bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HLA‐D and ‐DR antigens on human amniotic fluid cells. II. Heterogeneous expression of HLA‐DR and other cell surface markers
Authors: KREEB GERLINDE , VALENTINE‐THON ELIZABETH , KRUMBACHER KRISTINE , GROSSE‐WILDE HANS , PASSARGE EBERHARD
Published: July 2010

To evaluate further the feasibility of HLA typing for prenatal diagnosis, we tested human amniotic fluid cells (AFC), known to express HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C antigens, for the presence of HLA‐DR antigens using type‐specific antisera in the microcytotoxicity assay and a monoclonal antibody directed against the common HLA‐DR structure (cDR) in indirect immunofluorescence. Prenatal typing of HLA‐DR on AFC in the microcytotoxicity test was possible in only one out of eight families studied. The detected DR2 antigen was confirmed by postnatal typings of cord blood lymphocytes. Thereafter, 23 different AFC cultures were tested with monoclonal antibodies in indirect immunofluorescence. Only six cultures were partially positive (23–35% fluorescent cells) with the monoclonal cDR antibody while all AFC cultures demonstrated strong positive fluorescence (68–100%) with a monoclonal antibody against the common HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C structure (cHLA). These data suggest that only a small subpopulation of AFC expresses class II (HLA‐DR) antigens in contrast to the nearly ubiquitous expression of class I (HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C) antigens. Furthermore, the heterogeneous expression of cell surface antigens within the various AFC cultures was substantiated with monoclonal antibodies directed towards cell surface antigens of the OKT, OKM, and Lyt series that have been found to be characteristic for subpopulations of lymphoid and hemapoetic cells. Thus, at present, HLA‐DR typing is not reliable for prenatal diagnosis.
Linkage disequilibrium between the HLA‐B14 subdivisions and HLA‐A, DR and properdin factor B alleles
Authors: DARKE C.
Published: July 2010

The recently reported linkage disequilibrium between HLA‐B14.1 and DR7 and B14.2 and DR1 has been confirmed in a study of 44 B14.1 and 40 B14.2 positive individuals. In addition, significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between BfF and B14.2. Data on 238 B14 positives (98 B14.1 and 140 B14.2), from a population of 4,238, continues to support the previous observation of associations between B14.1 and Aw32 and B14.2 and A3, A28 and Aw33. These findings add further evidence for the existence of B14 splits.
Relation of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD) and the HLA‐linked SB system
Authors: DE JONGH B. M. , TERMIJTELEN A. , BRUINING G. J. , DE VRIES R. R. P. , VAN ROOD J. J.
Published: July 2010

This report deals with the question of the susceptibility for IDD association with the recently described HLA‐linked SB system. The SB system is located centromeric of HLA‐DR between HLA‐DR and GLO. At present five specificities of the SB system, which behave as alleles, can be recognized. A total of 40 IDD patients and 96 normal controls were characterized for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DR and SB antigens. Our results confirmed the strong positive association of IDD with HLA‐DR3 and ‐DR4 and the negative association of IDD with HLA‐DR2.

The genetic analysis of the SB system and IDD, however, demonstrated no significant association between alleles of SB and susceptibility for IDD. The analysis of association between alleles of HLA‐DR and SB revealed no significant linkage disequilibrium in IDD patients and a significant linkage disequilibrium between SB1 and HLA‐DR3 in the controls. These results suggest that the genes associated with susceptibility for IDD are primarily coded for telomeric of SB and tightly linked with HLA‐DR.
HLA‐B27 and ankylosing spondylitis in the Mexican Mestizo population
Authors: ARELLANO JORGE , VALLEJO MARTHA , JIMENEZ JAVIER , MINTZ GREGORIO , KRETSCHMER ROBERTO R.
Published: July 2010

Two previous surveys of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) in Mexican Mestizos found HLA‐B27 frequencies of 68.6% and 78% and a relative risk (RR) of 37.05 and 120.88, respectively. We examined an additional group of Mexican Mestizos with AS and found an HLA‐B27 frequency of 80.77% and a RR of 99.24. Our results are statistically comparable to the previous studies, and they suggest that the Mexican Mestizo is similar to the Spaniard in regards to AS and HLA‐B27 association.
HLA‐DR antigens and the antibody response against Epstein‐Barr virus
Authors: COHEN JACQUES H. M. , VISCHER THOMAS L. , CARQUIN JOCELYN , BLANCHARD FRANÇOIS , VON FLIEDNER VLADIMIR E. , JEANNET MICHEL
Published: July 2010

Antibodies against Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) antigens, i.e. the viral capsid antigen (VCA) and the Epstein‐Barr nuclear antigen (EBNA), were determined in two independent populations with known HLA‐DR phenotypes. The first population consisted of 151 patients with rheumatoid arthritis; the second one of 88 healthy parents of leukemic children. Although the group of patients with rheumatoid arthritis differed significantly in the frequency of 4 DR antigens from the second group, both groups had the same correlation between HLA‐DR antigens and the antibody response to EBV antigens. There was a significant correlation between HLA‐DR1 and reduced titers of antibodies to VCA, whereas the persons with only one identifiable DR antigen had higher anti‐VCA titers. The persons with HLA‐DR5 had significantly higher anti‐EBNA titers than those without DR5.
Mouse monoclonal antibody detects a new polymorphic Ia determinant other than HLA‐DR antigen: a possible allele of DC‐1
Authors: MAEDA HIROO
Published: July 2010

Using a hybridoma technique, a monoclonal antibody (TA10) reactive with a new polymorphic B‐cell antigen was obtained. The TA10 antibody reacted with 12 (24%) of B cells from 50 healthy individuals, but not with T cells. In contrast with the HLA‐DR antigen, the TA10 antigen was preferentially detected on B cells, but not on monocytes. The reactive pattern of TA10 was closely associated with DR5 and its related DR antigen NJ2, and also found with DR4 or DRw9. The linkages of TA10 to these DR antigens were confirmed in the family study, indicating that the TA10 antigen is controlled by a closely linked but distinct locus from HLA‐DR. Furthermore, two‐dimensional gel analysis demonstrated that the TA10 determinant was expressed on a class II molecule whose heavy and light chains were different from those carrying the DR determinant. Thus, this monoclonal antibody might detect an allele of DC‐1 which is found in association with DR5 and DRw6.2.
Postpartum autoimmune thyroid disorder associated with HLA‐DR4?
Authors: LERVANG HANS‐HENRIK , PRYDS OLE , ØSTERGAARD KRISTENSEN HANS PEDER , JAKOBSEN BODIL K. , SVEJGAARD ARNE
Published: July 2010

