bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What a drag it is being relational: Developing planetary identities
Authors: Bauman Whitney A.
Published: September 2020

Feminists scholars, among others, have long argued for a relational understanding of identity and the self. More recently queer theory and the new materialisms have taken that understanding and placed it within an evolutionary and planetary perspective. As most modern, western understandings of law, politics, and ethics take the individual as the base unit for reflection, what might this relational, planetary identity mean in terms of ethics? This brief essay explores some of the religious and theoretical supports for a relational, planetary self, and then develops a type of ethic that is based upon a critical romanticism for the planet.
Gastrointestinal adverse events with insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed‐ratio combination versus glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Rayner Christopher K. , Wu Tongzhi , Aroda Vanita R. , Whittington Craig , Kanters Steve , Guyot Patricia , Shaunik Alka , Horowitz Michael
Published: September 2020

Aims

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1 RAs) are the recommended first injectable therapy in type 2 diabetes. However, long‐term persistence is suboptimal and partly attributable to gastrointestinal tolerability, particularly during initiation/escalation. Gradual titration of fixed‐ratio combination GLP‐1 RA/insulin therapies may improve GLP‐1 RA gastrointestinal tolerability. We compared gastrointestinal adverse event (AE) rates for iGlarLixi versus GLP‐1 RAs during the first 12 weeks of therapy, including a sensitivity analysis with IDegLira.

Materials and methods

The PICO framework was used to identify studies from MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL searches using a proprietary, web‐based, standardized tool with single data extraction. Gastrointestinal AEs were modelled using a Bayesian network meta‐analysis (NMA), using fixed and random effects for each recommended dose (treatment‐specific NMA) and class (drug‐class NMA).

Results

Treatment‐specific NMA included 17 trials (n = 9030; 3665 event‐weeks). Nausea rates were significantly lower with iGlarLixi versus exenatide 10 μg twice daily (rate ratio: 0.32; 95% credible interval: 0.15, 0.66), once‐daily lixisenatide 20 μg (0.35; 0.24, 0.50) and liraglutide 1.8 mg once daily (0.48; 0.23, 0.98). Rates were numerically, but not statistically, lower versus once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg (0.60; 0.30, 1.23) and dulaglutide 1.5 mg (0.60; 0.29, 1.26), and numerically, but not statistically, higher versus once‐weekly exenatide (1.91; 0.91, 4.03). Sensitivity analysis results were similar. In a naïve, pooled analysis, vomiting was lower with iGlarLixi versus other GLP‐1 RAs.

Conclusions

During the first 12 weeks of treatment, iGlarLixi was generally associated with less nausea and vomiting than single‐agent GLP‐1 RAs. Enhanced gastrointestinal tolerability with fixed‐ratio combinations may favour treatment persistence.
Differential effects of L‐ and D‐phenylalanine on pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormone release in humans: A randomized crossover study
Authors: Amin Anjali , Frampton James , Liu Zhigang , Franco‐Becker Georgia , Norton Mariana , Alaa Aos , Li Jia V. , Murphy Kevin G.
Published: September 2020

Aim

To investigate the effects of L‐phenylalanine on gastroenteropancreatic hormone release, glucose levels, subjective appetite and energy intake in humans, and to determine whether these effects were stereoisomer‐specific by comparing them with D‐phenylalanine.

Materials and methods

A dose‐finding, non‐randomized, unblinded, crossover study was conducted during October–December 2017 at the NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility in five participants, in which the tolerability of escalating doses of oral L‐phenylalanine was assessed (0, 3, 6 and 10 g). Also, an acute, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study was conducted during January–May 2018 at the NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility in 11 participants, in which the effects of oral 10 g L‐phenylalanine relative to D‐phenylalanine and placebo on gastroenteropancreatic hormone (insulin, glucagon, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide [GIP], peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY], glucagon‐like peptide‐1) and glucose concentrations, visual analogue scales for subjective appetite and energy intake at an ad libitum meal served 70 minutes postingestion, were investigated.

Results

L‐phenylalanine was well‐tolerated and increased insulin and glucagon concentrations prior to meal ingestion at several time points relative to placebo and D‐phenylalanine (P < .05). L‐phenylalanine also increased GIP concentrations relative to D‐phenylalanine (P = .0420) and placebo (P = .0249) 70 minutes following ingestion. L‐phenylalanine reduced postprandial glucose area under the curve (AUC)70‐150mins relative to placebo (P = .0317) but did not affect subjective appetite or energy intake (P > .05). D‐phenylalanine increased postprandial PYY AUC70‐150mins concentrations relative to placebo (P = .0002).

