bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Marijuana Use Among Orthopedic Patients
Authors: Carney John J. , Hwang Alan , Heckmann Nathanael , Bernstein Mitchell , Marecek Geoffrey S.
Published: December 2019

Marijuana use among orthopedic patients has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of marijuana use among orthopedic surgery patients. Additionally, the authors sought to better characterize how and why their patients use marijuana. Patients presenting at 3 institutions in 2 states for orthopedic surgery were asked to complete a voluntary survey. In addition to basic demographic information, the survey contained questions regarding the frequency of, methods of, and reasons for marijuana use. Patients who had used marijuana in the past year were categorized as marijuana users. A total of 275 patients completed surveys, of whom 94 (34%) endorsed marijuana use in the past year. A majority of marijuana users (55%) endorsed using marijuana either daily or weekly. Smoking was the most common means of marijuana use (90%), followed by edible products (35%) and vaporizing (24%). Pain management (54%) and recreation (52%) were the most commonly cited reasons for using marijuana. Eighty-six percent of marijuana users indicated that they would stop using marijuana if told by their physician that marijuana use would adversely affect their surgery. Marijuana use is common among orthopedic patients. Many patients believe marijuana is beneficial for managing pain and other medical conditions, although most would be willing to stop using marijuana if told it would negatively impact their surgery. Further study into the effects of marijuana use on musculoskeletal health is warranted because marijuana use may be a risk factor easily modified to improve surgical outcomes. [
Orthopedics
. 2020; 43(2): 108–112.]
Rapid Light-Dependent Degradation of Fluorescent Dyes in Formulated Serum-Free Media
Authors: Morawski Peter A , Motley Samantha J , Campbell Daniel J
Published: December 2019

Chemically defined serum-free media are increasingly used as a tool to help standardize experiments by eliminating the potential variability contributed by pooled serum. These media are formulated for the culture and expansion of specific cell types, maintaining cell viability without the need for exogenous animal proteins. Formulated serum-free media could thus help improve viability and reduce variability during sample preparation for flow cytometry, yet a thorough analysis of how such media impact fluorochrome–Ab conjugates has not been performed. In this study, we expose fluorescent Ab-labeled cells or Ab capture beads to white light in the presence of various hematopoietic cell culture media and provide evidence that formulated serum-free media permit rapid light-initiated fluorescent dye degradation in a cell-independent manner. We observed fluorescence signal loss of several dyes, which included fluorescence spillover into adjacent detectors. Finally, photostability of Ab–fluorochrome conjugates in formulated serum-free media is partially restored in the presence of either serum or vitamin C, implicating reactive oxygen species in the observed signal loss. Thus, our data indicate that formulated serum-free media designed to standardize cell culture are not currently optimized for use with fluorochrome–Ab conjugates, and thus, extreme caution should be exercised when using these media in cytometric experiments.
Analysis on Signal and Power Integrity of 2.3D Structure Organic Package
Authors: Tsukamoto Kosuke , Kajiki Atsunori , Kunimoto Yuji , Mizuno Masayuki , Nakamura Manabu , Nakazawa Shinji , Koyama Toshinori
Published: December 2019

Heterogeneous packaging is one of the advanced technologies. Especially for high-end applications such as data center server, HPC and Artificial-Intelligence (AI), High-Bandwidth Memory (HBM) integration is a key and strongly required. As we know, the 2.5D silicon interposer packaging is an expanded solution for HBM interconnections. However, we developed 2.1D high density organic package called i-THOP® (integrated-Thin film High density Organic Package) to take advantages of an organic solution. Furthermore, we are now focusing on 2.3D i-THOP® to have more benefits in the manufacturing. The 2.3D structure consists of two substrates. One is a thin i-THOP® interposer, the other one is a conventional build-up (BU) substrate. These two substrates are combined as the interposer placed onto the build-up substrate. In this paper, the electrical properties of 2.3D i-THOP® are studied to confirm the possibility of the 2.3D structure organic packages from the perspective of signal and power integrity. Firstly, the signal integrity between two devices is simulated, comparing the differences between i-THOP® and the 2.5D silicon interposer. Secondly, the signal integrity in die-to-substrate vertical interconnection is simulated, comparing between 2.1D, 2.3D i-THOP® and the 2.5D silicon interposer. Finally, as for the power delivery point of view, power distribution network (PDN) impedance is compared between 2.1D and 2.3D i-THOP®.
W. P. Thurston and French mathematics
Authors: Laudenbach François , Papadopoulos Athanase
Published: December 2019

We give a general overview of the influence of Thurston on the French mathematical community and we show how some of the major problems he solved have their roots in the French mathematical tradition. At the same time, we survey some of Thurston’s major results and their impact.
Free Probability Theory
Authors: Guionnet Alice , Speicher Roland , Voiculescu Dan-Virgil
Published: December 2019

