bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Central macular morphology and optic nerve fibre layer thickness in young adults born premature and screened for retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Pétursdóttir Dýrleif , Åkerblom Hanna , Holmström Gerd , Larsson Eva
Published: November 2023

Purpose

To investigate central retinal morphology and optic retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in prematurely born young adults and compare to term born controls.

Materials and Methods

The participants were 59 prematurely born individuals, with a birthweight ≤1.500 g, and 44 term born controls, all 25–29 years of age. Visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) were assessed. The retinal macular thickness, ganglion cell‐inner plexiform layer (GC‐IPL) thickness and RNFL thickness were assessed with Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Results

Central macular thickness was increased (mean 26.7 μm) in prematurely born individuals compared to controls. The macular GC‐IPL was thinner (mean 3.84 μm), also when excluding those with previous retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and those with neurological complications. Gestational age at birth and previous treatment of ROP were risk factors for a thicker macula, however, not for reduced GC‐IPL. The average peripapillary RNFL was thinner (mean 4.61 μm) in the prematurely born individuals, also when excluding those with previous ROP and/or neurological complications. Within the prematurely born group, treated ROP was correlated with increased average RNFL. Further, both better VA and CS were associated with thinner optic nerve RNFL and thicker average GC‐IPL.

Conclusion

Macular and optic nerve morphology were influenced by premature birth as assessed with OCT in adult individuals. Gestational age at birth and treatment for ROP seemed to affect central macular thickness, and treated ROP affected the peripapillary RNFL. Thus, retinal sequelae remained in adulthood.
Management of neonatal hypoglycaemia in a tertiary maternity unit—A multidisciplinary quality improvement project
Authors: Garvey Aisling , Kearney Avril , Kasha Sarah , Dafalla Ibrahim , Moore Shirley , Wall Hilda , Curley Anna
Published: November 2023

Aim

Improved identification and treatment of infants at risk of hypoglycaemia using evidence‐based guidelines.

Methods

Design: Prospective, multidisciplinary quality improvement project (QIP). Setting: Tertiary maternity hospital, Dublin (2016–2023). Subjects: Infants at risk for neonatal hypoglycaemia. Intervention: Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act methodology. A hospital‐wide survey and ongoing audit informed our initiatives including staff education, antenatal maternal education and standardisation of equipment. Our guidelines were continually evaluated and updated based on emerging evidence. Main outcome measures: Neonatal unit (NNU) admissions, adherence to guidelines and use of glucose gel.

Results

NNU admissions decreased by 70%, from 3% (118/3883) to 0.9% (34/3806 infants). The number requiring an IV glucose bolus reduced from 25% (29/118) to 6% (2/34). Improved antenatal education, antenatal expression of colostrum and early and frequent feeding also contributed to a reduction in glucose gel use of 94% (1009 tubes in 2018‐v‐62 in 2022). There were no adverse side effects related to hypoglycaemia.

Conclusion

Our QIP resulted in a significant reduction in NNU admissions leading to significant cost reductions and NNU workload. More importantly, this resulted in less maternal–infant separation and potentially less parental anxiety and a more supportive environment for breastfeeding. These low‐cost initiatives can be implemented in other tertiary maternity hospitals to improve maternity and newborn care.
Letter: The importance of histological assessment—a further stride in STRIDE
Authors: Villanacci Vincenzo , Bugatti Mattia , Zini Stefania , Del Sordo Rachele , Bassotti Gabrio
Published: November 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Dignass et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17622 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17763
Editorial: On‐demand vonoprazan for NERD—when should it be ‘demanded’?
Authors: Kahrilas Peter J.
Published: November 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Fass et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17728 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17766
Editorial: Liver hypercortisolism as a potential target for MASH treatment
Authors: Harrison Stephen A. , Dubourg Julie
Published: November 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Kim et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17726 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17780
Letter: The importance of histological assessment—a further stride inSTRIDE. Authors' reply
Authors: Dignass Axel , Rath Stefan , Kleindienst Thomas , Stallmach Andreas
Published: November 2023

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Dignass et al papers. To view these articles, visithttps://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17622andhttps://doi.org/10.1111/apt.17717
Are opioids effective analgesics and is physiological opioid dependence benign? Revising current assumptions to effectively manage long‐term opioid therapy and its deprescribing
Authors: Manhapra Ajay , MacLean R. Ross , Rosenheck Robert , Becker William C.
Published: November 2023

