bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long-lived picture priming in normal elderly persons and
demented patients
Authors: BEATTY WILLIAM W. , ENGLISH SHELLEY , WINN PETER
Published: September 2019

Normal elderly control participants showed short-term
(10-min delay) and long-term (12 months delay) priming
on the Gollin Figures Test. Nearly all patients with Alzheimer's
disease or vascular dementia showed short-term priming,
but the magnitude of their priming was less than that of
controls. Significant long-term priming was not observed
for the dementia groups. Differences between controls and
dementia patients on the short-term priming test may depend
upon structural–perceptual processes that are intact
in dementia patients and controls and explicit memory functions
available only to controls. The same model could account
for differences between normal elderly and dementia patients
on the long-term priming test, but several other explanations
are also plausible. (JINS, 1998, 4, 336–341.)
Comparative effects of schizophrenia and temporal lobe epilepsy
on memory
Authors: SEIDMAN LARRY J. , STONE WILLIAM S. , JONES ROSALIND , HARRISON ROBERT H. , MIRSKY ALLAN F.
Published: September 2019

The goal of this study was to further characterize
episodic memory functioning in schizophrenia. This study
compared verbal and visual learning and memory performance
in (1) patients with schizophrenia (N = 35), (2)
patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE; N =
30), and (3) normal controls (N = 25). Results
indicated significant memory impairments in patients with
schizophrenia and TLE. “Savings” score measures
of memory decay showed that the loss of information in
schizophrenia and TLE was approximately equal, and quantitatively
mild compared to that found in most neurologic groups with
memory disorders. The severe difficulty shown by the schizophrenia
group on a task of incidental recall suggested that the
absence of instructional set added to a vulnerability to
memory deficit. In contrast, relatively mildly impaired
performance on paired associate learning suggested that
patients with schizophrenia benefited from retrieval cues,
multiple trials, and short (nonsupraspan) informational
loads. Because patients with schizophrenia consisted of
a relatively nonchronic sample with a mean IQ of 99.7,
their memory disorder could not be attributed to schizophrenic
dementia, nor was it accounted for by other potential confounds.
Patients with schizophrenia, even those relatively early
in the course of illness, have a mild episodic memory disorder.
(JINS, 1998, 4, 342–352.)
Neuropsychological comparisons of Spanish-speaking participants
from the U.S.–Mexico border region versus
Spain
Authors: FORTUNY LIDIA ARTIOLA i , HEATON ROBERT K. , HERMOSILLO DAVID
Published: September 2019

Two samples of participants from the U.S.–Mexico
Borderland (N = 185) versus
Spain (N = 205) were compared on 16
Spanish-language neuropsychological measures. In most measures
the two samples obtained similar results. There were some
significant main effects of place of birth and some significant
interactions between education and place of birth. Differences
between the samples diminished with increasing levels of
education. Within the Borderland sample, percent of life
span spent in the U.S. and bilingual status were correlated
with performance in some tests. Increased percent of life
span spent in the U.S. was negatively correlated with performance
on a Spanish word-generation task, and positively correlated
with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Bilingual
Borderland participants performed significantly better
than monolingual speakers in learning a list of words.
We suggest that the most likely causes for the observed
interaction effects are documented regional differences
in early SES-related nutrition, medical care, quality of
educational experiences, and general socioeconomic conditions.
(JINS, 1998, 4, 363–379.)
Characteristics of impaired awareness after traumatic brain
injury
Authors: SHERER MARK , BOAKE CORWIN , LEVIN ELLEN , SILVER BERNARD V. , RINGHOLZ GEORGE , HIGH WALTER M.
Published: September 2019

Impaired awareness of the effects of brain injury
is a commonly observed and poorly understood finding in
traumatic brain injury survivors. Nonetheless, impaired
awareness has been identified as a major factor in determining
outcome for traumatic brain injury survivors. Review of
previous studies of impaired awareness in this patient
population revealed a number of preliminary findings regarding
the nature of this phenomenon. The present paper presents
the results of 2 new studies with a total of 111 traumatic
brain injury patients conducted to bring further clarity
to this area. Findings confirmed and extended many results
of previous investigations. Specific findings included
patient overestimation of functioning as compared to family
member ratings, patient report of greater physical than
nonphysical impairment, greater patient–family agreement
on specific ratings of patient functioning than on general
ratings, greater agreement of family and clinician ratings
of patient functioning with each other than with patient
self-ratings, and partial disagreement of different methods
of measuring impaired awareness. (JINS, 1998,
4, 380–387.)
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: Khan Aubhik
Published: September 2019

We develop a theory of financial development based on the costs associated with the provision of external finance. These costs arise through informational asymmetries between borrowers and lenders that are costly to resolve. When borrowing is limited, producers with access to financial intermediary loans obtain higher returns to investment than other producers. This creates incentives for others to undertake the technology adoption necessary to access investment loans. Over time, as increasing numbers of producers gain access to external finance, borrowers' net worth rises relative to debt. This reduces the costs of financial intermediation and raises the overall return on investment. The theory is consistent with recent evidence that financial development reduces the costs associated with the provision of external finance and increases the rate of economic growth. Furthermore, the theory predicts that financial development will raise the return on loans and reduce the spread between borrowing and lending rates.
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE: NONLINEAR MODELING OF MULTIVARIATE MACROECONOMIC RELATIONS
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: September 2019

