bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Titanosilicate Zeolite from Bulk Titania via Mechanochemical Route
Authors: Yamamoto Katsutoshi , Garcia Salomon E Borjas , Saito Fumio , Muramatsu Atsushi
Published: April 2006

An easy and highly reproducible synthesis method for titanosilicate zeolites has been developed, which can use bulk titania and silica as source materials. In this method, a uniform silica–titania composite is prepared from titania and silica powders by the solid-phase mechanochemical reaction and converted into a titanosilicate zeolite by the succeeding hydrothermal treatment.
Attenuation of Radiation Damage and Neutron Field in Reactor Pressure Vessel Wall
Authors: Brumovsky M , Marek M , Zerola L , Viererbl L , Golovanov VN , Lichadeyev VV , Raetsky BM , Petelin AL
Published: April 2006

In the paper the large-scale irradiation experiment is described. It is aimed at the experimental assessment of the effect of reactor pressure vessel wall on neutron flux, neutron energy spectrum as well as irradiation embrittlement through the vessel wall. The experiment was realized within the IAEA Technical cooperation project. The irradiation was performed in the RIAR, Dimitrovgrad, Russian Federation, under the coordination by the Nuclear Research Institute Rez plc, Rez, Czech Republic. Mechanical testing and neutron dosimetry will be performed in both organizations with the larger part in the coordinating institute.
Effect of Coatings-Orientants on Antifriction Properties of Lubricants in Tribounits under Boundary Lubrication
Authors: Levchenko VA , Buyanovsky IA , Ignatieva ZV , Matveenko VN
Published: April 2006

The effect of some carbon coatings deposited on steel surfaces on lubricating properties of oils is investigated. The friction tests were carried out by using two test configurations: “ball-on-disk” and “ring-to-ring.” Friction surfaces were coated by carbon of two types: monocrystalline and amorphous ones. As lubricants some model and commercial oils were used. It is found that the friction coefficient and its temperature dependence differ significantly for carbon films under study. The obtained results were attributed to a different orientating effect of these coatings on structural ordering in boundary layers, which structure is considered as a mesophase of liquid crystals. The findings suggest that the carbon coatings with orientating effect on boundary layers are advantageous for improving antifriction characteristics and for governing processes of boundary lubrication.
Railroads and the Changing Face of Britain, 1825–1901
Authors: Waugh Eric L.
Published: April 2006

This article goes beyond the usual easy generalization that the coming of the railroad brought profound economic and social changes. Here a broad panorama is revealed, but with specific features in sharp focus, These features include the conflicting impact of the railroads on local craftsmen and tradesmen; the initial stimulus to extreme concentration and then to dispersion of population; the influence upon industrial decentralization; the changing railroad attitude toward passenger traffic; the rise of dormitory suburbs and their conversion into integrated communities; the social implications of the new mode of conveyance; the significance in labor reform of the railroads as large employers. Students of American transportation will find much of interest in this British pattern and in the method by which it is set forth.
Teschemacher and deBillier Cattle Company: A Study of Eastern Capital on the Frontier
Authors: Gressley Gene M.
Published: April 2006

Adventure as well as hope for great gain touched off the western cattle boom of the 1880's. The magic lure of the West proved irresistible even to conservative Eastern financiers. Losses were large, but the disillusioned and precipitous withdrawal of capital made them even larger.
John Greig: Land Agent and Speculator
Authors: McNall Neil A.
Published: April 2006

The process whereby enormous tracts of agricultural hinterland passed from original tract owners to individual settlers was facilitated by skilled mediators. These owner-agents incurred great risks, operated boldly on none-too-firm credit, and, sometimes, profited handsomely. Their task was to open new frontiers and sell America to Americans.
Over the Counter
Authors: Wilson Charles
Published: April 2006

In this issue the Business History Review inaugurates a new editorial feature. Like the financial mart from which it derives its name, OVER THE COUNTER is designed for the types of exchanges not handled elsewhere. The new feature has its origin in a demand among readers of business history for a place to compare ideas, voice comments on published articles and reviews, and publish research essays. Contributions are invited. The Editor and Advisory Board reserve the right to decide whether, on the basis of general interest, pertinence, and merit, such contributions will be published. OVER THE COUNTER will appear as often as the volume of contributions may dictate.
The Business of Whaling in America in the 1850's
Authors: Moment David
Published: April 2006

The glamor of the American whale fishery has tended to obscure its economic outlines and significance. For certain areas one of the first successful efforts at natural resources exploitation, the fisheries developed centers of highly specialized technical and administrative skills. Capital amassed in whaling was a far from inconsequential economic force when it was shifted into other channels of investment. The shifting process itself highlights the circumstances surrounding a dying industry and provides an example of variant national investment patterns.
Brandeis and the New Haven-Boston & Maine Merger Battle Revisited
Authors: Abrams Richard M.
Published: April 2006

