bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement and compensation of geometric errors of three-axis machine tool by using laser tracker based on a sequential multilateration scheme
Authors: Zhang Zhenjiu , Hu Hong
Published: January 2014

A three-point method based on sequential multilateration is applied to measuring the geometric error components (GECs) of three-axis machine tools (MTs). To meet the accuracy requirement of geometric error mapping, a sequential multilateration scheme is developed for high-accuracy point measurement by introducing four additional targets into the measuring system, and the uncertainty of point measurement is verified by simulation. Three independent targets fixed on the MT’s spindle assembly move along with each axis step by step and their coordinates at each step can be determined by the distance data acquired by laser tracker at all steps based on sequential multilateration. Then the volumetric errors of the three target points can be obtained by comparing the actual coordinates and the corresponding desired coordinates, and nine equations can be established by substituting volumetric errors into the error model of linear axis, so that the six GECs of each axis can be obtained by solving these equations. The three squareness errors can be determined by computing the angles between the average lines of the three axes which are achieved by linear curve fitting. Experiments are conducted to measure these 21 GECs, and the volumetric errors in the three-axis MT’s workspace, which are determined by these measured GECs based on the error model of three-axis MT, are compensated. Finally, the positioning errors of the MT with compensation and without compensation are evaluated by laser interferometer, respectively, the experimental results of which demonstrate that the positioning errors are significantly reduced by the error compensation.
Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in Critical Discourse Analysis and beyond
Authors: Bednarek Monika , Caple Helen
Published: January 2014

This article introduces a new framework for the analysis of news discourse to scholars in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and beyond. It emphasises the importance of news values for linguistic analysis and encourages a constructivist approach to their analysis. The new methodological framework is situated within what the authors call a ‘discursive’ approach to news values. From this perspective, news values are seen as values that exist in and are constructed through discourse, and the primary research interest is in how texts construct newsworthiness through multimodal resources. This article first introduces resources that are used to construe news values in English-language news discourse, before illustrating the framework through two case studies of a 70,000-word corpus of British news discourse. The framework itself is intended for both multimodal discourse analysis and corpus linguistic analysis, although this article focuses more on the integration of corpus linguistic techniques. Thus, the discursive approach ties in well with two recent trends in CDA – towards multimodal and towards corpus-assisted discourse analysis. More specifically, the case studies show that corpus linguistic techniques can identify conventionalised discursive devices that are repeatedly used in news discourse to construct and perpetuate an ideology of newsworthiness. They further show that such techniques can provide a useful indication of the discursive construction of newsworthiness around a specific topic, event or news actor. The article concludes with an outline of further applications of the framework for (critical) linguistic analyses of news discourse.
(Un)dressing masculinity: The body as a site of ethno-gendered resistance
Authors: Kachtan Dana , Wasserman Varda
Published: January 2014

This article explores the ways in which the aesthetics of employees’ bodies are used as a site of control and resistance, processes which are activated through ethnic and gendered practices. By exploring three resistance strategies used by Israeli combat soldiers, we demonstrate the construction of competing identities of military masculinity. We demonstrate how, by activating a process of self-ethnicization, Israeli soldiers use an ethnic identity that empowers them and challenges the ‘appropriate‘ professionalism expected from them. This process illuminates the interrelations between ethnic and masculine identities, and emphasizes the dynamic and fluid nature of the constructing of identities within organizations.
Reducing survey burden: feasibility and validity of PROMIS measures in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Senders Angela , Hanes Douglas , Bourdette Dennis , Whitham Ruth , Shinto Lynne
Published: January 2014

Background:

Patient-reported outcomes are important for clinical research and care, yet administering and scoring the questionnaires requires considerable effort and time. The Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) could considerably reduce administrative obstacles and lessen survey burden for participants.

Objective:

Assess the feasibility and validity of PROMIS, compared to commonly-used legacy measures for multiple sclerosis (MS).

Methods:

In this cross-sectional survey, 133 participants with confirmed MS completed legacy surveys and PROMIS Computerized Adaptive Tests (CATs) for depression, anxiety, pain, fatigue and physical function. We conducted a multi-trait, multi-method analysis and verified results with confirmatory factor analysis.

Results:

The correlations between PROMIS and the corresponding legacy measures were large (0.67 to 0.87). The multi-trait, multi-method criteria were generally well met, providing good evidence of the validity of PROMIS measures. PROMIS surveys asked fewer questions and required substantially less time to complete than the legacy scales.

