bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stand-up !
Authors: Quemener Nelly
Published: August 2013

Cet article analyse l’avènement d’un humour issu des minorités « ethnoraciales » en France, notamment par le biais de programmes courts diffusés à la télévision. Divisé en deux mouvements, celui des années 1990 marqué par un humour d’autodérision et celui des années 2000 marqué par le genre stand-up, cet humour use de ressorts humoristiques relativement homogènes : basé sur le récit de soi, il prend pour matière du rire les stéréotypes et en signale les mécanismes réducteurs. Mais il montre une évolution thématique. S’il s’attache d’abord à revisiter la figure du garçon de banlieue à partir d’une position en marge des cadres dominants, il se tourne à partir de 2006, avec l’émergence de la vague d’humour stand-up, vers la mise en scène d’identités multiples portées par un collectif d’humoristes, construisant l’image d’une diversité réflexive.
Chasse au dahu et vigilance épistémique
Authors: Umbres Radu
Published: August 2013

La « chasse au dahu » ou « mission absurde » est un canular, qu’on retrouve dans différentes sociétés et cadres institutionnels, qui consiste à pousser les « victimes » à accomplir des actions manifestement stupides. J’examine plusieurs exemples observés sur mon terrain en Roumanie ou trouvés dans des relations écrites. Dans cet article, je soutiens que ces variations partagent toutes un mode de duperie élaboré pouvant s’expliquer par le croisement entre un mécanisme cognitif actif dans la communication humaine, décrit par Dan Sperber et ses collègues, et une structure spécifique de compétence et d’autorité liée aux rôles sociaux. Le succès des missions absurdes provient d’une propension particulière de la cognition humaine à former des représentations mentales en l’absence d’une compréhension totale des énoncés, du moment que le locuteur semble compétent et digne de confiance. Le canular exploite le relâchement de la vigilance épistémique envers le contenu absurde des demandes sous l’influence d’une confiance épistémique, déplacée mais non déraisonnable, dans la source de l’information. Bien que le contenu de la farce soit modulé par l’autorité qui l’organise, une importante asymétrie des compétences est le seul trait nécessaire commun à tous les cadres sociaux où se déroulent ces missions absurdes.
De quoi rient les Indiens ?
Authors: Clastres Pierre
Published: August 2013

Dans cet article, Pierre Clastres cherche à comprendre les ressorts de l’hilarité déclenchée, chez les Indiens Chulupi (Nivaclé) du Paraguay, par la narration de deux mythes, l’un concernant la quête loufoque et paillarde d’un groupe de chamanes, l’autre les mésaventures d’un jaguar crédule. L’euphorie causée par ces récits tiendrait à leur art de tourner en dérision des figures de pouvoir ordinairement craintes par les Indiens, en même temps qu’ils parodient des traditions mythiques à caractère sacré. Au-delà des protagonistes mis en scène dans ces histoires burlesques, c’est la figure même du pouvoir et la peur d’y adhérer qui sont visés et neutralisés par le rire cathartique suscité par les deux mythes.
Pierre Clastres et la dérision du pouvoir chez les Indiens : un commentaire
Authors: Taylor Anne-Christine
Published: August 2013

Ce commentaire d’un article de Pierre Clastres initialement paru en 1967 vise d’abord à le situer dans le contexte de son époque, puis à expliciter l’interprétation proposée par l’ethnologue du rire que déclenche, chez les Indiens Chulupi du Chaco, la narration de deux mythes. Ces récits tournent en dérision des figures – celles du chamane et du jaguar – qui ordinairement suscitent des attitudes de peur et de respect en raison des pouvoirs dont elles sont créditées. L’hilarité provoquée par les mésaventures burlesques de ces personnages aurait une fonction cathartique – on rit pour exorciser la menace du Pouvoir –, mais tiendrait également au fait que les deux mythes constituent des variantes parodiques d’un ensemble de mythes à caractère sacré, destinées à mettre en exergue celui-ci et à le rendre mémorable. L’article esquisse en conclusion un bref panorama des études ultérieures consacrées aux ressorts et aux effets du rire dans les cultures amérindiennes des basses terres d’Amérique du Sud.
Elles font des bébés toutes seules
Authors: Gomez Virginie Rozée
Published: August 2013

Qui sont ces femmes françaises qui décident de concevoir un enfant sans être en couple en ayant recours à un don de sperme à l’étranger (ce recours médical n’étant pas possible pour elles en France) ? Comment ces femmes construisent-elles ce projet ? Comment le justifient-elles ? Leur démarche relève-t-elle du féminisme ? Leurs histoires et leurs discours montrent qu’il s’agit plutôt d’un choix par défaut, lié à l’échec de la rencontre du conjoint et du futur père. On observe alors le poids et l’intériorisation de la norme sociale dominante de la parentalité et de la famille en France, norme qu’elles décident de transgresser, le plus important étant pour elles de devenir mères et de se conformer ainsi aux normes de genre. Si la démarche de ces femmes n’est donc pas politique en elle-même, le refus français d’ouvrir l’assistance médicale à la procréation pour les femmes seules est une décision qui relève quant à elle pleinement du champ politique.
Type I IFN Inhibits Innate IL-10 Production in Macrophages through Histone Deacetylase 11 by Downregulating MicroRNA-145
Authors: Lin Li , Hou Jin , Ma Feng , Wang Pin , Liu Xingguang , Li Nan , Wang Jianli , Wang Qingqing , Cao Xuetao
Published: August 2013