The workshop brought together leading experts, as well as promising young researchers, in areas related to recent developments in free probability theory. Some particular emphasis was on the relation of free probability with random matrix theory.
The regional temperature implications of strong air quality measures
Authors: Aamaas Borgar , Berntsen Terje Koren , Samset Bjørn Hallvard
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions of short-lived climate forcers (SLCFs) affect both air quality and climate. How much regional temperatures are affected by ambitious SLCF emission mitigation policies is, however, still uncertain. We investigate the potential temperature implications of stringent air quality policies by applying matrices of regional temperature responses to new pathways for future anthropogenic emissions of aerosols,
methane (CH4), and other short-lived gases. These measures have only a minor impact on CO2 emissions. Two main options are explored, one with climate optimal reductions (i.e., constructed to yield a maximum global cooling) and one with the maximum technically feasible reductions. The temperature response is calculated for four latitude response bands (90–28∘ S, 28∘ S–28∘ N, 28–60∘ N, and 60–90∘ N) by using existing absolute regional temperature change potential (ARTP) values for four emission regions: Europe, East Asia, shipping, and the rest of the world. By 2050, we find that global surface temperature can be reduced by -0.3±0.08 ∘C with climate-optimal mitigation of SLCFs relative to a baseline scenario and as much as −0.7 ∘C in the Arctic. Cutting CH4 and black carbon (BC) emissions contributes the most. The net global cooling could offset warming equal to approximately 15 years of current global CO2 emissions. On the other hand, mitigation of other SLCFs (e.g., SO2) leads to warming. If SLCFs are mitigated heavily, we find a net warming of about 0.1 ∘C, but when uncertainties are included a slight cooling is also possible. In the climate optimal scenario, the largest contributions to cooling come from the energy, domestic, waste, and transportation sectors. In the maximum technically feasible mitigation scenario, emission changes from the industry, energy, and shipping sectors will cause warming. Some measures, such as those in the agriculture waste burning, domestic, transport, and industry sectors, have large impacts on the Arctic, especially by cutting BC emissions in winter in areas near the Arctic.
Impact of halogen chemistry on summertime air quality in coastal and continental Europe: application of the CMAQ model and implications for regulation
Authors: Li Qinyi , Borge Rafael , Sarwar Golam , de la Paz David , Gantt Brett , Domingo Jessica , Cuevas Carlos A. , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Halogen (Cl, Br, and I) chemistry has been reported to influence the
formation of secondary air pollutants. Previous studies mostly focused on
the impact of chlorine species on air quality over large spatial scales.
Very little attention has been paid to the effect of the combined halogen
chemistry on air quality over Europe and its implications for control
policy. In the present study, we apply a widely used regional model, the
Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System (CMAQ), incorporated with
the latest halogen sources and chemistry, to simulate the abundance of
halogen species over Europe and to examine the role of halogens in the
formation of secondary air pollution. The results suggest that the CMAQ
model is able to reproduce the level of O3, NO2, and halogen species over Europe. Chlorine chemistry slightly increases the levels of OH, HO2, NO3, O3, and NO2 and substantially enhances the level of the Cl radical. Combined halogen chemistry induces complex effects on OH (ranging from −0.023 to 0.030 pptv) and HO2 (in the range of −3.7 to 0.73 pptv), significantly reduces the concentrations of NO3 (as much as 20 pptv) and O3 (as much as 10 ppbv), and decreases NO2 in highly polluted regions (as much as 1.7 ppbv); it increases NO2 (up to 0.20 ppbv) in other areas. The maximum effects of halogen chemistry occur over oceanic and coastal regions, but some noticeable impacts also occur over continental Europe. Halogen chemistry
affects the number of days exceeding the European Union target threshold for the protection of human beings and vegetation from ambient O3. In light of the significant impact of halogen chemistry on air quality, we recommend that halogen chemistry be considered for inclusion in air quality policy assessments, particularly in coastal cities.
LIMS observations of lower stratospheric ozone in the southern polar springtime of 1978
Authors: Remsberg Ellis , Harvey V. Lynn , Krueger Arlin , Gordley Larry , Gille John C. , Russell III James M.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The Nimbus 7 limb infrared monitor of the stratosphere (LIMS) instrument operated from October 25, 1978, through May 28, 1979. This paper focuses on its Version (V6) data for the lower stratosphere of the southern hemisphere, subpolar region during the last week of October 1978. We provide profiles and maps that show V6 ozone values of only 2 to 3 ppmv within the edge of the polar vortex at 46 hPa near 60° S from late October through mid-November 1978. There are also low values of V6 nitric acid (∼ 3 to 6 ppbv) and nitrogen dioxide (
Parameterized reactivity of hydroxy radical, ozone, nitrate radical and atmospheric oxidation capacity during summer at a suburban site between Beijing and Tianjin
Authors: Yang Yuan , Wang Yonghong , Yao Dan , Ji Dongshen , sun Jie , Wang Yinghong , Zhao Shuman , Huang Wei , Yang Shuanghong , Gao Wenkang , Liu Zirui , hu Bo , Zhang Renjian , Zeng Liming , Petaja Tuukka , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Kulmala Markku , Wang Yuesi
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Hydroxyl (OH) radicals, nitrate (NO3) radicals, and ozone (O3) play central roles in the troposphere because they control the lifetimes of many trace gases that resulted from anthropogenic and biogenic origins. To estimate the self-cleaning capacity of the atmosphere, the reactivities of OH, NO3 and O3 was comprehensively analyzed for the first time based on a parameterization method at a suburban site in Xianghe in the North China Plain from 6 July 2018 to 6 August 2018. The total OH reactivity, ROHtotal, NO3 reactivity, RNO3total, and O3 reactivity, RO3total, at the site varied from 8.5 s−1 to 68.1 s−1, 0.7 s−1 to 27.5 s−1, and 3.3 × 10−4 s−1 to 1.8 × 10−2 s−1 with campaign-averaged values of 25.6 ± 9.7 s−1, 2.2 ± 2.6 s−1 and 1.2 ± 1.7 × 10-3 s−1 (± standard deviation), respectively. NOx (NO + NO2) were by far the main contributors to the ROHtotal, RNO3total and RO3total, with average values of 47, 99 and 99 %, respectively. Isoprene dominated the OH and NO3 reactivity towards TVOCs (ROHTVOCs and RNO3TVOCs), accounting for 40 % and 77 %, respectively. However, alkenes dominated the O3 reactivity towards TVOCs (RO3TVOCs), representing 66 % of RO3total. ROHtotal, RNO3total and RO3total displayed a similar diurnal variation with the lowest during the afternoon and the highest during rush hours, and the diurnal profile of NOx appears to be the major driver for the diurnal profiles of ROHtotal, RNO3total and RO3total. The calculated atmospheric oxidative capacity (AOC) was up to 4.4 × 108 molecules cm−3 s−1 with campaign-averaged values of 3.1 × 107 molecules cm−3 s−1 dominated by OH radicals (2.9 × 107 molecule cm−3 s−1, 95 %), O3 (1.2 × 106 molecule cm−3 s−1, 4 %) and NO3 radicals (1.7 × 105 molecule cm−3 s−1, 1 %). The reaction with OH radicals was the dominant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) loss except for trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, trans-2-pentene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, acetone and styrene, where the reaction with O3 was more important for their loss rates. Compared with anthropogenic hydrocarbons, the oxidation by the NO3 radical was more important for the nighttime integral of isoprene loss rates. Overall, the present study may provide some useful suggestions for VOC pollution control in the Xianghe and North China Plain. To better understanding the trace gas reactivity and AOC, further studies, especially direct observations of the OH and NO3 radical concentrations and their reactivities, are required.
Solar-powered bus route: introducing renewable energy into a university campus transport system
Authors: Ioannidis Romanos , Iliopoulou Theano , Iliopoulou Christina , Katikas Loukas , Petsou Angeliki , Merakou Maria-Eleni , Asimomiti Maria-Eirini , Pelekanos Nikolaos , Koudouris Giannis , Dimitriadis Panayiotis , Plati Christina , Vlahogianni Eleni I. , Kepaptsoglou Konstantinos , Mamassis Nikos , Koutsoyannis Demetris
Published: December 2019

