bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the parasitization of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Triltsch H.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The present study deals with entomoparasites of Coccinella septempunctata L. in cereals, mainly in winter wheat. Sections of monthly sampled adult ladybirds during one year in different habitates at Staaken (Berlin) gave two peaks of parasitization with Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) (Hym., Braconidae): (1) 33% in March (hibernation site); and (2) 12.5% in June (winter wheat). Populations of the ladybird investigated during the seasons in 1993 and 1994 in winter wheat at three locations (Berlin‐Staaken, Fläming, Magdeburger Börde) showed a similar sharp increase in degree of parasitization with Perilitus coccinellae in the second half of June. Maximum of parasitization reached from 12.3% (Fläming, 1993) to 25% (Börde, 1993) and was a result of the act of the first newly emerged adult wasps. Main parasite of the coccinellid pupae was Phalacrotophora fasciata (Fallen) (Dip., Phoridae) with parasitization rates between 4.9% (Börde) and 20.2% (Fläming). Oomyzus scaposus (Thompson) (Hym., Eulophidae, Tetrastichinae) was found only at two locations with low rates: 0.9% (Fläming) and 1.4% (Berlin). Experiments in climatic chambers with alternating temperatures gave new results for the effect of Perilitus on the fertility of matured female ladybirds. At relatively high temperatures (25°C middle of day) daily numbers of coccinellid eggs increased for a period of a week immediately after parasitization. Though mortality was high (70.6%) at this condition, half of the surviving females began egg deposition 12 days after emergence of the Perilitus larva.
Bionomics of the four‐eyed spruce bark beetle, Polygraphus rufipennis(Kirby) (Col., Scolytidae) in Newfoundland I. Emergence and flight patterns
Authors: Bowers W. W. , Borden J. H. , Raske A. G.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Emergence patterns and sex ratios of P. rufipennis infesting black spruce were investigated using on‐tree emergence traps. Totals of 242 and 255 beetles (5.0 and 4.0 per 100 cm2) emerged in the traps in 1983 and 1984, respectively. Emergence began on 23 May 1983, and continued for c. 11 weeks; 50% of the adults had emerged by 15 (1983) and 20 June (1984). Generally, fewer beetles emerged as bole height increased. Thinner bark higher in the bole was correlated with decreased beetle emergence and probably reflects lower brood survival. In both years female‐biased sex ratios occurred early in the emergence period but overall female to male sex ratios for 1983 and 1984 were 1.1:1 and 1.9:1, respectively. Differential mortality caused by the interaction of cold temperatures and host characteristics may have accounted for departure from 1:1 brood sex ratio. Two peaks of flight activity corresponded strongly to patterns of brood emergence in spring and to parent adult re‐emergence in summer.
Investigations on the life history of Nemosoma elongatum L. (Col., Ostomidae), a bark beetle predator
Authors: Dippel C.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: To estimate the influence of N. elongatum on bark beetle (Pityogenes chalcographus), regulation information about the biology of this species is necessary. In the laboratory, embryonic development depended on temperature and averaged 12 days at alternating temperatures (25/15°C), mean duration of the postembryonic period was 58 days at this temperature. Prey consumption of the N. elongatum larvae (three instars) was ≅ 30 bark beetles (larvae, respectively, pupae) per individual. The adult longevity averaged 3–5 months and mean fecundity was 63.6 eggs per female at alternating temperature (20/10°C) and 58.4 eggs at constant temperature (22°C). The prey consumption of the N. elongatum imagines also depended on temperature. At alternating temperatures (20/10°C) the mean prey consumption was approximately one bark beetle adult per day and N. elongatum individual. Due to these data this predator species must be considered as an important and effective antagonist of Pityogenes chalcographus.
Life history and host specificity of Aphthona venustula Kutsch. (Col., Chrysomelidae), a candidate for the biological control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) in North America
Authors: Gassmann A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Studies on the life history and host specificity of the root‐feeding chrysomelid Aphthona venustula were made to determine the suitability of this insect as a classical biological control agent for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) in North America. The adults of A. venustula emerge in summer, and are in reproductive diapause until the following spring when the main adult feeding and oviposition activity occurs. A. venustula prefers mesic shaded and transitional areas but can survive on formerly forested land. The experimental adult feeding range of the beetle is restricted to species in genus Euphorbia, while the larval feeding range is restricted to species in subgenus Esula. Within its habitat in Europe, the beetle discriminates between species in subgenus Esula.
The influence of natural enemies and migration on spring populations of the green spruce aphid, Elatobium abietinum Walker (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Leather S. R. , Owuor A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The importance of predators in the decline of the spring population of the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum was investigated. Natural enemies were slow in responding to changes in the numbers of the green spruce aphid and did not appear to be very effective. Although a voracious predator both in the adult and the larval stage, the two spot lady bird beetle Adalia bipunctata, the most common predator, failed to make an appreciable impact due to the slow numerical response. The primary factor that led to the crash in the population was the production of alate emigrants. Natural enemies do not seem to play an important role in the eventual reduction of the spring population of E. abietinum. Host quality deterioration, which may or may not be accompanied by needle loss, was also an important factor in causing the aphid population collapse, but should be considered as a secondary factor occurring in conjunction with the production of alatae due to changes in photoperiod.
Prionotheca coronata Olivier (Pimeliinae, Tenebrionidae) recognized as a new species of venerated beetles in the funerary cult of pre‐dynastic and archaic Egypt
Authors: Levinson H. , Levinson A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The dusky, roundish and thorny beetle carcasses (figs 2, 3a‐d, 4a‐f) originating from the pre‐dynastic tomb B17 (˜4000‐3300 BC) of Diospolis parva (upper Egypt, fig. 1) and the archaic tomb 120 (˜2900 BC) of Tarkhan (lower Egypt, fig. 1) were identified as Prionotheca coronata Olivier 1795 (Pimeliinae, Tenebrionidae). This coleopteran species (fig. 4g) was named Radiant‐sun beetle due to the sun‐like appearance of its body trunk as well as its mythical significance. It is most likely that the chthonic behaviour as well as the spinous and armoured appearance of the Radiant‐sun beetle (fig. 4g) renders this species to be aposematic as well as easily remembered by an observer.

