bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Preference of Women and Men Regarding Female Genital Depilation
Authors: Sangiorgi Maria Luiza Prudente de Oliveira , Lara Lucia Alves da Silva , Lerri Maria Rita , Ferriani Rui Alberto , Romão Adriana Peterson Mariano Salata
Published: August 2017

Purpose To evaluate the preferences of women and men regarding female pubic hair depilation and identify possible reasons for these preferences.

Methods This is a cross-sectional study of men and women over 18 years old who were invited by the official blog of our institution to respond anonymously to an online and self-administered questionnaire made by the researchers. The analyses were made using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, SAS Inc., Cary, NC, US) software, version 9.3, and contingency tables were used to verify the distribution of variables. The univariate statistical analysis was performed using the Pearson chi-squared test, and the differences for values of p < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results We obtained data from 69,920 subjects (52,787 women and 17,133 men). The mean age was 31.9 years for men, and 28.5 years for women. Most women (64.3%) and men (62.2%) preferred complete removal of female pubic hair, and this preference was more pronounced in younger women and men. Most women reported performing depilation at home (55.8%), with 44.4% using hot wax and 40.1% using a razor blade. About half of the women (44.7%) and men (50.1%) reported sexual activity, having intercourse 2 to 3 times per week. The frequency of intercourse and sexual satisfaction in women correlated with total pubic hair removal.

Conclusion Most Brazilian women and men prefer the complete removal of female pubic hair, especially those who are younger and more sexually active. Women who are satisfied with the appearance of their own genitalia have a stronger preference for complete removal of pubic hair.
The Effect of Methylphenidate on the Hearing of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: İsmi Onur , Yildirim Veli , Vayisoglu Yusuf , Togrul Anis , Toros Fevziye , Unal Murat
Published: August 2017

Introduction There has been a sudden idiopathic hearing loss case presented after methylphenidate treatment in a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Objective This study was performed to reveal the probable ototoxic side effects of methylphenidate use in patients with ADHD.

Methods Thirty pediatric patients with ADHD were included in the study. Pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination scores, waves I, III, V absolute latencies and waves I-III, I-V, III-V interpeak latencies at the 80 dB nHL intensity after click stimulus auditory brainstem response (ABR) results were compared before and 3 months after methylphenidate treatment.

Results There were no statistically significant difference between pretreatment and posttreatment pure tone and speech audiometry findings and ABR results (p > 0.05 for all parameters).

Conclusion Methylphenidate can be regarded as a safe drug regarding ototoxic side effects. Additional studies with a larger sample size and longer follow-up may be needed.
Computer-assisted instruction before colonoscopy is as effective as nurse counselling, a clinical pilot trial
Authors: Veldhuijzen Govert , Klemt-Kropp Michael , Noomen Casper , Van Esch Aura , Tjwa Eric , Drenth Joost
Published: August 2017

Background and study aims Better patient education prior to colonoscopy improves adherence to instructions for bowel preparation and leads to cleaner colons. We reasoned that computer assisted instruction (CAI) using video and 3 D animations followed by nurse contact maximizes the effectiveness of nurse counselling, increases proportion of clean colons and improves patient experience.

Patients and methods Adults referred for colonoscopy in a high-volume endoscopy unit in the Netherlands were included. Exclusion criteria were illiteracy in Dutch and audiovisual handicaps. Patients were prospectively divided into 2 groups, 1 group received nurse counselling and 1 group received CAI and a nurse contact before colonoscopy. The main outcome, cleanliness of the colon during examination, was measured with Ottawa Bowel Preparation Scale (OBPS) and Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS). We assessed patient comfort and anxiety at 3 different time points.

Results We included 385 patients: 197 received traditional nurse counselling and 188 received CAI. Overall patient response rates were 99 %, 76.4 % and 69.9 % respectively. Endoscopists scored cleanliness in 60.8 %. Comparative analysis of the 39.2 % of patients with missing scores showed no significant difference on age, gender or educational level. Baseline characteristics were evenly distributed over the groups. Bowel cleanliness was satisfactory and did not differ amongst groups: nurse vs. CAI group scores in BBPS: (6.54 ± 1.69 vs. 6.42 ± 1.62); OBPS: (6.07 ± 2.53 vs. 5.80 ± 2.90). Patient comfort scores were significantly higher (4.29 ± 0.62 vs. 4.42 ± 0.68) in the CAI group shortly before colonoscopy. Anxiety and knowledge scores were similar.

