bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning to think historically through course work: A New Zealand case study
Authors: Sheehan Mark
Published: January 2019

In New Zealand senior secondary school students are not required to follow a history prescription and up to a half of their courses for national qualifications are based on internally assessed course work where they enjoy a high degree of autonomy over what they choose to study. This
paper draws on recent research in five New Zealand schools that examines the extent to which students learn how to think historically when they engage in this type of learning. History is typically only offered as a senior option subject in New Zealand schools and while young people are unlikely
to engage with historical thinking prior to this, students who are successful in conducting internally assessed research projects are developing advanced understandings of how the discipline of history operates. It is argued that in this context these students (as novices) are largely developing
disciplinary competence and expertise in history by conducting research projects because this process is central to how historians (as experts in the field) critique, interrogate and produce knowledge. While analysis is at an early stage, findings indicate that these students have developed
advanced understandings of the interpretive nature of historical thinking, although the question of significance (that in the curriculum is explicitly linked with New Zealand) is proving to be a more difficult concept for students to master.
La regla de la división de la deuda en el regimen civil y la presunción de solidaridad en materia mercantil
Authors: Namén Baquero David
Published: January 2019

Uno de los aspectos más inquietantes en el derecho de las obligaciones, es el atañedero a las obligaciones con sujeto plural. De antaño, en presencia de varios deudores, se consolidó la regla general de la mancomunidad, es decir, el acreedor debía dirigirse contra cada uno de sus deudores para satisfacer el pago de la deuda. Excepcionalmente, se permitió por mandato de la ley o mediante negocio jurídico, la posibilidad de que el acreedor, se dirigiera contra un solo deudor, para exigir el pago total de la obligación. Estos principios, han sido replanteados en la actualidad, donde la tendencia mayoritaria de los ordenamientos jurídicos, ha sido la de presumir, que en presencia de varios sujetos en el extremo pasivo de la obligación, estos se han obligado solidariamente, con lo que se ha planteado una decadencia del principio de la división de la deuda y el fortalecimiento de la presunción de solidaridad.
Life Course Socioeconomic Position, Allostatic Load, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes among African America n Adults: The Jackson Heart Study, 2000-04 to 2012
Authors: Beckles Gloria L. , McKeever Bullard Kai , Saydah Sharon , Imperatore Giuseppina , Loustalot Fleetwood , Correa Adolfo
Published: January 2019

Objective: We examined whether life course socioeconomic position (SEP) was associated with incidence of type 2 diabetes (t2DM) among African Americans.Design: Secondary analysis of data from the Jackson Heart Study, 2000-04 to 2012, using Cox proportional hazard regression to estimate hazard ratios (HR) with 95% CI for t2DM incidence by measures of life course SEP.Participants: Sample of 4,012 nondiabetic adults aged 25-84 years at baseline.Outcome Measure: Incident t2DM identi­fied by self-report, hemoglobin A1c ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or use of diabetes medication.Results: During 7.9 years of follow-up, 486 participants developed t2DM (incidence rate 15.2/1000 person-years, 95% CI: 13.9-16.6). Among women, but not men, childhood SEP was inversely associated with t2DM incidence (HR=.97, 95% CI: .94-.99) but was no longer associated with adjust­ment for adult SEP or t2DM risk factors. Up­ward SEP mobility increased the hazard for t2DM incidence (adjusted HR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.05-2.21) among women only. Life course allostatic load (AL) did not explain the SEP-t2DM association in either sex.Conclusions: Childhood SEP and up­ward social mobility may influence t2DM incidence in African American women but not in men.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):39-46; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.39
Father’s Lifetime Socioeconomic Status, Small for Gestational Age Infants, and Infant Mortality: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Ensted Samantha , Rankin Kristin , Desisto Carla , Collins James W.
Published: January 2019

Objective: To ascertain the association between father’s lifetime socioeconomic status (SES) and rates of small for gestational age (SGA, defined as weight for gestational age <10th percentile) and infant mortality (defined as <365 days).Methods: The study sample was limited to the singleton births of African American (n=8,331), non-Latina White (n=18,200), and Latina (n=2,637) women. Strati­fied and multilevel, multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted on the Illinois transgenerational dataset of infants (1989-1991) and their Chicago-born par­ents (1956-1976) with appended US census income data (n=29,168). The median fam­ily income of father’s census tract residence during childhood and parenthood were used to assess lifetime SES.Results: Births (n=8,113) to fathers with a lifetime low SES had a SGA rate of 13.3% compared with 6.6% for those (n=10,329) born to fathers with a lifetime high SES, RR = 1.97 (1.79, 2.17). The infant mortality rate of births to fathers with a lifetime low SES exceeded that of infant mortality rate of births to fathers with a lifetime high SES: 13/1,000 vs 5/1,000, respectively; RR = 2.71 (1.94, 3.77). The adjusted (controlling for mother’s age, education, marital status, and race/ethnicity) OR of SGA for fathers with childhood, parenthood, and lifetime low (vs high) SES were 1.15 (1.01, 1.31), 1.13 (1.02, 1.26), and 1.19 (1.05, 1.34), respectively. The adjusted OR of infant mor­tality for births to fathers with childhood, parenthood, and lifetime low (vs high) SES were 1.14 (.78, 1.67), 1.40 (.90, 2.18), and 1.31 (.90, 1.92), respectively.Conclusions: Low paternal socioeconomic status is a previously unrecognized determi­nant of SGA birth regardless of mother’s de­mographic status.Ethn Dis. 2019;29(1):9-16; doi:10.18865/ed.29.1.9
Implementasi Algoritma Reversed Vigenere Encryption pada Pengamanan Citra
Authors: Santoso Ahmad Rico , Riski Abduh , Kamsyakawuni Ahmad
Published: January 2019

