bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reply to comment by Kawakatsu and Abe on “Nature of the seismic lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary within normal oceanic mantle from high‐resolution receiver functions”
Authors: Olugboji Tolulope Morayo , Park Jeffrey , Karato Shun‐ichiro
Published: July 2016

Kawakatsu and Abe (2016) have highlighted the potential complicating effect of sediment reverberations on the analysis and interpretation of crust and mantle phases inferred from receiver functions analyzed from ocean‐bottom seismograms. In their comment, they identify resonant peaks in the power spectrum at one of the stations, T06, and demonstrate with synthetic modeling how sediment‐induced resonances can cause instability in the recovered receiver‐function (RF) traces. They also request a detailed explanation of how LQT rotation is conducted, and why its use leads to stable receiver functions in the analysis of Olugboji et al. (2016). We welcome this query as an opportunity to highlight certain technical aspects of the data‐analysis procedures used in Olugboji et al. (2016). Our methods derive partly from methods recommended by previous studies of receiver functions estimated from seismic seafloor data, particularly the use of the modal wavefield decomposition (which we approximated by the LQT rotation) to suppress reverberation signals in the overlying water column.
Fluid‐assisted deformation of the subduction interface: Coupled and decoupled regimes from 2‐D hydromechanical modeling
Authors: Zheng Liang , May Dave , Gerya Taras , Bostock Michael
Published: July 2016

Shear deformation, accompanied with fluid activity inside the subduction interface, is related to many tectonic energy‐releasing events, including regular and slow earthquakes. We have numerically examined the fluid‐rock interactions inside a deforming subduction interface using state‐of‐the‐art 2‐D hydromechanical numerical models, which incorporate the rock fracturing behavior as a plastic rheology which is dependent on the pore fluid pressure. Our modeling results suggest that two typical dynamical regimes of the deforming subduction interface exist, namely, a “coupled” and a “decoupled” regime. In the coupled regime the subduction interface is subdivided into multiple rigid blocks, each separated by a narrow shear zone inclined at an angle of 15–20° with respect to the slab surface. In contrast, in the decoupled regime the subduction interface is divided into two distinct layers moving relative to each other along a pervasive slab surface‐parallel shear zone. Through a systematic parameter study, we observe that the tensile strength (cohesion) of the material within the subduction interface dictates the resulting style of deformation within the interface: high cohesion (~60 MPa) results in the coupled regime, while low cohesion (~10 MPa) leads to the decoupled regime. We also demonstrate that the lithostatic pressure and inflow/outflow fluid fluxes (i.e., fluid‐fluxed boundary condition) influence the location and orientation of faults. Predictions from our numerical models are supported by experimental laboratory studies, geological data, and geophysical observations from modern subduction settings.
How a complex basaltic volcanic system works: Constraints from integrating seismic, geodetic, and petrological data at Mount Etna volcano during the July–August 2014 eruption
Authors: Viccaro Marco , Zuccarello Francesco , Cannata Andrea , Palano Mimmo , Gresta Stefano
Published: July 2016

Integrating geodetic, seismic, and petrological data for a recent eruptive episode at Mount Etna has enabled us to define the history of magma storage and transfer within the multilevel structure of the volcano, providing spatial and temporal constraints for magma movements before the eruption. Geodetic data related to the July–August 2014 activity provide evidence of a magma reservoir at ~4 km below sea level. This reservoir pressurized from late March 2014 and fed magmas that were then erupted from vents on the lower eastern flank of North‐East Crater (NEC) and at New South‐East Crater (NSEC) summit crater during the July eruptive activity. Magma drainage caused its depressurization since mid‐July. Textural and microanalytical data obtained from plagioclase crystals indicate similar disequilibrium textures and compositions at the cores in lavas erupted at the base of NEC and NSEC, suggesting comparable deep histories of evolution and ascent. Conversely, the compositional differences observed at the crystal rims have been associated to distinct degassing styles during storage in a shallow magma reservoir. Seismic data have constrained depth for a shallow part of the plumbing system at 1–2 km above sea level. Timescales of magma storage and transfer have also been calculated through diffusion modeling of zoning in olivine crystals of the two systems. Our data reveal a common deep history of magmas from the two systems, which is consistent with a recharging phase by more mafic magma between late March and early June 2014. Later, the magma continued its crystallization under distinct chemical and physical conditions at shallower levels.
Directionally Aligned Ultra‐Long Boron Nitride Nanotube Induced Strengthening of Aluminum‐Based Sandwich Composite
Authors: Nautiyal Pranjal , Rudolf Chris , Loganathan Archana , Zhang Cheng , Boesl Benjamin , Agarwal Arvind
Published: July 2016

Ultra‐long Boron Nitride Nanotubes (100–200 µm) based layered Al–BNNT–Al composites are fabricated by spark plasma sintering, followed by cold rolling. The BNNT mat is sputter coated with Al to engineer strong metal‐nanotube interface. The BNNTs exhibit perfect alignment along the cold rolling direction. The tensile strength of the composite is found to be 200 MPa, which is 400% greater than the strength of pure Al (≈40 MPa). Young's modulus of this sandwich composite (≈134 GPa) is found to be double the modulus of pure Al (≈70 GPa) (with standard deviations less than 10%). Strengthening is explained by three major mechanisms: superior load transfer for long BNNT reinforcement, improvement in matrix‐nanotube bonding due to trace amount of interfacial product formation, and crack bridging by directionally aligned long nanotubes.
Untangling Electrostatic and Strain Effects on the Polarization of Ferroelectric Superlattices
Authors: Khestanova Ekaterina , Dix Nico , Fina Ignasi , Scigaj Mateusz , Rebled José Manuel , Magén César , Estradé Sonia , Peiró Francesca , Herranz Gervasi , Fontcuberta Josep , Sánchez Florencio
Published: July 2016

