bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovative Eco-Friendly Conductive Ink Based on Carbonized Lignin for the Production of Flexible and Stretchable Bio-Sensors
Authors: Zappi Daniele , Varani Gabriele , Cozzoni Enrico , Iatsunskyi Igor , Laschi Serena , Giardi Maria Teresa
Published: December 2021

In this study, we report a novel way to produce carbon-based conductive inks for electronic and sensor technology applications. Carbonized lignin, obtained from the waste products of the Eucalyptus globulus tree paper industry, was used to produce a stable conductive ink. To this end, liquid-phase compositions were tested with different amounts of carbonized lignin powder to obtain an ink with optimal conductivity and rheological properties for different possible uses. The combination that showed the best properties, both regarding electrochemical properties and green compatibility of the materials employed, was cyclohexanone/cellulose acetate/carbonized lignin 5% (w/w), which was used to produce screen-printed electrodes. The electrodes were characterized from a structural and electrochemical point of view, resulting in an electrochemically active area of 0.1813 cm2, compared to the electrochemically active area of 0.1420 cm2 obtained by employing geometrically similar petroleum-based screen-printed electrodes and, finally, their performance was demonstrated for the quantification of uric acid, with a limit of detection of 0.3 μM, and their biocompatibility was assessed by testing it with the laccase enzyme and achieving a limit of detection of 2.01 μM for catechol as the substrate. The results suggest that the developed ink could be of great use in both sensor and electronic industries, reducing the overall ecological impact of traditionally used petroleum-based inks.
A Comprehensive Updated Review on Magnetic Nanoparticles in Diagnostics
Authors: Farinha Pedro , Coelho João M. P. , Reis Catarina Pinto , Gaspar Maria Manuela
Published: December 2021

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been studied for diagnostic purposes for decades. Their high surface-to-volume ratio, dispersibility, ability to interact with various molecules and superparamagnetic properties are at the core of what makes MNPs so promising. They have been applied in a multitude of areas in medicine, particularly Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are the most well-accepted based on their excellent superparamagnetic properties and low toxicity. Nevertheless, IONPs are facing many challenges that make their entry into the market difficult. To overcome these challenges, research has focused on developing MNPs with better safety profiles and enhanced magnetic properties. One particularly important strategy includes doping MNPs (particularly IONPs) with other metallic elements, such as cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn), to reduce the iron (Fe) content released into the body resulting in the creation of multimodal nanoparticles with unique properties. Another approach includes the development of MNPs using other metals besides Fe, that possess great magnetic or other imaging properties. The future of this field seems to be the production of MNPs which can be used as multipurpose platforms that can combine different uses of MRI or different imaging techniques to design more effective and complete diagnostic tests.
Controllable Fabrication of SiC@C-Fe3O4 Hybrids and Their Excellent Electromagnetic Absorption Properties
Authors: Duan Liqun , Dai Xiaoqing , Wu Fan , Xie Aming , Wu Jian-An , Sun Minqian , Xia Yilu
Published: December 2021

In this work, a batch of novel ternary hybrids (SiC@C-Fe3O4), characterized by SiC nanowires core, carbon shell, and adhered Fe3O4 nanoparticles were controllably synthesized via surface carbonization of SiCnw followed by hydrothermal reaction. Carbon, which was derived from SiC with nanometer thickness, possesses an amorphous structure, while Fe3O4 nanoparticles are in a crystalline state. Simultaneously, the inducement of Fe3O4 nanoparticles can provide significant magnetic loss, which is well-tuned by changing the molar content of iron precursors (FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O). SiC@C-Fe3O4 hybrids show great electromagnetic absorption performance owing to the synergy effect of dielectric and magnetic losses. The minimum refection loss can reach to −63.71 dB at 11.20 GHz with a thickness of 3.10 mm, while the broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) can reach to 7.48 GHz in range of 10.52–18.00 GHz with a thickness of 2.63 mm. Moreover, the EAB can also cover the whole X band and Ku band. The outstanding performance of the obtained material implys that it is a promising candidate as an electromagnetic absorber.
Armchair Janus MoSSe Nanoribbon with Spontaneous Curling: A First-Principles Study
Authors: Sun Naizhang , Wang Mingchao , Quhe Ruge , Liu Yumin , Liu Wenjun , Guo Zhenlin , Ye Han
Published: December 2021

