bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Une formation continue en littératie destinée aux enseignants en sciences de la nature oeuvrant en situation minoritaire : que disent les divers acteurs?
Authors: Rivard Léonard P. , Gueye Ndeye R.
Published: August 2015

Le projet de «littératie en salle de classe de sciences de la nature» était un programme de perfectionnement professionnel de trois ans destiné aux enseignants francophones du secondaire qui travaillent en milieu minoritaire. Cette formation continue privilégiait les liens entre la langue et les sciences et voulait sensibiliser ces enseignants quant à l’importance de tenir compte de la langue dans leur enseignement. Notre but était de leur montrer comment utiliser une panoplie de stratégies efficaces afin qu’ils puissent transformer leur pratique en salle de classe pour faire lire, écrire et parler les élèves dans l’apprentissage des sciences. Notre objectif de recherche était de déterminer comment les croyances et les pratiques des enseignants ont changé au fil du temps et comment ces dernières ont été mises en oeuvre dans différentes classes. Nous voulions également cerner les défis et les éléments facilitateurs à la mise en oeuvre de ces stratégies et pratiques en littératie dans la classe, à l’école et à la division scolaire. Seules les entrevues auprès des enseignants, des élèves, des directions d’école ainsi que d’autres acteurs en éducation impliqués dans le projet ont fait l’objet d’une analyse dans le présent article. L’analyse des entrevues auprès des enseignants a révélé que les changements par rapport à leurs croyances et à leurs pratiques étaient progressifs et directement corrélés avec le taux de participation aux séances de formation.
Défis et enjeux de la transmission culturelle et identitaire chez les Métis francophones : le rôle de la famille et de la communauté à Winnipeg
Authors: Seraphim Joanna
Published: August 2015

Les Métis francophones sont une minorité parmi les populations autochtones. En raison des discriminations, de nombreux Métis ont caché leur identité et n’ont pas appris à leurs enfants leur culture pour faciliter leur intégration économique et sociale dans la société dominante canadienne. Désormais, être Métis est mieux accepté qu’auparavant. Les Métis cherchent à sauvegarder leur culture et à l’enseigner à leurs enfants avant qu’il ne soit trop tard. En nous basant sur une enquête de terrain, des entrevues, une analyse qualitative de leur contenu, nous cherchons à comprendre le rôle de la famille et de la communauté dans la transmission culturelle et identitaire des Métis d’aujourd’hui. Nous nous rendons compte que des Métis sont toujours soumis à la violence symbolique, c’est-à-dire qu’ils pensent que les discriminations contre leurs pairs sont justifiées, et rejettent leur culture. Toutefois, de nombreux Métis ont le projet de préserver et de transmettre leur culture, à travers la pratique de traditions ou la fréquentation de la communauté métisse. Cette communauté métisse urbaine existe sous la forme d’association métisse. Ces structures associatives représentent un lieu de socialisation; elles oeuvrent pour la préservation de la culture à travers des événements communautaires et des ateliers culturels. Cette étude se démarque par la méthode et les concepts mobilisés, et par ses objectifs, qui visent à apporter des suggestions pratiques pour favoriser la transmission culturelle et identitaire des Métis en milieu urbain.
Promiscuous interactions and protein disaggregases determine the material state of stress-inducible RNP granules
Authors: Kroschwald Sonja , Maharana Shovamayee , Mateju Daniel , Malinovska Liliana , Nüske Elisabeth , Poser Ina , Richter Doris , Alberti Simon
Published: August 2015

RNA-protein (RNP) granules have been proposed to assemble by forming solid RNA/protein aggregates or through phase separation into a liquid RNA/protein phase. Which model describes RNP granules in living cells is still unclear. In this study, we analyze P bodies in budding yeast and find that they have liquid-like properties. Surprisingly, yeast stress granules adopt a different material state, which is reminiscent of solid protein aggregates and controlled by protein disaggregases. By using an assay to ectopically nucleate RNP granules, we further establish that RNP granule formation does not depend on amyloid-like aggregation but rather involves many promiscuous interactions. Finally, we show that stress granules have different properties in mammalian cells, where they show liquid-like behavior. Thus, we propose that the material state of RNP granules is flexible and that the solid state of yeast stress granules is an adaptation to extreme environments, made possible by the presence of a powerful disaggregation machine.
Selections that isolate recombinant mitochondrial genomes in animals
Authors: Ma Hansong , O'Farrell Patrick H
Published: August 2015

Homologous recombination is widespread and catalyzes evolution. Nonetheless, its existence in animal mitochondrial DNA is questioned. We designed selections for recombination between co-resident mitochondrial genomes in various heteroplasmic Drosophila lines. In four experimental settings, recombinant genomes became the sole or dominant genome in the progeny. Thus, selection uncovers occurrence of homologous recombination in Drosophila mtDNA and documents its functional benefit. Double-strand breaks enhanced recombination in the germline and revealed somatic recombination. When the recombination partner was a diverged Drosophila melanogaster genome or a genome from a different species such as Drosophila yakuba, sequencing revealed long continuous stretches of exchange. In addition, the distribution of sequence polymorphisms in recombinants allowed us to map a selected trait to a particular region in the Drosophila mitochondrial genome. Thus, recombination can be harnessed to dissect function and evolution of mitochondrial genome.
Peripheral sensory coding through oscillatory synchrony in weakly electric fish
Authors: Baker Christa A , Huck Kevin R , Carlson Bruce A
Published: August 2015

