bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assignment of the human beta tropomyosin gene (TPM2) to band 9p13 by fluorescence in situ hybridisation
Authors: Hunt C.C.J. , Eyre H.J. , Akkari P.A. , Meredith C.M. , Dorosz S.M. , Wilton S.D. , Callen D.F. , Laing N.G. , Baker E.
Published: May 2008

A sequence tagged site (STS) was developed for the human beta tropomyosin gene (TPM2). The STS was used to amplify DNA from somatic cell hybrids to localise TPM2 to human chromosome 9. Genomic clones isolated with the STS product were in turn used in fluorescence in situ hybridisatior to metaphase chromosome spreads to further localise TPM2 to 9p13.
Evolutionary conservation of a microsatellite in the Wilms Tumour (WT) gene: mapping in sheep and cattle
Authors: Vaiman D. , Pailhoux E. , Payen E. , Saïdi-Mehtar N. , Cotinot C.
Published: May 2008

A microsatellite in the WT (Wilms tumour) gene is shown to be evolutionarily conserved in a range of mammals. The microsatellite was monomorphic in pig and two alleles have been found in goat. In cattle, a one-base size polymorphism has been discovered outside the microsatellite. WT was genetically mapped to bovine chromosome 15 and to sheep chromosome 15 by synteny mapping. Conservation of chromosome segments of HSA11 and BTA15 is discussed.
The small cell lung cancer antigen cluster-4 and the leukocyte antigen CD24 are allelic isoforms of the same gene (CD24) on chromosome band 6q21
Authors: Zarn J.A. , Jackson D.G. , Bell M.V. , Jones T. , Weber E. , Sheer D. , Waibel R. , Stahel R.A.
Published: May 2008

Cluster-4 and CD24 cDNA’s have recently been cloned from the small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell line SW2 and from the erythroleukemia cell line K562, respectively. The only difference in the coding sequence, between cluster-4 and CD24 antigens is the substitution of a single base pair leading to a substitution of Val by Ala near the putative glycosylphos-phatidylinositol (GPI) anchorage sites of the mature protein. Here we demonstrate that the nucleotide substitution which distinguishes the cluster-4 and CD24 antigen genes is due to an allelic polymorphism on chromosome band 6q21. In addition, we identified by Southern blotting and PCR of DNA from somatic human × hamster hybrid cell lines homologues of cluster-4/CD24 on the Y chromosome and chromosome 15. We suggest, however, that the gene on 6q21 is the active locus since the mRNA of cell lines always represents the allelic variants found on chromosome 6. The distribution pattern of this allelic polymorphism in SCLC cell lines and leukocytes of healthy donors did not reveal any obvious relationship with disease. However, it is noteworthy that homozygosity for cluster-4 was found in only one case whereas heterozygosity and homozygosity for CD24 both contribute up to 50% of the samples examined.
Precise ordering of 26 cosmid markers on chromosome region 3p23→p21.3 by two-color FISH on human prophase chromosomes and stretched DNAs
Authors: Ariyama T. , Kimura T. , Yamakawa K. , Nakamura Y. , Abe T. , Inazawa J.
Published: May 2008

To construct a detailed cytogenetic map of human chromosome region 3p23→p21.3, we determined the order of 26 cosmid markers (cCI 3 series) previously localized within this region by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Two-color pairwise FISH analysis of prophase chromosomes provided the order of these markers as follows: pter – 245 (D3S647) – 872 (D3S1018) – 818 (D3S996) – 905 (D3S1022) -515 (D3S685) – 1195 (D3S1125) – 718 (D3S935) – 911 (D3S1025) – 878 (D3S1020) – 717 (D3S934) – 401 (D3S664) -[708 (D3S926)/524 (D3S686)] – 848 (D3S1011) – 771 (D3S966) – 917 (D3S1029) – 533 (D3S688) – 470 (D3S676) 940 (D3S1037) – 785 (D3S974) – 810 (D3S988) – 9 (D3S643) -382 (D3S660) – 769 (D3S965) – 792 (D3S978) – 604 (D3S705) – cen. The two-color signals of 524 (D3S686) and 708 (D3S926) were visualized as an overlapping pattern on prophase chromosomes, and, further, the string signals also overlapped on stretched DNAs, allowing us to determine their precise order as pter – D3S926 – D3S686 – cen. The precise order of 26 DNA markers on 3p23→p21.3 can provide useful information for the positional cloning of tumor suppressor gene(s) and cancer breakpoint(s) encompassed in this region.
Construction of a pulsed-field map around D3S3 using partially demethylated DNA
Authors: van der Hout A.H. , Hulsbeek M.M.F. , Buys C.H.C.M.
Published: May 2008

Heavy methylation of restriction sites in the relevant chromosomal region can be a major problem in the construction of a long-range restriction map. In the region around the locus D3S3 there appeared to be few accessible restriction sites. Therefore, we cultured cells in the presence of 5-azacytidine and used the partially demethylated DNA to construct a relatively detailed restriction map spanning approximately 1 Mb. Using partially demethylated DNA is a recommendable approach when a genome region appears inaccessible for pulsed-field analysis because excessively long restriction fragments are obtained.
Chromosome painting with human chromosome-specific DNA libraries reveals the extent and distribution of conserved segments in bovine chromosomes
Authors: Hayes H.
Published: May 2008