Conclusions:

Our results provide evidence of the construct validity of PROMIS for use with MS patients. Several aspects of the PROMIS CATs made them an important resource, including: (a) less time was required to complete them; (b) missing data was reduced; and (c) the automatic scoring referenced the general population. Our findings support the use of PROMIS in MS research and may have broader implications for clinical care, as well.
Cranberry versus placebo in the prevention of urinary infections in multiple sclerosis: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial
Authors: Gallien Philippe , Amarenco Gérard , Benoit Nicolas , Bonniaud Véronique , Donzé Cécile , Kerdraon Jacques , de Seze Marianne , Denys Pierre , Renault Alain , Naudet Florian , Reymann Jean Michel
Published: January 2014

Objective:

Our aim was to assess the usefulness of cranberry extract in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suffering from urinary disorders.

Methods:

In total, 171 adult MS outpatients with urinary disorders presenting at eight centers were randomized (stratification according to center and use of clean intermittent self-catheterization) to cranberry versus placebo in a 1-year, prospective, double-blind study that was analyzed using a sequential method on an intent-to-treat basis. An independent monitoring board analyzed the results of the analyses each time 40 patients were assessed on the main endpoint. Cranberry extract (36 mg proanthocyanidins per day) or a matching placebo was taken by participants twice daily for 1 year. The primary endpoint was the time to first symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI), subject to validation by a validation committee.

Results:

The second sequential analyses allowed us to accept the null hypothesis (no difference between cranberry and placebo). There was no difference in time to first symptomatic UTI distribution across 1 year, with an estimated hazard ratio of 0.99, 95% CI [0.61, 1.60] ( p = 0.97). Secondary endpoints and tolerance did not differ between groups.

Conclusion:

Taking cranberry extract versus placebo twice a day did not prevent UTI occurrence in MS patients with urinary disorders. Trial Registration NCT00280592.
Duty of candour and the disclosure of adverse events to patients and families
Authors: Birks Yvonne
Published: January 2014

The disclosure of adverse events to patients or their families who have been affected is considered to be a central feature of high quality and safer patient care, but despite this, as few as 30% of harmful errors may currently be disclosed to patients. Advocates of open disclosure propose that failing to communicate effectively with patients following adverse events may have negative repercussions for all stakeholders. The disclosure of adverse events and errors to patients and their families is partly fulfilling the duty of candour advocated in the numerous recent reports into the quality and safety within the NHS. This paper considers why disclosure remains challenging for organisations and professionals alike, despite guidance and in a clear moral imperative and commitment from stakeholders to transparency in healthcare.
Development and validation of a virtual soot sensor: Part 1: steady-state engine operation
Authors: Barro Christophe , Obrecht Peter , Boulouchos Konstantinos
Published: January 2014

The reduction of the emission limits has lead to an increased complexity of the ECU calibration process and to the need for expensive aftertreatment methods in order to fulfil the legislated limits. Integrating feedback of the Particulate Matter (PM) and NO x emissions into the engine management could make fulfilment of legislation easier and reduce the complexity of the necessary calibration process. Since production type PM sensors for raw emission feedback are not available, a virtual soot sensor (VSS) has been developed. The VSS is a mean value soot model which provides predictions for the PM in real-time (cycle resolved). Its inputs are ECU variables and characteristic values of the heat release rate which are obtained on-line from in-cylinder pressure measurement. The structure of the VSS has been derived from optical kL-measurement data, i.e. from representative, crank angle resolved evolutions of the in-cylinder PM (3-color pyrometry). The model is structured into three consecutive phases which represent the in-cylinder PM evolution and is calibrated with measurements of the exhaust PM concentration of a standard engine operating map only. The three phases correspond to an initial phase where formation of PM dominates, a phase when formation and oxidation are roughly in balance, and a phase during which oxidation dominates. For steady state experiments, the VSS shows an excellent correlation with the exhaust gas soot (respectively elementary carbon) concentration that has been measured with a photo-acoustic soot sensor (PASS). In addition a reasonable ratio between soot formation and soot oxidation is reproduced.
Physical Activity and Health in Women
Authors: Bassuk Shari S. , Manson JoAnn E.
Published: January 2014

Medical authorities advise US adults to perform a minimum of 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity on most days of the week to improve health and reduce risk for many chronic conditions. New findings from epidemiologic studies suggest that physical activity not only reduces the risk of developing coronary heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes but also may prevent certain cancers (including colon and breast cancer), osteoporotic fracture, falls, cognitive decline, mood disturbances, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Physical activity is important for regulating body weight, but many cardiometabolic benefits of exercise are independent of such regulation. This article reviews recent epidemiologic evidence on physical activity with respect to a variety of health outcomes in women and concludes with guidance for clinicians seeking to boost activity levels in sedentary patients. However, additional research is needed on features of individual- and community-based interventions and policies that successfully promote healthful levels of physical activity.
Treating low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: what is the evidence?
Authors: Hage Mirella P. , Azar Sami T.
Published: January 2014

Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, genetic and interventional studies have failed to consistently support this relationship. There is an increasing body of evidence that the function of HDL, including its antiatherogenic properties and its reverse cholesterol transport activity, has a greater impact on CVD risk compared with levels of HDL alone. Targeting HDL has become a growing interest. Nevertheless, raising HDL pharmacologically has failed to show a considerable, if any, impact on cardiovascular outcome. Efforts should focus on improving HDL quality in addition to raising HDL levels when developing new therapies. Ongoing and future research will help determine the most safe and effective approach to improve cardiovascular outcome and establish the safety, efficacy and impact on atherosclerosis of the emerging HDL-raising therapies.
Partial Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in an HIV-Infected Child
Authors: Uppuluri Ramya , Shah Ira
Published: January 2014

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common opportunistic infections that affects patients with HIV. HIV and TB coinfection have a synergistic effect on each other, with one disease worsening the effects and treatment of the other. In the recent past, varying levels of drug resistance are also found in patients coinfected with HIV and TB, but rarely is it reported in children in India. The present case documents partial extensively drug-resistant TB in an 8-year-old child.
Longitudinal Analysis of Median Nerve Perfusion Using Spectral Doppler in a Working Animal Model
Authors: Volz Kevin R. , Pargeon Rachel L. , Evans Kevin D.
Published: January 2014

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a form of median mononeuropathy (MMN) of the wrist that has become the most common nerve entrapment syndrome of the upper limbs. During the acute phase of CTS, the median nerve becomes hyperemic and enlarged as it begins to be compressed by the transverse carpal ligament; however, continual compression ultimately leads to median nerve ischemia. The objective of this study was to longitudinally quantify the amount of perfusion of the median nerve using spectral Doppler in a working animal model, as the cohort prospectively increased their risk of MMN through a repetitive pinching task. The results of the study provided low-level evidence that the use of spectral Doppler to accurately detect longitudinal changes in vascularity within the median nerve may be diagnostically inadequate. As the subjects in the study moved through the working and nonworking stages of study, spectral Doppler alone proved to lack the level of sensitivity needed to detect physiologic changes within the nerve. This outcome, although inconclusive when it comes to detecting changes in median nerve vascularity, does suggest the need for this method to be analyzed in conjunction with other sonographic features and provocative testing.
Upgrading Foreign Subsidiaries in the Case of a German Multinational Company: Bargaining Processes at Strategic and Operative Levels
Authors: Mattes Jannika , Späth Sinje
Published: January 2014

This article looks at the evolvement of a foreign subsidiary from exploiting to augmenting and asks which strategic decisions and bargaining processes induce this shift. We add to the existing literature by describing and analysing various sources of power and bargaining processes occurring at both the strategic and operative levels. In an explorative case study of a German MNC that upgrades its Chinese subsidiary, we derive several propositions. First, we suggest that bargaining involves a process in which the power resources need to be enacted. This needs time and competences. An important aspect of this empowerment is the assignment of local managers. Second, we suggest that informal linkages complement the formal set-up and decisively influence how power is being distributed. Finally, we underline the importance of the operative level in fostering and blocking decision-making processes in the MNC. The analysis of strategic bargaining in MNCs hence needs to take into account more explicitly the importance of the operative level and its interdependence with strategic management.
Comparison of thermal fatigue behaviour and microstructure of different hot work tool steels processed by biomimetic couple laser remelting process
Authors: Meng C , Zhou H , Tong X , Cong D L , Wang C W , Ren L Q
Published: January 2014

For comparing the enhancement degree of the thermal fatigue behaviour of different hot work tool steels processed by laser remelting, three kinds of hot work tool steels (HHD, H13 and HD steels) were selected to investigate the effect of biomimetic coupled laser remelting process on the thermal fatigue behaviour. The results showed that biomimetic non-smooth samples had better thermal fatigue behaviour compared to untreated samples, the biomimetic non-smooth sample of HHD had the optimum thermal fatigue behaviour. Moreover, before and after thermal fatigue testing, the microhardness and microstructure of biomimetic non-smooth units and parent materials have been investigated. The results showed that biomimetic non-smooth sample of HHD had the highest resistance of thermal cycles softening among the biomimetic non-smooth samples. The microstructures observation indicated that the microstructures of parent materials were a substantial amount of the carbides coarsening while the microstructures of biomimetic non-smooth units were coarse grains after thermal fatigue test.
Mathematical modelling of metal active gas arc welding
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Ohji T. , Miyasaka F. , Tsuji Y.
Published: January 2014

