bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CVT error prediction method based on improved attention mechanism transformer model
Authors: Jiang Hanshu , Yang Jianrong , Li Yutian , Wu Guanghao , Liu Zhu , Zheng Yongming , Yang Qiang , An Xinyang
Published: March 2024

In order to enhance the performance of capacitive voltage transformer (CVT) error prediction, we propose a transformer model (AM-transformer) error prediction method based on an improved attention mechanism. The method starts from both input data and model improvement, adopting Pearson’s correlation coefficient to calculate the environmental factors that have a greater impact on the CVT measurement error, and enhancing the ability of local learning of the attention mechanism by adding causal convolution and data segmentation operations. The experimental results show that the mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean square error (RMSE) of the method reach 0.016, 4.21% and 0.021, respectively, realizing a high prediction accuracy.
Analysis of multi-objective cooperative optimization strategy for residential load under extreme weather
Authors: Yu Houzhi , Zhang Shuxin , Guo Kaiyuan , Zhu Yaxuan , Zhang Jiahui
Published: March 2024

In recent years, the problem of seasonal power supply shortages in extreme weather has frequently occurred across China, which has brought great inconvenience to people’s production and life. At the same time, with the advancement of the energy revolution, the proportion of electric energy in the terminal energy is increasing, which also poses a severe challenge to China’s energy security. Our research, by constructing a residential electricity consumption model and conducting multiple electricity price response experiments, has collected data that assesses various factors involved in user responses. It has also explored and inferred the impact of these factors on user-side responses. This study introduces new research directions aimed at alleviating electricity supply-demand imbalances during different periods, contributing to the optimization and enhancement of the national power system.
The measurement error prediction method of voltage transformer based on TCN-RBF
Authors: Gao Shuai , Jiang Zhenyu , Liu Ying , Zhao Lin , Bai Yicheng , Hou Xinyi , Wei Xuepeng , Zhang Yin
Published: March 2024

Accurate prediction of voltage transformer error is an important guarantee for the stable and economic operation of the power grid. This paper presents a measurement error prediction method for voltage transformers based on time convolution and radial basis neural networks (TCN-RBF). Firstly, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition is used to decompose the original error sequence into multiple components. Secondly, a TCN prediction model was established based on each component and historical error sequence to achieve error prediction. To further improve the prediction progress, the RBF model was used to further fit the predicted results with the environmental parameter data and confirm the final predicted value. The operation error of the transformer in a substation is tested. The test results show that compared with LSTM, SVM, BP, and other prediction models, this method has better performance in error prediction.
Radiation tolerance of the MUX64 for the High Granularity Timing Detector of ATLAS
Authors: Wang C. , Xu Z. , Huang X. , Zhang L. , Sha Q. , Ge Z. , Che Y. , Gong D. , Hou S. , Zhang J. , Liu T. , Liang Z. , Zhang L. , Ye J. , Qi M.
Published: March 2024

The MUX64 ASIC is a 64-to-1 analog multiplexer to accommodate 64 inputs, with one
addressed to output for ADC readout. It is developed for monitoring of the Low-Gain Avalanche
Detectors (LGAD) detector modules in the High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) of the ATLAS
Phase-II upgrade. The MUX64 chips will be used in the radiation field of high-luminosity pp
collisions at LHC to an integrated luminosity of 4000 fb-1. This work presents
the radiation tolerance study for the MUX64 being tested with 80 MeV protons and X-ray exposures
for damages caused by Non-Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) and Total Ionizing Dose (TID), respectively.
The irradiated samples demonstrated tolerance to the NIEL to a fluence of 3.21 × 1015
(Si, 1 MeV) neq/cm2, and the TID of 7.46 × 105 Gy (Si).
Molecular sieve vacuum swing adsorption purification and radon reduction system for gaseous dark matter and rare-event detectors
Authors: Marcelo Gregorio R.R. , Spooner N.J.C. , Dastgiri F. , Ezeribe A.C. , Lane G. , McLean A.G. , Miuchi K. , Ogawa H.
Published: March 2024

In the field of directional dark matter experiments SF6
has emerged as an ideal target gas. A critical challenge with this
gas, and with other proposed gases, is the effective removal of
contaminant gases. This includes radon which produce unwanted
background events, but also common pollutants such as water, oxygen
and nitrogen, which can capture ionisation electrons, resulting in
loss of detector gas gain over time. We present here a novel
molecular sieve (MS) based gas recycling system for the simultaneous
removal of both radon and common pollutants from SF6. The
apparatus has the additional benefit of minimising gas required in
experiments and utilises a Vacuum Swing Adsorption (VSA) technique
for continuous, long-term operation. The gas system's capabilities
were tested with a 100 L low-pressure SF6 Time Projection
Chamber (TPC) detector. For the first time, we present a newly
developed low-radioactive MS type 5 Å. This material
was found to emanate radon at 98% less per radon captured
compared to commercial counterparts, the lowest known MS emanation
at the time of writing. Consequently, the radon activity in the TPC
detector was reduced, with an upper limit of less than
7.2 mBq at a 95% confidence level
(C.L.). Incorporation of MS types 3 Å and
4 Å to absorb common pollutants was found successfully
to mitigate against gain deterioration while recycling the target
gas.
New techniques method for improving the performance of the ALPI Linac
Authors: Bellan L. , Carletto O. , Comunian M. , Fagotti E. , Giacchini M. , Montis M. , Ong Y.K. , Pisent A.
Published: March 2024

