bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gaya Bahasa Pengunjung Hotel dan Restoran dalam Menyikapi New Normal Covid 19 Melalui Telepon
Authors: Galingging Fridska Hartaty Br
Published: October 2021

Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui sejauh mana gaya bahasa para pengunjung hotel dan restoran dalam menyikapi new normal covid 19 melalui telepon di Kecamatan Setiabudi Jakarta Selatan. Hipotesis penelitian yang diuji meliputi: 1) Keterkaitan gaya bahasa para pengunjung hotel dan restoran dalam situasi saat ini. 2) Dengan menerima telepon dan menelepon pengunjung hotel dan restoran, kita bisa mengetahui alasan apa agar mau datang kembali. 3) Gaya bahasa pengunjung dalam menyikapi new normal covid 19. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Obyek penelitian adalah pengunjung hotel dan restoran di Kecamatan Setiabudi Jakarta Selatan melaui telepon, dengan teknik pengumpulan data secara triangulasi (gabungan) yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan yaitu peneliti sendiri dan data hasil dari percakapan di telepon yang telah di teliti gaya bahasanya ada sebanyak 15 makna gaya bahasa hiperbola, ada 13 makna gaya bahasa personifikasi dan metafora, untuk gaya bahasa simile ada 7 makna, dan yang paling sedikit gaya bahasa litotes ada 2 makna. Hasil penelitian dapat diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1) Adanya keterkaitan dari gaya bahasa pengunjung hotel dan restoran dalam situasi saat ini dapat terlihat dari gaya bahasa yang mempengaruhinya, hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan banyaknya pengunjung hotel dan restoran yang menggunakan gaya bahasa hiperbola ada 15 makna. 2) Bisa mengetahui alasan tamu untuk mau datang kembali, hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan menerima telepon dan menelepon pengunjung hotel dan restoran. 3) Ditemukan berbagai macam gaya bahasa pengunjung hotel dan restoran dalam menyikapi new normal covid 19, hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan terdapatnya beragam gaya bahasa yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian ini berguna untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran dan meningkatkan penalaran akan gaya bahasa dalam bertelepon dikalangan umum.

Kata Kunci: gaya bahasa, pengunjung hotel dan restoran.
The Bridges of Ideas: Transnational Network of the Book Program for Eastern Europe, 1956-1990
Authors: Sowinski Pawel
Published: October 2021

This proposed contribution reflects on how one, relatively small U.S.-led program of cultural diplomacy shaped the attitude of Polish intellectuals towards liberalization and openness to the free world during the Cold War. The importance of the topic lies in the fact that this long-lasting literary service could be considered as a vital tool for creating more space for political and cultural freedom in Soviet-bloc countries. The program represented the spirit of solidarity and friendship between Eastern Europe and the U.S. that, even now, should not be forgotten. That thirty years after the book program ended, Eastern Europe still lacks a transnational perspective on defending universal liberal values and the process of gaining freedom in the region before 1989 demonstrates the importance of bringing the Eastern and Western narratives closer together, by reexamining the legacy of the book program today.
Organizational use of Social Media and its impacts on Politics: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Rahman Saif Ur , Shurong Zhao
Published: October 2021

Past studies have focused on
organizational use of social media (SM) for service delivery, publicity and
public relations, but, how can a public sector organization influence the
country’s politics through the use of SM is unknown in literature. Drawing on the
theory of Organizational Impression Management (IM) and the concept of
authoritarian legacies, this study investigates that how a public sector security
organization (Pakistani military) linked with country’s authoritarian past can
use the Social Media Activists (SMAs) to influence citizen’s political
participation. A random sampling (n=407) technique was used while conducting
the survey. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesis,
which demonstrate that the SM user’s connectedness with the military aligned SMAs
is significant and positively associates with their voting realignments and
online political participation. The results also indicate that the offline
political participation compliments online political participation and
political disposition positively relates with online political participation. Our
study introduces a new conceptual construct of SMAs aligned with authoritarian
legacies and test it empirically. The study adds new prospects for the use of organizational
IM theory in relation to the digital media, politics and authoritarianism.
आधुनिक भारत में बौद्ध धम्म का पुनरुज्जीवन
Authors: Maheshkar Priyraj
Published: October 2021

Revival of Buddhism in Modern India
Research Proposal : Growth and yield components of wheat as affected by integrated use of oxalic and phosphoric acid in calcisol
Authors: Sakib S M Nazmuz
Published: October 2021

Wheat is a cereal crop that is mainly used by humans as a source of starch and energy and is also used for livestock around the world. Wheat straw is rich in cellulose fibers, hemicellulose, protein and ash. Wheat is the most cultivated crop in the world and especially in Pakistan. As the population grows rapidly, wheat production needs to be increased to bridge the gap between growth and consumption. The amount of phosphorus required for wheat is much higher than for other crops. It is the most important nutrient needed by the wheat plant and it is important for the development of wheat from seedling to adulthood. Farmers add phosphorus to obtain high yields of wheat on phosphorus-deficient soils. Most of these soils are calcareous and its availability in wheat is due to its reaction with various heavy metals present in the soil. Low molecular weight organic acid oxalic acid in combination with phosphoric acid plays an important role in the mobilization of phosphorus in the soil. Oxalic acid secreted from the roots plays an important role in preventing phosphorus deficiency as it plays an important role in phosphorus mobilization. Agricultural soils of Pakistan are generally calcareous soils with high pH and low organic matter content usually less than one percent and more phosphorus fixation capacity and it has been reported that phosphorus is not sufficient to support prosperous agriculture. These calcareous soils contain more calcium carbonate, so when phosphate is applied, it binds to the soil and is not available to plants.
Perjuangan Diplomasi Indonesia
Authors: Melani
Published: October 2021

