bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do you eat an elephant? A summary of the SharePoint Evolution Conference in Manchester, UK
Authors: Harper Ray
Published: August 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to summarize five presentations at the SharePoint Evolution Conference, held in Manchester, UK (16 June 2014). This was day 6 of a 12-day road-show across UK cities, and the four key themes included were technical, end user, business and product integration.

Design/methodology/approach

– This article reports from the viewpoint of a first-time attendee of the conference. This summarizes the main issues raised by each presentation, and draws out the key learning points for practical situations.

Findings

– The conference covered major SharePoint issues, like how to build a knowledge-sharing culture, how to manage a major IT project and the new functionality offered by SharePoint 2013. The sessions included demonstrations of new functionality, discussions of intangible aspects like culture and reflections on IT upgrades and projects.

Originality/value

– This conference emphasized the importance of involving businesses in key decisions regarding SharePoint implementation and change. While SharePoint 2013 offers many new technical opportunities for librarians and information professionals, business involvement is critical to ensuring the success of knowledge-sharing cultures.
The mapping, selecting and opening of data
Authors: Esteve Casellas Serra Lluís
Published: August 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to share the contribution of records managers to the Open Government in the City Council of Girona (Catalonia), based on the strategy of participation in the Open Data project.

Design/methodology/approach

– The contribution of the Records Management Department is to facilitate locating data sets and to be responsible for the data selection processes. Records Management allows a first global identification of the functions, activities and producers, using the Records Classification Scheme and the General Register of Case Files. In addition, it can obtain a greater detail of information using the Application Catalogue and the Register of Personal Data Files.

Findings

– Records Management can contribute to data selection in the Open Data projects by the appraisal of data, also taking into consideration functions and records of the organization. At the same time, Open Data projects could reinforce the strategies of records preservation in databases, because the same extraction processes could be shared. In addition, Open Data projects could mean an opportunity for Historical Archives if they take charge of the maintenance of the Open Data Archive. This could be relevant in the future for the transformation of data from information systems into documentary heritage.

Research limitations/implications

– The opening of the city’s Open Government portal is scheduled for the beginning of 2014. Thus, it is necessary to consider this work as a work in progress.

Originality/value

– This work is a specific case study of the contribution of Records Management to the Open Data projects; its proposals and reflections have been made from a very practical point of view.
Pre‐eclampsia and assisted reproductive technologies: consequences of advanced maternal age, interbirth intervals, new partner and smoking habits
Authors: Tandberg A , Klungsøyr K , Romundstad LB , Skjærven R
Published: August 2014

Objective

To examine the risk of pre‐eclampsia (PE) in women conceiving after assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Potential confounding from maternal age, long intervals between births, new partner and smoking were evaluated.

Design and setting

Population‐based cohort study with data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway.

Population

A total of 501 766 mothers with offspring from 1988 to 2009.

Methods

Births to the same mother were linked in sibship data files with information of ART.

Main outcome measures

Odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence intervals) of PE in pregnancies conceived by ART compared with spontaneous conception, stratified by parity.

Results

The prevalence of PE was 5.1% in first, 2.2% in second and 2.1% in third pregnancies. Corresponding figures in ART pregnancies were 6.0%, 3.3% and 4.4%. Hence, the odds ratios of PE in ART pregnancies relative to spontaneous pregnancies increased from 1.2 (1.1–1.3) in first, 1.5 (1.3–1.8) in second to 2.1 (1.4–3.3) in third pregnancies. Adjusting by maternal age lowered the odds ratio to 1.3 (1.1–1.6) and 1.8 (1.2–2.8) in second and third pregnancies, respectively. Multi‐adjusted, birth interval had more impact than change of partner. Smoking was associated with a strongly reduced PE risk (odds ratio 0.65; 0.62–0.69), but there was no confounding by smoking on the ART associated risk.

Conclusions

Assisted reproductive technologies increases the risk of PE, and the risk may increase by parity. The association between ART pregnancies and PE is to some extent explained by interbirth intervals and advanced maternal age, but not to change of partner or smoking.
Six new species of the subfamily Coleotinae (Araneae, Agelenidae) from Korea
Authors: Seo Bo Keun
Published: August 2014

Six new agelenid species are described; Alloclubionoides gajiensis n. sp., A. geumensis n. sp., A. naejangensis n. sp., A. namhaensis n. sp., A. yangyangensis n. sp., and Coras seorakensis n. sp. Detailed descriptions and illustrations of these new species are provided.
Dynamic risk factors associated with non‐severe hypoglycemia in patients treated with insulin glargine or exenatide once weekly 与每日一次使用甘精胰岛素或者每周一次使用艾塞那肽治疗的患者出现非严重低血糖相关的动态危险因素
Authors: Paul Sanjoy K. , Maggs David , Klein Kerenaftali , Best Jennie H.
Published: August 2014

Background

Glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes is a dynamic process, and changes in risk factors affecting the incidence of hypoglycemia are not well understood. This study explored the association of longitudinal interactive effects of clinical risk factors and concomitant medications on hypoglycemia risk in patients treated with insulin glargine (IG) or exenatide once weekly (EQW).