Innate immune responses must be tightly regulated to avoid overactivation and subsequent inflammatory damage to host tissue while eliminating invading pathogens. IL-10 is a crucial suppressor of inflammatory responses and its expression is under precise regulation involving complex regulatory networks and multiple feedback loops. MicroRNAs are now emerging as critical regulators in immune response. Our previous work showed that miR-143/145 cluster was markedly downregulated in macrophages upon vesicular stomatitis virus infection. However, the particular role of miR-143/145 cluster in the regulation of innate immune response remains unknown. In this study, we found that miR-143/145 cluster expression was also downregulated dramatically by TLR signals in macrophages, which was dependent on the subsequent type I IFN (IFN-I) production and downstream IFN-I receptor–JAK1–STAT1 signal cascade. Further studies demonstrated that miR-145, but not miR-143, promoted IL-10 expression in TLR4-triggered macrophages through directly targeting the epigenetic Il10 gene silencer histone deacetylase 11. Therefore, we demonstrate that miR-145, downregulated by IFN-I, targets histone deacetylase 11 to promote innate IL-10 expression in macrophages. Our findings suggest a new IFN-I–mediated negative feedback loop in the fine-tuning of innate IL-10 production that creates precise coordination of innate immune responses.
Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: report 3
Authors:   Geological Survey of Canada
Published: August 2013

Chemical and mass spectrometry procedures for Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotopie analyses at the Geologi­cal Survey of Canada's geochronology laboratory are described. The chemistry is performed in a clean air environment and reagents are either redistilled or purchased as
ultrapure products. Chemical proce­dures consist of weighing and total spiking of samples with 87Rb-84Sr or 149Sm-148Nd tracer solution; HF and HN01 dissolution, including high-pressure dissolution for Sm-Nd analyses; and two stages of ion exchange column chemistry. Mass spectrometry is carried out
on a Finnigan-MAT 261 mass spec­trometer equipped with a variable multicollector. Sr, Nd and Sm, are analyzed in static multicollector mode, whereas Rb is analyzed in single-peak jumping mode.
1999 Lake Winnipeg project: cruise report and scientific results
Authors: Simpson S L , Thorleifson L H , Lewis C F M , King J W
Published: August 2013

Following the 1997 Red River flood, a program of research was initiated to determine how large the floods can be, how often large floods have occurred in recent centuries, and whether natural factors may be changing the flood risk. As part of this program, 15
cores were collected from the south basin of Lake Winnipeg. Paleomagnetic profiles were used to select three apparently undisturbed, high-sedimentationrate cores for detailed chemical, physical, and biological analyses, to assess whether Red River floods are recognizable in the lake. A thousand-year
paleomagnetic chronology was confirmed and augmented by Cs-137, Pb- 210, palynology, radiocarbon dating, and inorganic geochemical relative age markers. While some parameters exhibit multi-century fluctuations, varying excursions, and 20th century shifts, grain-size results show the clearest signal
of recurring events. Several layers of enhanced silt, 1-4 cm thick, with 6-15 % more silt than background are present, in several cases correlating core to core. A Red River flood origin for these silt excursions is plausible. The results also provide indications of increased contamination,
nutrient influx, and more rapid sedimentation in the 20th century.
Feasibility study of using Muon observations for extreme space weather early warning (final report)
Authors: Trichtchenko L , Kalugin G , Armitage J , Boudjemline K , Waller D
Published: August 2013

This project is motivated by the need for improved protection of Canadian critical infrastructure from solar disturbances. The feasibility study examines the possibility of using measurements of muons produced by cosmic rays (CR) to provide advanced warning of
approaching solar disturbances. A literature review and workshops with invited specialists were the important part of work. These identified the need for a Canadian muon detector to fill the coverage gap existing in global network.
Two types of tasks were undertaken: theoretical investigations of the interaction of cosmic rays with solar disturbances performed by the Lead Department, NRCan; and review of the existing technology and development of a test detector, done by a Contractor, Physics Department at Carleton University.
The study identified two types of precursors associated with interaction of the CR with solar disturbance. The physics-based transport equation for CR has been analysed and diffusion model was validated. Two types of technology for building detectors were assessed, a test muon detector has been
built and prototype data were analysed.
The detailed design specifications and recommendations (roadmap) for proto-operational developments are provided.
Knowledge and use of contraceptive methods amongst deaf people in Ghana
Authors: Mprah Wisdom K.
Published: August 2013

Background: Persons with disabilities in general face serious barriers to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) information and services due to institutional and attitudinal barriers. However, because deaf people have unique communication and linguistic needs, which are often misunderstood or ignored, they face greater barriers than other persons with disabilities. Whilst available data indicated that there is a wide gap between knowledge and usage of contraceptive amongst Ghanaians, little is known about the level of contraceptive knowledge and usage amongst deaf people.Objectives: The objective of the study was to investigate the level of knowledge and use of contraceptive methods amongst deaf people in Ghana with the aim of understanding their contraceptive behaviour and to improve access.Method: The study was a participatory SRH needs assessment utilising a two-phase, sequential, mixed methods design. The study included 179 participants, consisting of focus groups with seven executives of Ghana National Association of the Deaf (GNAD), 10 male deaf adults, and 9 deaf female adults. A total of 152 deaf people, made up of students, women, and men participated in a survey, whilst one hearing person served as a key informant.Results: The findings of the study indicated that of the 13 methods shown in the survey, only three were known to about 70% of the adults and 60% of the students. Level of knowledge of the remaining nine methods was low.Conclusion: Clear and effective policies are needed to guide the provision of SRH information and services for deaf people in Ghana.
Sharp quantitative nonembeddability of the Heisenberg group into superreflexive Banach spaces
Authors: Austin Tim , Naor Assaf , Tessera Romain
Published: August 2013

