bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subtypes of Attachment Security in School-Age Children With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Al-Yagon Michal
Published: July 2017

This study explored children’s secure attachment with both parents versus one parent, as well as the unique role of children’s patterns of close relationships with father and mother, for a deeper understanding of maladjustment problems among children with learning disabilities (LD). Specifically, this study identified subgroups of children with different individual profiles and examined whether these profiles associated differently with children’s self-rated loneliness, sense of coherence, hope, and effort, and with parent-rated externalizing/internalizing child behavior problems. Participants were 205 children (8–12 years of age), 107 with LD and 98 with typical development. Preliminary analyses indicated significant group differences on all but one of the children’s measures. Results from using k-means clustering methods indicated four distinct clusters. Scheffé procedure validated the clusters, revealing significant intercluster differences on all but one of the children’s socioemotional measures. Discussion focused on understanding different parent–child relationship patterns among these subgroups of school-age children with and without LD.
Does Growth in Working Memory Span or Executive Processes Predict Growth in Reading and Math in Children With Reading Disabilities?
Authors: Jerman Olga , Reynolds Chandra , Swanson H. Lee
Published: July 2017

The present study investigated whether (a) growth patterns related to cognitive processing (working memory, updating, inhibition) differed in subgroups of children with reading disabilities (RD) and (b) growth in working memory (executive processing) predicted growth in other cognitive areas, such as reading and math. Seventy-three children (ages 7–17) categorized as poor decoders, poor comprehenders, or average readers were administered a battery of achievement and cognitive measures for three consecutive years. Hierarchical linear modeling showed that growth in executive processing (inhibition) in children with RD constrained growth in reading and math. The results support the notion that development in the executive system underlies performance on reading and math measures.
How Online Journalists Rank Importance of News Skills
Authors: Fahmy Shahira
Published: July 2017

While students should focus on traditional journalism skills, a new survey of online editors shows digital skills rise in importance when these editors are asked what kind of training they want new employees to have five years from now.
Survey Measures Burnout in Newspaper Sports Editors
Authors: Reindary Scott
Published: July 2017

Although the editors suffer moderate rates of burnout in terms of exhaustion and cynicism, they demonstrate high levels of professional effectiveness. Generally, they do not suffer high rates of burnout.
USA Today and Young-Adult Readers: Can a New-Style Newspaper Win Them Back?
Authors: Hartman John K.
Published: July 2017

The impact of USA Today on 18-to-35-year-old readers was measured to determine if younger audience members used this paper differently than they use other dailies. The investigation included whether USA Today has had an effect on younger readers' use of other newspapers. Results suggest USA Today's approach represents the best known hope in the newspaper industry for reversing the decline in young-adult readers, and the best known way for rival editors to protect against encroachment by USA Today.
Indiana's Education Writers: A Portrait in Chalk
Authors: Dilts Jon , McMane Aralynn , Brown James
Published: July 2017

The study examines how Indiana education writers perceive their roles and status in the newsroom. The findings provide only qualified support for the popular and scholarly belief that education is a beat of low status and low job satisfaction. Drawing on national survey data and a state-wide survey, the study indicates that Indiana education writers are typically younger and better educated than American journalists in general, and that the Indiana writers find their work to be useful and important, but boring.
News People's Ideology and the Credibility Debate
Authors: Gaziano Cecilie
Published: July 2017

Data show newspaper journalists' tendency toward liberal philosophies is reflected in attitudes toward credibility, the way journalists and newspapers approach doing their jobs, coverage of different kinds of people, news judgment issues, press freedoms and evaluations of their newspapers. This tendency may contribute indirectly to public distrust of newspapers and other media because the public tends to be more conservative than journalists on these issues. Journalists' attitudes seem related to a “world view” which sets journalists, and one subgroup in particular, apart from the public as a whole.
The News Selection Process of Student and Professional Journalists
Authors: Pitts Beverley J.
Published: July 2017

In a pilot descriptive study, 14 basic newswriting students and five experienced reporters wrote the same news story from a fact sheet. Story analysis showed facts included in the first five paragraphs by both groups were similar, although raters easily identified professionals' stories. Follow-up interviews revealed major differences in student and professional strategies. Professionals recognized the need for more information while students never questioned the information provided. Professionals looked for context and meaning while students concentrated on organizational strategies.
Evidence of a “Failing Newspaper” under the Newspaper Preservation Act
Authors: Picard Robert G.
Published: July 2017

The article reviews tests under which the courts and the U.S. attorney general may rule in favor of a Joint Operating Agreement for newspapers. The article then considers how well the five newspapers that have sought JOA status since 1970 met the specified criteria. Applying the criteria to conditions at the Detroit papers (now seeking JOA agreement approval), the article determines a “failing newspaper” condition in Detroit remains in doubt.
“Business Day” & the New York Times: New Life for an Old Priority
Authors: Nelson Dean
Published: July 2017