Thirteen Danish women with postpartum thyroiditis were HLA‐A,B,C and ‐DR typed. Nine of ten unrelated probands were DR4‐positive which is significantly (corrected p = .01) different from the frequency (34.7%) of this antigen in unrelated controls.
HLA‐A, B, C; ‐DR; ‐MT, ‐MB, and SB antigens on unstimulated human endothelial cells
Authors: Neppert Jürgen , Nunez Gabriel , Stastny Peter
Published: July 2010

Since major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of class II play an important role in organ transplantation, we attempted to demonstrate their expression on endothelial cells which are abundant in transplants with vascular blood supply. Our analysis was performed with monomorphic and polymorphic monoclonal antibodies employing a microscopic immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry on unstimulated endothelial cells isolated from umbilical cord veins. No evidence was found for the presence of HLA‐DR antigens and determinants associated with MT, MB and SB. MHC class I antigens exhibited reduced expression. These findings were confirmed in respect to alloantigens by the use of conventional cytotoxic tissue typing antisera. MB and SB antigens were present on most cord B lymphocytes, but could only be demonstrated on a subpopulation of monocytes exhibiting a lower antigen density at the cell surface. MT and DR antigens were found on most cord monocytes and B lymphocytes.
Cell‐mediated cytotoxicity toward class I and class antigens on canine T and B lymphoblasts
Authors: Buurman W. A. , Linden C. J. van der , Daemen A. J. J. M. , Groenewegen G. , Doveren R. F. C. , Kootstra G.
Published: July 2010

Cellular cytotoxicity generated in vitro has been studied with canine T and B lymphoblasts as target cells. B lymphocytes were isolated by resetting with protein A labeled sheep red blood cells and stimulated with sepharose bound protein A. Such highly purified stimulated B lymphoblasts appeared to be useful target cells for cellular cytotoxicity. Cold target inhibition studies and limiting dilution analysis revealed that B lymphocytes did not carry targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) which were not present on PHA stimulated T lymphoblasts.
The HLA system in the prevalent Mexican Indian group: the Nahuas
Authors: Gorodezky C. , Castro‐Escobar L. E. , Escobar‐Gutiérrez A.
Published: July 2010

Results of HLA‐A, B and C typing as well as haplotype frequencies in the Nahuas, who are the predominant Indian group in Mexico are presented. ABO and Rh blood groups show the genetic homogeneity of this population, since all of them were group O and Rh+. The most frequent antigens and haplotype are in general, the same as in some, but not all Amerindian tribes (Papago, Pimas, Zuñi from North America and Ixils from Guatemala). When‐compared to other Mongoloids, the HLA pattern is very close to the Japanese population. Antigens Bw39 and Cw4 look like markers of Nahuas and because Bw16 cells from four individuals could not be assigned either as Bw38 or Bw39, and 6 subjects did not type for any of the Bw22 splits, new subtypes of these antigens are probable.
Human alloantiserum against PHA‐activated cells. Cytotoxicity associated with the HLA‐A3 antigen
Authors: Bucin Dragan , Low Bengt
Published: July 2010

Sera from transfused patients frequently show reactivity against polymorphic determinants expressed on PHA‐activated but not resting mononuclear cells. One of these sera shows cytotoxicity associated with the HLA‐A3 antigen.
Different functions and associations of HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ(DC) antigens shown by serological, cellular and DNA assays
Authors: Navarrete Cristina , Jaraquemada Dolores , Hui Kam , Awad Juliette , Okoye Ralph , Festenstein Hilliard
Published: July 2010

Two consanguineous Caucasoid HTCs, DHI and FPA, were investigated, the latter having an unusual HLA‐DR/DQ(DC) association. Both these HTCs typed clearly as HLA‐DRw11. However, while DHI typed as DRw11/DQw3(DC4) as expected, FPA typed as DRw11/DQw1(DC1) instead. Although extremely rare in Cauca‐soids, DRw11/DQw1 is a common pattern of association in Nigerian Negroids. Southern blots of DNA extracted from EBV cell line derived from FPA, hybridized with HLA‐DCα and HLA‐DCβ probes, confirmed this unusual DRw11/DQw1(DC1) association. In addition the DCα probe showed a unique additional restriction fragment length polymorphism (8 kb) attributable to the DX gene in the FPA DNA. When DHI and FPA were used as stimulators in MLC, the patterns to typing responses obtained were not completely concordant although they overlap to some extent. For this reason FPA has been locally designated Dw'F5′, distinct from Dw5. Furthermore, the HLA‐DQ antigens of the responder cells were not necessarily the same as those of the HTCS to which they gave typing responses (FPA and DHI). Functional studies using these two HTCs showed that the DQ(DC) antigens probably have no direct lymphocute activating properties but rather have a regulatory role in controlling responses to allodeterminants in MLC.
HLA polymorphisms in Nigerians
Authors: Okoye R. C. , Williams E. , Alonso A. , Doyle P. , Awad J. , Navarrete C. , Jaraquemada D. , Ollier W. E. R. , Festenstein H.
Published: July 2010

The HLA class I and class II phenotypes of a panel of 114 unrelated Nigerians have been determined. The panel was tested for all the known class I antigens and comparisons of the HLA‐A and ‐B frequencies with those of other African Negroid populations revealed some differences. Only limited comparisons could be made for the HLA‐DR and ‐D frequencies as these are not available for any well‐defined African Negroid population. The data concerning the class II antigens of this panel are the most interesting. Half of the DRw11‐positive panel members are DQw3 negative and DQw1 positive, in addition, there is dissociation of some HLA‐D and ‐DR specificities, a number of panel members are positive for an HLA‐D specificity and are negative for the corresponding HLA‐DR specificity. Our results show the value of population studies in the investigation of the relationship between the different HLA class II antigens.
Presentation and statistical examination of three‐factor association in the HLA system
Authors: Töwe J. , Wegener R. , Haferland W.
Published: July 2010

