bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Warming and Cooling: The Medieval Climate Anomaly in Africa and Arabia
Authors: Lüning Sebastian , Gałka Mariusz , Vahrenholt Fritz
Published: October 2017

The Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) is a well‐recognized climate perturbation in many parts of the world, with a core period of 1000–1200 Common Era. Here we present a palaeotemperature synthesis for the MCA in Africa and Arabia, based on 44 published localities. The data sets have been thoroughly correlated and the MCA trends palaeoclimatologically mapped. The vast majority of available Afro‐Arabian onshore sites suggest a warm MCA, with the exception of the southern Levant where the MCA appears to have been cold. MCA cooling has also been documented in many segments of the circum‐Africa‐Arabian upwelling systems, as a result of changes in the wind systems which were leading to an intensification of cold water upwelling. Offshore cores from outside upwelling systems mostly show warm MCA conditions. The most likely key drivers of the observed medieval climate change are solar forcing and ocean cycles. Conspicuous cold spikes during the earliest and latest MCA may help to discriminate between solar (Oort Minimum) and ocean cycle (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, AMO) influence. Compared to its large share of nearly one quarter of the world's landmass, data from Africa and Arabia are significantly underrepresented in global temperature reconstructions of the past 2,000 years. Onshore data are still absent for most regions in Africa and Arabia, except for regional data clusters in Morocco, South Africa, the East African Rift, and the Levant coast. In order to reconstruct land palaeotemperatures more robustly over Africa and Arabia, a systematic research program is needed.
The Electromagnetic Field for a PEC Wedge Over a Grounded Dielectric Slab: 1. Formulation and Validation
Authors: Daniele Vito G. , Lombardi Guido , Zich Rodolfo S.
Published: October 2017

Complex scattering problems are often made by composite structures where wedges and penetrable substrates may interact at near field. In this paper (Part 1) together with its companion paper (Part 2) we study the canonical problem constituted of a Perfectly Electrically Conducting (PEC) wedge lying on a grounded dielectric slab with a comprehensive mathematical model based on the application of the Generalized Wiener‐Hopf Technique (GWHT) with the help of equivalent circuital representations for linear homogenous regions (angular and layered regions). The proposed procedure is valid for the general case, and the papers focus on E‐polarization. The solution is obtained using analytical and semianalytical approaches that reduce the Wiener‐Hopf factorization to integral equations. Several numerical test cases validate the proposed method. The scope of Part 1 is to present the method and its validation applied to the problem. The companion paper Part 2 focuses on the properties of the solution, and it presents physical and engineering insights as Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD)/Uniform Theory of Diffraction(UTD) coefficients, total far fields, modal fields, and excitation of surface and leaky waves for different kinds of source. The structure is of interest in antenna technologies and electromagnetic compatibility (tip on a substrate with guiding and antenna properties).
The Electromagnetic Field for a PEC Wedge Over a Grounded Dielectric Slab: 2. Diffraction, Modal Field, Surface Waves, and Leaky Waves
Authors: Daniele Vito G. , Lombardi Guido , Zich Rodolfo S.
Published: October 2017

Together with Part 1, Part 2 describes the theory, the validation, and the application of the generalized Wiener‐Hopf technique (GWHT) to complex scattering problems constituted of wedges and layers that may interact at near field. In particular, we present the full analysis of the canonical problem where a perfectly electrically conducting (PEC) wedge is lying on a grounded dielectric slab bounded by a PEC plane. The structure proposed in the two papers is of interest in antenna technologies and electromagnetic compatibility (tip on a substrate with guiding and antenna properties). While the scope of Part 1 has been to present the method and its validation applied to the problem, this paper (Part 2) focuses on the properties of the solution and it presents physical and engineering insights. Part 2 starts from the solution of generalized Wiener‐Hopf equations (GWHEs) through Fredholm factorization in terms of an analytical element of the spectral unknowns (Part 1), and it illustrates how to estimate physical and engineering characteristics of the problem: geometrical theory of diffraction/uniform theory of diffraction (GTD/UTD) coefficients, total far fields, modal fields, and excitation of surface waves and leaky waves for different excitations (modal source and/or plane wave source).
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [MAK Value Documentation, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2017

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemicals in the Work Area has re‐evaluated polyvinylchloride [9002‐86‐2] since a new maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for poorly soluble dusts was established in 2011.

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is a biopersistent granular dust. It is therefore classified in Carcinogen Category 4 and a MAK value of 0.3 mg/m³ × material density for the respirable dust is established in analogy to biopersistent granular dusts. This value is valid for PVC containing no additives and having a monomer content of < 1%. The classification is based on animal data that showed increased tumour incidences in rats exposed to biopersistent granular dusts in the high dose range. These tumours are regarded to be a consequence of the inflammatory mechanism of action, for which thresholds can be defined. Direct genotoxic effects appear to be of subordinate relevance for the carcinogenicity of biopersistent granular dusts. In analogy to biopersistent granular dusts, Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 8 was established for PVC. Since PVC is not distributed systemically and accumulates only locally in the lungs, no developmental effects due to this dust are expected to occur at the MAK value of 0.3 mg/m³ × material density. The assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed.
Traceable Nanoparticles with Spatiotemporally Controlled Release Ability for Synergistic Glioblastoma Multiforme Treatment
Authors: Lu Zhiguo , Li Yan , Shi Yuanjie , Li Yanhui , Xiao Zuobing , Zhang Xin
Published: October 2017

Doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely used clinical antineoplastics, has ineffective therapeutic efficacy on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) with extremely short survival time due to many obstacles such as blood–brain barrier (BBB), tumor angiogenesis, and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). To overcome, biocompatible nanoparticles named CARD‐B6 loading three clinical drugs are developed. Unlike other nanomedicines, CARD‐B6, with the ability of spatiotemporally controlled release, maximize the effectiveness of DOX. (1) After CARD‐B6 cross the BBB via B6, combretastatin A4 that is first released via protonation of poly (β‐amino ester) specifically destroys angiogenesis to facilitate the interaction between GBM and CARD‐B6. (2) Internalized into glioblastoma cells later, DOX is released via the breakage of amido bond to induce apoptosis, which is facilitated by the simultaneously released all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA). (3) After endocytosis into GSCs, the rapidly released ATRA induces the GSCs differentiation and downregulates the survival pathways, which enhances the sensitivity of GSCs to the subsequently released DOX. This synergistic antitumor effect significantly extends survival time of GBM mouse model. CARD‐B6 are traced by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanocubes with high r2 relaxivity for magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, the traceable CARD‐B6 with spatiotemporally controlled release ability are emerging as a powerful platform for GBM treatment.
Rational Design of a New Self‐Codelivery System from Redox‐Sensitive Camptothecin–Cytarabine Conjugate Assembly for Effectively Synergistic Anticancer Therapy
Authors: He Wenxiu , Hu Xu , Jiang Wei , Liu Ruiling , Zhang Di , Zhang Jing , Li Zhonghao , Luan Yuxia
Published: October 2017

Herein, two careful selected anticancer drugs camptothecin (CPT) and cytarabine (Ara‐C) with different biological action mechanisms and different water solubility are conjugated together through a glutathione (GSH) cleavable disulfide bond to construct a redox‐sensitive drug–drug conjugate, which can self‐assemble into nanoparticles, thus notably improving the water solubility of CPT and the cell membrane permeability of Ara‐C. Compared with free drugs, the self‐assembled CPT‐ss‐Ara nanoparticles can concentrate in tumor tissues through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, then they can be rapidly internalized by tumor cells and degrade into free drugs for killing the tumor cells when exposed to the reductive environment (GSH) of tumor cells, thereby reducing the injury to normal cells. Meanwhile, the CPT‐ss‐Ara nanoparticles can effectively protect CPT and Ara‐C molecules from biological inactivation before their arrival in tumor microenvironment since free CPT and Ara‐C are easy to partly lose their therapy efficacy due to their structure degradation in blood circulation. The in vitro and in vivo anticancer experimental results indicate that simultaneous release of free CPT and Ara‐C can realize synergistic chemotherapy effects, thus markedly improve their anticancer activity. Therefore, our designed carrier‐free, redox‐sensitive CPT‐ss‐Ara nanoparticles might have promising clinical application to combat cancers.
Graphene‐Armored Aluminum Foil with Enhanced Anticorrosion Performance as Current Collectors for Lithium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Wang Mingzhan , Tang Miao , Chen Shulin , Ci Haina , Wang Kexin , Shi Liurong , Lin Li , Ren Huaying , Shan Jingyuan , Gao Peng , Liu Zhongfan , Peng Hailin
Published: October 2017

Aluminum (Al) foil, as the most accepted cathode current collector for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), is susceptible to local anodic corrosions during long‐term operations. Such corrosions could lead to the deterioration or even premature failure of the batteries and are generally believed to be a bottleneck for next‐generation 5 V LIBs. Here, it is demonstrated that Al foil armored by conformal graphene coating exhibits significantly reinforced anodic corrosion resistance in both LiPF6 and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl) imide (LiTFSI) based electrolytes. Moreover, LiMn2O4 cells using graphene‐armored Al foil as current collectors (LMO/GA) demonstrate enhanced electrochemical performance in comparison with those using pristine Al foil (LMO/PA). The long‐term discharge capacity retention of LMO/GA cell after ≈950 h straight operations at low rate (0.5 C) reaches up to 91%, remarkably superior to LMO/PA cell (75%). The self‐discharge propensity of LMO/GA is clearly relieved and the rate/power performance is also improved with graphene mediations. This work not only contributes to the long‐term stable operations of LIBs but also might catalyze the deployment of 5 V LIBs in the future.
Cyclic (Amino)(Phosphonium Bora‐Ylide)Silanone: A Remarkable Room‐Temperature‐Persistent Silanone
Authors: Rosas‐Sánchez Alfredo , Alvarado‐Beltran Isabel , Baceiredo Antoine , Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Massou Stéphane , Hashizume Daisuke , Branchadell Vicenç , Kato Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2017

A silanone substituted by bulky amino and phosphonium bora‐ylide substituents has been isolated in crystalline form. Thanks to the exceptionally strong electron‐donating phosphonium bora‐ylide substituent, the lifetime at room temperature of the silanone is dramatically extended (t1/2=4 days) compared to the related (amino)(phosphonium ylide)silanone VI (t1/2=5 h), allowing easier manipulation and its use as precursor of new valuable silicon compounds. The interaction of silanone with a weak Lewis acid such as MgBr2 increases further its stability (no degradation after 3 weeks at room temperature).
Electrochemical Deposition of Protein‐conjugated Graphene by Pulse Reverse Technique
Authors: Thirumalai Dinakaran , Chang Seung‐Cheol
Published: October 2017

A simple electrochemical deposition method for the immobilization of protein‐conjugated graphene onto an electrode has been developed. A unique one‐step electrochemical deposition of cytochrome c (Cyt c) conjugated with electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ErGO) onto the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) without any cross‐linkers and the direct electron transfer between Cyt c and the electrode was obtained by the Cyt c–ErGO‐modified GCE. The characteristics of the ErGO–Cyt c‐modified GCE were compared with those of an ErGO‐modified GCE without Cyt c. The direct electron transfer rate constant (ket) was found to be 6.2/s. This approach provides an avenue for the immobilization of various proteins and enzymes with ErGO and could be expanded for diverse biosensor applications.
Adsorbents for Dehumidification, Cooling, and Water Harvesting
Authors: Ernst Sebastian‐Johannes , Baumgartner Max , Fröhlich Dominik , Bart Hans‐Jörg , Henninger Stefan Kai
Published: October 2017

Wasseradsorption an porösen Materialien bietet Möglichkeiten, das gesteigerte Komfortbedürfnis der Menschheit zu adressieren: Sorptionsgestützte Klimatisierung, Entfeuchtung und Wassergewinnung aus der Umgebungsluft. In vorliegender Arbeit werden drei neuartige Adsorbentien, die zwei MOFs Aluminium‐Fumarat und CAU‐10‐H, sowie ein PMO mit Blick auf die Anwendung charakterisiert. Die maximale Wasserbeladung der Materialien liegt zwischen 0,35 und 0,52 g g−1. Für verschiedene Anwendungen wurde der Umsatz berechnet und in einem Eigenaufbau die Stabilität der Materialien über 300 Zyklen untersucht.
Semiparametric maximum likelihood estimation with data missing not at random
Authors: Morikawa Kosuke , Kim Jae Kwang , Kano Yutaka
Published: October 2017

Nonresponse is frequently encountered in empirical studies. When the response mechanism is missing not at random (MNAR) statistical inference using the observed data is quite challenging. Handling MNAR data often requires two model assumptions: one for the outcome and the other for the response propensity. Correctly specifying these two model assumptions is challenging and difficult to verify from the responses obtained. In this article we propose a semiparametric maximum likelihood method for MNAR data in the sense that a parametric assumption is used for the response propensity part of the model and a nonparametric model is used for the outcome part. The resulting analysis is more robust than the fully parametric approach. Some asymptotic properties of our estimators are derived. Results from a simulation study are also presented.The Canadian Journal of Statistics45: 393–409; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Reverse and Forward Translational Neuropharmacology in Psychiatric Drug Discovery
Authors: Shaffer Christopher L.
Published: October 2017

The probability of achieving marketing approval of a novel therapeutic for psychiatric indications is extremely low due largely to the inability to demonstrate durable and reproducible efficacy in phase II trials and beyond. These failures are often attributed to the lack of translation of the underlying neuropharmacology from animal model(s) to the disease population. However, how assured is such a conclusion considering the clinical efficacy path rarely meticulously parallels the preclinical experiment(s) that underwrote it?
Cochrane Collaboration Systematic Reviews may be based on trials not approved by a research ethics committee
Authors: Jokstad Asbjørn
Published: October 2017

Systematic reviews (SR) may potentially contain reports of primary trials with ethical problems. The Cochrane Collaboration SRs are considered as the highest standard in evidence‐based health care resources. All SRs completed during the last 5 years (2013–2017) under the management of the Oral Health Group of the Cochrane Collaboration were identified. All primary trials included in the Oral Health Group SRs were identified and examined to establish their status regarding pre‐hoc approval of an independent ethics committee (EC), often termed Institutional Review Board (IRB) before commencing recruitment of trial participants. Ninety‐five SRs contained 960 primary trials, of which 272 (28.3%) were not examined by the author of this paper. Amongst the remaining 688 primary trials, 198 (29%) contained no reference to study conduct approval by a research ethics committee. The majority of primary studies referred to an EC/IRB approval with or without identifying the name of the ethics committee (n = 401, 58%), whereas some papers identified both the committee name and a protocol or reference number of the EC/IRB approval (n = 89, 13%). The Cochrane Collaboration, along with other developers of SRs, should adopt the policy established by COPE with regard to what to do if one suspect an ethical problem, that is, request evidence of EC/IRB approval. All stakeholders should rest assured that clinical policies and practices based on SRs are based on ethically sound clinical research.
Doping control analysis at the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games
Authors: Pereira Henrique Marcelo Gualberto , Sardela Vinicius Figueiredo , Padilha Monica Costa , Mirotti Luciana , Casilli Alessandro , de Oliveira Fabio Azamor , de Albuquerque Cavalcanti Gustavo , Rodrigues Lucas Martins Lisandro , de Araujo Amanda Lessa Dutra , Levy Rachel Santos , Teixeira Pedro Antonio Castelo , de Oliveira Felipe Alves Gomes , Duarte Ana Carolina Giordani , Carneiro Ana Carolina Dudenhoeffer , Evaristo Joseph Albert Medeiros , dos Santos Gustavo Ramalho Cardoso , da Costa Giovanni Carlo Verissimo , de Lima Castro Fernando , Nogueira Fabio Cesar Sousa , Scalco Fernanda Bertão , Pizzatti Luciana , de Aquino Neto Francisco Radler
Published: October 2017

This paper summarises the results obtained from the doping control analyses performed during the Summer XXXI Olympic Games (August 3–21, 2016) and the XV Paralympic Games (September 7–18, 2016). The analyses of all doping control samples were performed at the Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory (LBCD), a World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA)‐accredited laboratory located in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A new facility at Rio de Janeiro Federal University (UFRJ) was built and fully operated by over 700 professionals, including Brazilian and international scientists, administrative staff, and volunteers. For the Olympic Games, 4913 samples were analysed. In 29 specimens, the presence of a prohibited substance was confirmed, resulting in adverse analytical findings (AAFs). For the Paralympic Games, 1687 samples were analysed, 12 of which were reported as AAFs. For both events, 82.8% of the samples were urine, and 17.2% were blood samples. In total, more than 31 000 analytical procedures were conducted. New WADA technical documents were fully implemented; consequently, state‐of‐the‐art analytical toxicology instrumentation and strategies were applied during the Games, including different types of mass spectrometry (MS) analysers, peptide, and protein detection strategies, endogenous steroid profile measurements, and blood analysis. This enormous investment yielded one of the largest Olympic legacies in Brazil and South America. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diastereoselective [4+1] Cycloaddition of Alkenyl Propargylic Tertiary Acetates with CO Catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2]2
Authors: Zhang Yanjin , Zhao Gang , Pu Lin
Published: October 2017

Alkenyl propargylic tertiary acetates were prepared by deprotonation of the corresponding enyne followed by nucleophilic addition to ketones and then treatment with acetic anhydride. The resulting acetates were then employed in diastereoselective [4+1] cycloadditions with CO catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2]2 to form α‐benzylidene cyclopentenone derivatives. We found the cycloadditions of the tertiary acetates to be more diastereoselective than those of the corresponding secondary acetates, as a result of increased substitution at the propargylic carbon. When an electron‐donating meta substituent, such as Me and MeO, is introduced to the aryl group at the propargylic carbon of the tertiary acetate, the diastereoselectivity improved to >8:1 (E/Z).
A regenerative erythropoietic response does not increase the frequency of Pig‐a mutant reticulocytes and erythrocytes in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Nicolette John , Murray Joel , Sonders Paul , Leroy Bruce
Published: October 2017

The in vivo rodent Pig‐a mutation assay is a sensitive test to identify exposure to mutagenic substances, and has been proposed as an assay for the identification of impurities for pharmaceuticals. Red blood cells (RBCs) and reticulocytes (RETs) are analyzed by flow cytometry after exposure to potentially mutagenic chemicals for cells deficient in the cell surface anchored protein CD59, representing mutation in the X‐linked Pig‐a gene. The full potential of the assay as well as its limitations are currently being explored. The current study investigated the effects of regenerative erythropoietic bone marrow responses on the frequency of Pig‐a mutated reticulocytes (RETCD59‐) and erythrocytes (RBCCD59‐). We hypothesized that a robust regenerative erythropoietic response would not increase the basal frequency of RETCD59‐ or RBCCD59‐ cells. Two groups of six male Sprague‐Dawley rats either had 2 mL of blood sampled each day via an indwelling catheter over a period of 5 days or were minimally sampled for hematology and used as controls. Blood was also then collected and evaluated 5, 18, and 49 days after the initial bleed period for the number of Pig‐a mutant cells in either the RET or RBC population. Despite the expected decrease in hematocrit and the correlative increase in reticulocytes after bleeding, no increase in the number of Pig‐a mutant cells was observed in male Sprague‐Dawley rats that were bled for five consecutive days. These results indicate that changes in erythropoiesis and hematology parameters in rats appear to have no effect on the background levels of Pig‐a mutated RETs and RBCs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:91–95, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limited ability of DNA polymerase kappa to suppress benzo[a]pyrene‐induced genotoxicity in vivo
Authors: Masumura Kenichi , Toyoda‐Hokaiwado Naomi , Niimi Naoko , Grúz Petr , Wada Naoko A. , Takeiri Akira , Jishage Kou‐ichi , Mishima Masayuki , Nohmi Takehiko
Published: October 2017

DNA polymerase kappa (Polk) is a specialized DNA polymerase involved in translesion DNA synthesis. To understand the protective roles against genotoxins in vivo, we established inactivated Polk knock‐in gpt delta (inactivated Polk KI) mice that possessed reporter genes for mutations and expressed inactive Polk. In this study, we examined genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to determine whether Polk actually suppressed BP‐induced genotoxicity as predicted by biochemistry and in vitro cell culture studies. Seven‐week‐old inactivated Polk KI and wild‐type (WT) mice were treated with BP at doses of 5, 15, or 50 mg/(kg·day) for three consecutive days by intragastric gavage, and mutations in the colon and micronucleus formation in the peripheral blood were examined. Surprisingly, no differences were observed in the frequencies of mutations and micronucleus formation at 5 or 50 mg/kg doses. Inactivated Polk KI mice exhibited approximately two times higher gpt mutant frequency than did WT mice only at the 15 mg/kg dose. The frequency of micronucleus formation was slightly higher in inactivated Polk KI than in WT mice at the same dose, but it was statistically insignificant. The results suggest that Polk has a limited ability to suppress BP‐induced genotoxicity in the colon and bone marrow and also that the roles of specialized DNA polymerases in mutagenesis and carcinogenesis should be examined not only by in vitro assays but also by in vivo mouse studies. We also report the spontaneous mutagenesis in inactivated Polk KI mice at young and old ages. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:644–653, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the estimation of link delay distributions by cumulant‐based moment matching
Authors: Coluccia Angelo , Ricciato Fabio
Published: October 2017

The statistical distribution of packet delays across individual nodes or links embeds important information for network management. For instance, upward shift of the delay distribution could point to local congestion, node mis‐functioning, or other undesirable events. Since directly measuring delays at individual links is not always possible, a problem that has been studied under the term of network delay tomography is to infer “internal” delays (per link) from “external” measurements (per path). We propose a novel estimation idea based on a combination of 2 tools from formal statistics, namely the cumulant method and the moment matching method. An outstanding feature of this approach is the extremely low implementation cost in terms of local computation and communication overhead. We formalize the estimation framework and develop a method with final closed‐form solutions. The correctness of the analysis framework is validated on synthetic data obtained via simulations.
Les Bricoscientifiques: Exploring the Intersections of Disciplinary, Digital, and Maker Literacies Instruction in a Franco‐Ontarian School
Authors: Hagerman Michelle Schira
Published: October 2017

This department column explores digital and disciplinary literacies across learning contexts and disciplines within and outside of school. Digital enhancements will encourage readers to post questions, comments, and connections.
Justice at the Gate? Negotiating Tensions Between Critical Literacy and “Culture of Power” Pedagogies
Authors: Puechner Shannon D.
Published: October 2017

Most people have struggled with reading in one situation or another, depending on their appreciation for the content, their prior experiences, and the texts. This department column shares ways for educators to help literacy learners unlock their potential with instruction anchored in their skills, knowledge, ways of learning, interests, and attitudes.
No difference between mechanical perturbation training with compliant surface and manual perturbation training on knee functional performance after ACL rupture
Authors: Nawasreh Zakariya , Logerstedt David , Failla Mathew , Snyder‐Mackler Lynn
Published: October 2017

Manual perturbation training improves dynamic knee stability and functional performance after anterior cruciate ligament rupture (ACL‐rupture). However, it is limited to static standing position and does not allow time‐specific perturbations at different phase of functional activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether administering mechanical perturbation training including compliant surface provides effects similar to manual perturbation training on knee functional measures after an acute ACL‐rupture. Sixteen level I/II athletes with ACL‐ruptures participated in this preliminary study. Eight patients received mechanical (Mechanical) and eight subjects received manual perturbation training (Manual). All patients completed a functional testing (isometric quadriceps strength, single‐legged hop tests) and patient‐reported measures (Knee Outcome Survey‐Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS‐ADLS), Global Rating Score (GRS), International Knee Documentation Committee 2000 (IKDC 2000) at pre‐ and post‐training. 2 × 2 ANOVA was used for data analysis. No significant group‐by‐time interactions were found for all measures (p > 0.18). Main effects of time were found for single hop (Pre‐testing: 85.14% ± 21.07; Post‐testing: 92.49% ± 17.55), triple hop (Pre‐testing: 84.64% ± 14.17; Post‐testing: 96.64% ± 11.14), KOS‐ADLS (Pre‐testing: 81.13% ± 11.12; Post‐testing: 88.63% ± 12.63), GRS (Pre‐testing: 68.63% ± 15.73; Post‐testing: 78.81% ± 13.85), and IKDC 2000 (Pre‐testing: 66.66% ± 9.85; Post‐testing: 76.05% ± 14.62) (p < 0.032). Administering mechanical perturbation training using compliant surfaces induce effects similar to manual perturbation training on knee functional performance after acute ACL‐rupture. The clinical significance is both modes of training improve patients' functional‐performance and limb‐to‐limb movement symmetry, and enhancing the patients’ self‐reported of knee functional measures after ACL rupture. Mechanical perturbation that provides a compliant surface might be utilized as part of the ACL rehabilitation training. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1391–1397, 2018.
Consumer visual appraisal and shelf life of leg chops from suckling kids raised with natural milk or milk replacer
Authors: Ripoll Guillermo , Alcalde María J , Argüello Anastasio , Córdoba María G , Panea Begoña
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

The use of milk replacers to feed suckling kids could affect the shelf life and appearance of the meat. Leg chops were evaluated by consumers and the instrumental color was measured. A machine learning algorithm was used to relate them. The aim of this experiment was to study the shelf life of the meat of kids reared with dam's milk or milk replacers and to ascertain which illuminant and instrumental color variables are used by consumers as criteria to evaluate that visual appraisal.

RESULTS

Meat from kids reared with milk replacers was more valuable and had a longer shelf life than meat from kids reared with natural milk. Consumers used the color of the whole surface of the leg chop to assess the appearance of meat. Lightness and hue angle were the prime cues used to evaluate the appearance of meat.

CONCLUSION

Illuminant D65 was more useful for relating the visual appraisal with the instrumental color using a machine learning algorithm. The machine learning algorithms showed that the underlying rules used by consumers to evaluate the appearance of suckling kid meat are not at all linear and can be computationally schematized into a simple algorithm. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Sol–gel/nanoclay composite as a sorbent for microextraction in packed syringe combined with corona discharge ionization ion mobility spectrometry for the determination of diazinon in water samples
Authors: Saraji Mohammad , Jafari Mohammad Taghi , Amooshahi Mohammad Mehdi
Published: October 2017

In this work, the microextraction in packed syringe technique combined with corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry was used for determining diazinon in water samples. A new porous composite of nanoclay and polysiloxane was prepared using a sol–gel process. An amount of 2.0 mg of the sorbent was packed in a 250 μL syringe and used for extraction. A volume of 2 mL of the sample was passed through the sorbent bed, and the entrapped analyte was eluted by 25 μL of methanol. Important parameters influencing the extraction performance were investigated. Under optimum experimental conditions, the detection limit for diazinon was 0.07 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations were 5.0 and 12.3%, respectively. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range from 0.2 to 20.0 ng/mL (r2 = 0.999). The applicability of the method was demonstrated by analyzing spiked real water samples and the spiking recoveries were in the range of 95 to 106%.
Caregiver Responses to Child Posttraumatic Distress: A Qualitative Study in a High‐Risk Context in South Africa
Authors: Williamson Victoria , Butler Ian , Tomlinson Mark , Skeen Sarah , Christie Hope , Stewart Jackie , Halligan Sarah L
Published: October 2017

Many low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) have high rates of child trauma exposure and limited access to psychological services. Caregivers are often a child's key source of support following trauma in such contexts. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of primary caregivers in supporting their child posttrauma. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 female caregivers from a high‐risk settlement in Cape Town following child trauma exposure. Children were exposed to significant traumatic events, including gang violence, assault, and fatalities of close relatives. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis; several key themes emerged. First, caregivers were typically aware of child distress posttrauma, based primarily on manifest behaviors. Second, caregivers identified varied ways of providing support, including being warm and responsive; seeking to ensure physical safety by encouraging the child's perceptions of the community as dangerous; and encouraging forgetting as a way of coping, with limited discussions of the event. Third, many barriers existed to accessing psychological treatment, and caregivers had low involvement in any interventions. Finally, caregivers also experienced significant distress that could impact their responses to their child. The results illustrate the challenges faced by caregivers in supporting children following trauma in LMIC contexts and the need for accessible psychological interventions.
Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Preschool Children in Foster Care: The Influence of Placement and Foster Family Environment
Authors: Vasileva Mira , Petermann Franz
Published: October 2017

Children in foster care often experience traumatic events which increase their risk for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS). Until now, no research has investigated the developmentally sensitive PTSS criteria for preschoolers among children in foster care. The current study estimated the prevalence of potentially traumatic experiences and clinical PTSS in German foster care children aged 3 to 7 years. The foster parents of 324 children completed questionnaires about children's PTSS, foster parental stress, parenting, and family functioning. Linear regression models tested trauma‐related variables, placement history, and foster family characteristics as predictors of PTSS. Approximately 45.4% of the foster children had experienced at least one traumatic event and 15.4% had clinical PTSS. Physical abuse, β = .34, p < .001; hospitalization, β = −.17, p = .026; witnessing someone being hurt, β = −.15, p = .047; and parental stress, β = .43, p < .001, were significantly associated with PTSS. Results demonstrate the impact the foster family has on children who are coping with trauma, and suggest the necessity of trauma‐sensitive trainings for foster parents, with stress management as an important component.
Cesarean Delivery Changes the Natural Position of the Uterus on Transvaginal Ultrasonography
Authors: Kaelin Agten Andrea , Honart Anne , Monteagudo Ana , McClelland Spencer , Basher Basmy , Timor‐Tritsch Ilan E.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

To assess whether cesarean delivery changes the natural position of the uterus.

Methods

In this retrospective Institutional Review Board–approved cohort study, we conducted a search of our university gynecologic ultrasonography (US) database. Patients with transvaginal US images before and after either vaginal or cesarean delivery between 2012 and 2015 were included. Women with prior cesarean delivery were excluded. Two readers independently measured antepartum and postpartum flexion angles between the longitudinal axis of the uterine body and the cervix. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients to measure inter‐reader agreement. Antepartum and postpartum uterine flexion angles were compared between patients with vaginal and cesarean delivery.

Results

We included 173 patients (107 vaginal and 66 cesarean delivery). The mean interval between scans ± SD was 18 ± 10 months. Inter‐reader agreement for flexion angles was almost perfect (intraclass correlation coefficients: antepartum, 0.939; postpartum, 0.969; both P < .001). There was no difference in mean antepartum flexion angles for cesarean delivery (154.8° ± 45.7°) versus vaginal delivery (145.8° ± 43.7°; P = .216). Mean postpartum flexion angles were higher after cesarean delivery (180.4° ± 51.2°) versus vaginal delivery (152.8° ± 47.7°; P = .001. Differences in antepartum and postpartum flexion angles between cesarean and vaginal delivery were statistically significant (25.6° versus 7.0°; P = .027).

Conclusions

Cesarean delivery can change the uterine flexion angle to a more retroflexed position. Therefore, all women with a history of cesarean delivery should undergo a transvaginal US examination before any gynecologic surgery or intrauterine device placement to reduce the possibility of surgical complications.
Population trends for Scripps's murrelet following eradication of black rats
Authors: Whitworth Darrell L. , Carter Harry R.
Published: October 2017

Nest monitoring at Anacapa Island, California, USA, in 2001–2010 documented considerable benefits for Scripps's murrelets (Synthliboramphus scrippsi) following the eradication of black rats (Rattus rattus) in 2002. In 2014, post‐eradication monitoring resumed at Anacapa to update the number of occupied nests in monitored plots, count murrelets in nocturnal at‐sea congregations near Anacapa using round‐island spotlight surveys, and compare post‐eradication rates of population change (λ) estimated from nest counts and spotlight surveys. Nest counts and spotlight counts demonstrated increases; the overall number of nests increased 4.45 times from 2001 (11 nests) to 2014 (60 nests) and mean round‐island counts in 2014 (869 ± 592 [SD]) were higher than in 2001–2003 (227 ± 151). Time series regression yielded annual increases that were marginally higher for nests (λ = 1.151) compared to round‐island counts (λ = 1.122). The slight difference may have resulted from inherent differences in the indices used to measure λ, spatial biases in nest plots, data gaps in the regressions, and small sample biases for round‐island counts. The post‐eradication λ for murrelets at Anacapa was slightly higher than the mean response reported for other Alcidae (λ = 1.113). This was the first use of spotlight surveys to estimate λ based on counts of seabirds congregating at‐sea near breeding areas. This study provided vital information needed to better assess the risks and benefits of future island restoration actions, justification for further murrelet conservation efforts, and confirmation of spotlight surveys as a population monitoring tool for Scripps's murrelets. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Gaining a deeper understanding of capture‐induced abandonment of moose neonates
Authors: DelGiudice Glenn D. , Severud William J. , Obermoller Tyler R. , St‐Louis Véronique
Published: October 2017

Capture‐induced abandonment of ungulate neonates has been poorly understood until recently, likely often underestimated, and anecdotally reported to occur at variable rates. This complex maternal behavior adversely affects the accuracy, efficiency, cost‐effectiveness, and consequently the overall value of behavioral and survival studies. To follow‐up on a previous study where we reported an 18.4% rate of abandonment of moose (Alces alces) neonates following helicopter‐assisted capture in Minnesota, USA, we tracked the movement behavior of 12 and 13 moose neonates fitted with global positioning system (GPS) collars during 8–15 May 2014 (phase 1) and 21 May–19 June (phase 2), respectively. These efforts were part of an overall study of reproductive success and cause‐specific mortality in Minnesota's remaining viable but declining moose population. During phase 1, 7 (3 M, 4 F) of 12 (6 M, 6 F) neonates were abandoned by 5 of 9 dams. Our capture‐induced abandonment contingency plan and monitoring of hourly location fixes of the GPS‐collared newborns and their dams allowed us to recover 6 of the 7 abandoned neonates alive and in good condition. During phase 2, we reduced our capture team from 3 to 4 to 2 persons and limited handling to fitting the GPS collar and sexing the neonate ( = 0.7 min). Capture‐induced abandonment decreased to 1 of 10 dams abandoning a set of twins. Mean distance of dams to capture site (calving site) 1 hour pre‐ and 1 hour post‐capture did not indicate a predisposition to abandonment. However, differences in distances of dam to capture site, dam to neonate(s), and neonate to capture site over 48–96 hours post‐capture suggested a clear pattern of capture‐induced abandonment. None of the birth, capture, neonate, or dam characteristics examined indicated a predisposition to capture‐induced abandonment at the study cohort level. However, minimizing capture‐induced abandonment through rapid handling of neonates will greatly increase the overall value of field studies that rely on the capture of animals. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Greater sage‐grouse population trends across Wyoming
Authors: Edmunds David R. , Aldridge Cameron L. , O'Donnell Michael S. , Monroe Adrian P.
Published: October 2017

The scale at which analyses are performed can have an effect on model results and often one scale does not accurately describe the ecological phenomena of interest (e.g., population trends) for wide‐ranging species: yet, most ecological studies are performed at a single, arbitrary scale. To best determine local and regional trends for greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in Wyoming, USA, we modeled density‐independent and ‐dependent population growth across multiple spatial scales relevant to management and conservation (Core Areas [habitat encompassing approximately 83% of the sage‐grouse population on ∼24% of surface area in Wyoming], local Working Groups [7 regional areas for which groups of local experts are tasked with implementing Wyoming's statewide sage‐grouse conservation plan at the local level], Core Area status (Core Area vs. Non‐Core Area) by Working Groups, and Core Areas by Working Groups). Our goal was to determine the influence of fine‐scale population trends (Core Areas) on larger‐scale populations (Working Group Areas). We modeled the natural log of change in population size (peak M lek counts) by time to calculate the finite rate of population growth (λ) for each population of interest from 1993 to 2015. We found that in general when Core Area status (Core Area vs. Non‐Core Area) was investigated by Working Group Area, the 2 populations trended similarly and agreed with the overall trend of the Working Group Area. However, at the finer scale where Core Areas were analyzed separately, Core Areas within the same Working Group Area often trended differently and a few large Core Areas could influence the overall Working Group Area trend and mask trends occurring in smaller Core Areas. Relatively close fine‐scale populations of sage‐grouse can trend differently, indicating that large‐scale trends may not accurately depict what is occurring across the landscape (e.g., local effects of gas and oil fields may be masked by increasing larger populations). Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Developing a synchronous otolaryngology telemedicine Clinic: Prospective study to assess fidelity and diagnostic concordance
Authors: Seim Nolan B. , Philips Ramez H. W. , Matrka Laura A. , Locklear Brittany , Inman Mark , Moberly Aaron C. , Essig Garth F.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To evaluate diagnostic concordance of a synchronous telemedicine otolaryngology clinic with use of currently available technology.

Study Design

Prospective.

Methods

Patients in a rural otolaryngology clinic were enrolled in a pilot telemedicine clinic. To assess system fidelity, an on‐site and remote (consulting) otolaryngologist conducted simultaneous patient evaluations using streaming telecommunication technology for all aspects of the clinical encounter, including high‐definition examination and endoscopic images. Both physicians and patients were blinded and diagnoses recorded. Post‐encounter physician surveys and an original patient‐centered TeleENT Satisfaction Questionnaire (TESQ) were used to assess overall satisfaction.

Results

Twenty‐one patients were enrolled consecutively. Visual technology was found acceptable in all cases, and audio technology was acceptable in 20 of 21 encounters. Patient satisfaction was 96%, and patients felt comfortable using a telemedicine system in the future. Encounters were not significantly longer than traditional encounters. Physician diagnostic agreement was found in 95% of cases, and the consulting physician indicated that all encounters provided sufficient history, examination, and high‐quality images to generate an accurate diagnosis, order additional workup, and/or make an appropriate referral.

Conclusion

A synchronous otolaryngology telemedicine clinic is comparable to a standard clinic in terms of diagnostic concordance and patient satisfaction when using streaming technology and high‐definition images. Using telemedical technology may be a viable way to increase otolaryngology access in remote or underserved areas. With system validity now established, future studies will assess the feasibility of using trained on‐site physician extenders (nurse practitioners or physician assistants) to conduct in‐person patient encounters with remote otolaryngologist support.

Level of Evidence

2c. Laryngoscope, 128:1068–1074, 2018
Assessment of laryngeal cancer in patients younger than 40 years
Authors: Nachalon Yuval , Alkan Uri , Shvero Jacob , Yaniv Dan , Shkedy Yotam , Limon Dror , Popovtzer Aron
Published: October 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess the differences between patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma under 40 years old and those 40 years old or older. A secondary objective was to compare survival outcome between these cohorts.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

We reviewed the medical charts of all patients treated in our tertiary referral center for laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma from 2005 to 2014. Patients aged < 40 years at diagnosis were compared to older patients.

Results

The study group comprised 160 patients. Of them, 13 were aged < 40 years at diagnosis. Mean age was 35 ± 3.9 years and 64.4 ± 11 years for the two groups. Among the younger patients, 38% were smokers (mean pack/day, 2.2) versus 71% in the older group (mean pack/day, 3). The younger group typically had a more advanced stage than the older group at presentation; eight young patients (62%) had stage III or IV versus 49 (33%) in the older group (P = .042). Mean overall survival was 6.7 ± 1 years for those under 40 years old and 7.7 ± 0.2 years for the older patients (P = .2). The 5‐year survival rate was 69% for young patients and 90% for the older group (P = .04). However, there was no significant between‐group difference in overall survival or 5‐year survival rate when stratified for early‐ and late‐stage disease.

Conclusions

There is a lower prevalence of classic risk factors in younger patient with laryngeal carcinoma in this study, suggesting a different etiology compared to our older cohort. The under‐40 cohort presented with more advanced disease and had a worse 5‐year survival; however, when stratified for early‐ versus late‐stage disease, there was no significant difference in overall or 5‐year survival between the groups. This may suggest that, despite a different etiology, laryngeal cancer behaves similarly in older and younger patients.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:1602–1605, 2018