bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utility of the H‐reflex in diagnosing polyneuropathy
Authors: Teigland Oda H. , Pugdahl Kirsten , Fuglsang‐Frederiksen Anders , Tankisi Hatice
Published: July 2019

Introduction

An absent Hoffman (H)‐reflex, the electrophysiological equivalent of the Achilles reflex, is assumed to be one of the first detectable signs of polyneuropathy (PNP). In this study we compare the H‐ and Achilles reflexes in patients with suspected PNP to evaluate the diagnostic utility of the H‐reflex.

Methods

Data from clinical examination and nerve conduction studies (NCS) were analyzed in patients with suspected PNP.

Results

The PNP diagnosis was confirmed by follow‐up in 209 patients. The sensitivities of the H‐ and Achilles reflexes were similar (70.3% vs 71.8%), whereas the H‐reflex had higher specificity (85.2% vs 70.5%) (P < .001). Adding H‐reflex to the NCS protocol increased the diagnostic sensitivity from 80.9% to 87.6%.

Discussion

The H‐reflex is a sensitive method that could provide added value to standard NCS in PNP diagnosis. The simplicity and high specificity make it superior to its clinical equivalent, the Achilles reflex.
Stimulated grip strength measurement: Validation of a novel method for functional assessment
Authors: Hanwright Philip J. , Rath Jennifer L. , von Guionneau Nicholas , Harris Thomas G.W , Sarhane Karim A. , Kemp Stephen W.P. , Hoke Ahmet , Cederna Paul S. , Tuffaha Sami H.
Published: July 2019

Background

Reliable measurement of functional recovery is critical in translational peripheral nerve regeneration research. Behavioral functional assessments such as volitional grip strength testing (vGST) are limited by inherent behavioral variability. Isometric tetanic force testing (ITFT) is highly reliable but precludes serial measurements. Combining elements of vGST and ITFT, stimulated grip strength testing (sGST) involves percutaneous median nerve stimulation to elicit maximal tetanic contraction of digital flexors, thereby allowing for consistent measurement of maximal grip strength.

Methods

We measured side‐to‐side equivalence of force using sGST, vGST, and ITFT to determine relative reliability and repeatability. We also performed weekly force measurements following median nerve repair.

Results

sGST demonstrated greater reliability and inter‐trial repeatability than vGST and similar reliability to ITFT, with the added benefit of serial measurements.

Conclusions

sGST is a valid method for assessing functional recovery that addresses the limitations of the currently available modalities used in translational peripheral nerve regeneration research.
Concurrent, successful management of bipolar I disorder with comorbid alcohol dependence via aripiprazole long‐acting injection: A case report
Authors: Kurata Tsutomu , Hashimoto Tasuku , Suzuki Hitoshi
Published: July 2019

Alcohol dependence is frequently comorbid with bipolar I disorder. Aripiprazole and its long‐acting injection have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment and prevention of bipolar I disorder and its attendant symptoms, especially manic episodes. However, whether aripiprazole can alleviate alcohol dependence remains controversial. We report the case of a 47‐year‐old woman who had been diagnosed with bipolar I disorder and alcohol dependence, characterized by poor adherence to pharmacological treatment and our hospital's alcoholic treatment program. Consequently, she was repeatedly hospitalized several times per year due to manic episodes and heavy drinking. After treatment with aripiprazole long‐acting injection at a dosage of 400 mg/mo intramuscularly, she has been relapse‐free for over 2 years. Aripiprazole long‐acting injection might therefore be effective for treating patients with bipolar disorder and a comorbid diagnosis of alcohol dependence.
Obesity Prevention Interventions and Implications for Energy Balance in the United States and Mexico: A Systematic Review of the Evidence and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Richardson Andrea S. , Chen Christine , Sturm Roland , Azhar Gulrez , Miles Jeremy , Larkin Jody , Motala Aneesa , Hempel Susanne
Published: July 2019

Objective

Obesity is preventable and yet continues to be a major risk factor for chronic disease. Multiple prevention approaches have been proposed across multiple settings where people live, work, learn, worship, and play. This review searched the vast literature on obesity prevention interventions to assess their effects on daily energy consumed and energy expended.

Methods

This systematic review (PROSPERO registration CRD42017077083) searched seven databases for systematic reviews and studies reporting energy intake and expenditure. Two independent reviewers screened 5,977 citations; data abstraction supported an evidence map, comprehensive evidence tables, and meta‐analysis; critical appraisal assessed risk of bias; and the quality of evidence was evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

Results

Hundreds of published reviews were identified. However, few studies reported on energy intake and expenditure to determine intervention success. Ninety‐nine studies across all intervention domains were identified. Few areas demonstrated statistically significant effects across studies; school‐based approaches and health care initiatives reduced energy consumed, education reduced energy consumed and increased energy expended, and social‐group approaches increased energy expenditure.

