bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Felt‐Force of Literacy
Authors: Hollett Ty
Published: December 2020

In this commentary, the author brings together three articles in Reading Research Quarterly’s special issue on affect theory—Nichols and Coleman; Garcia, Guggenheim, Stamatis, and Dalton; and Burnett and Merchant—under the overarching concepts of atmosphere and mobile architecture. How does one describe the felt‐force of right now, of masks‐ventilators‐fear‐abundanceofcaution‐distance‐anxiety‐Zoom‐school‐Ahmaud‐George‐Breonna‐fire‐rage‐murder‐police?
Engineering of 2D/2D MoS2/CdxZn1−xS Photocatalyst for Solar H2 Evolution Coupled with Degradation of Plastic in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Li Yiqun , Wan Shipeng , Lin Cheng , Gao Yujie , Lu Yuan , Wang Luyang , Zhang Kan
Published: December 2020

Sufficiently utilizing photogenerated electron/hole pairs for a coupled redox enables green, sustainable, and low‐cost photocatalysis. Herein, a series of MoS2/CdxZn1−xS photocatalysts with uniform 2D/2D structure are reported for solar water–reductive H2 products coupled with the degradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic. The MoS2/Cd0.5Zn0.5S heterojunction with a loading mass of 4.3 wt% MoS2 exhibits the best H2 evolution rate of 15.90 mmol g−1 h−1 in an aqueous solution due to its appropriate redox ability, great light absorption, and carrier separation abilities. Then, the oxidation products of PET are analyzed by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, which demonstrates the PET being efficiently degraded to molecule compounds, such as formate and acetate. The work provides a feasible solution to the problem of plastic pollution and meets the demand for sustainable clean energy simultaneously.
Highly Efficient Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells with a Self‐Doped Water‐Soluble Neutral Polyaniline as Hole Transport Layer
Authors: Zeng Miao , Zhu Weiya , Luo Jia , Song Nan , Li Yuan , Chen Zhongxin , Zhang Yiheng , Wang Zejun , Liang Weixuan , Guo Bin , Zhang Kai , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: December 2020

Among the various conducting polymers, polyaniline (PANI) has received a great deal of attention due to its low cost, excellent chemical and thermal stabilities, and high electrical conductivity. Herein, a newly designed self‐doped water‐soluble PANI derivatives‐poly (diphenylamine‐4‐sulfonic acid) (PDAS) is readily prepared and applied as hole extract layer in nonfullerene organic solar cells. PDAS, with satisfactory structural and electrical homogeneity, exhibits high conductivity of 7.75 × 10−2 S cm−1, none of acidity (with pH around 7), as well as enhanced work function of 5.43 eV, compared with the well‐known poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). The power conversion efficiency of PDAS‐based devices is comparable with that of PEDOT:PSS‐based devices with the PM6:BTP‐4F‐12 as active layer. The successful design of the new self‐doped water‐soluble conductive polymer and its commercial application potential is demonstrated.
Compositionally Designed 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites for Efficient and Stable Solar Cells
Authors: Wei Yi , Chen Baoquan , Zhang Fan , Tian Yuyang , Yang Xichuan , Cai Bin , Zhao Jijun
Published: December 2020

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for next‐generation solar cells. However, their instability remains challenging for practical applications. Here, the authors aim to enhance the stability and efficiency simultaneously by tuning the organic components in 2D Ruddlesden−Popper perovskites (2D‐RPPs). Four groups of 2D‐RPPs are prepared and the influence of 4‐fluorophenethylammonium (FPEA) and formamidinium (FA) cations on the film properties and device performance are investigated. The (FPEA)2(FA)8Pb9I28 film is found to be exceptionally vertically orientated, showing enhanced charge transport and lower defect density. Its absorption edge substantially extends in the IR region, which greatly increases the photocurrent. A high efficiency of 16.15% along with a Voc of 1.07 V and a Jsc of 20.88 mA cm−2 is achieved for the (FPEA)2(FA)8Pb9I28 solar cell. Notably, the (FPEA)2(FA)8Pb9I28 film exhibits good humidity stability and remarkably enhanced thermal stability. Its unencapsulated device maintains 95% of its starting efficiency after 2112 h when exposed to ambient air with 30–70% relative humidity, which is superior than those of the reported (PEA)2(MA)8Pb9I28 and (FPEA)2(MA)8Pb9I28 solar cells. The study demonstrates that enhanced performance of 2D‐RPPs can be obtained by strategically designing organic compositions, which paves an avenue toward the commercialization of 2D‐RPP devices.
Preparation and Characterization of Surface‐Modified Tapioca Starches and their Adsorption toward Linalool
Authors: Shaari Syuzeliana , Utra Uthumporn , Samsudin Hayati
Published: December 2020

