bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grazing increases the unsaturated fatty acid concentration of milk from grass‐fed cows: A review of the contributing factors, challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Elgersma Anjo
Published: July 2015

Grazing animals walk outdoors and harvest fresh herbage from a three‐dimensional canopy. Botanical composition and grassland management in various farming systems affect herbage intake and milk fatty acid (FA) composition. Grazing animals encounter a vertical gradient while grazing down a sward; responses in milk FA composition are discussed. Grazing animals have diets rich in poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly α‐linolenic acid (C18:3n‐3). Concentrates and starch‐rich fodders affect rumen retention time of the feed, increase linoleic acid (C18:2n‐6) intake, and alter biohydrogenation pathways toward less n‐3 PUFA and less rumenic acid (conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer C18:2c9t11), leading to lower contents of these compounds in the milk. Milk from grazing‐based production systems including organic systems, therefore, has less saturated and more n‐3PUFA and CLAc9t11 which is considered beneficial for health. The occurrence of natural trans FA (t11) in milk predominates with grazing whereas intensive feeding practices enhance t10‐FA, with possible negative health effects. FA intake – output relations can differ among plant species due to rapid rumen passage rate or compounds protecting PUFA, resulting in more PUFA in milk. Methodological constraints for FA measurement in herbages are discussed. Trends in grazing and dairy farming systems and implications for milk FA composition are addressed.

Practical applications: Grazing is important for fresh forage intake, animal health and natural behaviour, landscape values and grassland biodiversity. Grazing is a political, societal and marketing issue in The Netherlands where retailers since 2011 sell dairy products labelled as “pasture‐milk” and dairies pay a premium to farmers whose cows get access to pasture. Grazing affects green leaf intake because animals can select. Pasture allowance enhances α‐linolenic acid and CLAc9t11 (rumenic acid) concentrations in milk fat. FA need to be designated by unique names; CLA is a generic term and isomers give rise to different biological responses. As some forbs reduce biohydrogenation, grassland species diversity may improve PUFA transfer efficiency from feed to milk. Trends in animal genetics and increased herd size, TMR feeding and automated milking systems cause reduction of grazing in Europe, which can increase saturated and trans‐10 milk FA concentrations and reduce naturally occurring fat‐soluble vitamins and antioxidants in dairy products.

Grazing (pasture‐feeding versus indoor with conserved forage and concentrates) increases n‐3 PUFA and trans‐11 over trans‐10 FA in cow milk when cows can select, as leaves have high n‐3 PUFA concentrations; biodiverse grasslands enhance this effect as some forbs show less PUFA rumen biohydrogenation than grasses, thus increasing efficiency of PUFA transfer from forage to milk.
Chemical compositions and properties of virgin coconut oil extracted using protease from hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp
Authors: Senphan Theeraphol , Benjakul Soottawat
Published: July 2015

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) was extracted from coconut milk with the aid of crude protease extract (CPE) from hepatopancreas of Pacific white shrimp at different levels (5–15 U/g protein) for various hydrolysis times (0–24 h). Yield of VCO increased within the first 6 h. The use of CPE exhibited similar extraction efficiency to the typical fermentation process. However, lipids extracted with fermentation process underwent oxidation to a higher extent, compared with those extracted using CPE. CPE increased the creaming index and induced the collapse of oil droplets in coconut milk, as determined by the phase contrast microscope. VCO contained medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), especially lauric acid (C12:0), as the most abundant fatty acid, followed by myristic acid (C14:0). Therefore, VCO could be extracted using CPE at room temperature for 6 h, in which the extraction yield was increased and lipid oxidation was negligible.

Practical applications: Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas can be a major source of proteases, especially trypsin, that can be used for hydrolysis of lipoprotein or to destabilize emulsion. Proteases from shrimp hepatopancreas could be used as a promising processing aid for virgin coconut oil extraction, in which the cost associated with commercial enzymes could be reduced and the proteases from shrimp processing byproducts were better exploited. The proteases from shrimp hepatopancreas can therefore be of benefit for the virgin coconut oil processing enterprise or industry by increasing extraction efficacy via destabilzation of coconut milk emulsion.

Proteases from Pacific white shrimp hepatopancreas can be used as the aid for VCO extraction via the accelerated emulsion destabilization without any negative effect on quality.
Selective synthesis of propenyl‐branched diunsaturated fatty esters via catalytic codimerization of ethyl linoleate and propylene
Authors: Erb Benjamin , Dierker Markus , Ohlmann Dominik M. , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: July 2015

A bimetallic catalyst system consisting of RhCl3 and Pd(MeCN)2Cl2 efficiently promotes the conversion of ethyl linoleate selectively to mono‐propenylated diunsaturated products. The reaction proceeds in high yields under mild conditions. The key advantage of the new process is that it is based on the readily available linoleate rather than a preformed conjuenic acid ester.

Practical applications: The new protocol opens up a high yielding and environmentally friendly method for the introduction of side chains with a defined length into fatty acid derivatives. The products are of profound potential interest for industrial applications, e.g., in lubricants, cosmetics, plastics, and coatings, as branched fatty acids are known to have a lower solidifying point and viscosity and an increased solubility than their linear counterparts.

