bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le mystère des origines
Authors: Perron Roger
Published: June 2020

Pour comprendre le fonctionnement de ce système complexe qu’est le psychisme, il semble que la meilleure méthode soit d’en rechercher les étapes de construction, et de montrer comment ces étapes s’enchaînent historiquement. Cependant, cette démarche se heurte à une impasse : à remonter le temps, on débouche nécessairement sur l’invocation d’un donné premier qui n’admet plus aucune explication d’ordre historique. La quête des origines est vivace, mais se heurte au mystère : c’est ce que signifient les mythes des origines présents dans toutes les cultures. Ces mythes offrent une explication du monde et de l’homme selon les deux axes de l’originel (en offrant une justification historique) et de l’originaire (en disant ce qu’est la nature de l’homme). Il en va de même de nos théories sur l’ontogenèse du psychisme, ainsi que le montre bien l’histoire de Victor, le « Sauvage de l’Aveyron ». Dans cette optique sont réexaminés, brièvement, les postulats fondamentaux de nos théories modernes sur les origines du psychisme, qui tentent de rendre compte de ce qui, lors des premiers processus d’individuation, peut tout à la fois créer soi et le monde.
Pratique de la psychologie clinique : paradoxes et perspectives
Authors: Castro Dana
Published: June 2020

Si la psychologie clinique, en tant que discipline, a pris ces dernières années un essor considérable, force est de constater que sur le terrain, les psychologues cliniciens rencontrent encore et toujours les mêmes difficultés. Difficultés portant sur des problématiques identitaires en lien avec l’épineuse question des frontières avec d’autres professions partenaires. Pour analyser ce paradoxe, des pistes de réflexion sont avancées. La première, dans une perspective individuelle d’intervention, s’attache à étudier le discours des psychologues sur leurs pratiques cliniques, discours qui favorise la logique de compétence et d’interchangeabilité des rôles professionnels. La deuxième, dans une perspective collective d’action, tente de démontrer que le regroupement des psychologues en organisation professionnelle représentative, est une nécessité identitaire. L’évolution du discours sur les pratiques cliniques ainsi que l’organisation des professionnels, représentent les deux facettes d’un même processus, visant l’autonomie de la profession et sa « prise de pouvoir » dans la société.
Nouveaux champs, nouvelles pratiques : quelle place pour les psychologues ?
Authors: Cohen Patrick
Published: June 2020

Il existe de nouveaux débouchés pour les psychologues (dans les réseaux de santé, dans le transport routier, en assistance lors d’obsèques…) mais aussi de nouvelles pratiques (psychologues dans la rue, à domicile, à la télévision, sur Internet). Ajustement ou changement sensible, la demande sociale occasionne des réorganisations qui induisent la création de réponses psychologiques originales, voire surprenantes. Doit-on ralentir, modifier ou favoriser ce processus ? Cet article démontre, exemples à l’appui, comment gérer ces évolutions en matière de formation, tout en précisant les limites et les dangers de ces transformations.
La place du diagnostic psychopathologique dans les expertises pénales
Authors: Combalbert Nicolas , Andronikof Anne
Published: June 2020

Cet article s’intéresse à la place du diagnostic psychopathologique dans l’expertise judiciaire. Nous présentons une étude sur la fréquence à laquelle les experts psychiatres et psychologues posent un diagnostic, structural ou nosographique, dans le cadre de l’expertise pénale. Cette étude comparative entre deux groupes d’experts a été menée sur des diagnostics, posés entre 1990 et 2003, en France, lors de l’expertise psychiatrique et psychologique de 505 sujets criminels incarcérés. Les résultats ont mis en évidence une très forte concordance entre experts au niveau de l’absence de diagnostic (structural et nosographique). D’un autre côté, certains types de diagnostics, fréquemment posés, ne font pas l’objet de justifications ou discussions spécifiques. Ces résultats permettent de s’interroger sur les causes et les conditions d’apparition des accords ou désaccords entre experts, et de formuler des recommandations pour améliorer la cohérence de l’expertise des justiciables.
Recherche en psychologie et turbulences paradigmatiques
Authors: Santiago Delefosse Marie
Published: June 2020

De nombreux auteurs ont commenté les « crises » de la psychologie tout au long de son histoire. Actuellement, ces débats sont illustrés par l’opposition de deux paradigmes majeurs de la psychologie : positiviste-néopositiviste vs. subjectiviste-constructiviste. L’auteur présente les caractéristiques de ces deux grands paradigmes. Dans un deuxième temps, il expose les tentatives actuelles pour faire face à ces différences paradigmatiques : les débats méthodologiques, les positionnements théoriques et épistémologiques, nouveaux objets de la psychologie. Il conclut en soulignant les limites de ces tentatives et les risques d’une absence de définition claire de l’objet de la psychologie.
L’évaluation de l’intelligence et ses relations avec la personnalité
Authors: Gilles Pierre-Yves
Published: June 2020

Les relations entre l’intelligence et la personnalité ont fait l’objet d’un nombre important de travaux ces dernières années. Les résultats de trois courants de recherche sont présentés ici : (1) corrélations entre ces deux types de dimensions ; (2) prise en compte d’auto-évaluation de l’intelligence et de la personnalité, comme variables intermédiaires ; (3) analyse de processus sous jacents à l’intelligence et à la personnalité, et à leurs relations. Ces recherches contribuent à préciser ce qu’évaluent les tests d’intelligence et à améliorer leur utilisation sur le terrain.
Le WISC IV à l’épreuve de la clinique. Nouvelle lecture illustrée par le haut potentiel et la dyspraxie
Authors: Weismann-Arcache Catherine
Published: June 2020

