bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collagen membranes at immediate implants: a histomorphometric study in dogs
Authors: Caneva Marco , Botticelli Daniele , Salata Luiz Antonio , Scombatti Souza Sérgio Luis , Carvalho Cardoso Leandro , Lang Niklaus Peter
Published: May 2010

Aim: To evaluate the influence of resorbable membranes on hard tissue alterations and osseointegration at implants placed into extraction sockets in a dog model.

Material and methods: In the mandibular premolar region, implants were installed immediately into the extraction sockets of six Labrador dogs. Collagen‐resorbable membranes were placed at the test sites, while the control sites were left uncovered. Implants were intended to heal in a submerged mode. After 4 months of healing, the animals were sacrificed, and ground sections were obtained for histomorphometric evaluation.

Results: After 4 months of healing, a control implant was not integrated (n=5). Both at the test and at the control sites, bone resorption occurred. While the most coronal bone‐to‐implant contact was similar between the test and the control sites, the alveolar bone crest outline was maintained to a higher degree at the buccal aspect of the test sites (loss: 1.7 mm) compared with the control sites (loss: 2.2 mm).

Conclusions: The use of collagen‐resorbable membranes at implants immediately placed into extraction sockets contributed to a partial (23%) preservation of the buccal outline of the alveolar process.

To cite this article:
 Caneva M, Botticelli D, Salata LA, Souza SLS, Carvalho Cardoso L, Lang NP. Collagen membranes at immediate implants: a histomorphometric study in dogs. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 891–897. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01946.x
Prospective study to estimate mandibular cancellous bone density using large‐volume cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Naitoh Munetaka , Hirukawa Akiko , Katsumata Akitoshi , Ariji Eiichiro
Published: May 2010

Objective: Because pixel or voxel values obtained from cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images are not absolute values, the bone density cannot be evaluated. Hence, the regression line between voxel values of CBCT and the bone mineral density (BMDs) of multislice CT (MSCT) was prospectively evaluated to investigate the mandibular cancellous bone density. Also, the usefulness of a reference bone block was evaluated on assessing a low mandibular bone density.

Materials and methods: A total of 15 (two males and 13 females) patients who had undergone postoperative imaging for mandibular dental implant treatment with a bone graft using CBCT and MSCT were enrolled in this investigation. Voxel values of region of interests in CBCT were transformed to BMDs using a regression line from a previous study, and differences between BMDs obtained using CBCT and MSCT were calculated. Also, the voxel values of CBCT at the selected sites, in which the bone density was measured between 100 and 300 mg/cm3 of hydroxyapatite (HA) in MSCT, were assessed regarding whether they were higher or lower than the BMD of the reference bone block.

Results: The mean overall difference was 38 mg/cm3 of HA. Thirty‐eight of the 45 sites (84%) were accurately assessed using the reference bone block.

Conclusion: The usefulness of a regression line for BMD estimation in CBCT was prospectively confirmed in mandibular cancellous bone. Also, the reference bone block was useful to assess the low bone density of mandibular cancellous bone on CBCT with a large volume.

To cite this article:
 Naitoh M, Hirukawa A, Katsumata A, Ariji E. Prospective study to estimate mandibular cancellous bone density using large‐volume cone‐beam computed tomography. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. xx, 2010; 1309–1313. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01950.x
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase represents a predictive marker for response to adjuvant interferon therapy in patients with malignant melanoma
Authors: Meyer Stefanie , Wild Peter J. , Vogt Thomas , Bataille Frauke , Ehret Christoph , Gantner Susanne , Landthaler Michael , Klinkhammer‐Schalke Monika , Hofstaedter Ferdinand , Bosserhoff Anja K.
Published: May 2010

Please cite this article as: Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase represents a predictive marker for response to adjuvant interferon therapy in patients with malignant melanoma. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e251–e257.

Abstract:  Using tissue microarrays assembling 465 nevi, primary melanomas and metastases, we investigated whether expression of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a recently suggested biomarker of malignant melanoma, has prognostic significance and may predict responsiveness to adjuvant interferon therapy in patients with melanoma. Because of its association with MTAP activity and interferon signalling pathways, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) immunohistochemistry was analysed, too. MTAP expression was significantly reduced in melanomas and metastases compared with nevi (P < 0.001); STAT1 expression significantly increased. In melanomas, loss of MTAP expression was significantly related to Clark level (P < 0.05) and tumor thickness (P < 0.01); whereas STAT1 immunoreactivity was significantly related to gender (p < 0.05) and tumor thickness (P < 0.05). Interestingly, subgroup analysis of patients with a tumor thickness of 1.5–4.0 mm revealed a significant survival benefit from adjuvant interferon treatment regarding recurrence‐free survival (RFS; P < 0.05) if MTAP expression was observed in the primary melanoma. Patients with STAT1‐positive melanomas also tended to benefit from interferon concerning RFS (P = 0.074) and showed a significant benefit concerning overall survival (OS; P < 0.05). According to Cox analysis, MTAP expression in contrast to STAT1 was an independent positive prognostic marker for RFS and OS. In conclusion, MTAP represents a highly promising immunohistochemical marker for prognosis and interferon response of patients with malignant melanoma.
Isolation, identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae from infected rhesus monkeys and control efficacy
Authors: Zou Shasha , Luo Qihui , Chen Zhengli , Cheng Anchun , Wang Mingshu , Zhu Dekang , Jia Renyong , Liu Fei , Chen Xiaoyue , Zhou Yi , Bi Fengjun , Yang Zexia
Published: May 2010

Background  Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause a wide variety of illnesses. Primate animals can be infected by the pneumococcus. A disease occurred among rhesus monkeys in winter 2006.

