bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Generic Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Defense Approach Against Cyber Attacks
Authors: Akandwanaho Stephen Mugisha , Govender Irene
Published: May 2018

A generic self-evolving multi-agent approach is proposed in this chapter. Most of the existing security approaches are custom designed for specific threats and attacks. However, the fusion of technologies and systems in the fourth industrial revolution and therefore the nature of its current cyber environment increasingly attracts multiple cyber threats in a single interface. In order to solve this problem, a generic self-evolving multi-agent approach is proposed. Multiple agents interact with each other in light of their reactions towards the environment and its inherent changes. Information from individual agents is collected and integrated to form the abstract compartment of the structure. The important aspects are analyzed including demonstrating how the abstract domain can be obtained from the custom interactions at the low-level domain of the proposed approach. The analysis explores the existing works in the area and how they have been advanced in the fourth industrial revolution.
Optimized Three-Dimensional Security Framework to Mitigate Risks Arising From BYOD-Enabled Business Environment
Authors: Ofusori Lizzy Oluwatoyin , Dlamini Ncamiso Nkululeko Jahalenkhosi , Subramaniam Prabhakar Rontala
Published: May 2018

Bring your own device (BYOD) has infiltrated the work environment and businesses are enjoying the benefits coupled with the adoption of the trend. At the same time, the adoption of BYOD has introduced a number of security threats that businesses are failing to match. In the pursuit of addressing security threats that are introduced by the adoption of this technology trend, this chapter recommends a three-dimensional (3-D) security framework that can be used to mitigate the risks emanating from a BYOD enabled environment. Data was collected from the employees of two banks in Africa that supported BYOD trend to measure individual and organizational practices. This chapter investigates further on these practices in addressing implications of BYOD. Three categories of security threats are delineated in this chapter. A review of existing security frameworks is presented in this chapter. The chapter concludes by outlining a 3-D security framework as a potential solution to protect BYOD enabled business environment.
Mobile Device Brand Loyalty of Youth
Authors: Van der Westhuizen Thea , Singh Thakur
Published: May 2018

Cybersecurity and security mechanisms of mobile device play an important part in product development, but are not often a top priority when customers select their favorite brand. A key factor that has been ignored as a result of the rapid pace of the market is that of youth brand loyalty. Brand loyalty remains one of the key factors in global markets that determine core consumers and security concerns feature became less important. This chapter aims to ascertain the key factors of brand loyalty and measure what consumers base their decision on whilst selecting a brand. The chapter will look at social value, emotional value, functional value, involvement, and perceived value of the consumer to the brand. Based on quantitative results, a conclusion will be drawn on what the key factors of brand loyalty are. Recommendations will be made on how mobile brand companies can use these KSFs when developing new products in order to procure more loyal consumers, as well as to increase awareness of the importance of the security features of the device when making a choice to purchase a brand.
Optimization of the Angle of Twist of Propeller Using Modified Flower Pollination Algorithm
Authors: Ong Kok Meng , Ong Pauline , Sia Chee Kiong
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, a real-world mechanical engineering design problem (i.e., determining the angle of twist of propeller in order to maximize its thrust) was solved using modified flower pollination algorithm (MFPA). First, the relationship between angle of twist and the propeller thrust is explained. Then, the amount of experiments needed for this problem is determined using Box-Behnken design, whereas the mathematical model of this problem is developed using response surface methodology. After that, the overview of flower pollination algorithm (FPA) and its limitation is explained in detail. A proposed MFPA based on chaos theory, frog leaping local search, and inertia weight is explained next. The procedure of solving this problem is explained and the result of this problem is shown later with validation. The optimal solutions obtained from MFPA are 89°, 50.9730°, 48.4565°, 44.6729°, and 64.2286° for five angles of twist start from hub until the tip of the blade.
Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls
Authors: Temür Rasim , Bekdaş Gebrail
Published: May 2018

Methodologies based on metaheuristic algorithms such as particle swarm optimization, harmony search algorithm, and teaching-learning-based optimization are proposed for optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls. The objective function of optimization is to find a design providing minimum cost, including material and construction costs. For this purpose, the best combination of 11 design variables (heel and toe projections, stem thickness at the top and bottom of a wall, slab thickness and rebar diameters, and spacing between the bars) that satisfy 29 design constraints including stability (overturning, sliding, and bearing) and reinforced concrete design of the wall are searched during the optimization process. The rules of ACI 318 14 (building code requirements for structural concrete) are used for the reinforced concrete design. In order to determine the strengths and weaknesses of algorithms, several different cases are investigated. As conclusions, some suggestions have been obtained that will lead to future work in this field.
Predicting Human Actions Using a Hybrid of ReliefF Feature Selection and Kernel-Based Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Peker Musa , Ballı Serkan , Sağbaş Ensar Arif
Published: May 2018

