bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting and Correcting Quality Changes In Water
Authors: Schmidt Herbert A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses water quality changes experienced in Racine, Wisconsin. The changes are discussed in terms of detection and corrective action. The specific areas discussed include: chlorine; pH; iron; aluminum; water filterability; bacteria; residues; alkalinity; sulfate levels; algae; the causes of milky water; “fish guts;” wood; black carbon particles; and pieces of lime.
Sioux Falls Restores Four Wells With Collector Pipe
Authors: Moberly Doug
Published: June 2018

This article was presented as a paper at the 41st Annual Meeting of the South Dakota Water and Wastewater Association, September 1975. The Sioux Falls Water Department was faced with a problem: how to rejuvenate four Raney horizontal collector wells constructed in 1957 that had declined in production to as little as 60 percent of their original capacity of 1400gpm. An informal proposal from a well‐cleaning contractor revealed that it would cost approximately $17,000 to mechanically clean one 50‐ft deep well with 480 ft of 8‐in. slotted horizontal collector pipe. Needless to say the price was hardly attractive especially since the water department owned six such wells. (Two more were under construction.) This article discusses the alternative restoration method that they chose, including the outcome of the project.
Organics In Water Quality—Dilemma Or Opportunity?
Authors: Bolton Charles M.
Published: June 2018

Organics are present in finished water and their presence causes concern. Some of these organics have been found to be cancer‐causing substances and their removal from finished water has been advocated. Other organics may be necessary and elimination of all organics could pose equally serious problems. The laboratory costs involved in testing and eliminating organics could become prohibitive. Methods which could be used for the improvement of water quality are the addition or substitution of granular activated carbon for sand filters, and the use of ozonation.
Sampling, Analysis Aids Detection of Nuisance Organisms
Authors: Dart F.J.
Published: June 2018

The potential problems of nuisance organism growth and aids in sampling, analysis and detection of these organisms are discussed.
Good Implementation Plan Essential for Computer Program
Authors: Garret Jerry W.
Published: June 2018

Operator participation in computer system design and implementation will assure that the system will fit utility needs and will not interrupt water system operation during the integration period. A step‐by‐step plan for implementation is discussed.
Techniques Of Media Removal For Replacement With GAG
Authors: Ferrara A.P.
Published: June 2018

The use of granular activated carbon to replace filter media in rapid gravity filters and percolation columns is discussed. Among the topics covered are media removal, media storage and disposal, and equipment such as sand ejectors, diaphragm pumps, vacuum trucks, wheelbarrows and shovels.
Proper Filter Backwashing
Authors: Rae Allan L.
Published: June 2018

The best operation of filters can be achieved by proper backwashing, which includes correct backflow rates and a source of supply of backwash water. Filtered unsoftened water, filtered softened water, unfiltered water, and raw water are considered for such use.
Treatment Plant and Equipment Corrosion
Authors: Vogele Lou J.
Published: June 2018

Different types of plant and equipment corrosion are discussed and ways of prevention suggested. Wet atmospheric corrosion, direct chemical attack and concentration‐cell corrosion are covered.
Part IV Ultimate Disposal of Sludge
Authors: Doe Peter W.
Published: June 2018

For the ultimate disposal of sludge to occur, it must be in dilute liquid or dried solid product form. Possible methods of disposal are described, such as use as a soil conditioner, use of alum sludge as a plasticizer for clays, recalcination, recovery of alum from sludge, and placement of sludge in abandoned mines and landfills.
Destratification and Thermal Inversion (Reservoir Turnover)
Authors: Beer Charles R.
Published: June 2018

Water in reservoirs usually stratifies into three layers. For purposes of this article, the upper two layers are referred to as the circulation zone and the bottom layer will be known as the stagnation zone. Turnover of reservoir water occurs twice a year, in the winter and summer. Some of the results of the turnover can be offensive tastes and odors in the water. To avoid any sudden water quality changes, the reservoir can be artificially destratified by the addition of oxygen or air into the stagnation zone, or by pumping water from the stagnation zone into the circulation zone to keep the layers of water mixed.
Lubrication in Maintenance Programs
Authors: Frisk E.R.
Published: June 2018

Lubrication is usually the first line of defense in the maintenance of water treatment equipment. It is certainly a major area of concern with regard to clarifiers, grit removal equipment, and all types of pumps. This article explains how the use of a “lube chart” will be helpful for identifying the following: major and subequipment items; exact type of lubricant for each item; frequency of inspection and change of lubricant; and the individual responsible for lubrication maintenance.
How to Calculate for Chemicals by the Truckload and Save Money
Authors: McMaine Ronald C.
Published: June 2018

Some chemical companies offer a substantial discount if your order totals enough chemicals to make a truckload. When buying from companies supplying more than one chemical, the procedure described allows you to determine how much of each chemical to order so that: the total order will equal a truckload; the various chemicals ordered will all be depleted again at the same time; allowing you to buy chemicals at the rate you use them. The calculations also tell how many days the order can be expected to last.
Treatment Plant Converts to Automation
Authors: Kron Cleon
Published: June 2018