Despite having been buried for ˜ 5.5 or ˜4.9 millennia respectively, the ancient beetle carcasses, kept in clay jars, were found to be remarkably well preserved (fig. 2). The beetle carcasses had been hollowed out, their head capsule, prothorax, legs and two posterior abdominal sternites had been skilfully removed by human hand, leaving empty cases with an anterior and a posterior opening (fig. 4c, d, table 1d). The exoskeletal beetle cases were kept as funerary offerings or were worn as pendants to serve as protective amulets, which were supposed to avert evil spirits from the deceased in their imaginary Underworld (d u a t).

The ancient Egyptians were attentive observers of nature and knew the peculiarities of numerous vertebrate and arthropod species occurring in the Nile valley. The chthonic behaviour of Prionotheea coronata as well as the mythical concept of ‘sexless self‐generation of certain sacred animals emerging from the earth’ (cf. A m d u a t: 11th hour) could have motivated the pre‐historic and early dynastic Egyptians to worship the Radiant‐sun beetle as a divine symbol. The same view was also utilized in the adoration of the chthonic Scarabaeus (= Ateuchus) sacer Linné 1758 (Scarabaeinae, Lamellicornia, fig. 5) during the late Old Kingdom (˜2345‐2181 BC) and first Intermediate Period (˜2181‐2040 BC). It follows that Prionotheca coronata can be regarded as an ideological precursor of the Sacred scarab beetle in the religious beliefs of the ancient Egyptians concerning cosmogony and resurrection (cf. A m d u a t: 12th hour, Book of Gates: final scene and Book of the Earth).
Occurrence of Chytridiopsis typographi (Microspora, Chytridiopsida) in Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) field populations and in a laboratory stock
Authors: Wegensteiner R. , Weiser J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The prevalence of Chytridiopsis typographi was examined in Ips typographus field populations from 13 localities in Austria and two from the Czech Republic (1992, 1993, 1994). Ch. typographi could be found in the beetles from 13 sites in various frequency. No regular sex‐specific differences in infection rates could be observed. Infection rates depending on beetles flight period (monthly amounts) were highest in June collecting beetles from phermone traps (at one site only). Furthermore the frequency of Ch. typographi in an I. typographus laboratory stock was observed during six generations. Starting at 3.2% Ch. typographi‐infection in the beetles of the parental generation it increased up to 52.5% in the F2‐generation, and 49.6% in the F3‐generation. Afterwards a decline of infection rates could be observed in the F4‐generation (27.9%) going down to 10.6% in the F5‐generation and increasing again in the F6‐generation to 67.5%. Those beetles emerging normally from the trunks had always higher infection rats than beetles cut out of the bark without maturation frass. Ch. typographi spores could be found spread in the cells of the whole midgut epithelium of I. typographus in about 70% of these infected beetles, that emerged from their breeding logs.
Etude du comportement de l'eudémis de la vigne Lobesia botrana Den. et Schif. (Lep., Tortricidae) à l'intérieur et l'extérieur d'une ceinture de diffuseurs
Authors: Charmillot P. J. , Pasquier D. , Alipaz N. J. , Scalco A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Study of the vine moth Lobesia botrana Den. and Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae) behaviour inside and outside of a dispenser belt: In 1993, BASF ampulla dispensers containing pheromone of grape vine moth L. botrana, were hung exclusively along a 16 ha rectangle in a vineyard situated at Perroy in the Lake Geneva Region. Pheromone and bait traps were distributed inside and outside of the dispenser belt. Virgin females were tethered throughout the vineyard. Tagged males were released inside the dispenser belt.

