bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Terahertz response of gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) and gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (SGGG)
Authors: Sabbaghi Mohsen , Hanson George W. , Weinert Michael , Shi Fan , Cen Cheng
Published: January 2020

We report the magneto-optical response of gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) and gadolinium scandium gallium garnet (SGGG) at frequencies ranging from 300GHz to 1THz and determine the material response tensor. Within this frequency window, the materials exhibit nondispersive and low-loss optical responses. At low temperatures, significant terahertz Faraday rotations are found in the (S)GGG samples. Such a strong gyroelectric response is likely associated with the high-spin paramagnetic state of the Gd3+ ions. A model of the material response tensor is determined, together with the Verdet and magneto-optic constants.
Counting-based microfluidic paper-based devices capable of analyzing submicroliter sample volumes
Authors: Mahmud Md. Almostasim , Blondeel Eric J. M. , MacDonald Brendan D.
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we report the development of semiquantitative counting-based lateral flow assay (LFA)-type microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) to analyze samples at submicroliter volumes. The ability to use submicroliter sample volumes is a significant advantage for μPADs since it enables enhanced multiplexing, reduces cost, and increases user-friendliness since small sample volumes can be collected using methods that do not require trained personnel, such as finger pricking and microneedles. The challenge of accomplishing a semiquantitative test readout using submicroliter sample volumes was overcome with a counting-based approach. In order to use submicroliter sample volumes, we developed a flow strategy with a running liquid to facilitate flow through the assay. The efficacy of the devices was confirmed with glucose and total human immunoglobulin E (IgE) tests using 0.5 μl and 1 μl of sample solutions, respectively. Semiquantitative results were generated to predict glucose concentrations in the range of 0–12 mmol/l and IgE concentrations in the range of 0–400 ng/ml. The counting-based approach correlates the number of dots that exhibited a color change to the concentration of the analyte, which provides a more user-friendly method as compared with interpreting the intensity of a color change. The devices reported herein are the first counting-based LFA-type μPADs capable of semiquantitative testing using submicroliter sample volumes.
Investigation of gating effect in Si spin MOSFET
Authors: Lee Soobeom , Rortais Fabien , Ohshima Ryo , Ando Yuichiro , Goto Minori , Miwa Shinji , Suzuki Yoshishige , Koike Hayato , Shiraishi Masashi
Published: January 2020

A gate voltage application in a Si-based spin metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (spin MOSFET) modulates spin accumulation voltages, where both electrical conductivity and drift velocity are modified while keeping constant electric current. An unprecedented reduction in the spin accumulation voltages in a Si spin MOSFET under negative gate voltage applications is observed in a high electric bias current regime. To support our claim, the electric bias current dependence of the spin accumulation voltage under the gate voltage applications is investigated in detail and compared with a spin drift diffusion model including the conductance mismatch effect. The drastic decrease in the mobility and spin lifetime in the Si channel is ascribable to the optical phonon emission at the high electric bias current, which consequently reduced the spin accumulation voltage.
Numerical evaluation of novel kinetic models for binary gas mixture flows
Authors: Todorova Blaga N. , White Craig , Steijl René
Published: January 2020

Most flows of practical interest consist of a mixture of gases. Therefore, the ability to model a gas mixture flow is important. Kinetic models for multicomponent gases have been considered since the original Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model was formulated. BGK-derived models pose a number of difficulties, e.g., avoiding negative density and temperature(s). A distinct challenge of the BGK approximation lies in recovering correct transport coefficients in the continuum limit. Two new kinetic models for gas mixtures, a Shakhov-based model and an ellipsoidal-statistical-based model, were recently introduced. Both models are capable of modeling a binary mixture of monoatomic gases and account for separate species-mean velocity such that the species diffusion and velocity drift are accurately represented. The main advantage is the recovery of three correct transport coefficients in the hydrodynamic limit and, as a result, having a correct Prandtl number for the mixture. The goal of this paper is to numerically validate the two new kinetic models for a range of high-speed flows and demonstrate their capabilities and limitations. The models are first validated against the known results for normal shocks, showing good agreement for species density and temperature profiles. Moreover, the importance of the Prandtl number correction is demonstrated with the evaluation of the heat flux. A parametric study demonstrates the variation in flow properties for different mass ratios between species and for different Mach numbers. Finally, the models are evaluated for the flow around a circular cylinder. A detailed comparison with the Monte Carlo results demonstrates promising results from both kinetic models.
High-performance flexible organic thin-film transistor nonvolatile memory based on molecular floating-gate and pn-heterojunction channel layer
Authors: Xu Ting , Guo Shuxu , Qi Weihao , Li Shizhang , Xu Meili , Xie Wenfa , Wang Wei
Published: January 2020

