bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RESTORATION AND CONSERVATION OF EGYPTIAN ALABASTER VESSELS FROM THE EARLY ERA IN ATFIYAH MUSEUM STORE – HELWAN – EGYPT
Authors: Radi Abdel Kader R. , Sayed Mohamed S.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Egypt is considered one of the most countries which contain a lot of cultural heritage; the Ancient Egyptian used a lot of stones for his life like: limestone, sandstone, granite and Egyptian Alabaster. The Egyptian Alabaster is used for his daily and eternal life, he made a lot of funerary furniture from this stone like: vessels, statues, Architectural elements in the temples, tombs and canopic jars to preserve his viscera from decomposition like: stomach, liver … etc in the mummification process. Egyptian Alabaster is a sedimentary rock especially chemical- origin sedimentary rocks, it deposits inside caves and around springs which consists of calcium carbonates (CaCO3), they are very fragile "hardness = 3 in Mohs hardness scale". The Egyptian Alabaster vessels expose to a lot of deterioration factors in the burial and exposure environment after excavation. The study case vessels are made of Egyptian alabaster stone and belong to the early era (First and second Egyptian dynasties) in Atfiyah museum store, these vessels exposed to a lot of deterioration factors in the burial and exposure environment like: soil pressure, air temperature variety, relative humidity and salts. The vessels are conserved at the restoration laboratory in Atfiyah museum store by a lot of restoration and conservation processes like: cleaning – consolidation – assembling process for the separated parts and completion for the lost parts.
REAL TIME INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: VISUAL SURVEY OF INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS AND SPACE MAKING CRAFTS OF GUJARAT, INDIA
Authors: Routh R. , Singh N. , Shah P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In India, most of the inventories and documentations conducted for built heritage have been very nominal in nature and completely overlook the rich and opulent characters of the built form. This creates an imperative need of identifying and creating a detailed inventory of Interior Architecture (I.A.) Elements together with the SMCs and SSCs. This paper presents the process and the technique developed and termed as Real Time Visual Mapping (RTVM). RTVM is a procedure that incorporates the tablet survey, developed using open source tools, and is the first of its kind visual survey technique in India. The procedure comprises of an interactive form for mapping and helps manage the inventory generated from semi-urban and urban areas. The technique allows the user to transfer the mapped data in real time from the field, which can be produced through an interactive catalogue and map application. The recorded inputs reveal data ranging from type of elements to materials used, along with the various levels of traditional building crafts and expressions involved.
Stabilization of endangered part of structures by building dry brunt brick buttressing, critical case study of plane wall in DKG-North Area, Mohenjo daro
Authors: Shaikh J. M. , Park J.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. 'World Heritage Sites' are places or buildings of outstanding universal value recognized as constituting a world heritage 'for whose protection it is the duty of the international community as a whole to co-operate'. The concept of World Heritage is at the core of the World Heritage Convention, adopted by Heritage List as a means of identifying, protecting, conserving and presenting those parts of the world's natural and cultural heritage that are of sufficient 'outstanding universal value' to be the responsibility of the international community as a whole. By joining the Convention, nation states are pledged to safeguard the WH S by protecting their national heritage. UNESCO in 1972, to which 160 nations have now been adhered. The Convention came into force in 1975 and established a Site in their territory as part of a universally agreed policy for World. Moenjodaro site covering an area of 555 Acres out of which only 10 % of it has been excavated by exposing 50 Kilometer standing walls. The wall of the main street of DK G Area, Mohen jo Daro partially deformed, due to the torque effects this is studied here on a lateral cross wall in the chief house. Furthermore, the resulting behaviour of the bucking wall demonstrates the significant loadbearing capacity of the structure under service conditions and its high sensitivity to imposed changes of the geometry. Although the tensile stresses exceeded the flexural strength at the vertices and the length of the wall, hence both the geometry and condition of this area are critical for the safety of the wall. The results of this study can improve the assessment and thus help in the preservation of many important structures of the metropolitan city. Here the hydrous characteristic of the brick is studied as a general phenomenon, it is observed that the remains of the sites located in Sindh suffered a lot mostly due to age, human neglect variations of atmospheric condition, severe temperature and natural disasters. The main causes of decay are summarised as: Salt Action and moisture in filtration from ground and atmosphere direct rains. Has also resulted in structural distress including extreme thermal stress, poor site drainage, material decay and visitors behaviour. Hence the brick material is “tired” to performance and its durability decreases under different influences for varying reasons, the causes of decay are material properties or structure properties or by environmental influences thus repair1 is required. The aim of this paper is to study the main deformation affecting Moenjodaro structures, an archaeological site that prospered from 2350 to 1800 BC, thermal stress causing walls to lean and decay structurally.
THE APPLICATION OF SURVEY IN ER WANG TEMPLE RESTITUTING
