bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: An Expedient Route to Heterocycles Through α‐Arylation of Ketones and Arylamides by Microwave Induced Thermal SRN1 Reactions.
Authors: Soria‐Castro Silvia M. , Caminos Daniel A. , Penenory Alicia B.
Published: November 2014

2‐Aryl‐1‐phenylethanones are prepared by the reaction of aryl radicals that are generated from aryl iodides and ketone enolate anions which are generated by deprotonation of ketones with tBuOK in DMSO.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Effective Copper‐Mediated gem‐Difluoromethylenation of Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Ma Guobin , Wan Wen , Hu Qingyang , Jiang Haizhen , Wang Jing , Zhu Shizheng , Hao Jian
Published: November 2014

The first examples of a simple and highly efficient Cu‐mediated gem‐difluoromethylenation of a variety of aryl, heteroaryl and vinylic boronic acids with inexpensive bromodifluoromethylated heterocyclic compounds are given.
ChemInform Abstract: Silylative Cyclopropanation of Allyl Phosphates with Silylboronates.
Authors: Shintani Ryo , Fujie Ryuhei , Takeda Momotaro , Nozaki Kyoko
Published: November 2014

The reaction is proposed to proceed via an intermediary silylpotassium species which selectively attacks the β‐position of the parent allyl phosphates.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Based C—N Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Shimizu Kenta , Minami Yasunori , Goto Osamu , Ikehira Hideyuki , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: November 2014

The reaction can also be applied to the cross‐coupling polymerization for the synthesis of triarylamine copolymers by reacting (XII) with (XIV) or (XVI), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Rhodium‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes into Amines and Formanilides.
Authors: Wei Yawen , Wu Jianjun , Xue Dong , Wang Chao , Liu Zhaotie , Zhang Zhuozhuo , Chen Guangfu , Xiao Jianliang
Published: November 2014

The reduction of nitroarenes to formanilides succeeds with catalyst loadings as low as 0.1 mol% at 100°, but may require 2 mol% of catalyst for ortho‐substituted or strongly coordinating substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile BPO‐Mediated ortho‐Hydroxylation and Benzoylation of N‐Alkyl Anilines for Synthesis of 2‐Benzamidophenols.
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Jing , Quan Xue‐Jing , Ren Zhi‐Hui , Wang Yao‐Yu , Guan Zheng‐Hui
Published: November 2014

With N‐acetyl aniline, N,N‐dimethylaniline and aniline no reaction occurs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Syntheses of α‐Ketoamides via nBu4NI‐Catalyzed Multiple sp3C—H Bond Oxidation of Ethylarenes and Sequential Coupling with Dialkylformamides.
Authors: Du Bingnan , Jin Bo , Sun Peipei
Published: November 2014

Ethyl arenes with more than one ethyl group such as (Ig) suffer from the formation of oxidation byproducts.
ChemInform Abstract: The Preparation of Novel Chiral Auxiliaries SAMIQ/RAMIQ and Their Application in the Asymmetric Michael Addition.
Authors: Pan Xuan , Liu Zhanzhu
Published: November 2014

The auxiliaries are synthesized from phenylalanine methyl esters and investigated in the reaction of ketones with unsaturated esters (II) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Expedient Synthesis of α‐(2‐Azaheteroaryl) Acetates via the Addition of Silyl Ketene Acetals to Azine‐N‐oxides.
Authors: Londregan Allyn T. , Burford Kristen , Conn Edward L. , Hesp Kevin D.
Published: November 2014

Application of the newly prepared tris‐3,3‐difluoropyrrolidine derivative of PyBroP improves the yields as exemplified by the transformation of (VIIb) to (VIIIb) (51% vs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Porphyrin Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Alkynes: Stereoselective Synthesis of cis‐Alkenes.
Authors: Nishibayashi Ryo , Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: November 2014

The developed semireduction of alkynes proceeds with excellent stereo‐ and chemoselectivity and tolerates various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Furan‐Based o‐Quinodimethanes by Gold‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Heterocyclization of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones: A Modular Entry to 2,3‐Furan‐Fused Carbocycles.
Authors: Zhou Liejin , Zhang Mingrui , Li Wenbo , Zhang Junliang
Published: November 2014

Intermediary o‐quinodimethanes are trapped with alkenes and alkynes, respectively, to provide highly functionalized furan derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light‐Facilitated 5‐exo‐trig Cyclization of 1,6‐Dienes with Alkyl Chlorides: Selective Scission of the C(sp3)—H Bond in Alkyl Chlorides.
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhang Jia‐Ling , Song Ren‐Jie , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: November 2014

The general and conceptually new method gives access to a broad variety of polychloro‐substituted pyrrolidin‐2‐ones and indeno[2,1‐c]pyrrol‐3(3aH)‐ones in moderate to good yields and high relative diastereoselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed 5‐endo‐Trig Cyclization of Ketoxime Carboxylates: A Facile Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyrroles.
Authors: Du Wei , Zhao Mi‐Na , Ren Zhi‐Hui , Wang Yao‐Yu , Guan Zheng‐Hui
Published: November 2014

A novel and efficient Cu‐catalyzed intermolecular 5‐endo‐trig cyclization of ketoxime carboxylates for the synthesis of 2‐arylpyrroles is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Pyrrole with Isatins.
Authors: Li Chong , Guo Fengfeng , Xu Kun , Zhang Sheng , Hu Yanbin , Zha Zhenggen , Wang Zhiyong
Published: November 2014

