bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Pornography in the Criminal and Developmental Histories of Sexual Offenders
Authors: CARTER DANIEL LEE , PRENTKY ROBERT ALAN , KNIGHT RAYMOND A. , VANDERVEER PENNY L. , BOUCHER RICHARD J.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined exposure to and use of pornography in the familial, developmental and criminal histories of 38 rapists and 26 child molesters incarcerated at the Massachusetts Treatment Center. While both groups reported similar exposure to pornography in the home and during development, child molesters indicated significantly more exposure than rapists in adulthood and were significantly more likely both to use such materials prior to and during their offenses and to employ pornography to relieve an impulse to act out. The findings are discussed with regards to the “catharsis hypothesis” and the role of pornography in the commission of sexual offenses for certain types of rapists and child molesters.
Parallels and Pitfalls
Authors: CARINGELLA-MacDONALD SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Heightened awareness about the plight of victimized women has prompted sweeping legislative change over the past decade. Criminal statutes, civil laws, and criminal justice policies pertaining to rape in general, marital rape in particular, and domestic violence have all been altered. This article examines the outcomes of reform, revealing both successes and failures of ameliorative efforts. The problems discerned in the aftermath of reform are discussed as they preclude the full protection of violently victimized women. Conclusions explore the needs for further progress in this area.
Information Processing of Trauma
Authors: HARTMAN CAROL R. , BURGESS ANN W.
Published: March 2007

Using a conceptual framework drawn from the cognitive sciences of information theory and cybernetics, theories of stress response syndromes, and psychodynamic formulations, a trauma learning model describes how the child victim thinks and processes information about sexual abuse. Critical to the trauma experience is the encapsulation process, in which a defensive silence insulates the ongoing abuse, holds the event in present (rather than past) memory, depletes the child's psychic energy, and interrupts the child's academic, social, and personal development. A case involving a 3-year-old girl victim and a 5-year-old boy aggressor illustrates evaluation principles that address the three information-storage domains: sensations, perceptions, and cognitions.
Sex Differences in the Perception of Rape Victims
Authors: MACRAE C. NEIL , SHEPHERD JOHN W.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the effects of victim characteristics on people's perceptions of a rape incident. Subjects read an account of a rape incident in which the victim was described either as a virgin or as a sexually promiscuous woman. It was predicted that, because of the different attributional perspectives adopted by males and females when explaining a rape incident, the characteristics of the victim would influence the judgments of male subjects but not of female subjects. The results obtained supported this prediction.
Teacher versus Expert Presentations of Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs
Authors: HAZZARD ANN P. , KLEEMEIER CAROL P. , WEBB CAROL
Published: March 2007

Previous studies of sexual abuse prevention programs conducted in schools have not compared the effectiveness of teachers versus outside consultants in implementing these programs. The current study contrasted three treatment conditions: (1) 15 regular teachers with their own classes (237 children); (2) eight lead teachers with unfamiliar classes (114 children); and (3) expert consultants with unfamiliar classes (201 children). All trainers used an adaptation of the Feeling Yes, Feeling No prevention curriculum, and both lead teachers and classroom teachers went through extensive training before implementing the program. No significant differences were found in the relative efficacy of using teachers versus expert consultants to present the program, with children demonstrating equivalent knowledge gains and equivalent skill scores on a videotape vignettes measure. Children in each condition made equivalent numbers of disclosures and had similar positive reactions to the programs.
Evaluation of a Preschool Antivictimization Prevention Program
Authors: PERAINO JOSEPH M.
Published: March 2007

This article is an evaluation of an antivictimization program for preschoolers. Three published studies examining the effectiveness of sexual abuse prevention programs demonstrate equivocal results. The program evaluated in this study teaches abuse concepts including sexual, physical, and stranger abuse. Forty-six preschoolers of differing race, sex, and income level were subjects in a four-factor design assessing antivictimization knowledge. Follow-up testing was completed 6.5 weeks postpresentation. Results showed that preschoolers who received the program scored significantly higher at posttest than did no-program preschoolers. There were no significant main effects for race, sex, or income level, although trends indicated that low-income and male preschoolers learned more due to low prior knowledge when compared to middle-income or female students. Follow-up testing demonstrated retention of learned concepts. Discussion centers around methodological issues in studies of preschoolers and the learning of victimization as a developmental phenomenon.
Issues in Clinical Practice With Sex Offenders
Authors: MARSHALL W. L. , ECCLES A.
Published: March 2007