The polarization of ferroelectric superlattices is determined by both electrical boundary conditions at the ferroelectric/paraelectric interfaces and lattice strain. The combined influence of both factors offers new opportunities to tune ferroelectricity. However, the experimental investigation of their individual impact has been elusive because of their complex interplay. Here, a simple growth strategy has permitted to disentangle both contributions by an independent control of strain in symmetric superlattices. It is found that fully strained short‐period superlattices display a large polarization whereas a pronounced reduction is observed for longer multilayer periods. This observation indicates that the electrostatic boundary mainly governs the ferroelectric properties of the multilayers whereas the effects of strain are relatively minor.
Localized Excitation of Neural Activity via Rapid Magnetothermal Drug Release
Authors: Romero Gabriela , Christiansen Michael G. , Stocche Barbosa Ligia , Garcia Francisco , Anikeeva Polina
Published: July 2016

Hysteretic heat dissipation by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in alternating magnetic fields (AMFs) allows these materials to act as local transducers of external stimuli. Commonly employed in cancer research, MNPs have recently found applications in remote control of heat‐dependent cellular pathways. Here, a thermally labile linker chemistry is adapted for the release of neuromodulatory compounds from the surfaces of MNPs via local nanoscale heating. By examining a range of MNP sizes, and considering individual particle loss powers, AMF conditions and nanomaterials suitable for rapid and complete release of a payload from MNP surfaces are selected. Local release of allyl isothiocyanate, an agonist of the Ca2+ channel TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid cation channel subfamily member 1), from iron oxide MNPs results in pharmacological excitation of neurons with latencies of ≈12 s. When targeted to neuronal membranes, these MNPs trigger Ca2+ influx and action potential firing at particle concentrations three orders of magnitude less than those previously used for magnetothermal neuromodulation accomplished with bulk heating.
Self‐Assembled Monolayer Dielectrics for Low‐Voltage Carbon Nanotube Transistors with Controlled Network Density
Authors: Schießl Stefan P. , Gannott Florentina , Etschel Sebastian H. , Schweiger Manuel , Grünler Saeideh , Halik Marcus , Zaumseil Jana
Published: July 2016

Control of the density and uniformity of semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks is crucial for their application in field‐effect transistors (FETs) and critically depends on the surface of the substrate. Here, the concept of self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) dielectrics on aluminum/aluminum oxide bottom‐gate electrodes is used to create low‐voltage (<2 V) FETs with SWNT networks. The influence of different phosphonic acid SAMs is investigated on the final network density and charge transport properties of solution‐deposited, polyfluorene‐sorted large‐diameter semiconducting SWNT. Positively charged, imidazolium‐terminated SAMs and those with high dipole moments result in the highest network densities for both spin‐coating and dip‐coating. However, FETs with moderate SWNT coverage on SAMs with long alkyl chains and amine or hydroxyl end‐groups yield the best combination of high on‐conductances and high hole mobilities (up to 20 cm2 V−1 s−1) with low trap densities and short critical channel lengths (<2 μm). These parameters are suitable for future short channel, flexible, and high‐frequency FETs.
Impaired long‐term potentiation–like cortical plasticity in presymptomatic genetic frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Benussi Alberto , Cosseddu Maura , Filareto Ilaria , Dell'Era Valentina , Archetti Silvana , Sofia Cotelli Maria , Micheli Anna , Padovani Alessandro , Borroni Barbara
Published: July 2016

Neurophysiological biomarkers were assessed using a transcranial magnetic stimulation multiparadigm approach in 13 presymptomatic (n = 13 Granulin) and 14 symptomatic (n = 11 Granulin, n = 3 C9orf72) subjects with a pathogenic mutation for frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Intracortical facilitation and long‐term potentiation–like plasticity were impaired in presymptomatic carriers, compared to healthy controls, more than 15 years before expected symptom onset. In symptomatic carriers, a decrease in short‐interval intracortical inhibition, compared to presymptomatic carriers, was found. In conclusion, these biomarkers could provide the footprints of specific physiopathological processes in the development of this disease and possibly support the diagnosis of autosomal‐dominant FTD. Ann Neurol 2016;80:472–476
Neue Strukturdaten geben Einblick in die Bewegungen von Transportproteinen in der nicht‐ribosomalen Peptidsynthese
Authors: Kittilä Tiia , Mollo Aurelio , Charkoudian Louise K. , Cryle Max J.
Published: July 2016

