bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in laminar and dendritic organization of the cerebral cortex after traumatic brain injury.
Authors: Escobar Martha Isabel , Guzmán Francisco , Buriticá Efraín , Riascos David , Villamil Liliana , Pimienta Hernán
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a heterogeneous phenomenon from a molecular, cellular and pathological perspective. Clinical outcome is also extremely variable. It is considered that such a diversity response to TBI is related to the primary injury intensity, associated secondary events (hypoxia, ischemia, oedema and inflammation), metabolic patient state, genetic background, age, gender, etc. After injury the histopathological outcome is variable in time and space. In order to determine the anatomofunctional integrity of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, it is important to verify the state of the cito and dendroarchitecture and the laminar preservation as a requisite to guarantee connectivity. Objective: The aim of the present work was to evaluate the response of human cortical neurons using two selective neuronal markers, NeuN and MAP2, which recognize citoarchitecture and dendritic arrangement, respectively. Materials and methods: In the present study we utilized six tissue samples (4 temporal and 2 frontal cortices) from TBI patients. Tissues from four post-mortem human brains were used as controls. Tissue samples were fixed in PLP, cut at 50 um in a vibratome, incubated with NeuN and MAP2 and processes with the avidin/biotin complex. Results: NeuN-IR was abnormal in all samples analyzed with some sectors showing slight NeuN-IR, others with NeuN-IR partial loss in supragranular layers, especially layer IIII, and other with a drastic reduction in staining in all cortical layers. MAP2-IR was altered across sections with sectors showing different degrees of changes in the normal pattern of MAP2-IR. Dendritic processes were difficult to follow because of its discontinuity. Layer V apical dendritic processes appear tortuous and its IR was fragmented in some cases they take aberrant orientations. Conclusions: in order to get new insights about the neuronal outcome after brain injury it is recommended to use MAP2- and NeuN-IR as a complement of classical histopathological methods. The present study shows a diversity of histopathological response in adjacent sectors of a same sample with both markers MAP2 and NeuN, as an indicative of different states of neurodegeneration.
Physiopathology of traumatic brain injury.
Authors: Guzmán Francisco
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a global medical problem. After TBI patients may show motor, behavioral and cognitive disabilities. Objective: The intention of this paper is to develop the patho-physiology of the head injury, beginning with epidemiological, anatomical, and physiological bases. Discussion and conclusions: The knowledge of the pathophysiology of TBI will help us to have a context with in we will try to describe and conceptualize in general way the most important patho-physiological process related to the head injury. It is not pretense of this paper get in deep of the concepts exposed here, since it would generate huge chapters of thematic discussion. The pretense is to take a panoramic review of the head injury to understand the foremost characteristics and definition, as a whole of clinical and structural manifestation of this pathology.
Vivax malaria in children: clinical features and response to chloroquine.
Authors: Carmona Fonseca Jaime , Uscátegui Rosa M. , Correa Adriana María
Published: August 2021

Introduction: In Colombia is not very common to find updated information about vivax malaria in children. Aims: Describe the clinical and paraclinical disease picture and evaluate the standard dose of chloroquine effectiveness as a cure for the acute attack of vivax malaria in children between 4 and 10 years old. Methods: Experimental design, balanced, not blind, 82 patients and habitants in El Bagre and Turbo, Colombia. Follow-up: 30 days. Results: Symptoms-signs agreed with the known. There were found 62% long-term malnutrition, 53% anemia, low retinol (19 μg/dl), normal leukocyte count, normal liver tests and normal creatinine coefficient. After 25-28 day of treatment, all alterations had disappeared on children except malnutrition. According with the analysis techniques, the chloroquine late failure proportion was: by the intention to treat 2.4% (0 to 24%), by the protocol 2.6% (0 to 25%), and in the worst-case scenario 7.3% (0 to 29%). Conclusion: The clinical and paraclinical depict was similar than adults. Malaria, was the main responsible for clinics and paraclinical alterations. Chloroquine, without primaquine, proved highly effective for the acute attack of vivax malaria in children and should be retained as the first therapeutic option.
Relationship between selected hormonal and metabolic parameters at birth and blood pressure during pre-adolescence
Authors: Nieto Anibal , Herrera Julián Alberto , Villar José , Matorras Roberto , Patron Clara , Carralafuente Carolina
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between selected hormonal parameters (at birth and at age 8 years) and blood pressure levels at pre-adolescence in a cohort of intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) and normal birth weight infants (NBW). Methods: A cohort study from early pregnancy to childhood was performed. Seventy-six fetuses/children were evaluated between 1995 and 2004. Cord blood samples were taken at birth and several hormonal and metabolic parameters evaluated. Sixty-four children of the original cohort were available for blood sampling, blood pressure and anthropometric measures at a mean age of 8 years. 27 (42.2%) were IUGR and 37 (57.8%) were NBW. Multiple regression analyses were conducted with cord blood levels of hormonal and metabolic parameters at birth and at 8 years as independent variables and children’s blood pressure as dependent variable adjusted by IUGR status, gender, Body Mass Index and age of the child at the time of blood pressure evaluation. Results: The maternal age (26.6±5.8 vs 26.9±5.8 years old) and the gestational age at birth (39.1±1.4 vs 39.6±1.3 weeks) were similar between the groups. IUGR children were shorter (1.28± 0.09 m vs 1.33± 0.09 m, p=0.04). Growth hormone levels (GH) at birth were negatively associated with systolic blood pressure at 8 years of age (regression coefficients for umbilical cord blood levels: -0.9, 95% CI -2.03 to 0.04 mg/ml, p= 0.04). Conclusion: The alterations on blood pressure can begin in fetal life were levels of GH could have an important role.
Evaluation of microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) expression in peripheral blood of a population with malign melanoma and control population and cell lines
Authors: Rangel Nelson , Rondón Milena , Ramírez Sandra
Published: August 2021

