bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Substance Use Disorder Readmission and Length of Hospital Stay in a Major Rehabilitation Center in the Gulf States: a Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ramadan Majed , Alharbi Aysha , Ahmad Rami Ghazi , Alkhalaf Ahmed , Alhusseini Noara , Algarni Alanood S. , Mohamed Izzeldin Siddig
Published: September 2022

Substance use disorders (SUDs) patients have longer lengths of hospital stay, and more unplanned readmissions than other hospitalized patients. We aim to evaluate SUD-related rehospitalization and length of hospital stay in a major rehabilitation center that serves countries of the Gulf States. In a retrospective cohort study for 16-year data set in Al-Amal Hospital Electronic Health Record in the city of Dammam, Eastern region of Saudi Arabia, patients received services from the SUD treatment programs in the period of January 1, 2005, to December 31, 2021. We used cause-specific Cox proportional hazards regression model to estimate risk of readmission, and general linear model to examine the association between substance use disorders and length of hospital stay. Of the total cohort, 4398 (30.17%) were readmitted within 1 year of discharge date. More than half of the cohort were unemployed patients (52.93%). Patients diagnosed with amphetamine use disorder were 1.36 higher risk of readmission compared to no amphetamine disorder (HR = 1.36; CI (1.04, 1.78) P.02). Patients diagnosed with mental disorder had 7.25 times higher risk of longer hospital stay compared to no mental health disorder (coefficient = 7.25; P < .0001). Amphetamine use disorder increased the risk of readmission. A secondary diagnosis of mental disorders among SUD patients increased length of hospital stay. As a targeted region of amphetamine smuggling in the world, policy and clinical decision-makers in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf States should consider taking proactive steps to minimize the future anticipated high demand for addiction treatment in the region.
Contextualizing AMO Explanations of Knowledge Sharing in MNEs: The Role of Organizational and National Culture
Authors: Gooderham Paul N. , Pedersen Torben , Sandvik Alexander Madsen , Dasí Àngels , Elter Frank , Hildrum Jarle
Published: September 2022

Ability, motivation, and opportunity (AMO) approaches have dominated studies of knowledge sharing in multinational enterprises (MNEs). We argue that there is a need to consider both the national and organizational cultural contexts. Beyond their direct influence on knowledge sharing with colleagues in other business units (BUs), national and organizational culture significantly reinforce the positive relation between individual motivation and knowledge sharing. Thus, our multi-level approach to knowledge sharing in MNEs gives rise to a contextualized AMO approach that provides a novel and more potent understanding of variations in knowledge sharing. At the individual level, our approach includes the degree of ability in the sense of professional competence, intrinsic motivation, and opportunities to interact with colleagues in other BUs. At the organizational and country levels, we examine the direct and indirect effects of a collaborative culture on knowledge sharing. We employ data from an MNE that operates across a variety of regions, including the Nordic countries, Central and Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia. The sample consists of 11,484 individuals nested in 1235 departments in 11 countries. As well as confirming the significance of individual competence, intrinsic motivation, and opportunities for interaction for knowledge sharing, our findings reveal that both organizational culture and national culture are important factors for our understanding of knowledge sharing. This suggests that over and above recruiting intrinsically motivated employees, managers can enhance knowledge sharing by developing collaborative organizational cultures at the departmental level.
Distance mathematics education in Flanders, Germany, and the Netherlands during the COVID 19 lockdown—the student perspective
Authors: Thurm Daniel , Vandervieren Ellen , Moons Filip , Drijvers Paul , Barzel Bärbel , Klinger Marcel , van der Ree Heleen , Doorman Michiel
Published: September 2022

In March 2020, many schools worldwide were closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This closure confronted mathematics teachers with the challenging transition to emergency remote teaching (ERT). How did students experience ERT, and how did these experiences relate to context variables and to their teachers’ beliefs and practices? In particular, what didactic approaches and formative assessment practices did secondary mathematics students experience, and which beliefs did they hold concerning digital mathematics education? How were these student experiences and beliefs related to student context variables (gender, need to support family, personal home equipment), teacher beliefs, delivery modes, and student appreciation of mathematics? To investigate these issues, we set out online questionnaires for mathematics teachers and their students in Flanders—the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium—, Germany, and the Netherlands. Data consisted of completed questionnaires by 323 mathematics teachers and 2126 of their students. Results show that even though students preferred regular face-to-face teaching, they were content with the quality of their teachers’ distance mathematics teaching. Students reported that they were taught new topics often, but did not experience teachers initiating peer feedback. High student appreciation of mathematics, good home environment, and more synchronous delivery of ERT were related to ERT experiences and more positive beliefs concerning digital mathematics education. These findings have implications for ERT teaching strategies in future, as well as for hybrid teaching practices.
Valeric acid acts as a novel HDAC3 inhibitor against prostate cancer
Authors: Han Rui , Yang Hongxing , Li Ya , Ling Changquan , Lu Lingeng
Published: September 2022

Prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer-related deaths in men worldwide, and new agents for curing the disease are still needed. In this study, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that valeric acid (VA) was a HDAC inhibitor, and anti-cancer efficacy of VA in prostate cancer cells was also observed using either 2D or 3D culture systems. VA was cytotoxic for prostate cancer cells but low toxic to normal cells. VA significantly inhibited E2F1/E2F3 expression but increased CASP3 activity. In vivo mouse models further showed its anti-cancer activity and potential property of chemosensitizer with promoting apoptosis. The findings suggest that VA acts as a HDAC3 inhibitor with anti-cancer effect on prostate cancer by regulating E2F1/E2F3/CASP3 axis.
Investigating a Genetic Link Between Alzheimer’s Disease and CADASIL-Related Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Authors: Dunn Paul J. , Lea Rodney A. , Maksemous Neven , Smith Robert A. , Sutherland Heidi G. , Haupt Larisa M. , Griffiths Lyn R.
Published: September 2022

Monogenic forms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been identified through mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, whilst other genetic markers such as the APOE ε carrier allele status have been shown to increase the likelihood of having the disease. Mutations in these genes are not limited to AD, as APP mutations can also cause an amyloid form of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) known as cerebral amyloid angiopathy, whilst PSEN1 and PSEN2 are involved in NOTCH3 signalling, a process known to be dysregulated in the monogenic CSVD, cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). The overlap between AD genes and causes of CSVD led to the hypothesis that mutations in other genes within the PANTHER AD–presenilin pathway may be novel causes of CSVD in a cohort of clinically suspicious CADASIL patients without a pathogenic NOTCH3 mutation. To investigate this, whole exome sequencing was performed on 50 suspected CADASIL patients with no NOTCH3 mutations, and a targeted gene analysis was completed on the PANTHER. ERN1 was identified as a novel candidate CSVD gene following predicted pathogenic gene mutation analysis. Rare variant burden testing failed to identify an association with any gene; however, it did show a nominally significant link with ERN1 and TRPC3. This study provides evidence to support a genetic overlap between CSVD and Alzheimer’s disease.
Development of a Quantitative UPLC-ESI/MS Method for the Simultaneous Determination of the Chitin and Protein Content in Insects
Authors: Luparelli Anna Valentina , Leni Giulia , Fuso Andrea , Pedrazzani Clara , Palini Sara , Sforza Stefano , Caligiani Augusta
Published: September 2022

In a context where the commercial and nutritional interest in insect chitin is always increasing, an accurate and precise method to quantify this biopolymer, especially in food/feed, is required. In addition, quantification of insect crude protein through nitrogen determination is normally overestimated due to the presence of chitin. In this work, for the first time, an RP-UPLC-ESI/MS method for the simultaneous quantification in insects of chitin, as glucosamine (GlcN), and protein, as total amino acids, is presented. The method is based on acid hydrolysis and derivatization of amino acids and GlcN with the AccQ Tag reagent. Method was optimized and validated in terms of linearity, LOD and LOQ, intraday and inter-day repeatability, and accuracy. A hydrolysed commercial chitin was selected as reference standard for calibration. The instrumental LOD and LOQ correspond respectively to a concentration of 0.00068 mM and 0.00204 mM. The intraday precision satisfied the Horwitz ratio. Data from inter-day precision showed the necessity to perform the analysis within 1 week utilizing standard calibration solutions freshly prepared. A matrix effect was observed, which suggested the necessity to use an internal calibration curve or to work in a particular concentration range of GlcN. The chitin and protein content in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) were found in agreement with results obtained by independent methods. The optimized method was also tested on two different commercial food supplements, suggesting its applicability on a wide range of matrices. This newly developed method proved to be simple, more accurate, and faster if compared to methods which separately analyse chitin and protein content.
Safety and antitumor activity of copanlisib in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a phase Ib/II study
Authors: Fukuhara Noriko , Maruyama Dai , Hatake Kiyohiko , Nagai Hirokazu , Makita Shinichi , Kamezaki Kenjiro , Uchida Toshiki , Kusumoto Shigeru , Kuroda Junya , Iriyama Chisako , Yanada Masamitsu , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Suehiro Youko , Minami Hironobu , Garcia-Vargas Jose , Childs Barrett H. , Yasuda Masanobu , Masuda Shigeo , Tsujino Toshiaki , Terao Yui , Tobinai Kensei
Published: September 2022