Pengamanan data atau informasi penting dilakukan untuk mencegah bocornya suatu pesan atau informasi kepada orang yang tidak berhak menerima. Pengamanan suatu data dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan suatu teknik penyandian yang dinamakan dengan kriptografi. Pada penelitian ini, data yang digunakan adalah pesan/informasi berupa citra RGB sebanyak 10 buah citra. Pesan atau informasi pada penelitian disandikan menggunakan algoritma Reversed Vigenere Encryption. Tujuan dari penyandian citra RGB ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana langkah-langkah enkripsi dan dekripsi serta hasil keamanan dari penyandian citra terhadap serangan-serangan kriptoanalisis. Adapun metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil enkripsi adalah anilisis histogram dan analisis diferensial. Hasil dari proses enkripsi dan dekripsi citra dapat dilakukan dengan baik namun masih menghasilkan cipherimage yang membentuk sebagian pola dari citra asli sehingga mudah ditebak oleh seseorang. Pada analisis histogram nilai-nilai pixels dari cipherimage belum menyebar secara merata sehingga hasil dari enkripsi citra masih memiliki ketahanan yang lemah terhadap serangan-serangan kriptoanalisis tipe statistik. Pada analisis diferensial, nilai NPCR menghasilkan nilai 100% yang berarti setiap pixels pada citra asli berubah bentuk secara total. Kata Kunci: Kriptografi, Citra RGB, Reversed Vigenere Encryption.
Implementasi Metode Backpropagation Neural Network (BNN) dalam Sistem Klasifikasi Ketepatan Waktu Kelulusan Mahasiswa (Studi Kasus: Program Studi Sistem Informasi Universitas Jember)
Authors: Hizham Fadhel Akhmad , Nurdiansyah Yanuar , Firmansyah Diksy Media
Published: January 2019

Program Studi Sistem Informasi adalah salah satu program studi di Universitas Jember yang berdiri sejak tahun 2009. Sampai saat ini sudah cukup banyak mahasiswa yang telah menyandang gelar sarjana, khususnya angkatan 2009-2013 , namun tidak banyak yang berhasil menyelesaikan studinya tepat waktu sehingga berdampak pada penilaian akreditasi dari program studi tersebut. Mahasiswa memiliki beban pembelajaran sekurang-kurangnya 144 SKS dengan masa studi selama 4- 5 tahun untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, terdapat berbagai cara untuk mengklasifikasi ketepatan waktu kelulusan mahasiswa, salah satunya dengan metode jaringan syaraf tiruan Backpropagation. Data yang digunakan yaitu data lulusan mahasiswa Program Studi Sistem Informasi Universitas Jember angkatan tahun 2011-2013. Atribut yang digunakan untuk klasifikasi berjumlah 9 atribut, yaitu nilai Indeks Prestasi (IP) semester 1 sampai 6, jumlah SKS yang ditempuh, semester saat terakhir kali memprogram matakuliah Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) dan Praktik Kerja Lapang (PKL). Kelas yang digunakan untuk klasifikasi yaitu ketepatan waktu lulus mahasiswa tersebut. Penentuan ketepatan waktunya yaitu jika masa studi kurang dari sama dengan 60 bulan, maka mahasiswa tersebut lulus tepat waktu dan jika lebih dari 60 bulan maka tidak tepat waktu. Penerapan metode klasifikasi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan learning rate 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, dan 0.9 dengan batas iterasi masing-masing 1.000, 2.000, dan 3.000 iterasi. Nilai akurasi tertinggi yaitu sebesar 98,82% pada iterasi ke-2000 dan 3000, masing-masing dengan learning rate = 0,7 dan 0,9 untuk iterasi ke-2000 dan learning rate = 0,5, 0,7 dan 0,9 untuk iterasi ke-3000. Hasil tersebut didapat dari jumlah data benar sebanyak 167 data dari 169 data secara keseluruhan. Kata Kunci: Data Mining, Klasifikasi, Jaringan Syaraf Tiruan, Metode Backpropagation Neural Network.
Perilaku Bermain Anak Sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) di Blok Merak, Kawasan Resort Labuhan Merak Taman Nasional Baluran
Authors: Sohih Ahmad Mauludin , Wiyono Hidayat Teguh , Mahriani M.
Published: January 2019

Perilaku bermain merupakan perilaku yang dilakukan hewan dengan tujuan untuk adaptasi, yaitu sebagai latihan dalam menghadapi predator, latihan dalam menyerang, bertarung, seperti melarikan diri atau menyerang lawannya. Perilaku bermain dapat menjadi indikator kesejahteraan hewan (animal welfare). Penelitian ini dilakukan di Blok Merak, kawasan Resort Labuhan Merak Taman Nasional Baluran. Penelitian ini menggunakan lima anak sapi peranakan ongole (PO). Prosedur penelitian ini yaitu; penentuan sampel anak sapi, pelabelan sampel anak sapi, pengamatan perilaku, dan pengukuran kondisi lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengamatan perilaku adalah Focal Animal Sampling. Parameter yang diukur yaitu frekuensi dan durasi perilaku bermain anak sapi PO yang meliputi jumping, bucking, running, mock fighting/butting calf, dan mounting. Data hasil pengamatan perilaku bermain anak sapi PO dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa frekuensi dan durasi perilaku bermain yang meliputi jumping dan bucking tiga kali tiga detik, running 27 kali 71 detik, mock fighting/butting calf 45 kali 434 detik, dan mounting yaitu 88 kali 224 detik. Frekuensi dan durasi masing-masing anak sapi PO yaitu anak sapi A 44 kali 215 detik, anak sapi B 24 kali 115 detik, anak sapi C 42 kali 202 detik, anak sapi D 30 kali 83 detik dan anak sapi E 22 kali 120 detik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah ditemukan lima perilaku bermain yang diamati pada anak sapi peranakan ongole (PO) di Blok Merak, kawasan Resort Labuhan Merak yang digembalakan secara liar di savana Taman Nasional Baluran. Kata Kunci: Perilaku Bermain, Anak sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO), dan Taman Nasional Baluran.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING AND PROBLEM- BASED LEARNING MODELS TOWARDS GEOGRAPHY LEARNING OUTCOMES IN TERMS OF STUDENTS’ LOCUS OF CONTROL
Authors: Sari Nur Hafidah Yuniar , Masruri Muhsinatun Siasah
Published: January 2019