Abstract. We investigate the application of a solar-powered bus route to a
small-scale transportation system, as such of a university campus. In
particular, we explore the prospect of replacing conventional fossil fuel
buses by electric buses powered by solar energy and electricity provided by
the central grid. To this end, we employ GIS mapping technology to estimate
the solar radiation at the university campus and, accordingly, we
investigate three different scenarios for harnessing the available solar
power: (1) solar panels installed on the roof of bus stop shelters, (2) solar panels installed at an unused open space in the university, and (3) solar
roads, i.e. roads constructed by photovoltaic (PV) materials. For each of
the three scenarios, we investigate the optimal technical configuration, the
resulting energy generation, as well as the capital cost for application in
the case of NTUA campus in Athens (Greece). The preliminary feasibility
analysis showcases that all three scenarios contribute to satisfying
transportation demand, proportionately to their size, with scenario (2) presenting the lowest capital cost in relation to energy generation.
Therefore, we further explore this scenario by simulating its daily
operation including the actions of buying and selling energy to the central
grid, when there is energy deficit or surplus, respectively. A sensitivity
analysis is carried out in order to ascertain the optimal size of the solar
panel installation in relation to profit and reliability. Overall, results
indicate that, albeit the high capital costs, solar-powered
transportation schemes present a viable alternative for replacing
conventional buses at the studied location, especially considering
conventional PV panels. We note that present results heavily depend on the
choice of capacity factors of PV materials, which differ among technologies.
Yet, as capacity factors of PV panels are currently increasing, the studied
schemes might be more promising in the future.
S5P/TROPOMI NO2 slant column retrieval: method, stability, uncertainties, and comparisons against OMI
Authors: van Geffen Jos , Boersma K. Folkert , Eskes Henk , Sneep Maarten , ter Linden Mark , Zara Marina , Veefkind J. Pepijn
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), aboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) satellite, launched on 13 Oct. 2017, provides measurements of atmospheric trace gases and of cloud and aerosol properties on an unprecedented spatial resolution of approximately 7 × 3.5 km2 (approx. 5.5 × 3.5 km2 as of 6 Aug. 2019), achieving near-global coverage in one day. The retrieval of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations is a 3-step procedure: slant column density (SCD) retrieval, separation of the SCD in its stratospheric and tropospheric components, and conversion of these into vertical column densities. This study focusses on the TROPOMI NO2 SCD retrieval: the retrieval method used, the stability of the SCDs and the SCD uncertainties, and a comparison against OMI NO2 SCDs. The statistical uncertainty, based on the spatial variability of the SCDs over a remote Pacific Ocean sector, is 8.63 μmol/m2 for all pixels (9.45 μmol/m2 for cloud-free pixels), which is very stable over time and some 30 % less than the long-term average over OMI/QA4ECV data (since the pixel size reduction TROPOMI uncertainties are ∼ 10 % larger). The SCD uncertainty reported by the DOAS fit is about 10 % larger than the statistical uncertainty, while for OMI/QA4ECV the DOAS uncertainty is some 20 % larger than its statistical uncertainty. Comparison of the SCDs themselves over the Pacific Ocean, averaged over one month, shows that TROPOMI is about 5 % higher than OMI/QA4ECV, which seems to be due mainly to the use of the so-called intensity offset correction in OMI/QA4ECV but not in TROPOMI: turning that correction off means about 5 % higher SCDs. The row-to-row variation in the SCDs of TROPOMI, the stripe amplitude, is 2.14 μmol/m2, while for OMI/QA4ECV it is ∼ 2 (∼ 5) larger in 2005 (2018), still a so-called stripe correction of this non-physical across-track variation is useful for TROPOMI data. In short, TROPOMI shows a superior performance compared against OMI/QA4ECV and operates as anticipated from instrument specifications. The TROPOMI data used in this study covers 30 April 2018 up to 31 Oct. 2019.
Iberia01: a new gridded dataset of daily precipitation and temperatures over Iberia
Authors: Herrera Sixto , Cardoso Rita Margarida , Soares Pedro Matos , Espírito-Santo Fátima , Viterbo Pedro , Gutiérrez José Manuel
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The present work presents a new observational gridded dataset (referred to as Iberia01) for daily precipitation and temperatures produced using a dense network (thousands) of stations over the Iberian Peninsula for the period 1971–2015 at 0.1∘ regular (and 0.11∘ CORDEX-compliant rotated) resolutions. We analyze mean and extreme indices and compare the results with the E-OBS v17 dataset (using both the standard and ensemble versions, at 0.25 and 0.1∘ resolutions, respectively), in order to assess observational uncertainty in this region. We show that Iberia01 produces more realistic precipitation patterns than E-OBS for the mean and extreme indices considered, although both are comparable for temperatures. To assess the differences between these datasets, a new probabilistic intercomparison analysis was performed, using the E-OBS ensemble (v17e) to characterize observational uncertainty and testing whether Iberia01 falls within the observational uncertainty range provided by E-OBS. In general, uncertainty values are large in the whole territory, with the exception of a number of kernels where the uncertainty is small, corresponding to the stations used to build the E-OBS grid. For precipitation, significant differences – at the 10 % level – between both datasets were found for fewer than 25 % of days over the Iberian Peninsula. For temperature, a very inhomogeneous spatial pattern was obtained, with either a small (in most of the regions) or large fraction of significantly different days, thus indicating sensible regions for observational uncertainty. Iberia01 is publicly available (Herrera et al., 2019a, https://doi.org/10.20350/digitalCSIC/8641).
AntAir: satellite-derived 1 km daily Antarctic air temperatures since 2003
Authors: Meyer Hanna , Katurji Marwan , Detsch Florian , Morgan Fraser , Nauss Thomas , Roudier Pierre , Zawar-Reza Peyman
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Air temperature is an important baseline parameter for terrestrial Antarctica in the context of patterns and processes in climatology, hydrology or ecology. There are still large uncertainties on how the Antarctic system responds to spatio-temporal variability of temperature. This can partly be attributed to the lack of high resolution datasets. In this paper, we present AntAir, a new dataset of gridded air temperatures in 1 km spatial and daily temporal resolution that is available since 2003. AntAir was created by modelling daily air temperature from MODIS land surface temperature using machine learning algorithms. Data from 70 weather stations was used as a reference. Daily temperatures could be estimated with a R2 of 0.91 and a RMSE of 5.07 °C validated on independent years. The performance to estimate the time series of a new spatial location was R2 = 0.78 and RMSE = 5.83 °C. Hence the high spatial and temporal resolution of the dataset as well as the high accuracy make AntAir an important baseline dataset for a wide range of applications in environmental science of Antarctica. The dataset is available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.902166 (daily, Meyer et al., 2019a) and https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.902193 (monthly, Meyer et al., 2019b).
