bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mumps Complement Fixing Antibodies in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Hummeler Klaus
Published: January 2023

The patterns of complement fixing antibody responses to mumps virus in guinea pigs resemble in many aspects those seen in man. Intranasal instillation of infectious virus elicits high titers to the soluble (S) antigen within 2 weeks while antibodies to the virus (V) antigen either fail to develop or, where found, reach rarely high titers. Intraperitoneal injection of infectious virus also induces high anti-S levels but these are always accompanied, or even preceded by similar responses in anti-V. Injection of formalin inactivated virus by the intraperitoneal route results generally in the development of anti-V only. It is possible therefore to obtain high titered anti-S sera without detectable anti-V and, conversely, potent anti-V sera without measurable anti-S for the control of dose and specificity of diagnostic V and S antigens by intranasal inoculation of infectious virus and intraperitoneal injection of the inactivated agent, respectively, and bleeding of the animals at appropriate intervals.
Poliomyelitis Vaccine Safety Testing by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Beardmore W. B. , Hook A. E. , Sarber R. W. , McLean I. W. , Taylor A. R.
Published: January 2023

Details are given of the method of tissue culture safety testing of inactivated poliomyelitis virus strain pools and the subsequent trivalent vaccine, as developed and utilized in the production of a formaldehyde-ultraviolet irradiation inactivated vaccine. Data obtained, using formaldehyde as the sole inactivating agent, are compared with those obtained utilizing the combination (formalin-ultraviolet) method. Certain fundamental and theoretical aspects of inactivation rate data accumulated over the past few years are discussed.
Physiological Adaptations of Fixed-Tissues in Anaphylaxis and Immunity
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Williams T. B.
Published: January 2023

Hearts of rabbits sensitized or immunized to cobra venom are identical with normal rabbit hearts in their resistence to cobra venom. The cardiac tissues therefore apparently play a purely passive rôle in immunological processes against cobra venom.
Serological Factors of Natural Resistance in Animals on a Deficient Diet
Authors: Smith George H. , Wason Isabel M.
Published: January 2023

Study of the changes in experimental animals brought about by dietary deficiencies has been directed almost exclusively to physiological and anatomical manifestations. The effects which such diets may have upon serological or immunological properties have received but little attention in spite of the fact that there is abundant clinical evidence associating defective diet with decreased resistance. In numerous publications of a clinical nature a direct correlation has been pointed out between a deficient diet and morbidity and mortality rates from inter-current infection. Such findings obviously suggest that under conditions of inadequate nutrition the efficiency of the mechanism of resistance is impaired. In so far as can be determined, the connection between these two conditions has not been submitted to direct experimental proof, either with the clinical material suggesting such a relationship or with experimental animals in which nutritional disturbances were artificially induced.
Biological Reactions of X-Rays
Authors: Cori Karl F. , Pucher G. W.
Published: January 2023

The radiation of the individual components of a hemolytic system does not increase the rate of hemolysis of that system. Radiation of the whole hemolytic system increases the rate of hemolysis of that system. X-rays influence the velocity at which the equilibrium of a reaction is reached. Further studies are in progress to determine the effect of x-rays on the velocity of chemical reactions.
Zone Phenomena in Complement Fixation with “Residue” Antigens
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: January 2023

In 1912 Dean (1) showed that the relative proportion of antigen and antibody is of the greatest importance in both precipitation and complement fixation reactions. He showed, conclusively, that to determine quantitatively the antibody content of a serum or the antigen content of a serum or extract, it is necessary to titrate decreasing quantities of antiserum with decreasing amounts of antigen.

The significance of this work does not seem to have been fully recognized although its practical bearing on any experiments dealing with precipitation or complement fixation tests is of the utmost importance. In fact, if the quantitative relation of antigen and antibody is not understood, especially in complement fixation reactions, antibodies in a strong serum or antigen in a strong extract may be entirely missed, or the opposite may occur, that is, antibodies in a weak serum, or antigen in a weak extract, may be overlooked.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Hosepian H. M. , Beattie A. C.
Published: January 2023

The net weight of the liver exclusive of the weight of the contained blood is increased as much as 95 per cent during the early stages of canine peptone shock.
Serological Reactions in Isolated Rabbit Lungs
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Marino H. D.
Published: January 2023

A vasoconstriction sufficient to reduce the rate of perfusion flow fully 95 per cent is produced by histamine in the isolated rabbit lungs. This vasoconstriction is associated with a marked perivascular edema. A 75 per cent reduction in perfusion flow is produced by Vaughan's protein split product, with partial or complete recovery by the end of nine minutes.
Tissue Culture Studies of Cellular Hypersensitivity in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Lewis Gladys K. , Weiss Gertrud , Olson Howard
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The growth of fibroblasts from human skin, the migration and spindling of certain elements of white blood cells from tuberculous and tuberculin-negative human beings were compared in their tissue culture responses to various concentrations of old tuberculin. The growth of fibroblasts from skin of guinea pigs before and after sensitization with killed human tubercle bacilli was compared in various concentrations of old tuberculin.

