bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocontrol of Toxin Producing Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa by Algicidal Bacterium Exiguobacterium acetylicum Strain TM2 Isolated from Mid-Altitudinal Himalayan Lake of Northern India
Authors: Neetu Shahi Surabhi Rawat , Richa Pathak Sumanta Kumar Mallik , Veena Pande Bhupendra Singh
Published: January 2022

Microcystis aeruginosa is a hepatotoxin producing cyanobacteria, found globally in freshwaters. In the present study, an algicidal bacterium against M. aeruginosa was isolated from Bhimtal Lake (29°20’39”N; 79°33’32”E) of Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India. The isolated bacterium Exiguobacterium acetylicum strainTM2was identified by morphological characteristics, biochemical characteristics and partial 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene amplification (GenBank accession number: KX155561). Efficacy of E. acetylicum TM2, and its mode of algicidal activity was evaluated against M. aeruginosa. E. acetylicum TM2 showed intense anti-cyanobacterial effect against M. aeruginosa, and approximately 90.0 % death of M. aeruginosa cells were observed after 10 days of incubation. The bacterium attacked the M. aeruginosa cells directly by physically coming in contact and caused damaged to its membrane and internal organelles. Cell free filtrate of E. acetylicum TM2 did not exhibited algicidal activity, which indicates that mode of algicidal mechanism, is cell to cell contact, and not chemically mediated damage by algicidal compounds released from E. acetylicum TM2. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity test confirm the non-virulence of E. acetylicum TM2 and so it could be potentially useful in mitigation of M. aeruginosa blooms in water.
Antibacterial Activity of Methanolic Extracts from Lyngbya truncicola and Pseudanabaena sp.
Authors: Pineda López Margarita Olvera Ramírez Roxana , Nora Beatriz Y Medina Jaritz
Published: January 2022

One of the consequences of the abuse in the use of antibiotics is the emergence of resistant bacteria, wich causes new drugs to be sought, and thus makes it necessary to seek alternatives sources. There are many natural compounds, obtained from cyanobacteria, that have an inhibitory effect against various pathogenic bacteria. In this group of cyanobacteria are those belonging to the Lyngbya and Pseudanabaena genera; therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of methanolic extracts from L. truncicola and Pseudanabaena sp. against reference strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. The cyanobacteria were propagated in BG-11 medium with constant aeration and a 12 hour light: dark photoperiod. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer method. The antibacterial effect was observed as growth inhibition halos. All the microorganisms presented suffered inhibition, the greater effect was produced on S. enterica ssp. enterica serovar Typhimurium. The largest halos were obtained with the extract of Lyngbya truncicola.
Response of Growing Media and IBA Application under Different Weather Conditions on Growth of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Cuttings
Authors: Jatinder Singh B. Avu. Durga
Published: January 2022

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an important commercial horticultural crop. The cultivation of this crop is increasing day by day. Mainly due to its survival nature, particularly in dry or less water available areas. Its propagation is possible by using seed but vegetative propagation methods are very popular. Even commercial propagation of pomegranate is done by cuttings. To fulfill the rising demand for high-quality plant material, easy, fast, reliable, economical multiplications are required, and under such circumstances, cuttings are the best-suited material. This method of propagation can further be improved by the use of optimum growing media and application of various plant growth regulators Indole Butyric acid and its derivations. Moreover, the success of propagation depends on prevailing weather conditions and the time of planting. Perlite + vermiculite and a combination of vermiculite + coco peat in equal proportions, quick dip application of 2500 ppm IBA, and planting in the spring season are considered ideal for fast and economical multiplication of pomegranate cuttings. Humid weather conditions during the spring season exhibit a good possibility of rooting and survival of the same. Therefore, the main aim of this review article is to collect/compile the information regarding the effect of growing media and applications of IBA under different weather regimes over previous years along with recent happenings.
Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Organic Minerals on Growth Performance of Broilers
Authors: N. S. Maan Vinus , Tewatia B. S.
Published: January 2022

A study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing inorganic ‘zinc’ and ‘manganese’ with different levels of their organic complexes on growth performance and nutrient metabolizability of broilers. Experiment was conducted with 300 broiler chicks randomly divided into six groups, each consisting of 50 broiler chicks. All groups were further subdivided into five replications each containing 10 broiler chicks. The basal ration was formulated as per BIS (2007) specifications to meet energy and protein requirements of birds. In experimental groups, first group was kept as negative control (T1) containing mineral mixture without ‘zinc’ and ‘manganese’ and T2 (positive control containing mineral mixture with inorganic salts of ‘zinc’ and ‘manganese’) while experimental groups T3, T4, T5 and T6 were supplemented with mineral mixture incorporated with organic ‘zinc’ and organic ‘manganese’ @ 50 and 100% in substitution of their inorganic sources. The highest body weight gain (2334.4g) and improved FCR (1.76) in broilers was observed in T6 group which was significantly (P<0.05) better than negative and positive control groups.
Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Intestinal Intussusception by Open Lumina Technique in Dairy Heifers (Bos taurus)
Authors: H. R. Bhardwaj Sukhnandan Singh , Ankur Sharma M. M. S. Zama , Ashok Kumar Pankaj Gupta , Sarma Kamal
Published: January 2022

