bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological and histological study of the forewing of Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus 1758) (Sternorrhyncha, Hemiptera) with a comparative analysis of forewings among Sternorrhyncha infraorders
Authors: Franielczyk-Pietyra Barbara , Depa Łukasz , Wegierek Piotr
Published: May 2019

Identification of whiteflies is based mainly on larval stages and generally very little is known about wings of these insects. Therefore, both sides of the forewings of Aleyrodes proletella were studied using histological methods, light and scanning electron microscopes. Studies confirm the occurrence of only three veins on forewings: the costal, radial and anal ones; only the anal vein lies under the anal fold. A campaniform and trichoid sensilla are present. The shape of wax secretions and wing margins is described. The comparative analysis of forewing structures contains new data for all Sternorrhyncha infraorders. The current results confirm the monophyly of the group, but place aphids closer to psyllids. The analysis of forewing base indicates that its general model is similar among Sternorrhyncha, but there occur some intergroup differences. Ways of wing folding depend on the structure of thorax.
Vertically transmitted chikungunya, Zika and dengue virus infections
Authors: Evans-Gilbert Tracy
Published: May 2019

Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV), and Dengue viruses (DENV) exhibit similar epidemiological and clinical patterns but have different pathophysiological mechanisms of disease manifestations. Differences occur in the severity of clinical presentations with the highest mortality in the general population attributed to DENV and neurological morbidity due to ZIKV. ZIKV and DENV infections can cause fetal loss with ZIKV exhibiting teratogenesis. CHIKV is associated with severe complications in the newborn. Co-circulation of the three viruses and the cross-reactive immune response between ZIKV and DENV viruses has implications for an attenuated clinical response and future vaccine development. Coinfections could increase due to the epidemiologic synergy, but there is limited evidence about the clinical effects, especially for the vulnerable newborn. The purpose of this paper is to review the pathophysiological basis for vertically transmission manifestations due to CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV, to determine the potential effects of co-circulation on newborn outcomes and the potential for vaccine protection. Inflammatory cytokines are responsible for placental breaches in DENV and ZIKV; Hofbauer cells facilitate the transfer of ZIKV from the placenta to the fetal brain, and high viral loads and mechanical placental disruption facilitate the transmission of CHIKV. Co-infection of these viruses can present with severe manifestations, but the clinical and serologic evidence suggests that one virus predominates which may influence fetal transmission. All three viruses are in different stages of vaccine development with DENV vaccine being fully licensed. Antibody-enhanced infections in seronegative vaccinated candidates who develop natural infection to dengue limit its use and have implications for ZIKV vaccine development. Targeting transmission capacity in the vector could prevent transmission to all three viruses, and breast milk immunity could provide further clues for vaccine development.
Beauty and the Bikini: Embodied Respectability in Nigerian Beauty Pageants
Authors: Balogun Oluwakemi M.
Published: May 2019

In the world of Nigerian beauty pageants, the bikini remains a fraught embodied symbol and aesthetic practice. Pageant affiliates, critics, and fans alike strongly debate the question of whether to include bikinis in these events. This article draws primarily from nearly a year of ethnographic observations of two Nigerian national beauty contests in 2009-2010 to show how various stakeholders used personal, domestic, and international frames about women’s bodies, and the bikini in particular, to bolster respectability. Through embodied respectability, women’s figurative and literal bodies were used to strategically situate propriety, social acceptance, and reputability for the self and the nation.
Traveling Companions: The Burial of the Placenta in Niger
Authors: Cooper Barbara M.
Published: May 2019

This article, part of a historical study of childbirth in the Sahel, draws upon oral interviews, ethnographic materials, and studies of midwifery to explore placenta burial in Niger. In the region the placenta is often referred to as the “traveling companion” that ushers the new human from one world to the next. Only through proper respect toward the placenta by means of careful burial can a woman’s future fertility be protected. The importance of protecting a woman’s future reproductive capacity accounts for both the centrality of this ritual to childbirth and for the appeal of the ritual expertise of elderly “traditional birth attendants” despite access to bio-medically trained midwives. Protecting a vulnerable parturient mother from the envy of those (such as co-wives) who might “tie up” her womb is an integral part of the process of childbirth. Appropriate placenta burial orchestrated by a woman’s therapy management group makes good on the cyclical intergenerational entrustment through which ancestors and descendants endure in a cycle linking birth and death, planting, and burial. “Traditional” rituals bear marks of major shifts in the agricultural economy, rapid urbanization, and ongoing adoption and reinterpretation of Islam. Multi-generational interviews reveal that across a broad range of ethnicities, status groups, and educational profiles, women in Niger share a concern for proper placenta burial. This approach to preserving women’s reproductive health and fertility is shared by adjacent neighbors, generations, and ethnicities.
Protocol for a clinical trial of telehealth-based social communication skills training for people with traumatic brain injury and their communication partners
Authors: Rietdijk Rachael , Power Emma , Brunner Melissa , Togher Leanne
Published: May 2019

Background: A previous clinical trial of training communication partners of people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) demonstrated positive outcomes [Togher, Power, McDonald, Tate, & Rietdijk (2009). Brain Impairment, 10(2), 188-204]. Adapting communication partner training for delivery via telehealth could improve access to this intervention.

