bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of microRNA transcriptome in lung cancer by next‐generation deep sequencing
Authors: Ma Jie , Mannoor Kaiissar , Gao Lu , Tan Afang , Guarnera Maria A. , Zhan Min , Shetty Amol , Stass Sanford A. , Xing Lingxiao , Jiang Feng
Published: April 2014

Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death. Systematically characterizing miRNAs in NSCLC will help develop biomarkers for its diagnosis and subclassification, and identify therapeutic targets for the treatment. We used next‐generation deep sequencing to comprehensively characterize miRNA profiles in eight lung tumor tissues consisting of two major types of NSCLC, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). We used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to verify the findings in 40 pairs of stage I NSCLC tissues and the paired normal tissues, and 60 NSCLC tissues of different types and stages. We also investigated the function of identified miRNAs in lung tumorigenesis. Deep sequencing identified 896 known miRNAs and 14 novel miRNAs, of which, 24 miRNAs displayed dysregulation with fold change ≥4.5 in either stage I ACs or SCCs or both relative to normal tissues. qPCR validation showed that 14 of 24 miRNAs exhibited consistent changes with deep sequencing data. Seven miRNAs displayed distinctive expressions between SCC and AC, from which, a panel of four miRNAs (miRs‐944, 205‐3p, 135a‐5p, and 577) was identified that cold differentiate SCC from AC with 93.3% sensitivity and 86.7% specificity. Manipulation of miR‐944 expression in NSCLC cells affected cell growth, proliferation, and invasion by targeting a tumor suppressor, SOCS4. Evaluating miR‐944 in 52 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded SCC tissues revealed that miR‐944 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis. This study presents the earliest use of deep sequencing for profiling miRNAs in lung tumor specimens. The identified miRNA signatures may provide biomarkers for early detection, subclassification, and predicting metastasis, and potential therapeutic targets of NSCLC.
Disaster Trauma: Federal Resources that Help Communities on Their Road to Recovery
Authors: Felder Stephanie S. , Seligman Jamie , Burrows-McElwain Cicely K. , Robinson Maryann E. , Hierholzer Erik
Published: April 2014

During the past several years, the US federal government has increased its role in preparing for and responding to natural and manmade disasters. The support and services that federal agencies provide to communities to address the psychological impact of trauma on citizens of all ages are valuable assets before and after a disaster. We used trauma theory to analyze disaster behavior health, assess the needs of at-risk populations, and identify the resources that the Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, offers to the nation to assist communities in the psychological recovery process. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1–5)
Investigation of Boussinesq dynamics using intermediate models based on wave–vortical interactions
Authors: Hernandez-Duenas Gerardo , Smith Leslie M. , Stechmann Samuel N.
Published: April 2014

Nonlinear coupling among wave modes and vortical modes is investigated with the following question in mind: can we distinguish the wave–vortical interactions largely responsible for formation versus evolution of coherent, balanced structures? The two main case studies use initial conditions that project only onto the vortical-mode flow component of the rotating Boussinesq equations: (i) an initially balanced dipole and (ii) random initial data in the vortical modes. Both case studies compare quasi-geostrophic (QG) dynamics (involving only nonlinear interactions between vortical modes) to the dynamics of intermediate models allowing for two-way feedback between wave modes and vortical modes. For an initially balanced dipole with symmetry across the$\hat{\boldsymbol {x}}$-axis, the QG dipole will propagate along the$\hat{\boldsymbol {x}}$-axis while the trajectory of the Boussinesq dipole exhibits a cyclonic drift. Compared to a forced linear (FL) model with one-way forcing of wave modes by the vortical modes, the simplest intermediate model with two-way feedback involving vortical–vortical–wave interactions is able to capture the speed and trajectory of the dipole for roughly ten times longer at Rossby$Ro$and Froude$Fr$numbers$Ro = Fr \approx 0.1$. Despite its success at tracking the dipole, the latter intermediate model does not accurately capture the details of the flow structure within the adjusted dipole. For decay from random initial conditions in the vortical modes, the full Boussinesq equations generate vortices that are smaller than QG vortices, indicating that wave–vortical interactions are fundamental for creating the correct balanced state. The intermediate model with QG and vortical–vortical–wave interactions actually prevents the formation of vortices. Taken together these case studies suggest that: vortical–vortical–wave interactions create waves and thereby influence the evolution of balanced structures; vortical–wave–wave interactions take energy out of the wave modes and contribute in an essential way to the formation of coherent balanced structures.
Hearing outcome of early postnatal exposure to hypoxia in Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Daniel S J , McIntosh M , Akinpelu O V , Rohlicek C V
Published: April 2014

Objective:

To determine the effect of experimentally induced hypoxia, in the first 10 days of life, on physiological hearing in a Sprague–Dawley rat model.

Methods:

A prospective, controlled animal study was carried out using 22 male rat pups. The rats in the hypoxic group (n = 12) were reared in hypoxia for the first 10 days of life, and subsequently reared in normoxia, while those in the control group (n = 10) were reared in normoxia for the duration of the experiment. Hearing was assessed using auditory brainstem response testing at approximately 72 days of age.

Results:

The hypoxia group had higher auditory brainstem response thresholds for all frequencies tested (more pronounced at 16 kHz), compared with controls. Wave I–V inter-peak latencies were more prolonged in the hypoxic rats, while both groups had similar wave I latencies.