Conclusions

Ingestion of L‐phenylalanine, but not D‐phenylalanine, increases insulin, glucagon and GIP concentrations without appearing to have a marked effect on appetite.
The ballot and the wallet: Self‐respect and the fair value of political liberties
Authors: Queralt Jahel , González‐Ricoy Iñigo
Published: September 2020

Economic disparities often translate into disparities in political influence, rendering political liberties less worthy to poor citizens than to wealthier ones. Concerned with this, Rawls advocated that a guarantee of the fair value of political liberties be included in the first principle of justice as fairness, with significant regulatory and distributive implications. He nonetheless supplied little examination of the content and grounding of such guarantee, which we here offer. After examining three uncompelling arguments in its favor, we complete a more promising yet less explored argument that builds on the value of self‐respect. We first inspect the conditions and duties that securing self‐respect entails. We then look into how uneven allocations of the value of political liberties bear, expressively and due to the power imbalances they yield, on such conditions and duties.
Heidegger on Aristotelian phronêsis and moral justification
Authors: Zoller David
Published: September 2020

Recent reconstructions of Heidegger's thoughts on ethics have a curious paradoxical feature. On the one hand, Heidegger, particularly in his Aristotle lectures of the 1920s, offers a view of practical reason on which Dasein has its “moral knowledge” in a fully perceptual, non‐cognitive way. This generally sets Heidegger in opposition to the whole business of principled moral justification before the fact. On the other hand, the literature is peppered with what appear to be principled denunciations of immorality—particularly violations of other Dasein—grounded in the analytic of Dasein. To see human life as having a stable ergon (“business” or “function”), with certain broad tasks to pursue and vices to avoid, is not necessarily counter‐Aristotelian; on the contrary, it is basic to the kind of Aristotelianism Husserl pursued in his own lectures on ethics. Here I set Heidegger's Aristotelian model of practical reason amid the competing, though similar, Aristotelianisms of John McDowell and Husserl, which differ on their handling of the human ergon. I conclude that Heidegger's views on practical reason and moral knowledge certainly constrain and very much alter the business of moral justification, but they do not precisely rule it out.
Kant's a priori history of metaphysics: Systematicity, progress, and the ends of reason
Authors: Reichl Pavel
Published: September 2020

This paper explores Kant's conception of the relation between philosophy and its history. The idea that philosophy must account for its historical development is often associated with German Idealism. On the traditional view, the German Idealists departed from the ahistorical Kantian framework by conceiving of reason in a developmental manner, thus initiating a “historical turn” within philosophy. However, I argue that Kant's sketch of the history of metaphysics in the final chapter of the Critique of Pure Reason and in the so‐called Progress Essay anticipates this turn. Specifically, I argue that in this essay Kant articulates a developmental conception of reason as a basis for understanding the history of metaphysics. My aim is to change the prevailing view of Kant as an ahistorical thinker and to challenge the canonical account of the genesis of the historical turn in philosophy.
Species richness, abundance and diversity of ichneumonid wasps in Japanese beech forests impacted by sika deer and sawfly herbivory
Authors: Taniwaki Toru , Tamura Atsushi , Watanabe Kyohei
Published: September 2020

We investigated the community structure of ichneumonid wasps inhabiting beech forests at six sites in the Tanzawa Mountains of Japan under different magnitudes of impact by sika deer Cervus nippon and beech sawfly Fagineura crenativora on vegetation. Using yellow flight‐interception traps, we captured 2,528 ichneumonid wasps representing 367 species in 23 subfamilies. The number of species at each site ranged from 77 to 136 and approximately 80% of these were low‐density species (i.e. only one to two individuals captured per site). The number of individuals at each site ranged from 248 to 897, and the percentage of the beech sawfly parasitoids varied widely from 1% to 57%. The numbers of species in parasitoid groups categorized according to their hosts, that is, sawfly (not including the beech sawfly), Lepidoptera, woodborer, fungivore or the others, did not greatly differ among the study sites. Parasitoids attacking herbivorous insects exceeded others in species richness and abundance at all sites. Six sites were classified into four groups in terms of abundance of the host groups when excluding the parasitoids of the beech sawfly, but into only two groups when including these parasitoids. Species diversity and evenness were the highest at the least impacted site even if the beech sawfly parasitoids were excluded from calculation. We suggested some environmental factors, such as groundcover vegetation, abundance of the beech sawfly and structure and age of forest stands, that could have affected the community structure of ichneumonid wasps in the beech forests.
Incidence and distribution of subtypes of early‐onset dementia in Japan: A nationwide analysis based on annual performance reports of the Medical Centers for Dementia
Authors: Edahiro Ayako , Miyamae Fumiko , Taga Tsutomu , Sugiyama Mika , Kikuchi Kazunori , Okamura Tsuyoshi , Awata Shuichi
Published: September 2020

Aim

Investigating the incidence rate of early‐onset dementia is challenging. We explored the incidence rate of early‐onset dementia in Japan using annual performance reports from the Medical Centers for Dementia.

Methods

Medical Centers for Dementia are specialized health services for dementia established as part of Japan's national health program. There are 440 such centers nationwide as of 2018. Using the annual performance reports of these centers, we calculated the number of newly diagnosed cases of early‐onset dementia or late‐onset dementia from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019, and the composition ratio by diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. The annual incidence rate of early‐onset dementia was estimated using the number of cases as the numerator and the national population aged 18–64 years as the denominator.