Perjuangan Diplomasi Indonesia
मानव अधिकार और बुद्ध धम्म
Authors: Maheshkar Priyraj
Published: October 2021

Human Rights and the Buddha Dhamma
menanamkan persatuan dan kesatuan di IIK STRADA
Authors: Syahrani Yasmin
Published: October 2021

Persatuan dan Kesatuan menjadi satu di antara senjata paling ampuh agar tetap utuh. Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) edisi keempat, persatuan adalah gabungan (ikatan, kumpulan dan sebagainya) beberapa bagian yang sudah bersatu, perserikatan, serikat. Sementara pengertian kesatuan berarti perihal satu, keesaan, sifat tunggal, satuan. Indonesia, sebagai negara yang mempunyai banyak keberagaman dan perbedaan, perlu mempunyai persatuan dan kesatuan. Keberagaman yang terdapat di Indonesia, antara lain agama, suku, etnis, budaya bahasa, maupun adat istiadat. Itulah mengapa, penting memiliki sikap persatuan dan kesatuan antarsesama masyarakat demi menjaga keutuhan bangsa dan negara Indonesia. Tanpa adanya rasa persatuan dan kesatuan, bangsa Indonesia akan mudah terpecah terpecah belah.
डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर आणि काश्मीरचा प्रश्न
Authors: Maheshkar Priyraj
Published: October 2021

Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and the Kashmir issue
Focus on How it Works: A Mechanistic Emphasis Enhances Elementary Student Learning Outcomes
Authors: Betz Nicole , Keil Frank
Published: October 2021

Biologists, lay adults, and children alike value understandings of how biological entities work, prioritizing these mechanistic explanations in learning choices from at least five years of age and onwards. Despite this, formal education of young children has historically lacked mechanistic content, reserving these types of causal explanations for older students. We explored strategies by which mechanistic explanations may be emphasized to learners, identifying asymmetries between teacher intuitions and the influence of a mechanistic focus on young children’s science learning. In Study 1, we contrasted K-12 teacher intuitions about two types of learning goals—mechanistic or labels—in elementary school biology lessons, assessing general preferences and beliefs about which goal would maximize learning. Teachers preferred labels-focused learning goals when considering first and second grade lessons, but increasingly shifted to mechanistic learning goals for third through fifth grade lessons. In Study 2, children ages 6 to 11 were given either a mechanistic or a labels-focused learning goal prior to watching a video lesson about the heart. In Study 3, children ages 6 to 9 heard either a mechanism-focused or labels-focused description of the small intestine prior to viewing the target heart lesson. For both learning studies, children of all sampled age groups guided to focus on mechanism performed better on a learning assessment than those guided to focus on labels. While teachers believe that younger students benefit more from superficial goals such as labels, we find that mechanistic goals enhance learning even among the youngest children. We discuss implications of initial emphasis of mechanistic science content in early elementary school to boost subsequent learning outcomes and science interest.
Avoid being a victim of social engineering attack during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sakib S M Nazmuz
Published: October 2021

Several professional routines were moved to Digital media because of the prevalent circumstances of the COVID 19 disease outbreak. This resulted in a spike in the number of individuals on all these sites and also saw current members leap into the period consumed digitally. This rise in folk's internet connectivity often never precedes cyber security awareness and the different forms of threats that can happen to a daily Web user. This makes this particular circumstance ready for use by malicious hackers and social engineering attacks (SEA) are indeed the main kind. The assaults on social engineering are a category of advanced cyber threats that manipulate the inherent human behavior and thus violate most security mechanisms. This article addresses how the COVID-19 disease outbreak has laid the groundwork for an increased social technology assault, the implications of these threats as well as some strategies for countering these challenges. This report would assist entities and enterprises through an examination of the several known threats on coronaviruses and suggestions. The study also investigated social engineering philosophy and proposes safety knowledge as a solution for reducing the risk of threats of being the victim of social engineering.
Abuse of Antibiotic Treatment in a one Health Context
Authors: Sakib S M Nazmuz
Published: October 2021

