bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herniorrafia inguinal laparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal: vinte e sete complicações graves após 4565 operações consecutivas
Authors: Meyer Alberto , Blanc Pierre , Balique Jean Gabriel , Kitamura Masaya , Juan Ramon Trullenque , Delacoste Franck , Atger Jérôme
Published: March 2013

OBJETIVO: identificar e avaliar as complicações do tratamento da hérnia inguinal com a colocação de tela totalmente extraperitoneal. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos, em uma série consecutiva de 4565 reparos de hérnia laparoscópica, pacientes que haviam sido submetidos ao procedimento TEP entre janeiro de 2001 e janeiro de 2011. Os critérios de inclusão foram: diagnóstico com hérnia inguinal sintomática, incluindo recorrência após correção de hérnia inguinal e cirurgia prévia em abdômen inferior e pelve. Todos os pacientes > 18 anos de idade. Pacientes com hérnia encarcerada na urgência foram excluídos do estudo. RESULTADOS: Um total de 4565 hérnias foram incluídas no estudo. Ocorreram 27 complicações graves (0,6%): 12 hemorragias (0,25%), duas lesões da bexiga (0,04%), cinco oclusões (0,11%), quatro perfurações intestinais (0,09%), uma lesão da veia ilíaca (0,02%), uma lesão do nervo femoral (0,02%), duas lesões dos vasos deferentes (0,04%) e dois óbitos (0,02%) (embolia pulmonar, peritonite). CONCLUSÃO: A taxa de complicações com o procedimento TEP é baixa. Correção de hérnia laparoscópica é uma técnica reprodutível e confiável. Em nossa experiência, existem contraindicações para o procedimento de TEP. A técnica TEP deve ser minuciosa para evitar complicações intraoperatórias (diatermia bipolar). As complicações podem ocorrer mesmo após o cirurgião ter adquirido experiência substancial.
Ação da l-arginina na evolução de retalhos cutâneos de ratos sob exposição à nicotina
Authors: Guimarães Marcus Vinicius Thomé Nora , Moreira Guilherme Henrique Gonçalves , Rocha Luana Parminondi , Nicoluzzi João Eduardo Leal , Souza Carlos José Franco de , Repka João Carlos Domingues
Published: March 2013

OBJETIVO: Avaliar se o tratamento com L-arginina influencia a cicatrização de retalhos cutâneos em ratos expostos à nicotina. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar pesando 142,4±10,1g separados em quatro grupos: GC- tratamento com solução tampão fosfatos pH 7,4, confecção de retalho cutâneo, observação por 10 dias; GN- exposição à nicotina por quatro semanas, confecção de retalho cutâneo, observação por dez dias; GA- tratamento com solução tampão fosfatos pH 7,4 por quatro semanas, confecção de retalho cutâneo, tratamento com arginina por dez dias; GAN- exposição à nicotina por quatro semanas, confecção de retalho cutâneo, tratamento com arginina por dez dias. Foram avaliadas as áreas de necrose, re-epitelização, reação inflamatória e formação de tecido de granulação, pela coloração HE, a área de deposição total e a diferenciação de colágenos I e III por histometria com a coloração de picrosirius, e, através da marcação imunoistoquímica com anticorpo monoclonal anti-CD34, a densidade vascular cicatricial. RESULTADOS: As porcentagens de áreas de necrose de GN e GNA foram maiores (p<0,001) do que GC e GA. Nos escores histológicos, a deposição de colágeno e a porcentagem de colágeno tipo I, no GC e GA foram similares (p>0,05) e maiores (p<0,001) do que em GA e em GNA e, nas densidades vasculares, GN e GAN foram menores (p<0,001) do que em GC e em GA. CONCLUSÃO: A exposição à nicotina inibiu os efeitos da arginina, e nos ratos não expostos, induziu melhora na angiogênese e na deposição de colágeno total nos retalhos cutâneos.
Análise de peças anatômicas preservadas com resina de poliester para estudo em anatomia humana
Authors: Oliveira Ítalo Martins de , Mindêllo Marcela Maria Aguiar , Martins Yasmin de Oliveira , Silva Filho Antônio Ribeiro da
Published: March 2013

OBJETIVO: avaliar o uso da resina de poliéster na preservação de peças anatômicas para estudo da anatomia humana. MÉTODOS: foram utilizadas 150 peças anatômicas, sendo as mesmas não fixadas (frescas), fixadas em formol a 10% e moldes vasculares de órgãos injetados com acetato de vinil e a resina de poliéster. A solução utilizada foi composta de resina de poliéster com seu diluente monômero de estireno e catalisador (peroxol). Foram obtidos, após a inclusão nesta solução, modelos em resina transparente, que permitiam a plena observação das estruturas e conservação da peça utilizada. RESULTADOS: na avaliação das peças, foi observado grau de extrema transparência, promovendo uma completa visualização das estruturas com a perfeita preservação da anatomia. A duração média para a completa finalização da inclusão foi 48 horas. Apenas 14 peças (9,3%) foram inutilizadas durante o preparo. CONCLUSÃO: a resina de poliéster pode ser utilizada para a preservação de peças anatômicas para o ensino da anatomia humana, de maneira prática, estética e duradoura.
Fechamento sequencial da parede abdominal com tração fascial contínua (mediada por tela ou sutura) e terapia a vácuo
Authors: Ferreira Fernando , Barbosa Eva , Guerreiro Emanuel , Fraga Gustavo Pereira , Nascimento Jr Bartolomeu , Rizoli Sandro
Published: March 2013