Based on density functional theory, we theoretically investigate the electronic structures of free-standing armchair Janus MoSSe nanoribbons (A-MoSSeNR) with width up to 25.5 nm. The equilibrium structures of nanoribbons with spontaneous curling are obtained by energy minimization in molecular dynamics (MD). The curvature is 0.178 nm−1 regardless of nanoribbon width. Both finite element method and analytical solution based on continuum theory provide qualitatively consistent results for the curling behavior, reflecting that relaxation of intrinsic strain induced by the atomic asymmetry acts as the driving force. The non-edge bandgap of curled A-MoSSeNR reduces faster with the increase of width compared with planar nanoribbons. It can be observed that the real-space wave function at the non-edge VBM is localized in the central region of the curled nanoribbon. When the curvature is larger than 1.0 nm−1, both edge bandgap and non-edge bandgap shrink with the further increase of curvature. Moreover, we explore the spontaneous curling and consequent sewing process of nanoribbon to form nanotube (Z-MoSSeNT) by MD simulations. The spontaneously formed Z-MoSSeNT with 5.6 nm radius possesses the lowest energy. When radius is smaller than 0.9 nm, the bandgap of Z-MoSSeNT drops rapidly as the radius decreases. We expect the theoretical results can help build the foundation for novel nanoscale devices based on Janus TMD nanoribbons.
Interface Optimization and Transport Modulation of Sm2O3/InP Metal Oxide Semiconductor Capacitors with Atomic Layer Deposition-Derived Laminated Interlayer
Authors: Lu Jinyu , He Gang , Yan Jin , Dai Zhenxiang , Zheng Ganhong , Jiang Shanshan , Qiao Lesheng , Gao Qian , Fang Zebo
Published: December 2021

In this paper, the effect of atomic layer deposition-derived laminated interlayer on the interface chemistry and transport characteristics of sputtering-deposited Sm2O3/InP gate stacks have been investigated systematically. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, it can be noted that ALD-derived Al2O3 interface passivation layer significantly prevents the appearance of substrate diffusion oxides and substantially optimizes gate dielectric performance. The leakage current experimental results confirm that the Sm2O3/Al2O3/InP stacked gate dielectric structure exhibits a lower leakage current density than the other samples, reaching a value of 2.87 × 10−6 A/cm2. In addition, conductivity analysis shows that high-quality metal oxide semiconductor capacitors based on Sm2O3/Al2O3/InP gate stacks have the lowest interfacial density of states (Dit) value of 1.05 × 1013 cm−2 eV−1. The conduction mechanisms of the InP-based MOS capacitors at low temperatures are not yet known, and to further explore the electron transport in InP-based MOS capacitors with different stacked gate dielectric structures, we placed samples for leakage current measurements at low varying temperatures (77–227 K). Based on the measurement results, Sm2O3/Al2O3/InP stacked gate dielectric is a promising candidate for InP-based metal oxide semiconductor field-effect-transistor devices (MOSFET) in the future.
Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Caries Prevention: A Review
Authors: Nizami Mohammed Zahedul Islam , Xu Veena W. , Yin Iris X. , Yu Ollie Y. , Chu Chun-Hung
Published: December 2021

Nanoparticles based on metal and metallic oxide have become a novel trend for dental use as they interfere with bacterial metabolism and prevent biofilm formation. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity by metal ion release, oxidative stress induction and non-oxidative mechanisms. Silver, zinc, titanium, copper, and magnesium ions have been used to develop metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. In addition, fluoride has been used to functionalise the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The fluoride-functionalised nanoparticles show fluoride-releasing properties that enhance apatite formation, promote remineralisation, and inhibit demineralisation of enamel and dentine. The particles’ nanoscopic size increases their surface-to-volume ratio and bioavailability. The increased surface area facilitates their mechanical bond with tooth tissue. Therefore, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have been incorporated in dental materials to strengthen the mechanical properties of the materials and to prevent caries development. Another advantage of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles is their easily scalable production. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of the use of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles in caries prevention. The study reviews their effects on dental materials regarding antibacterial, remineralising, aesthetic, and mechanical properties.
Long-Term Outcomes of in Utero Ramadan Exposure: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Mahanani Melani R. , Abderbwih Eman , Wendt Amanda S. , Deckert Andreas , Antia Khatia , Horstick Olaf , Dambach Peter , Kohler Stefan , Winkler Volker
Published: December 2021

Health outcomes of in utero Ramadan exposure have been reported in a systematic literature review; however, the available literature on long-term effects were not fully covered. Our study aims to specifically review the long-term outcomes of in utero Ramadan exposure. We searched for original research articles analyzing any long-term outcome of in utero Ramadan exposure, excluding maternal and perinatal outcomes. Sixteen studies from 8304 non-duplicate search results were included. Most studies suggest negative consequences from in utero Ramadan exposure on health, as well as on economic outcomes later in adulthood. Higher under-five mortality rate, higher mortality under three months, and under one year, shorter stature, lower body mass index, increased incidence of vision, hearing and learning disabilities, lower mathematics, writing and reading scores, as well as a lower probability to own a home were associated with Ramadan exposure during conception or the first trimester of pregnancy. Furthermore, age and sex seem to play a pivotal role on the association. Existing studies suggest that in utero Ramadan exposure may adversely impact long-term health and economic well-being. However, evidence is limited. Meanwhile, increasing awareness of the potential risks of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy should be raised among pregnant women and clinicians and other antenatal care workers should promote better maternal healthcare.
Bacillus toyonensis SAU-19 Ameliorates Hepatic Insulin Resistance in High-Fat Diet/Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Mice
Authors: Okyere Samuel Kumi , Xie Lei , Wen Juan , Ran Yinan , Ren Zhihua , Deng Junliang , Hu Yanchun
Published: December 2021

