or re-excision with wider margins is indicated if excision is microscopically incomplete. Chemotherapy is often recommended as an adjunctive treatment for high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas because of their higher metastasis rates when compared to low-or intermediate-grade soft-tissue sarcomas. Knowledge of extent of disease and histological grade is helpful in guiding treatment choices.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs: A Review
Authors: Curry Stephen L. , Cogar Steven M. , Cook James L.
Published: September 2014

The increasing use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in small animals has resulted in the development of new and innovative additions to this class of drugs. Examples of NSAIDs now available for use in small animals include aspirin, etodolac, carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, deracoxib, and tepoxalin. The purposes of this article are to review the pathophysiology of prostaglandin synthesis and inhibition, the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacological effects, and potential adverse reactions of aspirin and the newly released NSAIDs.
Osteosarcoma at the Site of a Triple Pelvic Osteotomy in a Dog
Authors: Rose Brian W. , Novo Robert E. , Olson Erik J.
Published: September 2014

An osteosarcoma (OSA) involving the right pelvis was diagnosed in a 12-year-old golden retriever 11 years after triple pelvic osteotomy (TPO) surgery. The dog was presented with a 12-week history of nonweight-bearing lameness of the right hind limb. Radiographs demonstrated an aggressive bone lesion of the right ilium with profound periosteal proliferation and punctate lysis that extended along the ilium caudally and into the right ischium, with its epicenter at the level of the right TPO plate. Necropsy revealed that the entire right hemipelvis, especially the ischium, was markedly thickened and firm with irregular margins. Histopathology was consistent with a diagnosis of OSA.
Ectopic Ureterocele in a Cat
Authors: Eisele Jason G. , Jackson Joshua , Hager Dave
Published: September 2014

A 9-month-old, castrated male domestic shorthair cat with urinary incontinence was referred for surgical correction of an ectopic ureter. Excretory urography revealed hydronephrosis of the right kidney, right hydroureter, and ureterocele. A partial ureterocelectomy and neoureterocystostomy were performed. This report describes the surgical modification of the ureterocele and ectopic ureter to correct ipsilateral hydronephrosis, hydroureter, and urinary incontinence.
Toxicity and Efficacy of Cisplatin and Doxorubicin Combination Chemotherapy for the Treatment of Canine Osteosarcoma
Authors: Chun Ruthanne , Garrett Laura D. , Henry Carolyn , Wall Michelle , Smith Annette , Azene Nicole M.
Published: September 2014

Thirty-five dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma underwent amputation and chemotherapy with cisplatin and doxorubicin every 21 days for up to four cycles. Sixteen dogs completed all four cycles. Two dogs had therapy discontinued because of metastases. The remaining 17 dogs experienced toxicities necessitating protocol alteration or discontinuation. The median survival time of 300 days was not improved over previously reported single-agent protocols, but the 10 dogs that survived to a year lived a median of 510 days.
Clinical Efficacy of Selamectin in the Treatment of Naturally Acquired Infection of Sucking Lice (Linognathus setosus) in Dogs
Authors: Gunnarsson Lotta , Christensson Dan , Palmér Eleonor
Published: September 2014

A clinical study was performed in 21 dogs to evaluate the efficacy of selamectin for the treatment of naturally acquired infection of sucking lice (Linognathus setosus [L.setosus]) in dogs. Each dog was randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. One group was treated with selamectin applied topically at a mean dosage of 7.9 mg/kg. The other group was treated with permethrin applied topically at a mean dosage of 85.7 mg/kg. At day 42 posttreatment, all animals remaining in the study (10 treated with selamectin and six with permethrin) were clear of lice. In both groups, the reduction in lice counts from pretreatment values to day 42 was statistically significant at P≤0.0001. Selamectin applied topically appeared to be effective against L. setosus infection in dogs.
Effects of Intravenous Diazepam or Microdose Medetomidine on Propofol-Induced Sedation in Dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Payton Mark E. , White Alison G. , Galloway David S. , Inoue Tomohito
Published: September 2014