The superconductive quarter wave cavities hadron linac ALPI
is the final acceleration stage at the Legnaro National
Laboratories. It can accelerate heavy ions from carbon to uranium up
to 10 MeV/u for nuclear and applied physics experiments. It is also
planned to use it for re-acceleration of the radioactive ion beams
for the SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) project. In
this article, we will present the innovative results obtained with
swarm intelligence algorithms, in simulations and measurements. In
particular, the increment of the longitudinal acceptance for RIB
(Radioactive Ion Beams) acceleration, and beam orbit correction
without the beam first-order measurements will be discussed.
The disappearing Antilles Current dominates the weakening meridional heat transport in the North Atlantic Ocean under global warming
Authors: Cai Jinzhuo , Yang Haiyuan , Chen Zhaohui , Wu Lixin
Published: March 2024

The Antilles Current (AC) off the Bahamas Islands is an important component for both wind-driven and thermohaline circulation system in the North Atlantic. The evolution of AC intensity could exert substantial impacts on mid-latitude climate and surrounding environment. For instance, an anomalous weaker AC is found to decelerate the nutrient transport in the shelf regions, risking the deep-water corals. In addition, a weaker AC could reduce the poleward heat transport of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift and further influence the climate in Western Europe. Based on nine high-resolution coupled climate models, we find a 3.8 Sv weakening of the AC, which is equivalent to 63% of its climatology transport during 1950–2050. The deceleration of AC introduces a −0.17 PW of heat transport decrement, dominating the total heat transport change across 26.5° N. Further analysis reveals that change of AC is mainly attributed to the evolution of thermohaline circulation in a changing climate and is partly influenced by wind stress curl in the North Atlantic. Our finding highlights the needs to establish a long-term monitoring network for the AC and a comprehensive understanding of associated impacts.
Analysis of blade noise with different root boundary conditions considering fluid-structure interaction effect
Authors: Zhu Penghui , Jiang Jinhui , Cui Wenxu , Yang Hongji , Wang Lihui
Published: March 2024

It is of certain importance for noise reduction to investigate the relationship between the aeroacoustic characteristics of blade and root boundary conditions when considering the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) effect. In this study, a set of precise dynamic models and two-way FSI calculation methods are developed to predict the dynamic load and response of blades more accurately. The natural frequency inaccuracy of the blade model is kept within 5% by comparing the results of the modal test using the ploy-reference time domain method and adopting the sensitivity analysis method with the blade beam stiffness as the modification parameter. Besides, based on the numerical results from the computational fluid dynamics method considering the FSI effect, the aeroacoustic characteristics of blades with different root boundary conditions are analyzed by adopting the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings equations. The aeroacoustic characteristics of the NACA blade in hover are thoroughly discussed, with emphasis on the impact of different root boundary conditions on rotation noise. The result demonstrates that, the sound pressure level (SPL) difference of loading noise can reach 1.4 dB between blades with various root boundary conditions, while the SPL difference of thickness is only 0.4 dB.
Effects of electrical pulse on metal deformation behaviors
Authors: Huang Tao , Yang Fan , Xing Bing-Hui , Song Ke-Xing , Xiang Nan , Zhang Yan-Min , Chen Xue-Wen , Guo Jun-Qing
Published: March 2024

As a kind of special energy field assisted plastic forming, electric pulse assisted plastic forming combines multiple physical fields, such as thermal, electrical, magnetic and mechanical effects, has multiple effects on metal. It has a good industrial application prospect in the fields of directional microstructure regulation of materials and preparation of new materials. The flow stress of metal materials can be effectively reduced by electro-pulse assisted forming. The action mechanism of pulse current includes thermodynamics (Joule heating effect) and kinetic (pure electro-plastic effect or athermal effect). Thermodynamically, electric pulses can be used to provide the energy for dislocation migration and atomic diffusion, and aid in microstructure changes such as recrystallization, phase transition and microcrack healing of metals. In terms of dynamics, electric pulse has an effect on the speed and path of dislocation structure evolution. On this basis, a series of theoretical models for accurately predicting the flow stress of materials in electrically assisted forming process were formulated by combining the stress–strain constitutive relationship considering the temperature rise effect and the pure electro-plastic effect. The accuracy of the predicting model is greatly enhanced by the introduction of electrical parameters. The mechanism for electrically assisted forming was further revealed.
Investigation of the anisotropic thermal expansion of PbIn6Te10 crystal by high temperature x-ray diffraction measurements
Authors: Zhang S , Du Y , Wang J , Peng J , Jin Z , Tang G , Huang W , Chen B , He Z
Published: March 2024