Results

In total, 1733 of cases were diagnosed with early‐onset dementia, of which 52.1% were diagnosed as major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease, 8.9% major frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder, 8.8% major vascular neurocognitive disorder, 7.1% substance/medication‐induced major neurocognitive disorder, 6.5% major neurocognitive disorder with Lewy bodies and 3.9% major neurocognitive disorder due to another medical condition. The annual incidence rate of early‐onset dementia was estimated to be 2.47/100 000 person‐years.

Conclusions

This study provides the first nationwide estimate of the incidence rate of early‐onset dementia in Japan and suggests that Medical Centers for Dementia are important resources for the epidemiological monitoring of early‐onset dementia nationwide. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 1050–1055..
Enhancing the sinterability and electrical properties of BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3‐δ proton‐conducting ceramic electrolyte
Authors: Yu Shenglong , Wang Zhen , Yang Lei , Liu Jincheng , Guan Rui , Xiao Youcheng , He Tianmin
Published: September 2020

A novel strategy was proposed to enhance the sinterability and electrical properties of BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3‐δ (BZCY) proton‐conducting electrolyte by adding 10 wt.% La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3‐δ (LSGM) to form a 90 wt.% BZCY–10 wt.% LSGM (BL91) composite electrolyte. XRD patterns showed that no reaction occurred between the BZCY and LSGM electrolytes after sintering at 1400°C, 1450°C, 1500°C, and 1550°C for 10 h. The BL91 composite electrolyte exhibited higher relative densities and Vickers hardness and excellent electrical properties compared with those of the BZCY electrolyte. A combined approach of equivalent circuit model and distribution of relaxation time analysis was used to distinguish the bulk and grain‐boundary contributions to the total conductivity and electrode processes. The introduction of 10 wt.% LSGM serves as a grain‐boundary pinning phase, which can reduce the mobility of grain boundaries, thereby increasing sintered density and enhancing conductivity in BL91. A solid oxide fuel cell with proton‐conducting BL91 and BZCY membranes was tested, in which the former displayed higher power outputs than the latter. Ohmic and interfacial polarization resistances decreased by approximately 20%, thereby revealing the remarkable electrical properties of the BL91 electrolyte. Results demonstrated that BL91 composite is a development prospect proton‐conducting electrolyte.
Analysis of the color matching of universal resin composites in anterior restorations
Authors: de Abreu João Luiz Bittencourt , Sampaio Camila Sobral , Benalcázar Jalkh Ernesto Byron , Hirata Ronaldo
Published: September 2020

Objective

To evaluate color matching of universal composite restorations performed in anterior teeth using two evaluation methods.

Materials and Methods

Sixty class III preparations were made on denture central incisors with different shades (A1‐A3) and restored with multishade (Tetric Evoceram, Filtek Universal, and TPH Spectra Universal) and single‐shade (Omnichroma) universal composites (n = 5). For photographic analysis, a digital photograph of each specimen was taken under standardized set‐up. Color measurements were taken in the center of the restoration, and in the tooth surface 1.0 mm adjacent from the tooth/restoration margin. CIELab coordinates were recorded and color difference analysis (ΔE) was made using the CIEDE‐2000 formula. For visual analysis, calibrated observers performed visual scoring of color matching and differences were graded as 0:excellent match; 1:very good match; 2:not so good match; 3:obvious mismatch; 4:huge mismatch. All data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed model analysis with a confidence interval of 95%.

Results

For photographic analysis, Omnichroma showed the highest ΔE compared to the other composites for all shades (P < .05), without difference among experimental groups regarding tooth shade. For visual analysis, Omnichroma showed the highest scores (P < .05) for all teeth shades, without differences between the other groups. Furthermore, there were no differences between visual scores for different shades of a same resin composite group.

Conclusions

Multishade universal composites presented higher color matching than the single shade universal composite. There were no differences of color matching for different tooth shades for all composites.

Clinical significance

Universal composites with increased color matching may be helpful to simplify anterior restorations, minimizing clinical errors.
Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts: Policy And Practice Scan
Authors: Choo Kyungseok , Petrosino Anthony , Sutherland Hannah , Fronius Trevor , Guckenburg Sarah , Tran Jacquelyn , Earl Kevin
Published: September 2020

As part of a research team on the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) Initiative to Develop and Test Guidelines for Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts, WestEd conducted a policy and practice scan (also called an "environmental scan") to provide data on a small sample of local Juvenile Drug Treatment Courts (JDTCs) in the United States. This article is a synthesis of the information collected from 25 JDTCs on their current operations. The article first reviews key literature on JDTCs, followed by a description of the methodology used in this policy and practice scan. Then, the article presents findings about history, funding sources, partnerships, structures and operations, treatment options, challenges, and successes. We found little systematic performance evaluation or long‐term sustainability planning among the participating JDTCs. Finally, the article discusses the limitations of this study, implications for the new version of the JDTC guidelines, and practical recommendations for stakeholders in this field.
Income Redistribution, Consumer Credit, and Keeping Up with the Riches
Authors: KLEIN MATHIAS , KRAUSE CHRISTOPHER
Published: September 2020

