bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Heated Thermocouple Principle for Determinations of Blood Flow in Tissues
Authors: Bill Anders
Published: December 2008

A study was made in models of some of the factors influencing the adaptability of the heated thermocouple principle for blood flow determinations in tissues. The apparent thermal conductivity was determined with conventional technique. The tissue blood flow was simulated by flow of water in polyethylene tubes embedded in gelatin blocks and through holes in gelatin blocks. The findings indicate that there can be no standard type of relationship between the apparent thermal conductivity increment and the flow in any tissue into which the probe is blindly introduced. It is concluded from the results that the probe is most suitably placed when influenced only by flow in great numbers of capillaries and very small veins. For quantitative determinations the probe has to be standardized in each experiment. Standardizations will apply only under certain conditions, which are discussed.
The Metabolism of 1‐C14‐Palmitic Acid Labeled Chylomicrons in Rats
Authors: Olivecrona Thomas
Published: December 2008

1‐C14‐palmitic acid labeled chylomicrons have been injected to carbohydrate‐fed rats and liver, plasma, adipose tissue and carcass activities followed. There was initially more activity going to the liver and adipose tissue and less to the carcass than when FFA was injected. However, although the mechanisms of uptake of FFA and chylomicrons differ fatty acids injected in either form soon enter the same pools and share the same fate. No major difference could be found in the specific activities of samples from epididymal, perirenal and subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Lactic Acid Production and Adrenaline Reversal in Experiments on Isolated Smooth Muscle
Authors: Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

In experiments on isolated muscle preparations from rabbit stomach adrenaline had a contracting effect and increased the lactic acid content. Lactic acid was determined with an enzymatic method. After treatment with dibenamine, the preparations were relaxed by adrenaline. The lactic acid production remained unchanged. Adrenaline reversal after dibenamine was interpreted as a selective inhibition by dibenamine of the contracting effect of adrenaline, following which the relaxing and lactic acid stimulating action was evidence.
Electrolyte Effect of Cardiac Glycosides on Dog's Heart‐Lung Preparation
Authors: Areskog N.‐H.
Published: December 2008

The electrolyte effect of the rapid acting heart glycoside convallatoxin was investigated on heart‐lung preparations of dog, labelled with 42K and 24Na. Total concentrations of plasma potassium and sodium were determined by flame photometry. The radioactivity of plasma, heart lymph and myocardial samples was determined by gamma spectrometry. A net loss of potassium from the myocardium was induced by the glycoside but there was not a corresponding loss of 42K. This means that isotopic equilibrium was not attained in spite of an ‘equilibration’ time of 60—90 min and the conclusion is drawn that the glycoside mainly affected a part of the intracellular myocardial potassium which has a relatively slow exchange rate. The changes in heart lymph were principally the same as in plasma. No significant changes of the sodium balance due to the glycoside action was found.
An Automatic Bubble Flow Meter
Authors: Ulfendahl Hans R. , Vogeler Ingemar
Published: December 2008

The construction of an automatic bubble flow meter for measurement of arterial or venous blood flow is described. The blood passes through a plastic tubing kept at a constant temperature by a water thermostat. An air bubble is automatically injected into the tubing and the passage of the bubble is detected by two phototransistors. The phototransistor circuit is favourable because of low sensitivity of external pickup. The blood flow is correlated to either the number of bubbles per minute or to the reciprocal value of the passage time of one bubble. In both cases a good linear relationship exists between a flow of 15 and 300 ml per minute. The flow resistance is 0.03 mm Hg/ml/min.
Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration in Venous Blood Drained from the Outer Cortex of Cat Kidney
Authors: Ulfendahl Hans R.
Published: December 2008

The cell separation theory of Pappenheimer and Kinter for the intrarenal blood flow was studied in cats by measuring red cell concentration in subcapsular veins on the renal surface and in arterial blood. The venous blood, taken from the subcapsular vein, was assumed to be drained from the outer parts of the cortex. Hematocrit values and hemoglobin concentrations were significantly higher at blood pressures above 75 mm Hg in blood from the subcapsular veins than in arterial samples. Below 75 mm Hg, no difference was found. Control experiments showed that the most probable explanation of the high red cell concentration in blood draining the outer part of the cortex was the occurrence of an intrarenal separation of red cells and plasma, but the extent of separation was not clear.
Comparison Between the Effects of Glucose and Sodium Succinate on the in Vitro Release of Histamine from Guinea‐pig and Rat Lung Tissue1
Authors: Diamant Bertil
Published: December 2008

Histamine release elicited under nitrogen anoxia by antigen from sensitized guinea‐pig lung tissue, and by compound 48/80 from non‐sensitized rat lung tissue, was enhanced by the presence of glucose but not by that of sodium succinate. In the presence of oxygen, sodium succinate as well as glucose enhanced antigen‐induced histamine release from guinea‐pig lung tissue. In contrast, histamine release from rat lung tissue induced by antigen, as well as by compound 48/80, was not enhanced by sodium succinate in the presence of oxygen, whereas glucose was effective in both reactions. Possible reasons for this species difference are discussed in the light of the supposition that the histamine‐releasing reactions investigated depend on adequate utilization of energy‐yielding substrates and of high‐energy compounds.
The Effect of Electrical Stimulation in Nucleus Ruber on the Response to Stretch in Primary and Secondary Muscle Spindle Merents
Authors: Appelberg Bo
Published: December 2008

