bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Achillea millefolium‐Infused Chitosan Nanocarriers for Antibacterial and Dye Degradation Applications
Authors: Revathi Sorimuthu , Dey Nibedita , Thomas Ashley , Issac Praveen Kumar , Shaik Mohammed Rafi , Hussain Shaik Althaf , Guru Ajay
Published: November 2024

The demand for plant‐based nanocarriers and nanodrugs is increasing due to their versatile nature and compatibility. This research focuses on the optimization of Achillea millefolium‐infused chitosan (CS) nanocarriers for antibacterial and dye degradation applications, emphasizing the novelty of this approach. Different dilutions of A. millefolium were loaded into low‐molecular (LM)‐ and high‐molecular‐weight‐CS nanocarriers using the ionotropic gelation method. The synthesized drug‐loaded CS nanocarriers were characterized using ultraviolet (UV)–visible (Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, Fourier‐Transform Infrared, and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The optimized nanocarriers were further analyzed for encapsulation efficiency (EE), antibacterial activity, and dye degradation capacity. The EE of the drug‐loaded CS nanocarriers ranged from 15% to 100%. Notably, the LM‐weight‐CS‐based nanocarriers demonstrated a significant dye degradation capacity, achieving an impressive 83% degradation rate for methylene orange (MO). Moreover, these nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited superior efficacy compared to un‐immobilized counterparts. The A. millefolium‐CS NPs also significantly enhanced the zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, demonstrating strong antibacterial potential. These results underscore the enhanced ability of the CS NP formulation to inhibit microbial growth and effectively degrade dyes. The combination of A. millefolium and CS NPs showcases potential for innovative therapeutic applications, particularly in wastewater treatment and antimicrobial therapies. This study provides novel insights into the development of effective plant‐based nanocarriers, paving the way for future research in this field.
Artesunate alleviates radiation‐induced submandibular gland epithelial cell damage in rats by reducing inflammation and apoptosis
Authors: Wang Yuchen , Zhao Danni , Nong Xiaolin
Published: November 2024

Salivary hypofunction is a common complication in patients with head and neck cancers following radiotherapy (RT). RT‐induced inflammation in salivary gland cells leads to apoptosis and fibrosis. Artesunate (ART) is a bioactive compound with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrosis properties. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of ART on X‐ray‐induced injury of submandibular gland (SMG) epithelial cells in rats. Second‐generation SMG epithelial cells were randomly divided into five groups: natural control group (NC), irradiated group (IR), and irradiated groups treated with ART at concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 μM. Cells were harvested 48 h postirradiation for analysis. The results demonstrated that ART attenuated the damage to AQP5, a crucial indicator of salivary gland function, as evidenced by the decreased expression of AQP5 at both mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, ART decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines: IL‐6 and TNF‐α. TUNEL staining revealed reduced apoptosis in the ART groups, particularly the IR + 10 μM group. RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis of apoptosis cytokines Bax/Bcl‐2 and Caspase‐3 confirmed these findings. Furthermore, ART inhibited the expression of NF‐κB at both mRNA and protein levels. In conclusion, these results suggest that ART may reduce inflammation and apoptosis in SMG epithelial cells following radiation by inhibiting the NF‐κB pathway.
Drug‐Coated Balloon Treatment for LAD CTO in a Young Woman With Moyamoya Disease Guided by Intravascular Imaging
Authors: Ma Shuangliang , Chen Zhongxiu , Huang Baotao , Wang Mian
Published: November 2024

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare, progressive steno‐occlusive disease of the intracranial carotid arteries. Coronary artery disease associated with MMD has been described in several cases. Coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation were performed mainly for MMD patients with myocardial ischemia caused by coronary stenotic lesions. However, there have been no reports of coronary revascularization with a drug‐coated balloon in MMD patients. We present the first case report of intravascular imaging guidance of PCI with a drug‐coated balloon for a young patient with left anterior descending artery chronic total occlusion and a history of MMD. The left anterior descending artery remained patent after the 7‐month follow‐up, and there was no chest pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis and PLA2R‐associated mebranous nephropathy. Cause or coincidence?
Authors: Perea‐Ortega Lara , Muñoz‐Sánchez Ana , León‐Fradejas Myriam , Rojas Remedios Toledo , Ruiz‐Esteban Pedro , López‐Jiménez Verónica
Published: November 2024

Key Clinical Message

The coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and PLA2R‐associated membranous nephropathy (MN) is uncommon. It is difficult to demonstrate whether the mechanisms of renal pathology are triggered by RA, but it has been observed that the pro‐inflammatory molecules present in RA increase the expression of PLA2R. Rituximab could be effective in both conditions.