In this study, we set up a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with upward looking consumption comparison and show that consumption externalities are an important driver of consumer credit dynamics. Our model economy is populated by two different household types. Investors, who hold the economy's capital stock, own the firms and supply credit, and workers, who supply labor and demand credit to finance consumption. Furthermore, workers condition their consumption choice on the investors' level of consumption. We estimate the model and find a significant keeping up mechanism by matching business cycle statistics. In reproducing credit moments, our proposed model significantly outperforms a model version in which we abstract from consumption externalities.
Cannula versus needle in medical rhinoplasty: the nose knows
Authors: Rosengaus Frank , Nikolis Andreas
Published: September 2020

The use of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers has become a popular alternative for nose remodeling, although poor understanding of the nasal anatomy has resulted in adverse events and generated some controversy. Among them, is the question of where and when to use cannulas vs needles. Through multiple cadaver dissections, clinical experience and the review of medical literature the authors conclude the use of needle over cannula is preferred, assuring a correct injection plane lying fully against the bone or cartilage. Although blunt in nature, cannulas may lead to difficulty in determining with precision the exact depth of product placement and contribute to more dissection of adjacent structures. Thorough knowledge of the highly variable nasal anatomy, including vessel depth location is of outmost importance in avoiding adverse events. Good patient selection is critical where most noses for augmentation rhinoplasty and some reduction rhinoplasty candidates where the goal is to camouflage the dorsal hump are amenable to medical rhinoplasty, unless there is reduced skin elasticity of nasal soft tissues or distortion of anatomy from surgery or trauma. Appropriate product selection is important for effective results. The authors suggest fillers with low cohesivity and high lifting capacity. Finally, we suggest a technique referred as Rhinosculpting base in the use the use of three conceptual elements: facial analysis, light reflection, and use of HA gel as a cartilage graft, in combination with the detailed injection technique presented in this article, which ensures a safer and satisfying treatment outcome.
May myo‐inositol and d‐chiro‐inositol (40:1) treatment be a good option on normal‐weighted polycystic ovary syndrome patients without insulin resistance?
Authors: Colak Eser , Ozcimen Emel Ebru , Tohma Yusuf Aytac , Ceran Mehmet Ufuk
Published: September 2020

Aim

To investigate the effectiveness of myo‐inositol and d‐chiro‐inositol (MI:DCI) (40:1) treatment in normal‐weight polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients without insulin resistance.

Methods

This retrospective case–control study included PCOS patients without insulin resistance who were diagnosed in the gynecology and obstetrics clinic of Başkent University Konya Practice and Research Hospital between January 2016 and October 2019 and received at least 6 months of MI:DCI (40:1) treatment. The patients were divided into two groups according to body mass index (BMI). Twenty‐nine anovulatory patients without insulin resistance with a BMI of 18–25 were included in group 1 (normal‐weight group), whereas 17 patients without insulin resistance with BMI > 25 were included in group 2 (obese/overweight group). Ovulation status of both groups was compared after MI:DCI treatment.

Results

Ovulation was detected in 23 of 29 patients in the normal‐weight group, whereas it was detected only in 5 of 17 patients in the obese/overweight group; this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001) (Table 2, Figure 1). Post‐treatment progesterone levels of both groups were compared and in the normal‐weight PCOS group was significantly higher than the obese/overweight group (P < 0.001) (Table 2, Figure 2). In addition, spontaneous pregnancy following treatment was observed in six of the seven (85.7%) patients in the normal‐weight group who wanted to conceive, whereas it was observed in only two of the six (33.3%) patients in the obese/overweight group who wanted to conceive.

Conclusion

Our results showed that MI:DCI (40:1) treatment may be a first‐line treatment in normal‐weight PCOS patients without insulin resistance.
A systematic review on bacterial community changes after periodontal therapy with and without systemic antibiotics: An analysis with a wider lens
Authors: Dilber Erdem , Hagenfeld Daniel , Ehmke Benjamin , Faggion Clovis Mariano
Published: September 2020

Background

This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive view on microbial community shifts after periodontal therapy with and without systemic antibiotics, conducted in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods

Search functions in PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Knowledge, and the Cochrane Oral Health Library databases were used to locate studies published up to December 2018 that reported at least two bacteria before and after periodontal therapy. Gray literature and manual searching were done. Information about reported bacteria in those studies were extracted, and a descriptive microbial community analysis was conducted to observe trends and influencing factors on microbial dynamics. Methodological aspects were examined, including the bacterial detection method, heterogeneity of procedures, and risk of bias (RoB) of the studies.

Results

The 30 included studies reported 130 different bacterial genera. Four different detection methods were reported: cultivation, polymerase chain reaction, DNA‐DNA‐checkerboard hybridization, and 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing. No general compositional change between the antibiotic and placebo groups could be found after therapy on the community level. Fifty‐five bacteria were reported in two or more studies. Of those, 24 genera decreased and 13 increased more frequently after antibiotic use. Great heterogeneity between procedures and variability in RoB were found among the studies.

