bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies in findings from effectiveness reviews: the case of health promotion interventions to change cholesterol levels
Authors: Peersman G. , Harden A. , Oliver S. , Oakley A.
Published: March 2007

The research reported in this paper aimed to determine how different search strate gies for identifying primary studies, and different inclusion criteria linked to study design, may alter the recommendations of reviews about health promotion inter ventions to change cholesterol levels. Varying search strategies have an effect on the overall number of studies that can be included and on the relative numbers of different study designs. Differences in inclusion criteria result in reviews similar in focus being different in their recommendations. Thus, methodological differences between effectiveness reviews are of substantive concern; the way a review is done affects its 'findings'. (This paper is the second in a series of three. The first was published in the previous issue of the HEJ.)
Causes and effects of stress on farmers: a qualitative study
Authors: Raine Gary
Published: March 2007

This study explored stress in farming with farmers from an area of North Yorkshire. It focused on three main issues: farmers' perception of the stress involved in farming, the causes of stress and the personal effects of stress. A qualitative methodology was adopted and semi-structured interviews con ducted with 20 farmers aged 25-63. The results showed that farming was commonly perceived to be stressful, and the majority of participants thought that the occupation was becoming increasingly more stressful. From the inter views, it was possible to identify paperwork, finance and the BSE situation as the three main causes of stress. In addition, many of the farmers admitted to being affected by stress on occasions and numerous different effects were reported. Further research in the UK on farmer stress is recommended.
The nautee in 'the second city of the Empire'
Authors: Bhattacharya Rimli
Published: March 2007

In this article I shall be bringing together several otherwise disparate histories of nineteenth- century Bengal: of migrant women turning to some form of prostitution; of traditions of women performers active in Calcutta from the eighteenth century; and finally , that of representation and female impersonation among the upper-class practitioners of private theatricals (1830s-60s). With the induction of women as actresses in 1873, there appears to be a point of no return in men playing the women's parts on the Bengali public stage. I suggest that this should not be read as a sudden break, but rather as a 'resolution' of contradictions, dilemmas and anxieties evident in the histories outlined above. A useful but neglected perspective on this trajectory emerges from the relationship of gender to genre and musical forms: this article seeks to initiate such an inquiry.
Mental Illness Beliefs in Malaysia: Ethnic and Intergenerational Comparisons
Authors: Edman Jeanne L. , Teh Yik Koon
Published: March 2007

Two groups of college students in Malaysia, ethnic Malay and ethnic Chinese, completed a mental illness attribution and help seeking questionnaire, and these responses were also compared with the responses of their mothers. As expected, ethnic Malays rated religious items, such as God and prayer, higher than the Chinese. However, both groups rated the social and psychological causes higher than religious, supernatural or physical causes. Contrary to our predictions, there were no intergenerational differences among either ethnic group. Medical pluralism was demonstrated, as a variety of apparently contradictory help seeking behaviors received quite high ratings including doctor/pharmacy, prayer, herbal medicine and traditional healers.
Labeling Effect of Seishin-Bunretsu-Byou, the Japanese Translation for Schizophrenia: an Argument for Relabeling
Authors: Sugiura Tomoko , Sakamoto Shinji , Tanaka Eriko , Tomoda Atsuko , Kitamura Toshiori
Published: March 2007

Stigma attached to individuals with schizophrenia may be derived from its diag nostic label. Two forms of a questionnaire were distributed to 189 Japanese university students. Each questionnaire contains case vignettes of schizophrenia and major depression. In one form, the students were told at the close of each vignette the diagnostic label assigned to that case (the label group) whereas in another form, they were not done so (the control group). The students were also asked to rate negative image of the case in four items each. The label group was significantly higher than the control group in three of the four negative image items for the vignette of schizophrenia. They did not differ in any of the negative image items for the vignette of depression. This suggests that the label of schizophrenia (the Japanese translation Seishin-bunretsu-byou) has stigmatizing effect. We discussed these findings in the light of the implications of a relabeling, and argued for a change of name.
Home Treatment
Authors: Perkins Rachel , Burns Tom
Published: March 2007

Background: Deinstitutionalisation has stressed where care is no longer taking place. Home treatment in rehabilitation reflects the steady increase in emphasis on support and treatment for individuals with long-term disorders where it matters for them - in their own homes.

Materials and Discussion: Whether dealing with individuals discharged after long periods in hospital or with the increasing number who have experienced repeated short-term admissions, most modern day rehabilitation takes place in the patients' homes and neighbourhoods. We are increasingly convinced that this decentralisa tion is a positive strength, not a problem. Its advantages include improving social inclusion and the ability to conduct more accurate, personalised assessments of disabilities and strengths. Skills training is more focused and we discuss the components of home treatment and assertive community treatment as they are relevant to rehabilitation. This involves both medication and practical help, broker age and involvement with the voluntary sector.