Fibroblastic growth was significantly depressed by old tuberculin in the group of 5 guinea pigs after sensitization. In any single experiment, however, the results were never sufficiently decisive to make it possible always to distinguish a sensitized from a nonsensitized animal.

In contrast to this observation, even the grouped data in the human experiments did not show a difference between patients with active tuberculosis and tuberculin-negative individuals.

When human tissues from individuals with and without rheumatic fever were tested with streptococcal products under similar experimental conditions (1, 2), evaluation of combined data suggested some inhibition in vitro of fibroblasts, though not of white blood cells from patients with rheumatic fever. However, it was not possible to classify correctly any individual case. A statistically demonstrable hypersensitivity to streptococcal filtrates and disintegrated streptococci may exist in rheumatic fever; however, an individually measurable one does not exist under these experimental conditions.

Cellular sensitivity, if the phenomenon observed in tissue culture could be interpreted as such, was more evident in rheumatic fever than in human tuberculosis.
The Reaction of Dog Intestinal Phosphatase with its Antibodies in the Region of Excess Antibody
Authors: Schlamowitz Max
Published: January 2023

The nature of the precipitin reaction of dog intestinal phosphatase with its rabbit antiserum have been investigated with special emphasis on the region of excess antibody. Evidence for the existence in this region of soluble antigen-antibody complexes has been presented and discussed.

The use of horse antibodies against rabbit γ-globulin has been demonstrated to be useful for detecting and studying soluble complexes of antigen and antibody. The use of horse antibodies for the quantitative precipitation of phosphatase at levels estimated to be below 1 γ is described.
Studies on Hemagglutination with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Felton Frances G. , Scott L. Vernon
Published: January 2023

The antibody in herpes simplex immune serum can be removed by adsorption with tannic acid treated and virus sensitized sheep erythrocytes.

The removal of this antibody as demonstrated by both hemagglutination and infectivity techniques indicate that the herpes simplex neutralizing and hemagglutinating antibodies are probably identical and that a specific antigen-antibody reaction is involved in the hemagglutination test with herpes simplex virus.
Antigenicity of Combined β-Propiolactone and Ultraviolet Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Authors: LoGrippo Gerald A.
Published: January 2023

A comparison is made of the antigenicity of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and rabies (CVS) vaccines prepared with β-propiolactone (BPL) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation used singly and in combination. The resistance indices obtained with the inactivated vaccines prepared with BPL and UV combined are not diminished as compared with the vaccines containing active virus. The advantages demonstrated by the use of the combination are: a) a marked decrease in the amount of BPL required for complete virus inactivation; b) elimination of the “tailing effect” observed when either agent is used alone; and c) a marked increase in the margin of safety between the concentration required for complete inactivation and the maximum concentration which does not critically alter the antigenicity of the vaccine.
Immunologic Studies of Heart Tissue
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Meyeserian Mary , Swift Audrey
Published: January 2023

An alcohol-extractable sarcoplasmic antigen previously identified in the hearts of several mammalian species, may be differentiated from cardiolipin by absorption and immunohistochemical tests. Antibody titers to these 2 antigens were found to vary independently in sera of rabbits immunized with homogenates of beef heart or rat heart tissue. Absorption of these sera with cardiolipin did not remove antibody to the sarcoplasmic antigen, while absorption with heart tissue homogenate removed both antibodies. Both antigens are constituents of the myocardial cell sarcoplasm; however, differences in their histochemical properties can be demonstrated.
Effect of Sodium Bicarbonate Concentration on Plaque Formation of Virulent and Attenuated Polioviruses
Authors: Hsiung G. D. , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

The efficiency of plating (e.o.p.) of poliovirus under agar has been studied by the bottle culture technique. Plaque formation of attenuated strains under agar was usually restricted or delayed at low concentrations of bicarbonate (d marker in contrast to the d+ marker of wild virulent strains). Varying the bicarbonate concentration from 0.11 to 0.45 g % in liquid medium, did not significantly affect the adsorption and multiplication of attenuated or virulent strains.

Strains passaged in monkey spinal cord retained the neuropathogenic character of the parent line. When the original inoculum was a virulent virus, the strains on further passage in tissue culture yielded d+ viruses. Similarly, when the parent virus was attenuated, the tissue culture progeny were of the d type. However, 2 exceptions were encountered where d+ progeny were produced, but they still behaved as attenuated strains for they were almost free of intracerebral neuropathogenicity for the monkey at the 105 PFU level.

A number of newly isolated strains have been studied, using virus as present in human stools and in tissue culture progeny. In general, epidemiologically paralytogenic strains had a high e.o.p. in low bicarbonate medium, the property of a d+ virus. Strains which were epidemiologically mild, or which were recovered from normal children in interepidemic periods, fell into both the d and d+ categories. These d+ strains proved to be neuropathogenic for the monkey, sometimes demonstrable only by histological examination of the spinal cord. The d strains in this group failed to bring on any apparent disease in the test monkeys, but they did produce lesions in the spinal cord of a high proportion of the animals.