Human activity recognition (HAR) is a growing field that provides valuable information about a person. Sensor-equipped smartwatches stand out in these studies in terms of their portability and cost. HAR systems usually preprocess raw signals, decompose signals, and then extract attributes to be used in the classifier. Attribute selection is an important step to reduce data size and provide appropriate parameters. In this chapter, classification of eight different actions (brushing teeth, walking, running, vacuuming, writing on the board, writing on paper, using the keyboard, and stationary) has been performed with smartwatch motion sensor data. Forty-two different features have been extracted from the motion sensor signals and the feature selection has been performed with the ReliefF algorithm. After that, performance evaluation has been performed with four different machine learning methods. With this study in which the best results have been obtained with the kernel-based extreme learning machine (KELM) algorithm, estimation of human action has been performed with high accuracy.
Whale Optimization Algorithm With Wavelet Mutation for the Solution of Optimal Power Flow Problem
Authors: Mukherjee V. , Mukherjee Aparajita , Prasad Dharmbir
Published: May 2018

This chapter proposes whale optimization algorithm (WOA) with wavelet mutation (WOA-WM) for solving optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The proposed WOA-WM algorithm of the present work utilizes wavelet theory to enhance the optimizing performance of basic WOA in exploring the solution space more effectively for getting better solution. Both WOA and the proposed WOA-WM algorithms are tested on four test power systems under different objective functions (that reflects either minimization of fuel cost or that of transmission line loss or improvement of voltage profile) for getting the optimal solutions of the OPF problem. For multi-objective problem formulation, fuel cost, transmission line loss, and voltage deviation are minimized simultaneously. The simulation results are compared to those offered by some recently reported algorithms surfaced in various recent literature. The WOA-WM-based results demonstrate convincing features in solving the OPF problem of the undertaken test power systems.
Integrated Fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS Model for Optimization of National Defense Management Based on Inclusive Growth Drivers Using SWOT Analysis
Authors: Debnath Animesh , Roy Jagannath
Published: May 2018

National defense management, based on inclusive growth drivers, is a multiple-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem, which is affected by several conflicting factors like socio-economic dimension and security expenditure. The defense expenditure in its pursuit of closer ties with the regional development has sought to turn structural weaknesses into added value and has attempted to develop a distinctive, nonthreatening profile building around the lack of a political baggage and geopolitical ambitions. In this chapter, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats)-based fuzzy AHP-TOPSIS model is proposed and is utilized to determine criteria and alternatives. Moreover, fuzzy set theory is employed to deal with the vagueness of human thought. Then, SWOT yardsticks integrated with AHP-TOPSIS calculate the performances of the alternative insights, based on the above-mentioned criteria. The result shows that the most important task of defense authority is to tackle the threats of nation while the “weakness-threat” is the alternative of priority to get the ideal state of defense management.
Public Expenditure on Defense and Economic Development
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Partha , Sinha Madhabendra , Sengupta Partha Pratim
Published: May 2018

There is a direct relationship between public expenditure on defense and economic development such as technological up gradation, increase in steel, and allied production, etc. To identify the impact of public expenditure on defense along with economic growth in India and China, this study investigates the long-run equilibrium relationship between them. This chapter uses Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) data and Johansen co-integration test approach to examine the relationship between public expenditure on defense and economic development in India and China on a comparative basis over the period of from 1989 to 2016. The findings imply a significant relationship between public expenditure on defense and economic development in India but no long run cointegrating relation was found in case of China.
Relationship Between Military Expenditure, Economic Growth, and Social Expenditure in India, China, and Bangladesh
Authors: Bhattacharyya Rajib
Published: May 2018

One of the most debated phenomena of recent times in the global scenario is whether there really exists a true opportunity cost of a sequential increase in global military expenditure across the world. The existing literature on the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth confirms that three kinds of linkages may be plausible: positive, negative, and no significant linkages. The chapter focuses on contradictions and conflicts between military expenditure and social expenditure such as health and education. The chapter also attempts to examine both the long-run and short-run relationship between defense expenditure (DE), health expenditure (HE), educational expenditure (EE), and economic growth (changes in GDP). Here the autoregressive distributed lag approach (ARDL) and error correction model (ECM) technique have been applied to examine the long- and short-run causality among the variables. The study observes that there exists no significant long-term relationship between economic growth, defense expenditure, health expenditure, and educational expenditure in India and China, but Bangladesh does have one.
Human and Military Development
Authors: Choudhury Sayantani Roy
Published: May 2018

India is an upcoming superpower of the world. The most important logic behind this is the position of India in the power index ranking. The finalized ranking of GFP index relies on over 50 factors to determine a given nation's power index score. India stood at fourth position among 131 countries all over the world. India is standing only behind USA, Russia, and China. Countries like UK, Japan, and Germany are behind India. To analyze India's position, the chapter goes through finding the factors behind the calculation of this index. The few components are total populations, available manpower fit for service, and those reaching military age annually. India could pull up its ranking in this index with the help of its population strength. But with respect to HDI, it reveals that India is standing at 131st position out of 188 nations. It means, India's rank is improved in GFP power index due to its population, whose improvement ranking is very poor. It seems to be a paradoxical situation. Through this chapter, the authors try to explain this paradox.
Advances in Fuzzy Dynamic Programming
Authors: Mora-Camino Felix , Conea Elena Capitanul , Krykhtine Fabio , Moudani Walid , Cosenza Carlos Alberto Nunes
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the use of fuzzy dual numbers to model and solve through dynamic programming process mathematical programming problems where uncertainty is present in the parameters of the objective function or of the associated constraints. It is only supposed that the values of the uncertain parameters remain in known real intervals and can be modelled with fuzzy dual numbers. The interest of adopting the fuzzy dual formalism to implement the sequential decision-making process of dynamic programming is discussed and compared with early fuzzy dynamic programming. Here, the comparison between two alternatives is made considering not only the cumulative performance but also the cumulative risk associated with previous steps in the dynamic process, displaying the traceability of the solution under construction as it is effectively the case with the classical deterministic dynamic programming process. The proposed approach is illustrated in the case of a long-term airport investment planning problem.
Do Female Entrepreneurs Lead With Emotions?
Authors: Müceldili Büşra
Published: May 2018