Na última década multiplicaram-se as publicações e a utilização da cirurgia de controle de danos, resultando num número crescente de pacientes deixados com o abdome aberto (ou peritoneostomia). Uma das consequências nefastas do abdome aberto são as hérnias ventrais gigantes que resultam da impossibilidade de se fechar o abdome durante a internação hospitalar do paciente. Para minimizar esta sequela têm surgido na literatura diferentes tipos de abordagem. Para abordar este tópico, a reunião de revista "Telemedicina Baseada em Evidência - Cirurgia do Trauma e Emergência" (TBE-CiTE) optou por não analisar sistemas comerciais de fechamento abdominal dinâmico, com exceção da terapia de pressão negativa ou vácuo. O grupo fez uma avaliação crítica dirigida de três artigos mais relevantes publicados recentemente sobre fechamento sequencial da parede abdominal (com tela ou sutura) mais vácuo. Nesta avaliação foram incluídos dois estudos retrospectivos mais um estudo prospectivo. Baseados na análise crítica desses 3 estudos mais a discussão que contou com a participação de representantes de 6 Universidades e realizada via telemedicina, são feitas as seguintes recomendações: (1) a associação de terapia de pressão negativa com tração fascial constante mediada por tela ou sutura, ajustada periodicamente, parece ser uma ótima estratégia cirúrgica para o tratamento de peritoneostomias. (2) O fechamento abdominal primário dinâmico com sutura e mediada por tela parece ser mais econômico e eficiente do que deixar o paciente com uma hérnia gigante e planejar uma reconstrução complexa tardiamente. Novos estudos com grupos maiores de pacientes separados de acordo com as diferentes apresentações e doenças são necesários para definir qual o melhor método cirúrgico para o tratamento de peritoneostomias.
Métodos de amostragem de solos em áreas sob plantio direto no Sudoeste Goiano
Authors: Acqua Nelson H. D. , Silva Gilson P. , Benites Vinicius M. , Assis Renato L. de , Simon Gustavo A.
Published: March 2013

A amostragem de solo é a etapa mais importante do programa de avaliação da sua fertilidade; ressalta-se que a recomendação de corretivos e de fertilizantes é definida a partir da interpretação dos resultados de análises químicas realizadas na amostra. Com o objetivo de avaliar esses resultados em função do método de amostragem amostras de solo foram retiradas em 12 áreas distintas cultivadas há 2, 5 e 10 anos sob o sistema plantio direto. Utilizaram-se o trado holandês e a furadeira elétrica retirando-se as amostras de solo em 3 posições e 2 profundidades e se avaliando a fertilidade do solo em função do tempo de adoção do sistema plantio direto. Constatou-se incremento do teor de P nas áreas cultivadas há 10 anos sob plantio direto, em relação às demais. Os valores de Ca, Mg, P, K, pH, CTC e V apresentaram gradiente de concentração em função do não revolvimento do solo, aplicações superficiais de calcário e adubações na linha de plantio. Os equipamentos de amostragem influíram nos resultados das análises de solo sendo que todos os macronutrientes, com exceção do S, e todos os micronutrientes, apresentaram valores elevados quando amostrados com a furadeira elétrica.
Duração do período de molhamento foliar: medição e estimativa em feijão sob diferentes tratamentos hídricos
Authors: Durigon Angelica , Lier Quirijn de J. van
Published: March 2013

A variável duração do período de molhamento foliar desempenha papel importante em sistemas de alerta fitossanitários e em estudos de trocas gasosas das plantas. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, estimar essa variável por modelos em um dossel de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) sob irrigação plena e deficitária e comparar tais estimativas com medidas feitas no dossel. Foram utilizados quatro modelos: (1) o do número de horas com umidade relativa superior a um limiar; (2) o da depressão do ponto de orvalho; (3) o da árvore de classificação e regressão e (4) o modelo físico de Penman-Monteith. Os dois primeiros modelos apresentaram os menores erros quando os limiares empíricos foram iguais a 83-84% e 2,6-2,7 ºC; os erros para o terceiro modelo foram da mesma ordem de grandeza dos obtidos pelos demais modelos uma vez que o mesmo utiliza limiares empíricos de três variáveis. Os erros para o modelo de Penman-Monteith foram reduzidos quando as entradas foram a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar medidas no tratamento sob irrigação deficitária. Para as simulações com os dados do tratamento com irrigação plena os erros deste modelo se mantiveram próximos aos obtidos para as simulações feitas com os dados medidos da estação meteorológica.
Cinética de secagem de farinha de grãos residuais de urucum
Authors: Santos Dyego da C. , Queiroz Alexandre J. de M. , Figueirêdo Rossana M. F. de , Oliveira Emanuel N. A. de
Published: March 2013

