bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

The next day, Jeronimo stopped work at noon and, instead of eating lunch with the other employees at the quarry, he headed for home. After barely touching what his wife had put in front of him, he climbed into bed and told her to inform Joao Romao that he was ill and was going to take the afternoon off. And she left, feeling very concerned. Any little ailment he had drove her crazy with worry. “He’ s so strong and healthy; what can be the matter? Could it be yellow fever? 0 Jesus, Son of God, I should n’ t even think such thoughts! Help me!”
X
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

From the courtyard, where this piece of news caused a sensation, one could see Leonor and Isaura appear from time to time at the wide open windows, shaking rugs and straw mats, beating them with sticks, shutting their eyes against the clouds of dust that billowed forth like gun smoke. Other servants had been hired for the occasion. In the front parlor, blacks were scrubbing the floor, and the kitchen was in an uproar. Dona Estela, in a cambric dressing gown adorned with pink bows, could be glimpsed flitting to and fro as she gave orders, cooling herself with a big fan.
XI
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

While her neighbors were defending their homes tooth and nail, she had quietly piled up straw and kindling outside number twelve and set fire to it. Fortunately, the blaze was put out in time, but its consequences were as disastrous as if it had burned unabated, for although the houses were saved from the flames, they were devastated by the police. Some were completely destroyed. And things would have turned out worse had that providential downpour not also doused the policemen’s ardor. They retreated without a single prisoner: “If we take one, they’ll all follow us to the station. God preserve us!” Besides, what for? They had already accomplished their mission!
XIII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

As soon as any tenant left Sao Romao, a crowd of candidates appeared, all squabbling over the vacant house. Delporto and Pompeo had been carried off by yellow fever, and three other Italians’ lives were in danger. The number of inhabitants increased; each two-room house was subdivided into cubicles the size of coffins, and the women kept bearing children with the regularity of a herd of cows. A family consisting of a widowed mother and five unmarried daughters, the oldest of whom was thirty and the youngest fifteen, moved into the house Dona Isabel had vacated a few days after Pombinha’ s wedding.
Margaret Fuller, “A Short Essay on Critics” (July 1840)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

THIS ESSAY BRIEFLY distills Fuller’s critical views at the time, as she describes the subjective, apprehensive, and comprehensive types of critics. At a period when reviews were either straightforward summaries of the work under discussion, vicious attacks on people or ideas the reviewer did not like, or blatant encomiums (or “puffs”) of friends’ works, Fuller’s idea of establishing critical standards was unusual.
Charles Lane, “Brook Farm” (January 1844)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

LANE’S ARTICLE on Brook Farm in the Dial shows how even communitarians disagreed among themselves about how society is to be organized.
Platonism and Anti-Platonism in Mathematics
Authors: Balaguer Mark
Published: November 2023

Balaguer demonstrates that there are no good arguments for or against mathematical platonism. He does this by establishing that both platonism and anti-platonism are defensible views. Introducing a form of platonism (“full-blooded platonism”) that solves all problems traditionally associated with the view, he proceeds to defend anti-platonism (in particular, mathematical fictionalism) against various attacks, most notably the Quine-Putnam indispensability attack. He concludes by arguing that it is not simply that we do not currently have any good argument for or against platonism, but that we could never have such an argument and, indeed, that there is no fact of the matter as to whether platonism is correct.
Accounting for Indispensable Applications from a Fictionalist Point of View
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

We still need a response to the Quine-Putnam worry that fictionalists cannot account for the applications of mathematics to empirical science. In chapter 6, I provided some motivation for the claim that fictionalists can respond to this worry by arguing that none of these applications are indispensable to empirical science. But I did not give a complete argument for this claim, and so chapter 6 did not contain a complete response to the Quine-Putnam argument. In this chapter, I will provide a complete response to that argument, but I will do this by following a different strategy. In particular, I will (a) assume (for the sake of argument) that there do exist some indispensable applications of mathematics to empirical science, and (b) account for these applications from a fictionalist point of view.
Virtues and Vices
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: November 2023

Moral philosophy used to be primarily concerned, not with particular acts, but with those traits of character that were virtues and vices. Hobbes says “the science of virtue and vice, is moral philosophy.”1 However I have defined morality without even mentioning virtue or vice. Nonetheless, I realize that no account of morality is complete without an account of virtue and vice. Moreover, as a practical matter, children should be taught morality by means of the moral virtues. It is only in theoretical contexts that the moral and personal virtues are derived from more basic concepts, although this theoretical understanding is helpful in teaching the virtues. The basic concepts, especially that of rationality, discussed in previous chapters shall be used to provide accounts of both moral and personal virtue and also to explain the distinction between them. Failure to make this distinction is another explanation for the false philosophical view that morality is primarily a general guide for an individual seeking the best life. I shall also provide accounts of particular virtues and vices, both moral and personal.
Moral Judgments
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: November 2023