Three‐factor associations in the HLA system are frequently tested statistically by well‐known procedures using 2x2x2 contingency table analysis. The coupling index DABC given in many publications is suitable for none of these procedures. A more meaningful statistical test for the index DABC is described.
Immunoglobulin allotypes in families with pauciarticular‐onset juvenile chronic arthritis
Authors: Hall P. J. , de Lange Gerda G. , Ansell Barbara M.
Published: July 2010

Immunoglobulin allotypes have been studied in the families of 17 pauciarticular‐onset juvenile chronic arthritis patients included in the 9th Histocompatibility Workshop. There is no evidence of an association of these genetic factors with the disease, nor with the HLA and complement C4 disease markers.
Secondary Sjögren's syndrome and chromosome six markers
Authors: Warlow R. S. , Kay P. H. , McCluskey J. , Uko G. , Dawkins R. L.
Published: July 2010

Patients with Sjögren's syndrome (SS) in association with either Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) or Sclerodactyly were tested for HLA‐A, B and Dr antigens and the phenotypes of the 4th component of complement (C4). Significant associations were identified between HLA‐Bw62, Dr4, C4B2.9, C4A8 and females with SS‐RA. The MHC antigen frequencies noted for secondary Sjögren's syndrome differed from those reported for their respective primary diseases and the implications of these observations are discussed.
HLA‐A, B, DR antigens and insulin‐dependent diabetes in Algerians
Authors: Mercier P. , Vallo J. J. , Vialettes B. , Vague P.H.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A, B and DR antigens have been investigated in insulin‐dependent diabetics and compared to controls in a population of Algerians. A decrease of Al and DR2 and an increase of Aw 19.2; B8, B18 and especially DR3 were found in diabetics in comparison to controls. The strongest association was found for DR3, which is a good genetic marker of IDD (RR = 8.50) in this population. The frequency of some HLA antigen associations in IDD suggests that the diabetic gene(s) is linked to 2 main haplotypes: Aw 19.2; B18; DR3 and Aw 19.2; B8; DR3. Antigen DR4 was equally represented in IDD (21%) and controls (28.4%), but heterozygoty DR3‐DR4 was more frequent in diabetics.

The relation between IDD and HLA antigens found in the Algerian population is very similar to that described in diabetic Caucasian populations of southern Europe, except for the lack of association with DR4.
The monoclonal antibody AC1.59 defines a new polymorphic determinant on HLA‐DR molecules
Authors: Crepaldi T. , Richiardi P. , Malavasi F. , Carbonara A. O. , Igarashi M. , Ferrone S.
Published: July 2010

2‐dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis and sequential immunoprecipitation studies have shown that the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) AC1.59 recognizes a gene product of the HLA‐DR locus. The determinant defined by the MoAb AC‐1.59 has an unusual distribution on HLA‐DR allospecificities, since it is expressed by HLA‐DR1, DRw8, DRw9 antigens and by subtypes of HLA‐DRw6 and HLA‐DR4 antigens. In the latter allospecificity the expression of the MoAb AC1.59 defined determinant correlates with the cellularly defined HLA‐Dw4 alloantigen. The present investigation provides evidence of serological heterogeneity within HLA‐DR alloantigens. Furthermore these results suggest that monoclonal antibodies can sharpen the discriminatory power of serological assays to dissect the heterogeneity and complexity of HLA‐DR alloantigens.
DR antigens in systemic sclerosis: lack of clinical correlations
Authors: Alarcon Graciela S. , Phillips R. Macon , Wasner Cody K. , Acton Ronald T. , Barger Bruce O.
Published: July 2010

The information available in the literature is controversial as to the association between HLA‐DR and systemic sclerosis (SS). We studied 44 Caucasians with SS and found DR1 (P = 0.025; RR = 2.4) and DR5 (P = 0.05; RR = 3.8) to be increased whereas DR3 was not found to be increased when compared to local controls. The possible influence of a DR specificity in the clinical manifestations of SS was also investigated but not found.
Histocompatibility in Italian couples with recurrent spontaneous abortions of unknown origin and with normal fertility
Authors: Vanoli M. , Fabio G. , Bonara P. , Eisera N. , Pardi G. , Acaia B. , Smeraldi R. Scorza
Published: July 2010

We investigated HLA antigen and haplotype frequencies in 47 couples with primary recurrent abortions of unknown origin, in 65 fertile couples, and in a control panel of 98 males and 92 females. A significant increase of HLA‐B17 was found in abortion couples in comparison with fertile couples. No difference between abortion and control fertile couples was observed regarding HLA sharing.
Leprosy associated with HLA‐DR2 and DQwl in the population of northern Thailand
Authors: Schauf Victoria , Ryan Sharon , Scollard David , Jonasson Olga , Brown Arthur , Nelson Kenrad , Smith Treavor , Vithayasai Vicharn
Published: July 2010

A study of the frequency of HLA‐DR2 and DQwl was performed in leprosy patients and controls in northern Thailand. HLA‐DR2 was found in 100% (17/17) of patients with sporadic tuberculoid leprosy and in over 90% (30/32) of all tuberculoid leprosy patients, as compared to 62% (20/32) of controls (p = .02). These strong associations had relative risks of 21.4 for sporadic and 7.4 for all tuberculoid leprosy, and etiologic fractions of 1.0 and 0.84, respectively. There was also a statistically significant and strong association between tuberculoid leprosy and DQwl. These data add to the growing body of evidence that products of HLA class II determinants or closely linked genes may play a role in determining the clinical manifestations of M. leprae infection.
HLA and DR antigen frequencies in melanoma patients: possible relation to disease prognosis
Authors: Pollack Marilyn S. , Livingston Philip O.
Published: July 2010

