bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate change opens new frontiers for marine species in the Arctic: Current trends and future invasion risks
Authors: Chan Farrah T. , Stanislawczyk Keara , Sneekes Anna C. , Dvoretsky Alexander , Gollasch Stephan , Minchin Dan , David Matej , Jelmert Anders , Albretsen Jon , Bailey Sarah A.
Published: October 2018

Climate change and increased anthropogenic activities are expected to elevate the potential of introducing nonindigenous species (NIS) into the Arctic. Yet, the knowledge base needed to identify gaps and priorities for NIS research and management is limited. Here, we reviewed primary introduction events to each ecoregion of the marine Arctic realm to identify temporal and spatial patterns, likely source regions of NIS, and the putative introduction pathways. We included 54 introduction events representing 34 unique NIS. The rate of NIS discovery ranged from zero to four species per year between 1960 and 2015. The Iceland Shelf had the greatest number of introduction events (n = 14), followed by the Barents Sea (n = 11), and the Norwegian Sea (n = 11). Sixteen of the 54 introduction records had no known origins. The majority of those with known source regions were attributed to the Northeast Atlantic and the Northwest Pacific, 19 and 14 records, respectively. Some introduction events were attributed to multiple possible pathways. For these introductions, vessels transferred the greatest number of aquatic NIS (39%) to the Arctic, followed by natural spread (30%) and aquaculture activities (25%). Similar trends were found for introductions attributed to a single pathway. The phyla Arthropoda and Ochrophyta had the highest number of recorded introduction events, with 19 and 12 records, respectively. Recommendations including vector management, horizon scanning, early detection, rapid response, and a pan‐Arctic biodiversity inventory are considered in this paper. Our study provides a comprehensive record of primary introductions of NIS for marine environments in the circumpolar Arctic and identifies knowledge gaps and opportunities for NIS research and management. Ecosystems worldwide will face dramatic changes in the coming decades due to global change. Our findings contribute to the knowledge base needed to address two aspects of global change—invasive species and climate change.
Sward patterns created by patch grazing are stable over more than a decade
Authors: Tonn Bettina , Raab Christoph , Isselstein Johannes
Published: October 2018

Under extensive grazing, a mosaic pattern of frequently defoliated short patches and rarely defoliated tall patches is often formed. The agronomic and ecological consequences of this patch‐grazing pattern strongly depend on its stability between successive years. We assessed patch structure and temporal stability under three intensities of cattle stocking (moderate, lenient and very lenient) in a cattle grazing experiment established in 2002. Aerial images of the whole area taken in 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2015 were classified into short and tall patches using random forest classification. These were complemented by annual sward height measurements (2007‐2017) at 10 permanent plots per paddock, which were classified into sward height classes. The mean proportion (0.72, 0.32, 0.19) and size of short patches decreased with stocking intensity, while size of tall patches increased. Inter‐annual stability depended on patch type and stocking intensity and was particularly high for the respective dominant patch type. Of the short patch area in 2015, 0.62, 0.29 and 0.30 were classified as short in all four aerial images under moderate, lenient and very lenient grazing, respectively; the corresponding proportions for tall patches were 0.10, 0.53 and 0.65. Our results imply that short and tall patches experience persistent differences in local grazing intensity over extended periods. The long‐term effects of this heterogeneity on soil properties and vegetation composition need to be monitored to assess agronomic sustainability and ecological potential of patch‐grazed pastures.
Meta‐analysis of the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus buchneri on fermentation, chemical composition and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage
Authors: Rabelo Carlos Henrique Silveira , Härter Carla Joice , Ávila Carla Luiza da Silva , Reis Ricardo Andrade
Published: October 2018

We conducted a meta‐analysis to investigate the impact of Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus buchneri on the fermentation, chemical composition, and aerobic stability of sugarcane silage. Two databases that included 15 and 27 published articles (81 and 83 silages evaluated) were used to evaluate L. plantarum and L. buchneri, respectively. For each database, the means of the treatments compiled from the studies were classified into two categories: (a) sugarcane silage without inoculant (untreated) and (b) sugarcane silage inoculated with L. plantarum (1 × 105–1.8 × 106 cfu/g of fresh forage) or with L. buchneri (2.5 × 104–1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh forage; inoculated). Sugarcane silage inoculated with L. plantarum displayed increased ethanol concentration (+43.8%, p < 0.01) and dry matter (DM) loss (+9.6%, p = 0.03). In contrast, inoculation with L. buchneri increased the acetic acid concentration (+30.8%, p = 0.01), and decreased ethanol concentration (−58.8%, p < 0.01) and DM loss (−19.7%, p < 0.01). In vitro DM digestibility decreased following inoculation with L. plantarum (−5.7%, p = 0.05) or L. buchneri (−3.3%, p < 0.01). Aerobic stability was unaffected by inoculation with L. plantarum (p = 0.16) or L. buchneri (p = 0.48). The results show that L. plantarum impairs the fermentation of sugarcane silages; therefore, its utilization might not be recommended for ensiling this crop. Conversely, even with no additional gain on silage digestibility and aerobic stability, L. buchneri may be recommended for sugarcane ensiling because it reduces alcoholic fermentation and DM loss.
Developmental gene expression patterns in the brain and liver of Xenopus tropicalis during metamorphosis climax
Authors: Yaoita Yoshio , Nakajima Keisuke
Published: October 2018

