bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Markov chain method for weighting climate model ensembles
Authors: Kulinich Max , Fan Yanan , Penev Spiridon , Evans Jason P. , Olson Roman
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Climate change is typically modeled using sophisticated mathematical models (climate models) of physical processes that range in temporal and spatial scales. Multi-model ensemble means of climate models show better correlation with the observations than any of the models separately.
Currently, an open research question is how climate models can be combined to create an ensemble mean in an optimal way. We present a novel stochastic approach based on Markov chains to estimate model weights in order to obtain ensemble means. The method was compared to existing alternatives by measuring its performance on training and validation data, as well as model-as-truth experiments. The Markov chain method showed improved performance over those methods when measured by the root mean squared error in validation and comparable performance in model-as-truth experiments. The results of this comparative analysis should serve to motivate further studies in applications of Markov chain and other nonlinear methods that address the issues of finding optimal model weight for constructing ensemble means.
LISFLOOD-FP 8.0: the new discontinuous Galerkin shallow-water solver for multi-core CPUs and GPUs
Authors: Shaw James , Kesserwani Georges , Neal Jeffrey , Bates Paul , Sharifian Mohammad Kazem
Published: June 2021

Abstract. LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 includes second-order discontinuous Galerkin (DG2) and first-order finite-volume (FV1) solvers of the two-dimensional shallow-water equations for modelling a wide range of flows, including rapidly propagating, supercritical flows, shock waves or flows over very smooth surfaces.
The solvers are parallelised on multi-core CPU and Nvidia GPU architectures and run existing LISFLOOD-FP modelling scenarios without modification.
These new, fully two-dimensional solvers are available alongside the existing local inertia solver (called ACC), which is optimised for multi-core CPUs and integrates with the LISFLOOD-FP sub-grid channel model.
The predictive capabilities and computational scalability of the new DG2 and FV1 solvers are studied for two Environment Agency benchmark tests and a real-world fluvial flood simulation driven by rainfall across a 2500 km2 catchment.
DG2's second-order-accurate, piecewise-planar representation of topography and flow variables enables predictions on coarse grids that are competitive with FV1 and ACC predictions on 2–4 times finer grids, particularly where river channels are wider than half the grid spacing.
Despite the simplified formulation of the local inertia solver, ACC is shown to be spatially second-order-accurate and yields predictions that are close to DG2. The DG2-CPU and FV1-CPU solvers achieve near-optimal scalability up to 16 CPU cores and achieve greater efficiency on grids with fewer than 0.1 million elements. The DG2-GPU and FV1-GPU solvers are most efficient on grids with more than 1 million elements, where the GPU solvers are 2.5–4 times faster than the corresponding 16-core CPU solvers. LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 therefore marks a new step towards operational DG2 flood inundation modelling at the catchment scale.
LISFLOOD-FP 8.0 is freely available under the GPL v3 license, with additional documentation and case studies at https://www.seamlesswave.com/LISFLOOD8.0 (last access: 2 June 2021).
TopoCLIM: Rapid topography-based downscaling of regional climate model output in complex terrain v.1.0
Authors: Fiddes Joel , Aalstad Kristoffer , Lehning Michael
Published: June 2021