Adaptations to an organism's environment often involve sensory system modifications. In this study, we address how evolutionary divergence in sensory perception relates to the physiological coding of stimuli. Mormyrid fishes that can detect subtle variations in electric communication signals encode signal waveform into spike-timing differences between sensory receptors. In contrast, the receptors of species insensitive to waveform variation produce spontaneously oscillating potentials. We found that oscillating receptors respond to electric pulses by resetting their phase, resulting in transient synchrony among receptors that encodes signal timing and location, but not waveform. These receptors were most sensitive to frequencies found only in the collective signals of groups of conspecifics, and this was correlated with increased behavioral responses to these frequencies. Thus, different perceptual capabilities correspond to different receptor physiologies. We hypothesize that these divergent mechanisms represent adaptations for different social environments. Our findings provide the first evidence for sensory coding through oscillatory synchrony.
Studies in the liverwort family Metzgeriaceae (Metzgeriales) from southern Africa. 3. The widespread species
Authors: Phephu Nonkululo , Van Rooy Jacques
Published: August 2015

This is the third and final article on the taxonomic revision of southern African Metzgeriaceae. The widespread species, Metzgeria consanguinea, M. furcata and M. leptoneura are described, illustrated and their geographical distributions mapped. Metzgeria furcata is newly reported from Lesotho, Free State and Gauteng Province of South Africa.
Eria merguensis Lindl. (Orchidaceae) – a new addition to the Indian flora
Authors: Singh Sushil Kumar , Kumar Ramesh , Bhattacharjee Avishek , Sharma Sachin
Published: August 2015

Eria merguensis Lindl., an uncommon orchid, is reported here for the first time from India. Following the guidelines of IUCN, conservation status of the species is also discussed in the Indian context.
Detergent Analysis in Protein Samples Using Mid‐Infrared (MIR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Das Chandreyee , Nadler Timothy , Strug Ivona
Published: August 2015

Quantitating relative levels of detergent present in protein preparations or samples derived from biological material, such as tissue or body fluids, is important because the presence of detergent may affect downstream analyses as well as protein structure/function. Especially because sample volumes, analysts’ available time, and other resources may be limited, a method that consumes little sample and that is rapid and simple is needed for detergent analysis. It would also be preferable to have a method that is generally applicable across many aliphatic chain‐containing molecules with many different physical properties. In this unit, methods are described for analyzing detergents and proteins in detergent‐protein mixtures using mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy. A protocol is also included for efficient removal of unbound detergents from a protein sample accompanied by MIR‐based monitoring of both detergent and protein content. This rapid monitoring of sample preparation during the workflow enables users to make timely decisions about sample preparation strategies that maximize both analyte purity and yield. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The role of forest cover and valley geometry in cold‐air pool evolution
Authors: Kiefer Michael T. , Zhong Shiyuan
Published: August 2015

This study utilizes a version of the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) with a canopy submodel (ARPS‐CANOPY) to evaluate the sensitivity of cold‐air pool evolution to forest canopy density and valley geometry and elucidate the underlying processes. Numerical experiments are conducted with forest canopy structures spanning from bare ground to dense canopies and terrain configurations ranging from small, shallow valleys to broad, deep valleys. In a set of experiments in which forest canopy density is varied, the minimum potential temperature in the cold‐air pool is found to be as much as 15 K warmer with a dense canopy than with no canopy. Analysis of the thermodynamic budget reveals weaker cooling rates in the dense canopy case than the sparse canopy case, with differences in cooling rates persisting through the duration of the simulation. An additional experiment in which cooling of canopy elements and the influence of the canopy on the ground radiation budget are neglected highlights the important role the canopy plays in limiting radiative loss from the ground surface along the sidewall and valley floor. In experiments in which valley geometry is varied, the cold‐air pool is found to be strongest in a medium valley (10 km wide, 187.5 m deep) and weakest in a small valley (2 km wide, 37.5 m deep). Analysis of along‐slope buoyancy suggests that downslope flow‐driven cooling in a medium valley is more efficient than in a large valley (30 km wide, 500 m deep).
Systematic decomposition of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation into balanced and inertio‐gravity components
Authors: Žagar Nedjeljka , Franzke Christian L. E.
Published: August 2015

We present a new method for the three‐dimensional multivariate decomposition of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) into balanced and inertio‐gravity (IG) components. The method analyzes global fields with no filtering involved, and it provides a quantitative comparison between the contribution of the Rossby, Kelvin, and other balanced and IG modes to the MJO circulation and its teleconnections. Results based on the ERA Interim reanalysis data and the multivariate MJO index show that the Rossby mode with the lowest meridional index is the largest contributor to the MJO circulation over the Pacific. A smaller role of the Kelvin mode is diagnosed over the Indian Ocean and the maritime continent. The MJO teleconnections in the polar stratosphere appear associated with the leading balanced vertical modes. The presented method shows new ways of evaluating the MJO structure and its global impacts in weather and climate models.
Mouse Polyomavirus: Propagation, Purification, Quantification, and Storage
Authors: Horníková Lenka , Žíla Vojtěch , Španielová Hana , Forstová Jitka
Published: August 2015

Mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) is a member of the Polyomaviridae family, which comprises non‐enveloped tumorigenic viruses infecting various vertebrates including humans and causing different pathogenic responses in the infected organisms. Despite the variations in host tropism and pathogenicity, the structure of the virions of these viruses is similar. The capsid, with icosahedral symmetry (ø, 45 nm, T = 7d), is composed of a shell of 72 capsomeres of structural proteins, arranged around the nucleocore containing approximately 5‐kbp‐long circular dsDNA in complex with cellular histones. MPyV has been one of the most studied polyomaviruses and serves as a model virus for studies of the mechanisms of cell transformation and virus trafficking, and for use in nanotechnology. It can be propagated in primary mouse cells (e.g., in whole mouse embryo cells) or in mouse epithelial or fibroblast cell lines. In this unit, propagation, purification, quantification, and storage of MPyV virions are presented. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vitro Replication Assay for Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV)
Authors: Neumann Friederike , Czech‐Sioli Manja , Grundhoff Adam , Fischer Nicole
Published: August 2015

Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) genomes are clonally integrated in tumor cells of ∼95% of all Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cases. The virus is highly prevalent; however, where the virus persists and which cell types are permissive for MCPyV replication is still unknown. As a consequence, very little information is available about the life cycle and no fully permissive in vitro replication system has been established. Recently, semi‐permissive replication systems based on wild‐type MCPyV genomes recovered from the skin of healthy donors or synthetic MCPyV genomes constructed from consensus sequences have been established. The transfection of this intramolecular re‐circularized MCPyV DNA into some human cell lines recapitulates efficient DNA replication of the viral genome, viral gene expression as well as moderate levels of virus particle formation. However, serial transmission of infectious virus is still restricted in these cells. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of Achieving Target Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis on Functional Status, Quality of Life, and Resource Utilization: Analysis of Clinical Practice Data
Authors: Alemao Evo , Joo Seongjung , Kawabata Hugh , Al Maiwenn J. , Allison Paul D. , Rutten‐van Mölken Maureen P. M. H. , Frits Michelle L. , Iannaccone Christine K. , Shadick Nancy A. , Weinblatt Michael E.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To evaluate associations between achieving guideline‐recommended targets of disease activity, defined by the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using C‐reactive protein level (DAS28‐CRP) <2.6, the Simplified Disease Activity Index (SDAI) ≤3.3, or the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) ≤2.8, and other health outcomes in a longitudinal observational study.

Methods

Other defined thresholds included low disease activity (LDA), moderate (MDA), or severe disease activity (SDA). To control for intraclass correlation and estimate effects of independent variables on outcomes of the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (M‐HAQ), the EuroQol 5‐domain (EQ‐5D; a quality‐of‐life measure), hospitalization, and durable medical equipment (DME) use, we employed mixed models for continuous outcomes and generalized estimating equations for binary outcomes.

Results

Among 1,297 subjects, achievement (versus nonachievement) of recommended disease targets was associated with enhanced physical functioning and lower health resource utilization. After controlling for baseline covariates, achievement of disease targets (versus LDA) was associated with significantly enhanced physical functioning based on SDAI ≤3.3 (ΔM‐HAQ −0.047; P = 0.0100) and CDAI ≤2.8 (−0.073; P = 0.0003) but not DAS28‐CRP <2.6 (−0.022; P = 0.1735). Target attainment was associated with significantly improved EQ‐5D (0.022–0.096; P < 0.0030 versus LDA, MDA, or SDA). Patients achieving guideline‐recommended disease targets were 36–45% less likely to be hospitalized (P < 0.0500) and 23–45% less likely to utilize DME (P < 0.0100).

Conclusion

Attaining recommended target disease‐activity measures was associated with enhanced physical functioning and health‐related quality of life. Some health outcomes were similar in subjects attaining guideline targets versus LDA. Achieving LDA is a worthy clinical objective in some patients.
Tracking performance of a high‐gain observer in the presence of measurement noise
Authors: Prasov Alexis A. , Khalil Hassan K.
Published: August 2015

Unlike previous work in the area of high‐gain observers, the focus of this paper is the effect measurement noise has on the tracking error, not the estimation error. Although a tradeoff exists between the speed of state reconstruction and the bound on the steady‐state estimation error, such a compromise is not evident in the tracking error of the first state. The purpose of this work is to provide the reader with the relationship between the high‐gain observer parameter and the tracking error and its subsequent derivatives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Organic Semiconductors Assembled via Natural Aggregating Peptides
Authors: Eakins Galen L. , Pandey Rishi , Wojciechowski Jonathan P. , Zheng Han Yue , Webb James E. A. , Valéry Céline , Thordarson Pall , Plank Natalie O. V. , Gerrard Juliet A. , Hodgkiss Justin M.
Published: August 2015