Methods

Pooled patient‐level 52‐week longitudinal data of treatment with EQW (n = 541) or IG (n = 223) from three controlled trials were analyzed.

Results

Proportions of patients with at least one episode of hypoglycemia in the EQW and IG groups were 23% and 54%, respectively. Compared with patients with HbA1c ≥7% (53 mmol/mol) over time, patients with HbA1c <7% had significantly higher hypoglycemia risk in both groups (95% confidence intervals [CI] of odds ratios [OR]: EQW‐1.21, 2.81; IG‐ 6.26, 9.84). The patterns of interaction effect of changing body mass index (BMI) and HbA1c on hypoglycemia risk differed in the two treatment groups: patients with with BMI >35 kg/m2 had a 119% increased hypoglycemia risk in the EQW group, but a 57% reduced risk in the IG group. Sulfonylurea‐treated patients in the EQW and IG groups had 4.7‐ and 3‐fold additional hypoglycemia risk, respectively, versus non‐sulfonylurea‐treated patients.

Conclusion

This study revealed differential effects of tight glycemic control and itsinteraction with treatment‐induced changes in BMI on hypoglycemia risk its interaction in patients treated with EQW and IG. The residual adverse effect of sulfonylurea was higher in EQW‐treated patients.
Large‐Sized Ankylosaur (Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Western Liaoning, China
Authors: JI Shu‐an , ZHANG Lijun , ZHANG Shudong , ZHANG Lijun , HANG Shan
Published: August 2014

Two incomplete bones referred to ankylosaur scapulocoracoid and humerus are described, which were discovered from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dachengzi Town, Kazuo County, Liaoning Province. Ankylosaur dinosaurs have ever been found in the Lower Cretaceous Yixian, Fuxin and Sunjiawan Formations of western Liaoning. The occurrence of ankylosaurs within Jiufotang Formation improves our knowledge on the ankylosaur stratigraphic distribution. Based on the length of scapulocoracoid, the new dinosaur is estimated to exceed 6.0 meters long, representing the largest ankylosaur in western Liaoning.
Zircon U‐Pb Ages of the Granodioritic Porphyry in the Laba Molybdenum Deposit, Yunnan, SW China and Its Geological Implication
Authors: YU Haijun , LI Wenchang , YIN Guanghou , LU Yingxiang , CAO Xiaomin , HUANG Dingzhu , DONG Tao , ZHANG Youming
Published: August 2014

The Geza island‐arc is a well‐known mineralization concentration area, part of the Sanjiang Domain at the east margin of the Tibetan Plateau. In recent years, several Late Yanshanian granitic intrusions and associated deposits have been found in this region, the largest one of which in the Shangri‐La region is the Laba molybdenum deposit. Previous studies suggested that the timing of the Laba mineralization is 85 ± 2 Ma. However, the ages of the granodioritic porphyry remain unknown. In this study, LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb dating of zircons from three samples of the molybdenite‐bearing granodioritic porphyry has been conducted with resulting dates of 85.00 ± 0.23 Ma (MSWD = 0.58), 85.28 ± 0.28 Ma (MSWD = 1.12), and 84.83 ± 0.26 Ma (MSWD = 0.79), respectively, indicating that these granodioritic porphyries formed in the Late Yanshanian around ∼85 Ma. Combined with the geological features of the mineralization, the Laba deposit is spatially, temporally, and probably genetically associated with the granodioritic porphyries. In addition, the ages of the Laba deposits are consistent with the other Late Yanshanian intrusions and mineralization, suggesting that the mineralization was probably generated under an intra‐plate extensional environment during the Late Cretaceous.
Natural Gas Types, Distribution Controlling Factors, and Future Exploration in the Western Qaidam Basin
Authors: GUO Zeqing , SUN Ping , LI Jian , ZHANG Lin , LIU Weihong , TIAN Jixian , ZHANG Shaosheng , ZENG Xu
Published: August 2014

The Paleogene and Neogene oil and gas in the western Qaidam basin have a regular distribution in three concentric zones from the edge to the center of the basin. Natural gas mainly occurs in the inner zone, and the gas‐oil ratio of the northern area of the basin is significantly higher than that of the southern area. Large amounts of carbon isotope data of natural gas, plotted in X‐shaped and comprehensive identification diagrams for the southern area and northern area, respectively, were used to identify the types of natural gas. The large‐scale distribution of natural gas is highly consistent with the Ro values of major source rocks, but is poorly correlated with the type of organic matter. This indicates that the main controlling factor of natural gas distribution is organic matter maturity, and the kerogen types act as the basis for the formation of different types of natural gas. Paleouplifts and squeezed anticlines near hydrocarbon generation depression centers, which are major natural gas‐rich regions, control the migration directions of natural gas, while hydrocarbon migration pathways and fault systems connecting gas sources are the most important factors for natural gas reservoir formation in the inner basin. Therefore, favorable zones for natural gas distribution can be predicted on the basis of the distribution of thermal evolution and the gas generation intensity of major source rocks as well as the structural map. The Shizigou‐Youshashan‐Yingdong‐Dawusi, Youquanzi –Kaitemilike – Youdunzi, and Xiaoliangshan – Nanyishan – Dafengshan structural belts are favorable zones for natural gas accumulation. This study has important theoretical and practical significance for future natural gas exploration.
Reconstruction Paleoclimate Dased on Sporopollen Record of Re'nacuo Lake, Tibet
Authors: LI Hanshi , WANG Genhou , YUAN Guoli , FANG Bin , LUO Tongwei , YANG Yongqiang
Published: August 2014