As shown in the first chapter, all previous accounts of moral judgments are inadequate because they provide no clear distinction between moral and nonmoral judgments. These linguistic or metaethical accounts are unable to provide a clear distinction because they are primarily theories about the purposes of making moral judgments, not about the content of these judgments.1 The various linguistic theories of moral judgments are thus not mistaken accounts of the nature of moral judgments, rather they are accounts of the way that many judgments, including moral judgments are used. Since nonmoral judgments, such as financial and prudential judgments, have many of the same functions as moral judgments, what the various linguistic accounts say about moral judgments applies equally well to many kinds of nonmoral judgments. Thus, all of these theories have something of value to say about the functions and purposes of making moral judgments, even if they do not distinguish moral judgments from nonmoral judgments.
Morality and Society
Authors: Gert Bernard
Published: November 2023

In chapter 8 I showed that all societies, no matter how small, have a legal system, that is, a system of rules that applies to all persons in the society and that most of them use to guide their behavior and to make judgments about the behavior of others. I suspect that many people would call these simple legal systems moral systems and that is why they claim that different societies have completely different moralities. But this claim ignores the fact that morality is a public system; a moral judgment cannot be made on the action of someone who is justifiably ignorant of what he should have done. But a legal system is not a public system; ignorance, even completely justified ignorance, of the law sometimes does not exempt one from legal judgments. Further, a legal system can be based on authority; for example, a rule can be a law because the ruler, or God, is thought to have authorized it. A legal rule need not have the kind of content that would allow a rational person to favor it being part of a public system that governs the behavior of all those to whom it applies. A moral system must be a public system; that is, it must be understood by all those to whom it applies, and it cannot be irrational for any of them to use the system as a guide for their actions.
Understanding Your Keyboard Instrument
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

At your lessons and practice sessions, you may be playing an acoustic piano or an electric, digital keyboard. Acoustic pianos are those that are not plugged in (comparable to a traditional guitar, either classical or folk). Acoustie pianos do not depend on electricity to deliver or enhance the sound. Pianists—unlike singers, flutists, and harmonica players—usually do not take their own acoustic instrument with them when leaving home. Instead, they learn to adjust to the wide variety of instruments they encounter and do the best they can with whatever piano is available.
Developing Musicality
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

“But,” you say, “I’m only a beginner! I’m just starting. How can I sound like a musician? How can I make my playing sound musical? Aren’t you expecting too much? Doesn’t that have to happen much later?” With confidence, I offer you my answers: “No. I am not expecting too much. No! You do not have to wait until much later in order to sound musical.”
Feeling Crazy
Authors: Benson Paul
Published: November 2023

The notion of responsibility has figured prominently in feminist theorizing. Feminists have explored ways in which received conditions of blameworthiness and excuse mask and thereby sustain social arrangements that oppress women. Men who reap advantages from such arrangements are commonly in a position to justify their conduct by appealing to gendered social norms that grant men special prerogatives (“Lighten up! Surely there is nothing wrong in my just looking, teasing ... “) or by professing their innocent motives (“I didn’t mean any harm by it”). Alternatively, men may exempt themselves from responsibility by deflecting accountability away from individuals to larger social systems over which individuals seem powerless (“It’s not my fault; that’s just the way the system works”). In such ways, conditions of responsibility are interpreted so as to license male irresponsibility. Systematic distortion of responsibility is a feature of most resilient forms of social oppression, not only gender-based oppression.
Autonomy and the Feminist Intuition
Authors: Stoijar Natalie
Published: November 2023

Feminist philosophers rightly have been suspicious of old-fashioned theories of autonomy, in which it was equated with the masculinist ideals of substantive independence and self-sufficiency. Lately, however, a different set of theories of autonomy has become dominant, namely, procedural theories. Many such theories argue that it is the capacity for procedural independence or independence of mind, rather than the capacity for substantive independence, that is necessary and sufficient for autonomy. In such accounts, an agent’s preference or decision is autonomous if and only if the process of formation of the preference or decision has satisfied certain standards of critical reflection. Once a preference or decision has passed such formal or procedural tests, it is autonomous, no matter what its content. Hence, procedural theories are “content-neutral.”
Expressions of the Streets
Authors: Scorsese Martin
Published: November 2023

