bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Electrical Traps on the Current Density Degradation of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Hyunho , Lee Changhee , Song Hyung-Jun
Published: May 2019

Premature aging of perovskite solar cells (PSC) is one of the biggest challenges for its commercialization. Particularly, PSCs exhibit rapid degradation of photovoltaic parameters under ambient air exposure. To estimate the degradation mechanism of PSC under air exposure, we systematically analyzed the relationship between electrical traps of the PSC and its degradation. After 240 h of air exposure to the PSC, its power conversion efficiency degraded to 80% compared to its initial value. The loss mainly originated from reduced current density, which is affected by traps and carrier transport in the disordered semiconducting layer. Capacitance–voltage plots of the PSC showed that the ionic doping from the perovskite layer caused an increased number of trap sites at the buffer layer. Moreover, the extrapolation of temperature dependent open circuit voltage graphs indicated that the trap sites lead to poor carrier transport by increasing recombination losses in the aged device. Therefore, trap sites arose from the result of ion migration and caused an early degradation of PSC under air exposure.
Effect of Compositional and Processing Variations in New 5182-Type AlMgMn Alloys on Mechanical Properties and Deformation Surface Quality
Authors: Ebenberger Paul , Uggowitzer Peter J. , Gerold Bodo , Pogatscher Stefan
Published: May 2019

Laboratory-scale sheets of 5182-type AlMgMn alloys with varying Mg and Mn contents and additions of different amounts of Zn, Cu, Zr and Er were studied. The sheets were produced using two different cold-rolling degrees and two soft-annealing treatment procedures: air-circulated furnace annealing at 370 °C with subsequent furnace cooling, and salt-bath annealing with subsequent water quenching. Mechanical properties and deformation surface quality were studied via tensile tests with simultaneous visual surface characterization. The influence of the chemical composition and the processing route on grain size, mechanical properties, and surface quality is discussed in the study. A reduction in the Mg content improves the surface quality after plastic deformation, but at the expense of the mechanical properties. The results suggest the presence of an optimum Mn content in terms of optical appearance and mechanical properties. Adding Zr largely inhibits recrystallization, which is reflected in a textured microstructure. Adding Er affects neither the surface quality nor the mechanical properties. Specific combinations of Zn or Cu addition, cold-rolling degree, and heat treatment generate significant improvements in the mechanical and optical properties. In general, annealing at high temperature with subsequent quenching leads to enhanced surface quality and mechanical properties, and adding Zn enables further noteworthy improvements.
Waste Brick Dust as Potential Sorbent of Lead and Cesium from Contaminated Water
Authors: Doušová Barbora , Koloušek David , Lhotka Miloslav , Keppert Martin , Urbanová Martina , Kobera Libor , Brus Jiří
Published: May 2019

Adsorption properties of waste brick dust (WBD) were studied by the removing of PbII and CsI from an aqueous system. For adsorption experiments, 0.1 M and 0.5 M aqueous solutions of Cs+ and Pb2+ and two WBD (Libochovice—LB, and Tyn nad Vltavou—TN) in the fraction below 125 µm were used. The structural and surface properties of WBD were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), supplemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specific surface area (SBET), total pore volume and zero point of charge (pHZPC). LB was a more amorphous material showing a better adsorption condition than that of TN. The adsorption process indicated better results for Pb2+, due to the inner-sphere surface complexation in all Pb2+ systems, supported by the formation of insoluble Pb(OH)2 precipitation on the sorbent surface. A weak adsorption of Cs+ on WBD corresponded to the non-Langmuir adsorption run followed by the outer-sphere surface complexation. The leachability of Pb2+ from saturated WBDs varied from 0.001% to 0.3%, while in the case of Cs+, 4% to 12% of the initial amount was leached. Both LB and TN met the standards for PbII adsorption, yet completely failed for any CsI removal from water systems.
Inhomogeneous Random Evolutions: Limit Theorems and Financial Applications
Authors: Vadori Nelson , Swishchuk Anatoliy
Published: May 2019

The paper is devoted to the inhomogeneous random evolutions (IHRE) and their applications in finance. We introduce and present some properties of IHRE. Then, we prove weak law of large numbers and central limit theorems for IHRE. Financial applications are given to illiquidity modeling using regime-switching time-inhomogeneous Levy price dynamics, to regime-switching Levy driven diffusion based price dynamics, and to a generalized version of the multi-asset model of price impact from distress selling, for which we retrieve and generalize their diffusion limit result for the price process.
An Operator Based Approach to Irregular Frames of Translates
Authors: Balazs Peter , Heineken Sigrid
Published: May 2019

We consider translates of functions in L 2 ( R d ) along an irregular set of points, that is, { ϕ ( · − λ k ) } k ∈ Z —where ϕ is a bandlimited function. Introducing a notion of pseudo-Gramian function for the irregular case, we obtain conditions for a family of irregular translates to be a Bessel, frame or Riesz sequence. We show the connection of the frame-related operators of the translates to the operators of exponentials. This is used, in particular, to find for the first time in the irregular case a representation of the canonical dual as well as of the equivalent Parseval frame—in terms of its Fourier transform.
Positive Solutions for Discontinuous Systems via a Multivalued Vector Version of Krasnosel’skiĭ’s Fixed Point Theorem in Cones
Authors: López Pouso Rodrigo , Precup Radu , Rodríguez-López Jorge
Published: May 2019