Conclusions: Rehabilitation remains, at its core, a set of relationships between whole individuals (not just skills and needs). A home-based approach is proposed as the norm, not the exception. It is based on a rounded understanding of the patient as a unique person and emphasises the importance of a strong working alliance.
Management of Compulsorily Admitted Patients To a High Security Unit
Authors: Bolton Patrick
Published: March 2007

The case-notes of all the 92 patients compulsorily detained under the Mental Health Act from 1st October 1982 - 31st December 1983 were examined retrospectively to deter mine the reasons for transfer to a high Security Unit. Young adult male schizophrenics who were unemployed predominated. Aggressive behaviour was associated with transfer but there was no such relationship with formal diagnosis. Lack of co-operation of the patient was seen more frequently in ethnic minority patients and may be a factor in influencing a trend towards ethnic minority patients being over populated on the unit. The reasons and implications of these findings are discussed.
Recent U.S. Trends in the Age Decrement in Health Satisfaction: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Kleiman Michael B.
Published: March 2007

One of the most salient components of older patients' mental disposition involves satisfaction with health. Low health satisfaction has been observed to be associated with anomia, unhappiness, high body concern, poor adjustment to the environment, low activity, and depression. Yet a number of issues in the area remain under-investigated. One such issue involves change over time in the elderly populace's general level of content ment with health. The present study utilizes data' from the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago to investigate this subject. The preliminary findings suggest that the extent to which the aged are highly satisfied with their health has been declining, particularly in comparison to that of their younger counterparts.
Anxiety Provoking Situations in Indian Families
Authors: Rao V.N. , Channabasavanna S.M. , Parthasarathy R.
Published: March 2007

Life situations pertaining to the relationship dimension are viewed in respect of families of anxiety patients and normals. Grand-parents' interference, parents-in-law relationships, parents' role functioning, siblings' interaction, marital relationships and other relatives' cooperation are studied for 20 anxiety patients and 40 normals based on group matching. It was found that frequent interference of grand-parents, dissatisfaction with parents-in-law, inadequate mutually contradictory parents' role runctioning, dis harmonious siblings interaction, threatening and conflicting marital life and lack of cooperation and support on the part of other relatives seem to be sources of anxiety in the Indian setting.
Effect of Type of Cause on Attitudes toward Mental Illness and Relationships between the Attitudes
Authors: Eker Dogan
Published: March 2007

The effects of four types of supposedly causative factors on judgements of mental illness, social distance, and prognosis were assessed among university students. Correlations bet ween the components of attitudes were also examined. A vignette format was utilized. Analysis showed that the etiology of the case and the sex of the respondents had no significant influence except for sex in only one social distance item. However, there were statistically nonsignifi cant tendencies. Correlations revealed few significant relationships between the components of attitudes. The results are considered to be in line with previous research in the sense that attitudes toward mental illness are not highly structured.
The Distribution of Sex and Age Among Victims of Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: March 2007

Lester (1982) examined the distribution of suicides by sex and age for the countries of the world and found very different patterns. Females completed suicide at a relatively higher rate in Asian countries. The peak age for suicide was over 75 in almost all nations (except for females alone in the poorest countries where the peak was in those aged 15-24).

The present study explores the distribution of victims of homicide by sex and age, since preliminary indications indicated interesting trends. For the sex ratio, Verkko (1951) hypothesized that the ratio of the male to female homicide rates would be higher in countries with the higher homicide rates, that is, the presence of a very high homicide rate in a country is primarily accounted for by a very high male homicide rate.

For the age distribution of homicide victims, it appeared that in some countries young adults were killed at the highest rates, whereas in many other countries, babies in the first year of life were most at risk for homicide. This promised to be an interesting focus for the study.
Psychiatric Consultation in Micronesia: the Question of Organicity
Authors: Hunter Ernest M. , Allan Andrew T.
Published: March 2007

The authors report on 37 referrals seen for psychiatric consultation during visits to various islands in Micronesia. A large number demonstrated either organic mental disorders or con tributory medical illnesses. Observed differences between males and females are examined. In such cross-cultural settings, the authors emphasize the need for psychiatric expertise respon sive not only to the dimension of culture in evaluation and treatment, but also to the impor tance of vigilance for organic processes that may require special attention.
Four Culture-Bound Psychiatric Syndromes in India
Authors: Akhtar Salman
Published: March 2007

This paper describes four culture-bound psychiatric syndromes seen in India. It highlights their phenomenology and briefly comments upon the socio-cultural cor relates of such symptom constellations.
Alcohol Consumption By Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Potamianos G. , Gorman D.M. , Duffy S.W. , Peters T.J.
Published: March 2007

Three hundred and twenty nine (329) patients aged between 18 and 60 years atten ding the diabetic, hypertension and fracture clinics were studied with regard to their alcohol consumption.

