bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angst of the Exceptio Inadimplenti Non Est Adimplendum in International Law
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia
Published: August 2020

The legal character of the exceptio inadimplenti non est adimplendum or exceptio inadimpleti contractus is one of those institutions in international law the legal character of which remains somewhat shrouded in mystery. In broad brushstrokes, the exceptio implies that ‘a condition for one party’s compliance with a synallagmatic obligation is the continued compliance of the other party with that obligation’. There are a myriad of unresolved issues concerning the exceptio which are both of a theoretical and a practical nature. As will be explained, there are different forms of the exceptio—a fact which is frequently overlooked. The relationship of the exceptio with the rules on countermeasures and material breach of a treaty are very unclear and have yet to be examined and analysed in depth. From a more theoretical point of view, it is interesting to explore whether the exceptio belongs to general principles of law as enshrined in Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or, rather, whether it should be approached as a principle relating to cognate obligations which exist more frequently in treaty obligations.
Defences in International Criminal LawExceptions in International Law?
Authors: Ambos Kai
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyses the concept of defences in international criminal law. It starts off with some general conceptual remarks defining defences, on a meta level, as exceptions to the (secondary) rule expressed by the respective offence; as such, they do not invalidate this rule—the prohibition sub poena by the offence—but entail its non-application. In the main part, the chapter proposes a systematization along the lines of a substantive/procedural distinction (substantive reasons to exclude individual criminal responsibility versus procedural obstacles/bars to criminal prosecution) and further distinguishing between full and partial defences, justifications and excuses, failure of proof defences, and alibi. On the basis of this classification, a hierarchy of defences is suggested.
Design Strategy
Authors: Oswald Laura R.
Published: August 2020

Design is a semiotic system, a technology, and a commercial practice that shapes to a great extent the ways consumers sense, experience, and understand objects, events, spaces, and processes in the marketplace. Some writers have used the term “semiotic engineering” to describe the design process because it involves the deliberate actions of molding and organizing phenomena to influence human behavior. Although design performs an esthetic function to create beautiful, pleasing things and environments, it differs from fine art in several ways. Fine art is valued for its unique, one-of-a-kind creativity, its ability to transcend the mundane, functional aspect of things, and the force of its impact on the hearts and imaginations of the individual spectator. Design, on the other hand, weaves the esthetic priorities of art into functional forms that help consumers build stuff, organize processes, and navigate the world of things and information. This chapter walks the reader through basic semiotic principles and methods for developing design strategy and planning for service sites and packaging. Laura Santamaria contributes a case study on design semiotics for innovation.
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Lambert Enoch , Schwenkler John
Published: August 2020

Phenomena of transformative change raise questions concerning the rationality of potentially life-altering decisions and the nature of any change that would radically alter a person’s psychological perspective. These questions are especially pressing when we consider the demand that personally transformative choices be made on a basis that is subjectively accessible to the agent. If the consequence of such a choice is that the agent becomes someone altogether different, then how can she anticipate this possible future, and what is the nature of her subjective concern for the person she might become? This chapter surveys the work of L. A. Paul and Edna Ullmann-Margalit on these topics, and makes the case for the need for further models of transformative change that depart from the assumptions of the extant literature.
Models of Transformative Decision-Making
Authors: Zimmerman Samuel , Ullman Tomer
Published: August 2020

Deciding to undergo a transformative experience present unique challenges for a reasonable decision-maker, and for any attempt to give a formal account of how people can make such decisions. This chapter focuses on the challenges of novelty and change. It develops a normative hierarchical model for decision-making over novel objects, and show how it captures the commonsense intuition that we can rationally decide to try a new experience, but also that such decisions can be graded in difficulty. It then presents a framework for how people can think about big decisions that will affect their core beliefs, desires, and ultimately themselves, by modeling this as a decision process of choosing between different selves. Empirical evidence is used to refine different sub-models of this meta-reasoning process, including the asymmetric treatment of current and future utilities, the difference between future utilities and future beliefs, and a distance function between selves that is separate from considerations of future happiness.
Transformative Expression
Authors: Riggle Nick
Published: August 2020

The hope that art could be personally or socially transformational is an important part of art history and contemporary art practice. In the twentieth century, it shaped a movement away from traditional media in an effort to make social life a medium. Artists imagined and created participatory situations designed to facilitate potentially transformative expression in those who engaged with the works. This chapter develops the concept of “transformative expression,” and illustrates how it informs a diverse range of such works. Understanding these artworks in this way raises two interesting questions, one about the nature of aesthetic value and the other about the nature of action. Answers to these questions lie in understanding the social and aesthetic character of our capacity to distance ourselves from our commitments and act in the expressive, playful, spontaneous, or imaginative ways that participatory art invites.
What Can Adaptive Preferences and Transformative Experiences Do for Each Other?
Authors: Terlazzo Rosa
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the connection between transformative experience and adaptive preferences, or preferences resulting from the fact that a given option was the best available from within a limited set. Employing the concept of transformative experience can help us to see how a person’s adaptive preferences can be genuinely beneficial for her, and thus to see such a person as a competent judge of her own good. This insight is used to develop an account of adaptive preference with the potential to provide guidance about whether or not to allow ourselves and others to undergo transformative experiences.
Conclusion
Authors: Üngör Uğur Ümit
Published: August 2020

