bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF AGRONOMIC PRACTICE IMPROVES PHYTOEXTRACTION ON A MULTIPOLLUTED SITE
Authors: Claus Diana , Dietze Hernn , Gerth André , Grosser William , Hebner Anja
Published: January 2019

In the context of a joint research project in collaboration with the municipal water works of Leipzig, BioPlanta optimizes the phytoremediation process. This Phytotechnology has been applied since 1996 to a former sewage sludge dewatering plant in Schladitz near Leipzig (Fig 1). At the time of closing in 1990 about 300,000 m3 of heavy metal‐ and hydrocarbon‐contaminated sludge were stored on this site. It is the biggest phytoremediation project of this kind in Europe. An extensive monitoring and analysis program was established to evaluate the progress of the remediation (ending in 2012). Up to now the contamination of the site could be considerably decreased. The removal of heavy metals sums up to several kilograms with an increasing tendency over the last years (Fig 2). The aim of ongoing research activities is to set up improved conditions for an even more efficient extraction of heavy metal ions from contaminated soil and sediments. Optimizing this process should reduce the remediation period by up to two thirds. The technology is to be implemented not only in the Leipzig region but also in future remediation projects.
The Interacting Late-type Host Galaxy of the Radio-loud Narrow-line Seyfert 1 IRAS 20181-2244
Authors: Berton M. , Congiu E. , Ciroi S. , Komossa S. , Frezzato M. , Mille F. Di , Antón S. , Antonucci R. , Caccianiga A. , Coppi P. , Järvelä E. , Kotilainen J. , Lähteenmäki A. , Mathur S. , Chen S. , Cracco V. , Mura G. La , Rafanelli P.
Published: January 2019

Narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) are a class of active galactic nuclei that are known to be one of the few sources of γ-rays, which originate in a relativistic beamed jet. Because of their relatively large distance, a poorly investigated aspect of these jetted NLS1s is their environment, and in particular, their host galaxy. In this work, we present the results of a morphological analysis of the host galaxy of the jetted NLS1 IRAS 20181-2244 observed with the 6.5 m Baade Telescope of the Las Campanas Observatory. The GALFIT analysis run on the Ks image, along with additional spectroscopic observations performed with the Nordic Optical Telescope, clearly revealed the presence of an interacting system of two galaxies. The data suggest that this NLS1 is hosted by a late-type galaxy, although the result is not conclusive. This analysis, along with other results in the literature, might suggest that two populations of jetted NLS1 exist. Further morphological studies are needed to confirm or disprove this hypothesis.
New Variable Stars in NGC 6652 and Its Background Sagittarius Stream∗
Authors: Salinas Ricardo , Vivas A. Katherina , Ramos Rodrigo Contreras
Published: January 2019

We conducted a variable star search on the metal-rich Galactic globular cluster NGC 6652 using archival Gemini-S/Gemini Multiobject Spectrograph data. We report the discovery of nine new variable stars in the NGC 6652 field, of which we classify six as eclipsing binaries and one as an SX Phoenicis star, leaving two variables without classification. Using proper motions from Gaia DR2 and Hubble Space Telescope, albeit with some uncertainties, we find that the cluster, the field, and the background Sagittarius stream each have three of these variables. We also reassess the membership of known variables based on the Gaia proper motions, confirming the existence of one RR Lyrae star in the cluster.
The Fluid-like and Kinetic Behavior of Kinetic Alfvén Turbulence in Space Plasma
Authors: Wu Honghong , Verscharen Daniel , Wicks Robert T. , Chen Christopher H. K. , He Jiansen , Nicolaou Georgios
Published: January 2019

Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) are the short-wavelength extension of the magnetohydrodynamics Alfvén-wave branch in the case of highly oblique propagation with respect to the background magnetic field. Observations of space plasma show that small-scale turbulence is mainly KAW-like. We apply two theoretical approaches, a collisional two-fluid theory and a collisionless linear kinetic theory, to obtain predictions for the KAW polarizations depending on β
p (the ratio of the proton thermal pressure to the magnetic pressure) at the ion gyroscale in terms of fluctuations in density, bulk velocity, and pressure. We perform a wavelet analysis of Magnetospheric Multiscale magnetosheath measurements and compare the observations with both theories. We find that the two-fluid theory predicts the observations better than the kinetic theory, suggesting that the small-scale KAW-like fluctuations exhibit a fluid-like behavior in the magnetosheath although the plasma is weakly collisional. We also present predictions for the KAW polarizations in the inner heliosphere that are testable with Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter.
Analysis of the Duration–Hardness Ratio Plane of Gamma-Ray Bursts Using Skewed Distributions
Authors: Tarnopolski Mariusz
Published: January 2019