Abstract. This study describes and evaluates a new downscaling scheme that specifically addresses the need for hillslope scale atmospheric forcing time-series for modeling the local impact of regional climate change projections on the land surface in complex terrain. The method has a global scope and is able to generate the full suite of model forcing variables required for hydrological and land surface modeling at hourly timesteps. It achieves this by utilising the previously published TopoSCALE scheme (Fiddes et al. 2014) to generate a synthetic observation of current climate at hillslope scale while accounting for a broad range of surface-atmosphere interactions. These synthetic observations are then used to debias (downscale) CORDEX climate variables using the quantile mapping method. A further temporal disaggregation step produces sub-daily fields. This approach has the advantages of other empirical-statistical methods, namely speed of use while avoiding the need for ground data, which is often limited. It is therefore a suitable method for a wide range of remote regions where ground data is absent, incomplete, or not of sufficient length. The approach is evaluated using a network of high elevation stations across the Swiss Alps and a test application of modelling climate change impacts on Alpine snow cover is given.
Using hydrologic landscape classification and climatic time series to assess hydrologic vulnerability of the western U.S. to climate
Authors: Jones Jr. Chas E. , Leibowitz Scott G. , Sawicz Keith A. , Comeleo Randy L. , Stratton Laurel E. , Morefield Philip E. , Weaver Christopher P.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We apply the hydrologic landscape (HL) concept to assess the hydrologic vulnerability of the western United States (U.S.) to
projected climate conditions. Our goal is to understand the potential
impacts of hydrologic vulnerability for stakeholder-defined interests across
large geographic areas. The basic assumption of the HL approach is that
catchments that share similar physical and climatic characteristics are
expected to have similar hydrologic characteristics. We use the hydrologic landscape vulnerability approach (HLVA) to map the HLVA index (an assessment
of climate vulnerability) by integrating hydrologic landscapes into a
retrospective analysis of historical data to assess variability in future
climate projections and hydrology, which includes temperature,
precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, snow accumulation, climatic
moisture, surplus water, and seasonality of water surplus. Projections that
are beyond 2 standard deviations of the historical decadal average contribute to the HLVA index for each metric. Separating vulnerability into
these seven separate metrics allows stakeholders and/or water resource
managers to have a more specific understanding of the potential impacts of
future conditions. We also apply this approach to examine case studies. The
case studies (Mt. Hood, Willamette Valley, and Napa–Sonoma Valley) are important to the ski and wine industries and illustrate how our approach
might be used by specific stakeholders. The resulting vulnerability maps
show that temperature and potential evapotranspiration are consistently
projected to have high vulnerability indices for the western U.S.
Precipitation vulnerability is not as spatially uniform as temperature. The
highest-elevation areas with snow are projected to experience significant changes in snow accumulation. The seasonality vulnerability map shows that
specific mountainous areas in the west are most prone to changes in seasonality, whereas many transitional terrains are moderately susceptible.
This paper illustrates how HL and the HLVA can help assess climatic and
hydrologic vulnerability across large spatial scales. By combining the HL
concept and HLVA, resource managers could consider future climate conditions
in their decisions about managing important economic and conservation
resources.
RADLER – A UNICYCLE AS A LOW-COST RADIAL LASER SCANNER
Authors: Borrmann D. , Jörissen S. , Nüchter A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract. In recent years a wide range of 3D multi sensor systems for various applications has been proposed. Each of them has its own benefits and limitations. This paper proposes a modified unicycle with a 2D laser profiler attached to the wheel axle, thus creating a radial 3D scanning pattern. This novel low-cost device combines the advantages of wheeled scanning equipment with those of wearable or hand-held devices. After presenting the hardware setup and the sensor integration, the results are evaluated using four test scenarios and a terrestrial laser scanner for comparison.
Long-term magnetic anomalies and their possible relationship to the latest greater Chilean earthquakes in the context of the seismo-electromagnetic theory
Authors: Guillermo Cordaro Enrique , Venegas-Aravena Patricio , Laroze David
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Several magnetic measurements and theoretical developments from different
research groups have shown certain relationships with worldwide geological
processes. Secular variation in geomagnetic cutoff rigidity, magnetic
frequencies, or magnetic anomalies have been linked with spatial properties
of active convergent tectonic margins or earthquake occurrences during
recent years. These include the rise in similar fundamental frequencies in
the range of microhertz before the Maule 2010, Tōhoku 2011, and Sumatra–Andaman 2004
earthquakes and the dramatic rise in the cumulative number of magnetic
anomalous peaks before several earthquakes such as Nepal 2015 and Mexico (Puebla) 2017. Currently, all of these measurements have been physically
explained by the microcrack generation due to uniaxial stress change in rock
experiments. The basic physics of these experiments have been used to
describe the lithospheric behavior in the context of the
seismo-electromagnetic theory. Due to the dramatic increase in experimental
evidence, physical mechanisms, and the theoretical framework, this paper analyzes
vertical magnetic behavior close to the three latest main earthquakes in
Chile: Maule 2010 (Mw 8.8), Iquique 2014 (Mw 8.2), and Illapel 2015 (Mw 8.3).
The fast Fourier transform (FFT), wavelet transform, and daily cumulative number of anomalies methods
were used during quiet space weather time during 1 year before and after
each earthquake in order to filter space influence. The FFT method confirms the
rise in the power spectral density in the millihertz range 1 month before each
earthquake, which decreases to lower values some months after
earthquake occurrence. The cumulative anomaly method exhibited an increase
prior to each Chilean earthquake (50–90 d prior to earthquakes) similar
to those found for Nepal 2015 and Mexico 2017. The wavelet analyses also
show similar properties to FFT analysis. However, the lack of
physics-based constraints in the wavelet analysis does not allow conclusions that are
as strong as those made by FFT and cumulative methods. By using these results and previous
research, it could be stated that these magnetic features could give seismic
information about impending events. Additionally, these results could be
related to the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC effect) and
the growth of microcracks and electrification in rocks described by the
seismo-electromagnetic theory.
Cape Verde Frontal Zone in summer 2017: lateral transports of mass, dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients
Authors: Burgoa Nadia , Machín Francisco , Rodríguez-Santana Ángel , Marrero-Díaz Ángeles , Álvarez-Salgado Xosé Antón , Fernández-Castro Bieito , Gelado-Caballero María Dolores , Arístegui Javier
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The circulation patterns in the confluence of the North Atlantic subtropical and tropical gyres delimited by the Cape Verde Front (CVF) were examined during a field cruise in summer 2017. We collected hydrographic data, dissolved oxygen (O2) and inorganic nutrients along the perimeter of a closed box embracing the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ). The detailed spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of water masses, O2 and inorganic nutrients in the CVF was analyzed, allowing for the independent estimation of the transports of these properties in the subtropical and tropical domains down to 2000 m. Overall, at surface and central levels, a net westward transport of 3.76 Sv was observed, whereas at intermediate levels, a net 3 Sv transport northward was obtained. We observed O2 and inorganic nutrient imbalances in the domain consistent with O2 consumption and inorganic nutrient production by organic matter remineralization, resulting in a net transport of inorganic nutrients to the ocean interior by the circulation patterns.
