bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publicações de enfermeiros sobre álcool e alcoolismo em anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermagem
Authors: Vargas Divane de , Soares Janaina
Published: July 2013

Este é um estudo exploratório, de cunho bibliográfico, cujo objetivo foi verificar e caracterizar a produção literária de enfermeiros sobre a temática álcool e alcoolismo publicada nos anais do Congresso Brasileiro de Enfermagem publicados no período de 1998 a 2008. A amostra constituiu-se de 99 resumos diretamente relacionados ao tema. Os dados foram categorizados segundo os pressupostos da análise de conteúdo e originaram sete categorias para análise. Evidenciou-se que houve um aumento da produção sobre a temática nos últimos cinco anos e que o atendimento ao paciente alcoolista foi o tema mais pesquisado pelos enfermeiros. Concluiu-se que, apesar do aumento da produção sobre o tema, esta ainda é incipiente e que outros estudos dessa natureza merecem ser realizados, de forma a mapear a produção da enfermagem divulgada nos eventos científicos da área.
Acidente com material biológico no atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel: realidade para trabalhadores da saúde e não saúde
Authors: Tipple Anaclara Ferreira Veiga , Silva Elisangelo Aparecido Costa , Teles Sheila Araújo , Mendonça Katiane Martins , Souza Adenícia Custódia Silva e , Melo Dulcelene Sousa
Published: July 2013

Estudo analítico transversal, com objetivos de identificar a prevalência e caracterizar os acidentes com material biológico entre profissionais do Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar (APH) e comparar os comportamentos de risco adotados entre os grupos saúde e não saúde que podem influenciar na ocorrência e na gravidade destes acidentes. Dados foram obtidos por meio de questionário aplicado a todos os trabalhadores do APH de Goiânia - GO. Verificou-se alta prevalência de acidentes envolvendo material biológico que, apesar de maior no grupo saúde, também acometeu o grupo não saúde. Comportamentos de risco, estatisticamente significativos (p<0,05), para ocorrência de acidentes em ambos os grupos: não uso de luvas, máscara e óculos de proteção, descarte inapropriado de perfuro-cortante, vestimenta incompleta, reencape de agulhas e não imunização contra hepatite B. Os dados evidenciaram a importância da adesão às medidas preventivas por ambos os grupos e a necessidade de estruturação e implementação de um sistema de vigilância e controle deste tipo de acidente.
Compreendendo o significado da liderança para o aluno de graduação em enfermagem: uma abordagem fenomenológica
Authors: Guerra Karina Juliana , Spiri Wilza Carla
Published: July 2013

O objetivo do estudo é compreender o significado da liderança para o graduando em enfermagem e a expectativa relacionada à sua prática profissional. Utilizou-se o referencial da fenomenologia. Quinze graduandos em enfermagem foram sujeitos e responderam a questão: Qual a compreensão que você tem sobre liderança e como espera aplicá-la em sua prática profissional? Os temas revelados analisados, Estilos de Liderança e Exercício da Liderança, nos permitiram compreender que o significado atribuído à liderança é desvelado como um processo dinâmico e o estilo adotado é a forma de conduzir uma equipe, não existindo um estilo ideal de liderança. No ensino, o estilo de liderança passou a ser discutido quando abordou as formas participativas de gerenciamento de pessoal. No Exercício da Liderança, é enfatizada a dissociação da teoria e da prática da liderança, destacando-se que a integração com a prática é relevante para a aprendizagem da liderança.
Agressão entre pares no espaço virtual: definições, impactos e desafios do cyberbullying
Authors: Wendt Guilherme Welter , Lisboa Carolina Saraiva de Macedo
Published: July 2013

O presente artigo visa apresentar uma revisão da literatura sobre publicações teóricas e empíricas relacionadas ao processo de cyberbullying. Embora existam poucos estudos sobre o tema e haja carência de evidências empíricas na América Latina, o cyberbullying tem sido concebido enquanto uma categoria específica, única e sem precedentes de violência, podendo ser mais abrangente que o fenômeno bullying por ocorrer a qualquer momento e sem um espaço circunscrito e delimitado fisicamente. Os estudos mostram que vítimas de cyberbullying podem estar mais propensas a tentarem suicídio, bem como mais vulneráveis ao desenvolvimento de problemas sociais e emocionais, como a evasão escolar e desempenho acadêmico prejudicado. Além disso, as pesquisas mostram que os envolvidos neste fenômeno apresentam risco aumentado para abuso de substâncias psicoativas e desenvolvimento de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão quando comparados àqueles que não vivenciaram essa forma de agressão entre pares. Assim, aponta-se a importância de um debate atual sobre os aspectos relacionados à prevenção e intervenção em relação ao cyberbullying, envolvendo a família, a escola e também os responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento e execução de políticas públicas.
Saúde do Trabalhador no SUS: desafios para uma política pública
Authors: Costa Danilo , Lacaz Francisco Antonio de Castro , Jackson Filho José Marçal , Vilela Rodolfo Andrade Gouveia
Published: July 2013