The importance of emotions has been recognized in the entrepreneurship literature recently. In this chapter, the author sheds light on positive/negative emotions and their consequences and unexpected outcomes in aspect of female entrepreneurship. Moreover, the study focuses emotional contagion among entrepreneur and employee. By interviewing three successful women actors in Turkey entrepreneurship ecosystem, the author discovered that for new venture management, emotions are inarguably important, specifically opportunity recognition and surviving venture growth phases. The results of the study will help key players in the society, for example, entrepreneurs, academicians, and practitioners. The results of the study need to confirm empirically in future studies.
Female Entrepreneurship in the Nollywood Film Industry
Authors: Endong Floribert Patrick C.
Published: May 2018

The Nigerian film industry (Nollywood) has predominantly been presented as a masculine world. This is not unconnected to the fact that most of the players and central figures in the history and growth of the industry are masculine. However, female entrepreneurship has marked the industry right from the early stages of its existence. Like their male counterparts, female entrepreneurs have, through exceptional entrepreneurial techniques, provided actionable solutions to some of the production and distribution crises which the industry has witnessed. Using empirical understandings, this chapter critically explores female entrepreneurship in the sector. It provides a micro-level perspective of socio-economic challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in the Nollywood film industry and their future prospects. The chapter begins by exploring entrepreneurship in Nigeria's economy before delving into the prospects and challenges of women entrepreneurship in the Nollywood industry.
Conclusions From Social Dynamics for Sustainable Educational Development
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert
Published: May 2018

The social and didactic dynamics produced by the negotiation-oriented and partly web-based game “Surfing Global Change” (SGC) were analyzed by independent experts after their observations in advanced interdisciplinary university courses. It could be empirically demonstrated that the intended didactics of SGC were successful, namely that they were grounded on “active, self-organized learning,” training of “competence to act,” and on responsibility for both practicable and sustainable solutions for the society of the future. The design of SGC succeeds in equilibrating competition vs. consensus, self-study vs. team work, sharpening the self-interest vs. readiness to compromise, reductionism vs. holism, and hence, mirrors professional realities. The conclusion is made that the game's rules act as a boundary condition for expected processes of social self-organization. The independent expert's opinions express the importance of self-responsibility. Hence, self-organization in SGC allows for self-responsibility.
An Analytical Approach for Optimizing the Performance of Hadoop Map Reduce Over RoCE
Authors: Geetha J.  , Uday Bhaskar N  , Chenna Reddy P.
Published: May 2018

Data intensive systems aim to efficiently process “big” data. Several data processing engines have evolved over past decade. These data processing engines are modeled around the MapReduce paradigm. This article explores Hadoop's MapReduce engine and propose techniques to obtain a higher level of optimization by borrowing concepts from the world of High Performance Computing. Consequently, power consumed and heat generated is lowered. This article designs a system with a pipelined dataflow in contrast to the existing unregulated “bursty” flow of network traffic, the ability to carry out both Map and Reduce tasks in parallel, and a system which incorporates modern high-performance computing concepts using Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). To establish the claim of an increased performance measure of the proposed system, the authors provide an algorithm for RoCE enabled MapReduce and a mathematical derivation contrasting the runtime of vanilla Hadoop. This article proves mathematically, that the proposed system functions 1.67 times faster than the vanilla version of Hadoop.
Multimedia Documents Adaptation Based on Semantic Multi-Partite Social Context-Aware Networks
Authors: Adel Alti , Philippe Roose , Sébastien Laborie
Published: May 2018

Advanced social network applications and technologies offer a wide range of opportunities for experts and developers to exploit efficiently a large amount of services and user-generated content produced through social networking. The mobile user prefers to use mobile devices to ask for relevant services and hope to get replies the sooner possible. The efficient selection of relevant services according to user's needs and preferences in real time is becoming a challenging task. This article presents an efficient multimedia document adaptation approach. It's based on various entities of various social networks, such as users, tags and services, with semantic relations between them. Such networks are known as multi-partite and can be used for determining relevant adaptation actions that the user has the fully exploitation of multimedia documents. The author's goal is to improve the assembly of potential adaptation services and the efficiency and effectiveness of the approach for communities' inferred social influence from a Twitter and Facebook as virtual semantic social networks environment.
REFLEXÕES SOBRE O USO DE JOGOS NO ENSINO DA CARTOGRAFIA TEMÁTICA NA DISCIPLINA DE GEOGRAFIA NO ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL II
Authors: Florentino Raiane
Published: May 2018