Conclusions

Despite the amount of research on obesity prevention interventions, very few studies have provided relevant information on energy intake and expenditure, two factors determining weight gain. Future research needs to fill this gap to identify successful public health policies.
Long‐term thermal conductivity of cyclopentane–water blown rigid polyurethane foams reinforced with different types of fillers
Authors: Santiago‐Calvo Mercedes , Tirado‐Mediavilla Josías , Ruiz‐Herrero José Luis , Villafañe Fernando , Rodríguez‐Pérez Miguel Ángel
Published: July 2019

An understanding of the long‐term thermal conductivity of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams presents great interest in the building field considering the conservation of energy efficiency. In this study, the effect of different types of particles (talc, diatomaceous earth and non‐porous silica) on the thermal conductivity of RPU foams blown with cyclopentane and water as blowing agents was investigated during 3 years of aging. The characterization of the cellular structure shows how the addition of particles causes a cell size reduction of the foams, and consequently an enhancement of the thermal properties just after production. However, this initial reduction is not maintained, because each foam shows a different thermal conductivity evolution with time. We have found, for the first time, a relationship between the slope of the thermal conductivityversustime at the first measurements and the internal temperature reached during the foaming process. The evolution of the RPU foams in which higher internal temperatures were reached is more pronounced than in those RPU foams where lower foaming temperatures were observed. This effect is related to the kinetics of the diffusion of the gas occluded inside the cells and imposes a new criterion for the selection of particles to reduce the thermal conductivity of RPU foams; these additives should ideally decrease the temperature reached during the foaming process. Moreover, the effect of aging on the thermal conductivity is explained by using theoretical models. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The relationship between anger regulation, mood, pain, and pain‐related disability in women treated for breast cancer
Authors: Sipilä Reetta , Hintsa Taina , Lipsanen Jari , Tasmuth Tiina , Estlander Ann‐Mari , Kalso Eija
Published: July 2019

Objective

Anger, depressive symptoms, and anxiety are known reactions to cancer and suggested to modulate pain experience. We examined the association between anger regulation, mood, and pain in 952 breast cancer patients followed for 3 years.

Methods

Preoperatively, the patients completed questionnaires about depressive symptoms (BDI), state anxiety (STAI), anger regulation (STAXI‐2), and pains in the surgical and other areas. Experimental pain sensitivity was tested. In the follow‐up, BDI and STAI were assessed at 1 and at 6 months and at 1, 2, and 3 years after surgery. Pain in the surgical area was evaluated during the first 7 days and at 1 and 3 years after surgery. Pain‐related disability was assessed at 3 years after surgery. Latent profile analyses were performed to identify mood profiles, and regression analyses to find independent predictors for mood and pain variables.

Results

Anger inhibition and pain had associations with ongoing depressive symptoms and anxiety. Pain‐related disability was associated with high anxiety at a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.24 (95% CI, 1.17‐4.27), with older age (HR 1.07, 95% CI, 1.01‐1.13), and with pain in the surgical area (HR 3.04, 95% CI, 2.41‐3.85), but not with anger variables. Any relationship between anger regulation and pain intensity disappeared after controlling for age and mood.

Conclusions

Different forms of pain are important to recognize and treat to support breast cancer patients' psychological well‐being. Anger inhibition could be a target for psychotherapeutic intervention, to help with ongoing mood symptoms. The relationship between anger regulation and pain is not straightforward.
Internalizing symptoms in AYA survivors of childhood cancer and matched comparisons
Authors: D'Souza Amber M. , Devine Katie A. , Reiter‐Purtill Jennifer , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Vannatta Kathryn , Noll Robert B.
Published: July 2019

Objective

As the number of pediatric cancer survivors increases, so does our need to understand behavioral late effects. Prior studies show mixed results, with some noting increased emotional distress and psychiatric diagnoses in cancer survivors and others suggesting resilience. The purpose of our study was to evaluate internalizing symptoms such as anxiety and depression in young adult survivors of childhood cancer compared with matched classroom matched peers.

Method

We completed a multisource, cross‐sectional examination of internalizing symptoms using a semistructured psychiatric interview with 18‐year‐olds with a history of pediatric cancer compared with age, race, and gender matched classroom peers who had been identified during the survivor's first year of treatment and their primary caregivers.

Results

Fifty‐seven young adult survivors of childhood cancer and 60 comparison peers participated. There were no significant differences between survivors and their peers on the basis of self‐ or parent‐reported depressive or anxiety symptoms or number of psychiatric diagnoses.

Conclusions

Young adult survivors of childhood cancer and their parents did not report increased rates of anxiety or depression compared with their former classroom peers. Despite experiencing a major life challenge, this group of young adults with cancer did not report more current or past symptoms of internalizing psychopathology.
Agreement between a health claims algorithm and parent‐reported asthma in young children
Authors: Omand Jessica A. , Maguire Jonathon L. , O'Connor Deborah L. , Parkin Patricia C. , Birken Catherine S. , Thorpe Kevin E. , Zhu Jingqin , To Teresa
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Asthma prevalence is commonly measured in national surveys by questionnaire. The Ontario Asthma Surveillance Information System (OASIS) developed a validated health claims diagnosis algorithm to estimate asthma prevalence. The primary objective was to assess the agreement between two approaches of measuring asthma in young children. Secondary objectives were to identify concordant and discordant pairs, and to identify factors associated with disagreement.

