bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biotic controls of plant coexistence
Authors: Bartomeus Ignasi , Godoy Oscar
Published: August 2018

The quest for understanding the maintenance of species diversity has matured in recent decades under the umbrella of species coexistence theory, founded by Chesson (2000). The central conclusion of the theory is that coexistence at local scales depends on two opposing forces: average fitness differences between species, which drive the best‐adapted species to exclude others, and stabilizing mechanisms, which promote diversity via niche differentiation.

Recent theoretical work has focussed on how interactions between plants and other organisms influence the equalizing and stabilizing forces. However, there is a lack of empirical information. Therefore, the next fundamental step is to assess the prevalence of these mechanisms for controlling plant coexistence across a wide range of interactions and systems.

To that end, this special feature presents 10 theoretical, observational, or manipulative studies illustrating 9 different biotic interactions including mutualisms (pollinators, seed dispersers, soil microbes, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) and antagonisms (leaf and seed herbivores, and leaf and root pathogens). All studies share a common question: how biotic interactions regulate plant coexistence?

Comparisons across studies suggest that biotic interactions modify both stabilizing and average fitness differences. In those cases where biotic interactions promote stable coexistence between plant species, both mutualistic and antagonistic interactions act more frequently as an equalizing rather than as a stabilizing mechanisms.

Besides these generalities, the studies of this special issue also present novel theoretical and empirical approaches to better understand the maintenance of species diversity over a wide variety of systems, environmental conditions, and organisms.

Synthesis. The studies presented here constitutes a solid base to empirically explore how mutualistic and antagonistic interactions act upon the determinants of plant species competition, and open novel paths for future research. Collectively, these advances will serve to pave the road for a better theoretical and empirical understanding of how biotic interactions control biodiversity.
Systems biology approaches towards predictive microbial ecology
Authors: Otwell Anne E. , López García de Lomana Adrián , Gibbons Sean M. , Orellana Mónica V. , Baliga Nitin S.
Published: August 2018

Through complex interspecies interactions, microbial processes drive nutrient cycling and biogeochemistry. However, we still struggle to predict specifically which organisms, communities and biotic and abiotic processes are determining ecosystem function and how environmental changes will alter their roles and stability. While the tools to create such a predictive microbial ecology capability exist, cross‐disciplinary integration of high‐resolution field measurements, detailed laboratory studies and computation is essential. In this perspective, we emphasize the importance of pursuing a multiscale, systems approach to iteratively link ecological processes measured in the field to testable hypotheses that drive high‐throughput laboratory experimentation. Mechanistic understanding of microbial processes gained in controlled lab systems will lead to the development of theory that can be tested back in the field. Using N2O production as an example, we review the current status of field and laboratory research and layout a plausible path to the kind of integration that is needed to enable prediction of how N‐cycling microbial communities will respond to environmental changes. We advocate for the development of realistic and predictive gene regulatory network models for environmental responses that extend from single‐cell resolution to ecosystems, which is essential to understand how microbial communities involved in N2O production and consumption will respond to future environmental conditions.
Policy Uncertainty and the Demand for Money in Australia: an Asymmetry Analysis
Authors: Bahmani‐Oskooee Mohsen , Nayeri Majid Maki
Published: August 2018

Previous research has considered the impacts of both monetary and output uncertainty on the demand for money in Australia using a linear model and found that while output volatility has significantly positive effects, money supply volatility does not. Furthermore, the predictive power of the linear model was very low. In this paper, we use a nonlinear model and a new measure of uncertainty known as policy uncertainty and show that this new measure has significantly long‐run asymmetric effects on the demand for money in Australia. Due to the nonlinear adjustment of policy uncertainty measure, the new nonlinear model has a very high predictive power. The adjustedR2moves from 0.30 in the linear model to 0.80 in the nonlinear model.
Gender dynamics in the donation field: human tissue donation for research, therapy and feeding
Authors: Kent Julie , Fannin Maria , Dowling Sally
Published: August 2018

This paper examines how gender dynamics shape human tissue donation for research and for human health. Drawing on research investigating the donation of different types of bodily tissues including blood, plasma, breastmilk, cord blood, foetal tissue and placentae we consider how and why women and men are viewed as different kinds of donors. We situate these donation practices within a broader understanding of gender difference to explain why any sociology of donation needs to take account of gender. In so doing we explore how tissue derived from the bodies of women acquires value in distinctive ways and for distinctive purposes and reasons. Within these gendered bioeconomies of donation, the supply and demand for tissue is structured by social understandings of maternity, parental responsibility, and risk, which in turn affect the experiences of donors.
Physicochemical, Microstructural, and Microbiological Properties of Skipjack Tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) After High‐Pressure Processing
Authors: Jiranuntakul Wittawat , Nakwiang Nutcha , Berends Pieter , Kasemsuwan Tunyawat , Saetung Thunyarat , Devahastin Sakamon
Published: August 2018