A considerable rise in the spread of infectious agents has been documented during the last decade. With the expansion and appearance of zoonoses, epizootics, and epidemics, the threat of pandemics has grown increasingly serious (Destoumieux-Garzón et al., 2018). Antimicrobial resistance, pollution, and the emergence of multifactorial and chronic illnesses have all posed a danger to human and animal health. This brought attention to the growing globalization of health hazards, as well as the role of the human–animal–ecosystem interaction in pathogen development and emergence (Destoumieux-Garzón et al., 2018).In response to trends observed in the recent past a thorough interpretation of disease dynamics and to drive public policy, a deeper understanding of the causes and effects of particular human activities, lifestyles, and behaviors in ecosystems is critical. Health security, as a global benefit, must be understood on a global scale and from a global and crosscutting viewpoint, including human, animal, plant, ecosystem, and biodiversity health (McEwen and Collignon, 2018).This study is aimed at establishing antibiotic treatment abuse in one health context. The study also considers how important it is to consider evolutionary, ecological, and environmental sciences in understanding the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases, as well as the challenges of antimicrobial resistance. Finally, the study identifies hurdles that must be overcome as well as goals that must be nurtured in order to effectively implement the "One Health" idea. The paper establishes that for the One Health idea to succeed, curb antibiotic resistance among other challenges, multidisciplinary boundaries that currently exist between veterinary and human medicine and evolutionary, ecological, and environmental sciences must be broken down and medical policies in place re-evaluated.
Participant voice first: the Busara research agenda on ethical research in the Global South
Authors: WAMBUA JOEL MUMO , Owsley Nicholas Calbraith , Wein Tom , Busara Lab Busara Lab
Published: October 2021

The use of experiments in social science has brought huge gains in our knowledge of the world. However, in recent debates, sharp critiques of the power imbalances of the discipline have been made. There have been some responses on how we can improve our approach to be more ethical. These responses have often conceived of research ethics rather narrowly, and not included wider responsibilities beyond the protection of participants. Often missing from both sides has been empirical study of the preferences of those research participants, and the societies they belong to. As part of our commitment to racial, gender and wider social justice, commitment to advancing the voices of research participants, and under the banner of our values of respect and purpose, Busara proposes to organise and formalise its agenda on research ethics. We will combine past learnings with new studies over the next three years, to deeply understand the experiences of research participants, and find better ways of closing the loop in communication with those participants. From there, we will co-create, test and disseminate changes to research processes and practices that improve participant welfare and uphold ever-higher standards of ethical practice. We believe that this is both more just, and likely to produce better quality research.
A primer on measuring social preferences with linearly-additive decomposed 2x2 games
Authors: Kuper-Smith Benjamin James , Korn Christoph
Published: October 2021

2x2 games (such as the Prisoner's Dilemma) are economic games for studying cooperation and social decision-making. Linearly-additive decomposed games are variants of 2x2 games that can change the framing of the game and thereby provide researchers with additional flexibility for measuring preferences and social cognition that would not be possible with standard (matrix-form) 2x2 games. In this paper, we provide a systematic overview of linearly-additive decomposed 2x2 games. We show which 2x2 games can be decomposed in a linearly-additive way and how to calculate possible decompositions for a given game. We close by suggesting for which experiments decomposed games might be more conducive than matrix games.
Itch evoked by the rubber hand illusion
Authors: van Laarhoven Antoinette , Veldhuijzen Dieuwke S. , Dijkerman H. Chris
Published: October 2021

It has been well-established that expectancies can influence itch intensity. It remains to be established whether psychological processes can lead to non-itchy input being perceived as itchy. The current study aimed to investigate whether healthy individuals perceive non-itchy tactile stimulation (rubbing) as itchy when having the illusion that an itch stimulus is applied (using the rubber hand illusion; RHI). Moreover, it was investigated whether this effect depended on psychological characteristics, including expectancies. In 36 healthy female volunteers, ownership over the rubber arm was induced in a standard RHI setup. After assessing the itch-inducing properties of merely rubbing, baseline itch was evoked by rubbing cowhage spicules (pruritogenic tropical bean particles) onto the left forearm. Cowhage was kept on the arm for some minutes (follow-up phase). Similarly, cowhage was subsequently applied onto the rubber arm, while the participant’s concealed right arm was simultaneously rubbed without cowhage. Mean (mean=0.8, SD=1.1) and peak itch (mean=1.3, SD=1.4) significantly differed from zero (t=5.74, p<0.001 and t=6.89, p<0.001, respectively). Expectations did not mediate the effect, but self-reported attention to itch (PVAQ-itch) was positively associated with itch during follow-up. Low levels of itch were induced using the RHI paradigm, demonstrating the role of psychological factors in itch perception.
Bayesian regions of evidence (for normal distributions)
Authors: Höfler Michael
Published: October 2021

Bayesian data analysis allows a researcher to assess whether a claim about an effect (e.g. effect > 0, effect > Δ, |effect| < Δ)) is justified given the data and a prior distribution, expressing her or his personal belief before seeing the data. However, the recipients of the analysis might use different priors, so it remains unclear whether they would share the claim. "Reverse Bayes" analysis and the "sufficiently sceptical prior" address this problem by asking how strongly one may believe in the absence of an effect in order to be convinced otherwise by the data. A method called "Region of Evidence" is presented that takes this idea and extends it for any normal prior (and a normally distributed estimate). It visualises all the priors that, if they had been used, would support the claim, including those that favour a positive or negative effect. Since the method depends only on an estimate and its standard error, it can be easily applied to previously published results. The paper describes the method and its implementation in a new Stata command called arevi, which can be freely used and modified.
Spatial metaphors and the design of everyday things
Authors: Pitt Benjamin , Casasanto Daniel
Published: October 2021

