bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Shutoff and Profile Control with the Combination of Single Fluid and Double Fluids
Authors: Wang Hao
Published: June 2014

Both the single fluid and double-fluid method for water shutoff and profile control have their limitations. If the two kinds of working fluids are used in combination for water shutoff and profile control, each of them exhibits its own plugging capability while they can form plugging materials when they contact and react with each other. This method can be used as a plugging system in the formations, eliminating the low utilization ratio and huge waste of the single or double-fluid chemicals. It can enhance the plugging capability and improve the water shutoff and profile control results. The single and double fluid (SAD) system has been proved satisfactory in the field tests of conventional chemical water shutoff and profile control, high temperature chemical water shutoff and high temperature profile control and channeling-plugging in thermal recovery wells. The economic benefits are remarkable from the field tests of 14 wells.
Production Modes Switch Optimization of Refinery Units
Authors: Li Ming
Published: June 2014

Refinery units have the feature of operating inertia, long time transition period exists when production modes switch, during which product quality may decline and energy cost raises. The operating inertia have received significant attentions in actual refineries, while few literatures have given enough focus on it which is usually omitted to make scheduling easy. The core of this paper is to deal with the scheduling optimization problem of production modes switch considering operating inertia. By expression of the transition process, a mixed integer linear programming model was built based on a continuous time representation. The model optimizes unit operations by minimizing energy consuming. The formulation approach was used to address the scheduling of a refinery. Case study illustrates the model’s feasibility and efficiency.
Iron Recovery by Two-Stage Roasting the Gold-Bearing Pyrite Concentrate and Gold-Leaching from the Pyrite Cinder by Thiourea
Authors: He Gui Chun , Wu Yi Peng , Feng Jin Ni
Published: June 2014

Pyrite cinders, which are the waste products of sulphuric acid manufacturing plants, contain hazardous but valuable heavy metals. This passage introduced that iron recovery by two-stage roasting the pyrite concentrate and gold-leaching from the pyrite cinder by thiourea. After re-floating and two-stage roasting of the gold-bearing low-grade pyrite concentrate, the final cinder contains about 0.056% As and 61% Fe and high grade gold and silver. The thiourea gold-leaching experiment for the pyrite cinder shows the gold-leaching rate is up to 90.4% in the case of grinding fineness of 60%-0.074mm, pH = 1~2, R=1:2, thiourea dosage of 10g / L, ferric sulfate dosage of 3g / L, leaching time of 6h.
Researches on Purification and Sodium-Modification of Ca-Bentonite by Tri-Roller Grinder
Authors: Zhang Bing Bing , Miao Ming Yue , Bai Jing , Yuan Guang Jin , Jia Yan Yan , Han Zhe Xiang , Zhao Zhi Guo , Su Hai Quan
Published: June 2014

To fully evaluate the usability of a raw Ca-bentonite source and to deeply understand the property of bentonite mineral are critical for applications of these special layered materials. Due to sodium bentonites have several advantages over calcium bentonites, especially in expansibility, cation exchange capacity, cohesive force, dispersibility, and thermostability, sodium-modification of Ca-bentonite is regarded as a top priority of effective utilization of abundant Ca-bentonite source in China. In present work, the purified Na-montmorillonite was synthesized by purification and sodium-modification of a raw Ca-bentonite source (Liaoning, China) by tri-roller grinder. Important influencing factor rolling times in purification and sodium modification process was investigated. Mineral compositions, microscopic morphology, and thermal stability were characterized by using different techniques. The crystalline phases and compositions were identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The morphology and structure were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal properties were investigated using differential thermal gravity analysis (DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) analysis.
Principle of SMY-50 c/o Spectrum Logging Tool and Application
Authors: Feng Ji Hui
Published: June 2014

The configuration and technical specifications of the new type C/O Well Logging Tool bought by West Drilling Well Logging Company are introduced.It shows that the consistency,repeatability and stability of the tool are good,and its specifications fully meet pre-designed requirements and quality control standards.The result of interpreting based on well logging data of approach thirty wells offer reliable foundation for exploitation of the old wells of Karamay oil field.
Application and Study on Nonlinear Percolation Area Distribution Range Calculation Method in the Low Permeability Reservoir
Authors: Mao Wei , Jia Hong Bing , Yu Dong Xu , Du Peng Ju
Published: June 2014

Based on the minimum start-up pressure gradient have been obtained from experiment, and the relationship between the minimum starting pressure gradient with maximum starting pressure gradient and the throat radius, first put forward the calculating the limit shear stress, then calculating the maximum starting pressure gradient method. Non-linear seepage corresponding to the pressure gradient range are obtained by regression analysis, nonlinear seepage flow in low permeability reservoir distribution area can be derived. Two well group examples of the Bei301 block of Hailaer oilfield, shows that calculating the method of nonlinear seepage flow area is available, and the results can reflect the symmetry oil well production performance, this method has application value. The On the basis of the formula of pressure gradient between oil wells and injection wells, New method to calculate the limit injection production well spacing is proposed. It is of importance for injection production well spacing in oilfield development plan.
Discuss about Stowing Material for Coal Mine
Authors: Du Xue Ling
Published: June 2014

