bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine learning method for predicting pacemaker implantation following transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Truong Vien T. , Beyerbach Daniel , Mazur Wojciech , Wigle Matthew , Bateman Emma , Pallerla Akhil , Ngo Tam N.M. , Shreenivas Satya , Tretter Justin T. , Palmer Cassady , Kereiakes Dean J. , Chung Eugene S.
Published: January 2021

Background

An accurate assessment of permanent pacemaker implantation (PPI) risk following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is important for clinical decision making. The aims of this study were to investigate the significance and utility of pre‐ and post‐TAVR ECG data and compare machine learning approaches with traditional logistic regression in predicting pacemaker risk following TAVR.

Methods

Five hundred fifity seven patients in sinus rhythm undergoing TAVR for severe aortic stenosis (AS) were included in the analysis. Baseline demographics, clinical, pre‐TAVR ECG, post‐TAVR data, post‐TAVR ECGs (24 h following TAVR and before PPI), and echocardiographic data were recorded. A Random Forest (RF) algorithm and logistic regression were used to train models for assessing the likelihood of PPI following TAVR.

Results

Average age was 80 ± 9 years, with 52% male. PPI after TAVR occurred in 95 patients (17.1%). The optimal cutoff of delta PR (difference between post and pre TAVR PR intervals) to predict PPI was 20 ms with a sensitivity of 0.82, a specificity of 0.66. With regard to delta QRS, the optimal cutoff was 13 ms with a sensitivity of 0.68 and a specificity of 0.59. The RF model that incorporated post‐TAVR ECG data (AUC 0.81) more accurately predicted PPI risk compared to the RF model without post‐TAVR ECG data (AUC 0.72). Moreover, the RF model performed better than logistic regression model in predicting PPI risk (AUC: 0.81 vs. 0.69).

Conclusions

Machine learning using RF methodology is significantly more powerful than traditional logistic regression in predicting PPI risk following TAVR.
Electrophysiological characteristics of epicardial to endocardial breakthrough in intractable cavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent atrial flutter
Authors: Su Chen , Xue Yumei , Li Teng , Liu Menghui , Liu Yang , Deng Hai , Li Jie , Jiang Jingzhou , Ma Yuedong , Feng Chong , Liu Jun , Tang Anli , Dong Yugang , He Jiangui , Wang Lichun
Published: January 2021

Background

Epicardial to endocardial breakthrough (EEB) exists widely in atrial arrhythmia and is a cause for intractable cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)‐dependent atrial flutter (AFL). This study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological features of EEB in EEB‐related CTI dependent AFL.

Methods

Six patients with EEB‐related CTI‐dependent AFL were identified among 142 consecutive patients who underwent CTI‐dependent AFL catheter ablation with an ultra‐high‐density, high‐resolution mapping system in three institutions. Activation maps and ablation procedure were analyzed.

Results

A total of seven EEBs were found in six patients. Four EEBs (including three at the right atrial septum and one in paraseptal isthmus) were recorded in three patients during tachycardia. The other three EEBs were identified at the inferolateral right atrium (RA) during pacing from the coronary sinus. The conduction characteristics through the EEB‐mediated structures were evaluated in three patients. Two patients only showed unidirectional conduction. Activation maps indicated that CTI‐dependent AFL with EEB at the atrial septum was actually bi‐atrial macro‐reentrant atrial tachycardia (BiAT). Intensive ablation at the central isthmus could block CTI bidirectionally in four cases. However, ablation targeted at the inferolateral RA EEB was required in two cases. Meanwhile, local potentials at the EEB location gradually split into two components with a change in activation sequence.

Conclusions

EEB is an underlying cause for intractable CTI‐dependent AFL. EEB‐mediated structure might show unidirectional conduction. CTI‐dependent AFL with EEB at the atrial septum may represent BiAT. Intensive ablation targeting the central isthmus or EEB at the inferolateral RA could block the CTI bidirectionally.
High‐power short‐duration ablation of atrial fibrillation: A contemporary review
Authors: Naniwadekar Aditi , Dukkipati Srinivas R.
Published: January 2021

Catheter ablation using radiofrequency (RF) energy has been widely used to treat patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The optimal levels of power and duration to increase the success rate while minimizing complications have not been fully established. Different centers continue to use various power protocols for catheter ablation of AF. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the impact of power output on efficacy and safety of RF ablation for AF. High‐power short‐duration (HPSD) ablation can be performed safely with similar procedural efficacy as low‐power long‐duration ablation strategy. HPSD ablation has the potential to shorten procedural and RF times and create more durable and localized lesions.
Association between human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and human neutrophil antigens (HNAs) and autoimmune neutropenia of infancy in Danish patients
Authors: Nielsen Kaspar René , Bojsen Signe Rolskov , Masmas Tania Nicole , Fjordside Anne‐Louise , Baech John , Haunstrup Thure Mors , Steffensen Rudi
Published: January 2021

Background

Autoimmune neutropenia of infancy (AIN) is a frequent cause of neutropenia in children. The disease is caused by antibodies against epitopes on the immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor type 3b (FcγIIIb). We investigated the possible association of human neutrophil antigens (HNA), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DR, and HLA‐DQ alleles with AIN and the association of these genotypes with the presence of autoantibodies.

