bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interaction between Allelic Variation at the Glu‐D1 locus and a 1BL.1RS Translocation on Flour Quality in Bread Wheat
Authors: Martín P. , Gómez M. , Carrillo J. M.
Published: July 2010

1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)‐rye (Secale cereale L.) translocation has been widely used in wheat breeding programs all over the world. Serious defects in bread quality have been associated with the presence of the translocation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cumulative and interaction effects on strength and mixing properties of dough ascribed to the allelic variation for the Glu‐D1 locus and to the presence of 1BL.1RS translocation. A group of F4‐F5 recombinant lines were developed from the cross between the 1BL.1RS inbred line S‐55‐87A and ‘Gazul’, a cultivar without the translocation. Lines were cultivated for 2 yr and evaluated by the SDS‐sedimentation test, mixograph, and alveograph. A highly significant difference between years was found in grain protein concentration, while 1BL.1RS translocation or Glu‐D1 alleles did not influence this parameter. The difference in sodium dodecylsulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume mean value between lines with high molecular weight (HMW) 5+10 glutenin subunits and lines with HMW 2+12, considering only the set without the 1BL.1RS translocation, was four times lower than this difference in the set with the translocation, reflecting a significant interaction between the effects of Glu‐D1 alleles and 1B chromosome type. The detrimental effect on mixing properties caused by 1BL.1RS rye translocation was dependent on the genetic background. No significant differences among means were detected on mixing time and tolerance rate for presence or not of 1BL.1RS chromosomes. The presence of HMW 2+12 glutenin subunits and 1BL.1RS translocation produces a drastic decline in gluten strength, making it difficult to find acceptable quality among genotypes possessing both negative factors.
Technique for Artificial Hybridization of Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.]
Authors: Siles M. M. , Baltensperger D. D. , Nelson L. A.
Published: July 2010

The difficulty making crosses and lack of an efficient crossing technique have resulted in a very limited number of genetic studies and, consequently, limited improvement of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.]. Objectives of this study were to acquire knowledge of the anthesis habits of foxtail millet and to develop a technique for artificial hybridization of foxtail millet. To understand the process of anthesis, several variables were observed on five plants of each of five cultivars under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions during the summer of 1994. The efficiency of the crossing technique described was evaluated based on seed set from emasculated but non‐pollinated checks, seed set from more than 6400, and percent hybrid plants among 30 F1 plants from each of 21 cross‐combinations. During the summer, anthesis of foxtail occurred between 1800 h and 0700 h, starting the third day, after the emergence of the spike. Few flowers opened and there was practically no anthesis between 0800 h and 1800 h. Anthesis initiated at or about one third down the spike and progressed up to the apex and down to the base. Each spike required from 10 to 13 d to complete anthesis. The number of florets opening on the second day averaged 36, which was an optimum for successful emasculation. Opening and closing of a single flower occurred in about 7 min. The crossing technique described was effective with an average 75% seed set, and more than 90% true hybrid seed or 67.5% hybrid seed set per flower crossed.
Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) × Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Hybrids
Authors: Morrison L. A. , Riera‐Lizarazu O. , Crémieux L. , Mallory‐Smith C. A.
Published: July 2010

The ability of the weedy species jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) to form seed‐bearing hybrids with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) raises questions concerning the potential movement of herbicide‐resistance genes from commercial wheat cultivars into the weed population. As a preliminary step for future gene‐flow risk assessments, a study of jointed goatgrass × wheat hybrids collected from infested wheat fields in 1998 and 1999 was undertaken in Oregon. Jointed goatgrass accessions representing the range of variation in its worldwide distribution also were included in this study. The high molecular weight (HMW) glutenins, a group of wheat endosperm storage proteins, were used as genetic markers for characterizing this material. In the Oregon jointed goatgrass accessions, the seed protein analysis identified F1 hybrid seed that was formed at a rate of 0 to 8% on a per field basis. The HMW glutenin patterns in the backcross seed threshed from Oregon hybrids showed a higher proportion of seeds formed from pollination by wheat than by jointed goatgrass. Analysis of the roots for remains of the maternal seed or spikelet indicated that most hybrid plants were of the F1 generation and that either jointed goatgrass or wheat could be the female parent. These analyses suggested a hybridization dynamics in which jointed goatgrass serves as the predominant F1 female parent and wheat as the predominant backcross male parent. Development of introgressed jointed goatgrass forms carrying wheat genes would be dependent on the presence of a continuous hybrid zone located near or within a persistent jointed goatgrass population.
Development of a Visual Method to Quantify the Gossypol Content in Cotton Seeds
Authors: Benbouza H. , Lognay G. , Palm R. , Baudoin JP. , Mergeai G.
Published: July 2010