The conclusion of the book opens with an Iraqi epilogue on the ways in which paramilitarism has been a prominent feature of state-building in postcolonial Iraq, especially after the US invasion of 2003, when militias became a daily fact of life. The chapter discusses the latest incarnation of paramilitarism in Iraq, the Popular Mobilization Forces (al-Hashd al-Shaabi), which mobilized against the Islamic State in 2014 and became immensely powerful, and shows that paramilitarism is here to stay. The chapter continues with a theoretical wrap-up of paramilitarism and state formation, and finally comments on the future of paramilitarism and the challenges it poses to international order and security.
The Structure of Fictive Content
Authors: Abell Catharine
Published: August 2020

This chapter addresses the structure of fictive content. It is usually held that fictive content outstrips the contents of authors’ fictive utterances. One account proposes that this additional content is determined by general principles of indirect generation. This chapter rejects the claim that additional fictive content is determined by general principles. It defends an alternative account on which fictive content is much more limited in scope than most rival accounts take it to be. It argues that fictive content consists in the contents of authors’ fictive utterances, together with interpretative fictive content. Interpretative fictive content consists in further contents that authors intentionally convey by making their fictive utterances. It argues that audiences grasp these further contents by drawing inferences to the best explanation about authors’ intentions, not by appeal to general principles.
Art
Authors: Desmond Will D.
Published: August 2020

Hegel’s Lectures on Fine Art offer a veritable ‘world history of art’, and have led to his being called the real ‘father of art history’, but at their heart is a close identification of beauty with ‘the ideal’ and of art with ‘the classical’—and hence with (Greek) antiquity. With reference to the legacies of Winckelmann and Kantian aesthetic theory, this chapter begins by explicating the main features of Hegel’s aesthetics: the notion of ‘the ideal’ and of art’s vocation to reveal ‘the truth’ sensuously; the classification of artistic styles into Symbolic, Classical, and Romantic; and the division of basic art forms into architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry. The chapter tackles each of these art forms in turn, focusing on Hegel’s sources and understanding of their role in Greek and Roman civilizations. His discussions of the Greek temple, Greek sculpture, epic, lyric, and comedy are relatively neglected, but all contribute as much as tragedy to his Winckelmannian understanding of the Greeks as ‘the people of art’ and of the ‘sculptural’ nature of the Greek mind. Here his Romans play counterpoint, as a derivative and aesthetically uncreative people—except in the genre of satire, which also fills out Hegel’s portrait of Roman ‘prose’, alienation, and increasing self-awareness. Though each of the art-forms peaks in a certain historical period, Hegel tends to associate each peak with the ‘classical’ ideal—an association that may help to illuminate his controversial statements about the ‘end of art’ in the modern, Romantic style.
History, Cosmos, Mind, and (Not Quite) Everything
Authors: Desmond Will D.
Published: August 2020

Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of History explore the legacies of ancient history and historiography, at the levels of both theory and empirical detail. Their threefold typology of histories into ‘original’, ‘reflective’, and ‘philosophical’ constitutes a concise argument that history has and must, in the course of its development, become theoretical, and that therefore history and philosophy have essentially converged in the modern era—not least in Hegel’s own deeply historical style of thinking. With their vision of a Spirit that develops through four essential stages of the ‘Oriental’, Greek, Roman and ‘Germanic’ worlds, these lectures reveal that, for Hegel, the middle (Greek and Roman) stages are pivotal to the story of progressive human freedom and self-knowledge. The Mediterranean as the ‘middle sea’ (Mittelmeer) is a central historical fact and metaphor for Hegel (long before Braudel), and it was as peoples of the Mediterranean that his Greeks and Romans proved so historically significant—the Greeks with their humanistic art, anthropomorphic religion, philosophical depth, and ‘invention’ of history as a genre; the Romans with their law, inclusive citizenship, universal histories, inclusive empire and pantheon, and ultimately Christianity. This narrative is, in many respects, simply Hegel’s systematization of a long-held consensus. It also looks forward to the even grander narratives of global and ‘big history’, which temporalize the notion of ‘evolution’ and extend it from (human) ‘Spirit’ to all of nature. If so, this serves as a reminder that many facets of Hegel’s antiquity have been revived in new, unexpected forms.
On the origins of French and Occitan
Authors: Sneddon Clive R.
Published: August 2020