During first and second generation flight periods, male catches and tethered female matings inside the dispenser belt were reduced by more than 90% compared to the outside. About 5% of the tagged males released inside the dispenser belt were caught in pheromone traps: most of them outside of the belt, some more than 800 m from the release point. First generation damage was 29.3% outside and 24.5% inside. Compared to reduction of catches in traps or matings by tethered females, damage reduction inside the belt was low: on the average 16.5%. However, this trial shows that mating disruption techniques could eventually be conducted by distributing a high density of dispensers along the edge, and by adding a large spaced grid of dispensers inside vineyards.
Potential of a blend of E8,E10‐120H and E8,E10‐12Ac for mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: Witzgall P. , Backman A.‐C. , Svensson M. , Bengtsson M. , Unelius C. R. , Vrkoc J. , Kirsch P. A. , Ioriatti C. , Löfqvist J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Dispensers of E8,E10‐12OH (codlemone), E8,E10‐12Ac (codlemone acetate), or both dispenser types were placed on the corners of 100 m2 and 300 m2 plots within apple orchards. Communication disruption of male codling moths, Cydia pomonella, was monitored with pheromone traps in the centres of these plots. In the 300 m2 plots, trap catch was reduced only by codlemone. In the 100 m2 plots, trap catch was reduced in all three treatments, fewest males were caught in plots treated with both codlemone and codlemone acetate. Males were attracted to codlemone dispensers, they were also flying actively around the tree crowns, well above the dispensers. This behaviour was not observed in treatments with codlemone acetate, where male orientation flights were directed only towards the trap in the plot centre. The antagonistic effect of each of the four geometric isomers of codlemone acetate was shown by another trap test. Addition of 20% E,E‐; E,Z‐; Z,E‐ or Z8,Z10‐12Ac decreased male attraction to traps baited with E8, E10‐12OH.
Evidence for geographical differences in pheromonal responses of male Amathes c‐nigrum L. (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Subchev M. , Toth M. , Szocs G. , Stan G. , Botar A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: (Z)‐5‐Tetradecenyl acetate, a synergist in attraction of Canadian Amathes c‐nigrum L. males by the main sex pheromone component, acted as an inhibitor for European populations of this species in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary. Data on electroantennographic responses of A. c‐nigrum males to some monounsaturated acetates, alcohols and aldehydes are also presented and the activity of pheromone inhibitors for the species found in Canada is confirmed for European populations.
Effects of gall formation by Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hym., Cynipidae) on the growth of chestnut trees
Authors: Kato K. , Hijii N.
Published: August 2009

Effects of gall formation by Dryocosmus kuriphilus on the growth of the Japanese chestnut tree (Castanea crenaia) were investigated from 1988 to 1989 using 15 wild trees. Mean leaf area on galled shoots currently expanded was about a half that on ungalled shoots. Galled shoots were lower than ungalled shoots both in biomass ratio of leaf/shoot and in mean number of winter buds per shoot. Bud expansion on galled shoots was less successful. Total biomass of current shoots diminished under heavy infestation with D. kuriphilus. Thus, D. kuriphilus not only retarded the development of photosynthetic organs but also reduced the biomass production of host trees in the next year. This may be a causal mechanism of biomass decline in gall‐infested trees.
Insect predation and seasonal seedfall of the Japanese beech, Fagus crenata Blume, in northern Japan
Authors: Igarashi Y. , Kamata N.
Published: August 2009

The relationship between seasonal changes in seedfall pattern of the Japanese beech, Fagus crenata, and insect damage to the trees is discussed. Twenty‐six lepidopteran species and one dipteran species were found during a 7‐year study. Insect damage was classified into two categories: feeding by seed insects and feeding by foliage insects. The latter was speculated to occur by chance. Twenty‐three lepidopteran species were identified as foliage feeders and, except for Venusia phasma, their densities were small. There were four seed insects: three Lepidoptera and one Diptera. Because Pseudopammene fagivora was the most abundant in all study plots, this seemed to be the most important insect species related to the seed survival of the Japanese beech. Insect damage was observed early in the season from the time of flowering until mid‐June, except that by two seed insects, P. fagivora and an unidentified lepidopteran of the family Gelechiidae. Most of the seeds infested by insects fell by the end of July. Seedfall throughout the season should be investigated in order to fully understand the interaction between seed production and insect infestation.
Forecasting of periodic fluctuations in annual abundance of the bean aphid: the role of density dependence and weather
Authors: Thacker J. I. , Thieme T. , Dixon A. F. G.
Published: August 2009

Linear regression models have been constructed to describe variation in abundance of Aphis fabae, Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon pisum populations in Rostock, Germany. Egg densities, which have been used successfully in the past to predict A. fabae outbreaks, were not found to be a significant predictor of summer population size. Linear regression models that described existing data well were on the whole poor at predicting future patterns. Apparent delayed density dependence has been shown to be an artefact of the weather patterns that occurred between 1980 and 1992. It is hypothesized that much of the variation in A. fabae densities in the summer is due to variable rainfall and thus food quality for the aphid at budburst of spindle, the primary host. The importance of food quality in spring appears to be similar for M. persicae. It is not year clear what determines changes in the year‐to‐year abundance of A. pisum. The results are discussed with reference to the entire philosophical framework of multiple‐regression forecasting.
Suitability of pupae of the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lep., Pyralidae) of various ages for parasitism by Pediobius furus (Gahan) (Hym., Eulophidae)
Authors: Duale A. H. , Nwilene F. E. , Okwakpam B. A.
Published: August 2009