The Iowa City Municipal Water Treatment Plant is completely automated with a Control Data SC1700 computer system and the idea is well received by the operators. The system is described and a letter from a satisfied operator is included.
Cross‐Connection Control Down on the Farm
Authors: Miller Robert S.
Published: June 2018

Water contamination during the herbicide and pesticide spraying season is a common occurrence, but can be prevented. This article describes several farm‐related pollution episodes. An apparatus which holds the end of a hose above a tank inlet, thus creating an air gap between the hose and a diluted, potentially hazardous mixture, is illustrated.
Cost Data Report of Main Rehabilitation
Authors: Considine Edward
Published: June 2018

The Elmira Water Board in New York decided to find out if it would be less expensive to replace worn 6‐in. cast iron water mains or to rehabilitate them. In 1976, the cost for replacement averaged $17.99 per foot, while rehabilitation averaged $10.60 per foot.
Coupling Puller Devised
Authors: Ballinger Arthur
Published: June 2018

The Borough of Harvey Cedars Water Department in New Jersey devised a method of removing couplings from 4‐in., 6‐in., and 8‐in. asbestos cement pipe. Construction of the coupling puller is described.
Plywood Holder Protects Fire Extinguisher
Authors: Klausegger R.B.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a fire extinguisher holder designed to prevent accidents such as an extinguisher falling from its mounting and injuring an operator. The holder also contains a display panel for standard instructions, and hangers for a wooden stick and a rope with wooden handles when safe rescue tools are needed in case of electrocution.
Brush‐up on Solving for the Unknown in an Equation
Authors: Rieman John
Published: June 2018

Solving for unknowns in mathematical equations is the topic of this portion of “Math for Operators.” Definitions of equations, knowns, and unknowns are given, and several examples of this procedure are included.
Brush‐up on Concentration and Dilution Problems
Authors: Waite Herbert E.
Published: June 2018

This portion of “Math for Operators” covers concentration and dilution problems. Explanations and examples of concentration by weight, the general law of concentration and the dilution rectangle are included.
Out with the bad air, in with the good
Authors: McQuitty Doug
Published: June 2018

In some vaults containing telemetering transmitters and pressure‐regulating valves, air may become stagnant and sometimes unsafe to breathe. Water District Number 1 of Johnson County, Kansas has devised a boxed blower with suction and discharge ports built into the sides to remove stagnant air from vaults.
Tongue‐in‐groove flow diverter for fire hydrants
Authors: Beyer George G.
Published: June 2018

A handmade metal “tongue” bolted to the inside of a hydrant coupling is a convenient way to divert water from a hydrant. The diverter‐tongue, which takes about an hour to construct, dissipates the energy of the water's flow by directing the flow up, out, and away from the hydrant in a powerful spray.
Special spigot taps tanks
Authors: Fallin Wayne W.
Published: June 2018

It is important to know the chemical and bacteriological quality of water in storage tanks, and this information may be difficult to determine from the connections in tank altitude‐valve vaults. The Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission suggests drilling a hole through the side wall or riser pipe of a tank removed from service for repairs, and installing a freeze‐proof house spigot.
Iron‐bacteria and sulfide problems in wells
Authors: Pomeroy Richard D. , Bailey Harry H.
Published: June 2018

Anaerobic groundwaters may be divided into two subclasses, depending on sulfide, iron, and manganese content. Groundwater characteristics, problems caused by mixing of aerobic and anaerobic waters, use of hypochlorite solutions in water treatment, aeration in wells, chlorination, and benefits of iron bacteria are covered.
Maintenance‐free flash mix
Authors: Brooks Unie J.
Published: June 2018

A raw water 2‐inch line with a 3/4‐inch nipple is used to supply energy to flash‐mix chemicals and raw water at Prince's Lake Water and Sewage Utility in Nineveh, Indiana.
Pump purchased for pigging
Authors: Colgin Melvin E.
Published: June 2018

The January 1981 issue of OpFlow featured an article on rubber foam pigging. This article describes a specific application of the technique at the Water Treatment Plant in Boynton Beach, Florida.
100 years—AWWA celebrates its centennial
Authors: Johnson Eric
Published: June 2018

This article outlines the history of the American Water Works Association and the AWWA Research Foundation. Administration, activities, membership, publications, and the outlook for AWWA's second century are covered.
Calculations Made Easy with Memory Machine
Authors: Sturtz Robert L.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the capabilities of small programmable calculators. A sample calculator program for determining the amount of chlorine needed to disinfect a water main is included.
Giardia—'Micro‐Monsters' that Contaminate Water
Authors: Alsaker Dayton
Published: June 2018

According to the Center for Disease Control, Giardia is the most common disease‐causing (pathogenic) intestinal parasite in the United States. This article outlines the life cycle of Giardia lamblia and explains how giardiasis is caused, diagnosed, and treated. Methods of destroying Giardia cysts are closely‐monitored chlorination and various types of filtration, including diatomaceous‐earth, slow‐sand, and rapid granular‐media filters. Use of polymer‐type coagulant aids such as alum is advised. Emergency procedures are covered.
Ground Rod Controls Lightning, Saves Equipment
Authors: Morris Jim
Published: June 2018

