bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical assessment and outcome of a single‐layer technique for anastomosis of the small intestine in horses
Authors: Mendez‐Angulo J. L. , Ernst N. S. , Mudge M. C.
Published: October 2010

In order to assess postoperative outcome in horses undergoing end‐to‐end anastomosis of the small intestine, performed using a one‐layer technique, 15 horses that underwent exploratory coeliotomy, resection of the small intestine and end‐to‐end anastomosis using a continuous Lembert pattern were studied. Information on the age, breed, sex, diagnosis, treatment, complications and outcome of each case were obtained from medical records. Follow‐up information was obtained via telephone conversations with clients and trainers. Five of the horses had short‐term postoperative complications: one had postoperative ileus (POI), colic and peritonitis, one had POI and colic, two had POI only and one had diarrhoea only. A second exploratory coeliotomy was recommended in two of the 15 horses (13 per cent). The short‐term survival rate, defined as survival up to the time of discharge from the hospital, was 93.3 per cent (14 of 15 horses). The long‐term survival rate, defined as survival for at least 12 months after the surgery, was 84.6 per cent (11 of 13 horses followed up).
Estimating past and future dinosaur skeletal abundances in Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Henderson Donald M. , Tanke Darren H.
Published: October 2010

Some 353 isolated skulls and partial to complete skeletons with known locations have been collected in ∼100 years from the 80 km2 of badlands in Dinosaur Provincial Park (DPP), Alberta, Canada. We wanted to estimate how many skeletons were lost to erosion before collection began and how many await discovery. Within the boundaries of DPP, a volume of rock 145 m thick between the surface of the down-cutting Red Deer River and the capping prairie was subdivided into 5 m thick slabs using digital elevation data with an average horizontal spatial resolution of 19 m and a vertical resolution of 1 m. The exposed surface area of each slab was calculated. Dinosaur fossil localities were determined with high-precision GPS surveys. The number of dinosaurs collected from the surface of a 5 m slab was divided by the product of the exposed area and an estimated erosional thickness of 80 cm to give a volume density of dinosaur fossils. Multiplying the volumes of rock lost from each layer by the dinosaur densities for each layer, the numbers of skeletons lost was determined. Estimates of the numbers of raisins in two loaves of raisin bread were made using a limited number of slices as a test of the method. Of the original volume of DPP, 6.58 km3 (60%) has eroded away, taking with it a mean number of 6310 hadrosaurs, 1640 ceratopsians, 1030 ankylosaurs, and 1600 theropods. The 5.02 km3 (40%) of rock remaining in the park can be expected to produce more dinosaur fossils of similar quality, with mean values of 6700 hadrosaurs, 1700 ceratopsians, 1010 ankylosaurs, and 1720 theropods. These estimates are minima as the estimation process excluded bone beds, the plethora of isolated bones littering the land surface of DPP, and the 100+ skulls and skeletons from the region that lack locality information.
Chilliwack composite terrane in northwest Washington: Neoproterozoic–Silurian passive margin basement, Ordovician–Silurian arc inception
Authors: Brown E. H. , Gehrels G. E. , Valencia V. A.
Published: October 2010

The Chilliwack composite terrane in northwest Washington is part of an assemblage of mid-Paleozoic arc terranes extending from California to Alaska. Some terranes bear evidence of exotic origin, whereas others apparently formed proximal to western Laurentia, posing a complex problem in unraveling the Paleozoic accretionary history of the Cordillera. In our proposed broader definition, the Chilliwack composite terrane includes the volcanic and sedimentary East Sound and Chilliwack groups, and the plutonic and metamorphic Turtleback and Yellow Aster complexes. New zircon ages indicate that the plutonic and volcanic rocks are mutually related as parts of the same arc complex and that its inception was as old as Late Ordovician to Silurian, older than most other parts of the mid-Paleozoic terrane assemblage. Basement to the arc complex is a passive margin assemblage of metamorphosed quartzose sandstone and calc-silicate rock of the Yellow Aster Complex, bracketed in age by ca. 1000 Ma detrital zircons and 418 Ma intrusive rocks. This association of paragneiss basement and overlying and (or) intruding arc resembles that of older parts of the extensive Yukon–Tanana terrane in the northern Cordillera. Detrital zircon ages support a western Laurentian pericratonic origin for the paragneiss basement and the overlying arc. However, an early to mid-Paleozoic connection of this assemblage to the exotic outboard Alexander terrane is also indicated, based on (1) Mesoproterozoic and early Paleozoic detrital zircons in Devonian sedimentary rocks of the arc, and also in certain other pericratonic Devonian terranes and strata of the miogeocline; (2) Late Ordovician – Silurian igneous ages; and (3) an earliest Devonian or older metamorphic age of the basement paragneiss.
Ediacaran body and trace fossils in Miette Group (Windermere Supergroup) near Salient Mountain, British Columbia, CanadaRevision of the paper was carried out by Dr. Guy Narbonne following the passing away of both Hans Hofmann (†deceased May 19, 2010) and Eric Mountjoy (†deceased June 18, 2010) after manuscript submission.
Authors: Hofmann Hans J. , Mountjoy Eric W.
Published: October 2010