Properties of skipjack tuna loins subjected to high‐pressure processing (HPP) at 150 to 600 MPa for 1 to 5 min were compared with those of loin that underwent steam cooking for 10 min. Protein denaturation in HPP‐treated loins increased with increasing pressure level, but these loins retained between 1.1% and 2.4% more water than steam‐cooked loin. Water holding capacity decreased from 57% to 44% when the loins were treated at 600 MPa. ΔE value of HPP loins was between 5.8 and 26.3 when treated at 150 to 600 MPa, whereas it was 34.1 for steam‐cooked sample. Hardness of HPP loins increased from 648 to 1,019, 1,918, 5,249, and 4,092 g and springiness changed from 85.2% to 79.7%, 78.2%, 91.7%, and 90.7%, respectively, when treated at 150, 300, 450, and 600 MPa. Protein fibers of HPP loins had a more irregular shape than those of steam‐treated loin. Histamine levels of HPP‐treated loins were in the range of 3.08 to 3.35 μg/g, identical to that of steam‐treated loin. Thiobarbituric acid assay demonstrated that the level of lipid oxidation increment in HPP‐treated loins was twice as high as that in steam‐cooked one. Undesirable volatile compound contents in tuna loins decreased with increasing degree of protein denaturation. Steam cooking and HPP at 150, 300, 450, and 600 MPa decreased the total aerobic counts by 4.75, 0.12, 1.20, 4.69, and 6.08 log CFU/g, respectively. These results suggest that HPP at 450 MPa and above has the potential to be used as an alternative to the tuna precooking process.

Practical Application

Information presented here can serve as a guideline for the selection of appropriate conditions for HPP of tuna loins. Our results show that HPP has a potential to replace the highly energy‐intensive steam precooking step, which is traditionally required in a canned tuna production process.
Efficacy of treprostinil in the SU5416‐hypoxia model of severe pulmonary arterial hypertension: haemodynamic benefits are not associated with improvements in arterial remodelling
Authors: Chaudhary Ketul R , Deng Yupu , Suen Colin M , Taha Mohamad , Petersen Thomas H , Mei Shirley H J , Stewart Duncan J
Published: August 2018

Background and Purpose

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a life‐threatening disease that leads to progressive pulmonary hypertension, right heart failure and death. Parenteral prostaglandins (PGs), including treprostinil, a prostacyclin analogue, represent the most effective medical treatment for severe PAH. We investigated the effect of treprostinil on established severe PAH and underlying mechanisms using the rat SU5416 (SU, a VEGF receptor‐2 inhibitor)‐chronic hypoxia (Hx) model of PAH.

Experimental Approach

Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected with SU (20 mg·kg−1, s.c.) followed by 3 weeks of Hx (10% O2) to induce severe PAH. Four weeks post‐SU injection, baseline right ventricular (RV) systolic pressure (RVSP) was measured, and the rats were randomized to receive vehicle or treprostinil treatment (Trep‐100: 100 ng·kg−1·min−1 or Trep‐810: 810 ng·kg−1·min−1). Following 3 weeks of treatment, haemodynamic and echocardiographic assessments were performed, and tissue samples were collected for protein expression and histological analysis.

Key Results

At week 7, no difference in RVSP or RV hypertrophy was observed between vehicle and Trep‐100; however, Trep‐810 significantly reduced RVSP and RV hypertrophy. Trep‐810 treatment significantly improved cardiac structure and function. Further, a short‐term infusion of treprostinil in rats with established PAH at 4 weeks post‐SU produced an acute, dose‐dependent reduction in RVSP consistent with a vasodilator effect. However, chronic Trep‐810 treatment did not alter media wall thickness, degree of vascular occlusion or total vessel count in the lungs.

Conclusions and Implications

Treprostinil exerts therapeutic benefits in PAH through decreased vascular resistance and improved cardiac structure and function; however, treprostinil treatment does not have direct impact vascular remodelling.
Comprehensive review of Hepatitis B Virus‐associated hepatocellular carcinoma research through text mining and big data analytics
Authors: Lee Wai Yeow , Bachtiar Maulana , Choo Cheryl C. S. , Lee Caroline G.
Published: August 2018