When an attenuated d strain was fed to human beings (6, 7) this was followed usually by the excretion of d viruses, but in certain individuals by the excretion of d+ viruses. However, the d+ mutants were still of low neuropathogenicity for the monkey, suggesting that among the attenuated polioviruses any back mutation to virulence proceeds in small steps.
The Use of Antigen-Coated Glass as a Specific Adsorbent for Antibody
Authors: Sutherland G. Bonar , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary

Although the foregoing investigation demonstrated the applicability of antigen-coated glass surfaces for specific absorption much study must still be made on the quantitative aspects of the problem. The quantitative data obtained so far indicate that the method is not as efficient as might be expected. For example, in the ovalbumin antiovalbumin system using the tube method (see Table 1) 3.0 µg of ovalbumin absorbed only 18.0 µg of protein from the antiserum. Assuming this protein was antibody of 160,000 molecular weight, the mole ratio of antibody to antigen would be only 1.5. The relation of the amount of ovalbumin on the glass beads to the amount of antibody recovered from the columns indicated that this method with the present technique was less efficient than the tube method as might be expected.

Since small amounts of protein from normal sera were adsorbed to antigen surfaces, one might question the purity of antibody which was recovered. Furthermore, one would expect some coprecipitation of nonantibody protein from immune sera (e.g., complement). However, if one excepts the electrophoretic data, the purity of antibody from the glass bead columns must be at least of the order of 90–95% (including the nonprecipitating material).

However, the amount of antibody adsorbed is sufficient to give very significant analytical data and the method is applicable to the removal and detection of low concentration of antibody.
A Comparative Study of the Growth of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Five Tissue Culture Systems
Authors: McClain Mary E. , Hackett Adeline J.
Published: January 2023

Some properties of the growth of vesicular stomatitis virus in 5 tissue culture systems have been described. Both types of the virus grow most rapidly and with highest yield in chick fibroblast monolayers, and poorest in L cell cultures under the experimental conditions used. Nevertheless, L cells were as susceptible to this virus as chick fibroblasts when used for plaque assays. No differences were found between the 2 isolates studied which were of sufficient magnitude to serve as genetic markers.
Leukocytic Transfer of Delayed Sensitivity to Normal Guinea Pigs from Rats Infected with Mycobacterium Lepraemurium
Authors: Wallace John H.
Published: January 2023

Systemic injections of spleen homogenate or peritoneal exudate cells from Mycobacterium lepraemurium infected rats rendered normal guinea pigs specifically sensitive to intradermal M. lepraemurium antigen. In contrast, intracutaneous injection of active cells suspended in OT or M. lepraemurium antigen transferred responses to OT (old tuberculin) as well as to the homologous antigen. The transfer ability of sensitive cells was destroyed by 50°C for 30 min. Comparison of cells from each of several rats in single guinea pigs demonstrated that the cellular reactivity of rats which had been challenged twice with M. lepraemurium was greater than that of cells from animals which had been challenged only once. These results corresponded with the relative resistance of the 2 groups of animals.
Development of Tetanus in Parabiotic Rats
Authors: Schellenberg Diana B. , Matzke Howard A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Tetanus toxin inoculation of parabiotic rats produces symptoms in the injected parabiont comparable to those seen in single animals: ascending and general tetanus following intramuscular injection, and blood-borne tetanus following intravenous inoculation. In the latter case, the uninjected parabiont also develops blood-borne tetanus. When intramuscularly inoculated pairs without nerve crosses are left united the uninjected parabiont does not develop typical tetanus, but dies in a condition of respiratory distress designated “aspastic respiratory tetanus”. It is suggested that some lethal agent other than unaltered toxin produces this condition and the death of the animal. Following intramuscular inoculation of pairs with nerve crosses the uninjected parabiont develops local tetanus which may advance to ascending and general tetanus and death. Thus we may conclude that tetanus toxin can travel directly from the site of intramuscular injection to the spinal cord of the uninjected parabiont by way of a crossing nerve trunk. Following intramuscular inoculation of pairs without nerve crosses the uninjected parabiont does not develop blood-borne tetanus unless it is separated from its injected partner, even though it apparently receives and fixes a lethal dose of toxin. The possible significance of this is discussed.
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Plescia O.J. , Cavallo G. , Amiraian K. , Heidelberger M.
Published: January 2023

The products of immune lysis, predominantly the stromata, inhibit both guinea pig C′and pig C′, the only ones examined.

The components of C′ affected are principally C′2 and C′4; there is a smaller and nonuniform change in C′1 and no measurable change in the activity of C′3. This is not the general pattern observed in the fixation of C′ by antigen-antibody complexes. Rather it is similar to the inactivation of C′ by the dipeptide glycyl-tyrosine, which acts probably as a competitive substrate for proteolytic components of C′.

The results clearly indicate that sensitization of stromata with hemolysin is a prerequisite for rendering the stromata inhibitory.

