bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—On the Origin of the Mosasaurs
Authors: Nopcsa Baron Francis
Published: May 2009

Concerning the origin of the Mosasaurs three altogether different views exist: G. Baur regarded the Mosasaurs as highly specialized aquatic Varanoids; Boulenger is inclined to trace their origin back to the Neocomian Dolichosaurs; and Osborn, in a recent paper, doubts that Varanids and Mosasaurs sprang from a common stem, and regards the latter as “a very ancient offshoot of the Lacertilia.” Some Lacertilia found in recent years in the Lower Cretaceous of Dalmatia, and not yet fully compared with the Mosasaurs, will, I believe, throw fresh light on this subject. Among the fossil Lacertilia found in Dalmatia two types can be distinguished, namely, Dolichosaurs and Aigialosaurs, the former including the genera Dolichosaurus Owen, Pontosaurus Gorjanovic-Kramberger (= Hydrosaurus lesinensis, Kornh.), Acteosaurus Meyer, and Adriosaurus Seeley; the latter, Aigialosaurus G. Kramberger, Garsosaurus Kornh., Opetiosaurus Kornh., and perhaps also Mesoleptos Cornaglia.
VII.—Eolithic Implements at Belfast and at Bloomsbury
Authors: Bennett F. J.
Published: May 2009

Mr. J. W. Knowles, M.R.I.A., of Ballymena, read a paper on what appeared to him to be flints chipped similarly to the eoliths, which he had found in the Interglacial gravels of Ireland. This gave rise to a discussion, in which five speakers in succession gave reasons, or rather expressed opinions, adverse to their artificial character; and as these seemed based on some misconceptions, and also as I was the only one who spoke for them, and was told I must be brief, and so could not fully reply to them, I do so in the present form, and I state, as far as I remember, what took place in as few words as possible.

Mr. Knowles himself took a neutral position, but suggested that, if they were implements at all, they might have been used as scrapers for scraping hæmatite.

The objections were: that these so-called eoliths were found in such extraordinary numbers that they might be the result of natural causes, and that their upholders must disprove this; that the flints in question were those of the Clay-with-Flints, a deposit due to the chemical dissolution of the Chalk-with-Flints; that, if admitted to be artificial, they could not be older than the Palæolithic implements of the high levels, as they were both found in the same deposits; that similar flints were to be found in the Boulder-clay, and, as man was post-Glacial, that was a positive refutation.
IV.—On the Correlation of the Palæozoio Rocks of South Africa
Authors: Gibson Walcot
Published: May 2009

The publication of the Annual Reports for 1898 and 1899 of the Cape Geological Commission, coupled with the recent account of the geology of the Transvaal Colony by Dr. Molengraaff, and of which a short abstract has appeared in this Magazine, adds considerably to the knowledge of South African geology. The succession of the rock formations at the Cape has been constantly used as a basis of classification for the rock systems south of the Zambesi. In his recent paper Dr. Molengraaff correlates the formations of the Transvaal Colony with those met with in the south-eastern provinces of Cape Colony, and emphasizes the fact that the three stages of the Pretoria, Dolomite, and Black Reef series of the Transvaal Colony may be compared with the Witteberg, Bokkeveld, and Table Mountain Sandstone series of the Cape. It may therefore be of service to show on what grounds this supposed correlation is based. To do this the succession at the Cape of the formations below the Beaufort Beds in the typical region of the south-eastern province will first be given.
II.—On a Sodalite Syenite (Ditroite) from Ice River Valley, Canadian Rocky Mountains
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1886 the late Dr. G. M. Dawson gave an account of a syenitic rock, rich in a beautiful blue sodalite, which he had discovered when exploring the district near Hector Pass, on the watershed of the Canadian Rocky Mountains, and an analysis of the mineral was afterwards published by Professor Harrington. The place was visited last Summer by Mr. E. Whymper during his examination of the district south of the Canada Pacific Railway, when he collected a number of specimens, which he showed to me on his return. The rock is hardly less beautiful than lapis lazuli, and as no description of its microscopic structure has been published, as far as I can ascertain, I give the results of my examination, together with a condensed account of its mode of occurrence. I am much indebted to Mr. Whymper for placing his specimens at my disposal, to Mr. L. Fletcher, Keeper of the Mineral Collection in the British Museum, for the opportunity of examining specimens of sodalite rock not in my own cabinet, and to Mr. L. J. Spencer, of that department, for giving me his kind assistance and valuable references to papers about the mineral.
VIII.—A List of the ‘Type,’ Figured, and Described Fossils in the Norwich Castle Museum
Authors: Leney Frank
Published: May 2009

Elephas meridionalis. Nesti. Portion of right lower m. 3. Falconer, “Fauna Ant. Siv.” (1846), pi. xiv B, figs. 11, lla, and “Pal. Memoirs” (1868), vol. i, p. 446; vol. ii, p. 136. Leith Adams, ibid., p. 196. Forest Bed (?) : Hasbro' Oyster Bed. S. Woodward Coll. 5 [1771].
VI.—Note on the Upper Chalk of Lincolnshire
Authors: Hill William
Published: May 2009