Methods  Routine clinical observation, necropsies, bacteriological examinations were conducted, and PCR, pathogenicity to BALB/c mice and antibiotic susceptibility test were examined additionally.

Results  We conclude that the agent is S. pneumoniae. Based on the antibiotic susceptibility test, a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight daily of Erythromycin was given intramuscular injection for 5 days, resulting in the disappearance of clinical signs, and no newly case reappear be observed till today.

Conclusions  Therefore, it is suggested that the outbreak of respiratory disease in the rhesus monkeys was because of transmission of S. pneumoniae among rhesus monkeys. The antibiotic therapy finding underscores the utility of Erythromycin to cure the infected rhesus monkeys without causing side effects and without contributing to the further development of antibiotic resistance.
Distribution and predictors of exercise habits among pregnant women in the Danish National Birth Cohort
Authors: Juhl M. , Madsen M. , Andersen A.‐M. N. , Andersen P. K. , Olsen J.
Published: May 2010

Physical activity is recommended during pregnancy, although strong evidence on reproductive health is lacking. We present exercise habits and predictors of exercise during pregnancy. From the Danish National Birth Cohort (1996–2002), 88 200 singleton pregnancies were analyzed in logistic regression. About one‐third of the women exercised in early/mid pregnancy and slightly less in late pregnancy. Bicycling, swimming, and low‐impact activities were most common. Exercising more than three times per week was strongly correlated with older age, being a student or out of work, eating disorders, moderate alcohol consumption, and a healthy diet. Multiparity, a normal or less good self‐rated health, smoking, and a less health conscious diet were the strongest predictors of not doing exercise. Women of 25 years or older, with metabolic or psychiatric disorders, or who had received subfecundity treatment were more likely to increase their activity level substantially from early to late pregnancy than comparison groups. In conclusion, exercising during pregnancy correlated with a number of maternal characteristics. The findings may be used to identify pregnant women not likely to exercise, to target activities that may fit their needs, and, for research purposes, to identify adjustment variables or guide sensitivity analyses when data on confounders are lacking.
Orthodontic rehabilitation for anterior teeth lost due to trauma with crowding malocclusion
Authors: Kawakami Masayoshi , Okamoto Kensuke , Fujii Ryosuke , Kirita Tadaaki
Published: May 2010

Abstract –  Herein, we describe orthodontic management for an adolescent girl with traumatic loss of the upper central incisors and maxillary protrusion. The central incisors were immediately replaced and fixed with application of a semi‐rigid splint for 12 days, then endodontically treated. Severe root resorption and degeneration of periodontal tissue were noted after 4 years and the teeth were extracted, while the patient had also developed maxillary protrusion with severe crowding in the lower arch. The treatment objectives were to close the spaces by mesial movement of the buccal segment in the upper arch and eliminate crowding by extraction of the lower bicuspids. Favorable occlusion was achieved as was substitution with the lateral incisors for the lost central teeth.
Policy benchmarking report on neonatal health and social policies in 13 European countries
Authors: Keller Matthias , Felderhoff‐Mueser Ursula , Lagercrantz Hugo , Dammann Olaf , Marlow Neil , Hüppi Petra , Buonocore Giuseppe , Poets Christian , Simbruner Georg , Guimaraes Hercilia , Mader Silke , Merialdi Mario , Saugstad Ola D
Published: May 2010

Background and aim:  Preterm birth is the major cause of infant mortality and morbidity in both developed and developing countries. In Europe, the prevalence rate of premature birth ranges from 5.5 to 11.4% ‐ an average of 7.1% of all live births. In this report, we aim to compare the current health and social policies, as well as practices in 13 EU member states.

Materials and methods:  Using desk research, relevant information was gathered from each of the 13 European countries with regard to the prevalence of preterm birth, the cost of preterm birth to healthcare budgets, and the relevant policies, guidelines and practices in place at the national and, in some cases, regional level. The information comes from a range of sources, including government and parent association websites, published scientific literature and media reports.

Results:  Despite the growing prevalence and increasing costs, neonatal and preterm infant health rank low on the policy agendas of EU member states.

