bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical Skullduggery
Authors: Mee Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Chapter 14 takes a close look at The Ambassadors by Hans Holbein the Younger. The painting includes many interesting features, including a representation of the Cosmati Pavement on the floor, and the famous anamorphic image of a skull. The text discusses various explanations of the painting, in particular some of those proposed by the astronomer John North, who shows that several astronomical instruments in the painting record the date of the painting as 11 April 1533, which was Good Friday. The text considers the possibility that the painting was commissioned by Anne Boleyn to commemorate her marriage to Henry VIII and her coronation.
The Churchill Syndrome
Authors: Fielding Steven , Schwarz Bill , Toye Richard
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on the way in which political actors of different stripes have used the idea of Churchill as a means of self-validation. It explores how, in the decades after his death, Churchill became a key point of reference in Anglo-American relations, a theme which intensified after the terrorist attacks of 9/11. The chapter also examines how Churchill has been used by those on both sides of the long-running debate about British membership of the European Union. Although Remainers invoked the memory of the 1946 ‘United States of Europe’ speech, they struggled to sell Churchill as a complex figure who was prepared to make concessions on British sovereignty in the interests of future peace. The ingrained, bulldog image remained hegemonic—even though Churchill’s popular reputation had shifted in subtle but significant ways since the end of the Second World War.
Early Jewish Interpretation
Authors: Pregill Michael E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the earliest traditions of interpretation of the Golden Calf narrative, found in Jewish literature of the Greco-Roman period; these early retellings of the narrative are deeply colored by apologetic concerns. Major shifts in interpretation can be charted over the course of a few short centuries during this era due to rapid changes in the cultural and religious landscape. While the Septuagint, the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, is frank regarding the Israelites’ sin of idolatry, the versions of the Golden Calf episode found in Philo, Pseudo-Philo, and Josephus are concerned to minimize the impact of attacks on the Jewish community and its traditions from gentile outsiders, and so represent the story in ways intended to mitigate the impression of Israel’s idolatry. Early rabbinic exegetes, in contrast, are relatively candid about Israel’s sin with the Calf. However, the emergence of the Christian movement, which entailed the revision of numerous biblical stories, including new understandings of the Calf narrative, induced rabbinic exegetes to approach the Calf narrative with a new sense of circumspection and caution in order to counter rival interpretations that were potentially harmful to the reputation and self-conception of the Jewish community.
A Hard Yoke Upon Their Neck
Authors: Pregill Michael E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter compares the presentations of the Golden Calf narrative in the literary texts of early Christianity and early rabbinic Judaism. The promotion of anti-Jewish readings of the Golden Calf narrative by the early Christian movement, especially after Christianity’s establishment as an imperial religion, would compel Jewish exegetes to adopt new apologetic interpretations that were more imaginative, as well as more evasive, concerning the issue of the culpability of both Aaron and the Israelites for their deed at Sinai. Virtually from the outset, the early Christian movement made use of the Calf narrative as proof of the disconfirmation of the formerly chosen Israel in favor of the Christian Church, positioned as the true Israel and new chosen people. Early Christian exegetes strove to emphasize the illegitimacy of the Jews’ continuing claim to covenantal priority, but this effort was tempered by the necessity of validating Israel’s historical relationship with God and the authenticity of the Bible as true revelation. Notably, these exegetes’ understanding of the significance of Israel’s idolatry with the Calf often appears to reflect an awareness of older Jewish approaches to the story. In turn, the major revisions of the episode seen in later rabbinic tradition can be read as a response to the promotion of specific anti-Jewish themes in patristic literature. Thus, despite the mutual opposition and hostility expressed by spokesmen of both communities, a basic symmetry, even symbiosis, between Jewish and Christian traditions is characteristic of this phase of development of accounts of Israel’s making of the Calf.
Essence and Existence
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

The essentialist theory faces two problems concerning contingent beings. First, it apparently leads to the conclusion, unpalatable to believers in contingently existing individuals, that Aristotle is a necessary being. Second, if, as is reasonable to suppose, some natures exist contingently, then they will, it seems, be unable to ground necessities. In this chapter, it is attempted to explain how these problems are best solved. The heart of the first problem concerns how essence interacts with existence. In short: statements of essence—including statements of individual essence—are not existence-entailing with respect to the entities whose essences they purport to state. The key to solving the second problem is a distinction between a proposition being true in and true of a possible situation. The essences of actually yet contingently existing entities ground necessary truths, and in particular, the truth of propositions about those entities of, but not in, all possible situations.
Ontology Deflated
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Kit Fine (Fine, 2009) rejects the standard Quinean quantificational account of ontological questions and favours an account of a very different kind on which existence or reality is expressed not by quantifiers but by a predicate ‘exists’ or ‘is real’, itself ultimately to be explained in terms of a sentential operator. Although primarily directed against the quantificational account, Fine’s criticisms apply equally to the account favoured by Hale, which rejects much of Quine’s view but agrees with him on a fundamental point: ‘The mark of our commitment to entities of a given kind is our acceptance, as strictly and literally true, of statements embedding expressions which, if they have reference at all, have entities of that kind as their referents, or semantic values.’ The chapter’s aim here is to explain why Hale finds Fine’s criticisms to be unsound.
Second-order Logic: Properties, Semantics, and Existential Commitments
Authors: Hale Bob
Published: September 2020