The sedimentary sequences since 33 ka B.P. to 10 ka B.P. have been established in the Re'nacuo‐Lake, Gaize area of north Tibet, through a study of a lacustrine section. The climate since 33 ka B.P. to 10 ka B.P. may be divided into two cycle include 5 dry phases and 5 moist phases from reconstructing the paleoclimate through a study of sporopollen analysis. It mainly reflects the general regularity of global climatic change through contrasting with the pale environment in northern hemisphere. Our pollen record reveals a regional climate history similar to those from the neighboring sites, including the GISP2, the Guliya ice core and core RM in Zoige, and thus supports the notion that the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau acts as an important link between climatic events in the North Atlantic realm and the Asian monsoon domain. The response of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau to the global climatic change is relatively sensitive.
Corpus callosal morphology in youth with bipolar depression
Authors: MacMaster Frank P , Langevin Lisa Marie , Jaworska Natalia , Kemp Anne , Sembo Mariko
Published: August 2014

Objectives

Recent evidence has demonstrated that corpus callosum maturation follows a similar developmental timeline to cognitive processes. Bipolar disorder (BD) has been associated with disruptions in error processing, response inhibition, and motor functioning, which are mediated by underlying white matter structures, including the corpus callosum. Disruptions in white matter integrity have been demonstrated in BD. However, it is unknown whether alterations in the developmental trajectory of the corpus callosum may contribute to cognitive impairments in the disorder.

Methods

We assessed the area of the corpus callosum and its subregions (the genu, rostral body, anterior and posterior bodies, isthmus, and splenium) in 14 treatment‐naïve adolescents with BD (<21 years of age and in the depressed phase) and 18 healthy adolescent controls.

Results

In comparison with healthy controls, participants with BD demonstrated a significantly reduced overall corpus callosum area. We also noted smaller areas in the anterior and posterior mid‐body of the corpus callosum in adolescents with BD.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that commissural fibers of the corpus callosum are disrupted in early‐onset BD. Specific decreases in the anterior and posterior mid‐body callosal aspects may contribute to motor organization and inhibition deficits seen in BD. These findings are consistent with the involvement of inter‐hemispheric tracts in early‐onset BD, which may reflect an early deviation in white matter development.
Face gender and stereotypicality influence facial trait evaluation: Counter‐stereotypical female faces are negatively evaluated
Authors: Sutherland Clare A. M. , Young Andrew W. , Mootz Carmen A. , Oldmeadow Julian A.
Published: August 2014

The facial first impressions literature has focused on trait dimensions, with less research on how social categories (like gender) may influence first impressions of faces. Yet, social psychological studies have shown the importance of categories like gender in the evaluation of behaviour. We investigated whether face gender affects the positive or negative evaluation of faces in terms of first impressions. In , we manipulated facial gender stereotypicality, and in , facial trustworthiness or dominance, and examined the valence of resulting spontaneous descriptions of male and female faces. For both male and female participants, counter‐stereotypical (masculine or dominant looking), female faces were perceived more negatively than facially stereotypical male or female faces. In , we examined how facial dominance and trustworthiness affected rated valence across 1,000 male and female ambient face images, and replicated the finding that dominance is more negatively evaluated for female faces. In , the same effect was found with short stimulus presentations. These findings integrate the facial first impressions literature with evaluative differences based on social categories.
Extended pelvic lymph node dissection in patients with prostate cancer previously treated with surgery for lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Fossati Nicola , Sjoberg Daniel D. , Capitanio Umberto , Gandaglia Giorgio , Larcher Alessandro , Nini Alessandro , Mirone Vincenzo , Vickers Andrew J , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of previous prostate surgery performed for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) on the ability to predict lymph node invasion (LNI) in patients subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer, testing two widely used LNI predictive models.

Patients and Methods

From 1990 to 2012, we collected data on 4734 patients with prostate cancer treated with radical prostatectomy and extended pelvic LN dissection (ePLND). Of these, 4453 (94%) had no prior prostate surgery (‘naïve patients’), while 286 (6%) had previously undergone surgery for LUTS. Two LNI prediction models based on patients treated with ePLND were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic‐derived area under the curve (AUC), the calibration plot method, and decision‐curve analyses.

Results

The rate of LNI was 12%, while the median number of LNs removed was 15 in both groups (P = 0.9). The two tested nomograms provided more accurate prediction in naïve patients than for those previously treated with prostate surgery for LUTS (AUC: 82% and 81% vs 68% and 71%, P = 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively). In naïve patients the surgeon would have missed one LNI for every 53 and 34 avoided ePLND using the Briganti and Godoy nomograms, respectively; in patients previously treated with surgery for LUTS, a LNI would have been missed in 13 and 21 patients not undergoing ePLND.