Le WISC IV appartient bien au siècle de l’image et de la vitesse des transmissions. Les indices de raisonnement perceptif, de vitesse de traitement, ou encore de mémoire de travail, y occupent une place tout aussi importante que l’indice de compréhension verbale. Langage et manipulation passent ainsi au second rang, ce qui interroge sur la possibilité d’utiliser les référents épistémologiques de la psychologie clinique : de l’image du corps au discours du sujet, comment rendre compte de la dynamique pulsionnelle et défensive qui sous-tend toute forme d’opération mentale chez l’être humain ? À la suite d’une réflexion critique sur cet outil, nous proposons une tentative d’analyse clinique comparative, entre les indices du WISC IV et ceux du WISC III, fondée sur notre expérience auprès de sujets dyspraxiques et/ou à haut potentiel.
Des groupes de parole pour les familles d’accueil
Authors: Guette-Marty Marie-Claude
Published: June 2020

Ce témoignage concerne une expérience clinique de groupes de parole, proposés depuis cinq ans à des assistants familiaux. Animés par un psychologue, ces groupes ont pour vocation d’offrir un espace d’écoute, de communication et d’élaboration dans le respect d’une confidentialité. Dans la réflexion, sont abordés la modification récente de la profession d’assistant familial, les spécificités de la fonction d’accueillant et le fonctionnement d’un groupe de parole à travers son cadre, ses objectifs et ses règles. Sont également examinées les fonctions possibles de ces groupes ainsi que leurs limites. Enfin, un exemple de fil associatif suivi lors d’un groupe de parole est rapporté.
L’identité du psychologue : de la confusion des genres à l’intégration des modèles. L’apport du paradigme communautaire
Authors: Saïas Thomas
Published: June 2020

La psychologie communautaire est un modèle étudiant les interactions sujet/environnement, sous-tendant la santé mentale des individus et la croissance des communautés. Si sa contribution à l’élaboration de modèles en santé mentale est manifeste, depuis les années soixante, dans différents contextes culturels, son apparition en France est toute récente. La singularité de la discipline réside dans l’ergonomie de l’intervention face à la spécificité des besoins en santé mentale, dans le partenariat engagé avec les bénéficiaires de l’intervention et dans l’intérêt porté à leurs compétences plus qu’à leurs symptômes. L’action communautaire trouve sa finalité dans des applications psychosociales : actions de promotion de la santé mentale, de prévention ou encore dans l’élaboration de politiques sanitaires et sociales.
Immigration : la question de l’intégration dans un contexte fondamentalement nouveau
Authors: Dumont Gérard-François
Published: June 2020

Toute immigration soulève des enjeux culturels et sociaux qui posent la question de l’intégration. Cette dernière doit d’abord être analysée dans sa dimension quantitative aux échelles mondiale et infraplanétaire. Sa dimension qualitative se traduit selon les pays par des politiques de ségrégation ou, à l’inverse, d’intégration. Mais, depuis la fin du XX e  siècle, la nature de la question de l’intégration se trouve dans un contexte profondément changé. C’est dans ce contexte totalement nouveau qu’il faut réfléchir aux voies de l’intégration culturelle et sociale.
Roland Pressat, un démographe éminent de l’équipe d’Alfred Sauvy
Authors: Sardon Jean-Paul , Blayo Chantal
Published: June 2020

Roland Pressat (1923-2020) est un éminent représentant des chercheurs forgés dans « l’esprit Sauvy ». Sens de la rigueur, qualités de plume et goût pour la vulgarisation. Sa contribution à la diffusion de l’analyse démographique fut considérable et de nombreux démographes, à travers tous les continents, lui doivent leur formation, tant par son enseignement, à Paris et à Montréal, que par ses ouvrages. Son innovation pédagogique fut la création de « devoirs » comme apprentissage à la recherche. Homme de passion, il était également collectionneur de gravures, amateur de vins et de cigares.
Des origines aux destinations : l’importance des « lieux » dans les parcours des étudiants Erasmus
Authors: Ballatore Magali
Published: June 2020

L’institutionnalisation de la mobilité pour études, qui permet aux étudiants d’obtenir des bourses et de voir leurs démarches administratives liées au fait de séjourner dans un pays étranger être simplifiées, est souvent pensée comme un moyen d’assurer sa « démocratisation ». Il faut noter cependant que cette hypothèse, bien que diffuse, n’a pas été démontrée scientifiquement et empiriquement. Dans la lignée des recherches qui souhaitent renouveler l’attention sur les positions sociales et géographiques des individus pour comprendre les migrations, comme les mobilités, nous observerons dans cet article les formes de hiérarchies sociales qui s’opèrent entre les lieux et entre les étudiants qui ne sont pas tous égaux face à l’offre de mobilité Erasmus, ni face aux injonctions multiples à internationaliser leurs trajectoires. Cette contribution repose sur deux enquêtes empiriques menées entre 2004 et 2014, ainsi que sur une revue récente de la littérature scientifique concernant le programme Erasmus et des analyses secondaires de données statistiques de la Commission européenne. Ce faisant, nous montrerons que l’ouverture à l’international prônée par les politiques européennes est très inégalement développée sur le territoire européen et selon les établissements d’enseignement. Aux inégalités d’accès à la mobilité s’ajoutent, en outre, des inégalités de « réussite » des parcours migratoires, très variable en fonction des routes empruntées.
Sobre la distribución de tres especies de murciélagos filostómidos (Chiroptera), con registros adicionales para el Departamento de Gracias a Dios, Honduras
Authors: Turcios-Casco Manfredo Alejandro , Medina-Fitoria Arnulfo , Manzanares Tomás , Martínez Marcio , Ávila-Palma Hefer Daniel
Published: June 2020

