bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Малоконтактний багатоплощинний остеосинтез діафізарних переломів кісток гомілки
Authors: BILINSKYI P. I.
Published: January 2016

На основі системного підходу, концептуального обґрунтування, теоретичних методів математичного і комп’ютерного
моделювання розроблено нову методику малоконтактного багатоплощинного остеосинтезу діафізарних переломів
кісток гомілки та засіб для її реалізації. Проведено порівняльне дослідження фіксуючих можливостей розробленого
фіксатора і повноконтактної пластини за допомогою методу кінцевих елементів. Досліджено напружено-деформаційний
стан системи “фіксатор–кістка” різних способів фіксації переломів кісток гомілки.
Отримано теоретичні дані про величину мікрорухомості відламків, залежно від характеру лінії перелому, величини при-
кладеної сили, конструктивних особливостей фіксатора. Вивчено стан напруження пластин, його залежність від конструк-
ції фіксатора, особливостей перелому, величини навантаження. Досліджено значення репозиційної стабілізації фрагментів
гвинтами косих і скалкових переломів кісток гомілки на жорсткість фіксації, мікрорухомість відламків, напруження еле-
ментів конструкції фіксаторів, кісткових фрагментів.
Побудовано концепцію малоконтактного багатоплощинного остеосинтезу діафізарних переломів кісток гомілки, опрацьо-
вано методику її реалізації. На основі цієї концепції, даних теоретичного дослідження величини мікрорухомості відламків,
напруження елементів конструкції фіксаторів, кісткових фрагментів залежно від характеру лінії перелому розроблено но-
ві методики хірургічного лікування переломів кісток гомілки оригінальним фіксатором. Прооперовано та проведено аналіз
результатів лікування 90 пацієнтів із різноманітними діафізарними переломами кісток гомілки.
Тромбоз вен портальної системи у хворих на гострий панкреатит
Authors: CHUKLIN S. M. , PIDHIRNYI B. YA.
Published: January 2016

Одним із місцевих ускладнень гострого панкреатиту є тромбоз вен, зокрема портальної системи. Проте повідомлення в
літературі про це є рідкісними. У цьому огляді літератури розглядаються механізми виникнення, патофізіологічні особливості,
діагностичні та лікувальні можливості при тромбозі вен портальної системи у хворих на гострий панкреатит.
L-ARGININE, BUT NOT L-NAME PROTECTS AGAINST LIVER INJURY INDUCED BY EXPERIMENTAL ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION
Authors: Oleshchuk O. M. , Posokhova K. A. , Mudra A. Ye.
Published: January 2016

Background. Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs upon restoration of hepatic blood flow after a period of ischemia.
Objective. The study establishes that stimulation or blockade of nitric oxide synthesis has a protective effect during ischemia-reperfusion.
Methods. Male albino rats which were divided into four equal groups: sham-operated control, ischemia and reperfusion group (0.9 % saline i.p.) for 3 days, group pre-treated with L-arginine (25 mg/kg i.p.), group pre-treated with L-NAME (10 mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days before ischemia-reperfusion maneuver. Complete ischemia of the median and left hepatic lobes was induced by clamping the left branches of the portal vein and the hepatic artery for 45 min. Rats were sacrificed after 3-h reperfusion. Nitric oxide synthase 3 (endothelial) and nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible) expression, nitric oxide stabile metabolites (NO2, NO3) content, AST and ALT activities were determined. Histological examination of liver tissue was performed.
Conclusions. Relative NO deficiency, due to eNOS inhibition, is central in the pathogenesis of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury. Replacing NO content with either precursors or via donor drugs represents novel methods in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury.

KEY WORDS: hepatic ischemia-reperfusion, nitric oxide, NOS isoforms, L-arginine, L-NAME
OXIDATIVE STRESS IN HUMAN THYROID GLAND UNDER IODINE DEFICIENCY NODULAR GOITER: FROM HARMLESSNESS TO HAZARD DEPENDING ON COPPER AND IODINE SUBCELLULAR DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Falfushynska H. , Gnatyshyna L. , Shulgai A. , Shidlovski V. , Stoliar O.
Published: January 2016

Background. Thyroid disorders are the second most common endocrinopathies found in humans and animals. Determination of their key molecular markers presents a special interest.
Objective. We studied iodine and copper accumulation in nodular, paranodular and contralateral (not affected tissue by node) tissues of human thyroid gland in relation to the level of metal-binding proteins, potential antioxidants, and oxidative changes in tissue for this goal. Lower level of organificated iodine and higher level and mass fraction of inorganic iodine and copper in the nodular and paranodular tissue versus contralateral part of thyroid gland was established.
Results. The level of both metal-binding and apo-form of metallothioneins was higher. Content of reduced glutathione was lower in node-affected tissue compared to the contralateral part. Signs of oxidative stress (higher activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-transferase and level of oxyradicals) and cytotoxicity (higher cathepsin D activity, higher level of DNA strand breaks and glycolysis activation) in affected tissue were observed. The range of indice variability in paranodular tissue was smaller than in nodule compared to the parenchyma of contralateral part.
Conclusions. Excess of copper unbound to metallothionein in goitrous-changed tissue and high level of inorganic iodine could be the reason for elevated DNA fragmentation and increased lysosomal membrane permeability and activation of antioxidant defense. The main criterions of goiter formation were represented by low level of organificated iodine and high level of DNA damage in thyroid gland.