The present study was conducted in ten dairy heifers (Bos taurus) suffering from intestinal intussusception. All these cases exhibited the clinical signs of bouts of colicky pain for 6-12 hours followed by anorexia and cessation of faeces. In all cases, the onset of disease was between 72-120 hours. Per-rectal palpation revealed spiral-shaped mass and distended intestinal loops. Ultrasonographically, distended loops, ileus, passive movement of ingesta and presence of peritoneal fluid were consistent findings. The diagnosis of intestinal intussusception was made on the basis of clinical signs, per-rectal palpation and trans-abdominal ultrasonography. Further it was confirmed on full abdominal right flank exploratory laparotomy. All the heifers were subjected for standing right flank laparotomy under linear infiltration of local anaesthesia followed by exteriorization and resection of intussucepted intestinal mass. The side-to-side entero-anastomosis was done by open lumina technique using gastro-intestinal anastomotic (GIA) stapled devices. Signalment, duration of surgery and anastomotic time were recorded in all cases. Thus, Intestinal intussusception in dairy heifers was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, per-rectal palpation, trans-abdominal ultrasonography which was further confirmed by full abdominal right flank exploratory laparotomy. The GIA staples applied for side-to-side entero-anastomosis by open lumina technique took less total surgical and anastomotic time. Moreover, there was reduction in tissue trauma/manipulation and in contamination by intestinal contents. The closure of bowel was easy and secured. GIA staples can be used effectively for entero-anastomosis in cattle affected with intestinal intussusception.
Impact of Organic Seed Priming Amendments and Botanicals on Seed Quality Parameters of French Bean (Phaseolous vulgaris L.)
Authors: Kotamarthi Bhavana Prashant Kumar Rai , Lal G. M.
Published: January 2022

The current experiment was conducted to evaluate the Performance of Organic amendments and botanical treatments on seed quality parameters of French bean under stimulated environmental conditions. An experiment was conducted in 2021 at postgraduate seed testing laboratory, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. The French bean Cultivar Arka Bold seeds were used for priming. Organic treatments are designated as Panchagavya 2%, 4%,6%,8%, Agniasthra 2%,4%,6%,8% and Botanicals treatments are Tulasi leaf extract 5%, Aloevera leaf extract 5%, Vinca rosea leaf extract 5% and also did hydroprming treatment using distilled water respectively. Seeds were soaked in organic, botanicals and in distilled water for duration of 6 hours followed by shade drying. The results were obtained and it was found that all the treatments showed significant effect on quality parameters. The highest was found in panchgavya of all doses followed by tulasi leaf extract found to be best in Germination percentage, Speed of Germination, Root length, Shoot length, Seedling length, Seed vigour index-I, Seed vigour Index-II compared to control or untreated seeds which indicates the effect of organics and botanicals on physiological processes of the seeds. This study revealed that priming with organic amendments and botanicals can be effective in enhancing the seed quality parameters of french bean and they are low cost, effective and nature friendly and toxic free.
Incidence and Management of Bamboo Diseases in North East India
Authors: Rajib Kumar Borah Gurpreet Kaur Bhamra
Published: January 2022

Bamboo is an indispensable plant resource for the rural people of Northeast India due to its diverse use in everyday life. In India, there are about 136 species of bamboo belonging to 23 genera, covering an area of about 14 million hectares. Of these, the Northeastern region has 15 genera and 90 species covering 29,396 sq. km, which comprises of about 28% of the total bamboo growing area in the country. However, the production potential of bamboo is greatly affected by various biotic and abiotic factors viz., erratic rainfall, fire, grazing, unscientific harvesting and pests and diseases. A total 437 microbes, belonging to 12 phyla and 46 orders have been reported to affect bamboos in India. However, only 37 fungal diseases have been reported to affect bamboos in Northeast India of which, 6 are nursery diseases and 31 are plantation diseases. Among these, web blight disease of bamboo caused by Rhizoctonia solani in Bambusa bambos is one of the most serious emerging diseases of bamboo nurseries. The fungus grows in a very rapid manner which can eventually destroy the whole nursery bed within a few days of infection. Foliar spray of Validamycin (0.1%) or Propiconazole (0.1%) at an interval of 15 days after emergence of seedlings proved to be an effective control measure for the disease. Among the diseases in plantations, culm rot and bamboo blight disease caused by Fusarium udum, is the most severe disease affecting economically important bamboo plantations viz., Bambusa balcooa, B. tulda and B. nutans in Assam. The disease is most common in the flood affected areas and could be managed by adopting routine cultural practices followed by soil drenching with Carbendazim @ 0.1% twice (once before and once after the emergence of new shoots).
Co-Carcinogenicity of Arsenic: Probable Mechanisms
Authors: Sutapa Mukherjee Archismaan Ghosh , Roy Madhumita
Published: January 2022

