bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Music in Films
Authors: Stilwell Robynn J.
Published: June 2009

The purpose here is not to trace the history of music in film, but to survey the literature about music in film written between 1980 and 1996. Film music literature is a strange hybrid, much like its subject, existing in a limbo cut off from the main body of both its progenitors: neither film studies nor musicology have paid much attention to film music in the past, and like a squalling brat, film music studies have continued to protest loudly the neglect. While it is true that film studies and musicology have been largely uninterested in film music—or, to be fair, ill-equipped theoretically to approach the synthetic form—the vociferous plaints of complete neglect are gradually being exposed as hyperbole.
Thematic Variation and Key Relationships
Authors: Leinberger Charles
Published: June 2009

Austrian-born composer Max Steiner (1888-1971), who moved to Hollywood, California, in 1929, played an important role in bringing to American movies a musical style inspired by the works of late nineteenth-century romantic composers. Coming to Hollywood in the early days of sound film made him one of the first composers to combine the techniques of nineteenth-century German- Austrian composition with twentieth-century sound-film technology. Although this discussion will focus on many of the rhythmic and harmonic variations that Steiner uses, the author intends to demonstrate how these themes and their subsequent variations are used to create unity throughout the score.
Film Music Studies in the mid-1990s
Authors: Neumeyer David
Published: June 2009

Critical review of George Burt, The Art of Film Music. Boston:Northeastern University Press, 1994 and Royal S. Brown. Overtones and Undertones: Reading Film Music. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Leith Stevens
Authors: Brill Mark
Published: June 2009

An introductory essay to this special issue of JFM devoted to Leith Stevens. Leith Stevens was present at the birth of three of the four major media innovations of the 20th century: radio, film and television. He was instrumental in developing all three and his contributions to them cannot be underestimated. He was associated as composer and / or conductor with several hundred radio programs, and for more than three decades he was constantly involved in the medium. Concurrently, Stevens became an important figure in the scoring of motion pictures, and by the time of his death in 1970, he had been involved in one way or another in the scoring of over 100 films, for M-G-M, Paramount, Columbia, Warner Bros., Allied Artists and a number of independent producers. This essay provides an overview of the composer's life and compositional style.
Leith Amadeus Stevens
Authors: Moss Zolona E. Stevens
Published: June 2009

The composer's sister writes about the Stevens' family heritage and her brother's early years.
Radio versus Movie Underscoring
Authors: Stevens Leith
Published: June 2009

An essay originally published in Originally published in Opera and Concert 13, no. 1, January 1948 in which the composer explores the differences between radio and film underscoring.
The Hollywood Composer
Authors: Stevens Leith
Published: June 2009

A short, unpublished article written for Musical America, undated in which the composer reflects on the opportunities that Hollywood offers young composers.
Music in the Films
Authors: Stevens Leith
Published: June 2009

Originally published in Opera and Concert12, no. 8, August 1947. The composer reflects on construction and form in film music.
Film Scoring
Authors: Stevens Leith
Published: June 2009

Between 1960 and 1965 Leith Stevens taught “Film Scoring,” a two-unit course at the University of California at Los Angeles Extension School, advertised as “the first offering of a professional level course in this area.” The impetus for the course was Stevens’ increasing dissatisfaction with contemporary composers and arrangers, a sentiment that can be traced in many of Stevens’ writings and pronouncements over the years. The course was open to “the professional musician and the interested auditor” but in practice was limited to graduate students and practicing composers. There were fifteen two-hour lectures and on his syllabus Stevens stipulated that “except in the case of observers, it is assumed the members of this class will have a well-rounded knowledge of the materials used in composition and orchestration.” As part of the requirements for the course, students were required to view films and television programs with dialogue and sound effects, but without music. They were then asked to determine where music should be used in the film, time the selected sections, write the music and orchestrate it. They were also invited to visit film studios in Hollywood. The text provides Stevens’ view of the principles of film scoring and his compositional process. In presenting the material I chose not to follow the chronological order in Stevens’ course syllabus. From the recorded lectures it is evident Stevens did not strictly adhere to the syllabus and often jumped around from subject to subject, expounding on completely different topics within the same lecture. The material is presented instead in thematic progression, first providing Stevens’ philosophical views on film scoring before moving on to his consideration of the score as a whole, then to specific practical techniques such as timing and synchronization, before finishing with a discussion of various practical challenges that film and television composers faced in the mid-1960s.
The Door to Atonality
Authors: Stevens Leith
Published: June 2009

Published in FM & Fine Arts Magazine, October 1963.
The Logic of Concert Keys
Authors: Stevens Leith
Published: June 2009

Unpublished article for Musical America, undated. The composer responds to a letter in the August issue of International Musician entitled “Are Americans Lazy?” that took issue with a suggestion made by Mr. Leopold Stokowski that orchestral scores be written in treble and bass clefs only, in concert key. He refutes the objections cited in the letter and both supports and extends Mr. Stokowski’s point.
Music for Martians
Authors: Rosar William H.
Published: June 2009