Nicht‐ribosomale Peptidsynthetasen (NRPS) gehören zu den vielversprechendsten Ressourcen bei der Herstellung neuer biologisch aktiver Moleküle. Der Mechanismus der NRPS‐Katalyse beruht auf sequentiell angeordneten katalytischen Domänen. Diese sind modular organisiert, wobei jedes Modul jeweils eine Aminosäure auswählt, modifiziert und in das wachsende Peptid einbaut. Die während der NRPS‐Katalyse gebildeten Zwischenprodukte werden von Peptidyltransportprotein(PCP)‐Domänen von einem Enzymzentrum zum nächsten weitergereicht. Daher sind die Wechselwirkungen und Bewegungen der PCPs von entscheidender Bedeutung für den NRPS‐Mechanismus. PCP‐Bewegungen wurden mit den alternierenden Zyklen der Adenylierungsdomänen (A‐Domänen) in Zusammenhang gebracht, und kürzlich veröffentlichte Strukturen vollständiger NRPS‐Module stützen diese Hypothese. Es scheint allerdings, dass das Alternieren der A‐Domänen allein nicht zur Beschreibung des vollständigen NRPS‐Katalysezyklus ausreicht und dass der Beladungszustand des PCP für die Abfolge der Katalyseereignisse in diesen komplexen und faszinierenden molekularen Maschinen ebenfalls eine Rolle spielt.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Spirobenzazepinones with Atroposelectivity and Spiro‐1,2‐Diazepinones by NHC‐Catalyzed [3+4] Annulation Reactions
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Sun , Blümel Marcus , Philipps Arne R. , Wang Ai , Puttreddy Rakesh , Rissanen Kari , Enders Dieter
Published: July 2016

A strategy for the NHC‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of spirobenzazepinones, spiro‐1,2‐diazepinones, and spiro‐1,2‐oxazepinones has been developed via [3+4]‐cycloaddition reactions of isatin‐derived enals (3C component) with in‐situ‐generated aza‐o‐quinone methides, azoalkenes, and nitrosoalkenes (4atom components). The [3+4] annulation strategy leads to the seven‐membered target spiro heterocycles bearing an oxindole moiety in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities with a wide variety of substrates. Notably, the benzazepinone synthesis is atroposelective and an all‐carbon spiro stereocenter is generated.
Catalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of (pin)B‐Substituted Allylcopper Compounds Generated in situ from Butadiene or Isoprene
Authors: Li Xiben , Meng Fanke , Torker Sebastian , Shi Ying , Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: July 2016

Multicomponent catalytic enantioselective transformations that entail the combination of butadiene or isoprene (common feedstock), an enoate (prepared in one step) and B2(pin)2 (commercially available) are presented. These processes constitute an uncommon instance of conjugate addition of an allyl moiety and afford the desired products in up to 83 % yield and 98:2 enantiomeric ratio. Based on DFT calculations stereochemical models and rationale for the observed profiles in selectivity are provided.
A Metalloregulated Four‐State Nanoswitch Controls Two‐Step Sequential Catalysis in an Eleven‐Component System
Authors: Gaikwad Sudhakar , Goswami Abir , De Soumen , Schmittel Michael
Published: July 2016

The nanomechanical switch 1 with its three orthogonal binding motifs—the zinc(II) porphyrin, azaterpyridine, and shielded phenanthroline binding station—is quantitatively and reversibly toggled back and forth between four different switching states by means of addition and removal of appropriate metal‐ion inputs. Two of the four switching stages are able to initiate catalytic transformations (ON1, ON2), while the two others shut down any reaction (OFF1, OFF2). Thus, in a cyclic four‐state switching process the sequential transformation A+B+C→AB+C→ABC can be controlled, which proceeds stepwise along the switching states OFF1→ON1 (click reaction: A+B→AB)→OFF2→ON2 (Michael addition: AB+C→ABC)→OFF1. Two consecutive cycles of the sequential catalysis were realized without loss in activity in a reaction system with eleven different components.
Morphology and crystallization behavior of PCL/SAN blends containing nanosilica with different surface properties
Authors: Qian Jing , Xiao Zhilin , Dong Lin , Tang Dahang , Li Mengjue , Yang Qi , Huang Yajiang , Liao Xia
Published: July 2016

Morphology and crystallization behavior of poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) (PCL) in its 80/20 blends with poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN) containing hydrophobic or hydrophilic nanosilica was investigated. It was found that hydrophilic nanosilica displayed a more significant refinement effect on co‐continuous morphology of PCL/SAN blends than hydrophobic nanosilica for its selective distribution within the PCL matrix but closer to the two‐phase interface. Ring‐banded spherulites were observed in both kinds of nanosilica‐filled blends, the periodic distance of which decreased with increasing nanosilica content. Hydrophilic nanosilica reduced the dependence of the periodic distance of ring‐banded spherulites on the crystallization temperature more efficiently than hydrophobic nanosilica. Furthermore, crystallization process of PCL/SAN blends filled with hydrophobic nanosilica was suppressed as the restriction effect of nanosilica on the crystal growth always outweighed their heterogeneous nucleation effect. In contrast, low content of hydrophilic nanosilica (≤1 wt %) were more likely to exhibit growth restriction effect rather than nucleation effect, whereas heterogeneous nucleation effect of higher content of hydrophilic nanosilica (>1 wt %) dominated over growth restriction effect on facilitating the crystallization behavior. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44157.
Time Averaging Algorithms with Stopping Rules for Multi‐Agent Consensus with Noisy Measurements
Authors: Morita R. , Wada T. , Masubuchi I. , Asai T. , Fujisaki Y.
Published: July 2016