In the Geology of East Lincolnshire, a memoir of the Geological Survey published in 1889, the whole of the flint-bearing Chalk of that county above the Melbourn Rock was referred to as Middle Chalk, and no horizon was found which could be regarded as the equivalent of the zone of Holaster planus, or the Chalk Rock of the Midland counties.
IV.—The Term ‘Hemera.’
Authors: Buckman S. S.
Published: May 2009

Nearly ten years ago I proposed the term ‘hemera.’ The term is coming into use; but, so far as I am aware, in the majority of cases it is greatly misunderstood. From this cause arise objections as to its use, such objections being based on the misconception that the hemera is a subdivision of a zone. It is nothing of the kind.
II.—New Fossil Bird and Fish Remains from the Middle Eocene of Wyoming
Authors: Eastman Charles R.
Published: May 2009

The Green River Shales of Wyoming have long been noted for their numerous and beautifully preserved fossil fishes. Fragmentary traces of bird-remains have been met with in the same horizon from time to time since the year 1869, when the first fossil feather reported from North America was obtained by Dr. F. V. Hayden.
IV.—Note on a Crustacean Mesodromilites Birleyi, gen. et sp. nov., from the Gault of Folkestone, Kent
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

One of the results incidental to the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Dover in September last was a visit paid to Folkestone by the members of Section C (Geology). Among the ladies present was Miss Caroline Birley, well known both as a traveller and for the deep interest which she has always taken in palæontological research; she is also the owner of an excellent private museum of minerals and fossils, mostly collected by herself. Miss Birley was fortunate in obtaining from Mr. J. Griffiths, the resident geological collector, a small but well - preserved carapace of a Gault Crustacean, believed at the moment to be the usual Necrocarcinus Bechei (Deslongsch., sp.), a form about as abundant in that locality as the Palæocorystes Stokesii (Mantell, sp.). The specimen, enlarged twice natural size, is clearly depicted in the accompanying illustration in the text.
II.—Elevation and Subsidence: A Suggestion
Authors: Morgan C. Lloyd
Published: May 2009

It is unnecessary for me to remind the readers of the Geological Magazine of the evidence for elevation and subsidence. For my present purpose it is sufficient to remind them that suoh elevation and subsidence has been attributed (1) to lateral pressure giving rise to long geo-anticlines and geo-synclines; (2) to expansion and contraction of the underlayers resulting from a rise or a fall of temperature; and (3) to the loading and unloading of the areas of the earth's crust affected. Apparent elevation and subsidence, which we may here neglect, may be due to a rise or fall of the sea-level such as is dealt with by Prof. Hull in a recent communication to this Magazine.
III.—Note on the Structure of the Ightham Stone
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Some time since a student of University College, Mr. J. Hale, of Ivy Hatch, brought to me specimens of an extremely hard green sandstone, which he informed me came from the Folkestone Sand stage near Ightham, in Kent. As the microscopic structure proved rather interesting, I lately visited the locality in his company, and had the additional advantage of being conducted by Mr. B. Harrison, of Ightham, so well known for his discoveries of palaeolithic implements and for his minute knowledge of the geology of the neighbourhood.
IV.—Age of the Clwydian Caves
Authors: De Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

The following abstracts of early papers, on the Cefn Caves, throw a most interesting light on the sequence and method of occurrence of the deposits found at the Tremeirchion Caves, which are four miles east-north-east of them, and on the opposite side of the Elwy and Clwyd valley.
VII.—On Hindeastræa, a New Generic Form of Cretaceous Astræidæ
Authors: White Charles A.
Published: May 2009

The little Coral here described was discovered in Kaufman County, Texas, in strata of the Kipley Group, by Dr. R. H. Loughridge, and presented by him to me, together with a few characteristic molluscan species of that group which he found associated with it. The Ripley Group is the uppermost division of the Cretaceous series in the States which border upon the Gulf of Mexico; and probably represents approximately the Upper Chalk of England. Regarding it as a new generic form I herewith give a diagnosis and figures of it; and being the only species known to me, the diagnosis is necessarily based upon this alone.
III.—Vertebrate Palæontology in some Continental Museums
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Having lately had the privilege of visiting several of the Continental Museums containing collections especially of Palæontological importance, some notes will perhaps be acceptable upon the present aspect of that branch of the science in which the writer is particularly interested. Such a broad survey imparts so many new ideas, and leaves so many pleasant memories of Naturalists in the midst of their work, that it is impossible adequately to incorporate the results in any brief notice; but a few points at least seem to be of general interest.
IV.—The Volcanoes of Barren Island and Narcondam in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Ball V.
Published: May 2009

About nine years ago I contributed to the pages of this Magazine, an account of the two above-named volcanoes, which was founded on observations made during brief visits by myself in the year 1873, and on the published records of visits by previous observers. My present object is to draw attention to information which has since then been acquired regarding them.
II.—Fossil Arctic Plants from the Lacustrine Deposit at Hoxne, in Suffolk
Authors: Reid Clement , Ridley H. N.
Published: May 2009