The status of the language found in the Clermont-Ferrand manuscript of the Passion and St Leger is unclear. Should it be regarded as French, or French with an admixture of Occitanisms, or something else? A concordance of the early mostly short texts shows that they share a range of common forms, across all three Gallo-Romance languages. A study of the books and manuscripts which have preserved these texts show that they are part of the learned culture of their day. Reading and writing are done in Latin, and the early texts are both innovatory in writing literary vernacular and conservative in keeping as close to Latin conventions as possible, as expected by the church institutions in which these materials were used and preserved.
Breaking the Bargain?
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

In the wake of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) and the Great Recession that followed, insecurity emerged as a central theme in elections across the developed democracies. But what drives feelings of insecurity? In this chapter we show that mass perceptions of economic precariousness are shaped not only by individual- and macro-level economic conditions but by political elites as well. Elites take action to buffer the effects of economic downturn through concrete policy efforts. Politicians and party leaders can also help calm insecure voters through their messages, speeches, and rhetoric. Statistical analyses of CSES data show that the financial crisis has both short-term and long-term effect on individuals’ economic perceptions. Furthermore, feelings of insecurity are shaped by elite cues. Party emphases on welfare concerns serve to moderate the impact of individual risk exposure on perceived insecurity. Chapter implications are twofold. First, a complete understanding of its political effects requires taking into account the effect of the crisis at both stages of development and recovery. And second, what matters for feelings of (in)security is less the magnitude of the crisis but elites’ ability to demonstrate an effective response.
Revising the Bargain?
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the effect of the GFC on mass policy preferences. We argue that preferences are not only shaped by the individual’s position in the social structure, but also by the set of feasible options provided by competing political elites. The theory of constrained partisanship views public policy preferences as rooted in institutions, economic circumstances, and past policy legacies. Parting ways with this view, we argue that parties can shape citizens’ preferences through policy efforts and rhetoric. We test a set of arguments on preferences for spending in two areas: health care (a universal benefit) and unemployment assistance (a targeted benefit). Consistent with other research, we find that individual-level attributes associated with labour market positions, skills, and wealth inform policy preferences. But party politics also mattered. Both the depth of the crisis and the extent of the recovery shaped some post-GFC policy demands by way of party cues. We also show that the scope of the crisis recovery influenced how preferences react to past policy efforts. In strong recoveries, there was a strong negative thermostatic relationship, but in weak recoveries, path dependence ruled. Implications for policy responsiveness are discussed.
There is No Difference?
Authors: Hellwig Timothy , Kweon Yesola , Vowles Jack
Published: August 2020

The global financial crisis could affect electoral turnout in two ways: by affecting the level of turnout, accelerating predominantly downward trends in most—but not all—OECD democracies; and by changing the composition of turnout, reducing turnout among the economically vulnerable, or among those most cognitively equipped to appreciate the constraining consequence of crisis. In this chapter we test the effect of perceptions that governments lacked agency, acting as ‘middle managers’ obliged to do the bidding of financial markets or lenders of last resort, their partisan histories making ‘no difference’ to their policy choices. Analyses of aggregate and individual-level data show that the depth or persistence of the crisis had little effect on turnout. Instead, we support our argument of elite conditioning by pointing to the policy choices of governments and most notably the effects of accumulation of government debt. Countries assuming higher and higher levels of debt were more likely to experience turnout decline, and at least half the effects of debt were the result of perceptions of policy ineffectiveness. Within those countries the young, those on lower incomes, the less educated, and the less politically knowledgeable were the most affected, confirming a compositional effect affecting the most vulnerable.
Democratic Politics and Foreign Affairs
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang
Published: August 2020

Whether foreign policy should be exempted from democratic politics has been discussed since the early days of modern democracy. While this debate has oscillated between executive-friendly and democracy-friendly positions, it has neglected the role of political parties as essential actors in democratic decision-making and in providing cues to the public more broadly. Institutionalist and ideational theories of the so-called Democratic Peace in particular have neglected political parties, even though they silently assume that foreign and security policy is a matter of party-political contestation. Therefore, the theoretical framework outlined in this chapter also draws on scholarship in Foreign Policy Analysis that examined the role of ‘government ideology’. It suggests two propositions to inform the empirical analyses, namely 1) that foreign affairs are systematically contested, rather than shielded from democratic politics; 2) that party-political contestation is structured along the left/right dimension.
The Extant Manuscripts and Incunables
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

This is a list, with bibliography and brief discussion, of all known and many lost manuscripts and incunables of Curtius Rufus.
The Epistle and the Prologue
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

