bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A STEREOTYPED RESPONSE INDUCED BY MESCALINE IN MICE AS A MEANS OF INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF DRUGS ACTING ON THE CNS
Authors: Maffii G , Soncin E
Published: April 2011

The effects of mescaline on spontaneous activity of mice placed in special cages have been studied. The typical response (stereotyped response) has been recorded and assessed in terms of percentage of animals showing the effect. Among drugs affecting the response chloropromazine shows the highest specificity. Promazine, hexobarbitone and pentobarbitone also show a definite but minor effect in doses that do not impair motor function. The response is little affected by phenobarbitone. Meprobamate, mephenesin and a thiadiazole derivative (L 1458) at non-paralyzing doses, and also azacyclonol, do not produce specific antagonistic effects. Nor is the effect significantly influenced by atropine, but it is enhanced by morphine.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION
Authors: Gemmell D H O , Morrison J C
Published: April 2011

The percutaneous absorption of salicylic acid, sulphanilamide, copper acetyl-acetonate, and copper sulphate through the intact skin of rabbits and the efficiency of lard, emulsifying ointment B.P., and water in the form of a five per cent carboxymethyl cellulose gel, as carriers, is compared. Blood levels were accepted as a measure of absorption. The physico-chemical properties of the drugs seemed to dictate the amount absorbed; the influence of the base was also significant, although less so. Best absorbed was salicylic acid, next sulphanilamide, then copper acetyl-acetonate, and finally copper sulphate, although the differences were slight between the last two; lard was the best base, then emulsifying ointment, and finally water.
A NOTE ON THE ASSAY OF SOME SULPHYDRYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: Steel K J
Published: April 2011

An assay of thioglycollic acid has been developed using potassium iodate solution which is considered to be as accurate as the Pharmacopoeial method. The proposed method has been applied to the assay of cysteine hydrochloride, dimercaprol and glutathione.
TETRAHYDROAMINACRIN AS A DECURARISING AGENT
Authors: Gershon S , Shaw F H
Published: April 2011

Tetrahydroaminacrin has marked anticholinesterase activity. It is a mild antagonist of tubocurarine, and this may be shown on the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation. This antagonism is more marked in rats and dogs. Other pharmacological properties are described. THA has been used successfully to decurarise patients who have received tubocurarine or gallamine. Usually the administration of atropine is not necessary and recurarisation does not occur.
PHARMACOLOGY OF TREMOR-PRODUCING AMINO ALCOHOLS
Authors: Ahmed A , Marshall P B , Shepherd D M
Published: April 2011

The pharmacological properties of a series of amino alcohols of the general formula RCH(NH2)ṁ(CH2)nṁC(OH)R2 have been studied The most striking action of these compounds is their ability to produce a sustained tremor, which is compared with those produced by other tremorogenic agents. The activities of various drugs as antagonists of the amino alcohol tremor are described.
A SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TRACES OF PHENOLIC STEROIDS IN 3-KETOSTEROIDS
Authors: Legrand Maurice , Delaroff Vladimir , Smolik René
Published: April 2011

As little as 0ṁ02 per cent of phenolic steroid may be determined in the presence of an excess of 3-ketosteroid. The interfering ketonic absorption is eliminated by selective reduction of ketone by potassium borohydride. The slight absorption of the reduction products may be corrected graphically.
THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF GLYCYRRHETINIC ACID-A NEW ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG
Authors: Finney R S H , Somers G F , Wilkinson J H
Published: April 2011

A study of the pharmacological properties of glycyrrhetinic acid, or glycyrrhetic acid, a new anti-inflammatory drug from liquorice, shows it has an extremely low toxicity and is non-irritant to the skin. It has no adverse effects on the heart, circulation or respiration and shows no glucocorticoid-like activity. In large doses in animals it produces water retention, slight sodium retention and an increased excretion of potassium. These effects are not seen with smaller doses used in man.
THE ACTIONS OF DIGITALIS LEAF PREPARATIONS AND OF CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES ON THE ISOLATED RIGHT VENTRICLE OF THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Stewart G A
Published: April 2011

A method is described for recording kymographically the systolic contraction and the resting length of the electrically stimulated, isolated right ventricle of the guinea pig. Two samples of Digitalis purpurea leaf and a sample of Digitalis lanata have been assayed in terms of the Third International Standard of D. purpurea using metameters dependent on changes in the systolic contractions and resting length of the muscle and the time elapsing before the changes occur. In a similar manner digitoxin and ouabain have been assayed in terms of digoxin. The results are compared with those obtained by slow intravenous infusion of the preparations into guinea pigs. The potencies derived from the two methods are in close agreement in the case of the digitalis leaf preparations. Digitoxin, however, is more active than digoxin on the ventricle preparation irrespective of the metameter used and less active by the slow infusion method, while ouabain has the same activity as digoxin on the ventricle and twice the activity by the infusion method. The results for ouabain on the ventricle using the different metameters, are homogenous, those for digitoxin are not. There is little difference between the general actions of the three glycosides on the ventricle but each glycoside is capable of producing different effects on systolic contraction and resting length depending on the dose employed. The possible mechanisms responsible for these effects are discussed.
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LYSOLECITHIN AND ITS SOLS: Part II. Refractive Indices and Densities of Sols. Micelle Formation
Authors: Robinson N , Saunders L
Published: April 2011