Siliciclastic beds in the upper part of the Miette Group in southeastern British Columbia have yielded an assemblage of late Ediacaran soft-bodied macrofossils and trace fossils. The macrofossils comprise Aspidella , Bradgatia ?, and Miettia salientensis gen. et sp. nov. The ichnofossils include Archaeonassa , Cochlichnus , Didymaulichnus ?, Gordia , Halopoa , Helminthoidichnites , Helminthopsis , Planolites , and a large, unnamed crawling trace. In addition, two types of unidentified problematica are recorded, representing either tubular Vendotaenia -like body fossils, or trace fossils. The Bradgatia? constitutes the youngest occurrence of this type of fossil, and is the first to be recorded from Laurentia, having previously been noted only in Avalonia. With Cloudina and Namacalathus in associated shallow-water platform carbonates, the Miette biota in the study area contains a combination of Namibian-type and Avalonian-type elements.
Statistical modelling of spatial variability of undrained strength
Authors: Ravi V.
Published: October 2010

Spatial variability of undrained strength (Cu) has been modelled in several ways in the past. In particular, concepts of time series such as autoregressive moving average models have been used to model the analogous "spatial series" of the values of depth versus undrained strength. It should be noted that the very purpose of such modelling studies is to provide estimates of the values of undrained strength at a given value of depth. In the present paper, the main prerequisite to apply these models, viz. the complete removal of trend present in the spatial series of depth versus Cu, has been focussed. An accurate modelling procedure is recommended which can estimate the values of Cu at a given value of depth better than any other model in this class of models existing in the literature. Sensitivity in the trend patterns of the depth versus Cu data is well taken care of. A computer program has been developed in FORTRAN 77to fit the model in conjunction with a standard nonlinear least-squares routine taken from the literature. One of the advantages of the present model is the speed of convergence of the computer program. Two case studies appearing in the literature have been successfully solved to demonstrate the efficacy of the model developed. Key words : spatial variability, time series analysis, spatial series, nonstationarity, autoregressive moving average models, regression, nonlinear least squares, error sum of squares.
Ground settlements and drawdown of the water table around an excavation
Authors: Hsi J. P. , Small J. C.
Published: October 2010

In the vicinity of an excavation in a saturated soil, ground settlements are often caused by the combined effects of stress release and drawdown of the water table. These settlements may be crucial if the excavation is carried out in a congested area. A case history of excavation adjacent to closely constructed blocks of buildings is discussed in this study. Ground settlements and water-surface levels were monitored during the excavation period, as the settlement of the surrounding area was of concern. The authors have previously developed a fully coupled numerical method that allows the computation of the displacements and pore pressures in a soil taking account of the drawdown of the water table which may accompany excavation. This method is used here for back-analysis of a full-scale excavation that has been comprehensively documented. Comparisons between the field measurements and the calculated results are given in this paper. Key words : consolidation, excavation, finite element, seepage, transient unconfined flow.
Design aids: anchored bulkheads in sand
Authors: Hagerty D. J. , Nofal M. M.
Published: October 2010

Available design methods for anchored bulkheads do not allow easy optimization of design. To facilitate optimization, generalized parameters were developed to characterize the design situation and analytical results. Design aids were formulated as graphs and tables which show the relations among input data (anchor location, surcharge pressure, dredge depth, depth to water, and soil characteristics) and design output (maximum moment, anchor force, and embedment). Key words : bulkhead, anchored, design, dredged, sand.
Pore pressures around tunnels in clay
Authors: Samarasekera L. , Eisenstein Z.
Published: October 2010

