bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MODELLING THE HYDROTHERMODYNAMICS OF THE SURFACE LAYER OF A STRATIFIED TROPICAL SUBTROPICAL OCEAN
Authors: Carbonel C. A. A. , Galeão A. C.
Published: September 2018

In the present paper a two-layer model is developed for the non-permanent hydrothermodynamics of a tropical subtropical coastal ocean. The model includes the equations of motion, continuity and heat. The equations apply only to the thin and warm oceanic surface layer. The deep layer is stipulated to be motionless, arbitrarily deep and separated from the upper layer by a density discontinuity. Cold deep water is carried across the interface from the lower into the upper layer; it is warmed up there by the net energy input from the atmosphere into the ocean The non-uniform sea surface wind stress and heat at the surface are the main forcing functions of the model. A numerical finite element method is proposed to approximate the hydrothermodynamic problem. The model uses simple linear spatial and temporal continuous polynomial and a stabilizing Petrov-Galerkin operator to improve the classical finite element Galerkin method. The hydrothermodynamic response is obtained for the eastern pacific boundary in the southern hemisphere. Monthly climatological data are used to determine the wind and heat fluxes forcings of the model. The main features of the observed Sea Surface Temperature (SST) pattern are successfully simulated by the model. In particular the predicted : upwelling along the coastal boundary; warm water intrusion in offshore side and signals of countercurrents are in a quite good agreement with observations.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIRECT ICE STORAGE SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE
Authors: Stampa C. S. , Nieckele A. O.
Published: September 2018

A numerical investigation regarding the charging process behavior occurring in a typical indirect ice storage tank is presented. It consists of analyzing the heat transfer and removal of energy, applicable to storage systems, which are chiller-based. In this sense the secondary coolant circulates through a heat exchanger that is submerged in a tank of water and it is used to freeze (charge) the phase-change material (water), which never leaves the storage tank. The thermal exchange process is investigated considering the storage tank in two different positions. In the first one the storage tank is in the vertical position, while for the second, it is horizontally positioned. The storage tank is represented by a channel formed by parallel flat plates, one of which is the heat exchanger. Our task is to provide helpful qualitative results for the heat transfer performance of ice storage tanks. The results are analysed through streamlines and isotherms, for specific instants of time. Further, the heat transfer effectiveness, average heat flux and solid formed at one of the two plates of the channel, are compared for the vertical and horizontal positions of the channel.
TURBULENT STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER ON A PERMEABLE POROUS PLATE
Authors: Vlassov D. , Vargas J. V. C. , Ordonez J. C. , Martins L. S.
Published: September 2018

In this paper the results of experimental tests on turbulent boundary layer on a plate with air blowing through permeable porous wall are presented. Tests were performed in an aerodynamic tunnel varying the blowing rate within the range of 0 to 2.5% of the air flow velocity in the tunnel, using thermoanemometers of constant temperature. It has been determined that the blowing increases the boundary layer thickness and strongly transforms the boundary layer inner part and turbulent nucleus, while the outer part remains not deformed. An increase in blowing causes an abrupt viscous stress decrease, also decreasing skin friction. Thick boundary layers (up to 120 mm) allowed a profound analysis of Reynolds' turbulent stresses. It has been found a general distribution of turbulent stress in the turbulent layer which is independent of blowing velocity. It has been established for the turbulent characteristics that the determining coordinate is the relative horizontal velocity, not the distance from the wall. With a turbulent stress database obtained from turbulent stresses direct measurements, it has been proposed a flow model for boundary layer on a permeable porous plate. It has also been demonstrated that in high blowing conditions the horizontal velocity profile in the boundary layer becomes equal to the velocity profile in a plane jet.
Characteristics of Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Kenya: Examples of Tsavo and Maasai Mara Regions
Authors: Mukeka Joseph M. , Ogutu Joseph O. , Kanga Erustus , Roskaft Eivin
Published: September 2018

Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is a widespread and persistent challenge to conservation. However, relatively few studies have thus far examined long-term monitoring data to quantify how the type, and severity of HWC varies across species, seasons, years and ecosystems. Here, we examine human-wildlife conflicts in Tsavo and Maasai Mara, two premier wildlife conservation areas in Kenya. Using Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) data (2001-2016), we show that both the type and severity of conflicts vary among species such that the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), is the leading conflict species in both the Tsavo (64.3%, n= 30664) and Mara (47.0%, n=12487) ecosystems. The next four most notorious conflict animals, in decreasing order, are nonhuman primates (Tsavo 11.4%, n=3502; Mara 11.8%, n=1473), African buffalo (Syncerus caffer, Tsavo 5.5%, n=1676; Mara 11.3%, n=1410), lion (Panthera leo,Tsavo 3.6%, n=1107; Mara 3.3%, n=416) and spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, Tsavo 2.4%, n=744; Mara 5.8%, n=729). We group the observed conflict incidences (n= 43,151) into four major conflict types, including crop raiding, the most common conflict type, followed by human and livestock attacks and property damage. The severity of conflicts also varies markedly seasonally and inter-annually. Crop raiding peaks in May-July, during and at the end of the wet season when crops are maturing but is lowest in November during the late dry season and beginning of the early rains. Attacks on humans and livestock increased more than other conflict types in both Tsavo (from 2001) and Mara (from 2013). Relatively fewer people in Mara (7.2%, n=901) than in Tsavo (38.2%, n = 11714) felt threatened by wildlife, suggesting that the Maasai people are more tolerant of wildlife. Minimizing HWC is tightly linked to successfully resolving the broader conservation challenges, including enhancing ecosystem connectivity, community engagement and conservation benefits to communities.
The Determination of Total Alkaloid, Polyphenol, Flavonoid and Saponin Contents of Pogang gan (Curcuma sp.)
Authors: Tan Phan Van
Published: September 2018

Pogang gan (Curcuma sp., Zingiberaceae family) is medicinal herb and threatened and it is usually used as a tonic. We successfully micropropagated and cultivated this species. This study determined the total alkaloid, polyphenol, flavonoid and saponin contents of its growth time in order to determine harvest time. The highest level of total alkaloid content is roots after 11 months cultivation (0.272 mg/g), total polyphenol content is rhizomes after 11 months (1.71 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid content is rhizomes after 11 months (13.89 mg QE/g) and total saponin content is tubers and roots after 11 months (5.26% and 4.78%). The total content of alkaloid and flavonoid of pogang gan is higher than Curcuma zedoaria. The total saponin content of natural pogang gan is equal to 39.5% of 6-year old Vietnamese ginseng and the saponin content in rhizomes and tubers of 11-month-planted Pogang gan is from 55.5% to 67.8%, compared with natural Pogang gan.
On the Molecular Filters in Cochlea Transduction
Authors: Goussev Valeri
Published: September 2018

The article is devoted to the specific consideration of the cochlear transduction for the low level sound intensities, which correspond to the regions near the perception threshold. The basic cochlea mechanics is extended by the new concept of the molecular filters, which allows discussing the transduction mechanism on the molecular level in the space-time domain. The molecular filters are supposed to be built on the set of the stereocilia of every inner hair cell. It is hypothesized that the molecular filters are the sensors in the feedback loop, which includes also outer hair cells along with the tectorial membrane and uses the zero compensation method to evaluate the traveling wave shape on the basilar membrane. Besides the compensation, the feedback loop, being spatially distributed along the cochlea, takes control over the tectorial membrane strain field generated by the outer hair cells, and implements it as the mechanism for the automatic gain control in the sound transduction.
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPH FOR DISTRIBUTED MEASUREMENTS FOR FLOOD EMBANKMENT
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz , Tchórzewski Paweł , Adamkiewicz Przemysław , Sikora Jan
Published: September 2018

In this paper the terrain electrical resistance tomograph was presented. Its aim is to verify the repeatability of test results by eliminating laboratory equipment, and to validate the use of simple and cheap electronics to the structure of the ERT. Electrical resistance tomography, which is based on measuring potential difference, can be used to calculate conductivity.
MANUFACTURING PLANNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM USING TOMOGRAPHIC SENSORS
Authors: Niderla Jonrad , Rymarczyk Tomasz , Sikora Jan
Published: September 2018

The article presents an idea of a production process control system. Advanced automation and control of production processes play a key role in maintaining competitiveness. The proposed solution consists of sensor networks for measurement process parameters, production resources and equipment state. The system uses wired and wireless communication, which gives possibility to acquisition data from existing in enterprise sensors and systems as well as acquisition data from new systems and sensors used to measure all processes, starting from production preparation to the final product. The solution contains process tomography sensors based on electrical capacitance tomography, electrical impedance tomography and ultrasound tomography. The use of tomographic methods enables to manage the intelligent structure of the companies in terms of processes and products. Industrial tomography enables observation of physical and chemical phenomena without the need to penetrate inside. It will enable the optimization and auto-optimization of design processes and production. Such solutions can operate autonomously, monitor and control measurements. All sensors return to the system continuous data about state of processes in some technologically closed objects like fermenters. Process tomography can also be used to acquisition data about a flow of liquids and loose ingredients in pipeline based on transport systems. Data acquired from sensors are collected in data warehouses in order to future processing and building the knowledge base. The results of the data analysis are showed in user control panels and are used directly in the control of the production process to increase the efficiency and quality of the products. Control methods cover issues related to the processing of data obtained from various sensors located at nodes. Monitoring takes place within the scope of acquired and processed data and parameter automation.
DESIGN OF DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEMS FOR BUSINESS PROCESS AUTOMATION
Authors: Rymarczyk Tomasz , Cieplak Tomasz , Kłosowski Grzegorz , Rymarczyk Paweł
Published: September 2018