Nowadays, Indonesian’s education seems to have an improvement in its quality. The government is establishing the 2013 curriculum. However, its implementation has not been well-implemented. In regard to this problem, it is necessary to apply scientific learning models: PjBL and PBL models. With these models and according to the students’ locus of control, it is expected that it will improve students’ learning outcomes. This study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of PjBL and PBL  models towards learning outcomes in terms of the students’ Locus of Control. The method used in this study was experiment, with 2x2 factorial design. The population was XI IPS students of  SMAN 1 Ngaglik. The samples were 32 experimental students of PBL model and 28 experimental students of PjBL model. The data were collected using questionnaires and tests. The data were analyzed using Two Ways ANOVA. The result of the analysis shows that there is an influence between the models and students’ locus of control towards the learning outcomes. The value of Fcal5.488>Fstd4.00 and the value of the probability is 0.023 < 0.05.
Kamu Tarımsal Araştırma Kuruluşlarında İnovasyon Süreci ve Kültürü: Ege Bölgesi Örneği
Authors: BOYACI Murat
Published: January 2019

Amaç: Türkiye’de Ege Bölgesindeki kamu tarımsal araştırma kuruluşlarındaki inovasyon sürecinin, kurumsal ve bireysel inovatif özelliklerin ortaya konulması ve sürecin iyileştirilmesine yönelik önerilerin geliştirilmesi hedeflenmiştir.Materyal ve Yöntem: Veriler karşılıklı görüşmelerle doldurulan anketlerle elde edilmiştir. Tamsayım planlanan anket çalışmasına araştırmacıların %60.8’i (303 kişi) katılmıştır. Veriler parametrik ve parametrik olmayan testlerle yorumlanmıştır. Çalışmada çok boyutlu ölçekleme (MDS) tekniği kullanılarak, kuruluşların birbirlerine ve inovatif kültür açısından ideal düzeye yakınlıkları görselleştirilmiştir.Bulgular: İki araştırmacıdan biri doktora yaparak, alanında uzmanlaşmıştır. Mesainin %44’ü araştırma çalışmalarına ayrılmaktadır. Araştırmalarda verim artışı ve kalite iyileştirme gibi geleneksel hedefler önceliklidir. Finansman ağırlıklı olarak Bakanlık kaynaklarından sağlanmaktadır. Fikrin tarlada uygulamaya dönüşümü (inovasyon süreci) için harcanan süre 11.5 yıldır. Bulguların %28 kadarı çiftçiler tarafından benimsenmektedir.Sonuç: Kuruluşlarda inovasyon sürecini geliştirmek için dinamik yapı, kaynak yeterliliği, güven ortamı, hedeflerin netliği; hızlı işleyiş, kurum içi iletişim ve işbirlikleri sağlanmalıdır
Uji Disolusi Terbanding Tablet Ofloxacin Berlogo dan Generik Bermerek Terhadap Inovator Dalam Media Dapar HCl pH 4,5
Authors: Wijaya Winsa Wira , Ratnapuri Prima Happy , Fitriana Mia
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Uji disolusi terbanding merupakan pengujian yang dapat digunakan untuk memastikan ekivalensi dan sifat-sifat produk obat. Uji disolusi terbanding dilakukan dalam media disolusi dengan pH yang disesuaikan dengan kondisi in vivo yaitu pada pH 1,2; 4,5; dan 6,8. Obat generik dan generik bermerek yang wajib uji ekivalensi salah satunya yaitu ofloxacin. Ofloxacin merupakan suatu obat yang memiliki sifat kationik, anionik, dan zwitter ion. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan ekivalensi profil disolusi terbanding yang dianalisis dengan parameter f1, f2, dan DE70 antara ofloxacin generik berlogo dan generik bermerek terhadap inovator dalam media dapar asetat pH 4,5. Uji disolusi dilakukan sesuai USP 32-NF 27 yaitu menggunakan alat uji tipe 2 pada suhu 37 ± 0,50C dengan kecepatan putar 50 rpm. Analisis hasil yang digunakan untuk menentukan ekivalensi profil disolusi yaitu difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), dan dissolution efficiency (DE70). Hasil penelitian ini memberikan kesimpulan bahwa sampel yang memiliki ekivalensi profil disolusi terbanding yang dianalisis dengan parameter f1, f2, dan DE70 terhadap produk inovator dalam media dapar asetat pH 4,5 yaitu sampel A (generik bermerek) dan sampel B (generik berlogo).

Kata kunci : ofloxacin, disolusi terbanding, difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), dan dissolution efficiency (DE70).

