bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of ceftiofur crystalline free acid to tilmicosin for metaphylactic treatment of calves at risk for bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Hawley Jamie , Powell Jeremy G. , Kegley Elizabeth B. , Beck Paul A.
Published: March 2023

Efficacy of metaphylactic ceftiofur crystalline free acid (CCFA) or tilmicosin phosphate (TIL) on performance and health of newly received calves at risk for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was compared. Crossbred bull (n=39) and steer (n=264) calves (initial BW=464 +/- 27.7 lb (211 +/- 12.6 kg)) were received on 3 dates. Calves were stratified to pens by castrate status and BW. Pens were assigned randomly to single-dose antimicrobial metaphylaxis: (1) CCFA or (2) TIL. No differences (P greater than or equal to 0.23) in average daily gain were observed between metaphylactic treatments. Morbidity (calves treated atleast once for BRD) rates were 19.9 and 15.1% (P=0.13) for calves in the CCFA and TIL groups, respectively. Calves treated for clinical BRD after metaphylactic treatment with CCFA were 2.09 (95% confidence interval=(1.01, 4.32)) times more likely to be retreated once for BRD. Similarly, cattle treated for BRD after metaphylactic treatment with CCFA were 5.63 (95% confidence interval=(1.43, 22.19)) times more likely to be retreated twice for BRD. Antibiotic cost was $5.61/calf lower in the TIL group compared to calves in the CCFA group (P less than or equal to 0.05). Based on these results, metaphylactic treatment with TIL was more cost-effective and efficacious in reducing subsequent antibiotic treatments than CCFA.
Stochastic model designed to estimate variability in the relative economic value betweem cattle with and without lung lesions in U.S. feedlot production systems
Authors: Nickell Jason S.
Published: March 2023

Feedlot cattle with lung lesions, associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD], display a reduction in average daily gain (ADG) compared to cattle without lung lesions. However, a moderate degree of variability in prevalence and ADG reduction has been observed in peer-reviewed literature; therefore, the true economic impact of lung lesions in feedlot cattle populations is unknown. The study objective was to estimate and compare the relative economic value between feedlot cattle with and without lung lesions through stochastic modeling methods. The model commenced at animal purchase and upon pen placement. Within each pen, cattle with and without lung lesions were modeled in parallel throughout the feeding phase, incorporating all production expenses and revenue. The final outcome was the difference in economic value between both cohorts when marketed on a live-weight basis. Based upon the assumption of this model, cattle with lung lesions lose, on average, $38.69 (90% probability interval: $12.28 to $79.32] compared to cattle without lung lesions. The reduction in ADG among cattle with lung lesions was a major driver in these outcomes supporting the findings from prior studies. Improved BRD diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are necessary to reduce lung lesion prevalence and subsequent negative economic impacts to the feedlot industry.
Preliminary evaluation of hypochlorous acid spray for treatment of experimentally induced infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Gard Julie , Taylor Debora , Maloney Rachel , Schnuelle Megan , Duran Sue , Moore Phillip , Justus Will , Walz Paul , Stockle Ricardo , Rodning Soren , DeGraves Fred , Van Santen Edzard , Edmondson Misty , O'Conner Annette M.
Published: March 2023

Thirty dairy bull calves with normal ophthalmic examinations and culture-negative for Moraxella bovis were randomly assigned to 3 groups for a single eye block, randomized, blinded challenge study. Calves were housed in an accredited isolation facility. In calves assigned to Groups 1 and 2, a 0.6 cm corneal lesion was made on the left central cornea utilizing n-heptanol, and immediately inoculated topically with 1.0 x 107 of M. bovis (strain Epp63-300; origin: NADC). The left eye of calves in Group 3 was inoculated topically with M. bovis, but nothing further. In Group 1,2 mL of 0.009% hypochlorous acid (Vetericyn Plus™ Pinkeye Spray) was sprayed topically onto each calf's cornea twice daily for 10 days. In Group 2, 2 mL of 0.9% saline was administered topically to each calf’s cornea twice daily for 10 days. Each animal was scored for ocular pain twice daily. Samples from all eyes were collected for culture on days -7, 0,1,4, and 10. Eyes of all calves were stained daily with fluorescein, and digital photographs were taken of the lesion to assess healing of the cornea. Additionally, serum and plasma samples were collected from all calves on days 0,1,10,11, and 17, and changes in sodium and chloride levels were evaluated. Urine samples and liver, muscle, and fat biopsies were collected from all calves on days 0,11, and 17 and evaluated for chlorine utilizing the N,N-diethyl- p-phenylenediamine (DPD) colorimetric method. Only calves in Group 2 were culture-positive for M. bovis during the study period. The average pain score and days to cure for Group 1 was lower than Group 2 (P < 0.05 and P < 0.02, respectively). Corneal lesion circumference of calves in Groups 1 and Group 2 differed (P < 0.04), and the difference between days was significantly different (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in Na or Cl levels in the plasma and serum samples among the 3 treatment groups at any sampling time points (P< 0.0001), and no difference between pre- (day 0) and post-treatment (day 11 and 17) in chlorine levels in muscle, liver, fat, and urine at any time point. Results of this study suggest that hypochlorous acid spray can be utilized as alternative therapy to reduce pain, infection, and healing time of corneal lesions in calves experimentally infected with M. bovis.
Comparing caustic paste vs caustic stick vs hot- iron+lidocaine disbudding in young dairy calves: behavioral response following disbudding and healing
Authors: Newby Natalie , Haley Derek , Shock Dan , Lissemore Kerry , Millman Suzanne , Iliopoulos Sabrina , Duffield Todd
Published: March 2023