In the economic downturn of the early 1970s, the New York Times resurrected an old standby to help halt sliding circulation and ad revenues. The advent of the “Business Day” section was significant not only for the Times, but for other newspapers that followed suit.
The Pentagon and the Press: The War Continues
Authors: McMasters Paul
Published: July 2017

Never before has there been a war of such scope so scantily recorded. In the Persian Gulf, considerations of security overrode those of informed consent. Recording reality cannot guarantee that wars won't be undertaken again, but that they won't be undertaken in ignorance.
The Sanitized Lexicon of Modem War
Authors: Deans Bob
Published: July 2017

“Smart bombs.” “Neutralized targets.” “Friendly fire.” The press amiably adopted the military's numbingly innocent terminology in reporting Desert Storm. In reporting from the Persian Gulf, the media forgot that war lurked behind the “conflict” and that no matter how you sanitize it, to “neutralize” an enemy is to kill him.
Turnover and Mobility at Small Daily Newspapers
Authors: Tharp Marty
Published: July 2017

Study finds turnover and mobility at small dailies at about 25 percent, not significantly higher than at larger newspapers or in other professions. Leading factors in employee mobility include the relative youth of staffers at small papers, low salaries and supervisors' lack of management skills.
A Study of Civil Disorder: The Effect of News Values and Competition on Coverage by Two Competing Daily Newspapers
Authors: Sylvie George
Published: July 2017

Examination of the performance and coverage by competing JOA papers in Louisiana in response to civil violence indicates a variety of factors influencing content. This mix includes market factors as well as news source selection and spot news orientation v. issue-orientation.
ProfNet: A Computer-Assisted Reporting Bridge to Academia
Authors: Parsons Paul , Johnson Raymond B.
Published: July 2017

A survey shows that both reporters and professors they interviewed are happy with the results of ProfNet.
Women Journalists Report Discrimination in Newsrooms
Authors: Walsh-Childers Kim , Chance Jean , Herzog Kristin
Published: July 2017

A national survey of newspaperwomen finds many feel discriminated against in pay, promotions and assignments.
How Newspaper Editors Feel about Confidential Sources in Wake of Cohen v. Cowles
Authors: Davis Charles N. , Ross Susan D. , Gates Paul H.
Published: July 2017

A survey of editors of large dailies finds Cohen v. Cowles has little impact on policies regarding confidential sources.
Poly[N-(2-Hydroypropyl)Methacrylamide] Conjugates of Bovine Seminal Ribonuclease. Synthesis, Physicochemical, and Preliminary Biological Evaluation
Authors: Ulbrich Karel , Strohalm Jirí , Plocová Daniela , Oupický David , Subr Vladimir , Soucek Josef , Poucková Pavla , Matoušek Josef
Published: July 2017

The synthesis of three conjugates of poly(HPMA) with bovine seminal ribonuclease (BS-RNase) differing in their structure is described. Two conjugates contained BS-RNase conjugated with the polymer via functional group situated at the end of the polymer chain (star-shaped conjugate I) or attached to the poly(HPMA) carrier via biodegradable oligopeptide spacers randomly distributed along the polymer chain ("classic" conjugate II). These two conjugates differ in structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. In addition, a conjugate combining the activity of two compounds, BS-RNase and doxorubicin, both attached to the same polymer chain via biodegradable spacers was synthesized ("classic" conjugate III). Biological activity of all BS-RNase conjugates was compared with that of free BS-RNase and to the polymer-bound anticancer drug doxorubicin (conjugate IV). Unlike the bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A), BS-RNase displays a potent antitumor activity when tested in vitro and, if administered intratumorally, also in vivo. BS-RNase in its polymer-conjugated forms (conjugates I, II and III) tested on various human tumor cell lines has lost at least part of its antitumor activity. In in vivo experiments (nude mice bearing human melanoma), intratumoral (i.t.) therapy with BS-RNase or with its conjugates II and III showed a significant antitumor effect. Intravenous (i.v.) application of free BS-RNase was totally in-effective, while both BS-RNase conjugates II and III caused significant inhibition of tumor growth. BS-RNase bound to a star-shaped polymer (conjugate I) and administered i.t. or i.v. at the same concentration showed very high toxicity. Our results demonstrate that modification of BS-RNase with poly(HPMA) can prevent it from degrading or inactivating events occurring in blood vessels after intravenous application, significantly enhancing its potential for therapeutical application.
Synthesis and Characterization of Saturated and Unsaturated Poly(Alkylene Tartrate)s and Further Cross-Linking
Authors: Borzacchiello A. , Ambrosio L. , Nicolais L. , Huang S. J.
Published: July 2017

