bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Distinctiveness Effects and “False Memories” in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Perdue Bonnie M. , Kelly Andrew J. , Beran Michael J.
Published: January 2021

There are many parallels between human and nonhuman animal cognitive abilities, suggesting an evolutionary basis for many forms of cognition, including memory. For instance, past research found that two chimpanzees exhibited an isolation effect, or improved memory for semantically distinctive items on a list (Beran, 2011). These results support the notion that chimpanzees are capable of semantic, relational processing in memory, and introduce the possibility that other effects observed in humans, such as distinctiveness effects or false memories, may be present in nonhuman species. The Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a commonly used task to explore these phenomena, and it was adapted for use with chimpanzees. We tested four chimpanzees for isolation effects during encoding, distinctiveness effects during recognition, and potential “false memories” generated by the DRM paradigm by presenting a serial recognition memory task. The isolation effect previously reported (Beran, 2011) was not replicated in this experiment. Two of four chimpanzees showed improved recognition performance when information about distinctiveness could be used to exclude incorrect responses. None of the chimpanzees were significantly impaired in the “false memory” condition. However, limitations to this approach are discussed that require caution about assuming identical memory processes in these chimpanzees and in humans.
Does Joystick Training Facilitate Relational Learning?
Authors: Whitham Will , Johnson Jennifer M. , French Kristin , Beran Michael J. , Washburn David A.
Published: January 2021

Thirteen naïve capuchin monkeys (Cebus [Sapajus] apella) were manually tested with the Transfer Index procedure, a species-fair paradigm for assessing the capacity to learn and to transfer learning. The animals were then trained to manipulate a joystick to control a cursor and to respond to stimuli on a computer screen. After the animals had mastered the remote cause-effect relations required by the computerized test system, they were returned to manual Transfer Index testing to determine whether the joystick-training intervention had affected the monkeys’ capacity for efficient and relational learning. Transfer Index scores and overall accuracy was higher following the joystick intervention, but these differences were not statistically significant. Two-choice discrimination learning and reversal appeared to be associative in nature, and there was no evidence that joystick training made the monkeys more rule-like or relational in their learning. Despite the absence of significant differences, the patterns of results encourage further study of the ways that changes in the cognitive competencies of nonhuman animals might be catalyzed by significant learning experiences.
Duane M. Rumbaugh: Some Biography and Early Research
Authors: Pate James L. , Pate Debra Sue
Published: January 2021

Information about Duane M. Rumbaugh’s family, education, and career is presented in the first section. In a second section, information about Rumbaugh’s publications from 1962 to 2015 is presented, and details about his early research publications are provided. Although a few of his early publications involved applied research with humans, most of his early programmatic research involved various non-human primates, modifications of research equipment, and development of new measures of learning sets. Implications of the early research for later research also are discussed.
Effects of Concurrent Temporal and Spatial Allocation of Water Delivery on Water-Seeking Behavior in Rats
Authors: Ribes-Iñesta Emilio , Palacios Hugo , Hernández Varsovia , León Alejandro
Published: January 2021

We evaluated the effects of varying temporal and spatial parameters on behavioral transitions within a water seeking situation. Subjects were 8 experimentally-naïve, male Wistar rats divided in two groups of 4 rats. For both groups, two independent schedules of water delivery were simultaneously available in two different locations of the experimental chamber. For Group 1, water was delivered with a constant periodicity. For Group 2 water was delivered randomly in time but keeping constant the average length of time between deliveries. Water deliveries were independent of rat’s behavior. In successive phases of the study, the frequency of water delivered in one location increased while the frequency of water delivered in the second location decreased, keeping constant the total number of water deliveries. Rats under the constant periodicity spent more time in the location where water was initially provided. For rats under the random periodicity, time spent on each location varied according to the proportion of water delivered on each site. Results are discussed in terms of the discrepancies with optimization models, emphasizing that, apparently simple behaviors, in a relatively simple environment, cannot be understood in terms of a single, overall encompassing concept, such as adaptation.
Spontaneous Preference for Primate Photographs in Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii)
Authors: Adams Laura C. , MacDonald Suzanne E.
Published: January 2021

Spontaneous looking preferences were assessed in six zoo-housed orangutans. Orangutans were presented with two photographs simultaneously on two identical laptop computers. Preference was measured by calculating the relative looking time for photographs from each stimulus category, over three studies. Orangutans exhibited moderate interest in looking at photographs, with four orangutans participating in Study 1 and Study 2, and six orangutans participating in Study 3. The results of Study 1 showed that orangutans preferred photographs of unfamiliar orangutans over unfamiliar humans. Study 2 results showed that orangutans preferred photographs of familiar orangutans over unfamiliar orangutans. In Study 3, preferences were assessed using photographs of the nine members of the participants’ own orangutan social group. Orangutans preferred photographs of adults over infants, and males over females. Similar studies have reported varied preferences, and we propose that variation is a result of complex demographic and social factors.
The progressive elimination task in dogs (Canis familiaris): The case of divergence
Authors: Dumas Claude , Laperlier Stéphanie , Guillou Catherine , LeBlanc Jacinthe
Published: January 2021

Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) were administered progressive elimination tasks in which they had to visit and deplete either 3 or 4 baited sites. They were brought back to the starting point after each visit. When administered a 4-choice task with small angular deviation between adjacent targets, the dogs chose first an inner target (e.g., right inner target) and the opposite outer target (e.g., the left target) as a second correct choice. So they relied on divergence; that is they chose the farthest target as the next choice. Varying angular deviation did not modulate divergence. Decreasing the number of targets (3-choice task, Experiment 2) did relax divergence, though target selection was not totally random. The dogs still chose as a first choice an inner target (i.e., the middle target) when selecting the most divergent patterns of elimination. Finally, in Experiment 3, the dogs were administered a 3-choice task with large angular deviation but in which all targets had been hidden. The dogs chose first an outer target (i.e., right or left)) and the other outer target as the second correct choice. That is they relied on divergence. The results suggest that divergence is the outcome of a flexibility/cognitive load tradeoff when facing novelty and uncertainty.
Effects of acute low salinity stress on the liver structure, physiology and biochemistry of juvenile Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus)
Authors: Yang Yukai , Yu Wei , Lin Heizhao , Shu Hu , Huang Xiaolin , Li Tao , Huang Zhong , Wang Pengfei , Huang Qianqian , Xun Pengwei
Published: January 2021

In order to explore the effects of acute low salinity stress on the liver structure, physiology and biochemistry of the larvae of Lateolabrax maculatus, the experiment was carried out to transfer the juveniles direct from salinity 30‰ (control group) to salinity 20‰, 10‰, and 0‰, respectively. Changes in liver microstructure and related physiological and biochemical indexes at different time points were observed. The results showed that no fish died during the whole experiment and all of them returned to normal behavior within 15 minutes. The liver cells of juvenile Chinese sea bass showed pathological changes such as swelling, vacuolation and nuclear pyknosis after low salinity stress, and the lower the salinity, the earlier the abnormal phenomenon appeared. The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of liver showed a rapid increase and then decrease; The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) returned to normal after high fluctuations. The activity of lysozyme (LZM) in experimental groups were higher than that in control group between 12h and 48h, while there was not significantly different before 6h in each group (P>0.05), all of them returned to normal in 96 h. The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) increased firstly and then decreased during the time of stress, and there was no significant difference between each group at the same time point (P>0.05). The comprehensive analysis showed that the juvenile Chinese sea bass had strong osmotic pressure regulation ability, and the acute low salinity stress had little effect on the liver structure and physiological and biochemical indexes.
The Effect Of Reward And Punishment To The Performance Of PT. Telesindo Shop Tanjungpinang Employees
Authors: Sandra Evita
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine the influence of awards and penalties for the performance of PT Telesindo Shop Tanjungpinang Employees.  The population is 59 people with a sample of 59 employees of PT. Telesindo Shop Tanjungpinang Employees. The data analysis model uses descriptive analysis, data quality test( validity and reliability test) , multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test and determinant coefficient test. The test results showed the performance of  employees  of PT. Telesindo Shop Tanjungpinang Employees with multiple linear regression method shows Y= -2,975 + 0.584 X1 + 0.761 X2 + e with the value of the regression coefficient of the reward variable (X1) = 0.584, the coefficient of regression of the penalty variable (X2) = 0.761. T test results obtained award variable (X1) t calculate > t table (4,862 > 2,003) and sig value. 0,000. Variable penalty (X2) t calculate > t table (2,413 > 2,003) and sig value. 0.019. The results showed that variable awards and punishments simultaneously and partially had a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees of PT Telesindo Shop Tanjungpinang Employees, with contributions from R Square 0.383 or 38.3% of employee performance was affected by awards and penalties, while the remaining 61.7% were influenced by other factors that were not participated in this study.
Literature Review of Pandemic covid 19 Effects on Employee Compensation
Authors: Safuan Safuan , Kurnia Tedi
Published: January 2021

This article aims to determine the development of research on compensation during the Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative method by conducting a literature study or literature review. The application used for the literature study is google scholar with the keyword "Covid 19 pandemic compensation". The results of the survey found nine articles regarding compensation. The results of this article's analysis indicate that studies regarding payment during the Covid 19 pandemic are studies of the effect of compensation on employee motivation, employee satisfaction, and employee performance variables. Financial compensation has a dominant variable in influencing employee motivation. During the Covid 19 pandemic, companies asked to maintain employee motivation by providing monetary compensation according to their workload.
Purposes of Writing Signposts: The Case of the Signposts in Nusa Penida
Authors:   Faculty of Humanities, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali Indonesia, Puspani Ida Ayu Made
Published: January 2021