The frequency of HLA‐DR5 was significantly increased in a large group of malignant melanoma patients (33.7% vs 20.5% for controls). The subgroup of patients with poor prognosis showed both a DR5 increase and a relative decrease in DR1. Although none of these differences was significant after correction for the number of antigens tested, similar findings have been made for other malignancies and further studies should be encouraged.
DR4 and susceptibility to type I diabetes mellitus: discrimination of high risk and low risk DR4 haplotypes on the basis of TA10 typing
Authors: Tait Brian D. , Boyle Alan J.
Published: July 2010

DR4 related serological heterogeneity differences between type I diabetic and normal individuals previously observed appear to be due to differences in the DQ subregion. An Australasian sera study has identified two subsets of DQw3, the DQ allele in linkage disequilibrium with DR4, one of which (DQw3S) is present in 95.2% of diabetic DR4 compared with 58.1% of normal DR4 individuals (p < 0.0005). The DQw3 subset showing a negative association with diabetes, DQw3L, appears to be closely related to or identical to TA10 a DQ subregion product previously described and studied in the 9th International Workshop. Analysis of the Workshop data showed a strong association of TA10‐ in type I diabetic DR4 individuals (93.5% v 69.1% in DR4+ normals) (p < 0.0005).

B44 appears to show an association with the presence of TA10in DR4 positive individuals. This observation is suggestive of positive linkage disequilibrium and may explain the decreased frequency of the B44‐DR4 haplotype in type I diabetes.
High frequency of HLA‐DR5 in Greek patients with haemophilia A and haemophilia B
Authors: Papasteriades Chr. , Varla M. , Economidou J. , Marcacis K. , Mitsouli Chr. , Louisou K. , Mandalaki T. , Roumeliotou A. , Papaevangelou G.
Published: July 2010

Sixty unrelated Greek patients with haemophilia (46 with haemophilia A and 14 with haemophilia B) were typed for HLA‐A, B and DR antigens. A highly significant increase in the frequency of HLA‐DR5 was observed in both groups of patients (58.6% vs 30.0%, χ2= 10.47, pc < 0.03, RR = 3.31 for haemophilia A and 78.5% vs 30.0%, χ2= 12.32, pc < 0.007, RR = 8.5 for haemophilia B). An increased frequency of HLA‐B13 was also observed in patients with haemophilia A (15.2% vs 5.7%, χ2= 5.74, pc < 0.4, RR = 2.9). Thirty of the 60 patients (50.0%) were positive for LAV/HTLVm antibodies. HLA‐DR5 was equally distributed in patients with and without these antibodies (63.3% and 63.3%, respectively). The presence of DR5 did not correlate with the severity of haemophilia A or B. These results may suggest 1) an influence of gene(s) on chromosome 6 in haemophilia A and haemophilia B and 2) no effect of HLA antigens in the susceptibility to LAV/ HTLVm Infection among haemophiliac patients.
Reduced complexity of RFLP for HLA‐DR typing by the use of a DRβ3’cDNA probe
Authors: Hongming Fei , Tilanus Marcel , Eggermond Marja van , Giphart Marius
Published: July 2010

The polymorphism of the HLA system has been defined by alloantisera, monoclonal antibodies, MLC reactivity, protein chemistry and RFLP patterns in DNA analysis.

Typing for the alleles of HLA‐DR at the DNA level as an additional typing technique is useful since any nucleated cell can be used. Moreover, it is not known whether the additional polymorphism found at the DNA level in an unambiguous serotype is of functional importance and thus needs to be included in HLA‐DR typing.

A main problem in DNA typing is the interpretation of the complex patterns in Southern blot analysis, especially in heterozygous individuals. Therefore we constructed subprobes from full length DRβ, DQα and DQβ cDNA probes to reduce the number of hybridizing fragments while retaining the discriminating capacity. The clearest differences among DR alleles have been found using the restriction enzyme PvuII and the subprobe containing the 3’untranslated region of the DRβ probe. Although further characterization is necessary to be able to type at the DNA level, the simplified patterns facilitate DNA typing in heterozygous individuals for a number of haplotypes. Interestingly, the number of fragments thus obtained corresponds with the number of genes described for DR1 to DRw8 haplotypes.

Based upon the finding of common hybridizing patterns in DR3, DR5 and DRw6 it may be concluded that DR3, DR5 and DRw6 have been evolved from a common ancestor. For the same reason DR4, DR7 and DRw9 may have evolved in an identical way.
Association between HLA‐A9 and rapidly progressive periodontitis
Authors: Klouda Peter T. , Porter Stephen R. , Scully Crispian , Corbin Susan A. , Bradley Benjamin A. , Smith Roger , Davies R. M.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐A, B, C, DR antigen frequencies and Properdin factor B (Bf) allotypes were studied in a group of 44 patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis. HLA‐A9 (A24) was the only antigen with a frequency statistically significantly different from the control population. An increased frequency of HLA‐A9 was previously reported in periodontal diseases. Our results in a well characterised group of patients adds to the evidence that HLA‐A9 plays a role in the susceptibility to severe periodontitis.
HLA and narcolepsy in a German population
Authors: Mueller‐Eckhardt Gertrud , Meier‐Ewert K. , Schendel Dolores J. , Reinecker F. B. , Multhoff Gabriele , Mueller‐Eckhardt C.
Published: July 2010

In this paper the first MHC data including HLA‐A, B, C, DR, DQ and complement BF, C4A, C4B determinants in German narcoleptics are presented together with the first family studies in European Caucasoids. 57 out of 58 unrelated patients (98.3%) were positive for DR2 and DQw1, respectively. In contrast to all other reports, one patient with typical signs of narcolelpsy was found to be DR2/DQw1 negative. Data showing significant increase in the frequency of B7, and normal frequencies of B35 were discordant with data from Japanese patients. Definition of the extended DR2 linked haplotypes, deduced from 6 families, revealed that 5 out of 12 were DQw1, DR2, BFS, C4B1, C4A3, B7 (Cw7), while 11/12 had DR2, DQw1, BFS, C4A3, C4B1 in common. In one multiple case family two genotypically different DR2 haplotypes were identified in affected siblings. Results from the family study were concordant with a dominant mode of inheritance with incomplete penetrance of a hypothetical disease susceptibility gene.
Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Finland: no distinct HLA association
Authors: Kinnunen E. , Hovi T. , Koskimies S.
Published: July 2010

