bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative: Promoting scientific support for global ocean governance
Authors: Johnson David , Barrio Froján Christopher , Bax Nicholas , Dunstan Piers , Woolley Skipton , Halpin Pat , Dunn Daniel , Hazin Carolina , Dias Maria , Davies Tammy , Jiménez Jorge , Ross Erick , Van Dover Cindy , Notarbartolo Di Sciara Giuseppe , Hoyt Erich , Tetley Michael J. , Gunn Vikki , Von Nordheim Henning
Published: October 2019

Addressing the challenge of protecting biodiversity in the global ocean requires a sound knowledge and understanding of the complex marine environment.

Since 2008 the Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative (GOBI) has been established as a voluntary dedicated group of marine institutions and scientists working to support conservation and protection of marine biodiversity. A focus has been work to support the Convention on Biological Diversity's Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area (EBSA) process. GOBI partners have provided expert interpretation of evidence‐based information and sought to compile and collate available information.

An effective and coherent global network of marine protected areas must include bioregional representative replicates of features; once described, EBSAs can help focus attention on where and what kind of protective measures may be needed.

GOBI is currently undertaking a 5‐year programme of research funded by the German International Climate Initiative, working to strengthen baselines and contribute new data to the EBSA and other processes. This involves developing detailed biogeographies for the Pacific and Indian Oceans, assessing the movement of migratory species, advancing understanding of biodiversity at vents and seeps, developing a model governance system for the Costa Rica Thermal Dome, and incorporating Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas and Important Marine Mammal Areas.

GOBI has taken initiatives to build on the results of the Census of Marine Life and ensure best available marine biodiversity information is considered by states and intergovernmental organizations. GOBI support for ocean governance, including data development and expert consultation, will also contribute to the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030). Future challenges include capacity building and new approaches to incorporate traditional knowledge.
Marine protected areas in southern China: Upgrading conservation effectiveness in the ‘eco‐civilization’ era
Authors: McCook Laurence J. , Lian Jiansheng , Lei Xinming , Chen Zhu , Xue Guifang , Ang Put , Zhang Xiong , Huang Hui
Published: October 2019

China has undergone massive economic development over the last several decades, but at the cost of serious environmental degradation, including to coastal and marine ecosystems.

This paper describes the governance arrangements for management of coastal and marine areas of southern, mainland China and Hong Kong, especially marine protected areas (MPAs).

Although not widely recognized internationally, there are 123 designated MPAs spread across the South China Sea coast. However, the effectiveness of these MPAs in conservation of ecosystem goods and services is seriously limited by a familiar range of pressures, including limited resources, insufficient enforcement and massive coastal development.

Recent developments in national policy include integration of all protected areas (including marine) under a single agency, a range of limits on coastal development and water pollution, and the strategy of ‘eco‐civilization’ to balance environmental management with economic development. If successfully implemented, these policies would profoundly change the course of marine environments in China, with globally significant consequences.

Recommendations for improving MPA performance in China include:

ensuring that marine systems are not overwhelmed within the new national jurisdiction, and maintaining and enhancing marine capacity;

increased resourcing, supported by comprehensive and systematic economic valuations of ecosystem goods and services and natural capital;

upgraded enforcement of existing environmental laws and regulations, combined with further refinement and development, especially around cumulative impact management;

a particular focus on major reduction in water pollution in all forms;

integration of marine management between Hong Kong SAR and surrounding Guangdong Province; and

enhanced community engagement, participation and education.

Finally, much greater, collaborative engagement by the international community with Chinese marine management and conservation would bring major, and very mutual, benefits.
Looking beyond the horizon: An early warning system to keep marine mammal information relevant for conservation
Authors: Agardy Tundi , Cody Mary , Hastings Sean , Hoyt Erich , Nelson Anne , Tetley Michael , Notarbartolo di Sciara Giuseppe
Published: October 2019

Important marine mammal areas (IMMAs) are discrete portions of habitat, important to marine mammal species, that have the potential to be delineated and managed for conservation. Although IMMAs are not a blueprint for marine protected areas or other conservation designations, they are useful for providing a foundation for marine spatial planning and systematic conservation planning that can then lead to protected areas or special spatial regulations. To be most useful for supporting management and conservation, however, the information coming out of IMMAs needs to reflect current conditions.

An ‘early warning system’ is proposed with a generic set of indicators to flag when marine mammal species in IMMAs require management interventions due to changing distributions or decreasing populations. Rather than signifying that quantitative thresholds have been reached, these indicators comprise alerting information derived from visual or acoustic census, satellite imagery analysis, whale‐watching logs, or increases in mortality reported by stranding networks that can trigger additional targeted research.

Although it is possible that in some regions data will be sufficient to provide quantifiable indicators, the system is meant to rely on existing data sources, and be adaptable to the circumstances of each region.

Regional expert groups can utilize early warning system information and feed it into IMMA‐related spatial planning in two ways: by nominating additional areas of interest, and by providing a scientific rationale for revising IMMA boundaries, to be considered at the next decadal IMMA regional expert workshop.