The discussion of signpost belongs to the area of linguistic landscape. This area is frequently related to the other fields of study namely Sociolinguistics, Applied Linguistics or Historical Linguistics. One of its topics is studying the naming of objects in public space (Ben-Rafael, Shohamy, et al. 2006). According to Landry & Bourchis (1997) signpost will shape the language condition in a particular surrounding. This idea is applied in a place called Nusa Penida Island which is located in the Province of Bali. As a tourist destination, more than one languages are involved in the writing of the signpost there. The multiple languages used and the way they are put in order show the perception of the people towards those languages. Will Gorter’s (2012) idea saying that nowadays monolingual signposts are rarely found turn to be true? This research on name place has been done in Nusa Penida. The data was taken from various signposts related to tourist destination found there. The purpose of this article is to present (1) how the people in Nusa Penida, Bali create their signposts to support their increasing tourism, (2) the purposes behind the creation of the signpost. The result of the research presents that most of the signposts in Nusa Penida are presented in more than one language (script) which reflects their desire to serve tourism well or to show hospitality and at the same time to show their loyalty to their identity as Balinese people.
“The MAFIOTISMUS” And “Financially Banking Resource-Based Technological Mafia-Driven MATERIALISMUS” Of Prof. Momtchil Dobrev - The Ideologies of the Deep State
Authors:   Scientific Research Institute Dobrev & Halachev.JSC., Sofia.Bulgaria, Dobrev-Halachev Lord Prof. PhD Momtchil
Published: January 2021

Lord prof PhD Momtchil Dobrev-Halachev developed 2010 “Financially banking resource-based technological mafia-driven materialism” as a based principle materialismus since more than 17 century.08 “Theory of generating of crises”, 2010 “Theory and praxice of the Mafiotismus ”And 2001“ Theory of the mafia ”. Based on these two theories this paper explains the establishment of mafiotismus all over the world - principles, theory and praxis we prove with the guiding article that these are the ideologies of the Deep State.
Congenital Hairy Polyp of Posterior Tonsillar Pillar
Authors: Mirza Bilal , Iqbal Shahid , Talat Nabila , Saleem Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Congenital hairy polyps are exceedingly rare congenital anomalies. We report a case of congenital hairy polyp arising from posterior tonsillar pillar which was excised with bipolar cautry.
Double Pouch Colon Revisited
Authors: Mathur Praveen , Gajdhar Mufique , Ahmed Reyaz , Gupta Arun K
Published: January 2021

Please see fulltext
Polyculture of Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) with Blue Tilapia (Oreochromis aureus): Using Tilapia Progeny as Forage
Authors:   Cooperative Extension Program, Kentucky State University, P. O. Box 469, Princeton, KY 42445, Wurts William A , Perschbacher Peter W ,   University of Texas at Port Aransas, Port Aransas, TX 78373, Davis D Allen ,   Mississippi State University, Delta Branch Experiment Station, P. O. Box 197, Stoneville, MS 38766, Robinson Edwin H ,   210 River Gate Ln. Wilmington, NC 28412
Published: January 2021

In this study, five, 0.04-ha ponds were stocked with advanced size largemouth bass fingerlings at densities of 124, 247, 494, 988, and 1136/ha. Tilapia brood fish were stocked at densities of 590/ha (male: female ratio was 1:3). Pond trials were conducted for a 6-month period, June to December 1985. Bass survival ranged from 40 to 89%. Bass stocked at densities 494/ha (low density) grew significantly larger than those at 988/ha (high density). Mean bass weights and percent weight gains at harvest in low versus high density ponds were 593 g and 3,318% and 120 g and 329%, respectively. High density bass ponds produced larger tilapia broodfish at harvest. The number of juvenile tilapia surviving in low density bass ponds was substantially greater (20,000 juveniles/ha) than in high density bass ponds (99 and 420 juveniles/ha). The higher survival of tilapia juveniles in low density bass ponds was the apparent cause of significantly higher turbidity (determined from secchi disc measurements) in these ponds. The results of this study suggest that forage/predator ratios, based on densities of female tilapia broodfish to bass, of 0.7 and 1.4 are suitable for controlling spawn and producing large tilapia or for producing large bass, respectively.
Reviewing Locally Available Chicken Feed Resources at Different Agro-Ecologies (High, Mid and Low Land), Formulating According To Growth Stage (Growers and Layers) Of Chicken and Its Average Price in SNNPR
Authors:   South Agricultural Research Institute, Hawassa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia, Bekele Bangu
Published: January 2021