Quine’s charge against second-order logic is that it carries massive existential commitments. This chapter argues that if we interpret second-order variables as ranging over properties construed in accordance with an abundant or deflationary conception, Quine’s charge can be resisted. This need not preclude the use of model-theoretic semantics for second-order languages; but it precludes the standard semantics, along with the more general Henkin semantics, of which it is a special case. To that extent, the approach of this chapter has revisionary implications; it is, however, compatible with the different special case in which second-order variables are taken to range over definable subsets of the first-order domain, and with respect to such a semantics, important metalogical results obtainable under the standard semantics may still be obtained. Finally, the chapter discusses the relations between second-order logic, interpreted as recommended, and a strong version of schematic ancestral logic promoted in recent work by Richard Kimberly Heck.
The Goals of Competition Law
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

The Commerce Act 1986 expressly states its object is to promote “effective or workable competition.” This traditional Harvard School approach has been consistently assailed by big business interests in New Zealand, assisted by a phalanx of “down-under” Chicago School economists and lawyers. Chicagoans have had minor successes in terms of amendments to the principal Act, and some quite notable court victories, but the glittering prize, the overall objective of the Act, has remained unchanged. Chicago won several battles, but lost the war. A major amendment to the Act in 2001, promoted by a Labour government, recast its object to state that its purpose was “to promote competition in markets for the long-term benefit of consumers within New Zealand.” After a quiet period where nothing seemed to have changed, the most recent signs are that a mild preference for consumers is appearing. The chapter also examines the international competitiveness arguments of Michael Porter.
Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Ahdar Rex
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks back upon the modern era and speculates on future developments. As a modern competition statue, the Commerce Act 1986 stands up well in both substance and form and, overall, can be adjudged to be a success. The courts have battled valiantly to determine often complex disputes in a way that is mostly in harmony with the Act’s objective. A respectable body of antitrust jurisprudence has accumulated in just over three decades. Some challenges faced by NZ competition policy designers and enforcement agencies are generic in nature, being issues facing all antitrust jurisdictions. Common challenges include: (a) greater harmonization of competition law internationally and increased co-operation between enforcement authorities; (b) the challenge posed by the digital economy and new technologies; (c) a renewed concern with “fairness” and socio-political considerations, and; (d) inclusion of new factors such as environmental impacts. Other matters are more specific to New Zealand and include: (i) the response to greater Chinese investment and control (Sinicization) of the economy, and; (ii) the possible accommodation of indigenous Maori business enterprises.
Phonemes
Authors: Zamponi Raoul , Comrie Bernard
Published: September 2020

This chapter covers the consonant and vowel phonemes of Akabea, stress, phonotactics, and morphophonological alternations. It also discusses our transcription, including limitations stemming from the imperfect primary documentation.
Skeptics
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

The rise of ordinalism in Economics. Interaction with the Vienna Circle. Use of Edgeworth’s indifference curves to explain market behaviour. Different kinds of Ordinalism. Pareto optimality. Preference from choice behavior.
Modern Measurement
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

Extensive measurement from Helmholtz and Holder is the standard physical account. It gives a ratio scale. Stevens introduces interval and ordinal scales. Scott and Suppes give a representational foundation to Stevens’ scales. Suppes, Zinnes, Luce and Narens analyse meaningfulness.
Psychophysical Measures of Intensity
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

Luce’s theory of semiorders resolve a problem with just noticeable differences - intransitivity of equality. Bisection measurement gives an alternative approach. This is related to Ramsey’s representation theorem for probability and utility. Stevens’ indirect magnitude production method can be given a rigorous analysis. Torgerson’s experiments suggest that subjects cannot distinguish between estimating equal intervals and equal ratios. Problems of cross-modality matching are explored.
Product Utilitarianism and an Old-New Way to Measure Utility
Authors: Narens Louis , Skyrms Brian
Published: September 2020