Conclusion:  Based on the findings, there are a number of recommendations that should be considered. The European Union should (i) recognize the growing challenge of prematurity in Europe and its significant impact on infant morbidity and mortality, (ii) improve neonatal health through the development and implementation of coordinated EU health and social policies, (iii) address the lack of comparable European data on prematurity, including prevalence, mortality, acute morbidity and long‐term impairment, (iv) also increase the standard of neonatal care across Europe by supporting the development and implementation of European medical guidelines and quality standards, (v) support the development of European postgraduate training programmes in Peri‐ and Neonatology in order to increase the quality and availability of trained healthcare professionals.
Utp25p, a nucleolar Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein, interacts with U3 snoRNP subunits and affects processing of the 35S pre‐rRNA
Authors: Goldfeder Mauricio B. , Oliveira Carla C.
Published: May 2010

In eukaryotes, pre‐rRNA processing depends on a large number of nonribosomal trans‐acting factors that form intriguingly organized complexes. Two intermediate complexes, pre‐40S and pre‐60S, are formed at the early stages of 35S pre‐rRNA processing and give rise to the mature ribosome subunits. Each of these complexes contains specific pre‐rRNAs, some ribosomal proteins and processing factors. The novel yeast protein Utp25p has previously been identified in the nucleolus, an indication that this protein could be involved in ribosome biogenesis. Here we show that Utp25p interacts with the SSU processome proteins Sas10p and Mpp10p, and affects 18S rRNA maturation. Depletion of Utp25p leads to accumulation of the pre‐rRNA 35S and the aberrant rRNA 23S, and to a severe reduction in 40S ribosomal subunit levels. Our results indicate that Utp25p is a novel SSU processome subunit involved in pre‐40S maturation.

Structured digital abstract

MINT‐7889901: SAS10 (uniprotkb:Q12136) physically interacts (MI:0915) with Utp25p (uniprotkb:P40498) by pull down (MI:0096)

MINT‐7889915: NIP7 (uniprotkb:Q08962) physically interacts (MI:0915) with RRP43 (uniprotkb:P25359) by two hybrid (MI:0018)

MINT‐7889852: Utp25p (uniprotkb:P40498) physically interacts (MI:0915) with MPP10 (uniprotkb:P47083) by two hybrid (MI:0018)

MINT‐7890065: NOP1 (uniprotkb:P15646) and Utp25p (uniprotkb:P40498) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)

MINT‐7889865: Utp25p (uniprotkb:P40498) physically interacts (MI:0915) with SAS10 (uniprotkb:Q12136) by two hybrid (MI:0018)
Determination of Human Penile Electrical Resistance and Implication on Safety for Electrosurgery of Penis
Authors: Tsai Vincent F.S. , Chang Hong-Chiang , Liu Shih-Ping , Kuo Yuh-Chen , Chen Jyh-Horng , Jaw Fu-Shan , Hsieh Ju-Ton
Published: May 2010

Introduction

Electrosurgery has been a surgical application since the late 19th century. Although many urologists take this daily application for granted, the effects of electrical treatment on penile nerves and vessels have not been well documented.

Aim

To investigate the electrical characteristics of the penis and erectile tissues and to discover the potential hazards of electrosurgery on the penis.

Methods

Measurement of the electrical characteristics of three human penises in order to create models to analyze the effect of electricity on penile nerves and vessels.

Main Outcome Measures

Electrical resistivity of the penile shaft, electrical current density, and electric field strength on penile nerves and vessels, proportion of generated heat on the penis and electrical current density of the electrosurgery return electrode.

Results

Electrical resistivity (ρ) of the penile shaft is 127.14 Ω · cm at 500 kHz. Electrical current density (J) of the penis shaft is 71.06 mA/cm†, nerve (60.23 mA/cm†), vessel (67.93 mA/cm†), and return electrode (2.11 mA/cm†). Electrical field strength (E) of the whole penis shaft is 9.03 volt/cm. The proportion of generated heat on the penis is four times as much as on other body parts of the circuit.

Conclusions

Potential and subclinical injury to erectile tissue caused by electrosurgery on the penis cannot be underestimated. The injury mechanism can be attributed to a thermal (electrical current) effect and a nonthermal (mainly electrical field) effect. Ways to avoid the electrosurgical injury are: using less power (W)/electrical field and less time, biopolar electrosurgery confining the injured area, ligation to achieve hemostasis, and new laser technologies.
Management of Female Sexual Problems: Perceived Barriers, Practice Patterns, and Confidence among Primary Care Physicians and Gynecologists
Authors: Abdolrasulnia Maziar , Shewchuk Richard M. , Roepke Nancy , Granstaff U. Shanette , Dean John , Foster Jill A. , Goldstein Andrew T. , Casebeer Linda
Published: May 2010

Introduction

Although approximately 40% of women report female sexual problems—and particularly sexual desire disorders, there are numerous practical, professional, and personal barriers to their diagnosis and management by treating clinicians.

Aim

To identify practice patterns, perceptions, and barriers to the diagnosis and management of female sexual problems among U.S. practicing primary care physicians (PCPs) and obstetrician/gynecologists (OB/GYNs).

Methods

A random sample of practicing U.S. PCPs and OB/GYNs were sent a case-vignette survey by e-mail and fax. Response to the survey was considered consent. A regression model was analyzed to assess predictors of confidence.

Main Outcome Measure

Frequency and variability in diagnostic tests ordered and treatment recommendations provided for a patient with diminished sexual desire. Percent of physicians who reported they were confident in treating hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) and percent who reported significant barriers to initiating a dialogue about sexual health with female patients.