Insulin resistance (IR) is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was performed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Bacillus toyonensis SAU-19 and its possible mechanisms of action in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirty SPFKM mice were randomly assigned to three groups: control, diabetic model, and diabetes + Bacillus toyonensis SAU-19 group. After 35 days, blood was collected for biochemical analysis and liver tissue samples for histopathological analysis using H&E staining, qPCR, and ELISA. The results showed that the administration of B. toyonensis SAU-19 significantly improved the blood glucose, hepatic insulin resistance, and morphological changes of the liver characterized by significant improvement of dyslipidemia, glycogen synthesis, and antioxidant status (p < 0.05), indicating the strains’ ameliorating effects on hepatic insulin resistance in T2DM. In conclusion, the probiotic strain (B. toyonensis SAU-19) inhibits T2DM by reducing insulin resistance, improving antioxidant status, and downregulating genes related to glucose synthesis; hence, it may be used in treating diabetes and other metabolic disorders. This study provides the basis for further studies into the molecular mechanisms of B. toyonensis SAU-19 in treating T2DM.
Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach
Authors: Fang Yuehui , Lian Yiyao , Yang Zhenyu , Duan Yifan , He Yuna
Published: December 2021

Breastmilk is the optimal food for infants. Feeding pattern is closely related to physical development and health during infancy. Understanding the associations between feeding patterns and health status can inform related policy interventions and advocacy in China. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between infant feeding patterns and health status in China infants. The China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2013 was a national-representative cross-sectional study performed particularly for children aged 0–5 years. A total of 3974 infants aged under 1 year were included in the analysis, of whom 1082 (27.2%) made up the formula feeding group, and 2892 (72.8%) made up the breastfeeding group. The associations between feeding patterns and physical development and health were investigated using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. Among breastfeeding and formula feeding infants aged 9–11 months old, weight-for-age z score was 1.1 ± 1.1 and 0.9 ± 1.3, respectively, and weight-for-length z score was 1.0 ± 1.3 and 0.7 ± 1.4, respectively. Hemoglobin in 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–11 months old breastfeeding infants was 121.4 ± 15.2 g/L, 117.1 ± 13.0 g/L, 113. 9 ± 11.9 g/L, and 114.4 ± 14.0 g/L, while in 0–2, 3–5, 6–8, and 9–11 months formula feeding infants was 116.3 ± 14.8 g/L, 120.4 ± 11.3 g/L, 119.8 ± 11.2 g/L, and 120.0 ± 11.5 g/L, respectively. Breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of respiratory disease (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.99) and diarrhea (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.98). Breastfeeding could slightly improve infant physical development, and had a protective effect on the diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Infants aged 3–11 months who were breastfeeding showed lower hemoglobin than that of formula-fed infants and thus should increase intake of iron rich complementary foods.
Low Urinary Iodine Concentration Is Associated with Increased Risk for Elevated Plasma Glucose in Females: An Analysis of NHANES 2011–12
Authors: Ezemaduka Okoli Chisom B. , Woldu Henok G. , Peterson Catherine A.
Published: December 2021

Iodine intake in the US has declined in recent years. Iodine insufficiency increases the risk for inadequate thyroid hormone production and there is growing evidence that sub-clinical hypothyroidism may be disruptive to metabolic health, including insulin resistance (IR). We investigated the association between urinary iodine concentrations (UIC), a measurement of iodine status, and IR in adults. Data from 1286 US adults (≥20 years) in the NHANES 2011–2012 were analyzed. Two subgroups (low = UIC < 100 µg/L and normal = UIC ≥ 100 µg/L) were compared for markers of IR, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Chi-square test, both linear and logistic regression models were used. In males, there were no significant associations between UIC and markers of IR; however, females with normal UIC had greater risks for elevated HOMA-IR (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI= 0.32–0.99) and HbA1C (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.34–0.90), while females with low UIC had a greater risk for FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.09–2.72). Results only partially support our hypothesis that UIC is associated with the odds of IR in adults. The finding of an increased risk for elevated FPG, a marker of prediabetes, in female adults with low iodine status requires further investigation.
Guidance for Healthy and More Climate-Friendly Diets in Nursing Homes—Scenario Analysis Based on a Municipality’s Food Procurement
Authors: Lassen Anne Dahl , Nordman Matilda , Christensen Lene Møller , Beck Anne Marie , Trolle Ellen
Published: December 2021

Reducing the climate impact of food provided for residents in nursing homes is challenging, as the diets for older, frail adults must be high in protein content and energy density while at the same time ensuring that the meals are palatable and recognizable. This study aimed at providing guidance on healthy and more climate-friendly diets for nursing homes in the City of Copenhagen. The goal was to decrease greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) by at least 25% while at the same time providing nutritionally adequate and recognizable menus. First, food purchase data were compiled with datasets matching each food item to a proxy food item and then to databases containing GHGE and nutrient information. Secondly, two diet scenarios were modelled based on current procurement practices, i.e., an energy- and protein-dense diet and a standard protein-dense diet, and converted into guidelines for menu planning. The diets contained less total meat, especially beef, and significantly more pulses, nuts and seeds in order to increase protein content according to recommendations for older adults. Finally, a combined scenario was calculated to reflect the joint climate impact reduction. This kind of innovation in food procurement is required in order to achieve the necessary transition to a sustainable food system.
The Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu Prevents Epidermal Dysplasia in HPV16-Transgenic Mice
Authors: Almeida José , Ferreira Tiago , Santos Susana , Pires Maria J. , da Costa Rui M. Gil , Medeiros Rui , Bastos Margarida M.S.M. , Neuparth Maria J. , Faustino-Rocha Ana I. , Abreu Helena , Pereira Rui , Pacheco Mário , Gaivão Isabel , Rosa Eduardo , Oliveira Paula A.
Published: December 2021