Various issues are considered in terms of their empirical support and practical utility. DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria seem inappropriate and are largely ignored by researchers; revisions are clearly needed. Assessments of sex offenders characteristically cover cognitions, social difficulties, life-style problems, and sexual deviances. The first three of these areas have generated limited research to date and there is need to expand and refine efforts here. Erectile measures of sexual preferences appear to reveal little about rapists, exhibitionists, and incest offenders, but they have value with nonfamilial child molesters although there are limits to the value of these measures. Outcome evaluations offer encouraging, though not conclusive, support for the value of treatment. Antiandrogens have a valuable role to play as adjunctive components in a comprehensive approach, with cognitive-behavioral programs having the clearest empirical support.
Reducing Underresponding
Authors: ZELLMAN GAIL L.
Published: March 2007

Douglas J. Besharov, J.D., LL.M., is a Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, Washington, DC. He was the first director of the U.S. National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, from 1975 to 1979. His most recent book is Recognizing Child Abuse: A Guide for the Concerned (Free Press, 1990).
A Comparison of the Psychosocial Maladjustment of Adult Males and Females Sexually Molested as Children
Authors: HUNTER JOHN A.
Published: March 2007

The long-term sequelae of child sexual abuse were investigated through comparison of matched numbers of nonclinical samples of adult males (n = 24) and females (n = 28) molested as children, and control group subjects on a variety of outcome measures. Results support the association between childhood sexual abuse and adult psychosocial dysfunction for both male and female victims, with victims of both sexes showing more dysfunction than controls on the MMPI, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Male victims were found to be more likely to have an adolescent perpetrator than females, while females were found to be more likely to have been molested through an incestuous relationship than male victims. Support for the presence of identity conflicts and rumination in males, and body image disturbances in females is discussed.
Adult Victims of Domestic Violence
Authors: PAGELOW MILDRED DALEY
Published: March 2007

This research update reviews the vast accumulation of literature on woman battering during the past decade to present a synopsis of some of the selected works that may offer the greatest assistance to activists, practitioners, and researchers in the field. Beginning with a brief look at some theoretical viewpoints, the report then reviews research on battered women and the medical field, law enforcement, the legal system, homicide, marital rape, and child custody. Summaries following each topic focus on changes brought about by research findings. The last section critically examines some popular myths and stereotypes, showing that research has largely failed to support them. These include the topics of psychopathology (of victims and/or offenders), dangerousness for police, the battered husband syndrome, mutual combat, and the cycle of violence. The conclusion suggests other common assumptions that call for critical examination and a few topics deserving greater research attention.
Psychopathy and Deviant Sexual Arousal in Incarcerated Sexual Offenders
Authors: SERIN RALPH C. , MALCOLM P. BRUCE , KHANNA ARUNIMA , BARBAREE HOWARD E.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the relationship between psychopathy and deviant sexual arousal in a sample of 65 sexual offenders, with approximately equal numbers of rapists and child molesters. Psychopathy, measured by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised and phallometric indexes of deviant sexual arousal were significantly correlated, r (63) =. 28, p <. 02. Differentiating between rapists, extrafamilial pedophiles, and incest offenders revealed that this relationship, however, was most apparent for extrafamilial child molesters, somewhat less for rapists, and not at all for incest offenders. The incidence of psychopathy was substantially lower than previous rates in incarcerated samples and a psychiatric sample of sexual offenders. Rapists had higher psychopathy ratings than child molesters, approaching statistical significance t (60) = -1.88, p < .07.
Inventors' Patent Rights and Rewards
Authors: Kuntz Robert J. , Dann C. Marshall
Published: March 2007

It is common for R&D employees to preassign to their employers rights to any in ventions they might make, but this practice is now being challenged by proposed new federal legislation. The pros and cons of the present and proposed patent systems are explored here.
The Target Approach to the Management of Capital Accumulation Plans
Authors: Brindisi Louis J.
Published: March 2007

Stock option, performance share, phantom stock, and book value plans can be managed through a target approach and the use of specially designed computer programs.
Tailoring Incentive Bonus Plans for Special Situations
Authors: Coffin Robert C.
Published: March 2007

There's no pat formula for executive incentive compensation plans. Different companies have different needs, and that's why a good program provides for...
Top- and Middle-Management Compensation-Part 2: Incentive Bonus and Merit Increase Plans
Authors: Miller Ernest C.
Published: March 2007

Companies are giving increasing emphasis to both company and individual per f ormance against preset objectives in detennining merit increases and incentive bonus awards.
A Contingency Approach to Incentive Program Design
Authors: Ford Robert C. , Couture Ronald
Published: March 2007

The well-established principles of behavior modification are readily applicable to incentive programs and offer an empirically proven guide to their design and implementation.
Supervisory Overtime, Incentive, and Bonus Practices
Authors: Miller Ernest C.
Published: March 2007

Slightly more than 50 percent of the companies that responded to a recent Compensation Review survey pay supervisors for scheduled overtime, and a small but significant number—11 percent—have incentive or bonus plans for this group.
An EPA Exceptions Model— Cracking the Sex-Based Wage Differential
Authors: Mossholder Kevin W. , Gordon Michael E. , Nurick Aaron J. , Pryor Norman N.
Published: March 2007

