bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field-Dependent/Field-Independent Characteristics of Male and Female Basketball Players
Authors: Loader Eric C. , Edwards Steven W. , Henschen Keith P.
Published: September 2011

Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, and Karp in 1962 suggested two polar extremes of perceptual ability, field dependence and field-independence, which were seen as relatively permanent personality characteristics. Rudin (1968) suggested a more general concept to explain Witkin's results which was designated “ego autonomy.” Rudin demonstrated that field-independence was related to the ability to change perceptual set. Jones (1973) suggested that game players should be more field-independent than nongame players and be capable of shifting perceptual set. This study was designed to determine whether male and female basketball players were more field-independent than nonbasketball players and whether basketball players were capable of changing perceptual set. Analysis of data demonstrated that male and female basketball players were not significantly more field-independent than nonbasketball players. Among the male basketball players and the combined male basketball and nonbasketball players, the more field-independent subjects were able to change perceptual set. It was concluded that there may be consistent differences between males and females in ability to change perceptual set. Male basketball players' ability to change perceptual set may be related to the level of field-independence. The basketball players in this study were not more field-independent than nonbasketball players.
Health Locus of Control of Physical Fitness-Program Participants
Authors: O'Connell Janelle K. , Price James H.
Published: September 2011

A Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale was used to identify motivational differences between 89 participants, 27 dropouts, and 32 non-participants from a corporate physical fitness program. Results indicated more internality in program participants.
Adults' Performance on a Measure of Visual Closure
Authors: Vigen Mark P. , Goebel Ronald A. , Embree Larry J.
Published: September 2011

The Mooney Closure Faces Test has been employed in several studies of right temporal-lobe function. However, the information provided by these studies is somewhat restricted because there has been no systematic attempt to determine what constitutes “normal” performance on this instrument. The present study attempts to rectify partially this situation by testing samples of three distinct populations (college students, vocational-technical students, and relatives of indigent patients) of neurologically intact subjects who differed in age, IQ, educational level, sex, and handedness. Regression showed all of these variables to be significantly correlated with performance on the Mooney Closure Faces Test. The final linear regression model was correlated 0.718 with the Mooney scores and resulted in predictions which were approximately 30% more accurate than those made using the mean of the entire sample alone.
Current Status of Research on Object Reception as a Function of Ball Size
Authors: Payne V. Gregory
Published: September 2011

Possible bases for discrepancies in results of studies of object reception (catching a ball) are outlined. Needed research is specified.
Special Education Teachers' Perceptions of Reports Written by School Psychologists
Authors: Ownby Raymond L. , Wallbrown Fred H. , Brown Donna Y.
Published: September 2011

This study reports results of a survey of 63 special education teachers in a 13-county area of Northwestern Ohio. Teachers were asked to describe reports they typically receive as to types of information provided in several sections of the report. Teachers were also asked to rate sections of the report according to how useful these were for several purposes. Teachers receive a standard form of report including background data, test results, and general recommendations. Several areas to be targeted for self-assessment and development by psychologists interested in improving their report-writing are suggested.
Detection of Differences in Beer Composition by Brand and Level of Caloric Content
Authors: Fowler Robert L.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine whether consumers can detect differences in taste when comparing competing brands of premium beer. Three brands, each having both a regular and a reduced calorie (light) version, were contrasted in an oddity (two identical, one different) procedure (N = 144). The results showed that light beers could be reliably discriminated from regular beers but that neither the lights nor the regulars were discriminable among themselves. The amount of calorie reduction influenced the precision of detecting differences.
Measurement Bias in Representing Accuracy of Movement on Linear-Positioning Tasks
Authors: Horgan James S. , Horgan James
Published: September 2011

A short-term memory paradigm was employed to contrast differences in accuracy of recall of three groups of children who ranged in age from 7 to 16 yr. The experimental task required reproduction of a preselected criterion movement of the arm/hand on a linear positioning device. However, the relatively sizeable age differences between groups were associated with marked disparity in arm lengths. Such disparity is typically not represented by a linear or scalar measure of movement. Since movement of the limbs of the body takes place in an arc of a circle, an angular representation of movement at the primary joint (shoulder) seemed a plausible alternative. This representation was achieved by transposing the raw linear measures into an angle which fully considers differential arm lengths. The results of the linear analyses of absolute error indicated that the 7- to 9-yr.-old group was significantly inferior in accuracy of recall to both the 10- to 12- and 14- to 16-yr.-old groups. Also, the 7- to 9-yr.-old group did not appear to rehearse spontaneously as did the older children. Data transposed into an angular form yielded quite different results from the linear ones reported. In this instance the 7- to 9-yr.-old group remained significantly inferior in accuracy of recall to the 14- to 16-yr.-old group but not the 10- to 12-yr.-olds. Of most interest is that the linear evidence for spontaneity of rehearsal in the two older groups was not sustained by the angular data.
An Hypothesis regarding the Commonality of Right-Hemisphere Involvement in Learning Disability, Attentional Disorder, and Childhood Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Brumback Roger A. , Staton R. Dennis
Published: September 2011