Methods

Eighty AIN cases with a median age of 13.5 months were included. Controls were healthy unrelated Danish blood donors. Anti‐HNA‐1a autoantibodies were detected using a flow cytometric granulocyte immunofluorescence test (Flow‐GIFT) with phenotyped donor cells for detection of antibody specificity. Molecular determination of HNA genotypes was determined using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (q‐PCR). High‐resolution HLA‐DRB1 and HLA‐DQB1 were determined by next‐generation sequencing.

Results

Antibodies against HNA‐1a were detected in 51% (n = 41) of AIN patients, and anti‐HNA‐1b was detected in 3% (n = 2) of cases. In 46% of cases, the antibodies were anti‐FcγIIIb‐reactive. FCGR3B*01+,*02‐,*03‐ was more common (odds ratio, 6.70; P < .0001), and FCGR3B*01‐,*02+,*03‐ was less common (odds ratio, 0.30; P < .0001) among AIN cases. HNA‐1a antibodies were significantly more frequent among AIN cases with the FCGR3B*01+,*02‐,*03‐ genotype (odds ratio, 3.86; P < .007). The HLA‐DRB1*14 ‐ HLA‐DQB1*05:03 haplotype was significantly more common (odds ratio, 7.44; P < .0001) in AIN patients.

Conclusion

The HLA haplotype HLA‐DRB1*14 ‐ DQB1*05:03 is associated with Danish AIN cases. Among Danish AIN patients, anti‐HNA‐1a is the most common autoantibody, and the antibody is more common in cases with the FCGR3B*01+,*02‐,*03‐ genotype.
Effect of extensively hydrolyzed casein vs. conventional formula on the risk of asthma and allergies: The TRIGR randomized clinical trial
Authors: Virtanen Suvi M. , Cuthbertson David , Couluris Marisa , Savilahti Erkki , Knip Mikael , Krischer Jeffrey P. ,   the TRIGR Investigators
Published: January 2021

Background

The role of hydrolyzed infant formulas in the prevention of asthma and allergies remains inconsistent. We tested whether extensively hydrolyzed casein formula compared to conventional cow's milk–based formula prevented asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic eczema.

Methods

In the randomized double‐blind Trial to Reduce IDDM in Genetically at Risk (TRIGR), comparing extensively hydrolyzed to standard cow's milk–based infant formula during the first 6‐8 months of life, we assessed the effect of the intervention on the incidence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema when the children were 9‐ to 11‐years old. The asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema occurrence was assessed using online standardized and validated ISAAC questionnaire. Of the 1106 children who participated in this Ancillary study, 560 had been randomized to the experimental (extensively hydrolyzed casein formula) and 546 to the control arm (cow's milk–based formula).

Results

The risk of persistent asthma, allergic rhinitis, or atopic eczema did not differ by treatment, the hazard ratios (95% CI) being 1.00 (0.66‐1.52), 0.95 (0.66‐1.38), and 0.89 (0.70‐1.15), respectively, in the intention‐to‐treat analysis. Neither were there any differences in the per‐protocol analysis.

Conclusions

Extensively hydrolyzed casein formula did not protect from asthma, rhinitis, or eczema in this population carrying genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.
Dose estimation for bivalirudin during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Wolstencroft Philip , Arnold Philip , Anderson Brian J.
Published: January 2021

Aim

A typical adult‐based bivalirudin regimen during cardiopulmonary bypass uses a loading dose of 1 mg kg−1 and a circuit prime (volume L × 13 mg) with a subsequent intravenous infusion 2.5 mg h−1 kg−1. Dose in children remains unknown. We wished to determine a practical bivalirudin dosing schedule for children undergoing surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

Methods

Published pharmacokinetic parameters in children who were anticoagulated for cardiac catheterization using bivalirudin were compared to adult by scaling for size using allometry. An infusion regimen suitable for children was determined using a bivalirudin target concentration (13 mg L−1) common in adults for effect during cardiopulmonary bypass. Predicted bivalirudin infusion rates in children were compared to regimens published as case reports.

Results

Current pediatric bivalirudin infusion rates are based on those used in adults with titration during cardiopulmonary bypass to achieve activated clotting times longer than 400 s. Bivalirudin clearance (mL min−1 kg−1) can be estimated in children by scaling adult parameters using allometry. Clearance decreases through childhood and higher infusion rates in children would achieve target concentration rapidly without the need to titrate initial infusion rate. An infusion rate of 4.5 mg h−1 kg−1 in a 10 kg infant, 4 mg h−1 kg−1 in a 20 kg child and 3.5 mg h−1 kg−1 in a child 30–40 kg will target an activated clotting time slower than 400 s. Adult regimens could be used in those children heavier than 50 kg.

Conclusion

Bivalirudin infusion in children should be started after loading dose at rates greater than those used in adults. Dose in neonates remains uncertain because neither pharmacokinetics nor coagulation pharmacodynamics have been adequately characterized.
Fatal GNAQ‐mutated CNS melanoma in an adolescent with nevus of Ota
Authors: Blundell Andrew R. , Moustafa Danna , Samore Wesley R. , Hawryluk Elena B.
Published: January 2021

Nevus of Ota is an uncommon benign mesodermal melanosis that involves the first and second divisions of the trigeminal nerve. Primary non‐cutaneous melanoma often involves distinct genetic mutations compared to cutaneous melanoma. In primary central nervous system (CNS) melanomas associated with nevus of Ota, somatic mutations most commonly occur at the Q209 and R183 residues of GNAQ and likely induce tumorigenesis through upregulation of the MAP kinase pathway. This case underscores the importance of elucidating neurologic symptoms early in patients with nevus of Ota, as a delayed presentation of CNS melanoma could portend a devastating outcome.
Nonoperative management for umbilical hernia in infants using adhesive strapping
Authors: Kurobe Masashi , Baba Yuji , Hiramatsu Tomomasa , Otsuka Masahiko
Published: January 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of adhesive strapping (AS) for umbilical hernia (UH) in infants.

