bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nurse Practitioner Students Learning From the Medically Underserved: Impact on Attitude Toward Poverty
Authors: Ritten Angela , Waldrop Julee , Wink Diane
Published: July 2015

Background:

With no antecedent in the literature, this project examined the effects of exposure to clients living in poverty on nurse practitioner (NP) students’ attitude toward poverty.

Method:

Students participating in adult health courses completed the Attitude Toward Poverty Scale at the start and end of the course. Eight students were immersed for a minimum of 32 hours with a faculty preceptor in a clinic caring for low-income, uninsured patients. These students also responded to open-ended questions regarding their experience.

Results:

NP students had an increase in positive attitude toward impoverished patients after the course (
p
< 0.001). Themes that emerged from the immersion experience were (a) misconception, (b) lack of knowledge about cost and access to care, (c) importance of the clinical environment on learning to be an NP, and (d) empowerment.

Conclusion:

Planned clinical rotations with medically underserved populations may serve to dispel misconceptions about low-income patients. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(7):389–393.]
Five Steps to Providing Effective Feedback in the Clinical Setting: A New Approach to Promote Teamwork and Collaboration
Authors: Motley Cindy L. , Dolansky Mary A.
Published: July 2015

Background:

Feedback is a major component of clinical education. Feedback reinforces or modifies behavior and helps learners to validate knowledge and feel motivated to learn. Traditionally, feedback is used by clinical educators who observe learners’ behavior and provide expert direction. Teamwork and collaboration is one of the six Quality and Safety Education for Nurses core competencies developed for prelicensure and graduate nurses. These skills are important in the current complex health care environment.

Method:

On the basis of the literature and prior experience, a new approach for clinical educators is using feedback to teach teamwork and collaboration skills.

Results:

Five steps educators can take to provide effective feedback in the clinical setting are to (a) create a culture of feedback, (b) use structured communication tools, (c) encourage dialogue, (d) acknowledge the human factor, and (e) embrace a leadership role.

Conclusion:

This new approach enhances feedback and teaches teamwork and collaboration. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(7):399–403.]
Ostomate-for-a-Day: A Novel Pedagogy for Teaching Ostomy Care to Baccalaureate Nursing Students
Authors: Kerr Noël
Published: July 2015

Background:

The literature describing successful pedagogies for teaching ostomy care to baccalaureate nursing students is limited. This qualitative study investigated the potential benefits of participating in an immersive simulation that allowed baccalaureate nursing students to explore the physical and psychosocial impact of ostomy surgery.

Method:

Junior-level nursing students attended a 2-hour interactive session during which they learned about preoperative stoma site marking and practiced the maneuvers on a peer. Students then wore an ostomy appliance for the next 24 hours, completed tasks simulating ostomy self-care, and submitted a three- to four-page reflection on the experience. These data were coded using the iterative process of constant comparison described by Glaser.

Results:

Six major themes were identified: Accommodation for Activities of Daily Living, Coping with Annoyances, Body Image and Feelings, Disclosure, Insights for Teaching, and Empathy.

Conclusion:

Each participant affirmed the value of the experience. Suggestions for future research studies are discussed. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(8):445–449.]
Critical Thinking and the Use of Nontraditional Instructional Methodologies
Authors: Orique Sabrina B. , McCarthy Mary Ann
Published: July 2015

Background:

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between critical thinking and the use of concept mapping (CM) and problem-based learning (PBL) during care plan development.

Method:

A quasi-experimental study with a pretest–posttest design was conducted using a convenience sample (n= 49) of first-semester undergraduate baccalaureate nursing students. Critical thinking was measured using the Holistic Critical Thinking Scoring Rubric. Data analysis consisted of a repeated measures analysis of variance with post hoc mean comparison tests using the Bonferroni method.

Results:

Findings indicated that mean critical thinking at phase 4 (CM and PBL) was significantly higher, compared with phase 1 (baseline), phase 2 (PBL), and phase 3 (CM [p< 0.001]).

Conclusion:

The results support the utilization of nontraditional instructional (CM and PBL) methodologies in undergraduate nursing curricula. [J Nurs Educ.2015;54(8):455–459.]
Collaborative Clinical Placements: Interactions Among Students From Different Programs
Authors: Lait Jana
Published: July 2015

Background:

Shortages of clinical placements for health care students in Canada have led education and health care organizations to explore innovative ways to increase placement capacity. One way to increase capacity is to bring together students from various programs for their placements, which also allows students to learn about each other’s roles and how to work collaboratively. This article describes shared placements for students from bachelor of nursing, practical nurse, and health care aide programs.

Method:

Qualitative interviews were used.

Results:

Students benefited from this approach by learning about the roles of other providers and how to coordinate care with others. The challenges of the approach were competition among students for opportunities to practice clinical procedures and concerns about how to communicate with other students when sharing the care of patients.