Saturated and unsaturated polyesters based on l-tartaric acid were prepared and characterized. Two kinds of low molecular weight polyesters were synthesized by the reaction of l-tartaric acid and 1-12 dodecandiol and 1-8 octanediol. Three different kinds of low molecular weight unsaturated polyesters were synthesized by the reaction of l-tartaric acid, 1-12 dodecandiol, and maleic anhydride. The saturated and unsaturated polymers were characterized by means of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR), infrared analysis (IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These functionalized polymers were thermally cross-linked in the presence of a radical initiator and with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and/or polyethylene glycol ethyl ether methacrylate) (PEGEEM) to prepare cross-linked polymers for biomedical applications. The films were characterized by means of DSC, TGA, and FTIR. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the polymers increase with increasing alkene group length and for the presence of the double bonds. The transition temperatures of the cross-linked films range from about -50°C, for the films contraining PEGEEM, to about 90°C, for the film containing HEMA.
In Vitro Calcification Model (2): Apatite Formation on Segmented Polyurethane Thin Films by Using an Alternate Soaking Process: The Effect of Adsorbed Serum Proteins on Calcification
Authors: Karita Tatsuro , Imachi Kou , Taguchi Tetsushi , Akashi Mitsuru , Sato Kimiyasu , Tanaka Junzo
Published: July 2017

In the present study, the effect of serum proteins on the calcification (apatite deposition) of commercially available polyurethane (PU) films, Pellethane® 2363-80AE, Pellathane® 2363-55DE, and K-III, was evaluated by using an alternating soaking process. Bovine serum albumin, γ-globulin and fibrinogen were used as typical serum proteins. After the proteins were adhered to PU films, the films were used in the apatite formation process. The thin-film X-ray diffraction spectra of a fibrinogen adhered K-III sample, after 200 calcification sequences, showed HAp formation. The calcium content on the surface of all films to which protein adhered was greater than that of films incubated in protein free solutions. The films to which fibrinogen adhered showed remarkable apatite formation, though the amount of adhered fibrinogen was much smaller than the amounts of the other proteins. K-III films to which fibrinogen had adhered showed small globular apatite aggregations, whereas the Pellethane® 2363 series films showed confetti-shaped apatite. Different morphologies exhibited by the deposits depended on the types of serum protein and on the substrate chemistry. The reason for the different apatite morphology on different PU films is not clear, however, the kind of serum protein seems to play an important role in the calcification of a PU.
Effect of Polyethylene Oxide Blocks or Grafts on the Physicochemical Properties of Poly(2-N-(Dimethylaminoethyl) Methacrylate) DNA Complexes
Authors: Dubruel Peter , Schacht Etienne H.
Published: July 2017

The synthesis and the physicochemical evaluation of a series of polyethylene oxide (PEO) containing polyamines are described as potential vectors in gene therapy. Two different types of vectors were synthesized: PEO block copolymers and copolymers containing PEO grafts. The building unit of the polyamine is 2-N-(dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate. All polymers are able to condense DNA according to dynamic light scattering measurements and ethidium bromide exclusion tests. Complexes of PEO block copolymers and DNA show a stability comparable to that of the homopolymer poly(2-N-(dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate) (PDMAEMA). Polymers with a PEO graft show a lower stability compared to the unmodified polymer. Incorporation of a PEO graft resulted in a decrease in the zeta potential of the complexes at all charge ratios. The interaction of a serum albumin with complexes of DNA and PEO containing polymers was studied at different protein concentrations. Polymers with a PEO graft show a lower interaction with serum albumin compared to the homopolymer based on turbidity measurements.
In Vitro Selection of Ligase Ribozymes Containing 2'-Amino Groups
Authors: Teramoto Naozumi , Imanishi Yukio , Ito Yoshihiro
Published: July 2017

Novel ribozymes containing 2'-amino groups in the side chains were in vitro selected to accelerate their ligation reaction rates with oligodeoxynucleotides. The ligation rate of random sequenced RNAs in the starting pool was accelerated by incorporation of 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine and N6-(6-aminohexyl)adenosine. The incorporation of the amino group enhanced the activity of non-selected RNAs independent of the incorporation site. In vitro selection using 2'-amino-2'-deoxyuridine instead of uridine produced more active ribozymes. In this case, the activity of ribozyme was reduced when N6-(6-aminohexyl)adenosine was incorporated into the selected RNAs instead of natural adenosine. The presence of amino groups as well as the incorporation site affected the activity of the in vitro selected ribozyme. It seems that RNAs with tertiary structures suitable for the ligation reaction were selected by the in vitro method.
Immobilization of Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF165) onto Biomaterials: An Evaluation of the Biological Activity of Immobilized VEGF165
Authors: Taguchi Tetsushi , Kishida Akio , Akashi Mitsuru , Maruyama Ikuro
Published: July 2017

