bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visioning: Did Anybody See Where It Came from?
Authors: Shipley Robert , Newkirk Ross
Published: March 2007

Vision and several related terms are now common in planning discourse. This article surveys a wide range of planning-related periodical literature and analyzes the history, rise, and geographic distribution of the use of the terms vision and visioning. Vision has evolved from a product, a pronouncement about the ftiture made by special people, into a visioning process in which whole communities participate. Vision has also come to have a metaphorical as well as a literal meaning. Pitfalls and cautionary points for planners are discussed because little critical thought has accompanied the profession's adoption cf vision and visioning.
Intergenerational Transmission of Violence in Lesbian Relationships
Authors: Schilit Rebecca , Lie Gwat-Yong , Bush Judy , Montagne Marilyn , Reyes Lynn
Published: March 2007

This study of 104 lesbians found that for the 46 respondents who reported abusive relationships, there were significant associations between experiences of abuse in their families of origin and the women's subsequent abusive lesbian relationships. Because shelters for abused women are unresponsive to the needs of lesbians, the women rarely used them. Therefore, one compelling implication of the study is that abused lesbians have a great need for safe environments with culturally sensitive workers, who could help them and their batterers confront and resolve their problems.
Universal Mental Health Classification Systems: Reclaiming Women's Experience
Authors: Wetzel Janice Wood
Published: March 2007

For decades, efforts have been made to promote uniform classification systems of mental disorders, to enhance research and consistent treatment. This article discusses the controversies regarding the influential U.S. manual, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and critiques the popular codependence-addiction movement, both of which discriminate against women and ignore the possibility of social change. It presents a nonstigmatizing therapeutic assessment and programming model, the psychosocial spectrum model, and examples of relevant components of successful women's programs throughout the world.
Characteristics of Women Who Love Too Much
Authors: Petrie Joan , Giordano Jeffrey A. , Roberts Cleora S.
Published: March 2007

The addiction to unhealthy relationships has been linked to addiction to drugs or alcohol and to codependency and has resulted in treatment that is pertinent to addiction. This study of 52 women "who love too much" found no such link, although it confirmed that low self-esteem and depression are problems for such women. The authors present alternative approaches to treating such women that deal with deficits in their families of origin and with improving their relationships.
Consciousness-Raising through Teaching about the Global Oppression of Women
Authors: Vinton Linda , Nelson-Gardell Debra
Published: March 2007

Female students who came of age during the 1980s tend to resist the notion that they or American women in general are oppressed, and male students also see oppression as a thing of the past. The authors contend that ethnocen trism has contributed to such thinking. This article describes a teaching approach that incorporated content on women's status throughout the world. This material helped the students understand the dynamics of oppression, which, in turn, diffused resistance to consciousness-raising.
Women, Children, and Welfare Reform
Authors: Ozawa Martha N.
Published: March 2007

Who are the targets of welfare reform? How should welfare be reformed? How are the issues of reforming welfare and the national interest in investing in children related, ideologically and strategically? This article sheds light on these questions by discussing the poverty status of female-headed families with children, the impact of public income transfers on reducing the poverty rate of these families, and the effects of recent changes in welfare policies. It reviews several welfare reform proposals and suggests directions that policymakers might take in reforming welfare.
Students' Attitudes Toward Women: Do Social Work Programs Make a Difference?
Authors: Black Beverly M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a study of the attitudes of undergraduate students and changes in those attitudes toward women at various points in a social work program. The study found that students who took a greater number of courses had more liberal attitudes toward women than did students who took fewer courses and that the greatest changes in attitudes occurred during the begin ning courses. The study also examined differences in attitudes by gender and major.
Ladies Don't: A Historical Perspective on Attitudes Toward Alcoholic Women
Authors: Carter Carolyn S.
Published: March 2007

Stigmatic and sex-biased attitudes toward contemporary alcoholic women can be traced back to the 1800s. Reinforced by Western culture, these attitudes are oppressive in that they exacerbate women's shame, diminish their self-esteem, and undermine their recovery. This article discusses the trends and historical events that have shaped societal attitudes toward alcoholic women and the effects of social workers' attitudes on policy formulation and professional behavior toward clients who are alcoholic women.
Honoring Voice and Visibility: Sensitive-Topic Research and Feminist Interpretive Inquiry
Authors: Jansen Golie G. , Rae Davis Diane
Published: March 2007

This article articulates the value and use of feminist interpretive inquiry for research on sensitive topics. It presents examples from two studies of women healing from alcoholism and Southeast Asian refugee women who are paraprofessional helpers. The article demonstrates that feminist interpretive inquiry is mindful of gender and power differentials, promotes trust, creates space for individual stories, and allows for holistic findings that may not be captured in quantitative research.
The Abuse Disability Questionnaire
Authors: McNAMARA JOHN R. , BROOKER DEBORAH J.
Published: March 2007