Uncertainties in Coastal Flood Risk Assessments in Small Island Developing States
Authors: Parodi Matteo U. , Giardino Alessio , van Dongeren Ap , Pearson Stuart G. , Bricker Jeremy D. , Reniers Ad J. H. M.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Considering the likely increase of coastal flooding in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), coastal managers at the local and global level have been developing initiatives aimed at implementing Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) measures and adapting to climate change. Developing science-based adaptation policies requires accurate coastal flood risk (CFR) assessments, which are often subject to the scarcity of sufficiently accurate input data for insular states. We analysed the impact of uncertain inputs on coastal flood damage estimates, considering: (i) significant wave height, (ii) storm surge level and (iii) sea level rise (SLR) contributions to extreme sea levels, as well as the error-driven uncertainty in (iv) bathymetric and (v) topographic datasets, (vi) damage models and (vii) socioeconomic changes. The methodology was tested through a sensitivity analysis using an ensemble of hydrodynamic models (XBeach and SFINCS) coupled with an impact model (Delft-FIAT) for a case study at the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe. Model results indicate that for the current time horizon, depth damage functions (DDF) and digital elevation model (DEM) dominate the overall damage estimation uncertainty. We find that, when introducing climate and socioeconomic uncertainties to the analysis, SLR projections become the most relevant input for the year 2100 (followed by DEM and DDF). In general, the scarcity of reliable input data leads to considerable predictive error in CFR assessments in SIDS. The findings of this research can help to prioritise the allocation of limited resources towards the acquisitions of the most relevant input data for reliable impact estimation.
The Arctic Front and its variability in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Raj Roshin P. , Chatterjee Sourav , Bertino Laurent , Turiel Antonio , Portabella Marcos
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The
Arctic Front (AF) in the Norwegian Sea is an important biologically
productive region which is well-known for its large feeding schools of
pelagic fish. A suite of satellite data, a regional coupled ocean–sea ice
data assimilation system (the TOPAZ reanalysis) and atmospheric reanalysis
data are used to investigate the variability in the lateral and vertical
structure of the AF. A method, known as “singularity analysis”, is applied
on the satellite and reanalysis data for 2-D spatial analysis of the front,
whereas for the vertical structure, a horizontal gradient method is used. We
present new evidence of active air–sea interaction along the AF due to
enhanced momentum mixing near the frontal region. The frontal structure of
the AF is found to be most distinct near the Faroe Current in the south-west
Norwegian Sea and along the Mohn Ridge. Coincidentally, these are the two
locations along the AF where the air–sea interactions are most intense. This
study investigates in particular the frontal structure and its variability
along the Mohn Ridge. The seasonal variability in the strength of the AF is
found to be limited to the surface. The study also provides new insights into
the influence of the three dominant modes of the Norwegian Sea atmospheric
circulation on the AF along the Mohn Ridge. The analyses show a weakened AF
during the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO−), even
though the geographical location of the front does not vary. The weakening of
AF during NAO− is attributed to the variability in the strength of the
Norwegian Atlantic Front Current over the Mohn Ridge associated with the
changes in the wind field.
A protocol for calculating basal melt rates in the ISMIP6 Antarctic ice sheet projections
Authors: Jourdain Nicolas C. , Asay-Davis Xylar , Hattermann Tore , Straneo Fiammetta , Seroussi Helene , Little Christopher M. , Nowicki Sophie
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Climate model projections have previously been used to compute ice-shelf basal melt rates in ice-sheet models, but the strategies employed – e.g. ocean input, parameterization, calibration technique, and corrections – have varied widely and are often ad-hoc. Here, a methodology is proposed for the calculation of circum-Antarctic basal melt rates for floating ice, based on climate models, that is suitable for ISMIP6, the Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for CMIP6 (6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Project). The past and future evolution of ocean temperature and salinity is derived from a climate model by estimating anomalies with respect to the modern day, which are added to an present-day climatology constructed from existing observational datasets. Temperature and salinity are extrapolated to any position potentially occupied by a simulated ice shelf. A simple formulation is proposed for a basal-melt parameterization in ISMIP6, constrained by the observed temperature climatology, with a quadratic dependency on either the non-local or local thermal forcing. Two calibration methods are proposed: 1) based on the mean Antarctic melt rate (MeanAnt) and 2) based on melt rates near Pine Island's deep grounding line (PIGL). Future Antarctic mean melt rates are an order of magnitude greater in PIGL than in MeanAnt. The PIGL calibration, and the local parameterization, result in more realistic melt rates near grounding lines. PIGL is also more consistent with observations of interannual melt rate variability underneath Pine Island and Dotson ice shelves. This work stresses the need for more physics and less calibration in the parameterizations, and for more observations of hydrographic properties and melt rates at interannual and decadal time scales.
Advances in mapping sub-canopy snow depth with unmanned aerial vehicles using structure from motion and lidar techniques
Authors: Harder Phillip , Pomeroy John W. , Helgason Warren D.
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Vegetation has a tremendous influence on snow processes and snowpack dynamics yet remote sensing techniques to resolve the spatial variability of sub-canopy snow depth are lacking. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) have had recent widespread application to capture high resolution information on snow processes and are herein applied to the sub-canopy snow depth challenge. Previous demonstrations of snow depth mapping with UAV Structure from Motion (SfM) and airborne-lidar have focussed on non-vegetated surfaces or reported large errors in the presence of vegetation. In contrast, UAV-lidar systems have high-density point clouds, measure returns from a wide range of scan angles, and so have a greater likelihood of successfully sensing the sub-canopy snow depth. The effectiveness of UAV-lidar and UAV-SfM in mapping snow depth in both open and forested terrain was tested in a 2019 field campaign in the Canadian Rockies Hydrological Observatory, Alberta and at Canadian Prairie sites near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Only UAV-lidar could successfully measure the sub-canopy snow surface with reliable sub-canopy point coverage, and consistent error metrics (RMSE
STEM Professional Development for Youth Workers: Results of a Triangulated Study
Authors: Fenton Melissa Pearman , Hawley Leslie , Frerichs Saundra Wever , Lodl Kathleen
Published: December 2019