Mining with stowing is an environmentally friendly way for coal mine, and stowing material is the key to realize environmental protection and harmonious development. This paper focused on the stowing materials, and evaluation for the stowing material would be made. Stowing materials could be sorted as chemical reaction material, solid refuses from coal mine and natural material for stowing. In the light of the cost and sustainable application of the stowing material, we suggest solid refuses from coal mine are the first choice as stowing materials for now.Urban pollutants could be a good kind of stowing materials, but further study should be made for this material. Also the stowing materials should be as cheap and environmentally friendly as they could.
Mechanism of Coal Mining and Stowing with Upper Entry for Preventing Coal Bump
Authors: Du Xue Ling
Published: June 2014

The material failure induced coal bump and structure failure induced coal bump were paid attention to in this paper. Mechanism of coal mining and stowing with upper entry for preventing coal bump was analyzed. The mechanism of mining with upper entry for preventing material failure induced coal bump is that the stowing material can recover the integrity of the cracked roof, and for preventing structure failure induced coal bump is that water infusion to the roof could release the energy in the roof, and the backfilling could support the roof, both of them could change the stress condition of the roof. It hopes that coal mining and stowing with upper entry for preventing coal bump is a rational way to realize safety mining, but there still are some questions should be the further studied.
Fuzzy Clustering Analysis and Application of the Degree of Difficulty of Coal Seam Water Injection
Authors: Zhou Xin Hua , Xu Ke , Qi Qing Jie , Wu Xian
Published: June 2014

The degree of difficulty of coal seam water infusion is the important basis of pouring water into coal beds, by fully analyzing influence factors of the degree of difficulty of pouring water into coal beds, the main influence factors of pouring water into coal beds was determined and the fuzzy clustering analysis model was build which base on the depth of burying of the coal seam, crack growth degree, porosity, moist edge, water saturation value-added and consistent coefficient. By comparing evaluation result of this model with Fisher evaluation result, the model result is accuracy and reliability. According to this model to predict South decurrent 18th layer 7th face Coal Seam of Shuangyashan Mining Group Dongrong No.2 Coal Mine,the predicted results are consistent with the actual situation and offering theoretical guidance to the choice of injection water parameters .
Analysis of the Characteristics of the No. 5 Coal Seam Structure in Zhujiahe
Authors: Xue Xi Cheng , Wang Zhi Qi
Published: June 2014

The article summarizes the regularity of faults structure by statistics of Geological Exploration and many production geological data , analysis of the characteristics of the fault structure in No.5 coal . The results indicate that there are 6 large and medium-sized faults in No.5 coal and the faults are mainly NEE and NE trending. The small faults are more development in coal area , and the faults are messy but mainly EW trending secondly NW . The fault structure caused certain negative influence to safety production .
Fabrication and Characterization of RF Magnetron Sputtered Silicon Oxide Films
Authors: Hoon Jian Wei , Chan Kah Yoong , Low Cheng Yang
Published: June 2014

In this work, silicon dioxide (SiO2) films were fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering deposition technique. The deposition rate of the magnetron sputtered SiO2 films was investigated. The SiO2 films were characterized with the atomic force microscopy (AFM) for their surface topology. In addition, the electrical insulating strength of the magnetron sputtered SiO2 was examined.
Microstructural and Electrical Conductivity of Annealed ZnO Thin Films
Authors: Tat Peh Ly , bin Deraman Karim , Wan Shamsuri Wan Nurulhuda , Hussin Rosli , Ibrahim Zuhairi
Published: June 2014

Undoped nanocrystalline ZnO thin films were deposited onto the glass substrates via the low cost sol-gel dip coating method. The as-grown ZnO films were annealed at the temperatures ranging from 400 °C to 550 °C. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that the annealed ZnO films were polycrystalline with hexagonal wurtzite structure and majority preferentially grow along (002) c-axis orientation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrographs showed the improvement of RMS roughness and grain size as annealing temperature increased. The ZnO films that annealed at 500 oC exhibited the lowest resistivity value.
Surface Plasma Characterization of Polyimide Films for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Kizil Huseyin , Pehlivaner Meryem Oznur , Trabzon Levent
Published: June 2014

Flexible electronics have drawn much attention due to vast application possibilities. Polyimide was the substrate of choice as a flexible substrate owing to its properties such as good mechanical strength, high temperature resistance, good dimensional stability, and low dielectric constant. The adhesion between metal and polymer substrate plays a crucial role for reliability of these applications and low adhesion was the cause for most failures. In this study, plasma surface treatments were applied on polyimide surface by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) treatment system. The results of contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) show a large increase in surface roughness with increasing treatment time. Complete wetting was found for both argon and oxygen plasma treatment. Analysis of chemical composition by FTIR reveals an increase in carbon-oxygen functional groups and the concentration of oxygen on the surfaces.
Undoped Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Films Grown by Direct Current-Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition: Structural and Electrical Properties
Authors: Keng Yik Jackie Chen , bin Deraman Karim , Wai Kit Ong , Wan Shamsuri Wan Nurulhuda , Hussin Rosli
Published: June 2014