People use space to think about a variety of non-spatial concepts like time, number, and emotional valence. These spatial metaphors can be used to inform the design of user interfaces, digital and otherwise, in which many of these same concepts are visualized in space. Traditionally, researchers have relied on patterns in language to discover habits of metaphorical thinking. Here we argue that researchers and designers must look beyond language for evidence of spatial metaphors, many of which remain unspoken despite their pervasive effects on people’s preferences, memories, and actions. We propose a simple principle for predicting spatial metaphors from the structure of people’s experiences, whether those experiences are linguistic, cultural, or bodily. By leveraging the latent metaphorical structure of people’s minds, we can design interfaces that help people think.
It's a bit inappropriate: What to avoid when using humor in teaching politics
Authors: Martin Alexander Peter
Published: October 2021

While the benefits of using humor in teaching have been documented in the literature, this article undertakes qualitative research to examine its associated risks. This is not to discourage the use of humor as a pedagogical tool in the teaching of politics. Rather, through analysis of data from three focus groups of 2nd and 3rd year Politics and/or International Relations (Pol & IR) students, this article advances a student-centric understanding of the pitfalls to be avoided by Pol & IR lecturers seeking to harness the benefits of humor in their content delivery.
COVID-19’s Impact on Low Income Countries
Authors: Sakib S M Nazmuz
Published: October 2021

The emergence of COVID-19 has profoundly affected social lives and economies globally, and unfortunately the vulnerable low-income population of the world has been adversely affected. On the whole, Covid19 has not only increased human causes, but containment measures have had a negative impact on societies, particularly low-income populations. Widespread adoption of containment measures such as lockdown has led to adverse effects such as mental health disorders, increased economic inequality, decreased employment opportunities, increased poverty trends, loss of income and spending, and other socio-economic consequences that have greatly damaged the lives of economically vulnerable households. . To analyze the effects of the pandemic on low-income households, The purpose of this research is to conduct a survey of the emerging literature on the effects of Covid19, examine the government's response, and recommend policies that will reduce harm to the low-income community. The increasing number of research studies published on the pandemic last year will give a deep insight into the misadventures and containment measures related to Covid19.
Digital gestützte Zusammenarbeit von Organisationen in der beruflichen Bildung
Authors: Hähn Katharina , Niehoff Annika
Published: October 2021

Im Zuge der digitalen Transformation ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten, um das Zusammenwirken von Lernorten der beruflichen Bildung zu stärken. Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien werden große Potenziale zugeschrieben, die Lernortkooperation zu fördern und zu verbessern. Ziel dieses Reviews ist die Darstellung des aktuellen Forschungsstands zur digital begründeten Zusammenarbeit von Organisationen der beruflichen Bildung, die über das Verständnis der Lernortkooperation nach dem Berufsbildungsgesetz (BBiG) §2, Abs. 2 hinausgeht. Dazu wurden anhand eines Critcial Reviews zehn Studien ausgewählt, welche zwischen 2016 und 2020 veröffentlicht wurden und sich mit der digital gestützten Zusammenarbeit von mehreren Bildungsorganisationen befassen. Illustrierend werden das digitale Berichtsheft und die Lernfabrik als Instrumente zur Stärkung der Kooperation vorgestellt. Die Anwendungen wurden auf Grundlage theoretischer Annahmen der School-Workplace-Connecitvity als Boundary Objects identifiziert. Hieraus werden Einflussfaktoren für die erfolgreiche Einbindung und Verwendung digitaler Medien zur Stärkung der Lernortkooperation abgeleitet und weiterführende Forschungsbedarfe identifiziert. Eine wichtige Erkenntnis ist, dass die Verwendung digitaler Angebote nur in Kombination von Austauschprozessen die Kooperation der Organisationen fördern kann.
Antynomie i problemy polskiej demokracji A.D. 2019
Authors: Łabędź Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

W tekście, na podstawie opracowań m.in. Giovanniego Sartoriego, Larry’ego Diamonda, Philippe’a Schmittera i Juana J. Linza, zawierających przedstawienie kluczowych potencjalnych wewnętrznychsprzeczności i paradoksów systemów demokratycznych, zostanie podjęta próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie zasadnicze antynomie i problemy można wskazać w aktualnym funkcjonowaniu polskiego systemu politycznego. W odpowiedzi uwaga zostanie zwrócona m.in. na możliwości istnienia autonomicznej opinii publicznej, przyzwolenie dla realizacji modelu demoautorytarnego oraz sprzyjające temu cechy kultury politycznej, zakres oligarchizacji władzy, głębokość podziałów i konfliktów politycznych, a także  zakres autonomii rządzących i państwa wobec Kościoła (jako instytucji względnie niezależnej od opinii publicznej).
Jednostka, społeczeństwo, demokracja w archetypie kultury polskiej. Jest problem czy go nie ma?
Authors: Kaute Wojciech
Published: October 2021

