bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Pathways Important for Iron Nutrition and Biofortification of Bread Wheat
Authors: Bonneau Julien , O'Brien Martin , Plett Darren C. , Johnson Alexander A. T.
Published: February 2019

Human iron (Fe) deficiency affects two billion people and causes a range of serious health disorders including anaemia and depressed immune function. Iron‐biofortified cereals could greatly improve food security in developing countries where dietary diversity, food fortification, and supplementation programs are limited. In this article, we present a synopsis of human Fe deficiency and highlight gross national income and anaemia prevalence around the globe in conjunction with wheat and rice production and consumption. We then describe the genetic pathways underlying Fe uptake and nutrition in plants and summarize the effects of altering specific aspects of these genetic pathways on rice grain Fe. Building on valuable information gleaned from rice, we then delve into the wheat genome and demonstrate with case studies how recently released wheat genome assemblies and gene expression platforms greatly facilitate gene discovery and can play an integral role in the development of Fe biofortified bread wheat.
Determination of Fructans in Plants: Current Analytical Means for Extraction, Detection, and Quantification
Authors: Matros Andrea , Peukert Manuela , Lahnstein Jelle , Seiffert Udo , Burton Rachel
Published: February 2019

Fructans are one of the most significant groups of sucrose‐derived water‐soluble carbohydrates in higher plants and microbes. They are largely differentiated by the linkage type between the terminal sucrose and the adjacent fructosyl units as well as by the degree of polymerisation ranging from oligomers (DP 3–9) to polymers (DP ≥10 up to a few hundred) and whether they are linear or highly branched structures (Section 2). The rapidly increasing scientific evidence for fructans functioning as reserve and structural carbohydrates as well as having antioxidant and immunomodulatory/signalling potential has motivated a recent boost in both fundamental research and in potential applications for food and nutrition. In contrast, analytical methods for fructan determination and discrimination have developed slowly. In this article, we summarise the current knowledge concerning methodologies for fructan analysis. We focus on fructan extraction and isolation (Section 3), quantification (Section 4), separation and detection (Section 5), structural characterisation (Section 6) as well as approaches for tissue‐specific and spatially resolved analysis (Section 7), and nondestructive detection of fructans (Section 8) in various plant materials. Finally, we discuss future perspectives for fructan analysis in plant tissues, also in the context of investigating structure–function relationships (Section 9).
F‐Box Proteins in Plants
Authors: Zhang Xuebin , Gonzalez‐Carranza Zinnia H. , Zhang Shulin , Miao Yuchen , Liu Chang‐Jun , Roberts Jeremy A.
Published: February 2019

The F‐box domain containing proteins is one of the super protein families in Eukaryotic cells including yeast, plant, and mammals. For example, the model plantArabidopsisandMedicagogenomes contain nearly 700 and 1000 F‐box protein encoding genes, respectively, which are the two largest gene families in the plant kingdom. Excluding the N‐terminal signature, the approximately 40–50 conserved amino‐acid F‐box motif and their C‐terminal protein–protein interaction domains define the different F‐box protein subfamilies. Most of the F‐box proteins studied so far can interact with SKP proteins, together with Cullin and Rbx1 to form the SCF complexes, which are the classic and most well‐studied E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes. Through the F‐box protein C‐terminal domains, the SCF complexes confer the specificity of selective protein ubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome, and this process is routinely termed as the ubiquitin–protease pathway (UPP). UPP‐mediated protein degradation is one of the key regulatory mechanisms for protein stability and is the major protein degradation pathway for the majority of the intracellular proteins. Since the first plant F‐box gene,UFO(Unusual Floral Organs) was isolated in 1995, a collection of about 20 plant F‐box genes have been identified and functionally characterised. Proteins encoded by plant F‐box genes have been revealed to be functionally diverse and play a variety of roles in developmental processes including plant hormonal signal transduction, floral development, secondary metabolism, senescence, circadian rhythms, and responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. In recent years, with the rapid improvements of new genome sequencing technologies, hundreds of F‐box genes from every sequenced plant species have been identified. Comparing with the large number of F‐box genes identified so far, only a handful of them have been studied in detail and the functional characterisation of the majority of F‐box gene families remains unknown. This article summarises our current understanding of plant F‐box proteins, including their classification and the pathways that they regulate, and seeks to lay the foundation for a systematical investigation of F‐box genes in plants.
Hamilton‐based adaptive robust control for the speed and tension system of reversible cold strip rolling mill
Authors: Liu Le , Shao Nuan , Lin Minghao , Fang Yiming
Published: February 2019

The adaptive robust control problem for the speed and tension system of reversible cold strip rolling mill is studied based on the Hamilton theory in this paper. First, the dissipative Hamilton model of the rolling mill system's speed and tension outside loop is built through pre‐feedback control, and then, dissipative Hamilton controllers are designed by utilizing the interconnection and damping assignment and the energy shaping method. Second, in order to realize tensiometer‐free control and adaptive robust control for the perturbation parameters and load disturbance, full‐order state observers and adaptive robust controllers are designed for the rolling mill system's speed and tension outside loop by using the “extended system + feedback” method. Third, robust controllers for the rolling mill system's current inside loop are designed based on the cascade control thought, so as to realize the tracking control for the speed and tension of reversible cold strip rolling mill. Theoretical analyses show that the resulting closed‐loop system is stable. Finally, simulation research is carried out on the speed and tension system of a 1422‐mm reversible cold strip rolling mill, and simulation results verify the validity of the proposed control strategy in comparison with the decentralized overlapping control strategy.
Poly(Ferulic Acid) with an Anticancer Effect as a Drug Nanocarrier for Enhanced Colon Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zheng Yinghao , You Xinru , Guan Shuyu , Huang Jun , Wang Liying , Zhang Jiayuan , Wu Jun
Published: February 2019