Arthur Penn and Stanley Kubrick stand as the first generation of com mercial contemporary American cinema’s small avant-garde. Both of them began their filmmaking careers in the fifties, just before the French New Wave helped initiate a break in Hollywood’s classical style. Martin Scorsese is part of the next group of directors, which include Steven Spiel berg, Francis Ford Coppola, George Lucas, John Milius, Brian DePalma, Paul Schrader, and, more recently, Oliver Stone, who came to filmmaking maturity after the French left their mark. That mark contains some complex tracings. Like Godard, Truffaut, Rohmer, Chabrol, and Rivette, the American filmmakers studied film carefully, both formally and informally. Like the French, they spent a great deal of their youth watching film; but instead of turning to critical writing about their subject before actually making films, many of them attended film school, an extraordinary event in the history of American filmmaking.1
The Beginning of the End: Vespasian through August 69
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

To understand the campaign by the Balkan legions that unseated Vitellius in late December 69, we must deal first with the man in whose name—if not always with whose blessing—they undertook their offensive. Discontented as these legions were, apparently from the moment Otho committed suicide in mid-April, they had no cause to embrace until Vespasian was proclaimed emperor and invited them to take up arms in his behalf. It was as well that they did so. For of the four men who became emperors in 68/69, Vespasian must have seemed to contemporaries as well as to posterity the one whose bid for power was the least likely to succeed, by reason of his birth, his age, and his career to date. Hence Tacitus’ frequent references to “the luck of the Flavians,” the many stories Suetonius retails of signs portending Vespasian’s elevation to the throne, and—for that matter—his insistence that Vespasian and his two sons, Titus and Domitian, believed or came to believe firmly in the workings of Fate.
Federal Support Of The Medical Approach
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

The years between World War II and 1970 witnessed, first, enactment of maximum legal sanctions against narcotic drug use, and then a strong reaction that gave considerable responsibility for control to physicians and psychotherapists. Under an onslaught of increased drug abuse and addiction, rising crime against property, and a renewed faith in medicine and psychological treatment, federal drug-abuse statutes retreated from death penalties and mandatory minimum sentences to more reliance on treatment, flexible sentences, and even addiction maintenance, not only with methadone but perhaps even with heroin itself. During the same period the reputation of marihuana, which some considered as dangerous as heroin, changed significantly: in 1972 a Presidential Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse recommended elimination of criminal penalties for private use of marihuana.1 Advocates of severe punishment for addicts found themselves unheeded.
Chemotherapy of Helminthic Diseases
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The helminthic, or worm, diseases are caused by members of two phyla. The nematodes (roundworms) belong to the phylum Nemathelminthes. Diseases caused by this group of organisms include, for example, as caris, whipworm, pinworm, and hookworm infections, trichinosis, and elephantiasis. The cestodes, or tapeworms, and the trematodes, a group including the various flukes (e.g., the schistosomes), are both members of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms). These worms are multicellular organisms that possess crude organ systems. Their complex life cycles usually include a stage of development in the human intestinal tract.
Chemotherapy of Viral Infections, I: Drugs Used to Treat Influenza Virus Infections, Herpes virus Infections, and Drugs with Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

Viruses are organisms composed of a nucleic acid core (the genome may be either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein containing shell; they reproduce only inside living cells. They derive their energy supply and their substrates from the infected cell; they also use its synthetic machinery to produce the virus-specific protein required for production of the mature viral particle. Mature virus particles possess only one type of nucleic acid, and they lose their organized form during replication of the genome in the host cell.
Chemotherapy of Viral Infections, II
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The complex replication cycle of HIV, offers several potential sites for intervention with antiretroviral drugs. H (shown in Fig. 17- 1 The host becomes infected by exposure to blood or body fluids containing HIV. The virus then attaches to target cells through binding of the viral surface glycoprotein gp120 to CD4 molecules located on the membranes of certain T lymphocytes and macrophages/monocytes, and the virus is in ternalized by fusion with the host cell membrane. After internalization, the HIV virion is uncoated, releasing viral genomic RNA into the host cell.
How Braess’ Paradox Solves Newcomb’s Problem
Authors: Irvine A D
Published: November 2023

Newcomb’s problem is regularly described as a problem arising from equally defensible yet contradictory models of rationality. In contrast, Braess’ paradox is regularly described as nothing more than the existence of non-intuitive (but ultimately non-contradictory) equilibrium points within physical networks of various kinds. Yet it can be shown that, from a participant’s point of view, Newcomb’s problem is structurally identical to Braess’ paradox. Both are instances of a well-known result in game theory, namely that equilibria of non-co-operative games are generally Pareto-inefficient. Newcomb’s problem is simply a limiting case in which the number of players equals one. Braess’ paradox is another limiting case in which the “players” need not be assumed to be discrete individuals.
Why We Need a Moral Equilibrium Theory
Authors: Talbott William J
Published: November 2023