The Abuse Disability Questionnaire (ADQ) was administered to women who used domestic violence shelters services and to a community sample of women who were members of the Chamber of Commerce. Results from these administrations along with other clinical information available from a subset of shelter women indicated that the ADQ was a reliable and valid way by which to measure the negative consequences of partner abuse. Factor analysis indicated that the ADQ contained eight factors, suggesting that impairment from partner abuse is multidimensional in its effects. Possible clinical applications and further research with the ADQ are discussed.
Gender Differences in the Perception of Courtship Abuse
Authors: BEYERS JULIE MIETHKE , LEONARD JEAN M. , MAYS VIRGINIA K. , ROSÉN LEE A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in the perception of courtship abuse. Scenes of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of both female and male victims were depicted in written vignettes. Two-hundred-forty male and 240 female college undergraduates rated the vignettes in terms of nine dimensions, including typicality of the dating situations and the severity of abuse depicted. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between men's and women's ratings of the severity of abusive behaviors depicted in the female victim vignettes, regardless of the type of abuse. Women, however, rated the sexual abuse of a women against a man in the vignette as significantly more abusive than did the male raters. The study also investigated the impact of prior involvement with abuse and found no correlation with current perceptions of courtship abuse. Avenues for future research and implications for intervention are discussed.
Victims' Voices
Authors: STEPHENS B. JOYCE , SINDEN PETER G.
Published: March 2007

The perspectives and experiences of victims have been underrepresented in the ongoing debate about mandatory arrest laws for domestic assault. This article presents findings relevant to this policy debate. The authors interviewed 25 victims whose assailants had been arrested under the provisions of the recently passed New York Family Protection and Domestic Violence Intervention Act. The authors' focus was on the respondents' experiences with the new law and specifically their perceptions of police demeanor toward them and their assailants. A majority of the participants reported multiple encounters with law enforcement prior to the arrest event. The authors identified four categories of police demeanor—minimizing the situation, disbelieving the victim, we don't care, and macho cop—that were crucial to victims' perceptions of how they were treated by officers. The importance of police demeanor in establishing the trust of victims is discussed and related to policy issues.
Defining Psychological Abuse of Husbands Toward Wives
Authors: FOLLINGSTAD DIANE R. , DeHART DANA D.
Published: March 2007

Little consensus exists regarding which particular behaviors constitute psychological abuse. In this study, a national sample of psychologists rated behaviors by a husband toward his wife as to whether each behavior constituted psychological abuse. For behaviors viewed as “possibly abusive,” psychologists indicated whether their judgments would depend on contextual factors of frequency/duration, intent to harm by the perpetrator, and/or perception of harm by the victim. Frequency/duration was more influential than intent to harm or perception of harm in determining whether a behavior was viewed as abusive. Cluster analyses revealed conceptual groups that were labeled (a) threats to physical health; (b) control over physical freedoms; (c) destabilization through intimidation, degradation, isolation/monopolizing, and control; (d) dominating/controlling behaviors; and (e) “inept” relationship behaviors. Threats to physical health, control over physical freedoms, and destabilization were most likely to be perceived as psychological abuse, whereas inept behaviors were rarely viewed as inherently abusive.
Case Assessment and Service Receipt in Families Experiencing Both Child Maltreatment and Woman Battering
Authors: BEEMAN SANDRA K. , HAGEMEISTER ANNELIES K. , EDLESON JEFFREY L.
Published: March 2007

Professional attention to families experiencing both child maltreatment and woman battering has increased in recent years. This study examined data for 172 families—95 families for which police had filed child abuse incident reports and adult domestic assault incident reports, and 77 other families for which police had filed child maltreatment reports but had no documentation of domestic assaults. Exploring differences between the two groups of families, the authors found that dual-violence families were more likely to include an unrelated male in the household, to involve a neglect allegation, and to include perpetrator substance abuse. Child protection workers assessed dual-violence families to be at higher risk and were more likely to open the case for child protection services. Among open cases, however, dual-violence families received fewer services but were more likely to be referred to the county attorney. These findings and their implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.
Experiences With Sexual Coercion in College Males and Females
Authors: FORBES GORDON B. , ADAMS-CURTIS LEAH E.
Published: March 2007