Conclusion:

Chronic postnatal hypoxia induced permanent hearing loss in this Sprague–Dawley rat model. Prolonged wave I–V inter-peak latencies suggested functional abnormality in the central auditory pathway.
Geographical distribution and abundance of Ctenocheilocaris galvarini (Crustacea: Mystacocarida) along the coast of Chile
Authors: Lee Matthew R. , Riveros Marcela
Published: April 2014

The mystacocarid Ctenocheilocaris galvarini is a member of the intertidal meiofauna in exposed sandy beaches along the coast of Chile. Originally described by Dahl (1952) from sub-tidal sediment off Isla Guafo, the only other published record is from semi-fine intertidal sand in Las Cruces. This paper presents a variety of new records of C. galvarini based on both quantitative and qualitative sampling of the coast of Chile between 18°S and 54°S. Ctenocheilocaris galvarini is found primarily in southern Chile, south of 32°, in the intertidal zone of intermediate beaches, in fine sand (Wentworth scale) most likely distributed between the level of the water-table and the surface, but avoiding dry sand.
Austria, Prussia, and the Wars of Liberation, 1813–1814
Authors: Sked Alan
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this articleis to clarify the relative roles of Austria and Prussia during the Wars of Liberation of 1813 and 1814. It uses the very latest research concerning the military strategy adopted and emphasizes the input of Radetzky, using his handwritten account of the campaign, a document previously ignored by historians, despite the general's position as chief of staff of the allied coalition. The fact is that Anglo-American historians have failed to investigate the politics of the military alliance of 1813–1814 that constituted the Fourth Coalition. Myself apart, the only historian to examine that alliance with any regard to the Austrian viewpoint has been Gordon A. Craig in a brief but excellent analysis published as long ago as 1966. German historians have done little better. They simply neglect the Austrian archives.
Historical Research and Cultural History in Nineteenth-Century Austria: The Archivist Joseph Chmel (1798–1858)
Authors: Ottner Christine
Published: April 2014

During the nineteenth century, history developed into an independent discipline with important cultural and intellectual functions in both the academic world, as well as in society at large. Specific circumstances contributed to the rise in importance of this discipline: On the one hand, the emergence of an educated bourgeoisie and rising nationalist movements influenced the study of history; whereas on the other hand, public demands for assurances of continuity, as well as conservative efforts for restoration, also played an important role in history's growth in importance. Historicism, which began to establish itself in late-eighteenth-century Germany, had its forerunners in research approaches that grew out of the late Enlightenment. Concepts of cultural science [Kulturwissenschaft] developed by scholars of the late Enlightenment paved the way for the rise of the historical discipline during the first half of the nineteenth century.
A Thursday Before the War: 28 May 1914 in Vienna
Authors: Healy Maureen
Published: April 2014

On 28May 1914, the Viennese press reported that a young man from the sixteenth district in Vienna had attempted suicide. Sitting on a bench at the Pezzlpark, twenty-one-year-old laborer Karl P. shot himself in the head with a revolver. “The motive,” one newspaper reported, “was said to be unrequited love.” By chance, the same park bench would see more action later that day. Pregnant twenty-three-year-old laborer Marie B. was on her way to a birthing clinic when she went into labor. Sitting on what the newspaper now deemed theSelbstmörderbankerl, with the help of two nearby watchmen, she gave birth to a girl. The headline “Death and Life on a Bench” highlighted one extraordinary coincidence in an otherwise ordinary day in the city.
Beyond the “Infamous Concentration Camps of the Old Monarchy”: Jewish Refugee Policy from Wartime Austria-Hungary to Interwar Czechoslovakia
Authors: Klein-Pejšová Rebekah
Published: April 2014

The scholarship on twentieth-century refugee movementhighlights the persecution of national, ethnic, and religious minorities arising from state and nation-building. The very structure and function of modern nation-states made specific populations within them vulnerable outsiders. The nation-state limited and defined in new ways those groups for whom the state would take responsibility. “In practically every way we can imagine,” writes Michael Marrus, “the First World War imposed on contemporaries the awesome power of the nation-state.” Refugee movement has also been tied to policies of wartime persecution and the chaos of imperial collapse. Populations in flux mark a regime no longer in control, a state in dissolution and decay.
Ally and Opposition: The Legitimist Movement under the Dollfuß-Schuschnigg Dictatorship
Authors: Thaler Johannes
Published: April 2014

On 16July 2011, the funeral procession forOttoHabsburgmarched through the first district of Vienna to the Habsburg dynasty's traditional vault, theKapuzinergruft. It was the entombment of a remnant of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Yet, the procession also carried an important chapter of the First Republic of Austria to the vault. After the death of his father and former Emperor Charles in exile in April 1922, Otto became the figurehead of a political current of interwar Austria: the Legitimist movement. Its aim was to restore the Habsburg monarchy that had been dissolved at the end of World War I.
Determinants of tooth loss and chewing ability in mid- and late life in three Swedish birth cohorts
Authors: LEXOMBOON DUANGJAI , WÅRDH INGER , THORSLUND MATS , PARKER MARTI G.
Published: April 2014