Flexible floating-gate structural organic thin-film transistor (FG-OTFT) nonvolatile memories (NVMs) are demonstrated based on an integrated molecular floating-gate/tunneling (I-FG/T) layer and a pn-heterojunction channel layer. Semiconducting polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) nanoparticles and insulating polymer polystyrene are used to build the I-FG/T layers by spin-coating their solution. The dependence of the memory performances on the structure of I-FG/T layers is researched. For achieving a large charge storage capacity, the pn-heterojunction channel, consisting of 2,9-didecyldinaphtho[2,3-b:2′,3′-f]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene and F16CuPc, is fabricated to provide both electrons and holes for injecting and trapping in the floating gate by overwriting the stored charges with an opposite polarity at the programming and erasing voltages, respectively. As an optimal result, a high performance flexible FG-OTFT NVM is achieved, with a large memory window of 21.6 V on average, a highly stable charge storage retention capability up to 10 years, and a highly reliable programming/erasing switching endurance over 200 cycles. The FG-OTFT NVM also exhibits an excellent mechanical bending durability with the memory performances maintaining well over 6000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 5.9 mm.
Neutron imaging of liquid-liquid systems containing paramagnetic salt solutions
Authors: Butcher T. A. , Formon G. J. M. , Dunne P. , Hermans T. M. , Ott F. , Noirez L. , Coey J. M. D.
Published: January 2020

The method of neutron imaging was adopted to map the concentration evolution of aqueous paramagnetic Gd(NO3)3 solutions. Magnetic manipulation of the paramagnetic liquid within a miscible nonmagnetic liquid is possible by countering density-difference driven convection. The formation of salt fingers caused by double-diffusive convection in a liquid-liquid system of Gd(NO3)3 and Y(NO3)3 solutions can be prevented by the magnetic field gradient force.
Superconductivity-driven negative interfacial magnetization in YBa2Cu3O7−δ/SrTiO3/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 heterostructures
Authors: Singh Surendra , Bhatt Harsh , Kumar Yogesh , Prajapat C. L. , Satpati B. , Kinane C. J. , Langridge S. , Ravikumar G. , Basu S.
Published: January 2020

Using spin-polarized neutron reflectivity experiments, we demonstrate an unusual proximity behavior when a superconductor (SC) and a ferromagnet (FM) are coupled through an insulator (I) in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (SC)/SrTiO3 (I)/La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (FM) heterostructures. We have observed an unexpected magnetic reversal confined to the interface region of the FM below the superconducting transition temperature. The magnetization of the interfacial FM layer at the I/FM interface was found to be aligned opposite to the magnetization of the rest of the FM layer. This result indicates that the Cooper pairs tunnel across the insulator, interact with the local magnetization in the interfacial region (extending ∼30 Å) of the FM, and then modify the magnetization at the interface. This unexpected magnetic behavior cannot be explained on the basis of the existing theoretical models. However, the length scale associated here clearly suggests the long-range proximity effect as a result of tunneling of Cooper pairs. The magnetic exchange field-effect across SC/I/FM interfaces driven by tunneling may serve as the basis for application in superconducting spintronic devices.
Binuclear Mn oxo complex as a self-contained photocatalyst in water-splitting cycle: Role of additional Mn oxides as a buffer of electrons and protons
Authors: Yamamoto Kentaro , Takatsuka Kazuo
Published: January 2020

We theoretically propose a photoinduced water-splitting cycle catalyzed by a binuclear Mn oxo complex. In our “bottom-up approach” to this problem, we once proposed a working minimal model of water-splitting cycle in terms of a mononuclear Mn oxo complex as a catalyst along with water clusters [K. Yamamoto and K. Takatsuka, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 6708 (2018)]. However, this catalyst is not self-contained in that the cycle additionally needs buffering molecules for electrons and protons in order to reload the Mn complex with electrons and protons, which are lost by photoinduced charge separation processes. We here show that a binuclear Mn oxo complex works as a self-contained photocatalyst without further assistant of additional reagents and propose another catalytic cycle in terms of this photocatalyst. Besides charge separation and proton relay transfer, the proposed cycle consists of other fundamental chemical dynamics including electron–proton reloading, radical relay-transfer, and Mn reduction. The feasibility of the present water-splitting cycle is examined by means of full dimensional nonadiabatic electron–wavepacket dynamics based on multireference electronic wavefunctions and energy profiles estimated with rather accurate quantum chemical methods for all the metastable states appearing in the cycle.
Pulsed magnetic field device for laser plasma experiments at Shenguang-II laser facility
Authors: Hu Peng , Hu Guang-yue , Wang Yu-lin , Tang Hui-bo , Zhang Zhen-chi , Zheng Jian
Published: January 2020

A pulsed intense magnetic field device was developed for the Shanghai Shenguang-II (SG-II) laser facility. The device using a double-turn coil with 12 mm diameter is capable of producing a peak current of 42 kA with 280 ns rising edge and 200 ns flat top width. A peak magnetic field of 8.8 T is achieved at the center of the coil. A two-section transmission line composed by a flexible section and a rigid section is designed to meet the target chamber environment of SG-II laser facility. The flexible section realizes the soft-connection between the capacitor bank and the target chamber, which facilitates the installation of the magnetic field device and the adjustment of the coil. The rigid section is as small as possible so that it can be inserted into the target chamber from any smallest flange, realizing elastic magnetic field configuration. The magnetic coil inside the chamber can be adjusted finely through a mechanical component on the rigid transmission line outside the target chamber. The adjustment range is up to 5 cm in both radial and axial directions with ∼50 µm precision. The device has been successfully operated on SG-II laser facility.
Synthesis and Structural Characterisation of Lithium, Zinc, and Aluminium Pyrazolate Complexes
Authors: Rad Nazli E. , Junk Peter C. , Deacon Glen B. , Taidakov Ilya V. , Wang Jun
Published: January 2020

