bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TUGAS 2 MARINA AINY 175100045 (INSTALASI DAN KONFIGURASI JARINGAN)
Authors: ainy marina
Published: April 2019

Era globalisasi saat ini, berbagai teknologi terus dikembangkan oleh berbagai Negara, baik Negara maju maupun Negara berkembang. Salah satu teknologi yang sedang dikembangkan saat ini ialah mengenai jaringan computer. Dewasa ini terdapat berbagai macam topologi jaringan yang digunakan. Mulai dari lingkup local maupun lingkup dunia sekalipun.Untuk mempelajari jaringan computer secara lebih jauh, akan lebih efektif bila kita mempelajari jaringan computer dengan lingkup yang kecil terlebih dahulu yaitu jaringan local atau sering disebut dengan LAN (Local Area Network).LAN sangat penting digunakan untuk mempermudah komunikasi dan sharing data pada suatu lokasi yang berdekatan namun masih dalam satu area local. Jaringan LAN ini memilki beberapa topologi dalam pembangunan jaringannya, dengan beberapa kelemahan dan kelebihan di setiap topologinya.Di setiap jaringan LAN (Local Area Network) juga terdapat beberapa hambatan atau permasalahan yang harus diselesaikan. Serta dalam jaringan LAN tersebut perlu adanya keamanan jaringan yang baik agar jaringan tersebut tidak mudah di-hack oleh orang lain.Kata Kunci : Instalasi Dan Konfigurasi Jaringan
Konfigurasi Jaringan Mikrotik Dedi Satria 175100009
Authors: satria dedi
Published: April 2019

Kebutuhan akan akses internet dewasa ini sangat tinggi sekali. Baik untuk mencari informasi , artikel, pengetahuan terbaru atau bahkan hanya untuk chating.Pembagian nomor untuk internet atau biasa disebut dalam dunia networking adalah IP Address sudah sangat menipis atau sudah hampir habis. Satu IP Address perlu sekali berhubungan dengan IP address lainnya yang berbeda class atau subnet, maka diperlukanlah suatu proses system untuk menghubungkan IP Address itu, yaitu routing. Routing akan membuat sebuah rantai jaringan saling terhubung dan bias berkomunikasi dengan baik, dan informasi yang tersedia di satu IP Address akan didapatkan di IP address yang lainnya.Mikrotik adalah salah satu vendor baik hardware dan software yang menyediakan fasilitas untuk membuat router. Salah satunya adalah Mikrotik Router OS, ini adalah Operating system yang khusus digunakan untuk membuat sebuah router dengan cara menginstallnya ke komputer. Fasilitas atau tools yang disediakan dalam Mikrotik Router Os sangat lengkap untuk membangun sebuah router yang handal dan stabil.Kata Kunci : Konfigurasi Jaringan Mikrotik.
Increase the Ability of Self-Direction through Spiritual Counselling
Authors: Istirahayu Iip , Mayasari Dian
Published: April 2019

The aim of this research is to increase the self-directing of students through spiritual counseling. The approach that used in this study was weak experimental with one group pretest-post test design. Treatment has given by researcher four times in spiritual counseling sessions. First opening, second transition, third main, and 4th closing. Populations’ are students on grade of university in Singkawang, West Borneo, Indonesia. The samples on this research are 10th students. Sampling technique used random sampling. Instrument employed to collect desired information is questionnaire self-direction with Likert scale. Data analyzed used N-Gain formula. This technique has chose because to calculate increasing of self directing students. This results shown that the increasing of Spiritual Counseling trough is student self-direction of 0.73 (High-g category).
SUATU TINJAUAN TENTNG URGENSI PENGADILAN KHUSUS PEMILIHAN UMUM
Authors: Saragih Ulamatuah
Published: April 2019

Pemilihan umum (Pemilu) merupakan sarana kedaulatan rakyat, dan sebagai salah satu prasyarat Negara Demokrasi, maka alangkah baiknya jika Pengadilan Khusus Pemilu merupakan bagian terpenting dalam mengawal proses demokrasi. Karena peradilan khusus pemilu merupakan sebuah ius constituendum (cita hukum) yang tujuannya untuk memproteksi hak konstitutional warga negara dan peserta pemilihan umum, untuk memberikan ruang hukum kepada pihak-pihak yang dirugikan dalam penyelenggaraan Pemilu untuk mendapatkan kepastian hukum dalam kehidupan negara demokrasi, sekaligus sebagai upaya untuk mempercepat penyelesaian sengketa atau kasus-kasus selama proses pemilihan umum berlangsung. Gagasan Pengadilan Khusus Pemilu sebenarnya merupakan salah satu komponen terpenting dalam azas-azas penyelengaran pemilu diantaranya adalah “kepastian hukum”. Dalam konteks kepastian hukum, adalah bahwa antara penyelenggara pemilu, pengawas pemilu, pemantau pemilu dan peserta pemilu menerima secara baik dari proses tahapan, program dan jadwal waktu penyelenggaran pemilu. Apabila ada pihak-pihak yang belum puas atas hasil kerja yang diberikan oleh Komisi Pemilihan Umum sebagai Penyelenggara Pemilu, dapat mengajukan sengketanya di Pengadilan Khusus
L’hodigitria de Kaftoun : une relecture à travers les écrits du père Lammens
Authors: Fakhouri-Soued Lina
Published: April 2019