Results

A total of 505 responses were analyzed (8.8% response rate). Of respondents, 21% of OB/GYNs and 38% of PCPs stated they were not at all confident in treating HSDD. The majority of physicians would order a thyroid panel (PCP=63%, OB/GYN=53%) to assess a patient’s diminished desire and recommended counseling and stress management to treat a patient with sexual complaints (PCP=48%, OB/GYN=54%). Regression results identified time constraints, the perceived lack of effective therapies, perceptions regarding patient-physician gender discordance, years in practice, number of patients seen per week, and perceptions regarding continuing medical education and practice experience as significant and independent predictors of confidence in treating HSDD patients.

Conclusions

Discussion of sexual health is difficult, but there are independent predictors of confidence in treating patients with decreased desire.
Genetic variability in autochthonous Basques from Guipuzcoa: a view from MHC microsatellites
Authors: García‐Obregón S. , Alfonso‐Sánchez M. A. , Pérez‐Miranda A. M. , Gómez‐Pérez L. , De Pancorbo M. M. , Peña J. A.
Published: May 2010

Five short tandem repeats (STRs) located at human chromosome 6 were analysed in 97 autochthonous Basques from Guipuzcoa (northern Spain), with the aim of assessing the genetic relationships of Basques at a European scale, based on the variability of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, and comparing the phylogenetic information obtained from STRs, and from HLA class I genes (HLA‐A and HLA‐B) for the same set of European populations. The integrative approach was focused on D6S265 and D6S2792, according to availability of population databases. FST genetic distances obtained from STRs and from HLA loci were very similar, thereby describing a comparable pattern of genetic structuring among the European populations. These findings were supported by results of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence (r = 0.796, P = 0.0022) and by significant correlations between the first two FST eigenvectors of STRs and HLA genes. Coinciding with previous phylogenetic studies, Basques showed substantial genetic differentiation within the European context, probably as a result of the impact of random genetic drift and high inbreeding levels for extended periods of isolation even from adjacent populations. Analysis of the geographical distribution of the allele frequencies revealed a great number of latitudinal frequency clines in both the MHC STRs and the HLA class I genes, which supports the notion of the post‐glacial resettlement of Europe being a crucial factor in the genetic make‐up of Europeans. Our results indicate that analysing the genetic variability of MHC microsatellites could be a suitable strategy in evaluating the role of evolutionary forces such as natural selection (because of genetic hitchhiking effect), genetic drift and gene flow in the maintenance of polymorphism at the MHC region, because STRs can efficiently complement the genetic information obtained from HLA genes.
Transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFBR2) polymorphisms and the association with nonsegmental vitiligo in the Korean population
Authors: Yun J. Y. , Uhm Y. K. , Kim H. J. , Lim S. H. , Chung J.‐H. , Shin M.‐k. , Yim S.‐V. , Lee M.‐H.
Published: May 2010

The precise cause of vitiligo is unknown. However, autoimmunity is considered the most likely aetiology, especially in nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV). In this study we determined whether or not the transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFBR2) gene contributes to susceptibility for NSV in the Korean population. Blood samples were collected from 415 controls and 233 cases. We selected three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFBR2 gene. The genotypes of the SNPs were determined using direct sequencing. All of the SNPs were significantly different between the vitiligo patients and controls (rs2005061, co‐dominant, dominant, recessive, P < 0.05; rs3773645, co‐dominant, dominant, recessive, P < 0.05; rs3773649, co‐dominant, recessive, P < 0.05). In addition, haplotype 1 (CG) and haplotype 2 (GA) of the linkage disequilibrium (LD) block were also associated with a risk of NSV. The present study suggests that TGFBR2 might be related to NSV.
CCR5, RANTES and SDF‐1 polymorphisms and mother‐to‐child HIV‐1 transmission
Authors: Katz D. A. , John‐Stewart G. C. , Richardson B. A. , Majiwa M. , Mabuka J. M. , Lohman‐Payne B. , Farquhar C.
Published: May 2010

Among 288 HIV‐1‐infected, breastfeeding women who received zidovudine prophylaxis and were followed with their infants in Nairobi, we found no associations between maternal genetic polymorphisms in CCR5 (59029G/A, 59353T/C, 59356T/C, 59402G/A), RANTES (‐403G/A) and SDF‐1 (3’801G/A) and mother‐to‐child HIV‐1 transmission; plasma, cervical and breastmilk viral loads; or breastmilk chemokine concentrations.
Maize canopy production under contrasted water regimes
Authors: Song Y. , Birch C.J. , Hanan J.
Published: May 2010

Two field experiments were employed to investigate canopy production in two cultivars of maize (Zea mays), Pioneer 34N43 and Pioneer 31H50, under contrasted water regimes. Plants were sampled at 1–3 day intervals to quantify extension of leaves and internodes. Final lengths of leaf laminae, sheaths and internodes were reduced when the organ extension was exposed to water stress; however, Pioneer 34N43 appeared to be more sensitive than Pioneer 31H50. An effective linear phase by simplifying a four‐phase model was used to characterise organ extension in response to water stress. The coordination of the timing of sequential extension events of laminae, sheaths and internodes was preserved under mild water stress, but rates of processes were reduced. The rate of linear extension was principally responsible for reduction in organ length. This study provides robust relationships for use in modelling organ extension and canopy production under mild to moderate water stress.
Coronatine Alleviates Water Deficiency Stress on Winter Wheat Seedlings
Authors: Li Xiangwen , Shen Xuefeng , Li Jianmin , Egrinya Eneji Anthony , Li Zhaohu , Tian Xiaoli , Duan Liusheng
Published: May 2010

