bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exosomes derived from olfactory ensheathing cells provided neuroprotection for spinal cord injury by switching the phenotype of macrophages/microglia
Authors: Fan Hong , Chen Zhe , Tang Hai‐Bin , Shan Le‐Qun , Chen Zi‐Yi , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Huang Da‐Geng , Liu Shi‐Chang , Chen Xun , Yang Hao , Hao Dingjun
Published: December 2021

Transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) has been demonstrated to be beneficial for spinal cord injury (SCI) by modulating neuroinflammation, supporting neuronal survival and promoting angiogenesis. Besides OECs, the conditioned medium (CM) from OECs has also been proved to have therapeutic effects for SCI, indicating that the bioactive substances secreted by OECs are essential for its protective effects. Nevertheless, there is still little information regarding the underlying mechanisms. Considering that exosomes are crucial for intercellular communication and could be secreted by different types of cells, we speculated that the therapeutic potential of OECs for SCI might be partially based on their exosomes. To examine whether OECs could secret exosomes, we isolated exosomes by polyethylene glycol‐based method, and identified them by electron microscopy study, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and western blotting. In view of phagocytic ability of microglia and its distinct roles in microenvironment regulation after SCI, we then focused the effects of OECs‐derived exosomes (OECs‐Exo) on microglial phenotypic regulation. We found that the extracted OECs‐Exo could be engulfed by microglia and partially reverse the LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory polarization through inhibiting NF‐κB and c‐Jun signaling pathways in vitro. Furthermore, OECs‐Exo were found to inhibit the polarization of pro‐inflammatory macrophages/microglia while increased the numbers of anti‐inflammatory cells after SCI. Considering that the neuronal injury is closely related to the activation state of macrophages/microglia, co‐culture of microglia and neurons were performed. Neuronal death induced by LPS‐treated microglia could be significantly alleviated when microglia treated by LPS plus OECs‐Exo in vitro. After SCI, NeuN‐immunostaining and axonal tract‐tracing were performed to assess neuronal survival and axon preservation. Our data showed that the OECs‐Exo promoted the neuronal survival and axon preservation, and facilitated functional recovery after SCI. Our findings provide a promising therapeutic strategy for SCI based on exosome‐immunomodulation.
The last resort during complex retrograde percutaneous coronary chronic total occlusion intervention: Extraplaque intracoronary lithotripsy to externally crush a heavy calcified occluded stent
Authors: Garbo Roberto , Di Russo Cristian , Sciahbasi Alessandro , Fedele Silvio
Published: December 2021

Chronic total occlusions (CTO) due to in‐stent restenosis represent a challenging lesion subset for percutaneous coronary intervention in particular when associated with coronary calcification. Sometimes CTO lesions require antegrade or retrograde dissection‐re‐entry techniques with extraplaque dilation. Recently intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) emerged as a therapeutic option for the treatment of severely calcified coronary lesions but its role in extraplaque dilation is not described. In this report, we present a case of retrograde complex percutaneous coronary chronic total occlusion revascularization accomplished by the use of extraplaque IVL necessary to externally crush a heavy calcified previous implanted stent.
Hemimegalencephaly: A rare congenital malformation of cortical development
Authors: Jaiswal Vikash , Hanif Muhammad , Sarfraz Zouina , Nepal Gaurav , Naz Sidra , Mukherjee Dattatreya , Ruxmohan Samir
Published: December 2021

Hemimegalencephaly is a rare congenital malformation of cortical development usually associated with developmental delay and refractory epilepsy that sooner or later require hemispherectomy.
Ultra‐thin Pd and CuPd Bimetallic Alloy Nanosheets for Electrochemical Reduction of CO2
Authors: Mosali Venkata Sai Sriram , Li Linbo , Puxty Graeme , Horne Michael D. , Bond Alan M. , Zhang Jie
Published: December 2021

Pd is an attractive electrocatalyst for the conversion of CO2 to CO. Herein, we report the synthesis of ultrathin Pd nanosheets with a (111) exposed facet which enables CO evolution to be achieved in a CO2 saturated 0.1 m KHCO3 solution in a conventional H‐cell with a faradaic efficiency of 74±4 % at −0.75 V vs RHE and a partial current density (calculated based on the geometric area) of −0.65 mA cm−2. Further, to reduce the cost, Cu was introduced into the Pd nanosheets to form CuxPdy bimetallic alloy nanosheets with (111) exposed planes. The composition of the CuxPdy alloy played a significant role in determining the nature of the nanosheet structure and the product selectivity. When 50 % of the Pd was replaced by Cu, competitive CO evolution could still be achieved relative to use of purely Pd nanosheets with 57±5 % of CO achieved at −0.85 V vs RHE and a partial current density of −0.9 mA cm−2. Under flow‐cell conditions with a higher CO2 mass transport rate, CuPd nanosheets exhibited enhanced current densities in the range of −5 mA cm−2 to −35 mA cm−2 but with a negligible change in faradaic efficiencies irrespective of the applied potential in a 1.0 m KHCO3 medium. The use of a 1.0 m KOH solution further improved the catalytic performance generating 71±3 % of CO with a partial current density of −58±2 mA cm−2 at a low potential of −0.6 V vs RHE. Post electrolysis characterization revealed structural transformations occurred during electrolysis that impacted the product selectivity of some catalysts.
Structural Insights into Hysteretic Spin‐Crossover in a Set of Iron(II)‐2,6‐bis(1H‐Pyrazol‐1‐yl)Pyridine) Complexes
Authors: Suryadevara Nithin , Mizuno Asato , Spieker Lea , Salamon Soma , Sleziona Stephan , Maas André , Pollmann Erik , Heinrich Benoît , Schleberger Marika , Wende Heiko , Kuppusamy Senthil Kumar , Ruben Mario
Published: December 2021

