bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integração de práticas culturais e redução da dose de bentazon na cultura da soja
Authors: Carvalho Fernando T. de , Durigan Júlio C.
Published: August 2010

O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Jaboticabal, SP, no ano agrícola de 1990/91, onde testou-se a integração de práticas culturais e menor dosagem de herbicida aplicado em pós-emergência na cultura da soja, cultivar Paraná. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com dezesseis tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo quatro tipos de manejos de plantas daninhas: testemunha infestada, 50% da dose recomendada (360 g/ha do herbicida bentazon, dose recomendada do herbicida bentazon (720 g/ha) e testemunha capinada; dois espaçamentos entre-linhas: 30 cm e 60 cm; e duas densidades: normal e reduzida (em torno de 20 e 10 plantas por metro linear, respectivamente). Observou-se que a quantidade de matéria seca das plantas daninhas por época da colheita da soja, foi ligeiramente maior no tratamento com 50% do que no tratamento com 100% da dose do herbicida, porém a diferença não foi significativa. A produtividade no tratamento com 50% de redução na dose do herbicida foi 8,7% menor do que no tratamento com 100%. A redução de 50% na dose do herbicida testado, quando se interagiu com espaçamento e densidades adequadas (30 cm entre-linhas e densidade normal), é possível, considerando-se aceitável as perdas menores que 10% de grãos de soja em relação ao tratamento com dose normal e levando-se em conta os benefícios de tal redução da dose do herbicida.
Eficácia do halosulfuron no controle de tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) na cultura da cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Mascarenhas Maria Helena T. , Galli Antônio João B. , Viana Maria Celuta M. , Macêdo Geraldo A. R. , Lara José Francisco R.
Published: August 2010

A flora daninha infestante de um canavial é bastante específica e bem característica. O uso contínuo do mesmo herbicida é um dos fatores relacionados ao manejo, que mais tem contribuído para essa seleção. A tiririca (Cyperus rotundus) aparece como uma das principais espécies daninhas infestantes dos canaviais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do controle químico da tiririca, através da utilização do herbicida halosulfuron, pertencente ao grupo químico das sulfoniluréias, na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi instalado na EPAMIG, em Prudente de Morais - MG, em 24 de março de 1994, com a variedade RB-72454, em solo de várzea Glei Pouco Úmido, textura argilo-siltosa com pH 5,8 e 2,9% de matéria orgânica. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os herbicidas halosulfuron e 2,4-D (produto utilizado para comparação) foram aplicados em pós-emergência, em área total (cana-planta com altura média de 65cm), com pulverizador costal à pressão constante de 2,4kgf/cm2 ; munido de barra com dois bicos de jato plano (tipo "leque") 110.03, e vazão de 260 l/ha. No momento da aplicação a tiririca encontrava se no final da fase vegetativa e início do florescimento, com altura variando entre 15 e 30cm. O herbicida halosulfuron foi aplicado em mistura com o surfactante do grupo Tallow Amina, a 0,5% v/v. Foram realizadas avaliações de controle de plantas daninhas aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas, baseando-se na contagem do número de manifestações epígeas vivas em 0,2m2 por parcela. Pelos resultados obtidos o halosulfuron, na dosagem de 131,25 g i.a./ha, mostrou-se altamente eficiente no controle pós-emergente da tiririca na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, proporcionando, aos 60 dias após a aplicação, um controle superior a 90%. Testes de viabilidade de tubérculos coletados 90 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas, até a profundidade de 0,20m, mostraram que doses de 93,75; 112,5 e 131,25 g i.a./ha de halosulfuron chegaram a reduzir em respectivamente 47,7%, 52,7% e 60,7% o número de tubérculos viáveis. Esse resultado foi muito superior ao obtido com a aplicação do 2,4-D, que apresentou redução de apenas 23% no número de tubérculos viáveis. O produto mostrou-se totalmente seletivo à cultura, tendo sido aplicado em pós-emergência, na área total, não tendo sido observado qualquer sintoma de injúria caracterizado por necrose ou redução do crescimento das plantas.
Rana catesbeiana, pólvora e modulação supramolecular cicatrização intestinal e prognóstico no câncer de cólon: uma mesma origem biológica para o insucesso?
Authors: Delabio-Ferraz Edna , Aguiar Neto João Pupo de , Takiya Christina Maeda , Lacombe Domingos Penna
Published: August 2010

A cicatrização e remodelação do cólon resultam das modificações do colágeno na matriz extracelular. Algumas condições desequilibram sua renovação, enfraquecendo a resistência mecânica a cicatriz, como resultado da atividade elevada das metaloproteinases locais, e levando a um alto risco de deiscência. As metaloproteinases da matriz extracelular (matrix metalloproteinases, MMPs) constituem uma família de endopeptidases zinco-dependentes - metzincinas. São reconhecidos atualmente, em humanos, cerca de 24 genes responsáveis por cada uma delas. A colagenase (MMP-1) foi identificada por Gross e Lapière (1962) na cauda do girino da rã-touro americana. No câncer as MMPs tem ocupado um lugar especial. Evidências de que a célula neoplásica é capaz de interferir na modulação desta enzima - um co-fator associado à invasividade local e disseminação metastática. As MMP-2 e -7 são observadas com frequência no câncer de cólon, a MMP-12 parece exercer um efeito protetor (melhor prognóstico) e, ao contrário, a MMP-3 o torna pior. A associação entre alta atividade de MMPs, o pior prognóstico do câncer e o maior risco de deiscência de anastomose intestinal já vem sendo considerada, sugerindo uma trilogia consistente. A terapia farmacológica (inibidores MMPs) tem sido investigada, também para o controle do câncer. O artigo discute as informações mais relevantes e atualizadas sobre o assunto.
Prevalência de constipação intestinal entre estudantes de medicina de uma instituição no Noroeste Paulista
Authors: Trisóglio Caren , Marchi Cíntia Maria Garcia , Torres Ulysses dos Santos , Netinho João Gomes
Published: August 2010