The reaction of nBuLi with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (Me2pzH) in Et2O or tmeda/hexane (tmeda=N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethane-1,2-diamine) and with 3,5-dimethyl-4-nitropyrazolate (Me2pzHNO2) in THF results in the formation of three structurally diverse lithium pyrazolates: namely an Et2O-solvated tetrameric complex [Li4(Me2pz)4(OEt2)4], bridged entirely with μ-η2:η1-pyrazolate bonding, a hexanuclear complex [Li6(Me2pz)6(tmeda)2] with four different coordination modes (μ-η1:η1, μ-η2:η1, μ3-η1:η2:η1 and μ3-η2:η2:η1), and a new polymeric compound [Li2(Me2pzNO2)2(thf)2]n, with [Li2(Me2pzNO2)2(thf)2] groups linked by –NO2 coordination. A mononuclear zinc complex [Zn(tBu2pz)2(tBu2pzH)2].1/2THF (tBu2pzH=3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazole) was prepared by reaction of tBu2pzH with ZnEt2, unidentate tBu2pz groups being stabilised by N–H⋯N hydrogen bonding. Treatment of 3,5-diphenylpyrazole (Ph2pzH) with trimethylaluminium (mole ratio 3:1) in THF led to the formation of dinuclear [AlMe2(μ-Ph2pz)]2.1/2THF.
Infrared optical and thermal properties of microstructures in butterfly wings
Authors: Krishna Anirudh , Nie Xiao , Warren Andrew D. , Llorente-Bousquets Jorge E. , Briscoe Adriana D. , Lee Jaeho
Published: January 2020

While surface microstructures of butterfly wings have been extensively studied for their structural coloration or optical properties within the visible spectrum, their properties in infrared wavelengths with potential ties to thermoregulation are relatively unknown. The midinfrared wavelengths of 7.5 to 14 µm are particularly important for radiative heat transfer in the ambient environment, because of the overlap with the atmospheric transmission window. For instance, a high midinfrared emissivity can facilitate surface cooling, whereas a low midinfrared emissivity can minimize heat loss to surroundings. Here we find that the midinfrared emissivity of butterfly wings from warmer climates such as
Archaeoprepona demophoon
(Oaxaca, Mexico) and
Heliconius sara
(Pichincha, Ecuador) is up to 2 times higher than that of butterfly wings from cooler climates such as
Celastrina echo
(Colorado) and
Limenitis arthemis
(Florida), using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and infrared thermography. Our optical computations using a unit cell approach reproduce the spectroscopy data and explain how periodic microstructures play a critical role in the midinfrared. The emissivity spectrum governs the temperature of butterfly wings, and we demonstrate that
C. echo
wings heat up to 8 °C more than
A. demophoon
wings under the same sunlight in the clear sky of Irvine, CA. Furthermore, our thermal computations show that butterfly wings in their respective habitats can maintain a moderate temperature range through a balance of solar absorption and infrared emission. These findings suggest that the surface microstructures of butterfly wings potentially contribute to thermoregulation and provide an insight into butterflies' survival.
Quantification of thigh muscle volume in children and adolescents using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Tomlinson Owen William , Barker Alan Robert , Fulford Jonathan , Wilson Paul , Oades Patrick John , Williams Craig Anthony
Published: January 2020

Estimating muscle volume (MV) using variable numbers of cross‐sectional area (CSA) slices obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) introduces an error that is known in adults, but not in children and adolescents, whereby body sizes differ due to growth and maturation. Therefore, 15 children and adolescents (11 males, 14.8 ± 2.1 years) underwent MRI scans of the right thigh using a 1.5 T scanner to establish this error. A criterion MV was determined by tracing around and summing all CSAs, with MV subsequently estimated using every second, third, fourth and fifth CSA slice. Bland–Altman plots identified mean bias and limits of agreement (LoA) between methods. Error rates between 1.0 and 10.4% were seen between criterion and estimated MV. Additional analyses identified an impact of formulae selection, with a cylindrical formula preferred to a truncated cone. To counter high error between criterion and estimated MV due to the discrepancies in the number of CSA slices analysed, length‐matched criterion volumes were established, with reduced error rates (0.5–2.0%) being produced as a result. CSA at 50% thigh‐length also predicted MV, producing a high error (13.8–39.6%). Pearson's correlation coefficients determined relationships between error and measures of body size/composition, with all body size/composition measures being correlated (r = −0.78–0.86, p < 0.05) with the error between criterion and estimated MV. To conclude, MV can be accurately estimated using fewer CSA slices. However, the associated error must be considered when calculating MV in children and adolescents, as body size biases estimates.
GABA in, garbage out: AIS-located proteasomes regulate the developmental GABA switch
Authors: Leterrier Christophe
Published: January 2020