The refractive index difference (nsol- nwater) and density difference (ρsol - ρwater) of lysolecithin sols indicate a change in the properties of the sols in the region of 0ṁ02 per cent w/v, above this concentration the refractive index difference:concentration relation and the density difference:concentration relation are linear. Values for the partial specific volumes of lysolecithin in water, calculated from density measurements, are given. Surface tension:concentration measurements at four different temperatures indicate that the critical micelle concentration increases with an increase in temperature. Values for the change in heat content in the molecular aggregation process, calculated from the temperature coefficient of the critical micelle concentration are small and negative, increasing numerically from 3432 calories at 20° to 6100 calories at 40°. The associated entropy changes in this process are small and show a slight increase negatively with an increase in temperature.
Vegetable Purgatives Containing Anthracene Derivatives: Part XI. Further Work on the Aloin-like Substance ofRhamnus purshiana DC
Authors: Fairbairn J W , Simic S
Published: April 2011

The aloin-like substance formerly referred to as Compound A1, has been resolved into four closely allied anthraquinone derivatives by paper chromatographic and countercurrent techniques. Two of these substances have been isolated in pure form and their general properties, melting point, optical rotation, RF values and ultra-violet light absorption curves are recorded. Treatment with ferric chloride yields aloe-emodin from both, and each on mild hydrolysis, produces barbaloin. The names Cascaroside A and Cascaroside B are proposed. Preliminary work on the other two components has shown that they are based on a compound similar to barbaloin but a derivative of chrysophanol instead of aloe-emodin; the name chrysaloin is suggested for this substance.
Studies in the Genus Digitalis: Part VI. Variations in Glycosidal Content of British Clones ofDigitalis purpurea
Authors: Rowson J M
Published: April 2011

Seeds of wild Digitalis purpurea from 150 different areas in 20 counties of Great Britain have been collected; weight of 100 seeds was 3.5–8.6–11.6 mg. Each batch of seed, regarded as a clone, was grown under uniform conditions and leaf collected from both first year and second year plants. Glycosidal content of each leaf sample, drawn from 8 plants within the clone, was estimated using 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid and results expressed as u./g. by comparison with the Standard Preparation of Prepared Digitalis. Values for clones were: first year 9.8–13.7–18.9 u./g.; second year 3.1–7.6–11.4 u./g. Clone values for dried leaf yielded per plant were: first year 38–79–137 g.; second year 12–23–47 g. The weight of parent seed does not affect the yield of leaf or its activity (first year); nor is leaf activity affected by leaf yield (first year). A positive relation existed for first and second year leaf activity values for each clone and suggested genetical control of activity.
The Strength of Compressed Tablets: Part I. The Measurement of Tablet Strength and its Relation to Compression Forces
Authors: Shotton E , Ganderton D
Published: April 2011

A motorised single-punch eccentric tablet machine has been fitted with instruments to measure the forces operating during the compression cycle. Apparatus has also been designed to measure the resistance to crushing of the final compact. Sodium chloride was compressed at varying pressures and the relationship between compaction forces, ejection force, strength and voidage investigated.
The Emulsifying Properties of Gum Acacia
Authors: Shotton E , Wibberley K
Published: April 2011

The quantity of potassium arabate required to stabilise as an emulsion a known volume of a hydrocarbon oil has been determined and an estimate of the dimensions of the interfacial film made. The gum acacia remaining in the washed emulsion is held strongly at the oil: water interface and is not yielded to the bulk of the aqueous phase.
Rheology of Acacia-Stabelised Emulsions
Authors: Shotton E , White R F
Published: April 2011

The flow behaviour of emulsions of benzene and two paraffin oils in acacia solutions has been examined. The concentration of acacia had little effect on the relative viscosity, and the viscosity of the oil none. Emulsion viscosity increased with the volume fraction of oil which also led to an increased deviation from Newtonian flow. Evidence of thixotropy was not found in these emulsions. The chemical nature of the oil has a great influence on the viscosity and the differences are explained in terms of the characteristics of the interfacial film.
Mould Spore Suspensions and Powders for use in Fungicidal Kinetic Studies: Part I. Preliminary Experiments withRhizopus nigricansandPenicillium digitatum
Authors: Brown M R W , Bullock Kenneth
Published: April 2011

Reproducible colony counts of spore suspensions of Rhizopus nigricans and Penicillium digitatum have been obtained on a malt medium containing 0.02 per cent rose bengal. Spores of these organisms suspended in different strengths of Ringer's solution and stored at 1.4° lost viability after a lag of up to 2 days. A spray-dried peptone powder containing evenly distributed R. nigricans spores has been prepared without loss of viability of the spores.
Mould Spore Suspensions and Powders for use in Fungicidal Kinetic Studies: Part II. Preparations usingPenicillium spinuloswn
Authors: Gerrard H N , Harkiss Ann V , Bullock Kenneth
Published: April 2011

Spore suspensions of Penicillium spinuloswn have been prepared containing over 99.0 per cent single spores in an even distribution. About 80 per cent of the spores were able both to produce germ tubes and to form colonies in a roll-tube. A peptone powder containing an even distribution of spores has been prepared. The viable count of the powder did not show a significant fall during 5 months storage. The suspension has been successfully used to study the sporicidal and fungistatic activities of chlorocresol solutions.
An Enzymatic Method for the Determination of Prednisolone Phosphate in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Boon P F G
Published: April 2011