During the past decade, the popularity of nonlinear models in econometrics has been increasing quite rapidly. Nonlinear models are now widely used for modeling macroeconomic relationships, and they also are used frequently in financial econometrics. The most popular nonlinear models have been univariate. Threshold autoregressive, Markov switching autoregressive, and smooth-transition autoregressive models, just to name a few popular families of models, have been widely applied to modeling of macroeconomic series. Even nonlinear multivariate single-equation models have found application in areas where linear single-equation models traditionally have been used, such as modeling the demand for money, real exchange rates, consumption–income relationship, and house prices. Interest in nonlinearities in the Phillips curve also has grown recently.
LEARNING AND THE STABILITY OF CYCLES
Authors: Bullard James , Duffy John
Published: September 2019

We investigate the extent to which agents can learn to coordinate on
stationary perfect-foresight cycles in a general-equilibrium environment.
Depending on the value
of a preference parameter, the limiting backward
(direction of time reversed) perfect-foresight dynamics are characterized by
steady-state, periodic, or chaotic trajectories for real money balances.
We relax the perfect-foresight assumption and examine how a population of
artificial, heterogeneous adaptive agents might learn in
such an
environment. These artificial agents optimize given their forecasts of
future prices, and they use forecast rules that are consistent with
steady-state or periodic trajectories for prices. The agents' forecast rules are
updated by a genetic algorithm. We find that the population of artificial
adaptive agents is able eventually to coordinate on steady state and
low-order cycles, but not on the higher-order periodic equilibria that
exist
under the perfect-foresight assumption.
CALCULATION, ADAPTATION AND RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS
Authors: Evans George W. , Ramey Garey
Published: September 2019

We propose an active cognition approach to bounded rationality, in
which agents use a calculation algorithm to improve on the forecasts
provided by a purely adaptive
learning rule such as least-squares
learning. Agents' choices of calculation intensity depend on their
estimates of the benefits of improved forecasts relative to
calculation costs. Using an asset-pricing model, we show how more
rapid adjustment to rational expectations and forward-looking
behavior arise naturally when there are large
anticipated structural
changes such as policy shifts. We also give illustrative applications
in which the severity of asset price bubbles and the intensity of
hyperinflationary
episodes are related to the cognitive ability of
the agents.
CONSISTENT EXPECTATIONS EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Hommes Cars , Sorger Gerhard
Published: September 2019

We consider a class of nonlinear dynamic economic models in
which the actual realizations of a certain variable (e.g., price) depend
on the agents' expectations about this variable. We define a consistent
expectations equilibrium (CEE) by the property that the sample average
and the sample autocorrelations of the realizations of the actual law
of motion equal the average and the autocorrelations of the perceived law
of motion. Along a CEE agent's expectations are thus self-fulfilling in
terms of the observable sample average and sample autocorrelations.
Restricting ourselves to the case in which beliefs are described by
an AR(1) process, we study existence and stability of three different
types of CEE: steady-state, two-cycle, and chaotic. We illustrate how
these equilibria can emerge in the nonlinear cobweb model. Learning
dynamics based on sample average and sample autocorrelations are
introduced and stability of CEE under this learning process is
investigated.
VIRTUES OF BAD TIMES Interaction Between Productivity Growth and Economic Fluctuations
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: September 2019

We develop a model of optimal productivity growth under
demand fluctuations. We consider two alternative hypotheses. First,
we assume that productivity growth is costly in terms of current
production. Second, we assume that the cost of productivity
improvements is independent of current production. It is shown that,
in the first case, productivity improvements will be countercyclical
whereas, in the second case, they will be procyclical. The model then
is used to study the impact of the frequency and amplitude of
fluctuations on long-run growth. The results corresponding to the
first hypothesis are shown to be consistent with recent empirical
work.
TESTING THE PERMANENT-INCOME/LIFE-CYCLE HYPOTHESIS WITH AGGREGATE DATA
Authors: Seater John J.
Published: September 2019

The aggregate implications of the permanent-income/life-cycle
hypothesis (PILCH) are derived rigorously. Virtually all empirical rejections
of PILCH based on aggregated data are shown to result from misspecifications
or from characteristics of aggregate data that have been overlooked. Valid
aggregate tests are proposed. Those based on a properly formulated aggregate
consumption function may be superior to those based on
Euler-equation methods.
Adult food consumption by household composition: an analysis of the first National Dietary Survey, Brazil, 2008–2009
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo Rogério Melo , Monteiro Luana Silva , Cunha Diana Barbosa , Sichieri Rosely , Pereira Rosangela Alves
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To evaluate differences in food consumption of Brazilian adults according to the presence of children and adolescents in the household.

Design:

Averages of two non-consecutive days of food records from the first Brazilian National Dietary Survey were analysed and classified into eighteen food groups according to nutritional characteristics and use in diet. We compared the mean percentage contribution to total daily energy intake of each food group according to three groups of household composition: adults living alone or with other adults (32·7 %), adults living with children (35·6 %) and adults living with adolescents (31·7 %).