La découverte d'une icône biface2 sur le sol libanais a suscité, depuis quelques années, un grand intérêt pour les spécialistes de l'art byzantin. Une exposition d'icônes du Proche-Orient a été réalisée à Paris, avec le parrainage du ministère de la Culture3. La Vierge Hodigitria de Kaftoun4 occupait, bien entendu, la place d'honneur. Dans la publication reliée à cette même exposition, le père Antoine Lammens, chargé de sa restauration, nous a laissé une analyse concise mais dense qui, semble-t-il, est loin de couvrir l'unanimité. Il nous parait utile de proposer une relecture critique de ces quelques lignes relevées dans ce précieux document. En suivant pas à pas la structure du texte, nous procèderons d'abord à l'analyse globale de l'œuvre, pour ensuite pénétrer les détails et en extraire les éléments déterminants. À travers cet exercice, nous ne manquerons pas de recueillir de nouveaux indices, de réinsérer l'icône dans son milieu présumé du XIe siècle, de ressortir les cohérences et les lacunes, pour approcher, à la limite de nos moyens, la main de l'artisan, de l'artiste et de tous ceux qui ont contribué à la réalisation de cette icône.
Global Economy, Citizenship Pluralism, Transmigrant Mobility, and the Sojourn-Immigrant Vietnamese Americans
Authors: Nguyen An Tuan
Published: April 2019

Drawing on empirical analysis, this essay examines the migrant experience of a new Vietnamese transmigrant community whose migratory impetuses are prompted by better educational and professional conditions in the United States and rendered possible by both their citizenship pluralism and their human/social capital. This newer Viet Kieu generation often has strong financial, business, and professional ties to the sending country; many either split their time equally between the two countries or have resettled or plan to resettle in Vietnam. Such migratory nuances and mobility blur the boundary between sojourner and immigrant and foster an interesting Vietnamese migrancy and new generation of Vietnamese American transmigrants, whom I call the sojourn-immigrant Viet Kieu. This article attempts to provide a counter-narrative to the often uni-directional studies of migration that presupposes the United States to be the permanent place of resettlement for Vietnamese migrants. I argue that a globalized sojourn-immigrant Viet Kieu identity has emerged and taken shape in response to fast-changing contemporary socioeconomic demands. The sojourn-immigrant identity thus encompasses a more flexible articulation of citizenship(s) to reflect a new form of Vietnamese transmigrant mobility within the Vietnamese diaspora.
Comparative Attitudes About Marital Sex Among Negro Women in the United States, Great Britain and Trinidad
Authors: Bell Robert R.
Published: April 2019

Three samples of lower class Negro women were compared. One overall finding was a higher positive view toward marriage among the women in England than for those in the other two countries. The English women were more apt to define the sexual aspects of marriage within an egalitarian view of marriage. Basically the view of the Negro woman in the English sample was that men and women should have equal rights sexually and those rights should be met within marriage. The American and Trinidad Negro respondents were much less apt to see the sexual expression of husbands and wives restricted entirely to the marriage relationship.
The Persistence of Polyandry in lrigwe, Nigeria
Authors: Sangree Walter H.
Published: April 2019

Traditionally lrigwe tribal cohesion was largely derived from two tiers of consanguineal and affinal ties produced by their marriage system which prescribed primary and secondary marriage and prohibited divorce. The British-imposed centralized Irigwe Administration rendered the political functions of traditional Irigwe marriage redundant. But a marriage reform replacing traditional practices by Hausa-Muslim type marriage has proved unenforceable because of Irigwe beliefs that a sickly child's recovery may depend on its mother's moving quickly to a new husband, or returning to the child's father, to find the best ambience for the child's "soul".
Commercial Matchmaking in Modern Israel: A Case of Dubious Rationality
Authors: Peres Yochanan , Meisels Liora , Frank Ruth
Published: April 2019