Twelve Gossypium genotypes (species, fertile interspecific allotetraploid and allohexaploid hybrids, backcross progeny of interspecific hybrids) characterized by drastic differences in their seed gossypol content were used to design a visual quantification method of the gossypol concentration in cotton seeds. After developing an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method that allowed measurement of gossypol content in single seed samples, the results of 123 HPLC analyses carried out seed‐by‐seed were compared with different parameters characterizing the level of gossypol glands in the seed. A significant correlation was found between the gossypol content %G determined on single seeds by HPLC and the number N of gossypol glands per seed section area (S, expressed in mm2), leading to the establishment of the following model: %G = bi (N/S), where the regression coefficient bi depends on the cotton genotype considered. The estimation of %G directly from N/S is a rapid and accurate method which can be used in breeding programs to screen the progeny of cotton genotypes showing a high segregation for their seed gossypol content.
Translocation Breakpoints in Soybean Classical Genetic Linkage Groups 6 and 8
Authors: Mahama A. Assibi , Palmer Reid G.
Published: July 2010

Reciprocal chromosome translocations are important for locating genes to linkage groups (LGs). Identifying the chromosomes involved in translocations is necessary for the isolation of tester sets. Our objectives were (i) to determine the location of translocation breakpoints by testing linkage with loci of Classical Linkage Group (CLG) 6 (Df2 and Y11), CLG 8 (Adh1, Ms1, Wm, Ms6, St5, W1, and Y23), and other CLGs, and (ii) to confirm the orientation of these nine marker loci. The ‘KS172‐11‐3’, ‘KS175‐7‐3’, ‘Clark T/T’, ‘KS171‐31‐2’, PI 189866, and ‘L75‐0283‐4’ soybean lines with homozygous chromosome translocations were crossed to the same genetic marker types. F2 seed was increased at the University of Puerto Rico/Iowa State University soybean nursery near Isabela, PR. Data for the different characters used as marker traits were collected from F2 populations and F2:3 families. Recombination values revealed linkage between the breakpoints in KS172‐11‐3, KS175‐7‐3, and Clark T/T, with Df2, Y11, and several loci of CLG 8. Interestingly, these three translocations had a common breakpoint between Y11 and Ms1, but no linkage was identified between these loci and the breakpoints in KS171‐31‐2, PI 189866, and L75‐0283‐4. Our data further showed that CLGs 6 and 8 are the same LG, with Df2 and Adh1 at the ends of the chromosome segment. KS172‐11‐3, KS175‐7‐3, and Clark T/T share a common translocated chromosome which is different from that in KS171‐31‐2, PI 189866, and L75‐0283‐4. This information will facilitate the assignment of CLGs and the isolation of a tester set of translocations, and enhance genetic linkage mapping.
Genome‐Wide Genetic Diversity among Components Does Not Cause Cultivar Blend Responses
Authors: Helland S. J. , Holland J. B.
Published: July 2010

Genetically diverse plant populations may be better able to exploit ecological resources and reduce interplant competition than genetically homogeneous populations. Cultivar blends can have greater productivity and yield stability than pure lines; however blend effects are not consistent. The varying levels of genetic diversity represented in blends may confound the interpretations and comparisons of the results of different blend studies. We tested the hypothesis that genetic diversity of blend components is related to blend performance by evaluating blends of a set of five early‐maturing and a set of 10 midseason‐maturing oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars in two separate experiments at eight Iowa environments. Within each experiment, pure lines and all possible two‐way blends were evaluated for grain yield and test weight means and stability and adaptability parameters. The genetic diversity of each blend was estimated by pedigree diversity [1 − coefficient of parentage (COP)], amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)‐derived genetic distances (1 − Dice coefficient), and phenotypic diversity (based on height and heading date differences). Blend response was limited in these experiments and was not correlated with any diversity measure, and blend stability parameters were not consistently related to diversity measures across experiments. We also investigated the relationship between pedigree diversity and blend performance in other crops by computing the coefficients of parentage of cultivar pairs used in previous blend studies in maize, soybean, and wheat. Pedigree diversity was correlated with higher blend response only in two of 10 experiment–environment combinations tested. Genome‐wide genetic diversity alone does not cause positive crop blend responses.
Color Index for Red Clover Seed
Authors: Bortnem Robin , Boe Arvid
Published: July 2010

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seed coats range in color from yellow to purple with the majority of populations having seeds with various proportions of both. Our objectives were to determine the extent of variability for seed color in red clover and evaluate the potential of a color classification scheme as a descriptor for red clover populations. Two to four replicates of 100 randomly selected seeds were classified for color for single seed lots of the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) red clover core collection and 15 cultivars. In addition, four 100‐seed samples of multiple (2– 5) seed lots of five cultivars were evaluated. Individual seeds from each sample were placed into 1 of 5 (1 = >95% yellow to 5 = >95% purple) different color classes. This allowed a color index (CX) to be calculated for each sample by the formula [∑(seeds per class × class number)]/(total number of seeds evaluated). Extensive variability was found among accessions within the core collection for CX, with a range of 4.4 for PI 207972 to 2.4 for PI 120105. A highly significant difference was observed among cultivars for CX; however, most had mean CXs between 3.0 and 3.3. Slight, but significant, differences were found among lots within ‘Arlington’ (range 3.3–3.5) and ‘Altaswede’ (range 2.5–2.8) for CX. However, the difference between Arlington and Altaswede mean CXs averaged across seed lots was more than three times larger than the greatest intracultivar seed lot difference. Frequencies of Classes 1 and 5 were relatively consistent across environments. From analysis of variance of five seed lots from each of Arlington and ‘Kenstar’, estimates of variance components associated with cultivar, seed lot within cultivar, and 100‐seed sample within seed lot indicated 94% of total variance of a randomly selected sample was due to differences between cultivars. Our data indicated CX used in conjunction with class frequencies, if necessary, could be a useful descriptor for red clover populations.
Field Reaction to Sclerotinia Blight among Transgenic Peanut Lines Containing Antifungal Genes
Authors: Chenault K. D. , Melouk H. A. , Payton M. E.
Published: July 2010

