bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histopathologic differences between adult and pediatric patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Brown Hannah J. , Khalife Sarah , Ganesan Veena , Escobedo Pedro , Filip Peter , Jeffe Jill , Karas Anatoli , Papagiannopoulos Peter , Gattuso Paolo , Batra Pete S. , Tajudeen Bobby A.
Published: June 2022

Background

Adult and pediatric patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may have differing philosophies in therapeutic management. Few studies have examined sinonasal tissue‐level comparisons of these groups. This study examines histopathologic differences between children and adults with CRS, with the goal of understanding disease pathogenesis and optimizing medical management for both populations.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort of CRS patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), demographic factors, pertinent comorbidities, and a structured histopathologic report of 13 variables were compared across pediatric and adult CRS patients with and without nasal polyps (pCRSwNP, pCRSsNP, aCRSwNP, aCRSsNP, respectively).

Results

A total of 378 adult (181 aCRSsNP, 197 aCRSwNP) and 50 pediatric (28 pCRSsNP, 22 pCRSwNP) patients were analyzed. Significantly more children compared with adults had a comorbid asthma diagnosis (64.5% vs. 37.2%, p = 0.003). Adults with CRS exhibited significantly more tissue neutrophilia (28.9% vs. 12.0%, p = 0.006), basement membrane thickening (70.3% vs. 44.0%, p < 0.001), subepithelial edema (61% vs. 30.0%, p < 0.001), squamous metaplasia (22.0% vs. 4.0%, p < 0.001), and eosinophil aggregates (22.8% vs. 4.0%, p < 0.001) than children with CRS. The majority (66.5%) of adult CRS patients exhibited a lymphoplasmacytic‐predominant inflammatory background, whereas the majority (57.8%) of children with CRS exhibited a lymphocyte‐predominant inflammatory background.

Conclusions

Sinonasal tissue of adult and pediatric CRS patients demonstrates clear histopathologic differences. Our findings provide insight into differing pathophysiology, which may enable optimization of targeted therapies for patients in each of these unique clinical groups.
Development of a petal protoplast transfection system for Sinningia speciosa
Authors: Pan Zhao‐Jun , Hung Yu‐Ling , Chen Tsun‐Ying , Shih Yu‐An , Lin Ying‐Chung Jimmy , Wang Chun‐Neng
Published: June 2022

Premise

Transient gene expression systems are powerful tools for studying gene interactions in plant species without available or stable genetic transformation protocols. We optimized a petal protoplast transformation protocol for Sinningia speciosa, a model plant, to study the development of floral symmetry.

Methods and Results

A high yield of petal protoplasts was obtained using a 6‐h enzyme digestion in a solution of 1.5% cellulase and 0.4% macerozyme. Modest transfection efficiency (average 41.4%) was achieved. The viability of the transfected protoplasts remained at more than 90%. A fusion of green fluorescent protein and CYCLOIDEA (SsCYC), the Teosinte branched 1/Cincinnata/Proliferating cell factor transcription factor responsible for floral symmetry, was subcellularly localized inside the nuclei of the protoplasts. Transiently overexpressing SsCYC indicates the success of this system, which resulted in the predicted increased (but nonsignificant) expression of its known target RADIALIS (SsRAD1), consistent with gene network expectations.

Conclusions

The transient transfection system presented herein can be effectively used to study gene‐regulatory interactions in Gesneriaceae species.
Development of functional glow‐in‐the‐dark photoluminescence linen fabrics with ultraviolet sensing and shielding
Authors: Ahmed Esraa , Maamoun Dalia , Hassan Talaat M. , Khattab Tawfik A.
Published: June 2022

Linen fibres were coated with a glow‐in‐the‐dark photoluminescence, flame‐retarding, and hydrophobic smart nanocomposite using the pad‐dry‐curing process. Ecologically friendly ammonium polyphosphate and lanthanide‐activated strontium aluminium oxide (LSAO) nanoparticles were immobilized into linen fabric using eco‐friendly room‐temperature‐vulcanizing silicone rubber. Different analytical techniques were used to examine the morphological characteristics and elemental compositions of LSAO nanoparticles and treated linen textiles. The self‐extinguishing properties of the treated linen textiles were tested for their fire resistance. After 24 washing cycles, the coated linen samples retained their flame‐retarding properties. The treated linen's superhydrophobicity rose in direct proportion to the LSAO concentration. After being excited at 365 nm, the colourless luminescent film that was coated on linen surface gave out an emission wavelength of 519 nm. The photoluminescent linen was monitored to create a range of different colours, including off‐white in daytime light and green under ultraviolet (UV) light radiation, according to the Commission Internationale de l'éclairage laboratory colorimetric coordinates and photoluminescence spectra. Emission, excitation, and lifetime spectral analysis of the treated linen revealed persistent phosphorescence. For mechanical and comfort evaluation, the coated linen textiles' bending length and air permeability were assessed. Good UV light shielding and enhanced antibacterial activity were detected in the treated linens.
Dose‐dependent dominance: How cell densities design stromal cell functions during soft tissue healing
Authors: Kuhn Philipp , Bubel Monika , Jennewein Martina , Guthörl Silke , Pohlemann Tim , Oberringer Martin
Published: June 2022