Rh/Pd‐catalyzed selective conversion of ethyl linoleate to mono‐propenylated diunsaturated products under mild conditions.
Isomerization of the 2‐Norbornyl Carbocation
Authors: Lobb Kevin A.
Published: July 2015

In order to elucidate the mechanism for the isomerization of the 2‐norbornyl carbocation into its most stable isomer, the 1,3‐dimethylcyclopentenyl carbocation, an extensive set of the possible isomers of C7H11+ has been generated. Each one of these may undergo a number of transformations, and location of these transition states provides a searchable graph, from which pathways may be identified. This reveals that the preferred route for isomerization of the 2‐norbornyl carbocation is not by ring opening of the non‐classical center as has been reported in the literature (with an activation energy of 33.2 kcal/mol), but is initiated by cleavage of the C3–C4 bond (23.5 kcal/mol). Further, no single mechanism is sufficient to describe the full sequence of isomerizations of the 2‐norbornyl carbocation to its most stable isomer, the 1,3‐dimethylcylcopentenyl carbocation, but rather a collection (> 109) of pathways.
Role of TRPV1 and ASIC3 channels in experimental occlusal interference‐induced hyperalgesia in rat masseter muscle
Authors: Xu X.X. , Cao Y. , Ding T.T. , Fu K.Y. , Li Y. , Xie Q.F.
Published: July 2015

Background

Masticatory muscle pain may occur following immediate occlusal alteration by dental treatment. The underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) and acid‐sensing ion channel‐3 (ASIC3) mediate muscle hyperalgesia under various pathologic conditions. We have developed a rat model of experimental occlusal interference (EOI) that consistently induces mechanical hyperalgesia in jaw muscles. Whether TRPV1 and ASIC3 mediate this EOI‐induced hyperalgesia is unknown.

Methods

Rat model of EOI‐induced masseter hyperalgesia was established. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and retrograde labelling combined with immunofluorescence were performed to evaluate the modulation of TRPV1 and ASIC3 expression in trigeminal ganglia (TGs) and masseter afferents of rats after EOI. The effects of intramuscular administration of TRPV1 and ASIC3 antagonists on the EOI‐induced hyperalgesia in masseter muscle were examined.

Results

After EOI, gene expressions and protein levels of TRPV1 and ASIC3 in bilateral TGs were up‐regulated. The percentage of ASIC3‐ (but not TRPV1‐) positive neurons in masseter afferents increased after EOI. More small‐sized and small to medium‐sized masseter afferents expressed TRPV1 and ASIC3 separately following EOI. These changes peaked at day 7 and then returned to original status within 10 days after EOI. Intramuscular administration of the TRPV1 antagonist AMG‐9810 partially reversed this mechanical hyperalgesia in masseter muscle. No improvement was exhibited after administration of the ASIC3 antagonist APETx2. Co‐injection of AMG‐9810 and APETx2 enhanced the effect of AMG‐9810 administration alone.

Conclusions

Peripheral TRPV1 and ASIC3 contribute to the development of the EOI‐induced mechanical hyperalgesia in masseter muscle.
A Highly Sensitive Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon Nanotube and a Co(II) Complex Modified Carbon Paste Electrode: Simultaneous Determination of Isoprenaline, Captopril and Tryptophan
Authors: Rajabzadeh Nooshin , Benvidi Ali , Mazloum‐Ardakani Mohammad , Firouzabadi Afsaneh Dehghani , Vafazadeh Rasoul
Published: July 2015

This paper describes the development of a reduced graphene oxide (RGO), carbon nanotube (CNT) and Co(II) complex (cobalt(II) bis (benzoylacetone) ethylenediimino) (CBE) modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for simultaneous determination of isoprenaline (IP), captopril (CAP) and tryptophan (Try). A pair of well‐defined redox peaks of Co(II) complex were obtained through a direct electron transfer between the Co(II) complex and the CPE. The proposed sensor showed very efficient electrocatalytic activity for anodic oxidation of IP in a 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) exhibited two linear dynamic ranges of 0.125–30.0 µM and 30.0–300.0 µM for IP. The detection limit for IP was found to be 50 nM. The proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of IP in real samples such as human blood serum, urine and IP ampoule.
Impedimetric Detection of DNA Damage with the Sensor Based on Silver Nanoparticles and Neutral Red
Authors: Kuzin Yury , Porfireva Anna , Stepanova Veronika , Evtugyn Vladimir , Stoikov Ivan , Evtugyn Gennady , Hianik Tibor
Published: July 2015

Novel electrochemical DNA‐sensor based on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with Ag nanoparticles, Neutral red covalently attached to its surface and native DNA adsorbed on modifier coating was developed for the estimation of DNA damage on example of model system based on Fenton reagent. As was shown, the oxidation process resulted in synchronous increase of electron transfer resistance and capacitance measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The contribution of each sensor component on the signal was specified and sensitivity estimated against similar surface coatings. The shift of EIS parameters was found to be higher than that of similar biosensors reported. The DNA sensor was tested on the estimation of antioxidant capacity of green tea infusions again the results of coulometric titration with electrogenerated bromine.
Imaging the dynamic platelet‐neutrophil response in sterile liver injury and repair in mice
Authors: Slaba Ingrid , Wang Jing , Kolaczkowska Elzbieta , McDonald Braedon , Lee Woo‐Yong , Kubes Paul
Published: July 2015