Despite Louis Brandeis' well-publicized opposition to the New Haven-Boston & Maine railroad merger of 1907–1909, a large number of public-spirited men, including many progressive reform leaders whom Brandeis had worked with and admired, favored the combination. They saw the merger not as a conspiracy against the public interest, but a necessary response in the public interest to a commercial crisis in Massachusetts. This examination of their reasoning and action tempers Brandeis' widely accepted assessment of the controversy.
Half the Story of “The Rise of the English Shipping Industry”
Authors: Robinson Dwight E.
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editor offers a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
Don Juan de Goyeneche: Industrialist of Eighteenth-Century Spain
Authors: Callahan William J.
Published: April 2006

Part of the eighteenth-century Spanish crown's attempt to restore national power through the promotion of trade and manufacturing was a campaign to eradicate the aversions of the nobility toward commerce and industry. Don Juan de Goyeneche was most often held up as the model of what the state expected of its noblemen. But Professor Callahan concludes that Goyeneche's significance lies more in symbol that in accomplishment.
On the Origin of Created Deposits in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Authors: Redlich Fritz
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editor offers a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will he notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
The Origins of American Land-Grant Railroad Rates
Authors: Sutton Robert M.
Published: April 2006

The pragmatic origins of government policy toward business are well illustrated in this study of the reduced-rate provisions granted to certain American railroads during the 19th century.
Three Mercantilistic Proto-Factories
Authors: Freudenberger Herman
Published: April 2006

The role of “proto-factories” in the industrial development of eighteenth-century Europe is explored through comparison of three Bohemian examples.
The Railroads and the Public, 1870–1881: A Study of Charles Elliott Perkins' Business Ethics
Authors: Gagan David P.
Published: April 2006

The railroad leader's conception of his role in business and society is the focus of this study of one of the nineteenth century's most articulate businessmen.
The Old Cuba Trade: Highlights and Case Studies of Cuban-American Interdependence during the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Ely Roland T.
Published: April 2006

The profitability and the mechanisms of the old Cuban sugar trade are illustrated through Professor Ely's study of the leading businessmen involved.
The Indigo Merchant: Promoter of Central American Economic Development, 1750–1808
Authors: Floyd Troy S.
Published: April 2006

Just as the colonial trade created commercial elites in Spain, so, too, did businessmen rise to economic and social importance in the New World. In Central America, for example, the marketers of indigo played an especially significant role.
Samuel Storke: An Eighteenth-Century London Merchant Trading to the American Colonies
Authors: Roberts William I.
Published: April 2006

In contrast to older views of the passive role of London houses in the American trade, the active influence of a leading English merchant on the business decision-making of his colonial counterparts emerges from this case study.
Joint-Stock Business Organization in France, 1807–1867
Authors: Freedeman Charles E.
Published: April 2006

The organizational alternatives available to businessmen are often important in the channeling of economic growth, as shown in this historical study of the French experience.
The Origins of Multinational Manufacturing by Continental European Firms
Authors: Franko Lawrence G.
Published: April 2006

European multinationals followed a different path of development from that pursued by United States firms, but European multinational manufacturing began even earlier than did American, and its story is no less significant. Dr. Franko offers a range of relevant data and analysis about the evolution of direct foreign investment by Western European manufacturers.
A Black Entrepreneur in Antebellum Louisiana
Authors: Whitten David O.
Published: April 2006

Professor Whitten estimates capitalization, production and returns, and profits for a Louisiana sugar plantation owned and operated by Andrew Durnford, a black planter.
Changing Social Origins of the Canadian Industrial Elite, 1880–1910
Authors: Acheson T. W.
Published: April 2006

Professor Acheson presents the collective social portraits of two groups of leading Canadian industrialists, one from the years 1880–1885 and the other from 1905–1910. He considers such factors as ethnic and religious traditions, birthplaces, education, family backgrounds, career patterns, political and social activities, economic mobility, and regional differentials in analyzing the changing composition of the two elites.
Collectivism and Charles Steinmetz
Authors: Gilbert James B.
Published: April 2006

Professor Gilbert examines the impact of the corporate form of organization upon the utopian thinking of American intellectuals of the progressive era, using the ideas of Charles Steinmetz as an example of the way in which collectivist assumptions were brought to bear on descriptions of society.
Note: Size and Profitability of English Colliers in the Eighteenth Century—A Reappraisal
Authors: Ville Simon
Published: April 2006