Conclusion CAI is a safe and practical tool to instruct patients before colonoscopy. We recommend the combination of CAI with a short nurse contact for daily practice.
Use of the full-thickness resection device (FTRD) to prevent bleeding after colonic polypectomy in a patient with a left ventricular assist device
Authors: Knoop Richard , Richer-Schrag Hans-Juergen , Thimme Robert , Fischer Andreas
Published: August 2017

Background and study aims Treatment of colorectal polyps in patients undergoing permanent anticoagulation is associated with a significantly increased risk of peri-interventional bleeding. This specifically applies to polyps > 1 cm where endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) with the full-thickness-resection device (FTRD) can be taken into consideration as an alternative approach to classical snare polypectomy.

For these indications, EFTR appears to be superior to conventional techniques especially in terms of sufficient hemostasis due to the mechanical tissue compression achieved by the FTRDʼs integrated Over-The-Scope Clip (OTSC). This is demonstrated in the following case report of a 59-year-old male with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implanted due to congestive heart failure. He presented with intermittent hemorrhage from a large polyp in the ascending colon that was successfully treated via EFTR with the FTRD. A video is included.
Two electrosurgical endo-knives for endoscopic submucosal dissection of colorectal superficial neoplasms: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Sugihara Yuusaku , Harada Keita , Kawahara Yoshiro , Takei Daisuke , Takashima Shiho , Inokuchi Toshihiro , Nakarai Asuka , Takahara Masahiro , Kuwaki Kenji , Hiraoka Sakiko , Okada Hiroyuki
Published: August 2017

Background and study aims Few studies have directly compared endo-knives for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in humans. We compared the performances of the Mucosectom2 and SB knife Jr.

Patients and methods Two trainee endoscopists performed ESD of 36 lesions in this prospective, randomized controlled trial. Mucosal incision with a 1.5-mm Dual knife and submucosal dissection using the Mucosectom2 were performed in 1 group. Mucosal incision with a 1.5-mm Dual knife and submucosal dissection with a SB knife Jr. were performed in the other group. The primary outcome was the ESD procedure time. Secondary outcomes were total procedure time, self-completion rates, and adverse events.

Results ESD time in Mucosectom2 patients was not significantly shorter than in SB knife Jr. patients (57 ± 32 min vs. 61 ± 44 min, respectively; P = 0.94). Total procedure time in Mucosectom2 patients was not significantly shorter than in SB knife Jr. patients (81 ± 42 min vs. 82 ± 51 min, respectively; P = 0.85). The trainee self-completion rate was slightly higher in SB knife Jr. patients than in Mucosectom2 patients, although the difference was not significant (94 % vs. 100 %, respectively; P = 0.959). Fewer hemostatic procedures using the Coagrasper were performed in Mucosectom2 patients than in SB knife Jr. patients, although the difference was not significant (0.62 vs. 0.7, respectively; P = 0.432).

Conclusions Mucosectom2 and SB knife Jr. did not significantly differ in performance for colorectal ESD to safely and reliably enhance ESD. Knife selection is not as important for learning colorectal ESD as patient- and lesion-related factors.
Cardiorespiratory Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Exercises in Children
Authors: Baquet Georges , Gamelin François-Xavier , Aucouturier Julien , Berthoin Serge
Published: August 2017

The aim of the study was to characterize aerobic responses to high intensity intermittent (HIIE) and continuous (CE) exercises in prepubertal children. 26 children aged 8 to 11-year-old took part in a preliminary session to determine peakVO2 and Maximal Aerobic Velocity (MAV). In 5 subsequent experimental visits, the participants completed 2 CE and 3 HIIE sessions in a randomized order. HIIE consisted of short intermittent 10-s and 20-s running bouts at 100 to 130% MAV, interspersed with recovery periods of equal duration (S-HIIE1 and S-HIIE2 respectively) and 5-s of sprinting and jumping at maximal intensity with 15-s recovery periods (S-HIIE3). CE consisted of 2 10-min running periods at 80% and 85% MAV with a 5-min recovery period. CE protocols elicited higher average VO2 and exercise time spent above 95% of peakVO2 compared to the HIIE protocols. S-HIIE 1 and S-HIIE 2 elicited similar average VO2 response, higher than S-HIIE 3. Our study shows that CE activated the aerobic system to a greater extent than S-HIIE in prepubertal children, as reflected by the time above 95% of peakVO2 during exercise. However, isotime S-HIIE protocols comprising 10-s or 20-s exercise bouts at an intensity above MAV result in similar times above 95% of peakVO2 during exercise.
Richtig einschätzen
Authors: Rotzinger Kerstin
Published: August 2017

Triage in der pädiatrischen Notaufnahme Zwei Säuglinge kommen in die Notaufnahme, einer apathisch, einer laut schreiend. Welcher soll
zuerst versorgt ­werden? Gerade bei Patienten, die sich verbal nicht zu ihren Schmerzen äußern ­können, sind objektive
Einschätzungsinstrumente wichtig. Triagesysteme für Erwachsene gibt es schon seit mehr als 200 Jahren – für die Einschätzung von Kindern
gelten dabei allerdings spezielle Regeln.
Das Departmentmodell in der neurologischen Universitätsmedizin
Authors: Gasser Thomas , Jucker Mathias , Lerche Holger , Proksch Astrid , Thier Peter , Ziemann Ulf
Published: August 2017