The aim of the research presented is to determine the influence of socio-economic factors in childhood and mid-life on multiple tooth loss and chewing problems in mid- and late life in three Swedish birth cohorts (1903–1910, 1911–1920 and 1921–1925). Longitudinal national Swedish surveys were used for the analysis. Participants were interviewed in mid-life in 1968 and later in life (77–99 years of age) in 2002. Childhood socio-economic positions (SEP) did not result in different odds of multiple tooth loss and chewing problems in mid- and late life, but persons with higher mid-life SEP had lower odds. Persons born into the 1921–1925 birth cohort had significantly lower odds of multiple tooth loss in late life than the 1903–1910 birth cohort. Women had higher odds of losing multiple teeth than men in late life but not mid-life. Neither gender nor childhood and mid-life SEP predicted chewing problems late in life, but older people with multiple tooth loss had higher odds of chewing difficulty than those with mainly natural teeth. Childhood conditions may contribute to multiple tooth loss in mid-life, which subsequently contributes to multiple tooth loss in late life. Tooth loss in late life is strongly associated with difficulty chewing hard food. Prevalence of multiple tooth loss is higher in women than in men in late life but not in mid-life.
Development of the first-mention bias
Authors: HARTSHORNE JOSHUA K. , NAPPA REBECCA , SNEDEKER JESSE
Published: April 2014

In many contexts, pronouns are interpreted as referring to the character mentioned first in the previous sentence, an effect called the ‘first-mention bias’. While adults can rapidly use the first-mention bias to guide pronoun interpretation, it is unclear when this bias emerges during development. Curiously, experiments with children between two and three years old show successful use of order of mention, while experiments with older children (four to five years old) do not. While this could suggest U-shaped development, it could also reflect differences in the methodologies employed. We show that children can indeed use first-mention information, but do so too slowly to have been detected in previous work reporting null results. Comparison across the present and previously published studies suggests that the speed at which children deploy first-mention information increases greatly during the preschool years.
Identification of α-phase crystallization Pigment Red 254 in artist's paints by powder x-ray diffraction
Authors: Greening Timothy
Published: April 2014

Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) is a pigment widely used in modern paints for industrial and artistic applications. Identification of this pigment in paint for art authentication and forensics has previously been accomplished with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or Laser Raman. Three commercial artist's paints containing DPP were analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). Alpha phase DPP was identified in two of the samples, barite extender the only crystalline component identified in the other sample. In conclusion, XRD analysis of paint samples can identify DPP, as can other organic analyses, but has the advantage of being non-destructive and also identifying the crystal structure. However, the fact that in one sample only extender could be identified does impose some limitations on the analysis of paints.
Low-cost Rolled X-ray Prism Lenses to increase photon flux density in diffractometry experiments
Authors: Vogt H. , Last A. , Mohr J. , Marschall F. , Mettendorf K.-U. , Eisenhower R. , Simon M.
Published: April 2014

At the Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT) of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), a new type of refractive X-ray optics has been developed. Owing to its comparably easy fabrication method and the large aperture, the so-called Rolled X-ray Prism Lenses (RXPL) have the potential to be used with X-ray tubes in an industrial environment as a low-cost alternative to existing optics. The lens itself is built out of a micro-structured foil which is cut into shape and rolled around a winding core to form a refracting element for X-rays. The resulting refractive structure can be used as illumination optics. Diffractometry experiments with an NIST 1976a sample were performed and showed up to an 18-fold enhanced integrated intensity compared to that acquired with a steel tube collimator.
Rapid kinetics of endocytosis at rod photoreceptor synapses depends upon endocytic load and calcium
Authors: CORK KARLENE M. , THORESON WALLACE B.
Published: April 2014

Release from rods is triggered by the opening of L-type Ca2+channels that lie beneath synaptic ribbons. After exocytosis, vesicles are retrieved by compensatory endocytosis. Previous work showed that endocytosis is dynamin-dependent in rods but dynamin-independent in cones. We hypothesized that fast endocytosis in rods may also differ from cones in its dependence upon the amount of Ca2+influx and/or endocytic load. We measured exocytosis and endocytosis from membrane capacitance (Cm) changes evoked by depolarizing steps in voltage clamped rods from tiger salamander retinal slices. Similar to cones, the time constant for endocytosis in rods was quite fast, averaging <200 ms. We manipulated Ca2+influx and the amount of vesicle release by altering the duration and voltage of depolarizing steps. Unlike cones, endocytosis kinetics in rods slowed after increasing Ca2+channel activation with longer step durations or more strongly depolarized voltage steps. Endocytosis kinetics also slowed as Ca2+buffering was decreased by replacing BAPTA (10 or 1 mM) with the slower Ca2+buffer EGTA (5 or 0.5 mM) in the pipette solution. These data provide further evidence that endocytosis mechanisms differ in rods and cones and suggest that endocytosis in rods is regulated by both endocytic load and local Ca2+levels.
Protective effects of remote ischemic conditioning against ischemia/reperfusion-induced retinal injury in rats
Authors: ZHANG XUXIANG , JIZHANG YUNNENG , XU XIAOYING , KWIECIEN TIMOTHY D. , LI NING , ZHANG YING , JI XUNMING , REN CHANGHONG , DING YUCHUAN
Published: April 2014