Setting:

Brazilian nationwide survey, 2008–2009.

Participants:

Adults aged 20–59 years (n 6312; 52·1 % female).

Results:

Women living alone or with other adults had higher consumption of vegetables, milk and other drinks, and lower consumption of beans and rice, compared with those living with children or adolescents. Men living alone or with other adults had higher consumption of sweets & desserts and vegetables, and lower consumption of beans, compared with those living with children or adolescents. According to household income, adults in the highest tertile who lived with children or adolescents presented a mixed consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, whereas their counterparts in the first income tertile presented a marked consumption of foods considered traditional of the Brazilian population.

Conclusions:

There are differences in food consumption based on the presence of children and adolescents in the household, with greater variation according to gender and household income.
Obesity à la carte? Children’s meal options in German full-service restaurants
Authors: Schneider Sven , Hilger-Kolb Jennifer , Rüsing Lisa
Published: September 2019

Objective:

In light of the increasing prevalence of juvenile obesity seen around the world, obesogenic environments in general and the food environment in particular are receiving increasing attention in current public health research. Restaurants play a significant role in the food environment. The present study aimed to quantitatively describe and qualitatively evaluate the range of children’s meals available in full-service restaurants in Germany.

Design:

Five hundred restaurants were identified using a systematic quota sampling technique. The individual meals were evaluated using quality standards stipulated by the German Nutrition Society (DGE).

Setting:

Nationwide sample of menus from full-service restaurants.

Participants:

Meals (n1877) from 500 menus were analysed.

Results:

Menus included 3·76 (sd1·31) meals for children. About 70 % of the meals were limited to six typical dishes of low nutritional quality. In total, 54 % of meals included French fries or another form of fried potatoes. Of all meals, 23 % did not fulfil any of the eleven quality criteria set by the DGE and 38 % satisfied only one criterion. The majority of dishes on offer featured high energy density while simultaneously having low nutrient density. Healthy dishes were not highlighted visually in any menu.

Conclusions:

The range of dishes on offer for children in German restaurants is severely lacking in variety and in need of improvement from a nutritional point of view. Considering the growing importance of restaurants as food environments, there is a need to improve the presentation of menus and the meals offered.
Food literacy predictors and associations with physical and emergent literacy in pre-schoolers: results from the Training-to-Health Project
Authors: Tabacchi Garden , Battaglia Giuseppe , Alesi Marianna , Paoli Antonio , Palma Antonio , Bellafiore Marianna
Published: September 2019

Objective:

Food literacy (FL) is a crucial need encompassing basic literacy and fundamental movement skills. The present study aimed to investigate the FL level in pre-schoolers and to evaluate the effect of potential predictors and the associations with gross motor and emergent literacy skills.

Design:

Cross-sectional study conducted within the Training-to-Health Project.

Setting:

Kindergartens (n 21) in the Palermo City Council, Italy.

Participants:

Pre-school children aged 3–6 years (n 921) followed education sessions on nutritional topics, practical activities and compiled prearranged sheets. FL was assessed by the five-domain toolkit ‘preschool-FLAT’; gross motor and emergent literacy skills were assessed by the Italian version of the gross motor development test and the PRCR-2/2009, respectively. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to assess relationships between FL scores and gender, age, weight, height, BMI, gross motor and emergent literacy skills.

Results:

Independent predictors (β, se) of higher FL were female gender (1·06, 0·315, P < 0·01), older age (0·08, 0·019, P < 0·001) and greater height (0·13, 0·03, P < 0·001). The adjusted coefficients were significant for quotient of gross motor development and in particular for the locomotor component (0·03, 0·01, P < 0·01 and 0·16, 0·046, P < 0·001, respectively). Almost all associations with the emergent literacy skills were significant (β = −0·02 to 0·47).

Conclusions:

The study suggests that children raised in an environment where both cognitive and motor skills are enhanced can have better chances of increasing FL and success at school. Thus, the need for monitoring FL and its predictors since early age is highlighted.
FOREWORD
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: September 2019

The papers in the special focus issues of the Journal of Germanic Linguistics (13.4 and 14.1) testify to the continuing significance of Afrikaans sociohistorical linguistics. Even before its official “birth,” recognition, and christening, Afrikaans had been the subject of debate, discussion, dissension, and adulation. Within linguistics, it has excited attention from Hesseling onward on account of the transformation of Dutch grammar evident in some facets of its structure and lexicon. The extent of the transformation and the participation of indigenous and enslaved people in the process have proved what my co-editor, Paul Roberge (1995:72), once called an “enduring crux ” in sociohistorical linguistics. With the promotion (and consequent further politicization) of Afrikaans in the apartheid era (1948–1994), the issue of origins became an ideologically polarized one. It seemed to me in the 1980s and 1990s that linguists in South Africa, with a few exceptions, weren't keeping pace with developments in creolistics; and, conversely, scholars versed in creolistics weren't always paying attention to the full span of the data on the transformation of Dutch in South Africa. With the academic boycott of apartheid South Africa, there seemed little opportunity for full, free, and frank scholarly exchange.
KHOEKHOE SYNTAX AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR L2 ACQUISITION OF DUTCH AND AFRIKAANS
Authors: den Besten Hans
Published: September 2019

A provisional typological comparison demonstrates that Khoekhoe, Dutch, and Afrikaans are highly similar with respect to a couple of minor features. Therefore, Cape Dutch Pidgin (CDP), which came about as a relexified and pidginized version of Khoekhoe, could often develop compromises between Dutch and Khoekhoe syntax. Exceptions were the use of SOV without V2 and (possibly) the use of certain postpositions. Furthermore, there is evidence showing that CDP and Orange River Afrikaans (ORA) are diachronically related. An investigation of the sentential structure of Khoekhoe, however, shows that the second position (P2) phenomenon differs considerably from V2 in Dutch: P2 is symmetric and is applied in all clause types. Yet, except for a temporary pro-drop phenomenon in wh-clauses, P2 did not really affect the pidgin. Once finite verbs were acquired, the picture changed, and new (optional) subordinate V2 and V1 patterns could be introduced into Cape Dutch and Afrikaans under the influence of Khoekhoe Dutch/Afrikaans.
CAVEATS AND COMMENTS
Authors: Ponelis Fritz A.
Published: September 2019

By way of wrapping up this two-part special issue, Focus on Afrikaans Sociohistorical Linguistics (JGL 13.4 and 14.1), I will touch on some of the significant issues raised by the contributors from my own, mainly dissident, point of view.
FIRST-ORDER POSSIBILITY MODELS AND FINITARY COMPLETENESS PROOFS
Authors: HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW
Published: September 2019

This article builds on Humberstone’s idea of defining models of propositional modal logic where total possible worlds are replaced by partial possibilities. We follow a suggestion of Humberstone by introducing possibility models for quantified modal logic. We show that a simple quantified modal logic is sound and complete for our semantics. Although Holliday showed that for many propositional modal logics, it is possible to give a completeness proof using a canonical model construction where every possibility consists of finitely many formulas, we show that this is impossible to do in the first-order case. However, one can still construct a canonical model where every possibility consists of a computable set of formulas and thus still of finitely much information.
Maternal vomiting during early pregnancy and cardiovascular risk factors at school age: the Generation R Study
Authors: Poeran - Bahadoer Sunayna , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Gishti Olta , Grooten Iris J. , Franco Oscar H. , Hofman Albert , Steegers Eric A. P. , Gaillard Romy
Published: September 2019

Background:

Evidence suggests that low birth weight and fetal exposure to extreme maternal undernutrition is associated with cardiovascular disease in adulthood. Hyperemesis gravidarum, a clinical entity characterized by severe nausea and excess vomiting leading to a suboptimal maternal nutritional status during early pregnancy, is associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Several studies also showed that different measures related to hyperemesis gravidarum, such as maternal daily vomiting or severe weight loss, are associated with increased risks of adverse fetal pregnancy outcomes. Not much is known about long-term offspring consequences of maternal hyperemesis gravidarum and related measures during pregnancy. We examined the associations of maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy, as a measure related to hyperemesis gravidarum, with childhood cardiovascular risk factors.

Methods:

In a population-based prospective cohort study from early pregnancy onwards among 4,769 mothers and their children in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, we measured childhood body mass index, total fat mass percentage, android/gynoid fat mass ratio, preperitoneal fat mass area, blood pressure, lipids, and insulin levels. We used multiple regression analyses to assess the associations of maternal vomiting during early pregnancy with childhood cardiovascular outcomes.

Results:

Compared with the children of mothers without daily vomiting during early pregnancy, the children of mothers with daily vomiting during early pregnancy had a higher childhood total body fat mass (difference 0.12 standard deviation score [SDS]; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.03–0.20), android/gynoid fat mass ratio (difference 0.13 SDS; 95% CI 0.04–0.23), and preperitoneal fat mass area (difference 0.10 SDS; 95% CI 0–0.20). These associations were not explained by birth characteristics but partly explained by higher infant growth. Maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy was not associated with childhood blood pressure, lipids, and insulin levels.

Conclusions:

Maternal daily vomiting during early pregnancy is associated with higher childhood total body fat mass and abdominal fat mass levels, but not with other cardiovascular risk factors. Further studies are needed to replicate these findings, to explore the underlying mechanisms and to assess the long-term consequences.
Brittle‐Ductile Deformation and Tensile Rupture of Dome Lava During Inflation at Santiaguito, Guatemala
Authors: Hornby Adrian J. , Lavallée Yan , Kendrick Jackie E. , De Angelis Silvio , Lamur Anthony , Lamb Oliver D. , Rietbrock Andreas , Chigna Gustavo
Published: September 2019

Gas‐and‐ash explosions at the Santiaguito dome complex, Guatemala, commonly occur through arcuate fractures, following a 5‐ to 6‐min period of inflation observed in long‐period seismic signals. Observation of active faults across the dome suggests a strong shear component, but as fault propagation generally proceeds through the coalescence of tensile fractures, we surmise that explosive eruptions require tensile rupture. Here, we assess the effects of temperature and strain rate on fracture propagation and the tensile strength of Santiaguito dome lavas. Indirect tensile tests were conducted on samples with a porosity range of 3–30% and over diametral displacement rates of 0.04, 0.004, and 0.0004 mm/s. At room temperature, the tensile strength of dome rock is rate independent (within the range tested) and inversely proportional to the porosity of the material. At eruptive temperatures we observe an increasingly ductile response at either higher temperature or lower displacement rate, where ductile deformation is manifest by a reduction in loading rate during constant deformation rate tests, resulting in slow tearing, viscous flow, and pervasive damage. We propose a method to conduct indirect tensile tests under volcanic conditions using a modification of the Brazilian disc testing protocol and use brittleness indices to classify deformation modes across the brittle‐ductile transition. We show that a degree of ductile damage is inevitable in the lava core during explosions at the Santiaguito dome complex and discuss how strain leading to rupture controls fracture geometry, which would impact gas pressure release or buildup and regulate explosive activity.
Classification of Ice Crystal Habits Observed From Airborne Cloud Particle Imager by Deep Transfer Learning
Authors: Xiao Haixia , Zhang Feng , He Qianshan , Liu Pu , Yan Fei , Miao Lijuan , Yang Zhipeng
Published: September 2019

Ice clouds are mostly composed of different ice crystal habits. It is of great importance to classify ice crystal habits seeing as they could greatly impact single‐scattering properties of ice crystal particles. The single‐scattering properties play an important role in the study of cloud remote sensing and the Earth's atmospheric radiation budget. However, there are countless ice crystals with different shapes in ice clouds, and the task of empirical classification based on naked‐eye observations is unreliable, time consuming and subjective, which leads to classification results having obvious uncertainties and biases. In this paper, the images of ice crystals observed from airborne Cloud Particle Imager in China are used to establish an ice crystal data set called Ice Crystals Database in China, which consists of 10 habit categories containing over 7,000 images. We propose an automatic classification model of ice crystal habits, called TL‐ResNet152, which is a deep convolutional neural network based on the newly developed method of transfer learning. The results show that the TL‐ResNet152 model could achieve reliable performance in ice crystal habits classification with the accuracy of 96%, which is far more accurate than traditional classification methods. Achieving high‐precision automatic classification of ice crystal habits will help us better understand the radiation characteristics of ice clouds.
How Porosity Controls Macroscopic Failure via Propagating Fractures and Percolating Force Chains in Porous Granular Rocks
Authors: McBeck Jessica , Mair Karen , Renard François
Published: September 2019

This contribution aims to illuminate the micromechanisms that control the macroscopic failure of porous, granular, and cohesive rocks. With discrete element method simulations, we triaxially compress cohesive granular models composed of interlocking breakable grains, similar to sandstone and oolitic limestone. We track the morphology of the force network and the resulting spatiotemporal fracture distribution. To shed light on the varying applicability of the pore‐emanated and Hertzian fracture models, we focus on differences in the micromechanics that develop between and within grains. For 5–20% porosity rocks, the cement between grains develops 10–50% higher mean forces than material within grains. Force chains that support the highest system‐spanning forces are more localized prior to failure in 20% porosity rocks and are more diffusely spread in 5% porosity rocks. Confining stress reduces this localization, similar to the impact of confining stress on the macroscopic expression of brittle failure. The magnitude and rate of fracture development relative to the axial strain or axial stress increase toward failure, consistent with experimental observations. In contrast, the rate of fracture development relative to the amount of external work done on the system, Wext, is approximately constant. Higher porosity rocks require lower inputs of Wext to produce the same degree of fracturing. Decreasing the cement strength promotes fracture development within the cement, revealing the dominance of intergranular, pore‐emanated fractures. These simulations provide predictions about how porosity controls the persistence of the stress field, with implications on the sequential development of deformation bands, and other deformational processes that modify porosity.
Dike Channelization and Solidification: Time Scale Controls on the Geometry and Placement of Magma Migration Pathways
Authors: Pansino S. , Emadzadeh A. , Taisne B.
Published: September 2019

We investigate the conditions under which magma prefers to migrate through the crust via a dike or a conduit geometry. We performed a series of analogue experiments, repeatedly injecting warm, liquid gelatin, into a cold, solid gelatin medium and allowing the structure to evolve with time. We varied the liquid flux and the time interval between discrete injections of gelatin. The time interval controls the geometry of the migration, in that long intervals allow the intrusions to solidify, favoring the propagation of new dikes. Short time intervals allow the magma to channelize into a conduit. These times are characterized by the Fourier number (Fo), a ratio of time and thermal diffusion to dike thickness, so that long times scales have Fo > 102 and short time scales have Fo < 100. Between these time scales, a transitional behavior exists, in which new dikes nest inside of previous dikes. The flux controls the distance a dike can propagate before solidifying, in that high fluxes favor continual propagation, whereas low fluxes favor dike arrest due to solidification. For vertically propagating dikes, this indicates whether or not a dike can erupt. A transitional behavior exist, in which dikes may erupt at the surface in an unstable, on‐and‐off fashion. We supplemented the experimental findings with a 2‐D numerical model of thermal conduction to characterize the temperature gradient in the crust as a function of intrusion recurrence frequency. For very infrequent intrusions (Fo > 104 to 105) all thermal energy is lost, while more frequent intrusions allow heat to build up nearby.
Stable Water Isotopes Reveal Effects of Intermediate Disturbance and Canopy Structure on Forest Water Cycling
Authors: Aron Phoebe G. , Poulsen Christopher J. , Fiorella Richard P. , Matheny Ashley M.
Published: September 2019

Forests play an integral role in the terrestrial water cycle and link exchanges of water between the land surface and the atmosphere. To examine the effects of an intermediate disturbance on forest water cycling, we compared vertical profiles of stable water vapor isotopes in two closely located forest sites in northern lower Michigan. At one site, all canopy‐dominant early successional species were stem girdled to induce mortality and accelerate senescence. At both sites, we measured the isotopic composition of atmospheric water vapor at six heights during three seasons (spring, summer, and fall) and paired vertical isotope profiles with local meteorology and sap flux. Disturbance had a substantial impact on local water cycling. The undisturbed canopy was moister, retained more transpired vapor, and at times was poorly mixed with the free atmosphere above the canopy. Differences between the disturbed and undisturbed sites were most pronounced in the summer when transpiration was high. Differences in forest structure at the two sites also led to more isotopically stratified vapor within the undisturbed canopy. Our findings suggest that intermediate disturbance may increase mixing between the surface layer and above‐canopy atmosphere and alter ecosystem‐atmosphere gas exchange.
NCAM1/FGF module serves as a putative pleuropulmonary blastoma therapeutic target
Authors: Shukrun Rachel , Golan Hana , Caspi Revital , Pode-Shakked Naomi , Pleniceanu Oren , Vax Einav , Bar-Lev Dekel D. , Pri-Chen Sara , Jacob-Hirsch Jasmine , Schiby Ginette , Harari-Steinberg Orit , Mark-Danieli Michal , Dekel Benjamin , Toren Amos
Published: September 2019

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare pediatric lung neoplasm that recapitulates developmental pathways of early embryonic lungs. As lung development proceeds with highly regulated mesenchymal-epithelial interactions, a DICER1 mutation in PPB generates a faulty lung differentiation program with resultant biphasic tumors composed of a primitive epithelial and mesenchymal stroma with early progenitor blastomatous cells. Deciphering of PPB progression has been hampered by the difficulty of culturing PPB cells, and specifically progenitor blastomatous cells. Here, we show that in contrast with in-vitro culture, establishment of PPB patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in NOD-SCID mice selects for highly proliferating progenitor blastoma overexpressing critical regulators of lung development and multiple imprinted genes. These stem-like tumors were sequentially interrogated by gene profiling to show a FGF module that is activated alongside Neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1). Targeting the progenitor blastoma and these transitions with an anti-NCAM1 immunoconjugate (Lorvotuzumab mertansine) inhibited tumor growth and progression providing new paradigms for PPB therapeutics. Altogether, our novel in-vivo PPB xenograft model allowed us to enrich for highly proliferating stem-like cells and to identify FGFR and NCAM1 as two key players that can serve as therapeutic targets in this poorly understood and aggressive disease.
Astrocytes are direct cellular targets of lithium treatment: novel roles for lysyl oxidase and peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor-γ as astroglial targets of lithium
Authors: Rivera Andrea D. , Butt Arthur M.
Published: September 2019

Astrocytes are multifunctional glial cells that play essential roles in supporting synaptic signalling and white matter-associated connectivity. There is increasing evidence that astrocyte dysfunction is involved in several brain disorders, including bipolar disorder (BD), depression and schizophrenia. The mood stabiliser lithium is a frontline treatment for BD, but the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that astrocytes are direct targets of lithium and identify unique astroglial transcriptional networks that regulate specific molecular changes in astrocytes associated with BD and schizophrenia, together with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using pharmacogenomic analyses, we identified novel roles for the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulatory enzyme lysyl oxidase (LOX) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) as profound regulators of astrocyte morphogenesis. This study unravels new pathophysiological mechanisms in astrocytes that have potential as novel biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for regulating astroglial responses in diverse neurological disorders.
Triggered reversible phase transformation between layered and spinel structure in manganese-based layered compounds
Authors: Jo Mi Ru , Kim Yunok , Yang Junghoon , Jeong Mihee , Song Kyeongse , Kim Yong-Il , Lim Jin-Myoung , Cho Maenghyo , Shim Jae-Hyun , Kim Young-Min , Yoon Won-Sub , Kang Yong-Mook
Published: September 2019

Irreversible phase transformation of layered structure into spinel structure is considered detrimental for most of the layered structure cathode materials. Here we report that this presumably irreversible phase transformation can be rendered to be reversible in sodium birnessite (NaxMnO2·yH2O) as a basic structural unit. This layered structure contains crystal water, which facilitates the formation of a metastable spinel-like phase and the unusual reversal back to layered structure. The mechanism of this phase reversibility was elucidated by combined soft and hard X-ray absorption spectroscopy with X-ray diffraction, corroborated by first-principle calculations and kinetics investigation. These results show that the reversibility, modulated by the crystal water content between the layered and spinel-like phases during the electrochemical reaction, could activate new cation sites, enhance ion diffusion kinetics and improve its structural stability. This work thus provides in-depth insights into the intercalating materials capable of reversible framework changes, thereby setting the precedent for alternative approaches to the development of cathode materials for next-generation rechargeable batteries.
Invariance to background noise as a signature of non-primary auditory cortex
Authors: Kell Alexander J. E. , McDermott Josh H.
Published: September 2019

Despite well-established anatomical differences between primary and non-primary auditory cortex, the associated representational transformations have remained elusive. Here we show that primary and non-primary auditory cortex are differentiated by their invariance to real-world background noise. We measured fMRI responses to natural sounds presented in isolation and in real-world noise, quantifying invariance as the correlation between the two responses for individual voxels. Non-primary areas were substantially more noise-invariant than primary areas. This primary-nonprimary difference occurred both for speech and non-speech sounds and was unaffected by a concurrent demanding visual task, suggesting that the observed invariance is not specific to speech processing and is robust to inattention. The difference was most pronounced for real-world background noise—both primary and non-primary areas were relatively robust to simple types of synthetic noise. Our results suggest a general representational transformation between auditory cortical stages, illustrating a representational consequence of hierarchical organization in the auditory system.
CryoEM structures of Arabidopsis DDR complexes involved in RNA-directed DNA methylation
Authors: Wongpalee Somsakul Pop , Liu Shiheng , Gallego-Bartolomé Javier , Leitner Alexander , Aebersold Ruedi , Liu Wanlu , Yen Linda , Nohales Maria A. , Kuo Peggy Hsuanyu , Vashisht Ajay A. , Wohlschlegel James A. , Feng Suhua , Kay Steve A. , Zhou Z. Hong , Jacobsen Steven E.
Published: September 2019

Transcription by RNA polymerase V (Pol V) in plants is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation, leading to transcriptional gene silencing. Global chromatin association of Pol V requires components of the DDR complex DRD1, DMS3 and RDM1, but the assembly process of this complex and the underlying mechanism for Pol V recruitment remain unknown. Here we show that all DDR complex components co-localize with Pol V, and we report the cryoEM structures of two complexes associated with Pol V recruitment—DR (DMS3-RDM1) and DDR′ (DMS3-RDM1-DRD1 peptide), at 3.6 Å and 3.5 Å resolution, respectively. RDM1 dimerization at the center frames the assembly of the entire complex and mediates interactions between DMS3 and DRD1 with a stoichiometry of 1 DRD1:4 DMS3:2 RDM1. DRD1 binding to the DR complex induces a drastic movement of a DMS3 coiled-coil helix bundle. We hypothesize that both complexes are functional intermediates that mediate Pol V recruitment.
Attenuated palmitoylation of serotonin receptor 5-HT1A affects receptor function and contributes to depression-like behaviors
Authors: Gorinski Nataliya , Bijata Monika , Prasad Sonal , Wirth Alexander , Abdel Galil Dalia , Zeug Andre , Bazovkina Daria , Kondaurova Elena , Kulikova Elizabeth , Ilchibaeva Tatiana , Zareba-Koziol Monika , Papaleo Francesco , Scheggia Diego , Kochlamazashvili Gaga , Dityatev Alexander , Smyth Ian , Krzystyniak Adam , Wlodarczyk Jakub , Richter Diethelm W. , Strekalova Tatyana , Sigrist Stephan , Bang Claudia , Hobuß Lisa , Fiedler Jan , Thum Thomas , Naumenko Vladimir S. , Pandey Ghanshyam , Ponimaskin Evgeni
Published: September 2019

The serotonergic system and in particular serotonin 1A receptor (5-HT1AR) are implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD). Here we demonstrated that 5-HT1AR is palmitoylated in human and rodent brains, and identified ZDHHC21 as a major palmitoyl acyltransferase, whose depletion reduced palmitoylation and consequently signaling functions of 5-HT1AR. Two rodent models for depression-like behavior show reduced brain ZDHHC21 expression and attenuated 5-HT1AR palmitoylation. Moreover, selective knock-down of ZDHHC21 in the murine forebrain induced depression-like behavior. We also identified the microRNA miR-30e as a negative regulator of Zdhhc21 expression. Through analysis of the post-mortem brain samples in individuals with MDD that died by suicide we find that miR-30e expression is increased, while ZDHHC21 expression, as well as palmitoylation of 5-HT1AR, are reduced within the prefrontal cortex. Our study suggests that downregulation of 5-HT1AR palmitoylation is a mechanism involved in depression, making the restoration of 5-HT1AR palmitoylation a promising clinical strategy for the treatment of MDD.
Topological magnon amplification
Authors: Malz Daniel , Knolle Johannes , Nunnenkamp Andreas
Published: September 2019