Near the village of Hoxne, close to the northern border of Suffolk, and about five miles east of Diss, lies the well-known lacustrine deposit from which Palaeolithic implements were obtained more than 90 years ago. This deposit has been so well described that it may seem presumptuous to imagine that there is still anything new to be said about it. But it so happens that every observer up till now has studied the deposit either from an archaeological or from a geological point of view. No one has paid special attention to the character of the associated plants, or to the climatic conditions which these plants indicate.
IV.—The Sculpture of Alpine Passes and Peaks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

There are two facts which are closely connected with the present I condition of the Alps—(1) that the rainfall on the Alpine slopes on the Italian side of the watershed, as a rule, is heavier than that on the other side, and (2) that the valleys also are steeper. It is indeed true that the distance from the watershed of the Central Pennines to the lakes on either side, north or south, is not very different, but the level of those on the latter is some 700 feet below that of those on the northern. This difference of level is especially marked in the upper part of the valleys, places correspondingly situated being always lower on the southern than on the northern face; for instance, Zermatt is rather above Macugnaga, but as the crow flies it is more than double the distance from the watershed.
VII.—Preliminary Notes on some Occurrences of Tachylyte in Mull
Authors: Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

The following notes have been compiled in order that, pending the publication of the results of microscopic and chemical examination of the specimens collected, geologists visiting the island may have an accurate localization of the dykes and intrusive sheets bearing glassy selvages observed by the writer and Mr. J. Lomas, A.N.S.S., during a recent visit to Mull. The list includes, for the sake of completeness, three occurrences of tachylyte which have already been described, viz.:—Some and Gribun1 and Ardtun.
I.—Restoration of Stylonurus Lacoanus, a Giant Arthropod from the Upper Devonian of the United States
Authors: Beecher Charles E.
Published: May 2009

In the animal kingdom the attribute of bigness has come to be regarded as one of the prerogatives of the vertebrates. On this account, invertebrates seldom receive credit for having a size of more than a fraction of a cubit, and are looked upon as objects to be held in the hand or viewed under a lens. As a matter of common experience, and probably also of congratulation, large invertebrates are rare, and some whole classes cannot furnish a single individual measuring more than a few inches in greatest diameter.
II.—On Hyperodapedon Gordoni
Authors: Burckhardt Rudolf
Published: May 2009

The fossil to be discussed in the present memoir is the specimen which formed part of the classical material used in the discussion which was carried on amongst British geologists during the second half of the present century. So important a controversy could hardly be restricted to the geographical limits of England alone.
III.—A Summary of our Present Knowledge of Extinct Primates from Madagascar
Authors: Major C. I. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

Although the present summary covers the same ground reviewed only a few months ago by the junior bearer of the name which will always be gratefully and prominently remembered in connection with the scientific conquest of Madagascar, the following lines will show that, short as the interval has been, the new additions are not unimportant.
V.—Note on the Horizon and Locality of Sowerby's Type-Specimen of Nautilus truncatus
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

Nautilus truncatus was described and figured by J. Sowerby in the “Mineral Conchology,” vol. ii, p. 49, pl. cxxiii, April, 1816, his description and remarks being as follows:—

“Spec. char. Thick, flatted, plain, umbilicate ; back flat, mouth elongated, four-angled : siphuncle nearest to the inner margin of the septum.
I.—On Hyperodapedon Gordoni
Authors: Burckhardt Rudolf
Published: May 2009

In the foregoing description I have confined my remarks to the rightside of the skull. The observer will not fail to notice from the figures the disparities existing in the two sides. This asymmetryis particularly conspicuous ventrally, the region from which Huxley principally deduced the arguments in support of his more important speculations. The area of dislocation, the centre of which apparently lies in the crater-like opening of the left prtesplenial, extends from the left prasruaxillary to the pterygoid in the skull, and as far as the splenial on the lower jaw. Its place of greatest intensity has beenmarked by a + on the figure, where not only the surface of the bones is most damaged, but where the mandible has been so much compressed that a crest has actually been formed below the row of teeth on its outer wall.
VI.—On the Erratic Boulders and Foreign Stones in the Drift Deposits of Eastern England, and their Lessons
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Having already discussed the contents, the distribution, and general facies of the widely-spread deposits of Eastern England, which together make up the series classed as Glacial beds, namely, the Post-Tertiary clays, sands, and gravels which have been supposed to attest an Ice period ; and also set out the reasons why, to myself and perhaps to others, the attribution of the surface-beds to such an origin is irrational and impossible (irrational because the theory involves our overlooking nearly every feature of these beds in order that we may explain one or two difficulties in them; and impossible because, so far as ice can be judged by the tests of ordinary mechanics, it is incapable of performing the kind of work which has been demanded of it by those who explain these beds by the intervention of ice in any form)—I will now turn to one element in the beds which still remains to be examined, namely, the foreign stones.
VII.—The Exfoliation of Gneiss in Brazil
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Professor J. C. Branner has written a most interesting and valuable treatise on the “Decomposition of Rocks in Brazil,” of which he has kindly sent me a copy. All who want to study agencies of decomposition and denudation as they act in tropical countries cannot do better than read Professor Branner's clear and well-digested exposition, illustrated as it is by excellent reproductions of photographs and by figures and diagrams.
IV.—On the Erratic Boulders and Foreign Stones in the Drift Deposits of Eastern England, and their Lessons
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Following in the wake of that admirable institution the Boulder Committee of the British Association, whose work ought to have been done by the Geological Surveyors, we may divide the districts from which the foreign boulders (that is, boulders extraneous to the immediate district) have come to Eastern England into four, namely, Charnwood Forest, the Hills of Derbyshire, Durham and Cleveland, and lastly Norway.
II.—On a New Specimen of the Stegocephalan Ceraterpeton Galvani, Huxley, from the Coal-Measures of Castlecomer, Kilkenny, Ireland
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