Study design and setting

A measurement study to evaluate the agreement between the OASIS algorithm and parent‐reported asthma (criterion standard). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with disagreement.

Results

Healthy children aged 1 to 5 years (n =3642) participating in the TARGet Kids! practice based research network 2008‐2013 in Toronto, Canada were included. Prevalence of asthma was 14% and 6% by the OASIS algorithm and parent‐reported asthma, respectively. The Kappa statistic was 0.43, sensitivity 81%, specificity 90%, PPV 34%, and NPV 99%. There were 3249 concordant and 393 discordant pairs. Statistically significant factors associated with asthma identified by OASIS but not parent report included: male sex, higher zBMI, and parent history of asthma. Males were less likely to have asthma identified by parent report but not OASIS.

Conclusion

The OASIS algorithm identified more asthma cases in young children than parent‐reported asthma. The OASIS algorithm had high sensitivity, specificity, and NPV but low PPV relative to parent‐reported asthma. These findings need replication in other populations.
An exploratory retrospective multicenter study of prognostic factors in mCRPC patients undergoing enzalutamide treatment: Focus on early PSA decline and kinetics at time of progression
Authors: Miyazawa Yoshiyuki , Sekine Yoshitaka , Shimizu Nobuaki , Takezawa Yutaka , Nakamura Toshiyuki , Miyao Takeshi , Nakayama Hiroshi , Kurihara Sota , Syuto Takahiro , Nomura Masashi , Koike Hidekazu , Matsui Hiroshi , Shibata Yasuhiro , Suzuki Kazuhiro
Published: July 2019

Background

Recent studies have shown that an early prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) response to androgen receptor‐targeting agents in metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is associated with a better prognosis. We analyzed the early PSA response to enzalutamide (ENZ) by measuring the PSA doubling time (PSADT) and PSA velocity (PSAV) while monitoring oncologic outcomes and survival in Japanese patients.

Methods

We analyzed a total of 241 patients with mCRPC who were treated with ENZ. The patients’ median age was 75 ± 7.9 years (range, 53‐93 years). There were 171 (71%) predocetaxel cases, and 70 (29%) post docetaxel cases. PSA‐progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed according to Prostate Cancer Working Group 2 criteria. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Gunma University Hospital (No. 1595).

Results

We observed 77 good response (GR; case in which PSA remained low after treatment) cases (31.9%), 125 acquired resistance (AR; decline in PSA after treatment followed by progression) cases (51.9%), and 39 primary resistance (PR; lack of decline in PSA) cases (16.2%). Predocetaxel, PSA‐PFS, and OS were significantly higher compared with post docetaxel (PSA‐PFS: 47.0 vs 13.4 weeks, P < .001; OS: not yet reached vs 80.7 weeks, P < .001). Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors, including PSA response at 4 weeks, was performed using Cox regression analysis. ECOG PS (0 vs 1‐2), hemoglobin (Hb; ≥ 12.2 vs < 12.2 g/dL), time to CRPC ( ≥ 12 vs < 12 m), docetaxel treatment history (no vs yes), and a PSA reduction of 50% at 4 weeks were significant predictors of OS (all, P < .05). In cases of AR (n = 125), multivariate analysis showed that PSA kinetic factors, such as PSADT and PSAV (ng/mL/m), Hb, time to CRPC, PSADT ( ≥ 2 vs < 2 m), and PSAV ( < 20 vs ≥ 20 ng/mL/m), were all predictive of OS following PSA‐progression (P < .05).

Conclusions

Our study has demonstrated that PSA dynamics after ENZ administration may be a useful prognostic factor for mCRPC patients.
T‐type calcium channels drive the proliferation of androgen‐receptor negative prostate cancer cells
Authors: Silvestri Roberto , Pucci Perla , Venalainen Erik , Matheou Chrysanthi , Mather Rebecca , Chandler Stephen , Aceto Romina , Rigas Sushilaben H. , Wang Yuzhuo , Rietdorf Katja , Bootman Martin David , Crea Francesco
Published: July 2019

Background

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is the treatment of choice for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa). After an initial response to ADT, PCa cells can generate castration resistant (CRPC) or neuroendocrine (NEPC) malignancies, which are incurable. T‐type calcium channels (TTCCs) are emerging as promising therapeutic targets for several cancers, but their role in PCa progression has never been investigated.

Methods

To examine the role of TTCCs in PCa, we analyzed their expression level, copy number variants (CNV) and prognostic significance using clinical datasets (Oncomine and cBioPortal). We then evaluated TTCC expression in a panel of PCa cell lines and measured the effect of their inhibition on cell proliferation and survival using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and caspase assays.

Results

TTCCs were upregulated in PCas harboring androgen receptor (AR) mutations; CNV rate was positively associated with PCa progression. Higher expression of one TTCC isoform (CACNA1G) predicted poorer postoperative prognosis in early stage PCa samples. Pharmacological or small interfering RNA (siRNA)‐based inhibition of TTCCs caused a decrease in PC‐3 cell survival and proliferation.

