bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strut‐Based Cellular to Shellular Funicular Materials
Authors: Akbari Mostafa , Mirabolghasemi Armin , Bolhassani Mohammad , Akbarzadeh Abdolhamid , Akbarzadeh Masoud
Published: January 2022

Owing to the fact that effective properties of low‐density cellular solids heavily rely on their underlying architecture, a variety of explicit and implicit techniques exists for designing cellular geometries. However, most of these techniques fail to present a correlation among architecture, internal forces, and effective properties. This paper introduces an alternative design strategy based on the static equilibrium of forces, equilibrium of polyhedral frames, and reciprocity of form and force. This novel approach reveals a geometric relationship among the truss system architecture, topological dual, and equilibrium of forces on the basis of 3D graphic statics. This technique is adapted to devise periodic strut‐based cellular architectures under certain boundary conditions and they are manipulated to construct shell‐based (shellular) cells with a variety of mechanical properties. By treating the materialized unit cells as representative volume elements (RVE), multiscale homogenization is used to investigate their effective linear elastic properties. Validated by experimental tests on 3D printed funicular materials, it is shown that by manipulating the RVE topology using the proposed methodology, alternative strut materialization schemes, and rational addition of bracing struts, cellular mechanical metamaterials can be systematically architected to demonstrate properties ranging from bending‐ to stretching‐dominated, realize metafluidic behavior, or create novel hybrid shellulars.
Circular Polarized Light Emission in Chiral Inorganic Nanomaterials
Authors: Jiang Shuang , Kotov Nicholas A.
Published: January 2022

Chiral inorganic nanostructures strongly interact with photons changing their polarization state. The resulting circularly polarized light emission (CPLE) has cross‐disciplinary importance for a variety of chemical/biological processes and is essential for development of chiral photonics. However, the polarization effects are often complex and their interpretation is dependent on the several structural parameters of the chiral nanostructure. CPLE in nanostructured media has multiple origins and several optical effects are typically convoluted into a single output. Analyzing CPLE data obtained for nanoclusters, nanoparticles, nanoassemblies, and nanocomposites from metals, chalcogenides, perovskite, and other nanostructures, it is shown here that there are several distinct groups of nanomaterials for which CPLE is dominated either by circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) or circularly polarized scattering (CPS); there are also many nanomaterials for which they are comparable. The following points are also demonstrated: 1) CPL and CPS contributions involve light−matter interactions at different structural levels; 2) contribution from CPS is especially strong for nanostructured microparticles, nanoassemblies, and composites; and 3) engineering of materials with strongly polarized light emission requires synergistic implementation of CPL and CPS effects. These findings are expected to guide development of CPLE materials in a variety of technological fields, including 3D displays, information storage, biosensors, optical spintronics, and biological probes.
Gridization‐Driven Mesoscale Self‐Assembly of Conjugated Nanopolymers into Luminescence‐Anisotropic Photonic Crystals
Authors: Lin Dongqing , Liu Jin'an , Zhang He , Qian Yue , Yang Hao , Liu Lihui , Ren Ang , Zhao Yongsheng , Yu Xiang , Wei Ying , Hu Shu , Li Lianjie , Li Shifeng , Sheng Chuanxiang , Zhang Wenhua , Chen Shufen , Shen Jianping , Liu Huifang , Feng Quanyou , Wang Shasha , Xie Linghai , Huang Wei
Published: January 2022

Organic semiconducting emitters integrated with butterfly‐mimetic photonic crystals (PhCs) are fascinating for dramatic advantages over light outcoupling efficiency and multifunctional strain sensors, as well as the key step toward electrically pumped lasers. Herein, an unprecedentedly direct mesoscale self‐assembly into 1D PhCs is reported through a covalently gridization‐driven approach of wide‐bandgap conjugated polymers. A simple solvent‐casting procedure allows for in situ self‐assembly of the state‐of‐the‐art conjugated nanopolymer, poly{[4‐(octyloxy)‐9,9‐diphenylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl]grid}‐co‐{[5‐(octyloxy)‐9,9‐diphenylfluoren‐2,7‐diyl]grid} (PODPFG), into well‐defined multilayer architectures with an excellent toughness (30–40 J m–3). This ordered meso‐architecture shows a typical Bragg–Snell diffraction behavior to testify the PhC nature, along with a high effective refractive index (1.80–1.88) and optical transmittance (85–87%). The PhC films also exhibit an angle‐dependent blue/green photoluminescence switching, an electroluminescence efficiency enhancement by 150–250%, and an amplified spontaneous emission enhancement with ultralow waveguide loss coefficient (2.60 cm–1). Gridization of organic semiconductors offers promising opportunities for cross‐scale morphology‐directed molecular design in multifunctional organic mechatronics and intelligences.
A Stable Bilayer Polypyrrole‐Sorghum Straw Evaporator for Efficient Solar Steam Generation and Desalination
Authors: Li Yongchao , Xu Linqiong , Cai Jiayuan , Liu Jinhua , Lv Bizhi , Chao Jiabao , Zhang Qiaohong , Zhao Yongqing
Published: January 2022

