bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relative Growth of the Speckled Swimming Crab Arenaeus Cribrarius (Lamarck, 1818) (Brachyura, Portunidae), Near Ubatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Amaro Pinheiro Marcelo Antonio , Fransozo Adilson
Published: April 2008

Arenaeus cribrarius is a mainly tropical crab that occurs in the Western Atlantic Ocean, Brazil being its type-locality. The species ranges from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts, USA to La Paloma, Uruguay. Information about this species is scarce. The relative growth ofA. cribrarius was analyzed, based on some morphometric relations, where the carapace width, excluding lateral spines (CW), was used as an independent variable. A total of 403 specimens (189 males and 214 females), was collected in Ubatuba, State of São Paulo, Brazil, with otter-trawls. The animals were sexed and sorted to maturation phase (juvenile or adult). Some measurements were made: carapace (length and width excluding lateral spines), abdomen (greatest width of the fifth somite in females and the sixth in males) and major chela (greatest length, width and height, dactylus length). This study was made by the application of the power function (y=a.xb) which was fitted to the data and the pattern of growth established for each parameter by the "b"-value (constant of allometry), as positive allomctry (b>1), negative allometry (b<1) or isometry (b=1). The morphometric relations of the carapace showed a tendency to isometry. In females, the abdominal width grew in positive allometry, higher in juveniles (b= 1.33) than in adults (b=1.18). In this case, an overlap and discontinuity was noticed between the phases over a carapace width range of 55 to 70 mm, where the puberty molt occurs. The majority of relationships showed that the major chela of the males grew in positive allometry, however, the greatest allometric difference between the phases was observed towards the propodus length with 1.09 as juvenile and 1.26 as adult "b"values. In the males, this variable showed an inflection between the CW range of 45 to 55 mm, where the transition to the maturation phase occurs. The relative growth of this species is similar to those of previously studied species. This indicates, that the propodus length and the abdominal width are the morphometric variables most appropriate to estimate the size at the beginning of the sexual maturity for males and females of this species, respectively.
Agarum Kelp Beds as Nursery Habitat of Spot Prawns, Pandalus Platyceros Brandt, 1851 (Decapoda, Caridea)
Authors: Marliave Jeffrey B. , Roth Myron
Published: April 2008

The spot prawn, Pandalus platyceros Brandt, 1851, predominantly uses kelp beds of Agarum sp. as nursery habitat in waters of southern British Columbia. Census data indicate interannual fluctuations in numbers of shrimp settling into nurseries. Analysis of size samples indicates settlement primarily in May and June, with lesser rates of settlement through the summer. Growth of about 3 mm CL per month can occur through summer and fall, with juveniles apparently emigrating from nurseries, starting in the fall, at sizes of 16-20 mm CL. Juveniles which fail to reach such size before winter remain in the nursery habitat, with slower overall growth at about 1 mm CL per month. This difference in duration of residence in kelp bed nursery habitat, together with different juvenile growth rates, leads to the conclusion that the age of spot prawns at a given size will be variable. Due to this variable early life history and growth, length frequency modes of spot prawns could include a mixed age group.
Aspects of the Morphology of the Parasitic Copepod Lernaea Cyprinacea Linnaeus, 1758 and Notes On Its Distribution in Africa
Authors: Avenant-Oldewage A. , Robinson Jenny
Published: April 2008

A morphological study on the ectoparasite Lernaea cyprinacea, found on Labeo rosae and Oreochromis mossambicus in the Olifants River in the Kruger National Park, South Africa, was done with the use of Scanning Electron Microscopy. Detailed descriptions are given of the appendages and their associated ornamentation. Significant morphological findings include the exact structure of the mandibles and the ornamentation on first pair of maxillae. Statistical analysis of the morphometrical data as well as the geographical distribution in Africa are shown.
Size At Sexual Maturity and Morphometric Variability in Three Populations of a Ustropotamobi Us Pallipes Pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858) According To a Restocking Strategy
Authors: Romain D. , Mocquard J.P. , Souty-Grosset C. , Grandjean F.
Published: April 2008

Size at sexual maturity was determined by the allometric equation in three populations of Austropotamobius pallipes pallipes from the Poitou-Charentes region, France. Seven morphological characters were measured and POL (post orbital length) was used as a reference parameter. The puberal moult was identified by changes in the relative growth of CW (claw width) and CL (claw length) in both sexes. Males have shown variation of the relative growth of CW and CL at 19.15 mm of POL for the Gatineau (Gat) stream, 20.1 mm of POL for the Magnerolle (Mag) and 20.3 mm for the Fontaine Saint-Pierre (Fsp) populations, respectively. Sexual maturity of females occurred at 16.17 mm POL for the Fsp, 18.2 mm for the Mag and for the Gat. Geographic variation in A. pallipes was investigated using multivariate analysis of five morphometric characters on mature specimens. By canonical discriminant analysis, the Mag population was distinct from the other two populations. Results are discussed with regard to restocking strategy.
The Physiognomy of the Mueller-Lyer Figure
Authors: Alapack Richard J.
Published: April 2008