PubMed was text mined to glean insights into the role of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from the massive number of publications (9249) available to date. Reports from ∼70 countries identified >1300 human genes associated with either the Core, Surface or X gene in HBV‐associated HCC. One hundred and forty‐three of these host genes, which can potentially yield 1180 biomolecular interactions, each were reported in at least three different publications to be associated with the same HBV. These 143 genes function in 137 pathways, involved mainly in the cell cycle, apoptosis, inflammation and signalling. Fourteen of these molecules, primarily transcriptional regulators or kinases, play roles in several pathways pertinent to the hallmarks of cancers. ‘Chronic’ was the most frequent word used across the 9249 abstracts. A key event in chronic HBV infection is the integration of HBV into the host genome. The advent of cost‐effective, next‐generation sequencing technology facilitated the employment of big‐data analytics comprehensively to characterize HBV–host integration within HCC patients. A total of 5331 integration events were reported across seven publications, with most of these integrations observed between the Core/X gene and the introns of genes. Nearly one‐quarter of the intergenic integrations are within repeats, especially long interspersed nuclear elements (LINE) repeats. Integrations within 13 genes were each reported by at least three different studies. The human gene with the most HBV integrations observed is the TERT gene where a total of 224 integrations, primarily at its promoter and within the tumour tissue, were reported by six of seven publications. This unique review, which employs state‐of‐the‐art text‐mining and data‐analytics tools, represents the most complete, systematic and comprehensive review of nearly all the publications associated with HBV‐associated HCC research. It provides important resources to either focus future research or develop therapeutic strategies to target key molecules reported to play important roles in key pathways of HCC, through the systematic analyses of the commonly reported molecules associated with the various HBV genes in HCC, including information about the interactions amongst these commonly reported molecules, the pathways in which they reside as well as detailed information regarding the viral and host genes associated with HBV integration in HCC patients. Hence this review, which highlights pathways and key human genes associated with HBV in HCC, may facilitate the deeper elucidation of the role of HBV in hepato‐carcinogenesis, potentially leading to timely intervention against this deadly disease.
Review: Yoga and mindfulness for youth with autism spectrum disorder: review of the current evidence
Authors: Semple Randye J.
Published: August 2018

Background

Yoga and mindfulness‐based programs are becoming increasingly popular as a supplemental intervention for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Increasing numbers of children, parents, and schools are participating in programs around the country with an enthusiasm that far exceeds the research support for their efficacy. Therapies that are safe but not effective may not cause immediate harm. Nevertheless, the misappropriation of limited time and financial resources may result in missed opportunities. The need for clearly defined, evidence‐based therapies for youth with ASD is essential.

Method

Electronic databases were searched for peer‐reviewed intervention research studies using the key words autistic or autism in combination with yoga, mindfulness, or meditation. Eight studies met inclusion criteria.

Results

The findings are described in this critical review of eight empirical research studies that implemented yoga and mindfulness‐based interventions for children with ASD. Although few studies reported improvements in core symptoms of ASD, preliminary findings suggest that yoga and mindfulness‐based interventions are feasible and may improve a variety of prosocial behaviors, including communication and imitative behaviors; increased tolerance of sitting and of adult proximity; self‐control; quality of life; and social responsiveness, social communication, social cognition, preoccupations, and social motivation. Reductions in aggressive behaviors, irritability, lethargy, social withdrawal, and noncompliance were also reported.

Conclusions

Based on the available literature, the empirical evidence to support the efficacy of yoga and mindfulness‐based interventions for children and adolescents with ASD is inconclusive. The current body of research has significant limitations, including small sample sizes, no fidelity measures, and no control groups. Each of the eight studies, however, reported some positive effects on social, emotional, or behavioral metrics. These early results are promising and sufficient to warrant support for further research.
Simple Co‐Occurrence Statistics Reproducibly Predict Association Ratings
Authors: Hofmann Markus J. , Biemann Chris , Westbury Chris , Murusidze Mariam , Conrad Markus , Jacobs Arthur M.
Published: August 2018

What determines human ratings of association? We planned this paper as a test for association strength (AS) that is derived from the log likelihood that two words co‐occur significantly more often together in sentences than is expected from their single word frequencies. We also investigated the moderately correlated interactions of word frequency, emotional valence, arousal, and imageability of both words (r's ≤ .3). In three studies, linear mixed effects models revealed that AS and valence reproducibly account for variance in the human ratings. To understand further correlated predictors, we conducted a hierarchical cluster analysis and examined the predictors of four clusters in competitive analyses: Only AS and word2vec skip‐gram cosine distances reproducibly accounted for variance in all three studies. The other predictors of the first cluster (number of common associates, (positive) point‐wise mutual information, and word2vec CBOW cosine) did not reproducibly explain further variance. The same was true for the second cluster (word frequency and arousal); the third cluster (emotional valence and imageability); and the fourth cluster (consisting of joint frequency only). Finally, we discuss emotional valence as an important dimension of semantic space. Our results suggest that a simple definition of syntagmatic word contiguity (AS) and a paradigmatic measure of semantic similarity (skip‐gram cosine) provide the most general performance‐independent explanation of association ratings.
Prenatal physiologic findings and postnatal advanced imaging in the management of absent pulmonary valve syndrome with intact ventricular septum
Authors: Cadiz Emilia Maria C. , Pasierb Michele M. , Dolgner Stephen J. , Arya Bhawna
Published: August 2018

