bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Juvenoid Fenoxycarb Against the German Cockroach, 1986 & 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Two separate 9-mo control programs were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of the juvenoid fenoxycarb (25.2% emusifiable concentrate) applied in a tank mix with residual neurotoxic insecticides. In each study, the residual insecticide was applied alone and served as a positive control. Multifamily public housing units served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Test sites for Test 1 were located in Hammond and Elkhart, Ind.; those for Test 2 were located only in Elkhart. Test 1 compared the cockroach control from applications of Dursban LO (0.5%) with the control from applications of Dursban LO (0.5%) plus fenoxycarb (0.25%) and was initiated in October 1985. In this test, the treatments were re-applied following the 1- and 6-mo evaluation periods. Test 2 compared the cockroach control from applications of Safrotin EC (1.0%) with the control from Safrotin EC (1.0%) plus fenoxycarb (0.125%) and was initiated in March 1986. In this test, the treatments were re-applied following the 2- and 6-mo evaluation periods. Sprays were applied using 1-gal B&G compressed-air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general clean-out procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated, and approximately 0.5 gal of spray was used per unit. The exact volume applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. The performance of the spray program was monitored for 9 mo following the initial applications, with retreatments occurring as previously noted. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 12-15 apartments, but the sample size for posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or the lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment cockroach counts. Additionally, sticky traps (Raid Roach Traps) were placed in the apartments overnight at each sampling to monitor the frequency of morphogenetically deformed adults exhibiting the juvenoid induced twisting of wings, which is correlated with sterility.
Efficacy of Insecticides for German Cockroach Control, 1986 and 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative efficacy and residual life against the German cockroach for the organophosphates azamethiophos (50% wettable powder), TD2222 (24.4% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), Dursban ME (11.7% chlorpyrifos, microencapsulated), and Dursban LO (41.5% chlorpyrifos). Test sprays of various concentrations were applied to 1-sq-ft (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 sq ft (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. After treatment, panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging. Residual agings evaluated varied from 3 to 12 mo for any one of the test insecticides. At the appropriate aging period, test insects were confined (continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm-diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture. Three or 4 exposure times were evaluated at each aging period for any insecticide. Initial exposure times ranged from 10 s to 5 h, but as the spray deposits aged these exposure times were increased to as long as 24 h for some treatments. The particular range of exposure times evaluated was selected to deliniate the critical periods necessary to produce acceptable mortalities. After exposure, insects were removed from the treated panel and placed in unteated holding jars, with food and water provided, for 48 h. Mortality counts were recorded at the end of the exposure time and at 24 and 48 h after the start of the exposure; the final mortality 48 h after the exposure is reported here. Six replicates were conducted for each exposure time, at each aging period, for each insecticide treatment. Each replication consisted of 10 cockroaches—5 adult males and 5 adult nongravid females.
S-31183 Evaluated as a Direct Application Manure Treatment for Control of House Flies in Poultry Houses, 1986
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Four groups of individually caged hens (14-16 hens per group) were used in each of 3 trials. The cages were suspended over concrete channels lm wide × 18 cm deep. When manure beneath the hens reached a depth of ca. 2.5cm it was treated once with an even distribution of a 0.5% granular formulation of S-31183 at rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80mg AI/m2. At the end of Trials 1 and 2 (14 days) all manure in the channels was removed prior to the subsequent trial. Manure was sampled on days 3 or 4, 7, and 14 in Trials 1 and 2, and on days 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 in Trial 3 and either frozen for later bioassays or immediately placed into plastic wash basins (28cm diam, 8cm deep) and held under screen emergence cones for 3 wk for adult fly emergence. For the bioassays, 4 156g paper souffle cups for each collection date were filled with manure and 25 one-day-old house fly larvae seeded into each cup. The cups were placed over sand in larger cardboard cups and held at ca. 27°C and 50% RH until the larvae pupated. Pupae were removed, counted, placed in plastic vials, and held for adults to eclose. At the end of 14 days (Trials 1 and 2) the manure was removed and the treatments were repeated.
Field Evaluation of Abg-6162A (Thuringiensin) as a Fly Larvicide, 1986
Authors: Mullens Bradley A. , Rodriguez Laura E.