As colorectal cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide, colorectal cancer therapy requires new strategies for improved therapeutic effects. Recently, nanodrug carriers have emerged to weaken the systemic toxicity of chemotherapy drugs and strengthen the treatment effectiveness against colorectal cancer. In this report, ferulic acid, a plant derivative, is polycondensed into poly(ferulic acid) (PFA) for the first time to serve as an excellent drug carrier with anticancer performance. PFA self‐assembles into nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation, and the screened PFA nanoparticles (NPs) have a diameter of ≈100 nm and possess a reasonable drug‐loading capacity of ≈8.3% of paclitaxel (PTX). Evaluation of CT26 cells and a corresponding mouse model indicates remarkable inhibition of colon cancer with PTX‐loaded PFA nanoparticles (PFA@PTX NPs) treatment both in vitro and in vivo. Meanwhile, evaluation of blank PFA NPs in a tumor mouse model also shows tumor inhibition, confirming that PFA itself has an anticancer effect in vivo. Overall, the novel nanoparticles based on poly(ferulic acid) can not only effectively deliver chemodrugs but also provide additional anticancer therapeutic effects, providing a promising platform for clinical colon cancer therapy.
Hierarchical Co3O4 Nanofiber–Carbon Sheet Skeleton with Superior Na/Li‐Philic Property Enabling Highly Stable Alkali Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Siyuan , Liu Qilei , Zhou Jiajun , Pan Teng , Gao Lina , Zhang Weidong , Fan Lei , Lu Yingying
Published: February 2019

Uncontrollable dendritic behavior and infinite volume expansion in alkali metal anode results in the severe safety hazards and short lifespan for high‐energy batteries. Constructing a stable host with superior Na/Li‐philic properties is a prerequisite for commercialization. Here, it is demonstrated that the small Gibbs free energy change in the reaction between metal oxide (Co3O4, SnO2, and CuO) and alkali metal is key for metal infusion. The as‐prepared hierarchical Co3O4 nanofiber–carbon sheet (CS) skeleton shows improved wettability toward molten Li/Na. The 3D carbon sheet serves as a primary framework, offering adequate lithium nucleation sites and sufficient electrolyte/electrode contact for fast charge transfer. The secondary framework of Co/Li2O nanofibers provides physical confinement of deposited Li and further redistributes the Li+ flux on each carbon fiber, which is verified by COMSOL Multiphysics simulations. Due to the uniform deposition behavior and near‐zero volume change, modified symmetrical Li/Li cells can operate under an ultrahigh current density of 20 mA cm−2 for more than 120 cycles. When paired with LiFePO4 cathodes, the Li/Co–CS cell shows low polarization and 88.4% capacity retention after 200 cycles under 2 C. Convincing improvement can also be observed in Na/Co–CS symmetrical cells applying NaClO4‐based electrolyte. These results illustrate a significant improvement in developing safe and stable alkali metal batteries.
Fortifying Angiogenesis in Ischemic Muscle with FGF9‐Loaded Electrospun Poly(Ester Amide) Fibers
Authors: Said Somiraa S. , Yin Hao , Elfarnawany Mai , Nong Zengxuan , O'Neil Caroline , Leong Hon , Lacefield James C. , Mequanint Kibret , Pickering J. Geoffrey
Published: February 2019

Delivery of angiogenic growth factors lessens ischemia in preclinical models but has demonstrated little benefit in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Augmenting the wrapping of nascent microvessels by mural cells constitutes an alternative strategy to regenerating a functional microvasculature, particularly if integrated with a sustained delivery platform. Herein, electrospun poly(ester amide) (PEA) nanofiber mats are fabricated for delivering a mural cell‐targeting factor, fibroblast growth factor 9 (FGF9). Proof‐of‐principle is established by placing FGF9/FGF2‐loaded PEA fiber mats on the chick chorioallantoic membrane and identifying enhanced angiogenesis by 3D power Doppler micro‐ultrasound imaging. To assess the delivery system in ischemic muscle, FGF9‐loaded PEA fiber mats are implanted onto the surface of the tibialis anterior muscle of mice with hindlimb ischemia. The system supplies FGF9 into the tibialis anterior muscle and yields a neo‐microvascular network with enhanced mural cell coverage up to 28 days after injury. The regenerating muscle that receives FGF9 display near‐normal sized myofibers and reduced interstitial fibrosis. Moreover, the mice demonstrate improved locomotion. These findings of locally released FGF9 from PEA nanofibers raise prospects for a microvascular remodeling approach to improve muscle health in peripheral vascular disease.
2D–Organic Hybrid Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Sun Jia , Choi Yongsuk , Choi Young Jin , Kim Seongchan , Park Jin‐Hong , Lee Sungjoo , Cho Jeong Ho
Published: February 2019