Testing the fairness of an organization's compensation practices with respect to the Equal Pay Act is becoming an economic imperative, in view of recent back-pay award decisions. What's needed is ...
Pay Equity or Pay Fairness?
Authors: Belcher David W.
Published: March 2007

Does attention to pay satisfaction-employee perceived pay fairness— have dysfunctional consequences for organizations? The oldest and most persistent pay question—What is fair pay?-is reconsidered.
Employee-Choice Benefits— Can Employees Handle It?
Authors: Schlachtmeyer Albert S. , Bogart Robert B.
Published: March 2007

A case study detailing American Can's experience with flexible benefits—practical input for benefits planners concerned with the issue of ...
Cost-Control Considerations for Designing an ESOP
Authors: Paulin George B.
Published: March 2007

An abbreviated method for determining when an ESOP is worthwhile for a company-plus relevant recommendations and direction for designing or amending existing plans.
The Potential for Performance-Based Benefit Plans
Authors: Brunker Gerald P.
Published: March 2007

We all know about compensation plans that are tied to performance and about their potential for motivating employees to achieve higher performance levels. But what about tying benefits to performance? In other words, what is ...
Reporting Compensation Expense for Stock Options: In Defense of Opinion 25
Authors: Cook Frederic W.
Published: March 2007

In response to the accounting profession's pressure to revise Opinion 25, the author explains why such changes in current practice would be detrimental to the larger business community.
How Wage Surveys Are Being Used
Authors: Belcher D.W. , Ferris N. Bruce , O'Neill John
Published: March 2007

A survey of 34 organizations found a great deal of diversity in the ways companies analyze and use wage surveys.
Mental Health and the Workplace: A Case For Employee Assistance Programs
Authors: Rothnlan Miriam
Published: March 2007

Employees who suffer from mental stress can create costly problems for organizations. Employee assistance programs provide a low-cost answer to dealing with such problems.
New on the Pension Scene: The Cash-Balance Plan
Authors: Tokerud Douglas
Published: March 2007

The new cash-balance pension design may offer larger lump-sum value to younger employees than the traditional defined-benefit pension plan, while maintaining older workers' benefits and giving administrators funding flexibility and cost control.
The Danger In Viewing Addicts As Victims: A Critique Of The Disease Model Of Addiction
Authors: Wilbanks William
Published: March 2007

This article critiques the medical model of addiction by examining the historical roots of this addiction model and its recent extension to excessive behaviors involving gambling, sex, shopping, overeating, and even murder. The view that addicts are victims of a disease is seen as scientifically flawed and as counterproductive with respect to prevention and treatment. Alternative models of "excessive behavior" are suggested that are consistent with the empirical data on addiction and that are less destructive with respect to prevention and treatment. Policy implications of these alternative models are discussed.
Supplementation of Breastfeeding Infants and Weight Loss in Hospital
Authors: Glover Jacalynne , Sandilands Mark
Published: March 2007

Charts were reviewed to determine the frequency of glucose water supplementation of breastfed babies during their hospital stay and to discover if glucose water supplementation affected weight loss. Babies who received glucose water supplementation lost more weight and stayed in hospital longer than babies who did not receive supplementation. These findings were statistically significant. Routine supplementation with glucose water is unnecessary and potentially harmful to the baby. Stopping this practice may increase the mother's; milk supply, increase her confidence in the adequacy of her supply and decrease the length of hospital stay.
Breastfeeding the Premature Newborn: A Protocol Without Bottles
Authors: Stine Mary Jo
Published: March 2007

Premature babies can, and should, breastfeed. Although establishing a milk supply and the transition to breastfeeds can be difficult, both are possible. Because early bottle-feeds can impede later attempts to breastfeed, the newborn intensive care unit at Methodist Hosptial in Indianapolis developed a protocol for successfully breastfeeding premature infants that excludes bottle-feeding. The babies are introduced to the breast as soon as possible, and supplementation is provided by gavage feeding. The amount of supplement is adjusted based on maternal and nursing observations of the breastfeeding experience. The hospital stays are not prolonged by this approach and most of the babies whose mothers intended to breasfeed are discharged exclusively breastfeeding.
Breastfeeding After Pituitary Resection: Support for a Theory of Autocrine Control of Milk Supply?
Authors: De Coopman Janet
Published: March 2007

A 20-year-old woman with a history of pituitary resection complicated by diabetes insipidus was able to fully breastfeed for three months despite apparent hyposecretion of pituitary hormones. This case report adds to the growing body of evidence that control of milk production shifts from endocrine to autocrine control shortly after delivery. Autocrine control allows efficient regulation of milk supply to match the needs of the infant. A recently discovered factor in human milk that inhibits lactose and casein synthesis in vitro is believed to be responsible for local, short term control of milk production. This study suggests that practices which result in infrequent or incomplete removal of milk from the breast lead to decreased milk production and should be abandoned.
A Fresh Look at the Risks of Artificial Infant Feeding
Authors: Walker Marsha
Published: March 2007