Theoretically it might be argued that commercial matchmaking rationalizes the process of mate selection. A modern marriage-broker has at his disposal more information about prospective mates than a normal person would come across during a life-time of courting. A close look at 10 matchmaking offices in Tel Aviv, Israel, reveals some of the social and individual predicaments combined with this apparent rationality. Even though courting is often viewed as a matter of pure exchange, the successful completion of the process is seriously disturbed if market calculations become overt and conscious. When a person's critical faculties are fully alert he might be incapable of overlooking any disadvantages in a potential partner. To reach a favorable decision about a prospective mate, a person has to put himself into the emotional mood of ''falling in love''.; The matchmaking exchange system is a residual market, which offers a second opportunity to those who failed to find their mate through the methods prescribed by the norm of "romantic love''. Thus a sense of failure and self doubt is common among clients.; Matchmaking has a long and noteworthy history among European Jews. Its revival, under extremely different conditions, in modern Israel, is rather striking: some 10,000 matchmaking advertisements appeared during one year (1977) and about 15 marriage-broking offices operated in Tel Aviv. Nevertheless it seems that only a very small part of clients actually find their mates through matchmaking. Conventional courting retains its position as the most popular as well as most effective method of mate selection.
Emotional Expressiveness and Marital Adjustment: A Cross-Cultural Analysis
Authors: Ingoldsby Bron B.
Published: April 2019

The purpose of the study was to ascertain the relationship between emotional expressiveness and marital adjustment in two different cultural settings. The Emotional Expressiveness Scale and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale were administered to a sample of 106 couples from the United States and 96 couples from Colombia. No difference in expressiveness was found among U.S. males, Colombian males, and Colombian females. However, U.S. females were significantly more expressive than all other groups. Emotional expressiveness correlated positively with marital adjustment for the U.S. sample but not for the Colombians. Similarity in expressiveness of spouses correlated positively with marital adjustment for the Colombians but not for the U.S. sample. The expression of the positive emotions of love and happiness contributed to good marital adjustment for the U.S. sample, whereas for the Colombians anger and sadness were the most salient emotions. A theoretical model was developed that takes the above mentioned cultural differences into account.
On the Long-Run Labor Supply Curve of Married Women in the USSR
Authors: Moskoff William
Published: April 2019

Soviet women have the highest labor force participation rate in the world and are crucial to the Soviet economy. This article attempts to assess whether the Soviet leadership will be able to maintain this high rate of labor force participation over the next quarter of a century.; The general approach is to make both the case for and against the potential decline in female labor force activity. Arguments favoring a decline are that: (1) women will become frustrated because they work in the lowest paying and relatively less desirable areas of the economy; (2) a high percentage of women express dissatisfaction with their jobs; (3) the work day is considered too long, especially in respect to the obligations to care for children. Part-time work is considered highly desirable; (4) women bear a disproportionate burden of child and home care responsibility with an inadequate amount of preschool facilites.; The case for maintenance of the present level offemale activity is that: (1) there is no evidence that acquisitive expectations will not accompany rising Soviet incomes; (2) there is a high correlation historically between the percentage of Soviet women who work and the level of educational attainment, and the latter is now quite high; (3) the evidence from the other industrialized nations of the world is that rising national affluence does not per se cause women to reduce their work activity; (4) declining birth rates increase the convenience of being employed.; The author concludes that the likelihood of a decline in Soviet female labor force participation is small.
The Effects of Wife Employment on Marital Sociability
Authors: Orthner Dennis K. , Axelson Leland J.
Published: April 2019

This study examines whether the wife's employment status negatively or positively influences marital sociability. Negative influences are hypothesized from a role scarcity model and positive influences from a role expansion model. The data were collected from 233 wives in a probabilty sample of middle-class intact households. Three work categories were utilized: professional- managerial, clerical-sales, and home. Sociability was determined by the proportion of discretionary time allocated to self, spouse, and others. The results support the role expansion model at lower levels of role expansion: sociability was higher among the employed, particularly professional-managerial wives, when children were not present. With children present, role scarcity was evident in lower sociability among employed wives. Marital sociability was lower amont part-time compared to full-time employed wives.
Behavioral Companionship in Marriage: A Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Altergott Karen
Published: April 2019

The concept of marital interaction has several different theoretical and operational definitions in the extant literature. Behavioral companionship, consisting of shared activities involving copresence, is the focus of the research presented here. A secondary analysis of a time-budget data set is presented to allow for assessment of the differences in companionship for three nations and the relative effects of work role allocation in the family, parenting, age of the individuals, and the day of the week (weekend or weekday) on the extent of husband-wife companionship in each of these nations. Children were a major factor in reducing marital interaction, while multi-worker families had approximately the same levels of interaction as single-worker families. There was a weekday reduction in time spent together. A curvilinear relationship between age and marital interaction emerged in each national setting. The expectation that the most highly differentiated society would evince the greatest amount of marital companionship was not supported. This study extends past work through the behavioral examination of a large, randomly selected samples of men and women and through the use of a multivariate model. It also provides an empirical report on the relationship between work and family involvement, and suggests directions for future research on marital interaction.
Growing Old in a Modernizing China
Authors: Woon Yuen-Fong
Published: April 2019

China’s Four Modernizations Programe, which follows the Marxist-Leninist line of development, has important implications on the elderly in China: (I) the stress on scientific experimentation and economic production and the downplay of class struggle meant that the elderly are losing their ideological as well as their production roles in the public realm; (2) the downplay of the principle of distribution according to need meant that China is still providing meagre welfare and relief benefits, inadequate housing and childcare facilities. The elderly and the young have to pool their resources together. This tends to strengthen intergenerational solidarity and localism which in turn slow down the development of socialist consciousness. Hence, the development of the economic substructure has the paradoxical result of producing a lag in the super-structure.
A Virtuous Woman: The Ideal Wife According to the Rabbis of the East
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: April 2019

The article describes the ideal housewife according to the views of traditional Jewish-Oriental Rabbis of the 19th and 20th centuries, as expressed in their sermons and moral treatises. The qualities the Rabbis tried to foster in the women of their communities were rigorous chastity, excluding mixed company; total submission of women to their husbands; a demand that women should completely identify with their husbands, up to the point of self-effacement; and, finally, the qualities of a good housekeeper: diligence, neatness, economy. This ideal guided the life of many generations of Jewish women in the Middle East and North Africa, and has begun to change only in recent times.
Canadian South Asian Women in Transition: A Dualistic View of Life
Authors: Naidoo Josephine C. , Davis J. Campbell
Published: April 2019

Selected data from a major study of South Asian (N =298) and Anglo-Saxon (n=153) women supporting the hypothesis of a dualistic complementary attitude towards life for the South Asian respondents are presented. The South Asian women are simultaneously "traditional" with regard to family, religion and marriage, but "contemporary" on values pertaining to education and development outside the home. By contrast, the Anglo-Saxon sample emerged as consistently contemporary. Data on the South Asian selective attitude toward Canadian cultural values reinforces the predicted "traditional-contemporary" pattern. The implications of the South Asian dualistic attitude to life within the family and in relation to the larger society are discussed.
Intermarriage and the Maintenance of Religio-Ethnic Identity A Case Study: The Denver Jewish Community
Authors: Judd Eleanore Parelman
Published: April 2019

This article seeks to improve our understanding of the relationship between intermarriage and religio/ethnic identity by examining the differences betwee.1 competing sets of sociological theories of intermarriage. One set of theories equates intermarriage with assimilation, a case of homogenization versus pluralism. The second set of theories sees intermarriage as a function of tolerances for pluralism and hetero- geneity. For sociologists and the Jewish community intermarriage is the American Jewish dilemma. At issue is the potential disappearance of the largest Jewish community in the world. The question is whether the children of intermarriage are likely to be raised as Americans and Jews or just as Americans.

Mixed married couples whose children were enrolled in an unique Jewish religious school were surveyed in the light of thecompeting sets of theories. In view of the fact that the real test of assimilation is the children we examine the relationship between raising children Jewish and several social and demographic variables. While the results of this study do not yield an absolutely firm answer regarding either of the two sets of theories, neither do they support outright rejection of the more optimistic set. Whether pluralism can coexist with appreciable persistent ethnicity will depend, in part, on the communities themselves. The community studied is at the cutting edge of social change and response to intermarriage.
The American Family on Television: From Molly Goldberg to Bill Cosby
Authors: Cantor Muriel G.
Published: April 2019

This article is about the family (domestic) comedy, one of the most popular and enduring genre on television. The first section concentrates on the background and rationale for studying family life as portrayed in television’s domestic comedies; the second follows the evolution of the TV family from Molly Goldberg in the 1940s when television came into American homes to the Nelsons (The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet) and the Stones (The Donna Reed Show) in the 1950s to the Huxtables (The Cosby Show) and Keatons of Family Ties in the 1980s. The focus is on how gender, race, and class have been portrayed over time, and whether the messages, issues, and themes about love and sex have changed and in what ways. After analyzing approximately 40 years of television, the article concludes by noting that the family is not always presented as conflict-free. Family members often make fun of each other; sometimes they deceive each other to get their way; and often interact by putting each other down. However, the family is basically the place where one goes for support, to solve problems that are generated from the outside, and to find solace when needed.
Kikuyu Bridewealth and Polygyny Today
Authors: Adams Bert N. , Mburugu Edward
Published: April 2019

This study of the Kikuyu today looked at bridewealth and polygyny. The sample was about 300 30-40 year-olds, divided between residents of Nairobi and rural Kiambu. The families of almost all the male respondents had paid bridewealth at their marriages - ordinarily a combination of cash and livestock, and there was considerable complaint about cost. About one in six of the male respondents either were currently in polygynous relationships, or planned to be. This was lower than the 28% of their fathers who were polygynous. The explanation for the reduction included opportunity, attitude change, expense, and the availability of extramarital relationships.
Depressive Symptoms of Younger and Older Korean Married Women
Authors: Keith Pat M. , Hong Seon H.
Published: April 2019