Surface‐modified tapioca starch is produced via alcohol/alkali pre‐treatment, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis (using STARGEN 002 enzyme). The effects of alkali and alcohol pre‐treatments on tapioca starch are analyzed in terms of fat and protein content, degree of hydrolysis, morphology properties using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal properties, and adsorption of linalool. The alkali and the alcohol pre‐treatments are able to significantly decrease the fat content of tapioca starch by 94–95% and the protein content by 12.5–50%. After 24 h of hydrolysis, dextrose equivalent (DE) value is significantly increased for the alkali‐enzyme hydrolysis (87.54%), and the alcohol‐enzyme hydrolysis (61.45%) as compared to the enzyme hydrolysis (56.23%), and the native starch (0.44%). The chemical‐enzyme hydrolysis increased the wavenumber ratio value 1047 cm−1/1022 cm−1 (WR1047/1022) values from 1.12–1.47 cm–1/cm–1, as well as the degree of crystallinity but, does not alter the X‐ray diffraction pattern. The alcohol‐enzyme hydrolysis starch showed the highest adsorption efficiency toward linalool (44.94%) due to its deep surface erosion and porous structures, as shown by the SEM results. The alcohol‐enzyme hydrolysis starch is found to be a suitable carrier material for linalool.
Comprehensive fracture tests of concrete for the determination of mechanical fracture parameters
Authors: Lehký David , Kucharczyková Barbara , Šimonová Hana , Daněk Petr
Published: December 2020

Advanced experimental evaluation of the mechanical fracture properties of quasi‐brittle materials is an important part of the design, assessment, and computational modeling of structures made of these materials. The aim is to determine parameters independent of the test configuration or the size of the test specimens. This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental program which is part of the development of a comprehensive multilevel approach for experimental–computational determination of the mechanical fracture parameters of concrete. Three‐point bending and wedge‐splitting tests were performed simultaneously using three different geometrically similar specimen sizes and two well‐separated depths of initial notches. Before the start of the main testing program, the pilot tests that were performed were aimed at the design of the most appropriate concrete mixture. Special attention was paid to the selection of a maximum aggregate grain size. In order to study the process of concrete aging and the development of its mechanical properties, the accompanying destructive and non‐destructive tests were carried out at different ages of hardening. Fracture parameters were evaluated using the effective crack‐length formulation and work‐of‐fracture method. Finally, the size‐independent specific fracture energy was back‐calculated from the measured specific fracture energy.
Nootkatone improves anxiety‐ and depression‐like behavior by targeting hyperammonemia‐induced oxidative stress in D‐galactosamine model of liver injury
Authors: Yan Tingxu , Li Fuyuan , Xiong Weilin , Wu Bo , Xiao Feng , He Bosai , Jia Ying
Published: December 2020

Acute or chronic liver injury is closely related to hyperammonemia, which will result in oxidative stress and damage to nerve cells, and these factors are vital to the development of anxiety and depression. In this study, the effect of Nootkatone (NKT) on the anxiety‐ and depression‐like behavioral changes in mice induced by liver injury was investigated. Liver injury was induced by D‐galactosamine (D‐GalN; 350 mg/kg) three times a week for 4 weeks. NKT (5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg) was given as co‐treatment daily for 4 weeks. NKT (5 mg/kg) co‐treatment remarkably ameliorates D‐GalN‐induced anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors as evident from the results of sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and novelty suppressed feeding test. Results showed that NKT could induce an elevation in serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase level, alleviate the oxidative stress induced by hyperammonemia through activating Keap1/Nrf2/HO‐1 antioxidant pathways, decrease the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and NOX2 in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, enhance the vitality of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels in serum, liver, and brain, and significantly reduce the generation of malondialdehyde. At the same time, NKT also reduces the level of ammonia in serum and brain and upgrades the activity of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Taken together, the present results suggested that NKT has a significant antidepressant effect through modulation of oxidative stress induced by D‐GalN administration.
Study of oil free scroll vacuum pump characteristics
Authors: Tyurin Alexey V. , Burmistrov Aleksey V. , Salikeev Sergey I. , Raykov Alexey A. , Fomina Marina G.
Published: December 2020

To verify the mathematical model of a scroll vacuum pump working process, an experimental unit for obtaining indicator diagrams was developed. The pump was modified to install gauges to measure quick‐varying pressures in the working chambers of the pump at different operating modes. The dependence of pressure on the rotation angle of the drive shaft at different inlet pressures is obtained. Comparison of experimental and calculated data shows convergence within 15 %.
A Comparison of 2 Methods to Deter Fish Crows from Depredating Seabird Eggs
Authors: Forys Elizabeth A. , Campo Jo A. , Silva Elisa , Douglass Nancy J.
Published: December 2020

Fish crows (Corvus ossifragus) can be important seabird egg predators. In southwestern Florida, USA, crows were previously documented as causing the abandonment of black skimmer (Rynchops niger) colonies. While lethal crow control might be the most effective strategy, there are ethical and practical concerns about corvid control in an urban setting. Illness‐induced aversion to egg eating (conditioned taste aversion) is an alternative that has the potential for decreasing corvid depredation of seabird eggs. In addition, conditioned stimulus aversion using nonlethal shocks on corvids taking electrified eggs might also be effective. We tested conditioned taste aversion using quail eggs injected with carbachol (emetic eggs) at 3 black skimmer colonies during the 2016 breeding season. We tested conditioned stimulus aversion using electrified quail eggs at the same colonies during the 2017 breeding season. We compared the number of skimmer eggs in a colony depredated by crows before and after a 10‐day treatment. Both methods of treatment significantly decreased the number of skimmer eggs depredated by crows and were relatively inexpensive to conduct. In urban settings, electrified eggs are the safer option as many of the crows took the emetic eggs, but did not consume them while near the colony, potentially exposing non‐target species to a toxicant. © 2020 The Wildlife Society.
Environmental Management at Sea: What Being ‘Green’ Means for Seafarers
Authors: Akamangwa Ngwatung
Published: December 2020