O texto debate a situação da atenção integral em Saúde do Trabalhador no Brasil. Os avanços e as contradições das políticas públicas no campo são analisados a partir do contexto de crescimento econômico brasileiro, que ocorre em detrimento das políticas sociais, da insuficiente ação do Estado no âmbito da prevenção e, por fim, dos desafios colocados aos serviços pela recém-publicada Política Nacional de Saúde do Trabalhador e da Trabalhadora. Pretende-se assim fomentar a discussão, o entendimento, a implementação e o avanço das ações em Saúde do Trabalhador, que deveriam estar no centro das políticas públicas.
Exclusive breastfeeding duration and determinants among Brazilian children under two years of age
Authors: Warkentin Sarah , Taddei José Augusto de Aguiar Carrazedo , Viana Kelly de Jesus , Colugnati Fernando Antonio Basile
Published: July 2013

OBJECTIVE: The present study described the duration and identified the determinants of exclusive breastfeeding. METHODS: The study used data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher 2006 (National Demographic and Health Survey on Women and Children 2006). Data were collected using questionnaires administered by trained professionals and refer to a subsample of 1,704 children aged less than 24 months. The estimated durations of exclusive breastfeeding are presented according to socioeconomic, demographic and epidemiological variables. Kaplan Meier estimator curves were used to produce valid estimates of breastfeeding duration and the Cox's proportional hazards model was fitted to identify risks. RESULTS: The median estimated duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 60 days. The final Cox model consisted of mother's age <20 years (hazard ratio=1.53, 95% confidence interval=1.11-1.48), use of pacifier (hazard ratio=1.53, 95% confidence interval=1.37-1.71), not residing in the country's southeast region (hazard ratio=1.22, 95% confidence interval=1.07-1.40) and socioeconomic status (hazard ratio=1.28, 95% confidence interval=1.06-1.55). CONCLUSION: The Kaplan Meier estimator corrected the underestimated duration of breastfeeding in the country when calculated by the current status methodology. Despite the national efforts done in the last decades to promote breastfeeding, the results indicate that the duration of exclusive breastfeeding is still half of that recommended for this dietary practice to promote health. Ways to revert this situation would be ongoing educational activities involving the educational and health systems, associated with advertising campaigns on television and radio mainly targeting young mothers with low education level and low income, identified as those at high risk of weaning their children early.
Promoção da aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar em Territórios da Cidadania de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo
Authors: Bezerra Olívia Maria de Paula Alves , Bonomo Élido , Silva Camilo Adalton Mariano da , Correa Margareth da Silva , Souza Anelise Andrade de , Santos Peterson Cleber Teixeira dos , Silva Maria Luiza da , Almeida Marcelo Rodrigues de , Carvalho Karla Patrício , Marques Luciana Araújo , Souza Débora Maria Soares de
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Contribuir para a promoção da aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar em Territórios da Cidadania do País. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de intervenção com abordagem de articulação de redes intersetoriais presenciais, desenvolvidas a partir da atuação de equipes compostas por nutricionista, educador popular e engenheiro agrônomo ou técnico agrícola, que visitaram, por pelo menos dois momentos, todos os municípios pertencentes aos Territórios da Cidadania, visando articular redes intersetoriais presenciais capazes de desencadear processos locais de mobilização, organização e apoderamento de diferentes atores para a aquisição de produtos da agricultura familiar para a alimentação escolar nos municípios que compõem os referidos territórios. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mais expressivos foram: 14% dos municípios visitados apresentaram melhora na organização da agricultura familiar; 14% dos gestores passaram a apoiar o processo de aquisição de alimentos segundo a Lei nº 11.947/2009, e 27% dos municípios que não possuíam nutricionista contrataram o profissional. Não foram considerados satisfatórios os resultados obtidos para situação do Conselho de Alimentação Escolar. CONCLUSÃO: As ações desenvolvidas foram capazes de contribuir positivamente para o avanço da implementação da Lei Federal nº 11.947/2009 nos Territórios de Cidadania abordados.
Validação do protocolo Perfil de Participação e Atividades Vocais no Brasil
Authors: Ricarte Adriana , Oliveira Gisele , Behlau Mara
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver a versão brasileira do protocolo Vocal Activity and Participation Profile (VAPP) e demonstrar suas propriedades de medida para que ele possa ser utilizado como um instrumento de autoavaliação da qualidade de vida de pacientes brasileiros com queixas vocais. MÉTODOS: A tradução e validação foram realizadas seguindo as orientações do Scientific Advisory Committee of Medical Outcomes Trust. O instrumento foi aplicado em 50 pacientes, sendo 25 com queixa vocal e 25 sem queixa vocal. O instrumento foi submetido à adaptação linguística/cultural, validação, confiabilidade, reprodutibilidade e sensibilidade ao tratamento. O protocolo VAPP é composto por 28 questões distribuidas em cinco aspectos: autopercepção da intensidade do problema vocal, efeitos no trabalho, na comunicação diária, na comunicação social, e na emoção. Dois escores adicionais são inclusos: limitação das atividades (PLA) e restrição de participação (PRP). RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que a versão em português do protocolo VAPP, que recebeu o nome de PPAV - Perfil de Participação e Atividade Vocais é válida, confiável e apresenta um nível aceitável de reprodutibilidade, adotando-se p<0,05. A resposta ao tratamento (sensibilidade) foi determinada por mudanças significativas entre os resultados pré e pós-tratamento (autopercepção da intensidade do problema vocal: 5,33/0,35; efeitos no trabalho: 12,40/1,93; efeitos na comunicação diária: 42,55/6,75; efeitos na comunicação social: 7,05/2,42; efeitos na emoção: 62,5/61,9; PLA: 33,3/2,81; PRP: 28,7/8,28). CONCLUSÃO: A versão brasileira do VAPP, o PPAV - Perfil de Participação e Atividade Vocais é válida, confiável e sensível à mudança, recebendo nome de Perfil de Participação e Atividades Vocais (PPAV). Portanto, o PPAV pode ser proposto como um instrumento útil para avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes disfônicos e resultados do tratamento.
Effects of Smelter Sulfur Dioxide Emissions
Authors: Savard Martine M. , Bégin Christian , Parent Michel , Smirnoff Anna , Marion Joëlle
Published: July 2013