The influence of the age of host (Chilo partellus) pupae on parasitoid Pediobius furvus fecundity, developmental period, progeny production, and sex ratio is reported. The extent of parasitism was determined from the proportions of parasitoid emergence to host adults recorded. Host age was found to be an important factor in development of immature of P. furvus with greater emergence from younger hosts, and C. partellus pupae over 5‐day‐old being rejected by the gravid female parasitoid. The result showed that both acceptability and suitability of C. partellus pupae drop off after 2 days, and to zero after 4 days. However, the host ages that are accepted by the parasitoid appear to be fairly wide.
Chemical and biological investigation of harmal plant. 2. Alkaloidal investigation
Authors: El‐Gengaihi S. E. , Dimetry N. Z. , Mohamed S. M.
Published: August 2009

An enriched alkaloidal fraction from harmal seeds was prepared as iodide derivative, and fractionated by preparative TLC. Three compounds were obtained: harmine, harmaline and harmalol. The biological activity of the iodide derivative and the three compounds were assessed on the cotton leaf worm. Correlation between the biological activity and chemical structure was postulated.
Effect of tethering during EPG recorded probing by adults of the greenhouse whitefly
Authors: Lei H. , Tjallingii W. F. , van Lenteren J. C.
Published: August 2009

For electrical penetration graph (EPG) recording from a piercing insect, attachment of the insect to an electrode of thin wire is needed. The effects of tethering on the probing behaviour of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) were studied by comparing free (not wired) whiteflies with tethered whiteflies, using gold wire of 10 and 20 μm diameter. As an additional group, whiteflies with silver paint contact but without wiring were used to accomplish discontinuous EPG recordings. The total probing time and the total time spent with the stylets in phloem sieve elements (phloem phase) differed between these treatments. Probing time of free insects was significantly longer than that of whiteflies wired with 20 μm, but not with 10 μm wires. Time spent in phloem phase was considerably shorter for 20 than for 10 μm wired whiteflies. These differences decreased over the 8 h experimental time. In an additional 12 h experiment, a free/tethered comparison was made on the basis of honeydew excretion, using ‘honeydew clock’ recording. By comparing the simultaneous EPGs with honeydew recordings of wired insects, a highly positive correlation was found between total duration of phloem phases and periods of honeydew excretion. Free insects spent longer time in phloem sieve elements than wired ones and shorter intervals occurred before reaching the phloem phase, which always includes phloem feeding. However, when a 2 h adaptation period was given to the wired whiteflies, an improvement could be observed in shortening the interval to the 1st phloem phase and increasing the total time of phloem phases. Although there is still an effect of a 10 μm gold wire on probing behaviour, EPG recording seems an acceptable method for investigating probing behaviour of whiteflies, as long as control whiteflies in behavioural and ecophysiological studies are tethered as well. Using an adaptation procedure to reduce the wire stress is recommended.
Spread of resistance genes in aphid populations—a simulation study
Authors: Schönfisch B. , Tomiuk J. , Wöhrmann K.
Published: August 2009

The model considers the spread of resistance genes in aphid populations. Two modes of aphid life cycles, a holocyclic and an anholocyclic, are simulated. Aphids are assumed to migrate from their primary host plants to two secondary host plants and vice versa causing several bottlenecks. The model studied is an one locus‐two allele model: first, it is assumed that negative selection acts against one homozygous genotype parasiting on the primary as well as secondary host. Secondly, the genotypes are assumed to be differently selected on the two secondary host plants while no selection takes place on the primary host. The model predicts a rapid spread of resistance genes in populations under conditions met in agricultural areas.
Biological activity of 1,8 cineole, a major component of essential oil of Ocimum kenyense (Ayobangira) against stored product beetles
Authors: Obeng‐Ofori D. , Reichmuth CH. , Bekele J. , Hassanali A.
Published: August 2009

The efficacy of 1,8 cineole as repellent, toxicant and grain protectant against Sitophilus granarius, S. zeamais, Tribolium castaneum and Prostephanus truncatus was investiaged in the laboratory using contact toxicity, grain treatment and repellency assays. 1,8 cineole applied topically or imprenated on filter paper, whole wheat as well as maize grains was highly toxic to all the four beetle species. Beetle mortality was dose‐dependent with the highest dose of 10 μl/insect evoking 100% mortalities in the beetles after 24 h exposure. 1,8 cineole was more toxic in grain than on filter paper since the lowest dosage of 0.5 μl/kg controlled all beetles exposed. There was, however, a highly significant loss of toxicity after only 24 h following treatment, irrespective of dosage applied. Development of eggs amd immature stages within grain kernels as well as progeny emergence were completely inhibited in treated grain. 1,8 cineole evoked strong repellent action against S. granarius and S. zeamais but was moderately repellent to T. castanum and P. truncatus. The protectant potential of products derived from O. kenyense against insect damage in traditional grain storage in Africa is discussed.
Host‐finding behaviour of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Col., Bostrichidae): primary attraction or random attack?
Authors: Scholz D. , Tchabi A. , Borgemeister C. , Markham R. H. , Poehling H.‐M. , Lawson A.
Published: August 2009