RA affects 0.5% of adults in our country. It is an inflammatory disease that predominantly affects the joints causing destruction of the articular cartilage. Approximately 50% of patients present extra‐articular manifestations. Renal involvement is relatively frequent and clinically significant because it worsens the course and mortality of the primary disease. The histological renal damage observed in these patients includes a wide variety of entities and histological patterns with both glomerular and tubulointerstitial involvement, with secondary MN being one of the most frequent. Coexistence with primary MN is rare. We present the case of a 46‐year‐old male recently diagnosed with RA who was referred to the nephrology department for renal function deterioration and subnephrotic proteinuria. The autoimmune study showed positive anti‐PLA2R. Due to the unusual association between both entities, it was decided to perform a renal biopsy which showed abundant spikes. The immunofluorescence study showed contiguous parietal IgG positivity (3+). Immunohistochemistry showed positive granular IgG4, confirming the diagnosis of PLA2R‐associated MN. MN is one of the most common causes of nephrotic syndrome in adults. The determination of anti‐PLA2R has been a great advance in the rapid differential diagnosis of MN. In recent years, new target antigens associated with certain underlying pathologies have been discovered. However, PLA2R is not associated with any disease or exposure and therefore remains the antigen responsible for 80% of primary NMs. Anti‐PLA2R antibodies can be produced by loss of central or peripheral tolerance. Whether these mechanisms are triggered by RA itself is difficult to prove. The cytokine TNF‐like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) has been associated with RA. This proinflammatory molecule increases the expression of PLA2R in podocytes, sensitizing them to the damaging action of anti‐PLA2Rs, which could justify a causal relationship between the two pathologies. The anti‐PLA2R positivity in a patient with membranous nephropathy should not be sufficient to refrain from searching for a secondary cause, as a kidney biopsy is mandatory when another underlying disease coexists. Treatment should be tailored to the individual risk profile for progression. Rituximab could be an optimal option for both entities.
Interposition of the Fracture Fragment of a Vitamin E‐Blended, Highly Crosslinked Polyethylene Liner After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Tanino Hiromasa , Mitsutake Ryo , Ito Hiroshi
Published: November 2024

This is the first case report of a vitamin E‐blended polyethylene liner fracture after total hip arthroplasty. Our case highlights the importance of considering a vitamin E‐blended polyethylene liner fracture, the interposition of fracture fragments between the articulating surfaces after dislocation and blocked successful reduction.
Unraveling Heart Inflammation: Recurrent Myopericarditis Caused by Coxsackie A Virus—A Case Report
Authors: Maliha Maisha , Satish Vikyath , Chi Kuan Yu , Shama Nishat , Halder Sananda , Oishy Sumaiya Monjur , Kharawala Amrin , Varrias Dimitrios , Fallaice Robert T.
Published: November 2024

Acute recurrent myopericarditis, characterized by the occurrence of a new myopericarditis event following a symptom‐free interval of 4–6 weeks, is relatively rare lacking definitive guidelines for management. Understanding its prevalence, causes, and optimal management is challenging due to limited data and insufficient guidelines. This case outlines the diagnostic work‐up and different management modalities for recurrent myopericarditis. A 44‐year‐old African American man with a past medical history of myopericarditis a year ago presented with fever and chest pain for 4 days. The patient was found to have elevated troponin, CRP, and ESR; pericardial effusion along with a Coxsackie A virus titer of 1:800, suggestive of Coxsackie A virus–induced recurrent myopericarditis. The patient responded well to colchicine and a tapering dose of ibuprofen, achieving significant resolution in the pericardial effusion. Recurrent myopericarditis caused by Coxsackie A virus is a relatively rare phenomenon. New onset myopericarditis can be caused by various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, neoplasms, metabolic issues, trauma, and drugs, with recurrence rates of 15%–50% in pericarditis patients. Coxsackie A virus is an important and rare etiology of recurrent myopericarditis due to its unique immune evasive traits. The treatment modalities guided by definitive guidelines for recurrent pericarditis can be applied in recurrent myopericarditis with significant resolution of symptoms. Although there are no specific guidelines for managing recurrent myopericarditis, using approaches designed for recurrent pericarditis has shown promising results, and the immune evasive nature of Coxsackie A virus underscores the need for further research to improve our understanding and treatment of this condition.
Bioalkylation Strategies to Synthesize Allylated Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Using Norcoclaurine Synthase and O‐Methyltransferases
Authors: Salinger Matthew T. , Ward John M. , Moody Thomas S. , Jeffries Jack W. E. , Hailes Helen C.
Published: November 2024

O‐Methyltransferase (O‐MT)‐mediated alkylations are of growing interest for the regioselective modification of bioactive motifs, although there are still few examples of applications with more structurally complex compounds. In this work, we have used O‐MTs for the allylation of various catechol and tetrahydroisoquinoline substrates via a biocatalytic cascade involving additionally methionine adenosyltransferases (MATs) and a methylthioadenosine nucleosidase (MTAN). Furthermore, we have integrated norcoclaurine synthase into this cascade to stereoselectively generate (S)‐THIQs in situ as both intermediates and products in the allylation cascade. Notably, a variation in the order in which NCS and MAT‐MT‐MTAN are added can significantly affect the regioselective outcome, enabling exquisite control of both stereochemistry and regiochemistry in the products. We also identified Ureaplasma urealyticum MAT as an effective enzyme for the formation of the S‐adenosyl‐S‐allyl‐L‐homocysteine required as the cofactor for the O‐MTs and established that the racemate rather than the single isomer of S‐allyl‐homocysteine can effectively be used in the cascades with MATs.
Strain Engineering of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Conversion
Authors: Ni Youxuan , Lu Yong , Xie Weiwei , Chen Jun
Published: November 2024