Human vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) are angiogenic factors that induce specific endothelial cell proliferation. In this study, VEGF165, which contains 165 amino acids, was immobilized onto poly(acrylic acid) grafted polyethylene) films (PAAc-g-PE). VEGF165 was immobilized via a reaction between the amino group of VEGF165 and the carboxyl group of PAAc using water-soluble carbodiimide. Using cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), adhesion, proliferation, and migration of the cells were evaluated with three kinds of protein that were immobilized on the PE films. The proteins used were collagen (type IV), fibronectin (FN), and VEGF165. The adhesion of HUVEC was enhanced by the immobilization of collagen or FN and by the co-immobilization of VEGF with FN, but not VEGF alone. The VEGF FN-co-immobilized surface showed cell growth promotion activity. Endothelialization was observed only on the collagen-immobilized or VEGF FN-co-immobilized film surfaces. We proposed that the VEGF with FN-co-immobilized biomaterials could be used for artificial vessels and for other tissue engineering scaffolds.
Adapting Conservative Correctional Policies to the Economic Realities of the 1990s
Authors: Merlo Alida V. , Benekos Peter J.
Published: July 2017

This article reviews the impact that the punitive, “get tough” policies of the 1980s have had on corrections. With record breaking increases in prison populations, legislators and policy makers have had to confront the realities of fiscal constraints while responding to the conservative agenda on crime. The consequence has been to develop and expand alternatives to incarceration which can be both tough on criminals but cheaper than traditional prison punishment. However, intermediate punishments such as intensive probation, electronic monitoring, and shock incarceration may be widening the correctional net. In reviewing these developments, the authors examine ideologies and consequences, and observe that economic considerations will influence corrections policies in the 1990s.
Police Recruits‘ Attitudes toward the Death Penalty
Authors: Mignon Sylvia I. , Holmes William M.
Published: July 2017

The knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of police toward capital punishment help to shape public opinion regarding the death penalty. Prior research has not consistently identified the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of officers regarding capital punishment. This article examines that relationship, as well as the role of background factors and other attitudes.

Survey questionnaires were given in 1995 to Boston area police recruits in Massachusetts. One hundred and three officers answered questions regarding their background characteristics, knowledge of and attitudes toward capital punishment, and other attitudes that prior research has shown to be associated with support for or opposition to the death penalty.

The findings reveal that police recruits favor the death penalty even more strongly than the public, with those least knowledgeable about the realities of the death penalty more likely to support capital punishment. Knowledge of discrimination in the application of capital punishment, its great expense, its lack of general deterrence, and that it has resulted in the execution of innocent citizens were associated with opposition to the death penalty. Women, minorities, and those police recruits with more education also tended to oppose capital punishment. Those opposed to abortions were likely to favor executions.

The findings imply that police have an important role to play in the debate over capital punishment. Their knowledge, experience, and attitudes can identify critical issues in this debate.
Still Arbitrary: Capital Sentencing in the Post-Furman Era
Authors: Steiner Benjamin D.
Published: July 2017

At the epicenter of modern capital jurisprudence has been a critical question: How do capital jurors make the life or death sentencing decision?

Since its 1976 decision in Gregg v. Georgia, Profitt v. Florida, and Jurek v. Texas authorized the states' return to capital punishment, the United States Supreme Court has grappled with the two-part question: To what extent must they be explicitly directed in their decision-making? Once the Court has determined that some constraints are necessary, it then must decide whether they are needed only to correct misbehavior or, more fundamentally, to shape the constitutional contours of capital sentencing. What the Court decides to do, or not to do, often depends on untested assumptions about how jurors do, or will, make the critical punishment decision. In this paper, I review what social science evidence reveals about capital juror decision making in the Post-Furman era. Employing a variety of research methodologies and perspectives, one overwhelming commonality of this research emerges: The use of guided discretion statutes has done little ameliorate the arbitrariness the U.S. Supreme Court condemned 27 years ago in Furman v. Georgia.
Response: The Use of Economic Analysis in Public Policy
Authors: Wiewel Wim
Published: July 2017

Morales and colleagues deserve credit for extending traditional economic analysis by using anthropological field data and applying midlevel economic tools to policy analysis. However, their analysis is problematic because it exaggerates how many benefits would be lost if the Maxwell Street Market were moved, ignores the costs imposed by the market, and does not consider the economic benefits of the university's proposed land use. Even very moderate success of the university's plans will more than compensate for the economic losses caused by the market's move. It was politically impossible for the university to implement its expansion plans while maintaining the market. Such difficult choices inevitably arise in a complex urban environment. Cost-benefit analysis is a useful tool, but provides only some of the information that enters into the decision-making process. Thus analysts must be modest in the claims they make for the policy relevance of their data.
Ten Principles for State Tax Incentives
Authors: Ihlanfeldt Keith R.
Published: July 2017