KEY WORDS: iodine deficiency nodular colloidal goiter, iodine, copper, metallothioneins, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity
ULTRASTRUCTURAL RESEARCH OF THE ENDOMETRIUM RECEPTIVITY IN CONDITIONS OF PRE-CONCEPTIONAL PREPARATION IN REFRACTORY PREGNANCY LOSS
Authors: Marinkin I. O. , Nepomnyashikh D. L. , Kuleshov V. M. , Ilizarova N. A. , Semchenko T. O. , Aidagulova S. V.
Published: January 2016

Background. Refractory pregnancy loss (RPL) is a multifactoral pathology in women of reproductive age which treatment represents great difficulties. Great role in RPL pathogenesis is stipulated by chronic endometritis resulting from disturbances of implantation followed by gestational sac malfunction, which is not less significant than progesterone deficiency.
Objective. The aim of research was to study the dynamics of ultrastructural changes of endometric epithelial cells in the conditions of pre-conception preparation in refractory pregnancy loss.
Methods. 63 samples of endometrium bioptates obtained from female patients of reproductive age with insufficient middle luteal phase of the cycle were studied. Light and electronic microscopy was used to study the morphological changes in endometric epithelial cells.
Results. Pre-conceptional cyclic hormone therapy (1 mg 17-estradiol and 20 mg of didrogesteron) in comparison with monotherapy of 20 mg of didrogesteron during 3 months contributed to intracellular regeneration and restoration of secretor phenotype of endometrium epithelial cells corresponding to the status of receptivity with “opened window of implantation”.
Conclusions. Cyclic hormonotherapy in combination with complex metabolic therapy as a pre-conceptional preparation contributing to pregnancy illustrates much higher effectiveness of pathogenetically proved preconceptional hormonotherapy

KEY WORDS: refractory pregnancy loss, endometrium receptivity, hormone therapy, ultrastructure.
ANTHROPOMETRIC PROFILE, BODY COMPOSITION AND VERTICAL JUMP SCORE IN BOXERS AND SWIMMERS
Authors: Roy A. S. , Dalui R. , Kalinski M. , Bandyopadhyay A.
Published: January 2016

Background. Vertical jump test (VJT) is used in some sport disciplines to evaluate an individual’s lower extremity power. However, VJT data is unavailable in young Indian boxers and swimmers.
Objective. The given study was aimed to evaluate the VJT, anthropometric profile and body composition in young male Indian swimmers and boxers and compare the data with sedentary control group. The study also explored the relationship of VJT with anthropometric parameters and different components of body composition in the studied groups.
Methods. Male boxers (n=40), swimmers (n=40) and sedentary subjects (n=40) with similar socio-economic background with age ranging between 21 and 25 years were sampled for the study from Kolkata, India. Body composition was determined by skinfold measurements and VJT was evaluated by Sargent Jump Test.
Results. One way ANOVA shows significant (p<0.001) difference in body mass, %fat, total body fat (TF), lean body mass (LBM) and VJT score in boxers, swimmers and sedentary groups. Significant positive correlation of LBM with VJT score was associated with a greater jumping height in swimmers. On the other hand, VJT had significant negative (p<0.05) correlation with sum of all the skinfolds, individual skinfold and total fat in both athlete group as well as in the sedentary group.
Conclusion. Significant intergroup difference was found in the studied parameters. VJT scores obtained in all the groups were well comparable. Higher value of body %fat imposed the unfavourable effect towards achieving higher jumping height mainly in sedentary group.

KEY WORDS: VJT, boxers, swimmers, %fat, LBM.
COMPARISON OF SHORT-TERM ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE THERAPY (ESWT) AND CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT (CT) IN MEN WITH CHRONIC HEEL SPUR (HS).
Authors: Lizis P.
Published: January 2016

Background. The surgical removal of heel spur (HS) provokes many controversial opinions, but clinical studies show the risk of complication after operation. An alternative to the surgical removal of HS is Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT), because it is non-invasive method.
Objective. The aim of the study is to compare the short-term analgesic effects of ESWT and conservative treatment (CT) in males with chronic HS.
Methods. Sixty patients (mean age 54.9±4.3 years; range 42 to 59 years) were examined who had pain associated with HS. In the shockwave group (group 1) patients received 1000–2000 impulses of shocks to the affected heel in a single session. The patients in this group took a series of 5 ESWT in 1 week intervals. Patients in the control group (group 2) at the same time received CT consisting of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), orthotics and a local cortisone injection. The basic method of research was to evaluate pain according to Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 0–10. The patients of the two groups were tested before the treatment, after the last treatment and 3 months and 6 months after the treatment.
Results. A significant decrease of VAS (p=0.000) was seen in the shockwave group. In the control group no significant decrease of VAS was seen.
Conclusions. ESWT reduces pain more effectively than CT in men with chronic HS.

