bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Latin Inscription from Perrhaebia
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Thompson M. S.
Published: October 2013

In April, 1911, during an exploring journey undertaken on behalf of the Macedonian Exploration Fund, while travelling from Serfije to Elassona we were fortunate enough to discover the important Latin inscription here published. It lies in the ruined church of the Holy Trinity (῾ΑγίαΤριάς) on the right bank of the Sarantaporos, about five minutes to the north of the gendarmerie post by the Khan of Hajji Zhogu, on the high road some three hours to the north of Elassona. The inscription is on a tall, narrow stele of coarse blue marble ·48 m. wide by ·96 m. high and topped by a gable, ·16 m. high, below which is a moulded architrave ·04 m. high. The total height of the inscribed part is ·74 m., and the stone is ·10 m. thick. Unfortunately the stele, which is Greek in shape, has been broken in two obliquely not far below the top, and owing to the bad quality of the marble employed the break is not clean, and the surface is badly splintered. Thus lines 2–8 are badly damaged, but fortunately, with one exception, they can easily be restored.
§ 1.—The Season's Work and Summary of Results
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The work of the School in 1909, the fourth season spent at Sparta, was marked by the completion of the excavation of the sanctuary of Artemis Orthia, upon which the greater part of the resources of the School had been spent for the three preceding years, and by the excavation of the building known as the Menelaion on the east bank of the Eurotas. In all the departments of the work the School has always to acknowledge with cordial thanks the support and help of the Hellenic Government, which was ably represented this year at the excavations by Doctor Rhomaios. Especial thanks are owing to him for his zeal in helping the work and readiness to assist in any difficulty.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1909: § 5.—Lycurgus as Patronomus.A Scottish Parallel
Authors: Giles P.
Published: October 2013

A modern parallel to the Spartan practice of electing the divine Lycurgus as eponymous Patronomus is to be found in Cramond's Records of Elgin, vol. i, p. 91 (New Spalding Club, 1903), under date October 3rd, 1547, in the Burgh Court Book.

‘The qlk (i.e. quhilk, which) day the haill communate has electit and menit Sanct Geill thair patroun provest for ane zeyr nyxt to cum.’ As the note by Cramond says, the council for the year consisted of the patron saint, four bailies, and only eight other councillors. The disastrous battle of Pinkie had been fought against the Protector Somerset on September 10th preceding, and the Elgin contingent had suffered severely.
I.—Excavations at Sparta, 1909: §6.—The Menelaion
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Thompson M. S. , Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

A little to the south of Sparta and opposite the hamlet of Psychiko, at the point where the Magoula river runs into the Eurotas, the hills on the left or eastern bank of the latter approach quite close to the river. These hills, which stand high above the plain, have long been identified with those on which, according to Polybius, the Menelaion stood, and as the site of Therapnai. In fact the statements of this author and of Livy make it practically certain that these are the hills in question. They were first explored by Ross in 1833, and he claimed as the shrine of Helen and Menelaos the building that he began to excavate on the principal peak close to the modern chapel of Hagios Elias, and directly above the Eurotas. No other Greek building has yet been found on these heights, so that we may for the present assume with considerable probability that this one, discovered by Ross, is the shrine of Helen and Menelaos mentioned by Herodotus and Pausanias.
Albanian Settlements in the Aegean Islands
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

An investigation of the very scattered literature of the Greek islands, designed primarily to supplement Mr. Dawkins's researches on the dialects, has led me to unexpectedly interesting results touching the Albanian settlements, which may be worthy of independent publication.

Besides printed sources I have consulted the Grand Insulaire of André Thevet (Paris, Bibl. Nat. MSS. Fr. 15, 453 (1586)) and the Isolarii of Antonio di Milo (B.M. (a) Julius, E. II (1587), (b) Add. MSS. 10,365 (1591)), and Francesco Lupazolo of Chios (B.M. Lansd. 792 (1638)).
Frankish Remains at Adalia
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The city of Adalia on the Caramanian coast, still a very fine example of a mediaeval walled town, has been thrice attempted by western arms and was for twelve years garrisoned by the French kings of Cyprus.

It was taken by Gautier de Montbeliard early in the reign of Hugues I. Lusignan (1205–18) but hurriedly abandoned. The warlike Pierre I. captured it in 1361 and it was held till 1373, when his successor, Pierre II. surrendered it. Lastly the ‘Crusaders’ of Mocenigo's expedition in 1472 stormed and sacked the seaward quarter but were unable to make good their footing. The surviving Frankish monuments must be attributed to the second Cypriote period.
Risk factors associated with human papillomavirus infection status in a Korean cohort
Authors: LEE H. , LEE D.-H. , SONG Y.-M. , LEE K. , SUNG J. , KO G.
Published: October 2013

