bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SMAF, RAI und ICF – Pflegeassessmentinstrumente für den extramuralen Bereich
Authors: Rappold Elisabeth
Published: August 2007

In diesem Artikel wird die im Auftrag des Dachverbands Wiener Sozialeinrichtungen, durchgeführte Analyse von ausgewählten Assessmentinstrumenten für die Hauskrankenpflege beschrieben. Standardisiertes Vorgehen zur Erhebung der Pflegebedürftigkeit gewinnt in der Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege an Bedeutung. Zahlreiche Assessmentinstrumente bieten dafür einen Rahmen. Für den Auftraggeber waren das SMAF (le Système de Mesure de l’Autonomie Fonctionnelle), das RAI HC 2.0 (Resident Assessment Instrument – Home Care) und die ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) von besonderem Interesse und wurden analysiert. Besonderes Augenmerk wurde auf die grundlegenden Bestandteile der Instrumente, die Erfahrungen mit der praktischen Anwendung sowie auf wissenschaftliche Befunde gelegt. Das Resultat dieser Arbeit zeigt, dass die Verbreitung im deutschsprachigen Raum sowie die wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen unterschiedlich weit fortgeschritten sind und noch ein breites Betätigungsfeld bieten.
CosmoCalc: An Excel add‐in for cosmogenic nuclide calculations
Authors: Vermeesch Pieter
Published: August 2007

As dating methods using Terrestrial Cosmogenic Nuclides (TCN) become more popular, the need arises for a general‐purpose and easy‐to‐use data reduction software. The CosmoCalc Excel add‐in calculates TCN production rate scaling factors (using Lal, Stone, Dunai, and Desilets methods); topographic, snow, and self‐shielding factors; and exposure ages, erosion rates, and burial ages and visualizes the results on banana‐style plots. It uses an internally consistent TCN production equation that is based on the quadruple exponential approach of Granger and Smith (2000). CosmoCalc was designed to be as user‐friendly as possible. Although the user interface is extremely simple, the program is also very flexible, and nearly all default parameter values can be changed. To facilitate the comparison of different scaling factors, a set of converter tools is provided, allowing the user to easily convert cut‐off rigidities to magnetic inclinations, elevations to atmospheric depths, and so forth. Because it is important to use a consistent set of scaling factors for the sample measurements and the production rate calibration sites, CosmoCalc defines the production rates implicitly, as a function of the original TCN concentrations of the calibration site. The program is best suited for 10Be, 26Al, 3He, and 21Ne calculations, although basic functionality for 36Cl and 14C is also provided. CosmoCalc can be downloaded along with a set of test data from http://cosmocalc.googlepages.com.
Waves on the dusk flank boundary layer during very northward interplanetary magnetic field conditions: Observations and simulation
Authors: Fairfield D. H. , Kuznetsova M. M. , Mukai T. , Nagai T. , Gombosi T. I. , Ridley A. J.
Published: August 2007

The Geotail spacecraft made an inbound passage perpendicular to the dusk equatorial magnetopause on 1 August 1998 when the interplanetary magnetic field had been very northward for more than 10 hours. As the spacecraft moved through the low‐latitude boundary layer, it detected waves with ∼3 min period that caused transitions between cool dense magnetosheath plasma and mixed magnetosheath and magnetosphere plasmas. A region of highly fluctuating magnetic fields with variations up to 50 nT/s was observed on leaving the magnetosheath plasma but not on its return to this region. This observation suggests that the boundary region is not laminar but more likely consists of Kelvin‐Helmholtz vortices. Such fluctuations are probably caused by twisting of the field by the vortices, and they could be important in transporting plasma to the magnetosphere where densities of 5/cc were observed. A global MHD simulation of the event reproduced the observed low‐frequency waves, their counterclockwise polarization, and a region of high‐velocity magnetosheath flow outside the magnetopause. This flow was associated with a decreased density and increased field strength which are characteristics of a plasma depletion layer. When Geotail moved further inward into the magnetosphere, it detected waves that are probably the magnetotail vortices which had been detected earlier by the ISEE spacecraft.
Defining the threshold wind velocity for moistened sediments
Authors: Dong Zhibao , Mu Qingsong , Liu Xiaopiu
Published: August 2007

The moisture of surface sediments is one of the most significant factors governing the initiation of particle movement by the wind and hence the aeolian transport rate. This paper develops an equation for the threshold shear velocity of moistened sediments based more soundly on physics by means of the moment balance method, taking account of the interparticle cohesive forces produced by moisture. The equation relates threshold shear velocity directly to moisture content and contains three simple coefficients that need be determined from experiments. The threshold equation for moistened sediments basically follows Bagnold's threshold equation for loose, dry sediments but with a proportionality coefficient that accounts for the effect of moisture. Previously published data on the threshold shear velocities of moistened sediments from wind tunnel tests are used to determine the coefficients contained in the threshold equation, and it proves that the new equation describes the threshold velocities of moistened sediments reasonably well. Comparing the threshold shear velocity predicted using the new equation with the results of Belly's and Hotta et al.'s empirical equations reveals that the predicted results differed greatly. These differences can be attributed to differences in the definition of threshold velocity and moisture content in the physical and chemical properties of the sediment samples and in the experimental methods. Further theoretical and experimental investigation is required to fully understand the effects of sediment moisture content on threshold wind velocity. We also suggest that methodological improvement itself is also a topic of future research.
Interannual variability in timing of bloom initiation in the California Current System
Authors: Henson Stephanie A. , Thomas Andrew C.
Published: August 2007