The pore-pressure generation and dissipation around shallow tunnels excavated in both normally and overconsolidated clays are investigated. The influence of the diameter D, depth of cover to diameter ratio H/D, coefficient of earth pressure at rest K0, and strength and modulus variations with depth on pore-pressure generation are examined. The effects of immediate support on pore pressure are also studied by defining a quantity termed effective stiffness ratio (ESR). A two-dimensional, nonlinear finite element analysis is performed to obtain the pore-pressure generation behav-iour. Strength, modulus, initial stress field, and unloading due to excavation are reflected in this analysis. The pore-pressure dissipation behaviour is investigated by employing an uncoupled consolidation theory using finite elements. A dimensionless time factor is used to present the results of pore-pressure dissipation. These results are presented using nondimensional quantities and in normalized forms. The results are directly applicable to estimation of pore pressures for determining long-term stability of tunnels. Key words : clay, pore pressure, tunnels, uncoupled consolidation, finite elements, stress-strain.
Effect of cannabinoids on neural transmission in rat gastric fundus
Authors: Storr M , Gaffal E , Saur D , Schusdziarra V , Allescher H D
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the possible role of cannabinoids on the neuromuscular function of rat gastric fundus. In addition to possible direct effects on smooth muscle, the influence of cannabinoids on contractile (cholinergic) and relaxant (non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)) neural innervation of the rat gastric fundus was investigated in vitro. Neither anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid receptor agonist) nor Win 55,212-2 and methanandamide (synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists) nor AM 630 (a cannabinoid receptor antagonist) showed any effect on smooth muscle activity at baseline or after precontraction with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; 107M). Electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the smooth muscle preparation (40 V; 5 Hz) caused cholinergically mediated twitch contractions that were abolished by atropine (106M) or tetrodotoxin (TTX; 106M). Anandamide and Win 55,212-2 reduced these twitch contractions in a concentration-dependent manner, an effect that could be reversed by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM 630 for anandamide, but not for Win 55,212-2. When NANC relaxant neural responses (presence of atropine (106M) and guanethidine (106M)) were induced by EFS, the cannabinoid receptor agonists anandamide and Win 55,212-2 reduced the relaxant response, an effect that could be reversed by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM 630 for anandamide, but not for Win 55,212-2. When given alone AM 630 caused an increase in the EFS-induced relaxant response. The presence of CB1and CB2cannabinoid receptor mRNA within the rat stomach was demonstrated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of this study indicate that cannabinoids modulate excitatory cholinergic and inhibitory NANC neurotransmission in the rat gastric fundus. Endogenous cannabinoids may play a physiological role only in NANC inhibitory transmission, as AM 630 did not modify the electrically induced cholinergic contraction. The involved cannabinoid receptors are most likely located on neuronal structures. The present study also provides evidence that more than one receptor type is involved.Key words: cannabinoid, anandamide, rat gastric fundus relaxation, NANC, AM 630.
Role of cyclic GMP and calcineurin in homologous and heterologous desensitization of natriuretic peptide receptor-A
Authors: Fortin Yann , De Léan André
Published: October 2010

The natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) mediates natriuretic, hypotensive, and antihypertrophic effects of natriuretic peptides through the production of cGMP. In pathological conditions such as heart failure, these effects are attenuated by homologous and heterologous desensitization mechanisms resulting in the dephosphorylation of the cytosolic portion of the receptor. In contrast with natriuretic peptide-induced desensitization, pressor hormone-induced desensitization is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) stimulation and (or) cytosolic calcium elevation. Mechanisms by which PKC and Ca2+promote NPR-A desensitization are not known. The role of cGMP and of the cytosolic Ca2+pathways in NPR-A desensitization were therefore studied. In contrast with the activation of NPR-A by its agonist, activation of soluble guanylyl cyclases of LLC-PK1 cells by sodium nitroprusside also leads to a production of cGMP but without altering NPR-A activation. Consequently, cGMP elevation per se does not appear to mediate homologous desensitization of NPR-A. In addition, cytosolic calcium increase is required only for the heterologous desensitization pathway since the calcium chelator BAPTA-AM blocks only PMA or ionomycin-induced desensitization. Calcineurin inhibitors block the NPR-A guanylyl cyclase heterologous desensitization induced by ionomycin, suggesting an essential role for this Ca2+-stimulated phosphatase in NPR-A desensitization. In summary, the present report demonstrates that neither cGMP nor Ca2+cytosolic elevation cause NPR-A homologous desensitization. Our results also indicate for the first time a role for calcineurin in NPR-A heterologous desensitization.
Regulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase expression in the hypertrophic and failing heartThis paper is part of a series in the Journal's “Made in Canada” section. The paper has undergone peer review.
Authors: Zarain-Herzberg Angel
Published: October 2010

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) plays a central role in the contraction and relaxation coupling in the myocardium. The SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2) transports Ca2+inside the SR lumen during relaxation of the cardiac myocyte. It is well known that diminished contractility of the hypertrophic cardiac myocyte is the main factor of ventricular dysfunction in the failing heart. A key feature of the failing heart is a decreased content and activity of SERCA2, which is the cause of some of the physiological defects observed in the hypertrophic cardiomyocyte performance that are important during transition of compensated hypertrophy to heart failure. In this review different possible mechanisms responsible for decreased transcriptional regulation of the SERCA2 gene are examined, which appear to be the primary cause for decreased SERCA2 expression in heart failure. The experimental evidence suggests that several signalling pathways are involved in the downregulation of SERCA2 expression in the hypertrophic and failing cardiomyocyte. Therapeutic upregulation of SERCA2 expression using replication deficient adenoviral expression vectors, pharmacological interventions using thyroid hormone analogues, β-adrenergic receptor antagonists, and novel metabolically active compounds are currently under investigation for the treatment of uncompensated cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Short-term passive smoking causes endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress in nonsmokers
Authors: Kato Toru , Inoue Teruo , Morooka Toshifumi , Yoshimoto Nobuo , Node Koichi
Published: October 2010

