bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Regulatory Review Process in Zimbabwe: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Sithole Tariro , Mahlangu Gugu , Salek Sam , Walker Stuart
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aims of this study were to assess the current regulatory review process of the Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ), identify key milestones and target timelines, evaluate the overall performance from 2017 to 2019, identify good review practices, evaluate the quality of decision-making processes, and identify the challenges and opportunities for improvement.

Methods

A questionnaire was completed by the MCAZ. The agency has participated in the Optimising Efficiencies in Regulatory Agencies (OpERA) program, a multinational endeavor to characterize assessment procedures and metrics associated with regulatory agencies and regional regulatory initiatives. Data identifying the milestones and overall approval times for all products registered MCAZ from 2017 to 2019 were collected and analyzed.

Results

The MCAZ conducts a full review of quality, safety, and efficacy data for generics and biosimilars not approved by a reference agency, an abridged review for products approved by a reference agency and a verification review for World Health Organization prequalified products under the collaborative registration procedure. The highest number of reviewed products is generics manufactured by foreign companies. There has been an improvement in review times for all categories of products over the three-year period. Guidelines, standard operating procedures, and review templates are in place and the majority of indicators for good review practices are implemented. Although quality decision-making practices are implemented, there is no formal framework in place.

Conclusion

The MCAZ successfully implements three types of review models in line with international standards. Overall, target timelines are realistic and what is achievable with the current available resources. Recommendations made such as the review of available human resources, separation of agency and company time when setting and measuring targets, review of the templates and benefit-risk framework used for abridged review, and development of a decision-making framework present opportunities for an enhanced regulatory review process.
Comparing caudal block and penile block using rectal acetaminophen in postoperative analgesia of hypospadias repair: A randomized clinical trial study
Authors: Karami Tohid , Hoshyar Hadi , Tavana Afshin Mokhtari
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Background and objective:

selecting the analgesia method in pediatrics is of most importance.

In pediatrics required hypospadias repair, two methods of the caudal block and penile block are used increasingly. This study aimed to compare two methods of the caudal block and penile block using rectal acetaminophen in postoperative analgesia of hypospadias repair.

Methods:

This clinical trial was conducted on 50 children who underwent hypospadias referred to the educational hospital of Shahid Motahari in Urmia in west-north of Iran from July 1st, 2019 to March 1st, 2020. Patients were selected using a convenient sampling method and were allocated in two groups of the caudal block and penile block using rectal acetaminophen by random allocation software. To assess analgesia, the FLACC scale was used.

Results:

Mean age of participants was 27 months, the mean weight of participants was 13 kg, and their mean height was 82 cm. Regarding assessment changes in pain severity, the results showed in two groups that in group 1 (caudal block) in time intervals of recovery, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h after the surgery, pain severity was reached to 1.16 and in group 2 (penile block) was reached to 3.44. The results showed that in group 1 (caudal block) patients suffer significantly less pain than patients in group 2 (penile block) (P = 0.001).

Conclusions:

According to results obtained from this study, hypospadias repair in pediatrics using caudal block can provide longer analgesia for the patient.

Highlights
Magnetospheric Flux Throughput in the Dungey Cycle: Identification of Convection State During 2010
Authors: Milan Stephen E. , Carter Jennifer A. , Sangha Harneet , Bower Gemma E. , Anderson Brian J.
Published: January 2021

We quantify the contributions of different convection states to the magnetic flux throughput of the magnetosphere during 2010. To do this we provide a continuous classification of convection state for the duration of 2010 based upon observations of the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field, geomagnetic indices, and field‐aligned currents measured by the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment. Convection states are defined as (1) quiet, (2) weak activity, substorm (3) growth, (4) expansion and (5) recovery phases, (6) substorm driven phase (when relatively steady magnetospheric convection occurs), (7) recovery bays (when recovery phase is accompanied by a negative excursion of the AL electrojet index), and (8) periods of multiple intensifications (storm‐time periods when continuous short‐period AL activity occur). The magnetosphere is quiet for 46% of the time, when very little convection takes place. The majority of convection occurs during growth and driven phases (21% and 38%, respectively, of open magnetic flux accumulation by dayside reconnection). We discuss these results in the context of the expanding/contracting polar cap model of convection, and describe a framework within which isolated substorms and disturbances during periods of more continuous solar wind‐magnetosphere driving can be understood.
Data‐Driven Ensemble Modeling of Equatorial Ionospheric Electrodynamics: A Case Study During a Minor Storm Period Under Solar Minimum Conditions
Authors: Hsu C.‐T. , Matsuo T. , Maute A. , Stoneback R. , Lien C.‐P.
Published: January 2021