N‐Methyl pyrrole, furan and thiophene do not react with (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of 2H‐Indazoles Using a Mild, One‐Pot Condensation—Cadogan Reductive Cyclization.
Authors: Genung Nathan E. , Wei Liuqing , Aspnes Gary E.
Published: November 2014

An operationally simple and mild method for the synthesis of a range of structurally diverse indazoles from commercially available reagents is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Tandem Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Pyrazoles via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Between Aryl Hydrazones and Ethyl But‐2‐ynoate.
Authors: Ningaiah Srikantamurthy , Doddaramappa Shridevi D. , Chandra Chandra , Madegowda Mahendra , Keshavamurthy Shubakara , Bhadraiah Umesha K.
Published: November 2014

The title reaction is assumed to occur via the regioselective cycloaddition reaction of aryl hydrazones with nitrilimines generated in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Oxidative Cyclization Using PhI(OAc)2 in the Formation of Benzo[4,5]thiazolo[2,3‐c][1,2,4]triazoles and Related Heterocycles — Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Demmer Charles S. , Joergensen Morten , Kehler Jan , Bunch Lennart
Published: November 2014

2‐Furfural, 1H‐indole‐3‐carbaldehyde and (3‐formylphenyl)boronic acid lead to complex reaction mixtures and degradation.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Catalyst Phosphine/Secondary Amine Promoted [1 + 4]/Rearrangement Domino Reaction for the Construction of (2H)‐Pyrans and 2‐Oxabicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐5‐ene Skeletons.
Authors: Xie Peizhong , Yang Jie , Zheng Jie , Huang You
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of highly functionalized (2H)‐pyrans in a two‐step one‐pot procedure is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Acetal‐Initiated Prins Bicyclization for the Synthesis of Hexahydrofuro‐[3,4‐c]furan Lignans and Octahydropyrano[3,4‐c]pyran Derivatives.
Authors: Subba Reddy B. V. , Ramana Reddy M. , Sridhar B. , Singarapu Kiran Kumar
Published: November 2014

Compound (VII) is an analogue of allocolchicine.
ChemInform Abstract: An Organocatalytic One‐Pot Cascade Incorporating the Achmatowicz Reaction Affording 3‐Pyrone Derivatives.
Authors: Ransborg Lars Krogager , Lykke Lennart , Hammer Niels , Naesborg Line , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: November 2014

α,β‐Unsaturated aldehydes with conjugated substituents as well as unsaturated alkyl chains give unsatisfactory results.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Prins Cyclization: BINOL‐Derived Phosphoric Acid and CuCl Synergistic Catalysis.
Authors: Lalli Claudia , van de Weghe Pierre
Published: November 2014

The first enantioselective Prins cyclization is catalyzed by a combination of a chiral BINOL‐derived bis‐phosphoric acid and CuCl.
ChemInform Abstract: Site Selective Synthesis of Pentaarylpyridines via Multiple Suzuki—Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Langer Peter , et al. et al.
Published: November 2014

Several pentaarylpyridines are prepared by site‐selective Suzuki—Miyaura reactions and studied in terms of DFT calculations and optical properties.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel 4‐Aryl‐2‐amino‐6‐(naphthalene‐1‐yl)‐3‐cyanopyridine Derivates as Potential Organic Fluorescent Materials Prepared under Microwave Irradiation via Three‐Component Domino Reactions.
Authors: Wang Jianqiang , Zhu Jianlin , Zhong Jie , Sun Jun , Tang Shigui , Guo Cheng
Published: November 2014

6 Title compounds are prepared by a one‐pot three‐component synthesis under microwave irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzofuro[2,3‐c]pyridines via a One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Hu Jiaxing , Deng Zhihong , Zhang Xueqiong , Zhang Fanglin , Zheng Hua
Published: November 2014

The electronic properties of the aromatic ring of the starting materials as well as the position of the substituents have a significant influence on the reaction yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Quinazolinones from 2‐Iodobenzamides and Enaminones via Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions.
Authors: Songsichan Teerawat , Promsuk Jaturong , Rukachaisirikul Vatcharin , Kaeobamrung Juthanat
Published: November 2014

The double bond geometry of the enaminones plays a crucial role since E‐enaminones show a significantly enhanced reactivity upon addition of an external ligand whereas Z‐enaminones do not require the latter.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Bicyclic Sulfamides via Pd‐Catalyzed Alkene Carboamination Reactions. Control of 1,3‐Asymmetric Induction by Manipulating Mechanistic Pathways.
Authors: Babij Nicholas R. , McKenna Grace M. , Fornwald Ryan M. , Wolfe John P.
Published: November 2014

Optimized conditions concerning the substrates, the catalyst and the reaction medium favor the desired anti‐aminopalladation mechanism to produce the ring systems with a reversed relative stereochemistry at C‐3/C‐4.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Phosphoric Acid Supported on Magnetic Core—Shell Nanoparticles: A Novel Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst for Kabachnik—Fields Reaction in Water.
Authors: Sobhani Sara , Mesbah Falatooni Zahra , Honarmand Moones
Published: November 2014

The catalyst can be recycled at least 4 times with only a slight loss of activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Phospha‐Michael Addition to in situ Prepared 5‐Arylmethylidene Meldrum′s Acids.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Sheikhi Ehsan , Rezaei Narjes , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza , Mirzaei Peiman
Published: November 2014

Trimethyl phosphite (III) can be substituted by triethyl phosphite.
ChemInform Abstract: New Compounds from Acid Hydrolyzed Products of the Fruits of Momordica charantia L. and Their Inhibitory Activity Against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatas 1B.
Authors: Zeng Ke , He Yan‐Ni , Yang Di , Cao Jia‐Qing , Xia Xi‐Chun , Zhang Shi‐Jun , Bi Xiu‐Li , Zhao Yu‐Qing
Published: November 2014

