bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Incident Solar Radiation of the City of N’Djamena (Chad) by the Capderou Method
Authors: Babikir Mahamat Hassane , Njomo Donatien , Barka Mahamat , Khayal Mahamoud Youssouf , Goron Deli , Chara-Dackou Venant Sorel , Martial Tefouet Tiague , Romeo Kamta Legue Daniel , Paul Gram-shou Jean , Elie Nzadi Siwe
Published: January 2020

Chad is like many African countries with no meteorological station at the moment to measure solar radiation throughout the country. Thus, theoretical models are used to estimate incident solar radiation. These models are established in correlation form. Our objective was to present a model, which allows the determination of the solar component on two surfaces (horizontal and inclined). This model allowed us to determine, over time, the component of global, direct, and diffuse solar radiation over a period that will cover the different seasons of the year. The calculation is done according to Klein’s days over all the months of the year. The hourly results of the global, direct, and diffuse radiation obtained for all the planes going from January to December are satisfactory compared to the results of the other authors quoted in the literature, which give the maximum and minimum values very close to theirs. These results allowed us to validate the applicability of this model in a climate other than the desert climate.
Work Productivity Loss in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Turkey
Authors: Topal Firdevs , Camyar Hakan , Saritas Yuksel Elif , Gunay Suleyman , Topal Fatih , Gür Emine Özlem
Published: January 2020

Background. Beyond the medical treatment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there are other issues which influence the quality of life adversely. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the IBD patients’ illness on working and education life. Method. The participants were invited to participate in the online survey from the Turkish Crohn’s and Ulcerative Colitis Patient Association network. The data was analysed and then discussed to improve the health-related quality of working and education life. Results. One hundred and fifteen patients had ulcerative colitis (UC) (57.2%), and 86 had Crohn’s disease (CD) (42.8%). There was a statistically significant difference in UC between retirement age group 1 (<40 age) and groups 2 (40-49 ages) and 4 (60-65 ages) (p<0.05). There was the same significant difference in CD. Even though the data did not have significant statistical difference, there was clustering around negative perceptions the patients have about their working and education lives. Conclusion. Our survey revealed a very strong causative relationship between work and IBD involving problems before, during, and at the end of employment. Young patients lower their career expectations, and that announces a clear need to support them and improve career guidance.
Resolution of Chronic Shoulder Pain after Repair of a Posttraumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia: A 22-Year Delay in Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: King Brody W. , Skedros John G. , Glasgow Robert E. , Morrell D. Glen
Published: January 2020

Diagnosing traumatic diaphragmatic rupture (TDR) due to penetrating rib fractures is challenging because the lesions are often too small to be detected and may present years after injury. Patients with delays in diagnosis of TDR rarely present with orthopaedic-related complaints of pain. We report the case of a 52-year-old female who presented with chronic left shoulder pain following a motor vehicle accident (MVA). In addition to left-side lower rib fractures, she also sustained a left-sided splenic laceration, pneumothorax, and two-part upper humerus fracture. Fracture treatment was percutaneous pinning; the other injuries were treated nonoperatively. Her shoulder pain could not be attributed to shoulder or neck pathology. Twenty years after the MVA, she began experiencing episodes of left-sided abdominal pain and nausea. A CT scan obtained two years later revealed a diaphragm hernia, which was repaired laparoscopically. Unique aspects of this case include (1) presentation to an orthopaedic surgeon with a chief complaint of chronic shoulder pain; (2) at 22 years, this is the fourth longest case of a delay in diagnosis of TDR; and (3) the unique symptom of ipsilateral referred shoulder pain, which immediately improved after hernia repair.
Study of the Growth Process of Original Crack in the Surrounding Rock of Tunnel under the Adjacent Explosive Load
Authors: Liu Kang , Guo Dongming , Kang Xinchao , Zhang Jun
Published: January 2020