A time averaging technique is introduced to consensus algorithms in networked multi‐agent systems under a noisy environment. Each agent communicates with its neighboring agents via a constant gain, while the time averaging states of the agents are considered as the values for agreement. The variation of the time averaging states then is evaluated at a specific number of iterations, where the number is given explicitly in terms of parameters related to the consensus accuracy and its probabilistic guarantee. This result establishes a rigorous stopping rule for the multi‐agent consensus with noisy measurements. Several results on this type of stopping rules are provided for undirected, directed, and time‐varying communication graphs. These theoretical results are illustrated through numerical examples.
Effects of thyroxine exposure on the Twist 1 +/− phenotype: A test of gene–environment interaction modeling for craniosynostosis
Authors: Durham Emily L. , Howie R. Nicole , Black Laurel , Bennfors Grace , Parsons Trish E. , Elsalanty Mohammed , Yu Jack C. , Weinberg Seth M. , Cray James J.
Published: July 2016

Background

Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more of the cranial sutures, is estimated to occur in 1:1800 to 2500 births. Genetic murine models of craniosynostosis exist, but often imperfectly model human patients. Case, cohort, and surveillance studies have identified excess thyroid hormone as an agent that can either cause or exacerbate human cases of craniosynostosis.

Methods

Here we investigate the influence of in utero and in vitro exogenous thyroid hormone exposure on a murine model of craniosynostosis, Twist 1 +/−.

Results

By 15 days post‐natal, there was evidence of coronal suture fusion in the Twist 1 +/− model, regardless of exposure. With the exception of craniofacial width, there were no significant effects of exposure; however, the Twist 1 +/− phenotype was significantly different from the wild‐type control. Twist 1 +/− cranial suture cells did not respond to thyroxine treatment as measured by proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and gene expression of osteogenic markers. However, treatment of these cells did result in modulation of thyroid associated gene expression.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest the phenotypic effects of the genetic mutation largely outweighed the effects of thyroxine exposure in the Twist 1 +/− model. These results highlight difficultly in experimentally modeling gene–environment interactions for craniosynostotic phenotypes. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:803–813, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new theoretical model for transmembrane potential and ion currents induced in a spherical cell under low frequency electromagnetic field
Authors: Zheng Yu , Gao Yang , Chen Ruijuan , Wang Huiquan , Dong Lei , Dou Junrong
Published: July 2016

Time‐varying electromagnetic fields (EMF) can induce some physiological effects in neuronal tissues, which have been explored in many applications such as transcranial magnetic stimulation. Although transmembrane potentials and induced currents have already been the subjects of many theoretical studies, most previous works about this topic are mainly completed by utilizing Maxwell's equations, often by solving a Laplace equation. In previous studies, cells were often considered to be three‐compartment models with different electroconductivities in different regions (three compartments are often intracellular regions, membrane, and extracellular regions). However, models like that did not take dynamic ion channels into consideration. Therefore, one cannot obtain concrete ionic current changes such as potassium current change or sodium current change by these models. The aim of the present work is to present a new and more detailed model for calculating transmembrane potentials and ionic currents induced by time‐varying EMF. Equations used in the present paper originate from Nernst‐Plank equations, which are ionic current‐related equations. The main work is to calculate ionic current changes induced by EMF exposure, and then transmembrane potential changes are calculated with Hodgkin‐Huxley model. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:481–492, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular vesicles from malignant effusions induce tumor cell migration: inhibitory effect of LMWH tinzaparin
Authors: Gamperl Hans , Plattfaut Corinna , Freund Annika , Quecke Tabea , Theophil Friederike , Gieseler Frank
Published: July 2016

Elevated levels of extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been correlated with inflammatory diseases as well as progressive and metastatic cancer. By presenting tissue factor (TF) on their membrane surface, cellular microparticles (MPs) activate both the coagulation system and cell‐signaling pathways such as the PAR/ERK pathway. We have shown before that malignant effusions are a rich source of tumor cell‐derived EVs. Here, we used EVs from malignant effusions from three different patients after serial low‐speed centrifugation steps as recommended by the ISTH (lsEV). Significant migration of human pancreatic carcinoma cells could be induced by lsEVs and was effectively inhibited by pre‐incubation with tinzaparin, a low‐molecular‐weight heparin. Tinzaparin induced tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) release from tumor cells, and recombinant TFPI inhibited EV‐induced tumor cell migration. EVs also induced ERK phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of PAR2 and ERK suppressed EV‐induced tumor cell migration. LsEVs have been characterized by high‐resolution flow cytometry and, after elimination of smaller vesicles including exosomes, by further high‐speed centrifugation (hsEV). The remaining population consisting primarily of MPs is indeed the main migration‐inducing population with tenase activity. Compared to other LMWHs, tinzaparin is suggested to have high potency to induce TFPI release from epithelial cells. The migration‐inhibitory effect of TFPI and the interruption of tumor cell migration by inhibitors of PAR2 and ERK suggest that lsEVs induce tumor cell migration by activating the PAR2 signaling pathway. Tinzaparin might inhibit this process at least partly by inducing the release of TFPI from tumor cells, which blocks PAR‐activating TF complexes. The clinical relevance of the results is discussed.
Trueperella bernardiae: first report of wound infection post laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Rattes Alysson L. R. , Araujo Maria Rita , Federico Marilia P. , Magnoni Carlos D. , Neto Pedro Aurelio M. , Furtado Guilherme H.
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