In cats anesthetized with Nembutal the activity in muscle spindle afferents was recorded in thin dorsal root filaments. The conduction velocity of each fibre recorded from was determined. The value of 72 m/sec was used for separating primary and secondary afferents. The effect of electrical stimulation in the red nucleus on the adapted discharge to a steady stretch of the muscle under study was tested. It appeared that while the activity in primary afferents was as a rule strongly inhibited, the secondary discharge was only slightly or not at all influenced by the rubral stimulus. The dynamic burst of activity in primary afferents seen during the application of a slow extension of the muscle was also studied. The rubral stimulation as a rule caused an increase in the dynamic response although the static discharge was inhibited before as well as after the application of stretch. The results are discussed in relation to anatomical and physiological knowledge about muscle spindles. The conclusion is reached, that the red nucleus has an inhibitory influence upon the gamma supply to nuclear chain intrafusal fibres, but does not affect the motor innervation of the nuclear bag fibres.
Effects from the Pyramidal Tract on Spinal Reflex Arcs
Authors: Lundberg A. , Voorhoeve P.
Published: December 2008

The effect of stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex on spinal reflex arcs was investigated in cats with intracellular recording from motoneurones and with conditioning of monosynaptic reflexes. Stimulation of cortex enhances the following synaptic actions in motoneurones: Ia inhibitory, Ib reciprocal, FRA reciprocal, FRA inhibitory to flexor and cutaneous excitatory to extensor motoneurones. The effects are mediated by the pyramidal tract which presumably exerts an excitatory action on interneurones of reflex arcs. Stronger stimulation of cortex evokes synaptic actions in motoneurones with excitatory action dominating in flexor and inhibitory in extensor motoneurones. There was frequently evidence of mixed excitatory and inhibitory effects in extensor motoneurones and inhibitory action in flexor motoneurones was also found. It is suggested that these actions on motoneurones are due mainly to activation of interneurones of spinal reflex arcs.
Pyramidal Effects on Lumbo‐Sacral Internewones Activated by Somatic Afferents
Authors: Lundberg A. , Norrsell U. , Voorhoeve P.
Published: December 2008

Intracellular recording was made from 23 interneurones in the dorsal horn and intermediate region. Stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials in interneurones receiving excitatory action from: 1) group I muscle afferents, 2) flexor reflex afferents, 3) cutaneous afferents. In a few of the interneurones the latency was so brief as to suggest a monosynaptic connexion from the pyramidal tract. Stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex evoked inhibitory action only in one interneurone, which received inhibitory action from the periphery as well. The findings are discussed mainly in relation to facilitatory actions evoked by volleys in the pyramidal tract on paths from primary afferents to motoneurones.
Fluorimetric Determination of 3‐O‐Methylated Derivatives of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Tissues and Body Fluids
Authors: Häggendal Jan
Published: December 2008

A method for the determination of small amounts of metanephrine and normetanephrine in tissues and body fluids is described. The disturbing effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline is eliminated in two alternative ways: 1. By differential oxidation and subsequent ion exchange chromatography, 2. by separation on an ion exchange column. Metanephrine and normetanephrine are determined in the eluate from the ion exchange column according to the principles of the trihydroxyindole method for the fluorimetric determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Applications of the method on urine and brain tissue extracts are described.
Circulatory Studies in Well Trained Athletes at Rest and During Heavy Exercise, with Special Reference to Stroke Volume and the Influence of Body Position
Authors: Bevegård By S. , Holmgren A. , Jonsson B.
Published: December 2008

Eight well trained athletes (cyclists) with large dimensions of the circulatory system were studied with heart catheterization at rest and during exercise at 800 and 1,600 kpm/min both while sitting and supine. The results are compared with data from non‐athletes. The cardiac output at rest and during work showed the same relation to the oxygen uptake as in nonathletes. The cardiac output was less in the sitting than in the supine position by 2.6 1/min at rest and 1.8 1/min during heavy work, due to a smaller stroke volume in the sitting position in both groups. On transition from rest to exercise the stroke volume increased 9 % in the supine and 48 % in the sitting position. After these initial changes the stroke volume remained constant during continued exercise with the heavier load in both body positions. The difference in stroke volume between supine and sitting position averaged 43 ml at rest and 9 ml during heavy exercise. The stroke volume during work in the supine position showed the same relation to the blood volume as in the nonathletes. The stroke volume was larger than expected from the size of the heart, when compared with the previously demonstrated relationship in nonathletes. The rate of work, performed at pulse rate 170, bore approximately the same relationship to the stroke volume during exercise in both groups. The larger oxygen transport capacity of these athletes as compared to nonathletes is explained by a larger stroke volume. During exercise the ventricular filling pressures were higher than in nonathletes.
Some Effects of Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone on the Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism of Bone in Vitro
Authors: Nichols By George , Schartum Stein , Vaes Gilbert M.
Published: December 2008