The two widely accepted classes of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), short and long, are with confidence ascribed to mergers of compact objects and collapse of massive stars, respectively. A third, intermediate/soft class, remains putative. Its existence was claimed based on univariate and bivariate analyses of GRB observables modeled with Gaussian distributions. This, however, may not be the appropriate approach, as it has already been shown that the univariate distributions of durations are better described by mixtures of two skewed components rather than three Gaussian ones. This paper investigates whether data in the duration–hardness ratio plane is better modeled by mixtures of skewed bivariate distributions than by normal ones. The archival data set of the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory/BATSE and Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor data from the most recent catalog release are examined. The preferred model is chosen based on two information criteria, Akaike and Bayesian. It is found that the best description is given by a two-component mixture of skewed Student-t distributions, which outperforms any other model considered. This implies that the distribution of the studied parameters is intrinsically skewed, introducing spurious Gaussian components, and hence the third class is unlikely to be a real phenomenon. Its existence, based on statistical inference, is therefore rejected as unnecessary to explain the observations.
Numerical Study of Inertial Kinetic-Alfvén Turbulence
Authors: Roytershteyn Vadim , Boldyrev Stanislav , Delzanno Gian Luca , Chen Christopher H. K. , Grošelj Daniel , Loureiro Nuno F.
Published: January 2019

Recent observational and analytical studies suggested that a new regime of kinetic turbulence may exist in plasma environments with low electron beta (Chen & Boldyrev 2017). Such a regime, termed inertial kinetic-Alfvén turbulence (iKAW), is relevant for the solar corona, Earth’s magnetosheath, and other astrophysical systems where the electron and ion plasma beta parameters satisfy the condition β

e
 ≪ β

i
 ≲ 1. In this paper we present kinetic numerical simulations that confirm the existence of the iKAW regime. Specifically, the simulations demonstrate a transition at scales below electron inertial length d

e
when β

e
 ≪ β

i
 ≲ 1. Spectral slopes and other statistical properties of turbulence at sub-d

e
scales are consistent with the phenomenological theory of inertial kinetic-Alfvén turbulence proposed by Chen & Boldyrev (2017) and with the recent observations in the Earth’s magnetosheath.
Force-free Field Reconstructions Enhanced by Chromospheric Magnetic Field Data
Authors: Fleishman Gregory , Mysh’yakov Ivan , Stupishin Alexey , Loukitcheva Maria , Anfinogentov Sergey
Published: January 2019

A 3D picture of the coronal magnetic field remains an outstanding problem in solar physics, particularly in active regions. Nonlinear force-free field reconstructions that employ routinely available full-disk photospheric vector magnetograms represent state-of-the-art coronal magnetic field modeling. Such reconstructions, however, suffer from an inconsistency between a force-free coronal magnetic field and a non-force-free photospheric boundary condition, from which the coronal reconstruction is performed. In this study we focus on integrating the additional chromospheric and/or coronal magnetic field data with the vector photospheric magnetograms with the goal of improving the reliability of the magnetic field reconstructions. We develop a corresponding modification of the available optimization codes described in Fleishman et al. and test their performance using a full-fledged magnetohydrodynamics model obtained from the Bifrost code by performing a “voxel-by-voxel” comparison between the reconstructed and the model magnetic fields. We demonstrate that adding even an incomplete set of chromospheric magnetic field data can measurably improve the reconstruction of the coronal magnetic field and greatly improve reconstructions of the magnetic connectivity and of the coronal electric current.
Polarization with a Three-dimensional Mixed Magnetic Field and Its Application to GRB 170817A
Authors: Lan Mi-Xiang , Geng Jin-Jun , Wu Xue-Feng , Dai Zi-Gao
Published: January 2019

A large-scale ordered magnetic field plays a very important role in the formation and acceleration of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) jet. During the GRB prompt phase, some dissipation processes may occur and disturb the magnetic field, making the field become random to some extent. Therefore, a mixed magnetic field consisting of an ordered component and a random component is plausible for the early afterglow phase. Here we investigate the polarization evolution and light curve of an afterglow under such a three-dimensional mixed magnetic field. Three kinds of ordered component (i.e., aligned, toroidal, and radial) are discussed. We find that the three cases are distinguishable through jet polarization evolution. The polarization angle for a 3D mixed magnetic field with an aligned ordered component can evolve gradually but only changes abruptly by 90° in the toroidal and radial cases. Furthermore, during the reverse shock crossing time, the polarization degree (PD) can be non-zero for the toroidal case but roughly zero for the radial case. Since an aligned component in a jet corresponds to a magnetar central engine and a toroidal component corresponds to a black hole, GRB central engines are distinguishable through polarization observations even if the magnetic field is mixed in a jet. In addition, our polarization calculation can be applied to GRB 170817A associated with GW170817. Using the recently observed PD upper limit 12% of GRB 170817A at t = 244 days, the magnetic field strength ratio of the ordered to random components in this afterglow is constrained to be ≲0.9.
Two additional species of Gymnopus (Euagarics, Basidiomycotina)
Authors: Petersen Ronald H. , Hughes Karen W.
Published: January 2019

For more than a decade, a combination of molecular phylogenetic analyses and morphological characterisation has led to a renovation of the Omphalotaceae, especially of Gymnopus sensu lato. Numerous new genera have been proposed, but Gymnopus sensu stricto has also seen an accretion of species and species complexes. In this manuscript, two species are added to Gymnopus sensu stricto within Section Androsacei.
Long-Term Results of Hang-Back Medial Rectus Recession
Authors: Breckenridge Anita L W , Dickman David M , Nelson Leonard B , Attia Maher , Ceyhan Dogan
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Purpose: To report long-term results with the hang-back technique for medial rectus muscle recession.