In this note, Dr. Ville expands upon an analysis of the English coal trade in the eighteenth century made by William J. Hausman in the Winter 1977 issue of the Business History Review. Drawing upon the recently discovered papers of Michael Henley and Son, London shipowners between 1775 and 1830, Ville contends that Hausman underestimated both the underlying level of the trade's profitability and its highly volatile nature. Central to Ville's argument is his claim that the high degree of vertical integration in the coal trade pushed up profit levels. These high profits, Ville suggests, played an important role in British industrialization.
The Fabric of Control: Slavery in Antebellum Southern Textile Mills
Authors: Miller Randall M.
Published: April 2006

The factory system in one of its earliest forms—the textile mill—made limited strides in the American South during the closing decades of the slave era. While bondsmen were put to work in mills almost from the beginning, the problem of adapting an agricultural work force to the factory system was one that had to be solved simultaneously with the development of the factory system itself. Since then, historians have wondered whether the use of slaves in early industry was an intensification of the human aspects of bondage or whether it represented a marginal improvement in their physical and spiritual welfare. Professor Miller offers no answer to these questions, nor to those of how widespread or how successful was the use of slaves as factory operatives. He demonstrates, however, that apart from the fact that bondsmen took to factory work more readily than poor whites, the problems to be solved by managers, before a successful degree of efficiency could be achieved, were common to all new industrial systems; clearly, the development of an intelligent disciplinary system, enlightened motivation, and good working conditions were as important in using slaves as in using free labor.
At the Dawn of Commercial Aviation: Inglis M. Uppercu and Aeromarine Airways
Authors: Leary William M.
Published: April 2006

Only a few years before Juan Trippe of Pan American Airways successfully established an international commercial air carrier based upon the flying boat, Inglis M. Uppercu, with apparently ample financial and managerial resources, failed to do so. In telling why, Professor Leary demonstrates the overwhelming importance of timing and a knowledge of the exact nature of market opportunities in the entrepreneurial process.
Toward a National Collecting Policy for Business History: The View from Baker Library
Authors: Lathrop Florence Bartoshesky
Published: April 2006

In this article, the curator of manuscripts and archives at the Harvard Business School's Baker Library discusses the opportunities and difficulties confronting present-day archivists as they seek to establish rational collecting policies for their repositories. Ms. Lathrop first describes the past focus of Baker Library's collection decisions and the strengths to which those emphases have led. She then discusses some areas of less comprehensive coverage, as well as the general problems archivists face in dealing with twentieth-century materials. She points out that collecting gaps tend to be replicated among other repositories, a situation leading her to believe that a national collecting policy, developed by both historians and archivists, is necessary to ensure the widest possible documentation of the varieties of American business history.
Bad Work Practices and Good Management Practices: The Consequences of the Extension of Managerial Control in British and Japanese Manufacturing since 1950
Authors: Williams John , Haslam Colin , Williams Karel
Published: April 2006

Although the existing academic literature on management practices contrasts national styles, it does not pose or answer key questions about the effectiveness of different approaches. Industrial relations specialists and engineers both offer highly specialized work that provides little detailed analysis of the productivity and profit results of changes in production techniques or of the interaction between the two. The applied economics literature on profit and productivity is equally unhelpful, because it relates differences of output to general differences in factor input, rather than to the detailed organization of production. This article provides some tentative answers to new questions about the efficacy of different approaches to production management, and it contributes to the ongoing debate about whether the significance of the “labor problem” has been over-rated in Britain.
The Business Ethic for Boys: The Saturday Evening Post and the Post Boys
Authors: Cohn Jan
Published: April 2006

George Horace Lorimer, editor of The Saturday Evening Post from 1899 to 1937, dedicated his magazine to business, businessmen, and business values. As part of an early campaign to increase the Post's circulation, the Curtis Company extended their interest to the businessmen of the future. The Circulation Bureau devised a plan of recruiting middle-class boys, training them in selling techniques, and educating them in business values. Victor Pelz, a boy agent recruited in Seattle, soared to selling stardom between 1902 and 1905. During those years the Post wrote him hundreds of letters, exhorting, praising, sometimes chastising. In Victor's career and in this surviving correspondence are inscribed the business ethic of the early twentieth century with all its promise and all its contradictions.
The National Recovery Administration and the Rubber Tire Industry, 1933–1935
Authors: Pennock Pamela
Published: April 2006

In the 1920s and 1930s, the rubber tire industry faced debilitating challenges, mostly brought about by changes in the industry's retail structure and exacerbated by the Great Depression. Segments of the industry attempted to use the New Deal's NRA codes to solve these new problems and stabilize the tire market, but the tire manufacturing and tire retailing codes were patent failures. Instead of leading to cartelization and higher prices, which is what most scholars assume the NRA codes did, the tire industry codes actually led to even more fragmentation and price-cutting.
From the Archives: Women's History in Baker Library's Business Manuscripts Collection
Authors: Cochrane Laura
Published: April 2006