In this chapter the practice of complying with pollution regulations at sea is examined in relation to how work on board ships is affected. The central argument made is that while seafarers mostly perceive pro-environmental practices as morally correct and therefore worthwhile, a number of them believe that being ‘green’ makes great demands on their time and upon the quality of work and life on board the ship.
Trade Union Representation in the Philippines
Authors: Buiser Ralph
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the various characteristics of maritime trade unions in the Philippines within the wider context of the history of the country’s industrial relations and labour movement. The main historical focal points in the country’s labour environment and how these shaped industrial relations today is introduced in the first section. In the second section the development of seafarers’ representation in the country and the profile of their trade unions in the context of the country’s labour history is discussed. The final section concludes with a discussion of the trends and challenges faced by unions representing Filipino seafarers today.
Iran’s Syria Strategy: The Evolution of Deterrence
Authors: Ahmadian Hassan , Mohseni Payam
Published: December 2020

Iran has been a critical player in the Syrian war since 2011, crafting a complex foreign policy and military strategy to preserve its Syrian ally. What have been the drivers of Iranian decision-making in this conflict? And how has Iranian strategy evolved over the course of the war? This chapter argues that the logic of deterrence has been fundamental not just for shaping the contours of Iran–Syria relations since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, but also for determining the overall trajectory of Iranian strategy in the Syrian war. The authors outline Iran’s decision-making calculus and divide the country’s strategy on Syria after the Arab Spring into four primary phases: (1) a ‘Basij’ strategy to establish local militias in Syria; (2) a regionalization strategy to incorporate transnational fighters and militias in the war effort; (3) an internationalization strategy to incorporate Russia and balance the United States; and (4) a post-ISIS deterrence strategy to balance against the United States, Turkey and Israel. Iran’s Syria strategy progressively escalated in response to the possible defeat of its ally and the deterioration of its forward deterrence capacities against the United States and Israel. Today, the potential for direct inter-state conflict is rising as proxy warfare declines and Iran attempts to maintain the credibility of its forward deterrence.
Deterrence, Resilience, and the Shooting Down of Flight MH17
Authors: van Doorn Cees , Brinkel Theo
Published: December 2020

Russian disinformation has thus far proven to be unconvincing for most Dutch target audiences. This is the conclusion of the present chapter. Information and disinformation have become effective weapons in international politics. This is part of a development where the weapons and concepts used in deterrence strategies have moved away from the military domain toward the political, economic, humanitarian, and communicative ones. In western literature, this is called hybrid warfare. In recent literature on hybrid warfare, resilience is often considered a key theme which may boost deterrence against hybrid activities and/or lower their impact. Most research on resilience and security is focused on infrastructure and resource planning. In this chapter, however, we attempt to ascertain how the existence of resilience in society can be observed. By looking at the case of the Dutch reaction to the shooting down of flight MH17, we hope to illustrate how resilience works in deterrence to hybrid warfare. We try to establish how subversive Russian activities were taking place and what measures were taken by the Netherlands government in order to counteract them. We monitored societal resilience by looking for the presence of trust, social capital, and credible narratives in reaction to disinformation activities after a disruptive event. All these elements appeared to be present in the MH17 case. Overall, we conclude, the handling of the MH17 case has reinforced deterrence.
Spiders in space—orb-web-related behaviour in zero gravity
Authors: Zschokke Samuel , Countryman Stefanie , Cushing Paula E.
Published: December 2020

Gravity is very important for many organisms, including web-building spiders. Probably the best approach to study the relevance of gravity on organisms is to bring them to the International Space Station. Here, we describe the results of such an experiment where two juvenile Trichonephila clavipes (L.) (Araneae, Nephilidae) spiders were observed over a 2-month period in zero gravity and two control spiders under otherwise identical conditions on Earth. During that time, the spiders and their webs were photographed every 5 min. Under natural conditions, Trichonephila spiders build asymmetric webs with the hub near the upper edge of the web, and they always orient themselves downwards when sitting on the hub whilst waiting for prey. As these asymmetries are considered to be linked to gravity, we expected the spiders experiencing no gravity to build symmetric webs and to show a random orientation when sitting on the hub. We found that most, but not all, webs built in zero gravity were indeed quite symmetric. Closer analysis revealed that webs built when the lights were on were more asymmetric (with the hub near the lights) than webs built when the lights were off. In addition, spiders showed a random orientation when the lights were off but faced away from the lights when they were on. We conclude that in the absence of gravity, the direction of light can serve as an orientation guide for spiders during web building and when waiting for prey on the hub.
Monoid Properties as Invariants of Toposes of Monoid Actions
Authors: Hemelaer Jens , Rogers Morgan
Published: December 2020