The GABA response switch from excitatory to inhibitory is a key event in neuronal maturation that depends on the regulated expression of chloride transporters NKCC1 and KCC2. In this issue, Lee et al. (2020. J. Cell. Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201903033) describe how degradation of NKCC1 by proteasomes immobilized at the axon initial segment (AIS) by the Ecm29 adaptor contributes to this regulation, driving the GABA switch and the positional maturation of the AIS.
A range of activators for cardiac IKs channels
Authors: Short Ben
Published: January 2020

JGP study suggests that varying the head group of polyunsaturated fatty acids could enable personalized treatments for long QT syndrome.
Final report on GULFMET supplementary comparison of AC energy (GULFMET.EM-S5)
Authors: Velychko Oleh , Karpenko Stanislav , Çayci Hüseyin , Bartholomew Jon
Published: January 2020

An intercomparison for standards of electrical energy has taken place within the framework of GULFMET. The intercomparison, piloted by State Enterprise 'Ukrmetrteststandard'-UMTS (Ukraine), has involved three laboratories, including one who is a member of another regional metrological organization: EURAMET and COOMET. The results presented in this report appear to show that there are significant differences between some laboratories' representations of the watt-hour. However, the agreement demonstrated by the intercomparison provides confidence in maintaining traceability for active energy and reactive energy for 1.0, 0.5 Lag, 0.5 Lead power factors at frequencies of 50 Hz and 53 Hz.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Adaptive resonance and pumping a swing
Authors: Glendinning Paul
Published: January 2020

Resonance, and particularly parametric resonance, is often given as an explanation for the increase in amplitude of a child on a swing, or more generally the actuation of pendulums. However the analysis is based on linearised models of the pendulum. We revisit the definition of parametric resonance and show how the pumping phenomenon is a much more complicated process than standard accounts might suggest. We show that if the frequency is not adapted as a function of the period of the oscillations then parametric forcing leads to a modulated oscillation which grows and then decreases periodically. A weakly nonlinear approximation confirms this observation. This shows that the parametric forcing required to maintain or grow oscillations in an actuated pendulum need to adapt to the period of the current oscillations rather than some abstract ‘natural frequency’. These results are extended to other resonant models of pumping a swing.
Experimental tests and finite element simulations of a new SMA-steel damper
Authors: Qiu Canxing , Wang Hongyang , Liu Jiawang , Qi Jian , Wang Yanming
Published: January 2020

Owing to their outstanding recentering capability, shape memory alloy (SMA) dampers are emerging as promising passive dampers for seismic applications. However, compared to typical seismic dampers, the inherent energy dissipation capability of SMAs is often deemed barely satisfactory. To enhance the damping capacity of SMA dampers, this study suggests combining SMA elements with steel dampers based on bending steel plates. In this new SMA-steel damper, the steel dampers are mainly responsible for absorbing seismic energy, whereas the SMA bars primarily play the role of recovering inelastic deformation. Experimental tests were conducted at room temperature to verify the cyclic behavior of the proposed damper. The hysteretic parameters, such as strength, stiffness, equivalent damping ratio, and residual deformation, are of particular interest and quantified as a function of the loading amplitude. According to test results, the new damper is confirmed to possess desirable recentering capability and high damping. To further understand the damper, numerical simulations were carried out in the finite element (FE) analysis software ABAQUS. The numerical results validated the experimental data. Based on the calibrated FE model, the thickness of the bending steel plate of the steel damper and the diameter of the SMA bars were varied in the parametric analysis to examine its effect on the recentering tendency and damping mechanism.
Balancing the conversion efficiency and beam quality of second harmonic generation of a two-picosecond Yb:YAG thin-disk laser
Authors: Duda Martin , Novák Ondřej , Chyla Michal , Smrž Martin , Mocek Tomáš
Published: January 2020

In this work, the optimization of the second harmonic generation in an LiB3O5 crystal of the 1 kHz, 2 ps Yb:YAG laser is being investigated. Depending on the crystal thickness, an optimal intensity exists, above which the back-conversion process negatively affects the beam quality and pulse shape, while decreasing conversion efficiency. For a selected 2 mm thick frequency doubling crystal, the conversion efficiency of 80% at an optimal intensity of 120 GW cm−2 has been achieved, with output pulse duration of 1.3 ps and with beam quality of 1.4 and 1.6 in a horizontal and vertical direction, respectively, which is only slightly worse than the beam quality at a fundamental frequency.
Bubble translation driven by pulsation in a double-bubble system*
Authors: Zhang Ling-Ling , Chen Wei-Zhong , Zhang Yuan-Yuan , Wu Yao-Rong , Wang Xun , Zhao Guo-Ying
Published: January 2020

The pulsation and translation of two cavitation bubbles are studied numerically in sound field. The results show that bubbles’ pulsation driven by the sound makes them translate. Different pulsations lead to different translations. Two bubbles will be mutually attractive to each other if they pulsate in phase, while they will be repulsive if out of phase. Furthermore, the secondary Bjerknes force for small phase difference is attractive, and it becomes repulsive for other phase differences up to π phase difference due to the nonlinear effect, although the attractive strength between two bubbles is much larger than the repulsive strength. Finally, one bubble pulsation and the other bubble stationary make the bubbles repel each other.
Time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations for multi-gap superconductors*
Authors: Li Minsi , Gu Jiahong , Du Long , Zhong Hongwei , Zhou Lijuan , Chen Qinghua
Published: January 2020