Fault interpretation uncertainties using seismic data, and the effects on fault seal analysis: a case study from the Horda Platform, with implications for CO2 storage
Authors: Michie Emma A. H. , Mulrooney Mark J. , Braathen Alvar
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Significant uncertainties occur through varying
methodologies when interpreting faults using seismic data. These
uncertainties are carried through to the interpretation of how faults may
act as baffles or barriers, or increase fluid flow. How fault segments are
picked when interpreting structures, i.e. which seismic line
orientation, bin spacing and line spacing are specified, as well as what surface
generation algorithm is used, will dictate how rugose the surface is and
hence will impact any further interpretation such as fault seal or fault
growth models. We can observe that an optimum spacing for fault
interpretation for this case study is set at approximately 100 m, both for
accuracy of analysis but also for considering time invested. It appears that
any additional detail through interpretation with a line spacing
of ≤ 50 m adds complexity associated with sensitivities by the individual
interpreter. Further, the locations of all seismic-scale fault segmentation
identified on throw–distance plots using the finest line spacing are also
observed when 100 m line spacing is used. Hence, interpreting at a finer
scale may not necessarily improve the subsurface model and any related
analysis but in fact lead to the production of very rough surfaces, which
impacts any further fault analysis. Interpreting on spacing greater than 100 m
often leads to overly smoothed fault surfaces that miss details that could
be crucial, both for fault seal as well as for fault growth models. Uncertainty in seismic interpretation methodology will follow through to
fault seal analysis, specifically for analysis of whether in situ stresses combined
with increased pressure through CO2 injection will act to reactivate
the faults, leading to up-fault fluid flow. We have shown that changing
picking strategies alter the interpreted stability of the fault, where
picking with an increased line spacing has shown to increase the overall
fault stability. Picking strategy has shown to have a minor, although
potentially crucial, impact on the predicted shale gouge ratio.
Structural complexities and tectonic barriers controlling recent seismic activity of the Pollino area (Calabria-Lucania, Southern Italy) – constraints from stress inversion and 3D fault model building
Authors: Cirillo Daniele , Totaro Cristina , Lavecchia Giusy , Orecchio Barbara , de Nardis Rita , Presti Debora , Ferrarini Federica , Bello Simone , Brozzetti Francesco
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The integration of field geology and high-resolution seismological data allowed us to reconstruct the 3D Fault Model of the sources which gave rise to the 2010–2014 Pollino seismic sequence. The model is constrained at the surface by structural geological data which provide the true attitude of the single faults and their cross-cut relationships. At depth, the fault geometry was obtained using the distributions of selected high-quality relocated hypocenters. Relocations were carried out through a non-linear Bayloc algorithm, followed by the double-difference relative location method HypoDD, applied to a 3D P-wave velocity model. Geological and seismological data converge in describing an asymmetric active extensional fault system characterized by an E to NNE-dipping low-angle detachment, with its high-angle synthetic splays, and SW- to WSW-dipping, high-angle antithetic faults. The cluster of hypocenters and the peculiar time-space evolution of the seismic activity highlight that two sub-parallel WSW-dipping seismogenic sources, namely the Rotonda-Campotenese and Morano-Piano di Ruggio faults activated during the seismic crisis. By applying to the activated structures the appropriate earthquake-scaling relationships, based on fault length and fault area, we infer that the maximum expected magnitudes calculated using the fault area are the more reliable. We estimated Mw = 6.4 for the Rotonda-Campotenese and Mw = 6.2 for the Morano-Piano di Ruggio deducing that both the faults did not release their seismic potential during the 2010–2014 seismic sequence. The size of the activated patches, reconstructed by projecting on the 3D seismogenic fault planes the early aftershocks of the seismicity clusters, are consistent with the observed magnitude of the associate strongest events. Finally, we point out that the western segment of the Pollino Fault, despite not being presently active, acts as a barrier to the southern propagation of the Rotonda-Campotenese and Morano-Piano di Ruggio faults, limiting their dimensions and seismogenic potential.
Impact of freeze–thaw cycles on soil structure and soil hydraulic properties
Authors: Leuther Frederic , Schlüter Steffen
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The ploughing of soils in autumn drastically loosens the soil structure and, at the same time, reduces its stability against external stresses. A
fragmentation of these artificially produced soil clods during wintertime is often observed in areas with air temperatures fluctuating around the freezing point. From the pore perspective, it is still unclear (i) under which conditions frost action has a measurable effect on soil structure, (ii) what the impact on soil hydraulic properties is, and (iii) how many freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) are necessary to induce soil structure changes. The aim of this study was to analyse the cumulative effects of multiple FTC on soil structure and soil hydraulic properties for two different
textures and two different initial structures. A silt clay with a substantial amount of swelling clay minerals and a silty loam with fewer
swell/shrink dynamics were either kept intact in undisturbed soil cores taken from the topsoil from a grassland or repacked with soil clods taken
from a ploughed field nearby. FTCs were simulated under controlled conditions and changes in pore structure ≥ 48 µm were regularly recorded using X-ray µCT. After 19 FTCs, the impact on hydraulic properties were measured, and the resolution of structural characteristics were enhanced towards narrow macropores with subsamples scanned at 10 µm. The impact of FTC on soil structure was dependent on the initial structure, soil texture, and the number of FTCs. Frost action induced a
consolidation of repacked soil clods, resulting in a systematic reduction in pore sizes and macropore connectivity. In contrast, the macropore
systems of the undisturbed soils were only slightly affected. Independent of the initial structure, a fragmentation of soil clods and
macro-aggregates larger than 0.8 to 1.2 mm increased the connectivity of pores smaller than 0.5 to 0.8 mm. The fragmentation increased the
unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of all treatments by a factor of 3 in by a factor of 3 in a matrix potential range of −100 to −350 hPa, while water retention was only slightly affected
for the silt clay soil. Already 2 to 5 FTCs enforced a well-connected pore system of narrow macropores in all treatments, but it was steadily
improved by further FTCs. The implications of fewer FTCs during milder winters caused by global warming are twofold. In ploughed soils, the
beneficial seedbed consolidation will be less intense. In grassland soils, which have reached a soil structure in dynamic equilibrium that has
experienced many FTCs in the making, there is still a beneficial increase in water supply through increasing unsaturated hydraulic conductivity by
continued FTCs that might also be less efficient in the future.
Adrenal Tuberculosis Leading to Acute Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Sharma Nitu , Bhatia Yashika
Published: June 2021