Conclusions

Our results show that TTCCs are overexpressed in advanced forms of PCa and correlate with a poorer prognosis. TTCC inhibition reduces cell proliferation and survival, suggesting that there may be possible value in the therapeutic targeting of TTCCs in advanced PCa.
High‐accuracy refinement using Rosetta in CASP13
Authors: Park Hahnbeom , Lee Gyu Rie , Kim David E. , Anishchenko Ivan , Cong Qian , Baker David
Published: July 2019

Because proteins generally fold to their lowest free energy states, energy‐guided refinement in principle should be able to systematically improve the quality of protein structure models generated using homologous structure or co‐evolution derived information. However, because of the high dimensionality of the search space, there are far more ways to degrade the quality of a near native model than to improve it, and hence, refinement methods are very sensitive to energy function errors. In the 13th Critial Assessment of techniques for protein Structure Prediction (CASP13), we sought to carry out a thorough search for low energy states in the neighborhood of a starting model using restraints to avoid straying too far. The approach was reasonably successful in improving both regions largely incorrect in the starting models as well as core regions that started out closer to the correct structure. Models with GDT‐HA over 70 were obtained for five targets and for one of those, an accuracy of 0.5 å backbone root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) was achieved. An important current challenge is to improve performance in refining oligomers and larger proteins, for which the search problem remains extremely difficult.
Antimicrobial activity and structure of a consensus human β‐defensin and its comparison to a novel putative hBD10
Authors: Rodriguez Alexis , Pedersen Marie Ø. , Villegas Elba , Rivas‐Santiago Bruno , Villegas‐Moreno Jessica , Amero Carlos , Norton Raymond S. , Corzo Gerardo
Published: July 2019

The spread of multidrug resistant bacteria owing to the intensive use of antibiotics is challenging current antibiotic therapies, and making the discovery and evaluation of new antimicrobial agents a high priority. The evaluation of novel peptide sequences of predicted antimicrobial peptides from different sources is valuable approach to identify alternative antibiotic leads. Two strategies were pursued in this study to evaluate novel antimicrobial peptides from the human β‐defensin family (hBD). In the first, a 32‐residue peptide was designed based on the alignment of all available hBD primary structures, while in the second a putative 35‐residue peptide, hBD10, was mined from the gene DEFB110. Both hBDconsensus and hBD10 were chemically synthesized, folded and purified. They showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but were not hemolytic on human red blood cells. The NMR‐based solution structure of hBDconsensus revealed that it adopts a classical β‐defensin fold and disulfide connectivities. Even though the mass spectrum of hBD10 confirmed the formation of three disulfide bonds, it showed limited dispersion in 1H NMR spectra and structural studies were not pursued. The evaluation of different β‐defensin structures may identify new antimicrobial agents effective against multidrug‐resistant bacterial strains.
Electrically Driven Dynamics of Few‐Chain NbSe3
Authors: Pham Thang , Zettl Alex
Published: July 2019

An in situ transmission electron microscopy study of few‐chain NbSe3 encapsulated within the hollow core of carbon nanotubes is presented, where the tube/chain system is subjected to applied axial electrical currents. Electromigration and thermal excitation forces result in collective and individual chain dynamics, with concomitant radial deformations of the encapsulating tubes.
Wavelength‐Selective Photoreduction of Colloidal CeO2–x Nanocrystals
Authors: Seminko Vladyslav , Maksimchuk Pavel , Avrunin Oleg , Semenets Valerii , Malyukin Yuri
Published: July 2019

The Ce3+ ↔ Ce4+ redox dynamics of colloidal nanoceria at hydrogen peroxide (HP) addition is studied using the luminescence of Ce3+ cations. The fast oxidation (Ce3+ → Ce4+) and slow reduction (Ce4+ → Ce3+) phases of nanoceria–oxidant interaction are discussed. Both the phases are mediated by oxygen diffusion within ceria nanoparticles. Laser‐light irradiation with specific wavelengths causes a significant acceleration of Ce4+ → Ce3+ reduction phase. This effect is observed only under excitation to the charge‐transfer (Ce4+–O2−) absorption band of nanoceria. The partial transfer of charge from oxygen to cerium ions leads to decrease in the binding energy and the effective radius of O2− anions accelerating the oxygen diffusion in the nanoceria lattice.
Effects of pyruvate and dimethyl‐α‐ketoglutarate, either alone or in combination, on pre‐ and post‐implantation development of mouse zygotes cultured in vitro
Authors: Choi Eun Sol , Kawano Koga , Hiraya Misaki , Matsukawa Eibai , Yamada Masayasu
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Dimethyl α‐ketoglutarate (dm‐α‐KG) promotes in vitro development to blastocysts of C57BL/6J X C3He F1 mouse zygotes cultured in medium lacking pyruvate. Here, we examined the effects of pyruvate and dm‐α‐KG on in vitro development to blastocysts of ICR mouse zygotes and their post‐implantation developmental ability.