The use of tax incentives for economic development is growing among states. This growth is partially caused by a response to new incentives of neighboring states, and similar incentive laws are passed in the interest of remaining competitive. As a result, many states have adopted tax incentives not well founded on economic theory or empirical evidence. This article draws on the latter to develop ten principles that states can employ to enhance the fairness and effectiveness of tax incentives. To illustrate their application, the principles are used to evaluate the state of Georgia's incentive programs.
Incorporating Short Term Dynamic Psychotherapy Principles into Career Counseling: A Theoretical and Practical Approach
Authors: Nevo Ofra , Wiseman Hadas
Published: July 2017

There is wide agreement among career counselors that there should not be a dichotomy between personal and career themes in career counseling. This article offers a Developmental Career Counseling (DCC) model that incorporates Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (STDP) principles, specifically, James Mann's (1973) model, into a career counseling process. Common principles of STDP and their relation to principles of DCC are discussed: developmental life-span approach, limited time, importance of working alliance, rapid and early assessment, central focus, active and directive counselor participation, therapeutic flexibility, dealing with termination and specific criteria for client suitability to work in STDP and DCC. The model is illustrated through a DCC case of 8 sessions that focused on issues of self-esteem. The implementation of insights, techniques, and processes, borrowed from STDP and incorporated into career counseling, are demonstrated and implications for the practice of DCC are discussed.
Academic Readiness and Career/Life Planning: A Collaborative Partnership Focused on Student Learning
Authors: Lindahl Susan J. , Long Patricia N. , Arnett Renee
Published: July 2017

The umbrella program called Keeping Options Open, initiated by Johnson County Community College (JCCC), is a collaborative partnership between JCCC and Johnson County high schools to meet the educational and career needs of learners. Assessment of academics and interests are key components when assisting students to make the best decisions regarding their high school and postsecondary educational plans. A pilot program was designed to deliver a series of 3-year tiered career development/academic readiness work-shops for students and parents beginning in the sophomore year and building through the junior and senior years. The goal was to enhance career development for high school students by linking it with academic readiness.
University/industry relations and technology transfer in the European Community
Authors: Mattison F. T.
Published: July 2017

This study is based on visits made in 1975 to ten universities in the European Community, with the assistance of a short study-visit grant from the Commission of the European Community. The objectives of the investigation were to study the situation of a sample of the universities in other Community countries with which the University of Hull had a partnership agreement and to ascertain what changes were taking place in the three fields of student affairs, staff affairs and research and institutional attitudes and policies.
The development of industry and higher education in developing countries
Authors: Zhang X. H.
Published: July 2017

Developing countries are always unsure whether they are developing in the right way or not; every developing country develops quite differently, although they all pay great attention to developing their economies. In this paper the view is put forward that education is the cornerstone of development. It is higher education that prepares personnel to satisfy the needs of the country, including its industries. In a developed country higher education will have evolved over a long period in tandem with other social institutions; but in a developing one everything has to happen in a shorter space of time. This can create grave problems for education. A general analysis is given here of the aims of higher education in a developing country, together with its proper relationship with industry. The intention is not to supply answers, simply to place the issue on developing countries’ agendas.
Cooperation between engineering schools and industry in the FEANI member countries
Authors: Ovesen Niels Krebs
Published: July 2017

On the occasion of the 15th FEANI International Seminar in Copenhagen, September 1986 on ‘Education and Industry, the Interaction between Engineering Schools and Industry’ the Danish Organizing Committee for the Seminar decided to investigate the present situation and future trends concerning cooperation between engineering schools and industry in the FEANI member countries. The investigation was performed by means of questionnaires sent to the 20 member countries of FEANI. The aim of the questionnaire was to identify forms of cooperation and communication between industry and engineering schools, and to evaluate the measures to promote the interaction of engineering schools with industry. The present paper presents the answers to the questionnaire in a condensed form.
The Pegasus programme at Portsmouth Polytechnic
Authors: Findlay Peter , Martin Carole , Smith Steve
Published: July 2017

Pegasus is an initiative aimed at getting a greater level of career education and personal skill development work into the academic experience of the student in higher education. It is designed for undergraduates in the central and final years of their studies. Building on work already developed and well advanced in some institutions, it aims to respond to the concerns of employers that graduates often lack a sense of direction or identity in terms of their careers, and in selection and interview often fail to demonstrate well developed personal skills or self-confidence. The project therefore draws upon, and overlaps with, such activities as study skills programmes, the fostering of enabling skills within the academic course, and workshops and informational sessions traditionally offered by the Careers Service.
Delta applies IT to education and training in Europe
Authors: Lam Martin
Published: July 2017