A theory of hedonic episodes is given. A representation theorem is given, which measures utility on a ratio scale.For aggregation of pleasures for a group, the product of individual utilities is meaningful without interpersonal comparisons. Common “counterexamples” to Utilitarianism turn out not to be meaningful. There are two distinct kinds of group expected utility: one violates group rationality, the other violates Pareto dominance.
Creation and the Transcategorial Phenomenal
Authors: Cheetham David
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the concept of ineffability. Has this concept been monopolized by pluralists who use it to provide an object that is sufficiently mystical and unfathomable to accommodate religious differences? Does the ineffable do any work in their systems other than provide a formal category of ultimacy? The chapter seeks to investigate this by evaluating the use of ineffability, or the transcategorial, by advocates of the pluralist view of religions. In the second part, the chapter seeks to bring the analytic tradition into dialogue with the phenomenological tradition and particularly with the work of Jean-Luc Marion. Marion highlights the given-ness or excess of experiences that do not rely on metaphysical grounds. The chapter suggests an alternative account of ‘the Real’ as an experience of excess (the ‘transcategorial phenomenal’) that takes place in the midst of the event of interreligious encounter. ‘The Real’ from the ground-up.
The Voronezh Poems (1934–7) and the Geometry of Exile
Authors: Kahn Andrew
Published: September 2020

This chapter concentrates on the poems of the First Voronezh Notebook that chronicle exile, starting with the journey into the unknown and transitioning unevenly to the theme of habituation. Drawing on folkloric tropes as well as cinematic devices, the poems represent a hope that the exile might escape through shape-shifting or heroic antics, as well as the fear of oblivion that he faces. One key anxiety and source of inspiration concerns the endlessness of the flat steppe extending from Voronezh, and the poet turns his mind to plotting the geography of exile in relation to the Kremlin, to metropolitan culture, to Voronezh itself, and ultimately to the vast space that threatens to engulf him. Counterpointing poems about human contact and socialization are lyrics that with ‘an eye sharper than steel’ scrutinize space for forms that can be moulded by the imagination.
Scintillation detectors
Authors: Kolanoski Hermann , Wermes Norbert
Published: September 2020

The detection of scintillation light, which is generated when an ionising particle passes certain media or when radiation is absorbed, belongs to the oldest detection techniques. Scintillation detectors are read out electronically by employing the photon detectors described in a previous chapter. Scintillators are either made of organic or of inorganic materials (crystals) with essential differences of their properties and application field. For both scintillation mechanisms, the light yield and the time dependence of the signals are explained and the specific application areas pointed out. Typical assemblies of scintillation detectors are presented which include organic scintillators as trigger and timing counters, scintillating fibres for tracking and calorimetry and inorganic crystal arrangements for calorimetry.
Ernest Hemingway
Authors: Rennie David A.
Published: September 2020

Hemingway’s World War I writing developed, first, as he honed his distinctive style and progressed toward completing his first novel. In the 1930s, Hemingway shifted approach, however, and his World War I-related writings came under the influence of his interest in social inequality (To Have and Have Not); his shift toward showing instead of implying interiority in Across the River and into the Trees; and the general imposition of his ego into his private and public writing. He remained committed, however, to the idea of the inherently complex nature of warfare.
Mobile Inequality
Authors: Lawreniuk Sabina , Parsons Laurie
Published: September 2020

Having previously highlighted the shortcomings of traditional inequality measures in Chapter 2, this chapter highlights the efficacy of an alternative perspective. Bringing together evidence from linked rural and urban research sites to explore the role of remittances in replicating rural inequalities in urban areas, it uses a mixed methodology, incorporating social network analysis, household surveys, and qualitative interviews, to highlight the role of rural familial remittance commitments in determining urban migrant livelihoods and vice versa. In doing so, it argues that those migrants who are compelled to remit a higher proportion of their salaries behave differently in their destination from those who remit less or none, changing jobs more frequently, but failing to build productive social networks or advance in terms of income or conditions. In this way, Chapter 3 shows that translocal patterns of mobility—and the economic flows that structure them—are a key means by which inequalities are replicated between rural and urban areas and sustained over time.
Banking on Failure
Authors: Collier Richard S
Published: September 2020

This book seeks to explain why and how banks ‘game the system’. More specifically, its objective is to account for why banks are so often involved in cases of misconduct and why those cases often involve the exploitation of tax systems. To do this, a case study is presented in Part I of the book. This case study concerns a highly complex transaction (often referred to as ‘cum-ex’) designed to exploit a flaw at the intersection of the tax system and the financial markets settlements system. It was entered into by a very large number of banks and other financial institutions. A number of factors make the cum-ex transaction remarkable, including the sheer scale of the financial amounts involved, the large number of banks and financial institutions involved, the comprehensive failure of the controls infrastructure in this highly regulated sector, and the fact that authorities across Europe have found it so difficult to deal with the transaction. Part II of the book draws out the wider significance of cum-ex and what it tells us about modern banks and their interactions with tax systems. The account demonstrates why the exploitation of tax systems by banks is practically inevitable due to a variety of systemic features of the financial markets and of tax systems themselves. A number of possible responses to the current position are suggested in the final chapter.
Picture World
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: September 2020