Recent studies have shown that passive smoking impairs vascular endothelial function and induces oxidative stress in humans. However, in most of the previous human data regarding tobacco-induced pathophysiology, vascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress have been separately assessed. This study was designed to determine the association between the acute effect of passive smoking on vascular endothelial function and in-vivo oxidative stress status. We studied 30 healthy male Japanese volunteers (32 ± 7 years) including 15 habitual smokers and 15 nonsmokers. After baseline echocardiographic, hemodynamic recording, and blood sampling, subjects were exposed to passive smoking for 30 min. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was measured by using % flow-mediated vasodilation (%FMD) of the brachial artery and plasma levels of 8-isoprostane was measured by enzyme immunoassay before and after the passive smoking exposure. Baseline %FMD was lower (4.3% ± 1.2% vs. 10.9% ± 3.1%, p < 0.001) and baseline plasma 8-isoprostane level was higher (41.5 ± 5.8 pg/mL vs. 26.9 ± 5.4 pg/mL, p < 0.001) in smokers than those in nonsmokers. The %FMD and 8-isoprostane level did not change after passive smoking in smokers. In nonsmokers, however, the %FMD decreased (to 5.0% ± 1.9%, p < 0.001) and the 8-isoprostane level increased (to 37.8 ± 9.6 pg/mL, p < 0.001) significantly after 30 min passive smoking exposure, equivalently to the levels of smokers. Sixty corrected samples before and after passive smoking exposure in all patients showed a significant negative correlation between the % FMD and the plasma 8-isoprostane levels (n = 60, r = –0.69, p < 0.001). Even 30 min of passive smoking rapidly impairs vascular endothelial function, which is associated with oxidative stress. Our data provide the pathophysiological insight for the recent epidemiological evidence about the increased risk of coronary heart disease among nonsmokers exposed to passive smoking.
Periodicity determination of lacustrine cycles from the Devonian of Northern Scotland
Authors: Andrews Steven D. , Trewin Nigel H.
Published: October 2010

Synopsis

The Middle Old Red Sandstone (mid Devonian) of the Orcadian Basin in northern Scotland is composed predominantly of cyclic lacustrine deposits. The cyclicity recorded reflects regular fluctuations in lake levels that have been attributed to climatic variability resulting from regular variations in the Earth's orbital parameters (Milankovitch cycles). However, previous estimates and calculations of the periodicities of these events have produced highly variable results, and no consistent approach has emerged. Variability in the estimated thicknesses of the sequences and regular revisions of the Devonian timescale, combined with poorly defined absolute dating of stratigraphic boundaries, have hindered accurate calculations of cycle periodicities.

This study reviews the factors involved in the calculation of published periodicities for the lacustrine cycles of the Orcadian Basin and considers the effect of recent revisions to the Devonian timescale and stratigraphic thicknesses. When considered alongside detailed examination of well exposed sections from Easter Ross, Caithness and Orkney, the calculation of cycle periodicities provides consistent results reflecting the dominance of Precessional (19 886 years) and modulating Eccentricity (100 000 years) cycles calculated for the Devonian.
The Highland Boundary Fault and the Highland Border Complex
Authors: Bluck B. J.
Published: October 2010

Synopsis

Stratigraphic evidence, petrography and way up criteria are presented to show that the bulk of the Highland Border Complex in Scotland gets younger to the NW, towards the largely Neoproterozoic, Dalradian block. An early ophiolite has fed younger sediments with detritus, which, in the absence of reliable fossils, has provided a control on the stratigraphical order, placing the ‘Margie Series’ younger than the dated Dounans limestone.
Tanner & Sutherland (2007)
see the complex as divided into two groups one of which overlies, and is a continuation of the Dalradian sequence, and therefore took part in its folding. This view is false.

The Highland Border Complex is a sequence of rocks, disposed in phacoids, beginning with an ophiolite in the early Ordovician followed by younger rocks which include shales, pillow lavas and sandstones. This sequence was deposited whilst the Dalradian highlands rose and shed large volumes of sediment, which have yet to be identified south of the Highland Boundary Fault. The boundary between the Dalradian and the Highland Border Complex, the Highland Boundary Fault, is therefore a major fracture bringing unrelated (but not exotic) Highland Border Complex rocks adjacent to the Dalradian block.

In terms of its structural control, the terrestrial Old Red Sandstone is a continuation of the Highland Border Complex, being progressively less deformed as time went on. It was probably laid down in transcurrent fault-generated basins which were gradually converged upon by the Dalradian block and in so doing, uplifted some of the more northerly basins, possibly resting on Dalradian sediments, to yield sediment to the younger basins further to the south.

The Highland Border Complex forms the basement to the Old Red Sandstone and, in places, forms a plane of detachment upon which the overlying basins formed. This may account for the extreme heterogeneous nature of its deformation from extensively sheared to totally unsheared rocks.
The State of the Field of Environmental History
Authors: McNeill J.R.
Published: October 2010

Absract  This article reviews the state and evolution of the field of environmental history since about 1970. It focuses chiefly on the work of professional historians, but because environmental history is pursued by many varieties of scholars, it occasionally discusses the work of archeologists, geographers, and others. It offers a working definition of the field and an account of its origins, development, and institutionalization from the 1970s until 2010. It briefly surveys the literature on several world regions, concentrating most heavily on South Asia and Latin America, where environmental history at present has grown especially lively. It considers the prominence of Americanists (that is, historians of the United States, not the same thing as Americans) in the field and how that prominence is now waning. It reviews the utility of environmental history for historians, sketches some of the critiques of environmental history, and comments upon some signal findings of recent years.
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
Authors: Kümmerer Klaus
Published: October 2010

Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are used because of their biological activity. They are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the aquatic environment are in the same range (μg L−1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for less-developed countries too. The health risks of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) remain poorly understood. Although there are no known short-term effects on humans, long-term effects cannot be ruled out until there is more research. The significance of metabolites and transformation products resulting from the parent APIs is not yet known. Awareness of the presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, coupled with some evidence of effects, suggests that precautionary management action to reduce the release of pharmaceuticals to the environment should be considered. As for effluent treatment, no technology works well for all compounds. Advanced effluent treatment is not sustainable because of energy consumption, efficiency, and efficacy. Therefore, its appropriateness must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. Increased handling and use measures at the source and better biodegradable pharmaceuticals are necessary in the long run for the new paradigm called “sustainable pharmacy.”
Cities and the Governing of Climate Change
Authors: Bulkeley Harriet
Published: October 2010

Studies of the urban governance of climate change have proliferated over the past decade, as municipalities across the world increasingly place the issue on their agendas and private actors seek to respond to the issue. This review examines the history and development of urban climate governance, the policies and measures that have been put into place, the multilevel governance context in which these are undertaken, and the factors that have structured the posibilities for addressing the issue. It highlights the limits of existing work and the need for future research to provide more comprehensive analyses of the achievements and limitations of urban climate governance. It calls for engagement with alternative theoretical perspectives to understand how climate change is being governed in the city and the implications for urban governance, socioenvironmental justice, and the reconfiguration of political authority.
The New Geography of Contemporary Urbanization and the Environment
Authors: Seto Karen C. , Sánchez-Rodríguez Roberto , Fragkias Michail
Published: October 2010

Contemporary urbanization differs from historical patterns of urban growth in terms of scale, rate, location, form, and function. This review discusses the characteristics of contemporary urbanization and the roles of urban planning, governance, agglomeration, and globalization forces in driving and shaping the relationship between urbanization and the environment. We highlight recent research on urbanization and global change in the context of sustainability as well as opportunities for bundling urban development efforts, climate mitigation, and adaptation strategies to create synergies to transition to sustainability. We conclude with an analysis of global greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios of future urbanization growth and discuss their implications.
The Rescaling of Global Environmental Politics
Authors: Andonova Liliana B. , Mitchell Ronald B.
Published: October 2010

In the past half-century, the practice and study of global environmental politics and governance have been dramatically rescaled. They have become increasingly complex and interconnected with respect to the level (between local and global) at which they take place, the range of actors engaged in them, and the linkages between them and nominally nonenvironmental issues. Global environmental politics and governance have been rescaled vertically down toward provincial and municipal governments and up toward supranational regimes. They have also been rescaled horizontally across regional and sectoral organizations and networks and across new issues, such as development, security, and trade among others. This rescaling reflects shifts in the magnitude, complexity, and interconnectedness of the global environmental problems humans face as well as epistemological shifts in how humans understand and respond to these problems, and rescaling has implications for both the practice and study of global environmental politics.
Fermilab's Intensity Frontier
Authors: de Gouvêa André , Saoulidou Niki
Published: October 2010

Particle physics experiments at the intensity frontier aim to probe nature through precision studies of the properties and interactions of its basic constituents, using intense particle beams and innovative detectors. We review the physics potential of several of these experiments, especially those that can be very effectively pursued at Fermilab in the near and intermediate future, assuming that a new intense proton source—Project X—will be available. We concentrate on flavor-violating phenomena that have been identified as the main particle physics drivers for Project X: the study of neutrino masses and mixing through long-baseline neutrino oscillations; searches for rare, flavor-violating muon processes; and precision measurements of kaon decays into neutrinos, [Formula: see text]. We also comment on other opportunities, such as measurements of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon and neutrino-matter scattering.
The Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background
Authors: Beacom John F.
Published: October 2010

The diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) is the weak glow of megaelectronvolt neutrinos and antineutrinos from distant core-collapse supernovae. The DSNB has not been detected yet, but the Super-Kamiokande (SK) 2003 upper limit on the [Formula: see text] flux is close to predictions, now quite precise, that are based on astrophysical data. If SK is modified with dissolved gadolinium to reduce detector backgrounds and increase the energy range for analysis, then it should detect the DSNB at a rate of a few events per year, providing a new probe of supernova neutrino emission and the cosmic core-collapse rate. If the DSNB is not detected, then new physics will be required. Neutrino astronomy, although uniquely powerful, has proven extremely difficult—only the Sun and the nearby Supernova 1987A have been detected to date—so the promise of detecting new sources soon is exciting indeed.
Jet Physics at the Tevatron
Authors: Bhatti Anwar A. , Lincoln Don
Published: October 2010

Jets have been used to verify the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), measure the structure of the proton, and search for physics beyond the Standard Model. In this article, we review the current status of jet physics at the Tevatron, a [Formula: see text] TeV [Formula: see text] collider at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. We report on recent measurements of the inclusive jet production cross section, dijet production measurements, and the results of searches for physics beyond the Standard Model using jets.
The Low-Energy Frontier of Particle Physics
Authors: Jaeckel Joerg , Ringwald Andreas
Published: October 2010