Bistable spin‐crossover (SCO) complexes that undergo abrupt and hysteretic (ΔT1/2) spin‐state switching are desirable for molecule‐based switching and memory applications. In this study, we report on structural facets governing hysteretic SCO in a set of iron(II)‐2,6‐bis(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine) (bpp) complexes – [Fe(bpp−COOEt)2](X)2⋅CH3NO2 (X=ClO4, 1; X=BF4, 2). Stable spin‐state switching – T1/2=288 K; ΔT1/2=62 K – is observed for 1, whereas 2 undergoes above‐room‐temperature lattice‐solvent content‐dependent SCO – T1/2=331 K; ΔT1/2=43 K. Variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of the complexes revealed pronounced molecular reorganizations – from the Jahn‐Teller‐distorted HS state to the less distorted LS state – and conformation switching of the ethyl group of the COOEt substituent upon SCO. Consequently, we propose that the large structural reorganizations rendered SCO hysteretic in 1 and 2. Such insights shedding light on the molecular origin of thermal hysteresis might enable the design of technologically relevant molecule‐based switching and memory elements.
Improved H2SO4‐catalyzed alkylation reaction in a rotating packed bed reactor by adding additives
Authors: Tian Yuntao , Mei Sijing , Zhang Liang‐Liang , Chu Guang‐Wen , Sun Baochang , Fisher Adrian C. , Luo Yong , Zou Hai‐Kui
Published: December 2021

The isobutane/butene alkylation process catalyzed by an acid solution is widely used to obtain high octane number gasoline components. However, limited by the mass transfer and mixing of the acid solution and the hydrocarbon liquid–liquid system, the product performance needs to be improved. Here, the alkylation reaction was strengthened by combining the chemical regulation of the reactant system and process intensification. Three homologs of sulphates and two hydrophilic surfactants were used as additives to regulate the properties of the acid solution, and the effect of different additives on isobutane/butene alkylation was investigated in a rotating packed bed. The Hammett acidity and solubility of isobutane in acid solutions with different additives were measured, and their synergistic effects on alkylation performance were explored. Under relatively mild conditions (the reaction at 8°C and an isobutane/butene ratio of 30:1), an excellent alkylate with a research octane number of approximately 99 was obtained, showing good industrial application prospects.
Controlling the Balance of Photoluminescence and Photothermal Effect in Cyanostilbene‐Based Luminescent Liquid Crystals
Authors: Cao Xiang‐Jian , Li Wei , Li Jiahua , Zou Lin , Liu Xing‐Wang , Ren Xiang‐Kui , Yu Zhen‐Qiang
Published: December 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Molecular motions of the luminescent liquid crystals (LLCs) show a significant effect on fluorescent emission and heat generation. In this article, a series of cyanostilbene‐based LLCs (CSs: CS1‐6, CS1‐12, CS2‐6 and CS2‐12) are synthesized to investigate how the photoluminescence and photothermal effect balanced. Among these materials, the mesogens peripheried by single alkyl chains formed enantiotropic nematic (CS1‐6) or smectic C (CS1‐12) phase with different alkyl tail lengths. When the single aliphatic chain is replaced by mini‐dendrons, room temperature (RT) monotropic hexagonal columnar phase (CS2‐12) or molecular liquid (CS2‐6) is formed. The results revealed that all these materials exhibited high efficiency emission with the highest quantum yield reaching 59.0%. The photoluminescence and photothermal effect can be effectively tuned by dispersing CSs into a commercially available RT liquid crystal matrix 8CB, which output significantly improved photothermal conversion efficiency of 63.2%. Furthermore, the photothermal can rapidly trigger the Smectic A‐Nematic‐Isotropic sequence transitions of 8CB doped with CSs. This work paves a way of adjusting the balance of photoluminescence and photothermal properties of the LLC materials.
COVID‐19 detection using hybrid deep learning model in chest x‐rays images
Authors: Mahajan Shubham , Raina Akshay , Gao Xiao‐Zhi , Pandit Amit Kant
Published: December 2021

The novel‐corona‐virus is presently accountable for 547,782 deaths worldwide. It was first observed in China in late 2019 and, the increase in number of its affected cases seriously disturbed almost every nation in terms of its economical, structural, educational growth. Furthermore, with the advancement of data‐analytics and machine learning towards enhanced diagnostic tools for the infection, the growth rate in the affected patients has reduced considerably, thereby making it critical for AI researchers and experts from medical radiology to put more efforts in this side. In this regard, we present a controlled study which provides analysis of various potential possibilities in terms of detection models/algorithms for COVID‐19 detection from radiology‐based images like chest x‐rays. We provide a rigorous comparison between the VGG16, VGG19, Residual Network, Dark‐Net as the foundational network with the Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) for predictions. With some preprocessing techniques specific to the task like CLAHE, this study shows the potential of the methodology relative to the existing techniques. The highest of all precision and recall were achieved with DenseNet201 + SSD512 as 93.01 and 94.98 respectively.
Atomistic Simulations of Dopamine Diffusion Dynamics on a Pristine Graphene Surface**
Authors: Jia Qizhang , Yang Cheng , Venton B. Jill , DuBay Kateri H.
Published: December 2021