Thyroid hormones (THs) induce metamorphosis in amphibians, causing dynamic changes, whereas mammalian newborns undergo environmental transition from placenta to open air at birth. The similarity between amphibian metamorphosis and the mammalian perinatal periods has been repeatedly discussed. However, a corresponding developmental gene expression analysis has not yet been reported. In this study, we examined the developmental gene expression profiles in the brain and liver of Xenopus tropicalis during metamorphosis climax and compared them to the respective gene expression profiles of newborn rodents. Many upregulated genes identified in the tadpole brain during metamorphosis are also upregulated in the rodent brain during the first three postnatal weeks when the TH surge occurs. The upregulation of some genes in the brain was inhibited in thyroid hormone receptor α (TRα) knockout tadpoles but not in TRβ–knockout tadpoles, implying that brain metamorphosis is mainly mediated by TRα. The expression of some genes was also increased in the liver during metamorphosis climax. Our data suggest that the rodent brain undergoes TH‐dependent remodeling during the first three postnatal weeks as observed in X. tropicalis during the larva‐to‐adult metamorphosis.
Is there a wage cost for employees in family‐friendly workplaces? The effect of different employer policies
Authors: Pailhé Ariane , Solaz Anne
Published: October 2018

This article assesses the wage impact of different family‐friendly employer policies: in‐kind or in‐cash child‐related benefits and flexible work schedule arrangements. We use French matched employee–employer data with a rich set of indicators of family‐friendly benefits, and we pay attention to the possible endogeneity of worker–employer matching. Our results show that the provision of in‐cash or in‐kind benefits is associated with higher wages for women, while flexible work schedules have no significant effect on wages. Our results lead us to reject the hypothesis of compensating wage differentials: women do not appear to face a trade‐off between wages and a better work–life balance. Our findings are more in line with the enhancing productivity theory: in‐kind benefits reduce the time devoted to household activities and alleviate conflict between professional life and family life, thereby improving women's work effort and productivity. This is not the case for flexible work arrangements, which may be perceived as negatively related to workers’ commitment to their job.
Exploitation of high‐intensity ultrasound to modify the structure of olive oil organogel containing propolis wax
Authors: Sharifi Mahvash , Goli Sayed Amir Hossein , Fayaz Goly
Published: October 2018

In this research, the effect of high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) on physico‐chemical properties of olive oil organogel containing propolis wax was studied. The experiment was accomplished by response surface method (RSM) in different ultrasonic power levels, ultrasonic times and cooling temperatures. Regarding to maximum firmness and minimum oil migration, 300 W ultrasonic power, 5 °C cooling temperature and 120 s ultrasonic time were introduced as the optimum HIU condition. Optimised HIU‐organogel was characterised in comparison to control. Results showed that HIU induced nucleation by creating small crystals led to form a strong network with high oil binding capacity. DSC analysis confirmed nucleation by high enthalpy for HIU‐organogel. XRD pattern revealed no polymorphism transformation. However, a slight increasing of peroxide value was observed for HIU‐modified organogel. These findings indicated that HIU could be a possible modification tool to produce appropriate organogel for food application such as margarine and shortening.
Bioactive peptides from collagen hydrolysates from squid (Dosidicus gigas) by‐products fractionated by ultrafiltration
Authors: Suárez‐Jiménez G. Miroslava , Burgos‐Hernández Armando , Torres‐Arreola Wilfrido , López‐Saiz Carmen M. , Velázquez Contreras Carlos A. , Ezquerra‐Brauer J. Marina
Published: October 2018

The bioactive properties of peptide fractions obtained from the hydrolysis of squid (Dosidicus gigas) by‐products collagen, using Protease type XIV and ultrafiltration (UFI), were studied. The basic objective was to improve the bioactivity of squid hydrolysates via the application of UFI. Peptide fractions obtained after UFI had higher antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, but the antiproliferative activity did not improve after UFI. Peptides <5 kDa (Fraction F3) showed higher antioxidant and antimutagenic activities, as well as lower antioxidant and antiproliferative activities than both, peptides >10 kDa (F1) and those within the range of >5 to <10 kDa (F2). Band at lower field observed in FT‐IR spectra and proton‐peaks observed at higher 1H‐NMR fields, both associated to aromatic amino acids, as well as to other antioxidant amino acids such as hydroxyproline, glycine, arginine and lysine, may explain F3 bioactivity. Ultrafiltration can, therefore, be used to improve some bioactivities of squid collagen hydrolysates.
Type 2 innate lymphoid cells in the induction and resolution of tissue inflammation
Authors: Wallrapp Antonia , Riesenfeld Samantha J. , Burkett Patrick R. , Kuchroo Vijay K.
Published: October 2018