By surveying extensive epidemiological behavioural and sexual risk factors in a Korean twin cohort, risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection were investigated in South Korea. A total of 912 vaginal specimens were collected from the Healthy Twin Study, consisting of twins and their families. A range of epidemiological, behavioural, and sexual activity characteristics were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analyses of family and twin relationships, adjusted to elucidate the risk factors for HPV infection. Of the various epidemiological characteristics, the possibility of extramarital affairs [odds ratio (OR) 2·48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·02–6·02] significantly increased the prevalence of HPV infection. Our multivariate regression analysis indicated that oral contraceptive use (OR 40·64, 95% CI 0·99–1670·7) and history of sexually transmitted disease (OR 2·56, 95% CI 0·93–7·10) were strongly associated with an increase in HPV infection. On the other hand, more frequent vaginal douching (OR 0·32, 95% CI 0·13–0·77) significantly decreased the prevalence of HPV infection. Our results suggested that HPV infection is associated with both biological and behavioural factors.
Persistence of measles neutralizing antibody related to vaccine and natural infection acquired before HIV infection
Authors: ISA M. B. , PAVAN J. V. , SICILIA DON P. , GRUTADAURIA S. , MARTINEZ L. C. , GIORDANO M. O. , MASACHESSI G. , BARRIL P. A. , NATES S. V.
Published: October 2013

Little is known about long-lasting measles protective immunity when exposure to wild-type or vaccine measles virus precedes HIV infection. The results obtained suggest that measles immunity wanes and the lowest measles geometric mean titres (GMT) were significantly associated with measles vaccine-induced immunity in individuals that later developed HIV infection (86% prevalence, GMT 164 mIU/ml) compared to naturally induced immunity in HIV-infected adults (100% prevalence, GMT 340 mIU/ml, P = 0·0082) or non-HIV infected adults (100%, GMT 724 mIU/ml, P = 0·0001), and vaccine-induced immunity in non-HIV-infected adults (100%, GMT 347 mIU/ml, P = 0·017). The study was conducted in an area without wild-type virus circulation since 2000. The absence of virus circulating may alter the paradigm of lifelong immunity to measles virus after vaccination. As the proportion of HIV-infected individuals possessing only vaccine-induced immunity continues to grow, checking the status of measles immunity in this group is strongly recommended.
Evolution with an attitude: the grammaticalisation of epistemic/evidential verbs in Australian English
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ LOURO CELESTE , HARRIS THOMAS
Published: October 2013

Across Englishes, frequently used epistemic/evidential complement-taking predicates (e/e ctps) have undergone conventionalisation, wherebysubject + e/e verbconstructions are reanalysed as formulaic stance markers. However, the system ofe/e ctps in Australian English (AusE) – and the degree to which they have grammaticalised – remains unexplored. In this article, we offer a quantitative analysis of the most frequente/e ctps in the spoken portion of theInternational Corpus of English – Australia. Multivariate analysis shows thatthinkandguessstand as canonical encoders of speaker attitude, andreckonis multifunctional, encoding epistemic modality and evidentiality. Assuming that (inter-)subjective meaning represents the last stage in semantic change, our results indicate that AusEreckonis less grammaticalised thanthinkandguess.
Give it me!: pronominal ditransitives in English dialects
Authors: GERWIN JOHANNA
Published: October 2013

Constructions involving a ditransitive verb, a direct theme object, and an indirect recipient object have been extensively studied – especially in the contexts of the ‘dative’ and the ‘benefactive alternations’, i.e. the alternations between a double-object construction (DOC) (e.g.She gave him a book) and a corresponding prepositional construction (PREP) either withto(e.g.She gave a book to him) or withfor(e.g.She bought a book for him). The present study focuses on a ditransitive phenomenon which occurs in British dialects: when both objects are pronouns, three variants of encoding are possible: DOC (e.g.Give me it!), PREP (e.g.Give it to me!) and the alternative double-object construction (altDOC) (e.g.Give it me!). The regional distribution and diachronic development of the three constructions are traced using two corpora containing regional speech: theFreiburg English Dialect Corpus(FRED)1and the online version of theBritish National Corpus(BNCweb). In concentrating on a dialect phenomenon, in taking language-external determinants of the ‘dative/benefactive alternation’ into consideration, and in investigating these empirically, the present study takes a novel approach to the much-discussed topic of ditransitives in English.
To-contract or not to-contract? That is the question
Authors: BROADBENT JUDITH M. , SIFAKI EVI
Published: October 2013

The focus of this article is what Anderson (2005: 72) describes as ‘another chronic puzzle in English’, the case of to-contraction. We set out to show that the extent and nature of to-contraction has not been captured by the literature to date, because researchers have been concerned with two forms which are no longer synchronic to-contractions: wanna and gonna, and have taken a syntactic or morphological approach. On the basis of new phonological data from British English varieties we argue that the reduction of /t/ in to should be taken as evidence of to-contraction. We claim that to is a phonological clitic and to-contraction is simply the incorporation of the clitic to into the preceding prosodic word.
Visible ink: A flexible and individually tailored writing intervention for cancer patients
Authors: Corner Geoffrey W. , Jhanwar Sabrina M. , Kelman Judith , Pessin Hayley , Stein Emma , Breitbart William
Published: October 2013

Objectives:

Subjective reports on the effectiveness of and satisfaction with writing interventions in medical populations have indicated that they can have a profound impact on patients. Further, past research on these programs has demonstrated that they can lead to a number of different positive outcomes depending on the personal characteristics of the participating patients and the type of writing with which they are tasked. For this reason, a flexible and individually tailored writing intervention may be particularly effective for patients, molding its approach to their desires and backgrounds. This paper examines Visible Ink, a writing program for cancer patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) that follows this model.

Methods:

At Visible Ink's First Fall Writing Festival in November 2012, an optional survey was provided to all program participants in attendance, capturing both quantitative and qualitative information on patient experiences in the program. Twenty-nine surveys were completed.