Carbon microelectrodes enable in vivo detection of neurotransmitters, and new electrodes aim to optimize the carbon surface. However, atomistic detail on the diffusion and orientation of neurotransmitters near these surfaces is lacking. Here, we employ molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the surface diffusion of dopamine (DA), its oxidation product dopamine‐o‐quinone (DOQ), and their protonated forms on the pristine basal plane of flat graphene. We find that all DA species rapidly adsorb to the surface and remain adsorbed, even without a holding potential or graphene surface defects. We also find that the diffusivities of the adsorbed and the fully solvated DA are similar and that the protonated species diffuse more slowly on the surface than their corresponding neutral forms, while the oxidized species diffuse more rapidly. Structurally, we find that the underlying graphene lattice has little influence over the molecular adsorbate's lateral position, and the vertical placement of the amine group on dopamine is highly dependent upon its charge. Finally, we find that solvation has a large effect on surface diffusivities. These first results from molecular dynamics simulations of dopamine at the aqueous‐graphene interface show that dopamine diffuses rapidly on the surface, even without an applied potential, and provide a basis for future simulations of neurotransmitter structure and dynamics on advanced carbon materials electrodes.
Discovery and characterization of potent And‐1 inhibitors for cancer treatment
Authors: Li Jing , Zhang Yi , Sun Jing , Chen Leyuan , Gou Wenfeng , Chen Chi‐Wei , Zhou Yuan , Li Zhuqing , Chan David W. , Huang Ruili , Pei Huadong , Zheng Wei , Li Yiliang , Xia Menghang , Zhu Wenge
Published: December 2021

Acidic nucleoplasmic DNA‐binding protein 1 (And‐1), an important factor for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and repair, is overexpressed in many types of cancer but not in normal tissues. Although multiple independent studies have elucidated And‐1 as a promising target gene for cancer therapy, an And‐1 inhibitor has yet to be identified. Using an And‐1 luciferase reporter assay to screen the Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC) in a high throughput screening (HTS) platform, and then further screen the compound analog collection, we identified two potent And‐1 inhibitors, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA) and an uncharacterized compound [(E)‐5‐(3,4‐dichlorostyryl)benzo[c][1,2]oxaborol‐1(3H)‐ol] (CH3), which specifically inhibit And‐1 by promoting its degradation. Specifically, through direct interaction with And‐1 WD40 domain, CH3 interrupts the polymerization of And‐1. Depolymerization of And‐1 promotes its interaction with E3 ligase Cullin 4B (CUL4B), resulting in its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Furthermore, CH3 suppresses the growth of a broad range of cancers. Moreover, And‐1 inhibitors re‐sensitize platinum‐resistant ovarian cancer cells to platinum drugs in vitro and in vivo. Since BZA is an FDA approved drug, we expect a clinical trial of BZA‐mediated cancer therapy in the near future. Taken together, our findings suggest that targeting And‐1 by its inhibitors is a potential broad‐spectrum anti‐cancer chemotherapy regimen.
Native herbivores indirectly facilitate the growth of invasive Spartina in a eutrophic saltmarsh
Authors: Xu Xiao , Zhang Yan , Li Songshuo , Chen Hongyang , Liu Mu , Li Bo , Nie Ming
Published: December 2021

Current theory (e.g., consumer‐controlled theory) predicts that nutrient enrichment typically amplifies herbivory and thereby suppresses the growth and expansion of invasive plants. Herbivores can facilitate plant regrowth in the native community by stimulating complementary growth or ameliorating habitat conditions (e.g., by increasing soil oxygen and nutrient availability), but whether they have similar positive effects on invasive plants, especially under nutrient enrichment, remains unknown. Using a field nitrogen (N)‐enrichment × crab exclusion experiment, we evaluated and compared the effects of both N enrichment and crab herbivory on the growth performance of a global invasive cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, and a co‐occurring native plant, Phragmites australis. We found that crabs consistently suppressed P. australis by density and aboveground biomass regardless of N enrichment. In contrast, for S. alterniflora, the negative effects of crabs under ambient N were replaced by positive effects under N enrichment, with crabs stimulating complementary increases in density and aboveground biomass. The differing effects between the N treatments were driven by crab burrowing activity, which increased soil N availability, and the nutrient‐use efficiency of S. alterniflora. Our findings revealed that native herbivores can have opposing effects on native and invasive plants, which broadens our understanding of how exotic plants can achieve dominance in a changing world.
Prognostic value of cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 in chronic heart failure
Authors: Wang Can , Jian Wen , Luo Qiuhu , Cui Jiasheng , Qing Yali , Qin Chunyu , Li Gaoye , Chen Wuxian
Published: December 2021

Aims

Emerging evidence suggests that cartilage intermediate layer protein 1 (CILP‐1) is associated with myocardial remodelling. However, the prognostic value of circulating CILP‐1 in patients with heart failure (HF) remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether circulating CILP‐1 can independently predict the outcome of chronic HF.