With the aim to determine whether coronatine (COR) alleviates drought stress on wheat, two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ChangWu134 (drought‐tolerant) and Shan253 (drought‐sensitive) were studied under hydroponic conditions. Seedlings at the three‐leaf stage were cultured in a Hoagland solution containing COR at 0.1 μM for 24 h, and then exposed to 20% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG‐6000). Under simulated drought (SD), COR increased the dry weight of shoots and roots of the two cultivars significantly; the root/shoot ratio also increased by 30% for Shan253 and 40% for ChangWu134. Both cultivars treated with COR under SD (0.1COR+PEG) maintained significantly higher relative water content, photosynthesis, transpiration, intercellular concentration of CO2 and stomatal conductance in leaves than those not treated with PEG. Under drought, COR significantly decreased the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde production, and the loss of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity in leaves was significantly alleviated in COR‐treated plants. The activity of peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase and ascorbate peroxidase were adversely affected by drought. Leaves of plants treated with COR under drought produced less abscisic acid (ABA) than those not treated. Thus, COR might alleviate drought effects on wheat by reducing active oxygen species production, activating antioxidant enzymes and changing the ABA level.
MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF COOKED BEAN SPROUT SALAD CONSUMED IN KOREA
Authors: SEO SUNHEE , SEO HAENA , CHA MYEONGHWA , OH MIHWA
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of cooked bean sprout salad produced at a university cafeteria in Seoul, Korea. The microbiological analysis data indicated total pate counts ranging from 3.20 × 103colony forming units (cfu)/g to 1.15 × 108cfu/g, and total coliforms counts ranging from 1.13 cfu/g to 2.24 × 103 cfu/g. However, foodborne pathogenic bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, were not detected in the cooked soybean sprout salad samples at any period of production. The obtained results indicate that the consumption of cooked bean sprout salad may not be safe if defective handling practices occur during various phases of production. These results can be used to establish risk management strategies for the prevention of foodborne diseases and to develop food safety and sanitation policies within the catering industry.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study investigated the microbial quality of cooked soybean sprout salad, reporting that total bacterial counts were sometimes at unsafe levels and coliforms appeared in every phase of preparation. The factors identified as affecting the microbiological quality and safety of the salad must be checked during handling, preparation and service to increase consumer protection. The data from this study emphasize the need for appropriate personal hygiene practices, such as using disposable gloves and avoiding cross‐contamination from bare hands. In addition, appropriate temperature controls are critical during every production phase to prevent bacterial growth. Finally, the process of cooling in cold water was estimated to be the most important critical control point for maintaining microbiological safety and restraining bacterial growth.
SILENCE AND MEMORY IN CRIMINOLOGY—THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CRIMINOLOGY 2009 SUTHERLAND ADDRESS*
Authors: RAFTER NICOLE
Published: May 2010

Two recent American Society of Criminology presidential addresses have identified as a key problem the fact that criminology lacks a history. In this address, I ask why criminology (in contrast to closely related fields) has generated so few studies of its past; I also identify some results of this failure and discuss why intellectual fields need a sense of their origins and development. History molds individual and collective identities; it lays a foundation for sociologies of knowledge; it encourages reflexivity, teaches us where our ideas came from, and gives us a sense of where we are going. To encourage historical work, I propose an overall framework for understanding the evolution of criminology, reaching back to the late eighteenth century and continuing into the present. My overall framework is that of scientific modernism, within which I identify the following three primary phases: exploratory modernism, confident modernism, and agonistic modernism. In conclusion, I suggest ways to stimulate histories of science in the field of criminology.
USING RANDOM JUDGE ASSIGNMENTS TO ESTIMATE THE EFFECTS OF INCARCERATION AND PROBATION ON RECIDIVISM AMONG DRUG OFFENDERS*
Authors: GREEN DONALD P. , WINIK DANIEL
Published: May 2010

Most prior studies of recidivism have used observational data to estimate the causal effect of imprisonment or probation on the probability that a convicted individual is rearrested after release. Few studies have taken advantage of the fact that, in some jurisdictions, defendants are assigned randomly to judges who vary in sentencing tendencies. This study investigates whether defendants who are assigned randomly to more punitive judges have different recidivism probabilities than defendants who are assigned to relatively lenient judges. We track 1,003 defendants charged with drug‐related offenses who were assigned randomly to nine judicial calendars between June 1, 2002 and May 9, 2003. Judges on these calendars meted out sentences that varied substantially in terms of prison and probation time. We tracked defendants using court records across a 4‐year period after the disposition of their cases to determine whether they subsequently were rearrested. Our results indicate that randomly assigned variations in prison and probation time have no detectable effect on rates of rearrest. The findings suggest that, at least among those facing drug‐related charges, incarceration and supervision seem not to deter subsequent criminal behavior.
Claudins of intestine and nephron – a correlation of molecular tight junction structure and barrier function
Authors: Amasheh S. , Fromm M. , Günzel D.
Published: May 2010