The dayside equatorial ionospheric electrodynamics exhibit strong variability driven simultaneously by highly changeable external forcings that originate from the solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV), magnetosphere, and lower atmosphere. We investigate this variability by carrying out comprehensive data‐driven ensemble modeling using a coupled model of the thermosphere and ionosphere, with the focus on the vertical E × B drift variability during a solar minimum and minor storm period. The variability of vertical E × B drift in response to the changes and uncertainty of primary forcings (i.e., solar EUV, high‐latitude plasma convection and auroral particle precipitation, and lower‐atmospheric tide and wave forcing) is investigated by ensemble forcing sensitivity experiments that incorporate data‐driven stochastic perturbations of these forcings into the model. Second, the impact of assimilating FORMOsa SATellite‐3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC) electron density profiles (EDPs) on the reduction of uncertainty of the modeled vertical E × B drift variability resulting from inadequately specified external forcing is revealed. The Communication and Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) ion drift velocity observations are used for validation. The validation results support the importance of the use of a data‐driven forcing perturbation methods in ensemble modeling and data assimilation. In conclusion, the solar EUV dominates the global‐scale day‐to‐day variability, while the lower atmosphere tide and wave forcing is critical to determining the regional variability. The modeled vertical E × B drift is also sensitive to the magnetospheric forcing. The ensemble data assimilation of FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC EDPs helps to reduce the uncertainty and improves agreement of the modeled vertical E × B drifts with C/NOFS observations.
The Mechanics of Creep, Slow Slip Events, and Earthquakes in Mixed Brittle‐Ductile Fault Zones
Authors: Lavier Luc L. , Tong Xinyue , Biemiller James
Published: January 2021

Geological observations show that fault zone composition varies and often accommodates a mixture of brittle and ductile deformation. There is growing evidence that the nature of this mixture may play an important role in determining whether the fault creeps steadily or slides in slow slip events (SSEs) and/or fast earthquakes. Using numerical experiments of slip events in a fault zone of finite thickness, we explore how the ratio of brittle to ductile material and the absolute friction change resulting from a variation in slip velocity, affect energy partitioning and slip behavior in brittle‐ductile mixtures. We treat brittle material as Mohr‐Coulomb elastoplastic and ductile material as Maxwell viscoelastic. We simulate velocity‐weakening () behavior in the brittle part of the mixture and velocity‐strengthening () behavior in the ductile part using a rate‐and‐state formulation dependent on plastic strain accumulation. We show that: (1) mixtures can exhibit multiple slip behaviors including earthquakes and slow slip, (2) highly brittle mixtures do not tend to generate SSEs while weakly brittle mixtures can generate slow slip over a wider range of compositions, (3) structural features formed during simulated creep, SSEs, and earthquakes share notable similarities with structures observed in natural fault zones. We find that slip‐synchronous strengthening in the ductile portion of the mixture controls whether a rupture propagates as SSEs of yearlong durations. Shorter duration SSEs occur when the length of the plastic shear segments formed during slip is similar to the characteristic weakening distance for an earthquake.
Detection of ascorbic acid based on its quenching effect on luminol–artemisinin chemiluminescence
Authors: Wang Chao , Halawa Mohamed Ibrahim , Lou Baohua , Gao Wenyue , Li Jianping , Xu Guobao
Published: January 2021

Artemisinin can react with luminol to emit chemiluminescence in the absence of a catalyst. Sensitive and selective ascorbic acid detection is achieved through a quenching effect.
Spontaneous macrocyclization through multiple dynamic cyclic aminal formation
Authors: Carbajo Daniel , Ruiz-Sánchez Antonio Jesús , Nájera Francisco , Pérez-Inestrosa Ezequiel , Alfonso Ignacio
Published: January 2021

The efficient cyclic aminal formation leads to the stereoselective synthesis of the corresponding [2+2] macrocycles, for which the dynamic covalent nature of the aminal bond can be controlled under specific conditions.
On the physicochemical origin of nanoscale friction: the polarizability and electronegativity relationship tailoring nanotribology
Authors: Leidens Leonardo M. , Maia da Costa Marcelo E. H. , Figueroa Neileth S. , Barbieri Rodrigo A. , Alvarez Fernando , Michels Alexandre F. , Figueroa Carlos A.
Published: January 2021

For the first time, polarizability and electronegativity are related as atomic descriptors for understanding the influence of physicochemical factors on nanoscale friction.
Promiscuity of an unrelated anthrol reductase of Talaromyces islandicus WF-38-12
Authors: Singh Shailesh Kumar , Rajput Anshul , De Arijit , Chakraborti Tapati , Husain Syed Masood
Published: January 2021

A new anthrol reductase from Talaromyces islandicus (ARti-2).
An in vitro screening method for probiotics with antidepressant-like effect using the enterochromaffin cell model
Authors: Tian Peijun , Zhu Huiyue , Zou Renying , Kong Qinming , Xu Mengshu , Zhao Jianxin , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei , Wang Gang
Published: January 2021

Screening the probiotics with antidepressant-like effects through measuring the bacteria stimulated Tph1 mRNA expression and 5-HTP/5-HT secretion in the enterochromaffin cell model RIN14B.
Removing Pb2+ with a pectin-rich fiber from sisal waste
Authors: Zhu Wei , Yang Jian , Hu Die , Wang Zhaomei
Published: January 2021

A pectin-rich dietary fiber from sisal waste produced by a sequential enzymatic-ultrasonic process, was not only efficient in adsorbing Pb2+ from solution but also very useful in promoting Pb2+ excretion from the tissues of Pb2+-loading mice.
Observation of field-induced single-ion magnet behavior in an octahedral dysprosium complex with a strong ligand field
Authors: Zhang Chunyang , Liu Mengyao , Cai Xingwei , Chen Lei , Liu Yuan-Zhong , Cui Huihui , Zhang Shao-Liang , Yuan Aihua
Published: January 2021