We report the first case of wound infection caused by Trueperella bernardiae after laparoscopic surgery. The patient was treated with oral amoxicillin/clavulanate which was continued for 1 week after discharge with a successful clinical response. There are few cases described but none related to wound infection after laparoscopic surgery.
GM‐CSF as successful salvage therapy of metamizole (dipyrone)‐induced agranulocytosis with Fournier's gangrene and severe septic shock in an adolescent
Authors: Winkler Annegret , Kietz Silke , Bahlmann Hagen , Jafarzade Gunel , Lode Holger N. , Heckmann Matthias
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

This case report describes the successful use of granulocyte and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor as salvage therapy and an alternative to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a 14‐year‐old adolescent with metamizole (dipyrone)‐induced agranulocytosis and severe septic shock.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of submandibular gland metastatic to great toes: case report and literature review
Authors: Rafael Oana C. , Paul Doru , Chen Sheng , Kraus Dennis
Published: July 2016

Key Clinical Message

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignant tumor of the salivary glands, with higher frequency in the submandibular gland, a prolonged clinical course, and poor long‐term survival. It tends to metastasize to lungs, bone, liver, brain, and rarely to skin. Comprehensive skin examination and appropriate follow‐up is recommended, since cutaneous metastasis represents disease progression, requiring management and prognosis adjustment.
Monolayer‐Protected Clusters: Versatile Materials of Electrochemical Importance
Authors: Dass Amala , Lee Dongil , Maran Flavio
Published: July 2016

Monolayer‐Protected Clusters: Versatile Materials of Electrochemical Importance
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of a C4 Raffinate‐2 towards 1,3‐Butadiene in a Two‐Zone Fluidized Bed
Authors: Rischard Julius , Antinori Claudia , Deutschmann Olaf
Published: July 2016

The oxidative dehydrogenation of a C4 raffinate‐2 consisting of n‐butane, 1‐butene, and 2‐butene was conducted in a two‐zone fluidized bed reactor using a Mo‐V‐MgO catalyst. This study reports the influence of the operating conditions temperature, hydrocarbon inlet height, and oxygen/hydrocarbon molar ratio on the product distribution, in particular on the formation of 1,3‐butadiene. Axial concentration profiles were measured to elucidate the reaction sequence in the fluidized bed.
Experimental study on natural vortex length in a cyclone separator
Authors: Li Xiaoman , Song Jianfei , Sun Guogang , Jia Mengda , Yan Chaoyu , Yang Zhiyong , Wei Yaodong
Published: July 2016

The gas‐phase flow field in a cyclone separator with a cylindrical body was measured using Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and characteristics of the natural vortex length were analyzed. The results show that the swirling flow is obviously attenuated along the axial direction downward in the cyclone, and both the tangential velocity and the axial velocity gradually decrease. Meanwhile, the radial position of the maximum tangential velocity in a cross‐section moves towards the wall of the cyclone, so the quasi‐free vortex zone reduces while the forced vortex zone extends. Finally, the outer quasi‐free vortex disappears in a certain axial section. Accordingly, a new prediction model of the natural vortex length is proposed. The natural vortex length is defined as the distance between the bottom end of the vortex finder and the section at which the free vortex zone disappears. The natural vortex length is further explained based on the attenuation characteristics of the swirling flow and energy transfer between the two types of vortexes.
Hedgehog Proteins Consume Steroidal CYP17A1 Antagonists: Potential Therapeutic Significance in Advanced Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bordeau Brandon M. , Ciulla Daniel A. , Callahan Brian P.
Published: July 2016

Abiraterone, a potent inhibitor of the human enzyme CYP17A1 (cytochrome P450c17), provides a last line of defense against ectopic androgenesis in advanced prostate cancer. Herein we report an unprecedented off‐target interaction between abiraterone and oncogenic hedgehog proteins. Our experiments indicate that abiraterone and its structural congener, galeterone, can replace cholesterol as a substrate in a specialized biosynthetic event of hedgehog proteins, known as cholesterolysis. The off‐target reaction generates covalent hedgehog–drug conjugates. Cell‐based reporter assays indicate that these conjugates activate hedgehog signaling when present in the low nanomolar range. Because hedgehog signaling is implicated in prostate cancer progression, and abiraterone is administered to treat advanced stages of the disease, this off‐target interaction may have therapeutic significance.
Role of the Bulky Aryloxy Group at the Non‐Peripheral Position of Phthalocyanines for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Tejerina Lara , Martínez‐Díaz M. Victoria , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Grätzel Michael , Torres Tomas
Published: July 2016

To date β‐aryloxy‐substituted designs have led to the best results in phthalocyanine‐sensitized solar cells (Pc‐SCs) because of their low aggregation properties. By incorporating the bulky semiflexible 2,6‐diphenylphenoxy group at three α‐positions of the Pc, different regioisomers were separated by column chromatography and their photovoltaic performance was thoroughly studied. Efficiencies in the range of 1.9–4.1 % were found, thus demonstrating the importance of the steric interaction between the substituents and the semiconductor surface, also in the case of bulky semiflexible substituents. It was discovered that regioisomers which presented greater steric hindrance around the anchoring group, had lower adsorption densities, and, consequently, lower short‐circuit photocurrents (Jsc) and efficiencies.
Chronic Illness‐Related Shame: Development of a New Scale and Novel Approach for IBD Patients' Depressive Symptomatology
Authors: Trindade Inês A. , Ferreira Cláudia , Pinto‐Gouveia José
Published: July 2016

The aims of the present study were to develop and validate a scale specifically focused on shame feelings derived from chronic illness‐related experiences, the Chronic Illness‐related Shame Scale (CISS) and to fill a gap in literature and analyse the role of this construct in the association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) symptomatology and depressed mood.

