bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRODUTOS APÍCOLAS E SAÚDE HUMANA: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA
Authors: Feitosa Ankilma do Nascimento Andrade , Amanda Laurentino Freires Maria , De Abreu Brasileiro Sarmento Thaise , Modesto de Brito Luciana , Leite de Alencar Neta Raimunda , Borges Maracajá Patrício
Published: November 2020

Com o crescimento dos microrganismos multirresistentes, buscar alternativas para infecções bacterianas ou fúngicas tornou-se uma meta para pesquisadores em diversos países, a fim de obter métodos eficazes e seguros. Neste cenário, incluem-se os produtos apícolas, sendo os principais a cera, o mel, a geleia real e a própolis, capazes de se tornarem grandes aliados no tratamento de microrganismos patogênicos. Visto isso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as propriedades antimicrobianas contra bactérias e fungos do mel, geleia real e da própolis. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, na qual foram utilizandas as bases de dados: SciELO, PubMed e LILACS para pesquisa através dos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde, incluindo artigos originais, de revisão, relatos de caso, publicados em português, inglês e/ou espanhol, disponíveis na íntegra e gratuitamente, e publicados entre 2010 e 2020. Foram incluídos oito artigos, todos recuperados da base de dados PubMed, os quais revelaram o grande potencial que o mel e a própolis possuem no combate a infecções causadas mesmo por bactérias multirresistentes, porém nenhum estudo abordou tal atividade em fungos. É sugerido que haja o desenvolvimento de novos estudos sobre o tema, principalmente no Brasil, e aplicando tais produtos em fungos e outros seres vivos de relevância clínica, com desenhos amostrais bem delineados, com o objetivo maior de auxiliar na oferta de uma assistência à saúde mais eficiente e de qualidade.
Emission Control Technologies in Spark Ignition Engines
Authors: Abouemara Khaled , Fikry Samer
Published: November 2020

This paper extensively discusses a review of the latest technologies considered to control emissions in spark-ignition engines in addition to the background and history of the industry. Moreover, the paper discusses in detail the major pollutants affecting the environment negatively, which are Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Sulfur Oxides (SOx), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Particulates. Furthermore, the crankcase emissions, the fuel system, and the exhaust system are discussed which are considered to be the main sources of pollution coming from a conventional spark-ignition engine. Also, the major emission control technologies in spark-ignition engines among numerous methods could be shortlisted in the following factors: modifications in the engine design and operating parameters, treatment of exhaust products of combustion, and modification of the fuels. Each technology has its branches and subcategories. In this paper, mainly the most prominent, up to date, and effective technologies were reviewed and discussed, which are lean combustion, design of a muffler, automatic hot air intake system, engine compression ratio, modification of combustion chamber, modification of the fuels, treatment of exhaust products of combustion, three-way, and four-way catalytic converters, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), total emissions control packages, pre-combustion control; (Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV), and valve gear design. The points covered were related but not limited to the three main categories mentioned above. Finally, a conclusion and recommendations for future work are considered.
Palestinian NGO Sector: Development & Major Characteristics
Authors: Awashreh Raed
Published: November 2020

This article examines the situation of Palestinian NGOs before 2012 through a review over the NGO sector and their regulation, governance and relationship to various stakeholders that the sector is expected to be accountable for. This article sheds light on Palestinian organizations to classify the sector's vulnerability. It also sheds some light on the multiple factors behind the contentious relationship between NGOs and public authorities on the one hand, and between NGOs and the general public on the other hand. The article uses a combination of a quantitative and qualitative methodology and mixed data collection methods from primary and secondary sources for the purposes of clarifying the governance situation of NGOs. The controversy surrounding Palestinian NGOs are because of their motivation, agendas and sources of funds. One of the factors that increases the suspicion is the fact that its board of directors and its director intrude from the Palestinian public and withhold information from them. In the period referred to, the Palestinian Authority closes organizations that support Islamic view and liquidates their resources, while tens of new PA supporter’s organizations have created, receives financial support from the PA., and others emerged that were established for personal purposes, maintaining a relationship with the current of power, and the legal framework and governance framework for NGOs remained left on the shelf and used for opponents/ one major finding is that the NGOs sector is able to serve the and helps in fulfulling public needs and strategic national interests if they choose to despite the changes in the national political situations and the pressures imposed from the authorities and donors. The study contributes positively to the understanding of  NGOs as a sector. Its clafry the challanages and the weaknesses of the NGO sector and call for more foucs on seving public needs.
Az 1868-as nemzetiségi törvény és a politikai nemzet koncepciójának utólagos értékelése
Authors: Szentgáli-Tóth Boldizsár , Gera Anna
Published: November 2020