The unique properties of hybrid heterostructures have motivated the integration of two or more different types of nanomaterials into a single optoelectronic device structure. Despite the promising features of organic semiconductors, such as their acceptable optoelectronic properties, availability of low‐cost processes for their fabrication, and flexibility, further optimization of both material properties and device performances remains to be achieved. With the emergence of atomically thin 2D materials, they have been integrated with conventional organic semiconductors to form multidimensional heterostructures that overcome the present limitations and provide further opportunities in the field of optoelectronics. Herein, a comprehensive review of emerging 2D–organic heterostructures—from their synthesis and fabrication to their state‐of‐the‐art optoelectronic applications—is presented. Future challenges and opportunities associated with these heterostructures are highlighted.
Voltage‐Control of Magnetism in All‐Solid‐State and Solid/Liquid Magnetoelectric Composites
Authors: Molinari Alan , Hahn Horst , Kruk Robert
Published: February 2019

The control of magnetism by means of low‐power electric fields, rather than dissipative flowing currents, has the potential to revolutionize conventional methods of data storage and processing, sensing, and actuation. A promising strategy relies on the utilization of magnetoelectric composites to finely tune the interplay between electric and magnetic degrees of freedom at the interface of two functional materials. Albeit early works predominantly focused on the magnetoelectric coupling at solid/solid interfaces; however, recently there has been an increased interest related to the opportunities offered by liquid‐gating techniques. Here, a comparative overview on voltage control of magnetism in all‐solid‐state and solid/liquid composites is presented within the context of the principal coupling mediators, i.e., strain, charge carrier doping, and ionic intercalation. Further, an exhaustive and critical discussion is carried out, concerning the suitability of using the common definition of coupling coefficient to compare the strength of the interaction between electricity and magnetism among different magnetoelectric systems.
Ultrathin Cobalt Oxide Layers as Electrocatalysts for High‐Performance Flexible Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Zhou Tianpei , Xu Wanfei , Zhang Nan , Du Zhiyi , Zhong Chengan , Yan Wensheng , Ju Huanxin , Chu Wangsheng , Jiang Hong , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: February 2019

Synergistic improvements in the electrical conductivity and catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are of paramount importance for rechargeable metal–air batteries. In this study, one‐nanometer‐scale ultrathin cobalt oxide (CoOx) layers are fabricated on a conducting substrate (i.e., a metallic Co/N‐doped graphene substrate) to achieve superior bifunctional activity in both the ORR and OER and ultrahigh output power for flexible Zn–air batteries. Specifically, at the atomic scale, the ultrathin CoOx layers effectively accelerate electron conduction and provide abundant active sites. X‐ray absorption spectroscopy reveals that the metallic Co/N‐doped graphene substrate contributes to electron transfer toward the ultrathin CoOx layer, which is beneficial for the electrocatalytic process. The as‐obtained electrocatalyst exhibits ultrahigh electrochemical activity with a positive half‐wave potential of 0.896 V for ORR and a low overpotential of 370 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for OER. The flexible Zn–air battery built with this catalyst exhibits an ultrahigh specific power of 300 W gcat
−1, which is essential for portable devices. This work provides a new design pathway for electrocatalysts for high‐performance rechargeable metal–air battery systems.
Materials and Designs for Wearable Photodetectors
Authors: Cai Sa , Xu Xiaojie , Yang Wei , Chen Jiaxin , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: February 2019

Photodetectors (PDs), as an indispensable component in electronics, are highly desired to be flexible to meet the trend of next‐generation wearable electronics. Unfortunately, no in‐depth reviews on the design strategies, material exploration, and potential applications of wearable photodetectors are found in literature to date. Thus, this progress report first summarizes the fundamental design principles of turning “hard” photodetectors “soft,” including 2D (polymer and paper substrate‐based devices) and 1D PDs (fiber shaped devices). In short, the flexibility of PDs is realized through elaborate substrate modification, material selection, and device layout. More importantly, this report presents the current progress and specific requirements for wearable PDs according to the application: monitoring, imaging, and optical communication. Challenges and future research directions in these fields are proposed at the end. The purpose of this progress report is not only to shed light on the basic design principles of wearable PDs, but also serve as the roadmap for future exploration in wearable PDs in various applications, including health monitoring and Internet of Things.
Schottky Contact in Monolayer WS2 Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Tang Hao , Shi Bowen , Pan Yuanyuan , Li Jingzhen , Zhang Xiuying , Yan Jiahuan , Liu Shiqi , Yang Jie , Xu Lianqiang , Yang Jinbo , Wu Mingbo , Lu Jing
Published: February 2019

Monolayer (ML) WS2 is a promising material to be the channel of nanoscale field‐effect transistors (FETs). In ML WS2 FETs, the interfacial properties between ML WS2 and electrodes significantly affect the device performance, due to the possible existence of Schottky barriers at the interface. In this paper, the electronic and transport properties of both the lateral and the vertical interfaces between ML WS2 and six common metals is calculated (Sc, Ti, Ag, Cu, Au, and Pt) by the density functional theory and the quantum transport simulation. n‐type Schottky contact exists with the lateral electron Schottky barrier height (SBH) of 0.28, 0.36, 0.25, 0.46, 1.00 eV for Sc, Ti, Ag, Cu, and Au electrode, respectively, while p‐type Schottky contact exists with the lateral hole SBH of 0.98 eV for Pt electrode. The average pinning factor at the lateral interface obtained from linear fitting to the SBHs and the Schottky–Bardin model is 0.32 and 0.28, respectively, suggestive of a strong Fermi level pinning originating from the metal induced gap states. The work reveals the properties of the lateral interfaces between ML WS2 channels and electrodes theoretically for the first time, providing an instruction to design ML WS2 devices.
Unveiling Excitonic Dynamics in High‐Efficiency Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells to Direct Morphological Optimization for Suppressing Charge Recombination
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Yan Yajie , Honarfar Alireza , Yao Yao , Zheng Kaibo , Liang Ziqi
Published: February 2019

Nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs)‐based organic solar cells (OSCs) have recently drawn considerable research interests; however, their excitonic dynamics seems quite different than that of fullerene acceptors‐based devices and remains to be largely explored. A random terpolymer of PBBF11 to pair with a paradigm NFA of 3,9‐bis(2‐methylene‐(3‐(1,1‐dicyanomethylene)‐indanone)‐5,5,11,11‐tetrakis(4‐hexylphenyl)‐dithieno[2,3‐d:2′,3′‐d′]‐s‐indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b′]dithiophene (ITIC) such that both complementary optical absorption and very small offsets of both highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels are acquired is designed and synthesized. Despite the small energy offsets, efficient electron/hole transfer between PBBF11 and ITIC is both clearly observed from steady‐state photoluminescence and transient absorption spectra and also supported by the measured low exciton binding energy in ITIC. Consequently, the PBBF11:ITIC‐based OSCs afford an encouraging power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.02%. Although the good miscibility of PBBF11 and ITIC induces a homogenous blend film morphology, it causes severe charge recombination. The fullerene acceptor of PC71BM with varying loading ratios is therefore added to modulate film morphology to effectively reduce the charge recombination. As a result, the optimal OSCs based on PBBF11:ITIC:PC71BM yield a better PCE of 11.4% without any additive or annealing treatment.
Chimeric antigen receptor T cells for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Frey Noelle V.
Published: February 2019

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells targeted to CD19 have resulted in unprecedented remission rates for adult and pediatric patients with relapsed and refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). With regulatory approval for tisagenlecleucel and many other agents under active investigation, the use of CAR T cells for ALL continues to expand. While some remissions from anti‐CD19 CAR T cells are durable without a consolidative allogeneic stem cell transplantation, CD19 positive and negative relapses remain a significant concern fueling investigations into the biology of CAR T cell persistence and the development of CARTs that target more than 1 antigen. The treatment related toxicities of cytokine release syndrome and neurologic events are potentially life threatening but recent advances have improved understanding and management strategies. This review summarizes outcomes for patients with ALL treated with CD19‐CAR T cells while exploring the field's challenges and future directions.
Long‐term fostamatinib treatment of adults with immune thrombocytopenia during the phase 3 clinical trial program
Authors: Bussel James B. , Arnold Donald M. , Boxer Michael A. , Cooper Nichola , Mayer Jiri , Zayed Hany , Tong Sandra , Duliege Anne‐Marie
Published: February 2019

Two randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled studies demonstrated responses (≥50 000/μL) to fostamatinib in adults with long‐standing immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The long‐term safety and efficacy of fostamatinib were evaluated in a follow‐on, open‐label extension (OLE) study. Patients received double‐blind fostamatinib in the randomized trials, and responders continued the same dose, 100 to 150 mg BID, in the OLE study. Nonresponders received 100 mg BID for 4 weeks and could escalate to 150 mg BID at week 4. Endpoints included stable response, platelet count ≥50 000/μL at 4/6 biweekly (randomized trials) or 2/3 monthly visits (OLE), and overall response, ≥1 platelet count ≥50 000/μL during weeks 1 to 12. A total of 146 patients received fostamatinib including 123 in the OLE study. Median treatment duration was 6.7 months. Baseline median ITP duration was 8 years and median platelet count was 16 000/μL; prior treatments included thrombopoietic (TPO) agents (47%), splenectomy (35%), and rituximab (32%). Twenty‐seven (18%) patients achieved a stable response with median duration of >28 months and a median platelet count of 89 000/μL. Sixty‐four (44%) patients achieved an overall response (including stable responders) with a median platelet count of 63 000/μL and a median response duration of >28 months. Twenty‐four of 71 (34%) patients who had failed TPO agents achieved overall responses to fostamatinib. The most common adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea, hypertension, nausea, epistaxis, and abnormal liver function tests. Most AEs were mild/moderate and resolved or were managed with dose reduction, dose interruption, and/or secondary medication. Almost half of the patients achieved an overall response, and most of these maintained their responses for >2 years. No new or increased frequency of AEs was seen at up to 31 months of treatment.
Postnatal ex vivo rat model for longitudinal bone growth investigations
Authors: Abubakar Adamu Abdul , Ibrahim Sahar Mohammed , Ali Ahmed Khalaf , Handool Kareem Obayes , Khan Mohammad Shuaib , Noordin Mustapha Mohamed , Azmi Ibrahim Tengku , Kaka Ubedullah , Mohamad Yusof Loqman
Published: February 2019

Background

Chondrocytes in the growth plate (GP) undergo increases in volume during different cascades of cell differentiation during longitudinal bone growth. The volume increase is reported to be the most significant variable in understanding the mechanism of long bone growth.