Introdução: A constipação intestinal (CI) é uma doença altamente prevalente em países ocidentais, apresenta etiologia complexa e multifatorial, e cursa com importantes impactos do ponto de vista médico e socioeconômico; é possível que profissionais da saúde e estudantes de medicina, dada a natureza de suas atividades profissionais e hábitos de vida, apresentem taxas de prevalência mais elevadas da doença, se comparados à população geral. Objetivos: Determinar a taxa de prevalência de CI entre estudantes de medicina de uma instituição de ensino segundo critérios diagnósticos estabelecidos na literatura e compará-la às taxas relatadas entre a população geral. Pacientes e Métodos: Realizou-se estudo transversal através da aplicação de questionários individuais a 360 estudantes de medicina de uma instituição do noroeste paulista, dos quais 150 (42%) responderam; a definição de CI se deu através dos critérios de Roma III. Resultados: A taxa geral de prevalência de CI foi de 35%; houve predominância da doença entre o sexo feminino (55%; p<0,0001); estudantes do sexo feminino também apresentaram menor frequência de evacuações diárias e maior frequência de uso de laxativos (p< 0,05). Conclusões: A prevalência de CI entre a população estudada foi superior à relatada entre a população geral em diversos estudos, e uma investigação mais complexa quanto às causas desse fato deverá ser objeto de novos estudos.
O intertexto canônico em Avalovara
Authors: Nitrini Sandra
Published: August 2010

O intertexto canônico de Avalovara concretiza-se neste artigo a partir do diálogo desse romance de Osman Lins com A divina comédia, de Dante, Werther, de Goethe, Moby Dick, de Melville, e La modification, de Butor. Essas obras se unem em torno de uma experiência comum de seus protagonistas: a viagem e a busca de algo inapreensível, motivos nucleares do gênero épico.
Componentes primários e secundários do rendimento de óleo de pinhão-manso
Authors: Spinelli Victor Mouzinho , Rocha Rodrigo Barros , Ramalho André Rostand , Marcolan Alaerto Luiz , Vieira Júnior José Roberto , Fernandes Cléberson de Freitas , Militão Júlio Sancho Linhares Teixeira , Dias Luiz Antônio dos Santos
Published: August 2010

A definição dos critérios para seleção de materiais é especialmente importante para o cultivo do pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.), pois subsidia a caracterização dos ideótipos mais adequados para o plantio e o progresso genético com a prática da seleção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar, por meio de análise de trilha com diagrama em cadeia, os efeitos diretos e indiretos de sete características vegetativas e quatro características de qualidade da matéria-prima sobre o rendimento de óleo de pinhão-manso com 38 meses de cultivo. A produtividade de grãos e o teor de óleo apresentaram efeito direto e positivo sobre o rendimento de óleo, e o volume de copa mostrou-se como um dos principais componentes de efeito indireto e positivo sobre a variável principal. Na população de melhoramento avaliada, as estimativas dos efeitos diretos e indiretos indicaram que a seleção de plantas de maior rendimento de óleo deve considerar genótipos de maior produtividade de grãos e maior volume de copa, mantendo-se a variabilidade para as outras características avaliadas.
Granulomatous myelitis associated with hemorrhagic syndrome due to consumption of Vicia villosa by cattle
Authors: Sonne Luciana , Raymundo Djeison Lutier , Antoniassi Nadia Aline Bobbi , Bandarra Paulo Mota , Almeida Paula Rodrigues de , Vaz Júnior Itabajara da Silva , Driemeier David
Published: August 2010

An unusual case of spontaneous Vicia villosa poisoning affected a 6-year-old Holstein cow. Although the most striking findings included a generalized hemorrhagic condition associated with granulomatous myelitis, histological lesions typically seen with the vetch-associated systemic granulomatous syndrome were also present. Prominent gross findings were bloody nasal and oral discharges, disseminated hemorrhages, and bloody feces. Generalized hemorrhages associated with infiltration of numerous organs by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, multinucleated giants cells, and eosinophils were the main microscopic findings. Anti-CD68 immunostaining confirmed the presence of moderate histiocytic infiltrate and multinucleated giant cells in the bone marrow. These changes in the bone marrow probably caused the generalized hemorrhagic changes described here.
Algumas considerações nietzschianas sobre corpo e saúde
Authors: Peixoto Junior Carlos Augusto
Published: August 2010

No intuito de ressaltar a importância de algumas considerações nietzschianas para o entendimento que se pode ter do corpo e da saúde, o presente trabalho parte da crítica formulada por Nietzsche à metafísica e ao platonismo para discutir o seu ponto de vista a propósito das relações entre corpo e consciência. A partir daí, tendo como referência principal o conceito de vontade de potência, procura-se mostrar como o corpo poderia ser concebido como uma metáfora à qual Nietzsche recorre em sua interpretação crítica da subjetividade e da cultura.
Pedro e seus circuitos na cidade de São Paulo: religiosidade e situação de rua
Authors: Galvani Debora , Barros Denise Dias
Published: August 2010

Trata-se de estudo de caso, com base na reconstituição da história de vida de um adulto em situação de rua na cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa etnográfica e a história de vida compuseram as estratégias para coleta de dados, realizada durante 12 meses. Na análise, buscou-se desvendar singularidades no processo de construção de identidades capazes de redimensionar e conferir historicidade à experiência da situação de rua. Na discussão da trajetória de Pedro, a análise da religiosidade é fundamental para releitura da sua história de rua. Aliada a outras redes, mostrou possibilidades distintas de construção de redes de interdependência, caracterizando movimentos de ressignificação e de reconstrução de sentidos, afastando-se dos processos de desfiliação. A identidade socialmente negativa vinculada à situação de rua pode ser descentrada, adquirindo contornos e dinâmicas mais elucidativos. No entanto, ocorrem a necessidade e o desafio de construção de alternativas coletivas à precariedade da experiência de rua.
The analyst's desire in the clinic of anorexia
Authors: Silva Mariana Benatto Pereira da , Pereira Mario Eduardo Costa , Celeri Eloísa Helena Valler
Published: August 2010

The present work deals with the issue of the analyst's desire in the psychoanalytical treatment of anorexia. It analyzes important elements to establish transference in these cases, as the pursuit of death and the choice of refusing food as a way of controlling the demands of the Other. It then discusses the "analist's desire" function in this clinic. Rejecting the definition of a treatment model and the structural categorization of anorexia, we can find in the cases of the girl of Angouleme (Charcot) and Sidonie (M. Mannoni) present possible subjective ways to get out of this psychopathological impasse, by means of this function.
Paranoia (Verrücktheit) - 1904
Authors: Kraepelin Emil
Published: August 2010

Aqui publicamos a tradução brasileira (1905) do capítulo sobre a paranoia, extraído da sétima edição alemã (1904) do tratado (Lehrbuch) de psiquiatria de Emil Kraepelin. O autor discute o diagnóstico da paranoia e, particularmente, faz a distinção entre a paranoia e a demência precoce.
Chalcones and N-acylhydrazones: direct analogues? Exploratory data analysis applied to potential novel antileishmanial agents
Authors: Rando Daniela Gonçalves , Giarolla Jeanine , Pasqualoto Kerly Fernanda Mesquita , Ferreira Elizabeth Igne
Published: August 2010

Leishmaniasis is an important health and social problem for which there is limited effective therapy. Chalcones and N-acylhydrazones have been studied as promising antileishmanial agents in enzymatic inhibition and in vitro assays. Since these chemical classes of compounds also resemble each other structurally, it would be useful to investigate whether they share direct analogy. Exploratory data analysis was applied to a library of chalcones and nitrated N-acylhydrazones assayed against Leishmania donovani to investigate their similarity. Under the conditions applied in the present study, the two classes did not present functional or structural analogy.
Evaluation of the proliferative activity of methanol extracts from six medicinal plants in murine spleen cells
Authors: Zandonai Rodrigo Hermes , Coelho Fabiana , Ferreira Juliana , Mendes Ana Karla Bittencourt , Biavatti Maique Weber , Niero Rivaldo , Cechinel Filho Valdir , Bueno Ednéia Casagranda
Published: August 2010

A number of natural compounds have been used as immunomodulatory agents, enabling the function of the immune system to be modified by stimulating or suppressing it. There has been increasing interest in the study of therapeutic action of plant extracts regarding their immunomodulatory activity. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the action of extracts of the medicinal plants Calophyllum brasiliense, Ipomoea pes-caprae, Matayba elaeagnoides, Maytenus robusta, Rubus imperialis and Vernonia scorpioides on the development of spleen cells from mice, using the in vitro cellular proliferation assay. The cells, obtained by mechanical rupture of mice spleen (5x10(4) cells/mL), were incubated with methanol extracts (10, 50, 100 and 200 µg/mL) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 5 µg/mL). The basal control for proliferation consisted of cells alone, while the positive control consisted of cells and PHA. The cell culture was kept at 37 ºC in 5% CO2 for 72 hours, and cell proliferation was revealed by the blue tetrazolium reduction assay (MTT). The results were expressed as percentage of growth and were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The C. brasiliense, I. pes-caprae and M. elaeagnoides extracts showed dose-dependent induction of cell proliferation, with a significant increase in cell proliferation (p<0.03) and percentage growth of 88.2%, 73.1% and 52.7%, respectively, suggesting T lymphocyte stimulation. By contrast, M. robusta, R. imperialis and V. scorpioides extracts showed significance only with a negative percentage of growth, suggesting inhibition of cell proliferation (p<0.04). Further biomonitoring studies will enable the fractions and isolated substances responsible for the immunomodulatory activities to be identified.
Novel ion exchange resin-based combination drug-delivery system for treatment of gastro esophageal reflux diseases
Authors: Bhalekar Mangesh Ramesh , Kadam Nitin Madhukar , Patil Nilam Hindurao , Gawale Nitin Somnath , Madgulkar Ashwini
Published: August 2010

The present study involves preparation and characterization of a combination tablet of ranitidine in immediate release form and domperidone in sustained release form, using ion exchange resins. Ranitidine lowers acid secretion, while domperidone release over a prolonged period improves gastric motility thus justifying this combination in gastro esophageal reflux diseases (GERD) and ensuring patient compliance. Drug loading was carried out by batch method & resinates were characterized using FTIR, XRPD. Resinates were formulated as a combination tablet and evaluated for tablet properties & in vitro drug release. Resinates provided sustained release of domperidone and immediate release of ranitidine. IR and X-ray studies indicate complexation of drug and resin along with monomolecular distribution of drugs in amorphous form in the resin matrix. The tablets of resinate combination showed good tablet properties. In-vitro drug release gave desired release profiles and ex-vivo drug absorption studies carried out by placing everted rat intestine in dissolution medium indicated statistically significant similarity in absorption from test and marketed formulation. The novelty of this study is that the retardation in release of domperidone from resinates is achieved by presence of weak resin in the formulation.
Estudo das características cefalométricas em adolescentes brasileiros portadores de Padrão Face Longa
Authors: Silva Filho Omar Gabriel da , Cardoso Gleisieli C. Petelinkar Baessa , Cardoso Mauricio , Capelozza Filho Leopoldino
Published: August 2010

OBJETIVO: definir valores cefalométricos esqueléticos e dentários para adolescentes brasileiros com Padrão Face Longa. MÉTODOS: a amostra foi constituída de telerradiografias em norma lateral de 30 pacientes com Face Longa, sendo 17 do sexo feminino e 13 do masculino; e 30 pacientes face Padrão I, 15 do sexo masculino e 15 do feminino, no estágio de dentadura permanente durante a adolescência. As características do Padrão Face Longa foram definidas clinicamente, pela análise facial. As seguintes grandezas cefalométricas foram avaliadas: (1) Comportamento sagital das bases apicais (SNA, SNB, ANB, NAP, Co-A, Co-Gn); (2) Comportamento vertical das bases apicais (SN.PP, SN.PM, ângulo goníaco, AFAT, AFAI, AFAM, AFP, AFATperp, AFAIperp); (3) Comportamento dentoalveolar (1-PP, 6-PP, 1-PM, 6-PM, 1.PP, IMPA); e (4) Proporção entre as alturas faciais (AFAIPerp/AFATPerp, AFAI/AFAT, AFAM/AFAI). RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÕES: o erro vertical na Face Longa concentra-se no terço inferior. A maxila apresenta uma maior altura dentoalveolar e a mandíbula, com morfologia mais vertical, mostra maior rotação no sentido horário. Essas características morfológicas e espaciais acarretam alterações sagitais e verticais no esqueleto e alterações verticais dentoalveolares. No sentido sagital, os ângulos de convexidade facial estão aumentados. No sentido vertical, as alturas faciais anteriores total e inferior estão aumentadas. O componente dentoalveolar está mais longo.
Avaliação in vitro da resistência à flexão de um protótipo de mini-implante desenvolvido para ancoragem do aparelho de Herbst
Authors: Barretto-Lopes Klaus , Dominguez Gladys Cristina , Tortamano André , Rossi Jesualdo Luiz , Vigorito Julio Wilson
Published: August 2010

OBJETIVO: o propósito do presente estudo é avaliar o limite de resistência à flexão de um protótipo de mini-implante desenvolvido para ancoragem do aparelho de Herbst. MÉTODOS: após a realização de um cálculo do tamanho da amostra, quatro corpos de prova contendo os protótipos de mini-implantes foram submetidos a uma força de flexão por engastamento simples, utilizando-se uma máquina universal de ensaios mecânicos, sendo calculado o limite de resistência à força de flexão. RESULTADOS: após os ensaios mecânicos, os novos mini-implantes apresentaram o limite de resistência à força de flexão de 98,2kgf, que foi o menor valor encontrado. CONCLUSÃO: os protótipos de mini-implantes desenvolvidos para ancoragem do aparelho de Herbst foram capazes de suportar forças de flexão maiores do que as forças de mordida descritas na literatura.
Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de adesivo ortodôntico associado a verniz de clorexidina e timol na colagem de braquetes
Authors: Calabrich Carolina Freire de Carvalho , Barbosa Marcelo de Castellucci e , Simionato Maria Regina Lorenzetti , Ferreira Rogério Frederico Alves
Published: August 2010

OBJETIVO: avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana da associação de um adesivo ortodôntico com um verniz de clorexidina e timol. MÉTODOS: foram utilizados 32 pré-molares humanos divididos em 4 grupos. O grupo 1 consistiu do grupo controle, no qual o adesivo utilizado para a colagem do braquete não estava associado a nenhum agente antimicrobiano. Os grupos 2, 3 e 4 foram colados com um sistema adesivo associado a um verniz de clorexidina e timol. Os grupos 3 e 4 foram armazenados em água por 7 dias e 30 dias, respectivamente, enquanto os corpos de prova do grupo 2 foram, logo depois da colagem, colocados em ágar semeado com Streptococcus mutans por 48h a 37ºC. RESULTADOS: os grupos experimentais, com exceção do grupo controle, apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana com tendência de redução do seu potencial de ação com maior tempo de imersão em água. CONCLUSÃO: a associação do verniz de clorexidina a um sistema adesivo utilizado em Ortodontia apresenta-se vantajosa pela sua atividade antimicrobiana.
Hiperatividade condilar: diagnóstico e tratamento - relatos de casos
Authors: Pacheco Maria Christina Thomé , Rezende Robson Almeida de , Bertollo Rossiene Motta , Gonçalves Gabriela Mayrink , Santos Anita Sanches Matos
Published: August 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: a hiperatividade condilar é uma condição causada por um desequilíbrio nos fatores de crescimento ósseo, gerando assimetrias faciais. Pode ser classificada em três tipos diferentes: hiperplasia hemimandibular (HH), alongamento hemimandibular (AH) e uma forma híbrida. O diagnóstico correto dessas hiperatividades é imprescindível, pois a abordagem é diferente para cada tipo de anomalia, tendo como opções o tratamento ortocirúrgico e a condilectomia alta. OBJETIVO: o objetivo desse artigo é, por meio de dois casos clínicos de assimetria facial causada por hiperatividade condilar, mostrar a importância de um correto diagnóstico e os meios utilizados para a obtenção do mesmo, visando um tratamento adequado para cada caso.
Corticotomias alveolares na Ortodontia: indicações e efeitos na movimentação dentária
Authors: Oliveira Dauro Douglas , Oliveira Bruno Franco de , Soares Rodrigo Villamarim
Published: August 2010

INTRODUÇÃO: a busca pelo aumento na eficiência dos tratamentos ortodônticos é uma constante em diversas áreas da Ortodontia atual. A realização de corticotomias alveolares pouco antes da aplicação de forças ortodônticas vem sendo sugerida como uma forma de potencializar a movimentação dentária e, consequentemente, o tratamento ortodôntico como um todo. OBJETIVO: o presente artigo revê a perspectiva histórica dessa abordagem terapêutica, apresenta e ilustra com casos clínicos suas principais indicações e, por fim, discute os fundamentos biológicos que justificam sua utilização.
Atenolol Exposure and Risk for Development of Adverse Metabolic Effects: A Pilot Study
Authors: Navare Hrishikesh A. , Frye Reginald F. , Cooper‐DeHoff Rhonda M. , Shuster Jonathan J. , Hall Karen , Schmidt Siegfried O. F. , Turner Stephen T. , Johnson Julie A.
Published: August 2010

Study Objective. To evaluate whether the level of systemic exposure to atenolol explains observed interindividual differences in adverse metabolic responses.

Design. Open‐label, prospective, pharmacokinetic pilot substudy of the Pharmacogenomic Evaluation of Antihypertensive Responses (PEAR) study.

Setting. General clinical research center.

Patients. Fifteen hypertensive adults (mean age 46 ± 8.9 yrs) who were enrolled in the PEAR study.

Intervention. Patients received atenolol therapy for at least 8 weeks, with 5 of those weeks at a dosage of 100 mg/day and then underwent a 2–hour oral glucose tolerance test during a pharmacokinetic study visit.

Measurements and Main Results. Twenty‐hour plasma atenolol concentrations were measured during the pharmacokinetic visit. Glucose and insulin levels were measured during the 2–hour oral glucose tolerance test, and fasting plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin levels were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of atenolol treatment. A significant association was noted between atenolol area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) and change in fasting glucose level when adjusted for covariates (p=0.0025); the effect was strongest in women. No significant relationship was noted between plasma atenolol concentration and glucose AUC during oral glucose tolerance testing (r=0.08, p=0.78), nor between atenolol AUC and change in triglyceride levels (r=0.13, p=0.63).

Conclusion. Higher plasma atenolol exposure may be a risk factor for an increase in fasting plasma glucose level during atenolol treatment. These findings require confirmation in a larger sample.
Drug Adsorption Efficacy and Palatability of a Novel Charcoal Cookie Formulation
Authors: Klein‐Schwartz Wendy , Doyon Suzanne , Dowling Thomas
Published: August 2010

Study Objectives. To determine the effect of a novel charcoal cookie formulation compared with a standard aqueous charcoal product on the absorption of orally administered cimetidine, and to compare the palatability of the two charcoal products.

Design. Prospective, open‐label, three‐way, crossover trial.

Setting. General clinical research center.

Subjects. Eight healthy volunteers (five men, three women; mean age 23.4 yrs).

Intervention. After an overnight fast, each subject ingested a single cimetidine 800‐mg tablet. Fifteen minutes later, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either water (control), three charcoal cookies (equivalent to 7.2 g of charcoal), or 7.2 g of aqueous activated charcoal suspension. Subjects then received each of the other study treatments—cimetidine with water, cimetidine with charcoal cookies, and cimetidine with charcoal suspension—separated by a 1‐week washout period between each treatment.

Measurements and Main Results. Venous blood samples were obtained before and 8 hours after administration of the cimetidine dose. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed, and area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) were compared for each study drug combination. In addition, subjects evaluated the palatability of each charcoal product by using a visual analog scale. Both charcoal products effectively adsorbed cimetidine, resulting in decreased absorption of most of the cimetidine dose. No significant difference was noted in the median percent decrease in cimetidine AUC between the charcoal suspension and charcoal cookie (91.8% vs 82.1%, p=0.505). Similarly, no significant difference was noted in the median percent decrease in Cmax between the two charcoal formulations (82.6% vs 64.0%, p=0.574). The palatability scores, however, were significantly higher for the charcoal cookie than for the charcoal suspension. All study drugs were well tolerated, and no adverse events were reported.

Conclusion. The new charcoal cookie formulation appears to be as effective as the aqueous charcoal suspension at reducing absorption of cimetidine. In addition, the charcoal cookie was rated as more palatable than the aqueous charcoal suspension, suggesting that the charcoal cookie could be an attractive alternative to the charcoal slurry for managing drug overdoses.
Analysis of Linezolid‐Associated Hematologic Toxicities in a Large Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Authors: Minson Quentin , Gentry Chris A.
Published: August 2010

Study Objectives. To characterize linezolid‐associated hematologic toxicities in a large clinical practice setting and to examine the variables associated with development of hematologic toxicities; a secondary objective was to characterize other linezolid‐associated toxicities in this population.

Design. Retrospective medical record review.

Setting. Academic Veterans Affairs medical center.

Patients. Four hundred forty‐four patients (mean age 63.7 yrs) who received 544 courses of linezolid from 2004–2007.

Measurements and Main Results. Pertinent laboratory data were collected at baseline, periodically throughout each linezolid course, and up to 31 days after discontinuation. The frequencies of grade 1–2 and grade 3–4 thrombocytopenia were 7.6% and 5.2%, respectively. Grade 3–4 anemia developed in 18.8% of courses; each of the patients had baseline grade 1–2 anemia. Linezolid was discontinued because of toxicity in 35 (6.4%) of the 544 courses. Independent variables associated with grade 3–4 thrombo‐cytopenia included a baseline hemoglobin level of less than 10.5 g/dl, presence of immunosuppression, and a baseline platelet count of 50–99.9 × 103/mm3. Independent variables associated with development of grade 3–4 anemia included presence of a cardiovascular condition, urologic condition, immunosuppression, and a baseline platelet count of 50–99.9 × 103/mm3. Other toxicities reported with linezolid included diarrhea (6.6% of courses), followed by nausea (4.4%) and vomiting (4.0%).

Conclusion. The overall rates of thrombocytopenia and anemia for patients receiving linezolid were found to be higher than those in phase III clinical trials. This may be attributable in part to the inclusion of patients with comorbidities that were exclusion criteria in the phase III clinical trials. Clinicians should be aware of variables associated with the development of severe thrombocytopenia and anemia in patients receiving linezolid so that they may predict which patients are likely to develop these toxicities and consider potential alternative therapies in those patients.
The Essential Research Curriculum for Doctor of Pharmacy Degree Programs
Authors: Lee Mary W. , Clay Patrick G. , Kennedy W. Klugh , Kennedy Mary Jayne , Sifontis Nicole M. , Simonson Dana , Sowinski Kevin M. , Taylor William J. , Teply Robyn M. , Vardeny Orly , Welty Timothy E. ,   American College of Clinical Pharmacy
Published: August 2010

In 2008, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy appointed the Task Force on Research in the Professional Curriculum to review and make recommendations on the essential research curriculum that should be part of doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree programs. The essential research curriculum provides all students with critical and analytical thinking and lifelong learning skills, which will apply to current and future practice and stimulate some students to pursue a career in this field. Eight key curricular competencies are as follows: identifying relevant problems and gaps in pharmaco‐therapeutic knowledge; generating a research hypothesis; designing a study to test the hypothesis; analyzing data results using appropriate statistical tests; interpreting and applying the results of a research study to practice; effectively communicating research and clinical findings to pharmacy, medical, and basic science audiences; interpreting and effectively communicating research and clinical findings to patients and caregivers; and applying regulatory and ethical principles when conducting research or using research results. Faculty are encouraged to use research‐related examples across the curriculum in nonresearch courses and to employ interactive teaching methods to promote student engagement. Examples of successful strategies used by Pharm.D. degree programs to integrate research content into the curriculum are provided. Current pharmacy school curricula allow variable amounts of time for instructional content in research, which may or may not include hands‐on experiences for students to develop research‐related skills. Therefore, an important opportunity exists for schools to incorporate the essential research curriculum. Despite the challenges of implementing these recommendations, the essential research curriculum will position pharmacy school graduates to understand the importance of research and its applications to practice. This perspective is provided as an aid and a challenge to those in leadership and teaching positions within schools and colleges of pharmacy.
Phylogenetic Analysis ofYpthima multistriata(Lepidoptera: Satyridae) Showing Nonclinal Geographic Variation in Voltinism
Authors: Noriyuki Suzuki , Matsumoto Takashi , Nishida Takayoshi
Published: August 2010

In most insects, geographic variations in voltinism exhibit latitudinal clines, which have been conventionally regarded as a result of climatic adaptation. In contrast, Ypthima multistriata Bulter (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) shows enigmatic patterns of voltinism, ranging from one generation a year, with adult emergence in June or midsummer; to two generations, with adults emerging in June and September; to several generations with adults emerging intermittently from spring to autumn. Local populations with different voltinism patterns are geographically intermingled, suggesting at best a weak relation between voltinism and climatic factors. Y. multistriata populations are highly localized and the species has suffered recent reductions in density, suggesting that the voltinism differences may be of phylogenetic origin and also leading to the species being classified as endangered. To examine whether the geographic variation in voltinism is phylogenetically constrained, we constructed genealogical trees and a haplotype network of populations of Y. multistriata. The phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) region revealed that phylogenetically close populations, despite close geographic proximity, often display different voltinism. The haplotype network showed the same trends. Similarly, an analysis of molecular variance revealed that the voltinism types hardly accounted for the variance. Thus, we concluded that geographic variation in voltinism of Y. multistriata is at best only slightly attributable to phylogenetic constraints and instead may be due mainly to adaptation to the unique ecological selective regime of each population.
Mating Behavior of Hyalesthes obsoletus (Hemiptera: Cixiidae)
Authors: Mazzoni V , Lucchi A , Ioriatti C , Virant-Doberlet M , Anfora G
Published: August 2010

The mating behavior of Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) was studied to determine the role of substrate-borne vibrational signals in partner recognition, pair formation, and courtship. Planthopper vibrational signals were detected from nettle, Urtica dioica L., cuttings by laser vibrometer. Either male or female could initiate the mating sequence that was divided into three sections: recognition, courtship and precopula. The females were the more vibrationally active gender in the recognition stage and males in the courtship and precopula stages. Four distinct syllables constituted the male repertoire and were emitted in different behavioral contexts. The male syllable 1 was used during the recognition duet, as a reply to female pulse trains and it formed, in combination with male syllable 4, the male precopula signal. This latter signal was emitted in the vicinity of a receptive female and accompanied by jerky lateral movements of the body and tapping of the legs to the substrate. Although nonduetting males emitted long trains composed of male syllable 2, males during the courtship phase emitted trains formed mainly by male syllable 3. Female vibrational signals consisted of pulses, emitted either in trains during the recognition phase or as single pulses, in reply to male trains in the courtship stage. In the precopula phase, the females ceased signaling. According to our results, in H. obsoletus the vibrational signals play a major role in stimulating the male search process and in ensuring the female acceptance.
A Test for Interactions between Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Aethina tumida (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) in Colonies of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Delaplane Keith S , Ellis James D , Hood W Michael
Published: August 2010

Field surveys indicate that declining colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), suffer simultaneously from multiple stress factors, raising concern that multiple stressors could be interacting to compound bee stress in an additive or synergistic fashion. We tested two null hypotheses: 1) Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman (Acari: Varroidae) (=varroa) and Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) do not interact such that the number of one affects the number or density of the other and 2) bee damage from one does not change in response to changing levels of the other. In a split-split plot design replicated in 2 yr and two states, experimental apiaries were established and each manipulated to achieve one of five average ± SE colony adult A. tumida populations: 0; 285 ± 6; 721 ± 5; 1,544 ± 14; or 3,175 ± 90. Within each apiary, the population of varroa mites in each colony was manipulated to achieve one of three average ± SE colony mite populations: 763 ± 121; 1,111 ± 155; or 1,856 ± 300. On a one-way basis, there was a predictable increase in measures of bee morbidity with increasing densities of each pest. Colony varroa mite levels decreased as apiary-wide A. tumida levels increased. In contrast, colony levels of the honey bee mite, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), increased as colony varroa levels increased. Concerning measures of bee morbidity, varroa and A. tumida did not interact such that damage by one was affected by changing levels of the other. A treatment threshold established for varroa before the arrival of A. tumida has not changed during the years since A. tumida has become established in the region.
New Records of Neotropical Fruit Flies (Tephritidae), Lance Flies (Lonchaeidae) (Diptera: Tephritoidea), and Their Host Plants in the South Pantanal and Adjacent Areas, Brazil
Authors: Uchôa Manoel A , Nicácio José
Published: August 2010

Fruit flies (Tephritidae) and lance flies (Lonchaeidae) (Diptera) include pests of highest economic importance to horticulture around the world, because various species damage high value fruit crops, These Tephritoidea are the reason for quarantine barriers among many countries, limiting the commerce of fresh fruits and vegetables. Knowledge of frugivorous tephritoid species richness and their interactions with the host plants are extremely important to Integrated Pest Management. This paper presents the interactions of 15 species of Anastrepha Schiner, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Tephritidae), and eight species of Neosilba McAlpine (Lonchaeidae) with 40 host fruit species. We discovered that Pouteria glomerata (Miquel) Radlkofer (Sapotaceae) is the host fruit of Anastrepha undosa Stone. A. zernyi Lima was associated with fruit of Anacardium othonianum Rizzini (Anacardiaceae). This is the first record of A. zernyi from the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, and of A. hastata Stone from Central Brazil, A. sorocula Zucchi and A. zenildae Zucchi were the tephritids that infested the highest number of host fruits, A. alveatoides Blanchard, A. distincta Greene, A. macrura Hendel, A. rheediae Stone and A. undosa Stone were recovered from only one species of host, and all of these associations are new records. Also established for the first time are the associations among eight species of Neosilba with 38 host species. N. zadolicha McAlpine and Steyskal, N. pendula (Bezzi), N. glaberrima (Wiedemann) and N. inesperata Strikis and Prado were the most polyphagous Lonchaeidae.
Taxonomic Notes on the Alydidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from Guam and Surrounding Areas
Authors: Schaefer Carl W , Zack Richard S
Published: August 2010

Melanacanthus margineguttatus Distant and Riptortus macleani Schaffner (both Alydinae) and Leptocorisa oratorio (F.) (Micrelytrinae: Leptocorisini) are recorded from Guam, the last for the first time. Melanacanthus and M. margineguttatus are redescribed; Melanacanthus is compared with other alydine genera; R. macleani and L. oratoria are compared with related species; and some biological notes from the literature are discussed.
Relationships of Body Size, Fecundity, and Invasion Success Among Predatory Lady Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) Inhabiting Alfalfa Fields
Authors: Kajita Yukie , Evans Edward W
Published: August 2010

Reproductive potentials were compared for a large invasive lady beetle, sevenspotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and a set of four smaller native North American species that have been displaced from alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., fields in Utah. The invader rapidly attained predominance in these fields during years when aphid populations were high. In a laboratory experiment, females were provided with excess numbers of their principal prey in these fields, pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Among the five species, both the number and total volume of eggs (number × mean egg volume) produced per day increased with increasing female size and were greatest for C. septempunctata. Rates of reproduction also increased with increasing female size within species. Similarly sized females of C. septempunctata and transverse lady beetle, Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni (Brown), laid similar total volumes of eggs per day, but females of the invasive species had more ovarioles and laid larger numbers of individually smaller eggs. In summary, when feeding on abundant prey in a habitat in which it predominates, the invasive C. septempunctata gains reproductive advantage over native, North American lady beetles, from its large body size and its investment in many small eggs. The results support the generalization that high fecundity linked with large body size may often be one important factor that promotes the dominance of introduced species over native competitors in resource-rich environments.
Irregular wave propagation at Torres-Mostardas beach, Brazil
Authors: Palha A. , Fortes C. J. E. M. , Teixeira P. R. F. , Pinheiro L. V.
Published: August 2010

The parabolic mild-slope model Refdif_S simulates the propagation and deformation of irregular waves in coastal regions with variable water depth. PY_Refdif_S software tool is an extension of the model, using a multi-grid approach in order to achieve a more efficient and applicable model to large areas and a large set of different wave conditions. The tool is made up of several Python routines that automatically build multiple grids, prepare data files and execute Refdif_S for several sea states. The model was applied to the study of irregular wave propagation from offshore to nearshore in the region of Torres-Mostardas, Brazil. For a range of irregular incident sea states, several calculations with the tool were performed. The wave field and local sea states were characterised in that area. Based on this application, advantages and limitations of the tool are analysed.
In‐Field Variability of Soil Test Phosphorus and Implications for Agronomic and Environmental Phosphorus Management
Authors: Grandt Scott , Ketterings Quirine M. , Lembo Arthur J. , Vermeylen Françoise
Published: August 2010

Spatial and seasonal variability of P presents a challenge for accurate soil sampling for agronomic and environmental management of farm fields. Our objectives were to: (i) evaluate the accuracy of soil sampling protocols (sampling intensity) during the growing season and after harvest, with and without manure application; and (ii) evaluate the impact of temporal and spatial variability on the accuracy of conversion equations for Mehlich‐3 to Morgan P soil test P. Two 4‐ha corn (Zea mays L.) fields were sampled (150 samples per field; 64 in a regular grid, the remainder in a pattern that optimized distribution of lag distances) in July and after corn harvest. Semivariograms were constructed to investigate spatial dependence. Simulations were done using the regular grid samples to determine the 95% confidence interval (CI) and probability of obtaining a mean within the 95% CI as impacted by sampling intensity. Thirty or more samples per 4‐ha field were needed to obtain an estimate within 10% of the population mean with >90% probability independent of the timing of sampling. Manure application reduced spatial dependence and both summer sampling and sampling within a month after manure application greatly reduced the accuracy of Mehlich‐3 to Morgan conversions used in New York (P < 0.001). Additional research is needed to expand the database with more fields, both tilled and hay and pasture fields, but based on current research, we conclude that current guidelines for the timing of sampling and number of samples per hectare should be adjusted for most accurate P guidelines, especially if Mehlich‐3 to Morgan P conversion equations are used.
Phosphorus Sorption in Organic Soils in South Florida
Authors: Janardhanan Lalitha , Daroub Samira H.
Published: August 2010

The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), downstream of Lake Okeechobee in South Florida, was initially drained in the early 20th century for agriculture and flood protection. Drainage water from the EAA, enriched with P, has impacted the downstream Everglades ecosystem. The organic soils in the EAA have become shallower as a result of continuing oxidation. Mixing of the organic soils with the underlying limestone bedrock may have resulted in increased CaCO3 Our objectives were to determine the P sorption capacity of selected Histosols in the EAA with various soil depths and its relationships with selected physicochemical properties of the soils. Sorption experiments were performed on field‐moist soils representing three series. These soils are taxonomically similar and differ in O horizon depth to bedrock. Both Langmuir and Freundlich sorption models fit the data well. Langmuir P sorption maxima (Smax) on a mass basis ranged from 733 to 6767 mg kg−1 and are comparable to mineral soils on a volume basis. In general, P sorption variables were not different among the soils investigated except for the Freundlich sorption coefficient KF, which was lowest in the Pahokee soil, indicating lower P sorption capacity. Langmuir Smax was positively correlated with pH and oxalate‐extractable Fe and Al, but not with CaCO3 content. The Smax was inversely correlated with organic matter and water‐extractable P. Phosphorus sorption in these organic soils is affected by an increased mineral content, mainly poorly crystalline Fe and Al oxides, but we found no evidence that shallower soils had higher sorption capacities due to increased CaCO3 as hypothesized.