Methods and results

This prospective cohort study included 210 patients with chronic HF and left ventricular ejection fraction <50% between September 2018 and December 2019. The primary endpoint was 1 year all‐cause mortality. During the 1 year follow‐up, 28 patients died. In multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, higher CILP‐1 levels were independently associated with a higher risk of mortality after adjusting for potential confounding factors. In Kaplan–Meier analysis, patients with CILP‐1 levels above the median had a significantly higher mortality rate than those with CILP‐1 levels below the median (log‐rank P = 0.015). In addition, CILP‐1 significantly improved prognostic prediction over N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide by an increase in net reclassification improvement (P = 0.043) and a trend towards an increase in integrated discrimination improvement (P = 0.118).

Conclusions

Circulating CILP‐1 is a novel independent prognostic predictor in chronic HF.
Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Lower Volta River, Ghana, West Africa: The Agriculture, Aquaculture, and Urban Development Nexus
Authors: Huff Chester Anndee , Gordon Christopher , Hartmann Heather A. , Bartell Stephen E. , Ansah Emmanuel , Yan Tao , Li Bo , Dampha Nfamara K. , Edmiston Paul L. , Novak Paige J. , Schoenfuss Heiko L.
Published: December 2021

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are ubiquitous in aquatic environments across all continents and are relatively well known in the developed world. However, few studies have investigated their presence and biological effects in low- and middle-income countries. We provide a survey of CEC presence in the Volta River, Ghana, and examine the microbial consequences of anthropogenic activities along this economically and ecologically important African river. Water and sediment samples were taken by boat or from shore at 14 sites spanning 118 km of river course from the Volta estuary to the Akosombo dam. Sample extracts were prepared for targeted analysis of antimicrobial CECs, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS; water only). Concurrent samples were extracted to characterize the microbial community and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs). Antibiotics and PFAS (PFAS, 2–20 ng/L) were found in all water samples; however, their concentrations were usually in the low nanograms per liter range and lower than reported for other African, European, and North American studies. N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide was present in all samples. The number of different genes detected (between one and 10) and total ARG concentrations varied in both water (9.1 × 10−6 to 8.2 × 10−3) and sediment (2.2 × 10−4 to 5.3 × 10−2), with increases in gene variety at sites linked to urban development, sand mining, agriculture, and shellfish processing. Total ARG concentration spikes in sediment samples were associated with agriculture. No correlations between water quality parameters, CEC presence, and/or ARGs were noted. The presence of CECs in the lower Volta River highlights their global reach. The overall low concentrations of CECs detected is encouraging and, coupled with mitigation measures, can stymie future CEC pollution in the Volta River. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:369–381. © 2021 SETAC
New additions of the genus AlchemillaL. for the Flora Iranica
Authors: Fröhner Sigurd Erich , Faghir Marzieh Beygom
Published: December 2021

In this study, 12 new species of the genus Alchemilla L. from Flora Iranica are described based on the morphological study of herbarium specimens and experiments on cultivation. The examined materials were housed in both European and Iranian herbaria. The new species belong to Sect. Ultravulgares, Sect. Pubescentes and Sect. Splendentes. They are described here: Alchemilla diversistipula, A. angustiloba, A. crassiflora, A. scutellata, A. chloroporphyrea, A. rotundata, A. paucidens, A. ochropodoides, A. ochropoda, A. polioporphyrea, A. cyclocteis and A. subpotentilla. The detailed morphological features of the new species are proved by drawings and their differences with allied species are discussed in detail.
Healthy Skin, Healthy Mepla: A skin health promotional event for children in the Torres Strait
Authors: Wapau Chenoa , Pilot Pelista , Kris Ella , McDonald Malcolm , Hempenstall Allison
Published: December 2021

Issue addressed

Skin infections such as impetigo and scabies are common in Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander children living in rural and remote settings. Effective health promotion is a key element when addressing health literacy aimed at reducing the burden of skin disease. Community‐driven health promotion provides a potentially effective and sustainable model for improved health outcomes.

Methods

A one‐day community‐driven skin health promotional event was conducted on Waiben [Thursday Island] with the aim of improving local Torres Strait Islander children's appreciation of the importance of skin health through art, music and creation of a video. Participants completed written pre‐ and post‐questionnaires to determine their response.

Results

Fifty‐two children participated in the event; median (range) age was 11 (9‐12) years and all identified as Torres Strait Islander. Overall, 34 of 50 children (68%) felt that participating in this workshop improved their skin health knowledge.

Conclusions

Skin health promotion can be successful achieved through a locally conceived, locally driven and locally owned approach.

So what?