Declining breastfeeding rates and the aggressive marketing of breastmilk substitutes has blurred the distinction between breastmilk and formula. Claims that infant formula is safe, economical, easy to use, and nutritionally complete are challenged in this article, the intent of which is to raise the awareness of health workers to the non-publicized side of infant formula. Non-proprietary, referenced data is provided to illustrate that formula and breastmilk are not the same thing, and that health outcomes of infants who consume each may be different. Guilt is often cited by health workers as a reason to avoid informing parents about the risks of artificial feeding. Suggestions are offered for addressing this reasoning.
Skin-to-Skin Contact Beginning in the Delivery Room for Colombian Mothers and Their Preterm Infants
Authors: Ludington-Hoe Susan M. , Anderson Gene C. , Simpson Sharleen , Hollingsead Annie , Argote Luz Angela , Medellin Gladys , Rey Humberto
Published: March 2007

To determine if the transition to extrauterine life is facilitated by skin-to-skin contact, six relatively low risk preterm infants experienced six continuous hours of skin-to-skin contact on their mothers' chests beginning within 30 minutes of birth. Heart and respiratory rates and oxygen saturation remained within normal limits and all infant temperatures rose rapidly to thermoneutral range. Two infants developed grunting respirations by the time skin-to-skin contact began, but the grunting disappeared with warm, humidified oxygen and continuous skin-to-skin contact. All infants were fully breastfeeding and ready for discharge by 24-48 hours postbirth. Early skin-to-skin contact was safe and seemed beneficial for these relatively low risk preterm infants.
Can Magnesium Sulfate Therapy Impact Lactogenesis?
Authors: Haldeman Wendy
Published: March 2007

This case report describes a patient who ingested magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) for approximately four days as a treatment for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Stage II lactogenesis was delayed until the tenth postpartum day at which point the patient's breasts be-came fully engorged. No explanation for this delay was found, other than the possibility that magnesium sulfate treatment impeded lactogenesis. Implications for professionals who care for lactating women are discussed.
Senile Macular Degeneration and Psychosis
Authors: Casey David A. , Wandzilak Theodore
Published: March 2007

Two cases are reported in which visual hallucinations occurred in elderly patients after the development of senile macular degeneration, a condition that causes gradual loss of visual acuity with preservation of peripheral vision. The hallucinatory experiences are interpreted as delusional explanations for pathologically altered vision, rather than as psychological or phys iological consequences of sensory deprivation. Ocular pathology should be considered in the evaluation of psychotic states in the elderly. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:108-109).
Cognitive Disturbances in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Beatty William W. , Staton R. Dennis , Weir William S. , Monson Nancy , Whitaker Harry A.
Published: March 2007

To test the hypothesis that the cognitive impairments that accompany Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from frontal lobe dys function, patients with idiopathic PD and controls were tested on a neuropsychological battery that included measures of anterograde memory, visuospatial perception, and naming, as well as several tests that are known to be sensitive to lesions of the frontal lobes. PD patients of normal mental status as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination performed normally on the naming, line orientation, and verbal recognition memory tests but exhibited deficits on verbal recall. On tests of frontal lobe function, these patients showed mild deficits on a category fluency task and on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. However, their errors on the latter were not typical of patients with frontal lesions, and they performed nor mally on a letter fluency task and exhibited normal release from proactive interference. Patients of lower than normal mental status performed poorly on nearly all of the cognitive tasks including confrontational naming, line orientation, and recognition memory, suggesting that their cerebral dysfunction extended beyond subcortical-frontal circuits. The present study supports the usefulness of the Mini-Mental State Examination for cognitive screening of PD patients, but does not support the hypothesis that the cognitive impairments in PD arise principally from disruption of frontal lobe functioning. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:22-33).
Amino Acid Levels in Elderly Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Katz Ira R. , Friedman Eitan , Parmelee Patricia , Posner Joel , Muhly Cathy , Bridger Wagner H.
Published: March 2007

We have compared levels of albumin and serum amino acids in a group of 87 recent admissions to a nursing home, average age 83 years, with a group of healthy moderately old subjects, average age 69 years. We found that the nursing home group was characterized by decreased levels of albumin, by increased total levels of the measured amino acids, and by increased levels of the nonessential amino acids. In contrast, there were no significant group differences in the essential amino acids. Among the nursing home patients, there was a negative correlation between essential amino acids and disability, consistent with nutritional deficits in the more disabled patients, and a positive correlation between essential amino acids and subjective complaints of pain, suggesting that pain is associated with breakdown or mobilization of endogenous protein stores. Though the nursing home patients had decreased serum levels of tryptophan, there was no association between serum tryptophan or other variables that could be related to the availability of tryptophan for transport into brain, with ratings of either depression or pain. Glutamine levels were significantly increased in the nursing home residents, and among these patients they were positively correlated with measures of cognitive impairment. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:215-222).
Prevalence of Delirium and Urinary Tract Infection in a Psychogeriatric Unit
Authors: Manepalli Jothika , Grossberg George T. , Mueller Cindy
Published: March 2007