The paper deals with the design of data analysis systems for business process automation. The main goal of the project is to develop an innovative system for analyzing multisource data, business data mining processes, and as a result the creation and sharing of new improved procedures and solutions.
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUPPORTING THE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES OF TEACHER PROFESSIONAL GROWTH WITHIN THE DEPARTMENTS OF MANAGEMENT IN THE UNIVERSITIES
OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND
Authors: Oliynuk Victor , Androshchuk Iryna
Published: September 2018

The article examines the possible forms of self-management of the teacher professional growth of the management departments in the universities of the Republic of Poland. The following forms of enhancement of the teacher professional level are analyzed as courses, studies, trainings and portfolio. Distance and open education are characterized as alternative forms of self-management of the teacher professional growth in Polish universities. It was established that teachers of management departments use information systems LMS, LCMS; digital platforms Moodle, ELIAS and USOS in the system of higher education of the Republic of Poland.
The types of e-learning are described, its possibilities and influence on the teacher professional growth are characterized within the management departments in the Polish universities. The questionnaires and interviews data are analysed for teachers of management departments in the universities of the Republic of Poland, in which the ways and forms are indicated for self-management of professional growth preferred by the teachers of the management departments of Polish universities. The role of digital technologies is analysed as an integral part in self-management of teacher professional growth in the modern conditions of globalization and European integration of Polish society.
Opioid analgesics in the pharmacotherapy of pain, when in practice it is worth choosing tapentadol
Authors: Woroń Jarosław
Published: September 2018

Opioid analgesics belong to one of the basic groups in the treatment of pain. There is no class effect here, which means that each opioid used in the treatment of pain is characterized by a different pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile, which means that the choice of the drug in practice cannot be accidental. One of the analgesics included in the group of strong opioids is tapentadol, whose mechanism of action is not only related to the interaction with opioid receptors but also depends on the intensification of endogenous processes of descending pain inhibition. Due to the pharmacokinetic and clinical profile of the drug, it can be used with high effectiveness in the treatment of patients with not only nociceptive but also neuropathic pain in various locations.
Couples Who Collaborate: Matthew Cordell and Julie Halpern
Authors: Gibson Jennifer
Published: September 2018

Considering the busy year this couple has had, Children and Libraries is lucky to have had the chance to interview current Caldecott Medal–winning author/illustrator Matthew Cordell and acclaimed YA author (and librarian!) Julie Halpern. The couple live in the Chicago area.
Sensory Play in Libraries: A Survey of Different Approaches
Authors: Hickey Katherine , Golden Tara , Thomas Amy
Published: September 2018

Child psychologist Jean Piaget argued in the 1960s that children enter into a developmental stage of sensorimotor development between birth and two years old. In this stage, children learn to posit their bodies in their environment and rely on their senses to gain information about the world around them. The combination of sensory perceptions and motor skills creates the earliest form of intelligence.
Wilder, the Mass Media, and Social Media
Authors: Verbeten Sharon
Published: September 2018

It’s a big deal when the library world gets in the national news. I mean, it doesn’t happen every day. And usually, when it does, the news is not positive.This summer, the children’s library world burst into the national news—and into swift social media discussion—with the ALSC board’s unanimous decision to change the name of the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award to the Children’s Literature Legacy Award.
Novel Engineering: Students Offer Solutions for Peter in The Snowy Day
Authors: Hancock Kristin
Published: September 2018

A good book lets us imagine ourselves in the story— befriend the main character, explore the setting, and consider what we would do in any given event. Novel engineering brings imagination to life by giving students the opportunity to identify a problem in the story and design a solution using everyday objects. It was this very concept that brought together an unlikely collaboration between myself, a language arts teacher, and my colleague at Crestview Middle School in Ellisville, Missouri, math teacher Liz Buesteton.
From Random to Ready-to-Find: Reaping the Rewards of Board Book Organization
Authors: McClintock Sharon
Published: September 2018

Do you get a sense of dread when a parent seeks a very specific board book—and you have to locate it amid the often unorganized or random collection at your library?I don’t anymore, since my library reorganized and labeled our board book collection about a year ago, and our community and staff have been enjoying the benefits ever since. As in many libraries these days, our board book collection is very popular and vital to our community. It includes more than five thousand books between our one central library and our bookmobile and is one of the most heavily utilized of all our collections.
Everyday Advocacy: Ain't No Phony
Authors: Martin Amy
Published: September 2018