Many visual media that we take for granted today were in fact invented in the nineteenth century. New technologies led to the creation of new media such as the illustrated newspaper, the cheap caricature cartoon, the affordable illustrated book, the portrait photograph, and the advertising poster. Though these objects might seem like throwaway ephemera, Picture World argues that they were crucial parts of nineteenth-century everyday life. Studying these ubiquitous pictures in fact helps us to revise common understandings of key aesthetic concepts for the century—terms such as character, realism, illustration, sensation, the picturesque, and decadence. The Age of Paper might seem to be drawing to a close, but Picture World tracks nineteenth-century media effects into the present day, from the portrait albums of Facebook to the illusionistic otherworlds of 3D films.
The Arts of Disruption
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

The Arts of Disruption offers a series of new readings of the allegorical poem Piers Plowman: but it is also a book about allegory. It argues not just that there are distinctively disruptive ‘arts’ that occur in allegory, but that allegory, because it is interested in the difficulty of making meaning, is itself a disruptive art. The book approaches this topic via the study of five medieval allegorical narrative structures that exploit diegetic conflict and disruption. Although very different, they all bring together contrasting descriptions of spiritual process, in order to develop new understanding and excite moral or devotional change. These five structures are: the paradiastolic ‘hypocritical figure’ (such as vices masked by being made to look like ‘adjacent’ virtues), personification debate, violent language and gestures of apophasis, narratives of bodily decline, and grail romance. Each appears in a range of texts, which the book explores, along with other connected materials in medieval rhetoric, logic, grammar, spiritual thought, ethics, medicine, and romance iconography. These allegorical narrative structures appear radically transformed in Piers Plowman, where the poem makes further meaning out of the friction between them. Much of the allegorical work of the poem occurs at the points of their intersection, and within the conceptual gaps that open up between them. Ranging across a wide variety of medieval allegorical texts, the book shows from many perspectives allegory’s juxtaposition of the heterogeneous and its questioning of supposed continuities.
Conclusion
Authors: Zeeman Nicolette
Published: September 2020

Given that medieval allegory constantly uses personification debate as a tool for analysing its characteristic polarizations and oppositions, the Excursus investigates what we call ‘personification’, and its relation to speech, debate literature, and allegory. It argues that personification is a fundamentally hybrid figure. It claims that the speakerly aspect of the trope, which Classical and medieval theorists often also called prosopopoeia (the ‘speaking figure’, a figure of rhetorical enlivenment), has been occluded by the post-medieval term ‘personification’, along with a post-medieval tendency to define the trope of this name almost exclusively in terms of the animation of abstractions or inanimate phenomena. The Excursus illustrates this claim with an analysis of Classical and medieval rhetorical texts, showing that even when personification is defined in substitutive terms, as the animation of some usually non-animate phenomenon, it is still strongly associated with speech and even dialogue. The Excursus then goes on to explore the widespread use of dialogue in Antiquity and the Middle Ages for many kinds of pedagogy, especially where accessibility was a desirable; it also notes the recurrence of the speaking personification/prosopopoeia in such contexts, with its further endowment of rhetorical energy and persuasiveness. The claim is that these contexts go a long way towards explaining the deeply embedded connection between personification, speech, debate and the work that these figures and structures do in medieval allegory.
Revolutionizing Sentiment
Authors: Windell Maria A.
Published: September 2020

In Chapter 5, sentimentalism becomes event-oriented as possibilities for revolt resonate throughout the Caribbean and the United States. Questions of violence, hemispheric politics, and community collide in narratives of slave resistance, including Frederick Douglass’s The Heroic Slave (1853), Victor Séjour’s “The Mulatto” (1837), Cuban author Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda’s Sab (1841), and Martin R. Delany’s Blake (1859–62). Each text engages the racial, gendered, and economic exploitations of slavery while contemplating sentiment’s role in organized acts of slave violence; together these fictions highlight transamerican structures of enslavement and racialization that complicate US racial discourses. The chapter culminates in a discussion of Blake’s construction of a militarized affective abolitionism, which builds on prior nineteenth-century fictions’ challenges to slavery and racism. As the novel insists upon a sentimentalism that works at the level of “the people,” it makes sentiment revolution-ready.
Conclusion
Authors: Parry Glyn , Enis Cathryn
Published: September 2020