We systematically investigate, for a monoidM, how topos-theoretic properties of$${{\,\mathrm{\mathbf {PSh}}\,}}(M)$$PSh(M), including the properties of being atomic, strongly compact, local, totally connected or cohesive, correspond to semigroup-theoretic properties ofM.
Who Cares If You Vote? Partisan Pressure and Social Norms of Voting
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Cutts David , Bailey Jack
Published: December 2020

Social norms are important in explaining why people vote, but where do those norms come from and is social pressure motivated by partisanship? In this article, we use political discussion network data to examine the role of party identification in shaping the relationship between injunctive norms, civic duty and voter turnout. More specifically, we examine the extent to which both the application of injunctive norms and their impact on turnout is affected by shared partisan identification. We find that citizens are more likely to perceive normative pressure to vote from fellow partisans, a phenomenon we refer to as “partisan pressure”. However we do not find consistent evidence for the hypothesis that turnout is more closely related to the approval or disapproval of discussants who share a partisanship. By separating the role of social pressure from that of normative beliefs we also demonstrate that injunctive norms affect voter turnout both directly and indirectly by increasing civic duty.
Exercise Addiction During the COVID-19 Pandemic: an International Study Confirming the Need for Considering Passion and Perfectionism
Authors: de la Vega Ricardo , Almendros Lucia Jiménez , Barquín Roberto Ruíz , Boros Szilvia , Demetrovics Zsolt , Szabo Attila
Published: December 2020

Various levels of lockdown due to COVID-19 limit people’s habitual physical activity. Individuals addicted to exercise, health-oriented, and team-exercisers could be the most affected. We examined the COVID-19-related changes in exercise volume in 1079 exercisers from eight Spanish-speaking nations based on exercise addiction categories, primary reasons for exercise, and forms of exercise. The COVID-19-related decrease in exercise volume was 49.24% in the sample. The proportion of the risk of exercise addiction was 15.2%. Most (81.7%) of the participants exercised for a health-related reason. These exercisers reported lesser decrease in their exercise volume than those exercising for social reasons. The risk of exercise addiction was inversely related to changes in exercise volume, but after controlling for passion and perfectionism the relationship vanished. The reported effect of COVID-19 on training did not differ between the exercise addiction groups. The findings also confirm that exercise addiction research should control for passion and perfectionism.
Kinder psychisch erkrankter Eltern als heterogene Zielgruppe
Authors: Pfeifer Lydia
Published: December 2020

Hintergrund

Kinder, die mit einem psychisch erkrankten Elternteil aufwachsen, unterliegen einer erhöhten Wahrscheinlichkeit selbst psychisch zu erkranken. Der Gestaltung präventiver Interventionen für diese Zielgruppe liegt meist keine differenzielle Perspektive zugrunde.

Ziel der Studie

Ziel der Studie ist die differenzierte Darstellung einzelner Fälle aus der Gruppe „Kinder psychisch erkrankter Eltern“. Dies soll einen Beitrag zur Gestaltung passgenauer Interventionsmaßnahmen leisten.

Material und Methoden

Vier Kinder wurden mit dem Fragebogen zu Ressourcen im Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie per Leitfadeninterview befragt. Zudem wurden die Anmeldebögen zu einer Intervention ausgewertet. Diese Daten wurden im Rahmen einer vergleichenden Fallstudie zueinander in Bezug gesetzt.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion

Das Zusammenleben mit einem alleinerziehenden psychisch erkrankten Elternteil kann für Kinder besonders belastend sein. Praktische Unterstützung im Alltag der Familie oder der Beziehungsaufbau zu einer psychisch gesunden Bezugsperson könnte die Kinder entlasten. Die Tabuisierung der elterlichen Erkrankung kann sich nachteilig auf die gesunde psychische Entwicklung von Kindern auswirken, was in psychoedukativen Interventionen für die ganze Familie verändert werden kann, indem offen über die Erkrankung gesprochen wird. Kompensiert das familiäre System die elterliche Erkrankung, sind gegebenenfalls auch die Kinder wenig beeinträchtigt und möglicherweise benötigen sie keine Unterstützung. Kumulieren viele Risikofaktoren, sollte eine Intervention für diese hoch belasteten Kinder auch den Abbau von Risikofaktoren anstreben. Folglich ist beim Zuweisen zu präventiven Interventionen auf die Heterogenität der Zielgruppe im Hinblick auf Risikofaktoren und Ressourcen zu achten.
How context specific is teachers’ analysis of how representations are dealt with in classroom situations? Approaching a context-aware measure for teacher noticing
Authors: Friesen Marita Eva , Kuntze Sebastian
Published: December 2020

Although raised in the early days of research on teacher noticing, the question of context specificity has remained largely unanswered to this day. In this study, we build on our prior research on a specific aspect of noticing, namely teachers’ analysis of how representations are dealt with in mathematics classroom situations. For the purpose of such analysis, we examined the role of context on the levels of mathematical content area and classroom situation. Using a vignette-based test instrument with 12 classroom situations from the content areas of fractions and functions, we investigated how teachers’ analyses regarding the use of representations are related concerning these two mathematical content areas. Beyond content areas, we were interested in the question of whether an overarching unidimensional competence construct can be inferred from the participants’ analyses of the different individual classroom situations. The 12 vignettes were analysed by N = 175 secondary mathematics teachers with different degrees of teaching experience and their written answers provided the data for this study. Our findings show that the data fit the Rasch model and that all classroom situations contributed in a meaningful way to the competence under investigation. There was no significant effect of the mathematical content area on the participants’ analyses regarding the use of multiple representations. The results of the study indicate that explicitly considering questions of context can strengthen research into teacher noticing.
Design for Recycling Principles Applicable to Selected Clean Energy Technologies: Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Modules, Electric Vehicle Batteries, and Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Norgren Alex , Carpenter Alberta , Heath Garvin
Published: December 2020

The global growth of clean energy technology deployment will be followed by parallel growth in end-of-life (EOL) products, bringing both challenges and opportunities. Cumulatively, by 2050, estimates project 78 million tonnes of raw materials embodied in the mass of EOL photovoltaic (PV) modules, 12 billion tonnes of wind turbine blades, and by 2030, 11 million tonnes of lithium-ion batteries. Owing partly to concern that the projected growth of these technologies could become constrained by raw material availability, processes for recycling them at EOL continue to be developed. However, none of these technologies are typically designed with recycling in mind, and all of them present challenges to efficient recycling. This article synthesizes and extends design for recycling (DfR) principles based on a review of published industrial and academic best practices as well as consultation with experts in the field. Specific principles developed herein apply to crystalline-silicon PV modules, batteries like those used in electric vehicles, and wind turbine blades, while a set of broader principles applies to all three of these technologies and potentially others. These principles are meant to be useful for stakeholders—such as research and development managers, analysts, and policymakers—in informing and promoting decisions that facilitate DfR and, ultimately, increase recycling rates as a way to enhance the circularity of the clean energy economy. The article also discusses some commercial implications of DfR.

Graphical Abstract
Flourishing Students: The Efficacy of an Extensive Positive Education Program on Adolescents’ Positive and Negative Affect
Authors: Laakso Mari , Fagerlund Åse , Pesonen Anu-Katriina , Lahti-Nuuttila Pekka , Figueiredo Rejane A. O. , Karlsson Cecilia , Eriksson Johan G.
Published: December 2020

This study examined the efficacy of a classroom-based positive education program, Flourishing Students, on early adolescents’ positive and negative affect using a cluster randomized control trial (RCT) design. In total, 140 students (aged 10–12) participated in the study: 72 students participated in 32 well-being lessons during one school year, and 68 students followed the standard curriculum. Positive and negative affect (PANAS questionnaire), and daily positive and negative affect (experience sampling method, ESM) were gathered at baseline and post-intervention. PANAS data was also gathered at a follow-up 5 months after the intervention. Student questionnaire and ESM data indicated that the intervention had a beneficial impact on students’ positive affect and daily negative affect from baseline to post-intervention. No effect was seen in parental reports. Both qualitative data from focus group interviews with students and questionnaires for teachers supported the view that the students benefited from the program. Overall, these results demonstrate a positive effect of the positive education program on increasing positive affect and well-being among early adolescents.
Impact of selected genetic factors on clopidogrel inactive metabolite level and antiplatelet response in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Adamiak-Giera Urszula , Czerkawska Anna , Olędzki Szymon , Kurzawski Mateusz , Safranow Krzysztof , Jastrzębska Maria , Gawrońska-Szklarz Barbara
Published: December 2020

Background and objective

Clopidogrel is frequently used as part of optimal dual antiplatelet therapy in high-bleeding risk patients with the acute coronary syndrome. The concentration of the inactive carboxylic acid metabolite of clopidogrel might be useful to evaluate the response to clopidogrel therapy. Therefore, we sought to correlate the inhibition of platelet aggregation with the plasma level of the inactive metabolite of clopidogrel in patients after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and their associations with the most frequently studied genetic polymorphisms. For this purpose, the fast and simple HPLC method for determining the concentration of the inactive metabolite was developed.

Methods

The effect of CYP2C19, CYP3A4/5, ABCB1 and PON1 genes on the plasma inactive metabolite concentration of clopidogrel and the platelet aggregation was investigated in 155 patients before and after PCI.

Results

The concentration of the inactive metabolite of clopidogrel was not significantly different in the intermediate metabolizers (IM) of CYP2C19 compared with extensive metabolizers (EM) both before and after PCI, while inhibition of platelet aggregation was found to be significantly better in EM than in IM. The presence of the A allele at position 2677 in the ABCB1 gene was associated with a significantly lower concentration of inactive metabolite of clopidogrel before PCI.