A retrospective study involving 407 patients discharged over a 2-year period from a psychogeriatric unit found that 83 (20.4%) had urinary tract infection (UTI) and 54 (13.3%) had delirium diagnoses at admission. Of the 54 with delirium, 14 (25.9%) had UTI. Of these 14 patients, delirium cleared in nine (64.3%) after appropriate treatment of UTI, two (14.3%) improved with treatment of concomitant medical disorders, and three (21.4%) did not improve.

Only six of the 14 (42.8%) showed symptoms of UTI, with only one of the 14 (7.1%) showing fever and leukocytosis. Urine analyses were abnormal in all cases with 13/14 (92.8%) having positive cultures. Dementia was an associated risk factor in 71.4% of the 14 patients with UTI and delirium.

Clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion relative to the presence of UTI in the elderly, especially with pre- existing cognitive impairment, since it can precipitate delirium. Early recognition and appropriate treatment decreases morbidity. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:198-202).
Adult Dementia Due to Intraneuronal Accumulation of Ceroidlipofuscinosis (Kufs' Disease): Ultrastructural Study of Two Cases
Authors: Vital Anne , Vital Claude , Orgogozo Jean-Marc , Mazeaux Jean-Michel , Pautrizel Bertrand , Larivière Jean-Marie
Published: March 2007

Two cases, a man and a woman, presented the initial signs of progressive dementia at about age 40 years. Aphasia, facial dyskinesias, and ataxia were associated with behavioral disturbances in the first patient. Aphasia, oculomotor distur bances, and ataxia coexisted with dementia in the second patient. In both cases, ultrastructural examination of a cerebral biopsy showed intraneuronal granular osmiophilic deposits mixed with lamellar structures and fingerprint profiles. Such deposits are characteristic of Kufs' disease. In the first patient, brain autopsy was performed 3 years after cerebral biopsy. Our two cases presenting dementia with motor disturbances correspond to type B Kufs' disease ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4:110-115).
Reversible Pathologic Jealousy (Othello Syndrome) Associated With Amantadine
Authors: McNamara Patrick , Durso Raymon
Published: March 2007

We describe a case of pathologic jealousy (Othello syndrome) in a patient with Parkinson disease, which abated after discontinuing amantadine. We indicate that early recognition and treatment of the syndrome in this disease may avert physical violence. We also believe that our report further suggests a link between this specific behavioral disorder and dopaminergic activity. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:157-159).
St. John's Wort and Antidepressant Drug Interactions in the Elderly
Authors: Lantz Melinda S. , Buchalter Eric , Giambanco Vincent
Published: March 2007

There is increasing interest in and use of the herbal preparation St. John's wort. Hypericin, the major active ingre dient, has many psychoactive properties. The agent is sold in the US as a nutritional supplement and is recommended for numerous conditions, including depression, anxiety, insomnia, and inflammation. We report a series of five cases of clinically diagnosed central serotonergic syndrome among elderly patients who combined prescription antide pressants with St. John's wort. Older adults are large consumers of both over-the-counter and prescription medications. They are particularly vulnerable to interactions between medications and products sold as nutritional or herbal supplements. St. John's wort requires further evaluation due to potential for drug interactions with central ner vous system agents and for more definitive therapeutic indications. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:7-10).
Accelerating Antidepressant Response in Geriatric Depression: A Post Hoc Comparison of Combined Sleep Deprivation and Paroxetine versus Monotherapy with Paroxetine, Nortriptyline, or Placebo
Authors: Green Todd D. , Reynolds Charles F. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Pollock Bruce G. , Miller Mark D. , Houck Patricia R. , Mazumdar Sati , Dew Mary Amanda , Kupfer David J.
Published: March 2007