Although platelets have been extensively studied in hemostasis and inflammation, their role is not well understood in sterile liver injury and repair. Using a thermally induced focal liver injury and repair model and multichannel spinning disk confocal microscopy allowed visualization of the dynamic behavior of platelets and neutrophils in this insult. Platelets instantaneously adhered to molecularly altered sinusoidal endothelium adjacent to the afflicted area, paving approximately 200 µm abutting the injury. Platelets remained adherent for at least 4 hours, but dissipated by 8 hours. The early recruitment occurred by GPIIbIIIa (CD41) and the later recruitment was dependent upon both GPIIbIIIa and GPIb (CD42B). Platelets did not occlude the vessels, but rather paved the altered endothelium. Endothelin‐induced vasoconstriction by hepatic stellate cells, and not platelet accumulation or coagulation, was responsible for temporarily restricted perfusion around the injury. Neutrophils crawled into the injury from significant distances through the sinusoids. The crawling neutrophils required the platelet‐paved endothelium given that very little neutrophil recruitment was noted in thrombocytopenic or CD41‐deficient mice. As platelets slowly dissipated, neutrophil recruitment was also halted. Previous work suggested that platelets binding to immobilized neutrophils induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in response to infection as well as during thrombosis and other forms of sterile injury. In this model of neutrophils crawling on immobilized platelets, very few NETs were observed and no additional injury was noted. In fact, GPIIbIIIa‐deficient mice had delayed repair. Conclusion: In a liver model of sterile injury and repair, platelets play a critical role in forming a substratum and pave the way for neutrophils to enter the injured site for subsequent repair. (Hepatology 2015;62:1593–1605)
Effects of Novel ncRNA Molecules, p15‐piRNAs, on the Methylation of DNA and Histone H3 of the CDKN2B Promoter Region in U937 Cells
Authors: Wu Dansen , Fu Haiying , Zhou Huarong , Su Junnan , Zhang Feng , Shen Jianzhen
Published: July 2015

Non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play key roles in epigenetic events. However, the exact mechanism of ncRNA guidance, particularly piwi‐interacting RNAs (piRNAs), for the targeting of epigenetic regulatory factors to specific gene regions is unclear. Although piRNA function was first established in germ‐line cells, piRNA may be crucial in cancer cells. This study investigated the potential roles of CDKN2B‐related piRNA in leukemia cells to provide a potential tumorigenesis model of leukemia. CDKN2B‐related piRNAs, hsa_piR_014637 and hsa_piR_011186 were transduced into the leukemia cell line U937 to study the effect of these two piRNAs on cell‐cycle progression, apoptosis, heterochromatin formation, CDKN2B methylation and expression. Our results show that over‐expressing hsa_piR_011186 promoted cell‐cycle progression and decreased apoptosis. We also observed inhibition of CDKN2B gene expression. These effects were likely mediated by novel piRC (piRNA complex) of CDKN2B‐related piRNA that associate with DNMT1, Suv39H1 and/or EZH2 proteins to modulate the methylation of DNA and histone H3 in the promoter region of the CDKN2B gene. The novel piRC complex facilitated epigenetic modifications on the promoter of cell‐cycle regulating genes, providing an expanded view of the role of piRNA in the progression of leukemia cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2744–2754, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linear, planar, and tubular molecular structures constructed by double planar tetracoordinate carbon D2h C2(BeH)4 species via hydrogen‐bridged BeH2Be bonds
Authors: Zhao Xue‐Feng , Li Haixia , Yuan Cai‐Xia , Li Yan‐Qin , Wu Yan‐Bo , Wang Zhi‐Xiang
Published: July 2015

This computational study identifies the rhombic D2h C2(BeH)4 (2a) to be a species featuring double planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs). Aromaticity and the peripheral BeBeBeBe bonding around CC core contribute to the stabilization of the ptC structure. Although the ptC structure is not a global minimum, its high kinetic stability and its distinct feature of having a bonded C2 core from having two separated carbon atoms in the global minimum and other low‐lying minima could make the ptC structure to be preferred if the carbon source is dominated by C2 species. The electron deficiency of the BeH group allows the ptC species to serve as building blocks to construct large/nanostructures, such as linear chains, planar sheets, and tubes, via intermolecular hydrogen‐bridged bonds (HBBs). Formation of one HBB bond releases more than 30.0 kcal/mol of energy, implying the highly exothermic formation processes and the possibility to synthesize these nano‐size structures. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyponatremia: a significant factor in a poor prognosis for cirrhosis with Child A/B after variceal eradication
Authors: Maruyama Hitoshi , Kondo Takayuki , Sekimoto Tadashi , Kiyono Soichiro , Shimada Taro , Takahashi Masanori , Okugawa Hidehiro , Yokosuka Osamu
Published: July 2015

Background

To identify prognostic factors prospectively in cirrhosis after the eradication of esophageal varices (EV).

Methods

There were 52 cirrhosis patients (Child–Pugh A 24, B 28) who showed the eradication of EV after the endoscopic sclerotherapy (median observation period, 25.5 months).