We conclude that the Dudley ascendancy was a political project that needs to be understood through the methodologies of material, political, and cultural history. This adds to the recent more nuanced understanding of religious allegiance in early modern England, and historians’ emerging challenge to an assumed consensus among the élite. We suggest new approaches to the Dudleys, the cultural legacy of Edward Arden, and new ways for historians of politics and theatre to examine the political activities of particular peerage families. We suggest how further investigation of Drayton Bassett could offer new understanding of how people in early modern Warwickshire negotiated their social and political interactions. The chapter re-examines the Shakespeares’ applications for coats of arms in 1596 and 1599–1600, by which date the family name had gained a new lustre, through published praise in 1598 of William’s skill in imitating a wide range of revered classical authors, and through the commercial, social capital that now accrued to a name which publishers from 1598 used for greater profits, using Shakespeare’s name not only on his own work, but on those of other authors. In a different social context, the recovered status of the Arden name at Court explains why the Shakespeares now wished to impale their arms with the Ardens, so recently attainted in blood. Robert Arden had survived years of Burghley’s abuse of the legal process to conceal major flaws in Edward Arden’s condemnation, so that after Burghley’s death, in May 1599 Elizabeth partially restored the Arden name.
‘Giving Peace to Europe’
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at colonial attitudes to British foreign policy during the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–8), the brief peace of 1748–57, and the Seven Years War (1757–63). It touches on themes including the balance of power, the Hanoverian connection, the Austrian, Prussian, and Dutch alliances, the Diplomatic Revolution of 1756, and the Treaties of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) and Paris (1763). It follows how colonists understood struggles with France and Spain in the Americas within these larger conflicts, from the capture of Louisbourg by the Massachusetts militia in 1745 to events in the Ohio Valley in the mid-1750s, and came to view the colonies as part of the European geopolitics system. And it explores how colonial and metropolitan sentiments about European warfare began to diverge during these conflicts.
‘The Asylum of Liberty’
Authors: Robinson D.H.
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows how ideas about Britain’s unique destiny shaped shifting conceptions of American identity during the imperial crisis. The conflicts of the mid-eighteenth century bequeathed to colonists the hope of British hegemony in the European world. This hegemony was to be geopolitical, but also cultural, reflecting the triumph of a Shaftesburian Anglo-French Kulturkampf over the Berkeleian idea of Anglo-American translatio imperii and translatio studii. The sense of America’s contribution to this destiny acted as an important catalyst for the development of a discretely American sense of corporate honour. This process was intensified by the idea of British guardianship over an international order of free states, which allowed colonists to identify themselves with a brotherhood of free people as an alternative to the British imperial community, grounded in new understandings of history that undercut the traditional mores of Hanoverian loyalism.
Losing the Plot, Finding Time
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

An Outcast of the Islands and The Rescue share a fictional and historical story world. A fundamental difference emerges against the backdrop of this resemblance. Grounded in a conceptualization of time that originates in antiquity, the first novel is obsessed with measurement and accounting. The Rescue is more neatly squared with modern philosophy and its attempt to conceive a time that preexists numerical evaluation. The two ontologies of time find their narrative expression in two distinct plot designs. The first hinges on action, the second, inaction. Deviating from the conventions of emplotting we find in earlier works, the late novel presents a time of suspension and waiting, a time out of joint. For philosophy and narratology both, such a transition marks an attempt to think outside determinism and court the indeterminate—to think the new.
From Being to Becoming: Writing the Now
Authors: Levin Yael
Published: September 2020

