bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Desulfobacterales as primary hydrogenotrophs in a complex microbial mat community
Authors: Burow L. C. , Woebken D. , Marshall I. P. G. , Singer S. W. , Pett‐Ridge J. , Prufert‐Bebout L. , Spormann A. M. , Bebout B. M. , Weber P. K. , Hoehler T. M.
Published: April 2014

Hypersaline microbial mats have been shown to produce significant quantities of H2 under dark, anoxic conditions via cyanobacterial fermentation. This flux of a widely accessible microbial substrate has potential to significantly influence the ecology of the mat, and any consumption will affect the net efflux of H2 that might otherwise be captured as a resource. Here, we focus on H2 consumption in a microbial mat from Elkhorn Slough, California, USA, for which H2 production has been previously characterized. Active biologic H2 consumption in this mat is indicated by a significant time‐dependent decrease in added H2 compared with a killed control. Inhibition of sulfate reduction, as indicated by a decrease in hydrogen sulfide production relative to controls, resulted in a significant increase in H2 efflux, suggesting that sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) are important hydrogenotrophs. Low methane efflux under these same conditions indicated that methanogens are likely not important hydrogenotrophs. Analyses of genes and transcripts that encode for rRNA or dissimilatory sulfite reductase, using both PCR‐dependent and PCR‐independent metatranscriptomic sequencing methods, demonstrated that Desulfobacterales are the dominant, active SRB in the upper, H2‐producing layer of the mat (0–2 mm). This hypothesis was further supported by the identification of transcripts encoding hydrogenases derived from Desulfobacterales capable of H2 oxidation. Analysis of molecular data provided no evidence for the activity of hydrogenotrophic methanogens. The combined biogeochemical and molecular data strongly indicate that SRB belonging to the Desulfobacterales are the quantitatively important hydrogenotrophs in the Elkhorn Slough mat.
Initial phase performance in a 30‐s verbal fluency task as being reflective of aging effect
Authors: Lee Seon Ha , Kim HyangHee , Kim JungWan , Yoon Ji Hye , Kim Soo Ryon
Published: April 2014

Aim

The purpose of the present study was to investigate if performance in a 30‐s verbal semantic fluency task (i.e. animal naming) across five elderly aged groups (60–64; 65–69; 70–74; 75–79; 80–84 years) would be reflective of aging effect.

Methods

We analyzed differences in performance across 5‐s phases and the moment of first word production in these five age groups.

Results

The following results were obtained: (i) with increasing age, the total number of words produced gradually declined (P < 0.001); (ii) there were significant differences in performance among the age groups in three phases (0–5, 6–10, 16–20 s) (P < 0.05); and (iii) the first word production within the first 5‐s phase was significantly delayed in the 75–79 years and 80–84 years age groups compared with the rest of the age groups.

Conclusions

Performance in the initial 5‐s phase might be sensitive to cognitive degeneration in normal older adults. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 496–500.
Apolipoprotein E genotype and physical function among older people with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Doi Takehiko , Shimada Hiroyuki , Makizako Hyuma , Tsutsumimoto Kota , Uemura Kazuki , Suzuki Takao
Published: April 2014

Aim

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is conceptualized as prodromal of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Declined physical function is one of the risk factors for progression to AD, whereas genetic factors, especially the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), also contribute to the risk of AD and affect the risk factors. However, the association between APOE4 and physical function in MCI is still unclear. To elucidate the association, we carried out the present study to compare physical function between APOE4 carriers and non‐carriers in MCI.

Methods

The study included 386 MCI patients (mean age 71.6 years) who were classified into APOE4 carrier and non‐carrier groups. The participants' characteristics were assessed by face‐to‐face interviews. Grip strength, five chair stand test, walking speed and 6‐min walking test were measured as physical functions.

Results

In univariate analysis, the APOE4 carrier group had decreased walking speed compared with the non‐carrier group (P < 0.05), but other measures of physical function were not significantly different between the groups. The linear regression model showed a significant association between walking speed and APOE4 after adjusting for covariates (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study showed that APOE4 carrier participants with MCI had decreased walking speed compared with non‐carrier participants. Thus, APOE4 genotypes should be considered as a potential mediator when the measure of walking speed is used as a risk factor of dementia in older adults with MCI. Further studies using prospective data are required to clarify the relationship between physical function and genetic factors in MCI. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2015; 15: 422–427.
Kreuth III: European consensus proposals for treatment of haemophilia with coagulation factor concentrates
Authors: Giangrande P. , Seitz R. , Behr‐Gross M. E. , Berger K. , Hilger A. , Klein H. , Schramm W. , Mannucci P. M.
Published: April 2014

This report summarizes recommendations relating to haemophilia therapy arising from discussions among experts from 36 European countries during the Kreuth III meeting in April 2013. To optimize the organization of haemophilia care nationally, it is recommended that a formal body be established in each country to include the relevant clinicians, national haemophilia patient organization, health ministry, paying authority and (if appropriate) regulatory authorities. The minimum factor VIII consumption level in a country should be 3 I.U. per capita. Decisions on whether to adopt a new product should not be based solely on cost. Prophylaxis for children with severe haemophilia is already recognized as the optimum therapy. Ongoing prophylaxis for individual adults should also be provided when required based on clinical decision making by the clinician in consultation with the patient. Children with inhibitors who have failed, or who are not suitable for, immune tolerance therapy should be offered prophylaxis with bypassing agents. Single factor concentrates should be used as therapy wherever possible in patients with rare bleeding disorders. Orphan drug designation for a factor concentrate should not be used to hinder the development, licencing and marketing of other products for the same condition which have demonstrably different protein modification or enhancement.
Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Headache in Patients WithHIV
Authors: Joshi Shivang G. , Cho Tracey A.
Published: April 2014