The influence of Vitamin D on serum calcium levels cannot be explained by the effect on intestinal absorption of calcium alone. Rather, some alteration in the distribution of calcium between bone and the circulating fluids must occur, a concept that has received in‐direct experimental support. In the study reported below bone (calvaria from mice) was incubated in vitro until a steady‐state equilibrium for calcium and phosphorus between the bone and the incubating fluid was reached, thus at the end of the incubation simulating the situation in vivo. The concentrations of these ions that bone from animals pre‐treated with Vitamin D maintained in their surrounding fluids were significantly higher than Vitamin D deficient controls demonstrating directly the calcium‐mobilizing effect of the vitamin. Further, Vitamin D increased the passive solubility of the bone mineral and lactate production by bone cells, suggesting modifications of bone cell metabolism. In the absence of Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone had the same effects as reported for the vitamin, indicating that the function of parathyroid hormone is independent of the presence of Vitamin D. Some evidence is presented that in mice deprived of Vitamin D secondary hyperparathyroidism exists.
Acetoin as a Metabolite of Ethanol
Authors: Hassinen By Ilmo
Published: December 2008

Blood acetoin concentrations in rabbits were followed after administration of ethanol to animals receiving disulfiram and to control animals. Disulfiram increased blood acetoin before and after the administration of alcohol. No increase was observed in animals receiving alcohol alone. Acetoin formation from acetaldehyde and pyruvate or ethanol and pyruvate was investigated in vitro. In liver homogenates and minced liver acetoin was formed from ethanol and pyruvate, but not from ehtanol or pyruvate alone. Disulfiram inhibited acetoin synthesis from theanol and pyruvate under aerobic conditions, but not anaerobically or when acetaldehyde and pyruvate were used as substrates. The role of acetoinin alcohol metabolism and disulfiramalcohol reaction is discussed.
Birefringence of Isolated Muscle Fibres in Twitch and Tetanus
Authors: Eberstein By Arthur , Rosenfalck Annelise
Published: December 2008

The photoelectric measurement of changes in birefringence in single frog muscle fibres during isometric contraction is described. Birefringence, mechanical tension and intracellular action potential were recorded simultaneously. During a twitch birefringence decreased before tension was developed and reached minimum before tension reached maximum. The decrease in birefringence was 9 per cent at equilibrium length; at greater lengths the change in birefringence was less, as was twitch tension, but even when the sarcomeres were stretched to 3.6 and 3.8 μ a decrease in birefringence occurred. Double‐peak changes in phase difference, which have been described in whole muscle during isometric twitches, were not observed unless the fibre twisted in the light path. The decrease in birefringence was the same during twitch and tetanus. The decrease in birefringence during contraction may be due to an increase in the number of cross‐links between minute structural elements, or to a displacement of water within the fibre.
Slow and Fast Muscle Fibres in the Atlantic Hagfish (Myxine Glutinosa)
Authors: Andersen By P. , Jansen J. K. S. , Løyning Y.
Published: December 2008

The two histologically different types of muscle fibres in the parietal muscle of the hagfish have been studied by means of internal micro‐electrodes and by recording the mechanical response after stimulation of their motor nerves. The one type of fibre gives rapid twitch contractions of about 150 msec duration while those of the other type last more than 500 msec. Accordingly, the muscle fibres are called fast and slow respectively. The resting membrane potentials of the fast fibres were 74.6 mV (S. E. 0.3), that of the slow fibres 46 mV (S. E. 0.5). Indirect stimulation of the fast fibres evoked a characteristic focal end‐plate potential in one end of the fibre. The end‐plate potential gave rise to a conducted action potential with overshoot. The fast fibres appear to be innervated with only one motor axon each. In the slow fibres distributed junction potentials were obtained on indirect stimulation. The time course of the junction potentials varied, partly on account of local spike activity. On repetitive stimulation of slow fibres a plateau depolarization was reached which only moderately exceeded the peak of a single junction potential. The slow fibres are usually innervated with two motor axons reaching the fibre from each end.
Determination of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Nor and Denervated Sympathetic Ganglia of the Cat. A Biochemical and Histochemical Comparison
Authors: Holmstedt B. , Lundgren G. , Sjøqvist F.
Published: December 2008

AcChE was determined in normal and preganglionically denervated sympathetic ganglia with a titrigraphic method. The superior cervical, stellate, 7th lumbar and 1st sacral ganglia showed higher AcChE activities than the remaining paravertebral ganglia. Especially low AcChE values were obtained in the prevertebral ganglia. In denervation experiments a considerable decrease in AcChE activity was noted. The remaining activity was proportional to the number of histochemically heavily stained cell bodies in the ganglia investigated. Whereas ganglia containing many such cells retained 50% of their total AcChE activity after denervation (L7 and S1), the corresponding figure for ganglia almost lacking them was about 20% (superior cervical ganglion). Thus, some cells in the sympathetic system, showing intense histochemical staining possess significantly higher AcChE activities than the remaining ones as determined biochemically. These cells have been linked to a peripheral cholinergic function. Small traces of AcChE are found in adrenergic as well as sensory ganglion cells. The data presented fit in with the classical concept about the sympathetic system being composed of predominantly adrenergic cells with a few cholinergic ones concentrated in special relay stations.
Studies on the Relationship Between Flow Resistance, Capillary Filtration Coefficient and Regional Blood Volume in the Intestine of the Cat
Authors: Folkow By Björn , Lundgren Ove , Wallentin Ingemar
Published: December 2008