A method proposed for determining prednisolone phosphate in pharmaceutical preparations is based on enzymatic hydrolysis and ultra-violet spectroscopy it is applicable to preparations that have undergone partial decomposition from prolonged or unsatisfactory storage.
An Investigation into the Effectiveness of Various Antoxidants on the Preservation of Fresh Groundnut Oil (Food Grade) B.P
Authors: Birchall G A , Felix R I
Published: April 2011

Of several compounds examined the n-propyl, n-octyl and n-dodecyl esters of gallic acid alone or in combination with certain chelating agents are the most effective preservatives of groundnut oil.
A Shorter Sterilising Cycle for Solutions Heated in an Autoclave
Authors: Wilkinson G R , Peacock F G , Robins E L
Published: April 2011

The rapid cooling of bottles in an autoclave after steam sterilisation has been investigated. A coarse cold water spray caused breakage by thermal shock, whereas a fine spray prevented this. The time of cooling using this method has been compared with the usual cooling cycle and with that achieved when air was circulated in the chamber. Experimental data for a steriliser containing a charge of 200 × 1 litre bottles is given.
The Determination of N-Values for Some Amino-Acridines by Controlled Potential Coulometric Reduction
Authors: Wilson F P , Butler C G , Ingle P H B , Taylor H
Published: April 2011

The reduction of some aminoacridines has been investigated by controlled potential coulometry. The number of electrons involved in the first reduction stage has been determined by a graphical treatment of the current-time values obtained using a divided electrolysis cell. With the exception of 5-aminoacridine the results confirm the values obtained indirectly by Kaye5.
Preparation of a 35S Labelled Trimeprazine Tartrate Sustained Action Product for its Evaluation in Man
Authors: Rosen Earl , Swintosky Joseph V
Published: April 2011

Multi-pellet sustained action capsules containing radiochemically labelled drug were prepared by a pan coating procedure. Pellets of varying lipid thickness were prepared, and mixed in different proportions to obtain products having variable in vitro release characteristics. Capsules were prepared from these pellets for administration to man. Oral doses of 5 mg. of labelled trimeprazine were given in a non-sustained release form at 0, 4, and 8 hours. Other subjects received single 15 mg. oral doses of labelled trimeprazine in sustained action capsules. The 35S activity was determined in blood and urine at selected times. Sustained action capsules were prepared which when evaluated in man gave data for 35S activity in blood and urine which were comparable to that observed for three divided doses of non-sustained release drug administered at 0, 4, and 8 hours.
The Assimilation and Elimination of Iron Administered Orally to the Dog as Ferrous Isoascorbate and Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate
Authors: Rapson H D C , Lewis A A G , Coops Jean M
Published: April 2011

Radioisotopically labelled iron as ferrous ammonium sulphate or ferrous isoascorbate has been orally administered to dogs. The movement and excretion of the iron has been followed by examination of plasma, faeces and urine samples. There is a maximum in the plasma iron at approximately 1 hour after dosing. Between 2 and 15 per cent of the iron is not recovered in the faeces and no trace is found in the urine. The maximum plasma iron level attained appears, from the limited data obtained, to be linearly related to the amount administered. There is no significant difference between the two forms used. A feature of the work is the use of a simple method to assay the faecal activity, which is described.
The Size, Shape and Hydration of Cetomacrogol 1000 Micelles
Authors: Elworthy P H
Published: April 2011

Cetomacrogol solutions have been studied by three techniques. The micellar weight in water has been found from light-scattering experiments to be 101,000; the micelles appear to be spherical. Viscosity measurements can be interpreted in terms of micellar hydration, and 1.96 g. water appear to hydrate 1 g. of cetomacrogol. A similar amount of hydration (1.92 g. water per g. cetomacrogol) can be calculated from the diffusion coefficient. A check on the micellar weight was obtained from the diffusion and viscosity results, giving 96,000, in good agreement with the result from light-scattering.
Potential Reserpine Analogues: Part II. 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Karim M A , Linnell W H , Sharp L K
Published: April 2011

Seven derivatives of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid have been prepared and tested for their ability to potentiate barbiturate hypnosis in mice, to deplete the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of rat brain, and to exert a hypotensive action on the cat blood pressure. The only derivative to exert all three actions is the simple anilide, 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzanilide, which is about 8 times less active than reserpine. The anilide, N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide, is also about 8 times less active than reserpine in the first two tests but it raises the blood pressure.
Observations on the Mechanism of Action of Tranquillisers—A Study of their Effect on Monoamine Oxidase, d- AND l-AMINO ACID OXIDASES AND CATALASE
Authors: Bose B C , Vijayvargiya R
Published: April 2011

The effect of eight tranquillisers, widely differing chemically, on monoamine and l-amino acid oxidases of liver, d-amino acid oxidase of kidney and the catalase of liver, have been investigated. Reserpine was found to stimulate d- and l-amino acid oxidases and to inhibit monoamine oxidase. Rescinnamine was much less effective in this respect. Phenothiazine derivatives showed significant inhibitory action on the catalase activity. Benactyzine and diphenhydramine had a mild inhibitory action on monoamine oxidase while meprobamate and mephenesin did not show any effect.
On the Interfacial Tension Between Gelatin and Sodium Alginate Solutions and Benzene: Part I. Effect of Time and Concentration on Interfacial Tension
Authors: Shotton E , Kalyan K
Published: April 2011

