bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Derivation of turbulent energy dissipation rate with the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) and radiosondes at Andøya, Norway
Authors: Li Qiang , Rapp Markus , Schrön Anne , Schneider Andreas , Stober Gunter
Published: December 2016

Abstract. We present the derivation of turbulent energy dissipation rate ε from a total of 522 days of observations with the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar SYstem (MAARSY) mesosphere–stratosphere–troposphere (MST) radar running tropospheric experiments during the period of 2010–2013 as well as with balloon-borne radiosondes based on a campaign in the summer 2013. Spectral widths are converted to ε after the removal of the broadening effects due to the finite beam width of the radar. With the simultaneous in situ measurements of ε with balloon-borne radiosondes at the MAARSY radar site, we compare the ε values derived from both techniques and reach an encouraging agreement between them. Using all the radar data available, we present a preliminary climatology of atmospheric turbulence in the UTLS (upper troposphere and lower stratosphere) region above the MAARSY site showing a variability of more than 5 orders of magnitude inherent in turbulent energy dissipation rates. The derived ε values reveal a log-normal distribution with a negative skewness, and the ε profiles show an increase with height which is also the case for each individual month. Atmospheric turbulence based on our radar measurements reveals a seasonal variation but no clear diurnal variation in the UTLS region. Comparison of ε with the gradient Richardson number Ri shows that only 1.7 % of all the data with turbulence occur under the condition of Ri < 1 and that the values of ε under the condition of Ri < 1 are significantly larger than those under Ri > 1. Further, there is a roughly negative correlation between ε and Ri that is independent of the scale dependence of Ri. Turbulence under active dynamical conditions (velocity of horizontal wind U > 10 m s−1) is significantly stronger than under quiet conditions (U < 10 m s−1). Last but not least, the derived ε values are compared with the corresponding vertical shears of background wind velocity showing a linear relation with a corresponding correlation coefficient r = 58 % well above the 99.9 % significance level. This implies that wind shears play an important role in the turbulence generation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (through the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability).
Depth-averaged instantaneous currents in a tidally dominated shelf sea from glider observations
Authors: Merckelbach Lucas
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Ocean gliders have become ubiquitous observation platforms in the ocean in recent years. They are also increasingly used in coastal environments. The coastal observatory system COSYNA has pioneered the use of gliders in the North Sea, a shallow tidally energetic shelf sea. For operational reasons, the gliders operated in the North Sea are programmed to resurface every 3–5 h. The glider's dead-reckoning algorithm yields depth-averaged currents, averaged in time over each subsurface interval. Under operational conditions these averaged currents are a poor approximation of the instantaneous tidal current. In this work an algorithm is developed that estimates the instantaneous current (tidal and residual) from glider observations only. The algorithm uses a first-order Butterworth low pass filter to estimate the residual current component, and a Kalman filter based on the linear shallow water equations for the tidal component. A comparison of data from a glider experiment with current data from an acoustic Doppler current profilers deployed nearby shows that the standard deviations for the east and north current components are better than 7 cm s−1 in near-real-time mode and improve to better than 6 cm s−1 in delayed mode, where the filters can be run forward and backward. In the near-real-time mode the algorithm provides estimates of the currents that the glider is expected to encounter during its next few dives. Combined with a behavioural and dynamic model of the glider, this yields predicted trajectories, the information of which is incorporated in warning messages issued to ships by the (German) authorities. In delayed mode the algorithm produces useful estimates of the depth-averaged currents, which can be used in (process-based) analyses in case no other source of measured current information is available.
A wind proxy based on migrating dunes at the Baltic Coast:
statistical analysis of the link between wind conditions and sand
movement
Authors: Bierstedt Svenja E. , Hünicke Birgit , Zorita Eduardo , Ludwig Juliane
Published: December 2016