Host‐finding behaviour of Prostephanus truncatus was evaluated in a four‐choice olfactometer for reactions to odours of maize, cassava chips, wheat, cowpea (a non‐host plant), and woody plant species in which reproduction has been observed, and of organisms associated with maize stores. P. truncatus reacted in general to odours from starchy commodities and to some of the woody plants. Beetles did not respond to volatiles from cowpea or organisms associated with maize stores, but did react to the aggregation pheromone produced by single male P. truncatus (secondary attraction). P. truncatus raised on cassava and emigrants from maize responded as strongly to maize odours as beetles raised on maize, whereas P. truncatus trapped with pheromone traps showed reduced or no reactions. Stored commodities seem to elicit short‐range arrestment, but not primary attraction at long range. However, stored products might only be attacked facultatively by P. truncatus, co‐evolved primary attraction could possibly exist to the native host‐plant complex.
Preference and non‐preference experiments with aerial repellents againstDelia radicumL (Dipt., Anthomyiidae) in a wind tunnel
Authors: den Ouden H. , Alkema D. P. W. , Klijnstra J. W. , Theunissen J. , de Vlieger J. J.
Published: August 2009

In wind tunnel experiments withDelia radicumthe dosage increase efficiency of the repellent salicylaldehyde was studied under preference and non‐preference conditions. In micro field experiments in the tunnel the influence of the repellent on oviposition was measured using different application methods. A concentration of about 43 ng salicylaldehyde/l of air reduced ovipositionc.80%.
Diprionyl esters attractive to males of the dailing pine sawfly Neodiprion dailingensis Xiao et Zhou (Hym., Diprionidae) in north‐eastern China
Authors: Anderbrant O. , Zhang Q.‐H. , Chu D.
Published: August 2009

The attraction of male Neodiprion dailingensis Xiao et Zhou to pheromone substances identified from other Neodiprion species was tested in plantations of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. in Liaoning Province in north‐eastern China. Both the acetate and propionate of (2S,3S,7S)‐3,7‐dimethyl‐2‐pentadecanol (diprionol) were highly attractive. An addition of 10% of the (2S,3R,7R)‐isomer did not significantly reduce the catch to the acetate. The (2S,3R,7R)‐isomer was not attractive by itself. This is the first pheromone study of a species belonging to the recently described East Asian group of Neodiprion. The response of N. dailingensis males is similar to that of N. sertifer males in eastern part of Asia.
Migration in spruce bark beetles (Ips typographis L.) and the efficiency of pheromone traps
Authors: Duelli P. , Zahradnik P. , Knizek M. , Kalinova B.
Published: August 2009

Mark‐release‐recapture experiments with both newly emerged and flight experienced Ips typographus L. were performed in a pine forest near Prague. Three concentric trap circles around the release site with a radius of 5 m, 200 m and 500 m, and intertrap distances of 6 m, 16 m and. maximally, 40 m, were installed with the intention of collecting all dispersing bark beetles ready to respond to pheromone lures. The results show that even without wind and no potential host trees in the surroundings, only about one‐third (35.4%) of the emerging beetles in an infested site can be eliminated locally with phermomone traps. At least 12.2% of the emerging beetles (25.7% of the recaptures), perform an adaptive migration flight, which brings them beyond the range of local pheromone traps. The estimated proportion of emigrants can rise over 50%, if most of the freshly emerged beetles that have never been recaptured are assumed to have left the experimental area. Electroantennograms recorded in the laboratory at different times after emergence indicate that the delayed response to aggregation pheromones in migrating bark beetles is not the result of a delayed maturation of the antennal receptor cells, but obviously governed by the central nervous system. The notion of precopulatory migration in 25–50% of the individuals in an I. typographus population can explain why pheromone traps can never eliminate all emerging beetles, and why so many bark beetles can be collected far away from any breeding sites.
Preference for sites within plant by larvae of the cabbage webworm, Hellula undalis (Fabr.) (Lep., Pyralidae)
Authors: Sivapragasam A. , Chua T. H.
Published: August 2009

A comparative study on the cabbage webworm (CWW), Hellula undalis, with respect to larvae feeding either on the shoot or leaf of cabbage was carried out both in the laboratory and in the field. For the first 2 days after eclosion from the egg, a CWW larva would tend to remain within the mine in the leaf where the egg was deposited. The Lloyd patchiness index (x*/x) suggested that the larval distribution was contagious, although the degree of contagiousness tended to decrease as the larvae grew due to their dispersal movement. This was indicated by the inter‐plant larval movement study, in which most of these larvae were found in the shoot: 84.6% on the source plant and 40% on the neighbouring plants by the ninth day of experiment. For the larvae that fed on the shoot, the duration of the larval and pupal stages were significantly shorter and adult longevity was significantly longer, although the females laid a significantly lower number of eggs than those from larvae that fed on the leaves. However, there were no differences in the size of adults reared either on the shoot or the leaves (body lengths were 7.96 ± 0.12 and 7.82 ± 0.08 mm, respectively), and in the survivorship patterns of the adults. The moths emerging from larvae collected from the cabbage shoot in the field also lived slightly longer but laid fewer eggs than those from the leaves, with the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of 0.11 and 0.07, respectively. The results indicated that the CWW larvae preferred the cabbage shoot (to the leaves) which provides a natural refuge and protection for the CWW larva under field conditions, although it is relatively a poorer food type (3.47 ± 0.17% nitrogen) than the leaf (4.31 ± 0.30% nitrogen) (P < 0.05). The higher fertility of CWW bred from the leaves could possibly be related to the relatively higher percentage nitrogen in the leaves. After eclosion from the eggs, there was initial grouping of larvae in the shoot, and then an eventual decrease which could be due to the limited carrying capacity of the shoot to accommodate more than one larva.
Occurrence of immature stages of olive psyllid Euphyllura phillyreae (Hom., Aphalaridae) in Phillyrea latifolia and Olea europaea in coastal northern Greece
Authors: Prophetou‐Athanasiadou D. A.
Published: August 2009

