bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solvent diffusion in silica/poly[styrene‐co‐(acrylic acid)] core‐shell microspheres by pulsed field gradient NMR techniques
Authors: Jiang Binbo , Yang Yong , Du Lijun , Mattea Carlos , Wang Jingdai , Stapf Siegfried , Yang Yongrong
Published: November 2013

Polymer‐coated SiO2 particles are prepared by precipitation of poly[styrene‐co‐(acrylic acid)] on SiO2 microspheres through an improved phase inversion method. The diffusion resistance of the polymer membrane was considered to be the critical reason for producing tailor‐made polyethylene by catalysts supported on these polymer‐coated particles. This paper employs pulsed field gradient NMR (PFG‐NMR) to distinguish diffusion of n‐hexane in different regimes, i.e., in the space between each particle, the pores in SiO2 and the polymer shell, by their respective diffusion coefficients. By varying the observation time, the time scale of the molecular exchange is discussed. A three‐region ansatz was used to interpret the exchange and diffusion in polymer‐coated SiO2 system, and was compared with results acquired with noncoated particles. At long diffusion times, the mean‐squared displacement, and thus the averaged self‐diffusion coefficient, of hexane in the system of polymer‐coated SiO2 particles is significantly reduced. The PSA membrane is identified as an efficient barrier against molecular exchange between the pores in SiO2 and the intraparticle space. Consistently, the relaxation measurements indicated that the mobility of n‐hexane molecules, especially the rotation of n‐hexane, was limited by the PSA membrane. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40160.
Surface activity of pepsin‐solubilized collagen acylated by lauroyl chloride along with succinic anhydride
Authors: Li Conghu , Liu Wentao , Duan Lian , Tian Zhenhua , Li Guoying
Published: November 2013

The surface activity of pepsin‐solubilized type I collagen acylated by lauroyl chloride and succinic anhydride was investigated in this article. Compared with native collagen, acylated collagen exhibited better surface activity such as oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity and stability, foam expansion, and foam stability but presented lower water absorption capacity. Acylated collagen also had higher emulsion activity and stability than Tween 80, whereas Tween 80 displayed higher foam expansion and stability than acylated collagen. After acylation, the surface tension of collagen decreased with the storage time increased, the hydrophobicity and the wetting power increased with the increase of the concentration. Meanwhile, the emulsion activity and stability of acylated collagen decreased with the increase of NaCl concentration ranging from 20 to 100 mmol/L. Under neutral pH value, acylated collagen reached higher emulsion activity and stability at acylated collagen concentration of 0.4 mg/mL and lower temperature (<35°C). © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40174.
Citation analysis and the development of science: A case study using articles by some Nobel prize winners
Authors: Liu Yuxian , Rousseau Ronald
Published: November 2013

Using citation data of articles written by some Nobel Prize winners in physics, we show that concave, convex, and straight curves represent different types of interactions between old ideas and new insights. These cases illustrate different diffusion characteristics of academic knowledge, depending on the nature of the knowledge in the new publications. This work adds to the study of the development of science and links this development to citation analysis.
Author name disambiguation forPubMed
Authors: Liu Wanli , Islamaj Doğan Rezarta , Kim Sun , Comeau Donald C. , Kim Won , Yeganova Lana , Lu Zhiyong , Wilbur W. John
Published: November 2013

Log analysis shows thatPubMed users frequently use author names in queries for retrieving scientific literature. However, author name ambiguity may lead to irrelevant retrieval results. To improve thePubMed user experience with author name queries, we designed an author name disambiguation system consisting of similarity estimation and agglomerative clustering. A machine‐learning method was employed to score the features for disambiguating a pair of papers with ambiguous names. These features enable the computation of pairwise similarity scores to estimate the probability of a pair of papers belonging to the same author, which drives an agglomerative clustering algorithm regulated by 2 factors: name compatibility and probability level. With transitivity violation correction, high precision author clustering is achieved by focusing on minimizing false‐positive pairing. Disambiguation performance is evaluated with manual verification of random samples of pairs from clustering results. When compared with a state‐of‐the‐art system, our evaluation shows that among all the pairs the lumping error rate drops from 10.1% to 2.2% for our system, while the splitting error rises from 1.8% to 7.7%. This results in an overall error rate of 9.9%, compared with 11.9% for the state‐of‐the‐art method. Other evaluations based on gold standard data also show the increase in accuracy of our clustering. We attribute the performance improvement to the machine‐learning method driven by a large‐scale training set and the clustering algorithm regulated by a name compatibility scheme preferring precision. With integration of the author name disambiguation system into thePubMed search engine, the overall click‐through‐rate ofPubMed users on author name query results improved from 34.9% to 36.9%.
Facile Solvothermal Synthesis of Mesostructured Fe3O4/Chitosan Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
Authors: Zhao Guanghui , Wang Jianzhi , Peng Xiaomen , Li Yanfeng , Yuan Xuemei , Ma Yingxia
Published: November 2013