Four new cucurbitane‐type triterpene sapogenins (I)—(IV) along with eight known compounds are isolated from acid‐hydrolyzed fruits extract of the title species.
ChemInform Abstract: Zoaramine, a Zoanthamine‐Like Alkaloid with a New Skeleton.
Authors: Cen‐Pacheco Francisco , Norte Manuel , Fernandez Jose J. , Daranas Antonio Hernandez
Published: November 2014

Two new zoantharia‐derived metabolites, zoaramine (I) and zoarenone (II), are characterized.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rare Glutamine Derivative from the Flower Buds of Daylily.
Authors: Matsumoto Takahiro , Nakamura Seikou , Ohta Tomoe , Fujimoto Katsuyoshi , Yoshikawa Masayuki , Ogawa Keiko , Matsuda Hisashi
Published: November 2014

A rare glutamine derivative named hemerocallisamine I (I) is isolated from the methanolic extract of the flower buds of daylily, together with a new pyrrole alkaloid hemerocallisamine II (II) and a new γ‐lactam derivative, hemerocallisamine III (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of Heronamide C.
Authors: Sakanishi Kohei , Itoh Shunya , Sugiyama Ryosuke , Nishimura Shinichi , Kakeya Hideaki , Iwabuchi Yoshiharu , Kanoh Naoki
Published: November 2014

Based on the physical data of the target compound a reinvestigation of the proposed structure of Heronamide C is suggested.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis and Stereochemical Reassignment of Mandelalide A.
Authors: Lei Honghui , Yan Jialei , Yu Jie , Liu Yuqing , Wang Zhuo , Xu Zhengshuang , Ye Tao
Published: November 2014

Total synthesis of three different epimers as well as another analogue of Mandelalide A leads to the revision of the originally proposed structure.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereodivergent Total Synthesis of Mosquito Oviposition Pheromone.
Authors: Hurem David , Dudding Travis
Published: November 2014

This describes the racemic syntheses of the title compound (I) and its non‐natural diastereomer (II).
ChemInform Abstract: A Concise Synthesis of Hagen′s Gland Lactones.
Authors: Lone Ali Mohd , Bhat Bilal Ahmad , Shah Wajaht Amin , Mehta Goverdhan
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of Hagen′s gland lactones (III) involves ring a closing metathesis of substrates (I) and an intramolecular oxy‐Michael addition as the key steps.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Lotus‐Like Hierarchical Microstructures on Zinc Substrate and Study of Its Wettability.
Authors: Wang Huijie , Yang Zhou , Yu Jing , Wu Yizhi , Shao Weijia , Jiang Tongtong , Xu Xiaoliang
Published: November 2014

Superhydrophobic Zn/ZnO films are prepared by soaking HCl‐etched Zn sheets in pure warm water (60—90 °C, 0.5—12 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Chemical Synthesis and Applications Review
Authors: Hasany S. F. , Abdurahman N. H. , Sunarti A. R. , Jose R.
Published: November 2014

Review: 228 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Doped ZnO as a Host of Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor
Authors: Neogi Swarup K. , Banerjee Aritra , Bandyopadhyay Sudipta
Published: November 2014

Review: 118 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Variability of Reported Ionic Conductivity in Nanoscale YSZ Thin Films
Authors: Jiang Jun , Hertz Joshua L.
Published: November 2014

Review: 58 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Reactions Catalyzed by Metal Organic Frameworks
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Amarajothi , Garcia Hermenegildo
Published: November 2014

Review: current state of the art; 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Asymmetric Borrowing Hydrogen Catalysis
Authors: Hollmann Dirk
Published: November 2014

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrodefluorination of Perfluoroarenes Meets Visible Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Weaver Jimmie D.
Published: November 2014

Review: [35 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Evolution of a Strategy for Preparing Bioactive Small Molecules by Sequential Multicomponent Assembly Processes, Cyclizations, and Diversification
Authors: Sahn James J. , Granger Brett A. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: November 2014

Review: [108 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dendronized Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Yan Jiatao , Li Wen , Zhang Afang
Published: November 2014

Review: 132 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Five‐Membered Ring Systems: with O and S (Se, Te) Atoms
Authors: Aitken R. Alan , Power Lynn A.
Published: November 2014

Review: synthesis and characterization; 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Five‐Membered O,N,N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Kaur Navjeet
Published: November 2014

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Polysubstituted Piperazines and Oxopiperazines. Useful Building Blocks in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Mordini Alessandro , Reginato Gianna , Calamante Massimo , Zani Lorenzo
Published: November 2014

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies of Molten Salt and Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Rollet Anne‐Laure , Bessada Catherine
Published: November 2014

Review: 291 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Amination of Enzymes to Improve Biocatalyst Performance: Coupling Genetic Modification and Physicochemical Tools
Authors: Rodrigues Rafael C. , Barbosa Oveimar , Ortiz Claudia , Berenguer‐Murcia Angel , Torres Rodrigo , Fernandez‐Lafuente Roberto
Published: November 2014

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Perspectives of Spray Pyrolysis for Facile Synthesis of Catalysts and Thin Films: An Introduction and Summary of Recent Directions
Authors: Guild Curtis , Biswas Sourav , Meng Yongtao , Jafari Tahereh , Gaffney Anne M. , Suib Steven L.
Published: November 2014

Review: 102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Emerging Multiple Metal Nanostructures for Enhancing the Light Trapping of Thin Film Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: November 2014