The role of dietary profiles in promoting or reducing the risk of multiple types of cancer is increasingly clear, driving the search for balanced foods and nutraceuticals. The red seaweed Grateloupia turuturu has been used as human food showing a balanced nutritional profile. This study aims to test in vivo chemopreventive effects of G. turuturu against cutaneous pre-malignant lesions in transgenic mice for the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16). Forty-four female HPV+/− or HPV−/− mice received a standard diet or were supplemented with 10% G. turuturu for 22 consecutive days. Cutaneous lesions (ear and chest skin) were identified histologically. Complementarily, the weights and histology of internal organs as well as blood biochemical and DNA integrity parameters were also assessed. G. turuturu consistently reduced the incidence of epidermal dysplasia induced by HPV16 on both cutaneous sites. Moreover, biochemical, DNA integrity and histological analyses confirmed G. turuturu edibility as no signs of toxicity were found. Dietary supplementation with G. turuturu is an effective and safe chemopreventive strategy in this model.
Impact of the Front-of-Pack Label Nutri-Score on the Nutritional Quality of Food Choices in a Quasi-Experimental Trial in Catering
Authors: Julia Chantal , Arnault Nathalie , Agaësse Cédric , Fialon Morgane , Deschasaux-Tanguy Mélanie , Andreeva Valentina A. , Fezeu Léopold K. , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Touvier Mathilde , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge
Published: December 2021

The front-of-pack labelling Nutri-Score has recently been implemented as a policy measure to improve the healthiness of food choices. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the Nutri-Score label in catering. A quasi-experimental trial was conducted in France between 16 December 2019 and 13 March 2020 in two staff restaurants (one intervention and one control site) from the same company. After a control period of seven weeks, the Nutri-Score label was affixed on all proposed products in the intervention site. Overall effects of the intervention were investigated using a difference in difference approach with generalised linear models. Over the 13 weeks of the study, 2063 participants who frequented the restaurant cafeteria at least once were included (1268 and 795 in the intervention and control site, respectively), representing 36,114 meals. Overall, the intervention led to a significant improvement in the nutritional quality of meals (p = 0.008) and a significant reduction in the intake of calories, sugars and saturated fat (p < 0.0001). Mixed effects models showed a qualitative improvement of food choices initially, and an adaptation of the quantities consumed over time, suggesting for the first time longer-term effects of the label on dietary behaviour.
Assessment of Intramuscular Fat and Correlation with Body Composition in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Villedon de Naide Marc , Pereira Bruno , Courteix Daniel , Dutheil Frederic , Cassagnes Lucie , Boirie Yves , Soubrier Martin , Tournadre Anne
Published: December 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) are associated with changes in body composition. Ectopic intramuscular fat (IMAT) may alter muscle function and contribute to cardiometabolic disorders. In a pilot study, we analyzed IMAT in the calf with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) and examined correlations between IMAT quantity and body composition parameters. In 20 patients with active RA and 23 with active SpA, IMAT was correlated with visceral fat (VAT; r = 0.5143 and 0.6314, respectively; p < 0.05) and total lean mass (r = 0.5414 and 0.8132, respectively; p < 0.05), but not with whole body fat mass. Total lean mass mediated 16% and 33% of the effects of VAT on IMAT in RA and SpA, respectively. In both RA and SpA, calf muscle area was correlated with total lean mass (r = 0.5940 and r = 0.8597, respectively; p < 0.05) and fat area was correlated with total body fat (r = 0.6767 and 0.5089, respectively; p < 0.05) and subcutaneous fat (r = 0.6526 and 0.5524, respectively; p < 0.05). Fat area was inversely correlated with handgrip and walking tests, and it was associated with disease activity and disability. We showed that ectopic IMAT, measured with pQCT, was correlated with VAT, but not with total body fat, in RA and SpA. This result suggests that metabolically active fat was specifically associated with IMAT.
Associations of Health Literacy with Blood Pressure and Dietary Salt Intake among Adults: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mohd Isa Darwish , Shahar Suzana , He Feng J. , Majid Hazreen Abdul
Published: December 2021

Health literacy has been recognized as a significant social determinant of health, defined as the ability to access, understand, appraise, and apply health-related information across healthcare, disease prevention, and health promotion. This systematic review aims to understand the relationship between health literacy, blood pressure, and dietary salt intake. A web-based search of PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, ProQuest, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Prospero was performed using specified search/MESH terms and keywords. Two reviewers independently performed the data extraction and analysis, cross-checked, reviewed, and resolved any discrepancies by the third reviewer. Twenty out of twenty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were rated as good quality papers and used in the final analysis. Higher health literacy had shown to have better blood pressure or hypertension knowledge. However, the relationship between health literacy with dietary salt intake has shown mixed and inconsistent findings. Studies looking into the main four domains of health literacy are still limited. More research exploring the links between health literacy, blood pressure, and dietary salt intake in the community is warranted. Using appropriate and consistent health literacy tools to evaluate the effectiveness of salt reduction as health promotion programs is required.
Social Jetlag and Related Risks for Human Health: A Timely Review
Authors: Caliandro Rocco , Streng Astrid A. , van Kerkhof Linda W. M. , van der Horst Gijsbertus T. J. , Chaves Inês
Published: December 2021