Commercially available human chromosome-specific DNA libraries covering the whole karyotype were hybridized to normal bovine metaphase spreads to characterize the conserved chromosomal segments between man and cattle. All chromosome libraries except the Y chromosome library displayed a signal on at least part of one or more bovine chromosomes. The labeling was clearly visualized and permitted precise delineation of the hybridized bovine chromosomal segments. This study indicates that reorganization of the genetic material between human and bovine genomes is not as great as expected from classical comparative cytogenetics based on banding patterns. However, apart from interchromosomal rearrangements between ancestral forms of human and bovine chromosomes, a majority of intrachromosomal rearrangement: must have occurred in these species during evolution to explain the differences in the banding patterns of their chromosomes. These results show that chromosome painting with heterologous chromosome-specific DNA libraries can provide useful information in comparative studies on karyotypes and gene maps of distantly related mammalian species. The observations are discussed in relation to published data on gene mapping in man and cattle.
Molecular and cytological evidence of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine as an innocuous undermethylating agent in vivo
Authors: De Cabo S.F. , Santos J. , Fernández-Piqueras J.
Published: May 2008

Undermethylating agents are frequently used in the study of DNA methylation. However, the drugs of choice to induce experimental DNA undermethylation, 5-azacytidine and 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine, are known to be cytotoxic. We report on S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH) as an alternative agent for inducing undermethylation of human DNA in vivo. The molecular and cytological evidence presented in this paper clearly suggests that SAH could be even more efficient than the cytidine analogs; in addition, SAH does not exhibit the secondary toxic effects that cripple the usefulness of cytidine analogs.
Assignments of the genes for rat pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (Adcyap1) and its receptor subtypes (Adcyap1r1,Adcyap1r2, and Adcyap1r3)
Authors: Cai Y. , Xin X. , Yamada T. , Muramatsu Y. , Szpirer C. , Matsumoto K.
Published: May 2008

Chromosomal assignments of the genes for rat pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (Adcyap1) and all of its receptor subtypes (Adcyap1r1, Adcyap1r2, and Adcyap1r3) were performed by PCR analysis of somatic cell hybrid DNAs. Adcyαpl, Adcyap1r1, Adcyap1r1, and Adcyap1r3 were localized to rat chromosomes 9, 4, 8, and 4, respectively.
Construction of human embryonic cDNA libraries: HD, PKD1 and BRCA1 are transcribed widely during embryogenesis
Authors: Buraczynska M.J. , Van Keuren M.L. , Buraczynska K.M. , Chang Y.S. , Crombez E. , Kurnit D.M.
Published: May 2008

We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to construct cDNA libraries from small amounts of tissue and to screen cDNA libraries efficiently for the presence of given sequences. To isolate genes expressed in early human development, we constructed both oligo dT-primed and random hexamer-primed cDNA libraries from ten different tissues of human embryos aged 53 to 78 days post conception. Given the small amount of RNA available, it was necessary to amplify the resultant cDNA using PCR to generate sufficient amounts of cDNA for library construction. As a result of using PCR followed by sizing to eliminate smaller synthesized fragments, the size of the synthesized product was ≧ 650 base pairs and the average initial complexity of the given libraries was 106. We screened these cDNA libraries efficiently using PCR. Primers corresponding to a given gene were used to amplify DNA from phages encompassing a cDNA library. Successful amplification of the appropriate-sized fragment demonstrated that the DNA in question was transcribed in a given tissue. We demonstrated that HD (huntingtin, the protein transcribed from the Huntington disease locus), PKD1 (the most common gene responsible for familial polycystic kidney disease) and BRCA1 (a gene responsible for familial breast cancer) are synthesized nearly ubiquitously (including during embryogenesis). Thus, these human embryonic cDNA libraries constitute a unique resource to study early human development.
Colocalization of the rat homolog of the von Hippel Lindau (Vhl) gene and the plasma membrane Ca++ transporting ATPase isoform 2 (Atp2b2) gene to rat chromosome bands 4q41.3→42.1
Authors: Aldaz C.M. , Yeung R.S. , Latif F. , Lerman M.I. , Xiao G. , Trono D. , Walker C.L.
Published: May 2008

Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we localized the rat homolog of the von Hippel-Lindau gene (Vhl) to rat chromosome band 4q41.3→q42.1. We also mapped the gene encoding the plasma membrane Ca++-transporting ATPase iso-form 2 (Atp2b2) to the same chromosome subregion. These two genes together with Raf1 appear to be members of a large syntenic gene cluster that maps to human chromosome bands 3p25→p26, mouse chromosome bands 6 C3→E, and rat chromosome bands 4q41→q42. Cytogenetic analysis of NRK 52E cells derived from immortalized normal rat kidney epithelial cells revealed an inverted duplication of the region containing this gene cluster.
Two-dimensional DNA typing as a genetic marker system in humans
Authors: Børglum A.D. , Mullaart E. , Kvistgaard A.B. , Uitterlinden A.G. , Vijg J. , Kruse T.A.
Published: May 2008