We establish the existence of positive solutions for systems of second–order differential equations with discontinuous nonlinear terms. To this aim, we give a multivalued vector version of Krasnosel’skiĭ’s fixed point theorem in cones which we apply to a regularization of the discontinuous integral operator associated to the differential system. We include several examples to illustrate our theory.
Finite Element Approximation of Optimal Control Problem with Weighted Extended B-Splines
Authors: Sana Madiha , Mustahsan Muhammad
Published: May 2019

In this research article, an optimal control problem (OCP) with boundary observations is approximated using finite element method (FEM) with weighted extended B-splines (WEB-splines) as basis functions. This type of OCP has a distinct aspect that the boundary observations are outward normal derivatives of state variables, which decrease the regularity of solution. A meshless FEM is proposed using WEB-splines, defined on the usual grid over the domain, R 2 . The weighted extended B-spline method (WEB method) absorbs the regularity problem as the degree of the B-splines is increased. Convergence analysis is also performed by some numerical examples.
Effect of Cyclophilin from Pyropia Yezoensis on the Proliferation of Intestinal Epithelial Cells by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor/Ras Signaling Pathway
Authors: Jung Jae-Hun , Choi Jeong-Wook , Lee Min-Kyeong , Choi Youn-Hee , Nam Taek-Jeong
Published: May 2019

Cyclophilin (Cyp) is peptidyl–prolyl isomerase (PPIase), and it has many biological functions, including immune response regulation, antioxidants, etc. Cyp from red algae is known for its antioxidant and antifungal activity. However, the other biological effects of Cyp from Pyropia yezoensis are unclear. In this study, we synthesized Cyp from P. yezoensis (pyCyp) and examined its biological activity on IEC-6 cells. First, the MTS assay showed that pyCyp increased cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. pyCyp activated the EGFR signaling pathway that regulates cell growth, proliferation, and survival. It induced intracellular signaling pathways, including the Ras signaling pathway. In addition, we observed cell cycle-related proteins. pyCyp increased the expression of cyclin A, cyclin E, and Cdk2, and decreased the expression of p27 and p21 proteins. These results indicate that pyCyp stimulates cell proliferation via the EGFR signaling pathway and promotes cell cycle progression in intestinal epithelial cells. Therefore, we suggest pyCyp as a potential material to promote the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells.
Different Antifungal Activity of Anabaena sp., Ecklonia sp., and Jania sp. against Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Righini Hillary , Baraldi Elena , García Fernández Yolanda , Martel Quintana Antera , Roberti Roberta
Published: May 2019

Water extracts and polysaccharides from Anabaena sp., Ecklonia sp., and Jania sp. were tested for their activity against the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Water extracts at 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/mL inhibited B. cinerea growth in vitro. Antifungal activity of polysaccharides obtained by N-cetylpyridinium bromide precipitation in water extracts was evaluated in vitro and in vitro at 0.5, 2.0, and 3.5 mg/mL. These concentrations were tested against fungal colony growth, spore germination, colony forming units (CFUs), CFU growth, and on strawberry fruits against B. cinerea infection with pre- and post-harvest application. In in vitro experiments, polysaccharides from Anabaena sp. and from Ecklonia sp. inhibited B. cinerea colony growth, CFUs, and CFU growth, while those extracted from Jania sp. reduced only the pathogen spore germination. In in vitro experiments, all concentrations of polysaccharides from Anabaena sp., Ecklonia sp., and Jania sp. reduced both the strawberry fruits infected area and the pathogen sporulation in the pre-harvest treatment, suggesting that they might be good candidates as preventive products in crop protection.
Factors Predicting Favorable Short-Term Response to Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections for Lumbosacral Radiculopathy
Authors: Park Dong Yoon , Kang Seok , Park Joo Hyun
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective study was to identify predictors of short-term outcomes associated with a lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injection (TFESI). Materials and Methods: The medical records of 218 patients, who were diagnosed with lumbosacral radiculopathy and treated with a TFESI, were reviewed in this retrospective study. A mixture of corticosteroid, lidocaine, and hyaluronidase was injected during TFESI. Patients with >50% pain relief on the numerical rating scale compared with the initial visit constituted the good responder group. Demographic, clinical, MRI, and electrodiagnostic data were collected to assess the predictive factors for short-term outcomes of the TFESI. Results: A multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that a shorter duration of symptoms and a positive sharp wave (PSW)/fibrillation (Fib) observed in electrodiagnostic study (EDx) increased the odds of significant improvement 2–4 weeks after the TFESI. Conclusions: Shorter duration of symptoms and PSW/Fib on EDx were predictors of favorable short-term response to TFESI.
Adrenal Function in Adolescence is Related to Intrauterine and Postnatal Growth
Authors: Petraitienė Indrė , Valūnienė Margarita , Albertsson-Wikland Kerstin , Verkauskienė Rasa
Published: May 2019