Let

\mathbb H

denote the discrete Heisenberg group, equipped with a word metric

d_W

associated to some finite symmetric generating set. We show that if

(X,\|\cdot\|)

is a

p

-convex Banach space then for any Lipschitz function

f\colon \mathbb H\to X

there exist

x,y\in \mathbb H

with

d_W(x,y)

arbitrarily large and

\frac{\|f(x)-f(y)\|}{d_W(x,y)}\lesssim \bigg(\frac{\log\log d_W(x,y)}{\log d_W(x,y)}\bigg)^{1/p}. \qquad (1)

We also show that any embedding into

X

of a ball of radius

R\ge 4

in

\mathbb H

incurs bi-Lipschitz distortion that grows at least as a constant multiple of

\left(\frac{\log R}{\log\log R}\right)^{1/p}. \qquad (2)

Both (1) and (2) are sharp up to the iterated logarithm terms. When

X

is Hilbert space we obtain a representation-theoretic proof yielding bounds corresponding to (1) and (2) which are sharp up to a universal constant.
The dynamics of $\operatorname{Aut}(F_n)$ on redundant representations
Authors: Gelander Tsachik , Minsky Yair N.
Published: August 2013

We study some dynamical properties of the canonical

\mathrm{Aut}(F_n)

-action on the space

\mathcal{R}_n(G)

of redundant representations of the free group

F_n

in

G

, where

G

is the group of rational points of a simple algebraic group over a local field. We show that this action is always minimal and ergodic, confirming a conjecture of A. Lubotzky. On the other hand for the classical cases where

G=\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{R})

or

\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbb{C})

we show that the action is not weak mixing, in the sense that the diagonal action on

\mathcal{R}_n(G)^2

is not ergodic.
A class of groups for which every action is W$^*$-superrigid
Authors: Houdayer Cyril , Popa Sorin , Vaes Stefaan
Published: August 2013

We prove the uniqueness of the group measure space Cartan subalgebra in crossed products

A \rtimes \Gamma

covering certain cases where

\Gamma

is an amalgamated free product over a non-amenable subgroup. In combination with Kida's work we deduce that if

\Sigma <\mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{Z})

denotes the subgroup of matrices

g

with

g_{31} = g_{32}=0

, then any free ergodic probability measure preserving action of

\Gamma = \mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{Z})*_\Sigma \mathrm{SL}(3,\mathbb{Z})

is stably W*-superrigid. In the second part we settle a technical issue about the unitary conjugacy of group measure space Cartan subalgebras.
Fast growth in the Følner function for Thompson’s group $F$
Authors: Moore Justin Tatch
Published: August 2013

The purpose of this note is to prove a lower bound on the growth of Følner functions for Richard Thompson’s group

F

. Specifically I will prove that, for any finite generating set

\Gamma \subseteq F

, there is a constant

C

such that Føl

_{F,\Gamma} (C^n) \geq

exp

_{n}(0)

.
Tree-graded asymptotic cones
Authors: Sisto Alessandro
Published: August 2013

We study the bilipschitz equivalence type of tree-graded spaces, showing that asymptotic cones of relatively hyperbolic groups (resp. asymptotic cones of groups containing a cut-point) only depend on the bilipschitz equivalence types of the pieces in the standard (resp. minimal) tree-graded structure. In particular, the asymptotic cones of many relatively hyperbolic groups do not depend on the scaling factor. We also describe the asymptotic cones as above “explicitly”. Part of these results were obtained independently and simultaneously by D. Osin and M. Sapir.
Conjugacy $p$-separability of right-angled Artin groups and applications
Authors: Toinet Emmanuel
Published: August 2013

We prove that every subnormal subgroup of

p

-power index in a right-angled Artin group is conjugacy

p

-separable. As an application, we prove that every right-angled Artin group is conjugacy separable in the class of torsion-free nilpotent groups. As another application, we prove that the outer automorphism group of a right-angled Artin group is virtually residually

p

-finite. We also prove that the Torelli group of a right-angled Artin group is residually torsion-free nilpotent, hence residually

p

-finite and bi-orderable.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Introducing RDTs for Malaria Diagnosis as Compared to Microscopy and Presumptive Diagnosis in Central and Peripheral Public Health Facilities in Ghana
Authors: Ansah Evelyn K. , Epokor Michael , Whitty Christopher J. M. , Yeung Shunmay , Hansen Kristian Schultz
Published: August 2013

Cost-effectiveness information on where malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) should be introduced is limited. We developed incremental cost-effectiveness analyses with data from rural health facilities in Ghana with and without microscopy. In the latter, where diagnosis had been presumptive, the introduction of RDTs increased the proportion of patients who were correctly treated in relation to treatment with antimalarials, from 42% to 65% at an incremental societal cost of Ghana cedis (GHS)12.2 (US$8.3) per additional correctly treated patients. In the “microscopy setting” there was no advantage to replacing microscopy by RDT as the cost and proportion of correctly treated patients were similar. Results were sensitive to a decrease in the cost of RDTs, which cost GHS1.72 (US$1.17) per test at the time of the study and to improvements in adherence to negative tests that was just above 50% for both RDTs and microscopy.
Co-Morbid Infections in Hansen's Disease Patients in the United States: Considerations for Treatment
Authors: Bilodeau Madeline , Burns Stephanie , Gawoski John , Moschella Samuel , Ooi Winnie
Published: August 2013