Background

The pathophysiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is complex. The etiology of headache in theHIVpopulation is often multifactorial, and attributing causality to specific pathophysiological mechanisms is challenging. Headaches can occur any time during the infection and may be primary (as in non‐HIV‐infected patients) or secondary (either fromHIVdirectly or due to opportunistic disease).

Discussion

Direct HIV related headaches are due to the underlying viral pathophysiology. For example, acute meningitis can be seen duringHIV‐1 seroconversion. Headaches can occur during symptomaticHIVand also after anAIDS‐defining illness. Late‐stageHIVheadache can occur without any pleocytosis. A correlation between viral load and neurological symptoms including headache has been suggested. There may be similar mechanisms involving migraine, tension‐type headache, andHIVinfection.

Conclusion

SecondaryHIVheadaches can be related to opportunistic infections, malignancy, medications used to treatHIV, and immune restoration inflammatory syndrome.
Monetary Policy in a Downturn: Are Financial Crises Special?
Authors: Bech Morten L. , Gambacorta Leonardo , Kharroubi Enisse
Published: April 2014

This paper analyses the effectiveness of monetary policy during downturns associated with financial crises. Based on a sample of 24 developed countries, our empirical analysis suggests that monetary policy is less effective following a financial crisis as the monetary transmission mechanism is partially impaired. In particular, our results suggest that the benefits of accommodative monetary policy during a downturn are elusive when the downturn is associated with a financial crisis. In addition, we find that private sector deleveraging during a downturn helps to induce a stronger recovery.
Effects of NaCl on Root Growth and Cell Wall Composition of Two Soya bean Cultivars with Contrasting Salt Tolerance
Authors: An P. , Li X. , Zheng Y. , Matsuura A. , Abe J. , Eneji A. E. , Tanimoto E. , Inanaga S.
Published: April 2014

Our objectives were to determine the influence of salinity on root cell wall composition in soya beans and the possible mechanism of salt tolerance. Two soya bean cultivars, Touzan 69 (salt sensitive) and Dare (salt tolerant), were selected as experimental material for comparison. Root growth was clearly inhibited by salinity in both cultivars, but Touzan 69 showed more severe reductions in root length than Dare. In the 0–5 mm root segment (from root tip), the total cell wall sugar content of Touzan 69 decreased considerably due to salinity as were the pectin, hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. In Dare, NaCl treatments only caused a slight decrease in the pectin fraction and no marked change in hemicellulose and cellulose fractions. Without salt treatment, the pectin fraction accounted for about 40 % and cellulose for 30 % of cell wall composition in the 0–5 mm root segment; in the 5–10 segment (from root tip), pectin and cellulose accounted for 27 % and 45 % in Touzan 69, and 34 % and 38 % in Dare. The percentage of pectin decreased and that of cellulose increased in the 5–10 mm root segment compared with the 0–5 mm segment. This indicates that pectin largely regulates cell growth, as the 0–5 mm region is considered the elongation zone of soya bean roots. Salt treatment decreased the percentage of pectin, but increased that of cellulose across root zones of the two cultivars, suggesting that salt presence may increase cell wall rigidity, and thus, inhibits root growth. Dare was able to maintain its main root cell wall substances, an apparent advantage for root cell growth that may overall improve its salt tolerance. Also, the less reduction in cell wall uronic acid was of some benefit in the positive regulation of root cell growth in Dare. The changes in cell wall composition, especially the pectin content had a close relation with the regulation of root growth. The difference in salt tolerance between the two tested cultivars can partly be explained on the basis of these changes in response to salinity. Sugar compounds in each cell wall constituent and their functions in ion transport as well as the relationship between root cell wall and soya bean salt tolerance need to be further investigated.
A systematic review: non‐pharmacological interventions in treating pain in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Hökkä Minna , Kaakinen Pirjo , Pölkki Tarja
Published: April 2014

Aims

To assess and synthesize the evidence of the effects and safety of non‐pharmacological interventions in treating pain in patients with advanced cancer.

Background

Pain is a common symptom experienced by patients with advanced cancer; the treatment of such pain is often suboptimal. To manage it, non‐pharmacological interventions are recommended after pharmacological treatments have been re‐evaluated and modified. However, there remains a lack of knowledge about the effects and safety of such interventions.

Design

A systematic review was conducted based on the procedure of the Centre of Reviews and Dissemination.

Data Sources

Research papers published between 2000–2013 were identified from the following databases: CINAHL, MEDIC, MEDLINE (Ovid) and PsycINFO. The references in the selected studies were searched manually.

Review Methods

The studies selected were reviewed for quality, using Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Review Group risk of bias assessment criteria.