We report a facile fabrication of a host–metal–guest coordination‐bonding system in a mesostructured Fe3O4/chitosan nanoparticle that can act as a pH‐responsive drug‐delivery system. The mesostructured Fe3O4/chitosan was synthesized by a solvothermal approach with iron(III) chloride hexahydrate as a precursor, ethylene glycol as a reducing agent, ammonium acetate as a porogen, and chitosan as a surface‐modification agent. Subsequently, doxorubicin (DOX), acting as a model drug (guest), was loaded onto the mesostructured Fe3O4/chitosan nanoparticles, with chitosan acting as a host molecule to form the NH2ZnIIDOX coordination architecture. The release of DOX can be achieved through the cleavage of coordination bonds that are sensitive to variations in external pH under weakly acidic conditions. The pH‐responsive nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed by in vitro releases and cell assay tests. Furthermore, the relaxation efficiency of the nanoparticles as high‐performance magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents was also investigated. Experimental results confirm that the synthesized mesostructured Fe3O4/chitosan is a smart nanovehicle for drug delivery owing to both its pH‐responsive nature and relaxation efficiency.
Electrochemical Properties of Hollow‐Structured MnS–Carbon Nanocomposite Powders Prepared by a One‐Pot Spray Pyrolysis Process
Authors: Lee Su Min , Lee Jung‐Kul , Kang Yun Chan
Published: November 2013

Spherical, hollow MnSC composite powders were prepared from a solution of manganese salt, thiourea, and sucrose by one‐pot spray pyrolysis. The MnSC composite powders were generated by direct sulfidation of MnO with hydrogen sulfide gas generated in situ by decomposition of thiourea during spray pyrolysis. Sucrose, which is used as a carbon source material, plays a key role in the formation of the MnSC composite powders by improving the reducing atmosphere around the powders. Dot‐mapping images of the composite powders demonstrated uniform distribution of the manganese, sulfur, and carbon components within the MnSC composite powder. Fine crystals of MnS were uniformly mixed with carbon derived from polymerization and carbonization of sucrose. The carbon content of the MnSC composite powders was 26 wt %. The discharge capacities of the MnSC composite powders in the 2nd and 200th cycles were 863 and 967 mA h g−1, respectively, at a current density of 1000 mA g−1. The spherical and hollow morphology of the MnSC composite powders was completely retained, even after 200 cycles. The enhanced cycling and rate performance of the MnSC composite powders is ascribed to the structural stability of the composite powders.
Cognitive Perspective‐Taking During Scene Perception in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence From Eye Movements
Authors: Au‐Yeung Sheena K. , Kaakinen Johanna K. , Benson Valerie
Published: November 2013

The present study examined how eye movements during scene viewing are modulated by adopting psychological perspectives in both adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and typically developing adults. In the current study, participants viewed house scenes with either non‐perspective‐taking (look for valuable items/features of the house that need fixing) or perspective‐taking instructions (imagine that you are a burglar/repairman) while their eye movements were recorded. The eye movement measures revealed that for the “look for the valuable items” and burglar perspective task, the ASD group showed typical relevance effects (the preference to look at schema‐relevant compared with schema‐irrelevant targets) in their eye movements. However, we found subtle processing differences between the groups that were related to initial orienting to and processing of schema‐relevant items for the “look for the features that need fixing” and the repairman perspective‐taking task. There was an absence of a relevance effect for the ASD group for the repairman perspective and its non‐perspective‐taking equivalent instruction showing that the identification of items relevant to those schemas was more difficult for the ASD group. The present findings suggest that resolving ambiguity may be a defining feature of complex information processing deficits in ASD. Autism Res 2014, 7: 84–93. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Minimally invasive and surgical management strategies tailored to the severity of acute diverticulitis
Authors: McDermott F D , Collins D , Heeney A , Winter D C
Published: November 2013

Background

The severity of acute diverticulitis ranges from mild, simple inflammation to pericolic abscesses, or perforation with faeculent peritonitis. Treatment of diverticulitis has evolved towards more conservative and minimally invasive strategies. The aim of this review is to highlight recent concepts and advances in management.

Methods

A literature review was performed on the electronic databases MEDLINE from PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for publications in English. The keywords ‘diverticulitis’, ‘diverticular’ were searched for the past decade (to September 2013).

Results

Diverticulitis occurs frequently in the Western world, but only one in five patients develops complications (such as abscess and perforation) during the first acute presentation. The reported perforation rate is 3·5 per 100 000 population. Based on recent data, including the AVOD and DIVER trials, antibiotic therapy for mild episodes may be unnecessary and outpatient management reasonable in most patients. Antibiotics and admission to hospital is required for complicated diverticulitis confirmed on imaging and for patients with sepsis. Diverticular abscesses (about 5 per cent of patients) may require percutaneous drainage if antibiotics alone fail. Laparoscopic management of non-faecal perforated diverticulitis is feasible in selected patients, and peritoneal lavage in combination with antibiotic therapy may avoid colonic resection and a stoma. However, the collective, published worldwide experience is limited to fewer than 800 patients, and results from ongoing randomized trials (LapLAND, SCANDIV, DILALA and LADIES trials) are needed to inform better decision-making.