We wanted to test the hypothesis that forest exposure to phytotoxic gases indirectly affects their carbon uptake. We estimated that the reduction of photosynthesis may have reached 20 to 30% at a site located 9 km (test site) from the Horne copper smelter in Rouyn–Noranda, which is a point source of SO2 Twenty‐one spruce trees older than 100 yr were selected from seven sites at various distances from the smelter to evaluate conditions prior to and during the periods of smelter operation. The carbon isotope results obtained from spruce tree rings at our test site reveal an unprecedented and abrupt shift of +4‰ after the onset of smelter operations. This large and permanent shift exceeds natural variations in regional pre‐smelter series or in the series at a remote control site. All trees up to 116 km downwind from the smelter show δ13C positive shifts following the onset of operations. There is also a clear inverse relationship between the amplitude of the first‐order trends and distance from the smelter. Those δ13C trends indicate that trees exposed to high levels of SO2 decrease their level of CO2 uptake through activation of stomatal closure. This is strongly supported by the significant departure of the Rouyn–Noranda trends from those measured for trees from non‐industrialized areas of the Northern Hemisphere, or calculated using global atmospheric conditions. Considering the large number of SO2 point sources in North America, our results imply that CO2 uptake by the boreal forest in the vicinity of these sources may be lower than previously thought.
Lead Reduction and Redistribution in the Forest Floor in New Hampshire Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Yanai Ruth D. , Ray David G. , Siccama Thomas G.
Published: July 2013

Because of the affinity of organic matter for lead, atmospheric loadings of this pollutant have been strongly retained in the forest floor. With the regulation of Pb emissions, loadings have decreased. We measured changes in Pb in forest floor horizons at a variety of northern hardwood sites in New Hampshire from the late 1970s to the 1990s. In all seven of the sites in which horizons were distinguished within the forest floor, Pb was found to be declining in the upper (Oie) horizon, but not in the underlying Oa and A horizons. At the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), this loss from the Oie resulted in a 36% loss of Pb from the forest floor as a whole between 1976 and 1997 (p < 0.001). In contrast, in six stands in the Bartlett Experimental Forest (BEF), losses of Pb averaging >50% from the Oi and Oe horizons (p = 0.01) between 1979 and 1994 were compensated by gains in the Oa and A horizons. Similarly, at seven additional stands in the White Mountain National Forest, changes in the forest floor as a whole from 1980 to 1995 were not statistically significant (redistribution within the forest floor was not evaluated at these sites). Lead concentrations were highest in the Oe or Oie in the 1970s, but were highest in the Oa horizon in the 1990s. There was no significant pattern of Pb loss or retention as a function of stand age across all the sites.
Heavy Metals in an Urban Watershed in Southeastern Michigan
Authors: Murray Kent S. , Rogers Daniel T. , Kaufman Martin M.
Published: July 2013

The occurrence of heavy metals in the soil was measured over a period of several years to determine background concentrations in a heavily urbanized watershed in southeastern Michigan. A spatially dispersed sample was collected to capture the inherent variability of the soils and historic land use. The analysis focused on 14 metals (antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc) that are part of the USEPA's list of the 129 most common pollutants. Metal concentrations were measured at three depths: near‐surface (<0.5 m), shallow subsurface (0.5–10 m), and depths greater than 10 m across six soil units in glacial terrain. Additional analyses assessed the metal concentrations in each depth profile across three general land use categories: residential, commercial, and industrial. Metal concentrations were the highest in the near‐surface with Pb present at concentrations averaging 15.5 times that of background in industrial areas and approximately 16 times background in residential areas. Cadmium, Hg, and Zn were also present in surface soils at levels of several times that of background. The highest concentrations of each of these metals were present in the clay‐rich soils located in the eastern, more urbanized and industrialized part of the watershed. Metals detected at elevated concentrations decreased in concentration with increasing depth and distance from the urbanized and industrialized center of the watershed. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of heavy metals were also noted between the land use categories, with Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn observed within industrial areas at mean concentrations several times greater than background levels.
Arsenic Availability from Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)–Treated Wood
Authors: Rahman Farhana Alamgir , Allan Deborah L. , Rosen Carl J. , Sadowsky Michael J.
Published: July 2013