Most embeddings of the Standard Model into a more unified theory, in particular those based on supergravity or superstrings, predict the existence of a hidden sector of particles that have only very weak interactions with visible-sector Standard Model particles. Some of these exotic particle candidates [for instance, axions, axion-like particles, and hidden U(1) gauge bosons] may be very light, with masses in the subelectronvolt range, and may have very weak interactions with photons. Correspondingly, these very weakly interacting subelectronvolt particles (WISPs) may lead to observable effects in experiments (as well as in astrophysical and cosmological observations) searching for light shining through a wall, for changes in laser polarization, for nonlinear processes in large electromagnetic fields, and for deviations from Coulomb's law. We present the physics case and a status report of this emerging low-energy frontier of fundamental physics.
Beta Beams
Authors: Lindroos Mats , Mezzetto Mauro
Published: October 2010

The ultimate goal of neutrino oscillation physics is the search for leptonic CP violation, which will require neutrino beams that are much more intense and pure than those used in present experiments. Beta beams are an attractive innovative possibility in this direction. Neutrinos are generated by the beta decays of radioactive nuclei and are accelerated at very high energies. The resulting neutrino beam consists of only one easily predictable flavor of neutrinos (veor [Formula: see text]). A realistic beta beam design, which has already been demonstrated by the Eurisol Design Study, is based on CERN's PS and SPS accelerators. The beta beam concept has also been extended in several other directions, including high energy, high Q, electron capture, and low energy. Both the accelerator complex and the physics potential of a neutrino experiment are reviewed here. We emphasize the beta beam design based on the CERN PS and SPS, but we also discuss other possibilities.
Physics Accomplishments of HERA
Authors: Diaconu C. , Haas T. , Medinnis M. , Rith K. , Wagner A.
Published: October 2010

The electron-proton collider HERA at DESY in Hamburg, Germany, delivered luminosity from 1992 to 2007. The center-of-mass energy was a factor of ten higher compared to previous lepton-nucleon scattering experiments. The research at HERA emphasized precision analyses of the proton structure at small x and high Q2. In addition, precision tests of QCD provided significant new insights into the strong force. Diffractive scattering plays an important role in hard interactions. Many searches for new physics were performed at the electron-proton energy frontier. Additionally, two fixed-target experiments that used only the electron and proton beams of HERA, respectively, studied the spin structure of the nucleon and the production of strangeness, charm, and bottom in high-energy proton collisions. This review summarizes key results obtained by the four experiments at HERA: H1, ZEUS, HERMES, and HERA-B.
Supersymmetry Breaking and Gauge Mediation
Authors: Kitano Ryuichiro , Ooguri Hirosi , Ookouchi Yutaka
Published: October 2010

We review recent works on supersymmetry breaking and gauge mediation. We survey our current understanding of dynamical supersymmetry-breaking mechanisms and describe new model-building tools that use duality, metastability, and stringy construction. We discuss phenomenological constraints and their solutions, paying particular attention to gaugino masses and electroweak symmetry breaking.
In Search of Extraterrestrial High-Energy Neutrinos
Authors: Anchordoqui Luis A. , Montaruli Teresa
Published: October 2010

We review the search for astrophysical neutrinos. We begin by summarizing the various theoretical predictions that correlate the expected neutrino flux with data from other messengers, specifically γ rays and ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. We then review the status and results of neutrino telescopes both in operation and decommissioned as well as the methods used for data analysis and background discrimination. Particular attention is devoted to the challenge enforced by the highly uncertain atmospheric muon and neutrino backgrounds in relation to searches of diffuse neutrino fluxes. Next, we examine the impact of existing limits on neutrino fluxes on studies of the chemical composition of cosmic rays. After that, we show not only that neutrinos have the potential to discover astrophysical sources, but also that the huge statistics of atmospheric muons can be a powerful tool. We end by discussing the prospects for indirect detection of dark matter with neutrino telescopes.
Effects of cross-education on the muscle after a period of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe
Authors: Magnus Charlene R. A. , Barss Trevor S. , Lanovaz Joel L. , Farthing Jonathan P.
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study was to apply cross-education during 4 wk of unilateral limb immobilization using a shoulder sling and swathe to investigate the effects on muscle strength, muscle size, and muscle activation. Twenty-five right-handed participants were assigned to one of three groups as follows: the Immob + Train group wore a sling and swathe and strength trained ( n = 8), the Immob group wore a sling and swathe and did not strength train ( n = 8), and the Control group received no treatment ( n = 9). Immobilization was applied to the nondominant (left) arm. Strength training consisted of maximal isometric elbow flexion and extension of the dominant (right) arm 3 days/wk. Torque (dynamometer), muscle thickness (ultrasound), maximal voluntary activation (interpolated twitch), and electromyography (EMG) were measured. The change in right biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness [7.0 ± 1.9 and 7.1 ± 2.2% (SE), respectively] was greater for Immob + Train than Immob (0.4 ± 1.2 and −1.9 ± 1.7%) and Control (0.8 ± 0.5 and 0.0 ± 1.1%, P < 0.05). Left biceps and triceps brachii muscle thickness for Immob + Train (2.2 ± 0.7 and 3.4 ± 2.1%, respectively) was significantly different from Immob (−2.8 ± 1.1 and −5.2 ± 2.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Right elbow flexion strength for Immob + Train (18.9 ± 5.5%) was significantly different from Immob (−1.6 ± 4.0%, P < 0.05). Right and left elbow extension strength for Immob + Train (68.1 ± 25.9 and 32.2 ± 9.0%, respectively) was significantly different from the respective limb of Immob (1.3 ± 7.7 and −6.1 ± 7.8%) and Control (4.7 ± 4.7 and −0.2 ± 4.5%, P < 0.05). Immobilization in a sling and swathe decreased strength and muscle size but had no effect on maximal voluntary activation or EMG. The cross-education effect on the immobilized limb was greater after elbow extension training. This study suggests that strength training the nonimmobilized limb benefits the immobilized limb for muscle size and strength.
Maternal dietary tryptophan deficiency alters cardiorespiratory control in rat pups
Authors: Penatti Eliana M. , Barina Alexis E. , Raju Sharat , Li Aihua , Kinney Hannah C. , Commons Kathryn G. , Nattie Eugene E.
Published: October 2010