Results

Eighteen patients showed a recurrence of EV. The cumulative overall survival rate was 92.2% at 1 year, 70.9% at 3 years, and 47.2% at 5 years. Univariate analysis showed that serum sodium concentration (hazard ratio [HR] 0.724, P = 0.0006), serum aspartate transaminase (HR 1.019, P = 0.0075), serum alanine transaminase (HR 1.025, P = 0.0239), and serum creatinine (HR 11.311, P = 0.044) levels before treatment were significant factors for a poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis revealed that serum sodium concentration (HR 0.711, P = 0.0022) was the only significant factor. The cumulative survival rate was lower in patients with hyponatremia (<135 mEq/l, a best cut‐off value; 83.3% at 1 year, and 33.3% at 3 years), than in those without (93.3% at 1 year, 77.3% at 3 years and 47.2% at 5 years).

Conclusions

Pre‐treatment hyponatremia is a significant prognostic factor in cirrhosis with Child A/B after the eradication of EV by the endoscopic sclerotherapy.
Structure and function of placental exchange surfaces in goodeid fishes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes)
Authors: Schindler Joachim F.
Published: July 2015

Cover illustration. Species of goodeid fish have evolved reproductive strategies involving intraovarian gestation, early evacuation of nearly yolk‐exhausted embryos from the ovigerous tissue into the ovarian cavity, placental matrotrophy during intraluminal gestation, and the birth of highly developed fry. The cover image shows a cross section of the gravid ovary of Xenotoca eiseni (see paper by Schindler, pp. 992–1004). —This issue of the Journal of Morphology presents three review papers on the evolution of viviparity and fetal nutritional adaptations. See also a comprehensive collection of papers in our virtual issue on “Fetal Nutritional Adaptations”.
Harnessing demographic differences in organizations: What moderates the effects of workplace diversity?
Authors: Guillaume Yves R.F. , Dawson Jeremy F. , Otaye‐Ebede Lilian , Woods Stephen A. , West Michael A.
Published: July 2015

To account for the double‐edged nature of demographic workplace diversity (i.e,. relational demography, work group diversity, and organizational diversity) effects on social integration, performance, and well‐being‐related variables, research has moved away from simple main effect approaches and started examining variables that moderate these effects. While there is no shortage of primary studies of the conditions under which diversity leads to positive or negative outcomes, it remains unclear which contingency factors make it work. Using the Categorization‐Elaboration Model as our theoretical lens, we review variables moderating the effects of workplace diversity on social integration, performance, and well‐being outcomes, focusing on factors that organizations and managers have control over (i.e., strategy, unit design, human resource, leadership, climate/culture, and individual differences). We point out avenues for future research and conclude with practical implications. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Organizational Behavior published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Casein/natamycin edible films efficiency for controlling mould growth and on microbiological, chemical and sensory properties during the ripening of Kashar cheese
Authors: Yangılar Filiz , Oğuzhan Yıldız Pınar
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of the dipping application of coating materials such as casein (Cas), casein/natamycin (Cas/N) and natamycin (N) solutions on chemical (e.g. pH, dry matter, fat, acidity, salt, protein, water‐soluble nitrogen, ripening index, 12% trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen and pH 4.6 soluble nitrogen), microbial (e.g. total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria in MRS, lactic acid bacteria in M17, coliforms and mould) and organoleptic properties of Kashar cheese samples during ripening (3, 30, 60 and 90 days).

RESULTS

The difference in microbiological and chemical changes between samples were found to be significant (P < 0.05) during the ripening period. The highest and lowest mould counts were determined for the control (2.87 log cfu g−1) and the Cas/N (<1 log cfu g−1) samples, respectively, at 90 days of ripening. Compared to other cheeses, control and Cas/N‐coated cheeses had higher levels of water‐soluble nitrogen and ripening index at in the end of storage. The Cas/N‐coated cheese samples were preferred more by the panellists, while N‐coated cheese samples received the lowest scores.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that coating could be used to improve the quality of Kashar cheese during ripening. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Social Information Processing in Anger Expression and Partner Violence in Returning U.S. Veterans
Authors: Taft Casey T. , Weatherill Robin P. , Scott Jillian Panuzio , Thomas Sarah A. , Kang Han K. , Eckhardt Christopher I.
Published: July 2015

We examined social information processing factors that could represent pathways through which posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms relate to anger expression and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in returning U.S. veterans. The sample included 92 male Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans, primarily Caucasian (77.4%), with smaller numbers of African American, Asian, Hispanic or Latino, American Indian or Alaskan Native, and other minority participants (9.7%, 2.2%, 2.2%, 3.2%, and 5.3% respectively). The average age was 40.37 (SD = 9.63) years. Data were collected through self‐report questionnaires (PTSD Checklist, State‐Trait Anger Expression Scale, Revised Conflict Tactics Scales) and the Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations experimental protocol. Laboratory‐based assessment of cognitive biases and hostile attributions were tested as mediators of associations between PTSD symptoms and anger expression and IPV. Among the PTSD symptom clusters, hyperarousal symptoms were most strongly associated with anger expression (r = .50) and IPV perpetration (r = .27). Cognitive biases mediated associations between PTSD total scores and 3 of 4 PTSD cluster scores as well as anger expression. Hostile attribution biases were also associated with IPV perpetration (r = .23). We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding social information processing mechanisms for the relationship between PTSD symptoms and aggression.
Prolonged Exposure Therapy With Veterans and Active Duty Personnel Diagnosed With PTSD and Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wolf Gregory K. , Kretzmer Tracy , Crawford Eric , Thors Christina , Wagner H. Ryan , Strom Thad Q. , Eftekhari Afsoon , Klenk Megan , Hayward Laura , Vanderploeg Rodney D.
Published: July 2015