A presente dissertação apresenta reflexões sobre a experiência com jogos na disciplina de Geografia no ensino fundamental II, explorando suas possibilidades enquanto recurso didático sobre a Cartografia Temática no ambiente escolar. Pode-se dizer que três razões influenciaram este estudo. A primeira relaciona-se ao fato de que atualmente o aluno está exigindo cada vez mais novos desafios que estimulem seu raciocínio. A segunda é que o uso desse material paradidático pode potencializar o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades no estudante, por meio do esforço natural da curiosidade de vencer os desafios científicos impostos pelos jogos. E a terceira razão é que, quando pautado em um objetivo, seu uso pode ter aspectos positivos, deixando de ser apenas um entretenimento, tornando-se mais um elemento gerador de conhecimento. Esse material é muito utilizado na educação formal e na educação não formal, a fim de estimular o aprendizado em diversas áreas do conhecimento. Todavia, nas aulas de Geografia, seu uso ainda é muito incipiente, ou mesmo inexistente. Apropriando-se do método “Estudo de Caso”, baseado na obra de Yin (2001), estruturou-se a pesquisa e escolheram-se o objetivo e o objeto de estudo, para, então, realizar a coleta de dados. Por meio de entrevistas e questionários, visou-se a obtenção de subsídios para a elaboração dos jogos protótipos, que foram, posteriormente, aplicados nas escolas públicas localizadas nos municípios de Rio Claro-SP e São José dos Campos-SP. Diante das críticas e contribuições dos professores responsáveis pelas turmas e dos estudantes com opiniões e sugestões, foi possível adequar as propostas dos jogos e as suas sequências didáticas. Os jogos abrangem cinco quebra-cabeças, um jogo da memória, um jogo dominó e um jogo de tabuleiro. Como resultado final, tem-se que os jogos são eficazes para realizar análises sobre as peculiaridades da Geografia, reforçando, principalmente, os mapas temáticos. Assim, os educadores, que já possuíam um conhecimento prévio do assunto, relembraram os conceitos, e os escolares tanto fixaram o tema como aprenderam novos conteúdos.
Guidelines for the vaccination of HIV-infected adolescents and adults in South Africa
Authors: Dlamini Sipho K. , Madhi Shabir A. , Muloiwa Rudzani , Von Gottberg Anne , Moosa Mahomed-Yunus S. , Meiring Susan T. , Wiysonge Charles S. , Hefer Eric , Mulaudzi Muhangwi B. , Nuttall James , Moorhouse Michelle , Kagina Benjamin M.
Published: May 2018

No abstract available.
Quasi-linear PDEs and low-dimensional sets
Authors: Lewis John L. , Nyström Kaj
Published: May 2018

In this paper we establish new results concerning boundary Harnack inequalities and the Martin boundary problem, for non-negative solutions to equations of

p

-Laplace type with variable coefficients. The key novelty is that we consider solutions which vanish only on a low-dimensional set

\Sigma

in

\mathbb R^n

and this is different compared to the more traditional setting of boundary value problems set in the geometrical situation of a bounded domain in

\mathbb R^n

having a boundary with (Hausdorff) dimension in the range

[n-1,n)

. We establish our quantitative and scale-invariant estimates in the context of low-dimensional Reifenberg flat sets.
Приближение $\ln 2$ числами из поля $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2} )$
Authors: Luchin Mikhail Yur'evich , Salikhov Vladislav Khasanovich
Published: May 2018

C помощью новой интегральной конструкции, объединяющей идею симметрии, предложенную В. Х. Салиховым в 2007 г., и интеграл, введенный Р. Марковеккио в 2009 г., получена новая оценка приближения $\ln{2}$ числами из поля $\mathbb{Q}(\sqrt{2})$.
Библиография: 10 наименований.
Топология особенностей ростка устойчивой вещественной каустики типа $E_6$
Authors: Sedykh Vyacheslav Dmitrievich
Published: May 2018

В работе изучаются многообразия особых точек фиксированного типа у ростка устойчивой вещественной каустики типа $E_6$. Доказано, что каждая связная компонента многообразия особых точек, не являющихся точками трансверсального пересечения гладких ветвей каустики, стягиваема. Вычислено количество этих компонент.
Библиография: 7 наименований.
Preliminary Evidence for the Absence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Gabon: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Survey in Humans and Definitive Hosts
Authors: Lötsch Felix , Mombo-Ngoma Ghyslain , Mischlinger Johannes , Groger Mirjam , Veletzky Luzia , Adegnika Ayôla Akim , Lell Bertrand , Agnandji Selidji Todagbe , Bouyou-Akotet Marielle , Obermüller Markus , Wassermann Marion , Schneider Renate , Auer Herbert , Ramharter Michael
Published: May 2018