Background: Tuberculosis is the ‘world’s largest killer’ amongst infectious diseases overtaking HIV in 2014. Tuberculosis can affect the kidneys and adrenals as either primary infection or secondary dissemination from other organs. Tuberculosis in adrenals manifests in the acute phase leading to primary adrenal insufficiency, which is generally catastrophic leading to death.
Case Report: We present an unusual case of a 42 years’ old man, presented & managed as a case of acute gastroenteritis. Patient had a fulminant course and succumbed to his illness. Autopsy revealed Bilateral Adrenal Tuberculosis.
Conclusion: Adrenal tuberculosis has the potential of causing acute adrenal deficiency leading to Addisonian crisis and consequent mortality.

Key words: Adrenal tuberculosis, Addisonian crisis, acute adrenal insufficiency.
Methodical Aspects of Comprehensive Analysis of Financial Viability of Enterprise
Authors: Nagorna Iryna V. , Benchak Viktoriia I.
Published: June 2021

Global changes in the economic environment, global processes of accounting standardization necessitate a revision of the theoretical foundations, future development of methodological approaches and guidelines for the formation of financial statements of Ukrainian enterprises. Qualitative economic information, collected and processed within the accounting system of a business entity for a reporting period, should provide the opportunity to make informed management decisions focused on optimizing the operation of an enterprise and its further development. Information, on the financial condition and results of a business entity is of interest to a wide range of participants in the business process. Based on the study of open reporting information, its users make important management decisions. That is why the issues related to the improvement of the presentation methodology and the use of financial statements are relevant. The article considers the role of a comprehensive financial analysis of an enterprise, provides theoretical and practical foundations for improving the methodology of financial reporting of an enterprise. The financial and economic activity of an enterprise on the example of the limited liability company “LEASING INVEST” was considered, the necessary calculations characterizing the financial condition of the enterprise were carried out. The analysis of the financial condition provides an opportunity to obtain an assessment, identify the causes and factors of the achieved state, prepare and justify management decisions. It plays an important role in ensuring effective management, is responsible for the selection, evaluation and interpretation of financial, economic and other data that affect the financial decision-making process
Marketing Mechanism of Children's Nutrition in General Secondary Education Institutions
Authors: Konovalenko Anastasiia S.
Published: June 2021