In our study, we attempt to provide a broad picture about the views of those authors who assessed the nationality concept of Ferenc Deák and József Eötvös, and through this analysis we would clarify how diverse approaches of the same issue might exist within the academic literature. We rely on the main relevant sources drafted under different political regimes: from the dualist period, Béla Grünwald, Lajos Mocsáry, and Oszkár Jászi are highlighted; from the era between the two world wars, Gyula Szekfű, Imre Mikó, and Kálmán Molnár will be cited; while the communist approach would be represented by Erzsébet Fazekas and Gábor Kemény G. Apart from the most influential Hungarian scholars, some authors from the neighbouring countries and the mainstream contemporary international literature on the status of national minorities will be also referred to. The core of our research is not the evaluation of the 1868 Act on nationalities or its application itself but the ex-post assessment of the political nation concept provided by Deák and Eötvös, which was a point of reference for the whole contemporary Hungarian political community and which also determined the logic of the 1868 Act on nationalities.
CHANGING THE FACE OF EDUCATION SYSTEM FOR ORGANIC IT
Authors: Kumari Manisha , Sahoo G.
Published: November 2020

Education is the essence of life. Every individual has right for getting education. But it must not be limited for the sake of degree or employment. Instead it must be imparted and gained for the benefit of oneself and society. In this paper we have suggested a new approach for education system. Also the technology required to implement such a system is discussed here.
ACADEMIC FREEDOM (AF) AND TEACHING AND LEARNING (TL) IN UNIVERSITIES IN NIGERIA
Authors: Akpomi Margaret , Amesi Joy , Adolphus Telima
Published: November 2020

The research was conducted to determine the impact of the exercise of academic freedom of lecturers on teaching and learning in tertiary educational institutions in Nigeria. 110 lecturers from eleven universities selected from the northern, eastern, southern and western parts of Nigeria as well as federal, state and private made up the sample for study. The Two research questions posed and two hypotheses formulated were answered and tested respectively. A questionnaire titled "AFTeL " was used to collect data. Analysis of data revealed that lecturers exercised academic freedom to a large extent but ii has some negative impact on teaching and learning. Based on the findings, the researcher recommended that Academic Freedom should continue to be encouraged but that there should be strict enforcement of professional ethics and lecturers checked to remove the negative impact.
Determinants of Capital Flight In Ghana
Authors: Forson Richmond , Obeng Camara Kwesi , Brafu-Insaidoo William Gabriel
Published: November 2020

The study investigated the short-run and long-run determinants of capital flight in Ghana using the auto-regressive distributed lag (ARDL) estimation technique. The long-run and short-run results show that real GDP growth rate, higher domestic real interest rate over foreign interest rate, financial development, good governance and strong property rights reduce capital flight, while external debt to GDP leads to increase in capital flight in Ghana. However, lagged external debt to GDP and lagged financial development had negative and positive effect respectively in the short-run. The study recommends that government should adopt more pro-growth policies and resort to domestic borrowing to reduce external debt. The Central Bank of Ghana should improve on the development of the financial sector and ensure competitive domestic interest rates. It is also recommended that Public Accounts Committee (PAC) in Ghana should continue to ensure accountability and transparency to strengthen the interest of domestic investors.
Human Resource Factors and Organizational Commitment at the College of Distance Education, University of Cape Coast
Authors: Segbenya Moses , Aggrey Ebenezer , Peniana Fred
Published: November 2020

The study examined human resource factors and organisational commitment at the College of Distance Education, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The research approach was quantitative, specifically using a descriptive study design. Out of 242 staff of the College, a sample of 148 respondents (comprising 18 senior members, 80 senior staff and 50 junior staff) were drawn across the three spectrums of staff using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample determination formula. The main instrument for data collection was a self- administered questionnaire. Data of the study was analysed with means, standard deviations, independent t-test, two-way analysis of variance and Spearman rank-order correlations matrix. The study found that commitment level among staff at the college (CoDE) was high and affective commitment was perceived higher than normative and continuance dimensions of organisational commitment. Work relations were perceived as higher than extrinsic rewards and training and development. It was also found that training and orientation significantly relate to organisational commitment. Sex and age of respondents did not affect organisational commitment and other variables of the study. It was recommended that management of the college should continue to pay more attention to work relations at the college by engaging staff of the college in inter-unit or interdepartmental assignments to enable staff to build more work relations and used both on-the-job and off-the-job training techniques to maintain or increase commitment level among staff of the college.
Financial Innovation and its Governance
A Cross-case Analysis
Authors: Abeka Arthur Keren Naa
Published: November 2020

Over the past decades, financial innovation has catalysed the development of economies in many ways. Despite this, the introduction, commercialisation and use of innovations in finance in new and unexpected ways in society has led to negative impacts globally. To this end, scholars are becoming interested in understanding how financial innovations can be managed to ensure a positive net benefit globally. Using a qualitative research design, this paper investigates the questions of how innovation takes place and how it is governed within the insurance broking industry. The study further engages in a cross-case analysis where findings from the empirical work are discussed in relation to previous empirical study conducted in the asset management and bank customer relationship management space. Findings suggest the existence of a more nuanced continuum of practices, ranging from unstructured approaches through informal to formal models where the phasing of innovation activities was clearly punctuated by decision gates.
Preliminary Study on Hepatoprotective Activity of Aqueous Crude Extract of Allium ascalonicum against Ethanol-induced Liver Injury in Mice
Authors: OUNJAIJEAN Sakaewan , SOMSAK Voravuth
Published: November 2020