The findings confirm the general view that a considerable number of patients atten ding the general medical services may be considered as problem drinkers, a factor which may contribute to their overall medical complaint.
Outcome of Family Therapy—Two Year Follow-Up
Authors: Prabhu Leny R. , Desai Nimesh G. , Raghuram Ahalya , Channabasavanna S.M.
Published: March 2007

The authors report the findings of an evaluation exercise to assess the efficacy of brief, integrative, inpatient family therapy with a follow-up period of two years. The index patients and their families were assessed for improvement in symptoms and satisfaction in family life. The assessment was possible for 55% of the families, either in person or by post. Nearly 43% of the families reported good improvement, 8% reported no improvement at all and the remaining families reported varying degrees of improvement. Regularity of follow up visits and degree of improvement did not seem to be related. One fifth of the families had not reported for any follow up visits, but when assessed after two years reported good improvement and satisfaction with the treatment.
Culture, Personality and Psychotherapy
Authors: Varma Vijoy K.
Published: March 2007

Conventional Western-model psychotherapy is based on a number of premises regar ding its rationale and technique. The increasing experience in psychotherapy globally is questioning the universality of these premises, suggesting that these could be to a large extent culture-specific, having developed in a particular culture at a particular time. Hence, the need to move from a dogmatic approach to psychotherapy to a flex ible approach taking into account the socio-cultural reality.

The paper identifies a number of cultural variables involving the intrapsychic mechanisms (e.g. cognitive and expressive), social relatedness (e.g. autonomy, social distance) and religious-philosophical belief systems (concept of sin, and belief in fatalism and after-life/reincarnation) and discusses their role in the approach to and process of psychotherapy, illustrating it with the situation in the Indian setting.
General Practitioner Referrals To an Ambulatory Psychiatric Service. the Effects of Establishing an Ease of Access Service
Authors: Boardman A.P. , Bouras N. , Craig T.K.J.
Published: March 2007

The effects of establishing an ease of access 'walk-in' service on General Practitioner referrals to the ambulatory services of a catchment area psychiatric service are outlined. The characteristics of the patients referred are described. GPs made immediate and sustained use of the walk-in service and its creation expanded use of the ambulatory services by an overall 50%. Individual GPs were found to use the ambulatory services disproportionately and to discriminate between their use of the walk-in service and the coexisting traditionally run outpatient clinic. The walk-in ser vice also allowed patients to refer themselves; a policy which did not result in a flood of inappropriate referrals but enabled patients, already familiar with the service, to re-establish contact in times of distress. The findings are discussed in terms of the current growth of Community Mental Health Centres in the United Kingdom and their implications for GP/Psychiatric Service liaison.
Age, Unemployment and Parasuicide in Leeds
Authors: Standish-Barry H.M.S. , Clayden A. , Sims A.C.P.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between unemployment and parasuicide was examined amongst males and females in the City of Leeds between 1978 and 1982. The association between unemployment and parasuicide was found to be positive and significant in middle aged men. However, there was a negative and significant relationship between unemployment and parasuicide in older men aged between 55 and 59 years. For females between the ages of 20 and 25 years there was a significant negative relation ship between unemployment and parasuicide. The findings which are discussed are considered to provide evidence for the hypothesis that unemployment may exert a differing vulnerability effect on proneness to parasuicide in different age groups and between the two sexes.
Social of Epilepsy in Kuwait
Authors: El-Hilu Saleh M.
Published: March 2007

A retrospective analysis of the in-patients' case notes of 55 chronic epileptics admit ted for psychiatric treatment to Kuwait Psychological Medicine Hospital revealed that the commonest seizure type was generalized grand mal epilepsy. Adverse effects on marriage, education and occupation were common. It is concluded that epilep tics are more prone to have social difficulties, and that their marital status and fer tility are far from satisfactory. The findings of the present study are similar to those reported in the literature.
Emotional Changes in Pregnancy and Early Puerperium Among the Yoruba Women of Nigeria
Authors: Jinadu M.K. , Daramola S.O.
Published: March 2007

A randomly selected clinic population of 400 pregnant women in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, were interviewed for complaints of psychological disorders during the last trimester of pregnancy and the post-partum period. The study shows a considerable degree of psychological disturbances during pregnancy which later decreased significantly dur ing the post-partum. While the complaints of worrying, guilt-feeling, nausea and vomiting and "heat in-the-head", were significantly more common in younger women, insomnia and anorexia were more common in older women. The incidence of psychological complaints among the women decreased with increasing parity. There was no significant difference in the incidence between women with monogamous and polygamous marriages.
Problems of Meaning in Psychiatric Screening Scales: a Critique and Possible Solutions
Authors: Pimley Scott
Published: March 2007