Speed of response is an important clinical issue in the treatment of depressed elderly patients. Our objective was to compare rapid response rates in a study combining therapeutic sleep deprivation (TSD) with paroxetine with two earlier randomized, double-blind studies in late-life depression, one of paroxetine versus nortriptyline and another of nortriptyline versus placebo. We measured depressive symptoms with the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression (HRSD), defining rapid response as an HRSD ≤ 10 by 2 weeks. With combination therapy (TSD + paroxetine), 9 of 13 patients (69%) experienced a rapid response. In the nortriptyline versus paroxetine study, nor triptyline brought about rapid response in 12 of 37 (32%) and paroxetine in 11 of 43 patients (26%). In the third study, rapid response to nortriptyline occurred in 10 of 41 patients (24%) and to placebo in 6 of 39 patients (15%). The overall chi square, including the rate of rapid response to placebo, was 14.87 (P = .005). The chi square on the four active treatment groups, excluding placebo, was 10.28 (P = .016). This preliminary observation suggests that combined therapy with TSD plus paroxetine may be twice as successful at achieving rapid response in elderly depressed patients than conventional monotherapy with medication or placebo. A prospective, placebo-controlled evaluation of this dual therapy is warranted. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:67-71).
Performance of Random Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Tomkinson-Walles Gayle D.
Published: March 2007

Fibers are added to thermoplastic resins in order to enhance mechanical properties; the degree of improvement depends on the fraction of fibers, their length and their orientation. AZDEL®, AZLOY™ and AZMET™ composites are a family of continuous random glass mat reinforced thermoplastics whose mechanical properties exceed those of injection-molded short fiber composites, in order to meet demanding engineering applica tions in industries such as automotive, furniture, material handling and construction.

Property evaluations are presented for four composite systems: Polypropylene, poly butylene terephthalate (PBT), and a PBT-polycarbonate blend, each reinforced with 35-45 weight percent glass mat, as well as automotive grade sheet molding compound (SMC). Characterization includes temperature, rate and geometry effects on the tensile and flexural properties, tensile fatigue data and evaluation of anisotropy. The damage produced in instrumented impact specimens tested over a range of temperatures is investigated using ultrasound imaging. The effect of processing strategies on tensile properties is com plimented by fiber orientation and distribution analyses.
Leininger's Theory of Nursing: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality
Authors: Leininger Madeleine M.
Published: March 2007

This paper is focused on the essential features of the nursing theory of cultural care diversity and universality. An overview of the essential features is discussed to show how the theory was developed and how it has evolved during the past three decades. The theory was initiated from clinical experiences recognizing that culture, a wholistic concept, was the missing link in nursing knowledge and practice. Through a creative process of concept explication, reformulation, and resynthesis, the the ory of cultural care was set forth as a guide for the development of nursing knowledge. The concept of culture was derived from anthropol ogy and the concept of care was derived from nursing. The theorist holds that cultural care provides the broadest and most important means to study, explain, and predict nursing knowledge and concomitant nursing care practice. The ultimate goal of the theory is to provide cultural congruent nursing care practices. The author contends that if one fully discovers care meanings, patterns, and processes, one can explain and predict health or well-being. The assumptions, definitions, and theoret ical explanations related to cultural care are presented with the sunrise model to depict the major components of the theory.
New directions in international development research: a focus on children
Authors: Bradshaw Y.W.
Published: March 2007

Most international development research has either ignored children or relegated them to a secondary status. This is unfortunate because children represent one of the most vulnerable groups in most societies. In contrast to previous studies, this paper proposes a framework for examining children from a global perspective. It argues that children's quality of life is influenced by a variety of factors at the international, national, and local levels. Perhaps most important, the global debt crisis has forced poor countries to implement austerity measures (e.g., cuts in health and education spending) designed to facilitate debt repayment. These policies take resources away from children and affect national governmental strategies, which, in turn, influence phenomena at the community, village, and even household levels. To illustrate these issues, part of the paper focuses on events in Zambia, a country that has experienced substantial hardship in recent years. Such difficulties have harmed the health and education prospects for that nation's children.
Children's role in primary environmental care
Authors: Hart R.
Published: March 2007

An argument is presented for the importance of children playing serious roles in investigating, planning, monitoring and managing the environments of their own communities. This is seen as critical to the development of primary environmental care: a community-based approach to meeting basic needs through the empowerment of local communities while ensuring the protection and optimal utilization of natural resources. The environmental movement has relied more upon social mobilization, which activates people to carry out predetermined agendas, rather than community participation, where residents are themselves involved in the identification of prob lems as well as actions aimed at solving them. Primary schools offer the most univer sal potential for fostering this approach, but most public schools remain isolated from their surrounding communities. When children are involved in environmental programs it is usually in action with little or no research or reflection. Some valuable examples are provided from Peru, Ecuador, England, Sri Lanka and the USA of children's participation in household environmental management and in the en vironmental planning and management of communities. Special attention is given to the values of collaboration between children and senior citizens and to the problem of how to build upon local research and action to develop a more global concern for environments.
What is the Computer's Influence on Children's Mathematical Culture?
Authors: Noss Richard
Published: March 2007