La alta riqueza de especies de la subfamilia Phyllostominae es considerada indicio de un ecosistema bien con­servado; sin embargo, es uno de los grupos menos estudiado en Honduras. En este documento presentamos los primeros registros de Chrotopterus auritus (Peters, 1856) y Tonatia bakeri Williams, Willig & Reid, 1995 para el departamento de Gracias a Dios (este de Honduras), y el segundo de Lophostoma silvicolum d’Orbigny, 1836 para el mismo departamento. Según los registros históricos de estas especies, estos registros representan la quinta localidad conocida para C. Auritus y L. Silvicolum, y la segunda para T. Bakeri en Honduras, demostrando lo poco que se sabe de esas especies en el país. Sugerimos realizar estudios de estas especies incluyendo la evaluación de sus refugios, y determinar las tendencias poblacionales para establecer su estado de conservación en las áreas de estudio.
A Khan Framework-Based Approach to Successful MOOCs Integration in the Academic Context
Authors: Marrhich Aicha , Lafram Ichrak , Berbiche Naoual , El Alami Jamila
Published: June 2020

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) expansion encounter many challenges related to different aspects, from learner’s perspective to teacher’s perspective, to technological aspects. Previous studies demonstrated the prevailing challenges pertaining to Academic contexts using both qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of different samples from different countries. In our study, we have tried to look at practices from all over the world regarding MOOCs implementation, we presented a summary of the major challenges of MOOCs as well as their strengths vis as vis the open education in both general and academic contexts. Following the steps of Khan’s framework for online learning, our ultimate objective was to come up with an approach that can bridge the challenges that hinder current effective delivery of MOOCs and calls for metrics that respect the results of previous work in the implementation of blended learning in the Academic context.
Teachers’ Perceptions on Using Augmented Reality for Language Learning in Primary Years Programme (PYP) Education
Authors: Ashley-Welbeck Ahmed , Vlachopoulos Dimitrios
Published: June 2020

Augmented Reality (AR) is a relatively new technology and is increasingly being posited as an educational game-changer, particularly - but not exclusively - in language learning. On a scale where the virtual and real world sit at opposite ends of the spectrum, AR sits in-between, combining real world elements with virtual overlays. Research suggests that an obstacle to English language learning in countries where English is not the first language (EFL) is a lack of authentic situations outside of the classroom for practising English communication skills. AR technology, by combining elements of real-life and virtual content could potentially overcome some of these limitations. However, as with all technologies, the use of AR in the classroom is not only confined to the learner, but also largely dependent on the willingness and skills of teachers to utilise it effectively. This study hopes to shed some light on the possible uses, benefits, and challenges that AR may present to the field of EFL learning in an Egyptian International Baccalaureate (IB) school.
A proposed Iris Recognition Model for Authentication in Mobile Exams
Authors: Shdaifat Aayat Mahmoud , Obeidallah Randa A , Ghazal Ghadeer , Abu Sarhan Alaa , Abu Spetan Nesreen Rabah
Published: June 2020

Mobile learning is an extended version of e-learning. The revolution of handheld devices had encouraged design courses to be compatible with different mobiles versions, brands and platforms. Mobile exams need more attention to strengthen mobile learning certificates. A major issue with mobile exam is student authentication and identification before and during exam session. With no presence of proctor, more techniques are available to ensure student identification. In this paper, we proposed a model that uses a traditional username and password in addition to the biometric iris recognition technique to verify student identity before and during mobile exams.
Design Gamification Models in Higher Education: A Study in Indonesia
Authors: Panis Isabel Coryunitha , Setyosari Punaji , Kuswandi Dedi , Yuliati Lia
Published: June 2020

Based on the data, it is known that the average score of the overall evaluation aspects of the learning design reached 3.4. This figure according to the results of the conversion of quantitative data to qualitative data on scale 4 belongs to the very good category, which means that the learning design of gamified problem-based learning developed is feasible to be applied in learning. The purpose of writing this article is to develop an appropriate gamification model in tertiary institutions which links gamification theory and problem based learning into a new model that will later be combined with existing learning media to become more effective and interesting when applied in each course. Research on learning design models can be classified into three types: model development, model validation, and model use. This study examines the first two points above, which are based on research methodologies for model development and model validation where learning models are developed either practically or theoretically. In theory, the cause is based on the literature related to the model that is to be developed, being practical because it must be based on a learning design that is suitable for real life. The gamified problem-based learning design model has been based on literature and has projected real-life learning needs. In the results, it is known that the effectiveness and attractiveness of the design of gamified problem based learning as teaching material in the form of theory and practice have shown results in the excellent category which means that this learning design is feasible to be applied in learning.
Sustainable Development in Developing Societies: The Place of ICT-driven Computer Education
Authors: Nwankwo Wilson , Njoku Christian
Published: June 2020

Computer Science Education (CSE) is a field of study in the 21st century that cannot be ignored by any nation in search of rapid integrated development. When driven by Information and Communications Technology (ICT) tools, the field could become a live wire for national socio-economic development with the capacity to transform and sustain same. This paper follows a qualitative approach in examining the relevance of an ICT-driven CSE in sustainable development and advocates for a proper entrenchment of ICT-based pedagogy in the existing curriculum in tertiary institutions for better learning experience and quality education delivery for development. The various areas in which CSE and ICT are applied for sustainable development are appropriately discussed. Also discussed are the challenges and barriers to the deployment of ICT solutions towards the realization of sustainable development goals (SDG) in higher education and technology development. It concludes by reiterating a paradigm shift towards an integrated education model that explores use of ICT at all academic processes across all the three tiers of education in Nigeria to contribute its quota in the realization of the SDGs.
A Model for the Influential Factors of the Autonomous Learning Ability of Japanese Majors
Authors: Li Yiping , Jin Dongmei
Published: June 2020