By two-dimensional (2-D) DNA typing several hundred genomic loci can be analysed simultaneously in a two-dimensional pattern as spots detected by micro- or minisatellite core probes. Many of these loci display DNA sequence polymorphisms, and we have examined whether it is possible to extract genetic information from the rather complex but potentially very informative 2-D DNA typing patterns. To do so, the segregation of 9 spots detected by the microsatellite core probe (CAC) n was followed in a large CEPH pedigree, and by linkage analysis it was possible to obtain chromosomal assignments of the corresponding (CAC)n loci in all cases except one. Furthermore, a regional, physical localization of these loci emerged from analysis of the existing genetic and physical localization data of DNA markers flanking the (CAC)n loci. We have hereby obtained evidence that the spots detected by the microsatellite core probe (CAC)n segregate in a Mendelian manner and that it is possible to reliably score the segregation of single spots within a family. These results indicate that the large amount of potential information inherent in 2-D DNA typing may be used as a genetic marker system; an important prerequisite for its application as a genome scanning method, e.g. in detection of genomic alterations in cancer and in mapping of genetic traits.
Physical and linkage mapping of human carbamyl phosphate synthetase I (CPS1) and reassignment from 2p to 2q35
Authors: Summar M.L. , Dasouki M.J. , Schofield P.J. , Krishnamani M.R.S. , Vnencak-Jones C. , Tuchman M. , Mao J. , Phillips III J.A.
Published: May 2008

Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase I (CPSI) (EC 6.3.4.16) is a highly conserved mitochondrial enzyme catalyzing the first committed step of waste nitrogen metabolism in the urea cycle. Using FISH for physical mapping and CEPH families for linkage analysis, we mapped the CPSI gene (CPS1) to 2q34→q35, reassigning it from 2p where it was originally mapped.
A physical map of the region spanning the chromosome 12 translocation breakpoint in a mesothelioma with a t(X;12)(q22;p13)
Authors: Aerssens J. , Guo C. , Vermeesch J. , Baens M. , Browne D. , Litt M. , Van Den Berghe H. , Marynen P.
Published: May 2008

We have constructed a physical map of a 4.6-cM region of human chromosome band 12p13.3 that contains a translocation breakpoint from a mesothelioma with a t(X;12)(q22;p13). The map contains a contig of 22 yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), onto which we have placed 18 sequence tagged site (STS) markers, including seven genes: D12S370, FGF6, KCNA1, KCNA5, KCNA6, NTF3, and VWF. A second YAC contig, comprised of 22 YAC clones, was located distal to the mesothelioma breakpoint and contained 12 STS markers, including four genes (CACNL1A1, D12S380E, D12S381E, and D12S382E). Based on STS content and fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments, two stable, nonchimeric YAC clones were found that span the mesothelioma breakpoint. A long-range restriction map of an 800-kb region was constructed and used to refine the mesothelioma breakpoint to a region of approximately 100 kb, flanked by the potassium channel genes KCNA1 and KCNA5. The latter was confirmed by direct visual hybridization (DIRVISH) experiments, using cosmids isolated for markers flanking the breakpoint as probes.
Assignment of the gene for human carbonic anhydrase VIII (CA8) to chromosome 8q11→q12
Authors: Bergenhem N.C.H. , Sait S.S.J. , Eddy R.L. , Shows T.B. , Tashian R.E.
Published: May 2008

The human carbonic anhydrase (CA) VIII gene (CA8) has been mapped to chromosome 8 at q11→q12 by human-mouse hybrid mapping and by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The closely-linked human CA isozyme genes, CAl, CA2 and CA3, are also located on chromosome 8, but at q22, and therefore not closely linked to the CA8 locus.
Mapping of synapsin II (SYN2) genes to human chromosome 3p and mouse chromosome 6 band F
Authors: Li X. , Rosahl T.W. , Südhof T.C. , Francke U.
Published: May 2008

Synapsins are neuron-specific phosphoproteins of small synaptic vesicles encoded by two different genes. While the gene for synapsin I (SYNl) is on the X chromosome, we have now assigned the human and mouse synapsin II (SYN2) genes to autosomes. By using PCR primers derived from rat synapsin II cDNA sequences we were able to amplify homologous sequences of the 3’-untranslated regions and to localize the human SYN2 gene to 3p and the mouse Syn2 gene to mouse chromosome 6 by single strand conformation analysis of PCR products from panels of somatic hybrid cell lines. The mouse gene was further mapped by FISH to chromosome 6 band F in a region of known conserved synteny with human 3p. Genotyping of a M. musculus × M. spretus backcross panel placed Syn2 close to a cluster of previously mapped loci on chromosome 6 in an interval between interleukin 5 receptor alpha (Il5ra) and hematopoietic cell phosphatase 1C (Hcph). Both physical and genetic mapping data indicate that Syn2 is near two mutant loci defined by neuromuscular disorders, opisthotonus (opt) and deaf waddler (dfw).
Absence of geographic chromosomal variation in the roan and sable antelope and the cytogenetics of a naturally occurring hybrid
Authors: Robinson T.J. , Harley E.H.
Published: May 2008