Das Fach Neurologie hat sich in den letzten 20 Jahren in einer Weise ausdifferenziert, dass es nicht mehr durch einen einzigen Leiter umfassend auf universitärem Niveau vertreten werden kann, weder in der Versorgung der Kranken noch in der Forschung und Lehre. Die Bildung einer Departmentstruktur, in der Klinik und Forschung in verschiedenen unabhängigen Schwerpunktbereichen kongruent abgebildet, und gleichzeitig Gemeinschaftsaufgaben in gemeinsamer Verantwortung für die Gesamtinstitution übernommen werden, ist ein mögliches Modell dieser Herausforderung zu begegnen. Es wird in Tübingen seit 15 Jahren erprobt und hier beschrieben.
Serotonin Shapes the Migratory Potential of NK Cells – An in vitro Approach
Authors: Zimmer Philipp , Bloch Wilhelm , Kieven Markus , Lövenich Lukas , Lehmann Jonas , Holthaus Michelle , Theurich Sebastian , Schenk Alexander
Published: August 2017

Increased serotonin (5-HT) levels have been shown to influence natural killer cell (NK cell) function. Acute exercise mobilizes and activates NK cells and further increases serum 5-HT concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different serum 5-HT concentrations on NK cell migratory potential and cytotoxicity. The human NK cell line KHYG-1 was assigned to 4 conditions, including 3 physiological concentrations of 5-HT (100, 130 or 170 µg/l 5-HT) and one control condition. NK cells were analyzed regarding cytotoxicity, migratory potential and expression of adhesion molecules. No treatment effect on NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of integrin subunits was detected. Migratory potential was increased in a dose dependent manner, indicating the highest protease activity in cells that were incubated with 170 µg/l 5-HT (170 µg/l vs. control, p<0.001, 170 µg/l vs. 100 µg/l, p<0.001; 170 µg/l vs. 130 µg/l, p=0.003; 130 µg/l vs. control, p<0.001, 130 µg/l vs. 100 µg/l, p<0.001). These results suggest that elevated 5-HT serum levels play a mediating role in NK cell function. As exercise has been shown to be involved in NK cell mobilization and redistribution, the influence of 5-HT should be investigated in ex vivo and in vivo experiments.
Multiple Measures are Needed to Quantify Training Loads in Professional Rugby League
Authors: Weaving Daniel , Jones Ben , Marshall Phil , Till Kevin , Abt Grant
Published: August 2017

This study aims to investigate the effect of training mode (conditioning and skills) on multivariate training load relationships in professional rugby league via principal component analysis. Four measures of training load (internal: heart rate exertion index, session rating of perceived exertion; external: PlayerLoad™, individualised high-speed distance) were collected from 23 professional male rugby league players over the course of one 12 wk preseason period. Training was categorised by mode (skills or conditioning) and then subjected to a principal component analysis. Extraction criteria were set at an eigenvalue of greater than 1. Modes that extracted more than 1 principal component were subject to a varimax rotation. Skills extracted 1 principal component, explaining 57% of the variance. Conditioning extracted 2 principal components (1st: internal; 2nd: external), explaining 85% of the variance. The presence of multiple training load dimensions (principal components) during conditioning training provides further evidence of the influence of training mode on the ability of individual measures of external or internal training load to capture training variance. Consequently, a combination of internal and external training-load measures is required during certain training modes.
Sound produced by an oscillating arc in a high-pressure gas
Authors: Popov Fedor K. , Shneider Mikhail N.
Published: August 2017

We suggest a simple theory to describe the sound generated by small periodic perturbations of a cylindrical arc in a dense gas. Theoretical analysis was done within the framework of the non-self-consistent channel arc model and supplemented with time-dependent gas dynamic equations. It is shown that an arc with power amplitude oscillations on the order of several percent is a source of sound whose intensity is comparable with external ultrasound sources used in experiments to increase the yield of nanoparticles in the high pressure arc systems for nanoparticle synthesis.
A machine learning approach to graph-theoretical cluster expansions of the energy of adsorbate layers
Authors: Vignola Emanuele , Steinmann Stephan N. , Vandegehuchte Bart D. , Curulla Daniel , Stamatakis Michail , Sautet Philippe
Published: August 2017