The surrounding rock damage of a tunnel under adjacent explosive load is often manifested as the growth of the original crack. In order to thoroughly understand the crack growth mechanism, in this study, the growth process of the original crack was investigated in detail by the dynamic caustics experiment. The experimental study shows that the growth of original crack is the result of the combined action of explosion stress wave and explosive gas. The quasi-static stress generated by the explosive gas was superimposed on the weakened stress field, resulting in the formation of the peak of the main stress difference in the surrounding rock, moving towards the adjacent tunnel in the form of an arc wave. With the arc wave moving towards the original crack, the growth rate of the original crack increases rapidly. During the period of 200 μs to 250 μs, the crack growth rate oscillates at the peak, and its size is approximately equal to the moving speed of the arc wave. Based on the experimental results and microscopic damage mechanics, the high stress concentration at the original crack tip under the stress wave first causes damage localization and the weakest chain is formed by the penetration of the damage localization zones by microcracks by special distribution law. Subsequently, the original crack starts to initiate and grow along the direction of the weakest chain.
A Case of Septum Pellucidum Agenesis in a Patient with Psychotic Symptoms
Authors: Kilpatrick Alexander , Azizi Heela , Jay Joshua , Canale Cecilia , Balkenbush Jeffrey , Cardoso Filipa , Kalbouneh Hashem , Khan Tasmia , Kim Isaac , Kahn Alexa , Saad Paul , Nuthalapati Deepa , Bhatti Saravjit , Mejia Mayra , Jolayemi Ayodeji
Published: January 2020

Agenesis of the septum pellucidum is a rare congenital defect that has been associated with psychiatric disorders, cognitive deficits, learning disabilities, seizures, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. We present the case of a patient with partial agenesis of the septum pellucidum who exhibits disorganized behavior and paranoid and persecutory delusions. We add to the literature of incidental neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with partial agenesis of the septum pellucidum which is an area that requires further exploration and study. We discuss the implications of these findings in light of previous literature findings.
Daily Activity Monitoring and Fall Detection Based on Surface Electromyography and Plantar Pressure
Authors: Xi Xugang , Jiang Wenjun , Lü Zhong , Miran Seyed M. , Luo Zhi-Zeng
Published: January 2020

Falls among the elderly comprise a major health problem. Daily activity monitoring and fall detection using wearable sensors provide an important healthcare system for elderly or frail individuals. We investigated the classification accuracy of daily activity and fall data based on surface electromyography (sEMG) and plantar pressure signals. sEMG and plantar pressure signals were collected, and their features were extracted. Suitable features were selected and combined for posture transition, gait, and fall using the Fisher class separability index. A feature-level fusion method, named as the global canonical correlation analysis of weighting genetic algorithm, was proposed to reduce dimensions. For the problem in which the number of daily activities is considerably more than the number of fall activities, Weighted Kernel Fisher Linear Discriminant Analysis (WKFDA) was proposed to classify gait and fall. Double Parameter Kernel Optimization based on Extreme Learning Machine (DPK-OMELM) was used to classify activities. Results showed that the classification accuracy of the posture transition is 100%, and the accuracy of gait and fall classified using WKFDA can reach 98%. For all types of posture transition, gait, and fall, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy are over 96%.
Experiment Investigation on Stress Characteristics of Grouting Microsteel Pipe Piles with Cement‐Soil Wall
Authors: Yang Shujuan , Zhang Mingyi , Bai Xiaoyu , Liu Xueying , Zheng Chen
Published: January 2020

Microsteel pipe piles are widely used in excavation support owing to their excellent bearing capacity, flexural rigidity, construction speed, and adaptability. In this study based on a project in soil‐rock layers in Qingdao, China, a new type of support combining microsteel pipe piles mounted in cement‐soil piles and anchors was adopted and studied. The inner force change laws and bearing capacity of microsteel pipe piles were discussed through in situ stress measurement and laboratory antibending tests on three microsteel pipe piles. It was found that the bending moment of the piles gradually increased with the foundation excavation and maximized at the pile head. The bending moment was larger at the upper and smaller at the lower part along the depth direction, indicating it is reasonable to design and calculate microsteel pipe piles by the pile‐anchor system. The variation law of the foundation pit displacement with the excavation depth was monitored. The horizontal displacement of the foundation pit is the maximum at the base top, which is 6.5 mm. The flexural strength of the miniature steel tube pile after grouting is 40% higher than that of the miniature steel tube pile without grouting. It was indicated that the grouting microsteel pipe piles could be implanted in cement‐soil piles, which improved the flexural rigidity of cement‐soil piles and limited the deformation of foundation pits. This study provides reference for the design and construction of soil‐rock foundation pit supporting projects. At the same time, it provides reference for the application of miniature steel pipe piles in other fields.
Positive Solutions for a System of Hadamard-Type Fractional Differential Equations with Semipositone Nonlinearities
Authors: Ding Youzheng , Jiang Jiqiang , O’Regan Donal , Xu Jiafa
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we use the fixed-point index and nonnegative matrices to study the existence of positive solutions for a system of Hadamard-type fractional differential equations with semipositone nonlinearities.
Tumor Cell–Derived IL1β Promotes Desmoplasia and Immune Suppression in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Das Shipra , Shapiro Beny , Vucic Emily A. , Vogt Sandra , Bar-Sagi Dafna
Published: January 2020