The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of copanlisib were evaluated in this phase Ib/II study in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The primary endpoint was safety at the recommended dose; efficacy endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival. In phase Ib, patients received copanlisib 45 mg intravenously on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle, and when tolerated, consecutive patients received copanlisib 60 mg. As no dose-limiting toxicities occurred at the 45 mg (n = 3) or 60 mg (n = 7) dose in phase Ib, the recommended dose for Japanese patients was determined to be 60 mg, and this dose was used in phase II (n = 15). Although all patients experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), with hyperglycemia being the most common AE, no AE-related deaths were reported. The ORR was 68.0% (17/25 patients), median PFS was 302 (95% CI 231–484) days, and the duration of response was 330 (range 65–659) days. The pharmacokinetic properties of copanlisib were similar between Japanese and non-Japanese patients. Overall, copanlisib 60 mg had an acceptable safety profile and showed promising antitumor activity in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory indolent NHL.
Active Women Across the Lifespan: Nutritional Ingredients to Support Health and Wellness
Authors: Smith-Ryan Abbie E. , Cabre Hannah E. , Moore Sam R.
Published: September 2022

Women are the largest consumers of dietary supplements. Dietary supplements can play a role in health and performance, particularly for women. Growing evidence and innovations support the unique physiological and nutrient timing needs for women. Despite the need for more nutrition and exercise-specific research in women, initial data and known physiological differences between sexes related to the brain, respiration, bone, and muscle support new product development and evidence-based education for active women regarding the use of dietary supplements. In this narrative review, we discuss hormonal and metabolic considerations with the potential to impact nutritional recommendations for active women. We propose four potential areas of opportunity for ingredients to help support the health and well-being of active women, including: (1) body composition, (2) energy/fatigue, (3) mental health, and (4) physical health.
New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes
Authors: Podlogar Tim , Wallis Gareth A.
Published: September 2022

The importance of carbohydrate as a fuel source for exercise and athletic performance is well established. Equally well developed are dietary carbohydrate intake guidelines for endurance athletes seeking to optimize their performance. This narrative review provides a contemporary perspective on research into the role of, and application of, carbohydrate in the diet of endurance athletes. The review discusses how recommendations could become increasingly refined and what future research would further our understanding of how to optimize dietary carbohydrate intake to positively impact endurance performance. High carbohydrate availability for prolonged intense exercise and competition performance remains a priority. Recent advances have been made on the recommended type and quantity of carbohydrates to be ingested before, during and after intense exercise bouts. Whilst reducing carbohydrate availability around selected exercise bouts to augment metabolic adaptations to training is now widely recommended, a contemporary view of the so-calledtrain-lowapproach based on the totality of the current evidence suggests limited utility for enhancing performance benefits from training. Nonetheless, such studies have focused importance on periodizing carbohydrate intake based on, among other factors, the goal and demand of training or competition. This calls for a much more personalized approach to carbohydrate recommendations that could be further supported through future research and technological innovation (e.g., continuous glucose monitoring). Despite more than a century of investigations into carbohydrate nutrition, exercise metabolism and endurance performance, there are numerous new important discoveries, both from an applied and mechanistic perspective, on the horizon.
Response and Adaptation of Single-Cropping Rice Growth Periods to Sowing Date, Cultivar Shift and Extreme Temperatures in China from 1981 to 2010
Authors: Liu Erhua , Zhou Guangsheng , Wu Bingyi , Song Yanling , He Qijin , Lv Xiaomin , Zhou Mengzi
Published: September 2022

Crop growth period responses to climate change directly affect yield and quality; these changes have been investigated, but few studies have researched the quantitative effects of the sowing date (SD), cultivar shift and extreme temperatures on the vegetative growth period (VGP) and reproductive growth period (RGP) of crops. Based on the observed growth periods and weather data from 30 agro-meteorological stations in Northeast China (NEC), the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR), the Sichuan Basin (SB) and on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (YGP) during 1981–2010, we found that (1) advancing the SD resulted in the extension of the VGP but had no significant effect on the RGP. (2) Cultivar shift mainly prolonged the RGP, and its mean contribution to the trend in the RGP (68.4%) was greater than that of climate change (31.6%). (3) Increases in growing degree days (GDD) tended to lengthen the VGP and RGP, and their mean relative contribution to the VGP (65.9%) was higher than that of the RGP (58.4%). (4) Increases in killing degree days (KDD) and decreases in cold degree days (CDD) tended to shorten the VGP and RGP, and the mean relative contribution of KDD to the VGP (− 18.8%) was lower than that of the RGP (− 29.8%), while the mean relative contribution of CDD to the VGP (− 15.2%) was higher than that of the RGP (− 10.9%). The findings highlight the adverse effects of KDD and CDD on the growth periods of single-cropping rice and show how a reasonable SD scientifically matched with suitable cultivar types can make full use of climate resources and mitigate the adverse effects of extreme temperatures.
French Gothic Ivories
Authors: Guerin Sarah M.
Published: September 2022