A cell is described for determining both surface and interfacial tensions by the sessile drop method. The interfacial tension between gelatin solution or sodium alginate solution and benzene has been determined. Both substances lowered the interfacial tension, the gelatin attained equilibrium quickly. Both tension-concentration curves were similar in shape. It is suggested that a condensed multilayer having the physical properties required to stabilise emulsions, is built up immediately below the surface.
A Study of Bacteriological Media the Examination of Proteose-Peptone
Authors: Habeeb A F S A
Published: April 2011

The free and total amino acid content of three batches of Proteose-Peptone is presented. The presence of hydroxyproline and the high content of glycine and alanine suggest that a part of the protein used in the manufacture belongs to collagen. The three batches have shown similar strepogenin activity.
A Note on the Colorimetric Assay of Cortisone and Hydrocortisone
Authors: Ansari Sultana , Khan Riaz Ahmed
Published: April 2011

A colorimetric method of estimation of cortisone and hydrocortisone in pharmaceutical preparations using 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol has been simplified in its details of procedure and compared with the tetrazolium method. Preparations of cortisone and hydrocortisone containing penicillin, streptomycin and neomycin have also been examined.
On the Pharmacology of Petaline Chloride, A Convulsant Alkaloid from Leontice Leontopetalum Linn
Authors: Ahmad K , Lewis J J
Published: April 2011

The alkaloid petaline chloride, obtained from extracts of Leontice leontopetalum Linn. is a more potent convulsant poison than leptazol. At lower dose levels it appears to reduce the convulsant activity of leptazol and apparently gives some protection from electrically induced seizures. Petaline chloride depresses both the patellar tendon reflex and the crossed extension reflex; it also has muscle relaxant activity and increases the rate, force and amplitude of the beat of the isolated auricle depressed in a low calcium medium. These properties are discussed in relation to its use in folk medicine.
The Stability of Oily Cream B.P
Authors: Clark E W , Kitchen G F
Published: April 2011

Oxidation of Wool Alcohols B.P. in stored Oily Cream B.P. is insignificant and does not affect the stability of the cream, but the method of preparation, and the amount of autoxidation in the wool alcohols used in making the cream, do affect stability. Storage of wool alcohols before use, as a mixture with Liquid Paraffin B.P. or Liquid Lanolin “60” (a solvent segregation product of Anydrous Lanolin) greatly reduces autoxidation. Liquid Lanolin “60” also acts as an auxiliary emulsifier and imparts stability. Modifications to the official method of preparation are suggested.
The Critical Micelle Concentration of Cetomacrogol 1000
Authors: Elworthy P H
Published: April 2011

The critical micelle concentration of cetomacrogol has been determined by the iodine and solubilisation methods, and also from surface tension measurements. Results from the three methods were 0.0070, 0.006 to 0.008, and 0.0063 per cent respectively. The presence of sodium chloride in the solutions decreased the critical micelle concentration. From surface tension data, an area per molecule at the air: water interface of approximately 120Å2was calculated.
The Contribution of Surface Characters to the Wettability of Leaves
Authors: Challen S B
Published: April 2011

A method of preparing carnauba wax positive replicas of leaf surfaces is described and these have been used with other techniques to study some of the factors which govern the wetting of leaves by water. Leaves from four species of plants were used. It was found that macroscopic surface roughness was the chief factor preventing the wetting of Festuca pratensis. The contribution of surface chemistry and surface roughness is discussed also for results obtained with leaves of Agropyron repens and two species of Papaver.
Book Review
Authors: Snow G A
Published: April 2011

DETOXICATION MECHANISMS. Second Edition. By R. Tecwyn William
The Oxidation of Solubilised and Emulsified Oils
Authors: Carless J E , Nixon J R
Published: April 2011

Oxidation rates of aqueous dispersions of methyl linoleate emulsified and solubilised by potassium laurate and cetomacrogol, have been measured manometrically at 40°. Emulsions of methyl linoleate oxidised at a greater rate than solutions. The relation between concentration of surface-active agent and oxidation rate of emulsions is complex, and appears to depend on the relative amounts of emulsified and solubilised oil present. Poor agreement was obtained between oxidation rates calculated from peroxide values, chemical and polarographic, and those calculated from oxygen uptake. The results are discussed. An increase in light absorption at 234 mμ in the early stages of oxidation was observed. An uptake of 2.5 mol. oxygen per mol. of methyl linoleate was estimated to occur during the primary oxidation reaction in the presence of cetomacrogol, and 1.5 mol. oxygen per mol. of methyl linoleate in potassium laurate dispersions. The possible mechanism of the reaction and the nature of the oxidation by-products are discussed.
A Note on the Presence of Noradrenaline and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Plantain (Musa Sapientum, Var. Paradisiaca)
Authors: Foy J M , Parratt J R
Published: April 2011

Noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine are present in the fruit of Musa sapientum, var. paradisiaca (Plantain), which forms a staple food of many inhabitants of West Africa. The amounts of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline are highest when the fruit is ripe. An estimated daily intake of 10 mg. of 5-hydroxytryptamine by West Africans has little apparent effect on the normal functioning of the intestinal tract.
The Effect of Corticosteroid Analogues on the Thymus Gland of the Immature Rat
Authors: Stephenson N R
Published: April 2011