Conclusions

Microbial shifts occurred regardless of the use of antibiotics. Antibiotic therapy seems to induce more changes in single bacteria. The heterogeneity in methods and reporting of the included studies preclude clinical recommendations on the use or not of adjunctive antibiotics. The present results may guide further research on the topic.
Chloroplast genomes of key species shed light on the evolution of the ancient genusIsoetes
Authors: Pereira Jovani B. S. , Giulietti Ana Maria , Pires Eder S. , Laux Marcele , Watanabe Maurício T. C. , Oliveira Renato R. M. , Vasconcelos Santelmo , Oliveira Guilherme
Published: September 2020

Although phylogenetic studies have revealed major clades, the deepest relationships inIsoetesremain unresolved. The use of next‐generation sequencing provides enormous amounts of gene sequences, which allows not only clarification of the basal relationships but also rapid radiations. Plastomes of six keyIsoetesspecies were annotated, revealing a total of 129 or 130 genes, depending on the species. Our phylogenomic analyses comprising representatives of all major clades yielded well‐supported nodes and identical topologies using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference. The phylogenetic reconstructions detangled the deep relationships inIsoetesand illuminated the more recent radiations in the genus. A basal dichotomy was found that groupedIsoetes spp. from Brazil and South Africa into a clade sister to the remainingIsoetesgroups. Interestingly,I. andicolawas found to be sister to the North American species complex. Genomic trait mapping analysis showed that the missing introns in theatpFandclpPgenes were well conserved in two major clades. The absence oftrnK‐UUUwas observed in the Brazilian tropical species and inI. velata. Among lycophytes, the genetrnR‐CCGwas missing only inI. eludens. In general, genomic traits such as the presence or absence of internal stop codons, a tRNA, and an intron were revealed to be conserved within groups, suggesting that these genomic traits might reveal vital information about the evolution of the genus. This study will contribute to understanding the diversification ofIsoetesand the establishment of a better framework to address the evolutionary history of the genus.
Are Religious Women More Traditionalist? A Cross‐National Examination of Gender and Religion
Authors: Di Di
Published: September 2020

Does national context shape the relationship between religious attendance and women's gender ideologies? Although previous studies have examined gender and religion within a single national context (and often in a single faith community), few have done so using a cross‐national comparative perspective. This has left a significant gap in our understanding of how gender and religion operate in distinctive national contexts. Relying on survey data collected in 37 countries, this study analyzes how the relationship between religious attendance and women's gender ideologies is conditioned by their country's gender inequality. The findings indicate that while women's religious attendance is, on average, negatively related to egalitarian gender ideologies, this association is conditioned by religious affiliation. The relationship is also contingent on the level of gender inequality experienced, and grows weaker in countries with more prominent gender inequality. This study reveals the mechanisms that contextualize the intersection of gender and religion.
Assessing statistical similarity in dietary intakes of women of reproductive age in Bangladesh
Authors: Wable Grandner Gargi , Dickin Katherine , Kanbur Ravi , Menon Purnima , Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Hoddinott John
Published: September 2020

Women of reproductive age (WRA) need adequate nutrient intakes to sustain a healthy pregnancy, support fetal growth, and breastfeed after childbirth. However, data on women's dietary intake in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) are limited, and assessment of differences between dietary intakes of pregnant or lactating women compared with that of nonpregnant, nonlactating (NPNL) women is untested. Using single, multiple‐pass 24‐h dietary recall data from a sample of WRA residing in rural Bangladesh, we examined women's dietary intakes for energy, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and dietary diversity for three groups: NPNL (n = 2,903), pregnant (n = 197), and lactating women (n = 944). We used equivalence testing to examine similarity in adjusted intakes for pregnant versus NPNL women and lactating versus NPNL women with a predetermined equivalence threshold based on recommendations specific for each reproductive stage. On average, both pregnant and lactating women had insufficient intakes for all dietary measures. Although statistically significant differences were observed between pregnant and NPNL women for energy intake and dietary diversity and between lactating and NPNL women for energy and protein intake, the magnitudes of these differences were too small to reject equivalence. Statistical similarity was also evident in all micronutrients and dietary diversity for both two‐group comparisons. Understanding statistical differences and similarities between dietary measures of women in distinct reproductive stages has important implications for the relevance, appropriateness, and evaluation of maternal diet‐enhancing interventions in LMICs, especially during pregnancy and lactation, when demand for macronutrients and micronutrients is elevated.
Spatial and environmental influences on selection in a clock gene coding trinucleotide repeat in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)
Authors: Prentice Melanie B. , Bowman Jeff , Murray Dennis L. , Khidas Kamal , Wilson Paul J.
Published: September 2020