Learning disability, attentional disorder, and childhood major depression are frequent clinical diagnoses for children who show behavioral disturbances and impaired school performance. We suggest that all three of these conditions may be associated with dysfunction of the right cerebral hemisphere. Anatomical disturbance of right-hemisphere function is often associated with learning disability or attentional deficits. The physiological disturbance of right-hemisphere function by a major depressive episode may produce or exacerbate learning disability or attentional disorder.
Colors Used in the Pollimeter—A New Rating Scale
Authors: Sabban Yitzchak , Lampert Shlomo
Published: September 2011

The responses of different races to the colors used in the Pollimeter were examined. This scaling device is based on a movable visual element of one or two different colors permitting attitude, involvement, or choice to be measured on a continuous scale. The scores of Negroes and non-Negroes were highly correlated with a five-point rating scale. Though the racial groups differed on the perception of colors, the majority viewed white as positive and black as negative. They did not differ in selection and perception of green and yellow/green. No sex difference was detected. The Pollimeter was reliable, easy to handle, and held the interest of the respondents.
Effect of Cognitive Strategy Content and Length of Instructions on Cold Pressor Pain Tolerance
Authors: Worthington Everett L.
Published: September 2011

This experiment assessed a recent contention that cognitive pain-control strategies are effective because length of training produces demands irrespective of content of training. Participants held the dominant hand in ice water for 5 sec. They then estimated how long they expected to tolerate ice water using one of four cognitive pain-control strategies. People who used multiple cognitive strategies previously found to be effective experienced mean tolerance equal to that of subjects who used multiple cognitive strategies previously found to be ineffective. Participants then used the instructions while their hands were immersed in ice water. People tolerated the pain longer when using effective rather than ineffective strategies. The experiment demonstrated that the efficacy of cognitive pain-control strategies cannot be accounted for by length of instructions alone.
Construction of a Stabilometer Capable of Indicating the Variability of Non-Level Performance
Authors: Murray Joseph F.
Published: September 2011

Construction and validation of a stabilometer as a measure of gross motor balance was achieved by using a stabilometer designed to provide a quantitative score sensitive to variability of performance in a non-horizontal position. Reliability was obtained through test-retest and by mechanically manipulating the instrument. Validity was indicated by content and construct validity techniques. Both reliability and validity were high, and the instrument was viewed as appropriate for measuring gross motor balance.
Effects of Reduction of Processing Time and Level of Expertise in a Multiple-Choice Decision Task
Authors: Fleury Michelle , Bard Chantal , Carriere Lise
Published: September 2011

The present study, using the reduction of onset asynchrony (SOA) in a multiple-choice decision task, was designed to investigate the minimal processing time necessary to analyse adequately a complex pattern according to the level of expertise of the subjects and to identify which processing stage is modified with practice. Four groups of 8 basketball players participated in this study. 12 series of six basketball situations were randomly presented in each of eight testing sessions by means of a tachistoscope. The presentation of the problem situation was followed by the presentation of a mask. SOAs were reduced from 500 msec, to 180 msec. Processing time significantly affected response accuracy. A significant interaction appeared between situations × level of expertise. Since at all onset asynchronies, there were significant differences between experts and non-experts, stimulus encoding as well as perceptual and short-term memory processes differ with the level of expertise.
Paced Abdominal Breathing and EMG Responsivity
Authors: Winslow Chester D. , Stevens Larry
Published: September 2011

5 subjects participated in a within-subjects design to determine the effect of paced abdominal breathing on EMG levels. After training in thoracic and abdominal breathing, each subject's respiration performance and EMG levels were assessed in both breathing modes via a counterbalanced A-B-A-B reversal design. Reliable effects of respiration training were observed in both breathing modes. No effects were observed on EMG measures. The results were discussed in relation to literature on approaches to respiration training which may target specific arousal indices other than electromyogram activity. The utility of dovetailing complementary treatment techniques such as respiration training and relaxation training which are specific to particular arousal indices was discussed.
Patients', Medical Students', and Physicians' Perceptions of Male and Female Physicians
Authors: Shapiro Johanna , McGrath Ellen , Anderson Raymond C.
Published: September 2011