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a globally endemic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) complex. Although the disease is known to be highly prevalent in certain parts of North and East Africa, data on CE, both in humans and definitive hosts, are extremely scarce for Central Africa. The present study assessed the epidemiology of CE in humans and dogs in rural Gabon. An ultrasound and serologic survey was conducted in volunteers from rural villages in Gabon. A two-step approach was used for serological testing with an indirect hemagglutination assay as a screening test and Western Blot as a confirmatory test. Fecal dog samples were analyzed microscopically, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nad1 and cox1 genes was performed when taeniid eggs were visible. Regional hospitals and the national reference center for parasitology in Gabon were contacted for information about previous cases of CE. Randomly selected communities were invited to participate. Three hundred and forty-eight human volunteers from these communities were screened. No suspected cases of CE were detected. Definitive host screening was performed from 128 fecal samples from representative subregions, but no eggs from E. granulosus s.l. were found. No documented cases of echinococcosis were reported from the local health-care institutions and the national diagnostic reference center in Gabon. Cystic echinococcosis seems to be very rare or absent in Gabon. The reason for this lack of evidence for echinococcosis is unknown, but the absence of livestock may play a major role.
ATENDIMENTO INTEGRAL À VÍTIMA: A SEGURANÇA PÚBLICA COMO DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL
Authors: Demoner Rossoni Waléria , Henrique Geaquinto Herkenhoff Henrique
Published: May 2018

Independentemente da obrigação de reparação civil, o Estado deve assumir responsabilidade não apenas jurídica, mas social e política pela assistência integral à vítima da prática criminosa. Objetiva-se, então, por meio da análise da literatura específica, compreender os limites entre o direito subjetivo do cidadão à assistência à saúde e a responsabilidade do Estado perante as vítimas da violência criminosa. Diante da impossibilidade eventual de impedir o ato criminoso, aperfeiçoar o atendimento da vítima nas repartições policiais, encaminhá-la precocemente a outros serviços públicos e dispensar-lhe atenção psicossocial e sanitária são ações e políticas públicas de segurança, na medida em que podem reduzir as consequências da violência sofrida, a exemplo do que, embora lenta e timidamente, já vem sendo feito em relação às vítimas da violência doméstica. Afinal, reparar ou reduzir os danos decorrentes da ação criminosa pode ser tão ou mais eficiente que as tentativas de evitá-la. Trata-se de um novo viés da segurança pública, focada já não exclusivamente na pessoa do criminoso e sua punição, mas também na da vítima e sua reparação, reconhecendo que ela deve ser o principal “cliente” das instituições estatais.
Effects of black carbon and boundary layer interaction on surface ozone in Nanjing, China
Authors: Gao Jinhui , Zhu Bin , Xiao Hui , Kang Hanqing , Pan Chen , Wang Dongdong , Wang Honglei
Published: May 2018