Conclusion:

The objectives of increasing student placement capacity and expanding collaboration opportunities were partially achieved through this approach to clinical education. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(8):460–463.]
Emotional Intelligence and Health Risk Behaviors in Nursing Students
Authors: Lana Alberto , Baizán Eva María , Faya-Ornia Goretti , López María Luisa
Published: July 2015

Background:

To explore the association between emotional intelligence (EI) and risky health behaviors in nursing students at the University of Oviedo (Spain).

Method:

This cross-sectional study of 275 students used a validated questionnaire to measure EI level, nine risky behaviors (smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, unhealthy diet, being overweight, sedentarism, risky sun exposure, occupational risk, and unsafe sex), and other factors that may influence EI.

Results:

Students with the highest EI score had a lower probability of drinking too much alcohol (odds ratio [
OR
], 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.19, 0.67]), eating too few fruits and vegetables (
OR,
0.60; 95% CI [0.34, 0.99]), and having unsafe sex (
OR,
0.10; 95% CI [0.01, 0.74]). A dose-response effect was found for those three behaviors (
p
for trend <0.02).

Conclusion:

Poor EI is associated with excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet, and unsafe sex. Training nursing students about EI could improve health behaviors, and thus the role of nurses as health promoters. [
J Nurs Educ.
2015;54(8):464–467.]
Solitary Neurofibroma Of The Spermatic Cord: A Case Report
Authors: Boto José , Boudabbous Sana , Lobrinus Johannes Alexander , Gourmaud Jolanta , Terraz Sylvain
Published: July 2015

We report the ultrasound, computerized tomography, positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a 38-year-old man with a biopsy proven solitary neurofibroma of the spermatic cord. Solitary neurofibromas of the male genital tract are exceedingly rare benign peripheral nerve sheath neoplasms composed of Schwann cells and fibroblasts. In contrast to schwannomas they are not bound by a capsule thus allowing infiltration between the nerve fascicles. Although they are benign lesions whose potential for malignant degeneration is very low, especially in the absence of neurofibromatosis type 1, accurate diagnosis is important as neurofibromas in this location can cause significant morbidity and psychological distress. Despite the extensive differential diagnosis of masses in the male inguinal canal, including both benign and malignant entities, a diagnosis of benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor can be potentially suggested based on imaging, particularly if MRI is performed. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice and the final diagnosis should be provided by histopathology, as was the case with this patient.
Delayed Myocardial Enhancement in Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Franco Arie , Javidi Saeed , Ruehm Stefan G
Published: July 2015

Delayed myocardial enhancement MRI is a highly valuable but non-specific imaging technique that is ancillary in the diagnosis of a variety of diseases including myocardial viability, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis and other infiltrative myocardial processes. The lack of specificity stems from the wide variety of differential diagnoses that may present with overlapping patterns of delayed enhancement. Many of these differential diagnoses have been presented and discussed in this article.
Cystoid angiocentric glioma: A case report and literature review
Authors: Cheng Nan Sai , Lí¼ Bo Yu , Xu Chen Shang , Liu Qiang , Lee Pearlene
Published: July 2015

Angiocentric glioma is a rare subtype of neuroepithelial tumor that is associated with a history of epilepsy. We report a case of cystoid angiocentric glioma associated with an area of calcification. This 25 year old male patient presented with tonic clonic spasm. He underwent craniotomy with complete resection of the lesion. Pathologic specimen showed monomorphous bipolar cells with angiocentric growth pattern.
Sobre el texto y las fuentes del romance “Mira Nero de Tarpeya”
Authors: Alonso Álvaro
Published: July 2015

En este artículo se estudia el romance “Mira Nero de Tarpeya” y la medida en que depende del relato que Tácito y Suetonio hacen del incendio de Roma del 64 d.C. Se señalan luego las posibles relaciones del romance con la tradición medieval de los Mirabilia urbis Romae y sus herederos humanistas, y se propone un paralelismo con el Triunfo púgnico de Vasco Díaz Tanco. En relación con esas cuestiones se discuten las variantes que plantea el verso 10: “Van en Caballo Rotundo, la gente apenas cabía”, “Ya en Caballo y en Rotundo, la gente apenas cabía”.
The Readiness of Applying m-learning among Saudi Arabian Students at Higher Education
Authors: Almutairy Sulaiman Mohaia , Davies Trevor , Dimitriadi Yota
Published: July 2015

This paper presents study investigating the extent to which Saudi students understand and are familiar with mobile learning. It investigates students’ use of handheld devices and considers the daily activities for which they could be used while also evaluating m-learning in Saudi Arabia - a topic that has not yet received adequate attention from researchers. Initial data was acquired through a questionnaire carried out among 131 Saudi students at UK universities in July 2013. The study confirmed that students’ are confident using mobile devices in their daily lives and that they would welcome more opportunities of mobile learning. The findings reinforce the fact that higher education policy makers in Saudi Arabia need to consider the possibility of creating mobile learning environments at academic institutions.
Application Domains for a Location-based Mobile Application Creator
Authors: Pirker Johanna , Gütl Christian , Weiner Patrick Weiner , Garcia-Barrios Victor
Published: July 2015