It is argued that there are problems in the way that psychiatric screening scales are constructed. The normal procedure is to collect a group of symptom items and sum them creating a single score. While researchers generally assign an equal weight to each symptom, this is not warranted. Using data from two psychiatric screening scales from large representative samples, it is shown that symptoms vary tremen dously in the degree to which they are experienced in the population; the more rare symptoms appear to measure depression while the more common symptoms sound much like stress. Summing these items and assigning them equal weights makes little sense, given these differences. Examining case profiles shows that individuals with quite different symptom patterns receive identical scores. Several alternative methods of creating psychiatric screening scales are suggested, including eliminating some items, and devising systems of symptom weights; factor analysis is ruled out, however.
Alcohol and Drug Use, Family Situation and School Performance in Adolescent Children of Alcoholics
Authors: Hyphantis T. , Koutras V. , Liakos A. , Marselos M.
Published: March 2007

A survey was conducted in a population of about 8000 Greek high school students (grades 9 and 12) in order to investigate factors possibly contributing to alcohol consumption. A self-rating multiple choice questionnaire was used. The present report focuses on students with alcoholic parents. Parameters studied include students' alcohol and drug use, school performance, family relationships, socioeco nomic factors and parental control. In 3.3% of the sample parental alcoholism was reported. The results indicated that parental alcoholism is a strong predictor variable for the student's alcohol and drug use. Furthermore, predictability of the student's alcohol and drug use is increased when relatives' and friends' alcoholism are taken into account. Thus, family and/or peer actual alcohol use patterns appear to be a strong influence on adolescentalcohol and drug use. School performance is worse in children of alcoholics, andfamily situations (eg. divorces) as well as family dynamics (relationships with the family) are disturbed, in comparison with families of students with nonalcoholic parents. These results are discussed in terms of 'modelling' for drinking and drug behaviour and the socialisation process within the family.
How Normal Are Anxiety and Fear?
Authors: Hodiamont Paul P.G.
Published: March 2007

In practice or in research, psychiatrists should confine their work to abnormal or pathological phenomena. To distinguish normality from abnormality, psychiatrists (often implicitly) test people's behaviour against the following criteria: suffering, loss of autonomy and unreality. The positive aspects of anxiety/fear will be discussed: in how far the phenomenon induces pleasure, enhances autonomy or is justified. This approach to the reality aspect is through an ethological focus on a specific form of fear — the fear of strangers in young children. The prevalence of abnormal fear and anxiety in similar populations is shown to be dependent on the way in which (ab)normality is operationalised. A qualitative individual-oriented approach yields considerably less anxiety than a quantitative group-oriented approach. In practice a careful assessment of (ab)normality will help the psychia trist to treat normal anxiety in an efficient and abnormal anxiety in an effective manner.
The Arab Nurse and the Jewish Psychotic Patient in the Closed Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Fennig Shmuel , Tevesess Ilan , Kashkush Gaber , Zmiro Galeb
Published: March 2007

The ongoing Israeli-Arab conflict has its impact on the mental health system. This issue is investigated from the point of view of the interactional process in the locked unit mainly between the Arab nurse and the Jewish psychotic patient.

The unique experience of being treated by the formal enemy during one of the most vulnerable periods seems to be sometimes even therapeutic for the patient. Aspects concerning psychopathology, psychodynamics and social interaction are evaluated through observation and interviews with patients and staff members. Ways of dealing with the complicated issues are discussed.
Exploring the Feasibility of Assessing Perceived Parental Rearing Styles in Spanish Children With Theembu
Authors: Castro J. , Toro J. , Van der Ende J. , Arrindell W.A.
Published: March 2007

Most of the available data on the dimensional structure underlying the EMBU - an originally Swedish measure designed to assess one's recollections concerning one's parents' rearing behaviour - has been obtained with adults or adolescents. In the present study, using exploratory factor analysis, an attempt was made to determine the EMBU factorial structure in a Spanish sample of children aged 7-12 years (N=205). Four factors explaining only 24% and 25% of the total variance in the ratings of the fathers and those of the mothers, respectively, and being invariant across parental sex, were interpreted: Emotional Warmth, Rejection, Control Attempts, and Favouring Subject. Results with respect to the internal consistency reliability of the corresponding scales were satisfactory, as were homogeneity figures pertaining to each set of theoretically-related items. Higher-order analyses of the first-order dimensions (mothers and fathers jointly) revealed three factors explaining 85% of the total variance: Control Attempts, Care (Rejection vs. Emotional Warmth), and Favouring Subject. The factorially-derived (first-order) scales were uncorrelated with sex of the recipient. All scales (except Rejection) correlated sizeably, negatively, with age (medium effect size) pointing, as outlined, to the need to take into account the relevant normative, design and research implications in further investigation. Some similarities and differences with findings yielded previously with adults and adolescents are briefly pinpointed.
Premature Termination of Psychiatric Contact
Authors: Hillis Graham , Alexander David A. , Eagles John M.
Published: March 2007