O processo de extração do corante bixina produz enorme quantidade de grãos residuais de urucum que vem sendo descartada em grande parte pelas indústrias. Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, desidratar farinhas de grãos residuais de urucum, com e sem a camada de óleo proveniente do processo de extração dos pigmentos em estufa com circulação forçada de ar nas temperaturas de 40, 50, 60 e 70 ºC e ajustar os modelos matemáticos de Aproximação da Difusão, Dois Termos, Midilli, Page e Thompson aos dados experimentais. As farinhas de grãos residuais de urucum com teor de água inicial de aproximadamente 20% b.u. foram desidratadas até teor de água final de aproximadamente 5% b.u. Como critério de avaliação do ajuste dos modelos matemáticos utilizaram-se o coeficiente de determinação e o desvio quadrático médio. Verificou-se que as amostras de farinha com óleo demandaram maior intervalo de tempo para atingir o teor de água de 5% b.u., em comparação com as amostras de farinha sem óleo. Todos os modelos estudados representaram satisfatoriamente a cinética de secagem das farinhas com e sem óleo, com coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,95 e valores de desvios quadráticos médios inferiores a 1,0.
Mudanças climáticas e a cana-de-açúcar no Brasil: Fisiologia, conjuntura e cenário futuro
Authors: Marin Fabio , Nassif Daniel S. P.
Published: March 2013

Com base na revisão de literatura, o manuscrito analisa qualitativamente um futuro cenário para a cana-de-açúcar no Brasil, com base na tendência de expansão da cultura observada ao longo da última década, a conjuntura atual do setor e as projeções de mudanças climáticas globais regionalizadas para este século. O principal foco foi associar os resultados científicos sobre a fisiologia da cana-de-açúcar e suas respostas à elevação na concentração de dióxido de carbono atmosférico e eficiência de uso da água com as perspectivas socioeconômicas do setor canavieiro do Brasil. Prováveis efeitos sobre plantas daninhas, pragas e doenças da cana-de-açúcar, também foram abordados. A base do conhecimento disponível na literatura indica que a cana-de-açúcar apresentaria uma resposta positiva em relação aos cenários de mudanças climáticas mais prováveis para o Brasil, tanto pela resposta direta da fotossíntese à elevação na concentração do dióxido de carbono quanto ao aumento da eficiência de uso da água. Contudo, é provável que o manejo na cultura necessite de adaptações uma vez que plantas daninhas e doenças poderiam ser favorecidas pelas condições futuras.
Transpiração pelo método da sonda de dissipação térmica em floresta de transição Amazônica-Cerrado
Authors: Pinto Jr. Osvaldo B. , Vourlitis George L. , Sanches Luciana , Dalmagro Higo J. , Lobo Francisco de A. , Nogueira José de S.
Published: March 2013

Com este trabalho objetivou-se analisar o comportamento do fluxo de seiva em espécies da floresta de transição Amazônia Cerrado e caracterizar a dependência do fluxo de seiva, em função do déficit de pressão de vapor da atmosfera (DPV). O fluxo de seiva foi medido utilizando-se sondas de dissipação térmica em 5 espécies diferentes. Os dados foram divididos em quatro estações. No período experimental as curvas de variação sazonal do fluxo de seiva evidenciam a ocorrência de picos no período úmido. Esta tendência sazonal do fluxo de seiva foi evidenciada pela relação entre valores diários de transpiração e do DPV. O valor limite do DPV nessas estações foi de 1 a 1,5 kPa. Com referência ao fluxo de seiva como representativo da taxa transpiratória das plantas, a redução do fluxo no período seco não confirma a hipótese da manutenção do processo de evapotranspiração. O fluxo de seiva nas espécies do estudo é influenciado mais pelas condições atmosféricas do que mesmo pela disponibilidade de água no solo, o que suscita um possível armazenamento da água no caule nos períodos mais secos quando a área foliar diminui mas a taxa transpiratória não é significativamente distinta daquela do período chuvoso.
The use of Crambe abyssinica seeds as adsorbent in the removal of metals from waters
Authors: Gonçalves Jr. Affonso C. , Rubio Fernanda , Meneghel Ana P. , Coelho Gustavo F. , Dragunski Douglas C. , Strey Leonardo
Published: March 2013

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of crambe seeds (Crambe abyssinica Hochst) as adsorbent material in the removal of the toxic metals cadmium, lead and chromium from contaminated solutions. The byproduct was obtained from oil extraction of crambe seeds in a Soxhlet system. In kinetic tests, the adsorbent masses had varied in solutions containing the metals under pH 5.0 and 7.0. Metal concentrations were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). According to optimal conditions found, the adsorption assays were performed for obtaining the isotherms of each metal, which were linearized in agreement with the mathematical models of Langmuir and Freundlich. According to the obtained results, the adsorbent was effective in removing the assessed metals in aqueous solutions, being feasible its employment as an alternative material for the adsorption of metals, besides being a byproduct, which has undergone no prior treatment.
Caracterização do microclima dos diferentes layouts de caixas no transporte de ovos férteis
Authors: Nazareno Aérica C. , Silva Iran J. O. da , Vieira Frederico M. C. , Camargo Juliano R. de , Medeiros Sérgio R. R. de
Published: March 2013