As discussed at the result part, this study has done by reviewing different research papers conducted in southern region peoples nations and nationalities regional state, research institute on poultry feed resource availabilities at different agro-ecologies with its’ average cost variability and formulated based on growers and layers feed by considering nutrient content of it. Accordingly, most common feed types identified at highland areas were Kocho, Taro root and Barley midland areas Kocho, Taro root, Barley, maize and sorghum, sweat potato and lowland area maize, Sweat potato. Not only the locally available feed but also concentrated feeds (noug cake, wheat bran, premixes, salt and minerals) were investigated depending on their accessibility/availability. Therefore, considering these all conditions formulation was done with 100% supplementation of feed to overcome with the feed shortage problems of chicken and to enhance production and productivity of them by using those feed types that available at three different agro ecologies (highland, midland and lowland) in the region.
Effect of Azomite With Low Energy Diet on Growth, Carcass Performance and Blood Biochemical Indexes in Broiler Chickens
Authors:   Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China, Ahmed Pirzado Shoaib , Zhengke Wu ,   Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China, Jiao Liu ,   Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China, Zheng Aijuan ,   Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China, Huiyi Cai ,   Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Agricultural Ministry, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
Published: January 2021

The present trial was investigated the dietary effect of Azomite with low energy on growth, carcass and biochemical indexes in broiler chickens. A total of 180 AA broiler chicks were randomly allotted in to three treatment groups with six replicates and 10 birds/replicate: Control fed a basal diet, (2) Low ME fed (basal diet -100kcal kg1 (3) AZO-0.25 fed (Low ME +AZO-0.25). The results showed that, birds fed diet with AZO-0.25 had higher average daily gain (ADG) than that in Low ME group (P>0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was lower (P>0.05) compared to Low ME. Percentage of eviscerated carcass, breast muscle and leg muscle were higher significantly (P<0.05) in the AZO-0.25 than Low ME. Serum TP, IgG and CT levels significantly (P<0.05) higher in AZO-0.25 than Low ME. Overall, 0.25% Azomite showed positive effect on growth and carcass performance and it could compensate the negative effect of low-energy diet for broiler chickens by improving the digestion and utilization of nutrients.
Hand Hygiene Practices to Reduce Hospital Acquired Infection
Authors:   Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Public Health Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Babes Liana Monica DEAC
Published: January 2021

Hands are the most effective mode of transfer of microorganism in healthcare and can result in healthcare associated infections which are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Reduction of infection by this mode of transfer can be achieved by a simple but very effective measure of performing hand hygiene at the appropriate time which is one of the most fundamental principles in infection prevention and control. Good hand hygiene practices have been shown to reduce healthcare associated infections. Hand washing with soap and water has been considered a measure of personal hygiene for several years
The Effect of FLT3 Stimulators and their Role in Stem Cell Maintenance and Therapy
Authors:   Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University , USA, Chase Daina M , Gallicchio Vincent S ,   Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Clemson University , USA
Published: January 2021

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is important in the normal development of stem cells and the immune system. In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), there is an activating mutation of this tyrosine kinase gene. This mutation results in the survival and proliferation of leukemic blasts, which can result in an adverse prognosis. Consequently, FLT3- inhibition has become of interest for the treatment of myeloid leukemias such as AML. Tryosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being developed and investigated for FLT3-mutated AML, and many are beginning to show efficient results. AML has a progressive low survival rate with the standard medical care being chemotherapy. AML patients have shown to have a mutation in the FLT3 gene in more than 30% of patient cases. Knowing this correlation, it is important to further investigate tyrosine kinase inhibitors use for treatment. This review summarizes information of what FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 is and how it is important in the process of hematopoiesis. Then it will discuss the correlation of FLT3 mutation in patients with AML. Lastly, the advancement of treatment of AML using FLT3 inhibitors or TKIs will be discussed
Virtual Sex Lesson from Love in Times of Social Distancing Indians Conceptual Life Style
Authors:   Fellow Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi. India, Hajare Rahul
Published: January 2021

Falling in love has one of the biggest relationship milestones there is. But has it something that can only happen once? There has no measure for love, just like there has no measure for any feeling; every emotion has relative. Love for partner has ebb and flow with relationship. Never going to feel a deep, perpetual admiration for partner. Creates more of an understanding of falling in love with partner; the sharing and acceptance of feelings. Deeper bond with a person when emotions have out on the table, and witness them being accepted and understood. Phone sex has a safe and easy way to keep the spark in a relationship alive and remain free from infection. Infection has higher side. When everyone knows has practising social distancing and self-isolation where does that leave sex? The country has in a lockdown. People have to keep themselves confined to their homes; it doesn’t preclude the possibility of sex. It has unrealistic to believe that during the lockdown; billions of people won’t give in to their most primal desire and abstain from lovemaking. The lockdown has intended to keep people confined to their homes; what they do inside is their own business. The threat posed by COVID-19
Clinical Profiles of Males with Graves’Disease: A Two Year Review in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria
Authors:   Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, J O Adeleye , M E Emuze ,   Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, T A Azeez ,   Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, A Esan ,   Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, W O Balogun ,   Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, T O Akande ,   Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
Published: January 2021