Using data from the Bern Sex-role Inventory, this study examined the hypothesis that male and female physicians are perceived differently both by their patients and by other physicians and medical students. This hypothesis was confirmed. Not only were significant differences in profiles of male and female physicians noted, but differences were also found among the three groups surveyed. Further, some of the differences in perception of male and female physicians were related to the sex rather than the group identity of respondents. Female patients, and to some extent female medical students, tended to view women physicians most often as androgynous and feminine. Male medical students tended to view women physicians in reverse pattern, i.e., most often feminine and then androgynous. Male physicians viewed the woman physician most often as feminine, like medical students, and then as undifferentiated. Both male and female patients and medical students tended to view the male physician most often as undifferentiated and masculine. Male physicians viewed their male colleagues most often as clearly masculine. Implications of these differences for residents' training and quality of patients' care are discussed.
Feedback Influences on the Skill of Putting
Authors: Aksamit Gwendolyn , Husak William
Published: September 2011

To determine the influence of two forms of visual control techniques and one kinesthetic technique on putting accuracy 27 right-handed female volunteers performed a putting task under one of three testing conditions: eyes on ball, eyes on target, and no vision. Three putting distances of 5, 10, and 15 ft. were employed. The results of a 3 (conditions) × 3 (putting distances) analysis of variance with repeated measures on the second factor indicated that the shorter the putting distance the more accurate the responses. There were no marked differences among the three visual and kinesthetic conditions. Since no differences were found among the visual and kinesthetic putting conditions, it may be argued that the elimination of vision may enhance learning in the early stages of putting skill acquisition.
Perception: A Model Comprising Two Modes of Consciousness Addendum: Evidence Based on Event-Related Potentials and Brain Lesions
Authors: Aurell Carl G.
Published: September 2011

The model is described in a previous paper where evidence is restricted to psychological findings. In the present paper evidence is taken from physiological findings derived from experiences with event-related brain potentials and from studies of agnosia caused by brain lesions. The hypothesis that two separate modes of consciousness are involved in human perception has obtained increased credibility.
Geophysical Variables and Human Behavior: VIII. Specific Prediction of UFO Reports within the New Madrid States by Solar-Geomagnetic and Seismic Measures
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Seismic and solar-geomagnetic variables that involved absolute measures and the percent change in these measures during 6-mo. intervals for the years 1952 and 1969 were used to predict numbers of UFO reports within the six states surrounding the New Madrid area in the central U.S.A. Expected values from sample optimal equations with multiple rs larger than 0.83 involving 5 or 6 lagged variables were compared to observations not involved with calculation of the equations. Optimal equations predicted all of the major “UFO flaps” within this region as well as some other minor increases not evident in the observed measures. Predicted UFO variations for the years 1970 to 1982 are presented.
An Experimental Test of Two Theories of Spaced Practice Effects
Authors: Wild Heather M. , Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

Inhibition and consolidation theories of psychomotor reminiscence were examined under spaced practice conditions in which the intertrial intervals were constant, gradually increasing, or gradually decreasing. Data for 80 subjects conformed more closely to predictions derived from inhibition theory than to those derived from consolidation theory.
Emotional Content of Dreams Recalled by Elderly Women
Authors: Howe Joan B. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

At the end of 6 wk., 37 elderly women turned in 145 dream narratives and accompanying emotions. Approximately two emotions were used to describe each dream; enjoyment, surprise, distress, confusion, interest, and fear accounted for 86% of all dream emotions. The emotions of disgust, anger, shame, and contempt were infrequently reported by these elderly persons. The dreams associated with the retirement life style of the elderly exhibited pleasant as well as unpleasant emotions.
Comparison of Personalities between Marathon Runners and Cross-Country Skiers
Authors: Jerome Wendy C. , Valliant Paul M.
Published: September 2011

37 marathon runners were compared with 45 cross-country skiers on Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Inventory (16 PF) and 12 factors derived from the 16 PF. Both groups were similar on reserved, imaginative, self-sufficient, and independence factors on the 16 PF. Additional similarities were observed on creativity and scholastic potential of the derived factors. Marathoners appeared more intelligent and tough-minded on 16 PF and more subjective, creative, and scholastic on the derived factors than cross-country skiers. A stepwise multiple discriminant analysis (Rao's V criterion) used seven variables (intelligence, shy-venturesome, tenderminded-toughminded, forthright-astute, undisciplined-controlled, group dependent-self-sufficient, and expedient-conscientious) to classify correctly 73% ( n = 27) of the marathoners and 78% ( n = 35) of cross-country skiers. This accounted for 34.2% ( R2) of the variance.
Factorial Validity of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

A factor analysis of responses from 44 white female teachers to the 40-item Bern Sex-role Inventory yielded two factors, Masculinity and Femininity accounting for 20.7 and 16.2%, respectively, of the common variance. Of the 40 items 28 performed as hypothesized, suggesting sound construct validity for the total scales. 12 adjectives and phrases (gullible, flatterable, athletic, and ambitious, among others) were not perceived as associated with masculine or feminine roles, suggesting that perceptions of traditional sex roles are changing.
Tests of a Two-Stage Model of Visual Matching
Authors: Rosen Karen , Hershenson Maurice
Published: September 2011

