bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Education and Learning
Authors: Cohen Wilbur J.
Published: June 2007

The American people have set important social goals to improve the quality of American life. Although there is some evidence of progress toward these goals, there are few accurate indicators of the changes actually taking place and the problems encountered along the road to attainment. The development of statistics and other pertinent information is essential because of the rapid and reverberating changes that are taking place. Significant changes are being generated in the American educational system in terms of people, expendi tures, activities, and innovations. The educational indicators that are developed must take into account the variety of goals, as well as the changes in definitions and emphases of the goals. There is a need for both quantitative and qualitative data. Although some quantitative indicators exist, the data disclose little about the quality of the educational system or its products. New indicators relating to educational oppor tunities, the quality of education, fundamental human behav ior, and political and economic behavior are needed. The responsibility for developing these indicators must be shared by public and private interests—government, business, edu cators, labor unions, and civic and community groups.
Women in Public Life in Peru
Authors: Festini Nelly
Published: June 2007

When women in Peru obtained the right to vote, they broadened their fields of activity in public life. However, their participation falls far short of that by men. There are four factors which deter them: lack of education, economic dependence, social needs, and legal questions. The female role inside and outside of school is reviewed with an evaluation of historic influences and family prejudices. Economic circum stances are presented, enumerating the needs for reform. The social factor is analyzed in the light of the Peruvian milieu, and some basic changes are noted in this area. Finally, legal questions are treated in relationship to social matters and to the work and dignity of the Peruvian woman.
Political Participation of Western European Women
Authors: Devaud Marcelle Stanislas
Published: June 2007

It is curious to note that the evolution of the political rights of women in western Europe as well as their behavior as electors and electees have been the subject of very few studies. In fact, except for a study made in 1955 by Maurice Duverger—done at the request of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) —with regard to four major western European countries, one finds, to date, very little research of scientific value on the subject. However, Mattei Dogan and Jacques Narbonne, in their study "Frenchwomen Come to Grips with Politics," undertaken in the framework of the UNESCO investigation, concluded as follows: "Without the vote of the women, the governments of western Europe, during the years following the Second World War, would have been very different from those we have known." These authors demonstrated that in France, as in Germany or in Italy, only the contribution of the female vote had prevented the establishment of Communist regimes. It would seem useful, then, in 1967, to weigh the importance of the political participation of women in western Europe and to ascertain if the responsibilities which they as sume directly correspond to their general progress and to the influence they have had in balloting.
Sex and Family Life
Authors: Udry J. Richard
Published: June 2007

Sex plays a fundamentally different role in the lives of women than it does in the lives of men. A partial explanation of this may be that men are sexually more condi tionable by their environment. Men and women also attach different meanings to sex. Not only is sex a more important determinant in a man's decision to marry, but also it is a more important factor in his evaluation of his marriage. Sexual behavior and sexual values are derivative for women. Emotional factors are more responsible for a woman's satisfaction with her marriage. These factors are irrelevant, however, for the highly segregated marriages of the lower class. The role of parents in shaping the adult sexual behavior of their children is not clear. The only apparent, important considerations are their provision of the socioeconomic and religious backgrounds for the development of sexual attitudes and behavior.
The "Sexless Older Years"—A Socially Harmful Stereotype
Authors: Rubin Isadore
Published: June 2007

The stereotype of the "sexless older years," which has placed its stamp upon our entire culture and which, in many cases, acts as a "self-fulfilling prophecy," has done considerable damage to our aging population. Although no studies of sexual behavior and attitudes of the aging have been done on a sufficiently representative sample to provide us with norms, a growing body of research makes clear that there is no automatic cutoff to sexuality at any age and that sex interests, needs, and abilities continue to play an impor tant role in the later years. This is true not only for the married, but also for the single and widowed. Unless our entire culture recognizes the normality of sex expression in the older years, it will be impossible for older persons to express their sexuality freely and without guilt.
Abortion
Authors: Schur Edwin M.
Published: June 2007