KEY WORDS: extracorporeal shock wave therapy, conservative treatment, visual analogue scale, heel spur, pain.
Sudden Cardiac Arrest and Rare Genetic Variants in the Community
Authors: Milano Annalisa , Blom Marieke T. , Lodder Elisabeth M. , van Hoeijen Daniel A. , Barc Julien , Koopmann Tamara T. , Bardai Abdennasser , Beekman Leander , Lichtner Peter , van den Berg Maarten P. , Wilde Arthur A.M. , Bezzina Connie R. , Tan Hanno L.
Published: January 2016

Background—

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) ranks among the most common causes of death worldwide. Because SCA is most often lethal, yet mostly occurs in individuals without previously known cardiac disease, the identification of patients at risk for SCA could save many lives. In unselected SCA victims from the community, common genetic variants (which are not disease-causing per se, but may increase susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation) are found to be associated with increased SCA risk. However, whether rare genetic variants contribute to SCA risk in the community is largely unexplored.

Methods and Results—

We here investigated the involvement of rare genetic variants in SCA risk at the population level by studying the prevalence of 6 founder genetic variants present in the Dutch population (PLN-p.Arg14del, MYBPC3-p.Trp792fsX17, MYBPC3-p.Arg943X, MYBPC3-p.Pro955fsX95, PKP2-p.Arg79X, and the Chr7q36 idiopathic ventricular fibrillation risk haplotype) in a cohort of 1440 unselected Dutch SCA victims included in the Amsterdam Resuscitation Study (ARREST). The six studied founder mutations were found to be more prevalent (1.1%) in the ARREST SCA cohort compared with an ethnically and geographically matched set of controls (0.4%, n=1379;
P
<0.05) or a set of Dutch individuals drawn from the Genome of the Netherlands (GoNL) study (0%, n=500;
P
<0.02).

Conclusions—

This finding provides proof-of-concept for the notion that rare genetic variants contribute to some extent to SCA risk in the community.
Role of Coronary Artery Calcium Score of Zero and Other Negative Risk Markers for Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Blaha Michael J. , Cainzos-Achirica Miguel , Greenland Philip , McEvoy John W. , Blankstein Ron , Budoff Matthew J. , Dardari Zeina , Sibley Christopher T. , Burke Gregory L. , Kronmal Richard A. , Szklo Moyses , Blumenthal Roger S. , Nasir Khurram
Published: January 2016

Background—

Limited attention has been paid to negative cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers despite their potential to improve medical decision making. We compared 13 negative risk markers using diagnostic likelihood ratios (DLRs), which model the change in risk for an individual after the result of an additional test.

Methods and Results—

We examined 6814 participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Coronary artery calcium score of 0, carotid intima-media thickness <25th percentile, absence of carotid plaque, brachial flow-mediated dilation >5% change, ankle-brachial index >0.9 and <1.3, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein <2 mg/L, homocysteine <10 µmol/L, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide <100 pg/mL, no microalbuminuria, no family history of coronary heart disease (any/premature), absence of metabolic syndrome, and healthy lifestyle were compared for all and hard coronary heart disease and all CVD events over the 10-year follow-up. Models were adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors. Among all negative risk markers, coronary artery calcium score of 0 was the strongest, with an adjusted mean DLR of 0.41 (SD, 0.12) for all coronary heart disease and 0.54 (SD, 0.12) for CVD, followed by carotid intima-media thickness <25th percentile (DLR, 0.65 [SD, 0.04] and 0.75 [SD, 0.04], respectively). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein <2 mg/L and normal ankle-brachial index had DLRs >0.80. Among clinical features, absence of any family history of coronary heart disease was the strongest (DLRs, 0.76 [SD, 0.07] and 0.81 [SD, 0.06], respectively). Net reclassification improvement analyses yielded similar findings, with coronary artery calcium score of 0 resulting in the largest, most accurate downward risk reclassification.

Conclusions—

Negative results of atherosclerosis-imaging tests, particularly coronary artery calcium score of 0, resulted in the greatest downward shift in estimated CVD risk. These results may help guide discussions on the identification of individuals less likely to receive net benefit from lifelong preventive pharmacotherapy.
Isoproterenol Promotes Rapid Ryanodine Receptor Movement to Bridging Integrator 1 (BIN1)–Organized Dyads
Authors: Fu Ying , Shaw Seiji A. , Naami Robert , Vuong Caresse L. , Basheer Wassim A. , Guo Xiuqing , Hong TingTing
Published: January 2016

Background—

The key pathophysiology of human acquired heart failure is impaired calcium transient, which is initiated at dyads consisting of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) at sarcoplasmic reticulum apposing Ca
V
1.2 channels at t-tubules. Sympathetic tone regulates myocardial calcium transients through β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR)–mediated phosphorylation of dyadic proteins. Phosphorylated RyRs (P-RyR) have increased calcium sensitivity and open probability, amplifying calcium transient at a cost of receptor instability. Given that bridging integrator 1 (BIN1) organizes t-tubule microfolds and facilitates Ca
V
1.2 delivery, we explored whether β-AR–regulated RyRs are also affected by BIN1.

Methods and Results—

Isolated adult mouse hearts or cardiomyocytes were perfused for 5 minutes with the β-AR agonist isoproterenol (1 µmol/L) or the blockers CGP+ICI (baseline). Using biochemistry and superresolution fluorescent imaging, we identified that BIN1 clusters P-RyR and Ca
V
1.2. Acute β-AR activation increases coimmunoprecipitation between P-RyR and cardiac spliced BIN1+13+17 (with exons 13 and 17). Isoproterenol redistributes BIN1 to t-tubules, recruiting P-RyRs and improving the calcium transient. In cardiac-specific
Bin1
heterozygote mice, isoproterenol fails to concentrate BIN1 to t-tubules, impairing P-RyR recruitment. The resultant accumulation of uncoupled P-RyRs increases the incidence of spontaneous calcium release. In human hearts with end-stage ischemic cardiomyopathy, we find that BIN1 is also 50% reduced, with diminished P-RyR association with BIN1.