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In‐Cell NMR and EPR Spectroscopy of Biomacromolecules
Authors: Haensel Robert , Luh Laura M. , Corbeski Ivan , Trantirek Lukas , Doetsch Volker
Published: November 2014

Review: 115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Orientational Ordering Studies of Fluorinated Thermotropic Liquid Crystals by NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Calucci Lucia , Geppi Marco , Urban Stanislaw
Published: November 2014

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparison of the Dielectric and NMR Results for Liquid Crystals: Dynamic Aspects
Authors: Urban Stanislaw , Geppi Marco
Published: November 2014

Review: 40 refs.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided pancreatic fine‐needle aspiration: Potential pitfalls in one institution's experience of 1212 procedures
Authors: Bergeron Joseph P. , Perry Kyle D. , Houser Patricia M. , Yang Jack
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) has emerged as the diagnostic modality of choice for mass lesions in the pancreas. The objective of the current study was to determine the accuracy and pitfalls of EUS‐FNA in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions in cases that involved follow‐up surgical resection.

METHODS

Cases of EUS‐FNA of pancreatic lesions performed from 2007 to mid‐2012 for which subsequent surgical resection was performed were retrieved from the department's database. The accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis was assessed using the histological diagnosis as the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated. “Neoplastic,” “suspicious,” and “malignant” were classified as a positive cytologic diagnosis. In one calculation method, “atypical” was also included as a positive cytologic diagnosis whereas in another it was not considered to be a positive cytological result. The cases with a cytologic‐histological discrepancy were reviewed to identify sources of errors.

RESULTS

A total of 1212 cases from 1104 patients (518 women and 586 men; age range, 18‐94 years [average age, 63.5 years]) were identified. Cytologic diagnoses included 52 unsatisfactory, 224 benign, 129 atypical, 140 neoplasm, 35 suspicious, and 632 malignant diagnoses. Of these cases, 397 patients had histological follow‐up information available. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 83.2%, 85.9%, 95.9%, and 56.1%, respectively, with atypical cases excluded from the analysis. When atypical cases were included as a positive cytologic diagnosis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 86.7%, 67.9%, 90.7%, and 58.5%, respectively, and were 73.7%, 87.7%, 95.6%, and 48.0%, respectively, when atypical cases were included as a negative cytologic diagnosis. The major difficulty in EUS‐FNA cytology was to differentiate pancreatic mucinous neoplasms from contaminants of gastric mucosa. Other pitfalls included differentiating mucinous neoplasm from extensive pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and endocrine tumor from nesidioblastosis versus acinar cell carcinoma or intrapancreatic spleen.

CONCLUSIONS

EUS‐FNA is a valuable tool for the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions, especially solid malignant tumors. Cytologic‐radiological correlation is essential in differentiating pancreatic mucinous neoplasms from gastric mucosa, because the former usually are found to have characteristic features on imaging. Pathologists should be aware of the pitfalls in the cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic lesions that may significantly change the clinical management of the patients. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:98–107. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Create awareness of how disability laws apply to sports, extracurricular activities
Authors: McCabe Kimberly A.
Published: November 2014

A 2013 Department of Education “Dear Colleague Letter” reminded college and university officials of their duty under the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 and the Americans with Disabilities Act to provide students with disabilities the opportunity to participate in sports and extracurricular activities. As a result, athletics officials are now attempting to balance the rights of the individual against the institution's responsibility to ensure safety and enforce eligibility rules in sports programs.
Providing access to technology doesn't have to be mystery
Authors: Heyward Salome
Published: November 2014

One of the most curious compliance dilemmas in postsecondary education today is the degree to which many schools have embraced technology as a means of transforming the delivery of educational services while at the same time ignoring the obligation to provide individuals with disabilities with access to technology. Inaccessible websites, learning management systems, registration systems, videos, library databases and classroom clickers are commonplace.
Improving the performance of fluoroprotein foam in extinguishing gasoline pool fires with addition of bromofluoropropene
Authors: Zhao Mei , Ni Xiaomin , Zhang Shaogang , Cao Wei , Guan Yu , Liang Canjun , Wang Xishi , Zhang Heping
Published: November 2014

The fluoroprotein foam is one of the most widely used fire suppressants for its low cost, low toxicity and biodegradability. However, its fire extinguishing performance is limited. In this article, fluoroprotein foam was combined with a clean and degradable fire suppressant of 2‐bromo‐3,3,3‐trifluoropropene (BTP) to improve its fire extinguishing efficiency. Laboratory scale suppression experiments on gasoline pool fires were conducted in a 27 m3 confined space. An optimized volume flow ratio of air to foam solution was found out first to acquire fluoroprotein foam with best fire extinguishing efficiency; then varied amounts of BTP were added to the foam at the optimal flow ratio for performance examination. Results demonstrated: at the optimized volume flow ratio of air to foam solution of 9 and the volume flow ratio of BTP to foam solution of 3.75%, a superior fire extinguishing performance was achieved with the fire extinguishing time reduced by 43% in comparison to that without any BTP added. The fire suppression mechanism of the foam with BTP additive was discussed based on established fire suppression theories and experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Search of the ‘Angels of Death’: Conceptualising the Contemporary Nurse Healthcare Serial Killer
Authors: Yardley Elizabeth , Wilson David
Published: November 2014