A re‐examination of clinical principles of long‐term opioid therapy (LTOT) for chronic pain is long overdue amid the ongoing opioid crisis. Most patients on LTOT report ineffectiveness (poor pain control, function and health) but still find deprescribing challenging. Although prescribed as analgesics, opioids more likely provide pain relief primarily through reward system actions (enhanced relief and motivation) and placebo effect and less through antinociceptive effects. The unavoidable physiologic LTOT dependence can automatically lead to a paradoxical worsening of pain, disability and medical instability (maladaptive opioid dependence) without addiction due to allostatic opponent neuroadaptations involving reward/antireward and nociceptive/antinociceptive systems. This opioid‐induced chronic pain syndrome (OICP) can persist/progress whether LTOT dose is maintained at the same level, increased, decreased or discontinued. Current conceptualization of LTOT as a straightforward long‐term analgesic therapy appears incongruous in view of the complex mechanisms of opioid action, LTOT dependence and OICP. LTOT can be more appropriately conceptualized as therapeutic induction and maintenance of an adaptive LTOT dependence for functional improvement irrespective of analgesic benefits. Adaptive LTOT dependence should be ideally used for a limited time to achieve maximum functional recovery and deprescribed while maintaining functional gains. Patients on LTOT should be regularly re‐evaluated to identify if maladaptive LTOT dependence with OICP has diminished any functional gains or leads to ineffectiveness. Ineffective LTOT (with maladaptive LTOT dependence) should be modified to make it safer and more effective. An adequately functional life without opioids is the ideal healthy long‐term goal for both LTOT initiation and LTOT modification.
5α‐Tetrahydrocorticosterone: A topical anti‐inflammatory glucocorticoid with an improved therapeutic index in a murine model of dermatitis
Authors: Livingstone Dawn Elizabeth Watson , Sooy Karen , Sykes Catherine , Webster Scott Peter , Walker Brian Robert , Andrew Ruth
Published: November 2023

Background and Purpose

Glucocorticoids are powerful anti‐inflammatory drugs, but are associated with many side‐effects. Topical application in atopic dermatitis leads to skin thinning, metabolic changes, and adrenal suppression. 5α‐Tetrahydrocorticosterone (5αTHB) is a potential selective anti‐inflammatory with reduced metabolic effects. Here, the efficacy and side‐effect profile of 5αTHB were compared with hydrocortisone in preclinical models of irritant dermatitis.

Experimental Approach

Acute irritant dermatitis was invoked in ear skin of male C57BL/6 mice with a single topical application of croton oil. Inflammation was assessed as oedema via ear weight following treatment with 5αTHB and hydrocortisone. Side‐effects of 5αTHB and hydrocortisone were assessed following chronic topical steroid treatment (28 days) to non‐irritated skin. Skin thinning was quantified longitudinally by caliper measurements and summarily by qPCR for transcripts for genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis; systemic effects of topical steroid administration also were assessed. Clearance of 5αTHB and hydrocortisone were measured following intravenous and oral administration.

Key Results

5αTHB suppressed ear swelling in mice, with ED50 similar to hydrocortisone (23 μg vs. 13 μg). Chronic application of 5αTHB did not cause skin thinning, adrenal atrophy, weight loss, thymic involution, or raised insulin levels, all of which were observed with topical hydrocortisone. Transcripts for genes involved in collagen synthesis and stability were adversely affected by all doses of hydrocortisone, but only by the highest dose of 5αTHB (8× ED50). 5αTHB was rapidly cleared from the systemic circulation.

Conclusions and Implications

Topical 5αTHB has potential to treat inflammatory skin conditions, particularly in areas of delicate skin.
The Influence of Memory on Visual Perception in Infants, Children, and Adults
Authors: Jaffe‐Dax Sagi , Potter Christine E. , Leung Tiffany S. , Emberson Lauren L. , Lew‐Williams Casey
Published: November 2023

Perception is not an independent, in‐the‐moment event. Instead, perceiving involves integrating prior expectations with current observations. How does this ability develop from infancy through adulthood? We examined how prior visual experience shapes visual perception in infants, children, and adults. Using an identical task across age groups, we exposed participants to pairs of colorful stimuli and implicitly measured their ability to discriminate relative saturation levels. Results showed that adult participants were biased by previously experienced exemplars, and exhibited weakened in‐the‐moment discrimination between different levels of saturation. In contrast, infants and children showed less influence of memory in their perception, and they actually outperformed adults in discriminating between current levels of saturation. Our findings suggest that as humans develop, their perception relies more on prior experience and less on current observation.
When is the best time and grade to start ruxolitinib in corticosteroid‐refractory acute graft‐versus‐host‐disease: A multi‐center research
Authors: Ren Jinhua , Lin Kangni , Xu Jingjing , Lu Quanyi , Luo Yiming , Lin Congmeng , Lu Jingyuan , Weng Yingxi , Zhang Yu , Chen Zhizhe , Gale Robert Peter , Hu Jianda , Yang Ting
Published: November 2023

Objective

Ruxolitinib was recently approved to treat corticosteroid‐resistant acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD). However, it is unknown as to whether starting ruxolitinib at a lower versus higher acute GvHD grade or earlier versus later affected outcomes. This study identified the impact of starting acute GvHD grade and start time after declaring corticosteroid resistance and the effect on complete and overall response rates to ruxolitinib therapy.

Methods

Retrospective, observational multi‐center study. We divided cohorts into starting ruxolitinib ≤ 7 days (N = 45) versus at > 7 days after declaring corticosteroid resistance (N = 24).

Results

In ≤ 7 days cohort complete response (CR) rates at day 28 were 69% (54, 81%) versus 25% (11, 47%; p = .001) in > 7 days cohort, and overall response (OR) rates were 91% (78, 96%) versus 80% (48, 92%; p = .25).