Undoped diamond like carbon thin films have been grown by DC - PECVD system. The synthesis of the DLC films was carried out in the presence of gas of (CH4 + H2 + Ar) in a custom made reactor. The substrate temperature was initiated from the range of 300 °C to 600 °C under an optimum pressurized medium. The AFM image reveals that the optimization of DLC films growth at the substrate temperature 400 °C has a significant surface roughness and average grain size which is compatible to the result of film thickness measurement. The sample J400 shows an excellent nonlinear rectifying diode-like characteristic across the small potential difference.
The Prospects of Electricity Generation from Poultry Processing Dewatered Sludge (PPDS) in Malaysia
Authors: Fadhil M. , Hassan Abbas , Aris Shiraz , Abdalla Aboubaker , Nor Aniza Mohammed Termzy
Published: June 2014

Biomass today is considered a potential source of electricity generation in Malaysia under its National Renewable Energy Policy 2010. Among them, less attention has been paid to sludge waste even though its production is increasing. Therefore, the large amount of poultry processing dewatered sludge (PPDS) from a chicken-broiler-factory can be intensely analyzed and transformed to valuable fuel. From Malaysian PPDS, the preliminary findings reported in this paper are; a) ultimate analysis (Carbon; 55.68-67.38%, Hydrogen; 7.619.81%, Nitrogen; 3.28-4.41%, and Sulphur; 0.42-0.49%), b) bomb calorimeter (heating value; 27-34 MJ/kg), c) moisture content; 69% - 74% and d) proximate analysis (Moisture content; 3%, volatile matter; 77%, fixed carbon; 8.31%, and ash; 11%). The usage of PPDS as an alternative fuel is cost-effective and viable given by the high HHV relative to coal that is currently used in local power plants. The results from this study are expected to deliver a significant impact to both the poultry processing and the power generation industries based on the increasing poultry production trend in Malaysia.Keywords: biomass, poultry waste, re-energy, sludge
A Study of Surface Hardening on Local Bolts (C= 0.01%) at a Temperature of 400°C for 5 and 6 Hours with Nitrocarburizing Using RF-Plasma Apparatus
Authors: Sudjadi Usman
Published: June 2014

A study of surface hardening on local bolts (C=0.01%) at a temperature of 400°C for 5 and 6 hours with nitrocarburizing using RF-plasma apparatus. The objective of this experiment was to seek a surface material of local bolts that is more resistant to friction and having better surface uniformity, higher hardness and higher corrosion resistance. The experiment was conducted on the local bolts (C = 0.01%) with a radio-frequency (RF) plasma nitrocarburizing equipment. The nitrocarburization was done on the local bolts at a temperature of 400°C, with a variation of nitrocarburizing times of 5 and 6 hours. The results showed that the average hardness of local bolt samples before nitrocarburization was 136.08 kgf/mm2. After nitrocarburization at a temperature of 400°C for 5 hours, the average hardness of local bolt samples was 199.1 kgf/mm2. After nitrocarburization at a temperature of 400°C for 6 hours, the average hardness of local bolt samples was 201.12 kgf/mm2. The matrixes on the base material were ferrite, austenite, and pearlite.
Investigation the Structural and Magnetic Properties of FINEMET Type Alloy Produced by Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Gheiratmand Tayebeh , Siyani Saeed Mohammadi , Hosseini Hamid Reza Madaah , Davami Parviz
Published: June 2014

In this research, FINEMET alloy with composition of Fe73.5Si13.5B9Nb3Cu1was produced by mechanical alloying from elemental powders. The effect of milling time on the magnetic and structural properties of alloy has been investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometery. The results showed that milling for 53 hr leads to the formation of Fe supersaturated solid solution which includes Si, B and Nb atoms with mean crystallite size of ~30 nm. The shift of the main peak of Fe to the higher angles indicated that Si and B atoms dissolve in the Fe solid solution, at primary stage of mechanical alloying, up to the 42 hr while Nb atoms dissolve at final stages. The magnetization of milled powder for 53 hr was 173.7 emu/g, almost the same as that of the melt-spun ribbon. In addition; the coercivity reached to 15.5 Oe after 53 hr of milling. The higher value of coercivity in mechanically alloyed samples is attributed to strains induce to the structure during milling and the lack of amorphous phase and exchange interaction between nanograins.
Investigation of Nanoscale Structure of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System Containing Poorly Water-Soluble Model Drug
Authors: Kumpugdee-Vollrath Mont , Weerapol Yotsanan , Schrader Karin , Sriamornsak Pornsak
Published: June 2014

This work has a focus on the self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS), which can be used in pharmaceutical field for increasing bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The model drug resveratrol was used because of its poor water-solubility and is of interest because of its wide range of pharmacological effects. It is beneficial to understand the mechanism of SEDDS formation in the human body, therefore, the determination of nanoscale structure was carried out. For this purpose, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were applied. We have found that the size and size distribution of particles were in nanometers. The inner structure of SEDDS was ordered with the lamellar distances (d-spacing) of < 20 nm. It seems that the prepared SEDDS in water form large oil drops (200-400 nm) in water as well as small micelles with the droplet size of 10-20 nm.
Decolorization of Methylene Blue by Photocatalyst in the Ag3PO4-AgI System
Authors: Amornpitoksuk Pongsaton , Suwanboon Sumetha
Published: June 2014