Background: The incidence of malign melanoma tumours has increased more rapidly than any other type of cancer; this has intensified the searching for tools that facilitate early detection of melanoma. Microphthalmia associated transcription factor (MITF) is currently known as being a master melanocyte regulator. The article analyses MITF gene expression in peripheral blood of individuals suffering from melanoma, compared to people without any type of cancer and some cell lines. Materials and methods: Thirty one samples of peripheral blood were used: 19 from patients having melanoma and 12 from healthy people. Then RNA was extracted from these samples. MITF and housekeeping genes (b2M and GAPDH) expression levels were then quantified by real-time PCR. Five cell lines were also used to determine the MITF expression. Results: MITF gene expression could be observed in all individuals, though no statistical significant differences were found among expression levels in the groups studied (p=0.09). Even so, MITF expression in the group of patients suffering from melanoma was much more variable than that observed in the group of cancer-free people. Expression was detected in the cell line AGS (gastric adenocarcinoma), not yet described. Conclusions: MITF gene expression levels were detected in the peripheral blood from both people suffering from melanoma and people without any type of cancer. However, variability in the number of molecules in MITF gene expression was observed in people with melanoma, this suggests the presence of tumour cells in circulation.
Detection of genes mutations in the K-ras, H-ras and EGFR in samples of blood plasma and cervical smears for patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and cervical cancer
Authors: García Dabeiba Adriana , Arias Yazmín Rocío , Aristizábal Fabio Ancízar
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second most important cancer in women worldwide, and the second cause of cancer death in women. It has been shown that the process of cervical carcinogenesis presents as genetic and epigenetic components as environmental issues. At present, many studies are addressed in searching for molecular markers such as mutations in oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes that are associated with the progression of this disease, the most studied candidate genes in cervical cancer in different populations have been H-ras, K-ras, EGFR among others. Objective: The present study identified human papilloma virus (HPV) generic and specific in DNA-free plasma and cervical smears of invasive cervical cancer patients and patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III in addition to assessing genetic alterations, such as mutations in the genes H-ras, EGFR and K-ras. Methods: To do so generic HPV was detected by PCR with primers GP5+/GP6+, and specific HPV 16 and 18 in E6/E7 region; to detect mutations in codon 12 of H-ras, codons 12 and 13 of K-ras and EGFR exon 21 was conducted by direct sequencing of PCR products of these gene fragments. Results: Getting a good correlation between samples of blood plasma and cervical smears for both; the findings of HPV p=0.0374 and evaluated mutations p=0. In general, for EGFR in exon 21 mutations were not found, as for codons 12 and 13 in K-ras and codon 12 in H-ras. Conclusion: The use of DNA in plasma may be relevant to the analysis of mutations and the presences of tumor markers are not available from other samples.
Study of internal consistency and factor structure of three versions of the Zung’s rating instrument for anxiety disorders
Authors: De La Ossa Susana , Martinez Yuleima , Herazo Edwin , Campo Adalberto
Published: August 2021

Background: The Zung’s rating instrument for anxiety disorders has been used in several Colombian researches. Its internal consistency and factor structure have not been reported among university students. Objective: To calculate the internal consistency and explore the factor structure of three versions of the Zung’s rating instrument for anxiety disorders among university students. Method: Two-hundred and twenty-one medicine and psychology students of a private university in Cartagena, Colombia, completed the 20-item version of the Zung’s rating instrument for anxiety disorders. The mean of age of students was 20.5 years (SD=2.6), 64.4% were women, and 54.3% studied medicine. Cronbach alpha was computed and exploratory factor analysis was done for the three versions. Results: The 20-item version of the Zung’s rating instrument for anxiety disorders presents Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.77 and three principal factors accounted for 40.1% of the total variance. The 10-item version showed Cronbach alpha of 0.83 and two-dimensional structure responsible of 54.0% of the total variance. The 5-item version showed Cronbach alpha of 0.74 and one-dimensional structure accounted for 49.5% of the total variance. Conclusions: The 10- and 5-item version of the Zung’s rating instrument for anxiety disorders present better psychometric properties than the original 20-item version. It is necessary to estimate the properties of these versions compared with a gold standard.
Citizen participation in accountability to health management in Cali, Colombia
Authors: Mosquera Janeth , Gutiérrez Alejandra , Serra Mauricio
Published: August 2021