Specific peptide sequences designed by inspection of protein–protein interfaces have been identified and used as tectons in hybrid functional materials. Here, an 8‐mer peptide derived from an interface of the peroxiredoxin family of self‐assembling proteins is exploited to encode the assembly of the perylene imide‐based organic semiconductor building blocks. By augmenting the peptide with additional functionality to trigger aggregation and manipulate the directionality of peptide‐semiconductor coupling, a series of hybrid materials based on the natural peptide interface is presented. Using spectroscopic probes, the mode of self‐assembly and the electronic coupling between neighboring perylene units is shown to be strongly affected by the number of peptides attached, and by their backbone directionality. The disubstituted material with peptides extending in the N to C direction away from the perylene core exhibits strong coupling and long‐range order, both attractive properties for electronic device applications. A bio‐organic field‐effect transistor is fabricated using this material, highlighting the possibilities of exploiting natural peptide tectons to encode self‐assembly in other functional materials and devices.
Protein Fragment Reconstitution as a Driving Force for Self‐Assembling Reversible Protein Hydrogels
Authors: Kong Na , Li Hongbin
Published: August 2015

Due to their potential biomedical applications, protein‐based hydrogels have attracted considerable interest. Although various methods have been developed to engineer self‐assembling, physically‐crosslinked protein hydrogels, exploring novel driving forces to engineer such hydrogels remains challenging. Protein fragment reconstitution, also known as fragment complementation, is a self‐assembling mechanism by which protein fragments can reconstitute the folded conformation of the native protein when split into two halves. Although it has been used in biophysical studies and bioassays, fragment reconstitution has not been explored for hydrogel construction. Using a small protein GL5 as a model, which is capable of fragment reconstitution to reconstitute the folded GL5 spontaneously when split into two halves, GN and GC, we demonstrate that protein fragment reconstitution is a novel driving force for engineering self‐assembling reversible protein hydrogels. Fragment reconstitution between GN and GC crosslinks GN and GC‐containing proteins into self‐assembling reversible protein hydrogels. These novel hydrogels show temperature‐dependent reversible sol‐gel transition, and excellent property against erosion in water. Since many proteins can undergo fragment reconstitution, we anticipate that such fragment reconstitution may offer a general driving force for engineering protein hydrogels from a variety of proteins, and thus significantly expanding the ‘toolbox’ currently available in the field of biomaterials.
Organic Tribotronic Transistor for Contact‐Electrification‐Gated Light‐Emitting Diode
Authors: Zhang Chi , Li Jing , Han Chang Bao , Zhang Li Min , Chen Xiang Yu , Wang Li Duo , Dong Gui Fang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: August 2015

Tribotronics is a new field about the devices fabricated using the electrostatic potential created by contact electrification as a “gate” voltage to tune/control charge carrier transport in semiconductors. In this paper, an organic tribotronic transistor is proposed by coupling an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) and a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) in vertical contact‐separation mode. Instead of using the traditional gate voltage for controlling, the charge carrier transportation in the OTFT can be modulated by the contact‐induced electrostatic potential of the TENG. By further coupling with an organic light‐emitting diode, a contact‐electrification‐gated light‐emitting diode (CG‐LED) is fabricated, in which the operating current and light‐emission intensity can be tuned/controlled by an external force–induced contact electrification. Two different modes of the CG‐LED have been demonstrated and the brightness can be decreased and increased by the applied physical contact, respectively. Different from the conventional organic light‐emitting transistor controlled by an electrical signal, the CG‐LED has realized the direct interaction between the external environment/stimuli and the electroluminescence device. By introducing optoelectronics into tribotronics, the CG‐LED has open up a new field of tribophototronics with many potential applications in interactive display, mechanical imaging, micro‐opto‐electro‐mechanical systems, and flexible/touch optoelectronics.
Probing Molecular and Crystalline Orientation in Solution‐Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Huang Wenchao , Huang Fuzhi , Gann Eliot , Cheng Yi‐Bing , McNeill Christopher R.
Published: August 2015

The microstructure of solution‐processed organometallic lead halide perovskite thin films prepared by the “gas‐assisted” method is investigated with synchrotron‐based techniques. Using a combination of GIWAXS and NEXAFS spectroscopy the orientational alignment of CH3NH3PbI3 crystallites and CH3NH3+ cations are separately probed. The GIWAXS results reveal a lack of preferential orientation of CH3NH3PbI3 crystallites in 200–250 nm thick films prepared on both planar TiO2 and mesoporous TiO2. Relatively high efficiencies are observed for device based on such films, with 14.3% achieved for planar devices and 12% for mesoporous devices suggesting that highly oriented crystallites are not crucial for good cell performance. Oriented crystallites however are observed in thinner films (≈60 nm) deposited on planar TiO2 (but not on mesoporous TiO2) indicating that the formation of oriented crystallites is sensitive to the kinetics of solvent evaporation and the underlying TiO2 morphology. NEXAFS measurements on all samples found that CH3NH3+ cations exhibit a random molecular orientation with respect to the substrate. The lack of any NEXAFS dichroism for the thin CH3NH3PbI3 layer deposited on planar TiO2 in particular indicates the absence of any preferential orientation of CH3NH3+ cations within the CH3NH3PbI3 unit cell for as‐prepared layers, that is, without any electrical poling.
Photoinduced Synthesis of P‐Perfluoroalkylated Phosphines from Triarylphosphines and Their Application in the Copper‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Acid Chlorides and Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Kawaguchi Shin‐ichi , Minamida Yoshiaki , Okuda Takumi , Sato Yuki , Saeki Tomokazu , Yoshimura Aya , Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya
Published: August 2015

A practical synthesis yielding P‐perfluoroalkylated phosphines from triarylphosphines and perfluoroalkyl iodides has been developed. The photoinduced reaction involves the substitution of aryl groups on the phosphorus atom with perfluoroalkyl groups to successfully afford P‐perfluoroalkylated phosphines. In addition, the P‐perfluoroalkylated phosphines were found to promote the Cu‐free cross‐coupling reaction of acid chlorides with terminal alkynes.