Lumber used to construct raised garden beds is often treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). This project aimed to determine (i) how far As, Cu, and Cr had diffused away from CCA‐treated wood surfaces in raised garden beds under realistic conditions, (ii) the uptake of these elements by crops, and (iii) the effect of CCA solution on soil bacteria. This study showed that As, Cu, and Cr diffuse into soil from CCA‐treated wood used to construct raised garden beds. To determine crop uptake of these elements, contaminated soil 0 to 2 cm from the treated wood was obtained from two different beds (40–50 mg kg−1 As); control soil was collected 1.5 m away from the treated wood (<3–10 mg kg−1 As). Four replicates of carrot (Daucus carota var. sativus Hoffm. cv. Thumbelina), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Indian Summer), bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Provider), and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench cv. Common) were grown in pots containing these soils in a greenhouse. After harvest, plant materials were dried, ground, digested, and analyzed for As by inductively coupled plasma–hydride generation (ICP–HG). Concentrations of As in all crops grown in contaminated soils were higher than those from control soils. The levels of As in the crops remained well below the recommended limit for As set by the United States Public Health Service (2.6 mg kg−1 fresh wt.). To determine if bacteria in soils 0 to 2 cm from the treated wood had higher resistance to Type C chromated copper arsenate (CCA‐C) solution than those from reference soils, dilution plates were set up using quarter‐strength tryptic soy agar (TSA) media and 0 to 22.94 g L−1 (0–1.25% v/v) CCA‐C working solution. The microorganisms from soils adjacent to treated wood had greater growth on the CCA‐amended media than those from reference soils outside the bed.
Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Regulation in Freshwaters
Authors: Willett V. B. , Reynolds B. A. , Stevens P. A. , Ormerod S. J. , Jones D. L.
Published: July 2013

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has been hypothesized to play a major role in N cycling in a variety of ecosystems. Our aim was to assess the seasonal and concentration relationships between dissolved organic carbon (DOC), DON, and NO−3 within 102 streams and 16 lakes within catchments of differing complexity situated in Wales. Further, we aimed to assess whether patterns of land use, soil type, and vegetation gave consistent trends in DON and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) relationships over a diverse range of catchments. Our results reinforce that DON constitutes a significant component of the total dissolved N pool typically representing 40 to 50% of the total N in streams and lakes but sometimes representing greater than 85% of the total dissolved N. Generally, the levels of DON were inversely correlated with the concentration of DIN. In contrast to DIN concentrations, which showed distinct seasonality, DON showed no consistent seasonal trend. We hypothesize that this reflects differences in the bioavailability of these two N types. The amount of DON, DOC, and DIN was significantly related to soil type with higher DON export from Histosol‐dominated catchments in comparison with Spodosol‐dominated watersheds. Vegetation cover also had a significant effect on DON concentrations independent of soil type with a nearly twofold decrease in DON export from forested catchments in comparison with nonforested watersheds. Due to the diversity in catchment DON behavior, we speculate that this will limit the adoption of DON as a broad‐scale indicator of catchment condition for use in monitoring and assessment programs.
Degradation and Mobility of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate and Nonylphenol in Sludge‐Amended Soil
Authors: Jacobsen Anne Marie , Mortensen Gerda Krog , Hansen Hans Christian Bruun
Published: July 2013

Degradation and mobility of the surfactants linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and nonylphenol (NP) were investigated in a lysimeter study using a sandy loam soil and 45‐cm soil columns. Anaerobically digested sewage sludge was incorporated in the top‐15‐cm soil layer to an initial content of 38 mg LAS and 0.56 mg NP kg−1dry wt., respectively. Spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) was sown onto the columns. The lysimeters were placed outdoors and therefore received natural precipitation, but were also irrigated to a total amount of water equivalent to 700 mm of precipitation. Leachate and soil samples from three soil layers were collected continuously during a growth period of 110 d. Leachate samples and soil extracts were concentrated by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The concentrations in the top‐15‐cm soil layer declined to 25 and 45% of the initial contents for LAS and NP, respectively, within the first 10 d of the study. At the end of the study, less than 1% LAS was left, while the NP content was below the detection limit. Assuming first‐order degradation kinetics, half‐lives of 20 and 37 d were estimated for LAS and NP, respectively. The surfactants were not measured in leachate samples in concentrations above the analytical detection limits of 4.0 and 0.5 μg L−1for LAS and NP, respectively. In addition, neither LAS nor NP were measured in concentrations above the detection limits of 150 and 50 μg kg−1dry wt., respectively, in soil layers below the 15 cm of sludge incorporation, indicating negligible downward transport of the surfactants in the lysimeters.
Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Ultratrace Determination of Antibiotics in Aqueous Samples
Authors: Kumar Kuldip , Thompson Anita , Singh Ashok K. , Chander Yogesh , Gupta Satish C.
Published: July 2013

Two commercially available enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits that are commonly used for tylosin or tetracycline residues in meat and milk were adapted for ultratrace analysis of these antibiotics in surface and ground waters. These two antibiotics are commonly fed to swine, turkeys, and cattle at subtherapeutic doses for growth promotion purposes. Both ELISA techniques were found to be highly sensitive and selective for the respective antibiotics with detection limits of 0.10 and 0.05 μg L−1 for tylosin and tetracycline, respectively. The recovery of both tylosin and tetracycline from spiked samples of lake waters, runoff samples, soil saturation extracts, and nanopure water was close to 100%. Tetracycline ELISA was highly specific for tetracycline and chlortetracycline but not for other forms of tetracycline (oxytetracycline, demeclocycline, and doxycycline). Analysis of a few liquid swine manure samples by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) showed lower concentrations for chlortetracycline as compared with concentrations obtained using ELISA. However, the concentrations of tylosin from ELISA were comparable with that of LC–MS. The lower concentrations of chlortetracycline obtained by LC–MS in manure samples indicate the presence of other similar or transformed compounds that were detected by ELISA but not determined by LC–MS. These results indicate that both ELISA kits can be useful tools for low‐cost screening of tylosin, tetracycline, and chlortetracycline in environmental waters. Furthermore, both ELISA procedures are rapid, portable, and easily adaptable for testing of multiple samples simultaneously.
Nutrient Retention Efficiency in Streams Receiving Inputs from Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Marti Eugènia , Aumatell Jordi , Godé Lluís , Poch Manel , Sabater Francesc
Published: July 2013

