bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Use of Library Computers: Are Desktop Computers Still Relevant in Today's Libraries?
Authors: Thompson Susan
Published: December 2012

Academic libraries have traditionally provided computers for students to access their collections and, more recently, facilitate all aspects of studying. Recent changes in technology, particularly the increased presence of mobile devices, calls into question how libraries can best provide technology support and how it might impact the use of other library services. A two-year study conducted at California State University San Marcos library analyzed student use of the computers in the library, both the library’s own desktop computers and laptops owned by students.  The results found that, despite the increased ownership of mobile technology by students, they still clearly preferred to use desktop computers in the library. It also showed that students who used computers in the library were more likely to use other library services and physical collections.
Editorial Board Thoughts: Technology and Mission: Reflections of a First-Year Library Director
Authors: Tallent Ed
Published: December 2012

Editorial Board Thoughts: Technology and Missions: Reflections of a First-Year Library Director
Editor's Comments
Authors: Gerrity Robert
Published: December 2012

Editor's Comments
Robust fault tolerant control for a class of networked control systems with state delay and stochastic actuator failures
Authors: Wang Shenquan , Feng Jian , Zhang Huaguang
Published: December 2012

This paper is concerned with the robust fault tolerant controller design of networked control systems (NCSs) with state delay and stochastic actuator failures. By utilizing the input delay approach, an equivalent continuous‐time generalized time delay system in both state and input is obtained. By applying a delay decomposition approach, the information of the delayed plant states can be taken into full consideration, and new delay‐dependent sufficient conditions that ensure the asymptotic mean‐square stability of NCSs with stochastic actuator failures are derived in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). It is realized by employing a new Lyapunov–Krasovskii function in the decomposed integral intervals and directly handle the inversely weighted convex combination of quadratic terms of integral quantities with reciprocally convex combination technique. Moreover, the proposed approach involves neither slack variable nor any model transformation. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness and less conservatism of the proposed method.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thiocyanate‐Free Ru(II) Sensitizers with a 4,4′‐Dicarboxyvinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine Anchor for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Kuan‐Lin , Ku Wan‐Ping , Wang Sheng‐Wei , Yella Aswani , Chi Yun , Liu Shih‐Hung , Chou Pi‐Tai , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Grätzel Michael
Published: December 2012

A new class of thiocyanate‐free Ru(II) sensitizers with 4,4′‐dicarboxyvinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine anchor and two trans‐oriented pyrid‐2‐yl pyrazolate (or triazolate) functional chromophores is synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Despite their enhanced red response and absorptivity when compared to the parent sensitizer TFRS‐2 that possesses standard 4,4′‐dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine anchor and shows the best conversion efficiency of η = 9.82%, the newly synthesized carboxyvinyl‐pyrazolate sensitizers, TFRS‐11–TFRS‐13, exhibit inferior performance characteristics in terms of short‐circuit current density (JSC), open‐circuit voltage (VOC), and power conversion efficiency (η), the latter being recorded to be in the range 5.60–7.62%. The reduction in device efficiencies is attributed to a combination of poor packing of these sensitizers on the TiO2 surface and less positive ground‐state oxidation potentials, which, respectively, increase charge recombination with I3− in electrolytes and impede the regeneration of sensitizers by I− anions. The latter obstacle can be circumvented in part by the replacement of the pyrazolates with triazolates, forming the TFRS‐14 sensitizer, which exhibits an improved JSC, VOC, and η of 16.4 mAcm−2, 0.77 V, and 9.02%, respectively.
Exploring Third Metacarpal Capitate Facet Shape in Early Hominins
Authors: Rein Thomas R. , Harvati Katerina
Published: December 2012

The joint between the capitate and third metacarpal plays an important role in stabilizing the manus during hand use in great apes and humans. Researchers have examined the morphology of this region in humans, our fossil relatives, and other extant primates to try to understand the importance of this joint in human evolution. The first goal of our research was to explore shape variation of the third metacarpal capitate facet across extant anthropoids, including hominoids, cercopithecoids, and platyrrhines. This analysis allowed us to examine the range of variation in the capitate facet and the degree to which locomotor behavior, phylogeny, and size explained shape variation. We also examined capitate facet shape in the early hominin fossil record in order to explore how the shape of this articular surface has changed during early hominin evolution. We captured six landmark coordinates on the edge of the capitate facet in extant anthropoids and fossil specimens to quantify and visualize shape variation in this region. We used principal components analysis, Procrustes distances, and multivariate regression analysis to investigate different possible influences on shape variation. We found that shape variation corresponded to function, phylogeny, and size. With the exception of brachiation, shape variation did not clearly correspond with any specific locomotor behavior. However, we identified a shift in the relative mediolateral breadth of the capitate facet during early hominin evolution, which is most likely one of several adaptations for a more stable joint surface. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism of apple polyphenols ex vivo by the pig intestinal mucosa in the Ussing chamber
Authors: Deußer Hannah , Rogoll Dorothee , Scheppach Wolfgang , Volk Antje , Melcher Ralph , Richling Elke
Published: December 2012