If Kant’s derivation of the Categorical Imperative had been successful, he would have completed two overlapping projects in moral philosophy: (1) the deduction project (moral deductionism): the project of deriving the fundamental principle or principles of morality from the most general constraints on rationality agency, in order to show that, whatever ends or goals one may have, it cannot be rational to act immorally in pursuing them; (2) the reduction project (moral reductionism): the project of formulating principles that would determine the moral permissibility or impermissibility of an act purely as a function of its non-moral features. It is generally agreed that Kant did not succeed at either project. But he has very many intellectual heirs, including many of the participants at the conference on “Modeling Rational and Moral Agents,” who use tools and examples - most prominently the Prisoner’s Dilemma - from formal theories of rational choice to construct models of rational and moral agents. Anyone who attempts to model rational and moral agents very quickly becomes aware of a tension between the two projects of deduction and of reduction. Kant’s discussion of his Categorical Imperative nicely illustrates the tension.
Morality’s Last Chance
Authors: LaCasse Chantale , Ross Don
Published: November 2023

What distinguishes a moral agent from a non-moral agent? A minimum condition is that a moral agent’s behaviour must conform at least closely enough for probabilistic prediction to a set of strictures whose contents would be recognized in reflective equilibrium as moral, where, furthermore, at least part of the best explanation for the conformity in question appeals to the fact that the strictures are moral. This condition is necessary: if there are no agents that satisfy it, then there are no moral agents. Now, most readers will likely be of the view that there must be agents that satisfy the condition, precisely because it is so minimal. It does not require that a moral agent stick to her own moral code much more than fifty percent of the time, and it does not require that the moral code of a moral agent be even reasonably complete. Thus, someone who refrained from no offence against interpersonal decency except the torture of infants, but who avoided torturing infants at least partly because it is immoral to do so, would fit the condition. However, our view, its prima facie implausibility notwithstanding, is that the condition is unsatisfiable, and that there are, therefore, no moral agents. Our position thus encourages a version of moral scepticism.1 What follows will not amount to a full argument for moral skepticism; however, we hope to move some distance in the direction of that conclusion by showing that leading members of the most sophisticated recent family of attempts at applying the concept of moral agency to explain behaviour and social stability fail for a common and general reason.
Love’s Dominion
Authors: 1’amir Yael
Published: November 2023

Individuals face the world as children, parents, lovers, friends, fellow nationals, and it is from these contextualized points of view that they form their beliefs and preferences and evaluate their actions. Communitarians claim that these personal relationships and communal affiliations generate not only distinct perspectives but also responsibilities. This claim troubles voluntarists, who argue that the sole ground of responsibilities is consent.
The Benefits of “Relaxation”: The Role of the “Pihen” Movement in Bela Bartók’s Contrasts
Authors: Novak John k.
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1938, Bartók was commissioned by the American clarinetist Benny Goodman, through the cooperation of violinist Joseph Szigeti, to compose a six-toseven-minute piece in two sections that might possess the Hungarian flavor of his violin rhapsodies. The work was to be short enough to fit on one side of a twelveinch 78 rpm record. However, the composer did not allow his work to be restricted by the demands of the recording industry, for he presented Goodman with a twomovement trio in excess of eleven minutes in duration. Goodman, nonetheless, approved of the composition, which Bartók originally called Two Dances.
The Verbunkos and Bartók’s Modern Style: The Case of Duke Bluebeard’s Castle
Authors: Frigyesi Judit
Published: November 2023

Duke Bluebeard’s Castle (1911/1918) is perhaps the most enigmatic of all of Bartók’s works.1 The meaning of the plot, its symbolism, and its system of associations are still a matter of debate. But Bluebeard is also an enigma for its musical style. The opera strikes many listeners as something still essentially Romantic, perhaps even a bit decadent in its symbolism and mysticism—certainly something much less explosive than Stravinsky’s Sacre du Printemps from about the same time or Bartók’s own Allegro Barbaro for Piano (1911) and the Miraculous Mandarin pantomime (1918-19 ). Moreover, apart from the vocal lines and a few themes, it is difficult to find in Bluebeard the influence of the old-style peasant songs that Bartók claimed to have inspired his new music. But the music shows a close connection with Hungarian Romantic symphonic style.
Sacred Texts in a Secular World: A Word to Nonbelievers—and Believers
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Many of the works discussed in these pages are settings of sacred Christian texts. The commentary on them is by a writer of Jewish birth who happily accepts for himself the description the Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer came up with to define his own stance: “a religion-loving atheist.” I think I am safe in assuming that many, perhaps even most, readers of this book will have at least a nominal connection with some branch of the Christian church, and that for those listeners such works as the Bach Passions have a significance and carry a meaning beyond the musical and the aesthetic.
John Adams
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

A dams began Harmonium in February 1980 and finished the composition on 25 October that year, completing the orchestration in March 1981. Harmonium was commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony to celebrate its first season in Louise M. Davies Hall. The score is dedicated to Edo de Waart, who conducted the first performance with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra and Chorus on 15 April 1981.
Ludwig van Beethoven
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