Background and objectives: Intrauterine growth restriction is thought to be implicated in long-term programming of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity. We investigated adrenal function in adolescents born small for gestational age (SGA) in relation to their postnatal growth and cardiovascular parameters. Materials and Methods: Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, heart rate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and cortisol levels were assessed in 102 adolescents aged 11–14 years followed from birth (47 SGA and 55 born appropriate for gestational age (AGA)). Results: Mean DHEAS levels were higher in SGA adolescents with catch-up growth (SGACU+), compared with AGA. Second-year height velocity and body mass index (BMI) gain during preschool years were positively related to DHEAS levels. Morning cortisol levels and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were higher in SGA adolescents without catch-up growth (SGACU−) compared with AGA. Second-year BMI gain was inversely, and 2–12 years increase in subscapular skinfold thickness was directly associated with cortisol levels. Size at birth and postnatal growth explained 47.8% and 38.2% of variation in DHEAS and cortisol levels, respectively. Conclusion: Adrenal function in adolescence is affected by prenatal and postnatal growth: small size at birth with postnatal catch-up growth is related to higher DHEAS secretion, whereas increased cortisol levels and blood pressure are higher in short SGA adolescents.
Anxiety–Depression of Dialysis Patients and Their Caregivers
Authors: Gerogianni Georgia , Polikandrioti Maria , Babatsikou Fotoula , Zyga Sofia , Alikari Victoria , Vasilopoulos George , Gerogianni Stavroula , Grapsa Eirini
Published: May 2019

Background and Objectives: Anxiety–depression of patients undergoing hemodialysis has a strong relation with the levels of anxiety–depression of their caregivers. The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiety–depression of dialysis patients and their caregivers. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 414 pairs of patients and caregivers from 24 hemodialysis centers of Greece completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The statistical analysis of the data was performed through the Statistical Program SPSS version 20.0. The statistical significance level was set up at 5%. Results: The mean age of patients was 64 (54.06–72.41) years old and the mean duration of hemodialysis was 36 (16–72) months. The mean age of caregivers was 54 (44–66) years old. Of the total sample, 17.1% (n = 71) of patients had high levels of anxiety and 12.3% (n = 51) had high levels of depression. Additionally, 27.8% (n = 115) of caregivers had high levels of anxiety and 11.4% (n = 47) had high levels of depression. Caregivers had higher levels of anxiety when their patients had high levels of anxiety as well (42.3%). Additionally, they had higher levels of depression when their patients had high levels of depression as well (17.6%). Conclusions: The results of this study showed a significant association between the levels of anxiety and depression among patients and caregivers. There is a necessity for individualized assessment of dialysis patients and their caregivers and the implementation of specific interventions for reducing the levels of anxiety and depression among them.
Selective Separation of Arsenic from Lead Smelter Flue Dust by Alkaline Pressure Oxidative Leaching
Authors: Liu Wei , Li Zihan , Han Junwei , Li Wenhua , Wang Xun , Wang Na , Qin Wenqing
Published: May 2019

This study investigated the feasibility of using an alkaline pressure oxidative leaching process to treat lead smelter flue dust containing extremely high levels of arsenic with the aim of achieving the selective separation of arsenic. The effects of different parameters including NaOH concentration, oxygen partial pressure, liquid-to-solid ratio, temperature, and time for the extraction of arsenic were investigated based on thermodynamic calculation. The results indicated that the leaching efficiency of arsenic reached 95.6% under the optimized leaching conditions: 80 g/L of NaOH concentration, 1.0 MPa of oxygen partial pressure, 8 mL/g of liquid-to-solid ratio, 120 °C of temperature, 2.0 h of time. Meanwhile, the leaching efficiencies of antimony, cadmium, indium and lead were less than 4.0%, basically achieving the selective separation of arsenic from lead smelter flue dust. More than 99.0% of arsenic was converted into calcium arsenate product and thus separated from the leach solution by a causticization process with CaO after other metal impurities were removed from the solution with the addition of Na2S. The optimized causticization conditions were established as: 4.0 of the mole ratio of calcium to arsenic, temperature of 80 °C, reaction time of 2.0 h. The resulting product of calcium arsenate may be used for producing metallic arsenic.
Crown Procyanidin Tetramer: A Procyanidin with an Unusual Cyclic Skeleton with a Potent Protective Effect against Amyloid-β-Induced Toxicity
Authors: Zeng Liming , Pons-Mercadé Pere , Richard Tristan , Krisa Stéphanie , Teissèdre Pierre-Louis , Jourdes Michael
Published: May 2019

The structure of a new procyanidin tetramer, which we call a crown procyanidin tetramer, with an unprecedented macrocyclic structure has been characterized for the first time. Its comprehensive spectroscopic analysis revealed that it is a symmetric procyanidin tetramer composed of four (−)-epicatechin sub-units linked alternatively via 4β→8 or 4β→6 B-type interflavanyl linkages to form the macrocyclic structure. This NMR-characterized carbon skeleton has never been reported before for procyanidins in grape or in wine, neither in the plant kingdom. Surprisingly, the crown procyanidin tetramer appeared to be specifically localized in grape skin, contrasting with the oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins present in seed, skin, and bunch stem. Moreover, this crown procyanidin tetramer showed promising protective effects against amyloid-β induced toxicity.
Comparison of Four Extraction Techniques for the Evaluation of Volatile Compounds in Spray-Dried New Zealand Sheep Milk
Authors: High Ryan , Bremer Phil , Kebede Biniam , Eyres Graham T.
Published: May 2019

