bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
4.8 mJ pulse energy directly from single-mode Q-switched ytterbium fiber lasers
Authors: Kalichevsky-Dong Monica T. , Ge Wenping , Hawkins Thomas W. , Matniyaz Turghun , Dong Liang
Published: August 2021

Using an ytterbium-doped fiber with a 50 μm core and 0.028 NA, a pulse energy of 4.8 mJ was achieved directly from a single-mode Q-switched fiber laser. The repetition rate was 10 kHz and the average power was 48.4 W. The slope efficiencies with regard to the absorbed and launched pump power were ∼74% and ∼59% respectively. The pulse width decreased with increasing pump power. The 4.8 mJ pulse had a FWHM width of ∼300 ns. A shorter pulse of ∼200 ns FWHM was also achieved at 2.06 mJ in another configuration. The M2 was below 1.3 at all pulse energies. This work demonstrates record pulse energy directly from a single-mode Q-switched fiber laser and the feasibility of operating such a laser with high efficiencies.
Refractive index and dispersion of transparent 3D printing photoresins
Authors: Reynoso Mateo , Gauli Ishan , Measor Philip
Published: August 2021

The refractive index of commonly used 3D printing photosensitive resins were measured across the visible spectrum for s- and p-polarized light for the first time. Commercially available resins (Monoprice Clear and formlabs Clear) and a custom polyethylene glycol diacrylate photopolymer resin was characterized using a critical angle determination method with a Pulfrich-based refractometer setup. The refractive indices ranged between 1.505 − 1.533 across the visible spectrum (670 − 405 nm, respectively), while the Abbe number ranged between 44.4 − 67.8.
R-loops and regulatory changes in chronologically ageing fission yeast cells drive non-random patterns of genome rearrangements
Authors: Ellis David A. , Reyes-Martín Félix , Rodríguez-López María , Cotobal Cristina , Sun Xi-Ming , Saintain Quentin , Jeffares Daniel C. , Marguerat Samuel , Tallada Víctor A. , Bähler Jürg
Published: August 2021

Aberrant repair of DNA double-strand breaks can recombine distant chromosomal breakpoints. Chromosomal rearrangements compromise genome function and are a hallmark of ageing. Rearrangements are challenging to detect in non-dividing cell populations, because they reflect individually rare, heterogeneous events. The genomic distribution of de novo rearrangements in non-dividing cells, and their dynamics during ageing, remain therefore poorly characterized. Studies of genomic instability during ageing have focussed on mitochondrial DNA, small genetic variants, or proliferating cells. To characterize genome rearrangements during cellular ageing in non-dividing cells, we interrogated a single diagnostic measure, DNA breakpoint junctions, using Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. Aberrant DNA junctions that accumulated with age were associated with microhomology sequences and R-loops. Global hotspots for age-associated breakpoint formation were evident near telomeric genes and linked to remote breakpoints elsewhere in the genome, including the mitochondrial chromosome. Formation of breakpoint junctions at global hotspots was inhibited by the Sir2 histone deacetylase and might be triggered by an age-dependent de-repression of chromatin silencing. An unexpected mechanism of genomic instability may cause more local hotspots: age-associated reduction in an RNA-binding protein triggering R-loops at target loci. This result suggests that biological processes other than transcription or replication can drive genome rearrangements. Notably, we detected similar signatures of genome rearrangements that accumulated in old brain cells of humans. These findings provide insights into the unique patterns and possible mechanisms of genome rearrangements in non-dividing cells, which can be promoted by ageing-related changes in gene-regulatory proteins.
Origin of imported SARS-CoV-2 strains in The Gambia identified from whole genome sequences
Authors: Kanteh Abdoulie , Manneh Jarra , Jabang Sona , Kujabi Mariama A. , Sanyang Bakary , Oboh Mary A. , Bojang Abdoulie , Jallow Haruna S. , Nwakanma Davis , Secka Ousman , Roca Anna , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Antonio Martin , Baldeh Ignatius , Forrest Karen , Samateh Ahmadou Lamin , D’Alessandro Umberto , Sesay Abdul Karim
Published: August 2021

The SARS-CoV-2 disease, first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has become a global pandemic and is causing an unprecedented burden on health care systems and the economy globally. While the travel history of index cases may suggest the origin of infection, phylogenetic analysis of isolated strains from these cases and contacts will increase the understanding and link between local transmission and other global populations. The objective of this analysis was to provide genomic data on the first six cases of SARS-CoV-2 in The Gambia and to determine the source of infection. This ultimately provide baseline data for subsequent local transmission and contribute genomic diversity information towards local and global data. Our analysis has shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus identified in The Gambia are of European and Asian origin and sequenced data matched patients’ travel history. In addition, we were able to show that two COVID-19 positive cases travelling in the same flight had different strains of SARS-CoV-2. Although whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is still limited in sub-Saharan Africa, this approach has proven to be a highly sensitive, specific and confirmatory tool for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
Ankle joint rotation and exerted moment during plantarflexion dependents on measuring- and fixation method
Authors: Stafilidis Savvas , Kopper-Zisser Carina
Published: August 2021