This study evaluated the behavior of calves following different disbudding methods, and evaluated the scarring between these methods in the weeks that followed. Dairy calves (1 to 15 days of age) were subjected to 1 of 3 methods: caustic paste (CP n = 123), caustic stick (CS n = 123), and hot-iron+lidocaine (HI n = 130). The calf’s latency to approach a person was recorded 1 day and 7 days after disbudding. Calves in the caustic paste group were more likely to approach after 1 sec compared to the other methods. Hot- iron+lidocaine disbudding produced smaller scars (0.47 ± 0.26 in (1.2 ± 0.67 cm) mean diameter ± SD vs CS = 1.5 ± 0.47 in (3.8 ± 1.2 cm) and CP = 1.2 ± 0.35 in (3.1 ± 0.90 cm)), but had greater odds of redness (OR = 6.6), purulent discharge (OR = 13.6), and crust (OR = 48.9) 3 weeks after disbudding compared to the caustic methods. Weight gain at 6 weeks was similar between treatment groups. Horn regrowth at 6 weeks and 6 months after disbudding was not different between the methods used, and thus caustic chemicals were as effective as the hot-iron+lidocaine method to disbud dairy calves.
Estimation of the cow- and herd-level prevalence of post-partum subclinical ketosis in large Washington state dairy herds and evaluation of mean β-hydroxybutyrate concentration for herd-level assessment
Authors: Wenz John R. , Solis Tracy E. , Moore Dale A.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to estimate the cow- and herd-level prevalence of subclinical ketosis (SCK) on dairies in the state of Washington and evaluate the arithmetic mean of individual samples as a proxy for pooled-sample testing to screen herds for SCK. The cow-level prevalence of SCK in 589 cows from 40 Washington dairies was 31,25, and 19% using P-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration cutpoints of > 1.0, 1.2, and 1.4 mmol/L, respectively. For all BHB cutpoints, no difference was observed in the prevalence of SCK between cows of parity 1 and 2 (P > 0.358), but SCK was higher in cows of parity > 3 versus those in lactations 1 and 2 (P <0.001). The mean BHB concentration (mmol/L) in cows of parity > 3 (1.16) was higher than that of parity 1 (0.72) and parity 2 (0.88) cows (P <0.001). Using a BHB cutpoint of > 1.2 mmol/L and herd alarm level of >15% cows exceeding that cutpoint, 23 herds (58%) demonstrated a herd-level problem with SCK. When a BHB cutpoint of > 1.4 and herd alarm level of >25% was used, 12 herds (30%) had SCK. A herd mean BHB concentration of 0.77 mmol/L was correlated with a 15% herd-alarm level using a > 1.2 mmol/L BHB cutpoint. Sensitivity and specificity of the herd mean BHB cutpoint of >0.8 mmol/L to identify herds with > 15% cows with BHB > 1.2 mmol/L was 91 and 75%, respectively. The prevalence of SCK in Washington dairies was numerically higher than previous reports. Results of this study highlight the importance of obtaining representative samples from parity risk groups. Furthermore, results suggest parity 2 cows may be better grouped with parity 1 rather than > 3 parity cows. Herd mean BHB concentration performed well as a test to identify herds with a potential SCK problem when a mean value specific cutpoint was used. Further research evaluating the relationship between pooled-sample BHB and important outcomes, such as disease, milk production, reproduction, and removal, are needed.
Antimicrobial drug use for control and treatment of bovine respiratory disease in US feedlot cattle
Authors: Nautrup Barbara Poulsen , Van Vlaenderen Ilse , Decker M. , Cleale Ralph M.
Published: March 2023

A meta-analysis of studies allowing the calculation of number of antimicrobial treatments needed for control or treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRO) was conducted, comparing tulathromycin with other commonly used antimicrobials. Summary effect size (Hedges' g) was the standardized mean difference in number of treatments, with raw mean differences being calculated to estimate the clinical impact of results. Further analyses included subgroup metaanalyses, meta-regression, and meta-analysis of the relative risk (RR) of mortality. Tulathromycin as first-choice antibiotic was associated with fewer antimicrobial treatment courses than comparator products (Hedges' g = -0.374; P < 0.0001). Substantial heterogeneity (/2 = 89.2%) was at least partly explained by subgroup analyses of comparator substance and study sponsor. The risk of mortality following tulathromycin treatment compared with comparator antimicrobials was reduced by half (RR= 0.512, P < 0.0001); accordingly, fewer between 0.8 and 1.8 million antibiotic courses per year in US feedlots when tulathromycin is used as first choice for metaphylaxis or treatment of BRD.
Comparison of tulathromycin, tildipirosin, and tilmicosin for control of bovine respiratory disease in steers purchased from auction markets and fed in a Texas feedlot
Authors: Sturgess Kynan L. , Renter David G.
Published: March 2023