There is brief discussion of which MSS have the initial epistle, which the prologue, and which both.
The Shape of the Tradition
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

The shape of the MS tradition of Dictys in the Middle Ages is discussed.
Editing Dictys
Authors: Oakley S. P.
Published: August 2020

It is shown that in several passages our standard text of Dictys can be improved, often by proper application of the stemma.
Ekphrasis
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the literary technique of ekphrasis, defining it in terms of its intended effect on the audience: the vivid representation of an image to the mind’s eye, so as to evoke an emotional or other response. Ekphrasis makes an object appear present to an audience; it can be rich in detail or deftly brief. Both modes engage the audience in the imaginative recreation of the object, person or scene in their mind. This chapter also examines other aspects of crafting a text using ekphrasis: order, variety, and reading objects as texts. It argues that ekphrasis prompts questions about the thing described: Who is the maker? Who is the observer? And why is it absent?
Ekphrasis and Decision
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

This chapter shows how the technique of ekphrasis is used to provoke active responses in the audience: discernment, judgment, and decision. It begins with a series of passages from Plato’s Republic, in which the author invites his audience to gaze on corpses with a series of characters: Leontius, Gyges’ ancestor, and Er. By describing these encounters in highly visual language, Plato invites the audience to share the characters’ initial reactions (disgust, horror, amazement) and then their moment of krisis—judgment or discernment. I then show how the Cappadocians invite their audience to gaze with them on the dead bodies of saints and martyrs and the nearly-dead bodies of the starving. Again the motive is to provoke the audience to a moment of discernment, judgment, or decision.
The Rhetoric of Landscape in Gregory of Nyssa’s Homilies on the Song of Songs
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines Gregory of Nyssa’s exegesis of Song 2:10–13: he reads this as an ekphrasis of spring, which he then elaborates himself in a similar literary style. The chapter begins by examining the use of ekphrasis to describe gardens more generally, especially the way in which ancient gardens were symbols of nature tamed and bounded and the way in which they were blurred with the concept of the locus amoenus or pleasant natural space. Gardens are used in literature to express something about their owners or creators; they are used to evoke mood and to reflect on the art of words. Gregory shares this understanding of the ancient garden; he too uses ekphrasis to evoke a mood of awe and to arouse expectation; he uses it to depict the character of the lover in the Song/the divine Word, and to reflect on the nature of divine discourse.
Role-playing
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

Prosōpopoeia is direct speech in character, inserted into a narrative or argument. This chapter examines prosōpopoeia in its rhetorical and literary contexts: it represents words which are appropriate to a character but hypothetical (what she would have said if). It evokes emotion in an audience but is often viewed as theatrical and therefore risky speech. Particular anxiety focused on the idea of the orator speaking the words of someone whose nature clashed with that of the ideal orator (male, educated, authoritative). This chapter therefore sketches out ancient attitudes to public speech by women or those of low status, attending also to their portrayal in literature or on the stage. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the performing body in ancient culture: it is not just the words, but the body which utters them which convey authority and effect persuasion.
‘This is the Word of the Lord’
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines cases where authors use prosōpopoeia to puts words in the mouth of Christ—either revoicing speeches which are found in the gospels, or inventing completely new ones. It first studies various interpretations of the Sermon of the Mount which read it rhetorically, commenting on the setting, on the effect of Christ’s words (pathos and persuasion), and the way his words reveal his character (ethos and integrity). Next, it examines speeches invented for Christ in hagiographies, where he takes on the character of the president of the games, preparing martyrs for and standing by them in their ‘victory’—that is, their deaths in the arena. Prosōpopoeia can complement our usual sources of Christology: the use of prosōpopoeia as invented speech appropriate to a character one can draw conclusions about how certain authors viewed Christ. It also raises questions about how appropriate it was for an author to imitate Christ.
Women’s Voices?
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

This chapter suggests that Christian public speakers (like other trained rhetors) saw a certain risky theatricality around using prosōpopoeia, especially for women. By comparing works on similar themes, one can see how Christians experiment with and adapt prosōpopoeia to various ends, and also how they mitigate its potentially inappropriateness in various ways: women ‘become male’ when they speak; authors stress the effect of their words, rather than reporting them; authors state what women did not say, rather than what they did (counterfactual prosōpopoeia). This chapter studies homilies on the so-called Maccabean martyrs, the forty martyrs of Sebaste, and some examples of philosophical women speaking in private.
Talking Bodies
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