Presence of carcinogens, like Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), in the form of cigarette smoke, vehicular emission and industrial emissions in our immediate surroundings is a potent health hazard. Arsenic, a carcinogenic metalloid, omnipresent in the environment, can act as co-carcinogen, where it enhances the carcinogenicity of other carcinogens. In the present study, the co-carcinogenic effect of Arsenic has been investigated, upon the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene (DMBA), a PAH, induced skin cancer model, in Swiss albino mice. Histological analysis revealed earlier development of invasive carcinoma in the DMBA and arsenic treated group in comparison to the DMBA treated mice alone. To understand this phenomena, ROS generation, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, total antioxidant capacity and activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL6, IL17a, IL22) and their downstream modulators (NF-κB) was assessed. The results suggested that arsenic in the presence of DMBA induced higher ROS generation, greater DNA damage, elevated lipid peroxidation, increased protein carbonyl content, upregulated activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their downstream regulators as well as down regulated the total antioxidant capacity in comparison to DMBA alone. These findings hint at the co-carcinogenic potential of arsenic, as it significantly enhances the carcinogenicity of DMBA and hastens carcinogenesis.
Microbiological Profile of Uropathogens and their Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Pediatric Population from A Tertiary Care Hospital in Amritsar, Punjab
Authors: Loveena Oberoi Manpreet Kaur Bhatha , Anuradha Malhotra Sapna Soneja , Singh Kamaldeep
Published: January 2022

Urinary tract infection(UTI) is one of the most commonest bacterial infection encountered in the pediatric age group. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance to preserve renal function and reduce long term complications such as renal scarring. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of UTI in pediatric population, identify the common uropathogens and study the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, GMC Amritsar for a period of 6 months from 1 Jan 2021 till 30 June 2021 amongst the pediatric patients (1 month-12 years age group) with clinically suspected UTI including both indoor and outdoor patients. Clean catch midstream urine samples received in the laboratory were processed as per the standard microbiological guidelines. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method as per CLSI guidelines. Results: A total of 549 samples were received and processed during study period from which 164(29.87%) were culture positive. Culture positivity was more prevalent in females (61.58%) than males (38.41%). Gram negative organisms were predominant (74.4%) followed by gram positive cocci (22.56%) and Candida (3.05%). Among gram negative organisms Escherichia coli was most predominant followed by Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Acinetobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Citrobacter spp. Among gram positive cocci Staphylococcus aureus was most predominant followed by Coagulase negative Staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. Majority of gram negative bacilli were resistant to fluroquinolones, 3rd generation cephalosporins and co-trimoxazole while nitrofurantoin, piperacillin-tazobactam and gentamicin were most sensitive drugs. Among Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistance was seen in 17% isolates. High sensitivity was seen to linezolid and vancomycin in gram positive cocci. Conclusion: This study highlights increased prevalence of MDR uropathogens in pediatric population which indicates that antibiotic selection should be based on knowledge of local prevalence of bacterial organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities with rational use of antibiotics.
Effect of Different Spacing on Yield and Yield Attributing Parameters of Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra)
Authors: Anita Kerketta Korsa Swetha Rani , Bahadur Vijay
Published: January 2022

An experiment on Red Cabbage Genotypes planted in different planting densities was conducted during December, 2020 to February, 2021 in Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.) India. The results of the present investigation, regarding the performance of six genotypes of Red Cabbage i.e. (CABRVAR - 1, CABRVAR - 2, CABRVAR – 3, CABRVAR – 4, CABRVAR – 5 and CABRVAR – 6) in two planting densities i.e. (60 x 45 cm and 60 x 60 cm) for plant growth, yield and quality of Red Cabbage, have been discussed and interpreted in the light of previous research work done in India and abroad. The experiment was conducted in 6x2 Factorial Randomized block design with 6 Genotypes of Red Cabbage obtained from different sources, were each genotype replicated thrice in different planting densities. From the present experimental findings it is found that the genotype G2 (CABRVAR - 2) followed by G4 (CABRVAR - 4) was found best in terms of growth, yield and quality parameters of Red Cabbage in planting density D2 (60 x 60 cm) was best in growth and quality parameters and Density D1 (60 x 45 cm) was best in yield parameters. In terms of economics maximum gross return, net return and benefit cost ratio was recorded was recorded in T3 (60 x 45 cm x CABRVAR - 2).
Biotransformation of the Banana Pseudostem Scutchers into the Vermicompost by Eisenia fetida
Authors: Akshaya Gupte Meghna Diarsa
Published: January 2022