Conclusion

The accuracy and the clinical net‐benefit of LNI prediction tools decrease significantly in patients with prior prostate surgery for LUTS. These models should be avoided in such patients, who should undergo routine ePLND.
Oncological outcomes of cryosurgery as primary treatment in T3 prostate cancer: experience of a single centre
Authors: Guo Zhi , Si Tongguo , Yang Xueling , Xu Yan
Published: August 2014

Objective

To assess the oncological outcomes and determine prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), cancer‐specific survival (CSS), and biochemical progression‐free survival (BPFS) after cryosurgery for clinical stage T3 prostate cancer.

Patients and Methods

Between 2002 and 2007, 75 patients with clinical stage T3 prostate cancer received cryosurgery as primary treatment in our institution. No adjuvant treatment was provided until biochemical failure. After biochemical failure, hormone therapy was administered. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate the OS, CSS, and BPFS. Cox regression was used to identify factors predictive of survival.

Results

Clinical stage T3a (cT3a) was detected in 60% (45/75) of patients and cT3b detected in 40% (30/75). The 5‐year OS, CSS, and BPFS rates were 85.3%, 92.0%, and 48%, respectively. There was a significant difference when comparing the pT3a with the pT3b group for 5‐year OS (88.9% vs 80%, P = 0.02) and BPFS (55.6% vs 36.7%, P = 0.01), but there was no difference in CSS (93.3% vs 90%, P = 0.63). Stage, Gleason score, and nadir prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) were associated with BPFS, while Gleason score and nadir PSA were the most significant predictors for CSS.

Conclusions

Cryosurgery can offer good 5‐year OS, CSS, and BPFS rates for cT3 prostate cancer, and there was no difference between T3a and T3b for CSS. Gleason score and nadir PSA were the most significant predictors of survival. Further clinical trials are warranted for evaluating the role of cryosurgery for cT3 prostate cancer.
The effects of diet-induced obesity on B cell function
Authors: Shaikh S R , Haas K M , Beck M A , Teague H
Published: August 2014

B-1 and B-2 B cell subsets carry out a diverse array of functions that range broadly from responding to innate stimuli, antigen presentation, cytokine secretion and antibody production. In this review, we first cover the functional roles of the major murine B cell subsets. We then highlight emerging evidence, primarily in preclinical rodent studies, to show that select B cell subsets are a therapeutic target in obesity and its associated co-morbidities. High fat diets promote accumulation of select murine B cell phenotypes in visceral adipose tissue. As a consequence, B cells exacerbate inflammation and thereby insulin sensitivity through the production of autoantibodies and via cross-talk with select adipose resident macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+T cells. In contrast, interleukin (IL)-10-secreting regulatory B cells counteract the proinflammatory profile and improve glucose sensitivity. We subsequently review data from rodent studies that show pharmacological supplementation of obesogenic diets with long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids or specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators synthesized from endogenous n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids boost B cell activation and antibody production. This may have potential benefits for improving inflammation in addition to combating the increased risk of viral infection that is an associated complication of obesity and type II diabetes. Finally, we propose potential underlying mechanisms throughout the review by which B cell activity could be differentially regulated in response to high fat diets.
TROP‐2 expression in papillary thyroid cancer: a preliminary cyto‐histological study
Authors: Addati T. , Achille G. , Centrone M. , Petroni S. , Popescu O. , Russo S. , Grammatica L. , Simone G.
Published: August 2014

Objective

TROP‐2 (human trophoblast cell surface marker) is a gene‐related protein expressed in trophoblastic cells, which is also present in a variety of epithelial cancers and whose overexpression has been found to correlate with a poor prognosis. We analysed the possibility of using the expression of TROP‐2 to detect papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) on cytological and histological samples, and compared it with Hector Battifora mesothelial antigen‐1 (HBME‐1).

Methods

From 127 patients, 127 fine needle aspirates (FNAs), in which HBME‐1 was detected by immunocytochemistry (ICC), were re‐classified according to the Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology (TBSRTC): 20% were benign, 56% were atypical cells/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS), 4% were follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm, 5% were suspicious for malignancy and 16% were malignant. Sufficient material to test for TROP‐2 was available in 64 FNAs, 22 of which had a histological control. Including six additional cases in which the FNAs were not available, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was carried out with both markers on 94 cases.

Results

Among 88 FNAs with histological control, the sensitivity of HBME‐1 to predict PTC was 87.5% (28/32) and the specificity was 86% (48/56), whereas, in 22 FNAs, TROP‐2 sensitivity was 100% (13/13) and specificity was 89% (8/9). In 94 histological specimens in which IHC was carried out with both markers, the sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 86%, respectively, for HBME‐1 and 87% and 89%, respectively, for TROP‐2. The difference between the markers was not significant. Concordance between IHC and ICC was 76% for HBME‐1 and 91% for TROP‐2.