U podstaw kultury europejskiej tkwi myśl Sokratesa, iż zasady życia społecznego muszą być tworzone w oparciu o „istotę rzeczy”. U progu czasów nowożytnych następuje zmiana tego paradygmatu. Jest to myśl Kartezjusza; cogito. Tu punktem wyjścia jest Ja, jednostka podejmująca działalność ekonomiczną Th. Hobbes; J. Locke). Jednak rynek to nie wszystko (J.J. Rousseau, I. Kant). W archetypie kultury polskiej jest inaczej. Istnieje potrzeba uwzględnienia “wartości”. I to jest imperatyw każdej jednostki; i jednocześnie wszystkich. Jest to, jak to ujął J. Lelewel, “taniec polski”; “tłum”. I to jest archetyp kultury polskiej. Polska jest “wieczną czułością” (Y. Haenel). Czy jest to stanowisko – w refleksji nad dziejami Polski – przekonywujące, to kwestia cały czas otwarta.
Program Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional Sebagai Kebijakan Penanggulangan Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Pada Sektor UMKM
Authors: Marginingsih Ratnawaty
Published: October 2021

Abstrak  Berbagai permasalahan yang terjadi pada UMKM terdampak pandemi cukup dirasakan oleh para pelaku usaha tersebut. Hal ini tentu saja berakibat pada penurunan keuntungan secara signifikan dikarenanakan tingkat produktivitas yang rendah. Langkah terkait pemulihan ekonomi, dalam hal ini pemerintah melalui kementrian keuangan membuat kebijakan luar biasa untuk memitigasi dampak covid-19 dan perlambatan ekonomi dengan membuat Program Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN).  Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah teknik analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menujukkan Program Pemulihan Ekonomi Nasional (PEN) memiliki dampak positif bagi sektor UMKM pada masa pandemi covid-19 sebagai langkah kebijakan yang diambil oleh pemerintah untuk mendukung pemulihan perekonomian nasional khususnya sektor UMKM yang memiliki kontribusi cukup besar. Rekomendasi kebijkan penguatan UMKM tidak hanya pada masa pandemi tetapi juga pada masa pemulihan dan pasca pandemi sehingga percepatan pemulihan ekonomi nasional dapat mencapai kestabilannya. Kata Kunci: Program PEN, Kebijkan Pandemi, UMKM  Abstract - The various problems that occur in SMEs affected by the pandemic are quite felt by these business actors. This of course results in a significant reduction in profits due to low productivity levels. Steps related to economic recovery, in this case, the government through the ministry of finance, make extraordinary policies to mitigate the impact of covid-19 and the economic slowdown by creating the National Economic Recovery Program (PEN). The research method used in this paper is a qualitative descriptive analysis technique. The results of the study show that the National Economic Recovery Program (PEN) has a positive impact on the MSME sector during the COVID-19 pandemic as a policy step taken by the government to support the recovery of the national economy, especially the MSME sector which has a significant contribution. Recommendations for strengthening MSME policies are not only during the pandemic but also during the recovery and post-pandemic period so that the acceleration of national economic recovery can achieve stability. Keywords: PEN Program, Pandemic Policy, MSME
Современные концепции безопасности и их значение для теории государства и права
Authors: Iroshnikov Denis V.
Published: October 2021

Security is an interdisciplinary scientific category with deep potential for study by philosophers, political scientists, and other representatives of the social sciences. Security issues are also linked with the science “Theory of State and Law”, which studies the general principles of the emergence, evolution, functioning and interaction of state and law. At the same time, the concepts (schools) of security existing in the world, while remaining widely studied in political sciences, have not yet been studied by the theoretical science of state and law. The aim of the article is analysis of the basic concepts of security through the prism of the science “Theory of State and Law”, which will enrich the science with new theoretical and methodological material, opening new space for interdisciplinary studies of security from the standpoint of legal and political sciences.
Polityka społeczna w Szkocji po reformie dewolucyjnej. W stronę fragmentaryzacji brytyjskiego welfare state?
Authors: Mering Tomasz
Published: October 2021

The article presents the origins and evolution of social policy programmes in Scotland since the referendum in 1997. Regional authorities in Scotland obtained significant prerogatives in payment of social benefits. They actively exercised the rights granted by the UK legislation, resulting in the partial decentralisation of the social security system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has become a fact. This decentralisation is not complete, because the administration of pensions, and unemployment benefits remains the sole responsibility of London’s central government. One of the features of British social policy has become territorial asymmetry, consisting of partially different programs and social policy institutions in other parts of the UK. The most important effect of the reforms is the creation of institutions and draft social policy programs that can be put into effect, when the process of political emancipation in Scotland will lead to a new regional referendum.
Role of mentoring for women in the Canadian Armed Forces
Authors: Tam-Seto Linna
Published: October 2021

LAY SUMMARY

In Canada, mentoring has been used in the armed forces to support women’s careers and personal development, but there is little evidence that the unique experiences of being a woman in the military have been considered in mentoring efforts. The current study aims to find reasons why servicewomen are using mentorship in the Canadian Armed Forces and to identify the gender and cultural factors that may play a role in those mentoring experiences. This article presents some of the findings from 28 interviews that explored the experiences of mentorship for women in the military. For women, career development advice includes learning how to manage personal responsibilities along with career objectives. Women are also looking for support to address issues related to gender and military culture, kinship and visibility, and surviving sexual trauma in the workplace. The current study provides a foundation for ongoing research and forms a basis on which future mentorship work can be built.
“Républicain” à la française
Authors: Agulhon Maurice
Published: October 2021