Methods

Zygotes were cultured in medium with pyruvate at 0‐0.2 mmol/L in the presence or absence of 1 mmol/L dm‐α‐KG for 96 hours and evaluated for blastocyst formation rates. The resultant blastocysts were non‐surgically transferred to surrogates and evaluated for birth rates.

Results

In medium lacking pyruvate, zygotes could not develop beyond the two‐cell stage, in the presence or absence of dm‐α‐KG. However, the blastocyst formation rate in medium with 0.01 mmol/L pyruvate (12%) was markedly increased with addition of dm‐α‐KG (49%). Around 80% of embryos developed to blastocysts in medium with 0.2 mmol/L pyruvate, in the presence or absence of dm‐α‐KG. Importantly, birth rate was markedly improved by treatment with 0.2 mmol/L pyruvate and dm‐αKG (31.0%), compared with those with pyruvate treatment alone (16.3%).

Conclusions

Pyruvate and dm‐α‐KG synergistically work during in vitro culture to markedly improve the blastocyst formation rate and post‐implantation developmental ability of the resultant blastocysts in ICR mice.
In situ study on the impact of total dissolved gas supersaturation on endemic fish in the Upper Yangtze River
Authors: Xue Shudan , Kefeng Li , Liang Ruifeng , Cao Lu , Wang Yuanming , Li Yong , Feng Jingjie
Published: July 2019

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation in the upper Yangtze River caused by high spill rates upstream of hydroelectric dams has become a serious environmental problem in recent years. TDG supersaturation downstream of the Xiangjiaba Dam was investigated during flood periods in 2014 and 2015. Alongside this, an in situ study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of TDG supersaturation on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and rock carp (Procypris rabaudi). TDG supersaturation levels ranged from 115% to 131% in 2014 and from 118% to 128% in 2015. During 2014, TDG supersaturation first decreased and then increased and finally remained relatively stable. In contrast, the TDG supersaturation level remained between 122–126% for a relatively long time in the 2015 study period. During 2014, grass carp confined to water depths of 0–1 and 1–2 m began to die after 45 hr of exposure, and most grass carp died between 90 and 130 hr when TDG supersaturation level was greater than 127%. The first observed death during 2015 occurred after 30‐hr exposure. The survival of rock carp was greater than 50% when they were restricted to water depths of 0–1 m. Only three rock carp died when they were confined to water depths of 0–2 m, and no dead fish were recorded at water depths of 0–3 m.
Founder–inventors and their investors: Spurring firm survival and growth
Authors: Haeussler Carolin , Hennicke Maria , Mueller Elisabeth
Published: July 2019

Research Summary

Drawing on insights from resource orchestration literature and the competence‐based perspective, we argue that founders involved in inventive activities display firm‐idiosyncratic founder–inventor competences critical to the firm's performance. This effect is enhanced by venture capital investors. To test our hypotheses, we use panel data from 1,498 firms. Controlling for founders' technical skills, our results reveal that founder involvement in R&D increases firm survival and growth. Furthermore, venture capitalists leverage founders' engagement in inventive activity to achieve even higher growth. Our findings imply that continuous application of founder–inventor competences serves to catalyze effective resource orchestration and strengthen new venture performance.

Managerial Summary

The role of founders and founder competences is critical as firms progress along their life cycles, whereby founders face decisions about which tasks deserve their attention and which ones they can delegate to their employees, middle‐management, and/or new hires. One key strategic choice for founders is whether to engage in inventive activities themselves and remain engaged. Based on a large firm dataset, we find that founders' inventive activities spur survival and growth. Furthermore, venture capital investors leverage the effect on growth because they often bring in their own industry expertise, turn attention to the core capabilities, and revitalize the top management team. These investor activities enable founders to focus their attention on areas in which their involvement best supports the firm's performance, namely inventive activities.
Ownership dynamics within founder teams: The role of external financing
Authors: Hellmann Thomas F. , Schure Paul H. , Tergiman Chloe , Vo Dan H.
Published: July 2019

Research Summary

This paper examines how founders within start‐up teams dynamically readjust their relative ownership stakes. It leverages a unique dataset from British Columbia, Canada, which contains detailed information on founder ownership over time. Two trade‐offs between efficiency and fairness are identified, one at the time of founding, the other as the venture develops. Teams with a preference for fairness at the start, as revealed by an equal division of the founder shares, also exhibit a dynamic preference for fairness, as witnessed by their reluctance to change the ownership structure over time. Relative founder stakes are more likely to change when a company raises investments. Larger rounds and lower valuations are associated with bigger changes in relative founder stakes.