Methods

Forty‐five postnatal Sprague‐Dawley rat pups, 7‐15 days old were divided into nine age groups (P7‐P15). Five pups were allocated to each group. The rats were sacrificed and tibia and metatarsal bones were harvested. Bone lengths were measured after 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours of ex vivo incubation. Histology of bones was carried out, and GP lengths and chondrocyte densities were determined.

Results

There were significant differences in bone length among the age groups after 0 and 72 hours of incubation. Histological sectioning was possible in metatarsal bone from all age groups, and in tibia from 7‐ to 13‐day‐old rats. No significant differences in tibia and metatarsal GP lengths were seen among different age groups at 0 and 72 hours of incubation. Significant differences in chondrocyte densities along the epiphyseal GP of the bones between 0 and 72 hours of incubation were observed in most of the age groups.

Conclusion

Ex vivo growth of tibia and metatarsal bones of rats aged 7‐15 days old is possible, with percentage growth rates of 23.87 ± 0.80% and 40.38 ± 0.95% measured in tibia and metatarsal bone, respectively. Histological sectioning of bones was carried out without the need for decalcification in P7‐P13 tibia and P7‐P15 metatarsal bone. Increases in chondrocyte density along the GP influence overall bone elongation.
Kinetic Resolution and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Chromene by Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydroarylation
Authors: Yang Qingjing , Wang Yanbo , Luo Shihui , Wang Jun (Joelle)
Published: February 2019

A highly efficient kinetic resolution and dynamic kinetic resolution of chromene is reported for the first time and they procced by a rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydroarylation pathway. This new approach offers versatile access to various chiral 2,3‐diaryl‐chromanes containing vicinal stereogenic centers, as well as the recovered chiral flavenes, in high yields with excellent ee values (s factor up to 532). Particularly noteworthy is that this strategy can be further extended to the establishment of a dynamic version of the kinetic resolution of chromene acetals and allows complete access to chiral isoflavanes and α‐aryl hydrocoumarins.
Hybride organisch‐anorganische thermoelektrische Materialien und Baueinheiten
Authors: Jin Huile , Li Jun , Iocozzia James , Zeng Xin , Wei Pai‐Chun , Yang Chao , Li Nan , Liu Zhaoping , He Jr Hau , Zhu Tiejun , Wang Jichang , Lin Zhiqun , Wang Shun
Published: February 2019

Organisch‐anorganische Hybridmaterialien gelten als neue Kandidaten auf dem Gebiet der thermoelektrischen Materialien. Sie haben ein großes Potenzial, die thermoelektrische Leistung zu verbessern, indem die niedrige Wärmeleitfähigkeit organischer Materialien einerseits sowie der hohe Seebeck‐Koeffizient und die hohe elektrische Leitfähigkeit anorganischer Materialien andererseits genutzt werden. In diesem Aufsatz soll ein Überblick über das Grenzflächen‐Engineering in der Synthese verschiedener organisch‐anorganischer thermoelektrischer Hybridmaterialien sowie über die dimensionale Gestaltung zur Optimierung ihrer thermoelektrischen Eigenschaften gegeben werden. Die Grenzflächeneffekte werden hinsichtlich Nanostrukturen, physikalischer Eigenschaften und chemischer Dotierung zwischen anorganischen und organischen Komponenten betrachtet. Einige Schlüsselfaktoren, die die thermoelektrische Effizienz und Leistung elektronischer Bauelemente bestimmen, werden ebenso diskutiert wie die Wärmeleitfähigkeit, der elektrische Transport, die elektronischen Bandstrukturen und die Bandkonvergenz der Hybridmaterialien.
Inducing Enantioselectivity in a Dynamic Catalyst by Supramolecular Interlocking
Authors: Scholtes Jan Felix , Trapp Oliver
Published: February 2019

The design of a new class of fluxional biphenyl bisphosphinite (BIBIPHOS) ligands decorated with amino acid‐based diamide interaction sites is reported that undergo spontaneous desymmetrization. Hydrogenation of prochiral alkenes using Rh‐BIBIPHOS results in enantiomeric ratios of up to 96:4 (R/S). This stereoconvergent behavior of the fluxional BIBIPHOS ligand is triggered by pronounced intermolecular interlocking of the recognition sites, leading to the formation of a supramolecular assembly, where the axial orientation of the biphenyl ligand backbone is governed by the chirality of the amino acid moieties. Stereoinduction during catalysis is decoupled from this process and occurs as an immediate consequence of the emergent behavior of the ligands. This supramolecular system is very robust and has the potential to be adopted for other ligand designs in enantioselective catalysis.
Polymer Dispersity Control by Organocatalyzed Living Radical Polymerization
Authors: Liu Xu , Wang Chen‐Gang , Goto Atsushi
Published: February 2019

Molecular weight distribution of polymers, termed dispersity (Đ), is a fundamental parameter for determining polymer material properties. This paper reports a novel approach for controlling Đ by exploiting a temperature‐selective radical generation in organocatalyzed living radical polymerization. The polymers with tailored Đ were synthesized in a batch system without the assistance of an external pump. A unique aspect of this approach is that Đ was tuneable from 1.11 to 1.50 in any segment in diblock, triblock, and multiblock copolymers and in any form of star and brush polymer without segmental or topological restriction. This approach is amenable to various monomers and free from metals and thus attractive for applications. The approach also generated polymer brushes on surfaces with tailored Đ. An interesting finding was that the polymer brushes exhibited unique interaction with external molecules, depending on the Đ value.
A Main‐Group Element Radical Based One‐Dimensional Magnetic Chain
Authors: Feng Rui , Zhang Li , Ruan Huapeng , Zhao Yue , Tan Gengwen , Wang Xinping
Published: February 2019