120 patients attending a Hansen's disease public health satellite clinic were evaluated for selected latent co-morbidities, consisting of strongyloidiasis, Chagas disease, hepatitis B, HIV, and tuberculosis, and potential exacerbation by immunosuppressive therapy. Implications for treatment of Hansen's disease are discussed.
Gestão da Informação e do Conhecimento no âmbito das práticas de Segurança da Informação: o fator humano nas organizações
Authors: Carneiro Luciana Emirena Santos , Almeida Maurício Barcellos
Published: August 2013

O presente artigo pretende levantar, na literatura de Ciência da Informação, informações acerca de como os aspectos humanos interferem nas práticas gerenciais de segurança da informação. Através de uma pesquisa quantitativa pretende-se obter informações sobre os perfis e ações comportamentais dos colaboradores de uma empresa na área da saúde e a inter-relação com falhas de segurança da informação. Na avaliação dos dados verifica-se que o elemento pessoas é uma variável crítica na gestão de segurança informacional nas organizações.
A utilização do Resource Description and Access (RDA) na criação de registros de autoridade para pessoas, famílias e entidades coletivas
Authors: Assumpção Fabrício Silva , Santos Plácida Leopoldina V. A. C.
Published: August 2013

Considerando o desenvolvimento do Resource Description and Access (RDA) e a importância do controle de autoridade para os catálogos, objetiva apresentar o RDA, seu surgimento e desenvolvimento, contextualizar a criação de registros de autoridade na catalogação descritiva e apresentar a utilização do RDA no registro dos atributos e relacionamentos das entidades pessoa, família e entidade coletiva. Apresenta o RDA, sua relação com os modelos conceituais FRBR e FRAD, as seções, capítulos, atributos e relacionamentos definidos para pessoas, famílias e entidades coletivas. Por fim destaca algumas diferenças entre o RDA e o AACR2r e apresenta considerações sobre a implantação do RDA.
O ensino da arquivologia no Brasil: fases e influências
Authors: Tanus Gabrielle Francinne S. C. , Araújo Carlos Alberto Ávila
Published: August 2013

O campo científico da Arquivologia apresentou, nos últimos anos, um significativo crescimento de cursos em todo o país. Assim, esta revisão de literatura tem como objetivo resgatar a trajetória histórica do ensino da Arquivologia, com ênfase no delineamento das influências e das fases de seu ensino, desde a implantação do primeiro curso até os dias atuais. Esta nova fase em que se encontra o ensino da Arquivologia, denominada fase acadêmico-institucional, provém da diversidade de locais (departamentos/escolas/institutos) onde os cursos de Arquivologia estão abrigados e também pela proximidade com outros cursos de graduação, sobretudo de Biblioteconomia e Museologia, e de pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação. Acredita-se, portanto, que a construção da história do ensino desse campo possibilita discussões mais fecundas tanto para o seu campo epistemológico quanto para o campo curricular.
Produção científica sobre gestão de recursos humanos e sustentabilidade: síntese e agenda de pesquisa
Authors: Freitas Wesley Ricardo Souza , Souza Maria Tereza Saraiva de , Teixeira Adriano Alves , Jabbour Charbel José Chiappetta
Published: August 2013

Esta pesquisa buscou verificar a existência de artigos sobre gestão de recursos humanos e sustentabilidade nos principais periódicos da área de administração no Brasil. Foram selecionados para a pesquisa 24 periódicos nacionais Qualis de A1 a B3. O período de coleta e análise dos artigos compreendeu os meses de novembro de 2011 até meados de maio de 2012. Os resultados indicaram que essa interação entre essas duas áreas é recente no Brasil, visto que, as primeiras publicações surgiram apenas em 2006, e dos 170 artigos encontrados que pesquisaram a gestão de recursos humanos, apenas nove estabeleceram relação com a sustentabilidade.
Brasil e Angola: convergências e divergências epistemológicas sobre os modelos de administração pública
Authors: Valadares Josiel Lopes , Da Costa Kapeth Gaspar dos Santos , Silva Edson Arlindo , Luquini Roberto de Almeida
Published: August 2013

Este ensaio teórico tem como objetivo caracterizar as convergências e as divergências dos modelos de Administração Pública entre Brasil e Angola. Observa-se que, apesar de esses países terem peculiaridades no que tange à sua Gestão Pública, nota-se que os dois possuem raízes histórico-culturais herdadas da mesma Metrópole, Portugal. Nesse sentido, fez-se uma reflexão: se traços culturais marcantes encontrados no Brasil, como clientelismo, nepotismo, lobismo, corrupção e outros podem também ser identificados na Administração Pública em Angola. Apesar das características herdadas de Portugal, aferiu-se também que existem diferenças pontuais entre os dois países quanto às suas formações socioeconômicas. Contudo, este artigo não teve a pretensão de esgotar as congruências e as discrepâncias entre os modelos público-administrativos desses países, pois o objetivo foi levantar indagações e reflexões sobre a temática das relações entre as formas de Administração Pública de cada um deles.
Relação entre Estratégias de Preços e Custeio
Authors: Milan Gabriel Sperandio , De Toni Deonir , Larentis Fabiano , Gava Alexandre Majola
Published: August 2013