To increase the quality of informal science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) learning opportunities, many youth development professionals working in out-of-school time (OST) programs need professional development focused on facilitating these types of activities. Nebraska Extension developed an open-access repository of resources that support an ongoing, blended approach to STEM professional development for youth workers. The current study evaluated the impact on staff, programs, and youth achieved by implementing Click2Science resources in sites at a large youth serving organization. Data sources included site or program director/coordinator and frontline staff perceptions about their experiences during the professional development events, observations of staff facilitating STEM learning with youth, and youth interest in STEM. Findings demonstrated an increase in STEM program quality, as measured by the Dimensions of Success (DoS) Observational Tool (n.d.). Site or program director/coordinators and frontline staff found the professional development eye-opening and user friendly, and noted increased youth engagement following the intervention. Youth reported positive perceptions of STEM learning experiences. Triangulation of these three sources confirmed the promising utility and effectiveness of this professional development approach. Further research is needed to extend the preliminary findings and support the case for increased investment in STEM professional development for youth development professionals.
The GIRL Curriculum: Co-Constructing Learning About Body Image Through Empowering After-School Programming
Authors: Meza Brianna , Marttinen Risto
Published: December 2019

From a young age, girls experience many influences that may negatively impact how they view their bodies. Many girls are subject to teasing by peers and feel pressure to conform to gender norms. Moreover, the media perpetuates an unattainable and unrealistic image of women, referred to as the ideal female body. Since peers and the media are prominent influences, researchers have implemented curricula as interventions to help girls navigate perceptions of their bodies in a healthy way. Building on prior research, the GIRL curriculum was developed as a semi-structured, co-created curriculum that aimed at engaging girls in critical analysis of media’s representation of female bodies in society. Furthermore, the GIRL curriculum aimed to help girls identify and navigate their possible perceived barriers to physical activity. This curriculum was developed as a response to a lack of resources available for teachers, after-school personnel, and others who work with young girls to engage with the girls about issues of the body in a physically active setting. This program article focuses on the development and implementation of the GIRL curriculum and provides insight, through qualitative analyses, into how a curriculum could help young girls improve their understanding and perception of their bodies and feel empowered. A copy of the co-created curriculum is presented. The researchers urge future practitioners to co-create the curriculum with their participants in order to create opportunities that would allow young girls to view their bodies in a more positive light and feel empowered through a variety of activities.
Does Gender Minority Professional Experience Impact Employment Discrimination? Two Résumé Experiments
Authors: Cabacungan Ashley N. , Lee Joseph G. L. , Chaney Beth H. , Averett Paige E.
Published: December 2019