After seeing Steven Spielberg’s remake of War of the Worlds on the 4th of July weekend 2005, an old friend who sat with me duringthe screening commented on how effective John Williams’ score for it was, and that it reminded her of film noir scores. An interesting coincidence, I thought, as many years earlier I had been struck by how passages in Leith Stevens’ score for Paramount’s War of the Worlds (1953) reminded me of “crime drama music,” music for gangster or detective movies. Why should Stevens and Williams write music for a science fiction film in a style evocative of another film genre?
“Stanley Hates This But I Like It!”
Authors: Merkley Paul A.
Published: June 2009

In 1968 Stanley Kubrick premiered his landmark science fiction film on the dawn of human consciousness and its future.1 2001: A Space Odyssey astonished its audience with elaborate sets, an enigmatic plot, and stunning music presented “in the open.”2 Instead of accompanying his imaginative and painstakingly processed screen images with the music that he had commissioned from the eminent film composer Alex North, Kubrick compiled his score from classical music that he had selected. He chose light classics, a towering symphonic poem, and four works by a modern composer whose music was not widely known. Both Kubrick’s compilation score and the controversial rejection of North’s music have excited considerable discussion in the intervening years. (Editorial Note: Paul Merkley's article "'Stanley Hates This But I Like It!': North vs. Kubrick on the Music for 2001: A Space Odyssey" published in volume 2.1 (2007) of Journal of Film Music won an ASCAP Deems Taylor Award. Merkley;s article won in the category of journal, magazine and newspaper articles, and liner notes.)
Whose Classical Music?
Authors: Kramer Lawrence
Published: June 2009

Two seemingly unrelated things caught my attention as I mulled over the topic of this essay. They were a fragment of Chopin in a just-released Hollywood romance and a densely argued patch of German art-historical theorizing from the 1920s. By some strange catalytic logic, the two did form a relationship for me—even, I would like to think, a revealing one. You be the judge. My own interest is in music, not art history, and it has lately seemed important to me to think about how the use of preexisting music in film, especially classical music, helps shape cinematic meaning.It’s a question that takes on a special edge today, as classical music continues to be used in many films despite the widespread sense that it has suffered a decline in cultural authority, especially in the United States
“He Could’ve Been a Contender”
Authors: Bushard Anthony
Published: June 2009

Just as the longshoremen unified and went with Terry Malloy to work at the close of On the Waterfront, so the triumph of this film results from the collaboration of the cast and crew united under Elia Kazan’s singular vision. Budd Schulberg compares the creation of the ideal motion picture with a horse race where all the participants cross the finish line in a “dead heat.”1 Schulberg and Kazan’s story of redemption, to which all people can relate, the depth of character portrayal by Marlon Brando, Eva Marie Saint, Rod Steiger, and Karl Malden, the documentary style of Boris Kaufman’s photography, and the dual nature of the Hoboken docks—both idyllic and dangerous—make this film a photo finish. Furthermore, the movie is one of those rare art works that not only portrays the cultural Zeitgeist, but also allows viewers of subsequent generations to apply it to their particular place in history. Upon twenty years of reflection about the movie, Kazan stated that, “the love scenes are the best thing in the film.” While Leonard Bernstein’s music indeed enhancesthe love scenes quite well, the following analysis concentrates on sections of his score that escaped critical acclaim, but, arguably, were written more effectively.
The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
Authors: Rosar William H.
Published: June 2009

For a course in film music analysis, part of the University of Southern California’s Scoring for Motion Pictures and Television Program curriculum, I required my composer students to analyze a film score, preferably one of their own choosing. In addition to finding a copy of the score, if extant, students were also to research what the composers themselves thought about what they had written that might yield both insights about the music and its role in a film. If living, and wherever possible, I encouraged a student to interview the film composer whose score they were studying, and in some instances, I conducted the interview together with the student. One student, Peter Bloesch, was fascinated by the main theme of David Amram’s score for John Frankenheimer’s political intrigue-suspense thriller, the critically acclaimed The Manchurian Candidate (1962). Peter had transcribed the theme by ear as heard in the main title, since the whereabouts of the score itself was unknown at the time. He wanted to know Amram’s thoughts about the theme, its style, and how it related to the score in the film as a whole. We interviewed Amram by phone November 6, 1990, just 10 ten days before his 60th birthday. In addition to talking about Manchurian Candidate, the composer was very forthcoming with his own views on a variety of musical topics, including his own philosophy of music and aesthetics, especially as relates to composing film music. The transcript that follows has been edited and revised for publication here by Amram and myself.
Influence of several plant extracts on the oviposition behaviour of Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) (Diptera: Culicidae) in the laboratory
Authors: Consoli Rotraut A. G. B. , Mendes Nelymar M. , Pereira J. P. , Santos Bernadete S. , Lamounier Marlúcia A.
Published: June 2009