Results

There was limited evidence that some of the non‐pharmacological interventions were promising with respect to reducing cancer pain. Relatively, few adverse events were reported as a result of using such interventions.

Conclusion

It was not possible to draw conclusions about the effects and safety of the non‐pharmacological interventions in reducing cancer pain. Some interventions showed promising short‐term effects, but there is a need for more rigorous trials. Qualitative studies are required to collect information about patients' perceptions. There are several research gaps: we found no studies about music, spiritual care, hypnosis, active coping training, cold or ultrasonic stimulation.
The rapid northward shift of the range margin of a Mediterranean parasitoid insect (Hymenoptera) associated with regional climate warming
Authors: Delava Emilie , Allemand Roland , Léger Lucas , Fleury Frédéric , Gibert Patricia
Published: April 2014

Aim

Many species are undergoing range shifts to higher latitudes in response to global warming. Whereas several studies of insects have examined causes of variability in the rate of range expansions, few studies have investigated species occupying higher trophic levels, where the effects of climate change are predicted to be particularly strong. Here, we analyse changes in the geographical range of Leptopilina boulardi, a small parasitoid of Drosophila larvae, in relation to temperature changes in the study area.

Location

The Rhône–Saône Valley in south‐eastern France.

Methods

A survey of L. boulardi and its two Drosophila host species was conducted in 16 localities at the northern margin of the L. boulardi range over a period of 9 years. A generalized linear mixed model was used to explain the occurrence of the parasitoid in the study area and its northward progression. We also developed linear mixed‐effects models to determine the temperature changes in the studied area.

Results

Leptopilina boulardi was found to be moving very rapidly northwards, with an average rate of range expansion of 90 km decade−1, exceeding previously observed rates for small insects. We recorded significant warming (+1.57 °C, on average from 1979 to 2011), with a considerable temperature increase of 4 °C in the spring. Leptopilina boulardi range expansion is not limited by host availability, and we suggest that this northward range expansion is primarily a direct response to climate warming.

Main conclusions

In south‐eastern France, a very rapid progression northwards, which coincides with a marked increase in temperature, was observed for a higher‐trophic‐level insect.
Current practice of methotrexate use for psoriasis: results of a worldwide survey among dermatologists
Authors: Gyulai R. , Bagot M. , Griffiths C.E.M. , Luger T. , Naldi L. , Paul C. , Puig L. , Kemény L.
Published: April 2014

Background

Methotrexate is one the most commonly used systemic therapies for psoriasis. Despite its widespread use in psoriasis therapy, dermatologists' practice regarding the use of methotrexate has not been investigated on global scale.

Objective

To evaluate the real life use of methotrexate for psoriasis treatment in the dermatological community worldwide.

Methods

A questionnaire consisting of 41 questions was designed by the Psoriasis International Network (PIN). Questions focused on safety, dosing, administration, folic acid supplementation and combination therapy aspects of methotrexate use. The anonymous web‐based survey was distributed to dermatologists by the national coordinators of PIN.

Results

Between 2 April and 7 August 2012, 481 dermatologists from 63 countries completed the questionnaire. Most respondents were from European and South American countries, whereas the response rate from Central America and the Near East was lowest. The majority of responders were experienced dermatologists (86% had more than 5 years of experience in psoriasis treatment). Starting and maintenance doses of 10 mg of methotrexate or lower were reported by 67% and 42% of respondents respectively. Thirty‐eight per cent of respondents stop treatment at a cumulative dose of 2 g, whereas 36% did not consider cumulative dose important in this respect. The primary mode of administration was oral, and the majority of respondents administer folic acid supplementation. Almost all respondents monitored full blood count, liver and renal function tests, whereas procollagen 3 amino terminal peptide measurement and transient elastography is used by only a minority of dermatologists. There were significant differences concerning the doses, routes of administration and safety monitoring among the clinical practices in different geographical locations.

Conclusion

Current clinical practice of methotrexate use in psoriasis is not uniform, depends on geographical location, and is not in full agreement with clinical guidelines.
Increased serum level of N‐terminal Pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide as a possible biomarker of cardiovascular risk in psoriatic patients
Authors: Pietrzak A. , Bartosinska J. , Blaszczyk R. , Chodorowska G. , Brzozowski W. , Hercogova J. , Donica H. , Lotti T.
Published: April 2014

Background

Apparently, these days psoriasis is regarded as a systemic disease with frequent cardiovascular comorbidities, such as hypertension, myocardial infarction, valvular defects etc., which may lead to reduced lifespan or even sudden death. Therefore, it is important that biomarkers helpful in early detection or prediction of cardiovascular complications as well as their prevention should be identified. Even though the N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) is a well‐known cardiovascular predictor in cardiovascular (CV) patients and in the general population, its usefulness in detection of CV comorbidities in psoriatic patients is still unclear.

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine whether the N‐terminal pro B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentration was increased in psoriatic patients.

Methods

The study included 73 psoriatic patients and 45 age‐matched healthy individuals. The serum NT pro‐BNP concentration as well as lipid profile parameters were assessed in the study and control groups. Correlations between patients' clinical data, their serum NT‐proBNP and lipid concentrations were calculated.