Ethanol-induced liver injury is an aggravated liver disease with a diverse spectrum from steatosis to hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Epidemiological studies reveal that ethanol-induced liver injury has become one of the most intense threats to global health. Therefore, this study investigated the hepatoprotective property of Allium ascalonicum extract against ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Aqueous crude extract of A. ascalonicum bulbs was prepared, and acute toxicity was, then, carried out in mice. The results indicated that A. ascalonicum extract at the dose up to 2,000 mg/kg/day did not cause mortality and liver injury as indicated by non-significant differences in AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP levels, compared to healthy control within the monitoring period. For in vivo efficacy test, the experimental mice were orally administered with 50 % (v/v) ethanol for 14 consecutive days, then further treated with the extract (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) once a day for another 7 consecutive days. Significant, dose-dependent decrease of AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP levels was observed in ethanol-induced liver injury mice treated with A. ascalonicum extract. The present study clearly demonstrated that the aqueous crude extract of A. ascalonicum bulbs exert a hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced liver injury in the mice model. A. ascalonicum extract might be a promising remedy to treat alcoholic liver disease.
Anti-Hyperlipidemia and Anti-obesity Properties of Garcinia atroviridis and Camellia sinensis Extracts in High-Fat Diet Mice
Authors: KONGCHIAN Anawat , KEAWBOONLERT Narissara , BOONRAK Thanchanok , LOOKYEE Sarai , BUASRI Krittiyaporn , SURONGKUL Nassaree , TANGPONG Jitbanjong
Published: November 2020

Hyperlipidemia and obesity are risk factors that contribute to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and hypertension among the world’s population. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of green tea (Camellia sinesis) and Garcinia (Garcinia atroviridis) extracts in high-fat diet mice. The mice were fed with a high-fat diet and orally administrated extracts once daily. The extracts displayed a significant decrease in body weight, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, total cholesterol, atherosclerosis index (AI), and glucose levels in blood. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol significantly increased. Treatment with the extracts reduced the lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), and indicated the pathohistology of lower fat cells deposited in liver tissues. In in vitro studies, the extracts have been identified to be capable of inhibiting the activity of amylase and glucoside enzymes and scavenging free radicals. Moreover, both green tea and Garcinia extracts showed non-toxicity as presented by the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In conclusion, the pathogenic factors involved in atherosclerosis were reduced by green tea and Garcinia extracts, and both extracts could be useful for better prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.
Suitable Planting Density for Chaiya Rice using Parachute Planting Method
Authors: RATTANADET Waranthon , CHOENGTHONG Suchart
Published: November 2020

The effect of planting density on growth and grain yield of Chaiya rice using parachute planting was examined at Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, from September 2014 to January 2015. The particular objective was to examine the suitable planting density when parachute planting was applied. Five densities of Chaiya rice seedlings were thrown similar to parachuting. Those densities were 22,400, 30,720, 38,400, 48,000 and 56,320 clumps per rai (1 rai = 0.16 ha). Pre-heading growth varied greatly among densities; this variation was partly related to the number of tillers, lower densities having more tillers per clump than higher densities, respectively. The relationship between tiller number and plant height was not similar. The heights of rice at densities of 22,400, 30,720, 38,400, 48,000 clumps per rai were not significantly different within the group but these were significantly different with the planting density of 56,320 clumps per rai.

Low densities promote head development as the number of heads per clump was higher than those of high densities in most densities. No significant effect of density on filled-grain and unfilled-grain per head. Seed weight per clump showed significant difference between densities except between those of 38,400 and 48,000 clumps per rai. Grain yield varied among densities. Chaiya rice with 22,400 clumps per rai had the highest yield at 786.38 kg per rai. However, it was not significantly different from yields of rice at densities of 30,720 and 38,400, clumps per rai. However, the grain yield of rice planted at 48,000 and 56,320 clumps per rai was significantly lower than that of 22,400 clumps per rai. It is concluded that there was a consistent effect of plant density on growth and yield of Chaiya rice using parachute planting.
Energy Analysis and Greenhouse Gas Emission from Strawberry Production under Two Irrigation Systems
Authors: KAZEMI Hossein , ZARDARI Sanaz
Published: November 2020

The aims of this study were to estimate the energy indices, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and compare the energy balance of open field strawberry production under furrow and drip irrigation systems in Kurdistan province, west of Iran. Data used in this study were obtained from 24 strawberry growers using a face to face questionnaire method in 2014. In order to convert inputs and output into energy equivalents, energy equivalent coefficients were applied. The results indicate that total energy consumption in strawberry production was 16,206.83 and 16,525.69 MJ.ha-1, whereas the total energy output was 38,950.00 and 52,385.70 MJ.ha-1 in furrow and drip irrigation systems, respectively. Energy use efficiency and net energy in the drip irrigation system were higher than the furrow irrigation system. Nitrogen fertilizer was the major energy consumer in both of the irrigation systems. From an environmental viewpoint, the total GHG emissions were 764.28 and 1,284.19 kg CO2 equivalent ha-1 in the furrow and drip systems, respectively. In the furrow system, the nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel had the highest share in GHG emissions, with 51.76 and 20.72 percent of the total, respectively, but in the drip system, machinery had the highest share in GHG emissions, with 53.11 percent of the total.
Determination of Stimulating Factors of Wild Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) Dispersal from the Kaeng Krachan National Park to Surrounding Land Use in Thailand
Authors: KROUTNOI Luechai , SRIBURI Thavivongse , WIJITKOSUM Saowanee , NUANYAI Kamol
Published: November 2020