Whole, ethanolic, hexanic, lyophilized extracts of several plants and anacardic acid tested in respect of their influence on the oviposition behavior of Aedes fluviatilis (Lutz) at 100, 10 and 1 ppm concentrations. Extracts of Allium stivum, Jatropha curcas, Mikania schenkii, Poinciana regia and Spatodea campanulata had a repulsive effect (α=0.05) on females at 100 ppm, those of Anacardium occidentale, Bidens segetum and Caesalpinia peltophoroides were also repelent at 10 ppm. Extracts of Coriandrum sativum (100, 10 and 1 ppm), Chara Zeylanica (10 ppm), Cupressus sempervirens (10 ppm), Foeniculum vulgare (10 ppm) and Spatodea campanulata (1 ppm) were attractive to the females; 13 (52.0%) of the extracts tested, did not influence the oviposition behavior.
Trypanosoma cruzi: identification of specific epimastigote antigens by human immune sera
Authors: Morgado M. G. , Ivo-dos-Santos J. , Pinho R. T. , Argüelles E. , Rezende J. M. , Galvão-Castro B.
Published: June 2009

Soluble antigens from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were analyzed by western blot in terms of their reactivity with sera from patients with Chagas' disease. In addition, sera from patients with visceral (AVL) and tegumentar leishmaniasis (ATL) were also tested in order to identify cross-reactivities with Trypanosoma cruzy antigens. Twenty eight polypeptides with molecular weights ranging from 14 kDa to 113 kDa were identified with sera from Chagas' disease patients. An extensive cross-reactivity was observed when sera from human visceral leishmaniasis were used, while only a slight cross-reaction was observed with sera from tegumentar leishmaniasis. On the other hand, 10 polypeptidesspecifically reacting with sera from Chagas' disease patients were identified. Among them, the antigens with molecular weights of 46 kDa and 25 kDa reacted with all sera teste and may be good candidates for specific immunodiagnosis of Chagas' disease.
On Pomacea sordida (Swainson, 1823) (Prosobranchia, Ampullariidae)
Authors: Thiengo Silvana Carvalho
Published: June 2009

A description of Pomacea sordida (Swainson, 1823) collected in Caxias and Nova Iguaçu, state of Rio de Janeiro, is presented. The shell is globose, heavy, whith greenish or horn-colored periostracum and dark spinal bands; apex subelevated, 4-5 moderately shoudered whorls, increasing rather rapidly and separated by deep suture. Aperture large, moderately round, yellowish or violaceous; lip thick and sometimes dark brown; umbilicus large and deep; operculum corneous and heavy, entirely closing the aperture. Ratios: shell width/shell length = 0.81-0.91 (mean 0.86); aperture length/shell length = 0.66-0.75 (mean 0.70). Testis, spermiduct and penis pouch as in Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827). Seminal vesicle whitish and bean-shaped. Prostate cylindric and narrow, cream in coloar as the testis. Penis whiplike whith a closed circular spermiduct. Penial sheath elongated and tapered, with its distal tip turned to the right; outer basal gland situated on the left; inner median gland rounded; apical gland elongated and wrinkled. Ovary composed of branched whitish tubules lying superficially on the digestive gland; oviduct and seminal receptacle as in P. lineata; albumen gland yellowish - orange. Vestigial male copulatory apparatus (penis and its sheath) present in all females examined.
Effects of immigration on the prevalence of malaria in rural areas of the Amazon basin of Brazil
Authors: Macgreevy Patrick B. , Dietze Reynaldo , Prata Aluísio , Hembree Stephen C.
Published: June 2009

Epidemiological studies were conducted on malaria in three rural areas of the Amazon basin in the State of Rondônia: the town of Costa Marques, Forte Príncipe da Beira (Fort), and an immigrant settlement in the nearby forest. These studies were instituted to document the malaria problem and to describe the role of immigration on its distribution and prevalence. Hospital records in the town show that the number of malaria cases increased five fold from 1983 to 1987 and that the predominant malaria parasite changel from Plasmodium vivax to P. falciparum. Increased malaria followed increased immigration and colonization of the forest. A series of epidemiologic studies suggested the linkage between malaria and immigration as the prevalence of malaria was 1-2% at the Fort, a stable community, 8-9% at Costa Marques, a growing community, and 14-26% in the new settlements in the forest.
UEL 6: nova cultivar de Dendrobium
Authors: Faria Ricardo Tadeu de , Takahashi Lúcia SA , Lone Alessandro B
Published: June 2009

UEL 6 é uma cultivar de Dendrobium nobile desenvolvida no Depto. de Agronomia da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. É uma planta compacta, com o pseudobulbo apresentando em média 35 cm de altura. As pétalas são roxas, com o interior da corola roxo-escuro, cercado por verde-claro e branco. As flores possuem largura média de 5,1 cm e comprimento médio de 4,6 cm. O labelo mede 2,6 cm de largura e 3,1 cm de comprimento. O número médio de flores por pseudobulbo é de 15, tendo sido observadas até 31 flores por pseudobulbo. A durabilidade das flores é de aproximadamente 20 dias.
Effects of Pharmacist Participation in Intensive Care Units on Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with Thromboembolic or Infarction‐Related Events
Authors: MacLaren Robert , Bond C. A.
Published: June 2009

Objective. To assess the effects of clinical pharmacist participation in the care of critically ill Medicare patients with thromboembolic or infarction‐related events (TIE) on clinical and economic outcomes.