Folkow, B., O. Lundgren and I. Wallentin. Studies on the relationship between flow resistance, capillary filtration coefficient and regional blood volume in the intestine of the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 57. 270—283. — The relation between flow resistance, regional blood volume and capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) in the cat's intestine has been quantitatively studied at different levels of vascular smooth muscle activity, and compared to the vascular bed of the skeletal muscles. The resistance vessels of booth these vascular circuits maintain a considerable ‘basal tone’, but the intestine is far richer vascularized, which is obvious from the figures given for flow resistance, regional blood volume and CFC at comparable levels of vascular tone, including maximal vasodilatation. Intestinal CFC is both in absolute and relative terms higher than in the skeletal muscles, as reflected by a definitely larger CFC/blood flow ratio over the entire range of vascular tone. CFC thus increases considerably when vascular tone is reduced and reaches very high figures at maximal vasodilatation. This is thought to reflect an opening up of additional capillaries due to relaxation of their ‘precapillary sphincters’. Reasons arc given for the belief that the glandular mucosal portion is far better vascularized than the smooth muscle portion of the intestine and at maximal vasodilatation CFC of the mucosal portion may be of the order of 1 ml/min Hg/mm/100 g of tissue. Such a figure is in fact comparable to the renal glomerular filtration, when expressed in the same way.
Exchange of Phosphate‐Groups between Inorganic Phosphate and Adenosine Triphosphate in Red Blood Cells
Authors: Verdier Carl‐Henric de
Published: December 2008

In hemolysates of human red blood cells there is a rapid exchange of phosphate groups between inorganic phosphate and the terminal phosphate group of adenosine triphosphate. The exchange is dependent upon the phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and the phosphoglyceryl kinase reactions since phosphoglyceraldehyde, 3‐phosphoglycerate and DPN are essential for the exchange reaction. The implication of this finding is that studies of the incorporation of inorganic labelled phosphate into different compounds of the erythrocyte cannot in general be used to draw conclusions about the glucose metabolism of red cells.
The Participation of Bone in the Sodium and Potassium Metabolism of the Rat. II The effect of variation of electrolyte intake, acidosis and alkalosis
Authors: Norman N.
Published: December 2008

Rats were examined according to a previously described technique Norman 1963) permitting the simultaneous measurement of total exchangeable sodium and potassium in their body as well as the total and exchangeable concentration of sodium and potassium in their skeleton. The effect of various combinations of sodium depletion, potassium depletion, sodium loading, acidosis and alkalosis was studied. Simple sodium depletion caused a loss of 10 per cent of body sodium, 90 per cent of the loss was accounted for by shrinkage of the extracellular fluid volume. When acidosis was induced in addition, sodium was given off from the exchangeable bone sodium fraction. Potassium depletion caused a picture similar to that of starvation. The potassium depleted rats had a greatly reduced ability to handle a metabolic alkalosis. The participation of bone sodium and potassium in the metabolism of the rats was smaller than found by others. The mean difference from maximum storage of sodium in alkalosis, to maximum depletion in acidosis, corresponded to 10 per cent of the total bone sodium concentration. Bone potassium concentration showed great constancy, with no parallel to the variations in bone sodium.
Behaviour and Monoamine Levels During Long‐Term Administration of Reserpine to Rabbits
Authors: Häggendal By Jan , Lindqvist Margit
Published: December 2008

Rabbits were injected with reserpine (0.1 and 0.2 mg per kg subcutaneously) daily for weeks. Noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine were determined in the brain, nor‐adrenaline in the heart, and adrenaline in the adrenals. Most of the monoamines disappeared from the tissues during the first few weeks. Almost normal behaviour was observed in animals with very low monoamine levels. Thus the major part of the monoamine stores could be removed with but slight functional changes. The data suggested, however, a correlation between the remaining small fraction and behaviour.
Differentiated Effects on Certain Blood‐Brain Barrier Phenomena and on the EEG Produced by Means of Intracarotidally Applied Mercuric Dichloride
Authors: Flodmark S. , Steinwall O.
Published: December 2008

In a previous paper a method was described for correlative studies of EEG and blood‐brain barrier phenomena under conditions facilitating separate effects on either parameter. In the present experiments this method was employed in order to study the influence on the EEG of a slight but persistent barrier dysfunction. The barrier was impaired by means of intravasal application of weak solutions of HgCl2 (0.01—0.04 mM) within one hemisphere. It was found that this type of barrier damage, revealed by unilateral invasion in the brain of normally barred acid dyes and related organic anions, could exist without significant influence on the EEG for periods of variable duration, from a few minutes up to more than 2 hours. Ultimately, however, the electrical activity of the damaged hemisphere deteriorated. It was concluded that the strong tissue affinity of mercuric ions might favour a restriction of their action within “barrier structures” interposed between blood and neurons in this type of experiments. The cumulative disturbances in the metabolic milieu of the neurons arising from the persistent barrier dysfunction might sufficiently explain the terminal EEG deterioration, although a direct action of the mercurial on the neurons could not be ruled out.
Effect of Hydrazides on Liver Alanine and Aspartate Transaminases and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Developing Chick Embryos1
Authors: Koivusalo Martti , Penttilä Ilkka , Raina Aarne , Tenhunen Raimo
Published: December 2008