Polyphenols contained in food have various positive effects on human health. The absorption and metabolism of polyphenols in the intestinal tract needs to be studied to estimate these effects. The Ussing chamber technique was used to investigate the transport behavior of apple polyphenols through pig small intestinal mucosa, which served as a model for human gastrointestinal mucosa. The identities and concentrations of polyphenols and their metabolites in the half‐chambers (luminal and basolateral) within an incubation period of 4 h were determined by HPLC–MS/MS and HPLC–DAD (DAD = diode‐array detection). Flux values were also measured. It was found that 5‐caffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid were absorbed and translocated to the basolateral side (1.9 and 3.7%, respectively), but other compounds, including glycosides of phloretin and quercetin, were observed without translocation. A Ussing chamber utilizing pig small intestinal mucosa is a suitable model for assessing the effect of apple polyphenols on mucosal integrity and nutrition absorption across porcine mucosa.
Price Fairness in the Case of Green Products: Enterprises' Policies and Consumers' Perceptions
Authors: Dekhili Sihem , Achabou Mohamed Akli
Published: December 2012

This study investigates the extent to which prices of ecological products are fair. In particular, it explores the gap that can exist between the pricing policies adopted by enterprises and the consumers' price expectations in terms of fairness. The existing academic literature on sustainable consumption neglects this question.

Findings from a qualitative investigation combining a consumer study and enterprise case studies show that managers' behaviors vary. While some enterprises take into account consumers' expectations and purchasing power to propose a fair price based on the value of the green product, others continue to adopt a pricing policy that is exclusively based on profitability and competition. The authors draw some business and academic implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Towards minimum achievable phase noise of relaxation oscillators
Authors: Geraedts Paul F. J. , van Tuijl Ed (A. J. M.) , Klumperink Eric A. M. , Wienk Gerard J. M. , Nauta Bram
Published: December 2012

A relaxation oscillator design is described, which has a phase noise rivaling ring oscillators, while also featuring linear frequency tuning. We show that the comparator in a relaxation‐oscillator loop can be prevented from contributing to 1/f2 colored phase noise and degrading control linearity. The resulting oscillator is implemented in a power efficient way with a switched‐capacitor circuit. The design results from a thorough analysis of the fundamental phase noise contributions. Simple expressions modeling the theoretical phase noise performance limit are presented, as well as a design strategy to approach this limit. To verify theoretical predictions, a relaxation oscillator is implemented in a baseline 65 nm CMOS process, occupying 200 µm × 150 µm. Its frequency tuning range is 1–12 MHz, and its phase noise is L(100kHz) = −109dBc/Hz at fosc = 12MHz, while consuming 90 μW. A figure of merit of −161dBc/Hz is achieved, which is only 4 dB from the theoretical limit. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transistor size optimization in digital circuits using ant colony optimization for continuous domain
Authors: Gupta Himanshu , Ghosh Bahniman
Published: December 2012

In this paper, ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm is presented, as a tool to find transistor sizes in digital circuits. Performance of ACO has been tested on four digital circuits, of different complexity, to find optimum balance between power and delay of circuits. Optimization problem has been set up by first, formulating an objective function, to be minimized, for each circuit and then finding the values of variables of circuits, using optimization algorithm. For the purpose of examining the results, circuits are optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) also. Results show that, ACO performs better than GA, for all the four circuits, in finding optimized transistor sizes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
During Embryogenesis, Esrp1 Expression Is Restricted to a Subset of Epithelial Cells and Is Associated With Splicing of a Number of Developmentally Important Genes
Authors: Revil Timothée , Jerome‐Majewska Loydie A.
Published: December 2012

Background: Development of a mature organism from a single cell requires a series of important morphological changes, which is in part regulated by alternative splicing. In this article, we report the expression of Esrp1 during early mouse embryogenesis, a splicing factor implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transitions. Results: By qRT‐PCR, we find higher expression of Esrp1 and Esrp2 in placenta compared to the embryos. We also find a correlation between the expression of Esrp1 and alternative splicing of several known target exons. Using in situ RNA hybridization we show that while Esrp1 expression is ubiquitous in embryonic day (E)6.5 mouse embryos, expression becomes restricted to the chorion and definitive endoderm starting at E7.5. Esrp1 expression was consistently restricted to a subset of epithelial cell types in developing embryos from E9.5 to E13.5. Conclusions: Our results suggest that Esrp1 could play an important role in the morphological changes underlying embryogenesis of the placenta and embryo. Developmental Dynamics 242:281–290, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Spin Crossover in a 3,5‐Bis(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolate‐Bridged Dinuclear Iron(II) Complex [{Fe(NCBH3)(py)}2(μ‐L1)2] – Powder versus Single Crystal Study
Authors: Schneider Caspar J. , Cashion John D. , Chilton Nicholas F. , Etrillard Céline , Fuentealba Mauricio , Howard Judith A. K. , Létard Jean‐François , Milsmann Carsten , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Sparkes Hazel A. , Batten Stuart R. , Murray Keith S.
Published: December 2012