This skin health promotional event could be a model for other health promotion activities in the Torres Strait.
Foreign workers in the Middle East during COVID‐19
Authors: Tazyeen Saema , Khan Hiba , Babar Maryam Salma , Lucero‐Prisno Don Elisco
Published: December 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic is having an unprecedented and consequential impact on global economies, businesses, and workforces. Foreign nationals account for the majority of the population in the Middle East. Throughout this article, the authors address the negative ramifications the COVID‐19 pandemic has had on the migrant workforce in the Middle East. This pandemic has intensified various socio‐economic and public health crises such as unemployment, income cuts, depletion of savings, repatriation difficulties, inadequate living conditions, and associated burden on healthcare facilities by the COVID‐19 infection.
Characterizing groundwater flow paths in an undeveloped region through synoptic river sampling for environmental tracers
Authors: Smerdon Brian D. , Gardner W. Payton
Published: December 2021

Synoptic sampling of three rivers for a suite of environmental tracers is shown to be an efficient way to gain an understanding of groundwater flow paths for a previously unstudied large area in Alberta, Canada. For regional‐scale characterization, classical hydrogeological techniques are limited by the location and number of groundwater wells. This study demonstrates that rivers can become an easily accessible location to sample the distribution of groundwater flow paths discharging to surface water. Modelling of groundwater discharge to the rivers and groundwater mean age helps generate knowledge of groundwater circulation for a large area, which is useful for conceptual model development and focusing future characterization efforts. Results indicate that the benchland areas in this region, with higher topographic relief, had hydrogeological conditions that favoured deeper groundwater circulation with a modelled mean age greater than 100 years from recharge to discharge. Lower relief areas, which coincide with a transition in bedrock formations in this region, appeared to have much shorter and shallower groundwater circulation. The approach required a field program completed in 5 days and financial budget approximately equivalent to drilling a single borehole and installing a monitoring well. It is concluded that under the right conditions, where few classical observation points exist and knowledge is limited, synoptic sampling of rivers can be used to develop scientifically defensible conceptual models at a comparable scale to regional planning and resource management.
Identifying developmental adaptations to early‐life stress
Authors: Szepsenwol Ohad
Published: December 2021

The adaptation‐based approach to development under stress emphasizes how early‐life environments calibrate the development of traits and capabilities in ways that increase evolutionary fitness. Rooted in evolutionary theory, the adaptation‐based approach offers an alternative to the prevailing deficit model for development under stress. The utility and impact of this approach, however, depend on the ability to find convincing evidence for developmental adaptations to stress and eliminate alternative explanations. In this essay, I briefly discuss some of the challenges faced by the adaptation‐based approach, specifically as it employs life history theory. I also suggest several avenues for improvement, including generating specific theoretical predictions, using consistent operational definitions, designing studies with adequate controls and assessing mediating pathways.
Pharmacogenetics: A precision medicine approach to combatting the opioid epidemic
Authors: Smith D. Max , Stevenson James M. , Ho Teresa T. , Formea Christine M. , Gammal Roseann S. , Cavallari Larisa H.
Published: December 2021

Ineffective pain control is the most commonly cited reason for misuse of prescription opioids and is influenced by genetics. In particular, the gene encoding the CYP2D6 enzyme, which metabolizes some of the most commonly prescribed opioids (eg, tramadol, hydrocodone) to their more potent forms, is highly polymorphic and can lead to reduced concentrations of the active metabolites and decreased opioid effectiveness. Consideration of the CYP2D6 genotype may allow for predicting opioid response and identifying patients who are likely to respond well to lower potency opioids as well as those who may derive greater pain relief from nonopioid analgesics vs certain opioids. There is emerging evidence that a CYP2D6‐guided approach to pain management improves pain control and reduces opioid consumption and thus may be a promising means for combating opioid misuse. Clinical practice guidelines are available for select opioids and other analgesics to support medication and dose selection based on pharmacogenetic data. This article describes the evidence supporting genotype‐guided pain management as a means of improving pain control and reducing opioid misuse and clinical recommendations for genotype‐guided analgesic prescribing. In addition, a “how to” guide using patient case examples is provided to demystify the process for implementing pharmacogenetics‐guided pain management to optimize analgesia and minimize adverse effects. Optimizing pain management through genotype‐guided approaches may ultimately provide safer and more effective therapy for pain control while decreasing the risk for opioid misuse.
The impact of clinical pharmacist led comprehensive medication management on diabetes care at Federally Qualified Health Centers within the BD Helping Build Healthy Communities program
Authors: Pastakia Sonak D. , Clark Alycia , Lewis Katie , Taugher Damon , Patel Rajal , Ali Liz , Wu Cecilia , Butler Racheal , Bateman M. Thomas , McCarthy Caitlin , Vargas Joanne , Poulsom Carrie
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The BD Helping Build Healthy Communities (HBHC) program is a philanthropically funded initiative designed to provide support for comprehensive medication management (CMM) services at Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) to support care for low‐income populations.

Objectives

The primary outcome of interest was the change in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) between baseline and 6 months with changes in systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) between baseline and 6 months being evaluated as secondary outcomes.

Methods

Awardees of the HBHC program who provided clinical pharmacist led CMM services in 2017, 2018, or 2019 to address the needs of people living with diabetes, were asked to complete a standardized monitoring template to evaluate their progress in serving patients receiving care at their clinic. The data from these reports was then analyzed using the paired t test to identify statistically significant changes in HbA1c, SBP, and DBP.

Results

A total of eight FQHCs, providing care to a total of 2502 patients, received funding within the HBHC program for their CMM activities related to diabetes. Within the primary outcome analysis of the change in HbA1c at 6 months, a statistically significant reduction in average clinic HbA1c between baseline and 6 months (9.4 vs 8.2, mean difference 1.2, 95% CI [0.45‐1.97, P <.01]) was observed. Similarly, a statistically significant reduction was observed between baseline and 6 months for SBP (140.8 vs 130.2 mm Hg, mean difference 10.5, 95% CI [2.2‐18.9 mm Hg, P <.05] and DBP (83.1 vs 78.9 mm Hg, mean difference 4.15, 95% CI [0.48‐7.82 mm Hg, P <.05]).