Managerial Summary

Splitting the equity stakes among founders involves a delicate trade‐off between efficiency and fairness. This trade‐off is made when founders determine their initial division of equity, and also as the venture develops. We find that teams with a preference for fairness, as revealed by an equal split of their original founder equity, are also unlikely to change their relative stakes over time. We also find that changes in the division of founder ownership often coincide with external financing rounds, suggesting that renegotiations within teams are more easily settled in the presence of outside investors. Overall, the evidence suggests that although notions of fairness inhibit changes to the relative founder equity stakes, the stakes are not set in stone, and financing rounds provide opportunities for recalibration.
FAPb0.5Sn0.5I3: A Narrow Bandgap Perovskite Synthesized through Evaporation Methods for Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Igual-Muñoz Ana M. , Ávila Jorge , Boix Pablo P. , Bolink Henk J.
Published: July 2019

The tunability of the optoelectrical properties upon compositional modification is a key characteristic of metal halide perovskites. In particular, bandgaps narrower than those in conventional lead‐based perovskites are essential to achieve the theoretical efficiency limit of single‐absorber solar cells, as well as develop multijunction tandem devices. Herein, the solvent‐free vacuum deposition of a narrow bandgap perovskite based on tin–lead metal and formamidinium cation is reported. Pinhole‐free films with 1.28 eV bandgap are obtained by thermal codeposition of precursors. The optoelectrical quality of these films is demonstrated by their use in solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 13.98%.
22.6% Efficient Solar Cells with Polysilicon Passivating Contacts on n‐type Solar‐Grade Wafers
Authors: Basnet Rabin , Phang Sieu Pheng , Samundsett Christian , Yan Di , Liang Wensheng , Sun Chang , Armand Stephane , Einhaus Roland , Degoulange Julien , Macdonald Daniel
Published: July 2019

Czochralski (Cz)‐grown upgraded metallurgical‐grade (UMG) silicon wafers degrade significantly during high‐temperature processes, eroding their appeal as a low‐cost alternative to conventional electronic‐grade silicon wafers. However, the thermal degradation in UMG wafers can be delayed by utilizing a prefabrication annealing step. Based on this, a high‐efficiency solar‐cell process is modified by selecting a single‐boron diffusion step and applying phosphorus‐doped polycrystalline films as electron‐selective contacts with excellent impurity‐gettering properties to minimize the thermal budget. The application of this modified high‐efficiency solar‐cell process to n‐type UMG‐Cz wafers results in a solar cell with a conversion efficiency of 22.6% on a cell area of 2 × 2 cm2.
Effect of cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing coating on the gas permeability of mortar
Authors: Zhang Yiteng , Zuo Lian , Yang Jinchao , Cai Xi'nan , Zhao Yan , Zeng Xiangxiong
Published: July 2019

This study presents an experimental investigation in the effect of cementitious capillary crystalline waterproofing (CCCW) coating on the gas permeability of mortar and the mechanism how the gas permeability is affected. The gas permeability coefficient of mortar coated with or without CCCW material was measured through modified Cembureau method. The pore structure, micromorphology and hydration products of cement paste with or without CCCW coating were analyzed by the means of mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy‐energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry (TG‐DSC). The results showed that under the effect of CCCW coating, the gas permeability of mortar got decreased and the pore structure changed towards smaller pore sizes. SEM‐EDS results exhibited that there was a large amount of ettringite filling in the pores in the paste with CCCW coating. XRD and TG‐DSC analysis indicated that there was more calcium carbonate formed in the paste with CCCW coating than blank paste. The formation of ettringite in pores and increased calcium carbonate production refines the pore size distribution and densifies the cement matrix, which induces the decrease in gas permeability of mortar coated with CCCW material.
Multielemental analyses of Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) caterpillar using EDXRF and INAA techniques
Authors: Zamboni C.B. , Giovanni D.N.S. , Salvador V.L.R. , Sato I.M. , Mendonça R.Z. , Wen F.H. , Simons M.S.
Published: July 2019

In this study, multielemental analysis of Lonomia obliqua (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae) caterpillar was performed using energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence and instrumental neutron activation analysis techniques. This caterpillar is poisonous and has the ability to cause fatal hemorrhagic effects in humans after contact. The need of this study is related to morphological changes (mainly size and color) observed in some caterpillars used for preparation of antilonomic serum (antivenom). The samples were classified as healthy (caterpillars of control) and unhealthy (caterpillars visibly modified). The XRF measurements were performed in an energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer and the instrumental neutron activation analysis using the IEA‐R1 nuclear reactor at IPEN. The results show significant differences for several elements (mainly, P, Cl, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Zn) in unhealthy caterpillars that can affect the development of this species as well as the quality and yield of the antivenom. Furthermore, its elemental characterization contributes for the understanding the potential pharmacological (procoagulant and antithrombotic) in the prevention of life‐threatening blood clots.
Mink4 × S2 solutions of 10 and 11 dimensional supergravity
Authors: Legramandi Andrea , Macpherson Niall T.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We complete the classification of Mink4 solutions preserving N = 2 supersymmetry and SU(2) R-symmetry parameterised by a round S
2 factor. We consider elevendimensional supergravity and relax the assumptions of earlier works in type II theories. We show that, using chains of dualities, all solutions of this type can be generated from one of two master classes: an SU(2)-structure in M-theory and a conformal Calabi-Yau in type IIB. Finally, using our results, we recover AdS5 × S
2 solutions in M-theory and construct a compact Minkowski solution with Atiyah-Hitchin singularity.
A note on the stability of the Swedish Phillips curve
Authors: Karlsson Sune , Österholm Pär
Published: July 2019