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome is a congenital heart defect usually associated with tetralogy of Fallot. Rarely, absent pulmonary valve syndrome can occur independently of tetralogy of Fallot and presents with an intact ventricular septum and a patent ductus arteriosus. This case report describes the prenatal diagnosis of absent pulmonary valve syndrome with intact ventricular septum via echocardiogram and the postnatal management of the resulting physiologic effects secondary to this rare congenital heart disease.
ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction possibly caused by thromboembolism from left atrial appendage thrombus after incomplete surgical ligation
Authors: Guner Ahmet , Kılıcgedik Alev , Kalçık Macit , Ozkan Mehmet
Published: August 2018

Coronary embolism (CE) is the underlying cause of 3% of acute coronary syndromes but is frequently overlooked in the differential diagnoses of acute coronary syndromes. The CE may be direct (left sided from the native or prosthetic heart valve, the left atrium, left atrial appendage or pulmonary venous bed), paradoxical (from the venous circulation through a patent foramen ovale, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defects, cyanotic congenital heart defects or pulmonary arteriovenous malformations), or iatrogenic (following cardiac interventions. In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), left atrial appendage (LAA) ligation during mitral valve surgery has long been recommended to decrease the future risk of embolic events such as myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Recently, Aryana et al reported that in patients with AF who underwent surgical ligation of LAA, the presence of incomplete ligation was associated with a significantly higher risk of stroke/systemic embolization than complete ligation (24% vs 2%).
Insights into the GTP‐dependent allosteric control of c‐di‐GMP hydrolysis from the crystal structure of PA0575 protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Mantoni Federico , Paiardini Alessandro , Brunotti Paolo , D'Angelo Cecilia , Cervoni Laura , Paone Alessio , Cappellacci Loredana , Petrelli Riccardo , Ricciutelli Massimo , Leoni Livia , Rampioni Giordano , Arcovito Alessandro , Rinaldo Serena , Cutruzzolà Francesca , Giardina Giorgio
Published: August 2018

Bis‐(3′‑5′)‐cyclic diguanylic acid (c‑di‑GMP) belongs to the class of cyclic dinucleotides, key carriers of cellular information in prokaryotic and eukaryotic signal transduction pathways. In bacteria, the intracellular levels of c‐di‐GMP and their complex physiological outputs are dynamically regulated by environmental and internal stimuli, which control the antagonistic activities of diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and c‐di‐GMP specific phosphodiesterases (PDEs). Allostery is one of the major modulators of the c‐di‐GMP‐dependent response. Both the c‐di‐GMP molecule and the proteins interacting with this second messenger are characterized by an extraordinary structural plasticity, which has to be taken into account when defining and possibly predicting c‐di‐GMP‐related processes. Here, we report a structure‐function relationship study on the catalytic portion of the PA0575 protein from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bearing both putative DGC and PDE domains. The kinetic and structural studies indicate that the GGDEF‐EAL portion is a GTP‐dependent PDE. Moreover, the crystal structure confirms the high degree of conformational flexibility of this module. We combined structural analysis and protein engineering studies to propose the possible molecular mechanism guiding the nucleotide‐dependent allosteric control of catalysis; we propose that the role exerted by GTP via the GGDEF domain is to allow the two EAL domains to form a dimer, the species competent to enter PDE catalysis.
Student attitudes and Cantonese proficiency in a Cantonese dual immersion school
Authors: Yang Lu , Leung Genevieve , Tong Rosina , Uchikoshi Yuuko
Published: August 2018

Previous research reports the positive impact of dual immersion programs on students’ language proficiency, yet fewer studies have examined students’ attitudes in such programs. The current study examined student attitudes and language proficiency in a Cantonese dual immersion school and explored relationships between students’ attitudes and language proficiency in Cantonese. Language proficiency results showed that, on average, Cantonese immersion student performances indicated attainment of Intermediate‐High level in listening, Novice‐Mid level in reading, and Novice‐High level in writing and speaking. In addition, heritage learners outperformed nonheritage learners in reading and listening skills. Survey data revealed that heritage learners held more positive attitudes toward learning Cantonese compared with nonheritage learners, but there were no differences in attitudes toward the focal school between the two student groups. Regression analysis revealed that students’ attitudes toward the dual immersion school explained significant variance in their Cantonese reading, listening, and speaking skills. Qualitative data also revealed that students’ positive attitudes toward their school were shaped by their experiences with their principal, teachers, and school activities. These findings shed light on the role that positive school and learning environments play in helping dual language immersion school students acquire proficiency in the partner language.
Linguistic performance of dual language immersion students
Authors: Watzinger‐Tharp Johanna , Rubio Fernando , Tharp Douglas S.
Published: August 2018