Crossbred steers (n=l,370) purchased from auction markets in Texas were received into a commercial feedlot near Hereford, Texas. Steers were recently weaned and considered at high risk of developing bovine respiratory disease (BRO). Upon arrival, steers were randomly assigned (within arrival blocks) to 1 of 3 treatment groups that received: 1) tilmicosin (TLM; 4.5 mg/lb (10.0 mg/kg)), 2) tildipirosin (TLD; 1.82 mg/lb ( 4.0 mg/kg)), or 3) tulathromycin (TUL; 1.14 mg/lb (2.5 mg/kg)). Steers were penned by treatment into 36 pens with 12 pens per treatment. Data were analyzed with linear mixed models for a randomized complete block design. Steers administered TUL had significantly lower BRO morbidity than both TLD and TLM (P< 0.01) treatments, and TLD had lower BRO morbidity than TLM (P < 0.05). Cattle receiving TUL also had a lower percentage of chronic illness than both TLD and TLM treatments (P < 0.05). Steers in the TUL treatment group had lower BRO and overall mortality at closeout than TLD (P < 0.05), but the TLM-treated steers did not differ from the other groups. Deads-in average daily gain was 0.55 lb (0.25 kg) greater in TUL-treated steers than steers administered TLM, and 0.56 lb (0.25 kg) greater than steers receiving TLD (P < 0.05). Cattle receiving TUL had 1.33 lb (0.6 kg) lower deads-in feed-to-gain ratio at closeout than those receiving TLM, and 1.51 lb (0.68 kg) lower than those receiving TLD (P < 0.05). During the first 30 days-onfeed, TUL-treated steers had greater daily dry-matter intake compared with TLD-treated steers (P < 0.01), but no other differences among treatment groups. By closeout, there were no differences in cumulative mean dry-matter intake between treatment groups. Overall, TUL treatment on arrival resulted in improved health and performance as compared to TLM and TLD treatments.
Fecal egg count reduction test evaluating macrocyclic lactones using cattle treated 118 days earlier with saline, albendazole in combination with doramectin, or an extended-release formulation of eprinomectin
Authors: Yazwinski T. A. , Tucker C. A. , Powell J. , Beck P. G. , Wray E. G. , Jones L. , Koltes J. E. , Hernandez C. G.
Published: March 2023

A fecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was conducted on stocker cattle treated 118 days earlier with saline injection (S); 0.09 mg/lb (200 mcg/kg) BW doramectin injection concomitantly with 4.54 mg/lb (10 mg/kg) BW albendazole oral suspension (DA); or 0.45 mg/lb (1 mg/kg) BW eprinomectin extended-release injection (ERE), and then continuously grazed by treatment group in groups of 4 until the start of the current study. In total, there were 8 S, 12 DA, and 12 ERE grazing groups (pastures of origin). Three animals from each pasture were randomly allocated for injection with ivermectin, doramectin or moxidectin, all at the rate of 0.09 mg/lb (200 mcg/kg) BW. Fecal samples were obtained at days -1 and 15, with treatments on day 0. Additionally, coprocultures were conducted on individual fecal samples collected on days -1 and 15.

On day -1 of the FECR test, the arithmetic mean strongyle eggs per gram of feces counts (EPG) across all pastures of origin were 412, 570, and 321 for the ivermectin, doramectin, and moxidectin-treated cattle, respectively. Day 15 egg counts in the same order were 177, 335, and 28. Using the above arithmetic means and by standard equation, the overall mean FECR percentages were 57.0, 41.2, and 91.2 for ivermectin, doramectin, and moxidectin, respectively. Lowest FECR test percentages were seen for animals from the ERE pastures. Coproculture larvae populations harvested on both days -1 and 15 were primarily Haemonchus placei and Cooperia punctata, regardless of animal's pasture of origin or FECR test treatment.
Assessment of dairy calves' microbiological environment using 3M™ Petrifilm™ bacteriology plates
Authors: Buczinski Sébastien E. , Borris Marie-Eve E.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease complex is a major disease in dairy calves. Environmental factors such as microbiological air quality have been associated with greater risk of bovine respiratory disease in calves. Routine air sampling for microbiological testing has not been traditionally performed by practitioners, mainly because of the cost associated with air sampling machines. Here we present an alternative, cost-effective air quality assessment technique using 3M™ Petrifilm™ bacteriology plates. This method can determine total aerobic bacteria, coliform, yeast, and mold counts. We found that a 10-min contact time was optimal for assessing calf environments. In the calf pens, median (ranges) bacterial counts were 340 (90 to 840) cfu/plate for aerobic plate counts, 4 (1 to 11) cfu/plate for coliform counts, 4 (1 to 11) cfu/plate for yeast counts, and 42 (1 to 120) cfu/plate for mold counts. Based on our findings, we propose that this approach can be used to monitor air quality in dairy calf barns.
AABP Conference (2016): 7th Annual Quiz Bowl
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Description of the 2016 American Association of Bovine Practitioners.
Changes in the rates of field isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens collected from fall-placed feedlot steers between arrival at the feedlot and 90 to 120 days on feed
Authors: Erickson Nathan E. N. , Ngeleka Musangu G. , Lubbers Brian V. , Trokhymchuk Anatoliy
Published: March 2023