The determination of geographic chromosomal variation in rare or endangered species, or those of special management concern, is important, since geographically defined cytotypes can negatively influence breeding programs involving founders drawn from widely divergent localities. We cytogenetically analyzed specimens of the roan (Hippotragus equinus) and sable antelope (H. niger) collected from widely divergent localities throughout their respective ranges. Each species was characterized by a diploid number of 60 and an invariant karyotype. In contrast to the absence of intraspecific variation, however, the two species differ with respect to centromeric constitutive heterochromatin and numbers of nucleolar organizer regions. These cytogenetic landmarks were subsequently used to verify an anecdotal account of a naturally occurring roan × sable hybrid. The data show that, despite their markedly distinct phenotypes, the roan and sable antelope are nonetheless sufficiently similar genetically to produce viable offspring. Hybridization, although a rare event between these species, is probably partly promoted by behavioral differences which are not always sufficient to prevent mating between them.
Independent chromosome segregation and absence of interchromosomal effect at first meiotic division in male Chinese hamsters heterozygous for two reciprocal translocations
Authors: Sonta S. , Tsukasaki M. , Kohmura N. , Suzumori K.
Published: May 2008

Chromosome segregation and interchromosomal effects of reciprocal translocations at first meiotic division were investigated by chromosome analysis of meiotic cells from male Chinese hamsters heterozygous for two reciprocal translocations. We used six stocks heterozygous for two different translocations which were obtained by crosses between males and females homozygous or heterozygous for a different translocation. The frequency of second meiotic (MIl) cells from each segregational class of one quadrivalent in heterozygotes for two reciprocal translocations agreed with that of the same quadrivalent in heterozygotes for the single translocation. This indicates that the two quadrivalents in heterozygotes for two reciprocal translocations segregate independently. The mean frequency of hyperhaploid MIl cells from males heterozygous for two reciprocal translocations ranged from 7.1 to 15.4%. These cells were mostly derivatives from 3:1 disjunctions of the quadrivalents. The percentage of cells with extra chromosomes in translocation-unrelated groups was calculated at 0.10–0.25%. The frequency did not increase significantly as compared with that in karyotypically normal males, in which the mean frequency of hyperhaploid MIl cells was 0.39%. These findings revealed that reciprocal translocations do not have interchromosomal effects on meiotic division in male Chinese hamsters.
FISH and PRINS, a strategy for rapid chromosome screening: application to the assessment of aneuploidy in human sperm
Authors: Pellestor F. , Quenesson I. , Coignet L. , Girardet A. , Andréo B. , Lefort G. , Charlieu J.P.
Published: May 2008

The co-utilization of FISH and PRINS techniques for in situ chromosome screening was tested on human sperm nuclei. We used a centromeric repeat probe specific for chromosome 4 for FISH. PRINS reactions were performed with α-satellite primers specific for either chromosome 9 or chromosome 18. Double labeling was obtained and estimates of disomy rates were carried out for the three chromosomes.
Case report: unusually high rates of aneuploid embryos in a 28-year old woman with incontinentia pigmenti
Authors: Munné S. , Alonso M.L. , Grifo J.
Published: May 2008

A young female carrier for incontinentia pigmenti underwent preimplantation genetic diagnosis to prevent the transfer of affected embryos. FISH diagnosis was performed using X, Y, 18 and 13/21 probes. Unexpectedly, 57% of the embryos were aneuploid for these chromosomes, a rate significantly higher (P < 0.005) than expected (9.3%). The patient achieved pregnancy but spontaneously aborted a trisomy 9 fetus.
Cytogenetic effects of advanced maternal age and delayed fertilization on first-cleavage mouse embryos
Authors: Sakurada K. , Ishikawa H. , Endo A.
Published: May 2008

It has been shown that both advanced maternal age and delayed fertilization may induce chromosomal anomalies. We therefore examined the combined effects of these two factors on chromosomal anomalies in first-cleavage mouse embryos. We set up normal and (6-h) delayed subgroups in two different age groups (young, 3–4 mo; aged, 9–11 mo) and compared the incidence of chromosomal anomalies. In first cleavage embryos, egg-derived chromosomes can be distinguished from sperm-derived chromosomes. The incidence of maternally derived aneuploidy was highest in the aged-delayed fertilization subgroup. We therefore conclude that advanced maternal age affects the production of aneuploidy more severely when combined with the effect of delayed fertilization.
A 19-allele polymorphic marker within the centromere of human chromosome 5
Authors: Prades C. , Laurent A.-M. , Yurov Y. , Puechberty J. , Roizès G.
Published: May 2008

We have detected and characterized a highly polymorphic marker that maps to the centromere of human chromosome 5. The localization was established by both linkage analysis within the CEPH reference families and fluorescence in situ hybridization. The marker consists of a sequence of five nucleotides, (CCTTT)n. Nineteen alleles have been detected in 46 unrelated individuals from 12 CEPH families, with a calculated heterozygosity of 0.91. This is the first truly centromeric, highly polymorphic genetic marker described so far.
Mapping 638 STSs to regions of human chromosome 3
Authors: Naylor S.L. , Moore S. , Garcia D. , Xiang X. , Xin X. , Mohrer M. , Reus B. , Linn R. , Stanton V. , O’Connell P. , Leach R.J.
Published: May 2008

The initial step of mapping STSs to chromosome 3 has been by mapping to a reference panel of 21 somatic cell hybrids hybrids containing fragments of chromosome 3. In this study we map 638 STSs to 23 bins on chromosome 3. The bin information greatly facilitates further mapping by radiation and YAC clones.
Reassignment of MYCL1 to human chromosome 1p34.3 by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Speleman F. , Van Camp G. , Van Roy N.
Published: May 2008