Quando as condições microclimáticas e de transporte são combinadas inadequadamente, os componentes dos ovos férteis podem ser danificados. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, caracterizar e analisar a dependência espacial dos perfis microclimáticos no transporte de ovos férteis em diferentes layouts de caixas. A pesquisa foi conduzida na empresa integradora avícola, em Mogi Mirim, SP, por meio do acompanhamento de cinco carregamentos. Utilizou-se um caminhão climatizado do tipo baú, com capacidade para 592 caixas de ovos e se avaliaram dois layouts da carga (caixas superiores e inferiores) de 9 pilhas com seis caixas de ovos férteis. Um microprocessador foi instalado dentro das caixas de ovos, totalizando 18 microprocessadores. As variáveis meteorológicas analisadas foram: temperatura (ºC) umidade relativa (%) e entalpia específica (kJ kg-1 ar seco). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdividas e realizada a análise geoestatística (krigagem ordinária). No layout das caixas superiores foram registrados valores elevados de temperatura e baixos valores de umidade relativa e entalpia específica. As regiões de piores condições microclimáticas nos dois layouts se situaram nas partes central e traseira do caminhão, durante o transporte dos ovos férteis.
Metodologias de pesquisa no ensino de ciências na América Latina: como pesquisamos na década de 2000
Authors: Santos Flávia Maria Teixeira dos , Greca Ileana María
Published: March 2013

Neste trabalho apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa sobre as metodologias e instrumentos de pesquisa usados nos artigos publicados nas principais revistas da área de ensino de ciências da América Latina no período 2000-2009. A partir destes dados, discutimos diferentes aspectos que podem ser úteis para melhorar a qualidade da pesquisa na área.
Hanseníase, preconceito e parrhesía: contribuições para se pensar saúde, educação e educação em saúde
Authors: Sá Marcia Bastos de , Siqueira Vera Helena Ferraz de
Published: March 2013

Considerando que os campos profissionais da educação, da saúde e da educação em saúde implicam práticas destinadas ao governo das condutas dos indivíduos, desenvolvemos reflexão que visa contribuir para a problematização da formação profissional nesses campos. A partir de depoimento extraído de vídeo educativo que apresenta o tema do preconceito e do isolamento compulsório para portadores de hanseníase, tecemos considerações sobre a peculiaridade dos mecanismos de exclusão, conforme postulado por Michel Foucault, e apresentamos exemplos que evidenciam até que ponto esses mecanismos funcionaram, ainda recentemente, sobre os portadores da doença no Brasil. Retomando o fio dos eventos que levaram à mudança da denominação da doença - de lepra para hanseníase -, analisamos a luta empreendida por médico brasileiro contra o preconceito, alcançando uma reflexão de caráter ético, seguindo pistas das últimas investigações foucaultianas sobre o tema da constituição do sujeito moral e ativo, soberano de si mesmo.
KwaZulu-Natal coastal erosion events of 2006/2007 and 2011: A predictive tool?
Authors: Smith Alan , Guastella Lisa A. , Mather Andrew A. , Bundy Simon C. , Haigh Ivan D.
Published: March 2013

Severe coastal erosion occurred along the KwaZulu-Natal coastline between mid-May and November 2011. Analysis of this erosion event and comparison with previous coastal erosion events in 2006/2007 offered the opportunity to extend the understanding of the time and place of coastal erosion strikes. The swells that drove the erosion hotspots of the 2011 erosion season were relatively low (significant wave heights were between 2 m and 4.5 m) but of long duration. Although swell height was important, swell-propagation direction and particularly swell duration played a dominant role in driving the 2011 erosion event. Two erosion hotspot types were noted: sandy beaches underlain by shallow bedrock and thick sandy beaches. The former are triggered by high swells (as in March 2007) and austral winter erosion events (such as in 2006, 2007 and 2011). The latter become evident later in the austral winter erosion cycle. Both types were associated with subtidal shore-normal channels seaward of megacusps, themselves linked to megarip current heads. This 2011 coastal erosion event occurred during a year in which the lunar perigee sub-harmonic cycle (a ±4.4-year cycle) peaked, a pattern which appears to have recurred on the KwaZulu-Natal coast. If this pattern proves true, severe coastal erosion may be expected in 2015. Evidence indicates that coastal erosion is driven by the lunar nodal cycle peak but that adjacent lunar perigee sub-harmonic peaks can also cause severe coastal erosion. Knowing where and when coastal erosion may occur is vital for coastal managers and planners.
Chemotaxonomic studies of mesembrine-type alkaloids in Sceletium plant species
Authors: Patnala Srinivas , Kanfer Isadore
Published: March 2013

Complementary medicines containing the succulent herb Sceletium are being sold without information regarding their phytochemical contents, which is essential for the quality control of medicines. Furthermore, several different Sceletium species exist and little has been reported on the alkaloidal identities and contents of the various species. We therefore conducted phytochemical investigations on six selected Sceletium specimens, identified on the basis of their venation pattern as either ‘emarcidum’ or ‘tortuosum’ type. The tortuosum type consisted of S. tortuosum, S. expansum and S. strictum, whereas the emarcidum type consisted of S. emarcidum, S. exalatum and S. rigidum. Analysis was conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV and alkaloids were identified by online mass spectroscopy.
South African research in the Southern Ocean: New opportunities but serious challenges
Authors: Treasure Anne M. , Moloney Coleen L. , Bester Marthán N. , McQuaid Christopher D. , Findlay Ken P. , Best Peter B. , Cowan Don A. , De Bruyn P. J. Nico , Dorrington Rosemary A. , Fagereng Ake , Froneman P. William , Grantham Geoff H. , Hunt Brian P. V. , Meiklejohn K. Ian , Pakhomov Evgeny A. , Roychoudhury Alakendra N. , Ryan Peter G. , Smith Valdon R. , Chown Steven L. , Ansorge Isabelle J. Ansorge J.
Published: March 2013