Aminoguanidine (5 μmoles/embryo), isoniazid (5 μmoles/embryo), iproniazid (5 μmoles/embryo), isocarboxazid (3 μmoles/embryo), nialamide (5—15 μmoles/embryo) and 4‐deoxypyridoxine (10—30 μmoles/embryo) decreased liver aspartate transaminase activity but increased liver alanine transaminase activity in chick embryo in vivo. This effect was of long duration, after a single dose (5 μmoles) of nialamide or isoniazid it lasted at least 70 hours. Liver lactate dchydrogenase activity was significantly decreased only after 15 μmoles of nialamide per embryo. A temporary increase in liver α‐ketoglutaric and pyruvic acid content was seen after 15 μmolcs of nialamide. In rats nialamide had no effect on liver transaminase activities.
Biotinidase Activity in Animal Tissues
Authors: Koivusalo Martti , Pispa Jaakko
Published: December 2008

Korvusalo, M. and J. Pispa. Biotinidase activity in animal tissues. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 13—19. — Biotinidase activity of human serum and rat, guinea pig and rabbit serum, liver and intestine was determined using biocytin as substrate. The biotinidase activities of human serum and rat serum and tissues were of the same magnitude, in guinea pig serum the activity was about 10 per cent and in rabbit serum only 1 per cent of the activity in human and rat sera. Similar although less marked differences were found in the biotinidase activity of rat, guinea pig and rabbit tissues. The biotinidase activity of human and rat sera was inhibited by p‐chloromercuribenzoate, arsenite and monoiodoacetate; it was slightly stimulated by glutathione. Ethy‐lenediamine tetraacetate and cyanide had no effect. In zone electrotrophoresis the human serum biotinidase activity had slightly smaller mobility at pH 8.6 than albumin, and moved as a single peak.
Effects of ACTH on Erythropoiesis in the Rabbit
Authors: Halvorsen S.
Published: December 2008

Halvorsen, S. Effects of ACTH on erythropoiesis in the rabbit. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 30—39. — Hypothalamic stimulation increases erythropoiesis in intact rabbits (Seip, et al. 1961). In order to compare the effect of hypothalamic stimulation on erythropoiesis with the effect of ACTH, daily ACTH injections have been given to intact rabbits and the changes in erythropoiesis have been followed with the same parameters as in the previous study. ACTH injections for 2 and 4 weeks increased the red cell mass 11.2 and 27.7 per cent, and the red cell mass per kg body weight 6.3 and 23.3 per cent, respectively. The reticulocytes increased slightly, but significantly. These findings confirm previous observations in other species that ACTH stimulates erythropoiesis in intact animals. The hematological changes seen in the ACTH injected rabbits did not correspond quantitatively to the changes seen following hypothalamic stimulation. It is concluded that the previously reported effect of hypothalamic stimulation on erythropoiesis is not due to increased ACTH production alone.
Blood Flow in the Avian Salt Gland Studied by Polarographic Oxygen Electrodes
Authors: Fänge R. , Krog J. , Reite O.
Published: December 2008

Fänge, R., J. Krog and O. Reite. Blood flow in the avian salt gland studied by polarographic oxygen electrodes. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 40—47. — The blood flow in the salt gland of the duck (Anas platyrhynchus) and gulls (Larus argentatus, L. fuscus) was studied by means of polarographic oxygen electrodes. A vasodilatation occurs during and after secretion caused by parasympathetic nerve stimulation. It is probably mediated by both neural and humoral mechanisms. The cervical sympathetic trunk carries vasoconstrictor fibres to the gland. Acetylcholine, histamine and isoproterenol give vasodilatation, while adrenaline, noradrenaline and serotonin have a constrictory influence.
Catecholamine Excretion and Personality Traits in Paratroop Trainees
Authors: Bloom G. , Euler U. S. v. , Frankenhaeuser M.
Published: December 2008

Bloom, G., U. S. v. Euler and M. Frankenhaeuser. Catecholamine excretion and personality traits in paratroop trainees. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 77—89. — The excretion of adrenaline and nor‐adrenaline in urine was measured in paratroop trainees and officers during night rest, ground training and during 2—3‐hour periods under which jumps were performed from training tower and from aircraft. The mean adrenaline excretion in the trainees was 3.3 ± 0.5 ng/min during night rest and 8.8 ± 1.0 ng/min during ground activity. For periods including jumps, mean adrenaline excretion was significantly increased to values of 17.4—19.9 ng/min. The mean noradrenaline excretion was 11.2 ± 2.0 ng/min during night rest, 23.6 ± 2.6 ng/min during ground activity and 21.1—38.1 ng/min in periods under which jumps were performed. No difference in catecholamine excretion values was observed between officers and trainees. Increased pulse rates were noted during preparatory procedures preceding a jump, and lowered blood eosinophil levels observed after the 1st parachute jump. Within the present small sample of subjects it was not possible to obtain reliable coefficients of correlation between basic personality traits and excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline, but some of the rating techniques used for assessing personality traits proved highly reliable and, hence, well suited for future research in this area.
The Physiology of the Swimbladder of the Eel Anguilla vulgaris: I. The solubility of gases and the buffer capacity of the blood
Authors: Steen Johan B.
Published: December 2008