The ground rod described in this article is used in several facilities owned by the Indiana Cities Water Corporation. Over the past three years, no lightning damage has occurred when this ground rod has been in use.
Galvanized Tee Shuts Off Water
Authors: McKeown Mike
Published: June 2018

Presented in this month's “Gimmicks and Gadgets” is a device for shutting off a customer's water. The galvanized tee with a short chain through a cross piece is described.
Porosity—the Open Space in a Filter Bed
Authors: Propes Philip
Published: June 2018

In precise terminology, filter‐bed porosity is the ratio of the combined volume of the voids in the filter‐bed material to the total volume of the filter‐bed material. Porosity is one of several factors affecting filter performance. Accompanying this article is a sample problem showing how to calculate filter‐run time to prevent porosity from falling below a given minimum value.
Leak Detection Program Reduces Unaccounted‐for Water
Authors: Cole G. Brewster
Published: June 2018

This article discusses two methods of leak detection, namely listening and a combination of flow measurements and listening, sometimes referred to as a water audit. Listening involves the systematic use of sound intensifying equipment to locate leaks. Electronic and mechanical equipment are used for listening. Mechanical devices include the aquaphone and geophone. Both are described and their uses explained. The water audit compares the amount of water pumped into the distribution system to the amount withdrawn by the consumers. The audit is a two‐phase survey using flow measurements followed by listening. The water audit not only locates leaks, but can determine whether master meters are over‐ or under‐registering.
Fluoride Compounds Used to Prevent Tooth Decay
Authors: Hansen Ed
Published: June 2018

Fluoridation is the addition of fluoride to drinking water in order to prevent tooth decay. This article describes commercially available fluorides, optimum fluoride concentrations, and fluoride maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). The particular fluorides covered are sodium fluoride, hydrofluosilicic acid, and sodium silicofluoride. Physical and chemical properties of each are discussed.
Traffic Controls Ensure Work Is Done Safely
Authors: Vest Randall L.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses safety practices which should be implemented for controlling traffic when a utility is doing road work. Traffic control should be planned in advance and individuals in charge of the construction or maintenance site should be available for consultation and be fully aware of the project. The uses and importance of such traffic control devices as barricades, flashers, cones, and posts are reviewed, as well as proper flagging techniques.
Choosing a Coagulant
Authors: Herman Lyle D.
Published: June 2018

This article presents guidelines for choosing a coagulant. Discussion focuses on describing the capabilities of available coagulants and the usefulness of coagulant aids. Coagulants include aluminum sulfate, copper sulfate, ferric sulfate, ferrous sulfate, and sodium aluminate, as well as combinations of these. Coagulant aids include polymers, activated silica, and weighting agents and adsorbents. The two most important elements to be considered when choosing a coagulant are the amount of turbidity present and the alkalinity of the water.
Methods of Adding Ammonia During Water Treatment
Authors: Belick Thomas J. , Tarantino Stephen A. , Zumstein Robert H. , Piglowski Fred
Published: June 2018

This article examines the available methods for adding ammonia during drinking water treatment. Discussion focuses on a study conducted at the Alameda County Water District in California which investigated various methods for reducing total trihalomethanes (TTHM) at the district's Mission San Jose Water Treatment Plant. The study concluded that the most cost‐effective method for that particular treatment facility to reduce TTHM levels would be to add ammonia to reduce chloramine formation. Furthermore, the study concluded that aqua ammonia was the most cost‐effective ammonia source compared to ammonium sulfate, anhydrous ammonia with solution feed, and anhydrous ammonia with direct feed. A test system is currently being operated at the Mission San Jose plant to test the use of chloramines with aqua ammonia addition for controlling TTHM. Consideration is also given to the safety of handling aqua ammonia.
Selecting Instruments in Small Treatment Plants
Authors: Engelhardt Terry L.
Published: June 2018

The instruments used in every water treatment plant fall into two broad categories: laboratory instruments and process monitoring and/or control instruments. Basic laboratory instruments that nearly every water treatment plant should consider are discussed, including: turbidimeters; pH meters; jar test apparatus; colorimeters; online process‐control instruments; microscopes; and balances. The selection process should consider location, intended use, availability of prepackaged reagents, required degree of precision and accuracy, accessories, and an economical method of analysis in compliance with regulatory agencies.
Cross‐Connection Monitoring and Control Program
Authors: Asay Stuart F.
Published: June 2018

Both water utility employees and customers should be educated about cross connections, their causes, and prevention. Establishment of a cross connection control program should include a purpose or general policy statement, related definitions, ordinance requirements, specific system requirements, and violations and penalties. Other integral program steps are system assessment, field inspection, device testers, accident procedures, and public relations activities.
Coagulation Program Selection
Authors: Herman Lyle D.
Published: June 2018