Abstract. We statistically analyse the relationship between the structure of migrating dunes in the Southern Baltic and the driving wind conditions over the past 26 years, with the long-term aim of using migrating dunes as proxy for past wind conditions at interannual resolution. Dunes as wind proxies are not a totally new idea to the scientific community, but existing studies have so far analysed the link of dune structure and wind only on temporal resolutions of decades or millennia. The present analysis is based on the dune record derived from geo-radar measurements by Ludwig et al. (2016). The dune system is located at the Baltic Sea coast of Poland and is migrating from west to east along the coast. Ludwig et al. (2016) suggested that the analysed dunes show an alternation in the sediment composition that can be used to determine the annual migration velocity which can be seen as a wind proxy. Here, we present a detailed statistical analysis of this record and calibrate it as a wind proxy. To our knowledge there are no adequate, homogeneous meteorological station data for this area available to validate this proxy. Therefore we based our analysis on a gridded regional meteorological reanalysis data set (coastDat2) over the recent decades. We include precipitation and temperature into our analysis, in addition to wind, to learn more about the dependency between these three atmospheric factors and their common influence on the dune system. We set up a statistical linear model based on the correlation between the number of days with west and south-west wind directions above a pre-defined wind speed threshold and the dune migration velocities. To some extent, the dune intervals can be seen analogous to a tree ring widths, and hence we used a proxy-validation method usually applied in dendrochronology when the available meteorological record is short, namely the cross-validation with the leave-one-out-method. This revealed correlations between the wind record from the reanalysis and the reconstructed wind record derived from the dune structure in the range of 0.28 and 0.63. Thus, our study verifies that this type of dunes can be validated with dendrochronological methods and derive acceptable validation values as a wind proxy. The identified link between the dune annual layers and wind conditions from the meteorological reanalysis was additionally supported by the co-variability between dune layers and sea-level variations in the Southern Baltic Sea. Baltic Sea level variability in winter time is known to be strongly driven by westerly winds over this region. These results, therefore, provide an independent support, solely based on observations, of the link between annual dune layers and prevailing wind conditions.
Estimating catchment-scale groundwater dynamics from recession analysis – enhanced constraining of hydrological models
Authors: Skaugen Thomas , Mengistu Zelalem
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In this study, we propose a new formulation of subsurface water storage dynamics for use in rainfall–runoff models. Under the assumption of a strong relationship between storage and runoff, the temporal distribution of catchment-scale storage is considered to have the same shape as the distribution of observed recessions (measured as the difference between the log of runoff values). The mean subsurface storage is estimated as the storage at steady state, where moisture input equals the mean annual runoff. An important contribution of the new formulation is that its parameters are derived directly from observed recession data and the mean annual runoff. The parameters are hence estimated prior to model calibration against runoff. The new storage routine is implemented in the parameter parsimonious distance distribution dynamics (DDD) model and has been tested for 73 catchments in Norway of varying size, mean elevation and landscape type. Runoff simulations for the 73 catchments from two model structures (DDD with calibrated subsurface storage and DDD with the new estimated subsurface storage) were compared. Little loss in precision of runoff simulations was found using the new estimated storage routine. For the 73 catchments, an average of the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency criterion of 0.73 was obtained using the new estimated storage routine compared with 0.75 using calibrated storage routine. The average Kling–Gupta efficiency criterion was 0.80 and 0.81 for the new and old storage routine, respectively. Runoff recessions are more realistically modelled using the new approach since the root mean square error between the mean of observed and simulated recession characteristics was reduced by almost 50 % using the new storage routine. The parameters of the proposed storage routine are found to be significantly correlated to catchment characteristics, which is potentially useful for predictions in ungauged basins.
Critical investigation of calculation methods for the elastic velocities in anisotropic ice polycrystals
Authors: Maurel Agnès , Mercier Jean-François , Montagnat Maurine
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Crystallographic texture (or fabric) evolution with depth along ice cores can be evaluated using borehole sonic logging measurements. These measurements provide the velocities of elastic waves that depend on the ice polycrystal anisotropy, and they can further be related to the ice texture. To do so, elastic velocities need to be inverted from a modeling approach that relate elastic velocities to ice texture. So far, two different approaches can be found. A classical model is based on the effective medium theory; the velocities are derived from elastic wave propagation in a homogeneous medium characterized by an average elasticity tensor. Alternatively, a velocity averaging approach was used in the glaciology community that averages the velocities from a given population of single crystals with different orientations. In this paper, we show that the velocity averaging method is erroneous in the present context. This is demonstrated for the case of waves propagating along the clustering direction of a highly textured polycrystal, characterized by crystallographic c axes oriented along a single maximum (cluster). In this case, two different shear wave velocities are obtained while a unique velocity is theoretically expected. While making use of this velocity averaging method, reference work by Bennett (1968) does not end with such an unphysical result. We show that this is due to the use of erroneous expressions for the shear wave velocities in a single crystal, as the starting point of the averaging process. Because of the weak elastic anisotropy of ice single crystal, the inversion of the measured velocities requires accurate modeling approaches. We demonstrate here that the inversion method based on the effective medium theory provides physically based results and should therefore be favored.
Actuator cylinder theory for multiple vertical axis wind turbines
Authors: Ning Andrew
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Actuator cylinder theory is an effective approach for analyzing the aerodynamic performance of vertical axis wind turbines at a conceptual design level. Existing actuator cylinder theory can analyze single turbines, but analysis of multiple turbines is often desirable because turbines may operate in near proximity within a wind farm. For vertical axis wind turbines, which tend to operate in closer proximity than do horizontal axis turbines, aerodynamic interactions may not be strictly confined to wake interactions. We modified actuator cylinder theory to permit the simultaneous solution of aerodynamic loading for any number of turbines. We also extended the theory to handle thrust coefficients outside of the momentum region and explicitly defined the additional terms needed for curved or swept blades. While the focus of this paper is a derivation of an extended methodology, an application of this theory was explored involving two turbines operating in close proximity. Comparisons were made against two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations, across a full 360° of inflow, with excellent agreement. The counter-rotating turbines produced a 5–10 % increase in power across a wide range of inflow conditions. A second comparison was made to a three-dimensional RANS simulation with a different turbine under different conditions. While only one data point was available, the agreement was reasonable, with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predicting a 12 % power loss, as compared to a 15 % power loss for the actuator cylinder method. This extended theory appears promising for conceptual design studies of closely spaced vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), but further development and validation is needed.
The Study of Rhetorical Moves in Applied Linguistics Research-Based Articles Written by Iranian Researchers
Authors: Fazilatfar Ali Mohammad , Naseri Zainab Sadat
Published: December 2016