This is the ultimate story of a missed deadline. So, first a calendar, amazing and fascinating: Late summer of 1818: Beethoven, stone deaf and soon to turn fortyeight, finishes his “Hammerklavier” Sonata, op. 106. The completion of this, his greatest work so far, begins the process that Maynard Solomon in his Beethoven biography describes as the composer’s “reconstructing his life and completing his life’s work.” In his remaining eight and a half years he will compose his most rhetorical music and his most inward, his most public works and his most esoteric, his biggest pieces and his most compressed, compositions that celebrate the inexhaustible possibilities of the sonata style and others that propose utterly new approaches, works that are totally centered alongside a few that approach the bizarre. At no previous stage in Beethoven’s life would the sheer comprehensiveness and multiplicity of the Missa solemnis have been possible.
Leoš Janáček
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Drawing in part on material from a Latin Mass he had started in 1908, Janáček drafted his Glagolitic Mass between 2 and 17 August 1926, completing the work on 15 October. The movement for organ solo was a late addition to the score, being drafted and composed between October and early December. Janáček made many more revisions of details in November and December 1927 while preparations for the premiere were under way. Among the revisions was a name change from Misa slavnija (Missa solemnis) to Missa glagolskaja (Missa solemnis). Adding Missa solemnis to the title was a bow to Beethoven, whose great Mass Janáček had conducted in Brno in 1879.
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was born at his father’s estate at Oneg, near Semyonovo in the district of Starorusky, Russia, on 1 April 1873 and died in Beverly Hills, California, on 28 March 1943. Rachmaninoff began The Bells, settings of a poem by Konstantin Balmont after Edgar Allan Poe, in January 1913 and completed the four sections respectively on 28 June, 13 July, 30 July, and 9 August of that year. With soloists E. I. Popova, A. D. Alexandrov, and P. Z. Andreyev, and the chorus and orchestra of the Maryinsky Theater, Saint Petersburg, the composer conducted the first performance on 13 December 1913. The work is dedicated to Willem Mengelberg and the Amsterdam Concertgebouw Orchestra, with whom Rachmaninoff had had an exceptionally happy experience in 1908 in performances of his Piano Concerto No. 2.
Igor Stravinsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Stravinsky made the first notations for this music in June 1914 and finished the sketch score on 11 October 1917. The scoring underwent several radical changes, and the first performance of parts of the four extraordinarily interesting preliminary and abandoned versions of the first two tableaux took place at Harvard University on 12 August 1968 under the direction of Claudio Spies. Looking at my now-somewhat-tattered program, I see that the orchestra list for that concert includes the then–twenty-one-year-old future composer John Adams, here playing clarinet. The first complete performance—or as complete as possible—of the 1917 version was given on 11 February 1973, Robert Craft conducting. Stravinsky decided on the final scoring in 1921 and completed the work in Monte Carlo on 6 April or 5 May 1923, depending on whether you prefer to believe the note in the published score or the composer’s letter of 6 May 1923 to his publisher. The first public performance, preceded by a private hearing at the house of Princess Edmond de Polignac, was given on 13 June 1923 in Paris by the Ballets Russes, and the score is dedicated to Serge Diaghilev, founder and director of that company. Ernest Ansermet conducted, the choreography was by Bronislava Nijinska, the sets and costumes were by Natalia Goncharova, and Felia Dubrovska and Leon Woizokowski danced the roles of the bride and groom. The pianists were Marcelle Meyer, Édouard Flamand, Georges Auric, and Hélène Lyon.
Charles Wuorinen
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Charles Wuorinen was born on 9 June 1938 in New York City, where he still lives. Genesis, completed on 1 December 1989, was commissioned by the Honolulu Symphony, the Minnesota Orchestra, and the San Francisco Symphony through a grant from Meet the Composer. On 26 September 1991, Herbert Blomstedt conducted the San Francisco Symphony Chorus and Orchestra in the first performance. Wuorinen dedicated Genesis to John Duffy, founder of Meet the Composer, “in personal affection and in admiration of his many good works on behalf of new music.”

Herbert Blomstedt was the inspirer and godfather of Genesis as well as its first conductor. In one of Blomstedt’s conversations with Wuorinen during the four years (1985–1989) that Wuorinen was the San Francisco Symphony’s composer-in-residence and he its music director, Blomstedt said: “Wouldn’t it be nice if somebody wrote a new Genesis?” or words to that effect. Also, having conducted several of Wuorinen’s instrumental works, Blomstedt was curious as to what effect the challenge of writing for chorus might have on the composer’s musical language. From these exchanges came the impetus for Wuorinen to add his Genesis to the list of compositions on the subject by Haydn, Schoenberg, Milhaud, and others.
Would Cloned Humans Really Be Like Sheep?
Authors: Eisenberg Leon
Published: November 2023