IMMA‐driven consolidation of information that is as current as possible will prove valuable for enhancing regional cooperation to conserve marine mammals, and will be useful as countries implement new protected areas to conserve marine mammals and other marine biodiversity.
Marine protected areas invaded by floating anthropogenic litter: An example from the South Pacific
Authors: Luna‐Jorquera Guillermo , Thiel Martin , Portflitt‐Toro Matias , Dewitte Boris
Published: October 2019

Oceanic marine protected areas (MPAs) that are close to the litter accumulation zones in the subtropical gyres receive large amounts of plastic litter, both as micro‐ and as macroplastics.

The macro‐litter accumulating on the islands in the Easter Island Ecoregion (Rapa Nui and Salas y Gómez) can be traced back to the high seas industrial fishery operating in the South Pacific.

Seabirds nesting in the MPAs in the South Pacific are affected by both microplastic ingestion and macroplastic in their nests, but there was no evidence of entangled birds.

Conservation of seabirds (and other species) in these oceanic MPAs requires efficient measures to reduce plastic contamination in the ocean.

Observations made in the South Pacific coincide with those from other oceanic MPAs, calling for global actions.
Science, capacity building and conservation knowledge: The empowerment of the local community for marine conservation in Rapa Nui
Authors: Paredes Felipe , Flores Diego , Figueroa Alejandra , Gaymer Carlos F. , Aburto Jaime A.
Published: October 2019

Marine protected areas have been scaling up from small areas located in coastal waters to large‐scale marine protected areas in remote areas, partly in response to the international agenda to conserve 10% of marine and coastal areas.

Chile has made considerable progress in the designation of large‐scale marine protected areas in its oceanic islands with varying degrees of top‐down and bottom‐up processes, scientific knowledge and interplay among institutions.

The process of designating the multiple‐uses marine protected area in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) involved interplay among scientific research, capacity building, local knowledge and collaboration between sectors, which contributed to the community transformation toward marine conservation in Rapa Nui.

A recent increase in scientific research on the marine ecosystems was transmitted to stakeholders and the local community via capacity‐building actions. The knowledge‐based empowerment of the Rapanui population (inhabitants of Rapa Nui) involved the definition not only of the objectives, the extension and the conservation goals of the Rapa Nui multiple‐uses marine protected area, but also of the implications beyond the designation, such as issues of governance, management and financing.

The implementation of the Rapa Nui multiple‐uses marine protected area will test local and Rapanui government relationships. The continuous science‐knowledge‐based dialogue in a strengthened relationship between the government and the local community in a ‘process of relating’ might be the pathway to future effective conservation efforts and successes.
No further evidence for a transiting inner companion to the hot Jupiter HATS‐50b
Authors: Mallonn Matthias
Published: October 2019

Most hot Jupiter exoplanets do not have a nearby planetary companion in their planetary system. One remarkable exception is the system of WASP‐47 with an inner and outer nearby companion to a hot Jupiter, providing detailed constraints on its formation history. In this work, we follow up on a tentative photometric signal of a transiting inner companion to the hot Jupiter HATS‐50 b. If confirmed, it would be the third case of a hot Jupiter with an inner companion. Sixty three hours of new ground‐based photometry were employed to rule out this signal to about 96% confidence. The injection of artificial transit signals showed the data to be of sufficient quality to reveal the potential photometric feature at high significance. However, no transit signal was found. The discrete pattern of observing blocks leaves a slight chance that the transit was missed.
Mit Holz hoch und weit hinaus
Authors: Werwigk Michael , Markert Florian
Published: October 2019

Im Nationalpark Schwarzwald entsteht ein neues Besucher‐ und Informationszentrum. Der Standort für das neue, spektakuläre Gebäude‐Ensemble liegt auf über 900 m ü. NN. inmitten bewaldeter Hänge. Daher greift der Entwurf die Assoziation von kreuz und quer übereinandergefallener Totholzstämme auf. Dieses Bild wurde in Proportion und Materialbeschaffenheit auf die einzelnen Baukörper des Zentrums unter der Vorgabe umgesetzt, den Baustoff Holz möglichst umfangreich einzusetzen. Die so entstandenen, bis zu 65 m langen Riegel bieten Platz für über 3 000 m2 Ausstellungsfläche, bei der die Besucher in der Dauerausstellung auf eine Reise durch den Wald geführt werden. Auch die Fassade soll sich an der umgebenden Natur des Schwarzwalds orientieren und eine Verkleidung aus Holzschindeln erhalten. Der Bericht über das neue Besucherzentrum gibt Einblick in Planung, Konstruktion und momentan laufende Bauausführung der anspruchsvollen hybriden Tragkonstruktion.
Congenital microcephaly hospitalizations in California infants: 1999–2013
Authors: Krasnow Maya R. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Contopoulos‐Ioannidis Despina G.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Population‐level changes in microcephaly incidence risk (IR) could signal circulation of neurotropic pathogens or potential emerging teratogen exposure.

Methods

In this retrospective population cohort study, we estimated the IR of hospitalizations with a microcephaly ICD‐9‐CM discharge diagnosis code among infants ≤1 year over a 15‐year period (1999–2013) using the Electronic Health Record (EHR) database from all hospital discharges in California from the Office of Statewide Hospital Planning and Development (OSHPD) database. We calculated the overall and yearly IRs per 10,000 live births (LBs) and per 10,000 hospitalizations in infants ≤1 year, and explored the impact in the IR estimates when children with microcephaly associated comorbidities were excluded or not.