The co-effect of PO43- and I- on the formation of a heterosturucture photocatalyst in the Ag3PO4-AgI system was studied by the co-precipitation method between AgNO3 and the precipitating agent. The precipitating agent was prepared by varying the mole ratios between Na2HPO4 and KI. At 10 mol.% KI, the product showed the mixed phase between Ag3PO4 and un-identified phase. For 30 - 90 mol.% KI, the un-identified phase and AgI were detected in the x-ray diffraction patterns. The un-identified phase strongly adsorbed the methylene blue dye. The product prepared from 30 mol.% KI had the highest content of un-identified phase and also showed the highest degree of decolorization in the dark. The photocatalytic properties of products in this system were confirmed by the decolorization of methylene blue under visible illumination.
Investigation of Ultrasonic Pretreatment on the Synthesis of Zeolite-T and its CO2 Adsorption Characteristics
Authors: Yeong Yin Fong , Novichaka S. Antikira , Lai Li Sze , Lau Kok Keong , Azmi Mohd Shariff
Published: June 2014

In the present work, ultrasonic pretreatment method was firstly introduced in synthesizing of zeolite-T. The effect of ultrasonic pre-treatment on the synthesis duration was investigated. The structure and morphology of the resulting zeolite-T were characterized using several analytical tools such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The CO2adsorption characteristic of the resulting zeolite-T was determined using CO2physisorption analyzer. Results showed that by introducing ultrasonic pre-treatment, the crystallization time was reduced from 7 days to 3 days, without affecting the structure, morphology and CO2adsorption capacity of the resulting zeolite-T.
Characterization of Oxide Film by Vanadium Based Anodic Oxidation Coating
Authors: Fadzilah Toha Nor , Norbahiyah Siti , Zamzuri Mohd Zain Mohamad
Published: June 2014

An oxide film was prepared on AZ91D magnesium alloy by anodizing in solution containing sodium metavanadate (NaVO3). The corrosion resistance of the AZ91D magnesium alloy was investigated at fixed current density 10 mA/cm2for 5 min with different concentration of solution in the range of 0 1.0 g/l. The surface morphology, cross section morphology, phase structure, and surface roughness of oxide film were studied by optical microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), atomic force microscope (AFM) and potentiodynamic polarization technique and corrosion test, respectively.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on Structure and Mechanical Property of Magnetron Sputtered c-BN Films
Authors: Xiao Jie Lin , Wang Chuan Bin , Luo Xiao Shuang , Zhang Lian Meng
Published: June 2014

c-BN films were deposited on Si (100) substrates by magnetron sputtering followed by annealing at high temperatures. The effect of annealing temperature on the structure, surface morphology and mechanical property of the films were investigated. The structural characterization by FTIR showed an increasing in c-BN content with annealing temperature, and the surface morphology of the c-BN films became more homogeneous. The stress produced in the films was relaxed after annealing, and the hardness was increased with the increasing of c-BN content. At the optimum annealing temperature of 900°C, the hardness reached the maximum value of 13.32 GPa, where the films had the highest c-BN content of 64.3%.
Mesoporous Hollow Carbon Derived from Soft-Templated Hydrothermal Process for Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Ho Kuan Hung , Zhang Yu , Liu Hua Jun , Ke Qing Qing , Mao Lu , Hu Ya Ting , Li Xu , Wang John
Published: June 2014

Supercapacitors have been emerged as an important energy storage device, owing to their high power density, excellent cycle ability, fast charge-discharge processes and low self-discharging. In this work, we have developed a facile soft-templated hydrothermal procedure to produce hollow mesoporous carbon spheres, which can deliver a relatively high capacitance (~190 F/g) and an energy density of ~26.38 Wh/kg at the discharging current of 1 A/g. The hollow cavity and micropore volume are shown to be the main factors that contribute to the good capacitive behavior.
Highly (004)-Oriented Texture of γ-LiAlO2 Films by Laser Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Chi Chen , Katsui Hirokazu , Tu Rong , Goto Takashi
Published: June 2014

(004)-oriented γ-LiAlO2films were prepared on poly-crystalline AlN substrates by laser chemical vapor deposition at deposition temperature (Tdep) of 1100–1250 K, molar ratio of Li/Al (RLi/Al) of 1.0–10 and low total pressure (Ptot) of 100–200 Pa. The (004)-oriented γ-LiAlO2films consisted of pyramidal grains with a columnar structure. The deposition rate of (004)-oriented γ-LiAlO2films reached to 65–72 μm h-1.
Synthesis of A-Type Zeolite from Flat Glass Recycle by Hydrothermal Treatments and its Evaluation
Authors: Kamitani Masataka , Tagami Toru , Fukaya Takashi , Kondo Mitsunori , Hiki Tomonori , Nakahira Atsushi
Published: June 2014