A feasibility study has been conducted to determine whether mathematical models can be used for the numerical simulation of metal active gas (MAG) arc welding. In the present work, a three-dimensional, nonstationary thermal model for fillet welding is developed. The transient temperature distribution in the base metal is numerically analysed to estimate the molten pool size using a finite difference model based on the heat flow equation, and the theoretical configuration of the molten pool is calculated, taking account of the balance of gravity, surface tension, and arc pressure. The developed model can be applied to various welding processes such as multipass welding, lap welding, and welding with torch oscillation. To evaluate the validity of the model analysis, the calculated results are compared with experimental results for MAG welding. Good correspondence is demonstrated between experiment and calculation.
Examination of surface layer of Bronze Age pick of Hajdúsámson type
Authors: Török B , Barkóczy P , Kovács Á , Ferenczi T , Fischl K P
Published: January 2014

The chemical composition of the Hajdúsámson type artefacts has been determined during researches carried out for international projects, but their production technology has never been studied. During a research project on the production technology of different findings dated to the Bronze Age, initiated by the Otto Hermann Museum of Miskolc in Hungary, a pick with neck disc belonging to the Hajdúsámson type has now been studied. The pick, well ornamented by simple engraved symbols, shows a peculiar surface layer. The examination of the microstructure revealed that during the production process the object has been hammered and heat treated. The chemical analysis of the base material and the surface layer revealed a tin enrichment on the surface of the pick, but no signs of tinning could be observed. The applied heat treatment, which caused a hardness increment of the surface, has been reconstructed. The experiments have shown that a surface layer similar to that of the pick can be obtained by heat treatment.
Assessment of Resistance to Delamination of Coil Coated Steel
Authors: Bergo A. , Fedrizzi L.
Published: January 2014

The evaluation of the protective properties of a coating relies mostly on field tests and on accelerated tests such as salt spray. The resulting damage can be evaluated through visual inspection or through mechanical tests such as pulloff, to describe the development of the corrosive phenomenon and the loss of adhesion of the coatings. Following the recent experience of the Bierwagen group, the present paper proposes an aging test in which temperature was used to accelerate natural weathering, and the damage of the coating was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The tested samples were coil coated panels exposed to a 0.3%Na2 SO4 test solution. A two time constants equivalent electrical circuit was used to simulate the electrochemical behaviour of the coated systems. The evolution of circuit parameters was evaluated. In particular, it was possible to determine the adhesive properties of the samples through the evolution of the second time constant. These trends were then compared with the changes in the first time constant and with the state of the coating surface after the aging test. The advantages and the limits of the procedure are evaluated and discussed.
Accessories
Authors: Bullard Daphne
Published: January 2014

To study the accessories of any period one must study the whole costume of that time. Every age has its own particular shape, which stems from man's thought; this can be clearly seen in all the visual arts and most particularly in costume.
Ancient Fields Excavated
Authors: Petersson Maria
Published: January 2014

In this paper, I discuss the importance of fossil fields and traces of ancient agriculture as archaeological source material. Examples from excavations in the Väderstad area in Östergötland, Sweden are given. In the article, I describe and contrast two different methods of excavation: (A) The digging of long trenches through visible features, a method here used as a means of trial excavation but previously often the only method used in the excavation of ancient fields. This method gives at the best a framework for interpretation. Though it does enable dating, the intensity, extent and content of different phases cannot be established with any degree of certainty. (B) The removal of the ancient plough soil over the full extent of the ancient field, a method here used for final excavations. With this method, enough information was acquired for the derivation of a detailed interpretation. The results will be detailed enough to allow comparison of the excavated fields with other categories of excavated monuments and thus give a new perspective on general archaeological problems. The RAÄ 166 site at Hogstads socken is given as an example of this approach.
The wet, the wild and the domesticated: The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition on the west coast of Scotland
Authors: Schulting Rick J. , Richards Michael P.
Published: January 2014

Models of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in Britain in recent years have tended to downplay the role of changes in the subsistence economy, emphasizing a very gradual adoption of new domesticated resources. This view has been particularly pervasive for the west coast of Scotland, which in the context of Britain presents a relatively marginal environment for farming. In this article, we challenge this too-quickly emerging orthodoxy through the presentation and discussion of both new and previously published stable isotope data and AMS dates. The palaeodietary information, while limited, strongly suggests a very rapid and complete change in the subsistence economy coincident with the earliest manifestations of the Neolithic on the west coast of Scotland early in the fourth millennium cal. BC. Whatever explanation is invoked to account for the transition needs to engage with the isotopic data. The possibility of colonization at some level needs to be seriously reconsidered.
Visualizing Neolithic Landscape: The Early Settled Communities In Western Anatolia and Eastern Aegean Islands
Authors: Erdoğu Burçin
Published: January 2014

An early Neolithic settlement with western Anatolian-type material was recently found on the island of Gökçeada (Imbroz). None of the colonization models indicate that Gökçeada is the most promising island for early colonization. In this article I suggest that the importance of islands may also lie in their symbolic significance. The early Neolithic communities built up place-myths about the islands. Place-myths are closely related to place-images, which are generally derived from visual experiences. Myths enabled a Neolithic community to establish a sense of belonging to the islands. This might have led to permanent settlement of some of the islands.
Environment-Dependence of the Mechanical Properties of Metals at High Temperature
Authors: Cook R. H. , Skelton R. P.
Published: January 2014