The thematic survey of traditional literature uncovered a pressing need to study the M-L figure as a phenomenon in its own right. A design was constructed intending to evoke the figure's full phenomenal appearance. Instead of framing a highly determinate structure wherein a specific question is posed, E presented the figure to naive Ss, simply asking them to describe it. The purpose was to ascertain what naive Ss would perceive if not encumbered by a prior set. In addition, five experiential questions about the descriptive task were included, aiming to elucidate and render intelligible the factual perceptions. The results showed that the M-L figure appears physiognomically. Typical responses exhibiting stylistic variation pointed to the dialectic between perceiver and perceived thing. A second finding was that the perception of equal horizontal lines as unequal emerged as a predominant, but only one of several possible ways of resolving the M-L figure's many perceptual possibilities. In fact, the data revealed a trend that elucidates the conditions which make possible the "M-L effect." Finally, "direction-orientation," a phenomenal variable elucidated by Merleau-Ponty's notions about the body and perception, emerged as the most characteristic way of perceiving the experimental figure.
Alexander Pfanders Nachlasstexte Uber Das Virtuelle Psychische
Authors: Schwankl Peter
Published: April 2008

Contrary to his original plans, Alexander Pfänder's "Zur Psychologie der Gesinnungen, I. und II. Teil" ("On the Psychology of Sentiments, Part I and II", 1st ed. 1913/ 1916, 2nd ed. 1922/ 1930) has remained a fragment, and does not include, the chapter on the virtual sentiments (die virtuellen Gesinnungen) with an addition referring to the virtual psyche (das virtuelle Psychische) in general. Sixty-seven pages of Pfänder's posthumous writings, located at the Bavarian State Library in Munich, deal with the virtual psyche in general and the virtual sentiments in specific. These manuscripts (March 12, 1912, to September 13, 1913) contain the only passages where Pfänder is concerned with the virtual psyche in detail and are preliminary studies for the above-mentioned chapter.
Is Psychology a Hermeneutic Science?
Authors: Beshai James A.
Published: April 2008

Psycholinguistic theories of meaning have developed within a univocal, explanatory model of science which is concerned with the use of language rather than its creation. Such a model is insufficient to deal with the complex data of human discourse with its multiple domains in speech, writing, reading, and interpreting. While recognizing the necessity of univocal explanatory procedures in the analysis of meaning the hermeneutic circle of explanation and understanding demands that "interpretation" occupy both a preliminary and a posterior place within a scientific procedure. Problems of the univocal procedure in the study of language development, thought processes, and content analyses are more adequately handled by a hermeneutic model, such as the one developed by Paul Ricoeur on the works of Freud. Freudian psychoanalysis while approximating this model tends to be univocal rather than plurivocal in its treatment of the role of symbols in the creation of meaning. A hermeneutic model would place the crucial emphasis on a dialectic of both suspicion and affirmation.
Ontological Insecurity and Reflective Processes
Authors: Spitzer Stephan P.
Published: April 2008

Strong support was found for the ontological model as it was interpreted and according to the procedures used. Reflective subjects are more likely to show anxiety than non-reflective subjects, and anxiety is less likely to be located at those points upon which reflection is deployed than at those points devoid of reflection. Reflective subjects are also more likely to show indications of dissatisfaction than non-reflective subjects; anxious subjects are also more likely to show signs of dissatisfaction than those who are non-anxious. A subanalysis helps to disassociate effects attributable to reflection from effects attributable to dissatisfaction. The "main" effect of reflection on anxiety is that, regardless of whether dissatisfaction is or is not indicated, reflective subjects are more likely to show anxiety than non-reflective subjects. However, the significantly greater likelihood of observing anxiety among dissatisfied reflective than satisfied reflective subjects is indicative of the degree to which dissatisfaction is a source of anxiety beyond that attributable to reflection alone. The higher likelihood of finding anxiety among reflective subjects, independent of the presence or absence of dissatisfaction, is of considerable importance in interpreting the portion of the ontological model bearing uon the regulation of anxiety according
Application of a Phenomenological Method To the Faces-Goblet Stimulus Display: I. Initiating the Inquiry and Defining Figure and Ground
Authors: Shor Ronald E.
Published: April 2008

"I don't want to hurry it ... When you want to hurry something, that means you no longer care about it and want to get on to other things. I just want to get at it slowly, but carefully and thoroughly, with the same attitude I remember was present just before (making a useful discovery). It is that attitude that found it, nothing else." (Pirsig, 1974. p. 27)
Attitude, Action and the Concept of Structure
Authors: Ashworth P.D.
Published: April 2008

The fact that psychic life is not merely given externally and as mutual externality, but is given in its nexus, given by self-knowledge, by internal experience, constitutes the basic difference between psychological knowledge and knowledge of nature. (Husserl, 1977)
Socialization and Process: a Methodological Problem
Authors: Pritchard Colin W.
Published: April 2008