Background: In Latin American for improving health sector performance and for decreasing corruption process, a social control initiatives like accountability process are been realized by social actors involved in health sector. Objectives: To describe and to analyze accountability to health management process with the involvement of health services consumers. Methodology: A pilot control social experience was developed in Cali with community participation in an accountability experience. Three public accountability experiences were developed. A methodology proposal was design to achieve community participation in accountability process. Results: 745 persons, indirectly, and 54 community leaders of Consumer Association of health local services of Cali, directly, were wrapped up. They had technical support in two out of the three accountability meetings carried out. In each stage was identified technical and methodological weakness in the accountability process. Conclusions: Despite of an understanding of the accountability process in health was improved, the experience showed some obstacles such as: difficulties in the access of information, low community leadership in social control issue and resistance of public health workforce to see their performance in health sector as a matter to be account.
Malaria: efficacy of amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, nutritional status and alellic variaton of CYP2C8 gen
Authors: Carmona Fonseca Jaime , Guzmán Pérez Valentina , Maestre Buitrago Amanda
Published: August 2021

Problem: Therapeutic response to antimalarials depends on multiple determinants associated with the parasite (species, mutations, parasitaemia, etc.) and the host (nutrition, genes, metabolism, etc.), but little is known about the host factors. Objectives: To evaluate in non-complicated falciparum malaria patients undergoing treatment with amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ-SP), some relationships between treatment response, nutritional status and characteristics of the gen CYP2C8. Methodology: A randomly assigned, balanced, non blind, controlled clinical design. Treatment response was assessed according to WHO 1998 criteria. Analysis included anthropometry, plasma levels of retinol, ferritin and selenium, and assessment of 2C8*1 (wild), 2C8*2 (Il29F) and 2C8*3 variants of CYP2C8 (R139K y K399R).Results: 33 patients were studied, all of them evidenced adequate treatment response, 10% had retinol deficiency, 25% selenium deficiency and 40% low ferritine levels. One patient exhibited the variant Il29F of CYP2C8*2 in a heterozygous fashion, the remaining individuals were homozygous for the wild form of this gene. The mutant R139K of CYP2C8*3 was absent in all individuals. Amplification fragments obtained of K339R (CYP2C8*3 gen) were not suitable for digestion, regardless of the modifications performed. These results confirm previous findings made in 22% of 23 patients in whom some variation was observed (5 in CYP2C8*2 and 2 in CYP2C8*3). For CYP2C8*3 the mutant R139K, was observed in 2 individuals. Conclusion: only one of the 33 patients (3%) had CYP2C8*2 in a heterozygous fashion, the remaining were homozygous for the wild allele of this variant. None of the patients had the mutation R139K of the CYP2C8*3 variant. This is a novel report for Latin America.
Thrombosis in renal artery in a newborn. Presentation a review of a case
Authors: Torres Ana Lucía , Torres Javier , Cifuentes Jorge Andrés
Published: August 2021

This report describes a newborn who presents high pressure values and absence of pulses in inferior extremities in his 4th day of life. Posterior to placement of umbilical arterial catheter, confirming diagnostic of thrombosis in aorta and left renal artery. A gamagraphy with MAG 3 was performed that gave evidence of left renal exclusion and aorta and left renal angioresonance. A management with no fractional heparin and streptokinase during 6 hours was initiated. The compromise in lower extremities was totally recovered, improving presure values in a few days. Following studies of renal function and growth give evidence of left renal artery flow and some function. This report describes an improvement with anticoagulant and thrombolitic treatment of a newborn kidney depite of a prolonged ischemia.
Tuberculosis: expression of beauty, horror and pain
Authors: Saldarriaga Cantillo Alejandra
Published: August 2021

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest illnesses in history, probably would be the first disease that affected human. Along the time it had been present in various civilizations making it´s legacy at different contexts. This article explores some pictorial perspectives inspired on that disease, ranging from beauty to horror and pain depending on the emotion that motivates the artist. It takes as references some artistic style and pictoric pieces to illustrate the different conceptions of the disease passing by the Renaissance, Baroque, expressionism and abstract movements
Agreement towards excellence
Authors: Herrera Julián Alberto
Published: August 2021