We numerically solve the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equations for two-gap superconductors using the finiteelement technique. The real-time simulation shows that at low magnetic field, the vortices in small-size samples tend to form clusters or other disorder structures. When the sample size is large, stripes appear in the pattern. These results are in good agreement with the previous experimental observations of the intriguing anomalous vortex pattern, providing a reliable theoretical basis for the future applications of multi-gap superconductors.
Progress on the controllable synthesis of all-inorganic halide perovskite nanocrystals and their optoelectronic applications
Authors: Yuan Yi , Tang Aiwei
Published: January 2020

In the past five years, all-inorganic metal halide perovskite (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) nanocrystals have been intensely studied due to their outstanding optical properties and facile synthesis, which endow them with potential optoelectronic applications. In order to optimize their physical and chemical properties, different strategies have been developed to realize the controllable synthesis of CsPbX3 nanocrystals. In this short review, we firstly present a comprehensive and detailed summary of existed synthesis strategies of CsPbX3 nanocrystals and their analogues. Then, we introduce the regulations of several reaction parameters and their effects on the morphologies of CsPbX3 nanocrystals. At the same time, we provide stability improvement methods and representative applications. Finally, we propose the current challenges and future perspectives of the promising materials.
Realization of high-performance tri-layer graphene saturable absorber mirror fabricated via a one-step transfer process
Authors: Jiang Cheng , Wang Xu , Liu Jian , Ning Jiqiang , Zheng Changcheng , Li Xiaohui , Zhang Ziyang
Published: January 2020

Graphene, as a saturable absorber (SA), has attracted much attention for its application in ultrashort pulse fiber lasers due to its ultrafast interband carrier relaxation and ultra-broadband wavelength operation. Nevertheless, during the stacking process of monolayer graphene layer, the induced nonuniform contact at the interface of graphene layers deteriorate the device performance. Herein, we report the fabrication of graphene saturable absorber mirrors (SAMs) via a one-step transfer process and the realization of the much enlarged modulation depth and the much reduced nonsaturable loss with tri-layer graphene (TLG) than single-layer graphene (SLG) due to the improved uniform contact at the interface. Moreover, the operation of 1550 nm mode-locked Er-doped fiber laser with the TLG SAM exhibits excellent output characteristics of the maximum output power of 9.9 mW, a slope efficiency of 2.4% and a pulse width of 714 fs. Our findings are expected to pave the way toward high-performance ultrashort pulse fiber lasers based on graphene SAs.
Strategically designed marine reserve networks are robust to climate change driven shifts in population connectivity
Authors: Rassweiler Andrew , Ojea Elena , Costello Christopher
Published: January 2020

Marine reserves can be effective conservation and fishery management tools, particularly when their design accounts for spatial population connectivity. Yet climate change is expected to significantly alter larval connectivity of many marine species, questioning whether marine reserves designed today will still be effective in the future. Here we predict how alternative marine reserve designs will affect fishery yields. We apply a range of empirically-grounded scenarios for future larval dispersal to fishery models of seven species currently managed through marine reserves in the nearshore waters in Southern California, USA. We show that networks of reserves optimized for future climate conditions differ substantially from networks designed for today’s conditions. However, the benefits of redesign are modest: a set of reserves designed for current conditions commonly produces outcomes within 10% of the best redesigned network, and far outperforms haphazardly designed networks. Thus, investing in the strategic design of marine reserves networks today may pay dividends even if the networks are not modified to keep up with environmental change.
Repeated leak detection and repair surveys reduce methane emissions over scale of years
Authors: Ravikumar Arvind P , Roda-Stuart Daniel , Liu Ryan , Bradley Alexander , Bergerson Joule , Nie Yuhao , Zhang Siduo , Bi Xiaotao , Brandt Adam R
Published: January 2020

Reducing methane emissions from the oil and gas industry is a critical climate action policy tool in Canada and the US. Optical gas imaging-based leak detection and repair (LDAR) surveys are commonly used to address fugitive methane emissions or leaks. Despite widespread use, there is little empirical measurement of the effectiveness of LDAR programs at reducing long-term leakage, especially over the scale of months to years. In this study, we measure the effectiveness of LDAR surveys by quantifying emissions at 36 unconventional liquids-rich natural gas facilities in Alberta, Canada. A representative subset of these 36 facilities were visited twice by the same detection team: an initial survey and a post-repair re-survey occurring ∼0.5–2 years after the initial survey. Overall, total emissions reduced by 44% after one LDAR survey, combining a reduction in fugitive emissions of 22% and vented emissions by 47%. Furthermore, >90% of the leaks found in the initial survey were not emitting in the re-survey, suggesting high repair effectiveness. However, fugitive emissions reduced by only 22% because of new leaks that occurred between the surveys. This indicates a need for frequent, effective, and low-cost LDAR surveys to target new leaks. The large reduction in vent emissions is associated with potentially stochastic changes to tank-related emissions, which contributed ∼45% of all emissions. Our data suggest a key role for tank-specific abatement strategies as an effective way to reduce oil and gas methane emissions. Finally, mitigation policies will also benefit from more definitive classification of leaks and vents.
Improvement stability of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis encapsulated by water soluble chitosan nanoparticles
Authors: Gustiningtyas A , Setyaningsih I , Hardiningtyas S D , Susila A A R
Published: January 2020