The basic form of experiencing process as such, then, lies in the apprehension of an object changing through an ordered sequence of states towards an end state. The sequence is grasped in the light of the final state of things which stands in close relation to the central noema of "changing object" in terms of which the phases of the sequence are recognized and related. The central noema is itself an emergent property of the identification of the sequence of states as "pertaining to the same something." This complex, not to say convoluted, constitution is iteratively established through polythetic acts in which change itself is grasped and sequence evidenced through the positing of possible sequences in the light of the intuition of succession. Eventually the whole sequence may be grasped monothetically and the process experienced as such as a whole. This prototype of process itself provides a basic form by which the events of intentional life may be ordered. The core experience, that objects do change in an ordered manner towards a defined and defining end may provide a way of meaningfully structuring experience. Thus for example, the succession Sii to Siii may be experienced as such. That succession may lead to a question like "towards what end does this succession tend?" More germane to the present argument, a particular state of things may lead to the question "by what process has this state of things come about?" In both these cases, the prototype of process leads to the attempt to interpret the succession or the state of things in terms of orderly change through time and in this way the intuition of process, in its own right, may provide a structure in which the phenomena of consciousness may be experienced and meaningfully related.
The Givenness of Self and Others in Husserl's Transcendental Phenomenology
Authors: Andrew Wayne K.
Published: April 2008

Husserl's explication of "self" and "others" occurs within his founding science of pure possibilities or "bracketed" consciousness and experience. His analysis of self and others seeks, in part, to demonstrate that "personal" or "self-experience" is not the only possibility of immanent consciousness but that "other persons" are also given as possibilities. The possibility of others, though in a form of givenness different from that of self, provides a basis for inter-subjectivity. Thus, Husserl's phenomenological analysis can, if it does avoid solipsism and subjective idealism in general, establish inter-subjectivity as coextensive with subjectivity within the deepest possibilities of experience. Husserl's discussion of how the other as an external person or alien ego occurs as a given after all beliefs in an independently existing world are suspended (bracketed) shares some interesting parallels with psychological concepts and also suggests foundational possibilities for research on how the other is constituted as a separate "person" within our consciousness.
Shame as an Interpersonal Dimension of Communication among Doctoral Students: An Empirical Phenomenological Study
Authors: Ablamowicz Halina
Published: April 2008

Current conceptions of shame emphasize its negative communication value as a phenomenon of conscious experience. A tendency in our contemporary society is to view this phenomenon as an extremely disparaging and undesirable experience that every person should avoid or eliminate. It has become a cultural norm now that shame, perceived as human failure or sickness, is to be rejected, hidden, and not discussed. It is believed to stand in the way of personal progress and self-realization. The research literature mirrors not only the lack of interest in understanding but the ignorance of this central-to-human-life experience. The present study examines the meaning and communicative structure of shame through an application of the phenomenological method of Merleau-Ponty and Lanigan. My analysis is grounded in empirical phenomenology and focuses on meaning as reflected in verbal protocols. The results obtained dispel the misleading notion of shame as primarily a negative, to-be-avoided experience. Rather, reflection on the empirical data indicates that the subjects do not adopt the negative theoretical model of shame but accept it as a universal positive experience of communication that is fundamental in their self-improvement process.
An Exploratory Phenomenological Psychological Approach to the Experience of the Moral Sense
Authors: Giorgi Amedeo
Published: April 2008

The study of the moral sense was neglected for a long time in psychology until recently when Kohlberg, following the work of Piaget, constructed a scale for studying moral judgments. In this article the more scientific and empirical approach to the moral sense is questioned and an argument is made that a qualitative approach would yield more meaningful results. The work of Coles is cited as one example of a qualitative approach, and this article suggests a phenomenological approach. Five brief descriptions describing learning, resentment, decision-making, and the experience of autonomy were used for both analyses of the moral sense and psychological concomitants. The results indicate that the moral sense is a meaning that refers to an "ought" and that the awakening of the moral sense is frequently associated with negative emotions or feelings.
From the Homestead to the City: Two Fundamental Concepts of Education
Authors: Jager Bernd
Published: April 2008

The metaphor of progress as it applies to education refers to the steps taken (Latin gredi) by students on a road leading from one way of understanding or misunderstanding in the direction (Latin pro) of another, better understanding. This process of acculturation, understood in the light of the metaphor of progress, is thought here as connecting two commensurate realms. This metaphoric mode evokes a technical, natural, scientific way of understanding education. The cultural metaphor of a rite of passage as it is used by preliterate societies presents acculturation as a transcending movement between incommensurate realms. The root metaphor for the rite of passage is that of dying to one way of life and being reborn to another. The metaphor of progress, like that of homo faber, leads to an understanding of acculturation in terms of becoming literate. The metaphor of the rite of passage and of transcendence leads to an understanding of acculturation as essentially a process of becoming inscribed. The rite of passage places human learning and understanding within the context of human suffering and mortality; modern progressive theories place our thirst for knowledge within the context of everyday usefulness and the practical desire to improve our life. It is possible to think of the young child's passage from the home environment to the grade-school environment in terms of progress; the world of the home and that of the school are then thought of as commensurate realms, as together forming one unproblematic whole. The child's problem in moving from the one environment to the other is then seen as a problem of adjustment. If we look at this transition in terms of a rite of passage, it can then be thought of as a radical personal and individual transformation or conversion that cannot be accomplished by purely technical means. This mode of understanding casts in high relief the essential differences that mark the incommensurate realms of the home and the school. An investigation concerning the essential differences between the incommensurate realms of home and school brings to the fore the more fundamental differences between the incommensurate spheres of the private and the public, each of which has its own specific structural and ontological characteristics that determine the characteristic manner in which these realms are inhabited.
Sketch for a Phenomenology of Dreaming
Authors: Tougas Cecile T.
Published: April 2008