“[O]ur ladies know nothing of the sober certainties which relate to money and they cannot be taught,” wrote Frederic Tudor in 1820, in a sweeping indictment of women's financial abilities that was common for the period. Despite such stereotypes, many women in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries participated in commerce, both as merchants and as manufacturers. Because they mainly oversaw small and shortlived concerns, however, their enterprises did not fit into traditional understandings of successful business, either in their own time or later, when the field of business history developed in the twentieth century. As a consequence, when Harvard Business School's Baker Library began amassing business manuscripts, curators generally concentrated on collecting the records of large firms and well-known industrialists. Their big-business bias not only affected what was collected, but also how manuscripts were processed. Search aids and cataloging records did not distinguish materials made by or about women because gender was not a compelling issue for early twentieth-century historians.
Chain Building: The Consolidation of the American Newspaper Industry, 1953–1980
Authors: Neiva Elizabeth MacIver
Published: April 2006

This article uses the example of the postwar consolidation of the American newspaper industry to demonstrate that the process of industrial evolution is not simply the consequence of arbitrary market forces nor strictly the result of enterprising individuals' innovative schemes. Rather it is interaction of the two. Moreover, by examining the technological, laborrelated, and regulatory forces behind the industry's dramatic change in ownership structure, the article also illustrates the cumulative and sequential nature of industrial change.
Testing for Aptitude and Motivation in South African Industry: The Work of the National Institute for Personnel Research, 1946–1973
Authors: Coupe Stuart
Published: April 2006

The South African state maintained vigorous repressive legislation to destroy trade union activity among African workers after World War II. The genesis of industrial psychology, personnel research and personnel management is examined in this context. In particular, the article reveals tension between the recommendations of the National Institute for Personnel Research and the imperatives of apartheid.
Calvinist Republicanism and its Historical Roots
Authors: Baron Hans
Published: April 2006

Recent research on the rôle played by Calvinism in the political and economic development of modern Europe has some resemblance to the mythical fight against the Lernaean hydra. For decades historians have tried to cut off the heads of this theory, and have indeed proved that at many points in modern history Calvinist religion was practised without any of the political and economic consequences which are said to be closely connected with the Calvinist attitude towards life. Yet historians who have studied the growth of the modern world, have ascertained again and again that Calvinist countries or circles reacted in a way different from that of Catholics and Lutherans. Whenever one head of the theory had been cut, two other heads grew at once. What is the reason for this strange failure?
The Origin of the German Evangelical Synod of North America
Authors: Schneider Carl E.
Published: April 2006

The German Evangelical Synod of North America, now merged with the Reformed Church in the United States under the name of Evangelical-Reformed Church, was founded in the year 1840 as Der Deutsche Evangelische Kirchenverein des Westens. It might appear to the casual observer that the establishment of the Kirchenverein, like the founding of all immigrant churches, represented purely the transplantation of a foreign culture to the new world where, protected from old-world influences and indifferent to the forces of a strange environment, it would develop its independent forms. The development of this German religious community on the Missouri frontier, however, can not be understood apart from the conditions prevailing in both Europe and America at the time. From the time of its inception it was put to the task of emancipating itself from the ties which bound it to the fatherland and establishing such contacts with the new environment as would constitute it an American body.
The Political Pretensions of Pope Nicholas I
Authors: Norwood Frederick A.
Published: April 2006

When Nicholas, the first of that name, was consecrated pope on the twenty-fourth of April, 858, no one—least of all the Emperor Louis II, by whose favor the former deacon succeeded in obtaining the election—could have foreseen the series of political and ecclesiastical upheavals, more like the thunderbolts of Jupiter than the benedictions of St. Peter, by which the new occupant of the Holy See won fame for himself, prestige for the papacy, and the dignity of being called “the Great.” Few popes hold a more dominating place in the history of the Catholic Church than Nicholas I. In the course of his nine-year pontificate he so fully succeeded in establishing his pre-eminence in the late Carolingian world over both prince and prelate that he found it possible to attain his ends by the mere rumbling of thunder, without using the ecclesiastical lightning-bolt in any but the most extreme cases. The mere threat of excommunication often proved sufficient to move mighty kings and not-so-mighty emperors into the path of righteousness.
Assessing the New England Mind
Authors: Stearns Raymond P.
Published: April 2006