This research investigated correlates of depressive symptoms among 464 married Korean women. The relative importance of disagreement between spouses, financial strain, perceptions of deprivation in selected areas of life, housework, and the presence of in-laws in the household were considered in relation to depressive symptoms among younger and older women. With the exception of the importance of the comparative evaluation of health, factors associated with well-being tended to differ by age.
The Influence of Parental Drinking Attitudes and Behavior on the Drinking Patterns of Black and White Adults
Authors: Herd Denise
Published: April 2019

The importance of parents as a source of influence on drinking behaviour has been emphasized in socialization theories which stress the primacy of parent-child relationships and the critical roles parents play as role models and as agents for imparting moral values and normative codes. This study examines parental attitudes and drinking frequency and their effects on the drinking patterns of 1947 black and 1777 white adults. Black respondents reported that their parents held more conservative drinking attitudes and drank less often than white respondents. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that parental influences predict current drinking patterns in both racial groups even when controlling for age, religious factors, region and socio-economic status. However, important racial and gender differences were observed in the effects of parents’ attitudes versus parents’ drinking frequency on respondents current alcohol use: Black men differed from white men and women of both races in showing no association between parent attitudes and drinking patterns; the frequency of parental drinking was a more important predictor of drinking patterns among blacks, particularly men, than it was for whites; and heavier drinking among women was not correlated with parent drinking attitudes but was associated with parental drinking behavior. These results were attributed to racial differences in the social context of drinking and family structure and to gender differences in the prevalence of heavier drinking.
Families in India: Beliefs and Realities
Authors: Mullaiti Leela
Published: April 2019

India is a land of diverse populace and geography. The Indian family is meant to fulfill religion obligation from birth to death. Religion is an all encompassing way of life. The guiding religious texts are the Purusharthas and Varnasrama Dharmas. Inequality of gender, occupation and lifecycle is inherent in Hinduism.

There is a negative correlation between population growth and literacy rate. The Indian family is patriarchal. The family follows a joint-nuclear-joint cycle. Marriage is a union of two families arranged by elders.

A modern scourge of Indian family is the dowry system and ‘dowry deaths’. Elders are respected even today divorce though having legal sanction has yet to get social ; sanction. Religion is an everyday part of a Hindu family and the family exists to fulfill religious obligation.
Confucianism and the Korean Family
Authors: Park Insook Han , Cho Lee-Jay
Published: April 2019

This paper examines Korea’s contemporary family system and demography in the context of the Confucian tradition and recent socioeconomic changes mediated by Western Influence. In portraying changes the composition, function and structure of the family of today, the discussion contrasts it not only with the recent past but also with the traditional family in the process of industrialization, urbanization and demographic transition in Korean society.
Black Kindreds: Parenthood and Personal Kindreds among Urban Blacks
Authors: Stack Carol B.
Published: April 2019

Concern with cross cultural study of kinship and the family has recently led to some new and useful categories for kinship analysis. The most important contribution is the framework proposed by Goodenough (1970) for defining sociological parenthood. A look at what urban blacks make of the chain of parentchild connections is a special eye opener to students of the black family. This study suggests “matrifocality” is a poor predictor of the variety of domestic strategies among urban blacks, and that native perceptions of jural parenthood can clarify the basis of the formation of personal kindreds and units of kin cooperation. This research focuses on urban family organization of second generation black welfare families who have migrated along the Illinois-Central line from Mississippi to Chicago.
Marital Power Relations, Resources and Gender Role Ideology: A Multivariate Model for Assessing Effects
Authors: Kulik Liat
Published: April 2019

The current paper analyzes the impact of several sets of variables, including resources, emotional commitment and background factors, on perceived marital power relations and anticipated dependence on one’s spouse. The study, performed on a sample of elderly Israeli husbands, compared results between men with “traditional” and “modern” gender role attitudes. Findings indicate that normative context (i.e., “traditional” versus “modem”) affects the variables explaining marital power relations: responses of“traditional” husbands suggested a stronger relationship between power relations and instrumental as well as affective variables, whereas “modem” spouses emphasized variables that are psychological in nature. Considerable differences were also found between the two groups with regard to the variables explaining anticipated dependence on the wife in various areas of life.
Caste, Class and Family Structure in West Bengal Villages
Authors: Dasgupta Satadal , Hennessey Seana , Mukhopadhyay Rajat Subhra
Published: April 2019

This paper examines the influences of caste and class status on family structure in rural India. Analysis of the data collected from three villages of the West Bengal state in India shows that caste status continues to be significantly related to the family structure. However, class status — whether based on occupation or landownership — has a stronger and statistically more significant relationship with family structure. Further analysis of the data shows that both occupational classes and caste structure are strongly related to landownership and also show statistically significant relationship with each other. It appears that it is because of their strong relationship with landownership, occupational classes and caste structure maintain significant relationships with family structure.
Women Caring for Elderly Family Members: Shaping Non-Traditional Work and Family Initiatives
Authors: Singleton Judy
Published: April 2019