The assessment of dual language immersion (DLI) students’ proficiency in the partner language plays a key role in program evaluation. This article reports findings from a large‐scale study, drawing on cross‐sectional assessment data from 73 schools and longitudinal data from 25 schools. Students were tested in the interpretive (listening and reading) and interpersonal (listening/speaking) modes of communication, using the ACTFL Assessment of Proficiency Towards Performance in Languages. The cross‐sectional analysis shows that French and Spanish students performed at Intermediate Low across skills in fourth or fifth grade and Intermediate Mid in sixth grade. Sixth‐grade Chinese DLI students attained near Intermediate Mid in listening and Novice High to Intermediate Low in reading and speaking. Across languages, students achieved the highest ratings in listening and, overall, performed more strongly in listening and reading than speaking. A regression analysis of students’ change scores over time revealed significant progress in nearly all tested skills and languages. Baseline scores and partner language (Chinese, French, or Spanish) accounted for significant variation in growth rates; between‐school differences were found not to be significant. The article discusses implications for assessment instruments and DLI policy and also addresses some instructional implications.
Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Wigneswaran John , Van Wyck David , Pegues David , Gholam Pierre , Nissenson Allen R.
Published: August 2018

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major global health problem affecting 3–5 million people in the United States and over 100 million worldwide. Chronic HCV infection, which can lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, also results in numerous other complications, including impairment of renal function. Because HCV is most often transmitted via parenteral exposure to blood or blood products, patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) treated with hemodialysis are at particular risk for infection. Historically, the medications available to treat HCV infection in these patients had significant side effects and were not particularly effective in generating a sustained virologic response. Since 2011, a number of direct‐acting antiviral therapies have emerged that can lead to virological cure in the vast majority of patients, with low pill burden and few side effects. Here, we describe the biology and pathophysiology of HCV infection, and summarize current information on new therapies, with a particular focus on their application in patients with chronic kidney disease including ESRD.
Prevalence of early loss of primary molar and its impact in schoolchildren's quality of life
Authors: Monte‐Santo Aline S. , Viana Silvânia V. C. , Moreira Kelly Maria S. , Imparato José Carlos P. , Mendes Fausto M. , Bonini Gabriela A. V. C.
Published: August 2018

Background

Evidence regarding the impact of premature loss of primary molars on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) is lacking.

Aim

To evaluate the prevalence of premature loss of primary molars in schoolchildren and its impact on OHRQoL.

Design

We randomly selected 667 children aged 8‐9 years enrolled in public and private schools from Aracaju (Brazil). The presence of untreated dental caries and early loss of primary molars were recorded, and its impacts on OHRQoL evaluated using Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8‐10). Influence of some variables on tooth loss and OHRQoL was assessed by multilevel Poisson's regression analysis (P < 0.05).

Results

The prevalence for early tooth loss was 65.4% (95% confidence interval 51.1%‐77.3%). Children with untreated dental caries and attending public schools presented higher prevalence of early tooth loss. Moreover, early loss of primary molars provoked negative impact on OHRQoL considering total score of CPQ8‐10 and domains “oral symptoms,” “functional limitations” and “emotional well‐being.” Children presenting early teeth loss presented significantly higher scores of CPQ8‐10, as well as females and children with dental caries in other teeth.

Conclusions

The prevalence of early loss of primary molars is high, and it impacts the OHRQoL of children aged 8‐9 years.
Influence of partial charge on the material removal rate during chemical polishing
Authors: Suratwala Tayyab , Steele Rusty , Miller Philip E. , Wong Lana , Destino Joel F. , Feigenbaum Eyal , Shen Nan , Feit Michael
Published: August 2018

A partial charge‐based chemical polishing model has been developed, which can serve as metric for describing the relative polishing material removal rate for different combinations of slurries and workpieces. A series of controlled polishing experiments utilizing a variety of colloidal polishing slurries (SiO2, CeO2, ZrO2, MgO, Sb2O5) and optical materials [single crystals of Al2O3 (sapphire), SiC, Y3Al5O12 (YAG), CaF2, and LiB3O5 (LBO); a SiO2‐Al2O3‐P2O5‐Li2O glass ceramic (Zerodur); and glasses of SiO2:TiO2 (ULE), SiO2 (fused silica), and P2O5‐Al2O3‐K2O‐BaO (Phosphate)] was performed and its material removal rate was measured. As previously proposed by Cook (J Non‐Cryst Solids. 1990;120:152), for many polishing systems, the removal rate is governed by a series of chemical reactions which include the formation of a surface hydroxide, followed by condensation of that hydroxyl moiety with the polishing particle, and a subsequent hydrolysis reaction. The rate of condensation can often be the rate limiting step, thus it can determine the polishing material removal rate. By largely keeping the numerous other factors that influence material removal rate fixed (such as due to particle size distributions, interface interactions, pad topography, kinematics, and applied pressure), the material removal rate is shown to scale exponentially with the partial charge difference (δwp‐s) between the workpiece and polishing slurry particle for many of the slurry‐workpiece combinations indicating that condensation rate is the rate limiting step. The partial charge (δ) describes the equilibrium distribution of electron density between chemically bonded atoms and is related to the electronegativity of the atoms chemically bonded to one another. This partial charge model also explains the age‐old experimental finding of why cerium oxide is the most effective polishing slurry for chemical removal of many workpieces. Some of the slurry‐workpiece combinations that did not follow the partial charge dependence offer insight to other removal mechanisms or rate limiting reaction pathways.
The ESG Integration Paradox
Authors: Cappucci Michael
Published: August 2018

Today, most investment managers have something to say about environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues, and written ESG policies are ubiquitous.