A prerequisite of epithelial transport is a paracellular barrier function, which seals the tissue against an uncontrolled leak flux. Moreover, selective paracellular permeability has been shown to be crucial for physiological epithelial transport function. Claudins are tetraspan tight junction proteins which play a major role in paracellular ion permeability across epithelia. The multigene family consists of 24 members and several splice variants which show distinct tissue‐specific expression profiles. Moreover, in diseases associated with a loss of barrier function such as forms of inflammatory bowel disease, the expression of claudins is altered. Functional characterization of single claudins revealed specific contribution to barrier properties in epithelia. This review gives an overview on the exploration of molecular structure and barrier function along the intestine and nephron, which not only share mechanisms of selective restriction of the paracellular pathway but also exhibit distinct organ‐specific characteristics.
Luminal chemosensing in the duodenal mucosa
Authors: Akiba Y. , Kaunitz J. D.
Published: May 2010

The upper gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa is exposed to endogenous and exogenous chemicals, including gastric acid, CO2 and nutrients. Mucosal chemical sensors are necessary to exert physiological responses such as secretion, digestion, absorption and motility. We propose the mucosal chemosensing system by which luminal chemicals are sensed to trigger mucosal defence mechanisms via mucosal acid sensors and taste receptors. Luminal acid/CO2 is sensed via ecto‐ and cytosolic carbonic anhydrases and ion transporters in the epithelial cells and via acid sensors on the afferent nerves in the duodenum and the oesophagus. Gastric acid sensing is differentially mediated via endocrine cell acid sensors and afferent nerves. Furthermore, a luminal l‐glutamate signal is mediated via epithelial l‐glutamate receptors, including metabotropic glutamate receptors and taste receptor 1 family heterodimers, with activation of afferent nerves and cyclooxygenase, whereas luminal Ca2+ is differently sensed via the calcium‐sensing receptor in the duodenum. These luminal chemosensors help to activate mucosal defence mechanisms in order to maintain the mucosal integrity and physiological responses of the upper GI tract. Stimulation of luminal chemosensing in the upper GI mucosa may prevent mucosal injury, affect nutrient metabolism and modulate sensory nerve activity.
South Africans’ experiences of being old and of care and caring in a transitional period
Authors: Bohman Doris M. , van Wyk Neltjie C. , Ekman Sirkka‐Liisa
Published: May 2010

bohman d.m., van wyk n.c. & ekman s.‐l. (2011)  South Africans’ experiences of being old and of care and caring in a transitional period. International Journal of Older People Nursing6, 187–195

doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2010.00225.x

This focused ethnographic study aimed to illuminate a group of South Africans’ experiences of being old and of care and caring in a transitional period. With a growing number of older people in Africa, studies on the individual experiences may help to develop care which is more sensitively based on the needs for older people in a changing Southern Africa context. Data were collected through group and individual in‐depth interviews and participant observations which involved 16 individuals, aged 52–76. Data were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. The study showed two interrelated themes reflections on life and ubuntu – an orientation towards others. Findings were discussed from the viewpoint of the theory of gerotranscendence, showing similarities as well as differences, possibly due to societal and cultural differences. Shortage of formal care for older people living in poor conditions in Southern Africa, gave rise to the discussion for the need of a contextualized development of gerontological care. To enhance knowledge on the theory of gerotranscendence and develop guidelines for nursing in home‐based care/community‐based care in a South African context may be a first step to support older people in their process towards gerotranscendence.
Evidence of susceptibility to morbillivirus infection in cetaceans from the United States
Authors: Rowles T. K. , Schwacke L. S. , Wells R. S. , Saliki J. T. , Hansen L. , Hohn A. , Townsend F. , Sayre R. A. , Hall A. J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Cetacean morbilliviruses (CeMV) are viruses that can cause mass mortalities among various odontocete species. In this study levels of “herd” immunity in cetaceans from the U.S. coast are described from the distribution and prevalence of antibodies against morbilliviruses. Neutralizing antibody titers against dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), porpoise morbillivirus (PMV), phocine distemper (PDV), and canine distemper viruses (CDV) were measured. Positive samples had higher titers against the CeMV than against the other morbilliviruses tested, indicating that although PDV or CDV can be used to investigate exposure their use may result in a higher false negative rate. The results suggest that morbillivirus did not persist in coastal populations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) after the major outbreaks that occurred in the 1980s and 1990s. Bottlenose dolphins from Beaufort, North Carolina; St. Joseph Bay, Florida; and Cape May, New Jersey had anti‐DMV seroprevalences ranging from between 15% and 33% but those from Charleston, South Carolina and Sarasota Bay, Florida, sampled in recent years were largely negative. These latter groups are therefore now vulnerable to infection and could experience high mortality if exposed to CeMV. Sero‐surveys of this kind are therefore vital for assessing the risk of new and recurring viral outbreaks in coastal cetaceans.
Dramatic shifts in Hawaiian monk seal distribution predicted from divergent regional trends
Authors: Baker Jason D. , Harting Albert L. , Wurth Tracy A. , Johanos Thea C.
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Total estimated abundance of Hawaiian monk seals was just 1,161 individuals in 2008 and this number is decreasing. Most monk seals reside in the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI) where the decline is approximately 4%/yr, whereas relatively fewer seals currently occupy the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). It is widely accepted that the MHI population is increasing, although there are no formal estimates of total abundance, population growth rate or vital rates. This lack of information has hampered efforts to anticipate future scenarios and plan conservation measures. We present the first estimates of MHI monk seal survival and age‐specific reproductive rates. Using these rates, a conservative estimate of current MHI abundance and a previously published stochastic simulation model, we estimate the MHI population growth rate and projected abundance trend. Analogous estimates for the NWHI are derived from a much richer data set. Estimated survival from weaning to age 1 yr is 77% in the MHI, much higher than recent NWHI estimates ranging from 42% to 57%. Moreover, MHI females begin reproducing at a younger age and attain higher birth rates than observed in the NWHI. The estimated MHI intrinsic rate of population growth is 1.07 compared to a 0.89–0.96 range in the NWHI. Assuming an initial abundance of 152 animals in the MHI, projections indicate that if current demographic trends continue, abundance in the NWHI and MHI will equalize in approximately 15 yr. These results underscore the imperative to mitigate the NWHI decline while devoting conservation efforts to foster population growth in the MHI, where documented threats including fishery interactions, direct killing, and disease could rapidly undo the current fragile positive trend.
Proteolysis of Submembrane Cytoskeletal Proteins Ankyrin‐G and αII‐Spectrin Following Diffuse Brain Injury: A Role in White Matter Vulnerability at Nodes of Ranvier
Authors: Reeves Thomas M. , Greer John E. , Vanderveer Andrew S. , Phillips Linda L.
Published: May 2010