The DELTA project, which has been simmering for over a year, has now been accepted by the European Commission. A pilot phase, to be launched early in 1988, will test the principle and practice of DELTA's proposals so as to lead the way into the main programme itself. This article explains the basic rationale of DELTA, examines the principles for discussion, and situates DELTA'S aim to harness and apply key technologies in its wider context.
The deployment of new graduates in the UK
Authors: Tarsh Jason
Published: July 2017

This article describes the patterns of employment of new first-degree graduates in the UK in 1985 – the latest year for which all the figures are available. It shows the distribution of new graduates across manufacturing, industry and the rest of the economy. It also looks at the degree subjects recruited by the various sectors of the economy and the occupations for which the graduates were recruited. Finally, the article considers in particular the destinations of the new graduate engineers, who employs the best graduates, and what have been the trends since 1976 in the distribution of new graduates across the economy.
Conference report
Authors: Reynolds George F.
Published: July 2017

Conference on How to Internationalize Technology Transfer, Seventh International Annual Conference of the International Association of Consultants in Higher Education Institutions, Twente, The Netherlands, 1–3 July 1987.
University–Industry Cooperation in Eastern Europe
Authors: Novozhilov Yuri V.
Published: July 2017

This special focus from the USSR looks at the future of higher education–industry collaboration since perestroika and sets it in the context of reforms aimed at developing the national economy and mastering progress.

The first article examines university–industry cooperation in science and technology in Eastern Europe, with particular reference to the USSR. It discusses how different kinds of collaboration are organized, supervised and assessed, analyses the problems that have to be addressed, and looks beyond perestroika to consider the possibilities for East–West cooperation.
Creating an Academic Strategy
Authors: Akridge P. Bai
Published: July 2017

This article explores the changing environment facing higher education institutions (HEIs), the value of an academic strategy and the role businesses can play in assisting institutions to achieve their goals. Focus is given to the support IBM has contributed to HEIs around the world.
Contract Research at Universities in the Netherlands
Authors: Kramer Arjo
Published: July 2017

Within the past decade the amount of contract research being conducted at Dutch Universities has increased enormously. This article examines the different legal aspects of contract research and discusses Dutch law that has been made to protect contractual agreements, including a model contract that has been developed to safeguard peoples' interests. The author then sets this issue in the context of Europe 1992.
Cooperating with US Universities
Authors: Bodelle Jacques A.
Published: July 2017

This article describes the collaborative activities in the USA of Elf Aquitaine, the large French industrial group which is active in oil and gas, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, and which has 90 000 employees and a sales revenue of about $30 billion. The author discusses why Elf Aquitaine cooperates with US universities, how cooperation works and the benefits that are accrued.
Issues for the HE Sector
Authors: Feller Irwin
Published: July 2017

The author discusses the characteristics of collaborative R&D relationships between industry and higher education in the USA, and assesses what lessons may be learned from the multitude of examples of collaborative efforts offered by the US experience. His assessment considers the economic costs from the perspectives both of firms and higher education institutions; the impacts on academic research agendas; and the depletion of social capital in the context of the role of the academic and the credibility of academic institutions.
Canadian Biotechnology
Authors: Ogilvie Kelvin K.
Published: July 2017

The first article in this issue's focus on government support of small and medium-sized biotechnology companies contains a critical overview of government support of SMEs in Canada. The author, a leading Canadian biotechnologist, surveys federal government initiatives and details the major initiatives. Canadian expenditure on R&D is unfavourably compared to that in other OECD countries. Although government support of biotechnology could be improved, the article points out improvements effected during the 1980s and looks forward to the 1990s.
What are the ‘Needs of Industry’?
Authors: Tasker Mary
Published: July 2017

This article highlights a theme which looks set to become a major issue in the field of industry and higher education in the 1990s: how much are industry's needs confined to the commercial imperatives of the marketplace and how large an obligation do industry and educators have towards the wider ethical and environmental priorities of society at large? The article is written by a materials scientist and a teacher educator and draws conclusions from both fields.
Academic Capitalism at Virginia Tech
Authors: Slaughter D. French
Published: July 2017

This article explains the functions and structures involved in academic capitalism at Virginia Tech, focusing especially on the faculty joint venture system and the tax issues involved. The author then reviews some of the results to date, examines future directions and implications and draws conclusions from the case study of Virginia Tech for wider applicability.
European Management Education
Authors: Braddick W.A.G.
Published: July 2017