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is susceptible to many diseases. In the southwestern USA and other regions where peanut is grown, diseases caused by fungi are a major threat to profitable production. Transgenic peanut lines possessing fungal resistance genes offer an alternative to traditional resistance and fungicide application in managing fungal diseases. Thirty‐two transgenic peanut lines containing antifungal genes (a rice chitinase and/or an alfalfa glucanase) were evaluated for their reaction to Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger in small field plots (6.1 by 7.6 m) for 3 yr. Peanut lines were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications. Disease incidence was recorded throughout the growing season and data were analyzed for statistical significance. Over the 3‐yr period, average disease incidence for the most resistant lines—188, Southwest Runner, 416, 540, and 654—was 0.0, 1.0, 10.0, 14.0, and 16.0%, respectively. The cultivar Okrun was most susceptible with an average disease incidence of 58.0%. All other lines had varying degrees of resistance but averaged at least 15.5% less disease than Okrun over the 3‐yr period. Transgenic peanut lines with partial resistance to Sclerotinia blight were identified which may be useful in traditional breeding programs for fungal resistance.
Development and Mapping of PCR‐Based SCAR and CAPS Markers Linked to Oil QTLs in Oat
Authors: Orr Winson , Molnar Stephen J.
Published: July 2010

Oat cultivars (Avena sativa L.) are unusually diverse in groat oil content, and breeding for this trait can increase the value of oat in human and livestock diets. Seven random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fragments closely linked or tentatively linked to quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for oil content in the ‘Terra’ × ‘Marion’ (TM) or the ‘Kanota’ × ‘Ogle’ (KO) hexaploid oat mapping populations were used to develop more robust sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) or cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers. Three SCAR and two CAPS markers mapped on the TM population to the same map locations as the corresponding RAPD markers. One SCAR marker mapped to a homeologous TM linkage group (LG). The last two SCAR markers were mapped to regions that are currently not known to be orthologous to the original RAPD locations. All SCAR and CAPS markers were also tested in two additional high × low oil content populations. These SCAR markers have potential utility for marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for high and low oil germplasm in oat breeding programs.
Production of Isoflavones in Seeds and Seedlings of Different Peanut Genotypes
Authors: Kirakosyan Ara , Kaufman Peter B. , Duke James A. , Seymour E. Mitchell , Warber Sara , Bolling Steven F.
Published: July 2010

The present study compares concentrations of medicinally important isoflavones in seeds versus seedlings of 20 selected peanut genotypes derived from widely different geographic sources and compares the total isoflavone concentrations in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with those present in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and kudzu [Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr.]. Results of analyses of 20 different peanut genotypes showed that wide variation occurs in isoflavone concentrations both in peanut seeds and peanut seedlings; that peanut seedlings possess 0.8‐fold to 27‐fold higher concentrations of isoflavones than peanut seeds; that peanut seeds and seedlings possess little or no genistein; that peanut seeds contain one‐half the concentrations of isoflavones as soybean seeds, and soybean seedlings contain four times higher concentrations of isoflavones than peanut seedlings; and that kudzu seeds and seedlings, in contrast, contain significantly higher concentrations of isoflavones than either peanut or soybean seeds and seedlings. In conclusion, because peanut seedlings and sprouts are better sources of isoflavones than peanut seeds, we recommend that the former be grown as a vegetable so as to use them in our diet as a good source of isoflavones. Furthermore, the wide variation in isoflavone concentrations in different peanut genotypes, as shown in this study, could be exploited by plant breeders as an easy and reasonable production strategy.
Ancestral Rice Blocks Define Multiple Related Regions in the Maize Genome
Authors: Odland Wade , Baumgarten Andrew , Phillips Ronald
Published: July 2010