Conclusions

Our data suggest that starting ruxolitinib in ≤ 7 days of declaring corticosteroid failure regardless of G vHD grade improves complete response rate but not OR rates. Starting ruxolitinib at grade I and within 7 days may get a more significant response.
Developing a mechanistic translational PK/PD model for a trifunctional NK cell engager to predict the first‐in‐human dose for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Choi Siak‐Leng , Valente Delphine , Virone‐Oddos Angela , Mauriac Christine
Published: November 2023

Natural killer cell engagers (NKCEs), a treatment that stimulates innate immunity, have lately gained attention owing to their favorable safety profile, and their efficacy. Natural killer (NK) cell activation is driven by immune synapse formation between drugs, NK cells, and tumor cells. However, no clear translational modeling approach has been reported for first‐in‐human (FIH) dose estimation of humanized NKCEs. We developed the first translational mechanistic synapse‐driven pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model for a trifunctional NKp46/CD16a‐CD123 (CD123‐NKCE) by integrating (i) in vitro target cell cytotoxicity in MOLM‐13 tumor cell lines at varying effector‐to‐tumor cell ratios and incubation intervals; (ii) nonhuman primate PK and profiles of CD123+ cells and NKP46+ NK cells; and (iii) healthy human or patients with acute myeloid leukemia system‐specific parameters. To depict direct tumor cell killing by the innate immunity, no transit compartment was included in PK/PD model structures. Model predictions suggested an intrapatient dose escalation of 10/30/100 μg/kg twice weekly to be selected as the starting dose in the FIH trial. However, sensitivity analyses revealed that CD123+ cell growth rate constant and maximal tumor killing rate constant were the key uncertainties to the recommended active dose. This novel translational model structure can be used as the basis to predict clinical PK/PD data for CD123‐NKCE, and the translational strategy may serve as a foundation for future advancements of NKCEs.
Climate change alters global invasion vulnerability among ecoregions
Authors: Hubbard Justin A. G. , Drake D. Andrew R. , Mandrak Nicholas E.
Published: November 2023

Aim

We assess climate similarity among global freshwater and terrestrial ecoregions under historical and future climate scenarios to determine where climate change will impact the climate filter of invasion process.

Location

Global.

Methods

We used the Climatch algorithm to conduct a climate‐match analysis to quantify the climate similarity between freshwater and terrestrial ecoregions of the world. Climate match was modelled between all freshwater and terrestrial ecoregions. The analysis was conducted under historical climates and projected climates of 2081–2100 (2090) under three shared socioeconomic pathways SSP2‐4.5, SSP3‐7.0, SSP5‐8.5. Climate matches of each ecoregion were presented as mean climate match to all other ecoregions of the same set. Friedman's non‐parametric rank sum two‐way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to examine differences in mean climate match between climate scenarios.

Results

Mean climate match of ecoregions was projected to increase significantly with small effect sizes for freshwater ecoregions (recipients: 0.132; sources: 0.105), and moderate and small effect sizes for terrestrial ecoregions (recipients: 0.330; sources: 0.259). Climate change was predicted to increase mean climate match in North America and Eurasia, particularly in the Arctic by 2090 under each SSP. Ecoregions in central Africa and South America were predicted to have reduced mean climate match. Ecoregions within larger countries (e.g. Australia, Canada, USA) showed variation in mean climate match.

Main Conclusion

Climate change projections of bioclimatic predictors of species invasions were shown to increase in homogeneity under higher emissions scenarios. Furthermore, we demonstrate how climate change will provide opportunities for invasive species transported among ecoregions to survive under new conditions and identify where the climate filter of the invasion process will be most affected. Findings can be used to inform conservation actions for mitigating the impacts of introduced species by identifying potential risky source regions of future freshwater and terrestrial invasions under climate change.
Diversity of endemic cold‐water amphipods threatened by climate warming in northwestern China
Authors: Huang Mengyi , Liu Hongguang , Tong Yan , Li Shuqiang , Hou Zhonge
Published: November 2023

Aim

Climate change threatens freshwater faunal diversity. To prioritize areas for conservation, patterns in the distribution of species must be understood. We apply genetic analysis and species distribution models to identify patterns in the distribution of freshwater amphipods around Xinjiang, China, and project the impact of climate change on endemic species.

Location

Xinjiang, China.

Methods

A time‐calibrated tree containing 37 freshwater amphipod molecular samples from Xinjiang is built to calculate phylogenetic diversity (PD), the standardized effect sizes of PD, weighted endemism, and phylogenetic endemism, in 100 × 100 km grid cells. Niche differentiation among species in an area of high phylogenetic endemism is explored using n‐dimensional hypervolumes and principal components analyses. Present‐day and projected future suitability of habitat of endemic freshwater amphipod species is described using species distribution models.