Predictions from a model of visual matching were tested in two experiments. The model consists of a wholistic comparison process followed by an element-by-element comparison process. All stimuli are processed by the first stage but only those that permit a decision based on a wholistic comparison produce responses. When discrimination is difficult and a decision cannot be reached by a wholistic comparison, the second stage of processing is initiated. Degree of discriminability and stimulus duration (100 and 1000 msec.) were varied in both experiments. In Exp. 1, the stimulus elements were arranged in a square configuration to facilitate a wholistic comparison. As predicted, the hard-different stimuli took longer to match than the same or easy-different stimuli. The hard-different stimuli presented for 1000 msec, took longer to match than those presented for 100 msec. There was no difference in accuracy between responses to hard-different pairs at the two durations. In Exp. 2, the stimulus elements were arranged in a horizontal row and placed one above the other to facilitate element-by-element comparison. As predicted, these stimuli produced slower and more accurate responses for same and hard-different stimulus pairs only when they were exposed for 1000 msec. Responses to easy-different stimulus pairs were made quickly and accurately.
Target Location and Visual Feedback as Variables Determining Accuracy of Aiming Movements
Authors: Sullivan Michael P. , Christina Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The accuracy of a long aiming movement was studied as a function of whether it was performed toward or away from the midline of the subject's body in the presence or absence of visual feedback. 30 right-handed, male university students (19—26 yr.) served as subjects. With movement distance and duration controlled, the mean percentage of error was 6 34% less for movements made toward the body's midline than for those performed away from the midline. The mean percentage of error was also 48% less in the presence of visual feedback than in its absence. However, contrary to our expectation, movements executed toward the body's midline were not appreciably less disrupted in the absence of visual feedback than movements performed away from the midline.
Caveat on Sample Sizes in Factor Analysis
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

In examining considerations in determining sample sizes for factor analyses attention was given to the effects of outliers, the standard error of correlations and their effect on factor structure, sample heterogeneity, and the misuse of rules of thumb for sample sizes.
Immediate Reproduction of Temporal Information under Four Cognitive Strategies
Authors: Guay Michel , Wilberg Robert B.
Published: September 2011

The main purpose was to determine the retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a retention interval of immediate reproduction and various cognitive strategies for time estimation. Four levels of cognitive strategy were used, viz., conscious, mental counting, counting aloud without auditory cues, and counting aloud with auditory cues. The latter three cognitive strategies were experimenter-defined, time-aiding techniques. Subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation. Visual durations of 1, 2, and 4 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Two measures of performance were computed, viz., variable and constant errors. The general conclusions were: (a) the effectiveness of mental counting, counting aloud without auditory cues, and counting aloud with auditory cues as cognitive strategies over conscious cognitive strategy in terms of variability depends on the duration used, and (b) in terms of accuracy and variability an increase in the number of cues under time-aiding techniques does not necessarily produce better performance.
Locus of Control of Unwed Adolescent Fathers versus Adolescent Nonfathers
Authors: Robinson Bryan E. , Barret Robert L. , Skeen Patsy
Published: September 2011

20 unwed adolescent fathers ( M = 17.5 yr.) were matched by age with 20 nonfathers. Their responses to the Nowicki-Strickland scale suggest that adolescent fathers are not psychologically different in their ability to control outcomes in their lives than the controls.
Awareness and Control of Pain
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Carrier Christian
Published: September 2011

60 subjects who held one hand in ice water and rated intensity of pain experienced, then had a treatment which utilized 1 of 3 criteria for performance. The specific performance criterion was associated with better performance. Tolerance varied among groups.
The Relative Importance of Low Significance Level and High Power in Multiple Tests of Significance
Authors: Westermann Rainer , Hager Willi
Published: September 2011

When several statistical hypotheses are tested in a study to answer a single research question or to test a single scientific hypothesis, interpretation of the results may be difficult because Type 1 error probabilities cumulate. Researchers often try to solve this problem by reducing the significance level for each test or by applying a multiple-comparison procedure for means. For a constant number of observations, both strategies result in a lower power for each test or comparison of interest, however. Two well-known psychological experiments are reanalyzed in this respect. It is shown that low probabilities of Type 1 error should be given a higher priority only if the scientific hypothesis under scrutiny implies that all null hypotheses of the tests of significance are valid. More often, however, the research hypothesis is supported completely if all alternative hypotheses are accepted. In this case, a high power for each single test is more important than a low significance level.
Short-Term Retention of Temporal Information under a Mental Counting Cognitive Strategy
Authors: Guay Michel , Wilberg R. B.
Published: September 2011

The main purpose was to determine the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information when subjects experienced time under a time-aiding technique for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to use a mental-counting cognitive strategy. Visual durations of 1 and 4 sec. were estimated by 12 subjects under the method of reproduction. Six levels of retention interval were used, viz., immediate reproduction, self-paced reproduction, 15 sec. of rest, 30 sec. of rest, 15 and 30 sec. of interpolated activity, i.e., counting backwards by threes. The variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. When subjects hold durations of 1 and 4 sec. in memory for a period of 15 or 30 sec. with or without interpolated activity, they become more variable than if they recall the item immediately or at their own pace. The constant error was used as an index of bias. Subjects overestimated the 1 sec. and underestimated the 4 sec. durations. The results were compared with a prior study done under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, i.e., subjects were instructed to refrain from employing time-aiding techniques.
Group Embedded Figures Test: Psychometric Data on Children
Authors: Mahlios Marc C. , D'Angelo Karen
Published: September 2011

154 fifth-grade students (72 boys and 82 girls) were given the Group Embedded Figures Test. Distribution characteristics and sex differences were examined. Earlier norms developed for adult samples are substantially different from those of a sample of children. The norms presented here provide a guide for identification of field dependence in children.
Cognitive Style of Female University Students of Visual Art
Authors: Copeland Betty D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the cognitive style of 121 female and 84 male undergraduate students enrolled in 5 art courses (art education, fibers, sculpture, introductory and advanced art history) at an urban university. The Group Embedded Figures Test was administered to these students to measure field-independence or cognitive style. Students showed diversity of cognitive styles. Both female and male students scored in the mid-quartiles. Males over-all were slightly more field independent.
Divergence Thresholds as Functions of Temporal Separation, Spatial Separation, and Retinal Locus
Authors: Di Orio Marjorie J. , Harrington Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

Human thresholds were measured for the detection of angular divergence between straight lines using pairs of line segments. The dependence of these thresholds on temporal separation between the two lines, spatial separation, and retinal locus was assessed. Results were comparable to prior divergence thresholds obtained by Harrington and Harrington in their study of “blur patterns.” In blur patterns motion parameters may be processed partly or wholly as form information rather than as motion information per se. Harrington and Harrington had used moderate blurring velocities, for which information on both motion and form were present. Observers may have been responding either to motion or to form. The study reported here used briefly presented two-line “blur patterns” with only form information. Analysis suggested that the form components of fast motion-produced blur patterns could be processed by the human visual system. Neither temporal nor spatial separation was a significant determiner of thresholds in accordance with Harrington and Harrington who found no effect of blur-line density in the range studied. Retinal locus was a factor as it was with blur patterns. Some possible mechanisms for the detection of divergence indicated by these results are discussed.
Facing a Communicative Obstacle: Pragmatics of Language-Impaired Children
Authors: Meline Timothy , Meline Nannette
Published: September 2011

The ability of school-age, language-impaired children to respond when faced with a communicative obstacle was investigated. 18 language-impaired children were compared to 2 control groups, age-mates and language-mates. Language-impaired differed from both controls. They communicated more effectively than younger language-mates and less effectively than age-mates.
Recognition Processes and Occurrence of the Dot Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

The occurrence of the dot Poggendorff illusion was assessed in two groups of naive subjects ( N = 48). One group was given information on the line Poggendorff figure while a second group was not. The line Poggendorff illusion was assessed in a third group of 24 subjects. The experiment is presented in the context of the proposal that recognition of the line Poggendorff figure in the dot-figure can be a factor determining the occurrence of the dot Poggendorff illusion.
Aerodynamic Measures of Coarticulation in /VNC/ Sound Sequences
Authors: Ali Latif , Hoffman Paul R. , Kramer Mitchell B. , Daniloff Raymond G.
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous measurements were made of voice, oral air flow, and nasal air flow for two speakers producing seven repetitions of 12 differing contexts containing Vowel + Nasal + Oral Consonant sequences in a search for the temporal pattern of nasal coarticulation. Analysis indicated a rather stereotyped degree of overlap of nasal air flow during the oral consonant, about 36% of the duration of the oral consonant. Carryover of nasal air flow into the oral consonant appears to reflect mechano-inertial limitations of a sluggish velum.
The Modified Petrie Block Task
Authors: Penn Nolan E. , Stafford Claire
Published: September 2011

The frequency distribution of scores and response patterns reported in this article are similar to those obtained in Petrie's original study and further support the efficacy of the Penn-Stafford shortened pre-waiting period.
Inter- and Intra-Modal Processing of Sensory-Specific Stimuli
Authors: Ittyerah Miriam , Broota K. D.
Published: September 2011

Inter- and intra-modal processing was compared with modality-specific forms in two experiments on a group of 40 university students. In Exp. I, the RTs for tactual-to-visual and visual-to-visual processing were compared for 20 subjects, and in Exp. II, the visual-to-tactual and the tactual-to-tactual processing were compared for another group of 20 subjects. Analysis showed that intra-modal processing is faster than inter-modal processing. Further, the “same” RT is faster than the “different” RT. The inter- and intra-modal processing differences are based on the delay in retrieval and recognition across sensory-specific areas.
The Language of Pain Intensity and Complexity: New Methods of Scoring the McGill Pain Questionnaire
Authors: Charter Richard A. , Nehemkis Alexis M.
Published: September 2011

In Part I the McGill Pain Questionnaire was administered to 25 cancer patients, scored and analyzed in the traditional manner. Results indicated that patients with cancer pain appear to be similar in terms of intensity of the pain and the kind of pain which they experience with respect to sensory, affective, and evaluative qualities. Part II presents a new method of administering, scoring, and analyzing responses to the questionnaire, which allows for a more comprehensive interpretation of pain. In Part III the data from Part I are reanalyzed using the new scoring system. As hypothesized, the intensity of cancer pain is higher along the affective dimension than along the sensory. With regard to complexity of the experience of cancer pain, neither the sensory nor the affective dimension is more salient. The new system of scoring and analysis may enable future investigators to specify a unique pain intensity-complexity relationship for each clinical pain syndrome.
Fingertip Number Writing Errors in Hospitalized Non-Neurologic Patients
Authors: Harley J. Preston , Grafman Jordan
Published: September 2011

Accuracy of perception of 4 numbers tactilely presented to fingers of both hands by 56 right-handed adult males who were hospitalized but showed no positive neurological signs was greater for the left hand. Middle fingers were superior; number 4 was most easily identified. Findings suggest superior capacity of the right hemisphere for this task.
Neonatal Filming Methodology
Authors: Giacalone William R.
Published: September 2011

Methodological factors to consider when filming neonates and young infants are presented, including the neonates' behavioral state and filming environment. Comparisons are made between the use of video-tape and film production with the advantage of film records being espoused.
Validity of Random Short Forms: III. Wechsler's Intelligence Scales
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

Formulas for estimating the validity of random short forms were applied to the standardization data for three of Wechsler's intelligence scales. These formulas were used to demonstrate how much “better than random” the best short forms of these scales are. As a rule of thumb, an examiner would have to administer k + 1 subtests selected at random to attain the validity of the best k-subtest short form.
Effects of Experience and Contextual Interference on Learning and Transfer by Boys and Girls
Authors: Del Rey Patricia , Whitehurst Michael , Wood Judith M.
Published: September 2011

This study examined effects of experience and contextual interference reported earlier by Del Rey, Wughalter, and Whitehurst. Responses of children in Grades 1, 2, and 3 (40 boys and 40 girls) gave some support for the effects of experience on learning.
Confirming Personality Test Results in the Classroom
Authors: Donovan John P. , Bringmann Wolfgang G.
Published: September 2011

The present study was conducted to determine whether college students can confirm the accuracy of their own personality test results. 38 female and 9 male undergraduates completed Jackson's 1967 Personality Research Form in a regular class session and later were asked to evaluate the accuracy of personality descriptions by completing a five-point rating scale for each trait. Finally, after another week all participants were provided with computerized interpretations of their own test results and the opportunity to discuss these findings with an experienced counselor. Significant correlations were found between standard scores and accuracy ratings for 26 of 28 predicted relationships. College students are able to assist in the confirmation of their own personality test results.
Clinicians' Perception of Self-Produced Vocal Quality
Authors: Schliesser Herbert F.
Published: September 2011

5 graduate students in speech pathology recorded sustained vowels and connected speech under normal speaking and hyperfunctional conditions. These productions were judged by these subjects themselves and by a group of 18 listeners on a rating scale, with 1 representing normal voice and 5 severely harsh voice. Subjects were consistent in rating their own and each others' voices less harsh than listeners. Preconceived role orientation may influence students' perception of their own vocal quality.
Age-Related Changes in Body Proportions, Body Size, and Perceived Cuteness
Authors: Alley Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the hypothesis that age-related changes in physical appearance can alter perceived cuteness. In both experiments 67 undergraduates viewed line drawings displaying growth-produced changes in body proportions or size. In Exp. 1, they were required to select the cuter of humans depicted in 20 pairs of drawings varying in either body proportions or body size. Analysis indicated that perceived cuteness is not a monotonic function of age-related changes in body proportions or size. In Exp. 2, the subjects were asked to rank-order from least to most cute, five drawings depicting the changes in body proportions during growth. The resultant rankings indicated that perceived cuteness, as determined by body proportions, is greater for individuals from age 2 to 12 yr. than for newborns or adults. These and other observations are discussed in terms of an ethological view of the perception of cuteness.
Relationship between Hypnotic Susceptibility and Thermal Regulation: New Directions for Research
Authors: Piedmont Ralph L.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between hypnotic susceptibility and thermal regulation using biofeedback. 30 subjects were given the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C Immediately after the susceptibility score was determined, all subjects were given instructions to lower the peripheral skin temperature on the right middle finger. Subjects remained under hypnosis while they performed this task. A significant negative correlation (—.38) was found, in that the higher subjects' susceptibility, the better they were able to maintain a lower dermal temperature over trials. A 2 × 6 analysis of variance for low and high susceptibility with repeated measures yielded a significant main effect for subjects and a significant interaction of group × trials; highly susceptible subjects maintained a lower mean temperature over trials than subjects of low susceptibility. Issues for future research concerning the role of susceptibility in research on hypnosis are outlined.
Interference of Introspection with Thinking in Concept Identification
Authors: Kellogg Ronald T. , Holley Candace S.
Published: September 2011

We examined changes in learning and in the content of verbal reports as a function of the regularity of introspective probes. Using a within-subjects design, concurrent undirected introspection was required on 0%, 50%, or 100% of the trials of a concept-identification task. The data for 18 subjects showed no differences in learning across 3 conditions. Verbal reports were classified according to the types of mental processes they indicated, e.g., hypothesis-testing. Analysis of the proportions of observed types suggested that the attention of subjects under the 100% condition wandered more to thoughts unrelated to the task than under the 50% condition; otherwise, the content of the verbal reports was uniform across these conditions. Undirected concurrent introspection seems to be a noninterfering, useful method for studying the nature of complex thinking.
Magnitude of the Zöllner Illusion as a Function of the Perceived Length of the Obliques
Authors: Brigner Willard L. , Brady David A.
Published: September 2011

The average magnitude of the Zöllner illusion was increased by increasing the perceived length of the obliques, even though the physical length of the obliques was held constant. Subjects were 18 male and 42 female undergraduates.
Measurement Bias in Memory for Movement by Mentally Retarded and Nonretarded Children
Authors: Horgan James S.
Published: September 2011

This study examined short-term motor memory of 100 mildly retarded and 100 nonretarded children during the recall of a preselected, arm movement. The focus was to determine the effects of anatomical differences in arm lengths between subjects on the measurement of movement accuracy. Absolute Error (AE) in its linear form was analyzed in a 2 (groups) × 5 (retention conditions) × 5 (trials) factorial yielding significant main effects for both groups and retention but not for trials. The analysis performed on the same data transposed to angular form (AE') gave a significant main effect for retention only. These results generally support the premise that differences between groups using a linear representation of movement error resulted in part from inaccuracy in estimating the actual anatomical (angular) movement.
Retention of EMG Biofeedback Relaxation Training
Authors: Chen William
Published: September 2011

This study investigated how much subjects could retain ability to reduce muscle tension without daily practice and the extent to which periodic re-training would be a practical and effective way of retaining the skill. 19 male and 29 female subjects were given standard frontalis muscle biofeedback relaxation training. After initial training, 34 subjects in the experimental group were further randomly assigned to 3 different re-training groups: re-training once every 2 wk., re-training once every 4 wk., and none. All three groups maintained their ability to reduce muscle tension, and the group given re-training once every 2 wk. further improved that ability.
Body Perception in Relation to Muscular Tone at Rest and Tactile Sensitivity to Tickle
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Milizia Maria , Sabatini Nicoletta , Tosi Maria Teresa
Published: September 2011

Two aspects of body image (body perception and body acceptance), muscle tone at test, and disposition to perceive positively connoted stimuli (tickle) were studied with 35 female subjects. Our hypothesized relation of muscle tension and body perception was confirmed by an inverse correlation between these variables. Also evident was the link of the good acceptance of the body with the disposition to perceive pleasurable stimuli (tickle perception) longer and the link of level of body awareness and resistance to change (latency to tickle). Also a direct relationship between body perception and body acceptance emerged.
Hemispheric Routing of Tactilely Delivered Words for Dyslexic Males
Authors: Sinatra Richard , Blau Harold
Published: September 2011

This investigation sought to determine the effect of delivering unknown spelling words via a tactile modality to the left and right cerebral hemispheres of 10 dyslexic boys of about 14 yr. of age whose vision was occluded during word palpation. More words were learned through either condition of right- and left-hand delivery than control words. Spelling of meaningful words when vision is occluded can be accomplished by either hand delivery for older dyslexic boys.
Muscular Tone at Rest: Relationship with Cutaneous Pleasurable Experience, an Interpretation According to the Dimensional Approach to Cerebral Dominance
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Sabatini Nicoletta , Milizia Maria
Published: September 2011