We use Bayesian techniques to estimate bivariate VAR models for Swedish unemployment rate and inflation. Employing quarterly data from 1995Q1 to 2018Q3 and new tools for model selection, we compare models with time-varying parameters and/or stochastic volatility to specifications with constant parameters and/or covariance matrix. The evidence in favour of a stable dynamic relationship between the unemployment rate and inflation is mixed. Model selection based on marginal likelihood calculations indicates that the relation is time varying, whereas the use of the deviance information criterion suggests that it is constant over time; we do, however, note consistent evidence in favour of stochastic volatility. An out-of-sample forecast exercise is also conducted, but similarly provides mixed evidence regarding which model to favour. Importantly though, even if time-varying parameters are allowed for, our results do not suggest that the Phillips curve has been flatter in more recent years. This finding thereby questions the explanation that a flatter Phillips curve is the cause of the low inflation that Sweden has experienced in recent year.
Correction to: Tactile Comfort Prediction of Functional Fabrics from Instrumental Data Using Intelligence Systems
Authors: Tadesse Melkie Getnet , Chen Yan , Wang Lichuan , Nierstrasz Vincent , Loghin Carmen
Published: July 2019

The article Tactile Comfort Prediction of Functional Fabrics from Instrumental Data Using Intelligence Systems, written by Melkie Getnet Tadesse, Yan Chen, Lichuan Wang, Vincent Nierstrasz, and Carmen Loghin, was erroneously originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 15 February 2019 without open access. After publication this was corrected and the copyright of the article changed in April 2019 to © The Author(s) 2019 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.

The original article has been corrected.
Is increased “stay away from bed” time associated with improved clinical rehabilitation outcomes in Japanese rehabilitation hospitals? A prospective observational study and clinical practice
Authors: Murayama Ichiro , Asai Tsuyoshi , Misu Shogo , Yamauchi Masaya , Miura Azumi , Ikemura Takeshi , Takehisa Takahiro , Takehisa Yozo
Published: July 2019

Background

A comprehensive team approach for increasing stay away from bed time (SaB-time) called CASaB was conducted at multiple rehabilitation hospitals.

Aims

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between SaB-time and clinical rehabilitation outcomes (CROs) before introducing CASaB (observational phase), and comparing CROs before and after CASaB (CASaB phase).

Methods

This prospective observational study included patients who were admitted to nine rehabilitation hospitals, with complete data. The final analysis included 197/229 patients in the observation phase, and 229/256 patients in the CASaB phase. We first tested whether SaB-time was positively associated with CROs in an observational study, then compared CROs before and after CASaB.

Results

In the observation phase, longer SaB-time was significantly associated with greater rehabilitation efficiency (REy) after adjusting for confounders (standardized β = 0.20, p = 0.007). In a comparison of CROs before and after CASaB, the length of hospital stay during the CASaB phase was significantly shorter than during the observational phase (61.5, 57.6–65.4 days vs 75.6, 71.4–79.9 days, p < 0.001), and the REy after CASaB was significantly greater than that before the CASaB (0.38, 0.33–0.42/day vs 0.28, 0.25–0.33/day, p = 0.006).

Discussion

The current results suggest that increasing SaB-time may help the recovery of functional abilities, particularly for patients in rehabilitation hospitals.

Conclusions

The CASaB provides a method for improving the recovery efficiency of patients in rehabilitation hospitals.
Early neurological complications in children with classical galactosemia and p.gln188arg mutation
Authors: Özgün Nezir , Celik Muhittin , Akdeniz Osman , Ozbek Mehmet Nuri , Bulbul Ali , Anlar Banu
Published: July 2019

Background

Despite implementation of a controlled diet, children with classical galactosemia (CG) may develop a variety of developmental and cognitive problems. In this study, we examined the early developmental status of, as well as the neurological and neuroradiological findings for, children with CG.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 46 galactosemia patients who were followed between 2003 and 2017. We included those who exhibited CG and p.gln188arg homozygous mutation without concomitant disease and who had undergone detailed neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Denver II developmental testing.

Results

The mean ages at the time of the most recent neurological examination and Denver II testing were 48.5 ± 28.5 months and 34.4 ± 18.2 months, respectively. Developmental delay was defined as developmental age ≥ 20% lower than chronological age. The results were normal in 25 patients and delayed ≥ 20% in least in one domain, primarily in language development, in 21 patients. Brain MRI was abnormal in 22 patients.