The different national approaches to management education in Europe are described and the philosophical and structural differences are outlined. The article highlights the trend towards greater internationalization of courses and the need for harmonization of the accreditation system. Particular attention is paid to the role of business and industry in shaping the new European management education system.
Industry and Universities in India
Authors: Ansari M.M. , Sharma T.C.
Published: July 2017

This article underscores the need to establish strong linkages between industry and universities in India; assesses the extent to which such linkages exist in a cross-section of Indian universities; and identifies remedial measures as appropriate. The authors describe the challenges facing universities and industry: identify the areas most appropriate for collaboration and the various kinds of collaboration that exist or are possible in India; assess the extent to which collaborative efforts are succeeding in selected universities; and identify factors which help or hinder the development of cooperative activity. Finally, they list the policy implications of their analysis. The article provides an overview of the current situation in India and sets out practical measures for increasing collaboration between industry and higher education which the authors consider essential to the social and economic development of the country.
Universities and the Creation of Spin-off Companies
Authors: Kobus Jan A.
Published: July 2017

The article reports on the creation of spin-off companies at the University of Twente in The Netherlands. Two programmes are discussed: The TOP and the TOS programmes. In the TOP programme graduates of the university are encouraged to start their own knowledge-intensive companies. Since 1986 94 of these companies have been started. In the TOS programme product ideas are identified within existing companies and matched with entrepreneurs.
Industry—Academic Links and Local Development
Authors: Smith Helen Lawton , Atkinson Michael
Published: July 2017

In Canada as elsewhere in the industrialized world, collaboration between industry and academia is a critical factor in technological growth. Ottawa, which is a major site of higher education and technological enterprise, is used as an example of the factors which facilitate successful linkages between firms and universities. The results are based on surveys and interviews of parties on both sides of the divide in Ottawa. They show that local factors are of paramount importance, but that the intended and actual outcomes of initiatives are not always the same.
Black Engineers in South Africa
Authors: Hillman Jeffrey C.
Published: July 2017

The need for South African industry to attract black engineers has necessitated its involvement in their university preparation. This article describes a pre-university course for black engineering students at the University of the Witwatersrand. A summary of its alumni's results to date is provided together with some comparative data.
Cooperative Technology Development in Hong Kong
Authors: Denny W. Michael , Liang Winston W.
Published: July 2017

Small Hong Kong companies are able to adapt quickly to changing conditions and once a new technology has been introduced into Hong Kong, it can spread quickly. However, small companies often have difficulty in identifying, acquiring, and integrating emerging technologies into their businesses because of the rapid proliferation of technology, its high cost, and complexity. Because of this, Hong Kong companies are increasingly forming partnerships among themselves, with Tertiary Education Institutions, and with foreign firms. Forming and maintaining such partnerships, however, requires the partners to overcome several obstacles; and a technology broker can play an important role in doing this. The Hong Kong Industrial Technology Centre is a new institution which combines incubator, technology transfer and product development and support activities.
Collaborative Research
Authors: Handscombe Robert D.
Published: July 2017

This article reviews the current status of collaborative research in the UK, although its general conclusions will be applicable to other Western countries. A definition of collaborative research is followed by an analysis of recent official and unofficial documents charting a way forward for collaborative research in the UK. Among other issues, intellectual property rights are highlighted.
Academic—Industrial Collaboration
Authors: Curran Alex
Published: July 2017

In the second article of this special focus, Alex Curran looks back over 10 years of the Canadian Corporate–Higher Education Forum and extracts a list of ‘dos and don'ts’ from the experience that has been gathered since 1983.
Success Factors in US Technology Development
Authors: Preston John T.
Published: July 2017

Universities in the USA have a significant impact on business through the transfer of technology. In this article the Director of Technology Development at MIT describes the critical factors for successful technology transfer, particularly relating to new business formation.
Promoting Industry Linkages and Technology Transfer
Authors: Chou S.K.
Published: July 2017

Over the past year, the National University of Singapore (NUS) has consolidated and strengthened its resources to enhance university–industry collaborative programmes and technology transfers. The initiative covers collaborative research and development (R&D), programme management, technology transfer and licensing arrangements, and industry liaison. The success of these initiatives will depend on faculty commitment, institutional support, incentives and environmental factors. We discuss various measures taken by NUS to promote industry linkages and encourage greater faculty participation in technology transfer.
The Public and Private Interface in Technology
Authors: Smith Helen Lawton , Atkinson Michael
Published: July 2017