Background and Objectives: Graves’ disease is the commonest cause of thyrotoxicosis and it is much less common in males. Also, there is scanty information about the clinical characteristics of males with Graves’ disease. The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of males with Graves’ disease seen by the Endocrinology unit of a tertiary hospital and describe their clinical characteristics. Subjects, Materials and Methods: Clinical data was retrieved from the case records of patients with thyroid disease seen between January, 2016 and January, 2018 and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: 61 patients with Graves’ disease were seen out of which 6 cases were males giving a frequency of 10.9%. The male-to-female ratio was 1:9. The mean age at diagnosis of the male cases was 45 ± 16 years. All the patients had goitre and weight loss. 50% had heat intolerance, excessive sweating, palpitation, hyperdefaecation and hand tremors. Thyroid eye disease and thyrotoxic heart disease were found in 50% of the cases respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the initial free thyroxine between males and females (p=0.18). There was no statistically significant association between initial free thyroxine and thyroid eye disease (p=0.39). Conclusion: Graves’ disease is 9 times commoner in females compared to males in our centre. The clinical features in males are similar to reported features in females except thyroid eye disease which appears commoner in males
Passive Remote Study of the Aerosol in the Upper Atmosphere of the Earth
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv’’, Ukraine, Zbrutskyi Oleksandr , P Nevodovskyi ,   Main Astronomy Observatory of NAS of Ukraine Kyiv, Ukraine, Vid’machenko Anatoliy ,   Main Astronomy Observatory of NAS of Ukraine Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: January 2021

Climate changes on planet Earth are mainly caused by disturbances in the energy balance of the Sun-Earth system. This process is the result of both natural changes in nature and the influence of anthropogenic factors. The combined effect of these factors can lead to threatening phenomena for mankind - a decrease in the power of the ozone layer, the formation of “ozone holes” and global warming on the planet and other disasters. The study of the causes of these factors and the determination of their relative contribution is one of the pressing problems of our time.
Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Reduction Risk Applying Method in Industrial Supply Chain Process
Authors:   Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, Chen Ling-Ling , Tseng d Chao-Heng ,   Institute of Environment Engineering and Management, National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan
Published: January 2021

The paper examines the relevance of the climate change adaptation and disaster reduction risk for supply chain processes in industry. Through a structured review of academic literature two primary challenges are highlighted: first, non-consistencymethod in integrating formal attribution of climate change adaptation and disaster reduction risk, and second in impacting with changing ecological environment and unpredictable natural disasters for supply chain processes in industry can be described as unavoidable.In examining these two challenges,we arrive at a climate change adaptation framework for industry supply chain as well as a framework of integratedclimate change adaptation and disaster reduction risk for industry cluster. In offering this viewpoint,relatedclimate change adaptation and disaster reduction risk, acomprehensive risk and adaptation management approach is proposed as a practical framing for above two challenges to address climate change impacts and risks for supply chain processes in industry as well as promote the ability of risk and adaptation management in industrialoperation process.
Effect of Incubation Temperature, Light Intensity and Salinity on Growth, Lipid Content and Composition of Two Egyptian Race a of Botryococcus Braunii
Authors:   University of Mansoura, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Mansoura, Egypt, Abdel-Hamid Mohammad I , Azab Yehia A ,   University of Mansoura, Faculty of Science, Botany Department, Mansoura, Egypt, Abdel-Aal Eman I ,   National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt
Published: January 2021

Effects of the incubation temperature, light intensity and NaCl salinity on growth in addition to lipid content and composition of two isolates of Botryococcus braunii, (JN580448.1 and JN580451.1) were investigated. The light to dark period was 16h: 8h. Cultures were incubated for 7 weeks and harvested with GF/C filters for dry weight determination. Lipids were extracted by n-hexane and analyzed by GC/MS. Compared to control cultures, the temperature of 30oC induced significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in biomass by 14.89% and 29.89% and lipids by 16.15% and 20.29% for isolates EG-Bb01 and EG-Bb04, respectively. The light intensity 48.6 μ mol photons m-2s-1 induced very high significant (P ≤ 0.001) increase in biomass (88.71% and 100.7%) and lipids (118.63% and 94.61%) of EG-Bb01 and EGBb04, respectively. Similarly, 17 mM NaCl salinity induced high significant (P ≤ 0.01) increase in biomass (23.82% and 17.71%) and lipids (32.92% and 24.51%) of EG-Bb01 and EG-Bb04, respectively. Considerable numbers of short C6-C15 chain compounds were detected in biomass of cultures grown under light intensity of 48.6 μ mol photons m-2s-1 and in cultures supplemented with 17mM NaCl. These results may indicate that the Egyptian isolates of Botryococcus are potential source of hydrocarbon biofuel.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (Jcpa) And Common Notions of the us and its Strategic Allies in Explaining Islamic Republic of Iran’s Threats
Authors:   Political Science at Allameh Tabataba’i University Tehran Iran, Alishahi Abdolreza , Aghamolaei Mohammadali ,   Graduate student of international relations, university of Tehran
Published: January 2021