Caring for a dependent elderly family member and employment are competing demands for men, and especially women, who work in the United States. Women traditionally function in the caregiving role for parents in need. Yet unlike their mothers before them, modem day women caring for elderly parents have more roles, and thus more role demands upon them. Traditional familial roles as wives, homemakers, and mothers are more often coupled with roles as paid workers and as caregiving daughters to dependent parents. Maintaining today’s families via the kin-keeping role may be increasingly difficult for the employed elder caregiver, typically a female in her mid-40s to late 50s. The burdens employed caregivers experience have effects in the workplace, for example, attendance problems and poor job performance. Yet, the research in this area is relatively sparse, especially in data on the effect of family status on numerous measures of productivity and employee performance. How research can deliver assistance in programming and policy development of eldercare benefits in the workplace by demonstrating which categories of employees (i.e., by gender, age, race, ethnicity, occupational status, and earnings) are most affected by elder caregiving and in what ways is presented. Family and work initiatives to help maintain this balance between family and job responsibilities are discussed and recommended.
Cindrella’s Sequel: Stepmothers’ Long-term Relationships with Adult Stepchildren
Authors: Vinick Barbara H. , Lanspery Susan
Published: April 2019

The population of older stepmothers is one whose voices have rarely been heard. In this research, women who had married men with children traced the development of relations with their now-grown stepchildren through the years. Women who had married divorced men had greater difficulties relating to stepchildren than those who had married widowers. Acting assertively and accepting responsibility, stepmothers often fulfilled pivotal roles in stepfamilles as “carpenters” who repaired damaged intergenerational relationships.
Premarital childbearing in urban Cameroon: Paternal recognition, child care and financial support
Authors: Calves Anne-Emmanuele
Published: April 2019

Using data from Yaoundé, this study examines the sources of care and financial support received by children born out of wedlock and how they differ depending on whether children have a recognized father or not. The study also explores the determinants of paternal recognition and child financial support at birth. Results indicate that the status of the sexual union in which a birth takes place and the desirability of conception are the strongest predictors of paternal recognition and support. Furthermore, paternal recognition is associated with higher level of paternal maintenance and unrecognized children are supported mainly by their mothers or their maternal grandmothers.
Effects of child gender preference on contraceptive use in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Nosaka Akiko
Published: April 2019

While people in rural Bangladesh have adopted the use of modern contraceptives over the past two decades, they traditionally have a parental preference for sons over daughters. This paper examines how the child gender preference influences a woman’s use of modern contraceptives in Matlab, rural Bangladesh. This study is based on data from 300 women in the treatment area, where modern contraceptive prevalence is exceptionally high, and 144 women in the comparison area, where modern contraceptive prevalence is relatively low. These women were interviewed between 1995 and 1996. The treatment area results show that the desire for sons exerts a significant influence on contraceptive use, whereas the desire for daughters contrast, the comparison area results suggest that it is the number of currently surviving sons and daughters that exerts a significant influence on contraceptive use.
Migrant Culture and Changing Face of Family Structure in Lesotho
Authors: Modo I. V. O.
Published: April 2019

The sotho speaking people of Lesotho value their indigenous family culture and independent development path. The influence from their bigger South African neighbour, (especially since Lesotho males of working age are drawn massively for the South African mines) has tended over the years to affect sotho culture adversely. This external influence is further exacerbated by the dysfunctional indigenous practice of “setsoalle”, a euphemism for ‘nyatsi’. All these make some of the ‘nouveau riche’ sotho mines workers to marry and divorce, snatch other people’s wives; and even co-habit with single girls. Because of the prevalence of female single parents and cohabitants, the marriage culture and family system are changing. The government is taking steps to cater and contain most illegitimate children who are mostly products of this new structure. Family laws of Lesotho do not recognize these children born out of wedlock; as children of their biological fathers but only as children of their mothers’ lineage. But for how long will this be, because the family structure is fast changing, as the marriage culture and the entire society are in a state of flux.
Education, Work, and Childbearing after Age 30
Authors: Wu Zheng , Macneill Lindy
Published: April 2019

Throughout much of the developed world, increasing numbers of women are delaying their entry into motherhood. In this study we examine the determinants of first-births among women who were childless at aged 30 and older, and test a number of hypotheses based upon three perspectives that may explain this phenomenon. While we are concerned primarily with the effects of education and employment, we also include a number of other explanatory variables that may have impact upon delayed childbearing. Our results suggest that both school enrolment and employment tend to reduce the odds of a woman becoming a mother, while level of education increases the likelihood. We also find a significant interaction effect between education and employment, and speculate that how a woman utilizes her education determines how employment affects her chances of becoming a mother.
Competence and Family Support of Vulnerable and Invulnerable Adolescents Representing Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes in India
Authors: Carson David K. , Chowdhury Aparajita , Choudhury Reeta , Carson Cecyle K.
Published: April 2019