The PbIn6Te10 crystal, an IR laser frequency conversion material, grown via the Bridgman method with dimensions ϕ35 mm × 90 mm in a four-zone furnace, was subject to the investigation of its thermal expansion behavior using high-temperature x-ray diffraction in the range of 25–450 °C. Based on the obtained data, the average thermal expansion coefficients of 15.21 × 10−6 K−1 for α

a
and 6.44 × 10−6 K−1 for α

c
were determined utilizing the least square method. The study revealed that the linear and volume thermal expansion coefficients of PbIn6Te10 crystals satisfy the relationships α

a
> α

c
> 0, α

V
= 2α

a
+ α

c
, and α

a
increased while α

c
decreased with increasing temperature, accentuating a substantial anisotropy in thermal expansion between the crystal’s principal axes. A detailed exploration pinpointed that the variations in the PbTe6 octahedron primarily governed the changes in the PbIn6Te10 unit cells, with further investigation uncovering its association with variations in the nearest neighboring bonds, which is mainly related to Pb-Te4 and Pb-Te2 bonds. Additionally, the determination of temperature-dependent anisotropic thermal expansion coefficient α was complemented by calculating Grüneisen parameter

γ

using Quasi-harmonic Debye model. Remarkably, these parameters also exhibited anisotropic behaviors (

γ

⊥

increases with temperature whereas

γ

/
/

decreases, α
⊥ > α
∥), contributing additional insights into the crystal thermal characteristics.
Laziness, barren plateau, and noises in machine learning
Authors: Liu Junyu , Lin Zexi , Jiang Liang
Published: March 2024

We define laziness to describe a large suppression of variational parameter updates for neural networks, classical or quantum. In the quantum case, the suppression is exponential in the number of qubits for randomized variational quantum circuits. We discuss the difference between laziness and barren plateau in quantum machine learning created by quantum physicists in McClean et al (2018 Nat. Commun.
9 1–6) for the flatness of the loss function landscape during gradient descent. We address a novel theoretical understanding of those two phenomena in light of the theory of neural tangent kernels. For noiseless quantum circuits, without the measurement noise, the loss function landscape is complicated in the overparametrized regime with a large number of trainable variational angles. Instead, around a random starting point in optimization, there are large numbers of local minima that are good enough and could minimize the mean square loss function, where we still have quantum laziness, but we do not have barren plateaus. However, the complicated landscape is not visible within a limited number of iterations, and low precision in quantum control and quantum sensing. Moreover, we look at the effect of noises during optimization by assuming intuitive noise models, and show that variational quantum algorithms are noise-resilient in the overparametrization regime. Our work precisely reformulates the quantum barren plateau statement towards a precision statement and justifies the statement in certain noise models, injects new hope toward near-term variational quantum algorithms, and provides theoretical connections toward classical machine learning. Our paper provides conceptual perspectives about quantum barren plateaus, together with discussions about the gradient descent dynamics in Liu et al (2023 Phys. Rev. Lett.
130 150601).
Integrating life cycle assessment into the building design process—a review
Authors: Prideaux Fabian , Allacker Karen , H Crawford Robert , Stephan André
Published: March 2024

The environmental effects associated with buildings are significant and include considerable contributions towards global greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and waste generation. Until recently, mitigation efforts have concentrated on improving the operational energy efficiency of buildings, largely ignoring embodied environmental effects. However, focusing solely on increasing energy efficiency can inadvertently cause an rise in embodied effects. It is therefore critical that embodied effects are considered alongside operational effects and are actively integrated into design decisions throughout the building design process. Life cycle assessment (LCA) can be used to achieve this, however, it is often perceived as difficult to incorporate into design workflows, or requiring specialist knowledge. Additionally, it is not always clear how well aligned LCA approaches are with the building design process. To address this gap, this study aims to provide a detailed analysis of LCA approaches, to assess how well they align with building design stages, and to identify key characteristics, including LCA tools and environmental data used to conduct assessments. A review of academic and grey literature is conducted. Three primary approaches are identified for integrating LCA into the building design process: simplified, detailed and incremental LCA. Simplified LCA uses streamlined data inputs and typically targets a specific design stage. Detailed LCA follows a traditional approach with comprehensive user inputs and results. Incremental LCA progressively evolves the assessment based on design requirements and available building data at each design stage. An analysis of each approach is performed, and key user requirements are mapped against the early design, and detailed design stages. Results reveal that no single approach fully satisfies all design requirements. Findings also highlight a lack of incremental LCA approaches and challenges operationalising these techniques. These approaches often rely on complicated methods or tools not suitable for common design workflows, or they are in early development and require additional verification before implementation.
Demands for DfD data characteristics: a step towards enabling reuse of prefabricated concrete components
Authors: Uotila Ulrika , Saari Arto , Joensuu Tuomo
Published: March 2024