South Africa has a long track record in Southern Ocean and Antarctic research and has recently invested considerable funds in acquiring new infrastructure for ongoing support of this research. This infrastructure includes a new base at Marion Island and a purpose-built ice capable research vessel, which greatly expand research opportunities. Despite this investment, South Africa’s standing as a participant in this critical field is threatened by confusion, lack of funding, lack of consultation and lack of transparency. The research endeavour is presently bedevilled by political manoeuvring among groups with divergent interests that too often have little to do with science, while past and present contributors of research are excluded from discussions that aim to formulate research strategy. This state of affairs is detrimental to the country’s aims of developing a leadership role in climate change and Antarctic research and squanders both financial and human capital.
Calibration of an Herbicide Ballistic Technology (HBT) Helicopter Platform Targeting Miconia calvescens in Hawaii
Authors: Leary James J. K. , Gooding Jeremy , Chapman John , Radford Adam , Mahnken Brooke , Cox Linda J.
Published: March 2013

Miconia (Miconia calvescens DC.) is a tropical tree species from South and Central America that is a highly invasive colonizer of Hawaii's forested watersheds. Elimination of satellite populations is critical to an effective containment strategy, but extreme topography limits accessibility to remote populations by helicopter operations only. Herbicide Ballistic Technology (HBT) is a novel weed control tool designed to pneumatically deliver encapsulated herbicide projectiles. It is capable of accurately treating miconia satellites within a 30 m range in either horizontal or vertical trajectories. Efficacy was examined for the encapsulated herbicide projectiles, each containing 199.4 mg ae triclopyr, when applied to miconia in 5-unit increments. Experimental calibrations of the HBT platform were recorded on a Hughes 500-D helicopter while conducting surveillance operations from November 2010 through October 2011 on the islands of Maui and Kauai. Search efficiency (min ha−1; n = 13, R2 = 0.933, P< 0.001) and target acquisition rate (plants hr−1, n = 13, R2 = 0.926, P< 0.001) displayed positive linear and logarithmic relationships, respectively, to plant target density. The search efficiency equation estimated target acquisition time at 25.1 sec and a minimum surveillance rate of 67.8 s ha−1 when no targets were detected. The maximum target acquisition rate for the HBT platform was estimated at 143 targets hr−1. An average mortality factor of 0.542 was derived from the product of detection efficacy (0.560) and operational treatment efficacy (0.972) in overlapping buffer areas generated from repeated flight segments (n = 5). This population reduction value was used in simulation models to estimate the expected costs for one- and multi-year satellite population control strategies for qualifying options in cost optimization and risk aversion. This is a first report on the performance of an HBT helicopter platform demonstrating the capability for immediate, rapid-response control of new satellite plant detections, while conducting aerial surveillance of incipient miconia populations.
Potential Ocean Dispersal of Cordgrass (Spartinaspp.) from Core Infestations
Authors: Morgan Vanessa H. , Sytsma Mark D.
Published: March 2013

NonnativeSpartinaspecies (cordgrasses) are widely distributed along the West Coast of North America, but have not invaded all bays with susceptible habitat. We used drift cards to assess the patterns and rates of potentialSpartinapropagule dispersal by ocean currents from estuaries with significant populations of one or moreSpartinaspecies. Cards were released monthly for 1 yr from Willapa Bay, Washington; Humboldt Bay, California; and San Francisco Bay, California; with recovery information reported by volunteers. Recovery rates averaged 37% for all release sites. Cards were commonly recovered close to their bay of release but were repeatedly found hundreds of kilometers both north and south of their release location. Cards most generally traveled northward from the release sites. Cards from Humboldt and Willapa bays were commonly recovered along the British Columbia coast, particularly in the winter. Cards released from Humboldt Bay were found farthest from their release sites. One card from Humboldt Bay traveled 2,800 km to Kodiak Island, Alaska. The timing of seed production, combined with prevailing currents, puts bays currently uninfested bySpartinaat risk of repeated propagule loading by ocean currents. A coordinated coast-wide strategy for eradication of all nonnativeSpartinawill be critical to the success of individual bay-wide eradication efforts.
Invasive Pine Tree Effects on Northern Coastal Scrub Structure and Composition
Authors: Steers Robert J. , Fritzke Susan L. , Rogers Jen J. , Cartan James , Hacker Kaitlyn
Published: March 2013

Vegetation that becomes overtopped usually experiences a decrease in abundance or species richness. When an overtopping plant alters the physiognomy of the existing vegetation (e.g., trees invading a shrubland), ecosystem processes can also be dramatically altered. Worldwide, Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) cultivars have been planted in Mediterranean-like climates and are known to invade surrounding natural communities. Ecological impacts resulting from these invasions have been widely investigated; however, the effects from solitary pine trees on the vegetation they overtop are lacking. Furthermore, studies on the impact of P. radiata cultivars from the California floristic province, where P. radiata is native, do not exist. In coastal California, north of the present-day range of native P. radiata stands, cultivars of this species have invaded northern coastal scrub vegetation. To determine the impact of pine invasion on species richness and structure in this habitat, floristic surveys were conducted in 20 blocks that consisted of invaded and uninvaded plots. An invaded plot contained two subplots located under the canopy of an isolated pine tree, whereas a paired, uninvaded plot contained two subplots located in coastal scrub adjacent to each pine. Pine trees selected ranged in size from 2.8 to 119 cm (1.1 to 46.9 in) basal diameter. Our results demonstrate that understory native cover and species richness are negatively correlated with tree size. Understory exotic plant cover and richness of species other than P. radiata did not show any correlation with tree size, mainly because exotic plants had a very low abundance overall.
Using a Stable Isotope to Label Seeds and Seedlings of an Invasive Shrub, Lonicera maackii
Authors: Castellano Steven M. , Gorchov David L.
Published: March 2013