In 1984 to 1985 an outbreak of poliomyelitis was found after a 20‐year free period in Finland. The 10 patients with central nervous system disease were studied for HLA antigens. Additionally, two families with two and four affected siblings from the previous outbreak were analysed. The affection of the central nervous system seems not to depend on HLA‐associated genetic factors.
Lack of association of HLA with thyroid cancer
Authors: Larsen Bodil , Thompson Christine , Kwan Allan , Farid Nadir R.
Published: July 2010

We examined HLA association with differentiated thyroid carcinoma in 45 patients from Newfoundland. No association was found. This finding contrasts with the description of an association of thyroid cancer with HLA‐DR1 in Italy and Hungary (iodide deficient areas) and with DR7 in the American mid‐west. We suggest that iodide deficiency predisposes DR1 + individuals to thyroid cancer and that this risk is negated by iodide sufficiency unless some other risk factor supervenes.
HLA‐DP related suppression of mixed lymphocyte reaction with alloactivated lymphocytes
Authors: ØDum Niels , Hofmann Bo , Jakobsen Bodil K. , Langhoff Erik , Morling Niels , Platz Per , Ryder Lars P. , Svejgaard Arne
Published: July 2010

We studied the influence of HLA class I and class II antigens on the suppression of the MLR induced by primed lymphocytes (PLs) alloactivated in vitro.

The suppression of 14 different PLs of 83 MLRs was analyzed. The PLs were primed against (i) HLA‐DP (SB) (ii) HLA‐DR/DQ or (iii) both HLA‐DP and DR/ DQ. The suppression was analyzed with special reference to the sharing of HLA‐antigens between (i) the stimulator in the MLR and (ii) the stimulator generating the PL.

HLA‐DP and HLA‐DR/DQ antigens were equally capable of generating suppressor cells. When these cells were added to MLRs, the specific stimulators induced the strongest suppression (74%), while allogeic cells sharing class II antigens induced a slightly weaker suppression (66%). The suppression related to HLA‐DP (60%) was almost identical to that related to HLA‐DR/DQ (59%). The HLA‐A, B, C related suppression was of the same magnitude (58%). The unspecific suppression (40%), i.e. no relation to known HLA‐antigens, was significantly lower than the class II related suppression, but not significantly lower than the class I related suppression. The suppression of the MLR did not seem to be caused by cytotoxic cells, consumption of lymphokines, nor changes in the kinetics of the MLR. Thus, HLA‐DP antigens can ‐ like DR/DQ antigens ‐ induce PLs with the ability to suppress the MLR in an HLA‐class II (DP or DR/DQ) related, and possibly a class I related, as well as an unspecific fashion.
Molecular genetics of HLA‐DR ‘Br’: allogenotypes of DR1 and DR ‘Br’ are indistinguishable
Authors: Bidwell J. L. , Jarrold E. A. , Laundy G. J. , Klouda P. T. , Bradley B. A.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐DR1 and DR ‘Br’ allogenotype patterns, generated using several restriction endonucleases and visualised using four HLA‐DRβ cDNA probes in Southern analysis, are indistinguishable. We suggest that HLA‐DR ‘Br’ may be a variant of the HLA‐DR1 allele.
Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy in Northeastern Italy:increased frequency of HLA‐DR 5
Authors: de Paoli P. , Reitano M. , Martelli P. , Battistin S. , Villalta D. , Carbone A. , Tirelli U. , Santini G.
Published: July 2010

We undertake a study of Italian intravenous drug abusers and male homosexuals with the prolonged generalized lymphadenopathy syndrome (PGL). 75% of the subjects had the HLA‐DR 5 antigen (relative risk 3.25). Only one patient was DR 2 positive. 14/20 subjects had anti‐HTLV III antibodies and immunological abnormalities were a rather constant finding.
An eight‐year study of HLA typing proficiency in Eurotransplant
Authors: Th. Schreuder G. M. , Hendriks G. F. J. , D'Amaro J. , Persijn G. G.
Published: July 2010

The main purpose of Eurotransplant, an international organ exchange organisation, is to maximize the survival time of transplanted organs through tissue typing and matching. Regular proficiency testings are necessary to assess the repro‐ducibility and the reliability of the HLA typings performed by the individual typing centres.

Two different protocols have been used: 1) since 1978, 35 samples of blood and donor spleen were used for cell exchanges (CE) and typed by all participating laboratories; 2) since 1977 samples of donor spleen have been shipped to the reference laboratory in Leiden for retyping (RD) resulting in over 2600 comparable HLA typings.

The disrepancy rates of the HLA‐A, B, C and DR specificities were analysed over the years. A large number of discrepancies was due to false negative assignments which led to assumed homozygosity at one or more HLA‐loci. The recognition of HLA‐DR has improved dramatically but with much variation per DR specificity. The concordancy rates for HLA‐AB + DR have improved from 40% in 1981 to 91% for CE and 80% for RD typings in 1984. The reproducibility of DR typings in individual laboratories also has improved greatly but there is still considerable variation between the different laboratories.
Reactivity pattern of anti‐CD1 and anti‐HLA class II monoclonal antibodies with human eccrine sweat glands
Authors: Gomes M. , Staquet M. J. , Dezutter‐Dambuyant C. , Kanitakis J. , Schmitt D. , Capra J. D. , Thivolet J.
Published: July 2010

The known cross‐reactivity of monoclonal antibodies prepared against CD1 and HLA‐DR antigens with skin components prompted us to study the reactivity pattern of human eccrine sweat glands with a panel of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD1 antigens (OKT6, BL6, D‐47) and against HLA‐class II antigens (anti‐DR, BL2, LEU‐10, IV‐D12, MAJA‐7). The labelling pattern of eccrine glands with the panel of monoclonal antibodies used in this study permits to establish three different antigenic compartments on eccrine glands: 1) acrosyringium and distal part of dermal duct anti‐DR+, BL2+, LEU‐10+, IV‐D12+; 2) proximal part of dermal duct MAJA‐7+; 3) secretory part D‐47+. The immunological markers used in this work provide a useful tool for investigation of eccrine gland differentiation and human eccrine glandular pathology.
A new HLA‐D specificity associated with DR blank: D‐BON
Authors: Cambon‐thomsen A. , Thomsen M. , Abbal M. , Sommer E. , Calot M. , Ohayon E.
Published: July 2010