Limb remote ischemic conditioning (LRIC) provides a physiologic strategy for harnessing the body’s endogenous protective capabilities against injury induced by ischemia–reperfusion in the central nervous system. The aim of the present study was to determine if LRIC played a role in protecting the retina from ischemia–reperfusion injury. A total of 81 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham and ischemia/reperfusion with or without remote LRIC arms. The retinal ischemic model was generated through right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and pterygopalatine artery occlusion for 60 min followed by 1, 3, and 7 days of subsequent reperfusion. LRIC was conducted immediately following MCAO by tightening a tourniquet around the upper thigh and releasing for three cycles. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin in order to quantify the number of cells in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) layer throughout the duration of the study. Cellular expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected and examined through immunohistochemistry. Protein expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was also analyzed by Western blot techniques. Our study demonstrated that the loss of cells in RGC layer was attenuated by LRIC treatment at 3 and 7 days following reperfusion (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry studies depicted a gradual increase (P < 0.05) in GFAP levels from day 1 through day 7 following ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, whereas LRIC reduced GFAP levels at 1, 3, and 7 days postreperfusion. In addition, LRIC increased the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 at day 1 and 3 following ischemia/reperfusion. This particular study is the first remote conditioning study applicable to retinal ischemia. Our results strongly support the position that LRIC may be used as a noninvasive neuroprotective strategy, which provides retinal protection from ischemia–reperfusion injury through the upregulation of antioxidative stress proteins, such as Nrf2 and HO-1.
The Metalegal God
Authors: Domingo Rafael
Published: April 2014

This article deals with the relation between God and the secular legal systems of Western liberal democracies. It provides a normative argument for the compatibility of God and secular legal reasoning. In our age, in which believing in God is no longer socially axiomatic and the right to religious freedom protects all kinds of theistic and non-theistic religious beliefs, creeds and first philosophies, it seems contrary to religious neutrality for secular legal systems to single out God. This article instead argues that, although God and religion are inextricably intertwined, they affect the legal system in different ways because they are ontologically different. God cannot be reduced to a mere component of theistic religion. A proper understanding of secularisation might call for keeping God outside the legal system but not for driving God out of the public sphere of democratic societies. Secular legal systems are not atheist legal systems; they are legal systems ‘without religion’ but not ‘without God’. Secularisation implies some degree of minimal recognition of God as a metalegal concept. The specific degree of recognition of God appropriate for any given political community depends on its cultural and communitarian identity and should be subject to the rules of democratic procedures and majorities. This is the metalegal God.
Frequency of Manuscript Publication Following Presentation of EMS Abstracts at National Meetings
Authors: Clemency Brian M. , Thompson Jeffrey J. , Lindstrom Heather A. , Gurien Steven , Jaison Berly A. , Grates-Sciarrino Alexis A.
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Specialized knowledge and a scientific body of literature are the foundation of the recognition of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) as a subspecialty within emergency medicine (EM). Emergency Medical Services research often is presented at national meetings and published in abstract form, but full publication occurs less frequently.

Problem

The primary goal of the study was to determine the rate at which EMS-related research presented at selected conferences went on to manuscript publication. A secondary goal was the determination of the time to manuscript publication.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of published abstracts from the 2003-2005 national meetings of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM), National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP), Association of Air Medical Services (AAMS), and the National Association of EMS Educators (NAEMSE) was conducted to identify EMS-related abstracts. PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland USA) was searched using abstract title keywords and authors’ names to determine if the study had been published in a PubMed-indexed journal in the time since presentation and abstract publication.

Results

Abstracts for the five conferences were reviewed for 2003-2005. Six hundred and thirty-five EMS-related abstracts met the inclusion criteria. The total number of EMS abstracts presented and the percent subsequently published as a manuscript were: SAEM 135, 53.3%; ACEP 128, 48.4%; NAEMSP 282, 42.9%; AAMS 66, 33.3%; and NAEMSE 24, 16.7%. The overall rate of publication was 44.3%. The average time to publication was 22.2 months (SD = 16.5 months, range = 0-94 months).

Conclusion

Less than half of EMS abstracts go on to manuscript publication. This may represent missed opportunities for the growth of EMS as a subspecialty.

ClemencyBM,ThompsonJJ,LindstromHA,GurienS,JaisonBA,Grates-SciarrinoAA.Frequency of manuscript publication following presentation of EMS abstracts at national meetings.Prehosp Disaster Med.2014;29(3):1-5.
Derivation of Optical Properties of Carbonaceous Aerosols by Monochromated Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy
Authors: Zhu Jiangtao , Crozier Peter A. , Ercius Peter , Anderson James R.
Published: April 2014

Monochromated electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is employed to determine the optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols from the infrared to the ultraviolet region of the spectrum. It is essential to determine their optical properties to understand their accurate contribution to radiative forcing for climate change. The influence of surface and interface plasmon effects on the accuracy of dielectric data determined from EELS is discussed. Our measurements show that the standard thin film formulation of Kramers−Kronig analysis can be employed to make accurate determination of the dielectric function for carbonaceous particles down to about 40 nm in size. The complex refractive indices of graphitic and amorphous carbon spherules found in the atmosphere were determined over the wavelength range 200–1,200 nm. The graphitic carbon was strongly absorbing black carbon, whereas the amorphous carbon shows a more weakly absorbing brown carbon profile. The EELS approach provides an important tool for exploring the variation in optical properties of atmospheric carbon.
New Players on Crowded Playing Fields: The Institutional Embeddedness of Social Innovation in Germany
Authors: Ruddat Claudia , Schönauer Anna-Lena
Published: April 2014