Recent growth and diversification of sheep milk products means more sophisticated methods are required to ensure their flavour quality. The objective of this study was to compare four extraction techniques for the analysis of volatile compounds in sheep milk by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvent Assisted Flavour Evaporation (SAFE), Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME), Headspace Sorptive Extraction (HSSE) and Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) were evaluated for their sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and overall efficiency. A total of 48 volatile compounds from nine compound classes were identified in the spray-dried sheep milk. Alcohols, aldehydes, alkanes, carboxylic acids, ketones, lactones, sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds, and terpenes were all present, but the differences between the methods were most apparent for lactones. SBSE extracted eight lactones, SAFE extracted four lactones and HSSE and SPME only detected trace levels of two lactones. Six of the lactones—δ-hexa-lactone, δ-octalactone, γ-decalactone, γ-dodecalactone, δ-tetradecalactone, and δ-hexadeca-lactone—were identified for the first time in spray-dried sheep milk. The present work demonstrated that SBSE is an effective tool for the extraction and analysis of volatiles, especially lactones, in sheep milk and dairy products in general. A discussion of the benefits and limitations of each method is included.
Ultrasonic Processing Induced Activity and Structural Changes of Polyphenol Oxidase in Orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck)
Authors: Zhu Lijuan , Zhu Linhu , Murtaza Ayesha , Liu Yan , Liu Siyu , Li Junjie , Iqbal Aamir , Xu Xiaoyun , Pan Siyi , Hu Wanfeng
Published: May 2019

Apart from non-enzymatic browning, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) also plays a role in the browning reaction of orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) juice, and needs to be inactivated during the processing. In this study, the protein with high PPO activity was purified from orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and inactivated by ultrasonic processing. Fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to investigate the ultrasonic effect on PPO activity and structural changes on purified PPO. DLS analysis illustrated that ultrasonic processing leads to initial dissociation and final aggregation of the protein. Fluorescence spectroscopy analysis showed the decrease in fluorescence intensity leading to the exposure of Trp residues to the polar environment, thereby causing the disruption of the tertiary structure after ultrasonic processing. Loss of α-helix conformation leading to the reorganization of secondary structure was triggered after the ultrasonic processing, according to CD analysis. Ultrasonic processing could induce aggregation and modification in the tertiary and secondary structure of a protein containing high PPO activity in orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), thereby causing inactivation of the enzyme.
Effect of Geometrical Structure, Drying, and Synthetic Method on Aminated Chitosan-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles Utility for HSA Effective Immobilization
Authors: Ziegler-Borowska Marta , Mylkie Kinga , Kozlowska Mariana , Nowak Pawel , Chelminiak-Dudkiewicz Dorota , Kozakiewicz Anna , Ilnicka Anna , Kaczmarek-Kedziera Anna
Published: May 2019

Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most frequently immobilized proteins on the surface of carriers, including magnetic nanoparticles. This is because the drug–HSA interaction study is one of the basic pharmacokinetic parameters determined for drugs. In spite of many works describing the immobilization of HSA and the binding of active substances, research describing the influence of the used support on the effectiveness of immobilization is missing. There are also no reports about the effect of the support drying method on the effectiveness of protein immobilization. This paper examines the effect of both the method of functionalizing the polymer coating covering magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and the drying methods for the immobilization of HSA. Albumin was immobilized on three types of aminated chitosan-coated nanoparticles with a different content of amino groups long distanced from the surface Fe3O4-CS-Et(NH2)1–3. The obtained results showed that both the synthesis method and the method of drying nanoparticles have a large impact on the effectiveness of immobilization. Due to the fact that the results obtained for Fe3O4-CS-Et(NH2)2 significantly differ from those obtained for the others, the influence of the geometry of the shell structure on the ability to bind HSA was also explained by molecular dynamics.
Subcritical Fluid Chromatography at Sub-Ambient Temperatures for the Chiral Resolution of Ketamine Metabolites with Rapid-Onset Antidepressant Effects
Authors: Hofstetter Robert K. , Potlitz Felix , Schulig Lukas , Kim Simon , Hasan Mahmoud , Link Andreas
Published: May 2019

Chiral metabolites of ketamine exerting rapid-onset yet sustained antidepressant effects may be marketed directly in the future, but require chemo- and enantio-selective chromatographic methods for quality assurance and control. The chromatographic behavior of S-/R-ketamine, S-/R-norketamine, S-/R-dehydronorketamine, and (2R,6R)-/(2S,6S)-hydroxynorketamine in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was investigated computationally and experimentally with the aim of identifying problematic pairs of enantiomers and parameters for chiral resolution. Retention on three different polysaccharide-based chiral stationary phases (Lux Amylose-2, i-Amylose-3, and i-Cellulose-5) provided new information on the significance of halogen atoms as halogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors for enantioselectivity, which could be corroborated in silico by molecular docking studies. Modifiers inversely affected enantioselectivity and retention. Methanol yielded lower run times but superior chiral resolution compared to 2-propanol. Lower temperatures than those conventionally screened did not impair phase homogeneity but improved enantioresolution, at no cost to reproducibility. Thus, sub-ambient temperature subcritical fluid chromatography (SubFC), essentially low-temperature HPLC with subcritical CO2, was applied. The optimization of the SubFC method facilitated the chiral separation of ketamine and its metabolites, which was applied in combination with direct injection and online supercritical fluid extraction to determine the purity of pharmaceutical ketamine formulations for proof of concept.
β-Caryophyllene as a Potential Protective Agent Against Myocardial Injury: The Role of Toll-Like Receptors
Authors: Younis Nancy S. , Mohamed Maged E.
Published: May 2019