This study comprised two samples: a sample of 161 IBD patients and a mixed sample of 65 chronic patients that reported medical data and completed self‐report measures.

The CISS's unidimensional seven‐item structure was evaluated through confirmatory factor analyses. These analyses revealed good to excellent global and local adjustments in both samples. Results also showed that the CISS presents excellent internal consistencies and convergent, concurrent and divergent validity, being a valid, short and robust scale. Furthermore, the present study explored through path analyses, the role of CISS and self‐judgement in the relationship between IBD symptomatology and depressed mood. Results showed that, although the level of IBD symptomatology directly predicted patients' depressive symptoms, the majority of this effect was mediated by CISS and self‐judgement. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed in more detail in the succeeding text.

The present study seems to highlight the pertinence of developing IBD patients' self‐compassionate abilities to adaptively deal with symptomatology and related shame feelings. It thus may represent an avenue for the development of compassionate‐based interventions for IBD patients and for the conduction of future studies exploring the shame phenomenon in other chronic illnesses. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

A new measure, the Chronic Illness‐related Shame Scale (CISS), was developed

CISS was revealed to be robust instrument in samples of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and cancer patients

CISS and self‐judgement mediate the relationship between IBD symptomatology and depressed mood

This model presented an excellent adjustment and explained 55% of depressed mood's variance

Results suggest that treatment programmes for IBD should include compassionate‐based interventions
Revisiting streamside trees that do not use stream water: can the two water worlds hypothesis and snowpack isotopic effects explain a missing water source?
Authors: Bowling David R. , Schulze Emily S. , Hall Steven J.
Published: July 2016

We revisit a classic ecohydrological study that showed streamside riparian trees in a semiarid mountain catchment did not use perennial stream water. The original study suggested that mature individuals of Acer negundo, Acer grandidentatum, and other species were dependent on water from “deeper strata,” possibly groundwater. We used a dual stable isotope approach (δ18O and δ2H) to further examine the water sources of these trees. We tested the hypothesis that groundwater was the main tree water source, but found that neither groundwater nor stream water matched the isotope composition of xylem water during two growing seasons. Soil water (0–1 m depth) was closest to and periodically overlapped with xylem water isotope composition, but overall, xylem water was isotopically enriched compared to all measured water sources. The “two water worlds” hypothesis postulates that soil water comprises isotopically distinct mobile and less mobile pools that do not mix, potentially explaining this disparity. We further hypothesized that isotopic effects during snowpack metamorphosis impart a distinct isotope signature to the less mobile soil water that supplies summer transpiration. Depth trends in water isotopes following snowmelt were consistent with the two water worlds hypothesis, but snow metamorphic isotope effects could not explain the highly enriched xylem water. Thus, the dual isotope approach did not unambiguously determine the water source(s) of these riparian trees. Further exploration of physical, geochemical, and biological mechanisms of water isotope fractionation and partitioning is necessary to resolve these data, highlighting critical challenges in the isotopic determination of plant water sources.
National parks in the easternUnitedStates harbor important older forest structure compared with matrix forests
Authors: Miller Kathryn M. , Dieffenbach Fred W. , Campbell J. Patrick , Cass Wendy B. , Comiskey James A. , Matthews Elizabeth R. , McGill Brian J. , Mitchell Brian R. , Perles Stephanie J. , Sanders Suzanne , Schmit John Paul , Smith Stephen , Weed Aaron S.
Published: July 2016

We analyzed land‐cover and forest vegetation data from nearly 25,000 permanent plots distributed across 50 national parks in the eastern United States, along with the matrix around each park, to examine structural characteristics of park forests in relation to their surrounding landscape. Over 2000 of these plots are part of the National Park Service (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M), and the remaining 22,500+ plots are part of the US Forest Service (USFS) Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program. This is the first study to compare forest structure in protected lands with the surrounding forest matrix over such a large area of the United States and is only possible because of the 10+ years of data that are now publicly available fromUSFS‐FIAandNPSI&M. Results of this study indicate that park forests, where logging is largely prohibited, preserve areas of regionally significant older forest habitat. Park forests consistently had greater proportions of late‐successional forest, greater live tree basal area, greater densities of live and dead large trees, and considerably larger volume of coarse woody debris. Park forests also had lower tree growth and mortality rates than matrix forests, suggesting different forest dynamics between park and matrix forests. The divergent patterns we observed between matrix and park forests were similar to those reported in studies that compared managed and old‐growth forests, although the differences in our study were less pronounced. With the majority of park forests in second growth, eastern parks may be a more realistic baseline to compare with the more intensively managed matrix forests. We recommend that park managers allow natural disturbance and the development of older structure to continue in park forests. In addition, long‐term maintenance of regional biodiversity will likely require increases in older forest structure in the matrix. As theNPSmoves into its next century of land preservation, we encourage managers to consider parks important components of a larger regional effort to preserve biodiversity and ecosystem processes in easternUSforests. The data collected byNPSI&M programs will continue to provide important information and guidance toward these regional conservation efforts.
Hierarchical animal movement models for population‐level inference
Authors: Hooten Mevin B. , Buderman Frances E. , Brost Brian M. , Hanks Ephraim M. , Ivan Jacob S.
Published: July 2016