In an increasingly complex competitive situation, firms look to outside technological resources to supplement and substitute for expensive in-house effort. The use by industry of national laboratories and universities (the ‘science base’) is usually seen in terms of the transfer of technology out of universities. In reality, what is increasingly happening is that the ideas and problems of industry are first transferred into the science base. This has implications for the control and direction of scientific research. The authors illustrate the implications of this current trend for the control and direction of scientific research by discussing the findings of a recent study. This compared industry and academic links in two industries in three countries: the flow measuring and electronic component industries in the UK, France and Belgium.
The Role of Professional Organizations in Developing Systems for Lifelong Learning
Authors: Markkula Markku
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses the importance of professional development and lifelong learning. The author analyses the role of and makes proposals for action for all professional organizations – be they intellectual clubs, learned societies, trade unions or something in between. Lifelong learning is becoming so important that no professional organization can ignore it as an issue crucial for its members. The views expressed are based on the author's 15 years of experience in professional organizations in Finland and in the international activities of those organizations.
Workforce Improvement and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Ferguson Richard L.
Published: July 2017

The author stresses the importance to the future of the US workforce of the recognition that the traditional notion of education (‘that education and adult life, especially work, are consecutive rather than concurrent’) is inappropriate to contemporary workforce preparation and skills needs. He contrasts the characteristics of the traditional paradigm with those which need to be adopted in a new model of the relationship between education and work. Against this background, Dr Ferguson describes the development and application of the Work Keys System which aims to provide a common language for education and business to participate in preparing people for the transition from full-time education to employment and from one job or job level to another.
The Vital Role of Cybernetics in Industrial Development
Authors: Zepka Claire L. , Warwick Kevin
Published: July 2017

In the recent past, computer technology has had a tremendous impact on the industrial sector. Often the computer is simply part of an overall system, either substituting for, or working in cooperation with, people. The key issue is the operation of the entire system, including computers and people and involving important aspects of communication, control and information processing — in other words, cybernetics. The authors discuss how cybernetics has become a vitally important part of successful industrial and business operation. They focus particularly on the benefits for industry when it links with the higher education sector in this field.
Continuing Electrical Engineering Education in Europe
Authors: Fernandes Antonio S.C.
Published: July 2017

During 1994, a study was carried out by the Working Group on Continuing Electrical Engineering Education of the European Federation of Electrical Engineering National Professional Organizations (EUREL). The resulting study report considered the importance of continuing education to industry, individuals, universities and national professional organizations of engineers. This article comprises a condensed version of that document. It includes data on the supply of and demand for continuing education and discusses the issues of accreditation and credit transfers in Europe in the context of continuing electrical engineering education. Finally, it assesses information on the most important current and planned European projects and reviews possible future strategies for the development of a European system for continuing engineering education.
Engineering Management
Authors: Kocaoglu Dundar F.
Published: July 2017

The number of degree-granting educational programmes under titles such as ‘Engineering Management’ and ‘Management of Technology’ is rapidly increasing throughout the world. The objective of such courses is to prepare engineers and scientists to move toward management responsibilities while maintaining identity in their technical fields. This strong growth pattern has been the key to the emergence of ‘Engineering Management’ as a discipline. It has triggered and reinforced the growth of research, publications and professional societies supporting the new discipline. This paper summarizes the results of a study conducted among the educational institutions offering degree programmes in ‘Engineering and Technology Management’ (ETM) and updates previous findings. Critical dimensions and strategic directions of engineering management education are discussed, and observations are made about the emerging research areas.
Barriers to Technology Transfer
Authors: Kirkland John
Published: July 2017

Technology transfer is a complex process which relies on informal communication between individuals. In promoting this activity, policy makers need a clear understanding of the main actors in this process, and the organizations where they work. This paper analyses the issue from the perspective of academics and universities in the UK. It concludes that, although higher education has become more competitive and entrepreneurial in the past decade, it cannot be assumed that lecturers and their institutions will regard technology transfer as a priority area. While government has assumed that the main barriers to technology are lack of will or understanding on the part of academics and universities, it is possible that lack of incentive is equally important. Policy makers must therefore adopt measures which are compatible with the interests and aspirations of those who are expected to implement them.
Industry—Academic—Government Cooperation in Technological Innovation and Human Resource Development
Authors: van der Walt Tjaart J. , Kaplan Dave
Published: July 2017

An overview is provided of the vision for a national system of innovation (NSI) in South Africa. A feature of the South African NSI is that while science output is relatively high, technology output is relatively low. This suggests the potential gain to be had from closer linkage between higher education and the business sector. The paper also contains a perspective on the status of cooperative research in the natural sciences, engineering and technology (SET) in the development of South Africa. The existing government-level technological innovation programmes are briefly described, with special attention given to the Technology and Human Resources for Industry Programme (THRIP). The latter initiative is described as a consortium programme involving all key stakeholders in technology promotion in South Africa. THRIP is critically reviewed and its expanded vision contextualized within the NSI. Some new approaches and mechanisms are proposed to promote greater market focus within the research and technology push side of expertise development, as well as to promoting the involvement, ownership and long-term vision of the market for technology and human resources in research.