Conclusion

TROP‐2 can be used as well as HBME‐1 in thyroid cytology to detect PTC. Positivity for either or both markers could help to stratify the risk of malignancy in indeterminate FNAs. Larger studies are need to analyse its role in the behaviour of PTC and its variants.
The Dream of Dignified Work: On Good and Bad Utopias
Authors: Dinerstein Ana Cecilia
Published: August 2014

To what extent are recent labour upsurges defensive struggles? This essay uses the experience of the Argentinean Movement of Unemployed Workers (also called the Piquetero movement) as the empirical basis for discussing the contribution of unemployed workers to the current reshaping of the labour question. The author offers an alternative interpretation of the Piqueteros’ experience of resistance that emphasizes their critique and alternative visions, and the transformations and alternatives that the movement put forward at a time when ‘labour’ was said to be defeated. The struggles of the unemployed workers in Argentina during the 1990s should not be classified as a defensive struggle for inclusion in the labour market, or as a demand for social security (although these demands were significant in the Piqueteros’ agenda); rather they should be seen as advancing significant changes at identity/organizational, socioeconomic and political institutional levels. These changes deserve special attention in terms of their significance for the reshaping of the labour question in the twenty‐first century. The Piquetero utopia of dignified work does not rely on state policy such as Universal Income Support. Instead, the state and policy are mediations of the autonomous struggle for the prefigurations of a better society.
Individual differences in the shape bias in preschool children with specific language impairment and typical language development: theoretical and clinical implications
Authors: Collisson Beverly Anne , Grela Bernard , Spaulding Tammie , Rueckl Jay G. , Magnuson James S.
Published: August 2014

We investigated whether preschool children with specific language impairment (SLI) exhibit the shape bias in word learning: the bias to generalize based on shape rather than size, color, or texture in an object naming context (‘This is a wek; find another wek’) but not in a non‐naming similarity classification context (‘See this? Which one goes with this one?’). Fifty‐four preschool children (16 with SLI, 16 children with typical language [TL] in an equated control group, and 22 additional children with TL included in individual differences analyses but not group comparisons) completed a battery of linguistic and cognitive assessments and two experiments. In Experiment 1, children made generalization choices in object naming and similarity classification contexts on separate days, from options similar to a target object in shape, color, or texture. On average, TL children exhibited the shape bias in an object naming context, but children with SLI did not. In Experiment 2, we tested whether the failure to exhibit the shape bias might be linked to ability to detect systematicities in the visual domain. Experiment 2 supported this hypothesis, in that children with SLI failed to learn simple paired visual associations that were readily learned by children with TL. Analyses of individual differences in the two studies revealed that visual paired‐associate learning predicted degree of shape bias in children with SLI and TL better than any other measure of nonverbal intelligence or standard assessments of language ability. We discuss theoretical and clinical implications.
Achieved competences in temporomandibular disorders/orofacial pain: a comparison between two dental schools in Europe
Authors: Alsafi Z. , Michelotti A. , Ohrbach R. , Nilner M. , List T.
Published: August 2014

Aims

The aim was to study achieved competences in temporomandibular disorders (TMD)/orofacial pain (OP) at two universities by comparing student's knowledge and understanding, satisfaction with their education and confidence in their clinical competences of TMD/OP.

Methods

The study was conducted in collaboration between Malmö University, Sweden—which uses problem‐based learning—and the University of Naples Federico II, Italy—which uses traditional educational methods. Final‐semester dental students responded to a self‐report questionnaire regarding their knowledge and understanding, interpretation of cases histories, clinical experience, satisfaction and confidence in clinical examination, management and treatment evaluation.

Results

No significant difference was found between the students regarding knowledge and understanding. Eighty‐seven per cent of the Malmö students and 96% of the Naples students met the criterion on achieved competence. Malmö students had a higher per cent of correct diagnoses than Naples students in the interpretation of case histories. Overall, Malmö students reported most clinical experience and higher confidence than Naple students.

Conclusions

The main findings were that students from Malmö and Naples were, similar in knowledge and understanding of TMD/OP and in satisfaction with their clinical competences. However, Malmö students perceived more confidence in clinical management of patients with TMD/OP. This may reflect that, besides the theoretical part of the programme, a sufficient level of clinical exposure to patients with TMD/OP is essential to gain competences in TMD/OP.
Higher resources decrease fluctuating selection during host–parasite coevolution
Authors: Lopez Pascua Laura , Hall Alex R. , Best Alex , Morgan Andrew D. , Boots Mike , Buckling Angus
Published: August 2014

We still know very little about how the environment influences coevolutionary dynamics. Here, we investigated both theoretically and empirically how nutrient availability affects the relative extent of escalation of resistance and infectivity (arms race dynamic; ARD) and fluctuating selection (fluctuating selection dynamic; FSD) in experimentally coevolving populations of bacteria and viruses. By comparing interactions between clones of bacteria and viruses both within‐ and between‐time points, we show that increasing nutrient availability resulted in coevolution shifting from FSD, with fluctuations in average infectivity and resistance ranges over time, to ARD. Our model shows that range fluctuations with lower nutrient availability can be explained both by elevated costs of resistance (a direct effect of nutrient availability), and reduced benefits of resistance when population sizes of hosts and parasites are lower (an indirect effect). Nutrient availability can therefore predictably and generally affect qualitative coevolutionary dynamics by both direct and indirect (mediated through ecological feedbacks) effects on costs of resistance.
A general ecophysiological framework for modelling the impact of pests and pathogens on forest ecosystems.
Authors: Dietze Michael C. , Matthes Jaclyn Hatala
Published: August 2014