Results

The serum concentration of NT‐proBNP was significantly higher in psoriatic patients (109.22 ± 172.59 pg/mL) in comparison with controls (35.82 ± 22.90 pg/mL) (P = 0.000054). In 28 (38.36%) psoriatic patients the lipid profile was within normal limits, whereas in 45 (61.64%) psoriatic patients triglyceride and/or total cholesterol were increased. Moreover, in both psoriatic groups, i.e. normo‐ and hyperlipidaemic, NT‐proBNP concentrations were significantly higher compared to normo‐ and hyperlipidaemic controls, P = 0.02 and P = 0.001 respectively. A positive correlation was found between the NT‐proBNP concentration and duration of psoriasis (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The study findings confirmed higher NT‐proBNP concentrations in psoriatic patients, which could be a useful biomarker of CV disease in both normo‐ and hyperlipidaemic groups.
Egg and time limitation mediate an egg protection strategy
Authors: Deas J. B. , Hunter M. S.
Published: April 2014

The number of mature eggs remaining in the ovaries and the time left for oviposition determine the reproductive decisions of the hyperdiverse guild of insects that require discrete and potentially limiting resources for oviposition (such as seeds, fruits or other insects). A female may run out of eggs before all available oviposition sites are used (egg limitation), or die before using all of her eggs (time limitation). Females are predicted to change clutch size depending on whether eggs or time is the limiting resource. We extend this framework and ask whether the same constraints influence a strategy in which females modify eggs into protective shields. In response to egg parasitism cues, female seed beetles (Mimosestes amicus) lay eggs in vertical groups of 2–4, modifying the top 1–3 eggs into shields in order to protect the bottom egg from attack by parasitoids. We made contrasting predictions of how egg and time limitation would influence egg size and the incidence and level of egg protection. By varying access to seed pods, we manipulated the number of remaining eggs a female had at the time she received a parasitism cue. Although egg size was not affected, our results confirm that egg‐limited females protected fewer eggs and time‐limited females protected more eggs. Female body size explained the number of eggs in a stack rather than host deprivation or the timing of parasitoid exposure. Our results clearly show that host availability relative to female age influences the incidence of egg protection in M. amicus. Furthermore, our study represents a novel use of life history theory to explain patterns in an unusual but compelling defensive behaviour.
The Effect of Starvation on Plastid Number and Photosynthetic Performance in the Kleptoplastidic Dinoflagellate Amylax triacantha
Authors: Kim Miran , Kim Kwang Young , Nam Seung Won , Shin Woongghi , Yih Wonho , Park Myung Gil
Published: April 2014

The dinoflagellate Amylax triacantha is known to retain plastids of cryptophyte origin by engulfing the mixotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum, itself a consumer of cryptophytes. However, there is no information on the fate of the prey's organelles and the photosynthetic performance of the newly retained plastids in A. triacantha. In this study, we conducted a starvation experiment to observe the intracellular organization of the prey's organelles and temporal changes in the photosynthetic efficiency of acquired plastids in A. triacantha. The ultrastructural observations revealed that while the chloroplast‐mitochondria complexes and nucleus of cryptophyte were retained by A. triacantha, other ciliate organelles were digested in food vacuoles. Acquired plastids were retained in A. triacantha for about 1 mo and showed photosynthetic activities for about 18 d when measured by a pulse‐amplitude modulation fluorometer.
Contextual moderators of the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviours and challenge and hindrance stress
Authors: Ozer Muammer , Chang Chu‐Hsiang (Daisy) , Schaubroeck John M.
Published: April 2014

We studied the moderating roles of task interdependence and leader–member exchange (LMX) on the relationships between interpersonally (organizational citizenship behaviours – interpersonal [OCBIs]) and organizationally directed organizational citizenship behaviours (organizational citizenship behaviours targeted at organizations [OCBOs]) and challenge and hindrance stress perceptions. While OCBIs were more strongly related to challenge stress among employees reporting high levels of task interdependence, OCBOs were more strongly related to challenge stress among employees reporting high LMX. The same organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB)–context interactions were related to hindrance stress; as we predicted, these interaction patterns were the reverse of those observed for challenge stress. The model and findings extend research and theory concerning the potential negative consequences of OCBs, pointing to the role of social exchange context in these relationships. We discuss implications for performance management and theories of stress and well‐being.

Practitioner points

Informs managers about the negative consequences of OCBs and may persuade them to take into account such consequences when they encourage their employees to engage in OCBs,

Helps managers understand how different types of OCBs may lead to different types of stress experiences and

Shows how structural and social relationships may alleviate some of the negative consequences of OCBs.
URBAN SPRAWL, OBESOGENIC ENVIRONMENT, AND CHILD WEIGHT
Authors: Guettabi Mouhcine , Munasib Abdul
Published: April 2014

Using the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth along with the child survey, we examine the relationship between urban sprawl of U.S. metro counties and the body mass index (BMI) of children who reside in these counties. We make a distinction between urban sprawl in a county and its geographical placement in the urban hierarchy. Even after accounting for unobserved individual heterogeneity and resulting selection bias, we find that urban sprawl is positively related to child BMI and distance to large metros is negatively related to child BMI. These effects are somewhat pronounced among girls and middle/high school children.
Excretion pattern of enrofloxacin after oral treatment of chicken broilers
Authors: Slana M. , Pahor V. , Cvitkovič Maričič L. , Sollner‐Dolenc M.
Published: April 2014