Results

Among 8,860,153 hospital discharges of infants ≤1 year in the OSHPD database over this 15 year period, we identified 6,004 hospitalizations with a microcephaly discharge diagnosis code; 3,526 of those were in neonates ≤30 days. The IR of microcephaly hospitalizations for infants ≤1 year was 7.70/10,000 LB (for neonates it was 4.52/10,000 LB) and 6.78 per 10,000 hospitalizations ≤1 year. There was large heterogeneity in the yearly microcephaly IRs (I2 = 66.6%).

Discussion

EHR collected data could be used as a complementary approach to track epidemiologic changes in microcephaly IRs. However, standardization in the use of microcephaly discharge diagnosis code and harmonization in the types of additional comorbidities to be excluded across analyses is mandatory to allow for prompt identification of true changes in microcephaly rates over time.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Properties of Ortho‐Carbazole‐Appended Triazine Compounds
Authors: Mubarok Hanif , Oh Jihun , Lee Heechai , Jung Jaehoon , Lee Min Hyung
Published: October 2019

We report the synthesis and thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) properties of ortho‐carbazole‐appended triazine compounds. Two donor (D)‐acceptor (A) compounds, CzMeoTRZ (1) and BuCzMeoTRZ (2), in which the carbazole (Cz and t‐BuCz) donor and 4,6‐dipheny‐1,3,5‐triazine (TRZ) acceptor moieties are linked in the ortho position of the 3‐methylphenylene ring were prepared and characterized. Both compounds exhibit broad blue emission at 465 and 487 nm, respectively (photoluminescence quantum yield, ΦPL = 27% and 49% in toluene), which is typical of the donor to acceptor ICT transition. The transient PL decay measurements confirm that both compounds have TADF character with the microsecond‐range delayed lifetimes (τd = 1.09 μs for 1 and 1.51 μs for 2). Electrochemical analysis indicates that both compounds undergo carbazole‐centered oxidation and triazine‐centered reduction. Theoretical studies further show the twisted D‐A structure, effective separation of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and small energy splitting between the excited singlet and triplet states for 1 and 2, all of which support the observed TADF.
Three‐Dimensional Territory and Depth of the Corrugator Supercilii
Authors: Lee Hyung‐Jin , Lee Kang‐Woo , Tansatit Tanvaa , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: October 2019

This study aimed to determine the three‐dimensional (3D) territory and depth of the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) using a 3D structured‐light scanner. Thirty‐two hemifaces from Korean and Thai embalmed cadavers were used in this study, and 35 healthy young Korean subjects also participated. A 3D analysis of the CSM territory and depth was performed using a structured‐light 3D scanner. The most frequently observed locations of the CSM identified in the cadaver were confirmed in healthy young subjects using a real‐time two‐dimensional B‐mode ultrasonography system. The CSM was present in all of the cadavers and healthy young subjects at the intersection point between the vertical line passing through the medial canthus and the horizontal line passing through the glabella (Point #6). The CSM was located on the medial side of the lateral limbus in most cases. The most‐medial and most‐lateral origin points were at depths of 5.7 ± 1.4 mm (mean ± SD) and 6.6 ± 1.4 mm, respectively; the corresponding depths of the insertion points were 5.4 ± 1.4 mm and 5.6 ± 2.1 mm, respectively. The origin and insertion points of the CSM were at similar depths. The injection depth should be around 4 mm for botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections into the CSM. Point #6 could be regarded as an effective target point for managing the glabellar frown line and preventing palpebral ptosis when injecting BoNT into the CSM. Clin. Anat., 33:795–803, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MicroRNA‐binding site polymorphisms and risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gholami Morteza , Larijani Bagher , Sharifi Farshad , Hasani‐Ranjbar Shirin , Taslimi Reza , Bastami Milad , Atlasi Rasha , Amoli Mahsa M.
Published: October 2019

Genetic variations in miRNAs binding site might participate in cancer risk. This study aimed to systematically review the association between miRNA‐binding site polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC). Electronic literature search was carried out on PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Embase. All types of observational studies till 30 November 2018 were included. Overall 85 studies (21 SNPs) from two systematic searches were included analysis. The results showed that in the Middle East population, the minor allele of rs731236 was associated with decreased risk of CRC (heterozygote model: 0.76 [0.61‐0.95]). The minor allele of rs3025039 was related to increased risk of CRC in East Asian population (allelic model: 1.25 [1.01‐1.54]). Results for rs3212986 were significant in overall and subgroup analysis (P < .05). For rs1801157 in subgroup analysis the association was significant in Asian populations (including allelic model: 2.28 [1.11‐4.69]). For rs712, subgroup analysis revealed a significant (allelic model: 1.41 [1.23‐1.61]) and borderline (allelic model: 0.92 [0.84‐1.00]) association in Chinese and Czech populations, respectively. The minor allele of rs17281995 increased risk of CRC in different genetic models (P < .05). Finally, rs5275, rs4648298, and rs61764370 did not show significant associations. In conclusion, minor allele of rs3025039, rs3212986, and rs712 polymorphisms increases the risk of CRC in the East Asian population, and heterozygote model of rs731236 polymorphism shows protective effect in the Middle East population. In Europeans, the minor allele of rs17281995 may increase the risk of CRC, while rs712 may have a protective effect. Further analysis based on population stratifications should be considered in future studies.
Physician‐office vs home uptake of colorectal cancer screening using FOBT/FIT among screening‐eligible US adults
Authors: Chido‐Amajuoyi Onyema Greg , Sharma Anushree , Talluri Rajesh , Tami‐Maury Irene , Shete Sanjay
Published: October 2019