The contributions of aggression in family of origin, acceptance of rape myths, sexist attitudes, the Big-Five personality factors, and self-esteem to the experience of sexual coercion or aggression were studied in a homogenous sample of young college students. Significant relationships were found between aggression in the family of origin and experience with sexual coercion for both males and females. Stepwise multiple regression indicated that personality and attitude measures, including acceptance of rape myths, were not related to sexual aggression in males. A similar analysis for females found small relationships between extroversion and childhood selfesteem and experience with sexual aggression. The implications of these results are discussed.
Impact of Sexual Assault as a Function of Perpetrator Type
Authors: CULBERTSON KAYLEEN A. , DEHLE CRYSTAL
Published: March 2007

The current study examines whether perpetrator type predicts impact of sexual assault. Women reporting a prior sexual assault by a cohabiting or marital partner, sexually intimate partner, nonsexual date, or acquaintance were compared on impact of event and current sexual satisfaction. Analyses showed group differences for impact of the event. Individuals in a cohabiting, marital, or acquaintance relationship reported more hyperarousal than did individuals in a dating or sexually intimate relationship. Additionally, married and cohabiting victims reported more hyperarousal than did women in the acquaintance group. Individuals sexually assaulted by a married or cohabiting partner reported more intrusive symptoms than did individuals in a dating or sexually intimate relationship. Furthermore, women in a sexually intimate relationship with their perpetrator reported lower intrusion scores than did individuals assaulted by an acquaintance.
A Prospective Examination of Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Nonsexual Assault
Authors: RIGGS DAVID S. , ROTHBAUM BARBARA O. , FOA EDNA B.
Published: March 2007

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were examined prospectively in 84 non-sexual assault victims (53 women, 31 men) beginning shortly after the assault (mean = 18.68 days) and continuing weekly for 3 months. At the initial assessment, 71% of the women and 50% of the men met symptom criteria for PTSD. The incidence of PTSD decreased to 42% of the women and 32% of the men by the fourth assessment, and at the final assessment, 21% of the women but none of the men remained with PTSD. An examination of specific PTSD symptoms indicated that many subjects who were not diagnosed with PTSD at the final assessment retained significant symptoms of PTSD, particularly reexperiencing and arousal symptoms. The severity of PTSD did decrease significantly over the course of the study, but only in those groups who were not diagnosed with the disorder at the final assessment. Women who were diagnosed with PTSD at the final assessment did not show a significant decrease in symptom severity over the course of the study. The results are discussed with regard to implications for understanding the development and persistence of posttrauma pathology, and directions for future research are outlined.
Intimacy and Loneliness, and Their Relationship to Rape Myth Acceptance and Hostility Toward Women Among Rapists
Authors: MARSHALL W. L. , HAMBLEY LAURA SONA
Published: March 2007

The present brief report examines the relationship between rapists' scores on measures of loneliness, intimacy, hostility toward women, and rape myth acceptance. We found that intimacy was most strongly related to each of the other three factors, although scores on all measures were significantly related to scores on all other measures. The results are considered in terms of their theoretical and treatment implications.
Women's Experience of Giving and Receiving Emotional Abuse
Authors: O'HEARN ROBIN E. , DAVIS KEITH E.
Published: March 2007

Relationships among attachment styles and the infliction and receipt of emotional abuse among college students in romantic relationships were examined. Both self-report and interview measures were collected. The self-reports were administered to a sample of 427 college students, 61 (42 women and 19 men) of whom were interviewed. For women (but not for men), the interview and self-report measures of emotional abuse converged, with r's ranging from .39 to .74. The predicted patterns of relationship between attachment styles and abuse held most strongly when interview measures of each were examined. Women high in attachment security were less likely to both inflict and receive emotional abuse. Those high in preoccupied (anxious) attachment were likely to both inflict and receive abuse. A similar but nonsignificant trend held for fearful women. A partial correlational analysis was conducted that refined and extended these findings.
Predicting Beliefs About Wife Beating Among Engaged Arab Men In Israel
Authors: HAJ-YAHIA MUHAMMAD M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents one of the first studies dealing with beliefs about wife beating in Arab societies. The data were collected from a random sample of 434 engaged Arab men from Israel, in an attempt to explain their different beliefs about wife beating, based on variables representing three frameworks: (a) male dominance; (b) intergenerational learning; and (c) interpersonal skills deficit. The results revealed that a combination of predictors from disparate frameworks best explained the variance in the different criterion variables of the study. The study finds that different beliefs about wife beating among engaged Arab men are explained by the following variables: Patriarchal and nonegalitarian expectations of marriage; inability to establish positive communication; negative attitudes toward women; sex role stereotypes; and witnessing or experiences with violence in their families of origin. The implications of the results are discussed.
Factors Influencing Service Provider Motivation to Help Adolescent Victims of Partner Violence
Authors: FOSHEE VANGIE , LINDER G. FLETCHER
Published: March 2007