Results:

The program appears to have a variety of positive effects, including fostering personal growth and providing a positive distraction. Respondents reported that they write in a number of different genres on topics both related and not related to their illnesses, which supports the flexible model of the program. All respondents indicated that they would recommend the program to others, and satisfaction with the program's general approach (i.e., individualized work with a writing coach) was unanimous. A few areas for potential improvement were also identified, most of which involved expanding the services and events offered by the program.

Significance of results:

Despite the limitations of this survey (e.g., small sample size and low response rate), its results support the promise of the Visible Ink model and demonstrate participants' satisfaction with the program. Future research can more thoroughly examine Visible Ink's effectiveness, and additional resources could enable the program to expand.
Utilizing participation in meaningful occupation as an intervention approach to support the acute model of inpatient palliative care
Authors: Ashworth Erin
Published: October 2013

Palliative care is a model of care that aims to improve quality of life (QOL) for patients and their families/carers who are facing the challenges associated with a life limiting illness (WHO, 2012). Until recently, palliative care has been seen to be largely focused on the medical management of specific symptoms, with little or no consideration given to the patient's occupational identity and goals.

Occupational therapy is a profession whose core philosophy is grounded in occupational participation. Occupational therapists have the skills and expertise to incorporate an individual's occupational performance goals into their treatment plan, thereby helping people to participate in personally meaningful occupations, within the limitations of their illness and physical capacity.

The present article aims to illustrate (using case-study examples) how personally meaningful occupational participation can better support an acute model of palliative care practice, resulting in better patient outcomes and improved quality of life for both patients and their carers.
A subset of gastric cancers with EGFR amplification and overexpression respond to cetuximab therapy
Authors: Zhang Lianhai , Yang Jie , Cai Jie , Song Xiaoming , Deng Jianyun , Huang Xuesong , Chen Dawei , Yang Mengmeng , Wery Jean-Pierre , Li Shuangxi , Wu Aiwen , Li Ziyu , Li Zhongwu , Liu Yiqiang , Chen Yiyou , Li Qixiang , Ji Jiafu
Published: October 2013

A preclinical trial identified 4 of 20 (20%) gastric cancer (GC) patient-derived xenografts responded to cetuximab. Genome-wide profiling and additional investigations revealed that high EGFR mRNA expression and immunohistochemistry score (3+) are associated with tumor growth inhibition. Furthermore, EGFR amplification were observed in 2/4 (50%) responders with average copy number 5.8 and >15 respectively. Our data suggest that a GC subtype with EGFR amplification and overexpression benefit from cetuximab treatment.
Whole genome comparison of donor and cloned dogs
Authors: Kim Hak-Min , Cho Yun Sung , Kim Hyunmin , Jho Sungwoong , Son Bongjun , Choi Joung Yoon , Kim Sangsoo , Lee Byeong Chun , Bhak Jong , Jang Goo
Published: October 2013

Cloning is a process that produces genetically identical organisms. However, the genomic degree of genetic resemblance in clones needs to be determined. In this report, the genomes of a cloned dog and its donor were compared. Compared with a human monozygotic twin, the genome of the cloned dog showed little difference from the genome of the nuclear donor dog in terms of single nucleotide variations, chromosomal instability and telomere lengths. These findings suggest that cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer produced an almost identical genome. The whole genome sequence data of donor and cloned dogs can provide a resource for further investigations on epigenetic contributions in phenotypic differences.
The Atg8 family: multifunctional ubiquitin-like key regulators of autophagy
Authors: Slobodkin Moran Rawet , Elazar Zvulun
Published: October 2013

Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved catabolic process initiated by the engulfment of cytosolic components in a crescent-shaped structure, called the phagophore, that expands and fuses to form a closed double-membrane vesicle, the autophagosome. Autophagosomes are subsequently targeted to the lysosome/vacuole with which they fuse to degrade their content. The formation of the autophagosome is carried out by a set of autophagy-related proteins (Atg), highly conserved from yeast to mammals. The Atg8s are Ubl (ubiquitin-like) proteins that play an essential role in autophagosome biogenesis. This family of proteins comprises a single member in yeast and several mammalian homologues grouped into three subfamilies: LC3 (light-chain 3), GABARAP (γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein) and GATE-16 (Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa). The Atg8s are synthesized as cytosolic precursors, but can undergo a series of post-translational modifications leading to their tight association with autophagosomal structures following autophagy induction. Owing to this feature, the Atg8 proteins have been widely served as key molecules to monitor autophagosomes and autophagic activity. Studies in both yeast and mammalian systems have demonstrated that Atg8s play a dual role in the autophagosome formation process, coupling between selective incorporation of autophagy cargo and promoting autophagosome membrane expansion and closure. The membrane-remodelling activity of the Atg8 proteins is associated with their capacity to promote tethering and hemifusion of liposomes in vitro.
Selective autophagy
Authors: Svenning Steingrim , Johansen Terje
Published: October 2013