Background

Guidelines of the American Cancer Society and US Preventive Services Task Force specify that colorectal cancer (CRC) screening using guaiac‐based fecal occult blood test (FOBT)/fecal immunochemical test (FIT) should be done at home. We therefore examined the prevalence and correlates of CRC screening using FOBT/FIT in physicians' office vs at home.

Methods

Analysis of 9493 respondents 50‐75 years old from the Cancer Control Supplement of the 2015 National Health Interview Survey was conducted. Weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the determinants of in‐office vs home use of FOBT/FIT for CRC screening.

Results

Of the overall sample of screening‐eligible adults (n = 9403), only 937 (10.4%) respondents underwent CRC screening using FOBT/FIT within the past year; among this screening population, 279 (28.3%) respondents were screened in‐office. We found that sociodemographic factors alone, not CRC risk factors, determined whether FOBT/FIT would be used in‐office or at home. Hispanics had greater odds of being screened in‐office using FOBT/FIT (aOR: 2.04; 95% CI: 1.05‐3.99). Compared with those 50‐59 years old, respondents 70‐75 years old were less likely to be screened in‐office using FOBT/FIT (aOR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.25‐0.79). Similarly, individuals residing in the Western region of the country had lower odds of in‐office FOBT/FIT (aOR: 0.26; 95% CI: 0.11‐0.58).

Conclusion

Amid low overall uptake rates of FOBT/FIT in the United States, in‐physician office testing is high, indicative of a missed opportunity for effective screening and poor adherence of physicians to national guidelines. Sociodemographic factors are determinants of uptake of FOBT/FIT at home or in‐office and should be considered in designing interventions aimed at providers and the general population.
Clinical significance of mirror lesions in lower extremity arterial disease
Authors: Kiesz R. Stefan , Góra Bartłomiej , Kolarczyk‐Haczyk Aleksandra , Kachel Mateusz , Trendel Wojciech , Paz Jesica , Nowakowski Przemysław , Proczka Robert , Milewski Krzysztof
Published: October 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of bilateral peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patterns.

Background

No prior study has evaluated the clinical significance of symmetrical lesion patterns, particularly the coexistence of same‐level significant plaques in both lower extremities (“mirror lesions”).

Methods

We conducted a single‐facility, primary data analysis involving 225 patients with symptomatic PAD.

Results

Eighty‐two percent of the patients had bilateral lesions: 14.2% had femoropopliteal, 38.7% had infrapopliteal, and 27.1% had both femoropopliteal and infrapopliteal lesions. The lesions were found in the exact same arteries bilaterally in 24.9% of the patients, while 26.7% had a local mirror pattern limited to the femoropopliteal (13.7%) or infrapopliteal (12.9%) arteries.

Having a lesion in an artery was a risk factor for occlusive disease of the corresponding artery on the other side. Patients presenting with critical limb ischemia (CLI) had a history of resting pain (17%), ulceration/gangrene (13%), or prior amputation (26%) of the contralateral limb. Patients with significant bilateral disease had unilateral false‐negative ABI results in 11.6% of the cases. The arterial Doppler study results were unilaterally false‐negative in 19.6% and bilaterally false‐negative in 2.8% of the patients.

Conclusions

Patients with known peripheral arterial disease need to have both limbs fully evaluated and monitored, even in cases with negative screening results. Mirror angiographic imaging is common and often accompanied by symptoms of claudication. Unilateral ischemia is a strong risk factor for contralateral disease. Patients with CLI are at high risk for occlusive lesions of the nonindex limb.
Deep Eutectic Solvents as Media in Alcohol Dehydrogenase‐Catalyzed Reductions of Halogenated Ketones
Authors: Ibn Majdoub Hassani Fatima Zohra , Amzazi Saaid , Kreit Joseph , Lavandera Iván
Published: October 2019

The application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in biotechnological processes has gained an outstanding relevance, as they can be used as greener media to obtain higher productivities and selectivities. In the present contribution, an eutectic mixture composed of choline chloride (ChCl): glycerol (1 : 2 mol/mol) has been used as a reaction medium in combination with Tris−SO4 50 mM buffer pH 7.5, applied to the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)‐catalyzed reduction of various carbonyl precursors of chiral halohydrins. These alcohols are key intermediates of biologically active compounds, and hence they are of industrial interest. In the presence of up to 50 % v/v of DES, these biotransformations were achieved up to 300–400 mM of the α‐halogenated ketone substrate, getting access to the final compounds with excellent conversions (usually >90 %) and enantiomeric excess (ee >99 %). Among the different ADHs tested, two stereocomplementary enzymes (Lactobacillus brevis ADH and Rhodococcus ruber ADH) afforded the best results, so both alcohol enantiomers could be obtained in all the studied examples. Selected bioreductions were scaled up to 250 mg and 1 g, demonstrating the potential that DESs can offer as media in redox processes for substrates with low solubility in water.
Removal of Cypermethrin and Chemical Oxygen Demand from Livestock Wastewater by Electrocoagulation
Authors: Pinedo-Hernández José , Marrugo-Negrete José , Díez Sergi
Published: October 2019