Synthesis of monolithic A-type zeolite (LTA) was attempted by hydrothermal processing from recycling flat glass. Crashed flat glass were pretreated and subsequently hydrothermally treated at 95°C for 24 h. As a result, monolithic A-type zeolite without another phase was successfully synthesized by the hydrothermal treatments. The synthetic condition was clarified during the pretreatment and hydrothermal treatments. The development of hydrothermal process for recycle of flat glass was carried out since the monolithic A-type zeolite was obtained under the optimum synthetic conditions (reaction temperatures, reaction time and pretreatment conditions etc).
Effect of Al2O3 on Microstructure and Ionic Conductivity of Li7La3Zr2O12
Solid Electrolytes Prepared by Plasma Activated Sintering
Authors: Zhang Yan Hua , Chen Fei , Tu Rong , Shen Qiang , Zhang Lian Meng
Published: June 2014

High performance Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolytes were successfully prepared by plasma activated sintering method. The effect of Al2O3 concentration on the microstructure and ionic conductivity of Li7La3Zr2O12 was investigated. Without addition of Al2O3, only tetragonal phase was obtained at temperature range of 1000-1200 °C. Pure cubic phase of LLZO was obtained with the addition of 1.2-1.8 wt.% Al2O3. The pellet sintered at 1150 °C with 1.5 wt.% content of Al2O3 had a maximum relative density of 99.8 % with total ionic conductivity of 5.7×10−4 S/cm at room temperature. Al2O3 can stabilize the cubic LLZO phase which promotes the transformation of LLZO from tetragonal to cubic phase.
Surface Modification of Silicon Carbide Powder with Silica Coating by Rotary Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: He Zhen Hua , Katsui Hirokazu , Tu Rong , Goto Takashi
Published: June 2014

The surface of silicon carbide (SiC) powder was modified by coating with amorphous silica (SiO2) using (C2H5O4)Si (tetraethyl orthosilicate: TEOS) as a precursor by rotary chemical vapor deposition (RCVD). With increasing deposition time from 0.9 to 14.4 ks, the mass content of SiO2 coating increased from 1 to 35 mass%. The SiO2 mass content had a linear relationship with deposition time from 2.7 to 7.2 ks. The effects of O2 gas flow, deposition temperature (Tdep), total pressure (Ptot) and precursor vaporization temperature (Tvap) on the SiO2 yield by RCVD were investigated. At O2 gas flow of 4.2 × 10-7 m3 s-1, Tdep of 948 K, Ptot of 400 Pa and deposition time of 7.2 ks, the maximum SiO2 yield of 1.82 × 10-7 kg/s with SiC powder of 4.5 × 10-3 kg by RCVD was obtained.
Effects of Oxygen Reduction and Ce-Doping on Magnetic Order in T’-Pr1.40-xLa0.60CexCuO4+δ−α Studied by μSR Measurement
Authors: Tsutsumi Kenji , Fujita Masaki , Sato Kentaro , Miyazaki Masanori , Kadono Ryosuke , Yamada Kazuyoshi
Published: June 2014

Zero-field muon spin rotation/relaxation (μSR) measurements were performed in order to clarify the effect of oxygen reduction and Ce-substitution on magnetic properties in T’-structured Pr1.40-xLa0.60CexCuO4+δ−α. At 75 K, a clear rotation signal was observed in the three samples; as-sintered x = 0 and annealed x = 0, and as-sintered x = 0.16 samples. From the qualitative analysis of μSR time spectrum measured at various temperatures, the magnetic ordering (Néel) temperature TN for these samples was evaluated. It was found that both oxygen reduction and Ce-doping reduce TN, however, the suppression of the order occurs in a different manner in the oxygen reduced and Ce-doped samples.
Effect of Cryomilling on Microstructure and Bonding Mechanism of Mg/B Composite Powders
Authors: Tang Li Ying , Chen Fei , Zhang Xin , Zhang Chun Ming , Shen Qiang , Zhang Lian Meng
Published: June 2014

Boron (B) has great potential to be the primary fuel in energetic systems for its high heating values per unit volume and mass. The existence of B2O3 layer on its surface holding the combustion of B back has limited its extensive utilization. Adding magnesium (Mg) into B can improve its poor combustion performance according to the previous research. A new technique, cryomilling, was employed to prepare Mg and B (Mg/B) composite powders. The powders were cryomilled with a ball-to-powder ratio (BPR) of 80: 1(w/w) and an impeller rotation speed of 400 rpm, 500 rpm and 600 rpm. The cryomilling time is 5 h, 6 h and 7 h. A small amount of ferrum (Fe) is introduced into the powders in spite that the main phases are Mg and B. The effects of cryomilling parameters, such as cryomilling time and rotation speed on Mg/B composite powders were investigated. The results show the amount of active Mg and B is over 80%. The bonding mechanism during the process is analogous to mechanical alloy.
Synthesis of S and N Co-Doped Mesoporous Titanium Oxideby Anodization Processs
Authors: Nakahira Atsushi , Kawabe Yusuke , Nishimoto Hironobu , Onodera Hiroshi
Published: June 2014