A number of factors have combined to obscure the Puritan mind from contemporary view. Until about a century ago, Puritan history both in England and America was written mostly from anti-Puritan, post-Restoration sources. Thomas Carlyle's Letters and Speeches of Oliver Cromwell marked a turning point in this practice, and the works of Samuel Rawson Gardiner and of Sir Charles Firth gave seventeenth century English Puritanism a narrowly interpreted, but fairer, hearing. The New England Puritan, however, received little real benefit. The political historian and the economic determinist despised theology and, accordingly, lacked the chief instrument whereby to probe the Puritan mind. Moreover, the American historian, steeped in nineteenth century liberalist notions and mightily affected by the English Whig tradition in history writing, usually made the historical error of reading into the New England mind ideas which are the results of nineteenth and twentieth century experience. Accordingly, they read backward into colonial history merely to emphasize the Puritans as forerunners of religious toleration, democracy, and capitalism (all of which, in the contemporary sense, the Puritan would have abhorred from1 the bottom of his soul!). These writers refused to believe any people could be as religious as the Puritans pretended and they concluded either that Puritans were all hypocrites or that a hypocritical Puritan clergy tyrannized a defenseless people until the latter, in righteous desperation, overthrew the bigoted priests and let in the pure air of eighteenth century rationalism.
Augustine's Use of Scripture
Authors: Deems Mervin Monroe
Published: April 2006

Augustine lived at a critical moment in western European history. On the last day of the year 406, many Vandals, Alani, Suevi crossed the Rhine and, having defeated the Franks, settled for a time in Gaul and finally reached the Pyrenees. Four years later Rome itself fell to Alaric and his Visigoths. In addition to these outward catastrophes, the church's inner life suffered from the assaults of heretic and schismatic. Arianism persisted in Gaul, Montanism and Manichaeism were rife in North Africa. Puritanic Donatism laid claim to being genuine Christianity, a claim which the doughty Bishop of Hippo could not countenance.
Two Reformation Leaders of the Unitas Fratrum
Authors: Odložilík Otakar
Published: April 2006

There are two representatives of the Czech Reformation who are well known: John Hus its inaugurator, and John Amos Comenius, the spiritual leader of its last generation. A long period of two hundred years lay between the martyr death of John Hus in Constance in 1415 and the appearance of Comenius on the stage of history. Those two centuries have been, of course, studied by Czech historians and much concerning them has been written also in German, French, and English. Church history has attracted foreign scholars more than the political or economic development of the lands of the Bohemian crown. And yet, much is to be done even on this subject, many problems are to be elucidated and explained. Hus and Comenius overshadowed by their fame and renown many of their forerunners or followers.
Walton's Redaction of Hooker
Authors: Pamp Frederic E.
Published: April 2006

Richard Hooker'sOf The Laws of Ecclesiasticall Polityis in many ways the great explicit crystallization of the whole philosophic scheme by which Elizabethan England lived. Historically it represents the doctrinal “Thus far and no farther” which the English monarchy flung at the forces of the Reformation. Published at a moment of crisis in 1593, the first four Books provided a base upon which the hard-pressed Anglicans could rally against the renewed attacks of Presbyterianism. With the Fifth Book (published in 1597) they remained the great touchstone of Anglican doctrine throughout the seventeenth century. It is no small weapon in controversy to have your doctrines demonstrated so unanswerably as Hooker did the Anglican to be the logical manifestation of the one great integrated scheme of the universe which all parties already accept as valid.
The New England Contribution to Colonial American Presbyterianism
Authors: Trinterud L. J.
Published: April 2006

The contributions made to American Presbyterianism during the colonial period by those of its members who were of New England stock have never been adequately recognized. For various reasons this contribution was so greatly minimized during the nineteenth century that even today an essentially false picture of the origins of American Presbyterianism has become currently accepted. Typical of the nineteenth-century propaganda which was later to be accepted as fact, was the attitude of Samuel Miller, the first professor of Church History at Princeton Seminary. In 1833, Miller wrote a series of open letters to Presbyterians as part of the Old School party's polemic against the New England element in the Church.
Some Essays on Toleration in Late Eighteenth Century England
Authors: Mullett Charles F.
Published: April 2006

The theory of toleration, often the child of indifference or of sectarian interest, is most difficult to analyse, whatever the issues. It may derive from indifference to the “rights” of conscience, while hiding behind an interested manner. The advocate frequently tolerates religious differences and hysterically cries “Crusade” against an economic heresy; or he shows charity toward one sect and simultaneously invokes the wrath of God and the power of Parliament against another which he considers in error. Often the plea proceeds from a minority whose very existence depends on toleration, but which on becoming a majority, demands conformity from others. Moreover, some men who have evoked a positive philosophy of toleration express only an intellectual interest. Yet whatever the basis— sectarian interest, intellectual sympathy, indifference, or a passionate love of freedom—toleration has always aroused sympathy and devotion.
“The Naked Truth”: A Plea for Church Unity
Authors: Kirby Ethyn Williams
Published: April 2006