Since the original description of Ceraterpeton by Huxley thirty years ago, several specimens have been referred to this interesting Stegocephalan genus, one even to the typical species, C. Galvani. No new examples from the typical locality, however, have hitherto been described, and our knowledge of the Irish form has thus remained without extension. Now, a nearly complete new skeleton has been discovered at Castlecomer, by J. G. Robertson, Esq., of Dublin, and I am indebted to him and to Professor Grenville Cole for the opportunity of studying it, and adding somewhat to the known characters of the animal.
V.—Notes on the Age and Structure of the Gneissose-Granite of the Himalayas with Reference to Mr. Middlemiss's Memoir on the Geology of Hazara
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

I am indebted to Mr. C. S. Middlemiss, Superintendent of the Geological Survey of India, for a copy of his Memoir on the Geology of Hazara and the Black Mountain recently published. Mr. Middlemiss has embodied in his Memoir the results of an unfinished survey by Mr. A. B. Wynne, late of the Geological Survey of India, and by linking these with his own more recent work, has given us an interesting and valuable Memoir on the Geology of the Himalayan district of Hazara.
I.—Hapalocrinus Victoriæ, N.S., Silurian, Melbourne, and its Relation to the Platycrinidæ
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

The specimen herein described was sent me by Mr. T. S. Hall, M.A., of Melbourne University. It was found by Mr. F. P. Spry in a rock of supposed Silurian age, at the Yarra Improvement Works, near Prince's Bridge, Melbourne, in November, 1896. The matrix is a fine-grained micaceous sandstone, of a dark purplegrey, weathering yellowish. It often contains crinoid columnals, such as were long ago noticed by the Geological Survey of Victoria, and were figured by W. Blandowski as “Cyatocrinites (probably)pinnatus”; but neither from here, nor from any other Silurian rock of Australia, has a crinoid crown hitherto been recoi-ded. The remains of the crinoid are in the form of an impression, coloured red by iron-oxide; all calcareous matter has been dissolved away. The counterpart of the impression has not been preserved. The specimen was studied by means of wax squeezes; the drawing (Plate XV) represents such a squeeze; and the description follows the drawing.
II.—Notes on the Age and Structure of the Gneissose-Granite of the Himalayas with reference to Mr. Middlemiss's Memoir on the Geology of Hazara
Authors: McMahon C. A.
Published: May 2009

In the first part of this paper I confined myself to the consideration of the age of the Himalayan granite; in this I propose to discuss Mr. Middlemiss's views regarding the cause of its foliation.
IV.—Low-tide Causeways
Authors: Hill Edwin
Published: May 2009

I Suppose that most of us are familiar with the processes by which necks of land are cut down, by which promontories are turned into peninsulas, and the peninsulas into islands, while the islands in their turn become rocks. I have elsewhere called attention to all stages of the process as shown in the four corners of Sark. On the south there is the Coupee causeway, an isthmus 200 feet above sea-level, with a crest only some six feet in width; on the north, an isthmus yet lower, and parts beyond already being separated by the sea; on the west, an island, Breqhou; on the east, rocks, the Burons. There are to be seen all stages of the process, but does that process always proceed through all those stages to the end?
II.—Pleistocene Climatic Changes
Authors: Upham Warren
Published: May 2009

The most interesting and difficult climatic problem presented in all the geologic record is that of its latest period, immediately preceding the present, to discover the causes, first, of the accumulation, and later, of the rapid final melting of its vast sheets of land-ice. The fossil floras of Greenland and Spitzbergen indicate that those far northern latitudes enjoyed a temperate climate in the Miocene period; and, from the absence of glacial drift through the great series of Tertiary and Mesozoic formations, we infer that climates as mild as those of the present day had prevailed during long eras before the Ice-age.
II.—On Scottish Rocks containing Orthite
Authors: Flett John S.
Published: May 2009