Failure to complete psychiatric treatment is an extensive and wasteful problem. This retrospective casenote study of 252 patients, suffering from a neurotic disorder, investigated which clinical and sociodemographic factors were associated with premature termination of psychiatric treatment. It was found that a history of deliberate self harm was strongly linked with the patients discontinuing their treatment. Other clinical factors, viz, diagnosis, duration of illness, a history of alcohol abuse and a family history of psychiatric illness were not however associated with premature termination of treatment. Older patients and those who were married were least likely to end treatment in this fashion, but sex of the patient, employment status, and distance from the hospital had no such link. Belonging to socioeconomic group 5 was significantly associated with premature termination although no other associations with social groupings were found.
Psychological Effects of Colliery Closures
Authors: Rowlands Paul , Huws Rhodri
Published: March 2007

A 'factory closure' type study was conducted by postal survey to assess the impact of the colliery closure programme on individuals. Two collieries were studied, one 'threatened' and one 'unthreatened'. Replies were received from 30% of potential subjects. Miners at the threatened colliery had higher mean GHQ scores and reported greater alcohol consumption and more recent contact with their general practitioners.

This study suggests that threat of unemployment and actual unemployment has a significant effect on psychological morbidity, potentially harmful behaviour and use of general practitioners.
The Factor Structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30) in Japanese Middle-Aged and Elderly Residents
Authors: Ohta Yasuyuki , Kawasaki Naomi , Araki Kenichi , Mine Mariko , Honda Sumihisa
Published: March 2007

We conducted Goldberg's 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) on 1,216 Japanese general population aged 40-92. Among them, 9.8% of males and 13.7% of females scored over the cut-off point which is used to indicate minor psychiatric disorders. Factor analysis was carried out using the Likert method and eight factors labelled as follows were selected: depression, anxiety and tension, anergia, interpersonal dysfunction, difficulty in coping, insomnia, anhedonia and social avoidance. The mean value of the standardized scores for each age-sex group indicated that changes in sex-age social roles with age affect the mental health of the general population.
Post Partum Psychosis: a Clinical Study
Authors: Agrawal P. , Bhatia M.S. , Malik S.C.
Published: March 2007

In this study of 192 cases of post partum psychosis, the mean age of cases was 24.2 years. A past history of post partum psychosis was present in 16 cases (8.3%). As per the RDC categories, a majority of patients had unspecified functional psychosis and developed psychosis after the birth of first child. There was a positive correlation between the birth of female child and psychosis. The majority of cases developed psychosis within first 2 weeks after delivery. There were several other statistically significant differences when these cases were compared with non-puerperal, disease-matched controls.
Hundred Years of Koro the History of a Culture-Bound Syndrome
Authors: Chowdhury Arabinda N.
Published: March 2007

Koro was first reported in Western medical press in 1895. The original oriental culture-bound 'Koro' is now referred to as 'genital retraction syndrome' in the global literature. During this span of a century, the primary cultural etiological focus of Koro has also shifted towards the concept of disordered body-image perception. A review of the world Koro literature (English language journals and books) of varied ethnic groups, geographical regions and with different comorbidities, shows a fascinating history of its clinical and conceptual progress over the years. This is a brief discussion on the publication history of Koro over the last hundred years.
Suicidality and Personality in American and Kuwaiti Students
Authors: Lester David , Abdel-Khalek Ahmed
Published: March 2007

In samples of American and Kuwaiti college students, current and prior suicidal preoccupation were associated with measures of psychological disturbance, with depression being the strongest predictor of suicidality in both samples. Although the Kuwaiti students were more depressed than the American students, they reported less prior suicidal preoccupation.
An Experimental Course in Business Communications
Authors: Zoerner C.E. , Jameson C.S.K.
Published: March 2007

The intent of the experimental course described here was to involve students actively in discussions of communication theory beyond the elementary level and to allow them to design and perform laboratory experiments to test their hypotheses.
The Effects of Personality Traits On the Perception of Written Mass Communication
Authors: Bruno Sam J.
Published: March 2007