In this study, the authors (a) examined the influence of three situational factors—level of provocation by the victim, frequency of the violence, and visibility of injuries sustained by the victim—on service providers' motivation to help adolescent victims of partner violence and (b) proposed that perceptions of seriousness and attribution of blame mediate the relationship between situational factors and motivation to help. Three hundred and thirty-one service providers from a rural county completed questionnaires. Providers indicated their perception of seriousness, attribution of blame, and motivation to help a victim of partner violence based on scenarios that manipulated situational factors. Findings indicate that provocation influenced motivation to help female victims, whereas frequency of the violence influenced motivation to help males. Perception of seriousness and attribution of blame did not mediate the relationships between situational variables and motivation to help. Theoretical explanations for gender differences, study limitations, and future studies are discussed.
On the Validity of Self-Reported Rates of Interpersonal Violence
Authors: HILTON N. ZOE , HARRIS GRANT T. , RICE MARNIE E.
Published: March 2007

Investigators of spousal and intersex violence write as though estimates of prevalence and incidence are valid and can be extrapolated or interpolated to different time frames. The present studies showed that high school students gave absolute estimates of nonphysical, physical, and sexual aggression during the past 1 month, 6 months, and 12 months that were not significantly different from one another. Students' estimates were sensitive to item severity, sex of perpetrator, and sex of victim but were insensitive to the time period over which they were asked to estimate. The present results mean that people's reports of their experience with interpersonal violence must be strongly affected by other factors in addition to the number of times the events have actually occurred.
A Comparison of the Responses of Preadolescents and Adolescents in a National Victimization Survey
Authors: FINKELHOR DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article compares the responses of 10-and 11-year-olds with those of 12-to 16-year-olds in a national telephone survey of 2,000 youth concerning victimization and victimization-prevention education. Although the overall participation rate was quite good for both groups, parents were slightly more likely to bar the younger children from taking part in the survey. The younger children also disclosed fewer of the most sensitive kinds of victimization, such as sexual abuse. However, by contrast, they did not give any more problematic responses to the key questions dealing with victimization and its details, and their rates for both family and nonfamily assaults, which comprised most of the victimizations, were equivalent to those of older children. The younger children also did not report any greater levels of distress in response to the survey. The few difficulties in interviewing the 10-and 11-year-old children and the quantity of valuable information they can provide suggest that they should be included in victimization surveys.
Standards for Batterer Programs
Authors: AUSTIN JULIET B. , DANKWORT JUERGEN
Published: March 2007

This article reports on findings obtained from a review and analysis of 37 standards for batterer programs in the United States that were in existence as of September 1997. Standards were examined for their content, organized into categories and in addition, by common themes. Information obtained through telephone interviews served to further clarify and expand on the written documents. Standards were distinguishable by whether program compliance to them was mandatory or voluntary. Elements of standards included: (a) accounts about their history, development, and purpose; (b) the protocol and procedures programs should follow; and (c) directives pertaining to program staff ethics and qualifications. The article concludes by providing both an analysis and discussion of the standards, including some suggestions for their improvement.
Adverse Effect of Child Abuse Victimization Among Substance-Using Women in Treatment
Authors: KANG SUNG-YEON , MAGURA STEPHEN , LAUDET ALEXANDRE , WHITNEY SHIRLEY
Published: March 2007

This study examined the adverse effect of childhood sexual/physical abuse among 171 substance-abusing women with infants or young children, who were admitted to the Family Rehabilitation Program in New York City. Approximately one half of the women (51%) self-reported ever having been sexually (24%) or physically abused (45%) in their childhood. Having a history of childhood abuse experiences, particularly sexual abuse, was associated with various areas of adult life functioning. Approximately 13 months after program admission, 82% of the sample was recontacted for follow-up. No significant associations were found between childhood abuse experiences and length of retention in services. However, several significant differences in service outcomes between sexually or physically abused women and nonabused women were found. The abused women had significantly more problems relating to drug use and psychiatric/psychological adjustment at follow-up. The findings support a need for substance dependency treatment programs tailored for women who have experienced serious childhood abuse.
Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Effects of Gender and Professional Status
Authors: WHITE BRADLEY H. , KURPIUS SHARON E. ROBINSON
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship of gender and professional status on attitudes toward rape victims. The Attitudes Toward Rape Victims Scale was completed by 74 upper-class undergraduates (20 males, 54 females), 78 beginning graduate students in counseling (18 males, 60 females), and 45 mental health professionals (22 males, 23 females). The 2×3 analysis of variance revealed both gender and professional status differences and a significant interaction. Male undergraduates had the most negative attitudes toward rape victims, and female professionals had the most favorable attitudes. All men still hold more negative attitudes toward rape victims than do their female counterparts, regardless of professional status.
Retaining Key People in Troubled Companies
Authors: Poster Claudia Zeitz
Published: March 2007