The first main‐group element radical based one‐dimensional magnetic chain (1K)n was realized by one‐electron reduction of the pyridinyl functionalized borane 1 with elemental potassium in THF in the absence of 18‐crown‐6 (18‐c‐6). The electron spin density of (1K)n mainly resides at the boron centers with a considerable contribution from central benzene and pyridine moieties. The spin centers exhibit an antiferromagnetic interaction as demonstrated by magnetic measurements and theoretical calculations. In contrast, the reduction in the presence of 18‐c‐6 afforded the separated radical anion salt 1K(Crown), in which the potassium cation was trapped by THF and 18‐c‐6 molecules. Further one‐electron reduction of 1K(Crown) and (1K)n led to the diamagnetic monomer and polymer, respectively.
Preparation of magnetic Fe3O4/P (GMA‐DVB)‐PEI/Pd highly efficient catalyst with core‐shell structure
Authors: Ma Mingliang , Yang Yuying , Liu Yanyan , Li Wenting , Chen Guopeng , Ma Yong , Lyu Ping , Li Shunhe , Wang Yubao , Wu Guanglei
Published: February 2019

In this paper, a simple route for palladium (Pd) nanoparticles attached to the surface of hollow magnetic Fe3O4/P (GMA‐DVB)‐polyethyleneimine (PEI) microspheres was established. Due to the large amount of imidogen groups and tertiary amine groups presenting in the PEI, Pd2+ ions could be anchored to the support by complexation with a polyfunctional organic ligand. Thereafter, a magnetic Pd catalyst having a high loading amount and good dispersibility was obtained by reducing Pd2+ ions. Afterwards, the prepared catalyst was characterized by TEM, SEM, FTIR, XRD, TGA, VSM, and UV–vis in detail. Ultimately, their catalytic activity was evaluated using the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). Research showed that the Fe3O4/P (GMA‐DVB)‐PEI/Pd catalyst possessed high catalytic performances for the reduction of 4‐NP with a conversion rate of 98.43% within 540 s. Furthermore, the catalyst could be easily recovered and reused at least for nine successive cycles.
Numerical simulation of flow and heat transfer between supercritical CO2 tube and flue gas
Authors: Wang Ji‐min , Dong Fei‐long , Chen Xue , Gu Ming‐yan , Chu Huaqiang
Published: February 2019

To further improve the thermal efficiency of the coal‐fired boiler, lower environment restraints, and minimize key components, the supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle was considered to replace the conventional steam Rankine cycle. In this paper, a three‐dimensional mathematical model of the thermal behaviors between the supercritical CO2 tube and flue gas was established using the Lam–Bremhorst k–ε model, the gas real model, and the P‐1 radiation model. The distributions of the velocity and the temperature between the supercritical CO2 tube and flue gas were investigated numerically. Furthermore, the effects of the supercritical CO2 inlet temperature on the thermal behaviors were also examined. The results show the surface heat transfer coefficient goes up with the supercritical CO2 inlet temperature due to the rise of the thermal conductivity. More significant thermal behaviors and detailed physical explanations were elaborated, which would offer a novel insight to understand, design, and optimize the supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle for engineering applications.
Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)‐Derived Nanoporous Carbon Materials
Authors: Marpaung Freddy , Kim Minjun , Khan Junayet Hossain , Konstantinov Konstantin , Yamauchi Yusuke , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Na Jongbeom , Kim Jeonghun
Published: February 2019

Metal–organic framework (MOF)‐derived nanoporous carbon materials have attracted significant interest due to their advantages of controllable porosity, good thermal/chemical stability, high electrical conductivity, catalytic activity, easy modification with other elements and materials, etc. Thus, MOF‐derived carbons have been used in numerous applications, such as environmental remediations, energy storage systems (i.e. batteries, supercapacitors), and catalysts. To date, many strategies have been developed to enhance the properties and performance of MOF‐derived carbons. Herein, we introduce and summarize recent important approaches for advanced MOF‐derived carbon structures with a focus on precursor control, heteroatom doping, shape/orientation control, and hybridization with other functional materials.
Pathways for a Brazilian biobased economy: towards optimal utilization of biomass
Authors: Lap Tjerk , Benders René , Köberle Alexandre , van der Hilst Floor , Nogueira Larissa , Szklo Alexandre , Schaeffer Roberto , Faaij André
Published: February 2019

Biomass is responsible for 25% of the primary energy supply in Brazil. However, future biomass demand will be influenced by many factors. This study evaluates potential pathways for the utilization of biomass in Brazil until 2050, while considering novel biobased sectors (renewable jet fuel and biochemicals), resource competition, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Whereas other least‐cost optimization models assess biobased options to meet energy and chemicals demand in Brazil to a limited extent, this study provides a detailed breakdown of biomass feedstock, including an extensive portfolio of biomass conversion technologies. A least‐cost optimization model is used to assess the demand for energy and chemicals, and the competition between biomass and other climate‐mitigation measures such as renewable power generation technologies, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and energy efficiency. Varied over the three scenarios, 86–96% of the sustainable biomass supply potential is used. Under more stringent mitigation targets, novel biomass conversion technologies start to play an important role: Biobased electricity production with CCS, jet fuel production from lignocellulosic biomass, and chemicals are partly produced from ethanol and bio‐naphtha. The modeling framework provides a transparent view of which type of biomass can be used for which specific purpose. It is therefore an interesting tool for future research, for example to examine the dynamic interaction with demand for land. © 2019 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cadaveric Study of Cutaneous Vascular Anatomy about the Elbow Using Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Connelly Jacob O. , Tait Mark A. , Bracey John W. , Gilley Jasen H. , Pandey Tarun , Ram Roopa , Ahmadi Shahryar
Published: February 2019

The posterior approach is a commonly employed exposure of the elbow that provides excellent visualization and efficacy for various orthopedic procedures, including total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) and fracture care. The posterior approach to the elbow has been associated with an increased rate of wound complications, including infection, skin necrosis, and wound dehiscence. Despite an association between these complications and decreased elbow perfusion, data regarding the intrinsic anatomic etiology for preferential complications in this area has been scarcely reported in the literature. This study characterizes the subdermal and cutaneous vascular perfusion about the elbow by describing the predominant direction of circulation, subdermal anastomoses, and volume of perfusion through cadaveric modeling using computed tomography angiography (CTA). Fifteen upper extremity cadaver specimens were prepared with injection of radiographic contrast directly into the axillary artery immediately preceding CTA imaging of each specimen. Sectra IDS7 software for Windows was used for analysis of all images to produce superimposed axial and 3‐D reconstructions of each CTA series. From these images it was discerned that the predominant direction of flow in the posterior elbow integument is anterior medial to posterior lateral. Both the posterior medial and posterior lateral subdermal vascular networks emanate from proximally derived medial arterial sources with few anastomoses and minimal collateral perfusion from the anterolateral location. Consequently, it is important to preserve medial subdermal vascular structures to prevent ischemic wound complications. This is especially true in previously incised elbow integuments. Clin. Anat. 32:509–514, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why do we break one of the first rules of anatomy when describing the components of the heart?
Authors: De Almeida Marcos C. , Spicer Diane E. , Anderson Robert H.
Published: February 2019

A rule of human anatomy is that all structures within the body should be described relative to the so‐called “anatomical position.” Along with those describing structures such as the skull and liver, those accounting for the components of the heart consistently break this rule, describing the organ as if removed from the body and positioned on its apex, the so‐called “Valentine position.” Although potentially appropriate to some animal species, this approach produces problems when used in human anatomy, even if the right and left ventricles are only viewed in truly right‐sided and left‐sided positions when assessed in the Valentine fashion. The names of the ventricles, of course, are never going to change. This is not necessarily the case with other cardiac components. Consider the artery that extends between the ventricles on their diaphragmatic surface. Blockage produces inferior myocardial infarction, which is to be expected, since the vessel is located in inferior and interventricular position. It is incorrect to describe the artery as being posterior and descending. Such infelicities are now the more obvious with the advent of techniques that, in clinical cardiology, show the components of the heart as it lies within the chest. In this review, we have assessed the frequency of use of the Valentine approach in popular textbooks used by students of human anatomy. We show that, using the conduction tissues as a model, this system also being incorrectly described in the majority of the textbooks, the situation can be improved by use of attitudinally appropriate description. Clin. Anat. 32:585–596, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA‐200a suppresses prostate cancer progression through BRD4/AR signaling pathway
Authors: Guan Han , You Zonghao , Wang Can , Fang Fang , Peng Rui , Mao Likai , Xu Bin , Chen Ming
Published: February 2019

Prostate cancer is still considered a significant health care challenge worldwide due in part to the distinct transformation of androgen‐dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) into treatment‐refractory castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Consequently, there is an urgent need to explore novel molecular mechanisms underlying treatment resistance in ADPC. Although numerous studies have alluded to the role of miR‐200a in several cancers, the biological significance of miR‐200a in prostate cancer remains unknown. After performing microarray analysis and reanalysis of the publicly available Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center dataset, miR‐200a expression was found higher in ADPC tissues and its expression was positively associated with survival of CRPC patients. In vitro studies showed that miR‐200a overexpression in CRPC cells markedly suppressed cellular proliferation and facilitated apoptosis. In vivo studies indicated that overexpression of miR‐200a inhibited growth and metastasis of prostate cancer. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that BRD4 is a direct target gene of miR‐200a and it could reverse miR‐200a‐mediated biological effects in prostate cancer cells. Most importantly, our findings indicated that miR‐200a suppresses the progression of CRPC by inhibiting the activation of BRD4‐mediated AR signaling. This finding provides the foundation for the development of more personalized therapeutic approaches for CRPC patients.
Individual celebration of pop music icons: A study of music fans relationships with their object of fandom and associated practices
Authors: Derbaix Maud , Korchia Michaël
Published: February 2019

This paper seeks to identify kinds of relationships fans who celebrate their passion individually might have with their music icons and focuses on a better understanding of the content of these relationship (how these fans interact with their music icon and valuable consumption practices associated). It relies on recent works considering fandom as an intensely personal phenomenon that can occur in the absence of a group or social context. The theoretical background builds on subcultures studies, consumption practices related, and the attachment consumers can develop with celebrities or teams. Through a qualitative study with popular music fans who live their passion independently of any community or subculture, findings underline that some fans can intentionally gravitate more toward an individualized (rather than a collective) celebration of his or her object of fandom and that may result in various consumption practices. Also, this research highlights that being a fan does not necessary involve heavy celebrity worship, both terms being indeed not interchangeable, but can end up by valuable practices for both fans and their object of fandom.
Effects of construal level and need for cognition on consumers' responses to temporally framed benefits
Authors: Youn Seounmi , Kim Hyuksoo
Published: February 2019