Nostromo is anchored in historical forces that undermine the notion of human agency: whether it is the power of capitalism and revolution or the inevitability of family inheritance and psychodynamic repetition, the individual conducts a life that is always already scripted. The novel is action heavy; the twists and turns of the plot performatively mirror the historical or libidinal forces that draw the heroes into a predetermined future. Moments of deceleration and hesitation that punctuate the narrative nevertheless interrupt the rush of history with the suggestion of accident, the unforeseen, and the new. The chapter turns to stylistic and thematic articulations of suspension in order to think the possibility of recurrence with difference, of an escape from an inevitability that is not only historically but also generically determined.
Variational formulation of boundary-value problems
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses a variational formulation of boundary value problems in small deformation solid mechanics. It begins by introducing the important principle of virtual power, and shows that it encapsulates Cauchy’s traction law, and the local form of the basic balance of forces (equation of equilibrium), and the local from of the balance of moments (symmetry of the stress). Since the principle of virtual power encapsulates both the equation of equilibrium and the Cauchy relation for tractions, it can be used to formulate and solve boundary-value problems in solid mechanics in a variational or weak sense. Specifically, it is shown how the displacement problem of linear elastostatics may be formulated variationally using the principle of virtual power.
Introduction to the finite element method for linear elastostatics
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the widely-used finite element method applied to solving two-dimensional boundary value problems in linear elastostatics under plane strain or plane stress conditions. While the chapter illustrates the main structure of the finite element method using the equations of linear elasticity, the method can also be applied to a wide variety of other problems in science and engineering.
Elastodynamics. Sinusoidal progressive waves
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter briefly considers linear elasticity under circumstances in which inertial effects are accounted for, and states the initial-boundary-value-problem of linear elastodynamics. Sinusoidal progressive waves form an important class of solutions to the equations of linear elastodynamics. Such waves for isotropic media in the absence of a conventional body force are considered and it is shown that for an isotropic medium only two types of sinusoidal progressive waves are possible: longitudinal and transverse.
One-dimensional plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an introduction to plasticity models in the one-dimensional setting. The phenomenology of plasticity is discussed together with concepts of isotropic and kinematic hardening. The additive decomposition of the strain is introduced along with the concepts of plastic strain and equivalent plastic strain. Plastic flow is discussed and defined, and complete models of plasticity are formulated with loading/unloading conditions. Both rate independent and rate dependent (viscoplastic) models are discussed. In addition, basic numerical methods for evaluating plasticity models are presented.
Some classical problems in rate-independent plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Govindjee Sanjay
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents analytical solutions to some classical problems in rate-independent plasticity. Solutions are presented for the elastic-plastic torsion of a round bar, including spring back; for the elastic-plastic response of a thick-walled spherical pressure vessel, including initial yield, partial yield, full yield, and unloading; for the incompressible elastic-plastic response of a plane-strain thick-walled cylindrical pressure vessel, including initial yield, partial yield, and full yield.
Introduction
Authors: Stelow Anna R.
Published: September 2020

It is certain archaic vases—as much as the Homeric texts—that invite ‘parallel’ consideration of Menelaus in the art and poetry of the age. We begin with the exceptional vase known as the ‘Euphorbos plate’ mentioned in the Preface (p. vi; Fig. 4.10) which was painted on Kos, found on Rhodes, and destined for heirloom status. We see depicted there a duel scene involving three figures, each identified by painted name-label. ‘Menelaus’ engages ‘Hector’ in a duel over a fallen warrior, ‘Euphorbus’. And in fact, in the seventeenth book of the ...
Evaluation of Absenteeism, Pain, and Disability in Nurses With Persistent Low Back Pain Following Cognitive Functional Therapy: A Case Series Pilot Study With 3-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Van Hoof Wannes , O’Sullivan Kieran , Verschueren Sabine , O’Sullivan Peter , Dankaerts Wim
Published: September 2020

Objective

Persistent low back pain (PLBP) is a common and costly health problem worldwide. Better strategies to manage it are required. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate absenteeism, pain, and disability in nurses with PLBP following a cognitive functional therapy (CFT) intervention.

Methods

In this case series pilot study, 33 eligible nurses with PLBP were recruited. During the baseline phase (phase A; no intervention), outcome measures were collected on 2 occasions 6 months apart (A1 and A2). During phase B, participants received an individualized CFT intervention for 14 weeks. During phase C (no intervention), outcomes were measured immediately after the intervention, as well as 3, 6, 9, 12, and 36 months after the intervention (secondary outcomes only until 12 months). LBP-related work absenteeism, pain intensity (numerical pain rating scale) and disability (Oswestry Disability Index) were the primary outcomes. Health care seeking, a range of psychological and lifestyle variables, and global perceived effect were secondary outcomes.

Results

Days of absenteeism due to LBP were significantly reduced in the first and second calendar years after the CFT intervention but not the third and fourth. Disability was significantly reduced immediately after (−4.4; 95% CI = −6.5 to −2.2) and at 3 months (−4.3; 95% CI = −6.6 to −2.0), 9 months (−6.0; 95% CI = −8.1 to −3.9), and 12 months (−4.9; 95% CI = −7.0 to −2.8) after the intervention. Pain was significantly reduced immediately after (−1.2; 95% CI = −1.7 to −0.8) and at 3 months (−1.5; 95% CI = −2.0 to −0.9), 9 months (−1.1; 95% CI = −1.9 to −0.3), and 12 months (−0.9; 95% CI = −1.5 to −0.2) after the intervention. Total health care seeking (consults and proportion of participants) was significantly reduced after the intervention. All psychosocial variables, except for 1, demonstrated significant improvements at all follow-up assessments.