A coagulant and dosage must be selected in accordance with the actual situation in a water treatment plant. Selection must take into account the naturally occurring variables present in most water supplies. Monitoring the effectiveness of the coagulation flocculation program should be done through a continuing program of trial and evaluation. This paper outlines the elements of a testing and improvement program. Equipment needed in a basic laboratory for selecting dosages and points of application is described.
A Chlorine Gas Cloud From Sodium Hypochlorite?
Authors: Brower George R.
Published: June 2018

A deadly cloud of chlorine gas escaped from sodium hypochlorite tanks being used to disinfect sewage effluent in Knoxville, Tennessee on April 8, 1983. The cloud was formed when approximately 600 gallons (2271 L) of ferric chloride were mixed with approximately 3000 gallons (11,355 L) of sodium hypochlorite. The reaction produced iron hydroxide and free chlorine gas almost instantaneously, and within minutes the chlorine gas cloud vented out the top of the storage tank and began rolling out of the tank enclosure. The city's emergency response plan was put into action, and no serious injuries resulted. Information on chemical reactions and suggested precautions are included.
Application and Maintenance of Altitude Valves
Authors: Antos Lois
Published: June 2018

The use of an altitude valve is an effective way to control problems associated with spillage from storage reservoirs and taste and odor problems that develop from water standing stagnant in a standpipe over a long period of time. This article describes the principle and operation of altitude valves and valves that combine normal level control operations and check, back pressure, pressure relief, solenoid shutoff, rate of flow, and pressure reducing functions. Tips on installation and repair are presented.
Flushing the Distribution System
Authors: Ewan Bob
Published: June 2018

Flushing water lines is an important operational procedure for any water system. Flushing frequency varies with the quality of the water entering the distribution system, but any system should be thoroughly flushed at least once a year. The purpose of flushing is to remove sediments and stale water, and to help maintain chlorine residuals throughout the distribution system. Information on determining flushing rates for various pipe sizes is given.
Fluoridation Crossword Puzzle Answers
Authors: Johannpeter Walter G.
Published: June 2018

The solutions to the Fluoridation Crossword Puzzle (OpFlow March 1984) are provided here.
Energy Conservation in Municipal Water Systems
Authors: Reheis Harold F.
Published: June 2018

Many utilities control the operation of their raw‐ and finished‐water pumps according to the water levels in their ground storage or elevated storage tanks. The practice of keeping storage tanks full or nearly full may not be necessary in terms of energy consumption, though. This article provides a case study of two distribution systems with differing hydraulic, pressure, and flow constraints. By modifying water storage levels and pump use patterns, each utility could save significant amounts of energy. A discussion of electric rates and special power service contracts is included. The first part of this two‐part article appeared in the July 1984 issue of Opflow (type DIALOG AN 0011114).
Preventive Maintenance of Chemical Feed Equipment
Authors: Brown Ken
Published: June 2018

Preventive maintenance can help to avoid unscheduled downtime. When equipment fails, it usually requires expensive crews and priority orders on labor and equipment. This article discusses how to set up a preventive maintenance program for chemical feeding equipment.
How to Determine Maximum Gas Withdrawal Rates
Authors: Baker Robert J.
Published: June 2018

For three commonly used gases ‐ chlorine, sulfur dioxide, and ammonia ‐ maximum sustained gas withdrawal rates from shipping containers can be estimated using a simple equation. The equation requires that the operator know the room temperature, the “threshold temperature,” and a “withdrawal factor.” This article explains the terms of the equation and gives examples of its application.
Safety a Priority When Utility Under Construction
Authors: Roberts Allen B.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a successful safety program implemented by the City of Fort Lauderdale Utilities Department. Elements of this program include safety meetings, a safety shoe program, and special training classes.
Fire in Tube Settlers Causes Extensive Damage
Authors: Fallin Wayne W.
Published: June 2018

In 1983, the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission experienced a fire involving tube settlers in a settling basin at the Patuxent Water Filtration Plant. The fire, which occurred in a section of the plant being rehabilitated by a construction company, started when tube settlers made of acrylo‐nitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) were ignited by a piece of hot metal. This article stresses precautions that must be taken around materials made of ABS.
Termites to Blame in Underground Leaks
Authors: Hayashida Kazu
Published: June 2018

Destruction of rubber gaskets at the joints of 8‐inch water lines by termites led to substantial amounts of water loss in Honolulu, Hawaii. Damaged gaskets were replaced, and stainless steel clamps were installed over the pipe joints.
One Solution for an Isolated Rusty‐Water Problem
Authors: Weaver Grant
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how the Norwich (Connecticut) Department of Utilities solved a nagging rusty‐water problem. A 2‐inch plastic service line was tapped into the top of a 6‐inch dead‐ended cast iron main about 400 feet from the terminus of the cast‐iron pipe. The 400 ft of dead‐end main now accumulates rust particles, allowing the 2‐in line to flow clear. Semi‐annual hydrant flushing rids the system of all iron before it backs up the 6‐in dead‐end into the 2‐in service main.
Revision of USEPA Drinking Water Regulations
Authors: Alston Marc R.
Published: June 2018