In recent years, the use of mobile applications and computer-based games as pedagogical tools has become more and more popular. Additionally, many mobile devices enhance the user experience by providing different sensors, e.g. to deliver location-based educative information. In this article we introduce an online tool for easily creating location-based mobile applications that combine teaching and gaming activities to make users aware of their current environment or situation. First, we briefly present the Location-based Mobile Application Creator (LMAC), an online framework for creating such mobile solutions and discuss potential application scenarios. Then, we introduce a first mobile application for educational purposes created with LMAC in more detail: a game-based scavenger hunt for children enabling them to learn facts about the city of Graz, Austria. Similar to a traditional scavenger hunt, users are able to gather geo-referenced information with mobile devices (smartphones and tablets) and learn about the environment in a playful way. With LMAC, teachers can easily create individual scavenger hunts adapted to the current subject matter. This paper is an extended version of our work published in 2014 at the IMCL-conference.
variPianoâ„¢: Visualizing Musical Diversity with a Differential Tuning Mobile Interface
Authors: Politis Dionysios , Piskas George , Tsaligopoulos Miltiadis , Kyriafinis George
Published: July 2015

In this paper the framework of Computer Music interfaces is convolved within the context of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) to produce metaphors and paradigms that engulf differential tunings within adaptable mobile device screens. A presentation of the basic concepts involved in the Computer Music world prevails the discussion on the evaluation criteria for Computer Music virtual instruments and interfaces. New criteria are introduced, like knowledge representation of musical data and alternate musical interfaces materialization. A survey of various systems, based on the previously mentioned criteria is committed.
Acquiring Knowledge through Mobile Applications
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Ebrahim , Kaed Ezzadeen , Alhazmi Abdulsalam
Published: July 2015

The use of mobile devices is increasing to exceeds millions of users and has become an important part of daily life. This wide spread has provided new advantages for a wide range of applications. In learning settings, the term M-Learning is considered the latest type of electronic learning introduced as a result of the mobile revolution in which new learning options are provided through mobile applications. This paper presents a review of M-Learning and summarises the main advantages as well as the potential challenges of mobile learning through mobile applications
Lithology, trace fossils and correlation of Precambrian-Cambrian boundary beds, Cassiar Mountains, north-central British Columbia
Authors: Fritz W H ,   Geological Survey of Canada, Crimes T P
Published: July 2015

Trace fossils from the upper part of the Stelkuz Formation (609 m +) and from the overlying Boya Formation (400.5 m) permit a tentative definition of the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary in the Cassiar Mountains. The strata investigated are below the top of the
Lower Cambrian Fallotaspis Zone, a level located 1.5 m above the upper contact of the Boya Formation. The Precambrian-Cambrian boundary is tentatively placed 592 m below this level at a disconformity within the Stelkuz Formation. Between the top of the Fallotaspis Zone and the boundary are
Arenicolites?, Cruziana, Diplocraterion, M onomorphichnus, Plagiogmus, Planolites, Phycodes, Rusophycus, Skolithos , Teichichnus, and Treptichnus. In Precambrian(?) strata below the boundary are Chondrites, Didymaulichnus, Cordia, Helminthopsis, Neonereites, Planolites, Skolithos, and
Taphrhelminthopsis. Correlations with other boundary strata in the Canadian Cordillera suggest the optimum area for further testing ichnofossil ranges is in the Mackenzie Mountains. Intercontinental correlations are also attempted.
Prospecting in glaciated terrain: an approach based on geobotany, biogeochemistry, and remote sensing
Authors: Bélanger J R
Published: July 2015

Prospecting based on geobotany, biogeochemistry, and remote sensing has been tested in a glaciated terrain environment. During the last glaciation, ultrabasic bedrock near Thetford Mines, Quebec, was deeply eroded by continental glaciers. The debris, enriched in
nickel, calcium, magnesium, chromium, cobalt, and iron, was dispersed in the till down-ice from the source over an area exceeding 70 km by 15 km wide. The dispersal train had been studied previously as part of a driftprospecting project, which provided information an· the extent, element
concentration levels, and mode of dispersion of the geochemical anomaly. The geobotanical study, which was carried out between 1979 and 1985 and involved visual examination, inventory, and spatial distribution of plant species, shows that the geochemical anomaly influences the distribution and
growth rate of plants and provokes chlorosis of leaves and dwarfism in certain species. The biogeochemical study, which consisted of chemical and chlorophyll analysis of leaf tissues, shows a close relationship between soil and plant chemistry and an inverse relationship between the concentration of
heavy metals in plants and chlorophyll production. The remote sensing study, based on the analysis of multidate Landsat imagery, confirms the botanical studies by showing the influence of the geochemical anomaly on vegetation patterns. This imagery is useful for monitoring late flush and early
senescence of vegetation growing within the area of the geochemical anomaly. Airborne and field remote sensing (using a portable radiometer/photometer) confirm the anomalous behaviour of the spectral signature of vegetation affected by high concentrations of ultrabasic debris in the
soil.
Protopanderodus [Conodontata] from the Ordovician Road River Group, northern Yukon Territory, and the evolution of the genus
Authors: McCracken A D
Published: July 2015