Conclusion

The CYP2C19*2 allele was associated with decreased platelet reactivity during clopidogrel therapy before and after PCI. Simultaneous determination of platelet aggregation and concentration of the inactive clopidogrel metabolite may be useful in clinical practice to find the cause of adverse effects or insufficient treatment effect in patients chronically treated with clopidogrel.
Gödel, Tarski and the Lure of Natural Language
Authors: Kennedy Juliette
Published: December 2020

Is mathematics 'entangled' with its various formalisations? Or are the central concepts of mathematics largely insensitive to formalisation, or 'formalism free'? What is the semantic point of view and how is it implemented in foundational practice? Does a given semantic framework always have an implicit syntax? Inspired by what she calls the 'natural language moves' of Gödel and Tarski, Juliette Kennedy considers what roles the concepts of 'entanglement' and 'formalism freeness' play in a range of logical settings, from computability and set theory to model theory and second order logic, to logicality, developing an entirely original philosophy of mathematics along the way. The treatment is historically, logically and set-theoretically rich, and topics such as naturalism and foundations receive their due, but now with a new twist.
Characterization of the conditional stationary distribution in Markov chains via systems of linear inequalities
Authors: Kimura Masatoshi , Takine Tetsuya
Published: December 2020

This paper considers ergodic, continuous-time Markov chains
$\{X(t)\}_{t \in (\!-\infty,\infty)}$
on
$\mathbb{Z}^+=\{0,1,\ldots\}$
. For an arbitrarily fixed
$N \in \mathbb{Z}^+$
, we study the conditional stationary distribution
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
given the Markov chain being in
$\{0,1,\ldots,N\}$
. We first characterize
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
via systems of linear inequalities and identify simplices that contain
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
, by examining the
$(N+1) \times (N+1)$
northwest corner block of the infinitesimal generator
$\textbf{\textit{Q}}$
and the subset of the first
$N+1$
states whose members are directly reachable from at least one state in
$\{N+1,N+2,\ldots\}$
. These results are closely related to the augmented truncation approximation (ATA), and we provide some practical implications for the ATA. Next we consider an extension of the above results, using the
$(K+1) \times (K+1)$
(
$K > N$
) northwest corner block of
$\textbf{\textit{Q}}$
and the subset of the first
$K+1$
states whose members are directly reachable from at least one state in
$\{K+1,K+2,\ldots\}$
. Furthermore, we introduce new state transition structures called (K, N)-skip-free sets, using which we obtain the minimum convex polytope that contains
$\boldsymbol{\pi}(N)$
.
Limit theorems for assortativity and clustering in null models for scale-free networks
Authors: van der Hofstad Remco , van der Hoorn Pim , Litvak Nelly , Stegehuis Clara
Published: December 2020

An important problem in modeling networks is how to generate a randomly sampled graph with given degrees. A popular model is the configuration model, a network with assigned degrees and random connections. The erased configuration model is obtained when self-loops and multiple edges in the configuration model are removed. We prove an upper bound for the number of such erased edges for regularly-varying degree distributions with infinite variance, and use this result to prove central limit theorems for Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the clustering coefficient in the erased configuration model. Our results explain the structural correlations in the erased configuration model and show that removing edges leads to different scaling of the clustering coefficient. We prove that for the rank-1 inhomogeneous random graph, another null model that creates scale-free simple networks, the results for Pearson’s correlation coefficient as well as for the clustering coefficient are similar to the results for the erased configuration model.
Does Class Shape Legislators’ Approach to Inequality and Economic Policy? A Comparative View
Authors: Hemingway Alexander
Published: December 2020

Do the class backgrounds of legislators shape their views and actions relating to inequality and economic policy? Building on findings about ‘white-collar government’ in the US, this article examines the relationship between legislators’ class and their attitudes and self-reported behaviour in advanced democracies, drawing on survey data from 15 countries including 73 national and subnational parliaments in Europe and Israel. I find that legislators from business backgrounds are more likely to support income inequality and small government, as well as less likely to consult with labour groups, than those from working-class and other backgrounds. These results are buttressed by analysis of an additional cross-national survey of European legislative candidates’ attitudes, which replicates key findings. Given the skewed class makeup of legislatures in advanced democracies, these findings may be relevant to our understanding of widespread economic and political inequalities that are increasingly salient in many countries.
Seasonally stable temperature gradients through supraglacial debris in the Everest region of Nepal, Central Himalaya
Authors: Rowan Ann V. , Nicholson Lindsey I. , Quincey Duncan J. , Gibson Morgan J. , Irvine-Fynn Tristram D.L. , Watson C. Scott , Wagnon Patrick , Rounce David R. , Thompson Sarah S. , Porter Philip R. , Glasser Neil F.
Published: December 2020

Rock debris covers ~30% of glacier ablation areas in the Central Himalaya and modifies the impact of atmospheric conditions on mass balance. The thermal properties of supraglacial debris are diurnally variable but remain poorly constrained for monsoon-influenced glaciers over the timescale of the ablation season. We measured vertical debris profile temperatures at 12 sites on four glaciers in the Everest region with debris thickness ranging from 0.08 to 2.8 m. Typically, the length of the ice ablation season beneath supraglacial debris was 160 days (15 May to 22 October)—a month longer than the monsoon season. Debris temperature gradients were approximately linear (r2 > 0.83), measured as −40°C m–1 where debris was up to 0.1 m thick, −20°C m–1 for debris 0.1–0.5 m thick, and −4°C m–1 for debris greater than 0.5 m thick. Our results demonstrate that the influence of supraglacial debris on the temperature of the underlying ice surface, and therefore melt, is stable at a seasonal timescale and can be estimated from near-surface temperature. These results have the potential to greatly improve the representation of ablation in calculations of debris-covered glacier mass balance and projections of their response to climate change.
New Thylacocephala (Crustacea) assemblage from the Spathian (Lower Triassic) of Majiashan (Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China)
Authors: Ji Cheng , Tintori Andrea , Jiang Dayong , Motani Ryosuke , Confortini Federico
Published: December 2020