Uni-directionally arranged mesoporous titanium oxide powders were prepared for titanium sheet through electrochemical anodization, one-step anodization with mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 or two-steps anodization with HNO3 after H2SO4. The characterization of novel titanium oxide was carried out by XRD, XPS, SEM and TEM. The doping of S and N was confirmed with XPS evaluations during the anodization process in mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4. Furthermore, the S and N co-doped titanium oxide possessed the unique mesoporous structure.
Interlayer Surface Modification of Layered Perovskite HLaNb2O7·xH2O with Diol Compounds Possessing Ethylene Oxide Chains
Authors: Hotta Shuihei , Idota Naokazu , Sugahara Yoshiyuki
Published: June 2014

Grafting reactions between an n-decoxy derivative of ion-exchangeable layered perovskite HLaNb2O7·xH2O and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) with various molecular masses were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that a reflection corresponding to the interlayer distance of the n-decoxy derivative of HLaNb2O7·xH2O (2.73 nm) disappeared and that new diffraction lines ascribable to smaller interlayer distances, which increased with increases in the molecular mass of PEGs, appeared. The solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR spectra of the products indicated that ethylene oxide chains were covalently bound to the interlayer surface of HLaNb2O7∙xH2O. The signal assignable the carbons bound to OH groups suggests that the grafting reactions for the formation of Nb-O-C bonds typically involve one of the terminal OH groups in PEGs.
Dynamic Interactions between Precipitation and Plastic Deformation in Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Deschamps Alexis , de Geuser Frederic , Hutchinson Christopher R. , Lee Seung Won , Horita Zen Ji
Published: June 2014

Dynamic interactions between plastic deformation and precipitation processes in Aluminium alloys can lead to large changes in precipitation kinetics as compared to conventional heat treatments. This can be due to a number of different mechanisms such as changes in vacancy concentrations or movement of structural defects. Understanding the underlying mechanisms requires a quantitative measurement of the precipitate evolution as a function of deformation conditions, temperature and time. The present contribution will review experimental results obtained by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering in three different configurations, all concerning Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys: first, dynamic precipitate evolution during plastic deformation at ageing temperature; second, dynamic precipitation during low cycle fatigue at room temperature; and third, precipitation during ageing of a material processed by room temperature high pressure torsion. The experimental evidence will be used to discuss the role of the different mechanisms of interaction with plasticity on the precipitate microstructure evolution.
Validation of Simulated Material Flow in Aluminium Hot Extrusion with a Novel Visualisation Method
Authors: Horwatitsch Dieter , Müller Jonas , Kilian Helmut , Brandecker Martin , Wahlen Arne
Published: June 2014

Commonly used visualisation methods for observing material flow during extrusion are either labor intensive, prone to loss of the tracer pattern or subject to different flow behaviour than occurs in practice. A novel visualisation method using a copper mesh inlay and computer tomography was developed and used to visualise the flow behaviour of partially extruded EN AW-6082 aluminum billets. In parallel with the physical experiments, a finite element (FE) model was developed and compared with the experiments. The material flow was readily observable from the computer tomography images and the FE model data closely matched the experimental results.
Mechanical Property of Roll Cast Al-11%Si Alloy
Authors: Haga Toshio
Published: June 2014

Al-11%Si (-0.44%Fe-0.16%Cu-0.14%Mg) was cast into the strip using a vertical type high speed twin roll caster at speed of 60m/min. Cooling rate of the strip was ranging from 2000OC/s at surface to 1000OC/s at center of thickness. The eutectic Si was smaller than 2μm. The homogenization, cold rolling down to 1mm, and annealing were carried out before the tension test, 180 degrees bending test and deep drawing test. Tensile stress was 192MPa, 0.2%proof stress was 84MPa, and elongation was 23.8%. Roll cast Al-11%Si had excellent elongation. The specimen was not broken by the 180 degree bending. LDR (Limiting Drawing Ratio) of the deep drawing test was 1.8. The ductility was drastically improved by the high speed twin roll caster. These results show that roll cast Al-11%Si has ability to be used for sheet forming. Moreover, Fe was increased up to 1.0% as the model of recycled alloy. The elongation was 15.9% and LDR was 1.7 in the condition that Fe content was 1.0%. Al-Si-Fe intermetallic became fine by the effect of rapid solidification. As the result, deterioration of the ductility was improved.
Forest use strategies in watershed management and restoration: application to three small mountain watersheds in Latin America
Authors: Mintegui Aguirre Juan Ángel , Robredo Sánchez José Carlos , De Gonzalo Aranoa Carlos , Huelin Rueda Pablo , Fallas Jorge , Cisneros Felipe , Cisneros Pedro , Urciuolo Adriana , Iturraspe Rodolfo
Published: June 2014

The effect of forests on flow and flood lamination decreases as the magnitude and intensity of torrential events and the watershed surface increase, thus resulting negligible when extreme events affect large catchments. However the effect of forests is advantageous in case of major events, which occur more often, and is particularly effective in soil erosion control. As a result, forests have been extensively used for watershed management and restoration, since they regulate water and sediments cycles, preventing the degradation of catchments.
Early Silurian age of rocks hosting lead-zinc mineralization at Howards Pass, Yukon Territory and District of Mackenzie; local biostratigraphy of Road River Formation and Earn Group
Authors: Norford B S ,   Geological Survey of Canada, Orchard M J
Published: June 2014

