bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laparoscopic Resection of a Pancreatic β Cell Tumor in a Dog
Authors: Mcclaran Janet Kovak , Pavia Philippa , Fischetti Anthony J. , Donovan Taryn A.
Published: September 2017

Laparoscopic partial pancreatectomy has been performed in experimental canine studies and has been evaluated in human medicine but has not been reported in a clinical veterinary case. The authors present a 9 yr old field spaniel with weakness and hypoglycemia with insulin levels and Amended Insulin: Glucose Ratio results equivocal for a pancreatic insulinoma. Multiple abdominal ultrasounds did not detect the tumor, yet dual-phase computed tomographic angiography revealed the presence of a focal hypoattenuating nodule in the left lobe of the pancreas. A 3-port laparoscopic approach to the abdomen confirmed a 1.5-cm mass in the mid-left limb of the pancreas, and resection of the mass was performed with a bipolar vessel-sealing device. The surgery was performed without complication, and the dog became normoglycemic within 4 hr following surgery. Final histopathology results revealed pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the β cells. Recurrence of hypoglycemia was noted 18 mo postoperatively; however, repeat computed tomographic angiography did not reveal pancreatic abnormalities and fine needle aspirates of liver nodules did not suggest metastatic disease. Medical management was elected and the patient was euthanized 28 mo after surgery due to refractory hypoglycemic seizures.
Sumário bilingue
Authors: Table of Contents Bilingual
Published: September 2017

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Factors affecting the academic performance of student nurses: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Alshammari Farhan , Saguban Reynita , Pasay-an Eddieson , Altheban Ahmed , Al-Shammari Layla
Published: September 2017

The academic performance of the student nurses is by the assessment of competence, defined by a student’s ability to demonstrate the performance of professional skills or behaviors. Despite its predictabilities, there is no study has been undertaken to determine the factors affecting the academic performance of student nurses in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study employed a quantitative-correlational design. There were 201 student nurses from the College of Nursing at University of Hail selected using convenience sampling. A modified survey questionnaire was utilized to gather data. The said questionnaire was subjected to pilot testing. Content validation and reliability test were conducted using a Cronbach Alpha which revealed a value of 0.940. Four types of factors such teacher-related with a mean 4.16, student-related (3.85), school-related (3.85), and home-related factors (3.54) were observed to have varying extent of effect on the academic performance of student nurses. Likewise age, gender, year level, marital status, socio-economic status and previous school attended by the student nurses showed varying extent of influence on their academic performance. A significant difference in the extent of effect gender has on the academic performance of student nurses as indicated by a t-value of 3.591 been revealed. Whereas, no significant difference was observed on the extent of effect type of school attended had on the academic performance of the student nurses as indicated by a t-value of 0.846; p-value: .398, age (t-value: 1.768; p-value: .155); year level (t-value: 0.530; p-value: .589); marital status (t-value: 1.813; p-value: .166), and socio-economic status (t-value: 0.031; p-value: .970). The identified factors significantly impact on the academic performance of student nurses. This finding is significant as it can be used by school administrators and teachers alike as basis in designing and implementing an intervention program geared towards an improved academic performance among student nurses.
Principal-Principal Conflicts and Socioemotional Wealth in Family Firms
Authors: Seong Kuan Jason See Toh , Goh Chin Fei , Tan Owee Kowang , Mohd Salleh Norliza
Published: September 2017

Corporate governance is the concern of all the parties throughout the world regarding their viability in order to ensure the sustainability of the firm. As the family firms are listed in the public exchange, there are different kind of the investors in the corporation produce the resolution that are opposing to each other. Moreover, the large capital that is injected by the institutional investor complicates the role played in the corporation that shapes the culture and philanthropy. The phenomenon leads to the complex relationship in one corporation due to the different types of interest. Board composition and board independence are stretched by numerous scholars regarding the core importance in the corporation. Executive compensation is another area of corporate governance that is widely discussed by the scholars regarding the relationship with the long-term firm performance. Therefore, this review paper will focus on the application of the Principal-principal Conflicts theory and Socio-Emotional Wealth theory to narrate the whole scenario of the governance practice in the family firm. Throughout the paper, current rigorous practice of the family firms will be deeply investigated to cover the deep insights of the current phenomenon. The meticulous review of this paper is able to synthesize the significance of these theories towards the general governance setting in the family firms. Eventually, the working paradigm of the family firm can be clearly justified with the rationale that is justified. At the end of the review, the two main theories are concluded to be equally essential to illustrate the corporate governance practice in family firms across the globe.
The Intensity of Knowledge Capital Investment in Kenya: Evidence from Manufacturing and Service Sectors
Authors: Ndicu Simon , Wacuka Lucy
Published: September 2017