Abstract. As an important solar radiation absorbing aerosol, the effect of black carbon
(BC) on surface ozone, via reducing photolysis rate, has been widely
discussed by “offline” model studies. However, BC–boundary layer (BL)
interactions also influence surface ozone. Using the “online” model
simulations and process analysis, we demonstrate the significant impact of
BC–BL interaction on surface ozone in Nanjing. The absorbing effect of BC
heats the air above the BL and suppresses and delays the development of the BL,
which eventually leads to a change in surface ozone via a change in the
contributions from chemical and physical processes (photochemistry, vertical
mixing and advection). For chemical processes, the suppression of the BL leads to
large amounts of ozone precursors being confined below the BL which has an
increased effect on ozone chemical production and offsets the decrease
caused by the reduction of the photolysis rate, thus enhancing ozone chemical
formation from 10:00 to 12:00 LT. Furthermore, changes in physical processes,
especially the vertical mixing process, show a more significant influence on
surface ozone. The weakened turbulence, caused by the suppressed BL, entrains
much less ozone aloft down to the surface. Finally, summing-up the changes in
the processes, surface ozone reduces before noon and the maximum reduction
reaches 16.4 ppb at 12:00 LT. In the afternoon, the changes in chemical process
are small which inconspicuously influence surface ozone. However,
change in the vertical mixing process still influences surface ozone
significantly. Due to the delayed development of the BL, there are obvious
ozone gradients around the top of BL. Therefore, high concentrations of ozone
aloft can still be entrained down to the surface which offsets the reduction
of surface ozone. Comparing the changes in the processes, the change in
vertical mixing plays the most important role in impacting surface ozone. Our
results highlight the great impacts BC–BL interactions have on surface ozone
by influencing the ozone contribution from physical process. This suggests
that more attention should be paid to the mechanism of aerosol–BL
interactions when controlling ozone pollution.
Synoptic development during the ACLOUD/PASCAL field campaign near Svalbard in spring 2017
Authors: Knudsen Erlend M. , Heinold Bernd , Dahlke Sandro , Bozem Heiko , Crewell Susanne , Heygster Georg , Kunkel Daniel , Maturilli Marion , Mech Mario , Rinke Annette , Schmithüsen Holger , Ehrlich André , Macke Andreas , Lüpkes Christof , Wendisch Manfred
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The two concerted field campaigns Arctic CLoud Observations Using airborne measurements during polar Day (ACLOUD) and the Physical feedbacks of Arctic planetary boundary level Sea ice, Cloud and AerosoL (PASCAL) took place near Svalbard from 23 May to 26 June 2017. They were focused on studying Arctic mixed-phase clouds and involved observations from two airplanes (ACLOUD), an icebreaker (PASCAL), as well as surface-based stations, a tethered balloon, and satellites. Here, we present the synoptic development during the 35 day period of the campaigns, using classical near-surface and upper-air meteorological observations, as well as operational satellite and model data. Over the campaign period, short-term synoptic variability was substantial, dominating over the long-term background effect of Arctic amplification. During the first campaign week, cold and dry Arctic air from the north persisted, with a distinct but seasonally unusual cold air outbreak. Cloudy conditions with mostly low-level clouds prevailed. The subsequent two weeks were characterized by warm and moist maritime air from the south and east, which included two warm air advections. These synoptical disturbances caused lower cloud cover fractions and higher-reaching cloud systems. In the final two weeks, adiabatically warmed westerly air dominated, with a strongly varying cloud distribution in between the two other periods. Results presented here provide synoptic information needed to analyze and interpret data of upcoming studies from ACLOUD/PASCAL, while also offering unprecedented measurements in a sparsely observed region.
Use of the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) as a pre-filter for ice nucleation measurements: effect of particle mixing state and determination of SP2 conditions to fully vaporize refractory black carbon
Authors: Schill Gregory P. , DeMott Paul J. , Levin Ezra J. T. , Kreidenweis Sonia M.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Ice nucleation is a fundamental atmospheric process that impacts
precipitation, cloud lifetimes, and climate. Challenges remain to identify
and quantify the compositions and sources of ice-nucleating particles (INPs).
Assessment of the role of black carbon (BC) as an INP is particularly
important due to its anthropogenic sources and abundance at upper-tropospheric cloud levels. The role of BC as an INP, however, is unclear.
This is, in part, driven by a lack of techniques that directly determine the
contribution of refractory BC (rBC) to INP concentrations. One previously
developed technique to measure this contribution uses the Single Particle
Soot Photometer (SP2) as a pre-filter to an online ice-nucleating particle
counter. In this technique, rBC particles are selectively heated to their
vaporization temperature in the SP2 cavity by a 1064 nm laser. From previous
work, however, it is unclear under what SP2 conditions, if any, the
original rBC particles were fully vaporized. Furthermore, previous work also
left questions about the effect of the SP2 laser on the ice-nucleating
properties of several INP proxies and their mixtures with rBC. To answer these questions, we sampled the exhaust of an SP2 with a Scanning
Mobility Particle Sizer and a Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber. Using
Aquadag® as an rBC proxy, the effect of several SP2 instrument
parameters on the size distribution and physical properties of particles in
rBC SP2 exhaust were explored. We found that a high SP2 laser power (930 nW∕(220 nm PSL)) is required to fully vaporize a ∼ 0.76 fg rBC
particle. We also found that the exhaust particle size distribution is
minimally affected by the SP2 sheath-to-sample ratio; the size of the
original rBC particle, however, greatly influences the size distribution of
the SP2 exhaust. The effect of the SP2 laser on the ice nucleation
efficiency of Snomax®, NX-illite, and Suwannee River Fulvic
Acid was studied; these particles acted as proxies for biological,
illite-rich mineral dust, and brown carbon INPs, respectively. The original
size distribution and ice nucleation efficiency of all non-rBC proxies were
unaffected by the SP2 laser. Furthermore, the ice nucleation efficiencies of
all proxies were not affected when externally mixed with rBC. These proxies,
however, always show a reduction in ice-nucleating ability when internally
mixed with rBC. We end this work with recommendations for users who wish to
use the SP2 as a pre-filter to remove large rBC particles from an aerosol
stream.
A fully autonomous ozone, aerosol and night time water vapor LIDAR: a synergistic approach to profiling the atmosphere in the Canadian oil sands region
Authors: Strawbridge Kevin B. , Travis Michael S. , Firanski Bernard J. , Brook Jeffrey R. , Staebler Ralf , Leblanc Thierry
Published: May 2018

Abstract. LIDAR technology has been rapidly advancing over the past several decades. It can be used to measure a variety of atmospheric constituents at very high temporal and spatial resolutions. While the number of LIDARs continues to increase worldwide, there is generally a dependency on an operator, particularly for high-powered LIDAR systems. Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) has recently developed a fully autonomous, mobile LIDAR system called AMOLITE (Autonomous Mobile Ozone LIDAR Instrument for Tropospheric Experiments) to simultaneously measure the vertical profile of tropospheric ozone, aerosol and water vapor (night time only) from near ground to altitudes reaching ten to fifteen kilometers. This current system uses a dual laser, dual LIDAR design housed in a single climate-controlled trailer. Ozone profiles are measured by the DIfferential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL) technique using a single 1 m Raman cell filled with CO2. The DIAL wavelengths of 287 nm and 299 nm are generated as the second and third Stokes lines resulting from stimulated Raman scattering of the cell pumped using the fourth harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (266 nm). The aerosol LIDAR transmits three wavelengths simultaneously (355 nm, 532 nm and 1064 nm) employing a detector designed to measure the three backscatter channels, two nitrogen Raman channels (387 nm and 607 nm), and one cross-polarization channel at 355 nm. In addition, we have added a water vapor channel arising from the Raman-shifted 355 nm output (407 nm) to provide nighttime water vapor profiles. AMOLITE participated in a validation experiment alongside four other ozone DIAL systems before being deployed to the ECCC Oski-ôtin ground site in the Alberta Oil Sands region in November 2016. Ozone was found to increase throughout the troposphere by as much as a factor of 2 from stratospheric intrusions. A biomass burning event that impacted the region over an eight-day period produced LIDAR ratios of 35 to 65 sr at 355 nm and 40 to 100 sr at 532. Over the same period the Angstrom exponent decreased from 1.56 ± 0.2 to 1.35 ± 0.2 between the 2 to 4 km smoke region. The advantage of nearly continuous measurements obtained over a 12-month period will be presented, highlighting the synergistic advantage of AMOLITE’s tri-LIDAR design.
Aphotic N2 fixation along an oligotrophic to ultraoligotrophic transect in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Benavides Mar , Shoemaker Katyanne M. , Moisander Pia H. , Niggemann Jutta , Dittmar Thorsten , Duhamel Solange , Grosso Olivier , Pujo-Pay Mireille , Hélias-Nunige Sandra , Fumenia Alain , Bonnet Sophie
Published: May 2018