ABSTRACT

Comparative dissolution is a test that can be used to ensure equivalence and properties of medicinal products. Comparative dissolution test has done in a dissolution medium with pH adjusted to in vivo conditions at pH 1,2; 4,5; and 6,8. One of generic and generic branded drug that need equivalence test is ofloxacin. Ofloxacin is a drug which are cationic, anionic, and zwitter ion. The aim of this study was to determine equivalence comporative of dissolution profiles, then analyzed with f1, f2, and DE70 parameters between generic and generic branded to innovators ofloxacin in media acetate buffer pH 4,5. Dissolution test was accordance to USP 32-NF 27 that used equipment test type 2 at temperature 37 ± 0,50 C with rotary speed 50 rpm. The analysis results were used to determine equivalence dissolution profile e.g. difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), and dissolution efficiency (DE70). The results this study showed that samples had equivalence comporative of dissolution profiles which were analyzed with f1, f2, and DE70 parameters to innovator product in media acetate buffer pH 4,5 was sample code A (generic branded) and sample code B (generic).

Keywords: ofloxacin, comparative dissolution, difference factor (f1), similarity factor (f2), and dissolution efficiency (DE70).
Pengaruh Variasi Bahan Penghancur terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia dan Disolusi Tablet Aminofilin sebagai Terapi Asma
Authors: Taufikurrahmi Taufikurrahmi , Kharimah Hani’atul , Fatmawati Hanida Destriana , Hidayatullah Syarif , Chabib Lutfi
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Pembuatan tablet Aminofilin menggunakan metode granulasi basah dikarenakan memiliki sifat alir dan kompaktibilitas yang kurang baik. Granulasi basah memerlukan bahan penghancur agar formula tablet sangat berlawanan dengan fungsi bahan pengikat. semakin kuat daya ikat bahan pengikat maka dipilih bahan penghancur dengan daya hancur yang semakin besar. Konsentrasi dari bahan penghancur akan mempengaruhi kecepatan disintegrasi. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari konsentrasi bahan penghancur yaitu primojel yang digunakan terhadap kualitas tablet aminophilin yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian akan dibuat sediaan tablet aminofilin dengan variasi bahan penghancur yaitu primojel. Dilakukan evaluasi granul seperti uji sifat alir serta evaluasi tablet seperti keseragaman bobot, ukuran, kandungan, kekerasan, kerapuhan, waktu hancur dan disolusi. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa formula tablet yang mengandung bahan penghancur pada formula I, formula II, Formula III menghasilkan tablet yang memenuhi persyaratan tablet yang baik.

Kata Kunci: Aminofilin, Granulasi Basah, Variasi Primojel

ABSTRAK

Aminophylline tablet manufacturing using wet granulation method due to having flow properties and compactibility unfavorable. Wet granulation requires a shredder material that tablet formula is in contrast with the function of the binder. The stronger the power tie then selected binder material crushers with crushed greater power. The concentration of disintegrant will affect the speed of disintegration. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the concentration of primojel crushers are used to the quality of the resulting tablet aminophylline. The research will be made with a variety of aminophylline tablet dosage shredder material that is primojel. Test to evaluate the granules as flow properties and evaluation of tablets such as uniformity of weight, size, content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and dissolution. The results obtained from this study can be concluded that the formula tablets containing material crusher of formula I, Formula II, Formula III to produce a tablet that meets the requirements of a good tablet.

Keywords: Aminophylline, Wet Granulation, Variation Primojel
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Naga Merah Super (Hyclocereus costaricencis)
Authors: Niah Rakhmadhan , Baharsyah Riki Nirwan
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK

Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil tanaman buah naga, terutama daerah tropis. Kalimantan Selatan meruakan salah satu daerah yang menghasilkan buah naga, terutama buah naga super yang berwarna merah. Buah naga merah super (Hyclocereus Costaricencis) banyak diperdagangkan dalam bentuk cemilan, minuman jus dan pewarna. Tiga puluh lima persen bagian buah naga tersebut adalah kulit buah yang merupakan produk sampingan yang belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan seringkali hanya dibuang menjadi sampah. Kulit buah naga diduga memiliki kadar flavonoid yang besar seperti daging buah yang dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui % aktivitas antioksidan dan nilai IC50 yang terdapat pada ektrak kulit buah naga merah super. Penelitian ini menggunakan spektofotometri dengan reagen DPPH pada ektrak kental yang terbagi menjadi konsentrasi 1%, 0,5%, ,25%, 0,125%, dan 0,0625%. Pengukuran aktivitas antioksidan dinilai sampai diperoleh IC50 dengan memasukan nilai y (y=50) pada persamaan garis y = bx + a. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai % aktivitas paling besar terdapat pada konsentrasi 1 % yaitu sebesar 36,73 % dan nilai % aktivitas paling rendah adalah pada konsentrasi 0,0625% yaitu sebesar 10,48%. Nilai IC50 yang didapat sebesar 1,583 % atau 15.830 ppm dengan katagori aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat lemah.

Kata Kunci : Kulit Buah Naga Merah Super, Antioksidan, DPPH

ABSTRACT

Indonesia was the country plants producing fruit, especially the tropics. South Kalimantan is one of the areas that produce the fruit, especially the super Dragon fruit red. Super Dragon fruit Red (Hyclocereus Costaricencis) lots traded in the form of snacks, drink juice and coloring. Thirty-five percent of the parts of the Dragon fruit is fruit leather is a byproduct of untapped optimally and often simply dumped into the garbage. The peel of the fruit is suspected of having large levels of flavonoids such as fruit that can be used as an antioxidant. This research aims to know the percent of antioxidant activity and IC50 values contained on the super Red Dragon fruit extract peel leather. This research use reagents with the DPPH spektofotometri on ekstract which is divided into a thick concentration of 1%, 0.5%, .2,5 %, 0.125% and 0.0625%. Measurement of antioxidant activity assessed until retrieved with IC50 value is input y (y = 50) in the equation of the line y = b x + a. The results showed that the value of % activity concentration is present on most 1% i.e. of 36.73% and % the lowest activity was at a concentration of 0.0625% i.e. of 10.48%. IC50 values obtained amounted to 1.583% or 15,830 ppm with the requirement of the antioxidant activity is very weak.