A simulated ancestral reference genome identifies the remnants of the complex evolution of the maize (Zea mays L.) genome. Syntenic regions were defined in Oxford grid comparisons by the analysis of diagonals from colinear arrangements of homologous sequences between chromosomes. A program called Crush and Compare was developed to manage the identification of syntenic regions, create ancestral gene arrangements, and create Oxford grids for graphical displays. Seventeen ancestral gene arrangements were created by computationally condensing the synteny within rice (Oryza sativa L.) into ancestral rice blocks (ARBs), simulating the nonduplicated state of all grass genomes. Permutation analyses found 14 of the rice syntenic regions to be significant with P < 0.05 and were used to identify the genomic duplications present in grass genomes. Synteny analysis of the ancestral gene arrangements within the ARBs revealed a new ancient duplication in the rice genome. An analysis with the maize genetic map identified 54% of its genome syntenic with the ARBs. Multiple evolutionarily related copies of the ARBs were identified in maize with an average of 3.0 related copies with a range of 1 to 6. Use of the ARBs as a reference for maize supports the theory of the maize genome once being an ancient tetraploid composed of genomes that also contained genomic duplications. Defining the genomic relationships within maize and between rice and maize can improve candidate gene discoveries.
Water quality simulation of sewage impacts on the west coast of Mumbai, India
Authors: Vijay R. , Khobragade P. J. , Sohony R. A.
Published: July 2010

Most coastal cities use the ocean as a site of waste disposal where pollutant loading degrades the quality of coastal waters. Presently, the west coast of Mumbai receives partially treated effluent from wastewater treatment facilities through ocean outfalls and discharges into creeks as well as wastewater/sewage from various open drains and nallahs which affect the water quality of creek and coastal water. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to simulate and assess the hydrodynamic behaviour and water quality due to impact of sewage and wastewater discharges from the west coast of Mumbai. Hydrodynamics and water quality were simulated based on present conditions and validated by using measured tide, current data and observed DO, BOD and FC. Observed and simulated results indicated non compliance to standards in Malad, Mahim creeks and the impact zones of ocean outfalls. The developed model could be used for generating various conditions of hydrodynamics and water quality considering the improvement in wastewater collection systems, treatment levels and proper disposal for proper planning and management of creeks and coastal environment.
Integrated water resources management in central Asia: nutrient and heavy metal emissions and their relevance for the Kharaa River Basin, Mongolia
Authors: Hofmann J. , Venohr M. , Behrendt H. , Opitz D.
Published: July 2010

Within the framework of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) the nutrient and heavy metal levels within the Kharaa river basin were investigated. By the application of the MONERIS model, which quantifies nutrient emissions into river basins, various point and diffuse pathways, as well as nutrient load in rivers, could be analysed. Despite seasonal variations and inputs of point sources (e.g. Wastewater Treatment Plant Darkhan) the nutrient concentrations in most of the subbasins are on a moderate level. This shows evidence for a nutrient limited ecosystem as well as dilution effects. However, in the middle and lower reaches heavy metal concentrations of arsenic and mercury, which are linked to mining activities in many cases, are a point of concern. Thus measures are necessary to protect the valuable chemical and ecological status of the Kharaa River and its tributaries. As a result of the growing economic pressure Mongolia will enhance the agricultural production by irrigation. Until 2015 about 60% of the agricultural land shall be irrigated. In addition the gold mining activities shall increase by 20% a year. Both sectors have a high demand for water quantity and quality. The model MONERIS allows the assessment of measures which are inevitable to protect the water quality under shrinking water availability.
Adsorption and desorption properties of arsenate onto nano-sized iron-oxide-coated quartz
Authors: Mostafa M. G. , Chen Yen-Hua , Jean Jiin-Shuh , Liu Chia-Chuan , Teng Hsisheng
Published: July 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption and desorption properties of arsenate [As(V)] on nano-sized iron-oxide-coated quartz (IOCQ) through batch experiments. The coating of nano-sized iron oxide on the quartz surface was performed using the heat treatment process which aimed to utilize the adsorption properties of the nano-sized iron oxide and the filtration properties of the quartz. Environmental SEM-EDAX and BET techniques were used to analyze the surface morphology, elemental composition, surface area and the porosity of the adsorbent. SEM-EDAX analyses confirmed that arsenate was adsorbed on the IOCQ surface. BET results showed that the IOCQ adsorbent had higher pore volumes and high specific surface areas compared with the pure quartz. The study revealed that the adsorption rate of As(V) ion was very rapid and reached the equilibrium within 5 min. This study also revealed that almost 100% of As(V) removal was achieved within 5 minutes of adsorption reaction from the initial solution containing 1,000 μg-As(V)/L. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model suitably explained the sorption characteristics of As(V) onto IOCQ. This desorption study showed that the adsorbent could be reused after reacting with mild HCl solution but the concentration of acid eluant or pH has a great impact on the coated adsorbent surface. The results indicate that the nano-sized iron oxide-coated adsorbent is potentially suitable for removal of arsenate from drinking water.
Advantages of anaerobic digestion of sludge in microaerobic conditions
Authors: Jenicek P. , Koubova J. , Bindzar J. , Zabranska J.
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews results and experience of microaerobic experiments at both high and low sulphide concentrations and evaluates advantages and drawbacks of the anaerobic digestion of sludge in microaerobic conditions as regards biogas quality, digested sludge quality, organic pollutants biodegradability and methanogenic activity of biomass. The innovative microaerobic modification of the anaerobic sludge digestion technology was studied in both laboratory and full scale. Microaerobic conditions are obtained by dosing of a limited amount of the air into the liquid phase of the anaerobic digester. It was shown that anaerobic bacteria including methanogens can be active also in such system. In a mixed culture, even strict anaerobes can survive without inhibition, if the facultative microorganisms are able to consume the present oxygen quickly and fully. Until now, the microaerobic conditions were predominantly used for hydrogen sulphide removal from biogas. In the paper the role of the surplus oxygen was studied also at low sulphide concentration, when the oxygen is consumed in high extent for other processes beside sulphide oxidation.
Degradation of natural toxins by phthalocyanines–example of cyanobacterial toxin, microcystin
Authors: Jančula Daniel , Bláhová Lucie , Karásková Marie , Maršálek Blahoslav
Published: July 2010