The occurence of immature stages of olive psylla, Euphyllura phillyreae Foerster on olive trees (Olea europea) and Phillyrea media in northern Greece was studied during the years 1989/90. E. phillyreae, which infests olive trees and Phillyrea latifolia (P. media) in Greece, is univoltine and has an aestival–autumnal–hibernal reproductive diapause as an adult. Immature stages and adults were collected from January 1989 through December 1990 from two groups of P. latifolia, differing in vigour and time of blooming, and from olive trees. On olive, the first eggs were observed on early April. On Phillyrea, eggs were deposited much earlier than on olive. Egg laying was related to host phenology. As the eggs were laid during certain growth stages of the host plant, the various larval instars were also synchronized with certain growth stages of the plant. Therefore, the oviposition and the occurrence of larval stages differ between the three host plants tested and coincide with the proper stage of growth of each plant group. The period from oviposition to adult emergence was longest (3 months) on Phillyrea 1, shorter (2 months) on Phillyrea 2 and shortest (1.5 months) on olives.
Laboratory evaluation of control of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (Lep., Pyralidae) by nematodes of the genus Steinernema (Nematoda, Steinernematidae) at low temperature
Authors: Eculica J. F. , Bečvář S. , Mráček Z. , Kindlmann P.
Published: August 2009

Cold active isolates #76, #102, and #D of Steinernema kraussei and the Czech isolate #B1 of S. feltiae pre‐adapted for the parasitation of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, were used for the laboratory control of the European corn borer larvae and pupae at low temperature. The experiments performed in Petri dishes were divided into two alternatives, both at a constant temperature of 7°C, exposition time 250 h with 200 infective juveniles and 10 insects per dish. In the first experiment the only non‐ligatured Ostrinia larvae and Canadian isolates were tested, while in the second experiment the Canadian isolate #D and Czech isolate #B1 were compared when using against ligatured larvae of the pest. The average mortality of the pest larvae in the first experiment reached maximally 26% and the average number of adult nematodes recovered by dissection was 7.2 per insect in the best #D isolate. Low efficacy of steiner‐nematids to pest larvae was probably significantly influenced by forming a cocoon by insect. In the second experiment the pest larvae were ligatured before nematode application and forming of the cocoon was blocked. Surprisingly, the #B1 isolate killed on average 88.3% of Ostrinia larvae while the cold active #D isolate killed only 48.3% of the pest larvae. Number of recovered adults per insect by dissection was 30.3 in the #B1 isolate and 10 in the #D isolate. The results were analysed by means of one‐way analysis of variance and of t‐test. The percentage of parasitation (P < 0.01) and number of recovered adults (P < 0.05) were statistically significant between S. kraussei #D and S. feltiae #B1. It is speculated that the adaptability of the #B1 isolate had more significant role for the parasitation than the cold activity of the #D isolate.
Comparison of different trapping methods in Agromyzidae (Diptera)
Authors: Scheirs J. , De Bruyn L. , von Tschirnhaus M.
Published: August 2009

Trapping techniques are frequently used to monitor pest species. These trapping techniques have to provide reasonably precise estimates of densities and sex ratios of monitored species in order to apply appropriate insect pest control measures most efficiently. A broad range of trapping methods are applied to gather this basic ecological information. However, few studies question the reliability of trapping methods to obtain accurate data. Here, we investigate the usefulness of traps for the assessment of basic life‐history data in Agromyzidae. In this study, Malaise traps and coloured water traps are compared. Significant deviations of a 1♂: 1♀ sex ratio occurred both in Malaise and colour traps. The bias of these deviations of the sex ratio altered according to the trapping method. In the Malaise traps most significant deviations were female biased. All significant deviations observed in the colour traps were male biased. The overall sex ratio of all captured individuals was in every Malaise trap in favour of the females and in every colour trap in favour of the males. Different trapping methods also revealed intraspecific differences in phenology patterns. Agromyzid flies were trapped earlier in colour traps compared to Malaise traps. Possible explanations for the observed intraspecific differences in sex ratio and phenology pattern between traps are discussed. This study points out that a thorough analysis of the response of a target species to a certain trapping method is needed in order to ascertain the reliability of the collected data. The importance and consequences of these results for monitoring agromyzid pest species are emphasized.
Changes in fecundity of Rhodnius prolixus Sål (Het., Reduviidae) caused by three nucleoside derivatives
Authors: Gelbič I. , Soldán T.
Published: August 2009

(R,S)‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)adenine, 9‐(2‐phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine and D‐eritadenine injected at 0.001–1% concentrations into female flight muscles of Rhodnius prolixus significantly affected their reproduction. Both germarium and vitellarium showed pycnotic cells and degenerative changes of trophic syncytium. Some follicles were vacuolated or invaginated with at least partially resorbed oocytes. Eggs were laid irregularly, the average number of eggs per female per day was 0.83–3.30 (4.45 in controls) and their weight was 10–30% lower. Hatchability of treated females reached 42–67% compared to 84.6% in controls. Changes in Rhodnius prolixus reproduction were dose‐dependent with all compounds studied. D‐eritadenine was an order of magnitude more effective than remaining compounds studied. Fecundity recovered within 3–4 weeks following treatment.
Relative effect of different host feeding site on long‐range host location and electroantennogram response in the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata (Hym., Braconidae)
Authors: Coleman R. A. , Barker A. M. , Fenner M. , King F. C.
Published: August 2009