The library I work for has a funding measure on the primary ballot . . . so I've been spending some evenings phone banking!
Estudo anatômico da madeira de Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem. (Rutaceae)
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: September 2018

This study describes the wood anatomy of Pilocarpus pennatifolius Lem., Rutaceae. The anatomical structure is compared with literature references to the botanical family and genus pilocarpus Vahl. Quantitative data as well as photomicrographs of the wood are also furnished.
Amostragem estatística
Authors: Camargo Maria Emilia
Published: September 2018

Principal aspects of sampling theory Nand calculating processes used in determining the size of a sample, categorized and group with proportional and optimum distribution in case of a random sample, are presented in this paper.
Alguns aspectos estruturais das células cristalíferas de Cariniana integrifolia Ducke. (Lecythidaceae)
Authors: Botosso Paulo Cesar , Meirelles José Wilson
Published: September 2018

According to the presence of crystalliferous cells in axial wood parenchyma of Tauari (Cariniana integrifolia Ducke, Lecythidaceae) na attempt was made to characterize these cells in relation to some patterns refered to other Lecythidaceous taxa. Observations at the transmission electron microscopy level revealed the presence of normal cross walls separating the individual crystalcontaining units. In this context, the structural configuration of these cells proved to be of some taxonomic significance in addition to their diagnostic value. The terminology of the crystalliferous cells (stricto sensu) is discussed.
Transferability of Barley Retrotransposons (Sukkula and Nikita) to Investigate Genetic Structure of Pimpinella anisum L.
Authors: MARAKLI Sevgi
Published: September 2018

Transferability
of barley retrotransposons (Nikita and
Sukkula) were examined in Pimpinella
anisum L. seeds by using a
retrotransposon-based molecular marker: IRAP (inter-retrotransposon
amplified polymorphism). Furthermore, transposons’ sequences identified in medically important plants were
obtained form NCBI, and multiple alignment analyses were performed to
investigate the evolutionary relationships. These two retrotransposons were
identified in Pimpinella anisum L., showing homomorphic band profiles. In
addition, limited similar sequences were detected as a result of clustal analyses. Till
date, no study about retrotransposons evaluation using IRAP as molecular marker
has been published in aniseed. Our results are expected to contribute a new
perspective for genome architect of medically important plants in addition to
aniseed.
Montaj Hattı Dengelemede Çevrim Süresinin Minimizasyonu için Yeniden İşleme İstasyonunun Kullanımı: Hata Oranı ve İstasyon Pozisyonunun Etkileri
Authors: KAYMAZ Elif , ÇAVDUR Fatih
Published: September 2018

Montaj hatlarında
yeniden işleme istasyonları genellikle yalnızca uygun olmayan ürünlerin yeniden
işlenmesi için kullanılmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, yeniden işleme istasyonunun
yalnızca bu amaçla kullanılması, özellikle montaj hattındaki hata oranı düşük
olması durumunda, istasyonda bulunan kaynakların kullanım oranını
düşürmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yeniden işleme istasyonunun standart bir iş
istasyonu olarak kullanılmasını dikkate alarak çevrim süresini minimize etmeyi
amaçlayan bir karışık-tamsayılı programlama modeli geliştirilmiştir.
Geliştirilen model, montaj hattındaki farklı hata oranlarının yanısıra, yeniden
işleme istasyonunun sadece montaj hattı sonunda değil, farklı pozisyonlarda
konumlandırılmasını da dikkate almaktadır. Modelin performansı, literatürdeki
çeşitli örneklemler üzerinde test edilmiştir.
Water and the subsoil: a bit of terminology
Authors: Beretta Giovanni Pietro
Published: September 2018

Not available
Iterative Scattering by Two PEMC Elliptic Cylinders
Authors: Hamid A.-K.
Published: September 2018

Iterative procedure is implemented to derive rigorous solution to the problem of plane electromagnetic wave scattering by couple of perfect electromagnetic conducting (PEMC) elliptic cylinders due co and cross polarized scattered fields among cylinders. The translation addition theorem for Mathieu functions is enforced to compute the higher order scattered fields by single PEMC elliptic cylinder in terms of the other elliptic cylinder coordination system to impose the boundary conditions. The kth co and cross polarized scattered field coefficient expressions are extracted by iteration procedure without using matrix inversion.
The Analysis of Online Brand Community, Online Perceived Brand Reputation, Brand Trust, Brand Loyalty at Cafe Businesses Based in Surabaya
Authors: Kurniawan Felyshia Aditya , Adiwijaya Michael
Published: September 2018