Conclusions—

On β-AR activation, reorganization of BIN1-induced microdomains recruits P-RyR into dyads, increasing the calcium transient while preserving electric stability. When BIN1 is reduced as in human acquired heart failure, acute stress impairs microdomain formation, limiting contractility and promoting arrhythmias.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Young-Onset Stroke Identifies a Locus on Chromosome 10q25 Near
HABP2
Authors: Cheng Yu-Ching , Stanne Tara M. , Giese Anne-Katrin , Ho Weang Kee , Traylor Matthew , Amouyel Philippe , Holliday Elizabeth G. , Malik Rainer , Xu Huichun , Kittner Steven J. , Cole John W. , O’Connell Jeffrey R. , Danesh John , Rasheed Asif , Zhao Wei , Engelter Stefan , Grond-Ginsbach Caspar , Kamatani Yoichiro , Lathrop Mark , Leys Didier , Thijs Vincent , Metso Tiina M. , Tatlisumak Turgut , Pezzini Alessandro , Parati Eugenio A. , Norrving Bo , Bevan Steve , Rothwell Peter M. , Sudlow Cathie , Slowik Agnieszka , Lindgren Arne , Walters Matthew R. ,   WTCCC-2 Consortium, Jannes Jim , Shen Jess , Crosslin David , Doheny Kimberly , Laurie Cathy C. , Kanse Sandip M. , Bis Joshua C. , Fornage Myriam , Mosley Thomas H. , Hopewell Jemma C. , Strauch Konstantin , Müller-Nurasyid Martina , Gieger Christian , Waldenberger Melanie , Peters Annette , Meisinger Christine , Ikram M. Arfan , Longstreth W.T. , Meschia James F. , Seshadri Sudha , Sharma Pankaj , Worrall Bradford , Jern Christina , Levi Christopher , Dichgans Martin , Boncoraglio Giorgio B. , Markus Hugh S. , Debette Stephanie , Rolfs Arndt , Saleheen Danish , Mitchell Braxton D.
Published: January 2016

Background and Purpose—

Although a genetic contribution to ischemic stroke is well recognized, only a handful of stroke loci have been identified by large-scale genetic association studies to date. Hypothesizing that genetic effects might be stronger for early- versus late-onset stroke, we conducted a 2-stage meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies, focusing on stroke cases with an age of onset <60 years.

Methods—

The discovery stage of our genome-wide association studies included 4505 cases and 21 968 controls of European, South-Asian, and African ancestry, drawn from 6 studies. In Stage 2, we selected the lead genetic variants at loci with association
P
<5×10
−6
and performed in silico association analyses in an independent sample of ≤1003 cases and 7745 controls.

Results—

One stroke susceptibility locus at 10q25 reached genome-wide significance in the combined analysis of all samples from the discovery and follow-up stages (rs11196288; odds ratio =1.41;
P
=9.5×10
−9
). The associated locus is in an intergenic region between
TCF7L2
and
HABP2
. In a further analysis in an independent sample, we found that 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms in high linkage disequilibrium with rs11196288 were significantly associated with total plasma factor VII–activating protease levels, a product of
HABP2
.

Conclusions—

HABP2
, which encodes an extracellular serine protease involved in coagulation, fibrinolysis, and inflammatory pathways, may be a genetic susceptibility locus for early-onset stroke.
Evolving a Nelder–Mead Algorithm for Optimization with Genetic Programming
Authors: Fajfar Iztok , Puhan Janez , Bűrmen Árpád
Published: January 2016

We used genetic programming to evolve a direct search optimization algorithm, similar to that of the standard downhill simplex optimization method proposed by Nelder and Mead ( 1965 ). In the training process, we used several ten-dimensional quadratic functions with randomly displaced parameters and different randomly generated starting simplices. The genetically obtained optimization algorithm showed overall better performance than the original Nelder–Mead method on a standard set of test functions. We observed that many parts of the genetically produced algorithm were seldom or never executed, which allowed us to greatly simplify the algorithm by removing the redundant parts. The resulting algorithm turns out to be considerably simpler than the original Nelder–Mead method while still performing better than the original method.
Bilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Language Treatment Enhances Functional Connectivity in the Left Hemisphere: Preliminary Data from Aphasia
Authors: Marangolo Paola , Fiori Valentina , Sabatini Umberto , De Pasquale Giada , Razzano Carmela , Caltagirone Carlo , Gili Tommaso
Published: January 2016