Authors: Shuai W. , Rong Z.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Er Wang Temple, in World Heritage Site "Dujiang Weirs and Qingchengshan Mountai", was severely destroyed in Wenchuan earthquake of May 2008. There are several problems at different level in every building, such as structural distortion, foundation displacement, wall fracture, roof damage, etc. The stage was completely collapsed in the earthquake. Tableland the stage situated had a huge crack and slope collapse. This article is for the stage renovation. The survey of damage in earthquake is the basis of Er Wang Temple restituting. Survey including field survey after the earthquake and the measurement and investigation for the remained construction member of the main wood structure. For field survey, the basis of pillars which had not have significantly affects in earthquake could be seem as the reference points for measurement. The investigation of remained main wood construction member, especially the size of the key structures and site and manufacture method of the joints, is the important basis for recovery stage. Our team did our utmost to restore the original appearance of stage in design, materials and craft by various tools, which include measured drawings in different times, old images collection, fine measuring by 3D laser scan, measurement of leftover pieces, logical inference.
SOFTWARE TOOLS FOR IN-SITU DOCUMENTATION OF BUILT HERITAGE
Authors: Smars P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The paper presents open source software tools developed by the author to facilitate in-situ documentation of architectural and archæological heritage. The design choices are exposed and related to a general issue in conservation and documentation: taking decisions about a valuable object under threat . The questions of level of objectivity is central to the three steps of this process. It is our belief that in-situ documentation has to be favoured in this demanding context, full of potential discoveries. The very powerful surveying techniques in rapid development nowadays enhance our vision but often tend to bring back a critical part of the documentation process to the office. The software presented facilitate a direct treatment of the data on the site. Emphasis is given to flexibility, interoperability and simplicity. Key features of the software are listed and illustrated with examples (3D model of Gothic vaults, analysis of the shape of a column, deformation of a wall, direct interaction with AutoCAD).
TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNER DATA DENOISING BY DICTIONARY LEARNING OF SPARSE CODING
Authors: Smigiel E. , Alby E. , Grussenmeyer P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Point cloud processing is basically a signal processing issue. The huge amount of data which are collected with Terrestrial Laser Scanners or photogrammetry techniques faces the classical questions linked with signal or image processing. Among others, denoising and compression are questions which have to be addressed in this context. That is why, one has to turn attention to signal theory because it is susceptible to guide one's good practices or to inspire new ideas from the latest developments of this field. The literature have been showing for decades how strong and dynamic, the theoretical field is and how efficient the derived algorithms have become. For about ten years, a new technique has appeared: known as compressive sensing or compressive sampling, it is based first on sparsity which is an interesting characteristic of many natural signals. Based on this concept, many denoising and compression techniques have shown their efficiencies. Sparsity can also be seen as redundancy removal of natural signals. Taken along with incoherent measurements, compressive sensing has appeared and uses the idea that redundancy could be removed at the very early stage of sampling. Hence, instead of sampling the signal at high sampling rate and removing redundancy as a second stage, the acquisition stage itself may be run with redundancy removal. This paper gives some theoretical aspects of these ideas with first simple mathematics. Then, the idea of compressive sensing for a Terrestrial Laser Scanner is examined as a potential research question and finally, a denoising scheme based on a dictionary learning of sparse coding is experienced. Both the theoretical discussion and the obtained results show that it is worth staying close to signal processing theory and its community to take benefit of its latest developments.
IMPACT OF STYLISTIC FEATURES, ARCHITECTURAL AND URBAN RULES OF THE ALGIERS ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE DATING BETWEEN 1830 AND 1930 ON THE STRENGTH OF ITS BUILDINGS DURING THE EARTHQUAKE
Authors: Souami M. A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In a other work, we have highlighted a theoretical point of view that there is an relation between the earthquake-resistant architectural design codes and, the urban and stylistic characteristics of buildings and urban forms of the Algiers architectural heritage dating between 1830 and 1930. Following this, we hypothesized that its various stylistic and urban characteristics have a direct impact on the resilience of buildings to earthquakes. The purpose of this article is to try through the computer simulation examples of some stylistic and urban characteristics to prove the validity or not of our hypothesis.
3D DOCUMENTATION OF A HISTORICAL MONUMENT USING TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING CASE STUDY: BYZANTINE WATER CISTERN, ISTANBUL