During the last decade it has become evident that autophagy is not simply a non-selective bulk degradation pathway for intracellular components. On the contrary, the discovery and characterization of autophagy receptors which target specific cargo for lysosomal degradation by interaction with ATG8 (autophagy-related protein 8)/LC3 (light-chain 3) has accelerated our understanding of selective autophagy. A number of autophagy receptors have been identified which specifically mediate the selective autophagosomal degradation of a variety of cargoes including protein aggregates, signalling complexes, midbody rings, mitochondria and bacterial pathogens. In the present chapter, we discuss these autophagy receptors, their binding to ATG8/LC3 proteins and how they act in ubiquitin-mediated selective autophagy of intracellular bacteria (xenophagy) and protein aggregates (aggrephagy).
Autophagy as a defence against intracellular pathogens
Authors: Wileman Tom
Published: October 2013

Autophagy is a membrane trafficking pathway that results in the formation of autophagosomes which deliver portions of the cytosol to lysosomes for degradation. When autophagosomes engulf intracellular pathogens, the pathway is called ‘xenophagy’ because it leads to the removal of foreign material. Autophagy is activated during infection by Toll-like receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. This allows autophagy to kill micro-organisms and present pathogen components to the innate and acquired immune systems. The targeting of pathogens by autophagy is selective and involves a growing family of autophagy receptors that bind to the autophagosome membrane protein LC3 (light-chain 3)/Atg8 (autography-related protein 8). Ubiquitination of microbes identifies them as substrates for autophagy and they are delivered to autophagosomes by autophagy receptors that bind both ubiquitin and LC3/Atg8. Bacteria can also be detected before they enter the cytosol by autophagy receptors that scan the surface of membrane compartments for evidence of damage. The observation that some pathogens survive in cells suggests they can evade complete destruction by autophagy. For some bacteria this involves proteins that shield the surface of the bacteria from recognition by autophagy receptors. Other viruses and bacteria are resistant to degradation in lysosomes and use autophagosomes and/or lysosomes as sites for replication. Most of our current understanding of the role played by autophagy during microbial infection has come from studies of bacteria and viruses in tissue culture cell lines. Future work will focus on understanding how autophagy determines the outcome of infection ‘in vivo’, and how autophagy pathways can be exploited therapeutically.
Epitaxial Al2O3 capacitors for low microwave loss superconducting quantum circuits
Authors: Cho K.-H. , Patel U. , Podkaminer J. , Gao Y. , Folkman C. M. , Bark C. W. , Lee S. , Zhang Y. , Pan X. Q. , McDermott R. , Eom C. B.
Published: October 2013

We have characterized the microwave loss of high-Q parallel plate capacitors fabricated from thin-film Al/Al2O3/Re heterostructures on (0001) Al2O3 substrates. The superconductor-insulator-superconductor trilayers were grown in situ in a hybrid deposition system: the epitaxial Re base and polycrystalline Al counterelectrode layers were grown by sputtering, while the epitaxial Al2O3 layer was grown by pulsed laser deposition. Structural analysis indicates a highly crystalline epitaxial Al2O3 layer and sharp interfaces. The measured intrinsic (low-power, low-temperature) quality factor of the resonators is as high as 3 × 104. These results indicate that low-loss grown Al2O3 is an attractive candidate dielectric for high-fidelity superconducting qubit circuits.
Improvement of GaAsSb alloys on InP grown by molecular beam epitaxy with substrate tilting
Authors: Chou C. Y. , Torfi A. , Wang W. I.
Published: October 2013

GaAsSb alloys lattice-matched to InP substrate have been used in various electronic and optoelectronic applications due to their highly desirable band alignment for high-speed double heterojunction bipolar transistors. There is however an issue with GaAsSb alloys, composed approximately of 50% As and 50% Sb, lattice-matched to an InP substrate; it exhibits a miscibility gap, which is a significant problem for crystal growth. This paper addresses the effect of substrate tilting on the material properties of GaAsSb alloys closely lattice-matched to InP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). InP(100) substrates tilted 0°off-(on-axis), 2°off-, 3°off-, and 4°off-axis were used for MBE growth, then the material qualities of GaAsSb epitaxial layers were compared using various techniques, including high resolution X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence (PL), Raman scattering, and transmission-line measurements (TLM). Substrate tilting improved the GaAsSb alloys with crystalline quality, shown by a narrower x-ray linewidth and enhanced optical quality as evidenced by a strong PL peak. The results of TLM show that the lowest sheet resistance was achieved at a 2° off-axis tilt. The results are expected to be applicable in devices that incorporate GaAsSb in the active layer grown by MBE.
Modeling of phonon scattering in n-type nanowire transistors using one-shot analytic continuation technique
Authors: Bescond Marc , Li Changsheng , Mera Hector , Cavassilas Nicolas , Lannoo Michel
Published: October 2013

We present a one-shot current-conserving approach to model the influence of electron-phonon scattering in nano-transistors using the non-equilibrium Green's function formalism. The approach is based on the lowest order approximation (LOA) to the current and its simplest analytic continuation (LOA+AC). By means of a scaling argument, we show how both LOA and LOA+AC can be easily obtained from the first iteration of the usual self-consistent Born approximation (SCBA) algorithm. Both LOA and LOA+AC are then applied to model n-type silicon nanowire field-effect-transistors and are compared to SCBA current characteristics. In this system, the LOA fails to describe electron-phonon scattering, mainly because of the interactions with acoustic phonons at the band edges. In contrast, the LOA+AC still well approximates the SCBA current characteristics, thus demonstrating the power of analytic continuation techniques. The limits of validity of LOA+AC are also discussed, and more sophisticated and general analytic continuation techniques are suggested for more demanding cases.
Adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene on the ZnO (21¯1¯) surface: A density functional theory study of the detection mechanism of ZnO nanowire chemiresistors
Authors: Alnemrat Sufian , Brett Gary T. , Hooper Joseph P.
Published: October 2013