Methods. In this retrospective database review (September 1, 2004‐August 31, 2005), patient data were retrieved from the 2004 Expanded Modified Medicare Provider Analysis and Review database. Outcomes data evaluated included mortality rates, length of intensive care unit (ICU) stay, total Medicare charges, drug and laboratory charges, and rates of bleeding complications. In addition, outcomes related to the bleeding complications (transfusions, mortality rate) were assessed. Patient outcomes in ICUs with clinical pharmacy services were compared with patient outcomes in ICUs without these services. Clinical pharmacy services were defined as direct patient care services provided by a pharmacist specifically devoted to the ICU; other services such as order processing or drug distribution were not part of these services. A description of ICU pharmacy services was obtained from a 2004 national survey.

Results. We identified 141,079 patients with TIE, of whom 7987 also had bleeding complications. In hospitals with ICU clinical pharmacy services, mortality rates in patients with TIE only and TIE with bleeding complications were higher by 37% (odds ratio [OR] 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36‐1.46) and 31% (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13‐1.61), respectively, than in ICUs with clinical pharmacy services. Lengths of ICU stay were longer by 14.8% (mean ± SD 7.28 ± 8.17 vs 6.34 ± 7.80 days, p<0.0001) and 15.8% (12.4 ± 13.28 vs 10.71 ± 9.53 days, p=0.008), respectively. The lack of clinical pharmacist participation in a patient's care was associated with extra Medicare charges of $215,397,354 (p<0.001) and $63,175,725 (p<0.0001) and extra drug charges of $26,363,674 (p<0.0001) and $2,610,750 (p<0.001) for TIE only and TIE with bleeding complications, respectively. Without clinical pharmacy services, bleeding complications increased by 49% (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.46‐1.60), resulting in 39% more patients requiring transfusions (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.28‐1.69); these patients also received more blood products (mean ± SD 6.8 ± 10.4 vs 3.1 ± 2.6 units/patient, p=0.006).

Conclusion. Involving clinical pharmacists in the direct care of intensive care patients with TIE was associated with reduced mortality, improved clinical and charge outcomes, and fewer bleeding complications. Hospitals should promote direct involvement of pharmacists in the care of patients in the ICU.
Vancomycin‐Induced Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis
Authors: Felix‐Getzik Erika , Sylvia Lynne M.
Published: June 2009

Vancomycin is well recognized as causing the nonallergic skin reaction known as red man syndrome; however, it is rarely suspected as causative in the setting of an immune‐mediated skin reaction. We describe a 76‐year‐old Caucasian woman with a history of penicillin and sulfa allergies who was transferred to our medical center while receiving vancomycin for treatment of persistent methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. After admission, the patient's pacemaker was explanted; cultures from the pacemaker grew MSSA. Based on the culture data and her allergy to penicillin, vancomycin was continued. On day 4 of therapy, the patient developed a papular rash with small blisters on her distal upper extremities. Furosemide, which she was receiving intermittently to maintain fluid balance, was initially suspected as the likely cause. Furosemide was withheld; however, the rash worsened and spread to her neck and torso. Results of skin biopsy confirmed a severe leukocytoclastic, necrotizing small‐cell vasculitis that met the criteria for a hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with drug therapy. Five days after discontinuation of vancomycin, the vasculitis was resolving and continued to resolve throughout the remainder of her hospitalization. Furosemide was readministered without worsening of the vasculitis. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated that the likelihood of vancomycin being the cause of the vasculitis was probable (score of 5). Clinicians should be aware of vancomycin as a potential cause of small‐vessel vasculitis.
Pharmacokinetics of Erlotinib for the Treatment of High‐Grade Glioma in a Pediatric Patient with Cystic Fibrosis: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Christiansen Shannon R. , Broniscer Alberto , Panetta J. Carl , Stewart Clinton F.
Published: June 2009

A 12‐year‐old girl with cystic fibrosis was diagnosed with a high‐grade glioma after radiographic and biopsy results confirmed the primary intracranial lesion. She was treated with single‐agent erlotinib during and after daily localized radiation therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted to assess the effect of pancreatic enzyme deficiency and intestinal malabsorption secondary to cystic fibrosis on the bioavailability of orally administered erlotinib, a lipophilic drug. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma samples from days 1 and 8 demonstrated that absorption of oral erlotinib was not affected by the patient's cystic fibrosis when the drug was given concomitantly with pancreatic enzyme replacement. When pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis are receiving erlotinib or other lipophilic oral drugs, continued supplementation of pancreatic enzymes is recommended, with therapeutic drug monitoring of plasma drug concentrations when feasible, and close observation for therapeutic responses and adverse effects.
Acute Profound Thrombocytopenia Associated with Readministration of Eptifibatide: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Russell Kimberly N. , Schnabel Joseph G. , Rochetto Richard P. , Tanner Matthew C.
Published: June 2009