Clock genes exhibit substantial control over gene expression and ultimately life‐histories using external cues such as photoperiod, and are thus likely to be critical for adaptation to shifting seasonal conditions and novel environments as species redistribute their ranges under climate change. Coding trinucleotide repeats (cTNRs) are found within several clock genes, and may be interesting targets of selection due to their containment within exonic regions and elevated mutation rates. Here, we conduct inter‐specific characterization of the NR1D1 cTNR between Canada lynx and bobcat, and intra‐specific spatial and environmental association analyses of neutral microsatellites and our functional cTNR marker, to investigate the role of selection on this locus in Canada lynx. We report signatures of divergent selection between lynx and bobcat, with the potential for hybrid‐mediated gene flow in the area of range overlap. We also provide evidence that this locus is under selection across Canada lynx in eastern Canada, with both spatial and environmental variables significantly contributing to the explained variation, after controlling for neutral population structure. These results suggest that cTNRs may play an important role in the generation of functional diversity within some mammal species, and allow for contemporary rates of adaptation in wild populations in response to environmental change. We encourage continued investment into the study of cTNR markers to better understand their broader relevance to the evolution and adaptation of mammals.
Kaleckian conflict inflation with endogenous labor supply
Authors: Datta Soumya , Saratchand C.
Published: September 2020

We propose a simple but well‐defined Kaleckian model of conflict inflation, consisting of a Kaleckian investment function and conflict inflation, resulting from workers and capitalists making conflicting claims over their shares in output. The bargaining power of workers depends on the rate of employment. The central bank engages in inflation targeting through changes in the interest rate. We establish the existence of an economically meaningful steady state and examine its stability properties both analytically and numerically. We show the possibilities of cyclical trajectories under certain conditions.
Water uptake depth is coordinated with leaf water potential, water‐use efficiency and drought vulnerability in karst vegetation
Authors: Ding Yali , Nie Yunpeng , Chen Hongsong , Wang Kelin , Querejeta José I.
Published: September 2020

Root access to bedrock water storage or groundwater is an important trait allowing plant survival in seasonally dry environments. However, the degree of coordination between water uptake depth, leaf‐level water‐use efficiency (WUEi) and water potential in drought‐prone plant communities is not well understood.

We conducted a 135‐d rainfall exclusion experiment in a subtropical karst ecosystem with thin skeletal soils to evaluate the responses of 11 co‐occurring woody species of contrasting life forms and leaf habits to a severe drought during the wet growing season.

Marked differences in xylem water isotopic composition during drought revealed distinct ecohydrological niche separation among species. The contrasting behaviour of leaf water potential in coexisting species during drought was largely explained by differences in root access to deeper, temporally stable water sources. Smaller‐diameter species with shallower water uptake, more negative water potentials and lower WUEi showed extensive drought‐induced canopy defoliation and/or mortality. By contrast, larger‐diameter species with deeper water uptake, higher leaf‐level WUEi and more isohydric behaviour survived drought with only moderate canopy defoliation.

Severe water limitation imposes strong environmental filtering and/or selective pressures resulting in tight coordination between tree diameter, water uptake depth, iso/anisohydric behaviour, WUEi and drought vulnerability in karst plant communities.
Vitamin D oral gel for prevention of radiation‐induced oral mucositis: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bakr Islam S. , Zaki Azza M. , El‐Moslemany Riham M. , Elsaka Rasha O.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The aim of this clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of topical oral vitamin D gel in prevention of radiation‐induced oral mucositis.

Material and Methods

A three‐armed randomized controlled clinical trial on forty‐five head and neck cancer patients was conducted. First group: conventional treatment. Second group: Topical oral vitamin D gel. Third group: topical oral vitamin D gel plus the conventional treatment. All the patients were examined clinically three and six weeks after the start of radiotherapy for pain and WHO mucositis score.

Results

After 6 weeks of radiotherapy, (33.5%) the patients in control group developed high‐grade severity of oral mucositis while the patients in the two‐test groups “vitamin D group and combined therapy group” remained with low‐grade severity or with complete remission. Mean pain scores showed a significant decrease in the combined therapy group and to a close degree in vitamin D group rather than the control group.

Conclusion

Topical oral vitamin D gel has a beneficial effect in lowering oral mucositis development and in reducing pain sensation during the radiation period especially when combined with conventional therapeutic agents.
Osteopenic effects of high‐fat diet‐induced obesity on mechanically induced alveolar bone remodeling
Authors: Luo Hong , Wu Hongyan , Tan Xi , Ye Yusi , Huang Lan , Dai Hongwei , Mei Li
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of obesity on the tissue and molecular reactions of alveolar bone in response to orthodontic force and its underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Sixty‐four rats were randomly divided into normal diet (ND) and high‐fat diet (HFD) groups for eight weeks of dietary treatment. OTM was induced using nickel–titanium springs between the upper left first molar and incisor. After 1, 3, 7, and 14 days of OTM, the maxillary alveolar bone and gingival tissues were harvested and analyzed.

Results

Compared with the ND rats, the HFD rats had greater OTM distance, serum levels of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), as well as significant alveolar bone loss and bone architecture deterioration on both the compression and tension sides (p < .05 for all). This response was linked to the increased osteoclast numbers and functional activity and decreased osteoblast activity in the periodontal ligament, gingival tissue, and alveolar bone.