AGREEMENT TOWARDS EXCELLENCE.
Barriers and facilitating communication skills for breaking bad news: from the specialists’ practice perspective
Authors: Payán Enna Catalina , Montoya David Andrés , Vargas John Jairo , Vélez María Clara , Castaño Alfonso , Krikorian Alicia
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Breaking bad news is one of a physician’s most difficult duties. There are several studies related to the patient’s needs, but few reflect on the doctors’ experience. Materials and method: A descriptive, cross-sectional research was carried out to study issues related to the process of delivering bad news which might act as barriers and facilitating skills from the doctor’s point of view. These issues were identified through a self-administered survey. Results: Participant doctors use different strategies to communicate bad news to their patients. Examples of these strategies are: to be familiar with the patients’ medical history, to ensure that there is enough time, to know the patient’s caregivers and/or relatives, to determine the patient’s level of knowledge about his/her condition, to use non-technical words, to give information in small pieces, to assess the patient’s understanding, to devise a joint action plan, among others. Conclusion: The communication barriers that were identified focused on the emotional issues of the communication process, particularly those related to the recognition of own emotions, and the limited training about communication strategies available to doctors. Consequently, there is a need to implement training programs that provide doctors with tools to facilitate the bad news communication process.
Periodontal status in female psychiatric patients
Authors: Portilla María Isabel , Mafla Ana Cristina , Arteaga John Jairo
Published: August 2021

Objective: To establish the periodontal status in female psychiatric patients from «Nuestra Señora del Perpetuo Socorro» Mental Hospital at Pasto, Colombia in 2007. Methodology: We evaluated 59 patients and assessed Quigley-Hein and sulcus bleeding indexes, clinical attachment loss, probing depth, gingival enlargement, tooth displacement, and furcation involvement. Variables such as age, hospitalization, mental illness, other systemic condition and psychiatric medications were analyzed. Results: The Quigley-Hein Index was 3.05, SD=1.56, sulcus bleeding index on probing index was 3.08, SD=1.54. Of the women 49.2% had a clinical attachment loss (CAL) of 7 mm. There was an increasing percentage of CAL from 5 to 7 mm in patients with more than 10 years of hospitalization. Women with schizophrenia and mental retardation showed CAL from 2 to 7 mm. Patients who ingested antipsychotics-antiparkinsonians had CAL of 17 mm. Conclusions: Periodontal disease is severe in these patients and might be influenced by hospitalization, mental illness, and medication.
Periodontal intervention effects on pregnancy outcomes in women with preeclampsia.
Authors: Herrera Julián A. , Vélez Medina Santiago , Molano Rodolfo , Medina Virna , Botero Javier E. , Parra Beatriz , Contreras Adolfo
Published: August 2021

Objective: To determine the efficacy of periodontal intervention on pregnancy outcome in mild preeclamptic women. Methods: A sample of 60 pregnant women with mild preeclampsia (blood pressure levels < 160/110 mm and proteinuria >300 mg/l in 24 hours urine) from the Hospital Universitario del Valle (Cali, Colombia) was included to the study. Preeclamptic women were randomized in two groups, one with periodontal intervention (PIG, N=28) and another in which the periodontal intervention was practiced after childbirth (NPIG, N=32). Maternal socio-demographic, medical and periodontal data were obtained. PIG included patients in which supragingival and subgingival cleaning within ultrasonic and manual devices were performed after study inclusion. The progression from mild to severe preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome, the number of days of clinical stability and the percentile of birth-weight adjusted for gestational age were evaluated in both groups. Results: Most of the patients (60%) were multigravids. Gestational age at inclusion was 31.8±1.6 weeks. Chronic periodontitis was a frequent finding (61.7%). Social, demographic, medical and periodontal conditions were similar between both groups. Disease progression to severe preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome was also similar (89.2% PIG versus 84.4%, p=0.65) (OR=1.06 IC 95% 0.87-1.29, p=0.65). Days of clinical stability were similar between the groups (median 10 days , range 1-46, PIG versus 12 days, range 1-59, p=0.57) and the percentile of birth weight adjusted with gestational age had no differences between the groups (median percentil 50 range 5-90 PIG versus percentil 55 range 5-95, p=0.73). Conclusion: Periodontal intervention does not seem to harm the health, the severity or alter the frequency on maternal complications in mild preeclampsia subjects.
Design of a molecular method for subspecies specific identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae by using the 16S ribosomal subunit gene.
Authors: Arenas Nelson Enrique , Polanco Juan Carlos , Coronado Sandra Milena , Durango Clara Juliana , Gómez Arley
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Rhinoscleroma is caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis and the ozena infections caused by K. pneumoniae ozaenae, both infections affect the upper respiratory tract. In the first clinical phases the symptoms are unspecific, and the disease can be misdiagnosed as a common cold, therefore antimicrobial therapy cannot reach effective results and patients must be following up for several years since the infection became chronic. Objective: To identify Klebsiella subspecies using a specific assay based on amplicons restriction of a gene which encodes 16S subunit ribosomal (rDNA16S).Methodology: Specific restriction patterns were generated; using reported sequences from rDNA16S gene and bioinformatics programs MACAW, PFE, GENEDOC and GENE RUNNER. Amplification and restriction assays were standardized. Results: Predictions in silico allowed to propose an algorithm for Klebsiella species and subspecies identification. Two reference strains were included and two clinical isolates which were biotyped and identified by the proposed method. rDNA16S gene restriction patterns showed differences regarding the initially identified species for conventional methods. Additionally two patterns of bands were observed for K. pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis, indicating the polymorphisms presence in the rDNA16S gene. Conclusions: It was confirmed the difficulty to identify K. pneumoniae subspecies by conventional methods. Implementation of this technique could allow an accurate and rapid differentiation among K. pneumoniae ozaenae and K. pneumoniae rhinoscleromatis aetiological agents of two frequently misdiagnosed infections. Antimicrobial therapy usually could be ineffective, especially in chronic patients. Finally it is considered very important to enlarge the study by using more clinical and reference strains.
Currarino’s syndrome. A case report
Authors: Vélez Nathalia , López Luz Stella , Rivera Jorge Alberto , Chams Anturi Abraham , Espinal David Andrés
Published: August 2021