Applying construal level (CL) theory as a theoretical framework, this study examined the conditions under which temporally framed messages are effective. A 2(temporal framing: near‐future vs. distant‐future rewards) × 2(CL: high vs. low) × 2(need for cognition: high vs. low) between‐subjects design was employed. Data from two online experiments showed that consumers generated more favorable responses to the ad when the temporal distance matched consumer CL. Low‐construal consumers, either chronic or primed, were found to prefer product information framed with near‐future rewards. This CL temporal match effect appeared for consumers high in need for cognition only. Further, the matched message enhanced consumers' perception of message quality and this perceived message quality mediated the effect of the CL temporal match on consumer responses to the ad. Theoretical and managerial implications were discussed.
Ultralow FeIII Ion Doping Triggered Generation of Ni3S2 Ultrathin Nanosheet for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Liyuan , Li Yibin , Sun Qiangqiang , Qiang Qi , Shen Yuqian , Ma Yi , Wang Zenglin , Zhao Chuan
Published: February 2019

Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a sluggish process for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen fuel. In this work, ultralow level of Fe(III) ion triggered Ni3S2 nanosheet grownon nickel foam (NF) for the enhanced electrocatalytic activity towards OER was reported for the first time. The OER electrocatalytic activity of the Fe(III)−Ni3S2/NF electrode was improved remarkably by adding only 2.1 (at.)% Fe(III) ion into the developed electrode and it merely requires an overpotential of η=213 mV to afford a current density of 10 mA cm−2, significantly lower than both the Ni3S2/NF electrode (η=324 mV) and the benchmark RuO2/NF electrode (η=240 mV). As far as we know, this is the lowest overpotential to achieve the same value based on the reported Ni‐based sulfides. Meanwhile, the kinetic studies show that the Fe2.1%−Ni3S2/NF electrode possessed a much smaller Tafel slope (33.2 mV dec−1) than that of Ni3S2/NF electrode (72.1 mV dec−1), demonstrating a fast reaction pathway. Further investigations attribute the enhanced OER activity to: (i) the addition of appropriate Fe(III) ions are favorable for the formation of interconnected Ni3S2 ultrathin nanosheets, rather than keeping the original wrinkled fusiform nanorods, thus leading to a 2‐fold significantly enlarged electrochemical active surface areas,(ii) the improved surface wettability can result in an enhanced compatibility and affinity of the catalyst with the electrode, which is good for gas bubble evolution and (iii) the enhanced intrinsic electrocatalytic activity due to the electronic structure regulating effect of Fe(III) lead to a fast shuttling of charge transfers during OER between the electrode and the solution.
Solvent‐Driven Reversible Phase Transition of a Pillared Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Lan , Fan Wen‐Wen , Lu Zhi‐Xiang , Qin Yu , Yang Shao‐Xiong , Li Yuan , Liu Yan‐Xiong , Zheng Li‐Yan , Cao Qiu‐E
Published: February 2019

Over the last decade, the controllable reversible phase transition of functional materials has received growing interest as it shows unique suitability for various technological applications. Although many metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess a lamellar structure, the reversible structural transformation of MOFs between their three‐dimensional (3D) phase and two‐dimensional (2D) phase remains a largely unexplored area. Herein, we report for the first time a europium MOF with unprecedented reversible morphology in different solvents at room temperature. This europium MOF displayed a 3D nanorod morphology in organic solvent and a 2D nanobelt architecture in water. As a proof of concept for potential applications of this reversible‐phase‐transition MOF, we were able to use a delamination recovery method to load dye molecules that previously could not be loaded into europium MOFs.
Design of CK2β‐Mimicking Peptides as Tools To Study the CK2α/CK2β Interaction in Cancer Cells
Authors: Lindenblatt Dirk , Horn Mareike , Götz Claudia , Niefind Karsten , Neundorf Ines , Pietsch Markus
Published: February 2019

The ubiquitously expressed Ser/Thr kinase CK2 is a key regulator in a variety of key processes in normal and malignant cells. Due to its distinctive anti‐apoptotic and tumor‐driving properties, elevated levels of CK2 have frequently been found in tumors of different origin. In recent years, development of CK2 inhibitors has largely been focused on ATP‐competitive compounds; however, targeting the CK2α/CK2β interface has emerged as a further concept that might avoid selectivity issues. To address the CK2 subunit interaction site, we have synthesized halogenated CK2β‐mimicking cyclic peptides modified with the cell‐penetrating peptide sC18 to mediate cellular uptake. We investigated the binding of the resulting chimeric peptides to recombinant human CK2α using a recently developed fluorescence anisotropy assay. The iodinated peptide sC18‐I‐Pc was identified as a potent CK2α ligand (Ki=0.622 μm). It was internalized in cells to a high extent and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward cancerous HeLa cells (IC50=37 μm) in contrast to non‐cancerous HEK‐293 cells. The attractive features and functionalities of sC18‐I‐Pc offer the opportunity for further improvement.