The structural characteristics and physical properties of the 3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4‐triazolate (L1) bridged dinuclear iron(II) spin‐crossover complex [{Fe(NCBH3)(py)}2(μ‐L1)2] (1) in both powder (1p) and single crystal (1c) forms have been investigated. Both forms of [{Fe(NCBH3)(py)}2(μ‐L1)2] display a thermally induced spin transition; however, the transitions have different T1/2 values and different degrees of spin conversion. Both forms display the photomagnetic light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping (LIESST) effect as well as reverse LIESST and have been compared by Raman spectral and powder X‐ray diffraction methods, which indicate that they are polymorphs. The single crystal form 1c shows a “half” spin transition and has been further characterised at temperatures above and below the spin transition by low temperature crystallographic methods including single crystal LIESST experiments (at 40 K) and by Mössbauer spectroscopy; thus, the nature of the [HS‐LS] form and the different spin isomers were revealed. To complement the experimental results, compound 1 and several other related FeII dinuclear spin‐crossover compounds have been evaluated by quantum‐chemical DFT calculations. Additionally, the susceptibilities for the powder form 1p, which displays a complete two‐step spin‐crossover, were also fitted to a phenomenological model for dinuclear spin‐crossover complexes.
Total Synthesis of Eupomatilones 1, 2, and 5 by Enantioselective [2,3]‐Wittig Rearrangement
Authors: Hirokawa Yoshimi , Kitamura Maria , Mizubayashi Makoto , Nakatsuka Rie , Kobori Yuya , Kato Chiharu , Kurata Yuki , Maezaki Naoyoshi
Published: December 2012

In this study, the asymmetric total synthesis of eupomatilones 1, 2, and 5 has been accomplished. These compounds are lignan congeners containing a biaryl system bearing an α‐methylene γ‐lactone. They were isolated from the Australian shrub Eupomatia bennettii. Two chiral centers were constructed enantioselectively by the asymmetric [2,3]‐Wittig rearrangement of highly oxygenated biaryl compounds, using a bis(oxazoline) chiral ligand. Optimization of the key reaction using nBuLi as the base and ether as the co‐solvent increased the enantioselectivity to 88–91 % ee.
A ketogenic diet increases brown adipose tissue mitochondrial proteins and UCP1 levels in mice
Authors: Srivastava Shireesh , Baxa Ulrich , Niu Gang , Chen Xiaoyuan , L. Veech Richard
Published: December 2012

We evaluated the effects of feeding a ketogenic diet (KD) for a month on general physiology with emphasis on brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mice. KD did not reduce the caloric intake, or weight or lipid content of BAT. Relative epididymal fat pads were 40% greater in the mice fed the KD (P = 0.06) while leptin was lower (P < 0.05). Blood glucose levels were 30% lower while D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate levels were about 3.5‐fold higher in the KD group. Plasma insulin and leptin levels in the KD group were about half of that of the mice fed NIH‐31 pellets (chow group). Median mitochondrial size in the interscapular BAT (IBAT) of the KD group was about 60% greater, whereas the median lipid droplet size was about half of that in the chow group. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation proteins were increased (1.5–3‐fold) and the uncoupling protein 1 levels were increased by threefold in mice fed the KD. The levels of PPARγ, PGC‐1α, and Sirt1 in KD group were 1.5–3‐fold while level of Sirt3 was about half of that in the chow‐fed group. IBAT cyclic AMP levels were 60% higher in the KD group and cAMP response element binding protein was 2.5‐fold higher, suggesting increased sympathetic system activity. These results demonstrate that a KD can also increase BAT mitochondrial size and protein levels. © 2012 IUBMB Life,
65(1):58–66, 2013
Theoretical Study of Nucleophilic Identity Substitution Reactions at Nitrogen, Silicon and Phosphorus versus Carbon: Reaction Pathways, Energy Barrier, Inversion and Retention Mechanisms
Authors: Ding Yan‐Li , Mu Ji‐Rong , Gong Li‐Dong
Published: December 2012

Gas‐phase identity SN2(N), SN2(Si) and SN2(P) versus SN2(C) reactions with Cl− are investigated by the ab initio method. Front‐side attack identity SN2 reactions considered have all double‐well potential energy surfaces (PES), and back‐side attack identity SN2(C) and SN2(N) reactions have also double‐well PES, while back‐side attack identity SN2(Si) and SN2(P) have single‐well PES. In addition, the geometrical transformations, potential energy profiles of front‐side and back‐side attack identity SN2(N), SN2(Si) and SN2(P) versus SN2(C) reactions based on the IRC calculations are described, the differences between them for the front‐side or back‐side attack reactions have been demonstrated.
A TD‐DFT Study on the Effect of Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding on the Photophysical Properties of N‐Methyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide
Authors: Yang Da‐Peng , Li Hui , Liu Yu‐Fang
Published: December 2012