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive malignancy typified by a highly stromal and weakly immunogenic tumor microenvironment that promotes tumor evolution and contributes to therapeutic resistance. Here, we demonstrate that PDA tumor cell–derived proinflammatory cytokine IL1β is essential for the establishment of the protumorigenic PDA microenvironment. Tumor cell–derived IL1β promoted the activation and secretory phenotype of quiescent pancreatic stellate cells and established an immunosuppressive milieu mediated by M2 macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, CD1dhiCD5+ regulatory B cells, and Th17 cells. Loss of tumor cell–derived IL1 signaling in tumor stroma enabled intratumoral infiltration and activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, attenuated growth of pancreatic neoplasia, and conferred survival advantage to PDA-bearing mice. Accordingly, antibody-mediated neutralization of IL1β significantly enhanced the antitumor activity of α-PD-1 and was accompanied by increased tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells. Tumor cell expression of IL1β in vivo was driven by microbial-dependent activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling and subsequent engagement of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, these findings identify a hitherto unappreciated role for tumor cell–derived IL1β in orchestrating an immune-modulatory program that supports pancreatic tumorigenesis.

Significance:

These findings identify a new modality for immune evasion in PDA that depends on IL1β production by tumor cells through TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Targeting this axis might provide an effective PDA therapeutic strategy.
Shift Work and Working at Night in Relation to Breast Cancer Incidence
Authors: Sweeney Marina R. , Sandler Dale P. , Niehoff Nicole M. , White Alexandra J.
Published: January 2020

Background:

Night shift work has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a probable carcinogen in humans. Several studies have assessed night shift work in relation to breast cancer risk, with inconsistent results.

Methods:

In the prospective Sister Study cohort, current and past occupational history was collected for 48,451 participants. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between baseline work schedule characteristics and incident breast cancer.

Results:

During follow-up (mean = 9.1 years), 3,191 incident cases were diagnosed. We observed little to no increase in risk associated with work schedule characteristics (ever working rotating shifts: HR = 1.04, 95% CI, 0.91–1.20; ever working rotating night shifts: HR = 1.08, 95% CI, 0.92–1.27; ever working at night: HR = 1.01, 95% CI, 0.94–1.10; and ever working irregular hours: HR = 0.98, 95% CI, 0.91–1.06). Although short-term night work (>0 to 5 years vs. never: HR = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.00–1.26) and rotating shift work at night (>0 to 5 years vs. never: HR = 1.30; 95% CI, 1.05–1.61) were associated with increased breast cancer risk, working nights for more than 5 years was not associated with risk.

Conclusions:

Overall, we observed little evidence that rotating shift work or work at night was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer, except possibly among those who participated in such work for short durations of time.