The thymolytic activity of hydrocortisone (cortisol) was increased approximately 9-fold by the introduction of a fluorine atom at either the 6α- or the 9α-position. The substitution of a methyl group in the α-position at carbons 2, 6 or 16, with one exception, enhanced the ability of the corticosteroid to involute the thymus gland 3- to 4-fold. The only exception was noted when a methyl group at carbon 2 failed to increase the potency of fludrocortisone (9α-fluorohydrocortisone acetate). The formation of a double bond at the 5,6-position of the steroid molecule consistently decreased the thymolytic activity. Although the addition of an hydroxyl group in the α-position at carbon 16 decreased the relative potency of the corticosteroids, the formation of the 16α, 17α-acetonide derivative markedly enhanced it.
A Note on the Influence of Ultrasonic Vibrations on Pyrogen Materials in Distilled Water
Authors: Marčetić A M , ŽIvanović D M , Velašević K B , Vitorović O S
Published: April 2011

Pyrogenic distilled water and an autoclaved standard suspension of B. subtilis lost their pyrogenic activity when treated with ultrasonic vibrations.
Studies in the Field of Diuretics
Authors: Boggiano B G , Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The symmetrical benzene-1,3-disulphonalkylamides described herein are found to be virtually devoid of carbonic anhydrase inhibiting activity. Certain dialkylamides nevertheless retain significant diuretic activity, which is consequently regarded as an intrinsic property of the 1,3-disulphamylbenzene ring system and not as solely an expression of carbonic anhydrase inhibiting activity.
An Investigation of the Alkaloids of Some British Species of Equisetum
Authors: Phillipson J D , Melville C
Published: April 2011

The alkaloids nicotine and palustrine have been separated from authentic mixtures by paper partition chromatography, paper electrophoresis and the use of buffered cellulose columns. These techniques were applied to extracts of E. arvense, E. telmateia and E. sylvaticum from the last two of which no alkaloids have previously been isolated. Nicotine was found in all three species but palustrine was not detected.
A Two-Stage Micro-Evaporator
Authors: Clarke E G C , Hawkins A E
Published: April 2011

Two devices for concentrating solutions are described. The first reduces a volume of 1 ml. to one of 0.05 ml. and the second a volume of 0.05 ml. to a few microlitres.
Intermediates for the Synthesis of Analogues of Adrenal Cortical Hormones
Authors: Coles L E , Gandhi V S , Mathieson D W
Published: April 2011

Previous assignments on mechanistic grounds of the stereochemistry of trans-6-oxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4,5-benzindane have been confirmed by degradation of a precursor to the known trans-2-carboxycyclopentane acetic acid. 1,6-dioxo-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-4,5-benzindane has been shown to suffer autoöxidation in alkaline solution to yield 6-hydroxy-1-oxo-4,5-benzindane.
A Technique for the Evaluation of Emulsion Stability
Authors: Saski Witold , Malone Marvin H
Published: April 2011

An economical sampling and statistical treatment has been developed for screening the stability of experimental fat emulsion formulations. Coalescence or progressive increase in mean globule diameter with passage of time was interpreted to indicate physical instability. The test technique attempts to efficiently extract reliable data from a relative minimum of man hours and materials per test formulation. The counting and measuring of 100–200 globules per determination was considered to be adequate.
The Colorimetric Determination of Santonin in Artemisia
Authors: Khan Riaz Ahmed , Mohiuddin Hasan
Published: April 2011

A new colorimetric method for the estimation of santonin in artemisia using hydroxylamine and ferric chloride has been evolved and compared with a gravimetric and a volumetric method. Improvements in the method of extraction of santonin have also been proposed.
Mevalonic Acid as A Precursor in the Biogenesis of Digitoxigenin
Authors: Ramstad Egil , Beal Jack L
Published: April 2011

(±)-Mevalonic acid-2-14C has been injected into a growing plant of Digitalis lanata L. to test if this acid serves as a precursor in the biosynthesis of cardenolides. After nine days a portion of the leaves was extracted and the constituents submitted to paper chromatography followed by autoradiography. The carbon 14 was detected in the lipid fraction and in the cardiac glycoside spots, but mostly in an area containing an as yet unidentified compound. Of the two glycosides forming the major glycoside area, one was predominant and, as after Mannich hydrolysis and chromatography, glucose, digitoxose and digitoxigenin were identified, this corresponds to lanatoside A. The aglycone fraction contained the radioactivity.
The Biological Assay of Rauwolfia Schueli
Authors: Cabut Martha , Saiger George L , Fasciolo Juan Carlos
Published: April 2011

The biological effects of Rauwolfia schueli are essentially the same as those of the pure alkaloid reserpine and the crude compound R. serpentina in the rat. No difference in relative potency between the small and large roots of large trees of the R. schueli species was apparent when either reserpine or R. serpentina was employed as the standard. R. schueli was estimated to be about 1/630 as active as reserpine. In terms of reserpine-like activity, this species appeared to be more potent than R. serpentina and by comparison with the results of others about as potent as R. canescens but more potent than R. heterophylla. Within the range of doses selected, blood pressure did not appear to be an adequate index for measuring reserpine-like activity in the rat.
Isotonicity of Fructose, Galactose and Mannose Solutions
Authors: Menczel E , Rabinovitz M , Goldberg Y
Published: April 2011