Methods

A retrospective review of 30 mature infants without any treatment for UH between January 2006 and December 2008 and 87 infants (42 mature and 45 premature) who were treated with AS between January 2010 and December 2014 was conducted. The rate and age of closure of UH were compared between the groups and the complications and limitations of AS were evaluated.

Results

In the observation‐only group, 24 UHs spontaneously closed at a mean age of 13.5 months, but a protruding umbilicus with redundant skin was present in three of 27 infants. Three infants had persistent UH, so a total of six infants, including the three with redundant skin and three with persistent UH, underwent surgery at the mean age of 30.0 months. In the AS group, 72 UHs were cured at a mean age of 4.3 months, which was significantly earlier than in the observation‐only group (P < 0.01). Eleven infants did not continue AS because of skin irritation or discomfort. Four infants underwent repair due to persistent UH, but not for redundant skin of the umbilicus.

Conclusions

Adhesive strapping is effective for promoting the early resolution of UH in infants and preventing the forming of redundant skin, which can reduce the need for surgical intervention. To achieve better results with AS, we recommend applying this technique before the UH grows large.
Climate, Health, and Nursing Tool (CHANT): Initial survey results
Authors: Schenk Elizabeth C. , Cook Cara , Demorest Shanda , Burduli Ekaterina
Published: January 2021

Objectives

This study measured nurses' awareness, motivation, concern, self‐reported behaviors at work, and self‐reported behaviors at home regarding climate change and health.

Design

Descriptive study using an anonymous and voluntary web‐based survey.

Sample

A nonrepresentative sample recruited from nurses.

Measurements

The CHANT (Climate, Health and Nursing Tool) with five psychometrically evaluated scales used to measure awareness, motivation, concern, behaviors at work, and behaviors at home.

Results

The 489 respondents reported moderate levels of awareness (2.97 mean score of 0–4) and high levels of concern (3.43) about health impacts of climate change. They were motivated to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (3.27), yet few did at home (2.28), and even fewer at work (1.81). They were motivated by clean air and water and concern about the future. Barriers to action included not knowing what to do and feeling overwhelmed. Respondents reported discussing climate and health with friends or family more frequently than they did with their colleagues. A majority (63%) never contacted elected officials.

Conclusion

The respondents were aware of climate and health impacts and motivated to act. However, they reported lower frequencies of changing behaviors at work, and communicating about climate and health professionally and with elected officials.
Tick hypersensitivity and human tick‐borne diseases
Authors: Ng Yu Quan , Gupte Trisha P. , Krause Peter J.
Published: January 2021

Immune‐mediated hypersensitivity reactions to ticks and other arthropods are well documented. Hypersensitivity to ixodid (hard bodied) ticks is especially important because they transmit infection to humans throughout the world and are responsible for most vector‐borne diseases in the United States. The causative pathogens of these diseases are transmitted in tick saliva that is secreted into the host while taking a blood meal. Tick salivary proteins inhibit blood coagulation, block the local itch response and impair host anti‐tick immune responses, which allows completion of the blood meal. Anti‐tick host immune responses are heightened upon repeated tick exposure and have the potential to abrogate tick salivary protein function, interfere with the blood meal and prevent pathogen transmission. Although there have been relatively few tick bite hypersensitivity studies in humans compared with those in domestic animals and laboratory animal models, areas of human investigation have included local hypersensitivity reactions at the site of tick attachment and generalized hypersensitivity reactions. Progress in the development of anti‐tick vaccines for humans has been slow due to the complexities of such vaccines but has recently accelerated. This approach holds great promise for future prevention of tick‐borne diseases.
Dynamics of cercospora leaf spot disease determined by aerial spore dispersal in artificially inoculated sugar beet fields
Authors: Imbusch Frederike , Liebe Sebastian , Erven Tobias , Varrelmann Mark
Published: January 2021

Cercospora beticola is one of the most important fungal pathogens of sugar beet, causing cercospora leaf spot (CLS) disease. Due to the decreasing efficacy of various fungicides caused by resistance traits, the development of a sustainable disease management strategy has become more important. Therefore, detailed knowledge about the epidemiology of the pathogen is crucial. Until now, little was known about the spatiotemporal dispersal of C. beticola spores from the primary inoculum source. Rapid detection of C. beticola spores could facilitate a more precise and targeted disease control. Therefore, a TaqMan real‐time PCR assay for detection and quantification of C. beticola spores caught with Rotorod spore traps was established. In 2016 and 2017, field trials were conducted to monitor C. beticola aerial spore dispersal and disease development within an inoculated field and in the adjacent noninoculated area. With the established detection method, C. beticola spores were successfully quantified and used as a measure for aerial spore dispersal intensity. The analysis of the spatiotemporal spread of C. beticola spores revealed a delay and decrease of aerial spore dispersal with increasing distance from the inoculated area. Consequently, disease incidence and severity were reduced in a similar manner. These results imply that spore dispersal occurs mainly on a small scale within a field, although long distances can be overcome by C. beticola spores. Moreover, secondary aerial spore dispersal from sporulating leaf spots seems to be the main driver for CLS disease development. These results provide an important basis for further improvement of CLS control strategies.
Acoustic startle stimuli inhibit pain but do not alter nociceptive flexion reflexes to sural nerve stimulation
Authors: English Amber , Drummond Peter D.
Published: January 2021