The metabolism and excretion of enrofloxacin were studied when applied as oral solution to chicken broilers for five consecutive days. Sixty 9‐day‐old broilers were isolated within an intensively rearing poultry farm during enrofloxacin therapy (15.5 mg/kg per day). The excreta of the isolated broilers were collected daily, 9 days after therapy termination, for 13 consecutive days, and analyzed for the presence of enrofloxacin and its metabolites [ciprofloxacin, desethylene‐enrofloxacin (DES‐EF) and desethylene‐ciprofloxacin (DES‐CF)]. Enrofloxacin was excreted predominantly in the form of the parent compound between days 1 and 13. Ciprofloxacin was detected in the excreta between days 1 and 6, whereas minor amounts ofDES‐EFandDES‐CFwere excreted only between days 1–7 and 1–6, respectively. In conclusion, the analysis of the excreta showed that approximately 74% of orally applied enrofloxacin was excreted as the parent compound, approximately 25% as the main metabolite ciprofloxacin, and approximately 1% as the minor metabolites desethylene‐enrofloxacin and desethylene‐ciprofloxacin.
Pharmacokinetics and bone resorption evaluation of a novel Cathepsin K inhibitor (VEL‐0230) in healthy adult horses
Authors: Hussein H. , Ishihara A. , Menendez M. , Bertone A.
Published: April 2014

Plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) and bone resorption biomarker [carboxy‐terminal cross‐linking telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX‐1)] analyses were performed following single and multiple oral dose protocols of a Cathepsin K inhibitor (VEL‐0230) in horses. Outcomes included plasma and urine drug and CTX‐1 concentrations. In the dose range study, 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) doses were administered in a Latin square design to three mares and evaluated for 1 week. Based on the PK characteristics of VEL‐0230, 4 mg/kg b.w. was selected for the dose interval study in which 3.25 days (d) and 7 days dose intervals were evaluated over three administrations using four exercising horses in a Latin square design. The 3.25 days and 7 days dose intervals provided a rapid inhibition of bone resorption based on plasma CTX‐1. CTX‐1 inhibition prior to next dose administration was not different from baseline in the 3.25 days and 7 days protocols, and for the first 3 days but the sustained CTX‐1 inhibition in the 7 days protocol along with the cost and logistic benefits for weekly administration made the 7 days protocol preferable. Weekly administration of VEL‐0230 may provide effective inhibition of bone resorption in young exercising horses that returns to baseline within 7 days after drug withdrawal even after multiple doses.
Phosphorylation of Bacillus subtilis gene regulator AbrB modulates its DNA‐binding properties
Authors: Kobir Ahasanul , Poncet Sandrine , Bidnenko Vladimir , Delumeau Olivier , Jers Carsten , Zouhir Samira , Grenha Rosa , Nessler Sylvie , Noirot Phillipe , Mijakovic Ivan
Published: April 2014

AbrB is a global gene regulator involved in transition phase phenomena in Bacillus subtilis. It participates in a complex regulatory network governing the expression of stationary‐phase functions. AbrB was previously found to be phosphorylated on serine 86 located close to its C‐terminal oligomerization domain. Here we report that AbrB can be phosphorylated by three B. subtilis serine/threonine kinases expressed during the transition and stationary phase: PrkC, PrkD and YabT. Our in vitro findings suggest that AbrB phosphorylation impedes its DNA binding and abolishes binding cooperativity. In vivo we established that a phospho‐mimetic mutation abrB S86D leads to a significant loss of AbrB control over several key target functions: exoprotease production, competence development and sporulation. A wider transcriptome analysis of abrB S86D and S86A mutant strains revealed deregulation of a large number of target genes. We therefore propose that AbrB phosphorylation serves as an additional input for fine‐tuning the activity of this ambiactive gene regulator.
Fatty acids and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) reveal temporal changes in narwhal (Monodon monoceros) diet linked to migration patterns
Authors: Watt Cortney A. , Ferguson Steven H.
Published: April 2014

Narwhals (Monodon monoceros) are sentinel species in the Arctic and to investigate marine food web changes from 1982–2011 we examined diet using fatty acids, δ15N, and δ13C, in narwhals from Baffin Bay (BB) and northern Hudson Bay (NHB). We predicted temporal changes would be greater inNHBdue to a significant reduction in summer ice cover. InNHB, δ15N significantly increased, δ13C displayed a parabolic trend, and fatty acids gradually shifted, albeit not significantly, over time. δ15N was stable, δ13C decreased, and fatty acids significantly changed over time inBB. Stable isotope mixing models indicated a dietary reduction in capelin and increase in Greenland halibut from 1994–2000 to 2006–2011 inBB, while capelin was an important dietary component for narwhals inNHBin recent years (2006–2011). These dietary changes may be attributed to changes in sea ice and narwhal migration. Seasonal dietary changes, as evidenced by changes in blubber fatty acids and skin and muscle stable isotopes, were not as apparent in theNHBpopulation, which may be indicative of a reduced migratory distance. Long‐term monitoring of narwhal diet and migratory patterns associated with reduced sea ice provides invaluable information about how the marine ecosystem will redistribute with global warming.
Worldwide Mutinies Against Globalization
Authors: MISHRA PANKAJ
Published: April 2014

As the world shifts from American‐led Globalization 1.0 to 2.0—an interdependence of plural identities where no one country or group of nations is at the helm—a vacuum is forming. The intellectual hegemony of Western ideas of development and society no longer prevail, but new models are yet to be found.