Premature failure of engineering components can result from the combined influences of corrosion and residual or applied stresses to produce the effects found in corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion cracking.l,2 In choosing alloys for operation in the creep range it has usually been assumed that their strength and corrosion resistance are separately acceptable. However, there is now a growing awareness that chemical and mechanical effects at elevated temperatures will interact; this review summarizes experimental studies under externally applied stresses at temperatures above about 0.4 of the absolute melting point. We shall not be concerned with details of stresses and strains at oxide/metal interfaces since these have been reviewed elsewhere.3, 4 Early work on environmentdependent deformation has been reviewed5 and a conference on environment-sensitive mechanical properties, mostly dealing with effects at ambient temperature, was held in. 1965.6 Board 7 has discussed surface chemistry, creep, and fatigue in impure helium environments.
Comments on Two Papers on the Semantics of Proper Names
Authors: Peterson Lena
Published: January 2014

AbstractIn September 1985, papers on the semantics of proper names, by Bengt Pamp and Vibeke Dalberg, appeared in Names. noth authors discuss the question whether there are “semi-appellatival” proper names, arriving at different answers, depending on their different views on the kind of meaning of proper names. Pamp uses the term semantic feature in an unconventional way, referring to the individual speaker's associations awakened by the name. Dalberg fails to hit a point, namely that one can talk about names that possess appellatival (descriptive) meaning, but only in the case the speaker in question is already informed of the properties of the denotatum. Dalberg is correct in saying that, theoretically, there is a demarcation line between appellatives and proper names. The essential criterion of a proper name is that it lacks classifying properties (generalizing power) and reference conditions.
Early Maps Of Dakota: Their Use In Placename Research
Authors: Gasque Thomas J. , Van Balen John
Published: January 2014

AbstractWe have examined a number of historical maps of Dakota Territory from 1703 to 1889 for the purpose of making an index to placenames in this early period. These maps and the written documentation that often accompanies them have helped us resolve several troublesome onomastic questions.
PlacenalDes and Politics
Authors: Nicolaisen W.F.H.
Published: January 2014

AbstractAt an international conference in Bozen/Bolzano (Italy) in 1985, I participated in discussions of the way that placenames of minority cultures or languages are treated in a number of countries and how political considerations tend to have a strong influence on the various attitudes.
A Toponymic Approach to the Geography of American Cemeteries
Authors: Zelinsky Wilbur
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe recent availability of the GNIS data base makes it practical to study the names of features throughout the United States, for example the names of cemeteries. One way of classification identifies ten categories: family, location, standard terms, hagiolatrous, biblical, nationalistic, “upbeat,” religious denominations, ethnic communities, and fraternal organizations. The first seven of these provide an interesting look at a significant part of the name-cover in America.
Politics and Nationalism in the Naming of Chemical Elements
Authors: Diament Henri
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe naming of chemical elements, whether discovered in antiquity or during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries or, more recently, artificially produced in laboratories, has typically been politically motivated. Names from geographical entities, such as nation-states, reflect nationalism, regionalism, or municipal pride. Nationalism also plays a role when elements are named for famous people. A new system, designed by chemists to name newly produced elements on a mnemonic basis, is also politically motivated, because it is designed to do away with international squabbles in naming, but it is unwieldy and subject to potential ridicule.
The Changing Geography of Vegetation Placenames in the Indiana Prairie Border Region
Authors: Brothers Timothy S. , Kennedy Lisa M.
Published: January 2014

AbstractMaps of the Indiana prairie-forest border region show that historical changes in vegetation place names have mirrored human transformation of the landscape. Early names were applied to actual vegetation features. With destruction of the natural vegetation they have disappeared or shifted to non-vegetation features, often with little spatial relationship to the original vegetation patterns. Artificial new vegetation names have proliferated on cultural vegetation and apparently on fragmentary remnants of the original forest. The overall trend has been toward homogenization and loss of place specificity in both vegetation cover and vegetation placenames.
Power and Placenames: A Case Study From the Contemporary Amazon Frontier
Authors: Roberts J. Timmons
Published: January 2014