The Currarino’s syndrome is a rare inherited disorder. The complete form is characterized by the presence of ano-rectal malformation (usually stenosis), presacral mass and bone defects of the sacrum. The most important symptom is the presence of constipation since birth. A 13 month old patient with chronic and severe constipation is presented. Among the studies the presence of hemisacrum and anterior meningocele were found, both findings consistent with a mild form of Currarino’s syndrome. A conservative management with polietilenglycol oral (PEG®), was initiated with an excellent response to treatment. The presentation of the case with a review of current literature is given to the medical staff in order to publicize the syndrome, as well as to emphasize key points that create suspicion of their presence and the different therapeutic options for its approach.
Appropriate prenatal care system: the best way to prevent preeclampsia in Andean countries.
Authors: López Jaramillo Patricio , García Ronald , Reyes Laura , Ruiz Silvia
Published: August 2021

The main cause of maternal mortality in Colombia is preeclampsia; even though it is a major public health problem its etiology and physiopathology remain unknown. However it is believed that endothelial dysfunction plays a central role in the development of this disease. Many clinical trials have been carried out to demonstrate the effect of certain interventions to prevent preeclampsia and improve pregnancy outcomes. Our hypothesis is that the reduction of preeclampsia risk could be achieved through an appropriate health system that would provide an opportune and effective prenatal care to pregnant women allowing early diagnosis and treatment of frequent nutritional and health related problems.
Concordance studies of a web based system in teledermatology.
Authors: Ruiz Carlos , Gaviria Claudia , Gaitán Miguel , Manrique Rubén , Zuluaga Ángela , Trujillo Andrés
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Implementation of teledermatology in primary care offers the possibility of treating patients using specific dermatologic knowledge in far away places with infrequent availability to these services. It is a priority to implement teledermatology services which demonstrate diagnostic reliability and satisfaction among users. Objectives and methods: To measure the diagnostic reliability of an asynchronous teledermatology web based application by means of intraobserver and interobserver concordance during teleconsultation and traditional presential («face to face») consultation. Furthermore, to evaluate user satisfaction regarding the teleconsultation and the web application.Results: A sample of 82 patients with 172 dermatologic diagnoses was obtained, in which an intraobserver concordance between 80.8% and 86.6%, and an interobserver concordance between 77.3% and 79.6% were found. Satisfaction was evaluated to be on an average of 92.5%.Conclusions: The teleconsultation reliability in teledermatology is evidenced to be high, and is susceptible of improvement through the implementation of health information standards and digital dermatologic photography protocols.
Intoxicated children at an intensive care unit: popular medicine risks, complications and costs.
Authors: De Rovetto Consuelo , Concha Sandra
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The Hospital Universitario del Valle (HUV) at the Pediatrics Intensive Care Unit (PICU) admits intoxicated patients, erroneously medicated by «teguas» or family members with serious aggravation of basic diseases or generating severe intoxications. Absent reports of these practices in Colombia motivated the publication of this case series Objective: To report a series of pediatric intoxication cases secondary to oral or dermatological application of varied substances by healers («teguas») or family members, leading to admission at the PICU, and to describe complications and hospital costs of these events. Methodology: Clinical charts of patients admitted to the PICU with diagnosis of exogenous intoxication during May 2001 to September 2004, were reviewed. Of 28 registered cases during that time, only 14 clinical charts were recovered. Variables evaluated included: age, gender, proceeding, administered substance, person responsible for the administration, complications, days of mechanical ventilation, total days at the intensive care unit and average costs. Of the 14 medical records with exogenous intoxications only 5 cases were involuntary and 9 were related to the administration of substances by quacks or family members; these are the ones reported in this series. Results: We report a total of 9 intoxicated patients, 5 girls and 4 boys, with an age range from 1 to 24 months, all from Cali. Topical administered substances: alcohol 6/9, vinegar 1/9; oral: aspirin 2/9, paico 1/9, and unidentified herbs 1/9. Administered substances by teguas: 6 patients; 3 by family members. All patients had metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap: 27 in average (range from 21 to 32). All required mechanical ventilation (2 to 32 day range). Average hospital day costs were $6’657,800 pesos (around U$3,000.oo). Three patients died and 4 presented acute renal failure, 2 convulsions, 2 nosocomial infections, 1 subglotic stenosis. Conclusions and recommendations: Those practices are a high risk for children and have high health costs. Mortality and severe complications are high. Educational campaigns should be started in the community to prevent these cases.
Kangaroo mother program: physical growth and morbidity in a cohort of children, followed from 40 weeks of postconceptional age until first year.
Authors: Palencia Diana , Mendoza Carlos Julio , Torres Javier , Echandía Carlos Armando
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Up to 40 weeks of postconceptional age, the kangaroo mother program at the Hospital Universitario del Valle has proved to be a safe alternative for premature babies’ management with a low birth weight. Objectives: To evaluate the physical growth and morbidity in children followed since 40 weeks up to 1 year in the program. Material and methods: A cohort study was performed in newborn infants admitted to the kangaroo mother program in the newborn unit at the Hospital Universitario del Valle, Cali, Colombia, with birth weight lower than 2000 g, from 40 weeks postconceptional age up to one year age, between August 2002 and July 2006. Information was collected about maternal age and morbidity, prenatal control, type of birth, gender, birth weight, gestational age, breastfeeding, thick motor development, physical growth, morbidity, readmissions, mortality and tests results. Results: A total of 390 infants were admitted to the program, with a 61% of captation. 65% of theirs mothers did not have prenatal control. Before completing the 40 weeks, 5.3% were readmitted due to anaemia and apnoea. After 40 weeks, 13% were readmitted by bronchopneumonia and acute diarrhoea. Most of them were allocated in the reference percentiles for weight and size. Size had a better growth than weight. The cumulated low weight incidence for age at 13 months was 22%. Conclusions: To increase the coverage of prenatal control program and to watch that the children receive prescribed iron and formulated folic acid.
Technique of Rutkow and Robbins (plug and patch) to the reparation of inguinals hernias.
Authors: Luque Ángel S. , Urdaneta José Ramón
Published: August 2021