The present study used archival clinical data to analyze the delivery and effectiveness of prolonged exposure (PE) and ancillary services for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans (N = 69) with histories of mild to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Data from standard clinical assessments of veterans and active duty personnel treated in both inpatient and outpatient programs at 2 Department of Veteran Affairs medical centers were examined. Symptoms were assessed with self‐report measures of PTSD (PTSD Checklist) and depression (Beck Depression Inventory‐II) before and throughout therapy. Mixed linear models were utilized to determine the slope of reported symptoms throughout treatment, and the effects associated with fixed factors such as site, treatment setting (residential vs. outpatient), and TBI severity were examined. Results demonstrated significant decreases in PTSD, B = −3.00, 95% CI [−3.22, −2.78]; t(210) = −13.5; p < .001, and in depressive symptoms, B = −1.46, 95% CI [−1.64, −1.28]; t(192) = −8.32; p < .001. The effects of PE treatment did not differ by clinical setting and participants with moderate to severe injuries reported more rapid gains than those with a history of mild TBI. The results provide evidence that PE may well be effective for veterans with PTSD and TBI.
Ozonolysis of a Series of Methylated Alkenes: Reaction Rate Coefficients and Gas‐Phase Products
Authors: Braure Tristan , Riffault Véronique , Tomas Alexandre , Olariu Romeo Iulian , Arsene Cecilia , Bedjanian Yuri , Coddeville Patrice
Published: July 2015

The gas‐phase ozonolysis of three methylated alkenes, i.e., trans‐2,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hexene (22dM3H), trans‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3‐hexene (25dM3H), and 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene (4M1P), has been investigated in the presence of sufficient hydroxyl radical scavenger in a laminar flow reactor at ambient temperature (296 ± 2 K) and P = 1 atm of dry air (RH ≤ 5%). Ozone levels in the reactor were monitored by an automatic analyzer. Alkene and gas‐phase product concentrations were determined via online sampling either on three‐bed adsorbent cartridges followed by thermodesorption and GC/FID‐MS analysis or on 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridges for subsequent HPLC/UV analysis. Reaction rate coefficients of (3.38 ± 0.12) × 10−17 for 22dM3H and (2.71 ± 0.26) × 10−17 for 25dM3H, both in cm3 molecule−1 s−1 units, have been obtained under pseudo–first‐order conditions. Primary carbonyl products have been identified for the three investigated alkenes, and branching ratios are reported. In the case of 4M1P ozonolysis, the yield of a Criegee intermediate was indirectly determined. Kinetics and product study results are compared to those of literature when available. This work represents the first investigation of reaction products in the ozonolysis of 22dM3H, 25dM3H, and 4M1P in a flow reactor.
Supplier Development: A Knowledge Management Perspective
Authors: Chen Liang , Ellis Scott , Holsapple Clyde
Published: July 2015

As a key supply chain management practice, supplier development has been found to yield positive performance and capability consequences. However, it remains unclear why these consequences are achieved. Even though supplier development is predicated on knowledge management activities, it is rarely studied from a knowledge management perspective. In order to bring greater clarity to the connections between supplier development and its consequences, we leverage the knowledge chain theory to capture buyers' and suppliers' knowledge management activities in supplier development. Through an extensive review and systematic classification of supplier development activities in the literature, this study generates a reliable catalog of supplier development activities, finds support for the knowledge management perspective, and reveals the extent to which supplier development activities are knowledge‐based activities. In addition, we generate an integrated definition, a meaningful taxonomy, and a comprehensive implementation approach for supplier development. Further, we illuminate how positive performance and capability consequences of supplier development can be achieved through the design and execution of knowledge activities embedded within supplier development activities. This study contributes to extant research by articulating the important role of knowledge and knowledge management in supplier development and advancing a comprehensive, unified, organized foundation for understanding supplier development and its link with performance. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonmotor Symptoms in Dopa‐Responsive Dystonia
Authors: Antelmi Elena , Stamelou Maria , Liguori Rocco , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: July 2015

Background

Dopa‐responsive dystonia (DRD) is a rare inherited dystonia, caused by an autosomal dominantly inherited defect in the gene GCH1 that encodes guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1. It catalyzes the first and rate‐limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin, which is the essential co‐factor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Mutation results in the typical scenario of a young‐onset lower‐limb dystonia with diurnal fluctuations, concurrent or subsequent development of parkinsonism and excellent response to levodopa. Given the myriad functions of tetrahydrobiopterin, it is reasonable that other systems, apart from motor, would also be impaired. So far, non‐motor symptoms have been overlooked and very few and often contrasting data are currently available on the matter.