My starting point in this paper is that there is a cultural gap between the mathematics that children do as part of their everyday experience and the mathematics that they learn at school; my thesis is that the computer has (perhaps uniquely) the potential to bridge this divide. The paper will examine the cultural impact—both actual and potential—of the computer on children's mathematical education; at the ways in which the introduction of the computer does and will change the ambient space in which mathematics is learned. I begin with a discussion of the cultural context of mathematics learning and the relationship between informal, everyday mathematical activity, and formal, school mathematics. This perspective leads to a closer examination of what it means to do mathematics, and on the relationship of a technology to the mathematics embedded within a given culture. Discussion is then focussed on the intersection between mathematical learning and the mathematics of the computer culture, and on the challenges for research and curriculum development which are generated by this interplay. Finally, I consider some recent Logo-based studies which illustrate the ways in which the computer is changing the culture in which mathematics is done, learned and taught.
Cognitive Systems of Economic Anthropology
Authors: Tanno Dai , Shea David
Published: March 2007

A new light of neo-constructivism is cast on the controversy of competing approaches to economic anthropology. The controversy among the competing approaches reveals that they represent some of the major cognitive systems of social science. The cognitive systems are formed in the development of social science over two types of antagonism: (1) the methodological antagonism between individualism and collectivism and (2) the epistemological antagonism between materialism and idealism. An epistemological understanding of the competing approaches to economic anthropology can be achieved by locating them within a broader configuration of the cognitive systems of social science. An examination of the competing cognitive systems of economic anthropology under the new light of neo-constructivism helps us to understand the nature of the theoretical schism of economic anthropology as well as cultural anthropology.
Comparing Time and Temporality in Cultures
Authors: Pinxten Rik
Published: March 2007

In this article I investigate how time perception and conceptualization in another culture (Navajo Indian culture) can be understood. The now 'classical' distinction between cyclical time (in non-western cultures) and linear time (in the western tradition) is challenged. Instead, a particular complex of temporality notions in the Navajo culture yields a series of interesting avenues for the study of time as a cultural, rather than a mere natural, phenomenon.
One Nation as God? A Critique of Metaphysical Nationalism
Authors: Abicht Ludo
Published: March 2007

Starting with a description of some of the most salient examples of the religious character of post-revolutionary 19th-century European nationalism, the author continues with a discussion of the ambiguity of the doctrine of the Enlightenment regarding national and ethnic identity. Discarding the traditional dichotomy between 'Enlightened Rational Universalism' and 'Romantic Emotional Particularism', he stresses the mixed heritage of the modern nation-state and its 20th-century avatars. This is exemplified by the development of both liberalism and socialism towards moderate-to-extreme forms of nationalistic exclusivism (fundamentalism). In conclusion, the necessary conditions for a non-exclusive, secular 'new universalism' are proposed.
Market Failure and Government Failure
Authors: Pasour E.C.
Published: March 2007

Aaron Levine suggests that income distribution, risk management and product-pricing problems warrant government intervention. It is important to use a comparative-institutions approach in assessing the effects of government action designed to correct such 'failures' of the market. The relevant comparison is between the outcomes of real-world markets and the results when government intervenes, taking into account the information and incentive problems that plague the collective choice process. If the state acts to correct the 'market failures' in the situation identified by Levine, the government creates problems that may be worse than the problems that existed before the government intervened.
Religion in Colonial Civil Society
Authors: Scott David
Published: March 2007

This paper has a fairly circumscribed project. It is a critical one. My concern is not directly with the matter of national identity or nationalism, but with a reflection on the narrative of modern Buddhist history in Sri Lanka, one that, to be sure, informs nationalism. Nor do I aim to introduce new and compelling evidence for 'what really happened' to Buddhism in the 19th century, but rather to inquire into some aspects of the way that story has generally been told, the rhetorical economy through which it has been constructed and to suggest—at least in outline—why and through what concepts it ought to be recast. Indeed, the task here is only to try to produce something of a revised conceptual terrain in which a different sort of history of the relation between Buddhism and modernity in Sri Lanka might usefully be written.
The Trial of Pagans
Authors: Dhareshwar Vivek
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that Balagangadhara's (1994) account of the double dynamic of Christianity is persuasive and his use of it as a partial description of the West insightful. Doubts are raised about the author's ambition to embed that account in a theory of cultural difference and the philosophical difficulties involved in stating that theories are explored by setting up a dialogue between self-descriptions of some European pagan thinkers (primarily Wittgenstein and Nietzsche) and the author's partial description of the West. Interpreting the former as an attempt to 'reverse' or 'overcome' the 'category mistake' of the Christian West, the paper argues that 'we' too should see the dominant self-description of the West as a 'mistake' and further suggests that the issues raised by the trial of pagans concern a politics of self-description.
Uncertainty, the Race for Property Rights and Rent Dissipation Due to Judicial Legislation in Us Tort Law
Authors: Benson Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