A mononuclear six-coordinate DyIII complex exhibiting slow magnetic relaxation provides a rare case for octahedral lanthanide complexes with SMM behavior.
Effects of the thickness and laser irradiation on the electrical properties of e-beam evaporated 2D bismuth
Authors: Sun Xinghao , Zhao Hanliu , Chen Jiayi , Zhong Wen , Zhu Beibei , Tao Li
Published: January 2021

E-beam evaporated uniform 2D bismuth exhibits (thermo)electrical response tunable by either laser irradiation or the layer thickness.
Simultaneous observation of anti-damping and the inverse spin Hall effect in the La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/Pt bilayer system
Authors: Gupta Pushpendra , Singh Braj Bhusan , Roy Koustuv , Sarkar Anirban , Waschk Markus , Brueckel Thomas , Bedanta Subhankar
Published: January 2021

Manganites are an interesting class of materials because they exhibit high spin polarization and low damping. We observed both spin pumping and anti-damping in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3/Pt system which makes it promising for future spintronic applications.
Targeted brain tumor imaging by using discrete biopolymer-coated nanodiamonds across the blood–brain barrier
Authors: Leung Hoi Man , Lau Cia Hin , Ho Jonathan Weng-Thim , Chan Miu Shan , Chang Tristan Juin Han , Law Lok Hin , Wang Fei , Tam Dick Yan , Liu Ling Sum , Chan Kannie Wai Yan , Tin Chung , Lo Pik Kwan
Published: January 2021

A protein-derived nanodiamond-based nanoprobe with targeting properties is established for brain tumor imaging.
Pb(ii) detection and versatile bio-imaging of green-emitting carbon dots with excellent stability and bright fluorescence
Authors: Sun Zishan , Zhou Yuping , Zhou Weiying , Luo Jiabao , Liu Ruiyuan , Zhang Xinguo , Zhou Liya , Pang Qi
Published: January 2021

Green-emitting carbon dots (G-CDs) were synthesized via a simple and green hydrothermal method using betaine hydrochloride and sulfadiazine as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively.
Size-focusing results in highly photoluminescent sulfur quantum dots with a stable emission wavelength
Authors: Sheng Yilun , Huang Zhongnan , Zhong Qi , Deng Haohua , Lai Mingchun , Yang Yu , Chen Wei , Xia Xinghua , Peng Huaping
Published: January 2021

Size-focusing results in highly photoluminescent sulfur quantum dots with a stable emission wavelength that can be used for bioanalysis.
Exfoliation of boron carbide into ultrathin nanosheets
Authors: Guo Yuqi , Gupta Adway , Gilliam Matthew S. , Debnath Abhishek , Yousaf Ahmed , Saha Sanchari , Levin Mark D. , Green Alexander A. , Singh Arunima K. , Wang Qing Hua
Published: January 2021

Boron carbide (B4C) nanosheets were prepared using liquid phase exfoliation from bulk. Density functional theory showed how cleavage can occur along several different planes, stabilized rearranging the boron-rich cages into smaller ones.
Structural evolution of iron forming iron oxide in a deep eutectic-solvothermal reaction
Authors: Hammond Oliver S. , Atri Ria S. , Bowron Daniel T. , de Campo Liliana , Diaz-Moreno Sofia , Keenan Luke L. , Doutch James , Eslava Salvador , Edler Karen J.
Published: January 2021

Iron oxide nanoparticle formation in DES was studied in situ across multiple length scales. Initial chloride-containing iron complexes react to form oxygen-rich species which precipitate. Morphology and growth time are defined by solvent composition.
Enhancing the peroxidase-mimicking activity of hemin by covalent immobilization in polymer nanogels
Authors: Guo Jieyu , Liu Yuting , Zha Junqi , Han Honghua , Chen Yantao , Jia Zhongfan
Published: January 2021

A polymeric nanozyme that can closely mimic peroxidase is presented. The coordination between pendant hemins and primary amines together with the synergistic interactions between substrates and nanogels contribute to the enhanced catalytic activity.
A universal screening strategy for the accelerated design of superior oxygen evolution/reduction electrocatalysts
Authors: Kim Dong Yeon , Ha Miran , Kim Kwang S.
Published: January 2021

A universal computational screening strategy that can accelerate the prediction of the theoretical overpotential (ηDFT) for the oxygen evolution/reduction reaction by using only the adsorption free energy of O*.
Recent progress on hydrogel actuators
Authors: Cheng Feng-mei , Chen Hong-xu , Li Hai-dong
Published: January 2021

This review outlines progress in hydrogels with well-defined heterogeneity in structures and responsiveness by using sequential synthesis, photolithography, 3D/4D printing, and macroscopic assembling for programmable shape morphing or actuations.
Recent Progress in the Gold-Catalyzed Annulations of Ynamides with Isoxazole Derivatives via α-Imino Gold Carbenes
Authors: Li Long , Ye Long-Wu , Luo Wen-Feng
Published: January 2021