The Howards Pass stratiform deposit is developed within the lower part (shale-chert unit) of the Road River Formation. Graptolites from surface exposures at Howards Pass document a very late Llandovery age (spiralis Zone) for Road River beds well above the
deposit. Conodonts and graptolites from drill cores and adit samples establish a latest Early to Middle Llandovery age for the mineralized beds (cyphus to convolutus graptolite zones; ?kentuckyensis conodont zone) and Late Llandovery age (ceZZoni conodont zone) for closely overlying Road River
strata. Within the Nahanni map area and adjacent localities, graptolites document ages of early Arenig, Caradoc, Ashgill (complanatus omatus Zone), Early Llandovery (cyphus Zone), Middle Llandovery (convolutus Zone), Late Llandovery (spiralis Zone and sakmaricus-laqueus Zone), and Wenlock (rigidus
Zone) within the lower part (shale-chert unit) of the Road River Formation, but the contact with the underlying carbonate rocks is diachronous. Conodonts from the same shale-chert unit at Howards Pass record the Llandovery celloni Zone, questionably the preceding kentuckyensis Zone, and a poorly
diagnostic fauna of late Wenlock/early Ludlow age. A single collection of Ludlow graptolites from the upper part (orange-weathering mudstone unit) of the Road River most probably represents the leintwardinensis primus Zone. Above the Road River Formation, graptolites indicate the Pragian yukonensis
Zone and probably the thomasi Zone from the lower part of the Earn Group. Conodonts from the Earn Group at Howards Pass document a Ludlow horizon (the ploeckensis or siluricus Zone), the Lochkovian (delta Zone and pesavis Zone), several levels within the Pragian and Zlichovian (?sulcatus, ?kindlei,
dehiscens and gronbergi Zones), possibly the Eifelian, and late Devonian (Famennian) horizons. The age of the Earn Group ranges from Upper Silurian to mid-Mississippian. Mazuelloids are present both in the celloni Zone of the Road River Formation and in the lower part of the Earn Group. These
enigmatic microfossils were first described recently from the celloni Zone in northwestern Greenland and also are known from the Upper Silurian of Czechoslovakia.
Jesus Christus se begronding van die opstanding (Matt 22) in die Ou-Testamentiese openbaring en die implikasies daarvan
Authors: Helberg Jaap L.
Published: June 2014

Anders as die Sadduseërs en ander mense se mensgesentreerde benadering tot die menslike bestaan en daarom tot ’n moontlike opstanding, is Jesus se benadering Godgesentreerd (óp God gerig en déur God verrig) en Skrifgefundeer.Dit wil sê ’n benadering gefundeer in wat God geopenbaar het en wat menslike bespiegeling, teologie of verwerking van wat met Jesus gebeur het, te bowe gaan. Hierdie Skriffundering is gegrond in God as die lewende, onverganklike, aktiewe en lewewekkende God se persoonlike verhouding met die mens in sy konkrete, historiese bestaan (Matt 22:23−33). So word die ware liggaamlike en geestelike bestaan verseker, naamlik ’n onverbreekbare persoonlike verhouding met God – nou en na die dood, rustend in Jesus Christus se lewe, dood en opstanding. Hierdie begronding veronderstel ’n Skrif- en Geesgefundeerde, Godgesentreerde hermeneutiek, eksegese, erediens, prediking en kerklike inrigting, gedra deur selfondersoek en bekering, diensbaarheid in liefde vir God en die naaste (Matt 22:34−41), en verantwoordelikheid teenoor God se skepping.Unlike the Sadducees’ and other people’s homocentric approach to man’s existence, and therefore to a possible resurrection, Jesus’ approach is theocentric (focused on God and conducted by God) and founded in Scripture, that is founded in what God reveals, transcending human speculation, theology or processing of what happened to Jesus.This founding in Scripture is grounded in the living, immortal, active and life-giving God’s personal relation with man in his concrete, historical existence (Mt 22:23−33). In this way the real physical and spiritual existence is secured, that is an unbreakable personal relationship with God, now and after death, resting in Jesus Christ’s life, death and resurrection. This grounding implies a Scripture- and Spirit-founded, God-centered hermeneutics, exegesis, public worship, preaching, and church structuring, conveyed by self-examination and repentance, service in love for God and the neighbour (Mt 22:34−41), and by responsibility towards God’s creation.
Agentic and communal narcissism and subjective well-being: are narcissistic individuals unhappy? A research report
Authors: Żemojtel-Piotrowska Magdalena , Clinton Amanda , Piotrowski Jarosław
Published: June 2014

Background

The communal/agentic model of narcissism is well accepted in the current research literature (Gebauer, Sedikides, Verplanken & Maio, 2012). This model could be particularly useful in examining the relation between narcissism and hedonistic and eudaimonic subjective well-being (SWB; Deci & Ryan, 2008).

Participants and procedure

In an effort to examine the relationship between narcissism and SWB, correlational analyses of survey responses obtained from students (n = 138) were conducted. Agentic narcissism was measured using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI; Raskin & Terry, 1988) and communal narcissism by the Communal Narcissism Inventory (CNI; Gebauer et al., 2012). Subjective well-being measures included the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985), Positive And Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark & Tegellen, 1988), and the Social Well-being Scale (SWBS; Keyes, 1998). Self-esteem was included in the study in order to examine the potential mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between narcissism and subjective well-being.