MYCLl has been previously mapped to lp32. This position was in contradiction with our mapping data of 1 p deletions in neuroblastoma cell lines. Using FISH on high resolution R-banded chromosomes with a YAC clone for MYCL1 we were able to reassign the gene to subband 1p34.3. This new map position is of importance for the establishment of an integrated map for chromosome 1 and the search for disease genes in this region.
Correction of the spontaneous and DEB-induced chromosomal aberrations in Fanconi anemia cells of the FA(C) complementation group by the FACC gene
Authors: Stavropoulos D.J. , Sood S. , Tomkins D.J. , Buchwald M.
Published: May 2008

Fanconi anemia (FA) cells are hypersensitive to the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects of DNA cross-linking agents. Four complementation groups have been identified to date. The gene (FACC) that corrects the hypersensitivity of one of them, FA(C), has been cloned. In the present study, both the increased spontaneous and diepoxybutane (DEB)-induced chromosomal instability in FA(C) lymphoblastoid cells were corrected by transfection of FACC.
Calcineurin A alpha (PPP3CA), calcineurin A beta (PPP3CB) and calcineurin B (PPP3R1) are located on human chromosomes 4, 10q21→q22 and 2p16→p15 respectively
Authors: Wang M.G. , Yi H. , Guerini D. , Klee C.B. , McBride O.W.
Published: May 2008

Calcineurin (also called protein phosphatase-2B) is a calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase which plays an important role in signal transduction. The enzyme is a heterodimer of a 58–59 kDa calmodulin-binding catalytic subunit (calcineurin A) and a small (i.e. 19 kDa) Ca2+-binding regulatory subunit (calcineurin B). The highly conserved calcineurin B is encoded by a single gene in all tissues except testes, whereas there are three isoforms of calcineurin A (α, β and γ) encoded by genes on three different chromosomes. This enzyme can play a critical role in transcriptional regulation and growth control in T lymphocytes by a mechanism believed to involve dephosphorylation of the nuclear factor NF-AT which is essential for transcription of the interleukin-2 gene. To better evaluate the potential role of the calcineurin genes in human genetic disorders, we have studied their chromosome locations. Calcineurin B (PPP3R1) is located on human chromosome 2p16→p15 and calcineurin Aβ (PPP3CB, previous gene symbol CALNB) is present on 10q21→q22. We confirm the localization of calcineurin Aα (PPP3CA, previous gene symbol CALNA) to chromosome 4 without regional localization.
Conditional Deletion of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 Delays Downregulation of Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation Markers but Accelerates Neointimal Formation Following Vascular Injury
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Kaestner Klaus H. , Owens Gary K.
Published: May 2008

Phenotypic switching of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) plays a key role in vascular proliferative diseases. We previously showed that Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4) suppressed SMC differentiation markers in cultured SMCs. Here, we derive mice deficient for
Klf4
by conditional gene ablation and analyze their vascular phenotype following carotid injury. Klf4 expression was rapidly induced in SMCs of control mice after vascular injury but not in
Klf4
-deficient mice. Injury-induced repression of SMC differentiation markers was transiently delayed in
Klf4
-deficient mice.
Klf4
mutant mice exhibited enhanced neointimal formation in response to vascular injury caused by increased cellular proliferation in the media but not an altered apoptotic rate. Consistent with these findings, cultured SMCs overexpressing Klf4 showed reduced cellular proliferation, in part, through the induction of the cell cycle inhibitor, p21
WAF1/Cip1
via increased binding of Klf4 and p53 to the
p21

WAF1/Cip1

promoter/enhancer. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation assays also showed increased Klf4 binding to the promoter/enhancer regions of the
p21

WAF1/Cip1

gene and SMC differentiation marker genes following vascular injury. Taken together, we have demonstrated that Klf4 plays a critical role in regulating expression of SMC differentiation markers and proliferation of SMCs in vivo in response to vascular injury.
Employer Matters in 2007
Authors: Mackinnon Bruce Hearn
Published: May 2008

The year 2007 may well be remembered as one being short on major industrial disputation, yet one where industrial relations itself dominated public discussion and political life of the country like no other time in Australia's history. It was a year dominated by the electoral cycle, with both organized labour as well as major employers playing their cards very carefully, lest they provide political ammunition to their political and industrial opponents. Thanks largely to the effectiveness of the union movement's anti Work Choices campaign, major employer groups and their political allies the Howard government found themselves fighting a rearguard, and ultimately losing, battle, valiantly trying to defend the Work Choices regime. At year's end, the Liberal government had lost office, Prime Minister John Howard had lost his own seat in Parliament, and the Rudd Labor Government had been swept to power with a clear mandate to dismantle the Work Choices regime. Yet despite this conclusion to a year dominated by debate over industrial relations, it seems that employers had nevertheless lobbied Labor party leaders successfully enough to secure the continuation of many key components of the former Howard government's industrial relations regime.
The Impact of `Work Choices' on Women in Low Paid Employment in Australia: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Pocock Barbara , Elton Jude , Preston Alison , Charlesworth Sara , MacDonald Fiona , Baird Marian , Cooper Rae , Ellem Bradon
Published: May 2008