Objectives: To compare outcomes across in-person communication partner training, telehealth communication partner training and a control group

Method: Protocol for a partially randomised controlled trial. People with moderate-severe TBI will be allocated to either an in-person or telehealth-based training program. Comparison data will be drawn from the original trial control group, which was recruited using the same eligibility criteria as this protocol. Outcomes after training will be compared between the in-person training group, the telehealth training group and the historical control group.

Discussion: This protocol uses specific design features with the aim of maximising the study’s power, including a partially randomised allocation process and a historical control group. The results will inform about the feasibility and effectiveness of delivering TBI rehabilitation via telehealth.

Trial registration: Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12615001024538.
Reviewing the bases for a nomenclatural uniformization of the highest taxonomic levels in arthropods
Authors: Aria Cédric
Published: May 2019

As the most diverse animal phylum, Arthropoda expectedly has a complex nomenclatural history. Fossil stem groups scattering diagnostic traits of extant clades further complicate the matter. There have been some recent attempts at reorganizing higher-level arthropod taxonomy based on new fossil interpretations and phylogenetic results. However, I argue that this proposed terminology has introduced unnecessary confusion both for semantic reasons and because the core of these interpretations is being falsified. In this paper, I defend the rightful use of Arthropoda and Euarthropoda as key terms in organizing the major branches of the arthropod evolutionary tree and emend Euarthropoda based on the most recent findings in this field. To help with the description of the tree when dealing with euarthropods that belong outside of the main radiative clade including extant taxa, I propose the name Cenocondyla nom. nov., which represents the least inclusive group containing both Mandibulata and Chelicerata.
The Ugaritic and Biblical Rephaim
Authors: l'Heureux Conrad
Published: May 2019

In 1941 Charles Virolleaud published a small corpus of tablets commonly referred to as the Rephaim Texts because they apparently involve the Ugaritic forerunners of the Biblicalrĕpāʽîm. The meaning of these texts is often obscure, but at least the following seems clear: therp’mare invited to someone's house or palace; after three days' travel by chariot they arrive at thegrnt/meṭʽt, usually translated “threshing floors/plantations,” though the exact significance of the expression is not really clear; finally, therp’mspend seven days in eating and drinking. This much is a least common denominator shared by all interpretations. When we get to more specific details, however, we find disagreement among students of these texts. Most of the disagreements arise from the differing ways in which the identity of therp'mis understood.
Coleridge's Reputation as a Religious Thinker: 1816–1972
Authors: Rule Philip C.
Published: May 2019

Two recent publications that appeared during the Coleridge bi-centennial prompt this bibliographical survey of Coleridge's reputation as a religious thinker. Neither Norman Fruman's Coleridge, The Damaged Archangel nor René Wellek's contribution to the latest edition of The English Romantic Poets gives an adequate picture of Coleridge's ideas on religion and the profound effect they had on the English-speaking theological tradition. More concerned with debunking Coleridge's originality, both writers appear generally indifferent and unsympathetic to the large body of Coleridge's later writings that constitute by far the greater part of his canon and are the source of his wide influence on succeeding generations.
Reform of the Automobile Accident Compensation System
Authors: Englard Izhak
Published: May 2019

This paper is based on a study prepared for the National Insurance Institute. Originally a comprehensive field study was envisaged, to include empirical data concerning the compensation of victims of automobile accidents in Israel, with the intention of examining the possibilities of necessary reform. It transpired that the field study needed substantial expansion in connection with a separate and independent study of the National Insurance Institute, relating to the rehabilitation of accident victims. It was therefore decided to deal with those areas which did not depend directly upon the empirical data. The absence of such data, however, restricted the possibility of drawing definite conclusions as to the state of affairs in Israel.

The first public proposals in the matter appeared in the Report of the Ben-Ze'ev Committee, appointed by the Ministers of Justice and of Labour in 1964, which was published in the summer of 1966. The gist of the Report lay in the recommendation to leave the implementation of the proposed scheme to the National Insurance Institute. The insurance companies and others came out in opposition and for that reason apparently the Report was shelved.
The Rights of the Individual in Court
Authors: Hausner Gideon
Published: May 2019

Close to one billion people, a third of the total population of the world, live under systems of government broadly defined as liberal-democratic, of which it can be said that authority rests on public opinion and is accountable to it. Out of the said number, only sixty million, i.e., 6%, live in states which have no formal written constitution. Great Britain is a notable example. New Zealand is another. Israel is a third in this exclusive company. In these countries it falls to the Courts, fortified as they are by the traditions of the Common law, to be the mainstay of the liberties of the individual. The English Common law, however, is “just like an English oak. You cannot transplant it to (another) continent and expect it to retain the tough character which it has in England. It will flourish indeed but it needs careful tending”. (per Lord Justice Denning).

The application of western principles of the rule of law to the reborn Jewish State was more in the nature of a grafting than of a transplantation. It was a combination which offered an interesting legal experiment. While drawing upon ancient legal traditions and heritage, the Israel courts were vitalized through their access to the legal experience of English-speaking countries, especially so since the Common law in its mother country exemplified the adaptations of old principles to new needs long before it was exported abroad.
The New Statute Law of Contracts
Authors: Yadin Uri
Published: May 2019

In speaking to an international congress on a given field of Israel law it would be natural, in order to facilitate communication with our guests from abroad, to compare the local law with the rules prevailing in one or more foreign systems. By doing so, similarities as well as dissimilarities could be pointed out and thereby the local picture put into proper perspective.

Such comparison would have been easier had this congress taken place some years earlier, say in 1967. At that time a sweeping statement to the effect that the law of contract in Israel was the same as in England would have been fairly correct. To be true, some remnants from the pre-Mandate period of Ottoman legislation were still in force. But their impact on the living law was almost negligible in the face of the pervasive influx of English law and its nearly total domination in the field of contracts.

English principles and precedents were applied throughout, whether in compliance with the mandate contained to that effect in art. 46 of the Palestine Order-in-Council of 1922 (which was maintained on the establishment of the State) or, simply because English law and English law reports were better known to most lawyers, both on the bench and at the bar. The papers read by Judge Baker and Advocate Shimron at the International Lawyers' Convention here in Jerusalem in 1958 bear ample witness to this state of affairs.
Extradition v. Asylum for Aerial Hijackers
Authors: Green L. C.
Published: May 2019

The hijacking of a Lufthansa aircraft from Rome to Kuwait, via Athens, consequent upon the massacre at Rome airport, focused attention upon the problem of the prevention and punishment of aerial hijacking.

This issue has many facets, but perhaps one of those which is of most interest to the lawyer is the institution of judicial proceedings against those involved. Insofar as international hijackings are concerned, the offender is always outside the territory of the country from or to which the aircraft is flying, either because of the diversion or because the hijacker has made his safe exit, a condition for the freeing of the aircraft or its passengers and crew. Invariably, too, he is outside the territory of the aircraft's state of registration. This means that extradition becomes a major issue, with the possibility of the hijacker seeking asylum in order to avoid his return to any of the various countries that may be seeking to place him on trial.
Twenty-Five Years of Criminal Procedure in Israel
Authors: Libai David
Published: May 2019

Any attempt to review twenty-five years of legislation and judicial criminal procedure in twenty-five minutes is frustrating, since we have at our disposal one minute for each year of activity. This impossible task was imposed upon my colleagues and myself by the organizers of this important convention, apparently in the belief that Israelis are never deterred by difficult and even hopeless missions.

We shall divide our discussion on criminal procedure into two parts: firstly, a brief history of legislation, and secondly, an examination of the accused's fundamental rights as they are protected in Israel after twenty-five years of statehood, and a partial survey of the Supreme Court's contribution to finding a reasonable balance between the defence of human rights and a guarantee of effectiveness in combating delinquency and bringing delinquents to punishment. The entire discussion will be in general terms, and many of the details mentioned will be no more than selected drops from the ocean of criminal procedure.
Freedom of Navigation and the New Law of the Sea
Authors: Lapidoth Ruth
Published: May 2019

It may be asserted that freedom of navigation is the cornerstone of international intercourse. It has always been indispensable for shipping, but at the same time, in the past, it did not give rise to any significant conflict of interests. No wonder that freedom of navigation has been universally recognized as a basic norm of international law. Indeed, it is often cited as the most classic illustration of a peremptory norm of the law of nations.

Freedom of navigation could not be confined to the high seas. It was soon realized that to ensure free access to and from the open sea, as well as free passage between its various parts, rights of navigation in several sea spaces other than the open sea should be recognized too. Consequently the ships of all nations are also entitled to enjoy certain rights of navigation in some areas which are subject to the sovereignty of the coastal State, particularly in international straits, even though they may form part of the territorial sea of the riparians. Whereas freedom of navigation on the high seas has long been taken for granted, these limited rights of passage have been the subject of friction and compromises between the users and the littoral State.
Influence of milk pH on the chemical, physical and sensory properties of a milk-based alcoholic beverage
Authors: Ibáñez Rodrigo A. , Vyhmeister Stefanie , Muñoz María F. , Brossard Natalia , Osorio Fernando , Salazar Fernando N. , Fellenberg María Angélica , Vargas-Bello-Pérez Einar
Published: May 2019

The research reported in this Research Communication evaluates the effect of milk acidification on the physicochemical and sensory properties of Licor de Oro (or Gold Liqueur; LO), a traditional alcoholic beverage produced in Chiloé island, Chile, which is made by mixing milk acidified with lemon juice and alcohol at a ratio of 1.0:1.0, along with sugar and other spices. The mixture is stored for a couple of weeks and then filtered to obtain a product with a yellowish-transparent appearance, sweetness and acidic taste, milky and alcoholic notes. The lack of information regarding LO processing, mainly in the amount of acid added to the mixture, leads to products of highly variable quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of milk acidification on the physicochemical and sensory properties of LO. Raw milk was acidified using citric acid to six different pH values: 6.7 (control), 6.0, 5.3, 4.6, 3.9 and 3.2. These milk treatments were then used to make LO. A decrease of milk pH led to LO with higher levels of sensorial and titratable acidity. LO obtained at pH 6.7 and 6.0 had higher levels of total protein than other treatments, leading to excessive turbidity. In contrast, treatments made at pH ≤5.3 had a typical transparent appearance of LO. These results suggest that a minimum level of milk acidification is required to obtain LO with desired appearance and composition.
Simpson Group (Middle Ordovician) Trilobites of Oklahoma
Authors: Shaw Frederick C.
Published: May 2019

The Middle Ordovician Simpson Group of southern Oklahoma consists of an exceptionally continuous record of carbonates, shales and quartz sandstones which accumulated in a shallow shelf environment. Vertical changes in the distribution of trilobite genera from these rocks can reasonably be interpreted as due to age rather than the influence of various environments or faunal provinces. The affinities of the lower Simpson trilobite faunas are with inner shelf faunas of trilobite zones M and N known from Utah and eastern Nevada and, to a lesser degree, with early Middle Ordovician faunas of Quebec and Newfoundland. Middle Simpson (McLish and Tulip Creek) Formations reflect slightly higher energy conditions and very few well-preserved trilobites. Those few genera present (for example,PliomeropsandEorobergia) are more typical of the Chazy Group and correlatives from eastern North America. The higher Bromide Formation, also of shelf origin, displays a distinctly eastern fauna, very similar to elements found in the Chazy Group and the presumably younger Edinburg Group of the east. Although many of Cooper's (1956) Middle Ordovician correlations can be understood, the stage names proposed at that time overlap in some cases and lack proper biostratigraphic definition in others. Abandonment of these stage names is urged until description of Middle Ordovician conodont, graptolite and shelly faunas now underway is nearer completion.
Experiments on insemination inMoniliformis dubius(Acanthocephala)
Authors: Crompton D. W. T.
Published: May 2019

Some effects of insemination onMoniliformis dubiuswere studied by means of a surgical technique involving the transplantation of worms of known age, sex and reproductive state from one male rat to another. Insemination resulting in the development of eggs was found to have occurred in femaleM. dubiusaged 16 days. An individual maleM. dubiuswas found to be capable of inseminating as many as 17 females of the same age. The duration of the patent period appeared to be related to the length of the period of contact between male and female worms at the start of the course of infection. The evidence indicated that the patent period of a female worm was curtailed in cases where the female was isolated from males sooner than 5 weeks after the start of the infection. Male worms estimated to be not more than 21 days old were found to be capable of inseminating females older than 100 days; in these cases, the patent period was brief. Evidence was obtained to suggest that insemination is followed by further growth of the somatic tissues of the female worms. These results apply to experimental infections, and caution should be exercised in applying them directly to natural infections.
The tegument ofSchistosoma mansoni: observations on the formation, structure and composition of cytoplasmic inclusions in relation to tegument function
Authors: Wilson R. A. , Barnes P. E.
Published: May 2019

Two major cytoplasmic inclusions, multilaminate vesicles and discoid granules, are present in the tegument ofSchistosoma mansoni. These are produced at separate Golgi apparatuses in the tegument cell bodies and move up to the surface by a combination of diffusion and fluid flow. The discoid granules contain neutral mucopolysaccharide and are believed to break down to form the ground substance of the tegument. The multilaminate vesicles are rich in phospholipid and the contents, at least superficially, resemble unit membranes. The multilaminate vesicles are believed to contribute their contents to the multilaminate surface of the worm which appears to be continually replaced. These observations are related to current ideas on membrane turnover and the ability of the worm to acquire a disguise of host erythrocyte glycolipid.
Controlling Broadleaf Weeds in Soybeans by Bentazon in Minnesota
Authors: Andersen Robert N. , Lueschen William E. , Warnes Dennis D. , Nelson Wallace W.
Published: May 2019

In field studies, bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4)3H-one 2,2-dioxide] was applied as postemergence sprays over the top of weeds and soybeans[Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Bentazon at 0.84 to 1.68 kg/ha applied as an early postemergence treatment controlled wild mustard[Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), Pennsylvania smartweed, (Polygonum pensylvanicumL.), common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.), and wild common sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). Pigweeds (Amaranthussp.) were controlled by applications in the three true-leaf stage but became more resistant at later stages. Control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.) was erratic. The optimum time for controlling weeds with bentazon was around the first trifoliolate stage of soybeans. Rainfall within several hours after treatment reduced weed control. Eight yield studies, two of which included eight cultivars, were conducted on weed-free soybeans. In none were yields reduced significantly by bentazon at 3.36 kg/ha (the highest rate studied). Eight yield studies were conducted on soybeans infested with common cocklebur or velvetleaf. Weed control was generally excellent with 0.84 kg/ha of bentazon. Where infestations were sufficient to reduce yields, bentazon treatments increased the yields to levels generally comparable with those of the handweeded checks. One exception was an application of bentazon to soybeans growing in a low area that was periodically flooded by heavy rains. In that experiment the benefit of controlling common cocklebur was offset by bentazon injury to the soybeans, and yields from the treated plots were about the same as those of the weedy check.
Effects of Herbicide-Crop Rotation on Nutsedge, Annual Weeds, and Crops
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Dowler C. C. , Jellum M. D. , Cecil S. R.
Published: May 2019

In a 3 year herbicide-crop rotation involving corn (Zea maysL. ‘Coker 811A’), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Carolina Queen’), and peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Argentine’), uncontrolled yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) and annual weeds drastically reduced all crop yields. By the end of the rotation sequences, intensive cultivation throughout the rotation killed 97 to 99% of the nutsedge tubers, but this level of control depended on hand-weeding the cotton. Moderate application of herbicides killed from 78 to over 99% of the yellow nutsedge tubers, while intensive treatment with herbicides produced at least 99% kill. In addition, all annual weeds present when the experiment was initiated were controlled satisfactorily by intensive herbicide applications except Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC.] in peanuts. The major change in composition of the weed population was a reduction in yellow nutsedge and in the total number of weeds; however, certain other population shifts also seemed affected by the weed control treatments. Compared to intensive cultivation, the investment in intensive herbicide treatment produced maximum yields and highest gross profit per acre. None of the treatments affected the market grade or organoleptic characteristics of peanuts. The fatty acid content of corn and cotton changed significantly only in 1967.
Basis for Selectivity of Phenmedipham and Desmedipham on Wild Mustard, Redroot Pigweed, and Sugar Beet
Authors: Hendrick Larry W. , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

The basis for selectivity of phenmedipham (methyl-m-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) and desmedipham (ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate) on wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L.C. Wheeler ‘pinnatifida’ (Stokes) L.C. Wheeler], redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), and sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) was studied by evaluating spray retention, absorption, translocation, and metabolism. Total photosynthesis in wild mustard was severely inhibited in less than 5 hr after foliar application of either herbicide and did not recover. Total photosynthesis in sugar beet was slightly inhibited but recovered after 24 hr. Photosynthesis in redroot pigweed recovered from a treatment of phenmedipham but did not recover when treated with desmedipham. Differences in spray retention or foliar absorption did not explain selectivity. Within 5 hr after herbicide application, redroot pigweed had translocated more desmedipham than phenmedipham from the site of absorption and had metabolized a large amount of the phenmedipham but little desmedipham. The key factor explaining selectivity appeared to be at the initial detoxication reaction of the parent compound.
Salt and Abscisic Acid Effects on 2,4,5-T Translocation
Authors: Basler E. , Slife F. W.
Published: May 2019

The effects of chloride salts of potassium, sodium, ammonium, and lithium and abscisic acid (ABA) on the translocation of 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. Var. Stringless Green-pod) seedlings were determined.14C-labeled 2,4,5-T was injected in the stem tissue at the cotyledonary node in a 1-μl volume along with ABA. The salts were added to the nutrient solution at 20 mM concentrations at the time of 2,4,5-T treatment. Sodium chloride inhibited 2,4,5-T accumulation in the upper portion of the plant; and except for LiCl, the salts tended to increase accumulation in the nutrient solution. LiCl increased 2,4,5-T accumulation in the young shoots and primary leaves and decreased accumulation in the roots and nutrient solution. The effects of ABA on 2,4,5-T translocation were similar to the effects of NaCl but were more pronounced. ABA caused large decreases in 2,4,5-T translocation to the young shoots and primary leaves and increased accumulation in the nutrient solution.
Diphenamid Metabolism in Tomato: Time Course of an Ozone Fumigation Effect
Authors: Hodgson Richard H. , Dusbabek Kendall E. , Hoffer Barry L.
Published: May 2019

The time course of diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) metabolism in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Sheyenne’) was altered by fumigation with 30 pphm (parts per hundred million) of O3. After 2 days 70% of the absorbed diphenamid was metabolized in controls compared with 83% in fumigated plants. Concentrations ofN-methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (MMDA) were equivalent in both fumigated and control plants. Less glucoside conjugate (MDAG) was present in fumigated plants 2 to 4 days after treatment than in the control plants. Gentiobioside conjugate (MDAGB) increased rapidly in fumigated plants after 0.5 day but not in control plants until after 2 days. Loss of diphenamid from aerated solution was demonstrated. A scheme for diphenamid metabolism is proposed.
Effect of Atrazine on Elongation of the Embryonic Axis of Red Kidney Bean
Authors: Bush Parshall B. , Ries S. K.
Published: May 2019

Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] at a concentration of 10−8M stimulated the elongation of the embryonic axis of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Charlevoix’). This stimulation of elongation was accompanied by a light-independent increase in protein synthesis as measured by radioactive amino acid incorporation.
Uptake and Translocation of Alachlor in Soybean and Wheat
Authors: Chandler Ames M. , Basler Eddie , Santelmann P. W.
Published: May 2019

Translocation of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) was primarily apoplastic with greater uptake and translocation in wheat (susceptible) than in soybean (resistant). Root-applied14C-alachlor translocated throughout both plants. Root uptake was greater for wheat than for soybean and older leaves accumulated more than did younger actively growing tissue in both species. Foliar applications to the primary leaves of soybean and wheat resulted in some apoplastic translocation within the treated leaf of wheat but only slight translocation in soybean. Absorption of14C-alachlor reached equilibrium at 4 hr by excised wheat root tissue, while absorption continued after 32 hr in excised coleoptile and leaf tissue. Absorption of alachlor by leaf and coleoptile tissue was greater in light than in the dark.
Population and Maturation Characteristics of the Common Milkweed
Authors: Sauer Donna , Feir Dorothy
Published: May 2019

Maturation rate, pod production, and density of common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.) were determined at sites in east-central Missouri. Emergence of milkweeds in May was followed by blooming of flowers in late June, production of full-size follicles (average of 5.1 per plant) by late July, and release of seed in mid-September. Density was 1 to 3 plants per m2and spacing of plants in 1.4 m2samples was equidistant. Significant. positive correlations were found between mean height of milkweeds and pH, magnesium and calcium concentrations in the soil, and between density and pH of the soil.
Volatilization of Various Esters and Salts of 2,4-D
Authors: Hee S. S. Que , Sutherland R. G.
Published: May 2019

The degree and rate of volatilization, and the partial vapor pressures of the methyl, n butyl, and n octyl esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] were determined at ambient temperatures using a kinetic system approximating field-air conditions. The initial surface area/applied mass ratio (Q), as well as temperature and the type of compound, determined the volatility. Only when the Q values were kept constant did the volatility decrease with increasing chain length and decreasing saturated vapor pressure as expected. A mathematical model was constructed. Similar results were obtained for the amine salts which had saturated vapor pressures of ca 10−10mm Hg at 38 C. Vapor drift can be essentially eliminated by use of the amine salts.
Full-Season Weed Control in Sugarbeets
Authors: Dawson J. H.
Published: May 2019

Sequential application of cycloate (S-ethyl N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate) at 3.4 kg/ha, phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) at 1.1 kg/ha, and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.6 or 0.8 kg/ha, plus certain mechanical measures, controlled weeds during all periods of the growing season without significant injury to sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.). Early-season weed control was complete enough that the new selective mechanical thinners could have replaced labor for thinning. The additional labor required to bring the crop to harvest free of weeds was limited to one late-season hoeing, which required less than 10% of the total labor required in traditional weed control schedules without herbicides.
Influence of Foam Adjuvants on Activity of Selected Herbicides
Authors: Mccall H. G. , Scifres C. J. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

Three blended foam adjuvants increased 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] uptake from aqueous solutions by detached live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.) leaves as compared to uptake from water alone. There were no differences in honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz.) D.C. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell] control with 2,4,5-T or 1:1 combinations of 2,4,5-T with picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) or with dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) at 0.56 kg/ha whether applied in water + 0.5% (v/v) foam adjuvant or in a diesel oil: water (1:4, v/v) emulsion. Residual life of picloram in native forages was not extended by foam carrier as compared to water, water and surfactant, and diesel oil:water emulsion as carrier. Foam generation from adjuvants with expansion ratios (ER) of two to four was less susceptible to alteration from addition of commercially-formulated herbicides than was an adjuvant with an ER of seven. Foam adjuvant ER's increased in a curvilinear fashion as water temperature was increased from 5 to 50 C.
Response of Tomato to Metribuzin
Authors: Fortino J. , Splittstoesser W. E.
Published: May 2019

Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H) one] injured and reduced growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) but did not inhibit germination or emergence of several other species. In cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.), metribuzin did not have a specific site of uptake, being equally toxic when placed in the root, shoot, or seed zone. Tomato was more susceptible to metribuzin when the plants were grown under high humidity, high temperature, maintained under low light intensities before spraying, had their leaves rubbed with glass wool, or had a surfactant in the spray solution. The increased toxicity under low light was not overcome by exogenous sucrose. About 4% of the available metribuzin was absorbed by tomato leaves or roots and was translocated in the xylem. Tomato plants 13 cm in height were less susceptible to metribuzin injury than 8-cm high plants.
Weed Science Today
Authors: Rodgers E. G.
Published: May 2019

Weed Science is a relatively young but challenging and dynamic discipline. It includes all aspects of combating weeds and reducing their undesirable effects on mankind–directly or indirectly. The need for effective weed control is not new; it has prevailed since the primitive beginning of crop culture. It has evolved into a strong discipline, however, only since World War II, stimulated by a pressing need for more economic weed control. In response to this need, numerous advances have been made that help to produce higher crop yields at lower cost. Herbicides have become common, intensive research and educational programs have been established, and Weed Science has taken its rightful place as a respected discipline in the academic and industrial communities.
Factors Affecting Miserotoxin Metabolism in Timber Milkvetch
Authors: Parker Robert , Williams M. C.
Published: May 2019

Three poisonous varieties of timber milkvetch (Astragalus miserDougl. ex Hook.) were grown under different temperature regimes in growth chambers. Miserotoxin, the poisonous chemical in timber milkvetch, was in greater concentration in plants grown at higher day temperatures (32 C) than at 24 C. In the field, nitrogen fertilizers did not affect miserotoxin synthesis in any variety, but significantly increased plant nitrogen in two varieties. Excluding light from Yellowstone milkvetch [var.hylophilus(Rydb.) Barneby] for 2 weeks significantly lowered miserotoxin concentration. Miserotoxin level in timber milkvetch was reduced when photosynthesis (a) was blocked by subjecting plants to prolonged darkness; (b) was disrupted by treating plants with 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid]; (c) was reduced by lowered day temperature; (d) was terminated by senescence and bleaching.
Influence of Soil Temperature and Moisture on Terbutryn Activity and Persistence
Authors: Wu Chu-Huang , Santelmann P. W. , Davidson J. M.
Published: May 2019

The phytotoxicity of soil-applied terbutryn [2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] to wheat (Triticum aestivumVill.) was significantly affected by soil moisture and soil temperature. Distribution coefficients (Kd) provided a better indication of the phytotoxicity of terbutryn to wheat than any single measured parameter contributing to herbicide adsorption by the soil. Soil temperatures and soil moisture levels suitable for good plant growth tended to enhance the phytotoxicity of terbutryn. No phytotoxic levels of terbutryn to wheat were detected in Teller sandy loam after 20 weeks of incubation at above 10C and 14% soil moisture by weight. However, phytotoxicity to wheat was observed in air-dry terbutryntreated soil after an incubation period of 20 weeks, regardless of incubation temperature. Significant quantities of terbutryn may remain in the field under dry soil conditions.
Metribuzin Effects on Seed Constituents of Soybean Varieties
Authors: Hardcastle W. S. , Wilkinson R. E. , Young C. T.
Published: May 2019

Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] (0, 0.56, 1.12, 1.68 kg/ha) applied the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars ‘Bragg,’ ‘Hampton,’ ‘Bienville,’ ‘Coker 318,’ ‘Coker 102,’ and ‘Hardee’ induced significant changes in total fatty acid concentration of soybean oil. Minor changes in soybean oil quality were induced by metribuzin but percent protein was not influenced.
Msma and Dsma for Removing Grass Weeds From Grass-Legume Seedlings
Authors: Peters E. J. , Lowance S. A.
Published: May 2019

MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) and DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) were applied to seedling orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) – alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ‘WL-304′) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L. ‘Ioreed’)-birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L. ‘Dawn’) mixtures before grasses were beyond the three-leaf stage. MSMA and DSMA controlled foxtails (Setaria spp.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] and fall panicum (Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx.), but were not effective on barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.]. The addition of 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] or bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) to MSMA or DSMA increased broadleaf weed control over that obtained with MSMA or DSMA alone. The forage mixtures tolerated 2 to 3 kg/ha of MSMA or DSMA and increased in yield when weeds were controlled. Elemental arsenic found in the forage increased in forage as the rates of MSMA or DSMA increased. Eighty-six to 96% less arsenic was found in early-than in late-treated forage.
Effect of 2,4-D and Various Salts on Eurasian Watermilfoil
Authors: Stanley Ronald A.
Published: May 2019

The management of Eurasian watermilfoil, an inimical aquatic weed in the Tennessee Valley, involves the use of water level management and herbicidal treatment with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. The possible use of other chemicals to make 2,4-D more effective was tested by measuring growth of Eurasian watermilfoil under laboratory conditions with combinations of sublethal levels of 2,4-D and partially inhibitory concentrations of AlCl3, NH4Cl, Na2AsO2, BaCl2, Na2B4O7, CuSO4, HgCl2, Pb(NO3)2, NaCl, and ZnSO4. At the levels tested, BaCl2, Pb(NO3)2, and ZnSO4were only additive in effect with 2,4-D. Other compounds produced synergism at some concentrations and mutual antagonism at other levels. The greatest synergism was obtained by using HgCl2, AlCl3, and NaCl at 0.2 μM, 10.0 μM, and 200.00 mM respectively.
Reversal of EPTC Induced Fatty Acid Synthesis Inhibition
Authors: Wilkinson R. E. , Smith A. E.
Published: May 2019

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), 1,8-naphthalic anhydride (NA),N,N-dialryl-2,2-dichloroacetamide (R-25788),CDAA(N,N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide) and CDEC (2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate) at concentrations of 10-5M inhibited the incorporation of acetate-1-14C (Ac∗) into fatty acids of isolated spinach (Spinacia oleraceaL.) chloroplasts. Lower concentrations of these chemicals did not affect acetate incorporation into fatty acids. However, the inhibition by EPTC at 10-5M was counteracted by NA and R-25788 [agriculturally important antidotes for EPTC injury to corn (Zea maysL.)] at 10-7M.
Chemical Control of Canada Thistle
Authors: Carson A. G. , Bandeen J. D.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of one, two, and three annual applications of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino) −6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid), and a three way mix of dicamba, mecoprop [2-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl) oxy]propionic acid], and 2,4-D at a ratio of 7:5:20 at different stages of development for the control of Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense(L.) Scop.]. Two consecutive annual applications in all atrazine treatments achieved the same level of control as cultivation every 5 weeks. In the year of the last treatment, Canada thistle was controlled with two or more consecutive annual applications of the hormone-type herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, and the three way mix); however, in the year following the last treatment, regrowth occurred.
Postemergence Application of Triallate for Wild Oat Control
Authors: Miller Stephen D. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

The effectiveness of postemergence applications of triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropylthiocarbamate] for wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Waldron’) was evaluated in the field and greenhouse. The stage of the wild oat plants at the time of treatment did not appear to influence wild oat control with postemergence applications of triallate in the field; however, in the greenhouse, wild oat plants became more resistant with increased maturation. Granular triallate was more effective than the emulsifiable concentrate for postemergence wild oat control. Fair season-long postemergence wild oat control was obtained with the granular formulation of triallate at rates of 2.24 kg/ha or greater. However, some wheat injury was observed in the field with the 2.80 and 3.36 kg/ha rates of granular triallate. Moisture and temperature influenced postemergence wild oat control with triallate.
Uptake, Translocation, and Adsorption of Pronamide
Authors: Carlson W. C. , Lignowski E. M. , Hopen H. J.
Published: May 2019

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] was most phytotoxic to oat (Avena sativaL.) when placed in the seed zone and to quackgrass (Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.), when placed in the rhizome zone. Inhibition of part of the buds by pronamide on detached quackgrass rhizome sections did not influence other buds. Foliar applications of pronamide were not phytotoxic to established oat or quackgrass. Foliar-applied14C-pronamide showed little uptake by quackgrass. Application to the roots of established plants showed rapid root uptake and movement to the foliage.14C-pronamide was rapidly absorbed by oat seedlings for the first 0.5 hr and subsequently at a much slower rate. Over 60% of the pronamide taken up after 1 hr was exchangeable. Pronamide was adsorbed to the cell walls of treated roots, but little was associated with nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, or soluble protein fractions. Pronamide was adsorbed to varying degrees depending on soil type. Adsorption was more highly correlated with soil organic matter content than with cation exchange capacity, clay content, or pH.
The Mode of Action of Pronamide
Authors: Carlson W. C. , Lignowski E. M. , Hopen H. J.
Published: May 2019

Pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl)benzamide] inhibited root and shoot growth, but had little effect on the germination of oat (Avena sativaL.) or cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.), and sprouting of quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv.] buds. Root growth was more sensitive than shoot growth. Pronamide decreased the longitudinal growth rate and caused radial enlargement in the elongation region of the roots of oat seedlings within 4 hr. Dry weights of the swollen root tips increased 6% over the controls after 4 hr. Pronamide stopped the growth of established oat plants within 24 hr when added to nutrient culture medium. It caused a slight increase in86Rb uptake by excised oat roots. Pronamide stopped normal mitosis in treated oat roots within 0.5 hr. Examination of treated root tips under a microscope showed numerous cells in arrested metaphase, c-pairs, multinucleate cells, polyploidy and swollen and misshapen nuclei. Incorporation of14C-glucose into oat root cell walls and14C-leucine into protein were increased by 26 and 20% respectively, following 4-hr incubations in pronamide. The primary mode of action of pronamide is mitotic poisoning.
Propanil-Carbofuran Interactions in Rice
Authors: Smith R. J. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: May 2019

At intervals of 3 to 56 days, propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) at 4.5 kg/ha was applied after treatments of carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2- dimethyl-7-benzofuranylmethyl carbamate) at 0.7 kg/ha. Their interaction injured rice (Oryza sativaL., ‘Starbonnet’) vegetatively, but did not reduce grain yields, milling quality, or seed viability. Leaf chlorosis and necrosis developed within 7 days after propanil treatment and lasted for 2 to 4 weeks. As the time interval between carbofuran and propanil treatments increased, leaf injury decreased. Older rice recovered more quickly than younger rice. Interaction of carbofuran and propanil did not cause chlorosis or necrosis of rice leaves when the insecticide was applied 5 days after the herbicide. Propanil alone, applied once at 4.5 kg/ha, or applied sequentially at 4.5 kg/ha each time, caused only slight chlorosis of rice leaves.