Acoustic startle stimuli inhibit pain, but whether this is due to a cross‐modal inhibitory process or some other mechanism is uncertain. To investigate this, electrical stimulation of the sural nerve either preceded or followed an acoustic startle stimulus (by 200 ms) or was presented alone in 30 healthy participants. Five electrical stimuli, five acoustic startle stimuli, 10 startle + electrical stimuli, and 10 electrical + startle stimuli were presented in mixed order at intervals of 30–60 s. Effects of the startle stimulus on pain ratings, pupillary dilatation and nociceptive flexion reflexes to the electric shock were assessed. The acoustic startle stimulus inhibited electrically evoked pain to the ensuing electric shock (p < .001), and the electrical stimulus inhibited the perceived loudness of a subsequent acoustic startle stimulus (p < .05). However, the startle stimulus did not affect electrically evoked pain when presented 200 ms after the electric shock, and electrically evoked pain did not influence the perceived loudness of a prior startle stimulus. Furthermore, stimulus order did not influence the pupillary responses or nociceptive flexion reflexes. These findings suggest that acoustic startle stimuli transiently inhibit nociceptive processing and, conversely, that electrical stimuli inhibit subsequent auditory processing. These inhibitory effects do not seem to involve spinal gating as nociceptive flexion reflexes to the electric shock were unaffected by stimulus order. Thus, cross‐modal interactions at convergence points in the brainstem or higher centers may inhibit responses to the second stimulus in a two‐stimulus train.
Differentiating stages of reward responsiveness: Neurophysiological measures and associations with facets of the behavioral activation system
Authors: Pegg Samantha , Jeong Hee Jung , Foti Dan , Kujawa Autumn
Published: January 2021

The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) positive valence systems domain include multiple aspects of reward responsiveness with potential to elucidate the understanding of motivational and hedonic deficits in psychological disorders. There is a need for reliable and valid methods to delineate behavioral and biological processes underlying stages of reward responsiveness. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) offer a promising method for examining the temporal dynamics of reward processing, but the literature has mainly focused on the feedback stage and often single components. We investigated the electrophysiological aspects of reward anticipation and initial response to reward using an ERP monetary incentive delay task in 114 emerging adults. Principal component analysis was used to derive temporally and spatially distinct ERP components sensitive to reward processing. Components that reflect initial engagement toward a cue indicating potential reward (cue‐P3) and anticipation of possible reward feedback (stimulus‐preceding negativity; SPN) emerged in the anticipatory stage. In the initial response to reward stage, a reward positivity (RewP) was found. We further tested the association between ERPs and self‐reported facets of the behavioral activation system. Greater self‐reported reward responsiveness was associated with heightened response in the anticipatory stage (i.e., cue‐P3, SPN). Self‐reported drive was positively associated with RewP, but fun‐seeking was negatively associated with RewP. Additional components were observed beyond those identified in prior work, warranting future research on temporal dynamics of reward processing across stages. Furthermore, examination of a broader range of reward‐related ERPs in clinical populations has the potential to more precisely characterize alterations in positive valence systems in psychopathology.
Bottom‐up solutions in a time of crisis: the case of Covid‐19 in South Korea
Authors: Park Hyunkyu , Lee Miyoung , Ahn Joon Mo
Published: January 2021

Innovation systems have seen diverse actors attempting to tame the Covid‐19 crisis, under varying degrees of government direction. Largely neglected in scholarly and public attention, however, are ‘bottom‐up’ solutions arising from the periphery of innovation systems. Drawing on inductive case research on a fringe doctor who invented the idea of the drive‐through testing system, and two university student teams that developed coronavirus applications, this study examines how peripheral actors generate innovative, bottom‐up solutions at speed in a time of crisis. Our findings reveal that, in a crisis situation, bottom‐up solutions transpire on the basis of three innovation drivers: (a)peripheral status, expediting the commence of innovation activities; (b)interdisciplinary collaboration, enabling access to a greater spectrum of knowledge and perspectives; and (c)prior knowledge, prescribing the direction of solution generation. We also identify that system intermediaries support the innovation activities of peripheral actors, thereby helping bottom‐up solutions to become more customer facing. Such functions of intermediaries includedemand articulation,technical assistance, andpromulgation of generated solutions. Our findings offer theoretical implications for the literature on innovation in a time of crisis and practical implications for governments and organizations preparing themselves for the potential second wave of coronavirus emergencies, or even a completely new form of future crisis.
Practitioner views on the determinants of tropical forest restoration longevity
Authors: Nerfa Lauren , Wilson Sarah Jane , Reid J. Leighton , Rhemtulla Jeanine M.
Published: January 2021