This article summarizes the effects of the Howard Government's `Work Choices' amendments to the Workplace Relations Act 1996, based on qualitative analysis of its impact on 121 low paid women workers. The main effects of the regulatory changes are on job security, income, voice, working time and redundancy pay. The analysis draws attention to the nexus between protection from unfair dismissal and security of working time and employee voice: many of those interviewed in the study had lost access to protection from unfair dismissal and as a consequence could no longer effectively influence their working hours, or request flexibility. Employer prerogative was perceived to have strengthened in many of their workplaces, with consequences for the intensity of work. The analysis suggests that improvements in minimum standards and job security are vital if low paid workers like those included in the study are to exercise voice over working time and avoid significant deteriorations in their pay and conditions.
Science Teacher Retention in Today's Urban Schools
Authors: Moscovici Hedy
Published: May 2008

This study is based on data collected during 6 years (12 semesters) in the secondary science methods courses at an urban university in Southern California. The secondary science credential candidates were teaching on emergency permits or internship credentials in local urban secondary schools. They taught science during the day and pursued their teaching licenses in the late afternoons. Power relationships, urbanity, and critical pedagogy lenses were critical in analyzing the data. Multiple data sources, such as the credential candidates' written assignments, verbal communications, and field notes during classroom observations, were triangulated. Findings suggest that secondary science interns tend to thrive in schools where there is a perceived cohesive vision regarding science education and where efforts of all the stakeholders in the educational community (teachers, students, administration, community, including parents, district personnel, university instructors, and the science education research community) are focused on reaching a common goal. However, efforts are wasted where there is no cohesion, and frustrated players in the educational community tend to blame each other for the lack of positive results. Implications of these situations for the interns' attitudes and actions are further explored.
Rehabilitation of offenders — does the 1974 Act help them?
Authors: Mears Allan R.
Published: May 2008

The aim of the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (ROA) is examined from its laudable inception over 30 years ago to what the author contends is its present ineffectiveness in helping ex-offenders to escape from re-offending and return to `normal' life, particularly by gaining employment. Proposals for reform of the Act by reducing the disclosure periods for convictions are reiterated from its review in 2002. The need for early action on rehabilitation, particularly for young and first offenders, is urged.
The Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on Autologous Osteochondral Plugs in a Canine Model
Authors: Cook Stephen D. , Salkeld Samantha L. , Patron Laura P. , Doughty Elizabeth S. , Jones Deryk G.
Published: May 2008

Background

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes the enchondral portion of fracture healing, which has a direct stimulatory effect on cartilage formation and maturation.

Hypothesis

Daily ultrasound treatment positively affects the repair and incorporation of modified autologous osteochondral plugs in a canine model.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

In 18 dogs, 2 autologous plugs separated from host cartilage by a 1.5-mm gap were created on the medial femoral condyle in both knees of each dog. One knee was treated daily with a clinically available ultrasound bone stimulator. Animals were sacrificed after 6 and 12 weeks of therapy and the articular surfaces evaluated grossly and histologically.

Results

Ultrasound-treated sites had significantly improved gross appearance at 6 weeks and histologic appearance at 6 and 12 weeks. The interface repair tissue of ultrasound-treated sites had a more normal translucent appearance than control sites. Ultrasound treatment improved the cell morphologic characteristics of the interface repair tissue and increased subchondral bone regeneration. Bonding of the interface repair tissue between plug and adjacent cartilage was significantly improved compared with control sites.

Conclusion

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound improved interface cartilage repair of autologous osteochondral plugs compared with controls in a canine model.

Clinical Relevance

Improvements in the quality and rate of repair of autologous osteochondral plugs may reduce postoperative recovery time and improve functional outcome.
Behavioral Rhythmicity of Mice Lacking AhR and Attenuation of Light-Induced Phase Shift by 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin
Authors: Mukai Motoko , Lin Tien-Min , Peterson Richard E. , Cooke Paul S. , Tischkau Shelley A.
Published: May 2008

Transcription factors belonging to the Per/Arnt/Sim (PAS) domain family are highly conserved and many are involved in circadian rhythm regulation. One member of this family, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), is an orphan receptor whose physiological role is unknown. Recent findings have led to the hypothesis that AhR has a role in circadian rhythm, which is the focus of the present investigation. First, time-of-day-dependent mRNA expression of AhR and its signaling target, cytochrome p4501A1 ( Cyp1a1), was determined in C57BL/6J mice by quantitative RT-PCR. Circadian expression of AhR and Cyp1a1 was observed both in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and liver. Next, the circadian phenotype of mice lacking AhR (AhRKO) was investigated using behavioral monitoring. Intact AhRKO mice had robust circadian rhythmicity with a similar tau under constant conditions compared to wild-type mice, but a significant difference in tau was observed between genotypes in ovariectomized female mice. Time to reentrainment following 6-h advances or delays of the light/dark cycle was not significantly different between genotypes. However, mice exposed to the AhR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin (TCDD; 1 µg/kg of body weight) displayed decreased phase shifts in response to light and had altered expression of Per1 and Bmal1. These results suggest that chronic activation of AhR may affect the ability of the circadian timekeeping system to adjust to alterations in environmental lighting by affecting canonical clock genes. Further studies are necessary to decipher the mechanism of how AhR agonists could disrupt light-induced phase shifts. If AhR does have a role in circadian rhythm, it may share redundant roles with other PAS domain proteins and/or the role of AhR may not be exhibited in the behavioral activity rhythm, but could be important elsewhere in the peripheral circadian system.
Building a Sexological Concept Through Fictional Narrative
Authors: Cryle Peter
Published: May 2008