Ordovician conodont faunas from four sections of the Road River Group in the Blackstone and Richardson troughs of northern Yukon Territory contain a total of seven species of Protopanderodus (P. insculptus, P. liripipus, P. parvibasis, P. robustus, P. cf. P.
varicostatus, P. n. sp. A, and P. sp. B). The 115 elements of Protopanderodus represent about 12 per cent of the total collection. The conodonts are from carbonate beds within fine grained elastic and graptolitic strata and range in age from at least early Llanvirn to late Ashgill. Distribution of
Protopanderodus in the northern Canadian Cordillera, and elsewhere, shows that it was common in offshore environments, whereas it is rare (0-4 relative per cent) in strata of the more nearshore carbonate fades of southwestern Northwest Territories. Protopanderodus and Drepanodus are related at the
family level. Protopanderodus is characterized by a costae- and torsion-symmetry transition series of acontiodontiform (a/b-c) elements, which exhibit variable curvature, and scandodontiform (e) elements. Elements of Drepanodus form a cusp-curvature and torsion-symmetry transition series (a/b-c),
and scandodontiform (e) elements. The precursor of Protopanderodus, thought to be similar to P. n. sp. A, had probably evolved from Drepanodus by the early Arenig. Species of Protopanderodus are assigned to two morphological groups that represent phylogenetic lineages. The bicostate group comprises
a/b-c elements with two or less costae, and smooth to weakly grooved e elements. Species of the multicostate group have a/b-c elements with two or more costae and e elements that are noticeably grooved. Both groups existed by the middle Arenig; the bicostate lineage terminated in the Caradoc, and
the multicostate lineage continued to the late Ashgill. Some major events in the evolution of Protopanderodus coincided with eustatic events.
Quartz provenance in the Mesozoic of the eastern Scotian Basin
Authors: Sales de Oliveira C E , Zhang Y , Pe-Piper G , Piper D J W , Corney R
Published: July 2015

The provenance of quartz, the predominant framework mineral in sandstone reservoirs, is an important exploration tool in petroleum basins. An integrated approach of scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescense (SEM-CL), hot-cathode cathodoluminescense (HCL),
and petrographic microscopy using grain-by-grain comparison was used to interpret provenance of sandstones in the Bandol-1 well in the eastern Scotian Basin. Information provided by SEM-CL features, HCL colours and colour shift, and optical properties such as extinction, fluid inclusion trails and
polycrystallinity were combined to distinguish different quartz types. The integration of the three techniques reduces uncertainties inherent to each individual technique. The three techniques were compared and all the characteristic features for each quartz type under the three different
microscopes were summarized in detail. This study suggests that the integration of SEM-CL and petrographic microscopy appears to be enough to differentiate between major quartz types such as plutonic and metamorphic quartz, while HCL analyses are important to constrain and confirm the classification
of quartz types. In addition, HCL analyses were demonstrated to be very useful in assigning detrital quartz to a specific metamorphic grade. Previous detrital mineral and geochronological studies of the same samples were also used for comparison and better understanding of potential provenance
sources. Possible sources of sediments to Bandol-1 well were suggested in the Gander terrane of southern Newfoundland, Humber terrane of western Newfoundland, and part of southern Dunnage terrane.
Mineralisation of fractured granites along the Cobequid Fault Zone: West Moose River Pluton, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
Authors: Pe-Piper G , Wisen J , Papoutsa A , Piper D J W
Published: July 2015

The West Moose River Pluton in the Cobequid Highlands is a late Paleozoic A-type granitic intrusion, emplaced and highly deformed during the evolution of the Cobequid Shear Zone. Pervasive fractures in these granites provide record of several hydrothermal events
characterized by distinct mineral assemblages that correlate with known dated fluid circulations throughout the shear zone. The types of hydrothermal alteration identified in this pluton include albitisation, biotisation, chloritisation, calcitefilled fractures, and Fe-rich alteration expressed as
stringers in hand specimen. This study presents geochemical, and mineralogical data, as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements on selected fractured samples from the West Moose Pluton. Petrographic investigation of these granites revealed that they contain a large variety of exclusively
hydrothermal REE-minerals that include thorite, xenotime, Fe-rich hingganite-(Y), cerianite, samarskite-(Y), nioboaeschynite-(Y), tantaeuxenite-(Y), allanite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce) and synchysite-(Ce). Associated Fe-oxyhydroxides include magnetite, hematite, goethite, and limonite, while
ilmenite and TiO2 minerals are also present in varying amounts. The amounts of hydrothermal REE-minerals correlate positively with the volume of fractures measured in the samples, with the highest amounts measured in calcite-filled veins. Samples in the southwestern part of the pluton show high
amounts of Fe-oxides, high magnetic susceptibility, and positive Ce anomalies, here interpreted as the result of Ce scavenging and oxidation during oxide precipitation. Therefore the mineral cerianite along with Fe-rich hingganite-(Y) are interpreted as synchronous with the Fe-oxides. The
distribution of hydrothermal REE-phases suggests that REE-rich circulation and precipitation was initiated after biotisation (343 Ma) and was probably ongoing until 323 Ma, during the IOCG mineralizing event along the Cobequid-Chedubucto Fault Zone.
Compositional variation of siderite and its significance in deciphering the diagenetic evolution of the Lower Cretaceous sedimentary system of the Scotian Basin
Authors: Pe-Piper G , Piper D J W , Chavez I , Zhang Y , Wisen J
Published: July 2015