In the California Current System the spring transition from poleward to equatorward alongshore wind stress heralds the beginning of upwelling‐favorable conditions. The phytoplankton response to this transition is investigated using 8 years (1998–2005) of daily, 4‐km resolution, Sea‐viewing Wide Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) chlorophyll a concentration data. Cluster analysis of the chlorophyll a time series at each location is used to separate the inshore upwelling region from offshore and oligotrophic areas. An objective method for estimating the timing of bloom initiation is used to construct a map of the mean bloom start date. Interannual variability in bloom timing and magnitude is investigated in four regions: 45°N–50°N, 40°N–45°N, 35°N–40°N and 20°N–35°N. Daily satellite derived wind data (QuikSCAT) allow the timing of the first episode of persistently upwelling favorable winds to be estimated. Bloom initiation generally coincides with the onset of upwelling winds (±15 days). South of ∼35°N, where winds are southward year‐round, the timing of increased chlorophyll concentration corresponds closely to timing of the seasonal increase in upwelling intensity. A 1‐D model and satellite derived photosynthetically available radiation data are used to estimate time series of depth‐averaged irradiance. In the far north of the region (>46°N) light is shown to limit phytoplankton growth in early spring. In 2005 the spring bloom in the northern regions (>35°N) had a “false start”. A sharp increase in chl a in February quickly receded, and a sustained increase in biomass was delayed until July. We hypothesize that this resulted in a mismatch in timing of food availability to higher trophic levels.
Lineated valley fill and lobate debris apron stratigraphy in Nilosyrtis Mensae, Mars: Evidence for phases of glacial modification of the dichotomy boundary
Authors: Levy Joseph S. , Head James W. , Marchant David R.
Published: August 2007

The Nilosyrtis Mensae region is important among dichotomy boundary fretted terrain outcrops, as it provides evidence of overprinting of ancient landscapes by a suite of glacial features, providing a composite view of the variety of midlatitude glacial modification processes that can occur during recent Martian ice ages. On the basis of a series of criteria developed for the identification of a glacial origin for lineated valley fill and lobate debris aprons, we interpret stratigraphic, topographic, and textural relationships between lineated valley fill and lobate debris apron morphological units as evidence of local and regional glacial overprinting of the landscape during the recent Amazonian. We document (1) stratigraphic relationships between lineated valley fill subunits, including the presence of apparently superposed and small‐scale lobate features, (2) the regional integration and flow of lineated valley fill material, (3) lineated valley fill degradation, and (4) the nature and stratigraphic position of lobate debris aprons. These observations suggest multiple phases or episodes of midlatitude valley glacier activity. These observations, together with those of surface units elsewhere in northern Arabia Terra interpreted as glacially modified landforms, suggest the possibility of midlatitude glacial deposits extending over broad portions of the Martian dichotomy boundary within the past several hundred million years.
Formation of fluvial hanging valleys: Theory and simulation
Authors: Crosby Benjamin T. , Whipple Kelin X. , Gasparini Nicole M. , Wobus Cameron W.
Published: August 2007

Although only recently recognized, hanging tributary valleys in unglaciated, tectonically active landscapes are surprisingly common. Stream power–based river incision models do not provide a viable mechanism for the formation of fluvial hanging valleys. Thus these disequilibrium landforms present an opportunity to advance our understanding of river incision processes. In this work, we demonstrate that thresholds apparent in sediment flux–dependent bedrock incision rules provide mechanisms for the formation of hanging valleys in response to transient pulses of river incision. We simplify recently published river incision models in order to derive analytical solutions for the conditions required for hanging valley formation and use these results to guide numerical landscape evolution simulations. Analytical and numerical results demonstrate that during the response to base level fall, sediment flux–dependent incision rules may create either temporary or permanent hanging valleys. These hanging valleys form as a consequence of (1) rapid main stem incision oversteepening tributary junctions beyond some threshold slope or (2) low tributary sediment flux response during the pulse of main stem incision, thus limiting the tributary's capacity to keep pace with main stem incision. The distribution of permanent and temporary hanging valleys results from four competing factors: the magnitude of base level fall, the upstream attenuation of the incision signal, the lag time of the sediment flux response, and the nonsystematic variation in tributary drainage areas within the stream network. The development of hanging valleys in landscapes governed by sediment flux–dependent incision rules limits the transmission of base level fall signals through the channel network, ultimately increasing basin response time.
Effect of gender on sap‐flux‐scaled transpiration in a dominant riparian tree species: Box elder (Acer negundo)
Authors: Hultine K. R. , Bush S. E. , West A. G. , Ehleringer J. R.
Published: August 2007