The inhibition is sufficiently rapid and extensive to play a part in determining the over-all characteristics of the immune hemolytic reaction.
Inactivation of Complement by Egg Albumin-Rabbit Antiegg Albumin
Authors: Cavallo G. , Plescia O. J. , Heidelberger M.
Published: January 2023

Possible reasons for differences in the degree of inactivation of guinea pig, human, and pig C′ by a fixed quantity of an antigen-antibody system were investigated. It was found that a relatively high concentration of inhibitors in pig serum could account for the absence of fixation of pig C′ by small quantities of antigen-antibody which sufficed to inactivate guinea pig C′. These inhibitors in pig serum are fairly stable at pH 4.2. Hemolysins in pig serum are not involved in the inhibition of C′ fixation. Human serum was also found to contain less active inhibitors than those in pig serum.

An increase of the relative concentration of C′4 in pig serum did not increase the degree of fixation of pig C′. However, fixation of guinea pig C′ in the presence of heated pig serum resulted in a marked decrease in the inactivation of both C′ and C′4.
Hemagglutination Tests with Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Kagan Irving G.
Published: January 2023

Antisera against Ascaris lumbricoides var suum, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara canis, and Toxocara cati were prepared in rabbits by injection of lyophilized antigen and infection with viable eggs. These antisera cross-reacted with Ascaris and Toxocara antigens in hemagglutination tests. Absorption with heterologous antigen removed cross-reacting antibodies and produced generic specific antisera. Serum obtained by injection of antigen, showed higher titers than sera obtained by infection with viable eggs. Antisera prepared against polysaccharide whole-worm antigen obtained from human and pig ascarid worms, cross-reacted with antigen prepared from these 2 worms. Absorption of these sera with both homologous and heterologous antigens reduced the titers to 0. From the data, we concluded that crude polysaccharide antigen does not exhibit species specificity. Antigens prepared from saline extracts of whole worm or tissues of pig ascarids are effective antigens in the hemagglutination test, and without preliminary absorption, antigens of Toxocara or Ascaris worms cross-react with antisera prepared against these species.
Serum-Agar Double Diffusion Studies with Ascaris Antigens
Authors: Kagan Irving G. , Jeska Edward L. , Gentzkow C. J.
Published: January 2023

An antigenic analysis with an agar double diffusion technique was made with Ascaris lumbricoides var suum antigens. Whole worm antigens (saline soluble extracts) were compared to autoclaved antigens and polysaccharide-protein antigens prepared in a variety of methods. Four techniques were assayed for the preparation of polysaccharide antigens. Ethanol precipitation, formamide followed by precipitation with acid alcohol and acetone, boiling in 30% KOH followed by ethanol precipitation, and precipitation with acetone of saline soluble antigens. Polysaccharide-protein antigens were also prepared from Ascaris tissue fractions.

Initial boiling of whole worm homogenate with 30% KOH followed by precipitation with ethanol yielded an antigen that showed 1 band in the agar assay. Polysaccharide-protein antigens obtained with ethanol, formamide and acetone precipitation showed 4–9 bands with whole worm homogenate. Tissue polysaccharide-protein antigens were less complex than the whole worm antigen when they were prepared with formamide. The formamide method in general yielded antigens that were immunologically less complex than antigens produced by the other methods (with the exception of the KOH method with the whole worm antigen).

Of the 5 bands found in whole worm formamide polysaccharide-protein antigen assayed by the double diffusion method, 1 component was isolated in the cuticle and a second immunological distinct antigen in unembryonated egg. All antigens contained appreciable amounts of protein and carbohydrate and have been tentatively called polysaccharide-protein complexes.
Replacement of Magnesium by Cobalt and Manganese in the Interactions of the Properdin System with Bacteria and with Zymosan
Authors: Wardlaw Alastair C. , Blum Livia , Pillemer Louis
Published: January 2023

A study has been made of the functional replacement of Mg++ by other cations in the interactions of properdin and complement with bacteria and with zymosan.

Of 22 cations tested, only Mg++, Co++ and Mn++ were able to restore bactericidal activity to serum that had been treated with cation-exchange resin. Mg++ was quantitatively the most effective, being twice as active as Co++ and five times as active as Mn++ on a molar basis. Ca++ was completely inactive.

Mg++, Co++ and Mn++, when added to resintreated serum at levels that effectively restored bactericidal activity, also restored the ability of the serum to form a properdin-zymosan complex with zymosan at 17°. However, only Mg++ and Co++ restored to resin-treated serum the property of rendering C′3 susceptible to inactivation by zymosan at 37°C.