We report first-principles calculations of the adsorption of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), a prototypical nitroaromatic explosive, on the ZnO (21¯1¯0) surface. This surface is common among ZnO chemiresistors being considered for trace explosive detection. Recent work has achieved 60 ppb detection of TNT using a ZnO nanowire array, but the physical mechanism of sensing is unclear. Our results indicate that TNT strongly chemisorbs via interactions between the oxygen on the nitro groups and surface zinc, creating surface states within the gap. We present a theoretical estimate showing the strong effect of these surface states on the depletion layer of ZnO nanowires.
The network of stabilizing contacts in proteins studied by coevolutionary data
Authors: Lui Sara , Tiana Guido
Published: October 2013

The primary structure of proteins, that is their sequence, represents one of the most abundant sets of experimental data concerning biomolecules. The study of correlations in families of co-evolving proteins by means of an inverse Ising-model approach allows to obtain information on their native conformation. Following up on a recent development along this line, we optimize the algorithm to calculate effective energies between the residues, validating the approach both back-calculating interaction energies in a model system, and predicting the free energies associated to mutations in real systems. Making use of these effective energies, we study the network of interactions which stabilizes the native conformation of some well-studied proteins, showing that it displays different properties than the associated contact network.
Nanoscale Schottky behavior of Au islands on TiO2 probed with conductive atomic force microscopy
Authors: Lee Hyunsoo , Keun Lee Young , Nghia Van Trong , Young Park Jeong
Published: October 2013

Electrical properties of nanoscale Au islands on n-type TiO2, which form a Schottky junction nanodiode, have been investigated using conductive atomic force microscopy at ultra-high vacuum. The Au islands were formed using colloidal self-assembled patterns on an n-type TiO2 semiconductor film using the Langmuir-Blodgett process. Characteristics of the nanoscale Schottky contact were determined by fitting the local current–voltage plot to the thermionic emission equation, which reveals the Schottky barrier height and the ideality factor of the Au islands on n-type TiO2, and were compared with electrical characters of the conventional macroscale diode.
Measurement of shorter-than-skin-depth acoustic pulses in a metal film via transient reflectivity
Authors: Manke K. J. , Maznev A. A. , Klieber C. , Shalagatskyi V. , Temnov V. V. , Makarov D. , Baek S.-H. , Eom C.-B. , Nelson K. A.
Published: October 2013

The detection of ultrashort laser-generated acoustic pulses at a metal surface and the reconstruction of the acoustic strain profile are investigated. A 2 ps-long acoustic pulse generated in an SrRuO3 layer propagates through an adjacent gold layer and is detected at its surface by a reflected probe pulse. We show that the intricate shape of the transient reflectivity waveform and the ability to resolve acoustic pulses shorter than the optical skin depth are controlled by a single parameter, which is determined by the ratio of the real and imaginary parts of the photoelastic constant of the material. We also demonstrate a Fourier transform-based algorithm that can be used to extract acoustic strain profiles from transient reflectivity measurements.
Negative-differential-resistance-switching Si-transistor operated by power pulse and identity of Zener breakdown
Authors: Kim Hyun-Tak
Published: October 2013

The identity of Zener breakdown is interpreted as metal-insulator transition (MIT). For a negative-differential-resistance (NDR) Si-transistor as a sort of MIT transistor, a structure of “reverse-pn-junction (insulator role for tunneling) and MIT” is proposed. Its characteristics are investigated through the reverse active mode of a donor-acceptor-donor bipolar transistor, similar to the NDR-transistor structure. As evidence of the MIT at outlet layer, the Ohmic behavior in I-V measurements and the NDR in a 100 KHz power pulse are observed. It switches a much higher current than a bipolar transistor when the MIT occurs and can be used as a power device.
Phase diagram and magnetocaloric effects in aluminum doped MnNiGe alloys
Authors: Quetz Abdiel , Samanta Tapas , Dubenko Igor , Kangas Michael J. , Chan Julia Y. , Stadler Shane , Ali Naushad
Published: October 2013

The magnetocaloric and thermomagnetic properties of the MnNiGe1−xAlx system have been studied by temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and magnetization measurements. The partial substitution of Al for Ge in MnNiGe1−xAlx results in a first order magnetostructural transition (MST) from a hexagonal ferromagnetic to an orthorhombic antiferromagnetic phase at 186 K (for x = 0.09). A large magnetic entropy change of ΔSM = −17.6 J/kg K for ΔH = 5 T was observed in the vicinity of TM = 186 K for x = 0.09. The value is comparable to those of giant magnetocaloric materials such as Gd5Si2Ge2, MnFeP0.45As0.55, and Ni50Mn37Sn13. The values of the latent heat (L = 6.6 J/g) and corresponding total entropy changes (ΔST = 35 J/kg K) have been evaluated for the MST using DSC measurements. Large negative values of ΔSM of −5.8 and −4.8 J/kg K for ΔH = 5 T in the vicinity of TC were observed for x = 0.09 and 0.085, respectively. A concentration-dependent phase diagram of transition temperatures (magnetic, structural, and magnetostructural) has been generated using magnetic, XRD, and DSC data. The role of magnetic and structural changes on transition temperatures is discussed.
Lorentz force magnetometer using a micromechanical oscillator
Authors: Li M. , Ng E. J. , Hong V. A. , Ahn C. H. , Yang Y. , Kenny T. W. , Horsley D. A.
Published: October 2013

