bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potato Insecticide In-Furrow Application Study, 1977
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

‘Katahdin’ potatoes were planted at the Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, NY. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and assess the effects of in-furrow insecticide applications applied at planting for insect control on potatoes as well as their effect on tuber yields. Potatoes were planted and insecticide treated on Jun 1 ‘77 with the excep-tion of the Dacamox 15G treatments applied Jun 3‘77. Seed pieces (size B) were treated with Agway Potato Seed Treatment 8D @ 1 lb/100 lbs of seed. Bravo 6F fungicide sprays were used starting Jul 17‘77 at 1 qt/acre in weekly sprays applied at 50 GPA at 80 psi with a tractor mounted 20‘ boom sprayer to control disease. A randomized block of two row plots of three replications (plot size 6' x 20') with 36 inch row spacing was used. Sencor herbicide was used preemergence at 1 lb ai/acre with fertility of 1400 lbs 10-10-10/A plus starter fertilizer. Insecticide amounts were individually weighed out for each 40‘ of row and granulars applied by hand as in-furrow treatments over the planted seed pieces prior to hill closing. Liquid formulations were added to quart bottles of water and applied as in-furrow drenches. Insects were sampled on Jul 15‘77 and Oct 27‘77. No foliar phytotoxicity was observed resulting from any of the chemical treatments used in this study.
Potato Psyllid Control, 1978
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

Potato seed pieces were planted Feb 24‘78 in Laveen clay loam on 34-inch row spacing, using a John Deere 2-row planter. Plots were 30-feet long, 4 times in a randomized block design. Granular phorate was applied at planting time using a Gandy dry insecticide applicator mounted on the potato planter. Granules were placed in the fertilizer band, 2 inches below and 4 inches to the side of the seed piece. Fertilizer was placed on both sides of the seed piece and the granular phorate on only 1 side. The other treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a 2 gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer and a lightweight 2-nozzle boom operating at 50-55 psi. Psyllid nymphs and adults were counted at weekly intervals beginning Apr 4 on 25 selected leaves from each plot. Major psyllid population build up in the plots did not begin until about the last week of Apr particularly in the untreated check plots. Potatoes were harvested on Jun 2‘78 using a single row potato digger. They were then graded according to U. S. standards with grades and yields for each plot and treatment recorded.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Synthetic Pyrethroids, 1979
Authors: Arnett W. Harold
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted at the Main Station Field Laboratory at Reno on a 6 year old stand of alfalfa. Treatments were applied at near full bud stage with 30 - 40% of the plants showing tip damage. Plots were 25 x 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Sprays were applied with a CO2 psi. Treatments were made on May 22‘79. Post treatment counts were taken on May 25, 29 and Jun 5 and were based on 10 (180 degree) sweeps of a standard net from each rep.
Alfalfa Insect Control Studies, 1980
Authors: Cuperus Gerrit W. , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Alfalfa was planted Jun 4 at the Rosemount Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minnesota on Waukegan silt soil. Plots were 49 X 50 ft arranged so each treatment was replicated at 3 random intervals along the flight path of the aircraft. Sprays were applied Jul 15, 21, 28, Aug 5, 19 and 26, with an agricultural spray airplane which delivered 5 gal water/acre at 33 psi. Sampling consisted of 10 pendulum sweeps/plot.
Effect of Potato Leafhopper Control on Yield and Protein Content of Alfalfa, 1980
Authors: Luna John M. , Allen W. A.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of three insecticides in controlling potato leafhopper was evaluated on 3rd cutting, 4-year old alfalfa at Harrisonburg, VA. Insecticide treatments and an unsprayed check were arranged in a four-replicate, randomized block design within a 10-acre alfalfa field. Replicate blocks were 40 x 40 ft. A 6 ft border of Furadan at 1.0 lb al/acre was sprayed around the perimeter of the experimental block. Insecticides were applied July 10 in 30 gal water/acre at 22 psi using a hand-carried, CO2-powered boom sprayer. Insect densities were estimated using a 15-in dia sweep net, with 10 pendular sweeps/sample and 8 samples/treatment/date. Insect densities were also estimated in the remaining field outside the experimental block, and these density estimates are indicated in Table 1 as “control (OUT)”. To estimate yields and protein content, twelve 0,1m2 quadrats per treatment were randomly selected. All alfalfa stems within a quadrat were clipped at ground level and counted, and 5 stem lengths/quadrat were randomly selected, measured and recorded. Each quadrat sample was bagged and returned to the laboratory where they were dried at 43°C for five days and dry weights per quadrat then measured. To reduce sources of variance in yield due to stem density, yields per stem/ quadrat were calculated by dividing dry weight by total number of stems per quadrat. Protein analyses were performed by the Virginia Tech Forage Testing Laboratory using a kjeldahl nitrogen method. Yield and protein samples were taken only within the experimental block.
Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1980
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Pirimor and Marshal at various rates were compared with 2 standards, Supracide and Furadan, for control of aphids on alfalfa. The population was approximately 60% blue alfalfa aphid and 40% pea aphid and had persisted longer than other years due to lower than normal temperatures. Plots of 20 x 20 ft replicated 4 times were sprayed Apr 17 with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 36 gpa and 40 psi. Results were obtained by placing 10 stems from each plot in a canister, charged with Ketone and aphids counted.
Corn (Field), Cutworm Control in No-Till Field Corn, 1979
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris
Published: March 2022