Acer negundo is a dioecious riparian tree species with a spatial segregation of the sexes along soil moisture gradients. Females are typically more common in wet sites along streams (typically F/M ≈ 1.6), whereas males are more common in drier sites away from streams (typically F/M ≈ 0.6). Spatial segregation between sexes may develop because of the higher reproductive cost in females compared to males. If so, female Acer negundo trees would be under stronger selection to maximize resource uptake, and would therefore likely occur at greater frequencies in high resources sites (i.e., along streamsides), and increase rates of resource acquisition (i.e., water and nutrients). The spatial segregation of the sexes leads to the hypothesis that male and female individuals have varying influence on ecosystem evapotranspiration. To address this, stem sap flux was measured on mature streamside (≤1 m from stream channel) and nonstreamside (>1 m from stream channel) male and female Acer negundo trees occurring in Red Butte Canyon near Salt Lake City, Utah, during the 2004 growing season. Despite having similar predawn and midday water potentials, sap flux density was 76% higher in streamside female trees than in males (P < 0.0001), while sap flux density was 19% greater in nonstreamside female trees compared to males (P < 0.0001). Mean daily sap flux density of all A. negundo populations was highly correlated with mean daily vapor pressure deficit (P < 0.0001), and was moderately correlated with mean daily photosynthetic active radiation (P = 0.0263). At the watershed scale, nonstreamside male and female A. negundo trees contributed 20 and 21% respectively to the estimated 1.7 mm d−1 transpiration flux from dominant riparian vegetation away from streamsides (estimated from scaled sap flux measurements of all dominant riparian tree species in Red Butte Canyon). Male and female A. negundo trees contributed 31 and 46% respectively of the estimated 8.0 mm d−1 transpiration flux from dominant riparian vegetation adjacent to the stream channel. Results from this investigation show that the population structure of dioecious riparian trees has direct consequences on ecosystem ET, particularly along stream margins. Shifts in population structure therefore, may have profound impacts on several ecohydrological processes including stream discharge, biogeochemical cycling, and ecosystem productivity.
Crustal structure of the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) segment (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, 26°10′N): Implications for the nature of hydrothermal circulation and detachment faulting at slow spreading ridges
Authors: Canales J. Pablo , Sohn Robert A. , deMartin Brian J.
Published: August 2007

New seismic refraction data reveal that hydrothermal circulation at the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) hydrothermal field on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 26°10′N is not driven by energy extracted from shallow or mid‐crustal magmatic intrusions. Our results show that the TAG hydrothermal field is underlain by rocks with high seismic velocities typical of lower crustal gabbros and partially serpentinized peridotites at depth as shallow as 1 km, and we find no evidence for low seismic velocities associated with mid‐crustal magma chambers. Our tomographic images support the hypothesis of Tivey et al. (2003) that the TAG field is located on the hanging wall of a detachment fault, and constrain the complex, dome‐shaped subsurface geometry of the fault system. Modeling of our seismic velocity profiles indicates that the porosity of the detachment footwall increases after rotation during exhumation, which may enhance footwall cooling. However, heat extracted from the footwall is insufficient for sustaining long‐term, high‐temperature, hydrothermal circulation at TAG. These constraints indicate that the primary heat source for the TAG hydrothermal system must be a deep magma reservoir at or below the base of the crust.
Cloud and radiation budget changes associated with tropical intraseasonal oscillations
Authors: Spencer Roy W. , Braswell William D. , Christy John R. , Hnilo Justin
Published: August 2007

We explore the daily evolution of tropical intraseasonal oscillations in satellite‐observed tropospheric temperature, precipitation, radiative fluxes, and cloud properties. The warm/rainy phase of a composited average of fifteen oscillations is accompanied by a net reduction in radiative input into the ocean‐atmosphere system, with longwave heating anomalies transitioning to longwave cooling during the rainy phase. The increase in longwave cooling is traced to decreasing coverage by ice clouds, potentially supporting Lindzen's “infrared iris” hypothesis of climate stabilization. These observations should be considered in the testing of cloud parameterizations in climate models, which remain sources of substantial uncertainty in global warming prediction.
Double jeopardy: Concurrent arrival of the 2004 Sumatra tsunami and storm‐generated waves on the Atlantic coast of the United States and Canada
Authors: Thomson Richard E. , Rabinovich Alexander B. , Krassovski Maxim V.
Published: August 2007

A detailed analysis of over one hundred tide gauge records from the Atlantic coast of North America reveals that the arrival of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsunami on this coast coincided with the presence of tsunami‐like waves being generated by a major storm tracking northward along the eastern seaboard of the United States. According to the tide gauge records, waves from the two events coalesced along the shores of Maine and Nova Scotia on 27 December where they produced damaging waves with heights in excess of 1 m. Tsunami waves were identified in almost all outer tide gauges from Florida to Nova Scotia with maximum tsunami heights for the northern regions estimated to be 32–39 cm. In the south, maximum tsunami wave heights were in the range of 15 to 33 cm.
Global observations of large oceanic eddies
Authors: Chelton Dudley B. , Schlax Michael G. , Samelson Roger M. , de Szoeke Roland A.
Published: August 2007

Ten years of sea‐surface height (SSH) fields constructed from the merged TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and ERS‐1/2 altimeter datasets are analyzed to investigate mesoscale variability in the global ocean. The higher resolution of the merged dataset reveals that more than 50% of the variability over much of the World Ocean is accounted for by eddies with amplitudes of 5–25 cm and diameters of 100–200 km. These eddies propagate nearly due west at approximately the phase speed of nondispersive baroclinic Rossby waves with preferences for slight poleward and equatorward deflection of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, respectively. The vast majority of the eddies are found to be nonlinear.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TROPHOZOITES OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA AND CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Authors: Chugh S , Saxena A , Vinayak VK
Published: August 2007