Wild Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) disturbances are a major conservation concern in Thailand. Elephant dispersal was observed to identify factors that encouraged seasonal migration from the Kaeng Krachan National Park (KKNP), of 466.24 hectares across, into adjacent agricultural lands at the Pa Deng sub-district (PDS) in Phetchchaburi Province, Thailand. Land use patterns in 1975, 1992, 2002, and 2011 from satellite images taken by Landsat-5 TM, and community attitudes on the impacts of land disturbance, were analyzed. All village chiefs were concerned about future management for living with the increased numbers of elephants strolling in their lands expanding from the KKNP border. In 1975, the area was almost completely forested, but chronologically changed to agricultural and community area by 6.43, 8.34, and 7.35 % for 1992, 2002, and 2011, respectively. The area of bare land and natural water courses was found to be reformed to 8.86, 3.46, and 1.38 %, in 1992, 2002, and 2011, respectively. It was concluded that community and agricultural development encroached upon the bare lands and water courses of elephants, and latterly interrupted elephant trails by forest fragmentation. Six elephant trails were found to be aligned east/west across KKNP into surrounding water reservoirs and agricultural lands, at 170 to 380 m above mean sea level (AMSL), at a slope of less than 10 %, and within a radius of 100 - 300 m from communities. Along those trails, data of line transects revealed indirect evidence, 70 dung piles, 27 feeding signs, and 26 footprints. They were directed to major water resources, e.g., the Deng, Paloa, and Kralang reservoirs. It can be concluded that an important factor influencing the elephant dispersal were water sources located at the border of conserved forest; therefore, water development for elephants in KKNP was recommended, using local community-based natural resource management.
Prevalence and Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria in Bulk Tank Raw Milk, Thailand
Authors: KUPRADIT Chanida , INNOK Sasidhorn , WORARATPHOKA Jirayus , KETUDAT-CAIRNS Mariena
Published: November 2020

Although there are a number of raw milk collection centers in Nakhon Ratchasima, there is a lack of information with regard to the process of isolation and characterization of foodborne pathogens in raw milk. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to investigate the prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus from 33 raw milk samples from 9 different raw milk collection centers located in 8 districts in Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. This study was conducted from January to March 2016. Results revealed that the contaminations of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected in any of the raw milk samples tested. The prevalence of B. cereus, E. coli, and S. aureus in raw milk samples was found to be 9 % (10 - 2.0 ×104 CFU/ml), 42.4 and 54 % (85 - 2.7 ×104 CFU/ml), respectively. The distribution of virulence genes was tested in B. cereus and S. aureus using gene specific primers by polymerase chain reaction. Out of the 29 analyzed coagulase-positive S. aureus isolates, 27 isolates (93 %) were positive for eap gene amplification and 14 isolates (48 %) showed amplicon of eap gene and all 5 enterotoxin genes, including seG, seGV, seI, seIV, and seM genes. All 8 B. cereus isolates tested showed positive PCR result with enterotoxin FM (entFM) gene but they showed negative with hemolysin gene (hblA and hblD genes) amplifications. It was inferred from these findings that bulk tank milk is a potential source of S. aureus and B. cereus in milk.
In vitro Shoot Cultures of Tupistra albiflora K. Larsen
Authors: PALEE Jiraporn
Published: November 2020

To evaluate an efficient protocol for the micropropagation of Tupistra albiflora K. Larsen, the effects of N6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) concentrations on multiple shoot and root induction were examined. In vitro shoots were used as the explant materials which were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) agar medium supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/L BA for 4 weeks to induce multiple shoots. It was found that the MS medium containing 3 mg/L BA induced 100 % shoot formation with the highest number of 3.2 shoots per explant (2.4-fold significantly higher than the control). For root induction, in vitro shoots were cultured on MS agar medium supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/L NAA for 8 weeks. The results showed that the MS medium containing 1 mg/L NAA induced 100 % root formation with the highest number of 6.6 roots per explant (1.8-fold significantly higher than the control).
Application of Biosurfactants in the Medical Field
Authors: SAIMMAI Atipan , RIANSA-NGAWONG Wiboon , MANEERAT Suppasil , DIKIT Paweena
Published: November 2020