The recent proof, by DNA-microsatellite analysis and DNA-fingerprinting techniques, that Dolly the sheep had indeed been cloned as Wilmut et al. claimed, and the report by Wakayama et al. of the successful cloning of more than 20 healthy female mice are likely to reactivate discussions of the ethics of cloning humans and to provoke more calls to ban experiments on mammalian cloning altogether. From the standpoint of biologic science, a ban on such laboratory experiments would be a severe setback to research in embryology. From the standpoint of moral philosophy, the ethical debate has been so obscured by incorrect assumptions about the relation between a potential human clone and its adult progenitor that the scientific issues must be reexamined in order to clarify the relation between genotype and phenotype. There are powerful biologic objections to the use of cloning to alter the human species, objections that make speculations about the ethics of the process largely irrelevant.
The Two-Edged Sword: Biotechnology and Mythology
Authors: Boyd Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

The public debate provoked by Dolly the sheep has repeatedly returned to the following question. Cloning large animals by nuclear transfer is now possible. Such techniques could eventually be used to clone not just human tissues or organs, but also individual human beings. Why should this not be done? Behind this question is the suspicion, even the conviction, that eventually it will be done. Scientiﬁc curiosity, or the prospect of proﬁts to be made, will be too compelling to resist.
Does Ethics Make a Difference? The Debate over Human Cloning
Authors: Caplan Arthur L
Published: November 2023

What does human cloning have to do with ethics? Or, more accurately, why should human cloning have anything to do with ethics? Once the initial frenzy over the cloning of Dolly the sheep had abated, a large number of people began to express skepticism or even outright hostility to the idea that ethics had anything of value to say about human cloning. Biologist Lee Silver spoke for many when he wrote, “In a society that values individual freedom above all else, it is hard to find any legitimate basis for restricting the use of reprogenetics” (Silver’s term for genetic engineering including cloning and assisted reproductive technologies) (1997, p. 9). [Editor’s note: For an elaboration of Prof. Silver’s views, see chapter 5, this volume.]
Ethical Aspects of Cloning Techniques: Opinion of the Group of Advisers on the Ethical Implications of Biotechnology of the European Commission
Authors: McLaren Anne
Published: November 2023

The following points aim to shed light on the cloning debate by giving information on the scientific aspects of cloning and the ethical problems relating to them. 1.1. Cloning is the process of producing “genetically identical” organisms. It may involve division of a single embryo, in which case both the nuclear genes and the small number of mitochondrial genes would be “identical,” or it may involve nuclear transfer, in which case only the nuclear genes would be “identical.” But genes may be mutated or lost during the development of the individual: the gene set may be identical, but it is unlikely that the genes themselves would ever be totally identical.
Conclusions and Looking Forward
Authors: Craig Catherine L
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have shown that spiders are defined by their silk systems. From birth to death, the bulk of their behavior depends on silk production. This has apparently been true since their earliest origins and makes spiders unique, different even from other silk producing animals.

Because of the centrality of silk production to spider lifestyles, we should not be surprised to find that the forces of natural selection have focused on their silk-production systems. As mentioned frequently in previous chapters, the evolution of new silk threads has correlated with major speciation events. Previous chapters discussed the molecular properties of the amino acids that make up silk, the structures of their resulting proteins, and how the genes that encode them are organized. Using these data (collected from both insects and spiders) as background information, silk proteins were studied in the context of the complex and diverse organisms that produce them, looking specifically at the physical properties of silks that are important to function, the mechanisms by which changes in silk proteins are mediated or mitigated, and the energetic demands of silk production.
Dongjing Music and Local Interaction in Republican Lijiang
Authors: Rees Helen
Published: November 2023

Communications in mountainous areas of early-twentieth-century Yunnan were poor, and journeys were arduous. Individual Dongjing association members from several different counties have told me of fortuitous encounters with local Dongjing groups while on business trips to other areas, and there were one or two instances of intercounty transmission of the Dongjing tradition during the Republican era;1 but these were the exception rather than the rule. Certainly Lijiang’s Dongjing music appears to have been a repertoire of almost entirely local renown and significance, and to have had little impact outside restricted areas of its home county—mainly the Lijiang basin and the banks of the Jinsha River.
Single Positive or Negative Carriers in Organic Crystals
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

Exciton states, as has been noted in Chapter I, can be viewed in some sense as correlated electron-hole pairs (see Fig. I.D.26). For a mean separation of less than a lattice constant between the hole and the electron, the neutral states were called Frenkel excitons, whereas when the negative and positive charges were separated by distances of one or two lattice constants, the neutral state was referred to as a charge-transfer exciton (see Fig. I.D.29). As the separation between the electron and hole increases, the coulombic interaction between the charged particles eventually becomes less than kT; at this point the thermal energy is sufficient to separate the hole and electron completely. However, the charged particles are still coupled to the molecular lattice by a local polarization field. With further increases in the kinetic energy of the charges, this local coupling is overcome and the electron and hole move in a more wavelike fashion. This chapter deals with the generation, transport, and energy spectrum of positive and negative charges in organic crystals. As in Chapter I, discussion will be restricted to crystals of conjugated aromatic hydrocarbons. A discussion of the mobility of carriers in charge-transfer salts and in polymers will be deferred until Chapters V and VI. The existence of free carrier energy levels in addition to the neutral Frenkel exciton bands allows for additional modes of exciton decay at higher energies of excitation, e.g., auto-ionization; this is discussed in Chapter IV. Before considering the behavior of excess charges in crystals, it is useful to examine the case of an excess charge in a molecule.
Carrier generation and recombination
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

a. Autoionization. In molecular crystals, it is well established that autoionization is the dominant process for the intrinsic generation of free carrier pairs (see Chapter Ill). In this process, the ground state of the crystal is electronically excited to a bound electron-hole state in which the electron-hole distance can vary from that of closest approach (electron and hole on the same molecule, or Frenkel exciton), to that just short of complete separation (electron and hole on different molecules but still Coulombically bound to each other, or CT exciton). Additional refinements to this mechanism have been revealed due mainly to electroabsorption studies and make possible detailed pictures of the photogeneration process. As an example, the studies on anthracene (Sebastian et al. 1983) reveal a series of peaks that may be assigned to different values of what is the equivalent of the principal quantum number in the Bohr atom (p. 71).
Superconductivity and other collective states
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E
Published: November 2023

As with most of the subjects dealt with in this chapter, the theoretical and experimental activity in this area has been stimulated by the potential practical applications of superconductivity in organic materials. Superconductivity represents one phase among several that are possible in certain special compounds under special circumstances. The only theory that has been successful in explaining superconductivity applies to metals; this due to Bardeen-CooperSchrieffer (1957) (BCS) theory (see p. 586), and it is based on an electronlattice phonon-electron attraction that creates a correlated free electron pair that obeys Bose-Einsten statistics. There have been many attempts to rationalize superconductivity in organic systems in terms of the BCS theory, but at present this is still an open question. In part, this is due to defects and impurities in the materials, making reproducibility a problem, and in part to the difficulty of making the required definitive experiments. Since the BCS theory involves the coupling of electrons to lattice phonons, there should be a change in Tc if deuterium is substituted for hydrogen.
Class-Based Remedies for the Poor
Authors: Butler Paul
Published: November 2023

This essay will explore whether two race-based remedies that I have proposed for problems that African-Americans encounter in the criminal justice system should also apply to poor people of any race. The remedies are jury nullification1 and affirmative action. I tentatively conclude, for moral reasons, that jury nullification should not be used to advance the cause of the poor, but that affirmative action should be. In discussing the utility of these two racial ratchets to address problems of the poor, I hope to shed light on significant differences between race and class subordination in American criminal justice.
Ontology, Evidence, and Philosophical Questions
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

Ever since Plato and Aristotle, philosophers have pursued ‘what is X?’ questions. What is knowledge? What is meaning? What is being? What is causation? What is free will? What is justice? And so on. What, if anything, is the main point of such questions? This chapter examines the philosophical significance of ‘what is X?’ questions in the light of traditional philosophical essential ism. It examines two competing approaches to essences-realist and conceptualist approaches-and an influential Aristotelian approach to ‘what is X?’ questions.
Justification, Meta-Epistemology, and Meaning
Authors: Moser Paul K
Published: November 2023

The conclusions in chapter 1 about non-questionbegging reasons for ontological truth-claims concern epistemic, or evidential, justification: the kind of justification appropriate to propositional knowledge. The conditional ontological agnosticism of chapter 1 gives rise to questions about the adequacy of the justificational standards, or principles, philosophers use to “justify” various philosophical views, including realism and idealism. Are those standards themselves adequate to achieve the epistemic ends for which they are formulated? If so, in virtue of what? This chapter pursues these questions. It identifies some epistemological dilemmas that require attention to meta-epistemology, or the epistemology of epistemology.
Scaling and Invariants in Cardiovascular Biology
Authors: Li John K-J
Published: November 2023

The optimal design features of the mammalian cardiovascular system have been marveled at by us Homo sapiens for many decades. The complexity of the control aspects of the circulatory function has been unraveled only recently, but to a somewhat limited extent. The complexity arises from the constant biological transformations that reflect structural adaptations to functional demands. Across mammalian species, this complexity can be better appreciated from the beat-to-beat dynamic performance of the heart and its interaction with the vascular system. The complexity can be substantially reduced when appropriate biological scaling laws are imposed and relevant invariant features are identified across species.
Introduction
Authors: Lange Marc
Published: November 2023