The glycoprotein IIb‐IIIa inhibitor eptifibatide has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Case reports of acute profound thrombocytopenia have been reported with eptifibatide, yet the true incidence of this reaction is unknown. We describe a 50‐year‐old woman with severe coronary artery disease who developed acute profound thrombocytopenia after readministration of eptifibatide. Eptifibatide was administered through hospital day 3, when it was discontinued in preparation for coronary angiography and PCI; the drug was restarted on day 5. On hospital day 6, she was noted to have a platelet count below 5 times 103/mm,3 indicating a profound decrease from a baseline of 456 times 103/mm3 on admission. Eptifibatide, heparin, vancomycin, and clopidogrel were potential causative agents. Anticoagulation and vancomycin were stopped, and her platelet count increased to 30 times 103/mm3 on day 7. Subsequent reexposure to heparin and vancomycin yielded no adverse effects. The patient's platelet count increased over the remainder of her hospitalization, and she was discharged home on day 19. Based on clinical presentation and negative heparin platelet factor 4 antibody test, eptifibatide was the most likely cause of thrombocytopenia. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated that eptifibatide was the probable cause of thrombocytopenia (score of 5); scores of 1 (possible) or 0 (doubtful) were derived with heparin, vancomycin, and clopidogrel. We conducted a literature search and compiled information from published case reports to describe the pattern of onset and recovery of eptifibatide‐induced thrombocytopenia. In all patients receiving eptifibatide, routine platelet counts should be monitored at baseline and within 2–6 hours after starting the drug.
Immune‐Mediated Coagulopathy: A Case Report
Authors: Naoum Joseph J.
Published: June 2009

Surgical hemostasis may be achieved by using a number of physical, chemical, or biologic methods. One such method is with topical thrombin; however, one member of that class of drugs, bovine‐derived thrombin, is associated with potentially serious consequences such as development of immune‐mediated coagulopathy. This case report describes a 61‐year‐old man with peripheral artery disease who presented with a nonhealing ulcer between his toes. Previous exposure to bovine thrombin was unknown but was considered likely because of his extensive surgical history that included procedures in which topical thrombin is commonly used. The patient was admitted and underwent lower extremity revascularization during which he received his first documented exposure to bovine‐derived thrombin. By postoperative day 9, he developed a 2.7‐cm retroperitoneal hematoma that had progressed to 9.6 cm by postoperative day 13. Evacuation of the hematoma was performed, during which the patient received his second known exposure to topical bovine thrombin. Based on a plasma mixing study on postoperative day 25, presence of factor V and thrombin inhibitors was suspected. A hematology consultation determined that the patient had developed an immune‐mediated coagulopathy manifested as exaggerated laboratory coagulation values that continued even after discontinuation of oral anticoagulation, treatment with multiple transfusions of fresh frozen plasma, and intravenous vitamin K administration. The patient was discharged, after no further bleeding episodes had occurred, on postoperative day 29. Although determining previous exposure to bovine‐derived thrombin or presence of antibodies can be difficult, a surgeon's index of suspicion should be raised in patients experiencing coagulopathy if they have previously undergone vascular, cardiac, or spinal procedures in which they were most likely exposed to topical thrombin.
A New Species of Panax L. (Araliaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya, India
Authors: Sharma Shiva Kumar , Pandit Maharaj Krishan
Published: June 2009

Panax sokpayensis, a new species from Sikkim Himalaya, India is described. The species was found growing in the submontane zone of West Sikkim in the habitats located between 1,700 m and 2,300 m altitudes. The localities, where the species grows, are forested habitats
dominated by a Quercus-Acer vegetation in association with Viburnum erubescens, Daphne cannabina, Urtica parviflora, Gerardiana heterophylla, and several species of ferns. Morphological characters of this species are compared with other known species
of Panax in Himalaya. The new species is distinct from its allies in having a robust habit, a large horizontal creeping rhizome with a single small globose tuber, oblanceolate to narrowly elliptic leaflets, long leafy bracts, and small black and red fruits. Panax sokpayensis
is separated from the P. pseudoginseng and other species complexes in the genus. The difference between P. sokpayensis and its related Himalayan taxa are discussed. We also show that P. pseudoginseng was wrongly reported from the Indian Himalaya.
Taxonomic Revision of Passiflora Subgenus Tetrapathea Including the Monotypic Genera Hollrungia and Tetrapathea (Passifloraceae), and a New Species of Passiflora
Authors: Krosnick Shawn E. , Ford Andrew J. , Freudenstein John V.
Published: June 2009

Recent phylogenetic analysis of the Old World species of Passiflora has indicated that two monotypic genera in the Passifloraceae, Hollrungia and Tetrapathea, are strongly supported as belonging to the genus Passiflora. Additionally, a new species from Australia
was found to belong to the same clade as Hollrungia and Tetrapathea. Consequently, a taxonomic revision is presented here of Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea including these three taxa. Tetrapathea tetrandra, the type of Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea
and historically recognized as both T. tetrandra and P. tetrandra, is formally accepted here as P. tetrandra. The single species of Hollrungia, H. aurantioides, is transferred to Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea as P. aurantioides.
The new and so far unnamed species in Passiflora subgenus Tetrapathea from Australia is also described as P. kuranda sp. nov.
Systematics and Phylogeny of the SubgenusSarcophaga(Neobellieria) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Giroux Marjolaine , Wheeler Terry A
Published: June 2009