Vermicomposting is an ecofriendly technology to convert organic waste into organic fertilizer. An epigenic species Eisenia fetida was used for the biotransformation of the banana pseudostem scutchers and cow dung into the vermicompost. Three different combinations of the banana pseudostem scutcher and cow dung were evaluated in the vermicomposting process. The change in the physicochemical parameters were examined by the standard method at the end of the vermicomposting. The results showed that earthworms increased the EC and NPK content while total carbon, pH and C:N ratio was reduced significantly in vermicompost of banana pseudostem scutchers. The maximum significant change in NPK content and reduction of total carbon and C:N ratio was found in the mixture of (75% banana pseudostem scutcher + 25% cow dung). The highest growth and reproduction rate was also present in the T2 treatment. The seed germination test was performed to evaluate the maturity of the vermicompost. The prepared vermicompost shows the significant effect on the growth of the Vigna radiata. The germination of the Vigna radiata is comparatively higher in vermicompost of the T2 treatment. It is evident from the results that the banana pseudostem scutcher and cow dung are good substrates for the vermicomposting and Eisenia fetida able to convert this organic waste into the stable nutrient rich product. This nutrient rich vermicompost has no phytotoxicity and the ratio of carbon/nitrogen below 15 which indicates the acceptable maturity and it can be utilize as organic fertilizer.
Constraints and Suggestions of the Cotton Growers in Vidharba for Adoption of Improved Integrated Management Practices of Pink Bollworm
Authors: N. M. Kale Aruna Katole , Tekale V. S.
Published: January 2022

The pink bollworm (PBW) is an insect known for being a pest in cotton farming. In Maharashtra cotton growers are set to lose nearly 13 % of their output due to pink bollworm attacks on the standing crop in major production regions of the state. The impact of PBW attack has been felt the most in regions of vidarbha where cotton is cultivated as the main cash crop. Present study was conducted in six districts of Vidarbha region in Maharashtra considering the maximum area under cotton cultivation namely Buldana, Akola, Amravati, Yavatmal Wardha and Nagpur. A sample of 300 cotton growers were randomly selected from twelve taluka (two taluka from each district).The major constraints faced by cotton growers were non availability of labourers and high wage rate for undertaking the manual work of handpicking of larvae destruction of affected fruiting bodies and removal of rosette flower (95.00 %), non availability of biofungicides Beauveria bassiana at nearby market (90.33%), non availability of good quality pheromone trap & good quality pheromone lure (89.00%). In case of suggestions expressed by cotton growers overcome constraints were availability of biofungicides Beauveria bassiana should made available at subsidized rate nearby market, followed by availability of recommended insecticides should made available at subsidized rate in nearby market (94.33%), the government should made available good quality pheromone trap and lure used for pink bollworm at village level (93.00%), credit facilities should be increased and process should also easy and quick (87.33%).
Effect of Iron and Zinc on Growth, Yield and Quality of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under South Gujarat Condition
Authors: A. P. Patel V. A. Dobariya
Published: January 2022

A field experiment was carried out at College Farm, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari on clayey soils during summer season of the year 2019 to study the Effect of iron and zinc on growth, yield and quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) under south Gujarat condition. The results of experiment indicated that growth and yield attributes viz., plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches per plant, number of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, seed and haulm yield (955 and 2008 kg/ha, respectively) and test weight increased significantly with soil application of FeSO4 @ 25.0 kg/ha which was significantly higher over control but remained at par with soil application of 12.5 kg FeSO4/ha. Similarly zinc is also an essential plant nutrient for plant growth and yield. Zinc application had also positive effect on growth and yield attributes viz., plant height at 60 DAS and at harvest, number of branches per plant, number of nodules per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, seed and haulm yield (972 and 2030 kg/ha, respectively) and test weight increased significantly with soil application of ZnSO4 @ 25.0 kg/ha which was significantly higher over control but remained at par with soil application of 12.5 kg ZnSO4/ha. Significant improvement in protein content in seed with soil application of both FeSO4 and ZnSO4 @ 25.0 kg/ha.
Genetic Testing of Inbred Lines and Single Cross Hybrids against Fusarium Stalk Rot Caused by Fusarium moniliforme in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: H. C. Lohithaswa R. Archana , B. N. Swathi R. Pavan , Mallikarjuna N.
Published: January 2022

Globally, Maize (Zea mays L.) is a third major cereal food crop. It is a multipurpose crop with 26% of its production is used as food by human beings. Maize is known as “queen of cereals”, because of its high genetic yield potential, efficient utilization of radiant energy and wider adaptability. About 65 different phytopathogens affect the maize production in different stages of life cycle. Among which Fusarium moniliforme is one such soil borne pathogen causes Fusarium stalk rot (FSR) disease that ultimately reduces maize yield potential over the world. In any breeding program, screening and genetic testing of available germplasm resources against pathogens is necessary to prevent yield losses. Hence, the present research screened around 114 maize inbred lines and 45 single cross hybrids (SCHs) against FSR under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Among 114 inbreds, only four inbreds viz., CM 202, 10878, MAI-759 and MAI-766 (mean disease score of 3-4) showed moderately resistant reaction and out of 45 SCHs, only one hybrid combination i.e., MAI329 × CM202 (mean disease score was 2.60) exhibited resistance reaction against Fusarium stalk rot. Nevertheless, these resistance sources could be utilized in maize breeding programs for obtaining high yielding cultivars with resistance towards FSR disease.
Evolution of Teaching Methods in Medical Education Over the Years
Authors: R. Shyamala Divya Reddy Pannala
Published: January 2022