The term social jetlag is used to describe the discrepancy between biological time, determined by our internal body clock, and social times, mainly dictated by social obligations such as school or work. In industrialized countries, two-thirds of the studying/working population experiences social jetlag, often for several years. Described for the first time in 2006, a considerable effort has been put into understanding the effects of social jetlag on human physiopathology, yet our understanding of this phenomenon is still very limited. Due to its high prevalence, social jetlag is becoming a primary concern for public health. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding social jetlag, social jetlag associated behavior (e.g., unhealthy eating patterns) and related risks for human health.
The Effect of Obesity Class on the Energetics and Mechanics of Walking
Authors: Primavesi Julia , Fernández Menéndez Aitor , Hans Didier , Favre Lucie , Crettaz von Roten Fabienne , Malatesta Davide
Published: December 2021

Higher mass-normalized net energy cost of walking (NetCw/kg) and mechanical pendular recovery are observed in obese compared to lean adults. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different classes of obesity on the energetics and mechanics of walking and to explore the relationships between body mass, NetCw/kg and gait mechanics by using principal component analysis (PCA). NetCw/kg and gait mechanics were computed in severely obese (SOG; n = 18, BMI = 40.1 ± 4.4 kg·m−2), moderately obese (MOG; n = 17, BMI = 32.2 ± 1.5 kg·m−2) and normal-weight (NWG; n = 13, BMI = 22.0 ± 1.5 kg·m−2) adults during five walking trials (0.56, 0.83, 1.11, 1.39, 1.67 m·s−1) on an instrumented treadmill. NetCw/kg was significantly higher in SOG compared to NWG (p = 0.019), with no significant difference between SOG and MOG (p = 0.14), nor between MOG and NWG (p = 0.27). Recovery was significantly higher in SOG than in NWG (p = 0.028), with no significant difference between SOG and MOG (p = 0.13), nor between MOG and NWG (p = 0.35). PCA models explained between 17.0% and 44.2% of the data variance. This study showed that: (1) obesity class influences the gait energetics and mechanics; (2) PCA was able to identify two components, showing that the obesity class is associated with lower walking efficiency and better pendulum-like characteristics.
Oral Consumption of Bread from an RNAi Wheat Line with Strongly Silenced Gliadins Elicits No Immunogenic Response in a Pilot Study with Celiac Disease Patients
Authors: Guzmán-López María H. , Sánchez-León Susana , Marín-Sanz Miriam , Comino Isabel , Segura Verónica , Vaquero Luis , Rivero-Lezcano Octavio M. , Pastor Jorge , Sousa Carolina , Vivas Santiago , Barro Francisco
Published: December 2021

Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically predisposed, T cell-mediated and autoimmune-like disorder caused by dietary exposure to the storage proteins of wheat and related cereals. A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment available for CD. The celiac immune response mediated by CD4+ T-cells can be assessed with a short-term oral gluten challenge. This study aimed to determine whether the consumption of bread made using flour from a low-gluten RNAi wheat line (named E82) can activate the immune response in DQ2.5-positive patients with CD after a blind crossover challenge. The experimental protocol included assessing IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms, and measuring gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in stool samples. The response of PBMCs was not significant to gliadin and the 33-mer peptide after E82 bread consumption. In contrast, PBMCs reacted significantly to Standard bread. This lack of immune response is correlated with the fact that, after E82 bread consumption, stool samples from patients with CD showed very low levels of GIP, and the symptoms were comparable to those of the GFD. This pilot study provides evidence that bread from RNAi E82 flour does not elicit an immune response after a short-term oral challenge and could help manage GFD in patients with CD.
Associations of Caregiver Cooking Skills with Child Dietary Behaviors and Weight Status: Results from the A-CHILD Study
Authors: Tani Yukako , Isumi Aya , Doi Satomi , Fujiwara Takeo
Published: December 2021

We examined whether caregiver cooking skills were associated with frequency of home cooking, child dietary behaviors, and child body weight status in Japan. We used cross-sectional data from the 2018 Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty study, targeting primary and junior high school students aged 9–14 years in Adachi City, Tokyo, Japan (n = 5257). Caregiver cooking skills were assessed using a scale with good validity and reliability modified for use in Japan. Child heights and weights derived from school heath checkup data were used to calculate WHO standard body mass index z-scores. After adjusting for potential confounders, caregivers with low-level cooking skills were 4.31 (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.68–6.94) times more likely to have lower frequency of home cooking than those with high level of cooking skills. Children with low-level caregiver cooking skills were 2.81 (95% CI: 2.06–3.84) times more likely to have lower frequency of vegetable intake and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.08–2.82) times more likely to be obese. A low level of caregiver cooking skills was associated with infrequent home cooking, unhealthy child dietary behaviors, and child obesity.
Microbiome and Human Aging: Probiotic and Prebiotic Potentials in Longevity, Skin Health and Cellular Senescence
Authors: Boyajian Jacqueline Lena , Ghebretatios Merry , Schaly Sabrina , Islam Paromita , Prakash Satya
Published: December 2021