Here we report and describe a new assemblage of Thylacocephala (Crustacea) from the late Spathian (Early Triassic) of Chaohu, Anhui Province, South China. The assemblage consists of at least three species from different genera: the small-sized Microcaris rectilineatus n. sp. appears the most abundant, while the large-sized Ankitokazocaris sp. and Diplacanthocaris chaohuensis n. gen. n. sp. are rare. A morphometric analysis of the carapace outline separates Diplacanthocaris chaohuensis n. gen. n. sp. from other genera. Along with Ankitokazocaris chaohuensis Ji et al., 2017 and Kitakamicaris sp. from the horizon 28 m above this assemblage, four different genera of Thylacocephala occur in the Chaohu Fauna. With additional materials reported from Japan and North America, the Early Triassic is now known as the period when Thylacocephala reached their highest diversity and widest geographical distribution. Thylacocephala quickly diversified shortly after the Permian–Triassic mass extinction, probably because of their ability to survive in a relatively low-oxygen environment. Thylacocephalan fossils from Chaohu are found in dense concentrations, suggesting they might have constituted a food source for the fishes and marine reptiles in the Chaohu Fauna.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/b24e82a7-ea9a-49dc-9c6c-8ad8262db276
RECONSIDERING POOR LAW INSTITUTIONS BY VIRTUALLY RECONSTRUCTING AND RE-VIEWING AN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY WORKHOUSE
Authors: OTTAWAY SUSANNAH , MASON AUSTIN
Published: December 2020

There is a fine timber moulded cornice in a front room of the building that was once the House of Industry at Gressenhall, Norfolk, while along the eastern wing of the building one can still see the architectural features of an elegant open arcade. Why were such features included on a structure built to keep the poor at work, where residents spent their days making sacks, spinning, and working in the farm fields that surrounded the institution? Creating a digital 3D model of the 1777 House of Industry has allowed us to peel back the historical residue of the post-1834 Poor Law Union workhouse and re-engage the building's architectural features in their original context. The resulting building's peculiarly elegant characteristics reflect the emerging ambitions and defensiveness characteristic of the newly constituted ‘guardians of the poor’ who constructed it, while its permeable walls indicate considerably lower barriers between the workhouse and the outside world than is generally thought. By applying an innovative, digital humanities methodology to a significant social history topic, this article argues that virtual modelling and traditional archival research can together shape a new approach to the history of the Old Poor Law's institutions for the poor.
Biodiversity conservation in a post-COVID-19 economy
Authors: Sandbrook Chris , Gómez-Baggethun Erik , Adams William M.
Published: December 2020

The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic extend to global biodiversity and its conservation. Although short-term beneficial or adverse impacts on biodiversity have been widely discussed, there is less attention to the likely political and economic responses to the crisis and their implications for conservation. Here we describe four possible alternative future policy responses: (1) restoration of the previous economy, (2) removal of obstacles to economic growth, (3) green recovery and (4) transformative economic reconstruction. Each alternative offers opportunities and risks for conservation. They differ in the agents they emphasize to mobilize change (e.g. markets or states) and in the extent to which they prioritize or downplay the protection of nature. We analyse the advantages and disadvantages of these four options from a conservation perspective. We argue that the choice of post-COVID-19 recovery strategy has huge significance for the future of biodiversity, and that conservationists of all persuasions must not shrink from engagement in the debates to come.
Affect and iconicity in phonological variation
Authors: D'Onofrio Annette , Eckert Penelope
Published: December 2020

The study of iconic properties of language has been marginalized in linguistics, with the assumption that iconicity, linked with expressivity, is external to the grammar. Yet iconicity plays an essential role in sociolinguistic variation. At a basic level, repetition and phonetic intensification can intensify the indexicality of variables. Iconicity plays a further role in variation in the form of sound symbolism, linking properties of sounds with attributes or objects. Production studies have shown some phonological variables exhibiting sound symbolism, particularly in the expression of affect. In some cases, the observation of sound symbolism has been largely interpretive. But in others, stylistic variability as a function of speaker affect has provided empirical evidence of iconicity. This article examines the role of iconicity and performativity in transcending the limits of reference, reviews iconicity in production studies, and provides experimental evidence that sound symbolism influences how listeners attribute affect to linguistic variation. (Variation, iconicity, affect)
CONSTRUCTING THE ‘URBAN PROFILE’ OF AN ANCIENT GREEK CITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE OLYNTHOS PROJECT
Authors: Nevett Lisa C. , Tsigarida E. Bettina , Archibald Zosia H. , Stone David L. , Ault Bradley A. , Akamatis Nikos , Cuijpers Elena , Donati Jamieson C. , García-Granero Juan José , Hartenberger Britt , Horsley Timothy , Lancelotti Carla , Margaritis Evi , Alcaina-Mateos Jonas , Nanoglou Stratos , Panti Anna , Papadopoulos Nikos , Pecci Alessandra , Salminen Elina , Sarris Apostolos , Stallibrass Susan M. , Tzochev Chavdar , Valdambrini Chiara
Published: December 2020