This paper presents a Lorentz force magnetometer employing a micromechanical oscillator. The oscillator, actuated by both electrostatic force and Lorentz force, is based on a 370 μm by 230 μm silicon micromechanical resonator with quality factor (Q) of 13 000. This field-sensitive micromechanical oscillator eliminates the need for an external electronic oscillator and improves magnetometer's stability over temperature. The resonator uses no magnetic materials and is encapsulated using an epitaxial polysilicon layer in a process that is fully compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor manufacturing. The sensor has a magnetic field resolution of 128 nT/rt-Hz with 2.1 mA bias current.
Observation of whispering gallery modes from hexagonal ZnO microdisks using cathodoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Choi Sumin , Ton-That Cuong , Phillips Matthew R. , Aharonovich Igor
Published: October 2013

Zinc oxide hexagonal microdisks with diameters ranging from 3 μm up to 15 μm were fabricated by thermal chemical vapour deposition. Optical characterisation of ZnO microdisks was performed using low temperature (80 K) cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging and spectroscopy. The microdisks exhibited green luminescence locally distributed near the hexagonal boundary of the ZnO microdisks. High resolution CL spectra of the ZnO microdisks revealed whispering gallery modes (WGMs) emission. The experimentally observed WGMs were in excellent agreement with the predicted theoretical positions calculated using a plane wave model. This work could provide the means for ZnO microdisk devices operating in the green spectral range.
Revisiting the interplay between ablation, collisional, and radiative processes during ns-laser ablation
Authors: Autrique D. , Gornushkin I. , Alexiades V. , Chen Z. , Bogaerts A. , Rethfeld B.
Published: October 2013

A study of ns-laser ablation is presented, which focuses on the transient behavior of the physical processes that act in and above a copper sample. A dimensionless multiphase collisional radiative model describes the interplay between the ablation, collisional, and radiative mechanisms. Calculations are done for a 6 ns-Nd:YAG laser pulse operating at 532 nm and fluences up to 15 J/cm2. Temporal intensity profiles as well as transmissivities are in good agreement with experimental results. It is found that volumetric ablation mechanisms and photo-processes both play an essential role in the onset of ns-laser induced breakdown.
Morphological and temperature-dependent optical properties of InAs quantum dots on GaAs nanowires with different InAs coverage
Authors: Yan Xin , Zhang Xia , Ren Xiaomin , Li Junshuai , Cui Jiangong , Wang Sijia , Fan Shuyu , Wang Qi , Huang Yongqing
Published: October 2013

We report a study on the morphological and temperature-dependent optical properties of InAs quantum dots on GaAs nanowires with different InAs coverage. We find that the size, density, and distribution of quantum dots strongly depend on the InAs coverage. At higher coverage, the quantum dots exhibit a longer peak wavelength and broader linewidth at low temperature, suggesting a larger size and increased size fluctuations. Particularly, a great difference in the linewidth dependence on temperature for different InAs coverage is observed, corresponding to a different result of competition between electron-phonon scattering and thermal penetration of carriers between neighboring quantum dots.
Liveweight gain and feed intake of weaned Bali cattle fed grass and tree legumes in West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
Authors: Dahlanuddin  , Yanuarianto O. , Poppi D. P. , McLennan S. R. , Quigley S. P.
Published: October 2013

Two experiments were conducted with weaned entire male Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) between 6 and 12 months of age. A randomised block design was used in both experiments, which consisted of four treatments (diets), with five replicates (animals) per treatment. In both experiments, the average daily liveweight gain (LWG), feed and water intake and diet digestibility were determined over 8 or 10 weeks, with chest girth and wither height measured at the commencement and end of the experiments. In Experiment 1, the treatments were fresh native grass, native grass supplemented with fresh sesbania, fresh sesbania and fresh sesbania supplemented with rice bran. In Experiment 2, the treatments were sole diets of leucaena hay, sesbania hay, moringa hay or gliricidia hay supplemented with sesbania hay. In Experiment 1, animals fed sesbania supplemented with rice bran had higher DM intake than did animals fed the other three diets. DM digestibility (DMD) was significantly lower for weaners fed the native grass diet than for those fed the other diets. Animals fed sesbania or sesbania supplemented with rice bran had a higher LWG (0.34 and 0.43 kg/day, respectively) and estimated metabolisable energy (ME) intake (0.71 and 0.80 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day, respectively) than did animals fed native grass alone (0.03 kg/day; 0.58 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day) or native grass supplemented with sesbania (0.07 kg/day; 0.64 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day). In Experiment 2, animals fed gliricidia hay had the lowest DM intake. DM intake of animals fed moringa hay was higher than that of animals fed gliricidia hay, but lower than the intake of animals fed sesbania hay or leucaena hay. DMD of the sesbania and leucaena hay diets was lower than that of the gliricidia and moringa hay diets. Animals fed leucaena and sesbania hays had a higher LWG (0.47 and 0.43 kg/day, respectively) and estimated ME intake (0.75 and 0.78 MJ of ME/kg W0.75.day, respectively) than did animals fed moringa hay (0.22 kg/day; 0.66 MJ ME/kg W0.75.day) or gliricidia hay supplemented with sesbania hay (0.0 kg/day; 0.48 MJ ME/kg W0.75.day). In conclusion, tree legumes can safely be fed to growing Bali cattle as the sole component of the diet and some of them will increase LWGs above that of native grasses, which are typically fed to Bali cattle in villages.
Spermatozoa of the old endemic rodents of Australia – the possible functional significance of their ventral processes
Authors: Drew Simon , Leigh Chris , Breed William G.
Published: October 2013