From America and from many different localities on the continent of Europe the occurrence of Orthite or Allanite as an accessory mineral in crystalline rocks of different kinds has been frequently described. But so far it does not seem that its occurrence in Great Britain has been recognized, or at any rate I have failed to find any mention of it. Quite recently two instances of Scottish orthitebearing rocks have come under my notice which I wish to describe briefly in the present communication. Both are in acid holocrystalline rocks—granites and gneisses—and in both it is associated with the closely allied mineral epidote, as is usually the case. For specimens of the granite of Fell Hill I am indebted to Mr. James More, jun., M.Inst.C.E., Edinburgh, who sent sections of this rock for microscopic examination to Professor James Geikie, Edinburgh University. Although only two in number, the sections contain at least eight recognizable crystals of orthite, besides smaller pieces about the identity of which there might be room for doubt, and some of these are fortunately so cut as to render possible not only a certain identification of the mineral, but also a fairly complete account of its optical properties.
I.—A Western Australian Geologist
Authors: Woodward Harry Page
Published: May 2009

Everything relating to the progress of geology in our Colonies is, or ought to be, of interest to geologists at home; and those who have helped forward this movement are also deserving of recognition and commendation here. The subject of the present notice has left his hammer-marks on the rocks of Western Australia, and has covered many thousand miles on horseback, on foot, by rail and steamboat, from north to south and from east to west of this great region, containing an estimated area of 976,000 square miles, being about nine times that of the United Kingdom, and covering about one-third of the whole Australian Continent.
II.—William Smith's Manuscript Maps
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

It is well known to all students of the history of geology that, although the date of publication of William Smith's “Map of the Strata of England and Wales” was the year 1815, yet even before the commencement of the present century the “Father of English Geology” had not only established the principle that strata can be identified by their organic remains, but had actually applied that important principle in the construction of a number of geological sections and maps. Conclusive documentary evidence of the truth of this statement is fortunately in the possession of the Geological Society.
IV.—On a Method of Determining the Actual Direction of Movement, whether Lateral or Vertical, in Faults
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: May 2009

In calculating the throw of a fault, it is usual to assume that the whole of the displacement due to the fault has been produced by a vertical motion—i.e. by a motion in a vertical plane at right angles to the direction or strike of the fault—and that there has been no such thing as a lateral movement of one face of the fault upon the other.
III.—The High Continental Elevation preceding the Pleistocene Period (in America)
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

If, in the growth of the American continent, the moulding of the land features had not largely depended upon its projection above the sea, favouring or retarding the action of rains and rivers, in sculpturing its surface, there would be little interest as to what was its relative height, before the commencement of the Pleistocene period. But we find valleys vastly greater than meteoric agents could have produced under existing circumstances. Thus, there are not only deep cañons, but also vast depressions, descending to levels far below the sea, which are now filled with the earlier drift accumulations, or form channels submerged beneath ocean waves, or constitute basins occupied by lakes.
IV.—Remarks on Serpentine
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The very full and able review of Dr. Sterry Hunt's paper on “The Geological History of Serpentine,”1 gives me an opportunity, of which I have been for some time desirous, of commenting on certain parts of it relating to my investigations of the typical rock which bears that name. In commenting adversely upon these, I must not be supposed to express a difference of opinion in regard to every part of the paper, because there are many relating to the Archæan schists with which I am in general agreement.
V.—Note on a Graphic Table of Dips
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

That there is a wide-felt want, among field-geologists, of some rapid and sufficiently accurate method of solving such problems as arise in the ordinary course of their work is proved, if proof were necessary, by the summary of the literature bearing on this subject, given in the April Number of this Journal by Mr. Harker, who has certainly carried it to its highest point, for methods more simple than those given by him it is impossible to imagine. There is, however, a method, by which most of these problems can be solved by inspection without recourse to construction or calculation, which I would submit to the notice of geologists in general
IV.—On a Section of Keuper Marls at Great Crosby
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

A Little more than half a mile in a direct line south-east of the village of Great Crosby, at Moorside, the Silicate Brick and Tile Company are excavating clay and shale for brick-making. The excavation at present is about 60 yards square and 35 feet deep from the original surface of the ground to the lowest point. It discloses a section of much interest.
V.—The Eozoic Rocks of North America
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry
Published: May 2009

The following is an abstract of Dr. Hunt's paper. According to the author there is found among the pre-Cambrian strata of North America an invariable succession of crystalline stratified rocks, which have been by him divided into several great groups, the constituents of which become progressively less massive and less crystalline until we reach the sediments of Palæsozoic time; of which the Cambrian is regarded as the basal member. Since all of these pre-Cambrian rocks, with the exception, perhaps, of the lowest or fundamental gneiss, present evidences, direct or indirect, of the existence of organic life at the time of their deposition, it seems proper to include them under the general title of Eozoic, proposed by Sir J. W. Dawson. That of Archæsan, employed by some geologists to designate these pre-Cambrian rocks, appears too indefinite in its signification, and, moreover, is not in accordance with the nomenclature generally adopted for the great divisions succeeding. These Eozoic rocks include both the Primitive and the Transition divisions of Werner.
I.—Note on a nearly complete Skeleton of Æpyoris from Madagascar
Authors: Andrews C. W.
Published: May 2009

The growth of our knowledge of the gigantic extinct birds of Madagascar has been a very slow one. The first notice of their occurrence was published in 1851 by I. Geoffrey St. Hilaire; but it is only within the last two or three years that any part of their skeleton, except the bones of the leg and some very imperfect vertebrae, has been described. Eecently, however, the collections that have reached the Museum of Natural History at Paris, and those obtained by Dr. Forsyth Major for the British Museum, have filled most of the gaps, and all the important parts of the skeleton are now known.
III.—On a New Section in the Middle Lias of Lincoln
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

The quarrying operations that have been carried out during the last five years at Handley's Pit, Lincoln, have led to the exposure of some very complete and instructive sections in the Middle Lias.