The autonomous learning of Japanese majors is affected by various factors and the learning effect is generally undesirable. To solve the problem, this paper aims to develop a model for the influencing factors of the autonomous learning of Japanese majors. Firstly, the authors explored the problems and influencing factors of autonomous learning of Japanese majors. On this basis, several suggestions were put forward to solve these problems. Next, gray system theory (GST) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) were adopted to establish the indicator system and the assessment model for the autonomous learning effect of Japanese majors. The proposed model can effectively assess the effect of autonomous learning among Japanese majors, providing a good reference for the learning of minor language among college students.
Mid-Tropospheric Flow Characteristics of Intense Precipitation Events in the Southeastern USA
Authors: Skeeter Walker , Senkbeil Jason
Published: June 2020

This study evaluated 500mb and 850mb flow patterns as well as surface pressure and 72-hour precipitation characteristics of large areal scale intense precipitation events in the Southeastern United States from 1950-2016. This was attempted using a combination of statistical methods utilizing PCA and cluster analysis as well as a manual classification scheme based on synoptic-scale storm type and formation location. All large-scale events were able to fit within one of five manual classifications: tropical events, frontal events, and three mid-latitude cyclone types: those that formed over the Southeast/Gulf of Mexico, the southern plains, and the Midwest/northern plains. This research builds upon GIS methods of classifying flow characteristics utilizing reanalysis data and has the potential to aide forecasters in identifying setups conducive to large-scale intense precipitation events.
Mapping Gated Communities
Authors: Salim Zia
Published: June 2020

The widespread proliferation of different types of volunteered geographic information (VGI) is noteworthy as is its potential application to urban studies. However, questions of data quality still remain. In some parts of the Middle East, gated communities have proliferated rapidly, but relatively little is known about their extent or spatial distribution. This case study of gated communities in the state of Bahrain assesses the quality of Wikimapia, a form of VGI, in accurately identifying elements of urban structure (e.g., gated communities) in an urban context from the Global South. Wikimapia demonstrated high levels of positional accuracy and relatively high levels of attribute accuracy. Identifying the locations of gated communities provides a foundation from which other research questions about segregated housing, fragmentation, and socioeconomic polarization can be addressed. These results highlight Wikimapia's potential as a data source for urban research, particularly in data-poor and non-Western/Northern contexts.
DEFINIÇÃO DE UNIDADES FISIOGRÁFICAS DO RELEVO PARA A BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO ITU – OESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Trentin Romario , Robaina Luís Eduardo de Souza
Published: June 2020

O presente trabalho apresenta como objetivo, estabelecer uma compartimentação fisiográfica do relevo, da bacia hidrográfica do Rio Itu. Utilizou-se além de parâmetros de relevo, atributos litológicos e de solos combinados em Sistemas de Informações Geográficas e árvores de decisão. Os dados de elevação foram discriminados em duas classes, sendo elas maiores e menores de 186 metros, visto que este valor representa a média da elevação da bacia hidrográfica e representa a transição topográfica do Planalto para a Depressão Periférica. As informações de declividades foram discriminadas em duas classes, sendo elas maiores e menores que 15%, visto que este limite é utilizado para definição de unidades de relevo, bem como em manuais técnicos na orientação de construção com cortes e aterros, limite para implementação de maquinário agrícola, entre outros. As litologias foram discriminadas em duas classes: rochas sedimentares e rochas vulcânicas. Por fim, os solos foram discriminados em três classes: solos hidromórficos, solos rasos e solos profundos. O cruzamento automático definiu 24 unidades, sendo que, as unidades que não representavam espacialmente a configuração de uma unidade fisiográfica, foram reagrupadas em unidades com características semelhantes, o que condicionou a delimitação de 15 unidades fisiográficas para a bacia hidrográfica do Rio Itu. Destas unidades fisiográficas, seis são grandes unidades espaciais que representam o predomínio das áreas da bacia hidrográfica, e as demais unidades, apesar de ocuparem pequenas áreas representam situações especificas da área de estudo.
RESTAURACIÓN Y REHABILITACIÓN FLUVIAL COMO ESTRATEGIAS DE GESTIÓN DE SISTEMAS ACUÁTICOS EN ESPAÑA
Authors: Magalhães Junior Antônio Pereira
Published: June 2020

Uno de los principales retos de la sociedad española siempre ha sido la satisfacción de las necesidades y demandas de agua. A partir de finales del siglo XIX, políticas hidráulicas de obras para el aumento de la oferta llevaron a la casi completa artificialización de las arterias hidrográficas en España, por medio principalmente de presas y sistemas de trasvases. Los procesos de ocupación territorial, en especial la expansión urbana y de áreas agrícolas, contribuyeron a la gravedad de este cuadro y a la degradación ambiental de los sistemas fluviales. A partir de la Directiva Marco del Agua se han intensificado las presiones para que la gestión del agua tenga un foco más ecológico y menos estructuralista. Entre las estrategias adoptadas en España en este sentido, se destacan la restauración y la rehabilitación fluvial, concebidas como procesos de recuperación ambiental pero con diferencias conceptuales importantes. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de presentar el panorama actual de aplicación de estas estrategias en España, abarcando sus avances, retos y perspectivas, así como ejemplos prácticos de referencia. Considerando la visión conceptual más adoptada en el país, los procesos de restauración son prácticamente inviables, ya que los múltiples intereses involucrados en las dinámicas de ocupación territorial casi anulan las posibilidades de protección de los espacios de movilidad fluvial y la búsqueda de condiciones cercanas al estado natural. Por lo tanto, son más frecuentes las estrategias más posibilistas de rehabilitación y de recuperación fluvial, en un sentido general, cuando aspectos estéticos y de ocio pueden ser priorizados. Aunque España esté avanzando y presente varios ejemplos de rehabilitación fluvial, es aún uno de los países de la Unión Europea que menos contempla tales estrategias en los procesos de gestión del agua y de los sistemas acuáticos.
REGIÃO DO CENTRO-OESTE BRASILEIRO: APROPRIAÇÃO DA “TERRA PROMETIDA” PELO CAPITALISMO AGRÁRIO NOS TERRITÓRIOS DO CERRADO
Authors: Souza Edevaldo Aparecido , Jesus José Novais de , Calaça Manoel
Published: June 2020