The relevance of the study of the organisation and quality of children's nutrition in educational institutions is related to the need to determine the potential of marketing approaches to improve the organisation of children's nutrition. The purpose of the study is to identify the methods for the development of a conceptual model of the marketing mechanism for the organisation of children's nutrition in general secondary education. The theoretical and methodological framework of the study included general scientific and specific methods, which were used to formulate theoretical positions on the organisation of children's nutrition in general secondary education. The study analyses the internal structure of the marketing mechanism by analysing its main functions: planning, organisation, motivation, and control. The content of key functions of the marketing mechanism is covered and their content is described, and also the study developed a conceptual model of the marketing mechanism of the organisation of nutrition of school children based on interaction of subjects of marketing at social, system, and personal levels of management. The author proposes to consider the core model of the marketing mechanism as a system of interaction of marketing actors who are key stakeholders in the market of food and nutrition products for school-age children. It is established that the strategic priority of the introduction of the marketing mechanism of children's nutrition is to promote the comprehensive implementation of long-term programmes in this area based on public-private partnership. The practical value of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of the structure of the marketing mechanism aimed at organising the interaction of the subjects of the process, which would help achieve the highest possible level of quality and safety of children's nutrition under the current conditions
Multifactor Evaluation Model of Investment Attractiveness of an Enterprise
Authors: Oboladze Alona N. , Nechayeva Iryna A.
Published: June 2021

The analysis of investment attractiveness is important for investors, because this indicator minimise investment mistakes. There are many methods for assessing the investment attractiveness of enterprises, but there is no single universal generally accepted model. The aim of the research is to improve the existing models. The disadvantage of existing models is the emphasis on financial indicators, such as profitability, liquidity, asset turnover, etc., without taking into account the factors of investment attractiveness of a country and region, as well as indicators of attractiveness and dynamics of an enterprise. It is necessary to begin with the assessment of macro-parameters, and then proceed to the analysis of indicators that are directly related to the activities of an enterprise for a comprehensive, objective assessment. The novelty of the article is the development of a multifactor model for assessing the investment attractiveness of the organisation of any form of ownership, taking into account the characteristics of the state, region and industry, as well as a system of economic and non-economic indicators. Research of such indicators as: stability of the political situation in the country, national level of labour migration, stability of state currency, level of education and security in the region, ease of doing business, level of official salary, as well as indicators of financial condition of an enterprise, level of business reputation, make the technique complete and multiparameter. Also, the proposed set of indicators creates a universal method of assessing the investment affiliation of an enterprise. The methodology can be applied regardless of the form of ownership of the organisation, size and scope of activity. The method is described by the rating method for more objectively assess the investment attractiveness of enterprises. The scoring system of indicators facilitates the interpretation of the results
Origin and Development of the Fiscal Mechanism of Regulation of Investment Processes in the Ukrainian Lands in Princely Times
Authors: Rudenko Viktoriia V.
Published: June 2021

The study of sources of funds and directions of use of the treasury and their impact on the development of investment processes in the Old Russian state becomes especially relevant, because it allows to determine whether this process on Ukrainian lands was chaotic, or had clear rules and procedures. The purpose of the study is to consider the peculiarities of the formation and functioning of the fiscal mechanism for regulating investment processes in Ukraine territory during the princely times (IX-XIV centuries). The specifics of scientific tasks being the subject of the research required the use of a complex of methods (empirical, theoretical, theoretical and empirical), which enabled to analyze the historical aspects of the fiscal mechanism and its impact on investment during the existence of Kievan Rus. The study clarified the specifics of the functioning of the components of the fiscal mechanism, including revenues and expenditures of the prince's treasury. It is established that in the Old Russian state the revenues of the prince's treasury were mostly formed from tax sources, and also came from judicial, military and trade activities of the state. It was found that the expenditures of the prince's treasury were directed to meet not only the state needs, but also the personal needs of the prince and his wife. It is determined that there were additional sources of public needs, including in-kind duties. With the arrival of the Mongol-Tatars on Ukrainian lands, the fiscal mechanism changed, as the conquerors introduced their own tax payments, which were going to meet the needs of the Golden Horde. Expenditures of the budget of the Mongol-Tatar state did not have a real impact on the development of Ukrainian territories, because they provided only the needs of the conquering state. The practical value of the study is that the historical analysis revealed the mechanism of influence of the fisc on investment processes in Kievan Rus, elements of which can be introduced in modern conditions. Such influence was exercised through preferential taxation, the introduction of investment-oriented duties and the allocation of funds from the prince's treasury
Customs Management: International Supply Chains Maintenance and Implementation of a Customs Policy to Counter the COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Prus Liudmyla R.
Published: June 2021

