bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Endogenous Level of Auxins and Gibberellin-Like Substances in the Shoot Apices of Nitrogen-Deficient Tomato Plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
Authors: Rajagopal V , Rao IM
Published: December 2005

Tomato plants were grown at three nitrogen levels: normal supply (control), moderate deficiency
(one-eighth the normal supply – 1/8N) and acute deficiency (-N). Plant heights were reduced by
51.4 and 75.7 % respectively at 40 days under the latter two treatments compared with control plants.
The biological activity of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting substances was determined in
the shoot apices of the three sets of plants at three stages: 20, 30 and 40 days after sowing. In general,
the endogenous auxin was higher in control than in 1/8N and - N plants. The growth inhibitor level
was higher in -N plants than in control and 118N plants. Gibberellin activity was less in nitrogen-
starved plants than in controls. - N plants exhibited not only loss of gibberellins but an accumulation
of inhibitors at the last stage. A negative correlation between growth promotors (auxins and gibberellins) and growth inhibitors was evident. The interaction between auxins, gibberellins and inhibitors
is discussed.
Comparative Morphology and Behaviour of A1 and A2 Isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Shepherd CJ , Pratt BH , Taylor PA
Published: December 2005

Studies of morphology, physiological behaviour and pathogenicity indicated that some significant
differences existed between isolates of the A1 and A2 compatibility types of Phytophthora cinnamomi
from native plant communities in Australia.
The majority of A1 isolates produced zoosporangia more rapidly and in greater numbers than A2
isolates, and zoosporangia were produced evenly on mycelial discs of A1 isolates whereas they
occurred mostly at the perimeter of similar discs in the case of A2 isolates. Chlamydospores were
produced more rapidly by A1 than A2 isolates, and in the former tended to be of an even size and
were frequently single, whereas in A2 isolates the size was extremely variable and production was
usually in clusters.
Both compatibility types showed similar temperature-growth optima, but the mean growth rate
of A1 isolates, over the range 15-30°C, was less than that of A2 isolates. Both types responded
similarly to high temperature treatments and to a range of osmotic potentials and both showed
similar pathogenicity to lupin and Pinus radiata seedlings.
While both compatibility types showed similar reactions to a number of inhibitors, the growth of
A2 isolates was inhibited more by rose bengal and pyronin G than that of A1 isolates.
Thus, although significant differences were recorded, there was a general similarity of behaviour
of isolates of both compatibility types and there were no striking differences from the recorded
behaviour of the fungus in other countries.
Differentiation in Some Populations of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. In Relation to Factors Affecting Seedling Establishment
Authors: Ladiges PY
Published: December 2005

Genetic variation was observed among a series of Eucalyptus viminalis populations whose habitats
range from wet to dry climates and from relatively fertile to infertile soils..
In comparison with populations from low-rainfall areas, two high-rainfall populations showed
rapid germination and fast early seedling growth, the latter being correlated with large seed weight.
Older seedlings were capable of continuing fast growth in response to high nutrient levels, and the
root/shoot ratios of 6-month-old seedlings were significantly lower than those of seedlings from
low-rainfall areas.
Populations from within the low-rainfall areas showed some differences in germination, root
lengths and growth rates and these appear to be related to site fertility and soil water-holding
capacity. Relatively slow growth, even in response to increased nutrient supply, was observed in a
population naturally occurring on a granite soil of fair fertility but poor water-holding capacity.
Low-rainfall populations also showed a greater lignotuber development than high-rainfall
populations and the growth of the lignotuber was not markedly affected by nutrient supply.
Studies on Leaf Characteristics of a Cline of Eucalyptus urnigera From Mount Wellington, Tasmania. I. Water Repellency and the Freezing of Leaves
Authors: Thomas DA , Barber HN
Published: December 2005

A cline in Eucalyptus urnigera is described in which waxy glaucousness of the surfaces of leaves
increases with altitude up Mount Wellington. Other leaf characteristics, such as adult shape, antho-
cyanin content of young leaves, and age of transition to adult leaf form, may also vary.
If the leaves of E. urnigera with a dry surface are cooled, they freeze at a temperature of -8
to -10°C. If the leaves are wet, they freeze at -2 to -4°. Such freezing always kills the leaves,
whilst leaves which have supercooled below the true freezing point (-2 to -3°) escape damage.
It is suggested that the ability of dry leaves to supercool may explain part of the selective advantage
possessed by the glaucous water-repellent leaves of E. urnigera at high altitudes as compared with
the green wettable leaves of plants at low altitudes. This selective advantage of water repellency is
probably of ecological significance in protecting leaves from freezing when there are rapid falls in
the ambient temperature below c. -2 to -3°, either as radiation frosts or as short periods of snow
after plant growth has started in the spring.
Introduction
Neottiosporina
Authors: Sutton BC , Alcorn JL
Published: December 2005

Neottiosporina is enlarged to include six species and a key is provided. Descriptions and illustrations
are given for N. apoda (Speg.) Subram., N. paspali (Atk.) comb. nov. (syn. Stagonospora paspali Atk.),
N. infundibularis sp. nov., N. asymmetrica sp. nov., N. phragmiticola (Hansf.) comb. nov. (syn.
Stagonospora phragmiticola Hansf.), and N. australiensis sp. nov. Some collections previously
considered to be Stagonospora paspali are referred to Scolecosporiella spraguei sp. nov.
A revision of the Loranthaceae of New Guinea and the south-western Pacific
Authors: Barlow BA
Published: December 2005

The Loranthaceae of New Guinea and the south-western Pacific comprise 12 genera, 59 species,
11 subspecies and 2 varieties. Of the species recorded, approximately one-half are endemic to the
New Guinea mainland. About 20 other species are endemic in the area dealt with, most having
distributions in New Guinea and adjacent islands. Nine species also occur in Australia, and five
species extend to Indomalaya.
Twelve species are described as new, viz. Amylotheca acuminatifolia, Lepeostegeres deciduus,
Amyema angulare, A. apodum, A. brassii, A. canaliculatum, A. dilatipes, A. involvens, A. kebarense,
Sogerianthe cupuliformis, Dendrophthoe pelagica and D. trichanthera. Five subspecies are described
as new, viz. Amyema conspicuum subsp. fulvicalyx, A. scandens subsp. crassifolium, A. seemenianum
subsp. flexuosum and A. wichmannii subspp. purum and aggregatum. One variety is described as
new, viz. Macrosolen cochinchinensis var. lanceolatus. There are 15 new combinations, viz. Decaisnina
djamuensis, D. micranthes, D. papuana, D. parvifolia, D. pedicellata, D. stenopetala, Amylotheca
banksiana, Amyema scandens subsp. plicatulum, A. artense var. papuanum, A. seemenianum subsp.
melastomifolium, A. squarrosum subsp. rhopalanthes, A. strongylophyllum subspp. rigidgorum and
barbellatum, A. tetraflorum and .A. tetrapetalum.
Chromosome numbers are given where known.
Fibre Types in the Wood of Euphorbiaceae
Authors: Bamber RK
Published: December 2005

The presence of two different types of fibres in the wood of the subfamily Phyllanthoideae
(Euphorbiaceae) is recorded: type I in which the fibres have moderately thick walls, a clearly defined
lumen cavity and a normal birefringence pattern, and type I1 in which the walls are very thick, have
no lumen cavity and a birefringence pattern suggesting an absence of an S3 layer. The genera fall
into three groups: those containing type I only, those with type II only, and those with both type I
and type II. The fibre type in this family appears to be of taxonomic significance.
Mechanisms Controlling Dormancy in the Arid Zone Grass Aristida contorta. I. Physiology and Mechanisms of Dormancy
Authors: Mott JJ
Published: December 2005

Two dormancy mechanisms are evident in young A. contorta grain. One is an after-ripening requirement of the embryo, and can be satisfied by storage at ambient temperatures; the second is associated
with the hull and requires prolonged periods of high temperatures before germination can take place.
The dormancy imposed by the hull is not controlled by a leachable inhibitor, but germination
can be stimulated by oxidizing agents or by the removal of small sections of the hull directly over
the embryo.
The oxygen uptake of dormant grain is very low, but non-dormant grain, or dormant grain with
the hull removed, shows a much higher uptake.
The possibility remains that there is a mechanical restriction of gas exchange by the hull, the
hull of non-dormant grain being more permeable than that of dormant grain.
Characteristics of Two Phytophthora Species
Authors: Bumbieris M
Published: December 2005

Tests were carried out to compare Phytophthora cryptogea and P. drechsleri. As the results showed
that the two species are very similar morphologically, as well as with regard to growth at different
temperatures and in the presence of malachite green, it is suggested that they should be considered
as one species. Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybridge & Lafferty as the older name has priority over
P. drechsleri Tucker.
Pathogenicity of Pythium spp. And Phytopththora drechsleri to Eucalyptus spp
Authors: Marks GC , Kassaby FY
Published: December 2005

A number of Pythium spp, and Phytophthora drechsleri have been associated with Phytophthora
cinnamomi in the die-back disease of eucalypts in forests of southern and eastern Australia. Although
P. cinnamomi is generally considered to be the most important pathogen causing root rot and die-back,
there is some uncertainty whether it is the only pathogen.
The pathogenicity of Pythium ultimum, P. irregulare, P. debaryanum, P. vexans, P. mamillatum,
three unidentified Pythium species from eucalypt forest soil and Phytophthora drechsleri was compared
with that of Phytophthora cinnamomi on juvenile and intermediate-aged seedlings of Eucalyptus
sieberi and juvenile seedlings of other eucalypt species. Of the Pythiums, only P. ultimum,
P. irregulare and P. debaryanum could kill small juvenile seedlings at the two-leaf stage of development. Neither any of the Pythiums nor Phytophthora drechsleri could kill E. sieberi at the intermediate growth stage. In marked contrast, Phytophthora cinnamomi showed considerable pathogenicity, killing seedlings and saplings with rapidity. The unidentified Pythium spp, from native
forests were completely innocuous.
Control of sexuality in Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Chang ST , Shepherd CJ , Pratt BH
Published: December 2005

The mating type behaviour of 176 single zoospore isolates collected from 11 dissected sporangia of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was examined and the results confirmed previous conclusions from studies of field isolates, that two compatibility types may be involved in the formation of oospores in this fungus. The bilateral formation of sexual spores in paired cultures is believed to occur via the hyphal fusion of two compatibility types and it is thought that chemical stimulation is not involved. Oospore production is also affected by nutrition and innate characters of the isolates used. Determination of the mating reactions of terminal hyphae isolated from mixed A1 and A2 cultures suggested that extensive heterokaryosis of A1 and A2 type nuclei did not occur in the vegetative hyphae of either mating type, and that heterokaryon formation was probably restricted to the site of oospore formation. The absence of 'vegetative' heterokaryosis between the two mating types of P. cinnamomi is postulated and the control of sexuality in this fungus is discussed.
Ontogenetic Studies on the Juvenile Leaves of Phoenix dactylifera L
Authors: Padmanabhan D , Veerasamy S
Published: December 2005

The ontogeny of seedling leaves or eophylls of Phoenix dactylifera was studied from foliar initiation
to the stage of laminal maturation. During germination, the embryonal axis is carried deeper into
the soil by the elongating cotyledonary sheath. As soon as the root and shoot apices become active
the elongation stops. The first foliar organ produced by the shoot apex is a prophyll, a structure
that has a sheath but no lamina. The second product of the shoot apex is the first eophyll, which
is simple, lanceolate, plicate and devoid of haut. The plications arise by the process of schizogenous
splitting of cells of the laminal meristem and not by differential growth or by 'invagination' as
reported by earlier authors working on other palm genera. The eophyll differs from the adult leaf
in the mode of splitting and in the number of plications produced. The adaxial splits occurring in
the eophyll start from the epidermis and proceed inwards, whereas they are internal for the most
part and leave a continuous sheet of tissue (haut) in the adult leaf. The first eophyll develops only
one split on either side of the rachis-petiole axis on the adaxial side followed by a similar splitting
on the abaxial side. This limits the number of plications to a minimum. Ontogeny of the vasculature
of the eophyll is traced from early stages.
Studies on Leaf Characteristics of a Cline of Eucalyptus urnigera From Mount Wellington, Tasmania. II. Reflection, Transmission and Absorption of Radiation.
Authors: Thomas DA , Barber HN
Published: December 2005

Coefficients of reflection of green and glaucous leaves of Eucalyptus urnigera were, respectively, 26 %
and 40% for total radiation and 13% and 30% for visible radiation. Transmission coefficients
varied only slightly between leaves differing in glaucousness, being about 24 % and 6% for total and
visible radiation respectively. These properties resulted in coefficients of absorption of total radiation
varying from 50% for green leaves to 37% for glaucous leaves and of visible radiation from 82%
to 66 %.
The coefficients for total radiation were measured by means of a hemispherical integrating
radiometer and those for radiation over the wave band of 350-1350 nm by means of a spectrophotometer. There was good agreement between the two methods.
The differences in these spectral properties between the two leaf types are attributed to diffuse
reflection by the wax crystals on the surface of the glaucous leaf.
Vegetation and climatic history near Lake Keilambete, western Victoria
Authors: Dodson JR
Published: December 2005

Two cores from Lake Keilambete, a saline volcanic crater lake in western Victoria, were analysed for pollen and carbonates and a description of the vegetation record over the last 10,000 years is presented. Vegetation changes and carbonate identifications are used to describe the climatic history of the area in association with what is known about the changes which occurred at the nearby salt lake, Lake Gnotuk. With both sets of data it has been possible to describe, in general terms, how the climate has varied in the Western District. The climate gradually became wetter after 9700 B.P. and the wettest period in the last 10,000 years occurred between 6500 B.P. and 5000 B.P. After this time the water levels in the lakes fell and the presence of dolomite carbonates indicates that the water levels in the lakes were lowest at about 3500 B.P. and later at about 770 B.P. Water levels rose again and reached their peak in the second half of the 19th ccntury.
Studies on the development, life history and taxonomy of the Ectocarpales (Phaeophyta) in southern Australia
Authors: Clayton MN
Published: December 2005

The morphology, development and life history of filamentous brown algae, in particular species of the commoner genera Feldmannia, Giffordia and Hecatonema, are described. Morphogenetic differences parallel the well known morphological distinctions between Feldmannia and Giffordia. Two 'species' of Feldmannia, F. globifer and F. simplex, are not distinct but rather exhibit continous variation of a clinal nature. Previous records of Giffordia secunda are shown to apply to Giffordia granulosa. Studies of living and type material of Ectocarpus sordidus indicate that its affinities lie with the genus Giffordia, to which it is transferred. Life histories of the various ectocarpalean taxa show many similarities and, with minor exceptions do not furnish additional useful taxonomic characters. The predominant means of reproduction amongst the Australian Ectocarpales are asexual, sexual processes being apparently of minor signi- ficance. Life history studies of Hecatonema maculans show it to be indistinct from juvenile stages of two members of the Dictyosiphonales, Desmotrichum undulatum and Punctaria latifolia. Five genera and six species are newly recorded for Australia. The genera are Acinetospoua, Hecatonenza, Kuckuckia, Kuetzingiella and Sovocarpus and the species are Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael ex Harvey in J. D. Hooker) Kornmann, Giffordia fuscata (Zanardini) Kornmann in Kuckuck, Giffordia intermedia (Rosenvinge) Lund, Hecatonema maculans (Collins) Sauvageau, Kuckuckia spinosa (Kiitzing) Kuckuck and Sorocarpus micromorus (Bory) Silva.
Electrophoretic Patterns of Soluble Proteins and Isoenzymes of Gaeumannomyces graminis
Authors: Abbott LK , Holland AA
Published: December 2005

The wheat and oat take-all fungi show a close serological relationship with Gaeumannomyces graminis
var. graminis isolated from kikuyu grass, supporting the conclusions of Walker, who recognized
the three fungal groups as varieties of G. graminis based on morphological characters. Three
techniques for studying proteins (disc and gradient gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing)
were assessed as possible aids in identifying and classifying isolates of G. graminis. Protein
patterns were affected by the age of the mycelium and the composition of the growth medium used.
Patterns prepared by disc electrophoresis were helpful for identifying isolates of G. graminis, but
not for separating the varieties. Gradient gel electrophoresis patterns were sufficient for distin-
guishing the kikuyu grass isolate from take-all fungi isolated from wheat or oats, but the differences
between the patterns of the wheat and oat take-all fungi were too slight to aid in identifying these
varieties. Esterase and peroxidase isoenzyme patterns of the isolates from the three varieties were
too variable to assist in identifying isolates of G. graminis at either the species or the variety level.
Isoelectric focusing patterns of the proteins for each variety were useful for distinguishing the kikuyu
grass isolate from the wheat and oat take-all fungi.
The protein patterns illustrate a closer relationship between the wheat and oat take-all fungi
than either has with the variety of G. graminis from kikuyu grass. None of the methods gave
a convenient means of separating the wheat and oat take-all fungi.
Effect of Growth Regulators on Stomatal Structure and Development in the Cotyledons of Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby
Authors: Inamdar JA , Gangadhara M
Published: December 2005

In untreated cotyledons (controls) anomocytic stomata and stomata with a single subsidiary cell were observed. In cotyledons treated with growth regulators, anisocytic, paracytic, cyclocytic and several abnormal stomatal types were observed in addition to those found in the controls. Gibberellic acid, though a growth promoter, acted as an inhibitor at high concentration. Ascorbic acid at 25 p.p.m. increased the stomatal index and the size of guard cells, while the stomatal frequency decreased. Sucrose at 2000 p.p.m. increased the stomatal index and the length of guard cells. 2,3,5-Tri-iodobenzoic acid caused degeneration of guard cells and acted as a growth inhibitor at higher concentrations. As the concentration of kinetin increased, decreases in the stomatal frequency, index and size of guard cells were noted. Kinetin also induced the formation of contiguous stomata and the division of guard cells. Sulphanilamide could act either as an inhibitor or as a promoter as its concentration increased. Coumarin at 50 p.p.m. reduced the size of guard cells and the stomatal frequency, and commonly induced persistent stomatal initials, while at 100 p.p.m. only the radicle emerged and the cotyledons failed to emerge from the seed-coat. Increased concentrations of colchicine promoted more induction of persistent stomatal initials, and inhibited stomatal formation as was evidenced by a reduced stomatal frequency and index. Colchicine at 50 p.p.m. induced formation of double pores in a stoma, abnormally large pore sizes, and increases in the size of guard cells and their nuclei. With maleic hydrazide the sizes of guard and epidermal cells were reduced and persistent stomatal initials occasionally formed. Growth promoters could sometimes interact with inhibitors to overcome their inhibitory effect, depending on the substances used in combination and their concentrations.
Temperature and Other Climatic Influences on Shoot Development and Growth of Eucalyptus regnans
Authors: Cremer KW
Published: December 2005

The growth and development of shoots of Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. trees up to 8 m tall growing
in their natural environment in central Tasmania were studied continuously for 3 years and related
to climatic factors. The influences of temperature were further investigated by experiments with
seedlings in a phytotron.
Height growth was practically nil in winter and greatest in summer. Throughout the year weekly
rates of height growth were closely related to weekly mean maximum air temperatures, increasing
from nil or slight at 10�C to peak rates at the highest temperatures experienced (25°). Substantial
diameter increments were observed in all seasons and their relation to temperature was relatively
weak. There was no positive relation between weekly growth in height or diameter and weekly
precipitation.
Bud and shoot growth were characterized by continuity of development of all organs throughout
the growing season. The youngest of the leaves and internodes which had emerged before winter
from the bud resumed growth in spring, but did not reach the lengths achieved by those leaves and
internodes which emerged from the bud after winter. It was only by this morphological feature that
the boundaries of the annual shoot were identifiable.
In agreement with the field observations, the growth of seedlings in glasshouses was found to be
slow at day/night air temperatures of 10/5°C and to increase steeply with temperatures to 24/19°.
Amongst the notable morphogenic influences associated with increasing temperatures in the
glasshouses were poorer root development relative to top growth, thinner and smaller but more
numerous leaves, and shorter and more numerous internodes. The elongation of individual leaves
and internodes was faster but considerably less prolonged as temperatures increased.
The E. regnans seedlings tested failed to prove thermoperiodically sensitive. It is concluded that
the dormancy in shoot development observed in the field during winter is due to quiescence imposed
by low temperatures, and that in the Tasmanian environment the pattern of growth and development
of the vegetative shoots of E. regnans is directly and predominantly controlled by air temperatures
throughout the year.
Observations on the Seasonal Development of the Grass Heteropogon contortus Infected by the Smut Sorosporium caledonicum
Authors: Fullerton RA
Published: December 2005

The tillering behaviour of tussocks of Heteropogon contortus infected by Sorosporiwm caledonicum
has been observed over three consecutive growing seasons. It has been established that infected
tussocks may bear both smutted and flowering tillers in the course of a season. Some of the flowering
tillers contain smut mycelium and are a source of smutted tillers in the following season. The relative
importance of the various kinds of tiller to the longevity of the host and parasite is discussed.
A Histological Study of the Grass Heteropogon contortus Infected by the Smut Sorosporium caledonicum
Authors: Fullerton RA
Published: December 2005

A study of the spatial and temporal relationships of Heteropogon contortus and the smut Sorosporium
caledonicum has been made. It has been shown that hyphae move into the axillary buds on the bases
of infected tillers at various stages of bud development. Hyphal distribution in the base of the parent
tiller determines whether or not a bud receives mycelium, and the extent to which hyphae grow through
the tissues of the buds and young tillers determines whether a tiller bears a sorus or an inflorescence.
A sorus forms only if hyphae are close to the apical meristem at the time of floral initiation. Floral
initiation occurs abnormally early in smutted tillers which elongate at the beginning of a season.
A clear relationship exists between the presence of hyphae in close proximity to the apical meristem,
and early floral initiation.
The Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi Within the National Park, Wilson's Promontory, Victoria
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

A systematic survey has been made of the large but confined area of Wilson's Promontory National
Park. Areas of die-back disease and the associated pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands have
been located, tested and accurately mapped. This has enabled extension of the disease to be forecast.
Detailed evidence is provided of the distribution of the pathogen with infected road-making gravel,
or from tracked vehicles, and of the viability of inoculum present in gravel. Experiments in control
of an outbreak have shown the difficulties inherent in controlling a soil pathogen in an environment
which may favour pathogen rather than host and which contains a wide range of susceptible plants.
Factors Affecting the Population Density of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Native Forests of the Brisbane Ranges, Victoria.
Authors: Weste G , Ruppin P
Published: December 2005

Population densities of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands were measured at 10-day intervals during
a period of 13 months at three sites in the Brisbane Ranges. Statistical analyses of results and of
simultaneous metereological measurements demonstrated that both low temperatures and dry soils
were correlated with a significant decrease in pathogen population. Disease extension occurred
uphill on a slope of 4" at 6 . 6 m per year, but only from recent infection. Population densities of
older sites were significantly less than that of the new site and no measurable disease extension
occurred uphill from them. Disease caused an immediate and continuing reduction in understorey
in both the number of species and the ground cover and, in the long term, a reduction in both wood
production and the number of trees as the dense dry sclerophyll shrubby forest was changed to an
open woodland.
Intercellular pectic strands in parenchyma: studies of plant cell walls by scanning electron microscopy.
Authors: Carr SGM , Carr DJ
Published: December 2005

Rows of pectic strands, each 0.3-0.4�m in diameter, are shown to connect palisade mesophyll cells in regular ladder-like configurations ('pectic scala'). These structures are illustrated in some species of eucalypts, but probably occur in other kinds of plants. Less regular wall filaments can be observed in the intercellular spaces between other types of cells. They are particularly numerous in the parenchyma of species of ferns. These filaments and the pectic scala are readily observable by scanning electron microscopy, but can also be seen in conventional preparations for the light microscope. The structure, formation, chemical composition and possible function of these and other kinds of cell wall protuberances, described in the literature, are discussed.
Observations on Stomata and Hairs on Vegetative and Floral Organs in the Tribe Trifolieae (Family Papilionaceae)
Authors: Shah GL , Kothari MJ
Published: December 2005

The structure of stomata and hairs and stornatal ontogeny are described in 12 species of the tribe
Trifolieae.
Stomata may be paracytic, anisocytic, diacytic, haplocytic, and of transitional forms between
diacytic and paracytic types. The most frequent types are paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic and
haplocytic. In any one species the most frequent type varies with the organ, and the pattern throughout
the plant is not the same in every species. In general anomocytic stomata are most frequent on both
surfaces of leaflets, and paracytic on stems.and petioles. On this basis the members of this tribe seem
to have some uniformity. The ontogeny of stomata with subsidiary cells is mesogenous or meso-
perigenous, or rarely perigenous. Anomocytic stomata are perigenous. The number of subsidiary
cells is increased by (i) wall formation in the subsidiary cells, (ii) neighbouring perigenes assuming the
form of subsidiary cells, or (iii) both processes operating in the same stoma simultaneously.
Abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, stomata with one guard cell, and arrested development
of stomata are occasionally met with.
Hairs may be glandular or eglandular ; both types are present in all organs, except in a few cases.
Some uniformity in the members of the tribe is also observed in the structure of glandular and
eglandular hairs.
Past and Present Vegetation of Marshes Swamp in South-Eastern South Australia
Authors: Dodson JR , Wilson IB
Published: December 2005

The swamp and sclerophyll vegetation of Marshes Swamp is discussed in terms of soils and water
regimes. Two swamps, Mt. Burr Swamp and Blue Tea Tree Swamp, which form part of Marshes
Swamp, are looked at in particular and their stratigraphy and history are reconstructed. Cores from
the swamp were pollen-analysed and the vegetation history of the swamps is described in terms of
plant succession and local climatic change. Four radiocarbon dates were obtained and these were
used to date the major local vegetational history events following dune build-up and vulcanism. These
also allowed some insight into the age of soil development in the swamp.
Phialophora and Phialophora-Like Fungi Occurring in the Root Region of Wheat
Authors: Sivasithamparam K
Published: December 2005

Fungi belonging to the genera Phialophora and Rhinocladiella have been encountered in the root
region of wheat in Western Australia. P. verrucosa, P. cyclaminis, P. fastigiata, P. malorum, P.
hoffmannii, P, mutabilis, P. lignicola, the Phialophora state of Gaeumannomyces graminis, and some
i solates which could not be matched with any described species of the genus Phialophora are described.
P. malorum, P. fastigiata and P. hoffmannii (strain WUFG 1.481) each reduced the pathogenicity of
Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici to wheat seedlings growing in unsterilized sand, when inoculated along with it.
Rhinocladiella mansonii is very common in Western Australian wheat-field soils, but the strains
are highly variable. Strains of the fungus R , pedrosoi, which is usually associated with chromo-blastomycosis in man, have also been isolated. It is possible that both these species of Rhinocladiella,
even though they are known to have strains pathogenic to man and animals, are not pathogenic but
live only as soil saprophytes.
Interspecific Competition Between Eucalypt Seedlings
Authors: Burdon JJ , Pryor LD
Published: December 2005

Evidence from competition experiments in pots suggests that pairs of eucalypt species from the same
association make almost the same use of the physical and chemical resources of the environment
during the seedling stage. These results are discussed in relation to present theories concerning the
coexistence of eucalypts in mixed associations.
Phosphorus Uptake and Growth of Mycorrhizal and Uninfected Seedlings of Eucalyptus calophylla R. Br
Authors: Malajczuk N , Mccomb AJ , Loneragan JF
Published: December 2005

Seedlings of Eucalyptus calophylla inoculated with a sample of unsterilized lateritic soil and raised
on partially sterilized sand formed abundant ectotrophic mycorrhizas. They absorbed more
phosphorus at a lower level of applied soil phosphate than did seedlings raised identically but
inoculated with sterilized soil. It is concluded that mycorrhizas have an important role in
phosphorus uptake by Eucalyptus.
Stomatal Development During Leaf Expansion in Tobacco and Sunflower
Authors: Rawson HM , Craven CL
Published: December 2005

Changes in stomatal density and size were followed in tobacco and sunflower leaves expanding from 10% of final area (10% Amax) to Amax under different levels of radiation. Lower radiation
increased final leaf area, reduced stomatal densities, and increased area per stoma but had little
effect on stomatal area per unit leaf area at Amax. In very young leaves (20% Amax) there was a
wide range in the sizes of individual stomata, some stomata being close to full size, but by Amax
differences were small. The possible relationship between the developmental patterns described
and photosynthesis is briefly discussed.
The Distribution of Phytophthora cinnamomi in forests of Eastern Gipsland, Victoria
Authors: Marks GC , Fagg PC , Kassaby FY
Published: December 2005

Soil surveys of the distribution of Phytopthora cinnamomi in eastern Victorian eucalypt forests
showed it to be widely distributed in flat, poorly drained coastal forests extending from Wilson's
Promontory to the New South Wales border and from 15 to 25 km from the coast.
P. cinnamomi was scattered in the foothill forests up to an altitude of about 800 m. It was
sometimes found in high altitude forests, at sites where recent logging, clearing and road con-
struction had occurred. Its frequency of occurrence was related to the intensity of forestry activity,
to internal soil drainage and to the occurrence of warm soil temperatures.
Data are provided on a number of factors affecting soil populations of P. cinnamomi, and its
possible origin is discussed.
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora cinnamomi Towards Nothofagus cunninghamii
Authors: Weste G
Published: December 2005

Two-year-old plants of Nothofagus cunninghamii were inoculated with isolates of either A1 or A2
mating types of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Both mating types were pathogenic, causing root rot and
cankers, and resulting in significant reductions of height and dry weight compared with controls.
Death occurred in all host plants inoculated with the A1 mating type, but in only 60% of those inocu-
lated with the A2 isolate. Symptoms were correspondingly more severe in plants inoculated with the
A1 mating type of the pathogen than in those inoculated with the A2 type.
Early Stages in the Development of Wheat Endosperm. I. The Change From Free Nuclear to Cellular Endosperm
Authors: Mares DJ , Norstog K , Stone BA
Published: December 2005

The cytological features of the cellularization of the free nuclear endosperm of wheat are described.
Following the initial proliferation of nuclei the endosperm is divided into a small ventral area and
a larger dorsal area which then develop separately. Cell wall formation in both regions is independent
of a mitotic spindle and appears to be mediated by freely growing walls. Wall material is laid down
along lines already marked out by ingrowth from the plasma membrane into the central cell cyto-
plasm. By the time that cellularization is complete the smaller ventral region has been transformed
into a layer of small, thick-walled cells whilst the larger dorsal area contains large, highly vacuolate
endosperm cells.
A model is proposed which endeavours to link the morphological features observed in embryo
sacs, collected from wheat ovules 2-6 days after anthesis, into an ontogenetic sequence. This model
is compared with previously published descriptions of wheat endosperm development.
Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Ontogeny in Zornia Gmel
Authors: Kannabiran B
Published: December 2005

Epidermal structure and development of stomata were studied in the vegetative and fioral organs of
Zornia diphylla (L.) Pers. and Z. zeylonensis Pers. Most of the intercostal cells in leaflet, stipule, and
bract are large-sized mucilaginous idioblasts. The swollen base of the idioblast compresses the basal
part of the adjacent subsidiary or ordinary cell, which hence has a narrow base in contrast to that of
the idioblast.
Para-mesogenous, aniso-, and tetra-mesoperigenous stomata occur in all organs of the above
species. In addition, the outer epidermis of the ovary wall shows aperigenous (anomocytic) stomata.
Stomata of the first three types are dolabrate, irrespective of their mesogenous or mesoperigenous
development. These types are related, the differences between them depending on the nature of the
placement of the second wall of the meristemoid. The present study lends support to an earlier
contention that anomocytic (aperigenous) stomata may result from suppression of the divisions of the
meristemoid of paracytic type. It is suggested that stomata flanked by two lateral, parallel, meso-
genous subsidiaries which do not meet each other at least at one pole (incomplete), should be termed
aniso- or tetra-mesoperigenous according to the total number of subsidiary cells of dual origin.
Pattern and Diversity in Swamp and Dune Vegetation, North Stradbroke Island
Authors: Westman WE
Published: December 2005

The pattern of plant species distribution, the richness of species composition, the distribution of
resources among species and the manner of change in these parameters across landscapes are
examined in three habitats on North Stradbroke Island. The closed-heath vegetation of a
freshwater swamp, the grassland and low closed-forest of a frontal low dune sequence and the closed
sclerophyllous forests of inland high dunes are studied by a variety of statistical techniques, including
a new method for determining the degree and scale of microcommunity pattern. Of the three vege-
tation types, the floristic diversity and complexity of spatial patterning within a small area is
highest in the freshwater swamp vegetation. Not only is the scale of spatial variation smallest in
this habitat, but the scale of patterning and co-association also becomes smaller as one proceeds
into the swamp. The complexity of the vegetation is enhanced by a remarkably high species
richness, a very low concentration of dominance and a high degree of intermingling of species.
The floristic diversity and complexity of spatial patterning within such a small area of vegetation
bears comparison with that of complex tropical rain-forest. The swamp vegetation appears to have
undergone a high degree of speciation; at the same time, intermixture of species and the small
scale of patterning have served as a means of minimizing intraspecific competition. If, like the
tropical rain-forest, the ecosystem has evolved characteristics of rigid stability the system is likely
to recover only slowly from major perturbation.
Glandular hairs, resin production, and habitat of Newcastelia viscida E. Pritzel (Dicrastylidaceae)
Authors: Dell B , Mccomb AJ
Published: December 2005

Newcastelia viscida occurs in an arid region of Western Australia. The leaves have a layer of resin
with terpenoid components, secreted by glandular hairs, which makes up 15 % of the mature leaf
dry weight. Five types of terpene-secreting hairs are described and their development outlined.
Resin is secreted beneath the cuticle of the glandular hair, which expands and breaks to release the
resin. Glandular hairs at the time of secretion are characterized by a large number of osmiophilic
plastids lacking internal membranes, and tubules of proliferated rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
Effects of Light, Temperature and Osmotic Stress on Seed Germination of Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl
Authors: Zohar Y , Waisel Y , Karschon R
Published: December 2005

Seed germination of E. occidentalis was examined under different combinations of light, temperature
and osmotic potential. The effects of all three factors were found to be interrelated.
Germination rates are directly related to the temperature of the environment between 15 and
30�C and to the osmotic potentials of the medium between -9.1 and 0 bars. The relative require-
ment for light, i.e. the ratio of light germination to dark germination, increases with the rise in
temperature. Light is a decisive factor in improving germination under osmotic stress; its effect is
directly related to the intensity of stress. In media with an osmotic potential of -9.1 bars, the
effect of light on germination is directly related to temperature. Optimum germination occurs at
30" under continuous light and under no osmotic styes. Very low germination is obtained under
the same temperature in the absence of light and in a medium with an osmotic potential of -9.1
bars. Inhibition of germination caused by osmotic stress is 2-3 times as great as that caused by
dark stress.
Seed germination was found to vary according to an annual rhythm. Lower rates of germination
were obtained in July and January, whereas maximum germination occurred from March to May.
Studies of Flowering Behaviour in Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell
Authors: Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

The buds of Eucalyptus regnans are protected by an operculine involucre for 12 months and develop
as exposed umbels for a further 15-17 months. The flowering period is about 3 months but the
extreme range is from late February to early July at elevations of 600-750 m. Flowers remain open
for 1-2 weeks. Older trees tend to flower later than younger trees on the same site. Pollination is
probably effected chiefly by insects and birds. Flowering abundance follows a 2-year cycle with
a tendency for heavier production every fourth year, but this pattern may be interrupted by severe
insect attack on young shoots. Considerable losses occur at all stages of development owing to
abscission, and to damage by gall and other insects. Quantitative estimates of flowering from litter
trays indicate that the flower production of good years may be 25-65 times as great as in poor years.
The mature forest produced 2.15-15.5 times as many flowers as the pole stage trees, and 1.5-10
times as many as the spar stage forest. Estimates of the fruit set following the late autumn flowering
of 1954 indicate that that of the mature forest was 1.6 times as great as that in the spar stage forest
and 3.5 times as great as that in the pole stage forest. The corresponding relative flower abundance
in these forests was 1.5 and 3.8 respectively. However, the percentage of Rowers setting fruit from
the early autumn flowering of 1956 was very much lower. Most capsules abscind or dehisce or fall
attached to twigs within 3 years of their maturity. The quantitative estimate of flowering and fruit set
permits seed crops from heavy flowering to be forecast a few years ahead of seed fall.
Studies of Litter in Eucalyptus regnans Forests
Authors: Ashton DH
Published: December 2005

The litter of Eucalyptus regnans forests forms a mull humus, and leaf material is readily incorporated
into the topsoil. The annual litter fall is high by world standards, averaging 7.66 tonneslha. The
amount of bark and twig fall and the contribution of the understorey to the total litter are also com-
paratively high. The annual leaf fall in even-aged stands is in the order of spar stage > mature > pole
stage. The maximum fall at 40-50 years coincides with the culmination of annual growth increment.
Leaf fall is at a maximum in summer and early autumn and at a minimum in winter and early spring.
The nutrient return by the total litter is fairly high, although bark and wood have low nutrient
contents. The understorey of Pomaderris aspera contributes much of the calcium return. Leaf
litter decays and disintegrates within 12-18 months, but bark and wood tends to accumulate on the
floor. Crustaceans, millipedes and earthworms contribute to the incorporation of leaf material.
Their number fluctuates seasonally, locally and between stands. Lyrebirds are important 'cultivators'
of the forest floor and litter may be buried once every two years. Rapid nutrient turnover, high
rainfall and excellent soil structure are favourable for high growth rates of these forests.
Variation in Population Levels of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Eucalyptus Forest Soils of Eastern Victoria
Authors: Marks GC , Kassaby FY , Fagg PC
Published: December 2005

The behaviour of Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands was examined over a 2 year period on newly
cleared and replanted eucalypt sites in the coastal forests of eastern Gippsland, rated as of low,
moderate and high die-back hazard in relation to the drainage and disease characteristics of the
original forest cover and surrounding trees.
The fungus behaved like a saprophytic survivor. Maximum population levels, assessed as a
'population density index' (PDI), occurred within the soil influenced directly by the root mass. The
PDI in adjacent bare soil was very low. The PDI depended, inter alia, on fungal pathogenesis, soil
temperature and soil moisture. Mean maximum PDI values recorded respectively for the high,
moderate and low hazard sites were in the ratio of about 8/4/1. This ratio was directly related to
the depth of the clay pan beneath the surface.
There was a marked seasonal variation in PDI, most pronounced on the high hazard site and least
on the low hazard site. The minimum and maximum values were recorded in June (winter) and
December-March (summer) respectively. Moderately heavy rainfall had little effect on the PDI in
well-drained soils, even during midsummer when soil temperatures were optimum for fungal
populations to increase.
Fire affected PDI values only temporarily.
PDI values in the surface soil were greater than at a depth of 75 cm, and the distribution of the
fungus through the soil profile was influenced by soil texture.
Before canopy closure occurred, PDI values were greater under eucalypt species tolerant to root
rot than under sensitive species. Canopy closure reduced the seasonal fluctuation in soil temperature
and, on sites where tree growth was vigorous, the reduction in PDI was striking. Addition of fertilizers
to the soil had no direct effect on the PDI, the reduction observed being an indirect effect produced
possibly by accelerated growth, increased transpiration and rapid canopy closure.
These results suggest that root rot-sensitive eucalypt species growing on coastal sites with impeded
drainage will prove vulnerable to die-back, and that any form of logging activity that reduces the
amount of green cover on infected sites will aggravate root rot if the fungus is present. Consequently
it will not be possible to manage these stands by conventional methods.
On steeper, well-drained sites the disease should not prove to be a serious hazard except in
exceptionally wet summer and autumn periods.
Myrmecochorous plants in Australia and their dispersal by ants
Authors: Berg RY
Published: December 2005

Field experinfents and observations indicate that c. 1500 species, representing 87 genera and 24
families, of Australian vascular plants are myrmecochorous, i.e. regularly dispersed by ants because
of ant-attracting structures (elaiosomes) on their seeds or fruits. Ant behaviour towards an elaiosome
depends primarily upon the species of ant but also upon the individual ant and the field situation.
Australian myrmecochorous plants are unexpectedly numerous and strikingly different from those
known from the northern hemisphere. Most of them are shrubs. Diplochory is common. Subsidiary
myrmecochorous features are rare. The elaiosomes are often firm and persistent. Australian
myrmecochorous plants are not forest mesophytes, as are most of those previously known, but
xerophytes of the Australian dry heath and sclerophyll vegetation. Apparently myrmecochory was
not brought to Australia with immigrating plants, but developed within Australia, probably under
the selective influence of xeric habitats as they spread during the Tertiary.