O termo “terra prometida” é bíblico e vem das tradições das Comunidades descritas no Primeiro Testamento, como terra que sustenta e mantém a vida. A Comissão Pastoral da Terra – CPT compreende as leis pelo uso da terra como práticas muito anteriores à Lei de Terras, instituído no Brasil em 1850. Desse modo, a terra e a riqueza produzida nela não deveriam ser privatizadas. Em Salmos 37, 11, Deus revela que “os pobres possuirão a terra e, em Levítico 25, 23, Ele diz: “a terra é minha e vós sois como migrantes e posseiros” (CEBI, 2006, p.7-8). O texto propõe fazer uma releitura da realidade agrária brasileira a partir do termo Terra Prometida ao inverso, o Cerrado como o Paraíso, que deveria continuar disponibilizado para os pobres da terra, mas que é apropriado pelo capital agrário. As comunidades tradicionais ocupam e vivem em seus territórios com sabedoria e comunitariamente, utilizando-se dos recursos naturais num processo permanente de reconstrução e de resistência diante da violência do capitalismo agrário. Essa terra prometida vem sendo apropriada pelo capital agrário que a transforma em terra mercadoria, promove a expropriação dos legítimos usuários da terra e força-a a ser geradora de lucros exorbitantes, distanciando-a do seu verdadeiro e originário objetivo, que é a produção da vida de todos os povos da terra. Além da terra, há também o uso inadequado da água por parte do capital como forma de controle do hidroterritório, ou seja, formas articuladas de controle do território e da água, outro elemento fundamental para a constituição e manutenção da vida de todos os povos da terra. O método utilizado para o debate é o dialético, a partir de uma pesquisa teórica que perpassa por estudos bibliográficos de autores que debatem a temática da apropriação do Cerrado e das Comunidades Tradicionais.
PANDEMIA COVID-19: CATÁSTROFE SANITÁRIA E PSICOSSOCIAL
Authors: Marilene de Castilho Sá  , Miranda Lilian , Canavêz de Magalhães Fernanda
Published: June 2020

A velocidade da pandemia COVID-19 e a incapacidade dos sistemas de saúde responderem oportunamente deflagram uma crise sanitária que evidencia a interdependência entre os processos ambientais, econômicos, sociais, culturais e políticos. Este ensaio procura demonstrar a importância das relações entre a realidade psíquica e a realidade externa nesta crise sanitária e social. Analisamos alguns dos seus condicionantes e manifestações, focalizando paradoxos e tensões que se destacam, particularmente, em dois âmbitos: a) nos padrões de sociabilidade e modos de representação do indivíduo na sociedade, destacando-se o paradoxo da formação imaginária do indivíduo individualizado, supostamente autônomo, potente e capaz de se autogerir, vis-à-vis a constatação crescente de seu desconhecimento, descontrole e incapacidade de salvação individual na pandemia, bem como o reconhecimento das desigualdades estruturais da sociedade, iluminadas pelos refletores da pandemia; b) no âmbito dos serviços públicos de saúde e do cotidiano de seus profissionais, o paradoxo da precarização histórica do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), predominantemente representado pela mídia, até então, como ineficaz, e sua súbita promoção imaginária ao lugar salvacionista de depositário das esperanças e, por isso, merecedor dos investimentos que lhe faltaram desde sua criação. Finalmente discutimos a pandemia COVID-19 como uma catástrofe psicossocial, resultante da superposição e interpenetração das catástrofes sanitária e social, enquanto realidade externa, à realidade interna (psíquica) dos sujeitos e apontamos a importância, para as possíveis reconfigurações da sociedade no pós-pandemia, de um trabalho coletivo sobre e pela palavra, em narrativas que visem a (re)construção de sentidos sobre o horror que ora vivemos.
ESPIRITUALIDADE/RELIGIOSIDADE: POSSÍVEIS COMPANHIAS NOS DESAFIOS PANDÊMICO - COVID-19
Authors: Porreca Wladimir
Published: June 2020

Este ensaio se propôs a refletir a companhia da espiritualidade e da religiosidade como um recurso no enfrentamento da realidade pandêmica do COVID-19. Um cenário que impactou a humanidade,  colocando a pessoa humana, em suas mais variadas vertentes, diante dos ilusórios e frágeis pilares do individualismo e relativismo, que gerou sentimentos de impotências e inseguranças. Paradoxalmente, sem se afastar da realidade pandêmica, reacendeu nas pessoas a questão da busca do sentido à vida e de recriarem um novo movimento de solidariedade e compaixão, bem como foram mobilizadas por meio da transcendência humana à superação.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE A CASA DOS MORTOS EM TEMPOS DE PANDEMIA: AS PRISÕES BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Andrade Barros Vanessa , Reis Barros Carolyne
Published: June 2020