This study examined family strengths of disadvantaged adolescents that may serve as buffers against the adversities of everyday life in rural India. Two-hundred adolescents and their families belonging to Scheduled Tribe (ST) and Scheduled Caste (SC) groups in Orissa State were selected as participants. Within these families, 100 adolescents were identified as invulnerable (i.e., disadvantaged-competent), and another 100 as vulnerable (disadvantaged-incompetent) on the basis of peer and teacher nominations. Demographically, families of the vulnerable and invulnerable adolescents were similar with respect to their racial, ethnic, socioeconomic status, caste composition, and family structure (predominantly two parents, siblings, and other family members living together in one residence). However, there were a number of significant differences between the vulnerable and invulnerable adolescents with regard to their perceptions of their families and general living environment, as well as their own social and academic competencies. The findings shed light on a variety of risk factors inherent to the disadvantaged-incompetent group. The results also highlight the importance of particular family and community protective factors that may promote successful development in adolescents reared in extremely resource-limited rural families in India.
Patriarchy in Transition: Women and the Changing Family in the Middle East
Authors: Moghadam Valentine M.
Published: April 2019

The family is perhaps the only societal institution that is conceptualized as “essential” and “natural”, and its importance is emphasized by social conservatives across cultures. In this article I examine Islamic discourses on the family, their relationship to patriarchal social structures and neopatriarchal states, and implications for women’s legal status and social positions. Attention is then drawn to the contradictions and challenges that patriarchy and the family have encountered from economic development, the demographic transition, legal reform, and women’s increasing educational attainment in countries of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). I argue that the combination of declining fertility and changes to the structure of the family, along with the conservative backlash and women’s activism, are signs of the crisis of Middle Eastern patriarchy.
The Experience of Family in Japan and the United States: Working with the Constraints Inherent in Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Bell Linda G. , Dendo Hisako , Nakata Yonro , Bell David C. , Munakata Tsunetsugu , Nakamura Shin-Ichi
Published: April 2019

Social scientists involved on cross-cultural research face a variety of challenges. This issue is discussed in the context of emic and etic approaches to research. A project illustrating some of these challenges is presented. A projective measure completed by each family as a group was used to capture the experience of family in Japanese and American families. Some culturebased hypotheses were confirmed, and an interesting serendipitous finding was explored in depth by a cross-cultural team. The unexpected finding was that pictures made by Japanese families, compared to those made by American families, were more likely to contain multiple images of the family. Further evaluation showed that the Japanese multiple images were most likely to reflect a textured, non-unitary experience, depicting a variety of contexts. The paper concludes by providing suggestions for enhancing the quality of cross-cultural research.
Inter-racial Marriages in South Africa
Authors: Jacobson Cardell K. , Amoateng Acheampong Yaw , Heaton Tim B.
Published: April 2019

Using the ten percent sample of the 1996 South African census, we examine the rates of intergroup marriage and marriage between linguistic groups in South Africa. Since whites are a small number in South Africa but historically have held most of the power, the analysis provides an interesting context to test the generalizability of theories about inter-racial marriage. We test exchange theory by examining the effects of education on the patterns of intergroup marriage. We do this while controlling for relative group size. Finally, we examine the socioeconomic status of children of mixed marriages to see possible implications of mixed marriages for future generations. Although education is only weakly related to rates of inter-group marriage, it appears to facilitate outmarriage for low-status groups. More minority females than males marry out of their own group, a pattern of intermarriage quite different from that of the United States. This pattern may reflect local norms, or the different racial composition of the two countries. Children of mixed-white marriages appear to do much better economically than children of mixed-black marriages.
Social Values and Self-Disclosure: A Comparison of Chinese Native, Chinese Resident (in U.S.) and North American Spouses
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jacki , Liang Shu , Feng Du , Crawford Duane , Sorell Gwendolyn T. , Morgan-Fleming Barbara
Published: April 2019

Guided by the individualism-collectivism model, the present study examined the relationship between cultural values and marital processes among Chinese native, Chinese residents in America, and North American spouses. Respondents completed a questionnaire which assessed individualism, collectivism and self-disclosure. The results were mixed in their support of the model. As expected, we found that (a) Chinese resident wives were more individualistic than Chinese native wives, (b) Chinese resident husbands were more collectivistic than their North American counterparts, and (c) across gender, Chinese natives disclosed less than both Chinese residents and North Americans. Contrary to individualism-collectivism, however, we found that (a) Chinese resident husbands were more collectivistic than Chinese native husbands, and (b) Chinese native wives were less collectivistic than Chinese resident and North American wives. The empirical and conceptual factors which might have contributed to this pattern of findings are discussed.
Exploring Relationship Functioning in Premarital Caucasian and Latino/a Couples: Recognizing and Valuing Cultural Differences
Authors: Parra-Cardona José Rubén , Busby Dean M.
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this article was to conduct a culturally informed study of patterns of relationship functioning in premarital Caucasian and Latino/a couples. Two strategies were used in this study. First, the applicability of an expanded version of Gottman’s Cascade Model of Relationship Dissolution was analyzed by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). In addition, MANOVA analyses were conducted to explore in greater detail differences between ethnic groups. SEM results indicated that the expanded version of the Cascade Model was not statistically equivalent for the Caucasian and Latino/a samples because specific paths were not significant for the Latino/a sample. Based on MANO VA analyses, significant differences were found between the samples in variables that are likely to be influenced by important values of the Latino/a culture. A discussion based on the literature on ethnic minorities is included, highlighting the importance of developing culturally centered models to better understand the relational dynamics of premarital Latino/a couples.
A Case Study of Buraku and Non-Buraku Couples in Japan
Authors: Morgan Charlie V.
Published: April 2019