Type 2 immunity against pathogens is tightly regulated to ensure appropriate inflammatory responses that clear infection and prevent excessive tissue damage. Recent research has shown that type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) contribute to steady‐state tissue integrity and exert tissue‐specific functions. However, upon exposure to inflammatory stimuli, they also initiate and amplify type 2 inflammation by inducing mucus production, eosinophilia, and Th2 differentiation. In this review, we discuss the regulation of ILC2 activation by transcription factors and metabolic pathways, as well as by extrinsic signals such as cytokines, lipid mediators, hormones, and neuropeptides. We also review recent discoveries about ILC2 plasticity and heterogeneity in different tissues, as revealed partly through single‐cell RNA sequencing of transcriptional responses to various stimuli. Understanding the tissue‐specific pathways that regulate ILC2 diversity and function is a critical step in the development of potential therapies for allergic diseases.
JAK/STAT signaling in regulation of innate lymphoid cells: The gods before the guardians
Authors: Stabile Helena , Scarno Gianluca , Fionda Cinzia , Gismondi Angela , Santoni Angela , Gadina Massimo , Sciumè Giuseppe
Published: October 2018

Immunity to pathogens is ensured through integration of early responses mediated by innate cells and late effector functions taking place after terminal differentiation of adaptive lymphocytes. In this context, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and adaptive T cells represent a clear example of how prototypical effector functions, including polarized expression of cytokines and/or cytotoxic activity, can occur with overlapping modalities but different timing. The ability of ILCs to provide early protection relies on their poised epigenetic state, which determines their propensity to quickly respond to cytokines and to activate specific patterns of signal‐dependent transcription factors. Cytokines activating the Janus kinases (JAKs) and members of the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway are key regulators of lymphoid development and sustain the processes underlying T‐cell activation and differentiation. The role of the JAK/STAT pathway has been recently extended to several aspects of ILC biology. Here, we discuss how JAK/STAT signals affect ILC development and effector functions in the context of immune responses, highlighting the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of gene expression as well as the potential of targeting the JAK/STAT pathway in inflammatory pathologies.
The group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) regulatory network and its underlying mechanisms
Authors: Kabata Hiroki , Moro Kazuyo , Koyasu Shigeo
Published: October 2018

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play critical roles in the induction of type 2 inflammation, response to parasite infection, metabolic homeostasis, and tissue repair. These multifunctional roles of ILC2s are tightly controlled by complex regulatory systems in the local microenvironment, the disruption of which may cause various health problems. This review summarizes up‐to‐date knowledge regarding positive and negative regulators for ILC2s based on their function and signaling pathways, including activating cytokines (IL‐33, IL‐25; MAPK, NF‐κB pathways), co‐stimulatory cytokines (IL‐2, IL‐7, IL‐9, TSLP; STAT5, IL‐4; STAT6, TNF superfamily; MAPK, NF‐κB pathways), suppressive cytokines (type1 IFNs, IFN‐γ, IL‐27; STAT1, IL‐10, TGF‐β), transdifferentiation cytokines (IL‐12; STAT4, IL‐1β, IL‐18), lipid mediators (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, PGD2; Ca2+‐NFAT pathways, PGE2, PGI2; AC/cAMP/PKA pathways, LXA4, LTB4), neuropeptides (NMU; Ca2+‐NFAT, MAPK pathways, VIP, CGRP, catecholamine, acetylcholine), sex hormones (androgen, estrogen), nutrients (butyrate; HDAC inhibitors, vitamins), and cell‐to‐cell interactions (ICOSL‐ICOS; STAT5, B7‐H6‐NKp30, E‐cadherin‐KLRG1). This comprehensive review affords a better understanding of the regulatory network system for ILC2s, providing impetus to develop new treatment strategies for ILC2‐related health problems.
Neuroendocrine regulation of innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Quatrini Linda , Vivier Eric , Ugolini Sophie
Published: October 2018

The activities of the immune system in repairing tissue injury and combating pathogens were long thought to be independent of the nervous system. However, a major regulatory role of immunomodulatory molecules released locally or systemically by the neuroendocrine system has recently emerged. A number of observations and discoveries support indeed the notion of the nervous system as an immunoregulatory system involved in immune responses. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), including natural killer (NK) cells and tissue‐resident ILCs, form a family of effector cells present in organs and mucosal barriers. ILCs are involved in the maintenance of tissue integrity and homeostasis. They can also secrete effector cytokines rapidly, and this ability enables them to play early roles in the immune response. ILCs are activated by multiple pathways including epithelial and myeloid cell‐derived cytokines. Their functions are also regulated by mediators produced by the nervous system. In particular, the peripheral nervous system, through neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, works in parallel with the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and gonadal axis to modulate inflammatory events and maintain homeostasis. We summarize here recent findings concerning the regulation of ILC activities by neuroendocrine mediators in homeostatic and inflammatory conditions.
Deconstructing deployment of the innate immune lymphocyte army for barrier homeostasis and protection
Authors: Almeida Francisca F. , Jacquelot Nicolas , Belz Gabrielle T.
Published: October 2018