Results

Agentic narcissism was positively related to the affective component of SWB whereas communal narcissism was positively related to the cognitive component of SWB. Both forms of narcissism were positively related to social well-being. All relationships were mediated by the participant’s self-esteem level.

Conclusions

The results indicate that both agentic narcissism and communal narcissism are positively related to SWB. The results are discussed in the context of the agentic/communal model of narcissism (Gebauer et al., 2012) and hedonistic/eudaimonic well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2008).
School personnel’s perceptions of their schools’ involvement in culturally and linguistically diverse school-family-community partnerships
Authors: Jonak Jolanta
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

The achievement gap between White and culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students is a chronic issue in many U.S. schools that stakeholders endeavor to eliminate through best practices involving curriculum, instruction, and early interventions; however, disparities often persist. In addition to all educational efforts provided by schools and implementation of best practices when students begin to struggle academically or behaviorally in schools, family involvement cannot be disregarded.

PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE

School personnel from one Midwestern school district in the United States educating over 8,000 students was surveyed to obtain their perceptions about school-family-community partnerships. A total of 117 informants, including teachers, student support personnel, and administrators, provided their opinions through an online survey measuring responses to questions related to current best practices in their schools with regard to culturally and linguistically diverse students, their families and their communities.

RESULTS

In a research study focused on school practices relating to parent involvement, it was found that strategies intended to encourage and incorporate parent involvement were implemented in just one-third to one-half of the schools surveyed, indicating the need for increased and concerted effort on the part of school professionals to recognize and address obstacles to a pivotal school-parent-community relationship.

CONCLUSIONS

Although schools can be credited with endeavoring to provide best practices for their CLD students, in keeping with state and federal mandates and assumedly in keeping with best intentions, there is in fact much work to be done to better facilitate the success of these students. School psychologists can provide the impetus for this effort by formally recommending parent involvement and participation in their assessments of CLD students in particular. This recommendation should inherently include awareness and consideration of cultural preconceptions that may hinder parent involvement.
New aspects of spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Part I. Genetic factors and role of HLA-B27 molecules
Authors: Kontny Ewa
Published: June 2014

Badania z ostatnich lat weryfikują zrozumienie patogenezy spondyloartropatii zapalnych (SpA). Wskazują one, że tradycyjne podtypy tej choroby mają wspólny komponent patogenezy. Składają się na niego pewne wspólne uwarunkowania genetyczne (allele HLA-B27, warianty genów IL-23R, ERAP1, ERAP2), które omówiono w niniejszym artykule. Oprócz tego istnieją podobieństwa dotyczące czynników środowiskowych i mechanizmów immunologicznych, co będzie przedmiotem następnych opracowań. Zmienił się również pogląd na rolę cząsteczek HLA-B27 w patogenezie SpA. Cząsteczki HLA-B27 występują w formie klasycznej i nieklasycznej, jako pojedyncze łańcuchy ciężkie lub ich homodimery. Cząsteczki klasyczne prezentują antygeny własne i obce, inicjując nabytą odpowiedź immunologiczną, natomiast cząsteczki nieklasyczne indukują odpowiedź autozapalną. W artykule omówiono również to zagadnienie.
Implications of carbon saturation model structure for simulated nitrogen mineralization dynamics
Authors: White C. M. , Kemanian A. R. , Kaye J. P.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Carbon (C) saturation theory suggests that soils have a~limited capacity to stabilize organic C and that this capacity may be regulated by intrinsic soil properties such as clay content and mineralogy. While C saturation theory has advanced our ability to predict soil C stabilization, we only have a weak understanding of how C saturation affects N cycling. In biogeochemical models, C and N cycling are tightly coupled, with C decomposition and respiration driving N mineralization. Thus, changing model structures from non-saturation to C saturation dynamics can change simulated N dynamics. Carbon saturation models proposed in the literature calculate a theoretical maximum C storage capacity of saturating pools based on intrinsic soil properties, such as clay content. The extent to which current C stocks fill the storage capacity of the pool is termed the C saturation ratio, and this ratio is used to regulate either the efficiency or the rate of C transfer from donor to receiving pools. In this study, we evaluated how the method of implementing C saturation and the number of pools in a model affected net N mineralization from decomposing plant residues. In models that use the C saturation ratio to regulate transfer efficiency, C saturation affected N mineralization, while in those in which the C saturation ratio regulates transfer rates, N mineralization was independent of C saturation. When C saturation ratio regulates transfer efficiency, as the saturation ratio increases, the threshold C : N ratio at which positive net N mineralization occurs also increases because more of the C in the residue is respired. In a single-pool model where C saturation ratio regulated the transfer efficiency, predictions of N mineralization from residue inputs were unrealistically high, missing the cycle of N immobilization and mineralization typically seen after the addition of high C : N inputs to soils. A more realistic simulation of N mineralization was achieved simply by adding a second pool to the model to represent short-term storage and turnover of C and N in microbial biomass. These findings increase our understanding of how to couple C saturation and N mineralization models, while offering new hypotheses about the relationship between C saturation and N mineralization that can be tested empirically.