We tested the effect of nutrient inputs from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on stream nutrient retention efficiency by examining the longitudinal patterns of ammonium, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations downstream of WWTP effluents in 15 streams throughout Catalonia (Spain). We hypothesized that large nutrient loadings would saturate stream communities, lowering nutrient retention efficiency (i.e., nutrient retention relative to nutrient flux) relative to less polluted streams. Longitudinal variation in ambient nutrient concentration reflected the net result of physical, chemical, or biological uptake and release processes. Therefore, gradual increases in nutrient concentration indicate that the stream acts as a net source of nutrients to downstream environments, whereas gradual declines indicate that the stream acts as a net sink. In those streams where gradual declines in nutrient concentration were observed, we calculated the nutrient uptake length as an indicator of the stream nutrient retention efficiency. No significant decline was found in dilution‐corrected concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphate in 40 and 45% of streams, respectively. In the remaining streams, uptake length (estimated based on the decline of nutrient concentrations at ambient levels) ranged from 0.14 to 29 km (DIN), and from 0.14 to 14 km (phosphate). Overall, these values are longer (lower retention efficiency) than those from nonpolluted streams of similar size, supporting our hypothesis, and suggest that high nutrient loads affect fluvial ecosystem function. This study demonstrates that the efficiency of stream ecosystems to remove nutrients has limitations because it can be significantly altered by the quantity and quality of the receiving water.
Bromide and Nitrate Movement through Undisturbed Soil Columns
Authors: Clay D. E. , Zheng Z. , Liu Z. , Clay S. A. , Trooien T. P.
Published: July 2013

Field experiments often assume that Br−, 14NO−3–N, and 15NO−3–N have similar leaching kinetics. This study tested this assumption. Twenty‐four undisturbed soil columns (15‐cm diameter) were collected from summit–shoulder, backslope, and footslope positions of a no‐tillage field with a corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Each of the landscape positions had a different soil series. After conditioning the columns with 4 L of 0.01 M CaCl2 (2 pore volumes), 15N‐labeled Ca(NO3)2 and KBr were applied to the soil surface and leached with 4 L of 0.01 M CaCl2 Leachate was collected, weighed, and analyzed for NO−3–N, NH4+–N, 15N, 14N, and Br− The total amount of 15NO−3–N and 14NO−3–N collected in 1000, 2000, and 3000 mL of leachate was similar. These data suggest that 15N discrimination during leaching did not occur. Bromide leached faster through the columns than NO−3–N. The more rapid transport of Br− than NO−3–Nwas attributed to lower Br− (0.002 ± 0.036 mg kg−1) than NO−3–N (0.17 ± 0.03 mg kg−1) sorption. Results from this study suggest that (i) if Br− is used to estimate NO−3–N leaching loss, then NO−3–N leaching losses may be overestimated by 25%; (ii) the potential exists for landscape position to influence anion retention and movement in soil; and (iii) 15N discrimination was not detected during the leaching process.
Fly Ash as a Liming Material for Cotton
Authors: Stevens Gene , Dunn David
Published: July 2013

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of fly ash from a coal combustion electric power facility on soil acidity in a cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) field. Fresh fly ash was applied to a Bosket fine sandy loam (fine‐loamy, mixed, thermic Mollic Hapludalf) soil with an initial soil pHsaltof 4.8. The fly ash was equivalent to 42 g kg−1calcium carbonate with 97% passing through a 60 mesh (U.S. standard) sieve. Fly ash was applied one day before cotton planting in 1999 at 0, 3.4, 6.7, and 10.1 Mg ha−1No fly ash was applied in 2000. Within 60 d of fly ash application in 1999, all rates of fly ash significantly increased soil pH above 6.0. Manganese levels in cotton petioles were reduced significantly by 6.7 and 10.1 Mg ha−1of fly ash. Soil boron (B) and sodium (Na) concentrations were significantly increased with fly ash. In 1999, B in cotton leaves ranged from 72 to 84 mg kg−1in plots with fly ash applications. However, no visual symptoms of B toxicity in plants were observed. In 1999, cotton lint yield decreased on average 12 kg ha−1for each Mg of fly ash applied. In 2000, cotton yields were significantly greater for the residual 3.4 and 6.7 Mg fly ash ha−1plots than the untreated check. Due to the adverse yield effects measured in the first year following application, fly ash would not be a suitable soil amendment for cotton on this soil at this time.
Carbon, Nitrogen Balances and Greenhouse Gas Emission during Cattle Feedlot Manure Composting
Authors: Hao Xiying , Chang Chi , Larney Francis J.
Published: July 2013