Spirulina platensis is a microalga containing protein and other nutrients, also pigments which has several advantages in food and pharmaceuticals. Phycocyanin is a blue pigment from Spirulina sp. composed by α and β polypeptide with phycocyanobilin. Phycocyanin can be extracted by ultra-sonication method. However, this pigment can be easily degraded because of its instability caused by pH, temperature, and light. One of methods for maintaining the stability is encapsulation by coating material. Water soluble chitosan (WSC) is known as a low-molecular weight and low toxic coating material dissolve in water. The purposes of this study were to determine phycocyanin extraction with different time and evaluate the stability of phycocyanin in WSC nanoparticles. Phycocyanin-WSC nanoparticles were prepared with three different ratio of WSC to phycocyanin i.e 1:1, 1:0.75, 1:0.5 (w/w). Extraction phycocyanin using ultrasonicator for 15 min showed the highest concentration (1.28 mg/mL) and yield (2.56%). The smallest size and narrow polydispersities of phycocyanin-WSC nanoparticles was achieved with ratio of WSC to phycocyanin of 1:0.75 (w/w). Encapsulation of phycocyanin in WSC nanoparticle enhanced the stability at 50°C for 90 min. Encapsulation can be used for any supplement application.
Extraction of phycoerythrin from Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed using ultrasonication
Authors: Uju  , Dewi N P S U K , Santoso J , Setyaningsih I , Hardingtyas S D , Yopi
Published: January 2020

Kappaphycus alvarezii is type of red seaweed that widely cultivated in Indonesia. K. alvarezii contains phycobiliproteins mainly phycoerythrin which is commonly used as natural dyes in food and cosmetics, fluorescent, and analytical reagents. Phycoerythrin is generally extracted from red seaweed using buffer phosphate with freeze thawing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of extraction time using ultrasonic waves on the characteristics of phycoerythrin. The maximum absorbance was formed at a wavelength of 499, 534, and 564 nm. Ultrasonic extraction treatment for 30 min and precipitation 60% ammonium sulfate were the best treatments, which had a pigment concentration of 1.9102 mg/mL, purity index 0.8311, and protein concentration of 0.5206 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity possessed by the phycoerythrin pigment is categorized as strong to very strong.
Sustainable production and utilization of sago palm resource
Authors: Ehara H , Naito H , Toyota K , Asano K , Mishima T , Isono N , Ohmi M , Nitta Y , Toyoda Y
Published: January 2020

Sago palm (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) is distributed in Southeast Asia and Melanesia, and it produces comparatively high yield of starch (more than 200 kg per plant). This species can grow in wetland swamps where other food crops cannot grow economically and adapt to problem soils such as acid or saline with low input. The Society of Sago Palm Studies and the authors have published books entitled “The Sago Palm: The Food and Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century (Kyoto Univ. Press 2015)” and “Sago Palm: Multiple Contributions to Food Security and Sustainable Livelihoods (Springer 2018)”. This paper provides a brief review on (1) characteristics of seed germination and preparation of planting materials utilizing germinated seeds, (2) symbiosis of sago palm and microbes (nitrogen fixing bacteria or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi), (3) creating new value from pith waste after conventional starch extraction (recovery of starch, ethanol production or preparation of biodegradable foam from the waste) and (4) utilization of leaf or bark from our former publications and the achievements published in our journal ‘SAGO PALM’ or the proceedings of the International Sago Symposium to discuss sustainable production and utilization of sago palm resource in Asia and Pacific.
Global Scenario on Sustainable Coconut Development
Authors: Nair D
Published: January 2020

Coconut is a crop of the tropics and is grown in over 90 countries across the globe. It is called the Tree of life or Kalpavriksha owing to the multifaceted uses of coconut. It is a crop that provides food, edible oil, beverage, milk, sugar, fibre, fuel, wood etc. The various products from coconut have their applications in different sectors like edible oils, health and beauty care, functional food, industrial purifier, oleochemical industry etc. Coconut is crop that is most suited for sustainable agriculture supporting the three pillars of society, economy and the environment. It allows for a wide range of crops as inter crops or mixed crops thereby increasing the land utilization, but at the same time allowing for maintenance of soil fertility, improvement of soil texture, water conservation and remunerative prices top the small farmers. The market demand for the various processed products from coconut is increasing every day, with more and more clinical trials conclusively proving the anecdotal evidences on the nutritional and health benefits of coconut and its products.
Effect of Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer on Phytophthora palmivora infection in cacao seedlings
Authors: Harni R , Amaría W , Ferry Y , Marhaeni L S
Published: January 2020