Spermatozoa of the plains mouse (Pseudomys australis), like those of most Australian old endemic rodents, contain, in addition to an apical hook, two further processes that extend from the upper concave surface of the head, the ventral processes. This study shows that these processes contain thiol-rich cytoskeletal proteins, which presumably help to maintain their rigidity during sperm transport, together with the overlying cell membrane having abundant intramembranous proteins. To determine the possible functional significance of these processes, an in vitro study of spermatozoon–zona binding was undertaken. The findings suggest that initial sperm binding occurs by way of the cell membrane over the acrosome of the apical hook and that, subsequently, the lateral surfaces of the ventral processes also become tightly bound to the zona matrix. These ventral processes may therefore have evolved to increase sperm adhesion to the outer zona surface and/or to enhance stabilisation of the spermatozoon at the time of zona binding and initial penetration of the egg coat.
Two Alternative Sutureless Strategies for Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Concistrè Giovanni , Santarpino Giuseppe , Pfeiffer Steffen , Farneti Pierandrea , Miceli Antonio , Chiaramonti Francesca , Solinas Marco , Glauber Mattia , Fischlein Theodor
Published: October 2013

Objective

Important comorbid conditions in patients referred for aortic valve replacement (AVR) require less invasive strategies. We describe our initial experience with the Perceval S (Sorin Group, Saluggia, Italy) and 3f Enable (Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN USA) sutureless aortic bioprostheses.

Methods

We compared intraoperative data, postoperative clinical outcomes, and echocardiographic results from patients receiving a Perceval S ( P group; n = 97) or a 3f Enable (E group; n = 32) prosthesis in two cardiac surgery departments (Nuremberg, Germany, and Massa, Italy).

Results

Baseline patient characteristics were similar in both groups, except for mean ± SD body surface area ( P group = 2.01 ± 2.9 m2, E group = 1.83 ± 3.8 m2; P < 0.001). Sixty-five patients (67%) in the P group and 19 patients (59.5%) in the E group ( P = 0.22) underwent minimally invasive AVR with either ministernotomy or right anterior minithoracotomy approach. Concomitant procedures were performed in 37 patients (38%) in the P group and 9 patients (28%) in the E group ( P = 0.56). In-hospital mortality was 2%. The mean ± SD prosthesis diameter was 23.5 ± 1.4 mm ( P group) compared with 22.1 ± 2 mm (E group) ( P < 0.001). In isolated AVR, aortic cross-clamp time was 36 ± 12.7 minutes in the P group and 66 ± 18 minutes in the E group ( P < 0.001). At a mean ± SD follow-up of 8.3 ± 4.5 months, survival was 97% (one death in the P group). In five patients ( P group = 1, E group = 4), a moderate paravalvular leak was present ( P = 0.013). The mean ± SD transvalvular gradient was 9.1 ± 3.3 mm Hg with the Perceval S and 11.2 ± 5.2 mm Hg with the 3f Enable ( P = 0.017).

Conclusions

Aortic valve replacement with sutureless aortic bioprosthesis is feasible, also with a minimally invasive approach. The Perceval S showed lower operative times and moderate paravalvular leaks and lower mean transvalvular gradients than did the 3f Enable, related to the larger diameter of the Perceval S implanted. Both prostheses showed an excellent hemodynamic performance. This new technology needs long-term follow-up.
Right Superior Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection in Thoracoscopic Surgery Using a Bipolar Sealing Device
Authors: Kamiyoshihara Mitsuhiro , Igai Hitoshi , Ibe Takashi , Kawatani Natsuko , Ohtaki Yoichi , Shimizu Kimihiro , Takeyoshi Izumi
Published: October 2013

Objective

This study investigated the use of a new bipolar sealing device (BSD) in right superior mediastinal lymph node dissection during thoracoscopic surgery.

Methods

The study population consisted of 42 consecutive patients undergoing lobectomy with right superior mediastinal lymph node dissection for primary lung cancer. Operative results were compared with those of conventional surgery in 42 background-matched controls. The primary endpoint for the present analysis was the success of right superior mediastinal lymph node dissection during thoracoscopic surgery using a BSD. The secondary endpoints included the duration of the operation, number of dissected lymph nodes, chest drainage volume and duration, postoperative hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality.

Results

The BSD was used successfully in 42 patients. No significant difference in duration of lymph node dissection, chest drainage volume, drainage duration, or number of dissected lymph nodes was observed between the study group and the controls. Because of a learning curve, the procedure initially took more than 20 minutes to complete, but surgical time was reduced to approximately 15 minutes after the procedure was performed in 15 patients.