Several studies have already shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a useful tool for enhancing recovery in aphasia. However, no reports to date have investigated functional connectivity changes on cortical activity because of tDCS language treatment. Here, nine aphasic persons with articulatory disorders underwent an intensive language therapy in two different conditions: bilateral anodic stimulation over the left Broca's area and cathodic contralesional stimulation over the right homologue of Broca's area and a sham condition. The language treatment lasted 3 weeks (Monday to Friday, 15 sessions). In all patients, language measures were collected before (T0) and at the end of treatment (T15). Before and after each treatment condition (real vs. sham), each participant underwent a resting-state fMRI study. Results showed that, after real stimulation, patients exhibited the greatest recovery not only in terms of better accuracy in articulating the treated stimuli but also for untreated items on different tasks of the language test. Moreover, although after the sham condition connectivity changes were confined to the right brain hemisphere, real stimulation yielded to stronger functional connectivity increase in the left hemisphere. In conclusion, our data provide converging evidence from behavioral and functional imaging data that bilateral tDCS determines functional connectivity changes within the lesioned hemisphere, enhancing the language recovery process in stroke patients.
Depth: the Forgotten Dimension in Multisensory Research
Authors: van der Stoep N. , Serino A. , Farnè A. , Di Luca M. , Spence C.
Published: January 2016

The last quarter of a century has seen a dramatic rise of interest in the spatial constraints on multisensory integration. However, until recently, the majority of this research has investigated integration in the space directly in front of the observer. The space around us, however, extends in three spatial dimensions in the front and to the rear beyond such a limited area. The question to be addressed in this review concerns whether multisensory integration operates according to the same rules throughout the whole of three-dimensional space. The results reviewed here not only show that the space around us seems to be divided into distinct functional regions, but they also suggest that multisensory interactions are modulated by the region of space in which stimuli happen to be presented. We highlight a number of key limitations with previous research in this area, including: (1) The focus on only a very narrow region of two-dimensional space in front of the observer; (2) the use of static stimuli in most research; (3) the study of observers who themselves have been mostly static; and (4) the study of isolated observers. All of these factors may change the way in which the senses interact at any given distance, as can the emotional state/personality of the observer. In summarizing these salient issues, we hope to encourage researchers to consider these factors in their own research in order to gain a better understanding of the spatial constraints on multisensory integration as they affect us in our everyday life.
Gyrosigma peisonis var. major var. nov., a new variety of Gyrosigma peisonis (Bacillariophyta) from Lake Qinghai, China
Authors: Peng Yumei , Rioual Patrick , Jin Zhangdong , STERRENBURG FRITHJOF A. S.
Published: January 2016

The morphology and ultrastructure of Gyrosigma peisonis var. major var. nov., a new variety of Gyrosigma peisonis found in Lake Qinghai (China), are described here on the basis of light and scanning electron microscopy. Most of the morphological features of this new variety are identical to those of the nominal variety Gyrosigma peisonis var. peisonis, but the variety major differs in its distinctly larger cell size and its higher value for the longitudinal/transverse stria density ratio, however. The seasonal variation of this taxon, which was investigated by a sediment-trap study is also discussed.
Mormodes salazarii (Orchidaceae, Catasetinae), a new species with greenish-white flowers from Costa Rica
Authors: Blanco Mario Alberto , Jiménez Jose Esteban , Juárez Pedro
Published: January 2016

Mormodes salazarii (Orchidaceae, Catasetinae), a new species apparently endemic to Costa Rica, is described and illustrated. It is similar to M. fractiflexa because of its non-resupinate flowers, entire lip and revolute margins of sepals and petals, but differs from that species by its erect flowers (vs. pendulous) and strongly reflexed lateral sepals without colored lines (vs. widely open or slightly reflexed lateral sepals with red blurred lines).
Amomum meghalayense (Zingiberaceae): a new species from northeast India
Authors: V. P. Thomas , SABU M. , SANOJ E.
Published: January 2016

Amomum Roxburgh (1820: 75) is the second largest genus in the ginger family with about 150–180 species, widely distributed in Southeast Asia (Xia et al. 2004). The genus is characterized by having radical inflorescences, an absence of involucre of sterile bracts, reduced lateral staminodes and well-developed anther crests.
The Response of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic Sea Ice to Freshwater from Ice Shelves in an Earth System Model
Authors: Pauling Andrew G. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Smith Inga J. , Langhorne Patricia J.
Published: January 2016

The possibility that recent Antarctic sea ice expansion resulted from an increase in freshwater reaching the Southern Ocean is investigated here. The freshwater flux from ice sheet and ice shelf mass imbalance is largely missing in models that participated in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). However, on average, precipitation minus evaporation (P − E) reaching the Southern Ocean has increased in CMIP5 models to a present value that is about greater than preindustrial times and 5–22 times larger than estimates of the mass imbalance of Antarctic ice sheets and shelves (119–544 ). Two sets of experiments were conducted from 1980 to 2013 in CESM1(CAM5), one of the CMIP5 models, artificially distributing freshwater either at the ocean surface to mimic iceberg melt or at the ice shelf fronts at depth. An anomalous reduction in vertical advection of heat into the surface mixed layer resulted in sea surface cooling at high southern latitudes and an associated increase in sea ice area. Enhancing the freshwater input by an amount within the range of estimates of the Antarctic mass imbalance did not have any significant effect on either sea ice area magnitude or trend. Freshwater enhancement of raised the total sea ice area by 1 × 106 km2, yet this and even an enhancement of was insufficient to offset the sea ice decline due to anthropogenic forcing for any period of 20 years or longer. Further, the sea ice response was found to be insensitive to the depth of freshwater injection.
Mechanisms of Southern Ocean Heat Uptake and Transport in a Global Eddying Climate Model
Authors: Morrison Adele K. , Griffies Stephen M. , Winton Michael , Anderson Whit G. , Sarmiento Jorge L.
Published: January 2016