This article continues a discussion of the revision of the USEPA drinking water regulations begun in the December 1984 issue of OpFlow. There are many contaminants for which Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) may be changed. This is due to experience gained in implementing the regulations since 1977, new scientific and health data, and advances in analytical capability. In addition, new contaminants probably will be added and others dropped. Specific contaminant considerations which are dealt with in this article include: coliforms, turbidity, giardia lamblia, viruses, legionella, standard plate count, and inorganic chemicals.
Handwheel Gate Valve Repair Tool
Authors: McDonald Jerry
Published: June 2018

Many municipal and private water systems use 3/4 through 2‐in. (19mm through 50‐mm) handwheel gate valves to isolate sections of their water service systems. The most common problem encountered with such valves is leakage past the valve stem packing. Because of the high cost associated with the excavation of paved streets, it is not uncommon for water departments to permit such leakage to continue until it becomes severe. The handwheel gate valve repair tool allows the waterworks operator to replace broken handwheels and tighten leaking valve stem packing nuts without having to dig up the valve box. This article gives information on constructing such a tool for an approximate cost of $5070.
Operation of an Iron‐and‐Manganese Removal Plant
Authors: Beck Rodney
Published: June 2018

Many communities in North Dakota are using pressure‐vessel iron‐and‐manganese removal water treatment plants to remove undesirable metals from their water supply. This article discusses some facts and common operational procedures recommended by the North Dakota Department of Health, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control, for this type of facility. Subjects covered include chemical addition, filter maintenance, chlorine monitoring, pumps and motors, and metering.
Filter Control Units Converted Economically
Authors: Goehring David H.
Published: June 2018

In 1954, the six rapid sand filter controls at the Cape Rock Water Plant in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, were upgraded. Four‐ way hydraulic transfer switches were installed to control the hydraulically operated gate valves on influent, effluent, backwash, rewash, and wastewater lines. In 1984, due to excessive operational costs, these transfer switches were replaced with four‐way cocks. This article describes the problem that led to the change and how it was solved.
Developing a Chlorine Emergency Control Plan
Authors: Doyle James H.
Published: June 2018

A chlorine leak or spill usually occurs unexpectedly and demands an immediate response. Consequently, chlorine emergency planning is an essential part of the overall emergency plan of most water treatment plants. There is no set formula for developing a chlorine emergency control plan. Every chlorine consuming site has its own set of conditions that require special consideration. This article contains guidelines to help in the development of the general details of an emergency plan. Subjects covered include: organizing the plan, responsibility, community relations, media relations, types of releases, assessing the emergency, communications and training, emergency equipment, first aid, updating the plan, and post emergency critique. Sources of information to aid in chlorine emergency planning are also listed.
Reservoir Cover Repair Made Easy
Authors: Flegal George J.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a method used to repair flexible reservoir covers by using a child's inflatable ball. The ball, which is placed under the cover and inflated, keeps the plastic cover dry during the patching process.
Butterfly Valve Adaptor Eliminates Settling Problems
Authors: Gagas Michael
Published: June 2018

This article describes a butterfly valve adaptor which can be used to hold and center the key box on a butterfly valve, thereby eliminating problems caused by settling, shifting, or improper key box set. The materials needed for construction are listed, and construction details are provided.
Removal and Replacement of Old Metallium Joints
Authors: Christense Joel
Published: June 2018

This article describes the removal and replacement of old metallium joints at the Florence, Nebraska, filter plant. In April 1983, cracked joints in wash‐water piping began to appear at the plant. Joint cracking was attributed to two main factors: the affected joints had been painted with a vinyl‐type paint, which prevented moisture from escaping from the joints; and corrosion products from sulfur and iron had apparently created expansive forces, which cracked the hubs. After initial repairs, work was begun in 1984 to remove all cracked valves and other metallium joints and repour them with lead. Sandblasting was used to remove the metallium joint compound. The problems encountered in this process and the solutions that were devised are presented. In total, 23 tons of sand and 4600 pounds of lead were used, and eight cracked 20 inch valves were removed. One hundred and twenty metallium joints were cleaned; 22 of these were eliminated and 98 were repoured with lead. The costs of this project are listed.
Pill‐and‐Winch System Reduces Calcium Buildup
Authors: Ferguson Jerry A.
Published: June 2018

The St. Louis County Water Company in Missouri uses a lime softening process to reduce water hardness at two of its treatment plants which results in a calcium‐scale buildup on the inside of launder pipes located on the upflow solids contact reactor. This article describes the construction and use of a pipe‐cleaning “pill‐and‐winch” system devised to break scale loose and remove it from the launder pipes.
Care and Feeding of Microcomputer Equipment
Authors: Skeels Jerry
Published: June 2018

This article on the care and maintenance of basic microcomputer systems discusses the following topics: location of computers; elements that can cause computer problems such as heat, static electricity, and dust; disk drive and printer breakdowns; and diagnostics to determine computer problems. A checklist to help simplify the diagnosis of computer problems is provided.
Meter Lock‐Out and Curb‐Box Lock Save Money
Authors: Tenaglia Vincent , Sillers James
Published: June 2018