This study discussed rhetorical features of Iranian applied linguistics research articles (RAs) in English. The main focus of this research is on the examination of the patterns of communicative purposes or “moves” and their subsequent elements or “steps” of different sections of these articles. The researchers randomly chose 30 research articles from four Iranian journals of applied linguistics published within five recent years (2008-2012). The analysis includes the examination of communicative purposes of the texts following Pho’s (2008b) model of move analysis in applied linguistics research articles. For the ease of comparison, this corpus was compared with Pho’s (2008b) corpus of study. The results showed that the macro rhetorical structure of the Iranian research articles is relatively similar to that of non-Iranian RAs with some minor differences. However the communicative purposes in different sections in the two groups of RAs (Iranian and non-Iranian) are relatively different. The pedagogical implication of this study is that the English RAs genre needs to be explicitly taught to Iranian researchers.
Complex Fortune: F. Scott Fitzgerald, Thomas Piketty, and Capital in the Basil and Josephine Stories
Authors: Berman Ronald
Published: December 2016

This article applies the theories of wealth and income inequality popularized in French economist Thomas Piketty's recent Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2013) to the Basil and Josephine stories that F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote between 1928 and 1931. As a student of the relationship between inherited and acquired wealth and the social concerns generated from the tension between them, Fitzgerald is as ideal a writer for contemporary commentators to explore the evolving notion of capital in modern society as European novelists such as Jane Austen and Honoré de Balzac upon whom Piketty focuses. In particular, the quintet of Saturday Evening Post tales about Chicago debutante Josephine Perry that Fitzgerald published in 1930–31 capture a new kind of public scrutiny in which pressures from the outside world are exerted on the family. Individual stories in the series such as “A Snobbish Story” document how civic institutions like the opera and the theater demand support and provide respectability, opening up new forms of class mobility that threaten the upper-class presumption of a lineage of taste, style, and beliefs founded in tradition. Josephine's expectations have been hitherto founded on the logic of social order: her family represents the community, and in a fairly exalted way. Post-1914 concepts about social association threaten that logic, however, and Josephine exhibits the jitteriness of a world absorbing new forms of identity that are epitomized by her romantic antagonist John Boynton Bailey. Capturing the erosion of cultural patronage and the insurgence of new ideas of moral relativism, Fitzgerald brought the nineteenth-century novel of money up to date.
Research Priorities for Optimal Use of Patient-reported Outcomes in Quality and Outcome Improvement for Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Franklin Patricia D.
Published: December 2016

The national Functional and Outcomes Research for Comparative Effectiveness in Total Joint Replacement program routinely collects pre- and postoperative patient-reported outcomes for clinicians to use when making individual patient treatment decisions and monitoring aggregate quality of care and outcomes. When the pre–post gains in pain or function at one site vary from the national norms, the next question is, “how do we improve?” This paper will use the traditional quality management's framework of inputs (patients), processes (clinical care), and outcomes to outline priority research questions to learn how clinicians, hospital managers, and patients can interpret patient-reported outcomes to improve total knee arthroplasty care and outcomes. In summary, research should identify best practices to minimize variation in a patient's health status before surgery, tailor peri–total knee arthroplasty care pathways to match individual patient risks to optimize safe care, and implement patient-reported measures to document optimal outcomes.
Joint Stability in Total Knee Arthroplasty: What Is the Target for a Stable Knee?
Authors: Wright Timothy M.
Published: December 2016

Instability remains a common cause of failure in total knee arthroplasty. Although approaches for surgical treatment of instability exist, the target for initial stability remains elusive, increasing the likelihood that failures will persist because adequate stability is not restored when performing the primary arthroplasty. Although the mechanisms that stabilize the knee joint—contact between the articular surfaces, ligamentous constraints, and muscle forces—are well-defined, their relative importance and the interplay among them throughout functions of daily living are poorly understood. The problem is exacerbated by the complex multiplanar motions that occur across the joint and the large variations in these motions across the population, suggesting that stability targets may need to be patient-specific.
Improving the Impact of Educational Research
Authors: Cai Jinfa , Morris Anne , Hwang Stephen , Hohensee Charles , Robison Victoria , Hiebert James
Published: December 2016

How can research have a larger impact on educational practice? What kinds of research can have the greatest impact on educational practice? These are perennially thought-provoking questions for mathematics education researchers (e.g., Battista et al., 2007; Boerst et al., 2010; Heck et al., 2012; Heid et al., 2006; Herbel-Eisenmann et al., 2016; Langrall, 2014; Silver, 2003) as well as educational researchers more broadly (Kane, 2016; Snow, 2016). In recent years, educational researchers have lamented the failure of educational research to have a transformative effect on educational practice despite repeated reform efforts. One might be tempted to adapt a motto of the Reformation, Ecclesia reformata, semper reformanda, to describe the history of education: reformed and always reforming. Payne (2008) systematically reported the persistence of failure in urban schools despite “so much reform.” However, the failed impact of educational research on practice goes far beyond urban schools (Bryk, Gomez, Grunow, & LeMahieu, 2015). We are forced to ask, how can the field of educational research improve its impact on practice?
Toward a Framework for Research Linking Equitable Teaching With the Standards for Mathematical Practice
Authors: Bartell Tonya , Wager Anita , Edwards Ann , Battey Dan , Foote Mary , Spencer Joi
Published: December 2016

The Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM) do not make any promises about the teaching practices that should be used to support students' enactment of the standards. Thus, equity gets framed as achievable through making the standards a goal for all students. We know from research on past reform efforts that standards without explicit (or companion) teaching practices, and teaching practices without explicit attention to equity, will inevitably result in the failure of the standards to achieve goals for students. This commentary provides a framework for future research that hypothesizes research-based equitable mathematics teaching practices in support of the CCSSM's Standards for Mathematical Practice, connecting research, policy, and practice in order to realize the equity potential of the CCSSM.
Book Review: Reconsidering Affect in Mathematics Education
Authors: Jansen Amanda , DiNapoli Joseph , McKenney Kristin
Published: December 2016

Mathematics educators incorporate affective constructs into their research as they seek to understand phenomena related to teaching and learning. Some prominent findings in mathematics education research suggest that beliefs provide explanations for some perplexing behaviors. For instance, if students stop working on a challenging task after a short period of time, one explanation may be that they believe that if you understand mathematics, you can solve problems in 5 minutes or less (Schoenfeld, 1988).
УЛОГА СТРАНИХ УЛАГАЊА У ФИНАНСИРАЊУ ПРИВРЕДНОГ РАСТА И РАЗВОЈА
Authors: Косорић Српко
Published: December 2016

Овај рад се бави страним улагањима, с посебним освртомна стране директне инвестиције (СДИ), и начинима на којe СДИ могу поспјешити привредни раст и развој земље у коју се улаже. Описано је неколико најчешће коришћених начина страног инвестирања. Дата су виђења како СДИ утичу на привреду и колики значај могу да имају за земље у развоју и транзицији, али прије свега и за већ развијене земље.
(НЕ)УРАЧУНЉИВОСТ ИЗВРШИЛАЦА КРИВИЧНИХ ДЈЕЛА
Authors: Драговић Свјетлана
Published: December 2016

Да би се лицу које је извршило кривично дјело моглаизрећи кривична санкција, неопходно је да се утврди његова кривица, односно кривична одговорност. Кривична одговорност је индивидуална, непреносива и посебно се утврђује за сваког извршиоца кривичног дјела и у односу на свако поједино кривично дјело које је он извршио. Да би био кривично одговоран, извршилац кривичног дјела треба да је урачунљив у вријеме извршења дјела, а његова способност да схвати значај дјела и да управља својим поступцима процјењује се у односу на извршено дјело. Као што се види, није ријеч о некој уопштеној оцјени душевног здравља извршиоца, већ о процјени стања које је постојало у вријеме извршења дјела и његовом утицају на способност расуђивања и одлучивања. Наравно, важно је напоменути да се кривична одговорност састоји из два елемента, урачунљивости и виности, те да би лице било кривично одговорно, неопходно је, поред урачунљивости, утврдитипостојање и виности. Аутор ће у раду пажњу посветити само појму урачунљивости, односно неурачунљивости извршилаца кривичних дјела.
НАСТАНАК И ИСТОРИЈСКИ РАЗВОЈ ОБЕЗБЈЕЂЕЊА ОДРЕЂЕНИХ ЛИЧНОСТИ И ОБЈЕКАТА, С ОСВРТОМ НА РЕПУБЛИКУ СРПСКУ
Authors: Шарић Борислав , Јојић Ленка
Published: December 2016

У раду је, поред појмовног одређења области обезбјеђењаодређених личности и објеката, обрађен настанак и развој обезбјеђења личности и објеката, кратак историјски преглед, с посебним освртом на ову област у Републици Српској. Дат је преглед организационе структуре обезбјеђења личности и објеката у Министарству унутрашњих послова Републике Српске, кратак опис организационих јединица, мјера и радњи које се предузимају према личностима и објектима који се посебно обезбјеђују, те компарација са другим полицијским агенцијама које обављају послове обезбјеђења ове категорије у Босни и Херцеговини.
СТРАТЕГИЈА СПРЕЧАВАЊА ЗЛОУПОТРЕБЕ ДРОГА
Authors: Мандић Бранко
Published: December 2016

Стратегија спречавања злоупотребе дрога мора се спроводити као дио укупне стратегије спречавања и сузбијања криминалитета, водећи рачуна о његовој динамичности насталој развојем науке и технологије, његовом глобалном карактеру, али у исто вријеме и значају вриједности које се штите, а то је живот и здравље младе особе. У стратегији спречавања криминалитета, а самим тим и криминалитета везаног за злоупотребу дрога, као његовог веома важног дијела, улогу имају сви елементи друштва, али су механизми њихове сарадње и модели спровођења превенције кључ у ланцу дугорочних мјера и покушаја рјешавања проблема. У овом раду биће обрађен начинпревентивног поступања код злоупотребе дрога у Републици Српској, субјекти превенције злоупотребе дрога у Републици Српској, као и њихово мјесто и улога у укупној превенцији. Циљ рада био је истражити, кориштењем методе анализе садржаја, колико се ради на превенцијизлоупотребе дрога и колико су се реализовале активности планиране Стратегијом надзора над опојним дрогама и сузбијања злоупотребе опојних дрога у Републици Српској. Из досадашњег искуства у раду и из проведених истраживања закључујемо да је превенција запостављена уРепублици Српској и да су неопходне системске промјене у организовању превентивног поступања.
ПРАКТИЧНИ АСПЕКТ КРИМИНАЛИСТИЧКЕ АКТИВНОСТИ КОД СЕРИЈСКИХ РАЗБОЈНИШТАВА
Authors: Миладиновић Александар
Published: December 2016

У раду се указује на одређене практичне импликацијекриминалистичке реакције на серијска разбојништва. У том контексту, посматрају се специфичности превентивног дјеловања на серијска разбојништва, гдје се превенција посматра и у односу на сама дјела, али и у односу на потенцијалне жртве ових кривичних дјела. Даје се приказкриминалистичке анализе серијских разбојништава, која претпоставља идентификовање, перципирање и диференцирање криминалистички релевантних карактеристика серијских разбојништава, што детерминише репресивну активност на плану расвјетљавања ових кривичних дјела. Са криминалистичкометодичког аспекта, указује се на специфичности методике расвјетљавања ових кривичних дјела, која представља синергију методике расвјетљавања разбојништава иметодике расвјетљавања серијских кривичних дјела.
ПРИКАЗ КЊИГЕ ‘’ФЕЈСБУК И КРИМИНАЛИТЕТ’’, АУТОРА АЛЕКСАНДРА МИЛАДИНОВИЋА, У ИЗДАЊУ ИНТЕРНАЦИОН АЛНЕ АСОЦИЈАЦИЈЕ КРИМИНАЛИСТА
Authors: Хелдић-Смаилагић Едина
Published: December 2016

У издању Интернационалне асоцијације криминалиста Бања Лука крајем претходне године објављена је књига под називом ‘’Фејсбук и криминалитет’’, аутора Александра Миладиновића, инспектора за полицијску обуку у Јединици за основну обуку – Полицијској академији Бањалука.
A SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL COMFORT OF CLOTHING EVALUATED IN COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Celcar Damjana
Published: December 2016

In this study, the thermal comfort of clothing was subjectively evaluated in cold environmental conditions. Different male business clothing systems, made of standard textiles (wool and wool-mixture), and materials that contain phase-change materials (PCMs), were developed. The research was performed with the help of test subjects in a computer controlled climatic chamber, in artificially created cold environmental conditions, at ambient temperatures of 10 °C, 5 °C and 0 °C, and with physical activity that is as reminiscent as possible of the real life situation of wearing clothes, such as sitting and walking on a treadmill. The impact of particular business clothing systems and varied cold environmental conditions on the wearer’s subjective feeling of thermal comfort was determined with a questionnaire and an assessment scale of thermal comfort defined by standard ISO 10551:2004. For this purpose, an analysis of the subjective evaluation of thermal comfort, the desired thermal state, the acceptability of the current situation and their personal tolerance of the environment, was made before, during and after each experiment. The results of the research show that subjective evaluations of thermal comfort directly depend on environmental conditions, as well as clothing systems. From this subjective evaluation it can be seen that in spite of lower mean skin temperatures the test subjects felt comfortable at an ambient temperature of 10 °C. It is also evident that the analysed clothing systems are not suitable for wearing below an ambient temperature of 0 °C, because the test subjects felt uncomfortable.
O JEDNOJ ANALOGIJI IZMEĐU SLOŽENIH HEMIJSKIH REAKCIJA I ELEKTRIČNIH KOLA
Authors: Pejovic Branko , Micic Vladan , Tomic Milorad , Dugic Pero , Cakic Milorad
Published: December 2016

U ovom radu, kao za karakterističan primer iz hemijske kinetike, za reakciju prvog reda, sistem složenih hemijskih jednačina matematičkim transformacijama sveden je na sistem homogenih i nehomogenih diferencijalnih jednačina prvog i drugog reda, koje su pogodne za predstavljanje preko električne analogije. Nakon toga, posmatrana su električna kola sa rednom i paralelnom vezom u kojima su prisutne sve tri karakteristične otpornosti i to sa i bez strujnog izvora. Primenom Kirhofovih zakona, izvedene su pogodne diferencijalne jednačine u zavisnosti od naelektrisanja, napona i jačine struje, a koje predstavljaju opšti model za uspostavljanje analogije sa ranije izvedenim sličnim hemijskim jednačinama za određivanje koncentracije jedinjenja, u kojima su uključene i konstante brzine reakcije. Na kraju, na primeru jedne od karakterističnih izvedenih električnih relacija u diferencijalnom obliku, dat je tabelarni prikaz analogije između električnih i veličina koje figurišu u hemijskim jednačinama, kao i neke mogućnosti primene prikazanih analogija.
Method of estimating mechanical stress on Si body of MOSFET using drain–body junction current
Authors: Seo Ji-Hoon , Kim Gang-Jun , Son Donghee , Lee Nam-Hyun , Kang Bongkoo
Published: December 2016

A simple and accurate method of estimating the mechanical stress σ on the Si body of a MOSFET is proposed. This method measures the doping concentration of the body, N
d, and the onset voltage V
hl for the high-level injection of the drain–body junction, uses N
d, the ideality factor η, and the Fermi potential ϕf ≈ V
hl/2η to calculate the intrinsic carrier concentration n
i of the Si body, and then uses the calculated n
i to obtain the bandgap energy E
g of the Si body. σ is estimated from E
g using the deformation potential theory. The estimates of σ agree well with those obtained using previous methods. The proposed method requires one MOSFET, whereas the others require at least two MOSFETs, so the proposed method can give an absolute measurement of σ on the Si body of a MOSFET.
High quality Al0.99Ga0.01N layers on sapphire substrates grown at 1150 °C by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Katsuno Shota , Yasuda Toshiki , Hagiwara Koudai , Koide Norikatsu , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Amano Hiroshi
Published: December 2016

We systematically investigated metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) growths of AlN layers with trimethylgallium (TMGa) supply on sapphire substrates at 1100–1250 °C. We found that Ga incorporations into the AlN layers contributed to smooth surfaces covered with step terraces at the early stage of the Al(Ga)N growth. In addition, a GaN mole fraction leading to the smooth surfaces was found to be around 2–3% at the beginning of growth. The Ga supply during the AlN layer growth at 1150 °C provided very smooth Al0.99Ga0.01N layers on sapphire substrates.
Nonlinear dust acoustic waves with polarization force effects in Kappa distribution plasma
Authors: Chen Hui , Zhou Suyun , Luo Rongxiang , Liu Sanqiu
Published: December 2016

The propagation characteristics of dust acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) in dusty plasmas with the effects of polarization force and superthermal ions are studied. First, the polarization force induced by superthermal ions is obtained. It is shown that the superthermality of background ions affect the Debye screening of dust grains as well as the polarization force significantly. Then for small amplitude solitary waves, the KdV equation is obtained by applying the reductive perturbation technique. And for the arbitrary amplitude solitary waves, the Sagdeev potential method is employed and the Sagdeev potential is analyzed. In both case, the effects of the polarization force associated the ions’ superthermality on the characteristic of the DASWs are analyzed.
Microfluidic transmission surface plasmon resonance enhancement for biosensor applications
Authors: Lertvachirapaiboon Chutiparn , Baba Akira , Ekgasit Sanong , Shinbo Kazunari , Kato Keizo , Kaneko Futao
Published: December 2016

The microfluidic transmission surface plasmon resonance (MTSPR) constructed by assembling a gold-coated grating substrate with a microchannel was employed for biosensor application. The transmission surface plasmon resonance spectrum obtained from the MTSPR sensor chip showed a strong and narrow surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak located between 650 and 800 nm. The maximum SPR excitation was observed at an incident angle of 35°. The MTSPR sensor chip was employed for glucose sensor application. Gold-coated grating substrates were functionalized using 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid sodium salt and subsequently functionalized using a five-bilayer poly(allylamine hydrochloride)/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) to facilitate the coupling/decoupling of the surface plasmon and to prepare a uniform surface for sensing. The detection limit of our developed system for glucose was 2.31 mM. This practical platform represents a high possibility of further developing several biomolecules, multiplex systems, and a point-of-care assay for practical biosensor applications.
Antibacterial performance on plasma polymerized heptylamine films loaded with silver nanoparticles
Authors: Lin Yu-Chun , Lin Chia-Chun , Lin Chih-Hao , Wang Meng-Jiy
Published: December 2016

The antibacterial performance of the plasma-polymerized (pp) heptylamine thin films loaded with silver nanoparticles was evaluated against the colonization of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The properties including the thickness and chemical composition of the as deposited HApp films were modulated by adjusting plasma parameters. The acquired results showed that the film thickness was controlled in the range of 20 to 400 nm by adjusting deposition time. The subsequent immersion of the HApp thin films in silver nitrate solutions result in the formation of amine-metal complexes, in which the silver nanoparticles were reduced directly on the matrices to form Ag@HApp. The reduction reaction of silver was facilitated by applying NaBH4 as a reducing agent. The results of physicochemical analyses including morphological analysis and ellipsometry revealed that the silver nanoparticles were successfully reduced on the HApp films, and the amount of reduced silver was closely associated which the thickness of the plasma-polymerized films, the concentration of applied metal ions solutions, and the time of immobilization. Regarding the antibacterial performance, the Ag@HApp films reduced by NaBH4 showed antibacterial abilities of 70.1 and 68.2% against E. coli and S. aureus, respectively.
Nucleophilic Additions of Perfluoroalkyl Groups
Authors: Beier Petr , Zibinsky Mikhail , Prakash G. K. Surya
Published: December 2016

The trifluoromethyl and perfluoroalkyl functional groups possess significant thermal, chemical, and metabolic stability, as well as high lipophilicity and electronegativity. These physicochemical properties render fluorinated carbon residues indispensable in diverse applications, such as agrochemistry, drug design, and material chemistry. The generation and properties of nucleophilic perfluoroalkyl reagents as well as the scope and limitations of their additions to various electrophilic partners is described in this chapter.
Cross‐seeding between Aβ40 and Aβ42 in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tran Joyce , Chang Dennis , Hsu Frederick , Wang Hongsu , Guo Zhefeng
Published: December 2016

Aβ42 is the major component of parenchymal plaques in the brain of Alzheimer's patients, while Aβ40 is the major component of cerebrovascular plaques. Since Aβ40 and Aβ42 coexist in the brain, understanding the interaction between Aβ40 and Aβ42 during their aggregation is important to delineate the molecular mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease. Here, we present a rigorous and systematic study of the cross‐seeding effects between Aβ40 and Aβ42. We show that Aβ40 fibril seeds can promote Aβ42 aggregation in a concentration‐dependent manner, and vice versa. Our results also suggest that seeded aggregation and spontaneous aggregation may be two separate pathways. These findings may partly resolve conflicting observations in the literature regarding the cross‐seeding effects between Aβ40 and Aβ42.
Environmental consequences of oil production from oil sands
Authors: Rosa Lorenzo , Davis Kyle F. , Rulli Maria C. , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: December 2016

Crude oil from oil sands will constitute a substantial share of future global oil demand. Oil sands deposits account for a third of globally proven oil reserves, underlie large natural forested areas, and have extraction methods requiring large volumes of freshwater. Yet little work has been done to quantify some of the main environmental impacts of oil sands operations. Here we examine forest loss and water use for the world's major oil sands deposits. We calculate actual and potential rates of water use and forest loss both in Canadian deposits, where oil sands extraction is already taking place, and in other major deposits worldwide. We estimated that their exploitation, given projected production trends, could result in 1.31 km3 yr−1 of freshwater demand and 8700 km2 of forest loss. The expected escalation in oil sands extraction thus portends extensive environmental impacts.
Strengthening contrast between precipitation in tropical wet and dry regions
Authors: Polson D. , Hegerl G. C.
Published: December 2016

The wet‐gets‐wetter, dry‐gets‐drier paradigm (WWDD) is widely used to summarize the expected response of the hydrological cycle to global warming. While some studies find that changes in observations and climate models support the WWDD paradigm, others find that it is more complicated at local scales and over land. This discrepancy is partly explained by differences in model climatologies and by movement of the wet and dry regions. Here we show that by tracking changes in wet and dry regions as they shift over the tropics and vary in models, mean precipitation changes follow the WWDD pattern in observations and models over land and ocean. However, this signal is reduced and disappears in model dry regions, when these factors are not accounted for. Accounting for seasonal and interannual shifts of the regions and climatological differences between models reduces uncertainty in predictions of future precipitation changes and makes these changes detectable earlier.
Stair‐step particle flux spectra on the lunar surface: Evidence for nonmonotonic potentials?
Authors: Collier Michael R. , Newheart Anastasia , Poppe Andrew R. , Hills H. Kent , Farrell William M.
Published: December 2016

We present examples of unusual “stair‐step” differential flux spectra observed by the Apollo 14 Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment on the lunar dayside surface in Earth's magnetotail. These spectra exhibit a relatively constant differential flux below some cutoff energy and then drop off precipitously, by about an order of magnitude or more, at higher energies. We propose that these spectra result from photoions accelerated on the lunar dayside by nonmonotonic potentials (i.e., potentials that do not decay to zero monotonically) and present a model for the expected differential flux. The energy of the cutoff and the magnitude of the differential flux are related to the properties of the local space environment and are consistent with the observed flux spectra. If this interpretation is correct, these surface‐based ion observations provide a unique perspective that both complements and enhances the conclusions obtained by remote‐sensing orbiter observations on the Moon's exospheric and electrostatic properties.
Soil erosion assessment—Mind the gap
Authors: Kim Jongho , Ivanov Valeriy Y. , Fatichi Simone
Published: December 2016

Accurate assessment of erosion rates remains an elusive problem because soil loss is strongly nonunique with respect to the main drivers. In addressing the mechanistic causes of erosion responses, we discriminate between macroscale effects of external factors—long studied and referred to as “geomorphic external variability”, and microscale effects, introduced as “geomorphic internal variability.” The latter source of erosion variations represents the knowledge gap, an overlooked but vital element of geomorphic response, significantly impacting the low predictability skill of deterministic models at field‐catchment scales. This is corroborated with experiments using a comprehensive physical model that dynamically updates the soil mass and particle composition. As complete knowledge of microscale conditions for arbitrary location and time is infeasible, we propose that new predictive frameworks of soil erosion should embed stochastic components in deterministic assessments of external and internal types of geomorphic variability.
Stratospheric variability contributed to and sustained the recent hiatus in Eurasian winter warming
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Son Seok‐Woo , Song Kanghyun , Aquila Valentina , Oman Luke D.
Published: December 2016