O presente trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa realizada em 84 empresas, localizadas na Serra Gaúcha, abordando os seus processos de formação de preços e de custeio, buscando determinar relações entre as principais variáveis inerentes às áreas de marketing, de finanças e de controladoria. Os resultados iniciais sugerem que parece haver uma relação significativa entre a competitividade percebida no ambiente e a forma como o custeio é tratado pelas empresas, pois parece que mercados mais competitivos exigem o uso de técnicas mais avançadas em relação à aferição dos custos e, como decorrência, na definição das estratégias de precificação. Além disso, o enfoque da formação de preços, suas estratégias, políticas e decisões, baseado no valor percebido pelos clientes e o impacto dos custos neste contexto, e não apenas no enfoque das práticas da concorrência, também, incentivam o uso de técnicas mais apuradas de custeio. Finalmente, foi possível observar que a sofisticação dessas técnicas está relacionada ao porte, ao tempo de mercado das empresas e ao nível de exigência dos mercados atendidos pela organização, influenciando as estratégias de preço.
Manufacture strategy stages and strategy-as-practice phases
Authors: Heinzmann Lígia Maria , Lavarda Rosália Aldraci Barbosa , Machado Denise Del Prá Netto , Hein Nelson
Published: August 2013

These studies aimed to analyze the stage of the manufacture strategies in the units of the organization, in agreement with the adaptation of the Manufacture Strategy Model of Bates et al (1995) and the phases that characterizes the strategy-as-practice. This sample composed by 22 leaderships of the units (Goiás/GO), Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and São Paulo (SP). The research used a diffuse genetic model and the Software MATLAB® 5.0. Regarding the manufactures strategies stage, Goiás meets in the stage 3 (develops basis to business strategy) – and some characteristics belonging to stage 4. The Unit RS meets in stage 4, with some characteristics of stage 3. São Paulo meets in stage 3, with some characteristics still of stage 2. The phase Production Strategy Force appears significantly in the three Units analyzed. Concerning the phases that characterize the strategy-as-practice, the Units RS and Goiás present similarity in most phases.
A net decrease in the Earth's cloud, aerosol, and surface 340 nm reflectivity during the past 33 yr (1979–2011)
Authors: Herman J. , DeLand M. T. , Huang L.-K. , Labow G. , Larko D. , Lloyd S. A. , Mao J. , Qin W. , Weaver C.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Measured upwelling radiances from Nimbus-7 SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) and seven NOAA SBUV/2 instruments have been used to calculate the 340 nm Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (LER) of the Earth from 1979 to 2011 after applying a common calibration. The 340 nm LER is highly correlated with cloud and aerosol cover because of the low surface reflectivity of the land and oceans (typically 2 to 6 RU, reflectivity units, where 1 RU = 0.01 = 1.0%) relative to the much higher reflectivity of clouds plus nonabsorbing aerosols (typically 10 to 90 RU). Because of the nearly constant seasonal and long-term 340 nm surface reflectivity in areas without snow and ice, the 340 nm LER can be used to estimate changes in cloud plus aerosol amount associated with seasonal and interannual variability and decadal climate change. The annual motion of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), episodic El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and latitude-dependent seasonal cycles are apparent in the LER time series. LER trend estimates from 5° zonal average and from 2° × 5° , latitude × longitude, time series show that there has been a global net decrease in 340 nm cloud plus aerosol reflectivity. The decrease in cos2(latitude) weighted average LER from 60° S to 60° N is 0.79 ± 0.03 RU over 33 yr, corresponding to a 3.6 ± 0.2% decrease in LER. Applying a 3.6% cloud reflectivity perturbation to the shortwave energy balance partitioning given by Trenberth et al. (2009) corresponds to an increase of 2.7 W m−2 of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface and an increase of 1.4% or 2.3 W m−2 absorbed by the surface, which is partially offset by increased longwave cooling to space. Most of the decreases in LER occur over land, with the largest decreases occurring over the US (−0.97 RU decade−1), Brazil (−0.9 RU decade−1), and central Europe (−1.35 RU decade−1). There are reflectivity increases near the west coast of Peru and Chile (0.8 ± 0.1 RU decade−1), over parts of India, China, and Indochina, and almost no change over Australia. The largest Pacific Ocean change is −2 ± 0.1 RU decade−1 over the central equatorial region associated with ENSO. There has been little observed change in LER over central Greenland, but there has been a significant decrease over a portion of the west coast of Greenland. Similar significant decreases in LER are observed over a portion of the coast of Antarctica for longitudes −160° to −60° and 80° to 150°.
Cloud-scale ice supersaturated regions spatially correlate with high water vapor heterogeneities
Authors: Diao M. , Zondlo M. A. , Heymsfield A. J. , Avallone L. M. , Paige M. E. , Beaton S. P. , Campos T. , Rogers D. C.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Cirrus clouds have large yet uncertain impacts on the Earth's climate. Ice supersaturation (ISS) – where the relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi) is greater than 100% – is the prerequisite condition of ice nucleation. Here we use 1 Hz (~230 m) in situ aircraft-based observations from 87° N–67° S to analyze the spatial characteristics of ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs). The median length of 1-D horizontal ISSR segments is found to be very small (~1 km), which is two orders of magnitude smaller than previously reported. To understand the conditions of these small scale ISSRs, we compare individual ISSRs with their horizontally adjacent subsaturated surroundings and show that 99% and 73% of the ISSRs are moister and colder, respectively. When quantifying the contributions of water vapor (H2O) and temperature (T) individually, the magnitudes of the differences between the maximum RHi values inside ISSRs (RHimax) and the RHi in subsaturated surroundings are largely derived from the H2O spatial variabilities (by 88%) than from those of T (by 9%). These features hold for both ISSRs with and without ice crystals present. Similar analyses for all RHi horizontal variabilities (including ISS and non-ISS) show strong contributions from H2O variabilities at various T, H2O, pressure (P) and various horizontal scales (~1–100 km). Our results provide a new observational constraint on ISSRs on the microscale (~100 m) and point to the importance of understanding how these fine scale features originate and impact cirrus cloud formation and the RHi field in the upper troposphere (UT).