This article describes the construction of a meter lock‐out and a curb‐box lock that prevent the illegal use of water. Both devices eliminate the need for utility crews to dig up the service at the corporation cock to shut off the service and dig up and remove the curb box. Approximate costs to construct the devices are included.
Well Sampler Can Be Used At Varying Depths
Authors: Campbell Ron , Hawtree Terry , Sinclair John
Published: June 2018

The well sampler described in this article can be used at varying depths by using interchangeable PVC valves of varying pressure settings. The PVC valves are set to open at a given depth, fill the sampler with 1 and 1/2 gallons (6 L) of water, and then close when removed from the well.
Chain Flail Used to Clean Encrusted Water Mains
Authors: Jurgenson John
Published: June 2018

This article describes a chain flail that was invented for cleaning an 8‐inch water main. The flail consists of a center shaft drilled to fit on the root cutter driver of a high‐velocity‐jet sewer cleaner. Three steel ball bearings, 1 3/4 inch (35 mm) in diameter, are welded to a 3/8 inch × 1 3/8 inch (0.38 mm × 35 mm) chain at 120 degree intervals around the shaft. The diameter of the flail arc is 8.5 inches (220 mm). The root cutter drives the flail at speeds of 600–800 rpm. The flail is inserted into the main through a 2‐foot (0.6 m) cut‐out section. The flail travels forward at 20–25 fpm (0.10–0.13 m/s), and is withdrawn at about 10 fpm (0.05 m/s). Suggestions for use of the flail are presented.
Eductor‐Based Media Mover Saves Time
Authors: King Robert James
Published: June 2018

The new eductor system has replaced shovels and conveyor belts for moving filter media. The eductor creates a vacuum and moves the media in a slurry. This new system has no moving parts. Wear will only occur in the discharge area and the suction hose and nozzle, all of which are inexpensive to replace. The old system uses a centrifugal pump impeller which wears out rapidly. The editor notes that backflow prevention must be considered when using an eductor system.
Meter Test Carts and Wire Rack Make Job Easy
Authors: Kupish John
Published: June 2018

Specifications for the construction of a meter test cart and a wire rack are given. Meter test carts eliminate the potential of tripping over meters placed on the floor, and also prevent meters from rolling, which can damage the meter generator or other meter parts. A meterwire rack can be used to remove meter wire from its spool in the field. Because the wire feeds easily from the rack, it is perfect for one‐man jobs.
Meter Installation Saves Money for District
Authors: Wick Ty
Published: June 2018

Installation of four new source meters and the repair of an old source meter resulted in financial and operational benefits for Trentwood Irrigation District No. 3 in Washington State. Repair of the broken meter showed that its pump was not delivering water and had not been for many years. Installation of four source meters led to the discovery that the district's total daily water demand during the fall could be supplied by one pump. The combination of the money saved and charging for water on a cost‐of‐service basis allows the district to be financially successful.
Measuring Well Drawdown and Specific Capacity
Authors: Bracht Gary
Published: June 2018

Pumping tests of water supply wells, when properly planned and conducted, can provide information about the performance and efficiency of the well being pumped. Measuring each well for pump and well yield, depth to water level, drawdown, and specific capacity should be done on a routine basis. These test results should be compared with previous tests to estimate current well and/or aquifer conditions. In addition, calculations can be made that are used to interpret groundwater aquifer performance. Four methods commonly used to measure the distance from a reference point to the water surface in a well are: wetted tape method, air line method, electrical sounder, and electronic/pneumatic transducer.
Clamp Combination Used for Meter Maintenance
Authors: Cole Stephen
Published: June 2018

Small water meter pits and low meter yoke settings present serious problems for meter service personnel. Some service personnel may have difficulty reaching the meter setting. To avoid the problem, a 32‐inch wood clamp and duckbill clamp attached to a 3/4 inch by 1/4 inch by 4 foot strap are used to set water meters.
Filling Spare Moments at Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Hamm Jim
Published: June 2018

This article presents suggestions for using spare time productively during slow times at the treatment plant. These activities include: education and training such as the reading of professional journals, viewing educational videotapes, and conducting classes for the local citizenry who are interested in the water industry; community service such as conducting tours of the plant, and sponsoring science projects; and plant maintenance such as detailed record keeping.
Eliminating Rotating Shifts Simplifies Schedule
Authors: Herman Lyle
Published: June 2018

The City of Loveland Water Treatment Plant in Loveland, Colorado has developed a method of scheduling 24‐hour shifts which combines the best of both the rotating‐shift and 12‐hour shift schedules. By simply eliminating rotating shifts this alternate schedule solves most problems associated with traditional 8‐hour schedules. With the alternate schedule, operators work 8 hours a day, but always on the same shift and on the same days of the week. The work week is designed to allow weekend coverage of the plant without constant juggling of the schedule. It also eliminates problems of fatigue and overtime pay that may be involved in a 12‐hour schedule. Six operators are needed to provide coverage for the plant. Two operators are assigned to each shift. Three days a week the two operators work together, and four days a week they work alone. An example schedule is provided.
Streaming Current Monitor Controls Coagulation
Authors: Jr. Veal Charles R.
Published: June 2018