Methods

Here by searching the Medline database for publications between 1971 to March 2015, we render an in‐depth analysis of all published data on non‐motor symptoms in DRD.

Results

Depression and subtle sleep quality impairment have been reported among the different cohorts, while current data do not support any alterations of the cardiologic and autonomic systems. However, there is debate about the occurrence of sleep‐related movement disorders and cognitive function. Non‐motor symptoms are instead frequently reported among the clinical spectrum of other neurotransmitter disorders which may sometimes mimic DRD phenotype, ie, DRD plus diseases.

Conclusions

Further studies in larger and treatment‐naïve cohorts are needed to better elucidate the extend of non‐motor symptoms in DRD and also to consider treatment for these.
Predicting Melting Points of Organic Molecules: Applications to Aqueous Solubility Prediction Using the General Solubility Equation
Authors: McDonagh J. L. , van Mourik T. , Mitchell J. B. O.
Published: July 2015

In this work we make predictions of several important molecular properties of academic and industrial importance to seek answers to two questions:

1) Can we apply efficient machine learning techniques, using inexpensive descriptors, to predict melting points to a reasonable level of accuracy?

2) Can values of this level of accuracy be usefully applied to predicting aqueous solubility?

We present predictions of melting points made by several novel machine learning models, previously applied to solubility prediction. Additionally, we make predictions of solubility via the General Solubility Equation (GSE) and monitor the impact of varying the logP prediction model (AlogP and XlogP) on the GSE. We note that the machine learning models presented, using a modest number of 2D descriptors, can make melting point predictions in line with the current state of the art prediction methods (RMSE≥40 °C). We also find that predicted melting points, with an RMSE of tens of degrees Celsius, can be usefully applied to the GSE to yield accurate solubility predictions (log10S RMSE<1) over a small dataset of drug‐like molecules.
Quercetin is a potent anti‐atherosclerotic compound by activation of SIRT1 signaling under oxLDL stimulation
Authors: Hung Ching‐Hsia , Chan Shih‐Hung , Chu Pei‐Ming , Tsai Kun‐Ling
Published: July 2015

Scope

Atherosclerosis is believed to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that quercetin is a potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory compound. The molecular mechanisms underlying its protective effects against oxidative stress in human endothelial cells remain unclear. This study was designed to confirm the hypothesis that quercetin inhibits oxidized LDL (oxLDL) induced endothelial oxidative damage by activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and to explore the role of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), which is a negative regulator of Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐oxidase (NADPH oxidase) and free radicals.

Methods and results

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were treated with oxLDL with or without quercetin pretreatment. We found that quercetin pretreatment increased SIRT1 mRNA expression. In fact, quercetin protected against oxLDL‐impaired SIRT1 and AMPK activities and reduced oxLDL‐activated NOX2 and NOX4. However, silencing SIRT1 and AMPK diminished the protective function of quercetin against oxidative injuries. The results also indicated that oxLDL suppressed AKT/endothelial NO synthase, impaired mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhanced reactive oxygen species formation, activating the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF‐κB) pathway.

Conclusion

These results provide new insight regarding the possible molecular mechanisms of quercetin. Quercetin suppresses oxLDL‐induced endothelial oxidative injuries by activating SIRT1 and modulating the AMPK/NADPH oxidase/AKT/endothelial NO synthase signaling pathway.
Digestibility of gluten proteins is reduced by baking and enhanced by starch digestion
Authors: Smith Frances , Pan Xiaoyan , Bellido Vincent , Toole Geraldine A. , Gates Fred K. , Wickham Martin S. J. , Shewry Peter R. , Bakalis Serafim , Padfield Philip , Mills E. N. Clare
Published: July 2015

Scope

Resistance of proteins to gastrointestinal digestion may play a role in determining immune‐mediated adverse reactions to foods. However, digestion studies have largely been restricted to purified proteins and the impact of food processing and food matrices on protein digestibility is poorly understood.

Methods and results

Digestibility of a total gliadin fraction (TGF), flour (cv Hereward), and bread was assessed using in vitro batch digestion with simulated oral, gastric, and duodenal phases. Protein digestion was monitored by SDS‐PAGE and immunoblotting using monoclonal antibodies specific for celiac‐toxic sequences (QQSF, QPFP) and starch digestion by measuring undigested starch. Whereas the TGF was rapidly digested during the gastric phase the gluten proteins in bread were virtually undigested and digested rapidly during the duodenal phase only if amylase was included. Duodenal starch digestion was also slower in the absence of duodenal proteases.