The medical education system in India is one of the largest in the world and it is currently facing challenges for quality education. Medical education has changed considerably and will continue to do so with the various scientific advances and societal needs. The previous medical education system in India was based on a subject-centered and time-based curriculum. The new Competency-based medical education (CBME) was introduced to tackle these concerns. The education has now transitioned from teacher-centered to learner-centered. The teachers would also have to face the challenge of altering their attitude and teaching approach. New methods have to be adopted to keep up with the changed curriculum but traditions should not be abandoned entirely. By embracing the modern methods like the flipped classroom, blended learning, interactive teaching, etc. and incorporating it with the traditional teaching methods i.e. chalk and board, the goal of a Competent Indian Medical Graduate can be achieved.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates from Surgical Site Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: S. Latha Roy Anusuya Devi Devaraju
Published: January 2022

Background Surgical site infections are ranked among the most common health care associated infections. They cause significant morbidity, increased cost of care and prolonged hospital stay. A spectrum of microorganisms with varied antimicrobial susceptibility patterns have been identified as causative agents of SSI which vary with time, hospital, and with the type of surgical procedure performed. We conducted this study with an objective to assess the burden of SSI, its causative aerobic bacteria and their in vitro antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Aims & objectives 1) To identify the aerobic bacteriological profile of isolates causing surgical site infections. 2) To determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates. Method: This study includes 266 clinically diagnosed cases of SSIs over a period of 8 months. Isolates were identified by conventional methods. Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for methicillin resistance by cefoxitin. Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae which showed resistance to cefotaxime and ceftazidime were tested for ESBL production by CLSI guidelines. Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were screened for MBL production using Imipenem disc diffusion test. Results of the 266 samples processed, 193(72.5%) were culture positive samples which yielded 204 isolates. Staphylococcus aureus 60 (29.4%) was found to be the predominant organism causing SSI followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 40 (19.6%). Methicillin resistance was observed in 12 (20%) of Staphylococcus aureus strains. ESBL production was observed in 20.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and 13.2 % Escherichia coli isolates. MBL production was not seen Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Conclusion: The present study showed the commonest bacteria responsible for the surgical site infections like Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Hence Implementation of an effective infection control programme and judicious use of antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the incidence of SSI in the hospital.
Infectious Fish Disease Occurrence in Carp Culture Ponds of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Suguna T.
Published: January 2022

Aquaculture is one of the fastest growing food producing sector in the world. In India over the last three decades, aquaculture has developed significantly, earning considerable amount of foreign exchange, besides providing employment. India is basically a carp country. Where in the indigenous major carps: Catla (Catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita), mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal), exotic carps like common carp (Cyprinus carpio) grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypophthalmicthys molitrix) along with air breathing fishes, Clarias batrachus, Heteropneuestes fossils, Pangasius sps. are being widely cultured accounting for bulk of freshwater aquaculture production. In the last few years, the exotic catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and pacu Piaractus branchypomus culure is also increasing. Tilapia and Pangasius are also offer opportunities for cage culture. The focus on the production of genetically improved tilapia for market as cheep source of proteins is also enhancing (Jelte de Jong, 2017). As the scope for horizontal expansion is limited, the current trend in aquaculture development is focused towards intensification of the culture practices. The frequent occurrence of diseases and epizootics are considered to be major bottlenecks for increasing production. The diseases are mostly bacterial and parasitic origin. The diseases account for 10-5 % towards the production cost (Sahoo, P. K. et al., 2017). India is basically a carp Freshwater aquaculture has been the main stay of Indian aquaculture, in terms of total quantity as well as its share in the domestic fish basket. India is called as carp country as carp production contribute in bulk (over 82%). In Andhra Pradesh fish and shrimp culture is income generating profession. The district West Godavari of Andhra Pradesh, is specifically the fish bowl of India, generating an amount of Rs. 15.00 crores annually. Semi intensive culture practice is common, in an area of more than 2.0 lakh acres. In course of expansion and intensification of this semi extensive culture practice of the Indian major carps, over the last three decades, many economically important problems have been identified which are threatening the sustainability of the culture system. Occurrence of diseases is one of such factor affecting the socio-economic status of aqua farmers. To overcome this, an intensive surveillance was carried to document the prevalence of various diseases, season of occurrence, disease diagnosis, etiological agents, mortality rates and controlling measures, so that the severe risk for sustainability and huge economic loss can be arrested. The frequency in occurrence of septicaemia, bacterial gill disease (bacterial), dactylogyrosis, paradactylogyrosis (parasitic) and argulosis are recorded. The incidence of diseases and mortality rate are high in winter season.
Bio-Control Efficiency of Trichoderma viride against Stem Rot of Tuberose Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii
Authors: T. Siva Kumar N. H. Sankara Reddy
Published: January 2022