On the role of monoterpene chemistry in the remote continental boundary layer
Authors: Browne E. C. , Wooldridge P. J. , Min K.-E. , Cohen R. C.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The formation of organic nitrates (RONO2) represents an important NOx (NOx = NO + NO2) sink in remote and rural continental atmosphere thus impacting ozone production and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. In these remote and rural environments, the organic nitrates are primarily derived from biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) such as isoprene and monoterpenes. Although there are numerous studies investigating the formation of SOA from monoterpenes, there are few studies investigating monoterpene gas phase chemistry. Using a regional chemical transport model with an extended representation of organic nitrate chemistry we investigate the processes controlling the production and fate of monoterpene nitrates (MTNs) over the boreal forest of Canada. MTNs account for 5–12% of total oxidized nitrogen over the boreal forest and production via NO3 chemistry is more important than production via OH when the NOx mixing ratio is greater than 75 pptv. The regional responses are investigated for two oxidation pathways of MTNs: one that returns NOx to the atmosphere and one that converts MTNs to a nitrate that behaves like HNO3. The likely situation is in between and these two assumptions bracket the uncertainty about this chemistry. In the case where the MTNs return NOx after oxidation, their formation represents a net chemical NOx loss that exceeds the net loss to peroxy nitrate formation. When oxidation of MTNs produces a molecule that behaves like HNO3, HNO3 and MTNs are nearly equal chemical sinks for NOx. This uncertainty in the oxidative fate of MTNs results in changes in NOx of 8–14%, in O3 of up to 3%, and in OH of 3–6% between the two model simulations.
MISR Dark Water aerosol retrievals: operational algorithm sensitivity to particle non-sphericity
Authors: Kalashnikova O. V. , Garay M. J. , Martonchik J. V. , Diner D. J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The aim of this study is to theoretically investigate the sensitivity of the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) operational (version 22) Dark Water retrieval algorithm to aerosol non-sphericity over the global oceans under actual observing conditions, accounting for current algorithm assumptions. Non-spherical (dust) aerosol models, which were introduced in version 16 of the MISR aerosol product, improved the quality and coverage of retrievals in dusty regions. Due to the sensitivity of the retrieval to the presence of non-spherical aerosols, the MISR aerosol product has been successfully used to track the location and evolution of mineral dust plumes from the Sahara across the Atlantic, for example. However, the MISR global non-spherical aerosol optical depth (AOD) fraction product has been found to have several climatological artifacts superimposed on valid detections of mineral dust, including high non-spherical fraction in the Southern Ocean and seasonally variable bands of high non-sphericity. In this paper we introduce a formal approach to examine the ability of the operational MISR Dark Water algorithm to distinguish among various spherical and non-spherical particles as a function of the variable MISR viewing geometry. We demonstrate the following under the criteria currently implemented: (1) Dark Water retrieval sensitivity to particle non-sphericity decreases for AOD below about 0.1 primarily due to an unnecessarily large lower bound imposed on the uncertainty in MISR observations at low light levels, and improves when this lower bound is removed; (2) Dark Water retrievals are able to distinguish between the spherical and non-spherical particles currently used for all MISR viewing geometries when the AOD exceeds 0.1; (3) the sensitivity of the MISR retrievals to aerosol non-sphericity varies in a complex way that depends on the sampling of the scattering phase function and the contribution from multiple scattering; and (4) non-sphericity artifacts occur at those view-illumination geometries where dust aerosols are indistinguishable from certain types of cirrus particles. Based on these results, we suggest that interested parties use caution with the version 22 MISR Dark Water aerosol non-sphericity product in situations where cirrus may be present.
Tropospheric column amount of ozone retrieved from SCIAMACHY limb-nadir-matching observations
Authors: Ebojie F. , von Savigny C. , Ladstätter-Weißenmayer A. , Rozanov A. , Weber M. , Eichmann K. , Bötel S. , Rahpoe N. , Bovensmann H. , Burrows J. P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone, O3, has two sources: transport from the stratosphere and photochemical production in the troposphere. It plays important roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. In this manuscript we describe the retrieval of tropospheric O3 columns from limb-nadir matching (LNM) observations of the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) instrument, which flies as part of the payload onboard the European Space Agency (ESA) satellite Envisat. This retrieval technique is a residual approach that utilizes the subtraction of the stratospheric O3 columns, derived from the limb observations, from the total O3 columns, derived from the nadir observations. The technique requires accurate knowledge of the stratospheric O3 columns, the total O3 columns, tropopause height, and their associated