The change in bacterial recovery and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility of 3 important bovine respiratory disease bacteria (Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni) between arrival and 90 to 120 days was observed in 295 healthy fall-placed feedlot calves in western Canada using deep nasal swabs. At the arrival sampling, 28%, 28%, and 9% of calves were culture positive for Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni, respectively; these rates changed to 23%, 14%, and 16%, respectively, in the post-arrival period. A decrease in antimicrobial susceptibility was observed between the arrival and post-arrival sample periods, with numerically fewer pan-susceptible isolates and little change in multi-drug resistant isolates. Between the 2 sampling periods, statistically significant decreases in susceptibility to tilmicosin and tulathromycin were observed for Mannheimia haemolytica and tildipirosin for Pasteurella multocida isolates. Results of this study suggest that changes to both the proportions of bacteria isolated and the antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates occur between arrival and ~90 days post-arrival.
Evaluation of eprinomectin extended-release injectable (LongRange®) on the performance of yearling cattle on pasture in western Canada
Authors: Rademacher Ryan D. , Behlke Eric J. , Parr Sandi L. , Hannon Sherry J. , Williams Christina M. , Fenton R. Kent , Jim G. Kee , Booker Calvin W.
Published: March 2023

During the pre-shipment handling procedures at each of 2 feedlots of origin, mixed-breed beef steers were weighed, stratified into weight blocks, and simultaneously randomized within weight block to 1 of 2 experimental groups (LONG or IVER) prior to shipment to pasture. Animals in the LONG group (1523 animals) received a subcutaneous injection of eprinomectin extended-release injectable at a dosage of 0.45 mg/lb (1.0 mg/kg) body weight (BW) in the loose skin in front of the shoulder at allocation. Animals in the IVER group (1524 animals) received topical ivermectin applied along the top line from withers to tail head at a dosage of 0.23 mg/lb (0.5 mg/kg) BW at allocation. Animals from both experimental groups were commingled within weight block and originating feedlot after allocation and remained in these commingled groups for the duration of the study. The average days on trial was 156.6 days for the LONG group and 156.7 days for the IVER group. There was a significant increase observed with respect to weight gain (absolute difference 23 lb [10.4 kg], P<0.001) and average daily gain (difference 11.19%, P<0.001) in the LONG group compared to the IVER group. There was an economic advantage of CAD $7.66/animal in the LONG group compared to the IVER group.
Considerations for veterinary practitioners involved in feed-related toxicology cases
Authors: Timmermans Simon J. , Radke Scott L. , Ensley Steve M.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this paper is to identify key considerations for production animal veterinarians involved in legal cases regarding feed-related errors. Veterinarians are trained in the science of management and production, but are often ill-prepared for advising clients on potential litigation that may result when large monetary losses are incurred. The availability of modern analytical equipment and technology can provide practitioners with more information to understand the interactions of toxins with production medicine. This information may further elucidate the source of potential losses. The following considerations were derived from experiences at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory when involved in several legal cases. Since it is likely that production veterinarians will be involved in a legal case at some point in their career, this paper is intended to help practitioners to be better prepared for cases involving feed-related toxicology cases.
First description of an outbreak of cattle intoxication by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) in the South of Portugal
Authors: Menezes C. , Nova R. , Vale M. , Azevdo J. , Vasconcelos V. , Pinto C.
Published: March 2023

A herd of 53 Angus x Charolais crossbred cows and 1 herd bull grazing a stubble field broke through an electric fence, and gained access to stagnant water from a small river (Ribeira de Oeiras). In less than 19 hours, 20 cows died and 5 were sick with clinical signs of ataxia, recumbence, abdominal distension, opisthotonus, paddling and masticatory movements, frothing at the mouth, and bloody diarrhea. The 5 sick cows later died, and the remaining 29 animals remained healthy. Clinical and pathological findings revealed the presence of hepatic and renal necrosis. In the water samples, several cyanobacterial species were identified, predominantly belonging to the toxic genera Microcystis. Altogether, these observations led to a tentative diagnosis of acute hepatoxicity caused by cyanotoxins. The diagnosis was confirmed by detection of microcystin-LR in the kidney from 1 animal. To our knowledge, this is the first report of microcystin-LR animal poisoning in Portugal.
Clinical trial to assess the impact of acclimation and low-stress cattle handling on bovine respiratory disease and performance during the feedyard finishing phase
Authors: Dewell Renée D. , Millman Suzanne T. , Parsons Rebecca L. , Sadler Larry J. , Noffsinger Tom H. , Busby W. Darrell , Wang Chong , Dewell Grant A.
Published: March 2023

Acclimation and low-stress cattle handling techniques (ALSCH) are promoted to improve cattle welfare. The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the impact of ALSCH in relation to conventional handling (CON) on bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and performance of cattle during the feedlot phase of production. Abruptly weaned calves (n=136; 6 to 9 months of age) were transported to a research feedyard, and randomly enrolled into 4 pens-2 replicates of CON and 2 replicates of ALSCH. Conventionally handled calves were processed through a tub and curved alleyway facility without being acclimated. ALSCH calves were systematically acclimated to the feedyard environment and an open-sided "Bud-box" design working facility prior to processing. There were no differences in respiratory morbidity between treatment groups (P=0.34). From day 19 to day 95, ADG of CON calves was 2.70 lb (1.23 kg)/day versus 2.92 lb (1.33 kg)/day for ALSCH (P=0.01). Calves in CON pens tended to have a lighter mean hot carcass weight that was approximately 29 lb (13.2 kg) lighter than calves in the ALSCH pens (P=0.07). This clinical trial provides preliminary evidence that ALSCH may result in short-term performance benefits when applied to abruptly weaned calves in a feedyard setting, and provides background information for further scientific investigation.
Supplementing pasteurized waste-milk with vitamins A, D, and E improves vitamin status of dairy calves
Authors: Blakely Leslie P. , Poindexter Michael B. , Stuart Robert L. , Nelson Corwin D.
Published: March 2023