Strain engineering is an effective approach for modulating the activity of single‐atom catalysts, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This review focuses on the strain effects on single‐atom catalysts, detailing the geometric structure distortion and electronic structure changes of the active sites with different strains. It also discusses the mechanisms behind the modulation of electrocatalytic activity for single‐atom catalysts.
Is it quality writing instruction? A critical examination of centralised curriculum materials from the NSW English curriculum reform
Authors: Brosseuk Deb , Poulton Phillip
Published: November 2024

The curriculum reform in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, focuses on implementing high‐quality, evidence‐based instruction, particularly explicit teaching and the gradual release of responsibility. This paper examines the ‘quality’ of writing instruction in the new curriculum materials for Kindergarten to Year 6 teachers. Our document analysis of four Stage 1 Narrative units of work reveals significant gaps in implementing the Gradual Release of Responsibility model, with inconsistencies in modelled, guided and independent writing instruction. These gaps emerge through ambiguous instructional techniques, minimal use of ‘think alouds’, few opportunities for guided writing interactions, and a predominant focus on decontextualised, skill‐driven independent writing. These inconsistencies contradict established research on pedagogical approaches and the principles underpinning NSW Curriculum reform. We argue that, without critical adaptation by teachers, these materials risk reinforcing inadequate writing instruction, impacting student learning and early career teachers' pedagogical development. This study highlights broader implications for educational contexts undergoing similar reform and emphasises the need for further research on implementing these curriculum materials and their impact on teachers' writing instructional practices.
Defective Hippocampal Primary Ciliary Function and Aberrant LKB1/AMPK Signaling Pathway Are Associated With the Inhibition of Autophagic Activity in Offspring Born to Mothers of Advanced Maternal Age
Authors: Han Ziyao , Yang Xiaoyue , Gui Jianxiong , Luo Hanyu , Huang Dishu , Chen Hengsheng , Cheng Li , Yuan Ping , Jiang Li
Published: November 2024

Advanced maternal age (AMA) negatively influences the development and cognitive functions of offspring. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. As hippocampal autophagy and primary cilia play a crucial role in learning and memory abilities, this study aimed to investigate the effects of AMA on hippocampal autophagy and primary cilia, and to explore their relationship with the changes of LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway in offspring rats. The whole brains and hippocampus of offspring born to 12‐month‐old (AMA) and 3‐month‐old (control) Sprague–Dawley (SD) female rats were collected on post‐natal days (P) 14, 28, and 60. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to count the number of autophagosomes. The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and Western blotting were used to quantify gene expression, and immunofluorescence was used to measure primary cilia. The results revealed that autophagic activity was inhibited from childhood to adulthood in the AMA group. Furthermore, in the early developmental stage, primary ciliogenesis and growth in the hippocampus in the AMA group were impaired, with astrocytes being more severely affected. In addition, the AMA group exhibited an abnormal activation of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway. Thus, in offspring born to mothers of AMA, impaired hippocampal primary ciliary function and aberrant activation of the LKB1/AMPK signaling pathway are associated with inhibited autophagic activity.
Topological electride Hf2Se: Enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activity from nontrivial topological Fermi arc
Authors: Meng Weizhen , Jiang Jiayu , Wu Hongbo , Jiao Yalong , Zhang Xiaoming , Cheng Zhenxiang , Wang Xiaotian
Published: November 2024

Recently, the emergence of topological electride catalysts has attracted significant attention in the fields of condensed matter physics, chemistry, and materials science. In this study, we found that electride Hf2Se exhibits various types of topological quantum states under the constraint of symmetric operations, particularly the Weyl point (WP) located at the K valley. The WP is closely aligned with the Fermi level and generates an extensive Fermi arc surface state on the (001) surface. In addition, electride Hf2Se exhibits a lower work function on the (001) surface. Remarkably, electride Hf2Se exhibits extremely high stability in both air and water environments. The catalytic activity of electride Hf2Se for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was significantly improved by utilizing its robust surface state and low work function. Therefore, we provide a new insight into the application of electrides in HER.
Tri(trimethylsilyl) phosphate as a multifunctional additive for moisture‐resistant and long‐cycling sodium‐ion batteries
Authors: Qiu Qian , Huang Longqing , Wang Shuai , Qiu Shen , Hou Wentao , Zhu Jialing , Li Haoxiang , Wu Xianyong , Xia Lan
Published: November 2024