Conclusions

Our method is safe and in no way inferior to the conventional procedure. The tendency of the learning curve suggests that a significantly shorter duration of lymph node dissection is possible using this method.
Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumours in Childhood
Authors: Virgone Calogero , Cecchetto Giovanni , Alaggio Rita , Ferrari Andrea , Bisogno Gianni , Conte Massimo , Inserra Alessandro , Fagnani Anna M. , Indolfi Paolo , Salfi Nunzio , Dall'Igna Patrizia
Published: October 2013

Background:

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the appendix are slow‐growing tumours and, although rare, they are the most common gastrointestinal epithelial tumours in childhood and adolescence. The treatment and the follow‐up screenings have not been standardised. In addition to this, although tumour size is considered the main prognostic variable to define the aggressiveness of approach, a precise cutoff needs to be established.

Methods:

A total of 113 patients younger than 18 years with a diagnosis of appendiceal NETs were registered as of January 1, 2000, until May 30, 2013, within the Rare Tumors in Pediatric Age (TREP) project, an Italian multi‐institutional network dedicated to rare tumours in children and adolescents. The recommendations of the Rare Tumors in Pediatric Age study included imaging and laboratory investigations. The treatment after appendectomy was decided on the basis of histology, tumour size, and imaging; primary reexcision (PRE) was not recommended in completely excised tumours, regardless of tumour size and invasiveness.

Results:

A total of 113 of 113 patients had a diagnosis of well‐differentiated NETs; in 108 of 113 the tumour was smaller than 2 cm and in 5, larger than 2 cm. Excision margins were free in 111 of 113 patients. In 3 of 113 a PRE was performed, and in 1 residual tumour was detected. All 113 of 113 patients are alive in complete remission (median follow‐up of 41 months).

Conclusions:

Reported data and our experience showed that no relapse or death occurred in children and adolescents affected by appendiceal NETs. Appendectomy alone should be considered curative for most patients, and a more aggressive surgical approach is warranted in the cases with incompletely excised tumours.
Maternal effects of carotenoid supplementation in an ornamented cichlid fish
Authors: Brown Alexandria C. , Leonard Heather M. , McGraw Kevin J. , Clotfelter Ethan D.
Published: October 2013

Carotenoid‐ornamented animals may transfer dietary carotenoid pigments to offspring as well as to their ornament and other competing physiological demands. If carotenoid supplementation increases offspring growth or survival, females should preferentially allocate supplemental carotenoids to offspring rather than ornamentation.

We tested whether ornamented convict cichlid (Amatitlania siquia) mothers increase carotenoid allocation to eggs with access to dietary carotenoid supplementation, and whether beneficial maternal effects of carotenoid supplementation were transferred to offspring.

Maternal effects of carotenoid supplementation were found; offspring from mothers that ate carotenoids benefited in terms of growth and survival parameters compared with offspring from non‐supplemented mothers. Contrary to predictions, maternal coloration was not sacrificed for fecundity: mothers maintained their coloration and integument carotenoids even though increased carotenoids in the maternal diet benefited the offspring. Furthermore, carotenoid supplementation did not increase the carotenoids deposited in eggs.

This work is the first to show that indirect maternal effects of carotenoid supplementation increased the survival and growth of offspring. Indirect benefits may reduce the cost of carotenoid allocation to offspring, but the mechanism for how carotenoids support offspring development is still unknown.
Divergence in threat sensitivity among aquatic larvae of cryptic mosquito species
Authors: Roux Olivier , Diabaté Abdoulaye , Simard Frédéric
Published: October 2013

Predation is a major evolutionary force driving speciation. The threat‐sensitive response hypothesis predicts that prey adjust and balance the time spent on a costly antipredator response with other activities that enhance their fitness. Thus, prey able to develop an antipredator response proportional to risk intensity should have a selective advantage.

Knowledge on how evolution has shaped threat sensitivity among closely related species exposed to different predation pressures is scarce, prompting investigations to better predict and explain its effect on communities.

We explored and compared the antipredator response of aquatic mosquito larvae in three sibling species of the Anopheles gambiae complex, with contrasting larval biologies in Burkina Faso. Anopheles arabiensis and An. gambiae sensu stricto breed in temporary water collections where predator densities are low, whereas Anopheles coluzzii is able to thrive in permanent pools where the predation pressure is much higher. We hypothesized that the increase and decline of behavioural antipredator responses might differ between the three species over time. To test this hypothesis, progenies of field‐collected mosquitoes were experimentally exposed to a range of soluble predation cues and their response was monitored for up to 48 h.

The three species were all threat sensitive but their reaction norms differed. For the range of concentrations tested, An. coluzzii larvae gradually increased in antipredator response, whereas An. gambiae larvae readily displayed antipredator behaviour at low concentrations leading to a saturation of the response for high cue concentrations. An. arabiensis displayed a narrower reaction norm with low response intensity. Larval instars did not differ in their threat sensitivity. The antipredator behaviour of the three species waned after about 1 h of exposure. Early instars tended to express antipredation behaviour for longer than did older instars.

This study provides information on how aquatic prey species with an aerial adult stage manage larval predation risk over time according to cue concentrations and suggests that different predation pressures might play a role as a disruptive selective force fostering habitat segregation and speciation within the An. gambiae complex. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity is further discussed in the light of divergent predation pressures.