Phytophthora palmivora is a pathogen that causes black pod, leaf blight, and stem cancer on cacao, that cause yield loss up to 40%. Control of P. palmivora is intended to make plants healthy, by using Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer. The study was aimed to determine the effect of Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer application against P. palmivora infection in cacao seedlings. The study used a randomized block design consisting of 13 treatments with 5 replications. The treatments were Trichoderma spp. (T. atroviride JB2, T. amazonicum LP3, T. hamatum LP2), and potassium fertilizers dosages (1, 2 and 3 g), chemical fungicides (mancozeb) for comparison, and control. Cacao seedlings were treated with Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer, then the plants were inoculated with P. palmivora. Observations were on attack symptoms, incubation period, disease severity, growth of cacao seedlings, and lignin content. The results showed that the application of Trichoderma spp. and potassium fertilizer prolonged the incubation period and reduced the number of leaves spots (48.95–75.37%). T. amazonicum + 3 g of potassium fertilizer and T. hamatum + 2 g of potassium fertilizer suppressed the number of spots up to 75.37% and 71.36% respectively, higher than chemical fungicides that were 70.86%.
Landscape planning of tea plantation agrotourism area based on agro-based services
Authors: Faridah H , Pramukanto Q
Published: January 2020

The availability of various plantations in Indonesia are potential resource that can be utilized as agro-tourism areas, so that it can expand the spectrum of business not only in tea production but also in agro-tourism businesses. Agro-based service can be developed based on utilization plantation agribusiness system, i.e. on-farm agribusiness, off-farm agribusiness, and additional resources as agrotourism objects and attractions. One of the potential areas is Ciater PTPN VIII Tea Plantation which is managed by a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN). This plantation area of 983.7 ha, which is dominated by tea plantation land use (61.22%), while the rest is other uses, such as forests and other natural resources. The objective of study is creating landscape plan of tea plantation agrotourism based on agro-based services. The planning method carried out consists of the preparation, inventory, analysis, synthesis, and landscape planning. The analysis was carried out on the biophysical, tourist objects and attractions, as well as aspects of people’s preferences and acceptability. Research produces spatial plan, circulation plans, and landscape plans. The landscape plan consists of the main agro-tourism space, agrotourism support space, supporting tourism space, production space, and conservation space.
Yield and essential oil quality of Indonesian ceylon cinnamon at different age of harvest
Authors: Rostiana O , Suryani E , Purwiyanti S , Heriyanto R , Arlianti T
Published: January 2020

Ceylon cinnamon is a world-famous cinnamon product produced mainly by Sri Lanka. In Indonesia, the distribution of Ceylon cinnamon is very limited. Fifteen Ceylon cinnamon promising lines in the Research Station at Laing, West Sumatera, have been chosen and observed for their yield and quality components. Plants that are usually harvested at the age of 4-6 years, can grow and develop into new branches, after being harvested. This study was aimed to determine the production capacity and quality of 15 accessions. The first harvest were performed at 6 years age, with bark production capacity 1,800 - 4,350 kg/tree, cinnamaldehyde content 42.23% - 61.24%. The following harvest had been carried out on new grown branches at 3 and 4 year ages, in which the production of bark, leaves, oil content and its quality, were varied for each accession. The yield components and essential oils quality of Ceylon cinnamon cultivated at a medium altitude were influenced by age of plant. Therefore, it is recommended that best harvesting would be 6 years after planting, and 4 years later on after the first pruning. Certain accession had optimum yield of bark and leaves, cinnamaldehyde content >60%, eugenol content >85%, and meets the international standard.
Correlation between morphological characters and the sex phenotypes of Myristica fragrans Houtt Trees
Authors: Purwiyanti S , Wahyu Y , Rostiana O , Sudarsono
Published: January 2020

Nutmeg is a dioecious plant where male and female flowers are generally located on different trees. Identification of early tree sex phenotypes in the vegetative phase will help grower optimize land productivity. This aim of this study was to identify morphological characters that are associated with sex expression. In this research 188 accessions numbers of nutmeg were used as genetic material consisting of 104 female and 84 of male trees. The morphological characters observed were habitus, leaves, flowers, fruit, seeds, and mace. The relationship between sex expression and morphological characters was tested by the individual proportion on each character and Pearson correlation. The results showed that morphological characters could not predict sex expressions. Male tree habitus and corolla size were generally bigger than female but female pedicellus size was bigger than male ones. There were no growth and yield component characters correlated to their yield.
Physichochemical properties of Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut
Authors: Maskromo I , Karouw S , Pandin D S , Mahayu W M , Santosa B , Alouw J C
Published: January 2020

Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut is one of the superior coconut varieties with characteristics of early bearing, large fruit size and sweet water. The study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties of fruit and water of Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut. Evaluation was carried out to measure the mineral content of coconut water, water content, ash, protein, and fat, the content of fatty acids and amino acids of fruit flesh. The fruits of Nias Yellow Dwarf, Mapanget Tall, Tenga Tall and KHINA-1 Hybrid were also evaluated. The analysis was carried out at the Laboratory of PT. Saraswati Indo Genetech, Bogor. The results showed that potassium and phosphorus content in water of young nut of Kebumen Entog Dwarf coconut fruit were higher than these in Nias Yellow Dwarf. The young kernel contained of 49.52% fat, 3.94% moisture, 3.78% ash, and 7.64% protein. The mature kernel of Kebumen Entog Dwarf contained of 63.20% fat, 5.9% moisture, 1.72% ash, and 5.24% protein. The medium chain fatty acids (caproic, caprilic, capric and lauric acids) in young and mature nuts was 43.12% and 51.07%, respectively. Fifteen types of amino acids in kernel of mature kernel was also detected. Dominant amino acids in coconut flesh were glutamic acid (1.28%), arginine (0.71%) and aspartic acid 0.45%.
Differential expression of root specific genes of oil palm seedlings at early stage of Ganoderma boninense infection
Authors: Faizah R , Putranto R A , Wening S , Sukma D , Raharti V R , Budiani A , Sudarsono S
Published: January 2020