Conclusion

The treatment of diverticulitis continues to evolve with a trend towards a more conservative and minimally invasive management approach. Judicious use of antibiotics in uncomplicated cases, greater application of laparoscopic techniques, and primary resection and anastomosis are of benefit in selected patients.
Inquiry into chemotherapy‐induced p53 activation in cancer cells as a model for teaching signal transduction
Authors: Srougi Melissa C. , Carson Susan
Published: November 2013

Intracellular and extracellular communication is conducted through an intricate and interwoven network of signal transduction pathways. The mechanisms for how cells speak with one another are of significant biological importance to both basic and industrial scientists from a number of different disciplines. We have therefore developed and implemented a new laboratory‐intensive course that teaches students the theory and techniques used to study cell signaling pathways. Students learn these methodologies as they conduct a hypothesis‐driven research project where they elucidate the mechanism of breast cancer cell death caused by a cancer chemotherapeutic agent. While each lab experiment can be conducted independently, the findings build upon one another to form the beginnings of a signaling pathway. In the lecture component of the course, students investigate different signaling pathways and the methods employed to study them. In addition, students actively participate in journal article discussions where they assess the primary scientific literature. We evaluated the course over two semesters and found that in both semesters learning outcomes were met by both undergraduate and graduate students. The evaluation of the course was based on a number of instructor assessments of student work, including lab reports, experimental results, journal article discussions, and a final cumulative exam. Furthermore, students' self‐assessments revealed gains in perceived confidence in both conceptual knowledge and technical skills © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 41(6):419–432, 2013
Extended Producer Responsibility and the Evolution of Sustainable Specializations: Evidences From the e‐Waste Sector
Authors: Corsini Filippo , Rizzi Francesco , Gusmerotti Natalia Marzia , Frey Marco
Published: November 2013

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach that could potentially have a positive impact on different determinants of the business environment, including scientific production. Despite that, direct and indirect impacts on those national research environments where EPR is not directly implemented are under‐represented in the current literature. Based on a dataset of 411 papers related to e‐waste published in the period between 2001 and 2011, our study explores the research dynamics of the e‐waste literature and presents a map of the main areas of interest. Two representations of the geographical time frames of research depict the on‐going reshaping of worldwide technical specializations and inform policy makers on the evolution of regional needs and competences. The conclusions highlight the importance of worldwide impact assessments of EPR in order to achieve both industrial and environmental goals. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
‘Drugs and Relationships Don't Work’: Children's and Young People's Views of Substance Use and Intimate Relationships
Authors: Galvani Sarah
Published: November 2013

Responding effectively to children and young people's (CYP's) needs in relation to the overlapping issues of parental substance use (alcohol and other drugs) and domestic abuse requires an understanding of their perspectives and experiences. This study set out to explore the views of CYP on the impact of substance use on violent and abusive behaviours within intimate relationships in order to inform practice and policy development. Fourteen young people attended focus groups at three different specialist substance use support services for families in England. The results showed clear ambivalence about alcohol use in particular and its impact on violent and abusive behaviours. They did not blame substances for subsequent violent or abusive behaviour overall, however, the quantities and type of substances used were considered key to such behaviour. Most importantly, the CYP reported that getting help with substance problems does not automatically improve relationships, indeed, there are situations when pressure to change substance use can make relationships worse. The implications for social care practice are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Clear ambivalence about alcohol use in particular and its impact on violent and abusive behaviours’

Key Practitioner Messages

CYP need clear and factual messages about the relationship between substance use and violent and abusive behaviours, particularly messages about the quantity and types of substance. This requires practitioners to be confident in their knowledge and have accurate and age‐appropriate information to give to CYP.

Practitioners need to ask CYP about their experiences of the impact of substance use on the family and the relationships within it. It is possible that relationships were abusive and/or the parenting was not ‘good enough’ before the substance use and will not improve in its absence.

The CYP highlighted how relationships face different pressures at different times in the process of changing substance use behaviour. CYP need to be supported and consulted throughout.

‘Relationships face different pressures at different times in the process of changing substance use behaviour’
Quality of life benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic occlusions
Authors: Safley David M. , Grantham J. Aaron , Hatch Jason , Jones Philip G. , Spertus John A.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

We aimed to compare quality of life benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusions (CTO) with non‐CTO PCI.

Background

Data quantifying the benefits of PCI of CTO are inconsistent.

Methods

We leveraged a 10‐center prospective PCI registry including Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) assessment at the time of PCI and in follow‐up. We propensity matched attempted CTO PCIs with up to 10 non‐CTO PCIs. The primary analysis compared changes between baseline and 6 months in SAQ Physical Limitation (PL), Quality of Life (QoL); Angina Frequency (AF) scores as well as the Rose Dyspnea scores (RDS) and the EQ5D Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Noninferiority was assessed for quality of life changes between CTO and non‐CTO PCI.

Results

In 3,303 patients enrolled, 167 single‐vessel CTOs were attempted; 147 (88%) were matched with 1,616 non‐CTO PCI. Baseline PL (73.0 vs. 77.4, P = 0.039) and VAS (66.4 vs. 70.8, P = 0.005) scores were lower for CTO. There was no difference in AF, QoL, or RDS scores. At 6‐month follow‐up, all SAQ scores improved (P < 0.05 vs. baseline for all) and were equivalent for CTO and Non‐CTO (P = NS for all). VAS scores remained lower for CTO, but improved in both groups (P < 0.05 vs. baseline for both). Formal noninferiority testing demonstrated that CTO PCI was not inferior to non‐CTO PCI (P ≤ 0.02 for all).