AbstractA political economy of placenames is proposed in an attempt to discover who has the power to name places and what values the names represent. Studies of power and placenames are reviewed and directions for further research are indicated. Placenaming in the state of Pará on the Brazilian Amazon frontier is examined and settlement names are analyzed. Government map-makers and politicians, relations with indigenous populations, and settlers' hopes for better lives are shown to interact with other factors and with chance to create the changing “namescape” of the Amazon frontier.
Scottish Place Names as Evidence for Language Change
Authors: Nicolaisen W.F.H.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThis paper traces several changes in the pronunciation of unaccented final syllables in Scottish place names. It claims that place names which are lexically opaque are more likely to reflect changes in pronunciation earlier than words the lexical meaning of which is well known. As a parallel, the loss of -l in words like ball, wall and fall is illustrated by the appearance of continuing usage of Fal- spellings in the name Falkirk (earlier Fawkirk). Even place name spellings tend to be delayed as reflexes of changes in pronunciation; they nev.ertheless are invaluable evidence for change.
Reading the “Deep Talk” of Literary Names and Naming
Authors: King Debra Walker
Published: January 2014

AbstractLiterary texts contain poetic names whose “deep talk,” or connotative value, is hidden beneath the primary level of the text. Within this level of discourse production, names have the ability to subvert, invert, and create meanings and actions that open a text to radical interpretive possibilities. To read through names and naming is to seek out the manipulative play of poetic names so that their function as strategies of discourse production is revealed and understood.
Onomastics as an Interdisciplinary Study
Authors: Algeo John , Algeo Katie
Published: January 2014

AbstractOnomastics, although an autonomous discipline, overlaps the subject matter of many other disciplines since name use is central to human activity. In its subfield of terminologies or nomenclatures; moreover, onomastics relates to every discipline, subject field, and activity that human beings pursue: We are a species that categorizes and labels. To illustrate this point, we consider briefly the interconnections of onomastics with a number of other disciplines and then look more particularly at the role of placename study as a cross-disciplinary activity.
Welsh Bynames on the Allegheny
Authors: Davis W. R.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe Welsh have long suffered from an inadequate number of names. This problem was solved in different ways in different communities. In the Welsh settlement in and around Ebensburg, PA, an elaborate, nuanced system of bynames was created, which served to differentiate similarly-named or identically-named individuals. The system which developed here is apparently unique and has not been previously reported. Characteristics of the bynames and their functions in the life of the community are considered. Annotated appendices of some 500 bynamed individuals are provided.
Charles Tomlinson and the Nameless You
Authors: Saunders Judith P.
Published: January 2014

AbstractThe British poet Charles Tomlinson (1927--) frequently addresses his poems to a specific but unnamed listener-companion. Such deliberate concealment of identity achieves a paradoxical effect: it stimulates readers’ curiosity and heightens the importance of the name that is withheld. Functioning as an unrestricted signifier, the “you” of the poems assumes an all-inclusive, larger-than-life character. Patterns of metaphor involving celestial light, such as moon, star, or sun, further exalt the nameless presence. The implications of Tomlinson's strategy of omission are wide-ranging, aesthetic and philosophical as well as personal. Casting an aura of mystery around an often invoked and clearly significant Other in his poems, he underlines the power of naming in an unusual fashion.
Coarsening of oxide inclusions in low alloy steel welds
Authors: Babu S. S. , David S. A. , DebRoy T.
Published: January 2014

Oxide inclusions that form in low alloy steel weld metal influence the microstructure development. This work investigates the mechanisms of inclusion coarsening in low alloy steel melts considering fluid flow in the melt. Controlled isothermal localised melting experiments on low alloy steel weld metal samples showed rapid inclusion coarsening as a result of collision and coalescence. The average diameter of the inclusions increased rapidly, resulting in a decrease in the overall number density of the inclusions as a function of holding time. These results are examined to understand weld metal inclusion formation in the presence of convective fluid flow. Investigation of the feasibility of oxide formation showed no oxidation reaction in the solid state.
The effect of welding on the properties of advanced 9–12%Cr steels
Authors: Cerjak H. , Letofsky E.
Published: January 2014

There are strong environmental and economic pressures to increase the thermal efficiency of fossil fuel fired power stations, and this has led to a steady increase in steam temperatures and pressures resulting in worldwide plans for ultrasupercritical power plants. Basic investigations on the weldability of advanced 9–12%Cr steels which are either currently in use or which are intended to fulfil this requirement were performed on pipes of P91, E911 and a tungsten containing cast steel G-X 12 CrMoWVNbN 10 1 1. Gleeble simulations representing the manual metal arc welding process were applied to produce HAZ simulated microstructures. After different post-weld heat treatments they were tested using hardness tests, metallographic investigations, constant strain rate tests, and creep tests. Particular attention was given to the softening effect in the HAZ and its influence on the creep resistance of the welded material. This decrease, shown by simulated and manufacturing welded samples, seems to be less pronounced for the tungsten modified versions than observed with the P91 material.
Abrasion resistant active braze alloys for metal single layer technology
Authors: Shiue R. K. , Buljan S. T. , Eagar T. W.
Published: January 2014