The effect of intermolecular hydrogen bonding on the photophysical properties of N‐methyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide (2) has been investigated by time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) method. The UV and IR spectra of 2 monomer and its hydrogen‐bonded complexes formed with 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE) 2+TFE and 2+2TFE have been calculated, which confirm the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between the carbonyl groups of the aromatic imide and the hydroxyl group of the polyfluorinated alcohol. The absorption and fluorescence intensities going from 2 monomer via hydrogen‐bonded complex 2+TFE to 2+2TFE were found to be gradually enhanced with the wavelength gradually red‐shifted. The enhancements of the fluorescence intensities from 2 monomer to hydrogen‐bonded complexes 2+TFE and 2+2TFE were attributed to the decrease of the intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiency from the first excited singlet state S1 1(ππ*) to the second excited triplet state T2 3(nπ*), whose energy was increased relative to its ground state due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.
Study on Diffusion Mechanisms and Determination of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers at the Pre‐anodized Inlaying Ultrathin Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Huo Jing‐e , Shang‐guan En‐bo , Wang Qiao‐tian , Li Quan‐min
Published: December 2012

In this paper, nichrome was adopted as a substrate, to fabricate the pre‐anodized inlaying ultrathin carbon paste electrode (PAIUCPE). The electrochemical behaviors and diffusion mechanisms of three dihydroxybenzene isomers at the electrode were carefully investigated. The effect of pH on oxidation peak current was also detailedly explained. The results were shown that oxidation peak current not only related to the reaction of electroactive materials at the working electrode, but also depended on the reaction variable of reduction at the auxiliary electrode. The oxidation peaks of hydroquinone (HQ), catechol (CC) and resorcinol (RC) located at 0.181 V, 0.288 V and 0.736 V. For CC, RC and HQ, the oxidation peak currents were linear to the concentrations at the range of 5.0 × 10−6∼5.0 × 10−4 mol/L, 3.0 × 10−6∼5.0 × 10−4 mol/L and 4.0 × 10−6∼4.0 × 10−4 mol/L with the detection limits of 2.0 × 10−7 mol/L, 1.2 × 10−7 mol/L and 1.2 × 10−7 mol/L, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of dihydroxybenzene isomers in artificial sewage samples with satisfactory results.
Metal‐Porphyrin Orbital Interactions in Paramagnetic Iron Complexes Having Planar and Deformed Porphyrin Ring
Authors: Nakamura Mikio , Ikezaki Akira , Takahashi Masashi
Published: December 2012

1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of iron porphyrin complexes are determined mainly by the spin densities at the peripheral carbon and nitrogen atoms caused by the interaction between paramagnetic iron 3d and porphyrin molecular orbitals. This review describes how the half‐occupied iron 3d orbitals such as dπ(dxz, dyz), dxy, d, and d‐ interact with a specific porphyrin molecular orbital and affect the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts in planar, ruffled, saddled, and domed complexes. Revealing the relationship between the orbital interactions and NMR chemical shifts is quite important to determine the fine electronic structures of synthetic iron porphyrin complexes as well as naturally occurring heme proteins.
A new approach based on off‐line coupling of high‐performance liquid chromatography with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to determine acrylamide in coffee brew
Authors: Blanch Gracia Patricia , Morales Francisco José , Moreno Fernando de la Peña , Ruiz del Castillo María Luisa
Published: December 2012

A new method based on off‐line coupling of LC with GC in replacement of conventional sample preparation techniques is proposed to analyze acrylamide in coffee brews. The method involves the preseparation of the sample by LC, the collection of the selected fraction, its concentration under nitrogen, and subsequent analysis by GC coupled with MS. The composition of the LC mobile phase and the flow rate were studied to select those conditions that allowed separation of acrylamide without coeluting compounds. Under the conditions selected recoveries close to 100% were achieved while LODs and LOQs equal to 5 and 10 μg/L for acrylamide in brewed coffee were obtained. The method developed enabled the reliable detection of acrylamide in spiked coffee beverage samples without further clean‐up steps or sample manipulation.
Fully automated reagent peak‐free liquid chromatography fluorescence analysis of highly polar carboxylic acids using a column‐switching system and fluorous scavenging derivatization
Authors: Todoroki Kenichiro , Hashimoto Hiroki , Machida Kazuyuki , Itoyama Miki , Hayama Tadashi , Yoshida Hideyuki , Nohta Hitoshi , Nakashima Manabu , Yamaguchi Masatoshi
Published: December 2012

In this study, we combined a column‐switching system with a fluorous scavenging derivatization method to develop a fully automated reagent peak‐free LC fluorescence detection protocol for the analysis of highly polar carboxylic acids. In this method, highly polar carboxylic acids were derivatized with fluorescent 1‐pyrenemethylamine in the presence of 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide and 1‐hydroxy‐1H‐benzotriazole. Residual excess of the unreacted reagent was tagged with 2‐(perfluorooctyl)ethyl isocyanate and then removed selectively using a fluorous column‐switching system placed in front of an analytical reversed‐phase column. The signal of the fluorous‐tagged unreacted reagent was completely absent in the resulting chromatograms; therefore, it did not interfere with the quantification of each acid especially those eluted before 20 min. The detection limits (S/N = 3) for the examined acids were in the range from 4.0 to 22 fmol per injection. We have applied this method to comparative analysis of highly polar carboxylic acids in urine samples obtained from diabetes mellitus type‐II model mice and their control.
Glyceollins, a novel class of soy phytoalexins, inhibit angiogenesis by blocking the VEGF and bFGF signaling pathways
Authors: Lee Sun H. , Lee Jongkook , Jung Myung H. , Lee You M.
Published: December 2012

Scope

Glyceollins are a novel class of soybean phytoalexins with potential cancer‐preventive and antiestrogenic effects. The angiogenic cascade during tumor development consists of the release of angiogenic factors and binding of angiogenic factors to receptors on endothelial cells to activate downstream signaling pathways. However, the potential medicinal value of glyceollins, especially in antiangiogenesis, remains unexplored.