Focusing specifically upon nurses who commit serial murder within a hospital setting, this paper aims to establish insights into this particular subcategory of healthcare serial killer. In addition, the paper aims to test the usefulness of an existing checklist of behaviours among this group of serial murderers. Drawing upon existing lists of healthcare serial killers produced by other scholars as well as legal records and an online news archive, we identified and researched healthcare serial killer nurses, collating socio demographic and criminological data and applying the aforementioned checklist to each case. Our findings suggest that to date, the label ‘healthcare serial killer’ has been applied in too loose a manner, making the understanding of this phenomenon problematic. In further refining the definition and identifying the socio‐demographic and criminological characteristics of the victims, perpetrators and crimes, we have developed more specific and therefore useful insights for practitioners and identified a potentially useful checklist which, with revisions, could contribute towards preventative strategies and interventions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fibronectin splice variation in human knee cartilage, meniscus and synovial membrane: Observations in osteoarthritic knee
Authors: Scanzello Carla R. , Markova Dessislava Z. , Chee Ana , Xiu Yan , Adams Sherrill L. , Anderson Greg , Zgonis Miltiadis , Qin Ling , An Howard S. , Zhang Yejia
Published: November 2014

Fibronectin (FN) is a widely expressed molecule that can participate in development of osteoarthritis (OA) affecting cartilage, meniscus, and synovial membrane (SM). The alternatively spliced isoforms of FN in joint tissues other than cartilage have not been extensively studied previously. The present study compares FN splice variation in patients with varying degrees of osteoarthritic change. Joint tissues were collected from asymptomatic donors and patients undergoing arthroscopic procedures. Total RNA was amplified by PCR using primers flanking alternatively spliced Extra Domain A (EDA), Extra Domain B (EDB) and Variable (V) regions. EDB+, EDB− and EDA− and V+ variants were present in all joint tissues, while the EDA+ variant was rarely detected. Expression levels of EDB+ and EDV+ variants were similar in cartilage, synovium, and meniscal tissues. Synovial expression of V+ FN in arthroscopy patients varied with degree of cartilage degeneration. Two V− isoforms, previously identified in cartilage, were also present in SM and meniscus. Fibronectin splicing in meniscus and SM bears striking resemblance to that of cartilage. Expression levels of synovial V+ FN varied with degree of cartilage degeneration. V+ FN should be investigated as a potential biomarker of disease stage or progression in larger populations. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:556–562, 2015.
PFO–BPy solubilizers for SWNTs: Modelling of polymers from oligomers
Authors: Glanzmann Livia N. , Mowbray Duncan J. , Rubio Angel
Published: November 2014

Due to their exeptional physical properties, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) embedded in organic polymers (polymer–SWNT hybrid systems) are promising materials for organic photovoltaic devices. Already at the SWNT sorting and debundling step, polymers such as the copolymer of 9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl and bipyridine (PFO–BPy) are used as solubilizers. However, to model polymer–SWNT hybrid systems, we must first determine the smallest oligomer needed to sufficiently describe the electronic and optical absorption properties of the polymer. To do so, we use time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) to model the PFO–BPy polymer using the monomers, dimers and trimers of the PFO–BPy and Py–PFO–Py building blocks, which are also compared to the infinitely long polymer. We find the Py–PFO–Py monomer, with shortened side chains, already describes the PFO–BPy polymer within the expected accuracies of TDDFT.
Multiplicative interaction in network meta‐analysis
Authors: Piepho Hans‐Peter , Madden Laurence V. , Williams Emlyn R.
Published: November 2014

Meta‐analysis of a set of clinical trials is usually conducted using a linear predictor with additive effects representing treatments and trials. Additivity is a strong assumption. In this paper, we consider models for two or more treatments that involve multiplicative terms for interaction between treatment and trial. Multiplicative models provide information on the sensitivity of each treatment effect relative to the trial effect. In developing these models, we make use of a two‐way analysis‐of‐variance approach to meta‐analysis and consider fixed or random trial effects. It is shown using two examples that models with multiplicative terms may fit better than purely additive models and provide insight into the nature of the trial effect. We also show how to model inconsistency using multiplicative terms. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physicochemical and textural properties of tartary buckwheat starch after heat–moisture treatment at different moisture levels
Authors: Liu Hang , Lv Manman , Peng Qiang , Shan Fang , Wang Min
Published: November 2014

Tartary buckwheat, which has nutritional and health benefits, has been consumed in China for so many years. However, its predominant component, starch, limits the application range of tartary buckwheat in the food industry. In this study, tartary buckwheat starch (TBS) was extracted and subjected to heat–moisture treatment (HMT) at different moisture levels (20–35%). Both the solubility and swelling power of native starch significantly decreased following HMT. In HMT‐modified TBS, oil absorption capacity decreased and water absorption capacity increased with increasing moisture level. The typical A‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern of native starch was not affected by HMT. Gelatinization temperature, gelatinization temperature range, and relative crystallinity increased with increasing moisture level. However, peak viscosity, gelatinization enthalpy, hardness, and adhesiveness of starch gels significantly decreased with moisture level. These results revealed that the structure and physicochemical properties of TBS can be modified by HMT to improve its thermal stability and extend its application range.
The effect of acute dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane exposure on hypermethylation status and down‐regulation of p53 and p16INK4a genes in rat liver
Authors: Kostka Grażyna , Urbanek‐Olejnik Katarzyna , Liszewska Monika , Winczura Alicja
Published: November 2014