The internet has become a human lifestyle. Many business people took advantage of this opportunity to market their business by using social media marketing strategy on Facebook or Instagram. Activities in the online brand community on social media platforms could build consumer perceptions of a brand inside the online world and would form a belief in the brand that ultimate to loyalty. Therefore, social media marketing must be known for its effectiveness. This study aims to determine the influence of the online brand community on online perceived brand reputation, brand trust, and brand loyalty at cafes in Surabaya. The method used in this study is quantitative by spreading the questionnaires to 240 respondents of college students both online and offline. The research using purposive sampling technique and the sample used in this research is the consumers of De Mandailing Cafe & Eatery, Panties Pizza, and Warunk Upnormal in Surabaya where the three cafes are considered to represent the whole cafes with the same quality, consumers, service system, and price range. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that online brand community has a significant impact on brand loyalty through online process perceived brand reputation and brand trust.
Business Communication
Authors: Neff Bonita Dostal
Published: September 2018

This entry examines the concept of business communication from the perspectives of two major professional groups that traditionally engage in strategic communication within and on behalf of business organizations: public relations and marketing, including marketing communication. These professionals influence the ongoing strategic planning process on all levels: global organizational intent, mission, problem/opportunity, goals, objectives, strategies, and tactics. Public opinion is a critical aspect in the strategic process.
Communication Channel
Authors: White Candace L.
Published: September 2018

Communication channels can be owned and controlled by the organization (e.g., websites and brochures) or purchased (thus controlled in the form of advertising or sponsorships). They can be earned as placement in online and traditional news media, bringing increased credibility to messages but also loss of complete control. Social media provide a host of communication channels, but control of messages is shared by organizations as well as the users of social media platforms, who can also create the content in these channels. Research must be conducted to determine through which channel audiences prefer to get information, and consistent messages in multiple channels increase the likelihood that the message is received. Furthermore, placing messages in multiple channels can create a multiplier effect since news organizations feed off one another, and information from both earned and owned media makes its way to social media.
Communication Literacy
Authors: Holladay Sherry J.
Published: September 2018

This entry provides an introduction to literacy, its role in society, types and functions of literacy, and limitations of literacy. Education in specific literacies focuses on creator and consumer roles and empowerment and protection functions. Ongoing knowledge and skill development is necessary to keep pace with changing communication environments. However, literacy education has limited ability to motivate people to apply their knowledge and skills through ethical communication practices.
Communication Policies
Authors: Ditlevsen Marianne Grove
Published: September 2018

Most organizations develop a series of policies that express their strategies and define philosophy, provide direction, and establish guidelines. Communication policies are a strategic communication management tool, a practical set of principles that is designed to guide organizational members' thinking on how to make decisions in relation to communication issues and communication behavior in an organization. Communication policies belong to a network of communication strategy documents (texts) that are used in the management of strategic communication. Their main purposes are to support appropriate organizational decision making and organizational behavior, and to support an organization's quest for social legitimacy. They are supportive of, and aligned with, corporate strategy and offer organizational members behavioral cues shaped as a definite course of action.
Communication Technologies
Authors: Nothhaft Howard
Published: September 2018

The entry traces the nexus of communication technology and strategic communication in five contexts: (i) the interrelation between communication technology and strategy as a theoretical concept; (ii) the transformation of strategic communication and communication strategy because of communication technology; (iii) the development of communication technology and infrastructure as strategic communication on a grand scale, that is nation‐building and empire‐making; (iv) the interrelation between available communication technology and a society's media system; (v) the dynamics of disruption and innovation caused by the introduction of new communication technology, and the role of strategic communication.
Corporate Media
Authors: Galloway Christopher
Published: September 2018

Corporate media refers to all forms of media (print, broadcast, online), both internally and externally focused, owned and operated by a corporation. They are important because they enable organizations to spread their messaging to both employees and external stakeholders without interference from “gatekeepers” who control the selection and presentation of content.
Crisis Communication
Authors: Coombs Timothy
Published: September 2018

Crisis communication is a form of strategic communication that can lessen the negative effects of a crisis on an organization and its stakeholders. It is through communicative action that actors can help, or even harm, stakeholders and organizations in crisis. Crisis communication should be goal‐directed, and unpacking the strategic nature of crisis communication requires an exploration of the meaning of crisis, an overview of the complex nature of crisis communication, a detailed examination of crisis response as managing meaning, a discussion of timing in crisis communication, an understanding of ineffective crisis communication, and a consideration of multiple crisis voices.
Dissent
Authors: Garner Johny T.
Published: September 2018