It is generally known that both chemical substances and many kinds of microorganism can be used to produce surfactants or surface-active compounds. Surfactants derived from microorganisms are called biosurfactants, or bio-surface active compounds. Recently, biosurfactants have become more interesting because of their advantages, such as less toxicity and more degradability, which cannot be found in traditional surfactants. Biosurfactant production faces some problems, such as a high cost of production. In the medical field, biosurfactants are attractive, because the products from biosurfactants can be used effectively in small amounts. This can compensate for the high cost of production. In addition, there have been many great discoveries of biosurfactants in the medical field.
A Phenomenological Study: Family Experience in Expressed Emotion in Providing Care for Client with Risk of Aggressive Behavior
Authors: WIBAWA Ika Ratih , HAMID Achir Yani S. , DAULIMA Novy Helena C.
Published: November 2020

Agressive and violent behaviors are among the symptoms manifested in individual with schizophrenia. The relationship between caregiving and mental disorder can be assessed through expressed emotion (EE). This study aimed to identify family experience in expressing emotion when providing care for client with risk of aggressive behavior. The design of the study was qualitative and it employed a phenomenological approach. Six participants were involved in an in-depth interview about their experiences in expressing emotion in providing care for client with risk of aggressive behavior. The findings identified three themes. These are; psychological responses followed by physical responses as manifestated by family response, hostility as reflection of family’s negative emotion, and positive interaction within family to meet psychological need. The findings may be used as a reference for nurses and families to consider EE when providing care for client with risk of aggressive behavior. The result emphasized that psychiatric nurses should consider EE when providing psychosocial interventions as this predicts the course of illness.
Effects of Maturity on Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) Cultivated in NorthernThailand
Authors: SINGANUSONG Riantong , JIAMYANGYUEN Sudarat
Published: November 2020

Sacha inchi is cultivated commercially in Thailand for its edible kernels and oil. Highest quality sacha inchi is normally associated with highest oil content. Samples of 3 maturity stages: green, greenish brown, and brown and dry, were collected from 2 different harvests and comparisons were made based on composition and antioxidant analysis. In each harvest, all 3 stages were collected from the Phitsanulok and Chiang Rai provinces. There were 12 samples plus 2 controls. As maturity increased, moisture content of samples decreased, while oil content increased. Oil content ranged from 38.15 - 48.81 g/100 g. Protein content ranged from 16.23 - 18.98 g/100 g. Fibre content was 14.50 - 22.24 g/100 g, ash content was 2.70 - 3.06 g/100 g, and carbohydrate content was 7.70 - 19.47 g/100 g. The total phenolic content (TPC) was 103 - 385 mg/100 g, and antioxidant activity was 9.36 - 13.72 % for DPPH and 5,803.99 - 10,700 mg Trolox equivalent for FRAP. Average SFA, MUFA, and PUFA contents were 3.35, 4.63, and 30.91 g/100 g, respectively. Most common FA was omega-6 PUFA, followed by omega-3 and omega-9. Omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was 1.12 - 1.56. Samples with highest oil content were brown and dry samples harvested from Chiang Rai (47.26 g/100 g oil) and Phitsanulok (46.37 g/100 g oil), which were selected to test for amino acids and vitamin E. Nineteen amino acids were detected, with lysine, tyrosine, leucine, and glutamic acid predominant. Vitamin E content was 1.02 - 1.42 mg/100 g. For highest quality and greatest benefits to health, sacha inchi should be harvested when the shuck is brown and dry.
Effect of Semi-synthetic Andrographolide Analogue-loaded Polymeric Micelles on HN22 Cell Migration
Authors: KANSOM Teeratas , SAEENG Rungnapha , NGAWHIRUNPAT Tanasait , ROJANARATA Theerasak , TONGLAIROUM Prasopchai , OPANASOPIT Praneet , CHAROENSUKSAI Purin
Published: November 2020

Semi-synthetic andrographolide (AG) analogue, namely 19-tert-butyldiphenylsilyl-8,17-epoxy andrographolide, or 3A.1, is an anticancer drug. However, the major problem of 3A.1 is poor water solubility hindering its clinical applications. To improve the water solubility and anticancer potency of this analogue, 3A.1-loaded polymeric micelles employing N-naphthyl-N-O-succinyl chitosan (NSCS) as amphiphilic copolymer were prepared by the dropping method. The morphology, particle size, entrapment efficiency (%EE), and loading capacity (%LC) were evaluated. The 3A.1-loaded NSCS micelles were successfully prepared. These micelles were nano-size (66.26 to 102.53 nm) and with a spherical shape, with negative surface charge (-30.50 to -22.23 mV). The 3A.1-loaded NSCS micelles with 40 % drug loading exhibited the maximum values of both %EE (90.84 %) and %LC (25.95 %), indicating that a high amount of 3A.1 could be entrapped into the NSCS micelles. In addition, in vitro anticancer activity and cell migration assay on HN22 cells were evaluated. The 3A.1-loaded NSCS micelles exhibited stronger anticancer effect and cell migration suppression than the free drug. Therefore, these NSCS micelles containing 3A.1 may be potential nanocarriers for the treatment of oral cancer.
Prospect of Plant-based Flavonoids to Overcome Antibacterial Resistance: A Mini-Review
Authors: SEPTAMA Abdi Wira , SIMBAK Nordin , RAHMI Eldiza Puji
Published: November 2020