Handley's Pit is situate on the North Cliff, at a distance of about a furlong from the now disused pit of Glaisiers, and immediately below that of the Lincoln Brick Company (late Swan's). When compared with the sequence exposed in Swan's Pit, it affords some interesting details that assist materially in clearing up some of the doubtful points to which Mr. Dalton referred in the Geological Survey Memoir on Lincoln Geology regarding the limitation of the range of A. margaritatus, and the occurrence of the Marlstone Rock-bed in the Lincoln District.
V.—Woodwardian Museum Notes. On Two Abnormal Cretaceous Echinoids
Authors: Roberts T.
Published: May 2009

In 1887 a quadri-radiate Echinoconus (Galerites) subrotundus from the Lower Chalk of Shudy Camps, Cambridgeshire, was presented to the Woodwardian Museum by J. Carter, Esq., F.G.S. The specimen is in a good state of preservation, but it has been subjected to a slight amount of crushing, and this has caused (1) the apex of the test to be pushed backwards to a very small extent, and (2) an abrasion of the antero-lateral border. It has the subconoidal form of the normal examples of this species, but is subquadrate in section, and this is due to the fact that only four ambulacral and four interambulacral areas are present, the fifth area of both kinds being completely wanting.
V.—Physiography of the Lower Trias
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Free discussion is a valuable aid to research when entered upon in a proper spirit. I am glad to see the contribution of Mr. Jukes-Browne to this subject, together with the letter from Prof. Bonney, in the May Number of the Geological Magazine.
III.—Notes on the Geology of Finland
Authors: Lucas R. N.
Published: May 2009

Astay in Finland of some months' duration (in the summer of 1885) enabled me to make an acquaintance of considerable intimacy with the Archæan rocks of that very interesting district.
IV.—On Rhynchopygus Woodi, Forbes sp., from the English Pliocene
Authors: Gregory J. Walter
Published: May 2009

Echinarachnius Woodi was founded by Forbes in his “Monograph of the Echinodermata of the British Tertiaries” on two fragments from the Red Crag of Suffolk; of all the species described in that work, this has been regarded as the most interesting and problematical. As this species certainly belonged to a genus now foreign to the British or European seas, it was felt, that if its correct generic position could be determined, it and Temnechinus would indicate the true affinities of the Crag Echinoderm fauna, better than the cosmopolitan genera with which they were associated.
VIII.—Notes on the Probable Origin of Some Slates
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

In the deposits previously described what takes place appears to be about as follows. The larger flakes of biotite undergo an alteration which largely produces epidote, and not improbably granular rutile, though this is not at all proved. Crystals of rutile very rarely result during the process. Such of the iron of the biotite as is not combined in the epidote (which is strongly coloured) is removed in solution, some of it being deposited again as limonite diffused throughout the deposit, and some taking part in the formation of the thin bands of ironstone, being precipitated as carbonate.
III.—Note on a New Species of Merycopotamus
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

In plates lxii. lxvii. lxviii. of part 7 of the “Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis” (1847) a large number of remains of Merycopotamus (nearly all of which are in the collection of the British Museum) are figured under the name of M. dissimilis, although some of them are distinguished as var. major and others as var. minor; and it thus appears that at that date the authors of the work quoted referred all the remains to one species. It is stated, however, in Falconer's “Palæontological Memoirs,” vol. ii. p. 407, note 4, that in 1846 Falconer considered that there were two species, which he proposed to call M. dissimilis and M. nanus; and some of the smaller specimens figured in the “F. A. S.” under the former name, bear upon them the latter name in Falconer's handwriting. In some manuscript notes of Falconer's, written at a much later date, the name M. nanus is once again employed (although the tooth to which it was applied does not belong to Merycopotamus at all); and it would therefore seem that Falconer had by that time reverted to his original view.
V.—Water versus Ice as an Explanation of the Surface Beds of Eastern England
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In former papers on the surface deposits of Eastern England. I have analyzed the conditions of their occurrence and the character of their contents in view of the current theory which makes them the products of ice during an Ice Age. I have endeavoured to show that, tested by every empirical method, they utterly fail to sustain such a conclusion;—that in every character by which we can test these beds, or their component parts, they clearly and emphatically point to some other origin and cause than that of ice; and, on the other hand, that ice such as it is known to us, either in our laboratories or in Nature's laboratory, is quite incapable of producing the results demanded from it by the champions of the Glacial School who have discussed the surface geology of Eastern England.
II.—The Recent and Rapid Elevation of the American Cordillera
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In some papers which have lately appeared in the Geological Magazine, I have endeavoured to show that the Ural Mountains, and also the great masses of high land in Eastern Asia from the Altai to the Himalayas, are of very recent geological origin, and that it was probably their rapid elevation which caused the great diluvial movement of which traces are to be found all over the Siberian plains. I now wish to call attention to some of the evidence which points to the American Cordillera being also a very recent geological feature, and dating from the same period of cataclysmic revolution which closed the Mammoth age.