Conclusions

HFD‐induced obesity promoted mechanically induced alveolar bone remodeling and detrimental changes in alveolar bone microstructure by increasing osteoclastogenesis and regulating inflammatory cytokine expression. The increased alveolar bone remodeling in the obese rats lead to an accelerated OTM.
WHAT HAPPENED AT AUGLAND? A SOCIAL CHRONOLOGY FOR THE DEMISE OF A ROMAN IRON AGE CERAMIC WORKSHOP IN SOUTH NORWAY
Authors: Fredriksen Per Ditlef , Rødsrud Christian Løchsen , Caruso Francesco
Published: September 2020

The unique ceramic production site at Augland in southernmost Norway thrived for more than 250 years until its demise in the troubled Migration Period. Contrary to previous opinions, we argue that production ended around AD 450–460 and not in the sixth century. Our approach, based on the craft practices, reveals that the introduction of a novel technology accelerated the process, fuelled by a regional power shift that severed once‐resilient ties to south Scandinavia. This outcome is based on the analysis of Augland’s terminal century: 1) re‐analysis of radiocarbon data; 2) ceramic macroscopy; and 3) fine‐sorting of pastes using handheld XRF data.
Turning plant interactions upside down: Light signals from below matter
Authors: Zhang Ningyi , Evers Jochem B. , Anten Niels P. R. , Marcelis Leo F. M.
Published: September 2020

Plants grow in dense stands receive light signals of varying strength from all directions. Plant responses to light signals from below should be considered in light‐mediated plant interactions, as their consequences for plant performance differ among ecological and agricultural settings. Where to perceive, how to integrate and what type of responses can be induced by light signals from below are major questions that need to be solved to expand our understanding of light‐mediated plant interactions.
Enhancement of cadmium accumulation in sweet sorghum as affected by nitrate
Authors: Bai Z. Q. , Zhu L. , Chang H. X. , Wu J. W.
Published: September 2020

The Cadmium (Cd)‐polluted soils are is an increasing concern worldwide. Phytoextraction of Cd pollutants by high biomass plants, such as sweet sorghum, is considered an environmentally‐friendly, cost‐effective and sustainable strategy for remediating this problem. Nitrogen (N) is a macronutrient essential for plant growth, development and stress resistance. Nevertheless, how nitrate, as an important form of N, affects Cd uptake, translocation and accumulation in sweet sorghum is still unclear.

In the present study, a series of nitrate levels (N1, 0.5 mm; N2, 2 mm; N3, 4 mm; N4, 8 mm and N5, 16 mm) with or without added 5 μm CdCl2 treatment in sweet sorghum was investigated hydroponically.

The results indicate that Cd accumulation in the aboveground parts of sweet sorghum was enhanced by optimum nitrate supply, resulting from both increased dry weight and Cd concentration. Although root‐to‐shoot Cd translocation was not enhanced by increased nitrate, some Cd was transferred from cell walls to vacuoles in leaves. Intriguingly, expression levels of Cd uptake and transport genes, SbNramp1, SbNramp5 and SbHMA3, were not closely related to increased Cd as affected by nitrate supply. The expression of SbNRT1.1B in relation to nitrate transport showed an inverted ‘U’ shape with increasing nitrate levels under Cd stress, which was in agreement with trends in Cd concentration changes in aboveground tissues.

Based on the aforementioned results, nitrate might regulate Cd uptake and accumulation through expression of SbNRT1.1B rather than SbNramp1, SbNramp5 or SbHMA3, the well‐documented genes related to Cd uptake and transport in sweet sorghum.
Using genetic evaluation to guide conservation of remnant Juniperus communis (Cupressaceae) populations
Authors: Jacquemart A.‐L. , Buyens C. , Delescaille L.‐M. , Van Rossum F.
Published: September 2020

Many critically endangered plant species exist in small, genetically depauperate or inbred populations, making assisted gene flow interventions necessary for long‐term population viability. However, before such interventions are implemented, conservation practitioners must consider the genetic and demographic status of extant populations, which are strongly affected by species’ life‐history traits. In northwestern Europe, Juniperus communis, a dioecious, wind‐pollinated and bird‐dispersed gymnosperm, has been declining for the past century and largely exists in small, isolated and senescent populations.

To provide useful recommendations for a recovery plan involving translocation of plants, we investigated genetic diversity and structure of populations in Belgium using four microsatellite and five plastid single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers.

We detected no clonality in the populations, suggesting predominantly sexual reproduction. Populations exhibited high genetic diversity (He = 0.367–0.563) and low to moderate genetic differentiation (FST ≤ 0.133), with no clear geographic structure. Highly positive inbreeding coefficients (FIS = 0.221–0.507) were explained by null alleles, population substructuring and biparental inbreeding. No isolation by distance was observed among distant populations, but isolation at close geographic proximity was found. Patterns were consistent with high historical gene flow through pollen and seed dispersal at both short and long distances. We also tested four pre‐germination treatments among populations to improve germination rates; however, germination rates remained low and only cold‐stratification treatments induced germination in some populations.