Regular soft tissue healing relies on the well‐organized interaction of different stromal cell types with endothelial cells. However, spatiotemporal conditions might provoke high densities of one special stromal cell type, potentially leading to impaired healing. Detailed knowledge of the functions of rivaling stromal cell types aiming for tissue contraction and stabilization as well as vascular support is mandatory. By the application of an in vitro approach comprising the evaluation of cell proliferation, cell morphology, myofibroblastoid differentiation, and cytokine release, we verified a density‐dependent modulation of these functions among juvenile and adult fibroblasts, pericytes, and adipose‐derived stem cells during their interaction with microvascular endothelial cells in cocultures. Results indicate that juvenile fibroblasts rather support angiogenesis via paracrine regulation at the early stage of healing, a role potentially compromised in adult fibroblasts. In contrast, pericytes showed a more versatile character aiming at angiogenesis, vessel stabilization, and tissue contraction. Such a universal character was even more pronounced among adipose‐derived stem cells. The explicit knowledge of the characteristic functions of stromal cell types is a prerequisite for the development of new analytical and therapeutic approaches for impaired soft tissue healing. The present study delivers new considerations concerning the roles of rivaling stromal cell types within a granulation tissue, pointing to extraordinary properties of pericytes and adipose‐derived stem cells.
Unmasking of a significant left main stenosis in a patient with high left ventricular pressures
Authors: Mennuni Marco G. , Solli Martina , Galiffa Vincenzo , Patti Giuseppe
Published: June 2022

As identification of left main (LM) stenoses has prognostic and therapeutic relevance, a precise anatomic and/or functional characterization of angiographically intermediate LM stenoses, by using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and fractional flow reserve (FFR) respectively, is crucial (1). However, increased left ventricular (LV) pressures might affect FFR measurements (2). Here we describe the case of a patient with chronic coronary syndrome and severe LV dysfunction in whom coronary angiography revealed an intermediate LM stenosis and catheterization identified an increased LV end‐diastolic pressure. FFR measurement showed disproportionally higher FFR values compared with the minimal luminal area assessed by IVUS. When cardiac output was artificially augmented by using Impella for assisting percutaneous coronary intervention, the value of FFR measurement turned out proportional to what expected for the degree of anatomical stenosis. This discrepancy between anatomic and functional measurement may be a sign of coronary autoregulation dysfunction and therefore could help to identify high‐risk patients in whom the use of a mechanical support device is more beneficial during percutaneous revascularization.
Mechanistic and Kinetic Investigations of ON/OFF (Photo)Switchable Binding of Carbon Monoxide by Chromium(0), Molybdenum(0) and Tungsten(0) Carbonyl Complexes with a Pyridyl‐Mesoionic Carbene Ligand
Authors: Boden Pit J. , Di Martino‐Fumo Patrick , Bens Tobias , Steiger Sophie T. , Marhöfer Daniel , Niedner‐Schatteburg Gereon , Sarkar Biprajit
Published: June 2022

This work tackles the photochemistry of a series of mononuclear Cr0, Mo0 and W0 carbonyl complexes containing a bidentate mesoionic carbene ligand of the 1,2,3‐triazol‐5‐ylidene type. FTIR spectroscopy, combined with density functional theory calculations, revealed a clean photo‐induced reaction in organic solvents (acetonitrile, pyridine, valeronitrile) to give mainly one photoproduct with monosubstitution of a carbonyl ligand for a solvent molecule. The highest photodissociation quantum yields were reached for the Cr0 complex under UV irradiation (266 nm). Based on previous investigations, the kinetics of the dark reverse reactions have now been determined, with reaction times of up to several hours in pyridine. Photochemical studies in the solid state (KBr matrix, frozen solution) also showed light‐induced reactivity with stabilization of the metastable intermediate with a free coordination site at very low temperature. The identified reactive species emphasizes a mechanism without ligand–sphere reorganization.
Controlled Modification of Axial Coordination for Transition‐Metal Single‐Atom Electrocatalyst
Authors: Liu Xiangjian , Liu Yarong , Yang Wenxiu , Feng Xiao , Wang Bo
Published: June 2022

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have emerged as a new frontier in areas such as electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and enzymatic catalysis. Aided by recent advances in the synthetic methodologies of nanomaterials, atomic characterization technologies, and theoretical calculation modeling, various SACs have been prepared for a variety of catalytic reactions. To meet the requirements of SACs with distinctive performance and appreciable selectivity, much research has been carried out to adjust the coordination configuration and electronic properties of SACs. This concept summarizes the latest advances in the experimental and computational efforts aimed at tuning the axial coordination of SACs. Series of atoms, functional groups or even macrocycles are oriented into the atomic metal center, and how this affects the electrocatalytic performance is also reviewed. Finally, this concept presents perspectives for the further precise design, preparation and in‐situ detection of axially coordinated SACs.
Use of an online learning environment in face‐to‐face and distance learning – comparison of system usability and opinion on teaching
Authors: Schmitt Mark‐Tilo , Pietzner Verena
Published: June 2022

Trotz der bereits 2017 formulierten Strategie „Bildung in der digitalen Welt“ und dem Ziel der Kultusministerkonferenz, digitale Lernumgebungen im Unterricht einzubinden, zeigten Studienergebnisse der vergangenen Jahre, gerade während der COVID‐19‐Pandemie, dass zwischen dem Ziel einer fundierten Digitalisierung im Unterricht und der Unterrichtspraxis eine Diskrepanz besteht. In Anbetracht dieses Defizits wurde eine Online‐Lernumgebung zur Einführung des differenzierten Atommodells entwickelt, in der Praxis erprobt und evaluiert. Der Einsatz erfolgte sowohl im Präsenz‐ als auch im Distanzunterricht. Die erhobenen Daten zur Benutzerfreundlichkeit und zur Meinung zum Unterricht mit der Lernumgebung zeigen signifikante, geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede.
ZuKon 2030 – a learning scenario on the 17 sustainable development goals
Authors: Karayel Ceren Ester , Krug Manuel , Barth Catherine , Hoffmann Luisa , Huwer Johannes
Published: June 2022

Nachhaltigkeit ist eines der zentralen Themen der heutigen Gesellschaft. Zunehmend in den Fokus rückt dabei die 2015 von den Vereinten Nationen verabschiedete Agenda 2030 mit ihren 17 globalen Nachhaltigkeitszielen, die aus den Bereichen Ökologie, Ökonomie und Soziales stammt. Der Workshop „ZuKon 2030“ stellt ein interdisziplinär ausgerichtetes Lernangebot zu diesem thematischen Inhaltsfeld dar und richtet sich an die Zielgruppe der Schüler:innen der 8. bis 10. Jahrgangsstufe. In diesem Beitrag wird die Konzeption des Workshops exemplarisch anhand von zwei Modulen sowie ein Auszug aus den Evaluationsergebnissen vorgestellt.
Evaluating sustainability by means of assessment levels – a systematic approach of science teaching
Authors: Banse Carolin , Marohn Annette
Published: June 2022

Die Bewertung der Nachhaltigkeit einer Maßnahme – z. B. der Förderung der Elektromobilität – erfordert eine differenzierte Betrachtung aus verschiedenen Perspektiven. Hier setzt das Unterrichtskonzept „nachhaltig ⁝ bewerten“ für die Sekundarstufe I an, das einen Beitrag zur Förderung von Bewertungskompetenzen im Kontext der Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung leisten soll. Im Zentrum steht das methodische Instrument der „Bewertungsscheibe“. Diese visualisiert zum einen die drei Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen Umwelt, Soziales und Wirtschaft; zum anderen gibt sie drei Bewertungsebenen vor: Wo wirkt sich die Maßnahme aus (global oder nur lokal)? Wie lange wirkt sie sich aus (langfristig oder nur kurzfristig)? Welche Interessensgruppen sind davon betroffen (viele Gruppen oder nur eine Gruppe)? Die Bewertungsscheibe verdeutlicht damit einerseits die Komplexität der Bewertungssituation, strukturiert und erleichtert jedoch andererseits den Bewertungsprozess durch die Vorgabe von Kriterien: Eine Maßnahme gilt dann als besonders nachhaltig, wenn sie in allen drei Nachhaltigkeitsdimensionen global, langfristig und für viele Gruppen einen Nutzen zeigt.
AR in science education – an AR based teaching‐learning scenario in the field of teacher education
Authors: Krug Manuel , Czok Valerie , Müller Sascha , Weitzel Holger , Huwer Johannes , Kruse Stefan , Müller Wolfgang
Published: June 2022

Mit Augmented Reality angereicherte Lehr‐Lernsettings gewinnen sowohl im Schulfach Chemie als auch in anderen naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern immer mehr an Bedeutung. So erwähnen viele Publikationen die positiven Effekte solcher digital angereicherter Lehr‐Lernprozesse, geben jedoch nur selten darüber Auskunft, welche Eigenschaften der erweiterten Realität hierfür verantwortlich sind. Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Bewertungsraster vor, mit dessen Hilfe es ermöglicht wird, mit Augmented Reality angereicherte Lehr‐Lernsettings in Bezug auf medien‐ und fachdidaktische Aspekte hin zu bewerten. Des Weiteren wird eine exemplarische Darstellung der Umsetzung eines digital angereicherten Lehr‐Lernsettings im Kontext der Nachhaltigkeitsbildung vorgestellt.
Hello future! Printed electronics as a hands‐on‐experiment for teaching science in high schools and universities
Authors: Halbrügge Lena , Banerji Amitabh , Meerholz Klaus
Published: June 2022

Gedruckte Elektronik ist nicht nur ein aufstrebendes Forschungsfeld, sie wird in naher Zukunft auch eine wesentliche Rolle in unserem Alltag spielen. Gedruckte, elektronische Bauteile können sehr dünn und flexibel sein und somit vielfältig eingesetzt werden. Für die Implementation in der (Hoch‐)Schule haben die Autoren eine flexible, lichtemittierende Folie entwickelt, die mit einfachen Materialien und Methoden manuell gedruckt werden kann.
Comparison of parallel central processing unit‐ and graphics processing unit‐based implementations of greedy string tiling algorithm for source code plagiarism detection
Authors: Mišić Marko J. , Tomašević Milo V.
Published: June 2022

Massive‐enrollment computing courses often involve some practical training through programming assignments and projects that are frequent targets for plagiarism. Source code similarity detection tools are used to prevent such misbehavior. Parallel processing has recently become a viable technique for speeding up the processing of large workloads. This article examines the parallelization of a source code similarity detection method based on the greedy string tiling and Karp–Rabin algorithms. Both CPU and GPU parallelization approaches are discussed. The CPU implementation uses Pthreads, whereas the GPU implementation employs CUDA. Depending on the evaluated dataset which consists of real student assignment codes, speedups of up to seven times over the sequential version of the code are achieved. Evaluation results on both platforms are compared and discussed in detail.
Papaverine, a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of COVID‐19 patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)
Authors: Valipour Mehdi , Irannejad Hamid , Emami Saeed
Published: June 2022

The causative agent of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), enters the host cells via an angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)‐mediated endocytosis‐dependent manner. Because ACE2 is highly expressed in the heart, SARS‐CoV‐2 can severely infect heart tissue and arteries, causing acute and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system. Therefore, special attention should be paid to finding appropriate agents to protect this vital system during COVID‐19 treatment. Papaverine is a unique vasodilator alkaloid that is clinically used in the treatment of vasospasm. Interestingly, this compound has potent and direct effects on a wide range of viruses, and could also prevent viral exploitation mechanisms of the host cell facilities by inhibiting some cellular signaling pathways such as p38 MAPK. This pathway was recently introduced as a promising target for the treatment of COVID‐19. Papaverine also has anti‐inflammatory effects which is useful in combating the hyper‐inflammatory phase of the COVID‐19. Unlike some medications that have severe dosage‐restrictions in the treatment of COVID‐19 due to cardiac side effects, papaverine is recommended for use in many heart disorders. The ability of papaverine to treat COVID‐19 has become more promising when the results of some extensive screenings showed the strong ability of this compound to inhibit the cytopathic effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 with EC50 of 1.1 μM. Having several therapeutic effects along with desired safety profile raises this hypothesis that papaverine could be a promising compound for the suppression of SARS‐CoV‐2 and prevention of ischemia/vasoconstriction‐related complications in COVID‐19 disease, especially in patients with underlying cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
Phosphorylation of serine residuesS252,S268/S269, andS879in p120 catenin activates migration of presomitic mesoderm in gastrulating zebrafish embryos
Authors: Kupai Ariana , Nakahara Hiroko , Voss Kathleen M. , Hirano Matthew S. , Rodriguez Alexis , Lackey Donna L. , Murayama James F. , Mathieson Chase J. , Shan Botao , Horton Emma C. , Curtis Grace H. , Huang Joyce , Hille Merrill B.
Published: June 2022

Background

Cadherin‐associated protein p120 catenin regulates cell adhesion and migration in cell cultures and is required for axial elongation in embryos. Its roles in adhesion and cell migration are regulated by phosphorylation. We determined the effects of phosphorylation of six serine and three threonine residues in p120 catenin during zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryogenesis.

Results

We knocked down endogenous p120 catenin‐δ1 with an antisense RNA‐splice‐site morpholino (Sp‐MO) causing defects in axis elongation. These defects were rescued by co‐injections of mRNAs for wildtype mouse p120 catenin‐δ1‐3A or various mutated forms. Several mRNAs containing serine or threonine codons singly or doubly mutated to phosphomimetic glutamic acid rescued, and some nonphosphorylatable mutants did not.

Conclusions

We discovered that phosphorylation of serine residue S252 or S879 is required for convergent extension of zebrafish embryos, since rescue occurred only when these residues were mutated to glutamic acid. In addition, the phosphorylation of either S268 or S269 is required, not both, consistent with the presence of only a single one of these residues in two isoforms of zebrafish andXenopus laevis. In summary, phosphorylation of multiple serine and threonine residues of p120 catenin activates migration of presomitic mesoderm of zebrafish embryos facilitating elongation of the dorsal axis.
Direct development of the catfish pectoral fin: An alternative pectoral fin pattern of teleosts
Authors: Shkil Fedor , Kapitanova Daria , Borisov Vasily , Veretennikov Nikolay , Roux Natacha , Laudet Vincent
Published: June 2022

Background

The study of the teleosts' pectoral fin development touches on many crucial issues of evolutionary biology, from the formation of local adaptations to the tetrapod limbs' origin. Teleosts' pectoral fin is considered a rather developmentally and anatomically conservative structure. It displays larval and adult stages differing in the skeletal and soft tissues' composition. Larva‐adult transition proceeds under the thyroid hormone (TH) control that defines pectoral fin ontogeny as an indirect development. However, the outstanding diversity of teleosts allows suggesting the existence of lineage specific developmental patterns.

Results

We present a description of the North African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, pectoral fin development. It lacks a clear larval stage and directly develops the adult skeleton with the associated musculature and innervation. Interestingly, the development of catfish pectoral fin appears not to be under the TH dependence.

Conclusion

This catfish displays a direct pectoral fin developmental trajectory differing from the stereotyped teleost pattern. In the absence of the larval endoskeletal disk and TH control, the catfish's proximal radials arise in a manner somewhat similar to the metapterygial radials in basal actinopterygians and humerus in sarcopterygians. Thus, the catfish fin pattern seems homoplastic, arising by convergence with, or reversion to the ancestral developmental mechanisms.
Targeting the link between social media and eating disorder risk: A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: de Valle Madelaine K. , Wade Tracey D.
Published: June 2022

Objective

Evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a self‐criticism intervention addressing the link between appearance‐motivated social media use and eating disorder risk. Another condition, designed to help users curate their social media feed to reduce negative impacts on wellbeing, was also trialed as an active and credible comparison.

Method

University students aged 17–25 (N = 170) were screened and randomized (n = 130) to the self‐criticism intervention, social media curation, or waitlist control group. The intervention comprised self‐guided cognitive behavior therapy delivered in four modules over 1 week. Primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability. Secondary outcomes were appearance motivations for social media use, appearance comparison, self‐criticism, body image flexibility, and disordered eating (at baseline, one‐week postrandomization, and two‐weeks postrandomization). Trial registration: ACTRN12621000353897.

Results

Participants completed an average of 82% of the intervention modules and 77% of the homework exercises within the week allocated. The intervention was well‐accepted; participants reported a range of positive aspects, alongside suggested modifications to the intervention and study design to improve acceptability. Group by time interactions suggested groups changed at a different rate on three secondary outcomes; between‐groups effect sizes suggested this was due to greater improvements in the self‐criticism group than waitlist control.

Discussion

This was the first study to evaluate an intervention for the link between appearance‐related social media use and eating disorder risk for young adults. Positive findings relating to feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy suggest a larger randomized controlled trial, with modifications to the intervention and study design, is warranted.

Public significance

Appearance‐related social media use has been linked to poorer body image and disordered eating, necessitating treatments that can disrupt this relationship. The self‐criticism intervention evaluated in this study shows promise as a strategy to address this need. It is the first intervention focused on appearance‐related social media use to be designed for and tested in young adults, who are at heightened risk of developing an eating disorder.
Climate‐driven thermal opportunities and risks for leaf miners in aspen canopies
Authors: Woods H. Arthur , Legault Geoffrey , Kingsolver Joel G. , Pincebourde Sylvain , Shah Alisha A. , Larkin Beau G.
Published: June 2022

In tree canopies, incoming solar radiation interacts with leaves and branches to generate temperature differences within and among leaves, presenting thermal opportunities and risks for leaf‐dwelling ectotherms. Although leaf biophysics and insect thermal ecology are well understood, few studies have examined them together in single systems. We examined temperature variability in aspen canopies, Populus tremuloides, and its consequences for a common herbivore, the leaf‐mining caterpillar Phyllocnistis populiella. We shaded leaves in the field and measured effects on leaf temperature and larval growth and survival. We also estimated larval thermal performance curves for feeding and growth and measured upper lethal temperatures. Sunlit leaves directly facing the incoming rays reached the highest temperatures, typically 3–8°C above ambient air temperature. Irradiance‐driven increases in temperature, however, were transient enough that they did not alter observed growth rates of leaf miners. Incubator and ramping experiments suggested that larval performance peaks between 25 and 32°C and declines to zero between 35 and 40°C, depending on the duration of temperature exposure. Upper lethal temperatures during 1‐h heat shocks were 42–43°C. When larvae were active in early spring, temperatures generally were low enough to depress rates of feeding and growth below their maxima, and only rarely did estimated mine temperatures rise beyond optimal temperatures. Observed leaf or mine temperatures never approached larval upper lethal temperatures. At this site during our experiments, larvae thus appeared to have a significant thermal safety margin; the more pressing problem was inadequate heat. Detailed information on mine temperatures and larval performance curves, however, allowed us to leverage long‐term data sets on air temperature to estimate potential future shifts in performance and longer‐term risks to larvae from lethally high temperatures. This analysis suggests that, in the past 20 years, larval performance has often been limited by cold and that the risk of heat stress has been low. Future warming will raise mean rates of feeding and growth but also the risk of exposure to injuriously or lethally high temperatures.
Oyster abundance on subtidal reefs depends on predation, location, and experimental duration
Authors: Geraldi Nathan R. , Vozzo Maria L. , Fegley Stephen R. , Anton Andrea , Peterson Charles H.
Published: June 2022

Predation affects community structure and functioning within marine habitats. Predator–prey interactions can change through space and time. Documenting how these interactions change is essential to improve our understanding of food web dynamics and to enhance our ability to manage preferred species. In this study, our goals were to determine whether the density of subtidal oysters (Crassostrea virginica) differed spatially by looking at three separate restored oyster sanctuaries within Pamlico Sound (North Carolina, USA), whether oyster density changed over an interval of 16 months, and whether oyster density was related to the presence of different‐sized predators by using an experimental approach. Multiple exclusion treatments were used in situ to exclude, selectively, different predator guilds from consuming oysters. Predator densities were also measured both within experimental treatments and on the restored oyster reefs by using multiple survey techniques. We found that oyster abundance differed among the four sample dates over the 16‐month study and differed among the three sites. Mud crabs—one of the smallest predators measured—had the greatest predator biomass per unit of area, but the presence of other predators was largely site‐dependent. Oyster abundance was affected by the exclusion of all predators, but this was dependent on sample date and location, which may suggest that mud crabs were the only predator to reduce oyster abundance in this study. In addition, large predators may have affected small predators, such as mud crabs and oyster drills, which were more abundant in treatments where large predators were excluded. The strongest evidence for top‐down effects on oyster reefs occurred at one of the three field sites at the first and final sampling time, suggesting that predator effects are complex, as well as spatially and temporally variable. Field experiments that assess variables through time and at multiple locations are needed as this information could improve the success of oyster reef conservation and restoration efforts.
Increasing spillover enhances southern California spiny lobster catch along marine reserve borders
Authors: Lenihan Hunter S. , Fitzgerald Sean P. , Reed Daniel C. , Hofmeister Jennifer K. K. , Stier Adrian C.
Published: June 2022

The conservation benefits of marine reserves are well established but their contribution to adjacent fisheries via spillover is less certain and context‐dependent. Theoretical predictions do not always match empirical evidence from individual reserves, so carefully designed studies are essential for accurately assessing spillover and its contribution to fisheries. Biomass buildup within reserves, and spillover from reserve borders, also usually takes time to develop. In 2003, a network of no‐take marine reserves was established in the Northern Channel Islands (NCI) of southern California (CA) to conserve biodiversity and to eventually enhance local fisheries through spillover of larvae, juveniles, and adults. The reserve network impacted the local CA spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) fishery by removing about 20% of fishing grounds in the NCI. In 2008, a collaborative fisheries research effort detected substantial lobster population increases within reserves, and an indication of the possible spillover of adult lobsters across reserve borders. To estimate whether and how much populations within reserves, and spillover from reserves, have increased through time, we repeated the sampling program 10 years later in 2018 at two of the three original reserves. Scientific trapping was conducted prior to the fishing season along a spatial gradient beginning deep within the reserves to reference sites located outside (≥2 km) of reserve borders. Results showed that legal‐sized lobster abundance in traps (catch per unit effort) increased by 125%–465% deep inside reserves, and by 223%–331% at sites near to reserve borders, and by nearly 400% just outside of reserve borders over the 10‐year period, thus indicating a substantial increase in spillover across reserve borders. A similar pattern was observed in lobster biomass caught in traps at the two reserves. This study demonstrates how spillover scales with biomass buildup and that collaborative fisheries research can be used to assess the efficacy of marine reserves as fishery management tools worldwide.
Detectability of common ravens (Corvus corax) in the eastern USA: Rapid assessment of a recolonizing species
Authors: Hackworth Zachary J. , Felch Joshua M. , Murphy Sean M. , Cox John J.
Published: June 2022

Common ravens (Corvus corax) inhabited much of the eastern United States prior to European colonization but were nearly extirpated by the mid‐1900s. Although remnant raven populations have since begun recolonizing portions of their historic range in the eastern United States, the extent of recovery remains largely unknown because of the species' elusive behavior. To aid development of targeted monitoring programs for this rare and cryptic species, we investigated factors that may influence detectability of ravens in natural cliff habitat during the nesting season in the Central Appalachian Mountains. Using a time‐to‐detection framework, we performed surveys at cliff sites with positive raven occupancy and recorded time to first detection (TFD) and confirmed cliff occupancy (i.e., occupied detection) to estimate detection probability curves as a function of survey time. We further compared multiscale habitat features of occupied and unoccupied cliff sites to characterize regional nesting habitat. Mean TFD at occupied cliffs was 14 ± 2 (SE) min. The TFD and subsequent detection probability increased with warming temperatures, likely as a result of heightened activity at nests as the reproductive season progressed. Shorter distances from observation point to the surveyed cliff resulted in longer TFD, indicating that ravens are likely sensitive to disturbance at nest sites. Analysis of cliff‐nesting habitat data identified raven selection of cliffs with large, exposed faces positioned on predominant west‐facing aspects. Mean detection probability calculated from detectability curves was ≥0.8 after the first 30 min. Using a probability‐based model and empirical detection probabilities, we estimated that raven absence from a cliff site during the nesting season may be inferred with p = 0.99 after three independent 30‐min surveys. Although ravens have been considered elusive and rare in the eastern United States, we find that their detectability at occupied cliff sites during the nesting season is relatively high and that observation of distributional changes may be easier for this species than for other, more cryptic birds.
Indium Coordination Compounds Derived from Amino Amides
Authors: Avila‐Montiel Concepción , Tlahuext Hugo , Ariza Armando , Godoy‐Alcántar Carolina , Tapia‐Benavides Antonio R. , Tlahuextl Dra. Margarita
Published: June 2022

We report the synthesis of eight indium coordination compounds derived from amino amides 1–8 and InCl3. Crystallographic and NMR studies revealed the unusual chelation coordination of the metal ion to the amine and carbonyl groups of the ligands. However, vibrational studies evidenced the presence of formation‐breaking equilibria of the C=O→In3+ coordination bond. Thus, as chelate structures predominate in methanol solutions, In3+ compounds with open structures prevail in aqueous solutions. Moreover, the Raman spectroscopy and crystallography studies of 2 c and 6 c corroborated that the substitution of a chlorine ion by a methanol molecule in these coordination compounds is feasible and that the interchange equilibrium [HL]InCl4+MeOH⇄[L][MeOH]InCl3+HCl is present in methanolic solutions. UV spectroscopy proves that the [HL]InCl4 compounds predominates in methanol solutions. However, fluorescence spectroscopy shows the presence of significant quantities of [L][MeOH]InCl3 that reduce the intensity of the signals. The formation‐breaking and interchange equilibria could facilitate the biological interchange of In3+ using coordination compounds 1 c–8 c.
Hypolipidemic and Anti‐Obesity Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Brazilian Red Propolis in a Rodent Model of Dyslipidemia
Authors: Prata Marcelle F. , de Carvalho Felipe M. A. , Gonçalves‐Júnior Wilson D. , Santos Tarsizio S. , Valois Rafael B. V. , Borges Amanda F. S. , Guimarães Adriana O. , Araújo Adriano A. S. , Pereira‐Filho Rose N. , Santini Antonello , Cardoso Juliana C. , Severino Patricia , Padilha Francine F. , Souto Eliana B. , de Albuquerque‐Júnior Ricardo L. C.
Published: June 2022

The widespread use of Brazilian red propolis extract promotes an increased production rate in the Northeast region of Brazil, with an impressive economic turnover for the region. The rational use of the hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis (HERP) raises the question about its value against obesity. In this work, the aim is to evaluate the anti‐obesity effect of HERP in rats submitted to hyperlipid dietary (HLD) supplementation. HERP extraction yield is 17.46% (m/v). The major chemical components of HERP are found to be daidzein (4.16 ± 0.22 mg g−1), formononetin (9.21 ± 0.10 mg g−1), and biochanin A (7.08 ± 0.09 mg g−1). After 8 weeks, the animals under HLD supplementation show significantly greater body weight gain, while after the subsequent 4‐week treatment with HERP, HLD–HERP animal shows lower body weight gain than HLD‐vehicle animals. Oral administration of HERP also attenuates the pathological changes in the liver, kidney, and large intestine caused by HLD supplementation. This study demonstrates that HERP treatment has a hypolipidemic effect in a rodent model of dyslipidemia and that HERP minimizes the impact of a hyperlipidic diet on murine body weight parameters and abdominal fat accumulation.

Practical Applications: Brazilian red propolis is being exploited for a range of biomedical applications. It is demonstrated that its extract has hypolipidemic effect in a rodent model of dyslipidemia and minimizes the impact of a hyperlipidic diet on murine body weight parameters and abdominal fat accumulation.
Study on the influence of contact surface curvature on water jet impingement flow field and initial damage of coal seam
Authors: Han Peizhuang , Gao Yabin , Wang Fei , Ren Jie , Zheng Hao
Published: June 2022

The design of the contact surface has a big impact on how well water jets penetrate coal rock. The influence of water jets on contact surfaces with various curvatures is studied using numerical modeling to elucidate the flow field and coal seam damage characteristics. The water jet impingement flow field region can be separated into three areas: velocity concentration, divergent flow, and wall recirculation. As the jet water pressure rises, the flow field's distribution features become more apparent. Water jet impact morphology and flow field properties on contact surfaces of various curvatures are comparable. The peak velocity ratio of the wall and axis falls first, then increase as the curvature radius ratio (n) of the contact surface increases. Near n = 0.8, the peak velocity ratio of the wall and axis reaches a minimum, indicating that the kinetic energy loss in the process of water jet impact to the contact surface is the greatest. When water jets of various pressures impact the contact surface, the peak velocity drops by two‐thirds before and after impact, and nearly 89% of the kinetic energy is lost in the impact process. The range of the initial damage and failure area in the center of the contact surface and the initial damage and failure area on both sides of the wall caused by water jet impact decreases gradually as n increases. When n = 2, the initial damage and failure region on both sides of the wall has virtually vanished; when n = 0.2. The contact surface's center failure depth induced by water jet impact is the deepest. The initial injury is unaffected by changes in jet water pressure.
Examining the behavior of concrete masonry units under fire and post‐fire conditions
Authors: Daware Aditya , Peerzada Abdul Basit , Naser M. Z. , Rangaraju Prasada , Butman Brad
Published: June 2022

Masonry is an inert construction material with favorable thermal and mechanical properties. While masonry is widely used in buildings, the fire performance of this material has not received much attention over the years. This continues to hinder the understanding of the fire behavior of masonry. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study presents the results of an experimental campaign carried out on concrete masonry blocks (CMUs) to investigate fire‐induced degradation of the compressive strength of CMUs under elevated temperatures and post‐fire conditions. In this campaign, steady‐state tests were conducted; wherein standard‐sized CMUs are exposed to a heating scenario ranging from 25 to 800°C followed by cooling to ambient temperature. In addition, these tests were also complimented with a thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the degradation of the strength property of masonry. Results from the tests clearly show that the degradation in CMUs is lower than that typically observed in normal strength concrete. Furthermore, our findings also infer that masonry is capable of retaining a larger percentage of strength when tested under post‐fire conditions as opposed to being under heating.
Influence of ammonium polyphosphate‐modified polypropylene on flammability characteristics of polypropylene keratin and chitosan sustainable composites
Authors: Albite‐Ortega Jorge , Sánchez‐Valdes Saul , Ramírez‐Vargas Eduardo , Medellín‐Rodríguez Francisco Javier , Ramos deValle Luis Francisco , Rodriguez‐Fernandez Oliverio Santiago , Rivera‐Salinas Jorge Enrique , Martínez‐Colunga Juan Guillermo , da‐Silva Luciano , Morales‐Cepeda Ana Beatriz , Sanchez‐Martínez Zalma Vanesa , Zuluaga‐Parra Jose David
Published: June 2022

The combination of keratin fibers (KF), obtained from poultry feathers, with chitosan (Ch) are employed in polypropylene (PP) composites to enhance the flame‐retardant (FR) properties. The combined effect of each additive and the use of functionalized PP with ammonium polyphosphate (PP‐gAPP) as a compatibilizer, compared with PP‐gMA, on composite FR properties was analyzed. This compatibilizer was prepared by melt reaction of maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP‐gMA) with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The grafting of APP was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and NMR. PP/KF/Ch composites using PP‐gAPP as compatibilizer were characterized by TGA, mechanical properties, and fire‐retardant tests such as UL‐94 (HB), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimeter evaluations. These tests demonstrated the enhancement in fire‐retardant characteristics obtained by using PP‐gAPP as a compatibilizer agent compared with PP‐gMA. The combination of the additives (KF and Ch) with PP‐gAPP as compatibilizer in PP, increases the modulus and tensile strength and significantly improves the LOI and reduces the peak heat release rate during cone calorimetry tests with better thermal stability and a noticeable reduction in horizontal burning rate. Most important, the results indicated that the combination of these additives produce similar flame retardancy than a reference sample with high magnesium hydroxide loading. These composites are a promising way to meet the growing demand for high‐performance materials with FR characteristics using bio‐fire retardant additives such as KF and Ch, in sustainable and environmentally friendly composites.
The changes of carvacrol content and essential oil yield of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad in response to different fertilizer sources
Authors: Mohammadi Seyedeh Mohaddeseh , Sefidkon Fatemeh , Asadi‐Sanam Samaneh , Kalatejari Sepideh
Published: June 2022

This research aimed to evaluate the combined effects of chemical, biological and organic fertilizers on several features of Satureja khuzistanica. As an aromatic plant with medicinal properties, endemic to Iran, S. khuzistanica was studied for essential oil (EO%) and composition. Spanning for two growing seasons (2017–2019), the experiments involved 13 nutritional treatments, ie, (a) control (C), (b) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK; 50‐25‐25 Kg ha−1), (c) cattle manure (CM30; 30 ton ha−1), (d) CM60 (60 ton ha−1), (e) CM30 + NPK, (f) CM60 + NPK, (g) vermicompost (V5, 5 ton ha−1), (h) V5 + NPK, (i) Glomus mosseae (GM), (j) Glomus Intra (GI), (k) sulphur (S0; 0 Kg ha−1) + thiobacillus (T), (l) S250 + T (sulphur: 250 Kg ha−1, ) and (m) V5 + T. At full flowering stage, samples were taken from aerial segments of plants in all treatment groups. After shade‐drying, the samples were hydro‐distillated to obtain essential oil (EO) and were then evaluated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The interaction between year and fertilizer, as two treatments, had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.01) on the oil percentage, oil constituents and essential oil yield (EO.Y) of S. khuzistanica. GM and S0 + T caused the highest oil percentage in the first (3.7%) and second year (3.9%), respectively. V5 + NPK and V5 + T resulted in a substantial rise in EO.Y in the first (30.4 kg ha−1) and second year (64.3 kg ha−1), respectively. Carvacrol was highest in the first (92.1%) and second year (95.2%), as a result of using V5 + T and NPK treatments, respectively. Biological and vermicompost fertilizers not only improved the amount of EO but also enhanced its quality and aroma, as reflected in the constituents of the EO. The GI treatment and the V5 + NPK treatment led to high amounts of K in the branches. Meanwhile, high S contents were measured in the branches in response to the V5 and the S250 + T treatments. These findings suggested that biofertilizers and organic fertilizers can benefit the cultivation of S. khuzistanica because, when combined together, they can enhance the percentage and phenolic compounds in the EO.
Effect of lipid on formation of Maillard and lipid‐Maillard meaty flavour compounds in heated cysteine‐xylose‐methyl linoleate system
Authors: Wang Yutong , Xie Jianchun , Zhang Chenping , Xu Yuxia , Yang Xuelian
Published: June 2022

The effect of lipid level and reaction temperature and time on the heated cysteine‐xylose reaction to form meaty flavours was investigated. The presence of 1% or 2% methyl linoleate inhibited the formation of volatile sulfur‐containing compounds and heterocyclic compounds via the Maillard reaction, that is Maillard compounds. However, the former was better because of the moderate inhibition and more compounds generated from the lipid‐Maillard interaction, that is lipid‐Maillard compounds. Partial least squares‐discriminant analysis suggested the lipid‐Maillard compounds were the main markers during varying dosage of methyl linoleate, reaction temperature (100–140°C) and reaction time (30–180 min). Lower temperatures increased formation of the Maillard compounds (eg, 2‐furfurylthiol) or lipid‐Maillard compounds (eg, 2‐pentylpyridine) with reaction time. However, high temperatures caused their amounts changed in a curve or irregularly due to the complications from the Maillard and lipid oxidization reactions. By comparing time‐courses of the levels of cysteine and Cys‐Amadori compounds, and 294 and 420 nm UV absorbance values in the reaction systems under 120°C with or without 2% methyl linoleate, it was revealed that the underlying lipid effect mechanism was to initially inhibit and later attend the Maillard reaction, leading to less formation of the Maillard compounds and generation of the lipid‐Maillard compounds.