These findings point out differences between the mechanism of the bactericidal activity of the properdin system and the inactivation of C′3 by zymosan.
Effect of Receptor-Destroying Enzyme on the Growth of EMC Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Kodza Helen , Jungeblut Claus W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE), extracted from cultures of Vibrio cholerae, protected HeLa cell cultures against infection with EMC tissue culture virus. No such protection was observed against infection with Coxsackie Group B (types 3 and 5) or poliomyelitis (types 1–3) tissue culture virus. Further analysis of the protective reaction showed that contact between HeLa cells and RDE results in adsorption, with subsequent elution, of the enzyme and that enzyme-modified cells are temporarily incapable of adsorbing an infectious dose of EMC virus. RDE was not adsorbed on L cells and did not protect these cells in tissue culture against EMC virus infection.
Studies on the Antigenicity of Influenza Virus Isolated in the Epidemic of Early Summer, 1957
Authors: Tokuda Masao
Published: January 2023

During the influenza epidemic of the early summer of 1957, 15 strains of influenza virus were isolated from throat washings of patients and were identified as influenza type A. The antigenic composition of these viruses is very different from that of the type A viruses isolated in the past. The recently isolated viruses can be divided into 2 groups by the avidity of virus for antibodies: one reacted strongly with specific and nonspecific antibodies, and the other with difficulty with specific antibodies. Sera should be treated with NaIO4 when the former is used in the H-I tests but need not be treated when the latter is used. During the epidemic, about 30% of the population of Kyoto City developed antibodies against the recently isolated virus.
Serologic Variants of Leptospira Types Resulting from Growth in Immune Serum
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise
Published: January 2023

Leptospira grippotyphosa, Leptospira pomona and Leptospira canicola have been subjected to prolonged cultivation in the presence of homologous immune sera. A marked reduction in agglutinability by the sera in which the strains were grown resulted. Comparison of the altered strain of L. grippotyphosa with the original culture by reciprocal absorption indicated that both loss and gain of antigenic components had apparently occurred. The change in serologic reactivity observed in these three types has remained stable for more than 8 months.
Quantitative Considerations of the Rheumatoid Factor
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Ellis Peggy Jo , Marshall Harry
Published: January 2023

Precipitation of the rheumatoid agglutinating factor with purified preparations of gamma globulin has been studied. The values and limitations of present precipitin techniques for accurately measuring the factor have been defined.

Absorption with rabbit immune precipitates selectively removed that portion of the rheumatoid factor responsible for agglutination of sheep cells coated with rabbit antibody, with minimal reduction of agglutination titer for cells coated with human γ-globulin. Quantitative precipitation technics, however, demonstrate very significant reduction of material precipitable by human Fraction II after such absorption.

The sharp specificity of the rheumatoid factor towards certain systems is emphasized.
Immunochemical Studies of Poliovirus
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Mayer Manfred M. , Rapp Herbert J.
Published: January 2023

Through fractionation in the ultracentrifuge of partially purified concentrated poliovirus from monkey kidney tissue cultures, and by infectivity and serologic assay of the fractions so obtained, evidence has been obtained for the existence of four distinct viral particles. These have been designated ID+, NID+, NID- and NIC-, representing, respectively, infectious virus particles possessing immunologic D specificity, and a sedimentation coefficient of about 160 S, noninfectious particles of D specificity and 160 S, noninfectious particles of D specificity exhibiting a sedimentation coefficient of 80–90 S, and noninfectious particles of C specificity exhibiting a sedimentation coefficient of 80–90 S. The designation of C and D specificity refers to reactivity in complement fixation tests with suitable acute or convalescent phase sera, respectively.
A Study of a Complex Precipitating System Containing Two Cross-Reacting Egg Albumins as Antigens
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Oudin Jacques
Published: January 2023

Using simple diffusion in gel tubes, either hen egg albumin (HEA) or duck egg albumin (DEA) reacting alone with an anti-HEA rabbit serum gave the expected straight line relation when, with time constant, the penetrations h were plotted against the logarithm of the concentration g of the reacting antigen. The relation followed the previously described equation: h = γlogg/g0 where g0 is a constant, proportional to the concentration of the antibody reacting with HEA or DEA. The slope γ was the same for HEA and DEA. When the two egg albumins were mixed in varying proportions, two precipitation zones were usually observed. The penetration of the zone of HEA was slightly increased by the presence of DEA, while the penetration of the zone of DEA was greatly increased by the presence of HEA. An equation has been derived which predicts approximately the penetration hD of the zone of DEA from the concentrations gH and gD of HEA and DEA in the mixture: where g0H and g0D represent the g0 values for HEA and DEA in the 1st equation and γ is the slope derived from the 1st equation. After partial absorption of the serum with DEA, the slopes were no longer identical for the two egg albumins reacting alone, so that no equation of the above type could be applied to the reaction of the mixtures, but the general features of the curves remained the same as above. The maximum amounts of antibody nitrogen precipitable by HEA and DEA from nonabsorbed serum and serum absorbed with varying amounts of DEA were determined. It was noted that a) the difference between the two maximum values did not vary much when the quantity of the heterologous antigen DEA used for absorption was within a certain range, and b) the amount of antibody precipitable by HEA after absorption by DEA did not reach its lowest value for a previous absorption by DEA at the equivalence ratio. If the previous absorption was carried out with an excess of DEA, the antibody precipitable by HEA was still further decreased. Two possible explanations for the latter observation have been discussed.
Studies on the Constant-Antigen Precipitation Reaction of Alkaline Phosphatase, Ovalbumin and γ-Globulin
Authors: Schlamowitz Max
Published: January 2023

Constant-antigen neutralization or precipitation curves for some readily identifiable antigens (alkaline phosphatases, I131 ovalbumin, immune rabbit γ-globulin) are presented. The application of constant-antigen systems is discussed.
Immunity Afforded by Specifically Absorbed, Unabsorbed and Combinations of Salmonella Antisera
Authors: Lieberman Rose , Earle Harold , Ikari Norman , McCullough Norman B.
Published: January 2023

Employing Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteriditis, and their respective immune sera, absorbed, and native, in mouse protection tests, the relationship of antibody components in conferring protection was investigated by altering an immune serum so that only one reactive component remained, and by quantitatively increasing a component in both unheated and inactivated immune sera.