Methods: Medical records of 341 consecutive patients who underwent unilateral or bilateral hang-back medial rectus recession were reviewed. The amount of recession was based on the size of the esotropia as measured at near fixation. Ratients were divided into two groups according to age at onset of esotropia: patients <1 year comprised group 1 and patients s*1 year comprised group 2. Surgical outcomes were analyzed for all patients included in the study.

Results: A total of 1 89 patients met the inclusion criteria. In group 1 patients (n=32), average deviation improved from 48.3 prism diopters (PD) preoperatively to 1.1 PD postoperatively. Eleven patients required a second procedure: 9 with recurrent esotropia and 2 with consecutive exotropia. Average time to second procedure was 27.4 months. In group 2 patients (n=157), average deviation improved from 29.6 PD preoperatively to 1.1 PD postoperatively. Twenty-one patients required a second procedure: 20 with recurrent esotropia and 1 with consecutive exotropia. Average time to second procedure was 22.7 months.

Conclusion: The hang-back technique represents a safe, effective alternative to conventional medial rectus recession.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2003;40: 81-84.
Evolution of Ocular Manifestations in Nephropathic Cystinosis: A Long-Term Study of a Population Treated With Cysteamine
Authors: Dureau Pascal , Broyer Michel , Dufier Jean-Louis
Published: January 2019

ABSTRACT

Background: Nephropathic cystinosis is characterized by an accumulation of cystine crystals within most body tissues. Renal transplantation and oral cysteamine have improved the general prognosis of the disease, and ocular manifestations are now the most common complication. This long-term follow-up study describes the sequence of ocular manifestations in patients with nephropathic cystinosis treated with oral and topical cysteamine.

Methods: Data were recorded for all patients with cystinosis examined between 1980 and 2000. For each patient, photophobia and visual acuity were evaluated and slit-lamp and fundus examinations were performed. For some patients, an electroretinogram was also performed.

Results: Twenty-nine patients were observed during this period. They received oral and topical cysteamine. Photophobia and loss of visual acuity generally began by 10 years of age but were severe only after 15 years of age. Peripheral corneal epithelial infiltration appeared in the first few years of life. Infiltration evolved toward the depth and center of the cornea during the second decade of life. Retinopathy was present in 51.7% of the patients, with 3 cases of maculopathy and 3 cases of flattening on electroretinogram.

Conclusions: Photophobia and corneal infiltration, although generally severe after 15 years of age, could be treated with topical cysteamine and corneal transplantation. Retinal infiltration, previously described as frequent and potentially blinding, is currently observed in only half of these patients, with mild visual impairment. This could be related to the treatment with oral cysteamine reaching the retinal vascularization.

J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2003,40:142-146.
La utilización del discurso sobre la fe y lealtad del arzobispo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada en la cancillería real de la Castilla Trastámara
Authors: Martín Prieto Pablo
Published: January 2019

El discurso doctrinal sobre la fe y lealtad que el arzobispo Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada incluyó en el libro 7, capítulo 18 de su Historia Gothica sive De rebus Hispanie conocerá una difusión vernácula dentro de la corriente de traducciones de esta obra al castellano, como por ejemplo el Toledano romanzado. Con el éxito de la obra histórica del Toledano se puede relacionar la utilización que se hará del mencionado discurso sobre la fe y lealtad en el formulario de diplomas redactados en la cancillería real de Castilla durante la época Trastámara, destacando en dicha utilización la potenciación del sentido político del pasaje del arzobispo Rodrigo, reinterpretado en términos del programa ideológico de la monarquía.
Growth Factor–like Gene Regulation Is Separable from Survival and Maturation in Antibody-Secreting Cells
Authors: Stephenson Sophie , Care Matthew A. , Fan Im , Zougman Alexandre , Westhead David R. , Doody Gina M. , Tooze Reuben M.
Published: January 2019

Recurrent mutational activation of the MAP kinase pathway in plasma cell myeloma implicates growth factor–like signaling responses in the biology of Ab-secreting cells (ASCs). Physiological ASCs survive in niche microenvironments, but how niche signals are propagated and integrated is poorly understood. In this study, we dissect such a response in human ASCs using an in vitro model. Applying time course expression data and parsimonious gene correlation network analysis (PGCNA), a new approach established by our group, we map expression changes that occur during the maturation of proliferating plasmablast to quiescent plasma cell under survival conditions including the potential niche signal TGF-β3. This analysis demonstrates a convergent pattern of differentiation, linking unfolded protein response/endoplasmic reticulum stress to secretory optimization, coordinated with cell cycle exit. TGF-β3 supports ASC survival while having a limited effect on gene expression including upregulation of CXCR4. This is associated with a significant shift in response to SDF1 in ASCs with amplified ERK1/2 activation, growth factor–like immediate early gene regulation and EGR1 protein expression. Similarly, ASCs responding to survival conditions initially induce partially overlapping sets of immediate early genes without sustaining the response. Thus, in human ASCs growth factor–like gene regulation is transiently imposed by niche signals but is not sustained during subsequent survival and maturation.
Breast cancer, human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral treatment; implications for a high-rate seropositive region
Authors: Chirkut Subash
Published: January 2019