The Ganoderma boninense is the pathogen causing basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, degrades oil palm root cell walls and modify plant metabolisms. Research groups have studied molecular mechanisms responses to G. boninense infections. A few have indicated the importance of studying specific gene expressions in relation to resistance mechanisms. This study aims to identify differentially expressed genes in oil palm roots showing susceptible or resistance responses and visualize their accumulated transcript in the heatmap form. The susceptible and resistant seedlings showing symptoms of BSR infection and healthy ones were sampled. Sixteen genes associated with G. boninense infection were identified and their expression were analyzed. Total RNAs were extracted from root samples and cDNA synthesized. Quantitative real time PCR were performed using cDNA, and differential gene expressions were evaluated. Two genes showed the highest transcript accumulation in susceptible and resistant seedlings treated with or without G. boninense. Ten out of the 16 genes belonged to Group I and the other six to Group. Seven out of the 16 genes were differentially expressed in the samples either with or without G. boninense inoculation. The seven genes may be associated with early infection responses to G. boninense.
Determination of optimum rate of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers for a four-year-old oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
Authors: Purwanto O D , Sudradjat
Published: January 2020

Appropriate fertilizing rate of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) plays an important role to increase growth and yield of oil palm as well as to minimize environmental pollution because of the residues of inorganic fertilizer. This study aimed to explain the effect of P and K fertilizers and determine the optimum rate for a four-year-old oil palm. Experimental design used in each of these experiments were one factor of randomized complete block design factor and consisted of five levels with three replications. The treatment levels used in experiment 1 were 0, 443.75, 887.5, 1331.25, and 1775 g P2O5 per palm per year. The treatment levels used in experiment 2 were 0, 1020.6, 2041.2, 3061.8, and 4082.4 g K2O per palm per year. Application of P fertilizer significantly affected to palm height, trunk girth, stomatal density, leaf P content, bunch number and yield of FFB. The optimum rate of P fertilizer was 924 ± 88 g P2O5 per palm per year. Application of K fertilizer significantly affected to trunk girth, leaf area of frond 17, stomatal density, leaf K content, bunch number and yield of FFB. The optimum rate of K fertilizer was 2760 ± 107 g K2O per palm per year.
Factors effecting pepper production and quality in several production center
Authors: Karmawati E , Ardana I K , Siswanto  , Soetopo D
Published: January 2020

The decrease of Indonesian pepper production caused by the decrease of productivity in production centre. Many problems faced by smallholders. To find out the real problems of pepper cultivation, a research had been carried out in several production centre such as Lampong, Bangka, Central and West Java with the objectives : a) to explore the problems and the performance of pepper plantation, and b) to identify technology adoption and technology needed. The research were conducted from May through October 2017. The method used was survey by collecting primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through intervieuwing farmers, local government, businessman and extension workers. SWOT analysis and FGD were used to arrange policy recommendations. The problems found out in pepper development in all areas were a) there was limited technologies adoption of seeds, cultivation and processing, b) the shortage of superior varieties in production centre, c) the shortage of farmers capital because of very srare partnership between farmers and businessman, d) very high attack of pest and deseases so that farmers changed their plant into oilpalm and rubber, e) world price fluctuation that farmers could not manage the plantation, d) climate change and e) the shortage of farmers mastering the technology..
Overview of the use of biocontrol agents in the control of Indonesian sugarcane borers
Authors: Nurindah  , Sunarto D A , Sujak
Published: January 2020

Sugarcane-borers complex in Indonesia consists of a shoot borer (Scirpophaga excerptalis) and four stem borers (Chilo sacchariphagus, C. auricilius, Sesamia inferens and Tetramoera schistaceana). Control of these borers is carried out biologically through the release of egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. There are four species of mass-produced egg parasitoids and are used in the borer control program, namely Trichogramma japonicum, T. chilonis, T. nanum, and T. minutum. During this time, to measure the level of effectiveness of egg parasitoid releases was through the level of stalk damage. The effectiveness of the release of egg parasitoid should be measured through the mortality rate of borer eggs or parasitization level by the parasitoid. The observations in sugar cane plantations with release and without release of the Trichogramma spp. showed that releases of T. japonicum and T. chilonis were not effective in causing borer egg mortality. The level of parasitization of the borers’ eggs in both plantations was not significantly different, and the parasitization of sugarcane borer eggs was observed mostly due to natural egg parasitoid species, such as Tetrastichus sp., Telenomus sp., and T. chilonis. Biological control of the sugarcane borer complex by mass release of egg parasitoid needs to be reviewed.