In 1676 an anonymous tract made its appearance on the London bookstalls. The title, The Naked Truth: Or, The True State of the Primitive Church, was calculated to appeal to the theologically minded reader, which at that time meant most laymen as well as clergymen. If by posterity the tract has been remembered—when it has been remembered at all —as having inspired Andrew Marvell to create the memorable figure of Mr. Smirke, to its contemporaries it was one of the major events, both from a literary and from a politico-religious standpoint, of its year.
The Religion of Restoration England
Authors: Grose Clyde L.
Published: April 2006

The Restoration of 1660 restored not only the Stuart dynasty but the Anglican church. Both were mistakes of the first magnitude, partiqilarly the restoration of the Established church because it lasted longer. James II's unparalleled Unwisdom brought the Revolution of 1688 quickly and unanimously. No archbishop has to date so conducted himself as to bring a 1688 to Anglicanism. Recent discussion relating to the role of the church in the unusual abdication of 1936, and the no less unusual coronation of 1937, testifies to both its strength and its insecurity two hundred and fifty years after the Stuart dynasty, its curious restorer, had descended to pretenders and romance.
The Tercentenary of the Westminster Assembly
Authors: Nichols Robert Hastings
Published: April 2006

Coming to its three-hundredth anniversary, the Westminster Assembly encounters in the United States somewhat more congeniality than it has experienced in a considerable rather recent period. Were they aware of it, this might not greatly concern its members, for they did their work through good report and ill, in the strength of their own convictions. But the fact has significance. One reason for it is a change in the theological climate. After a predominance of other influences the understanding of the Christian gospel which the Reformation brought in and the Westminster divines held is again in the ascendant. This has occurred in a time like that of the Reformation and like the century of the Assembly, of violent political change, calamitous war, deep anxiety, widespread despair. In such times the Christian doctrines of the judgment and providential purpose of God, of the evil and absolute need of man, of God's revelation and sovereign redeeming grace, of a salvation beyond history, for which the men of Westminster stood and yet stand in their works, find sympathy denied to them in more prosperous and self-sufficient years.
The Diplomatic Role of Gasparo Cardinal Contarini at the Colloquy of Ratisbon of 1541
Authors: Mackensen Heinz
Published: April 2006

The greatest possibility for establishing concord between Protestantism and Rome during the Reformation occurred during the colloquy of Ratisbon of 1541. Along with Charles V one of the chief actors in the attempt to bring about such a concerd at the diet and its accompanying theological colloquy was Cardinal Contarini. He had been appointed papal legate by Paul III. Although Contarini's theological position on the question of justification was of crucial importance, the conflicting political forces represented at Ratisbon also helped to delineate the role he played there and its tragic denouement. In fact religious and political interests were so interwoven at Ratisbon that it is often hard to tell which came first. Whichever interests came first at any particular point, Contarini was, however, well equipped to deal with them, for he was both an experienced diplomat and a learned theologian.
Religion and the Writing of the Colorado Constitution
Authors: Hensel Donald W.
Published: April 2006

Religion has been a potent social force throughout American history. The reverberations of the Protestant Revolt and the Catholic Reformation have been experienced many times in many American communities since the 17th century, in varying degrees of intensity. Colorado, in the last quarter of the 19th century, was typical of this tradition. Colorado had been part of a vast Spanish domain and, therefore, many of its citizens, particularly in the southern half, were both Spanish-speaking and Catholic in faith. On the other hand, a preponderance of the adventurers and fortune-hunters who came after the gold discoveries of 1858 and 1859 and who tended to settle around and north of Denver, were Protestants. This, then, was the religious setting as convention delegates met in Denver in the winter of 1875-1876 to write a constitution for the state.
Hugo of Saint-Victor as a Moral Allegorist
Authors: Battles Ford Lewis
Published: April 2006

It we were to choose the two most important allegorists of the twelfth century in Western Europe, one of them would certainly be Bernard of Clairvaux, and the other would probably be Hugo of Saint-Victor (1096–1141); for they are the two most influential mystical exegetes of their time. While these two men have points of contact, their careers and their writings offer many contrasts. Both are mystics: both seek after the vision beatific. But the one is a true monk, who shuns secular learning, is blind to the natural beauty about him; the other, as a canon-regular teaching in a busy Paris school, lives on the threshold of the outside world; and finds an important, if ancillary, place for the secular learning of the day in his program of studies. Each had his part to play in the quickening of piety and learning which characterized the twelfth and thirteenth centuries in Western Europe.
The Growth of the Millerite Legend
Authors: Nichol Francis D.
Published: April 2006

In history books, in newspapers and in religious journals, and most impressively of all, in ponderous encyclopedias, has been carried down to us for a hundred years, a strange and wondrous story. The story concerns a religious group called Millerites who flourished in America in the early 1840's and who believed that the end of the world would take place on October 22, 1844.
American Congregationalism A Critical Bibliography, 1900–1952
Authors: Morey Verne D.
Published: April 2006