The New World subgenus Sarcophaga (Neobellieria) Blanchard is revised. The subgenus as previously recognized was polyphyletic. Five species, Sarcophaga semimarginalis Hall, Sarcophaga sternalis (Reinhard), Sarcophaga subdiscalis Aldrich, Sarcophaga triplasia Wulp, and Sarcophaga yorkii Parker, are removed from the subgenus. The remaining five species of Neobellieria are paraphyletic relative to the subgenus Tolucamyia Dodge; accordingly, Tolucamyia is synonymized with Neobellieria. Neobellieria is redefined to include five species assigned previously to Neobellieria (Sarcophaga bullata Parker, Sarcophaga citellivora Shewell, Sarcophaga cooleyi Parker, Sarcophaga libera Aldrich, and Sarcophaga polistensis Hall), three species assigned previously to Tolucamyia [Sarcophaga cavagnaroi (Dodge), Sarcophaga schrameli Dodge, and Sarcophaga sigilla Reinhard], and one new species, Sarcophaga (Neobellieria) longisterna Giroux & Wheeler. Sarcophaga marstoniana (Dodge) is synonymized with S. sigilla. Lectotypes are designated for Sarcophaga bullata and S. cooleyi. Although there are relatively few rearing records for most Neobellieria species, some species develop primarily in vertebrates or vertebrate carrion; this group includes myiasis-causing species and species of importance in forensic entomology. Two species (S. libera and S. polistensis) are associated with nests of Hymenoptera.
Description of a New Genus and Species of Eucoilinae (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) Parasitoid of Ephydridae (Diptera)
Authors: Díaz N B , Gallardo F E , Gaddi A L , Walsh G Cabrera
Published: June 2009

Hydrelliaeucoila egeria (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae), a new genus and species obtained from pupae of Hydrellia sp. (Diptera: Ephydridae) mining in Egeria densa Planchon (Hydrocharitaceae), is described. Diagnostic photographs and data about the biology of this parasitoid are included.
Color Changes and Development of Eggs of Rice Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Response to Temperature
Authors: Bernhardt John L
Published: June 2009

The progress of embryonic development may be observed in eggs of the rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), because obvious color or color pattern changes may be viewed through the transparent chorion. All viable egg masses of the rice stink bug progressed through similar color or color pattern changes at the six constant temperatures that ranged from 21.1 to 37.8°C. Whenever the length of time within a pattern was expressed as a percentage of the total developmental time, the proportion of time within a pattern was not influenced by changes in temperature. However, temperatures used in this study were within the linear range for total development and within each color pattern of the rice stink bug eggs described in this article. The upper lethal constant temperature was estimated to be 37.8°C. Although phases of blastokinesis could be viewed, most were not related to color patterns in this study, except the katatrepsis phase, which is pictorially described. Rice stink bug egg masses consisted of two rows, the eggs being in contact but those of one row alternate in position with the other row. Embryos in both rows were oriented with the ventral surface toward the center of the egg mass.
Suitability of Different Host Plants for Oviposition and Development of Homalodisca vitripennis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Its Implication on Mass Rearing
Authors: Lauzière Isabelle , Sétamou Mamoudou
Published: June 2009

The glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is a major pest of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) in Texas and California. It is a known vector of Pierce's disease and is considered the most significant insect pest threatening the grape industry in the United States. We evaluated the preference of four host plants for feeding and oviposition by H. vitripennis adult females. We also measured the suitability of nine host plants for the growth and development of eggs and nymphs under greenhouse and laboratory conditions, respectively. Embryonic survival exceeded 85% on all tested host plants, with the exception of sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. More than 80% of the nymphs successfully reached adulthood on sweet potato, black-eyed pea [Vigna unguiculata unguiculata (L.) Walp.], and eggplant (Solanum melongena L). Developmental time of immature H. vitripennis nymphs was significantly affected by the plants on which they fed. The nymphs were more likely to die during the first instar on host plants such as Texas mountain laurel Evonymus japonica (Thunb.), or citrange Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata. Host suitability (nutrients) and stem and leaf texture, which varied among host plant species selected, seem to both play a significant role in nymphal development. Adult females were able to feed on woody plants, but a preference for black-eyed pea and sweet potato was observed. In captivity and given the plant choices offered, they deposited more egg masses on hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) and black-eyed pea.
Genetic Characterization of Commercial Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Populations in the United States by Using Mitochondrial and Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Delaney D A , Meixner M D , Schiff N M , Sheppard W S
Published: June 2009

Genetic diversity levels within and between the two commercial breeding areas in the United States were analyzed using the DraI restriction fragment length polymorphism of the COI-COII mitochondrial region and 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. The western commercial breeding population (WCBP) and the southeastern commercial breeding population (SCBP) were sampled in 1993–1994 and again in 2004–2005. The goal of this study was to characterize the genetic composition of these populations and to measure potential changes in genetic diversity and composition across the sampling period. The mitochondrial DNA haplotypes C1 and C2, characteristic of the most popular bee strains (Italians and Carniolans, respectively) sold in the United States, were the dominant haplotypes at both sample dates. The frequency of Apis mellifera mellifera M haplotypes, M4, M7, and M7′, decreased during the 10-yr span. An A1 haplotype characteristic of Africanized bees was found in the SCBP from 2005. Microsatellite analysis showed there was a loss of alleles in both the WCBP and SCBP, but the losses were not significant due to simultaneous gains of new alleles into these populations between 1993 and 2005. Genetic differences that occurred between the 1993–1994 WCBP and SCBP were still detectable in these populations sampled a decade later, suggesting that these populations could be useful sources of diversity for each other in the future.
Combined Effects of Heat Stress and Food Supply on Flight Performance of Olive Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Wang Xin-Geng , Johnson Marshall W , Daane Kent M , Opp Susan
Published: June 2009