We sought to examine perceived gender identity, perceived co-worker discomfort, and salary recommendations for youth counselors with transgender-related work experience. In two experiments conducted in 2016 and 2017, we randomized participants to view 1 of 2 résumés with varying work experience at a camp for transgender youth or a generic youth camp. Study 1 participants were 274 adult festivalgoers at a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender pride festival. Study 2 participants were 296 employed, heterosexual adults aged 35-60 from an online survey panel. In Study 1, viewing the résumé with transgender experience resulted in a statistically significantly higher likelihood of reporting the applicant was gender minority than cisgender (adjusted odds ratio = 3.76, 95% confidence interval [1.32, 10.72],   p = .01), higher but not a statistically significant level of co-worker discomfort (aOR = 1.39, 95% CI [0.83, 2.32], p = .22), and, although not statistically significant, a $2,605 higher salary (95% CI [-$604, - $5,814], p = .11). In Study 2, we found a statistically significantly greater likelihood of reporting the applicant was gender minority than cisgender (OR = 2.56, 95% CI [1.36, 4.82], p < .01), statistically significantly higher odds of reported co-worker discomfort (OR = 3.57, 95% CI [2.15, 5.92], p < .01), and, although not statistically significant, a $1,374 higher salary (95% CI [-$1,931, $4,679], p = .41). Our results indicate the potential for stigma by association for professionals working with marginalized groups and suggest potential pathways through which employment discrimination may exacerbate existing inequities for gender minority people.
Mbyá resultatives and the structure of causation
Authors: Thomas Guillaume
Published: December 2019

In Mbyá, target state resultative predicates can only be derived from inchoative verbs. This is in contrast with target state adjectival passives in better studied languages such as English, German and Greek, which can be derived from transitive causatives. I argue that the limited distribution of Mbyá resultatives reveals a point of variation in the association between roots and external-argument introducing Voice heads: while roots of non-agentive transitive causatives need not be lexically associated to agent or causer Voice in English and similar languages, they do in Mbyá. Together with the well documented incompatibility of target state resultatives with agent/causer Voice, this difference explains the restricted distribution of Mbyá resultatives. The proposed analysis stresses the importance of the distinction between target states and resultant states in the structure of adjectival passives and related resultative predicates cross-linguistically.
Asociación de frutales de limón persa (Citrus latifolia) y palma de coco (Cocos nucifera L.) con el aporte de materia seca por cultivos anuales
Authors: Rebolledo-Martínez Laureano , Megchún-García Juan Valente , Rebolledo-Martínez Andrés , Orozco-Corona Dulce María
Published: December 2019