Authors: Temizer T. , Nemli G. , Ekizce E. , Ekizce A. , Demir S. , Bayram B. , Askin F. H. , Cobanoglu A. V. , Yilmaz H. F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. 3D modelling of architectural structures for monitoring, conservation and restoration alterations in heritage sites has special challenges for data acquisition and processing. The accuracy of created 3D model is very important. In general, because of the complexity of the structures, 3D modelling can be time consuming and may include some difficulties. 3D terrestrial laser scanning technique is a reliable and advantageous method for reconstruction and conservation of monuments. This technique is commonly acknowledged due to its accuracy, speed and flexibility. Terrestrial laser scanners can be used for documentation of the cultural heritage for the future. But it is also important to understand the capabilities and right conditions of use and limitations of this technology. Istanbul is a rich city with cultural monuments, buildings and cultural heritage. The presented study consists of documentation of a Byzantine water cistern situated underground the court of Sarnicli Han building. The cistern which represents a very good living example of its period has been modelled in 3D by using terrestrial laser scanning technology and the accuracy assessment of this modelling is examined.
SHARED WEB INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR HERITAGE IN SCOTLAND AND WALES – FLEXIBILITY IN PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Thomas D. , McKeague P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The Royal Commissions on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland and Wales were established in 1908 to investigate and record the archaeological and built heritage of their respective countries. The organisations have grown organically over the succeeding century, steadily developing their inventories and collections as card and paper indexes. Computerisation followed in the late 1980s and early 1990s, with RCAHMS releasing Canmore, an online searchable database, in 1998. Following a review of service provision in Wales, RCAHMW entered into partnership with RCAHMS in 2003 to deliver a database for their national inventories and collections. The resultant partnership enables both organisations to develop at their own pace whilst delivering efficiencies through a common experience and a shared IT infrastructure. Through innovative solutions the partnership has also delivered benefits to the wider historic environment community, providing online portals to a range of datasets, ultimately raising public awareness and appreciation of the heritage around them. Now celebrating its 10th year, Shared Web Information Systems for Heritage, or more simply SWISH, continues to underpin the work of both organisations in presenting information about the historic environment to the public.
CONSERVATION OF STONE CLADDING ON THE FAÇADE OF ROYAL PALACE IN CASERTA
Authors: Titomanlio I.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The beauty of cultural heritage and monumental architecture, is often linked to their non-structural elements and decorative stones façades cladding. The collapse of these elements causes significant consequences that interest the social, the economic, the historical and the technical fields. Several regulatory documents and literature studies contain methods to address the question of relief and of the risk analysis and due to the non – structural stones security. Among the references are widespread international regulatory documents prepared by the Federal Emergency Management Agency of the United States by Applied Technology Council and California. In Italy there are some indications contained in the Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni and the Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri in 2007, finalize to the reduction of seismic risk assessment of cultural heritage. The paper, using normative references and scientific researches, allows to analyze on Royal Palace of Caserta the safety and the preservation of cultural heritage and the vulnerability of non-structural stones façade cladding. Using sophisticated equipments of Laboratory ARS of the Second University of Naples, it was possible to analyze the collapse of stone elements due to degradation caused by natural phenomena of deterioration (age of the building, type of materials, geometries , mode of fixing of the elements themselves). The paper explains the collapse mechanisms of stones façade cladding of Luigi Vanvitelli Palace.
Wooden Bay Window (Rowshan) Conservation in Saudi-Hejazi Heritage Buildings
Authors: Adas A. A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. A prominent feature of the architectural style of heritage buildings in western Saudi Arabia (Hijaz) cities such as Jeddah is the extensive use in their facades of projected intricately carved wooden bay window (Rowshan sl, Rawasheen pl). Throughout Balad or the old town in Jeddah, the element of Rowshan can be found made from many different types of woods such as teak, Javan, mahogany, other types of african and middle eastern woods and with different sizes, proportions, and varied intricate ornamentations and motifs. Besides its aesthetic value, the rawasheen and their many components and parts provide other functions such as ventilation, lighting, and spatial and visual privacy for building interiors from the outside. The profound degradation of Rawasheen is impacting the authenticity and heritage value of old buildings in historical Jeddah because of many factors that include: extensive moisture damage, using improper repair methods and joinery techniques to maintain rawasheen, using unsuitable cleaning products and wood paints, and replacing damaged parts with unkown types of wood. In order to prevent any further deterioration of Rawasheen, documentation of rawasheen and its components using recent digital methodologies and the utilization of proper repair techniques must be followed when working with these elements to ensure longevity of conservation, and preservation of value and authenticity.Through the disucssion of Rowshan repair methodology that was developed that include the digital documentation of all intricate details of rowshan panels and wood engraving which allowed replicating damaged elements beyond repair and applied to a listed building in old Jeddah, the paper provides Rowshan repair guidelines which relate to documentation, diagnostic methods, investigations and tests, repair methodology and reinforcement.
3D DIGITAL MODEL DATABASE APPLIED TO CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH OF WOODEN CONSTRUCTION IN CHINA