Methods and results

Here, we investigated the antiangiogenic activity of glyceollins and their underlying mechanisms. Glyceollins inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induced in vitro angiogenic activity. Glyceollins inhibited VEGF receptor‐2 or FGF receptor‐1 activity and their downstream signaling pathways such as extracellular regulated kinase 1/2, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, as well as p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and focal adhesion kinase induced by VEGF or bFGF. Glyceollins significantly suppressed VEGF receptor‐2 kinase activity assayed by the ELISA. Glyceollins significantly attenuated in vivo and ex vivo microvessel development in a dose‐dependent manner and tumor growth by suppressing microvessel density in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) mouse xenograft.

Conclusion

Thus, glyceollins, elicited ingredients of soy source, target the signaling pathways mediated by VEGF or bFGF, providing new perspectives into potential therapeutics for preventing and treating hypervascularized diseases including cancer.
Determining and reporting purity of organic molecules: why qNMR
Authors: Mahajan Shivani , Singh Inder Pal
Published: December 2012

Although NMR has been routinely used to determine/estimate relative number of protons for structure elucidation, it has been rarely used to determine and report the purity of organic compounds. Through this paper, we want to emphasize on routine use of quantitative NMR (qNMR) for this purpose. The results of qNMR can be routinely considered as documentation of purity much like other established methods (HPLC, elemental analysis and differential scanning calorimetry). qNMR is a fast, easy, accurate and non‐destructive alternate to speed up the whole analytical process and serves the purpose of both identification and purity determination of compounds using single technique. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convergence analysis for hyperbolic evolution problems in mixed form
Authors: Boffi Daniele , Buffa Annalisa , Gastaldi Lucia
Published: December 2012

In this paper, we present a convergence analysis for the space discretization of hyperbolic evolution problems in mixed form. The results of previous work on parabolic equations are extended to this situation, showing the relationships between the approximation of the underlying eigenvalue problem and the space discretization of the evolution problem. The theory is applied to the finite element approximation of the wave equation in mixed form and to the Maxwell equations. Some numerical results confirm the theory and make clear how a scheme that does not provide a spectrally correct discretization can perform badly when applied to the approximation of the evolution problem. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The diversification of charities: from religion‐oriented to for‐profit‐oriented fundraising
Authors: Saunders Stephen Graham
Published: December 2012

Charities are increasingly relying on more complex and diversified fundraising structures to raise funds and attract benefactors. In adopting a historic perspective, this research identified five emergent fundraising structures, namely religion‐oriented, business‐oriented, marketing‐oriented, consumer‐oriented, and for‐profit‐oriented. The analysis critically evaluates the role that institutions and resources have played in each funding structure and draws conclusions concerning the management of charitable fundraising in a world where charitable fundraising, consumerism, and social media networking are increasingly entwined with the for‐profit motive.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of cold‐crystallization on the AC and DC conductive properties of polylactide biocomposites with carboxylic or neat large aspect ratio MWCNT
Authors: Laredo Estrella , Bello Alfredo , Diaz Jonas , Grimau Mario , Martinez‐Tong Daniel , Wu Defeng , Wu Liang
Published: December 2012

After DC and AC conductivity measurements, percolation parameters, universality, and time‐temperature‐concentration superposition are evaluated in biocomposites based on poly(lactide) loaded with multiwalled carbon nanotubes either carboxylic, PLA/c‐CNT, or pure but with a larger aspect ratio, PLA/LAR‐CNT, in weight concentrations up to 7%. The polymer matrix is either 100% amorphous or cold‐crystallized. Wide angle X‐ray scattering is used to extract the crystallinity at each temperature. The nucleating effect for the cold crystallization of the PLA is greater for the LAR‐CNT than for the carboxylic ones. DC and AC conductivities are measured in broad frequency and temperature ranges, from 1 mHz to 1 MHz and from 133 to 378 K, respectively. The critical percolation value increases for c‐CNTs (from 1.8 to 2.4 vol%) upon cold crystallization of the PLA matrix as the formation of a conductive path is hindered by the existence of a crystalline phase, which is dominant over the reduction of the amorphous regions. No significant changes upon crystallization were found in the critical concentration value (0.6 vol%) for the LAR composites, where the conductive path is 2D. The universal scaling found here for different concentrations is lost when temperature varies. However, time‐temperature superposition is present for each concentration of LAR or carboxylic CNTs. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Epoxy/anhydride networks modified with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Montero Belén , Serra Angels , Ramírez Carmen , Ramis Xavier
Published: December 2012