Published: March 2022

Three open-sided, adjacent caged-layer poultry houses on a ranch in San Bernardino, California, were selected for the test. Houses were 187 m long and had’ single rows of suspended cages (3 birds per 30 by 45 cm cage) on each side. Two rows of double (back-to-back) cages ran down the center portion of each house. Manure accumulated beneath the birds and was 30-40 cm deep at the time of the test. Water leaks and poor air flow contributed to a moderately wet manure condition in the center rows of all 3 houses; M. domestica larvae were abundant and well distributed. Areas of noticeable maggot activity (30 areas per house) were identified at regular intervals in the 2 center rows of manure in each house and were marked with flagging tape on the egg collection racks. At each sampling date, a core of manure (ca. 150 ml volume) was removed from each marked area with a coring device (tube) 5 cm in diameter. Each core was placed in a separate 456 ml plastic cup with a screened lid, labelled by date, house and location. Samples were held in a greenhouse for 6 wk to allow fly emergence. Samples were taken 2 days pretreatment and 5 days after each treatment. Whole-house treatments (water, 750 ppm Thuringiensin and 1500 ppm Thuringiensin) were applied weekly at 45 psi. at 1 gal material per 100 ft2. Average manure moisture levels (10 samples per house) were similar and ranged between 66% and 72% on 19 Sep (just before treatment 1) and 15 Oct (5 days after treatment 4). Weather was unusually cool for the test period, with high temperatures averaging ca. 24°C and low temperatures averaging ca. 10°C (hygrothermograph data from center test house).
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Total Release Aerosol Foggers on Nine Species of Insects, 1987
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

An enclosed 4000 ft3 room was utilized for comparing the effectiveness of R-322 (0.5% fenvalerate 1% piperonyl butoxide 1% MGK 264); R-323 (0.1% Bay FCR 1272, 0.5% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1% MGK 264, 11.3% petroleum distillates); and R-324 (0.5% pyrethrins, 1% piperonyl butoxide, 1.67% MGK 264, 11.83% petroleum distillates) against 9 insect species. Testing was conducted at 60-70° and 90-100°F. Each species was placed separately in 6.5 (length) × 3.2 inch (diam) screen cages and suspended from the ceiling ca. 5 ft from the floor prior to testing. Three cages/species were exposed to each formulation. Also, 3 cages/species were held in an untreated room at the same temperature ranges as the treatments to serve as controls. At 2 h and 24 h posttreatment, knockdown and mortality were recorded in each test cage. At 2 h posttreatment the doors to the room were opened. The room was opened for 24 h after and prior to each test.
Laboratory Evaluation of Abg-6162A (Thuringiensin) as a Fly Larvicide, 1986
Authors: Mullens Bradley A. , Rodriguez John L.
Published: March 2022

Caged-layer chicken manure was field-collected and frozen (—10°C) for 3 days to kill any existing arthropods. Manure was placed in 114 ml plastic cups with screened (50 mesh) lids, 86 g of manure per cup. In the first test, 20 F. canicularis eggs were added per cup; in the second test 25 F. canicularis or M. domestica first-instar larvae were added per cup. Thuringiensin was diluted and 1867 u,l was applied with a pipette to the surface of manure in each cup. In the first test, treatments were applied to one group of cups at day 3 (instar 1 larvae) and a second group of cups at day 10 (instar 3 larvae). In the second test, treatments were applied 4 days after larvae were added (instar 3 larvae). There were 10 cups per dilution (plus water controls) per test. Cups were held at 20°C to allow complete emergence (6 weeks), after which time adult flies were counted. From 2-4 ml of water were added to the manure in each cup every few days for the first few weeks to prevent manure drying.
Efficacy of 10% Flucythrinate Swine Ear Tags for Control of Hog Lice, 1986
Authors: Fletcher Michael G. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

American Cyanamid Guardian® swine ear tags containing 10% flucythrinate were evaluated in Buckingham County, Virginia, for control of hog lice on brood sows maintained on pasture. Forty sows were tagged with 1 tag per ear 3 Oct. The efficacy of the tags was determined by counting the number of lice on one side of the body of 15 treated sows and 10 untreated gilts on 3 Oct. Lice counts were made at monthly intervals thereafter for 4 mo. Treatment and control groups were maintained in separate pastures throughout the test. The data were subjected to a general linear models procedure (SAS) and the means separated by a Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05).