Adoption of the design for disassembly (DfD) concept is suggested as a promising strategy to cope with the climate targets and increase circular economy in the construction sector. Yet, the concept is little used partially due to technical challenges, including inadequate information about demolition and the characteristics of components. This study aims to investigate the demands for information linked to new concrete components with the purpose of reuse. In the building phase, concrete components cause the majority of emissions. Thus, these components also have the greatest potential for CO2 emissions savings. A comprehensive list of information related to DfD concrete components and their characteristics was gathered in a workshop with experts of DfD concrete elements. Furthermore, the stakeholders of DfD components data processing were considered. The results of this study may support the adoption of DfD with concrete components as it provides information for designers and builders to implement in early phases of building projects.
Crop area change in the context of civil war in Tigray, Ethiopia
Authors: Peterson Seth , Husak Greg , Shukla Shraddhanand , McNally Amy
Published: March 2024

Smallholder, rain-fed agriculture has been practiced in Tigray, Ethiopia for thousands of years, so farmers have experience with natural disturbances. However, civil war began in November 2020 and disrupted the agricultural system through theft and destruction of farming implements, livestock, and crops, and threats towards human activity, impacting farmers’ ability to work their land. To investigate effects on agricultural activity we used remote sensing data and machine learning methods to map cropped area across Tigray from 2017 to 2022. Specifically, spectral mixture analysis was applied to Sentinel-2 data to produce green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, soil, and shade endmember fractions. Monthly medians of these fractions, along with reference data generated by manual interpretation of very high spatial resolution data, were used to drive random forests-based classifications of crop/no-crop for each year. Initially we used a greenness threshold to distinguish between active and abandoned fields for a given year, but when rainfall is adequate, fields abandoned due to conflict can green up with weeds rather than crops, leading to false positive crop detections. In the spring, abandoned fields have a bright soil crust due to a lack of plowing, so these fields were removed from the crop reference data if the March soil endmember fraction anomaly was greater than 0.15. Overall accuracies of the crop/no-crop maps ranged from 80% to 90% for the different districts. Producer’s/user’s accuracies for the crop class ranged from 55%–80%/69%–90%. In 2021, crop area declined by 29% and 20% in West and Northwest Tigray, respectively, corresponding with reports of intense conflict there. The rest of Tigray showed a mix of smaller increases and decreases, indicating more resilience to the regional conflict. Finally, in 2022 we found increases in cropped area relative to 2021, for all districts except West Tigray, indicating recovery except for the areas where conflict was most severe.
Hamiltonian Lie algebroids
Authors: Blohmann Christian , Weinstein Alan
Published: March 2024

In previous work with M.C. Fernandes, we found a Lie algebroid symmetry for the Einstein evolution equations. The present work was motivated by the effort to combine this symmetry with the hamiltonian structure of the equations to explain the coisotropic structure of the constraint subset for the initial value problem. In this paper, we extend the notion of hamiltonian structure from Lie algebra actions to general Lie algebroids over presymplectic manifolds. Application of this construction to the problem in general relativity is still work in progress.

After comparing a number of possible compatibility conditions between an anchor map

A
→
T
M

A\to TM

on a vector bundle

A
A

and a presymplectic structure on the base

M
M

, we choose the most natural of them, best formulated in terms of a suitably chosen connection on

A
A

. We define a notion of momentum section of

A
∗

A^*

, and, when

A
A

is a Lie algebroid, we specify a condition for compatibility with the Lie algebroid bracket. Compatibility conditions on an anchor, a Lie algebroid bracket, a momentum section, a connection, and a presymplectic structure are then the defining properties of a hamiltonian Lie algebroid. For an action Lie algebroid with the trivial connection, the conditions reduce to those for a hamiltonian action. We show that the clean zero locus of the momentum section of a hamiltonian Lie algebroid is a coisotropic submanifold. To define morphisms of hamiltonian Lie algebroids, we express the structure in terms of a bigraded algebra generated by Lie algebroid forms and de Rham forms on its base. We give an Atiyah-Bott type characterization of a bracket-compatible momentum map; it is equivalent to a closed basic extension of the presymplectic form, within the generalization of the BRST model of equivariant cohomology to Lie algebroids. We show how to construct a groupoid by reduction of an action Lie groupoid

G
×
M

G\times M

by a subgroup

H
H

of

G
G

which is not necessarily normal, and we find conditions which imply that a hamiltonian structure descends to such a reduced Lie algebroid.