The US effort to pull out of the nuclear agreement, called JCPA, was a plan Donald Trump has had since participating in the US presidential election. Finally, the US state officially announced its withdrawal from JCPA, the return of sanctions as in the past, and also readiness to resume negotiations if Iran wished. The main question in this article is what factors have influenced the US withdrawal from JCPA. The hypothesis of the article is: Trump’s foreign policy foundations, threatening nature of Iran after JCPA, creation of a common understanding and notion between the United States, Israel and Saudi Arabia about the threat of Iran, their interpretation of JCPA role in strengthening regional presence of Iran and its ignorance in the context of JCPA and from the internal point of view, the Islamic Republic of Iran’s action after JCPA should be regarded as some of the key variables in Donald Trump’s decision to leave the JCPA agreement
Improving the Credit Risks Management in Commercial Banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan with Global Pandemic Crisis and His Influence
Authors:   Applicant at the Tashkent Financial Institute, Tashkent city, Uzbekistan, G Kenjaev Mekhriddin
Published: January 2021

The article discusses issues related to improving credit risk management in the activities of commercial banks of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as developed scientific proposals aimed at solving these problems. And also studied further ways to improve monetary policy using the tools used in international best practice in the strategy of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. And talked about the global pandemic crisis and his influence
The Impact of Covid-19 and Lockdown on South African Revenue
Authors:   National Revenue Management (NRM), South African Revenue Service (SARS), Pretoria, South Africa, Makananisa Mangalani Peter
Published: January 2021

The state revenue plays a critical role in the running of its departments and plays a significant role in the economy. The study investigates the impact of COVID-19 and the lockdown on the South African revenue collections. The study focuses on the major taxes Personal Income Tax (PIT), Corporate Income Tax (CIT) and Value Added Tax (VAT). Over the fiscal year 2008/09 to 2019/20 the three taxes contribute around 80% of the Total Tax (TTAX). The sample data was from quarter 1, 2014 to quarter 2, 2020 (50 observations) obtained with quarter 2 of 2020 carrying the impact of the pandemic. The SARIMA and Holt-Winters models were used to forecast the continuation of the historical patterns in two scenarios, (1.) Without the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (No shock), and (2.) with the impact of COVID-19 and lockdown (with a shock) on the revenue collections. The R-statistical software was used to obtain the regression parameters and for forecasting purposes. On “average”, the impact of the pandemic is expected to reduce total revenue by around R310.6bn to R1, 127 trillion (on the interval R1, 093 – R1, 162 trillion) from the original estimates of R1, 438 trillion for the fiscal year 2020/21. The average forecast for PIT, CIT and VAT due to the impact of the pandemic is R532.9billion, R172.6billion and R320.9billion respectively. The study further encourages model revision as more data impacted by the pandemic become available
Enterocutaneous Fistula Developing In The Scar of an Appendicectomy With an Abdominal Tuberculosis: A Case Report
Authors:   Visceral Surgery, Hospital Universities – Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo Madagascar, S Arimino , NH Arijainalalao ,   Visceral Surgery, Hospital Universities – Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo Madagascar, D Rakotomena ,   Visceral Surgery, Hospital Universities – Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona, Antananarivo Madagascar
Published: January 2021

Varying forms of enterocutaneous fistula are described in the literature. In all cases, they have a functional, esthetic and even vital impact. The treatment may be complex because of the risk of a recurrence. We report the case of an enterocutaneous fistula developing in the short-term of an appendectomy at Mc Burney’s point associated with an abdominal tuberculosis. The treatment of the tuberculosis has been essential to ensure the success of the surgery. Keywords: Appendicitis, Enterocutaneous Fistula, Pathology, Surgery, Tuberculosis
Business Management, Organizational Behaviour, Quality and Safety in the Integrative Medicine Healthcare Model
Authors:   Medical Director, Integrative Optimal Health of Puerto Rico, San Juan PR, Morales-Borges Raul H , Rodriguez-Diaz Marilyn ,   Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Integrative Optimal Health of Puerto Rico, San Juan PR
Published: January 2021