Since 1980, a DR blank specificity undefined by serology but known to segregate in families linked to DQw1 has been recognized. We describe a Caucasoid family. BON… where 4 among 8 children are homozygous for such a specificity; their cells can be used as homozygous typing cells and the specificity defined is provisionally called D‐BON. There is no known consanguinity in this family. The homozygous D‐BON cells carry DR molecules as shown by their reactivity with monomorphic anti‐DR monoclonal antibodies. In a random family material consisting of 210 haplotypes, the gene frequency of D‐BON is between 1 and 2%, which corresponds to about 40% of the DR blank frequency. The D‐BON specificity seems associated with DQw1 and also with B35 and C4B2.
Revised classification of the DLA loci by serological studies
Authors: Krumbacher K. , van der Feltz M. J. M. , Happel M. , Gerlach C. , Lösslein L. K. , Grosse‐Wilde H.
Published: July 2010

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from DLA typed dogs were treated with rabbit‐anti‐dog‐β2‐microglobulin and subsequently with goat‐anti‐rabbit‐immunoglobulin in order to aggregate the DLA class I molecules on the cell membrane (lysostrip). Utilizing a panel of 70 defined DLA‐A and DLA‐B antisera, lymphocytes treated in this way showed resistance to complement dependent lysis with monospecific DLA‐A sera only, whereas reactivity of DLA‐B antisera was not blocked; on the contrary, complete lympholysis with each DLA‐B antiserum was recognized. Thus, the DLA‐B antigens, evidently not associated with β2‐microglobulin, are designated as candidates for class II gene products. The different reactions of DLA‐C antisera after lysostrip did not allow a precise assignment of this antigen series as yet.
Histocompatibility antigens in Indian patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Sewdarsen M. , Hammond M. G. , Vythilingum S. , Appadoo B.
Published: July 2010

The frequency of HLA‐A, B, C and DR tissue antigens in 103 Indian men aged 40 years or under who had experienced a myocardial infarction was compared with the frequency in 760 healthy Indian controls. No significant differences in antigen frequencies were found. The findings in this study provide no support for either a genetic or an immunological basis for myocardial infarction in young Indian men.
A “new” supertypic HLA‐DP related determinant detected by Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT)
Authors: ØDum N. , Hofmann B. , Hyldig‐Nielsen J. J. , Jakobsen B. K. , Morling N. , Platz P. , Ryder L. P. , Svugaard A.
Published: July 2010

Primed Lymphocyte Typing (PLT) with local (CDP) and the 9th International Histocompatibility Workshop reagents (GNN) revealed “cross‐reactions” between HLA‐DPw6 and the GNN2B but not other DPw2 PLT‐cells (GNN2A. CDP2A. CDP2B). We raised and bulk‐expanded a well discriminating PLT‐reagent (the JET‐reagent) from an HLA‐DR identical, DP. GNN2A, CDP2A, CDP2B compa. tible and GNN2B incompatible responder/stimulator combination. The JET‐reagent defined a “new” determinant, JET, which was present in 11% of Danes. The JET determinant was associated with DPw2, w6, and DP‐blank: 66% of DPw6 and DP‐blank and 20% of DPw2‐positive individuals were JET‐positive. All JET‐positive individuals belonged to this group, and six of these had two DP‐antigens. JET segregated with DP‐blank in three and with DPw6 in two informative families. In an HLA‐DR/DPw6 recombinant family, JET segregated with DPw6 in the recombinant haplotype. The JET PLT‐responses against all of six different JET‐positive stimulators including the specific stimulator were strongly inhibited by the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Tü39, which preferentially reacts with DP‐molecules, but not by other HLA‐specific MoAbs. The results indicate that JET is cither a “new” supertypic DP‐related specificity or a determinant, which shares epitopes with DP, of a “new” locus and in linkage disequilibrium with DP.
Screening a hybridoma producing a specific monoclonal antibody to HLA‐A24+Bw4 antigen by cytotoxicity inhibition assay
Authors: Hiroishi S. , Kaneko T. , Arita J.
Published: July 2010

A hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody (Tsa‐1, IgG3) reacting specifically to HLA‐A24 + Bw4 was screened by cytotoxicity inhibition assay and micrototoxicity test. The R value of the antibody was 0.843.
A human monoclonal antibody against HLA‐A25
Authors: Kosinski S. , Ferrara G. B. , Yang S. Y. , Haummerling U.
Published: July 2010

We are reporting the production and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody recognizing antigen HLA‐25. The antibody was developed by a line transformed in vitro by the Epstein‐Barr virus. The immune B lymphocytes for transformation were generated by planned immunization of a volunteer with repeated doses of allogenic peripheral blood lymphocytes of one donor over the course of 7 years. The antibody showed correlation with A25 antigen on a panel of 244 individuals tested by microcytotoxicity. The antibody showed neither cytotoxic reactivity nor CYNAP phenomenon with antigens of HLA‐10 CREG.
HLA antigens in Behçet's disease with refractory ocular attacks
Authors: Matsuki K. , Juji T. , Tokunaga K. , Mochizuki M. , Hayashi K. , Fujino Y. , Numaga J. , Yamashita H.
Published: July 2010

HLA class I, II, and III antigens were studied in Japanese patients with Behçet's disease with refractory ocular attacks. In addition to the increased frequency of B51, DQw3, especially TA10‐negative DQw3, was increased and DQw1 was decreased significantly in this subgroup of Behçet's disease As for complement markers, C4A Q0 was increased. A rare variant of BF S07 was first observed in Japanese. Although the mechanism for the DQw3 association is obscure, a possible hypothesis is that an immune‐response or immune‐suppression gene linked to the DQ antigens modulates the disease severity and the efficacy of treatments.
Association of HLA‐Bw65 with two major complotypes
Authors: Darke C. , O'Neill G. J.
Published: July 2010