Results

Areas of high freshwater amphipod diversity occur along the western boundary of Xinjiang; Areas north of Irtysh River, Tian Shan mountains, and the eastern margin of Pamir, have high phylogenetic endemism. Seasonal temperature and average annual water temperature contribute most to niche differentiation between geographically related freshwater species, negatively affect the projected distributions of endemic amphipods, and with continued warming, reduce future range distributions or latitudinal shifts of species.

Main Conclusions

High freshwater amphipod phylogenetic endemism occurs in Xinjiang. Environmental factors are responsible for niche differentiation of endemic species. Future climate change will substantially affect the geographic distributions of endemic amphipods. Conservation efforts should be prioritized in areas with highly concentrated phylogenetic endemism.
Why the Next Generation of Designers Will Save the World
Authors: Lawrence Courtney
Published: November 2023

Step aside, pessimists. A new generation of designers has the desire and the passion to match its talent with a world that is desperate for solutions. The time has come for a sea change.

An unexpectedly optimistic view of design's potential to reframe problems as opportunities.
Cost vs. Value + Empathy: A New Formula for Frugal Science
Authors: Ahuja Simone
Published: November 2023

Leverage creativity, ingenuity, and focus to make something work, to make it better, to make it more accessible. Create something new and valuable with even severely limited resources. Isn't this a core tenet of good design? Welcome to jugaad innovation.

A scientist's vision and a $1 origami‐based microscope could revolutionize STEM education and healthcare across the globe.
Problem‐Posing Dialectic Revisited: Freire Between Critical Philosophy and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Armonda Alex J.
Published: November 2023

Examining the still underexplored elements in educational theorist Paulo Freire's work, this essay begins from his claim that problem‐posing pedagogy works as a “kind of psychoanalysis.” Situating Freire between the critical philosophical and psychoanalytic traditions, Alex Armonda offers a new reading of the problem‐posing dialectic, mapping parallels between Freirean pedagogy and psychoanalysis on the nature of the subject/object relation, while thinking new connections across the philosophical‐analytical divide on questions of being, subjectivity, and politics. First, he discusses the onto‐epistemic specificity of “the human” in Freire and situates it in relation to the split subject of the unconscious in Lacanian psychoanalysis. Second, he presents the subject/object encounter in Freire, demonstrating that a similar notion of the unconscious informs Freire's account and plays a central role in his understanding of the banking and problem‐posing pedagogical experiences. Advancing a Lacanian reading of the problem‐posing encounter, Armonda concludes by reflecting on key differences between the dialectical‐materialist and psychoanalytical interpretations of Freire, and how the latter opens new perspectives on “reality” as an inconsistent space of contest, generating alternative ways of conceiving political subjectivity and the possibility of radical social transformation in the present.
Nietzsche's Untimely Prophecy: Online Exemplars and Self‐Cultivation
Authors: Dennis Matthew J.
Published: November 2023

Digital technologies are changing our understanding of ethical emulation. In this article, Matthew Dennis proposes that some social media technologies have given rise to a strikingly new set of ethical ideals, often concerned with the ideal of self‐cultivation. While there is relatively little philosophical discussion of these kinds of ideals, Dennis suggests that scrutiny of Friedrich Nietzsche's ethical philosophy offers a guiding account of why the ideal of self‐directed character change is important. He concludes by speculating on how the digital affordances of social media technologies will change the way in which ethical exemplars influence future generations.
Translating discovery science: Delivering online, asynchronous financial education to service members at career and personal life transitions
Authors: O'Neal Catherine Walker , Lucier‐Greer Mallory , Peterson Clairee , McKay Brian
Published: November 2023

Objective

Grounded in the Kirkpatrick and Kirkpatrick model of evaluation, we examine multiple dimensions of military service members' reactions to six online, asynchronous financial family life education efforts.

Background

Using a “just‐in‐time” training model, financial literacy trainings that correspond to key family and career transitions were congressionally mandated for all service members. Program evaluation efforts are ongoing to assess training merit and inform training improvements.

Method

The six specific trainings evaluated occurred when service members were relocating, returning from deployment, receiving a promotion, getting married, getting divorced, and the birth of a first child. We explored various dimensions of training reactions, including training topics that were perceived as most beneficial at certain life stages or transitions; the perceptions of the trainings' quality, relevance, and impact; and finally, the likelihood of them sharing that information with their significant other. Data were collected between July 2021 and June 2023.

Results

Overall, service members perceived the trainings as high quality, relevant, and impactful, and most service members were likely to share the information with their spouse. Some differences were seen by demographic groups, such that trainees who were enlisted (compared to officers), identified as African American (compared to White), and had a high school diploma or associate's degree (compared to a more advanced degree) typically reported more favorable reactions.

Conclusion and Implications

Actionable strategies are provided to support service members and inform the development and evaluation of other family life education programs, particularly online, asynchronous training and financial‐focused training.
Addressing caregiver needs of brain injury survivors through telehealth: A pilot qualitative study
Authors: Roberson C. Jean , Hagues Rachel , White Bethany , Robbins David
Published: November 2023

Objective

This study sought to identify effective means for delivering services to address the unique needs of caregivers for traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors.