This article1analyses whether and how social innovations can be implemented in a Conservative/Bismarckian welfare regime and society such as Germany. It examines the transferability and the relevance of this discourse and practice, and argues that, due to existing institutional structures and cultures, innovation by public sector intrapreneurship is more significant in Germany than through social entrepreneurship. The article challenges the assumption that social innovation emerges from entrepreneurship, and questions the level of attention and importance attached to this development
In Praise of Awkwardness: Kadi in the CJEU
Authors: Gearty Conor
Published: April 2014

The European Court of Justice and the United Nations blacklisting regime - Background, case-law and conflict in relation to that regime - The Kadi II case - wider constitutional dimensions of the ruling - theoretical aspects of the dispute from rule of law perspective - the future
Prisoner Disenfranchisement in the United Kingdom and the Scope of EU Law: United Kingdom Supreme Court
Authors: Lansbergen Anja
Published: April 2014

On 16 October 2013 the United Kingdom Supreme Court delivered judgment in two conjoined cases that considered the legality of prisoner disenfranchisement. The Court considered both the compatibility of the disenfranchising provisions with the European Convention on Human Rights (‘the Convention’), and whether those provisions breached a right to vote acquired by the appellants under European Union law. In a unanimous judgment the Supreme Court dismissed the appeals, acknowledging the incompatibility of the relevant legislation with Article 3 of Protocol No. 1 of the Convention but declining to issue a declaration of incompatibility. The Supreme Court further held that EU law does not confer upon EU Citizens a substantive right to vote in European Parliamentary elections.

The cases are significant on a number of levels. First, the nuanced arguments advanced before the Court tested the jurisdictional scope of EU law and its capacity to confer rights upon EU Citizens in the absence of cross-border movement. The claims thus held the potential to widen the jurisdiction of EU law along the trajectory outlined by such ECJ case-law as Ruiz Zambrano and Fransson. Secondly, those arguments probed the extent to which the European Charter of Fundamental Rights (‘the Charter’) imports Strasbourg jurisprudence into EU law and thus creates an alternative mechanism through which to enforce Convention rights. Finally, the decision evidences the constitutional tensions that emanate from discordant interpretations of fundamental rights by national and supranational courts from discordant interpretations of fundamental rights by national and supranational courts.
Greek Council of State
Authors: Kapotas Panos
Published: April 2014

Ever since the days of Van Gend en Loos and Costa, national attitudes to the unilaterally proclaimed supremacy of EU law have invariably captured a great deal of academic and political attention. Since the mid-1990s most national constitutional courts have converged to the interpretative orthodoxy of a qualified acceptance of primacy, couched in a pluralist vision of the relationship between the EU and its Member States. As things stand at the moment, and especially against the backdrop of Declaration 17 of the Lisbon Treaty, primacy is expected to be the constitutionally recognised conflict resolution norm that national courts shall turn to in almost all circumstances.

The Greek Council of State in its Judgment 3470/2011 does not break this pattern, even in the face of a politically sensitive issue. When considering whether an irrebuttable presumption of incompatibility between tenderers for public works contracts and owners or main shareholders of media corporations is permissible under EU law, the Greek court unequivocally accepts the relevant ECJ preliminary ruling in Michaniki and recalibrates its interpretation of the national constitution accordingly. In doing so, however, the Council of State reads an obligation for consistent interpretation into the constitution itself, thus turning the doctrine of indirect effect into a pragmatic tool for constitutional pluralism in action.
The Relationship Between Neuroticism and Inflammatory Markers: A Twin Study
Authors: Sas Arthur A. , Rijsdijk Frühling V. , Ormel Johan , Snieder Harold , Riese Harriëtte
Published: April 2014

Introduction: Neuroticism is an important marker of vulnerability for both mental and physical disorders. Its link with multiple etiological pathways has been studied before. Inflammatory markers have been demonstrated to predict similar mental and physical disorders as neuroticism. However, currently no study has focused on the shared genetic background of neuroticism and inflammatory markers. In the present study we will focus on the phenotypic and genetic relationship between neuroticism and three commonly used inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and Immunoglobulin-G (IgG). Material and Methods: The study was conducted in 125 Dutch female twin pairs. For each participant, four different neuroticism scores were available to calculate a neuroticism composite score that was used in the statistical analyses. Blood samples for inflammatory marker determination were taken after an overnight fast. Heritabilities, phenotypic and genetic correlations were estimated using bivariate structural equation modeling. Results: Heritabilities are fair for neuroticism (0.55), CRP (0.52) and fibrinogen (0.67) and moderate for IgG (0.43). No significant phenotypic or genetic correlations were found between neuroticism and the inflammatory markers. Interaction models yielded no moderation of the genetic and environmental pathways in the regulation of inflammatory markers by neuroticism. Conclusion: Substantial heritabilities were observed for all variables. No evidence was found for significant shared (or moderation of) genetic or environmental pathways underlying neuroticism and inflammatory status.
DNA Methylation of the LY86 Gene is Associated With Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Inflammation
Authors: Su Shaoyong , Zhu Haidong , Xu Xiaojing , Wang Xin , Dong Yanbin , Kapuku Gaston , Treiber Frank , Gutin Bernard , Harshfield Gregory , Snieder Harold , Wang Xiaoling
Published: April 2014