Organizational dissent is an interactive process that occurs as a result of one or more subordinates expressing disagreement with policies, practices, or imperatives. Dissent can be undertaken to improve the organization or to improve one's personal position within the organization. Prominent themes in dissent research include the person to whom dissent is expressed (the audience), what the dissenter says, and the outcomes of dissent conversations. Recent research focuses on the process of dissent rather than singular dissent events.
Emergent Strategy
Authors: James Melanie
Published: September 2018

The field of strategic management plays out in a dichotomy ofemergentanddeliberatestrategies. Emergent strategy differs from deliberate strategy in that it focuses on strategic learning and moves away from notions of direction and control (the latter being the focus of deliberate strategy). Strategic learning is centered on the organization's ability to receive and interpret messages from the operational environment in a dynamic way, which enables the organization to adapt its actions and direction, if deemed appropriate. Developing and applying emergent strategy means that once the intent is known, the organization determines where and how toadaptto evolving real‐time situations. (It does not preclude having a specific goal but it does provide for the organization to take advantage of new opportunities by increasing the agility to adapt to changing circumstances.) This differs from deliberate strategy that focuses on how torealizea static strategic plan, which is the prescriptive approach to strategy making (strategizing).
Empowerment
Authors: Vardeman‐Winter Jennifer , Crowe Stefani
Published: September 2018

Empowerment refers to the process or outcome of achieving control over one's own resources and decision making. The concept spans three sites in public relations: empowerment of marginalized practitioners, empowerment of the strategic management function within an organization, and empowerment of publics. Practitioners have been marginalized in public relations due in part to discrimination based on identity combined with technician role enactment; scholars, in turn, have suggested empowerment strategies to individuals. Similarly, the public relations function has had to prove its value to top internal and external stakeholders by emphasizing the role of environmental scanning as an evidentiary basis for strategic management. Finally, scholars, practitioners, and communities adopt either (or a combination of) the organizational, rhetorical, or community/cultural approach to empowerment. Because of contrasting identities of organizational communicators and community publics, empowerment programs and campaigns are problematic. Strategies to negotiate strategic and feminist values are discussed.
Environmental Assessment
Authors: Steyn Benita
Published: September 2018

Environmental assessment, a core activity of a communication practitioner in the role of strategist, is a process by which an organization learns about events and opinion trends in the external (and internal) environment; analyzes and evaluates opportunities and threats as they arise out of the interaction and relationships with other organizations, social groupings, or individuals (stakeholders, publics, activists); establishes relationships between them; and considers the implications for the organization's strategies, policies, stakeholders, and reputation. This ensures that the organization stays in harmony with its environment, is seen to be legitimate, maintains a good reputation, and retains a “license to operate.” Consisting of environmental scanning to detect warning signals, monitoring to track trends, issues, and groups over time to discern patterns, and forecasting future directions of changes, environmental assessment assists in determining what problems need to be addressed. In the context of strategic communication, this assessment translates to establishing what the organization must communicate about.
Issues Management
Authors: Heath Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Issues management (aka, strategic issues management, SIM) is the co‐management of organizational and community resources (material and symbolic) through marketplace and public policy processes to create and enact plans that advance organizational interests and rights by striking a cooperative balance with those of stakeholders. SIM is a comprehensive perspective on how organizations are shaped by society as they seek to justify their strategic missions and goals. Because SIM encompasses the major functions needed for organizational success, its scope and purpose require the integration of strategic management/planning, issue monitoring, achieving legitimacy through corporate social responsibility, and issue communication to achieve organizational agency through community agency. All types of organizations that are resource‐dependent need shared sensemaking narratives by which to achieve individual and collective organizational agency. As organizations achieve legitimacy, they earn the right to operate for reward by bending to the community rather than expecting the community to bend to them.
Leadership Communication
Authors: Johansson Catrin
Published: September 2018

Leadership communication research has denoted communication as a tool for performing leadership, a socially constructed interactive process in which leadership is formed, and as a process constitutive of leadership. It has embraced three main perspectives on communication: communication as transmission of messages, communication as sensemaking, and communication as discourses. Research traditions that focus on the communicative aspects of leadership are those of leader–member relationships, transformational leadership, leaders' framing, sensemaking and discourse, and communicative leadership. Contexts for leadership communication include dyads, teams, organizations, and networks. Leadership communication occurs continuously between leaders and followers but can be trained, planned, and used with strategic intent. Strategic communication tools for leaders are framing, sensemaking, storytelling, and dialogue. Several outcomes of leadership communication are established in the literature: trust, engagement, empowerment, health, change, and effectiveness. Leadership is confirmed as occurring through leadership communication, since communication constructs and constitutes leadership.
Management
Authors: Moss Daniel
Published: September 2018