It is a curious fact that one name, America, connotes both of the great continents hung together by the isthmus of Panama. The cause of this is of course purely historical, and yet it coincides with a great physical fact, namely, their essential unity in more than one respect. The generic unity of the old inhabitants of both continents is a peculiar fact in ethnography; but the unity is even more remarkable in this, that the vertebral column which runs north and south through the two Americas is essentially one backbone.
III.—On the British Earthquakes of 1890, with the exception of those felt in the Neighbourhood of Inverness
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The most remarkable earthquakes of the year 1890 were those felt in the district round Inverness between November 15 and December 14. These have been described in a separate paper. The remaining earthquakes were of comparatively slight intensity. Two or three were felt during the night of June 25–26 within a very small area to the north-east of Leeds, and one at least in Kintyre on July 24. Several slight shocks at Invergarry and Feddan, in Inverness-shire, complete the list so far as known to me, with the exception of a doubtful shock at Tulliallan in Perthshire on January 6.

It is hardly necessary to do more than refer here to the two supposed earthquakes felt on January 7 at and near Chelmsford. In a letter to “Nature,” I have given the evidence in full; and it appears to me sufficient to show that they were merely the reports of one of the great Woolwich guns.
V.—Note on an Undescribed Area of Lower Greensand or Vectian in Dorset
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Until recently no outcrop of the Vectian or Lower Greensand was known to occur between Lulworth on the coast of Dorset and the neighbourhood of Devizes in Wiltshire. It was supposed that, with the exception of a small area of Wealden in the Vale of Wardour, the whole of the Lower Cretaceous Series in Dorset and South Wilts was concealed and buried beneath the overlapping Upper Cretaceous strata. A recent examination of this district however has revealed two areas where the Vectian sands emerge from beneath the Gault. One of these has already been indicated in the pages of the Geological Magazine; the other is the subject of the present communication.
I.—On some Fossil Estheriæ
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

This species is represented by one cast and part of another, in red sandstone from Bucks Co., Pennsylvania, given to me not long before his death by my lamented friend, Professor Henry Carvill Lewis, F.G.S., etc., of Philadelphia.
II.—Vertebrate Palæontology in some American and Canadian Museums
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

In the Palæontology of the Vertebrata, so much has been accomplished on the American Continent within recent years, that any European interested in this line of research is naturally attracted to the Museums and collections across the Atlantic. Among others, the writer of the present notes has at various times been desirous of comparing certain American and Canadian discoveries with those now familiar to workers in the Old World; and this desire having lately been gratified, it may not be uninteresting to offer a few remarks on the collections of extinct Vertebrata in the New World, viewed from the standpoint of one who has had the privilege of visiting many of the corresponding collections in Europe.
VII.—Note on the Elevation of the Weald
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

Few students of Geology can doubt that the elevation of the Weald has been the most important factor concerned in determining the present surface-geology of the south-east of England. It has been constantly before my own mind in all my studies of Tertiary Geology for the last ten years, as the problem to the solution of which many other preliminary questions required answers. In my first paper on Tertiary Geology, read before the Geologists' Association in 1883, I pointed out that the presence of Eocene pebble-beds in the Woolwich and Reading series and in the Bagshot series afforded strong evidence of the encroachment of the sea upon the Upper Chalk in Eocene times. This conclusion is accepted by our greatest authority on Tertiary Geology, Prof. Prestwicb. The fact alone furnishes a strong presumption that the elevation of the Weald had commenced before the close of the Eocene period; while the many outliers of the Woolwich and Reading beds at high altitudes on the N. Downs, taken along with the general absence of the London Clay there, seems to tell us that the initial elevation of the Weald hill-range had gone far enough for this to form a shore to the area of deposition of the London Clay. I have shown further, in a former volume of the Geol. Mag., that, though there is no absolute proof, there are grounds for believing, that certain outliers of sands on the N. Downs (at Chipstead, Headley, and north of Netley Heath) are more likely to turn out to be of Upper Eocene age, than of any age to which they had been hitherto assigned by different writers.
Robert Alfred Cloyne Godwin-Austen
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