To bolster population regeneration, introductions of cuttings from several source populations are recommended, in combination with in situ management practices that improve seedling survival and with ex situ propagation.
Common Core Assessments in follow‐up studies of adults born preterm—Recommendation of the Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration
Authors: Kajantie Eero , Johnson Samantha , Heinonen Kati , Anderson Peter J. , Wolke Dieter , Evensen Kari Anne I. , Räikkönen Katri , Darlow Brian A. , van der Pal Sylvia , Indredavik Marit S. , Jaekel Julia , Hovi Petteri , Morrison Katherine , Verrips Erik , Doyle Lex W. ,   APIC Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration
Published: September 2020

Background

Of all newborns, 1%‐2% are born very preterm (VP; <32 weeks) or with very low birthweight (VLBW; ≤1500 g). Advances in prenatal and neonatal care have substantially improved their survival, and the first generations who have benefited from these advances are now entering middle age. While most lead healthy lives, on average these adults are characterised by a number of adversities. These include cardiometabolic risk factors, airway obstruction, less physical activity, poorer visual function, lower cognitive performance, and a behavioural phenotype that includes inattention and internalising and socially withdrawn behaviour that may affect life chances and quality of life. Outcomes in later adulthood are largely unknown, and identifying trajectories of risk or resilience is essential in developing targeted interventions. Joint analyses of data and maintenance of follow‐up of cohorts entering adulthood are essential. Such analyses are ongoing within the Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration (APIC; www.apic-preterm.org). Joint analyses require data harmonisation, highlighting the importance of consistent assessment methodologies.

Objective

To present an expert recommendation on Common Core Assessments to be used in follow‐up assessments of adults born preterm.

Methods

Principles of Common Core Assessments were discussed at APIC meetings. Experts for each specific outcome domain wrote the first draft on assessments pertaining to that outcome. These drafts were combined and reviewed by all authors. Consensus was reached by discussion at APIC meetings.

Results

We present a recommendation by APIC experts on consistent measures to be used in adult follow‐up assessments.

Conclusions

The recommendation encompasses both “core” measures which we recommend to use in all assessments of adults born preterm that include the particular outcome. This will allow comparability between time and location. The recommendation also lists optional measures, focusing on current gaps in knowledge. It includes sections on study design, cardiometabolic and related biomarkers, biological samples, life style, respiratory, ophthalmic, cognitive, mental health, personality, quality of life, sociodemographics, social relationships, and reproduction.
The historical origins of the biblical god Yahweh
Authors: Stahl Michael J.
Published: September 2020

This article treats two separate but interrelated issues: (1) the historical origins of the deity YHWH (commonly rendered Yahweh), known from both biblical and non‐biblical sources and (2) the origins and development of YHWH's profile(s) in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, specifically as it pertains to the problem of YHWH's historical beginnings and early character. After some preliminary considerations regarding the Hebrew Bible's utility for historical reconstruction and the potential contributions of archeology, iconography, onomastics, and historical linguistics to the problem of YHWH's historical origins, the article: (1) examines the earliest written evidence for the god YHWH in the historical record, (2) offers a comparative historical treatment of early analogs to YHWH's character and profile as it appears in the Hebrew Bible, and (3) concludes with an analysis of the most important contemporary scholarly hypotheses regarding YHWH's historical origins.
Geochemical characteristics of gold mineralization of the Huai Kham On deposit, Sukhothai Fold Belt, Northern Thailand
Authors: Tangwattananukul Ladda , Ishiyama Daizo , Charusiri Punya
Published: September 2020

The Huai Kham On gold deposit is located in the central part of the Sukhothai Fold Belt, northern Thailand. The Sukhothai Fold Belt represents an accretionary complex formed by subduction and collision between the Indochina and Sibumasu Terranes. There are many small gold deposits in the Sukhothai Fold Belt; however, the styles and formation environments of those gold deposits are not clear. The geology of the Huai Kham On deposit consists of volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks, limestone, and low‐grade metamorphic rocks of Carboniferous to Triassic age. Gold‐bearing quartz veins are hosted by volcanic and volcanosedimentary rocks. The quartz veins can be divided into four stages. The mineral assemblage of the gold‐bearing quartz veins of Stages I and II comprises quartz, calcite, illite, pyrite, native gold, galena, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Quartz veins of Stage III consist of microcrystalline quartz, dolomite, calcite, pyrite, native gold, and chalcopyrite. Veins of Stage IV consist of calcite, dolomite, chlorite, and quartz. Fluid inclusions in quartz veins are classified into liquid‐rich two‐phase (Types IAand IB), carbonic‐aqueous (Type II), and carbonic (Type III) fluid inclusions. The homogenization temperatures of Types IAand II fluid inclusions that are related to the gold‐bearing quartz veins from Stages I to III ranged from 240° to 280°C. The δ18O values of quartz veins of Stages I to III range from +12.9 to +13.4‰, suggesting the presence of a homogeneous hydrothermal solution without temperature variation such as a decrease of temperature during the formation of gold‐bearing quartz veins from Stages I to III in the Huai Kham On gold deposit. Based on the calculated formation temperature of 280°C, the δ18O values of the hydrothermal solution that formed the gold‐bearing quartz veins range from +3.2 to +3.7‰, which falls into the range of metamorphic waters. The gold‐bearing quartz veins of the Huai Kham On deposit are interpreted to be the products of metamorphic water.