Topology is quickly becoming a cornerstone in our understanding of electronic systems. Like their electronic counterparts, bosonic systems can exhibit a topological band structure, but in real materials it is difficult to ascertain their topological nature, as their ground state is a simple condensate or the vacuum, and one has to rely instead on excited states, for example a characteristic thermal Hall response. Here we propose driving a topological magnon insulator with an electromagnetic field and show that this causes edge mode instabilities and a large non-equilibrium steady-state magnon edge current. Building on this, we discuss several experimental signatures that unambiguously establish the presence of topological magnon edge modes. Furthermore, our amplification mechanism can be employed to power a topological travelling-wave magnon amplifier and topological magnon laser, with applications in magnon spintronics. This work thus represents a step toward functional topological magnetic materials.
Colloidal fibers and rings by cooperative assembly
Authors: Oh Joon Suk , Lee Sangmin , Glotzer Sharon C. , Yi Gi-Ra , Pine David J.
Published: September 2019

Janus colloids with one attractive patch on an otherwise repulsive particle surface serve as model systems to explore structure formation of particles with chemically heterogeneous surfaces such as proteins. While there are numerous computer studies, there are few experimental realizations due to a lack of means to produce such colloids with a well-controlled variable Janus balance. Here, we report a simple scalable method to precisely vary the Janus balance over a wide range and selectively functionalize one patch with DNA. We observe, via experiment and simulation, the dynamic formation of diverse superstructures: colloidal micelles, chains, or bilayers, depending on the Janus balance. Flexible dimer chains form through cooperative polymerization while trimer chains form by a two-stage process, first by cooperative polymerization into disordered aggregates followed by condensation into more ordered stiff trimer chains. Introducing substrate binding through depletion catalyzes dimer chains to form nonequilibrium rings that otherwise do not form.
Conductive carbon nanofiber interpenetrated graphene architecture for ultra-stable sodium ion battery
Authors: Liu Mingkai , Zhang Peng , Qu Zehua , Yan Yan , Lai Chao , Liu Tianxi , Zhang Shanqing
Published: September 2019

Long-term stability and high-rate capability have been the major challenges of sodium-ion batteries. Layered electroactive materials with mechanically robust, chemically stable, electrically and ironically conductive networks can effectively address these issues. Herein we have successfully directed carbon nanofibers to vertically penetrate through graphene sheets, constructing robust carbon nanofiber interpenetrated graphene architecture. Molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes are then grown in situ alongside the entire framework, yielding molybdenum disulfide@carbon nanofiber interpenetrated graphene structure. In such a design, carbon nanofibers prevent the restacking of graphene sheets and provide ample space between graphene sheets, enabling a strong structure that maintains exceptional mechanical integrity and excellent electrical conductivity. The as-prepared sodium ion battery delivers outstanding electrochemical performance and ultrahigh stability, achieving a remarkable specific capacity of 598 mAh g−1, long-term cycling stability up to 1000 cycles, and an excellent rate performance even at a high current density up to 10 A g−1.
Symbiotic effectiveness and ecologically adaptive traits of native rhizobial symbionts of Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea L. Verdc.) in Africa and their relationship with phylogeny
Authors: Ibny Fadimata Y. I. , Jaiswal Sanjay K. , Mohammed Mustapha , Dakora Felix D.
Published: September 2019

Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterraneaL. Verdc.) is an indigenous, drought-tolerant, underutilized African food legume, with the ability to fix atmospheric N2in symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia. The aim of this study was to assess the morpho-physiological, symbiotic and phylogenetic characteristics of rhizobia nodulating Bambara groundnut in Ghana, Mali and South Africa. The morpho-physiologically diverse isolates tested were also found to exhibit differences in functional efficiency and phylogenetic positions. Based on Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR banding patterns, the isolates were grouped into eight major clusters. The concentrations of Ca, Na and K in soils had a significant (p ≤ 0.01) effect on the distribution of rhizobia. Though many isolates were symbiotically very effective, the effectiveness index varied markedly (p ≤ 0.05) among them. Moreover, the isolates also exhibited tolerance to a wide range of NaCl (0.5–7%), streptomycin (50–500 µg.ml−1), and kanamycin (25–150 µg.ml−1) concentrations. Additionally, these isolates could produce 0.02 to 69.71 µg.ml−1of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in tryptophan-supplemented medium, as well as solubilize tri-calcium phosphate. Phylogenetic analysis of these rhizobial isolates using 16S rRNA,atpD,glnII,gyrB,recAand symbiotic (nifHandnodC) gene sequences revealed distinct and novel evolutionary lineages related to the genusBradyrhizobium, with some of them being very close toBradyrhizobium vignae,B.kavangense,B.subterraneum,B.elkaniiandB.pachyrhizi.
Magnetic Particle Imaging meets Computed Tomography: first simultaneous imaging
Authors: Vogel Patrick , Markert Jonathan , Rückert Martin A. , Herz Stefan , Keßler Benedikt , Dremel Kilian , Althoff Daniel , Weber Matthias , Buzug Thorsten M. , Bley Thorsten A. , Kullmann Walter H. , Hanke Randolf , Zabler Simon , Behr Volker C.
Published: September 2019

Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI) is a promising new tomographic modality for fast as well as three-dimensional visualization of magnetic material. For anatomical or structural information an additional imaging modality such as computed tomography (CT) is required. In this paper, the first hybrid MPI-CT scanner for multimodal imaging providing simultaneous data acquisition is presented.