The study investigates the extent to which firms in Kenya manufacturing and service sectors invest in knowledge capital leading to innovations. 534 firms were included in the analysis. This was the combined data from the first Kenya innovation survey data of 2012, which covered 158 firms, (2008-2011) and the second Kenya innovation survey of 2015 which covered 376 firms (2012-2014). The Crépon, Duguet, and Mairessec (CDM) (1998) model, which considers a system of four equations: innovation propensity, innovation investment, innovation output and performance equations, was used as the estimation technique. The results revealed that, a firm’s decision to spend on R&D was significantly influenced by firm ownership, financial turnover and product innovativeness. A firm’s R&D intensity was significantly determined by its financial turnover and ownership. A firm’s activity and financial turnover were also significant in determining whether it introduced a new product in the market or not. The results of this paper suggest that a firm’s financial turnover was significant in R&D decisions but R&D intensity did not significantly matter to a firm’s product innovativeness. Further, a firm’s level of innovativeness was a significant determinant of its productivity. In addition, the results suggest that, innovations among the Kenyan firms in the manufacturing and service sectors were heavily reliant on financial capital and were struggling to convert knowledge inputs into product output. This study thus recommends a policy that incorporates the academia and firm level innovation with national innovation systems to enhance knowledge and skill intensive innovations that are new to the world.
Quantity Theory of Money: True or False
Authors: Ting Chao Chiung
Published: September 2017

I convert F=ma into m=F÷a arithmetically as economists convert V=PY÷M into MV=PY. m=F÷a predicts absurdly that there is no mass if acceleration is zero. For example, you do not have mass when you sleep. Similarly, MV=PY predicts ridiculously that there is no aggregate income if there is no money. In fact, barter economy operates. As force is scalar in F=ma calculated as mass multiply acceleration so that force is not cause to determine mass in m=F÷a, income velocity is scalar in V=PY÷M calculated as ex-post nominal aggregate income is divided by ex-post quantity of money stock so that aggregate income does not depend on income velocity. Since the symbol V in V=PY÷M is scalar and the symbol V in MV=PY is cause so that MV=PY is not equivalent to V=PY÷M, arithmetical conversion is an invalid method to prove MV=PY. In other words, it is computation that MV=PY is equivalent to V=PY÷M as exactly as m=F÷a is equivalent to F=ma while it is thinking that MV=PY and V=PY÷M are different. Hence, quantity theory of money is false.
Another Look at Portfolio Turnover and Mutual Fund Performance
Authors: Amadi Confidence W. , Amadi Felicia Y.
Published: September 2017

The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that correlated with mutual fund portfolio turnover using the variables that are associated with studies on portfolio turnover. Most studies on portfolio turnover considered it as an independent variable in explaining the performance of mutual funds. We take a different approach and treat turnover as the dependent variable. Our regression analysis show that the portfolio manager’s tenure explains the variability in portfolio turnover. We also find that the one-year portfolio returns and assets under management strongly correlates with portfolio turnover.
Intenções políticas na educação: possibilidades de cidadania nacional e europeia em Portugal
Authors: Pinheiro Sara Filipa , Macedo Eunice , Araújo Helena Costa
Published: September 2017

O debate sobrecidadania nacional e europeia insere-se nas prticas contemporneas das sociedades da Unio Europeia (UE) e do mundo global, alm da Europa. A sua relao com a educao assenta numa lgica interativa que se diz direcionada partilha de perspetivas. Ao nvel poltico incentiva-se o respeito e a aceitao da diversidade na busca de uma UE unida na sua pluralidade cultural. Com a inteno de potenciar e desenvolver o exerccio da cidadania, este artigo analisa documentos nacionais e da UE, que se referem s e aos jovens, pensando numacidadania ativa, comvoze participao. Questiona-se a articulao entre as intenes polticas nestes documentos e a possibilidade de colocao em prtica como modelo para jovens nos quotidianos escolares. O estudo na base deste artigo est a ser desenvolvido com jovens dos 15 aos 25 anos que frequentam uma Escola Profissional no Norte de Portugal.
O ensino de ciências naturais para a educação infantil e anos iniciais do ensino fundamental
Authors: Campos Raquel Sanzovo Pires de , Campos Luciana Maria Lunardi
Published: September 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho discutir o ensino de cincias naturais para a Educao infantil e anos Iniciais do ensino fundamental. Para tal, apresentou-se um breve histrico do Ensino de Cincias neste perodo escolar desde a dcada de 80 at os anos atuais. Tambm se exps especificidades da prtica de ensino e, indicando algumas caractersticas relacionadas ao desenvolvimento das crianas nesse perodo, se discutiu a prtica mediadora do professor pedagogo que atuar no ensino de cincias.
Une culture « contre » l’autre : les idées de l’éducation nouvelle solubles dans
Authors: Robert André D.
Published: September 2017