During the past two decades, gold-catalyzed nitrene-transfer reactions via α-imino gold carbenes have received extensive attention, as this strategy provides rapid access to nitrogen-containing molecules with high efficiency. In this review, we focus on recent progress in gold-catalyzed formal annulations of ynamides with isoxazole derivatives as nitrene-transfer reagents via α-imino gold carbenes in atom-economic and rapid construction of N-heterocycles.
Ni(COD)(DMFU): A Heteroleptic 16-Electron Precatalyst for 1,2-Diarylation of Alkenes
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Kim Nana , Tran Van T. , Apolinar Omar , Wisniewski Steven R. , Eastgate Martin D.
Published: January 2021

Electron-deficient olefin (EDO) ligands are known to promote a variety of nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, presumably by accelerating the reductive elimination step and preventing undesired β-hydride elimination. While there is a growing body of experimental and computational evidence elucidating the beneficial effects of EDO ligands, significant gaps remain in our understanding of the underlying coordination chemistry of the Ni–EDO species involved. In particular, most procedures rely on in situ assembly of the active catalyst, and there is a paucity of preligated Ni–EDO precatalysts. Herein, we investigate the 16-electron, heteroleptic nickel complex, Ni(COD)(DMFU), and examine the performance of this complex as a precatalyst in 1,2-diarylation of alkenes.
Synthesis of Amidine Derivatives by Intermolecular Radical ­Addition to Nitrile Groups of AIBN Derivatives
Authors: Bao Hongli , Su Min , Zhu Nengbo , Chiou Mong-Feng
Published: January 2021

A synthesis of amidine derivatives through intermolecular addition of nitrogen-centered radicals to nitriles is reported. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations were conducted to probe the mechanism of this reaction. The results suggest that the alkyl nitriles are activated by attracting chlorine atoms and are subsequently attacked by nitrogen-centered radicals, resulting in the intermolecular radical addition of nitriles to amidines.
Brief intervention medication therapy management: Establishment of an opioid misuse intervention model delivered in a community pharmacy
Authors: Kenney Amy , Cox Nicholas , Bryan M Aryana , Cochran Gerald
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Medication expertise and close patient contact position community pharmacists to make significant contributions to combatting the opioid epidemic. This position facilitated the development and initial implementation of the Brief Intervention Medication Therapy Management (BIMTM) model to detect and address patient opioid misuse. BIMTM is an intervention consisting of 9 sessions. One medication management session is delivered by a pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting, and the remaining sessions are delivered telephonically by a patient navigator to follow up with goals established with the pharmacist and address concomitant health concerns that increase risk for misuse.

Methods

We employed the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to summarize and present key findings from 4 distinct studies. CFIR domains addressed were (1) intervention characteristics, (2) outer setting, (3) inner setting, (4) process, and (5) characteristics of individuals. The study results show sequential development of evidence for BIMTM.

Results

A multistate cross-sectional pharmacist survey (n = 739) demonstrated limited pharmacist training and/or resources to address misuse, suggesting the need for external intervention development. Our multistakeholder intervention planning project showed limitations of current evidence-based models of care and of intervention implementation, which resulted in construction of the BIMTM. A multisite cross-sectional screening survey of patients (n = 333) established an electronic misuse screening protocol within 4 community pharmacies and identified opioid misuse in 15% of screened patients; among those patients, 98% had concomitant health conditions that contribute to the risk of opioid misuse. Presentation of study results to pharmacy leaders produced commitment for intervention implementation and a partnership to develop a grant proposal supporting this action. Our small-scale randomized trial evinced success in recruitment and retention and BIMTM patient benefit. The small-scale randomized trial likewise showed high levels of satisfaction with BIMTM.

Conclusion

The establishment of BIMTM supports community pharmacist identification and intervention with patients engaged in misuse. Continued use of this research-based strategy may further empower pharmacists to address the opioid epidemic.
The substance use intervention team: A hospital-based intervention and outpatient clinic to improve care for patients with substance use disorders
Authors: Tran Tran H , Swoboda Henry , Perticone Katy , Ramsey Elisabeth , Thompson Hale , Hill Kristin , Karnik Niranjan S
Published: January 2021

Purpose

In response to the opioid crisis, public health advocates urge hospitals to perform substance use disorder (SUD) screening, brief intervention, discharge planning with referral to treatment, and naloxone education. Universal screening makes specialized treatment available to all patients and decreases stigma around SUDs, allowing patients and providers to address SUDs during their hospitalization. Additionally, hospital and emergency department–initiated medications to treat SUD improve patient engagement with treatment and decrease opioid use, and use of medications for opioid use disorder after nonfatal overdoses decreases mortality.

A substance use intervention team (SUIT) service was established to offer universal screening and consultation by an interdisciplinary team at our urban academic medical center. The SUIT program provides inpatient consultation services as well as medical and behavioral clinic visits to transition patients to long-term treatment and is comprised of physicians, nurse practitioners, a clinical pharmacist, social workers, and a nurse. Successes attributed to enhanced medication use as a function of having a designated pharmacist as an integral member of the team are highlighted. Our medical center initiated screening efforts in tandem with its interdisciplinary team and clinic. The team attempts to start appropriately selected patients with SUD on medications for SUD while hospitalized. From January through December 2018, 87.2% of patients admitted to the hospital received initial SUD screening. Of the patients who screened positive, 1,400 received a brief intervention by a unit social worker; the SUIT service was consulted on 880 patients, and multiple medications for SUD were started during inpatient care.