In the perception of mass communication, different personality traits favor reader-oriented and company-oriented advertisements. Experimental results also suggest that personality types (extraverts and introverts) perceive mass commu . nication differently.
Analysis of Laminated Anisotropic Tubes Under Combined Loading
Authors: Whitney J.M. , Halpin J.C.
Published: March 2007

Using Donnell's approximations, the analysis of a laminated anisotropic tube under combined tension or compression, internal pressure, and torque is presented. Results show that a tube clamped at one end while free to rotate at the opposite end can be used to completely characterize the mechanical properties of a fiber re inforced composite material.
Wave Surfaces Due to Impact on Anisotropic Plates
Authors: Moon Francis C.
Published: March 2007

The stress waves induced in anisotropic plates by transverse, short- duration impact forces are examined in this report The anisotropy is related to the layup angles of the fibers of a fiber composite laminated plate. Using a modification of Mindlin's approximate theory of plates, it is shown that both extensional and bending waves are generated by transverse impact. The magnitudes of the wave velocities in different directions are calculated for graphite fiber-epoxy matrix plates for various layup angles. Finally, the shapes of the wave fronts or wave surfaces due to point impact are also presented for the cases mentioned.
Process Modeling of Composite Materials: Residual Stress Development during Cure. Part II. Experimental Validation
Authors: White S.R. , Hahn H.T.
Published: March 2007

In a companion paper [1] a process model was developed for investigation of residual stress development during autoclave or hot press processing of thermosetting polymer matrix composites. Several material property characterization studies are re quired as input to this model. The present paper summarizes the results of the character ization studies required for input to the model and validation of the model is accomplished by the intermittent cure of unsymmetric cross-ply laminates in which the processing- induced residual curvatures are measured.

An IM6/3100 graphite/bismaleimide composite system was chosen for the study. Longi tudinal and transverse mechanical properties were shown to increase during the cure cycle due to increase in matrix strength and stiffness and development of the fiber/matrix bond. Thermal strains were shown to remain relatively constant during cure. Chemical strains occur early in the cure cycle and are completed before cure is fully developed. The vis coelastic mechanical response of BMI is strongly dependent on the cure state. At low cure states the creep response is quite significant. As full cure is approached, the material becomes predominantly elastic. Based on the measured input data, the viscoelastic analy sis showed that the contribution of chemical strains to residual stress was less than 4% for a typical cure cycle. A good correlation was obtained between model predictions and ex perimental warpage data for the cure cycle investigated.
English youth movements, 1908-30
Authors: Wilkinson Paul
Published: March 2007

This and the following article are the first in a series of essays on 'Generations in Conflict' to be published in forthcoming issues of this Journal.
'We Have To Train Men From Labourers': the Agricultural Implement Trade 1918-1945
Authors: Fahey Charles , Lack John
Published: March 2007

Between the wars, H. V. McKay's Sunshine Harvester Works was one of the more modern production plants in Australia. In a recent article in the Journal of Industrial Relations, Sandra Cockfield argues that industrial tribunals had little influence at McKay's, leaving management strategy unaltered and workers without influence or protection. The firm was able to de-skill the workforce using a minute division of labour and the mechanisation of production and replace men, first with cheap juvenile labour and later with women and girls. Using the records of the Sunshine Harvester Works and other implement firms, this paper argues that the success of Sunshine management was not so complete. Although decisions of industrial tribunals largely favoured Sunshine's management, modern production methods were not introduced without concessions to employees. In return for intense work routines, Sunshine paid its employees higher wages than were available in other implement firms, and to keep expensive plant in continual production it provided its employees with long-term employment. Despite claims to the arbitration courts that they required unskilled men, the firm frequently recruited those with experience and invested considerable effort and resources in training tradesmen. Women were only introduced in bolt and core-making. Throughout the period the Sunshine management to refused to offer formal recognition to unions. This did not stop employees from developing a collective ethos, and in the late 1930s a shopfloor unionism emerged at Sunshine.
Promotion and Disciplinary Appeals for Government Employees
Authors: McCarry G.J.
Published: March 2007

Appeal tribunals to deal with promotion and disciplinary appeals for Crown employees in N.S.W. have caused difficulties and industrial relations problems almost continuously since 1971. They were the subject of recent election promises and the principal union (the Public Service Association) has decided to press for reforms. By examining events in N.S.W. and by looking briefly at legislation elsewhere it seems possible to identify some features of these tribunals which are important to their proper functioning. Of particular signifi cance are the criteria for selection of a chairman, procedure before the tribunal including the right to representation of appellants and the choice of a "judicial" or a "committee" format. A model is suggested which might meet the most important objections of employers and employees.
Australian Compulsory Arbitration— Some Proposed Modifications
Authors: Donn Clifford B.
Published: March 2007