Cet article entend revisiter lopposition habituelle entre institution scolaire dEtat et courant de lducation nouvelle, rput plus soucieux de la formation complte de llve que de valorisation du seul savoir intellectuel. Sans sinterdire quelques regards hors des frontires de la France, il se propose dtudier la question principalement dans le cas franais au cours du XX sicle et en la dlimitant autour du problme de la dmocratisation de laccs aux diffrents types de savoirs. Ce qui sera considr comme le plus intressant, ce sont plutt les zones floues, les points de recoupement ventuels, les frontires un peu indcises o les deux cultures ducatives et pdagogiques ont pu tre amenes se croiser, se frotter lune lautre au sein mme de linstitution scolaire dEtat, et galement en la personne de certains pdagogues se rclamant de lducation nouvelle tout en ne refusant pas doccuper des positions officielles (Gal, Monod, Meirieu par exemple). Il sagira donc dexaminer, travers quelques moments rvlateurs, incluant la priode tout fait contemporaine (avec lexemple des TPE, travaux personnels encadrs), et travers quelques unes de ces personnalits mdiatrices (des passeurs) la manire dont les ides nouvelles ont pu questionner et faire voluer lcole dEtat et ses pratiques. En retour la question se pose de savoir si ces ides nouvelles ne saffadissent pas aussitt quelles entrent en contact avec linstitution, si elles ne sont pas finalement solubles en celle-ci, en perdant leur sens original, aprs avoir servi dalibi.
A literatura fantástica na educação brasileira: preconceitos, desafios e esperanças
Authors: De Oliveira Adriano Messias
Published: September 2017

A chamada literatura fantstica presena marcante nas escolas brasileiras e uma atraente temtica aos jovens leitores. Ainda que amparada por terminologias como folclore e conto maravilhoso, ela resiste ao antigo esforo de se tornar o ensino da literatura mais prximo ao gosto realista. O panorama cultural contemporneo faz com que o livro impresso assuma um lugar de fetiche e de objeto cultuado, por um lado, ou de objeto substitudo e em vias de esquecimento, por outro. Como se no bastassem os precrios vnculos histricos dos brasileiros com os livros, somam-se aqui dificuldades de vrias ordens e gradaes para que uma obra literria chegue a seu provvel leitor. Neste artigo, no qual escrevo como pesquisador, mas tambm como escritor de livros para crianas e jovens, apresento alguns pontos de reflexo sobre particularidades da relao da escola com a leitura e a escrita, em amplo espectro.
Psychopatia, narcyzm, histrionika - menedżerowie o osobowościach patologicznych i kreowane przez nich kultury organizacyjne. Wprowadzenie do badań
Authors: Stawiarska-Lietzau Monika , Łużniak-Piecha Magdalena
Published: September 2017

Artykuł jest głosem w dyskusji nad wzajemnymi zależnościami pomiędzy patologicznym typem osobowości menedżera i kulturą organizacyjną. Autorzy w swoich rozważaniach skupiają się na psychopatii, narcyzmie i osobowości histrionicznej oraz ich wpływie na kapitał ludzki w organizacji. Opisano typy kultur organizacyjnych powstające w wyniku działania osobowości patologicznych oraz głębokie konsekwencje psychologiczne, które ponoszą członkowie organizacji funkcjonujący w toksycznym środowisku pracy. Analiza kończy się rekomendacjami badawczymi obejmującymi zarówno działania na polu studiów psychologicznych, jak i nauk o zarządzaniu.
Network Approach in the Tourism Sector – Characteristics and Methods of Application
Authors: Czernek Katarzyna , Żemła Michał
Published: September 2017

Purpose. The aim of the paper is to present possible applications of the network approach in the tourism sector, in scientific research (including empirical analysis) as well as in the organization of management processes of tourist destinations. Method. The paper is based on a critical domestic and foreign literature review, being the basis of the presented discussion and deductive inference. Findings. To achieve the aim of the paper, there the origin of the network approach was presented, its basic assumptions and ways of application in empirical research. The presented literature review was related to three basic ways of using the network approach in scientific works: from the perspective of an individual actor, the network as a whole and group of actors in the network (mixed approach). Premises of using each of those perspectives were presented, as well as examples of their application in domestic and foreign literature, and the effects of this application. It allowed to show that each of those three perspectives can be useful in the tourism sector and brings different types of benefits. Research and conclusion limitations. The paper does not aspire to constitute a full and complex presentation of problems connected to the network approach in tourism, but rather concentrates on the general presentation of some chosen ways of network analysis. For a reader to obtrain more specific knowledge about any of the presented network issues, additional reading of the literature presented in the paper’s references is needed. Practical implications. The paper orders considerations on the presented issue and therefore, is aimed at a better understanding of network analysis – regarding empirical research based on such an analysis (scientific value) as well as the management of networks in the tourism sector (application value for economic practice). Originality. In domestic literature, there is a lack of reviews regarding the different ways of network approach application in the tourism sector, and this paper is aimed at fulfilling this gap. Type of paper. Theoretical paper.
Governance and the Development of Tourism in the Conditions of a Clash of Powers and “Actors” at a Local Level
Authors: Mika Mirosław , Migdal Marek
Published: September 2017