Authors: Zheng Y.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Protected by the Tai-Hang Mountains, Shanxi Province, located in north central China, is a highly prosperous, densely populated valley and considered to be one of the cradles of Chinese civilization. Its continuous habitation and rich culture have given rise to a large number of temple complexes and pavilions. Among these structures, 153 can be dated as early as from the Tang dynasty (618- 907C.E.) to the end of the Yuan dynasty (1279–1368C.E.) in Southern Shanxi area. The buildings are the best-preserved examples of wooden Chinese architecture in existence, exemplifying historic building technology and displaying highly intricate architectural decoration and detailing. They have survived war, earthquakes, and, in the last hundred years, neglect. In 2005, a decade-long conservation project was initiated by the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China (SACH) to conserve and document these important buildings. The conservation process requires stabilization, conservation of important features, and, where necessary, partial dismantlement in order to replace unsound structural elements. Project team of CHCC have developed a practical recording system that created a record of all building components prior to and during the conservation process. After that we are trying to establish a comprehensive database which include all of the 153 earlier buildings, through which we can easily entering, browse, indexing information of the wooden construction, even deep into component details. The Database can help us to carry out comparative studies of these wooden structures, and, provide important support for the continued conservation of these heritage buildings. For some of the most important wooden structure, we have established three-dimensional models. Connected the Database with 3D Digital Model based on ArcGIS, we have developed 3D Digital Model Database for these cherish buildings. The 3D Digital Model Database helps us set up an integrate information inventory for wooden structure with their similar types in China, and; makes it much easier to carry out survey of these structures at any stage for the purpose of structure monitor. Large amounts of data in the wooden structure can be intuitively expressed graphically to show its spatial distribution; and we can make comprehensive assessment of the component group by observe the spatial pattern, or evaluate the whole building damage through the database. The most interesting is that, with the development of mobile terminal equipment, the 3D Digital Model Database of Wooden Structure can be displayed in virtual exhibition easily via the internet by them.
THREE DIMENSIONAL MODELING VIA PHOTOGRAPHS FOR DOCUMENTATION OF A VILLAGE BATH
Authors: Balta H. B. , Hamamcioglu-Turan M. , Ocali O.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The aim of this study is supporting the conceptual discussions of architectural restoration with three dimensional modeling of monuments based on photogrammetric survey. In this study, a 16th century village bath in Ulamış, Seferihisar, and Izmir is modeled for documentation. Ulamış is one of the historical villages within which Turkish population first settled in the region of Seferihisar – Urla. The methodology was tested on an antique monument; a bath with a cubical form. Within the limits of this study, only the exterior of the bath was modeled. The presentation scale for the bath was determined as 1 / 50, considering the necessities of designing structural interventions and architectural ones within the scope of a restoration project. The three dimensional model produced is a realistic document presenting the present situation of the ruin. Traditional plan, elevation and perspective drawings may be produced from the model, in addition to the realistic textured renderings and wireframe representations. The model developed in this study provides opportunity for presenting photorealistic details of historical morphologies in scale. Compared to conventional drawings, the renders based on the 3d models provide an opportunity for conceiving architectural details such as color, material and texture. From these documents, relatively more detailed restitution hypothesis can be developed and intervention decisions can be taken. Finally, the principles derived from the case study can be used for 3d documentation of historical structures with irregular surfaces.
Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, field comparisons and dataset adjustments
Authors: Matthews J. B. R.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr. Modern-day platforms include ships, moored and drifting buoys and satellites. Shipboard methods include temperature measurement of seawater sampled by bucket and flowing through engine cooling water intakes. Here I review SST measurement methods, studies analysing shipboard methods by field or lab experiment and adjustments applied to historical SST datasets to account for variable methods. In general, bucket temperatures have been found to average a few tenths of a °C cooler than simultaneous engine intake temperatures. Field and lab experiments demonstrate that cooling of bucket samples prior to measurement provides a plausible explanation for negative average bucket-intake differences. These can also be credibly attributed to systematic errors in intake temperatures, which have been found to average overly-warm by >0.5 °C on some vessels. However, the precise origin of non-zero average bucket-intake differences reported in field studies is often unclear, given that additional temperatures to those from the buckets and intakes have rarely been obtained. Supplementary accurate in situ temperatures are required to reveal individual errors in bucket and intake temperatures, and the role of near-surface temperature gradients. There is a need for further field experiments of the type reported in Part 2 to address this and other limitations of previous studies.
Mucin Expression in Gastric Cancer: Reappraisal of Its Clinicopathologic and Prognostic Significance
Authors: Kim Dae Hwan , Shin Nari , Kim Gwang Ha , Song Geum Am , Jeon Tae-Yong , Kim Dong-Heon , Lauwers Gregory Y. , Park Do Youn
Published: July 2013