The effect of host feeding site on the potential host‐finding success of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata was investigated in the tritrophic system Brassica oleracea L. ‐ Pieris brassicae L. (Lep., Pieridae) ‐ Cotesia glomerata L. (Hym., Braconidae). The parasitoids were found to be most attracted to plants with herbivores feeding on upper foliage, less attracted by mid‐plant herbivory and incapable of distinguishing between control plants and plants with herbivory on the lowest leaves. In EAG tests there was no difference in response with respect to volatiles from damage at different levels on the plant. The possible ecological significance of these results are discussed in relation to predicted models of wound‐induced defence and olfactory neurological coding.
Biotypes of the castor bean whitefly Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) in Egypt: biochemical characterization and efficiency of geminivirus transmission
Authors: Idriss M. , Abdallah N. , Aref N. , Haridy G. , Madkour M.
Published: August 2009

The newly introduced castor bean whitefly (CBW) Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) has become an important pest which is widely spread all over Egypt. Biochemical studies were conducted to distinguish the different T. ricini biotypes and to determine the biotype economic threshold based on its ability to transmit plant viruses. Forty‐five samples of T. ricini adults were collected from castor bean (Ricinus communis) at different geographical locations representing the Egyptian Delta and Nile valley governorates. Esterase banding patterns were investigated to evaluate the extent of variation among the tested populations of the castor bean whitefly. Electrophoresis of homogenates of individual T. ricini females showed that there are five different biotypes (C1–C5). The predominant biotype (C1 type) was found in about 80% of the tested locations. In transmission studies, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect geminiviruses in nucleic acid extracted from the different castor bean whitefly biotypes. PCR revealed that the five biotypes of T. ricini are viruliferous. To evaluate the efficiency of the predominant T. ricini biotype for transmitting the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), acquisition and inoculation access periods were determined. PCR indicated that 50% of whitefly adults collected from castor bean, acquired the virus after 10 h exposure to TYLCV infected tomato. Experimentally, the rate of transmission increased as the inoculation access period was lengthened and reached a maximum after 4 h. The obtained symptomatological results were also confirmed by PCR.
Neue Zuchtmethode für Tipula paludosa und Tipula oleracea (Dipt., Tipulidae) und Beobachtungen zur Entwicklung der Laborpopulationen
Authors: Szewezyk D. , Langenbruch G. A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: A new rearing method for Tipula paludosa and Tipula oleracea (Dipt., Tipulidae) and some records on the development of the laboratory population. The previously complicated and labour‐intensive rearing of Tipula spp. has been considerably simplified. The imagines of both sexes are kept in a cage for egg‐laying. The food used is a solution of cane sugar, which attracts at the same time the females. In the direct neighbourhood of the food source, petri dishes are placed, which are filled with moist, marshy soil. The females lay their eggs there. The neonate larvae remain in those dishes, which are then covered. The larvae are fed with fresh plant material, and, later on (mostly in the second instar) are moved into larger dishes. After the third instar the larvae become negative phototactic and live in the ground. Therefore they can be kept in open boxes in a large cage. These rearing boxes are filled with soil, into which two stripes of grass has been sown. The bare soil between the stripes is covered with various plant material. Pupation and emergence of the adults takes place also in those boxes.

During these studies the food preferences of the laboratory strains have been determined, and some details of the Tipula‐development recorded.

Die bisher komplizierte und arbeitsaufwendige Zucht von T. paludosa und T. oleracea wurde wesentlich vereinfacht: Die geschlüpften Imagines beider Geschlechter werden in einem Eiablage‐Käfig gehalten. Als Nahrung dient eine Rohrzuckerlösung, welcher gleichzeitig eine Lockfunktion für die Weibchen zukommt. In unmittelbarer Nähe dieser Lösung befinden sich mit anmooriger, feuchter Erde gefüllte Petrischalen. damit die Weibchen darin ihre Eier ablegen. Die frischgeschlüpften Larven verbleiben in diesen, nach dem Schlupf abgedeckten Schalen, werden mit frischen Pflanzen gefüttert und im Laufe ihrer weiteren Entwicklung in größere Schalen umgesetzt. Ab dem dritten Stadium bleiben die jetzt phototaktisch negativ eingestellten Larven im Boden und können deshalb in einem großen Käfig in offenen Schalen gehalten werden. Diese Pflanzschalen sind mit heranwachsendem Gras und ausgelegten Blättern verschiedener Pflanzenarten bedeckt. Darin erfolgt auch die Verpuppung und das Schlüpfen der Imagines.