We examined the effect of ankle joint fixation vs increased foot pressure (aiming to reduce dynamometer-subject elasticity (DSE)) on the exerted moment during plantarflexion contraction. We also examined the joint rotation in dependence of the measuring site (forefoot, rearfoot) and the foot condition (fixed, free). We hypothesized higher exerted moments due to reduced DSE compared to fixed condition and an effect of fixation on the joint rotation in dependence of the measuring site. Fourteen healthy individuals (28.7±6.9y) completed in randomized order maximal isometric plantarflexions in four different positions (0-3-6-9 cm) and two ankle joint conditions (fixed-free). Kinematics of the rear- and forefoot were obtained synchronously. We found higher moment in the fixed compared to the free condition at all positions. The maximum moment in the fixed condition did not differ at any position. At the fixed condition, the forefoot rotation did not differ at any position (~5°) while at free condition we observed a significant rotation reduction (form ~12 to ~5°). The rearfoot rotation did not differ between conditions at any position while a significant joint angle reduction was observed (~10 to ~6° and ~12 to ~6°; fixed-free respectively). The results indicate that with appropriate foot fixation the maximum moment can be achieved irrespective of the position. With the foot secured, the measuring site influences the rotational outcome. We suggest that for a minimization of the joint rotation a fixation and the forefoot-measuring site should be preferred. Additionally, for unconstrained foot kinematic observations both measuring sites can be obtained.
Research on the promoting effect of servitization on export technological sophistication of manufacturing enterprises
Authors: Hu Yuanhong , Sun Sheng , Jiang Min , Dai Yixin
Published: August 2021

Based on multiple micro databases involving Chinese manufacturing enterprises and World Input-Output Database, this article investigates the impact of China’s manufacturing servitization on export technological sophistication from 2000 to 2010. The results show that manufacturing servitization has an inverted U-shaped impact on export technological sophistication. From the perspective of heterogeneity at the enterprise level and industry level, manufacturing servitization has an inverted U-shaped impact on export technological sophistication for mixed trade enterprises, central and western located enterprises, domestic and foreign enterprises, and knowledge-intensive industries, the nonlinear impact is in the promotion range. Besides, manufacturing servitization with domestic and foreign service input source has an inverted U-shaped impact on export technological sophistication, manufacturing servitization with the domestic consumption-oriented service input source and foreign production-oriented service input source have a promoting effect. Servitization with financial industry and technical research and development service source has a promoting effect, while servitization with transportation service input source has an inverted U-shaped effect. Overall global value chain participation level and simple global value chain participation have a positive moderating effect on the impact, especially for enterprises with lower production efficiency. Mechanism analysis confirms that the "spillover" effect and "cost" effect are important channels for manufacturing servitization to promote export technological sophistication.
The perspectives of health professionals and patients on racism in healthcare: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Sim Wilson , Lim Wen Hui , Ng Cheng Han , Chin Yip Han , Yaow Clyve Yu Leon , Cheong Clare Wei Zhen , Khoo Chin Meng , Samarasekera Dujeepa D. , Devi M. Kamala , Chong Choon Seng
Published: August 2021

Objective

To understand racial bias in clinical settings from the perspectives of minority patients and healthcare providers to inspire changes in the way healthcare providers interact with their patients.

Methods

Articles on racial bias were searched on Medline, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science. Full text review and quality appraisal was conducted, before data was synthesized and analytically themed using the Thomas and Harden methodology.

Results

23 articles were included, involving 1,006 participants. From minority patients’ perspectives, two themes were generated: 1) alienation of minorities due to racial supremacism and lack of empathy, resulting in inadequate medical treatment; 2) labelling of minority patients who were stereotyped as belonging to a lower socio-economic class and having negative behaviors. From providers’ perspectives, one theme recurred: the perpetuation of racial fault lines by providers. However, some patients and providers denied racism in the healthcare setting.

Conclusion

Implicit racial bias is pervasive and manifests in patient-provider interactions, exacerbating health disparities in minorities. Beyond targeted anti-racism measures in healthcare settings, wider national measures to reduce housing, education and income inequality may mitigate racism in healthcare and improve minority patient care.
Predicting mortality among patients with liver cirrhosis in electronic health records with machine learning
Authors: Guo Aixia , Mazumder Nikhilesh R. , Ladner Daniela P. , Foraker Randi E.
Published: August 2021

Objective

Liver cirrhosis is a leading cause of death and effects millions of people in the United States. Early mortality prediction among patients with cirrhosis might give healthcare providers more opportunity to effectively treat the condition. We hypothesized that laboratory test results and other related diagnoses would be associated with mortality in this population. Our another assumption was that a deep learning model could outperform the current Model for End Stage Liver disease (MELD) score in predicting mortality.