New methods for modeling animal movement based on telemetry data are developed regularly. With advances in telemetry capabilities, animal movement models are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Despite a need for population‐level inference, animal movement models are still predominantly developed for individual‐level inference. Most efforts to upscale the inference to the population level are either post hoc or complicated enough that only the developer can implement the model. Hierarchical Bayesian models provide an ideal platform for the development of population‐level animal movement models but can be challenging to fit due to computational limitations or extensive tuning required. We propose a two‐stage procedure for fitting hierarchical animal movement models to telemetry data. The two‐stage approach is statistically rigorous and allows one to fit individual‐level movement models separately, then resample them using a secondary MCMC algorithm. The primary advantages of the two‐stage approach are that the first stage is easily parallelizable and the second stage is completely unsupervised, allowing for an automated fitting procedure in many cases. We demonstrate the two‐stage procedure with two applications of animal movement models. The first application involves a spatial point process approach to modeling telemetry data, and the second involves a more complicated continuous‐time discrete‐space animal movement model. We fit these models to simulated data and real telemetry data arising from a population of monitored Canada lynx in Colorado, USA. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal training for non‐feedback adaptive modulation over Rayleigh fading channels
Authors: Zeineddine Khalid , Hammoud Hussein , Abou‐Faycal Ibrahim
Published: July 2016

Time‐varying fading channels present a major challenge in the design of wireless communication systems. Adaptive schemes are often employed to adapt the transmission parameters to receiver‐based estimates of the quality of the channel. We consider a pilot‐based adaptive modulation scheme without the use of a feedback link. In this scheme, pilot tones (known by sender and receiver) are periodically sent through the channel for the purpose of channel estimation and coherent demodulation of data symbols at the receiver. We optimise the duration and power allocation of these pilot symbols to maximise the information‐theoretic achievable rates using binary signaling. We analyze four transmission policies and numerically show how optimal training in terms of duration and power allocation varies with the channel conditions and from one transmission policy to another. We prove that for a causal estimation scheme with flexible power allocation, placing all the available power on one pilot is optimal. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Interest Rate Modelling
Authors: Guo Mengmeng , Härdle Wolfgang Karl
Published: July 2016

A good description of the dynamic process of interest rates is crucial to price derivatives and to hedge corresponding risk. An unstable macroeconomic context motivates the stochastic interest rate models with time‐varying parameters. In this paper, the local parameter approach is introduced to adaptively estimate interest rate models. This method can be generally used in time‐varying coefficient parametric models. It is used not only to detect jumps and structural breaks but also to choose the largest time homogeneous interval for each time point, such that in this interval the coefficients are statistically constant. We apply this adaptive approach in both simulations and real data analysis. Using the 3‐month Treasury bill rate as a proxy of the short rate, we find that our method can detect the structural breaks as well as the stable intervals for homogeneously modelling of the interest rate process. The time homogeneous interval cannot persist in an unstable macroeconomy. Furthermore, our approach performs well in long horizon forecasting. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competing risks analysis of cause‐specific mortality in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Läärä Esa , Korpi Jarkko T. , Pitkänen Hanna , Alho Olli‐Pekka , Kantola Saara
Published: July 2016

Background

Survival studies on head and neck cancers are frequently reported with inadequate account for competing causes of death. Realistic descriptions and predictions of postdiagnosis mortality should be based on proper competing risks methodology.

Methods

Prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in terms of mortality from OSCC and from other causes, respectively, was analyzed according to recent methodological recommendations using cumulative incidence functions and models for cause‐specific hazards and subdistribution hazards in 306 patients treated in a tertiary care center in Northern Finland.

Results

More coherent and informative descriptions and predictions of mortality by cause were obtained with state‐of‐the‐art statistical methods for competing risks than using the prevalent but questionable practice to graph “disease‐specific survival.”

Conclusion

From the patients' perspective, proper competing risks analysis offers more relevant prognostic scenarios than naïve analyses of “disease‐specific survival”; therefore, it should be used in prognostic studies of head and neck cancers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Head Neck 39: 56–62, 2017
Transcervical resection of tracheal diverticulum
Authors: Huang Dayu , Ma Qinyun , Wang Shaohua , Ouyang Qi , Chen Xiaofeng
Published: July 2016

Tracheal diverticulum is a clinical entity rarely reported in the literature. It can be congenital or acquired in origin, and most cases are asymptomatic, usually being discovered incidentally at CT scan. Therefore, treatment has not been widely reported. We present the case of a 30‐year‐old man with a 6‐month history of repeatedly coughing and tracheobronchitis. CT scanning revealed the lesion. The patient underwent surgical resection of the tracheal diverticulum via a transcervical approach. Symptoms resolved after surgical treatment. Reexamination of the neck, chest, trachea, and lungs of the patient was performed with CT scan postoperative. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 187–190, 2017
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Some New Binary Pyrazoles Containing Core Phenothiazine Moiety
Authors: Hamama Wafaa S. , Gouda Moustafa A. , Kamal El‐din Hadwah A. , Zoorob Hanafi H.
Published: July 2016