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in the world with the most people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of breast cancer is also rising in the region. This transcript focusses on the burden of these two diseases when they converge in the same populace. This comprehensive literature review of the topic suggests a trend towards an increasing incidence of breast cancer in the HIV-infected population, and the rationale for such a tendency is hypothesized, especially in the context of the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Besides the age at diagnosis, all other clinical characteristics appear to be similar in HIV-positive and HIV-negative breast cancer populations. Outcomes of the different treatment modalities for breast cancer in HIV-positive patients are also appraised and finally innovative areas of future research are suggested along with plausible recommendations.
Transarterial radioembolization with Iodine-131-Lipiodol for hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal malignancies – Experience in tertiary care oncology center in India
Authors: Bhargavi Vidya , Subbanna Indusekhar , Kallur K. G. , Patel Aakash , Swamy Shivakumar , Patil Shekar
Published: January 2019

Context: Unresectable colorectal hepatic metastases can be treated with radioembolization. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze the response and survival benefits of transarterial radioembolization (TARE) with Iodine-131 (131I) Lipiodol for hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal malignancies. Settings and Design: Retrospective study of 20 patients with pathologically proven hepatic metastases from primary gastrointestinal malignancies referred for palliative therapy with TARE. Subjects and Methods: At baseline, standard laboratory and imaging data were recorded. All patients fulfilling the inclusion/exclusion criteria underwent TARE with 131I Lipiodol. Post procedure, the patients were reviewed after 1 month with follow-up positron emission tomography–computed tomography and tumor marker levels to evaluate treatment response with continued follow-up till December 2016 and overall survival calculated. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using a statistical analysis package (Social sciences, version 15.0 for Windows; SSPS Inc.). Survival data were plotted using Kaplan–Meier survival curves. Results: At the end of follow-up period, 15 of 20 patients were alive. The mean and median survival was 38.88 ± 5.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 29.03–48.74 months, P = 0.17) and 49.3 ± 12.4 months (95% CI, 25.0–73.7 months, P = 0.17), respectively. 66 months survival was 75%. Response evaluation in 10 patients showed partial response in 3 (30%), stable disease in 2 (20%) and progressive disease in 5 (50%) patients. All patients with partial response showed a reduction in serum tumor marker levels. Conclusions: TARE with 131I-Lipiodol is highly effective with a significant survival benefit in refractory cases of hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal malignancies.
Stromal expression of CD10 in breast carcinoma and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters
Authors: Dhande Ashish Nitin , Sinai Khandeparkar Siddhi Gaurish , Joshi Avinash R. , Kulkarni Maithili Mandar , Pandya Nidhi , Mohanapure Neelam , Aggarwal Aakriti , Patil Gargi
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Breast cancer is the foremost cause of death in women worldwide with more than one million cases occurring annually. Aim: This study was conducted to study the stromal CD10 expression in breast carcinomas (BCa) and its correlation with various prognostic factors such as tumor size, histological grade, lymph node status, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2neu, and Ki67 status. Materials and Methods: Sixty cases of BCa diagnosed between 2013 and 2015 were included in the study. Stromal expression of CD10 was studied on entire section of selected BCa blocks for all cases. A technique of manual tissue microarray was employed for the analysis of expression of immunohistochemical markers ER, PR, and HER2/Neu and Ki67 in all cases. Results were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Stromal CD10 positivity was seen in 78.3% cases, out of which 53.3% of cases were strongly positive, and 25.0% cases were weakly positive. Positivity for ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 was 31.7%, 33.3%, 65%, and 75%, respectively. Stromal expression of CD10 was found to be significantly associated with increasing tumor grade, lymph node status, HER2neu positivity, ER negativity, and Ki67 positivity. CD10 stromal expression was seen mainly in PR negative BCa cases; however, it was statistically insignificant. It was noted that CD10 stromal positivity increased with increasing grade. Conclusion: CD10 can be used as an independent prognostic marker and should be included in routine histopathology report. CD10 could act as a potential target for newer drug development.
Role of CD138, CD56, and light chain immunohistochemistry in suspected and diagnosed plasma cell myeloma: A prospective study
Authors: Dass Jasmita , Arava Sudheer , Mishra Pravas Chandra , Dinda Amit Kumar , Pati Hara Prasad
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Plasma cells (PCs) have conventionally been counted on the bone marrow aspirate, and small focal involvement may be missed even on bone marrow biopsy sections. Material and Methods: We aimed to study the role of CD138, CD56, anti-κ, and anti-λ immunohistochemistry (IHC) to separate PC myeloma from reactive plasmacytosis and to study the utility of these in cases suspected as myelomas and lacking >10% PCs on bone marrow aspirate. The study comprised 35 diagnosed myelomas, 20 reactive plasmacytosis, and 19 M-band positive suspected myelomas. CD138 IHC was performed on all cases along with CD56, anti-κ, and anti-λ IHC. PCs were counted on CD138-immunostained sections by manual count and by image analysis. In addition, CD56 expression was correlated with clinical features in diagnosed myeloma group. Results: In all cases, both manual counts and image analysis, PC counts were significantly higher on the CD138 stained sections than bone marrow aspirates. It was seen that the manual PC counts and image analysis counts were equivalent in diagnosed myeloma cases. CD56 expression was seen in ~62.85% diagnosed myeloma cases while it was negative in cases of reactive plasmacytosis. CD56 expression was significantly higher in patients with lytic lesions (78.26% vs. 21.74%). CD138, anti-κ, and anti-λ IHC also helped classify 11/19 (57.8%) cases correctly. Conclusion: The use of CD138 along with the light chain and CD56 IHC adds a high diagnostic value in myeloma patients and suspected myeloma cases. The PCs can be counted manually on the CD138-immunostained sections and correlate well with the counts obtained by image analysis.
Editorial Introduction: Why we should explore the metaphysical, epistemological and logical dimensions of African philosophy
Authors: Chimakonam Jonathan O.
Published: January 2019