Objective: To describe the repair process of inguinal hernias according to the Rutkow and Robbins technique (plug and patch) and polypropylene mesh. Methods: A descriptive study was performed on 102 patients attending to the Surgery Clinic at Hospital Dr. Manuel Noriega Trigo, San Francisco, Venezuela. Patients had a diagnosis of primary inguinal hernia during the period of January 2002 to September, 2005. 124 hernioplasties were practiced, 11 patients received surgery for bilateral hernias. Variables in this study included: sex, age, hernia type, surgical time, postoperation pain, period of hospital staying, time for returning to daily activities, and complications. Results: Ninety one males (89.2%) and eleven females (10.8%) were included in this study. Average age was of 42.7±18.29 years (Range, 12-82) and the more frequent age group lies between 21 to 30 years (23.5%). Inguinal indirect hernia was more common on males (n=47, 25.5% right side. 20.6% left side).  The direct inguinal hernia was present on 4 females (3.9%). The duration of the surgical procedure was 32.18±6.42 minutes. Postoperative pain was reported as discomfort (33.3%), mild (39.2%), moderate (8.8%), and no patients reported severe pain.  Duration of hospital stay was 23.41±3.8 hours (Range, 3 to 40 hours), time for returning to daily activities was 21.56±6.5 days (Range, 10 to 40). The postoperative complications presented on 6.9% of the patients: 1% wound infection, 1% hematoma, 2% seromas, 1% inguinal neuralgia and 2% urinary retention. Conclusion: This is a quick technique associated with little postoperative morbidity, short hospital stay, short time for returning to daily activities and rare complications. This technique proves to be safe for the repair of inguinal hernias.
Pharmacogenomics in medicine.
Authors: Isaza Carlos , Sepúlveda Arias Juan C. , Henao Julieta
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics studies how changes in the genome influence the response to drugs. Its main medical value consists in: i) the identification of individuals in which it is possible to predict if certain drug and dose will be effective or on the contrary, if the drug must be avoided due to its high toxicity risk or because the patient will never respond to it; ii) to identify molecular targets able to be intervened by drugs. Objective: To carry out a systematic review about pharmacogenomic oriented to the use and clinical impact of drugs. Methodology: The pertinent biomedical literature was searched in several databases such as Medline, Proquest, Science Direct, Ovid and Cochrane, as well as the available information in web sites of international sanitary organizations.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in saliva of healthcare workers
Authors: De Almeida Cruz Elaine Drehmer , Pimenta Fabiana Cristina , Vanzato Palazzo Izabel Cristina , Da Costa Darini Ana Lúcia , Gir Elucir
Published: August 2021