The Southern Ocean plays a dominant role in anthropogenic oceanic heat uptake. Strong northward transport of the heat content anomaly limits warming of the sea surface temperature in the uptake region and allows the heat uptake to be sustained. Using an eddy-rich global climate model, the processes controlling the northward transport and convergence of the heat anomaly in the midlatitude Southern Ocean are investigated in an idealized 1% yr−1 increasing CO2 simulation. Heat budget analyses reveal that different processes dominate to the north and south of the main convergence region. The heat transport northward from the uptake region in the south is driven primarily by passive advection of the heat content anomaly by the existing time mean circulation, with a smaller 20% contribution from enhanced upwelling. The heat anomaly converges in the midlatitude deep mixed layers because there is not a corresponding increase in the mean heat transport out of the deep mixed layers northward into the mode waters. To the north of the deep mixed layers, eddy processes drive the warming and account for nearly 80% of the northward heat transport anomaly. The eddy transport mechanism results from a reduction in both the diffusive and advective southward eddy heat transports, driven by decreasing isopycnal slopes and decreasing along-isopycnal temperature gradients on the northern edge of the peak warming.
Confronting Weather and Climate Models with Observational Data from Soil Moisture Networks over the United States
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Wu Jiexia , Norton Holly E. , Dorigo Wouter A. , Quiring Steven M. , Ford Trenton W. , Santanello Joseph A. , Bosilovich Michael G. , Ek Michael B. , Koster Randal D. , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Lawrence David M.
Published: January 2016

Four land surface models in uncoupled and coupled configurations are compared to observations of daily soil moisture from 19 networks in the conterminous United States to determine the viability of such comparisons and explore the characteristics of model and observational data. First, observations are analyzed for error characteristics and representation of spatial and temporal variability. Some networks have multiple stations within an area comparable to model grid boxes; for those it is found that aggregation of stations before calculation of statistics has little effect on estimates of variance, but soil moisture memory is sensitive to aggregation. Statistics for some networks stand out as unlike those of their neighbors, likely because of differences in instrumentation, calibration, and maintenance. Buried sensors appear to have less random error than near-field remote sensing techniques, and heat-dissipation sensors show less temporal variability than other types. Model soil moistures are evaluated using three metrics: standard deviation in time, temporal correlation (memory), and spatial correlation (length scale). Models do relatively well in capturing large-scale variability of metrics across climate regimes, but they poorly reproduce observed patterns at scales of hundreds of kilometers and smaller. Uncoupled land models do no better than coupled model configurations, nor do reanalyses outperform free-running models. Spatial decorrelation scales are found to be difficult to diagnose. Using data for model validation, calibration, or data assimilation from multiple soil moisture networks with different types of sensors and measurement techniques requires great caution. Data from models and observations should be put on the same spatial and temporal scales before comparison.
The Modular Aerial Sensing System
Authors: Melville W. Kendall , Lenain Luc , Cayan Daniel R. , Kahru Mati , Kleissl Jan P. , Linden P. F. , Statom Nicholas M.
Published: January 2016

Satellite remote sensing has enabled remarkable progress in the ocean, earth, atmospheric, and environmental sciences through its ability to provide global coverage with ever-increasing spatial resolution. While exceptions exist for geostationary ocean color satellites, the temporal coverage of low-Earth-orbiting satellites is not optimal for oceanographic processes that evolve over time scales of hours to days. In hydrology, time scales can range from hours for flash floods, to days for snowfall, to months for the snowmelt into river systems. On even smaller scales, remote sensing of the built environment requires a building-resolving resolution of a few meters or better. For this broad range of phenomena, satellite data need to be supplemented with higher-resolution airborne data that are not tied to the strict schedule of a satellite orbit. To address some of these needs, a novel, portable, high-resolution airborne topographic lidar with video, infrared, and hyperspectral imaging systems was integrated. The system is coupled to a highly accurate GPS-aided inertial measurement unit (GPS IMU), permitting airborne measurements of the sea surface displacement, temperature, and kinematics with swath widths of up to 800 m under the aircraft, and horizontal spatial resolution as low as 0.2 m. These data are used to measure ocean waves, currents, Stokes drift, sea surface height (SSH), ocean transport and dispersion, and biological activity. Hydrological and terrestrial applications include measurements of snow cover and the built environment. This paper describes the system, its performance, and present results from recent oceanographic, hydrological, and terrestrial measurements.
The impact of occupation according to income on depressive symptoms in South Korean individuals: Findings from the Korean Welfare Panel Study
Authors: Kim Woorim , Park Eun-Cheol , Lee Tae-Hoon , Ju Yeong Jun , Shin Jaeyong , Lee Sang Gyu
Published: January 2016

Background:

In South Korea, societal perceptions on occupation are distinct, with people favouring white collar jobs. Hence both occupation type and income can have mental health effects.

Aim:

To examine the relationship between occupational classification and depression, along with the combined effect of occupational classification and household income.

Methods:

Data were from the Korean Welfare Panel Study (KOWEPS), 2010–2013. A total of 4,694 economically active participants at baseline were followed. Association between occupational classification and depression, measured using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale 11, was investigated using the linear mixed effects model.