The direct discharge of wastewater from livestock into freshwater and surface runoff originating from processing areas threaten aquatic ecosystems and the quality of drinking water taken from streams. The present work studied the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and cypermethrin (Cyp) from livestock wastewater generated after cattle baths by a continuous electrocoagulation (EC) process. The effect of pH, retention time, and voltage on COD and Cyp removal was examined. Under the optimal operating conditions, EC effectively removed COD (93 %) and cypermethrin (96 %). Thus, continuous EC was successfully applied to treat livestock wastewater.
Simple and Cost‐Effective Electrochemical Approach for Monitoring of Vitamin K in Green Vegetables
Authors: Jesadabundit Whitchuta , Chaiyo Sudkate , Siangproh Weena , Chailapakul Orawon
Published: October 2019

This work presents a simple and sensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of total vitamin K (K1 and K2) using a disposable screen‐printed graphene electrode (SPGE). The application for the determination of vitamin K1 in green vegetables by this sensor was developed. The proposed method is based on controlling of negative potential for seconds and scanning it to a positive for oxidation analysis. The capacitance of SPGE was studied and it showed a higher sensitivity for vitamin K determination in comparison to carbon. The parameters, such as the pH of electrolytes, accumulation potential, accumulation time, etc. were investigated. The limit of detection was observed at 0.099 μg mL−1. This method was successfully applied for the determination of the vitamin K1 in various green vegetables. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for quality control of vitamin K1 in natural samples to create the food composition table.
Mn2Sb2O7/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites with High Capacity and Excellent Cyclic Stability as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Jiao Xun , Xi Guocui , Zeng Tianbiao , Zhou Lang , Li Gang , Zhou Yongjin , Zhou Guangpeng , Hu Xuebu
Published: October 2019

For the advancement of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), metal oxides with high theoretical specific capacities have been explored as anodes. Herein, we report a new metal oxide, Mn2Sb2O7‐anchored reduced graphene oxide (Mn2Sb2O7/RGO), as an advanced anode for LIBs. The Mn2Sb2O7/RGO anode exhibits a higher capacity and better capacity retention compared to Mn2Sb2O7, because the close contact between Mn2Sb2O7 and RGO facilitates charge transfer during cycling. The discharge capacity of Mn2Sb2O7/RGO reaches 706.72 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 200 cycles. Even at 1000 mA g−1, the capacity loss per cycle of Mn2Sb2O7/RGO is only 0.0344 % for 600 cycles, indicating an excellent high‐rate cyclic stability compared to other Sb‐based oxides. These results forecast that Mn2Sb2O7/RGO is a potential anode for LIBs, providing a new insight into the selection of high‐performance anodes.
Ba4Ti13O30 nanocrystals prepared by hydrothermal method
Authors: Li Shaoqing , Li Xinyi , Zou Kai , Huang Zhixiong , Zhang Lianmeng , Guo Dongyun , Ju Yang
Published: October 2019

The Ba4Ti13O30 nanocrystals were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The Ba‐Ti precursor was prepared by mixing barium acetate and bis(ammonium lactate) titanium dihydroxide in deionized water with NaOH pH‐adjusting agent. In the Ba‐Ti precursor, NaOH concentration was 2.0 mol/L, and the concentrations of Ba2+ and Ti4+ ions were 0.023 and 0.077 mol/L, respectively. As the Ba‐Ti precursor was heated in the autoclave at 260°C for 20 hours with vigorous stirring, the single‐crystalline Ba4Ti13O30 nanocrystals were successfully synthesized.
Rambutan‐like hollow carbon spheres decorated with vacancy‐rich nickel oxide for energy conversion and storage
Authors: Sun Zixu , Wang Xinghui , Zhao Hu , Koh See W. , Ge Junyu , Zhao Yunxing , Gao Pingqi , Wang Guangjin , Li Hong
Published: October 2019

Transition metal oxides hold great promise for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and electrocatalytic water splitting because of their high abundance and high energy density. However, designing and fabrication of efficient, stable, high power density electrode materials are challenging. Herein, we report rambutan‐like hollow carbon spheres formed by carbon nanosheet decorated with nickel oxide (NiO) rich in metal vacancies (denoted as h‐NiO/C) as a bifunctional electrode material for LIBs and electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). When being used as the anode of LIBs, the h‐NiO/C electrode shows a large initial capacity of 885 mA h g−1, a robust stability with a high capacity of 817 mA h g−1 after 400 cycles, and great rate capability with a high reversible capacity of 523 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 after 600 cycles. Moreover, working as an OER electrocatalyst, the h‐NiO/C electrode shows a small overpotential of 260 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 37.6 mV dec−1 along with good stability. Our work offers a cost‐effective method for the fabrication of efficient electrode for LIBs and OER.
Fluorescent Flipper Probes: Comprehensive Twist Coverage
Authors: Strakova Karolina , Poblador‐Bahamonde Amalia I. , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan
Published: October 2019