Keyword : Super dragon fruit red peel, Antioxidant, DPPH
Uji Aktivitas Fraksi Petroleum Eter Daun Beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.) Sebagai Larvasida terhadap Nyamuk Aedes aegypti
Authors: Sholeha Desyana Nufus , Muhamat Muhamat , Anwar Khoerul
Published: January 2019

ABSTRAK
Pemberantasan nyamuk Aedes aegypti merupakan solusi dalam mencegah penyakit
demam berdarah (DBD). Penggunaan insektisida sintetik berdampak negatif terhadap
lingkungan hidup. Masyarakat Marabahan Kabupaten Barito Kuala Provinsi Kalimantan
Selatan memanfaatkan beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.) sebagai insektisida alami. Tujuan
penelitian ini menjelaskan golongan senyawa yang ada pada fraksi petroleum eter daun
beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.), menghitung LC 50 dan LC (Lethal Concentration) serta
membuktikan aktivitas larvasida pada fraksi petroleum eter daun beluntas (Pluchea indica
(L.)Less.) terhadap larva nyamuk Aedes aegypti. Proses fraksinasi dengan pelarut petroleum
eter melarutkan senyawa-senyawa yang bersifat kurang polar pada selubung sel dan dinding
sel pada daun beluntas. Saponin dan tanin terdekteksi pada pengujian kualitatif kimia daun
beluntas. Uji aktivitas larvasida dengan deretan konsentrasi 1500, 2000, dan 2500 ppm
menggunakan larva Aedes aegypti instar III. LC50 fraksi petroleum eter daun beluntas
sebesar 1907,83 ppm dan LC90 sebesar 2377,57 ppm. Fraksi petroleum eter daun beluntas
(Pluchea indica (L.) Less.) hanya dapat membunuh larva Aedes aegypti pada konsentrasi
besar yang berarti tidak memiliki daya toksisitas sebagai larvasida.
Kata kunci : Beluntas, Pluchea indica (L.) Less., petroleum eter, larvasida
ABSTRACT
Eradication of the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti is one of the solution to prevent dengue
fever (DHF). The synthetic insecticides had a negative impact in the environment. Citizen of
South Borneo, Barito Kuala, Marabahan applied beluntas (Pluchea indica (L.) Less.) as a
bioinsecticide. The aim of the research had to know the compounds in beluntas leaves
petroleum ether fraction, calculate the LC50 and LC90 and authenticate the larvicidal
activity of beluntas leaves petroleum ether fraction. The process of fractionation by
petroleum ether dissolved the less polar compounds in the sheath cells and cell walls in
leaves ofbeluntas. Saponins and tannins had detected in leaves at qualitative assay
compounds. Larvicidal activity assay at III instar larvae of Aedes aegypti had gave the
varians concentration 1500, 2000, and 2500 ppm. Beluntas leavespetroleum ether fraction had LC50 1907,83 ppm and LC90 2377,57 ppm. Petroleum ether fraction of leaves beluntas
(Pluchea indica (L.) Less.) againts the larvae of Aedes aegypti in a large concentration
means no toxicity as larvicide.
Keyword : Beluntas, Pluchea indica (L.) Less., petroleum ether, larvicidal
Kajian Farmakoekonomi Penggunaan Obat Antihipertensi pada Pasien Hipertensi yang Dirawat di RSUD Kota Tasikmalaya
Authors: Alifiar Ilham , Idacahyati Keni
Published: January 2019

Penyakit hipertensi merupakan penyakit menahun yang membutuhkan pengobatan jangka panjang, seringkali seumur hidup. Banyak pasien kemudian mengeluhkan mengenai biaya yang harus dikeluarkan untuk pembelian dan pengobatan penyakit ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengobatan yang paling cost minimal pada pasien hipertensi yang dirawat di RSUD dr. Soekardjo Kota Tasikmalaya. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian obsevasional dengan desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dan pengambilan data dilakukan secara prospektif. Data dikumpulkan pada periode bulan April sampai dengan September, Data yang dihimpun kemudian dianalisa secara farmakoekonomi. Total jumlah pasien yang bersedia untuk mengikuti penelitian ini sebanyak 100 orang pasien, namun yang termasuk dalam criteria inklusi sebanyak 32 pasien. Hasil analisa cost effective analysis untuk obat golongan ACEI sebesar 1,320.397.5, untuk golongan CCB 435,230.5, untuk golongan ARB 1,113.380.5, dan untuk golongan B-Bloker sebesar 556,411.5. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa golongan obat Calcium Channel Blocker merupakan obat yang paling cost minimal terhadap golongan obat hipertensi yang lain.
Kata kunci : Farmakoekonomi, Cost Minimalize Analysis, Obat Antihipertensi
Binafuxi Granules in the treatment of common cold with heat syndrome based on traditional Uighur medicine: study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Min Jie , She Bin , Zhang Xin , Mao Bing , Chen Yan
Published: January 2019