The sodium hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6)/carbonate solution is considered as the benchmark electrolyte for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, this NaPF6 electrolyte undergoes hydrolysis and produces acidic compounds, which deteriorate the electrolyte quality, corrode electrodes, jeopardize electrode interphases, and eventually degrade battery performance. Herein, we introduce tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphate (TMSP) as a multifunctional additive to the carbonate electrolyte. We found that 10% TMSP could effectively remove H2O molecules and inhibit NaPF6 hydrolysis, thus improving the electrolyte stability against moisture during the long‐term storage. Furthermore, the unique structure of TMSP promotes the formation of thinner, more uniform, and inorganic‐rich interphases on the Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) cathode and hard carbon (HC) anode. Consequently, the NVP cathode, HC anode, and full cells demonstrate excellent cycling performance. This work suggests that tailoring the electrolyte formulation can provide multiple benefits for boosting SIB performances, such as stabilizing the electrolyte and regulating the electrolyte/electrode interphase, thereby promoting long‐term cycling in sodium‐ion batteries.
The Field Automatic Insect Recognition‐Device—A Non‐Lethal Semi‐Automatic Malaise Trap for Insect Biodiversity Monitoring: Proof of Concept
Authors: Chiavassa Juan A. , Kraft Martin , Noack Patrick , Walther Simon , Kirse Ameli , Scherber Christoph
Published: November 2024

Field monitoring plays a crucial role in understanding insect dynamics within ecosystems. It facilitates pest distribution assessment, control measure evaluation, and prediction of pest outbreaks. Additionally, it provides important information on bioindicators with which the state of biodiversity and ecological integrity in specific habitats and ecosystems can be accurately assessed. However, traditional monitoring systems face various difficulties, leading to a limited temporal and spatial resolution of the obtained information. Despite recent advancements in automatic insect monitoring traps, also called e‐traps, most of these systems focus exclusively on studying agricultural pests, rendering them unsuitable for monitoring diverse insect populations. To address this issue, we introduce the Field Automatic Insect Recognition (FAIR)‐Device, a novel nonlethal field tool that relies on semi‐automatic image capture and species identification using artificial intelligence via the iNaturalist platform. Our objective was to develop an automatic, cost‐effective, and nonspecific monitoring solution capable of providing high‐resolution data for assessing insect diversity. During a 26‐day proof‐of‐concept evaluation, the FAIR‐Device recorded 24.8 GB of video, identifying 431 individuals from 9 orders, 50 families, and 69 genera. While improvements are possible, our device demonstrated its potential as a cost‐effective, nonlethal tool for monitoring insect biodiversity. Looking ahead, we envision new monitoring systems such as e‐traps as valuable tools for real‐time insect monitoring, offering unprecedented insights for ecological research and agricultural practices.
Malignant Bone‐Forming Neoplasm With NIPBL::BEND2 Fusion
Authors: Dashti Nooshin K. , Matcuk George , Agaimy Abbas , Saoud Carla , Antonescu Cristina R.
Published: November 2024

Conventional high‐grade osteosarcomas are characterized by aggressive radiologic features, cytologic pleomorphism, and complex genomics. However, rare examples of osteosarcomas remain challenging due to unusual histology, such as sclerosing or osteoblastoma‐like features, which may require molecular confirmation of their complex genetic alterations. We have encountered such a case in a 17‐year‐old man, who presented with a third metatarsal sclerotic bone lesion, found incidentally in the work‐up of a foot trauma. The initial imaging revealed a lesion with sclerotic/blastic features proximally and lucent/lytic portion distally, findings interpreted consistent with osteoblastoma. The lesion was managed intra‐lesionally with curettings and cryoablation; however, the microscopic findings were non‐specific, showing a bland osteoblastic proliferation embedded in a densely sclerotic matrix. Subsequently, the patient developed two rapid recurrences; the first recurrence was treated similarly despite its associated soft tissue extension radiographically, and the histologic findings remained non‐specific. The 2nd recurrence showed a large mass, with bone destruction and soft tissue extension and an open biopsy revealed features of osteosarcoma with lace‐like osteoid deposition, albeit with uniform cytomorphology. The subsequent below knee amputation showed features compatible with high‐grade osteosarcoma, including solid growth of uniform epithelioid cells, with vesicular nuclei and scant cytoplasm, set in a lace‐like meshwork of osteoid matrix. There was significant mitotic activity and tumor necrosis. Tumor cells were positive for SATB2. Further molecular work‐up was performed showing an unexpected NIPBL::BEND2 fusion, which has been previously reported in two cases of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT). FGF23 (ISH) was performed and was negative. By DNA methylation profiling, unsupervised clustering and UMAP dimensionality reduction revealed grouping with high‐grade osteosarcomas and not with the PMT group. The patient received chemotherapy post‐amputation and is alive without evidence of disease, with 10‐month follow‐up. We report an aggressive, overtly malignant acral bone‐forming tumor, harboring a NIPBL::BEND2 fusion. Further studies are needed to evaluate the recurrent potential of this fusion in osteosarcomas and its relationship with PMT.
Sevuparin strongly reduces hepcidin expression in cells, mice, and healthy human volunteers
Authors: Asperti Michela , Denardo Andrea , Gryzik Magdalena , Persson Kristina E. M. , Westerberg Göran , Öhd John , Poli Maura
Published: November 2024

Hepcidin is an essential regulator of systemic iron availability mediating both iron uptake from the diet and its release from body stores. Abnormally high hepcidin levels resulting from inflammation in chronic diseases cause iron restriction with the onset of anemia. Restoring physiological levels of hepcidin could contribute to ameliorating anemia in these patients. Heparin derivatives are known to suppress hepcidin expression acting on the BMP/SMAD pathway. The novel heparin derivative sevuparin, modified to markedly reduce its anticoagulant activity, is proposed as a promising hepcidin antagonizing strategy. Sevuparin was tested for its anti‐hepcidin properties in vitro in HepG2 cells, in vivo in mice, and in healthy volunteers. Sevuparin strongly suppressed basal, BMP6‐, and IL6‐dependent hepcidin expression in HepG2 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, modulating the essential BMP6/SMAD cascade. These effects were evident in C57BL/6J mice after intravenous injection of a single dose of sevuparin (20 mg/kg) with a 70% reduction of hepcidin mRNA. Remarkably, similar effects were observed in healthy volunteers following single subcutaneous doses at 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg with 40%–50% suppression at 3 and 6 mg/kg and 72% at 9 mg/kg. Moreover, sevuparin was able to reduce hepcidin upregulation in a mouse model of acute inflammation induced by LPS, also showing an amelioration of the inflammatory markers. Combined with its excellent safety profile, these data suggest a role for sevuparin in treating high‐hepcidin disorders.
Optimization of Conductive Partitions on the Mixed Convection in a Vented Cavity
Authors: Uğurlubilek Nihal , Sert Zerrin , Selimefendigil Fatih , Öztop Hakan F.
Published: November 2024

Numerical estimation for the impacts of the conductive partitions having different positions on the mixed laminar convection of air in a 2D vented enclosure was examined. The variable parameters are accepted as Reynolds number (Re = 10–1000), Richardson number (Ri = 0–5), and size of the partition (0.25H, 0.5H, and 0.75H). Twelve cases having several partition arrangements were analyzed. It was observed that excellent convection control can be obtained by using conductive partitions depending upon the Re and Ri combinations. Generally, at small Re, the mean Nu was not affected by the variation of geometry and Ri at small Re. The highest Nu is achieved in Case 12, a cavity with two partitions having a length of 0.75. At Re = 1000, the rate of increase in Nu at Ri = 0, 1, and 5 are obtained at 2.085, 1.868, and 1.43 according to the bare cavity, respectively. In addition, the effect of the solid–fluid thermal conductivity ratio (K = 0.002, 0.2, 1, 5, and 40) on heat transfer was investigated for Case 12. Empirical power‐law Nusselt number correlation was derived for a 2D vented cavity with/without conductive partitions. In conclusion, the maximum heat transfer enhancement rate is obtained in the vented cavity with two length partitions of 0.75. At Re = 1000, the increases in heat transfer rate (Nu/Nu0) for Ri = 0, 1, and 5 are 2.085, 1.87, and 1.43 times higher, respectively, compared with the bare cavity. In terms of effectiveness, Case 12 is the optimum case after Case 0.
Downregulation of Notch Signaling‐Stimulated Genes in Neurovascular Unit Alterations Induced by Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Authors: Ru Dewen , Zhang Zengyu , Liu Meng , Fan Xuhui , Wang Yuqi , Yan Yufeng , Wang Ersong
Published: November 2024

Background

Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is a key contributor to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and is typically associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage. This study investigates the pathological mechanisms underlying CCH‐induced neurovascular unit (NVU) alterations.

Methods

A mouse model of CCH was established using the bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) procedure. Decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) and impaired BBB integrity were assessed. Brain microvessel (BMV)‐specific transcriptome profiles were analyzed using RNA‐seq, supplemented with published single‐cell RNA‐seq data.

Results

RNA‐seq revealed neuroinflammation‐related gene activation and significant downregulation of Notch signaling pathway genes in BMVs post‐BCAS. Upregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched in microglia/macrophages, while downregulated DEGs were prominent in endothelial cells and pericytes. Enhanced activation of vascular‐associated microglia (VAM) was linked to neurovascular alterations.

Conclusion

CCH induces significant NVU changes, marked by microglia‐associated neuroinflammation and Notch signaling downregulation. These insights highlight potential therapeutic targets for treating neuroinflammatory and vascular‐related neurodegenerative diseases.
An insight on energy production using microbial fuel cell: A microbiological perspective and electron transfer improvement
Authors: Palanivel Priya Dharshini , Naina Mohamed Samsudeen , Mohanakrishna Gunda , Ravinuthala Srinithya , Saravanan S
Published: November 2024

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are sustainable energy technologies that could resolve pollution challenges brought by various activities. It can meet energy demand by producing bioelectricity through catabolizing organic matter. Over the past two decades, research on many microbes have been used in MFCs, which intrigued researchers to explore the underlying electron transfer mechanism between microbe and anode. Electron transfer between electrode and microorganism occurs via different pathways: direct, indirect electron transfer and interspecies electron transfer. Shewanella and Geobacter are well‐known for microbe–electrode and microbe–microbe electron transfer. This review provides an overview of the significant varieties of microbes utilized in MFCs for simultaneous bioelectricity generation and wastewater treatment. Mechanisms of different modes of electron transfer involved during the oxidation of organic wastes in the anode section of MFCs are highlighted. Furthermore, this review also details some of the techniques to promote extracellular electron transfer efficiency which is important for the enhanced performance of MFC in terms of power, current generation and wastewater remediation. A perspective of challenges to be addressed for the effective functioning of these technologies, opportunities for MFC systems to be scaled up and associated techno‐economic analysis are discussed. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Increased medial tibial slope is a possible risk factor for patellar cartilage lesions
Authors: Hoffeld Kai , Hockmann Jan P. , Wahlers Christopher , Eysel Peer , Oppermann Johannes
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Axial malalignment in the coronal plane has been identified as a significant risk factor for knee cartilage damage, leading to osteoarthritis progression. However, the impact of sagittal axial deviation on cartilage damage remains underexplored. Biomechanical studies have suggested that an increased tibial slope leads to altered pressure distribution in the articular cartilage, potentially contributing to cartilage damage. Despite these biomechanical insights, clinical evidence linking increased tibial slope to cartilage damage is lacking.

Methods

This retrospective study focuses on patients who underwent surgical cartilage transplantation between January 2016 and July 2023. A total of 108 patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of other pathologies contributing to cartilage damage. Clinical data, including tibial slope measurements from lateral radiographs, were collected. A further subgroup‐matched pair analysis was conducted comparing cases with patellar lesions and healthy knees. Statistical analysis compared tibial slope values between groups and assessed correlations between tibial slope and cartilage lesion grade.

Results

Patients without other identifiable pathologies exhibited a significantly higher medial tibial slope compared to those with known causative factors for cartilage damage (p < 0.05). Cartilage damage, particularly in the patellar region, was more prevalent in patients with an increased tibial slope. Patients with patellar lesions had a significant increased slope than healthy controls (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between cartilage lesion grade and tibial slope.

Conclusion

The study identified increased medial tibial slope as a possible independent risk factor for cartilage damage in the knee, especially in the patellar region.

Level of Evidence

Level IV.
Felt trust: Added baggage or added value? A critical review, constructive redirection, and exploratory meta‐analysis
Authors: de Jong Bart , Lee Allan , Gill Harjinder , Zheng Xiaotong (Janey)
Published: November 2024

After decades of scholarly focus on studying trust from the trustor's perspective, there has been a rapidly growing interest in understanding trust from the trustee's perspective, with a particular focus on felt trust (i.e., a trustee's perception of being trusted by a trustor). The fundamental assumption underlying this trustee‐centric perspective is that it complements the dominant trustor‐centric perspective and enables a more comprehensive understanding of how trust manifests and operates in the workplace. Unfortunately, our critical review of 121 felt trust studies reported in 87 manuscripts reveals major problems in multiple areas (conceptualization, measurement, theorizing, and research methods) that limit this field's ability to achieve this potential. To remedy this, we build on existing frameworks, best practices, and exemplars from the (felt) trust and meta‐perceptions literature to outline a constructive redirection of the field. We subsequently empirically test the field's fundamental assumption by meta‐analytically exploring the distinctiveness and incremental validity of felt trust beyond other trust concepts. Taken together, our envisioned redirection and meta‐analytic findings enable the field of felt trust to live up to its promise and enrich our understanding of organizational trust.
Divergent Ecological Restoration Driven by Afforestation Along the North and South Banks of the Yarlung Zangbo Middle Reach
Authors: Xie Xinyao , Zhao Wei , Yin Gaofei , Fu Hao , Wang Xiaodan
Published: November 2024

Over the past four decades, continuous afforestation in the river valley of the Yarlung Zangbo Middle Reach has effectively migrated the land degradation and enhanced the local eco‐environment. Different orientations of north and south banks (i.e., sun‐facing and shade‐facing) generate microclimates, but the diverse growth patterns of the planted forests along different banks remain unknown. In this study, long‐term Landsat observations were introduced to investigate the microclimatic effects on the growth patterns of planted forests and their subsequent effects on the land restoration during 1988–2020. Results showed that the south bank experienced a higher afforestation‐induced greening trend than the north bank, as indicated by normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) rates of 0.0117 and 0.0081 year−1, respectively. The growth of planted forests on the north bank was more sensitive to the distance from riverway than that on the south bank, with the NDVI gradients of −0.0708 and −0.0540 km−1, highlighting a server drought stress on the north bank. Benefited from the continuous afforestation, 79% and 95% of sandy lands on the north and south banks had been restored by 2020. In summary, the microclimatic difference between banks, attributed to different solar illuminations and drought stresses, induce the diverse ecological restoration conditions. These findings offer important insights that future afforestation strategies should consider the microclimatic effect to maximize ecological benefits.
Government Subsidy Policies for Industrial Internet Adoption: A Tripartite Evolutionary Game Analysis
Authors: Peng Xiaoshuai , Wang Shiyi , Zhao Cui
Published: November 2024

Understanding interactions between government, platforms, and enterprises is key to developing the industrial internet ecosystem. This study constructs a tripartite evolutionary game model to analyze stakeholder interactions. We examine the equilibrium strategies of stakeholders and the asymptotic stabilities of equilibrium points through theoretical and simulation analyses. The results show that increasing the subsidy coefficient, transaction fee rates for high‐level services, and compensation for mismatches incentivize platforms to offer high‐level services. Enterprises are motivated to participate in platforms by raising joining profits and lowering transaction fees. For the government, adjusting the subsidy coefficient promotes industrial internet adoption while avoiding excessive subsidies.
Dose distributions of proton therapy plans are robust against lowering the resolution of CTs combined with increasing noise
Authors: Frensch Carla , Bäcker Claus Maximilian , Jentzen Walter , Lüvelsmeyer Ann‐Kristin , Teimoorisichani Mohammadreza , Wulff Jörg , Timmermann Beate , Bäumer Christian
Published: November 2024

Background

Treatment planning in radiation therapy (RT) is performed on image sets acquired with commercial x‐ray computed tomography (CT) scanners. Considering an increased frequency of verification scans for adaptive RT and the advent of alternatives to x‐ray CTs, there is a need to review the requirements for image sets used in RT planning.

Purpose

This study aims to derive the required image quality (IQ) for the computation of the dose distribution in proton therapy (PT) regarding spatial resolution and the combination of spatial resolution and noise. The knowledge gained is used to explore the potential for dose reduction in tomography‐guided PT.

Methods

Mathematical considerations indicate that the required spatial resolution for dose computation is on the scale of the set‐up margins fed into the robust optimization. This hypothesis was tested by processing retrospectively 12 clinical PT cases, which reflect a variety of tumor localizations. Image sets were low‐pass filtered and were made noisy in a generic manner. Dose distributions on the modified CT scans were computed with a Monte‐Carlo dose engine. The similarity of these dose distributions with clinical ones was quantified with the gamma‐index (1 mm/1%). The potential reduction of the x‐ray exposure compared to the planning CT scan was estimated.

Results

Dose distributions within the irradiated volume were robust against low‐pass filtering of the CTs with kernels up to a full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum of 4 mm, that is, the gamma pass rate (1 mm/1%) was 98%. The limit of the filter width was 6 mm for brain tumors and 8 mm for targets in the abdomen. These pass rates remained approximately unchanged if a limited amount of noise was added to the CT image sets. The estimated potential reductions of the x‐ray exposure were at least a factor of 20.

Conclusions

The requirements on IQ in terms of spatial resolution in combination with noise for computing the dose in PT are clearly lower than the IQ of current clinical planning. The results apply, for example, to ultra‐low dose x‐ray CTs, proton CTs with coarse spatial detection, and attenuation images from the joint reconstruction of time‐of‐flight PET scans.
“Multiple Meanings of College” explores significance of college for adult learners
Authors: May Rachel
Published: November 2024

Adult learners have more higher education options than ever before — from degree to non‐degree‐bearing programs. Understanding whether or not adult learners still desire a four‐year degree — and if so, why — the authors of a new white paper assert, is “especially important at a time of great enthusiasm about novel alternatives to college diplomas.”
Impact of Early Resumption of Oral Anticoagulation on Recurrence After Surgery for Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Target Trial Emulation
Authors: Anno Takayuki , Fukasawa Toshiki , Shinozaki Tomohiro , Takeuchi Masato , Yoshida Satomi , Kawakami Koji
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Clinicians treating patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) on oral anticoagulants who undergo surgery for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) face a dilemma: while early postoperative resumption of anticoagulation is necessary to prevent embolism, it may increase the risk of CSDH recurrence. To date, however, no study has evaluated this question while adequately addressing common biases in observational studies. Here, we assessed this issue using target trial emulation framework.

Methods

We identified patients undergoing initial CSDH surgery who had received anticoagulation for AF preoperatively from two hospital‐based administrative databases (2014–2022). We compared two treatment strategies: resumption of anticoagulation within 14 days postoperatively versus no resumption during this period. Using a three‐step method of cloning, censoring, and weighting, we estimated the risk of CSDH recurrence, along with the risk ratio and risk difference at postoperative day 90.

Results

291 CSDH patients with AF were eligible, of whom 29 (10.0%) underwent CSDH reoperation. The weighted estimated 90‐day reoperation risk was 11.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.0 to 14.3) for resuming anticoagulation within 14 days postoperatively and 9.4% (95% CI, 4.1 to 12.8) for not resuming within 14 days, corresponding to a risk ratio of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.67 to 2.36) and risk difference of 1.9% (95% CI, −4.0 to 6.6).

Conclusions

90‐day risk of CSDH recurrence may not differ between early and non‐early resumption of anticoagulation, although early resumption could modestly accelerate recurrence. Allowing for the imprecision of the estimates, these findings provide important insights for clinical decision‐making regarding anticoagulation resumption.
Mind maps for eliciting and assessing plant awareness: A preliminary study on pre‐service teachers
Authors: Eugenio‐Gozalbo Marcia , Ortega‐Cubero Inés , Suárez‐López Rafael
Published: November 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Teachers play an indispensable role in promoting citizens' plant awareness. To this end, they need adequate plant knowledge –including classification–, experience in out‐of‐classroom settings, and enthusiasm for plants. With the aim of improving pre‐service teachers' plant awareness, we designed and implemented a didactic sequence including several drawing exercises, prominently botanical illustration, which ran in parallel with a gardening program that provided an outdoor learning experience. Assessment was performed through mind maps and revealed improvements related to knowledge of plants, including morphological knowledge and appreciation of plants' beauty, which may positively influence their teaching practice in the future.

Promoting plant awareness is considered a main goal of biological education. Plant awareness is particularly relevant in teachers, who oversee the botanical education of future generations. The literature highlights the need to develop plant knowledge, experience in outdoor education, and enthusiasm for plants in pre‐service teachers.

We designed a didactic sequence contextualized at an organic garden, constituted by both artistic and scientific activities. The artistic perspective consisted of drawing based on observation (prominently, botanical illustration), with the aim of constructing knowledge on plant morphology, and promoting emotional engagement through appreciation of plants' beauty.

Several instruments were used to collect information on initial ideas and the process of learning, outstandingly mind maps, a type of multimodal diagram used to represent ideas on a topic by means of drawings and text. A qualitative procedure was developed to analyze them, encompassing three perspectives: information structure, artistic performance (e.g., graphic richness), and scientific performance (plant knowledge, per content categories). Obtained data were subsequently analyzed through statistical tests.

This preliminary study shows that knowledge of plant morphology was developed through botanical illustration, incorporated by pre‐service teachers, and used in final mind maps. Significant improvements were observed in certain dimensions of plant awareness, related to plant knowledge and the aesthetic appreciation of their biological characteristics.
Exploring tropical forest aboveground carbon dynamics via modelled landscapes of varied food production, past and present
Authors: Los Sebastian A. , Winkelmann Ricarda , Roberts Patrick
Published: November 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Contemporary land use studies often place food production in direct conflict with tropical forests, with forest land use for human needs exiting in conflict with carbon‐related forest conservation and biodiversity protection efforts. We highlight the more nuanced, mixed activities possible in the space between primary forest and fixed, monocultures that were, and are, practiced by Indigenous communities from the deep past into the present. Given the increasingly clear importance of the tropics to human history and contemporary human sustainability, this work has key implications for understanding past human‐environment processes, empowering Indigenous stewardship and informing forest conservation policy.

Tropical forests are key components of the global carbon cycle given their considerable carbon stocks. Agriculture is often seen as in major conflict with tropical forests, with carbon budget models highlighting dramatic carbon stock losses with the conversion of land for food. However, these models often focus on monocultural cropping systems, while the archaeological and historical records highlight more varied forms of food production in tropical forests from at least 8,000 years ago.

Here we develop a simple model to simulate relative aboveground carbon (AGC) values for a tropical forest anthrome with varied food production practices. We examine past examples of tropical land use activities including understory thinning, selective agroforestry and various swidden patterns. We compare these to old‐growth forests, open cropping and plantation systems.

Results highlight the importance of retaining large trees to AGC. Understory thinning practices have a limited effect on AGC by mainly impacting small trees. Regular, short fallow swidden drastically reduces AGC, while irregular, long fallow swidden can maintain AGC half that of old growth forest.

A mosaic landscape of forest food production can maintain much higher long‐term mean AGC values than is typically assumed for carbon budgets of past land use.
Different Aspects of COVID‐19: “Stay at Home” Increased Cat and Mite Sensitivity in Preschool Children
Authors: Karavaizoglu Cagla , Suleyman Ayse , Dolu Kazım Okan , Yucel Esra , Demirkale Zeynep Hızlı , Ozdemir Cevdet , Tamay Zeynep Ulker
Published: November 2024

Background

Indoor allergen exposure and senitization is expected to increase significantly during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this altered allergen exposure on allergen sensitivity patterns in children with asthma.

Methods

Demographic data, clinical characteristics, and laboratory findings of asthmatic children aged 5 years and younger were assessed May 2019 to May 2020, 1 year after the start of lockdown measures. Those asthmatic children were compared with age‐ and sex‐matched asthmatic peers assessed before the pandemic. Group I included asthmatic children who underwent skin testing within 12 months of the start of the lockdown (n = 112), while Group II included asthmatic children whose skin testing was done before the lockdown (n = 224).

Results

A total of 336 preschool children diagnosed with asthma were evaluated. House dust mite (HDM) and animal dander (cat, dog) senitization rates were significantly higher in Group I than in Group II (66.1% vs. 42.9%; OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6–4.1, p < 0.001 and 8.0% vs. 1.3%; OR: 6.4, CI: 1.7–24.2, p = 0.006, respectively). However, the number of asthma attacks requiring systemic corticosteroid treatment was higher in Group I than in Group II (p = 0.001). The duration of lockdown emerged as a significant risk factor for HDM senitization (p < 0.001, OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6–4.1) and animal allergen senitization (p = 0.006, OR: 6.4, 95% CI: 1.7–27.3).

Conclusion

During the pandemic, senitization to indoor allergens, including HDM and animal dander, increased significantly in asthmatic children. This may be attributed to changes in lifestyle, increased time spent indoors and increased pet ownership.