Materials and methods

We utilized electronic health record data from 34,575 patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis from a large medical center to study associations with mortality. Three time-windows of mortality (365 days, 180 days and 90 days) and two cases with different number of variables (all 41 available variables and 4 variables in MELD-NA) were studied. Missing values were imputed using multiple imputation for continuous variables and mode for categorical variables. Deep learning and machine learning algorithms, i.e., deep neural networks (DNN), random forest (RF) and logistic regression (LR) were employed to study the associations between baseline features such as laboratory measurements and diagnoses for each time window by 5-fold cross validation method. Metrics such as area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), overall accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were used to evaluate models.

Results

Performance of models comprising all variables outperformed those with 4 MELD-NA variables for all prediction cases and the DNN model outperformed the LR and RF models. For example, the DNN model achieved an AUC of 0.88, 0.86, and 0.85 for 90, 180, and 365-day mortality respectively as compared to the MELD score, which resulted in corresponding AUCs of 0.81, 0.79, and 0.76 for the same instances. The DNN and LR models had a significantly better f1 score compared to MELD at all time points examined.

Conclusion

Other variables such as alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and hemoglobin were also top informative features besides the 4 MELD-Na variables. Machine learning and deep learning models outperformed the current standard of risk prediction among patients with cirrhosis. Advanced informatics techniques showed promise for risk prediction in patients with cirrhosis.
Comparison study of image quality at various radiation doses for CT venography using advanced modeled iterative reconstruction
Authors: Hwang Jung Han , Kang Jin Mo , Park So Hyun , Park Suyoung , Kim Jeong Ho , Choi Sang tae
Published: August 2021

Objective

We compared the image quality according to the radiation dose on computed tomography (CT) venography at 80 kVp using advanced modeled iterative reconstruction for deep vein thrombus and other specific clinical conditions considering standard-, low-, and ultralow-dose CT.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 105 consecutive CT venography examinations were included using a third-generation dual-source scanner in the dual-source mode in tubes A (reference mAs, 210 mAs at 70%) and B (reference mAs, 90 mAs at 30%) at a fixed 80 kVp. Two radiologists independently reviewed each observation of standard- (100% radiation dose), low- (70%), and ultralow-dose (30%) CT. The objective quality of large veins and subjective image quality regarding lower-extremity veins and deep vein thrombus were compared between images according to the dose. In addition, the CT dose index volumes were displayed from the images.

Results

From the patients, 24 presented deep vein thrombus in 69 venous segments of CT examinations. Standard-dose CT provided the lowest image noise at the inferior vena cava and femoral vein compared with low- and ultralow-dose CT (p < 0.001). There were no differences regarding subjective image quality between the images of popliteal and calf veins at the three doses (e.g., 3.8 ± 0.7, right popliteal vein, p = 0.977). The image quality of the 69 deep vein thrombus segments showed equally slightly higher scores in standard- and low-dose CT (4.0 ± 0.2) than in ultralow-dose CT (3.9 ± 0.4). The CT dose index volumes were 4.4 ± 0.6, 3.1 ± 0.4, and 1.3 ± 0.2 mGy for standard-, low-, and ultralow-dose CT, respectively.

Conclusions

Low- and ultralow-dose CT venography at 80 kVp using an advanced model based iterative reconstruction algorithm allows to evaluate deep vein thrombus and perform follow-up examinations while showing an acceptable image quality and reducing the radiation dose.
To what extent are the antimalarial markets in African countries ready for a transition to triple artemisinin-based combination therapies?
Authors: de Haan Freek , Bolarinwa Oladimeji Akeem , Guissou Rosemonde , Tou Fatoumata , Tindana Paulina , Boon Wouter P. C. , Moors Ellen H. M. , Cheah Phaik Yeong , Dhorda Mehul , Dondorp Arjen M. , Ouedraogo Jean Bosco , Mokuolu Olugbenga A. , Amaratunga Chanaki
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Triple artemisinin-based combination therapies (TACTs) are being developed as a response to artemisinin and partner drug resistance in the treatment of falciparum malaria in Southeast Asia. In African countries, where current artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) are still effective, TACTs have the potential to benefit the larger community and future patients by mitigating the risk of drug resistance. This study explores the extent to which the antimalarial drug markets in African countries are ready for a transition to TACTs.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted in Nigeria and Burkina Faso and comprised in-depth interviews (n = 68) and focus group discussions (n = 11) with key actor groups in the innovation system of antimalarial therapies.

Results

Evidence of ACT failure in African countries and explicit support for TACTs by the World Health Organization (WHO) and international funders were perceived important determinants for the market prospects of TACTs in Nigeria and Burkina Faso. At the country level, slow regulatory and implementation procedures were identified as potential barriers towards rapid TACTs deployment. Integrating TACTs in public sector distribution channels was considered relatively straightforward. More challenges were expected for integrating TACTs in private sector distribution channels, which are characterized by patient demand and profit motives. Finally, several affordability and acceptability issues were raised for which ACTs were suggested as a benchmark.