Background: Common cold is a highly prevalent illness with significant impact on society and health care. Common cold with heat syndrome (CCHS) is one of most common type based on traditional Uighur medicine (TUM) syndrome differentiation, which is widely used in Central Asia. The study is designed to explore the efficacy, safety and optimal therapeutic dosage of Binafuxi Granules in treating CCHS.
Methods: This is a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. 240 participants will be enrolled from 5 centers across China and randomly assigned to the high-dose group, low-dose group or placebo control group in a 1:1:1 ratio. All eligible patients will receive test drugs twice daily for 3 days. The primary outcome is the time to fever relief. Secondary outcomes include the time to fever clearance, duration of primary symptoms and each symptom, change in TUM symptom score.
Discussion: This is the first placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial for a Uighur medicine in treating common cold. It will provide robust evidence on the efficacy and safety of Binafuxi Granules in the treatment of CCHS.
Trial registration: The registration number is ChiCTR-IIR-17013379, which was assigned by the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 14 November 2017.
One-year Versus Five-year Hospital Readmission after Ischemic Stroke and TIA
Authors: Bjerkreim Anna Therese , Naess Halvor , Khanevski Andrej Netland , Thomassen Lars , Waje-Andreassen Ulrike , Logallo Nicola
Published: January 2019

Background: The burden of hospital readmission after stroke is substantial, but little knowledge exists on factors associated with long-term readmission after stroke. In a cohort comprising patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA), we examined and compared factors associated with readmission within 1 year and first readmission during year 2-5.
Methods: Patients with ischemic stroke or TIA who were discharged alive between July 2007 and October 2012, were followed for five years by review of medical charts. Timing and cause of the first unplanned readmission were registered. Cox regression was used to identify independent risk factors for readmission within 1 year and first readmission during year 2-5 after discharge.
Results: The cohort included 1453 patients, of whom 568 (39.1%) were readmitted within 1 year. Of the 830 patients that were alive and without readmission 1 year after discharge, 439 (52.9%) were readmitted within 5 years. Patients readmitted within 1 year were older, had more severe strokes, poorer functional outcome, and a higher occurrence of complications during index admission than patients readmitted during years 2-5. Cardiovascular comorbidity did not differ between the two groups of readmitted patients. Higher age, poorer functional outcome, coronary artery disease and hypertension were independently associated with first readmission within both 1 year and during year 2-5. Peripheral artery disease was independently associated with readmission within 1 year, and atrial fibrillation was associated with first readmission during year 2-5.
Conclusions: More than half of all patients who survived the first year after stroke without any readmissions were readmitted within 5 years. Patients readmitted within 1 year and between years 2-5 shared many risk factors for readmission, but they differed in age, functional outcome and occurrence of complications during the index admission.
A Theoretical‐Empirical Model to Predict the Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Sand
Authors: Huang Zhe , Xu Haijue , Bai Yuchuan , Yang Shuqing
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

The existing theoretical model of the Hagen–Poiseuille law was modified to estimate the hydraulic conductivity based on the flow resistance of a sphere.

In the model, the capillary diameter calculated from the porosity and the soil particle size is recommended for the average pore diameter.

The predictive results were analyzed with soil parameters and other factors.

The hydraulic conductivity of soil is an important parameter that is required for seepage calculations. Currently, many methods are available to predict this parameter, but the accuracy of the theoretical method is not adequate. In this paper, the existing theoretical model of the Hagen–Poiseuille law was modified based on the flow resistance of a sphere to estimate hydraulic conductivity. In the model, the capillary diameter calculated from the soil porosity and gradation is recommended for use as the average pore diameter. In a comparison with the experimental results, the modified formula showed a higher level of accuracy than the traditional model and other empirical methods. The model considers the grain size distribution, which is determined to be more reasonable than other models. We also show that the model may be invalid for nonuniform soil and that the results are very sensitive to changes in particle size and porosity. The model can be used to predict the hydraulic conductivity at any temperature and may give results that are different from experimental data because of the experimental boundary and the effect of the experimental process. The container's boundary, unsaturated soil, and the internal instability of the soil during the test may all lead to differences between experimental results and the predicted values.
Manure Application Decisions Impact Nitrous Oxide and Carbon Dioxide Emissions during Non‐Growing Season Thaws
Authors: Adair E. Carol , Barbieri Lindsay , Schiavone Kevin , Darby Heather M.
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Manure injection increased N2O emissions vs. broadcast and broadcast + plow application.

Winter thaws increased N2O and CO2 emissions, particularly in soils injected with manure.

The impacts of manure application decisions may extend beyond the growing season to influence N2O and CO2 fluxes during winter thaw events.

Climate and agricultural management are strong drivers of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, but little is known about potential interactions among these drivers. Climate change will likely increase the frequency of wintertime thaws in northern agricultural systems, which have been shown to induce large pulses of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O). We tested the hypothesis that different manure application practices would interact with thaw events to produce GHG emission pulses of different sizes. Specifically, we expected manure injection would increase CO2 and N2O emissions relative to other manure application methods by enhancing subsurface microbial substrate availability. We conducted a laboratory incubation study with frozen, intact soil cores from a continuous corn (Zea mays L.) system under three manure application methods: broadcast, broadcast + plow, and injection. Cores were subjected to three temperature treatments over 8 d: frozen (−7°C), freeze–thaw (alternating −7 and 5°C), and thaw (5°C). In the freeze–thaw and thaw treatments, cumulative N2O emissions were 2 to 20 times greater in injected versus broadcast treatments (6.5 mg N2O‐N m–2 averaged across broadcast treatments); cumulative CO2 emissions were up to two times higher in injected versus broadcast treatments (1017 mg CO2–C m–2 averaged across broadcast treatments). Our results suggest that the impacts of manure application choices extend beyond the growing season to increase N2O and CO2 emissions during wintertime thaws, potentially interacting with a warming climate to increase GHG emissions.
Soybean Yield Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in an Oxisol under Long‐Term No‐Till Management
Authors: Antonangelo Joao Arthur , Firmano Ruan Francisco , Alleoni Luís Reynaldo Ferracciú , Oliveira Adilson , Zhang Hailin
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