Steen, J.B. The physiology of the swimbladder of the eel, Anguilla vulgaris. I. The solubility of gases and the buffer capacity of the blood. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 124–137. — Some physiological properties of eel blood which may have importance in gas exchange in the swimbladder have been investigated. Using the Scholander and Roughton syringe analyzer for blood gases and micromethods for determination of lactic acid and pH the solubility of the gases of air has been measured at various temperatures and pH levels at pressures up to 1 atm. The buffer capacity of eel blood has also been studied in some detail. The O2‐ and CO2‐solubility followed the same general pattern as is known to obtain in blood of other species. The O2‐content of blood at a pO2 of I atm is reduced by about 40% when the pH is lowered from arterial values to 7.0. The N2 and Ar solubility is approximately 10% reduced when the pH of eel blood is lowered from about 7.8 to 7.5. Using the same experimental technique no such effect was found on eel plasma, blood from man, trout or cod.
Factors Determining the Circulatory Adjustments to Diving: I. Water immersion
Authors: Andersen Harald T.
Published: December 2008

Andersen, H. T. Factors determining the circulatory adjustments to diving. I. Water immersion. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 173–185. — The importance of water immersion per se for the circulatory adjustments to diving has been studied in the domestic duck. The heart rate has been used as an index of the cardio‐vascular changes. The physiological reactions characteristic of diving were elicited upon submersion in ducks with free access to air through tracheal cannulas, just as well as in intact birds. Likewise, the adjustments to diving were maintained by emerging ducks after the nostrils were above the water surface, provided the rest of the beak was kept submerged. Also, when the lungs and air‐sacs were ventilated at the normal rate during descent and submersion, the diving bradycardia was nevertheless elicited. By studying the heart rate during slow submersions of the beak and the head, it was found that the most marked cardiac slowing resulted from immersion of the level of the nares, whereas the conspicuous post‐divc tachycardia was brought about during the first respiratory effort. It is concluded that the circulatory adjustments to diving are elicited by the actual water immersion, probably due to stimulation of peripheral receptors in the beak, especially in the region of the nostrils. The degree of distention of the lungs and the air‐sacs, as well as variations in the venous return may also be important factors for the elicitation and abolition of the diving characteristics.
The Effect of Various Dextran Fractions on the Suspension Stability of the Blood after Intravenous Injection in Cats
Authors: Eliasson R. , Samelius‐Broberg U.
Published: December 2008

Eliasson, R. and U. Samelius‐Broberg. The effect of various dextran fractions on the suspension stability of the blood after intravenous injection in cats. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 211–215. — The effect of 3 different commercially available dextran preparations on the suspension stability of cat's blood has been studied after i.v. injection during circulatory experiments. It is shown that dextrans with a mean molecular weight of 75,000 and higher induce such a marked decrease in the suspension stability that they can hardly be regarded as suitable plasma expanders for this species. A dextran preparation with a mean molecular weight of 40,000 and a narrow molecular weight distribution (Rheomacrodex®) does not change the suspension stability of the cat's blood. It has earlier been shown to be a suitable plasma expander and its use in physiological experiments on cats is therefore recommended.
Dependence of Glomerular Filtration Rate on Proximal Tubular Reabsorption of Salt
Authors: Leyssac Paul P.
Published: December 2008

Leyssac, P. P. Dependence of glomerular filtration rate on proximal tubular reabsorption of salt. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 236–242. — The purpose of the present investigation was to study the relationship between the rate of glomerular filtration and the rate of proximal tubular reabsorption of filtrate in mammalian kidneys. In the exposed left kidney of white rats the time required from ligation of the left renal artery until the proximal tubules have completed reabsorption of the luminal filtrate and the tubules have thus become occluded was observed. This time interval, named“occlusion time”, observed directly in a stereomicroscope, was measured with a stop watch and could be determined within plus or minus 2 sec. Inulin clearances were determined in periods immediately preceding the measurement of the occlusion time. A linear correlation was demonstrated between glomerular filtration rate and occlusion time, and it is concluded that the proximal reabsorption of sodium is a T‐max type of process independent of but limiting the glomerular filtration rate.
Lactic Acid Assay with L(+)lactic Acid Dehydrogenase from Rabbit Muscle
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella , Vamos Nandor
Published: December 2008

Lundholm, L., E. Mohme‐Lundholm and N. Vamos. Lactic acid assay with L(+)lactic acid dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 243–249. — Lactate assay with L(+)lactic acid dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle and with DPN involved the problem of quantitatively reducing lactate to pyruvate. The problem was overcome by use of a solution with a high pH, by an excess of DPN, and by addition of a carbonyl reagent e.g. semicarbazide or hydrazine, which trapped the formed pyruvate. Hydrazine was found to be preferable to semicarbazide since it appeared to bind pyruvate more effectively. It was thus possible to carry out the reaction, with a 100 per cent recovery, at pH = 9.0. This was advantageous because, at pH > 9.0, hydrazine and semicarbazide rapidly formed products with DPN that absorbed at 340 mμ, giving a high blank value that varied greatly with the pH of the solution and seriously affected the precision of the method. Unlike hydrazine, moreover, semicarbazide reacted with formed DPNH in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, so that the extinction of DPNH decreased.
Turnover of Rat Serum Lipoprotein Cholesterol
Authors: Karvinen Esko , Miettinen Matti
Published: December 2008