Ensuring the long‐term persistence of tropical forest restoration projects is vital to maintaining carbon stocks, biodiversity, and other benefits of restored ecosystems. But our understanding of the factors that determine restoration longevity—the age that a restored ecosystem attains before being converted to another land use—is limited, and derived primarily from studies based on remote sensing or observations at a single site over time. In this article, we apply a new approach by surveying restoration practitioners from across the tropics on the factors that they perceive to influence restoration longevity. Through an online survey (including categorical and open‐ended questions) we asked practitioners about the ecological and social characteristics of their restoration projects, and their views on what factors contribute to project longevity. We summarized the information on project characteristics, and conducted thematic analysis and coding of the longevity drivers discussed by respondents. A total of 29 respondents from 15 tropical countries completed our survey, with the majority of projects occurring on previously pastured lands in wet and lowland tropical forests. Practitioners discussed social factors more than twice as frequently as ecological factors. The most frequently cited social factor key to restoration longevity was engagement with multiple stakeholders, followed by long‐term funding, the need for innovative project design, as well as effective and inspirational leadership. Overall, the voices of practitioners underscore the critical need to address local social context in order to achieve long‐term forest recovery.
Forest landscape restoration: building on the past for future success
Authors: Stanturf John A.
Published: January 2021

Living in a time of continuous crises, the effects of climate change, social unrest, and military conflicts are apparent at every turn. The loss and degradation of natural systems is an existential crisis for humanity; reversing the destruction is urgent international policy. The novel coronavirus pandemic and accompanying global economic recession have reversed recent gains in reducing poverty. The pandemic underscores the importance of nature: as a refuge from social isolation and a source of novel viruses. Viewed optimistically, this may be what the philosopher Gershom Scholem called “plastic hours,” a fortuitous alignment of public opinion, political power, and events that overcomes the desire to return to the status quo. “Building back better” with nature‐based solutions after COVID 19 complements the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Experience from implementing forest landscape restoration (FLR) under the Bonn Challenge points the way forward. Implementing FLR requires balancing competing interests and differing priorities for livelihoods versus biodiversity while aligning local with national goals. People live in degraded landscapes and unless local needs are addressed, restoration likely fails. Experience shows that multi‐stakeholder processes require skilled facilitators to plan, moderate, and monitor FLR. Initial experience with training FLR facilitators suggests the most promising option is a series of workshops followed by a mentorship program.
Blame Attribution Asymmetry in Human–Automation Cooperation
Authors: Liu Peng , Du Yong
Published: January 2021

Human–automation cooperation has become ubiquitous. In this concept, automation refers to autonomous machines, robots, artificial intelligence, and other autonomous nonhuman agents. A human driver will share control of semiautonomous vehicles (semi‐AVs) with an automated system and thus share responsibility for crashes caused by semi‐AVs. Research has not clarified whether and why people would attribute different levels of blame and responsibility to automation (and its creators) and its human counterpart when each causes an equivalent crash. We conducted four experiments in two studies (total N = 1,045) to measure different responses (e.g., severity and acceptability judgment, blame and responsibility attribution, compensation judgment) to hypothetical crashes that are caused by the human or the automation in semi‐AVs. The results provided previously unidentified evidence of a bias, which we called the “blame attribution asymmetry,” a tendency that people will judge the automation‐caused crash more harshly, ascribe more blame and responsibility to automation and its creators, and think the victim in this crash should be compensated more. This asymmetry arises in part because of the higher negative affect triggered by the automation‐caused crash. This bias has a direct policy implication: a policy allowing “not‐safe enough” semi‐AVs on roads could backfire, because these AVs will lead to many traffic crashes, which might in turn produce greater psychological costs and deter more people from adopting them. Other theoretical and policy implications of our findings were also discussed.
Oral health status and oral health‐related quality of life in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Jamali Zahra , Ghaffari Parisa , Aminabadi Naser Asl , Norouzi Sanaz , Shirazi Sajjad
Published: January 2021

Aims

Oral diseases can affect various aspects of life in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder/oppositional defiant disorder (ADHD/ODD). This study aimed to assess the oral health status and oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQOL) in ADHD/ODD children.

Methods

Forty ADHD/ODD and 80 control children aged 3‐7 years old were included in the study. Gingival index (GI), dmft score, and the pediatric oral health‐related quality of life (POQL) questionnaire were used to determine the oral health status and OHRQOL, respectively.

Results

The mean dmft and GI were significantly higher in the ADHD/ODD group than the control group (P = .002 andP = .001). In the ADHD/ODD children, the total score of OHRQOL and the mean scores of the emotional, physical, role, and social domains were lower than that in the control group (P = .0004,P = .027,P = .002,P = .014, andP = .043, respectively). Poisson's regression showed that there was a significant relationship between OHRQOL and dmft scores (P‐value < .001). However, the association between GI and OHRQOL scores was not significant.