Tuberose is an important flower crop for cut flower and decorations which is a chief raw material for the production of high-grade perfumes. Recent days stem rot of tuberos is an important disease that affects the quality of flowers. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of T. viride isolates against S. rolfsii and improves growth parameters of tuberose. Among the different antagonists tested, Trichoderma is found be very effective against S. rolfsii. The isolates T. viride are named as Tv1 – Tv10. The efficient isolate have been identified as Tv5 by dual culture technique, which shows maximum mycelial inhibition (77.15), this was followed by the isolates Tv4 (75.94) and Tv1 (72.96) in the decreasing order, the least growth inhibition of pathogen was exhibited by the isolate Tv10 (55.72 %). The poison food technique @ 40 % concentration completely inhibits the mycelial growth on solid media.
Study of Bunchy Top of Banana Virus (BBTV) and its Control by Integrated Disease Management (IDM)
Authors: S. R. Adat S. S. Waghmare , A. A. Waghule V. K. Mohite , Patale S. S.
Published: January 2022

India is the top country by Banana production in the world as of 2019, bananas production in India was 30.5 million tonnes that accounts for 26.02% of the world's bananas production. The top 5 countries (others are China, Indonesia, Brazil, and Ecuador) account for 53.94% of it. The world's total bananas production was estimated at 117 million tonnes in 2019.In India, states like Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh contribute more than 70 per cent of the country's banana production. Banana and plantain (Musa spp.), produced in 10.3 million ha in the tropics, are among the world's top 10 food crops. They are vegetative propagated using suckers or tissue culture plants and grown almost as perennial plantations. They are vulnerable to pests and pathogens, especially viruses which causes reduction in yield and are also hinders to the international exchange of germplasm. The most economically important viruses of banana and plantain are Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), a complex of banana streak viruses (BSVs) and Banana bract mosaic virus (BBrMV). BBTV is known to cause the most serious economic losses contributing to yield reduction of up to 100% and responsible for a dramatic reduction in cropping area. The BSVs exist as episomal and endogenous forms are known to be worldwide in distribution. In India and the Philippines, BBrMV is known to be economically important.
Evaluation of the Fertilizing and Nematicidal Effects of Lixiviate from Banana Rachis and Purpureocillium lilacinum for a Reduction of Fallow Frequency in Dessert Banana Monoculture
Authors: DembyLaetitia Muriel Kouadio Serge Pacôme Seri , Louise Turquin Phillipe Gnonhouri
Published: January 2022

The practice of fallowing for one year represents a viable alternative to chemical control of Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus coffeae in dessert banana monoculture. Although necessary, fallowing has an economic disadvantage for farmers. The objective of this work is to evaluate the nematicidal and fertilizing effects of lixiviate from banana rachis and Purpureocillium lilacinum in order to reduce the frequency of fallowing. In this study, we performed a chemical analysis of the lixiviate and then compared the two types (plantain lixiviate and dessert lixiviate) at 25% concentration, Bioact (Purpureocillium lilacinum) at 106 spores/ml) and two mixed treatments (plantain lixiviate + Bioact and dessert lixiviate + Bioact) to an untreated control and a reference nematicide, fluopyram at 10% (Verango) during three cycles of cultivation of the dessert banana seedling Grande naine. At the end of each crop cycle, the evolution of the nematode population and the yield of banana plants were evaluated. Chemical analysis revealed a high potassium content in both products and a more remarkable amount of nitrogen in the plantain lixiviate. The results showed that Bioact did not show antagonistic effect against nematodes and impact on production. On the other hand, despite less nematicidal activity, the lixiviate significantly increased the yield compared to the chemical nematicide treatment. Therefore, only in the plots treated with lixiviate, it was possible to carry out several successive crop cycles. This result was more marked with the plantain lixiviate. The results presented in this work are encouraging for the development of biological control methods of banana nematodes by lixiviate.
Detection of Carbapenemase Production in Clinical Isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Species
Authors: Sneha Mohan Harvinder Kaur , Dalip K. Kakru Tarana Sarwat
Published: January 2022

The increasingly frequent application of carbapenemases induces a selective pressure on bacteria to acquire resistance against carbapenems. A large variety of carbapenemases have been identified in Enterobacteriaceae. The emergence of carbapenemases in E. coli and Klebsiella species possess a serious therapeutic problem in hospitals because carbapenems are often antibiotics of last resort for the treatment of serious infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. The main aim of this study to determine the carbapenem-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. Detection of carbapenemase enzyme in the carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species. This is a cross-sectional study, performed in the bacteriological laboratory. A total of 204 strains of Escherichia coli and 122 strains of Klebsiella species were isolated from patients admitted & attending the OPD at Sharda Hospital during the study period. The identification of the clinical isolates was based on morphological and biochemicals characterization. Result: Among the total number of bacterial growth received during the study period, the E. coli (204) was more in number as compared to other bacterial strains followed by Klebsiella species (122), Pseudomonas species (117), Staphylococcus aureus (100) and Enterococcus species (80). Among the following specimen i.e, urine (58.8%), was highly received during the study period followed by pus (15.3%) and sputum (7.5%). Colistin (100%) and Polymyxin B (100%) is found to be the most sensitive drug. Gentamicin (19.6%) and Cefuroxime (12.2%) are the least sensitive drugs. In the present study, we found that the Klebsiella species (75%) and Escherichia coli (64%) was the major reason of carbapenemase production but the organisms incidentally were susceptible to colistin and polymyxins (100%) followed by other antibiotics. This is a welcome finding in times of increasing carbapenem resistance & is reason enough to suggest the use of Polymyxins in the health care settings where the carbapenems to be used for the treatment of infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae.
Effect of Eucalyptus Leaves Supplementation in Ration on Lactating Buffaloes Performance
Authors: Mahmoud Said Ahmed , Eweedah Nabil Mohamed , Gaafar Hamed Mohamed , El-Nahrawy Mostafa Mohamed , Al-Ajawi Sherif Ibrahim
Published: January 2022