Karvinen, E. and M. Miettinen. Turnover of rat serum lipoprotein cholesterol. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 250–254. — The distribution of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in a1, a2 and β lipoprotein and chylomicron fractîons separated by paper electrophoresis was studied from 3 hours to 8 days after oral administration of cholesterol‐4‐C14. The apparent turnover time of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in the lipoprotein and chylomicron fractions was found to be very similar in all fractions or about 79 hours.
Comparative Effects of Hydralazine, Sodium Nitrite and Acetylcholine on Resistance and Capacitance Blood Vessels and Capillary Filtration in Skeletal Muscle in the Cat
Authors: ÅBlad Bengt , Mellander Stefan
Published: December 2008

Åblad, B. and S. Mellander. Comparative effects of hydralazine, sodium nitrite and acetylcholine on resistance and capacitance blood vessels and capillary filtration in skeletal muscle in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 319—329. — The actions of intra‐arterially infused hydralazine, sodium nitrite and acetylcholine were studied with a technique permitting simultaneous and quantitative recording of the responses in the various ‘series‐coupled’ sections in the skeletal muscle vascular bed. The dilator effects of all three drugs were found to be due to a ‘direct’ action on the vascular smooth muscle. Each of the drugs evoked characteristic peripheral vascular response pattern differentiated from that of the others. Thus, hydralazine dilated the resistance vessels almost exclusively while sodium nitrite predominantly dilated the capacitance vessels. Acetylcholine elicited a pronounced dilatation of both the resistance and the capacitance vessels. Furthermore, hydralazine and acetylcholine produced a net outward capillary filtration into the extravascular space depending upon a relatively more pronounced dilatation of precapillary than post‐capillary resistance vessels, while sodium nitrite did not significantly influence the transcapillary exchange. The present findings may aid in explaining the different general hemodynamic effects elicited by hydralazine and sodium nitrite in the intact organism.
Contrd of Thyrotrophic Hormone (TSH) Secretion by the“Heat Loss Center”
Authors: Anderson B. , Ekman L. , Gale C. C. , Sundsten J. W.
Published: December 2008

In 9 goats studied, local cooling of the cr hypothalamic region (the“heat loss center”) was found to cause a marked increase in the release of protein bound iodine (PBI131) from the thyroid gland concomitant with the development of extreme hyperthermia. Local cooling of other parts of the brain was negative in these respects. Median eminence lesions blocked the thyroidal response to central cooling. The lesioning of the median eminence by RF heating, however, in itself resulted in a conspicuous release of PBI131 from the thyroid. Local warming of the“heat loss center” was found to block the thyroidal response to a general cold stress and to retard the normal release of PBI131 from the thyroid. When such warming was prolonged in the cold, a lowering of the core temperature about 10°C occurred, but the development of hypothermic hyperglycemia was prevented. It is suggested that central“warm detectors” in the“heat loss center”, even at a normal body temperature, exert a certain inhibitory tone on the release of TSH from the hypophysis. The strength of this inhibition seems to increase in proportion to the rise of the temperature of the“heat loss center”, i. e. in proportion to the degree of activation of the central“warm detectors”. It seems likely that other hormonal cold defense mechanisms are also inhibited in a similar manner by the“heat loss center”.
Effects of Bretylium, Reserpine, Guanethidine and Sympathetic Denervation on the Noradrenaline Content of the Rat Submaxillary Gland
Authors: Benmiloud M. , Euler U. S. v.
Published: December 2008

After sympathetic denervation the noradrenaline content of the rat submaxillary gland decreased slowly during the first 8 hours and disappeared completely in 24 hours. Reserpine and guanethidine caused depletion of noradrenaline from denervated as well as innervated glands. In the case of reserpine the denervated gland was slightly less depleted (p < 0.05). The noradrenaline depletion produced by treatment with these two drugs and by sympathetic denervation was significantly reduced by simultaneous injection of bretylium. In addition bretylium had a releasing effect, not as striking as that of rescrpine and guanethidine, but highly significant. The implications of these results are discussed.
Mechanics of Abdomen and Thorax in Man during Natural Breathing
Authors: NISELL OVE
Published: December 2008

The intra‐gastric pressure fluctuation during natural breathing is presumed to indicate the pressure moving the abdomen and thoracic wall. The mechanics of the abdomen and thoracic wall were estimated in resting human subjects by means of intra‐gastric pressure tidal volume curves. Compliance was 0.06–0.23 l/cm water, resistance 0.5–6.5 cm water/ I/sec, and rate of aspiratory work 15–100 litre cm water/min (100 litre cm water = 1 kpm) for abdomen and thoracic wall together. Supine as compared to sitting position increased the compliance and decreased the resistance. The abdomen was calculated to have a higher compliance and a lower resistance than the thoracic wall and to account for more than 0.6 of resting ventilation.
Positive Inotropic Responses and Catecholamine Content of Iqolated Rabbit Atria Exposed to Tyramine
Authors: Angelakos E. T. , Torchiana M. L.
Published: December 2008