The study investigates the need for changes in the operation of customs administrations, which are caused by the pandemic. The latter has destroyed or considerably damaged existing supply chains around the world. To counter this, customs administrations need to take a coordinated and proactive approach with all relevant agencies to facilitate international trade. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the transformation of the implementation of state customs in the context of anti-crisis response to the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology of this study is based on such general scientific research methods as analysis and synthesis, systematisation, and generalisation. The study has defined the basic areas of reengineering of customs bodies' operation which have to work continuously and in the conditions of time restrictions; organisational response design; anti-epidemic protection of officials; digitalisation of customs procedures; customs regulation; trade facilitation measures. In particular, the study noted that in crisis conditions, the urgent task is to form operational groups for anti-crisis response, as introduced by China. The paper outlines the main responsibilities of such task forces and focuses on the need for rapid changes in legislation and consultation with stakeholders. The authors have identified the main measures to ensure the safety of personnel, which should be developed by customs administrations in close cooperation with healthcare authorities and other stakeholders. Trade facilitation measures have also been identified, in particular through the collection of data and their submission to the World Trade Organization repository. This study can be used to investigate and improve the reform of the customs system of Ukraine
Economic and Mathematical Modelling of the Effectiveness of the National System for Combatting Cyber Fraud and Legalisation of Criminal Proceeds Based on Survival Analysis Methods
Authors: Kuzmenko Olha V. , Dotsenko Tetiana V. , Skrynka Liliia O.
Published: June 2021

In modern world, the digitalisation of financial relations, the development of innovative technologies, and the emergence and use of cryptocurrencies for payments lead to an increase in the number of cyber frauds in the financial sector and their intellectualisation, increasing the illegal outflow of funds abroad. Ineffective decisions and inaction in counteracting these threats lead to large-scale negative consequences of both financial and social nature. The purpose of this study is to implement economic and mathematical modelling of the effectiveness of the national system for combatting cyber fraud and legalisation of criminal proceeds, which is based on the use of survival analysis methods. The study provides a bibliometric analysis of publications on the effectiveness of cyber fraud and combatting the legalisation of illegal funds, by building a bibliometric map of keywords, using VOSviewer software. This allowed identifying 7 clusters of basic categories of cyber fraud analysis, and changes in the vectors of research scientists showed a visual map of the contextual-temporal measurement of research into the effectiveness of cyber fraud in the publications of the Scopus database. The paper examines the effectiveness of the national system for combatting cyber fraud and money laundering based on survival tables. As a result of the study, the effectiveness of the national system for combatting cyber fraud and money laundering was analysed based on the Kaplan-Meier method. The study identified the dependences of the effectiveness of the national system for combatting cyber fraud and legalisation of criminal proceeds on the time interval after the discovery of violations. The practical value of applying the developed model is to form an analytical basis for further management decisions by the National Bank of Ukraine, the State Financial Monitoring Service, and the Security Service of Ukraine in terms of the effectiveness of the national system to combat cyber fraud and legalisation of criminal proceeds and the need to adjust it
Modern National Development in the Context оf Improving the Activities of Government
Authors: Titarenko Liubov M.
Published: June 2021

The development of the public administration system in Ukraine is taking place in conditions of dynamic changes. Therewith, the rapid pace of innovative socio-political changes proposed by powerful political players in the modern world and domestic representatives of the local authorities, challenges the ability of people to adapt to new social circumstances. Given the urgency of improving the quality of public administration, there is a need to create an effective civil service. The study defines the theoretical and methodological principles of modern national development towards its improvement and the functioning of public authorities. The purpose of this study is to substantiate the essence of modern national development to improve the functioning of public authorities, the conditionality of socio-political, technological development of the country, the role of decentralisation in management. The study addresses issues related to the updating of the content of public service activities in the context of interaction between government and society. The task of the civil service is to implement a purposeful public policy. Unfortunately, in the current era, its implementation in practice may face certain difficulties. The study analyses the current state of modernisation of society and the governing bodies and provides recommendations for improving the mechanisms of decentralisation of power by civil service personnel. Based on the analysis, it was concluded that the relevant issue of the modern Ukraine lies with the improvement of the legal regulation of the civil service in the context that the bureaucratisation of professional activities reduces the quality of the management process
Assessment of the Economic Effect from the Implementation of Labour Protection Measures at Enterprises
Authors: Polukarov Yury O. , Prakhovnik Nataliia A. , Polukarov Oleksiy I. , Demchuk Hlib V. , Zemlyanska Olena V.
Published: June 2021