Conclusions

This case series pilot study demonstrated significant reductions in LBP-related absenteeism, pain intensity, disability, health care seeking, and several psychological and lifestyle behaviors until the 1-year follow-up among nurses with PLBP following an individualized CFT intervention. Further evaluation of the efficacy of CFT in high-quality randomized clinical trials among nurses is recommended.
‘Bamboo Hut Technique’ to Bridge Large Defects During Tibiotalocalcaneal Fusion
Authors: Shah Rajiv , Geevarughese Nikku Mathew , Shah Shivam
Published: September 2020

Tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis is a salvage procedure for severe ankle and hindfoot deformities, cases with bone loss, arthritis, and failed previous surgeries. Complex situations leave the surgeon apprehensive over large bone defects. Several options to bridge the bone gap have been described; however, the easy availability of allografts and cages poses a significant challenge for the less privileged surgeon. Here we describe a simple indigenous technique of utilizing autologous fibula to bridge large bone defects between the tibia and calcaneus during tibiotalocalcaneal fusion. The technique has advantages like the generation of compression at the site of fusion through the indigenously designed nail plus keeping grafts bonded like as in a bamboo hut.

Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Blood pressure characteristics of subclinical hypothyroidism: an observation study combined with office blood pressure and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure
Authors: Cai Peng , Peng Yan , Chen YuXi , Wang Yan , Wang Xukai
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To investigate the characteristics of blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism by combining office blood pressure and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure.

Methods:

A total of 3078 adults voluntarily participants were enrolled in this study between December 2017 and November 2019. Among 1431 of them who did not fit exclusion criteria, 104 patients were with subclinical hypothyroidism (S-HYPO group), and 1327 were euthyroid participants (euthyroid group). Office blood pressure measurement and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were carried out to analyze the characteristics of blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Results:

There was no statistical difference in office SBP and DBP between the S-HYPO group and the euthyroid group (P > 0.05). On the ambulatory blood pressure level, the daytime SBP, night-time SBP, night-time SBP, 24-h SBP and DBP in the S-HYPO group were significantly higher than those in the euthyroid group (P = 0.048, P = 0.002, P = 0.003, P = 0. 014, P = 0. 046, respectively), and the proportion of nondipper blood pressure in the S-HYPO group was higher than that in the euthyroid group. Comprehensive analysis of blood pressure inside and outside the joint clinic revealed that the S-HYPO group was independently related to sustained hypertension and masked hypertension but not to white-coat hypertension (P = 0.004, P = 0.002, P = 0.886, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and other confounding factors, the above differences were still statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The characteristics of blood pressure in subclinical hypothyroidism can be more accurately understood by combining office blood pressure and ambulatory blood pressure.
Inspiratory muscle training on lung function of male roller hockey players: a randomized controlled trial pilot study
Authors: Ramos Inês , Barreira Sérgio , Viana Rui
Published: September 2020

Background:

There is evidence that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) increases the athlete's performance by decreasing the work of the respiratory muscles during exercise. IMT has shown positive results in the pulmonary function of athletes, and it was hypothesized that 4 weeks of intervention could increase lung function at rest. Investigate the influence of IMT on lung function of male roller hockey players.

Methods:

Eleven male roller hockey players were randomized and allocated in the experimental group (EG) or control group (CG). Forced expiratory volume in first second, forced vital capacity, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were assessed with spirometry, in the beginning of the study and 4 weeks later. The EG (n = 6) was submitted to an IMT using a threshold during 4 weeks, 3 times a week, 30 repetitions with 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure. The CG (n = 5) was not submitted to any intervention.

Results:

Baseline pulmonary variables, forced expiratory volume in first second, forced vital capacity, and PEF, sociodemographic, and anthropometric characteristics were not significantly different among EG and CG. Significant increase on PEF (P = .033) was found in the EG after IMT.

Conclusion:

IMT with threshold seems to have a positive impact on PEF in roller hockey players. These findings may be corroborated by further controlled randomized studies.
Aortic valve fenestrations: a review
Authors: Zhu Caixia , Torres Sofia C. , Nunes José Pedro L.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Aortic valve fenestrations (AVFs) seem to be relatively common; however, their impact in human heart disease is not entirely clear.

Methods:

A review was carried out to assess all scientific literature on human patients related to AVFs, as described in the published literature. The search was conducted on 2 different databases, Medline (PubMed), and ISI Web of Knowledge.

Results:

Fifty-five reports were under analysis. Autopsy studies showed AVFs to be present in 55.9% of individuals studied in such studies. They occur more frequently in men and, in general, their frequency increases with age. Although common, fenestrations rarely cause regurgitation; however, they may play an important role in the pathophysiology of some cases of severe aortic regurgitation. AVFs have been described in patients with Down syndrome and Marfan syndrome, in patients with bicuspid or quadricuspid valves, and in patients with myxomatous valvular degeneration. Echocardiographic assessment of aortic regurgitation seems to have limitations in the diagnosis of valvular fenestrations.