Le nom de Tocqueville que porte notre revue appelle la comparaison historique et politique entre les démocraties française et américaine. Et le mot de République offre une bonne occasion de l'aborder. On se limitera cependant ici au volet français du diptyque, et l'Amérique n'y paraétra qu'allusivemem.
Public Opinion in Russia and Pérestroïka
Authors: Zaslavskaia Tatiana
Published: October 2021

This is a decade of dramatic political upheaval. Sweeping social and economic changes are progressing at so rapid a pace that observers have had difficulty adequately comprehending them or assessing their implications. This is particularly true in Russia, where the current leadership has advanced a program of radical economic reform. If this effort is to succeed, it must be thorough, prompt, and, above all, socially sustainable. For only by rallying the support of the people will Russian leaders guide their country through the difficult transition to a more open economy.
Editions récentes de Tocqueville
Authors: Melonio Françoise
Published: October 2021

On répète trop souvent que Tocqueville avait commencé à penser avant d'avoir rien appris. Il était un homme de terrain bien plus qu'un homme de cabinet et le premier volume de ses Oeuvres publié par Gallimard (la Pléiade) vient opportunément le rappeler. On y trouve la totalité des notes de voyages de Tocqueville : Sicile (1826), Amérique (1831-1832), Angleterre (1833 et 1835), Irlande (1835), Suisse (1836). Algérie (1841 et 1846). A quoi s'ajoutent des réflexions pour un ouvrage projeté sur l'Inde (1840-1842) et un choix de discours politiques et académiques.
Droits perdus, droits oubliés
Authors: Toinet Marie-France
Published: October 2021

En 1787, les droits individuels dont jouissent les Américains sont imparfaits. Comme le notera Madison lui-même : "Certains Etats n'ont pas de déclaration des droits ; d'autres en ont qui sont fort insuffisantes ; d'autres en ont qui sont plus qu'insuffisantes, impropres : au lieu d'assurer les droits [...], elles les limitent." Nombre d'Etats, en effet, ne protégeaient pas la liberté d'expression (10 d'entre eux) ni n'interdisaient les lois rétroactives (7 d'entre eux).
The European Union Treaty: Mechanical Incident or Derailment on the Fast Track?
Authors: Le Cacheux Jacques
Published: October 2021

On February 7, 1992, the twelve leaders of the European Community (EC) countries met and solemnly signed the European Union Treaty --the so-called Maastricht Treaty. Earlier agreements amongst European states reinforcing their economic integration --such as the creation of the European Monetary System (EMS) in 1979 and the Single European Act, which, in 1986, provided for the dismantling of intra-EC borders and the completion of the European common market on January 1st, 1993. However the Maastricht Treaty was deemed to contain such radical amendments of the Community's founding treaties that it had to be submitted to ratification by the various national legislatures or constituencies.
La légitimité de l'inégalité sociale
Authors: Noll Heinz-Herbert
Published: October 2021

En Allemagne, l'intérêt que porte l'opinion publique à la répartition des biens, et la sensibilité générale à l'inégalité sociale se sont nettement accrus du fait de la réunification du pays et des problèmes qu'elle pose1. Les problèmes de distribution et redistribution sont passés au cœur du débat politique et représentent désormais un fort potentiel conflictuel. Il ne s'agit pas seulement des problèmes de répartition de charges financières nouvelles au sein de la population ouest-allemande, mais aussi d'un déplacement du bien-être de l'Ouest vers l'Est, indispensable pour atteindre l'objectif qu'on s'est fixé d'une égalisation des conditions de vie entre tous les Länder de l'Allemagne réunifiée.
Commentary on Sociology as Art as Science
Authors: Elshtain Jean Bethke
Published: October 2021

When I first read the papers by Neil Smclscr and Alan Wolfe, I was somewhat bereft: I found myself in rough-and-ready agreement and much in the debt of the authors for their forthrightness and illuminating commentary. I had nothing substantive to detract and I was unsure of rny poor powers to add. Then it hit me. I thought of one good, self-interested reason for why sociology of the interpretive, humanistic sort must not only survive but flourish-wc political philosophers need all the help we can get. We too arc often somewhat forclorn laborers in the vineyard of an enterprise-political scicncc-which numhers among its practitioners, perhaps the majority, those devoted to the rigourous asceticism of a method which eschews or finesses questions of meaning.
Représentations cinématographiques de l'enfance en France: faut-il parler d'américanisation?
Authors: Santoni George
Published: October 2021

Pour observer l'évolution de l'enfonce française depuis 1945, je propose, en prenant des raccourcis brutaux, une courte promenade non pas à travers sa sociologie ou son anthropologie mais à travers sa représentation cinématographique en m'arrêtant sur quelques séquences où les metteurs en scène ont fait directement ou indirectement intervenir l'Amérique. Une lente promenade serait pleine d'embûches : d'une part de quels enfants parle-t-on ? Des riches, des pauvres, ceux de Dijon, de Paris, de la campagne ou ceux des banlieues chaudes et à quelle période?
Le différence française: l'excellence ou l'ordinaire?
Authors: Cuisenier Jean
Published: October 2021