Labour protection at an enterprise is defined by most economists as a system that greatly expands the ability of enterprises to achieve operational results. Moreover, the role of labour protection as a factor that can intensify production is determined in such a way only in countries with a market economy. The relevance of the study is determined by the possibilities of positioning labour protection as a factor that increases the value of manufactured products, including for countries with economies in transition. The purpose of the study is determined by the need to develop models that make it possible to assess the economic effect of the measures being introduced at enterprises of both the industrial and consulting sectors. The research methods are analytical and methods of modelling economic structures. The study determined that the cost of occupational injuries and occupational diseases, together with the cost-effectiveness of labour protection measures, are an important incentive for employers to take these measures. They were found to be particularly interested in whether the investment in the programme is cost-effective (the effect gives a good return on investment) or economically viable (the financial benefits are favourable). The authors demonstrate that most of the published intervention studies so far have focused on the effectiveness of interventions as opposed to their cost-effectiveness. Allocation of the developed methodological structure makes it possible to determine, this time by quantitative characteristics, the possibilities for structuring and achieving the goals set for the enterprise by the shareholders and production plans. The study defines the limits of using the interests of labour protection as a social structure in combination with the use of production planning methods. Further high-quality research is required to conduct a full economic assessment to be capable of drawing further conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of occupational safety measures from an employer's standpoint
Comparación entre los criterios diagnósticos del síndrome de intestino irritable en una población latinoamericana. Estudio descriptivo de un centro de atención terciaria
Authors: Uehara Tatiana Noemí , Hashimoto Harumi , Bazán Federico , Tévez Adriana , Bravo Gladys , Schaab Sara , Sordá Juan Antonio
Published: June 2021

Background and aims. The appropriate diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome is critical due to its association with impaired quality of life and high health care costs. We aim to explore the proportion of subjects with irritable bowel syndrome by the Rome IV criteria at a tertiary care center and compare them with previous diagnostic criteria. Material and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study in a tertiary care center located in Buenos Aires. There were included to the consecutive adult patients who consulted for abdominal disorders and in whom an organic pathology had been excluded. Subjects completed a gastrointestinal symptom questionnaire and the proportion of patients with IBS, according to Roma IV criteria, was compare with the proportion of those who met the previous criteria (Manning, Rome I, II and III). Results. Of 178 patients included, 58% met the diagnosis criteria for IBS using the Rome IV criteria. Of these, 98% were also Rome III positive, 76.7% IBS Rome II positive, 93% IBS Rome I positive and 99% IBS Manning positive. The agreement was very good with Rome III (kappa = 0.87), good with Rome I (kappa = 0.76) and good, but lower with Rome II (kappa = 0.73) and Manning (kappa = 0.66). Conclusions. Good diagnostic agreement was established between Rome IV and the previous IBS criteria, except with Rome II and Manning, which were lower.
Contour Ridge Tillage for Improved Crops and Fodder Trees Production in the Villages of Kani and Noumpinesso, Southern- Mali
Authors: Dembele Cheick Oumar , Traore Kalifa , Karembe Moussa , Zemadim Birhanu , Cisse Fotigui , Samake Oumar
Published: June 2021

In rural Mali shortage of livestock feed is a challenging phenomenon worsening day by day, particularly in the villages of Kani and Noumpinesso. The significant decrease in crops yield and livestock are due to persistent and continuous land degradation and over grazing. Soil water erosion and inappropriate or ineffective farming systems led to land degradation over the many years. A purposeful growing of fodder plant (fast growing trees species) and crops in interacting combinations for a range of benefits would be required using a technology that is easily adaptable by the rural farming communities. Contour ridge (CR) technology is a holistic approach that protects farmlands from erosion; increases soil moisture, nutrient availability for crops and associated fast growing trees. The CR technology in combination with forage and improved crop production systems were applied in Kani and Noumpinesso villages of southern Mali and resulted indicated that at the end of rainy season of 2017 and 2018 the application of CR technology significantly increased (p < 0.05) Gliricidia sepium and Leucaena leucocephala growth and development. Similar to 2017, in 2018 CR technology significantly increased (p < 0.05) sorghum, millet, maize, and cotton growth, yield, and economic benefit. At Kani during 2017 and 2018 season soil moisture was always significantly higher (p < 0.05) under fodder planted area than non-fodder planted area, and the difference was high with respect to farmlands without CR.
Split-ventilation for more than one patient, can it be done? Yes
Authors:   Robert Cabbat, Daoud Ehab , Cabigan Jewelyn , Kaneshiro Gary , Yamasaki Kimiyo
Published: June 2021

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic crisis has led to an international shortage of mechanical ventilation. Due to this shortfall, the surge of increasing number of patients to limited resources of mechanical ventilators has reinvigorated the interest in the concept of split ventilation or co-ventilation (ventilating more than one patient with the same ventilator). However, major medical societies have condemned the concept in a joint statement for multiple reasons. Materials and Methods: In this paper, we will describe the history of the concept, what is trending in the literature about it and along our modification to ventilate two patients with one ventilator. We will describe how to overcome such concerns regarding cross contamination, re-breathing, safely adjusting the settings for tidal volume and positive end expiratory pressure to each patient and how to safely monitor each patient. Main results: Our experimental setup shows that we can safely ventilate two patients using one ventilator. Conclusion: The concept of ventilating more than one patient with a single ventilator is feasible especially in crisis situations. However, we caution that it has to be done under careful monitoring with expertise in mechanical ventilation. More research and investment are crucially needed in this current pandemic crisis.
Estimating actual inspiratory muscle pressure from airway occlusion pressure at 100 msec
Authors: Hamahata Natsumi , Sato Ryota , Yamasaki Kimiyo , Pereira Sophie , Daoud Ehab
Published: June 2021