A haemolytic method has been used for the determination of the isotonic concentrations of dextrose, fructose, galactose and mannose. Fructose, galactose and mannose produce haemolytic effects deviating from those of dextrose. The isotonic concentration in mM per cent of fructose was found to be 20.3; of galactose, 38.9; of mannose, 33.3; whereas that of dextrose is 26 mM per cent.
A Diffusion Cell for the Production of Very Sharp Boundaries
Authors: Elworthy P H
Published: April 2011

A diffusion cell for the production of very sharp boundaries between aqueous liquids is described, and the Δt correction can be eliminated in most instances. The cell has been tested with substances whose diffusion coefficients are known. Some results for the diffusion of cetomacrogol 1,000 in water are reported.
The Importance of Extinction Ratios in the Spectrophotometric Analysis of Mixtures of Two Known Absorbing Substances
Authors: Glenn A L
Published: April 2011

The accuracy obtainable from Vierordt's method largely depends upon the establishment of numerical coefficients, which apply to the analyst's own instrument at the time of analysis. For the special case of a two component mixture, the method has been formulated in terms of extinction ratios, which can be determined from solutions of unknown concentration—so facilitating the task of obtaining up-to-date numerical coefficients. A further development of the same formulation has led to a simple theoretical criterion, which enables the analyst to avoid pairs of wavelengths and concentration ratios that are unsatisfactory for precision. This criterion has been tested in an unfavourable application of the method. A procedure for choosing the best pair of wavelengths is described in detail.

The value of this new formulation and criterion of precision is discussed with special reference to a general procedure for the assay of injections which contain absorbing bacteriostatics. Any assay for a two component mixture depends upon some difference between the two components and in this respect Vierordt's method appears to be less exacting than the average quantitative separation process. For this reason, it seems to have greater scope than the latter.
Surface Interaction of Lecithin and Lysolecithin
Authors: Robinson N
Published: April 2011

The lowering of the surface tension of water by lysolecithin in the presence of a small constant amount of lecithin has been investigated to examine the changes in the boundary tension during the formation of a primary phosphatide membrane. In the higher concentration range of lysolecithin (above 0.05 per cent w/v corresponding to a weight fraction of 0.4) the surface activity was not affected by the presence of lecithin. Below 0.05 per cent w/v lysolecithin the surface activity was reduced but in the very dilute region of the critical micelle concentration it was restored.

The presence of calcium chloride reduced the surface activity to a greater extent above the critical micelle concentration region of lysolecithin than below. The effects of potassium chloride differed from calcium chloride for different regions of the lysolecithin concentration range. Ageing effects due to the salts affected the surface acitivity, probably by reason of the removal of lecithin from the interface. The results were complex and only a qualitative interpretation of the behaviour was attempted. The surface tension: concentration relation for aqueous lecithin sols at four different temperatures, a precursor to the main work, showed a lowering of the surface tension of water to less than 41 dyne/cm. by 0.5 per cent w/v lecithin at 25°; reducing the concentration to 0.05 per cent w/v the surface activity of lecithin steadily diminished to zero.
Further Studies on the Biosynthesis of 5-Hydroxytryptamine
Authors: Price Shirley A P , West G B
Published: April 2011

The factors affecting the 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity of the brain of animals have been studied. By altering the conditions of incubation and the amounts of the constituents of the incubation mixture, the activity as determined by the amount of 5-hydroxytryptamine formed has been increased about 10-fold. Intramuscular injections of cortisone and prednisolone did not reduce the enzyme activity although such treatment lowers the 5-hydroxytryptamine content of several tissues.
Studies in the Field of Diuretics
Authors: Jackman G B , Petrow V , Stephenson O , Wild A M
Published: April 2011

The condensation of some halogeno-2,4-disulphamylbenzenes with basic reagents has been examined. Some of the resulting products have been converted into 1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. By using 2-aminopyridine in the reaction the novel azaphenthiazines (VII) were obtained.
The Effect of Pyrogen from E. Coli on the Activity of Succinic Acid Dehydrogenase in Liver Mitochondria
Authors: Venulet Jan , Desperak-Naciazek Anna
Published: April 2011

To investigate more accurately the effect of pyrogen from E. coli on liver metabolism, its influence on mitochondrial fractions and on the activity of succinic acid dehydrogenase in this fraction has been studied. It appears that the pyrogen acts by directly activating the enzyme system chosen. Antagonism by malonate confirms the enzymatic and specific character of the phenomenon. No effect of pyrogen was found on the activity of lactic acid dehydrogenase. The results further the conception of a peripheral action of pyrogen.
The Absorption and Elimination of Metabisulphite and Thiosulphate by Rats
Authors: Bhaghat B , Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

Rats eliminated 55 per cent of the sulphur of metabisulphite and 23 per cent of that of thiosulphate into the urine in the 4 hours after the oral administration of these compounds. This sulphur was excreted almost entirely as inorganic sulphate.
Book Review
Authors: Fleming R
Published: April 2011

RADIOACTIVE TRACERS IN CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRY. By Pascaline Daudel. Translated into English by U. Eisner.
Assay of Digitalis
Authors: Bhatt J G , MacDonald A D
Published: April 2011