Background: The carrier state of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is pointed as an infection predictor and a factor for environmental and person-to-person dissemination, including health service workers. These, when colonized are commonly associated to outbreaks. Objective: Analyze the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in saliva of workers at a university hospital. Methodology: Epidemiologic longitudinal study carried out in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil, with 486 workers between April 2006 and June 2008. Three saliva samples were collected and a data collection instrument was applied. Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the clinical specimen and characterized by phenotypes. The data from the instrument and the laboratory results were organized and processed with EPI-Info software and analyzed via descriptive statistics. Results: Among the healthcare workers studied, 60.9% were colonized by Staphylococcus aureus in saliva; of those, 67.9% were transitory carriers and 32.1% were persistent carriers; the prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among the isolated cases was 15.7%. The average prevalence of MRSA was 12.7% and higher among nurses’ aides (21.4%) and cleaning aides (20.6%) and lower among nurses (4.5%) and doctors (5.9%). Conclusions: Healthcare workers presented high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in saliva, indicating the mouth as an important body site to investigate colonization by MRSA and a potential source to its dissemination.
Factors associated with breastfeeding in children less than one year of age in the city of Cartagena, Colombia
Authors: Díaz Carmen Elena , López Rossana , Herrera Indira , Arena Diana , Giraldo Carolina , Gonzáles Laura
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The practice of breastfeeding represents multiple benefits to children; however, several studies show that there has been a gradual loss of breastfeeding habits in industrialized and developing countries, mainly because the great diversity of types of milk. Additionalliy, there was the presence of biological and socio-cultural factors, which influence and modify this practice and generate a negative impact on the health of the infant population. In Colombia, in 2005, it was reported that the median duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 2.2 months and the median duration was 14.9 months total; likewise, the department of Bolivar reported a median slightly over a month.Objective: To determine the relationship between social and biological factors in the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children under one year of age in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study, the population consisted of the mothers of 23,109 children less than one year of age, the sample was 562 mothers. The probability sampling was stratified by clusters of three locations in the city where every neighborhood was a cluster. After selecting the neighborhood, a simple random sampling was conducted by city blocks. Mothers of children under one year of age were sought in their homes in the city blocks selected. The information was collected through the survey «Breastfeeding and complementary feeding» used by PROFAMILIA, demographic characteristics were demographic characteristics were also investigated.Results: The median for breastfeeding was 2 months, social factors associated were: not using a feeding bottle (CI: 2.37-5.38), nuclear family membership (CI: 1.29-2.72), not being a mother head of household (CI: 0.27-0.62), and the biological factor showing association was temporary suspension of breastfeeding (CI: 0.23-0.70).Conclusion: The duration of the exclusive breastfeeding practice among women turned out to be very short and the practice until the sixth month of life for their children was low. It was found that children born through caesarean section had a higher prevalence of maternal of maternal breastfeeding than those born vaginally.
Effect of the Program «Caring for caretakers»: Findings of a multicenter study
Authors: Barrera Lucy , Carrillo Gloria Mabel , Chaparro Lorena , Pinto Natividad , Rodríguez Alberto , Sánchez Beatriz
Published: August 2021

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the program Caring for the Caregivers on the caring ability of family caregivers of people with chronic illnesses attended by programs coordinated by the Latin American nodes for the care of caregivers with chronically ill family members.Methods: The study had a Quasi-experimental method with an experimental group (family caregivers that took the Program Caring for the caregivers and a control group. Data was collected with the Ngozi Nkongho’s Caring Ability Inventory (CAI). The sample was taken by convenience in (8) nodes, with an average of 60-100 family caregivers for a total group of 643 individuals (417 in the experimental group and 226 in the control group). Statistical tests were used to evaluate proposals of normality and the Mann-Whitney U test to evaluate data. Results: Findings report similar study groups with small differences in ages and socioeconomic levels. Family caregivers that took part in the Program significantly improved their caring ability with improvement in each of the dimensions of the caring ability. Discussion: The effectiveness of the Program Caring for the caregivers in the caring ability of family caregivers is a significant finding that match with previous reports and it confirm the importance of having specific proposals for the care of caregivers in the Latin American context. Findings shows a strengthening of the general caring ability of family caregivers, as well as an straightening of each one of their dimensions that is favorable to the Program effect. These findings slightly differ from previous findings because in previous studies the caring ability never showed increase in all its components.
Suicidal ideation in adolescence: an explanation from three of its associated variables in Bogotá, 2009
Authors: Carvajal Gloria , Caro Clara Virginia
Published: August 2021