Yet, a written policy is not a reliable indicator of a firm's commitment. Actual ESG incorporation practices vary greatly, with most investment managers falling well short of full integration. Only a few firms seem to be using ESG factors to deliver alpha, hence, the paradox. If not implemented wholeheartedly, responsible investing can lead to lower financial returns. So, why have so few investment managers gone all the way?

The paradox involves a “valley” of lower returns where portfolios first absorb the costs of ESG integration before the promised benefits materialize. In the early days of ethical investing, the focus was on using negative screens to exclude certain companies for moral or ethical reasons but lower financial returns are inherent to exclusionary screening.

Hard exclusions force managers to tradeoff certain risks for others. So, for example, if the market discounts tobacco stock prices to account for changing consumer behavior, eventually tobacco stock prices become attractive again as, indeed, has been the case over the last two decades. Exclusionary screening alone is a self‐limiting strategy.

By contrast, ESG strategies range from active ownership and engagement, to positive screening (selecting for certain attributes), to relative weighting (sometimes called “best‐in‐class selection”), to risk factor investing, to full integration.

Because the relationship between an asset manager's ESG efforts and its risk‐adjusted performance is not classically linear, asset owners should look for managers that are on the upward slope of the ESG intensity curve and are fully committed to advancing up it.
An Empirical Study of Insurance Performance Measure
Authors: Bharathkumar Sai Ranjani
Published: August 2018

This author applies Insurance Performance Measure (IPM) to a set of Indian insurance companies over the period 2005–2016. This is the first article published that applies the IPM model on real industry data and studies its implications.

The IPM was introduced in a Winter 2002 JACF article by Joseph Calandro, Jr., then at General Star management, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway and by Scott Lane, then an accounting professor at the University of New Haven. Those authors explained why financial reporting for insurance companies was so challenging and presented the IPM metric as a better way to assess industry and company performance. Evaluating P&C companies is difficult because the unique format of insurance company financials does not lend itself to traditional financial accounting analysis and because the industry's preeminent performance measure, the Underwriting Ratio, captures underwriting and claims activity but says nothing about investment and risk distribution (reinsurance).

By contrast, the IPM represents the interrelation of underwriting, investment and reinsurance along with a hurdle rate and is quite consistent with Warren Buffett's expressed desire for a balanced overview of industry performance. IPM uses financial data without modification thereby simplifying and fastening computation. Operationally, it could help in negotiations for reinsurance renewals and identify “Maximum Profitable capacity”—the threshold limit for overall profitability.
Variation in activation time during bipolar vs extended bipolar left ventricular pacing
Authors: Sieniewicz Benjamin J. , Jackson Tom , Claridge Simon , Pereira Helder , Gould Justin , Sidhu Baldeep , Porter Bradley , Niederer Steve , Yao Cheng , Rinaldi Christopher A.
Published: August 2018

Background

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is typically delivered via quadripolar leads that allow stimulation using either true bipolar pacing, where stimulation occurs between two electrodes (BP) on the quadripolar lead, or extended bipole (EBP) left ventricular (LV) pacing, with the quadripolar electrodes and right ventricular coil acting as the cathode and anode, respectively. True bipolar pacing is associated with reductions in mortality and it has been postulated that these differences are the result of enhanced electrical activation.

Materials and Methods

Patients undergoing a CRT underwent an electrocardiographic imaging study where electrical activation data were recorded while different LV pacing vectors were temporarily programmed.

Results

There were no differences in the total electrical activation times or dispersion of electrical activation between biventricular pacing with bipolar or corresponding EBP LV vector configurations (left ventricular total activation time [LVtat] BP 74.70 ± 18.07 vs EBP 72.4 ± 22.64; P = 0.45). When dichotomized according to etiology, no difference was observed in the activation time with either BP or EBP pacing (LVtat BP ischemic cardiomyopathy 72.2 ± 17.4 vs BP dilated cardiomyopathy 79.9 ± 18.9;
P = 0.38).

Conclusions

Bipolar pacing alters the mechanical activation sequence of the LV and is associated with reductions in all‐cause mortality. It has been postulated these benefits derive from improvements in electromechanical activation of the LV. Our study would suggest that true bipolar pacing does not necessarily result in more favorable activation of the LV or improved electrical resynchronization and other mechanisms should be explored.
Importance of physical evaluation using skeletal muscle mass index and body fat percentage to prevent sarcopenia in elderly Japanese diabetes patients
Authors: Fukuoka Yuki , Narita Takuma , Fujita Hiroki , Morii Tsukasa , Sato Takehiro , Sassa Mariko Harada , Yamada Yuichiro
Published: August 2018

Aims/Introduction

To investigate the prevalence of sarcopenia, its related factors and indicators of physical evaluation in elderly diabetes patients.