This paper raises a question about the role of literary texts in intellectual and cultural history, taking the particular example of middle-brow novels published by a set of Parisian publishers during the last decades of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth. It locates those novels with respect to medical writing about sexual pathology, with a particular focus on the notion of female frigidity, which was something of a new topic at that time. The Parisian publishers' catalogues contained a range of texts from popular medical `libraries' to outright pornography, but the greater part of the books they offered for sale were more or less respectable novels with some intellectual pretensions. The paper identifies some commonplaces about frigidity that emerged at the time, and shows that middle-brow novels sometimes led medical writing in the production of those commonplaces, notably by their construction and rehearsal of typical narratives about women characters.
A Modification to Filtered-X LMS Control for Airfoil Vibration and Flutter Suppression
Authors: Carnahan J. Jordan , Richards Christopher M.
Published: May 2008

The effects of error path model dynamics and choice of reference signal on the performance of the filtered-X least main square (LMS) algorithm for active vibration and flutter suppression is investigated using a two-degree-of-freedom aeroelastic (pitch-plunge) system. It is shown that the convergence coefficient of the filtered-X LMS algorithm must vary in order to reduce vibration over a broad airspeed range. The control reduces vibration at sub-critical airspeeds and is capable of extending the critical speed by 11%. A modification to the control scheme is presented where the error path model is removed from the feedforward loop. The modified method also reduces vibration at sub-critical airspeeds while maintaining a constant convergence coefficient, and extends the critical speed by 50%. A performance study is conducted comparing the maximum amplitude reduction, settling time, and robustness to measurement noise of all control schemes presented.
Sliding Mode Control of High Order Systems using a Constant Nonlinear Sliding Surface on a Transformed Coordinate Axis
Authors: Tokat S. , Eksin I. , Guzelkaya M.
Published: May 2008

Sliding mode control allows insensitivity to bounded parameter variations, and rejection of disturbances. However, this property is valid only in the sliding phase. Therefore, various studies have been performed with the aim of improving system performance by minimizing, or even removing, the time needed to reach the sliding phase. Sliding surface design is one method of achieving this aim. In this study, a new approach to the design of nonlinear sliding surface for high order systems, which relies on defining a new coordinate axis, is proposed. A constant and nonlinear sliding surface is presented in this newly defined coordinate axis. Next, the control law for the proposed method is derived, and it is seen that the equivalent control term is composed of the equivalent control term of the conventional sliding mode controller and an additive signal, which is a nonlinear function of the system state error vector and conventional sliding surface design parameters. In order to set these design parameters, various performance evaluations are conducted. Simulations are then performed with these design parameters, using a third order nonlinear system model. The results of the new design methodology are compared with both a conventional sliding mode controller and an alternative sliding mode controller that also uses an additive term in the control law to minimize the reaching time. It is shown that the proposed method improves the system performance in terms of reaching time, magnitude of control input, robustness to disturbances, and smoothness in error state behavior issues.
Integrating Writing Skills and Ethics Training in Business Communication Pedagogy: A Résumé Case Study Exemplar
Authors: Conn Cynthia E.
Published: May 2008

An integrated approach to teaching résumé construction in the business communication classroom focuses on simultaneously (a) emphasizing writing-related proficiencies and (b) encouraging ethical and moral orientations to this task. This article provides a résumé construction exemplar that operationalizes these two pedagogical goals. The techniques and exercises used in the exemplar are presented as a way to make ethics education accessible for both business communication instructors and students.
Instructional Strategies for Improving Achievement in Reading, Mathematics, and Science for English Language Learners With Disabilities
Authors: Shyyan Vitaliy , Thurlow Martha L. , Liu Kristin K.
Published: May 2008

Effective reading, mathematics, and science instructional strategies for English language learners with disabilities participating in state accountability assessments are identified by educators of these students. Hmong students with disabilities indicate the importance of various strategies for their learning in a standards-based, assessment-driven environment. For 72 educators, reading, then math, is seen as the highest importance content area, whereas for 25 students, mathematics, then reading, is seen as the highest importance content area. Several specific instructional strategies are identified as effective through the Multi-Attribute Consensus-Building process, although some variability emerges. Curriculum-based probes have considerable variability in educator weightings, but students weight them as important, feasible, and frequently used. Native language is not frequently mentioned and not particularly supported by students. Implications for further research are discussed.
Natural History of the Great Saphenous Vein Stump Following Endovenous Laser Therapy
Authors: Pleister Irina , Evans Julie , Vaccaro Patrick S. , Satiani Bhagwan
Published: May 2008

Background: Little is known about the ideal residual length of the great saphenous vein (GSV) stump and its potential role in complications such as acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and recanalization. This study was designed to learn about the natural history of the residual GSV stump length following endovenous laser treatment. Methods: Prospective data were collected from 50 limbs of 50 patients over an 11-month period. Clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound were performed preoperatively, at 24 hours and at 3 months after the procedure. Results: The residual GSV stump decreased in length from a mean of 15 mm at 24 hours to 13 mm at 3 months after the procedure. None of the patients developed acute DVT or proximal recanalization when the laser tip was positioned 28 mm distal to the saphenofemoral junction. Conclusion: Endovenous laser therapy of the GSV for symptomatic reflux is safe and effective. The residual GSV stump decreased in length over a 3-month period.
Fantasy Baseball
Authors: Halverson Erica Rosenfeld , Halverson Richard
Published: May 2008