Holstein calves fed pasteurized waste milk were blocked by sex and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, control with no vitamin supplementation (CON, n = 18) and 2 levels of an oral vitamins A, D, and E supplement: 0.25 mL/d of supplement (0.25ADE, n = 12) or 0.5 mL/d of supplement (0.5ADE, n = 10). The supplemented calves also received a 5 mL subcutaneous injection of vitamins A, D, and E at birth. The oral and injectable supplements contained 50,000 international units (IU) of vitamin A as retinyl-palmitate, 50,000 IU of vitamin D3, and 500 IU of vitamin E as RRR-α-tocopherol per milliliter of product. Concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and a-tocopherol, but not retinol, in serum of 0.25ADE and 0.5ADE calves were greater than CON calves. We observed that supplemented calves gained less weight compared with CON calves in the first 28 d; however, height and starter grain intakes did not differ among treatments. Incidence of respiratory infection or diarrhea did not differ among groups. In conclusion, injection plus supplementation of pasteurized waste milk with vitamins A, D, and E increased concentrations of 25(OH)D and a-tocopherol in serum but decreased body weight gain, due possibly to over-supplementation of the vitamins.
Reduction of aflatoxin transfer into milk of lactating dairy cows with addition of a dietary clay adsorbent
Authors: Allen S. C. , Rude B. J. , Bailey R. H. , Ward S. H.
Published: March 2023

Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were used in a randomized complete block design to test the efficacy of clay at reducing aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. Cows were blocked by parity and stage of lactation and were adapted to individual feed gates prior to treatment. Cows were randomly assigned 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n=6): 1) control (CON) total mixed ration (TMR); 2) aflatoxin control (AFC) TMR with 300 ppb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1); 3) adsorbent diet (CLY) TMR with 1.76 oz (50 g) of clay; 4) AFC diet with clay (CLY+AF) with 300ppb AFB1 and 1.76 oz (50 g) of clay. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS. Main effects were treatment, days-inmilk, parity, and day. Significance was declared at P<0.05. Dry matter intake was similar across treatments; however, cows consuming CON diets had reduced milk yield. Milk from AFC cows had the greatest concentration of AFM1, and cows fed CLY+AF averaged 1.47 ± 0.186 ppb AFM1 less than cows fed AFC, resulting in a 60.0% reduction. Results from this study show that adding clay to contaminated diets was effective at reducing AFM1 concentrations in milk of cows fed AFB1 without negatively affecting production.
Performance of a milk leukocyte differential test for decision-making in a selective dry cow therapy program
Authors: Denis-Robichaud José , Almeida Raul A. , Ivey Susan , Rodriguez Rudy R. , Payne Martha , Leslie Ken E. , Hockett Mitchell E.
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the operating characteristics of a commercial milk leukocyte differential (MLD) test to detect intramammary infections in quarters of late-lactation dairy cows as compared to bacteriological culture and 2) to evaluate the milk production and udder health parameters between cows treated following blanket vs selective dry cow therapy (DCT) using the MLD test results. In a first experiment, the MLD test was compared to the bacteriological culture results (gold standard) of 363 quarters from 94 cows. The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for the identification of infection using the MLD test were determined. Sensitivity ranged from 44% to 77%, and specificity from 54% to 92%. In the second experiment blanket DCT was compared to selective DCT based on the results of MLD test, and treating only positive quarters; a total of 328 cows were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 treatment groups. The proportion of quarters positive to bacteriological culture, and the incidence rate of moderate and severe cases of clinical mastitis events, did not differ between treatment groups. Results of these experiments provide information to support decision-making in a selective DCT program in low-SCC herds using the MLD test.
Case Report - Chronic oak toxicity (Quercus suber) in beef cattle in the south of Portugal
Authors: Frias C. , Simões P. B. A. , Cota J. , Pissarra H. , Nunes T. P. , Hjerpe C. A. , Lima M. S.
Published: March 2023

Oak toxicity in cattle results from ingestion of acorns, buds, leaves, sprouts, and saplings from several species of trees in the genus Quercus, all of which contain high concentrations of tannins. Consumption of acorns by ruminants, principally between late summer and early winter, is common in the south of Portugal, where there is a high prevalence of Quercus suber. Oak poisoning can lead to progressive damage to the kidneys and may result in renal failure and death. This study involved 17 beef cows that died of chronic oak poisoning related to ingestion of Quercus suber. The most relevant findings from necropsy examinations were abdominal fluid accumulation, atrophic/fibrotic kidneys, mesenteric and sub-mandibular edema, absence of body fat reserves and muscle atrophy, and weight loss. The most significant histopathologic finding was chronic interstitial nephritis. Elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and K+ values and reduced albumin values were found in 4 cows examined ante-mortem. Straight-bred Mertolengo cows appeared to be highly resistant to oak toxicity.
Review of digital anatomy, infectious causes of lameness, and regional intravenous perfusion in cattle
Authors: Simpson Katharine M. , Streeter Robert N. , Jones Meredyth L. , Taylor Jared D. , Callan Robert J. , Holt Timothy N.
Published: March 2023

Digital disorders in cattle constitute the majority of lameness issues that bovine practitioners will encounter.  Treatment of many digital infections in cattle can be facilitated in part by regional limb perfusions of either local anesthetics, antibiotics, or both. This article reviews infectious causes of digital disease, relevant clinical anatomy, use of various perfusates and tourniquet types in regional intravenous perfusions in cattle, and potential complications associated with the procedure.
Clinical effectiveness of enrofloxacin 100 mg/mL injectable solution for the treatment of acute anaplasmosis in cattle caused by Anaplasma marginale
Authors: Shane Douglas D. , Lechtenberg Kelly F. , Seagren Jon , Tessman Ronald K. , Singu Vijaya Krishna , Wang Yingying , Coetzee Johann , Reif Kathryn E.
Published: March 2023

Anaplasma marginale is a gram-negative rickettsial pathogen that can cause clinical anemia and death in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of enrofloxacin (ENR) 100 mg/mL at a single subcutaneous dose of 5.7 mg/lb (12.5 mg/kg) for treatment of acute anaplasmosis (ANA) in mature beef cows (n=67). Following intravenous inoculation with A. marginale-infected blood, cattle were monitored for clinical signs of ANA. Upon meeting case criteria, cattle were randomly assigned to receive ENR or saline (SAL). Treatment success, defined as 28 d post-treatment survival and resolution of abnormal clinical scores, was 81.8% (27/33) and 44.1% (15/34) (P=0.0032) for ENR and SAL treated cows, respectively. Mortality was 47% (16/34) and 3% (1/33) in SAL and ENR, respectively (P=0.0027). Packed cell volume at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d post-treatment was significantly greater in ENR compared to SAL (P<0.05). In this study, ENR improved treatment success compared to SAL, reduced ANA mortality, and maintained greater packed cell volumes post-clinical signs compared to SAL. Extra-label use of fluoroquinolones in food animals is prohibited in the United States, but ENR (Baytril® 100-CA1) was recently conditionally approved for treatment of ANA.
association between Whisper® lung scores and feedlot performance in crossbred steer calves
Authors: Funk Jenna L. , Dewell Grant A. , Meyer Brent D. , Engelken Terry J.
Published: March 2023

A cohort study was conducted in a population ofcrossbred feeder steers to assess the relationship betweenWhisper® lung scores taken at feedlot arrival and subsequent health and performance. The primary outcome of interest was average daily gain. Other feeding performance outcomes included feed efficiency, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, marbling score, fat thickness, and ribeye area. Health performance outcomes included treatment for bovine respiratory disease (BRD), death due to BRD, being diagnosed with chronic BRD, and dying after treatment for BRD. The only significant association between arrival lung score (ALS) and feeding performance was improvement in feed efficiency for those calves with an ALS of 4 (p = 0.02) or 5 (p = 0.005), where feed efficiency was determined by backcalculation using individual carcass weight and yield obtained at harvest. There was a significant increase in the odds ratio for treatment for BRD for calves with an ALS of 5 (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.03-1.57, p = 0.005), as well as a significant increase in the odds ratio for death due to BRD for calves with an ALS of 4 (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.00-1.13, p = 0.02). This study demonstrates that higher ALS may be associated with increased risk of treatment for BRD and death due to BRD along with improved feed efficiency, but further research is warranted.
Factors influencing administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover and compensation packages in rural mixed-animal practices over a 5-year period
Authors: Gilliam Gabryelle , White Brad , Dodd Charles C.
Published: March 2023

Personnel management is one of the keys to developing and maintaining a successful veterinary practice. The research objective was to identify factors influencing administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover, as well as compensation packages of owners, new associates, and 10-year associates. A web-based questionnaire was sent to AVC and AABP list-serves consisting of approximately 2,007 members; 125 complete responses were received. Multivariable models were created using factors identified as associated with the outcome variables with a significance level of P < 0.05. Lower administrative personnel turnover was associated with the presence of veterinarian retirement plans, asset protection plans, new associate compensation packages, and the number of veterinarians leaving the practice. Lower veterinarian turnover was associated with veterinarian ownership and the number of administrative personnel leaving the practice. Higher owner compensation packages were associated with longer practice establishment, use of marketing plans, and more veterinarian annual vacation days. Higher compensation packages for 10-year associates were associated with the number of administrative personnel, more all-veterinarian and all-staff meetings, fewer veterinarian hours per week, more hiring of administrative personnel, and fewer administrative personnel leaving the practice. Administrative personnel and veterinarian turnover were impacted by business management practices and number of personnel.
Comparison of frontal-sinus and poll shot locations as secondary methods for euthanizing dairy cattle with a penetrating captive bolt gun
Authors: Robbins Jesse A. , Williams Rachel , Derscheid Rachel J. , Boyum Brett , Spangler Conrad
Published: March 2023

Humane euthanasia is a crucial component of dairy farm animal welfare programs. When using either a gunshot or captive bolt, the frontal-sinus area is well established as the primary shot location, but a secondary shot is often used as well. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 2 different secondary shot locations. Cattle from a commercial dairy operation (n = 44) were randomly assigned to receive a secondary shot in the frontal-sinus or poll location and clinical signs of consciousness were assessed. A subsample of adult cattle heads (n = 6) were also evaluated to assess the extent of trauma. With the exception of heartbeat, all signs of sensibility were absent immediately following the first frontal-sinus shot and remained absent until confirmation of death, regardless of treatment (P > 0.05). Relatively fewer animals shot in the poll location had a heartbeat 5 min after being shot (P = 0.03). Pathology results on the subsample of adult cattle showed poll shots rarely penetrated beyond the cerebrum and only 1 of 6 animals had a severed brainstem. We conclude the frontal-sinus and poll locations are similarly effective secondary shot locations, and brainstem damage may not be necessary for irreversible insensibility and death.
Assessment of the evolution of the proportion of respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases in pre-weaned unvaccinated dairy heifers from Québec, Canada
Authors: Denis-Robichaud José , Tremblay Cléroux Marie-Ève , Buczinski Sébastien , Gauthier Marie-Lou , Dubuc Jocelyn , Francoz David
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to describe the proportion of enteric and respiratory pathogens and diseases in unvaccinated pre-weaned dairy heifers, in their first 2 weeks of life (exam 1), and at 4- to 8-weeks old (exam 2). Heifers from 20 dairy herds were examined and sampled twice for respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases. Respiratory health score and ultrasonographic lung consolidation were assessed, and nasopharyngeal swabs, blood samples, and feces samples were collected. The prevalence for each disease and pathogen was described, and the difference between exams 1 and 2 was assessed. A total of 198 heifers were included at exam 1, and 182 of them were examined again at exam 2. At exam 1, the prevalence of respiratory diseases (positive clinical score or presence of lung consolidation) and diarrhea was 18% and 23%, respectively. At exam 2, the prevalence of respiratory diseases and diarrhea was 62% and 13%, respectively. Heifers were less likely to have respiratory diseases and pathogens at exam 1 than exam 2, and were more likely to have diarrhea at exam 1 than exam 2. These results help in understanding the dynamic of respiratory and enteric pathogens and diseases.
Survey of U.S. cow-calf producer methods and opinions of cattle health and production record-keeping
Authors: Jumper W. Isaac , Huston Carla L. , Willis Robert W. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to describe U.S. cow-calf pro­ducer characteristics associated with the use of cattle health and production records (CHPR). We anonymously surveyed 14,294 cow-calf producer members of the National Cattle­men’s Beef Association (NCBA). Multivariable logistic regres­sion by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with CHPR-keeping out­comes. In total, 3,741 (26.2%) responses were received, with 3,641 (97.3%) respondents actively involved in cow-calf pro­duction. Of 3,624 respondents who said whether or not they maintained CHPR, 3,169 (87%) used some form of CHPR. Of 3,133 respondents who described their CHPR-keeping meth­ods, 1,966 (62.8%) used handwritten, and 1,167 (37.2%) used electronic CHPR. Annual cow inventory (96%), breeding dates (89.3%) and calving dates (88.1%) were the most commonly recorded CHPR. Among all respondents, understanding commercially available CHPR software (57.2%) was the most commonly identified CHPR-keeping challenge. Factors associated with using any form of CHPR were seed­stock production (OR = 5.1; compared to non-seedstock production), respondent age (≤ 54 years: OR = 2.5; 55-64 years: OR = 1.7; 65-74 years: OR = 1.3; compared to age ≥ 75 years), female respondents (OR = 1.7; compared to male), respondent’s primary income source is cow-calf op­eration (OR = 1.5; compared to not being pri­mary income source), and respondent having a post-graduate or professional degree (OR = 1.7; compared to high-school diploma or less). This study concluded that demo­graphic factors such as producer age, gender, education level and operational goals impact CHPR-keeping on U.S. cow-calf operations.
Survey of U.S. cow-calf producer access to and use of technology for cattle health and production record-keeping purposes
Authors: Jumper W. Isaac , Huston Carla L. , Willis Robert W. , Smith David R.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to describe U.S. cow-calf producer access to and use of technology for managing cattle health and production records (CHPR). We anonymously surveyed 14,294 U.S. cow-calf producers. Multivariable logistic regression by manual forward variable selection was used to test demographic factors for association with CHPR-keeping technology outcomes. Smartphones, computers, and internet were available to 85.2%, 92.9%, and 88.7% of respondents, respectively. Factors associated with interest in a smartphone-based CHPR-keeping system included: smartphone use (OR = 7.7; compared to not using a smartphone), respondent age (≤ 54 years: OR = 4.8; 55-64 years: OR = 2.6; 65-74 years: OR = 1.5; compared to ≥75 years), electronic survey response (OR = 2.2; compared to paper), respondent keeps any form of CHPR (OR = 2.0; compared to no CHPR use), respondent education level (some college up to completed Bachelor’s degree: OR = 1.4; post-graduate or professional degree: OR = 1.5; compared to high-school diploma or less), cow-calf operation is not primary income source (OR = 1.3; compared to cow-calf operation being primary income source), region of the U.S. (midwest: OR = 1.1; mountain: OR = 0.8; northeast: OR = 1.4; northern plains: OR = 0.9; southeast: OR = 1.4; southern plains: OR = 1.0; compared to west) and respondent herd size (50-199 head: OR = 1.2; ≥ 200 head: OR = 1.4; compared to ≤ 49 head). Technology needed for electronic CHPR-keeping is common among U.S. cow-calf producers, however, individual demographic characteristics modified interest in electronic CHPR-keeping.
A message from the Editorial Review Board
Authors: Lara-Alecio Rafael , Irby Beverly , Abdelrahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Pashmforoosh Roya
Published: March 2023