The debate about the merits and demerits of Australia's unique industrial relations arrangements is as old, or older, than those arrangements themselves. This paper will take the view that those advocating substantial change in the system have won the day, at least in terms of the intellectual debate, and that it is now time to consider a major overhaul of Australian industrial relations institutions. The attempt here will be to move the debate into the area of specific policy recommendations. First, there will be a very brief review of the arguments for changing the system. This will be followed by an evaluation of precisely what goals we ought to expect a well-functioning industrial relations system to attain. Finally, suggestions will be offered on possible alterations to our industrial relations institutions and an assessment made of the likely costs of such changes.
Queensland Teachers' Salaries: A Case Study in Militancy
Authors: McMorrow J.F.
Published: March 2007

Teachers seem to be amongst the more willing of white-collar employees to participate in direct action over political and industrial issues. For this reason the phenomenon of teacher militancy deserves special study. This paper provides a case study of an attempt by the leadership of the Queensland Teachers Union to organize a state-wide teachers' strike as part of a salaries campaign conducted during 1974. Internal procedures leading to the formulation of a salaries claim and the organization of the subsequent campaign are discussed as is the Union's relationships with its principal targets. Data for the case study are gathered by such methods as document analysis, personal interview and participant observation.

The events are interpreted in terms of the Queensland Teachers Union's in ternal characteristics, alternative sources of influence, tactics and outcomes. This in turn enables a judgment of the Queensland Teachers Union's political and industrial effectiveness. Implications for the Union and for the development of teachers' industrial relations in Queensland are also briefly considered.

The case study shows that the Union was unable to sustain a conflict over the issue and was unable to influence significantly either the Queensland Public Service Board or the Industrial Commission of Conciliation and Arbitration. Intramural conflict, which was facilitated by the Queensland Teachers Union's organizational structure, is shown to have been a significant constraint on the successful outcome of this foray into widespread teacher militancy in Queensland.
The Short-Term Impact on Participants of Youth Employment and Training Programs
Authors: Stretton Alan
Published: March 2007

The short-term impact of five youth employment and training programs on the labour market experience of participants is evaluated. The analysis is based on data collected in a November 1981 sample survey of 1500 young people who had finished their period of program assistance about six months earlier. The main conclusion is that the four job-based programs performed significantly better than the course- based one in terms of the subsequent labour market experience of the participants. The relative success of the job-based programs reflects the possibility of participants of thése schemes being retained by their placement employer once the subsidy is withdrawn. The paper also discusses how the different programs may assist participants in improving their labour market experience. The type of training and work experience, the value of contacts gained during the program, and the benefits of not being unemployed while searching for a job are briefly examined.
The Hancock Report: Blueprint for Reform
Authors: Willis Ralph
Published: March 2007

The Hancock Committee of Review found a great deal of criticism of the present system of industrial relations. It concluded, however, that abandonment of the current system was not justified. The two recommendations made by the Committee that have been most debated—the proposals to allow the possibility of opting out of the conciliation and arbitration system and to omit sanctions from the industrial relations legislation— are discussed in detail in this paper. The government has welcomed the clear and comprehensive analysis in the Report and is giving detailed consideration to all its recommendations as a matter of urgency.
The Role of Specialist Tribunals
Authors: Romeyn Jane
Published: March 2007

The Australian Conciliation and Arbitration Commission has tended to dominate Australian industrial relations and industrial relations studies. But numerous sub systems exist, based particularly on the state and federal specialist and mainstream tribunals. This paper examines the specialist tribunals of the state and federal systems. They have been created for a number of reasons and fulfil a variety of functions. Centralized wage fixation has, however, emphasized the need for co-ordination among them. Despite a trend towards their abolition, they can still fulfil a need in some cases and are unlikely to present a major threat to the viability of the centralized system.
Productivity, Negotiation and Arbitration: The Coal Industry Case, 1985-86
Authors: Smith Greg
Published: March 2007

The focus of this paper is the Australian coal industry dispute of 1985-86, which concluded with a decision by the Coal Industry Tribunal in June 1986. The central issue of the dispute was a productivity-based wage claim put forward by the unions involved in the coal industry. The paper examines the bargaining positions adopted by the unions and the coal producers on this issue and the process by which the tribunal arrived at its decision. Tlie wider implications of the negotiation/arbitration path followed and, in particular, the significance of the productivity criterion as a basis for settlement are also discussed.
The Impact of Redundancy on Subsequent Labour Market Experience
Authors: Wooden Mark
Published: March 2007