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a newly invasive pest of olives, Olea europaea L., in California. The table olive industry is located in California's Central Valley, where daily high summer temperatures can be >35.0°C. This study investigated the effects of high temperatures (heat stress) and food conditions on the flight performance of B. oleae in laboratory flight mill tests. Flies were provided food (honey and hydrolyzed yeast) and water for a 1-wk preconditioning period and then subjected to 24-h preflight exposure to diurnal temperature regimes (low-high temperatures of 18.3–35.0°C and 18–37.8°C) and deprivation of food. Flies with the preflight stress conditions had significantly lower flight performance (1,305 m and 0.989 h at 18.3–35.0°C and 1,152 m and 0.966 h at 18.3–37.8°C) than control files that were held under no-stress preflight conditions (constant 23.9°C, food, and water) and flew 1,982 m for 1.54 h. Flight distance and duration were further reduced when no water was provided during the 24-h preflight exposure to high temperature stress. Flight distance and duration also were decreased when the preflight exposure period was increased to 2 and 3 d. When flies were deprived of food and water during the preconditioning period, there was significant adult mortality and flight performance was poor (<50 m and <2 min) after 24-h preflight exposure to either the 18.3–35.0°C or the 18.3–37.8°C temperature regime and deprivation of food. Heat stress and food deprivation also reduced postflight fecundity and adult longevity. The results are discussed with respect to the ability of B. oleae to survive summer heat and food deprivation by dispersing to refuges with food, water, and shelter.
Expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and AHR-interacting protein in pituitary adenomas: pathological and clinical implications
Authors: Jaffrain-Rea Marie-Lise , Angelini Mariolina , Gargano Donatella , Tichomirowa Maria A , Daly Adrian F , Vanbellinghen Jean-François , D'Innocenzo Emanuela , Barlier Anne , Giangaspero Felice , Esposito Vincenzo , Ventura Luca , Arcella Antonietta , Theodoropoulou Marily , Naves Luciana A , Fajardo Carmen , Zacharieva Sabina , Rohmer Vincent , Brue Thierry , Gulino Alberto , Cantore Giampaolo , Alesse Edoardo , Beckers Albert
Published: June 2009

Germline mutations of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)-interacting protein (AIP) gene confer a predisposition to pituitary adenomas (PA), usually in the setting of familial isolated PA. To provide further insights into the possible role of AIP in pituitary tumour pathogenesis, the expression of AIP and AHR was determined by real-time RT-PCR and/or immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a large series of PA (n=103), including 17 with AIP mutations (AIPmut). Variable levels of AIP and AHR transcripts were detected in all PA, with a low AHR expression (P<0.0001 versus AIP). Cytoplasmic AIP and AHR were detected by IHC in 84.0 and 38.6% of PA respectively, and significantly correlated with each other (P=0.006). Nuclear AHR was detected in a minority of PA (19.7%). The highest AIP expression was observed in somatotrophinomas and non-secreting (NS) PA, and multivariate analysis in somatotrophinomas showed a significantly lower AIP immunostaining in invasive versus non-invasive cases (P=0.019). AIP expression was commonly low in other secreting PA. AIP immunostaining was abolished in a minority of AIPmut PA, with a frequent loss of cytoplasmic AHR and no evidence of nuclear AHR. In contrast, AIP overexpression in a subset of NS PA could be accompanied by nuclear AHR immunopositivity. We conclude that down-regulation of AIP and AHR may be involved in the aggressiveness of somatotrophinomas. Overall, IHC is a poorly sensitive tool for the screening of AIP mutations. Data obtained on AHR expression suggest that AHR signalling may be differentially affected according to PA phenotype.
COMPACTION OF SOILS.
Authors: WILLIAMS F H P
Published: June 2009

Synopsis.

Soil compaction is the process whereby soil is mechanically compressed through a reduction in the air voids. It is measured in terms of the dry density or amount of solid matter in unit volume. Soils range in dry density from about 140 lb. per cubic foot for coarse-grained gravels and sands to about 90 lb. per cubic foot for heavy clays. For a constant amount of compaction, all soils have an optimum moisture content at which a maximum dry density is obtained. The leboratory tests used to determine the compaction characteristics are described in this Paper and factors affecting their results are discussed.