The study of the immune system has shifted from a purely dichotomous separation between the innate and adaptive arms to one that is now highly complex and reshaping our ideas of how steady‐state health is assured. It is now clear that immune cells do not neatly fit into these two streams and immune homeostasis depends on continual dialogue between multiple lineages of the innate (including dendritic cells, innate lymphoid cells, and unconventional lymphocytes) and adaptive (T and B lymphocytes) arms together with a finely tuned synergy between the host and microbes which is essential to ensure immune homeostasis. Innate lymphoid cells are critical players in this new landscape. Here, we discuss recent studies that have elucidated in detail the development of ILCs from their earliest progenitors and examine factors that influence their identification and ability to drive immune homeostasis and long‐term immune protection.
Innate lymphoid cells in lung infection and immunity
Authors: Stehle Christina , Hernández Daniela C. , Romagnani Chiara
Published: October 2018

In recent years, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as key mediators of protection and repair of mucosal surfaces during infection. The lung, a dynamic mucosal tissue that is exposed to a plethora of microbes, is a playground for respiratory infection‐causing pathogens which are not only a major cause of fatalities worldwide, but are also associated with comorbidities and decreased quality of life. The lung provides a rich microenvironment to study ILCs in the context of innate protection mechanisms within the airways, unraveling their distinct functions not only in health but also in disease. In this review, we discuss how pulmonary ILCs play a role in protection against viral, parasitic, bacterial, and fungal challenge, along with the mechanisms underlying this ILC‐mediated immunity.
Innate lymphoid cells, mediators of tissue homeostasis, adaptation and disease tolerance
Authors: Branzk Nora , Gronke Konrad , Diefenbach Andreas
Published: October 2018

Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are a recently identified group of tissue‐resident innate lymphocytes. Available data support the view that ILC or their progenitors are deposited and retained in tissues early during ontogeny. Thereby, ILC become an integral cellular component of tissues and organs. Here, we will review the intriguing relationships between ILC and basic developmental and homeostatic processes within tissues. Studying ILC has already led to the appreciation of the integral roles of immune cells in tissue homeostasis, morphogenesis, metabolism, regeneration, and growth. This area of immunology has not yet been studied in‐depth but is likely to reveal important networks contributing to disease tolerance and may be harnessed for future therapeutic approaches.
Resilience and mental health nursing: An integrative review of international literature
Authors: Foster Kim , Roche Michael , Delgado Cynthia , Cuzzillo Celeste , Giandinoto Jo‐Ann , Furness Trentham
Published: October 2018

Mental health nurses work in challenging and potentially high stress settings. Stressors can occur in the context of consumer, family, and/or staff relationships, as well as the work environment and organization. The cumulative effects of stress and professional challenges can lead to harmful impacts for mental health nurses including burnout and poorer physical and mental health. Resilience involves a process of positive adaptation to stress and adversity. The aims of this integrative review were to examine understandings and perspectives on resilience, and explore and synthesize the state of knowledge on resilience in mental health nursing. Following systematic search processes, screening, and data extraction, 12 articles were included. Constant comparative analysis and synthesis of the data resulted in two key categories: Theoretical concepts of resilience and Knowledge on mental health nurses’ resilience. In mental health nursing, resilience has been variously constructed as an individual ability, collective capacity, or as an interactive person–environment process. Resilience was most often reported as low‐moderate, with positive correlations with hardiness, self‐esteem, life and job satisfaction, and negative correlations with depression and burnout. A resilience programme improved mental health nurses’ coping self‐efficacy and capacity to regulate thoughts and emotions and developed their resilient practice. Use of contemporary resilience definitions will inform more consistent investigation and progressively scaffold knowledge of this emergent construct in mental health nursing. Future research on the implementation of resilience programmes and resilience‐building strategies for mental health nurses at the individual, work unit, and organizational levels is needed.
Understanding physiological and morphological traits contributing to drought tolerance in barley
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Md. , Shabala Lana , Brodribb Timothy J. , Zhou Meixue , Shabala Sergey
Published: October 2018

Drought stress is a major limiting factor for crop production in the arid and semi‐arid regions. Here, we screened eighty barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes collected from different geographical locations contrasting in drought stress tolerance and quantified a range of physiological and agronomical indices in glasshouse trails. The experiment was conducted in large soil tanks subjected to drought treatment of eighty barley genotypes at three‐leaf stage and gradually brought to severe drought by withholding irrigation for 30 days under glasshouse conditions. Also, root length of the same genotypes was measured from stress‐affected plants growing hydroponically. Drought tolerance was scored 30 days after the drought stress commenced based on the degree of the leaf wilting, fresh and dry biomass and relative water content. These characteristics were related to stomatal conductance, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Na, K, Cl contents measured in control (irrigated) plants. Responses to drought stress differed significantly among the genotypes. The overall drought tolerance was significantly correlated with relative water content, stomatal conductance and leaf Na+ and K+ contents. No significant correlations between drought tolerance and root length of 6‐day‐old seedling, stomatal density, residual transpiration and leaf sap Cl− content were found. Taking together, these results suggest that drought‐tolerant genotypes have lower stomatal conductance, and lower water content, Na+, K+ and Cl− contents in their tissue under control conditions than the drought‐sensitive ones. These traits make them more resilient to the forthcoming drought stress.
We are victims! How observers evaluate a group’s claim of collective victimhood
Authors: Belavadi Sucharita , Hogg Michael A.
Published: October 2018