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains one of the major causes of mortality around the world. A possible mechanism involved in myocardial infarction is the engagement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). This study was intended to discover the prospective cardioprotective actions of β-caryophyllene, a natural sesquiterpene, to ameliorate isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction through HSP-60/TLR/MyD88/NFκB pathway. β-Caryophyllene (100 or 200 mg/kg/day orally) was administered for 21 days then MI was induced via ISO (85 mg/kg, subcutaneous) on 20th and 21st days. The results indicated that ISO induced a significant infarcted area associated with several alterations in the electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) indices and caused an increase in numerous cardiac indicators such as creatine phosphokinase (CPK), creatine kinase-myocardial bound (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac tropinine T (cTnT). In addition, ISO significantly amplified heat shock protein 60 (HSP-60) and other inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α, IL-Iβ, and NFκB, and affected TLR2 and TLR4 expression and their adaptor proteins; Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MYD88), and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF). On the other hand, consumption of β-caryophyllene significantly reversed the infarcted size, ECG and BP alterations, ameliorated the ISO elevation in cardiac indicators; it also notably diminished HSP-60, and subsequently TLR2, TLR4, MYD88, and TRIF expression, with a substantial reduction in inflammatory mediator levels. This study revealed the cardioprotective effect of β-caryophyllene against MI through inhibiting HSP-60/TLR/MyD88/NFκB signaling pathways.
Potential of a Small Molecule Carvacrol in Management of Vegetable Diseases
Authors: Liu Qingchun , Qiao Kang , Zhang Shouan
Published: May 2019

Carvacrol, a plant-derived volatile small molecule, is effective against various agents that can cause damage to humans, the food processing industry, and plants, and is considered a safe substance for human consumption. In this short communication, previous studies on the effectiveness of carvacrol against various agents, particularly plant pathogens and their associated mechanisms are described. In our study, carvacrol was found to be effective on media against several soilborne pathogens and in planta against three foliar pathogens (Xanthomonas perforans, Alternaria tomatophila, and Podosphaeraxanthii) of important vegetable crops in south Florida of the United States. Current research findings indicated that the effectiveness of carvacrol against various plant pathogens tested was associated with its direct bactericidal/fungicidal effect, which was affected greatly by its volatility. Development of new formulations to overcome the volatility and to prolong the effectiveness of carvacrol was also presented. Our studies on carvacrol suggested that, with advanced development of new formulations, carvacrol could be used as a promising tool in the integrated pest management for bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens of important vegetable crops in Florida, the USA, and the world.
Extractable and Non-Extractable Antioxidants
Authors: Durazzo Alessandra , Lucarini Massimo
Published: May 2019

In addition to documented scientific interest on antioxidant phytochemicals (plant secondary metabolites) [...]
Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Xyloglucan Endotransglucosylase/Hydrolase Genes Family in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: Fu Man-Man , Liu Chen , Wu Feibo
Published: May 2019

Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs)—a family of xyloglucan modifying enzymes—play an essential role in the construction and restructuring of xyloglucan cross-links. However, no comprehensive study has been performed on this gene family in barley. A total of 24 HvXTH genes (named HvXTH1-24) and an EG16 member were identified using the recently completed genomic database of barley (Hordeum vulgare). Phylogenetic analysis showed that 24 HvXTH genes could be classified into three phylogenetic groups: (I/II, III-A and III-B) and HvXTH15 was in the ancestral group. All HvXTH protein members—except HvXTH15—had a conserved N-glycosylation site. The genomic location of HvXTHs on barley chromosomes showed that the 24 genes are unevenly distributed on the 7 chromosomes, with 10 of them specifically located on chromosome 7H. A structure-based sequence alignment demonstrates that each XTH possesses a highly conserved domain (ExDxE) responsible for catalytic activity. Expression profiles based on the barley genome database showed that HvXTH family members display different expression patterns in different tissues and at different stages. This study is the first systematic genomic analysis of the barley HvXTH gene family. Our results provide valuable information that will help to elucidate the roles of HvXTH genes in the growth and development of barley.
Inhibitory Effects on NO Production and DPPH Radicals and NBT Superoxide Activities of Diarylheptanoid Isolated from Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Ehthanolic Extract of Alnus sibirica
Authors: Wang Hye Soo , Hwang Yoon Jeong , Yin Jun , Lee Min Won
Published: May 2019