Some scholars who recognize threats to private property rights from the legislative process, contend that common law is fundamentally different as it establishes 'efficient' rules. Mises argued that such a sharp distinction is inappropriate. This presentation illustrates the significant and growing threat that common-law courts pose to property rights by focusing on product-liability tort law. Recent changes in tort law such as the increasing application of strict liability, growing damage awards for intangible harms and as punishment, and reduced requirements of actual causation, have made the property rights to producers' income increasingly insecure. These rights are 'up for grabs' for anyone who can establish a claim, and this has led to a race for property rights accompanied by tremendous dissipation of wealth. The findings support Mises's view and contradict claims of the efficiency of common law.
Information, Uncertainty and Choice
Authors: Pasour E.C.
Published: March 2007

The analysis demonstrates that the relevant focus of economics is on the middle ground between perfect knowledge and total ignorance. Individual action always involves uncertainty because, as Mises emphasizes, uncertainty about the future and human action are two aspects of the same thing. The implications of uncertainty for human action are explored in a number of different contexts. Under uncertainty, profit maximization loses meaning as a guide to action and 'market failure' loses meaning and relevance as a guide for public policy. The paradox of omniscience, considered as perfect knowledge or the absence of uncertainty, is explored for individual decision making, profits and public policy. The findings support Hayek's thesis that knowledge is likely to be used most effectively if information is controlled by those whose knowledge and success depend on it.
Objects and Bodies
Authors: Weiss Brad
Published: March 2007

Grounded in collective interactions that are often quite contentious, knowledge is formulated in the world (objectified), and tangibly experienced (embodied) by the agents engaged in these interactions. As a means of acting on the world in order to transform it, knowledge is implicitly powerful. Yet, the consequences of that power are only realized through the context in which they are carried out. Thus, the ambiguous character of such knowledge must be evaluated by social agents in the course of their activities. By drawing attention to these dimensions of knowledge as power which enable social agents to act on, and so transform, themselves as they transform the world, this essay broadly considers the implications of the dialectics of objectification and embodiment so ably detailed by Lambek.
Money, Pseudo-Money, and Inflation in Post-Soviet Lithuania
Authors: Palmer John P. , Vilis Jurgis
Published: March 2007

This article examines the argument that the explosion in inter-enterprise debt in newly emerging market economies contributed to inflation in those countries. It shows that the growth of inter-enterprise debt (sometimes referred to as pseudo-money) is a normal phenomenon, to be expected in a transition economy. It also shows that without government complicity, the growth in inter-enterprise debt will not persist and, hence, cannot lead to a lasting inflation. Data from Lithuania in the early 1990s are presented to support this position.
Popular Culture, Marginality and Institutional Incorporation
Authors: Caglar Ayse S.
Published: March 2007

In the scholarly and public debates, rap is celebrated and valorized as the creative and 'hybridized' music of minority youth which empowers those on the margins by providing new spaces of identification. This paper aims to disentangle the cultural politics of German-Turkish rap/hip-hop in Berlin and challenges the oppositional and marginal qualities attributed to German-Turkish rap/hip-hop. It argues that depending on the institutions and the structures rap is incorporated into, it might very well move to the 'center' and contribute to the further commodification and reification of 'cultural differences'. The analysis of the institutional framework and the structures that mediated rap to German-Turkish youth illustrates that state-sponsored institutions were actively involved in the popularization of rap among German-Turks and the traces of this institutional relationship are clearly visible both in the discursive field of German-Turkish rap and in the self-images of German-Turkish rappers.
Body Politic or Bodies of Culture?
Authors: Baumann Gerd
Published: March 2007

South Asian settlers in Britain differ from most other migrants in Europe by 'enjoying' full civic status as British citizens. This starting-point would seem to favour civic integration and promise speedy political incorporation. The observable social processes, however, document a different logic. While the centralized legislative and executive organs of the British nation-state strive to maintain and confirm a 'culturally neutral' civic equality, the relatively independent organs of jurisdiction and local government do the opposite. The judiciary is active in ethnicizing religious difference, and the local state employs processes of registration, congregationalization, and functional devolution, in order to carry out civic and secular tasks of the body politic as a whole. This culturalist approach leads to the encorporation of religious congregations into putative bodies of culture, and it delays the incorporation of new citizens into the body politic. In the process, the nation-state goes against one of its foundational tenets, namely, to achieve civic integration on the basis of a secularist public sphere. The argument, based on fieldwork in London's most densely populated immigrant district, can thus be read as a refutation of the secularization theory.
A Bengali springtime
Authors: Ratta-Ray Sunanda K
Published: March 2007

Anthony Bevins, the renowned political correspondent, died in March aged 58 following a brief and sudden illness. Sunanda Datta-Ray, former editor of the Calcutta based Indian daily newspaper The Statesman and Asia Correspondent for The Observer was an old friend and colleague. Here is his appreciation:
A tale of two Heaths
Authors: Tucker Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

This review of Sir Edward Heath's memoirs contains revelations that are omitted from the book - which is why we are publishing it as a main article.