The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of fresh and dry eucalyptus leaves on feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation activity, blood serum biochemical, milk yield and composition, feed conversion and economic efficiency of lactating buffaloes. Twenty lactating multiparous Egyptian buffaloes in 3rd and 5th lactation seasons and weighed 550 kg on average were used in complete randomized design after 8 weeks of calving (peak period) and assigned into five similar groups of four buffaloes each according to milk yield and live body weight. Animals were individually fed on a basal ration (BR) consisted of 40% concentrate feed mixture (CFM), 30% fresh berseem (FB) and 30% rice straw (RS). The first group was un supplemented and served as a control group (G1). Those in the second and third groups were supplemented with 50 and 100 g of fresh eucalyptus leaves per head per day for low level (G2) and high level (G3). Animals in the fourth and fifth groups were supplemented with 15 and 30 g of dry eucalyptus leaves per head per day for low level (G4) and high level (G5). G3 recorded significantly the highest digestibility coefficients of all nutrients and feeding values followed by G2, G5 and G4, whereas control one (G1) had the lowest values. Ruminal pH value tended to decreased with Eucalyptus leaves additive. Group 3 showed significantly the highest TVFA’s and the lowest NH3-N concentration followed by G2, G5 and G4, while G1 had the opposite trend. Moreover, G3 revealed significantly the highest concentrations of total protein and globulin and the lowest urea, urea-N and creatinine and activity of SGOT and SGPT enzymes in blood serum followed by G2, G5 and G4, while G1 had reverse values. However, serum albumin concentration was nearly similar for the different groups. Group 3 recorded significantly the highest feed intake (DM, TDN and DCP), yield of actual milk and 7% FCM, milk composition (fat, protein, lactose, SNF, TS and ash) and milk constituents yield followed by G2, G5 and G4, while G1 had the lowest values. Also, G3 recorded significantly the lowest amounts of DM, TDN and DCP per 1 kg 7% FCM followed by G2, G5 and G4, while G1 had the highest amounts. At the same time, G3 recorded significantly the highest values of feed cost, output of 7% FCM yield, net revenue and economic efficiency and the lowest feed cost per kg 7% FCM followed by G2, G5 and G4, while G1 had the opposite values. In conclusion, addition of fresh eucalyptus leaves at the level of 100 g/head/day recorded the best improvements in feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation activity, some blood serum biochemical, milk yield and composition, feed conversion and economic efficiency of lactating buffaloes.
The Effect of Zinc-Proteinate Supplementation on the In Vitro Digestibility and Ruminal Fermentation in Goat
Authors: Nathaniel Gilbert , Annisa Tiara , Muktiani Anis , Harjanti Dian Wahyu , Widiyanto Widiyanto
Published: January 2022

This study aimed primarily to investigate the effect of Zn-Proteinate (Zn-Prot) supplementation on in vitro rumen digestibility and rumen fermentation. This research used a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. The experimental treatment was the supplementation of various levels of Zn-Prot (0; 12.5 ppm; 25 ppm, and 37.5 ppm) on a dry matter basis. Parameters determined were in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), partial volatile fatty acid (VFA) (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), A/P ratio, CH4, and the efficiency of the conversion hexose to VFA. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. The results showed that goats fed with a diet supplemented with 25 ppm Zn-Prot had the highest IVDMD and IVOMD values. There was no significant effect on the VFA and CH4 concentrations, A/P ratio, and the efficiency of the hexose-VFA conversion within treatment groups. In conclusion, supplementing 25 ppm of Zn-Prot into the diet of dairy goat increase the dry matter and organic matter digestibility.
The Effectivity of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (Multivalen) Vaccination in Swine Case Study in Bali
Authors: Utami Anastasia Sischa Jati , Parwati Ida Ayu , Suyasa I Nyoman
Published: January 2022