Background: Quantification of the patient’s respiratory effort during mechanical ventilation is very important, and calculating the actual muscle pressure (Pmus) during mechanical ventilation is a cumbersome task and usually requires an esophageal balloon manometry. Airway occlusion pressure at 100 milliseconds (P0.1) can easily be obtained non-invasively. There has been no study investigating the association between Pmus and P0.1. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether P0.1 correlates to Pmus and can be used to estimate actual Pmus Materials and Methods: A bench study using lung simulator (ASL 5000) to simulate an active breathing patient with Pmus from 1 to 30 cmH2O by increments of 1 was conducted. Twenty active breaths were measured in each Pmus. The clinical scenario was constructed as a normal lung with a fixed setting of compliances of 60 mL/cmH2O and resistances of 10 cmH2O/l/sec. All experiments were conducted using the pressure support ventilation mode (PSV) on a Hamilton-G5 ventilator (Hamilton Medical AG, Switzerland), Puritan Bennett 840TM (Covidien-Nellcor, CA) and Avea (CareFusion, CA). Main results: There was significant correlation between P 0.1 and Pmus (correlation coefficient = - 0.992, 95% CI: - 0.995 to -0.988, P-value<0.001). The equation was calculated as follows: Pmus = -2.99 x (P0.1) + 0.53 Conclusion: Estimation of Pmus using P 0.1 as a substitute is feasible, available, and reliable. Estimation of Pmus has multiple implications, especially in weaning of mechanical ventilation, adjusting ventilator support, and calculating respiratory mechanics during invasive mechanical ventilation. Keywords: P 0.1, Inspiratory occlusion pressure, WOB, Esophageal balloon, mechanical ventilators, respiratory failure Keywords: P 0.1, P mus, Inspiratory occlusion pressure, WOB, Esophageal balloon, mechanical ventilators, respiratory failure
Mechanical ventilation for the non-critical care trained practitioner. Part 1
Authors: Daoud Ehab , Shimabukuro Rebecca
Published: June 2021

There have been a recent shortage of both critical care physicians and respiratory therapists with training in mechanical ventilation that is accentuated by the recent COVID-19 crisis. Hospitalists and primary care physicians find themselves more often dealing with and treating critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation without specific training. This two part review will try to explain and simplify some of the physiologic concepts of mechanical ventilation, strategies for managements of different diseases, monitoring, brief review of some of the common modes used for support and weaning during mechanical ventilation and to address some of the adverse effects associated with mechanical ventilation. We understand the complexity of the subject and this review would not be a substitute of seeking appropriate counselling, further training, and medical knowledge about mechanical ventilation. Further free resources are available to help clinicians who feel uncomfortable making decisions with such technology Keywords: Mechanical ventilation, Driving pressure, Compliance, Resistance, Capnometry, Dead space, ARDS, PEEP, auto-PEEP, Plateau pressure, esophageal balloon
Searching for Equivalence in Indirect Literary Translation: A Case Study of Translations of the Kazakh Novels“Aq boz Yui”by S. Yelubay and“The Man-deer”by O. Bokeev
Authors: Akkaliyeva Aizhan , Zhumay Nurmira , Amalbekova Maral , Tazhibayeva Saule , Nurpeissova Dina
Published: June 2021

Kazakh national literature considered as peripheral and featured by bilingualism is not widely presented in target languages. Soviet canons of translation had made a great impact on the whole process of literary translation development in Kazakhstan, realized predominantly through a mediating language. With the issue of translation of Kazakh national literature comes the aspect of cultural terms in translation. The aim of this article is to consider the problem of translation of specific culture-related words in terms of equivalence, while the translation involves interlinear text. The method of the study was analysis. A comparative analysis of the source and target texts allows us to conclude the Kazakh language is characterized by separate lexemes for indicating various signs of the same phenomenon, state, and object; more often they are hyponyms, while English is specified by use of hypernyms. The practical significance of this article is determined by the fact that the research contributes to the development of problems of indirect translation. This issue requires fundamental study, and this study is a small part of that endeavor.
Partially ordered case hierarchies
Authors: Bárány András
Published: June 2021

I argue that patterns of case syncretism across languages can be modelled by partially, rather than totally, ordered case hierarchies. Partially ordered case hierarchies avoid the need for postulating multiple instances of the same case while retaining case contiguity in the representation of case syncretism. I discuss data from three languages in which differential object marking is syncretic with dative and show that partially ordered hierarchies capture these and other patterns of syncretism in line with some of the conclusions reached by Harðarson (2016) and Zompì (2019) about cross-linguistic patterns of case syncretism.