It has been customary, until quite recently, to regard the Brownist and Barrowist movements in England as the first phase in the history of Congregationalism. The two classic histories of Congregationalism, the one appearing just before and the other just after the turn of the century, both building upon the monumental work of H. M. Dexter, begin the story of Congregational continuity with these Separatist groups. Albert Peel, who devoted much of his life to searching among the literary remains of Elizabethan Separatism, threw Congregational beginnings a bit further back, namely to the Plumber's Hall congregation and Richard Fitz's Privy Church. He came to the conclusion that: “There is no valid reason for moderns to deny to Fitz's congregation, and probably to others contemporary with it, the title of ‘the first Congregational churches’. “However, the first name to be associated with twentieth century Congregational scholarship is Champlin Burrage. His amazing “finds” in English libraries have clarified many obscurities of early Congregational history and led later scholars to a re-evaluation of its beginnings. He was the first to make the distinction between Separatists and Congregationalists although he still saw in Robert Browne the founder of Congregationalism. His terminology was “Barrowist Separatists” and “Congregational Puritans” which was further refined by Perry Miller into “Separatist Congregationalists” and “non-Separatist Congregationalists”.
North American Thought on the Fundamental Principles of Missions During the Twentieth Century
Authors: Beaver R. Pierce
Published: April 2006

North American thinking and writing in missions have in general been characterized by immediate practicality. Missionaries, administrators, and professors of missions have been chiefly concerned with strategy and tactics, with methods and techniques, with program promotion and education of the church members. Scholars have devoted their attention principally to the analysis of successive current situations and trends and the interpretation of their significance for the mission. Getting something done well in order to meet a pressing need has appeared more important than a study of the theological presuppositions or implications of the action.
American Protestantism during the Revolutionary Epoch
Authors: Mead Sidney E.
Published: April 2006

It is commonly said that the two live movements in European and American Christianity during the eighteenth century were rationalism and pietism. Both were rooted in the seventeenth century. And commonly their differences, which were real, are stressed to the point of making them appear to have been completely separate and even mutually exclusive developments. This obscures the fact that in origin they were but obverse sides of a single movement which gathered enough power and momentum during the eighteenth century to sweep in religious freedom and separation of church and state over the opposition of the great bulk of traditional orthodoxy in the churches.
A Footnote on Methodism in Oxford
Authors: Firman Catharine K.
Published: April 2006

The crime of being “righteous overmuch”—of singing psalms, of expounding the scriptures, of praying extempore— was considered sufficiently grave two hundred years ago to expel six students from the University of Oxford. There were, it is true, alleged extenuating circumstances—illiteracy and low birth—but the basis of the prosecution was that six undergraduates of St. Edmund Hall were “reputed methodists.”
The ‘Propositiones Utiles’ of Pierre D'ailly: an Epitome of Conciliar Theory
Authors: Oakley Francis
Published: April 2006

The confused and tumultuous circumstances surrounding the election to the papacy of Urban VI, its corollaries, the subsequent defection of thirteen of the cardinals, their election of a rival pontiff, and the ensuing years of dismal division within the Church—these form the general background to this tract, which is a product, therefore, of the immense outburst of polemical writing occasioned by the onset, in 1378, of the Great Schism. The more immediate circumstances surrounding it are the failure by 1403 of the French withdrawal of obedience from the Avignonese pope to produce a settlement of the Schism, the breakdown of all subsequent negotiations between the rival pontiffs, and finally the convocation, by dissident cardinals from both camps, of a general council which was to meet at Pisa in March, 1409.
Anabaptism and the Reformation: Another Look
Authors: Hillerbrand Hans J.
Published: April 2006

It has by and large been characteristic of the current resurgence of Anabaptist studies to understand the Anabaptist movement as an integral part of the Reformation. Thus the two terms presently used to designate the framework of the radical dissent of the 16th century— Roland H. Bainton's now classic “Left Wing” and, more recently, George H. Williams' “Radical Reformation”—suggest a positive relationship with the mainstream Reformation. There is widespread consensus among scholars, particularly in America, that Anabaptism concurred with the Reformation on the major points of Protestant doctrine and dissented merely on secondary issues, such as baptism, the church, or political authority, around which centered indeed most of the theological polemics between the Anabaptists and the Reformers.
Puritan Radicalism and the Enlightenment
Authors: Mosse George L.
Published: April 2006

The relationship between Christianity and the Enlightenment presents a subtle and difficult problem. No historian has as yet fully answered the important question of how the world view of the eighteenth century is related to that of traditional Christianity. It is certain, however, that the deism of that century rejected traditional Christianity as superstitious and denied Christianity a monopoly upon religious truth. The many formal parallels which can be drawn between Enlightenment and Christianity cannot obscure this fact. From the point of view of historical Christianity, both Protestant and Catholic, the faith of the Enlightenment was blasphemy. It did away with a personal God, it admitted no supernatural above the natural, it denied the relevance of Christ's redemptive task in this world. This essay attempts to discover whether traditional Christian thought itself did not make a contribution to the Enlightenment.
Gabriel Biel and the Brethren of the Common Life in Germany
Authors: Landeen William M.
Published: April 2006