In the wake of this vacuum, we are witnessing, as Pankaj Mishra writes, worldwide “mutinies” against the old order along with a surge of nationalism and xenophobia that is looking to imagined organic unities of the past, as Elif Shafak writes. What fresh, non‐global ideologies might emerge? Or might a new hybrid cosmopolitan path that doesn't erase plural identities, but erases boundaries that close off instead of open up, create new opportunities for a peaceful and richer global civilization?
The Urgency of a Cosmopolitan Ideal as Nationalism Surges
Authors: SHAFAK ELIF
Published: April 2014

As the world shifts from American‐led Globalization 1.0 to 2.0—an interdependence of plural identities where no one country or group of nations is at the helm—a vacuum is forming. The intellectual hegemony of Western ideas of development and society no longer prevail, but new models are yet to be found.

In the wake of this vacuum, we are witnessing, as Pankaj Mishra writes, worldwide “mutinies” against the old order along with a surge of nationalism and xenophobia that is looking to imagined organic unities of the past, as Elif Shafak writes. What fresh, non‐global ideologies might emerge? Or might a new hybrid cosmopolitan path that doesn't erase plural identities, but erases boundaries that close off instead of open up, create new opportunities for a peaceful and richer global civilization?
China's Long‐Range Salami Tactics In East Asia
Authors: CHANDA NAYAN
Published: April 2014

Despite grand visions of a cosmopolitan planet living in peace, the first globalization at the turn of the 20th century descended into World War I as the old empires scrambled to preserve themselves as others sought self‐determination. Powers on the losing end of that war reasserted themselves in yet another worldwide calamity within decades.

After World War II, in the early 1950s, with the victorious American‐led alliance in the driver's seat, institutions such as the United Nations and the Bretton Woods arrangements created a global stability that enabled peace, prosperity and the “rise of the rest.”

In 2014, the world order is shifting again with the rise of China reviving in Asia the very kind of nationalist rivalries that led Europe to war twice in the 20th century.

Will we be able to build new institutions that accommodate the new powershift without resorting to war, or will the second globalization collapse as well? Top strategists from the US, Japan and China respond to this momentous question.
Where in the World Will China Invest Its Billions?
Authors: XUEDONG DING
Published: April 2014

Despite grand visions of a cosmopolitan planet living in peace, the first globalization at the turn of the 20th century descended into World War I as the old empires scrambled to preserve themselves as others sought self‐determination. Powers on the losing end of that war reasserted themselves in yet another worldwide calamity within decades.

After World War II, in the early 1950s, with the victorious American‐led alliance in the driver's seat, institutions such as the United Nations and the Bretton Woods arrangements created a global stability that enabled peace, prosperity and the “rise of the rest.”

In 2014, the world order is shifting again with the rise of China reviving in Asia the very kind of nationalist rivalries that led Europe to war twice in the 20th century.

Will we be able to build new institutions that accommodate the new powershift without resorting to war, or will the second globalization collapse as well? Top strategists from the US, Japan and China respond to this momentous question.
The “Expectation Revolution” Is Rattling Chile, Turkey and Brazil
Authors: DERVIS KEMAL
Published: April 2014

The great story of the last decade has been the “rise of the rest”—emerging economies such as China, Brazil, Turkey and India—to a position rivaling that of the established, advanced economies. As the aftershocks of the financial crisis of 2008–2009 continue to ripple through the global system, will the rising rest stay or track or be derailed? Some of the world's top economists examine this question in the following section.
If Asia Wants to Prosper, Don't Listen to the IMF
Authors: NAIR CHANDRAN
Published: April 2014

The great story of the last decade has been the “rise of the rest”—emerging economies such as China, Brazil, Turkey and India—to a position rivaling that of the established, advanced economies. As the aftershocks of the financial crisis of 2008–2009 continue to ripple through the global system, will the rising rest stay or track or be derailed? Some of the world's top economists examine this question in the following section.
Significance of the melanocortin 1 receptor in the DNA damage response of human melanocytes to ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Swope Viki , Alexander Christina , Starner Renny , Schwemberger Sandy , Babcock George , Abdel‐Malek Zalfa A.
Published: April 2014

Activation of the melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) by α‐melanocortin (α‐MSH) stimulates eumelanin synthesis and enhances repair of ultraviolet radiation (UV)‐induced DNA damage. We report on the DNA damage response (DDR) of human melanocytes to UV and its enhancement by α‐MSH. α‐MSH up‐regulated the levels of XPC, the enzyme that recognizes DNA damage sites, enhanced the UV‐induced phosphorylation of the DNA damage sensors ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3‐related (ATR) and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and their respect‐ive substrates checkpoint kinases 1 and 2, and increased phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) formation. These effects required functional MC1R and were absent in melanocytes expressing loss of function (LOF) MC1R. The levels of wild‐type p53‐induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1), which dephosphorylates γH2AX, correlated inversely with γH2AX. We propose that α‐MSH increases UV‐induced γH2AX to facilitate formation of DNA repair complexes and repair of DNA photoproducts, and LOF of MC1R compromises the DDR and genomic stability of melanocytes.
Ptosis during hematologic malignancy in children
Authors: Ekici Arzu , Yakut Ayten , Bör Özcan , Yimenicioğlu Sevgi , Çarman Kürşat Bora , Saylısoy Suzan
Published: April 2014

Neurological symptoms such as ptosis may develop due to either chemotherapeutic agents or involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) during hematologic malignancy. It is difficult to make this distinction according to clinical symptoms and magnetic resonance imaging findings. If the neurologic symptoms are increased, it is a warning of CNS involvement. Herein are described the clinical and neuroimaging features of three patients with hematologic malignancy who presented with ptosis.
Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting for cardiogenic shock due to left main coronary artery obstruction caused by Kawasaki disease in a 4‐year‐old boy
Authors: Tamaki Wataru , Tsuda Etsuko , Nakajima Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Junjiro , Shiono Junko
Published: April 2014

We describe the case of a 4‐year‐old boy whose clinical course after Kawasaki disease resulted in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) causing cardiogenic shock. He had developed an ischemic cardiomyopathy due to severe localized stenosis of the left main coronary artery (LCA) and went into cardiogenic shock due to AMI on the day before a scheduled operation. He underwent successful emergency CABG within 4 h of MI. Postoperatively his neurological status was intact. This is the first report of a successful emergency CABG in a small child with cardiogenic shock due to LCA occlusion. CABG should be undertaken in small patients when appropriate indications exist, if bodyweight is >10 kg.
Biotin and carnitine deficiency due to hypoallergenic formula nutrition in infants with milk allergy
Authors: Hayashi Hisako , Tokuriki Shuko , Okuno Takashi , Shigematsu Yosuke , Yasushi Akiba , Matsuyama Go , Sawada Ken , Ohshima Yusei
Published: April 2014

Amino acid formulas and hydrolyzed formulas given to infants in Japan with milk allergies theoretically contain little, if any, biotin and carnitine. We assessed biotin and carnitine insufficiency in six infants with milk allergy who were fed amino acid formulas and/or hydrolyzed formulas, by measuring urine 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid (3‐HIA) and serum free carnitine (C0), respectively. All patients presented with elevated urine 3‐HIA and lowered serum C0 compared with post‐menstrual age‐matched infants who were fed breast milk or standard infant formulas. Supplementation with biotin and l‐carnitine immediately improved the insufficiency. Care should be taken to avoid biotin and carnitine deficiency in allergic infants fed amino acid or hydrolyzed formulas.
Enhancing a Geographic Regression Discontinuity Design Through Matching to Estimate the Effect of Ballot Initiatives on Voter Turnout
Authors: Keele Luke , Titiunik Rocío , Zubizarreta José R.
Published: April 2014

Ballot initiatives allow the public to vote directly on public policy. The literature in political science has attempted to document whether the presence of an initiative can increase voter turnout. We study this question for an initiative that appeared on the ballot in 2008 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, using a natural experiment based on geography. This form of natural experiment exploits variation in geography where units in one geographic area receive a treatment whereas units in another area do not. When assignment to treatment via geographic location creates as-if random variation in treatment assignment, adjustment for baseline covariates is unnecessary. In many applications, however, some adjustment for baseline covariates may be necessary. As such, analysts may wish to combine identification strategies—using both spatial proximity and covariates. We propose a matching framework to incorporate information about both geographic proximity and observed covariates flexibly which allows us to minimize spatial distance while preserving balance on observed covariates. This framework is also applicable to regression discontinuity designs that are not based on geography. We find that the initiative on the ballot in Milwaukee does not appear to have increased turnout.
Monaco with bananas, a tropical Manhattan, or a Singapore for Central America? Explaining rapid urban growth in Panama City, Panama
Authors: Sigler Thomas J.
Published: April 2014

The built environment ofPanamaCity,Panama, has undergone a transformative change over the past decade. Hundreds of high‐rise residential towers have sprung up in and around its central business district, eliciting comparisons with Singapore,NewYork andDubai insofar as journalists, real estate boosters and politicians have associated the increase in tall buildings with a commensurate increase in global status. Concurrently, on the urban periphery, scores of uniform housing estates have been erected to house an upwardly mobile middle class. Triggered by the handover of thePanamaCanal and the surroundingCanalZone in 1999, the city's pronounced building boom has corresponded with the highest rates of economic growth inLatinAmerica. This paper examines the complex factors behind the recent transformation ofPanamaCity from a historical‐morphological perspective. While the drivers of demand for real property were primarily global, the determinants of supply have been highly localized, suggesting that the interface between the global and the local is a fundamental catalyst of changes in the urban landscape.
Force–time course parameters and force fatigue model during an intermittent fatigue protocol in motorcycle race riders
Authors: Marina M. , Rios M. , Torrado P. , Busquets A. , Angulo‐Barroso R.
Published: April 2014