High performance of dedicated workers is the key approach in accelerating recovery through a company’s slowdown. Unfortunately, most companies are forgetting important lessons and practices that can help them stay afloat through tough economic times. It is essential to recognize key employees and their contributions to the company. This article outlines some strategies for companies to stay on course. First and foremost, companies should retain top talent in troubled times. The larger challenge is then helping businesses toward recovery. The way that companies respond to troubled times determines which of them will dominate the next economic cycle. Maintaining a high performance ethic may help companies stay out of trouble in the future.
The Changing Overseas Assignment: Managing for Competitive Advantage
Authors: Morris Richard W. , Pennings Johannes M. , Clark Sharon W.
Published: March 2007

Today, more than ever, the overseas assignment is a staple of the managerial career. Yet, overseas postings do not necessarily have standard or normative objectives, durations, and structures despite the fact that these assignments tend to be more demanding on the employee and increasingly costly and mission-critical to the organization.

The authors believe that overseas assignments need to be planned and managed holistically according to a three-point system. They recommend that decisionmakers pay balanced attention to three factors-the environment, the organization, and the employee-when planning for their mobile managers. That will enable transnational companies (TNCS) to better manage work vulner abilities in overseas assignments.

The authors offer a toolkit that builds on their proposed holistic systems model. This toolkit requires decisionmakers to adopt a boundary-spanning paradigm by acknowledging all stakeholders in transnational assignments, managing local procurement of services to overseas employees, investing in developing local suppliers when necessary, and managing employee demand for services (for example, by bringing prevention and wellness programs to overseas locations).
Developing a Reward Estrategy that Delivers Shareholder and Employee Value
Authors: Dolmat-Connell Jack
Published: March 2007

Reacting to increased scrutiny from shareholders and the general public, many companies have taken pains to align executive compensation with shareholder value. Few of these companies, however, have extended this alignment to encompass the entire workforce as part of an integrated human resource strategy. In an effort to attract and retain needed talent in a very tight labor market, more and more companies are developing compensation and benefits programs geared to what employees want and value. Companies need to think of the dollars they spend on reward systems as investments as opposed to expenses, states the author, and when viewed in this light, the return on the investment equates with value delivered to all stakeholders and becomes the most important measure of an organization's success.
Court Delay: Policy Implications For Court Managers
Authors: Larry Mays G. , Taggart William A.
Published: March 2007

One of the most persistent policy issues for the courts has been the reduction of delay in case processing. Since the advent of state court administration in the 1930's, most major reform efforts have stressed making the courts more manageable and, in the process, expediting the flow of cases through the judiciary. Although the maxim "justice delayed is justice denied" has often been repeated in the literature on court reform, most of the focus has been on judges and attorneys as causes or cures of delay. This article examines delay as a mangement problem and focuses on the administrative role of court managers in improving case processing time. In this regard, the study reports the views and attitudes of court managers on the issue of delay as reported in a recent national survey.
Responding to the Prison Crowding Crisis: The Restructuring of a Prison System
Authors: McCarthy Bernard J.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a case study of how one state correctional system responded to the exigencies of prison crowding. It examines the factors that have shaped the formulation of prison population management policy as well as the strategies developed by the prison system to cope with and manage its offender population. The present study places particular attention on the way a state penal system innovated to deal with the pressures of crowding when other governmental agencies failed to assist the agency with handling a significant increase in prison population.
AIDS On Parole: Dilemmas In Decision Making
Authors: Kleinig John , Lindner Charles
Published: March 2007

Parole practices and policies with respect to confidentiality, public responsibility, institutional accountability and managerial duty have been placed under new scrutiny as a result of the AIDS pandemic. This paper attempts to articulate some of questions that have arisen, focusing particularly on their moral dimensions, and seeks to provide responses that balance the plural responsibilities that parole officers and policy-makers have to releasees and their families, to other parole officers and to the public.
Just Deserts, The Severity Of Punishment And Judicial Sentencing Decisions
Authors: Sloan John J. , Miller J. Langly
Published: March 2007

Just deserts, as a philosophy of punishment, argues that criminal sanctions should be commensurate with the seriousness of the offense. This paper analyzes the severity of punishment meted out to felony offenders in a large urban jurisdiction in the Midwest and argues that two dimensions of criminal sanction need to be examined to understand punishment severity: the type of sanction received and the length of sentence. We also argue that the frequency and visibility of crime are linked to punishment severity. Analyses indicate that crime visibility is a good predictor both of judicial decisions to incarcerate and of the length of term of probation. Crime frequency, on the other hand, has little predictive power. We conclude that judges in the jurisdiction are guided by a modified just deserts philosophy in their sentencing decisions.
Adopting Precautions Against HIV Infection Among Male Prisoners: A Behavioral And Policy Analysis
Authors: Martin Randy , Zimmerman Sherwood E.
Published: March 2007