Purpose. The article addresses the issue of cooperation between the authorities, on the one hand and tourist entrepreneurs as well as non-profit organizations on the other in the development of tourism. The aim of the article is to present the factors determining the participation and activity of tourist entrepreneurs in local governance. Method. In the theoretical part of this paper, the ways of understanding governance were discussed, highlighting its ambiguity as a theoretical concept and a method for the description and analysis of governing practices. In the empirical part, the results of interviews conducted among 15 tourism entrepreneurs operating in the Polish Carpathians were presented. These helped to identify the expectations, motivation and barriers of subjects who were entering the tourist business and attempted to closely collaborate with local authorities in governance. Findings. In the conclusion, it was stated e.g., that by cooperating with the local government, entrepreneurs join resources with government institutions and implement them. In this manner, the Carpathian tourist companies attempt to mobilize the authorities in order to complete the main tasks that are considered strategic for the development of local tourism. Research and conclusion limitations. Exploratory research. Practical implications. The results can be used in the governing practices of local authorities. Originality. The article fills the gap concerning the shortage of domestic scientific literature on the relationship of governance and tourism development at a local level. Type of paper. Empirical research.
Dimensão política do cuidado às crianças e adolescentes com necessidades especiais de saúde: uma reflexão
Authors: Silveira Andressa da , Neves Eliane Tatsch
Published: September 2017

Objetivo: refletir sobre a dimensão política no cuidado à saúde de crianças e adolescentes com necessidades especiais de saúde. Método: análise reflexiva sobre as políticas de saúde vigente, que se relacionam com a saúde da criança e do adolescente, considerando as demandas apresentadas por estas crianças. Resultados: apresenta-se alguns marcos das políticas públicas e sociais da saúde da criança e do adolescente, entre elas a inclusão dos direitos que asseguram o acesso universal à assistência à saúde. Dentre as políticas sociais, destaca-se a Lei Orgânica da Assistência Social. Conclusão: a despeito de as políticas públicas de saúde assegurarem os direitos de crianças e adolescentes, elas não atendem as especificidades das demandas dessa população que necessitam ser reconhecidas. Faz-se necessário o reconhecimento desta clientela nas taxas epidemiológicas no cenário nacional. O olhar de equidade é essencial para os desiguais que, muitas vezes, não encontram espaços nos serviços de saúde.
Percepções de estudantes de enfermagem referente à qualidade de vida na trajetória acadêmica
Authors: Freitas Aline Macedo Carvalho , Bárbara Josele Farias de Rodrigues Santa , Vale Paulo Roberto Lima Falcão do , Carvalho Silas Santos , Carvalho Letícia Falcão de , Nery Givanildo da Silva
Published: September 2017

Objetivo: compreender as percepções dos estudantes de enfermagem relacionada à Qualidade de Vida (QV) durante a trajetória acadêmica em uma Universidade Pública Federal. Método:  estudo exploratório, qualitativo, realizado com 14 estudantes de uma Universidade Pública Federal, entre agosto e outubro de 2012. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram a entrevista semiestruturada e o diário de campo, com posterior análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias: “A universidade... Entre promotora e não promotora da qualidade de vida” e “Estágio Supervisionado e Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso como causa dos problemas de saúde”.As dimensões promotoras da QV foram: atividades em grupo, interação entre comunidade científica-comunidade e, conhecimentos transformados na universidade. Quanto às não promotoras da QV percebe-se:alimentação inadequada; exigência dos docentes; extensa carga horária e demanda de tempo elevada; e atividades práticas das disciplinas. Conclusão: Infere-se a necessidade de adaptações na trajetória acadêmica para assegurar uma melhoria na QV.
Em tempos de novas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para o curso de graduação em enfermagem
Authors: Teixeira Elizabeth
Published: September 2017

O trabalho não apresenta resumo.
Unusual prism adaptation reveals how grasping is controlled
Authors: Schot Willemijn D , Brenner Eli , Smeets Jeroen BJ
Published: September 2017

There are three main theories on how human grasping movements are controlled. Two of them state that grip aperture and the movement of the hand are controlled. They differ in whether the wrist or the thumb of the hand is controlled. We have proposed a third theory, which states that grasping is a combination of two goal-directed single-digit movements, each directed at a specific position on the object. In this study, we test predictions based on each of the theories by examining the transfer of prism adaptation during single-digit pointing movements to grasping movements. We show that adaptation acquired during single-digit movements transfers to the hand opening when subsequently grasping objects, leaving the movement of the hand unaffected. Our results provide strong evidence for our theory that grasping with the thumb and index finger is based on a combination of two goal-directed single-digit movements.
Concentration dependent chromatin states induced by the bicoid morphogen gradient
Authors: Hannon Colleen E , Blythe Shelby A , Wieschaus Eric F
Published: September 2017

In Drosophila, graded expression of the maternal transcription factor Bicoid (Bcd) provides positional information to activate target genes at different positions along the anterior-posterior axis. We have measured the genome-wide binding profile of Bcd using ChIP-seq in embryos expressing single, uniform levels of Bcd protein, and grouped Bcd-bound targets into four classes based on occupancy at different concentrations. By measuring the biochemical affinity of target enhancers in these classes in vitro and genome-wide chromatin accessibility by ATAC-seq, we found that the occupancy of target sequences by Bcd is not primarily determined by Bcd binding sites, but by chromatin context. Bcd drives an open chromatin state at a subset of its targets. Our data support a model where Bcd influences chromatin structure to gain access to concentration-sensitive targets at high concentrations, while concentration-insensitive targets are found in more accessible chromatin and are bound at low concentrations. This may be a common property of developmental transcription factors that must gain early access to their target enhancers while the chromatin state of the genome is being remodeled during large-scale transitions in the gene regulatory landscape.
GPS Signal Corruption by the Discrete Aurora: Precise Measurements From the Mahali Experiment
Authors: Semeter Joshua , Mrak Sebastijan , Hirsch Michael , Swoboda John , Akbari Hassan , Starr Gregory , Hampton Don , Erickson Philip , Lind Frank , Coster Anthea , Pankratius Victor
Published: September 2017