Lorsban 4E, Orthene 75S, and Penncap M 2 FM were applied using techniques that simulate present equipment methods for control of black cutworm. Corn was planted in small grain stubble on Apr 15 in two fields located in Bedford Co., VA. Light weed growth was observed in both fields. Field 1 was planted using ‘Pioneer 3147’ and field 2 with ‘Dekalb 72-B’. The tests consisted of plots measuring 14 x 50 ft (4 rows) replicated four times in a randomized complete block design.
Insecticide Treatments for Plant Bug Control and Their Effect on Beneficials, 1980
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Hancock variety cotton was planted Apr 23 at the West Tenn. Expt. Sta., Jackson, TN. Four-row plots, 40 ft long were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. The plots were bordered on the north by alfalfa. Pretreatment counts were taken over the entire plot Jul 30 by shaking 12 3-row-ft samples over a drop cloth. Insecticides were applied Jun 30 with a 4-rOw boom at the rate of 9.4 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 psi, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row) with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Single 3-row-ft post-treatments counts were taken from each plot Aug 1 as described above. All plots were oversprayed Aug 7, 11, 15, and 22 with standard bollworm insecticides to suppress bollworms. The two center rows of each plot were machine harvested Sep 12 and Oct 7. Posttreatment insect and spider counts and yield data were analyzed by ANOVA and means separated by Duncan’s new multiple range test where appropriate.
Apple, Insect Control, 1980
Authors: Fisher G. T.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied in a IX dilution at 250 psi so that foliage and fruit were treated to runoff. All treatments of insecticides were made on a regular apple schedule allowing approximately 7-10 day interval between cover sprays. Mature standard Delicious, Mcintosh, and Cortland trees were randomized and replicated four times in a 50-free block. Application dates were: May 5 (tight cluster); May If (Pink); May 19 (Bloom-No insecticide applied); May 24-25 (Petal fall). Cover sprays were: Jun 3, Jun 14, Jun 20, Jun 28, Jul 12, Jul 26, Aug 8, Aug 21. Evaluations were made as final harvest fruit scoring (Sep 11-20). Disease control was accomplished by applying Captan 50W (2 lb/100) or Dodine 65W (3/4 lb/100) with each insecticide application and as a bloom spray. Due to unusual (cold) weather conditions in 1980, several Mcintosh trees in the research block bore no fruit, and a mid-season drought reduced insect and mite activity. Early post bloom rainy periods necessitated more 7 day interval treatments than usual.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control by Mound Drenches, 1980
Authors: Gardner Wayne A.
Published: March 2022

Tests using mound drenches of individual colonies established in Cecil clay soil were initiated on May 22 and Sept 18. The amount of water used in each drench was dependent upon the mound diameter (0-33 cm = 2 I, 34-48 cm = 4 I, 49-58 cm-6 I, 59-68 cm = 8 I, 69-76 cm = 10 I). Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times with 3 mounds per replicate. Control was evaluated 1 and 7 days after application. Colony survival was indicated by the presence of defensive workers or the appearance of newly constructed mounds in the vicinity of treated mounds.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Drought Stressed Peanuts, 1980
Authors: Adams David B.
Published: March 2022

A five acre field of Florunner peanuts on Norfolk sandy loam soil located in Tift Co., GA was treated on Aug 201 for a heavy infestation of lesser cornstalk borer larvae (LCSB). Three treatments were applied to 4 ca 0.5 acre replicates each. Treatments consisted of, a control; monocrotophos, Azodrin (1.0 lb ai/acre); and encapsulated methyl parathion, PennCap-M (1.0 lb ai/acre). Each treatment (excluding control) was applied in 45 gal water/acre with a tractor mounted boom covering two rows with two fan tip nozzles per row (ca 6 in apart) In a tandem arrangement. The front nozzle (4010) was directed toward the rear at 45° to apply an 8 in band over the row. The rear nozzle (4008) was directed straight down over the row with the band turned ca 20° to the line of the row to concentrate spray on the drill area. A piece of 0.25 paneling ca 6 in wide at the base was attached to the boom in front of each 4010 nozzle. During operation the boom was lowered into the canopy so that the paneling pushed the plant terminals forward aiding in spray penetration to the crown of the plants. This arrangement was used because the crop conditions were poor and plant development of the “limb” crop. The peanuts were under severe drought stress and the official high temperatures ranged from 32.2°C to 37.8°C during the time of the test. Pre-treatment and 72 hr post-treatment counts were made using two sampling methods. At each of the 6 sampling locations per replication the soil for a distance of 2 linear row feet, extending 6 inches laterally from the drill area, and 3 inches vertically down was removed and sifted through a 1 sq ft 100 mesh screen and observed for LCSB larvae. This procedure exposed the tap root and pods for 2 linear feet on one side of the row, where further visual inspections were made.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control Under Dry Soil Conditions, 1980
Authors: Chapin J.W. , Sullivan M. J.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a Lucy sand soil in Sumter County, South Carolina. The peanuts were twin row planted (7 in apart) with 38 in between centers of the twin rows. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, 5 x 30 ft. The middle 3 rows were treated and counts made on the middle row. Sprays (Ambush, Azodrin, parathion, Penncap-M) were applied using a knapsack sprayer, 50 psi, flat fan nozzle (8003). Two passes were made on each twin row to give a total volume of 76 gal/acre. The nozzle was directed to give a 6-8 in band each side of the twin row center. Wilting of the plants allowed good soil coverage to the plant base. The granular treatment (Dyfonate) was applied by weighing out the proper amount for each row in a paper bag and uniformly distributing it in a 10-12 in band along the row length. By using several passes, consistent distribution was obtained. Treatments were applied on Aug 26 and counted on Aug 29. During this period the soil remained very dry with day time highs reaching 31°C - 34°C. Larval counts were made by placing a 2 ft long metal frame over the row and removing all plant material within the 2 ft of row. The plants and top 3 In of soil were carefully examined, then the top 3 inches of soil within the frame was sifted through a 100 mesh screen. Repeated preliminary trials indicated that the sifting was only accounting for about 10% of the total larvae found and therefore this time consuming part of the procedure was dropped.
Granulate Cutworm Control in Peanuts, 1980
Authors: Stephenson J.C. , Rohlfs W. Mitchell , Bass Max H.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticide tests were conducted in a first year peanut field near Cottonwood, Alabama. Plot size was .01 acre (four 36 ft 7 in rows, 36 In apart). There were four randomized replications. Sprays were applied with a back-pack CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal of mixed spray per acre. Post-treatment counts were made by shaking the peanut vines vigorously in a section of row 3 ft long, then rolling the vines back from the middle to the row, first on one side of the row, then on the other, and counting and recording the number live cutworms on the ground. This was done twice per plot 36 hr after treatment, starting about midnight. Light was provided by means of hand held flashlights.
Low Rates of Orthene for Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1979
Authors: Foster R.N. , Staten R.T. , Reuter C.K. , Henderson J.A.
Published: March 2022

A 75% water-soluble powder formulation of Orthene 75S was applied at 0.094, 0.063, 0.031 lb ai/acre to contiguous 40 acre mixed grass range land plots, approximately 13 miles northeast of Wheatland, Wyoming on June 28 and 29, 1979. Each dose was applied in water at 1 qt/acre and replicated 4 times. Three 40 acre plots of 8 fluid oz/acre of ULV Malathion and four 40 acre untreated control plots were used for comparison. All doses were applied at 40 psi pressure with a Piper Brave, PA-36-350 PC turbocharged aircraft using (18) 8002 nozzles for orthene plots and (12) 8001 nozzles for malathion plots. All nozzles were rotated 30° aft. Applications were made at 120 mph and at a height of 30 ft. The swath widths for orthene and malathion were 60 and 75 ft, respectively. Pre and post application grasshopper densities were ascertained by counting grasshoppers in (40) 0.1m rings, separated from each other by at least 5m, at the center of each plot. Pre treatment counts were taken 24 hr prior to treatment and post treatment counts were conducted 48 hr and 12-13 days following treatment. Rings were left in place throughout the test. The above species were in the 4rd instar through adult stage of development and comprised approximately 80% of the population. Pre count densities ranged from 6.75 to 26.25 grasshoppers/m2 in treated plots and from 4.75 to 12.25/m2 in control plots with a total pre count density mean of 14.41/m2. Data were converted to 0.825 times (percent mortality + 21) and the angular transformations of these values were analysed as a randomized block design with one missing malathion measurement. Forty sweeps were taken in each plot to determine grasshopper species frequency.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monmouth (Test I) and Winthrop, Maine (Tests 2 and 3), as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi at rates of 200 gal/A (Test I) and 300 gal/A (Tests 2 and 3). The trees were sprayed on May 17-20 (pink), May 31-Jun 2 (petal fall), Jun 17-18, Jul I, 13-15, 28-29, and Aug 13-14 (first cover through fifth cover); the cover spray on Jul 28-29 was repeated on Jul 31-Aug I because a 0.6 inch rain was recorded on Jul 29 and maggot fly activity was peaking. Materials were applied on dates as noted in table. In Test I the fungicide program (rates are per 100 gal) consisted of captan 80W (10 oz) plus Benlate 50W (3 oz) on 10 dates. In Tests 2 and 3 the fungicide program consisted of Phygon 50W (6 oz) plus Difolatan 4F (4 qt) on May I ( ca. half-inch green ), Phygon 50W (4 to 6 oz) on 2 dates, and Cyprex 65W (8 oz) at petal fall. In addition Polyram 80W (2 lb) was tank-mixed with each insecticide at each spray in all tests. There were 4 to 5 single-tree replications/treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 “Mcintosh” and 2 “Spartan” cultivars/treatment in Test I; 4 “Mclntosh”/treatment in Test 2; and 2 “Cortland”, 2 “Red Delicious” and I “Mclntosh”/freatment in Test 3. Except for the test trees, these orchards were unsprayed. On Aug 28-29, three-fourths box of apples was picked from each tree and generally ca. 465-555 apples (Test I and 2) and 590-670 apples (Test 3) were examined per treatment on Sep 6 to 13 for external egg punctures (apple maggot), egg-laying scars (plum curculio), and typical feeding injuries (codling moth and lesser appleworm). Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. Numbers of live aphids found on the distal 4 unfurled and I furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded on 2 dates from Aug 5 to 18. European red mites were counted on 2 dates from Aug 5 to 25 on 20 to 25 leaves collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree. The leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. The heaviest population pressures were by the plum curculio and mites. Except for heavy rains on Jun 20, Jul 23, and 29, Jun, Jul, and Aug were hot and dry.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Gardner Wayne A.
Published: March 2022

Two tests evaluated the effectiveness of various materials in preventing damage to seedling and whorl-stage sorghum by lesser cornstalk borer larvae. Test 1 was planted on May 28 with Funk’s G522DR by conventional tillage methods following wheat on the University of Georgia Beckham Farm,Pike County. Test 2 was planted on July 26 with DeKalb C42Y by conventional tillage methods following sod on the McKinnon Farm in Forsyth, Georgia. Soil type at both locations was Cecil loamy clay. Plots were 6.1 m x 3 rows and were separated by 1 untreated row or 1 m alley. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granules were applied over the rows with a Gandy Ro-Bander. Sprays were applied with compressed-air sprayers calibrated to deliver 40 gal of water per acre at 30 psi. Applications were made on June 13 in Test 1 and Aug 15 in Test 2 immediately after seedling emergence. Control was evaluated 3, 7, and 14 days after application by counting the number of plants killed or stunted by lesser cornstalk borer larvae within a 3 m section of the middle row of each plot.
Flea Beetle Control with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Jones G. A.
Published: March 2022

Burley Tobacco variety Ky 14 was transplanted on June 5, in Maury silt loam soil at a spacing of 18 inches within the row. Individual plots were 5 rows x 30 ft. Row spacing was 42 inches and plots were separated by 2 skip rows. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 3 replications. Fertilization consisted of 2000 lb/acre 5-10-15, broadcase prior to transplanting. Weed control was by Tillam at 2.0 lb ai/acre pre-transplanting. Granular chemicals were applied with a Cyclone seeder and liquid chemicals were applied with a CO2 sprayer which had 4 nozzles at a ground speed to apply the material in water at 25 gal/acre. All materials were applied prior to transplanting and incorporated to a depth of 2 inches with a disk harrow. Plots were not irrigated but rainfall was sufficient for good quality and production.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Virginia, 1978
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

‘McNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was planted on May 21 at the Southern Piedmont Research and Continuing Education Center, Blackstone, Virginia. Four-row plots 40 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Insecticides were applied to Test 1 on July 5 and to Test 2 on Aug 16 at 23.3 gal/acre using a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer with an operating pressure of 60 psi. A single solid cone nozzle was used to apply insecticides to individual rows. In addition to natural populations of tobacco hornworms, tomato hornworms, tobacco flea beetles, and green peach aphids, plots were artificially infested with three tobacco hornworms and one tobacco budworm per plant 5 days before treatments were applied. Immediately following the completion of the first test, the tobacco was cut back to ca 6 inches and single suckers were allowed to grow from each stub. Tobacco flea beetle and green peach aphid populations were counted on 5 plants per plot. Flea beetles were counted on one side of randomly selected plants, while green peach aphids were counted or estimated on 2 upper leaves of the sample plants. Tobacco hornworms, tomato hornworms, and tobacco budworms were counted on all plants in the 2 center rows of each plot. Aphid counts were transformed to Log (aphid count + 1) before analysis.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1979
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

‘MeNair 944’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted in a fine sandy loam soil at the Southern Piedmont Center near Blackstone, Virginia on May 21. Spacing was 20 in between plants within the row and 4 ft between rows. Treatment plots, 2 rows x 40 ft and bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows, were established in a randomized complete block design replicated 3 times. Blocks were separated by 5 and 12 ft alleys. Sprays were applied on July 3 with a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer delivering 25 gal/acre at 60 psi through a single solid cone nozzle/row. Ambient temperature at the time of application ranged from 80 to 84°F. Wind speed was less than 5 mph. The only precipitation to fall during the test period was .15 in on July 4. The first row of each plot was artificially infested with 3 1st instar tobacco hornworm larvae/plant on June 30, while the second row were infested with one 2- to 3-day old tobacco budworm larvae/plant. Pretreatment tobacco hornworm (3rd instar and larger) and green peach aphid counts were made on July 3, while post-treatment green peach aphid, tobacco budworm, and tobacco hornworm counts were made at 3, 7, and 14 days after application. Artificially infested tobacco rows were examined for hornworms and budworms while aphids were counted or estimated on the upper half of 10 plants/plot. Green peach aphid counts were converted to LOG10+ 1 for statistical analysis.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetle on Burley Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Five soil insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Soil insecticides were applied and incorporated prior to transplanting on June 2. Plots were 20 ft x 4 rows with 40 in spacing between rows; plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Live flea beetle counts were based on an average number/10 plants. Flea beetle damage was based on average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 in) from the top of the plant. Soil type was Hermitage silt-loam of pH 6.3.
Control of Grasshoppers on Wheat Field Borders Before Planting Winter Wheat, 1979
Authors: Mock D. E. , Johnson M.W. , Depew L. J. , Shuman M. L.
Published: March 2022

M. sanguinipes and other grasshoppers seriously damage emerging winter wheat on the Great Plains. Management includes insecticidal control along roadsides, fencerows, and weedy field borders. We tested none insecticides with federal or recent Kansas SLN registration for grasshoppers at labelled rates. Four replications and control plots were in randomized complete block design along both sides of a 36 ft (10.97 m) wide gravel road in Greeley County, Kansas. Each plot was 15 ft by 100 ft (4.57 m by 30.48 m) lengthwise along the road. Vegetation in plots was mowed grass and Kochiascoparia (L.) with green kochia regrowth appearing. Plots were bordered on the outside by fields of dry wheat stubble. The west field had a few small green patches of kochia and Russian thistle, Salsolakali L. var. tenuifolia Tausch., and a very low population of M. sanguinipes. The east field had large, dense patches of kochia and Russian thistle, especially near the experimental plots, harboring 5 to 15 grasshoppers per sq yd (per 0.84 sq m), primarily M. differentialis. Nearly all grasshoppers were adults when treated. Treatments were p.m. Aug 13; temperature, ca 80 F (27 C). A trace of 0.05 in (0.13 cmYrain fell each of the next 3 days. All sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 12 gal mixture per acre (112 l/ha). Bait was applied by hand. Live grasshopper counts were estimated before treatment and 1, 3, and 8 days after treatment. Dead hoppers were counted 3 days post-treatment in five 0.5 sq yd (0.42 sq m) sites per plot.
Methods Improvement Trials Using the Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (GYPCHEK) Of The Gypsy Moth, 1977
Authors: Munson Allen S. , Reardon Richard C. , Hubbard Harry B.
Published: March 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of gypsy moth NPV when applied using an equipment configuration of flat fan nozzles that duplicated spray characteristics (vmd = 250-350m; 33 droplets/cm2) obtained in the 1975 and 1976 field tests where 6 Beecomist nozzles were used. Treatments were assigned using a completely randomized design on 12 plots, each 14.2 ha, located in Union and Snyder counties, Pennsylvania. Initial applications were made when at least 75 percent of the gypsy moth larvae were in the 2nd instar and leaf expansion was at least 50 percent for white oak. The 2nd application was applied 7 days later. The standard formulation of GYPCHEK -- 227 g of Shade, 4.4 ml of Chevron Spray Sticker and 4.7 -- of Pacific feed-grade molasses with water to make 18.7ℓ. of finished spray per hectare per application -- was applied in the evening (between 4 p.m. and sunset) at 62 x 106 gypsy moth potency units/ha/application. Grumman AgCats equipped with standard spray booms and 6 Beecomist nozzles (Model 275) with 80 to 100 micron mesh sleeves of 52 flat fan Teejet nozzles (Model 8006) were used to apply the standard formulation of GYPCHEK to 6 plots. Swath width was 23 m and air-craft speed during application was 144.8 kph (90 mph). A Cessna AgTruck equipped with standard spray boom and 46 flat fan Teejet nozzles (Model 8006) was used to apply the standard formulation of GYPCHEK to 3 plots. Swath width was 18 m and aircraft speed during application was 193 kph (120 mph).
Control of Bagworms on Arborvitae, 1980
Authors: Ree Bill , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Young Jerry , Peden Martha
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on an arborvitae hedge in two separate tests between June 10 and June 21. In Test 1, 120 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Each treatment consisted of an 8 ft section, 5 to 6 ft high. In Test 2, 270 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Each treatment consisted of a 15 ft section, 5 to 6 ft high. Treatments were sprayed until runoff with a John Bean 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No. 43, which delivered 2.4 gal/min at 200 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 80°F, 0-3 mph and 90 F, 15-20 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Larvae were taken at ran-dom from 18 inches of terminal branch at 1, 3, and 7 days after application and mortality was determined by examining 10, 0.25 to 0.50 inch larvae from each treatment.
Early and Mid-Season Chemical Control Tests of Eastern Tent Caterpillar in Maryland
Authors: Neal John W.
Published: March 2022

Infested flowering crab apple trees lining access roads on the Beltsville Research Center were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides. Trees were of several species and cultivars and ranged considerably in age and size. Tent caterpillar infestations on these trees have increased annually since 1978. The 49 trees used in these tests had an average of 4.15 tents/tree. Finished spray was applied to each tent and surrounding branches and foliage with a Hudson Climax pneumatic sprayer operated at full pressure. Five randomly chosen individual replicates per treatment were sprayed on Apr 18 and May 2 between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. when most of the larvae were In their tents. Observations for mortality was on day 7 and day 6 post treatment for treatments on April 18 and May 2, respectively. In Test 1, the diameter of the long axis of tents ranged from 5 to 12.5 cm with trees showing 0-3% bloom. Daily high temperatures ranged from 14°C in the day of application to 26°C during the test period. No rain fell between application and observation. In test 2, tents were approaching full size and were multiple layered with trees in full or declining bloom. Daily high temperatures ranged from 21 C on the day of application to 29°C during the test period. At 5:30 p.m. on the day of application, a brief shower deposited 3.45 ml of rainfall. Five tents were removed from unsprayed trees in the test area and larvae counted to provide an estimate of population size.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus, 1980
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Haefner John D.
Published: March 2022

A field of nursery grown 10-18 in Taxus infested with Fletcher scale was selected for insecticide evaluation. Eight insecticides were tested at 2 rates plus a control. Scale egg hatch occurred on Jun 25 and all crawlers were firmly attached to the needles by the time of the test on July 10. Each treatment was replicated 6 times in a randomized block design. Chemicals were applied with a tractor mounted hydraulic sprayer operating at 40 psi. All plants were sprayed to run off. Sunny conditions persisted at treatment time with an air temperature of 86°F and a light breeze (<8 mph). Less than 0.5 inch of rain occurred 1 day prior to treatment with no rain for 5 days post treatment. Plants were sampled at 1, 2 and 4 week intervals following treatment. The number of live and dead scale nymphs were counted on 40 needles/plant: 10 needles from each of 4, 1-2 year old twigs sampled randomly from each cardinal direction of the plant. Percentage data were transformed using arcsine and analyzed by ANOVA.
Candidate Fumigants for Control of Caribbean Fruit Fly, 1979-1980
Authors: Benschoter C. A. , King J. R. , Plimmerand J. R. , McGovern T. P.
Published: March 2022

Our principal thrust has been the investigation of naturally occurring compounds found in edible plant parts. Three halogenated compounds were included in these tests for comparison. All chemicals used were reagent grade (99% pure) or better. Fumigation containers were 3.8 liter wide-mouth glass jars with teflonlined screw-cap lids. An open petri dish containing 200 mature fruit fly larvae was placed in each jar. Test chemicals were then pipetted onto 11-cm filter papers placed in the jars with the insects and the lids were fastened in place. Because this was a static system, the jars were placed on their sides to reduce settling effects. All tests were conducted at 24°C and 50% RH. Survival was based on the number of insects reaching the adult stage. Compounds were selected that had boiling points low enough to volatilize in a reasonable period of time (= 15 min) without application of heat. A two-phase testing procedure was used to screen the chemicals. Test 1 was designed to eliminate compounds that were not effective at high dosage-time combinations, and involved exposure of larvae to 16, 32, and 64 g/m3 for 4 hours. Results are presented in Table 1. High mortality in Test 1 qualified compounds for second-phase testing. Test 2 involved exposing larvae to a series of lower dosages for only 2 hours so that LD values could be determined. Data were first corrected by Abbott’s formula. Then linear regression equations were computed by the method of least squares, and LD5Q and LD95 values estimated from these equations.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1980
Authors: Dawley B. , Carroll J. , Staker K. , Hayes D. , Weinland B. , Fons J. , Wood S. , Klag N.
Published: March 2022

Colony-reared insects were caged and exposed to insecticide formulations in commercial transport trailers (ca 71 rrr) in Miami, Florida, and Baltimore, Maryland. Approximately 100 resistant (Gainesville MR) M. domestica, 100 resistant (Gainesville HD) A. quadrimaculatus, 100 A. taeniorhynchus, and 25-30 resistant (Hazard) B. germanica, A. Grandis and H. virescens were caged in separate 0.24 I paper cans screened on the upper end with 7 mesh/cm2 nylon screen; 20 R. sanguineus were caged in 30 ml plastic cups covered with 8 mesh/cm2 screen. All 2% ai aerosols were formulated with a 1:1 mixture of Fll and F12 as solvent/propellant, 5 and 10% aerosols with F12 only. Dusts were formulated with Hi Sil 233 carrier except in one instance where Diabrite diatomaceous earth was substituted. Caged insects were placed in uniform positions along trailer sides, 10 cm from sidewalls. Dusts were applied with a “dust gun” from outside trailer through an open rear door with CO2 as propellant. Aerosols were applied from within; proper dosages were obtained by spraying for the required time as determined by release rate for each can (avg 1 g/sec) and weighing and reapplying in necessary. One formulation was also applied with a total release dispenser, a normal aerosol can filled to give desired dose and fitted with a total release actuator. After application, rear doors were closed for 10 min, then the right rear door was opened for the remaining 20 min of the exposure period. Average temperature during tests and posttreatment holding period was 22°C. Individual trailers were used only once. Treatments were replicated at least twice. Mortality counts were taken at 24 hr posttreatment and Abbott’s formula was applied to adjust for control mortality. Data were analyzed with Duncan’s multiple range test.
Cattle, Face Fly and Horn Fly Tests with Ear Tags, 1980
Authors: Herald Freddie , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Four mixed breed beef herds of cattle in Owen County were treated with either 10% Atroban ear tags or 13.7% Rabon ear tags on May 15. In Fayette County five heards of mixed breed beef herds were treated with either 8% Ectrin ear tags, 13.7% Rabon ear fags, or a 1% Rabon dustbag-1% Ravap backrubber combination treatment on May 20. Cows and calves were tagged with different numbers of ear tags as described in the table below. Cow-calf herds in the general area were used as untreated controls. Flies were monitored weekly by estimating the horn fly population on one side of ten randomly selected cows/herd and face flies were counted on the faces of ten cows and ten calves in each herd. Results are presented as 3 week averages.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Kanour William W. , Starner Van R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Delicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spraygun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. Spray dates were as follows: UC-55248 on Apr 25, Jun 7, Jul 16 and 25; SLJ-0312 on May 14, Jun II and Jul 9; calcium chloride only treatments on May 28, Jul I and Aug 19; all other treatments on Jun 7 and 17, Jul 16 and 25 (Plictran was added to the 1st calcium chloride treatment on these dates). General purpose sprays of 3 lbs. captan 50W, 0.5 lb. Guthion 50W and 3 lbs. Sevin 50W/50 gals of water/acre were applied at ca. intervals of 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 61.5°F; Jun 66.5°F; Jul 74.9°F; and Aug 76.3°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.49; Jun 4.02; Jul 1.48; and Aug 1.71. Effectiveness of the test materials on the European red mite was evaluated by making several counts of mites on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Mite population pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russeting of Golden Delicious apples was determined by scoring a random sample of 30 apples/replicate, 60 apples/treatment. Fruits were rated as no russeting (I), light russeting (2), moderate russeting (3), and severe russeting (4). Possible ranges were: russeting, none to light 30-60, light to moderate 60-90, and moderate to severe 90-120.
Cattle, Control of Horn Flies with Atroban, Ectrin and Rabon Ear Tags, 1980
Authors: Wright Russell E.
Published: March 2022

Ear tags were tested for horn fly control on 11 herds of cattle in Noble and Payne Counties in Oklahoma. Two herds of 21 animals each were tagged with 1, 8% Ectrin rag per animal on April 23, 2 herds of 20 animals each were tagged with 1, 8% Ectrin tag per every 2 animals on April 23, and 1 herd of 25 animals was tagged with 2, 8% Ectrin tags per animal on May 2. Two herds of 20 and 21 animals were tagged with 1, 13.7% Rabon tag per every animal on April 17, 1 herd of 21 animals was tagged with 1, 13.7% Rabon tag per every 2 animals on April 17, and 1 herd of 20 animals with 2, 13.7% Rabon tags per animal on May 8. One herd of 20 animals was tagged with 1, 10% Atroban tag per animal on May 14, and a 2nd herd of 24 animals with 1,10% Atroban tag per every 2 animals on May 21. Horn fly counts were counted per one side of at least 20 animals in each week if possible, although sometimes as few as 15 were counted. Similar horn fly counts were made on 2 untreated herds in the same area. Two herds in Osage County were also tagged. One herd of 25 animals was tagged with 2, 8% Ectrin tags per animal on May 9 and 1 herd of 30 animals with 2, 13.7% Rabon tags per animal on May 9. Fly counts on the treated Osage County herds and a check herd were made at 2-3 week intervals or more often.
Laboratory and Field Tests of Union Carbide 57193 4E for Efficacy Against Mosquito Larvae, 1979 and 1980
Authors: Kottkamp W. B. , Gilmore J.A. , Williams D.C. , Meisch M. V.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory test was conducted against C. quinguefasciatus larvae in late third or early fourth instar. Insecticide concentrations ranged from 0.0000001 to 40 ppm. Ten larvae were placed in each 237 ml test paper cup. The tests were replicated at least 3 times and larval mortality was ascertained 24 hours posttreahnent. UC 57193 was field tested in a ricefield plot 6.096 m X 48.77 m (0.069h). The initial treatment of material was 560.9 g ai/surface h. This was increased in a second experiment to 1121.8 g ai/surface h. Water was added to improve titration and the entire mixture placed in a 3.784 I polyvinyl container and dripped into the plot. Two 22 gauge hypodermic needles were inserted in the bottom of the container and the material dripped into the field at the irrigation source. Late third or early fourth instar Ps. columbioe were field collected from natural breeding sites for this test. The larvae were confined in bioassay cups made of 10.16 cm diameter plastic irrigation pipe cut into 26.32 cm sections. The bottom of each cup was covered with fine nylon mesh. A series of three 1.27 cm holes cut 2 cm above the bottom were also covered with mesh. These holes provided for circulation of treated plot water within the cup. Ten larvae were confined in each of 4 bio-assay cups and the four cups were placed midway along each of four levees. The field test was replicated three times for each treatment level. A 24 hour post-treatment mortality survey was conducted on each test. A laboratory test against Ps. columbioe was conducted concurrently with the field test using water samples taken from the field plot immediately after titration was completed. In the laboratory, the field water was placed in paper 237 ml paper cupsand ten Ps. columbiae larvae were introduced. Posttreafment surveys of larval mortality were conducted at 24 hours.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1980
Authors: Wright F. C.
Published: March 2022

Ear canker mites, Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond), taken from the ears of domestic rabbits were used for these tests. Approximately 20 to 25 mites (adults or nymphs) were put in “tea bags” (6.3 cm2) made from heat-sealable rice paper (Wright and Riner, 1979. Southwest. Entomol. 4: 40-45). The acaricides were tested as technical materials formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% active ingredient, 65% xylene, and 10% Triton X-100 or as company supplied emulsifiable concentrates or wettable powders. Because of solubility problems, some acaricides were formulated as 10 or 20% EC’s in xylene: Triton X-100 or in (1:1) mixtures of l-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and xylene: Triton X-100 (65:10). Three bags containing mites were dipped in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and then allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened 24 hours posttreatment, and the mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement. Mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%.
Swine, Control of Hog Lice on Brood Sows, 1978
Authors: Roberts James E. , Kondratieff Boris
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted in Buckingham County, Virginia, from June ’78 to Aug ’78 on brood sows. Two rates of GX-118, 1:2 parts water and 1:5 parts water, were compared to pre-treatment counts and untreated check animals. GX-118 contains 11.6% Prolate (phosmet) which equals 1 lb per gallon active ingredient. Both dilutions were applied as a pour-on. Animals were treated along the backline from the neck area to the hip area. Approximately 1 oz/cwt of body weight was applied to each animal by means of a calibrated dipper.
Apple, Integrated Test, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R. , Kanour William M.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 3 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates of chemicals are listed as amounts/acre/alternate middle. Spray dates for the treatments were: May 16, 22, and 30, Jun 6, 17, and 25; Jul 2, 10, 18 and 28; Aug 5, 14 , 22 and 29. The Pounce 3.2EC treatment and Pounce plus Penncap M treatment were applied on the first 4 spray dates, whereas the 2 rates of FMC-45806 were applied on the remaining spray dates. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, capfan, zineb and calcium chloride. Average temperatures were: May 61.5°F, Jun 66.4°F, Jul 74.9°F, Aug 76.3°F and Sep 65.5°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.49, Jun 4.02, Jul 1.48, Aug 1.71 and Sep 1.53. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 top terminals/ tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 Ivs/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 75 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predators, S.punctum and H.vitripennis was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae and adults and nymphs, respectively, around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jul 17 and 2 picked samples on Aug 9 and Sep 15. Apple samples averaged 189 fruits/replicate and 946/treatmenf. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious/replicate, 90/treatment. Fruits were rated as follows: no russet (1), light russet (2), moderate russet (3), and severe russet (4). Possible means are: no russet to light russet 30-60, light to moderate russet 60-90, and moderate to severe russet 90-120.
Garden Fleahopper, Insect Growth Regulators, 1975*
Authors: Stuart L. Claire , Butler Linda
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to three-year-old ‘Narragansett’ alfalfa at the West Virginia University Reedsville Experiment Farm on July 10 with a John Bean tractor-mounted hydraulic sprayer with a 6 m boom, tank capacity 189 liters, pressure 2.1 kg/cm2 and calibrated to deliver 243 liters/lia at a tractor speed of 5.6 to 6.4 km/h. Treatments were replicated four times in a completely randomized design, using 12 x 18 m plots with 6 m alleys between rows for tractor access. Samples were collected by vacuum machine.
Apple, Woolly Apple Aphid Control on Containerized Nursery Apple Trees, 1980
Authors: Klostermeyer L. E. , Williams H. E.
Published: March 2022

Registered insecticides were tested for efficacy on apple trees infested with woolly apple aphids in a commercial nursery at McMinnville, TN. The trees had been planted in 11-Inch diameter (5 gal) black plastic pots in spring 1979. Infestation counts were made by placing a wire mesh grid with 2-inch squares around the exposed root ball. All Infested squares were counted before treatment. After treatment only squares with active colonies were counted. Ten trees per treatment were arranged in a completely random design and treated on Jun 12’80 with I gal of solution as a soil drench. The Di-Syston granules were incorporated Into the soil surface prior to drenching. Check trees received I gal of water.
Pear, Pear Rust Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Hanson L. A. , Riedl Helmut
Published: March 2022

A 15 year old pear block at the U. C. Deciduous Fruit Field Station in San Jose, CA, was used in this test. Plots consisted of 6 trees (3x2), with 3 replications per treatment arranged in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of single applications of THAT flowable sulfur and Voick Supreme oil, used alone and in combination. Sprays were applied until runoff using a hand gun sprayer at 300 psi Leaf samples were taken at ca. monthly intervals during the summer. Leaves were brushed and mites counted under a binocular scope. Russet damage was assessed at harvest.
Peach, Acaricide Tests, 1980
Authors: Horsbufgh R. L. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J. , Ponton L. F.
Published: March 2022

Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates for each treatment. Each replicate was represented by a different cultivar (Madison, Loring, SunHigh, and Red Haven). Treatments were applied to run-off with a hand-gun at 14.06 kg/cm2 (200 psi) and 132.5 litres/min (35 gpm). Unsprayed buffer trees were left between all replicates. Sprays were applied Jul 8 and 22. A pretreatment (Jul 7) and 4 posttreatment mite counts (Jul 15, 22, 29, and Aug 5) were made. Random samples of 20 leaves/tree were brushed with a mite brushing machine and mites were counted. Data were recorded as mites/leaf. All data were transformed to log10 (X+l). ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test were used for the analyses. Plictran 50W was the standard.