Dreaming as lived experience qualifies as intentional life, despite its strangeness. Yet the dream-phenomena themselves receive little direct clarification consistent with Edmund Husserl's major work on conscious intentionality. With fundamental accomplishments of Husserlian phenomenology in play, how could a study of these neglected appearances begin? First it is necessary to describe the essential relevant Husserlian concepts. From Husserl's descriptions in his phenomenological psychology, his analysis of internal time-consciousness, and his theory of wholes and parts in Logical Investigations, the sense of intentionality as a streaming indivisible nexus, a double continuity of inseparable wholeness, becomes evident. Immersed in this self-awareness, we do not find it difficult to access dream-appearances and account for their connection in intentional life. A claim can be made for their presentational objectivity as well as for their "gnomonic" subjectivity. A systematic sketch of their typology or fundamental structure is thus possible without reducing dream-intentionality to something other than itself. Hence, a Husserlian sense of conscious lived experience is first presented. Dream evidence is then considered, despite possible bewilderment, in order to provide a clue to an extended sense of both subjectivity and objectivity. Lines toward a development of dream typicality are thereby indicated.
The Importance of Orienting Attitudes in the Perception of the Hering and Zollner Illusions
Authors: Silberman Rebecca L. , Bors Douglas A.
Published: April 2008

By analyzing descriptions of illusory and nonillusory figures, Richer (1978) called into question the common assumption that illusory and nonillusory perceptions were experientially the same and differed only in terms of their accuracy. The present study attempted to replicate Richer's work with a focus on identifying within the subjects' descriptions any orienting attitudes corresponding to these two forms of perception. Nineteen student volunteers were asked to describe two illusory figures (the Hering and the Zollner figures) and a nonillusory control of similar complexity. The descriptions revealed consistent differences between the two forms. However, the Hering and Zollner figures were not always described in illusory terms, and surprisingly, several subjects described the control as if it were illusory. Further, perceptual accuracy was not guaranteed by nonillusory experience. Subjects described the figures from within one of three different orienting attitudes-atomizing, representational, and geometrical-organizing. The latter attitude appeared necessary for the phenomena of illusory perception and experience. Though the present findings confirmed Richer's distinction between illusory and nonillusory experience, they also indicate the need for further differentiation- illusory perception versus illusory experience. Finally, the findings also supported Luria's (1976) and Segall, Campbell, and Herskovits's (1966) position on the importance of particular cultural and educational experiences and codes in relation to perceptual illusions.
Phenomenology of the Technical Delusion in Schizophrenics
Authors: Kraus Alfred
Published: April 2008

Technical delusions are highly significant for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. What can we learn from the content and the formal aspects of this kind of delusion about the primary schizophrenic experiences underlying the technical delusion and about its meaning and purpose for the patient? In a phenomenological investigation of six schizophrenics, comparing their experiences in technical delusion with the normal experience of technical phenomena, I describe the patient's relationship to himself, to his world, and to others and the modalities of his hallucinatory perceptions. Finally, I discuss the effect of the technical delusion on the patient's relationship to reality.
Being in Pain: a Nurse's Experience
Authors: Bradley-Springer Lucy
Published: April 2008

This paper uses Schrag's framework to analyze an episode of pain and to discuss the phenomenological perspective of pain. The experience of pain is explicated through the metaphor of co-present, interwoven fields of consciousness, embodiment, attitudinal posture and custom, time, and space. Interventions based on the metaphor are discussed.
Ego Duplications, Body Doubles, and Dreams: a Contribution To a Phenomenology of Body Image and Memory
Authors: Holajter Stephan J.
Published: April 2008

In this paper an "unconscious" structure common to such altered psychological states as dreaming, schizophrenic disintegration, out-of body experiences, and creative acts is described. This description is accomplished by setting psychoanalytic, clinical, and empirical studies zuithin a phenomenological framework. Phenomenological self-reflection is first made a party to discussions which focus on memories and the experience of the lived body. The configurations of "unconsciousness" then take precedence in describing relationships between the "I" of waking (or awakening) consciousness and a transformative body image (or body ego). A unique experience of the self-as undergoing a process of ego "duplication" and body "doubling"-is highlighted.
General Psychological Principles i n kOhut's Self Psychology Reconsidered From a Phenomenological Perspective
Authors: Bertelsen Preben
Published: April 2008