The aim of the study was to investigate the early effect of acute dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure on the methylation status of the promoter region of two tumor suppressor genes: p53 and p16INK4a (p16) in rat liver. We analyzed their transcript and protein expression profiles concurrently with the examination of transcriptional and protein expression levels of DNA (cytosine‐5)‐methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1). Male Wistar rats were treated with a single dose of DDT (57 mg kg−1 of body weight) and the methylation status of p53 and p16 genes was examined after 24 h using methylation‐sensitive restriction analysis—MSRA. The obtained results indicate that DDT induced alternations in methylation of the promoter region in both p53 and p16 genes. In all the tested samples, the promoter CpG islands of p53 (−261, −179, and −450) were methylated within 100% as compared to control samples (0%). The methylation status of the p16 promoter (−11 and +77) was also altered due to exposure to DDT. Methylated cytosines were detectable in 75% of the tested DNA samples. The Real‐time PCR and western blot analyses showed a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of p53, respectively, which was related to the increase in DNA synthesis. These relationships were also observed for mRNA and protein expressions of p16, although to a slighter extent. We also showed that hypermethylation in the promoter region of both tumor suppressor genes was consistent with an increased Dnmt1 mRNA level, and this relationship was further confirmed at the protein level of DNMT1. Concluding, our data suggests that epigenetically mediated changes in gene expression may play an important role in the mechanism of DDT toxicity, including carcinogenic action. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 584–592, 2016.
Behavioral Consequences of Disasters: A Five-Stage Model of Population Behavior
Authors: Rudenstine Sasha , Galea Sandro
Published: November 2014

Objective

We propose a model of population behavior in the aftermath of disasters.

Methods

We conducted a qualitative analysis of an empirical dataset of 339 disasters throughout the world spanning from 1950 to 2005.

Results

We developed a model of population behavior that is based on 2 fundamental assumptions: (i) behavior is predictable and (ii) population behavior will progress sequentially through 5 stages from the moment the hazard begins until is complete.

Conclusions

Understanding the progression of population behavior during a disaster can improve the efficiency and appropriateness of institutional efforts aimed at population preservation after large-scale traumatic events. Additionally, the opportunity for population-level intervention in the aftermath of such events will improve population health. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;8:497-504)
BEASTS AND BARBARIANS IN CAESAR'SBELLUM GALLICUM6.21–8
Authors: Allen-Hornblower Emily
Published: November 2014

Caesar's description of the Germans' social organization andmoresin the sixth book of hisBellum Gallicum(BG6.21–8) has long been the subject of multiple scholarly controversies. Its focus on various seemingly random ethnographical details – above all the description of the Hercynian forest and its fantastical beasts – has so surprised readers that the very authenticity of the passage has been questioned. It has been convincingly argued that interpolation is not likely. However, the internal excursus describing the Hercynian forest, and the final section concerning its fauna in particular, remains a subject of intrigue, as a result of the extraordinary, semi-mythical nature of its contents. It is the latter portion of the excursus, concerning the beasts of the Hercynian forest, and the place and role of their portrayal within the ethnography as a whole, that I wish to elucidate in the present article. While it undeniably possesses great entertainment value, its presence cannot be justified merely on such grounds.
PURCHASING PRIAM: BILINGUAL WORDPLAY AT PLAUTUSBACCHIDES976–7
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: November 2014

The conclusion of Chrysalus' famouscanticumcomparing the successful duping of his master Nicobulus to the sack of Troy has often been suspected by critics (Plaut.Bacch.976–7):nunc Priamo nostro si est quis emptor, comptionalem senemuendam ego, uenalem quem habeo, extemplo ubi oppidum expugnauero.

Now, if there's any buyer for our Priam, I'll sell as a job lot the old man, whom I have for sale as soon as I've stormed the city.

The lines are condemned by Leo, Gaiser, and Jocelyn, but defended by Lefèvre and printed by Lindsay, Barsby, Questa (in his first and third editions, but not his second), and most recently De Melo. In addition to qualms about the inconsistency of casting Nicobulus as Priam here when he was Ilium little over thirty lines earlier – an inconsistency which can surely be attributed to the ebullience of Chrysalus rather than the incompetence of an interpolator – the main objection to these lines is their divergence from the mythological tradition about Priam's fate at the sack of Troy. As Jocelyn puts it, ‘The threatsenem uendam… would have been ludicrous to any audience acquainted with the heroic story.’
ELEGIAC MEMORIAL AND THE MARTYR AS MEDIUM IN PRUDENTIUS'PERISTEPHANON
Authors: Fielding Ian
Published: November 2014

In thePeristephanon, a collection of hymns in praise of the Christian martyrs, the Spanish poet Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (a.d. 347/8–c. 405) refers back to a time more than a hundred years before he was writing, when Christianity was not the predominant influence in the Roman world but the religion of a beleaguered minority. In the course of Prudentius' lifetime, the trials that were suffered by that minority under emperors such as Decius and Diocletian became an important point of reference for increasing numbers of Roman converts seeking to identify with Christianity and its sectarian past. At the time, however, those trials were recorded in only meagre written accounts. Prudentius, whose successful administrative career might have culminated in elevation to a senior position in the imperialscrinia, displays particular interest in the extent of the official archival material in thePeristephanon. In a number of passages in this work, he comments on the fragility of historical documents, which are easily destroyed by acts of malice or the effects of time. The following discussion will examine the ways in which he reflects on the permanence, or otherwise, of his own written texts. Analysis of his imitation of elegiac verse inscriptions will demonstrate how he draws attention to the inadequacy of even the most monumental types of human writing. But I will argue that, by identifying his poems with the martyrs' perishable bodies, Prudentius claims that they too can be a medium for a divine presence not confined to any perishable physical form.
AESCHYLUS, SEPTEM CONTRA THEBAS 780–7
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit
Published: November 2014