Conclusion

A screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment service was successfully implemented in our hospital, with the SUIT program in place to provide interdisciplinary addiction care and initiate medications for SUD in appropriate patients.
Investigation on the Influencing Factors of Mental Health of Healthcare Workers for Aid in Hubei during the Outbreak of COVID-19
Authors: Zhou Peng , Du Na , Diao Dongmei , OuYang Yingjie , Kankanam Pathiranage Heshan Sameera
Published: January 2021

Background

This study aimed to determine the factors that were related to the psychological health status of healthcare workers aid for Hubei after the COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods

A total of 1260 participants completed the Self-Rating Scale of Sleep (SRSS), the Generalized Anxiety Scale (GAD-7), and the 9-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) via the online questionnaires, and their related experiences with COVID-19 were collected.

Results

The average SRSS score of all participants (25.13 ± 6.41) indicated a mild sleep problem, and the factors that influenced their sleep were the respondent’s gender, whether they had patients who died under their care, their history of psychosis and whether their family members were infected with COVID-19. The average GAD-7 score of all participants (12.37 ± 4.89) indicated a moderate anxiety level. The main factors that influenced anxiety were the respondent’s gender, years of work, history of psychosis, self-perceived health status, and whether their family members were infected with COVID-19. The average PHQ-9 score of all participants (8.90 ± 5.42) indicated a mild depression level. The primary factors that influenced depression were whether the respondent had nursed/treated severely ill patients in Hubei and whether they had a history of psychosis.

Conclusions

During the outbreak of COVID-19, the symptoms of anxiety were prominent among healthcare workers in Hubei. Moreover, male workers, those whose patients died during treatment, those with a history of anxiety disorders and those whose family members were infected with COVID-19 reported more serious problems. Therefore, this particular group of healthcare workers needs to be monitored and provided with tailored psychological support.
Prospective Longitudinal Serosurvey of Healthcare Workers in the First Wave of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Pandemic in a Quaternary Care Hospital in Munich, Germany
Authors: Weinberger Tobias , Steffen Julius , Osterman Andreas , Mueller Tonina T , Muenchhoff Maximilian , Wratil Paul R , Graf Alexander , Krebs Stefan , Quartucci Caroline , Spaeth Patricia M , Grabein Beatrice , Adorjan Kristina , Blum Helmut , Keppler Oliver T , Klein Matthias
Published: January 2021

Background

High infection rates among healthcare personnel in an uncontained pandemic can paralyze health systems due to staff shortages. Risk constellations and rates of seroconversion for healthcare workers (HCWs) during the first wave of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are still largely unclear.

Methods

Healthcare personnel (n = 300) on different organizational units in the LMU Munich University Hospital were included and followed in this prospective longitudinal study from 24 March until 7 July 2020. Participants were monitored in intervals of 2 to 6 weeks using different antibody assays for serological testing and questionnaires to evaluate risk contacts. In a subgroup of infected participants, we obtained nasopharyngeal swabs to perform whole-genome sequencing for outbreak characterization.

Results

HCWs involved in patient care on dedicated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) wards or on regular non–COVID-19 wards showed a higher rate of SARS-CoV-2 seroconversion than staff in the emergency department and non-frontline personnel. The landscape of risk contacts in these units was dynamic, with a decrease in unprotected risk contacts in the emergency department and an increase on non–COVID-19 wards. Both intensity and number of risk contacts were associated with higher rates of seroconversion. On regular wards, staff infections tended to occur in clusters, while infections on COVID-19 wards were less frequent and apparently independent of each other.

Conclusions

Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection for frontline HCWs was increased during the first pandemic wave in southern Germany. Stringent measures for infection control are essential to protect all patient-facing staff during the ongoing pandemic.
Nutritional consequences of breeding away from riparian habitats in Bank Swallows: new evidence from multiple endogenous markers
Authors: Génier Corrine S V , Guglielmo Christopher G , Mitchell Greg W , Falconer Myles , Hobson Keith A
Published: January 2021

The Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia), a threatened species in Canada, breeds primarily in banks at lakeshores and rivers and in artificial (typically inland) aggregate mining pits. Inland pits may be ecological traps for this species, but relative dietary trade-offs between these two nesting habitats have not been investigated. The availability of aquatic emergent insects at lakeshores may have associated nutritional benefits for growing nestlings due to increased omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) in prey. We compared the diets of juvenile swallows from lakeshore and inland pit sites using assays of stable isotope values (δ13C, δ15N, δ2H) of feathers, faecal DNA metabarcoding and blood plasma FAs. Colony proximity to Lake Erie influenced the use of aquatic versus terrestrial insects by Bank Swallow adults and juveniles. Feather δ2H was particularly useful as a tracer of aquatic emergent versus terrestrial prey, and inland juveniles had feathers enriched in 2H, reflective of diets composed of fewer aquatic emergent insects. DNA metabarcoding of juvenile and adult faecal material indicated that lakeshore birds consumed more aquatic-emergent chironomids than inland birds. Lakeshore juveniles had elevated plasma omega-3 eicosapentaenoic acid levels compared with inland pit-breeding birds. We discuss the need to consider ‘nutritional landscapes’ and the importance of this concept in conservation of declining species and populations.
Self-Conscious Emotions and Esteem Support: The Effectiveness of Esteem Support in Alleviating State Shame and Guilt
Authors: Holmstrom Amanda J , Shebib Samantha J , Mazur Allison P , Mason Adam J , Zhang Lu , Allard Amanda , Boumis Josephine K
Published: January 2021

This experiment examines state shame and guilt responses to esteem support messages, testing predictions derived from the cognitive-emotional theory of esteem support messages (CETESM). Participants (N = 852) chose one of eight hypothetical scenarios designed to induce shame and/or guilt. Next, participants were directed to a randomization of emotion-focused (EF) and problem-focused (PF) esteem support messages and were asked to rate how the message would affect their feelings of state shame and state guilt. EF messages were expected to alleviate feelings of shame more so than guilt, but results indicated that they did not consistently do so. However, as expected, PF messages were rated as more likely to alleviate feelings of guilt (in five of eight scenarios) than shame. When comparing the messages to each other, EF messages were rated as better at alleviating both shame and guilt compared to PF messages. Theoretical and pragmatic implications are discussed.
Approximation of singular solutions and singular data for Maxwell’s equations by Lagrange elements
Authors: Duan Huoyuan , Cao Jiwei , Lin Ping , Tan Roger C E
Published: January 2021

A Lagrange finite element method is proposed for Maxwell’s equations in Lipschitz domains. The method is suitable for the approximation of singular solutions lying outside $(H^1(\varOmega ))^3$, with nonhomogeneous singular boundary data in the tangential trace space of $H({\mathbf{curl}}; \varOmega )$ and a singular right-hand-side source term in $(H_0({\mathbf{curl}}; \varOmega ))^{\prime}$ (the dual space of $H_0({\mathbf{curl}}; \varOmega ))$. Numerical results are presented to illustrate performance and the theoretical results.
Risk of Sexually Transmitted Zika Virus in a Cohort of Economically Disadvantaged Urban Residents
Authors: Aguilar Ticona Juan P , Baig Huma , Nery Nivison , Doss-Gollin Simon , Sacramento Gielson A , Adhikarla Haritha , Muenker M Catherine , Wunder Elsio A , Nascimento Eduardo J M , Marques Ernesto T A , Reis Mitermayer G , Ko Albert I , Costa Federico
Published: January 2021

To understand the disease burden of sexually transmitted Zika virus (ZIKV), we prospectively followed a cohort of 359 adult and adolescent residents of an urban community in Salvador, Brazil, through the 2015 ZIKV epidemic. Later, in 2017, we used a retrospective survey to associate sexual behavior during the epidemic with ZIKV infection as defined by immunoglobulin G3 NS1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We found that males who engaged in casual sexual encounters during the epidemic were more likely (adjusted odds ratio, 6.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.2–64.1]) to be ZIKV positive, suggesting that specific groups may be at increased risk of sexually transmitted infections.
Factors Affecting Numbers of House Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) Captured by Ultraviolet Light Traps in a Large Retail Supermarket
Authors: Hogsette Jerome A
Published: January 2021

The house fly, Musca domestica L., is an international nuisance and vector of numerous pathogens that cause disease syndromes in humans and animals. In urban areas, fly exclusion is a major part of the pest management program at many commercial establishments. If flies elude the exclusion techniques, a system for fly management inside the building is the next line of defense. Permission was given to evaluate the fly management system consisting of 12 GT-180 and 6 MX-360 ultraviolet (UV) light traps inside of a large supermarket for 8 wk. GT-180 traps mounted 2 m high on walls captured significantly fewer flies than MX-360s, larger portable traps placed on the floor. Both glue boards in GT-180 traps captured similar fly numbers. In the MX-360 traps, mean fly numbers captured by the two vertically mounted glue boards combined were not significantly different from those captured by the single lower horizontal glue board. Changing from white to black glue boards significantly reduced fly numbers captured by both traps. Three of the six traps capturing the largest mean fly numbers were in the Bakery, followed by the Deli. A total of 3,626 house flies (453/week) was captured during the study. Changes in weekly fly populations inside the store were visibly obvious because fly numbers were so high. Difference in flies trapped because of trap location and height, and glue board color are further discussed.
Commentary: “How’s It Going?” Training Experiences of Pediatric Postdoctoral Fellows During COVID-19
Authors: Ghosh Shweta , David Jennie G , Amaro Christina M , Gaultney Wendy M , Schmidt Alexandra M
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the lives and workplaces of individuals across the world substantially, in ways that are yet largely unknown. This commentary aims to provide an early snapshot of the experiences of pediatric postdoctoral fellows in academic medical settings; specifically, we will explore the impact of the pandemic on developing mastery within several competencies (e.g., research, professional development, clinical, interdisciplinary). These competencies are critical elements to fellowship to prepare for independent practice. Several models of training competencies for professional psychology and pediatric psychology exist, which focus on trainee skill development. Measures taken to minimize the spread of COVID-19 have directly impacted hospital systems and training, requiring programs to adapt competencies in various domains, such as increased familiarity with telehealth and virtual supervision. Additionally, fellows experienced an impact of the pandemic on securing employment following fellowship, conducting research and program development activities, and on cognitive flexibility and self-care. Governing bodies, such as the APA and Council of Chairs of Training Councils, have released statements and guidelines on addressing training of postdoctoral fellows including increasing flexibility of training methods, limiting in-person contact, and adjusting educational and licensing requirements. This paper offers informed commentary and diverse perspectives from current postdoctoral fellows engaged in a variety of clinical and research responsibilities regarding how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted their training. We hope this paper will provide important insight into the unique experiences of postdoctoral fellows during the capstone year(s) of training prior to independent work and inform recommendations for postdoctoral training programs.
Short- and Long-Term Effects of Superhero Media on Young Children’s Risk-Taking Behaviors
Authors: Morgan Casie H , Morrongiello Barbara A , Schwebel David C
Published: January 2021

Objective

Unintentional injuries, the leading cause of death for American children, are caused by a range of psychosocial factors, including risk behavior. One factor that may impact child risk-taking is modeling of superhuman risk-taking from superhero media, both immediately following superhero exposure and based on lifetime exposure and engagement.

Methods

Fifty-nine 5-year-olds were randomly assigned to view either a 13-min age-appropriate superhero television show or a comparable nonsuperhero show. After the viewing, children engaged in three risk-taking measures: (a) activity room, unsupervised play for 5 min with assortment of apparently dangerous items that might encourage child risk-taking; (b) picture sort, 10 illustrations of children in risk situations, with participant response concerning intended risk-taking in that situation; and (c) vignettes, 10 stories presenting situations with varying degrees of risk, with participant response on intended choice. Parents completed questionnaires concerning children’s long-term superhero media exposure and individual superhero engagement (e.g., if child’s most recent Halloween costume was of a superhero). Correlations and regressions evaluated effects of immediate superhero exposure, lifetime superhero exposure, and lifetime superhero engagement on children’s risk-taking.

Results

Mixed results emerged. Lifetime superhero exposure was significantly related to children’s risk-taking outcomes in two bivariate (vignettes and picture sort) and one multivariate (picture sort) model. Neither immediate superhero exposure nor lifetime superhero engagement was strongly related to risk-taking.

Conclusions

Children’s lifetime superhero exposure may influence children’s risk-taking. Given American children’s substantial media exposure, research should continue to unpack the role of superhero media on children’s unintentional injury and other health risk behaviors.
Total cysto-pericystectomy for huge echinococcal cyst located on hepatic segment IVb. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pavlidis E T , Symeonidis N G , Psarras K K , Martzivanou E K , Marneri A G , Stavrati K E , Pavlidis T E
Published: January 2021

Hepatic hydatid disease is located mainly in the right liver. It is usually solitary and asymptomatic; however, a large cyst may cause compression symptoms. We report a case of a huge echinococcal cyst located in segment IVb of the liver in a 39-year-old female, 17 x 11 cm in dimensions, causing persistent epigastric pain and discomfort. The diagnosis was made by a computed tomography (CT) scan, which showed the cystic mass with the characteristic daughter cysts and reactive caps (pericystic wall) consisting of fibrous connective tissue and calcifications. The patient underwent radical resection by total cysto-pericystectomy and had an uneventful postoperative course. Follow-up showed no recurrence in CT and normal liver function test. Total cysto-pericystectomy, as an alternative to hepatectomy, is the preferable choice of radical resection operation, nowadays, in the management of liver hydatid disease even in huge cysts.
Intussusception caused by small intestine metastasis of malignant pleural mesothelioma: a case report
Authors: Hamaoka Michinori , Nakagawa Masataka , Nakahara Hideki , Yamamoto Rie , Nishisaka Takashi , Itamoto Toshiyuki
Published: January 2021

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive form of malignant tumor that originates in the pleural mesothelioma and presents as a local disease in the affected hemithorax. Small intestine metastasis is a rare complication. Herein, the case of a patient with jejunal intussusception caused by small intestine metastasis of MPM has been reported. A 72-year-old man with MPM was admitted to our hospital for abdominal pain. Computed tomography revealed small intestine intussusception. An emergency surgery was performed, and the tumor and intussusception were located in the upper jejunum. Histopathological examination of the resected jejunum revealed that the tumor was a small intestinal metastasis of the MPM from the chest wall. This case showed that MPM may metastasize to the small intestine, and metastatic tumors may cause intussusception.
Kinematic Determinants of Front Kick Dynamics Across Different Loading Conditions
Authors: Vagner Michal , Cleather Daniel , Kubovy Petr , Hojka Vladimir , Stastny Petr
Published: January 2021

Introduction

The efficiency of front kick is related to the kicking technique. Thus, the aim of this study was to find the kinematic determinants of front kick dynamics across different performance and loading levels (no load to 45-kg load).

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four elite and sub-elite professional military personnel (26.8 ± 10.1 years, 84.2 ± 5.4 kg, 181.1 ± 6.4 cm) performed six front kicks into a force plate across five different loading conditions. Three-dimensional kinematics of the kicks was quantified and included velocity of the hip (Vhip), velocity of the knee (Vknee), velocity of the shoulder (Vshoulder), velocity of the foot (Vfoot), angular velocity of the knee (AVknee), and angular velocity of the hip (AVhip).

Results

The main kinematic differences between the two groups were that the sub-elite group had an increased kick time for all loading conditions (P < .001) and a lower Vfoot (P = .05) and a decreased Vhip and Vshoulder (P < .05) in the highest load condition. Vhip and AVhip were the best predictors (up to R2 = 0.58; P = .020) of peak force and impact force during no-load or loaded kicking at the elite level. Typical predictors of impulse in the elite group were AVhip, Vhip, and Vshoulder and those in the sub-elite group were AVknee and Vfoot.

Conclusions

The kinematic variables provide good predictions of kicking dynamics; however, the best predictor varies with the loading conditions and performance levels. Hip motion is the main differentiating factor.
Psychiatric Care in a Novel Federal COVID-19 Treatment Center: Development of a Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Service at the Javits New York Medical Station
Authors: Kaplan Alexander , Smith Colin M , Toukolehto Olli , van Schalkwyk Gerrit
Published: January 2021

At the outset of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, New York City faced the highest burden of COVID-19 cases in the United States. In response, the U.S. Federal Government deployed medical providers from various uniformed services to treat patients with COVID-19 at the Jacob Javits Convention Center in New York City. There quickly arose a need for psychiatric services for patients with COVID-19 and psychological support for medical staff. Psychiatrists were tasked with establishing a consult-liaison psychiatry service in this unique environment. The authors detail the establishment of a novel consultation-liaison psychiatry service in a large convention center and explore lessons learned from this experience with the aim to empower uniformed psychiatrists to prepare for and deliver patient-focused care in pandemic settings.
A high-resolution cosmological simulation of a strong gravitational lens
Authors: Richings Jack , Frenk Carlos , Jenkins Adrian , Robertson Andrew , Schaller Matthieu
Published: January 2021

We present a cosmological hydrodynamical simulation of a 1013 M⊙ galaxy group and its environment (out to 10 times the virial radius) carried out using the eagle model of galaxy formation. Exploiting a novel technique to increase the resolution of the dark matter calculation independently of that of the gas, the simulation resolves dark matter haloes and subhaloes of mass 5 × 106 M⊙. It is therefore useful for studying the abundance and properties of the haloes and subhaloes targeted in strong lensing tests of the cold dark matter model. We estimate the halo and subhalo mass functions and discuss how they are affected both by the inclusion of baryons in the simulation and by the environment. We find that the halo and subhalo mass functions have lower amplitude in the hydrodynamical simulation than in its dark-matter-only counterpart. This reflects the reduced growth of haloes in the hydrodynamical simulation due to the early loss of gas by reionization and galactic winds and, additionally, in the case of subhaloes, disruption by enhanced tidal effects within the host halo due to the presence of a massive central galaxy. The distribution of haloes is highly anisotropic reflecting the filamentary character of mass accretion on to the cluster. As a result, there is significant variation in the number of structures with viewing direction. The median number of structures near the centre of the halo, when viewed in projection, is reduced by a factor of 2 when baryons are included.
National Estimates of Prevalence, Time-Trend, and Correlates of Smoking in US People Living with HIV (NHANES 1999–2016)
Authors: Asfar Taghrid , Perez Amanda , Shipman Patrick , Carrico Adam W , Lee David J , Alcaide Maria Luisa , Jones Deborah L , Brewer Judson , Koru-Sengul Tulay
Published: January 2021

Objective

Approximately one in four deaths among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the United States can be attributed to cigarette smoking. Using a nationally representative sample of PLWH, this study examines the prevalence, time-trends, and correlates of current cigarette smoking among PLWH compared to people without HIV.

Design

Secondary analysis of population-based cross-sectional biobehavioral survey.

Methods

Data were pooled from the 1999–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). All adults (20–59 years) who self-reported their smoking status and were tested for HIV (HIV+ = 152; HIV− = 26 305) were included in the analysis. Prevalence with 95% confidence interval (95% CI), trend analysis by year and group (HIV+/HIV−), and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed with the complex survey design adjustments.

Results

Overall, 47.0% of PLWH were current smokers compared to 25.5% of those without HIV. From 1999 to 2016, the decline in smoking in PLWH was comparable to those without HIV (10.7% vs. 8.0%). PLWH smokers were more likely than PLWH nonsmokers to be substance users (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 17.52; 95% CI = 2.04 to 27.8). Compared to smokers without HIV, PLWH smokers were more likely to be older (1.10; 1.06 to 1.14), males (7.96; 2.50 to 25.40), non-Hispanic Black (10.45; 4.13 to 26.45), with depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 sum score ≥5) (3.79; 1.22 to 11.79), and less likely to be gay (0.02; 0.00 to 0.07).

Conclusion

Cigarette smoking among PLWH is a major public health problem in the United States. Targeted and tailored smoking cessation interventions that incorporate assessment and treatment of depression and co-occurring substance use are critical for PLWH, especially among those who are disproportionately affected by smoking and HIV (sexual minority).

Implications

This study offers important research implications in four areas:

1. The decline in smoking among PLWH over 18 years has been modest, and half of PLWH are still smokers.

2. More resources and efforts should be allocated to reduce cigarette smoking among PLWH.

3. There is a critical need to develop and test culturally tailored smoking cessation interventions for minority subgroups who are most impacted by HIV infection and smoking (non-Hispanic Blacks and men who have sex with men)

4. Smoking cessation interventions designed for PLWH should incorporate assessment and treatment of depression and substance use.