The noradrenaline (NA) content of isolated rabbit atria was essentially unchanged following perfusion with tyramine (100 μg/ml) for 30 min. Over the same period the positive inotropic effect of tyramine was still 75 per cent of the peak response. After prolonged exposure (2–3 hours) the NA content decreased about 25 per cent and the inotropic effect about 50 per cent. In general, there was a correlation between the reduction in the response to c and the NA content. However, the NA content was still 40–50 per cent of the control value when the tissue responded no longer to tyramine. At that time the tissue was fully responsive to administered NA. The reduction in the NA content of the tissue could not supply more than a total of 0.1 to 0.2 μgNA over 2–3 hours. This suggests a considerable synthesis of NAin vitroif the effect of tyramine is indeed mediated through NA release. Direct measurement showed that 30 min after the end of a prolonged tyramine infusion the NA tissue content was restored by an amount corresponding to about 20 per cent of the control value. This however, did not restore the response to tyramine.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Bladder Responses to Stimulation of the Cerebral Cortex in the Cat
Authors: Gjone R. , Setekleiv J.
Published: December 2008

A continuous intravesical pressure recording was established in 22 anesthetized cats by operative canalization of the bladder cavity, leaving the urinary outlet intact. The intravesical pressure variations caused by controlled volume changes were studied, and the alterations in bladder activity in response to stimulation of the cerebral cortex were recorded. The following excitatory bladder reactions on cortical stimulation are described: augmentation of the rhythmic contractions, drop wise expulsion of the bladder contents with incomplete emptying of the vesical cavity and, finally, a normal micturition act with forceful detrusor contractions. With regard to inhibitory effects the following responses were obtained: reduction or complete inhibition of the rhythmic bladder activity, arrest of the urination act or suppressed micturition. In agreement with previous investigations excitatory bladder responses were obtained from the first sensory‐motor area and from the anterior cingulate region. In addition, excitatory effects were elicited by stimulation of the anterior ectosylvian and anterior sylvian gyri (the somatic sensory‐motor area II). Previous observations of inhibitory influence on bladder activity from the first sensory‐motor area were confirmed. In addition, inhibitory effects were produced from the somatic sensory‐motor area II, the subcallosal part of the anterior cingulate region and the orbital gyrus. All the various types of bladder reactions described above were obtained from any of these regions.
Excitation of Flexor Fusimotor Neurones by Electrical Stimulation in the Red Nucleus
Authors: Appelberg B. , Kosary I. Z.
Published: December 2008

The effect of electrical stimulation at various depths in the region of the red nucleus, upon the activity in fusimotor efferents or muscle spindle afferents from extensor and flexor muscles of the hind limb was studied in cats lightly anesthetized with Nembutal. Stimulation in the dorsal part of, and dorsally to the nucleus caused inhibition of the activity in most fusimotor fibres and decreased the static discharge of extensor as well as flexor spindles. From the ventral part of the nucleus the activity in many fusimotor fibres was facilitated. Fusimotor fibres receiving facilitation from the red nucleus evidently pass to flexor muscle spindles, because the discharge of these was markedly increased from stimulating points in the ventral part of the red nucleus. The discharge of extensor spindles was decreased also from this part of the nucleus. The findings are discussed mainly in relation to previous observations of motor effects elicited from the red nucleus.
Time Correlation Between the Effects of Reserpine on Behaviour and Storage Mechanism for Arylalkylamines
Authors: Carlsson A. , Jonasson J. , Rosengren E.
Published: December 2008

The time course of the effect of reserpine on the ability of the adrenal medullary granules to take up arylalkylamines in vivo has been studied. It was observed that there was a closer correlation in time between the effects of the drug on the uptake of the amines by the granules and behaviour than between the latter and the tissue amine content. The finding is in accordance with a hypothesis that new‐formed arvlalkylamines arr at first transferred to sites in the granules where they are easily available for physiological release.
The Serum Cholesterol Level and Mucosal Mast Cell Count in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats in Dexamethasone‐shock
Authors: Haikonen Matti , Räsänen Toimi
Published: December 2008

Rats were injected with large daily doses of dexamethasone for 5 and 8 days, during which they and the control rats which were not given dexainethasone were kept on a fat‐rich and fat‐poor diet. The serum cholesterol was determined and the mast cells in the mucosa of the stomach, duodenum and colon were counted at the end of the test period. The serum cholesterol level rose distinctly in the rats given fat and it was raised significantly further by dexamethasone administration. The elevation of the serum cholesterol level was small in the rats kept on a fat‐poor dirt despite the dexamethasone administered. The mast cells in the mucosa of the glandular stomach, duodenum and colon were degranulated during dexamethasone treatment, most rapidly in the mucosa of the glandular stomach. The diet had no effect on the mucosal mast cells. It is suggested that a fartor activating the clearing factor is mobilised into the organism from the mucosal mast celly in the gastrointestinal tract and that this activating factor is absent after mast cell degranulation. resulting in alimentary cholesterolemia.