Intergroup relations often involve a competitive narrative revolving around claims of collective victimhood. This article investigates how the communication of such claims impacts third‐party perceptions of the group's structure and future actions. Two experiments explored the underlying processes that shape such third‐party perceptions. Study 1 (N = 86) showed that victim‐claiming groups were perceived as more uncertain than groups not claiming victimhood and as a result as less entitative units. Study 2 (N = 165) showed that victimhood‐claiming groups’ intentions toward violent and retributive acts were legitimized by observers through perceptions of heightened uncertainty. Claims of collective victimhood help groups justify the adoption of a violent strategy against an antagonistic outgroup through perceived heightened uncertainty. Further, Study 2 showed that power moderated the relationship between victimhood claims by groups and the perceived entitativity of such groups—low‐power groups communicating a message of victimhood were perceived as more entitative than low‐power groups not making such claims. Implications of third‐party perceptions of conflicting groups on already troubled intergroup relations are discussed.
Arterial stiffness mediates the effect of salt intake on systolic blood pressure
Authors: Siriopol Dimitrie , Covic Adrian , Iliescu Radu , Kanbay Mehmet , Tautu Oana , Radulescu Luminita , Mitu Ovidiu , Salaru Delia , Dorobantu Maria
Published: October 2018

Accumulating evidence indicates that higher levels of salt intake are associated with higher blood pressure levels. The aim of our analysis was to test the hypothesis that the effect of urinary sodium excretion (UNaV) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) is mediated through estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and arterial stiffness and also to test the direction of the relationship between eGFR and arterial stiffness, in both hypertensive and normotensive patients. We assessed the potential for connection between UNaV and SBP and mediators (eGFR and pulse wave velocity [PWV]) of this relationship using structural equation models of data from 1599 adults ≥18 years of age and without chronic kidney disease who participated in the Third Epidemiologic Study concerning the Prevalence of Arterial Hypertension and Cardiovascular Risk in Romania (SEPHAR III). In hypertensive patients, the indirect effect, mediated through PWV, of UNaV on SBP was 23.9% and 27.7% of the total effect of UNaV on SBP, while in normotensive patients the contribution of PWV to the total effect of UNaV on SBP was slightly lower (15.9% and 18.3% of the total effect of UNaV on SBP). Taken together, our findings support the conclusion that UNaV influences SBP, both directly and indirectly, through the effect on PWV.
Noninvasive evaluation of the correlation between thickness of the buccal bone and attached gingiva of maxillary premolars
Authors: Ganji Kiran K. , Alswilem Rayan O. , Abouonq Anas O. , Alruwaili Abdulrahman A. , Alam Mohammad K.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To noninvasively determine the relationship between the thickness of the buccal bone and attached gingiva of the maxillary premolars.

Material and Methods

128 maxillary premolars in 32 patients were assessed for measurement of buccal bone thickness and corresponding attached gingival thickness at 3 mm apical to cemento‐enamel junction. Buccal bone thickness was measured on cone‐beam computed tomography scans and attached gingival thickness by ultrasound unit. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the correlation between buccal bone and attached gingival thickness at each tooth type.

Results

The mean buccal bone thickness at the maxillary premolars was 1.07 mm. The 1st premolars had a buccal bone thickness < 1 mm at 68% of all sites, and the 2nd premolars had a buccal bone thickness of 1.0‐2.0 mm at 32% of all sites. The 1st premolars had a gingival thickness > 1.2 mm at 55% of all sites, and the 2nd premolars had a gingival thickness of 1.1‐1.3 mm at 45% of all sites. The correlation between buccal bone and attached gingival thickness was moderately positive (r = 0.406; P < .001).

Conclusions

The relationship between buccal bone thickness and gingival thickness is independent of each other in the maxillary right first premolar, whereas a moderate correlation with a dependent relation exists in the maxillary right second premolar, maxillary left first premolar, and maxillary left second premolar.

Clinical Significance

Soft tissue and hard tissue associated with volumetric changes in maxillary premolar region can be unfavorable for both aesthetic and implant placement. In fact this study highlighted the relationship between the thickness of attached gingiva and corresponding buccal bone in maxillary premolar region so to enable for proper planning of implant therapy following extraction.
Radiological changes during fracture and repair in neural and haemal spines of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Fjelldal Per Gunnar , van der Meeren Terje , Fraser Thomas W. K. , Sambraus Florian , Jawad Laith , Hansen Tom Johnny
Published: October 2018

Although spinal injuries in fish have been associated with electric stimuli applied during electrofishing and electrotrawling, bone fracture and repair in the axial skeleton have yet not been studied. To study this, we radiographed a group (n = 64) of individually tagged farmed cod twice, with a 1‐year interval (∼36 cm at first and ∼ 50 cm at second inspection). The study focus was on the neural and haemal spines. These structures are un‐paired and are not covered by other bones laterally, making them useful for radiological studies on axial skeletal fracture in live fish. At the first examination, four animals showed radiological changes in their neural and haemal spines. Two animals had fractures, and two had callus formations. One year later, at the second radiological examination, the fractures had developed into calluses or into normal morphology, and calluses either remained as calluses or had developed into normal morphology. A further 14 animals that were all normal at the first inspection had developed changes in their neural and haemal spines, both fractures and callus formations. This is the first record of spontaneous bone fracture in fish; the fractures observed occurred under normal farming conditions and were not induced. The results show that cod have a functional fracture healing mechanism in their neural and haemal spines. The findings are discussed in relation to fish hyperostosis.
Serological and genetic characterization of Flavobacterium psychrophilum isolated from farmed salmonids in Turkey
Authors: Saticioglu I B , Duman M , Wiklund T , Altun S
Published: October 2018

Turkey was the largest rainbow trout producer of the European countries in 2016, and the reason for this production is mainly attributed to its egg and fry production. Flavobacterium psychrophilum cause the highest rates of mortality in the starting to feeding stages of the fish. In the present study, twenty‐five F. psychrophilum isolates recovered from rainbow trout, coruh trout and brook trout were analysed by RAPD‐PCR, ERIC‐PCR, REP‐PCR and PCR‐RFLP, including 16S rRNA, gyrA and gyrB gene regions and PCR‐based serotyping method. The PCR‐based molecular analysis showed that the isolates could not be differentiated exactly according to isolation source and geographical region. Most isolates were of type‐1 and type‐2, and some of them were of type‐0 and type‐3; in addition, one isolate showed a unique serotype. The combined analysis results showed that F. psychrophilum isolates discriminated as five different genotypes and all isolates were successfully discriminated based on host.
Vertebral column deformity in adult wild haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus)
Authors: Jawad Laith A. , Hansen Tom J. , Meier Sonnich , Skjæraasen Jon Egil , Fjelldal Per Gunnar
Published: October 2018

This study describes radiological malformations in the vertebral column of adult sexually mature wild haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus collected from Masfjorden, Western Norway, in 2014 and 2015. There were seven deformed fish (33% of sampled fish), five with mild deformities and two with severe deformities. The deformity types discovered were lordosis, vertebra body asymmetry, compression, fusion (ankylosis), remodelling, and haemal spine hyperostosis. The two severely deformed fish were as follows: (a) one specimen with 29 deformed vertebrae within the region vertebrae nos. 1–30, including two sites of lordosis; (b) one specimen with 15 deformed vertebrae within the region vertebrae nos. 31–52 (most caudal vertebrae). The results of this study show that wild haddock can survive severe vertebra deformities, both in the trunk and tail region, and reach adulthood and sexual maturity. Whether normal nondeformed wild conspecifics would mate and spawn with these individuals and thereby complete the life cycle of the deformed individuals is, however, unknown. A possible link between bone fracture and fish hyperostosis is discussed.
Effect of surfactants on the improved selectivity and anti‐bacterial efficacy of citronellal nano‐emulsion
Authors: Guliani Anika , Singla Rubbel , Kumari Avnesh , Acharya Amitabha
Published: October 2018

Essential oils, the so‐called “green pesticides,” possess strong anti‐microbial activities due to their characteristic aroma; but low efficacy, instability, and high cost of production, mostly restrict their use in food and pharma industry. In this context, citronellal nano‐emulsification process was optimized using different concentrations of Brij‐58 and leaf extracts of Lantana camara. Results suggested that uniform droplet size of 35–70 nm can be achieved when CL concentration was maintained at 2% (v/v). Efficacy of both the prepared nano‐emulsions was tested against two different strains of bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using TEM and confocal microscopic techniques. Studies indicated an early and selective killing of both the bacteria by citronellal nano‐emulsion as compared to pure citronellal. It is being proposed that noncovalent interactions and presence of aquaporins on the bacterial membrane were largely responsible for such selectivity.

Practical applications

The demand for natural anti‐microbial compounds has been increasing in the food industry to reduce the food‐borne pathogens and also to minimize the use of synthetic anti‐microbial compounds. Due to their strong aroma, essential oils are primarily used in perfumes, soaps, foods, flavors, and beverages as well as in anti‐microbial activities which can be used as food preservatives and cosmeceuticals to extend the shelf‐life of such products. However, the use of essential oils is limited, as these possess certain disadvantages of being highly volatile, expensive, and less effective at a certain minimum concentration, etc. The present study is based on the optimization of the nano‐emulsification process for the citronellal, by using chemical and green surfactants. The anti‐bacterial activities have been tested against two bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The anti‐bacterial studies carried out using TEM and confocal microscopy suggested that the nano‐emulsion containing citronellal caused an early and selective killing of bacteria compared to the pure citronellal.
Comparative evaluation of quality properties and volatile profiles of lemon peels subjected to different drying techniques
Authors: Tekgül Yeliz , Baysal Taner
Published: October 2018

In this study, effects of different drying techniques (open‐air drying [AD], hot air drying [HAD], microwave drying [MWD], and freeze‐drying [FD]) on quality properties and volatile compound profiles in lemon peels were examined. For those purpose, water‐holding capacity, water activity, bulk density, color, pH, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid content, total carotenoid content, and volatile compounds of dried lemon peels were determined. Among the drying methods, the highest retention of phenolics, ascorbic acid, and carotenoids were provided by FD. A total of 56 volatile compounds were identified in dried lemon peel powders. MWD samples contained the largest number of volatiles, whereas HAD samples had the highest volatile content. Principal component analysis on volatiles indicated that there is a convenient relation between the AD, HAD, and FD samples.

Practical applications

Different drying techniques play significant roles in the storage of fruits and vegetables. However, the effect of these methods on the quality of various foods is still not clear. This article indicates the effects of open‐air, hot air, microwave, and freeze‐drying methods on certain quality parameters and volatile compounds of lemon peels. The obtained data from the present study will provide valuable information for setting up industrial‐scale dryer systems for products with high volatile content. It will provide contribution to the improvement in food companies on their production conditions.
Postoperative Delirium in Individuals Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Abawi Masieh , Pagnesi Matteo , Agostoni Pierfrancesco , Chiarito Mauro , van Jaarsveld Romy C. , van Dongen Charlotte S. , Slooter Arjen J.C. , Colombo Antonio , Kooistra Nynke H.M. , Doevendans Pieter A.F.M. , Latib Azeem , Stella Pieter R.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To evaluate the incidence of in‐hospital postoperative delirium (IHPOD) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR).

Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Setting

Elective procedures

Participants

Individuals undergoing TAVR.

Measurements

A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, BioMedCentral, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (up to December 2017). All observational studies reporting the incidence of IHPOD after TAVR (sample size > 25) were included in our meta‐analysis. The reported incidence rates were weighted to obtain a pooled estimate rate with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Of 96 potentially relevant articles, 31 with a total of 32,389 individuals who underwent TAVR were included in the meta‐analysis. The crude incidence of IHPOD after TAVR ranged from 0% to 44.6% in included studies, with a pooled estimate rate of 8.1% (95% CI=6.7–9.4%); heterogeneity was high (Q = 449; I = 93%; pheterogeneity < .001). The pooled estimate rate of IHPOD was 7.2% (95% CI=5.4–9.1%) after transfemoral (TF) TAVR and 21.4% (95% CI=10.3–32.5%) after non‐TF TAVR.

Conclusion

Delirium occurs frequently after TAVR and is more common after non‐TF than TF procedures. Recommendations are made with the aim of standardizing future research to reduce heterogeneity between studies on this important healthcare problem. J Am Geriatr Soc 66:2417–2424, 2018.
Rehabilitation Services Use of Older Adults According to Fall‐Risk Screening Guidelines
Authors: Gell Nancy M. , Patel Kushang V.
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To characterize rehabilitation services use of older adults according to fall‐risk classification based on screening guidelines.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of 2015 National Health and Aging Trends Study.

Setting

Study participants' homes.

Participants

National sample of 7,440 community‐dwelling Medicare beneficiaries.

Measurements

In‐person interviews and functional assessments. Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths and Injuries criteria, participants were classified as low, moderate, or high fall risk.

Results

Twenty‐three percent of older adults classified as moderate fall‐risk (n = 2602) and 40.6% of those at high fall‐risk (n = 940) reported rehabilitation services use in the past year. Among older adults who reported rehabilitation services in the past year (n = 1,505), treatment to address falls was reported by 2.8%, 12.6%, and 34.7% of those classified with low, moderate, and high fall‐risk, respectively (p < 0.001). Older adults with high fall‐risk who did not receive rehabilitation services had significantly better self‐reported physical capacity (p = 0.02) but comparable physical performance (all p's > 0.05) relative to those who received rehabilitation.

Conclusion

Older adults at high risk for falls were significantly more likely to report rehabilitation services use compared to those with low and moderate risk of falling. The findings also indicate that there is low adherence to national clinical recommendations for rehabilitation services use in older adults vulnerable to falls‐related injury. Among the high fall‐risk group, those who did not receive rehabilitation services had similarly low physical function as compared with those who received rehabilitation, indicating potential unmet need to address physical impairments related to fall‐risk.J Am Geriatr Soc 67:100–107, 2019.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of nutrition interventions for chronic noncancer pain
Authors: Brain K. , Burrows T. L. , Rollo M. E. , Chai L. K. , Clarke E. D. , Hayes C. , Hodson F. J. , Collins C. E.
Published: October 2018

Background

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the impact of nutrition interventions on participant reported pain severity and intensity in populations with chronic pain.

Methods

Eight databases were systematically searched for studies that included adult populations with a chronic pain condition, a nutrition intervention and a measure of pain. Where possible, data were pooled using meta‐analysis. Seventy‐one studies were included, with 23 being eligible for meta‐analysis.

Results

Studies were categorised into four groups: (i) altered overall diet with 12 of 16 studies finding a significant reduction in participant reported pain; (ii) altered specific nutrients with two of five studies reporting a significant reduction in participant reported pain; (iii) supplement‐based interventions with 11 of 46 studies showing a significant reduction in pain; and (iv) fasting therapy with one of four studies reporting a significant reduction in pain. The meta‐analysis found that, overall, nutrition interventions had a significant effect on pain reduction with studies testing an altered overall diet or just one nutrient having the greatest effect.

Conclusions

This review highlights the importance and effectiveness of nutrition interventions for people who experience chronic pain.
Job Duration over the Business Cycle
Authors: MUSTRE‐DEL‐RÍO JOSÉ
Published: October 2018

Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) suggests that the cyclicality of job duration depends on the worker's prior and future employment status. For example, among matches formed with previously nonemployed workers, those that end with the worker returning to nonemployment display procyclical duration. In contrast, matches that end because the worker switches to another job have countercyclical duration. Moreover, differences in starting wages do not account for these patterns.
Petrology and zircon U–Pb dating of well‐preserved eclogites from the Thongmön area in central Himalaya and their tectonic implications
Authors: Li Qingyun , Zhang Lifei , Fu Bin , Bader Tomas , Yu Huanglu
Published: October 2018

The discovery of eclogites is reported within the Great Himalayan Crystalline Complex in the Thongmön area, central Himalaya, and their metamorphic evolution is deciphered by petrographic studies, pseudosection modelling, and zircon dating. For the first time, omphacite has been found in the matrix of eclogites taken from a metamorphic mafic lens. Two groups of garnet have been identified in the Thongmön eclogites on the basis of major and rare earth elements and mineral inclusions. Core and intermediate sections of garnet represent Grt I, in which the major elements (Ca, Mg, and Fe) show a nearly homogenous distribution with little or weak zonation. This Grt I displays an almost flat chondrite‐normalized HREE pattern, and the main inclusions are amphibole, apatite, quartz, and abundant omphacite. Grt II, forms thin rims on large garnet grains, and is characterized by rim‐ward Ca decrease and Mg increase and MREE enrichment relative to HREE and LREE. No amphibole inclusions are found in Grt II, indicating the decomposition of amphibole contributed to its MREE enrichment. Two metamorphic stages, recorded by matrix minerals and inclusions in garnet and zircon, outline the burial of the Thongmön eclogites and progressive metamorphic processes to the pressure peak: (a) the assemblage of amphibole–garnet–omphacite–phengite–rutile–quartz, with the phengite interpreted as having been replaced by Bt+Pl symplectites, represents the prograde amphibole eclogite facies stage M1(1), (b) in the peak eclogite facies [stage M1(2)], amphibole was lost and melting started. Based on the compositions of garnet and omphacite inclusions, M1(1) is constrained to 19–20 kbar and 640–660°C and M1(2) occurred at >21 kbar, >750°C, with appearance of melt and its entrapment in metamorphic zircon. SHRIMP U–Pb dating of zircon from two eclogite samples yielded consistent metamorphic ages of 16.7 ± 0.6 Ma and 17.1 ± 0.4 Ma respectively. The metamorphic zircon grew concurrently with Grt II in the peak eclogite facies. Thongmön eclogites characterized by the prograde metamorphism from amphibolite facies to eclogite facies were formed by the continuing continental subduction of Indian plate beneath the Euro‐Asian continent in the Miocene.
Quantitative colocalization analysis of DNA delivery by PEI‐mediated cationic polymers in mammalian cells
Authors: GONZÁLEZ‐DOMÍNGUEZ I. , CERVERA L. , GÒDIA F. , ROLDÁN M.
Published: October 2018

Although cationic polymers are widely used for DNA delivery, the relationship between the properties of the formed complexes and their biological activity is not fully understood. Here, we propose a novel procedure consisting of superresolved images coupled with quantitative colocalization to analyse DNA release in living cells. This work compares the different workflows available in a quantitative colocalization study of DNA delivery using polyethylenimine as transfection reagent. A nimble workflow with deconvolution in three‐dimensional images was developed. Among the different colocalization coefficients, Manders' colocalization coefficient was the best to track the complexes. Results showed that DNA/polyethylenimine complexes were tightly interacting at the time of transfection and their disassembly was observed between 2 and 10 h after their uptake. Heterogenicity was found in the intracellular fate of each complex. At 24 h, some complexes were still present underneath the nuclear envelope. Overall, this study opens the door for particle tracking assessment with three‐dimensional imaging at intracellular level.

Lay Description

DNA delivery technologies in living cells are of high relevance in the biotechnology field. The transient expression of a gene of interest enables the production of a wide range of new therapeutic candidates for clinical purposes. However, the introduction of an exogenous DNA construct into a cell culture requires the use of certain vehicles that protect the DNA from host cell DNases and deliver it into the cell nucleus. From the different systems available, polyethylenimine (PEI) has been extensively used in transient gene expression strategies for the last three decades. However, the intracellular fate of the formed DNA/PEI complexes and the DNA release from the complexes is still poorly understood.

In this work, we propose the application of combined superresolved images through mathematical deconvolution to colocalization studies of DNA/PEI complexes evolution in living mammalian cell cultures. Both specimens were covalently labelled with Cy3 and Cy5 dye, respectively, and the kinetics of its disassembly process within the cells was tracked over the time. Because of the specific features of the formed‐complexes, a comparative study of the different colocalization coefficients was performed towards optimizing the analysis of these particles with confocal microscopy. Besides, the 3D imaging of the process allowed the direct visualization of a partial DNA/PEI complexes disassembly and the location of those complexes underneath the nuclear envelope during the cell production phase (24 h after the uptake).