Impact:

This study indicates that if night shift work is associated with breast cancer, the increase in risk is small.
Update on the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Authors: Restellini Sophie , Biedermann Luc , Hruz Petr , Mottet Christian , Moens Annick , Ferrante Marc , Schoepfer Alain M. ,   on behalf of Swiss IBDnet, an official working group of the Swiss Society of Gastroenterology
Published: January 2020

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects patients during their peak reproductive years. This raises important questions, in both patients and healthcare providers, regarding conception, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. Lack of information and insufficient communication among healthcare providers can leave patients with limited information and even contradictory advice. Given the fact that pregnant and/or breastfeeding IBD patients are excluded from clinical studies the evidence on many questions related to pregnancy and postpartum period is limited. However, there exists increasing data from case series and cohort studies that allows to provide clinical guidance. The overarching concept is that optimizing the mother’s health is critical for optimizing the health of the unborn child and benefit of continuing medical therapy in IBD during pregnancy outweighs possible risks in most instances. This paper provides an up-to-date systematic review of the literature on IBD in pregnancy and proposes guidance to questions frequently encountered by healthcare professionals.
BMX Represses Thrombin-PAR1–Mediated Endothelial Permeability and Vascular Leakage During Early Sepsis
Authors: Li Zhao , Yin Mingzhu , Zhang Haifeng , Ni Weiming , Pierce Richard W. , Zhou Huanjiao Jenny , Min Wang
Published: January 2020

Rationale:

BMX (bone marrow kinase on the X chromosome) is highly expressed in the arterial endothelium from the embryonic stage to the adult stage in mice. It is also expressed in microvessels and the lymphatics in response to pathological stimuli. However, its role in endothelial permeability and sepsis remains unknown.

Objective:

We aimed to delineate the function of BMX in thrombin-mediated endothelial permeability and the vascular leakage that occurs with sepsis in cecal ligation and puncture models.

Methods and Results:

The cecal ligation and puncture model was applied to WT (wild type) and BMX-KO (BMX global knockout) mice to induce sepsis. Meanwhile, the electric cell-substrate impedance sensing assay was used to detect transendothelial electrical resistance in vitro and, the modified Miles assay was used to evaluate vascular leakage in vivo. We showed that BMX loss caused lung injury and inflammation in early cecal ligation and puncture–induced sepsis. Disruption of BMX increased thrombin-mediated permeability in mice and cultured endothelial cells by 2- to 3-fold. The expression of BMX in macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and lung epithelial cells was undetectable compared with that in endothelial cells, indicating that endothelium dysfunction, rather than leukocyte and platelet dysfunction, was involved in vascular permeability and sepsis. Mechanistically, biochemical and cellular analyses demonstrated that BMX specifically repressed thrombin-PAR1 (protease-activated receptor-1) signaling in endothelial cells by directly phosphorylating PAR1 and promoting its internalization and deactivation. Importantly, pretreatment with the selective PAR1 antagonist SCH79797 rescued BMX loss-mediated endothelial permeability and pulmonary leakage in early cecal ligation and puncture–induced sepsis.

Conclusions:

Acting as a negative regulator of PAR1, BMX promotes PAR1 internalization and signal inactivation through PAR1 phosphorylation. Moreover, BMX-mediated PAR1 internalization attenuates endothelial permeability to protect vascular leakage during early sepsis.
Life after the Coup: The Military and Politics in Post-Authoritarian Philippines
Authors: Abinales Patricio N.
Published: January 2020

This article re-examines the relationship between military intervention on the one hand, and civilian supremacy over the military and the enduring popularity and potency of suffrage and legislative politics, on the other. It shows how these two enduring features of Philippine politics have proven to be quite effective deterrents in neutralizing extremist acts like the coup. As “performative acts,” they help stabilize the Philippine polity by providing an alternative outlet for mass resentment or protest and help to neutralize rival radical rebellions. These also enable a weak state to reform or rejuvenate after periods of profound political crisis, albeit only partially. The coup, however, is a poor rival:its history is far shorter and littered with failures. It has since ceased to be a weapon of choice by military actors who now prefer cacique democracy as the arena in which to pursue their interests. This was evident during the term of Pres. Fidel Ramos and while the military leadership did launch a de facto coup by withdrewing its support for Pres. Joseph Estrada, it immediately reverted to the proverbial backroom deals and patronage relations with its civilian superiors under Pres. Gloria Arroyo.
Party.Politics.Ph: Internet Campaigning in the Philippines
Authors: Teehankee Julio C.
Published: January 2020