Solar desalination is one of the most promising technologies for alleviating the shortage of fresh water. In recent years, interfacial solar evaporators have attracted much attention due to their higher energy efficiency compared to traditional technologies that directly heat bulk water. However, its development has been hampered by the complex preparation process, high costs, and low evaporation performance. Here, a bilayer biomass solar interfacial evaporator—polypyrrole‐sorghum straw (PPy‐SS) evaporator—by coating PPy on the cross section of natural SS is developed via a facile in situ polymerization method at room temperature. The upper PPy layer can achieve a light absorption of about 96% in the range of 200–2500 nm and convert light energy into heat to evaporate water; the lower SS layer can provide continuous water supply to the PPy layer and localize the heat onto the PPy layer. The PPy‐SS evaporator achieves an evaporation rate of 1.385 kg m−2 h−1 and a high evaporation efficiency of 81.9% under 1 Sun illumination. Furthermore, PPy‐SS evaporator displays excellent performance in desalination of seawater. Therefore, such PPy‐SS solar evaporator has great potential for application in solar desalination to alleviate the shortage of freshwater resources.
Recycling/Reuse of Current Collectors from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Benefits and Issues
Authors: Natarajan Subramanian , Akshay Manohar , Aravindan Vanchiappan
Published: January 2022

Al and Cu foils are the irreplaceable current collectors for Li‐ion batteries (LIBs), and have a great impact on the performance. The sustainability and cost of the current collectors are important factors to improve the circular economy of the battery technologies, and it can be achieved by the effective recycling of spent LIBs. Spent LIBs are a valuable resource with potential environmental hazards owing to the presence of a lot of metals and materials, urging the researchers to recycle/reuse via effective technologies. Of critical importance in this field, is current industry/research efforts toward improving cathode materials; however, the crucial problem is the efficient separation of current collectors from the electrode materials. In this line, this perspective offers the different strategies involved in the separation of current collectors from the electrode materials of spent LIBs and suggests future directions for researchers to develop efficient recycling methodologies.
Wood‐Derived, Vertically Aligned, and Densely Interconnected 3D SiC Frameworks for Anisotropically Highly Thermoconductive Polymer Composites
Authors: Zhou Xiaonan , Xu Songsong , Wang Zhongyu , Hao Liucheng , Shi Zhongqi , Zhao Junping , Zhang Qiaogen , Ishizaki Kozo , Wang Bo , Yang Jianfeng
Published: January 2022

Construction of a vertically aligned and densely interconnected ordered 3D filler framework in a polymer matrix is a challenge to attain significant thermal conductivity (TC) enhancement efficiency. Fortunately, many biomaterials with unique microstructures can be found in nature. With inspiration from wood, artificial composites can be rationally designed to achieve desired properties. Herein, the authors report a facile and effective approach to fabricate anisotropic polymer composites by biotemplate ceramization technology and subsequent vacuum impregnation of epoxy resin. The hierarchical microstructure of wood is perfectly replicated in the cellular biomass derived SiC (bioSiC) framework by carbothermal reduction. Owing to the anisotropic architecture of bioSiC, the epoxy composite with vertically aligned dense SiC microchannels shows interesting properties, including a high TC (10.27 W m−1K−1), a significant enhancement efficiency (259 per 1 vol% loading), an outstanding anisotropic TC ratio (5.77), an extremely low coefficient of linear thermal expansion (12.23 ppm K−1), a high flexural strength (222 MPa), and an excellent flame resistance. These results demonstrate that this approach is expected to open a new avenue for design and preparation of high performance thermal management materials to address the heat dissipation of modern electronics.
Biomarkers and Detection Platforms for Human Health and Performance Monitoring: A Review
Authors: Sim Daniel , Brothers Michael C. , Slocik Joseph M. , Islam Ahmad E. , Maruyama Benji , Grigsby Claude C. , Naik Rajesh R. , Kim Steve S.
Published: January 2022

Human health and performance monitoring (HHPM) is imperative to provide information necessary for protecting, sustaining, evaluating, and improving personnel in various occupational sectors, such as industry, academy, sports, recreation, and military. While various commercially wearable sensors are on the market with their capability of “quantitative assessments” on human health, physical, and psychological states, their sensing is mostly based on physical traits, and thus lacks precision in HHPM. Minimally or noninvasive biomarkers detectable from the human body, such as body fluid (e.g., sweat, tear, urine, and interstitial fluid), exhaled breath, and skin surface, can provide abundant additional information to the HHPM. Detecting these biomarkers with novel or existing sensor technologies is emerging as critical human monitoring research. This review provides a broad perspective on the state of the art biosensor technologies for HHPM, including the list of biomarkers and their physiochemical/physical characteristics, fundamental sensing principles, and high‐performance sensing transducers. Further, this paper expands to the additional scope on the key technical challenges in applying the current HHPM system to the real field.
Integrating self‐assessment into feedback for emergency medicine residents
Authors: Thomas Jenna , Sandefur Benjamin , Colletti James , Mullan Aidan , Homme James
Published: January 2022

Background

In 2013 the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) introduced “Milestones” designed to nationally standardize the assessment of resident physicians. Previous studies compare resident self‐assessment on milestones to faculty assessment, with varying degrees of agreement, but integration of self‐assessment into the formative feedback process has not yet been directly studied. This study uses a conceptual framework of self‐determination theory, integrated with concepts from adult learning theory, to compare the perception of the feedback quality given in semiannual reviews before and after the incorporation of resident self‐assessment into the feedback process.