We consider many examples and, in particular, find that the tangent Lie algebroid over a symplectic manifold is hamiltonian with respect to some connection if and only if the symplectic structure has a nowhere vanishing primitive. Recent results of Stratmann and Tang show that this is the case whenever the symplectic structure is exact.
Law and Personality Disorder
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe
Published: March 2024

This book examines how legal and policy actors negotiate the demands of controlling crime and respecting individual rights against a background of uncertain scientific knowledge. Bringing together insights from criminology, psychiatry, psychology, and law, it unpicks competing images of ‘dangerous’ offenders and the dilemmas they present. It does so by tracing the creation of a new group—‘dangerous people with severe personality disorders’—by policymakers in England and Wales in 1999—and by situating contemporary debates about ‘dangerous’ offenders within a historical context. Through a critique of sentencing law, mental health law, and human rights law, this book further examines an alluring narrative: that the state has a duty to protect the public from ‘dangerous’ individuals, but that it can protect the human rights of the ‘dangerous’ by providing them with rehabilitation opportunities. While human rights law is often invoked as a means of curbing the excesses of preventive justice, this book demonstrates that the European Court of Human Rights tends to legitimize coercive measures. Furthermore, the criminal law legitimizes the punishment of offenders with mental disorders by resisting psychiatric evidence that they are not fully responsible for their actions. But the law also has the resources to tackle these seemingly intractable dilemmas, and this book therefore puts forward modest reform proposals.
The Origins of the Construct of Dangerous People with Severe Personality Disorder
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe
Published: March 2024

This chapter traces the historical factors and modern concerns that shaped the emergence of the construct of ‘dangerous people with severe personality disorder’ (DSPD). It demonstrates that the DSPD debate is best understood as the latest instalment in a decades-old battle between the proponents of liberal legal principles and advocates for the preventive detention of potentially dangerous individuals. It shows that the problems that offenders with personality disorder presented for government in the 1980s and 1990s went beyond the headline idea that psychiatrists were refusing to detain ‘untreatable’ patients. These problems included long-standing concerns about the risks that disturbed and violent prisoners posed to order, safety, and discipline in prisons, and the risks posed to the reputation of secure hospitals by patients who subverted management regimes. The provision of tailored treatments for ‘dangerous’ offenders presented a means of responding not only to threats to the authority of the state as the guardian of public security but also to its ability to protect the safety of staff and inmates in institutions and to maintain control over them.
The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe
Published: March 2024

This chapter assesses the reforms undertaken in the name of the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) Pathway, which came to replace the DSPD Programme in 2011. The OPD Pathway suggests that mental health support follows risk in the criminal justice system, as prisoners who are not considered to pose significant management problems or a high risk of serious reoffending are likely to be left out of services that could benefit them. Conversely, the broad definition of personality disorder under the Pathway risks applying a stigmatizing label to individuals who may not meet the clinical criteria. This chapter further presents an account of a new penal subject constructed by the Pathway: a traumatized subject whose offending and challenging behaviour is a re-enactment of past traumas. This subject has the potential to amplify the clash between therapeutic cultures and cultures of control within prisons. However, the OPD Pathway also suggests a tendency to pathologize disruptive or challenging behaviours and to attribute these behaviours to individual failings rather than to structural failings within the prison system. Treatment under the OPD Pathway further tends to place responsibility on the individual for managing both their risk of reoffending and the symptoms of trauma. This suggests that the radical potential of trauma-informed practice is being compromised in favour of prison culture.
Culpability, Responsibility, and Personality Disorder
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines how sentencing judges in England and Wales determine whether individual offenders belong in the criminal justice or mental health system, or should be managed by a combination of both. It draws out the principles that courts apply when choosing between a sentence with a punitive element and a wholly therapeutic hospital order under the Mental Health Act (MHA) 1983. Leading cases from the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) tend to prioritize punishing offenders who retain some culpability despite their mental disorder and to take a precautionary approach to public protection that favours indeterminate prison sentences for ‘dangerous’ offenders. Drawing on insights from the history of the criminal law and Cyrus Tata’s concept of ‘case-cleansing’, this chapter shows that judges borrow doctrines from the trial stage to determine culpability at sentencing stage. This may be understood as an effort to resist the challenge psychiatric evidence presents to the criminal law’s authority to punish responsible offenders. Furthermore, judges have borrowed and reshaped the ‘treatability’ criterion from the original MHA 1983 to prevent patients from being discharged from hospital while they still pose a risk to the public. These sentencing policies fail to take into account the very real risks imprisonment poses to vulnerable offenders. In human rights terms, courts should seek to protect offenders from real risks of death or serious harm in prison and make use of the full range of alternatives to imprisonment.
Reflections
Authors: O'Loughlin Ailbhe
Published: March 2024

This chapter draws out the implications of the findings of this study for criminological and legal theory and for the rights and interests of individuals. It demonstrates that law and policy seeks to shape ‘dangerous’ individuals into responsible citizens by treating them as responsible for reforming themselves. Given the clear priority accorded to security over individual liberty in the ‘balance’ struck by human rights law, the offer of rehabilitation may be understood as an effort to render coercive preventive measures taken in the pursuit of security more palatable for liberal governments. Furthermore, reliance on rehabilitative interventions as a means of ‘balancing’ competing rights in the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is an inadequate safeguard against disproportionate punishment. It sketches out some modest suggestions for addressing these problems. These proposals would ensure more parsimonious use of preventive detention under both the criminal law and mental health law, provide opportunities for rehabilitation on a voluntary basis, and facilitate more realistic tests of recidivism risk. These proposals will have to contend with the symbolic nature of efforts to reassure the public that they are protected from individuals who provoke fear. Creating a productive dialogue between the public, policymakers, experts, people who work within criminal justice or mental health services, and those affected by penal and mental health policies, could be one way forward.
A “Cute Little Beaute from Butte, Montana” (But actually, from Boston)
Authors: Erdman Andrew L
Published: March 2024

Julian Eltinge’s father, Joe Dalton, took his family around America looking to make a fortune. Like other men of his day, he was drawn to the West, where it was assumed one could become prosperous and powerful with enough grit and determination. But Joe Dalton never managed to find what he was looking for. His enterprising son, however, fell further in love with the theatre, sneaking out of the house to watch shows at Butte, Montana’s music halls, and performing casually, sometimes in skirts, for miners, hotel guests, and friends. This was an age that saw an enthusiastic rise in the use of drag by all-male clubs and organizations, from college musical fraternities to business entities. Joe Dalton was eventually forced back to Boston to join his wife and son who had already returned East where the seeds of Julian Eltinge’s future would presently take root.
Mr. Simplicity, or a Cadet-Turned-Chorus-Girl
Authors: Erdman Andrew L
Published: March 2024

By the late 1890s, Julian Eltinge and his mother had returned to Boston. The failed family patriarch, Joe Dalton, would shortly give up his quest for riches and return as well. Eltinge—still just Billy Dalton—looked for a trade, and worked for a time in a millinery shop, giving him a sense of fashion trends. He soon became a student of the highly reputed dancing coach Lilla Viles Wyman, who taught him to cakewalk. The lad, intent on honing his singing, dancing, and performing skills, was soon invited to appear in drag at society functions. His big break came when he appeared in an all-male musical produced by Boston’s First Corps of Cadets. Playwright and Cadets’ creative director Robert A. Barnet saw in Billy Dalton a special talent: a gifted female imitator who could sing, dance, and act. Dalton decided on a new name and other creative fabrications.
From Crinoline to Celluloid
Authors: Erdman Andrew L
Published: March 2024

With The Fascinating Widow, Julian Eltinge became a superstar. A. H. Woods would produce several other successful yet formulaic shows with Eltinge portraying a semi-tough guy who ends up needing to crossdress to resolve flimsily constructed plot twists. Woods and his star also launched Julian Eltinge Magazine plus a line of beauty products. A. H. Woods built the Julian Eltinge Theatre on West 42nd Street; it opened in 1912 and housed many successful shows but none featuring the man whose name was on the building. But by 1917 Eltinge had had enough of the stage and announced he was going to Hollywood to make pictures for the Famous Players–Lasky studio. Even being admitted to the vaunted Lambs and Friars theatrical fraternities did not keep Julian Eltinge in New York. He was off to the California for a new life and renewed prospects in the field of moving pictures.
The Twenties
Authors: Erdman Andrew L
Published: March 2024

Movies had served Julian Eltinge well. But they were an unpredictable business, as the actor learned when a war–themed picture he made was abruptly shelved when peace unexpectedly alit in Europe. The impersonation artist pivoted between returning to vaudeville and committing fully to motion pictures, but he ultimately had to go where the work was. Because big-time vaudeville was on the decline, Eltinge found himself mounting revues in nightclubs, dinner cabarets, and cocktail lounges. Times were changing, though, and the “speakeasy culture” he found himself increasingly working in was sometimes viewed with suspicion as a haunt of gay men and transvestic inverts. During this period, the artist also became a mentor and éminence grise for college musical crossdressers, sponsoring and guiding a few proteges.
Meteorology, Climate, and Health in the United States
Authors: LaFay Elaine
Published: March 2024