Epoxy/anhydride networks were modified, in the presence of benzyldimethylamine as catalyst, with two polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), whose inorganic framework had a compact and stable Si‐O core and an organic substituent shell. The influence of the content and type of POSS during curing and on the properties of the thermosets was investigated by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The curing kinetics was analyzed by means of an integral isoconversional nonisothermal procedure. When the POSS modifier was added, the storage modulus in the rubbery plateau increased and the glass transition temperature decreased because of the presence of the flexible organic moieties and the influence in the crosslinking density. The presence of these POSS structures hardly affected the thermodegradation behavior of cured materials. The dispersion of the POSS structures in the epoxy/anhydride matrix was good, but some submicron‐sized POSS agglomerates could be observed by transmission electron microscopy. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Functionalized carbon nanotubes with oligomeric intumescent flame retardant for reducing the agglomeration and flammability of poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Guoyong , Cheng Jinyang , Wu Huiyan , Lin Zhongqing , Zhang Yuchuan , Wang Hu
Published: December 2012

A novel oligomeric phosphorous–nitrogen‐containing intumescent flame retardant poly (2,6‐diaminopyridine spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate) (PDSPB) is synthesized, and subsequently multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT)‐grafted oligomeric intumescent flame retardant, MWNT‐g‐PDSPB, is fabricated via chemical grafting reaction and characterized. The grafting reaction was characterized by FTIR, NMR, and XPS. After high‐density PDSPB (88 wt%) were attached to the MWNTs, core‐shell nanostructures with MWNTs as the hard core and PDSPB as the soft shell were formed. The resultant MWNT‐g‐PDSPB was soluble and stable in polar solvents, such as DMF and DMSO. MWNT‐g‐PDSPB has excellent thermal stability and charring ability. The TEM results showed that the functionalized MWNTs could achieve better dispersion in poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix. The residue char of MWNT‐g‐PDSPB is as high as 70 wt%, and the grafting of intumescent flame retardant of PDSPB can improve both the dispersion of MWNTs in polymer matrix and flame retardancy of the nanocomposites. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fluorescent‐tagged maleic anhydride‐allylpolyethoxy carboxylate copolymer as an environmentally benign inhibitor for calcium phosphate in industrial cooling systems
Authors: Huang Jingyi , Liu Guangqing , Zhou Yuming , Yao Qingzhao , Yang Yong , Wang Huchuan , Ling Lei , Cao Ke , Liu Yahui , Wu Wendao , Sun Wei
Published: December 2012

Allyloxy polyethoxy ether (APEG) and succinic anhydride were used to prepare allyloxy polyethoxy carboxylate (APEL). 8‐hydroxy‐1,3,6‐pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (PY) was reacted with allyl chloride to produce fluorescent monomer 8‐allyloxy‐1,3,6‐pyrene trisulfonic acid trisodium salt (PA). APEL and PA were copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MA) to synthesize PA tagged no phosphate and nitrogen‐free calcium phosphate inhibitor POLY(MA–APEL–PA). Structures of PA, APEG, APEL, and POLY(MA–APEL–PA) were carried out by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. Different MA : APEL mole ratios were employed for the manufacture of POLY(MA–APEL–PA) to study the effect of mole ratio on performance of POLY(MA–APEL–PA). Relationship between POLY(MA–APEL–PA)'s fluorescent intensity and its dosage was studied. The results indicate that capability of POLY(MA–APEL–PA) is heavily depended on the mole ratio of MA : APEL. Correlation coefficient r of POLY(MA–APEL–PA)'s fluorescent intensity and its dosage is 0.9999, and detection limit of POLY(MA–APEL–PA) is 0.86 mg/L. POLY(MA–APEL–PA) can be used to accurately measure polymer consumption on line besides providing excellent calcium phosphate inhibition. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced polymer filling and uniform shrinkage of polymer and mold in a hot embossing process
Authors: He Yong , Fu JianZhong , Zhao Peng , Chen Zi Chen
Published: December 2012

Low filling efficiency and large thermal stress are two important problems that limit the wide use of hot embossing especially in fabricating high aspect ratio patterns. Two types of flow barriers, the first being an accessorial slot on the mold (SFB), the other was a block on the hot embossing machine (BFB), were designed to enhance polymer filling and their performances were simulated with the finite element method. The numerical simulation results show that two kinds of flow barriers can also accelerate the polymer filling speed and improve filling efficiency. The BFB has a better promoting effect and can be easily used as a quasi close‐die embossing process. The shrinkage of the polymer and mold is made uniform with a designed polymer grip holder to minimize the thermal stress. The polymer was clipped at a temperature in a cooling step and its deformation was fixed; thus, the shrinkage of the polymer can be equal to the mold at a special temperature. An improved hot embossing machine was designed and the hot embossing process was modified to satisfy these requirements. At last successful fabrication of the light guide plate verified the improvements. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Interaction of polypropylene with sputtered and evaporated au nanolayers
Authors: Vasina A. , Slepička P. , Kašpárková I. , Kolská Z. , Bláhová O. , Švorčík V.
Published: December 2012