Conclusion

The CMM activities within the HBHC program were able to demonstrate statistically significant reductions in HbA1c and blood pressure. Despite the inherent limitations associated with a retrospective analysis with diminishing patient follow‐up over 24 months, this analysis shows that investment in clinical pharmacist led CMM could potentially have positive impacts on clinical outcomes for patients receiving care at FQHCs. Additional rigorous studies are needed to confirm the findings seen in this analysis.
Clarification of cyanotoxins in El Guajaro Reservoir, Colombia using a microalgae‐based consortium MPMC
Authors: Gutiérrez Jaime E , Gutiérrez‐Hoyos Nohora , Gutiérrez Benedetti Juan S , Vives Martha J , Sivasubramanian V
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Cyanobacteria blooms occur in freshwater and saline ecosystems under certain environmental conditions, such as eutrophication, that are often accompanied by the production of cyanotoxins; Those biological toxins are a risk to the health of animals and humans. The eutrophication of water bodies is becoming more frequent due to organic pollution pressure from swage discharge, so outcrops are frequent and difficult to manage by the communities affected by these phenomena. Most of the control mechanisms for these events are carried out through nutrient input constraints, sonication, and (more recently) biological control.

RESULTS

In this work, a cyanobacterial bloom in a reservoir in a tropical zone of northern Colombia was characterized. The microbiological dominance ofMicrocystissp. and the presence of microcystin in the water were documented. A bioaugmentation process was then tested with a microbial consortium containing a predominance of microalgae (MCPM); after this, the dominance of cyanobacteria was broken and the richness and density of the phytoplankton were recovered. The decrease in cyanobacterial density was documented 15 days after the MCPM bioaugmentation began. A significant removal (34% to 53%) ofMicrocystissp, was observed between days 1 and 16; from day 16 to day 58, removal ofMicrocysissp reached 92% to 100%. The bioaugmentation took a total of 58 days.

CONCLUSION

This work raises the possibility of using the competitive inhibition capacity of nonharmful microalgae on cyanobacteria as an ecological tool to counteract blooms and mitigate the risk of cyanotoxins for animals and humans. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Combined ultrasound and fluoroscopy guided tunneled external lumbar drain placement in children
Authors: Bertino Frederic , Shin David S. , Weaver John J. , Jeyakumar Arthie , Chick Jeffrey Forris Beecham , Woods Michael A. , Monroe Eric J.
Published: December 2021

External lumbar drain placement has been shown to be an efficacious and safe approach to managing various forms of intracranial hypertension in adult patients and children. The use of ultrasound guidance for lumbar punctures in young patients has been described however, but the modality is not routinely used for the placement of tunneled lumbar drains. In this report, two cases are presented that detail experience using ultrasound guidance for tunneled lumbar drains in children.
Leg‐type form of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease associated with severe lower extremity chronic venous/lymphatic disease
Authors: Ballul Thomas , Belfeki Nabil , de Masson Adèle , Meignin Véronique , Woerther Paul‐Louis , Martin Antoine , Poullot Elsa , Wargnier Alain , Fadlallah Jehane , Garzaro Margaux , Malphettes Marion , Fieschi Claire , Maisonobe Lucas , Bensekhri Hayat , Guillot Hélène , Bertinchamp Rémi , Jachiet Marie , Poirot Justine , Galicier Lionel , Oksenhendler Eric , Boutboul David
Published: December 2021

Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease (iMCD) is a lymphoproliferative disease of unknown etiology. Deciphering mechanisms involved in CD pathogenesis may help improving patients’ care. Six cases of stereotyped sub‐diaphragmatic iMCD affecting lower limb‐draining areas and associated with severe and often ulcerative lower extremity chronic dermatological condition were identified in our cohort. Pathological examination revealed mixed or plasma‐cell type MCD. In three patients, shotgun metagenomics failed to identify any pathogen in involved lymph nodes. Antibiotics had a suspensive effect while rituximab and tocilizumab failed to improve the condition. This novel entity requires a specific approach and exclusion of potentially harmful immunomodulation.
Advances in the synthesis of α,α‐difluoro‐γ‐lactams
Authors: Zhang Cai , Liu Yunyun
Published: December 2021

The γ‐lactam rings have been found to be the core structures of a large number of natural compounds and drugs with a wide range of biological activities. This mini‐review focuses on the synthesis of α,α‐difluoro‐γ‐lactams using α‐bromodifluoroacetamides, α‐bromodifluoroacetates, 2‐alkyl‐2,2‐difluoroacetamides, etc. as fluorine sources.
Development of a highly efficient in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction system coupled with UHPLC‐MS/MS for analyzing trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological samples
Authors: Zhang Qianchun , Zhang Xiaolan , Yang Bingnian , Liu Shan , Wen Ming , Bao Linchun , Jiang Li
Published: December 2021

Hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are considered active mutagenic and carcinogenic substances and are found in extremely low levels (ng/g) in biological samples. As a result, their determination in urine and blood samples is challenging, and a sensitive and effective method for the analysis of trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in complex biological matrices is required. In this work, a novel macroporous in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction monolith was prepared via a thiol‐yne click reaction, and a highly efficient analytical method based on in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction coupled with UHPLC‐MS/MS was developed to determine hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with low detection limits of 0.137–11.0 ng/L in complex biological samples. Four hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, namely, 2‐hydroxyanthraquinone, 1‐hydroxypyrene, 1,8‐dihydroxyanthraquinone, and 6‐hydroxychrysene, were determined in the urine samples of smokers, non‐smokers, and whole blood samples of mice. Satisfactory recoveries were achieved in the range of 83.1–113% with relative standard deviations of 3.2–9.7%. It was found that implementation of the macroporous monolith gave a highly efficient approach for enriching trace hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in biological samples.
The multifaceted roles of mass spectrometric analysis in nucleic acids drug discovery and development
Authors: Kenderdine Thomas , Fabris Dan
Published: December 2021

The deceptively simple concepts of mass determination and fragment analysis are the basis for the application of mass spectrometry (MS) to a boundless range of analytes, including fundamental components and polymeric forms of nucleic acids (NAs). This platform affords the intrinsic ability to observe first‐hand the effects of NA‐active drugs on the chemical structure, composition, and conformation of their targets, which might affect their ability to interact with cognate NAs, proteins, and other biomolecules present in a natural environment. The possibility of interfacing with high‐performance separation techniques represents a multiplying factor that extends these capabilities to cover complex sample mixtures obtained from organisms that were exposed to NA‐active drugs. This report provides a brief overview of these capabilities in the context of the analysis of the products of NA‐drug activity and NA therapeutics. The selected examples offer proof‐of‐principle of the applicability of this platform to all phases of the journey undertaken by any successful NA drug from laboratory to bedside, and provide the rationale for its rapid expansion outside traditional laboratory settings in support to ever growing manufacturing operations.
Synthesis, Characterization and Hyperthermic Evaluation of PEGylated Superparamagnetic MnFe2O4 Ferrite Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapeutics Applications
Authors: Kharat Prashant B. , Somvanshi Sandeep B. , Somwanshi Saurabh B. , Mopari Anuja M.
Published: December 2021

Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐coated superparamagnetic MnFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles are of great interest for application in magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) due to their heat generation capability in an external alternating magnetic field, besides biocompatibility, and surface properties. MFH has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for cancer treatment and is based on controlled heating tumor tissue through the accumulation of MnFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles within cancer cells. In the present work, MnFe2O4 superparamagnetic ferrite nanoparticles via the chemical combustion method are synthesized. The preparation of PEGylated MnFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles, which involves the attachment of such molecules at the surface, without the need for coupling agents or prior modification on the species involved. The conjugation of folate onto MnFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles is confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. The MnFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles are colloidal stable. The obtained targeted PEGylated MnFe2O4 ferrite nanoparticles show superparamagnetic behavior with a saturation magnetization of 78.68 emu·g−1 at 300 K. Their specific absorption rate (SAR) ranged from 43.2 to 19.5 W g−1 in an alternating magnetic field of 5—20 kA m−1. The heat generated is sufficient to raise the sample temperature to the therapeutic range used in MFH establishing this system as promising candidates for use in MFH treatment.
The FoxQ1 transcription factor is a novel regulator of electron transport chain complex I subunits in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Kim Su‐Hyeong , Singh Shivendra V.
Published: December 2021

The FoxQ1 is an oncogenic transcription factor that is overexpressed in basal‐like and luminal‐type human breast cancers when compared to the normal mammary tissue. The FoxQ1 is implicated in mammary tumor progression. However, the mechanism by which FoxQ1 promotes mammary tumorigenesis is not fully understood. In this study, we present experimental evidence for a novel function of FoxQ1 in the regulation of complex I activity of the electron transport chain. The RNA‐seq data from FoxQ1 overexpressing basal‐like SUM159 cells revealed a statistically significant increase in the expression of complex I subunits NDUFS1 and NDUFS2 when compared to the empty vector (EV) transfected control cells. Consistent with these results, the basal and ATP‐linked oxygen consumption rates were significantly increased by FoxQ1 overexpression in SUM159 and luminal‐type MCF‐7 cells. The FoxQ1 overexpression in both cell lines resulted in increased intracellular levels of pyruvate, lactate, and ATP that was associated with overexpression of pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase proteins. Activity and assembly of complex I were significantly enhanced by FoxQ1 overexpression in SUM159 and MCF‐7 cells that correlated with increased mRNA and/or protein levels of complex I subunits NDUFS1, NDUFS2, NDUFV1, and NDUFV2. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed the recruitment of FoxQ1 at the promoters of both NDUFS1 and NDUFV1. The cell proliferation of SUM159 and MCF‐7 cells was increased significantly by overexpression of NDUFS1 as well as NDUFV1 proteins. In conclusion, we propose that increased complex I‐linked oxidative phosphorylation is partly responsible for oncogenic role of FoxQ1 at least in human breast cancer cells.
Exploring the inclusion of beneficiary voices in international development fundraising campaign creation
Authors: Ninaber Victoria , Mittelman Robert
Published: December 2021