Carbon and N losses reduce the agronomic value of compost and contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study investigated GHG emissions during composting of straw‐bedded manure (SBM) and wood chip‐bedded manure (WBM). For SBM, dry matter (DM) loss was 301 kg Mg−1, total carbon (TC) loss was 174 kg Mg−1, and total nitrogen (TN) loss was 8.3 kg Mg−1 These correspond to 30.1% of initial DM, 52.8% of initial TC, and 41.6% of initial TN. For WBM, DM loss was 268 kg Mg−1, TC loss was 154 kg Mg−1, and TN loss was 1.40 kg Mg−1, corresponding to 26.5, 34.5, and 11.8% of initial amounts. Most C was lost as CO2 with CH4 accounting for <6%. However, the net contribution to greenhouse gas emissions was greater for CH4 since it is 21 times more effective at trapping heat than CO2 Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were 0.077 kg N Mg−1 for SBM and 0.084 kg N Mg−1 for WBM, accounting for 1 to 6% of total N loss. Total GHG emissions as CO2–C equivalent were not significantly different between SBM (368.4 ± 18.5 kg Mg−1) and WBM (349.2 ± 24.3 kg Mg−1). However, emission of 368.4 kg C Mg−1 (CO2–C equivalent) was greater than the initial TC content (330.5 kg Mg−1) of SBM, raising the question of the net benefits of composting on C sequestration. Further study is needed to evaluate the impact of composting on overall GHG emissions and C sequestration and to fully investigate livestock manure management options.
Dredged Illinois River Sediments
Authors: Darmody R. G. , Marlin J. C. , Talbott J. , Green R. A. , Brewer E. F. , Stohr C.
Published: July 2013

Sedimentation of the Illinois River in central Illinois has greatly diminished the utility and ecological value of the Peoria Lakes reach of the river. Consequently, a large dredging project has been proposed to improve its wildlife habitat and recreation potential, but disposal of the dredged sediment presents a challenge. Land placement is an attractive option. Previous work in Illinois has demonstrated that sediments are potentially capable of supporting agronomic crops due to their high natural fertility and water holding capacity. However, Illinois River sediments have elevated levels of heavy metals, which may be important if they are used as garden or agricultural soil. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine if these sediments could serve as a plant growth medium. A secondary objective was to determine if plants grown on sediments accumulated significant heavy metal concentrations. Our results indicated that lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.), barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), radish (Raphanus sativusL.), tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicumL.), and snap bean (Phaseolus vulagarisL. var.humillis) grown in sediment and a reference topsoil did not show significant or consistent differences in germination or yields. In addition, there was not a consistent statistically significant difference in metal content among tomatoes grown in sediments, topsoil, or grown locally in gardens. In the other plants grown on sediments, while Cd and Cu in all cases and As in lettuce and snap bean were elevated, levels were below those considered excessive. Results indicate that properly managed, these relatively uncontaminated calcareous sediments can make productive soils and that metal uptake of plants grown in these sediments is generally not a concern.
Validation of the In Vitro Gastrointestinal (IVG) Method to Estimate Relative Bioavailable Lead in Contaminated Soils
Authors: Schroder J. L. , Basta N. T. , Casteel S. W. , Evans T. J. , Payton M. E. , Si J.
Published: July 2013

The effect of the dosing vehicle (e.g., dough) on the ability of an in vitro gastrointestinal (IVG) method to predict relative bioavailable Pb associated with soil ingestion was evaluated. Bioaccessible Pb determined by the IVG method was compared with relative bioavailable Pb measured from dosing trials using juvenile swine for 18 contaminated soils ranging from 1270 to 14200 mg Pb kg−1 Bioaccessible Pb was measured in the IVG gastric extraction (GE) and intestinal extraction (IE) solutions. Mean bioaccessible Pb values were 32.2% for GE without dough, 23.0% for GE with dough, 1.06% for IE without dough, and 0.56% for IE with dough. It is possible that phytic acid associated with the dough addition decreased bioaccessible Pb. In vivo relative bioavailable Pb ranges for different swine tissues were 1 to 87% for blood, 0 to 110% for liver, 1 to 124% for kidney, and 0.04 to 94% for bone. Strong linear relationships between IVG GE Pb with dough (r > 0.76, P < 0.0002), IVG IE Pb with dough (r > 0.56, P < 0.015), and IVG GE Pb without dough (r > 0.81, P < 0.0001) and in vivo bioavailable Pb as estimated with blood, kidney, liver, and bone were found. Inexpensive in vitro methods may be useful in providing an estimate of the variability in relative bioavailable Pb at a single study site. The IVG method can be used to estimate relative bioavailable Pb, As, and Cd in contaminated soil.
Predicting Cadmium Concentrations in Wheat and Barley Grain Using Soil Properties
Authors: Adams M. L. , Zhao F. J. , McGrath S. P. , Nicholson F. A. , Chambers B. J.
Published: July 2013

The entry of Cd into the food chain is of concern as it can cause chronic health problems. To investigate the relationship between soil properties and the concentration of Cd in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain, we analyzed 162 wheat and 215 barley grain samples collected from paired soil and crop surveys in Britain, and wheat and barley samples from two long‐term sewage sludge experiments. Cadmium concentrations were much lower in barley grain than in wheat grain under comparable soil conditions. Multiple regression analysis showed that soil total Cd and pH were the significant factors influencing grain Cd concentrations. Significant cultivar differences in Cd uptake were observed for both wheat and barley. Wheat grain Cd concentrations could be predicted reasonably well from soil total Cd and pH using the following model: log(grain Cd) = a + b log(soil Cd) − c(soil pH), with 53% of the variance being accounted for. The coefficients obtained from the data sets of the paired soil and crop surveys and from long‐term sewage sludge experiments were similar, suggesting similar controlling factors of Cd bioavailability in sludge‐amended or unamended soils. For barley, the model was less satisfactory for predicting grain Cd concentration (22% of variance accounted for). The model can be used to predict the likelihood of wheat grain Cd exceeding the new European Union (EU) foodstuff regulations on the maximum permissible concentration of Cd under different soil conditions, particularly in relation to the existing Directive and the proposed new Directive on land applications of sewage sludge.
Incubation Time Effects on Imazaquin Desorption as Determined by Nonequilibrium Thin‐Soil Disc Flow
Authors: Smith M. Cade , Shaw David R. , Massey Joseph H. , Boyette Michele , Kingery William
Published: July 2013