To image the membrane tension in living cells, planarizable push–pull probes have been introduced. The first operational probe is built around two dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophenes (DTTs) that are twisted out of co‐planarity and polarized with donors and acceptors at either end. In this report, the chemical space available for the twisting of “flipper probes” is assessed comprehensively. The result is, not surprisingly, that every atom matters: Removal of one methyl group in the twist region yields probes that planarize already in solution and are thus less sensitive to membrane tension. Addition of one or more carbons in the same region hinders non‐interfering probe alignment along lipid tails and thus partitioning into lipid bilayer membranes as well as mechanosensitivity. However, substitution of one methyl by an isosteric trifluoromethyl group in the twist region, achieved by quite substantial multistep organic synthesis, yields excitation maxima that shift over +100 nm to the red in response to increasing order of the surrounding membrane. This record redshift comes with record changes in fluorescence intensity and lifetime, high push–pull transition dipoles and higher rotational barriers. Supported by distinct dependence on viscosity and twist of the push–pull probes, kinetic competition between dark, fully twisted and bright, fully planarized relaxed excited states emerges as unifying origin of fluorescence quantum yields.
Recycling of glass and electronic industry waste as a European school project.A common plan of the Robert Koch's school and the University of Technology of Clausthal
Authors: Franke Axel
Published: October 2019

Die Oberstufen‐Chemie‐Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Robert‐Koch‐Schule in Clausthal‐Zellerfeld hat sich intensiv mit dem Thema Recycling beschäftigt. Mit Hilfe einfacher Mittel wie der Haushaltsmikrowelle wurden Schulversuche zum Glasrecycling durch Umschmelzen von Glaskröseln realisiert. Die Einbindung in das europäische Projekt „RawMaterials@Schools“ hat dazu geführt, dass die Lernenden den Zyklus des Kupferrecyclings eng angelehnt an die industriellen Prozesse in einfachen Schulexperimenten mit Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien nachstellten. Ein Highlight für alle Beteiligten war die Präsentation der entwickelten Versuchsreihe auf dem RM@Schools‐Jahrestreffen in Bologna.
Your Trash is our Treasure: Multi‐Use Glue and Thermal Insulation Made from Banana Peels
Authors: Aristov Natasha
Published: October 2019

Bananenschalen sind ein noch verkannter wertvoller Rohstoff. Schüler*innen ab Klasse 5 verarbeiteten Bananenschalen zu Klebstoff und Wärmedämmmaterial. Sie untersuchten die Haftkraft des Klebers und die Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Dämmmaterials. Die ursprüngliche Idee des Projekts wurde von der Projektbetreuerin angestoßen, alle weitere Arbeitsschritte von den Schüler*innen überlegt und durchgeführt. Das Thema eignet sich sehr gut für Projektarbeiten und auch außerschulische Lernorte.
Impact of multimorbidity subgroups on the health care use of early pediatric cancer survivors
Authors: Harrington Rachel L. , Qato Dima M. , Antoon James W. , Caskey Rachel N. , Schumock Glen T. , Lee Todd A.
Published: October 2019

Background

Although pediatric cancer survivors in the United States are at an increased risk of developing chronic conditions, to the authors' knowledge there is limited information regarding the types and combinations of conditions they experience in the years immediately after the completion of cancer therapy.

Methods

An observational cohort study of early pediatric cancer survivors (children who were ≥2 years from the end of therapy and aged ≤18 years) was conducted using the Truven Health MarketScan (r) Commercial Claims and Encounters database (2009‐2014). Latent class analysis was used to identify comorbidity groups among the subset with ≥2 conditions. Group‐level health care use was compared with survivors without chronic conditions using multivariate regression.

Results

A total of 3687 early survivors were identified, of whom approximately 41.2% had no chronic conditions, 22.5% had 1 chronic condition, and 36.3% had ≥2 chronic conditions. Among those with ≥2 chronic conditions, 5 groups emerged: 1) general pediatric morbidity (35.4%); 2) central nervous system (CNS) (22.4%); 3) mental health conditions (22.2%); 4) endocrine (26.2%); and 5) CNS with endocrine (3.8%). The CNS group experienced the highest expenditures, at $17,964 more per year (95% CI, $1446‐$34,482) compared with survivors without chronic conditions. The CNS group also had the highest odds of an emergency department visit (adjusted odds ratio, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.15‐2.56). The endocrine group had the highest odds of hospitalization (odds ratio, 2.29; 95% CI, 1.24‐4.22).