Materials and Methods

This was a cross‐sectional observation study. A total of 267 diabetes patients (159 men, 108 women) aged >65 years were recruited in the present study. Skeletal muscle mass index, grip strength and usual gait speed were measured to diagnose sarcopenia according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage were evaluated in quartiles to investigate the relationship with sarcopenia. A multiple logistic regression analysis examined sarcopenia‐related factors.

Results

The prevalence of sarcopenia in all participants was 18.7% and increased with age. Sarcopenia decreased as BMI increased (P < 0.01, Cochran–Armitage test). In contrast, the third quartile body fat percentage group showed the lowest prevalence of sarcopenia. A strong positive correlation was observed between body mass and skeletal muscle mass indices (R = 0.702–0.682). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that sarcopenia was associated with lower BMI, non‐use of metformin and lower bone mineral content in men (P < 0.05), and lower bone mineral content, lower serum levels of albumin and older age in women (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study suggests that diabetes patients with a high body fat percentage in addition to low BMI might develop sarcopenia. It is suggested that physical management in elderly diabetes patients should be carried out based on the evaluation of BMI and body fat percentage to prevent sarcopenia.
Intentional multiple mating by females in a species where sneak fertilization circumvents female choice for parental males
Authors: Stiver Kelly A. , Kindsvater Holly K. , Tamburello Natascia , Heckman Kellie L. , Klein Joanne , Alonzo Suzanne H.
Published: August 2018

This paper describes how individual female ocellated wrasse Symphodus ocellatus distribute their spawning among males and nests in space and time. It is based on previously collected genetic data of larvae from ten different nests (used to reconstruct half and full‐sibling groupings both within and among nests on multiple days) and behavioural data of marked females across the reproductive season. Both the genetic analyses and behavioural observations confirm that female S. ocellatus intentionally engage in multiple mating, by repeatedly spawning at the same nest on different days and at several different nests (up to 12 spawning events over 3 weeks), leading to mixed paternity among her young. The main benefit of such high and intentional multiple mating is probably insurance against brood failure due to nest predation, desertion or poor paternal care by the male. These findings reveal that even in systems where females attempt to avoid male‐controlled mixed paternity, they may still engage in intentional multiple mating due to these potential benefits.
Randomized controlled trial of emotionally focused couple therapy compared to treatment as usual for depression: Outcomes and mechanisms of change
Authors: Wittenborn Andrea K. , Liu Ting , Ridenour Ty A. , Lachmar E. Megan , Mitchell Erica A. , Seedall Ryan B.
Published: August 2018

This randomized controlled trial examined the effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) for depression and relationship satisfaction versus usual care (i.e., couple therapy other than EFT), and explored mechanisms of change. Mixed model trajectory analyses of 16 couples indicated EFT was associated with greater improvement in relationship satisfaction among men and women. Men receiving EFT reported greater improvements in depressive symptoms compared to usual care. Unified structural equation modeling revealed changes in relationship satisfaction preceded changes in depressive symptoms in one cluster of partners, while changes in depression preceded changes in relationship satisfaction in a second cluster. Two other clusters reported simultaneous changes in satisfaction and depression. This study provides encouraging results on the effectiveness of EFT for depression, and insight into mechanisms of change.
Informing a Risk Prediction Model for Binary Outcomes with External Coefficient Information
Authors: Cheng Wenting , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Gu Tian , Tomlins Scott A. , Mukherjee Bhramar
Published: August 2018

We consider a situation where rich historical data are available for the coefficients and their standard errors in an established regression model describing the association between a binary outcome variable Y and a set of predicting factors X, from a large study. We would like to utilize this summary information for improving estimation and prediction in an expanded model of interest, Y|X,B. The additional variable B is a new biomarker, measured on a small number of subjects in a new data set. We develop and evaluate several approaches for translating the external information into constraints on regression coefficients in a logistic regression model of Y|X,B. Borrowing from the measurement error literature we establish an approximate relationship between the regression coefficients in the models Pr(Y=1|X,β), Pr(Y=1|X,B,γ) and E(B|X,θ) for a Gaussian distribution of B. For binary B we propose an alternative expression. The simulation results comparing these methods indicate that historical information on Pr(Y=1|X,β) can improve the efficiency of estimation and enhance the predictive power in the regression model of interest Pr(Y=1|X,B,γ). We illustrate our methodology by enhancing the high grade prostate cancer prevention trial risk calculator, with two new biomarkers: prostate cancer antigen 3 and TMPRSS2:ERG.
The application of stable‐isotope tracers to study human musculoskeletal protein turnover: a tale of bag filling and bag enlargement
Authors: Millward D. Joe , Smith Ken
Published: August 2018