The infraction between Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites and cells of the immune system was studied in vitro. Both immune as well as non‐immune mononuclear cells (MNC) to some extent were capable of exerting a cytotoxic effect on E histolytica trophozoites. Incorporation of immune serum directed against the trophozoites in the reaction mixture resulted in a marked increase in the killing capacity of MNC. Highest killing was observed (96·7 ± 1·04%) with MNC obtained from animals immunized with fraction‐1(F‐1) of the crude amoebic extract in association with anti‐F‐1 serum. This cytotoxic event was found to be independent of complement involvement and required very low antibody concentrations. This antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity against E. histolytica in vitro was found to correlate well with the results of experiments reported earlier by us and others where a high degree of protection has been shown alter vaccination of animals with F‐1 followed by challenge with highly virulent strains of E. histolytica.
EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION WITH MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS. PIGS, CATTLE, SHEEP, DOGS, RABBITS, MACROPODS AND CHICKENS
Authors: Kay BH , Young PL , Hall RA , Fanning ID
Published: August 2007

A tool of 142 young animals including 10 domestic and 14 feral pigs, 12 Hereford calves, 12 crossbred and 24 Merino lambs, 11 dogs, 8 domestic and 16 feral rabbits, 14 Grey kangaroos, 9 Agile wallabies and 12 chickens was exposed to infection with 4 strains of Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVE), mainly using orally infected Culex annulirostris mosquitoes. In terms of their viraemic response, the animals were grouped into high (Grey kangaroos, rabbits), moderate (pigs, dogs, chickens) and low (calves, lambs, Agile wallabies). Recipient Cx annulirostris induced to bite these animals 1–7 d post‐inoculation exhibited infection rates up to 95% but usually were much lower. Some animals in which virus was not detected by intracerebral inoculation of suckling mice were capable of infecting up to 5% Cx annulirostris. Haemagglutination‐inhibiting antibody (HI) was of high titre and persistent in rabbits und Grey kangaroos but moderated in others, e.g., cattle, sheep, Agile wallabies to be transient and of low titre. Cattle and Merino lambs were often completely non‐responsive. This study increases the range of vertebrates that could be considered as maintenance or amplifying hosts of MVE and, on the basis of their HI antibody responses, evaluates them as potential sentinels of infection in Australia.
REVERSIBLE NUTRITIONAL MYOPATHY WITH MYOTONIA IN THE PROTEIN‐DEFICIENT RAT GIVEN METHIONINE
Authors: Cummins AG , Duncombe VM , Bolin TD , Davis AE
Published: August 2007

Rats fed a protein‐deficient synthetic diet developed hind limb weakness caused by a myopathy with myotonic features on electromyography. Deficiency of vitamin E and selenium, known causes of nutritional myopathy, were excluded Methionine supplementation of the diet reversed the clinical signs of weakness within 12 h.
CANNULATION OF THE CISTERNA MAGNA IN SHEEP: A METHOD FOR CHRONIC STUDIES OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Authors: Falconer J , Owens PC , Smith R
Published: August 2007

A method of cannulating the cisterns magna of sheep is described. Successful cancellations were achieved in 15 of 17 attempts (88%). Mean cannula patency was 13‐9 days (range 7‐20). Using these cannulas, it possible to obtain samples of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in large volumes (4‐8 ml) and remove 20‐30 ml of CSF over a 5 h period This technique allows access to the CSF of an animal large enough for the removal of samples of CSF of sufficient size to detect materials present at very low concentrations.
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO ANALYSES OF THE IMMUNO‐GENICITY OF B16 MELANOMA CELLS
Authors: Heath William , Boyle William
Published: August 2007

In vitro grown B16, an H‐2b melanoma cell line, was found to kill B10 (H‐2b), B10.BR. (H‐2k), CBA (H‐2k), and BALB/c (H‐2d) but not B10.D2 (H‐2d) mice, BALB/c mice could be protected against a lethal dose of B16 by co‐administration of H‐2b spleen or peritoneal exudate cells, suggesting B16 was susceptible to an immune response but unable to induce it. However, evidence for the immunogenicity of B16 tumour in vivo was shown in two ways—(i) by immunization with irradiated B16 before lethal tumour challenge, and (ii) by demonstration of specific immunity in BALB/c mice which survived a low dose of viable B16 tumour. The resistance of most B10.D2 mice to doses of B16 tumour which were lethal to four other strains of mice was also compatible with the immunogenicity of B16 in vivo.

By contrast, B16 was unable to induce a primary Tc‐cell response in vitro but was able to induce a secondary response.

The significance of these results for theories of T cell immunity to foreign tissue and for improving immunogenicity of tumours is discussed.
MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTION SUPPRESSION BY TUMOUR CELL LINES FROM NATURALLY OCCURRING SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMATA
Authors: Al‐Yaman FM , Willenborg DO
Published: August 2007

Seven epithelial tumour cell lines derived from naturally occurring ovine squamous cell carcinomata (OSCC) were examined for their ability to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro. All cell lines failed to stimulate any proliferative response; a failure which was not due to the absence of alloantigens on the tumour cells. It was found, however, that the cell lines tested caused a marked suppression of a third party mixed lymphocyte reaction. This suppression was mediated only by live tumour cells since the addition of heat‐killed tumour cells had no effect on the response.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AN SA 11 ROTAVIRUS VARIANT DIFFERING IN THE OUTER CAPSID GLYCOPROTEIN
Authors: Schnagl Roger D , Tan Jin Ai
Published: August 2007