The uses of the outer walls of the right ventricles of guinea pigs and of auricles of rabbits for the assay of digitalis have been reinvestigated. The results obtained are compared with those obtained by slow intravenous infusion in guinea pigs (B.P. 1958) and the pigeon method (U.S.P. XV). The results obtained by the use of isolated auricles indicate that this method is reasonably accurate, cheap and less time-consuming than other methods and has the further advantage that the test sample is compared with the standard on the same tissue.
The Stability of Solutions of the International Pyrogen Reference Preparation
Authors: Palmer C H R , Whittet T D
Published: April 2011

The stability of dilute solutions of the International Pyrogen Reference Preparation has been studied. When the response is plotted against log dose a straight line is obtained. Steaming for 30 min. causes a loss of at least 52 per cent of activity and autoclaving at 115° for 30 min. practically complete destruction. Storage in a refrigerator (approximately 4°) for 16 weeks caused a loss of activity. The pyrogen is removed from solution by a strongly basic anion exchange resin and is unaffected by a strongly acidic cation exchange resin.
The Removal of Air During Autoclave Sterilisation of Fabrics Using Low Pressure Steam
Authors: Wilkinson G R , Peacock F G
Published: April 2011

A modified sterilising cycle has been evolved after studying the temperature distribution and effects of moisture in fabrics in the pre-sterilisation phase. A vacuum of 20 mm. Hg abs. followed by the introduction of steam to raise the pressure to about 200 mm. abs. and then re-applying a vacuum of 20 mm. Hg abs. was found to produce the required conditions to give even heating throughout the materials.
Improvement of Heating of Bottled Fluids During Autoclave Sterilisation Using Low Pressure Steam
Authors: Wilkinson G R , Peacock F G
Published: April 2011

Introducing turbulent steam can improve the rate and evenness of heating large numbers of bottles in a steriliser. Experimental data is given for a charge of over 200 × 1 litre bottles in a rectangular autoclave.
The Spectrophotometric Determination of Thalidomide in Body Fluids
Authors: Green J N , Benson B C
Published: April 2011

An ultra-violet spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of thalidomide in blood, plasma or urine. Thalidomide is extracted from the sample with chloroform, and the drop in extinction measured when solutions are treated with alkali. The method has been used to determine the amount of drug present in animal and human blood.
The Effect of a Sulphated Polysaccharide upon the Diffusion of Pepsin through Mucin
Authors: Anderson W
Published: April 2011

Degraded carrageenan, a sulphated polysaccharide, is shown to hinder the diffusion of pepsin through mucin in vitro when it is mixed with the mucin before the application of the pepsin solution. It is suggested that this property is part of the mechanism by which degraded carrageenan protects experimental animals from histamine ulceration.
Ion-Exchange Chromatography on Alginic Acid of Certain B-Group Vitamins
Authors: Foster J S , Murfin J W
Published: April 2011

Quantitative separation of mixtures of organic bases into their components has been achieved by ion-exchange chromatography on alginic acid. This simplifies the routine control of nicotinamide and aneurine and pyridoxine hydrochlorides, when these are present in certain pharmaceutical preparations.
Comparison of Biological and Chemical Assay of Thyroid
Authors: Webb F W
Published: April 2011

The biological and chemical examination of thyroid samples has demonstrated the inadequacy of the B.P. assay, which is based upon the determination of so-called “thyroxine iodine”. It is suggested that, in the absence of specific methods for determining thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine in thyroid, the chemical assay should be replaced by a biological assay.

The mouse anoxia method is shown to be suitable for this purpose. The potencies of samples assayed thus over the past 3 years, together with chemical data and clinical comments are presented. The relative activities of the thyroid constituents 3,5,3′,5′-tetra-iodo-L-thyronine (L-thyroxine), 3,5,3′-tri-iodo-L-thyronine, 3,5-di-iodo-L-tyrosine, 3-mono-iodo-L-tyrosine, as determined by the mouse anoxia method, are in good agreement with their reported clinical effectiveness.
The Flask Combustion Technique in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Mercury-Containing Substances
Authors: Vickers C , Wilkinson J V
Published: April 2011

A method has been developed for the assay of mercury in organic samples using the flask combustion method followed by complexometric titration with a visual end point. The method has been applied to a wide range of mercury-containing materials used in pharmacy and agriculture.
The Synthesis of Acetylcholine by Acetone Dried Powders from the Brains of Normal Rats and of Thiamine-Deficient Rats
Authors: Bhagat B , Lockett Mary F
Published: April 2011

The rate of synthesis of acetylcholine by rat brains was reduced by thiamine deficiency. There was a reduction in available coenzyme A but not in choline acetylase activity.
Wrightia Tinctoria Bark, an Adulterant of Kurchi
Authors: Atal C K , Sethi P D
Published: April 2011

The pharmacognostic features of the bark of Wrightia tinctoria, an adulterant of Kurchi, have been described and illustrated. Points which differentiate this adulterant from true Kurchi bark, are outlined.
A Spectrophotometric Method for the Estimation of Phenindione
Authors: Bose B C , Vijayvargiya R
Published: April 2011