Methods

This was an interventional study conducted in a single emergency medicine residency program at a major academic hospital over 1 calendar year. Residents first engaged in a semiannual review without self‐assessment. At subsequent semiannual reviews, residents completed a Milestone‐based self‐assessment that was provided to the faculty member assigned to conduct their semiannual review. Residents and faculty completed surveys rating perception of feedback quality. Two‐sided Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used in comparison analysis.

Results

One resident did not self‐assess prior to the semiannual review and was excluded leaving 25 paired surveys for analysis. Residents found feedback after the self‐assessment more actionable (p = 0.013), insightful (p = 0.010), and better overall (p = 0.025). Similarly, faculty felt the feedback they provided was more actionable (p < 0.001), more insightful (p < 0.001), and better communicated (p < 0.001); led to improved resident understanding of milestones (p < 0.001); and were overall more satisfied (p < 0.001). Free‐text comments explore pre‐ and postintervention perceptions of feedback.

Conclusions

Integration of self‐assessment into semiannual reviews improves perception of feedback given to residents as perceived by both residents and faculty. Although limited by sample size, the results are promising for a simple, evidence‐based intervention to improve feedback during an existing mandated feedback opportunity.
Numerically Trained Ultrasound AI for Monitoring Tool Degradation
Authors: Jin Yuqi , Wang Xinyue , Fox Edward A. , Xie Zhiwu , Neogi Arup , Mishra Rajiv S. , Wang Tianhao
Published: January 2022

Monitoring tool degradation during manufacturing can ensure product accuracy and reliability. However, due to variations in degradation conditions and complexity in signal analysis, effective and broadly applicable monitoring is still challenging to achieve. Herein, a novel monitoring method using ultrasound signals augmented with a numerically trained machine learning technique is reported to monitor the wear condition of friction stir welding and processing tools. Ultrasonic signals travel axially inside the tools, and even minor tool wear will change the time and amplitude of the reflected signal. An artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm is selected as a suitable referee to identify the small variations in the tool conditions based on the reflected ultrasound signals. To properly train the AI referee, a human‐error‐free data bank using numerical simulation is generated. The simulation models the experimental conditions with high fidelity and can provide comparable ultrasound signals. As a result, the trained AI model can recognize the tool wear from real experiments with subwavelength accuracy prediction of the worn amount on the tool pins.
Electronic Textile Sensors for Decoding Vital Body Signals: State‐of‐the‐Art Review on Characterizations and Recommendations
Authors: Shuvo Ikra Iftekhar , Shah Aastha , Dagdeviren Canan
Published: January 2022

The digitization of textiles (textronics) has created new opportunities for integration with conformable sensors to enable unobtrusive, noninvasive, and continuous decoding of vital body signals. This article provides an in‐depth review of the materials and fabrication methodologies used for textronic sensors per their form‐factor in the textile manufacturing process chain—fiber, yarn, fabric, and apparel. Next, it analyzes the performance characterization techniques currently used for these sensors and highlights the needs for standardized test methods in the following aspects: biocompatibility, thermal and tactile comfort, aging, and operation of the biomedical sensing modality at standard human stretch. It also identifies the significance of pretreatment and conditioning reporting of the textile form‐factors based on their impact on mechanical and electric performance of the textronic sensor. The study concludes by recommending a universal testing roadmap for textronic sensors which is expected to veritably complement the work of different standardization committees, including CEN TC‐248/WG‐31, IEC TC‐124, ASTM D13.50, and AATCC RA111.
The place of Franz Kallmann's 1938 “the genetics of schizophrenia” in the history of psychiatric genetics
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Klee Astrid
Published: January 2022

This essay provides the historical context and key findings of one of the largest fieldwork‐based family studies ever done in the history of psychiatric genetics conducted in Berlin by Franz Kallmann from 1929 to 1933. It included over 1,000 schizophrenic probands and 12,500 of their relatives including siblings, offspring, nieces/nephews and grandchildren. The work was analyzed in close collaboration with Rüdin, Schulz, and Luxenburger in Munich. Born of Jewish parents, Kallmann had to leave Germany in 1936, completing and publishing the monograph in the United States in 1938. This study included a number of methodologic advances over the classic 1916 sibling study of Rüdin: (a) joint analysis of multiple classes of relatives; (b) subdivision of schizophrenia into four subtypes; (c) a focus on schizoid personality [schizoidia]; (d) examination of the familial aggregation of schizophrenia; and (e) a more complex genetic model—with schizophrenia arising from a single‐recessive gene with 70% penetrance and background polygenic influences, and schizoidia from heterozygotes. Kallmann found important differences in risk of relatives in nuclear versus peripheral subtypes and concluded that schizoidia was a part of schizophrenia disease complex while other psychopathies, feeblemindedness, and organic brain disorders were not. Kallmann was strongly invested in the eugenic implications of his results.
Improvement of catalytic activity for α‐diimine nickel complex with active sites stabilized by bulky boron counterions at elevated temperature
Authors: Wang Xueer , Feng Zhongwei , Guo Wenqi , Zhong Wentao , Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Cheng , Fu Zhisheng , Fan Zhiqiang
Published: January 2022