Malnutrition during pregnancy adversely affects postnatal forebrain development; its effect upon brain stem development is less certain. To evaluate the role of tryptophan [critical for serotonin (5-HT) synthesis] on brain stem 5-HT and the development of cardiorespiratory function, we fed dams a diet ∼45% deficient in tryptophan during gestation and early postnatal life and studied cardiorespiratory variables in the developing pups. Deficient pups were of normal weight at postnatal day (P)5 but weighed less than control pups at P15 and P25 ( P < 0.001) and had lower body temperatures at P15 ( P < 0.001) and P25 ( P < 0.05; females only). Oxygen consumption (V̇o2) was unaffected. At P15, deficient pups had an altered breathing pattern and slower heart rates. At P25, they had significantly lower ventilation (V̇e) and V̇e-to-V̇o2ratios in both air and 7% CO2. The ventilatory response to CO2(% increase in V̇e/V̇o2) was significantly increased at P5 (males) and reduced at P15 and P25 (males and females). Deficient pups had 41–56% less medullary 5-HT ( P < 0.01) compared with control pups, without a difference in 5-HT neuronal number. These data indicate important interactions between nutrition, brain stem physiology, and age that are potentially relevant to understanding 5-HT deficiency in the sudden infant death syndrome.
ASNA-1 Activity Modulates Sensitivity to Cisplatin
Authors: Hemmingsson Oskar , Kao Gautam , Still Maria , Naredi Peter
Published: October 2010

Cancer can be cured by platinum-based chemotherapy, but resistance is a major cause of treatment failure. Here we present the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model to study interactions between the platinum drug cisplatin and signaling pathways in vivo. Null mutation in a single gene, asna-1, makes worms hypersensitive to cisplatin. The metalloregulated ATPase ASNA-1 promotes insulin secretion and membrane insertion of tail-anchored proteins. Using structural data from ASNA-1 homologues, we identify specific ASNA-1 mutants that are sensitive to cisplatin while still able to promote insulin signaling. Mutational analysis reveals that hypersensitivity of ASNA-1 mutants to cisplatin remains in absence of CEP-1/p53 or apoptosis. Human ASNA1 can substitute for the worm gene, indicating a conserved function. Cisplatin sensitivity is not affected by decreased insulin signaling in wild-type nematodes or restored insulin signaling in asna-1 mutants. These findings provide a functional insight into ASNA-1, demonstrate that C. elegans can be used to characterize cisplatin resistance mechanisms, and suggest that rationally designed drugs against ASNA-1 can sensitize cancer cells to cisplatin. Cancer Res; 70(24); 10321–8. ©2010 AACR.
XMRV: A New Virus in Prostate Cancer?
Authors: Aloia Amanda L. , Sfanos Karen S. , Isaacs William B. , Zheng Qizhi , Maldarelli Frank , De Marzo Angelo M. , Rein Alan
Published: October 2010

Several recent articles have reported the presence of a gammaretrovirus, termed “XMRV” (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) in prostate cancers (PCa). If confirmed, this could have enormous implications for the detection, prevention, and treatment of PCa. However, other articles report failure to detect XMRV in PCa. We tested nearly 800 PCa samples, using a combination of real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The PCR reactions were simultaneously monitored for amplification of a single-copy human gene, to confirm the quality of the sample DNA and its suitability for PCR. Controls showed that the PCR assay could detect the XMRV in a single infected cell, even in the presence of a 10,000-fold excess of uninfected human cells. The IHC used 2 rabbit polyclonal antisera, each prepared against a purified murine leukemia virus (MLV) protein. Both antisera always stained XMRV-infected or -transfected cells, but never stained control cells. No evidence for XMRV in PCa was obtained in these experiments. We discuss possible explanations for the discrepancies in the results from different laboratories. It is possible that XMRV is not actually circulating in the human population; even if it is, the data do not seem to support a causal role for this virus in PCa. Cancer Res; 70(24); 10028–33. ©2010 AACR.
Prognostic Value of Circulating Dead Monocytes in Patients with Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Tsai Tzu-Hsien , Lin Yu-Chun , Sun Cheuk-Kwan , Chung Sheng-Ying , Chai Han-Tan , Yang Cheng-Hsu , Chen Shyh-Ming , Hang Chi-Ling , Chen Chien-Jen , Chua Sarah , Wu Chiung-Jen , Leu Steve , Yip Hon-Kan
Published: October 2010