The starting point of this brief discussion is the emendation in line 782 of Aeschylus' Septem proposed by M.L. West in his 1990 Teubner edition. In the fifth strophe of the second stasimon, the chorus recollects the misfortunes that struck Oedipus when he finally discovered the truth about his marriage. This severely corrupt passage, whose original meaning was lost at an early stage of transmission, runs as follows:ἐπεὶ δ' ἀρτίϕρων ἐγένετο         [στρ. ε]μέλεος ἀθλίων γάμων,ἐπ' ἄλγει δυσϕορῶν             780μαινομέναι κραδίαιδίδυμα κάκ' ἐτέλεσενπατροϕόνωι χερὶ τῶν†κρεισσοτέκνων δ' ὀμμάτων† ἐπλάγχθη.τέκνοις δ' †ἀραίας† ἐϕῆκεν        [ἀντ. ε]ἐπίκοτος τροϕᾶς, αἰαί,         786πικρογλώσσους ἀράς.

782 δίδυμ' ἃ West 784 κρεισσοτέκνων M2PKQ1Tr κρείσσω τέκνων rell. κυρσοτέκνων Herm. δ' ὀμμάτων HaQTr δ' ἀπ᾽ ὀμμάτων rell. δωμάτων Schütz χρυσοτέχνων πωμάτων Verrall κρεισσοτέρων γνωμάτων West 785 ἀθλίας Prien ἀρχαίας Wil.

But when the miserable man became aware of his wretched marriage, vexed with pain in his frenzied heart, he committed double evil: with his parricidal hand †he wandered from his eyes, dearer than children†. But upon his sons he put bitter-tongued curses, angry on account of his †accursed† sustenance.
THE PUN AND THE MOON IN THE SKY: ARATUS' ΛΕΠΤΗ ACROSTIC
Authors: Hanses Mathias
Published: November 2014

Aratus has been notorious for his wordplay since the first decades of his reception. Hellenistic readers such as Callimachus, Leonidas, or ‘King Ptolemy’ seem to have picked up on the pun on the author's own name atPhaenomena2, as well as on the famous λεπτή acrostic atPhaen.783–6 that will be revisited here. Three carefully placed occurrences of the adjective have so far been uncovered in the passage, but for a full appreciation of its elegance we must note that Aratus has set his readers up to notice a fourth.
APOLLONIUS AND THE END OF THEAENEID
Authors: Kelly Adrian
Published: November 2014

The death of Turnus is one of theAeneid's most controversial and variously interpreted episodes – anything from the triumphant vindication of Aeneas and the Roman future, to the poet's last, resounding plaint against Augustan totalitarianism, with all the more nuanced shades of opinion in between. Virgilian scholarship has recently become tired of the opposition between ‘optimist’ and ‘pessimist’ perspectives, but one piece of potentially important evidence has not found its way into the argument. As often, it is a matter of intertexts, and it begins, unsurprisingly, with theIliad.
PINDAR'S CHARIOTEER IN PLATO'SPHAEDRUS(227B9–10)
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: November 2014

In his second question of thePhaedrus, Socrates asks Phaedrus how he spent (διατριβή) his morning with Lysias. Phaedrus answers: ‘You'll learn, should you have the leisure (σχολή) to walk and listen.’ Socrates responds:

What? Don't you think I would judge it, as Pindar puts it, a thing ‘surpassing even lack of leisure’ (καὶ ἀσχολίας ὑπέρτερον), to hear how you and Lysias spent your time?   (227b6–10)

Socrates quotes fromFirst Isthmian2. In this victory ode, Pindar celebrates, uniquely in his extant oeuvre, a charioteer winner who has driven his own team. The epinician poem and the dialogue, especially the myth in Socrates’ second speech, have remarkable systematic parallels. This suggests that Pindar's victor serves as model for the palinode's philosophical lover, and Pindar's song for Socrates’ conversation.
OVID,EPISTULAE EX PONTO4.8, GERMANICUS, AND THEFASTI
Authors: Myers K. Sara
Published: November 2014

InEpistulae ex Ponto4.8, one of the last poems written from exile (dated to 15 or 16c.e.), Ovid expresses his increasing hopes for Germanicus' assistance in effecting his recall to Rome. Though ostensibly addressed to his stepdaughter's father-in-law, P. Suillius Rufus, the poem contains a petition to Germanicus (27–88), as a poet to a poet, which promises future commemoration in Ovid's poetry if he is removed from Tomis:clausaque si misero patria est, ut ponar in ullo,qui minus Ausonia distet ab Vrbe loco,unde tuas possim laudes celebrare recentesmagnaque quam minima facta referre mora.   (85–8)

and if my country is closed against me in my misery, may I be placed in any place less distant from the Ausonian city, whence I might celebrate your praises while they are recent and relate your great deeds with the least delay.
TWO OLD HYPERCORRECTIONS IN CONTEMPORARY EDITIONS OF EURIPIDES' MEDEA 497 AND STRATTIS, FR. 9 K.–A.
Authors: Xenis Georgios A.
Published: November 2014

There is a widespread practice of spelling the forms κεχρώσμεθα in Euripides' Medea 497 and ϕώζειν in Strattis, fr. 9 K.–A. with the long diphthong omega–iota, that is, κεχρώισμεθα or κεχρῴσμεθα and ϕώιζειν or ϕῴζειν. These spellings are not correct from the etymological point of view, but are recommended by ancient grammarians. In this note I identify the foundation on which these recommendations rest, and provide an assessment of its philological solidness.
STRIPPING THE ROMAN LADIES: OVID'S RITES AND READERS
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis
Published: November 2014