Während der Erarbeitung dieser Zuchtmethode wurden Fraßpräferenzen der Laborpopulation festgestellt und einige Einzelheiten der Tipula‐Entwicklung festgehalten.
Prediction models of Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) (Lep., Tortricidae) infestation using soil and tree factors
Authors: Sun Jianghua , Kulhavy D. L. , Yan Shan‐Chun
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Prediction models for estimating infestations by Nantucket pine tip moth (NPTM), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) in young loblolly pine plantations in East Texas were developed using multivariate regression analysis based on selected soil and tree factors. Results of regression models show that foliage nutrients, tree water potential and tree height play important roles in NPTM infestation. Overall, these factors predict whole tree infestation better than top two whorls infestation. The importance and correlation of the factors differed for the prediction model of top two whorl and whole tree infestations.
Potential use of the three frequently occurring sugars in honey to predict stingless bee entomological origin
Authors: Vit P. , Fernandez‐Maeso M. C. , Ortiz‐Valbuena A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Stingless bee honeys were extracted from 27 nests in the West and South of Venezuela and analysed by HPLC for sugar content. The concentration and ratios of the three frequently occurring sugars, fructose, glucose and maltose, were related to the entomological origin of the samples. The fact that an unusual high maltose content was characteristic for Trigonini honeys was further explored to propose its use as a predictor of entomological origin. A dendrogram with normalized values of maltose was successfully used to cluster honeys of the same stingless bee tribe, except for Scaptotrigona spp. Three maltose ratios were calculated and all of them were distinctive for Meliponini, Trigonini and the intermediate Scaptotrigona spp. honeys. The hexoses‐to‐maltose ratio is the proposed predictor because differences at the tribe level are easily observed without further statistical analysis; in the present set of honeys, Scaptotrigona spp. presented values between 11 and 12, other Trigonini were lower than 3 and Meliponini were higher than 15.
Host selection by Aphidius rosae Haliday (Hym., Braconidae) with respect to assessment of host specificity in biological control
Authors: Kitt J. T. , Keller M. A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Discrete steps in the process of host selection of Aphidius rosae Haliday (Hym., Braconidae Aphidiinae), a parasitoid of the rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae (L.) (Hem., Aphididae), were studied to assess its specificity in the Australian environment. In a wind tunnel females were strongly attracted only to roses when given a choice between uninfested shoots of hybrid Rosa sp., var. Tea‐hybrid and various other plants. The parasitoids were not able to distinguish between infested and uninfested roses when the shoots were 30 cm apart, but they preferred to land on infested plants when shoots were placed only 5 cm apart. These results suggest that aphid‐related volatiles involved in host location are detectable by the wasp only over a short distance. Experienced and inexperienced parasitoids were presented with a range of aphid species in choice and no‐choice tests. Only the host M. rosae and to a much lesser extent the non‐host Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) were attacked. No larvae of A. rosae were found in M. euphorbiae that were stung when these were dissected. To assess host specificity we argue that more attention should be paid towards the entire host selection process from location of host habitats to location of hosts, host acceptance and host suitability.
Patch level variation on bark beetle attack (Col., Scolytidae) on snapped and uprooted trees in Norway spruce primeval natural forest in endemic conditions: Species distribution
Authors: Jakuš R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The pattern of bark beetle distribution on snapped and uprooted Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees in endemic forests of Central Slovakia was studied. Data were obtained from 452 samples on two snapped and five uprooted trees. Ips typographus, I. amitinus, Dryocoetes spp., Hylurgops palliatus, H. glabratus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Polygraphius poligraphus, Po. subopacus, Pityophthorus pityographus, Xyloterus lineatus and Xilechinus pilosus were present. Results from correlation and cluster analyses show these beetles attacked a distinct area of bark. There was little or no overlap among areas attacked by cambiophagous bark beetles. However, cambiophagous and xylophagous species were seen to attack the same area.
Reduced attack by the olive moth (Prays oleae) following application of artificial food to the olive tree canopy
Authors: McEwen P. K. , Morris T.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The application of a solution comprising yeast autolysate, sugar and water to the olive tree canopy resulted in a subsequent reduction in attack by the olive moth (Prays oleae) in comparison with either untreated trees or trees in other treatments described. Results are discussed in relation to insect predators, and problems relating to the estimation of olive moth egg numbers in the field.
Changes in the incidence of African cassava mosaic virus disease and the abundance of its whitefly vector along south–north transects in Uganda
Authors: Legg J. P. , Ogwal S.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Surveys of the incidence of African cassava mosaic disease (ACMD) and its whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, were made at three‐month intervals in 1992 and 1993 along two south–north transects. One was in central and the other in eastern Uganda. ACMD incidence was high within the northern localities of each transect and low towards the south. Incidence increased over the period at localities on the ACMD epidemic ‘front’ which was the interface between high incidence areas to the north and low incidence areas to the south. Combining data for both transects, the relationship between ‘infective potential’ (the product of whitefly number and the incidence of ACMD attributed to the use of infected cuttings, ‘x’) and the increase in proportion of infected plants caused by whiteflies (‘y’, as transformed to account for multiple infection) was described by the straight line regression: y = 47.8x + 9.2 (F ratio = 63.0, r2 = 0.78). This emphasises the importance for control of reducing ACMD incidence by phytosanitation and/or use of resistant varieties since reduction of whitefly numbers is not easily achieved. Possible mechanisms for the expansion of the ACMD epidemic and implications of the study findings for control of ACMD are discussed.