bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
40.3: Anchoring Energy Control and Bistable Surface Switching Based on Photo‐Alignment Technology
Authors: Osterman Jesper , Skarp Kent
Published: January 2005

The relation between the polar anchoring energy and the UV exposure dose at the interface between a nematic liquid crystal and a photosensitive polymer alignment layer is investigated. Weak anchoring strength can be achieved and surface controlled bistable switching on the polymer is demonstrated. It is also shown that the anchoring energy is related to the anisotropy of the alignment layer.
41.2: High‐efficiency LEDs for LCD Backlights
Authors: Zwanenburg Michel J. , Dunn Tim , Stich Andreas , Schwedler Winfred , Plötz Ludwig
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we will introduce a novel MultiLED package that is ideal for application as a light source in LCD backlighting systems. We will discuss its optical, thermal and electrical performance in a prototype for a 17″ LCD monitor and demonstrate that this package enables an optical design of reduced complexity. Finally we will discuss a light guide solution that will enable unlimited flexibility in terms of size and luminance.
41.3: Invited Paper: LED Backlighting Concepts with High Flux LEDs
Authors: Folkerts Wiep
Published: January 2005

An overview is presented of three concepts for LCD Backlighting based on high flux, high power LEDs. The trade‐offs for the different concepts for different applications are discussed. Several recent results are presented as well. For the concepts using Red, Green and Blue (RGB) LEDs calculations are presented that address the comparison of RGB LED Backlighting with CCFL Backlighting and quantifies the trade‐off between colour filter (CF) transmission and colour gamut for both types of light source. It is concluded that RGB LED based backlighting gives typically 30% more NTSC coverage for the same CF transmission or alternatively 32–40% higher CF transmission for the same colour gamut.

For side‐emitting LEDs calculations are presented that clarify how to optimize uncoupling of the light into a light guide. For the Luxeon‐Direct concept [2] new experimental results are presented for a 23 inch backlight based on two RGB light sources. The results show the dependence of the brightness profile on the spacing between the two light sources and indicate how this design parameter can be used for optimizing the performance in an actual backlight design. For the same concept new results on color uniformity as a function of LED to LED pitch are discussed.
44.1: Challenges in Jetting OLED Fluids in the Manufacturing of FPD Using Piezoelectric Micro‐Pumps
Authors: Letendre Will
Published: January 2005

The manufacturing of OLED FPD requires the precise deposition of fluids within the pixel structure of the display. Piezoelectric micro‐pump devices have been implemented in OLED FPD pilot manufacturing lines to perform this task. Challenges in creating a reliable FPD printing process using piezoelectric micro‐pumps are presented.
46.4: Ultra‐Thin O‐Polarizers' Superiority over E‐Polarizers for LCDs
Authors: Khan Ir Gvon , Belyaev S. V. , Malimonenko N. V. , Kleptsyn V. F. , Kukushkina M. L. , Masanova N. N. , Solovei V. V. , Vorozhtsov G. N.
Published: January 2005

Ultra thin (<1 μm) polarizers with high polarizing efficiency based on lyotropic dichroic dyes have been developed for LCD and other applications. The developed polarizers reveal rod‐like chromophore structure (O‐polarizers), same as conventional iodine polarizers in contrast to the first‐generation polarizers with disc‐like chromophores structure (E‐polarizers). Polarizing efficiency, single transmission, dichroic ratio, and color of developed O‐polarizers are close to the iodine polarizers.
47.2: The Characteristics of LCD Module with Two‐dimensionally Integrated Fluorescent Lamp for TV Applications
Authors: Hwang Insun , Byun Jin Seob , Kim Joong Hyun , Park Hae Il , Kim Hyoung Joo , Jang Hyeon Yong , Kang Seock Hwan , Lee Sang Yu , Chung Kyuha , Souk Jun H. , Ko Jae Hyeon , Lee Ki Yeon , Kim Dong Woo , Ha Hae Soo , Heon Min , Kim Geun Young , Choi Seog Hyun
Published: January 2005

A 32 inch Two‐dimensionally Integrated Fluorescent Lamp (TIFL), the largest size in the world, has been developed at the first time. It is integrated into a backlight unit without using double brightness enhancement film (DBEF). The luminance of a TIFL backlight unit is 12500 nits at 140 watts of power consumption and its luminous efficacy is 55 lumens/watt at very high correlated color temperature. The color coordinate is 0.261/0.287 on the LCD. The usage of TIFL simplifies backlight assembly process and removes expensive optical sheets. As a result, LCD TVs employing TIFL will rapidly expand its market share in the large size TV application.
50.2: OLED Mass Production Deposition Equipment Using Downward Organic and Metal Deposition Method
Authors: Choi D. K. , Lee J. H. , Kang C. G. , Kim C. W. , Kim D. S. , Bae K. B.
Published: January 2005

Until now, conventional vacuum thermal deposition system of which evaporation source is point source has many critical troubles like unstable deposition rate control, the defective design and material of crucible, organic material decomposition and discoloration, very low material utilization usage, and difficulty to large size glass processing due to glass/mask sagging. So, ANS has developed downward OLED deposition equipment (DSP, Digital Scanning Process) to overcome the troubles mentioned above. The process result of our equipment will be discussed below.
54.3: A Fully Integrated Poly‐Si TFT‐ LCD Adopting a Novel 6‐Bit Source Driver and a Novel DC‐DC Converter Circuit
Authors: Tan C. S. , Sun W. T. , Lu S. H. , Kuo C. H. , Yeh S. H. , Chang I. T. , Chen C. C. , Lee Jargon , Yang C. S.
Published: January 2005

This paper describes the development of a fully integrated 2.4″ QVGA Poly‐Si TFT‐LCD without an external ICs. A novel sample and hold circuit was implemented in the 6‐bit data driver and a novel DC‐DC converter circuit was also implemented to supply various voltages for the source and the gate driver. This design realized a fully integrated Poly‐Si TFT‐LCD with an addition of a timing controller, a reference voltage driver, and a common voltage driver successfully integrated onto the 2.4″ QVGA panel.
56.1: Analytical Approach to Evaluate Maximum Gravitational Sag and its Variations of Glass Substrate for LCD
Authors: Kuroki H. , Kobyakov A. , Meda G.
Published: January 2005

We present analytical formulas to evaluate the gravitational sag of glass substrate for liquid crystal display (LCD). The formulas are derived for the parallel line supports (knife‐edges). Past studies, and comparison with finite element analysis in this paper, show that a continuous line support is a very close approximation to collinear point supports with the kind of support spacing typical in today's cassette designs. Two, three and four supporting lines are considered. A new concept of initial shapes of the glass substrate is introduced to enable evaluation of sag variations caused by various process factors analytically and numerically. We show that both the sag magnitude of the glass substrate and its variations due to various process factors may be drastically decreased with increased number of horizontal supports. The analytical results are verified numerically with the finite‐element method.
56.4: Invited Paper: Scaling‐Up PECVD System for Large‐Size Substrate Processing
Authors: Sun Sheng , Takehara Takako , Kang In Doo
Published: January 2005

With the prevailing of large panel TFT monitors, and most recently, LCD‐TVs, large‐size substrate processing becomes the mainstream of TFT‐LCD production. To enable this trend of ever‐increasing large area processing, AKT has successfully developed multiple generations of PECVD systems for volume production. This paper discusses the scaling up challenges from the equipment manufacturer's perspective, with the focus on the process scalability, system design optimization, productivity enhancement, and cost‐of‐ownership reduction.
11.3: Novel Electron‐Injection Layers for Top‐Emission OLEDs
Authors: Hasegawa Toshinori , Miura Seishi , Moriyama Takashi , Kimura Toshihide , Takaya Itaru , Osato Yoichi , Mizutani Hidemasa
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe the performances of two types of new electron injection layers (EILs) for OLEDs using Cesium Carbonate (Cs2CO3). The first is a thin Cs2CO3, and the other, a co‐evaporated layer of a new electron transport material and Cs2CO3. Devices with these EILs exhibited better electrical properties with Al, Ag or Au cathode than the devices using LiF as EIL and Al as cathode. In addition, we have measured the characteristics of the top‐emission OLEDs with the EIL using Cs2CO3, and confirmed the EIL effectiveness for the electron injection even from ITO cathode.
62.2: Mechanical Reliability of LCD Panels under Dynamic Loading
Authors: Helfinstine J. D. , Gulati S. T. , Bayne J. F. , Powell W. R. , Lapp J. C.
Published: January 2005

An important aspect of mechanical reliability of LCD panels is to understand and quantify their response to impact loading. This paper studies the behavior of 17″ modules impacted by a spherical ball traveling at a speed of up to ∼1 m/sec. At this velocity, the deformation response of the module system is significantly different from that during quasi‐static loading. In view of much shorter duration of impact test, the LCD panels can sustain relatively large loads without any measurable slow crack growth. The test data show that the dynamic strength of these panels, estimated from fracture mirror, is significantly higher than their quasi‐static strength. With higher strength and immeasurable slow crack growth the LCD panels should not experience cumulative damage during multiple impact loading implying that their mechanical reliability under such loading is excellent.
62.3: Computational Shape Optimization for Strength Improvement of 42 in. PDP Aluminum Chassis with Al. Reinforcement
Authors: Kim Dongwhan , Cho Insoo , Lee Kwangsik
Published: January 2005

The stress beyond the critical limit in PDP chassis ASS'Y due to external force causes the brittle crack of panel glasses attached to PDP chassis ASS'Y as well as it's deformation. Steel Reinforcement material on aluminum chassis improves strength in both bending and twisting. However, it yields larger thermal deformation by the difference of thermal expansion coefficient between aluminum chassis and steel reinforcement. On the contrary, aluminum reinforcement material on aluminum chassis have less strength in both bending and twisting rather than steel reinforcement while there is no problem in thermal deformation as those are same each for chassis and reinforcement material. Here, thermal deformation is prohibited as first priority. Therefore, aluminum reinforcement material is connected to aluminum chassis in consideration of same thermal expansion between reinforcement material and chassis. In this case, shortage of strength is main concern in comparison with steel reinforcement. Therefore, numerical optimization of reinforcement shape is studied to improve the strength of aluminum chassis ASS'Y. The optimization for aluminum reinforcement shape is computationally investigated in space available on chassis ASS'Y which includes boards and brackets.
12.2: Distinguished Paper: Super‐short Focus Front Projector with Aspheric Mirror Projection Optical System
Authors: Ogawa Jun , Agata Kazuhiro , Sakamoto Mikio , Urano Kunihiko , Matsumoto Takayuki
Published: January 2005

We have developed a new front projector with a super‐short projection distance of 0.65 m at 100″. We installed a newly developed reflective‐type projection optical system in this projector, which was composed of only four aspheric mirrors that were free of color aberrations. Using this new system and a single‐chip DMD™*, we projected a picture that had excellent sharpness and high contrast from 40″–100″. This paper describes the principles, design, and characteristics of the new WT600™ front projector.
13.1: Measurement and Evaluation of Display Scattering
Authors: Becker Michael E.
Published: January 2005

A simple method is introduced for measurement and evaluation of light scattering of electronic displays. The method is based on the measurement of the lateral distribution of reflected luminance with an imaging detector and, after suitable transformation, it yields the characteristics of the BRDF of the sample with high resolution. The method is easy to implement and to carry out, since no directional scanning and painstaking alignments are required. This paper summarizes the basics of the approach, introduces an implementation and presents some typical results.
13.3: Monochromator‐Based Transient Spectroradiometric Measurements of a Display's Refresh Cycle
Authors: Campbell Colin , Wall Christine
Published: January 2005

This paper describes an accurate and economical method of measuring the transient spectroradiometric properties of a display refresh cycle. Spectral data is collected from narrow bandwidths and synchronised using an independent optical input channel. This time resolved spectral data will facilitate research into visual perception of pulsed displays.
14.2: New ALIS series PDPs with Improved Moving Picture Quality, High Luminance and High Color Performance
Authors: Takeuchi Masanori , Tajima Masaya , Chiaki Yutaka , Ohta Syunji , Ueda Toshio , Yamamoto Akira
Published: January 2005

We developed the new 32‐in., 37‐in. and 42‐in. PDPs (A1 series with ALIS method) with much improved moving picture qualities by the newly developed image processing LSI. Furthermore, the peak luminance of 1100cd/m2, white color temperature of 9000K, color reproduction of almost equal to NTSC is achieved.
14.4: Analysis of Temporal Image Sticking in ac‐PDP and the Methods to Reduce It
Authors: Lee Ho‐Jun , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kim Young‐Rak , Hahm Myoung‐Soo , Lee Don‐Kyu , Choi Joon‐Young , Park Chung‐Hoo , Rhyu Jae‐Wha , Kim Jung‐Kyun , Lee Sang‐Guk
Published: January 2005

Intensive experiments have been performed to investigate the origin of temporal image sticking (TIS) in ac‐PDP. It has been shown that TIS can be classified into different groups: TIS in background and full‐white display. Each one has different memory characteristics at patterned area and boundary between peak white and black patterns. The relationships between TIS and its possible origins such as phosphor degradation, temporal change of MgO layer, wall charge have been discussed. A new driving method to reduce the background image sticking was suggested.
15.2: Invited Paper: Development of High Quality LCDTV
Authors: Shigeta Mitsuhiro , Fukuoka Hirofumi
Published: January 2005

The production technologies of the flat panel display in the size liquid crystal TVs have been developed remarkably. The importance of evaluation method of the display has been also increased. Using the new indexes for evaluations of the motion picture quality and the viewing angle characteristic of the liquid crystal TVs, we review the developments of the recent liquid crystal television technology.
15.3: Invited Paper: A LC Display for the TV Application
Authors: Yeo S. D.
Published: January 2005

Super IPS (S‐IPS) technology has intrinsic superiority in several aspects required for the TV application. Particularly, the wide view property and fast gray to gray response time of S‐IPS LCD are the most necessary requirements for TV, not only for the family use but also even for the personal use of it. High performance S‐IPS LCD TV has been developed by LG.Philips LCD and its status in the market is now competitive to that of PDP and the other mode of LCD TV, not to mention the CRT. Why the S‐IPS LCD is the best choice for the TV application will be addressed.
16.2: A Fully Flexible Colour Display
Authors: Slikkerveer Peter , Bouten Piet , Cirkel Peter , de Goede Judith , Jagt Henri , Kooyman Nico , Nisato Giovanni , Van Rijswijk Ronald , Duineveld Paul
Published: January 2005

A flexible version is shown of a state of the art passive matrix LCD; a full colour STN display. By using polymer substrates, “ultra‐thin” optical layers (like retarders, colour filters and polarisers) and a flexible backlight a fully flexible CSTN demonstrator is obtained, that can be bend to a radius of 40 mm during operation.
17.1: Invited Paper: Improvement of Lifetime in Organic Electroluminescence
Authors: Hosokawa Chishio , Fukuoka Kenichi , Kawamura Hisayuki , Sakai Toshio , Kubota Mineyuki , Funahashi Masahiro , Moriwaki Fumio , Ikeda Hidetsugu
Published: January 2005

Excellent organic electroluminescent materials are needed to realize EL devices with high performance. We have succeeded in realizing bright and efficient devices with long lifetime in blue color region by the use of a new host material. The lifetime was estimated to be 21000 hr (@1000 cd/m2) for the light blue devices. Furthermore, we achieved the long lifetime of 40000 hr (@1000 cd/m2) in green region.
18.1: Invited Paper: Recent Developments of Delta Arranged Cell Configuration of AC Plasma Display Panels
Authors: Harada S.
Published: January 2005

A delta subpixel arranged AC‐PDP has some advantages over the trio subpixel one. The reason that the delta arrangement has not been applied to PDP is that conventional closed delta cells made the exhaust conductance small. However a new cell structure with improved exhaust performance has been developed. This paper explains the new rib structure, and delta arrangement PDP's advantages of high vertical resolution and high luminous efficiency.
20.1: Design and Performance of High Contrast Polarized Light Front‐Projection Screens
Authors: Wolfe C. Robert , Paukshto Michael , Smith Peter
Published: January 2005

We describe design and performance of bright, high‐contrast front‐projection screens, which are optimized for use in unpolarized ambient light. These screens use polarized LCD projectors and have a Thin Crystalline Film (TCF) polarizing layer that absorbs ambient light to increase contrast. Screen gain and reflectivity control viewing angle and brightness.
20.2: New Front‐Projection Screen Comprised of Cholesteric‐LC Films
Authors: Umeya Masanori , Hatano Masahiro , Egashira Noritaka
Published: January 2005

A new front‐projection screen made with cholesteric‐liquid‐crystal films has been developed. The films selectively reflect light with a particular polarization and wavelength, and the light diffusion properties are controlled. Consequently, the screen displays a bright, high‐contrast image, even in a bright room. It has almost ten times the contrast ratio of a conventional front‐projection screen in a bright room with polarized ambient light.
20.3: An Advanced Projection Screen with a Wide Vertical View Angle
Authors: Nagata Yoshihide , Kagotani Akihito , Ebina Kazuyoshi , Takahashi Susumu , Tomono Takao , Abe Takashi
Published: January 2005

An advanced projection screen with a wide vertical view angle was proposed for application on LCD/DLP rear projection TV. An advanced projection screen consists of one screen and made it possible to widen vertical view angle. It follows that the screen will be expected as next generation projection screen.
21.1:Invited Paper:CG Silicon Technology and Development of System on Panel
Authors: Matsuo Takuya , Muramatsu Tetsuroh
Published: January 2005

With CG Silicon technology, the mobile display pertinent to the ubiquitous network era is developed, and provided towards the whole world. Expansion of future CG Silicon applications is explained, and which are high‐value‐added system liquid crystal display, the high resolution display, audio‐visual display and the advanced functional circuit integrated display are introduced.
21.3: Invited Paper: Latest Development of “System‐on‐Glass” Display with Low Temperature Poly‐Si TFT
Authors: Nakajima Yoshiharu , Kida Yoshitoshi , Murase Masaki , Toyoshima Yoshihiko , Maki Yasuhito
Published: January 2005

A 2.3‐inch diagonal, QVGA formatted “System‐on‐glass” display has been developed by low temperature poly‐Si TFT LCD technology. This display fully integrates 6‐bit RGB digital interface drivers as well as all the power‐supply circuitry to drive the LCD, which requires neither external ICs nor power supply ICs. This paper discusses the newly developed TFT circuit technologies used in this LCD. The development trend in the “System‐on‐glass” display is also reviewed.
22.2: Photoaligned Transmissive Bistable TN‐LCD
Authors: Yeung Fion Sze‐Yan , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: January 2005

Transmissive bistable twisted nematic liquid crystal display has been fabricated using photoalignment. This display can be switched by breaking of the anchoring on one of the substrates. The application of a new photo‐alignable polymer SDA‐1 was able to achieve the weak polar anchoring condition necessary for switching.
25.2: Fabrication of CNT Electron Source by Simple Stacking for Obtaining Uniform Emission Distributions
Authors: Nakata S. , Sawada T. , Fujikawa M. , Nishimura K. , Abe F. , Hosono A. , Hashimoto N. , Kawamoto S. , Watanabe S. , Yamamuro T. , Shen Z. , Horibata S. , Okuda S. , Oono K. , Hirokado Y.
Published: January 2005

We have developed the technique of fabricating triode structure with simple stacking method by forming an extremely smooth CNT layer and by activating CNT with a unique laser irradiation method. A test panel proves good emission property and uniformity.
26.4: Light‐Pipe Based Projection Engine Using Dual Paraboloid Reflector System and Polarization‐Recovery System for Projection Display
Authors: Li Kenneth , Sillyman Sheldon , Inatsugu Seiji
Published: January 2005

Projection engines consist of an illumination section, a color system, and a projection section and are mostly based on discrete optical components such as color filters, mirrors, relay lenses, prisms, etc. These components are usually bulky, costly, and require accurate mounting. In this paper, a totally light‐pipe based projection engine is described. It consists of an etendue‐efficient illumination system using the dual paraboloid reflector system with a lensed tapered light pipe and a light pipe based polarization recovery system as the illumination section. The color system is also light pipe based with prisms, beam splitters, and light pipes. The outputs of the color system are then directed into the corresponding HTPS imager chips. The outputs from the imager chips are then recombined by an X‐cube and projected onto the screen. This light‐pipe based engine uses low cost optical components and take up much less space than the traditional projection engine.
Cermet cathodes: A new technology for CRT applications
Authors: Barratt D. S. , Filkin N. , Bakker I.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In this paper, we present results for a new type of cermet cathode (Oxide Plus) in a range of CRT tube types including wide‐screen 32‐in. and 34‐in. tubes together with 19‐in. computer‐monitor tubes. The results indicate that the cermet cathode exhibits good performance in all types of tube where previously oxide cathodes were not suitable and only Ba‐dispnser cathodes could be used. We also illustrate a new suspended cathode structure compatible with RCA‐type cathodes that could enable a wider adoption of this new technology.
A novel bistable reflective display using quick‐response liquid powder
Authors: Hattori Reiji , Yamada Shuhei , Masuda Yoshitomo , Nihei Norio
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We have developed new powder materials that exhibit liquid behavior, which can lead to the realization of novel bistable and reflective displays having paper‐white appearance, high contrast, and quick response. Two types of display were demonstrated, one had 160 × 160 array of pixels and the other had 320 × 320 in a 3.1‐in.‐diagonal viewable image size corresponding to 66 and 132 dpi, respectively. These displays were driven by passive‐matrix addressing. The displays showed a reflectivity of more than 41%, a contrast more than 1:10, and a pixel response time of less than 0.2 msec. The seven‐segment display for use in clocks was also demonstrated.
An ultrahigh‐definition display using the pixel‐offset method
Authors: Kanazawa Masaru , Hamada Koichi , Kondoh Isao , Okano Fumio , Haino Yasuyuki , Sato Masahito , Doi Keiichiro
Published: January 2005

Abstract— An ultrahigh‐definition display system quadrupling the horizontal and vertical resolution of HDTV has been developed. In order to obtain the ultrahigh definition, four LCD panels (red, green 1, green 2, and blue) are combined using the spatial pixel‐offset method. Therefore, only green images have an ultrahigh resolution of 4096 × 7680 pixels, while red and blue images have 2048 × 3840 pixels. The ultrahigh resolution was confirmed by subjective assessment testing. The scores of the test have the same tendencies as the SQRI values. The necessary accuracy of the convergence correction is calculated to be within 0.3 pixels by the modified s‐CIELAB method.
Full‐color active‐matrix OLED based on a‐Si TFT technology
Authors: Lih Jiin‐Jou , Sung Chih‐Feng
Published: January 2005

Abstract—We have successfully demonstrated a 4‐in. full‐color active‐matrix OLED display based on amorphous‐Si (a‐Si) TFT technology. With improvements in the TFT manufacturing process and structure, a‐Si TFTs provide abundant capability to drive OLEDs. This demonstration clearly shows the possibility of using a‐Si TFTs as driving backplanes in the manufacture of full‐color AMOLEDs.
Cell‐gap and pretilt‐angle determination of a vertically aligned reflective liquid‐crystal display
Authors: Hsiao Shu‐Chan , Hsu Jy‐Shan , Liang Bau‐Jy , Chen Shu‐Hsia
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A simple method for determining the cell gap and pretilt angle of a vertically aligned reflective liquid‐crystal display has been developed. By extrapolating the phase‐retardation curve of the VA—LC cell in the high‐voltage regime, we can determine the cell gap. With this value for the cell gap and the low‐voltage part of the phase‐retardation curve, we can determine the pretilt angle.
The characteristics of the external‐electrode mercury fluorescent lamp for backlighting liquid‐crystal‐television displays
Authors: Takeda Yuji , Takagi Masami , Kurita Takayoshi , Watanabe Yoji , Amano Mamoru , Nakano Hiroki
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A reliable external‐electrode mercury fluorescent lamp (EEFL) has been developed for backlighting a liquid‐crystal‐television (LC‐TV) display. This involved the investigation of the EEFL characteristics and the improvement in the construction of the EEFL and drive waveforms, in the frequency range of 50–200 kHz, that affects the EEFL characteristics. The results showed that a sinusoidal waveform is suitable for driving the EEFL, and EEFL's voltage decreases when the frequency of the drive waveform is increased.
Color error from an RGB‐stripe pixel structure
Authors: Kanazawa Masaru , Hamada Koichi , Okano Fumio
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Most direct‐view color displays have a sub‐pixel structure similar to the RGB‐stripe structure. The video data for R and B are produced on the condition that they are reproduced at the same position as G but they are displayed on the screen with 1/3 of a pixel separation from the corresponding G pixel. This pixel structure thus entails a convergence error of 1/3 of a pixel. The modified s‐CIELAB method was applied to investigate color errors produced by the RGB‐stripe pixel structure. The results show that the pixel structure can degrade the image quality even for a viewing distance where the pixel structure is not visible because the color difference caused by the structure has a low‐frequency component and the human vision can detect it. The same method was applied to the convergence error and it was shown that the necessary convergence accuracy is around 1/4 of a pixel.
Optimizing printable FEDs towards the standard for mass‐market displays
Authors: Burden A. P. , Atkinson N. , Baigrie S. M. , Bishop H. E. , Brierley M. , Browning J. , Bull M. K. , Bulleid C. E. , Church P. , Friday J. M. , Gray J. J. , Haggarty D. , Holzel T. , Hood C. , Hou M.‐J. , Howard C. W. , Jones P. G. A. , Khazov A. Y. , Lee S.‐W. , Lee W. , Monument D. , Riggs R. J. , Shah R. , Sheehy G. G. , Tippetts M. , Underdown J. , Waite M. S. , Taylor W. , Tuck R. A.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This paper reviews the recent progress made at Printable Field Emitters (PFE), Ltd., in creating a 5.7‐in. quarter‐VGA field‐emission display (FED), describing some of the technical hurdles that were overcome and quantifying the performance of the display. First, however, some detailed market analysis is presented that shows that mass‐market displays in the 30–60‐in.‐diagonal range need to be significantly lower in cost than the present PDP technology if market penetration is to be successful. In addition, the results of cost‐modeling the manufacturing of a low‐cost FED with at least a printed cold‐cathode layer are presented. This paper shows that by scaling‐up the processes used in the demonstrator presented, sufficient cost savings are made, making a very marketable product. We present the architecture of our frit‐sealed display and describe some of the testing that was performed to characterize the devices. Finally, we discuss work in progress to optimize the manufacturing route and introduce even more cost savings and performance improvements.
Controling color of liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Kwak Y. , Li C. , MacDonald L.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Two newly derived characterization models for a liquid‐crystal (LC) display have been tested for five LC‐based displays. Data measured from a series of test colors indicated that all LC‐based displays showed similar characteristics, including an S‐shaped tone curve and poor channel chromaticity constancy. Because they include a hyperbolic function in their definition, the models do not have analytical inverses, and so iterative mathematical techniques are applied. It was shown that a new characterization model based on a hyperbolic function fits the tone curve very accurately with only four coefficients per channel for any type of LCD. In addition, it was also shown that the first derivative of the function provides a means of accurate correction of the chromaticity variation.
Colorimetric characterization of LCD and DLP projection displays
Authors: Seime Lars , Hardeberg Jon Y.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Successful color‐management of projection systems depends on knowledge of their characteristics. In this study, two typical portable projectors were characterized. The projectors are based on different technologies, liquid‐crystal display (LCD) and digital light‐processing (DLP). Measurements were made with a spectroradiometer. The properties measured were spectral characteristics and the intensity of the primary and white colors, basic colorimetric characteristics, inter‐channel dependency, tone characteristics, color‐tracking characteristics, spatial non‐uniformity, dependency on background, and temporal stability. Based on the characterization results, the possibility of color‐management of the tested projectors is discussed.
Mechanical properties and fracture analysis of glass substrate for PDPs
Authors: Maeda Kei , Nakao Yasumasa
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A thermal shock test was carried out using high‐strain‐point glass substrates for plasma‐display panels. From the fracture analysis, the fracture stress was determined and compared with the initial edge strength. It was observed that the edge strength greatly decreased because of micro cracks that formed on the glass surface during testing. Therefore, it is important to prevent the formation of micro cracks in order to avoid failure as well as to minimize thermal stress in the process. Fatigue is also an important parameter in preventing the failure of the glass substrate when the stress on it lasts for a long period of time.
Development of new high‐luminance green EL devices based on Eu‐doped calcium thioaluminate materials system
Authors: Nakua Abdul M. , Cheong Dan , Wu Xingwei
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A new green EL phosphor with excellent brightness, efficiency, and color saturation was developed. This phosphor is based on the europium‐activated calcium thioaluminate materials system. The performance of this phosphor is greatly enhanced by the addition of Gd as a co‐dopant. Similarly, the addition of ZnS layers on the top and bottom of the phosphor film improved the device luminance considerably. The luminance of the EL devices can be as high as 1700 cd/m2 with CIE color coordinates (0.190, 0.645) which were tested by using 32‐μsec‐wide square pulses with a frequency of 120 Hz. The device efficiency was over 2 lm/W.
Indium tin oxide anode modification for enhanced polymer light‐emitting devices
Authors: Zhu Furong
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Effort has been focused on exploring indium tin oxide (ITO) anode modification for enhanced performance of polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). It was found that oxidative treatment, e.g., a commonly used oxygen plasma, modifies ITO surface effectively to produce a low‐conductivity oxygen‐rich region. As a consequence, oxygen plasma‐treated ITO behaves somewhat similarly to specimens where there is an ultra‐thin insulating layer on its surface. It shows that the presence of such an ultra‐thin insulating interlayer between the ITO and the polymer layer favors the efficient operation of the PLEDs. The result of this effort provides an insight to better understand optimal anode contact for enhanced PLED performance.
High‐performance thin‐film transistor using silicide‐mediated crystallization
Authors: Kim Kyung Ho , Park Seong Jin , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

Abstract— We studied the silicide‐mediated crystallization of a‐Si for low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon (LTPS) on glass. By controling the heating method and Ni density on the a‐Si, the grain size could be increased to 40 μm. Radial grain growth from a NiSi2 crystalline nucleus gives rise to a large‐grain poly‐Si without amorphous phase inside. A field‐effect mobility of over 200 cm2/V‐sec was achieved by using LTPS.
Microcup® displays: Electronic paper by roll‐to‐roll manufacturing processes
Authors: Liang R. C. , Hou Jack , Zang HongMei , Chung Jerry , Tseng Scott
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Rolls of flexible displays or electronic paper have recently been prepared by a high‐speed roll‐to‐roll manufacturing process based on SiPix's novel Microcup® and top‐sealing technologies. Both Microcup® electrophoretic displays (EPDs) and LCDs have been demonstrated. The display rolls are format flexible and may be cut into desirable size and shape for a variety of applications. High‐performance flexible passive‐matrix Microcup® EPDs having a wide range of threshold voltages have also been demonstrated.
A novel dot‐pattern generation to improve luminance uniformity of LCD backlight
Authors: Idé Tsuyoshi , Numata Hidetoshi , Taira Yoichi , Mizuta Hideyuki , Suzuki Masaru , Noguchi Michikazu , Katsu Yoshihiro
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This paper reports on a novel theoretical approach to generate irregular dot patterns at the back of the light guide of a backlight unit. By applying this approach to a light guide with a diffuser film, optical distortion is minimized and the luminance uniformity of the backlight is greatly improved.
Radio‐frequency plasma‐display cell
Authors: Bogatov N. , Brodsky Yu. , Golubev S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This paper demonstrates that it is possible to improve the basic parameters of plasma displays (efficiency, primarily) using AC voltages with frequencies so high that the amplitude of the electron‐drift oscillations is smaller than the inter‐electrode gap. In this case, the voltage drop on sheaths is much smaller than that in the low frequency or DC discharge and, correspondingly, the energy losses in ion heating are also small. Electron losses in the RF discharge are of the diffusion character and sufficiently lower than the losses in a typical AC plasma‐display panel (AC PDP), in which the electron drift to the electrodes is predominant. Hence, the energy cost of gas ionization in the cells of radio‐frequency PDPs (RF PDPs) is also rather low. In the long run, about 80% of the energy absorbed in the RF discharge goes into excitation of the energy level of a Xe atom, yielding UV radiation. The experiments performed show that efficiency of a RF PDP is five times higher than the efficiency of existing AC PDPs and DC PDPs and can exceed 5 lm/W.
Development of performance‐ and cost‐oriented HD PDP TV with high picture quality using a high‐efficiency hexagonal array structure
Authors: Yoo Min‐Sun , Kim Jeong‐Nam , Woo Dong‐Ju , Yim Sang‐Hoon , Cho Yoon‐Hyoung
Published: January 2005

Abstract— In this paper, we explained how we developed a 37‐in. plasma TV satisfying the major requirements of HDTV. For performance improvement, a HEXA cell structure in delta subpixel array was chosen. To improve picture quality, a subpixel rendering algorithm was added. Finally, to investigate the suitability for a single‐scan driver for cost reduction, the discharge characteristics were studied.
Growth and characterization of carbon nanotubes for field‐emission‐display applications
Authors: Milne W. I. , Teo K. B. K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This paper will report on the production, dimensional control, and characterization of arrays of cold‐cathode field emitters based on multiwall carbon nanotubes, suitable for use in large‐area field‐emission‐based displays.
Luminescent dichroic‐dye‐doped cholesteric liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Chanishvili Andro , Chilaya Guram , Petriashvili Gia , Barberi Riccardo , Bartolino Roberto , De Santo Maria P.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— LCDs based on a luminescent dichroic‐dye‐doped non‐absorbing cholesteric LC with positive dielectric anisotropy is proposed. In the initial state, the orientation of the dye molecules provides effective light absorption and irradiation. By applying an electric field to the cell, the absorption and thus the luminescence is absent. A two‐color luminescence could be achieved by sandwiching two cells: the upper cell consists of a cholesteric LC with two dyes (sensitizer and emitter) and is used with an applied voltage (active cell); the lower cell consists of a cholesteric LC doped with one dye and works without applying a voltage (passive cell). The performance characteristics of luminescent dye‐doped cholesteric‐LCDs were investigated.
29.1: Full Color Active Matrix OLED Displays with High Aperture Ratio
Authors: Blochwitz‐Nimoth Jan , Brandt Julia , Hofmann Michael , Birnstock Jan , Pfeiffer Martin , He Gufeng , Wellmann Philipp , Leo Karl
Published: January 2005

For the integration of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) on an active matrix backplane, an efficient top‐emitting OLED is essential since the TFT‐circuitry covers a large space of the pixel aperture. Moreover, for the integration on n‐channel transistors used in amorphous silicon technology an inverted (anode on top) OLED setup is necessary.

We here present a way to manufacture efficient top emitting inverted OLEDs on active matrix substrates by applying our proprietary technology of intentionally doped charge carrier transport layers. We demonstrate their integration in full color active matrix displays with QVGA and VGA resolution.
32.3: Reliability and Performance of Flexible Electrophoretic Displays by Roll‐to‐Roll Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Hou Jack , Chen Yajuan , Li Ying‐Syi , Weng Xin , Li Henry , Pereira Cheri
Published: January 2005

Flexible Microcup® electronic paper prepared by the Sipix roll‐to‐roll manufacturing process has shown outstanding electro‐optical performance, longevity and physico‐mechanical properties for various commercial applications in a wide range of temperature, humidity, and UV environmental conditions. Multicolor Microcup® EPDs having more than 8 grayscales with great mid‐tone bistability and image uniformity have also been demonstrated.
32.4: An Electronic Ink Low Latency Drawing Tablet
Authors: Henzen Alex , Ailenei Neculai , Van Reeth Frank , Vansichem Gert , Zehner Robert W. , Amundson Karl
Published: January 2005

Using an electronic ink display and a touchpanel input device, a paper‐like drawing tablet was created, closely mimicking the behaviour of normal paper. The tablet is initially intended to serve as an input‐device for cartoon drawing and editing. However, its potential use goes far beyond that.
33.2: High‐Efficiency Integrated Charge Pump Circuits for Poly‐Si TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Lin Ching‐Wei , Tsai Yaw‐Ming
Published: January 2005

A novel charge pump circuit composed of poly‐Si TFTs has been designed for LTPS TFT‐LCDs to generate high voltage level. The proposed configuration is based on connecting two identical but opposite‐phase switched‐capacitor type charge pumps in parallel, thus eliminating the need for extra voltage boost circuits. The simply clock scheme is very suitable for integrated poly‐Si AMLCDs. Excellent TFT performance also enables the external voltage to the charge pump circuit down to 3V below. The simulated power efficiency of the proposed charge pump circuit is beyond 70%.
36.3: Invited Paper: Color Phosphors for Inorganic Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Miura Noboru
Published: January 2005

Significant progress in the performance and commercialization of full‐color thin‐film electroluminescent (EL) displays has been achieved. This is due to the remarkable progress made in the performance of existing EL phosphors, development of new phosphor materials, and design of new EL phosphor structures. In this paper, I describe the progress in the development of EL phosphor materials based on systematical study of Eu and Mn ion doped ternary compounds. Highly saturated phosphor that realizes full color display has been reported.
39.1: A Novel Organic Thin Film Transistor Fabricated by Low‐Cost Process
Authors: Kim Jong‐Moo , Lee Joo‐Won , Kim Young‐Min , Kim Jai‐Kyeong , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Oh Myung‐Hwan , Kim Jong‐Seung , Jang Jin , Lee Sang‐Geun
Published: January 2005

Organic thin film transistors are fabricated on the plastic substrates through four‐level mask process without patterning for photolithography in order to approach a simple fabrication process. KIST‐JM‐1 as an organic molecule for self—assembly monolayers is deposited on the surface of the zirconium oxide gate dielectric layer for the better device performance. The effect of gate dielectric surface modification on the field effect mobility of OTFTs has been examined and these prototype organic transistors showed the excellent electrical characteristics such as the field effect mobility > 0.66cm2/Vs and Ion/Ioff > 105.
40.2: Invited Paper: Advanced Monochrome Gray‐Scale TFT/LCD Using DLC/IB Alignment Technology
Authors: Nakagawa Yoshiki , Satoh Hiroyuki , Nakamura Toshifumi , Okajima Kenji , Maenosono Sueharu , Tokuhiro Osamu
Published: January 2005

A new liquid crystal alignment method, diamond like carbon and ion beam alignment (DLC/IB) technology was announced in SID2001. And since Dec/2001, a new generation ion beam machine has been installed into manufacturing line in IDTech. DLC/IB technology is mainly applied for medical use display, which means monochrome, high density and super uniform display. We report the latest development status of the advanced monochrome displays.
43.2: More Realistic Colors from Small‐Gamut Mobile Displays
Authors: Langendijk Erno H. A. , Klompenhouwer Michiel A.
Published: January 2005

New displays, like mobile LCDs and OLEDs, usually cannot show the primary colors (Red, Green, and Blue) required by the EBU‐standard. Consequently, these displays have poor color rendition. This paper describes a relatively simple color‐mapping algorithm that improves the color rendition of such displays considerably.
45.3: Pentacene Organic Thin‐Film Transistor Integrated with Color Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals Display (CTNLCD)
Authors: Ho Jia‐Chong , Huang Liang‐Ying , Hu Tarng‐Shiang , Hsieh Cheng‐Chung , Hwang Wen‐Kuei , Wang Yu‐Wu , Lin Wei‐Ling , Cheng Hsiang‐Yuan , Lin Tsung‐Hsien , Hsiao Ming‐Chun , Wang Yi‐Kai , Wu Po‐Sheng , Lee Cheng‐Chung
Published: January 2005

Pentacene Organic Thin‐Film Transistor (OTFT) integrated with Color Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals Display (CTNLCD) has been developed. This display used photolithography, pentacene deposition, color filter and TNLC. In addition, we successfully develop the OTFT passivation layer process to avoid the damage of TNLC. Above these processes are integrated to manufacture the 3 inch CTNLCD panels with 64 ×128 pixels.
46.1: UV‐Stable High‐Birefringence Low‐Viscosity Isothiocyaniane Liquid Crystals and Application to 50‐μsec Response Switching Device
Authors: Gauza S. , Wen C. H. , Tan B. , Wu Y. H. , Lin Y. H. , Wu S. T.
Published: January 2005

UV stable, high birefringence and low viscosity nematic liquid crystal mixtures were developed and their properties evaluated. Our new mixtures exhibit similar birefringence but ∼3.5X lower visco‐elastic coefficient than Merck E44. In the mean time, our new mixtures show better UV stability than those cyano‐biphenyls based commercial mixtures. To make a performance of new material more visible a high birefringence and relatively low viscosity liquid crystal mixture was developed for this experiment in conjunction with the voltage overdrive and undershoot technique. We demonstrated a liquid crystal light switch with response time ∼50 μs at room temperature and λ= 633 nm Potential application for sub‐millisecond laser beam steering is emphasized.
46.2: Ag‐based Coatings with Improved Weatherability and High Reflectivity for Reflective and Transflective Displays
Authors: Specht H. , Gehlert B. , Warkentin O. , Schlott M. , Halden T.
Published: January 2005

Reflective displays require corrosion resistant layers with a reflectivity of more than 90% in the visible spectral range. Several approaches have been taken to improve weatherability and corrosion resistance of reflective layers. In this study the influence of doping silver with In and Sn was investigated. Both alloys were found to perform better both in weatherability testing and in minimizing loss of reflectivity than currently applied materials. Since no precious metal is used, costs are also minimized.
47.1: A 32‐in. Integrated Hg‐free Lamp that Eliminates Problems of Backlights with Multiple Lamps
Authors: Hitzschke L. , Vollkommer F. , Bauer K. D.
Published: January 2005

To date backlight solutions for large size LCD TV's are relying on direct lights using multiple tubing systems based on mercury. Besides other drawbacks the use of Hg has to be paid off by intrinsic Hg reactions with lamp components which result in blackening and efficiency depreciation. Direct light B/L units with a large number of discharge tubes are suffering much more by that intrinsic drawback than all other known systems relying on Hg. As a consequence, it seems to be questionable whether the demand of TV application to guarantee a uniform aging over lifetime can be met. With the 32″ lamp of the new PLANON generation a breakthrough for LCD TV backlighting has been achieved. The mercury free, xenon based one‐body lamp solution delivers instant light and long lifetime. Maintenance problems and the uncertainty of an inhomogeneous appearance during lifetime as, e.g., shadowing or striping of the radiation pattern in the LCD panel area as they may reveal in mercury based systems do not arise. After the redesign of lamp and production technology of PLANON the door to a cost effective mass production with the ability for an up scaling to high volume production within short times has been opened.
47.3: Lateral Multi‐Channel Flat Discharge Fluorescent Lamp for LC‐TV Backlight
Authors: Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S. , Ko J.‐H. , Lee K. Y. , Cho S.‐H. , Choi H. T.
Published: January 2005

An experimental, 32‐in.‐diagonal Hg flat discharge fluorescent lamp was developed for an LC‐TV backlight. An electron density in the lamp is 1/20 and VUV phosphor load is 1/160 of the conventional EEFLs. With a proper lamp design, current density at the electrodes may be reduced to 1/3 of the EEFLs. These ensure longer lifetime and higher efficacy. The ignition voltage is relatively low at 700V.