The accurate description of the energy of adsorbate layers is crucial for the understanding of chemistry at interfaces. For heterogeneous catalysis, not only the interaction of the adsorbate with the surface but also the adsorbate-adsorbate lateral interactions significantly affect the activation energies of reactions. Modeling the interactions of the adsorbates with the catalyst surface and with each other can be efficiently achieved in the cluster expansion Hamiltonian formalism, which has recently been implemented in a graph-theoretical kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) scheme to describe multi-dentate species. Automating the development of the cluster expansion Hamiltonians for catalytic systems is challenging and requires the mapping of adsorbate configurations for extended adsorbates onto a graphical lattice. The current work adopts machine learning methods to reach this goal. Clusters are automatically detected based on formalized, but intuitive chemical concepts. The corresponding energy coefficients for the cluster expansion are calculated by an inversion scheme. The potential of this method is demonstrated for the example of ethylene adsorption on Pd(111), for which we propose several expansions, depending on the graphical lattice. It turns out that for this system, the best description is obtained as a combination of single molecule patterns and a few coupling terms accounting for lateral interactions.
Effect of entropy on soliton profile in ITG driven magneto-plasma
Authors: Yaqub Khan M. , Iqbal Javed
Published: August 2017

Interconnection of entropy with the density and temperature of plasmas leads us to investigate the effect of entropy on different plasma related phenomena. By using Braginskii's transport equations and a transformation, the linear dispersion relation and the KdV equation for the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode having entropy drift are derived. It is found that this mode supports only compressive solitons. Due to entropy drift, a parameter ηi=Ln/LT is observed in the KdV equation. We found that the soliton profile is sensitive to entropy, i.e., due to the changes in the entropy amplitude and the width of solitons. It is also observed that the increasing ion temperature and increasing magnetic field affect the shape of the soliton. The results are briefly compared with the well-known results of the soliton profile, and a change in the structure of the soliton profile is found by introducing entropy in the ITG mode. This work may be helpful in the study of entropy based models and in understanding the formation of nonlinear solitary waves driven by the ITG mode in magnetically confined plasmas in the presence of entropy. For illustration, the model has been applied to tokamak plasmas.
Dissipation element analysis of a turbulent non-premixed jet flame
Authors: Gauding Michael , Dietzsch Felix , Goebbert Jens Henrik , Thévenin Dominique , Abdelsamie Abouelmagd , Hasse Christian
Published: August 2017

The objective of the present work is to examine the interaction between turbulent mixing and chemistry by employing the method of dissipation elements in a non-premixed turbulent jet flame. The method of dissipation elements [L. Wang and N. Peters, J. Fluid Mech. 554, 457–475 (2006)] is used to perform a space-filling decomposition of the turbulent jet flow into different regimes conditioned on their location with respect to the reaction zone. Based on the non-local structure of dissipation elements, this decomposition allows us to discern whether points away from stoichiometry are connected through a diffusive layer with the reaction zone. In a next step, a regime based statistical analysis of dissipation elements is carried out by means of data obtained from a direct numerical simulation. Turbulent mixing and chemical reactions depend strongly on the mixture fraction gradient. From a budget between strain and dissipation, the mechanism for the formation and destruction of mean gradients along dissipation elements is inspected. This budget reveals that large gradients in the mixture fraction field occur at a small but finite length scale. Finally, the inner structure of dissipation elements is examined by computing statistics along gradient trajectories of the mixture fraction field. Thereby, the method of dissipation elements provides a statistical characterization of flamelets and novel insight into the interaction between chemistry and turbulence.
Enhanced fast digital integrator for magnetic measurements
Authors: Arpaia P. , Cesaro U. , Cimmino P.
Published: August 2017

An enhanced Fast Digital Integrator (eFDI) was prototyped to satisfy the new requirements arising from current on-field exploitation of the previous Fast Digital Integrator in magnetic measurements for particle accelerators at CERN. In particular, the prototype achieves improved performance in terms of offset (5 ppm on 10 V fullscale), self-calibration accuracy (1 ppm of residual error), and data throughput (100 MB/s), by simultaneously preserving high-level signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SINAD 105 dB at 10 Hz). In this paper, initially, the specifications, the design solutions, and the main features of the eFDI are illustrated. Then, the experimental results of the metrological characterization are compared with the CERN state-of-the-art integrator FDI performance in order to highlight the achieved improvements.
An investigation of interface transferring mechanism of surface-bonded fiber Bragg grating sensors
Authors: Wu Rujun , Fu Kunkun , Chen Tian
Published: August 2017