Three α‐diimine Ni (II) catalysts (Cat.1, Cat.2 and Cat.3) were synthesized and investigated for ethylene polymerization using alkyl aluminum and organoboron compounds as binary cocatalyst. The effects of different alkyl aluminum and boron complexes on ethylene polymerization catalyzed by Cat.1, Cat.2, and Cat.3 were studied. The sodium tetrakis[3,5‐bis (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate (NaBArF) was found to have best promotion for the catalytic activity of Cat.1, compared to negative effect of dimethylanilinium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)borate (TTB) and trityl tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)borate (AB). All the three catalysts showed higher catalytic activity when NaBArF was introduced into the catalytic system, especially for Cat.3 (increased by 41.3% at 70°C). There was still minor increase of the catalytic activity for Cat.2 which have much better thermostability than Cat.3. The charging sequence of NaBArF and the [B]/[Ni] ratio have significant effects on the catalytic activity. The better catalytic performance of Cat.1/AlEt2Cl/NaBArF could be explained by its ability to raise the number of active centers. Namely, the molar percentage of active centers of Cat.1/AlEt2Cl/NaBArF was still above 30%, which was 1.7 times that of Cat.1/AlEt2Cl even if polymerization ran up to 30 min based on 2‐thiophenecarbonyl chloride (TPCC) quench‐labeling method. Lower [Al]/[Ni] ratio but more active centers and longer active centers lifetime of this binary cocatalyst is promising for improving the activity of ethylene polymerization industrially at elevated temperature.
Synthesis, structural elucidation, and density functional theory investigation of new mononuclear Fe(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) mixed‐ligand complexes: Biological and catalase mimicking activity exploration
Authors: Abdou Aly , Abdel‐Mawgoud Abdel‐Mawgoud M.
Published: January 2022

The present paper deals with synthesis new mononuclear 1:1:1 metal:ligand:co‐ligand complexes, FeLG, NiLG, and CuLG, where L = 1‐{(E)‐[(4‐methylphenyl)imino]methyl}‐2‐naphthol and G = Glycine. The synthesized complexes were characterized based on elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), mass spectra, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, and thermal analysis (TGA) in addition to stoichiometry determination via molar ratio method. The isolated metal complexes showed interesting geometry variation as tetrahedral for CuLG and octahedral for both FeLG and NiLG. The molecular structures of the titled compounds were optimized theoretically using density functional theory (DFT) approach, and the quantum chemical descriptors were calculated. The disk diffusion method was used to investigate the growth inhibition of the titled compounds aganist selected pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains. The metal complexes exhibited higher enhancement as antimicrobial candidates with lower minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) than the free ligands, and in some cases, the complexes were closed to the standard species. Molecular docking investigation was carried out to ascertain the inhibitory action of the studied compounds against 1HNJ protein, the target enzyme for the antimicrobial agents. The results indicated that the FeLG has the highest binding affinity in comparison with other compounds. Thus, these molecules could be promising antimicrobial candidates. Furthermore, catalase mimicking activity of the complexes has been investigated. The data revealed that CuLG complex catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide most effectively. Finally, the quantum chemical parameters of the titled complexes and other different compounds were correlated with their practical biological activity data in a trial to build a SAR model.
Solid acrylonitrile‐based copolymer electrolytes and their potential application in solid state battery
Authors: Pham Quoc‐Thai , Jheng Yu‐Huan , Tsai Dah‐Shyang , Lai Juin‐Yih , Hu Chien‐Chieh , Chern Chorng‐Shyan
Published: January 2022

Two solid acrylonitrile‐based polymer electrolytes (SPE1‐21 and SPE2‐31) were investigated. SPE1‐21 comprises the acrylonitrile/2‐ethylhexyl acrylate copolymer and 33 wt% lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI). In contrast, SPE2‐31 comprises the AN/vinyl acetate (VAC) copolymer and 25 wt% LiTFSI. SPEP1‐21 shows inferior ionic conductivity and transference number to SPE2‐31. However, SPE1‐21 has higher oxidation potential and better interfacial stability against Li metal than SPE2‐31. These SPEs were used as the separator in solid‐state batteries with LiFePO4 as the cathode and Li foil as the anode. For SPE1‐21 cell, the charge/discharge cycling remained relatively stable up to 223rd cycle, at which point the coulombic efficiency (CE) drops to 95.0% and the corresponding capacity retention is 98.1%. On the other hand, SPE2‐31 cell exhibited very poor cycling performance; the CE rapidly dropped to 55.5% at 10th cycle. This indicates that undesired side reaction occurs during the cycling process, which is attributed to the oxidation reaction of acetate group of the VAC unit in the AN‐VAC copolymer.
Prevalence and severity of sublethal injuries in crown‐of‐thorns starfish relative to marine reserves in the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Caballes Ciemon F. , Messmer Vanessa , Raymundo Maia L. , Pratchett Morgan S.
Published: January 2022

Spatial and temporal stochasticity in the abundance and population dynamics of crown‐of‐thorns starfish (COTS; Acanthaster spp.) highlight the critical need for improved knowledge of demographic variability within and among populations.