The case with which variants of rotaviruses arise has been further illustrated by the isolation of a variant of simian rotavirus SA 11 differing in the major outer capsid glycoprotein VP7. The difference in mol.wt. between VP7 of the variant (STA virus) and SA 11 virus was 3 × 103, with this polypeptide of STA virus still retaining the mannoserich carbohydrate moiety. Limited proteolytic analysis using Staphylococcus aureus V.8 protease and trypsin also showed a difference in structure between the VP7 of the two viruses. SA 11 and STA viruses differed antigenically, although they could not be considered to be different serotypes. In other properties, such as rate of growth, the two viruses appeared to be very similar. The evidence overall pointed to STA virus being a variant strain rather than a reassortant, but the appearance of such variants may prove to have important implications in rotavirus immunoprophylaxis.
GASTRIC EMPTYING AND INTESTINAL TRANSIT IN BUFO MARINUS AND THE ACTIONS OF E PROSTAGLANDINS
Authors: Taylor PM , Tyler MJ , Shearman DJC
Published: August 2007

Gastric emptying and intestinal transit have been studied in the anuran Bufo marinus using Tc99‐labelled chicken liver as the test meal. Gastric emptying was measured as the proportion of the test meal remaining in the stomach after 3 or 6 h. Intestinal transit was calculated by the geometric centre method at the same time intervals.

There was a high degree of variability in these parameters between individual animals, in both control and treated groups.

Both SC29333 (Searle), a synthetic E prostaglandin, and prostaglandin E2 given orally delayed gastric emptying.

These results complement the finding that prostaglandin E2 causes relaxation of anuran longitudinal muscle in vitro, and lend further support to the suggestion that prostaglandin E2 may be responsible for the gut stasis associated with gastric brooding in the gastric brooding frog Rheobatrachus silus.
HUMAN TUMOUR CELL LINES ESTABLISHED USING CLONAL AGAR CULTURE
Authors: Bertoncello I , Bradley TR , Webber LM , Hodgson GS , Campbell JJ
Published: August 2007

Four families of human tumour cell lines—one of uterine, and three of ovarian origin—were established at early passage level from primary biopsy specimens of terminal patients by the propagation of anchorage‐independent agar clones in liquid culture. All cell lines exhibited unique and stable characteristics and retained their ability to clone in agar. However, considerable heterogeneity was evident in clonogenic capacity, karyotype, and responsiveness to growth‐promoting substances even among progeny of single agar clones isolated from the one biopsy specimen. These cell lines will be made available for further study upon request.
ANTIBODY LEVELS IN ADOPTIVELY IMMUNIZED MICE AFTER INFECTION WITH BABESIA MICROTI OR INJECTION WITH ANTIGEN FRACTIONS
Authors: Meeusen E , Lloyd S , Soulsby EJL
Published: August 2007

Specific IgG anti‐Babesia antibodies could be detected by an ELISA test in the serum of adoptively immunized mice which subsequently were infected with Babesia microti. Initially, higher IgG antibody levels were present in the recipients of either untreated immune spleen cells or mitomycin C‐treated immune spleen cells compared with the values in control mice which received the infection alone. Subsequently, a marked anamnestic response occurred only in mice which received untreated immune spleen cells and not in the recipients of mitomycin C‐treated cells, demonstrating a requirement for proliferation of B memory cells in the anamnestic response. When mice were injected with either T or B enriched spleen cell subpopulations and infected with B. microti, the anamnestic antibody response in each animal correlated well with protection against infection. The stimulation of the adoptively transferred immune spleen cells In recipient mice by injection of B. microti antigen fractions prepared by DEAE cellulose chromatography increased the level of antibody production and protection against infection in these mice. A highly significant correlation between these two parameters could be demonstrated for certain antigen fractions.
REGULATION OF IMMUNITY AND TOLERANCE TO TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE (SIII) BY FUNCTIONALLY DISTINCT IgM ANTI‐SIII ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kearney R , Johnstone S
Published: August 2007

When BALB/c mice and athymic (nude) mice are injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with pneumococcal type III polysaccharide (SIII), their antibodies as measured by passive haemagglutination (HA) are inhibited more easily by high doses of SIII than antibody measured by passive haemolysis (HL). The HA activity, due mainly to a highly avid non‐complement‐fixing (NCF) type of IgM, was further distinguished from the HL activity (CF‐IgM, or CF‐IgM plus CF hybrid IgM/A anti‐SIII antibodies) by the failure of the NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII to bind to protein‐A of Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). High‐dose tolerance in the HL anti‐SIII antibody response of BALB/c and athymic mice was induced only in the absence of circulating NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies. The presence of NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies formed to multiple daily increasing amounts of SIII, commencing with 0·01 μg SIII, decreased the magnitude of the HL anti‐SIII response to subsequent daily increments of SIII antigen injected into BALB/c and athymic (nude) mice. Thus, the effect on the HL anti‐SIII response was independent of T‐cells. The concomitant administration of NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII rendered SIII less tolerogenic in primed mice. In contrast to the HL activity, the NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies were induced to low doses of SIII, conferred protection against viable pneumococci, but did not precipitate the soluble antigen in agar. It is proposed that immune paralysis (as defined by the failure of SIII‐injected mice to resist pneumococci challenge) is not necessarily a condition of total unresponsiveness but is due to an absence of protective NCF‐IgM anti‐SIII antibodies. Thus, immune paralysis can co‐exist with either the presence or absence of non‐protective CF‐IgM or CF‐IgM/A anti‐SIII antibodies.
AN AUTOMATED METHOD FOR LEUCOCYTE ADHERENCE INHIBITION TESTING
Authors: McLeod Deborah K , Isbister William H
Published: August 2007

The detection of anti‐tumour cell‐mediated Immunity in cancer patients by the leucocyte adherence Inhibition test was reported in 1974. The test has since been variously described as capricious, non‐reproducible and invalid. These criticisms may be related to the critical and difficult to reproduce washing procedure of the original test. In order to overcome this, an automated assay has been developed.