In the field, compaction is effected by different types of roller, rammer, or vibrator. The results of full-scale investigations which have been made at the Road Research and sheepfoot rollers, a frog rammer, and vibrating plant, are discussed. The main Laboratory of the compaction of five British soils by smooth-wheel, pneumatic-tired, conclusions are that:—

(l) There is an optimum moisture content for each type of plant which may differ hm that indicated by laboratory tests. (2) Granular soils are best compacted by smooth-wheel rollers, wet clay soils by pneumatic-tired rollers, and dry clay soils by sheepsfoot rollers. (3) Provided that the thickness of loose layer does not exceed 9 inches, the decrease of dry density with depth below the surface was about the same for all the rollers tested.

A suggested procedure is outlined for carrying out full-scale compaction trials on a job, and an example of its use is given.
FLOOD-PREVENTION SCHEMES IN THE VICINITY OF THE CITY OF NOTTINGHAM, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE HYDRAULIC MODEL CONSTRUCTED AT DELFT UNIVERSITY, HOLLAND.(INCLUDS PLATES).
Authors: HAILE W H , CHEETHAM H
Published: June 2009

Synopsis

The Paper describes the urban flooding problems in the River Trent valley affecting the City of Nottingham and adjacent Urban Districts, the worsening of conditions due to urban development in the flood plains, and the methods of dealing with the problem. Owing to lack of facilities in Great Britain, an hydraulic model was constructed by Professor Thijsse at Delft University, Holland, and thirty-one separate schemes were investigated. The Paper concludes with a description of the scheme finally adopted, which is now being carried out.
STRESSES IN A RESTRAINED PIPE-LINE.
Authors: PIPPARD A J S
Published: June 2009

Synopsis

The Paper describes an investigation made for the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in connexion with large diameter pipe-lines. Formulae are developed for the stresses in a fully restrained line arising from the pressure of the liquid in it, from general variations of temperature, and from differential heating. The loading on anchor-blocks and buttress-blocks ia considered. Formulae are given for the spacing of ring-supports necessary to keep the combined stresses due to bending, eccentricities in alignment, temperature changes, and fluid pressure, within safe limits when judged by the Mises-Hencky criterion. Lack of data on possible errors of alignment and straightness of pipes make these formulæ tentative in character, but the general analysis is independent of particular assumptions in these respects. Tables of formulæ are given both in general terms and in a simplified form for a particular pipe.
Recommendations for the development and application of wildlife toxicity reference values
Authors: Allard Patrick , Fairbrother Anne , Hope Bruce K , Hull Ruth N , Johnson Mark S , Kapustka Lawrence , Mann Gary , McDonald Blair , Sample Bradley E
Published: June 2009

Toxicity reference values (TRVs) are essential in models used in the prediction of the potential for adverse impacts of environmental contaminants to avian and mammalian wildlife; however, issues in their derivation and application continue to result in inconsistent hazard and risk assessments that present a challenge to site managers and regulatory agencies. Currently, the available science does not support several common practices in TRV derivation and application. Key issues include inappropriate use of hazard quotients and the inability to define the probability of adverse outcomes. Other common problems include the continued use of no-observed- and lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs and LOAELs), the use of allometric scaling for interspecific extrapolation of chronic TRVs, inappropriate extrapolation across classes when data are limited, and extrapolation of chronic TRVs from acute data without scientific basis. Recommendations for future TRV derivation focus on using all available qualified toxicity data to include measures of variation associated with those data. This can be achieved by deriving effective dose (EDx)-based TRVs where x refers to an acceptable (as defined in a problem formulation) reduction in endpoint performance relative to the negative control instead of relying on NOAELs and LOAELs. Recommendations for moving past the use of hazard quotients and dealing with the uncertainty in the TRVs are also provided. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:28–37. © 2009 SETAC
Refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb in the United States
Authors: Moore Dwayne RJ , Teed R Scott , Rodney Sara I , Thompson Ryan P , Fischer David L
Published: June 2009

Aldicarb was recently reviewed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for re-registration eligibility. In this paper, we describe a refined avian risk assessment for aldicarb that was conducted to build upon the screening-level methods used by USEPA. The goal of the refined ERA was to characterize and understand better the risks posed by aldicarb to birds in areas where the pesticide is applied. Aldicarb is a systemic insecticide sold in granular form under the trade name Temik®. It is applied directly to soil and is used to control mites, nematodes, and aphids on a variety of crops (e.g., cotton, potatoes, peanuts). Consumption of grit is necessary for proper digestion in many bird species, particularly for granivores and insectivores. Thus, aldicarb granules may be mistaken for grit by birds. The Granular Pesticide Avian Risk Assessment Model (GranPARAM) is described in a companion paper and was used to estimate the probability and magnitude of effects to flocks of birds that frequent aldicarb-treated fields. One hundred thirty-five exposure scenarios were modeled that together include a range of bird species, crops, application methods and rates, and regions in the United States. The results indicated that, even for the most sensitive bird species, the risks associated with the agricultural use of granular aldicarb are negligible to low. There are several reasons for the limited risk: 1) the Temik formulation includes a gypsum core and a graphite coating and is black in color, all of which have been shown to be unattractive to birds, and 2) the pesticide is applied subsurface and rapidly dissolves following contact with water. The fact that no bird kill incidents involving appropriate label uses of aldicarb have been conclusively documented in the United States over its 38 years of use supports the results of this refined risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:83–101. © 2009 SETAC