Phthalocyanines (Pcs) are promising photosensitizers for use in various branches of science and industry. In the presence of visible light and diatomic oxygen, phthalocyanines can react to produce singlet oxygen, a member of reactive oxygen species able to damage different molecules and tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of phthalocyanines to degrade natural toxins in the presence of visible light. As the representative of hardly degradable toxins, a group of cyanobacterial peptide toxins—microcystin-LR—was chosen for this study. According to our results, phthalocyanines are able to degrade 61,5% of microcystins within a 48-hour incubation (38% of microcystins was degraded after 24 h and 24% after 12 h of incubation). Although other oxidants like hydrogen peroxide or ozone are able to degrade microcystins within several hours, we assume that by optimizing the spectrum emitted by light source and by changing the absorption characteristics of Pcs, microcystins degradation by phthalocyanines could be more effective in the near future.
The effect of nitrite on oxygen uptake in activated sludge as it relates to the redox potential
Authors: Cecil D. , Jensen H. S. , Skou E.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this investigation was to show that the low nitrate bend in the redox potential curve is in fact the result of nitrite inhibition of oxygen uptake. The oxygen sensor used indicated traces of oxygen at the time of the observed low nitrate bend which supports the hypothesis. However, an oxygen sensor with a lower measuring range is needed in order to show conclusively that this hypothesis is true. At higher oxygen concentrations it was observed that nitrite inhibition of oxygen uptake had a marked effect on the appearance of both the oxygen concentration curve and the redox potential in activated sludge. Therefore a complete model of the redox potential in activated sludge must include nitrite inhibition of oxygen uptake. As part of the investigation, the response time of the redox electrode was found to be 5 times longer than the response time of the oxygen sensor. This indicates that the diffusion barrier between the bulk liquid in the sludge and the redox electrode surface is greater than the diffusion barrier of the oxygen sensor's membrane.
Emerging Paradigms in Epidemiology and Public Health: Metaphors and Conceptual Models
Authors: Steven S.Coughlin
Published: July 2010

Metaphors and visual images have been used in epidemiology in conjunction with frameworks and theories proposed to explain disease causation and the processes that give rise to social patterning of disease risks and the ways in which risk behaviors arise and become maintained in social groups. The metaphor of a running stream has recently been extended by Glass and McAttee to stimulate creative thinking about the determinants of risk behaviors in populations and emerging paradigms of disease causation. The frameworks and theories that have been proposed to illustrate or explain the processes that give rise to social patterning of disease have been paralleled by the development and refinement of methods of multilevel statistical analysis and complex systems modeling in public health. The metaphors and conceptual models employed in epidemiology have moved beyond short, causal chains and reductionist world-views to include more holistic, dynamic perspectives that are more consistent with the complexity of real world situations.
Genetic Variants and Individual- and Societal-Level Factors
Authors: Steven S.Coughlin
Published: July 2010

Over the past decade, leading epidemiologists have noted the importance of social factors in studying and understanding the distribution and determinants of disease in human populations; but to what extent are epidemiologic studies integrating genetic information and other biologic variables with information about individual-level risk factors and group-level or societal factors related to the broader residential, behavioral, or cultural context? There remains a need to consider ways to integrate genetic information with social and contextual information in epidemiologic studies, partly to combat the overemphasis on the importance of genetic factors as determinants of disease in human populations. Even in genome-wide association studies of coronary heart disease and other common complex diseases, only a small proportion of heritability is explained by the genetic variants identified to date. It is possible that familial clustering due to genetic factors has been overestimated and that important environmental or social influences (acting alone or in combination with genetic variants) have been overlooked.
Congenital Peribronchial Myofibroblastic Tumor: A Case Report
Authors: de Noronha Lúcia , Cecílio William Augusto Casteleins , da Silva Tarcísio Fulgêncio Alves , Maggio Ewerton Marques , Serapião Maria José
Published: July 2010