The apparatus devised allows replicate samples to be tested concurrently. It consists of 30 × 100 μl syringes whose barrels have been extended by nylon cones (1500 μl) and whose plungers move synchronously.

Suspensions of washed peripheral blood leucocytes with serum and tumour antigen are incubated in the syringes. Non‐adherent cells are washed from the syringes by fully withdrawing their plunders and allowing entry of 1,000 μl of saline from the cones. The effluent containing non‐adherent cells is collected and automatically counted.

A one‐way analysis of variance using a statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) programme for the syringe, wash and drainage volumes indicates that the variance between syringes is so small that sub‐division of the syringes into control and test groups is justified. The crudity of the prototype, however, results in variations between volumes aspirated on successive occasions.

Preliminary clinical studies show that 13/15 patients have a test result which correlates with their Mantoux status.
LONG‐TERM ACCEPTANCE OF FULL THICKNESS BODY SKIN GRAFTS BETWEEN BOS TAURUS‐BOS INDICUS CHIMERIC TWINS
Authors: Summers PM , Shelton JN
Published: August 2007

Body skin was grafted between Bos taurus‐Bos indicus haemopoietic chimeric calves produced by embryo transfer. Grafts of body skin from Bos taurus animals to their Bos indicus chimeric co‐twins survived For more than 2 and 1/2 years as assessed by the growth of hair from the grafts. There was no evidence of survival of the reciprocal grafts. It is suggested that depilation, dehydration and desquamation are not suitable criteria for assessment of skin grafts in cattle.
SUPPRESSION OF CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY FOLLOWING ORAL FEEDING OF MICE WITH PALMYRAH (BORASSUS FLABELLIFER L) FLOUR
Authors: Devi Shamala , Arseculeratne SN , Pathmanathan R , McKenzie IFC , Pang T
Published: August 2007

Inbred mice fed with a 40% mixture of palmyrah flour pellets showed a significantly reduced capacity to mount a delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Maximal suppression of DTH was noted after 6 days of feeding but was detectable even after 2 days. Maximal suppression occurred when flour feed was maintained into the sensitization period (with SRBC). The suppressive effect was transferable to normal mice fed with pellets ad libitum by viable spleen cells from mice fed with the 40% flour pellet mixture for a period of 2 days. Further characterization of the cells which were able to transfer suppression showed them to be T cells, some of which possess the Ly‐1 surface antigen. The cells appear to be negative for Ly‐2 surface antigen. Historically, no evidence of lesions was noted in the liver and other organs of recipient mice which received cells from flour‐fed donors. We thus favour the interpretation that oral feeding of mice with palmyrah flour induced the generation of T suppressor cells which were able to suppress the DTH response to SRBC. The significance and implications of these findings are discussed.
VACCINATION AGAINST NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS IN MICE USING ADULT WORM EXTRACTS AS ANTIGENS
Authors: Fernando Monroy G , Brindley Paul J , Dobson Colin
Published: August 2007

Various preparations of somatic Nematospiroides dubius antigens were emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant and assayed in Quackenbush mice for efficacy as vaccines against homologous infection. Soluble and particulate fractions were given by two different routes. Only minimal protection was induced by vaccination with either soluble or particulate parasite fractions used independently when compared with the adjuvant control. Fewer and smaller worms were recovered from, and significantly fewer parasite eggs were voided by, mice which had been treated previously with both soluble somatic protein (15 μg N. dubius per mouse) by the intraperitoneal route and particulate antigen by subcutaneous injection These mice showed higher antibody titres in comparison with other mice treated with either fraction alone. Further, treatment with both antigen fractions together appeared to exert a synergistic effect in comparison with either fraction administered alone.
ACUTE VOLUME EXPANSION: RAT PROXIMAL TUBULAR Na TRANSPORT INHIBITION BY AUTOLOGOUS TUBULAR FLUID WITHOUT CHANGES IN Na PERMEABILITY
Authors: Györy AZ , Willis W , Chan M
Published: August 2007