The technology of brazing a single layer of abrasive on to the surface of a grinding tool, metal single layer (MSL) technology, provides an alternative way to make use of the superabrasives diamond and cubic boron nitride in machining ceramic materials or superalloys, cutting of construction materials, etc. For certain applications of MSL bonded wheels, the grinding or cutting process is very abrasive and the wear resistance of the braze alloy often dominates the wheel failure. The wear resistance of the braze alloy typically used for MSL can be improved by incorporating hard dispersoids. The present study examines the effect of particulate molybdenum, tungsten, SiC, WC, and TiC dispersoids on the wear resistance of Cu–Sn–Ti active braze alloys. Among these, TiC was identified as most effective in enhancing the abrasive resistance of the braze alloy. It was found that a braze alloy of 75 Cu–25Sn–12·5Ti–7·5Zr–10TiC–0·2C (by weight) exhibits high wear-resistance and excellent performance in cutting tests on green concrete.
Welding of nickel base superalloy single crystals
Authors: David S. A. , Vitek J. M. , Babu S. S. , Boatner L. A. , Reed R. W.
Published: January 2014

The welding and weldability characteristics of single crystal nickel base superalloy PWA 1480 were investigated over a range of welding conditions and orientations using electron beam and laser welding processes. Using differential thermal analysis, the freezing range for this alloy was established and the formation of the γ/γ′ eutectic during the last stages of solidification was identified. Both electron beam and laser welds showed extensive fusion zone cracking, and the cracks were identified as solidification cracks, i.e. hot cracks. Crack free welds could be made over a very narrow range of welding conditions with preheat. Most of the microstructural features observed in the weld are similar to those previously observed in Fe–Ni–Cr alloy single crystal welds. The welds contain misoriented stray grains which playa critical role in the promotion of hot cracks in the welds. The origin of these grains is explained in terms of constitutional supercooling and the growth conditions. Detailed atom probe field ion microscopy analysis was carried out to determine the γ/γ′ compositions and the segregation at the γ/γ′ interface. The results revealed no solutal segregation at this interface, and the composition of the γ/γ′ was close to that of the equilibrium composition.
Evaluation of flow properties in weldments of vanadium alloys using novel indentation technique
Authors: Gubbi A. N. , Rowcliffe A. F.
Published: January 2014

A new approach, known as automated ball indentation testing, was successfully employed to determine the flow properties of gas tungsten arc and electron beam welds of V–4Cr–4Ti and V–5Cr–5Ti alloys. The results showed clear distinction among the properties of the fusion zone, heat affected zone, and base metal in both welds of the two alloys. The two welds of both vanadium alloys in the as welded condition showed strengthening (as well as hardening) of fusion zone and heat affected zone (compared with base metal), with the fusion zone having higher strength than the heat affected zone. However, the gas tungsten arc welds of both alloys, after a post-weld heat treatment of 950°C for 2 h, showed a recovery of properties. These measurements correlated reasonably well with the reported recovery of the Charpy impact properties of the welds after the post-weld heat treatment.
Solidification and welding metallurgy of Thermo-Span alloy
Authors: Robino C. V. , Michael J. R. , Cieslak M. J.
Published: January 2014

The welding metallurgy of Thermo-Span alloy has been evaluated and compared with that of two common superalloys, alloy 909 and alloy 718. The solidification behaviour and fusion zone hot cracking tendency were evaluated using differential thermal analysis and varestraint testing. Gleeble thermal cycle simulations were used to assess the hot ductility of the alloy during weld thermal cycles. Solidification microstructures were characterised by optical and electron microscopy. Differential thermal analysis indicated that melting of wrought Thermo-Span initiates at ternperatures near 1265°C and continues to ∼1413°C. In a manner similar to that of alloy 909, Thermo-Span solidifies with the formation of primary austenite followed by a terminal eutecticlike constituent near 1225°C. Varestraint testing indicates that the hot cracking tendency of Thermo-Span is similar to that of alloys 718 and 909. Hot ductility testing revealed that Thermo-Span displays ductilities on heating and cooling similar to those of alloy 909 and other nickel based superalloys. Solidification microsegregation patterns were determined by electron probe microanalysis, and the terminal solidification phases were identified by analytical electron microscopy and backscattered electron Kikuchi patterns to be an austenite–Laves eutecticlike constituent.
Hot ductility behaviour of Al–Li alloy AA2091–T3
Authors: Hwang R. Y. , Chou C. P.
Published: January 2014