As part of the increasingly open discussion of sexual matters in our society, new public attention has been focused on the abortion "problem." In America, induced abortion (which medically can be a simple procedure) has been subject to legal proscription and administrative control. The current narrow legal exception for "therapeutic abortion" does not accord with accepted standards of good medical prac tice, and is now being challenged by medical practitioners and organizations. Instead of curbing abortion, the criminal-law ban simply diverts the demand for such services to illicit sources. The results are a thriving illegal business; subjection of abortion-seekers to the dangers of criminal abortion; a process of "criminalization"; and—for women in the lower socioeconomic strata—discriminatory treatment, according to their financial and informational resources. An important trend toward liberalization of abortion laws is related to broader currents of social change in our society—involving norms governing control, and the social roles of women. The keynote of such change is the extension to women of areas of free choice hitherto not accorded them. How far this trend will be carried with respect to freedom of abortion remains to be seen.
Sex Offenses and Sex Offenders
Authors: Macnamara Donal E.J.
Published: June 2007

Sex and sex-related conduct is rigidly circum scribed by law in the United States, and rigorous penalties are provided for deviations from the limited forms of sexual expression (or choice of sexual partners) permitted. These laws reflect a puritanical sociosexual culture, strangled in taboos, but do not accurately depict either the incidence or modes of sexual conduct. They do, however, create a body of sexual offenders (perhaps exaggerated as to numbers and certainly exaggerated as to degree of social danger) who are differentially subjected to hysterical, almost sadistically punitive sanctions by public, police, courts, and corrections authorities. Little research and experimentation is supported in this field, and less treatment is provided in the nation's penal institutions. While sex acts committed by force or threat, and sexual advances to very young children, must be restrained by penal sanctions (at least in the absence of effective therapeutic techniques), many of the sex statutes punishing consensual or autoerotic conduct, or nuisance manifestations of minor sexual pathology, might well be repealed. This would permit the development of a legal code more consistent with the changing sociosexual mores and folkways of our culture.
Ethics in American Business and Government: The Confused Issues
Authors: Leys Wayne A.R.
Published: June 2007

A comparison of American executives with their predecessors of a century ago reveals a heightening of moral awareness and concern. In both business and government, more duties are recognized today than was the case in the nineteenth century. There is also concern for a greater range of values. But this sort of responsibility is dismissed as unimportant by some critics who claim that the managerial class is failing to come to grips with the international and interracial conflicts of our time. It cannot be denied that some world-shaking decisions have been made recklessly. Although it is difficult to identify the "great decisions," some industrialists and some politicians seem to recognize that they have an obligation, and stand ready to negotiate some new policies. The peculiar difficulty of the present crisis is that preindustrial populations, both here and abroad, cannot formulate actionable demands of the kind that corporations and existing agencies of government can satisfy. We should at least consider the alternative of protected preindustrial islands in our automated sea, where unskilled labor might earn a living with self-respect. Such a course of action would put a strain on our boasted pluralism, but could that strain be as great as that which is now involving us in riots and quixotic military adventures?
Sexual Promiscuity in America
Authors: Ellis Albert
Published: June 2007

Although true promiscuity, or highly indiscriminate sexual participation, is rare in human history, plural sexuality in a somewhat casual manner has been part of the American scene since Colonial days and is still very much with us. At the present time, nonmonogamous indulgence appears to be increasing, especially on the part of educated and middle-class females; and the pronounced feelings of anxiety, guilt, and depression that once resulted from premarital and extramarital promiscuity are being considerably reduced. A recent development has been the advocacy and practice of group love as well as group sex relations by certain segments of our population. Several important factors have encouraged American sexual promiscuity during the last decade—including technological advances, marital disillusionment, sociopolitical alienation, increasing libertarianism, and the involvement of many individuals in intensive psychotherapy. While some authorities feel that promiscuous sex is thoroughly incompatible with mental health, others take the view that it is not. There seem to be both healthy and disturbed reasons why certain individuals freely engage in a variety of sex-love affairs. Though sexual promiscuity in America will probably not grow by leaps and bounds in the near future, there are indications that a slow advance to new levels of sane and enlightened sexual freedom is likely to occur.
The Impact of Mass Communications in America
Authors: Clark Wesley C.
Published: June 2007

The impact of mass communications in America is manifest in the antitrust, wage, and hour laws and in the regulation of securities. But social historians give little or no credit to the role of the mass media in making possible the original Social Security Act. Medicaid and Medicare are the result largely of the mass propaganda of various insurance businesses drummed into the American people through the media for the last twenty years. Confronted with the tremendous increases in population and mobility, and the consequent enormous increase in the areas of public interest, the media have been swamped with an increase in news. In the circumstances, media everywhere have tended to raise the thresholds of their attention. This rise has had a profound influence on our governmental structure. The media now report only a fraction of our legal cases. Thus, we have an unofficial system of secret courts. The courts, bar associations, and legislatures are trying to provide a court system whose secrecy is officially instead of unofficially sanctioned. Attention has been focused on Washington, D.C., with the result that the nation is stumbling toward a parliamentary form of government. Thus, the media have both simplified and complicated American life—simplified it by making it easy to concentrate on a few great issues and political leaders and complicated it by making it impossible for many individuals to be heard when the mechanisms of society impinge abrasively upon their rights and lives.
Efficiency in State and Local Government Expenditures
Authors: Harriss C. Lowell
Published: June 2007

The large and growing size of state-local spend ing makes the search for efficiency increasingly important. The biggest issues are those dealing with program elements, but operations and management also involve large amounts. The concept of efficiency in government spending presents dif ficult problems, several being noted as helping to explain apparent slowness in achieving results. Ten factors associated with the growth of state-local spending and obstacles to ef ficiency are identified. One line of progress is to improve organization as such, and much has already been done in some states and localities. Various factors continue to delay actions having much promise of good results. Central supervision of local activities can both help and hurt. To date, methods of tested success in the quest for improvement are less generally used than reason would indicate as feasible to raise the quality of accomplishment and reduce cost. The same applies to personnel policies. The large portion of total spending which goes for salaries makes personnel practices of key significance. Civil service merit systems, though extensive, are far from universal in state-local government. Fourteen specific areas for improving operating methods are listed, with the conclu sion that general adoption of means which experience has shown can yield good results would produce significant cumu lative benefit. Improvement of purchasing methods is one of the more important. Special commissions and permanent non- official groups have a record of accomplishment which argues for an expansion of their use.
Fiscal and Monetary Policy
Authors: Balderston C. Canby
Published: June 2007

The successful use of financial policy by democ racies depends largely upon timing of money and credit deci sions. Legislators tend to respond promptly to suggestions from the Executive that taxes be lightened and spending in creased; the opposite decisions tend to be made tardily, if at all. Fiscal policy is often inflexible if it is needed to restrain excessive speculation and price rises. At such times, the burden falls upon monetary policy. Changes in the direction at which monetary policy is aimed can be made quickly. In a democracy, the freedoms held to be most precious are associ ated with free markets. These freedoms are looked upon as being fostered by democratic institutions, which remain most healthy and untrammeled if credit control is general, rather than selective. General control has the virtue of promoting the fragmentation of decision-making. Millions of transactions are characteristic of an economy that is democratic. Such fragmentation is an element of strength because errors in busi ness judgment, though numerous, tend to be offset by correct decisions. It is this strength that creates for democracy the problem of how to bring a large citizenry to an understanding and acceptance of the hard decisions needed. Only economic literacy and the tradition of prudence will provide the atmos phere in which a country can achieve economic growth without inflation.
Federal Tax Reform
Authors: Smith Dan Throop
Published: June 2007

Proposals for tax reform must be appraised against the subjective criteria of fairness and social policy regarding redistribution of income and wealth and the objec tive criteria of steady economic growth and administrative simplicity. Controversy over the individual income tax cen ters on the tax base and the rate structure. A fundamental change would involve the adoption of a comprehensive income tax base, including not only all capital gains but also various items of imputed income and even gifts and bequests. This concept of income breaks down the distinction between capital and income, would conflict with accepted concepts in all other fields, and would also have undesirable economic effects. High marginal individual income tax rates produce little revenue but distort decisions on personal activity and investment. Though some progression in rates is almost universally accepted as fair, confusion about the effect of rate changes at different levels has led to excessive top rates. Estate and gift taxes might be com bined into a single progressive transfer tax, but this would dis courage gifts before death and hence be undesirable. The inci dence of the corporation income tax is not known, but theorists and businessmen increasingly believe that it is shifted forward. As such, it is a capricious excise tax, and it also holds a price umbrella over less efficient producers. Partial substitution of a value-added tax would be a major reform. Under present inter national agreements, it could also improve the balance of payments.
The Managerial Crisis
Authors: Harr John Ensor
Published: June 2007

A managerial problem has existed in United States foreign affairs since the early postwar years because of lack of interest in the Department of State in supervising and co-ordinating the broad range of operational programs that had sprung up. Two elite groups within the State Department—the political appointees and the career diplomats— were united in the rationale that their role was in policy, not operations. The management problem became a crisis in 1961 when President Kennedy called for the State Department to take charge. But the Department was singularly unprepared, and a diverse and imaginative program of change, sponsored by the Deputy Under Secretary for Administration, ultimately failed. The main reason was that management still remained an alien concept to the political leadership of the State Department and to the dominant conservative faction of the Foreign Service. But, subsequently, a remarkable ferment developed, resulting in a takeover of the American Foreign Service Association by a group of "Young Turks," running on a liberal reform program. This readiness of the Foreign Service for change offers some hope that the State Department will take charge in the 1970's if the political leadership to be appointed by the next administration understands the problem and executes a coherent managerial strategy.
Down in Generation Gap: The Junior Foreign Service Officer Looks at the System
Authors: Bean Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2007

Junior Foreign Service officers share the restless frustration of today's young Americans. They are much more action-oriented than senior officers and have organized to seek redress of grievances. They are especially critical of the State Department's administrative methods and would support constructive reform. They bring to the Foreign Service the recent graduate's appreciation for the possibilities of technological innovation and quantitative analytical techniques. The postwar generation views the United States and its world role idealistically, but modestly. Many junior officers question the relevancy of some foreign policy dogma, but are conscious of their inability to effect change. They would more easily accept their current remoteness from responsibility if their experience with the Foreign Service, and especially with senior officers, were more reassuring as to the prospects of spiritual survival and eventual accession to positions of meaningful authority.
Resources of Other Departments: A Case Study
Authors: Weaver George L.-P.
Published: June 2007

The resources which the United States Department of Labor has developed to carry out its domestic mission have proved useful in the development of foreign policy and diplomacy. The Department has long participated in the work of the International Labor Organization, United Nations, and other multilateral bodies. In the field of bilateral aid, foreign labor technicians have been trained, and the Department has lent its own staff members to the Agency for International Development (AID) and other organizations for overseas assignments. The development and protection of human resources have become the most important phase of the Department's foreign aid and have also involved it deeply in trade and tariff negotiations. The Labor Department has helped to administer the labor attaché program and other aspects of the Foreign Service. Nevertheless, foreign affairs agencies of the United States government have still not fully recognized the key role of labor and manpower in international affairs, nor fully utilized the potential contribution of the Department of Labor.
The State Department at Home
Authors: Krogh Peter F.
Published: June 2007

The Department of State is entering a critical period at home. The public is growing less convinced of the wisdom of current foreign policies. Young people especially are alienated. Doubt about international purpose is exacerbated by uncertainty over national priorities as between domestic and foreign affairs. Problems of instability, violence, and poverty, once myopically regarded as endemic to foreign societies, now are recognized as serious domestic problems. In this troubled setting, the Department of State must make critical decisions on new policies and priorities. These major decisions will affect the lives of all Americans; all Americans should feel that they are somehow involved in the deliberations leading to them. To impart this sense of involvement and at the same time assist the Department of State to chart the wisest future course, the private foreign affairs community should be engaged in the dual roles of interlocutor between the government and the general public and of adviser to the Department of State. For the foreign affairs community to play these roles effectively, it will have to be strengthened, and the Department will have to treat that community as its natural and amicable constituency.
"What's Past Is Prologue"
Authors: McGee Richard A.
Published: June 2007

Man has never been able to develop a completely rational and satisfactory set of alternatives for dealing with convicted violators of the criminal law. The more primitive forms of criminal sanctions were based primarily on ideas of revenge and retribution. Execution, physical torture, and public degradation were the most common methods in use until near the close of the eighteenth century. Imprisonment as the principal method did not come into general use until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Concepts of retributive punishment have persisted, but superimposed upon them were other purposes, such as deterrence, public protection, and rehabilitation. The trend in Western civilization for the past 150 years has been steadily in the direction of more and more commitment to rehabilitation and resocialization of offenders. Implementation of these ideas has been extremely slow and hampered by lack of financial support and the excessive frag mentation of the public agencies responsible. The movement is now away from the excessive use of imprisonment and more and more toward the development of community-based pro grams making use of the social sciences. The correctional field is on the threshold of revolutionary changes which will take place gradually, tested by scientific methods.
Realism in Community-Based Correctional Services
Authors: Burdman Milton
Published: June 2007

Prisons, reformatories, and training schools have been part of Western culture for about two centuries. In the main, they now reflect an inefficient, ineffective, and obsolete social instrument—the total institution. The emerging model for dealing with offenders will feature many shades of com munity-based placement for both juveniles and adults. Total institutions segregated from the community may be necessary for a small percentage of dangerous people, housing a much smaller proportion of the total offender population than that which is now kept under constant lock and key. In excess of 70 per cent of all offenders can be placed immediately in community-based correctional activities. Another 15 per cent may need short-term, community-oriented confinement. Pro grams for the remaining 15 per cent requiring longer-term restraint should, nevertheless, be aimed at normal community life. Movement in this direction will require major diversi fication and strengthening of probation and parole and inte gration of correctional efforts with general community rehabili tative activities. As a prerequisite to those changes, there is a need for significant education of political leaders, judges, public-interest groups, and public-information media concern ing the potential of community-based corrections.
Trends and Projections in Social Control Systems
Authors: Wilkins Leslie T. , Gitchoff Thomas
Published: June 2007

This paper considers certain aspects of social change and its relation to the necessity for variety in a dy namic social system. Certain consequences for social control in the future can now be predicted by references to techno logical developments. It seems unlikely that the rate of tech nological change will be diminished, and it is essential that social changes be made which can accommodate the techno logical innovations. The problems which can now be fore seen form a basis for considering the priorities which should be accorded to different forms of social research. It may be that the pressing demand that social research should be de voted to the current social problems may have many undesir able consequences. Perhaps social science today is in an unsatisfactory state because ten years ago it was too much concerned with problems of ten years ago! Most of the simple models which were thought to suffice in social research are now clearly unsatisfactory. A revolution in social science method ology is necessary.
Black Nationalism
Authors: Blake J. Herman , Cleaver Eldridge
Published: June 2007

Black nationalism has been one of the most mili tant and strident protest movements in the Afro-American com munity since the early nineteenth century. In its earliest mani festations, political nationalism sought to separate black people from the United States; economic nationalism sought to break down racial barriers through developing economic strength in the black community; while cultural nationalism sought the same goal through the development of racial solidarity and black consciousness. The various strands were brought to gether into an integral form of nationalism by Marcus Garvey after World War I. The Nation of Islam continued the empha sis on integral nationalism under the leadership of Elijah Mu hammad but added a significant religious component. Con temporary trends in black nationalism reflect the profound influence of the late El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz. Political na tionalism has been expanded to include a new and unique em phasis upon land, as well as emphasis upon self-determination for black communities and accountability of black leaders. The growing strength of cultural nationalism is seen in the new manifestations of black consciousness. The nature of the cur rent trends indicate that black people see themselves as part of the American society even though they feel very much sepa rated from it. Future trends in black nationalism may be sig nificantly affected by the most persistent racial barrier in America—the color line.
Divorce American Style
Authors: Freed Doris Jonas , Foster Henry H.
Published: June 2007

The canon-law heritage of American divorce law resulted, in the nineteenth century, in a divorce law that necessitated pretense and perpetuated hypocrisy. Lawyers, courts, and the public paid lip-service to the rules, but institutionalized the processes of divorce. Two myths were the basis of the divorce, namely, that divorce should only be granted to an innocent and injured spouse and that a divorce action must take place in an adversary setting. This was circumvented by a variety of techniques, and for the most part, in reality, there was divorce by consent. After World War II, changes in the law of divorce were marked by an expansion of grounds and the contraction of defenses. Furthermore, collateral attacks upon divorce decrees were increasingly restricted by Supreme Court decisions, and non-fault-grounds supplemented the traditional fault-grounds for divorce. Current pressures for reform may be observed in the growth of family courts and counseling services; in the development of theories, such as the "irretrievable breakdown" of marriage, to be used for divorce in lieu of all fault-grounds; in a modification of the "breakdown" theory which would be proved by the proof of the existence of traditional grounds; and by the addition of non-fault-grounds to existing grounds.
Changing World Trade Patterns and America's Leadership Role
Authors: Mikesell Raymond F.
Published: June 2007

Although the Kennedy Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) negotiations substantially lowered the tariff rates on industrial products, the gains of the past decade are threatened by a rising tide of protectionism and by curbs on the movement of international capital and business enterprise. Significant progress towards world economic integration will require both the reduction of barriers to trade, especially the elimination of nontariff barriers such as import and export quotas, and the elimination of restrictions on the movements of capital and enterprise between countries.. There is a need for a bold and dramatic approach to the liberalization of commodity and factor movements in place of the traditional trade-agreements approach. Such an approach might take the form of an agreement among the industrialized countries to reduce their tariffs to zero over a specified period of time, or for the creation of an Atlantic Free Trade Area. Future agreements must also deal with international capital movements and balance-of-payments adjustment. If the United States is to play a leadership role in a movement toward freer trade and capital movements, it must be freed from its overwhelming concern with its balance of payments. So long as the United States and its major industrial partners employ trade and capital controls as the primary means of dealing with balance-of-payments disequilibria, it is not going to be possible to pursue policies directed toward the optimum allocation of resources. Controls are nearly always established for temporary periods, pending the operation of more fundamental forces of adjustment. But the controls themselves assure their own perpetuation by preventing market forces from operating.
Does American Foreign Policy Entail Frequent Wars?
Authors: Findley Paul
Published: June 2007

In the past, the United States has exhibited a lack of creative realism and instead has relied on mythology in the determination of its foreign policy. Single-mindedly, we have sought to foster a bipolar detente between the United States and Russia, and in the process we have eroded away the very security which the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was designed to protect. As a consequence, European countries feel they must seek an individual nuclear defensive capability outside the framework of NATO as France has done, or, in the alternative, consider making their own political accommodation with the Soviet Union without the aid of a unified front. Our policy of bipolar detente does not contribute to the security of Europe or the world, or lessen the likelihood of war. Neither did it prevent the August invasion of Czechoslovakia. Lack of realism in our dealings with Russia is matched only by the mythology which governs our policy toward China. Despite bellicose language, the present military danger from China to the United States is minimal, and political disagreement exists only over the island of Formosa. The same cannot be said for Russia where the military danger is far greater and the disagreements more numerous. The United States should attempt to treat China on the same basis as the Soviet Union. Attempts to normalize relations with China and with Eastern Europe, the re-establishment of proper priorities for Western European interests, and the rejection of our Soviet and Chinese mythology will go far toward reducing the possibility of frequent wars.
Jewish Theology Faces the 1970's
Authors: Borowitz Eugene B.
Published: June 2007

Jewish theology in recent years seems to have broken with its custom of following the current trend in Protes tant theology. The movement to secularize Christianity has had little effect upon Jews, for they came through the alliance with secularity some time ago. God-is-dead theology had spe cial appeal because the problem of theodicy has been an un- healed wound for Jews ever since the revelation of Hitler's slaughter of European Jewry. Yet, there has been an almost complete rejection of God-is-dead Judaism. That is traced to the fact that the new atheism would validate Auschwitz, and the Jewish community cannot tolerate that. By contrast, it has felt itself commanded, as a matter of ultimate importance, to keep the people of Israel alive. It has also sensed in the survival of the State of Israel the positive presence of God. A new intellectual leadership seems to have emerged, one which operates with a sort of Jewish existentialist theological con sensus. However, the younger generation seems less interested in theory than in experimentation to find more meaningful forms of living Judaism.
John XXIII, Vatican II, and American Catholicism
Authors: Bianchi Eugene C.
Published: June 2007

It is not an exaggeration to say that the last decade has been a revolutionary period in American Catholic thought and life. The effects of John XXIII's Second Vatican Council have produced an unprecedented spectrum of creative hopes and deep tensions in American Catholicism. As the 1970's begin, a growing polarization between conservative- classical and progressive-historical mentalities divide Catholics on nearly every issue. The very nature and function of the church are described and adhered to in basically differing ways. Doctrinal intransigence and a strong sense of infallibility are seriously challenged by radically developmental views of doc trine. A new spirit of dissent among clergy and laity is chal lenging authority on various levels. The monarchical and paternal structures of Catholicism are gradually giving way to more democratic and charismatic styles. The changing litur gies of the church reflect, at once, creative diversity and disap pointing confusion. The code morality of the past is constantly confronted by a more flexible and situational ethic. Amid all these changes, American Catholics have had their first real taste of ecumenism. In this year, too, institutional retrenchment is at odds with movements to hurry church unity. All these polarizations give rise to the question of whether American Catholicism is on the brink of schism or of a new kind of unifi cation.
The Orthodox Church in America
Authors: Stylianopoulos Theodore G.
Published: June 2007

The Orthodox Church in America, a family of self-governing churches united by a common faith and worship, experienced little change in the 1960's—gradual consolidation, and fuller acclimation to the American environment being its chief tasks. Internally, the Orthodox church began to feel the need for liturgical renewal more acutely and to deal with the problem of visible disunity. Externally, while its faithful were successfully adapting to the American socioeconomic structure, its church leaders and theologians responded cautiously to the American milieu. Most Orthodox, proud of their ethnoreligious traditions and strongly oriented to ancestral lands, continued to possess a sense of uniqueness and mission in America, the land in which they, doubtlessly, feel at home. The sharpest tension with American culture was noted among church leaders and theologians, particularly on theological grounds. Although there were signs of openness, a firmly conservative theological outlook also created internal tensions as regards ecumenical relations with other churches. On the whole, however, the Orthodox church looks confidently to the future, while its lead ers and theologians explore its place and role in the New World.
Intelligence in Industry: The Uses and Abuses of Experts
Authors: Wilensky Harold L.
Published: June 2007

In their vision of the managerial revolution, Max Weber and Thorstein Veblen pictured experts coming to power by virtue of their indispensability. The reality, not so dramatic, is nevertheless critical for an understanding of the main drift of modern society. Coalitions of top managers and experts, each acquiring some of the skills of the other, now make increasing use of systematic technical and ideological intelligence. The structural roots of intelligence failures—hierarchy, specialization and rivalry, and centralization—become more prominent. The new technology produces a surfeit of information, poorly digested or lost in the system. Big policy decisions are often made in an atmosphere of urgency and uncertainty, the effects of which can be both good and bad. Alert executives, therefore, reshape administrative structures to smooth the flow of intelligence; more important, they bypass the machinery and seek firsthand exposure to unofficial intelligence sources both inside and outside the organization. These responses are evident in the structure and strategy of modern corporations. Although preconceptions remain discouragingly powerful, top executives are increasingly exposed to social science perspectives in college and on the job. It is possible that social science at its best sometimes breaks through executives' stereotypes, enhances their understanding of themselves and their organizations, alerts them to the range of relevant variables, and increases their skill in using experts.
Indicators for America's Linkages with the Changing World Environment
Authors: Russett Bruce M.
Published: June 2007

Many variables are thought to be relevant to international politics. Better theory is needed to increase parsimony, but meanwhile a tour d'horizon of possible data-gathering efforts is offered. Collection costs could be eased by sampling nations according to level of development, region, or policy importance, and many highly correlated measures could be eliminated. A list of indicators for American linkages to the world is given, with indicators distinguished between stock and flow; over-all linkages and links to particular states; and ratios of foreign links to domestic equivalents. The world environment should be documented according to national-attribute data on politics and social conditions; the world-wide distribution of value-achievement; value-aspirations; and the level and pattern of linkages of a world society. All indicators are labeled as to current availability or potential cost of collection. More effort should go to collating and distributing existing information than to new data-gathering, except for variables of exceptional theoretical interest.
Values as Social Indicators of Poverty and Race Relations in America
Authors: Rokeach Milton , Parker Seymour
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of values as social indicators of underlying social problems. Using value choices of a national sample, an attempt was made to determine the extent and nature of cultural differences between groups differing in socioeconomic status and race. Since the publication of The Negro Family (the "Moynihan Report"), there has been lively debate and invective about the issue of whether or not cultural differences exist between the poor and the rich and between Negro and white. The issue of whether those living in poverty, particularly the Negro poor, are characterized by a distinctive "culture of poverty" has policy ramifications for programs of poverty-amelioration and community development. The findings reported here lend support to the idea that considerable value differences do distinguish the rich from the poor, but not Negroes from whites. For the most part, differences found between the latter disappear when socioeconomic position is controlled.
An Analytic Framework for Social Reporting and Policy Analysis
Authors: Olson Mancur
Published: June 2007

Most of the agencies and departments of the federal government have "planning," "research," or "evaluation" staffs that help their administrators to deal with many of the tactical problems facing the federal government. But the President traditionally has had no comparable staff to do research into the larger or strategic social alternatives that the nation faces. There appears to be a need for such a staff, which might gain visibility and influence through the issuance of annual social reports. One difficulty is that there is no fully satisfactory intellectual framework or theory for the analysis of society-wide social problems. The main acceptable intellectual frameworks are the problem-solving approach, inherent in economic theory and operations research, and structural-functional analysis, which is common in several social sciences. This paper endeavors to show that structural-functional analysis is an incomplete version of the problem-solving approach, and that its main shortcomings can be traced to this incompleteness. The problem-solving approach, in turn, should be used with more concern about "suboptimization," and with more interest in the "softer" variables characteristically considered in structural-functional analysis. Such a broadened use of the problem-solving approach is called "complex systems analysis."
The Charismatic and the Playful in Outdoor Recreation
Authors: Meyersohn Rolf
Published: June 2007