This chapter engages with research which suggests that Christian sermons on the poor objectify them. It shows, first, that Christian authors did make the connection between eloquence and fine words. By examining the use of the techniques of ekphrasis and prosopopoeia to describe poor people, it shows that they were often described as silent/incoherent and with disordered bodies. However, these techniques also show poor people as communicating with their bodies: they supplicate, appear as witnesses, or as a tragic chorus. They thus are depicted as having a limited agency, to which the audience is bidden to respond. The use of plot, character, and shifting perspectives on poor people also reinforces this sense of them as characters on stage. Christians were however aware of the dangers of presenting poor people as performers: instead of provoking a compassionate reaction, might it create a moral distance between audience and the poor?
Conclusions
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: August 2020

The model of craft and the craft workshop illuminates Christian authors’ literary activity, in particular their use of ekphrasis and prosōpopoeia. Their use of these techniques shows they emulate a literary craft tradition but adapt and experiment within it. They use these techniques to provoke an active response from their audience. These texts are intended to be useful as well as beautiful. They are creating a truly rhetorical and persuasive art in some ways similar to that set out in Plato’s Republic: grounded on knowledge, learning by experience and aimed at a good end. However, their conception of the good is defined in terms of Christian doctrine and they emphasize the importance of the fact that their craft is productive: it generates texts. Finally, this craft of words puts a great deal of weight on human experience: this is due to the importance of the doctrines of the incarnation and creation.
The Etymological Poetry of W. H. Auden, J. H. Prynne, and Paul Muldoon
Authors: Gaudern Mia
Published: August 2020

This book defines, analyses, and theorises a late modern ‘etymological poetry’ that is alive to the past lives of its words, and probes the possible significance of them both explicitly and implicitly. Close readings of poetry and criticism by Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon investigate the implications of their etymological perspectives for the way their language establishes relationships between people, and between people and the world. These twin functions of communication and representation are shown to be central to the critical reception of etymological poetry, which is a category of ‘difficult’ poetry. However resonant poetic etymologising may be, critics warn that it shows the poet’s natural interest in language degenerating into an unhealthy obsession with the dictionary. It is unavoidably pedantic, in the post-Saussurean era, to entertain the idea that a word’s history might have any relevance to its current use. As such, etymological poetry elicits the closest of close readings, thus encouraging readers to reflect not only on its own pedantry, obscurity, and virtuosity, but also on how these qualities function in criticism. As well as presenting a new way of reading three very different late modern poet-critics, this book addresses an understudied aspect of the relationship between poetry and criticism. Its findings are situated in the context of literary debates about difficulty and diction, and in larger cultural conversations about the workings of language as a historical event.
Conscience and Satire in A Play of Love
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that the fall of Wolsey and the promotion of More to the chancellorship also inform Heywood’s next major dramatic work, A Play of Love. Evidently designed for performance either at Lincoln’s Inn or on Rastell’s household stage, the play offers a parodic legal moot on the question of happiness and unhappiness in love. But it also offers sharp satire of the judicial methods allegedly characteristic of Wolsey’s conduct in the courts of Chancery and Star Chamber, and offers sober counsel to More as he prepared to take on the responsibility of presiding over the ‘courts of conscience’ in Wolsey’s stead.
Bellicose Verse
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

The final poem that Heywood published during the reign of Mary Tudor, and perhaps the last new poetic work he would publish in his lifetime, was a rather more overtly loyalist and patriotic work, the Brief Ballet [Ballad] touching the Traitorous Taking of Scarborough Castle, printed by Thomas Powell in 1557 and known as ‘Scarborough Warning’. This chapter examines this little-known ballad, which condemns the brief, treasonable seizure of Scarborough Castle by Thomas Stafford and a group of English exiles with French support. It sets the poem’s agenda in the complex circumstances of Anglo-French diplomacy in the later Marian years, and demonstrates how it contributed to the campaign to persuade the privy council and City of London to support Queen Mary’s intention to declare war on France in support of her husband, Philip II.
‘At this my extreme age’
Authors: Walker Greg
Published: August 2020

Heywood’s last years in exile in the Netherlands are the subject of this penultimate chapter. It looks at his encounter in Mechelen with the English agent (and fellow author) Thomas Wilson, and the plaintive letters that he wrote to Lord Burghley in its aftermath. It traces Heywood’s struggles for financial security after the confiscation of his lands and revenues following his flight into exile, and charts his harrowing experiences during the religious upheavals in Antwerp where he had sought safe haven with his son Ellis in the house of the Jesuits. His final escape to Louvain and the deaths of Ellis and Heywood himself within months of each other in 1578 bring the story of the playwright’s life to an end. ‘Merry’ to the last, Heywood reputedly jested on his deathbed, once more evoking the example of More, who had gone to the scaffold jesting with his captors.
International Law and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Ryngaert Cedric
Published: August 2020