Forest insects and pathogens (FIPs) have enormous impacts on community dynamics, carbon storage and ecosystem services, however, ecosystem modelling of FIPs is limited due to their variability in severity and extent. We present a general framework for modelling FIP disturbances through their impacts on tree ecophysiology. Five pathways are identified as the basis for functional groupings: increases in leaf, stem and root turnover, and reductions in phloem and xylem transport. A simple ecophysiological model was used to explore the sensitivity of forest growth, mortality and ecosystem fluxes to varying outbreak severity. Across all pathways, low infection was associated with growth reduction but limited mortality. Moderate infection led to individual tree mortality, whereas high levels led to stand‐level die‐offs delayed over multiple years. Delayed mortality is consistent with observations and critical for capturing biophysical, biogeochemical and successional responses. This framework enables novel predictions under present and future global change scenarios.
Epileptic scalp ripples are associated with corticothalamic BOLD changes
Authors: Fahoum Firas , Melani Federico , Andrade‐Valença Luciana , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean
Published: August 2014

Objective

Interictal high frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the 40–200 Hz range have been identified in scalp electroencephalography (EEG) recordings of patients with focal epilepsy. HFOs usually co‐occur with interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), and are specific and accurate markers for the epileptic focus, but the brain regions involved when HFOs are generated are unknown. We investigated this question with combined EEG–functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), measuring the blood oxygenation level–dependent (BOLD) signal, and examined HFOs in the gamma (40–80 Hz) and ripple (80–200 Hz) bands.

Methods

Twenty‐eight consecutive patients with focal epilepsy who underwent HFO and EEG‐fMRI studies were selected; six were excluded because of negative EEG‐fMRI. The remaining 22 patients were divided into two equal groups (11 patients each) based on the frequency of co‐occurrence of gamma or ripples with IEDs: low versus high gamma (LG/HG) and low versus high ripples (LR/HR).

Results

No significant changes were found in the BOLD characteristics between the LG and HG groups. As a group, HR had a larger IED concordant BOLD cluster than the LR group, despite similar IED rates. In addition, the HR group had significantly more thalamic BOLD changes than the LR group (11/11 vs. 2/11). In HR, 5 of 11 patients had thalamic activation only, 4 of 11 had thalamic deactivation only, and 2 of 11 had activation and deactivation in different thalamic regions. In the LR group, 2 of 11 had thalamic activation. The lateralization of thalamic BOLD responses was concordant with the lateralization of cortical ripples in 12 of 13 patients.

Significance

Scalp IEDs, when frequently accompanied by HFOs in the ripple but not in the gamma band, are associated with larger cortical metabolic responses and with thalamic involvement lateralized to the side of cortical ripples. We propose that a high rate of epileptic ripples is associated with a more active pathologic cortical‐thalamocortical network.
Rhinotomy to access lesions within the nasal cavity of two horses
Authors: Barakzai S. Z.
Published: August 2014

Most lesions that affect the nasal cavity of the horse can be accessed via the nostril or via a frontonasal sinus flap but occasionally, surgical access to the mid‐portion of the nasal cavity is necessary. This case report describes the use of a centrally based, 3‐sided rhinotomy which provided good access to the ipsilateral nasal cavity and allowed for removal of abnormal tissue/foreign material in two horses. The nasal bone flap was preserved and only relatively mild intraoperative haemorrhage occurred which was controlled with nasal packing. Horses recovered well from surgery with an excellent long‐term cosmetic result.
MicroRNA regulation of proteoglycan function in cancer
Authors: Ibrahim Sherif A. , Hassan Hebatallah , Götte Martin
Published: August 2014

MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs acting as physiological regulators of gene expression at the post‐transcriptional level. In cancer, the expression of microRNAs is dysregulated compared to healthy tissue, suggesting a mechanistic role in disease progression. Recent experimental evidence supports the important molecular role of proteoglycans as microRNA targets in this process. Misexpression of specific microRNAs results in aberrant expression patterns of proteoglycans, as well as their biosynthetic enzymes. Consequently, cell proliferation and apoptosis, adhesion, migration, invasiveness, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell properties are affected as a result of the multifunctional properties of proteoglycans. A pharmacological targeting of the microRNA–proteoglycan axis emerges as a new therapeutic concept in cancer.
Trigger Point Injections for Headache Disorders: Expert Consensus Methodology and Narrative Review
Authors: Robbins Matthew S. , Kuruvilla Deena , Blumenfeld Andrew , Charleston Larry , Sorrell Michael , Robertson Carrie E. , Grosberg Brian M. , Bender Steven D. , Napchan Uri , Ashkenazi Avi
Published: August 2014

Objective/Background

To review the existing literature and describe a standardized methodology by expert consensus for the performance of trigger point injections (TPIs) in the treatment of headache disorders. Despite their widespread use, the efficacy, safety, and methodology of TPIs have not been reviewed specifically for headache disorders by expert consensus.