Self psychology is the study of the psychodynamics that come into existence with self reflection-that is, the intentions that emerge with introspection. In this respect, self psychology is different from Freudian psychoanalysis and intimately related to the phenomenological-existential perspective. In this paper, I examine how a general psychological model of intentional reflection (the self) can be developed on the basis of Kohut's self psychology, a model that illustrates one of the central organizational principles of human psychology. I conclude with a discussion of the general psychological concepts of self, life-project, and activity in the light of self psychology.
A Phenomenological Investigation of the Role of Guilt in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Savoie Dallas
Published: April 2008

The current work takes a phenomenological approach to investigating the role of guilt in a sample of persons diagnosed with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The role of guilt in OCD has been frequently noted in the literature, although infrequently studied as a factor in its own right. Typically, those studying OCD have found positive correlations between questionnaire measures of guilt and self-reported symptoms of OCD. Those working with sufferers have also found that OC clients in therapy report feelings of guilt with respect to their symptoms. The present work investigates, in a qualitative way, the meaning of guilt for those with OCD. The presumed role of guilt is examined descriptively, with an eye to developing a more complete understanding of the relationship between feelings of guilt and OC symptoms in a sample of sufferers. Nine participants (N=9) were recruited, and were interviewed using an unstructured approach. In terms of analysis, emphasis was placed on understanding the experience of guilt and OC symptoms as both were lived by sufferers, with a focus on the personal significance of guilt for study participants. Fifteen descriptive guilt/OCD themes were derived from interviews across the nine participants. Themes revealed a variety of connections that sufferers made between feelings of guilt and symptoms of OCD. A common description of the experience was also derived. The results suggest that the role of guilt in OCD is highly interpersonal in nature, and that feelings of guilt may precede, motivate, as well as be a consequence of, OC symptoms. The role of guilt for any given sufferer may also be highly idiosyncratic.
The Structure, Basic Contents and Dynamics of the Unconscious in Analytical (Jungian) Psychology and Husserlian Phenomenology: Part I1
Authors: Hopkins Burt C.
Published: April 2008

This paper offers both a phenomenologically psychological and phenomenologically transcendental account of the constitution of the unconscious. Its phenomenologically psychological portion is published here as Part I, while its phenomenologically transcendental portion will be published in the next volume of this journal as Part II. Part I first clarifies the issues involved in Husserl's differentiation of the respective contents and methodologies of psychological and transcendental phenomenology. On the basis of this clarification I show that, in marked contrast to the prevailing approach to the unconscious in the phenomenological literature, an approach that focuses on the emotive and aesthetic factors (rooted in Freud's theory of repression) in the descriptive account of the constitution of an unconscious, there are cognitive factors (rooted in Jung's theory of apperception) that have yet to be descriptively accounted for by phenomenological psychology. Part I concludes with a phenomenologically psychological account of the role these cognitive factors play in the constitution of an unconscious. Part II will show how Jung's claims regarding a dimension of unconscious contents that lacks genealogical links to consciousness proper, that is, the "collective unconscious, " can be phenomenologically accounted for if (1) Jung's methodological differentiation of empirical and interpretative (hermeneutically phenomenological) approaches to the unconscious is attended to and (2) such attention is guided by the phenomenologically transcendental critique of the emotive and aesthetic limitations of both the Freudian and heretofore Husserlian accounts of the descriptive genesis of something like an unconscious.
Eating as Natural Event and as Intersubjective Phenomenon: Towards a Phenomenology of Eating
Authors: Jager Bernd
Published: April 2008

The consumption of food and drink becomes a fully human activity only when it takes place within a realm of hospitality. When thus situated a meal gathers together not only families, friends and neighbors, but it is also brings together divine and mortal being and unites in common courtesy the living and the dead. Natural scientific insights into human food consumption make their greatest contribution to our understanding when we situate these within the larger context of intersubjective relations. Anorexia, bulimia, alcoholism and other forms of compulsive and unhappy consumption of natural substances all can be understood as doomed attempts to eat and drink outside the humanizing sphere of reciprocity and hospitality.
Fantasy Space, Private Myths, Visions
Authors: Lingis Alphonso
Published: April 2008

Slavoj Žižek proposed an ethic of respect for the fantasy space of another. Under "fantasy" Jacques Lacan borrowed from Claude Lévi-Strauss the notion of a "private myth." But this fantasy is, Žižek says, illusionary, fragile, and helpless. Fantasy is the way everyone, each in a particular way, conceals the impasse of his desire. Psychoanalytic practice can be criticized as a radical destitution of the fundamental fantasy of the patient. The author argues that what Žižek analyzes as fantasy is a misfire of vision, and could only be recognized in a subject where visions are possible. But visions-the visions of visionaries and seers, and the visions of youth-have to be envisioned dynamically in their activity of formulating, shaping, and intensifying one's insights and one's feelings. Žižek assumes that the forces mobilized by drive, which takes hold of an organ and compulsively makes it repeat the same failed gesture, aim at the excessive and monstrous paroxysm of pleasure in pain, which is jouissance. The author argues that that jouissance can never appear as something possible in the organism, not because it would be a death drive for a finite and temporal organism, but because it is a by-product and not a goal.
A Rhyton From Takhti Sangin
Authors: Pichikyan I.R. , Litvinsky B.A.
Published: April 2008

Recent investigations of the Oxus temple at Takhti Sangin have produced several dozen Achaemenid objects similar in type and style to the Achaemenid part of the Oxus treasure. One such is the lower part of an ivory rhyton, decorated with a carved protome of a lion, of either Greek or Achaemenid origin. After describing the object and discussing lion iconography in the Assyro-Achaemenid tradition and the origins and typology of the rhyton, the authors suggest that the rhyton considered here may have had a ritual role in Zoroastrian cult in making libations.
A Silver Rhyton With the Protome of Pegasus From the 4Th Ulyap Barrow
Authors: Ksenofontova I.V. , Zajtseva N.G.
Published: April 2008

A silver vessel found in 1972 near Ulyap (Adygea) is re-examined and notes are provided on the possible use of the vessel, on the time and place of its manufacture and its further history. It is concluded that it was made in the second half of the 5th c. by a master working probably in Athens. An analysis of the process of manufacture concludes it was made in two stages, repaired after damage to the wings in a careless manner.
Rebirth of the Oxus Treasure: Second Part of the Oxus Treasure From the Miho Museum Collection
Authors: Pichikyan I.R. , Southampton Kathy Judelson
Published: April 2008

An account is offered of the discovery of the Oxus treasure in 1877 and the recovery in 1993 of part of it, now conserved in the Mihon Museum in Japan. Descriptions and analyses are given of 17 sculptures and 48 ritual vessels in the Mihon Museum collection. Comparison of these items with those of the British Museum Treasure point to their provenance as votive objects held in the treasury of a Zoroastrian temple of the Achaemenid period and confirm the identity of finds from the treasure with finds from the now excavated shrine of the Oxus.
Urkunden L'Indépendance Du Khalifat
Authors: Alp Zia Gueuk
Published: April 2008

In einem Artikel "Zur Religion hin!" (Dine doğru), der in KüČük MeğmŪa Nr. 5 vom 3. Juli 1922 erschien 1), hatte Ziya Gökalp die Religion als den höchsten Wert des sozialen Lebens bezeichnet, was auch aus dem Worte "heilig" hervorgehe, und zum Schluss gesagt: "Die ganze islamische Welt ist eine grosse Universität. Diese Universität hat in jedem Lande, ja in jeder Stadt eine Fakultât, d.h. der in jeder Stadt ansässige Müfti ist der Dekan
The Myth of the Clerical Migration To Safawid Iran
Authors: Newman Andrew J.
Published: April 2008

Western-language scholars have long suggested that following Ismāīl's profession of faith at the capture of Tabriz many Arab Twelver scholars emigrated to Safawid territory to participate in the effort to spread the faith throughout Safawid territory. Alī al-Karaki is cited in many secondary sources as one of the many Arab scholars supposed to have journeyed to Safawid territory in the fifty years after Tabriz and the few criticisms of al-Karakī by his contemporaries noted in these sources are often described as purely personal in origin.93 Doubtless al-Karakī was not without support among contemporary Twelver clerics and he may not have been the only Arab Twelver cleric to have emigrated to Safawid territory to assist the Safawids in their propagation of the faith during the first fifty years after Tabriz.94 Indeed, among al-Karakī's students were a number
The Camel-Section of the Panegyrical Ode1
Authors: Jacobi Renate
Published: April 2008

The present analysis is limited in scope and material, and has to be complemented and confirmed by further studies. With these restrictions in mind, the development of the panegyrical ode can be sketched as follows: In the Pre-Islamic period the ode is composed, as a rule, with three sections of independent weight (nasīb, wasf al-jamal, madī), linked together by the techniques of the narrative. The camel-section is in no way specified from the panegyrical point of view. As in other types of the qasīda, it constitutes an expression of tribal life and society. I have referred to this form as "tribal ode". In the first half of the 7th century A.D., i.e. during the two generations of poets known as al-mukhadramŪn, a decisive change in function of the camel-section seems to have taken place, as evidenced by the poetry of al-A'shā MaimŪn and al-Hutai'a. Parallel to the tribal ode a new form is gradually emerging, in which the description of the poet's camel is substituted by an account of his desert-journey to the mamdŪ. In the early raīl elements of the former wasf al-jamal are retained. This is the first stage in the transformation of the "tribal ode" into the "courtly ode" of later periods. At the same time the bipartite ode, consisting of nasīb and madī only, begins to replace the tripartite form. At the Umayyad period the tribal ode is about to disappear, although still used by conservative poets. In its place we frequently observe the new ode with an elaborate raīl, emphasizing the poet's exertions in reaching his patron. The Umayyad raīl is entirely determined by the panegyrical function. All motifs of the tribal wasf al-jamal which do not contribute to the poet's object of influencing the mamdŪ, are eliminated. Sometimes the travel-theme is inserted into the madī or blended with the
Contractual Kin: Servants and Their Mistresses in Sixteenth-Century Nantes
Authors: Brunelle Gayle K.
Published: April 2008