We describe a rare occurrence of congenital peribronchial myofibroblastic tumor of the lung presenting in early fetal life. A female patient in the 24th week of gestation who presented with polyhydramnios was admitted for examination. Ultrasound examination revealed a mass compromising the lungs. Because the intrauterine fetal death was revealed by the ultrasound, delivery was induced. Necropsy revealed a pulmonary lesion compromising the left lower pulmonary lobe together with hepatomegaly. Microscopic analysis of the lung showed a lesion with a storiform arrangement of spindle cells with focal peribronchial distribution. Hepatic architecture was diffusely altered by fibrotic tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis on the pulmonary lesion showed high vimentin positivity in the fusocellular components, pointing to the mesenchymal nature of the lesion. Significant differentiation of smooth muscle tissue, as indicated by high HHF35 positivity, was also observed. Electron microscopy on the pulmonary lesion revealed elongated cells with some cytoplasmatic processes, a finding that is also compatible with mesenchymal differentiation.
Excess of Neuromuscular Spindles in a Fetus with Costello Syndrome: A Clinicopathological Report
Authors: Sinico Martine , Bassez Guillaume , Touboul Claudine , Cavé Helene , Vergnaud Armand , Zirah Clément , Fleury-Feith Jocelyne , Gettler Sylvain , Vojtek Anne Marie , Chevalier Nicole , Amram Daniel , Alsamad Issam Abd , Haddad Bassam , Encha-Razavi ferechté
Published: July 2010

The neuromuscular spindle (NMS) is a proprioceptive myofibrillar component of skeletal muscles that is necessary to maintain normal muscle tone and coordination. Recently, an excess of NMS has been reported as a congenital neuromuscular syndrome with a Noonan phenotype, now linked to Costello syndrome (CS). The vast majority of patients with CS have a de novo heterozygous mutation in the HRAS gene involved in the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. CS has many features in common with Noonan and cardiofaciocutaneous syndromes, also linked to activating mutations (but in other genes) of the Ras/MAPK pathway. This makes the orientation of molecular screening difficult. The observation of excess NMS in a 26-weeks'-gestation stillborn prompted us to screen the HRAS gene for mutation. The identification of a HRAS mutation made it possible to establish a diagnosis of CS. We conclude that the excess of NMS is the most reliable sign for the diagnosis of CS. Our findings also show the instrumental role of histological study of the skeletal muscles in the context of polyhydramnios and fetal hydrops.
Characteristics and dynamics of a regional moose Alces alces population in the northeastern United States
Authors: Musante Anthony R. , Pekins Peter J. , Scarpitti David L.
Published: July 2010

Abundance indices suggested that the moose Alces alces population in northern New Hampshire was stable despite favourable habitat and conservative harvest. Causes and rates of mortality were unknown because moose reproduction and survival was unstudied in the region. Our study was designed to investigate the dynamics of the regional population in 2002‐2005. A total of 92 moose (33 cows and 59 calves) were captured and fitted with radio‐collars (VHF = 83, GPS = 9). Parturition ranged from 8 May to 13 July (median = 19 May) with 78% of births occurring during 13‐27 May. Calving rate of yearlings and adults (> 2 years old) averaged 30 and 85%, respectively; twinning rate was 11%. Analysis of reproductive data from harvested cows (1988‐2004) indicated that the average weight of adult cows increased but their corpora lutea count declined from ∼ 1.4 to 1.2/cow. Both ovulation rate and average weight of yearling cows declined about 25 and 4%, respectively. There were 39 mortalities (49% calves) with winterkill/parasite (41%), vehicle collision (26%) and hunting (18%) as the leading causes. Major sources of mortality of radio‐marked cows were human‐related; survival was 0.87. Annual calf survival was 0.45. Unmarked calf (0‐2 months of age) survival was 0.71 with 76% of mortality in the first month of life. Radio‐marked calves (∼ 7‐12 months of age) had a survival rate of 0.67; 74% of the mortality was winterkill/parasite related. Calf mortality was concentrated (88%) in late winter‐early spring. The unseasonably warm and snowless fall in 2001 probably favoured high tick transmission and increased tick loads on moose that resulted in high calf mortality (0.51) and measurable cow mortality (10%) in mild winter‐spring 2002. Documentation of substantial tick‐related mortality of radio‐marked moose calves was unique to this study. The stability of the moose population probably reflects the variation in annual recruitment and lower fecundity of yearling cows associated with heavy infestations and epizootics of winter tick. Given that fertility, calving rate and body condition of adult cows, and summer calf survival are annually high, the population should recover from tick epizootics that periodically inhibit population growth.
Further development and validation of the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering (UTBAS) scales: relationship to anxiety and social phobia among adults who stutter
Authors: Iverach Lisa , Menzies Ross , Jones Mark , O'Brian Sue , Packman Ann , Onslow Mark
Published: July 2010

Background: In an initial validation study, the Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs About Stuttering (UTBAS I) scale, demonstrated excellent psychometric properties as a self‐report measure of the frequency of unhelpful cognitions associated with social anxiety for adults who stutter.

Aims: The aim was to further validate the original UTBAS I scale, and to develop two additional scales to assess beliefs (UTBAS II) and anxiety (UTBAS III) associated with negative thoughts.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 140 adults seeking speech‐restructuring treatment for stuttering completed the original UTBAS I scale, the newly developed UTBAS II and III scales, and self‐report measures of psychological functioning. Participants also completed a first‐stage screener for the presence of anxious personality disorder, and a diagnostic assessment to evaluate the presence of social phobia, according to criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐IV) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD‐10).