This study examined some aspects of the relationship between muscular tone at rest and a particular kind of pleasurable tactile stimulation (tickle) in the light of the dimensional approach to cerebral dominance. Electromyographic scores, latencies, and tickle durations for six muscles and corresponding skin areas were taken both on the right and left sides of the body from 40 female students in psychology. There was an inverse relationship between muscular tone at rest and sensitivity to tickle stimulation, which is lower (long latency and brief duration of perception) when the levels of muscular tone increase. So we hypothesize that the muscular system (especially because the correlations of tone and latency are positive) plays a role through the afferents of inhibition of tactile pleasurable experience. This role is more evident for the left side of the body. The dimensional approach to cerebral dominance on the basis of myographic score identified three groups of subjects (right, left, and non-dominant). The subjects classified as right-dominant on the basis of myographic score show a longer duration of tickle on the right half of the body than on the left and longer latency on the left. The left-dominant subjects do not show any difference between the two halves of the body in duration of tickle but show longer latency on the left side. The non-dominant subjects show also no difference between the two sides of the body for both tickle duration and latency.
Relationship between Preschool Children's Ability to Name Body Parts and Their Ability to Construct a Man
Authors: Brittain W. Lambert , Chien Yu-Chin
Published: September 2011

41 preschool children were asked to identify some represented body parts which were displayed in a scattered array on a page. There was no significant relationship between the ability to name the head, legs, or arms and the ability to draw or assemble a person; however, failure to point to the body indicated that the body would tend to be left out of the person representation.
Is There a Bias in Size Measurements Taken from Mirror-Reversed Photographs of Body Parts?
Authors: Koff Elissa , Borod Joan C. , Nicholas Marjorie , White Betsy
Published: September 2011

This study compared measurements of hands, feet, and hemi-faces taken from original and mirror-reversed photographs to determine whether a hemispace-bias exists in size measurements. Posers were adult right- and left-handers (50% female). In 80% of the measurement comparisons (total N = 84), there was complete agreement; there were no instances of right-left reversals among the discrepant comparisons. The side of the body measured as larger was independent of the side of space in which it appeared The lack of such bias in physical measurements is discrepant with data suggesting a left-hemispace preference in psychological judgments of visual material.
Use of Self-Generated and Supplied Visuals as Mnemonics in Gifted Children's Learning
Authors: Carrier Carol , Karbo Karen , Kindem Heather , Legisa Gertrude , Newstrom Laurie
Published: September 2011

In accordance with ancient belief and recent research, we hypothesized that self-generated imagery techniques of gifted children would be superior to supplied (experimenter-provided) visuals in facilitating recall and recognition on a memory task. 27 high-potential students in Grades 4 to 6 were divided into three treatment groups to investigate the effects of rote repetition, self-generated visualization, and supplied visuals on the memorization of concrete noun-word pairs. Perhaps because even gifted children do not know how to construct good visual images without training and practice, our hypothesis was not supported. The supplied visual condition produced significantly better results than did either of the other treatment conditions, implying that the utilization of appropriate techniques helps gifted children learn certain memory tasks. However, one wonders if effective instruction in the development of self-generated mnemonic techniques might not be of greater benefit to young learners of such tasks.
Contextual Interference and Experience in Acquisition and Transfer
Authors: Del Rey Patricia , Whitehurst Michael , Wughalter Emily , Barnwell Joy
Published: September 2011

This study was planned to pursue the effects of experience and contextual interference found earlier for a coincident-timing task. Male varsity football athletes and men with minimal experience in these tasks were selected as subjects. Battig's views of contextual interference were supported but no effects of experience level were found.
Individual Differences in Distance Estimation: Comparison of Judgments in the Field with Those from Projected Slides of the Same Scenes
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine the comparative accuracy with which trained and untrained observers could judge distances to a target and to assess the correspondence of those judgments with other judgments, by the same observers, from photographic slides of the same target and scene at identical viewing distances. 9 experienced and 15 untrained observers estimated distances ranging from 600 co 1550 m in 50-m increments. Photographic slides were made of the target at each distance and, 1 mo. later, observers made the same judgments from the slides. It was found that averages of the group's judgments in the field very closely approximated true target distances. However, judgments of the individual observers were so erratic and inaccurate as to render questionable the interpretation of those averages. In addition, while the averages of the group indicated that judgments from two-dimensional slides could be substituted for three-dimensional real-world judgments, detailed analysis of the individual observers' performances dramatically contradicted this conclusion.