α,β‐Unsaturated ketones containing phenothiazine moiety 4, 5, and 7 were synthesized by condensation of 2‐acetylphenothiazine (1) with different aryl aldehydes 2, 3 and dimethylformamide dimethylaceal. Pyrazoles 11, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32 and oxazole 34 skeletons were also synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of α,β‐unsaturated ketones with different nucleophilic reagents. Formylpyrazole derivative 36 was synthesized through Vilsmeier–Haack reaction of phenylhydrazone 35b. Newly synthesized compounds were screened for antioxidant activity. The data showed clearly that most of the compounds anchored to phenothiazine moiety displayed good antioxidant activity using ABTS method. Furthermore, compounds 11, 14, and 28 exhibited high protection against DNA damage induced by the bleomycin iron complex.
A New Method for the Preparation of Intermediates for 2,6‐Substituted Anthrapyridazones
Authors: Cybulski Marcin , Sidoryk Katarzyna , Formela Adam , Michalak Olga , Rosa Anna , Mróz Katarzyna , Maruszak Wioleta
Published: July 2016

A new method for the preparation of 2‐substituted 6‐chloro‐2,7‐dihydro‐3H‐dibenzo[de,h]cynnoline‐3,7‐diones has been developed. The compounds have been obtained in an original three‐step procedure comprising the oxidation of 1‐methyl‐9,10‐anthraquinones with periodate or permanganate/brominating reagent systems, cyclization to 6‐chloro‐2,7‐dihydro‐3H‐dibenzo[de,h]cynnoline‐3,7‐dione, and selective alkylation thereof. The selected processes were applied in the efficient scale‐up of specific 2,6‐substituted 2,7‐dihydro‐3H‐dibenz[de,h]cinnolin‐3,7‐dione derivatives, currently being investigated pre‐clinically as anticancer agents.
Fluorine‐18 radiolabeling of a nitrophenyl sulfoxide and its evaluation in an SK‐RC‐52 model of tumor hypoxia
Authors: Laurens Evelyn , Yeoh Shinn Dee , Rigopoulos Angela , O'Keefe Graeme J. , Tochon‐Danguy Henri J. , Chong Lee Wenn , White Jonathan M. , Scott Andrew M. , Ackermann Uwe
Published: July 2016

The significance of imaging hypoxia with the positron emission tomography ligand [18F]FMISO has been demonstrated in a variety of cancers. However, the slow kinetics of [18F]FMISO require a 2‐h delay between tracer administration and patient scanning. Labeled chloroethyl sulfoxides have shown faster kinetics and higher contrast than [18F]FMISO in a rat model of ischemic stroke. However, these nitrogen mustard analogues are unsuitable for routine production and use in humans. Here, we report on the synthesis and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel sulfoxide, which contains an ester moiety for hydrolysis and subsequent trapping in hypoxic cells. Non‐decay corrected yields of radioactivity were 1.18 ± 0.24% (n = 27, 2.5 ± 0.5% decay corrected radiochemical yield) based on K[18F]F. The radiotracer did not show any defluorination and did not undergo metabolism in an in vitro assay using S9 liver fractions. Imaging studies using an SK‐RC‐52 tumor model in BALB/c nude mice have revealed that [18F]1 is retained in hypoxic tumors and has similar hypoxia selectivity to [18F]FMISO. Because of a three times faster clearance rate than [18F]FMISO from normoxic tissue, [18F]1 has emerged as a promising new radiotracer for hypoxia imaging.
Glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer in human lumbar intervertebral discs: Effect of saturation pulse and relationship with low back pain
Authors: Wada Tatsuhiro , Togao Osamu , Tokunaga Chiaki , Funatsu Ryohei , Yamashita Yasuo , Kobayashi Kouji , Nakamura Yasuhiko , Honda Hiroshi
Published: July 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the dependence of saturation pulse power and duration on glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST) imaging and assess the degeneration of human lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) using this method.

Materials and Methods

All images were acquired on a 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The CEST effects were measured in the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) phantoms with different concentrations. In the human study, CEST effects were measured in the nucleus pulposus of IVD. We compared the CEST effects among the different saturation pulse powers (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 μT) or durations (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 sec) at each Pfirrmann grade (I–V). The relationship between the CEST effects and low back pain was also evaluated.

Results

The phantom study showed high correlations between the CEST effects and GAG concentration (R2 = 0.863, P < 0.0001, linear regression). In the human study, the CEST effect obtained with the 0.8 μT power was significantly greater than those obtained with 0.4 (P < 0.01) and 1.6 μT power (P < 0.05) at Pfirrmann grade I. The CEST effect obtained with a 1.0‐sec duration was significantly greater than those derived with 0.5 and 2.0 sec (P < 0.01) durations at Pfirrmann grades I and II. The CEST effects in the group with moderate low back pain were significantly lower than those in the groups without pain (P < 0.001) and with mild pain (P = 0.0216).

Conclusion

The contrast of gagCEST imaging in the lumbar IVDs varied with saturation pulse power and duration. GagCEST imaging may serve as a tool for evaluating IVD degeneration in the lumbar spine.

Level of Evidence: 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:863–871.