Because organic sorption in soil may never reach equilibrium, a thin‐disc flow nonequilibrium method may be helpful in understanding herbicide–soil interactions. This research was conducted to (i) determine the influence of incubation time on imazaquin [2‐(4,5‐dihydro‐4‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)‐5‐oxo‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐quinolinecarboxylic acid] desorption from soil, (ii) examine the influence of solution flow velocities on desorption, and (iii) elucidate the most appropriate kinetic model to describe imazaquin leaching. Soil at 7.5% moisture w/w was treated with imazaquin and incubated for 24, 72, and 168 h. Treated soil was sealed in an in‐line filter apparatus and rinsed with 5.0 mM CaCl2 at 0.33, 0.67, or 1.0 mL min−1 Effluent was collected as 1.0‐mL fractions for a total of 50 mL. Flow was stopped for 24 h. When flow resumed, fractions were collected for an additional 15 mL. After the initial desorption, 79% of the imazaquin incubated for 24 h was leached. Increasing incubation time beyond 24 h reduced imazaquin leaching. After both desorption events, 13% of the initially applied imazaquin remained in the soil incubated for 168 h, compared with 7% with soil incubated for 24 h. Elovich and Freundlich kinetics accounted for 98% of the variance observed in the imazaquin desorption curves. First‐order and diffusion kinetics accounted for 91% of the variance. Incubating soil for 72 h before desorption reduced the rate of imazaquin desorption by approximately 12%, compared with the 24‐h incubation treatment. Imazaquin desorption was not affected by wash solution flow rate. These data suggest that the kinetics of desorption in prolonged desorption events are limited by transport phenomena (i.e., particle and film diffusion).
Attenuation of Methane and Volatile Organic Compounds in Landfill Soil Covers
Authors: Scheutz Charlotte , Mosbæk Hans , Kjeldsen Peter
Published: July 2013

The potential for natural attenuation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in landfill covers was investigated in soil microcosms incubated with methane and air, simulating the gas composition in landfill soil covers. Soil was sampled at Skellingsted Landfill at a location emitting methane. In total, 26 VOCs were investigated, including chlorinated methanes, ethanes, ethenes, fluorinated hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. The soil showed a high capacity for methane oxidation resulting in very high oxidation rates of between 24 and 112 μg CH4 g−1 h−1 All lower chlorinated compounds were shown degradable, and the degradation occurred in parallel with the oxidation of methane. In general, the degradation rates of the chlorinated aliphatics were inversely related to the chlorine to carbon ratios. For example, in batch experiments with chlorinated ethylenes, the highest rates were observed for vinyl chloride (VC) and lowest rates for trichloroethylene (TCE), while tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was not degraded. Maximal oxidation rates for the halogenated aliphatic compounds varied between 0.03 and 1.7 μg g−1 h−1 Fully halogenated hydrocarbons (PCE, tetrachloromethane [TeCM], chlorofluorocarbon [CFC]‐11, CFC‐12, and CFC‐113) were not degraded in the presence of methane and oxygen. Aromatic hydrocarbons were rapidly degraded giving high maximal oxidation rates (0.17–1.4 μg g−1 h−1). The capacity for methane oxidation was related to the depth of oxygen penetration. The methane oxidizers were very active in oxidizing methane and the selected trace components down to a depth of 50 cm below the surface. Maximal oxidation activity occurred in a zone between 15 and 20 cm below the surface, as this depth allowed sufficient supply of both methane and oxygen. Mass balance calculations using the maximal oxidation rates obtained demonstrated that landfill soil covers have a significant potential for not only methane oxidation but also cometabolic degradation of selected volatile organics, thereby reducing emissions to the atmosphere.
Degradation and Sorption of Metribuzin and Primary Metabolites in a Sandy Soil
Authors: Henriksen Trine , Svensmark Bo , Juhler René K.
Published: July 2013

Leaching to the ground water of metabolites from the herbicide metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5‐one] has been measured in a Danish field experiment in concentrations exceeding the European Union threshold limit for pesticides at 0.1 μg/L. In the present work, degradation and sorption of metribuzin and the metabolites desamino‐metribuzin (DA), diketo‐metribuzin (DK), and desamino‐diketo‐metribuzin (DADK) were studied in a Danish sandy loam topsoil and subsoil from the field in question, using accelerated solvent extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis. Fast dissipation of metribuzin and the metabolites was observed in the topsoil, with 50% disappearance within 30 to 40 d. A two‐compartment model described degradation of metribuzin and DA, whereas that of DADK could be described using first‐order kinetics. Part of the dissipation was probably due to incorporation into soil organic matter. Degradation in subsoil occurred very slowly, with extrapolated half‐lives of more than one year. Sorption in the topsoil followed the order DA > metribuzin > DK > DADK. Subsoil sorption was considerably lower, and was hardly measurable for metribuzin and DK. Abiotic degradation was considerably higher in the topsoil than the subsoil, especially concerning the de‐amination step, indicating that organic matter may be related to the degradation process. The present results confirm observations of metribuzin and transformation product leaching made in the field experiment and demonstrate the need for knowledge on primary metabolites when assessing the risk for pesticide leaching.
Chemical Composition of Organic Matter in Extremely Acid, Lignite‐Containing Lake Sediments Impacted by Fly Ash Contamination
Authors: Chabbi A. , Rumpel C.
Published: July 2013