Outcomes & Results: The mean UTBAS I score for the present sample did not differ significantly from the mean score reported in the original UTBAS I validation study. Convergent validity was confirmed by significant correlations between the UTBAS Total score and all anxiety‐related measures. Discriminant validity was established by the absence of strong correlations between the UTBAS Total score and some of the self‐report measures of unrelated constructs, although it was found to tap into the negative cognitions associated with depression and life problems. Approximately one‐quarter of participants met criteria for a diagnosis of DSM‐IV or ICD‐10 social phobia (23.5% and 27.2% respectively), and nearly one‐third met first‐stage screening criteria for anxious personality disorder (30%). The mean UTBAS scores for participants who met criteria for these disorders were significantly higher than scores for participants who did not, confirming known‐groups validity.

Conclusions & Implications: The present study demonstrates the validity and utility of the UTBAS scales in assessing negative cognitions associated with speech‐related anxiety among adults who stutter. Results also confirm previous evidence of a high rate of social phobia among adults who stutter, and reveal that the UTBAS discriminates between adults with and without social phobia. In terms of clinical applications, the UTBAS scales could be used to screen for indicators of social phobia among adults who stutter, and may prove useful in identifying negative cognitions which have the potential to impact treatment outcomes.
Effects of snow, snowmelting and refreezing processes on air–sea-ice CO2 flux
Authors: Nomura Daiki , Yoshikawa-Inoue Hisayuki , Toyota Takenobu , Shirasawa Kunio
Published: July 2010

The air–sea-ice CO2 flux was measured in the ice-covered Saroma-ko, a lagoon on the northeastern coast of Hokkaido, Japan, using a chamber technique. The air–sea-ice CO2 flux ranged from −1.8 to +0.5 mg C m−2 h−1 (where negative values indicate a sink for atmospheric CO2). The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the brine of sea ice was substantially lower than that of the atmosphere, primarily because of the influence of the under-ice plume from the Saromabetsu river located in the southeastern part of the lagoon. This suggests that the brine had the ability to take up atmospheric CO2 into the sea ice. However, the snow deposited over the sea ice and the superimposed ice that formed from snowmelting and refreezing partially blocked CO2 diffusion, acting as an impermeable medium for CO2 transfer. Our results suggest that the air–sea-ice CO2 flux was dependent not only on the difference in pCO2 between the brine and the overlying air, but also on the status of the ice surface. These results provide the necessary evidence for evaluation of the gas exchange processes in ice-covered seas.
Outcome of Intra-Articular Steroid Injection in Osteoarthritis of Knee: A One Year Experience
Authors: Al Hasan Suzon , Siddiq Md Abu Bakar , Rahim Md Abdur , Shakoor Md Abdus , Paul Sujat , Salek AKM , Khan Md Moniruzzaman , Ahmed Syed Mozaffar , Hossain Md Shawkat , Dutta Nitai Prasad , Chowdhry Sumit Roy , Karim Sifat Binte , Mazumder Md Kamal Uddin , Hossain Mohammad Delowar , Uddin Md Taslim , Rahman Md Habibur , Khan Aminuddin Ahmed , Moyeenuzzaman Md
Published: July 2010

Keywords: osteoarthritis of knee; intra-articular steroid; outcomeDOI: 10.3329/jcmcta.v20i2.5624Journal of Chittagong Medical College Teachers' Association 2009: 20(2):33-38
Computation of the Metric Average of 2D Sets with Piecewise Linear Boundaries
Authors: Kels Shay , Dyn Nira , Lipovetsky Evgeny
Published: July 2010

The metric average is a binary operation between sets in Rn which is used in the approximation of set-valued functions. We introduce an algorithm that applies tools of computational geometry to the computation of the metric average of 2D sets with piecewise linear boundaries.
The Effect of a Brief Salivary α-Amylase Exposure During Chewing on Subsequent in Vitro Starch Digestion Curve Profiles
Authors: Woolnough James W. , Bird Anthony R. , Monro John A. , Brennan Charles S.
Published: July 2010

There is inconsistency between current in vitro digestion methods with regard to accommodation of a (salivary) α-amylase exposure during the oral phase. The effect of a salivary α-amylase pre-exposure on subsequent in vitro starch digestion curve profiles for various foods was investigated. Foods were chewed, expectorated and the boluses left to rest for 0–15 min. During pancreatic digestion, aliquots were taken and hydrolysis curves constructed for comparison against those of the same foods comminuted with a manually-operated chopper, hence spared exposure to saliva. Hydrolysate aliquots taken at T0 (time zero) of the digestion of chewed samples contained higher levels of glucose and dextrins compared with chopped samples. Pancreatin activity immediately overwhelmed differences in sugar released due to salivary amylase activity. Within 10 min no differences were detectable between hydrolysis curves for chewed and chopped foods. Salivary amylase pretreatment does not contribute to the robustness or relative accuracy of in vitro methods.
Severe Raynaud Syndrome Induced by Adjuvant Interferon Alfa in Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Husein–ElAhmed H. , Callejas–Rubio J.L. , Del Olmo R. Ortega , Ríos–Fernandez R. , Ortego–Centeno N.
Published: July 2010