A donner pour litre à ce propos l'excellence ou l'ordinaire, je parais céder au penchant bien connu des intellectuels français pour l'abstraction. Ces deux termes ne désignent-ils pas des concepts d'une grande généralité ? Ne les applique-t-on pas aux domaines les plus divers : aux distributions de prix dans les écoles et aux categories de services dans les hôtels ? À des personnalités que leur rang social distingue ou à des champions que leurs performances promeuvent ? Ne va-t-on point jusqu'à parler, dans le jargon universitaire, de "pôles" ou de "centres" d'cxcclicncc pour opposer tel département ou tel laboratoire à la masse des departements ou des laboratoires ordinaires?
The Federal Presence in Middletown
Authors: Austin Penelope Canan
Published: October 2021

The continued expansion of the national governments involvement in domestic activities probably ranks as the most important development affecting our federal system in recent years (Goldberg, 1974). Looking at the evolution of national-local governmental relations in “Middletown”, an American community chosen for its typicality some fifty years ago, is especially timely. Many policy questions are being forced upon public officials by disgruntled constituents dissatisfied by a tangled net of government programs.
Trois livres récents sur la France et les Français
Authors: Tréanton Jean-René
Published: October 2021

Les sociologues français s’avisent, de temps à autre, de fixer sur toile un nouveau portrait de la France. S’y adjoignent généralement pour la circonstance quelques étrangers, chaleureux ou sceptiques, d’autant plus écoutés que leur contribution echappe au soupçon de l’ethnocentrisme.
Commentaire
Authors: Manent Pierre
Published: October 2021

L’article d’Edward Pessen ne se préte pas aisément à la discussion: il veut trop prouver. Si réellement Tocqueville a commis des erreurs aussi nombreuses et aussi graves que Paffirme son critique, alors on ne comprend pas la notoriété dont il jouit, on ne comprend meme pas pourquoi E.
Débats sur les conjonctures françaises, présentation
Authors: Forsé Michel
Published: October 2021

Alexis de Tocqueville a inauguré, dans ce que I’on nomme aujourd’hui les sciences sociales, une tradition : celle d’observer les événements à la lumière d’une réflexion scicntifiquc. L’homme qui observait les révolutions américaincs ct françaises ne faisait pas oeuvre de joumaliste. Renvoyant dos à dos ceux qui prennent position a priori et ceux qui s’enferment dans leur tour d’ivoire, il a créé et légitimé une figure où se rencontrent l’homme de science et l'honnête homme.
The Responsiveness of Family Patterns to Economic Change in the United States
Authors: Inkeles Alex
Published: October 2021

In « Continuity and Change in the American National Character », I described the striking degree of continuity in the core values held by Americans since the early days of the nation, despite massive changes in the size and composition of the U.S. population, its level of education, its patterns of residence and its forms of work. (Inkeles, 1979). Subsequently, when I was invited by the Tocqueville Society to write on modernization and the family, it occurred to me that the same sort of continuity might have been manifested in the case of the American family.
A World Class American Economy
Authors: Thurow Lester
Published: October 2021

Let me make an argument to you today. I want to argue that the economy that we are going to know in the rest of the 1980s and the 1990s is going to be radically different, from what we in America have been used to in the 50s, 60s, and 70s. It’s going to be radically different because something has happened that most of us know intellectually but that very few of us know in the pit of our stomach, and we are going to learn it in the pit of our stomach, which is: in some very real sense the American economy has died and has been replaced by a world economy.
Les Elections Européennes de 1984 et la nouvelle donne politique en France
Authors: Grunberg Gérard
Published: October 2021

Les élections européennes de 1984 marquent à l’évidence un tournant décisif dans le septennat de François Mitterrand. Les effets induits par les résultats ont accéléré la crise politique qui couvait dans la période précédente et entraîne une profonde modification des données de la situation politique française. Le recul de la gauche était annoncé par les sondages et les élections partielles depuis plusieurs mois. Mais son ampleur et la situation politique dans lequel il s’est produit l’ont transforme en crise politique ouverte.
Leo Sauvage: Les Américans, Enquête sur un mythe Guy Sorman: La Révolution conservatrice americaine
Authors: Pinto Diana
Published: October 2021

There is nothing more dangerous for the cause of Franco-American cultural understanding than a Frenchman who has grafted onto his own native critical reactions to American life, the visceral anti-Establishment stances of the radical American intelligentsia, as the result of a thirty year stay in New York City.
Conveying Social Change: Some Formal Considerations
Authors: Modell John
Published: October 2021

Over live past two decades the social sciences in the United States have experienced a remarkable period of methodological enrichment. Numerous advances in statistics, in formal modeling, in computation, and in data collection have fueled this happy methodological surge. Substantively. demography, network analysis, event history and a number of other quite generalized analytic perspectives have revised the ways we can describe and account for change, and have made the social sciences powerfully relevant to policy in a way they were not only a while ago.
Cohabitation: From Prehistory to Post Elections, a Summary of Colloquia Held at the Institute of French Studies, New York University Winter-Spring 1986
Authors: Westbrook John
Published: October 2021

Cohabitation is a plastic term. It can be stretched to encompass a large number of meanings—political, social, or even historical. Its denotative simplicity, cohabitation meaning merely to dwell together, provides for its connotative prolificacy. Once in the presence of two political groups, two political institutions, or two fields of intellectual inquiry, one can speak of cohabitation. However, the use of this term conveys the idea that one is interested in more than the static face à face of opposing interests; it implies rather that one is attentive to the give and take between those interests.
Report Classification for Semiconductor Failure Analysis
Authors: Platter Frederik , Safont-Andreu Anna , Burmer Christian , Schekotihin Konstantin
Published: October 2021