Streaming current monitors (SCM) are used to control coagulation by determining and maintaining proper coagulant dosages. By sending the streaming current signal to a microprocessor‐based process controller and then to the coagulant feeder, coagulant dosages can be automatically adjusted and maintained. The use of streaming current monitors for water treatment is described and operational considerations are addressed.
Communicating on the Run—Mobile Communications
Authors: Egger Katherine
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the types of mobile communications systems that are available, and what features to look for in purchasing a system. Systems discussed include cellular phones, two‐way radios, and paging systems.
Filter Media Requires Scheduled Maintenance
Authors: Mackay Donald J.
Published: June 2018

This article is the second part of a three‐part article on operation and maintenance of filtration systems. This part focuses on the upkeep of filter media. Problems that can develop in the filter media include mudballs, cracks and separations. During scheduled maintenance the following areas should be checked: bed depth, size of media, number of mudballs, surface‐wash units, gravel, and the underdrain.
Safety Comes First, Even in Emergency Situations
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Safety begins with accident prevention. Planning for safety by reviewing the job step by step. Equipment and personnel, traffic, scheduling and accident report and investigation are addressed.
Notification Used to Heighten Public Awareness
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: June 2018

This article reviews the public notification requirement of the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) and emphasizes the positive effects of notification when it is used to increase consumer awareness of water utilities's challenges and needs. The article focuses on the proper way to write such notices, including content and tone of the notice. Contents of notices should include: the identity of who is issuing the notice; description of what the notice is about; description of the event that prompted the notice; explanation of why the event occurred; description of precautions that should be taken by the consumer; and description of the actions being taken by the utility to correct the problem.
Increase Pumping Plant Efficiency to Save Energy
Authors: Hansen Hugh J. , Trimmer Walter L.
Published: June 2018

Pumping plants that operate inefficiently waste energy. To eliminate this waste, pumping plants should be tested for efficiency and adjusted as necessary. The article presents methods to determine energy efficiency, causes of low efficiency, and corrective measures.
Just When You Think You Have It Under Control
Authors: Dunn John F.
Published: June 2018

The Des Moines Water Works, in Des Moines (Iowa), survived the severe drought of 1988 without any water supply problems. However, in early 1989 the utility began experiencing some strange phenomena including an increase in the organic loading of raw water and a septic odor on filters that had been backwashed and placed on standby that could only be attributed to the drought. The article describes the actions taken by the utility to discover the cause of the odor, the solution: filter super chlorination, and the final analysis that it could not be determined what caused the odor.
Flange Level Aligns Bolt Holes to Ease Meter Installation
Authors: Hassig Clarence G.
Published: June 2018

To install a meter, the meter is lifted up and inserted between two flanges. Many times, when one flange or the other is rotated a little bit too far or not quite far enough, the bolt holes do not line up. The flange level, developed by the City of Joliet, takes the trickiness out of tightening and leveling meter flanges. Materials, costs and instructions for constructing the flange level are included.
Adjustments at Booster Fix 60‐psi Fluctuation
Authors: Poole Donald C.
Published: June 2018

The article discusses the methods used in problem solving for a pressure fluctuation in the distribution system. Adjusting the set points for booster switches has solved most customer complaints about pressure fluctuations. In addition, the adjustments saved the utility money in electrical consumption, wear on the booster stations, and maintenance on the distribution system.
Modified Eductor, Shovel Get Mudballs Out
Authors: Daddario Raymond R.
Published: June 2018

If the filter beds at your treatment plant are plagued with mudballs and other heavy debris, an eductor and special shovel can help you keep them clean. Materials and costs for constructing the eductor are discussed in the article.
Phew! My Hot Water Smells Like Rotten Eggs
Authors: Hack David J.
Published: June 2018

Taste and odor problems can affect hot or cold water, but hot water problems usually bring complaints of smells like rotten eggs. The rotten egg odor is caused by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas. Remedies for rotten egg odor include maintaining chlorine residuals, flushing lines, killing bacteria with heat, replacing magnesium anode rods, and removing cathode‐protection anodes.
Suggestions for GWUI Systems
Authors: Von Huben Harry
Published: June 2018

Operators should begin to consider whether their system might be designated by the state as groundwater under the influence of surface water (GWUI). The author lists suggestions to start meeting the regulations before the system is designated as under the influence of surface water.
Sampling Device Gets to the Bottom of Sedimentation Basin
Authors: Zakowski John P.
Published: June 2018

The Superior (Wis.) Water, Light and Power Company needed a simple way to sample the bottom 30 in. (760 mm) of a sedimentation basin. Foreman John Zakowski developed a device for under $25 that is easy to build and use. Construction information is presented.
U Tool Can Be Used Two Ways on Curb Stops
Authors: Kaminsky Roger
Published: June 2018