Results:

Blue collar (β: 0.3871, p = .0109) and sales and service worker groups (β: 0.3418, p = .0307) showed higher depression scores than the white collar group. Compared to the white collar high-income group, white collar low income, blue collar middle income, blue collar middle-low income, blue collar low income, sales and service middle-high income, sales and service middle-low income and sales and service low-income groups had higher depression scores.

Conclusion:

Occupational classification is associated with increasing depression scores. Excluding the highest income group, blue collar and sales and service worker groups exhibit higher depression scores than their white collar counterparts, implying the importance of addressing these groups.
Prevention of HIV in Lesotho’s apparel industry: A social work perspective
Authors: Thabane Sophia
Published: January 2016

Lesotho has the third highest rate of HIV prevalence in the world. One of the factors accounting for this trend is thought to be ubiquitous labour migration in the country. This article uses data collected among migrant labour women in Maseru (N = 30) to investigate possible factors for the spread of HIV among them. A high rate of multiple concurrent sexual relationships, coupled with lack of commitment to condom use, was found among participants. This article proposes social action to pressure industry merchants to facilitate regular meetings of migrants with regular sexual partners.
Online professional development
Authors: Bates Meg S. , Phalen Lena , Moran Cheryl
Published: January 2016

Many teachers are turning to online professional development to meet their learning needs, but the vast array of available opportunities may be overwhelming. This article provides a framework for making sense of common online teacher learning opportunities. It also suggests situations where online professional development may be most useful and presents a challenge for educators to consider when engaging in online learning.
Under the Law
Authors: Underwood Julie
Published: January 2016

Educators are not required to be certain that abuse or neglect is occurring before reporting their concerns. Within the professional setting, if you reasonably suspect or have good reason to believe a child is being abused or neglected, you have an obligation to report it to officials. Reports should be made to local child protective service, law enforcement, and school administrators. Most school policies provide specific information on how to file a report with local child protective services.
The IOC’s midas touch: Summer Olympics and city growth
Authors: Nitsch Volker , Wendland Nicolai
Published: January 2016

Hosting a mega-event is a costly activity of short duration. Still, cities frequently compete to become host of all types of events. This paper examines the effect of staging the largest and most important sporting event in the world, the Summer Olympic Games, on the host city. Applying a difference-in-differences methodology, we analyse the population size of Olympic cities, candidate cities and other large cities in host and candidate countries over the period from 1860 to 2010. We find that, following the Games, host cities do not experience a measurable increase in population size relative to cities in the control group. On the contrary, to the extent that any effect of hosting the Games is identifiable, our results indicate that being awarded the Summer Olympics has a negative impact on cities.
“Kid Thugs Are Spreading Terror Through the Streets”: Youth, Crime, and the Expansion of the Juvenile Justice System in Los Angeles, 1973-1980
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: January 2016

Over the course of the 1970s, liberal and conservative officials in Los Angeles worked to reform a juvenile justice system they believed to be too lenient on children and teenagers who committed crimes. They intended for diversion programs, vocational training, and rehabilitation measures to complement punitive approaches of surveillance, arrest, and incarceration. By posing rehabilitation as complementary to imprisonment, liberal officials contributed to the development of a dual system of juvenile justice. As a result, the carceral state extended beyond the formal criminal justice system and into a range of other institutions, such as schools and social welfare agencies. The two-tiered system, however, also drove the criminalization of black and Latino youth by focusing punishment on them. In contrast to white suburbanites, who were treated as status offenders, black and Latino kids and teenagers received juvenile criminal and court records and increasingly came into contact with an expanded juvenile justice system over the course of the 1970s.
Medical Students Who Pursue a Joint MD/MBA Degree: Who Are They and Where Are They Heading?
Authors: Krupat Edward , Dienstag Jules L. , Kester W. Carl , Finkelstein Stan N.
Published: January 2016

Increasingly, health care is being delivered in large, complex organizations, and physicians must learn to function effectively in them. As a result, several medical and business schools have developed joint programs to train physician leaders who receive both medical degree (MD) and master of business administration (MBA) degrees. We examined several themes in relation to these programs, revolving around concerns about who is attracted to them and whether exposure to the differing cultures of medicine and business have an impact on the professional identities of their graduates as manifested in their motivations, aspirations, and careers. We addressed these issues by studying students in the joint MD/MBA program at Harvard Medical School (HMS) and Harvard Business School (HBS). Our data came from several internal sources and a survey of all students enrolled in the joint program in spring 2013. We found relatively few differences between joint program students and equivalent cohorts of HMS students in terms of personal characteristics, preadmission performance, and performance at HMS and HBS. Contrary to the concerns that such programs may draw students away from medicine, the vast majority embraced careers involving extensive postgraduate medical training, with long-term plans that leveraged their new perspectives and skills to improve health care delivery.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists combating clozapine-associated obesity and diabetes
Authors: Mayfield Karla , Siskind Dan , Winckel Karl , Russell Anthony W , Kisely Steve , Smith Greg , Hollingworth Samantha
Published: January 2016