Conclusion

Higher dmft and GI scores were found in children with ADHD/ODD than the control children. A lower POQL score was detected in ADHD/ODD patients, which translates to a better level of OHRQOL.
Masculinity, Ritual, and Racialized Status Threat: Examining Mass Shooter Manifestos Using Structural Topic Models
Authors: Pfaffendorf Jessica , Davis Andrew P. , Kinney Alexander B.
Published: January 2021

Both popular media and research often frame mass shootings as an individual issue having to do with mental illness or other individual differences. This work has unfolded in much the same fashion as that on other negative or anti‐social behaviors—such as the individual pathologization of suicide or rape. However, what this work has shown empirically is that there are often a set of circumstances that are uniquely social that motivate such actions. Following work in sociology, which offers social psychological and cultural explanations for gun violence, we argue that mass shooter motivations reflect social conditions—especially those that instantiate toxic masculinity, social exclusion, and racism—conducive to these events. This article uses a computational textual modeling approach to analyze the distinct social logics that motivate mass shooters. To do this, we identify a sample of 27 publicly available mass shooter “manifestos,” or documents left behind by shooters following their actions. Using topic models, we show that mass shooters exhibit a variety of preoccupations that underlie their actions. While shooters can exhibit a multitude of possible motivations, we find that expressions of masculine overcompensation, ritualistic responses to exclusion, and racialized status threat are prominent features of mass shooter manifestos, corroborating recent sociological explanations of mass shootings.
The Color of Electoral Success: Estimating the Effect of Skin Tone on Winning Elections in Mexico
Authors: Campos‐Vazquez Raymundo M. , Rivas‐Herrera Carolina
Published: January 2021

Objective

Evidence suggests that voters’ prejudices may lead them to take information shortcuts in choosing political leaders. This study analyzes whether the skin tone of 12,798 candidates influenced the outcome of their electoral campaigns.

Methods

To determine the probability of winning an election, we estimate a linear regression where skin tone is used as an explanatory variable, with controls such as sex and political party. Based on the number of votes obtained by each candidate, we estimate an ordered logit model.

Results

Candidates with dark brown skin tones face a probability of winning that is 20–38 percent less than those with intermediate skin color. A one standard deviation increase in skin tone is associated with an 8 percent decrease in the probability of finishing in first place.

Conclusion

Skin color influences electoral outcomes. Public policies should therefore ensure equal access and true representativeness.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐B*08:67:02N allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Genebrier Steve , Elsermans Vincent , Nivet Carl , Chérel Mathilde , Renac Virginie
Published: January 2021

HLA‐B*08:67:02N differs from B*08:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 224 in exon 2.
Disseminated Legionella micdadei infection in a liver transplant patient presenting as pulmonary nodules and a laryngeal lesion
Authors: Bond Allison R. , Bainbridge Emma , Doernberg Sarah B. , Babik Jennifer M. , Miller Steve , Khanafshar Elham , Henry Travis , David Abel , Russell Matthew , Brandman Danielle , Sherman Courtney B. , Yao Francis , Fung Monica
Published: January 2021

We report a liver transplant patient with disseminated Legionella micdadei infection with pulmonary, laryngeal, and suspected muscle involvement. This organism, which stains weakly acid‐fast, primarily affects immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis is difficult to make; in this case, the organism was identified via molecular diagnostics on laryngeal and pulmonary biopsy tissue.
Malaria and encephalopathy in a heart transplant recipient: A case report in the context of multiorgan donation
Authors: Vernaza Armando , Pinilla‐Monsalve Gabriel , Cañas Felipe , Carrillo Diana , David López Juan , Flórez Noel , Gomez‐Mesa Juan Esteban
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Malaria is an endemic infection in tropical circles. It can be transmitted from mosquitoes bite, but exceptional cases have been attributed to multiorgan transplantation.

Case report

This is a 34‐year‐old woman who received a heart transplant for final‐stage dilated cardiomyopathy. Over the hospitalization, she developed fever, cephalalgia, and tonic‐clonic seizures with MRI findings compatible with posterior reversible encephalopathy. A thick blood smear revealed hemoparasitic forms of Plasmodium vivax. Afterward, malaria was also diagnosed in recipients of one kidney and liver of the same organ donor. First‐line treatment with artesunate was prescribed for 3 days and chloroquine with primaquine thereafter for 14 days. The patient was discharged and returned to the emergency department 5 days later, complaining of gastrointestinal symptoms and developed multiorgan failure that led to death.

Conclusion

We report a case of malaria transmission through heart transplantation. Despite adequate and supervised treatment, it can be related to a fatal outcome. Malaria screening in organ donors should be considered in regions where endemicity can lead to rare cases of transmission by transplantation.
Divergence in phenotyping and genotyping analysis of the Lewis histo‐blood group system
Authors: Donta Ajaykumar , Gorakshakar Ajit C. , Ghosh Kanjaksha
Published: January 2021

Objectives

This study evaluated the red blood cell (RBC) Lewis phenotypes by simple haemagglutination technique and molecular genotyping in healthy individuals.

Background

The expression of Lewis antigen on RBCs is dependent on the interaction of FUT3 and FUT2 genes. Complexity of the genetic control of Lewis antigen expression and the error‐prone nature of Lewis phenotyping result in non‐genuine RBC Lewis phenotypes, which could be misleading.

Materials and Methods

ABO blood group and RBC Lewis phenotypes were determined by conventional haemagglutination tube techniques. FUT2 and FUT3 genotypes were analysed by polymerase chain reaction and direct DNA sequencing. The RBC Lewis phenotypes were also inferred from the FUT2 and FUT3 genotyping results.

Results

The frequencies of RBC Lewis phenotypes typed by the conventional tube test were Le(a+b−) 19.63%, Le(a−b+) 49.32% and Le(a−b−) 31.05%, whereas the frequencies inferred from the FUT2 and FUT3 genotypes were Le(a+b−) 20.09%, Le(a−b+), 59.82%; Le(a−b−), 17.81%; and Le(a+b+), 5 (2.28%). The Le(a+b+) phenotype was not detected by the tube test, and a significant difference was observed in the frequencies of the determined Le(a−b−) and Le(a−b+) phenotypes.

Conclusion

The phenotyping and genotyping of Lewis blood group system reveal a high rate of discordance in the frequencies of Lewis phenotypes among the healthy individuals.
Small‐scale field evaluation of the entomological efficacy and the residual activity of Fludora®Fusion WP‐SB indoor residual spraying againstAnopheles culicifacies s.l. in Gujarat, India
Authors: Kamaraju Raghavendra , Pant Chandra Shekhar , Uragayala Sreehari , Baharia Rajendra Kumar , Srivastava Harish Chandra , Yadav Rajpal S.
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the entomological efficacy and the residual activity of indoor residual spraying with Fludora®Fusion 562.5 WP‐SB, a combination formulation containing clothianidin, a neonicotinoid and deltamethrin, a pyrethroid, against the main rural malaria vector,Anopheles culicifacies s.l., in India in a small‐scale trial.

Methods

In three study villages, suitable households were randomly allocated to five treatments: Fludora®Fusion 562.5 WP‐SB (target dose 225 mg active ingredient AI/m2); clothianidin 70 WG (target dose 200 mg AI/m2); K‐Othrine 250 WG (deltamethrin, target dose 25 mg AI/m2); Ficam VC 80 WP‐SB (bendiocarb, target dose 400 mg AI/m2) and unsprayed control. Insecticides were sprayed by hand compression sprayers with control flow valves and 8002E nozzles. Post‐spray cone bioassays were done on insecticide‐treated walls using a colonised, deltamethrin‐resistant strain ofAn. culicifacies. Mosquitoes were collected from treated rooms by different methods. The insecticide content on filter papers collected from the sprayed walls was determined by chemical assay to assess the spray quality.

Results

The ratios of applied to target doses of insecticides were within 0.84 to 1.4, showing a good spray quality. The cone bioassays revealed residual action lasting 7 months for all insecticides without significant differences in mortality between different surfaces treated nor between the four treatment arms (P > 0.05). Considering all entomological parameters such as indoor resting density, excito‐repellency, blood‐feeding inhibition and delayed mortality, the overall efficacy of Fludora®Fusion WG‐SB was equal or better compared with other insecticides.

Conclusions

Fludora®Fusion showed overall equal or better efficacy than deltamethrin and bendiocarb alone against a pyrethroid‐resistant malaria vector population and can be considered as an alternative product for management of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors.
Genome‐wide occupancy of Arabidopsis SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler SPLAYED provides insights into its interplay with its close homolog BRAHMA and Polycomb proteins
Authors: Shu Jie , Chen Chen , Li Chenlong , Thapa Raj K. , Song Jingpu , Xie Xin , Nguyen Vi , Bian Shaomin , Liu Jun , Kohalmi Susanne E. , Cui Yuhai
Published: January 2021

SPLAYED (SYD) is a SWItch/Sucrose Non‐Fermentable (SWI/SNF)‐type chromatin remodeler identified in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). It is believed to play both redundant and differential roles with its closest homolog BRAHMA (BRM) in diverse plant growth and development processes. To better understand how SYD functions, we profiled the genome‐wide occupancy of SYD and its impact on the global transcriptome and trimethylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me3). To map the global occupancy of SYD, we generated a GFP‐tagged transgenic line and used it for chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments followed by next‐generation sequencing, by which more than 6000 SYD target genes were identified. Through integrating SYD occupancy and transcriptome profiles, we found that SYD preferentially targets to nucleosome‐free regions of expressed genes. Further analysis revealed that SYD occupancy peaks exhibit five distinct patterns, which were also shared by BRM and BAF60, a conserved SWI/SNF complex component, indicating the common target sites of these SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers and the functional relevance of such distinct patterns. To investigate the interplay between SYD and Polycomb‐group (PcG) proteins, we performed a genome‐wide analysis of H3K27me3 in syd‐5. We observed both increases and decreases in H3K27me3 levels at a few hundred genes in syd‐5 compared to wild type. Our results imply that SYD can act antagonistically or synergistically with PcG at specific genes. Together, our SYD genome‐wide occupancy data and the transcriptome and H3K27me3 profiles provide a much‐needed resource for dissecting SYD’s crucial roles in the regulation of plant growth and development.
Financial development and natural resources: The dynamics of China’s outward FDI
Authors: Feng Ling , Ge Lulan , Li Zhiyuan , Lin Ching‐Yi
Published: January 2021

This paper studies the dynamics of China's outward FDI (OFDI) by examining the changing roles of host economy financial development and natural resources in the decision of OFDI destination choice. Using a country‐level panel data set of China's OFDI during 2003–2015, we find that Chinese multinationals show a strong and growing incentive of seeking natural resources of host economies, especially after the 2008 financial crisis, regardless of whether the host economy is a developed or developing economy. On the other hand, financial development of host economy is less relevant.
Specificity profile of αGal antibodies in αGalT KO mice as probed with comprehensive printed glycan array: Comparison with human anti‐Galili antibodies
Authors: Dobrochaeva Kira , Khasbiullina Nailya , Shilova Nadezhda , Knirel Yuriy , Obukhova Polina , Nokel Alexey , Kunetskiy Roman , Tsygankova Svetlana , Bello‐Gil Daniel , Costa Cristina , Mañez Rafael , Bovin Nicolai
Published: January 2021

Background

The α1,3‐galactosyltransferase gene‐knockout (GalT KO) mice are able to produce natural anti‐αGal antibodies apparently without any specific immunization. GalT KO mice are commonly used as a model immunological system for studying anti‐αGal responses to Gal‐positive xenografts in human. In this study, we compared the specificity of mouse and human αGal antibodies to realize the adequacy of the murine model.