This volume is the first to consider the golden century of Gothic ivory sculpture (1230-1330) in its material, theological, and artistic contexts. Providing a range of new sources and interpretations, Sarah Guérin charts the progressive development and deepening of material resonances expressed in these small-scale carvings. Guérin traces the journey of ivory tusks, from the intercontinental trade routes that delivered ivory tusks to northern Europe, to the workbenches of specialist artisans in medieval Paris, and, ultimately, the altars and private chapels in which these objects were venerated. She also studies the rich social lives and uses of a diverse range of art works fashioned from ivory, including standalone statuettes, diptychs, tabernacles, and altarpieces. Offering new insights into the resonances that ivory sculpture held for their makers and viewers, Guérin's study contributes to our understanding of the history of materials, craft, and later medieval devotional practices.
Data Science in Context
Authors: Spector Alfred Z. , Norvig Peter , Wiggins Chris , Wing Jeannette M.
Published: September 2022

Data science is the foundation of our modern world. It underlies applications used by billions of people every day, providing new tools, forms of entertainment, economic growth, and potential solutions to difficult, complex problems. These opportunities come with significant societal consequences, raising fundamental questions about issues such as data quality, fairness, privacy, and causation. In this book, four leading experts convey the excitement and promise of data science and examine the major challenges in gaining its benefits and mitigating its harms. They offer frameworks for critically evaluating the ingredients and the ethical considerations needed to apply data science productively, illustrated by extensive application examples. The authors' far-ranging exploration of these complex issues will stimulate data science practitioners and students, as well as humanists, social scientists, scientists, and policy makers, to study and debate how data science can be used more effectively and more ethically to better our world.
Neurosis
Authors: Tyrer Peter
Published: September 2022

Common mental illnesses have been diagnosed separately in recent years, but what is seldom understood is that they are all linked together, often much more closely than other disorders. In particular, combined anxiety and depression linked to personality disturbance, generally known as neuroticism, is very common. In the absence of awareness of its importance, this frequently leads to wrong clinical decisions and poor outcomes for patients. This book focuses on the concept of neurosis, tracing its history as a concept, its abolition from the DSM, the purpose and importance of the Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder, the re-definition of neurosis as the general neurotic syndrome, and its recently updated evidence base. Written for psychiatrists, psychologists and researchers, this book shows how recognising these combined common disorders is absolutely necessary for mental health practice, and urges that it is time that we re-examine our treatment priorities.
The compartmentalised nature of neuronal mitophagy: molecular insights and implications
Authors: Borbolis Fivos , Palikaras Konstantinos
Published: September 2022

The maintenance of a healthy mitochondrial network and the ability to adjust organelle population in response to internal or external stimuli are essential for the function and the survival of eukaryotic cells. Over the last two decades several studies have demonstrated the paramount importance of mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy that removes damaged and/or superfluous organelles, in organismal physiology. Post-mitotic neuronal cells are particularly vulnerable to mitochondrial damage, and mitophagy impairment has emerged as a causative factor in multiple neurodegenerative pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease among others. Although mitochondrial turnover is a multifaceted process, neurons have to tackle additional complications, arising from their pronounced bioenergetic demands and their unique architecture and cellular polarisation that render the degradation of distal organelles challenging. Mounting evidence indicates that despite the functional conservation of mitophagy pathways, the unique features of neuronal physiology have led to the adaptation of compartmentalised solutions, which serve to ensure seamless mitochondrial removal in every part of the cell. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge concerning the molecular mechanisms that mediate mitophagy compartmentalisation and discuss their implications in various human pathologies.
Learned turbulence modelling with differentiable fluid solvers: physics-based loss functions and optimisation horizons
Authors: List Björn , Chen Li-Wei , Thuerey Nils
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we train turbulence models based on convolutional neural networks. These learned turbulence models improve under-resolved low-resolution solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations at simulation time. Our study involves the development of a differentiable numerical solver that supports the propagation of optimisation gradients through multiple solver steps. The significance of this property is demonstrated by the superior stability and accuracy of those models that unroll more solver steps during training. Furthermore, we introduce loss terms based on turbulence physics that further improve the model accuracy. This approach is applied to three two-dimensional turbulence flow scenarios, a homogeneous decaying turbulence case, a temporally evolving mixing layer and a spatially evolving mixing layer. Our models achieve significant improvements of long-term a posteriori statistics when compared with no-model simulations, without requiring these statistics to be directly included in the learning targets. At inference time, our proposed method also gains substantial performance improvements over similarly accurate, purely numerical methods.
On the fate of a drop jumping over a gap
Authors: Lombardi Valentina , La Rocca Michele , Montessori Andrea , Succi Sauro , Prestininzi Pietro
Published: September 2022

Droplets impinging on solid surfaces, as well as the countless varieties of the resulting possible dynamics, are found frequently in both natural and industrial environments. Among such dynamics, the contact time with the surface, the amount of deformation and the occurrence of breaking induced by geometrical singularities of the solid surface are key aspects in a wide range of applications. We report the results of an extensive experimental activity investigating the capability of liquid droplets to jump over a gap while sliding/rolling over a hydrophobic solid plane. These drops impact on the downstream sharp edge of the gap and undergo the amount of deformation that allows them to climb the edge. We ascribe this unique behaviour to the transformation of rotational momentum into linear momentum. Such conversion can take place only if the right amount of deformation occurs upon impact. Indeed, within the explored range of Weber number