No Abstract
How African is philosophy in Africa?
Authors: Hountondji Paulin J.
Published: January 2019

Let me straight from the beginning confess one thing: I am not happy with the phrase “African Philosophy” used to describe a subject-matter, a specific discipline in the university curriculum. Why? Because it seems to particularize a kind of intellectual production taking place in Africa and to deny its universal validity. It apparently means, to use the words by Jonathan Chimakonam himself, “a bordersensitive, culture-bound exclusive system that holds only in Africa and is not universally applicable” This particularization, however, has its own story. I wish first in this paper to recall briefly the earliest stage of this story and then discuss alternative ways to remain authentically African while doing philosophy in Africa today.Keywords: Ethnophilosophy, African philosophy, Africa, Philosophy, Calabar
Body fat percentage in adolescents from Curitiba-PR metropolitan region: reference data using LMS method
Authors: Ripka Wagner Luis , Esmanhoto Eduardo , Ulbricht Leandra
Published: January 2019

Percentile indicators, aided in its development by biomedical engineering, relative to body fat distribution in adolescents are able to help health professionals in better diagnosing overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to calculate percentile values to body fat in adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years from the Curitiba-PR and its metropolitan region composed of 29 municipalities, having as reference method the dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) technology. After applying inclusion criteria for the adolescents, anthropometric measures of body fat and stature were taken, as well as evaluation of the body composition through DXA. The statistical analysis was grounded in the presentation of percentilic values developed by Cole and Green’s LMS method, where L stands for the skewness curve, M for the mean curve and S for the variance curve. In total, 390 boys were evaluated. The fat percentage values tend to show a decrease between the ages of 12 (22.8±5.1%) and 16 years (17.9±2.9%). Moreover, for the superior percentiles: 90th and 97th re-start to increase at the age of 17 after showing a decrease in the previous years. The L, M and S parameters, altogether with the percentiles created to evaluate body fat are interesting tools to tendency and evolution analyses, as well as to enable inferences to be made about the body composition of adolescents.
Are there differences in auscultatory pulse in total blood flow restriction between positions, limbs and body segments?
Authors: Rodrigues Neto Gabriel , Silva Júlio C. G. , Umbelino Rammily K. C. , Silva Hidayane G. , Neto Elísio A. P. , Oliota-Ribeiro Leandro S. , Bittar Simoni T. , Cirilo-Sousa Maria S.
Published: January 2019

Verification of the auscultatory pulse in total blood flow restriction (BFR) has been a limiting factor in studies due to the way in which it is evaluated and prescribed, as hemodynamic measurements can be directly affected by gravity. The aim of the present study was to compare the auscultatory pulse in BFR between positions, genders, limbs and body segments in healthy young individuals. A total of 156 subjects participated in the study, 76 of whom were male and 80 of whom were female (23.9±3.7 years, 66.5±11.5 kg, 1.67±0.07 m). After filling in registration data, anthropometry was evaluated, and BFR pressure was determined. BFR was evaluated in a randomized manner in both limbs (upper and lower) and in both segments (right and left) in the following positions: a) lying in the supine position; B) sitting with knees and trunk at 90°; and c) standing in the anatomical position. Significant differences were observed between the lying, sitting and standing positions (p<0.05), between genders (p<0.05), between limbs (p<0.05) and between the right and left segments in the lower limb in both genders [males (p=0.014) and females (p=0.009)] in the lying position. However, no significant differences were observed between the right and left segments in the upper limbs (p>0.05). The BFR point appears to differ between positions, genders, lower limbs and segments. Therefore, it is recommended that health professionals should check the BFR point in the position relating to the exercise that will be performed, taking into account gender, lower limbs and body segments.
Avaliação da velocidade crítica de corrida em pista e esteira: perfis fisiológicos e relações com o desempenho em 3000 metros
Authors: Pessôa Filho Dalton Muller , Denadai Benedito Sérgio , Simionato Astor Reis , Siqueira Leandro Oliveira da Cruz , Caritá Renato Aparecido , Massini Danilo Alexandre
Published: January 2019

O presente estudo averiguou se as diferenças nas circunstâncias (esteira vs. pista) de avaliação da velocidade crítica (VC) interferem no valor e na relação com a desempenho em 3000 metros (v3000m) e, assim, indicar a especificidade de cada valor como parâmetro de treinamento para esta distância. Sete corredores (15,3±1,4 anos) submeteram-se a um teste progressivo máximo (incrementos de 1,0 km×h-1×min-1, até a exaustão) para avaliação do V̇O2max e velocidade aeróbia máxima (vV̇O2max). A seguir, a VC foi estimada a partir do desempenho de corrida em três diferentes intensidades do exercício, em cada ambiente de avaliação, registrando-se o tempo-limite (tLim) nas distâncias de 900, 2100 e 3300 metros na pista, e à 90, 95 e 115% vV̇O2max em esteira. Ajustes lineares, pelo método “stepwise”, forneceram os parâmetros VC em esteira (VCESTEIRA) e pista (VCPISTA), que foram comparados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. O coeficiente de dispersão ajustado à amostra (R2 aj) averiguou a variância de v3000m com VCPISTA, VCESTEIRAe vV̇O2max. Em todas as análises adotou-se P≤0,05. No teste progressivo, o V̇O2max atingiu 54,2±5,2 mLO2∙kg-1∙min-1 e a vV̇O2max foi 16,8±1,9 km×h-1. Não se observaram diferenças entre VCESTEIRA e VCPISTA (14,0±1,8 vs. 12,3±3,2 km∙h-1, P=0,46). Houveram correlações entre v3000m com VCESTEIRA (R2 aj ~0,94), VCPISTA (R2 aj ~0,99) e vV̇O2max (R2 aj ~0,90), todas com P=0,001. Conclui-se que o contexto de avaliação não interfere na consistência do valor de VC. Porém, quanto à relação com v3000 metros, a VCPISTA apresenta melhor especificidade, tornando-a mais autêntica que VCESTEIRA para a prescrição do treino e monitoramento do desempenho.
Número de passos por dia e risco cardiometabólico em jovens: revisão sistemática
Authors: Gordia Alex Pinheiro , Quadros Teresa Maria Bianchini de , Silva Luciana Rodrigues
Published: January 2019

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi analisar a associação entre o número de passos por dia e fatores de risco cardiometabólico em crianças e adolescentes. Foram analisados estudos publicados de 01 de janeiro de 2000 até 31 de maio de 2016 nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e LILACS. Buscas manuais nas listas de referências dos artigos incluídos também foram realizadas. Dos 4.454 registros encontrados, oito estudos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e foram incluídos para análise. Desses, sete observaram alguma associação significativa entre número de passos e fatores de risco cardiometabólico. No entanto, as evidências sugerem ausência de associação com a hiperglicemia, foram inconclusivas para alterações no perfil lipídico, divergentes para pressão arterial elevada e indicaram associação com a resistência a insulina e síndrome metabólica somente para o sexo masculino. Os achados da presente revisão sistemática não permitem determinar a associação entre o número de passos e fatores de risco cardiometabólico em jovens. O reduzido número de artigos que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade e os diversos problemas metodológicos dos estudos revisados foram os principais fatores que limitaram maiores inferências. Investigações observacionais com delineamento longitudinal (coorte e caso-controle) e com acurado controle metodológico são necessárias.
Processos de amostragem e cálculo para determinação do tamanho da amostra: critérios e métodos adotados em teses e dissertações em Ciências do Movimento Humano - um estudo descritivo
Authors: Costa Rochelle Rocha , Backes Othavio Porto , Figueiredo Pedro , Castro Flávio Antônio de Souza
Published: January 2019

Trabalhos monográficos quantitativos utilizam, sistematicamente, procedimentos estatísticos inferenciais para testar hipóteses. Para tanto, é necessário que os procedimentos de amostragem e os tamanhos amostrais estejam adequados aos procedimentos propostos. Objetivou-se identificar os métodos de seleção amostral, bem como a realização e os tipos de cálculo para determinação do tamanho amostral adotados em teses e dissertações desenvolvidas em um programa de pós-graduação no campo da Educação Física. As teses e dissertações, defendidas entre 2003 e 2013, foram obtidas via repositório digital. Foram incluídos apenas estudos de caráter quantitativo, nos quais analisou-se: (1) critério para seleção amostral; (2) presença de cálculo amostral; (3) tipo de cálculo para estimativa do tamanho amostral. Foram incluídos 199 trabalhos. Dentre estes, 6% (n=11) usaram métodos probabilísticos para seleção amostral e 3% (n=6) usaram amostra animal. Quanto à realização de cálculo amostral 36% (n=72) dos trabalhos relatam ter adotado. Dos estudos que citam ter realizado cálculos, 25% (n=18) usaram equações preditivas, 67% (n=48) consideraram métodos com o poder estatístico como base, 3% (n=2) usaram o intervalo de confiança, 4% (n=3) não citam o método e 1% (n=1) baseou-se no tipo de teste estatístico a ser usado posteriormente. Os métodos de amostragem não-probabilísticos predominam para a seleção dos sujeitos; grande parte dos estudos não relata adotar cálculos para a estimativa do tamanho amostral e dentre aqueles que citam utilizar, os modelos que consideram o poder estatístico como principal critério são predominantes.
The Importance of Wage Growth Assumptions in Calculating Economic Damages
Authors: Even William E. , Macpherson David A.
Published: January 2019

This study examines the importance of incorporating age-earnings profiles into the estimation of future earnings. Using data from the 2000 Census of the Population and the 2001-2015 American Community Surveys, we estimate age-earnings profiles for seven different education groups after controlling for period and cohort effects. We compare estimates of the loss in future earnings using the age-earnings profiles versus two popular alternatives: assuming a constant rate of earnings growth across the life-cycle or using cross-sectional data for age groups to estimate wage growth for various age ranges. Our results imply that a failure to incorporate the age-earnings profile into estimates of earnings losses can lead to significant over- or under-statement of losses depending on the age at which the damages begin and the educational attainment of the injured party.
How robust are stratospheric age of air trends from different reanalyses?
Authors: Ploeger Felix , Legras Bernard , Charlesworth Edward , Yan Xiaolu , Diallo Mohamadou , Konopka Paul , Birner Thomas , Tao Mengchu , Engel Andreas , Riese Martin
Published: January 2019

Abstract. An accelerating Brewer-Dobson circulation (BDC) is a robust signal of climate change in model predictions but has been questioned by trace gas observations. We analyze stratospheric mean age of air and the full age spectrum as measures for the BDC and its trend. Age of air is calculated with the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) driven by ERA-Interim, JRA-55 and MERRA-2 reanalysis data to assess the robustness of the representation of the BDC in current generation meteorological reanalyses. We find that climatological mean age significantly depends on the reanalysis, with JRA-55 showing the youngest and MERRA-2 the oldest mean age. Consideration of the age spectrum indicates that the older age for MERRA-2 is related to a stronger spectrum tail, likely related to weaker tropical upwelling and stronger recirculation. Seasonality of stratospheric transport is robustly represented in reanalyses, with similar mean age variations and age spectrum peaks. Long-term changes over 1989–2015 turn out to be similar for the reanalyses with mainly decreasing mean age accompanied by a shift of the age spectrum peak towards shorter transit times, resembling the forced response in climate model simulations to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. For the shorter periods 1989–2001 and 2002–2015 age of air changes are less robust. Only ERA-Interim shows the hemispheric dipole pattern in age changes during 2002–2015 as viewed by recent satellite observations. Consequently, the representation of decadal variability of the BDC in current generation reanalyses appears less robust and a major uncertainty of modelling the BDC.
Investigation of Arctic middle-atmospheric dynamics using 3 years of H2O and O3 measurements from microwave radiometers at Ny-Ålesund
Authors: Schranz Franziska , Tschanz Brigitte , Rüfenacht Rolf , Hocke Klemens , Palm Mathias , Kämpfer Niklaus
Published: January 2019

Abstract. We use 3 years of water vapour and ozone measurements to analyse dynamical events in the polar middle atmosphere such as sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW), polar vortex shifts, water vapour descent rates and periodicities. The measurements were performed with the two ground-based microwave radiometers MIAWARA-C and GROMOS-C which are co-located at the AWIPEV research base at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard (79° N, 12° E) since September 2015. The almost continuous datasets of water vapour and ozone are characterised by a high time resolution in the order of hours. A thorough intercomparison of these datasets with models and measurements from satellite, ground-based and in-situ instruments was performed. In the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere the MIAWARA-C profiles agree within 5 % with SD-WACCM simulations and ACE-FTS measurements whereas AuraMLS measurements show an average offset of 10–15 % depending on altitude but constant in time. Stratospheric GROMOS-C profiles are within 5 % of the satellite instruments AuraMLS and ACE-FTS and the ground-based microwave radiometer OZORAM which is also located at Ny-Ålesund. During these first three years of the measurement campaign typical phenomena of the Arctic middle atmosphere took place and we analysed their signatures in the water vapour and ozone datasets. Inside of the polar vortex in autumn we found the descent rate of mesospheric water vapour to be 435 m/day on average. In early 2017 distinct increases in mesospheric water vapour of about 2 ppm were observed when the polar vortex was displaced and midlatitude air was brought to Ny-Ålesund. Two major sudden stratospheric warmings took place in March 2016 and February 2018 where ozone enhancements of up to 4 ppm were observed. The zonal wind reversals accompanying a major SSW were captured in the GROMOS-C wind profiles which are retrieved from the ozone spectra. After the SSW in February 2018 the polar vortex re-established and the water vapour descent rate in the mesosphere was 355 m/day. In the water vapour and ozone time series signatures of atmospheric waves with periods close to 2, 5, 10 and 16 days were found.
Role of climate model dynamics in estimated climate responses to anthropogenic aerosols
Authors: Nordling Kalle , Korhonen Hannele , Räisänen Petri , Alper Muzaffer Ege , Uotila Petteri , O'Donnell Declan , Merikanto Joonas
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Significant discrepancies remain in estimates of climate impacts of anthropogenic aerosols between different general circulation models (GCMs). Here, we demonstrate that eliminating differences in model aerosol or radiative forcing fields results in close agreement in simulated globally averaged temperature and precipitation responses in the studied GCMs. However, it does not erase the differences in regional responses. We carry out experiments of equilibrium climate response to modern day anthropogenic aerosols using an identical representation of anthropogenic aerosol optical properties and aerosol-cloud interactions, MACv2-SP, in two independent climate models (NorESM and ECHAM6). We find consistent global average temperature responses of −0.48 K and −0.50 K and precipitation responses of −1.69 % and −1.79 % in NorESM1 and ECHAM6, respectively, compared to modern-day equilibrium climate without anthropogenic aerosols. However, significant differences remain between the two GCMs regional temperature responses around the Arctic circle and the equator and precipitation responses in the tropics. The scatter in the simulated globally averaged responses is small in magnitude when compared against literature data from modern GCMs using model intrinsic aerosols but same aerosol emissions (−(0.5–1.1) K and −(1.5–3.1) % for temperature and precipitation, respectively). The Pearson correlation of regional temperature (precipitation) response in these literature model experiments with intrinsic aerosols is 0.79 (0.34). The corresponding correlation coefficients for NorESM1 and ECHAM6 runs with identical aerosols are 0.78 (0.41). The lack of improvement in correlation coefficients between models with identical aerosols and models with intrinsic aerosols implies that the spatial distribution of regional climate responses is not improved via homogenizing the aerosol descriptions in the models. Rather, differences in the atmospheric dynamic and high latitude cloud and snow/sea ice cover responses dominate the differences in regional climate responses. Hence, further improvements in the model aerosol descriptions can be expected to have a limited value in improving our understanding of regional aerosol climate impacts, unless the dynamical cores of the climate models are improved as well.
Heterogeneous sulfate aerosol formation mechanisms during wintertime Chinese haze events: Air quality model assessment using observations of sulfate oxygen isotopes in Beijing
Authors: Shao Jingyuan , Chen Qianjie , Wang Yuxuan , Lu Xiao , He Pengzhen , Sun Yele , Shah Viral , Martin Randall V. , Philip Sajeev , Song Shaojie , Zhao Yue , Xie Zhouqing , Zhang Lin , Alexander Becky
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Air quality models have not been able to reproduce the magnitude of the observed concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during wintertime Chinese haze events. The discrepancy has been at least partly attributed to low biases in modeled sulfate production rates due to the lack of heterogeneous sulfate production on aerosols in the models. In this study, we explicitly implement four heterogeneous sulfate formation mechanisms into a regional chemical transport model, in addition to gas-phase and in-cloud sulfate production. We compare the model results with observations of sulfate concentrations and oxygen isotopes (Δ17O(SO42−)) in the winter of 2014–2015, the latter of which is highly sensitive to the relative importance of different sulfate production mechanisms. Model results suggest that heterogeneous sulfate production on aerosols accounts for about 20 % of sulfate production in clean and polluted conditions, partially reducing the modeled low bias in sulfate concentrations. Model sensitivity studies in comparison with the Δ17O(SO42−) observations suggest that heterogeneous sulfate formation is dominated by transition metal ion catalyzed oxidation of SO2.
Influence of station density and multi-constellation GNSS observations on troposphere tomography
Authors: Zhao Qingzhi , Zhang Kefei , Yao Wanqiang
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Troposphere tomography, using multi-constellation observations from global
navigation satellite systems (GNSSs), has
become a novel approach for the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of
water vapour fields. An analysis of the integration of four GNSSs (BeiDou,
GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo) observations is presented to investigate the
impact of station density and single- and multi-constellation GNSS
observations on troposphere tomography. Additionally, the optimal horizontal
resolution of the research area is determined in Hong Kong considering both
the number of voxels divided, and the coverage rate of discretized voxels
penetrated by satellite signals. The results show that densification of the
GNSS network plays a more important role than using multi-constellation GNSS
observations in improving the retrieval of 3-D atmospheric water vapour
profiles. The root mean square of slant wet delay (SWD) residuals derived
from the single-GNSS observations decreased by 16 % when the data from
the other four stations are added. Furthermore, additional experiments have
been carried out to analyse the contributions of different combined GNSS data
to the reconstructed results, and the comparisons show some interesting
results: (1) the number of iterations used in determining the weighting
matrices of different equations in tomography modelling can be decreased when
considering multi-constellation GNSS observations and (2) the reconstructed
quality of 3-D atmospheric water vapour using multi-constellation GNSS data
can be improved by about 11 % when compared to the SWD estimated with
precise point positioning, but this was not as high as expected.
Response of soil respiration and soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen to grazing management in the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wan Xiuli , Tian Mei , Wang Xiaoyan , Chen Junbo , Chen Xianjiang , Chang Shenghua , Hou Fujiang
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Grassland covers more than a third of the earth's terrestrial surface. Grazing management can affect grassland carbon dynamics and soil microbial biomass, yet limited information is available on the effects of grassland management on carbon dioxide efflux and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and nitrogen (SMBN). During 2010 and 2011, soil respiration (Rs), SMBC, and SMBN, as well as different abiotic and biotic factors were measured after long term rotational grazing (nine years) on the grasslands of the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China. Grazing management included different grazing intensities and seasonal grazing patterns (in summer or winter). Stocking rates of 0, 2.7, 5.6, and 8.7 sheep ha−1 were used as grazing intensities, and warm-season grazing and cold-season grazing by sheep during summer and winter from 2010 to 2011 were used as grazing patterns. We hypothesized that the different seasonal grazing patterns and grazing intensities would affect Rs in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem. Our results indicated that grazing management significantly affected the rate of Rs, which supports our hypothesis. Grazing intensities tended to increase SMBC, but had no effect on SMBN. We also found that SMBC in cold season grazing plots was higher than that in the warm season grazing plots. However, variation in grazing patterns had little effect on SMBN. Furthermore, a structural equation model indicated that the aboveground biomass and soil microbial biomass were two important biotic factors that controlled Rs. Soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM), which were affected by grazing intensity and patterns, were significant abiotic factors affecting Rs and soil microbial biomass. Our observations suggest that grazing management may change soil carbon sequestration rates in grassland ecosystems, because of changes in the aboveground plant and soil microbial biomass.