The role of the microbiome in human aging is important: the microbiome directly impacts aging through the gastrointestinal system. However, the microbial impact on skin has yet to be fully understood. For example, cellular senescence is an intrinsic aging process that has been recently associated with microbial imbalance. With age, cells become senescent in response to stress wherein they undergo irreversible growth arrest while maintaining high metabolic activity. An accumulation of senescent cells has been linked to various aging and chronic pathologies due to an overexpression of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) comprised of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, proteases, lipids and extracellular matrix components. In particular, dermatological disorders may be promoted by senescence as the skin is a common site of accumulation. The gut microbiota influences cellular senescence and skin disruption through the gut-skin axis and secretion of microbial metabolites. Metabolomics can be used to identify and quantify metabolites involved in senescence. Moreover, novel anti-senescent therapeutics are warranted given the poor safety profiles of current pharmaceutical drugs. Probiotics and prebiotics may be effective alternatives, considering the relationship between the microbiome and healthy aging. However, further research on gut composition under a senescent status is needed to develop immunomodulatory therapies.
Energy Metabolism Changes and Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Ko Seong-Hee , Jung YunJae
Published: December 2021

Aging women experience hormonal changes, such as decreased estrogen and increased circulating androgen, due to natural or surgical menopause. These hormonal changes make postmenopausal women vulnerable to body composition changes, muscle loss, and abdominal obesity; with a sedentary lifestyle, these changes affect overall energy expenditure and basal metabolic rate. In addition, fat redistribution due to hormonal changes leads to changes in body shape. In particular, increased bone marrow-derived adipocytes due to estrogen loss contribute to increased visceral fat in postmenopausal women. Enhanced visceral fat lipolysis by adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase triggers the production of excessive free fatty acids, causing insulin resistance and metabolic diseases. Because genes involved in β-oxidation are downregulated by estradiol loss, excess free fatty acids produced by lipolysis of visceral fat cannot be used appropriately as an energy source through β-oxidation. Moreover, aged women show increased adipogenesis due to upregulated expression of genes related to fat accumulation. As a result, the catabolism of ATP production associated with β-oxidation decreases, and metabolism associated with lipid synthesis increases. This review describes the changes in energy metabolism and lipid metabolic abnormalities that are the background of weight gain in postmenopausal women.
Sex Differences in the Associations of Nutrient Patterns with Total and Regional Adiposity: A Study of Middle-Aged Black South African Men and Women
Authors: Ratshikombo Tshifhiwa , Goedecke Julia H. , Soboyisi Melikhaya , Kufe Clement , Makura-Kankwende Caroline B. T. , Masemola Maphoko , Micklesfield Lisa K. , Chikowore Tinashe
Published: December 2021

The study evaluated the association between nutrient patterns with body fat and regional adiposity in middle-aged black South African (SA) men and women and determined if this differed by sex. Body fat and regional adiposity (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and dietary intake (7-day quantified food frequency questionnaire) were measured in black SA men (n = 414) and women (n = 346). Using principal component analysis, nutrient patterns were computed from 25 nutrients in the combined sample. Four nutrient patterns were extracted, explaining 67% of the variance in nutrient intake. Animal and fat, as well as the vitamin C, sugar, and potassium driven patterns, were positively associated with total adiposity. In contrast, the retinol and vitamin B12 pattern was associated with the centralisation of fat. Notably, the strength of the association between the animal-driven nutrient pattern and BMI was greater in men (1.14 kg/m2, 95% CI (0.63–1.66)) than in women (0.81 kg/m2, 95% CI (0.25–1.36)) (Pint = 0.017). In contrast, the plant-driven pattern was associated with higher abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in women (44 cm2, 95% CI (22–67)) but not men (Pint = 1.54 × 10−4). These differences suggest that although men and women have similar nutrient patterns, their associations with the whole body and regional body fat are different.
Investigating the Potential for Sulforaphane to Attenuate Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in mdx Dystrophic Mice
Authors: Swiderski Kristy , Read Suzannah J. , Chan Audrey S. , Chung Jin D. , Trieu Jennifer , Naim Timur , Koopman René , Lynch Gordon S.
Published: December 2021

Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction is an important, yet understudied condition associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), with patients reporting bloating, diarrhea, and general discomfort, contributing to a reduced quality of life. In the mdx mouse, the most commonly used mouse model of DMD, studies have confirmed GI dysfunction (reported as altered contractility and GI transit through the small and large intestine), associated with increased local and systemic inflammation. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a natural isothiocyanate with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties via its activation of Nrf2 signalling that has been shown to improve aspects of the skeletal muscle pathology in dystrophic mice. Whether SFN can similarly improve GI function in muscular dystrophy was unknown. Video imaging and spatiotemporal mapping to assess gastrointestinal contractions in isolated colon preparations from mdx and C57BL/10 mice revealed that SFN reduced contraction frequency when administered ex vivo, demonstrating its therapeutic potential to improve GI function in DMD. To confirm this in vivo, four-week-old male C57BL/10 and mdx mice received vehicle (2% DMSO/corn oil) or SFN (2 mg/kg in 2% DMSO/corn oil) via daily oral gavage five days/week for 4 weeks. SFN administration reduced fibrosis in the diaphragm of mdx mice but did not affect other pathological markers. Gene and protein analysis revealed no change in Nrf2 protein expression or activation of Nrf2 signalling after SFN administration and oral SFN supplementation did not improve GI function in mdx mice. Although ex vivo studies demonstrate SFN’s therapeutic potential for reducing colon contractions, in vivo studies should investigate higher doses and/or alternate routes of administration to confirm SFN’s potential to improve GI function in DMD.
Effectiveness of Workplace-Based Diet and Lifestyle Interventions on Risk Factors in Workers with Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression
Authors: Gea Cabrera Alicia , Caballero Pablo , Wanden-Berghe Carmina , Sanz-Lorente María , López-Pintor Elsa
Published: December 2021

Workplace health interventions are essential to improve the health and well-being of workers and promote healthy lifestyle behaviours. We carried out a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of articles measuring the association between workplace dietary interventions and MetS risk. We recovered potentially eligible studies by searching MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science, using the terms “Metabolic syndrome” and “Occupational Health”. A total of 311 references were retrieved and 13 documents were selected after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Dietary interventions were grouped into six main types: basic education/counselling; specific diet/changes in diet and food intake; behavioural change/coaching; physical exercise; stress management; and internet/social networks. Most programmes included several components. The interventions considered together are beneficial, but the clinical results reflect only a minimal impact on MetS risk. According to the metaregression, the interventions with the greatest impact were those that used coaching techniques and those that promoted physical activity, leading to increased HDL (effect size = 1.58, sig = 0.043; and 2.02, 0.015, respectively) and decreased BMI (effect size = −0.79, sig = −0.009; and −0.77, 0.034, respectively). In contrast, interventions offering information on healthy habits and lifestyle had the contrary effect, leading to increased BMI (effect size = 0.78, sig = 0.006), systolic blood pressure (effect size = 4.85, sig = 0.038) and diastolic blood pressure (effect size = 3.34, sig = 0.001). It is necessary to improve the efficiency of dietary interventions aimed at lowering MetS risk in workers.
Genotyping and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens and Clostridioides difficile in Camel Minced Meat
Authors: Fayez Mahmoud , El-Ghareeb Waleed R. , Elmoslemany Ahmed , Alsunaini Saleem J. , Alkafafy Mohamed , Alzahrani Othman M. , Mahmoud Samy F. , Elsohaby Ibrahim
Published: December 2021

The present study aimed to determine the occurrence, genotypes, and antimicrobial resistance of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) in camel minced meat samples collected from small butcher shops and supermarkets in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. A total of 100 camel minced meat samples were randomly collected from small butcher’s shops (n = 50) and supermarkets (n = 50) in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. C. perfringens and C. difficile were isolated and identified using the VITEK-2 compact system and 16S rRNA gene amplification. Genotypes, toxin genes, and antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates were determined. Moreover, ELISA was used to detect C. perfringens and C. difficile toxins. C. perfringens and C. difficile were isolated from 14% and 4% of the tested minced meat samples, respectively. Out of the 14 C. perfringens isolates, type A (64.3%), type B (7.1%), type C (21.5%), and type D (7.1%) were detected. However, out of the four C. difficile isolates, three (75%) were type A+B+ and one (25%) was type A−B+. None of the C. perfringens or C. difficile toxins were identified using ELISA. C. perfringens and C. difficile isolates exhibited a high rate of resistance to tetracycline (56% and 75%, respectively). However, all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Multidrug resistance was observed in three (21.4%) C. perfringens and one (25%) C. difficile isolates. In conclusion, camel minced meat was contaminated with C. perfringens and C. difficile, which present a potential risk of food poisoning. The majority of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial, and some isolates were multidrug-resistant. Therefore, food safety standards and frequent inspections of abattoirs, small butcher shops, and supermarkets should be enforced.
The O-Ag Antibody Response to Francisella Is Distinct in Rodents and Higher Animals and Can Serve as a Correlate of Protection
Authors: Shoudy Lauren E. , Namjoshi Prachi , Giordano Gabriela , Kumar Sudeep , Bowling Jennifer D. , Gelhaus Carl , Barry Eileen M. , Hazlett Allan J. , Hazlett Brian A. , Cooper Kristine L. , Pittman Phillip R. , Reed Douglas S. , Hazlett Karsten R. O.
Published: December 2021