Surface-bonded fiber Bragg grating sensor has been widely used in measuring strain in materials. The existence of fiber Bragg grating sensor affects strain distribution of the host material, which may result in a decrease in strain measurement accuracy. To improve the measurement accuracy, a theoretical model of strain transfer from the host material to optical fiber was developed, incorporating the influence of the fiber Bragg grating sensor. Subsequently, theoretical predictions were validated by comparing with data from finite element analysis and the existing experiment [F. Ansari and Y. Libo, J. Eng. Mech. 124(4), 385–394 (1998)]. Finally, the effect of parameters of fiber Bragg grating sensors on the average strain transfer rate was discussed.
High harmonic generation driven by intense ultrashort laser pulse obliquely impinging laminar grating target surface
Authors: Wang Yang , Song Hai-Ying , Liu H. Y. , Liu Shi-Bing , Meng Jian-Qiao , Duan Yu-Xia
Published: August 2017

High harmonic generation (HHG) by ultrashort intense laser pulse obliquely irradiating a laminar grating-structured target is studied by PIC (particle-in-cell) simulation. For different incident angles of laser pulse, the intense near-surface harmonics is observed due to the strong dependence of harmonic components on the incident angle. Unlike the case of a normal incidence, the spatial distribution of harmonics is mainly dominated by the oscillation of equivalent electric-dipole (OEED) and spatial modulation factor rather than by the current grating equation. The intensities of harmonic emission are stronger than that in the case of a normal incidence, which is associated with the orientation of equivalent electric-dipole. Furthermore, when the incident angle becomes larger (such as 45°−60°), the near-surface harmonics are all observably restrained.
Terahertz guided mode properties in an internally corrugated plasmonic waveguide
Authors: Islam Maidul , Chowdhury Dibakar Roy , Ahmad Amir , Kumar Gagan
Published: August 2017

We discuss the terahertz surface plasmon propagation properties in a waveguide comprising of subwavelength scale internally corrugated V-shaped structures. The structures are assumed to be periodically arranged in a thin sheet of metal and ensure plasmonic response of the waveguide. We comprehensively examine the effect of internal corrugations on the plasmonic properties of the guided modes supported by the waveguide. The guided mode properties are found to vary with the internal corrugations of the structures. We observe that multimode propagation can be switched to a single mode as we increase the steps of internal corrugations. The findings are supported with a semi-analytical model that we employ specifically for our geometry. We also analyze the dispersion properties of the fundamental modes under the different steps of corrugations and calculate group velocity in order to understand the slow light behavior of the modes. The results are compared with the waveguides having V-grooves without any internal corrugations. Our study could be significant to understand the role of corrugations along the waveguide as well as within the structures and accordingly their applications in the active and passive plasmonic guided wave devices.
Modeling micro-porous surfaces for secondary electron emission control to suppress multipactor
Authors: Sattler J. M. , Coutu R. A. , Lake R. , Laurvick T. , Back T. , Fairchild S.
Published: August 2017

This work seeks to understand how the topography of a surface can be engineered to control secondary electron emission (SEE) for multipactor suppression. Two unique, semi-empirical models for the secondary electron yield (SEY) of a micro-porous surface are derived and compared. The first model is based on a two-dimensional (2D) pore geometry. The second model is based on a three-dimensional (3D) pore geometry. The SEY of both models is shown to depend on two categories of surface parameters: chemistry and topography. An important parameter in these models is the probability of electron emissions to escape the surface pores. This probability is shown by both models to depend exclusively on the aspect ratio of the pore (the ratio of the pore height to the pore diameter). The increased accuracy of the 3D model (compared to the 2D model) results in lower electron escape probabilities with the greatest reductions occurring for aspect ratios less than two. In order to validate these models, a variety of micro-porous gold surfaces were designed and fabricated using photolithography and electroplating processes. The use of an additive metal-deposition process (instead of the more commonly used subtractive metal-etch process) provided geometrically ideal pores which were necessary to accurately assess the 2D and 3D models. Comparison of the experimentally measured SEY data with model predictions from both the 2D and 3D models illustrates the improved accuracy of the 3D model. For a micro-porous gold surface consisting of pores with aspect ratios of two and a 50% pore density, the 3D model predicts that the maximum total SEY will be one. This provides optimal engineered surface design objectives to pursue for multipactor suppression using gold surfaces.
Terahertz radiation generation in magnetized plasma under relativistic effect
Authors: Malik Hitendra K. , Gill Reenu
Published: August 2017

We have carried out analytical calculations for the emission of Terahertz (THz) radiation in the magnetized and rippled density plasma by beating of two high intensity cosh-Gaussian laser beams, which are capable of creating a relativistic effect in electrons' motion. We find the expression for the THz field achieved during the relativistic laser plasma interaction and study the effect of density of ripples, laser beam width, and magnetic field on the THz field. The role of skewness parameters of the lasers is also discussed in detail for efficient THz radiation.
Carbon ejection from a SiO2/SiC(0001) interface by annealing in high-purity Ar
Authors: Kobayashi Takuma , Kimoto Tsunenobu
Published: August 2017