This analysis examines the potential impact of prison-based AIDS education programs by integrating data collected at a minimum-medium security institution in the Pennsylvania State Department of Corrections into Weinstein's (1988) model for adopting precautionary behavior. Expectations concerning the potential for behavior change are used to assess the viability of changing HIV risk behavior through prison-based AIDS education programs. We conclude that such behavior change is in fact possible, but highly unlikely. Behavior change is inhibited by a series of constraints in the prison environment that preclude the effective implementation of AIDS prevention activities. In addition, a variety of factors create a lack of political commitment to prison-based AIDS education efforts. As a result of these impediments, the primary contribution of these programs to date has been their prophylactic effect against staff and inmate litigation.
Institutional Review Boards: Virtue Machines Or Villains?
Authors: Berg Bruce L. , Austin W. Timothy , Zuern Glenn A.
Published: March 2007

A Central purpose of institutional review boards is to preserve and maintain the safety and integrity of human subjects. While this is the manifest purpose, some people might question the actual effects IRBs have on the research enterprise. This paper explores whether IRBs may actually create situations where researchers feel forced to compromise either their research or their personal integrity in order to have research projects approved by institutional review boards. A review of the literature is combined with consideration of current practice and implications. A specific focus examines different views of the function of the IRB process. Several theoretical assumptions emerge which furnish direction for future empirical study.
Access to Securitate Files: the Trials and Tribulations of a Romanian Law
Authors: Stan Lavinia
Published: March 2007

We had a state. Then we had the Party to try to make the state work. Then we had the State Security to try to make the Party and state work. And still it didn't work.

An East German quoted by Timothy Garton Ash, The File

The relationship between the communist structures and the Securitate was similar to that between the brain and the hand. The brain was the Communist Party, the hand executing the orders was the Securitate.

Senator Ioan Moisiu Romanian, Christian Democrat
The Rock Scene in Yugoslavia
Authors: Ramet Pedro
Published: March 2007

This is a fact: people prefer to dance than to fight wars.

Mick Jones of “The Clash”
Reclaiming the Public: a Reflection on Creating Civil Society in Romania
Authors: Kligman Gail
Published: March 2007

“I think it is somewhat arbitrary to try to dissociate the effective practice of freedom by people, the practice of social relations and the spatial distributions in which they find themselves. If they are separated, they become impossible to understand. Each can only be understood through the other.”

Michel Foucault, “Space, Knowledge, and Power”

“If conditions were to be created for democracy in some countries in the Soviet bloc... it might be an appropriate transitional solution that would help to restore the devastated sense of civic awareness, to renew democratic discussion, to allow for the crystallization of an elementary political plurality, an essential expression of the aims of life. But to cling to the notion of traditional parliamentary democracy as one's political ideal and to succumb to the illusion that only this `tried and true' form is capable of guaranteeing human beings enduring dignity and an independent role in society would, in my opinion, be at the very least shortsighted.”

Václav Havel, The Power of the Powerless: Citizens Against the State in Central-Eastern Europe
Ideology and the Czech Transformation: Neoliberal Rhetoric or Neoliberal Reality?
Authors: Dangerfield Martin
Published: March 2007

As true liberals, we should start with a very heavy dose of monetarist medicine—with economic policy measures, not with formal institutional reform—because with “easy money” no real changes in economic behavior of any agents can be achieved.

Václav Klaus and Tomas Ježek, December 1989
Breastfeeding Practices in Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Authors: Guldan Georgia S. , Maoyu Zhang , Guo Zeng , Junrong Hong , Yi Yang
Published: March 2007

Barriers to increased breastfeeding rates in Chengdu, Sichuan were investigated in 1992 and 1993. Responses of focus groups showed that ignorance about breastfeeding and belief that the mother's milk was inadequate, and lack of support from their families, places of employment, and the health system acted as barriers to the women's breastfeeding their infants up to the age of four to six months. Subsequently, 363 mothers of 4to 12-month-old Chengdu infants were surveyed. Although most mothers in both studies said breastmilk was the best food for their infant up to age of four to six months, only about half of the mothers breastfed for longer than one month. Both studies showed that infants who roomed with their mothers after birth were more likely to have been put to their mother's breast earlier, fed colostrum, breastfed somewhat longer, and exclusively breastfed for a somewhat longer period, although their mothers' infant feeding knowledge did not differ. The researchers conclude that Chengdu health workers should teach parents and parents-to-be more about breastfeeding, and that rooming-in be expanded in Chengdu hospitals.
Documentation of Second-by-Second Breastfeeding Behaviors Using a Novel Method
Authors: Weissman Laura T. , Gournis Effie , McGuire Michelle K. , Rasmussen Kathleen M.
Published: March 2007