In their daily work, engineers in semiconductor Failure Analysis (FA) laboratories generate numerous documents, recording the tasks, findings, and conclusions related to every device they handle. This data stores valuable knowledge for the laboratory that other experts can consult, but being in the form of a collection of documents pertaining to particular devices and their processing history makes it difficult if not practically impossible to find answers to specific questions. This paper therefore proposes a Natural Language Processing (NLP) solution to make the gathering of FA knowledge from numerous documents more efficient. It explains how the authors generated a dataset of FA reports along with corresponding electrical signatures and physical failures in order to train different machine-learning algorithms and compare their performance. Three of the most common classification algorithms were used in the study: K-Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Deep Neural Networks (DNN). All of the classification models produced were able to capture patterns associated with different types of failures and predict the causes. The outcomes were best with the SVM classifier and all classifiers did slightly better in regard to physical faults. The reasons are discussed in the paper, which also provides suggestions for future work.
Logo Classification and Data Augmentation Techniques for PCB Assurance and Counterfeit Detection
Authors: Sathiaseelan Mukhil Azhagan Mallaiyan , Paradis Olivia P. , Rai Rajat , Pandurangi Suryaprakash Vasudev , Vutukuru Manoj Yasaswi , Taheri Shayan , Asadizanjani Navid
Published: October 2021

This paper evaluates several approaches for automating the identification and classification of logos on printed circuit boards (PCBs) and ICs. It assesses machine learning and computer vision techniques as well as neural network algorithms. It explains how the authors created a representative dataset for machine learning by collecting variants of logos from PCBs and by applying data augmentation techniques. Besides addressing the challenges of image classification, the paper presents the results of experiments using Random Forest classifiers, Bag of Visual Words (BoVW) based on SIFT and ORB Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures. It also discusses edge cases where the algorithms are prone to fail and where potential opportunities exist for future work in PCB logo identification, component authentication, and counterfeit detection. The code for the algorithms along with the dataset incorporating 18 classes of logos and more than 14,000 images is available at this link: https://www.trusthub.org/#/data.
Large-Scale CT Inspection of Feed-Through EMI Filters for Space Application
Authors: Bescup John
Published: October 2021

This paper describes a project to develop and deploy a systematic screening methodology involving computed tomography (CT) to inspect a set of electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter components for a spacecraft application. The goal was to deploy the nondestructive CT test to replace the destructive test method typically deployed for such components. The paper describes the development of test criteria, fixturing, inspection process, and data analysis, including quantitative image analysis of voids and cracks. The initial results indicated that the parts would not pass the requirements established in the test design. A waiver was written to the project clarifying that if the parts were to be used in the assembly, they should be considered as simple conductors with EMI filtering capability viewed as an added benefit rather than a guaranteed design requirement.
Electrical Screening Method of V-NAND Flash Channel Hole Bending Defects
Authors: Jung Dooyeun , Choi Youngha , In Lee Jae , Nam Bu-il , Dong Ki-Young , Kim Bohchang , Kim Eunkyoung , Song Ki-Whan , Song Jai Hyuk , Kim Myungsuk , Choi Woo Young
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a novel approach for detecting channel hole bending (ChB) defects in vertical NAND flash memory. Such defects are the result of etching process inconsistencies and contribute to data loss and device failure by inducing leakage current between adjacent channel holes. In order to satisfy long-term reliability requirements and volume demand, chipmakers must be able to detect these defects prior to shipping during electrical die sorting and screening procedures. The proposed method works by monitoring leakage current differences between diagonally and horizontally adjacent memory cells and is shown to be an effective screening technique.
Demystifying Unexpected Silicon Responses through User-Defined Fault Models (UDFM) and Failure Analysis
Authors: Kundu Subhadip , Bhargava Gaurav , Endrinal Lesly , Ranganathan Lavakumar
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a user-defined fault model (UDFM) that accounts for silicon behaviors that cannot be explained using traditional stuck-at and transition delay fault models. The new model targets cell-internal faults but does not require time-intensive SPICE simulations because it operates at the logic level. As added benefit, error logs collected using UDFM patterns (instead of traditional models) can be used to generate diagnostic callouts with improved resolution. A workflow that effectively achieves this is presented in the paper along with three case studies that demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method.
Improving Diagnosis Resolution with Population Level Statistical Diagnosis
Authors: Chung Kun Young , Nicholson Shaun , Mittal Soumya , Parley Martin , Veda Gaurav , Sharma Manish , Knowles Matt , Cheng Wu-Tung
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a new method for improving the quality and effectiveness of scan-based tests. The method, called statistical diagnosis, leverages defect likelihoods learned from analyzing populations of failing die instead of analyzing each die independently as traditionally done. The method was validated in a large silicon study that showed significant improvement in diagnosis resolution with minimal impact on diagnosis accuracy. Statistical diagnosis, as the paper explains, can also be used to predict or identify the dominant defect mechanism in low yielding wafers.