This study compared the prevalence (proportion of individuals) and severity (extent of damage) of injuries in adult COTS between contrasting fisheries management zones in Australia's Great Barrier Reef, explicitly testing whether injuries are more prevalent or severe on reefs where fishing is not permitted.

Prevalence of sublethal injuries was significantly higher for COTS collected from reefs within Marine National Park Zones, where fishing is effectively prohibited, versus Conservation Park Zones or Habitat Protection Zones, where fishing is permitted, but regulated. This finding is consistent with the notion that predation rates on COTS are higher within reef habitats where fishing is prohibited, presumably due to the bigger size or higher abundance of predatory fishes.

Severity was predominantly low among the injured starfish and there was no significant difference between management zones. Nevertheless, there was a higher frequency of individuals with between one and three injured arms in no‐take reefs compared to those from reefs that were open to fishing.

Prevalence and severity of sublethal injuries was higher in medium‐sized COTS (11–30 cm diameter) compared to larger COTS (>30 cm diameter).

This study adds to existing evidence that established networks of marine reserves can have benefits beyond conservation and fisheries management, including potential reductions in the likelihood of devastating population irruptions of COTS and mitigation of further coral loss.
Social control and solidarity during the COVID‐19 pandemic: The direct and indirect effects of causal attribution of insufficient compliance through perceived anomie
Authors: Roblain Antoine , Gale Jessica , Abboud Soha , Arnal Camila , Bornand Thierry , Hanioti Mado , Klein Olivier , Klein Pit P. L. E. , Lastrego Simona , Licata Laurent , Mora Youri L. , Nera Kenzo , Van der Linden Nicolas , Van Oost Pascaline , Toma Claudia
Published: January 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic is a crisis which called for two crucial modes of social regulation: social control and social solidarity. In the present pre‐registered study, we examine how the perceived non‐compliance with health measures relates to attitudes towards these modes of social regulation, as well as to the role played by the perception of disintegrated and disregulated society (anomie). Using data from an online cross‐sectional survey conducted in Belgium in April 2020 (N = 717), results show that the causal attribution of the crisis to insufficient compliance was differentially associated with support for social control and social solidarity behaviours. Specifically, greater attribution to insufficient compliance was associated with a perceived breakdown in the social fabric (disintegration), which explained stronger support for social control and fewer solidarity‐based actions. Perceived disregulation, conversely, was associated with less support for social control and more support for social solidarity. Therefore, the perception of the pandemic and associated perceived anomie tend to polarize citizens' attitudes towards these two modes of social regulation. In this way, prosocial behaviours might be inhibited by communications that attribute the pandemic's causes to incivility. Other implications of our findings for the social psychological literature on communities' reactions to the pandemic are discussed. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.
Modification, Production, and Methods of KOH‐Activated Carbon
Authors: Williams Ndifreke Etuk , Oba Oluwasuyi Ayobami , Aydinlik Nur Pasaoglulari
Published: January 2022

This review covers research on the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) to produce and modify activated carbon. The methods employed for activation by considering the activation process, carbonization, temperature, activation time, and KOH ratio to material are described and how the surface area, surface morphology, and functional groups are affected by the KOH ratio. Characterization techniques and preparation conditions are summarized. The activated carbon pore structure mainly depends on the burn‐off size and the time for activation is linked to the overall activation reaction rate. The increase in surface area and pore size depends on the ratio of KOH, showing that KOH affects the surface chemistry of the activated carbon. The sorbent‐sorbate interactions are strongly influenced by different parameters, which were also calculated in this review and used to evaluate such interactions.
Real‐world evidence for subcutaneous infliximab (CT‐P13 SC) treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis during the coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic: A case series
Authors: Vijayan Sooraj , Hwangbo Kyungmin , Barkham Nick
Published: January 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic emphasized the utility of subcutaneous (SC) biologics for pressured healthcare systems. The first SC form of infliximab, CT‐P13 SC, provided safe and effective treatment for ankylosing spondylitis in our case series, with increased convenience relative to intravenous treatment benefitting patients both during the pandemic and beyond.
Gas‐Liquid Flow Patterns in a Rectangular Milli‐Structured Channel with Static Mixing Elements
Authors: Denker Jan-Niklas , Herbstritt Frank , Heck Joachim , Grünewald Marcus , Biessey Philip
Published: January 2022

The gas‐liquid flow behavior through a milli‐scaled channel provided with a staggered herringbone‐like static mixer was investigated using high‐speed recordings. For three different substance systems consisting of water, 5 wt % acetic acid in aqueous solution, and propylene glycol as liquid phase and nitrogen as gas phase, flow patterns and their transitions were determined by analyzing image sequences of the flow and summarized in flow pattern maps. Surge flow, slug flow, and bubbly flow were observed at different flow rates. The flow distribution and transitions between flow patterns mainly depend on the viscosity and surface tension of the liquid phase. By just reducing the surface tension, slug flow is not observed, and thus an early transition into a bubbly flow regime takes place. An increase in viscosity counteracts this effect.
Solvent‐dependent helix inversion in optically active poly(diphenylacetylene)s and their chiral recognition abilities as chiral stationary phases for high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Hirose Daisuke , Nozaki Mai , Maruta Miyuki , Maeda Katsuhiro
Published: January 2022