In recent years concern with the problems arising from joblessness and redundancy has increased. This article attempts to identify influences on the subsequent labour market experience of workers niade redundant. This study is an extensive review of the case-study evidence on redundancy situations, both in Australia and overseas. It is concluded that the probability and speed of re-employment are affected by the state of the local labour market, the scale of the retrenchments relative to the local labour market, the breadth of the industrial base of the region in which the redundancies occur, the promptness and intensity of job search, and various personal characteristics of the workers involved such as age, skill, education and family status.
Employment and Wages Policy in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Lodewijks John
Published: March 2007

Various aspects of the problem of promoting further productive employment oppor tunities in Papua New Guinea are examined in this paper. One is the price of labour, especially the level at which urban minimum wages are fixed, and the possible benefits of restraining wage growth. A second aspect is the supply of labour, which has been growing rapidly as a result of population growth, while rural-urban migration has increased the number of jobs required in urban locations. Third, the demand for labour is examined Here more emphasis needs to be given to encouraging smaller-scale labour- intensive activities in rural areas.
Labour Market Deregulation— A Comparative Study of Retail Industry Workplaces
Authors: Hammond Suzanne
Published: March 2007

In the last century there has been an ongoing debate about the merits of Australia's unique system of industrial tribunals. Of particular concern has been the perceived effect of the tribunal system on industrial relations outcomes. This study adds to the debate by examining the impact of institutional structures on employment in a particular industry. The study focuses on the effect of regulation on the wages and conditions of workers in the food retail (supermarket) industry at workplace level in Victoria and London and the south-west of Britain. It concludes that in regard to wages and conditions of employment in this industry, the tribunal system of industrial relations has not produced an outcome that is markedly different from that produced by a deregulated system. However, the differences that do exist indicate that the tribunal system has resulted in somewhat fairer, more egalitarian outcomes for women and part-time workers. The study also concludes that, with regard to workplace flexibility, while the British industry appears to be somewhat more flexible, the differences between the two are slight.
An Uneasy Conjunction: Opting Out and the Arbitration System
Authors: Plowman David H.
Published: March 2007

Since the enactment of the Conciliation and Arbitration Act in 1904 the federal tribunal system has provided opting out mechanisms enabling parties to enter into their own bargaining arrangements outside the formal tribunal system. Thus, in theory, there has been the potential for a two-stemmed system: a tribunal or arbitation stream and a bargaining stream. The co-existence of an arbitration stream that is required to provide general industrial standards in the public interest, and of a bargaining stream that may enable parties to circumvent those standards, has created tensions that have been resolved in favour of the formal system. Historically, opting out provisions have been highly circumscribed and have not resulted in the development of a separate bargaining stream. This paper examines the operations of the opting out provisions of the Industrial Relations Act 1988. It suggests that the Act perpetuates the tensions inherent in the two-streamed approach. It also suggests that the Act has enabled the Australian Industrial Relations Commission to curtail the parties' capacity to opt out. The paper suggests changes that are needed if the legislation is to provide for genuine opting out and the development of a genuine bargaining stream.
A General Theory of (Australian) Industrial Relations
Authors: Dabscheck Braham
Published: March 2007

Industrial relations is not a discipline which has a strong tradition of developing its own theoretical insights or indulging in the scholastic skill of abstract thought. The major reason for this is that industrial relations scholarship is interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary in nature. While scholars regularly bemoan the theoretical tun dra in which industrial relations finds itself, they seem unprepared to do anything about it. Differences are examined between micro, macro and general models. The distinctive contribution of this article is to develop a general theory of (Australian) industrial relations, based on the analytical concept of an orbit of interaction. Various propositions of the general theory are formally stated and presented.
Changing Patterns of Employment in Japan: Employee Transfers in the Private Sector
Authors: Chalmers Norma J.
Published: March 2007

Patterns of employment in Japan's large enterprises have undergone significant adjustment since the early 1980s. An ongoing and accelerating transformation is under way, where once the basis of regular employment was the recruitment of graduates, career-long identification in the enterprise and security in its stable internal labour market. The process reflects a Just In Time approach to managing human resources, which is designed to have 'the right workers, in the right quantity, in the right place and at the right time'. The approach is exemplified in Japan's private sector, although it is not confined to that sector; nor is it unique to Japan. This paper examines one of a variety of Just In Time strategies: the transfer of regular employees out of the firm that originally employed them. The study relies on the limited amount of English language literature on the phenomenon and the analysis also draws on recent research in Japan. It is argued that regular employees who are sent out by their employer to work under the total control of a third party are a special type of non-regular labour. It is also argued that the transferring practice, together with an increasing proportion of non-regular em ployment relationships, has significant implications for Japan's internal labour market structures and its enterprise-based unionism. The implications are relevant for industrial societies undergoing restructuring and for those rethinking their industrial relations situation.