Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Density and Distribution in Central Africa's Largest Rainforest Reserve: Long-term Survey Data Show Pitfalls in Methodological Approaches and Call for Vigilance
Authors: Bessone Mattia , Kühl Hjalmar S. , Herbinger Ilka , Hohmann Gottfried , N’Goran Kouamé Paul , Asanzi Papy , Blake Stephen , Basele Michel , Bofeko Martin , Bondjengo Nono , Bondo Pitshou Wangongo , Booto Rigobert , da Costa Pedro Barros , Dérozier Violette , Emetshu Maurice , Fotsing Ernest Dadis Bush , Grossmann Falk , Guislain Patrick , Hart John , Ikembelo Bernard Beka , Iyomi Mpongo Dieumerci , Inogwabini Bila-Isia , Intamba Oke , Iyatshi Iyomi Bernard , Kafando Pierre , Kambere Mbangi Augustin , Katembo Jean-Léon Kambale , Kukumanga Janvier Katembo , Liengola Innocent , Maisels Fiona , Maliva Florence , Manala Maurice , Matungila Samy , Mbende Menard , Mbenga Jean A. D. , Moundzoho Dissondet Baudelaire , Musenzi Pamus Paluku , Mwanduko Steven , Naky Pascal , Ngomo Mozart , Nkumu Pele M. , Ratsina Robert , Reinartz Gay Edwards , Sop Tenekwetche , Strindberg Samantha , Vosper Ashley , Musubaho Loving Kako Wanzalire , Fruth Barbara 
Published: December 2024

Conservation measures require accurate estimates of density and abundance and population trend assessments. The bonobo (Panpaniscus) is considered Endangered in the IUCN Red List. This classification assumes that available population data are representative. However, with only 30% of the bonobo’s historic geographical range surveyed, reliable information is needed to assess the species' population status. Here, we use information from 13 surveys conducted between 2002 and 2018 in an area of 42,000 km2, representing ~27% of bonobo-suitable habitat: Salonga National Park and its corridor, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Using 8310 km of reconnaissance and transect walks and 27,045 days of camera trapping, we: (1) provide updated estimates of bonobo population density and distribution (42,000 km2; ~5,000 km2 of which, to the best of our knowledge, have not been surveyed before by scientists), (2) assess population trends (15,758 km2; 2002–2008 vs 2012–2018), (3) compare estimates obtained with different methods, and (4) assess the factors driving bonobo density and distribution. Although we detected a non-significant population decline, our study suggests that Salonga is a bonobo stronghold, with a population ranging between 8244 and 18,308 mature individuals (density: 0.31 individuals/km2). Standing crop nest counts returned non-significantly lower density estimates than camera trap distance sampling. Nest count-estimates were higher in areas with Marantaceae understorey and those farther away from rivers, while camera trap-estimates were higher in areas with lower human presence. Regardless of the method, bonobos were rarer in proximity to villages. They occurred more often in areas of dense forest cover and in proximity to ranger posts. Our results point towards a declining bonobo population in Salonga, but do not provide sufficient evidence to confirm this statistically. Consequently, the continued monitoring of the bonobo population and preservation of the integrity of Salonga, considering its biological and cultural heritage, will be crucial in the preservation of this stronghold of wild bonobos.