Conclusions

Multimorbidity is common among pediatric cancer survivors. The current study identified 5 distinct comorbidity subgroups, all of which experienced high, yet differential, rates of health care use. The results of the current study highlight the complex health care needs of early survivors and provide evidence for the design of targeted survivorship services and interventions.
Catalyst Luminescence Exploited as an Inherent In Situ Probe of Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Hayne David J. , Mohapatra Sudip , Bawden Joseph C. , Adcock Jacqui L. , Barbante Gregory J. , Doeven Egan H. , Fraser Catherine L. , Connell Timothy U. , White Jonathan M. , Henderson Luke C. , Francis Paul S.
Published: October 2019

The luminescence of commonly used photoredox catalysts offers a continuous inherent in situ probe of electron or energy transfer that can be monitored by photodetectors such as a CCD spectrometer or a digital camera. This approach was applied with complementary ex situ experiments to examine the aerobic oxidation of anthracene with tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II) as the catalyst. The reaction results in the precipitation of an isometrically pure syn‐tetraepoxide not seen in prior studies when an organic photocatalyst was employed. Changes in the emission were observed not only upon electron/energy transfer quenching of the catalyst but also from the presence of particles (undissolved substrate and precipitated product). These features impart dissimilar spectral distributions that can be discriminated by their relative contributions to the RGB data of the digital images. The approach thus enables interrogation of multiple facets of the reaction for monitoring and optimization, and offers unique insight into the mechanisms of photoredox catalysis systems.
A retrospective case series of electroconvulsive therapy in the management of comorbid depression and anorexia nervosa
Authors: Shilton Tal , Enoch‐Levy Adi , Giron Yanai , Yaroslavsky Amit , Amiaz Revital , Gothelf Doron , Weizman Abraham , Stein Daniel
Published: October 2019

Objective

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is common in anorexia nervosa (AN), associated with worse outcome and greater suicide risk. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is highly effective in the treatment of MDD refractory to antidepressive treatment. We describe a case series of female adolescents with AN receiving ECT for MDD resistant to treatment and/or with severe suicide risk.

Method

We retrospectively analyzed the files of all 30 adolescent females hospitalized in our department because of AN between 1998 and 2017 and treated with ECT. Severity of eating disorder (ED) and depressive symptoms was retrospectively assessed using the Clinical Global Impression‐Severity Scale.

Results

Patients were severely depressed and suicidal on admission. All were resistant to antidepressants. A significant deterioration in depression, with severe suicidality, occurred from admission to pre‐ECT, with concomitant improvement in ED symptoms and increase in body mass index (BMI). Significant improvement in depressive and ED symptoms and increase in BMI occurred following ECT, continuing to discharge. Adverse effects were mostly minimal. Fifty‐three percentage of the patients were rehospitalized within the first year after ECT, mostly because of deterioration of depression and attempted suicide. Several years after discharge, 46.6% of the patients had no evidence of depression, suicidality, and ED‐symptomatology, and another 23% had only evidence of ED symptomatology.

Discussion

ECT is safe and well tolerated in AN with severe comorbid treatment resistant MDD and/or with increased suicide risk. Many AN patients undergoing ECT may be remitted at long‐term follow‐up.
Understanding suicide risk and eating disorders in college student populations: Results from a National Study
Authors: Lipson Sarah K. , Sonneville Kendrin R.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To examine suicide risk by eating disorder severity and symptom presentation in a nationwide sample of college students.

Method

The Healthy Minds Study is the largest mental health survey of college populations in the United States. We analyzed the most recent available data (2015–2017) with 71,712 randomly selected students from 77 campuses. We estimated associations between two measures of suicidality (ideation and attempts) and three validated measures of eating disorder symptoms (the SCOFF, weight concerns scale, and the eating disorder examination questionnaire binge and purge items). Importantly, we also controlled for co‐occurring symptoms of depression and anxiety, based on validated screening tools. The large, diverse sample provided a unique opportunity to assess whether certain individual characteristics were associated with increased risk.

Results

Eating disorder symptoms, even at subthreshold levels, were highly predictive of suicidality. Relative to students with no apparent eating disorder symptoms, students with the highest symptom levels (a SCOFF score of 5) had 11 times higher odds of attempting suicide, while those with subthreshold symptoms had two times higher odds. We also observed a strong association between suicide attempts and eating disorder presentations that included purging. Students from marginalized backgrounds, particularly gender and sexual minorities, were at increased risk for suicide and eating disorders.

Discussion

In the largest known study to date, findings suggest that eating disorders should be a priority within broader campus suicide prevention efforts, should be assessed along a continuum of severity and symptom presentation, and should focus on reaching vulnerable students.
Expression of alternative developmental pathways in the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete and their differences in life history traits
Authors: Tang Jian‐Jun , He Hai‐Min , Wu Shao‐Hui , Zou Cao , Xue Fang‐Sen , Xiao Lan
Published: October 2019

The seasonal life cycle of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris melete is complicated because there are three options for pupal development: summer diapause, winter diapause, and nondiapause. In the present study, we tested the influence of temperature, day length, and seasonality on the expression of alternative developmental pathways and compared the differences in life history traits between diapausing and directly developing individuals under laboratory and field conditions. The expression of developmental pathway strongly depended on temperature, day length, and seasonality. Low temperatures induced almost all individuals to enter diapause regardless of day length; relatively high temperatures combined with intermediate and longer day lengths resulted in most individuals developing without diapause in the laboratory. The field data revealed that the degree of phenotypic plasticity in relation to developmental pathway was much higher in autumn than in spring. Directly developing individuals showed shorter development times and higher growth rates than did diapausing individuals. The pupal and adult weights for both diapausing and directly developing individuals gradually decreased as rearing temperature increased, with the diapausing individuals being slightly heavier than the directly developing individuals at each temperature. Female body weight was slightly lower than male body weight. The proportional weight losses from pupa to adult were almost the same in diapausing individuals and in directly developing individuals, suggesting that diapause did not affect weight loss at metamorphosis. Our results highlight the importance of the expression of alternative developmental pathways, which not only synchronizes this butterfly's development and reproduction with the growth seasons of the host plants but also exhibits the bet‐hedging tactic against unpredictable risks due to a dynamic environment.
The effects of climate warming on the migratory status of early summer populations of Mythimna separata (Walker) moths: A case‐study of enhanced corn damage in central‐northern China, 1980–2016
Authors: Chen Qi , Zhang Yun‐dong , Qi Xiao‐hong , Xu Yong‐wei , Hou Yan‐hong , Fan Zhi‐ye , Shen Hai‐long , Liu Di , Shi Xing‐kai , Li Shi‐min , Duan Yun , Wu Yu‐qing
Published: October 2019