The recent hiatus in global‐mean surface temperature warming was characterized by a Eurasian winter cooling trend, and the cause(s) for this cooling is unclear. Here we show that the observed hiatus in Eurasian warming was associated with a recent trend toward weakened stratospheric polar vortices. Specifically, by calculating the change in Eurasian surface air temperature associated with a given vortex weakening, we demonstrate that the recent trend toward weakened polar vortices reduced the anticipated Eurasian warming due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Those model integrations whose stratospheric vortex evolution most closely matches that in reanalysis data also simulate a hiatus. While it is unclear whether the recent weakening of the midwinter stratospheric polar vortex was forced, a properly configured model can simulate substantial deviations of the polar vortex on decadal timescales and hence such hiatus events, implying that similar hiatus events may recur even as greenhouse gas concentrations rise.
Solar storm effects during Saint Patrick's Days in 2013 and 2015 on the Schumann resonances measured by the ELF station at Sierra Nevada (Spain)
Authors: Salinas A. , Toledo‐Redondo S. , Navarro E. A. , Fornieles‐Callejón J. , Portí J. A.
Published: December 2016

The effects of solar storms occurring during the days 17 to 19 March 2013 and 2015, St. Patrick's Day intervals, on Schumann resonances (SRs) have been studied. To do this, the experimental data recorded by the Juan Antonio Morente extremely low frequency station located at Sierra Nevada, Spain, have been processed in order to obtain hourly averaged information on the first three resonance modes. Results are compared with monthly averages of the SR data for each hour to detect deviations from the regular behavior. Evidence of significant changes in the peak amplitudes and frequencies of the SRs have been identified in the station's measurements and related to the coronal mass ejection impact in the magnetosphere, detected by in situ plasma measurements onboard spacecraft in the solar wind. However, the complicated nature of the Schumann resonances, dependent on multiple variables and subject to multiple unavoidable interferences (e.g., lightning or human radio sources), in conjunction with the complex magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐atmosphere coupling processes, makes it difficult to conclude that the observed deviations are exclusively due to the solar events mentioned. Results extracted from only two solar events cannot be considered as conclusive, and therefore, independent comparison with results reported by other research would seem advisable in future works on this subject.
The role of convection in the buildup of the ring current pressure during the 17 March 2013 storm
Authors: Menz A. M. , Kistler L. M. , Mouikis C. G. , Spence H. E. , Skoug R. M. , Funsten H. O. , Larsen B. A. , Mitchell D. G. , Gkioulidou M.
Published: December 2016

On 17 March 2013, the Van Allen Probes measured the H+ and O+ fluxes of the ring current during a large geomagnetic storm. Detailed examination of the pressure buildup during the storm shows large differences in the pressure measured by the two spacecraft, with measurements separated by only an hour, and large differences in the pressure measured at different local times. In addition, while the H+ and O+ pressure contributions are about equal during the main phase in the near‐Earth plasma sheet outside L = 5.5, the O+ pressure dominates at lower L values. We test whether adiabatic convective transport from the near‐Earth plasma sheet (L > 5.5) to the inner magnetosphere can explain these observations by comparing the observed inner magnetospheric distributions with the source distribution at constant magnetic moment, mu. We find that adiabatic convection can account for the enhanced pressure observed during the storm. Using a Weimer 1996 electric field we model the drift trajectories to show that the key features can be explained by variation in the near‐Earth plasma sheet population and particle access that changes with energy and L shell. Finally, we show that the dominance of O+ at low L shells is due partly to a near‐Earth plasma sheet that is preferentially enhanced in O+ at lower energies (5–10 keV) and partly due to the time dependence in the source combined with longer drift times to low L shells. No source of O+ inside L = 5.5 is required to explain the observations at low L shells.
Periodicity in the occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles derived from the C/NOFS observations in 2008–2012
Authors: Choi Jong‐Min , Kil Hyosub , Kwak Young‐Sil , Park Jaeheung , Lee Woo Kyoung , Kim Yong Ha
Published: December 2016

The quasi‐periodic occurrence of equatorial plasma bubbles is understood in terms of seeding mechanisms in the bottomside F region. However, no quantitative investigation has been conducted to identify how often quasi‐periodic bubbles occur. This study investigates the wave property in the bubble occurrence (or spacing between bubbles) using the measurements of the plasma density in 2008–2012 by the Planar Langmuir Probe on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) satellite. The wave property is investigated using the Lomb‐Scargle periodograms derived from 664 segments of series of bubbles. In the majority of segments, the spacing between bubbles is represented by the combination of several wave components. Periodic bubbles whose property is represented by a few pronounced wave components are rare events. These results indicate that the spacing between bubbles is generally irregular. The manner of bubble occurrence does not show any notable variation with longitude and season. Because a consistent wave property does not exist in the occurrence of bubbles and the appearance of bubbles in the topside is affected by many factors, the manner of bubble occurrence in satellite observations does not provide a precise diagnostic of seeding mechanisms.