Measurements from a dense network of GPS receivers have been used to clarify the relationship between substorm auroras and GPS signal corruption as manifested by loss of lock on the received signal. A network of nine receivers was deployed along roadways near the Poker Flat Research Range in central Alaska, with receiver spacing between 15 and 30 km. Instances of large‐amplitude phase fluctuations and signal loss of lock were registered in space and time with auroral forms associated with a sequence of westward traveling surges associated with a substorm onset over central Canada. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) The signal corruption originated in the ionospheric E region, between 100 and 150 km altitude, and (2) the GPS links suffering loss of lock were confined to a narrow band (<20 km wide) along the trailing edge of the moving auroral forms. The results are discussed in the context of mechanisms typically cited to account for GPS phase scintillation by auroral processes.
Protein Modifications in theGolgi Apparatus
Authors: Matsuoka Ken
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Outline of Protein Modifications in the Secretory Pathway

Protein Glycosylation

Protein Tyrosine Sulfation

Proteolytic Processing of Proteins

Concluding Remarks
Sorting of Lytic Enzymes in the PlantGolgi Apparatus
Authors: Jiang Liwen , Rogers John C.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Features of the Lytic Vacuole Pathway

Evidence for Receptor‐Mediated Sorting: The Roles ofVSRProteins in Plant Cells

BP‐80 as a Sorting Receptor: Proof of Function in Yeast

Structural Requirements for Ligand Binding byVSRProteins

Chimeric Integral Membrane Reporter Proteins as Probes of theGolgi to Lytic Vacuole Pathway

The Lytic Prevacuolar Compartment: Identity and Function

Acknowledgements
Microtubules and Microtubule‐Associated Proteins
Authors: Lloyd Clive , Chan Jordi , Hussey Patrick J.
Published: September 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Plant Tubulin

Microtubule‐Associated Proteins

Concluding Remarks
Phosphate Transporters
Authors: Poirier Yves , Jung Ji‐Yul
Published: September 2017

Acquisition of phosphate from the soil and its distribution across plant tissues, as well as between the cytosol and organelles, is dependent on an array of transporters, which include proton‐phosphate cotransporters belonging to the family ofPHTproteins, thePHO1phosphate exporter, as well as organellar phosphate exchangers. The expression of these transporters is regulated both at the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels, and their activity and localisation is controlled by modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. Proteins including thePHR1andWRKY6transcription factors,PHO2andNLAinvolved in ubiquitination, as well asSPXproteins, form a network which enables plants to regulate phosphate transport activity under both nutrient‐sufficient and ‐deficient conditions, allowing them to survive, grow and produce seeds under adverse conditions.
Membrane Remodelling in Phosphorus‐Deficient Plants
Authors: Meike Siebers , Peter Dörmann , Hölzl Georg
Published: September 2017

Phosphate deficiency results in alterations in the membrane lipid composition of plants, because phospholipids are replaced with nonphosphorous glycolipids. During phosphate deprivation, phospholipids are degraded by phospholipase D (PLD) and phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP), or by phospholipase C (PLC), resulting in the release of diacylglycerol, which is made available for glycolipid synthesis. Free phosphate is employed for essential cellular processes, includingDNAandRNAsynthesis. Expression of genes of galactolipid synthesis is induced in an auxin‐dependent manner during phosphate limitation. The galactolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) accumulates under phosphate deprivation in plastidial and extraplastidial membranes. Furthermore, the two anionic glycolipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol accumulate in the chloroplast, as surrogates for phosphatidylglycerol. Further phosphate‐free glycolipids (glucosylceramide, sterol glucosides, acylated sterol glucosides) accumulate in the plasma membrane under phosphate deprivation. The replacement of phospholipids with glycolipids during phosphate starvation has already been established in some bacteria, and therefore represents an ancient, essential adaptation process to low‐phosphate conditions in the environment.
Impact of Roots, Microorganisms and Microfauna on the Fate of Soil Phosphorus in the Rhizosphere
Authors: Hinsinger Philippe , Herrmann Laetitia , Lesueur Didier , Robin Agnès , Trap Jean , Waithaisong Kittima , Plassard Claude
Published: September 2017

Phosphorus (P) occurs at low concentrations in soils because of the numerous processes responsible for P sorption or immobilisation. Soil P is also characterised by its restricted mobility, and thus the most limiting step of P acquisition is not its absorption by plant roots, but rather the many processes that determine the fate of soil P in the rhizosphere. This chapter describes these various processes, including those directly mediated by plants (which vary considerably with plant species), and those related to soil microbial and microfaunal activities. In order to overcome the restricted mobility of soil P, plants have evolved several features aimed at increasing the rhizosphere volume by increasing the absorptive surfaces, notably root elongation and branching. The formation of root hairs and mycorrhizas is also triggered by interactions with plant growth promoting microorganisms. Plants have also evolved strategies aimed at increasing soil P concentrations via the mobilisation of inorganic and organic pools of soil P. These imply changes in pH, and the release of P‐mobilising compounds such as carboxylates and phosphatases, that are exuded by the roots themselves or by rhizosphere microorganisms. Finally, the soil microfauna (especially the predators of bacteria and fungi) play an important role in the cycling of soil P in the rhizosphere that deserves further consideration.
Alternative Journalism
Authors: Bekken Jon
Published: September 2017