As Time progresses, Geology, although comparatively a modern Science, yet looks back upon its early and honoured leaders, much in the same way as Art regards its “Old Masters.” Those pioneers have all left us, and, alas! few even of the distinguished men who belong, as it were, to a second generation now remain. Of these, who in their turn have become veterans in the science, we have recently to deplore the loss of Mr. Godwin-Austen.
II.—Iguanodon Mantelli, Meyer
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In 1822, just sixty-three years ago, Mrs. Mantell found the first tooth of a new and remarkable reptile (afterwards known as Iguanodon), imbedded in a mass of coarse conglomerate, which had been brought as ‘road–metal’ from one of the quarries in the Wealden formation of Tilgate Forest.
III.—Notes on “Cone-In-Cone” Structure
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: May 2009

In Decade III. Vol. II. of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, for 1885, at page 283, an abstract of a paper on “ Cone-in-Cone ” by Mr. John Young, F.G.S., of Glasgow, was given. The author of this interesting paper has kindly presented the writer with a copy of it, to which, since it was readinGlasgow last year, has been added some additional remarks, together with two very beautiful plates, by ‘ photogravure,’inillustration of some of his typical Scottish specimens.
VII.—Note on the Faoetted Pebbles from the Olive Group of the Sale Range, Punjab, India
Authors: Oldham R. D.
Published: May 2009

At the last meeting of the British Association certain facetted pebbles derived from the Olive group of the Salt Range, and presumably of glacial origin, were exhibited and commented on. Some doubt appears to have been expressed as to their being due to glacial action. The following notes on these pebbles and the bed they were derived from may prove of interest.
1.—On the Lower Devonian Fish-Fauna of Campbellton, New Brunswick
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The Lower Devonian Fish-Fauna of Campbellton, New Brunswick, has already been described by Mr. Whiteaves, of the Canadian Geological Survey, and Dr. Traquair, of Edinburgh; and a few supplementary observations are published in the British Museum Catalogue of Fossil Fishes, Part II. (1891). Much, however, still remains to be learned concerning the skeletal anatomy of the genera and species already determined; and many types of early fishes will doubtless soon be discovered by future explorers of the formation and locality in question. A new series of specimens just received by the British Museum from Mr. R. F. Damon, of Weymouth, adds some small items of interest to our knowledge of the subject; and the following notes relate to the advance thus made. The fossils under discussion were collected last summer by Mr. Jex, and are all much crushed and flattened in the usual manner.
IV.—Reade's Theory of Mountain-Building
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Mellard Reade's book on the “Origin of Mountain Ranges” has now been before the geological public for five years; it has been reviewed in this Magazine and elsewhere, and several more or less weighty objections to the theory have been put forward; but no very complete examination of it has been attempted. This may be partly due to the manner in which Mr. Reade has presented his theory, for he has certainly been too diffuse over points which require very slight illustration and not nearly explanatory enough on other points of great physical difficulty.
VI.—Post-Pliocene Continental Subsidence (In America) verses Glacial Dams
Authors: Spencer J. W.
Published: May 2009

The growing interest in the evolution of the Continent now calls for more accurate information than formerly regarding the changes of level of land and sea in recent geological times. The amount of these oscillations was one of the most important factors in the investigation of the “Building of the Great Lakes.” Hence the study of the history of the lakes has contributed to our knowledge of the changing relations of the continent and the sea.
VI.—OnPhillipsastræa, d'Orb., with Especial Reference toPhillipsastræa radiata, S.-Woodward sp., andPhillipsastræa tuberosa, M‘Coy, sp
Authors: Schäfer Rudolph
Published: May 2009

The generaPhillipsastræaandSmithiahave long been a source of trouble to palæontologists, and since the establishment of the latter genus in 1851, it has been very doubtful in which of the two genera certain species of Corals should be placed. The more extended our acquaintance with the species belonging to both genera became, the more probable it seemed that the distinctions between them were in reality unimportant and insufficient to justify a division into two different genera. It was in fact proposed by Kunth as early as 1870 that both genera should be united under the earlier namePhillipsastræa. It has been stated thatPhillipsastræapossesses a columella, whileSmithiahas none; upon the truth of this statement the retention of the two genera depends. Kunth has denied the existence of such a difference. Nevertheless both genera are still retained. From a careful study of the specimens in the British Museum (Natural History) and in the Woodwardian Museum at Cambridge, I have come to the conclusion that Kunth's opinion is well founded; and in the following remarks I shall further attempt to show that certain species which are still sometimes described as having a true columella do not really possess one.
X.—On the Greenstone and Associated Rocks of the Manacle Point, Lizard
Authors: Somervail Alexander
Published: May 2009

On De La Beche's Geological Survey Map of Cornwall are three colours representing the associated rocks at, and on each side of the Manacle Point. The Point itself and for a considerable distance south of it is represented as a greenstone. Partially encased in the greenstone and to the south of it is gabbro, which forms the main mass of this rock in the Lizard district. On the north side of the greenstone which forms the extreme south wall of Porthonstock Cove is hornblende-schist, which with some serpentine and other rocks terminates against the killas, or slates near Porthalla.

Several observers with seeming good reason have drawn attention to the fact that the greenstone as represented on the map is made to cover much too large an area to the south, and that any one walking from this direction, or the reverse, finds gabbro where the former rock was expected to occur.