This chapter sets the stage by discussing realist and idealist approaches to international law. The author introduces the concepts of moral cosmopolitanism and ‘global justice’, and sets out how these concepts can influence norms of international law. The author goes on to formulate the guiding research question for the monograph, namely whether the international legal system can accommodate the exercise of ‘selfless’ unilateral jurisdiction, and whether there are indications in practice that such jurisdiction is indeed exercised. The author highlights in particular how the exercise of such jurisdiction raises concerns over extraterritoriality. The chapter ends with a discussion of the methodology used and an overview of the structure of the monograph.
The Politics of Susceptibility
Authors: Jakimow Tanya
Published: August 2020

In encounters with so-called beneficiaries or other members of the public, ‘development agents’ are susceptible to being affected in ways that may derail, modify, or threaten their ‘sense of self’. This susceptibility is in direct relation to the capacity of others to engender affects, feelings, and emotions in development agents: an overlooked form of power. Drawing upon theories of affect and emotion, this chapter introduces the critical concept of susceptibility to rethink power configurations in development. It proposes a new analytical framework—the capacity/susceptibility to affect/be affected—to enable new readings of power relations and their consequences for development. The chapter also serves as an introduction to outline the central arguments of the book.
Renormalization Theory and Effective Field Theories
Authors: Neubert Matthias
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 features lectures that review the formalism of renormalization in quantum field theories with special regard to effective quantum field theories. While renormalization theory is part of every advanced course on quantum field theory, for effective theories some more advanced topics become particularly important. These topics include the renormalization of composite operators, operator mixing under scale evolution, and the resummation of large logarithms of scale ratios. The lectures from this course thus set the basis for any systematic study of the techniques and applications of effective field theories and offer an introduction for the reader to the content within this book.
Effective Field Theory of Large-Scale Structure
Authors: Baldauf Tobias
Published: August 2020

The lectures featured in this chapter review the observables relevant to the large-scale structure (LSS) of our Universe. The chapter introduces an effective field theory (EFT) that allows us to analytically describe the growth of fluctuations into the non-linear era, with uncertainties better controlled than in classical linear perturbation theory. Topics covered in the chapter include random fields in three-dimensional space, Fourier space conventions, the shape of the matter power spectrum, Gaussian random fields, estimators and cosmic variance, dynamics in the Newtonian regime, a perturbative solution of the fluid equations, the EFT approach, the Lagrangian perturbation theory, biased tracers, and redshift space distortions.
Heavy Quark Effective Theory: A Predictive EFT on the Lattice
Authors: Sommer Rainer
Published: August 2020

The lattice formulation is a complete and unambiguous formulation of QCD. In principle it thus needs no tools beyond efficient Monte Carlo techniques. In practice various limits have to be taken where large-scale ratios occur. It is then advantageous to make use of effective field theories (EFTs). This chapter discusses the case of HQET, where the EFT itself is non-perturbative. It goes on to explain that retaining the full predictivity of QCD then requires to non-perturbatively formulate the theory and its matching to QCD, and to perform both steps by Monte Carlo simulations. Finally, it emphasizes conceptual points that appear when an EFT is treated beyond perturbation theory.
Does Friendship Exert Pressure on Belief?
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

It has been alleged that we should be epistemically partial to our friends, that is, that there are cases in which the demands of friendship would require one to give a friend the benefit of the doubt, and thereby come to believe something in violation of ordinary epistemic standards on justified or responsible belief. The burden of this chapter is to argue against this idea. It argues that the impression of epistemic partiality in friendship dissipates once we acknowledge the sorts of practical and epistemic reasons that are generated by our values: value-reflecting reasons. Unlike other proposals seeking to resist the arguments for epistemic partiality, the present proposal has the virtue of remaining neutral with respect to two controversial epistemic doctrines (Uniqueness and Pragmatic Encroachment); and it has the further virtue of being able to offer a unified account of the various forms of normative pressure in play when we consider information regarding a friend or loved one.
The Social Epistemology of Public Uptake
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

Others’ public reactions to a mutually observed assertion are a significance source of evidence: the fact that our trusted fellows have accepted an assertion can provide us with additional (higher-order) evidence of the acceptability of the assertion. This chapter argues that this familiar phenomenon has implications that are much more far-reaching than has heretofore been recognized. Some of the news is good: the uptake of public uptake underwrites something in the vicinity of a kind of legitimate epistemic bootstrapping, in that there can be cases in which one’s own epistemic position with respect to a proposition improves on observing that others have accepted one’s assertion of that proposition. But other news is not good: some of the very same features that give rise to the possibility of legitimate epistemic bootstrapping also explain several unhappy aspects of our group life as epistemic subjects, such as groupthink and group polarization.
Conclusion
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C.
Published: August 2020