Identifying correlates of protection (COPs) for vaccines against lethal human (Hu) pathogens, such as Francisella tularensis (Ft), is problematic, as clinical trials are currently untenable and the relevance of various animal models can be controversial. Previously, Hu trials with the live vaccine strain (LVS) demonstrated ~80% vaccine efficacy against low dose (~50 CFU) challenge; however, protection deteriorated with higher challenge doses (~2000 CFU of SchuS4) and no COPs were established. Here, we describe our efforts to develop clinically relevant, humoral COPs applicable to high-dose, aerosol challenge with S4. First, our serosurvey of LVS-vaccinated Hu and animals revealed that rabbits (Rbs), but not rodents, recapitulate the Hu O-Ag dependent Ab response to Ft. Next, we assayed Rbs immunized with distinct S4-based vaccine candidates (S4ΔclpB, S4ΔguaBA, and S4ΔaroD) and found that, across multiple vaccines, the %O-Ag dep Ab trended with vaccine efficacy. Among S4ΔguaBA-vaccinated Rbs, the %O-Ag dep Ab in pre-challenge plasma was significantly higher in survivors than in non-survivors; a cut-off of >70% O-Ag dep Ab predicted survival with high sensitivity and specificity. Finally, we found this COP in 80% of LVS-vaccinated Hu plasma samples as expected for a vaccine with 80% Hu efficacy. Collectively, the %O-Ag dep Ab response is a bona fide COP for S4ΔguaBA-vaccinated Rb and holds significant promise for guiding vaccine trials with higher animals.
Strategies and Patterns of Codon Bias in Molluscum Contagiosum Virus
Authors: Nair Rahul Raveendran , Mohan Manikandan , Rudramurthy Gudepalya R. , Vivekanandam Reethu , Satheshkumar Panayampalli S.
Published: December 2021

Trends associated with codon usage in molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) and factors governing the evolution of codon usage have not been investigated so far. In this study, attempts were made to decipher the codon usage trends and discover the major evolutionary forces that influence the patterns of codon usage in MCV with special reference to sub-types 1 and 2, MCV-1 and MCV-2, respectively. Three hypotheses were tested: (1) codon usage patterns of MCV-1 and MCV-2 are identical; (2) SCUB (synonymous codon usage bias) patterns of MCV-1 and MCV-2 slightly deviate from that of human host to avoid affecting the fitness of host; and (3) translational selection predominantly shapes the SCUB of MCV-1 and MCV-2. Various codon usage indices viz. relative codon usage value, effective number of codons and codon adaptation index were calculated to infer the nature of codon usage. Correspondence analysis and correlation analysis were performed to assess the relative contribution of silent base contents and significance of codon usage indices in defining bias in codon usage. Among the tested hypotheses, only the second and third hypotheses were accepted.
Azacitidine Omega-3 Self-Assemblies: Synthesis, Characterization, and Potent Applications for Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Baroud Milad , Lepeltier Elise , El-Makhour Yolla , Lautram Nolwenn , Bejaud Jerome , Thepot Sylvain , Duval Olivier
Published: December 2021

5-Azacitidine, a cytidine analogue used as a hypomethylating agent, is one of the main drugs for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDSs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the elderly. However, after administration, it exhibits several limitations, including restricted diffusion and cellular internalization due to its hydrophilicity, and a rapid enzymatic degradation by adenosine deaminase. The aim of this study was to improve the drug cell diffusion and protect it from metabolic degradation via the synthesis of amphiphilic prodrugs and their potential self-assembly. Azacitidine was conjugated to two different omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The carboxylic acid group of the omega-3 fatty acids was effectively conjugated to the amine group of the azacitidine base, yielding two amphiphilic prodrugs. Nanoprecipitation of the obtained prodrugs was performed and self-assemblies were successfully obtained for both prodrugs, with a mean diameter of 190 nm, a polydispersity index below 0.2 and a positive zeta potential. The formation of self-assemblies was confirmed using pyrene as a fluorescent dye, and the critical aggregation concentrations were determined: 400 µM for AzaEPA and 688 µM for AzaDHA. Additionally, the stability of the obtained self-assemblies was studied and after 5 days their final stable arrangement was reached. Additionally, cryo-TEM revealed that the self-assemblies attain a multilamellar vesicle supramolecular structure. Moreover, the obtained self-assemblies presented promising cytotoxicity on a leukemia human cell line, having a low IC50 value, comparable to that of free azacitidine.
Pharmacological Activities of Extracts and Compounds Isolated from Mediterranean Sponge Sources
Authors: Di Cesare Mannelli Lorenzo , Palma Esposito Fortunato , Sangiovanni Enrico , Pagano Ester , Mannucci Carmen , Polini Beatrice , Ghelardini Carla , Dell’Agli Mario , Izzo Angelo Antonio , Calapai Gioacchino , de Pascale Donatella , Nieri Paola
Published: December 2021

Marine pharmacology is an exciting and growing discipline that blends blue biotechnology and natural compound pharmacology together. Several sea-derived compounds that are approved on the pharmaceutical market were discovered in sponges, marine organisms that are particularly rich in bioactive metabolites. This paper was specifically aimed at reviewing the pharmacological activities of extracts or purified compounds from marine sponges that were collected in the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most biodiverse marine habitats, filling the gap in the literature about the research of natural products from this geographical area. Findings regarding different Mediterranean sponge species were individuated, reporting consistent evidence of efficacy mainly against cancer, infections, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. The sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean sponges as pharmaceutical sources is strongly encouraged to discover new compounds.