Female servants and their mistresses in Nantes often disputed the terms of service and wages of the mostly oral contracts between them. These quarrels sometimes ended up in the court of the municipal aldermen, whose records reveal the opposing conceptualization of female service the opponents advocated. Mistresses viewed their servants as dependents, not quite kin, but wholly under their authority at least for the period specified in the contract. Servants perceived themselves as wage laborers with the right to renegotiate, or renege on, contracts when a more advantageous offer presented itself. Municipal officials, caught between their desire to enforce contracts and the need to avoid exploitation of domestic labor in order to ensure a plentiful migration of servants into Nantes, sided with servants surprisingly often. Servant women in Nantes, therefore, enjoyed a higher level of agency than did women serving in Italian cities where high numbers of slaves and indentured refugees distorted the market for, and attitudes toward, female domestics.
Calvin and Farel: the Dynamics of Legitimation in Early Calvinism
Authors: Oberman Heiko A.
Published: April 2008

In 1541 Calvin did not return to Geneva to reform a city but to reform a nation: Geneva was to be the staging area, France the target. By no means the lonely decision-maker of later scholarship, from the very beginning Calvin together with Fare] and Viret formed the "Holy Triumvirate" (Bucer), cooperating closely and forging the powerful alliance between Geneva, Neuchitel, and Lausanne. In August-September 1558 their common front collapsed when Calvin sacrificed the bonds of friendship with his former comrades-in-arms, outmaneuvering the radical wing in an effort to respond to the unexpected opportunities for a legitimation of the Reformation in his native country.
Crossing the Borders: Ireland and the Irish Between England and America
Authors: Hadfield Andrew
Published: April 2008

Historians of early modern Ireland have often been rather too monolithic in their readings of representations of Ireland and the Irish. Many commentators now insist that Ireland has to be viewed in terms of British or European developments. Using examples from a selection of writers-Luke Gernon, Sir Henry Sidney, Sir William Herbert, John Derricke, Barnaby Rich, Sir John Davies-this article argues that Ireland was invariably represented through the use of overlapping, often competing, discourses of savagery and domestic political concerns. In themselves, such discourses can be further sub-divided into various empirical and theoretical modes of writing. Moreover, identical representations were often produced or read in different ways so that the significance of context and register has to be taken into account when examining the evidence available.
Atuot Totemism
Authors: Burton John W.
Published: April 2008

When I asked what I myself should invoke as my clan-divinity, it was half-jokingly suggested that I should invoke Typewriter, Paper, and Lorry, for were these not the things which had always helped my people and which were passed on to Europeans by their ancestors? 1
St. Nino and the Christianization of Pagan Georgia
Authors: Horn Cornelia B.
Published: April 2008

The ancient land of Georgia (Iberia), in the Caucasus, has a long history of settlement and invasion, including incursions by Hittites, Scythians, Persians, and Greeks, to name a few. Pre-Christian beliefs included a varied assortment of beliefs and practices borrowed from Zoroastrian, classical pagan, and other traditions. The accounts of the conversion of Georgia preserved in sources of the 5th, 8th, and 12th centuries reveal how pre-Christian practices were taken up and reinterpreted by the Christian narrators. While there is some evidence of earlier missionary efforts, according to Rufinus' account in the Ecclesiastical History (402-403) Georgia's official conversion to Christianity took place in the first half of the fourth century. This conversion is unique in a number of ways, not the least being that credit for it must be given to a woman, St. Nino, the apostle to the Georgians. Later Georgian sources (12th century) indicate a substantial measure of discomfort with the conversion of Georgia by a woman.
Interactive Slave Operations: Muslim-Christian Jewish Contracts in Thirteenth-Century Barcelona
Authors: Burns Robert I.
Published: April 2008

Medieval Mediterranean Spain saw routine interaction between all three ethnoreligious populations, most of it random and undocumented. Slave purchases constituted one such tri-ethnic situation, as exemplified in the four charters transcribed and contextualized here, from the cathedral archives of Barcelona in 1252, 1275, 1286, and 1290. Each operation moved a slave from one public and private cultural ambience to another; each involved women; each was a local, short-term transaction; and each illustrates the generalities available in our slave data base. Family, social class, economic framework, and legal context can be clarified for each transaction in turn. As corsairs scoured the seas, especially for women slaves to service the century's new patrician life-style, a Muslim slave community populated perhaps 21 percent of Barcelona households, part of a mass population interchange between Islam and Christendom, facilitated by Jewish entrepreneurs whose Hebrew signatures are on each of these early and therefore rare slave parchments.
Rorty on the literalization of metaphor
Authors: Edwards Tony
Published: April 2008