The association between the HLA‐B14 subtypes Bw64 and Bw65 and complement allotypes (C2, Bf and C4) was investigated in both population and family studies. Bf, C4A and C4B allotyping was performed on 37 Bw64 and 35 Bw65 positive unrelated Welsh/English subjects. Sixteen HLA‐Bw65 bearing haplotypes were characterized for HLA‐ABC, DR and DQ antigens and complement allotypes, including C2. The findings of the population study suggested that the complement haplotype associated with Bw64 is Bf*S, C4A*2, C4B*2. The population and family studies revealed two major complement haplotypes associated with HLA‐Bw65: (i) C2*C, Bf*F, C4A*3, C4A*1 ‐ often associated with HLA‐A3, Cw8 and DRw13, and (ii) C2*C, Bf*S, C4A*2, C4B*2 ‐ often associated with HLA‐Aw33, Cw8 and DR1 or with A28, Cw8 and DRw13. The HLA‐Bw65 bearing haplotypes of three families carried a C4B*2 B*1 duplication of the C4B locus. In these families three C4B gene products were identified in the Bw65 positive members using an anti‐C4B monoclonal antibody. It is suggested that most, if not all, HLA‐Bw65 bearing haplotypes may possess a C4B locus duplication.
HLA‐DR factors associated with postpartum hypothyroidism : an early manifestation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
Authors: Pryds O. , Lervang H.‐H. , ØStergaard Kristensen H. P. , Jakobsen B. K. , Svejgaard A.
Published: July 2010

Thirty‐three Danish women selected from a prospective study of postpartum thyroiditis were HLA‐DR typed. All women had positive titers of antimicrosomal antibodies, and 20 women developed thyroid dysfunction after delivery. DR5 and the phenotype 4,5 were significantly increased in the whole group (p <0.001) and strongly associated to hypothyroidism (p <0.01), whereas DR3 was insignificantly increased in thyrotoxic women. It is concluded that postpartum hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disorder and may be an early manifestation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
RFLP of the HLA‐DQα region: a diallelic DXα polymorphism, not linked to DR and DQ specificities
Authors: Tilanus M. G. J. , Van Eggermond M. C. J. A. , Fei H. , D'Amaro J. , Th. Schreuder G. M. , Giphart M. J.
Published: July 2010

HLA‐DQα DNA polymorphism was studied by Southern blot analysis in a panel of 117 individuals, consisting of 56 randomly selected and 61 HLA‐DR homozygous individuals. Hybridizing fragments representing DQα genes correlate with DR specificities owing to linkage disequilibrium between DQ and DR. Two fragments representing DXα genes were identified with the restriction enzymes PvuII and TaqI and a DQα cDNA probe. The two fragments of PvuII‐DQα hybridization (a 7200 and a 7000 basepair fragment) and the two of Taql‐DQα (2200 and 1900 basepairs) have an identical distribution in the panel, and reveal gene frequencies of 49.1% and 50.9%; they behave as alleles of the putative DXα locus. The panel study shows that the DXα fragments are not linked with the DR or DQ specificities but segregate along with HLA as shown in family studies.
Simple rosette assay for HLA‐B27 typing of whole blood samples
Authors: Hansen T. , Hannestad K.
Published: July 2010

Two human IgM monoclonal antibodies (TrBH12 and Tr3B6) specific for HLA‐B27 were coupled to magnetic monodisperse polymer beads by spontaneous adsorption. A few minutes after mixing the beads with 50 μl of whole blood, rosettes had formed specifically with leucocytes from HLA‐B27 positive individuals. In this simple way, reliable typing for HLA‐B27 could be conducted rapidly (in about 20 min) by evaluation of rosettes with an inverted microscope and ordinary light. The method requires purified monoclonal antibodies.
Mikrosporie bei einer Gärtnerin
Authors: KABEN U. , MOLDENHAUER E.
Published: July 2010

Es wird eine durch Mikrosporum gypseum hervorgerufene Mikrosporie am linken Unterarm bei einer Gärtnerin beschrieben. Die Untersuchung zahlreicher Erdproben vom Arbeitsplatz mit Hilfe der Haarködermethode nach Vanbreuseghem zur Isolierung dieses Pilzes verlief negativ. M.g. konnte jedoch aus Nerzmist, der kürzlich in der Gärtnerei Verwendung fand, gezüchtet werden, und zwar sowohl in der imperfekten als auch in der perfekten Form (Nannizzia incurvata Stockdale [1961]). Da in keiner Bodenprobe M.g. nachzuweisen war, muß der verwendete Nerzdung als Infektionsquelle angesehen werden. Mikrokulturen von M.g. in Nerzdung zeigten, daß die Makrokonidien unter unsterilen Versuchs‐bedingungen zu keimen vermogen. Es wird auf die Bedeutung tierischen Düngers als Infektionsquelle hingewiesen.
Darstellung von reduzierenden Fermenten bei Dermatophyten und Saprophyten durch Redoxindikatoren und deren Hemmung durch Fermentgifte
Authors: JUNG H. D.
Published: July 2010

Die durch Kaliumtellurit und Triphenyltetrazoliumchlorid nachgewiesenen reduzierenden Fermente können in verschiedenen Myzeten am Farbniederschlag demonstriert werden. Durch Metallionen (z. B. HgCl2 in höherer Konzentration) bzw. Griseofulvin wird bei empfindlichen Pilzen die Synthese dieser Enzyme gehemmt bzw. blockiert. Bei einigen Myzeten ist aktive Reduktion erst wieder nachweisbar, wenn der Pilz “entgiftet” hat und das Pilzwachstum normalisiert ist. Die Redoxindikatoren sind unterschiedlich zum Nachweis aktiver Fermente geeignet und erfassen auch andere oder nicht alle Fermentsysteme. Reduktion wird immer nur im Agarmyzel, niemals im Luftmyzel beobachtet, da hier keine Redoxindikatoren vorhanden sind. Durch das Antimykotikum Griseofulvin kommt es bei entsprechend empfindlichen Myzeten daher wahrscheinlich zu einer aktiven Einwirkung in den Stoffwechsel und den Enzymmechanismus im Zytoplasma. Entsprechende Bilddokumente können demonstriert werden. Die Erprobung der Monotetrazoliumverbindung MTT sowie der MTT‐Kobaltmethode nach Pearse und Prüfungen weiterer Tetrazoliumverbindungen zum Nachweis reduzierender Fermente werden gegenwärtig vorbereitet.
Der Labor atoriumstest: Experimentelle Prüfung der Hemmwirkung waschaktiver Substanzen auf pathogene Pilze
Authors: Schaller K. F. , Schubach G. , Rieth H.
Published: July 2010