Abstract. The western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) Ocean has been recognized as a
global hot spot of dinitrogen (N2) fixation. Here, as in other marine
environments across the oceans, N2 fixation studies have focused on
the sunlit layer. However, studies have confirmed the importance of aphotic
N2 fixation activity, although until now only one had been performed
in the WTSP. In order to increase our knowledge of aphotic N2 fixation
in the WTSP, we measured N2 fixation rates and identified diazotrophic
phylotypes in the mesopelagic layer along a transect spanning from New
Caledonia to French Polynesia. Because non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs
presumably need external dissolved organic matter (DOM) sources for their
nutrition, we also identified DOM compounds using Fourier transform ion
cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) with the aim of searching for
relationships between the composition of DOM and non-cyanobacterial N2
fixation in the aphotic ocean. N2 fixation rates were low (average
0.63 ± 0.07 nmol N L−1 d−1) but consistently detected across
all depths and stations, representing ∼ 6–88 % of photic
N2 fixation. N2 fixation rates were not significantly
correlated with DOM compounds. The analysis of nifH gene amplicons
revealed a wide diversity of non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs, mostly matching
clusters 1 and 3. Interestingly, a distinct phylotype from the major
nifH subcluster 1G dominated at 650 dbar, coinciding with the
oxygenated Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW). This consistent pattern suggests
that the distribution of aphotic diazotroph communities is to some extent
controlled by water mass structure. While the data available are still too
scarce to elucidate the distribution and controls of mesopelagic
non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs in the WTSP, their prevalence in the
mesopelagic layer and the consistent detection of active N2 fixation
activity at all depths sampled during our study suggest that aphotic N2 fixation may contribute significantly to fixed nitrogen inputs in this area
and/or areas downstream of water mass circulation.
ReOBS: a new approach to synthesize long-term multi-variable dataset and application to the SIRTA supersite
Authors: Chiriaco Marjolaine , Dupont Jean-Charles , Bastin Sophie , Badosa Jordi , Lopez Julio , Haeffelin Martial , Chepfer Helene , Guzman Rodrigo
Published: May 2018