Conclusions:

Fenestrations of the aortic valve are very common and are associated with certain clinical conditions. It is unknown if AVFs play any role in the current epidemic of aortic valve disease. Future studies should aim to better define the role of AVFs in aortic valve disease, to further understand its etiology and to develop diagnostic criteria.
An Employer-Sponsored Musculoskeletal Care Coordination Service Can Improve Clinical Outcomes and Self-Reported Productivity
Authors: Madhusudhan Divya K. , Thokala Sujith , Hagg Heather K. , Schoeneck Allison R. , Pizzarello Daniel , Bravata Dena M.
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the effects of participation with a novel musculoskeletal care coordination service on clinical outcomes, self-reported productivity, and satisfaction.

Methods:

Prospective analysis of participants using the service from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019.

Results:

One hundred eighty nine participants were enrolled; 54 participants completed their recommended clinical pathway. Low back pain was the most common musculoskeletal issue (N = 86, 46%). 88 participants (47%) were triaged to home exercise and 59 (31%) to physical therapy. Behavioral health issues were common: 47 participants (25%) were referred to their EAP. Only 30 participants (16%) required a medical referral. Engagement was associated with improvements in pain, physical function, mood, and self-reported productivity (P < 0.01). The net promotor score for this service was 95.

Conclusions:

Employers with populations for whom musculoskeletal complaints are common might benefit from integrating a musculoskeletal care coordination service in their benefits offering.
Surgical Management of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Lower Extremity: Outcome Analysis and Return to Sport
Authors: Mangan John J. , Rogero Ryan G. , Fuchs Daniel J. , Raikin Steven M.
Published: September 2020

Objective:

To evaluate patient-reported outcomes and return to sport after open fasciotomy for lower extremity chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS).

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Setting:

Foot and ankle specialty service at a large multisite academic medical center.

Patients:

All patients undergoing lower extremity fasciotomy for CECS from 2009 to 2017 by one surgeon were eligible. Patients that underwent a fasciotomy for trauma, infection, or an acute pathologic process were excluded. Fifty-nine patients that underwent 63 procedures were included. The average age was 26.6 years, and 35 (59%) patients were women. Thirty-seven patients underwent simultaneous bilateral fasciotomies, 4 had staged bilateral fasciotomies, and 18 underwent unilateral fasciotomy. Four-compartment fasciotomy was performed 15 times.

Interventions:

Retrospective email/telephone follow-up.

Main Outcome Measures:

Return to sports questionnaire, the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure–Sports subscale, and visual analog scale for pain.

Results:

At a mean follow-up of 58.8 months, significant postoperative improvement was seen in patient-reported outcome scores compared with preoperative scores (P < 0.0001). Overall, 55 (93%) patients were able to return to sport, 42 (76%) returned to the same level of sport, and 13 (24%) returned to a lower level of competition. Bivariate regression analysis demonstrated that a higher preoperative body mass index [odds ratio: 0.829 (95% confidence interval: 0.688, 0.999); P = 0.049] was associated with a lower likelihood of return to sport.

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates that lower extremity fasciotomy for CECS results in improvement of patient-reported outcomes and a high rate of return to sport.
Should Adolescents Run Marathons?: Youth Marathon Training Injury Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Authors: Goldman Joshua T. , Miller Emily , Runestad Summer , Serpa Rebecka , Beck Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Objective:

Youth participation in distance running has increased, yet little data exist about the injury patterns and safety of such activity. This study seeks to determine the types and rates of injuries seen in an adolescent marathon training program.

Design:

Observational prospective cohort study.

Setting:

Community-based adolescent marathon training program.

Participants:

The study enrolled 1927 students from 50 high schools (HS) and 34 middle schools (MS) participating in the 2017 to 2018 Students Run Los Angeles marathon training program.

Assessment of Risk Factors:

Weekly injury reports completed by running coaches. Data elements included participant demographics, weekly training distance, injury type, injury acuity, and missed training time.

Main Outcome Measures:

Epidemiology of self-reported injury in adolescent runners.

Results:

A total of 583 injuries occurred in 18% of runners during the training program. High schools runners were more likely to be injured than MS runners (20.8% vs 14.2%, P < 0.001). Seventy-two percent of injuries were acute with a mean missed training time of 4.8 days (SD 4.8). The most frequent site of injury was the knee (33%). Overall, runners with injuries ran a significantly greater distance per week than uninjured runners (14.6 mi vs 12.0 mi, P < 0.001). Ninety-nine percent of marathon participants completed the race.

Conclusions:

During a 28-week marathon training program, 18% of adolescent participants reported an injury. More injuries occurred in HS students, were acute, and involved the knee. This study represents one of the largest descriptions of injury prevalence in adolescent distance running and highlights a lower injury rate than adults during marathon training.