In the Lusatian lignite mining district of eastern Germany, extremely acid lakes developed during ground water rising after exploitation of lignite in open‐cast mines. The reasons of plant colonization (Juncus bulbosus L.) of some lakes exhibiting moderate pH values while others remain extremely acid and unvegetated are unknown. Alkalinity gain may be achieved by addition of alkaline materials and/or decomposition of organic matter. Our objective was to examine fly ash deposition and the resulting changes in organic matter composition in the uppermost 0 to 5 cm of the sediment sampled from vegetated and unvegetated lakes. Bulk soil and particle size fractions were analyzed for elemental composition, magnetic susceptibility, and chemical structure of the organic matter by 13C solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The lignite content of the samples was estimated by 14C activity measurements. The pH values decreased with increasing depth and the changes in pH were found to be correlated with changes in magnetic susceptibility. Carbon and nitrogen contents were found to decrease with increasing depth. The C to N ratios are consistent with the (i) the presence of decomposing plant residues and/or microbial material such as algae in the upper 0 to 5 cm of the sediment and (ii) the dominance of lignite in the layers below this depth as confirmed by 14C activity measurements. The structural analyses of the particle size separates from the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth were consistent with the presence of organic matter derived from plant material. This study confirms that fly ash is an important source of alkalinity in the upper 0 to 5 cm of the sediment that enhanced plant growth and led to enrichment of the sediment with organic matter derived from plant material.
Reducing Atrazine Losses
Authors: Harman Wyatte L. , Wang E. , Williams J. R.
Published: July 2013

Water quality is being affected by herbicides, some allegedly harmful to human health. Under scrutiny is atrazine (1‐chloro‐3‐ethylamino‐5‐isopropylamino‐2,4,6‐triazine), a commonly used herbicide in corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] production. Concentrations of soluble and adsorbed atrazine losses sometimes exceed the safe drinking water standard of 3 μg L−1 established by the USEPA. This study assesses the protective implications of runoff control structures and alternative crop farming practices to minimize atrazine losses. Using a computerized simulation model, APEX, the following four practices were the most effective with respect to the average atrazine loss as a percent of the amount applied: (i) constructing sediment ponds, 0.09%; (ii) establishing grass filter strips, 0.14%; (iii) banding a 25% rate of atrazine, 0.40%; and (iv) constructing wetlands, 0.45%. Other atrazine runoff management options, including adoption of alternative tillage practices such as conservation and no‐till as well as splitting applications between fall and spring, were marginally effective.
Phytoavailability of Biosolids Phosphorus
Authors: O'Connor G. A. , Sarkar D. , Brinton S. R. , Elliott H. A. , Martin F. G.
Published: July 2013

Efficient utilization of biosolids P for agronomic purposes requires accounting for differences in the phytoavailability of P in various biosolids. Greenhouse studies were conducted with a common pasture grass grown in two P‐deficient soils amended with 12 biosolids and a commercial fertilizer (triple superphosphate, TSP) to quantify P uptake and to assess the relative phytoavailabilities of the P sources. Biosolids were grouped into three general categories of phytoavailability relative to TSP: high (>75% of TSP), moderate (25–75% of TSP), and low (<25% of TSP). Two biosolids, produced via biological phosphorus removal (BPR) processes, were in the high category, and mimicked fertilizer P with regard to P phytoavailability. Most biosolids produced by conventional wastewater and solids digestion and additional treatments like composting were in the moderate category. Also included in this category was a BPR that had been pelletized and another BPR supplemented with Al. The low category included biosolids containing greater than normal (>50 g kg−1) total Fe and Al concentrations and processed to high (>60%) solids content.
A Spatially Explicit Investigation of Phosphorus Sorption and Related Soil Properties in Two Riparian Wetlands
Authors: Bruland Gregory L. , Richardson Curtis J.
Published: July 2013

Soils of riparian wetlands are highly effective at phosphorus (P) sorption. However, these soils exhibit extreme spatial variability across riparian zones. We used a spatially explicit sampling design in two riparian wetlands in North Carolina to better understand the relationships among P sorption, soil properties, and spatial variability. Our objectives were to quantify patterns of spatial variability of P sorption and related soil properties, and to determine which soil properties best explained the variability in P sorption after accounting for the effects of spatial autocorrelation. We measured bulk density, moisture, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), texture (percent clay, silt, and sand), oxalate‐extractable aluminum (Alox), iron (Feox), and the phosphorus sorption index (PSI). Due to differences in texture, Alox, and Feox, the two sites had substantially different mean PSIs. At each site, we found considerable differences in the spatial variability of soil properties. For example, semivariance analysis and kriging illustrated that soil properties at Site 1 varied at smaller scales than those at Site 2. At both sites, after accounting for the effects of spatial autocorrelation and all other soil properties, we determined that Alox had the highest Mantel correlation with PSI. We believe this geostatistic and Mantel approach is robust and could serve as a model for research on other biogeochemical processes such as denitrification.