Seed dispersal is a crucial process in most plant invasions, but is notoriously difficult to study. One technique to identify the maternal source of dispersed seeds and newly established seedlings is labeling with a stable isotope. We tested whether foliar application of 15N-labeled urea would result in sufficient 15N enrichment to discriminate among seeds and seedlings grown from those seeds of the invasive shrub Lonicera maackii (Amur honeysuckle). We subjected mature L. maackii to all combinations of three concentrations of 15N-labeled urea (0.025 g L−1 [0.003 oz gal−1], 0.20 g L−1, and a 0 g L−1 control) and three temporal treatments (one application in August, one application in September, and five applications spaced every three weeks from June through August). Seeds were collected September to November; some of these were analyzed for %15N and others allowed to germinate and grow into seedlings under two treatments (in potting mix in greenhouse and in woodlot soil outdoors). Seedlings were harvested midway through the next growing season. We found that seeds from plants subjected to the three different concentrations had significantly different %15N levels, and there was a significant interaction between concentration and temporal treatment: the highest seed %15N levels were from plants sprayed five times with 15N-labeled urea, and the second highest from plants sprayed once in September. Similar patterns in %15N levels were found in seedlings, except that those from the 0.025 g L−1 spray treatment were only distinguishable from controls for seedlings grown outdoors in woodlot soil. These findings demonstrate that a single foliar application of 15N in early September is sufficient to label both seeds and seedlings of this invasive shrub, enabling one to identify the source of field-collected seeds or seedlings. This provides a tool for studying patterns and processes in seed dispersal of Amur honeysuckle and potentially other invasive plants.
Seasonal Biomass and Starch Allocation of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) (Haplotype I) in Southern Alabama, USA
Authors: Wersal Ryan M. , Madsen John D. , Cheshier Joshua C.
Published: March 2013

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a nonnative invasive perennial grass that is problematic in aquatic and riparian environments across the United States. Common reed often forms monotypic stands that displace native vegetation which provide food and cover for wildlife. To help maintain native habitats and manage populations of common reed in the United States, an understanding of its life history and starch allocation patterns are needed. Monthly biomass samples were harvested from sites throughout the Mobile River delta in southern Alabama, USA from January 2006 to December 2007 to quantify seasonal biomass and starch allocation patterns. Total biomass of common reed throughout the study was between 1375 and 3718 g m−2 depending on the season. Maximum aboveground biomass was 2200 ± 220 g m−2 in October of 2006 and 1302 ± 88 g m−2 in December of 2007. Maximum belowground biomass was seen in November of 2006 and 2007 with 1602 ± 233 and 1610 ± 517 g m−2 respectively. Biomass was related to ambient temperature, in that, as temperature decreased aboveground biomass (p = 0.05) decreased. Decreases in aboveground biomass were followed by an increase in belowground biomass (p < 0.01). Starch comprised 1 to 10% of aboveground biomass with peak temporary storage occurring in July and August 2006 and September to November of 2007. Belowground tissues stored the majority of starch for common reed regardless of the time of year. Overall, belowground tissues stored 5 to 20% of total starch for common reed with peak storage occurring in December 2006 and October 2007. Starch allocation to belowground tissues increased as temperatures decreased. Understanding seasonal life history patterns can provide information to guide management strategies by identifying the vulnerable points in biomass and starch reserves in common reed.
Use of a Native Matrix Species to Facilitate Understory Restoration in an Overbrowsed, Invaded Woodland
Authors: Martinez Joshua A. , Dornbush Mathew E.
Published: March 2013

The interactive effects of herbivory, exotic species, and other human-mediated changes to the biosphere are reducing species diversity and altering ecosystem services globally. In this study, we tested whether facilitation could be used as a management technique to restore a degraded northeast Wisconsin forest understory facing high white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browse pressure and high abundance of the exotic herb garlic mustard [Alliaria petiolata(Bieb.) Cavara & Grande]. Specifically, we attempted to facilitate native understory restoration by planting or seeding native herbs into three different matrix densities of the native, browse-tolerant grass Virginia wildrye (Elymus virginicusL.), which were either protected from (fenced), or accessible to, deer browsing. Deer had minimal impacts onE. virginicusbut significantly reduced the cover, survival, and flower production of white snakeroot [Ageratina altissima(L.) King & H.E. Robins.] transplants, largely independent of the density ofE. virginicusplantings in open-access plots. In contrast, the richness and abundance of native-seeded species were not affected by deer access but were reduced by increasingE. virginicusdensities.Alliaria petiolatacover was significantly higher in plots accessible to deer but declined significantly with increasingE. virginicusplanting density in both open-access and fenced plots. These results were largely corroborated by results from an associated observational study, with the exception that naturalE. virginicusstands supported slightly higher native-species richness than did adjacent areas lackingE. virginicus. Thus, although we found little support that establishingE. virginicusfacilitated browse-susceptible native understory herbs during our short-term experimental study, restoredE. virginicussuccessfully established, thereby increasing native species cover and significantly reducing the cover of the exoticA. petiolata. We suggest the planting of browse-tolerant native species, such asE. virginicus, as a viable restoration technique in heavily browsed,A. petiolata–invaded woodlands.
Seed and Germination Biology ofDittrichia graveolens(Stinkwort)
Authors: Brownsey Rachel N. , Kyser Guy B. , DiTomaso Joseph M.
Published: March 2013