A high membrane‐to‐cytoplasm ratio makes axons particularly vulnerable to traumatic injury. Posttraumatic shifts in ionic homeostasis promote spectrin cleavage, disrupt ankyrin linkages and destabilize axolemmal proteins. This study contrasted ankyrin‐G and αII‐spectrin degradation in cortex and corpus callosum following diffuse axonal injury produced by fluid percussion insult. Ankyrin‐G lysis occurred preferentially in white matter, with acute elevation of all fragments and long‐term reduction of a low kD form. Calpain‐generated αII‐spectrin fragments increased in both regions. Caspase‐3 lysis of αII‐spectrin showed a small, acute rise in cortex but was absent in callosum. White matter displayed nodal damage, with horseradish peroxidase permeability into the submyelin space. Ankyrin‐G‐binding protein neurofascin and spectrin‐binding protein ankyrin‐B showed acute alterations in expression. These results support ankyrin‐G vulnerability in white matter following trauma and suggest that ankyrin‐G and αII‐spectrin proteolysis disrupts Node of Ranvier integrity. The time course of such changes were comparable to previously observed functional deficits in callosal fibers.
Addition of gentamicin to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) contrast medium towards reducing the frequency of septic complications of ERCP
Authors: RAMIREZ Francisco C , OSATO Michael S , GRAHAM David Y , WOODS Karen L
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:  Bacteremia and sepsis are serious complications of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and occur in between 0.5 and 3% of cases. Patients with obstructed bile ducts are at highest risk of developing septic complications. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the addition of gentamicin to the ERCP contrast medium prevents or reduces the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitro.

METHODS:  Artificial bile ducts were fashioned out of dialysis tubing and suspended in flasks containing brain heart infusion (BHI) broth. The tubing contained BHI broth alone, with or without contrast medium or with contrast medium plus gentamicin. The artificial ducts were inoculated with gentamicin‐sensitive or gentamicin‐resistant P. aeruginosa and quantitative cultures were performed.

RESULTS:  The contrast medium alone was bacteriostatic to both sensitive and resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. The addition of gentamicin to the contrast medium eliminated the sensitive strain after 2 h and resulted in a reduction in the number of gentamicin‐resistant P. aeruginosa after 4 h. Incubation of the resistant isolate in the presence of contrast and gentamicin for an additional 4 h led to a further reduction in viable bacteria but did not completely eliminate the organisms.

CONCLUSION:  These results support the use of gentamicin in the contrast medium injected into the biliary system as an ancillary method to prevent post‐ERCP sepsis.
Efficacy of 1‐week proton pump inhibitor triple therapy as first‐line Helicobacter pylori eradication regime in Asian patients: Is it still effective 10 years on?
Authors: QUA Choon‐Seng , MANIKAM Jeeta , GOH Khean‐Lee
Published: May 2010

OBJECTIVE:  To re‐examine the efficacy and tolerability of 1‐week proton pump inhibitor triple therapy as a first‐line Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) eradication therapy.

METHODS:  Consecutive participants with a positive rapid urease test during an outpatient upper endoscopy were included. All participants were given pantoprazole 40 mg b.i.d., amoxycillin 1 g b.i.d. and clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d. for 1 week. They were asked to return after 1 week to report any side effects related to the medications and to check for compliance. Successful eradication was defined by negative 13C‐urea breath test at least 4 weeks after the completion of therapy.