This crossover study tested the hypothesis that both diazepam and microdose medetomidine would comparably reduce the amount of propofol required to induce sedation. Four different medications, namely high-dose diazepam (0.4 mg/kg intravenously [IV]), low-dose diazepam (0.2 mg/kg IV), medetomidine (1 μg/kg IV), and placebo (0.5 mL physiological saline IV) were followed by propofol (8 mg/kg IV) titrated to a point where intubation could be performed. The effects of medetomidine were comparable to the effects of high-dose diazepam and significantly better than the effects of low-dose diazepam or placebo. Dogs in all treatment groups had transient hypoxemia, and induction and recovery qualities were similar.
Colorectal Plasmacytomas: A Retrospective Study of Nine Dogs
Authors: Kupanoff Patricia A. , Popovitch Catherine A. , Goldschmidt Michael H.
Published: September 2014

Nine cases of colorectal plasmacytomas diagnosed between 1998 and 2001 were reviewed. Treatment consisted of complete surgical resection when possible. Two dogs had multiple plasmacytomas. Two dogs had local recurrence of the tumor at 5 and 8 months after resection. Two dogs were alive at 20 and 23 months with no recurrences at the time of follow-up. The median survival time was 15 months (range 5 to 33 months). Colorectal plasmacytomas are similar to mucocutaneous plasmacytomas, in that they tend to progress slowly and do not recur with complete excision.
Reflux Esophagitis in Three Cats Associated With Metaplastic Columnar Esophageal Epithelium
Authors: Gualtieri Massimo , Olivero Daniela
Published: September 2014

Gastroesophageal reflux is a relatively common condition in dogs and cats and may lead to secondary reflux esophagitis. A consequence of chronic gastroesophageal reflux that is well described in humans is Barrett’s esophagus, which is the replacement of the normal squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with metaplastic columnar epithelium. Three cats with clinical and endoscopic signs of chronic esophagitis had metaplastic columnar epithelium on biopsy of the distal esophageal mucosa. Suspected underlying causes were cardial incompetence and sliding hiatal hernia. Two cats had complete resolution of the clinical signs after treatment. One cat was euthanized.
Prognostic Factors for Successful Outcome Following Urethral Rupture in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Anderson Rochelle B. , Aronson Lillian R. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Atilla Aylin
Published: September 2014

Twenty dogs and 29 cats were identified with urethral rupture. Males predominated in both groups. The most common cause of urethral rupture in dogs was vehicular trauma, and in cats it was trauma associated with urethral obstruction and catheterization. Clinicopathological findings, type of surgical correction, time to surgery, type of urinary diversion, and duration of urinary diversion were not statistically associated with the outcome. In this study, the presence of multiple traumatic injuries was associated with a poor outcome.
Spontaneous Lymphoma in a Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus)
Authors: Miwa Yasutsugu , Matsunaga Satoru , Nakayama Hiroyuki , Kurosawa Asuka , Ogawa Hiroyuki , Sasaki Nobuo
Published: September 2014

A 4-year-old, female, black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) was examined for acute dyspnea and two skin masses. Tentative diagnosis of lymphoma was made based on cytology of pleural effusion and the skin masses. Administration of prednisolone was initially effective in improving the condition; however, the clinical signs deteriorated after radiation therapy and administration of cyclophosphamide. Postmortem examination revealed that neoplastic lymphocytes had infiltrated most of the organs, and the histopathological diagnosis was multi-centric lymphoma.
West Nile Virus in the United States (1999–2005)
Authors: Gerhardt Reid
Published: September 2014

The accidental introduction of West Nile Virus into New York City from the Old World in 1999 resulted in an epidemic in humans, horses, and birds that swept to the west coast in just 3 years. The virus is transmitted by infective mosquitoes among susceptible native birds, which serve as amplifying hosts. Clinical disease occurs in humans and horses, but not enough virus is produced in their blood to infect other mosquitoes; therefore, humans and horses are considered dead-end hosts. Humans can best protect themselves by remaining indoors during periods of high mosquito activity and/or by using recommended repellents. Effective vaccines are available for horses.