Background: Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of genetic variants for obesity and its related traits, representing a group of potential key genes in the etiology of obesity. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetics may play an important role in obesity. It has not been explored whether the GWAS-identified loci contribute to obesity through epigenetics (e.g., DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) methylation) in addition to genetics. Method: A multi-stage cross-sectional study was designed. We did a literature search and identified 117 genes discovered by GWAS for obesity and its related traits. Then we analyzed whether the methylation levels of these genes were also associated with obesity in two genome-wide methylation panels. We examined an initial panel of seven adolescent obese cases and seven age-matched lean controls, followed by a second panel of 48 adolescent obese cases and 48 age- and gender-matched lean controls. The validated CpG sites were further replicated in two independent replication panels of youth (46 vs. 46 and 230 cases vs. 413 controls, respectively) and a general population of youth, including 703 healthy subjects. Results: One CpG site in the lymphocyte antigen 86 (LY86) gene, which showed higher methylation in the obese in both the initial (p = .009) and second genome-wide DNA methylation panel (p = .008), was further validated in both replication panels (meta p = .00016). Moreover, in the general population of youth, the methylation levels of this region were significantly correlated with adiposity indices (p ≤ .02), insulin resistance (p = .001), and inflammatory markers (p < .001). Conclusion: By focusing on recent GWAS findings in genome-wide methylation profiles, we identified a solid association between LY86 gene DNA methylation and obesity.
Planungsleistungen bei Grundschülern mit ADHS und LRS
Authors: Schöfl Martin , Kloo Daniela , Kaufmann Liane
Published: April 2014

Exekutive Funktionen (EF) sind kognitive Steuerungsmechanismen, die zielgerichtetes Verhalten ermöglichen. EF werden sowohl im Alltag als auch beim Lernen benötigt und stellen in der Diagnostik eine wichtige Beschreibungsdimension dar. Exekutive Dysfunktionen werden als ein kognitives Kernsymptom der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) gesehen. Planungsleistungen (inkl. Handlungsplanung) zählen neben dem Arbeitsgedächtnis, der Inhibitionskontrolle und der kognitiven Flexibilität zu den wichtigsten Aspekten von EF. Interessanterweise gibt es bisher kaum Studien zu den Planungsleistungen bei ADHS. Das Hauptziel der vorliegenden Studie war die systematische Untersuchung der Planungsleistungen bei Grundschulkindern mit ADHS mittels Fremdbeurteilungsverfahren und tatsächlich erbrachter Leistung in einer Testsituation. Um Aussagen zur Spezifität potentieller Planungsdefizite bei ADHS machen zu können, wurden zusätzlich zur gesunden Kontrollgruppe auch klinische Vergleichsgruppen in die Studie aufgenommen (Kinder mit Lese-Rechtschreibstörungen/LRS sowie Kinder mit ADHS und assoziierter LRS). Insgesamt nahmen 84 acht- bis zehnjährige Schulkinder an der aktuellen Untersuchung teil. Die Resultate zeigten die größten (und klinisch bedeutsamsten) Gruppenunterschiede bei den Elterneinschätzungen, welche jedoch nur gering mit den Testleistungen korrelierten. Erwartungsgemäß wurden die Planungsdefizite bei Kindern mit ADHS am schwerwiegendsten eingeschätzt. Erwähnenswert ist, dass im Vergleich zur KG auch Kinder mit LRS gemäß Elterneinschätzung – nicht jedoch in der tatsächlichen Testleistung – Planungsdefizite aufwiesen, die jedoch weniger stark ausgeprägt waren als bei Kindern mit ADHS. Das Vorliegen einer ADHS mit assoziierter LRS (ADHS+LRS) scheint jedoch kein zusätzliches Risiko für additive Planungsdefizite darzustellen, da die diesbezüglichen Gruppenunterschiede zwischen Kindern mit ADHS und solchen mit ADHS+LRS nicht signifikant waren. Die Relevanz dieser Ergebnisse für die (differential)diagnostische und pädagogische Praxis wird im Beitrag diskutiert.
OX40 engagement depletes intratumoral Tregs via activating FcγRs, leading to antitumor efficacy
Authors: Bulliard Yannick , Jolicoeur Rose , Zhang Jimin , Dranoff Glenn , Wilson Nicholas S , Brogdon Jennifer L
Published: April 2014

Antibodies targeting checkpoint inhibitors or co‐stimulatory receptors on T cells have shown significant antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies. In mouse tumor models, engagement of activating Fcγ receptor (FcγR)‐expressing immune cells was recently shown to be required for the tumoricidal activity of antibodies recognizing the tumor necrosis factor superfamily receptor (TNFR) GITR (CD357) and CTLA‐4 (CD152). In particular, activating FcγRs facilitated the selective elimination of intratumoral T‐cell populations. However, it remains unclear whether FcγRs contribute to the antitumor efficacy of other immunomodulatory antibodies. Here, we explored the mechanism of antitumor activity mediated by an agonistic antibody (clone OX86) to the co‐stimulatory TNFR OX40 (CD134). OX40 was highly expressed by intratumoral T cells, particularly those of the FoxP3+ regulatory T‐cell (Treg) lineage. OX86 administration resulted in the depletion of intratumoral regulatory T cells in an activating FcγR‐dependent manner, which correlated with tumor regression. Together with previous data from our group and others, these findings support a mechanism whereby antibodies targeting antigens highly expressed by intratumoral T cells can mediate their elimination by FcγR‐expressing immune cells, and facilitate subsequent antitumor immunity.
Tracing innate immune defences along the path of Listeria monocytogenes infection
Authors: Regan Tim , MacSharry John , Brint Elizabeth
Published: April 2014