This entry prepares the ground for a more specific examination of the role and work of
communication
managers either within, or on behalf of, organizations. It explores what is meant by the term “management,” the scope of the management role, what managers actually do, what factors appear to shape and influence the way managers enact their roles in different organizational contexts, and how the manager's role and managerial work may be changing. In 2009, Mintzberg commented on the lack of notable progress in terms of further insights into the process of “managing” in organizations. He concluded that management might be “situational” and that there are no holy grails. In essence he saw management as neither a science nor a profession, but more a form of practice. Also, in his opinion, distinguishing between leadership and management is somewhat misplaced as all managers act as leaders.
Evaluation and Measurement
Authors: Buhmann Alexander , Likely Fraser
Published: September 2018

Evaluation is the cornerstone of successful strategic communication. It is the basis on which to assess whether and how any purposeful use of communication by an organization contributes to fulfilling the organization's mission, strategy, and goal attainment. For over 50 years, evaluation has been a major focus of both the professional and academic debate in strategic communication. The relevance of this debate has grown in recent decades as budgets in various strategic communication domains continue to increase, in turn raising pressure to deliver hard evidence on how communication contributes to organizational goals. This entry addresses the main strands of the evaluation debate by: (i) contextualizing evaluation of strategic communication within the overall strategic management process and, on this basis, introducing the basic types, units, and stages of evaluation; (ii) tracing the historical development of the broad evaluation debate; and (iii) introducing critical points of reflection on the state of the field in research and practice.
Mission and Vision
Authors: Bowen Shannon A.
Published: September 2018

Vision statements and mission statements are both based on the core ethical values of an organization and are essential to its success because they give it direction. Vision statements drive the long‐term goals that determine where the organization would eventually like to be in the competitive landscape. Mission statements are more concrete and specific to an organization's competitive advantage, and are used to prioritize activities. A vision statement thus specifies
where an organization is going
and a mission statement gives an organization
direction on how to get there
. Mission statement construction and numerous benefits of a well‐conceived mission are delineated in the entry.
Modernity Versus Postmodernity
Authors: Falkheimer Jesper
Published: September 2018

The research field of strategic communication was developed as an answer to contemporary societal change in the Western world: from modernity to postmodernity. The traits of modernity are connected to rational communication planning, centralization, and specialized communication functions such as public relations, marketing communications, and internal communications. The traits of postmodernity are connected to the holistic approach that is described as essential in strategic communication. This holistic approach is supposed to be necessary for organizations of today to manage increased complexity, diversity, audience fragmentation, globalization, transparency, technological convergence, and escalating individual and organizational uncertainty.
Narrativism/Narrated Organization
Authors: Sellnow Timothy L.
Published: September 2018

Narratives are central to human understanding. Through the process of creating and exchanging stories, humans describe, evaluate, and assign meaning to events. From a narrative perspective, organizations are communicatively constituted through the stories exchanged both within and outside the organization. These stories serve a strategic function in the development, maintenance, and evolution of organizations. Stories exchanged by an organization's employees or members contribute to organizational memory. Externally, stories promoted by the organization and created by stakeholders comprise an organization's reputation. These defining organizational stories evolve as organizations innovate and respond to failure and crises.
Nongovernmental Organization (
NGO
) Communication
Authors: Ferguson Denise P.
Published: September 2018

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are the most rapidly growing type of organization in the world and rely heavily on strategic communication to accomplish their goals. The history of NGOs illumines the various ideas and types of institutions that make up today's NGO domain, how they have evolved over time, and how social causes and movements have relied on strategic communication to serve the public interest, advocate for causes, and maintain the viability of these NGOs. Much of the research in strategic communication in NGOs has addressed critical areas such as how NGO support develops; fundraising, volunteer relations, donor relations, media relations and promotion, mobilizing resources, advocacy, and conflict issues; and crisis management in a variety of NGO contexts. Digital and social media have engendered new opportunities for NGOs in terms of transparency, dissemination of information, and involvement with stakeholders.
Organizational Culture
Authors: Meisenbach Rebecca J. , Brandhorst Jaclyn K.
Published: September 2018

This entry profiles the concept and study of organizational culture, from the origination of the concept stemming from the human relations movement up through interpretive and postmodern approaches. Organizational culture has been studied through a variety of lenses including symbolic performance, narrative reproduction, textual reproduction, management, power and politics, technology, and globalization. These tend to be either descriptive or prescriptive in nature. The various stances involved are associated with distinct methods including surveys, focus groups, interviews, and ethnographic observations. Socialization and cocultural theories are also discussed, as being closely connected to the study of organizational culture.
Partisanship
Authors: Toledano Margalit
Published: September 2018