Objectives: This study tested the hypothesis that the level of apoptotic and necrotic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is a predictor of the 30-day combined major adverse clinical outcome (MACO) [defined as advanced congestive heart failure (CHF), a high Killip score, or 30-day mortality] in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Between April 2009 and January 2010, 98 patients undergoing primary PCI were assessed for both apoptotic and necrotic PBMCs (apoptotic cells are referred to as annexin V+/propidium iodide– and necrotic cells are defined as annexin V+/propidium iodide+) using flow cytometry 24 h after STEMI. Patients with higher (≧3.2%) and lower (<3.2%) levels of necrotic cells were categorized into group 1 (n = 40) and group 2 (n = 58), respectively, according to the ROC curve method. Results: Higher incidences of advanced CHF and a high Killip score were noted in group 1 patients (p < 0.0001). Moreover, the peak level of creatine phosphokinase was higher in group 1 (p < 0.0001), whereas the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower in group 1 than in group 2 (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that high necrotic cells (≧3.2%) was the strongest independent predictor of 30-day MACO (p = 0.001). Conclusion: A high level of necrotic cells (PBMCs) may serve as a useful biomarker for predicting 30-day MACO in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI.
From Vessel Sprouting to Normalization
Authors: Coulon Cathy , Georgiadou Maria , Roncal Carmen , De Bock Katrien , Langenberg Tobias , Carmeliet Peter
Published: October 2010

The accepted model of vessel branching distinguishes several endothelial cell fates. At the forefront of a vessel sprout, “tip cells” guide the sprouting vessel toward an angiogenic stimulus. Behind the tip, “stalk cells” proliferate to elongate the vessel branch and create a lumen. In mature vessels, endothelial cells acquire a streamlined shape to optimally conduct blood flow. For this purpose, endothelial cells switch to the “phalanx” cell fate, which is characterized by quiescent and nonproliferating cells aligned in a tight cobblestonelike layer. Vessel maturation also requires the recruitment of mural cells (ie, smooth muscle cells and pericytes). These cell fates are often altered in pathological conditions, most prominently during the formation of tumor vasculature. Given the essential role of hypoxia as the driving force for initiating angiogenesis, it is not surprising that the hypoxia-sensing machinery controls key steps in physiological and pathological angiogenesis.
Circulating Fibroblast Growth Factor-23 Is Associated With Fat Mass and Dyslipidemia in Two Independent Cohorts of Elderly Individuals
Authors: Mirza Majd A.I. , Alsiö Johan , Hammarstedt Ann , Erben Reinhold G. , Michaëlsson Karl , Tivesten Åsa , Marsell Richard , Orwoll Eric , Karlsson Magnus K. , Ljunggren Östen , Mellström Dan , Lind Lars , Ohlsson Claes , Larsson Tobias E.
Published: October 2010

Objective—

Disturbances in mineral metabolism define an increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a circulating regulator of phosphate and vitamin D metabolism and has recently been implicated as a putative pathogenic factor in cardiovascular disease. Because other members of the FGF family play a role in lipid and glucose metabolism, we hypothesized that FGF23 would associate with metabolic factors that predispose to an increased cardiovascular risk. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between FGF23 and metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in the community.

Methods and Results—

Relationships between serum FGF23 and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, serum lipids, and fat mass were examined in 2 community-based, cross-sectional cohorts of elderly whites (Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study: 964 men aged 75±3.2; Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study: 946 men and women aged 70). In both cohorts, FGF23 associated negatively with high-density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A1 (7% to 21% decrease per 1-SD increase in log FGF23;
P
<0.01) and positively with triglycerides (11% to 14% per 1-SD increase in log FGF23;
P
<0.01). A 1-SD increase in log FGF23 was associated with a 7% to 20% increase in BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio and a 7% to 18% increase in trunk and total body fat mass (
P
<0.01) as determined by whole-body dual x-ray absorptiometry. FGF23 levels were higher in subjects with the metabolic syndrome compared with those without (46.4 versus 41.2 pg/mL;
P
<0.05) and associated with an increased risk of having the metabolic syndrome (OR per 1-SD increase in log FGF23, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.40;
P
<0.05).

Conclusion—

We report for the first time on associations between circulating FGF23, fat mass, and adverse lipid metabolism resembling the metabolic syndrome, potentially representing a novel pathway(s) linking high FGF23 to an increased cardiovascular risk.