Abstract. A scientific approach is presented to aggregate and harmonize a set of 60
geophysical variables at hourly timescale over a decade, and to allow multiannual
and multi-variable studies combining atmospheric dynamics and
thermodynamics, radiation, clouds and aerosols from ground-based
observations. Many datasets from ground-based observations are currently in
use worldwide. They are very valuable because they contain complete and
precise information due to their spatio-temporal co-localization over more
than a decade. These datasets, in particular the synergy between different
type of observations, are under-used because of their complexity and
diversity due to calibration, quality control, treatment, format, temporal
averaging, metadata, etc. Two main results are presented in this article: (1) a set of methods available for the community to robustly and reliably process
ground-based data at an hourly timescale over a decade is described and (2) a single netCDF file is provided based on the SIRTA supersite observations.
This file contains approximately 60 geophysical variables (atmospheric and
in ground) hourly averaged over a decade for the longest variables. The
netCDF file is available and easy to use for the community. In this article,
observations are “re-analyzed”. The prefix “re” refers to six main steps:
calibration, quality control, treatment, hourly averaging, homogenization of
the formats and associated metadata, as well as expertise on more than a decade of
observations. In contrast, previous studies (i) took only some of these six
steps into account for each variable, (ii) did not aggregate all variables
together in a single file and (iii) did not offer an hourly resolution for
about 60 variables over a decade (for the longest variables). The approach
described in this article can be applied to different supersites and to
additional variables. The main implication of this work is that complex
atmospheric observations are made readily available for scientists who are
non-experts in measurements. The dataset from SIRTA observations can be
downloaded at http://sirta.ipsl.fr/reobs.html (last access: April 2017) (Downloads tab, no
password required) under https://doi.org/10.14768/4F63BAD4-E6AF-4101-AD5A-61D4A34620DE.
A novel model for simulation of nitrate in aquifers
Authors: Noori Roohollah , Dodangeh Mehrnaz , Berndtsson Ronny , Hooshyaripor Farhad , Adamowski Jan Franklin , Javadi Saman , Baghvand Akbar
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Please Numerical groundwater quality models (GQMs) often run at high computational cost resulting in long simulation times and complex parameter calibration that limit their practical applications. In this study, a novel reduced-order model (ROM) was developed for nitrate simulation in groundwater including a simple structure and with similar accuracy as more extensive GQMs. The proposed methodology for the development of ROM presents a solution for the problem in ROMs developed with eigenvectors, to make predictions into the future. The model performance was investigated by simulation of nitrate in the Karaj Aquifer, Iran. The dominant modes of spatiotemporal variation of nitrate during a five-year period was calculated by the model. The results revealed an excellent agreement between nitrate simulated by the ROM and the well-known Modular Transport 3D Multi Species (MT3DMS). The absolute error between the ROM and the MT3DMS was less than 0.5 mg/l in the most parts of the aquifer. Thus, results confirm that the use of ROM has advantages through a much simpler structure and shorter calculation times. Observed spatiotemporal variation of nitrate in the aquifer was well represented by the ROM simulations. The simplicity of the model makes it highly interesting also to other water resources problems.
Characteristics and frequency of large submarine landslides at the western tip of the Gulf of Corinth
Authors: Beckers Arnaud , Hubert-Ferrari Aurelia , Beck Christian , Papatheodorou George , de Batist Marc , Sakellariou Dimitris , Tripsanas Efthymios , Demoulin Alain
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Coastal and submarine landslides are frequent at the western tip of the Gulf
of Corinth, where small to medium failure events (106–107 m3)
occur on average every 30–50 years. These landslides trigger tsunamis and
consequently represent a significant hazard. We use here a dense grid of
high-resolution seismic profiles to realize an inventory of the large mass
transport deposits (MTDs) that result from these submarine landslides. Six
large mass wasting events are identified, and their associated deposits
locally represent 30 % of the sedimentation since 130 ka in the main western
basin. In the case of a large MTD of ∼ 1 km3 volume, the
simultaneous occurrence of different slope failures is inferred and suggests
an earthquake triggering. However, the overall temporal distribution of MTDs
would result from the time-dependent evolution of pre-conditioning factors
rather than from the recurrence of external triggers. Two likely main
pre-conditioning factors are (1) the reloading time of slopes, which varied
with the sedimentation rate, and (2) dramatic changes in water depth and
water circulation that occurred 10–12 ka ago during the last post-glacial
transgression. Such sliding events likely generated large tsunami waves in
the whole Gulf of Corinth, possibly larger than those reported in historical
sources considering the observed volume of the MTDs.
Technical Note: Two types of absolute dynamic ocean topography
Authors: Chu Peter C.
Published: May 2018

Abstract. Two types of marine geoid and the associated absolute dynamic ocean topography (referred as DOT) are presented. The first type is the average level of sea surface height (SSH) if the water is at rest (classical definition). The second type is determined by satellite observation under the condition that usually the water is not at rest. Its mean DOT (MDOT) is comparable to the first type DOT. Respective differences between the two geoids are that they exclude (include) the gravity anomaly and are non-measurable (measurable) in the first (second) type marine geoid. The first type DOT is determined by a physical principle that the geostrophic balance takes the minimum energy state. On the base of that, a new elliptic equation is derived for the first type DOT. Continuation of geoid from land to ocean leads to an inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition with the boundary values taking satellite observed second-type MDOT. This well-posed elliptic equation is integrated numerically on 1° grids for the world oceans with the forcing function computed from the World Ocean Atlas (T, S) fields and the sea-floor topography obtained from the NOAA's ETOPO5 model. Between the first type DOT and second type MDOT, the relative root-mean square (RMS) difference (versus RMS of the first type DOT) is 38.6 % and the RMS difference of the horizontal gradients (versus RMS of the horizontal gradient of the first type DOT) is near 100 %. The standard deviation of horizontal gradients of DOT is nearly twice larger in the second type (satellite determined marine geoid with gravity anomaly) than in the first type (geostrophic balance without gravity anomaly). Such difference needs further attention from oceanographic and geodetic communities, especially the oceanographic representation of the horizontal gradients of the second type MDOT.
El franquismo a través de las urnas. Metodología, fuentes y retos para una aproximación electoral al régimen de Franco
Authors: Domper Lasús Carlos
Published: May 2018

Este artículo pretende plantear una nueva perspectiva historiográfica desde la que aproximarse al estudio del franquismo utilizando el análisis de las elecciones a concejales de representación familiar y a procuradores en Cortes en representación de las familias. Para ello, se combinan tanto la metodología histórica como la procedente de las ciencias sociales, aunque priorizando la primera de ellas, estableciéndose los criterios a seguir para definir adecuadamente el sujeto de investigación y para profundizar en él posteriormente. Por lo tanto, el artículo define un campo de investigación hasta ahora escasamente transitado en el estudio de la dictadura franquista conectando investigaciones y bibliografía procedentes tanto de la historiografía como de la ciencia política.
La economía nacional civil
Authors: Editor El
Published: May 2018

No abstract availableRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 46, 1995: 565-588