Alnus sibirica (AS) is geographically distributed in Korea, Japan, Northeast China, and Russia. Various anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-atopic dermatitis and anti-cancer biological effects of AS have been reported. Enzymatic hydrolysis decomposes the sugar bond attached to glycoside into aglycone which, generally, has a superior biological activity, compared to glycoside. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the extract (EAS) from AS was processed and the isolated compounds were investigated—hirsutanonol (1), hirsutenone (2), rubranol (3), and muricarpon B (4). The structures of these compounds were elucidated, and the biological activities were assessed. The ability of EAS and the compounds (1–4) to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) superoxide, and to inhibit NO production was evaluated in vitro. EAS showed more potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity than AS. All investigated compounds showed excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
High Resolution Mass Profile of Bufadienolides and Peptides Combing with Anti-Tumor Cell Screening and Multivariate Analysis for the Quality Evaluation of Bufonis Venenum
Authors: He Rongrong , Ma Hongyue , Zhou Jing , Zhu Zhenhua , Lv Xiang , Li Quan , Wang Hengbin , Yan Yanqing , Luo Niancui , Di Liuqing , Wu Qinan , Duan Jinao
Published: May 2019

In order to evaluate the quality of Bufonis Venenum commercial herbs, a three-step qualitative and quantitative research study was performed. Firstly, we tried to identify small molecules and peptides in Bufonis Venenum using pre-fractionation chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The database search of the small molecules and peptides of Bufonis Venenum revealed that the dried venom consisted of free/conjugated-type bufadienolides and peptides with a mass range of 0.4–2 kDa. Secondly, we used partial least squares (PLS) multivariate statistical analysis to screen bufadienolides markers (VIP > 1.5) responsible for the anti-tumor cell activity of Bufonis Venenum, including 21 identified bufadienolides and 7 unknown compounds. It is noticeable that these bufadienolide markers could not be recognized by traditional HPLC-UV based spectrum-effect relationship analysis (correlation coefficient ranging from −0.24 to 0.40). Finally, we proposed a weight coefficient-based corrected total contents of 9 bufadienolides as a quality evaluation indicator, which had good correlation with inhibitory effects on tumor cells of commercial Bufonis Venenum. The correlation coefficient increased from 0.4 to 0.6. Thus, our pre-fractionation chromatography and mass spectrometry strategy had significant advancement over the traditional spectrum–effect relationship method for chemical marker identification. These results could be crucial and helpful in the development of a quality evaluation method that could reflect the pharmacological activity of Bufonis Venenum.
Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) Using Ricinus communis Leaf Ethanol Extract, Their Characterization, and Biological Applications
Authors: Ghramh Hamed A. , Khan Khalid Ali , Ibrahim Essam H. , Setzer William N.
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the collective biological properties of Ricinus communis ethanol leaf extract (RcExt) and extract-fabricated gold nanoparticles (RcExt-AuNPs). AuNPs were synthesized using RcExt. Fingerprint data of the biochemicals putatively found in RcExt were obtained using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet-visible (HPLC/UV-VIS) analyses. RcExt-AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier- transform infrared radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cytotoxic activity on the Hela and HepG2 tumor cell lines was tested through cell viability, antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens through a well diffusion assay, hemolytic activity on red blood cells through absorbance reading, and stimulatory/inhibitory effects on splenic cells by cell viability. AuNPs of 200 nm size were synthesized. GC-MS/MS analysis revealed 12 peaks and HPLC/UV-VIS analysis resulted in 18, 13, and five peaks at the wavelengths of 220, 254, and 300 nm, respectively. Cytotoxicity screening revealed that RcExt had stimulatory effects (6.08%) on Hela cells and an inhibitory effect (−28.33%) on HepG2 cells, whereas RcExt-AuNPs showed inhibitory effects (−58.64% and −42.74%) on Hela and HepG2 cells, respectively. Antimicrobial activity of RcExt-AuNPs against tested pathogens was significantly higher (average diameters of inhibition zones were higher (ranging from 9.33 mm to 16.33 mm)) than those of RcExt (ranging from 6.00 mm to 7.33 mm). RcExt and RcExt-AuNPs showed 4.15% and 100% lytic effects, respectively. Inhibitory effects on splenic cells for RcExt-AuNPs were observed to be significantly higher (−30.56% to −72.62%) than those of RcExt (−41.55% to −62.25%) between concentrations of 25 to 200 µg/mL. RcExt-AuNPs were inhibitory against HepG2 and Hela cells, while RcExt inhibited HepG2 but stimulated Hela cells. RcExt-AuNPs showed comparatively more antimicrobial activity. RcExt was safe while RcExt-AuNPs harmful to red blood cells (RBCs). RcExt and RcExt-AuNPs showed inhibitory effects on splenic cells irrespective of dose.
Impact of Nitrogen Foamed Stimulation Fluids Stabilized by Nanoadditives on Reservoir Rocks of Hydrocarbon Deposits
Authors: Wilk Klaudia , Kasza Piotr , Labus Krzysztof
Published: May 2019

The first objective of this experiment was to improve the stabilization of N2 based foam with nanoparticles as an alternative to typical fracturing fluid, which consists of a gelling agent (HPG—hydroxypropyl guar). The second objective of the project was to investigate the damage caused by nanoparticle–based nitrogen foamed fracturing fluids (F.F) on a reference sandstone, using permeability and porosity tests, optical microscope with a Profilometer, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The properties of F.F with two types of SiO2 nanoparticles (hydrophilic fumed silica Areosil 300 and silica sol U-2 obtained by the sol-gel method), such as rheology and core damage, were investigated. The discussion of this research results is based on the stability tests carried out with the use of rheology and the foam half-life, formation damage ratio, and observation of exposed samples using SEM and the Profilometer. The permeability and porosity damage ratios of the damaged core samples were found to decrease when nitrogen foamed fluids were used. These results were confirmed with the Profilometer and SEM images. The experimental data showed that the foam stability increased when silica (SiO2) nanoparticles were added. SiO2 nanoparticle-surfactant-stabilized foam for fracturing is superior to traditional water-based fracturing fluids and causes lower core permeability damage than a traditional F.F.
Plasmon-Enhanced Blue-Light Emission of Stable Perovskite Quantum Dot Membranes
Authors: Gu Kai , Peng Hongshang , Hua Siwei , Qu Yusong , Yang Di
Published: May 2019