Conclusion

The baking process reduces the digestibility of wheat gluten proteins, including those containing sequences active in celiac disease. Starch digestion affects the extent of protein digestion, probably because of gluten‐starch complex formation during baking. Digestion studies using purified protein fractions alone are therefore not predictive of digestion in complex food matrices.
Estimating the prevalence of any impairing childhood mental disorder in the national health interview survey
Authors: Ringeisen Heather , Aldworth Jeremy , Colpe Lisa J. , Pringle Beverly , Simile Catherine
Published: July 2015

This study investigates whether the six‐item Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire SDQ (five symptoms and one impact item) included in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) can be used to construct models that accurately estimate the prevalence of any impairing mental disorder among children 4–17 years old as measured by a shortened Child/Adolescent or Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA or PAPA). A subsample of 217 NHIS respondents completed a follow‐up CAPA or PAPA interview. Logistic regression models were developed to model presence of any child mental disorder with impairment (MDI) or with severe impairment (MDSI). Models containing only the SDQ impact item exhibited highly biased prevalence estimates. The best‐performing model included information from both the five symptom SDQ items and the impact item, where absolute bias was reduced and sensitivity and concordance were increased. This study illustrates the importance of using all available information from the six‐item SDQ to accurately estimate the prevalence of any impairing childhood mental disorder from the NHIS. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nerve ultrasound identifies abnormalities in the posterior interosseous nerve in patients with proximal radial neuropathies
Authors: Dietz Alexander R. , Bucelli Robert C. , Pestronk Alan , Zaidman Craig M.
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The radial nerve and posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) are prone to injury at multiple sites. Electrodiagnostic (EDx) studies may only identify the most proximal lesion. Nerve ultrasound could augment EDx by visualizing additional pathology. Methods: This investigation was a retrospective examination of ultrasound and EDx from 26 patients evaluated for posterior cord/radial/PIN lesions. Results: Eighteen of 26 patients had abnormalities on EDx (15 radial, 2 PIN, 1 posterior cord). Ultrasound identified 15 of 18 (83%) of the EDx abnormalities and provided additional diagnostic information. In 6 of 15 (40%) patients with EDx evidence of radial neuropathy, ultrasound identified both radial nerve enlargement and additional, unsuspected PIN enlargement (53% to 339% enlarged vs. unaffected side). Ultrasound also identified: nerve (dis)continuity at the trauma site (n = 8); and nerve tumor (n = 2; 1 with normal EDx). Conclusion: In radial neuropathy, ultrasound often augments EDx studies and identifies a second lesion in the PIN. Further studies are required to determine the etiology and significance of this additional distal pathology. Muscle Nerve 53: 379–383, 2016
Increased frequency of rhabdomyolysis in familial dysautonomia
Authors: Palma Jose‐alberto , Roda Ricardo , Norcliffe‐kaufmann Lucy , Kaufmann Horacio
Published: July 2015

Introduction:Familial dysautonomia (FD; OMIM # 223900) is an autosomal recessive disease with features of impaired pain and temperature perception and lack of functional muscle spindles. After 3 FD patients presented with rhabdomyolysis in a short time span, we aimed to determine the frequency of rhabdomyolysis is this population. Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of 665 FD patients. Results: Eight patients had at least 1 episode of rhabdomyolysis. Two patients had 2 episodes. The average incidence of rhabdomyolysis in FD was 7.5 per 10,000 person‐years. By comparison, the average incidence with statins has been reported to be 0.44 per 10,000 person‐years. Mean maximum creatine kinase (CK) level was 32,714 ± 64,749 U/L. Three patients had hip magnetic resonance imaging showing gluteal hyperintensities. Conclusions: Patients with FD have an increased incidence of rhabdomyolysis. We hypothesize that this may result from a combination of absent functional muscle spindles and muscle mitochondrial abnormalities. Muscle Nerve, 2015
Real‐time measurement of hyperpolarized lactate production and efflux as a biomarker of tumor aggressiveness in an MR compatible 3D cell culture bioreactor
Authors: Sriram Renuka , Van Criekinge Mark , Hansen Ailin , Wang Zhen J. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Wilson David M. , Keshari Kayvan R. , Kurhanewicz John
Published: July 2015

We have developed a 3D cell/tissue culture bioreactor compatible with hyperpolarized (HP) 13C MR and interrogated HP [1‐13C]lactate production and efflux in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. This platform is capable of resolving intracellular and extracellular HP lactate pools, allowing the kinetic measurement of lactate production and efflux in the context of cancer aggressiveness and response to therapy. HP 13C MR studies were performed on three immortalized human renal cell lines: HK2, a normal renal proximal tubule cell line from which a majority of RCCs arise, UMRC6, a cell line derived from a localized RCC, and UOK262, an aggressive and metastatic RCC. The intra‐ (Lacin) and extracellular (Lacex) HP lactate signals were robustly resolved in dynamic 13C spectra of the cell lines due to a very small but reproducible chemical shift difference (0.031 ± 0.0005 ppm). Following HP [1‐13C]pyruvate delivery, the ratio of HP Lacin/Lacex was significantly lower for UOK262 cells compared with both UMRC6 and HK2 cells due to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the Lacex pool size. Lacin/Lacex correlated with the MCT4 mRNA expression of the cell lines, and inhibition of MCT4 transport using DIDS resulted in a significant reduction in the HP Lacex pool size. The extension of these studies to living patient‐derived RCC tissue slices using HP [1,2‐13C2]pyruvate demonstrated a similarly split lactate doublet with a high Lacex pool fraction; in contrast, only a single NMR resonance is noted for HP [5‐13C]glutamate, consistent with intracellular localization. These studies support the importance of lactate efflux as a biomarker of cancer aggressiveness and metastatic potential, and the utility of the MR compatible 3D cell/tissue culture bioreactor to study not only cellular metabolism but also transport. Additionally, this platform offers a sophisticated way to follow therapeutic interventions and screen novel therapies that target lactate export. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of copper thiocyanate for high open‐circuit voltages of CdTe solar cells
Authors: Paudel Naba R. , Yan Yanfa
Published: July 2015