Die in dem geprüften waschaktiven antimykotischen Konzentrat neben den Wirkstoffen Dequaliniumchlorid und Hexylresorcin enthaltenen waschaktiven Stoffe, vor allem Genapol LRO und Texapon N 25, weisen ebenfalls antimycetische Eigenschaften auf; dadurch erhöht sich die Eignung des Konzentrates als Pilzschutz für die Händereinigung und zur Einleitung und Unterstutzung spezifisch‐antimykotischer Therapien.
Comparative Morphology and Immunology of Members of the Genus Histoplasma
Authors: Ajello Libero
Published: July 2010

Die Beziehungen zwischen H. duboisii und H. farciminosum sowie H. capsulatum sind in Form einer Übersicht dargestellt. Daraus ergibt sich keine annehmbare morphologische oder serologische Basis, um den Erreger der epizootischen Lymphangitis in die Gattung Histoplasma einzuordnen. Die endgültige Klassifizierung dieses Pilzes benötigt neuere Befunde hinsichtlich seiner asexuellen und sexuellen Vermehrung.

Die histopathologischen Unterschiede bei Infektion durch H. capsulatum und H. duboisii werden nicht als ausreichende Basis erachtet, um H. duboisii für mehr als eine Varietät von H. capsulatum zu betrachten.
Zum Nachweis von Cryptococcus neoformans im Staub von einem Taubenschlag*
Authors: Staib F. , Bethauser G.
Published: July 2010

Der Isolierung von C. neoformans mittels Selektivmedien (Negersaat‐Kreatinin‐Anti‐biotika‐Diphenyl‐Agar und Negersaat‐Kreatinin‐Agar) aus Taubenkot in Taubenschlägen (im Raum Würzburg) folgten Untersuchungen über das Vorkommen dieses Sproβpilzes im Staub eines verseuchten Taubenschlages.

In einem 45 m3 groβen Raum (15 m2 Bodenfläche) in dem sich ca. 1,5 m3 von trockenem, alten Taubenkot fanden, — bei Luftbewegung durch 60 umherfliegende Tauben — lagen nach einer Expositionszeit von 10 Min. 2 koloniebildungsfähige C.neoformans‐Zellen (nach 45 Min. 10 Zellen) auf 2 mal 50 cm2 Nährbodenoberfläche (auf dem Boden des Raums aufgestellt) vor.

Aus dem Sputum von 2 Personen konnte jedoch nach einem einstündigen Aufenthalt in diesem Raum C. neoformans nicht isoliert werden.

Zur Pathogenese der Cryptococcose als Inhalationsmykose und zum Cryptococcus neoformans‐Nachweis wird Stellung genommen.
Pilze in Lebensmitteln: Studies on mould contamination of different foods in Egypt
Authors: Refai M. , Sadek I.
Published: July 2010

Die Frage des Pilzvorkommens in Lebensmitteln ist aus versdiiedenen Griinden von Bedeutung. Pilze können den Verderb der Lebensmittel bewirken, sie können Toxine bil‐den, die Krankheitserscheinungen verursachen, und es können Pilze sein, die auch im oder auf dem mensdilichen Körper wachsen. Die Untersuchung natürlich infizierter Lebensmittel ergab am häufigsten Penicillium. Ein Kudien enthielt Aspergillus niger, A. candi‐dus, A. oryzae, A. flavipes, A. glaucus, Thamnidium und Mucor. Die experimentelle In‐fektion verschiedener Lebensmittel gelang am besten mit A. niger und einer Penicillium‐art. Untersuchungen auf breiter Basis sind notwendig.

El problema del hallazgo de hongos en los alimentos es por mudias razones de gran importancia. Hongos pueden provocar la descomposicion de los alimentos, producir toxinas que causan enfermedades, y ademas puede tratarse de hongos capaces de proli‐ferar sobre o en el cuerpo humano.

La investigatión de alimentos infectados en forma natural demostró Penicillium como agente causal mas frecuente. Una torta contenía: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus flavipes, Aspergillus glaucus, Thamnidium y Mucor.

La infección experimental de diversos alimentos se logró especialmente con Aspergillus niger y una especie de Penicillium. Es necesario realizar investigaciones en gran escala.
Dermatophilosis in Cattle from Rio Grande Do Sul (Brasil)
Authors: Londero A. T. , Ramos Cecy D. , Santiago M.
Published: July 2010

Auf 3 Farmen mit insgesamt 1668 Rindern wiesen 100 dieser Tiere hornige und krustige Hauterscheinungen auf. Bei 21 Rindern wurde als Erreger Dermatophilus congolensis isoliert. In einem Falle wurde aus einer Läsion am Schwanz Trichophyton verrucosum gezüchtet.

In Rio Grande do Sul wurde damit zum ersten Male Dermatophilose bei Rindern festgestellt. Sehr häufig wurden auf der inneren Oberfläche der Ohren nicht nur Krankheitserscheinungen, sondern audi Zecken beobachtet; Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß sie bei der Übertragung eine Rolle spielen.

Starke Regenfälle scheinen die Ausbreitung der Krankheit begünstigt zu haben.

En 3 haciendas con 1668 vacunos, se hallaron 100 animales con lesiones cutáneas hiperqueratósicas y costrosas. 21 de ellos eran positivos para Dermatophilus congolensis. De un animal se pudo aislar Trichophyton verrucosum.

Se observó así por primera vez la dermatophilosis en vacunos en Rio Grande do Sul. En las orejas de algunos animales so observaron además de las lesiones típicas de la enfermedad, garrapatas que podrían tener importancia en la transmisión del hongo. La expansión de la enfermedad se pude haber visto favorecida por las copiosas lluvias.