A series of stable and color-tunable MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dot membranes were fabricated via a cost-efficient high-throughput technology. MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots grown in-situ in polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanofibers exhibit extraordinary stability. As polyvinylidene fluoride can prevent the molecular group MA+ from aggregating, MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots are several nanometers and monodisperse in polyvinylidene fluoride fiber. As-prepared MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dot membranes exhibit the variable luminous color by controlling the Cl− content of MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots. To improve blue-light emission efficiency, we successfully introduced Ag nanoparticle nanofibers into MAPbBr1.2Cl1.8 quantum dot membranes via layer-by-layer electrospinning and obtained ~4.8 folds fluorescence enhancement for one unit. Furthermore, the originality explanation for the fluorescence enhancement of MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots is proposed based on simulating optical field distribution of the research system.
Ethylenediamine-Catalyzed Preparation of Nitrogen-Doped Hierarchically Porous Carbon Aerogel under Hypersaline Condition for High-Performance Supercapacitors and Organic Solvent Absorbents
Authors: Gao Jing , Zhang Xuan , Yang Jiaxing , Zhou Junxi , Tong Mingxing , Jin Qiuyang , Dai Fangna , Li Guohua
Published: May 2019

The simple and cost-efficient preparation of high-performance nitrogen-doped carbon aerogel (N-CA) for supercapacitors and other applications is still a big challenge. In this work, we have presented a facile strategy to synthesize hierarchically porous N-CA, which is based on solvothermal polymerization of phenol and formaldehyde under hypersaline condition with ethylenediamine (EDA) functioning as both a catalyst and a nitrogen precursor. Benefited from the catalytic effect of EDA on the polymerization, the obtained N-CA has a predominant amount of micropores (micropore ratio: 52%) with large specific surface area (1201.1 m2·g−1). In addition, nitrogen doping brings N-CA enhanced wettability and reduced electrochemical impedance. Therefore, the N-CA electrode shows high specific capacitance (426 F·g−1 at 1 A·g−1 in 0.5 M H2SO4) and excellent cycling stability (104% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles) in three-electrode systems. Besides, a high energy density of 32.42 Wh·kg−1 at 800 W·kg−1 can be achieved by symmetric supercapacitor based on the N-CA electrodes, showing its promising application for energy storage. Furthermore, N-CA also exhibits good capacity and long recyclability in the absorption of organic solvents.
Highly Hydrophilic Gold Nanoparticles as Carrier for Anticancer Copper(I) Complexes: Loading and Release Studies for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Fratoddi Ilaria , Venditti Iole , Battocchio Chiara , Carlini Laura , Amatori Simone , Porchia Marina , Tisato Francesco , Bondino Federica , Magnano Elena , Pellei Maura , Santini Carlo
Published: May 2019

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which are strongly hydrophilic and dimensionally suitable for drug delivery, were used in loading and release studies of two different copper(I)-based antitumor complexes, namely [Cu(PTA)4]+ [BF4]− (A; PTA = 1, 3, 5-triaza-7-phosphadamantane) and [HB(pz)3Cu(PCN)] (B; HB(pz)3 = tris(pyrazolyl)borate, PCN = tris(cyanoethyl)phosphane). In the homoleptic, water-soluble compound A, the metal is tetrahedrally arranged in a cationic moiety. Compound B is instead a mixed-ligand (scorpionate/phosphane), neutral complex insoluble in water. In this work, the loading procedures and the loading efficiency of A and B complexes on the AuNPs were investigated, with the aim to improve their bioavailability and to obtain a controlled release. The non-covalent interactions of A and B with the AuNPs surface were studied by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV–Vis, FT-IR and high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) measurements. As a result, the AuNPs-A system proved to be more stable and efficient than the AuNPs-B system. In fact, for AuNPs-A the drug loading reached 90%, whereas for AuNPs-B it reached 65%. For AuNPs-A conjugated systems, a release study in water solution was performed over 4 days, showing a slow release up to 10%.
Determinants of the Stunting of Children Under Two Years Old in Indonesia: A Multilevel Analysis of the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey
Authors: Titaley Christiana R. , Ariawan Iwan , Hapsari Dwi , Muasyaroh Anifatun , Dibley Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Indonesia is ranked fifth among countries with the highest burden of stunting in children under five. This study aims to examine the determinants of stunting in children aged 0–2 years in Indonesia using data derived from the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. Twenty potential predictors of stunting, categorized into household and housing characteristics; maternal and paternal characteristics; antenatal care services and child characteristics were analyzed. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the role of cluster/district/provincial differences, as well as individual/household level characteristics and stunting status. Of 24,657 children analyzed, 33.7% (95%CI: 32.8%–34.7%) were stunted. The odds of stunting increased significantly among children living in households with three or more children under five-years-old (aOR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.03–1.72), households with five to seven household members (aOR =1.11; 95%CI: 1.03–1.20), children whose mothers during pregnancy attended less than four antenatal care services (aOR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.08–1.39), boys (aOR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.22–1.45), children aged 12–23 months (aOR = 1.89; 95%CI: 1.54–2.32), and children who weighed <2500 g at birth (aOR = 2.55; 95%CI: 2.05–3.15). The odds also increased significantly with the reduction of household wealth index. Integrated interventions to address environment, an individual level associated with stunting in Indonesia, from the environment- to individual-level factors are important.
Maternal Omega-3 Nutrition, Placental Transfer and Fetal Brain Development in Gestational Diabetes and Preeclampsia
Authors: Devarshi Prasad P. , Grant Ryan W. , Ikonte Chioma J. , Hazels Mitmesser Susan
Published: May 2019