El objetivo es implementar un sistema de cultivos de maíz y frijol intercalados con frutales de limón persa y palma de coco. El trabajo se estableció en octubre de 2017, en el Hatillo, municipio de la Antigua, Veracruz, con árboles de frutales de limón persa y palma de coco, en cepas con la adición de abonos orgánicos. Se midieron en los frutales, altura de planta, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas y ramas, aporte de materia seca al suelo y se realizaron análisis de suelo en árboles de limón persa, palma de coco y cultivos anuales. Los resultados para limón persa presentan diferencias significativas a los 386 días, con respecto al diámetro de tallo, altura de planta, número de ramas. Con respecto a la palma de coco, el diámetro de tallo presentó diferencias significativas a partir de los 190 días, en la altura de la palma los valores fueron diferentes a los 386 días. En el aporte de materia seca el frijol negro Veracruz, aportó mayor cantidad al suelo con 8,426 t/ha; el maíz híbrido H-520 aportó mayor cantidad de materia seca en la fecha del 23 de febrero del 2018 con 11,333 t/ha. Al analizar la materia orgánica del suelo, se encontró mayor porcentaje en el sistema cultivos intercalados, superando al monocultivo de caña de azúcar.
Towards a Utilitarian Social Welfare Function—Income Inequality and National Welfare Growth in China
Authors: Wang Songtao , Li Bin , Kenderdine Tristan
Published: December 2019

Since the beginning of the reform period, China's income inequality has increased. However, loss of national welfare and the impact of income inequality on the growth of national welfare has not been adequately assessed. The result is that any development model myopically focusing on efficiency and ignoring equality cannot maximize growth in national welfare. Grounded in utilitarian theory, this paper builds a national welfare function which incorporates the Gini coefficient and demonstrates the negative effects of income inequality on China’s national welfare. We then provide a welfare-loss formula of income inequality and another formula to calculate the influence of income inequality change on national welfare growth. Our calculations show that from 1996 to 2010, the average welfare-loss rate of China’s residents' income inequality was 8.08%, with absolute welfare loss increasing1.44 times; while the relative impact of Gini coefficient increases on national welfare growth was (-) 8.66%.
A Study on the Factors Affecting Reading and Reading Habits of Preschool Children
Authors: Celik Bunyamin
Published: December 2019

In the developing world, reading habit, which is one of the first habits of traditional education, continues primarily in the family and then in kindergartens. In this research, factors such as family, environment, kindergarten and libraries are discussed in terms of acquiring reading habit in preschool period and evaluations are made about the effects of these factors on reading habit. In this study, the results of the research on the factors in the reading habit of Ishık Kindergarten students of Ronaki Hawler Education Company in Erbil, Iraq are included. Within the scope of the research, one-on-one interviews were conducted with 106 children in the six-year age group who were closest to starting primary school among the kindergarten students and 20 kindergarten teachers and a questionnaire was conducted. In this process, the kindergarten was observed. Then, the data obtained from the questionnaires were analyzed in SPSS program. In addition, structured interviews provided information about activities that aimed at acquiring reading habits of kindergarten teachers. In the conclusion part of the study, the data obtained were evaluated in terms of the factors that enable children to acquire reading habits. The results of the study showed that families have a guiding role in having the children acquire the reading habit. In addition, it was concluded that the group of friends, the environment, various books and genres, kindergarten education and libraries were other important elements in this preparation period.
The Effects of Using Games on EFL Students’ Speaking Performances
Authors: Ho Pham Vu Phi , Thien Nguyen Minh , An Nguyen Thi My , Vy Nguyen Ngoc Hoang
Published: December 2019