Conclusion

The market prospects of TACTs in Nigeria and Burkina Faso will depend on the demonstration of the added value of TACTs over ACTs, their advocacy by the WHO, the inclusion of TACTs in financial and regulatory arrangements, and their alignment with current distribution and deployment practices. Further clinical, health-economic and feasibility studies are required to inform decision makers about the broader implications of a transition to TACTs in African counties. The recent reporting of artemisinin resistance and ACT failure in Africa might change important determinants of the market readiness for TACTs.
The hidden side of animal cognition research: Scientists’ attitudes toward bias, replicability and scientific practice
Authors: Farrar Benjamin G. , Ostojić Ljerka , Clayton Nicola S.
Published: August 2021

Animal cognition research aims to understand animal minds by using a diverse range of methods across an equally diverse range of species. Throughout its history, the field has sought to mitigate various biases that occur when studying animal minds, from experimenter effects to anthropomorphism. Recently, there has also been a focus on how common scientific practices might affect the reliability and validity of published research. Usually, these issues are discussed in the literature by a small group of scholars with a specific interest in the topics. This study aimed to survey a wider range of animal cognition researchers to ask about their attitudes towards classic and contemporary issues facing the field. Two-hundred and ten active animal cognition researchers completed our survey, and provided answers on questions relating to bias, replicability, statistics, publication, and belief in animal cognition. Collectively, researchers were wary of bias in the research field, but less so in their own work. Over 70% of researchers endorsed Morgan’s canon as a useful principle but many caveated this in their free-text responses. Researchers self-reported that most of their studies had been published, however they often reported that studies went unpublished because they had negative or inconclusive results, or results that questioned “preferred” theories. Researchers rarely reported having performed questionable research practices themselves—however they thought that other researchers sometimes (52.7% of responses) or often (27.9% of responses) perform them. Researchers near unanimously agreed that replication studies are important but too infrequently performed in animal cognition research, 73.0% of respondents suggested areas of animal cognition research could experience a ‘replication crisis’ if replication studies were performed. Consistently, participants’ free-text responses provided a nuanced picture of the challenges animal cognition research faces, which are available as part of an open dataset. However, many researchers appeared concerned with how to interpret negative results, publication bias, theoretical bias and reliability in areas of animal cognition research. Collectively, these data provide a candid overview of barriers to progress in animal cognition and can inform debates on how individual researchers, as well as organizations and journals, can facilitate robust scientific research in animal cognition.
Why it is important to consider negative ties when studying polarized debates: A signed network analysis of a Dutch cultural controversy on Twitter
Authors: Keuchenius Anna , Törnberg Petter , Uitermark Justus
Published: August 2021

Despite the prevalence of disagreement between users on social media platforms, studies of online debates typically only look at positive online interactions, represented as networks with positive ties. In this paper, we hypothesize that the systematic neglect of conflict that these network analyses induce leads to misleading results on polarized debates. We introduce an approach to bring in negative user-to-user interaction, by analyzing online debates using signed networks with positive and negative ties. We apply this approach to the Dutch Twitter debate on ‘Black Pete’—an annual Dutch celebration with racist characteristics. Using a dataset of 430,000 tweets, we apply natural language processing and machine learning to identify: (i) users’ stance in the debate; and (ii) whether the interaction between users is positive (supportive) or negative (antagonistic). Comparing the resulting signed network with its unsigned counterpart, the retweet network, we find that traditional unsigned approaches distort debates by conflating conflict with indifference, and that the inclusion of negative ties changes and enriches our understanding of coalitions and division within the debate. Our analysis reveals that some groups are attacking each other, while others rather seem to be located in fragmented Twitter spaces. Our approach identifies new network positions of individuals that correspond to roles in the debate, such as leaders and scapegoats. These findings show that representing the polarity of user interactions as signs of ties in networks substantively changes the conclusions drawn from polarized social media activity, which has important implications for various fields studying online debates using network analysis.
Sociodemographic risk factors of under-five stunting in Bangladesh: Assessing the role of interactions using a machine learning method
Authors: Mansur Mohaimen , Afiaz Awan , Hossain Md. Saddam
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to demonstrate the importance of studying interactions among various sociodemographic risk factors of childhood stunting in Bangladesh with the help of an interpretable machine learning method. Data used for the analyses are extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2014 and pertain to a sample of 6,170 under-5 children. Social and economic determinants such as wealth, mother’s decision making on healthcare, parental education are considered in addition to geographic divisions and common demographic characteristics of children including age, sex and birth order. A classification tree was first constructed to identify important interaction-based rules that characterize children with different profiles of risk for stunting. Then binary logistic regression models were fitted to measure the importance of these interactions along with the individual risk factors. Results revealed that, as individual factors, living in Sylhet division (OR: 1.57; CI: 1.26–1.96), being an urban resident (OR: 1.28; CI: 1.03–1.96) and having working mothers (OR: 1.21; CI: 1.02–1.44) were associated with higher likelihoods of childhood stunting, whereas belonging to the richest households (OR: 0.56; CI: 0.35–0.90), higher BMI of mothers (OR: 0.68 CI: 0.56–0.84) and mothers’ involvement in decision making about children’s healthcare with father (OR: 0.83, CI: 0.71–0.97) were linked to lower likelihoods of stunting. Importantly however, risk classifications defined by the interplay of multiple sociodemographic factors showed more extreme odds ratios (OR) of stunting than single factor ORs. For example, children aged 14 months or above who belong to poor wealth class, have lowly educated fathers and reside in either Dhaka, Barisal, Chittagong or Sylhet division are the most vulnerable to stunting (OR: 2.52, CI: 1.85–3.44). The findings endorse the need for tailored-intervention programs for children based on their distinct risk profiles and sociodemographic characteristics.
Early days of the pandemic—The association of economic and socio-political country characteristics with the development of the COVID-19 death toll
Authors: Holz Manuel , Mayerl Jochen
Published: August 2021