This chapter draws together the various lessons in the previous chapters. It concludes that speech exchanges exhibit two fundamental sorts of normativity—epistemic and interpersonal—and that the relationship between them is more complicated than has heretofore been appreciated.
Verbs
Authors: Graham Florence Lydia
Published: August 2020

This chapter addresses the verbal morphology of turkisms in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Bosnian and Bulgarian and where the verb falls in borrowing hierarchies. Verbal prefixes and Aktionsarten are discussed in detail for Bosnian and, to a limited extent, for Bulgarian. The chapter also looks at whether Turkish voice (diathetical) suffixes (causative, passive, reciprocal) were transparent to eighteenth-century Bulgarians.
Plumes Agonistes
Authors: Shaheen Aaron
Published: August 2020

The chapter assesses the Great War rehabilitation program’s effectiveness by focusing on screenwriter-novelist Laurence Stallings, whose 1924 novel Plumes is a semi-autobiographical account of his treatment for a leg wound. Initially protagonist Richard Plume refuses amputation, choosing instead a bone graft that requires a painful brace. The brace assumes a liminal prosthetic identity that reflects Richard’s own confused sense of resolve: he both refuses amputation and the support of family back home because he is afraid that accepting both would, as the pages of Carry On had warned a few years earlier, allow his prosthesis to overshadow his personality. The pain-inducing brace itself takes on a malevolent spirit, which sours Richard’s personality and threatens his relationship with his family. Only after amputation and committing to a prosthesis does Richard receive the spiritual rejuvenation that Stallings otherwise depicts in his 1925 silent film The Big Parade, directed by King Vidor.
A Return to the Face
Authors: Shaheen Aaron
Published: August 2020

The chapter assesses the American sculptor Anna Coleman Ladd, who crafted prosthetic masks for facially mutilated soldiers in Paris. Rejecting the distinction between ornamental and functional prosthetics, Ladd regarded the face, be it of flesh or of galvanized copper, as a conduit for a person’s personality or spirit. This belief offered a stark contrast to the facial representations of surrealists like André Breton, who worked at the same hospital that supplied most of Ladd’s clients. Relying on vitalist principles similar to Henri Bergson’s élan vital, she therefore created the masks to give mutilated soldiers, many of whom suffered shell shock, the emotional confidence to reconnect with their past lives and to see themselves as active participants in the postwar world—finding employment, marrying, and even conceiving and raising children. Ladd’s efforts in Paris were similar to America’s rehabilitation program, which at the same time was being promoted in Carry On.
Epilogue
Authors: Shaheen Aaron
Published: August 2020

The epilogue analyzes Johnny Got His Gun, Dalton Trumbo’s 1939 novel about a soldier who is so pulverized in World War I that he is more machine than man—and yet largely beyond the reach of prosthetic improvement. Like Dadists such as Raoul Hausmann, the novel rebukes the meliorist myth that as long as a disabled soldier has a functioning brain and a firm will, he can use prosthetics to live a life of spiritual and material purpose. As one whose corporeality has been reduced to little more than a brain, Joe Bonham anticipates a complete paradigm shift in which the very notion of the human soul gives way to cybernetics. Published at a time when mechanized warfare had paved the way for nuclear annihilation, Johnny Got His Gun shows that Bergson’s hope for the spiritualization of matter had collapsed at last into the mechanization of spirit.
Magnetism and Practical Terms
Authors: Dunaway Billy
Published: August 2020

Reference magnetism is an appealing meta-semantic theory for moral realists, since it applies to properties that are metaphysically elite, and the idea that moral properties are among the elite properties is an attractive one for realists. They can also appeal to it to explain both the scope and limits of the stability of moral terms. Moral terms are highly stable, because users of moral language who don’t apply their word ‘right’ to moral rightness will still refer to it, rather than non-elite properties that fit their use better. However, this does not imply that all users of moral language refer to moral rightness. If there are other morally relevant properties besides rightness that are also primitively elite, then it is possible for some users to refer to these. Realists can use reference magnetism to explain why moral terms are highly stable, without committing themselves to the Universal Disagreement thesis. These insights can also be implemented within a contextualist semantics for practical language.
Knowledge, Eliteness, and Alternative Theories
Authors: Dunaway Billy
Published: August 2020

This chapter argues that we should expect that there are multiple highly elite, morally relevant properties. This follows from an epistemological thesis about how we can know that a property is elite. The thesis is that the elite properties are those that feature in the generalizations of true theories. Since ethical theorizing involves theorizing not only about what is morally right, but also about what the best way for the world to be is, and what the best principles for limited agents to reason with are, we should expect that there are multiple joints in moral reality. This claim underwrites the metaphysical thesis about eliteness that the realist needs to explain stability without committing to the Universal Disagreement thesis. Moreover, if knowledge of elite properties requires true belief about them with absence of epistemic risk, such knowledge is possible even if we (or some possible community) are not capable of arriving at the relevant true beliefs.
Speculative Fictions
Authors: Hewitt Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

Placing Alexander Hamilton at the center of American literary history, Speculative Fictions recasts the bitter partisan feud over Hamilton’s fiscal policies of the early 1790s as a literary debate about how best to explain the movement of global capital. Offering literary analyses of Hamilton’s major reports, the book describes how Hamilton’s unique narrative form replicates what he also argues is the plot structure of a modern capitalist and financial economy: a tapestry of interdependent, dispersed, and contingent relationships forged by long supply chains. Although we are well-versed in the implications of Hamilton’s financial policies, we have been trained to read the economic world according to a very different explanatory method that emphasizes synthesis and ahistorical abstraction. This is the method of Thomas Jefferson, developed from his study of the early school of liberal economic science, physiocracy, and from the pastoral poetic tradition. The book posits that economic and imaginative writing has historically explained how the economy works using this simple narrative structure that plots its stories around the individual subject, homo economicus. Speculative Fictions proposes that other genres in the late eighteenth century provide very different literary forms to describe the complexities of the modern economy, including periodical essays and Black Atlantic autobiographies. Like Hamilton’s own writing about the economy, these genres showcase how any single economic exchange reverberates across time and place, requiring the author to speculate on a multiplex of speculative fictions.
Prime Minister
Authors: Brazier Rodney
Published: August 2020

In this chapter the various ways that a politician has become and can become Prime Minister solely through the actions of his or her party are analysed. A candidate for the premiership might be a clear heir apparent but bad luck or misjudgement by a premier might cause a party to choose someone else. A bad political blunder (such as David Cameron’s EU referendum that cost him the premiership) might open the door to a new leader, or there might be a party coup which ousts one Prime Minister and installs another (as, e.g. with Margaret Thatcher, or over a long period with Theresa May). The question of whether such a successor must seek an early General Election is explored. The rare instances of MPs supporting the formation of an emergency coalition, without an election, are analysed.
Meaning, Understanding, and Interpretive Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: August 2020

Interpretive authenticity now takes centre stage. A performance of a work is interpretively authentic to the extent that it evinces understanding of the work that is insightful, profound, far-reaching, and so on. This chapter starts by outlining some of interpretive authenticity’s key features, before discharging a substantial obligation that a commitment to it incurs: in short, an obligation to say what it is for pure instrumental music to have meaning (since the meaning of such a work is simply what is there to be understood in it). Responding to Kivy’s well-known scepticism on this score, musical meaning is introduced and characterized in detail, the central thesis being that understanding a musical work lies in appreciating its point: why it unfolds in the way it does. In the course of describing further features of musical meaning, a useful analogy is proposed between understanding a piece of music and understanding a person.
The Normative Profile of Interpretive Authenticity
Authors: Dodd Julian
Published: August 2020

The book’s final chapter focuses squarely on interpretive authenticity’s place in our practice of work performance. It is pointed out, first, that interpretive authenticity is a performance value and, second, that, no less than score compliance, it is valued for its own sake. Crucially, however, it is argued, in addition, that interpretive authenticity is the practice of work performance’s most fundamental value. This is because interpretive authenticity, and not score compliance authenticity, is the practice’s constitutive norm: that is, it belongs to the nature of the activity of performing works of Western classical music that performances both ought to maximize, and are trying to maximize, interpretive authenticity. The chapter gives examples in which the norms of interpretive authenticity and score compliance authenticity conflict with each other. It follows from the proposed account of the practice’s normative profile that such conflict should be resolved by sacrificing textual fidelity for the sake of increasing a performance’s interpretive authenticity.
Quasi-Dependence
Authors: Berker Selim
Published: August 2020

Quasi-realists aim to account for many of the trappings of metanormative realism within an expressivist framework. Chief among these is the realist way of responding to the Euthyphro dilemma: quasi-realists want to join realists in being able to say, “It’s not the case that kicking dogs is wrong because we disapprove of it. Rather, we disapprove of kicking dogs because it’s wrong.” However, the standard quasi-realist way of explaining what we are up to when we assert the first of these two sentences rests on a mistaken identification of metaphysical dependence (or grounding) with counterfactual covariation. This chapter proposes a better way for expressivists to understand such sentences, on which they serve to express complex states of mind in which an attitude bears a relation of psychological dependence (or basing) to another state of mind. It is argued that this proposal is a natural, versatile, and fruitful approach for expressivists to take that helps them secure the first half of the Euthyphro contrast—but at the cost of making it difficult to see how expressivists can make sense of that contrast’s second half.