In his recent writings, Richard Rorty has sketched a theory of cultural change. He finds that metaphor is at the leading edge of culture, and that the gains of metaphor are consolidated in literalization. Yet his understanding of meaning and metaphor requires him to draw a sharp "line" between metaphorical and literal uses - a line that has some unfortunate implications for the study of religion. As it turns out, however, Rorty's line is difficult to discern in actual cases of literalization. By examining his account of one of his own acts of literalization, I argue that the problem lies not merely in the application of Rorty's theory but in the theory itself.
Do Women Really Need a "God/Ess" To Save Them? an Inquiry Into Notions of the Divine Feminine
Authors: Hewitt Marsha Aileen
Published: April 2008

The rise of women-focused spirituality presents several difficulties for feminisms concerned with the liberation of women. In this paper I look at several issues. In the first I focus upon theoretical problems that arise when replacing a female deity with a male deity, while in the second I focus upon both theoretical and methodological concerns in the enterprise of locating a female based religious system. In order to do the latter, I explore a number of the epistomolgical implications found in the work of Luce Irigaray.
Religion as an Independent Variable: Revisiting the Weberian Hypothesis'
Authors: Krymkowski Daniel H. , Martin Luther H.
Published: April 2008

Studies in the sociology of religion generally assume "religion" to be causal with little or no attention paid to the theoretical justification or basis for such a claim. We argue in this paper that most such studies fail to satisfy the conditions for causal inference. Further, Weber, whom sociologists of religion often cite when theoretical claims are made, at worse never proposes religion as an independent variable and, at best is very ambiguous on the issue. We suggest that recent directions in cognitive psychology might form the basis for further research concerning the social significance of religion.
Mircea Eliade, Postmodernism, and the Problematic Nature of Representational Thinking
Authors: Olson Carl
Published: April 2008

This essay reviews the "ten affinities" Bryan S. Rennie proposes, in his book, Reconstructing Eliade (1996), to establish Mircea Eliade as a precursor of postmodernism. These affinities can be grouped together as historical, ontological, and epistemological. The paper goes on to refute these affinities between Eliade and postmodernism by drawing on the work of undisputedly recognized postmodern thinkers.
Georges Bataille's Surrealistic Theory of Religion
Authors: Campbell Robert A.
Published: April 2008

Georges Bataille offers a perspective on religion that emphasizes what might be considered the most corrupt and undesirable elements of human existence. In a previous issue of this journal, Carl Olson (1994) presents an analysis of Bataille's theory of religion that distorts its significance by solely drawing attention to what Olson identifies as its postmodern and immoral nature. The purpose of this article is to balance some of the excesses expressed by Olson, by providing an alternate and more balanced coverage of Bataille's thought. The surrealistic blending of expenditure, sacrifice, eroticism, and death form the basis for a truly social theory of religion that cannot be separated from Bataille's notions of human nature and the general economy. Some of Bataille's comments on Christianity are offered as illustrations of his ideas.
Friedrich II. von Preußen und die Schwenckfelder in Schlesien
Authors: Weigelt Horst
Published: April 2008

Frederick II neither tolerated the Schwenckfeldians in Silesia as an independent denomination nor recognized them, but, rather from a legal basis demanded that they be incorporated into the Lutheran Church. With the acknowledgement of the Schwenckfeldian movement as an independant denomination, he would have gone beyond article VII of the Instrumenta Pacis Osnabrigense, jeopardizing future peace negotiations with the House of Habsburg. However, he did promise the Schwenckfeldians that the government would respect their personal faith and conscience and would be willing to protect them from attack, though limited by the reason of state which would be endangered if the fundamental articles of the Christian religion were openly denied. For if these were negated one could not discount the possibility that not only Maria Theresea but also the Protestant and Catholic subjects would take offence, causing tension and diminishing the prosperity of the State. The philosopher of Sanssouci himself held freedom of faith and conscience highly, but felt it had to be subordinate to the welfare of the state. The actual reason for he gave this assurance to the Schwenckfeldians though, was not merely to give his subjects a relative amount of freedom, but, more important, to encourage further immigration into his lands. Frederick II, who saw himself as the first servant of his state, thereby hoped to raise the density of population in relatively depopulated areas, to promote manufacturing and trade, and with it the prosperity of the state. The positive impulse for the attitude of Frederic II against the Schwenckfeldians was therefore in the last analysis based on political motives. His concession of freedom of faith and conscience to the Schwenckfeldians was in principle possible only because he had granted such freedom to all his Silesian subjects - who had to belong to one of the three confessions recognized by the Peace of Westphalia- on the condition that they would not deny reverence to God or subservience to the State. In comparison to the intolerant attitude of many contemporary states which gave their subjects no liberty of faith or conscience, the position which the state of Frederic II hat taken vis-a-vis the Schwenckfeldians in Silesia therefore signifies a great step forward. This position, however, was considerably less than the religious freedom enjoyed by those Schwenckfeldians who emigrated to Pennsylvania.