Methods

The Peripheral Nerve Blocks and Other Interventional Procedures Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society over a series of meetings reached a consensus for nomenclature, indications, contraindications, precautions, procedural details, outcomes, and adverse effects for the use of TPIs for headache disorders. A subcommittee of the Section also reviewed the literature.

Results

Indications for TPIs may include many types of episodic and chronic primary and secondary headache disorders, with the presence of active trigger points (TPs) on physical examination. Contraindications may include infection, a local open skull defect, or an anesthetic allergy, and precautions are necessary in the setting of anticoagulant use, pregnancy, and obesity with unclear anatomical landmarks. The most common muscles selected for TPIs include the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and temporalis, with bupivacaine and lidocaine the agents used most frequently. Adverse effects are typically mild with careful patient and procedural selection, though pneumothorax and other serious adverse events have been infrequently reported.

Conclusions

When performed in the appropriate setting and with the proper expertise, TPIs seem to have a role in the adjunctive treatment of the most common headache disorders. We hope our effort to characterize the methodology of TPIs by expert opinion in the context of published data motivates the performance of evidence‐based and standardized treatment protocols.
Lower levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 standard deviation score are associated with histological severity of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Sumida Yoshio , Yonei Yoshikazu , Tanaka Saiyu , Mori Kojiroh , Kanemasa Kazuyuki , Imai Shunsuke , Taketani Hiroyoshi , Hara Tasuku , Seko Yuya , Ishiba Hiroshi , Okajima Akira , Yamaguchi Kanji , Moriguchi Michihisa , Mitsuyoshi Hironori , Yasui Kohichiroh , Minami Masahito , Itoh Yoshito
Published: August 2014

Aim

Growth hormone (GH) deficiency may be associated with histological progression of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) which includes non‐alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) is mainly produced by hepatocytes and its secretion is stimulated by GH. Our aim was to determine whether more histologically advanced NAFLD is associated with low circulating levels of IGF‐1 in Japanese patients.

Methods

Serum samples were obtained in 199 Japanese patients with biopsy‐proven NAFLD and in 2911 sex‐ and age‐matched healthy people undergoing health checkups. The serum levels of IGF‐1 were measured using a commercially available immunoradiometric assay. The standard deviation scores (SDS) of IGF‐1 according to age and sex were also calculated in NAFLD patients.

Results

The serum IGF‐1 levels in NAFLD patients were significantly lower (median, 112 ng/mL) compared with the control population (median, 121 ng/mL, P < 0.0001). IGF‐1 SDS less than −2.0 SD from median were found in 11.6% of 199 patients. NASH patients exhibited significantly lower levels of IGF‐1 SDS (n = 130; median, −0.7) compared with NAFL patients (n = 69; median, −0.3; P = 0.026). The IGF‐1 SDS values decreased significantly with increasing lobular inflammation (P < 0.001) and fibrosis (P < 0.001). In multiple regressions, the association between the IGF‐1 SDS values and the severity of NAFLD persisted after adjusting for age, sex and insulin resistance.

Conclusion

Low levels of circulating IGF‐1 may have a role in the development of advanced NAFLD, independent of insulin resistance. Supplementation with GH/IGF‐1 may be a candidate for the treatment of NASH.
Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of δ‐Y2Si2O7 Nanopowders Activated with Nd3+ Ions
Authors: Erdem Murat , Ekmekci Mete Kaan , Orucu Humeyra , Bilir Gokhan
Published: August 2014

Phosphors of δ‐Y2Si2O7 doped with Nd3+ ions were prepared in the SiO2–Y2O3 binary systems using the solgel technique. Nano‐sized crystalline phosphor powders were obtained by annealing the dried gels at 1480°C. The average grain sizes of the NYS1, NYS2, NYS3, and NYS4, powders were estimated to be 44.1, 41.3, 48.1, and 53.2 nm from the grain size distribution curves, respectively, and these results were confirmed by transmission electron microscope measurements. The spectroscopic properties of the powders were studied by measuring the luminescence spectra, and the decay curves of the 4F3/2 emission level were measured at room temperature.
Contribution of stone size to chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers
Authors: Ahmadi Farrokhlagha , Etemadi Samira Motedayen , Lessan‐Pezeshki Mahbob , Mahdavi‐Mazdeh Mitra , Ayati Mohsen , Mir Alireza , Yazdi Hadi Rokni
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To determine whether stone burden correlates with the degree of chronic kidney disease in kidney stone formers.

Methods

A total of 97 extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy candidates aged 18 years and older were included. Size, number and location of the kidney stones, along with cumulative stone size, defined as the sum of diameters of all stones) were determined. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was determined using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration cystatin C/creatinine equation, and chronic kidney disease was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Results

In individuals with cumulative stone size <20 mm, estimated glomerular filtration rate significantly decreased when moving from the first (estimated glomerular filtration rate 75.5 ± 17.8 mL/min/1.73 m2) to the fourth (estimated glomerular filtration rate 56.4 ± 20.44 mL/min/1.73 m2) quartile (P = 0.004). When patients with a cumulative stone size ≥20 mm were included, the observed association was rendered non‐significant. In individuals with a cumulative stone size <20 mm, each 1‐mm increase in cumulative stone size was associated with a 20% increased risk of having chronic kidney disease. The relationship persisted even after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, C‐reactive protein, fasting plasma glucose, thyroid stimulating hormone, presence of microalbuminuria, history of renal calculi, history of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, number and location of the stones (odds ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.52). The same was not observed for individuals with a cumulative stone size ≥20 mm.