Although antibiotic has been frequently used for the treatment of infection, it has led to the emergence of resistant problem. Plant-derived compounds are alternative source for discovering novel therapeutics. Flavonoid is widely distributed and present in plant kingdom. This compound possessed several pharmacological properties including antibacterial. This review aims to present some information about the potency of flavonoids as antibacterial compound including their mechanism of antibacterial action as well as the relationship between their activity and flavonoid structure. The synergistic effect of flavonoids when used in combination with antibiotics against resistant bacterial is also described. Published literatures were collected from data bases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus. Scientific papers were selected based on information of antibacterial activity of flavonoid compounds. The information may provide an insight on the potency of flavonoid compounds to overcome resistant problem.
Factors Predicting Stress among Nurses in the Situation of Unrest of the Four Southern Border Provinces of Thailand
Authors: CHOOWICHIAN Nidarat , THAPINTA Darawan , SETHABOUPPHA Hunsa , THUNGJAROENKUL Petsunee
Published: November 2020

Stress is a significant health problem among nurses working in areas of political unrest and war.  It can pose a negative impact on local health systems. This study aimed to explore the relationship of factors and their ability to predict stress. Factors included the severity of the situation of unrest, sense of coherence, commitment, self-efficacy, and social support that exists among nurses in these situations. The subjects were 300 nurses selected by multi-stage random sampling. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s product-moment correlation, and stepwise multiple regression. The results indicated that the severity of the situation of unrest was positively significantly associated with stress among nurses at a high level (r = .527, p < .01) and sense of coherence (r = - .272, p < .01) was negatively significantly associated with stress among nurses at a low level.The severity of the situation of unrest, sense of coherence, and social support together predicted 32.2 % of the variance in stress among nurses. The severity of the situation of unrest was the most significant predictor of stress (27.7 %), followed by sense of coherence (3.4 %) and social support (2.1 %). Two factors associated with stress were the severity of the situation of unrest and sense of coherence, and three factors that predicted stress among nurses were the severity of the situation of unrest, sense of coherence, and social support. The findings can be used as basic data for nursing administrators to plan actions to prevent and deal with stress among nurses in situations of unrest by focusing on such predicting factors.
Working Hazards and Health Problems among Rubber Farmers in Thailand
Authors: SAKSORNGMUANG Pimpisa , KAEWBOONCHOO Orawan , ROSS Ratchneewan , BOONYAMALIK Plernpit
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to investigate the working hazards and health problems among rubber farmers in the southern part of Thailand. A cross-sectional survey questionnaire was employed to identify the workers’ working hazards and health problems, workers’ postures, and the measurement of the intensity of light, lung function, and eye vision. Results indicated that 45.5 % of the rubber farmers were exposed to a chemical substance, 87 % were exposed to a scorpion, and 27.6 % had a high job strain. Furthermore, 43.8 % of the rubber farmers had a high ergonomic risk when collecting the rubber latex. However, the intensity of the headlamp had met the standard. Findings also revealed some common health problems among rubber farmers. These were musculoskeletal disorders (87.7 %), depression symptoms (15.7 %), and hand eczema (8.9 %). Additionally, nearly half of the Thai rubber farmers had an accident at work (45.1 %, while 22 % reported to have bitten by a poisonous animal. Lastly, 78.4 % of the rubber farmers had a low level of visual requirement and half of them had an abnormal lung function (57.2 %). These findings suggest a need for work process modifications to prevent health hazard in Thai rubber farmers.
Effect of Quarum Sensing Molecules on Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: WONGSUK Thanwa , SUKPHOPETCH Passanesh
Published: November 2020

Aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen to which immunocompromised patients are especially susceptible. A. fumigatus can form biofilms both in vitro and in vivo. Quorum sensing molecules (QSMs) have activity against some fungi. This study aimed to determine the activity of the QSMs farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol and tryptophol against the growth A. fumigatus on solid media, and against its ability to form biofilms. The activity of each QSM against planktonic A. fumigatus growth was assessed using the CLSI M38-A2 broth microdilution assay, while QSM inhibition of A. fumigatus’s biofilm formation was measured in crystal violet, and 2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfo-phenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-caboxanilide (XTT) assays. The QSMs reduced the colony diameter of the studied strains in a QSM-dependent pattern. Tryptophol showed the best effect and tyrosol showed the poorest effect. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for farnesol, tyrosol, phenylethanol and tryptophol tested against A. fumigatus were > 32, > 32, 16 and 8 mM, respectively. The effective concentration each QSM required to inhibit A. fumigatus biofilm formation were higher than the planktonic MICs. In this study, the performance of QSMs against A. fumigatus ranked from best to worst as follows: tryptophol, phenylethanol, farnesol and tyrosol. Because of phenylethanol and tryptophol showed the strongest effect to the growth and biofilm formation of A. fumigatus. Therefore, the cytotoxic activities of phenylethanol and tryptophol in A549 cells (lung alveolar epithelial cells) were determined. However, phenylethanol and tryptophol induced A549 cell damage (at MIC level), as demonstrated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays.
Alkyd Printing Inks from Waste Frying Oil
Authors: PHUNPHOEM Sivaphol , SARAVARI Onusa , SUPAPHOL Pitt
Published: November 2020

Alkyd-based printing ink vehicles were successfully prepared from waste frying oil. Three alkyd resins were synthesized using different ratios of phthalic anhydride. Properties of the 3 prepared resins were measured and compared with virgin oil alkyd resin and commercial alkyd resin. Viscosities of the obtained ink vehicles ranged from 8.6 to 34.9 poises. The vehicles were also completely compatible with carbon black for formulating black printing inks. Preliminary properties of the 3 formulated inks were evaluated and compared with black printing ink prepared from virgin oil alkyd and commercial alkyd. The formulated inks had satisfactory viscosity and tackiness as properties suitable for a variety of printing applications. The 3 synthesized inks had rub resistance values ranging from 4.61 to 5.75 %, slightly higher than the rub resistance of virgin oil alkyd ink and commercial alkyd ink. Particle fineness and water tolerance properties of the 3 formulated inks were comparable with virgin oil alkyd ink and commercial alkyd ink. Results suggested that waste frying oil has potential application as a raw material in the printing ink industry.
The Distribution of COVID 19 based on Phylogeny Construction in Silico Sequences SARS-CoV-2 RNA at Genbank NCBI
Authors: MEGE Revolson Alexius , SUMAMPOUW Herry Sinyo , OKA Dewa Nyoman , MANAMPIRING Nonny , MOKOSULI Yermia Semuel
Published: November 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has an effect on human civilization today. With high fatality infections, SARS Covid-19 has influenced the global economic, socio-cultural, and even political order. This study aims to construct the phylogeny of the SARS corona virus that causes Covid-19 in various countries in the world by using the SARS Covid-19 gene database from the NCBI GenBank. The results of this study can trace the origin of SARS Covid-19, which is then called SARS-CoV-2, the gene characteristics, and the evolutionary relationship of these genes to various countries in the world. This research uses in silico method with gene sequence sources from the NCBI GenBank (www.ncbi.nih.gov). A total of 433 SARS Covid-19 sequences reported by 21 countries as of April 2rd, 2020 were the subject of the study. Sequences representing each country were analyzed using the MEGA 7.0 program. The results showed that the phylogeny trees formed were obtained by 2 main monophyletic groups. The first major monophyletic group consisted of 11 nodes, with 19 SARS-CoV-2 gene sequences from 23 countries. The second major monophyletic group consisted of 5 nodes with 5 countries of origin of SARS-CoV sequence 19. The spread of Covid-19 from the epicenter in Wuhan, China to the world has taken place randomly. This has happened because of the migration of people from the Chinese epicenter. The location of the countries adjacent to China did not determine the closest phylogenic relationship. The number of phylogenetic nodes formed showed mutases which caused very high variations of the SARS CoV 2 RNA gene sequence. The results of this study reinforce that efforts to limit the spread of human viruses to humans must be done. The presence of sequences from China in the 2 main monophyletic groups confirms that this virus originated in the Chinese epicenter.
"Um mal necessário?": as amas de leite e o discurso médico-higienista nas últimas décadas do século XIX
Authors: Cerqueira Alan Costa , Vitoria Maihara Raianne Marques
Published: November 2020

O presente artigo propõe analisar os diferentes discursos em torno do ofício exercido pelas amas de leite contratadas pela Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Salvador nas últimas décadas do século XIX. A partir da documentação da Santa Casa e de periódicos, sobretudo a Gazeta Médica da Bahia e O Monitor, buscamos compreender o cotidiano e as estratégias de sobrevivência dessas trabalhadoras, em sua maioria pobres e “de cor”, no contexto do declínio do sistema escravista e da inserção do saber médico-higienista no cuidado à criança. O período foi marcado pelas constantes tentativas de regulamentação do trabalho dessas mulheres e da associação da prática da amamentação mercenária a um costume atrasado e retrógrado, que não condizia com os ideais de modernização propostos pelos médicos e autoridades.
Preliminary modeling of Coronavirus (COVID-19) spread in construction industry
Authors: Afkhamiaghda, MSc, PhD Candidate Mahdi , Elwakil, PhD, PE, CCE, PMP Emad
Published: November 2020

The construction industry creates 1.3 trillion revenue each year in the United States. After Coronavirus (COVID-19) becoming a pandemic virus, many industries are shutting down and being on lockdown. This situation can lead to millions of people becoming unemployed and eventually causing a financial recession. Although the government and health organizations have issued guidelines to prevent the spread of the virus in the jobsites, there have not been any specific guidelines for construction industry workers. The contribution of this research is to develop a preliminary model and indicator of coronavirus (COVID-19) spread in the construction industry. This paper investigates the preliminary indexes, which can affect the spread of coronavirus in the construction industry. The developed model would act as a guide for stakeholders to take the most appropriate precautions in the jobsite with the available equipment and facilities
COVID-19 Pandemic: An analysis of what is working, what we have learned thus far, and the challenges that remain ahead
Authors: Hertelendy, PhD Attila J.
Published: November 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic started globally with the first cases being reported as early as December 1, 2019 in Wuhan, China.1 The first US cases were reported January 20, 2020.2 To date we have 11,892,382 confirmed cases globally and 545,485 deaths.3 Ominously, as of July 2020, the number of cases continues to rise with the United States having the highest cases (3,016,515) and mortality rates in the world. The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unique challenges for emergency managers since most professionals have not experienced or managed a global pandemic. Complicating things further is the nature of SARS CoV-2 itself. As a novel virus we are still learning about the virus which requires adaptive changes to our current response as the pandemic evolves.
Characterization of morphological units in a small, forested stream using close-range remotely piloted aircraft imagery
Authors: Helm Carina , Hassan Marwan A. , Reid David
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Forested, gravel-bed streams possess complex channel morphologies which are difficult to objectively characterize. The spatial scale necessary to
adequately capture variability in these streams is often unclear, as channels are governed by irregularly spaced features and episodic
processes. This issue is compounded by the high cost and time-consuming nature of field surveys in these complex fluvial environments. In larger
streams, remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) have proven to be effective tools for characterizing channels at high resolutions over large spatial
extents, but to date their use in small, forested streams with closed forest canopies has been limited. This paper seeks to demonstrate an effective method for classifying channel morphological units in small, forested streams and for providing information on the spatial scale necessary to capture the dominant spatial morphological variability of these channels. This goal was achieved using easily extractable data from close-range RPA imagery collected under the forest canopy (flying height of 5–15 m above ground level; ma.g.l.) in a small (width of 10–15 m) stream along its 3 km of salmon-bearing channel. First, the accuracy and coverage of RPA for extracting channel data were investigated through a subcanopy survey. From these survey data, relevant cross-sectional variables (hydraulic radius, sediment texture, and channel slope) were extracted from high-resolution point clouds and digital elevation models (DEMs) of the channel and used to characterize channel unit morphology using a principal component analysis-clustering (PCA-clustering) technique. Finally, the length scale required to capture dominant morphological variability was investigated from an analysis of morphological diversity along the channel. The results demonstrate that subcanopy RPA surveys provide a viable alternative to traditional ground-based survey approaches for mapping morphological units, with 87 % coverage of the main channel stream bed achieved. The PCA-clustering analysis provided a comparatively objective means of classifying channel unit morphology with a correct classification rate of 85 %. An analysis of the morphological diversity along the surveyed channel indicates that reaches of at least 15 bankfull width equivalents are required to capture the channel's dominant morphological heterogeneity. Altogether, the results provide a precedent for using RPA to characterize the morphology and diversity of forested streams under dense canopies.
En busca de salidas del laberinto neoliberal: movimientos sociales y estados reconfigurados en Brasil y México
Authors: Gledhill John
Published: November 2020

Tanto en Brasil como en México, las elecciones de 2018 resultaron en un “cambio del régimen” importante. Aunque la victoria de la ultraderecha en Brasil parece una réplica de tendencias en los estados Unidos y Europa, expresando un rechazo de la clase política establecida, algunos analistas ven el triunfo de López Obrador en México como un fenómeno de la misma índole, sugiriendo que se trata simplemente de versiones “derechistas” e “izquierdistas” de una reacción “populista” a condiciones de crisis. Este trabajo pretende matizar este análisis, dando mayor consideración a las distintas historias de Brasil y México, junto con la configuración de fuerzas, nacionales y transnacionales, que están detrás de los escenarios actuales. Desde una perspectiva que toma en cuenta tanto las duraderas estructuras del poder social como los impactos de políticas económicas y sistemas de mando neoliberales sobre el tejido social, la coherencia de movimientos anti-sistémicos, y la administración de la vida política, se aprecia mejor los desafíos de salir del laberinto neoliberal en base a acciones “desde abajo”.
'Nosotros también somos víctimas': las luchas por la justicia y el reconocimiento de las víctimas del franquismo en la Querella Argentina
Authors: Montoto Ugarte Marina
Published: November 2020

En este texto se analizan las luchas y reivindicaciones que diferentes colectivos víctimas del franquismo despliegan con el objetivo de ser reconocidos como víctimas por el Estado español. Estas reivindicaciones se realizan, paradójicamente, por medio de su implicación y apoyo a un proceso penal internacional contra la dictadura franquista. En este sentido, ya desde su inicio, la Querella Argentina contra los crímenes del franquismo fue pensada y utilizada por parte de los colectivos querellantes también como una herramienta para presionar e interpelar a las instituciones estatales españolas. Un análisis etnográfico de las prácticas y los discursos de dichos colectivos muestra los modos en que esta demanda concreta de “justicia” está estrechamente relacionada con una demanda de “reconocimiento” más general hacia el Estado español. Estas demandas de justicia y reconocimiento se construyen discursivamente a través del uso de una retórica humanitaria, por un lado, y, por otro, de la puesta en juego de agravios comparativos con otras víctimas españolas de violencia política sí reconocidas social e institucionalmente. Al mismo tiempo, estos dos procesos albergan un crisol de posicionamientos y significaciones que muestra un colectivo mucho más complejo y heterogéneo del concebido a primera vista.