An absorbed serum containing only antibody to somatic antigen 9 gave greater protection than the native immune serum. Enhancement of protection occurred when a single antibody component, 121,122 was increased in amount in mixtures of the two immune sera. This increase of protection was independent of complement. The degree of enhancement and the degree of protection was not the same in all experiments and depended upon more than the interactions of the 121,122 components present.

Mechanisms which might possibly explain these results are discussed.
Characteristics of the Toxoplasma Hemagglutination Test Antigen
Authors: Lunde Milford N. , Jacobs Leon
Published: January 2023

Toxoplasma hemagglutination test antigen, which is a lysate of washed parasites, loses potency rapidly when stored in the liquid state. It is stable for long periods when kept frozen or when lyophilized or precipitated by acetone and dried from ether. The dry powders are stable at 37° C and 56° C for at least five months and one month respectively.

Potency is lost on filtration through a No. 02 Selas candle. The antigen elicits a skin reaction in toxoplasmin-sensitive patients. It also produces antibodies demonstrable by dye test when injected into mice.

The antigen appears to be mainly protein in nature, with a high concentration of ribonucleoprotein. Nitrogen content seems to be correlated with potency.

The hemagglutination test has presented difficulties with small animal sera, but has given consistently good results with human sera. It lags about four days behind the dye test in the demonstration of antibodies in early cases of human toxoplasmosis, but agrees very well with the dye test in late stages of the infection.

The test has been performed satisfactorily with red blood cells of sheep or of “O” rH negative humans, and with formalinized cells.
Immunochemical Study of the Enzymatic Degradation of Human Serum Albumin: An Analysis of the Antigenic Structure of a Protein Molecule
Authors: Lapresle Claude , Kaminski Marie , Tanner Charles E.
Published: January 2023

The antigenic structure of human serum albumin has been studied by the aid of enzymatic digestion. The presence on the albumin molecule of two main types of antigenic determinants reacting with multiple antibodies has been demonstrated. These antigenic determinants are separated in different ways depending on the enzymes and the conditions used. Trypsin does not split human serum albumin into different precipitating components; chymotrypsin splits it into two different precipitating components; pepsin, similarly to rabbit spleen extract, splits it into three different precipitating components. Chymotrypsin at pH 4.5 splits the molecule into three precipitating components which are different from these obtained after pepsic digestion. The enzyme in rabbit spleen extracts responsible for the splitting of the antigenic structure of human serum albumin has been demonstrated to be similar to cathepsin A.
Effects of a Nonspecific Stimulation on Tissue Radiosensitivity During the Course of Antibody Production
Authors: Strauch Dieter , Stender Hans-Stephen , Winter Horst
Published: January 2023

Rats given 0.2 ml of a 2.0% carbon suspension subcutaneously 10 and 5 days prior to irradiation with 200 r or 500 r and immunized with Brucella melitensis 48 hr after irradiation developed higher antibody titers in a shorter period of time than rats not given the carbon suspension. Cytologic examinations of lymph nodes revealed that the carbon suspension initiated a marked stimulation of the stem cells of the lymphoreticular tissue. These cells were only slightly altered by subsequent irradiation. When the carbon suspension was given 1 hr after irradiation with 200 r and the antigen 48 hr later, antibody production proceeded as in nonirradiated rats, suggesting that the effects of irradiation on antibody production are dependent not on the mere presence of an antigen or the specific biochemical processes induced by the antigen, but rather on the status of the antibody forming cellular substratum at the time of or during the first hours following irradiation.
Antigenic Studies on Elastase
Authors: McIvor Barbara C. , Moon Henry D.
Published: January 2023

Although crystalline elastase has a molecular weight of only 25,000, an antibody was obtained in rabbits injected with an elastase-adjuvant mixture. The antibody produced a precipitin reaction in vitro as well as passive anaphylaxis in guinea pigs. Two different preparations of crystalline elastase were used in this study; the antibody to each of these preparations precipitated either antigen. These antibodies formed precipitin lines in agar gel not only to the two crystalline elastase preparations but also to the electrophoretically separated active component of the crystalline enzyme. In addition the specificity of the antibody was demonstrated by its ability to neutralize the enzymatic activity of elastase.
Studies on the Adjuvant Action of Bacterial Endotoxins on Antibody Formation
Authors: Ward Peter A. , Johnson Arthur G.
Published: January 2023