Understanding seed characteristics and seedling establishment patterns is essential for the development of effective management strategies for invasive annual species.Dittrichia graveolens(stinkwort) has increased its range rapidly within California since 1995, yet its biology is not well understood, which has led to poorly timed management. In this study, seed viability, germination, longevity, and dormancy, as well as seedling emergence characteristics ofD. graveolenswere evaluated in field, greenhouse, and laboratory experiments in Davis, CA, over a 2-yr period (fall 2010 to summer 2012). In the laboratory, seed germination ofD. graveolensoccurred at a wide range of constant temperatures (12 to 34 C). Cumulative germination was comparable to total seed viability (80 to 95%) at optimal germination temperatures, indicating that primary (innate) dormancy is likely absent. The base temperature for germination was identified using a thermal time model: 6.5 C and 4 C for 2010 and 2011 seed populations, respectively. In the field, seedlings emerged from fall through spring following precipitation events. A very low percentage of seedlings (2.5%) emerged in the second year after planting. Equivalent seedling emergence was observed over a wide range of light conditions (100, 50, 27, and 9% of available sunlight) in a greenhouse experiment, indicating that seed germination is not limited by high or low light. Results from these seed experiments improve our understanding of the reproductive biology of this rapidly expanding exotic annual and provide valuable information for developing effective timing and longevity of management programs.
Genetic Identity and Diversity of Perennial Pepperweed (Lepidium latifolium) in Its Native and Invaded Ranges
Authors: Gaskin John F. , Schwarzländer Mark , Hinz Hariet L. , Williams Livy , Gerber Esther , Rector Brian G. , Zhang DaoYuan
Published: March 2013

Perennial pepperweed is an invasive plant species in North America, native to temperate Eurasia and northern Africa. Effective biological control depends upon correct taxonomic identification. Therefore, we investigated morphological and genetic data (cpDNA sequences and amplified fragment length polymorphisms [AFLP]) in its native range, where the species is at times treated as multiple taxa (L. latifolium, L. affineandL. obtusum). We also analyzed genetic data to determine the number and distribution of haplotypes and genotypes in the invaded range. Using Bayesian analysis, we found three clusters of AFLP genotypes in the native range, but little correlation between these clusters and morphological characters used to distinguish taxa. Also, we found combinations of morphological character states within many native range plants that are incompatible with current species descriptions, offering no support for splittingL. latifoliumsensu lato into three species. In North America 97% of the genetic variation was among populations and there were only eight AFLP genotypes in 288 plants, suggesting few introductions or a severe bottleneck, and little or no creation of new genotypes since introduction. We found plants in the native range that are genetically similar (88 to 99%) to six of the eight invasive AFLP genotypes, suggesting that Kazakhstan and China are origins for much of the North American invasion.
Pale Swallowwort (Vincetoxicum rossicum) Response to Cutting and Herbicides
Authors: DiTommaso Antonio , Milbrath Lindsey R. , Bittner Todd , Wesley F. Robert
Published: March 2013

Effective control techniques for pale swallowwort (PSW), an invasive herbaceous vine of old fields and forest understories, are limited. We conducted a 3-yr cutting and herbicide study on an adjacent old-field and forest understory site near Ithaca, NY, for control of PSW. Plants in experimental plots were cut in early July and cut again or sprayed in late August for two seasons with the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate, or one of two rates (low or high) of either triclopyr triethylamine salt (i.e., SL, SH) or triclopyr butoxyethyl ester (EL, EH). The herbicide treatments were effective in reducing PSW cover, plant (stem) density, and aboveground biomass in the old-field site, but in several cases, only after 2 yr of cutting plus herbicide application. Only the cutting plus SH treatment did not reduce PSW cover relative to the unmanaged control in the forest understory and no treatment reduced biomass. In general, the cutting plus EH treatment was most effective in reducing PSW stem densities in the forest site. The most effective herbicide treatments differed between sites. Cutting plus EH reduced PSW cover by 84% and stem density (> 5 cm) by 86% in the old-field site. Cutting plus SH effectively decreased long and short (≤ 5 cm) stem densities by 86 and 96%, respectively. Cutting plants twice during each of two seasons increased PSW cover by 301% and density of stems > 5 cm by 73% at this site. In the forest site, cutting plus glyphosate, or cutting plus EH or cutting plus SL and EL resulted in the greatest reductions in PSW cover (80, 76, 66, and 56%, respectively). Cover in plots cut twice per year decreased by 19%. The EH or SL treatments decreased long-stem densities by 78 and 71%, respectively. The EH treatment decreased short-stem density by 37%. These findings suggest that integrated techniques may control PSW but that effective management strategies may be habitat constrained.
Use of Wheat SSRs to Assess Genetic Diversity in Medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae)
Authors: Rector Brian G. , Ashley Michael C. , Gaskin John F. , Longland William S.
Published: March 2013