Materials and instructions are included in this article describing the use of a new tool that makes removal of a curb stop pin easier and safer.
Good Design Eliminates Frozen Storage Tanks
Authors: Knoy E. Crone
Published: June 2018

One of the worst things that can happen in a distribution system during the winter is having the storage tank freeze. A frozen storage tank creates severe problems that cannot be easily fixed. The first article in this series, which appeared in the January 1991 Opflow, discussed why storage tanks freeze and what can be done to thaw them and repair the damage. This article discusses specific causes of freezing and design elements to discourage freezing.
Lunch Break Offers Opportunity for Chlorine Training
Authors: Jordan Bob , Rognlie Leo
Published: June 2018

The Santa Margarita Water District (SMWD) requires that employees must practice using self‐contained breathing apparatus each quarter. Under the guidance of trained individuals, each employee must don the equipment without assistance, clear the mask, and perform a test within a hostile environment. This article describes how the practice session is organized and carried out.
Rotating Shifts Satisfy Workers and Management
Authors: Houtrouw Ron , Reiland Pete
Published: June 2018

The article describes a rotating shift schedule that allows 24‐hour coverage of the water treatment plant but also allows workers to have extended time off between shifts and more free weekends. The struggle to produce an effective rotating work schedule was solved by good worker/management communication. A graphic representation of the schedule is included.
Easy‐to‐Build, Inexpensive Red Ring Could Be Lifesaver
Authors: McDonald Bernie , Torgerson Dave
Published: June 2018

The Great Falls (Montana) Utilities Division built a device to signal firefighters that a particular fire hydrant is inoperable. The device is a large, red, heavy metal “doughnut” with raised white lettering that reads “HYD. OFF.” The ring is mounted behind the hydrant nozzle cap, making it difficult for vandals to remove.
Simple Lifting Device Aids Removal of Valve Chamber Plug
Authors: Bridgeman Carl
Published: June 2018

Due to a concern for manhole entry safety, the Public Utilities Commission of the City of Scarborough installed valve chamber plugs with drilled holes so that tests can be made for explosive or toxic gases before plug removal. A rubber tube fits through the hole in the chamber plug allowing for the measurement of oxygen and toxic gases. This T‐shaped plug‐lifter allows for easy removal of the plug by means of the drilled hole. The plug‐lifter is a simple tool that has proven useful on a daily basis.
Emergency Response Trailer Ready in a Moment's Notice
Authors: Ellison Don
Published: June 2018

To reduce downtime caused by having to round up safety materials for emergency jobs, the Helix Water District designed and assembled a self‐contained trailer that holds all the safety items necessary for traffic control and night work. It can be towed by all the district's construction and maintenance trucks. The article discusses contents and construction of the trailer.
Sump Pump Makes Fast Work of Slow Sludge
Authors: Howard Thomas B.
Published: June 2018

The city of Poway (Calif.) Water Treatment Plant has two sedimentation basins for settling out materials by gravity. After these incoming solids settle out in the basins, a traveling bridge, which runs the length of the tanks, then pumps the sludge from the bottom of the basin. The sludge is pumped to the sludge‐basin holding tank where it is prepared for pumping into the sewer system. The low pumping rates from the 38,500‐gal (145,722‐L) sludge basin to the sewer system created problems in the treatment system. The existing system included a 2‐in. (50‐mm) diameter discharge line that made it difficult to use a pump with sufficient capacity to empty the basin in a reasonable amount of time. The problem was corrected in 1990 when the decant pump was replaced with a 120‐gpm (454‐L/min) sump pump.
How to Avoid Pitfalls of Tap Monitoring for Lead
Authors: Richards William G.
Published: June 2018

The Lead and Copper Rule has many requirements. This article focuses on the initial monitoring requirements for lead using tap samples, and on many of the practical difficulties in complying with them. Special attention is paid to the issue of residents or customers sampling their own water for use by the utility.
Top‐Ops Contest Motivates Treatment Operators
Authors: Ainsworth Leonard
Published: June 2018

There are more ways than one to motivate a treatment operator. Top‐Ops‐‐a verbal, question‐and‐answer, quiz‐show‐type competition‐‐is one way. The contest is sponsored by the California‐Nevada (Cal‐Nev) section. The article describes the how to put on such a contest, from creating the questions to building the contestants' podiums. Sample questions are given, as is a schematic of the wiring to create the lights and buzzers on the contestants' podiums.
Blast Ice Off for Quick Access to Water Shutoff
Authors: Oakes Phil
Published: June 2018

Immediate accessibility to a water shutoff can mean less water damage, or in the case of a broken line inside a building, less liability to the service utility. Quick access to the shutoff can be achieved with this device. Using water or air, the blaster rapidly clears service boxes of ice in the winter and sand and accumulated debris in the summer. Materials and instructions are listed in the article.
How AWWA Standards Are Organized, Developed, Used
Authors: Baruth Ed
Published: June 2018

AWWA Standards define minimum requirements for the design, installation, performance, manufacturing, and maintenance of water utility products and procedures. In this article, the author discusses the difference between a standard and a specification; how standards are developed and approved; how standards should be used; and how to get help with standards.