A spectrophotometric method for the estimation of phenindione in pharmaceutical preparations and body fluids and tissues is described. It has a greater sensitivity than the existing British Pharmacopoeia method. Advantage has been taken of the solubility of the drug in toluene and the sensitivity of measurement has been found to be enhanced by the addition of alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution. This method accurately estimates 1–2 mg. of the substance as opposed to the 300 mg. required for the B.P. method. Further, as little as 2.5 μg./ml. of the substance can be detected in biological fluids after eliminating interfering substances.
The Fungistatic Activity of Methyl and Propyl Hydroxybenzoates and A Mixture of These Against Penicillium Spinulosum
Authors: Gerrard H N , Parker M S , Bullock K
Published: April 2011

The fungistatic activity of the methyl and propyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and of a mixture of these esters has been investigated. A mucilaginous substance is formed by fungal spores in contact with low concentrations of hydroxybenzoates in liquid medium. A difficulty in reading fungistatic end points from this cause was resolved by using a microscope.
An Anatomical Study of Ethiopian Khat (Leaf of Catha Edulis Forsk)
Authors: Shadan Parirokh , Shellard E J
Published: April 2011

The morphology and anatomy of the leaves of Catha edulis Forsk. obtained from Ethiopia is described and illustrated. A list of the characters of powdered Khat is also given.
The Local Anaesthetic Properties of Esters of N-Substituted α-Aminophenylacetic Acids
Authors: Shapero M , Edwards K B
Published: April 2011

The local anaesthetic properties of a series of esters of N-substituted α-aminophenylacetic acids are described. Compounds with an ethyl ester group showed little activity, but replacing this group by an isopentyl group produced local anaesthetic action. The cyclohexyl and 3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl esters induced a prolonged surface and infiltration anaesthesia; this was more pronounced in those compounds in which the central amino-group was tertiary. The relationship between structure and activity is discussed.
The Effects of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on Some Aspects of Intermediary Metabolism
Authors: Bryant C , Smith M J H
Published: April 2011

The effects of salicylate, 2,4-dinitrophenol, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, phenylbutazone and chloroquine diphosphate on the incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]glucose and [1,4–14C]succinate into the soluble intermediates of rat liver preparations have been studied. It is concluded that the increased incorporation of radiocarbon into oligosaccharides, phosphates and malic and fumaric acids bears no relation to anti-inflammatory activity in the salicylate group of drugs.
A Note on the Peroxide Value of Lanolin
Authors: Anderson C A , Wood G F
Published: April 2011

The peroxide value of lanolin is reduced to a low figure by heating at 100° for short periods. This effect is sufficient to explain the low peroxide value of wool wax extracted from wool scour liquors, and may be utilised to prepare low-peroxide lanolin for special purposes, such as the manufacture of penicillin ointment.
Some Factors Influencing the Absorption of Griseofulvin from the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Duncan W A M , MacDonald G , Thornton M J
Published: April 2011

Some surface-active agents enhance the absorption of griseofulvin from suspensions administered to rats and man. The method of incorporating the agent into the suspension is important. No similar effect is observed with tablets of griseofulvin in man. The effect of particle size on the absorption of griseofulvin when administered as a suspension and as tablets has been studied in a statistically designed experiment in man. The results show that doses of 0.5 g. griseofulvin of surface area 0.35 m.2/g. or 0.25 g. of material with a surface area of 1.5 m.2/g. give similar concentrations of griseofulvin in the blood.
Hydrolytic Destruction of Thiamine, Especially in the Presence of Cyanocobalamin
Authors: Heathcote Jennifer , Wills B A
Published: April 2011

The hydrolytic destruction of thiamine hydrochloride in various buffer solutions at pH 4.5 at 100° has been investigated. The rate of hydrolysis approximated to that of a first order reaction, the salts of weak organic acids acting as catalysts so that buffer salts could not retard the decomposition. It was confirmed that the hydrolytic products of thiamine affect the stability of cyanocobalamin, and that low concentrations of ferric ions can protect cyanocobalamin against the effects of thiamine breakdown products, but this occurs without appreciably affecting the stability of thiamine itself.
Enzyme Inhibiting Action of Tetrahydroaminoacridine and its Structural Fragments
Authors: Kaul P N
Published: April 2011

Tetrahydro-5-aminoacridine and four compounds representing its structural fragments have been compared as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and of monoamine oxidase. The entire structure of tetrahydro-5-aminoacridine appears to be essential for optimal inhibition of the esterase, less than 10−6 m concentration showing a 50 per cent inhibition of the enzyme, with the inhibition constant Ki as 1 × 10−4. For optimum inhibition of monoamine oxidase, the 4-aminoquinoline part of the acridine molecule appears to be a structural requirement. 4-Arninoquinoline shows a stronger monoamine oxidase inhibition than any known therapeutically used inhibitor. It gives a 50 per cent inhibition of the oxidase in 10−6 m concentration, with ki as 1.1 × 10−5.
Spectrophotofluorometric Determination of Emetine in Animal Tissues
Authors: Davis B , Dodds M G , Tomich E G
Published: April 2011

A simple rapid spectrophotofluorometric method for assaying emetine in animal tissues is described. Tissue emetine concentrations have been determined in rats at intervals up to 14 days after single doses of emetine hydrochloride or emetine bismuth iodide: the hydrochloride was administered orally or subcutaneously and the bismuth iodide complex orally. Subcutaneously administered emetine hydrochloride produced the highest concentrations. Given orally, emetine hydrochloride produced higher tissue levels than did emetine bismuth iodide.