Diagenetic siderite is widespread in the Scotian Basin with age ranging from sea-floor diagenetic to among of the last diagenetic products. Through the use of minor element chemistry five types of siderite have been identified. The relative ages of these five
types of siderite have been established using their textural relationships in back-scattered electron (BSE) images, and through the use of petrographic microscopy. The studied siderites show extensive substitution of Mn and Mg and to a lesser extent of Ca for Fe, with the substitution of Mn for Fe
being the most common in certain wells. Factors that may influence the chemistry of the diagenetic siderite include: chemistry of the circulating fluids, lithofacies, pre-existing detrital and diagenetic minerals, and availability of permeability. All these factors seem to have played a role in the
chemistry of the studied siderites. The two competing mechanisms to produce the observed siderite chemical variability are regional basin hydrology and bio-mineralisation. Recrystallisation and re-precipitation of siderite are ubiquitous in most studied samples. They seem to be closely related with
various dissolution events, syn-sedimentary deformation, and late regional salt tectonics. Of the dissolution events, late dissolution is especially enhanced in certain samples, and suggests the presence of very corrosive pore fluids. The best explanation for our data sets is the involvement of a
variety of hydrogeological events. Factors that might have influenced the onset of these events include: regional tectonics, and in particular salt tectonics, transport of hydrocarbons, and overpressure, in addition to sea-level changes. Chemical evidence from siderite and associated minerals
suggests that the circulating fluids that have influenced the precipitation of particular types of siderite must have changed drastically through time both in their chemistry and their temperature.
Prevalence of dry eye amongst black and Indian university students aged 18–30 years
Authors: Castelyn Bryce , Majola Sdudizwe , Motilal Rachel , Naidu Maxine T. , Ndebele Siyabonga A. , Vally Tasnim A. , Khan Naimah E.
Published: July 2015

Background: The overall prevalence of dry eye in South Africa seems to be increasing. University students work under conditions predisposing them to dry eye, which may affect some tasks. The predominant race groups at the University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN) are black and Indian, which suggested a study in this student population to assist the diagnosis and management of such subjects.Aim and setting: To compare the prevalence of dry eye amongst black and Indian students at the UKZN’s Westville campus.Methods: One hundred participants, equally divided by gender and race, between 18 and 30 years old were enrolled. Dry eye symptoms were investigated by the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), tear thinning time (TTT), tear breakup time (TBUT) and Schirmer’s 2 in that sequence on both eyes of each participant.Results: The OSDI revealed that 41% of participants had some dry eye symptoms whilst 59% had no symptoms. Clinical testing showed that 81% of participants had dry eye. Half of the black participants had dry eye symptoms and 82% had clinical signs of dry eye. Of the 50 Indian participants, 32% had dry eye symptoms and 80% had clinical signs. Of the 50 male participants, 34% were symptomatic and 86% had clinical signs. Of the 50 female participants, 48% had dry eye symptoms and 76% had clinical signs. Participants were asymptomatic even in the presence of clinical dry eye signs.Conclusion: For both races and genders, clinical signs of dry eye were more common than symptoms. Black participants were more likely to report symptoms than Indians, and more women than men reported having symptoms. Male participants were more likely than female to have clinical signs of dry eye.
Effects on performance and eggshell quality of particle size of calcium sources in laying hens' diets with different Ca concentrations
Authors: Świątkiewicz S. , Arczewska-Włosek A. , Krawczyk J. , Puchała M. , Józefiak D.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of particle size of a dietary Ca source on egg production and eggshell quality when added to hens' diets that have different levels of calcium. The experiment was carried out on 216 ISA Brown hens (25 to 70 weeks of age), allocated to 9 groups of 12 replicates (cages), with two birds in each cage. A 3 × 3 factorial arrangement was used, with three dietary levels of calcium (3.20, 3.70 and 4.20 %) and three levels of dietary substitutions (0, 25 and 50 %) of fine particles of limestone (FPL, diameter 0.2–0.6 mm) with large particles of limestone (LPL, diameter 1.0–1.4 mm) as a Ca source. The level of Ca in the diet had no effect on egg production, mean egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio or eggshell quality parameters (P > 0.05). Substitution of FPL with LPL did not affect laying performance indices or eggshell quality at 30, 43 and 53 weeks of age (P > 0.05); however, it increased (P < 0.05) eggshell percentage, thickness, density and breaking strength in older hens (69 weeks of age). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that a level of 3.20 % Ca in a layer's diet is sufficient through the entire laying cycle to maintain good egg production and eggshell quality and that partial (25 or 50 %) substitution of fine- with large-particle limestone can, irrespective of the level of Ca in the diet, improve eggshell quality in aged laying hens.
Secondary Organic Aerosol formation from isoprene photooxidation during cloud condensation–evaporation cycles
Authors: Brégonzio-Rozier L. , Giorio C. , Siekmann F. , Pangui E. , Morales S. B. , Temime-Roussel B. , Gratien A. , Michoud V. , Cazaunau M. , DeWitt H. L. , Tapparo A. , Monod A. , Doussin J.-F.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The impact of cloud events on isoprene secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation has been studied from an isoprene/NOx/light system in an atmospheric simulation chamber. It was shown that the presence of a liquid water cloud leads to a faster and higher SOA formation than under dry conditions. When a cloud is generated early in the photooxidation reaction, before any SOA formation has occurred, a fast SOA formation is observed with mass yields ranging from 0.002 to 0.004. These yields are two and four times higher than those observed under dry conditions. When the cloud is generated at a later photooxidation stage, after isoprene SOA is stabilized at its maximum mass concentration, a rapid increase (by a factor of two or higher) of the SOA mass concentration is observed. The SOA chemical composition is influenced by cloud generation: the additional SOA formed during cloud events is composed of both organics and nitrate containing species. This SOA formation can be linked to water soluble volatile organic compounds (VOCs) dissolution in the aqueous phase and to further aqueous phase reactions. Cloud-induced SOA formation is experimentally demonstrated in this study, thus highlighting the importance of aqueous multiphase systems in atmospheric SOA formation estimations.
Meteorological constraints on oceanic halocarbons above the Peruvian Upwelling
Authors: Fuhlbrügge S. , Quack B. , Atlas E. , Fiehn A. , Hepach H. , Krüger K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Halogenated very short lived substances (VSLS) are naturally produced in the ocean and emitted to the atmosphere. Recently, oceanic upwelling regions in the tropical East Atlantic were identified as strong sources of brominated halocarbons to the atmosphere. During a cruise of R/V METEOR in December 2012 the oceanic sources and emissions of various halogenated trace gases and their mixing ratios in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL) were investigated above the Peruvian Upwelling for the first time. This study presents novel observations of the three VSLS bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide together with high resolution meteorological measurements and Lagrangian transport modelling. Although relatively low oceanic emissions were observed, except for methyl iodide, surface atmospheric abundances were elevated. Radiosonde launches during the cruise revealed a low, stable MABL and a distinct trade inversion above acting both as strong barriers for convection and trace gas transport in this region. Significant correlations between observed atmospheric VSLS abundances, sea surface temperature, relative humidity and MABL height were found. We used a simple source-loss estimate to identify the contribution of oceanic emissions to observed atmospheric concentrations which revealed that the observed marine VSLS abundances were dominated by horizontal advection below the trade inversion. The observed VSLS variations can be explained by the low emissions and their accumulation under different MABL and trade inversion conditions. This study confirms the importance of oceanic upwelling and trade wind systems on creating effective transport barriers in the lower atmosphere controlling the distribution of VSLS abundances above ocean upwelling regions.
Hydrolysis and gas-particle partitioning of organic nitrates formed from the oxidation of α-pinene in environmental chamber experiments