The nutritional regulation of protein and amino acid balance in human skeletal muscle carried out by the authors with Mike Rennie is reviewed in the context of a simple physiological model for the regulation of the maintenance and growth of skeletal muscle, the “Bag Theory”. Beginning in London in the late 1970s the work has involved the use of stable isotopes to probe muscle protein synthesis and breakdown with two basic experimental models, primed‐dose continuous tracer infusions combined with muscle biopsies and arterio‐venous (A‐V) studies across a limb, most often the leg, allowing both protein synthesis and breakdown as well as net balance to be measured. In this way, over a 30 year period, the way in which amino acids and insulin mediate the anabolic effect of a meal has been elaborated in great detail confirming the original concepts of bag filling within the muscle endomysial “bag”, which is limited by the “bag” size unless bag enlargement occurs requiring new collagen synthesis. Finally we briefly review some new developments involving 2H2O labelling of muscle proteins.

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The Role of Reinforcing Particle Size in Tailoring Interfacial Microstructure and Wear Performance of Selective Laser Melting WC/Inconel 718 Composites
Authors: Shi Qimin , Gu Dongdong , Lin Kaijie , Chen Wenhua , Xia Mujian , Dai Donghua
Published: August 2018

In this paper, both traditional Inconel 718 parts and WC/Inconel 718 composites were fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). The size of WC particles was observed to play a crucial role in determining the microstructural evolution, distortion, and microcracks around the WC particles, which inturn also affected the effective mechanical properties of WC/Inconel 718 composites. The use of the 5.25 μm diameter WC particles resulted in fine dendrites at the interface between the WC particle and the Inconel 718 matrix. This was attributed to the formation of an annular heat flow and radially arranged temperature gradient directions around the WC particle that increased the contact area between the matrix and the particle, thereby also improving the interfacial bonding. A sound metallurgical bonding at the interface was achieved with negligible distortion and microcracks due to a relatively uniform temperature distribution and temperature gradient (4.7 × 103 °C/mm) at the interface. This also explains the generation of dense and smooth interfacial bonding, which yielded a low average friction coefficient of 0.21. The wear properties were improved since grooves and spallation were reduced with the decrease of the WC size.
Experimental Analysis of a NACA 0021 Airfoil Under Dynamic Angle of Attack Variation and Low Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Holst D. , Church B. , Wegner F. , Pechlivanoglou G. , Nayeri C. N. , Paschereit C. O.
Published: August 2018

The wind industry needs reliable and accurate airfoil polars to properly predict wind turbine performance, especially during the initial design phase. Medium- and low-fidelity simulations directly depend on the accuracy of the airfoil data and even more so if, e.g., dynamic effects are modeled. This becomes crucial if the blades of a turbine operate under stalled conditions for a significant part of the turbine's lifetime. In addition, the design process of vertical axis wind turbines needs data across the full range of angles of attack between 0 and 180 deg. Lift, drag, and surface pressure distributions of a NACA 0021 airfoil equipped with surface pressure taps were investigated based on time-resolved pressure measurements. The present study discusses full range static polars and several dynamic sinusoidal pitching configurations covering two Reynolds numbers Re = 140k and 180k, and different incidence ranges: near stall, poststall, and deep stall. Various bistable flow phenomena are discussed based on high frequency measurements revealing large lift-fluctuations in the post and deep stall regime that exceed the maximum lift of the static polars and are not captured by averaged measurements. Detailed surface pressure distributions are discussed to provide further insight into the flow conditions and pressure development during dynamic motion. The experimental data provided within the present paper are dedicated to the scientific community for calibration and reference purposes, which in the future may lead to higher accuracy in performance predictions during the design process of wind turbines.
US dietary guidelines: is saturated fat a nutrient of concern?
Authors: Harcombe Zoe
Published: August 2018

US public health dietary advice was announced by the Select Committee on Nutrition and Human needs in 1977 and was followed by UK public health dietary advice issued by the National Advisory Committee on Nutritional Education in 1983. Dietary recommendations in both cases focused on reducing dietary fat intake; specifically to (i) reduce overall fat consumption to 30% of total energy intake and (ii) reduce saturated fat consumption to 10% of total energy intake. The recommendations were an attempt to address the incidence of coronary heart disease. These guidelines have been reiterated in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans since the first edition in 1980. The most recent edition has positioned the total fat guideline with the use of ‘Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges’. The range given for total fat is 20%–35% and the AMDR for saturated fat is given as <10%—both as a percentage of daily calorie intake. In February 2018, the Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion announced ‘The US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services currently are asking for public comments on topics and supporting scientific questions to inform our development of the 2020–2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans’. Public comments were invited on a number of nutritional topics. The question asked about saturated fats was: ‘What is the relationship between saturated fat consumption (types and amounts) during adulthood and risk of cardiovascular disease?’ This article is a response to that question.