The following case study of Buraku intermarriage examines government statistics, survey data (37 couples), and interview data (19 persons from the couples) to illuminate Buraku/non-Buraku patterns of intermarriage in Japan. I address three social factors in reference to the Buraku people in Japan: (1) preferences of marriage candidates, (2) third parties, and (3) marriage market constraints. The first two social factors only partially help us to understand the recent increase of Buraku intermarriage rates in Japan, while the third factor is important for understanding where the Buraku people are meeting their non-Buraku spouses. High levels of residential segregation in Buraku communities appear to be constraining their local marriage markets to the neighborhood and suggest a connection between intermarriage and segregation.
Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities
Authors: Yancey George
Published: April 2019

Interracial marriages between blacks and majority group members often face higher social sanctions than other types of interracial marriages. Therefore, majority group members in interracial marriages with a black partner may learn to conceptualize racial issues differently than those without black partners. This paper conducts a preliminary investigation into whether the racial perspectives of white spouses in interracial marriages with blacks are different from the perspectives of whites in interracial marriages with non-blacks. White partners of twenty-one interracial marriages are interviewed. While whites married to non-blacks alter their racial perspectives, they do not experience racism as do whites married to blacks. These experiences of racism. may change white perspectives on specific racial issues such as affirmative action and racial profiling. This research suggests the experiences of whites in interracial marriages vary depending on the race of their marital partners.
Gendered Values and Attitudes Among Rural Women in Croatia
Authors: Šikić Lynette
Published: April 2019

This paper, based on ethnographic research in rural villages of Croatia, explores to what extent we can talk about a ‘return to tradition’ as observed in other studies of transition countries following the collapse of socialism. It asks whether there was ever really a departure from traditional gendered values and attitudes during socialism and whether these gendered values and attitudes have subsequently been given new meaning in these villages in the post-transition/war period. Principally based on rural women’s accounts of their experiences, this paper presents the prevailing gendered values and attitudes by examining cultural patterns, expectations, roles, ideals and practices in these communities and questions whether they stem from the past. Research findings show that gendered values and attitudes have always been traditional in these rural villages and are sustained through patterns of residence, levels of education, attitudes towards employment, socialisation practices, ideals of femininity, and appropriate sociability. Moreover, public emphasis on retraditionalisation was understood, approved and more widely accepted in these rural communities giving traditional values and attitudes that have always been highly valued new meaning.
Remittances as a Currency of Care: A Focus on ‘Twice Migrants’ among the Indian Diaspora in Australia
Authors: Singh Supriya , Cabraal Anuja , Robertson Shanthi
Published: April 2019

In this paper we examine remittances as a currency of care from the perspective of migrants among the Indian diaspora in Australia. We focus particularly on seven “twice migrants” from Malaysia, Singapore, Kenya and the United Kingdom, and two cases where direct migration of the parental generation from India has led to multiple migration for their children as they moved from Australia to the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. These nine cases of multiple migration enable us to delve into the greater complexity and longer history of migration. The paper thus adds a historical dimension to literature on migration, analyzing changes across generations to remittances and the transnational family. Following Fischer and Tronto (1990) we distinguish between “caring about,” “taking care,” “caregiving” and “care-receiving.” Occasional and regular remittances, together with regular communication, visits home and gifts, express the migrants’ continued “caring about” and “taking care” of the family left behind, usually the parents. The money sent home helps facilitate “caregiving,” usually by the non-migrant siblings. The social value of money as a medium of relationships and belonging has been transmitted across generations, though parents are less likely to want to receive such care in Australia. Moreover, there are tensions inherent in caring. From the migrants’ perspective, these tensions revolve around an inadequate valuing of the money sent home and conflicts around inheritance. Our focus on multiple migrants balances the linear notions of migration implicit in the literature on migration, remittances and the transnational family. Over time, the definition of kin in the transnational family narrows as there is a dilution of family communication. With multiple migrations, there are possible shifts in the geographic centre of the transnational family. As the younger generation migrates further, this dilution is accompanied by a greater diffusion of the transnational family.