This work is focused on plasma treatment of polypropylene (PP) and deposition of Au layer by sputtering and evaporation. Samples were exposed to argon plasma discharge (8.3 and 3.2 W) and the changes of the surface properties were studied by different analytical methods. Surface wettability was derived from contact angle. PP was metallized with sputtered and evaporated Au layer. Surface morphology was measured with atomic force microscopy. The Au layers were deposited by sputtering and evaporation. The thickness of the deposited Au layers was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of deposited Au layers were analyzed using NanoIndenter device, the surface morphology of scratches in Au was studied by SEM microscopy. The significant difference in the zeta‐potential at all pH range between pristine and plasma‐treated PP clearly indicates the effect of plasma treatment leading to a more hydrophilic surface. The surface modification of the PP substrate, even the wettability of surface and its roughness are modified, is not capable of significant changes in substrate‐metal nanoparticle interaction, since the thickness of gold nanolayers is slightly influenced by substrate premodification. Both sputtered and evaporated gold nanolayers on pristine PP become electrically conductive for thickness from ∼8 nm. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 53:2270–2275, 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Thermal stability of epoxidized soybean oil and its absorption and migration in poly(vinylchloride)
Authors: Sun Bin , Chaudhary Bharat Indu , Shen Chun‐Yin , Mao Di , Yuan Dong‐Ming , Dai Gan‐Ce , Li Bin , Cogen Jeffrey M.
Published: December 2012

Thermal analyses of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) were conducted and showed that it was stable up to temperatures as high as 240–260°C in air‐free environment. The solubility and transport characteristics of ESO in poly(vinylchloride) (PVC) were also investigated under various conditions. The absorption study showed that the resin had a void volume of ∼0.3 cm3/g. Furthermore, ESO was found to be sufficiently soluble in the PVC matrix to function as an effective plasticizer, with equilibrium solubility of 72 g/100 g PVC at 80°C and 163 g/100 g PVC at 120°C. The absorption of ESO in PVC grains was a three step process comprising “induction,” “swelling,” and “saturation” periods. Torque rheometer studies showed that higher mixer temperature and/or speed facilitated uptake of plasticizer in PVC and ultimate fusion. Migration studies of plasticized and stabilized PVC compositions showed no change in mass at 40°C, but increasingly greater mass loss as the temperature was raised up to 120°C. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
The Core of Darkness: Uncovering the Heart of the Dark Triad
Authors: Jones Daniel Nelson , Figueredo Aurelio Jose
Published: December 2012

The Dark Triad consists of three overlapping but distinct personality variables: narcissism, Machiavellianism and psychopathy. To date, however, no research has empirically identified what leads these three variables to overlap or whether other variables share the same core. The present research addresses why and how dark personalities overlap. Drawing from classic work in psychopathy, Hare's Factor 1 or manipulation and callousness were found to be the common antagonistic core. A series of latent variable procedures, including Multisample Structural Equation Models, revealed that for both samples, manipulation and callousness, completely accounted for the associations among the facet scores of the psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism scales. Sample 2 also included Social Dominance Orientation, and results further confirmed that Social Dominance Orientation has the same common core as the Dark Triad. In sum, Hare's Factor 1—manipulation–callousness—emerged as common dark core that accounts for the overlap among antagonistic traits. Copyright © 2012 European Association of Personality Psychology
Graphene/polymer composites for energy applications
Authors: Sun Yiqing , Shi Gaoquan
Published: December 2012

Graphene has wide potential applications in energy‐related systems, mainly because of its unique atom‐thick two‐dimensional structure, high electrical or thermal conductivity, optical transparency, great mechanical strength, inherent flexibility, and huge specific surface area. For this purpose, graphene materials are frequently blended with polymers to form composites, especially when fabricating flexible devices. Graphene/polymer composites have been explored as electrodes of supercapacitors or lithium ion batteries, counter electrodes of dye‐sensitized solar cells, transparent conducting electrodes and active layers of organic solar cells, catalytic electrodes, and polymer electrolyte membranes of fuel cells. In this review, we summarize the recent advances on the synthesis and applications of graphene/polymer composites for energy applications. The challenges and prospects in this field have also been discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Synthesis and characterization of sol–gel derived Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3−xCuO ceramics
Authors: Li Jun , Sun Xiaojian , Zhang XiaoShan , Chen Qiang , Peng ZhiHang , Yu Ping
Published: December 2012

Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 powders were synthesized by sol–gel processing and Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3−xCuO piezoelectric ceramics were prepared using the as‐prepared powders. Microstructures and electric properties of the ceramics were studied, especially, the effects of CuO additive on the sintering characteristics and electric properties. Both the performance and the sintering behaviour of BCTZ ceramics are improved by using as‐prepared Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 powders and CuO as a sintering aid. BCTZ ceramic with 1.5 mol% CuO exhibits good electric properties: εr ∼ 5338 (10 kHz), tan δ ∼ 0.014 (10 kHz), d33 ∼ 670 pC N−1 and kp ∼ 57.8% at room temperature.
Impact of hydrogen on electrical levels and luminescence of dislocation network at the interface of hydrophilically bonded silicon wafers
Authors: Loshachenko Anton , Bondarenko Anton , Vyvenko Oleg , Kononchuk Oleg
Published: December 2012