Ovid's disclaimers in theArs Amatorianeed to be read in this context. My main argument is that, in his disclaimers, Ovid is rendering his female readership socially unrecognizable, rather than excluding respectable virgins andmatronaefrom his audience.Ars1.31–4, Ovid's programmatic statement about his work's target audience, is a case in point. A closer look at the passage shows that he does not necessarily warn off Roman wives and marriageable girls:este procul, uittae tenues, insigne pudoris,quaeque tegis medios instita longa pedes:nos Venerem tutam concessaque furta canemusinque meo nullum carmine crimen erit.   Ov.Ars Am.1.31–4Stay away, slender fillets, symbol of modesty,and you, long hem, who cover half the feet:we shall sing of safe sex and permitted cheatingand there will be no wrong in my song.
ON SOME POSSIBLE SOURCES FOR PHILOSTRATUS'VITA APOLLONII3.34
Authors: Belousov Alexey V.
Published: November 2014

The king therefore went down to the village, since the Wise Men's rule did not permit him to spend more than a day with them, but Iarchas said to the messenger, ‘Damis too we consider worthy of the secrets here, so tell him to come, while you look after the others in the village.’ When Damis had come, the Wise Men formed their usual circle and gave Apollonius permission to put questions. So he asked what they thought the universe consisted of, to which they replied, ‘Elements.’ ‘Four, do you think?’ he said. ‘Not four’, said Iarchas, ‘but five.’ ‘What could a fifth one be’, said Apollonius, ‘besides water, air, earth, and fire?’ ‘Ether’, said Iarchas, ‘which we must consider to be the origin (γένεσιν) of the gods. All that breathes air is mortal, but what breathes ether is immortal and divine.’ Next Apollonius asked which of the elements came into existence first. ‘All came together’, said the other, ‘since a living being is not born one piece at a time.’ ‘Am I to consider the universe living?’, asked Apollonius. ‘Yes, if you reason correctly’, said Iarchas, ‘since itself it gives life to everything.’ ‘Should we then call it female’, asked Apollonius, ‘or of the contrary, male sex?’ ‘Of both’, was the answer, ‘since it has intercourse with itself, and performs both the mother's and the father's role with respect to generation. It feels a desire for itself more intense than that of any two other beings, and this joins and unites it, and there is nothing unreasonable about its coalescence. And just as the action of the hands and feet in a living creature comes from mobility and the intelligence (διὰ τὸν ἐκείνου νοῦν) that causes it, so also we must suppose that, because of the intelligence of the universe (κατὰ τὸν ἐκείνου ϕοιτᾷ νοῦν), its parts accommodate themselves to everything that undergoes birth and conception. For instance, the sufferings resulting from drought arise from the mind of the universe, when justice is banished from mankind and treated with dishonor. And this being guides itself not by one hand alone but by many unseen ones that it uses; though too large to be restrained, it moves obediently and tractably.’

The doctrine contained in this extract – the only passage ofThe Life of Apollonius of Tyanatreating matters of ‘cosmogony’ – could be summarized in the six following propositions. First, the universe consists of five, not four elements, the fifth being the ether, the γένεσις θεῶν. Just as mortals breathe air, gods breathe ether. Secondly, there is no ‘primordial element’; all five came into being simultaneously. Thirdly, the universe is a living being. In the fourth place, the universe is both male and female at the same time. In the fifth place, as the universe is androgynous it feels desire (ἔρως) towards itself and it is this desire that makes it whole and united. And finally, the passion of the universe for itself is governed by Intelligence (ἐκείνου νοῦς).
THE CHANGING DYNAMICS OF THE GLOBAL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LEGAL ORDER: EMERGENCE OF A ‘NETWORK AGENDA’?
Authors: Subramanian Sujitha
Published: November 2014

The Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) had sought to augment intellectual property (IP) enforcement practices, to counter the proliferation of counterfeit and pirate goods and to regulate digital infringements. This paper examines the collapse of ACTA and challenges the traditional orientation of the debate concerning the tension between the ‘enforcement’ and ‘development’ agendas. The ACTA negotiating partners, mainly developed states, created a forum outside the aegis of international IP norm-making bodies to avoid the distractions posed by developing countries whilst promoting an alternative ‘enforcement agenda’. Despite this effort, ACTA collapsed from ‘within’. The paper argues that ACTA failed due to the extemporaneous emergence of a random configuration of civil society groups, academics, ‘netizens’ and legislators within ACTA negotiating countries independently pursuing an agenda that can be called the ‘network agenda’. This new agenda aimed to protect the right to privacy, data protection and freedom of speech within the digital medium. While current debates on the global IP legal order are generally limited to, and characterised by the Global North-South considerations, the ‘network agenda’ cuts longitudinally through territorial configurations and squarely places the interests of the IP owner against those of the public. Consequently, the paper highlights the potential of the network agenda to dilute the existing polarities in the IP debate and impact on the dynamics of international intellectual property law by creating an inclusive platform within IP discourse that attempts to integrate colliding rationalities present within the world society.
Asian Studies across Academies
Authors: Winichakul Thongchai
Published: November 2014

Let me begin with a conversation I had with the late David Wyatt of Cornell University, a prominent historian of Thailand and the 1993 president of the AAS, at one of the AAS meetings in Boston. I asked Professor Wyatt, what was the question about Thai history he got most often from Thai colleagues? His answer was:

1)

Was the execution of the king in 1782 by the founder of the current dynasty legitimate? If not, why did he do it?

2)

Was the death of another king in 1946 an accident, a suicide, or an assassination, and if it was the last one, who did it?