Swine cattle have high economic advantages and social values ​​ in Balinese society. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) vaccine in gestating sows. We used 26 gestating sows aged 1.5 years old at their last trimester assigning 13 sows in the control group and 13 sows in treatment group to receive multivalent ETEC vaccine twice: on the 70-75 days of gestation and a booster on 100-105 days of gestation. Sows with the vaccine treatment divided into 3 group that groups A was treated antifimbrial K41, groups B was antifimbrial 987P, while in group C was Antiimbrial K88. The changes in temperature were observed from one day before to 4 days after vaccination in a randomized block design. To determine the antibody formed, blood samples were taken one and two weeks after the first vaccine and five weeks after the booster. The blood sample was analyzed by the Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The rates of diarrhea and postnatal mortality were also observed. The results showed that the antibody titer level increased significantly in the fifth week in groups A with titer 1,94 ±0,22 and B with titer 1,98 ± 0,30 , while the number of diarrhea incidents was 0.9% compared to control 34% with a mortality rate of 0%. In conclusion, this multivalent ETEC vaccine is safe to use and has been shown to be effective for ETEC cases in swine.
The Physical and Chemical Characteristic of 3 Varietas of Germination Brown Rice (Mentik susu, Ciherang, and Pandan wangi)
Authors: Nirmagustina Dwi Eva
Published: January 2022

Brown rice has physical and sensory characteristics that are less favorable despite its high content of nutrition and phytochemical. The germination process is one way to improve and increase the acceptance of brown rice. The objective research was to determine germination time and varieties of brown rice on the physical and chemical characteristics of germinated brown rice. The research was conducted in RAL with 2 factors, germination time (24, 48, and 72 hours) and rice varieties (Mentik susu, Ciherang, and Pandan wangi). The data obtained were processed with analysis of variance to determine the effect of treatment on the parameters tested. If the effect is significant, then to determine the difference between treatments, a Tukey test is performed. Germination time of 24, 48, and 72 hours affected the color, germination, weight, dimensions of lenght, width, and thickness, bulk density, hydration capacity and swelling of germinated brown rice var. Mentik susu, Ciherang, and Pandan wangi. Germination time of 24, 48, 72 hours affected the chemical composition of BCG var. Mentik susu, Ciherang, and Pandan wangi. Based on observations of the physical and chemical characteristics of BCG var. Mentik susu, Ciherang, and Pandan wangi, germination time of 48 hours is recommended to do the germination with germination time of 48 hours compared to germination time of 24 and 72 hours.
PENGARUH PENYULUHAN GIZI DENGAN MEDIA VIDEO TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP REMAJA TENTANG KONSUMSI SAYUR DAN BUAH DI SMAN 1 PALANGKA RAYA
Authors: Mashar Harlyanti Muthma'innah
Published: January 2022

The age of 10-18 years is the age range of adolescents who are included in the period of being vulnerable to nutrition. Habits at this age are often skipping breakfast, not moving, and snacking a lot. This causes low consumption of vegetables and fruits. This study aims to analyze the effect of providing nutrition counseling using video media on the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents about vegetable and fruit consumption at SMAN 1 Palangka Raya. The design of this study was a quasi-experiment with one group pretest and posttest design with 38 subjects. The results were then analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and McNemar test. The results showed that the characteristics of the subjects were in the age group of 15-17 years with the highest number aged 16 years (68.4%). Most of the subjects were female (55.3%). The results of the statistical test obtained p = 0.000 (p <0.05) stating that there was a significant difference between knowledge before and after counseling. The results of statistical tests using McNemar's test for attitudes obtained a p-value of 0.000 (p <0.05) which indicated that there was a significant difference between attitudes before and after counseling. Based on these results, counseling with video media influences the knowledge and attitudes of adolescents regarding the consumption of vegetables and fruits at SMAN 1 Palangka Raya.
Kadar Antosianin, Amilosa dan Organoleptik Snack Bar Kacang Merah Pratanak dan Ubi Ungu Sebagai Alternatif Makanan Bagi Penyandang Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mustikaningrum Fitriana
Published: January 2022

Latar Belakang : Pengaturan  diet merupakan salah satu cara  dalam mengendalikan  kadar glukosa darah bagi penderita diabetes mellitus. Bahan makanan yang mengandung antosianin dan pati resisten akan lambat dicerna di dalam pencernaan sehingga dapat membantu menjaga kadar glukasa darah. Snack bar  kacang merah pratanak dan ubi jalar ungu merupakan salah satu alternatif makanan tinggi antosiain dan pati.

Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui proporsi terbaik tepung kacang merah pratanak dan ubi jalar ungu pada pembuatan snack bar berdasarkan kadar antosianin, amilosa dan daya terimanya.

Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 variasi perbandingan kacang merah pratanak:ubi jalar ungu yaitu 10%:90; 20%:80%; 30%:70%. Analisis antosianin menggunakan metode pH differential, sedangkan analisis amilosa menggunakan metode spektrophotometri. Uji organoleptik menggunakan uji hedonic  test. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji One way ANOVA, apabila terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan diteruskan dengan uji Duncan Test dengan signifikansi P-value <0,05.

Hasil :  Semakin tinggi proporsi ubi jalar ungu, maka semakin tinggi kadar antosianin dan amilase pada snack bar (P-value<0,01). Snack bar dengan proporsi 10%:90% secara signifikan lebih disukai panelis (P-value= 0,04).

Kesimpulan: Snack bar dengan proporsi10%:90% memiliki kadar antosianin, amilosa dan secara keseluruhan lebih dapat diterima oleh panelis dibandingkan proporsi 30%:70% dan 20%:80%.