Authors: Bean J. K. , Hildebrandt Ruiz L.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Gas-particle partitioning and hydrolysis of organic nitrates (ON) influences their role as sinks and sources of NOx and their effects on the formation of tropospheric ozone and organic aerosol (OA). Organic nitrates were formed from the photo-oxidation of α-pinene in environmental chamber experiments under varying conditions. A hydrolysis rate of 2 day−1 was found for particle-phase ONs at a relative humidity of 22 % or higher; no significant ON hydrolysis was observed at lower relative humidity. The ON gas-particle partitioning is dependent on total OA concentration and temperature, consistent with absorptive partitioning theory. In a volatility basis set the ON partitioning is consistent with mass fractions of [0 0.19 0.29 0.52] at saturations mass concentrations (C*) of [1 10 100 1000] μg m−3.
Sensitivity of simulated CO2 concentration to sub-annual variations in fossil fuel CO2 emissions
Authors: Zhang X. , Gurney K. R. , Rayner P. , Baker D. , Liu Y.-P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Recent advances in fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emission inventories enable sensitivity tests of simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations to sub-annual variations in FFCO2 emissions and what this implies for the interpretation of observed CO2. Six experiments are conducted to investigate the potential impact of three cycles of FFCO2 emission variability (diurnal, weekly and monthly) using a global tracer transport model. Results show an annual FFCO2 rectification varying from −1.35 to +0.13 ppm from the combination of all three cycles. This rectification is driven by a large negative diurnal FFCO2 rectification due to the covariation of diurnal FFCO2 emissions and diurnal vertical mixing, and a smaller positive seasonal FFCO2 rectification driven by the covariation of monthly FFCO2 emissions and monthly atmospheric transport. The diurnal FFCO2 emissions are responsible for a diurnal FFCO2 concentration amplitude of up to 9.12 ppm at the grid cell scale. Similarly, the monthly FFCO2 emissions are responsible for a simulated seasonal CO2 amplitude of up to 6.11 ppm at the grid cell scale. The impact of the diurnal FFCO2 emissions, when only sampled in the local afternoon is also important, causing an increase of +1.13 ppmv at the grid cell scale. The simulated CO2 concentration impacts from the diurnally and seasonally-varying FFCO2 emissions are centered over large source regions in the Northern Hemisphere, extending to downwind regions. This study demonstrates the influence of sub-annual variations in FFCO2 emissions on simulated CO2 concentration and suggests that inversion studies must take account of these variations in the affected regions.
Calibration and instrumental line shape characterization of a set of portable FTIR spectrometers for detecting greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Frey M. , Hase F. , Blumenstock T. , Groß J. , Kiel M. , Mengistu Tsidu G. , Schäfer K. , Sha M. K. , Orphal J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. A comprehensive calibration procedure for mobile, low-resolution, solar-absorption FTIR spectrometers, used for greenhouse gases observations, is developed. These instruments commend themselves for campaign use and deployment at remote sites. The instrumental line shape (ILS) of each spectrometer has been thoroughly characterized by analyzing the shape of H2O signatures in open path spectra. A setup for the external source is suggested and the invariance of derived ILS parameters with regard to chosen path length is demonstrated. The instrumental line shape characteristics of all spectrometers were found to be close to nominal. Side-by-side solar observations before and after a campaign, which involved shipping of all spectrometers to a selected target site and back, are applied for verifying the temporal invariability of instrumental characteristics and for deriving intercalibration factors for XCO2 and XCH4, which take into account residual differences of instrumental characteristics. An excellent level of agreement and stability was found between the different spectrometers: the uncorrected biases in XCO2 and XCH4 are smaller than 0.01 and 0.15 %, respectively, and the drifts are smaller than 0.005 and 0.035 %. As an additional sensitive demonstration of the instrumental performance we show the excellent agreement of ground pressure values obtained from the total column measurements of O2 and barometric records. We find a calibration factor of 0.9700 for the spectroscopic measurements in comparison to the barometric records and a very small scatter between the individual spectrometers (0.02 %). As a final calibration step, using a co-located TCCON (Total Carbon Column Observation Network) spectrometer as a reference, a common scaling factor has been derived for the XCO2 and XCH4 products, which ensures that the records are traceable to the WMO in situ scale.
UTLS water vapour from SCIAMACHY limb measurements V3.01 (2002–2012)
Authors: Weigel K. , Rozanov A. , Azam F. , Bramstedt K. , Damadeo R. , Eichmann K.-U. , Gebhardt C. , Hurst D. , Kraemer M. , Lossow S. , Read W. , Spelten N. , Stiller G. P. , Walker K. A. , Weber M. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) aboard the Envisat satellite provided measurements from August 2002 until April 2012. SCIAMACHY measured the scattered or direct sunlight using different observation geometries. The limb viewing geometry allows the retrieval of water vapour at about 10 to 25 km height from the near infrared spectral range (1353–1410 nm). These data cover the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS), a region in the atmosphere, which is of special interest for a variety of dynamical and chemical processes as well as for the radiative forcing. Here, the latest data version of water vapour (V3.01) from SCIAMACHY limb measurements is presented and validated by comparisons with data sets from other satellite and in situ measurements. Considering retrieval tests and the results of these comparisons, the V3.01 data is reliable from about 11 to 23 km and the best results are found in the middle of the profiles between about 14 and 20 km. Above 20 km in the extra tropics V3.01 is drier than all other data sets. Additionally, for altitudes above about 19 km the vertical resolution of the retrieved profile is not sufficient to resolve signals with a short vertical structure like the tape recorder. Below 14 km SCIAMACHY water vapour V3.01 is wetter than most collocated data sets, but the high variability of water vapour in the troposphere complicates the comparison. For 14 to 20 km height, the expected errors from the retrieval and simulations and the mean differences to collocated data sets are usually smaller than 10 % when the resolution of the SCIAMACHY data is taken into account. In general, the temporal changes agree well with collocated data sets except for the Northern Hemisphere extratropical stratosphere, where larger differences are observed. This indicates a possible drift in V3.01 most probably caused by the incomplete treatment of volcanic aerosols in the retrieval. In all other regions a good temporal stability is shown. In the tropical stratosphere an increase in water vapour is found between 2002 and 2012, which is in agreement with other satellite data sets for overlapping time periods.
Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble weather forecasts – Part 1: The visualization tool Met.3D (version 1.0)
Authors: Rautenhaus M. , Kern M. , Schäfler A. , Westermann R.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We present "Met.3D", a new open-source tool for the interactive three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of numerical ensemble weather predictions. The tool has been developed to support weather forecasting during aircraft-based atmospheric field campaigns; however, it is applicable to further forecasting, research and teaching activities. Our work approaches challenging topics related to the visual analysis of numerical atmospheric model output – 3-D visualization, ensemble visualization and how both can be used in a meaningful way suited to weather forecasting. Met.3D builds a bridge from proven 2-D visualization methods commonly used in meteorology to 3-D visualization by combining both visualization types in a 3-D context. We address the issue of spatial perception in the 3-D view and present approaches to using the ensemble to allow the user to assess forecast uncertainty. Interactivity is key to our approach. Met.3D uses modern graphics technology to achieve interactive visualization on standard consumer hardware. The tool supports forecast data from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and can operate directly on ECMWF hybrid sigma-pressure level grids. We describe the employed visualization algorithms, and analyse the impact of the ECMWF grid topology on computing 3-D ensemble statistical quantities. Our techniques are demonstrated with examples from the T-NAWDEX-Falcon 2012 (THORPEX – North Atlantic Waveguide and Downstream Impact Experiment) campaign.
Complex network theory, streamflow, and hydrometric monitoring system design
Authors: Halverson M. J. , Fleming S. W.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Network theory is applied to an array of streamflow gauges located in the Coast Mountains of British Columbia (BC) and Yukon, Canada. The goal of the analysis is to assess whether insights from this branch of mathematical graph theory can be meaningfully applied to hydrometric data, and, more specifically, whether it may help guide decisions concerning stream gauge placement so that the full complexity of the regional hydrology is efficiently captured. The streamflow data, when represented as a complex network, have a global clustering coefficient and average shortest path length consistent with small-world networks, which are a class of stable and efficient networks common in nature, but the observed degree distribution did not clearly indicate a scale-free network. Stability helps ensure that the network is robust to the loss of nodes; in the context of a streamflow network, stability is interpreted as insensitivity to station removal at random. Community structure is also evident in the streamflow network. A network theoretic community detection algorithm identified separate communities, each of which appears to be defined by the combination of its median seasonal flow regime (pluvial, nival, hybrid, or glacial, which in this region in turn mainly reflects basin elevation) and geographic proximity to other communities (reflecting shared or different daily meteorological forcing). Furthermore, betweenness analyses suggest a handful of key stations which serve as bridges between communities and might be highly valued. We propose that an idealized sampling network should sample high-betweenness stations, small-membership communities which are by definition rare or undersampled relative to other communities, and index stations having large numbers of intracommunity links, while retaining some degree of redundancy to maintain network robustness.
High-end climate change impact on European water availability and stress: exploring the presence of biases
Authors: Papadimitriou L. V. , Koutroulis A. G. , Grillakis M. G. , Tsanis I. K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Climate models project a much more substantial warming than the 2 °C target making higher end scenarios increasingly plausible. Freshwater availability under such conditions is a key issue of concern. In this study, an ensemble of Euro-CORDEX projections under RCP8.5 is used to assess the mean and low hydrological states under +4 °C of global warming for the European region. Five major European catchments were analyzed in terms of future drought climatology and the impact of +2 vs. +4 °C global warming was investigated. The effect of bias correction of the climate model outputs and the observations used for this adjustment was also quantified. Projections indicate an intensification of the water cycle at higher levels of warming. Even for areas where the average state may not considerably be affected, low flows are expected to reduce leading to changes in the number of dry days and thus drought climatology. The identified increasing or decreasing runoff trends are substantially intensified when moving from the +2 to the +4 °C of global warming. Bias correction resulted in an improved representation of the historical hydrology. It is also found that the selection of the observational dataset for the application of the bias correction has an impact on the projected signal that could be of the same order of magnitude to the selection of the RCM.
Thickness of the lithosphere beneath Turkey and surroundings from S-receiver functions
Authors: Kind R. , Eken T. , Tilmann F. , Sodoudi F. , Taymaz T. , Bulut F. , Yuan X. , Can B. , Schneider F.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. We analyze S-receiver functions to investigate variations of lithospheric thickness below the entire region of Turkey and surrounding areas. The teleseismic data used here have been compiled combining all permanent seismic stations which are open to public access. We obtained almost 12 000 S-receiver function traces characterizing the seismic discontinuities between the Moho and the discontinuity at 410 km depth. Common-conversion-point stacks yield well-constrained images of the Moho and of the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (LAB). Results from previous studies suggesting shallow LAB depths between 80 and 100 km are confirmed in the entire region outside the subduction zones. We did not observe changes in LAB depths across the North and East Anatolian faults. To the east of Cyprus, we see indications of the Arabian LAB. The African plate is observed down to about 150 km depth subducting to the north and east between the Aegean and Cyprus with a tear at Cyprus. We also observed the discontinuity at 410 km depth and a negative discontinuity above the 410, which might indicate a zone of partial melt above this discontinuity.