We found that carbon-associated byproducts formed at the dry-oxidized SiO2/SiC(0001) interface could be decomposed and emitted on the SiO2 side by high-purity Ar annealing. We measured the concentration of ejected carbon atoms in SiO2 by secondary ion mass spectrometry, and found that it strongly depended on the condition of oxide formation (dry-oxidation, nitridation treatment, and phosphorus treatment). This work provides indirect but unambiguous evidence for the formation of carbon byproducts at the SiO2/SiC interface, and indicates that phosphorus treatment removes these byproducts, leading to a significant reduction in interface defects.
Non-uniform ramping losses and thermal optimization with turn-to-turn resistivity grading in a (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox magnet consisting of multiple no-insulation pancake coils
Authors: Wang Yawei , Zhang Min , Yuan Weijia , Hong Zhiyong , Jin Zhijian , Song Honghai
Published: August 2017

This paper presents a study on the ramping losses of a high temperature superconductor (HTS) magnet consisting of multiple no-insulation (NI) (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox coils. The (RE)Ba2Cu3Ox (REBCO) conductor is the second generation HTS thin tape, where RE stands for rare-earth. During a ramping operation of the NI HTS magnet, losses are generated both across turn-to-turn resistances and inside superconducting layers. The former comes with radial current, which is called “turn-to-turn loss;” the latter one is induced by flux creep and jump, called “magnetization loss.” The modeling and experimental studies on the ramping losses have been reported on single NI pancake coils in the previous part. In a HTS magnet consisting of multiple NI coils, the electromagnetic coupling between coils has a considerable influence on the distribution of ramping losses. Here, the experimentally validated model is used to investigate a HTS magnet consisting of 14 single pancake REBCO coils. The results show that both the turn-to-turn loss and the magnetization loss present a significant non-uniform distribution among the coils. The highest turn-to-turn loss occurs on the middle coils of the magnet, while the highest magnetization loss happens on the end coils. The non-uniform distribution of ramping losses can result in a considerable temperature difference among coils in the NI HTS magnet. It leads to an additional quench risk on the magnet and requires more attention in design. The distribution of the turn-to-to-turn loss can be optimized by adjusting the turn-to-turn resistivity. A much more uniform turn-to-turn loss distribution among coils is achieved by applying a graded turn-to-turn resistivity on the multiple coils.
A study of evolution of residual stress in single crystal silicon electrode using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Jana M. , Singh Raj N.
Published: August 2017

Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. However, lithiation of silicon generates stress that is known to be the primary reason for the failure of the anode. This study explored the existence of residual stress in single crystalline silicon electrodes after full de-lithiation, i.e., under no mechanical or electrical load. The magnitude of residual stress and its evolution with the number of lithiation-delithiation cycles is measured by Raman spectroscopy and a simple mechanics based approach. It is shown that the residual stress is tensile in nature and increased from 69 ± 11 MPa after the 1st cycle to ∼291 ± 56 MPa after 50 cycles of lithiation and de-lithiation. Concurrently, microstructural studies were performed to demonstrate the consequence of the evolution of residual stress on failure by the fracture of the silicon anode. These results provide understanding on the progressive failure mechanism of single crystalline-based silicon electrodes upon lithiation-delithiation.
Effects of maternal parity on the pork quality traits of progeny
Authors: Kim Jun-Mo , Kang Dong-Geun , Lee Sang-Hoon , Ko Kyung-Bo , Ryu Youn-Chul
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to identify the influence of sow parity on the meat quality of progeny. A total of 656 progeny from 196 sows were categorised into three different groups based on parity: stage 1 (gilt), 2 (second to fourth parities), and 3 (over fifth parity). According to the significant differences between the parity stage groups in the multiple meat quality properties (P < 0.05), the parity stage 1 had higher muscle pH and lower drip loss in meat quality traits and showed smaller area composition of type IIb muscle fibres in muscle fibre characteristics than the other older groups. Moreover, the parity stage 1 group had significantly higher springiness, adhesiveness and chewiness (P < 0.001), whereas the stage 3 group showed relatively lower cohesiveness (P < 0.05) in the meat texture properties. The principal component analysis displayed more distance between stage 1 and other two groups than the distance between stage 2 and 3. Therefore, we suggest that maternal parity may affect pork quality in progeny and the younger stage group could have better meat quality than the older group.
Photoactive and Physical Properties of an Azobenzene-Containing Coordination Framework
Authors: Caddy James S. , Faust Thomas B. , Walton Ian M. , Cox Jordan M. , Benedict Jason B. , Solomon Marcello B. , Southon Peter D. , Kepert Cameron J. , D'Alessandro Deanna M.
Published: August 2017