RESULTS:  A total of 191 patients were recruited into the study, of whom 81 were male (42.4%) and 110 female (57.6%), with a mean age of 55.6 (range 21–88) years. Overall 26 patients (13.6%) defaulted follow up and five patients were not compliant (taking less than 85%) with the medications. Per‐protocol and intention‐to‐treat eradication rates were 84.4% (95% CI: 78.6–89.9%) and 71.2% (95% CI: 64.5–77.6%), respectively. Overall 68 participants (42.5%) reported no side effects, followed by 58 (36.3%) with a taste disturbance, 16 (10.0%) with epigastric pain, 15 (9.4%) with diarrhea, 13 (8.1%) with nausea or vomiting, 12 (7.5%) with loss of appetite, nine (5.6%) with dizziness and two (1.3%) with an allergic skin rash, none of which was severe.

CONCLUSION:  The current regime using pantoprazole, amoxycillin and clarithromycin is highly tolerable and effective and should continue to be recommended as a first‐line therapy for H. pylori eradication in our setting.
Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Its Association With Education, Smoking, Diet, Physical Activity, and Social Support: Findings From the Pennsylvania 2007 BRFSS Survey
Authors: Liu Longjian , Núñez Ana E.
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).2010;12:556–564. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors aimed to examine the prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) and its association with education, smoking, diet, physical activity, and social support among white, black, and Hispanic adults using data from the 2007 Pennsylvania Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey, the largest population‐based survey in the state. The authors examined associations between CMS and associated factors cross‐sectionally using univariate and multivariate methods. The study included a representative sample of 12,629 noninstitutionalized Pennsylvanians aged ≥18. Components of CMS included obesity, hypercholesterolemia, angina (as a surrogate for decreased high‐density lipoprotein), prehypertension or hypertension, and prediabetes or diabetes. CMS was identified as the presence of ≥3 CMS components. The results show that the prevalence of CMS was 20.48% in blacks, followed by Hispanics (19.14%) and whites (12.26%), (P<.01). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that physical inactivity, lower educational levels, smoking, daily consumption of vegetables and/or fruits <3 servings, and lack of social support were significantly associated with the odds of having CMS. In conclusion, black and Hispanic adults have a significantly higher prevalence of CMS than whites. The significant association between CMS and risk factors provides new insights in the direction of health promotion to prevent and control CMS in those who are at high risk.
Prevalence of Self‐Reported Hypertension, Advice Received From Health Care Professionals, and Actions Taken to Reduce Blood Pressure Among US Adults—HealthStyles, 2008
Authors: Valderrama Amy L. , Tong Xin , Ayala Carma , Keenan Nora L.
Published: May 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:784‐792. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lifestyle changes, such as changes in diet and exercise, are recommended to lower blood pressure (BP) in adults. Using data from the 2008 HealthStyles survey, the authors estimated the prevalence of self‐reported hypertension, advice received from health professionals, and actions taken to reduce BP. Among 5399 respondents, 25.8% had hypertension and 79.8% of these were currently taking antihypertensive medications. Overall, 21.0% to 24.4% reported receiving advice to adopt specific behavior changes, with younger adults and women having a lower prevalence of receiving advice. Blacks had the highest prevalence among the racial/ethnic groups of receiving advice, and household income was associated with receiving advice. More than half of respondents took action following the receipt of advice. Women were more likely than men to follow advice to go on a diet. Although many patients were following advice from their health professional and making lifestyle changes to decrease BP, the proportion of patients making changes remains suboptimal. Receiving advice from health professionals and following recommendations to reduce or control high BP are essential to hypertension management. Counseling on lifestyle modification should continue to be an integral component of visits to health professionals.
Vaccines as Monotherapy and in Combination Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Rotow Julia , Gameiro Sofia R. , Madan Ravi A. , Gulley James L. , Schlom Jeffrey , Hodge James W.
Published: May 2010

Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. Standard‐of‐care chemotherapy for metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer is associated with significant but modest survival benefit, indicating a need for alternative and/or additional approaches. The use of therapeutic cancer vaccines for the treatment of prostate cancer represents a novel targeted therapeutic approach. Whereas vaccine strategies are being developed for the treatment of various stages of prostate cancer, this article focuses on novel vaccine strategies for castration‐resistant prostate cancer that have been translated into late‐stage clinical studies.
Instruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research: An Inventory of Programs and Materials within CTSAs
Authors: DuBois James M. , Schilling Debie A. , Heitman Elizabeth , Steneck Nicholas H. , Kon Alexander A.
Published: May 2010

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) require instruction in the responsible conduct of research (RCR) as a component of any Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA). The Educational Materials Group of the NIH CTSA Consortium's Clinical Research Ethics Key Function Committee (CRE‐KFC) conducted a survey of the 38 institutions that held CTSA funding as of January 2009 to determine how they satisfy RCR training requirements. An 8‐item questionnaire was sent by email to directors of the Clinical Research Ethics, the Educational and Career Development, and the Regulatory Knowledge cores. We received 78 completed surveys from 38 CTSAs (100%). We found that there is no unified approach to RCR training across CTSAs, many programs lack a coherent plan for RCR instruction, and most CTSAs have not developed unique instructional materials tailored to the needs of clinical and translational scientists. We recommend collaboration among CTSAs and across CTSA key function committees to address these weaknesses. We also requested that institutions send electronic copies of original RCR training materials to share among CTSAs via the CTSpedia website. Twenty institutions submitted at least one educational product. The CTSpedia now contains more than 90 RCR resources.