Fatigue in forearm muscles may be critical for motorcycle riders in relation to performance and forearm disorders. Force–time course parameters were examined to better characterize the reduction in the maximal force generating capacity (MVC) during an intermittent fatigue protocol (IFP) specifically designed for motorcycle riders. Also, a mathematical force fatigue model is proposed. Forty motorcyclists (aged 27.6 ± 6.8 years) performed an IFP that simulated the braking gesture and posture of a rider. Fatigue was confirmed by a 40% decrement of the normalized MVC in comparison with basal value. Contraction time increased in comparison with basal condition (P ≤ 0.034). Relaxation kinetics presented two phases: (a) a pre‐fatigue phase where half relaxation time (HRTraw) and normalized (HRTnor) decreased (P ≤ 0.013) while relaxation rate (RRraw) remained unchanged; and (b) a fatiguing phase where HRTraw, HRTnor increased and RRraw decreased (P ≤ 0.047). Normalized RRraw (RRnor) declined progressively (P ≤ 0.016). The proposed nonlinear force fatigue model confirmed a satisfactory adjustment (R2 = 0.977 ± 0.018). This mathematical expression derived three patterns of force fatigue: three‐phase, exponential and linear, representing 70%, 13%, and 17% of the participants, respectively. Overall, these results provided further support to force fatigue theoretical and applied proposals.
Solving Multimodal Paradoxes
Authors: Pailos Federico , Rosenblatt Lucas
Published: April 2014

Recently, it has been observed that the usual type‐theoretic restrictions are not enough to block certain paradoxes involving two or more predicates. In particular, when we have a self‐referential language containing modal predicates, new paradoxes might appear even if there are type restrictions for the principles governing those predicates. In this article we consider two type‐theoretic solutions to multimodal paradoxes. The first one adds types for each of the modal predicates. We argue that there are a number of problems with most versions of this approach. The second one, which we favour, represents modal notions by using the truth predicate together with the corresponding modal operator. This way of doing things is not only useful because it avoids multimodal paradoxes, but also because it preserves the expressive capacity of the language. As an example of the sort of theory we have in mind, we provide a type‐theoretic axiomatization that combines truth with necessity and knowledge.
Evaluating Aid for Trade: A Survey of Recent Studies
Authors: Cadot Olivier , Fernandes Ana , Gourdon Julien , Mattoo Aaditya , de Melo Jaime
Published: April 2014

The demand for accountability in ‘Aid‐for‐Trade’ (AFT) is increasing but monitoring has focused on case studies and impressionistic narratives. The paper reviews recent evidence from a wide range of studies, recognising that a multiplicity of approaches is needed to learn what works and what does not. The review concludes that there is some support for the emphasis on reducing trade costs through investments in hard infrastructure (like ports and roads) and soft infrastructure (like customs). But failure to implement complementary reform – especially the introduction of competition in transport services – may erode the benefits of these investments. Direct support to exporters does seem to lead to diversification across products and destinations, but it is not yet clear that these benefits are durable. In general, it is difficult to rely on cross‐country studies to direct AFT. More rigorous impact evaluation is an under‐utilised alternative, but situations of ‘clinical interventions’ in trade are rare and adverse incentives (due to agency problems) and costs (due to the small size of project) are a hurdle in implementation.
Inheritance of resistance to fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl in sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis L. Nees)
Authors: Phongphitak Ekkasit , Maneechote Chanya , Rerkasem Benjavan , Jamjod Sansanee
Published: April 2014

Sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis L. Nees) is a serious grass weed in direct‐seeded rice cropping systems in Thailand. One population of sprangletop, BLC1, was found to be resistant to fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl at 62‐fold the concentration of a susceptible biotype, SLC1. This study elucidated the inheritance of resistance to fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl in this sprangletop BLC1 genotype. The reaction to the herbicide at 0.12–2.4 mg ai L−1 was determined in the seedlings of self‐pollinated resistant BLC1, susceptible SLC1 and SLC1 that had been allowed to cross‐pollinate with BLC1. At 0.24 mg ai L−1, all the seedlings of SLC1 were killed, while 99% of BLC1 survived, along with 5% of the cross‐pollinated SLC1 seedlings, which were considered to be putative F1 hybrids. The root and shoot lengths of the F1 hybrids in 0.24 mg ai L−1 of fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl, relative to those in the absence of the herbicide, were close to or the same as the resistant parent, indicating that the resistance is a nearly complete to complete dominant trait. One‐hundred‐and‐forty‐one of the F2‐derived F3 families were classified by their response to the herbicide at 0.24 and 0.48 mg ai L−1 into 39 homozygous susceptible : 72 segregating : 30 homozygous resistant, fitted with a 1:2:1 ratio at χ2 = 1.21 and P = 0.56, indicating that the resistance to fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl in the sprangletop BLC1 genotype is controlled by a single gene.
Intronic
miR-3151
Within
BAALC
Drives Leukemogenesis by Deregulating the TP53 Pathway
Authors: Eisfeld Ann-Kathrin , Schwind Sebastian , Patel Ravi , Huang Xiaomeng , Santhanam Ramasamy , Walker Christopher J. , Markowitz Joseph , Hoag Kevin W. , Jarvinen Tiina M. , Leffel Benjamin , Perrotti Danilo , Carson William E. , Marcucci Guido , Bloomfield Clara D. , de la Chapelle Albert
Published: April 2014

Oncogenic microRNA-3151 interferes with the p53-mediated apoptosis pathway to produce more severe leukemia.