Alternative journalism is a fluid concept, often casually attributed to a wide array of media practices unified only by their differing from the journalism in so‐called mainstream journalism/media. Such a “definition” can encompass everything from local entertainment weeklies thick with advertising to the clandestine media of revolutionary movements. Recent scholarship focuses on practices that challenge the communicator/audience divide typical of mainstream media, including the range of voices presented, the privileging of marginalized and excluded news sources over traditional elites, a conscious identification with the audience being served, and a conception of journalism that promotes social action (Atton 2002; Deuze 2006; Downing 2001, 2011; Hamilton & Atton 2008; → Citizens' Media; Community Media; Development Journalism; Media Democracy Movement; Social Mobilization).
Attending to the Mass Media
Authors: Shevy Mark , Hawkins Robert
Published: September 2017

Mass communication's impact has been shown at an individual level and in society at large, yet all mass communication must pass through the same narrow gateway before having these varied effects. Unless people receive mass communication through their eyes and ears (or sometimes touch), and cognitively process it, it is powerless. This is why researchers are interested in studying attention – it is a necessary condition for all → media effects. Attention is a central factor in understanding what it means to watch → television and videos, use the → Internet, listen to the → radio, or read the → newspaper. It has an impact on what type and magnitude of effects result from media. Although attention is a part of receiving and processing messages from all types of media, much of what we know comes from research on attending to television and video.
Enjoyment/Entertainment Seeking
Authors: Klimmt Christoph
Published: September 2017

As early as 1962, → Elihu Katz and David Foulkes wondered why communication researchers had almost exclusively addressed mass media's persuasive capacities (→ Persuasion) and almost completely neglected its role as an agent of entertainment. Their surprise was caused by the simple observation that the bulk of mass media consumption at that time served entertainment needs – an observation that is equally, if not even more, valid today (→ Exposure to Communication Content). Cinema movies, television series, radio music, illustrated magazines, and video games (to name just a few examples) frequently attract mass audiences and serve as reliable “cash cows” of the media industries (Wolf 1999). Interestingly, communication research has begun to reflect the remarkable importance of media entertainment very late in the day. Since then, significant theoretical progress has been made on the description and explanation of entertainment experiences (Bryant & Vorderer 2006).
Hermeneutics
Authors: Peters John Durham , McCormick Samuel
Published: September 2017

“Hermeneutics” comes from the name of the Greek messenger god, Hermes – the patron of travelers, rogues, liars, and thieves. As the carrier of messages between gods and mortals, Hermes had to be fluent in both of their idioms. It was his task to build and maintain an interpretive bridge between alien worlds. Since he was also a trickster who could deliver messages in garbled form, the Greek verb
hermeneuō
meant to decipher cryptic or obscure meanings, and, more generally, to explain, translate, and express (Gadamer 1971). The term hermeneutics descends from this root, via the Latin
hermeneutica
, and has been used in English and German since the late seventeenth century. Today hermeneutics has two main senses: the art of reading texts, and the philosophy of textual interpretation and human understanding. However forbidding or exotic the term may sound, hermeneutics is a fundamental mode of inquiry into communication and its conditions. Indeed, hermeneutics and communication theory alike focus on how messages span the gaps of human togetherness (→ Communication Theory and Philosophy).
Interview, Standardized
Authors: Möhring Wiebke , Schluetz Daniela
Published: September 2017

Quantitative surveys are usually comprised of standardized interviews that are conducted by using a questionnaire. There are several methods (“modes”) to do so. The main differentiation between them is the communication channel used between the researcher and the interviewee: quantitative interviews may be conducted orally, either in person (face‐to‐face interview) or via telephone. They can also be carried out in writing. All three forms may be supported by the use of the computer (→ Interview; Public Opinion Polling). The interview situation will change significantly according to the applied mode.
Lebanon, 19th‐Century Revolts
Authors: Patrick Alexander Kristian
Published: September 2017

Throughout the nineteenth century, Lebanon experienced various uprisings resulting from a variety of grievances that were provoked by specific issues like taxation, land tenancy, conscription, and disarmament. In all cases these uprisings were reactions to attempts by the successive Ottoman pashas to impose tight controls on Mount Lebanon, and an enfeebled feudal aristocracy trying to preserve its eroding power and privilege. These uprisings were also an expression of an emancipated peasantry and clergy who were articulating a new spirit of collective consciousness. Prior to the uprising of 1820 the then Ottoman‐appointed pashlik of Sidon imposed himself as ruthless ruler over various provinces by expropriating most of the land to his profit and by demanding excessive custom duties, thereby diminishing the modest economic prosperity the mountainous area had to offer.
L
empira (d. 1537)
Authors: Uriona Viviana
Published: September 2017

The name Lempira means “Lord of the Mountains.” He was the Lenca chief of Coquin, then called “Gracias a Dios” in Honduras. This region was inhabited by many different indigenous tribes who spoke many different languages. The Mayas were the most developed among them. After the collapse of their culture, other groups came to settle in this region, including groups related to the Toltecs and Aztecs of Mexico, the Chibchas of Colombia, and even tribes from the southwestern United States. Another population, the Lencas, lived in the western‐central part of Honduras. The groups in this region had conflicts but kept trade relationships with each other and even with groups in Panama and Mexico. The aborigines were descendants of these tribes and of the Mayas.
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1870–1924)
Authors: Le Blanc Paul
Published: September 2017

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov was born on April 22, 1870 (April 10, according to the Old Style calendar then used in Russia) in Simbursk (later renamed Ulyanovsk), a provincial town on the Volga River. He was the third of six children in what was at first a relatively happy family. His father, Ilya Nikolaevich Ulyanov, was a respected director of public schools. His mother, Maria Alexandrovna Blank, was the daughter of a physician and taught her children a love of reading and music. His father died in 1886, and in 1887 his beloved older brother, Alexander, was arrested and hanged for involvement in an unsuccessful plot by revolutionary university students to assassinate Tsar Alexander III.
Leninist Philosophy
Authors: Le Blanc Paul
Published: September 2017

As with many key words, the term “Leninism” has come to have dramatically different meanings. Associated with the ideas and political efforts of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, for many it became associated with the ideology dominated and largely shaped after his death by Joseph Stalin.
Lesbian, Gay, Transsexual, Bisexual Movements,
A
ustralia
Authors: Willett Graham
Published: September 2017

Gay and lesbian politics came late to Australia. An effort in 1958 to establish an organization based on London's Homosexual Law Reform Society failed utterly. But a decade later, a flurry of independent efforts showed that the time had, at last, come. In Canberra, a small group of academics and journalists set up the Homosexual Law Reform Society. In Melbourne, half a dozen lesbians founded a branch of the Daughters of Bilitis as a social and political organization. But the real breakthrough came in 1970 in Sydney with the foundation of the Campaign Against Moral Persecution (CAMP, an acronym chosen because it was the word most homosexuals in Australia used to name themselves at that time).
Lesbian, Gay, Transsexual, Bisexual Movements,
G
ermany
Authors: Young Christopher
Published: September 2017

The history of the gay rights movement in Germany can be traced to the mid‐eighteenth century reign of Frederick the Great. In the century that followed, the movement was characterized by legal maneuvering, scientific theorization, and varied literary exploits. As the German nation was born out of the Prussian states in the 1870s, these modes of activism continued to grow and were gradually joined by more organized approaches that were enabled by communal identification and the dialogue that had been developing for over 100 years. Despite facing death and persecution during Hitler's Third Reich, the gay rights movement managed to reappear and continually reinvent itself throughout the second half of the twentieth century and into the present day.
Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919)
Authors: Gretz Michael F.
Published: September 2017

Karl Liebknecht was a German revolutionary leader, Marxist theoretician, and a main protagonist of the failed Spartacist uprising that followed Germany's defeat in World War I. Remembered as one of the founders of German communism, he was a main figure of the post‐World War I European revolutionary movement, using his oratorical skills and ability to motivate the masses to a level unsurpassed by any other communist leader outside of Russia at the time.
London Corresponding Society
Authors: Davis Michael T.
Published: September 2017

The London Corresponding Society (LCS) was a political reform society founded by Thomas Hardy, a shoemaker, in January 1792 and in existence until 1799. The LCS advocated a reformist agenda, although at times its membership overlapped with shadowy revolutionary groups like the United Englishmen.
Lorenzo Zelaya Popular Revolutionary Forces
Authors: Brett Edward T.
Published: September 2017

Lorenzo Zelaya was the president and driving force of the radical peasant organization, the National Federation of Honduran Peasants (FENACH). He was killed along with six of his comrades by the Honduran military in 1965.
Luddite Riots in Nottingham
Authors: Randall Adrian
Published: September 2017

The Luddites occupy a unique place in history, having, despite defeat, bequeathed their name to all future opponents of new technologies. Yet the original “Luddites,” the framework knitters of the east Midlands, fit the stereotype less well than those who followed them, for the “engines of mischief” which threatened the knitters' trade in 1811–12, the “wide frames,” had long been used to make lace cloth. The problem was the innovation of using cloth made from such frames to manufacture stockings from pieces sewn up with a seam, “cut‐ups,” rather than producing them “full‐wrought” in tubular form on the more complex stocking frame. This change, in a background of rapidly rising food costs, growing anger at falling piece rates, and the accelerating use of “illegal” apprentices, led to violent protests.
Lumumba, Patrice (1925–1961)
Authors: Olumuyiwa Omobowale Ayokunle
Published: September 2017

Born in Wembonya village in Katoko‐Kombe District of Sankuru, in the Province of Kasai, Patrice Lumumba received primary education in a Catholic school until the age of 14, when he opted for Protestant education against his father's wishes. Under Protestant tutelage, Lumumba was introduced to European liberal and socialist ideas, including the works of Sartre and Karl Marx, which may have influenced his political thought.
Luther, Martin (1483–1546)
Authors: Martin Peterson Nora
Published: September 2017

Martin Luther is one of the most important figures in the Protestant Reformation. Today it is believed that Luther's writings, ranging in scope from theological tracts, sermons, and commentaries to translations and polemics, account for approximately 20 percent of all literature printed in Germany between 1500 and 1530. The implications of his split from the Roman Catholic Church triggered the Peasants' Revolution of 1524–5 and paved the way for the Protestant Reformation. His complete translation of the Bible into German (1534) provided access to scripture, which he believed was vital to a personal understanding of God. The standards he set by selecting each word carefully from a vast mix of Germanic dialects often lend him the title of “father of the German language.”
Machado, Popular Cuban Anti‐Government Struggle, 1930s
Authors: Gonzalez Mike
Published: September 2017

It is customary to set the origins of the Cuban Revolution in the failed assault on the Moncada barracks led by Fidel Castro on July 26, 1953. In reality this was the second assault on the armaments stores of the Cuban state. The first, which also failed, was led by Antonio Guiteras in the early 1930s and formed part of a mounting resistance to the dictatorship of Gerardo Machado. That movement of opposition to his authoritarian rule culminated in 1933 with a series of strikes and political struggles that marked Cuba's subsequent history to a profound degree; the legacy of 1933, both positive and negative, shaped the ideological and organizational environment out of which the revolutionaries of 1959 would emerge. Yet that connection has been largely unacknowledged.
Mali, Protests and Uprisings, 1850s–2005
Authors: Sène Jean‐Jacques N.
Published: September 2017

Mali has long been a crossroads for the Arab peoples of North Africa and for black peoples living south of the Sahara and has seen a number of protests and revolutions. It was the seat of major medieval empires. In the seventh and eighth centuries the kingdom of Ghana rose to prominence through the commerce of gold, salt, and slaves. In the thirteenth century the empire of Mali, at its zenith in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, was erected on the ruins of Ghana, which eventually collapsed and gave way to the empire of Gao in the sixteenth century.
Manley, Michael (1924–1997)
Authors: King Cheryl L. A.
Published: September 2017

Michael Manley was a labor organizer, founder of the Jamaican anti‐colonial movement, and prime minister dedicated to fighting poverty by ending western political and economic imperialism and leading the country toward democratic socialism. His dedication to a new economic path for Jamaica influenced a generation of advocates for equality and independence in the Caribbean and throughout the world from the 1960s to the 1990s.
Mao Zedong (1893–1976)
Authors: Fennell Vera Leigh
Published: September 2017

There has never been a more appropriate illustration of the old Chinese curse “may you live in interesting times” than the life and times of Mao Zedong (Mao Tsetung). Coming of age during the first part of the twentieth century, he spent the rest of the century ensuring that others would live through similarly interesting times. He was an educator, a poet, a journalist, a military strategist, a political theorist, a revolutionary, and the official and spiritual leader of the largest communist nation the world has ever seen. He helped to found the Communist Party of China (CPC) and reinterpreted Marxism‐Leninism by theorizing the revolutionary potential of rural farmers. His insight made China a beacon of revolution and made “Mao Tsetung Thought” its revolutionary polestar for communist and nationalist revolutionaries in the Third World and beyond. Movements such as the Black Panther Party of the United States, the Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) of Peru, and the Communist Party of Nepal, as well as communist party organizations in India, the Philippines, and around the world were Maoist in their organization, strategy, and revolutionary ideology.
Marianne, French Revolutionary Icon
Authors: Herscher Walter R.
Published: September 2017

Since the French Revolution of 1789, Marianne has been the name of a symbolic female in a red cap representing the liberty of the French nation. Historically, rightist governments have tended to deemphasize Marianne, while leftist governments have given her more prominence. Today's version depicts a youthful female wearing a red cap, sometimes with a tricolor sash or clothing.
M
arighella,
C
arlos (1911–1969) and the Brazilian Urban Guerilla Movement
Authors: Novaes Henrique Tahan
Published: September 2017

Brazilian communist militant Carlos Marighella was born in Salvador, Bahia. The son of a poor family, he dedicated his life to working‐class causes. During his youth, he protested against racism at school and was arrested and tortured after sending an offensive poem to the government. At 18 he entered the Polytechnic School of Bahia to study civil engineering, but abandoned his studies. A few years later he moved to Rio de Janeiro, becoming a member of the Communist Party (PCB) in 1932. Four years later he was arrested again and tortured for 23 days by Brazilian police, remaining in prison for a whole year. Marighella then moved to São Paulo, where he began to act on two major fronts: reorganizing the revolutionary communists, hardly affected by repression, and the combat against terror imposed by the dictatorship of Getúlio Vargas. In 1939 he returned to prison and remained there for six years. Even under brutal torture he refused to give information to the police. In prison he dedicated his revolutionary energy to the political education of other prisoners.