Conclusions

This analysis of the youngest children with the same genetic mutation reported thus far showed that, despite treatment, developmental delays and abnormalities on brain MRI may begin at an early age.
IS CLASS VOTING EMERGENT IN KOREA?
Authors: Lee Yoonkyung , You Jong-sung
Published: July 2019

The absence of class voting or the existence of “reverse” class voting under rising inequality remains a puzzling question in South Korea. While poor voters seem to support conservative candidates more than the rich do, this is due to a confounding effect of age, because poverty is concentrated among the elderly in Korea. Using the Korean General Social Survey data (KGSS 2004–2014) covering two presidential elections, two general legislative elections, and two nationwide local elections, we find that Koreans, in particular the poor electorate, engage in class voting in both objective and subjective terms. While regional and generational cleavages continue to be the most important determinants of partisan competition, class by income levels as well as subjective identity significantly impact vote choice when age is adequately controlled for.
What were “They” Thinking, and Does it Matter? Structural Inequality and Individual Intent in Criminal Justice Reform
Authors: Aviram Hadar
Published: July 2019

InVisions of Social Control(1985) Stanley Cohen provided a typology of scholarly works on the punitive turn: “uneven progress,” “good intentions-disastrous consequences,” and “discipline and mystification.” This Essay applies these categories to recent punishment and society scholarship, finding a clear preference for the third category, arguing that current works do not merely point to systemic evils—they impute bad intent to individuals in the system. Against this current, I identify two works—James Forman’sLocking Up Our Own(2017) and Heather Schoenfeld’sBuilding the Prison State(2016)—and show the strengths of analyses that take individual actors on their own terms. Finally, relying on the recent example of the Ban the Box initiative—a well-intended but failed policy—I argue that flexibility in viewing actors’ motivations, rather than relegating them to the role of cogs in a system fraught by inherent flaws, is important not only for scholarly accuracy but for policy and strategic reasons.
14C-Dating of the Late Bronze Age City of Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus: Status Report
Authors: Wild Eva M , Fischer Peter M , Steier Peter , Bürge Teresa
Published: July 2019

Hala Sultan Tekke is a large Bronze Age city located on the southeastern littoral of Cyprus. The city flourished from approximately 1650 BC to 1150 BC according to the archaeological evidence. Since 2010, Swedish excavations have exposed four new city quarters (CQ1–4) with three occupational phases, the 14C dating of which is of highest importance also for other contemporaneous cultures. The finds demonstrate vast intercultural connections in the Mediterranean and even with southern Scandinavia. In 2014, roughly 500 m to the east of CQ1, one of the richest cemeteries on the island was discovered. According to the archaeological evidence, the finds from the city date mainly to the 13th and 12th centuries BC. However, many of the wealthy tombs and the offering pits from the cemetery are considerably older with the oldest finds dating to the 16th century BC. This raises the question where the city quarters belonging to the oldest finds from the cemetery are situated. The radiocarbon (14C) dates from Hala Sultan Tekke have much influence on the dating of related sites because of numerous imports from a vast area. We present here new 14C data obtained in the course of the current excavations, which add to sets of already existing data.
Social motivation in children with autism: Support from attachment research
Authors: Oppenheim David , Koren-Karie Nina , Joels Tirtsa
Published: July 2019

We provide support from attachment research to the argument that children with autism only appear to lack social motivation. This research has shown that the attachment system of children with autism is intact, and one-half form secure attachments. This is illustrated with an observation of a young child with autism during a separation and reunion observation with his mother.
Being socially uninterested versus not having social prediction skills: The impact of multisensory integration deficits on social skills in autism
Authors: Riva Giuseppe , Di Lernia Daniele , Dakanalis Antonios
Published: July 2019

Jaswal & Akhtar in their target article convincingly argue that subjects with autism do not have diminished social motivation. However, they still recognize that autistic people behave socially in an unusual way. Why? Here we suggest that these behaviours are the results of a multisensory integration deficit. Viewed from this perspective, the assumption that autistic people's unusual behaviours indicate diminished social motivation has to be replaced by the one that they have diminished social prediction skills.
Have we outgrown the reduced social motivation theory of autism?
Authors: Gillespie-Lynch Kristen
Published: July 2019

Although refreshing, Jaswal & Akhtar's critique of the reduced social motivation theory omits reference to Asperger's work and to changes in the diagnostic criteria over time. I situate the theory in the historical contexts that shaped – and eventually contradicted – it to highlight its dehumanizing aspects while emphasizing that critiques should be rooted in recognition of the diversity of the spectrum.
Autistics appear different, but also are different, and this should be valued
Authors: Dawson Michelle , Cowen Tyler
Published: July 2019

We agree that autistics’ unusual overt behaviors don't necessarily mean reduced social motivation. But Jaswal & Akhtar maintain that, while autistics may appear socially uninterested, their social interest is in fact typical and indeed must be to avoid multiple poor outcomes. This problematic idealization of social typicality deflects attention from important differences in autistic cognition and interests, which should be valued.
Cross-Jurisdictional Trade and Contract Enforcement in Qing China
Authors: Dykstra Maura
Published: July 2019

This article argues that claims about the different economic trajectories of early modern Europe and late imperial China have incorrectly focused on the importance of formal contract enforcement mechanisms. As a first step toward more productive conversations about the history of economic development across world regions, this article provides a look at the factors in the development of the late imperial Chinese economy that led to the emergence of contract enforcement mechanisms not based on codified contract law. Several case studies from the Qing dynasty Chongqing archives are presented to illustrate how the mechanisms of contract enforcement operated.