Context.—The clinical validity of mucin expression in gastric cancer is debated. Whereas several reports demonstrate a correlation between mucin expression and prognosis, others deny such an association.

Objectives.—This survival analysis study aims to elucidate the prognostic significance of mucin expression in gastric cancer.

Design.—A retrospective survival analysis was done with 412 cases of gastric cancer characterized on the basis of MUC immunohistochemistry using MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, and CD10 antibodies; the cases were divided into those with a gastric, an intestinal, or a null mucin phenotype based on the predominant mucin.

Results.—There was no association between mucin expression and survival when considering overall gastric cancers or the advanced gastric cancer subtype. However, early gastric cancers with a gastric mucin phenotype showed longer survival than those with an intestinal mucin phenotype (P = .01) or a null phenotype (P = .01). In particular, MUC5AC-positive early gastric cancers resulted in longer survival than did those that did not express MUC5AC (P = .009). The loss of MUC5AC expression was identified as an independent, poor prognostic factor in early gastric cancers using the Cox regression proportional hazard model (hazard ratio, 3.50; P = .045).

Conclusions.—MUC5AC expression is significantly associated with patient survival and can be used to predict outcomes in the gastric cancers, especially in the early gastric cancers.
Primary Effusion Lymphoma
Authors: Patel Sanjay , Xiao Philip
Published: July 2013

Primary effusion lymphoma is a large cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma localized predominantly in body cavities and occasionally in extracavitary regions. It presents with characteristic lymphomatous effusions in the absence of solid tumor masses, and pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial spaces are most often involved. It is typically associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection in immunocompromised individuals, in the setting of human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplantation, or in rare cases advanced age. Histologically, primary effusion lymphoma is characterized by atypical lymphoid cells of B-cell lineage with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli. Demonstration of human herpesvirus 8 latent antigens is required for diagnosis, and treatment modalities are limited at this time. In this review, we aim to summarize clinicopathologic features of this rare and unique entity.
Back-to-school shopping
Authors: Phillippi Kevin
Published: July 2013

This department showcases students' in-depth thinking and work on previously published problems. The August 2012 problem scenario leverages back-to-school shopping advertisements for this real-life scenario about making purchases using discount coupons. To access the full-size activity sheet, go to http://www.nctm.org/tcm, Back Issues.
Exploring nature through mathematics
Authors: Sibley Amanda , Kurz Terri L.
Published: July 2013

Math by the Month is a regular department of the journal, featuring collections of short activities focused on a monthly theme. These articles aim for an inquiry or problem-solving orientation that includes at least four activities each for grade bands K–2, 3–4, and 5–6. In the current issue, mathematics is visible where we least expect it. The use of mathematics gives us a more fruitful understanding of Earth, its animals, and scientific processes. We use math to forecast environmental changes, predict future events, and decide when intervention is necessary to protect the survival of species that are at risk.
Building Bridges to Spatial Reasoning
Authors: Shumway Jessica F.
Published: July 2013

Three days of using building blocks significantly enriched second graders' thinking about multiple dimensions.
Fostering optimization ideas in early grades
Authors: Erdogan Abdulkadir , Yanik H. Bahadir
Published: July 2013

iSTEM: Integrating Science, Technology, and Engineering in Mathematics authors share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K-grade 6 classrooms. This article describes how optimization ideas can be fostered in early grades through a game-based activity called Avoiding Invasion from Aliens
Un parcours pluridisciplinaire dans les Grassfields du Cameroun
Authors: Warnier Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2013

En 1985, l’auteur publiait un livre intitulé Échanges, développement et hiérarchies dans le Bamenda précolonial – Cameroun. Quinze ans plus tard, il est apparu que ce livre marchait sur la tête. Pour pasticher Marx : il fallait le remettre sur ses pieds. L’auteur se propose ici de faire le récit de ce renversement. L’objectif est de faire l’analyse d’un terrain africain – celui des Grassfields du Cameroun – et de voir comment celle-ci a été reformulée à plusieurs reprises au fil de quarante années de montée en puissance des recherches effectuées dans de multiples disciplines, entraînant des changements de paradigmes anthropologiques dans le sens d’une interdisciplinarité de plus en plus affirmée.
Mort, autopsie et funérailles chez les Dìì de l’Adamaoua (Nord-Cameroun)
Authors: Muller Jean-Claude
Published: July 2013

Cet article décrit les changements apportés aux rites de décès, autopsies et deuils chez les Dìì depuis que nous avons sur eux des documents écrits qui datent maintenant d’un peu plus de cent ans. Malgré des modifications importantes, une caractéristique cruciale s’est – en règle générale – maintenue malgré la différenciation religieuse entre traditionalistes, chrétiens et musulmans : le régime communautaire des cimetières.
La polyphonie textuelle balzacienne en espagnol et en anglais
Authors: Zambrano Carballo Pablo
Published: July 2013

Définie par Balzac lui-même comme « l’oeuvre capitale dans l’oeuvre », Illusions perdues révèle la plupart les stratégies, thématiques, narratives et stylistiques mises en oeuvre dans La comédie humaine. L’une de ces stratégies est la reproduction fidèle d’une grande variété de discours oraux et écrits. Le présent article fait état, en premier lieu, d’une analyse de la relation entre le concept aristotélicien de la mimesis et la technique réaliste de la vraisemblance, que Balzac fait reposer en grande partie sur des bases linguistiques et métalinguistiques. Par ailleurs, grâce à une comparaison de diverses traductions espagnoles et anglaises d’Illusions perdues, l’article examine une sélection représentative des discours contenus dans le roman et souligne l’importance capitale, pour les traducteurs, d’être conscients de la variété des styles dans l’oeuvre balzacienne, afin de restituer dans les langues d’arrivée un effet de vraisemblance comparable à celui de l’original.
Entre ciudades y presas. Oposición campesina al trasvase de agua y la defensa del río Temascaltepec, México
Authors: Campos Cabral Valentina , Ávila-García Patricia
Published: July 2013