Background

Caregivers for TBI survivors face unique and intense challenges, including deep isolation. When these caregivers fail to thrive, the entire family system suffers.

Method

Employing a pilot study utilizing qualitative methods, we explored the effectiveness of an intervention piloting telehealth counseling to address some of the unique caregiving challenges for the TBI survivor's caregiver. We conducted two focus groups of four participants to obtain qualitative data.

Results

Qualitative analysis identified key themes: isolation, boundary issues, challenges of therapy, and the benefits of telehealth counseling.

Conclusions

Results indicate an improvement in overall functioning of caregivers when accessing telehealth services.

Implications

On a micro level, results demonstrate that telehealth services can help TBI caregivers prevent boundary enmeshment. On a macro level, results have implications for increased investment and resources for those who serve the TBI population through an online format as well as proposed best practices for the method of service delivery.
Growing intercultural speakers in novice Italian: A virtual versus face‐to‐face comparison
Authors: Stahl Aletha , Babic Williams Tatjana , Jin Lan , Koch Jane
Published: November 2023

Intercultural competence (IC) has been identified as a crucial outcome of world language education. The purpose of the study is to compare possible differences in IC development between face‐to‐face and asynchronous virtual modes of delivery that were taken as emergency measures early in the COVID‐19 pandemic for a beginning Italian course with 18‐ to 22‐year‐old students. The American Association of Colleges & Universities Intercultural Knowledge and Competence Valid Assessment of Learning in Undergraduate Education Rubric serves as a theoretical framework to determine learning outcomes and guide qualitative assessment. Applying a mixed‐methods approach, the study collects quantitative data using the Intercultural Knowledge and Competence Short Scale and qualitative data from student reflection assignments for both face‐to‐face (2019) and asynchronous virtual (2020) courses. A comparison of IC development between the two cohorts shows similar achievement of intercultural learning in both modes. Implications for IC development in language classrooms are discussed.
Responses to desiccation vary among populations of an endemic freshwater isopod,Paramphisopus palustris
Authors: Emery‐Butcher H. E. , Beatty S. J. , Robson B. J.
Published: November 2023

Isopods play many important roles within freshwater ecosystems (including as shredders, prey, and detritivores), yet we know little about their responses to disturbance or whether they vary among populations. In a region undergoing severe climatic drying that is changing hydrological regimes in wetlands, we compared responses to drying (including survival) among populations of an endemic isopodParamphisopus palustris(Amphisopidae).

The survival of individuals from four isopod populations (two each from seasonal and semi‐perennial wetlands) were tested in a drying experiment with three treatments: control (permanently inundated), saturated sediment (water level maintained equal with the sediment surface), and dry (microcosms gradually raised out of the water causing sediments to dry out). Microrefuge use (three levels: no response, sought shelter or sought shelter/burrowed) was also compared among populations.

As expected, isopod mortality was highest in the dry treatment for all populations. Unexpectedly, isopods from the two semi‐perennial wetlands showed higher survival in response to drying than those from seasonal wetlands. All isopods showed dormancy in response to the dry treatment and curled their bodies to limit water loss from their ventral gills. Microrefuge use differed among populations but not between the two hydroregimes. However, there was some similarity in population responses according to genetic clade.

Isopods displayed some resistance to drying through dormancy behaviour and seeking microrefuges, which will increase population persistence under a drying climate. However, the reduced survival of individuals from seasonal wetland populations suggests that surviving in these wetlands is more challenging than in semi‐perennial or perennial regimes. These challenges are likely to be exacerbated as climate change further decreases hydroperiods and limits the availability of damp microrefuges. Consequently, longer‐term population persistence may be challenged as more wetlands become seasonal.

The responses of endemic species are not always correctly predicted from knowledge of more widespread and commonly studied species and our results suggest that there may be variation among populations. AlthoughP. palustrisshowed some innate responses to drying, their long‐term persistence (and that of other endemic species) may be threatened as environmental conditions become more extreme.
Cell size‐dependent species sensitivity to nanoparticles underlies changes in phytoplankton diversity and productivity
Authors: Zuo Yiping , Southard Michael , Xu Qianna , Zhang Guangxing , Skibinski Emily , Moon Nicole , Gan Lan , Chen Yongsheng , Jiang Lin
Published: November 2023

Nanoparticle pollution has been shown to affect various organisms. However, the effects of nanoparticles on species interactions, and the role of species traits, such as body size, in modulating these effects, are not well‐understood. We addressed this issue using competing freshwater phytoplankton species exposed to copper oxide nanoparticles. Increasing nanoparticle concentration resulted in decreased phytoplankton species growth rates and community productivity (both abundance and biomass). Importantly, we consistently found that nanoparticles had greater negative effects on species with smaller cell sizes, such that nanoparticle pollution weakened the competitive dominance of smaller species and promoted species diversity. Moreover, nanoparticles reduced the growth rate differences and competitive ability differences of competing species, while having little effect on species niche differences. Consequently, nanoparticle pollution reduced the selection effect on phytoplankton community abundance, but increased the selection effect on community biomass. Our results suggest cell size as a key functional trait to consider when predicting phytoplankton community structure and ecosystem functioning in the face of increasing nanopollution.
Step length is associated with comprehensive frailty status in community‐dwelling older people
Authors: Ando Masataka , Kamide Naoto , Sakamoto Miki , Shiba Yoshitaka
Published: November 2023

Aim

To examine spatial–temporal gait parameters associated with comprehensive frailty status in community‐dwelling, independent older people.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 225 older people (≥65 years) living independently in the community. The Kihon Checklist was used to assess comprehensive frailty status, and participants were classified as robust, pre‐frailty, or frailty. A sheet‐type plantar pressure sensor was used to evaluate the following gait parameters, which were extracted at the usual and fast pace: gait speed, cadence, stride time, step length‐to‐height ratio (step length/height), step width, stance duration, double‐support time, and variability of each gait parameter. Ordinal logistic regression analysis adjusted for confounding factors was performed to determine the association between gait parameters and frailty status. In addition, the ability to discriminate frailty status was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for gait parameters that were significantly associated with frailty status.

Results

Frailty status was pre‐frailty in 79 (35.1%) and frailty in 30 (13.3%) participants. Ordinal logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of step length/height (%) at both usual and fast pace with frailty status, even after adjustment for confounding factors (usual pace: odds ratio [OR] = 0.93 [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.86–0.99]; fast pace: OR = 0.93 [95% CI: 0.87–0.99]). ROC curve analysis identified step length/height at fast pace in women as the best discriminator between frailty and non‐frailty (area under the curve 0.69, cut‐off value 43.4%, sensitivity 50%, specificity 82%).

Conclusions

Step length appears to be a useful gait parameter for discriminating frailty status in community‐dwelling, independent older people. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 18–24.
Benign lesions of the mediastinum
Authors: Gerber Tiemo Sven , Porubsky Stefan
Published: November 2023

Mediastinal tumours represent a heterogeneous group of entities derived from the manifold structures located in or adjacent to the mediastinum. Due to the occurrence of some of these tumours in characteristic mediastinal compartments, an anatomical subdivision of the mediastinum in the prevascular (anterior), visceral (middle), and paravertebral (posterior) is helpful for the differential diagnosis. Benign anterior mediastinal tumours linked to an enlargement of the thymic gland mainly consist of thymic cysts and several types of thymic hyperplasia: true thymic hyperplasia, rebound hyperplasia, lymphofollicular hyperplasia, and so‐called thymic hyperplasia with lymphoepithelial sialadenitis (LESA)‐like features. Mature teratomas, ectopic (para)thyroid tissue, and benign thymic tumours such as thymolipoma or thymofibrolipoma represent further typical tumours of the anterior mediastinum. Pericardial, bronchogenic, or oesophageal duplication cysts predominate in the middle mediastinum, whereas neurogenic tumours and myelolipomas are characteristic findings in the posterior compartment. Vascular tumours, lipomas, adenomatoid tumours, Castleman disease, or mediastinitis are further examples of less frequent tumours or tumorous lesions affecting the mediastinum. This review focuses on benign mediastinal lesions with an emphasis on benign tumours of the thymus. Besides histology, characteristic epidemiological and clinical aspects prerequisite for the correct diagnosis and patient management are discussed.
IDH1‐mutated Crohn's disease‐associated small bowel adenocarcinomas: Distinctive pathological features and association with MGMT methylation and serrated‐type dysplasia
Authors: Guerini Camilla , Furlan Daniela , Ferrario Giuseppina , Grillo Federica , Libera Laura , Arpa Giovanni , Klersy Catherine , Lenti Marco V , Riboni Roberta , Solcia Enrico , Fassan Matteo , Mastracci Luca , Ardizzone Sandro , Moens Annick , De Hertogh Gert , Ferrante Marc , Graham Rondell P , Sessa Fausto , Paulli Marco , Di Sabatino Antonio , Vanoli Alessandro
Published: November 2023

Aims

Patients with Crohn's disease (CrD) have an elevated risk for the development of small bowel adenocarcinomas (SBAs). Actionable isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations have been reported to be more frequent in CrD‐SBAs than in sporadic SBAs. The present study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and immunophenotypical features, as well as methylation profiles, of IDH1‐mutated CrD‐SBAs.

Methods and results

An international multicentre series of surgically resected CrD‐SBAs was tested for IDH1 mutation. Clinicopathological features, immunophenotypical marker expression and O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and long interspersed nuclear element‐1 (LINE‐1) methylation were compared between IDH1‐mutated and IDH1 wild‐type CrD‐SBAs. Ten (20%) of the 49 CrD‐SBAs examined harboured an IDH1 mutation and all the mutated cancers harboured the R132C variant. Compared to IDH1 wild‐type cases, IDH1‐mutated CrD‐SBAs showed significantly lower rates of cytokeratin 7 expression (P = 0.005) and higher rates of p53 overexpression (P = 0.012) and MGMT methylation (P = 0.012). All three dysplastic growths associated with IDH1‐mutated SBAs harboured the same IDH1 variant (R132C) of the corresponding invasive cancer, and all were of non‐conventional subtype (two serrated dysplastic lesions and one goblet cell‐deficient dysplasia). In particular, non‐conventional serrated dysplasia was significantly associated with IDH1‐mutated CrD‐SBAs (P = 0.029). No significant cancer‐specific survival difference between IDH1‐mutated CrD‐SBA patients and IDH1 wild‐type CrD‐SBA patients was found (hazard ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval = 0.16–1.89; P = 0.313).

Conclusions

IDH1‐mutated CrD‐SBAs, which represent approximately one‐fifth of total cases, are characterised by distinctive immunophenotypical features and methylation profiles, with potential therapeutic implications. Moreover, IDH1‐mutated non‐conventional, serrated dysplasia is likely to represent a precursor lesion to such CrD‐SBAs.
Effect of mitomycin C and 5‐fluorouracil on wound healing in patients undergoing glaucoma surgery: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Cui Sha , Zhang Juntao , Zhang Shaowei , Li Jinrong , Li Qin
Published: November 2023

Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a risk factor for glaucoma. One treatment option is trabeculectomy. Antimetabolic agents are used in the operation to decrease the post‐operative scarring of the wound. The two most common medicines are Mitomycin C (MMC) and 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU). The aim of this research is to assess the effect of MMC on post‐operation wound healing in comparison with 5‐FU in addition to trabeculectomy. Well, we went through four common databases. Our language was limited to English during the study. The last time we looked at the e‐databases was August 2023. Case control studies were performed where MMC resulted in better wound healing than 5‐FU. Researchers selected a total of 1023 trials and eventually selected six trials for data analysis. Four hundred and ninety one cases of glaucoma were treated with trabeculectomy. Among them, 246 were given MMC and 245 were given 5‐FU during operation. Six trials showed that there was no statistical difference between MMC and 5‐FU in the incidence of post‐operative wound leak in glaucoma patients who received trabeculectomy (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.63–2.30 p = 0.57); Five trials demonstrated that MMC was associated with a reduced risk of post‐operative corneal damage compared to 5‐FU injection (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06–0.56 p = 0.003); In both trials, the incidence of post‐operative bleeding was not significantly different from that of 5‐FU injected in the MMC group (OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.05–2.16 p = 0.25). Our results indicate that MMC is superior to 5‐FU in the reduction of post‐operative corneal injury. Additional comparisons between MMC and 5‐FU are required in order to increase the reliability and effectiveness of these findings.
ESG Investing in Graham & Doddsville
Authors: Hanson Dan
Published: November 2023

The author describes how and why the world's best “business value investors” have long incorporated environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations into their investment decision‐making. As the main source of value in companies has increasingly shifted from tangible to intangible assets, many followers of Graham & Dodd have delivered exceptional investment results by taking an “earnings‐power” approach to identifying high‐quality businesses—businesses with enduring competitive advantages that are sustained through significant ongoing investment in their core capabilities and, increasingly, their important non‐investor “stakeholders.”

While the ESG framework may be relatively new, it can be thought of as providing a lens through which to view the age‐old issue of “quality.” Graham & Dodd's 1934 classic guide to investing, Security Analysis, and Phil Fisher's 1958 bestseller, Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits, both identify a number of areas of analysis that would today be characterized as ESG. Regardless of whether they use the labels “E,” “S,” and “G,” investors who make judgments about earnings power and sustainable competitive advantage are routinely incorporating ESG considerations into their decision‐making.

The challenge of assessing a company's sustainable competitive advantage requires analysis based on concepts such as customer franchise value, as well as intangibles like brands and intellectual property. For corporate managers communicating ESG priorities, and for investors analyzing ESG issues, the key is to focus on their relevance to the business. In this sense, corporate reporting on sustainability issues should be viewed as analogous to and an integral part of financial reporting, with a management focus on materiality and relevance (while avoiding a “promotional” approach) that is critical to credibility.
Association between bilirubin and chronic kidney disease in hypertensive patients: The China hypertension registry study
Authors: Zhao Peixu , Xu Haitao , Shi Yumeng , Song Xiaoli , Qiu Guosheng , Ding Congcong , Zhou Wei , Yu Chao , Wang Tao , Zhu Lingjuan , Bao Huihui , Cheng Xiaoshu
Published: November 2023

Limited data exists on the association between Direct bilirubin (DBIL) and Indirect bilirubin (IBIL) with the risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among patients with hypertension. This study aimed to assess the relationship between DBIL and IBIL with the risk of CKD in a cohort of Chinese adults diagnosed with hypertension. This study included 14 182 Chinese patients with hypertension between the ages of 27 and 96. CKD, the outcome variable, was defined by an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. The study employed multivariate linear and multivariate logistic regression analysis to evaluate the correlation between DBIL and IBIL with the risk of CKD. The prevalence of CKD in the study population was 9.77%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the increase in DBIL (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.71) and IBIL (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.81) were independently and negatively correlated with CKD. Further analyses using a restricted cubic spline (smooth‐fitting curve) confirmed the linearly negative association between DBIL and IBIL with the risk of CKD. The subgroup analysis showed that the correlation between IBIL and CKD was stronger among men and populations <65 years of age (p for interaction <.05). DBIL and IBIL were independently and negatively associated with CKD. Furthermore, the correlation between DBIL and IBIL with CKD in the hypertensive population is more significant in those under 65 years of age. These findings may inform future strategies for the management of CKD.
Novel lipid biomarkers and ratios as risk predictors for premature coronary artery disease: A retrospective analysis of 2952 patients
Authors: Chen Si , Li Zhan , Li Haolong , Zeng Xiaoli , Yuan Hui , Li Yongzhe
Published: November 2023

This study examined the associations between emerging lipid biomarkers (small dense low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol [sdLDL‐C), lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], and free fatty acids [FFA]), two ratios (sdLDL‐C/LDL‐C and the triglyceride–glucose [TyG) index), and the Gensini score (GS) in patients with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) in relation to the extent of coronary stenosis. The authors evaluated a cohort of 2952 individuals undergoing coronary angiography (CAG), encompassing those with PCAD (n = 1749), late‐onset coronary artery disease (LCAD; n = 328), and non‐coronary artery disease (non‐CAD; n = 575). Noteworthy differences were observed in the levels of the novel lipid biomarkers and ratio indexes among the PCAD, LCAD, and non‐CAD groups (p < .05). Multiple logistic regression analyses pinpointed Lp(a) (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.22–5.63, p = .014) and the TyG index (OR = 2.53, 95% CI 1.08–5.93, p = .033) as independent risk factors for PCAD. Furthermore, these biomarkers and ratio indexes discerned substantial distinctions among PCAD patients with varying GS (p < .05). Consequently, these markers can proficiently anticipate the gravity of coronary artery stenosis (GS > 40) in PCAD patients, as evidenced by the ROC analysis. In conclusion, sdLDL‐C, Lp(a), FFA, and the sdLDL‐C/LDL‐C and TyG indexes have considerable potential as risk and diagnostic markers for coronary artery stenosis in individuals afflicted with PCAD.
Glycemic variability: Measurement, target, impact on complications of diabetes and does it really matter?
Authors: Mo Yifei , Lu Jingyi , Zhou Jian
Published: November 2023

Over the past two decades, there has been continuous advancement in the accuracy and complexity of continuous glucose monitoring devices. Continuous glucose monitoring provides valuable insights into blood glucose dynamics, and can record glucose fluctuations accurately and completely. Glycemic variability (GV) is a straightforward measure of the extent to which a patient's blood glucose levels fluctuate between high peaks and low nadirs. Many studies have investigated the relationship between GV and complications, primarily in the context of type 2 diabetes. Nevertheless, the exact contribution of GV to the development of diabetes complications remains unclear. In this literature review, we aimed to summarize the existing evidence regarding the measurement, target level, pathophysiological mechanisms relating GV and tissue damage, and population‐based studies of GV and diabetes complications. Additionally, we introduce novel methods for measuring GV, and discuss several unresolved issues of GV. In the future, more longitudinal studies and trials are required to confirm the exact role of GV in the development of diabetes complications.
Fecundity of diamondback moth females when offered honey with pyridalyl, a selective insecticide
Authors: Ozawa Rika , Uefune Masayoshi , Takabayashi Junji
Published: November 2023

We previously reported that the presence of pyridalyl, a selective insecticide, in aqueous honey (50% v/v) negatively affects the survival of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella: DBM) adults. However, it remains unclear whether toxicity of pyridalyl in aqueous honey affects the fecundity of adult female DBMs. We analysed the survival and fecundity of adult DBM under the water, honey or honey + pyridalyl conditions in glass tubes containing Japanese mustard spinach (Brassica rapa: Komatsuna) leaves for 10 days. The survival of adults under the honey (50% v/v) and honey + pyridalyl (100‐fold dilution) conditions was significantly higher and lower, respectively, than under the water condition during the experimental period. The number of eggs laid by DBM females each day (fecundity) under the water condition was significantly lower than that under the honey condition throughout the experimental period, except on day 1. In contrast, the numbers under the water and honey + pyridalyl conditions were not significantly different, except on day 2 (the honey + pyridalyl condition was significantly lower). To study the effects of plants grown in pots on the survival and fecundity of DBM females, we conducted experiments using acrylic cages containing potted komatsuna plants. The survival trends under the honey, and honey + pyridalyl conditions in the cages were similar to those in the glass tubes. Fecundity was evaluated based on the total number of subsequent generations (DBM larvae and pupae) on day 10. The numbers were significantly higher in the honey condition than in the water condition. In contrast, the number in the honey + pyridalyl condition was not significantly different from that in the water condition. Given our previous findings that the longevity and fecundity of Cotesia vestalis, an effective natural enemy of DBM larvae, remained unaffected by the presence of pyridalyl in honey as a food supply, our research suggests that introducing devices providing honey infused with pyridalyl in greenhouses as a nutritional source for C. vestalis could be an effective biological control strategy for managing DBM populations within greenhouse environments.