Methods

Using hapten‐specific affinity chromatography antibodies against Galα1‐3Galβ1‐4GlcNAcβ epitope were isolated from both human and GalT KO mice blood sera. Specificity of isolated antibodies was determined using a printed glycan array (PGA) containing 400 mammalian glycans and 200 bacterial polysaccharides.

Results

The quantity of isolated specific anti‐Galα antibodies corresponds to a content of <0.2% of total Ig, which is an order of magnitude lower than that generally assumed for both human and murine peripheral blood immunoglobulin, with a high predominance of IgM over IgG (95% vs 5%). Analysis using a printed glycan array has demonstrated that (a) antibodies from both species bind not only the Galα1‐3Galβ1‐4GlcNAcβ epitope, but also unrelated glycans; (b) particularly, for human (but not mouse) antibodies the best binders appear to be bacterial polysaccharides; (c) the profile of mouse antibodies is broader, it is noteworthy that they recognize a variety of human blood group B epitopes and even glycans without the α‐galactosyl residue.

Conclusions

We believe that the mouse model should be used cautiously in xenotransplantation experiments when the fine epitope specificity of antibodies is critical.
Heat Transfer Coefficient, Pressure Gradient, and Flow Patterns of R1234yf Evaporating in Microchannel Tube
Authors: Li Houpei , Hrnjak Pega
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the heat transfer coefficient, pressure gradient, and flow pattern of R1234yf in a microchannel tube. Both heat transfer coefficient and pressure gradient are presented against real saturation pressure, while flow pattern captures at the exit of data points are presented in the same plot. The experiment was conducted on a 24-port microchannel tube with an average hydraulic diameter of 0.643 mm. The experiment covers mass flux from 100 to 200 kg m−2s−1, heat flux from 0 to 6 kW m−2, vapor quality from 0 to 1, and inlet saturation temperature from 10 to 30 °C. Comparing the correlations to the HTC measurements at very low quality (about 0.1), Gorenflo, D., and Kenning, D. (2010, Pool Boiling, in: VDI Heat Atlas, 2nd ed, Springer, pp. 757–788) agree with the results. As vapor quality increases, pressure gradient increases. The adiabatic pressure gradient is a strong function of mass flux and saturation pressure (temperature). Flow patterns of R1234yf are also affected by mass flux and saturation pressure. The heat transfer coefficient is a strong function of mass flux and heat flux. The saturation temperature has a smaller effect on HTC in the condition range (10 – 30 °C). Under the test range, the accelerating pressure drop is insignificant compared to friction. Comparing to the results, Mishima, K., and Hibiki, T. (1996, “Some Characteristics of Air-Water Two-Phase Flow in Small Diameter Vertical Tubes,” Int. J. Multiph. Flow, 22(4), pp. 703–712) and Muller-Steinhagen, H., and Heck, K. (1986, “A Simple Friction Pressure Drop Correlation for Two-Phase Flow in Pipes,” Accessed March 1, 2018)., 20, pp. 297–308.) have small mean absolute error (MAE) to predict local pressure gradient. For the heat transfer coefficient, Sun, L., and Mishima, K. (2009, “An Evaluation of Prediction Methods for Saturated Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Mini-Channels,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf, 52(23–24), pp. 5323–5329) and Gungor, K. E., and Winterton, R. H. S. (1986, “A General Correlation for Flow Boiling in Tubes and Annuli,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf, 29(3), pp. 351–358) have an MAE less than 30%.
Parametric Analysis of Microfluidic Cooling Systems for Three-Dimensional-Stacked Silicon Microelectronics by Inferential Statistic Approaches
Authors: Moreno-Torres Tomas , Lorenzini Daniel , Joshi Yogendra , Hernandez-Guerrero Abel , Luviano-Ortiz J. Luis
Published: January 2021

This work is a numerical study of microfluidic cooling of integrated circuits (ICs), using embedded micropin-fins on a silicon chip. The study considers non-uniform chip heat fluxes (250–500 W/cm2) and variable pin fin density using DI water as coolant. A parametric analysis was performed, using the theory of design of experiments (DoE) in order to find the best performing configurations. The proposed factorial design considers six geometrical parameters resulting in 64 microfluidic cooling configurations. The pressure drop and average chip temperatures were obtained for each model to determine the importance of input parameters utilizing a statistical approach. Results from this optimization point to different suitable configurations in which the maximum device temperature is below 60 °C, under moderate pressure drops below 80 kPa. This work takes advantage of numerical models and statistical approaches to seek optimal designs of microfluidic cooling systems and to identify key parameters that have influence on their global performance. In addition, alternative configurations are also assessed for cases in which thermal or hydraulic parameters could be traded-off depending on the application. The results from this study are helpful for the design of chip thermal management with nonuniform power distribution.