Conclusions

In kidney stone formers with a cumulative stone size up to 20 mm, estimated glomerular filtration rate linearly declines with increasing cumulative stone size. Additionally, cumulative stone size is an independent predictor of chronic kidney disease in this group of patients.
Interpreting the Politics of the Judiciary: The British Senior Judicial Tradition and the Pre‐emptive Turn in Criminal Justice
Authors: Annison Harry
Published: August 2014

This article presents an interpretive politics of the judiciary, arguing for the value of interpretive political analysis in understanding developments in case law and judicial activity. It sketches out a senior judicial tradition, which is argued to guide but not predetermine the actions of the British senior judiciary. A case study, the senior judiciary's response to the Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP) sentence, is presented, drawing on case law, extra‐judicial speeches, and interviews with five serving or retired senior judges. It is argued that this demonstrates the senior judiciary to be politically attuned actors, often highly sensitive to the broader context, while equally determined to act with fidelity to the law and the responsibilities inherent in an independent, impartial judiciary. The IPP case law suggests that the senior judicial tradition, and its inherent tensions, limits the extent to which the senior judiciary feel equipped to oppose the ‘pre‐emptive turn’ in criminal justice.
Financial Advice, Differentiated Consumers, and the Regulation of Equity‐release Transactions
Authors: Fox O'Mahony Lorna , Overton Louise
Published: August 2014

In an asset‐based welfare context, which encourages the drawdown of housing equity to meet financial needs in later life, it is anticipated that the use of equity‐release products will become increasingly prevalent. In the last decade, and reflecting the strategic significance and high risk associated with this section of the home finance market, targeted equity‐release products (lifetime mortgages and home reversion plans) have come under the regulatory remit of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). The FCA's approach to equity release is geared around professional financial and legal advice. Drawing on findings from a new qualitative study, purposively sampled according to socioeconomic circumstances at the time of the transaction, this article explores the role of financial advice within the factors that shape equity‐release decision making, and considers the implications of the FCA's regulatory commitment to the ‘advice paradigm’ in meeting (or not) the needs of a differentiated consumer population.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the accuracy of clinical indicators for ineffective airway clearance
Authors: de Sousa Vanessa Emille Carvalho , Lopes Marcos Venícios de Oliveira , da Silva Viviane Martins
Published: August 2014

Aim

To report quantitative evidence for the accuracy of the defining characteristics of ineffective airway clearance in different settings and populations.

Background

Defining characteristics are tests used by nurses to clinically indicate the presence or absence of a particular nursing diagnosis. A few studies have reported the accuracy of certain defining characteristics of ineffective airway clearance, but these studies address specific populations with particular needs.

Design

A systematic review with meta‐analysis was conducted to provide a synthesis and critical appraisal of the included studies.

Data sources

The electronic databasesCINAHL, PubMed, Scopus andLILACSwere searched using a systematic search strategy for studies published in any year. The last search was performed on 31 July 2013.

Review methods

Using the recommendations from Cochrane Collaboration for Systematic Reviews of Diagnostic Test Accuracy and the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD), a systematic review was conducted using studies investigating the presence of ineffective airway clearance and its defining characteristics. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool was used to evaluate the quality of the studies.

Results

Seven papers met the search criteria. The studies were developed in different clinical settings and most of them fulfilledQUADAScriteria. Summary measures indicated the following defining characteristics with higher accuracy values: adventitious breath sounds, changes in respiratory rate, difficult vocalizing, diminished breath sounds, dyspnoea, ineffective cough, orthopnoea and restlessness.

Conclusion

This systematic review showed that the variability in clinical indicators of ineffective airway clearance is related to differences in the clinical settings and patients.
Item Response Models for Local Dependence Among Multiple Ratings
Authors: Wang Wen‐Chung , Su Chi‐Ming , Qiu Xue‐Lan
Published: August 2014

Ratings given to the same item response may have a stronger correlation than those given to different item responses, especially when raters interact with one another before giving ratings. The rater bundle model was developed to account for such local dependence by forming multiple ratings given to an item response as a bundle and assigning fixed‐effect parameters to describe response patterns in the bundle. Unfortunately, this model becomes difficult to manage when a polytomous item is graded by more than two raters. In this study, by adding random‐effect parameters to the facets model, we propose a class of generalized rater models to account for the local dependence among multiple ratings and intrarater variation in severity. A series of simulations was conducted with the freeware WinBUGS to evaluate parameter recovery of the new models and consequences of ignoring the local dependence or intrarater variation in severity. The results revealed a good parameter recovery when the data‐generating models were fit, and a poor estimation of parameters and test reliability when the local dependence or intrarater variation in severity was ignored. An empirical example is provided.