This article argues that a holistic approach to documenting and understanding the physical evidence for individual cities would enhance our ability to address major questions about urbanisation, urbanism, cultural identities and economic processes. At the same time we suggest that providing more comprehensive data-sets concerning Greek cities would represent an important contribution to cross-cultural studies of urban development and urbanism, which have often overlooked relevant evidence from Classical Greece. As an example of the approach we are advocating, we offer detailed discussion of data from the Archaic and Classical city of Olynthos, in the Halkidiki. Six seasons of fieldwork here by the Olynthos Project, together with legacy data from earlier projects by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and by the Greek Archaeological Service, combine to make this one of the best-documented urban centres surviving from the Greek world. We suggest that the material from the site offers the potential to build up a detailed ‘urban profile’, consisting of an overview of the early development of the community as well as an in-depth picture of the organisation of the Classical settlement. Some aspects of the urban infrastructure can also be quantified, allowing a new assessment of (for example) its demography. This article offers a sample of the kinds of data available and the sorts of questions that can be addressed in constructing such a profile, based on a brief summary of the interim results of fieldwork and data analysis carried out by the Olynthos Project, with a focus on research undertaken during the 2017, 2018 and 2019 seasons.
Flexible Characterization: Herstorical Performance in Heritage Sites
Authors: Bianchi Victoria
Published: December 2020

This article explores how performance and character can be used to represent the lives of real women in spaces of heritage. It focuses on two different site-specific performances created by the author in the South Ayrshire region of Scotland: CauseWay: The Story of the Alloway Suffragettes and In Hidden Spaces: The Untold Stories of the Women of Rozelle House. These were created with a practice-as-research methodology and aim to offer new models for the use of character in site-specific performance practice. The article explores the variety of methods and techniques used, including verbatim writing, spatial exploration, and Herstorical research, in order to demonstrate the ways in which women’s narratives were represented in a theoretically informed, site-specific manner. Drawing on Phil Smith’s mythogeography, and responding to Laurajane Smith’s work on gender and heritage, the conflicting tensions of identity, performance, and authenticity are drawn together to offer flexible characterization as a new model for the creation of feminist heritage performance. Victoria Bianchi is a theatre-maker and academic in the School of Education at the University of Glasgow. Her work explores the relationship between space, feminism, and identity. She has written and performed work for the National Trust for Scotland, Camden People’s Theatre, and Assembly at Edinburgh, among other institutions.
From State Security to Security State: Performing Control and Claustrophobia in Hungarian Theatre
Authors: Deres Kornélia
Published: December 2020

This article examines how the exchanges of archival and artistic practices in Central European and, more precisely, in Hungarian theatre and performance can create performative sites calling attention to the continuities and recurring reflexes of pre- and post-1989 realities. The genre of re-performance allows performance artists to comment on their own experience with the communist regimes, as well as to enact the continuing political and aesthetic potentials of past performances. In 1986, a recently founded performance group, the Collective of Natural Disasters, premiered its piece Living Space in Budapest, considered to be an iconic production in the history of Hungarian dance theatre, and earning international success. The solo performer (Yvette Bozsik) was set in a small glass box, suggesting the claustrophobic atmosphere of the 1980s in the country. In 2012, the group re-interpreted the 1986 production with considerable critical changes under the title (In)Finity. The new solo performer (Rita Góbi) was locked in a similar glass box. However, the group refashioned the main question about freedom by offering a mediatized landscape on stage where the recurring experience of claustrophobia was seen through technical innovations forming new regimes and forms of surveillance. Kornélia Deres is a Humboldt Research Fellow in the Institute of Media Culture and Theatre at the University of Cologne. Between 2015 and 2018 she was an assistant professor at Károli University (Budapest), and since 2017 has been a lecturer at ELTE University in Budapest. She is co-editor of five books and the author of Hammer for Images (2016), as well as two volumes of poetry.
Staging the Delinquent: Edwardian Theatre and The Hooligan
Authors: Heaney Martin
Published: December 2020

W. S. Gilbert is best known as a dramatist and librettist who produced fourteen comic operas with his collaborator, composer Arthur Sullivan. Less familiar is his last work The Hooligan (1912), one of the first realist representations of the young urban working-class male seen on the twentieth-century British stage. This article explores the Edwardian conditions of social and cultural volatility reflected in the authoring and production of this play. It discusses the period as one where narratives of gender and class that underpin contemporary perspectives were shaped and contested. It demonstrates how hegemonic systems of cultural production created binary distinctions between the ‘ideal’ of the ‘Imperial Youth’ and the alien, working-class ‘other’. Gilbert’s authoring of the working-class male subject and his representation in a commercial theatre were subject to both market controls and middle-class ‘anxieties’. This historical perspective indicates continuities between these factors and the contemporary representation of the young urban working classes. Martin Heaney is a senior lecturer in Drama, Applied Theatre and Performance at the University of East London. He is co-director of the Centre of Applied and Participatory Arts and has published articles in various journals, including Research in Drama Education. His book chapter ‘Edward Bond and The Representation of Adolescence’ is forthcoming in The Routledge Guide to Theatre for Young People (2021).