Medusahead is a close relative of bread wheat that is native to Eurasia but has become a noxious, invasive weed in North America. Intergeneric use of primers for bread wheat simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers was tested in medusahead in order to expand the pool of available genetic resources for study of this plant. Forty-two primer pairs were screened in medusahead, of which 29 produced visible bands in agarose gels. Amplicons from eight of these markers were sequenced and analyzed for the presence of SSRs and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among medusahead individuals from six populations in the western Great Basin. Of the eight sequenced amplicons, two contained SSRs, both of which were polymorphic and shared by the original bread wheat marker. Six of the eight markers combined to detect 33 SNP loci. BLAST comparisons of the eight amplicons revealed variable numbers of matching sequences from wheat and other grass species ranging from 0 to > 200 matches. Using data from the polymorphic loci, population genetic analysis of the six invasive medusahead populations indicated that they arose from two separate introductions with two additional subclusters possible within the two principal clusters. Extrapolating from these results, it is reasonable to expect that between 170 and 830 of the approximately 1,200 publicly available bread wheat SSRs would produce useful marker loci in medusahead.
Seed Dormancy and Seedling Emergence in Ripgut Brome (Bromus diandrus) Populations in Southern Australia
Authors: Kleemann Samuel George Lloyd , Gill Gurjeet Singh
Published: March 2013

Ripgut brome is a difficult weed to manage in cereal crops of southern Australia because only a few herbicides can provide effective control in cereals. Knowledge of seed-dormancy mechanisms, germination ecology, and emergence behavior in the field could facilitate development of effective weed control programs for this weed species. Ripgut brome populations from cropping fields were found to possess much longer seed dormancy than that reported previously in the literature. Furthermore, some ripgut brome populations from cropping fields showed longer seed dormancy than those collected from adjacent noncropped fence lines. For example, all seeds of one of the populations from the fence line (SA-1F) germinated at 3 mo after maturity, whereas seeds from the cropping field at the same site (SA-1C) showed little germination (< 3%) even at 8 mo after maturity. These highly dormant ripgut brome populations from cropping fields were responsive to cold stratification, with germination increasing significantly after 2 to 14 d of exposure. Germination of dormant ripgut brome populations increased with addition of gibberellic acid (0.001 M GA3), particularly when lemma and palea had been removed. Ripgut brome populations from cropping fields (VIC-2C and SA-1C) showed strong inhibition of seed germination when exposed to light. These differences in seed dormancy among ripgut brome populations were also expressed in seedling emergence pattern in the field. The nondormant populations collected from fence lines showed high seedling establishment (> 80%) during autumn, which coincided with the planting time of winter crops in southern Australia. In contrast, five populations from cropping fields showed much lower seedling establishment (3 to 17%) before the time of crop planting. Delayed seedling establishment in populations from cropping fields could lead to less effective preseeding weed control and higher weed infestations in field crops. Results of this study also showed that the seedbank of these highly dormant ripgut brome populations can readily persist from one year to the next. Effective management of ripgut brome populations with long seed dormancy and increased seedbank persistence would require a major change in cropping systems used by the growers in southern Australia.
Advancing Weed Management Strategies Using Metagenomic Techniques
Authors: Kao-Kniffin Jenny , Carver Sarah M. , DiTommaso Antonio
Published: March 2013

Global occurrences of herbicide resistant weed populations have increased the demand for development of new herbicides targeting novel mechanisms of action. Metagenomic approaches to natural drug discovery offer potential for isolating weed suppressive compounds from microorganisms. In past research, traditional techniques entailed isolating compounds from living organisms, whereas metagenomic approaches involve extracting fragments of DNA from soil and exploring for compounds of interest produced by the transformed hosts. Several herbicidal compounds have been isolated from soil bacteria through culturing methods and have led to the development of popular herbicides, such as glufosinate. In this review, we discuss the emergence of metagenomic approaches for weed management in the context of natural product discovery using traditional culture-dependent isolation and the more recent culture-independent methods. The same techniques can be used to isolate herbicide resistance genes. Adoption of metagenomic approaches in pest management research can lead to novel control strategies in cropping and landscape systems.
Growth Characterization of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) with Substitutions at Pro197or Trp574Conferring Resistance to Acetolactate Synthase–Inhibiting Herbicides
Authors: Légère Anne , Stevenson F. Craig , Beckie Hugh J. , Warwick Suzanne I. , Johnson Eric N. , Hrynewich Brett , Lozinski Chris
Published: March 2013

Over 90% of Canadian kochia populations are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)– inhibiting herbicides. We questioned whether the target site–based resistance could affect plant growth and competitiveness. Homozygous F2herbicide-resistant (HR) kochia plants with an amino acid substitution at Trp574(sources: Alberta [AB], Saskatchewan [SK], and Manitoba [MB]), or Pro197(MB, AB with two populations) were grown in replacement series with homozygous F2herbicide-susceptible (HS) plants from the corresponding heterogeneous population (total: six populations). In pure stands, growth of HR plants from AB and SK was similar to that of HS plants, regardless of mutation; conversely, MB2-HR plants (Trp574Leu) developed more slowly and were taller than MB2-HS plants. Final dry weight of HR plants in pure stands was similar across all six populations, whereas that for HS plants in pure stands and HR–HS plants in mixed stands (50–50%) varied with population. Results for AB and SK populations suggest little impact of either ALS mutation on kochia growth, whereas those for MB lines would suggest an unidentified factor (or factors) affecting the HS, HR, or both biotypes. The variable response within and between lines, and across HS biotypes highlights the importance of including populations of various origins and multiple susceptible controls in HR biotype studies.