Melanoma is the most lethal form of skin malignancy because of its aggressive behaviour. In advanced disease, interferon alfa can be used as adjuvant therapy. However, this therapy is not free of side effects. We present a case of severe Raynaud syndrome and digital necrosis induced by interferon alfa in a patient with melanoma. Pathogenic mechanisms are discussed.
Exploring Cancer Treatment Decision-Making by Patients: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Stacey D. , Paquet L. , Samant R.
Published: July 2010

Objective: Using an interview-guided survey, our descriptive study aimed to document the extent to which cancer patients perceive they are involved in making treatment decisions and the factors that influence patient involvement. Patients and methods: Our study enrolled patients from a Canadian ambulatory oncology program who were undergoing chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or both, for cancer. The adapted Control Preferences Scale was used to survey perceived and preferred roles in decision-making. The study survey also included items from the Decisional Conflict Scale and the Preparation for Decision-Making Scale. Results: Of 192 participants, 98 (51%) perceived that they were offered treatment choices. Of those 98, 47 (48%) thought that the options were presented equally. Compared with the patients not offered choices, those who were given choices were less passive (4% vs. 29%, p < 0.001) and more satisfied (100% vs. 95%, p < 0.03) in decision-making. Participants whose preferred and perceived roles were different would have preferred more involvement in decision-making. To attain the preferred involvement, patients wanted to receive more information on treatment options, to be given a choice, to have more discussion with the health care team, and to have providers better listen to their needs. Conclusions: Only half of surveyed patients thought that they were offered choices for their cancer treatment. When offered choices, patients were more active in decision-making. Further initiatives are required to determine approaches for supporting patients with cancer so that they can be more involved in decision-making.
Has the Practice of Radiation Oncology for Locally Advanced and Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Changed in Canada?
Authors: Han K. , Bezjak A. , Xu W. , Kane G.
Published: July 2010

Aim: Previous surveys have revealed wide variations in the management by radiation oncologists of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in Canada. The aim of the present study was to determine the current patterns of practice for locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC among Canadian radiation oncologists. Materials and Methods: An online survey was distributed electronically to all members of the Canadian Association of Radiation Oncologists. Those who treat lung cancer were invited to participate. The survey consisted of three scenarios focusing on areas of NSCLC treatment in which the radiotherapy (RT) regimen that provides the best therapeutic ratio is unclear. Results: Replies from 41 respondents were analyzed. For an asymptomatic patient with stage IIIB NSCLC unsuitable for radical treatment, 22% recommended immediate RT, and 78% recommended RT only if the patient were to become symptomatic. Those who believed that immediate rt prolongs survival were more likely to recommend it (p = 0.028). For a patient with a bulky stage IIIB tumour and good performance status, 39% recommended palliative treatment, and 61% recommended radical treatment (84% concurrent vs. 16% sequential chemoradiation at 60–66 Gy in 30–33 fractions). Those who believed that chemoradiation has a greater impact on survival were more likely to recommend it (p < 0.001). For a symptomatic patient with stage IV NSCLC, 54% recommended external-beam RT (EBRT) alone, 41% recommended other modalities (brachytherapy, endobronchial therapy, or chemotherapy) with or without EBRT, and 5% recommended best supportive care. A majority (76%) prescribed 20 Gy in 5 fractions for EBRT. Conclusions: Compared with previous surveys, more radiation oncologists now offer radical treatment for locally advanced NSCLC. Management of NSCLC in Canada may be evidence-based, but perception by radiation oncologists of the treatment’s impact on survival also influences treatment decisions.
Dedifferentiated Giant Cell Tumour of Bone in the Form of Low-Grade Fibroblastic Osteogenic Sarcoma: Case Report of a Unique Presentation with Follow-Up
Authors: Nahal A. , Ajlan A. , Alcindor T. , Turcotte R.
Published: July 2010

Giant cell tumour (GCT) of bone is a locally aggressive benign tumour. It can, however, undergo dedifferentiation, either de novo or secondarily after local recurrence or radiation. Whether spontaneously occurring or induced by previous irradiation, this malignant transformation is typically defined as a high-grade anaplastic sarcoma devoid of giant cells. Dedifferentiation of GCT into low-grade-appearing sarcoma has not been reported yet. Here, we describe the first case of dedifferentiated GCT in the appearance of low-grade fibroblastic osteogenic sarcoma with distant bone metastases. This disease progression occurred without previous irradiation. We confirm the aggressive behaviour of this tumour despite the deceptively bland appearance of the malignant component. We also alert others to the importance of recognizing this rare histology to avoid underdiagnosis and subsequent undertreatment.