Cortisone has been shown to inhibit the primary response in rabbits, as measured by antigen elimination techniques, to a small dose of a soluble antigen. The data suggest that this inhibitory effect is probably exerted early in the sequence of events leading to antibody synthesis. Despite variation in time of initiation and duration of cortisone treatment, inhibition of the secondary response occurred in only 50% of the animals. The ability of bacterial endotoxins to incite antibody formation in cortisone-inhibited rabbits was established.
The Properdin System and Immunity
Authors: Arday Florence Roth , Pillemer Louis , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: January 2023

A 100-fold purification of the third component of human complement (C′3) has been achieved, employing Fraction III-1 (Cohn Method 9) as starting material. The final product was electrophoretically heterogeneous but was free of the activities of other components of complement, properdin, plasmin and C′1-esterase. The purified fraction derived from Fraction III-1 was active in the properdin system in restoring the bactericidal and virus neutralizing properties of serum deficient in the third component (R3) and fortified with properdin. Although the purified fraction derived from Fraction III-1 was highly active in restoring the hemolytic activity of R3, it was only slightly active in hemolyzing erythrocytes in the state EAhuC′1, 4, 2. The significance of this observation is discussed. Preformed properdin-Zymosan complex failed to inactivate C′3 in Fraction III-1 or in any fraction derived from it. Partial purification of C′3 from normal human serum was then performed. It was possible to show that the inactivation of partially purified C′3 by properdin-Zymosan complex required a factor present in serum and certain serum fractions. This reaction proceeded independently of divalent cations. These observations are discussed in terms of previous studies on the properdin system and in relation to the complexity of the reactions in which C′3 is involved.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Banovitz Jay , Wolfe Harold R.
Published: January 2023

By the electrophoretic examination of unabsorbed and absorbed sera it was shown that only the γ-globulin component of chicken serum contributes a large amount of antibody protein to the precipitate of antigen and antibody. It was concluded that the α-globulin component could only have a minor role in the precipitin reaction.

It was not possible to demonstrate α-globulin in redissolved HGG-anti-HGG precipitates.

The γ-globulin fractions examined usually contained about 1–20% less precipitable antibody nitrogen than the corresponding whole serum. This finding does not support the contention that up to 50% of the antigen-antibody precipitate may be α-globulin (1, 3).
Quantitative Immunohematologic Studies of Hemagglutination
Authors: Gibbs Mary B. , Akeroyd Joseph H.
Published: January 2023

An assay procedure for determining the relative potency of the agglutinating strength of isohemagglutin containing sera with an average error of 16.5 per cent (95% confidence limits) has been developed and applied to the A-anti-A blood group system. The confirmation of Mavrides' findings that an equilibrium exists between anti-A and the A1 antigen shows the close similarity to the behavior of the B-anti-B system as found by Wurmser et al., and Wilkie and Becker. The finding of Wilkie of the lack of true equilibrium of the anti-B component of group O sera has also been found to apply to the anti-A component of O sera.
Biologic Activity of Soluble Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Campbell Dan H.
Published: January 2023

The optical activity of soluble antigen-antibody complexes was studied. It was found that levorotation increases in the formation of skin reactive BSA-anti-BSA complexes, whereax it does not change on the formation of the Ag2Ab complex which is inactive in the skin reaction. The increase of levorotation was observed by the formation of skin reactive soluble complexes composed of synthetic precipitating R3'-dye and homologous antibody, whereas it does nto change on the formation of simple hapten (R)-anti-R complexes. These results support our hypothesis that the toxicity of soluble complexes is due to molecular changes brought about in the antibody molecules.
The Lack of Absorption of Ingested Bovine Antibody in Humans
Authors: Dixon F. J. , Kuhns W. , Weigle W. O. , Taylor P.
Published: January 2023

In the past few years several articles in professional journals (1, 2, 3) and numerous reports in the public press have claimed that antibodies in cows' milk are absorbed in active form via the human gastrointestinal tract. Further, it has been suggested that by using milk from appropriately immunized cows, this method of passive immunization may be employed with benefit in the treatment of such human diseases as pollen allergies. So attractive is this hypothesis that clinical trials of milk from ragweed pollen immunized cows have been conducted in ragweed sensitive patients without, however, any apparent benefit (4). In these clinical trials the lack of a relatively pure antigen makes it impossible to determine quantitatively the amount of antibody in the milk or in the subject's serum after ingestion of milk, so that all results must be based on subjective observations.
Antigens of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Munoz J. , Ribi Edgar , Larson Carl L.
Published: January 2023

Preparations of cell wall and protoplasm were made from young Bordetella pertussis cells and tested for: a) their ability to immunize mice against fatal B. pertussis infection, b) their ability to sensitize mice to histamine, and c) their toxic properties.