Sodium permeability (P22Na) and steady state transepithelial concentration differences of Na (ΔcNa) were measured in stationary droplets in proximal tubules of rats in both the non‐expanded (NE) and subsequent mannitol‐saline volume‐expanded (VE) state. The test solutions for tubular injection were either an artificial tubular solution (AS) in group I rats or harvested proximal tubular fluid (HTF) in a second group of rats (group II) ΔcNa (mmol.kg‐1H2O) was significantly reduced (p<0.001) with HTF in the VE state (12.1 ± 0.8 SEM) when compared to HTF in the NE state (17.8 ± 1.8) and AS in both NE (17±4. 1.0) and VE (18.2 ± 1.0). P22Na calculated from the half‐time of disappearance of 22Na from the droplets, when using paired experiments were 8.1 ± 1.7×10‐5 mm2.sec‐1 and 7.3 ± 1.8 with HTF in NE and subsequent VE and 8.6 ± 1.1 and 7.7 ± 0.8 with AS in NE and VE. These permeability results did not differ from each other significantly. In these experiments with zero net Na and water fluxes, the 32% reduction of ΔcNa cannot be accounted for by an increased backleak of Na, since P22Na would have had to increase by 32%. These results therefore provide strong evidence for a factor present in proximal tubular fluid consequent upon VE which inhibits Na transport without altering transcpithelial PNa, but do not exclude an effect of such a factor on the cellular Na entry step or the Na pump itself.
A PLASMID FOR DIFFUSIBLE PIGMENT PRODUCTION IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Townsend DE , Grubb WB , Annear DI
Published: August 2007

Production of diffusible pigment in a strain of Staphylococcus aureus (WG260) has been associated with a plasmid of c.26 megadaltons which can be co‐transduced with inducible erythromycin and spectinomycin resistance. However, the diffusible pigment plasmid can be lost from the transductants without loss of inducible erythromycin and spectinomycin resistance. The evidence suggests that the resistance determinants are located on an element similar or identical to transposon Tn554, and, during transduction of the diffusible pigment plasmid, a copy of the resistance determinants always inserts into the chromosome of the transductant. This is the first report of such an element occurring on a plasmid in a clinical isolate of S. aureas. To date, the diffusible pigment plasmid has been isolated only as the open‐circular conformation of plasmid DNA and is probably a highly relaxable plasmid. The production of the orange, diffusible pigment was shown to be independent of colony pigmentation.
ROSS RIVER VIRUS GENETIC VARIANTS IN AUSTRALIA AND THE PACIFIC ISLANDS
Authors: Faragher SG , Marshall ID , Dalgarno L
Published: August 2007

Haelll and Taql restriction digest profiles of cDNA to infected cell RNA or virion RNA were used as a guide to genetic relationships between fourteen isolates of Ross River virus (RRV) obtained from mosquitoes collected in various localities in eastern Australia where the virus is endemic RRV isolates from Fiji, American Samoa, the Cook Islands and the Wallis Islands where major outbreaks of epidemic polyarthritis took place in 1979‐1980 were also examined.

Among these RRV isolates we have identified three genetic types (I‐III) on the basis of differences between their restriction digest profiles. We estimate that 1.5‐5% nucleotide sequence diversity exists between genetic types. Within each genetic type Strain differentiation gave rise to small but significant difference in restriction digest profiles.

No clear pattern of geographic distribution of RRV genetic types could be established from the limited number of RRV isolates examined. Genetic types I, II and III, respectively, were isolated from three, three and one different mosquito species, indicating there is no strong association between genetic type and the species of mosquito vector.

Haelll restriction digest analysis did not detect any genetic difference between the four Pacific Island isolates, suggesting that a single RRV variant was involved in the epidemics. Genetically, this variant was closely related to isolates of genetic type II. Virtually identical Haelll restriction digest profiles were observed for isolates obtained at various stages of the Pacific Island epidemics, suggesting that extensive sequence evolution did not accompany Ross River virus spread.
IN VITRO LYMPHOKINE RELEASE BY LYMPHOCYTES FROM MICE INFECTED WITH SALMONELLA
Authors: Attridge SR , Kotlarski Ieva
Published: August 2007

Lymphocytes generated in mice by infection with Salmonella enteritidis 11RX release interleukin 2 and macrophage activation factor upon subsequent in vitro culture with bacterial antigens. Lymphokine release requires the co‐culture of non‐adherent sensitized Lyt 1+2‐ T cells and adherent metabolically active accessory cells; the interaction between these two populations is restricted by the H‐2 I‐A locus. Following systemic immunization with the 11RX strain, the two lymphokines are produced in parallel by peritoneal cells, whereas spleen cells primarily release macrophage activation factor.
IDENTIFICATION OF A COMMON ANTIGEN ON HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE SIALOGLYCOPROTEINS
Authors: Banyard Michael R C , Shaw Denis C
Published: August 2007

An erythrocyte sialoglycoprotein common antigen has been identified by a monoclonal antibody. The antigen recognised by the JCS‐2 antibody was determined by immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and partial amino acid sequencing. Western blot analysis of human erythrocyte ghost membranes separated on sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows that the sialoglycoproteins common antigen occurs on the alpha, beta, gamma and delta sialoglycoproteins, either in their monomeric or dimeric form and as the heterodimer in the case of alpha and delta. The N‐terminal sequence of the antigen prepared by immunoaffinity chromatography of the Triton‐X100 extract of human erythrocyte ghost shows the first 9 residues to be identical to the known sequence of the MN blood group glycoproteins. The common epitope on the sialoglycoproteins resides on the oligosaccharide and contains sialic acid.
CARRAGEENAN COLITIS IN THE GUINEA PIG: PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY IN DISEASE INDUCTION
Authors: Langman JM , Rowland R , Vernon‐Roberts B
Published: August 2007