A new three-dimensional coordination framework, [Zn4(tbazip)3(bpe)2(OH)2]·bpe·{solvent} (where bpe = 1,2-di(4-pyridyl)ethene) containing the novel photoactive ligand tbazip (tbazip = 5-((4-tert-butyl)phenylazo)isophthalic acid) has been synthesised and crystallographically characterised. The photoactivity of discrete tbazip was investigated and compared with its photoactivity while incorporated within the framework. The effect of isomerisation of the incorporated azobenzene on the chemical and physical properties of the framework were investigated using UV-vis and Raman spectroscopies. The framework is porous only to hydrogen gas at 77 K, but displayed an appreciable uptake for CO2 at 195 K.
Convergent roles of ATF3 and CSL in chromatin control of cancer-associated fibroblast activation
Authors: Kim Dong Eun , Procopio Maria-Giuseppina , Ghosh Soumitra , Jo Seung-Hee , Goruppi Sandro , Magliozzi Francesco , Bordignon Pino , Neel Victor , Angelino Paolo , Dotto G. Paolo
Published: August 2017

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important for tumor initiation and promotion. CSL, a transcriptional repressor and Notch mediator, suppresses CAF activation. Like CSL, ATF3, a stress-responsive transcriptional repressor, is down-modulated in skin cancer stromal cells, and Atf3 knockout mice develop aggressive chemically induced skin tumors with enhanced CAF activation. Even at low basal levels, ATF3 converges with CSL in global chromatin control, binding to few genomic sites at a large distance from target genes. Consistent with this mode of regulation, deletion of one such site 2 Mb upstream of IL6 induces expression of the gene. Observed changes are of translational significance, as bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) inhibitors, unlinking activated chromatin from basic transcription, counteract the effects of ATF3 or CSL loss on global gene expression and suppress CAF tumor-promoting properties in an in vivo model of squamous cancer–stromal cell expansion. Thus, ATF3 converges with CSL in negative control of CAF activation with epigenetic changes amenable to cancer- and stroma-focused intervention.
Endomorphisms of power series fields and residue fields of Fargues-Fontaine curves
Authors: Kedlaya Kiran , Temkin Michael
Published: August 2017

We show that for

k
k

a perfect field of characteristic

p
p

, there exist endomorphisms of the completed algebraic closure of

k
(
(
t
)
)

k((t))

which are not bijective. As a corollary, we resolve a question of Fargues and Fontaine by showing that for