Integrative medicine (IM) has the potential to reshape health care delivery in a more patient-centered direction. Those programs must prove themselves from financial and clinical operational perspectives in order to achieve this potential. The active clinical infrastructure of expertise in alternative therapies and well-done organizational behaviors (OB) are critical success factors. As with any health care project, there are no substitutes for clinical excellence or sound management. Implementation of integrative oncology programs should be based on the best evidence and should be continually under evaluation to ensure quality, optimization of techniques, collection of new data, and cost-effectiveness. Symptom control, adherence to treatment protocols, quality of life, individual outcomes, prevention, rehabilitation, potential advantages of a whole-systems health approach, and economics of health services are important clues in this field. .Applications and implications for the millennium addressed in this article.
A Review of Sars-Cov-2 Infection in Pregnancy: What We Know So Far
Authors:   Department chief of Maternal Fetal Medicine, National Institute of Perinatology, México City, Sandra Acevedo Gallegos , Alberto ArriagaLópez ,   Resident in Maternal Fetal Medicine, National Institute of Perinatology, México City, Mariana Minjarez Corral ,   Resident in Maternal Fetal Medicine, National Institute of Perinatology, México City
Published: January 2021

Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in pregnancy is highly relevant due to the impact on maternal and fetal health, it is caused by SARS-CoV-2, which has a high morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. It is important to evaluate pregnant patients who are identified as suspicious, to make an accurate and timely diagnosis, to implement correct follow-up and adequate therapeutic management to reduce associated complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. Objective: Execute a detailed and updated review of the causal agent, pathophysiology, diagnostic methods, treatment, maternal and fetal repercussions, via of delivery and whether there is evidence of vertical transmission. Method: A search of literature published in English and Spanish was carried out in databases such as PubMed / MEDLINE, MDconsult, HSTAT, Internet Grateful Med, using the keywords: Coronavirus, pregnancy, SARS-CoV-2, treatment, vertical transmission. From the information obtained, 88 articles were selected, which were classified and used as support to do this review. Results: Studies and available evidence, reviews, and recommended guidelines for the evaluation of patients with COVID-19 are discussed, mainly those that provide valuable data regarding the diagnosis, monitoring and management of this infection. Conclusion: Information is limited and much remains to be studied about vertical transmission and perinatal outcomes. There is no evidence to support that pregnancy increases the susceptibility to get COVID-19. More studies are necessary to know the behavior of the infection in pregnancy, for a better approach, diagnosis and treatment.
Safety Evaluation of Picralima nitida (Akuamma) Seed Extracton Hepatorenal and Haematological Systems of Rats
Authors:   Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Nigeria, M Oyeleke Oyedotun , Oladele Johnson O ,   Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Nigeria, Olwookere Boyede D ,   Biochemistry Unit, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kings University, Ode-Omu, Nigeria
Published: January 2021

Background: Plants like herbs has been extensively used for different kinds of nutritional and medicinal purposes, however, scientific studies has shown that these medicinal plants may have deleterious effects on some vital organs of the body if not taken at the recommended doses. Thus, there is a need for safety evaluation of these plants to ascertain their actions on organ’s physiological functions. This present study evaluates the effects of ethanol seed extract of Picralima nitida on the haematological examines and some enzymes activities in the serum of albino rats. Twenty-five rats were equally randomized into five groups. Group A (control) received distilled water while graded doses (50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg body weight) of ethanol seed extract of Picralima nitida were administered to rats in groups B, C, D and E respectively for 14 days. Haematological studies were carried out on the rats’ blood samples while concentrations of total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, and creatinine were measured in the serum. Results: Result obtained revealed that treatment of rats with various graded doses of ethanol seed extract of Picralima nitida caused marked increase in urea and creatine compared to the control. Rats treated with 150 and 200mg/kg bw of the extract showed marked elevation in serum levels of the enzymes suggesting that the extract may have adverse effects at this dose. There was also a marked elevation in serum electrolytes of rats treated with 150 and 200mg/kg bw of the extract. Rats treated with low concentrations (50 and 100 mg/kg bw) of the extract demonstrated no marked differences or alteration in haematological parameters, protein profile and enzyme activities in the serum. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that consumption of ethanol seed extract of Picralima nitida as a therapeutic treatment is nontoxic at lower dose. However, if taken at high doses, the extract might be detrimental to some vital organs and systems.
The Importance of Orofacial Motricity in the Work of Confirmation of Transgender Voice: An Integrative Review
Authors:   Veiga de Almeida University, Brazil, Lopes João , Lopes Gisele ,   Veiga de Almeida University, Brazil
Published: January 2021

The voice is a manifestation of the muscular process, but with psychological basis, thus being an important aspect in performance and gender recognition. The transgender person finds him/herself in biological bodies not recognized by him/her. Many of them undergo hormone treatments and surgeries to suit their gender identity and value interventions in their body and voice. Objective: To explain the importance of the relationship between orofacial motricity and voice in the phonotherapeutic work to confirm the transgender voice. Methods: A literature search was conducted covering the period from 2010 to 2020, including articles with experimental validation, which discussed therapy techniques or evaluation instruments. Results: The search resulted in 1512 publications. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 articles were selected. After detailed analysis of the selected abstracts and prioritization of the discussion of orofacial motricity elements, nine articles were chosen for critical analysis. All selected articles contributed to clarify the research question. Conclusion: Orofacial motricity plays a fundamental role in the confirmation of the transgender voice.
A Review of Honey Supplementation on Endurance Performance in Athletes
Authors:   Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia, Wong Chee Ping
Published: January 2021

Nutritional ergogenic aids are substances which can enhance athletic performance by influencing physiological processes. Sportspersons usually take supplements before, during and after a sports competition to make sure they have adequate nutrition, maximize their energy storage and enhance their physical sports performance. Endurance athletes such as marathon runners, triathlons and cyclist are known to use supplements to enhance their physical performance. Supplements may enhance endurance performance by increasing the available blood glucose during exercise, increasing body glycogen storage in muscle and liver, and increasing antioxidant status. The increasing availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the working muscles will augment physical sports performance. It is believed that honey is an ergogenic aid supplement but it is lacking in solid scientific evidences to prove its efficacy. Thus, it has received scientists’ attention to conduct scientific research to test this supposition. This article discusses the effects of honey supplementation on endurance performance in athletes.
A Correlation of Kidney Changes and Sars Cov 2 in Covid Positive Patients –A Review Article
Authors:   Department Of Nephrology And Organ Transplantation Sharda Superspecialty Hospital, Delhi NCR, India, Gupta Punit , D Sulakshna ,   Department Of Nephrology And Organ Transplantation Sharda Superspecialty Hospital, Delhi NCR, India
Published: January 2021

COVID-19, a respiratory illness caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, has become a pandemic affecting over 1.9 million people with over 130,000 deaths in 210 countries.Some people become infected with the virus but do not develop symptoms. When they appear, symptoms are non-specific, with fever, cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, fatigue, and headache being the most common. Symptoms are usually mild and benign in a vast majority (>80%) and recede gradually, leading to a full spontaneous recovery. A small number become seriously ill, develop difficulty in breathing and complications related to other organs. They may require hospitalization and a smaller subset need ICU care. The mortality is relatively higher in the latter group. This risk goes up in the elderly and those with co-orbidities (such ashypertension, diabetes, cardiac disease, kidney failure). Still, it is essential to emphasize that everybody is at risk for severe disease (including the relatively young and healthy dialysis staff). The strategy of physical distancing, case finding, contact tracing and quarantine/isolation of positive cases and high-risk contacts is critical to controlling the spread of this infection. This strategy is being implemented through nationwide lockdown during the period of intense transmission. Still, physical distancing is likely to remain in force after the end of the current lockdown to prevent disease spread.
Energy Transfer Between Yb3+- Mn2+ in Zn(Po3 ) 2 Glasses Giving Green, Red and Infrared Light
Authors:   Instituto de Física Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510 CDMX, México, J C Flores J , A J Hernández ,   Instituto de Física Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510 CDMX, México, G E Camarillo ,   Instituto de Física Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510 CDMX, México, N D Acosta ,   Instituto de Física Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito de la Investigación Científica Ciudad Universitaria, CP. 04510 CDMX, México, Becerra L Mariscal ,   Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior S / N, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, CDMX 0451, México
Published: January 2021

The Yb3+-Mn2+codoped zinc metaphosphate glass gives rise to several processes such as upconversion, downshifting and double ion absorptions producing light from the visible to the IR wavelengths. These processes are possible since the Mn2+ and the Yb3+ ions replaces the Zn2+ ion in nanoparticles of the α phase of the compound Zn(PO3)2. An important result is that the α structure presence allows the formation of Yb3+-Mn2+ dimers, that gives rise to a superexchange coupling that allows an upconversion process from the IR to the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum. The experimental results also show that these dimers can couple to produce Yb3+ ion pairs that led to a cooperative emission in the green, around 500nm, coupling also the Mn2+ ions that in turn allows to produce a double absorption of this ions in the red region of the electromagnetic spectrum and as well a downshifting process conducting to the Yb3+ emission in the infrared. If the manganese ion concentration is higher than 10% most of these effects are masked. All these results make the material an effective option for different applications, due to the large wavelength variety that can be selected for excitation or emission.