errors. The stratospheric O3 columns were determined from the stratospheric O3 profile retrieved in the Hartley and Chappius bands, based on SCIAMACHY limb scattering measurements. The total O3 columns were also derived from SCIAMACHY measurements, in the nadir viewing mode using the Weighting Function Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (WFDOAS) technique in the Huggins band. Comparisons of the tropospheric O3 columns from SCIAMACHY and collocated measurements from ozonesondes, in both hemispheres between January 2003 and December 2011 show agreement to within 2–5 DU (1 DU = 2.69 × 1016 molecules cm−2). Comparison of tropospheric O3 from SCIAMACHY with the results from ozonesondes, the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES), and the LNM method combining Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) data (hereinafter referred to as OMI/MLS), have been investigated. We find that all four retrieved data sets show agreement within the error bars and exhibit strong seasonal variation, which differs in amplitude. The spatial distribution of tropospheric ozone observed shows pollution plumes related to the release of precursors at the different seasons in both hemispheres.
Dynamics in mangroves assessed by high-resolution and multi-temporal satellite data: a case study in Zhanjiang Mangrove National Nature Reserve (ZMNNR), P. R. China
Authors: Leempoel K. , Satyaranayana B. , Bourgeois C. , Zhang J. , Chen M. , Wang J. , Bogaert J. , Dahdouh-Guebas F.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Mangrove forests are declining across the globe, mainly because of human intervention, and therefore require an evaluation of their past and present status (e.g. areal extent, species-level distribution, etc.) to implement better conservation and management strategies. In this paper, mangrove cover dynamics at Gaoqiao (P. R. China) were assessed through time using 1967, 2000 and 2009 satellite imagery (sensors Corona KH-4B, Landsat ETM+, GeoEye-1 respectively). Firstly, multi-temporal analysis of satellite data was undertaken, and secondly biotic and abiotic differences were analysed between the different mangrove stands, assessed through a supervised classification of a high-resolution satellite image. A major decline in mangrove cover (−36%) was observed between 1967 and 2009 due to rice cultivation and aquaculture practices. Moreover, dike construction has prevented mangroves from expanding landward. Although a small increase of mangrove area was observed between 2000 and 2009 (+24%), the ratio mangrove / aquaculture kept decreasing due to increased aquaculture at the expense of rice cultivation in the vicinity. From the land-use/cover map based on ground-truth data (5 × 5 m plot-based tree measurements) (August–September, 2009) as well as spectral reflectance values (obtained from pansharpened GeoEye-1), both Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and small Aegiceras corniculatum are distinguishable at 73–100% accuracy, whereas tall A. corniculatum was correctly classified at only 53% due to its mixed vegetation stands with B. gymnorrhiza (overall classification accuracy: 85%). In the case of sediments, sand proportion was significantly different between the three mangrove classes. Overall, the advantage of very high resolution satellite images like GeoEye-1 (0.5 m) for mangrove spatial heterogeneity assessment and/or species-level discrimination was well demonstrated, along with the complexity to provide a precise classification for non-dominant species (e.g. Kandelia obovata) at Gaoqiao. Despite limitations such as geometric distortion and single panchromatic band, the 42 yr old Corona declassified images are invaluable for land-use/cover change detections when compared to recent satellite data sets.
Can seasonal and interannual variation in landscape CO2 fluxes be detected by atmospheric observations of CO2 concentrations made at a tall tower?
Authors: Smallman T. L. , Williams M. , Moncrieff J. B.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model has been coupled to the Soil Plant Atmosphere (SPA) terrestrial ecosystem model, hereafter known as WRF-SPA. SPA generates realistic land-atmosphere exchanges through fully coupled hydrological, carbon and energy cycles. Here we have used WRF-SPA to investigate regional scale observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations made over a multi-annual period from a tall tower in Scotland. WRF-SPA realistically models both seasonal and daily cycles, predicting CO2 at the tall tower (R2 = 0.67, RMSE = 3.5 ppm, bias = 0.58 ppm), indicating realistic transport, and appropriate source sink distribution and magnitude of CO2 exchange. We have highlighted a consistent post harvest increase in model-observation residuals in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This increase in model-observation residuals post harvest is likely related to a lack of an appropriate representation of uncultivated components (~ 36% of agricultural holding in Scotland) of agricultural land (e.g., hedgerows and forest patches) which continue to photosynthesise after the crop has been harvested. Through the use of ecosystem specific CO2 tracers we have shown that tall tower observations here do not detect a representative fraction of Scotland's ecosystem CO2 uptake. Cropland CO2 uptake is the dominant ecosystem signal detected at the tall tower, consistent with the dominance of cropland in the area surrounding the tower. However cropland is over-represented in the atmospheric CO2 concentrations simulated to be at the tall tower, relative to the simulated surface cropland CO2 uptake. Observations made at the tall tower were able to detect seasonal variation in ecosystem CO2 uptake, however a majority of variation was only detected for croplands. We have found evidence that interannual variation in weather has a greater impact than interannual variation of the simulated land surface CO2 exchange on tall tower observations for the simulated years. This highlights the importance of accurately representing atmospheric transport used within atmospheric inversion models used to estimate terrestrial source/sink distribution and magnitude.
The Rhetoric of Enhancing the Human:
Authors: Zemlicka Kurt
Published: August 2013