Conclusions

Symptoms, function, QoL, and dyspnea improve to the same degree following CTO PCI as compared with non‐CTO PCI. Symptom relief supports CTO PCI to improve patients' quality of life. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tethering for Selective Synthesis of 2,2′‐Biphenols: The Acetal Method
Authors: Masters Kye‐Simeon , Bihlmeier Angela , Klopper Wim , Bräse Stefan
Published: November 2013

2,2'‐Biphenols are a large and diverse group of compounds with exceptional properties both as ligands and bioactive agents. Traditional methods for their synthesis by oxidative dimerisation are often problematic and lead to mixtures of ortho‐ and para‐connected regioisomers. To compound these issues, an intermolecular dimerisation strategy is often inappropriate for the synthesis of heterodimers. The ‘acetal method’ provides a solution for these problems: stepwise tethering of two monomeric phenols enables heterodimer synthesis, enforces ortho regioselectivity and allows relatively facile and selective intramolecular reactions to take place. The resulting dibenzo[1,3]dioxepines have been analysed by quantum chemical calculations to obtain information about the activation barrier for ring flip between the enantiomers. Hydrolytic removal of the dioxepine acetal unit revealed the 2,2′‐biphenol target.
The Significance of Water Electrolysis in Times of the German “Energiewende”
Authors: Wendt Harmut , Vogel G. Herbert
Published: November 2013

In Zeiten der Energiewende erlangen chemische Speichertechnologien eine zunehmende Bedeutung, da so überschüssiger Wind‐ und Solarstrom in größeren Mengen in Form von Wasserstoff gespeichert werden kann. Der durch Wasserelektrolyse erzeugte Wasserstoff kann direkt via Drucktanks, Verflüssigung sowie physikalischer oder chemischer Adsorption zwischengespeichert und anschließend wieder rückverstromt werden. Alternativ kann er zu Methan oder Diesel umgewandelt werden. Dieser Beitrag soll einen kurzen Überblick über den derzeitigen Stand der Wasserelektrolyse geben, die im Rahmen der Energiewende eine Schlüsseltechnologie darstellt.
Recovery of Metals from Tantalum Capacitors with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Spitczok von Brisinski Lena , Goldmann Daniel , Endres Frank
Published: November 2013

Ionic liquids can be applied to recover tantalum capacitors from scrap printed circuit boards. Dissolution experiments with epoxy covered through‐hole tantalum capacitors in Lewis acidic mixtures of dialkylimidazolium halides and aluminum trichloride show that all parts, except the tantalum anode, are dissolved in the ionic liquid. This comprises MnO2 from the capacitor's electrolyte as well as tin and silver from the metallic contacts. The latter ones can be directly recovered from the solution by electrodeposition. The tantalum anode is mechanically separated and suitable for further metallurgical processing.
Direct α‐Alkylation of Ketones with Alcohols in Water
Authors: Xu Guoqiang , Li Qiong , Feng Jiange , Liu Qiang , Zhang Zuojun , Wang Xicheng , Zhang Xiaoyun , Mu Xindong
Published: November 2013

The direct α‐alkylation of ketones with alcohols has emerged as a new green protocol to construct CC bonds with H2O as the sole byproduct. In this work, a very simple and convenient Pd/C catalytic system for the direct α‐alkylation of ketones with primary alcohols in pure water is developed. Based on this catalytic system, aqueous mixtures of dilute acetone, 1‐butanol, and ethanol (mimicking ABE fermentation products) can be directly transformed into C5–C11 or longer‐chain ketones and alcohols, which are precursors to fuels.
Direct Synthesis of 1,6‐Hexanediol from HMF over a Heterogeneous Pd/ZrP Catalyst using Formic Acid as Hydrogen Source
Authors: Tuteja Jaya , Choudhary Hemant , Nishimura Shun , Ebitani Kohki
Published: November 2013

A new approach is developed for hydrogenolytic ring opening of biobased 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), dehydration product of hexoses, towards 1,6‐hexanediol (HDO) under atmospheric pressure. The highest yield of HDO, 43 %, is achieved over reusable Pd/zirconium phosphate (ZrP) catalyst at 413 K in the presence of formic acid as hydrogen source. In comparison with various Brønsted and/or Lewis acidic supports, the specific Brønsted acidity on ZrP support effectively accelerated the cleavage of CO bond in a furan ring.
Coordination Properties of 3‐Functionalised β‐Cyclodextrins: Thermodynamic Stereoselectivity of Copper(II) Complexes of the 3‐Histamine Derivative and Its Exploitation in Ligand‐Exchange Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Giuffrida Alessandro , Cucinotta Vincenzo , Maccarrone Giuseppe , Messina Marianna , Rizzarelli Enrico , Vecchio Graziella
Published: November 2013

A histamine derivative of β‐cyclodextrin functionalised at the secondary rim was synthesised and characterised by optical and NMR spectroscopy. Its binary systems both with proton and copper(II) were thermodynamically characterised through pH‐metric potentiometry. In addition, the ternary systems with the enantiomers of tryptophan, phenylalanine and alanine were investigated. Thermodynamic stereoselectivity was observed for both the tryptophan and phenylalanine enantiomers. The properties of the synthesised cyclodextrin derivative as a chiral selector were verified in chiral ligand‐exchange capillary electrophoresis (CLECE) towards the enantiomeric pairs of some amino acids.
Chromatin modifications during repair of environmental exposure‐induced DNA damage: A potential mechanism for stable epigenetic alterations
Authors: O'Hagan Heather M.
Published: November 2013

Exposures to environmental toxicants and toxins cause epigenetic changes that likely play a role in the development of diseases associated with exposure. The mechanism behind these exposure‐induced epigenetic changes is currently unknown. One commonality between most environmental exposures is that they cause DNA damage either directly or through causing an increase in reactive oxygen species, which can damage DNA. Like transcription, DNA damage repair must occur in the context of chromatin requiring both histone modifications and ATP‐dependent chromatin remodeling. These chromatin changes aid in DNA damage accessibility and signaling. Several proteins and complexes involved in epigenetic silencing during both development and cancer have been found to be localized to sites of DNA damage. The chromatin‐based response to DNA damage is considered a transient event, with chromatin being restored to normal as DNA damage repair is completed. However, in individuals chronically exposed to environmental toxicants or with chronic inflammatory disease, repeated DNA damage‐induced chromatin rearrangement may ultimately lead to permanent epigenetic alterations. Understanding the mechanism behind exposure‐induced epigenetic changes will allow us to develop strategies to prevent or reverse these changes. This review focuses on epigenetic changes and DNA damage induced by environmental exposures, the chromatin changes that occur around sites of DNA damage, and how these transient chromatin changes may lead to heritable epigenetic alterations at sites of chronic exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 55:278–291, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using an inerter‐based device for structural vibration suppression
Authors: Lazar I. F. , Neild S.A. , Wagg D.J.
Published: November 2013

This paper proposes the use of a novel type of passive vibration control system to reduce vibrations in civil engineering structures subject to base excitation. The new system is based on the inerter, a device that was initially developed for high‐performance suspensions in Formula 1 racing cars. The principal advantage of the inerter is that a high level of vibration isolation can be achieved with low amounts of added mass. This feature makes it an attractive potential alternative to traditional tuned mass dampers (TMDs). In this paper, the inerter system is modelled inside a multi‐storey building and is located on braces between adjacent storeys. Numerical results show that an excellent level of vibration reduction is achieved, potentially offering improvement over TMDs. The inerter‐based system is compared to a TMD system by using a range of base excitation inputs, including an earthquake signal, to demonstrate how the performance could potentially be improved by using an inerter instead of a TMD. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing linkage of monoamine oxidase B in a genome‐wide scan using a univariate variance components approach
Authors: Barnholtz J.S. , de Andrade M. , Page G.P. , King T.M. , Peterson L.E. , Amos C.I.
Published: November 2013

We report results when one alcoholism related quantitative trait, monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), is analyzed by the variance components approach for linkage [Amos, 1994; Amos et al., 1996] using the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism data set provided for the Genetic Analysis Workshop 11. We used two different covariate models, one with age at interview, sex, ethnicity, and smoking status and the other with age at interview, sex, and ethnicity. The univariate analysis showed 24 markers on four different chromosomes (1, 4, 9, and 12) to have evidence for linkage with the quantitative trait (single‐point and multipoint linkage). However, when outliers for MAOB were removed, the significant evidence for linkage disappeared.
A normalized identity‐by‐state statistic for linkage analysis of sib pairs
Authors: Nemesure Barbara Berger , He Qimei , Mendell Nancy Role
Published: November 2013

A sib‐pair analysis was performed on a simulated data set for a fictitious disease, with a prevalence of approximately 3% to 6%. The disease could manifest itself in a severe or mild form and the analyses focused primarily on families with the mild form, barring any misdiagnoses. The numbers of shared genes identical by descent (IBD) and identical by state (IBS) were used to detect linkage between the marker loci and the disease. The results of the two methods were compared. We considered the distribution of the number of shared alleles IBS (for different parental allele combinations) and suggest a normalized IBS method. A large proportion of pedigrees in this data set had at least one homozygous parent or both parents sharing a common gene, thus generating the need for an adjustment of the IBS method. Our results indicate that the normalized IBS method gives results similar to those obtained by the traditional IBD approach. The adjusted score requires no assumptions be made with regard to the allele frequencies.
Association tests using unaffected‐sibling versus pseudo‐sibling controls
Authors: Siegmund Kimberly D. , Gauderman W. James , Thomas Duncan C.
Published: November 2013

We used family‐matched case‐control data to screen the genome for markers associated with disease in the simulated data set. Two different types of controls were considered: (1) unaffected siblings and (2) ‘pseudo siblings,’ a comparison sample created using the parental alleles. The scans were conducted on the first replicate of each study population. Overall, the two methods identified 14 marker loci associated with disease at the 0.001 significance level. Marker D1G24 (locus D) was the only true disease locus found by both approaches. No associations were found at any of the markers flanking the unobserved disease susceptibility loci (A, B, or C). We subsequently pooled the 25 replicates from a single population. This large sample still did not yield any associations at the flanking markers. We tested for association at locus D using a pseudo‐sib approach restricted to alleles shared identical by descent between affected sib pairs. The power was 44% (11/25 replicates) at a significance level of 0.001.
A generalized estimating equations approach to linkage analysis in sibships in relation to multiple markers and exposure factors
Authors: Thomas Duncan C. , Qian Dajun , Gauderman W. James , Siegmund Kim , Morrison John L.
Published: November 2013

We describe a multiple regression approach to nonparametric linkage analysis in sibships incorporating multiple genetic loci, environmental covariates, and interactions. The covariance in trait residuals between sib pairs is treated as the dependent variable, regressed upon identical‐by‐descent sharing probabilities and interaction effects, using generalized estimating equations to allow for the correlations among multiple sib pairs within a sibship. Individual covariates can also be introduced in the model for the trait means. An application to the GAW11 simulated data revealed linkage with each of the four simulated loci, as well as gene×environment interactions of E1 with loci C and D and gene×gene interactions among the cluster of loci A, B, and D.
Possible linkage of alcoholism, monoamine oxidase activity and P300 amplitude to markers on chromosome 12q24
Authors: Juo Suh‐Hang Hank , Pugh Elizabeth W. , Baffoe‐Bonnie Agnes , Kingman Albert , Sorant Alexa J. M. , Klein Alison P. , O'Neill Jennifer , Mathias Rasika A. , Wilson Alexander F. , Bailey‐Wilson Joan E.
Published: November 2013

Multipoint linkage analysis was used to screen for evidence of linkage between alcoholism and five alcoholism‐related quantitative traits. The results suggest that a susceptibility locus that influences monoamine oxidase activity and P300 amplitude at the Pz lead, and increases the risk of alcohol dependence may be linked to markers in the 12q24 region. Furthermore, the susceptibility for alcoholism may be associated with allele 3 (allele size 144) of D12S392.
Design of artificial neural network and its applications to the analysis of alcoholism data
Authors: Li Wentian , Haghighi Fatemeh , Falk Catherine T.
Published: November 2013

Artificial neural networks were applied to the alcoholism data to reveal nonlinear relationships between intermediate phenotypes, marker identity‐by‐descent sharing, and the affection status. A variable number of hidden units were considered to achieve a balance between the minimal mean‐squared error and over‐fitting of the data. The predictability of the affection status based on intermediate phenotype information (event‐related potential 300, monoamine oxidase, and gender) was 65% to 75%, and sensitivity/specificity ranged around 50% to 80%. The IBD approach succeeded in identifying the same marker as previous studies, but also found additional peaks.
Quantitative trait transmission disequilibrium test: Allowance for missing parents
Authors: Schaid Daniel J. , Rowland Charles M.
Published: November 2013

The association of a quantitative trait with transmission disequilibrium of parental marker alleles can be a powerful method to discover the genetic basis of the trait. However, current methods require marker genotypes on all parents. We present a new method that allows the assessment of the association of a quantitative trait with transmission disequilibrium of marker alleles when parental marker genotypes are missing, but marker genotypes for sibships are available. Because our approach is based on regression methods, additional covariates, including multiple marker loci, can be included in our proposed method of analysis. Application of this methodology to the COGA data to assess the association of quantitative traits (ERPs) with marker loci on chromosome 7 failed to identify statistically significant transmission disequilibrium.
Linkage analysis with adequate modeling of a parent‐of‐origin effect
Authors: Strauch Konstantin , Fimmers Rolf , Windemuth Christine , Hahn Andreas , Wienker Thomas F. , Baur Max P.
Published: November 2013

We present an extension to parametric linkage analysis that allows modeling diseases with a parent‐of‐origin effect (i.e., imprinting). Different penetrances are assumed for individuals being heterozygous at the disease locus, depending on their having inherited the disease allele from the father or mother. Motivated by the finding of a maternally expressed locus influencing alcohol consumption in mice (A1cp2), the analysis method has been included into the program GENEHUNTER for application to Problem 1, Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism of Genetic Analysis Workshop 11. By this extension, a powerful tool is provided for adequately modeling an inherited disease in linkage analysis that supposedly has imprinting effects. The program has been used to analyze the data set on alcohol dependence in humans and can be applied to other genetically determined traits as well.
Sib‐pair linkage analysis of alcohol dependence taking into account covariates and age‐of‐onset variability: Evaluation of the residual approach
Authors: Tores Frédéric , Uhry Zoé , Detroyes Bénédicte , Demenais Florence , Martinez Maria
Published: November 2013

The construction of residuals allowed us to consider a phenotype related to alcohol dependence (ALDX1) adjusted for age, gender and current smoking status. Using the Haseman and Elston regression test, we compared genome scan results for detection of loci for the unadjusted and adjusted ALDX1 phenotypes in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) data. More markers were significant at the 1% level for the binary than for the residual analyses. Overall, our residual analyses do not show substantial improvement in their ability to detect linkage for alcohol dependence in the COGA data. This may be due to the relatively small sample size of discordant sib pairs.
The importance of watching our weights: How the choice of weights for non‐independent sib pairs can dramatically alter results
Authors: van Eerdewegh Paul , Dupuis Josée , Santangelo Susan L. , Hayward Leigha B. , Blacker Deborah
Published: November 2013

Handling non‐independent sib pairs in families with multiple affected sibs presents a problem in likelihood‐based nonparametric linkage analyses. We contrast the more stable partial‐likelihood solution in MAPMAKER/SIBS with the extremely variable partial‐likelihood approach used in ASPEX, and the potential inflation of lods when the problem is ignored as in BETA.
Meta‐analysis of linkage studies
Authors: Badner Judith A. , Goldin Lynn R.
Published: November 2013

Lander and Kruglyak [1995] gave guidelines for interpreting linkage results based on estimating how often a particular threshold for significance would be exceeded by chance in a single genome scan. What is unknown is how often two or more genome scans would exceed a particular threshold within the same region. We develop theoretical estimates of these values and compare these with the empirical estimates derived from the GAW11 data. For single‐point analysis, the theoretical estimates predict the empirical estimates. For multipoint analysis, the theoretical values overestimate what is observed. For both single point and multipoint, modest p‐values within a single genome scan may give highly significant results when replicated in the same region in other scans.
Systematic search for disease loci for complex genetic traits: A study based on simulated population data
Authors: Falk Catherine T.
Published: November 2013

Simulated family data were analyzed using one‐ and two‐locus disease models to detect linkage. Regions of interest, found on chromosomes 3 and 5, were then further analyzed to look for evidence of locus interaction and/or genetic heterogeneity. Methods described by Falk [1993] were used to separate families into subsets likely to be genetically homogeneous. Based on the results, it was concluded that there were at least two distinct disease loci, one on chromosome 3 and one on chromosome 5, and that these loci were probably not interacting but were expressing two distinct forms of the disease. The identification of these loci was in agreement with the generating model. However, the analysis did not show any indication of a two‐locus form of the disease or detect a disease locus on chromosome 1. This could be due to lack of power and/or too small a sample size for the method of analysis.
Meta‐analysis by combining p‐values: Simulated linkage studies
Authors: Guerra Rudy , Etzel Carol J. , Goldstein Darlene R. , Sain Stephan R.
Published: November 2013

Meta‐analysis has been little explored to make an overall assessment of linkage from different studies. In practice, it is likely that published linkage studies will only report p‐values. We compared the performance of the widely used Fisher method for combining p‐values with that of pooling raw data. More loci were consistently found by pooling raw data. In the absence of further information, combining p‐values can provide an overall, but limited, assessment of different linkage studies. However, meta‐analysis would be better viewed as a preliminary step toward the goal of analyzing the pooled raw data.
Left-Liver Hypertrophy After Therapeutic Right-Liver Radioembolization Is Substantial but Less Than After Portal Vein Embolization
Authors: Garlipp Benjamin , de Baere Thierry , Damm Robert , Irmscher Romy , van Buskirk Mark , Stübs Patrick , Deschamps Frederic , Meyer Frank , Seidensticker Ricarda , Mohnike Konrad , Pech Maciej , Amthauer Holger , Lippert Hans , Ricke Jens , Seidensticker Max
Published: November 2013

In patients with liver malignancies potentially amenable to curative extended right hepatectomy but insufficient size of the future liver remnant (FLR), portal vein embolization (PVE) of the tumor-bearing liver is used to induce contralateral liver hypertrophy but leaves the tumor untreated. Radioembolization (RE) treats the tumor in the embolized lobe along with contralateral hypertrophy induction. We performed a matched-pair analysis to compare the capacity for hypertrophy induction of these two modalities. Patients with right-hepatic secondary liver malignancies with no or negligible left-hepatic tumor involvement who were treated by right-lobar PVE (n = 141) or RE (n = 35) at two centers were matched for criteria known to influence liver regeneration following PVE: 1) baseline FLR/Total liver volume ratio (<25 versus ≥25%); 2) prior platinum-containing systemic chemotherapy; 3) embolization of segments 5-8 versus 4-8; and 4) baseline platelet count (<200 versus ≥200 Gpt/L).The primary endpoint was relative change in FLR volume from baseline to follow-up. Twenty-six matched pairs were identified. FLR volume increase from baseline to follow-up (median 33 [24-56] days after PVE or 46 [27-79] days after RE) was significant in both groups but PVE produced significantly more FLR hypertrophy than RE (61.5 versus 29%,

P

< 0.001). Time between treatment and follow-up was not correlated with the degree of contralateral hypertrophy achieved in both groups. Although group differences in patient history and treatment setting were present and some bias cannot be excluded, this was minimized by the matched-pair design, as remaining group differences after matching were found to have no significant influence on contralateral hypertrophy development.

Conclusion :

PVE induces significantly more contralateral hypertrophy than RE with therapeutic (nonlobectomy) doses. However, contralateral hypertrophy induced by RE is substantial and RE minimizes the risk of tumor progression in the treated lobe, possibly making it a suitable modality for selected patients. (Hepatology 2014;59:1864–1873)
Clay Mineralogy of Mediterranean Brown Forest Soil
Authors: Gal M.
Published: November 2013

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and the non‐carbonate residue in the parent rocks of 9 Mediterranean brown forest soils was determined, using X‐ray diffraction DTA, Integral Thermal Analysis, electron microscopy and precise chemical analytical technique. The percentage ratio magnified image in the clay fraction of the soil and in the non‐carbonate residue of the corresponding parent material was analyzed statistically and found low correlation. This is to be expected because of the great variability in the parent rock and the difficulty of collecting representative samples of the rocks. The genesis of these soils was compared to that of terra‐rossa and rendzina soils (for which there is a very high correlation between rock and clay). The dominant clay mineral present was montmorillonite. In some soils fairly high amounts of kaolin were found. The basis for considering this soil type as a bridge between terra‐rossa and rendzina is discussed.
Copper Silicates in the Timna' ORE Deposit
Authors: Würzburger U.
Published: November 2013

Timna' chrysocolla was divided into several types based on two end members differing in water content, specific gravity, CuO:SiO2 ratio and apparently also in their DTA behaviour. The chrysocolla replaces quartz. In places an intergrowth of chrysocolla and wilkeite was observed by electron probe scanning. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of chrysocolla is rather poor; however diffraction patterns were obtained after controlled heating (DTA). These indicated the crystallization of tenorite, cuprite, quartz and cristobalite. Dioptase, plancheite and bisbeeite were also identified by X‐ray diffraction. Several possibilities of chrysocolla genesis are discussed.
Oxidation of Ce3+ by HO2 Radical and Ce3+‐HO2 Complex Formation
Authors: Samuni A. , Czapski G.
Published: November 2013

The reaction of Ce4+ with H2O2 in H2SO4 is studied as a function of pH, Ce3+, SO4= and the ionic strength. The reaction mechanism proposed assumes the existence of a Ce3+ ‐HO2 complex. Direct evidence for the reaction, Ce3+ + HO2 + H+ → Ce4+ + H2O2 is presented.
ESR Study of a Complex Formation Between HO2 Radical and Peroxy‐Vanadium (V) Ion
Authors: Samuni A. , Czapski G.
Published: November 2013

HO2 radicals were generated in a flow system by the reaction: Ce4+ + H2O2→ Ce3+ +HO2 + H+. The HO2 radicals were mixed with V ‐ H2O2 solutions and ESR spectroscopy was used to follow the reaction. It was shown that HO2 reacts with both VO(O2)+ and VO(O2)−2 complexes. The ESR signal of the complexed radical consists of eight lines, indicating that the unpaired electron interacts with the Vanadium nucleus. The kinetics of the formation and decay reactions of the complexed radical were studied.
Studies of the Ramberg‐Bäcklund Rearrangement. Part I. Rearrangement of α‐Bromo‐β‐Keto‐ and α‐Bromo‐α‐Carbethoxy‐Sulphones
Authors: Shahak I. , Bergmann E.D.
Published: November 2013

α‐Bromosulphones, carrying negative substituents (keto or carbethoxy‐groups) next to the bromine atom, undergo the Ramberg‐Bäcklund rearrangement and give α,β‐unsaturated ketones and esters. β‐Disulphones are converted into α, β‐unsaturated sulphones under these conditions.
Inhibitors of Rat Liver Glutaminase
Authors: Mor G. , Lichtenstein N.
Published: November 2013

The phosphate‐dependent rat liver glutaminase is inhibited by carbobenzoxy derivatives of amino acids. Derivatives bearing an aromatic group in addition to that of the carbobenzoxy group inhibit markedly stronger than those without such an additional group. N‐carbobenzoxy tyramine also markedly inhibits the glutaminase activity. In all cases tested the inhibition was competitive. The mechanism of the inhibition is discussed.
The Role of Tryptophan and Divalent Sulphur in the Action of Atomic Hydrogen on Lysozyme in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Aldrich J. E. , Cundall R. B. , Lanier A. , Stein G.
Published: November 2013

The effect of atomic hydrogen on lysozyme in aqueous solution has been investigated at different pH, total doses of H atoms and different initial concentrations. As well as inactivation, changes in the ultra violet absorption spectrum, due to tryptophan, formation of sulphydryl groups and H2S, associated with attack on disulphide bonds, have been measured. The decrease in the 280 nm absorption is consistent with attack on the tryptophan residues. Intramolecular transfer of the free radical centre is assumed. The effect of increasing enzyme concentration shows that the intramolecular radical chain terminates when the odd electron becomes paired by encounter with another lysozyme radical. As found for trypsin, the formation of H2S is less when tryptophan as well as tyrosine is present in the enzyme.
Cobalt (II) Species Sorbed on the Chelating Iminodiacetate Resin
Authors: Heitner‐Wirguin C. , Ben‐Zwi N.
Published: November 2013

Cobalt (II) ions were sorbed from various solutions onto the chelating ion exchanger Dowex A‐1. The infrared, near infrared and visible spectra of the various sorbed species were measured and compared to the spectra of cation and anion exchangers loaded with cobalt species under the same equilibrating conditions and to the complexes formed with the monomeric iminodiacetate. The structure and bonding of the different species sorbed were discussed.
Poly Threo‐β‐Hydroxy Aspartic Acid
Authors: Singerman A. , Liwschitz Y. , Wiesel Y.
Published: November 2013

The N‐carboxy‐anhydrides of β ‐ benzyl O‐t‐butyl‐threo‐β‐hydroxy‐DL‐ and L‐aspartate were polymerized. The two protecting groups, i. e., t‐butyl and benzyl groups, could be removed stepwise without degradation of the DL‐polymer.