This study investigated the effects of employing games on students’ speaking performances in the classroom. 74 non-English major students, 36 students from the Tourism and Travel Management and 38 from the Office Management major from Tra Vinh University, participated in the study. The control group was trained with the methods of P-P-P (presentation, practice, and production) while the experimental group was trained with the same process but using selective games in the learning processes. Data collection was from the pre- vs. post-tests, questionnaire and interviews for analysis. The findings revealed that using games in the speaking classrooms, the students were motivated in the learning process and their speaking skills improve remarkably. The current study suggested teachers in the research context to apply gaming activities as an effective method to improve students’ participation in the learning processes.
Response of tomato seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi on the photosynthetic activity, growth, and health status of plants after infection with the fungus Colletotrichum coccodes
Authors: Jamiołkowska Agnieszka , Skwaryło-Bednarz Barbara , Michałek Władysław
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi (MF) on the photosynthetic activity, growth, and health status of tomato seedlings (‘Pelikan F1’) infected with the pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum coccodes. A commercial mycorrhizal inoculum (Mycoflor, Poland) containing spores and dormant mycelium of MF was used in the experiment. It was carried out in a growth chamber where 1-week-old seedlings were inoculated with 3 mL of mycorrhizal inoculum applied into the soil. Three-week old mycorrhized and nonmycorrhized tomato seedlings were infected with the pathogenic fungus. Seedlings planted in sterile horticultural soil without the mycorrhizal inoculum constituted an absolute control. The growth, disease index, and photosynthetic activity of the plants were measured after 4 weeks. There was no significant effect of the mycorrhiza on the photosynthetic parameters analyzed. However, it was noted that the mycorrhized and pathogen-infected seedlings had higher maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), higher effective quantum yield (Y) and more favorable photochemical (qP) and nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching (qN) coefficients than did the pathogen-infected seedlings. The experiment showed that the mycorrhizal commercial inoculum had varied effects on the health status of tomato seedlings depending on the pathogenic fungus isolate. Mycorrhiza did not have a significant effect on the length of roots and stems, whereas the roots inoculated with MF were better developed than those infected with the pathogenic fungus. It can be assumed also that not only the pathogen but also the mycorrhiza is a stress factor towards the seedlings and affects the growth performance parameters mentioned above.
Die Bankenunion vor dem Bundesverfassungsgericht. Neue Impulse für grundlegende Fragestellungen des Verfassungs- und Unionsrechts
Authors: Gentzsch Markus , Brade Alexander
Published: December 2019

Mit seiner Entscheidung zur Europäischen Bankenunion hat das BVerfG bekannte verfassungs- und europarechtliche Fragestellungen um neue Facetten bereichert. Neben der Problematik der subjektiv-rechtlichen Anbindung der Verfassungsbeschwerden ist vor allem die Auseinandersetzung mit den Primärrechtsgrundlagen des einheitlichen Aufsichtsmechanismus (SSM) und des einheitlichen Abwicklungsmechanismus (SRM) von besonderer Bedeutung. Als zentral erweisen sich die Ausführungen zu den Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des unabhängigen Verwaltungsvollzugs auf unionaler wie nationaler Ebene, der aus demokratiestaatlicher Sicht nicht unbedenklich ist. Dieser Beitrag setzt sich kritisch mit der Entscheidung auseinander und identifiziert Folgefragen für die demokratische Legitimation autonomer Aufgabenwahrnehmung.
Rivalität mit System? Zehn Jahre institutioneller Wettbewerb zwischen Europäischem Parlament und Europäischem Rat
Authors: Gómez Johannes Müller , Reiners Wulf
Published: December 2019

The European Parliament and the European Council have been considered the two winners of the Lisbon Treaty reforms. Through their different structure and democratic legitimacy, the institutions can be understood as the antipodes in a bipolar system. Their struggle for political orientation and leadership shapes the entire system. Against this backdrop, the article examines the competition between the two institutions and the implications for the institutional structure of the European Union (EU). The authors use two theoretical models to examine six arenas of EU decision-making, which were shaped by either of the institutions or by joint action of both of them in the last ten years. The analysis shows that both European Parliament and European Council have had successes. Treaty provisions, the presence of crisis moments and the intra-institutional cohesion are key factors that influence success and failure in the institutional competition.
Die EU-Zentralasienstrategie 2019 – mehr Handlungsrahmen als strategisches Dokument
Authors: Böttger Katrin , Braun Yvonne , Plottka Julian
Published: December 2019

In May 2019, the Council of the European Union (EU) adopted a new Central Asia Strategy. Drivers behind the strategic renewal were transformations in Central Asia, the new geopolitical context, lessons from the implementation of the previous strategy, and the new EU Global Strategy of 2016. With regard to these developments, a number of expectations towards the new strategy derived. Based on an outline of recent developments, the article identifies current challenges and expectations and assesses whether the new strategy lives up to them. It concludes that the 2019 strategy is rather a framework for action than a strategic document. However, its major assets are “flexibility” with regard to future trends and “inclusiveness” in terms of stakeholders’ ownership for the EU’s Central Asia policy. To sustain this ownership, the Central Asia policy needs sufficient funding under the next multiannual financial framework. During programming, the EU has to define clear priorities for bilateral and regional measures. To generate synergies, the EU institutions and member states have to agree on an internal division of labor. Finally, the EU has to put “principled pragmatism” into practice by finding a balance between the promotion of values and interests.
Die Gemeinwohl-Bilanz auf dem Prüfstand der Bevölkerung. Empirische Überprüfung der demokratischen Legitimation der Gemeinwohl-Bilanz
Authors: Meynhardt Timo , Jasinenko Anna , Grubert Thorben
Published: December 2019

Die Gemeinwohl-Bilanz ist ein Instrument zur Messung des Gemeinwohlbeitrages von Unternehmen. Mithilfe einer bevölkerungsrepräsentativen Studie in Deutschland nähern wir uns der Frage nach der demokratischen Legitimation des Gemeinwohlverständnisses dieser Bilanz. Insgesamt spiegeln sich die Grundzüge des Gemeinwohlverständnisses auch in der deutschen Bevölkerung wider, doch bestehen auch Differenzen bezüglich der intendierten Trennschärfe, Vollständigkeit, Definitionstiefe und Gleichgewichtung der Gemeinwohl-Werte.