bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Uniaxial Compressive Stress on Dielectric and Piezoelectric Responses in Lead Zirconate Titanate Based Ceramics
Authors: Ochoa Diego A. , García Jose E. , Tamayo Idalberto , Gomis Vicenç , Damjanovic Dragan , Perez Rafel
Published: January 2012

A uniaxial compressive stress significantly modifies the dielectric and piezoelectric response of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)‐based piezoceramics. In soft PZT, the pre‐stress decreases both the piezoelectric coefficient and its increment with increasing dynamical stress amplitude. However, an increase of both quantities is shown in hard PZT. Similar effects are observed in the dielectric response. It is proposed that the differences between such behaviors are due to the possibility of domain coalescence in the materials whose domain walls have high mobility. Furthermore, the enhancement of the response in hard PZT could be explained by change of the interaction energy between complex defects and domain walls induced by the compression.
Interfollicular epidermal homeostasis: dicing with differentiation
Authors: Doupé David P. , Jones Philip H.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  In the 1970s, studies of tissue architecture and cell proliferation were used to formulate a new model of epidermal homeostasis. This asserted that the tissue was maintained by long‐lived, slow‐cycling, self‐renewing stem cells that generate a short‐lived population of transit amplifying (TA) cells, which undergo terminal differentiation after a set number of cell divisions. It was further hypothesized that in the epidermis, the tissue was organized into clonal epidermal proliferative units (EPUs) comprising a central stem cell with surrounding TA cells, which maintain the overlying differentiated cell layers. The stem/TA and EPU hypotheses have been widely influential. Here, we first revaluate older literature, finding numerous studies that conflict with the EPU model. We then review recent large‐scale lineage tracing studies in transgenic mice which exclude the stem/TA and EPU hypotheses, and reveal that the epidermis is maintained by a single population of functionally equivalent cycling progenitor cells. The outcome of individual progenitor cell divisions is random, but the probabilities of generating differentiated and progenitor cell daughters are equal, so that homeostasis is maintained across the progenitor population. We reconcile this model with the older literature and place the epidermis in the context of other tissues that are also maintained by continually cycling cells with stochastic fate.
Murine filaggrin‐2 is involved in epithelial barrier function and down‐regulated in metabolically induced skin barrier dysfunction
Authors: Hansmann Britta , Ahrens Kerstin , Wu Zhihong , Proksch Ehrhardt , Meyer‐Hoffert Ulf , Schröder Jens‐Michael
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The S100 fused‐type proteins (SFTPs) are thought to be involved in the barrier formation and function of the skin. Mutations in the profilaggrin gene, one of the best investigated members of this family, are known to be the major risk factors for ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis. Recently, we identified human filaggrin‐2 as a new member of the SFTP family. To achieve further insight into its function, here the murine filaggrin‐2 was analysed as a possible orthologue. The 5′ and 3′ ends of the mouse filaggrin‐2 cDNA of the BALB/c strain were sequenced and confirmed an organization typical for SFTPs. Murine filaggrin‐2 showed an expression pattern mainly in keratinizing epithelia in the upper cell layers on both mRNA and protein levels. The expression in cultured mouse keratinocytes was increased upon elevated Ca2+ levels. Immunoblotting experiments indicated an intraepidermal processing of the 250‐kDa full‐length protein. In metabolically (essential fatty acid‐deficient diet) induced skin barrier dysfunction, filaggrin‐2 expression was significantly reduced, whereas filaggrin expression was up‐regulated. In contrast, mechanical barrier disruption with acetone treatment did not affect filaggrin‐2 mRNA expression. These results suggest that filaggrin‐2 may contribute to epidermal barrier function and its regulation differs, at least in parts, from that of filaggrin.
Resistance of Sézary cells to TNF‐α‐induced apoptosis is mediated in part by a loss of TNFR1 and a high level of the IER3 expression
Authors: Akilov Oleg E. , Wu Mei X. , Ustyugova Irina V. , Falo Louis D. , Geskin Larisa J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Failure to execute an apoptotic programme is one of the critical steps and a common mechanism promoting tumorogenesis. Immediate early responsive gene 3 (IER3) has been shown to be upregulated in several cancers. IER3 is a stress‐induced gene, which upregulation leads to reduction in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) protecting malignant cells from apoptosis. We observed that malignant lymphocytes from patients with Sézary syndrome (SzS) were resistant to pro‐apoptotic dose of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of IER3 in the mechanism of such resistance. CD4+ CD26− lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of patients with SzS and healthy controls were negatively selected using CD4 and CD26 magnetic beads and analysed for expression of TNFR1, TNFR2, IER3 expression, and ROS production in response to TNF‐α at an apoptotic dose. Sézary cells with a higher level of IER3 expression retained their viability to TNF‐α. IER3 upregulation correlated with a decrease level of intracellular ROS and low TNFR1 expression on malignant cells. Targeting IER3 could be of interest for the development of future therapeutic strategies for patients with SzS.
Magnetic resonance enterography guiding treatment in children with Crohn’s jejunoileitis
Authors: Piekkala M , Kalajoki‐Helmiö T , Martelius L , Pakarinen M , Rintala R , Kolho K‐L
Published: January 2012

Aim:  To determine the usefulness of magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) in treatment for paediatric patients with Crohn’s disease.