Toward the close of the fourteenth century the Dutch mystic and revival preacher Gerhard Groote inaugurated in the Low Countries the religious movement known as the Devotio Moderna or the New Piety. Forced into silence by his enemies among the clergy, the popular preacher was devoting himself to the problems of giving permanent form and organization to his scattered groups of followers when death prematurely ended his career in 1384. But the small circles of pious men and women who under his inspiration had begun to practice the common life in imitation (so they believed) of the Christians of New Testament times, found a capable leader in Florentius Radewyns, the trusted friend and disciple of Groote and the leader of the Deventer circle of Groote's followers. In 1386 some of this group, with Rade-wyn's approval, founded the monastery of Windesheim, near Zwolle. This act constituted a definite division of the Devotio Moderna into two branches. One, with Windesheim as center, became monastic in character and was knolwn after 1395 as the Congregation of the Augustinian Canons Regular of Windesheim, The other, which reflected more nearly the ideals of Groote, continued the non-monastic traditions of the parent house in Deventer and took the name of the Brethren of the Common Life. The Congregation of Windesheim spread rapidly and numbered in the course of the fifteenth century many houses in the Low Countries and in Germany. The Brethren of the Common Life, on the other hand, because of their refusal to take monastic vows and because of their insistence upon manual labor as the chief means of financial support, encountered determined opposition from the regular clergy and therefore could not rival the development of their more acceptable brothers of Windesheim.
Arius: Twice a Heretic?
Authors: Haugaard William P.
Published: April 2006

“Christology was an important element of the earliest Arianism.” So states Raven in the introductory chapters to his study of apollinarianism. This paper will consider the christology of the “earliest′ Arians,” in particular that of Arius himself. Christology has been defined as “the study of the Person of Christ, and in particular of the union in Him of the Divine and human natures.” In the latter “particular” sense, we shall conclude that Arius really had no developed christology. This is not to say, however, that Arius was not christologically concerned in the larger sense of the word; i.e., “the study of the Person of Christ.” It is true to say after Dorner that:

We should be very greatly mistaken … if we were to suppose that the Christological labours had meanwhile been totally suspended: on the contrary, in the case of the thinkers of the Church, Christology was the perennial motive of their trinitarian efforts.
The Alexandrian Quest of The Non-Historical Christ
Authors: McLelland Joseph C.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this paper is to show that the Alexandrian Fathers, Clement and Origen, helped shape subsequent philosophy and theology in the West by following a selective line from the tradition at their disposal. I shall try to give evidence that the tradition was richer, more ambivalent, than they recognized, and that by their failure to honor the whole tradition they narrowed the vision of Christian theology and therefore of Western philosophy as well. Whether one could support such a large thesis by tracing the story further, examining the rival philosophical schools of our own day, for instance linguistic analysis and existential phenomenology, as examples of similar selections within the tradition, is another question. Meanwhile, it may be helpful to approach the Alexandrians, about whom so much has been written of polemical and apologetic nature, with this larger theme in mind.
Toward A Historical Interpretation of the Origins of Fundamentalism
Authors: Sandeen Ernest R.
Published: April 2006

The fate of Fundamentalism in historiography has been worse than its lot in history. The whirlwind of the twenties, after twisting through the denominations, ended by tearing even the name to shreds. Who were the Fundamentalists? Few today will use the name, and there seems to be no unity among those that do.
Wesleyan and Methodist Historical Studies, 1960–70 A Bibliographical Article
Authors: Norwood Frederick A.
Published: April 2006

This article, which continues the survey, “Methodist Historical Studies 1930–1959,”, covers both British and American fields, includes the most significant literature, and emphasizes strong developments, but does not attempt exhaustive listing of all items, and does not deal with missionary and global aspects. Moreover, it does little more than recognize the addition of “United” to the title of the major denomination involved as a result of merger in 1968 with the former Evangelical United Brethren. This article deals with a historical movement, not a denominational category.
Comment on Prof. Carter's Paper: ‘The Idea of Progress in Most Recent American Protestant Thought, 1930–1960’
Authors: Iggers Georg G.
Published: April 2006

Neither a theologian nor a church historian, I approach my task as a discussant of a paper on “The Idea of Progress in Most Recent Protestant Thought” with a great deal of hesitation. Nevertheless, there are parallels between the development of thought about history among Protestant theologians and American historians since the early nineteen-thirties.