Mythimna separata (Walker) moths captured in light traps were monitored in Luohe, central‐northern China, from 1980 to 2016. Annual average temperature recorded an increase of 0.298°C/10 years in this region in the period. Our results indicate that a rising April and May average temperature and earlier occurrences of days recording the highest day temperature (30°C) caused an advanced peak and increasing proportion of high ovarian development levels of first‐generation females in earlier summers. Results using Johnson's formulation of “oogenesis‐flight syndrome” indicate that increasing sexual maturity proportion has resulted in more emigrant individuals in the local first‐generation moth becoming residents, and then increased individuals rapidly in the local second‐generation moth since 2006. Consequences of this action have a boom in corn damage since 2007 in this region. Advanced peak dates of the first and second‐generation moth revealed the same response to increasing average monthly temperatures in the monitoring period. Increasing temperatures, the average May temperature exceeds or equal to 22°C, during the early 2000's may represent a physiological threshold for M. separata development. Our results suggest that climate warming may impact M. separata migratory status and cause a problem of crop production in this region.
Nonconsumptive effects of a range‐expanding predator on juvenile lobster (Homarus americanus) population dynamics
Authors: McMahan Marissa D. , Grabowski Jonathan H.
Published: October 2019

Distribution shifts poleward are a widespread response to climate change and can result in altered community composition and interactions among species that previously were geographically isolated. The novel communities and species interactions that may arise during range shifts provide an opportunity to study fundamental ecological processes, while also addressing potential conservation issues. Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) historically ranged from the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod, but recently have expanded north into the Gulf of Maine. Very little is known about the impact of this range expansion on benthic community structure throughout the coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine. To investigate the effects of sea bass on the behavior of juvenile American lobsters (Homarus americanus), we manipulated the presence of sea bass olfactory cues and quantified shelter use and foraging behavior of lobsters from three regions in the Gulf of Maine with different potential contact histories with sea bass. Sea bass presence increased shelter usage and reduced foraging in lobsters, but contact history influenced the strength of these behavioral responses. Lobsters with no previous contact with sea bass did not significantly increase shelter usage or decrease movement in their presence but did reduce their foraging rate on mussels. This observed reduction in consumption indicates that naïve lobsters recognize novel predators, but the ineffective anti‐predator responses exhibited support the naive prey hypothesis. Meanwhile, lobsters with the longest potential contact history with sea bass significantly increased shelter usage when sea bass were present; however, they exhibited limited movement and foraging behavior in both the absence and presence of sea bass. Finally, lobsters with a short potential contact history with sea bass exhibited increased shelter usage, reduced movement, and reduced mussel consumption in the presence of sea bass, revealing that juvenile lobsters quickly adapt anti‐predator defenses to avoid this novel threat. Overall, these results suggest that prey contact history with novel predators mediates the strength of their nonconsumptive effects, and consequently can influence geographic patterns in predator–prey dynamics.
Local landscapes and microhabitat characteristics are important determinants of urban–suburban forest bee communities
Authors: Landsman Andrew P. , Ladin Zachary S. , Gardner David , Bowman Jacob L. , Shriver Greg , D'Amico Vince , Delaney Deborah A.
Published: October 2019

Despite their diversity and abundance, the importance of native, forest bee communities to pollination services and inherent biological diversity conservation is often overlooked. We studied forest bee communities in Delaware and Pennsylvania, USA, to better understand how forest bee community structure varies with changing land use and microhabitat quality among small, urban and suburban forest fragments in the mid‐Atlantic United States. Our hypotheses were that (1) microhabitat quality would affect relative abundance of bee taxa, (2) surrounding landscape composition would drive local patch colonization–extinction dynamics, and (3) forest patch size would not affect community structure and composition. We found a lack of spatial autocorrelation among forest patches, indicating the importance of individual fragments in the autonomous generation and/or maintenance of bee communities. Community analyses revealed the importance of both landscape context and microhabitat quality in defining forest bee communities. By partitioning beta diversity into its constituent components, we also found that landscape composition drove changes in the relative abundance of taxa, while both landscape and microhabitat characteristics significantly influenced species turnover. Neither landscape composition nor quality of the microhabitat influenced initial site occupancy or colonization–extinction dynamics. Bisected by highways, suburban neighborhoods, agricultural lands, and urban development, many urban and suburban forest patches in the eastern United States are similar in composition to our study sites. As many native forest bees have limited capacity for long‐range movement between forest patches, these remaining forest fragments are critical to the conservation of unique and speciose forest bee communities.