O objetivo deste breve ensaio é refletir sobre os efeitos da pandemia de COVID-19 nas prisões brasileiras e suas repercussões no cotidiano das famílias das pessoas encarceradas. Descrevemos inicialmente as condições deletérias dessas prisões, dentre as quais a superlotação, a ausência de atendimento adequado à saúde, o ambiente insalubre e a falta de condições para o cuidado e higiene pessoal, o que acelera o contágio em uma instituição hermética, à mercê de decisões governamentais que sustentam tal condição degradada representando grande risco social. Neste contexto alertamos para a situação de extermínio da juventude presa e discutimos a decisão de suspender visitas de familiares e advogados(as) aos detentos e detentas sem propor formas alternativas de comunicação. Isso constitui um tratamento degradante e cruel tanto para a população prisional quanto para seus familiares, os quais padecem da falta de notícias e são impedidos de prover o essencial que o estado reiteradamente deixa faltar. Concluímos pela observação de que não há esperança para um país que permite a existência de tal situação.
COVID-19: UMA DURA SENTENÇA DE MORTE
Authors: Barreto Raquel de Oliveira , De Pádua Carrieri Alexandre
Published: June 2020

Não há como negar que vivemos tempos de aversão à velhice. Na medida em que valorizamos cada vez mais a eterna jovialidade, o lugar do velho na sociedade contemporânea é progressivamente diminuído, apagado. E o que dizer sobre esse momento de pandemia, em que acompanhamos essa população até então invisibilizada tornar-se o centro das atenções? Para grande parte dela, o coronavírus chegou como uma dura sentença de morte. Refletir sobre as diferentes velhices que coexistem em nosso país contribui para pensar as diferentes formas de vivência dessa pandemia. De modo geral, argumentamos que o modo como o velho tem sido tratado em meio ao contexto pandêmico diz muito sobre quem somos enquanto sociedade.
ENTREVISTA DE VINCENT DE GAULEJAC À ANA MASSA: SOCIEDADE PARADOXANTE E IDEOLOGIA GERENCIALISTA EM TEMPOS DE COVID-19
Authors: Massa Ana de Santa Cecília
Published: June 2020

Em entrevista à Ana Massa, Vincent de Gaulejac discute temas centrais de sua obra como a sociedade paradoxante e a ideologia gerencialista no contexto da pandemia. O autor de livros como “Le capitalisme paradoxant, un système qui rend fou” ( com Fabienne Hanique, ainda não traduzido para o português), “A gestão como doença social”, “O poder das organizações” (em colocaboração com Max Pagès) discute os paradoxos vividos pelos indivíduos neste momento, os efeitos nocivos do capitalismo paradoxante durante a crise, a presença da ideologia gerencialista no combate ao vírus, a desigualdade social à prova da pandemia, a revolução digital no momento de isolamento social, e ainda considera possibilidades para o mundo pós-pandemia.
(RE) SIGNIFICAÇÃO DA SOLIDARIEDADE EM TEMPOS DE CONFINAMENTO: ALGUMAS REFLEXÕES
Authors: Bambirra de Assis Lilian
Published: June 2020

Objetiva-se com essa pensata refletir sobre o significado e os desdobramentos da palavra solidariedade. Tal termo tem ganhado destaque nas últimas semanas diante da mobilização da sociedade civil, empresas públicas e privadas. Nosso propósito é ampliar a compreensão do termo, suas formas de manifestação e alguns pontos menos óbvios, o que nos leva a (re)significá-lo.
A Specific Strain of Lactic Acid Bacteria, Lactobacillus paracasei, Inhibits Inflammasome Activation In Vitro and Prevents Inflammation-Related Disorders
Authors: Suzuki Hiroaki , Yamazaki Takahiro , Ohshio Konomi , Sugamata Miho , Yoshikawa Mia , Kanauchi Osamu , Morita Yuji
Published: June 2020

Some strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanism underlying the alleviation of inflammation by LAB is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the inhibitory effect of a certain strain of LAB, Lactobacillus paracasei, on inflammasome activation, which is associated with various inflammatory disorders. Using bone marrow–derived macrophages from BALB/c mice, we found that L. paracasei, but not L. rhamnosus, suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation and inhibited subsequent caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. L. paracasei also had inhibitory effects on AIM2 and NLRC4 inflammasome activation as well as the NLRP3 inflammasome. These inhibitory effects of L. paracasei on inflammasome activation were dependent on autocrine IL-10 induced by L. paracasei–stimulated macrophages. Furthermore, IL-10 production by L. paracasei–stimulated macrophages was involved with phagocytosis and the NOD2 signaling pathway in macrophages. In addition to in vitro studies, oral administration of L. paracasei in C57BL/6 mice reduced monosodium urate crystal–induced peritoneal inflammation in vivo. Moreover, continuous intake of L. paracasei in C57BL/6 mice alleviated high fat diet–induced insulin resistance and aging-induced expression of biomarkers for T cell senescence. Taken together, we demonstrated that L. paracasei inhibits inflammasome activation in vitro and exhibits an anti-inflammatory function in vivo. These results indicate that LAB that have inhibitory effects on inflammasome activation might contribute to the alleviation of inflammation-related disorders.
CTL Clonotypes with Higher TCR Affinity Have Better Ability to Reduce the HIV Latent Reservoir
Authors: Lima Noemia S. , Takata Hiroshi , Huang Szu-Han , Haregot Alexander , Mitchell Julie , Blackmore Stephen , Garland Ayanna , Sy Aaron , Cartwright Pearline , Routy Jean-Pierre , Michael Nelson L. , Appay Victor , Jones R. Brad , Trautmann Lydie
Published: June 2020

The success of the shock and kill strategy for the HIV cure depends both on the reactivation of the latent reservoir and on the ability of the immune system to eliminate infected cells. As latency reversal alone has not shown any impact in the size of the latent reservoir, ensuring that effector CTLs are able to recognize and kill HIV-infected cells could contribute to reservoir reduction. In this study, we investigated which functional aspects of human CTLs are associated with a better capacity to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells. We isolated Gag- and Nef-specific CTL clones with different TCR sequences from the PBMC of donors in acute and chronic infection. High-affinity clonotypes that showed IFN-γ production preserved even when the CD8 coreceptor was blocked, and clones with high Ag sensitivity exhibited higher efficiency at reducing the latent reservoir. Although intrinsic cytotoxic capacity did not differ according to TCR affinity, clonotypes with high TCR affinity showed a better ability to kill HIV-infected CD4+ T cells obtained from in vivo–infected PBMC and subjected to viral reactivation. Strategies aiming to specifically boost and maintain long-living memory CTLs with high TCR affinity in vivo prior to latency-reversing treatment might improve the efficacy of the shock and kill approach to reduce the latent reservoir.
Uncovering a Shared Epitope–Activated Protein Citrullination Pathway
Authors: van Drongelen Vincent , Ali Wahida H. , Holoshitz Joseph
Published: June 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is closely associated with shared epitope (SE)–coding HLA-DRB1 alleles and circulating anticitrullinated protein Abs (ACPA), but neither the respective pathogenic roles of SE and ACPA in RA nor the mechanisms underlying their coassociation are known. It was recently shown that the SE functions as a signal transduction ligand that activates a cell surface calreticulin-mediated, proarthritogenic, bone erosive pathway in an experimental model of RA. In this study, we demonstrate that stimulation of murine macrophages with LPS or DTT facilitated cell surface translocation of calreticulin, which in turn enabled increased SE-activated calcium signaling and activation of peptidylarginine deiminase with the resultant increased cellular abundance of citrullinated proteins. The i.p. administration of LPS to transgenic mice carrying a human SE-coding HLA-DRB1 allele lead to increased serum levels of TNF-α and anticitrullinated cyclic peptide Abs, along with terminal phalanx bone destruction. These data uncover a previously unknown signal transduction pathway by which the SE facilitates protein citrullination, ACPA production, and bone destruction.
Targeting Antigens to Different Receptors on Conventional Type 1 Dendritic Cells Impacts the Immune Response
Authors: Fossum Even , Tesfaye Demo Yemane , Bobic Sonja , Gudjonsson Arnar , Braathen Ranveig , Lahoud Mireille H. , Caminschi Irina , Bogen Bjarne
Published: June 2020

Targeting Ag to surface receptors on conventional type 1 dendritic cells can enhance induction of Ab and T cell responses. However, it is unclear to what extent the targeted receptor influences the resulting responses. In this study, we target Ag to Xcr1, Clec9A, or DEC-205, surface receptors that are expressed on conventional type 1 dendritic cells, and compare immune responses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in vitro and in vivo after intradermal DNA vaccination. Targeting hemagglutinin from influenza A to Clec9A induced Ab responses with higher avidity that more efficiently neutralized influenza virus compared with Xcr1 and DEC-205 targeting. In contrast, targeting Xcr1 resulted in higher IFN-γ+CD8+ T cell responses in spleen and lung and stronger cytotoxicity. Both Clec9A and Xcr1 targeting induced Th1-polarized Ab responses, although the Th1 polarization of CD4+ T cells was more pronounced after Xcr1 targeting. Targeting DEC-205 resulted in poor Ab responses in BALB/c mice and a more mixed Th response. In an influenza challenge model, targeting either Xcr1 or Clec9A induced full and long-term protection against influenza infection, whereas only partial short-term protection was obtained when targeting DEC-205. In summary, the choice of targeting receptor, even on the same dendritic cell subpopulation, may strongly influence the resulting immune response, suggesting that different targeting strategies should be considered depending on the pathogen.
N-Glycan Branching Is Required for Development of Mature B Cells
Authors: Mortales Christie-Lynn , Lee Sung-Uk , Demetriou Michael
Published: June 2020

Galectins have been implicated in inhibiting BCR signaling in mature B cells but promoting pre-BCR signaling during early development. Galectins bind to branched N-glycans attached to cell surface glycoproteins to control the distribution, clustering, endocytosis, and signaling of surface glycoproteins. During T cell development, N-glycan branching is required for positive selection of thymocytes, inhibiting both death by neglect and negative selection via enhanced surface retention of the CD4/CD8 coreceptors and limiting TCR clustering/signaling, respectively. The role of N-glycan branching in B cell development is unknown. In this study, we report that N-glycan branching is absolutely required for development of mature B cells in mice. Elimination of branched N-glycans in developing B cells via targeted deletion of N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase I (Mgat1) markedly reduced cellularity in the bone marrow and/or spleen and inhibited maturation of pre-, immature, and transitional stage 2 B cells. Branching deficiency markedly reduced surface expression of the pre-BCR/BCR coreceptor CD19 and promoted spontaneous death of pre-B cells and immature B cells in vitro. Death was rescued by low-dose pre-BCR/BCR stimulation but exacerbated by high-dose pre-BCR/BCR stimulation as well as antiapoptotic BclxL overexpression in pre-B cells. Branching deficiency also enhanced Nur77 induction, a marker of negative selection. Together, these data suggest that, as in T cells, N-glycan branching promotes positive selection of B cells by augmenting pre-BCR/BCR signaling via CD19 surface retention, whereas limiting negative selection from excessive BCR engagement.
Type 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells Direct Goblet Cell Differentiation via the LT–LTβR Pathway duringListeriaInfection
Authors: Pian Yaya , Chai Qian , Ren Boyang , Wang Yue , Lv Mengjie , Qiu Ju , Zhu Mingzhao
Published: June 2020