The pathogenic gram‐positive bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative infectious intracellular pathogen that causes listeriosis. Effective elimination of infection is dependent upon a functioning innate immune system and activation of inflammatory responses by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). In this review, we trace the route of L. monocytogenes invasion as it disseminates from the intestinal epithelium, through the bloodstream of the host, to the liver and spleen. Along this route, we highlight the diverse, region specific, innate defences in place throughout the course of infection. We provide an overview of recent advances in our knowledge of key innate immune defences against L. monocytogenes, focusing on the PRRs in various cell types known to be critical in the detection of this pathogen.
Experimental orthotopic transplantation of a tissue-engineered oesophagus in rats
Authors: Sjöqvist Sebastian , Jungebluth Philipp , Ling Lim Mei , Haag Johannes C. , Gustafsson Ylva , Lemon Greg , Baiguera Silvia , Angel Burguillos Miguel , Del Gaudio Costantino , Rodríguez Antonio Beltrán , Sotnichenko Alexander , Kublickiene Karolina , Ullman Henrik , Kielstein Heike , Damberg Peter , Bianco Alessandra , Heuchel Rainer , Zhao Ying , Ribatti Domenico , Ibarra Cristián , Joseph Bertrand , Taylor Doris A. , Macchiarini Paolo
Published: April 2014

A tissue-engineered oesophageal scaffold could be very useful for the treatment of pediatric and adult patients with benign or malignant diseases such as carcinomas, trauma or congenital malformations. Here we decellularize rat oesophagi inside a perfusion bioreactor to create biocompatible biological rat scaffolds that mimic native architecture, resist mechanical stress and induce angiogenesis. Seeded allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells spontaneously differentiate (proven by gene-, protein and functional evaluations) into epithelial- and muscle-like cells. The reseeded scaffolds are used to orthotopically replace the entire cervical oesophagus in immunocompetent rats. All animals survive the 14-day study period, with patent and functional grafts, and gain significantly more weight than sham-operated animals. Explanted grafts show regeneration of all the major cell and tissue components of the oesophagus including functional epithelium, muscle fibres, nerves and vasculature. We consider the presented tissue-engineered oesophageal scaffolds a significant step towards the clinical application of bioengineered oesophagi.
Green preparation of reduced graphene oxide for sensing and energy storage applications
Authors: Bo Zheng , Shuai Xiaorui , Mao Shun , Yang Huachao , Qian Jiajing , Chen Junhong , Yan Jianhua , Cen Kefa
Published: April 2014

Preparation of graphene from chemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) is recognized as one of the most promising methods for large-scale and low-cost production of graphene-based materials. This study reports a new, green and efficient reducing agent (caffeic acid/CA) for GO reduction. The CA-reduced GO (CA-rGO) shows a high C/O ratio (7.15) that is among the best rGOs prepared with green reducing reagents. Electronic gas sensors and supercapacitors have been fabricated with the CA-rGO and show good performance, which demonstrates the potential of CA-rGO for sensing and energy storage applications.
High performance polymer solar cells with as-prepared zirconium acetylacetonate film as cathode buffer layer
Authors: Tan Zhan'ao , Li Shusheng , Wang Fuzhi , Qian Deping , Lin Jun , Hou Jianhui , Li Yongfang
Published: April 2014

Low-work-function active metals are commonly used as cathode in polymer solar cells (PSCs), but sensitivity of the active metals towards moisture and oxygen results in poor stability of the devices. Therefore, solution-proceessable and stable cathode buffer layer is of great importance for the application of PSCs. Here we demonstrate high performance PSCs by employing as-prepared zirconium acetylacetonate (a-ZrAcac) film spin-cast from its ethanol solution as cathode buffer layer. The PSCs based on a low bandgap polymer PBDTBDD as donor and PC60BM as acceptor with a-ZrAcac/Al cathode demonstrated an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.75% which is significantly improved than that of the devices with traditional Ca/Al cathode. The improved photovoltaic performance is benefitted from the decreased series resistance and enhanced light harvest of the PSCs with the a-ZrAcac/Al cathode. The results indicate that a-ZrAcac is a promising high performance cathode buffer layer for fabricating large area flexible PSCs.
Rewiring yeast osmostress signalling through the MAPK network reveals essential and non-essential roles of Hog1 in osmoadaptation
Authors: Babazadeh Roja , Furukawa Takako , Hohmann Stefan , Furukawa Kentaro
Published: April 2014

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have a number of targets which they regulate at transcriptional and post-translational levels to mediate specific responses. The yeast Hog1 MAPK is essential for cell survival under hyperosmotic conditions and it plays multiple roles in gene expression, metabolic regulation, signal fidelity and cell cycle regulation. Here we describe essential and non-essential roles of Hog1 using engineered yeast cells in which osmoadaptation was reconstituted in a Hog1-independent manner. We rewired Hog1-dependent osmotic stress-induced gene expression under the control of Fus3/Kss1 MAPKs, which are activated upon osmostress via crosstalk in hog1Δ cells. This approach revealed that osmotic up-regulation of only two Hog1-dependent glycerol biosynthesis genes, GPD1 and GPP2, is sufficient for successful osmoadaptation. Moreover, some of the previously described Hog1-dependent mechanisms appeared to be dispensable for osmoadaptation in the engineered cells. These results suggest that the number of essential MAPK functions may be significantly smaller than anticipated and that knockout approaches may lead to over-interpretation of phenotypic data.
Ultrafast solvation dynamics and charge transfer reactions in room temperature ionic liquids
Authors: Nagasawa Yutaka , Miyasaka Hiroshi
Published: April 2014