The objective of this article is to analyze the social movement that appeared in the late 1990s in the State of Mexico against the construction of the “El Tule” dam, part of the fourth stage of the expansion of the “Cutzamala System”. The organization and mobilization of the affected population was, after two years of fighting, one of the key factors which led the Federal Government of Mexico to suspend the project. The text analyzes the various stages of the conflict, the demands and repertoires of the actors, the Government’s response, and the result of the mobilization. The procedural analysis of the conflict contributes to understanding rural-urban contradictions and contextualizing the new interest of the State to finalize the interbasin transfer in Mexico City fifteen years after the rise of the social movement.
In situ structural analysis of the Yersinia enterocolitica injectisome
Authors: Kudryashev Mikhail , Stenta Marco , Schmelz Stefan , Amstutz Marlise , Wiesand Ulrich , Castaño-Díez Daniel , Degiacomi Matteo T , Münnich Stefan , Bleck Christopher KE , Kowal Julia , Diepold Andreas , Heinz Dirk W , Dal Peraro Matteo , Cornelis Guy R , Stahlberg Henning
Published: July 2013

Injectisomes are multi-protein transmembrane machines allowing pathogenic bacteria to inject effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells, a process called type III secretion. Here we present the first three-dimensional structure of Yersinia enterocolitica and Shigella flexneri injectisomes in situ and the first structural analysis of the Yersinia injectisome. Unexpectedly, basal bodies of injectisomes inside the bacterial cells showed length variations of 20%. The in situ structures of the Y. enterocolitica and S. flexneri injectisomes had similar dimensions and were significantly longer than the isolated structures of related injectisomes. The crystal structure of the inner membrane injectisome component YscD appeared elongated compared to a homologous protein, and molecular dynamics simulations documented its elongation elasticity. The ring-shaped secretin YscC at the outer membrane was stretched by 30–40% in situ, compared to its isolated liposome-embedded conformation. We suggest that elasticity is critical for some two-membrane spanning protein complexes to cope with variations in the intermembrane distance.
Structural analysis of autoinhibition in the Ras-specific exchange factor RasGRP1
Authors: Iwig Jeffrey S , Vercoulen Yvonne , Das Rahul , Barros Tiago , Limnander Andre , Che Yan , Pelton Jeffrey G , Wemmer David E , Roose Jeroen P , Kuriyan John
Published: July 2013

RasGRP1 and SOS are Ras-specific nucleotide exchange factors that have distinct roles in lymphocyte development. RasGRP1 is important in some cancers and autoimmune diseases but, in contrast to SOS, its regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. Activating signals lead to the membrane recruitment of RasGRP1 and Ras engagement, but it is unclear how interactions between RasGRP1 and Ras are suppressed in the absence of such signals. We present a crystal structure of a fragment of RasGRP1 in which the Ras-binding site is blocked by an interdomain linker and the membrane-interaction surface of RasGRP1 is hidden within a dimerization interface that may be stabilized by the C-terminal oligomerization domain. NMR data demonstrate that calcium binding to the regulatory module generates substantial conformational changes that are incompatible with the inactive assembly. These features allow RasGRP1 to be maintained in an inactive state that is poised for activation by calcium and membrane-localization signals.
Pillar Height Dependence of Field-Emission Properties in an Array of Carbon Nanotube Pillars
Authors: Chang Chia-Tsung , Juan Chuan-Ping , Cheng Huang-Chung
Published: July 2013

Carbon nanotube pillars with optimal field-emission properties, including a high field enhancement factor β of 5384 and a low turn-on field E
to of 0.84 V/µm, have been achieved when the ratio of interpillar spacing to pillar height is 2. However, when this ratio exceeds 2, the field enhancement factor increases with increasing pillar height since the field can be enhanced by increasing the aspect ratio. When the ratio is smaller than 2, the field enhancement factor decreases with increasing pillar height owing to the increased field-screening effect. A simulation has been performed to verify the experimental results.
Modulation of Growth Rate by Electric Current in Liquid-Phase Epitaxy of 4H-SiC
Authors: Mitani Takeshi , Okamura Masayuki , Takahashi Tetsuo , Komatsu Naoyoshi , Kato Tomohisa , Okumura Hajime
Published: July 2013

The crystallization of 4H-SiC from Si–C solution in liquid-phase electroepitaxy (LPEE) at 1870 and 2050 °C was investigated. The growth of 4H-SiC was enhanced or suppressed by the application of DC with positive or negative polarity, respectively. By the application of AC, the Joule heating effect was separated from the effect of DC on LPEE. We showed that the effect of DC on LPEE consists of a linear electromigration effect and a quadratic Joule heating effect. The results demonstrate that growth rate can be controlled by adjusting not only temperature but also electric current. The variation of growth rate with temperature in LPEE was also examined, and it was shown that the electromigration effect can be controlled independently of the Joule heating effect by increasing the C concentration in the Si–C solution. At higher temperatures, the growth rate in LPEE can be improved without the enhancement of the Joule heating effect.
PECONPI: A novel software for uncovering pathogenic copy number variations in non‐syndromic sensorineural hearing loss and other genetically heterogeneous disorders
Authors: Tsai Ellen A. , Berman Micah A. , Conlin Laura K. , Rehm Heidi L. , Francey Lauren J. , Deardorff Matthew A. , Holst Jenelle , Kaur Maninder , Gallant Emily , Clark Dinah M. , Glessner Joseph T. , Jensen Shane T. , Grant Struan F.A. , Gruber Peter J. , Hakonarson Hakon , Spinner Nancy B. , Krantz Ian D.
Published: July 2013

This report describes an algorithm developed to predict the pathogenicity of copy number variants (CNVs) in large sample cohorts. CNVs (genomic deletions and duplications) are found in healthy individuals and in individuals with genetic diagnoses, and differentiation of these two classes of CNVs can be challenging and usually requires extensive manual curation. We have developed PECONPI, an algorithm to assess the pathogenicity of CNVs based on gene content and CNV frequency. This software was applied to a large cohort of patients with genetically heterogeneous non‐syndromic hearing loss to score and rank each CNV based on its relative pathogenicity. Of 636 individuals tested, we identified the likely underlying etiology of the hearing loss in 14 (2%) of the patients (1 with a homozygous deletion, 7 with a deletion of a known hearing loss gene and a point mutation on the trans allele and 6 with a deletion larger than 1 Mb). We also identified two probands with smaller deletions encompassing genes that may be functionally related to their hearing loss. The ability of PECONPI to determine the pathogenicity of CNVs was tested on a second genetically heterogenous cohort with congenital heart defects (CHDs). It successfully identified a likely etiology in 6 of 355 individuals (2%). We believe this tool is useful for researchers with large genetically heterogeneous cohorts to help identify known pathogenic causes and novel disease genes. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pure duplication of 19p13.3
Authors: Ishikawa Aki , Enomoto Keisuke , Tominaga Makiko , Saito Toshiyuki , Nagai Jun‐ichi , Furuya Noritaka , Ueno Kentaro , Ueda Hideaki , Masuno Mitsuo , Kurosawa Kenji
Published: July 2013

Chromosomal abnormalities involving 19p13.3 have rarely been described in the published literature. Here, we report on a girl with a pure terminal duplication of 6.1 Mb on 19p13.3, caused by an unbalanced translocation der(19)t(10;19)(qter;p13.3)dn. Her phenotype included severe psychomotor developmental delay, skeletal malformations, and a distinctive facial appearance, similar to that of a patient previously reported by Lybaek et al. [Lybaek et al. (2009); Eur J Hum Genet 17:904–910]. These results suggest that a duplication of >3 Mb at the terminus of 19p13.3 might represent a distinct chromosomal syndrome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Missense mutations in FBN1 exons 41 and 42 cause Weill–Marchesani syndrome with thoracic aortic disease and Marfan syndrome
Authors: Cecchi Alana , Ogawa Naomi , Martinez Hugo R. , Carlson Alicia , Fan Yuxin , Penny Daniel J. , Guo Dong‐chuan , Eisenberg Steven , Safi Hazim , Estrera Anthony , Lewis Richard A. , Meyers Deborah , Milewicz Dianna M.
Published: July 2013

Mutations in FBN1 cause a range of overlapping but distinct conditions including Marfan syndrome (MFS), Weill–Marchesani syndrome (WMS), familial thoracic aortic aneurysms/dissections (FTAAD), acromicric dysplasia (AD), and geleophysic dysplasia (GD). Two forms of acromelic dysplasia, AD and GD, characterized by short stature, brachydactyly, reduced joint mobility, and characteristic facies, result from heterozygous missense mutations occurring in exons 41 and 42 of FBN1; missense mutations in these exons have not been reported to cause MFS or other syndromes. Here we report on probands with MFS and WMS who have heterozygous FBN1 missense mutations in exons 41 and 42, respectively. The proband with WMS has ectopia lentis, short stature, thickened pinnae, tight skin, striae atrophicae, reduced extension of the elbows, contractures of the fingers and toes, and brachydactyly and has a missense mutation in exon 42 of FBN1 (c.5242T>C; p.C1748R). He also experienced a previously unreported complication of WMS, an acute thoracic aortic dissection. The second proband displays classic characteristics of MFS, including ectopia lentis, skeletal features, and aortic root dilatation, and has a missense mutation in exon 41 of FBN1 (c.5084G>A; p.C1695Y). These phenotypes provide evidence that missense mutations in exons 41 and 42 of FBN1 lead to MFS and WMS in addition to AD and GD and also suggest that all individuals with pathogenic FBN1 mutations in these exons should be assessed for thoracic aortic disease and ectopia lentis. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the factors responsible for the different phenotypes associated with missense mutations in these exons of FBN1. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutation of HES7 in a large extended family with spondylocostal dysostosis and dextrocardia with situs inversus
Authors: Sparrow Duncan B. , Faqeih Eissa Ali , Sallout Bahauddin , Alswaid Abdulrahman , Ababneh Faroug , Al‐Sayed Moeenaldeen , Rukban Hadeel , Eyaid Wafaa M. , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Ellard Sian , Turnpenny Peter D. , Dunwoodie Sally L.
Published: July 2013

Spondylocostal dysotosis (SCD) is a rare developmental congenital abnormality of the axial skeleton. Mutation of genes in the Notch signaling pathway cause SCD types 1–5. Dextrocardia with situs inversus is a rare congenital malformation in which the thoracic and abdominal organs are mirror images of normal. Such laterality defects are associated with gene mutations in the Nodal signaling pathway or cilia assembly or function. We investigated two distantly related individuals with a rare combination of severe segmental defects of the vertebrae (SDV) and dextrocardia with situs inversus. We found that both individuals were homozygous for the same mutation in HES7, and that this mutation caused a significant reduction of HES7 protein function; HES7 mutation causes SCD4. Two other individuals with SDV from two unrelated families were found to be homozygous for the same mutation. Interestingly, although the penetrance of the vertebral defects was complete, only 3/7 had dextrocardia with situs inversus, suggesting randomization of left–right patterning. Two of the affected individuals presented with neural tube malformations including myelomeningocele, spina bifida occulta and/or Chiari II malformation. Such neural tube phenotypes are shared with the originally identified SCD4 patient, but have not been reported in the other forms of SCD. In conclusion, it appears that mutation of HES7 is uniquely associated with defects in vertebral, heart and neural tube formation, and this observation will help provide a discriminatory diagnostic guide in patients with SCD, as well as inform molecular genetic testing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ecology of reproduction in Sanje mangabeys (Cercocebus sanjei): Dietary strategies and energetic condition during a high fruit period
Authors: McCabe Gráinne Michelle , Fernández David , Ehardt Carolyn L.
Published: July 2013

The ability to increase energy storage when food is abundant for later use during late gestation and early lactation is often considered the primary benefit of the capital breeding strategy (clustering conceptions during high food periods, HFP) that promotes reproductive success among females living in unpredictable environments. Capital breeding, however, may also enable preconceptive females to increase hormone production for ovulation, which has been linked to energetic condition in capital breeders, and/or allow females entering the subsequent HFP to increase their energetic condition in order to continue nursing unweaned infants. Here, we investigate whether capital breeding provides these additional benefits in 16 female Sanje mangabeys (Cercocebus sanjei) and determine the dietary strategies used to increase energetic condition (measured by urinary C‐peptide: UCP) during the HFP. Fecal estradiol (fE2) and UCP were negatively correlated with number of cycles before conception (r = −0.591, r = −0.646, P < 0.01) and were highest in conceptive cycles. Both peri‐conceptive (preconception and early gestation) and non‐peri‐conceptive (lactation) females increased energetic condition over the HFP (r = 0.612, r = 0.583, P < 0.001) by increasing dietary fat (r = 0.619, r = 0.703, P < 0.001) and, for non‐peri‐conceptive females, protein (r = 0.437, P < 0.001). Feeding intake rate (FIR) and time spent foraging and feeding did not change over the HFP; however, non‐peri‐conceptive females exhibited a faster FIR compared to peri‐conceptive females (t = −2.324, P < 0.05), consuming almost twice as much food per unit time. The results of this study confirm that Sanje mangabeys benefit in multiple phases of the reproductive cycle by using capital breeding, which may explain how this strategy promotes female reproductive success. Am. J. Primatol. 75:1196–1208, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of blending time and catalyst on the properties of nylon 1010/acrylate rubber blends
Authors: Lu Xianbo , Zhang Hongmei , Zhang Yong
Published: July 2013

Nylon 1010 and acrylate rubber (ACM) were prepared by melt blending. The effects of blending time and catalyst on the properties of the blends were studied. It was found that ester‐amide exchange reactions between the Nylon 1010 and ACM occurred during melt processing. Long blending time and Tetrabutyl titanate (Ti(OBu)4) as a catalyst could promote the reactions, and grafted copolymer Nylon‐g‐ACM was in situ generated as a compatibilizer during processing procedure. The tensile strength of the blends increased from about 12.0–15.0 MPa when the blending time increased from 10 to 30 min. The presence of Ti(OBu)4 led to the decrease in melt flow index (MFI), independent of the blending time (30 or 60 min). Glass transition temperature and heat of fusion of the blends increased after addition of the catalyst. Rheological behavior analysis provided evidence of formation of Nylon‐g‐ACM graft copolymer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the compatibility of the blends was improved by longer blending time and the addition of catalyst. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4587–4597, 2013
Lightly branched poly(vinyl alcohol) for fluid loss additive
Authors: Han Haifeng , Zhang Junhua
Published: July 2013

One kind of branched Poly(vinyl alcohol) has been synthesized via common radical copolymerization of vinyl acetate in methanol by adding a bifunctional monomer Allyl methacrylate (AMA) followed by saponification. The comonomer AMA has two reactive double bonds that can provide the branching points to macromolecule chain structure. With these reactive points, the copolymer with long chain branches can be obtained. The long chain branches bring the copolymer higher viscosity by the entanglement of them between macromolecules and strong hydrogen bonding between long chain branches. The viscosity of the water solutions increased with the amount of the comonomers' addition increased. The branched PVA has good water maintenance properties at relatively high temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4608–4612, 2013