Control of DHM, 1988:
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 23 Jun at the Robbins Entomology Farm near Geneva N.Y. Plots consisted of two 15-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 12 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, with 3 flat fan nozzles/row and 8004 tips, delivering 31 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2.5 mph, was used to apply 2 applications of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 8 and 30 Aug and evaluated 17-21 Sep. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 2 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae.
Corn Earworm Control, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Zimmerman Rick J. , Schweissing Frank
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Arkansas Valley Research Center, Rocky Ford, Colo. ‘NK 199’ sweet corn, planted 5 Jun was used in the trials. Individual plots were single, 40-ft-long rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. Insecticides were applied with a hand-operated mister that thoroughly wet the silks. Treatments were made 2 and 7 Aug, coinciding with early- and mid-green silking stages. Evaluations were made 14 Aug by examining 30 ears/plot. Individual ears were classified as clean, not damaged; clean, damaged; or infested, damaged.
Control of Sweet Corn Pests, 1987:
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Atlantic’ sweet corn was planted on 4 Jim near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys ol 5 ft separated replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized hackpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 ×) operating at 60 psi to apply 80 gal/acre. Treatments were initiated at whorl, early tassel, or early silk stage, and were applied 8 and 15 Jul (whorl); 17 and 21 Jul (tassel); 30 and 31 Jul; and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 17 Aug. All mature ears in each plot were harvested 18 and 20 Aug and scored for larval damage. Counts were combined, and the percentage of damaged ears was determined.
Chemigation for Onion Thrips Control, 1988:
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Bogle Clyde
Published: March 2022

Polyethylene drip irrigation tubing with 18-inch emitter spacings was buried 8 inches deep in 40-inch beds and onions direct seeded to the beds on 29 Oct 1987. Soil was a sandy clay loam and plants were spaced in 2 rows/bed, 6 inches from the center of the bed with 3 inch in-row spacing. Onion plants were surveyed weekly after 1 Jan, and treatments were begun on 29 Feb after thrips populations reached levels greater than 5/plant. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of untreated checks and applications of oxamyl either through the drip irrigation system or by a hand-held pressurized 1-nozzle sprayer at a rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Total volume of water with which oxamyl was applied through the drip system was 2,500 gal/acre and for the sprayer was 185 gal/acre. Three separate treatments were made; 29 Feb and 10 and 21 Mar. Surveys for thrips were conducted on 7 and 25 Mar by counting all live thrips on 3 plants/plot. Numbers were transformed to log10(x + 1) and subjected to ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Pesticide Effects on Fruit Finish, 1988
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Two formulations of Guthion, 2 rates of Lorsban, and 1 treatment of Lorsban + Lannate were applied to mature ‘Golden Delicious’ trees throughout the season. Trees were sprayed to run-off using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Treatment dates were 15 Apr, 11 May, 1 Jun, 17 Jun, 8 Jul, and 28 Jul. An application of Lorsban 4 E (1.0 qt/acre) + Sunspray 60 sec. oil (4.0 gal/acre) was applied to all treatments on 1 Apr. Other materials used during the season were Polyram 80 W, Rubigan 1 E, Solubor, Benlate 50 DF, Dikar 76 W, and calcium chloride. A final insecticide application of Guthion 35 W (1.0 lb/acre) + Lannate 1.8 L (24 fl oz/acre) was applied on 19 Aug to all treatments. Apples were evaluated on 6 Sep by randomly selecting 50 apples/tree (200/treatment) and rating each on a scale of 1-5 with 1 being the best.
Onion Maggot Control, 1988:
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 12 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Drench treatments were applied (150 gal/acre) on 31 May over the newly emerged plants just prior to the first onion maggot peak. Dithane M-45 (80 W) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 26 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 28 Jul.
Control on Peppers, 1988:
Authors: Oi David H. , Mau Ronald F. L.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted on 19 May in 5 lines of offset double rows. Spacing within the double rows was 18 inches between rows and 2 ft between plants. Spacing between double rows was 5 ft. Treatments were assigned according to a randomized complete block design consisting of 6 blocks, with 10 plants/treatment/block. Treatments were applied weekly trom 16 Jun to 21 Jul and on 4 Aug with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 37 psi. Approximately 250 gal/acre was applied to obtain full coverage. Lannate (methomyl) was applied to all treatments on 21 Jul to reduce aphid populations. Treatment evaluations were based on thrips counts, and the percentage of downgradable fruit due to thrips scarring. Counts were obtained by randomly selecting from the top of the plant canopy 1 fully expanded leaf/plant, for 10 plants/treatment/block. Posttreatment leaf samples were obtained weekly from 22 Jun to 17 Aug. The percentages of downgradable fruit due to scarring were determined for fruit harvested weekly from 1.3 Jul to 17 Aug. A mean of 562 (±85 S.D.) fruits/treatment were examined.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Vegetables, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Javelin DF was evaluated for potential phytotoxic effects on 9 varieties of field-grown vegetables. Treatments were initiated on 2 Jun, under sunny conditions, 26°C, and calm winds. Foliar applications were applied to 15 plants of each variety at or near maturity. A CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a 20-inch boom and 2 Teejet size 18 nozzles angled inward was used to apply the treatments at a rate of 40 gal/acre. Plants were examined on 7, 10, and 16 Jun for symptoms of phytotoxicity.
Potato Insect Control, 1987:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes, planted 19 May at the Colorado State University Department of Horticulture Field Research Station north of Fort Collins were used in this study. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, at 34-inch row spacing surrounded by untreated borders. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 25 Jul and 14 Aug using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer delivering 68 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated by randomly selecting 35 leaves/plot.
Control in Potatoes, 1988:
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 4 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 25 ft long and 3 ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 drop nozzle on each side of the row and 1 over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 10, 15, and 24 Jun and 7 and 15 Jul. Percentage of defoliation was recorded on 22 Jun and 13 Jul. The number of CPB larvae/5 hills was recorded on 30 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt/acre) on 10 Aug.
Miticide Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to mature trees using single-tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to run-off using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. Morestan 25 W was applied at pink stage of bud development (15 Apr), and other treatments were applied on 29 Jun when average mite counts were 3.83/leaf. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine, and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Due to the slow buildup of mite populations in this block, trees were seeded on 3 Jun by taping mite-infested shoots from several locations into each tree. Mite predators were kept at low levels during the early season with sprays of Asana, Sevin, and Lannate.
Control of Aphids, 1988:
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

Foliar and systemic experiments were randomized complete block designs with 6 replicates each conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1987. The planting dates were 19 May for the systemic experiment and 20 May for the foliar experiment. In the foliar experiment the 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each replicate consisted of 4 rows of potatoes, each row 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy Katahdin seed pieces (75 g each) were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 6 foliar applications ofDithane FZ (2338 ml/ha the weeks of 11 and 18 Jul, 2806 ml/ha the weeks of 25 Jul and 1, 8, and 15 Aug). Sidedress applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. The number of aphids (by species) was counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the data using log10(x + 1). Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.7, 8.3, and 13.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 15.7, 20.4, and 18.9°C.
Mite Management, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 0.1-acre blocks of 4-tree plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates/treatment. Each plot contained one each ofcultivars ‘Yorking,’ ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ and ‘Rome Beauty.’ Sprays were applied as alternate-row middle applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were 24 and 30 Jun and 26 Jul (Carzol + Vendex treatment only). A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Guthion, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments against ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (‘Yorking’). The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of ‘Yorking’ trees.
Systemic Insecticides for Control on Summer Squash, 1987:
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Criswell J. T. , Fargo W. S.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, Stillwater. ‘Hyrific’ summer squash was direct seeded on 20 Aug into single-row beds (48-inch centers) on a clay loam soil. The experiment was arranged in a double latin square design (5 by 5) and overlaid on plots consisting of a single-row of 5 plants seeded at 3-ft intervals. Granular formulations of the systemic insecticides were applied in a 6-inch band over the row at planting. The granules were lightly raked into the soil and the rows were irrigated using a surface trickle irrigation system. The treatments were evaluated by counting the dead SB (nymphs and adults pooled) and SCB on or directly beneath each plant at 1, 4, 7, 14, and 21 d after the squash plants emerged from the soil.
Effect Insecticides on Lepidopter and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1987:
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 7 Jul at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2-7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates were 7, 20, and 27 Aug; 3, 10, 17, and 14 Sep; and 1 and 8 Oct. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4-6 nozzles/row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, 23-25 cores, and 50-mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for some treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in 4 9- by 11-inch trays/replicate from 26 Aug through 7 Oct. On 14 and 15 Oct, 200 mature green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800/treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily tomato fruit worm) and external damage (primarily beet army worm) and for tomato pinworm.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Evans B. , McClain-Williams D.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1988: Nonirrigated alfalfa, 10 inches tall, was sprayed 14 Apr. Insecticides were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with I a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer boom was equipped with 70° hollow-cone nozzles positioned to deliver a broadcast spray pattern. Mean wind speed was 7 mph. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots measured 20 by 20 ft with unsprayed alleys separating adjacent plots. Eight stems were collected from undisturbed areas within each plot on each sample date. Samples from each plot were individually bagged, returned [ to the laboratory, and frozen. Samples were later thawed and examined under magnification for AW larvae. Pretreatment counts were taken and sampling I was repeated at 1, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, and 21 DAT. J. B. Graves, A. M. Pavloff, and B. E. Leonard Department of Entomology Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, LA 70803 (504) 388-1634
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1988
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs. Test 1 was conducted on the second alfalfa cutting and Test 2 was conducted on the third alfalfa cutting. Plots of 40 by 40 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated control in each of 5 replicates. For Test 1, PLH densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps taken randomly across each plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net on 23 Jun. All treatments were applied as foliar spray on 24 Jun. PLH densities were sampled on 30 Jun and 7, 14, and 20 Jul. Alfalfa height at treatment was 4-6 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal water/acre at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20-ft boom with 80° flat-fan nozzles and 50-mesh screens. Alfalfa yield was determined from to 60-ft2 swaths taken from each plot on 20 Jul. Treatments in Test 2 were similarly applied. PLH density was evaluated on 2 Aug before foliar spray was applied on 3 Aug and on 9, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. Alfalfa yield was determined from 2 60-ft2 swaths collected from each plot on 1 Sep.
Alfalfa Insect Control, 1987
Authors: Jensen Bryan , Wedberg John
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots, 12 by 12 m, were established in a field of ‘Magnum’ alfalfa at the Arlington Research Station in Columbia County, Wis. Each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 10 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with Teejet 8003 flat-fan nozzles that delivered 263 liters finished spray/ha at 25 psi. Insect abundance samples were taken using pendulum sweeps with a standard 38-cm sweep net.
Late-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Babcock J. M.
Published: March 2022

This work was conducted in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Agate’ alfalfa seed near Gardena, Walla Walla County, Wash. Plots were 0.01 acre, and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied 4 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from a 4-ft boom with 4 8003 flat-fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Samples of 5 180° sweeps from a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net were collected 11 and 16 Aug.
Alfalfa Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots (10.5 by 12 m) were established in a field of‘Arrow’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and applied 1 Jul from a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles delivering 188 liters finished spray/ha at 35 psi. The insecticide-impregnated dry fertilizer mixture was prepared by placing the dry fertilizer in a cement mixer and slowly spraying the formulated insecticide into the revolving drum with a hand-held mist sprayer. The mixture was applied in a checkerboard pattern with a push-type broadcast spreader. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 pendulum sweeps in each plot with a standard 38-cm-diam sweep net.
Cereal Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Barley was planted 29 Apr near Kimberly, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was surface irrigated. Two rates of Asana were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer in 50 gal finished spray/acre. The Asana plots and an untreated control plot were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plot size was 25 by 25 ft. Aphids were counted at 2, 6, and 13 DAT; 10 tillers/plot were randomly selected and examined, aphids/head and tillers were recorded. Aphids in the heads at the first posttreatment count were exclusively the English grain aphid. Aphids on the tillers were 90% rose grass aphid and about 3% each bird cherry-oat aphid and corn leaf aphid.
Control of Armyworm and Cutworms, 1987
Authors: Bullington Stephen W. , Roberts James E.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated at 2 sites in southwestern Virginia (Montgomery and Giles Counties) for control of larvae of armyworm and of various cutworms in no-till field corn after a pre-emergence tank mix of recommended herbicides and liquid nitrogen had been applied. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 50 ft long. For each of 4 of the treatments, the insecticides were impregnated on 25 lb of fertilizer (Green Grass general purpose lawn and garden fertilizer, 0-17-35, with boron) and spread by hand evenly throughout the plot. For each of these 4 treatments, the requisite amount of insecticide was first dissolved in 500 ml water, then sprayed onto the fertilizer with a hand-held mister as the fertilizer turned in a cement mixer. The damp fertilizer was then spread out on plastic sheets to dry for 1 d in the sun. The control for this group of impregnated treatments consisted of 25 lb of the fertilizer, also spread by hand. A compressed-air sprayer with 2 fan nozzles (Teejet 80034) delivering 16 gal/acre at 30 psi was used to make the foliar insecticide treatments. To ensure uniform coverage by the spray, 4 adjacent swaths of the insecticide, each approximately 3 ft wide, were applied over each plot. The control of this latter group of sprayed treatments was left untouched. The corn plants in the center 30 ft of the 2 center rows of each plot were counted about a month after planting, and the plants damaged by larvae caterpillars in the same area were counted in mid-summer. Ensilage yields were determined at harvest by cutting all the stalks from the same 60 row-ft for which plants were counted and damage was surveyed, then weighing these stalks using a sling swung from milk scales attached to a portable tripod. Damage and yield data were subjected to ANOVA. In Montgomery ‘3233 Pioneer’ field corn was planted in 38-inch-wide rows 11 May to corn stubble without cover, and the tank mix (paraquat, citrazine, simazine, and metachlor) was applied the same day. Insecticides were applied 13 May. Plants were counted 15 Jun, damaged plants were counted 18 Jun, and yields were determined 9-12 Sep. In Giles, ‘789 DeKalb’ field corn was planted in 36-inch-wide rows 15 May over a winter cover crop of rye, and the tank mix (paraquat, atrazine, and bicep) was applied the same day. Insecticides were applied 20 May. Total plants and damaged plants were counted 11 Jun, and yields were determined 16-17 Sep.
Slug Control, 1988
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Losey John
Published: March 2022

Seven molluscicide treatments were evaluated for slug efficacy on a Hagerstown silt loam soil in Centre County, Pa. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates of 8 treatments was used. On 10 Jun a pretreatment damage assessment was taken and molluscicides were applied. Application of the Larvin 3.2 dribble treatment was implemented using a backpack spray system delivering 3 gal/acre. Bait formulations were applied by measuring the amount needed and shaking the contents over the treatment rows. Corn plants averaged 2 leaves (3 inches high) at the time of application. The corn was planted into a thick orchard grass mulch that had been killed with using Roundup. Two pits, 4 inches in diam by 6 inches deep, were dug in each plot using a golf course core. Each hole was then enclosed with a 6- by 6-inch roof shingle, which was covered with aluminum foil to reflect the sun’s heat and maintain a moist shelter for the slugs. The pits were checked for slugs at 1, 3, 10, and 14 DAT.
Residual Control of Mites on Apple and Pear Foliage, 1987
Authors: Beers E H. , Mollet J. , Browne R. W. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 28 Jul to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Treated trees were sprayed with a mixture of Abamectin 0.15 EC (0.025 lb [AI]/acre) and Volck Superior spray oil (1 gal/acre). The control trees were left unsprayed. Rates are based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Leaves were collected from the trees at 0 (after spray had dried), 1, 3, 7, and 14 DAT. Leaves were collected from above a height of 1.3 m to avoid foliage made wet by under-tree irrigation. No precipitation occurred during this period. Ten 2.2-cm diam leaf disks were punched from leaves and floated on distilled water in 15-cm plastic Petri dishes. Both mite species were collected from infested apple trees with a mixed population. Five mature female mites were transferred to each disk and held at room temperature for 72 h. Mites were categorized at this time by counting the number dead, alive, or missing.
Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1988
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, Iowa. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied to 40-ft-long rows on 30-inch spacing. The test was conducted in a field that had been planted to alfalfa. Approximately 1 wk prior to planting, manure was spread on the alfalfa and then plowed under to provide decaying organic matter that attracted ovipositing adult females. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been calibrated to deliver material at 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was monitored constantly to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Examination of the seeds in the untreated check rows 10 d after planting revealed no damage, although pupae were found in the soil. At that time, adult emergence traps designed by Funderburk and Pedigo were placed over the rows. The galvanized steel trap, a rectangular bottomless box, has the following dimensions: length, 1,0 m; width, 0.2 m; height, 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of each trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap applied to the inside bottom. Two traps were placed over each treatment row. On Jun 3, the number of adults in the collection jars was counted and stand counts were taken. Data were subjected to ANOVA. No phytotoxicity was noted with any treatment. Dyfonate and Fortress were the only insecticides to significantly reduce adult emergence.
Control of First-Generation European Corn Borer, 1987
Authors: Ostlie K. , Ross S. , Hutchins S.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot experiment was initiated in late whorl corn near Crookston, Minn., to evaluate granular insecticide performance. Plots of 1 row (30-inch spacing) by 50 ft were established in a commercial field planted 5 May. Insecticides were applied with a single-row electric Gandy grandular applicator 10 Jul. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Light winds (3-5 mph) and warm temperatures (85°F) prevailed during application, but 11/2 inches of rain began to fall within 8 h after application. Insecticide performance was evaluated 19 Aug by counting damage sites (tunnels in stalk, ear shank and ear) in 10 plants/plot.
Evaluation of Application Methods, 1988
Authors: Reed J. P. , McCartney D. A.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time, cultivation-layby, and slot injection treatments were conducted at Wooster and Bluffton, Ohio. The specific soil types for the respective sites were Wooster silt loam and a Pewamo silty clay. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was employed, plots were 40 ft long and 2 rows wide. Corn was planted at Bluffton 13 May and at Wooster 20 May in 30-inch rows. At Wooster, insecticide performance was evaluated in conventional and no-till plots. Each insecticide was applied at planting and cultivation at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Planting-time treatments were applied with Gandy metering units driven by 12 V electric motors mounted on an adapted Allis Chalmers no-till planter that applied granules ahead of the press wheel in 7-inch bands. Cultivation treatments were applied with 12 V electrically operated Gandy metering units mounted on an International 150 tractor with spreaders spaced 24 inches ahead of cultivator shoes (both sides of row) at Wooster on 25 Jun and Bluffton on 15 Jun. Slot injection treatments were applied at a rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre and 0.33 lb (AI)/acre at 500 psi, delivery rate was 20 gal/acre of finished spray. Nozzles were spaced 5 inches off center on both sides of the row (2 rows) and injected into a 3-inch-deep slot made by a fluted coulter. Injection treatments were applied 30 Jun at Wooster and 28 Jun at Bluffton. Root rating by the Iowa 1-6 rating scale was done 13 Jul at Bluffton and 25 Jul at Wooster. Five root masses were dug and rated per replicate.
Rate Evaluations for Early-Season Control, 1988
Authors: Burris Gene , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R.
Published: March 2022

Liquid in-furrow applications of Orthene 75 S and Monitor 4 EC were applied at 0.05, 0.75 and 1.0 lb (AI)/acre, and their efficacy against thrips and aphids was compared with Temik 15 G at the same rates. Terraclor Super X (TSX) 10 lb (form.)/acre was applied with all treatments at planting and served as the control. Test plots of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Cotton was planted at a rate of 52,500 plants/acre 3 May at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La., on a Commerce silt loam soil fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Granular test treatments were applied in furrow with a John Deere 7300 series planter equipped with split applicator boxes. Liquids were applied with a CO2-powered system calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre. Major and secondary pest treatments were initiated in late June and maintained as needed through August. Treatment efficacy for thrips and aphids was measured by washing insects from 5 seedling plants/plot onto 300-mesh screens, backwashing them onto lined filter paper (7 cm), and counting them with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope. Collections and observations were made 16 May and 3 Jun. Data on insect populations are reported as the mean of those dates. Stand data were recorded by counting all plants on the center 2 rows of each plot on 23 May and 17 Jun. Plant population data are reported as the mean for those dates. Leaf area data were recorded on 3 Jun by randomly selecting 5 plants/plot and measuring all leaves with a LI-COR leaf area machine. Plant height data were recorded 31 May. Ten plants/plot were randomly selected for these measurements. Yield was estimated by harvesting all 4 rows of each treatment with a mechanical harvester on 9 Sep.
Control of Heliothis Species, 1986
Authors: Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Leonard B. R. , Ratchford Kevin , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

The relative efficacy of 6 Bacillus thuringiensis strains against Heliothis spp. was evaluated at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station, Winnsboro, La., in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. Plots were 6 rows (40-inch spacing) by 100 ft. Cotton was planted 30 Apr on a loessial silt loam soil (Jigger-Gilbert complex) and fertilized with 70 lb nitrogen/acre. Temik (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) and Terraclor Super X (Terraclor 1.0 lb + Terrazole 0.25 lb [AI]/acre) were applied in furrow behind the planter. B. thuringiensis strains supplied by Ecogen, were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air system for spraying small plots and delivering 10 gal/acre. Applications were made 10, 15, 22, and 29 Jul and 5, 12, 19, and 28 Aug. Methyl parathion (0.25 lb [AI]/acre) was applied on 17 Jun, 26 Jun, 1 Jul, and 6, 12, 15, and 19 Aug for boll weevils. The cotton was irrigated during droughty periods. The effects of the B. thuringiensis strains on Heliothis spp. were measured by observations of cotton terminals, squares, blooms, and bolls on the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were determined by picking the 2 center rows of each plot (converted to lb seed cotton/acre) with a mechanical harvester 25 Sep and 16 Oct.
Miticide Trials, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted to determine whether a knock-down miticide combined with Di-Beta would improve mite control. Cotton was planted 28 Apr in plots 8 rows wide and 40 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Sprays (6 gal/acre) were applied with a Hi-boy sprayer with cone tips every 20 inches on the boom. Thrips and cotton fleahoppers were controlled with 0.1 lb (AI)/acre Bidrin 22 May, 19 Jun, and 26 Jun. Predators that suppress TSSM populations were controlled with Ammo 0.04 lb (AI)/acre on 7, 14, 22, and 28 Jun and 11 Aug. Plots were infested with TSSM on 10 Jul by placing one infested bean plant in every 5 ft of row. The single application for TSSM control was applied 20 Jul. TSSM infestation was measured by determining presence of absence of TSSM on 25 fifth or sixth leaves/plot. The percentage of infested leaves was determined 24 July, 29 Jul, 6 Aug, and 13 Aug. Yields were determined by stripping the center 2 rows with an IH brush stripper.
Seasonal Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking.’ Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 x 35 ft. Sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees (400 gal/acre). Approximately 6.2 gal of spray were applied to each replicate tree. Dates of application were 25 Apr (first RH-5849 treatment only); 23 May; 7 and 21 Jun; 6 and 20 Jul; and 3, 17, and 31 Aug. Effectiveness against the aphid complex was evaluated by counting the aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals and the aphids on the most infested leaf. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the nymphs on 25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals against ERM, TSSM, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on S. punctutn was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of the test trees. The effectiveness of chemicals against fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 samples picked on 22 Aug and 19 Sep. Apple samples average 194 fruits/replicate and 776/treatment. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Binary Combinations of Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Leonard B. Roger , Pavloff A. M. , Graves J. B. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

A late-season small-plot larvicide evaluation was conducted in a field of cotton planted 24 May on the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, La. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch spacing) by 65 ft assigned treatments in a factorial arrangement within a randomized block experimental design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied using a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed-air delivery system for spraying small plots calibrated to dispense 2.5 gal total spray/acre with 2 X-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row. Insecticides were applied on 19 and 23 Aug under a relatively heavy infestation of Heliothis spp. Damage to fruiting forms exceeded 10%, with live larvae present and 40-50 eggs observed/ 100 plants. Pheromone trap catches of adults indicated the majority of the population in this field during the test was tobacco budworm. Treatment effects were estimated by randomly sampling 25 squares, 25 blooms, and 25 bolls on the 2 inside rows of each plot. There was no rainfall recorded during the study. The cotton plants had not yet began to senesce, but squares were generally limited to the upper branches and terminal areas.
Thrips Control, 1988
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

At-planting, in-furrow insecticides were evaluated for tobacco thrips control near Edenton in Chowan County, N.C. Soil was sandy with 0.6% humic matter and pH 5.8. Peanuts were planted 13 May (36-inch rows) with approximately 80 lb seed/acre. Soil temperature was 67°F and the soil was moist. Plots were 2 rows wide by 50 ft long, and each plot was separated by 2 buffer rows. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5-ft barren strip. Peanuts were planted using a Cole planter and in-furrow treatments were placed with the seed. Foliar treatments were applied 30 May and repeated 9 Jun with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi through 8002 flat-fan nozzles. The pegging treatment was applied 30 Jun using a Noble metering unit mounted on a bicycle-wheeled granular applicator. Peanuts were otherwise managed using standard agronomic practices. Thrips control was evaluated by determining the abundance of damaged leaflets/plot. Sampling was conducted on four dates: 31 May and 9, 14, and 23 Jun. Fifty newly-opened leaflets/plot were randomly selected and examined for thrips damage. The number of damaged leaflets was recorded.