This article examines cross-national differences in growth of deaths by COVID-19 over time in the first phase of the pandemic, during the time period of 31stDecember 2019 to 2ndApril 2020. We seek to understand and explain country level reaction in the initial period of the pandemic. We explore socio-economic and socio-political country characteristics as determinants of deaths per day and we examine whether country characteristics act as moderating factors for different growth patterns of deaths per day over time. The country characteristics include variables about economy, globalization, health care and demography. We examine data published by the European Center of Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) in combination with World Bank data and a webscraping approach. Using a conditional growth model specified as a multilevel regression model with deaths by COVID-19 per day as the outcome variable, we show that economic variables are not significantly associated with decrease or increase of deaths by COVID-19. In contrast, variables about national health care mitigate the impact of the pandemic. Demography shows expected effects with an increase of growth of deaths in countries with a higher percentage of people older than 65 years. Globalization predicts the death toll as well: Social interaction between people is deadly on a short-term scale (in the form of tourism). Our results mirror frequent demands for global investment in national health systems.
Public investments in the development of GeneXpert molecular diagnostic technology
Authors: Gotham Dzintars , McKenna Lindsay , Deborggraeve Stijn , Madoori Suraj , Branigan David
Published: August 2021

Background

The GeneXpert diagnostic platform from the US based company Cepheid is an automated molecular diagnostic device that performs sample preparation and pathogen detection within a single cartridge-based assay. GeneXpert devices can enable diagnosis at the district level without the need for fully equipped clinical laboratories, are simple to use, and offer rapid results. Due to these characteristics, the platform is now widely used in low- and middle-income countries for diagnosis of diseases such as TB and HIV. Assays for SARS-CoV-2 are also being rolled out. We aimed to quantify public sector investments in the development of the GeneXpert platform and Cepheid’s suite of cartridge-based assays.

Methods

Public funding data were collected from the proprietor company’s financial filings, grant databases, review of historical literature concerning key laboratories and researchers, and contacting key public sector entities involved in the technology’s development. The value of research and development (R&D) tax credits was estimated based on financial filings.

Results

Total public investments in the development of the GeneXpert technology were estimated to be $252 million, including >$11 million in funding for work in public laboratories leading to the first commercial product, $56 million in grants from the National Institutes of Health, $73 million from other U.S. government departments, $67 million in R&D tax credits, $38 million in funding from non-profit and philanthropic organizations, and $9.6 million in small business ‘springboard’ grants.

Conclusion

The public sector has invested over $250 million in the development of both the underlying technologies and the GeneXpert diagnostic platform and assays, and has made additional investments in rolling out the technology in countries with high burdens of TB. The key role played by the public sector in R&D and roll-out stands in contrast to the lack of public sector ability to secure affordable pricing and maintenance agreements.
Lung eosinophils elicited during allergic and acute aspergillosis express RORγt and IL-23R but do not require IL-23 for IL-17 production
Authors: Yadav Bhawna , Specht Charles A. , Lee Chrono K. , Pokrovskii Maria , Huh Jun R. , Littman Dan R. , Levitz Stuart M.
Published: August 2021

Exposure to the mold, Aspergillus, is ubiquitous and generally has no adverse consequences in immunocompetent persons. However, invasive and allergic aspergillosis can develop in immunocompromised and atopic individuals, respectively. Previously, we demonstrated that mouse lung eosinophils produce IL-17 in response to stimulation by live conidia and antigens of A. fumigatus. Here, we utilized murine models of allergic and acute pulmonary aspergillosis to determine the association of IL-23, IL-23R and RORγt with eosinophil IL-17 expression. Following A. fumigatus stimulation, a population of lung eosinophils expressed RORγt, the master transcription factor for IL-17 regulation. Eosinophil RORγt expression was demonstrated by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, western blotting and an mCherry reporter mouse. Both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of RORγt in eosinophils were observed, although the former predominated. A population of lung eosinophils also expressed IL-23R. While expression of IL-23R was positively correlated with expression of RORγt, expression of RORγt and IL-17 was similar when comparing lung eosinophils from A. fumigatus-challenged wild-type and IL-23p19-/- mice. Thus, in allergic and acute models of pulmonary aspergillosis, lung eosinophils express IL-17, RORγt and IL-23R. However, IL-23 is dispensable for production of IL-17 and RORγt.
Evaluation of sodium lauryl sulfate for the development of cow-side mastitis screening test
Authors: Tanni Nobonita Sarker , Islam Md. Shafiul , Kabir Mojahidul , Parvin Mst. Sonia , Ehsan Md. Amimul , Islam Md. Taohidul
Published: August 2021

Background and Aim: Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is an economically important disease for dairy cattle worldwide; therefore, regular screening is imperative to detect SCM at an early stage so as to control it. The study was conducted to compare the test characteristics of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as a test reagent to detect SCM in dairy cows.

Materials and Methods: First, 106 milk samples of dairy cows were subjected to available indirect screening tests (white side test [WST], surf field mastitis test, Leucocytest, and Immucell) considering somatic cell count (SCC) as gold standard test. Then 273 milk samples were allowed to react with different concentrations of SLS with or without sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and indicators (bromothymol blue [BTB] and bromocresol purple [BCP]).

Results: SLS with or without NaOH yielded best reaction with the milk samples similar to Leucocytest. It was observed that the reaction of milk samples with SLS added with indicators (BTB and BCP) was easier to visualize than without indicators. SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB and SLS 2% with BCP had high sensitivity, specificity, and substantial agreement with SCC. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of SLS 2% with BCP and SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB was 0.917 and 0.875, respectively.

Conclusion: It may be concluded that SLS 3%+NaOH 1.5% with BTB and SLS 2% with BCP may be the potential reagents for the development of an effective cow-side test to detect SCM, as the main ingredient SLS is considerably cheap and readily available in developing countries.
Group Activity Participation in Relation to Contextual Isolation of United States Nursing Home Residents Living with Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias
Authors: Jesdale B.M. , Bova C.A. , Mbrah A.K. , Lapane K.L.
Published: August 2021

Background: Residents of nursing homes frequently report loneliness and isolation, despite being in an environment shared with other residents and staff. Objective: To describe, among long-stay US nursing home residents living with Alzheimer’s disease and/or related dementias (ADRD), group activity participation in relation to contextual isolation: living in a nursing home where fewer than 20% of residents share socially salient characteristic(s). Design: A cross-sectional evaluation of group activity participation in relation to contextual isolation across 20 characteristics based on demographic characteristics, habits and interests, and clinical and care dimensions. Setting: US nursing homes. Participants: We included 335,421 residents with ADRD aged ≥50 years with a Minimum Data Set 3.0 annual assessment in 2016 reporting their preference for group activity participation, and 94,735 with participation observed by staff. Measurements: We identified 827,823 annual (any anniversary) assessments performed on nursing home residents in 2016, selecting one at random for each resident, after prioritizing the assessment with the least missing data (n=795,038). MDS 3.0 item F0500e assesses resident interest in group activities. Results: When considering all potential sources of contextual isolation considered, 30.7% were contextually isolated on the basis of a single characteristic and 13.7% were contextually isolated on the basis of two or more characteristics. Among residents reporting importance of group activity, 81% of those not contextually isolated reported that group activity participation was important, as did 78% of those isolated on one characteristic, and 75% of those isolated on multiple characteristics. Among residents with staff-observed group activity participation, 64% of those not contextually isolated reported were observed participating in group activities, as were 59% of those isolated on one characteristic, and 52% of those isolated on multiple characteristics. Conclusion: Residents with ADRD facing contextual isolation placed less importance on group activity than residents who were not contextually isolated.
Violência e dor em Conversación al sur, de Marta Traba
Authors: Lopes Maria Suely de Oliveira
Published: August 2021

Este trabalho debruça-se em torno da obra Conersación al sur  ( 1981) da escritora Argentina Marta Traba. A narrativa aborda relatos da ditadura militar na Argentina  vivenciados pelas personagens Irene e Dolores. Os resultados apontam para casos de violência  como exemplos comumente encontrados na Argentina em decorrência da Ditadura.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Literatura. Violência. Dor. Ditadura militar.
Opt-Out
Authors: Filippo Cynthia Maria Brasiel de , Nunes Simone Costa
Published: August 2021

Este ensaio teórico está fundamentado em pesquisas sobre a temática Sentidos do Trabalho na contemporaneidade e o fenômeno Opt-out. O objetivo propor uma reflexão teórica acerca dos sentidos do trabalho envolvidos no opt-out da carreira da mulher após o nascimento dos filhos. 

PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Opt-out. Sentidos do Trabalho. Maternidade. Mulher.
Work Index and Contextual Variables as Predictors of Emergency Nurses’ Career Success
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Ali , Asghari Elnaz , Ghafourifard Mansour
Published: August 2021

Background: The stressful work environment of emergency departments needs competent nurses to be successful in their careers. Although the work environment significantly affects nurses’ quality of care and job satisfaction, studies on the relationship between the work environment and career success are still limited. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate how individual and environmental factors predict the career success of nurses in the emergency department.Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the predictors of career success of emergency nurses based on work index and contextual variables.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in eight university hospitals in Tabriz, Iran. The career success scale and the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) were completed by 193 emergency nurses selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Data were analyzed using a multivariate regression analysis.Results: The mean and standard deviation of nurses’ scores were 168.59±15.54 for the career success scale (range: 39-195) and 2.64±0.48 for the PES-NWI (range: 1-4). According to multiple linear regression analysis, nursing work index and hospital type were significant predictors of nurses’ career success (R2=0.17, adjusted R2=0.11, p<.01).Conclusion: Nursing work index and hospital type were significant predictors of nurses’ career success. Nursing managers and leaders should provide healthy work environments to help nurses increase their career success.
A finer singular limit of a single-well Modica–Mortola functional and its applications to the Kobayashi–Warren–Carter energy
Authors: Giga Yoshikazu , Okamoto Jun , Uesaka Masaaki
Published: August 2021

An explicit representation of the Gamma limit of a single-well Modica–Mortola functional is given for one-dimensional space under the graph convergence which is finer than conventional

L
1

{L^{1}}

-convergence or convergence in measure.
As an application, an explicit representation of a singular limit of the Kobayashi–Warren–Carter energy, which is popular in materials science, is given.
Some compactness under the graph convergence is also established.
Such formulas as well as compactness are useful to characterize the limit of minimizers of the Kobayashi–Warren–Carter energy.
To characterize the Gamma limit under the graph convergence, a new idea which is especially useful for one-dimensional problems is introduced.
It is a change of parameter of the variable by arc-length parameter of its graph, which is called unfolding by the arc-length parameter in this paper.
Accounting for the International Great Depression: Efficiency, Distortions and Factor Utilization during the Interwar Period
Authors: Klein Alexander , Otsu Keisuke
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we analyze the International Great Depression (IGD) in the U.S. and Western Europe by applying the business cycle accounting method to a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with time-varying production efficiency and factor market distortions. We measure the size of labor and capital market distortions with endogenous factor utilization and their relative importance in accounting for output fluctuation during the interwar period. Our main findings are that labor market distortions accounted for two-thirds of the output drops in both the U.S. and Western Europe, endogenous factor utilization amplified the negative effects of labor market distortions, and government spending played an important role in the recovery from the Great Depression in European countries who left the Gold Standard in the early 1930s.
Simultaneous removal of organics and bioenergy production by microbial fuel cell: modeling approach
Authors: Sharan Shambhoo , Khare Prateek , Shankar Ravi , Patel Ratnesh Kumar , Mondal Prasenjit
Published: August 2021

In this study, membrane less double chambered microbial fuel cell has been used for the simultaneous electricity generation and organics removal from glucose and glutamic acid (mole ratio 1:1) based synthetic solution in the presence of municipal wastewater activated sludge-based microbes using graphite as an electrode. A central composite design technique has been employed to optimize the experimental conditions using design expert software for modeling input–output model as surface function of various input parameters like initial COD, anodic pH, and run time for voltage and current density generation. The predicted model suggests that maximum voltage and current density generation of ∼14.8 mV and ∼41.11 μA/m2, respectively are obtained at COD: 1500 mg/L, pH: 7, run time: 7 days. Further, methylene blue is used as mediator for voltage and current density production at optimum condition. Experimental result depicts the substantial role of mediator concentration and showing maximum current and voltage production, approximately 10 times higher than that without meditator under similar conditions. In addition to bioenergy production, values of BOD and COD in the wastewater simulant are found to be reduced after each run which exists below the permissible limits. The developed model equations give better prediction on the voltage and current density generation which lies within the error limits of −12 to +12% and −2 to 14%, respectively to their corresponding experimental values. Overall, the process can generate simultaneously bioenergy along with wastewater treatment and the empirical model gives better prediction with experimental values.
An improved photocatalytic activity of H2 production: a hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2 nanostructures in aqueous triethanolamine
Authors: Shahid Wajeehah , Shahid Samiah , Iqbal Muhammad Aamir , Huo Jianhua , Karim Rashid , Idrees Faryal
Published: August 2021

In this study, novel hydrothermal synthesis is used to explore the impact of photocatalytic activity on H2 production using an aqueous solution of triethanolamine (TEoA) in TiO2 nanostructures designed with varying molar concentrations of HCl, and the production of molecular hydrogen is explored as a function of molar concentration. A solar simulator is utilized to assess the photocatalytic activities of methyl orange degradation under UV light irradiation and molecular H2 production. Also, XRD patterns and SEM images are explored to show agglomerated nanoparticle formation, and an EDX spectrum is employed to confirm TiO2 compositions. The band gap analysis of produced nanostructures is performed using a UV-Vis spectrometer and is found to be varying in between 2.5 and 3.0 eV, while the maximum methyl orange degradation corresponds to 1.0 M concentration of HCl, indicating an enhanced hydrogen production. To meet the foreseeable future energy crises and worsening environmental challenges, we may need sustainable energy sources, and photocatalysis molecular H2 production offers a viable alternative to fossil fuels that can be employed to tackle future difficulties.
Das religionspädagogische Potenzial von Jürgen Habermasʼ Konzept der symbolisch strukturierten Lebenswelt
Authors: Bauer Daniel
Published: August 2021

In Jürgen Habermas’ Werken tritt immer deutlicher sein Konzept der symbolisch strukturierten Lebenswelt im Zusammenhang mit Religion hervor, anhand dessen er performativen Gewissheiten eine strukturelle Wahrheitsfähigkeit zuspricht. Entsprechend bietet es sich an, dieses Konzept angesichts der gegenwärtigen pluralen lebensweltlichen Herausforderungen auf sein religionspädagogisches Potenzial hin zu befragen. Methodischer Ausgangspunkt ist dabei die Beobachtung, dass Habermas zur Fundierung seines Konzepts nicht nur auf einschlägige philosophische Entwicklungslinien, sondern auch auf die theologische Hermeneutik und den Diskurs über Glauben und Wissen rekurriert. So lässt sich ein hermeneutisches Instrument gegenwärtiger religionspädagogischer Reflexion erschließen, das aus dem genuinen Merkmal der symbolischen Sprache der Religion selbst hervorgeht und ein beachtliches bildungstheoretisches sowie religionsdidaktisches Potenzial birgt.
Exposure to Sleep, Rest, or Exercise Impacts Skill Memory Consolidation but so Too Can a Challenging Practice Schedule
Authors: Kim Taewon , Wright David L.
Published: August 2021

When discussing procedural learning, it is now routine to consider both online and offline influences for skill acquisition. This is because it is commonly assumed that the evolution of a novel skill memory continues well after practice is over. Indeed, factors impacting offline contributions to skill memory development such as sleep and exercise have garnered considerable research interest in recent years. This is partly because of their capacity to foster postpractice consolidation, a process that has been identified as critical to moving a skill memory from a labile to more stable or elaborate form. While uncovering the potency of non-practice factors to facilitate consolidation is undoubtedly important, the present opinion is designed to remind the reader that a practice schedule, organized to challenge the learner, can, in and of itself, be effective in supporting consolidation resulting in significant gains in long-term skill retention.
Evaluating the effectiveness of psychological assistance to primary schoolchildren with cognitive health disorders aimed at developing their self-regulation skills
Authors:   V. P. Astafiev Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University, Chereneva Elena Aleksandrovna , Sokhadze Estate (Tato) M. ,   University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Stoyanova Irina Yakovlevna ,   Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: August 2021

Introduction. The authors investigate the problem of developing self-regulation skills in primary schoolchildren with cognitive impairments within the education system. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing the program of psychological support aimed at developing self-regulation as a way of enhancing adaptive strategies of behavior and components of self-regulation. Materials and Methods. The study employs a formative psychological and educational experiment (the action research). The collected empirical data were analyzed and summarized. The sample consisted of 456 students, aged between 8 to 11 years, who were divided into three groups: NID (normal intellectual development), ID (intellectual disability), and MID (mild intellectual disability). The data obtained were interpreted and subjected to statistical analysis using various methods of mathematical and statistical processing: the reliability of differences according to statistical criteria, the F * angular transformation, the criterion for comparing the distribution of Pearson χ2 levels, correlation analysis, the method of correlation pleiades. Results. The research findings have shown that program of psychological support aimed at formation of self-regulation developed and implemented by the authors has proven to be effective. It contributes to successful formation of self-regulation in children with cognitive impairment. The program is a socio-psychological resource for improving cognitive health in primary schoolchildren. Conclusions. The article concludes that the implementation of the program of psychological support has led to a significant increase in the indicators of self-regulation components in the subjects. The obtained data can be used by educational settings teaching children with cognitive disabilities to increase the effectiveness of classroom and extracurricular activities and their successful integration into society.
Recording Studentsâ€™ Performance in Physical Education Using Mobile-Based Applications
Authors: Kurniawan Wahyu Ragil , Setiawan Ipang , Rozi Fatkhur , Rahman Alvin Yanuar , Shidiq Abdul Aziz Purnomo
Published: August 2021

The aim of this study is to analyze products based on mobile application development in helping teachers record student performance in physical education. Development method was carried out by the following procedure: requirement analysis; initial product development; expert validation; field trials; product revision; and final result. Interview guides, validation sheets, and questionnaire sheets were distributed in data collection process. Expert validation result on the phase I obtained average 76% which is classified as good criteria, and on the phase II obtained average 81,33% which is classified as very good criteria. While on the small scale trial obtained average 69,88% which is classified as good criteria, and on the big scale trial obtained average 79,40% which is classified as good criteria. Conclusion of the study shows that the mobile application product can be used to assist teachers in recording student performance in Physical Education which can be accessed by teachers, students, and parents of students.