The hot ductility behaviour of the Al–Li alloy 2091–T3 was investigated using hot ductility testing of the simulated heat affected zone (HAZ) using a Gleeble 1500 machine. Alloy 2091 displayed lower ductility, greater susceptibility to HAZ cracking, and poor ductility recovery on cooling from the nil strength temperature, compared with alloy 2219. Optical metallography and electron microscopy revealed that the ductility loss was accompanied by fracture transition from ductile transgranular mode to brittle intergranular mode. It was found that the HAZ intergranular liquation cracking was caused by non-equilibrium eutectic melting of T2 phase precipitated at grain boundaries.
Corrosion behaviour of weld heat affected zone of aluminium alloy 7075
Authors: Hwang R. Y. , Chou C. P.
Published: January 2014

The microstructure of the weld heat affected zone (HAZ) of alloy 7075 was simulated using a Gleeble system. The corrosion behaviour of several locations in the weld HAZ was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, electrochemical measurement in 3·5 wt-%NaCl solution, and exfoliation corrosion tests. Different exfoliation corrosion morphologies for the base metal and weld HAZ were also observed. The corrosion morphology of the weld HAZ was mainly related to the degree of precipitation of η’ phase in the matrix. The HAZ in the region of the peak temperature 377° C contained the most precipitation of η phase, but no effect on corrosion morphology as a result of T6 post-weld heat treatment was observed.
Controlling weld metal dilution for optimised weld performance in aluminium
Authors: Mousavi M. G. , Cross C. E. , Grong Ø. , Hval M.
Published: January 2014

It is demonstrated how the current trend towards high speed, narrow groove welding, and the corresponding shift towards high base metal dilution, may result in decreased weldability for 6xxx and 7xxx aluminium alloys. In particular, variations in base metal dilution for extrusion alloys 6082 and 7108 have been examined for welds made with 5183, 5356, 5654, and 4043 filler alloys, particularly at high dilution ratios. The less common filler alloys 5039 and Safra 66 are also considered. Dilution curves superimposed upon existing hot cracking curves show that cracking susceptibility increases rapidly with base metal dilution for these alloys. Establishing an upper limit for dilution to avoid hot cracking, for a specific engineering application, also requires a knowledge of restraining conditions. For conditions of high restraint, i.e. rigid fixturing, enforcing an upper limit for base metal dilution will become critical. The effect of dilution on weld strength is also considered.
Study of weld zone of flash butt welded C45–HS 6–5–2 bimetallic tools
Authors: Yılmaz M. , Kaluc E. , Tülbentci K. , Karagöz S.
Published: January 2014

Particularly large diameter drills which are widely used in industry are produced from two different steels. Drill shanks are made of carbon steels, whereas drill bodies are made of high speed steels. Flash butt welding is usually used for joining of these types of bimetallic tools in many countries. In this work, flash butt welded C45–HS 6–5–2 dissimilar steel joints were made. The weld zone of the weldments was examined using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and wavelength dispersive X-ray analysis. Diffusion phenomena in the weld zone of the joints are also explained.
Quantitative modelling of motion, temperature gyrations, and growth of inclusions in weld pool
Authors: Hong T. , Pitscheneder W. , DebRoy T.
Published: January 2014

The velocity and temperature fields, the shape and size of the fusion zone, and the motion of the inclusions were calculated by the solution of equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy in three dimensions for various welding conditions. The loci and the temperature gyrations experienced by a large number of inclusions were calculated numerically to seek a statistically meaningful residence time distribution of the inclusions and the number of intensities of the temperature cycles experienced by these particles. Finally, both the growth and dissolution of the inclusions were considered to calculate their size distribution. The inclusions experienced considerable recirculatory motion and strong temperature gyrations along their paths in the weld pool. The temperature–time plots for most of the inclusion particles displayed several temperature peaks. However, about one-third of the particles experienced continuous cooling behaviour. The average number of the temperature peaks in the time–temperature plots and the average residence time of inclusions in the weld pool changed significantly with welding conditions. The calculated temperature–time–transformation diagrams of the inclusions showed that the temperature gyrations affected the growth rates and the size distributions of the inclusions. Good agreement between the calculated and measured inclusion size distributions indicates that important aspects of weld metal structure can be understood from the fundamentals of transport phenomena and kinetics.
Controlling resistance spot welding using neural network and fuzzy logic
Authors: Jou M. , Li C. J. , Messler R. W.
Published: January 2014

A control scheme able to compensate for variations or errors during automatic resistance spot welding to produce consistently sound welds was developed and demonstrated through simulation. Fuzzy logic control (FLC) was employed to overcome the lack of a precise mathematical model of the process. Electrode displacement, indicative of nugget growth, was used as the feedback signal to create appropriate actions to adjust power delivered in real time. Control action is generated from a rule based system constructed from experimental data for welds made under a wide variety of conditions. A neural network (NN) was constructed to provide process input–output relationships and tune the fuzzy rules off line. The FLC system was evaluated using the NN to describe electrode displacement as a function of the percentage maximum heat input and welding time. Simulation showed the potential of applying this control scheme to deal with the uncertainties of RSW in a typical automated production environment.