Methods:  To evaluate small bowel involvement, 45 children with Crohn’s disease were scheduled for MRE. Two radiologists blinded to the patient data independently re‐evaluated the images. Findings in images were compared to macroscopic findings at surgery or endoscopy.

Results:  The terminal ileum was visualized in all with a completed procedure (43/45). The treatment remained conservative in 74% after imaging. In all 13 patients who underwent ileocolonoscopy within 3 months of MRE, the MRE findings were comparable with the macroscopic findings or revealed a more extensive disease. Bowel resection was performed in 26% after imaging. The macroscopic findings in the bowel corresponded to the MRE findings in 73%. In three MRE suggested a more severe disease than was verified intraoperatively.

Conclusions:  Magnetic resonance enterography identifies disease involvement in the small bowel in young patients with Crohn’s disease and may guide decisions on the need for intestinal surgery or adjustment of medication.
Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitute Leads to Sufficient Bone Tissue Formation Already after 3 Months: Histological and Histomorphometrical Analysis 3 and 6 Months following Human Sinus Cavity Augmentation
Authors: Ghanaati Shahram , Barbeck Mike , Willershausen Ines , Thimm Benjamin , Stuebinger Stefan , Korzinskas Tadas , Obreja Karina , Landes Constantin , Kirkpatrick Charles J. , Sader Robert A.
Published: January 2012

Purpose: In this study the de novo bone formation capacity of a nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite bone substitute was assessed 3 and 6 months after its insertion into the human sinus cavity.

Materials and Methods: Sinus cavity augmentation was performed in a total of 14 patients (n = 7 implantation after 3 months; n = 7 implantation after 6 months) with severely atrophic maxillary bone. The specimens obtained after 3 and 6 months were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically with special focus on bone metabolism within the residual bone and the augmented region.

Results: This study revealed that bone tissue formation started from the bone‐biomaterial‐interface and was directed into the most cranial parts of the augmented region. There was no statistically significant difference in new bone formation after 3 and 6 months (24.89 ± 10.22% vs 31.29 ± 2.29%), respectively.

Conclusions: Within the limits of the present study and according to previously published data, implant insertion in regions augmented with this bone substitute material could be considered already after 3 months. Further clinical studies with bone substitute materials are necessary to validate these findings.
Clinical, Aesthetic, and Patient‐Related Outcome of Immediately Loaded Single Implants in the Anterior Maxilla: A Prospective Study in Extraction Sockets, Healed Ridges, and Grafted Sites
Authors: Raes Filiep , Cosyn Jan , De Bruyn Hugo
Published: January 2012

Purpose: The objective of this prospective clinical study was to document the overall treatment outcome of immediately loaded single Astra Tech Osseospeed™ (Astra Tech AB, Mölndal, Sweden) implants placed in extraction sockets, healed ridges, and grafted sites.

Materials and Methods: Forty‐eight patients in need of a single implant in the anterior maxilla (15–25) were recruited. Patients were allocated to a conventional implant treatment (CIT) or immediate implant treatment (IIT) group on the basis of specific criteria. If the buccal bone plate was damaged or missing upon tooth removal, patients were allocated to a grafted implant treatment (GIT) group. Irrespective of the treatment concept, implants were immediately provisionalized. Hard and soft tissue alterations, aesthetic parameters (pink and white esthetic scores, [PES and WES]) and patient's opinion (Oral Health Impact Profile [OHIP‐14] questionnaires) were registered at different time points.

Results: After 1 year of function, the overall implant survival rate was 98% with one failure following IIT. The mean bone level to the implant‐abutment interface was 0.65 (SD 0.79), 0.85 (SD 0.64), and 0.56 mm (SD 0.44) for CIT, IIT, and GIT. Complete papilla loss was rare following either strategy. Mean midfacial recession amounted to 1.00 (SD 1.15), 0.12 (SD 0.78), and 0.49 mm (SD 0.82) for CIT, IIT, and GIT, respectively. The aesthetic outcome showed a mean PES of 10.30 (SD 1.89) and mean WES of 7.11 (SD 2.14), all patients considered. Patient's satisfaction showed a significant improvement after 1 year of function on all seven domains (p < .001).

Conclusions: This prospective study showed that single implants clinically and aesthetically perform well under immediate non‐occlusal loading conditions in the premaxilla. In this context, it is of pivotal importance to stress that patients were carefully selected for IIT and GIT.
Short‐chain dehydrogenases/reductases in cyanobacteria
Authors: Kramm Anneke , Kisiela Michael , Schulz Rüdiger , Maser Edmund
Published: January 2012

The short‐chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDRs) represent a large superfamily of enzymes, most of which are NAD(H)‐dependent or NADP(H)‐dependent oxidoreductases. They display a wide substrate spectrum, including steroids, alcohols, sugars, aromatic compounds, and xenobiotics. On the basis of characteristic sequence motifs, the SDRs are subdivided into two main (classical and extended) and three smaller (divergent, intermediate, and complex) families. Despite low residue identities in pairwise comparisons, the three‐dimensional structure among the SDRs is conserved and shows a typical Rossmann fold. Here, we used a bioinformatics approach to determine whether and which SDRs are present in cyanobacteria, microorganisms that played an important role in our ecosystem as the first oxygen producers. Cyanobacterial SDRs could indeed be identified, and were clustered according to the SDR classification system. Furthermore, because of the early availability of its genome sequence and the easy application of transformation methods, Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, one of the most important cyanobacterial strains, was chosen as the model organism for this phylum. Synechocystis sp. SDRs were further analysed with bioinformatics tools, such as hidden Markov models (HMMs). It became evident that several cyanobacterial SDRs show remarkable sequence identities with SDRs in other organisms. These so‐called ‘homologous’ proteins exist in plants, model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis  elegans, and even in humans. As sequence identities of up to 60% were found between Synechocystis and humans, it was concluded that SDRs seemed to have been well conserved during evolution, even after dramatic terrestrial changes such as the conversion of the early reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing one by cyanobacteria.
Kinetics of hydrolysis and mutational analysis of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide hydrolase from Pseudomonas putida DTB
Authors: Rivera‐Cancel Giomar , Sanders Jennie M. , Hay Anthony G.
Published: January 2012

The initial step in the biodegradation pathway of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide (DEET) in Pseudomonas putida strain DTB is catalyzed by DEET hydrolase (DthA), which hydrolyzes the amide bond to yield 3‐methylbenzoic acid and diethylamine. In order to extend our understanding of DthA, the enzyme was purified and characterized. The enzyme is most active at pH 7.9, and is probably a tetramer in its native state. The kinetic parameters of the wild‐type enzyme are Km = 10.2 ± 0.8 μm, kcat = 5.53 ± 0.09 s−1, and kcat/Km = (5.4 ± 0.4) × 105 m−1·s−1. Mild substrate inhibition was observed with DEET concentrations over 500 μm. A homology model of DthA was used to guide mutational analysis of the active site, confirming that the catalytic triad is formed by Ser166, Ap292, and His320. The oxyanion hole is formed by the side chain OH of Tyr84 and the backbone amide of Trp167, with the Tyr84 OH being essential for enzyme activity. The DthA model also revealed a hydrophobic substrate‐binding pocket comprosed of Trp167, Met170, and Trp214. W167A and M170A mutations decreased enzymatic activity and exacerbated substrate inhibition, whereas Trp214, which probably plays a role in substrate recognition, was essential for enzymatic activity. The pH rate profile of DthA was fitted to two ionizable groups (pKa1 = 6.1 and pKa2 = 9.9) that probably correspond to Nε of His320 and the OH of Tyr84, respectively. In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of DEET, DthA hydrolyzed a variety of esters and amides.

Database
 Model data are available in the PMDB database under the accession number PM0077728.

Structured digital abstract

 DthA and DthA bind by molecular sieving (View interaction)
Autocatalysed oxidative modifications to 2‐oxoglutarate dependent oxygenases
Authors: Mantri Monica , Zhang Zhihong , McDonough Michael A. , Schofield Christopher J.
Published: January 2012

Ferrous iron and 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent oxygenases and related enzymes catalyse a range of oxidative reactions, possibly the widest of any enzyme family. Their catalytic flexibility is proposed to be related to their nonhaem iron‐binding site, which utilizes two or three protein‐based ligands. A possible penalty for this flexibility is that they may be more prone to oxidative damage than the P450 oxidases, where the iron is arguably located in a more controlled environment. We review the evidence for autocatalysed oxidative modifications to 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent oxygenases, including the recently reported studies on human enzymes, as well as the oxidative fragmentations observed in the case of the plant ethylene‐forming enzyme (1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid oxidase).
Novel Extraction Technique to Remove a Penile Constriction Device
Authors: Katz Darren J. , Chin Warren , Appu Sree , Harper Matthew , Vukasin Filip , Tay Yeng Kwang , Pang Chia , Dowling Caroline
Published: January 2012

Introduction

Penile strangulation can be a challenging clinical situation and usually requires prompt treatment. The clinician should be aware of the various techniques to remove such devices.

Aim

The aim of this article was to describe a new noninvasive technique, the “pseudo-pulley” method, to remove a penile constriction device.

Methods

During an episode of medication-induced hypersexuality, a 63-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a cast iron locking nut of a vehicle towbar lodged at the base of the patient’s penis.

Results

The utilization of the “pseudo-pulley” method to remove the constriction device negated the need for more invasive measures. We outline a step-by-step description on this new technique. The patient’s recovery was complete and uneventful.

Conclusion

The current case report describes a noninvasive technique for removing a penile constriction device that does not rely on specialized equipment and industrial drills that can cause iatrogenic injury.
Novel Utilization of Bauxite‐Treated Fly Ash‐Based Ceramics for its Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Sultana Parveen , Das Sukhen , Bhattacharya Alakananda , Basu Ruma , Nandy Papiya
Published: January 2012

Nowadays the increased generation of fly ash from thermal power plants is a major concern to our society due to its harmful impact on environment. To utilize this waste in a useful way, we have developed a novel ceramic material which was produced by treating fly ash with bauxite during sintering process. The developed ceramic material acquired increased hardness because of enhanced mullite content during the process with an additional property of reducing pathogenic bacterial growth by more than 90%. The mechanism of their antibacterial action was studied by TEM image analysis of the bacterial cross section. Mullite content and the crystallinity of mullite have increased with increasing concentration of bauxite during sintering process. A maximum of ~ 31% increase in mullite phase was obtained for 50% w/w bauxite and thus increased the hardness which was measured by LEICA Vickers hardness tester. The structural composition of the developed ceramics materials and the surface texture were evaluated by FTIR studies and FESEM micrographs, respectively. This work highlights a sustainable approach of using fly ash in developing antimicrobial ceramics in an eco‐friendly way having a vast potential to be used in the bacteria prone area like hospitals.
Antiplasmodial activity of steroidal chalcones: evaluation of their effect on hemozoin synthesis and the new permeation pathway of Plasmodium falciparum‐infected erythrocyte membrane
Authors: Sisodia Brijesh S. , Negi Arvind S. , Darokar Mahendra P. , Dwivedi Upendra N. , Khanuja Suman P. S.
Published: January 2012

Chalcone derivatives on an estradiol framework were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth and development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Out of twelve steroidal chalcones and one indanone derivative studied, three were found to have 50% growth inhibitory concentration less than 5 μm and minimum inhibitory concentration for parasite development from ring to schizont stage as ≤20 μm with best activity for gallic acid‐based chalcone derivative 1 as 2.07 and 10 μm, respectively. Two of the active derivatives 1 and 10 did not exhibit cytotoxicity against vero cells as evident by the good selectivity ratio. Study of structure–activity relationship indicated that increasing substitution in the benzoyl ring‐enhanced antiplasmodial activity. Hemozoin synthesis of the parasite remained unaffected by these derivatives. These derivatives were also investigated for their effect on parasite‐induced new permeation pathway in the erythrocyte membrane by sorbitol‐induced hemolysis, and four derivatives 1, 2, 9, and 10 exhibited significant inhibition (>70%) at 20 μm concentration. A positive correlation was also observed among the antiplasmodial activity and inhibition of new permeation pathway. These observations suggest that steroidal chalcones with selective activity for the parasite may be considered as antimalarial leads for further optimization and preclinical study.
The selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor parecoxib markedly improves the ability of the duodenum to regulate luminal hypertonicity in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Sedin J. , Sjöblom M. , Nylander O.
Published: January 2012

Aim:

To examine whether the prevention of post‐operative duodenal ileus by treatment with parecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor, affects the ability of the duodenum to respond to luminal hypertonicity.

Methods:

The proximal duodenums of anaesthetized rats were perfused with hypertonic NaCl solutions with osmolalities of 400, 500, 600 or 700 mOsm kg−1, and the effects on mucosal permeability, motility, transepithelial net fluid flux and effluent osmolality were assessed in the absence (control) and presence of parecoxib.

Results:

Parecoxib‐treated, but not control animals, exhibited duodenal contractions, which were reduced by the nicotinic receptor antagonists mecamylamine and hexamethonium and by perfusion with 700 mOsm kg−1. All animals responded to luminal hypertonicity with induction of net fluid secretion, which peaked at an osmolality of 500 mOsm kg−1. The hypertonicity‐induced increases in fluid secretion were twofold greater in parecoxib‐treated than in control rats and attenuated by nicotinic receptor blockade. The decrease in luminal osmolality correlated with the osmolality of the perfusion solution in both control and parecoxib‐treated animals but the osmolality‐adjusting capability was markedly better in the latter group. Rats exposed to duodenal luminal distension responded to hypertonicity with a greater fluid secretion and a larger decrease in luminal osmolality than control rats. Perfusion with 700 mOsm kg−1 increased mucosal permeability in parecoxib‐treated animals only, an effect abolished by nicotinic receptor blockade.

Conclusion:

Parecoxib markedly improved the ability of the duodenum to sense and to decrease luminal hypertonicity by a mechanism most probably involving inhibition of COX‐2 and stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Special observation and older persons with dementia/delirium: a disappointing literature review
Authors: Dewing Jan
Published: January 2012

Background.  In gerontological practice, special observation is a known nursing activity across different settings. The group that possibly are most effected by this intervention are older persons with dementia and/or delirium. The research literature about special observations in the mental health field is small, more disappointingly there appears to be little published literature about special observations in regard to older persons with dementia and/or delirium.

Aims.  The aims of this study are to (i) establish the state of current published research on special observations in regard to older persons with dementia and/or delirium and (ii) make recommendations for research and practice.

Design and method.  A literature review.

Results.  Most literature pertains to adult mental health practice and services. Themes were generated and discussed in relation to gerontological practice.

Conclusion.  This review has established there is variance in the usage of the terms ‘special observation’ and ‘constant observation’. It concludes that there is no published research on special or constant observations in relation to older people with dementia/delirium or the purpose of this activity. There is therefore a clear need to establish a research base in the topic.

Implications for practice.  Given the limited evidence, practitioners and managers need to be cautious when writing and implementing policies about special observation. However, until gerontological research is improved, research from mental health nursing will need to be drawn on with caution and the purpose of special observation determined locally. To be of therapeutic value and to be cost effective, special observation should be seen as a skilled nursing intervention and not a passive ‘watching’ or ‘sitter’ activity.
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features of canine compressive cervical myelopathy with suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion
Authors: Beltran E. , Dennis R. , Doyle V. , De Stefani A. , Holloway A. , De Risio L.
Published: January 2012

Objective: To describe clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features in dogs with compressive cervical myelopathy due to acute suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion.

Design: Retrospective case series.

Animals: Ten dogs with compressive cervical myelopathy caused by acute suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion.

Materials and Methods: Medical records and magnetic resonance images of dogs evaluated from 2005 through 2010 were reviewed. The inclusion criteria were clinical signs compatible with cervical myelopathy, magnetic resonance imaging of the spine performed within 48 hours after onset, magnetic resonance imaging findings consistent with compressive suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion, complete medical records and follow‐up information.

Results: Six dogs were presented with acute onset tetraplegia and four dogs with acute onset of nonambulatory tetraparesis. Compromised respiratory function was present in three dogs. Compressive suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion was found on magnetic resonance imaging at the C4‐C5 (n=6), C3‐C4 (n=3) and C5‐C6 (n=1) intervertebral disc spaces. Seven dogs underwent surgical treatment and three dogs were treated conservatively. All dogs except one regained ambulatory status within two weeks after the onset, and had a favourable outcome.

Clinical Significance: Compressive myelopathy caused by acute suspected hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion has not been reported previously and, even though neurological deficits can be severe on presentation, outcome is favourable.
High‐Oil‐Load Encapsulation of Medium‐Chain Triglycerides and d‐Limonene Mixture in Modified Starch by Spray Drying
Authors: Paramita Vita , Furuta Takeshi , Yoshii Hidefumi
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Oil mixtures of medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) and d‐limonene in mixing ratios from 10 to 100 wt% were encapsulated in modified starch (wall material) by spray drying to produce oil‐rich powders. The oil load (mass ratio of oil mixture to wall material) of the infeed emulsion markedly influenced the properties of the infeed liquid and the characteristics of the resulting powder. The viscosity of the infeed liquid and the particle size of the powder exponentially decreased with increasing oil load, while the emulsion droplet size in the infeed liquid increased. In addition, retention of d‐limonene during spray drying also decreased markedly with increasing oil load. Irrespective of the different oil loads and concentrations of the wall material, d‐limonene retention was well correlated with the emulsion droplet diameter of the infeed liquid. The encapsulation efficiency of the oil mixture exhibited a maximum value (almost 100%) at an oil load between 0.5 and 1.0, before decreasing at higher oil loads. At an oil load of 2.0, the encapsulation efficiency of d‐limonene was reduced to almost zero, while around 40% of the initial MCT was encapsulated in the powder. The increase in oil load also led to increased amounts of surface oil of MCT and d‐limonene in the resulting powder due to the increasing emulsion droplet diameter of the infeed liquids.

Practical Application:  This study proposes the microencapsulation of medium‐chain triglycerides under high‐oil‐load conditions by spray drying. The powders prepared by this process provide significant benefits in terms of rapid energy conversion after consumption without accumulation in the body. Important quality factors of the powder products such as the encapsulation efficiency and the amount of surface oil were examined to understand the optimum process conditions for spray drying.
Development and Application of Quality Index Method Scheme in a Shelf‐Life Study of Wild and Fish Farm Affected Bogue (Boops boops, L.)
Authors: Bogdanović Tanja , Šimat Vida , Frka‐Roić Ana , Marković Ksenija
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Quality index method scheme was developed for raw bogue (Boops boops) and evaluated it in a shelf‐life study, using samples from wild fish aggregations at fish farms (BF) and from area not influenced by the fish farms (BW). Different environment influenced the shelf life of bogues; thus the maximum ice storage, evaluated from cooked samples, was found to be 17 d for BF and 12 d for BW. The calculated quality indexes (QIs) evolved linearly with storage time on ice (QIBF= 0.968x + 0.583, R2= 0.947, Std. Err. Est. = 1.41; QIBW= 1.212x + 0.474, R2= 0.972, Std. Err. Est. = 0.95). The multivariable analysis was used to identify the most effective variables during spoilage evolution. The sum of all demerit points showed higher correlation (R > 0.99) then any single parameters itself, indicating that the individual parameters could not replace the usage of 20 demerit points QIM scoring scheme in sensory assessment. The impact of farming cages was observed in fat (BF > 19%; BW < 2%) and water content (BF = 55%; BW = 77%) of bogues, but also in pH, dielectric properties, thiobarbituric acid index, and volatile amine changes. High correlations of these parameters with storage time and sensory assessment were observed.

Practical Applications:  The catch landings of bogue make this species very important in the Mediterranean fishery production. The effect of finfish farms makes individual fish samples of this species different in size and chemical content, thus changing the rate and in which their postmortem changes occur. The practical use of the article is a new developed and species adopted descriptive scheme for bogue, ready to use for scientific and industrial freshness assessment providing the information on fish quality and its remaining shelf life in ice, taking into account the environmental conditions such as catching ground.
Optimization of a Sponge Cake Formulation with Inulin as Fat Replacer: Structure, Physicochemical, and Sensory Properties
Authors: Rodríguez‐García Julia , Puig Ana , Salvador Ana , Hernando Isabel
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The effects of several fat replacement levels (0%, 35%, 50%, 70%, and 100%) by inulin in sponge cake microstructure and physicochemical properties were studied. Oil substitution for inulin decreased significantly (P < 0.05) batter viscosity, giving heterogeneous bubbles size distributions as it was observed by light microscopy. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy the fat was observed to be located at the bubbles’ interface, enabling an optimum crumb cake structure development during baking. Cryo‐SEM micrographs of cake crumbs showed a continuous matrix with embedded starch granules and coated with oil; when fat replacement levels increased, starch granules appeared as detached structures. Cakes with fat replacement up to 70% had a high crumb air cell values; they were softer and rated as acceptable by an untrained sensory panel (n= 51). So, the reformulation of a standard sponge cake recipe to obtain a new product with additional health benefits and accepted by consumers is achieved.

Practical Application:  In this study, fat is replaced by inulin in cakes, which is a fiber mainly obtained from chicory roots. Sponge cake formulations with reductions in fat content up to 70% are achieved. These high‐quality products can be labeled as “reduced in fat” according to U.S. FDA (2009) and EU regulations (European‐Union 2006).
Evaluation of the Quality of Deep Frying Oils with Fourier Transform Near‐infrared and Mid‐infrared Spectroscop
Authors: Du Rui , Lai Keqiang , Xiao Zhuqing , Shen Yungang , Wang Xichang , Huang Yiqun
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  Deep frying oils are subjected to high temperature and prolonged heating that may lead to a series of quality and safety problems for fried foods. This study evaluated the quality of deep frying oils collected from a local college canteen (n= 132) with Fourier transform mid‐infrared (FT‐IR) and Fourier transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate spectral data with free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide (PO) values of frying oils. The coefficient of determination (R2), standard error of prediction (SEP), and the RPD (ratio of the standard deviation of data set to the SEP) were used as indicators for the predictability of the PLS models. The FT‐IR and FT‐NIR methods exhibited similar predictability for the FFA values (FT‐IR: R2= 0.954, SEP = 0.14, RPD = 4.48; FT‐NIR: R2= 0.948, SEP = 0.14, RPD = 4.38). Although the predictability of the FT‐IR method for the PO values was not as satisfactory as that of the FT‐NIR method (FT‐IR: R2= 0.893, SEP = 6.17, RPD = 2.93; FT‐NIR: R2= 0.953, SEP = 4.15, RPD = 4.36), both FT‐IR and FT‐NIR methods could be used as simple and rapid approaches to determining the quality of deep frying oils.
A Design Peak Flow Estimation Method for Medium‐Large and Data‐Scarce Watersheds With Frontal Rainfall1
Authors: Muñoz Enrique , Arumí José Luis , Vargas José
Published: January 2012

Muñoz, Enrique, José Luis Arumí, and José Vargas, 2012. A Design Peak Flow Estimation Method for Medium‐Large and Data‐Scarce Watersheds With Frontal Rainfall. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(3): 439‐448. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00622.x

Abstract:  We developed a reliable peak flow estimation method for the design of hydraulic structures. The method is valid in medium‐large watersheds (100‐5,000 km2) located in Chile between 32°45′ and 43°50′S, with scarcity of hydro‐meteorological information, and where frontal rainfall prevails. The proposed method requires only rainfall data and geomorphologic descriptors as inputs, and relates the instant peak flow with the time of concentration rainfall flux (the contributing watershed area multiplied by the rainfall). The parameters of the model were defined with peak flows obtained from statistical analyses of historical fluviometric records from 25 watersheds. The quality of the proposed method is evaluated by applying it to three external watersheds different from those used to define model parameters, and comparing it with three other indirect methods and with peak flows obtained from statistical analyses, which were also used as the benchmark. The proposed method estimates peak flows with mean differences of less than 10%, which is two times less than other similar indirect methodologies, making it a recommendable option for estimating design peak flows.
Antioxidant activity and protection of pancreatic β‐cells by embelin in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes
Authors: GUPTA Rajnish , SHARMA Anil K. , SHARMA Mahesh C. , GUPTA Radhey S.
Published: January 2012

Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant potential of embelin in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes.

Methods:  Diabetes was induced in rats fasted overnight by the administration of a single dose of streptozotocin, and analyzed for blood, serum, and biological and histological pancreatic tissue parameters in intact control, diabetic, and embelin‐treated diabetic rats (n = 9) at the dose levels of 15, 25, and 30 mg/kg/day for 21 days.

Results:  Diabetes caused highly significant abnormalities in blood, serum, and pancreatic tissue biochemical parameters. Embelin and glibenclamide administration to diabetic rats caused a highly significant decline in the blood glycated hemoglobin and serum glucose levels and nitric oxide activity, with a concomitant increase in the serum insulin level (P < 0.001). Furthermore, embelin and glibenclamide treatment increased the pancreatic antioxidant enzyme status (superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, and ascorbic acid), and also decreased the thiobarbituric acid reactive oxygen species contents (P < 0.001). The histoarchitecture of the diabetic rats typically showed a degenerated pancreas with reduced β‐cell counts, while embelin treatment was shown to significantly regenerate islet cells.

Conclusion:  The study proves the potent antioxidant activity of embelin, which has been found to be effective in managing severe hyperglycemia.
Inferring Expertise in Knowledge and Prediction Ranking Tasks
Authors: Lee Michael D. , Steyvers Mark , de Young Mindy , Miller Brent
Published: January 2012

We apply a cognitive modeling approach to the problem of measuring expertise on rank ordering problems. In these problems, people must order a set of items in terms of a given criterion (e.g., ordering American holidays through the calendar year). Using a cognitive model of behavior on this problem that allows for individual differences in knowledge, we are able to infer people's expertise directly from the rankings they provide. We show that our model‐based measure of expertise outperforms self‐report measures, taken both before and after completing the ordering of items, in terms of correlation with the actual accuracy of the answers. These results apply to six general knowledge tasks, like ordering American holidays, and two prediction tasks, involving sporting and television competitions. Based on these results, we discuss the potential and limitations of using cognitive models in assessing expertise.
Perceptual Inference Through Global Lexical Similarity
Authors: Johns Brendan T. , Jones Michael N.
Published: January 2012

The literature contains a disconnect between accounts of how humans learn lexical semantic representations for words. Theories generally propose that lexical semantics are learned either through perceptual experience or through exposure to regularities in language. We propose here a model to integrate these two information sources. Specifically, the model uses the global structure of memory to exploit the redundancy between language and perception in order to generate inferred perceptual representations for words with which the model has no perceptual experience. We test the model on a variety of different datasets from grounded cognition experiments and demonstrate that this diverse set of results can be explained as perceptual simulation (cf. Barsalou, Simmons, Barbey, & Wilson, 2003) within a global memory model.
Understanding Human Navigation Using Network Analysis
Authors: Sudarshan Iyengar S. R. , Veni Madhavan C. E. , Zweig Katharina A. , Natarajan Abhiram
Published: January 2012

We have considered a simple word game called the word‐morph. After making our participants play a stipulated number of word‐morph games, we have analyzed the experimental data. We have given a detailed analysis of the learning involved in solving this word game. We propose that people are inclined to learn landmarks when they are asked to navigate from a source to a destination. We note that these landmarks are nodes that have high closeness‐centrality ranking.
‘Poor me’ versus ‘Bad me’ paranoia: The association between self‐beliefs and the instability of persecutory ideation
Authors: Melo Sara Sigmaringa , Bentall Richard P.
Published: January 2012

Objectives. To investigate whether different self‐attributes would be associated with different degrees of deservedness of persecution in a clinical paranoid sample.

Background. Some studies have shown differences between the self‐esteem (SE) of individuals with ‘Poor Me’ (PM) and ‘Bad Me’ (BM) paranoia (Bentall et al., 2009; Chadwick, Trower, Juusti‐Butler, & Maguire, 2005). Most studies investigating this relationship have employed a cross‐sectional design, precluding the investigation of changes over time.

Methods. In the cross‐sectional part of the study, 45 clinical participants and 25 controls were assessed in terms of paranoia, deservedness of persecution, SE, self‐discrepancies, daily events, and coping strategies. In the longitudinal part of the study, the clinical group was re‐assessed over a period of another 2 days, in order to study changes in these variables.

Results. At baseline, there were no differences between the SE of the two paranoia presentations, which was significantly lower than the controls’. However, the paired‐samples repeated analysis found the SE of individuals when in a PM presentation was higher than when they were BM. Only BM paranoia was found to be associated with higher self‐ideal:self‐actual self‐discrepancies than the other groups. The longitudinal analysis indicated that, having been PM and having low SE at the previous assessment day made it more likely that individuals would be in BM subsequently. No differences in causal attributions made for ecological events were found between the groups. Higher SE was found to be more likely when individuals coped with adversities by using social support.

Conclusions. Both deservedness of persecution and self‐views appear to be unstable in individuals with paranoia and to change consistently over time, a finding which is in keeping with Bentall et al.'s (2001) dynamic model of paranoia.
Biophysical characterization of M1476I, a sodium channel founder mutation associated with cold‐induced myotonia in French Canadians
Authors: Zhao Juan , Duprè Nicolas , Puymirat Jack , Chahine Mohamed
Published: January 2012

Key points

Na+ channels are pores present at the surface of every muscle cell; the initiation of muscle contraction requires the opening of a large number of Na+ channels.

Nav1.4 channels are encoded by the SCN4A gene and represent over 90% of Na+ channels in adult skeletal muscle cells; the M1476I mutation of Nav1.4 causes potassium‐aggravated myotonia in a French Canadian population of the Saguenay‐Lac‐Saint‐Jean region of Quebec.

Individuals carrying this mutation exhibit typical features ranging from asymptomatic myotonic discharges on electromyography to severe diffuse myotonia, as well as unusual cold‐induced, painful myotonia.

Our study provides a detailed characterization of the underlying biophysical defect of the M1476I mutation, including an increased persistent Na+ current, a disruption of fast inactivation and an accelerated recovery from inactivation; cooling further enhances the abnormalities of fast inactivation of the mutant channels.

Our data suggest that mexiletine could be used as a therapeutic for patients carrying this mutation.
Cotransport of water by Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporters expressed in Xenopus oocytes: NKCC1 versus NKCC2
Authors: Zeuthen Thomas , MacAulay Nanna
Published: January 2012

Key points 

It is a fundamental, yet unsolved physiological question how water transport is coupled to ion transport.

Na+–K+–2Cl‐ cotransporters (NKCCs) play a fundamental role in cellular water and ion homeostasis. In epithelial cells the NKCC1 isoform is located unilaterally and plays a key role in secretory processes such as salivary production.

The other isoform, NKCC2, is located primarily to kidney distal tubule where it is responsible for salt reabsorption.

The present investigation shows that the NKCC1 isoform cotransports water together with the ions by a mechanism closely associated with the protein itself. In contrast the NKCC2 isoform transports ions but not water.

Our data establish that coupling between salt and water transport takes place in certain cotransporters, for example NKCC1. Such proteins may constitute the link between the metabolic energy used by the Na+,K+‐ATPase, the cationic gradients established, and water transport.
A psychophysical pitch function determined by absolute magnitude estimation and its relation to the musical pitch scale
Authors: Miśkiewicz Andrzej , Rakowski Andrzej
Published: January 2012

A psychophysical pitch function, describing the relation of perceived magnitude of pitch to the frequency of a pure tone, was determined by absolute magnitude estimation. Pitch estimates were made by listeners with relative pitch and by absolute pitch possessors for 27 tones spanning a frequency range of 31.5–12 500 Hz in 1/3 octave steps. Results show that the pitch function, plotted in log–log coordinates, is steeper below 200 Hz than at higher frequencies. It is hypothesized that the pitch function’s bend may reflect the diversity of neurophysiological mechanisms of pitch encoding in frequency ranges below and above 200 Hz. The variation of the function’s slope implies that pitch distances between tones with the same frequency ratios are perceived as larger below 200 Hz than at higher frequencies. It is argued that this implication may apply only to a purely sensory concept of pitch distance and cannot be extended to the perception of musical intervals, a phenomenon governed by musical cognitive principles. The results also show that pitch functions obtained for listeners with relative and absolute pitch have a similar shape, which means that quantitative pitch relations determined for both groups of listeners do not differ appreciably along the frequency scale.
Static model of a violin bow: Influence of camber and hair tension on mechanical behavior
Authors: Ablitzer Frédéric , Dalmont Jean-Pierre , Dauchez Nicolas
Published: January 2012

Experienced bow makers empirically know the influence of wood, tapering, and camber on the playing and tonal qualities of a bow. However, the way each parameter affects the bow mechanical behavior is not clearly established. An in-plane finite element model is developed to highlight the link between the adjustable design parameters and the mechanical behavior of a bow. This model takes into account geometric nonlinearity as well as compliance of the hair. Its validity is discussed from measurements on a bow. Results from simulations are compared to experimental results from previous studies. The consequences of adjusting hair tension and camber are then investigated.
Prestress effects on the eigenfrequencies of the soundboards: Experimental results on a simplified string instrument
Authors: Mamou-Mani Adrien , Le Moyne Sylvie , Ollivier François , Besnainou Charles , Frelat Joël
Published: January 2012

This paper presents an experimental study of the effects of prestresses on the vibration behavior of string instruments. These prestresses are created by gluing ribs (crowning) and tensioning string (downbearing). The effects of these prestresses were previously studied numerically for a piano soundboard by Mamou-Mani et al. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123, 2401–2406 (2008)] and analytically for simplified models by Mamou-Mani et al. [Acta Acust. Unit. Acust. 95, 915–926 (2009)]. In the present study, a specified test bench is designed, including a simplified soundboard (a rectangular plate), a bridge, and a single string. The plate is subjected to in-plane and transverse loads. Vibrational eigenmodes are identified using nearfield acoustical holography (NAH) measurement. The evolution of eigenfrequencies with these specific prestresses is studied. The results show the effectiveness of NAH for this purpose and a very good qualitative concordance with previous numerical and analytical calculus.
Acoustical properties of wood in string instruments soundboards and tuned idiophones: Biological and cultural diversity
Authors: Brémaud Iris
Published: January 2012

The acoustical properties of wood for instruments have mostly been studied on a few archetypal woods in Western musical instruments. The objective of this paper is to extend knowledge on the diversity in wood properties and uses in instruments from different geo-cultural areas. A wide set of data has been collected on vibrational properties of 452 species, through experiments and literature survey. Property distributions within broad categories confirm the known characteristics of softwoods, but also evidence specificities of tropical hardwoods compared to temperate-zone species. A relational database has been created to link wood properties and uses in musical instruments of the world. Two case studies on acoustically important functions in different geo-cultural areas show contrasted trends: (i) species used for xylophone bars and slit-drums in different continents all share a very low internal friction, (ii) on the contrary, the only characteristic common to soundboards’ woods is a lower than average density, whereas their acoustical properties differ widely between them and with the “Western” standard in wood choice. All these materials being nevertheless adapted to their context, cultural specificities in the structure, playing mode and “sonority” preferences should also be taken into account.