The task of this article is to explore the current state of bioethical debates over enhancement technologies as articulated through its two dichotomous ideological camps. It aims to explain why the conservative and posthumanist movements have reached a point where they fail to engage with each other and how we can reconceptualize the bioethical endeavor in a way that does not force the public to adhere to a framing of enhancement technologies as either universally desirable or abhorrent. In order to do so, I turn to the work of Lacan and Deleuze to explain why attempts to define what is essentially human always enter what I call “tropological regress,” or the endless procession of linguistic tropes that are artificially linked to transcendental conceptions of “the good.” I aim to diagnose why conservative and posthumanist discourses on enhancement technologies find themselves irreconcilably opposed.
Mathematical Model and Experimental Evaluation of Drag Torque in Disengaged Wet Clutches
Authors: Iqbal Shoaib , Al-Bender Farid , Pluymers Bert , Desmet Wim
Published: August 2013

When the clutch is in disengaged condition, ideally no torque should be transmitted. However, in reality, the relative motion between the disks causes viscous shearing of fluids in the gap. This results in a drag torque which is considered as a loss. The objective of the present study is to formulate a drag torque model as well as to experimentally evaluate the effect of several parameters on the drag torque. A model based on continuity and Navier-Stokes equations, considering laminar flow, is deduced. The drag torque estimated by the model is the sum of drag torque due to shearing of the automatic transmission fluid (ATF) and mist (suspension of ATF in air) film. In order to validate the model and characterize the drag torque, experiments are performed using an SAE no. 2 test setup under real conditions of variable ATF flow rate and disks' rotational states for higher clutch speed range. The drag torque predicted by the model is in good agreement with the experimental results obtained by varying the flow properties and disks' rotational states. By analyzing the experimental results, a factor by which, the variation in parameters such as ATF flow rate, ATF temperature, disk size, and disk rotational state influencing the drag torque is determined.
Redescription of FemaleLaelaps nuttalliHirst, 1915 (Acari: Dermanyssoidea: Laelapidae) with Emphasis on Its Gnathosoma, Sense Organs and Pulvilli
Authors: Montasser Ashraf Ahmed M. E.
Published: August 2013

The present scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study includes the redescription of femaleLaelaps nuttalliwith emphasis on its gnathosoma and pulvilli which were rarely described in superfamily Dermanyssoidea. Chaetotaxy of dorsal shield revealed 40 pairs of setae, 22 on prosoma and 18 on opisthosoma. Epigynial plate carried 4 pairs of setae. Gnathosoma consisted of long basis capituli carrying median hypostome and 2 lateral pedipalps. Hypostome had dorsal labrum of 2 lobes covered with minute papillae, 2 lateral 3-segmented chelicerae, and ventral labium carrying 2 median lobes with laciniae and 2 lateral club-like lobes. Function of labrum papillae might be chemosensory while labium lobules might be mechanical, preventing solid material from entering the oral cavity. Palpal and foreleg tarsal organs comprised 10 and 15 sensilla, respectively. Sensilla of palpal organ were mostly chemoreceptors while those of tarsal organ were probably mechanoreceptors. Each pulvillus terminated with 2 medioventral claws and integumental folds beside longitudinal folds.
Bakthin e o espelho: um esboço sobre a alteridade pelo viés da autocontemplação
Authors: Savenhago Igor José Siquieri
Published: August 2013

A proposta deste trabalho é dialogar com alguns dos principais conceitos da teoria de Mikhail Bakhtin tendo, como pano de fundo, textos que fazem referência aos espelhos como representação da relação eu-outro, do dialogismo que marca a interação entre um ser humano com outro ser humano e dos seres humanos com o mundo. E demonstrar que a imagem refletida no espelho é uma construção social. A reflexão será feita a partir de três textos do escritor Frei Betto: uma crítica autobiográfica, “Por que escrevo”, e dois contos: “O hóspede” e “Egg”.
Evasão escolar no ensino médio: velhos ou novos dilemas?
Authors: Sousa Antonia de Abreu , Sousa Tássia Pinheiro de , Queiroz Mayra Pontes de , Silva Érika Sales Lôbo da
Published: August 2013

A análise da evasão escolar de alunos que cursam o Ensino Médio regular da rede pública, no município de Maracanaú – Ceará – Brasil, precisamente, na Escola Estadual, aqui denominada A.B.C., constitui-se um estudo de caso. Procurou-se identificar o que leva os alunos a abandonar as salas de aula e buscou-se identificar o motivo que os conduz a não prosseguir quando retornam à vida escolar. Para a coleta dos dados, foram entrevistados o diretor, os professores e os alunos. Esta pesquisa teve início em abril de 2009, como requisito da prática na disciplina Estrutura e Funcionamento do Ensino, do Curso de Licenciatura em Química, do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia – IFCE, campus de Maracanaú. Teoricamente, buscou-se apoio em estudos que tratam dos fatores internos e externos à escola com base nos estudos críticos feitos no início dos anos 1970 e na pesquisa do economista-chefe da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Marcelo Néri (2009), matérias de jornais e da revista Época sobre a educação no Brasil, dentre outros que serão mencionados ao longo desta pesquisa. Os resultados comprovam que direção, docentes e discentes apontam como causas para a evasão escolar: falta de incentivo da família e da escola; necessidade de trabalhar; excesso de conteúdos escolares e amizades erradas.