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly docosahexaenoic fatty acid (DHA), are widely recognized to impact fetal and infant neurodevelopment. The impact of DHA on brain development, and its inefficient synthesis from the essential alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), has led to recommended DHA intakes of 250–375 mg eicosapentaenoic acid + DHA/day for pregnant and lactating women by the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Despite these recommendations, the intake of omega-3s in women of child-bearing age in the US remains very low. The low maternal status of DHA prior to pregnancy could impair fetal neurodevelopment. This review focuses on maternal omega-3 status in conditions of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia, and the subsequent impact on placental transfer and cord blood concentration of omega-3s. Both GDM and preeclampsia are associated with altered maternal omega-3 status, altered placental omega-3 metabolism, reduced cord blood omega-3 levels and have an impact on neurodevelopment in the infant and on brain health later in life. These findings indicate lower DHA exposure of the developing baby may be driven by lower placental transfer in both conditions. Thus, determining approaches which facilitate increased delivery of DHA during pregnancy and early development might positively impact brain development in infants born to mothers with these diseases.
Neuroprotective Effects of Diets Containing Olive Oil and DHA/EPA in a Mouse Model of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Gonzalo-Gobernado Rafael , Ayuso María Irene , Sansone Loredana , Bernal-Jiménez Juan José , Ramos-Herrero Víctor Darío , Sánchez-García Enrique , Ramos Teresa L. , Abia Rocío , Muriana Francisco J. G. , Bermúdez Beatriz , Montaner Joan
Published: May 2019

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and while there is increasing evidence that a Mediterranean diet might decrease the risk of a stroke, the effects of dietary fat composition on stroke outcomes have not been fully explored. We hypothesize that the brain damage provoked by a stroke would be different depending on the source of dietary fat. To test this, male C57BL/6J mice were fed for 4 weeks with a standard low-fat diet (LFD), a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acids (HFD-SFA), an HFD containing monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) from olive oil (HFD-OO), or an HFD containing MUFAs from olive oil plus polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid/eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) (HFD-OO-ω3). These mice were then subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAo). Behavioural tests and histological analyses were performed 24 and/or 48 h after tMCAo in order to elucidate the impact of these diets with different fatty acid profiles on the ischemic lesion and on neurological functions. Mice fed with HFD-OO-ω3 displayed better histological outcomes after cerebral ischemia than mice that received an HFD-SFA or LFD. Furthermore, PUFA- and MUFA-enriched diets improved the motor function and neurological performance of ischemic mice relative to those fed with an LFD or HFD-SFA. These findings support the use of DHA/EPA-omega-3-fatty acid supplementation and olive oil as dietary source of MUFAs in order to reduce the damage and protect the brain when a stroke occurs.
Epimedium koreanum Extract and Its Flavonoids Reduced Atherosclerotic Risk via Suppressing Modification of Human HDL
Authors: Kim Jae-Yong , Shim Sang Hee
Published: May 2019

Atherosclerosis is the key factor responsible for cardiovascular events, which is a major cause of morbidities and mortalities worldwide. It is well known that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) oxidation and glycation increases the risk for atherosclerosis. Epimedium koreanum has been used as a traditional oriental medicine for treating erectile dysfunction, kidney diseases, osteoporosis, and breast cancer. However, no reports on the effects of E. koreanum on HDL modification exist. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of E. koreanum extract and its eight flavonoids, which are: (1) anhydroicaritin 3-O-rhamnoside, (2) β-anhydroicaritin, (3–5) epimedins A-C, (6) epimedoside A, (7) icariin, and (8) des-O-methyl-β-anhydroicaritin, against HDL modification. HDLs obtained from pooled human plasma samples were incubated in vitro with E. koreanum extract or each compound in the presence of copper sulfate or fructose. The HDL modifications were evaluated by measuring generation of conjugated dienes, production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, change in electrophoretic mobility of apoA-I, advanced glycation end products formation, and apoA-I aggregation. Consequently, E. koreanum extract and compound 8 suppressed HDL modification through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, apoA-I aggregation, negative charge increase, and AGEs formation. In particular, compound 8 showed more potent inhibitory effect on HDL modification than the extracts, suggesting its protective role against atherosclerosis via inhibition of HDL oxidation and glycation.