Unraveling the connections between meteorology, climate, and health—all broadly defined—is an endeavor that cuts across an astonishing array of times, places, and peoples. How societies pursue and interpret these connections is deeply tied to sociocultural, environmental, and political context. In the United States, meteorological beliefs rested on shared assumptions rooted in ancient traditions that linked prevailing environmental and climatic conditions with human health. By the 17th century, the steadfast collection of meteorological phenomena in weather journals was tethered to medical knowledge as well as the pursuit of agricultural, business, and shipping ventures. Environmental conditions were routinely theorized as causes for epidemics and individual sickness (or cure). As meteorology changed from a practice of data collection to a science over the 18th and 19th centuries, its medical arm branched into the interlocking fields of medical meteorology, medical climatology, and medical topography. However, even with the rise of new meteorological technologies and methods, older ways of knowing the weather persisted alongside formal medical theories of health and place, and tacit, embodied knowledge was never fully supplanted by instrumental data collection. The science of meteorology also grew into being as a tool of empire. Imperial states established networks of meteorological stations to collect weather data to further colonial ambitions and foster politically charged geographic imaginaries of colonized places and peoples. But theorizing the relationship between climate and health was not restricted to white men of science. Black intellectuals and subaltern peoples held radically different cosmologies of climate and challenged prevailing essentialist theories of climate and health throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. In the 20th century, scientists situated changing climates as a key dimension for disease patterns and demographic transition more broadly. As historians make use of the increasingly sophisticated methods of historical climatology, past climate reconstruction has sparked new questions on how environmental conditions have both enabled and constrained human action during climate—and political, infrastructural—disasters. New interdisciplinary approaches to the climate crisis have further offered ways to bridge the disconnect between climate science and medical practice that emerged during the 20th century.
LGBTQ+ Students in PK–12 Education
Authors: Lebovitz Benjamin A. , Gill Erin K. , McQuillan Mollie T. , Eckes Suzanne E.
Published: March 2024

Shifts in the visibility and recognition of LGBTQ+ identity have been accompanied by an evolution in understanding how educational policies, curricula, and environments impact well-being, health, and academic success. Since 2015, landmark decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court recognizing same-sex marriage and expansively defining sex under employment law have been joined by a retrenchment in public opinion as well as federal and state policy. This paradox of both increasing LGBTQ+ visibility and resistance toward LGBTQ+ acceptance has centered LGBTQ+ youth in political debates, with a particular focus on issues related to transgender and nonbinary youth. Historically, the literature on LGBTQ+ students in schools has focused on discrimination and poor social relationships, such as bullying, harassment, and victimization. While situated in a deficit-based framing, students’ reports of negative school environments and their connection to poor academic and health outcomes provide the motivation for policymakers, educators, parents, and other educational stakeholders to invest in structural and social reform efforts. The law has played a prominent role in both the expansion and retrenchment of students’ civil rights in schools, and this has been true for LGBTQ+ students. LGBTQ+ students have experienced many favorable but fluctuating rulings in many courts, so school officials would be wise to keep apprised of the evolving decisions in their jurisdictions.

Educational stakeholders should familiarize themselves with the legal landscape, advocate for inclusive and protective state and local policies, ensure that local district practices protect LGBTQ+ students from discrimination and harassment in schools, leverage LGBTQ+-inclusive community organizations and resources, participate in trainings to improve inclusive school practices, and build LGBTQ+-inclusive facilities, teaching practices, and social supports for youth.
Locus of Control Framework and Teacher Well-being
Authors: Venema-Steen Inga , Southall Anne
Published: March 2024

The locus of control framework, a well-established model of human management in the business sector, suggests that individuals display internal characteristics (Internals) and external characteristics (Externals). Internals are known for being more focused and proactive in the workplace, whereas Externals are more guided by outside influences and therefore are more accepting of external outcomes. Researchers support the notion that teachers are able to support their personal well-being by drawing on their internal and external resources and examining their teaching role in relation to three key areas: the school leadership, the students, and the teachers themselves.

The school leadership impacts teacher well-being through the creation of the school climate, which is more suited for staff with either internal or external attributes. The school leadership is able to support teacher well-being levels by positive relationships, empathetic communication, and strong bonds of trust to foster teacher resilience and job satisfaction in Internals and Externals. Educators who exhibit high self-efficacy or possess a higher level of internal locus of control tend to display proactive behaviors, resulting in lower stress levels and enhanced job satisfaction.

Furthermore, the influential role of students in shaping teacher well-being, primarily through the dynamics of teacher–student relationships, is profound. Internals are known for establishing positive connections with students. These relationships are known for contributing significantly to a sense of fulfillment and overall well-being among teachers. Conversely, negative teacher–student relationships can lead to heightened stress levels, burnout, and increased absenteeism among educators. To extend resilience and strengthen positive relationship toward students, Externals could participate in practical courses where detailed guidance is provided, resulting in enhanced job satisfaction.

Teachers need to draw onto their internal environment to identify factors that impact their well-being. Personal circumstances encompass both their work and home life, as well as their physical and mental well-being. The emphasis and adoption of positive coping strategies, such as effective time management, stress management, and maintaining a healthy work–life balance, are effective means of mitigating workplace stressors in both Internals and Externals. Negative coping strategies, including avoidance and reliance on substances, are discouraged, with a strong emphasis on seeking support from mentors and professionals.
History of UNITA in Angola
Authors: Pearce Justin
Published: March 2024

The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola União Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola (UNITA) was the last of three movements to take up arms against Portuguese colonial rule in Angola, when Jonas Savimbi led a breakaway in 1966 from the longer-established National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA). Confined to the territory’s peripheries, its impact was limited, and a pact made in 1973 with the colonial army would later sully its reputation. Once the 1974 Portuguese revolution permitted civilian mobilization, UNITA drew upon nationalist sentiment that emerged from the mission schools of the Central Highlands to establish a skilled cadre within the movement.