$\left (0.5\lesssim {We}\lesssim 40 \right )$

, we show the existence of a sub-range for which the drops show a significantly higher probability of jumping over the gap if compared to solid spheres, whose behaviour is predicted accurately by a purely ballistic and elastic impact model. We formulate a minimal energy balance in order to show that such peculiar drops are indeed the ones featuring high rotational energy. The results of this study also contribute to shed light on the debate about the amount of rotational speed characterizing liquid droplets running over hydrophobic surfaces.
Trying Not to Get Lost in Translation: Testimony of a Junior Researcher
Authors: Bernier Alexandre
Published: September 2022

Not being myself either a linguist or a translator, the purpose of this speech will be to bring the testimony of a young researcher who must deal—during his master thesis or his PhD. Thesis—with: first, the problems one faces regarding legal translations, and second, the use of legal sources transcribed in a language that differs from one's first language. Finally, we will touch on the use of sources which are pre-translated.
Is the desire for life rational?
Authors: de Ray Christophe
Published: September 2022

The question of the meaning of life has long been thought to be closely intertwined with that of the existence of God. I offer a new theistic, anti-naturalist argument from the meaning of life. It is argued that the desire for life is irrational on naturalism, since there would be no good reason to believe that life is worthwhile on the whole if naturalism were true. As I show, the same cannot be argued of theism. Since it is clear that the desire for life is not irrational, it is concluded that we have strong reason to prefer theism over naturalism.
A SENSE OF THE IRREVERSIBLE: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MUSIC OF ANN CLEARE
Authors: Carey Christian
Published: September 2022

This article examines the music of composer Ann Cleare, focusing on representative works that display her use of microtonality, unconventional scoring, multimedia and extended techniques. It also discusses Cleare's connection to Irish language and poetry, environmentalism and visual art. Several chamber pieces are analysed. The article concludes with discussion of large-scale compositions, including the eyam cycle about the 1665 plague village in Derbyshire, England, and the forthcoming Brexit opera The Little Lives.
FORMS OF MAKING: RICHARD EMSLEY'S FOR PIANO AND STILL/S
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2022

This article considers the recent music of the British composer Richard Emsley. It takes as a framework Tim Ingold's reflections on the creation of knowledge, not as the study of fixed objects but as a study with them, expressed in his 2013 book Making. The article examines the forces of resistance and opportunity that have shaped Emsley's creation of an algorithmic compositional method, and its use and adaptation in two groups of works: the series for piano (1997–) and the cycle Still/s (2002–19). The origins of for piano lie in a creative block that Emsley suffered between 1987 and 1996, during which time he began experimenting with using simple computer programs to create algorithmic compositions. Still/s extends this practice into a cycle of 24 pieces for instrumental quintet, originally inspired by a collaboration with the painter Joan Key. What emerges from both collections of pieces is not a form-based way of making but a practice, out of which forms might be discovered, and which requires skills of attentiveness, or what Ingold calls ‘correspondence’. The origins and subsequent elaborations of both for piano and Still/s show how the music itself has altered Emsley and his ways of working.
REFLECTIONS ON TEACHING COMPOSITION FOR CONFIDENCE, EQUITY AND COMMUNITY
Authors: Power Ian
Published: September 2022

The increasing precarity of arts academic jobs, combined with a much needed focus on equity and decolonisation, are de-privileging and destabilising the experimental music tradition and contemporary composer identity. As a result, composition departments are pursuing a paradox: scrambling to focus on specific marketable skills while also broadening the genres taught. After teaching in a composition department, a generalised arts department and a prison college programme, I describe methods to provide skills training for students interested in different genres, even if those genres are not the specialty of a department's faculty. These include: (1) discrete ‘levels’ of creative thought, from high-level questions of art's purpose to ground-level skills training; (2) creative process assignments, in which students plan and document their way through a prompt, developing a practical discipline into which desired skills can be incorporated; and (3) formal spaces for students to learn from each other, one-on-one, getting deeper into the similarities and differences they have. The goal is to empower students not simply via marketability, but by developing a sense of vocation without tethering creativity to employment, so that students may more realistically and more potently design their own lives in music.
Maps and territories, smoke, and mirrors
Authors: Friston Karl
Published: September 2022

It is a pleasure to comment on Bruineberg et al. – who raise some interesting questions of a philosophical and technical nature. I will try to answer three questions posed by the authors. Are Pearl and Friston blankets different things? Are Markov blankets used in an ontological sense? Is there a privileged Markov blanket?
The empire strikes back: Some responses to Bruineberg and colleagues
Authors: Ramstead Maxwell J. D.
Published: September 2022

In their target paper, Bruineberg and colleagues provide us with a timely opportunity to discuss the formal constructs and philosophical implications of the free energy principle. I critically discuss their proposed distinction between Pearl and Friston blankets. I then critically assess the distinction between inference with a model and inference within a model in light of instrumentalist approaches to science.
Good theoretical debate, but insufficient proof of concept
Authors: Spiegel Rainer
Published: September 2022

Bruineberg and colleagues argue that the patellar reflex cannot be modeled sufficiently with a Friston blanket due to counterintuitive sensorimotor boundaries. Although I agree with their theoretical discussion, their model of the patellar reflex is insufficiently based on clinical knowledge. Consequently, this example should not be applied to challenge Friston blankets. I will provide an alternative example.
Who tailors the blanket?
Authors: Suzuki Keisuke , Miyahara Katsunori , Miyazono Kengo
Published: September 2022

The gap between the Markov blanket and ontological boundaries arises from the former's inability to capture the dynamic process through which biological and cognitive agents actively generate their own boundaries with the environment. Active inference in the free-energy principle (FEP) framework presupposes the existence of a Markov blanket, but it is not a process that actively generates the latter.
Recurrent, nonequilibrium systems and the Markov blanket assumption
Authors: Aguilera Miguel , Buckley Christopher L.
Published: September 2022

Markov blankets – statistical independences between system and environment – have become popular to describe the boundaries of living systems under Bayesian views of cognition. The intuition behind Markov blankets originates from considering acyclic, atemporal networks. In contrast, living systems display recurrent, nonequilibrium interactions that generate pervasive couplings between system and environment, making Markov blankets highly unusual and restricted to particular cases.
Embracing sensorimotor history: Time-synchronous and time-unrolled Markov blankets in the free-energy principle
Authors: Virgo Nathaniel , Rosas Fernando E. , Biehl Martin
Published: September 2022

The free-energy principle (FEP) builds on an assumption that sensor–motor loops exhibit Markov blankets in stationary state. We argue that there is rarely reason to assume a system's internal and external states are conditionally independent given the sensorimotor states, and often reason to assume otherwise. However, under mild assumptions internal and external states are conditionally independent given the sensorimotor history.
Navigators’ views of a collision avoidance decision support system for maritime navigation
Authors: Aylward Katie , Weber Reto , Lundh Monica , MacKinnon Scott N. , Dahlman Joakim
Published: September 2022

Maritime navigation is a complex task involving the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of information using seamanship, professional knowledge, and technology. As the maritime industry transitions towards maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS), there is an increasing gap between the operator and the technology. This paper explores a collision avoidance decision support system for navigation from the navigator's perspective. The system, developed by Wärtsilä, is called Advanced Intelligent Manoeuvring (AIM) and can generate suggestions for course or speed alterations based on data from surrounding traffic. Nineteen Swedish navigators completed three ship traffic scenarios with and without decision support. Qualitative data were collected using interviews and analysed with thematic analysis. The results show that the participants perceive the decision support system as an advisory tool to visualise how traffic situations could unfold, a task currently difficult for most navigators. This paper discusses the present and near future of maritime navigation, highlighting the benefits of automation, while remaining vigilant about the potential dangers.
Differences in Satellite‐Based Latent Heating Profiles Between the 2015/2016 Disruption and Westerly Phase of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation
Authors: Kim Donghyeck , Shin Dong‐Bin , Kim Jiseob , Kang Min‐Jee , Lee Hyun‐Kyu , Chun Hye‐Young
Published: September 2022

Latent heating (LH) profiles from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM) were employed to examine the LH distribution during the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) disruption in the 2015/2016 Northern Hemispheric (NH) winter. We used the LH anomalies from the observation era climatology to compensate for the discontinuity between the TRMM and GPM LH. The difference in the LH anomalies (LHd) between the 2015/2016 winter and the typical winter coinciding with the westerly QBO phase revealed that deeper convective systems in the 2015/2016 winter shifted to the equator, releasing more latent heat relative to the convective systems in the winters coinciding with the westerly QBO phase. Comparison of the LHds calculated for each winter of 1998–2019 shows that the changes in the convective systems in the 2015/2016 winter were statistically exceptional among the changes in other winters. Inside the convective systems, stronger latent heat release and more frequent occurrences of deep convective and deep‐stratiform rain cells made up the total LHd during the 2015/2016 winter. Specifically, convective rain cells mainly derived the LHd of the convective systems in the 2015/2016 winter, except in February 2016. The results suggest that the LH increase from the typical winter with the westerly QBO phase may be considered an unusual equatorial wave source during the 2015/2016 QBO disruption. The signatures of the LHd profiles in the 10°S–10°N zonal band are sourced from the abnormal convective systems that were shifted from the western Pacific to the central‐to‐eastern Pacific.
Radio Refractive Index of Wet Atmosphere Estimated From Site Test Interferometer Data
Authors: Morabito David D. , Wu Longtao , Heckman David
Published: September 2022

The atmosphere plays a significant role in degrading Ka‐band (32 GHz) radio and optical communications for single antenna communications as well as degrading interferometric measurements such as used for radio astronomy and multi‐antenna arrays. Higher frequencies such as deep space Ka‐band (32 GHz) and near‐Earth K‐band (26 GHz) are more susceptible to this atmospheric degradation than at the lower frequency bands of S‐band (2.3 GHz) and X‐band (8.4 GHz). The various sources of atmospheric degradation include rain attenuation, cloud attenuation, gaseous attenuation, atmospheric noise temperature increase, and scintillation. For this study, we have focused on the strength of the turbulence caused principally by the wet atmosphere represented by the refractive index structure parameter Cn2, which is a measure of the variance of the refractive index over small incremental distances along the signal path, and thus is a strong function of water vapor variations at microwave frequencies. Here we provide a comprehensive study of this parameter derived from years of Site Test Interferometer measurements acquired from a variety of climates. We found that the strongest diurnal variation and correlation of Cn2 measurements with its model occurred for Goldstone, California representing a high‐desert climate, while weaker correlations were found for Kennedy Space Center representing a sub‐tropical climate, and Canberra, Australia and Madrid, Spain representing temperate climates. We quantified periods where the strongest correlation was observed such as Goldstone summers (as high as 0.7 for ∼3‐day periods) where the days are typically hot and humid while nights tend to be colder and drier.
Scaling Land‐Atmosphere Interactions: Special or Fundamental?
Authors: Desai Ankur R. , Paleri Sreenath , Mineau James , Kadum Hawwa , Wanner Luise , Mauder Matthias , Butterworth Brian J. , Durden David J. , Metzger Stefan
Published: September 2022

The highly interactive and variable nature of scales of space and time featured in components of the Earth system imparts enormous complexity to land‐atmosphere interactions. Here, we introduce an open special collection on Advances in Scaling and Modeling of Land‐Atmosphere Interactions that features articles in JGR: Biogeosciences, JGR: Atmospheres, Journal of Advances in the Modeling of Earth Systems, and Earth & Space Science. Collectively, these articles identify interactions across multiple processes, in field experiments, long‐term observations, and numerical simulations, which are then used to advance theories of scale interaction to improve predictive models.
Comment on “On the Estimation of Potential Evaporation Under Wet and Dry Conditions” by Z. Tu and Y. Yang
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef
Published: September 2022

It is argued here that the wet‐surface temperature (Tws) estimation method employed by Tu and Yang for their potential evaporation estimates yields physically unreachable low values not only during dry, but frequently under wet environmental conditions as well. For these reasons it is claimed that the wet‐surface temperature estimation method of Szilagyi and Jozsa (2008, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.008) may produce more realistic Tws values than the one by Yang and Roderick (2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3481) as employed by Tu and Yang (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031486).
MLKL post-translational modifications: road signs to infection, inflammation and unknown destinations
Authors: Liccardi Gianmaria , Annibaldi Alessandro
Published: September 2022

Necroptosis is a caspase-independent modality of cell death that requires the activation of the executioner MLKL. In the last ten years the field gained a substantial amount of evidence regarding its involvement in host response to pathogens, TNF-induced inflammatory diseases as well as pathogen recognition receptors (PRR)-induced inflammation. However, there are still a lot of questions that remain unanswered. While it is clear that there are specific events needed to drive MLKL activation, substantial differences between human and mouse MLKL not only highlight different evolutionary pressure, but also provide potential insights on alternative modalities of activation. While in TNF-induced necroptosis it is clear the involvement of the RIPK3 mediated phosphorylation, it still remains to be understood how certain inflammatory in vivo phenotypes are not equally rescued by either RIPK3 or MLKL loss. Moreover, the plethora of different reported phosphorylation events on MLKL, even in cells that do not express RIPK3, suggest indeed that there is more to MLKL than RIPK3-mediated activation, not only in the execution of necroptosis but perhaps in other inflammatory conditions that include IFN response. The recent discovery of MLKL ubiquitination has highlighted a new checkpoint in the regulation of MLKL activation and the somewhat conflicting evidence reported certainly require some untangling. In this review we will highlight the recent findings on MLKL activation and involvement to pathogen response with a specific focus on MLKL post-translational modifications, in particular ubiquitination. This review will highlight the outstanding main questions that have risen from the last ten years of research, trying at the same time to propose potential avenues of research.
Retinoic acid and RARγ maintain satellite cell quiescence through regulation of translation initiation
Authors: Luo Wenzhe , Xu Yueyuan , Liu Ruige , Liao Yinlong , Wang Sheng , Zhang Haoyuan , Li Xinyun , Wang Heng
Published: September 2022

In adult skeletal muscle, satellite cells are in a quiescent state, which is essential for the future activation of muscle homeostasis and regeneration. Multiple studies have investigated satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, but the molecular mechanisms that safeguard the quiescence of satellite cells remain largely unknown. In this study, we purposely activated dormant satellite cells by using various stimuli and captured the in vivo-preserved features from quiescence to activation transitions. We found that retinoic acid signaling was required for quiescence maintenance. Mechanistically, retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARγ) binds to and stimulates genes responsible for Akt dephosphorylation and subsequently inhibits overall protein translation initiation in satellite cells. Furthermore, the alleviation of retinoic acid signaling released the satellite cells from quiescence, but this restraint was lost in aged cells. Retinoic acid also preserves the quiescent state during satellite cell isolation, overcoming the cellular stress caused by the isolation process. We conclude that active retinoic acid signaling contributes to the maintenance of the quiescent state of satellite cells through regulation of the protein translation initiation process.
Exploration of nuclear body-enhanced sumoylation reveals that PML represses 2-cell features of embryonic stem cells
Authors: Tessier Sarah , Ferhi Omar , Geoffroy Marie-Claude , González-Prieto Román , Canat Antoine , Quentin Samuel , Pla Marika , Niwa-Kawakita Michiko , Bercier Pierre , Rérolle Domitille , Tirard Marilyn , Therizols Pierre , Fabre Emmanuelle , Vertegaal Alfred C. O. , de Thé Hugues , Lallemand-Breitenbach Valérie
Published: September 2022

Membrane-less organelles are condensates formed by phase separation whose functions often remain enigmatic. Upon oxidative stress, PML scaffolds Nuclear Bodies (NBs) to regulate senescence or metabolic adaptation. PML NBs recruit many partner proteins, but the actual biochemical mechanism underlying their pleiotropic functions remains elusive. Similarly, PML role in embryonic stem cell (ESC) and retro-element biology is unsettled. Here we demonstrate that PML is essential for oxidative stress-driven partner SUMO2/3 conjugation in mouse ESCs (mESCs) or leukemia, a process often followed by their poly-ubiquitination and degradation. Functionally, PML is required for stress responses in mESCs. Differential proteomics unravel the KAP1 complex as a PML NB-dependent SUMO2-target in arsenic-treated APL mice or mESCs. PML-driven KAP1 sumoylation enables activation of this key epigenetic repressor implicated in retro-element silencing. Accordingly, Pml−/− mESCs re-express transposable elements and display 2-Cell-Like features, the latter enforced by PML-controlled SUMO2-conjugation of DPPA2. Thus, PML orchestrates mESC state by coordinating SUMO2-conjugation of different transcriptional regulators, raising new hypotheses about PML roles in cancer.
Alternative ANKHD1 transcript promotes proliferation and inhibits migration in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Sun Wenhuizi , Huang Runzhi , Li Zhenyu , Zhu Yaru , Bai Yan , Wu Siyu , Wang Jingshuai , Xiao Yan , Xian Shuyuan , Tong Xiaowen , Zhang Jie , Guo Yi , Ouyang Yiqin
Published: September 2022

Alternative splicing (AS) is common in gene expression, and abnormal splicing often results in several cancers. Overall survival-associated splicing events (OS-SEs) have been used to predict prognosis in cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and function of OS-SEs in uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). Based on TCGA and TCGASpliceSeq databases, gene expression and the AS data of UCEC samples were retrieved. An alternate terminator of ANKHD1 transcripts named ANKHD1-BP3 was found to be significantly related to metastasis and OS in UCEC and significantly associated with HSPB1. The upregulated expression of HSPB1 induced downregulation of ANKHD1-BP3 and promoted tumor metastasis. These findings indicate that HSPB1, a splicing factor, regulates the expression of ANKHD1-BP3 to promote metastasis in UCEC.
Stress responses to repeated captures in a wild ungulate
Authors: Trondrud L. Monica , Ugland Cassandra , Ropstad Erik , Loe Leif Egil , Albon Steve , Stien Audun , Evans Alina L. , Thorsby Per Medbøe , Veiberg Vebjørn , Irvine R. Justin , Pigeon Gabriel
Published: September 2022

While capture-mark-recapture studies provide essential individual-level data in ecology, repeated captures and handling may impact animal welfare and cause scientific bias. Evaluating the consequences of invasive methodologies should be an integral part of any study involving capture of live animals. We investigated short- and long-term stress responses to repeated captures within a winter on the physiology, behaviour, and reproductive success of female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). Short-term responses were evaluated using serum concentrations of glucocorticoids and catecholamines during handling, and post-release recovery times in heart rate and activity levels. Repeated captures were associated with an increase in measured catecholamines and glucocorticoids, except cortisone, and delayed recovery in heart rate but not activity. Four months later, in summer, individuals captured repeatedly in winter exhibited a small increase in behavioural response to human disturbance and had a lower probability of being observed with a calf, compared to animals not captured, or captured only once. Our findings imply that single annual capture events have no significant negative consequences for Svalbard reindeer, but repeated captures within a season may impact offspring survival in the same year. Such unanticipated side effects highlight the importance of addressing multiple indicators of animal responses to repeated captures.