Objective: To determine the relationship between hopelessness, loneliness and the level of family health in school-age adolescents with and without suicidal ideation to deepen in the knowledge of this phenomenon from a nursing point of view and to pose promotion and prevention options in Bogotá, Colombia. Method: This was a cross-sectional, comparative, correlational, descriptive and quantitative study. The sample was selected in the period between February and April 2009, through mixed sampling and 482 school-attending 14-17 year-old adolescents were included. Widely recognized and highly qualified psychometric tools were used to measure the variables concerned. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistic analysis were used to describe the behavior of each variable, to explore the relationships and contrasts between these variables and to estimate the effect of the independent variables on the presence of suicidal thoughts. This study has followed the ethical considerations necessary for research involving human beings.Results: 20% of the sample used reported the presence of suicidal thoughts or desires. All variables studied influence the presence of suicidal thoughts except age, socioeconomic strata, borough and type of school. However, with the use of logistic regression methods, the variables that best express the presence of suicidal thoughts are: previous suicide attempt, low self-esteem, depression and belonging to an unhealthy family.Conclusions: Data on suicidal ideation and attempts made in this study support the idea of implementing greater preventive efforts within families and schools. Identifying adolescents at risk of suicide or mental health disorders, and build effective prevention and treatment programs is a priority.
Disciplinary development: the reason for being, sensing, thinking, and doing in nursing
Authors: Argote Luz Ángela , Burbano Consuelo , Santamaría Claudia , Vásquez Martha Lucía
Published: August 2021

Introduction: For six and a half decades, the School of Nursing at Universidad del Valle has been involved in multiple searches on the perspective of constructing and projecting a socially committed exercise in the profession. This article seeks to expose the processes, reflections, and actions having to do with the discipline’s development as a central concern of the School, as well as to also declare the future responsibilities presented by complex and inescapable challenges.The challenge of the disciplinary development in the School of Nursing: We sought to guide the conceptual development in Nursing through the production and validation of knowledge appertaining to the discipline and of the professional practice substantiated on Human Care, via the development of three areas: formation of professors, students, and healthcare professionals; development of research in alliance with healthcare services to facilitate innovation in Nursing Care, and the implementation of Nursing Service Models based on Human Care.How is the future perceived: Management of this project has led to understanding that the process of disciplinary reflection goes beyond a project and involves a more ambitious wager than a School Plan; i.e., it will have to become a Government Plan without overlooking that what is important is to challenge the discipline and that this implies a real impact on the care offered in health services by Nursing professionals.
Student involvement and leadership: A commitment to active citizenship
Authors: Santamaría Claudia , Sánchez María Oliva
Published: August 2021

Assuming leadership from an ethical stance with responsibility for action proposes a complex challenge to achieve, because of the many aspects inherent to human beings and their evolutionary processes. It is necessary to undertake ways and ventures to weave forms and experiences that lead to it. The School of Nursing at Universidad del Valle, interpreting the university mission and based on its 2005-2015 Strategic Plan, assumes the responsibility of promoting opportunities and initiatives that foster leadership in students through the development of two strategies: promotion of Leadership and Training, through accompanying initiatives and representations of the Nursing Program students. This article describes different voices of students who have been participating in initiatives generated from the Leadership Project and the development of their strategies to recover and reveal the richness of its possibilities, as well as the difficulties of mobilizing a proposal involving democratic and humanist views on various forms of individual life and projected onto the horizon of the collective.Final reflection: The experience at the School of Nursing at Universidad del Valle about leadership and student participation provides the necessity to promote leadership based on the collective, but focusing on individual potential, as well as the personal and professional growth of students and teachers, which requires the conjunction of human, economic, academic and administrative efforts.
Understanding workload in occupational health research on nursing
Authors: Cardoso Kirchhof Ana Lucia , Ribeiro Lacerda Maria , Mansano Sarquis Leila Maria , De Bosi Magnago Tânia Solange , Meireles Gomes Ingrid
Published: August 2021

Introduction: The concept of workload has been used by nursing with multiple meanings. Among them, we have considered patient dependency and nursing intensity. We propose to add to this understanding that workloads are biopsychic processes with effects on the worker’s body.Development: We discuss this theoretical concept based on the Latin American contribution and the importance of theory in the conceptual field. Final reflection: This discussion provides other theoretical ways to operate this concept in areas of research, focusing on the worker’s health. Also, this concept in nursing research helps to further study the work process and its relationship with health to analyze the contribution of each component of this in the health nursing workers.
Preludios de la independencia. Aportes de jesuitas y agustinos a las reformas educativas neogranadinas del siglo XVIII
Authors: Rojas Salazar Carlos Arnulfo
Published: August 2021

Este artículo trata sobre las reformas educativas emprendidas por los jesuitas y agustinos en sus colegios y universidades a lo largo del siglo XVIII. Valora cómo estas ayudaron no solo a la configuración de una identidad propiamente neogranadina, sino también de base ideológica a los discursos y acciones de los agentes de la independencia de principios del siglo XIX. Así mismo, desarrolla un apartado acerca de la llegada y evolución de la ilustración hispana, puesto que estas se producen en paralelo a la reforma educativa. El artículo se realiza con base en un análisis relacional de la bibliografía secundaria existente tanto de las reformas educativas como de la ilustración neogranadina del siglo XVIII, así como de fuentes primarias