Clozapine is the most effective antipsychotic, but its use is tempered by adverse metabolic effects such as weight gain, glucose intolerance and type II diabetes. Current interventions do not facilitate compelling or sustained improvement in metabolic status. Recent studies suggest that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) may play a key role in clozapine’s metabolic effects, possibly suggesting that clozapine-associated obesity and diabetes are mediated independently through reduced GLP-1. As a result, GLP-1 agonists could show promise in reversing antipsychotic-induced metabolic derangements, providing mechanistic justification that they may represent a novel approach to treat, and ultimately prevent, both diabetes and obesity in patients on clozapine. GLP-1 agonists are already used for diabetes, and they provide a unique combination of glycaemic improvement and metabolically relevant weight loss in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, in the context of a currently favourable safety proﬁle. Using GLP-1 agonists for clozapine-associated obesity and diabetes could be a potentially effective intervention that may reduce cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable patient population.
Aggravation of Helicobacter pylori stomach infections in stressed military recruits
Authors: Jia Keran , An Liyun , Wang Fukun , Shi Lanchun , Ran Xiangyang , Wang Xianling , He Zhanguo , Chen Jing
Published: January 2016

Objective

To investigate the effect of military stress on immune response and Helicobacter pylori stomach infections.

Methods

In this prospective, observational study, the Symptom Checklist-90 questionnaire was completed by military recruits before and following a 3-month basic training programme. H. pylori immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels, C14-urea breath-test values and levels of cortisol, catecholamine, and certain humoral and cellular immune responses were measured before and after the basic training.

Results

For 60 military recruits, somatization, depression and paranoid ideation scores were significantly increased after, compared with before, basic training. Post-training H. pylori IgG detection revealed three additional cases of H. pylori infection. Post-training C14-urea breath-test values were significantly higher compared with before training – thus suggesting higher levels of H. pylori colonization in the stomach. Post-training cortisol and catecholamine levels were increased, while serum IgG levels were decreased; complement component (C)3 and C4 levels remained unchanged. Post-training CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell percentages and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were significantly reduced compared with before training. Serum interleukin (IL)-2 levels were lower and IL-10 levels were higher following training and there was a significant decrease in the IL-2/IL-10 ratio.

Conclusion

Military stress may reduce humoral and cellular immune responses and may aggravate the severity of H. pylori infection.
Design, build, and test a formula student racing car: An educational engineering exercise at Philadelphia University
Authors: Ebaid Munzer SY , Ammoura Shatha , Al-khishali Kutiaba JM
Published: January 2016

This current project is carried out at Philadelphia University and describes the work associated with the design, build, and test a Formula Student racing car in order to compete at Formula Student competition at UK 2014. Following the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers regulations 2014,1 this car must be a single seat car with an engine displacement not exceeding 610 cc. It is important to recognize that the design of a Formula Student racing car must involve the study of material structure, aerodynamics, suspension dynamics, internal combustion engine, selection of materials, and the requirements for manufacturing. All of these procedures must be followed to reach an optimum design. The challenge to teams is to develop a vehicle that can successfully compete in all the events (static and dynamic) described in the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers rules. This project is considered as an educational, practical, and training exercise on mechanical engineering principles for the undergraduate and graduate students. Also, it is a high performance engineering project for engineering students to acquire design concepts in automotive, engineering skills, and the freedom to express their creativity and imaginations. Finally, this project will develop experience, skills, and professionalism as ‘hands on engineers’, and hopefully to enhance automotive industry in Jordan.
Hybrid Tibia Fixation of Soft Tissue Grafts in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Balazs George C. , Brelin Alaina M. , Grimm Patrick D. , Dickens Jonathan F. , Keblish David J. , Rue John-Paul H.
Published: January 2016

Background:

Optimal fixation of soft tissue grafts in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction remains a controversial topic, and tibial-sided fixation is frequently cited as the “weak point” of the femur-graft-tibia construct. Some studies have recommended the use of hybrid fixation (combining intratunnel aperture fixation and extracortical suspensory fixation) on the tibial side to increase the strength of the reconstructed ACL and decrease the risk of graft slippage and subsequent failure. However, no consensus has emerged on the necessity or suitability of this technique, relative to single modes of fixation.

Purpose:

This study sought answers to the following questions: (1) Does hybrid fixation result in stronger, stiffer initial fixation of soft tissue grafts? (2) Does hybrid fixation reduce side-to-side laxity differences in clinical practice? (3) Does hybrid fixation increase complication rates when compared with a single mode of tibial fixation?

Study Design:

Systematic review.

Methods:

A systematic keyword search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, and the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews was performed. Candidate articles were included if they compared biomechanical or clinical characteristics of tibial-sided hybrid fixation (defined as a combination of aperture and suspensory fixation methods) with single-mode fixation of soft tissue grafts in ACL reconstruction.

Results:

A total of 21 studies (15 biomechanical, 6 clinical) met criteria for inclusion. Most biomechanical studies reported significantly increased strength and stiffness with hybrid fixation versus single modes of fixation. Among clinical studies, 66% reported significantly decreased anterior-posterior laxity when hybrid fixation methods were employed, with the remainder showing no difference.

Conclusion:

Hybrid methods of tibial-sided graft fixation in ACL reconstruction result in stronger initial fixation and less side-to-side laxity after healing but do not change patient-reported outcomes at 1- to 3-year follow-up.

Registration:

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews No. 42014015464.