In guinea pigs deprived or ascorbic acid, the oral administration of degraded E. Spinosum carrageenan induced mild to moderate colitis, while E. cottonii consistently induced severe colitis. A variable degree of colitis was observed in scorbutic animals not receiving carrageenan. By contrast, in animals given large daily supplements of ascorbic acid, neither type of carrageenan consistently induced colitis and seven disease was rarely observed. The severe colitis induced by E. cottonii in scorbutic animals markedly affected the mid and distal colon and showed histological changes similar to human ulcerative colitis.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS EXPRESSED BY RAT LYMPHOID CELLS TO THEIR PARTICIPATION IN GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTIONS
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: August 2007

The relationship between the graft‐versus‐host reactivity of lymphocytes from F2 hybrid and backcross rats and their susceptibility to inter‐parental strain alloantisera has been investigated. Apart from associations between the immunological responsiveness of individual rats and the extent of alloantiserum susceptibility of their lymphocytes, selective reactivity of groups of lymphocytes that were separable from the general population by means of their alloantiserum susceptibility was observed. Those host lymphocytes which expressed a preponderance of DA‐derived determinants were preferentially implicated in graft‐versus‐host reactions elicited by PVG lymphocytes in (PVG × DA)F2 hybrid rats. The anti‐(PVG × DA)F1 hybrid reactivity of some (PVG × F1) backcross rats was selectively concentrated in that fraction of the lymphocyte population which expressed the highest levels of PVG‐derived determinants. It is proposed that heterogeneously expressed MHS determinants may have a role in regulating selective participation by subpopulations of lymphocytes in allogeneic reactions.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALLOGENEIC RAT EMBRYO TRANSFER
Authors: McCullagh Peter
Published: August 2007

Blastocysts of the PVG and DA rat strains were transferred to pseudopregnant females of the opposite strain. Those embryos of which the biological and surrogate mothers were allogeneic with respect to each other exhibited a significantly impaired rate of survival. Lymphocytes from PVG rats born following the transfer of blastocysts to DA surrogates invariably possessed anti‐(PVG × DA)F1 hybrid graft‐versus‐host reactivity substantially in excess of that of cells from normal PVG rats.
EFFECT OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS AND SUNSCREENS ON UV CARCINOGENESIS IN THE HAIRLESS MOUSE
Authors: Reeve Vivienne E , Greenoak GE , Gallagher CH , Canfield PJ , Wilkinson FJ
Published: August 2007

The effect of two immunosuppressive agents, azathioprine and cyclophosphamide, with and without UVB sunscreen protection on UV‐induced skin carcinogenesis was studied in the albino hairless mouse.

In a daily treatment regime spanning 9 weeks, groups of mice were immunosuppressed with either drug, and were exposed to minimally erythemal doses of a light source simulating the UV portion of the solar spectrum. The accumulated UV exposure alone induced skin tumours in 77% of mice. Azathioprine, but not cyclophosphamide, significantly enhanced the incidence of UV tumorigenesis.

Photoprotection by topical application of one of two commonly used UVB sunscreens, 2‐ethyl‐hexyl‐p‐methoxycinnamate (2‐EHMC) or octyl‐N‐dimethyl‐p‐aminobenzoate (o‐PABA), reduced the UV tumour incidence to zero in immunologically normal mice and to 8‐15% in immunosuppressed mice.

Unexpressed latent tumour initiations were revealed in all sunscreen‐protected groups by the subsequent application of a tumour promoter, croton oil. In immunologically normal mice 2‐EHMC had allowed initiations in 39% of UV‐irradiated mice, and o‐PABA in 16‐5%. However, in UV‐irradiated mice immunosuppressed with azathioprine there had been initiations in 78% of mice protected with 2‐EHMC and 65% of mice protected with o‐PABA. Photoprotected mice immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide did not show the same increase in UV‐initiations (22% with 2‐EHMC, 23% with o‐PABA).

These results provide evidence that azathioprine increases the susceptibility of the skin to UV carcinogenesis. However, UVB sunscreens afford effective protection from overt tumour expression in the absence of a tumour promoter.
IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC‐DEFICIENT AND REPLETE RAT EMBRYOS
Authors: Records IR , Dreosti IE , Tulsi RS
Published: August 2007

The development of the zinc‐deficient rat embryo has been studied in vitro using embryo culture techniques. Normal 9·5 day embryos cultured for 48 h in serum Obtained from zinc‐deficient rats grew and developed to the same extent as those cultured in zinc‐replete serum. Embryos from dams which had been fed a zinc‐deficient did since mating were also removed for culture. Such zinc‐deficient embryos cell into two broad morphological categories One group appeared identical to the normal embryos, while the others had apparently normal visceral yolk sacs but small embryonic poles and retarded or abnormal embryonic development. Culture the first group in either zinc‐deficient or replete serum produced morphologically normal embryos: however, those which appeared abnormal at day 9·5 were grossly malformed after 48 h incubation in either sera. When embryos were cultured in the presence of Zinc, the most severely affected zinc deficient embryos accumulated as much zinc as the zinc‐replete in and apparently unaffected zinc‐deficient embryos, indicating that the malformations do not arise from an inability of the embryo or yolk sac to accumulate zinc from the surrounding fluid the results front these studies suggest that the teratogenic effects of zinc deficiency cannot be induced by direct culture of zinc‐replete embryos in zinc‐deficient serum. Furthermore, it would appear that maternal zinc deficiency can exert its teratological influence prior to day 9·5 of gestation and that these effects arc not readily reversible.