Copper thiocyanate (CuSCN) has proven to be a low‐cost, efficient hole‐transporting material for the emerging organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells. Herein, we report that CuSCN can also be applied to CdTe thin‐film solar cells to achieve high open‐circuit voltages (VOCs). By optimizing the thickness of the thermally evaporated CuSCN films, CdTe cells fabricated by close space sublimation in the superstrate configuration have achieved VOCs as high as 872 mV, which is about 20–25 mV higher than the highest VOC for the reference cells using the standard Cu/Au back contacts. CuSCN is a wide bandgap p‐type conductor with a conduction band higher than that of CdTe, leading to a conduction band offset that reflects electrons in CdTe, partially explaining the improved VOCs. However, due to the low conductivity of CuSCN, CdTe cells using CuSCN/Au back contacts exhibited slightly lower fill factors than the cells using Cu/Au back contacts. With optimized CdS:O window layers, the power conversion efficiency of the best CdTe cell, using CuSCN/Au back contact, is 14.7%: slightly lower than that of the best cell (15.2%) using Cu/Au back contact. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metaproteomics of activated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant – A pilot study
Authors: Püttker Sebastian , Kohrs Fabian , Benndorf Dirk , Heyer Robert , Rapp Erdmann , Reichl Udo
Published: July 2015

In this study, the impact of protein fractionation techniques prior to LC/MS analysis was investigated on activated sludge samples derived at winter and summer condition from a full‐scale wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). For reduction of the sample complexity, different fractionation techniques including RP‐LC (1D‐approach), SDS‐PAGE and RP‐LC (2D‐approach) as well as RP‐LC, SDS‐PAGE and liquid IEF (3D‐approach) were carried out before subsequent ion trap MS analysis. The derived spectra were identified by MASCOT search using a combination of the public UniProtKB/Swiss‐Prot protein database and metagenome data from a WWTP. The results showed a significant increase of identified spectra, enabled by applying IEF and SDS‐PAGE to the proteomic workflow. Based on meta‐proteins, a core metaproteome and a corresponding taxonomic profile of the wastewater activated sludge were described. Functional aspects were analyzed using the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway library by plotting KEGG Orthology identifiers (KO numbers) of protein hits into pathway maps of the central carbon (map01200) and nitrogen metabolism (map00910). Using the 3D‐approach, most proteins involved in glycolysis and citrate cycle and nearly all proteins of the nitrogen removal were identified, qualifying this approach as most promising for future studies. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001547 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001547).
Temperature influences the level of glyphosate resistance in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa colona)
Authors: Nguyen Thai Hoan , Malone Jenna M , Boutsalis Peter , Shirley Neil , Preston Christopher
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Echinochloa colona is an important summer‐growing weed species in cropping regions of northern Australia that has evolved resistance to glyphosate owing to intensive use of this herbicide in summer fallow.

RESULTS

Pot trials conducted at 20 and 30 °C on six E. colona populations showed a significant increase in the level of glyphosate resistance in resistant populations at 30 °C compared with 20 °C. However, there was no influence of growth temperature on glyphosate susceptibility of the sensitive population. Sequencing of the target‐site gene (EPSPS) of the six populations identified a mutation at position 106 leading to a change from proline to serine in the most resistant population A533.1 only. EPSPS gene amplification was not detected in any of the resistant populations examined. Examining 14C‐glyphosate uptake on two resistant and one susceptible population showed a twofold increase at 20 °C; however, few differences in glyphosate translocation occurred from the treated leaf to other plant parts between populations or temperatures.

CONCLUSION

There is reduced efficacy of glyphosate at high temperatures on resistant E. colona populations, making these populations harder to control in summer. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Photochemical degradation of imazosulfuron under simulated California rice field conditions
Authors: Rering Caitlin C , Gonzalez Monica A , Keener Megan R , Ball David B , Tjeerdema Ronald S
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

The photodegradation of imazosulfuron (IMZ), a potent broad‐spectrum herbicide, was investigated under simulated rice field conditions. Previous reports have indicated that it is photolabile, but have failed to report radiation intensity or determine a quantum yield, precluding extrapolation to environmental rates. Therefore, the objective of this investigation was to determine the photolytic rate of IMZ under simulated rice field conditions and how it is influenced by environmental factors such as turbidity, salinity and temperature.

RESULTS

IMZ was efficiently photolyzed in all solutions and fitted pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. Degradation was faster in HPLC‐grade water than in field water. Field‐relevant variances in temperature, turbidity and salinity did not significantly influence degradation. The experimentally derived quantum yield for direct photolysis (2.94 × 103) was used to predict the half‐life of IMZ in a California rice field (3.6 days).

CONCLUSIONS

Aqueous photolysis is predicted to be an important process in the overall degradation of IMZ in the environment, regardless of variances in salinity, organic matter and temperature. Based on the predicted half‐life of IMZ in a California rice field (3.6 days), state‐mandated holding periods for field water post‐IMZ application (30 days) are expected to allow for sufficient clearance of the herbicide (>98%), preventing significant contamination of the environment upon release of tailwater. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry