bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does capacity to elevate androgens underlie variation in female ornamentation and territoriality in White-shouldered Fairywren (Malurus alboscapulatus)?
Authors: Boersma Jordan , Enbody Erik D. , Ketaloya Serena , Watts Heather E. , Karubian Jordan , Schwabl Hubert
Published: February 2023

Historic bias toward study of male sex hormones and sexual signals currently constrains our perspective of hormone—behavior—phenotype relationships. Resolving how ornamented female phenotypes evolve is particularly important for understanding the diversity of social signals across taxa. Studies of both males and females in taxa with variable female phenotypes are needed to establish whether sexes share mechanisms underlying expression of signaling phenotypes and behavior. White-shouldered Fairywren (Malurus alboscapulatus) subspecies vary in female ornamentation, baseline circulating androgens, and response to territorial intrusion. Themoretoniornamented female subspecies show higher female, but lower male androgens, and a stronger pair territorial response relative to pairs from thelorentziunornamented female subspecies. Here we address whether subspecific differences in female ornamentation, baseline androgens, and pair territoriality are associated with ability to elevate androgens following gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) challenge and in response to simulated territorial intrusion. We find that subspecies do not differ in their capacity to circulate androgens in either sex following GnRH or territorial intrusion challenges. Whereas pre-GnRH androgens were somewhat predictive of degree of response to territorial intrusions, higher androgens were associated with lower territorial aggression. Post-GnRH androgens were not predictive of response to simulated intruders, nor did females sampled during intrusion elevate androgens relative to flushed controls, suggesting that increased androgens are not necessary for the expression of territorial defense behaviors. Collectively, our results suggest that capacity to produce and circulate androgens does not underlie subspecific patterns of female ornamentation, territoriality, and baseline androgens.
Prospectively predicting BPaMZ Phase IIb outcomes using a translational preclinical mouse to human platform
Authors: Wang Qianwen , Goh Janice JN , Zhang Nan , Nuermberger Eric , Savic Rada
Published: February 2023

Despite known treatments, tuberculosis (TB) remains the world’s top infectious killer, highlighting the pressing need for new drug regimens. To prioritize the most efficacious drugs for clinical testing, we previously developed a PK-PD translational platform with bacterial dynamics that reliably predicted short-term monotherapy outcomes in Phase IIa trials from preclinical mouse studies. In this study, we extended our platform to include PK-PD models that account for drug-drug interactions in combination regimens and bacterial regrowth in our bacterial dynamics model to predict cure at end of treatment and relapse 6 months post-treatment. The Phase III trial STAND, testing new regimen pretomanid (Pa), moxifloxacin (M), and pyrazinamide (Z) (PaMZ), predicted to shorten treatment duration by 2 months was put on hold after a separate ongoing trial showed adding bedaquiline (B) to the PaMZ regimen (SimpliciTB) suggested superior efficacy. To forecast if the addition of B would indeed benefit the PaMZ regimen, we applied an extended translational platform to both regimens. We predicted currently available short- and long-term clinical data well for drug combinations related to BPaMZ. We predict the addition of B to PaMZ will shorten treatment duration by 2 months and be non-inferior compared to control HRZE, both at the end of treatment for treatment efficacy and 6 months after treatment has ended in relapse prevention. Using BPaMZ as a case study, we have demonstrated our translational platform can predict Phase II and III outcomes prior to actual trials, allowing us to better prioritize the regimens most likely to succeed.
Cardiomyocyte Pdk4 response is associated with metabolic maladaptation in aging
Authors: Fatmi Mohammad Kasim , Ren Di , Fedorova Julia , Zoungrana Linda Ines , Wang Hao , Davitt Kayla , Li Zehui , Iglesias Migdalia , Lesnefsky Edward J. , Krause‐Hauch Meredith , Li Ji
Published: February 2023

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death, with age range being the primary factor for development. The mechanisms by which aging increases vulnerability to ischemic insult are not well understood. We aim to use single‐cell RNA sequencing to discover transcriptional differences in various cell types between aged and young mice, which may contribute to aged‐related vulnerability to ischemic insult. Utilizing 10× Genomics Single‐Cell RNA sequencing, we were able to complete bioinformatic analysis to identity novel differential gene expression. During the analysis of our collected samples, we detected Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase 4 (Pdk4) expression to be remarkably differentially expressed. Particularly in cardiomyocyte cell populations, Pdk4 was found to be significantly upregulated in the young mouse population compared to the aged mice under ischemic/reperfusion conditions. Pdk4 is responsible for inhibiting the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase, resulting in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Due to decreased Pdk4 expression in aged cardiomyocytes, there may be an increased reliance on glucose oxidization for energy. Through biochemical metabolomics analysis, it was observed that there is a greater abundance of pyruvate in young hearts in contrast to their aged counterparts, indicating less glycolytic activity. We believe that Pdk4 response provides valuable insight towards mechanisms that allow for the young heart to handle ischemic insult stress more effectively than the aged heart.
Impact of alcohol use disorder severity on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral suppression and CD4 count in three international cohorts of people with HIV
Authors: Bertholet Nicolas , Saitz Richard , Hahn Judith A. , Heeren Timothy C. , Emenyonu Nneka I. , Freiberg Matthew , Winter Michael R. , Kim Theresa W. , Magane Kara M. , Lloyd‐Travaglini Christine , Fatch Robin , Bryant Kendall , Forman Leah S. , Rateau Lindsey , Blokhina Elena , Muyindike Winnie R. , Gnatienko Natalia , Samet Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2023

Background

Alcohol use has been linked to worse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) immunologic/virologic outcomes, yet few studies have explored the effects of alcohol use disorder (AUD). This study assessed whether AUD severity is associated with HIV viral suppression and CD4 count in the three cohorts of the Uganda Russia Boston Alcohol Network for Alcohol Research Collaboration on HIV/AIDS (URBAN ARCH) Consortium.

Methods

People with HIV (PWH) in Uganda (n = 301), Russia (n = 400), and Boston (n = 251), selected in‐part based on their alcohol use, were included in analyses. Logistic and linear regressions were used to assess the cross‐sectional associations between AUD severity (number of DSM‐5 diagnostic criteria) and (1) HIV viral suppression, and (2) CD4 count (cells/mm3) adjusting for covariates. Analyses were conducted separately by site.

Results

The proportion of females was 51% (Uganda), 34% (Russia), and 33% (Boston); mean age (SD) was 40.7 (9.6), 38.6 (6.3), and 52.1 (10.5), respectively. All participants in Uganda and all but 27% in Russia and 5% in Boston were on antiretroviral therapy. In Uganda, 32% met criteria for AUD, 92% in Russia, and 43% in Boston. The mean (SD) number of AUD criteria was 1.6 (2.4) in Uganda, 5.6 (3.3) in Russia, and 2.4 (3.1) in Boston. Most participants had HIV viral suppression (Uganda 92%, Russia 57%, Boston 87%); median (IQR) CD4 count was 673 (506, 866), 351 (201, 542), and 591 (387, 881), respectively. In adjusted models, there were no associations between AUD severity and HIV viral suppression: adjusted odds ratios (AOR) (95%CI) per 1 additional AUD criterion in Uganda was 1.08 (0.87, 1.33); Russia 0.98 (0.92, 1.04); and Boston 0.95 (0.84, 1.08) or CD4 count: mean difference (95%CI) per 1 additional criterion: 5.78 (−7.47, 19.03), −3.23 (−10.91, 4.44), and −8.18 (−24.72, 8.35), respectively.

Conclusions

In three cohorts of PWH, AUD severity was not associated with HIV viral suppression or CD4 count. PWH with AUD in the current era of antiretroviral therapy can achieve virologic control.
Compound heterozygous splicing variants expand the genotypic spectrum of EMC1‐related disorders
Authors: Bryen Samantha J. , Zhang Katharine , Dziaduch Gregory , Bommireddipalli Shobhana , Naseri Take , Reupena Muagututi'a Sefuiva , Viali Satupa'itea , Minster Ryan L. , Waddell Leigh B. , Charlton Amanda , O'Grady Gina L. , Evesson Frances J. , Cooper Sandra T.
Published: February 2023

EMC1 encodes subunit 1 of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane protein complex (EMC), a transmembrane domain insertase involved in membrane protein biosynthesis. Variants in EMC1 are described as a cause of global developmental delay, hypotonia, cortical visual impairment, and commonly, cerebral atrophy on MRI scan. We report an individual with severe global developmental delay and progressive cerebellar atrophy in whom exome sequencing identified a heterozygous essential splice‐site variant in intron‐3 of EMC1 (NM_015047.3:c.287‐1G>A). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) identified a deep intronic variant in intron‐20 of EMC1 (NM_015047.3:c.2588‐771C>G) that was poorly predicted by in silico programs to disrupt pre‐mRNA splicing. Reverse Transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) revealed stochastic activation of a pseudo‐exon associated with the c.2588‐771C>G variant and mis‐splicing arising from the c.287‐1G>A variant. This case highlights the utility of WGS and RNA studies to identify and assess likely pathogenicity of deep intronic variants and expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of EMC1‐related disorders.
Effectiveness with open‐clutch method using ClutchCutter for severe fibrosis in colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Yoshida Naohisa , Inoue Ken , Dohi Osamu
Published: February 2023

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Opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore in cardiomyocytes: Is ferutinin a suitable tool for its assessment?
Authors: Bréhat Juliette , Panel Mathieu , Ghaleh Bijan , Morin Didier
Published: February 2023

Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening is a critical event leading to cell injury during myocardial ischemia–reperfusion but having a reliable cellular model to study the effect of drugs targeting mPTP is an unmet need. This study evaluated whether the Ca2+ electrogenic ionophore ferutinin is a relevant tool to induce mPTP in cardiomyocytes. mPTP opening was monitored using the calcein/cobalt fluorescence technique in adult cardiomyocytes isolated from wild‐type and cyclophylin D (CypD) knock‐out mice. Concomitantly, the effect of ferutinin was assessed in isolated myocardial mitochondria. Our results confirmed the Ca2+ ionophoric effect of ferutinin in isolated mitochondria and cardiomyocytes. Ferutinin induced all the hallmarks of mPTP opening in cells (loss of calcein, of mitochondrial potential and cell death), but none of them could be inhibited by CypD deletion or cyclosporine A, indicating that mPTP opening was not the major contributor to the effect of ferutinin. This was confirmed in isolated mitochondria where ferutinin acts by different mechanisms dependent and independent of the mitochondrial membrane potential. At low ferutinin/mitochondria concentration ratio, ferutinin displays protonophoric‐like properties, lowering the mitochondrial membrane potential and limiting oxidative phosphorylation without mitochondrial swelling. At high ferutinin/mitochondria ratio, ferutinin induced a sudden Ca2+ independent mitochondrial swelling, which is only partially inhibited by cyclosporine A. Together, these result show that ferutinin is not a suitable tool to investigate CypD‐dependent mPTP opening in isolated cardiomyocytes because it possesses other mitochondrial properties such as swelling induction and mitochondrial uncoupling properties which impede its utilization.
Spermidine reduced neuropathic pain in chronic constriction injury‐induced peripheral neuropathy in rats
Authors: Yousefi‐Manesh Hasan , Shirooie Samira , Noori Tayebeh , Sheibani Mohammad , Tavangar Seyed Mohammad , Hemmati Sara , Sadeghi Mohammad Amin , Akbarniakhaky Hassan , Mohammadi Zohreh , Foroutani Laleh , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: February 2023

Neuropathic pain is one of the most critical types of chronic pain despite the increasing advances in medical science. Spermidine (SPD) is a natural polyamine that has wide roles in several cellular processes inducing autophagy and reducing oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of SPD on oxidative stress markers and pain threshold in the neuropathic rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Eighteen adult male rats were divided into three groups: sham, CCI and CCI+SPD. After induction of neuropathy via CCI model in the CCI and CCI+SPD groups, SPD (1 mg/kg/day, orally) was administered to the CCI+SPD group for 3 weeks. The behavioral tests (von Frey, hot plate) were done four times during the experiment. At the end of the study, electrophysiological tests, the H & E staining, and oxidative stress assay of the prefrontal cortex (PFC), spinal cord, and sciatic nerve were performed. The threshold of pain in hot plate and von Frey tests was significantly lower in the CCI group than in the sham group, which was reversed by SPD treatment in the CCI+ SPD group. In addition, nerve conduction was considerably lower in the CCI group than in the sham and CCI+SPD groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, respectively). The CCI group showed neuronal degeneration and fibrosis in the different tissues in the H & E assay; elevated tissues level of nitrite, decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GPx), and catalase were also observed. However, SPD treatment modulated the pathological changes and oxidative stress biomarkers. In conclusion, SPD showed beneficial effects in decreasing neuropathic pains. SPD treatment reduced oxidative stress and improved histopathological changes and behavioral tests in the CCI‐induced neuropathic pain in in vivo model.
X‐ray crystallographic and mutational analysis of the NylC precursor: catalytic mechanism of autocleavage and substrate hydrolysis of nylon hydrolase
Authors: Negoro Seiji , Shibata Naoki , Kato Dai‐ichiro , Tanaka Yusuke , Yasuhira Kengo , Nagai Keisuke , Oshima Shohei , Furuno Yoko , Yokoyama Risa , Miyazaki Kaito , Takeo Masahiro , Hengphasatporn Kowit , Shigeta Yasuteru , Lee Young‐Ho , Higuchi Yoshiki
Published: February 2023

Nylon hydrolase (NylC), a member of the N‐terminal nucleophile (Ntn) hydrolase superfamily, is responsible for the degradation of various aliphatic nylons, including nylon‐6 and nylon‐66. NylC is initially expressed as an inactive precursor (36 kDa), but the precursor is autocatalytically cleaved at Asn266/Thr267 to generate an active enzyme composed of 27 and 9 kDa subunits. We isolated various mutants with amino acid changes at the catalytic centre. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed that the NylC precursor forms a doughnut‐shaped quaternary structure composed of four monomers (molecules A‐D) with D2 symmetry. Catalytic residues in the precursor are covered by loop regions at the A/B interface (equivalent to the C/D interface). However, the catalytic residues are exposed to the solvent environment through autocleavage followed by movements of the loop regions. T267A, D306A and D308A mutations resulted in a complete loss of autocleavage. By contrast, in the T267S mutant, autocleavage proceeded slowly at a constant reaction rate (k = 2.8 × 10−5 s−1) until complete conversion, but the reaction was inhibited by K189A and N219A mutations. Based on the crystallographic and molecular dynamic simulation analyses, we concluded that the Asp308‐Asp306‐Thr267 triad, resembling the Glu‐Ser‐Ser triad conserved in Ntn‐hydrolase family enzymes, is responsible for autocleavage and that hydrogen‐bonding networks connecting Thr267 with Lys189 and Asn219 are required for increasing the nucleophilicity of Thr267‐OH in both the water accessible and water inaccessible systems. Furthermore, we determined that NylC employs the Asp308‐Asp306‐Thr267 triad as catalytic residues for substrate hydrolysis, but the reaction requires Lys189 and Tyr146 as additional catalytic/substrate‐binding residues specific for nylon hydrolysis.
Developing the Resident Measure of Safety in Care Homes (RMOS): A Delphi and Think Aloud Study
Authors: Tyler Natasha , Planner Claire , Shears Bethany , Hernan Andrea , Panagioti Maria , Giles Sally
Published: February 2023

Objective

This study aimed to develop a measure of contributory factors to safety incidents in care homes to be completed by residents and/or their unpaid carers.

Introduction

Care home residents are particularly vulnerable to patient safety incidents, due to higher likelihood of frailty, multimorbidity and cognitive decline. However, despite residents and their carers wanting to be involved in safety initiatives, there are few mechanisms for them to contribute and make meaningful safety improvements to practice.

Methods

We developed 73 evidence‐based items from synthesis and existing measures, which we presented to a panel of stakeholders (residents/carers, health/social care professionals and researchers). We used two online rounds of Delphi to generate consensus (80%) on items important to include in the Resident Measure of Safety in Care Homes (RMOS); a consensus meeting was later held. The draft RMOS developed through the Delphi was presented to participants during ‘Think Aloud' interviews using cognitive testing techniques.

Results

The 29‐item RMOS was developed. Forty‐three participants completed Delphi round 1, and 27 participants completed round 2, 11 participants attended the consensus meeting and 12 ‘Think Aloud’ interviews were conducted. Of the 73 original items, 42 items that did not meet consensus in Delphi round 1 were presented in round 2. After the consensus meeting, it was agreed that 35 items would comprise the RMOS questionnaire and were presented in the ‘Think Aloud’ interviews. Participants suggested numerous changes to items mostly to improve comprehension and ability to answer.

Conclusion

We have a developed an evidence‐based RMOS, with good face validity, to assess contributory factors to safety in care homes from a resident/carer perspective. Future work will involve psychometrically testing the items in a pilot and developing a complementary simplified, dementia‐friendly version to promote inclusivity.

Patient or Public Involvement

Four patient and public contributors worked with researchers to develop the online questionnaires. Patients (residents) and carers participated on the consensus panel. One member of the research team is an expert by lived experience and was involved in design and analysis decisions. The item list and instructions for the questionnaires were reviewed for face validity, understanding and acceptability by a patient and public involvement group and modified.
Management of COVID‐19 and vaccination in Nepal: A qualitative study
Authors: Karki Alisha , Rijal Barsha , Koirala Bikash , Makai Prabina , KC Pramod , Adhikary Pratik , Joshi Saugat , Basnet Srijana , Bhattarai Sunita , Karki Jiban
Published: February 2023

Objective

The aim of this research is to investigate the perspective of citizens of Nepal on the management COVID‐19, the roll‐out of the vaccine, and to gain an understanding of attitudes towards the governments' handling of the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Method

A qualitative methodology was used. In‐depth interviews were conducted with 18 males and 23 females aged between 20 and 86 years old from one remote and one urban district of Nepal. Interviews were conducted in November and December 2021. A thematic approach was used to analyse the data, utilising NVivo 12 data management software.

Result

Three major themes were identified: (1) Peoples' perspective on the management of COVID‐19, (2) people's perception of the management of COVID‐19 vaccination and (3) management and dissemination of information. It was found that most participants had heard of COVID‐19 and its mitigation measures, however, the majority had limited understanding and knowledge about the disease. Most participants expressed their disappointment concerning poor testing, quarantine, vaccination campaigns and poor accountability from the government towards the management of COVID‐19. Misinformation and stigma were reported as the major factors contributing to the spread of COVID‐19. People's knowledge and understanding were mainly shaped by the quality of the information they received from various sources of communication and social media. This heavily influenced their response to the pandemic, the preventive measures they followed and their attitude towards vaccination.

Conclusion

Our study concludes that the study participants' perception was that testing, quarantine centres and vaccination campaigns were poorly managed in both urban and rural settings in Nepal. Since people's knowledge and understanding of COVID‐19 are heavily influenced by the quality of information they receive, we suggest providing contextualised correct information through a trusted channel regarding the pandemic, its preventive measures and vaccination. This study recommends that the government proactively involve grassroots‐level volunteers like Female Community Health Volunteers to effectively prepare for future pandemics.

Patient and Public Contribution

This study was based on in‐depth interviews with 41 people from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. This study would not have been possible without their participation.
Cap allocation rules for an online platform supply chain under cap‐and‐trade regulation
Authors: Zhang Mengying , Wang Ningning , Liu Hongwei , Zhang Zihao
Published: February 2023

Cap‐and‐trade regulation is increasingly adopted by countries and governments to curb carbon emissions. This regulation can be implemented based on two rules, that is, the traditional cap allocation rule and the linear cap allocation rule. Considering the impact of online channel structure on the manufacturer's production and low‐carbon investment strategy, this paper aims to explore the economic and environmental performances of the two rules. The results show that the linear rule encourages the government to allocate less cap to each unit product as the emission abatement level increases, preventing the manufacturer from gaining a windfall profit from the free carbon credits. Besides, the government could use the traditional cap allocation rule to better control the total carbon emissions but use the linear cap allocation rule to obtain more social welfare as well as economic benefit. No matter which cap allocation rule is implemented, the manufacturer always performs better in reseller mode, and the e‐tailer might perform better in reseller (marketplace) mode given a high (low) low‐carbon investment efficiency. This study enriches the literature on the interplay between the cap allocation rule and selling mode and provides insights into decision‐making for governments and firms.
Face mask use to prevent COVID‐19 in clinical practice. Using a review of reviews to improve decision‐making and transparency
Authors: Purssell Edward , Gould Dinah
Published: February 2023

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of transparency and scientific rigour in the development of clinical guidance. Rapid review methodologies were widely used in the development of guidance, and in the United Kingdom, COVID‐19 guidance was criticized for methodological inadequacy and erroneous conclusions.

Aims

To summarize the evidence looking at the use of face masks to prevent COVID‐19 infection in clinical practice areas, and to show how this can be used in decision‐making.

Design

Overview of systematic reviews.

Method

Systematic reviews which included meta‐analyses were sought, and data on the protective effect of face masks on COVID‐19 transmission were extracted. A total of 15 papers yielded 44 effect sizes suitable for quantitative presentation, which showed wide variation in effect depending on the outcome and intervention chosen.

Conclusions

Guideline development groups need to take care to choose outcomes that are of most importance to those who are the target of guidance. Quantification of the protective effect of interventions such as different types of face mask will help nurses and others decide on the utility of their use, alongside consideration of the other factors that go into informing clinical recommendations.

Implications for Patient Care and the Profession

COVID‐19 has been an unprecedented public health issue, but much clinical guidance was lacking in transparency. Nurses and other healthcare professionals have often expressed a lack of confidence in guidance. Systematic reviews reported a wide range of effect sizes. However, there was a high degree of indirectness and heterogeneity in methods and findings. To produce transparent guidance, those for whom guidance is intended should have evidence of effect where this is available.

Impact

Guideline authors should reflect these outcomes in their recommendations, clearly balancing both the benefits and harms of recommending face masks to prevent COVID‐19.
Carry‐over effect of single media exposure and mass‐mediated contact with remote outgroups: From asylum seekers in Europe to an Israeli local outgroup
Authors: Lissitsa Sabina , Kushnirovich Nonna , Steinfeld Nili
Published: February 2023

This research investigated the effects of a single exposure to media content of a distinct valence and mass‐mediated contact with a distant minority outgroup on feelings/attitudes toward a local outgroup. Experimental Study 1 was conducted among 314 Israeli Jews. The findings of Study 1 showed the effects of a single exposure to positive and negative media items about asylum seekers in Europe on perceived threats posed by them. In this study we did not find a carry‐over effect of single‐exposure to a media item about asylum seekers in Europe on feelings toward the local outgroup—asylum seekers in Israel. Study 2 was conducted through an online survey among 1039 Israeli Jews. It showed the effect of recurring mass‐mediated contact with asylum seekers in Europe on perceived threats posed by them. Both Study 1 and Study 2 found carry‐over effects of realistic and symbolic threats from asylum seekers in Europe on feelings/attitudes toward asylum seekers in Israel. The findings of Study 2 also showed a carry‐over effect of positive mass‐mediated contact with a distant outgroup on attitudes toward a local outgroup. Based on the findings, we conclude that the positive media framing of distant outgroups may promote tolerance and acceptance of local outgroups.
Neonatal retrievals from a regional centre: Outcomes, missed opportunities and barriers to back transfer
Authors: Tankala Ravi , Huang Lee , Hiskens Matthew , Vangaveti Venkat , Kandasamy Yoga , Hariharan Gopakumar
Published: February 2023

Aim

High‐risk neonates are retrieved from regional centres to tertiary neonatal units when the required care of the baby exceeds the clinical capabilities of the birthing facility. However, there is limited research on the outcomes of neonatal retrievals from regional special care centres and the barriers to back transfer of neonates from a tertiary centre are not well established. This study aimed to review the outcome of neonatal retrievals >32 weeks gestation from a regional referral centre. The study also aimed to determine missed opportunities for providing care at the regional centre and evaluate patient back transfer delays.

Methods

All neonates transferred to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in North Queensland over the 5‐year period January 2016 to December 2020 from a regional neonatal centre were retrospectively reviewed from the electronic medical records.

Results

Fifty neonates transferred to a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit over the study period were identified. Between 2016 and 2020, the number of neonatal retrievals increased (P = 0.021). Out of the 50 neonatal retrievals, 86% were for medical reasons. Overall, eight neonates were identified as missed opportunities whose care could have been maintained at the regional centre with support from the tertiary neonatal intensive care unit. In total, 16 neonates were affected by a delay in back transfer.

Conclusions

This study shows a significant increase in retrievals to tertiary neonatal intensive care unit over the study period. Increasing bed capacity, utilising telehealth and recruiting regional special care nursery staff could improve outcomes and reduce strain on tertiary neonatal resources.
Continuous positive airway pressure as an accurate marker for non‐24‐hour sleep–wake rhythm disorder
Authors: Bazin Balthazar , Geoffroy Pierre A. , Benzaquen Hélène , Maruani Julia , Romier Alix , Lejoyeux Michel , D'ortho Marie‐Pia , Frija‐Masson Justine
Published: February 2023

Non‐24‐h sleep–wake rhythm disorder is quite rare in sighted patients and frequently associated with psychiatric disorders. We report the case of a 46‐year‐old man with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and agoraphobia who had been referred for a suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Polysomnography and arterial blood gas confirmed moderate OSAS associated with hypoventilation. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) was started on fixed mode with excellent results. At follow‐up, his CPAP report data revealed an irregular sleep–wake rhythm with a progressive offset of sleep schedule and wake time delayed from 1 h from day to day. Melatonin (or agonist) is efficacious and safe for long‐term treatment in ASD and circadian rhythm sleep–wake disorder (CRSWD) with light therapy and wakefulness promoting medication. This case underlines the importance to sensitise psychiatrists to sleep and CRSWD, and also that CPAP data offer a possible objective alternative to sleep diary.
Clinical features of muscle stiffness in 37 dogs with concurrent naturally occurring hypercortisolism
Authors: Golinelli Stefania , Fracassi Federico , Bianchi Ezio , Pöppl Álan Gomes , Miceli Diego Daniel , Benedicenti Leontine , De Marco Viviani , Cook Audrey K. , Espada Castro Laura , Ramsey Ian , Seo Kyoung Won , Cantile Carlo , Gandini Gualtiero , Hulsebosch Sean E. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: February 2023

Background

Severe muscle stiffness (SMS) in dogs with hypercortisolism (HC) is uncommon.

Objectives

To evaluate signalment, presentation, treatments, and long‐term outcomes of dogs with concurrent HC and SMS.

Animals

Thirty‐seven dogs.

Methods

Medical records of dogs with HC and concurrent SMS were recruited from 10 institutions. Clinical information, test results, therapeutic responses, and survival times were reviewed.

Results

All 37 dogs with HC and SMS had pituitary‐dependent hypercortisolism (PDH); 36/37 weighed <20 kg. Signs and test results were typical of PDH aside from SMS, initially diagnosed in all 4 limbs in 9, pelvic limbs of 22, and thoracic limbs of 6 dogs. Hypercortisolism and SMS were diagnosed together in 3 dogs; HC 1‐36 months before SMS in 23; SMS 1‐12 months before HC in 11. Mitotane or trilostane, given to control HC in 36/37 dogs, improved or resolved HC signs in 28; SMS did not resolve, remaining static or worsening in 31/36 dogs, mildly improving in 5/19 dogs given additional therapies. Progression of SMS included additional limbs in 10 dogs and the masticatory muscles of 2. The median survival time from diagnosis of SMS was 965 days (range, 8‐1188).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Concurrent SMS and HC is uncommon, possibly affecting only dogs with PDH. Development of SMS might occur before or after diagnosis of HC. Apart from SMS, the clinical picture and survival time of these dogs seem indistinguishable from those of dogs with HC in general. However, while muscle weakness usually resolves with HC treatment SMS does not.
Environment and shipping drive environmental DNA beta‐diversity among commercial ports
Authors: Andrés Jose , Czechowski Paul , Grey Erin , Saebi Mandana , Andres Kara , Brown Christopher , Chawla Nitesh , Corbett James J. , Brys Rein , Cassey Phillip , Correa Nancy , Deveney Marty R. , Egan Scott P. , Fisher Joshua P. , vanden Hooff Rian , Knapp Charles R. , Leong Sandric Chee Yew , Neilson Brian J. , Paolucci Esteban M. , Pfrender Michael E. , Pochardt Meredith R. , Prowse Thomas A. A. , Rumrill Steven S. , Scianni Chris , Sylvester Francisco , Tamburri Mario N. , Therriault Thomas W. , Yeo Darren C. J. , Lodge David M.
Published: February 2023

The spread of nonindigenous species by shipping is a large and growing global problem that harms coastal ecosystems and economies and may blur coastal biogeographical patterns. This study coupled eukaryotic environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding with dissimilarity regression to test the hypothesis that ship‐borne species spread homogenizes port communities. We first collected and metabarcoded water samples from ports in Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas. We then calculated community dissimilarities between port pairs and tested for effects of environmental dissimilarity, biogeographical region and four alternative measures of ship‐borne species transport risk. We predicted that higher shipping between ports would decrease community dissimilarity, that the effect of shipping would be small compared to that of environment dissimilarity and shared biogeography, and that more complex shipping risk metrics (which account for ballast water and stepping‐stone spread) would perform better. Consistent with our hypotheses, community dissimilarities increased significantly with environmental dissimilarity and, to a lesser extent, decreased with ship‐borne species transport risks, particularly if the ports had similar environments and stepping‐stone risks were considered. Unexpectedly, we found no clear effect of shared biogeography, and that risk metrics incorporating estimates of ballast discharge did not offer more explanatory power than simpler traffic‐based risks. Overall, we found that shipping homogenizes eukaryotic communities between ports in predictable ways, which could inform improvements in invasive species policy and management. We demonstrated the usefulness of eDNA metabarcoding and dissimilarity regression for disentangling the drivers of large‐scale biodiversity patterns. We conclude by outlining logistical considerations and recommendations for future studies using this approach.
A standardised protocol for blood and cerebrospinal fluid collection and processing for biomarker research in ataxia
Authors: Santana Magda M. , Gaspar Laetitia S. , Pinto Maria M. , Silva Patrick , Adão Diana , Pereira Dina , Ribeiro Joana Afonso , Cunha Inês , Huebener‐Schmid Jeannette , Raposo Mafalda , Ferreira Ana F. , Faber Jennifer , Kuhs Sandra , Garcia‐Moreno Hector , Reetz Kathrin , Thieme Andreas , Infante Jon , van de Warrenburg Bart P. C. , Giunti Paola , Riess Olaf , Schöls Ludger , Lima Manuela , Klockgether Thomas , Januário Cristina , de Almeida Luís Pereira ,   European Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3/Machado‐Joseph Disease Initiative Study Group
Published: February 2023

The European Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3/Machado‐Joseph Disease Initiative (ESMI) is a consortium established with the ambition to set up the largest European longitudinal trial‐ready cohort of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3/Machado‐Joseph Disease (SCA3/MJD), the most common autosomal dominantly inherited ataxia worldwide. A major focus of ESMI has been the identification of SCA3/MJD biomarkers to enable future interventional studies. As biosample collection and processing variables significantly impact the outcomes of biomarkers studies, biosampling procedures standardisation was done previously to study visit initiation. Here, we describe the ESMI consensus biosampling protocol, developed within the scope of ESMI, that ultimately might be translated to other neurodegenerative disorders, particularly ataxias, being the first step to protocol harmonisation in the field.
Haste Makes No Waste: Positive Peer Effects of Classroom Speed Competition on Learning
Authors: Kawarazaki Hikaru , Mahmud Minhaj , Sawada Yasuyuki , Seki Mai
Published: February 2023

This study investigates the effects of speed competition in classrooms on young pupils' learning outcomes. To examine how faster peers' speed affects slower pupils' speed and learning, we employ students' daily progress data in a self‐learning programme at BRAC primary schools in Bangladesh. The programme's unique setting allows us to address the reflection problem reasonably well. While speed competition could generate negative consequences, our results show overall positive peer effects on problem‐solving time and scores. The effects are stronger among peers with similar abilities, without negatively affecting others. Our results show efficiency gains from non‐market competition in education and learning.
Interaction between hypertension and periodontitis
Authors: Ozmeric Nurdan , Elgun Serenay , Kalfaoglu Duygu , Pervane Beste , Sungur Çağlar , Ergüder İmge , Yavuz Yasemin
Published: February 2023

Objective

The possible association between hypertension and periodontitis and the effect of hypertension on periodontal treatment were investigated by evaluating salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) interleukin (IL)‐6 and C reactive protein (CRP) levels.

Methods

Forty‐two healthy individuals without any previously diagnosed systemic disease [10 periodontally healthy (control) and 10 periodontitis (CP)] and subjects with hypertension [13 periodontally healthy (HP) and 9 with periodontitis (CP + HP)] participated in the study. GCF and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and 4 weeks after Phase I periodontal treatment. Biochemical parameters were analyzed using ELISA.

Results

Before the periodontal treatment, significantly higher GCF IL‐6 and CRP levels were detected in CP + HP and CP groups compared to HP and control groups (p < 0.01). Salivary CRP level in CP + HP group was found to be higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Statistically significant gingival and plaque index measurements (p < 0.01) might suggest a possible effect of hypertension on periodontal status. Periodontal treatment significantly improved the clinical indices; however, biochemical parameters did not change after the treatment.

Conclusion

The association of hypertension with periodontitis through local salivary and GCF inflammatory mediators might be possible in disease process.
A Preliminary Study on the Morphological Changes of an NiTi‐Shaped Memory Alloy Stent in the Vertebral Body
Authors: Qiaoling Li , Zhiwei Ren , Bobo Zhang , Yimin Yang
Published: February 2023

Objective

At present, the most commonly used filler polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) has the disadvantages of monomer toxicity, heat and leakage, and cannot be applied in young people. Therefore, finding a minimally invasive and good tissue‐compatible alternative material has been a research hotspot in spine surgery in recent years. The aim of this study is to explore whether the memory alloy stent can avoid the complications of bone cement or not.

Methods

Four non‐adjacent vertebral bodies of the thoracic and lumbar spine in the 18 10‐month‐old pigs were selected as the surgical site and were randomly divided into the scaffold group and the bone cement group. The memory alloy scaffold and PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) bone cement were placed via percutaneous puncture, and intraoperative fluoroscopy and micro‐CT were used to observe the changes in the height of scaffolds and bone cement in the vertebral body immediately, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks after operation, the microstructural parameters of the bone trabeculae (bone volume fraction, bone surface volume ratio, bone trabeculae number) were also measured.

Results

The memory alloy stent could expand in the vertebral body, and its height gradually increased with time; additionally, the height of the bone cement mass did not change with time (p = 0.00). New bone trabeculae could grow into the scaffold along the gap, and the volume fraction of bone, the volume ratio of bone surface area, and the number of bone trabeculae increased gradually (p = 0.00). However, the volume fraction of bone, the volume ratio of bone surface area, and the number of trabeculae in the cement block decreased gradually (p = 0.00).

Conclusions

Memory alloy scaffolds have dynamic expansion characteristics in vivo, which can effectively avoid the complications of bone cement. Thus, it is beneficial to explore this minimally invasive treatment for vertebral compression fractures.
Wound‐induced triacylglycerol biosynthesis is jasmonoy‐l‐isoleucin and abscisic acid independent
Authors: Lewandowska M. , Zienkiewicz A. , Feussner K. , König S. , Kunst L. , Feussner I.
Published: February 2023

Triacylglycerol (TAG) plays a significant role during plant stress – it maintains lipid homeostasis. Upon wounding plants accumulate TAG, likely as a storage form of fatty acids (FAs) that originate from damaged membranes. This study asked if this process depends on the two phytohormones jasmonoyl‐isoleucine (JA‐Ile) and abscisic acid (ABA), which are involved in wound signalling.

To analyse regulation of wound‐induced TAG accumulation, we used mutants deficient in JA‐Ile, with reduced ABA and the myb96 mutant, which is deficient in an ABA‐dependent transcription factor. The expression of genes involved in TAG biosynthesis, and TAG content after wounding were analysed via LC–MS and GC‐FID, plastidial lipid content in all mentioned mutant lines was also determined. The localization of newly synthesized TAG was investigated using lipid droplet staining.

TAG accumulation upon wounding was confirmed as well as the fact that the newly synthesized TAG are mostly composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nevertheless, all tested mutant lines were able to accumulate TAG similar to the WT. We observed differences in reduction of plastidial lipids – in WT plants this was higher than in mutant lines. Newly synthesized TAGs were stored in lipid droplets at and around the wounded area.

Our results show that TAG accumulation upon wounding is not dependent on JA‐Ile or ABA. The newly synthesized TAG species are composed of unsaturated fatty acids of membrane origin, and most likely serves as a transient energy store.
Recreational screen time trajectories during early childhood and imaging‐measured body composition at age 7 in the Odense child cohort
Authors: Rietz Marlene , Schmidt‐Persson Jesper , Rasmussen Martin Gillies Banke , Egebæk Heidi Klakk , Wedderkopp Niels , Kristensen Peter Lund , Grøntved Anders
Published: February 2023

Background

Children spend increasing amounts of time on recreational screen media, which may lead to an obesogenic environment.

Objectives

We investigated the association of trajectories of screen time across ages 3, 5 and 7 years with body composition at age 7 in the Odense Child Cohort.

Methods

Data were collected in the Municipality of Odense, Denmark, between 2010 and 2019. Group‐based trajectory modelling was applied to group participants into four trajectories of prospective parent‐reported screen time. Body composition was assessed using dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry with calculated fat‐mass index (FMI) as the primary outcome. Primary models were linear multivariable regression models adjusted for participants' sex, age, birthweight, maternal origin, maternal education, maternal body‐mass‐index, and maternal age. Further models were adjusted for additional possible confounders. Selection bias was addressed by inverse probability weighting.

Results

In total, 803 children (48.2% female) were included in the primary analysis. Participants with screen time at all time points were assigned to four trajectory groups [constant low screen time (12.7%), low increase (36.3%), high increase between ages 3 and 5 (33.5%) and high increase in screen time (17.5%)]. Sample characteristics differed across missing data status and trajectories. Mean FMI (kg/m2) and standard deviation (SD) were 3.7 (SD 1.3) and 3.9 (SD 1.6) for the constant low versus high screen time, respectively. No differences in FMI were found between screen time trajectory groups at age 7 (adjusted mean difference 0.1 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval −0.3, 0.5 for constant low versus high screen time). No consistent associations between screen time groups and secondary body composition outcomes were found.

Conclusions

Results from this study do not suggest that recreational screen time from age 3 to 7 years is associated with adiposity or other measures of body composition.
Drunkenness and Disorder in the Imperial Russian Army
Authors: Smith Alison K.
Published: February 2023

Drunkenness was a serious matter in the Imperial Russian military because of its potential to create disorder within an institution that was a central part of the disciplinary apparatus of the Russian Empire. Changes made to the military as part of the Great Reforms were intended to restore it to glory after its defeat in the Crimean War. Military disciplinary records from the late nineteenth century, however, demonstrate many of the problems that lay within this reformed military. First, they highlight tensions between soldiers and civilians. Military regiments were quartered in and around the towns and villages throughout the Russian Empire, which meant that soldiers regularly mixed with the wider civilian population. That mixing often went along with conflict. Second, they highlight tensions between rank‐and‐file soldiers on the one hand and NCOs and officers on the other, emphasizing the ways that the hierarchy and discipline that were central to the military (and to autocratic governance more generally) was often disregarded. Third, they hint at the ways that individual soldiers felt about their tours of duty and about their own position within autocratic society. And perhaps above all, they demonstrate the ways that alcohol lubricated these stresses and made them not simply background issues but active sources of disorder.
Trade policy review of Singapore
Authors: Zhou Shihao , Feng Qu
Published: February 2023

As a small open economy with almost no natural resources, Singapore is highly dependent on international trade. This paper reviews the eighth Trade Policy Review of Singapore published by World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2021. We first begin with Singapore's trade policies that shape it as a trusted and leading node in both global supply chains and financial sectors. We then focus on its transformation to a digital economy and important Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). Lastly, policymakers should keep monitoring other potential issues such as shortage of labour and ageing population to ensure sustainable economic growth of Singapore in the long run.