We are accustomed to thinking of the universe as governed by various “laws of nature” and of science as aiming to discover these laws. What is it that science thereby aims to discover? What is it for there to be a certain “law of nature”? I approach these questions by examining scientific practice—in particular, the special roles played in science by beliefs about the laws (I introduce these roles in section 2 below).
Moral Agency, Consciousness, and The Concept of the Individual
Authors: Antonaccio Maria
Published: November 2023

In her last and widest-ranging philosophical work, Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, Murdoch writes that “consciousness or self-being [is] the fundamental mode or form of moral being.”1 Morality is inseparable, in other words, from the activity of a thinking, evaluating consciousness whose inner reflection forms much of the substance of moral activity. This claim about consciousness runs against the stream of voluntaristic forms of ethics since Kant, which identify the will as the center of human moral being and the source of value-creating power. More specifically, Murdoch’s theory of consciousness brings together two things that have been severed in post-Kantian ethics: knowledge and morality, or cognition and value. The disjunction between these represents at the level of moral psychology the theoretical disjunction between fact and value represented in the debate over naturalism in Chapter 2.
The Idea of the Good and the Transformation of Agency
Authors: Antonaccio Maria
Published: November 2023

My principal aim in the last chapter was to present Murdoch’s defense of a notion of consciousness as central to morality and to the idea of the individual. In doing so, I sought to establish the fundamental correlation in Murdoch’s thought between the notion of the self or consciousness and the idea of the good. This analysis raised important and unanswered questions, however, about the content of the notion of value that Murdoch believes is inherent in consciousness, and what kind of freedom is affirmed in her theory of moral knowledge and agency. The present chapter shows how Murdoch’s theory of the good attempts to answer these questions.
Conclusions
Authors: Pietersma Henry
Published: November 2023

In this study I have used realism not only as a background against which I project my interpretations but also as a partner in the discussion of the various phenomenological epistemologies. Contemporary followers of the philosophers under discussion may object to my introduction of realism because they are of the opinion that phenomenology has deprived the controversy about realism and antirealism (or idealism) of its philosophical significance. This opinion is already fairly old, for when I studied in Louvain in the late 1950s, the important interpreter of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, Alphonse de Waelhens, already said to us that phenomenology is a position beyond realism and idealism, an opinion that made a great impression on me at the time. As a matter of fact, passages to this effect may be found in all three philosophers we have studied. Although I discussed the issues in chapter I, in view of the importance I have assigned to the controversy between phenomenology and realism, it is well to return to it in conclusion.
The Machine in the Garden
Authors: Marx Leo
Published: November 2023

For over four decades, Leo Marx’s work has focused on the relationship between technology and culture in 19th- and 20th-century America. His research helped to define—and continues to give depth to—the area of American studies concerned with the links between scientific and technological advances, and the way society and culture both determine these links. The Machine in the Garden fully examines the difference between the “pastoral” and “progressive” ideals which characterized early 19th-century American culture, and which ultimately evolved into the basis for much of the environmental and nuclear debates of contemporary society. This new edition is appearing in celebration of the 35th anniversary of Marx’s classic text. It features a new afterword by the author on the process of writing this pioneering book, a work that all but founded the discipline now called American Studies.
Shakespeare’s American Fable
Authors: Marx Leo
Published: November 2023

Some of the connections between The Tempest and America are well known. We know, for one thing, that Shakespeare wrote the play three or possibly four years after the first permanent colony had been established at Jamestown in 1607. At the time ail of England was in a state of excitement about events across the Atlantic. Of course, the play is not in any literal sense about America; although Shakespeare is nowhere explicit about the location of the “uninhabited island,” so far as he allows us to guess it lies somewhere in the Mediterranean off the coast of Africa.
The Garden
Authors: Marx Leo
Published: November 2023

Although Shakespeare and his contemporaries had thought about the unspoiled terrain of the New World as a possible setting for a pastoral utopia, a fully articulated pastoral idea of America did not emerge until the end of the eighteenth century. The story of its emergence illustrates the turning of an essentially literary device to ideological or (using the word in its extended sense) political uses. By 1785, when Jefferson issued Notes on Virginia, the pastoral ideal had been “removed” from the literary mode to which it traditionally had belonged and applied to reality.
The Machine
Authors: Marx Leo
Published: November 2023

In his Life of Johnson Boswell describes the moment when he first recognized the significance of the new technology. In March 1776, he visited Matthew Boulton’s great Soho works where a steam engine was in production. The “very ingenious proprietor” himself was his guide. “I wish,” Boswell writes, “that Johnson had been with us: for it was a scene which I should have been glad to contemplate by his light. The vastness and the contrivance of some of the machinery would have ‘matched his mighty mind.’”