The specific way nursing patterns influence the duration of postpartum amenorrhea is unknown. This may result from the shortcomings of available methods: the daily log and recall. We tested these against a novel method, an event monitor (EM), consisting of a wrist-worn stopwatch that stores events. Exclusively breastfeeding women (n=1 1) were assigned randomly to use each of the three methods twice during a 2-week period surrounding Weeks 4, 8, and 12 postpartum. More nursing episodes were recorded with the EM than log during Week 4 (p<0.03) and Week 8 (p<0.02). EM captured more episodes than recall during all study periods (p<0.004). The EM was considered as acceptable and accurate to mothers as the other methods and, therefore, is a useful option for documenting breastfeeding patterns.
Support of Breastfeeding through Telephone Counseling in Korea
Authors: Kim Heasook
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed the problems of breastfeeding mothers who used a telephone consultant for advice. In one South Korean metropolitan area, 92 breastfeeding mothers received telephone consultation between August 24, 1994 and June 30, 1995. Mothers learned about the availability of the consultant from UNICEF, hospitals, and the general media. Problems were grouped into 11 categories (and 22 nursing diagnoses) the most common of which was breast milk insufficiency (22 cases). Fourteen mothers sought consultation about their infants' diarrhea or frequent stools. The findings in this study have practical implications for breastfeeding promotion and education in Korea.
Maternal Psychological Issues in the Experience of Breastfeeding
Authors: Williams Nancy
Published: March 2007

This paper describes various situations wherein psychological etiologies of breastfeeding failure were discovered after exhausting the usual means of assisting the new mother. This discussion involves a look at possibilities of why and when to consider emotional difficulties and when to provide referrals for assistance.
Effects of Parity on Breastfeeding: A Study in the Rural Setting in Northern Thailand
Authors: Amatayakul Kosin , Wongsawasdi Lumduan , Mangklabruks Ampica , Tansuhaj Antikka , Ruckphaopunt Somsri , Chiowanich Pien , Woolridge Michael M. , Drewett Robert F. , Baum J. D.
Published: March 2007

This analysis was undertaken to see whether or not previous successful breastfeeding has any influence on subsequent breastfeeding behavior. Lactational outcomes were compared between those with and without breastfeeding experience. Methods: Amount of breast milk transferred, frequency of breastfeeding, and time spent on the breast, as well as infant's weight, were recorded on days 15, 45, 90, 180, 270, and 360 postpartum in 30 primiparae and 30 multiparae. Outcomes of the primiparae were found to be similar to those of the more experienced breastfeeding multiparous mothers with respect to infant growth, amount of breast milk transferred, and the frequency of breastfeeding or number of attachments to the breast. Though primiparae took somewhat longer to transfer similar amounts of breast milk to their infants during the initial 45 to 90 days postpartum, feed duration after 90 days was similar to that of the multiparae. Lactation performance of the rural northern Thai mothers in our sample was highly successful with or without previous breastfeeding experience. It may be that a cultural pattern of breastfeeding on demand, strong family support, and traditional practices that encourage close contact between mother and her newborn compensate for the absence of lactational experience. Unlike reports from Western countries, previous breastfeeding does not appear to be an important predictor of successful and prolonged breastfeeding in our population.
White Means Never Having to Say You're Ethnic
Authors: PERRY PAMELA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the processes by which white identities are constructed as “cultureless” among white youth in two high schools: one predominantly white, the other multiracial. The author proposes that whites assert racial superiority by claiming they have no culture because to be cultureless implies that one is either the “norm” (the standard by which others are judged) or “rational” (developmentally advanced). Drawing on ethnographic research and in-depth interviews, the author argues that in the majority-white school, processes of naturalization— the embedding of historically constituted practices in what feels “normal” and natural—produced feelings of cultural lack among white students. Contrarily, at the multiracial school, tracking and add-on multiculturalism helped constitute cultureless identities through processes of rationalization— the embedding of whiteness within a Western rational paradigm that subordinates all things cultural. The implications of these findings for critical white studies, sociology of education, and racial identity formation are discussed.
When the Hospital Becomes Home
Authors: MIZRACHI NISSIM
Published: March 2007