p
p

a prime and

C

p

\mathbb {C}_p

a completed algebraic closure of

Q

p

\mathbb {Q}_p

, there exist closed points of the Fargues-Fontaine curve associated to

C

p

\mathbb {C}_p

whose residue fields are not (even abstractly) isomorphic to

C

p

\mathbb {C}_p

as topological fields.
3. Competence
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The existence and scope of EU competence are outlined in the Lisbon Treaty: the EU may have exclusive competence, shared competence, or competence only to take supporting, coordinating, or supplementary action. This chapter examines these three principal categories of EU competence, and their implications for the divide between EU and Member State power. It also considers certain areas of EU competence that do not fall within these categories, and the extent to which the new regime clarifies the scope of EU competence and contains EU power.
7. The Nature and Effect of EU Law:
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the doctrine of direct effect. In a broad sense direct effect means that provisions of binding EU law, which are sufficiently clear, precise, and unconditional to be considered justiciable, can be invoked and relied on by individuals before national courts. The legal effect of directives is complex. They have vertical but not horizontal direct effect. The ECJ has however crafted a growing number of qualifications to the proposition that directives do not have horizontal direct effect. The result is that directives can still have ‘legal effect’ on private parties in various ways through the principle of indirect effect/harmonious interpretation; incidental effect; general principles of law; and where a regulation makes reference to a directive.
8. The Application of EU Law:
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the application of EU law by national courts and the way in which the CJEU controls national remedies for breach of EU law. Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union contains a new clause added by the Lisbon Treaty, which specifies that ‘Member States shall provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law’. Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides that ‘[e]veryone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article’. However, beyond these broad new provisions, EU law does not lay down any general scheme of substantive or procedural law governing remedies for its enforcement. The European Court of Justice has responded to the lack of a harmonized system of EU remedies by requiring national courts, in certain cases, to make available a particular type of remedy (e.g., restitution or interim relief), regardless of whether this would be available under national law.
10. EU International Relations Law
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU law on international relations. The area of external relations has become increasingly important in recent years, as the EU strives to enhance its global presence on issues such as trade, climate change, development, human rights, and international terrorism. Some of the crucial issues for the conduct of EU international relations are effective coordination across policy fields, coordination between the EU and the Member States, and coordination at the level of international representation. Consistency across and between policies has become a constitutional requirement of EU external relations.
12. Enforcement Actions Against Member States
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. A crucial component of the Commission’s task is to monitor Member State compliance and to respond to non-compliance. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides for various enforcement mechanisms involving judicial proceedings against the Member States, which are brought either by the Commission or - much less frequently - by a Member State. Article 258 TFEU establishes the general enforcement procedure, giving the Commission broad power to bring enforcement proceedings against Member States that it considers to be in breach of their obligations under EU law. This chapter discusses the function and operation of the infringement procedure; the relationship between ‘public’ and ‘private’ enforcement mechanisms; the Commission’s discretion; types of breach by Member States of EU law; state defences in enforcement proceedings; and the consequences of an Article 258 ruling.
13. Preliminary Rulings
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter focuses on Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which contains the preliminary ruling procedure. Article 267 has been of seminal importance for the development of EU law. It is through preliminary rulings that the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has developed concepts such as direct effect and supremacy. Individuals assert in national courts that the Member State has broken a Union provision, which gives them rights that they can enforce in their national courts. The national court seeks a ruling from the ECJ whether the particular EU provision has direct effect, and the ECJ is thereby able to develop the concept. Article 267 has been the mechanism through which national courts and the ECJ have engaged in a discourse on the appropriate reach of EU law when it has come into conflict with national legal norms.
14. Review of Legality:
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The EU develops policy through regulations, directives, and decisions. Any developed legal system must have a mechanism for testing the legality of such measures. This chapter focuses on access to justice and review of legality by the EU Courts. There are a number of ways in which EU norms can be challenged, but the principal Treaty provision is Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (ex Article 230 EC). Five conditions must be satisfied before an act can successfully be challenged: (i) the relevant body must be amenable to judicial review; (ii) the act has to be of a kind that is open to challenge; (iii) the institution or person making the challenge must have standing to do so; (iv) there must be illegality of a type mentioned in Article 263(2); and (v) the challenge must be brought within the time limit indicated in Article 263(6).
15. Review of Legality:
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses the grounds for judicial review of a Union act. Article 263 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) specifies four grounds for review: lack of competence; infringement of an essential procedural requirement; infringement of the Treaty or any rule of law relating to its application; and misuse of power. Judicial review, whether direct through Article 263 or indirect through Article 267, is designed to ensure that decision-making is legally accountable.
22. Freedom of Establishment and to Provide Services
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) has two separate chapters on self-employed persons who move on a permanent or temporary basis between Member States: the chapters on freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services. The central principles governing freedom of establishment and the free movement of services are laid down in the TFEU and have been developed through case law. Important developments have also been brought about through secondary legislation in sectors such as insurance, broadcasting, financial services, electronic commerce, telecommunications, and other ‘services of general economic interest’. This chapter focuses on the broad constitutional principles applicable to every sector.
23. Citizenship of the European Union
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter reviews EU citizenship law. It considers the rights of free movement and residence of EU citizens, political rights of citizenship, and Directive 2004/38 on the rights of free movement and residence for EU citizens and their families. The status of EU citizenship created by EU law has been criticized on various grounds, including the thinness of the rights created and their economic focus, the conditions to which they are subject, the reinforcement of the distinction between third-country nationals and EU nationals, the limited impact of the new electoral rights, and the reluctant pace of implementation. On the other hand, the legal rights of citizenship have been expanded by the European Court of Justice, even in the face of vocal Member State opposition. The case law in this area continues to develop and the chapter provides a considered evaluation of this difficult body of law.
24. Equal Treatment and Non-Discrimination
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter discusses EU anti-discrimination law, which, over the past decade and a half, has expanded significantly to cover a wide range of grounds and contexts. In addition to requiring equal treatment for women and men, the Treaty provides legislative competence to combat discrimination on a range of grounds. The Charter of Fundamental Rights, which has a chapter devoted to equality, has been incorporated into the EU Treaties. Article 21 of the Charter prohibits discrimination on any ground. Articles 8 and 10 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) contain horizontal clauses requiring the EU to promote equality between men and women, and to combat discrimination based on certain grounds, namely sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age, or sexual orientation in all of its policies and activities.
26. Competition Law:
Authors: Craig Paul , de Búrca Gráinne
Published: August 2017

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. EU competition law covers anti-competitive agreements between firms, abuse of a dominant position, and mergers. Article 101 TFEU is the principal vehicle for the control of anti-competitive agreements. This chapter examines its key features. These include: the meaning given to the terms agreement and concerted practice; the relationship between Article 101(1) and (3); the extent to which economic analysis does and should take place within Article 101(1); and the interpretation accorded to Article 101(3), including whether non-economic factors can be taken into account. The discussion then shifts to more detailed examination of vertical agreements, followed by an outline of the reform of the enforcement regime for Articles 101 and 102.