The authors propose the concept of competitive fandom to describe the learning, play, and engagement of fantasy sports. Competitive fandom draws together contemporary research on fan cultures and game design and game communities to describe the interaction present in fantasy sports. Fantasy sports games require a combination of fan culture practices and gamers' skills and habits of mind. Fandom becomes competitive when the knowledge acquired in the fan domain is transformed into strategic information to guide play in a new kind of game. This combination of frames helps describe the kinds of knowledge and motivation required to play fantasy sports and how such participation sparks further learning. Through analysis of individual game play within the context of the league community in which fantasy team owners play, the authors aim to understand what and how people learn from playing in competitive fandom settings and the implications of these findings for the design of learning environments.
Primary cystic lung light chain deposition disease: a clinicopathologic entity derived from unmutated B cells with a stereotyped IGHV4-34/IGKV1 receptor
Authors: Colombat Magali , Mal Hervé , Copie-Bergman Christiane , Diebold Jacques , Damotte Diane , Callard Patrice , Fournier Michel , Farcet Jean-Pierre , Stern Marc , Delfau-Larue Marie-Hélène
Published: May 2008

We have recently described a new form of light chain deposition disease (LCDD) presenting as a severe cystic lung disorder requiring lung transplantation. There was no bone marrow plasma cell proliferation. Because of the absence of disease recurrence after bilateral lung transplantation and of serum-free light chain ratio normalization after the procedure, we hypothesized that monoclonal light chain synthesis occurred within the lung. The aim of this study was to look for the monoclonal B-cell component in 3 patients with cystic lung LCDD. Histologic examination of the explanted lungs showed diffuse nonamyloid κ light chain deposits associated with a mild lymphoid infiltrate composed of aggregates of small CD20+, CD5−, CD10− B lymphocytes reminiscent of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we identified a dominant B-cell clone in the lung in the 3 studied patients. The clonal expansion of each patient shared an unmutated antigen receptor variable region sequence characterized by the use of IGHV4-34 and IGKV1 subgroups with heavy and light chain CDR3 sequences of more than 80% amino acid identity, a feature evocative of an antigen-driven process. Combined with clinical and biologic data, our results strongly argue for a new antigen-driven primary pulmonary lymphoproliferative disorder.
Identification of a novel type of ITD mutations located in nonjuxtamembrane domains of the FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptor
Authors: Breitenbuecher Frank , Schnittger Susanne , Grundler Rebekka , Markova Boyka , Carius Birgit , Brecht Alexandra , Duyster Justus , Haferlach Torsten , Huber Christoph , Fischer Thomas
Published: May 2008

In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the juxtamembrane (JM) of FLT3 have been shown to play a crucial role in driving proliferation and survival of the leukemic clone. Here, we report the identification of FLT3_ITD mutations located in non-JM domains of the FLT3-receptor. This novel type of FLT3_ITD mutation was found in 216 of 753 (28.7%) of unselected FLT3_ITD-positive AML cases. An FLT3 receptor harbouring a prototypic non-JM ITD (FLT3_ITD627E) mediated constitutive phosphorylation of FLT3 and of STAT5, suggesting that non-JM ITDs confer constitutive activation of the receptor. FLT3_ITD627E induced transformation of hematopoietic 32D cells and led to a lethal myeloproliferative disease in a syngeneic mouse model. Our results indicate that a significant proportion of activating FLT3_ITD mutations is not confined to the JM domain of FLT3. Further studies are warranted to define the biologic and clinical characteristics of non-JM ITDs.
BCR ligation induced by IgM stimulation results in gene expression and functional changes only in IgVH unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells
Authors: Guarini Anna , Chiaretti Sabina , Tavolaro Simona , Maggio Roberta , Peragine Nadia , Citarella Franca , Ricciardi Maria Rosaria , Santangelo Simona , Marinelli Marilisa , De Propris Maria Stefania , Messina Monica , Mauro Francesca Romana , Del Giudice Ilaria , Foà Robert
Published: May 2008

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients exhibit a variable clinical course. To investigate the association between clinicobiologic features and responsiveness of CLL cells to anti-IgM stimulation, we evaluated gene expression changes and modifications in cell-cycle distribution, proliferation, and apoptosis of IgVH mutated (M) and unmutated (UM) samples upon BCR cross-linking. Unsupervised analysis highlighted a different response profile to BCR stimulation between UM and M samples. Supervised analysis identified several genes modulated exclusively in the UM cases upon BCR cross-linking. Functional gene groups, including signal transduction, transcription, cell-cycle regulation, and cytoskeleton organization, were up-regulated upon stimulation in UM cases. Cell-cycle and proliferation analyses confirmed that IgM cross-linking induced a significant progression into the G1 phase and a moderate increase of proliferative activity exclusively in UM patients. Moreover, we observed only a small reduction in the percentage of subG0/1 cells, without changes in apoptosis, in UM cases; contrariwise, a significant increase of apoptotic levels was observed in stimulated cells from M cases. These results document that a differential genotypic and functional response to BCR ligation between IgVH M and UM cases is operational in CLL, indicating that response to antigenic stimulation plays a pivotal role in disease progression.