As independence approached in 1975, FNLA, UNITA, and the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (MPLA) competed for control. UNITA was bolstered by South African military support until 1976, but as the MPLA gained control of the state, UNITA switched to a strategy of guerrilla warfare. Renewed South African support in the 1980s helped sustain UNITA, by that time based in its “bush capital,” Jamba, where it was able to realize its ambitions to rule, albeit within limited territory. Throughout this period, UNITA depended on a monopoly of force in much of rural Angola, a social contract that involved provision of public goods, and the promulgation of an ideology that positioned UNITA as the representative of the Angolan nation with state-like prerogatives and responsibilities.

Following a peace settlement, UNITA contested the 1992 elections expecting victory. As the MPLA was declared the victor, UNITA remobilized its forces and consolidated control over much of the interior. Following a further failed attempt at a settlement in the mid-1990s, government counterinsurgency at the end of the decade undermined UNITA’s rural support. Savimbi’s death in 2002 prompted UNITA’s surviving generals to accept peace on the government’s terms. UNITA faced difficulty in establishing itself as a civilian party in a political space dominated by the MPLA. During the 2010s it achieved a gradual increase in electoral support by reactivating its networks in the Central Highlands and finding common cause with popular grievances in Luanda.
Food and Agricultural History of Ghana since Pre-colonial Times
Authors: Adu-Gyamfi Samuel
Published: March 2024

The importance of food and agriculture in a nation’s history cannot be gainsaid. Generally, countries like Ghana have maintained consistent patterns of eating local staples that have dominated the food crop space for many decades in their regions. Historically, Ghana has been supported by the domestication of plants and animals and sometimes also by the translocation of the same from other regions or countries. When these new plants were made available, various agricultural techniques were deployed to perpetuate them. In Ghana, the British colonial government took steps to improve aspects of food and agriculture during the colonial period to serve domestic interest and especially European interest abroad. In general, the policies that guided the production, manufacture, and distribution of food during the colonial period continued to remain significant in subsequent years.
Slavery in the Mandara Mountains and Lake Chad Basin
Authors: Chetima Melchisedek
Published: March 2024

The demand for slaves in the Lake Chad Basin spanning a long period from at least the 16th century through the first half of the 20th century significantly shaped the physical and human landscapes. Throughout this long period, the Mandara Mountains were part of the practice of slavery as an area of predation first for Kanem-Borno between the 15th and 18th centuries and then for the kingdom of Wandala since the 18th century and the Sokoto Caliphate through the Lamidate of Madagali since the 19th century. To better contextualize the issue of slavery and its role in the political and social transformations of the Chadian Basin, we will rely on three types of sources: first, the travel reports of European explorers and the German, French, and English colonial archives which reported the practice of slavery in the region; second, oral traditions collected by historians and anthropologists; and third, a diary dictated between 1912 and 1927 by Hamman Yaji, the most important slave raider in the southern Lake Chad Basin during that period. As an internal source dating back to the beginning of the 20th century, this diary provides insight into the explosion of slave raids in the early years of colonial occupation and offers unique insight into the relationship between slave-owning and enslaved societies as well as the ambiguous relationship between colonial masters and slave-owning societies.
Proteins and Meat
Authors: Keck Laura-Elena
Published: March 2024

[This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Food Studies. Please check back later for the full article.]

Proteins held a special position in 19th-century nutritional debates: “Discovered” in the mid-1800s, they were thought to be the source of muscle energy and seemed to offer solutions to many of the problems and challenges of the industrial age. Meat, in particular, was praised by doctors and nutrition experts as a protein-rich food that could help to combat malnutrition, shape more efficient human bodies, and enhance industrial and military performance—serving not only the needs of the individual but also the interests of the nation state. Meat consumption was also associated with normative concepts of masculinity and “civilization” and was frequently cited as a reason—and justification—for colonialism. In this new equation, meat equaled proteins equaled strength. This attitude slowly started to change in the early 1900s: A growing number of nutrition experts joined early critics—vegetarians and nutrition reformers—in advocating the use of more “efficient” protein and energy sources, while excessive meat consumption increasingly came to be identified as a risk factor for disease. Nevertheless, today we can see many of the 19th-century preoccupations with proteins, meat, “civilization,” and masculinity lingering or re-emerging in dietary trends like the “paleo diet,” protein-enriched “functional foods,” or books written by vegan bodybuilders. Transcending nutritional debates, these phenomena are symptomatic of broader attitudes toward eating, health, society, and the human body.