This study explores the interrelations among visibility, knowledge, and power in a hybrid institution—a hospital that functions as a boarding school for handicapped children. It demonstrates how the incongruity between the institution's formal definition as a hospital and its day-to-day reality plays a role in shaping the power structure, prioritization of types of knowledge, and visibility of its agents. For through these groups' interactions with, reactions to, and acceptance of these structural determinants, the institution's own identity takes shape around the conflicting discourses of social control that it seeks to accommodate.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Manning Peter K.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to David A. Snow, New Ethnographies Editor, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721.
NEW ETHNOGRAPHIES
Authors: Messner Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Generally, reviews of new ethnographies or methods texts are solicited and compiled by the New Ethnographies editor. The preferred form, unless specified otherwise, is an 800 to 1,000 word critical essay addressing theoretical, methodological, and/or substantive contributions of recently published materials relevant to ethnographic inquiry. Unsolicited reviews are welcome, but without the assurance of publication. Abstracts of Ph.D. dissertations based on ethnographic research and completed within the last year or two are invited. The abstracts should be succinct (200-350 words) and should highlight the theoretical or substantive focus of the research and the field methods employed. Please send book reviews and dissertation abstracts to Charles P. Gallmeier, New Ethnographies Editor, Health Resources Management (M/C 923), School of Public Health East, University of Illinois—Chicago, Box 6998, Chicago, IL 60680.
ANALYTIC ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: LOFLAND JOHN
Published: March 2007

The research strategy sometimes termed analytic ethnography has been a prominent—or even the dominant—form of qualitative inquiry for some decades. Lacking challenge by other qualitative approaches, however, there has been little need to articulate it as a distinctive strategy of qualitative research. The approach having now been challenged, it has become necessary clearly to adduce its defining features as a step in the larger task of undertaking accurate and systematic comparisons of diverse qualitative research strategies. I here attempt this first step by delineating seven features or tendencies that, in composite, constitute analytic ethnography. Following this articulation, I suggest some of analytic ethnography's successes and failures as a strategy of social research and I speculate about its future.
GOOD TIMES AND GOOD GAMES
Authors: JIMERSON JASON B.
Published: March 2007

This ethnography compares the behavior of pickup basketball players in two gyms. One gym, the Richmond YMCA, had one basketball court, while the other, the Babylon Tower, had eighteen. Through the presentation of field notes and statistics, the author argues that players create and manipulate norms that maximize the duration and competitiveness of their games. Due to a dearth of courts, players at the YMCA used norms that maximized playing time. Due to an excess of courts, players at the Tower used norms that maximized competitiveness. The findings add to extant work on norms by showing how resource availability affects norm usage.
AND I WENT BACK
Authors: BAKER PHYLLIS L.
Published: March 2007

For battered women who participate in social and police services designed to help them, a dominant cultural script has emerged that directs them to get away and stay away from their abusers. Using in-depth interview and participant-observation data, the author examines the strategies battered women employ to resist that script. Staying with an abuser, ignoring and lifting restraining orders, and refusing to call and cooperate with police were active, reasoned choices battered women made in response to an array of conditions including fear of and harassment by abuser, complex everyday-life contingencies, and emotional attachment to abuser. The battered women tried to use the dominant cultural script to get away and stay away, but found that the script was overly narrow and there was a lack of coordinated institutional support for their decisions. This study extends sociological perspectives on battered women by viewing them as a culture of resistance and focusing on strategies they employ to assert control and make choices relevant to their needs and interests.
Chicago's Industry Task Forces: Joint Problem Solving for Local Economic Development
Authors: Alexander Stephen , Giloth Robert , Lerner Joshua
Published: March 2007

Local industrial policy holds much promise for improving industry conditions and investment. Chicago has experimented since 1984 with steel and apparel task forces as ways to foster industry cooperation and problem solving while avoiding many of the pitfall and extragovernmental policymaking. These taskforces are distinctive in the diversity of their membership, their use of research, and the public sector's facilitating role. Recommended initiatives range from enhancing steel technology transfer in the Chicago region to establishing an Apparel Industry Board. While it is too early to evaluate the overall impacts of these task forces, they have fostered joint problem solving and have taken a number of concrete actions. On the limitation side, the task forces chose to ignore several popular issues and strategies, raised expectations about local government, and absorbed substantial city resources. Chicago's industry task forces point to the catalytic role local government can play in industrial policy innovation.
Discounting Employment as a Measure of Economic Development Benefits
Authors: Malizia Emil
Published: March 2007

Economic developers should make use of discounted cash flow analysis to evaluate the benefits of their projects and strategies. They should discount the amount of employment generated over time because job creation and retention are the key objectives of economic development in the United States. Discounting offers advantages by requiring the tracking of actual job creation by employers over time, rigorously comparing different economic development efforts, and making explicit trade-offs between the near term and the long term.