We report the first example of solvent‐dependent helix inversion in poly(diphenylacetylene) (PDPA) derivatives. Asymmetrically substituted PDPAs bearing optically active substituents linked through amide bonds formed preferred‐handed helical conformations because of the optically active substituents in the pendants, whose helix‐senses were inverted upon thermal annealing in polar solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide and in nonpolar solvents such as tetrachloroethane. Unlike the solvent‐dependent helix inversion reported for other dynamic helical polymers, the macromolecular helicity induced in the polymer backbone of these PDPAs upon thermal annealing was stably maintained at room temperature, independent of the solvent polarity. These diastereomeric PDPAs with opposite helix‐senses generated almost mirror‐imaged left‐ and right‐handed circularly polarized light in the same solvent at room temperature. Taking advantage of this unique solvent‐dependent helix inversion property, the diastereomeric PDPAs with opposite helix‐senses were coated on macroporous silica gel and applied to chiral stationary phases for high‐performance liquid chromatography. Despite having the same optically active substituents on the pendant phenyl rings, they showed completely different chiral recognition abilities toward many racemates depending on the helix‐sense of the polymer backbone, and the elution order of the enantiomers was reversed for some racemates. The combination of the helix‐sense of the polymer backbone and the chirality of the pendants, which afforded a higher chiral recognition ability, differed depending on the racemates.
Thermo‐responsive macroporous p(NIPAM) cryogel affords enhanced thermal stability and activity for ɑ‐glucosidase enzyme by entrapping in situ
Authors: Demirci Sahin , Sahiner Nurettin
Published: January 2022

The concept of using a macroporous thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (p(NIPAM)) polymer matrix for enzyme immobilization having lower critical solution temperature (LCST) is rationalized by the availability of the many compartments (pores) to entrap enzymes to operate within pores of three‐dimensional matrix providing special environmental conditions. Therefore, the ɑ‐glucosidase (ɑ‐G) immobilization within p(NIPAM) cryogel (ɑ‐G@p(NIPAM)) was carried out under the storage conditions of enzymes, generally ~ −20°C to afford the unnecessary loss of enzyme functionality in comparison to the other enzyme entrapment methods. The LCST value for the prepared p(NIPAM)‐based cryogels was determined as 34.8 ± 1.4°C. The immobilization yield, immobilization efficiency, and activity recovery% values were calculated as 89.4 ± 3.1, 66.2 ± 3.3, and 74.0% ± 3.3%, respectively, at pH 6.8 and 37°C for ɑ‐G@p(NIPAM) cryogel system. Interestingly, the optimum working conditions were attained as 25°C and pH 6.8 with higher activity, 98.4% ± 0.2% for the prepared ɑ‐G@p(NIPAM) cryogel system. The reuse and storage stability studies revealed that the prepared ɑ‐G@p(NIPAM) cryogel system is more effective than the native ɑ‐G enzyme; for example, it showed at least 80% activity after the fifth usage and provided higher activity up to a 10‐day room temperature storage time. Moreover, the kinetic parameters such as Km and Vmax of native ɑ‐G enzyme and ɑ‐G@p(NIPAM) cryogel system were calculated by non‐linear Lineweaver–Burk plot equations.
Dissipative Euler Flows for Vortex Sheet Initial Data without Distinguished Sign
Authors: Mengual Francisco , Székelyhidi László
Published: January 2022

We construct infinitely many admissible weak solutions to the 2D incompressible Euler equations for vortex sheet initial data. Our initial datum has vorticity concentrated on a simple closed curve in a suitable Hölder space and the vorticity may not have a distinguished sign. Our solutions are obtained by means of convex integration; they are smooth outside a “turbulence” zone which grows linearly in time around the vortex sheet. As a by‐product, this approach shows how the growth of the turbulence zone is controlled by the local energy inequality and measures the maximal initial dissipation rate in terms of the vortex sheet strength. © 2021 The Authors. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Combining principal component and robust ridge estimators in linear regression model with multicollinearity and outlier
Authors: Arum Kingsley Chinedu , Ugwuowo Fidelis Ifeanyi
Published: January 2022

The method of least squared suffers a setback when there is multicollinearity and outliers in the linear regression model. In this article, we developed a new estimator to jointly handle multicollinearity and outliers by pooling the following estimators together: the M‐estimator, the principal component and the ridge estimator. The new estimator is called the robust r‐k estimator and is employed. We established theoretically that the new estimator is better than some of the existing ones. The simulation studies and real‐life application supports the efficiency of the new method.
Physical teen violence easier to prevent than sexual violence
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2022

A recent study by Piolanti and Foran (“Efficacy of Interventions to Prevent Physical and Sexual Dating Violence Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis”) reviews prevention programs for dating violence in teens. The researchers looked at these programs' effects on reducing sexual and physical violence and showed that interventions were associated with a statistically significant reduction in overall composite violence, including perpetrating and experiencing physical violence.
Psychotic‐like experiences in youth associated with impairments if persistent and/or distressing
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2022

Young people who have psychotic‐like experiences which are distressing and persistent have risk factors for psychopathology and cognitive impairments, according to a study published late last year.
Suppressing Residual Lead Iodide and Defects in Sequential‐Deposited Perovskite Solar Cell via Bidentate Potassium Dichloroacetate Ligand
Authors: Yang Yajuan , Liang Jianghu , Zhang Zhanfei , Tian Congcong , Wu Xueyun , Zheng Yiting , Huang Ying , Wang Jianli , Zhou Zhuang , He Maosheng , Chen Zhenhua , Chen Chun‐Chao
Published: January 2022

In sequential‐deposited polycrystalline perovskite solar cells, the unreacted lead iodide due to incomplete conversion of lead iodide to perovskite phase, can contribute to ionic defects, such as residual lead ions (Pb2+). At present, passivation of interfacial and grain boundary defects has become an effective strategy to suppress charge recombination. Here, we introduced potassium acetate (KAc) and potassium dichloroacetate (KAcCl2) as additives in the sequential deposition of polycrystalline perovskite thin films and found that acetate ions (Ac−) can effectively reduce the residual lead iodide. Compared with acetate (Ac), dichloroacetate (AcCl2) can form Pb−Cl and Pb−O bonding as “dual anchoring” bonds with residual Pb2+, resulting in strong binding force and effective passivation of residual Pb2+ defects. Furthermore, K+ can enlarge grain size and restrain ion migration at the grain boundaries. Consequently, perovskite solar cells with KAcCl2 additive show power conversion efficiencies (PCE) from 19.67 % to 22.12 %, with the open‐circuit voltage increasing from 1.06 V to 1.14 V. The unencapsulated device can maintain 82 % of the initial PCE under a humidity of 30±5 % for 1200 h. This work provides a new approach for the regulation of ionic defects and grain boundaries at the same time to develop high‐performance planar perovskite solar cells.
Aptasensors versus immunosensors—Which will prevail?
Authors: Arshavsky‐Graham Sofia , Heuer Christopher , Jiang Xin , Segal Ester
Published: January 2022

Since the invention of the first biosensors 70 years ago, they have turned into valuable and versatile tools for various applications, ranging from disease diagnosis to environmental monitoring. Traditionally, antibodies have been employed as the capture probes in most biosensors, owing to their innate ability to bind their target with high affinity and specificity, and are still considered as the gold standard. Yet, the resulting immunosensors often suffer from considerable limitations, which are mainly ascribed to the antibody size, conjugation chemistry, stability, and costs. Over the past decade, aptamers have emerged as promising alternative capture probes presenting some advantages over existing constraints of immunosensors, as well as new biosensing concepts. Herein, we review the employment of antibodies and aptamers as capture probes in biosensing platforms, addressing the main aspects of biosensor design and mechanism. We also aim to compare both capture probe classes from theoretical and experimental perspectives. Yet, we highlight that such comparisons are not straightforward, and these two families of capture probes should not be necessarily perceived as competing but rather as complementary. We, thus, elaborate on their combined use in hybrid biosensing schemes benefiting from the advantages of each biorecognition element.
Human genetic risk of treatment with antiviral nucleoside analog drugs that induce lethal mutagenesis: the special case of molnupiravir
Authors: Waters Michael D. , Warren Stafford , Hughes Claude , Lewis Philip , Zhang Fengyu
Published: January 2022

This review considers antiviral nucleoside analog (NA) drugs, including ribavirin, favipiravir, and molnupiravir, which induce genome error catastrophe in SARS‐CoV or SARS‐CoV‐2 via lethal mutagenesis as a mode of action. In vitro data indicate that molnupiravir may be 100 times more potent as an antiviral agent than ribavirin or favipiravir. Molnupiravir has recently demonstrated efficacy in a phase 3 clinical trial. Because of its anticipated global use, its relative potency, and the reported in vitro “host” cell mutagenicity of its active principle, β‐d‐N4‐hydroxycytidine, we have reviewed the development of molnupiravir and its genotoxicity safety evaluation, as well as the genotoxicity profiles of three congeners, that is, ribavirin, favipiravir, and 5‐(2‐chloroethyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine. We consider the potential genetic risks of molnupiravir on the basis of all available information and focus on the need for additional human genotoxicity data and follow‐up in patients treated with molnupiravir and similar drugs. Such human data are especially relevant for antiviral NAs that have the potential of permanently modifying the genomes of treated patients and/or causing human teratogenicity or embryotoxicity. We conclude that the results of preclinical genotoxicity studies and phase 1 human clinical safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics are critical components of drug safety assessments and sentinels of unanticipated adverse health effects. We provide our rationale for performing more thorough genotoxicity testing prior to and within phase 1 clinical trials, including human PIG‐A and error corrected next generation sequencing (duplex sequencing) studies in DNA and mitochondrial DNA of patients treated with antiviral NAs that induce genome error catastrophe via lethal mutagenesis.
Petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Late Jurassic Queshan adakitic granite, Jiaodong Peninsula, southeastern North China Craton: Zircon U–Pb geochronological, geochemical, and Lu–Hf isotopic evidence
Authors: Dang Zhi‐Cai , Li Jun‐Jian , Fu Chao , Tian Jie‐Peng , He Jiang‐Tao , Sun Zeng‐Bing , Tang Wen‐Long , Zhang Peng‐Peng
Published: January 2022

Late Mesozoic granites are present throughout the Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern China, but the petrogenesis of these granites, the magma sources, and the geodynamic setting of the magmatism remain unclear. This paper presents new zircon U–Pb geochronological and Lu–Hf isotopic and whole‐rock geochemical data for the Late Jurassic Queshan pluton in the Shandong Peninsula, an area that represents the boundary between the Jiaobei and Sulu ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) terranes. Laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating yields Late Jurassic ages from 158 ± 1 to 153 ± 1 Ma for the pluton in addition to a small number of inherited zircons that yield ages that cluster at 2410, 1831–1776, 750, and 209–202 Ma. Zircons from different samples have similar 176Hf/177Hf values (0.281926–0.282255) and variably negative εHf (t) values that range from −26.5 to −15.1 (weighted mean of −22.9 ± 0.9). The corresponding two‐stage Hf model ages range from 2,869 to 2,154 Ma, with a weighted mean value of 2,645 ± 54 Ma. These data indicate that the magmas that formed the Queshan pluton were derived from multiple sources, including the lower crust of the North China (NCC) and Yangtze (YC) cratons, as well as collision‐related alkaline rocks. The whole‐rock geochemical compositions of the samples indicate that the granites are weakly peraluminous, are high‐K and calc‐alkaline with I‐type affinities, and have high contents of Sr, low contents of Y and Yb, high (La/Yb)N and Sr/Y values, and positive Eu anomalies (δEu = 1.20–1.65), indicating an adakitic affinity. This indicates that the Queshan granites formed from magmas generated by partial melting of a thickened region of the crust (>50 km) associated with eclogite, garnet amphibolite, or amphibolite residual material. The genesis of the Late Jurassic granites are also likely to have been influenced by the collisional orogeny between the NCC and YC and continued subduction of the Izanagi Plate. Thickening of the lower crust associated with this continental collisional event occurred before the magmatism, with further compression and thickening of the lower crust caused by the low‐angle subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath northeastern China being the main geodynamic driver of the formation of the granites in this region.
On‐going consequences of in utero exposure of Pb: An epigenetic perspective
Authors: Tasin Fahim Rejanur , Ahmed Asif , Halder Debasish , Mandal Chanchal
Published: January 2022

Epigenetic modifications by toxic heavy metals are one of the intensively investigated fields of modern genomic research. Among a diverse group of heavy metals, lead (Pb) is an extensively distributed toxicant causing an immense number of abnormalities in the developing fetus via a wide variety of epigenetic changes. As a divalent cation, Pb can readily cross the placental membrane and the fetal blood brain barrier leading to far‐reaching alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone protein modifications, and micro‐RNA expression. Over recent years, several human cohorts and animal model studies have documented hypermethylation and hypomethylation of developmental genes along with altered DNA methyl‐transferase expression by in utero Pb exposure in a dose‐, duration‐, and sex‐dependent manner. Modifications in the expression of specific histone acetyltransferase enzymes along with histone acetylation and methylation levels have been reported in rodent and murine models. Apart from these, down‐regulation and up‐regulation of certain microRNAs crucial for fetal development have been shown to be associated with in utero Pb exposure in human placenta samples. All these modifications in the developing fetus during the prenatal and perinatal stages reportedly caused severe abnormalities in early or adult age, such as impaired growth, obesity, autism, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, risks of cancer development, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, currently available information on Pb‐mediated alterations in the fetal epigenome is summarized. Further research on Pb‐induced epigenome modification will help to understand the mechanisms in detail and will enable us to formulate safety guidelines for pregnant women and developing children.
Sharing is not always caring: How sharing labels encourage personal consumption as a response to the threat of others
Authors: Williamson Sara , Lteif Lama , Valenzuela Ana
Published: January 2022

In recent years, some of the world's largest food manufacturers have begun labelling multi‐portion packages as meant for sharing with the expressed objective of encouraging more mindful food intake. Yet, despite the overwhelming adoption of this strategy in the marketplace, scientific literature remains scarce as to whether sharing labels can indeed achieve their intended objective. The current work fills this gap in the literature by demonstrating that sharing labels may ironically backfire as a self‐regulation tool. Specifically, four studies show that sharing labels generate a self‐interested urgency for consuming one's own portion of a resource before it is depleted by others, resulting in an increase (rather than a decrease) in personal food intake.
The effect of risk on intertemporal choice and preference reversal
Authors: Xu Ping , Cheng Jiuqing , Sang Hui
Published: January 2022

Two experiments examined the effect of risk on waiting preference and temporal preference reversal. Participants made binary choices between smaller–sooner (SS) and larger–later (LL) options following a 2 (time: immediate choices vs. non‐immediate choices) x 4 (risk condition) within‐subjects design. Risk conditions varied in whether the SS and/or the LL was risky or certain. Experiment 1 focused on choices with small magnitudes of payoffs and delays, whereas Experiment 2 focused on large magnitudes. Both experiments showed that making one option risky increased preference for the other option, whereas making both options risky had no impact on waiting preference. Pooling risk conditions together, participants in both experiments demonstrated temporal preference reversal. However, participants showed preference reversal in all 4 risk conditions in Experiment 2, but only in the risky (SS)‐certain (LL) and risky‐risky conditions in Experiment 1. This finding indicates for uncertain outcomes, people were at least equally (if not more) likely to reverse their choices, compared to certain outcomes.