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Transition Metal‐Catalyzed CH Activation of Indoles
Authors: Sandtorv Alexander H.
Published: August 2015

The last decades have seen a tremendous expanse in the application of CH activation of many different substrate classes, including the invaluable indole scaffold. Following the exciting emergence of CH activation as a multi‐faceted platform for functionalization, a versatile tool box has been developed for the preparation of structurally diverse indoles. This review article discusses recent advances and strategies for transition metal‐catalyzed CH activation of indoles.

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On the accuracy of Landweber and Tikhonov reconstruction techniques in gas‐solid fluidized bed applications
Authors: Banaei M. , van Sint Annaland M. , Kuipers J. A. M , Deen N. G.
Published: August 2015

As electrical capacitance tomography technique needs a sophisticated reconstruction, the accuracy of two of the most widely used reconstruction techniques (Landweber and Tikhonov) for gas‐fluidized bed applications were assessed. For this purpose, the results of two‐fluid model simulations were used as an input of reconstruction. After finding the optimum reconstruction parameters for the studied system, it is found that both techniques were able to obtain the radial profile and overall value of average volume fraction very well. Conversely, both methods were incapable to determine bubble sizes accurately especially small bubble sizes, unless the Landweber technique with inverted Maxwell concentration model is applied. The probability distribution of the reconstructed results was also smoother in transition between the emulsion and bubble phases compared to the reality. Finally, no significant differences in noise immunity of these two techniques were observed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4102–4113, 2015
THE ENDOPARASITOID Pteromalus puparum INFLUENCES HOST GENE EXPRESSION WITHIN FIRST HOUR OF PARASITIZATION
Authors: Zhu Yu , Fang Qi , Liu Yang , Gao Ling‐Feng , Yan Zhi‐Chao , Ye Gong‐Yin
Published: August 2015

The small cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae, is an important pest of cruciferous corps, and Pteromalus puparum is a predominant pupal endoparasitoid wasp of this butterfly. For successful development of parasitoid offspring, female parasitoids usually introduce one or several kinds of maternal factors into the hemocoels during oviposition to suppress host immunity. To investigate the early changes in host immune‐related genes following parasitization, we analyzed transcriptomes of parasitized and unparasitized, control, host pupae. Approximately 17.7 and 19.3 million paired‐end reads were generated from nonparasitized and parasitized host pupae, and assembled de novo into 45,639 transcripts and 27,659 nonredundant unigenes. The average unigene length was 790 bp. A total 18,377 of 27,659 unigenes were annotated and we identified 557 differentially expressed unigenes in host pupae at 1 h after parasitization, of which 21 were immune‐related. Parasitization led to downregulation of most pattern recognition receptors and upregulation of all serine protease inhibitors. The transcirptomic profile of P. rapae is considerably affected by parasitization. This study provides valuable sources for future investigations of the molecular interaction between P. puparum and its host P. rapae.
Application of locally weighted regression‐based approach in correcting erroneous individual vehicle speed data
Authors: Rim Heesub , Park Seri , Oh Cheol , Park Junhyung , Lee Gunwoo
Published: August 2015

Because of the quality of raw data being an essential feature in determining the reliability of traffic information, an effective detection and correction of outliers in raw field‐collected traffic data has been an interest for many researchers. Global positioning systems (GPS)‐based traffic surveillance systems are capable of producing individual vehicle speeds that are vital for transportation researchers and practitioners in traffic management and information strategies. This study proposes a locally weighted regression (LWR)‐based filtering method for individual vehicle speed data. To fully and systematically evaluate this proposed method, a technique to generate synthetic outliers and two approaches to inject synthetic outliers are presented. Parameters that affect the smoothing performance associated with LWR are devised and applied to obtain a more robust and reliable data correction method. For a comprehensive performance evaluation of the developed LWR method, comparisons to exponential smoothing (ES) and autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) methods were conducted. Because the LWR‐based filtering method outperformed both the ES and ARIMA methods, this study showed its useful benefits in filtering individual vehicle speed data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Propensity to participate in a peer‐to‐peer social‐network‐based carpooling system
Authors: Tahmasseby Shahram , Kattan Lina , Barbour Brian
Published: August 2015

This study examines the potential for a social network peer‐to‐peer‐based carpooling system called FacePorter for the University of Calgary staff and students. In this study, a survey that combined both revealed and stated preferences was designed and distributed randomly among students and staff. The survey consisted of a sample of 210 responses, which were divided into two groups of stated preference respondents: (i) auto drivers, who were given the choice between driving alone and carpooling as drivers; and (ii) transit riders, who were given the choice between public transport and carpooling as passengers. A binomial logit model and two ordinal logit models (one for ride offerors and one for ride seekers) were calibrated to examine the impacts of various examined socio‐economic, psychological, and travel characteristic variables on the propensity to participate in the hypothetical carpooling program. The results of the models clearly demonstrated that many factors have significant impacts on FacePorter demand: occupation, income, marital status, working schedule flexibility, trip characteristics (i.e., distance, travel time, and number of required transfers when riding transit), weather condition, carpooling fee, perceived rider and driver profiles, and carpooling fee would significantly influence the market demand of the examined carpooling system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zerstörungsfreie Bewehrungsortung an runden Betonstützen mit Impulsradar
Authors: Trela Christiane , Wöstmann Jens
Published: August 2015

In den letzten Jahren haben zunehmend mehr zerstörungsfreie Prüfverfahren ihre Praxistauglichkeit im Bauwesen bewiesen. Dazu gehört auch das Impulsradar, das vor allem zur Detektion von metallischen Einbauteilen wie schlaffer Bewehrung und Spanngliedern eingesetzt wird. Solche Bauwerksuntersuchungen an Brücken und zahlreichen anderen Bauwerksarten fanden bisher meist an ebenen Flächen statt. Gekrümmte Flächen, die Gegenstand dieser Arbeit sind, stellen besondere Anforderungen an die Messdurchführung und Datenauswertung. Am Beispiel einer runden Betonstütze wird in diesem Beitrag gezeigt, wie die Bewehrungsortung mithilfe von hochfrequenten Radarantennen an gekrümmten Oberflächen realisiert wird. Unterstützend wurden Radarmessungen im Labor an einem Probekörper durchgeführt. Im Resultat kann die Bewehrungslage bildgebend dargestellt werden.

Non‐destructive imaging of reinforcement bars in circular concrete columns using radar technique

In recent years, non‐destructive testing methods (NDT) have been proven as useful tools to evaluate road and building constructions. One of those methods, ground penetrating radar (GPR), becomes increasingly popular for investigating reinforced concrete structures, especially for detection of reinforcement bars and tendon ducts, where most of these applications take place on flat surfaces.

This study focuses on the use of GPR on curved surfaces of reinforced concrete columns which are widely used in large‐scale civil infrastructures. The locations of steel reinforcement in concrete were determined in circular concrete columns in both laboratory and field tests. With appropriate high‐frequency radar antennas, experimental design and special migration algorithm GPR can be applied directly to detect reinforcement bars in curved concrete columns.
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) im Bauwesen – automatisierte Baustoffanalyse
Authors: Millar Steven , Wilsch Gerd , Eichler Thorsten , Gottlieb Cassian , Wiggenhauser Herbert
Published: August 2015

Die Laser induzierte Breakdown Spektroskopie (LIBS) bietet für die Analyse heterogener, mineralischer Baustoffe, wie z. B. Beton, deutliche Vorteile gegenüber konventionellen Methoden. Sie ermöglicht neben der Quantifizierung von Elementgehalten und ‐verteilungen im Baustoff auch die Differenzierung von Elementkonzentrationen innerhalb einzelner Phasen im Baustoff. So können beispielsweise die für die Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktion (AKR) interessanten Natriumkonzentrationen bestimmt und hinsichtlich ihrer Verteilung aufgelöst werden. Es lassen sich Natriumgehalte, welche sich in der Gesteinskörung befinden, separat von denen der Betonmatrix bestimmen. Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit den Vor‐ und Nachteilen von LIBS als alternative Methode für die chemische Analyse von Baustoffen. Anhand von Beispielen aus der Praxis wird der derzeitige Stand der Technik dargestellt und ein Vergleich mit etablierten Messmethoden vorgenommen.

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) in civil engineering – innovative analysis of building materials

Compared to conventional methods the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) provides significant advantages for analysis of heterogeneous, mineral building materials as e.g. concrete. Besides providing the possibility to quantify element concentrations and distributions in building materials, this technique enables also to differentiate concentrations within different phases of the material. It is possible to determine sodium concentrations and distribution directly, which e.g. is important when regarding Alkali‐Silica‐Reaction (ASR). Sodium contents provided by the aggregates can be distinguished from those provided by the concrete matrix. The present article is concerned with the advantages and disadvantages of LIBS as alternative method for chemical analysis of building materials. On the basis of samples from practice the current state of the art is shown and different measurement techniques will be compared.
Activation of transmembrane cell‐surface receptors via a common mechanism? The “rotation model”
Authors: Maruyama Ichiro N.
Published: August 2015

It has long been thought that transmembrane cell‐surface receptors, such as receptor tyrosine kinases and cytokine receptors, among others, are activated by ligand binding through ligand‐induced dimerization of the receptors. However, there is growing evidence that prior to ligand binding, various transmembrane receptors have a preformed, yet inactive, dimeric structure on the cell surface. Various studies also demonstrate that during transmembrane signaling, ligand binding to the extracellular domain of receptor dimers induces a rotation of transmembrane domains, followed by rearrangement and/or activation of intracellular domains. The paper here describes transmembrane cell‐surface receptors that are known or proposed to exist in dimeric form prior to ligand binding, and discusses how these preformed dimers are activated by ligand binding.
Information Architecture in Wikipedia
Authors: Whysel Noreen
Published: August 2015

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Though information architecture (IA) has been represented in Wikipedia since 2003, subject coverage remains inadequate. Without current, academically oriented information and references, the article fails to meet quality standards. A proposed WikiProject would bring needed enhancements to the quality of the IA page to present an accurate and comprehensive picture of the field with appropriate links to related topics. A Wikipedia IA editathon at the 2015 Information Architecture Summit provided an opportunity to jumpstart the WikiProject, with new page editors enlisted as Wikipedians. Editing a Wikipedia page is open to all, though editors are expected to follow policies, rules and guidelines. The DBpedia database, underlying all Wikipedia pages, captures URIs for information elements and RDF triples representing facts. Topic tagging enables linked, open collection of information, stored in the Wikidata knowledge base and linked to other Wiki sites and external databases through identifier properties. All are invited to improve the Wikipedia Information Architecture entry by strengthening and tagging the content, adding references and building links.
Moonlighting Metals: Insights into Regulation of Cyclization Pathways in Fungal Δ6‐Protoilludene Sesquiterpene Synthases
Authors: Quin Maureen B. , Michel Stephen N. , Schmidt‐Dannert Claudia
Published: August 2015

Fungal 1,11 cyclizing sesquiterpene synthases are product specific under typical reaction conditions. However, in vivo expression of certain Δ6‐protoilludene synthases results in dual 1,11 and 1,10 cyclization. To determine the factors regulating this mechanistic variation, in‐depth in vitro characterization of Δ6‐protoilludene synthases was conducted. Divalent metal ions determine cyclization specificity and this product variability. Promiscuity in metal binding is mediated by secondary metal‐binding sites away from the conserved D(D/E)XX(D/E) motif in sesquiterpene synthases. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a divergent evolution of Basidiomycota trans‐humulyl cation producing sesquiterpene synthases, results that indicate a wider diversity in function than previously predicted. This study provides key insights into the function and evolution of 1,11 cyclizing fungal sesquiterpene synthases.
Novel Asymmetric Formylation of Aromatic Compounds: Enantioselective Synthesis of Formyl 7,8‐Dipropyltetrathia[7]helicenes
Authors: Doulcet Julien , Stephenson G. Richard
Published: August 2015

Asymmetric formylation of aromatic compounds is virtually unexplored. We report the synthesis and evaluation of a library including 20 new chiral formamides in the kinetic resolution of 7,8‐dipropyltetrathia[7]helicene, affording the corresponding formyl‐ or diformylhelicenes in up to 73 % ee, making enantiopure compounds available by recrystallisation. With the N,N‐disubstituted formamides used in this study, the best enantioselectivity has been achieved with R1=iPr, R2=Me, R3=H, R4=1‐naphthyl or its 1‐pyrenyl equivalent.
Formation of Foam‐like Microstructural Carbon Material by Carbonization of Porous Coordination Polymers through a Ligand‐Assisted Foaming Process
Authors: Kongpatpanich Kanokwan , Horike Satoshi , Fujiwara Yu‐ichi , Ogiwara Naoki , Nishihara Hirotomo , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: August 2015

Porous carbon material with a foam‐like microstructure has been synthesized by direct carbonization of porous coordination polymer (PCP). In situ generation of foaming agents by chemical reactions of ligands in PCP during carbonization provides a simple way to create lightweight carbon material with a foam‐like microstructure. Among several substituents investigated, the nitro group has been shown to be the key to obtain the unique foam‐like microstructure, which is due to the fast kinetics of gas evolution during carbonization. Foam‐like microstructural carbon materials showed higher pore volume and specific capacitance compared to a microporous carbon.
Studies of a Diazo Cyclopropanation Strategy for the Total Synthesis of (−)‐Lundurine A
Authors: Huang Hong‐Xiu , Jin Shuai‐Jiang , Gong Jin , Zhang Dan , Song Hao , Qin Yong
Published: August 2015

The bioactive Kopsia alkaloids lundurines A–D are the only natural products known to contain indolylcyclopropane. Achieving their syntheses can provide important insights into their biogenesis, as well as novel synthetic routes for complex natural products. Asymmetric total synthesis of (−)‐lundurine A has previously been achieved through a Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation strategy. Here, the total synthesis of (−)‐lundurine A was carried out using a metal‐catalyzed diazo cyclopropanation strategy. In order to avoid a carbene CH insertion side reaction during cyclopropanation of α‐diazo‐ carboxylates or cyanides, a one‐pot, copper‐catalyzed Bamford–Stevens diazotization/diazo decomposition/cyclopropanation cascade was developed, involving hydrazone. This approach simultaneously generates the C/D/E ring system and the two chiral quaternary centers at C2 and C7.
Correlations and Contrasts in Homo‐ and Heteroleptic Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene‐Containing Pt0 Complexes
Authors: Arnold Nicole , Braunschweig Holger , Brenner Peter B. , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dewhurst Rian D. , Haehnel Martin , Kramer Thomas , Krummenacher Ivo , Marder Todd B.
Published: August 2015

An improved synthetic route to homoleptic complex [Pt(CAACMe)2] (CAAC=cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes) and convenient routes to new heteroleptic complexes of the form [Pt(CAACMe)(PR3)] are presented. Although the homoleptic complex was found to be inert to many reagents, oxidative addition and metal‐only Lewis pair (MOLP) formation was observed from one of the heteroleptic complexes. The spectroscopic, structural, and electrochemical properties of the zero‐valent complexes were explored in concert with density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations. The homoleptic [Pt(CAAC)2] and heteroleptic [Pt(CAAC)(PR3)] complexes were found to be similar in their spectroscopic and structural properties, but their electrochemical behavior and reactivity differ greatly. The unusually strong color of the CAAC‐containing Pt0 complexes was investigated by TD‐DFT calculations and attributed to excitations into the LUMOs of the complexes, which are predominantly composed of bonding π interactions between Pt and the CAAC carbon atoms.
A Versatile Organocatalytic Approach for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched gem‐Difluorinated Compounds
Authors: Saulnier Steve , Ciardi Moira , Lopez‐Carrillo Veronica , Gualandi Andrea , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: August 2015

The combination of a practical and highly enantioselective organocatalytic reaction, which allows the stereoselective introduction of a benzodithiol group, with a fluorination step, gives a new and effective strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of difluorinated building blocks. The benzodithiol group is a versatile and chameleonic group that can be further functionalized before fluorination, giving customized and tailored useful synthetic strategies. As an example of the application of this facile strategy, the effective enantioselective synthesis of difluoroarundic acid is described.
Precursor T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma: Speedy diagnosis in FNA and effusion cytology by morphology, immunochemistry, and flow cytometry
Authors: Bhaker Poonam , Das Anirban , Rajwanshi Arvind , Gautam Upasana , Trehan Amita , Bansal Deepak , Varma Neelam , Srinivasan Radhika
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Precursor T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) is a rare lymphoma presenting clinically in children and adolescents with a rapidly enlarging mediastinal mass, dyspnea, and cervical lymphadenopathy requiring quick diagnosis. The objective of the current study was to report on the spectrum of cytomorphology and flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI).

METHODS

The clinical profile, cytomorphological features, FCI, and cell block immunocytochemistry (CB‐ICC) of all cases of T‐LBL diagnosed from 2011 through 2013 were reviewed.

RESULTS

Fifteen cases of precursor T‐LBL (10 fine‐needle aspiration samples and 5 pleural/pericardial fluid samples) were evaluated. Smears demonstrated dispersed lymphoblasts, with a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and scanty basophilic cytoplasm. Nuclei demonstrated notches, clefts, and indentations. The chromatin was condensed in small and intermediate‐sized blasts and dispersed in larger blasts. Nucleoli were present only in the larger blasts. Hand mirror‐shaped cells and mitoses were variable. With regard to immunophenotyping, flow cytometry demonstrated positivity for CD2 (15 of 15 cases), surface CD3 (14 of 15 cases), cytoplasmic CD3 (15 of 15 cases), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) (8 of 15 cases), CD5 (13 of 15 cases), CD10 (7 of 15 cases), and human leukocyte antigen‐D related (HLA‐DR) (1 of 15 cases). Dual CD4/CD8 positivity was observed in all cases forming a tight cluster, which is consistent with the cortical T‐LBL subtype. CB‐ICC demonstrated a uniform CD3‐positive/TdT‐positive/CD20‐negative phenotype. In 7 cases in which TdT was negative by flow cytometry, CB‐ICC was positive.

CONCLUSIONS

Combining cytomorphology and FCI enables the accurate and rapid diagnosis of T‐LBL on fine‐needle aspiration and effusion cytology specimens, thereby obviating the need for a biopsy. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2015;123:557–565. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Neuropeptide F neurons modulate sugar reward during associative olfactory learning of Drosophila larvae
Authors: Rohwedder Astrid , Selcho Mareike , Chassot Bérénice , Thum Andreas S.
Published: August 2015

All organisms continuously have to adapt their behavior according to changes in the environment in order to survive. Experience‐driven changes in behavior are usually mediated and maintained by modifications in signaling within defined brain circuits. Given the simplicity of the larval brain of Drosophila and its experimental accessibility on the genetic and behavioral level, we analyzed if Drosophila neuropeptide F (dNPF) neurons are involved in classical olfactory conditioning. dNPF is an ortholog of the mammalian neuropeptide Y, a highly conserved neuromodulator that stimulates food‐seeking behavior. We provide a comprehensive anatomical analysis of the dNPF neurons on the single‐cell level. We demonstrate that artificial activation of dNPF neurons inhibits appetitive olfactory learning by modulating the sugar reward signal during acquisition. No effect is detectable for the retrieval of an established appetitive olfactory memory. The modulatory effect is based on the joint action of three distinct cell types that, if tested on the single‐cell level, inhibit and invert the conditioned behavior. Taken together, our work describes anatomically and functionally a new part of the sugar reinforcement signaling pathway for classical olfactory conditioning in Drosophila larvae. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:2637–2664, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.