It was found that the heat labile toxin was mainly present in the protoplasm whereas the protecting antigen and the histamine sensitizing factor were located principally in the cell wall.
Immunochemistry of Synthetic Polypeptides and Polypeptidyl Proteins
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Dellert Eva E. , Kornguth Steven E. , Stahmann Mark A.
Published: January 2023

Quantitative precipitation studies of the antibodies produced in response to the immunization of rabbits immunized with bovine albumin modified by the addition of peptides of glutamic acid, lysine, leucine, or phenylalanine indicated that some of the antibodies were specific for the carrier protein, others were specific for the added polypeptide, and that some require both the modification and at least a part of the carrier protein. Similar quantitative studies on the sera prepared against rabbit albumin which had been modified in the same manner indicated that there were antibodies toward the added polypeptide and possibly some which required a portion of the carrier protein and the modification. The possible explanations for the existence of the antibodies requiring the modification and at least part of the carrier protein are discussed. Absorption experiments on antisera to the modified bovine albumins indicate that similarly modified rabbit albumins precipitate all the antibodies produced in response to the added polypeptide, but that unmodified bovine albumin does not precipitate all of the antibodies and that it may form a nonprecipitating complex with some antibodies which prevents subsequent precipitation with the homologous antigen. The modification of the bovine albumin with various polypeptides was found to weaken the antigenicity of the protein. The length of the added polypeptide chain appears to be more important in the change of specificity than the number of added polypeptide chains.
Studies on Antibody Production by Spleen Explants Maintained in Vitro
Authors: La Via Mariano F. , Uriu Stanley A. , Ferguson Lloyd A.
Published: January 2023

A maintenance tissue culture system has been described which has certain advantages for the preservation of tissues in a viable, functional state and for sampling and feeding tissues. Spleen of rats given one intravenous dose of a particulate antigen were studied in this system. Antibody was synthesized under the conditions described as evidenced by a rise in antibody content in the tissue culture medium and incorporation of a radioactive amino acid by material specifically bound to antigen. This synthesis is accompanied by cellular differentiation similar to that described in vivo during antibody synthesis, but mitoses are not present.
Studies in Immunization
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney , Waksman Byron H. , Bardow Anna
Published: January 2023

The effect of the route of immunization on the response of rabbits to BSA in Freund adjuvant has been studied. Intramuscular and subcutaneous injection gave the highest circulating antibody levels, toe pad and intraperitoneal injections were intermediate, and intradermal and intravenous injections were least effective. The toe pad and intradermal routes were most effective for production of delayed hypersensitivity; the intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes were less effective, and the intravenous completely ineffective. An intravenous booster injection suppressed delayed hypersensitivity in all cases and caused significant increases in circulating antibody in animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intradermal, intravenous, and toe pad routes.
A Modified Technique of Immunoelectrophoresis Facilitating the Identification of Specific Precipitin Arcs
Authors: Osserman Elliott F.
Published: January 2023

A modification of the technique of immunoelectrophoresis has been developed which facilitates the identification of individual precipitin arcs in complex mixtures of proteins such as human serum. This modified procedure consists of the concurrent reaction of the antiserum with the electrophoretically separated primary antigen solution (e.g., whole serum) and with a known protein constituent. Examples are presented of the application of the technique to the identification of the components in Cohn Fraction IV-7 (primarily the iron-binding globulin), ceruloplasmin, and the urinary proteins in a case of myeloma.
An Immunologic and Chemical Study of the Similarities Between Mouse and Human Serum Proteins
Authors: Clausen J. , Heremans J.
Published: January 2023

A new immunochemical method, combining the immunoelectrophoresis with the Ouchterlony diffusion method is described. By means of this new technique mouse proteins, antigenetically related to human prealbumin, albumin, alpha 1-glycoprotein, alpha-2-haptoglobin, transferrin, beta-I-C and γ-globulin, were localized in the immunoelectrophoretical tracings. Furthermore special staining for lipids of the immunoelectrophoretical tracings showed the α-2-III to be a lipoprotein.
The Effect of the Temperature of Incubation on the Spread of Herpes Simplex Virus in an Immune Environment in Cell Culture
Authors: Hoggan M. David , Roizman Bernard , Turner Thomas B.
Published: January 2023

The MP variant of Herpes simplex virus was used in experiments designed to determine the relative rates of spread of virus infection from infected to noninfected FL cells incubated at different temperatures in the presence of antibody.

Preliminary experiments showed that one infectious particle is sufficient to infect a cell, and that an infected cell will almost invariably produce a macroplaque when deposited on a monolayer culture and incubated at 37°C in the presence of antibody. The conditions required to effect infection of all or most cells in an FL cell culture were also determined.

On the basis of these experiments, the mean size of macroplaques formed by infected cells added to the monolayer culture and incubated in the presence of antibody at 30°, 31°, 34°, 37°, and 39.5°C were determined. From these experiments it was learned that the largest macroplaque area is attained after 4 days of incubation at 37°C. Below and above 37°C the mean size of macroplaques after a similar incubation period is progressively reduced. In view of the absence of the cell fluid-cell transmission of infection in the presence of antibody in the fluid phase, the increase in macroplaques may be taken as a measure of the direct cell-cell transmission of the virus from infected to noninfected cells. The significance of the observed rates of spread of infection at different temperatures with respect to a) virus formation at different temperatures, b) virus release from infected cells at different temperatures, and c) recurrent herpetic infections in man were discussed.