In this perspective, we review the recent studies concerning the liquid structure and solvation dynamics of ionic liquids, and their influence upon electron transfer and charge transfer reactions.
Application of biomaterials for the detection of amyloid aggregates
Authors: Zako Tamotsu , Maeda Mizuo
Published: April 2014

Recent developments on biomaterials, such as proteins, nanoparticles and chemical reagents, for detecting amyloid aggregates are discussed.
Octahedral-shaped perovskite nanocrystals and their visible-light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Yin Simin , Tian He , Ren Zhaohui , Wei Xiao , Chao Chunying , Pei Jingyuan , Li Xiang , Xu Gang , Shen Ge , Han Gaorong
Published: April 2014

Octahedral-shaped perovskite PbTiO3 nanocrystals have been hydrothermally synthesized for the first time by the introduction of lithium nitride, demonstrating remarkable visible-light potocatalytic activity in the degradation of MB aqueous solution.
One-step synthesis of nanocrystalline transition metal oxides on thin sheets of disordered graphitic carbon by oxidation of MXenes
Authors: Naguib Michael , Mashtalir Olha , Lukatskaya Maria R. , Dyatkin Boris , Zhang Chuanfang , Presser Volker , Gogotsi Yury , Barsoum Michel W.
Published: April 2014

Herein we show that heating 2D Ti3C2 in air resulted in TiO2 nanocrystals on thin sheets of disordered graphitic carbon structures that can handle extremely high cycling rates when tested as anodes in lithium ion batteries.
Dehydrogenation of a tertiary amine-borane by a rhenium complex
Authors: Muhammad Sohail , Moncho Salvador , Brothers Edward N. , Bengali Ashfaq A.
Published: April 2014

Photolysis of CpRe(CO)3 in the presence of H3BNEt3 results in the dehydrogenation of the borane and formation of trans-CpRe(CO)2(H)2.
Ethylene bis-imidazoles are highly potent and selective activators for isozymes VA and VII of carbonic anhydrase, with a potential nootropic effect
Authors: Draghici Bogdan , Vullo Daniela , Akocak Suleyman , Walker Ellen A. , Supuran Claudiu T. , Ilies Marc A.
Published: April 2014

Ethylene bis-imidazoles displayed nanomolar selectivity and potency against key human carbonic anhydrase isozymes involved in brain physiology.
Significant enhancement of optical absorption through nano-structuring of copper based oxide semiconductors: possible future materials for solar energy applications
Authors: Bhaumik Anagh , Shearin Austin M. , Patel Rishi , Ghosh Kartik
Published: April 2014

An excellent optical absorption coefficient twice that of Si is successfully achieved in a nanostructured phase mixture of copper based oxide semiconductors.
AIE macromolecules: syntheses, structures and functionalities
Authors: Hu Rongrong , Leung Nelson L. C. , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: April 2014

A comprehensive review of macromolecules with aggregation-induced emission attributes is presented, covering the frontiers of syntheses, structures, functionalities and applications.
Ab initio structure determination of interlayer expanded zeolites by single crystal rotation electron diffraction
Authors: Guo Peng , Liu Leifeng , Yun Yifeng , Su Jie , Wan Wei , Gies Hermann , Zhang Haiyan , Xiao Feng-Shou , Zou Xiaodong
Published: April 2014

Rotation electron diffraction (RED) combines the beam tilt and goniometer tilt to obtain single crystal electron diffraction data, which has been used forab initiostructure determination of interlayer expanded zeolites.
Lithium recovery from salt lake brine by H2TiO3
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Makita Yoji , Ooi Kenta , Sonoda Akinari
Published: April 2014

The high lithium uptake of H2TiO3 from brine is due to its lithium ion-sieve property. Exchange sites are too narrow for Na, K, Mg and Ca to enter the interlayer space due to steric effects.
A metal–organic framework as a chemical guide to control hydrogen desorption pathways of ammonia borane
Authors: Jeong Hyung Mo , Shin Weon Ho , Park Jung Hyo , Choi Jung Hoon , Kang Jeung Ku
Published: April 2014

The ammonia borane-encapsulated metal–organic framework-5 provides improved characteristics, where the MOF-5 acts as a chemical guide to control the hydrogen desorption reaction pathway.
Binding mode prediction and identification of new lead compounds from natural products as renin and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors
Authors: Moorthy N. S. Hari Narayana , Brás Natércia F. , Ramos Maria J. , Fernandes Pedro A.
Published: April 2014

In this study a novel renin and ACE inhibitor was developed from natural products using computational techniques. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that the new lead compound has significant binding to the targets.
Facile synthesis of WO3 with reduced particle size on zeolite and enhanced photocatalytic activity
Authors: Jothivenkatachalam K. , Prabhu S. , Nithya A. , Jeganathan K.
Published: April 2014

WO3 supported on zeolite-Y (WO3-ZY) was successfully synthesized by a facile impregnation method and well characterized by various techniques.