No need for an abstract.
Developing Online Discussion Boards to Increase Student Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Khoshnevisan Babak , Rashtchi Mojgan
Published: March 2023

During the current pandemic, colleges are at the fork to either open the campus and curb the spread of COVID-19 or go virtual and risk their efficiency and finally give into financial ruin. This study explores learners’ perceptions of engagement in an online environment to curtail online courses. How educators and students socially interact in cyberspace is a long-standing research topic. Several researchers explored online engagement in higher education in multiple studies (e.g., Kahu, 2011; Ross, 2010). However, there is a lack of research that explores preservice teachers’ engagement in English for speakers of other languages (ESOL) courses. We focused on preservice ESOL teachers’ perceptions of engagement in online discussions to uncover factors that could contribute to increasing their engagement. We collected the data through an online survey, student interviews, and recording online asynchronous discussion transcripts. Constant comparative analysis of data indicated a safe, non-threatening atmosphere as well as a sense of confirmation, and exploring new aspects of the topic; factors that reassured the engagement of the participants.
There Is No Monster Outside: It's A Virus! (Swahili Version)
Authors: Ndibalema Placidius , Nafukho Fredrick , Muyia Machuma , Irby Beverly , Lara-Alecio Rafael , AbdelRahman Nahed , Tong Fuhui , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

This is a children e-book. It is story explores the changes due to the COVID 19 pandemic. The story helps children to understand what is this virus and how can they protect themselves from it.
There Is No Monster Outside: It Is A Virus (Korean Version)
Authors: Shin Weonjin , Irby Beverly , Tong Fuhui , Lara-Alecio Rafael , AbdelRahman Nahed , Schiller Pam
Published: March 2023

We wrote this book for children who are hearing the news about COVID-19 and who may be experiencing fears. Personally, we have heard children’s dreams that include mean people who take them away from their families, strange things that have happened to their classrooms, friends who are going away, or monsters that are coming after them. All of these types of fears have been expressed in dreams or daydreams of children we know. This book is dedicated to our hope of tomorrow-- the children around the world-- and to their families and caregivers who are supporting them. Our desire is that this book will be a comfort for children and will give them a sense of security in these uncertain times. This book is published in several languages to serve a need during this coronavirus pandemic. The book, free of charge, is supported by the Center for Research and Development in Dual Language and Literacy Acquisition, Department of Educational Psychology, College of Education and Human Development at Texas A&M University.
A Comparison of Fourth-Grade Students Taught in English-Only Classrooms and Spanish-Only Classrooms in the Same District
Authors: Vik Tracy , De Jong David , Reed Kristine , Card Karen , Henry Sandra
Published: March 2023

Language immersion programs are becoming more available as a form of school choice in both private and public education in the United States and beyond. While there is research on the benefits of immersion education regarding overall intelligence, there is still much skepticism as to why parents would place their child in an immersion program vs. a traditional program where all academics are taught in English. This study presents the data from two schools in the same school district in a Midwest state that took the bold move to create a stand-alone one-way Spanish full immersion school. The analysis show that students educated in the immersion program scored statistically better than their similarly situated peers on the Smarter Balanced Assessment in mathematics and the Measure of Academic Progress in mathematics and reading. The analysis also showed the students educated in the immersion program performed better than their similarly situated peers on the Smarter Balanced Assessment in English language arts and the ABC District Writing Assessment, but statistical significance was not found. While this study is based upon a one-way full immersion program, the findings may also apply to dual and two-way immersion programs where similar results may be achieved for English Language Learners educated in their native language as well as in English.
Reading Achievement in A Dual Language Setting: An Examination of English Language Learners at the Elementary Level
Authors: Diemer Rachel , De Jong David , Kindle Karen , Campoli Ayana
Published: March 2023

Dual or two-way immersion programs utilize two languages of instruction to promote bilingualism and biliteracy. This study examined the impact of dual language instruction on the reading achievement and language acquisition of English language learners (ELL) at the elementary level in a public school district in a Midwestern state. The school population included 778 students in which 400 students were enrolled in the dual language program (327 ELL, 73 English) and 378 students were enrolled in a traditional setting (225 ELL, 153 English). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the means of reading scores of dual language and of English-only students with no statistically significant effect found. A factorial two-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the means of reading subtest percentile scores, and statistically significant differences were found at the .05 level for the Prereading/Early Reading and Instruction subtests. The results of this study support the implementation of two-way, or dual language models of instruction for school-aged native-English and emergent bilinguals.