Charitable fundraising appeals for international development created for potential donors in the Global North are often, if not always, designed without the inclusion of voices and insights from the intended beneficiaries in the Global South. The implications of these appeals, void of beneficiary input, may serve to proliferate poverty porn and racial stereotypes, promote paternalistic and colonial thinking, and strengthen white savior syndrome. This exploratory paper, through a set of interviews and a focus group with fundraising professionals at international development organizations, examines the need for a beneficiary‐centered Code of Ethics. A framework, based on the four major findings, is proposed that begins with beneficiary input and considerations offer charities an inclusive method for the design of future fundraising appeals and a way to fulfill their responsibility in how the beneficiary is depicted and the societal understanding of their situation.
Preparation and properties of bifunctional associative polymer with twin tail and long chain structure for shale gas fracturing
Authors: Zhou Cheng yu , Lei Ming yao , Zhou Min , Zeng Ling hao , Sun Yuan , Huang Qiang , Xiao Ying , Zhang Peng
Published: December 2021

Compared with conventional fracturing, shale reservoir fracturing has the characteristics of 1000 tons of sand and 10,000 cubic meters of liquid. The concentrated reflection of the fracturing fluid is low friction and strong carrier which are required. A novel bifunctional associative polymer was synthesized by free radical micellar polymerization with twin tails and long chain hydrophobic monomers. The structures and characteristics of the polymer were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, DSC, SEM and AFM. Sand‐carrying of the fracturing fluid experiments shows when the quartz sand has a particle size of 0.3 and 0.6 mm, the sedimentation velocities are about 0.12 and 0.40 cm min−1, respectively. The drag reduction experimental results show that when the flow rate rises to 55 L·min−1, drag reduction rate can reach 68.1%. The polymer polyacrylamide has good shear performance, but the permeability damage rate is up to 16.10%.
A novel and unique ATP hydrolysis to AMP by a human Hsp70 Binding immunoglobin protein (BiP)
Authors: Li Hongtao , Musayev Faik N. , Yang Jiao , Su Jiayue , Liu Qingdai , Wang Wei , Fang Xianjun , Zhou Lei , Liu Qinglian
Published: December 2021

Hsp70s are ubiquitous and highly conserved molecular chaperones. They play crucial roles in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. It is well established that Hsp70s use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to ADP to power the chaperone activity regardless of the cellular locations and isoforms. Binding immunoglobin protein (BiP), the major member of Hsp70s in the endoplasmic reticulum, is essential for protein folding and quality control. Unexpectedly, our structural analysis of BiP demonstrated a novel ATP hydrolysis to AMP during crystallization under the acidic conditions. Our biochemical studies confirmed this newly discovered ATP to AMP hydrolysis in solutions. Unlike the canonical ATP to ADP hydrolysis observed for Hsp70s, this ATP hydrolysis to AMP depends on the substrate‐binding domain of BiP and is inhibited by the binding of a peptide substrate. Intriguingly, this ATP to AMP hydrolysis is unique to BiP, not shared by two representative Hsp70 proteins from the cytosol. Taken together, this novel and unique ATP to AMP hydrolysis may provide a potentially new direction for understanding the activity and cellular function of BiP.
The efficacy of Jujube syrup on the prevention of drug‐induced hepatotoxicity in pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A pilot randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Maddahi Seyedeh Zahra , Jokar Assie , Kamalinejad Mohammad , Behnampur Nasser
Published: December 2021

Liver injury is the most common complication of anti‐tuberculosis drugs that can cause significant problems. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Jujube syrup on the prevention of antituberculosis drug‐induced hepatotoxicity (DIH). This pilot randomized double‐blind study was conducted based on a placebo‐controlled design in patients with tuberculosis (TB). The patients were divided into two groups based on the block random allocation method and received 10 cc of jujube or placebo syrup per day. The liver enzyme levels were assessed as primary outcomes, and the severity of cough, anorexia, and nausea along with the quality of life (QOL) was assessed as secondary outcomes. Finally, eight and nine patients in the jujube and placebo groups completed the study, respectively. In the second week of the study, 27.3% of the patients in the placebo group developed hepatotoxicity. Moreover, there was no liver toxicity in the jujube group. This difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = .037). Furthermore, the severity of cough in patients in the jujube group decreased significantly during weeks 2 and 4. The QOL significantly improved in the jujube group, compared to the placebo group. This study suggested that Jujube syrup could prevent anti‐TB DIH. It can also improve the severity of cough and the QOL in pulmonary TB patients.
Modeling and Performance Analysis of Highly Efficient Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Solar Cell with Cu2O Hole Transport Layer Using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension
Authors: Sultana Most. Rifat , Islam Benjer , Ahmed Sheikh Rashel Al
Published: December 2021

Herein, the widely available and cheapest cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as hole transport layer (HTL) is proposed to improve the performance of thin‐film copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) solar cell. Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension (SCAPS‐1D) is utilized to design and study output characteristics of the modeled photovoltaic (PV) cell. A comparison between the proposed cell with Cu2O HTL and the reference CIGS solar cell is presented. The PV performances of CIGS solar cells are analyzed by changing thickness, carrier density and defects of different layers, operating temperatures, and recombination velocity at back contact. Optimal thicknesses of Cu2O HTL, CIGS absorber, cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer, and the fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) window layer are obtained to be 0.3, 0.8, 0.05, and 0.05 μm, respectively. Efficiency of 30.30% is achieved for the proposed CIGS PV device with Cu2O HTL. The simulated results imply that the proposed Cu2O as HTL can be used to show proficient and cost‐effective thin‐film CIGS PV cells.