Communicating strategically on behalf of organizations involves a purposeful research‐based plan designed to achieve the organization's goals. When management is focusing on self‐centered goals, the professional communicator might be expected to use partisan, one‐sided, and bigoted tactics. Such partisan bias leads to manipulative, deceptive, unethical communication practices that are infamously known as “spin.” Partisan strategic communication undermines open and inclusive public discourse and threatens democracy. A nonpartisan approach is associated with an emergent strategy that inspires flexible, adaptive, and impartial definition of the organization's goals. To avoid partisanship the professional communicator might need to confront management and become an activist within the organization, to listen to and conduct dialogues with all stakeholders, and to shape socially responsible organizational goals.
Positioning
Authors: Duhé Sandra
Published: September 2018

Positioning as it refers to organizations, product brands, and individuals generally concerns how a particular entity is presented to and understood by certain customers or stakeholders. Firmly rooted in marketing, the earliest mentions of positioning relate to product packaging, but the concept has evolved to examine how positioning strategy influences consumer perceptions, brand management, and firm financial performance. Over time, positioning has become increasingly interdisciplinary and managerial in scope and is a fundamental strategy employed by entities striving for effective communication.
Public Relations
Authors: Hallahan Kirk
Published: September 2018

Although definitions vary, public relations is a form of strategic communication that empowers entities of all sorts to seek recognition and support from society, from other organizations and groups, and from individuals important to their success. As a professional practice, public relations is a staff function in many organizations that counsels and assists line units and management to communicate with and maintain relationships with key audiences. By default, public relations also often serves as the primary organizational liaison with community groups, opinion leaders, and media for which other units are not directly responsible. As an academic discipline, public relations scholarship examines how entities create awareness and understanding, foster favorable opinion and acceptance, build relationships, interact with others, and respond to crises and disputes. Researchers pursue a wide range of approaches to studying and teaching public relations, and draw upon managerial/functional, behavioral/relationship, rhetorical, constructionist/sociocultural, comparative/transcultural, and critical theories.
Public Sphere
Authors: Jensen Inger
Published: September 2018

This entry presents an understanding of the public sphere based on Jürgen Habermas's work analyzing the development of Western liberal democracy. The entry distinguishes between two public sphere functions: the literary and the political. It then uses these analytical concepts to observe how private organizations relate to the public spheres. It describes three phases during the past century: The company develops from, first, having no relations to the public sphere to, second, being related to the political public sphere concerned with governmental regulation of business's impact on environment and health issues. Third, a new public sphere function is observed: that of organizational legitimacy and identity primarily concerned not with regulation but with corporate social responsibility beyond rules in a globalized world. Although the public spheres are not the media, the entry visualizes how the technological development of communication media impacts some of the public sphere functions related to organizations in society.
Relationships
Authors: Yang Aimei
Published: September 2018

Relationship is a core concept in strategic communication and public relations research. Recognizing the importance of advancing relationship management theory and of closing existing gaps in the current literature, this entry proposes a social capital model of relationship process that accounts for how relationship cultivation strategies affect both the quality and structure of relationships. The model brings together insights from relationship management theory and social network research. Further, it draws upon the concept of social capital to connect these two bodies of literature by suggesting that social capital is a relationship outcome that includes relationship quality and structure. As organizations deploy different relationship cultivation strategies, they may contribute social capital to local communities and the broader society.
Reputation Risk
Authors: Heil Dominik
Published: September 2018

Reputation is widely acknowledged as one of the most important corporate assets, but the most difficult to protect. Changes in the environment (e.g., the development of global media and communication channels, and reduced customer loyalty) are exposing organizations to increased reputational risks. Regarded as the “risk of all risks,” reputation risk is a so‐called mega risk due to its compounded nature, for the event that triggers the reputation risk usually also constitutes another (business) risk. Research has indicated that reputation risk has become the main concern for the majority of risk managers due to reputation being regarded as a major source of competitive advantage. Reputation risk oversight has therefore become a core board responsibility and mitigation strategies rest predominantly with organizational management. Reputation risk differs from most other risks in that it presents not only potential negative consequences but, if well managed, an opportunity for improving the organization's reputation.
Resilience
Authors: Veil Shari R. , Woods Chelsea L.
Published: September 2018

Resilience refers to a system's ability to return to equilibrium following disruption. This entry summarizes the literature on individual, community, and organizational resilience and describes resilience as a characteristic, a process, and an outcome. The adaptive capacities that make an entity more resilient are outlined, resilience as a communication process is explained, and implications for research and practice are offered.