The hydrogen penetration and its impact on electro‐physical properties of dislocation network (DN) at the interface of directly bonded silicon wafers located close to the surface of semiconductor are investigated. The evolution of spectra of deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) after low temperature reverse bias annealing (RBA) procedure was monitored. It is established that DN resists the penetration of hydrogen ions into the bulk of silicon wafer. The dependence of amount of penetrated hydrogen on of dislocation density in DN is obtained and the model of its explanation is suggested. It is demonstrated that the hydrogenation did not reduce the concentration of shallow dislocation‐related levels and that the amount of hydrogen introduced by wet chemical etching is sufficient to eliminate detrimental action of deep levels. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocation formation during laser processing of silicon solar cell materials
Authors: Weng Y. , Kedjar B. , Ohmer K. , Köhler J. R. , Werner J. H. , Strunk H. P.
Published: December 2012

Laser processing, increasingly used for solar cell production, induces defects when choosing inappropriate process parameters. Besides the shape and the pulse energy of the laser, also the surface orientation of silicon substrate has a great influence on the defect formation. By applying a laser beam with a line focus exceeding the critical values such as line width and laser pulse energy, the development of dislocations is observed on (111)‐oriented wafers by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a result, the formed dislocations are arranged practically parallel to each other in planes parallel to the (111) surface. Their Burgers vectors lie within this plane too. Thus classical concepts of epitaxy hardly explain the dislocation formation. Alternative explanations have to take into account the excessively high temperature close to the melting point, the short time frames given by the laser pulse duration (100 ns) and the not yet analyzed inhomogeneous stress distribution. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cryptanalysis of MICKEY family of stream ciphers
Authors: Ding Lin , Guan Jie
Published: December 2012

MICKEY 2.0 is a synchronous hardware‐oriented stream cipher designed by Steve Babbage and Matthew Dodd in 2006. It was submitted to eSTREAM and became one of the seven eSTREAM finalists. MICKEY‐128 2.0 is a variant version with 128‐bit secret key. In this paper, we present a weakness in the initialization of MICKEY family of stream ciphers (i.e., MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY‐128 2.0). With this weakness, we apply a slide resynchronization attack to them, which finds for any K with k0 = d and for any IV with ivn = d, there is a (K′, IV′) pair with probability 2− 1 that generates 1‐bit shifted keystream, where d ∈ {0, 1} is a constant. Furthermore, we propose related key attacks on MICKEY family of stream ciphers. Our attacks can break these two ciphers in real time on a PC when 65 and 113 related (K, IV) pairs for MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY‐128 2.0 are obtained, respectively. The success probabilities of our attacks on MICKEY 2.0 and MICKEY‐1282.0 are 0.9835 and 0.9714, respectively. This is the first paper presenting a weakness in MICKEY family of stream ciphers, and the results show that MICKEY family of stream ciphers are extremely weak against related key attacks. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Conductive Carbon Nanotube Matrix Accelerates Developmental Chloride Extrusion in Central Nervous System Neurons by Increased Expression of Chloride Transporter KCC2
Authors: Liedtke Wolfgang , Yeo Michele , Zhang Hongbo , Wang Yiding , Gignac Michelle , Miller Sara , Berglund Ken , Liu Jie
Published: December 2012

Exceptional mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNT) have attracted neuroscientists and neural tissue engineers aiming to develop novel devices that interface with nervous tissues. In the central nervous system (CNS), the perinatal chloride shift represents a dynamic change that forms the basis for physiological actions of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, a process of fundamental relevance for normal functioning of the CNS. Low intra‐neuronal chloride concentrations are maintained by a chloride‐extruding transporter, potassium chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2). KCC2's increasing developmental expression underlies the chloride shift. In neural injury, repressed KCC2 expression plays a co‐contributory role by corrupting inhibitory neurotransmission. Mechanisms of Kcc2 up‐regulation are thus pertinent because of their medical relevance, yet they remain elusive. Here, it is shown that primary CNS neurons originating from the cerebral cortex, cultured on highly‐conductive few‐walled‐CNT (fwCNT) have a strikingly accelerated chloride shift caused by increased KCC2 expression. KCC2 upregulation is dependent on neuronal voltage‐gated calcium channels (VGCC) and, furthermore, on calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II, which is linked to VGCC‐mediated calcium‐influx. It is also demonstrated that accelerated Kcc2 transcription in brain‐slices prepared from genetically‐engineered reporter mice, in which Kcc2 promoter drives luciferase, when the cerebral cortex of these mice is exposed to fwCNT‐coated devices. Based on these findings, whether fwCNT can enhance neural engineering devices for the benefit of neural injury conditions associated with elevated neuronal intracellular chloride concentration—such as pain, epilepsy, traumatic neural injury and ischemia—can now be addressed. Taken together, our novel insights illustrate how fwCNTs can promote low neuronal chloride in individual neurons and thus inhibitory transmission in neural circuits.