As a specialized subset of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), goblet cells (GCs) play an important role during the antibacterial response via mucin production. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in GC differentiation and function during infection, particularly the role of immune cell–IEC cross-talk, remain largely unknown. In this study, using Villin∆Ltbr conditional knockout mice, we demonstrate that LTβR, expressed on IECs, is required for GC hyperplasia and mucin 2 (MUC2) expression during Listeria infection for host defense but not homeostatic maintenance in the naive state. Analysis of single gene-deficient mice revealed that the ligand lymphotoxin (LT), but not LIGHT, and type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), but not conventional T cells, are required for MUC2-dependent Listeria control. Conditional deficiency of LT in ILC3s further confirmed the importance of LT signals derived from ILC3s. Lack of ILC3-derived LT or IEC-derived LTβR resulted in the defective expression of genes related to GC differentiation but was not correlated with IEC proliferation and cell death, which were found to be normal by Ki-67 and Annexin V staining. In addition, the alternative NF-κB signaling pathway (involving RelB) in IECs was found to be required for the expression of GC differentiation-related genes and Muc2 and required for the anti-Listeria response. Therefore, our data together suggest a previously unrecognized ILC3–IEC interaction and LT–LTβR–RelB signaling axis governing GC differentiation and function during Listeria infection for host defense.
TRAF3 Acts as a Checkpoint of B Cell Receptor Signaling to Control Antibody Class Switch Recombination and Anergy
Authors: Chen Zhangguo , Krinsky Alexandra , Woolaver Rachel A. , Wang Xiaoguang , Chen Samantha M. Y. , Popolizio Vince , Xie Ping , Wang Jing H.
Published: June 2020

The BCR recognizes foreign Ags to initiate humoral immunity that needs isotype-switched Abs generated via class switch recombination (CSR); however, stimulating the BCR in the absence of costimulation (e.g., CD40) does not induce CSR; thus, it remains elusive whether and how the BCR induces CSR mechanistically. Autoreactive B cells can maintain anergy via unresponsiveness of their BCRs to self-antigens. However, it remains unknown what molecule(s) restrict BCR signaling strength for licensing BCR-induced CSR and whether deficiency of such molecule(s) disrupts autoreactive B cell anergy and causes B cell–mediated diseases by modulating BCR signaling. In this study, we employ mouse models to show that the BCR’s capacity to induce CSR is restrained by B cell–intrinsic checkpoints TRAF3 and TRAF2, whose deletion in B cells enables the BCR to induce CSR in the absence of costimulation. TRAF3 deficiency permits BCR-induced CSR by elevating BCR-proximal signaling intensity. Furthermore, NF-κB2 is required for BCR-induced CSR in TRAF3-deficient B cells but not for CD40-induced or LPS-induced CSR, suggesting that TRAF3 restricts NF-κB2 activation to specifically limit the BCR’s ability to induce CSR. TRAF3 deficiency also disrupts autoreactive B cell anergy by elevating calcium influx in response to BCR stimulation, leading to lymphoid organ disorders and autoimmune manifestations. We showed that TRAF3 deficiency-associated autoimmune phenotypes can be rectified by limiting BCR repertoires or attenuating BCR signaling strength. Thus, our studies highlight the importance of TRAF3-mediated restraint on BCR signaling strength for controlling CSR, B cell homeostasis, and B cell–mediated disorders.
A pena na medida da culpabilidade
Authors: Stoco Tatiana de Oliveira
Published: June 2020

O artigo aborda os principais problemas relacionados à determinação da medida da pena e enfatiza a importância do conceito de culpabilidade contido no artigo 59, do Código Penal.
Breves considerações sobre o acordo de não persecução penal
Authors: Soares Rafael Junior , Borri Luiz Antonio , Battini Lucas Andrey
Published: June 2020

A Lei 13.964/19, também conhecida como Lei Anticrime, trouxe uma série de inovações para o sistema de justiça criminal. Uma das principais modificações consiste no acordo de não persecução penal, o qual ampliou o modelo negocial. A perspectiva de justiça negociada mediante a participação do Ministério Público e defesa, com o enaltecimento de uma solução célere e econômica para determinados conflitos é medida viável e contribui para a resolução dos processos. No entanto, a inserção do novo instituto na legislação processual penal traz dificuldades operacionais que merecem exame mais acurado por meio do presente trabalho.
Notas introdutórias acerca da discussão sobre a imputabilidade penal de adolescentes considerando as contribuições da neurociência
Authors: Costa Natália Soares Teixeira
Published: June 2020

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar argumentos científicos contrários a diminuição da maioridade penal, levando em consideração a formação cerebral incompleta do córtex pré-frontal e dos lobos frontais dos adolescentes. Será analisada a consciência do adolescente sobre suas ações no que tange à responsabilização penal. Baseando-se em pesquisas sobre desenvolvimento cognitivo e psicossocial dos adolescentes, principalmente nos estudos realizados por Scott e Steinberg, esse trabalho examinará questões ligadas à culpabilidade penal dos adolescentes menores de dezoito anos, questionando se esses jovens infratores devem ser punidos na mesma medida que os adultos. Será demonstrado que os adolescentes possuem deficiência na capacidade de tomada de decisão ao serem comparados com os adultos e em razão disso, não devem ser julgados de acordo com o Código Penal.