Plant available P extraction methods are compared

The P accumulation in a long‐term NT system depends on P application rates

Soil test is a good guide for fertilization to achieve optimum yields and minimum P buildup in the soil

P content in soybean leaf samples is an indicator of soybean yield

Phosphorus (P) fertilizer recommendations for crops must be improved to optimize crop yields and minimize the environmental impact of P. We evaluated the effects of continuous annual fertilization (double crops) on soil‐P availability by Mehlich‐1 (PM‐1) and resin (Presin), plant uptake, P responsive concentrations in the soil and soybean trifolioliate leaflets and the yields of two soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars (BRS1010 and BRS1003) grown in a Brazilian Oxisol under 20 yr of no‐till (NT) management. Four treatments representing a combination of annual P rates (0, 20, 40, and 50 kg P ha–1) with a fixed K rate (40 kg ha–1) were evaluated. Resin‐extractable P was highly correlated with PM‐1 (0.86, p < 0.05) but Presin was nearly 2.5 times as much as PM‐1. The soil extractable P was linearly correlated with P contents in trifoliolate leaflets with r of 0.72 and 0.66 (both at p < 0.05) for PM‐1 and Presin, respectively. Maximum responsive concentrations of soil PM‐1 and Presin for the year studied were in the range of 13 ± 2.2 to 20 ± 5.7 and 30 ± 5 to 59 ± 19.2 mg P dm–3, respectively. Soybean yields increased 29% as the rates of annual‐P rate increased from 0 to 20 kg ha–1 and additional P application did not further improve yields. The trifoliolate leaflet P concentrations of both cultivars were correlated (r = 0.66, p < 0.05) with soybean yields. The maximum responsive concentration of P in the soybean trifoliolate was 2.8 ± 1.9 to 5.4 ± 2.8 g kg–1 at R2 stage. Our results confirm that soil test for plant available P and plant tissue test are important to guide P fertilizer recommendations.
Effects of Fertilization and Competition Control on Tree Growth and C, N, and P Dynamics in a Loblolly Pine Plantation in North Central Florida
Authors: Tumushime Ignacie , Vogel Jason G. , Minor Marco N. , Jokela Eric J.
Published: January 2019

Core Ideas

The application of herbicide was critical for loblolly pine biomass to experience a growth increase with or without fertilizer early in the rotation but this effect decreased with time.

The relatively muted response of tree productivity to fertilization was likely attributed to the site's high background soil fertility and overall quality.

Future rotations may be affected by the retention or loss of soil nutrients as affected by silviculture.

Silvicultural treatment (fertilization and competition control) effects on ecosystem C, N, and P accumulation were assessed in a 25‐yr‐old loblolly pine plantation for N and P (diammonium phosphate [FDAP] and triple superphosphate [FTSP]) fertilizers, competition control (W), and combined treatments (FDAPW or FTSPW). End of rotation pine biomass C was estimated, and forest floor (Oi, Oe+Oa), and soils (0–10, 10–20, 20–50 and 50–100 cm) were analyzed for C, N and P content. The combined F and W treatment increased early growth, but only tree biomass C approached significant increases for FDAPW and FTSPW at rotation end. The combined F and W treatments significantly increased stem N content, and bark and foliage P content, but fertilization alone did not significantly increase nutrient content in pine tissues. Fertilization alone increased N and P content in the Oe+Oa horizon and some soil depths, while W alone decreased P in the Oe+Oa horizon. Extractable soil PO43− increased with F alone, but often decreased when F was combined with W. Results suggest that early increased growth effects from silviculture may not result in increased ecosystem C at the end of rotation, and that competition control may be required for fertilizer to affect N and P accumulation in pine. These results suggest that variation in background fertility and understory competition could modify silviculture's potential effects on fertilizer use efficiency and C sequestration in managed pine forests.
Experimental analysis on noise characteristics of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Yu Shenbo , Zhong Shuangshuang
Published: January 2019

Starting with the analysis on sound pressure level (SPL) spectrum of surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motors (SMPMSMs), the reasons for producing main peaks are investigated. According to different causes, different methods for reducing noise are proposed. Firstly, the SPL spectrum of SMPMSMs is obtained by experiment under the conditions of 2000 rpm rated speed, full load and 4 kHz switching frequency. Meanwhile, the frequencies corresponding to main peaks are found out. Secondly, the reasons for generating peaks in the SPL spectrum are researched from three aspects, namely, force sources, natural frequencies, coefficient of relative sound intensity. Then, on the basis of different causes for generating noise, different measures for decreasing noise are presented, namely, single cutting of two end rabbets of motor case in single clamping, waveform reconstruction of radial electromagnetic force density, enhancing of switching frequency, changing of natural frequency and decreasing of the length-diameter ratio of stator. Furthermore, the effectiveness for these methods is studied. Finally, a comprehensive method is proposed to decrease noise. The noise value of SMPMSMs is reduced by 4.7 dB(A) at the rated speed of 2000 rpm, full load and switching frequency of 4 kHz. In addition, the sharpness and loudness are respectively decreased by 0.522 acum and 6.97 sone at no load. The study provides references for the design of SMPMSMs with low noise.
Simultaneous photocatalytic reduction/degradation of divalent nickel/naphthalene pollutants in aqueous solutions
Authors: Saien Javad , Azizi Amir , Ghamari Fatemeh
Published: January 2019

Toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants simultaneously exist in the wastewater of some industries. This study explores reduction of toxic divalent nickel ions, from either nitrate or sulfate salts, coupled with naphthalene (NA) degradation using titania photocatalyst in an efficient photo-sono reactor. A synergism appears when reduction and degradation treatments occur simultaneously in the media. With initial concentrations of [Ni(II)]0 = 5 mg/L and [NA]0 = 10 mg/L, under dominant mild conditions, removal efficiencies of 54.5% and 56.6% were obtained for Ni(II) and NA, respectively, when nickel nitrate was used. These efficiencies were enhanced to 59.2% and 57.5%, respectively, with nickel sulfate, all after 90 min operation. For evaluating the mechanism of reactions, reactive oxygen species analysis on solutions as well as Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analyses on the titania nanoparticles, before and after usage, was performed. The reaction kinetics was also followed for individual species in the mixed solution and, accordingly, the energy consumption was evaluated for one order of magnitude decrease in pollutant concentration. The high performance of the used method was revealed in comparison to the similar reported reduction/degradation processes.
TiO2 coated on PVDF membrane for dye wastewater treatment by a photocatalytic membrane
Authors: Penboon L. , Khrueakham A. , Sairiam S.
Published: January 2019

This work investigated the membrane modification to increase hydrophilicity aiming for application in a photocatalytic membrane. The modified poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) flat sheet membrane was coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2). The chemical and physical changes of membranes were characterized by contact angle, scanning electron microscopy and porosity. The results found that TiO2 successfully modified the PVDF membrane by decreasing the contact angle from 127.1° to 114.3° on increasing the TiO2 concentration from 0.1 to 1.0 g/L. The contact angles were decreased with the increase of coating time. The water permeation after PVDF membrane modification decreased compared with the original membrane, whereas water fluxes increased with the increase of TiO2 concentration. TiO2 particles were observed on the membrane surface while the porosity of the membrane coated with TiO2 decreased. The optimum condition of membrane coating was obtained at 1.0 g/L of TiO2 and 60 min of coating time. The decolorization of RB 19 by photolysis and photolysis followed by filtration was less than 10%; in contrast, the decolorization of RB 19 by photocatalytic oxidation was as good as a photocatalytic membrane for 60 min. The TiO2 photocatalytic membrane is a feasible technology for RB 19 decolorization in wastewater.
Reinterpreting Evidence of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease to Understand Etiology
Authors: Wu Emily K. , Ambrosini Robert D. , Kottmann R. Matthew , Ritchlin Christopher T. , Schwarz Edward M. , Rahimi Homaira
Published: January 2019

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is a well-known complication of rheumatoid arthritis
(RA) which often results in significant morbidity and mortality. It is often diagnosed late in the disease
process via descriptive criteria. Multiple subtypes of RA-ILD exist as defined by chest CT and
histopathology. In the absence of formal natural history studies and definitive diagnostics, a conventional
dogma has emerged that there are two major subtypes of RA-ILD (nonspecific interstitial
pneumonia (NSIP) and Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP)). These subtypes are based on clinical
experience and correlation studies. However, recent animal model data are incongruous with established
paradigms of RA-ILD and beg reassessment of the clinical evidence in order to better understand
etiology, pathogenesis, prognosis, and response to therapy. To this end, here we: 1) review
the literature on epidemiology, radiology, histopathology and clinical outcomes of the various RAILD
subtypes, existing animal models, and current theories on RA-ILD pathogenesis; 2) highlight
the major gaps in our knowledge; and 3) propose future research to test an emerging theory of RAILD
that posits initial rheumatic lung inflammation in the form of NSIP-like pathology transforms
mesenchymal cells to derive chimeric disease, and subsequently develops into frank UIP-like fibrosis
in some RA patients. Elucidation of the pathogenesis of RA-ILD is critical for the development
of effective interventions for RA-ILD.
Comparison of Changes in Dental Arch Dimensions in Cases Treated with Conventional Appliances and Self-Ligating Damon System
Authors: Lima Naiara Carolina Jacob , Campos Freitas Falcão Izabel Cristina de Mendonça , de Freitas Karina Maria Salvatore , Vaz de Lima Darwin , Valarelli Fabrício Pinelli , Cançado Rodrigo Hermont , Gobbi de Oliveira Renata Cristina , Gobbi de Oliveira Ricardo Cesar
Published: January 2019

Proposition:

The objective of this study was to compare changes in maxillary and mandibular dental arch dimensions in cases treated nonextraction with conventional appliances and self-ligating Damon System.

Materials and Methods:

initial (T1) and final (T2) dental casts of 45 patients with Class I malocclusion treated nonextraction, with slight to moderate crowding, divided into two groups. Group 1: 21 patients treated with self-ligating Damon appliances, at a mean initial age of 18.37 years and mean treatment time of 2.11 years. Group 2: 24 patients treated with conventional appliances, at a mean initial age of 19.50 years and mean treatment time of 1.99 years. The model analysis was performed; Little irregularity index was used to evaluate crowding and arch form was evaluated by measurements in maxillary and mandibular arches including intercanine, interpremolar (first and second premolars) and intermolar distances and arch length. The intragroup comparison was performed with dependent t or Wilcoxon tests and intergroup comparison, with independent t or Mann Whitney tests.

Results:

In intergroup comparison of treatment changes (T2-T1) the Damon group presented an increase in maxillary transversal dimensions significantly greater than the conventional group. The change in maxillary arch length did not show difference between the groups. Regarding the mandibular arch, the Damon group presented a significantly greater increase in intercanine and inter first premolars than the conventional group. In The mandibular arch length, the greater and significant increase was observed in the groups of patients treated with conventional appliances.

Conclusions:

The treatment with the Damon appliances resulted in a significantly greater increase of maxillary arch dimensions when compared to conventional appliances. Mandibular intercanine and interpremolar distances also presented greater increase in Damon than conventional appliances. The increase in mandibular arch length was greater in conventional than in Damon group.