Striking parallels exist between the concepts charisma and play. Both refer to a quality or an orientation rather than a behavior or an activity. Both are seen as innate to humans, yet scarce because of lack of opportunity and lack of cultivation, as well as lack of talent or "genius." Charisma as well as play is related to vital processes and is transcendent, featuring the extra-ordinary. Charisma and play are contrasted with the routine and reject it. Separateness and segregation are inherent in charisma and play; yet both become routinized, stylized, institutionalized. The elaborate and complex nature of these concepts is illustrated by exam ining a study of wilderness-camping in which qualities of experience are expressed that can be derived from the ele ments of charisma and play. These qualities are more readily experienced by persons who are trained to experience them; most leisure-activities are not felt to be so moving or touching, and outdoor recreation as well as the rest of the activities which occupy us during our free time are not usually endowed with transcendent qualities.
Economic Responsibility for the By-Products of Production
Authors: Kneese Allen V.
Published: June 2007

The central concepts governing resources- allocation in the United States have historically been private property, freedom of exchange, and competition. The social engine built on these concepts has produced rapid exploita tion of resources and rapidly rising per capita income in the United States. In recent years, however, resources which cannot readily be reduced to private ownership have become rapidly more important, and they are being overused and mis used. The pollution of such "common property" resources as water and the air mantle is inherent in an economic system such as ours, once a certain stage of economic development is reached. To deal successfully and efficiently with these prob lems will require designing new governmental institutions and, especially, altering our system of incentives in such a way that the value of common property resources is reflected in market-type decisions.
The Environmental Dispositions of Environmental Decision-Makers
Authors: Craik Kenneth H.
Published: June 2007

A new interdisciplinary field of research has recently emerged which studies how persons comprehend the everyday physical environment, how they use it, how they shape it and how they are shaped by it. In seeking an objective understanding of the behavioral aspects of the total personal-societal-environmental system, professional environ mental decision-makers, such as architects, urban planners and natural-resources managers, are strategic choices for psy chological study. Within this context of environmental design and management, research is being directed toward clarifying the implicit assumptions about environmental behavior held by decision-makers, overcoming social and administrative distances from clients, and conducting systematic follow-up evaluations of the behavioral consequences of planning and design decisions. However, subtle and precise study of man-environment relations will require the development of psychological techniques providing a comprehensive and dif ferentiated description of any person's orientation to the everyday physical environment. Methods for measuring indi vidual differences in environmental dispositions are reviewed and their potential usefulness for advancing knowledge of the interplay between human behavior and the physical envi ronment is illustrated.
Asia and the Prospects for World Order
Authors: Clark Joseph S.
Published: June 2007

Three critical unsolved problems, Asian as well as global, confront the world: peace, population, and pollution. Non-violence, economic development, and social justice are needed to solve these problems, which are global in their scope. World order is a workable system of war prevention conceived on a global basis. International institutions capable of keeping the peace are required to achieve it.

There are six major Asian countries or areas capable of affecting developments in Asia: Japan, mainland China, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, and the Middle East complex. Of these, only Japan, Israel, and possibly Indonesia are capable of creative action in the sense used by Arnold J. Toynbee. In many Asian areas, hate between adjacent countries is so great that constructive moves for peace are unlikely. Thus, Asia desperately needs world order but is not likely to contribute much toward its achievement. World order, if it comes, will result from widespread disarmament of the super- and middle-sized powers, the growth concurrently of an international peace force, and the creation of international institutions with power to prevent violence and administer justice. Leadership must come from the Soviet Union and the United States, hopefully through the United Nations, or from amplification of the treaties of General and Complete Disarmament filed by the United States and the Soviet Union at Geneva in 1962.

China can be disregarded for the time being as a paper tiger. The Soviet Union is more likely to contribute to world order than the United States, which has become a militaristic nation since the end of World War II. The Germanization of the United States springs from a powerful and highly respected elite corps of military officers who manipulate the youth of the nation through conscription. Much of this is due to the unnecessary involvement of the United States on the land mass of Asia. Withdrawal of American forces from Asia is the place to start in the search for world order.