This article is an initial assessment of Internet utilization by political parties in the Philippines. The phenomenal growth in the use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the country is not lost to political parties, candidates, and campaign managers. Online websites offer an opportunity for political parties to strengthen linkages with citizens and voters through information provision, transparency, interactivity, and networking. The article conducted a content analysis of the websites of five mainstream political parties and twelve party list organizations represented in the 14th Congress. It appraised the online presence of these parties and assessed the level of use of the Internet as a tool for internal party administration, online electoral campaigns, voters’ participation and organization.
Investigating Postmodern Politics in the Philippines Using Reflexivity Theory
Authors: Contreras Antonio P.
Published: January 2020

A usual reading of postmodern critiques of science, progress, and the nation-state, has casted postmodernism as pessimistic, if not apolitical. In fact, it is even read as conservative, as it unintentionally enables a continuation of the status quo by its privileging of local forms of resistance, even as it is critical of grand narratives of resistance. While the privileging of micro-politics in everyday forms of resistance may enable freedom of and subversive acts by individuals, the need for more collective forms of action remains a challenge. This article offers the theory of reflexivity as a template to imagine the possibility of collective action being enabled by postmodern politics. In contrast to the relatively random, unorganized, and individualized form of micro-politics which post-modern theorists argue for, reflexivity theory allows for more organized, coordinated collective action, albeit in domains that are outside of the traditional confines of statist politics, taking advantage of postmodern venues, such as cyberspace. This essay will inquire into the applicability and implications of the theory of reflexivity in the Philippines, particularly on the transformation of random, individualized interventions in social networking sites into becoming a foundation for “cyber-collective action”, thereby enabling the creation of new political communities and citizenship in cyberspace.
NGOs, Coalition Building and the Campaign for a Minerals Management Policy in the Philippines
Authors: Lansang Liza G.F.
Published: January 2020

This article discusses how development NGOs form advocacy coalitions to influence policy-making. In particular, it looks at how two advocacy coalitions — Kalikasan People’s Network for the Environment and Defend Patrimony! Alliance and the Alyansa Tigil Mina (ATM) — were formed and investigates their combined influence on mining policy. It traces the beginning of more than a decade of advocacy campaigning to repeal the Mining Act of 1995, looks at what has been achieved to date, and considers the prospects of the Act’s repeal in the future. The author argues that though the Mining Act of 1995 has yet to be repealed, it can be said that these advocacy coalitions have influenced mining policy in terms of consolidating the advocacy campaign for a minerals management policy through the Dapitan Initiative, and providing an Alternative Mining Bill (AMB) or House Bill (HB) No. 6342 which was submitted to the 14th Congress in May 2009. The AMB was re-submitted to the 15th Congress as HB 206 in July 2010, and was filed in December 2010 as HB 3763, which is now known as the Minerals Management Bill (MMB). Moreover, these advocacy coalitions had a major role in influencing the Local Government Units (LGUs) to assert their autonomy in terms of resisting mining entry and operations in their jurisdictions. However, it remains to be seen if there will be support from the Senate for the MMB to be passed into law in the 15th Congress to reverse the trend of large-scale exploitative mining.
Human Dignity in an Age of Autonomous Weapons: Are We in Danger of Losing an ‘Elementary Consideration of Humanity’?
Authors: Ulgen Ozlem
Published: January 2020

Military investment in robotics technology is leading to development and use of autonomous weapons, which are machines with varying degrees of autonomy in target, attack, and infliction of lethal harm (that is, injury, suffering or death). Examples of autonomous weapons include weapons systems involving levels of automation and remotely controlled human input, unmanned armed aerial vehicles (uav), remotelycontrolled robotic soldiers, bio-augmentation, and 3D printed weapons. Autonomous weapons generally fall into one of two categories: semi-autonomous, involving some degree of autonomy in certain critical functions such as acquiring, tracking, selecting, and attacking targets, along with a degree of human input or remote control (for example, uav or ‘drones’); and autonomous, involving higher levels of independent thinking as regards critical functions without the need for human input or control (for example, US Navy X-47B uav with autonomous take-off, landing, and aerial refuelling capability). The trend is clearly towards developing autonomous weapons. Development of new weapons aimed at reducing costs and casualties is not a new phenomenon in warfare. Technological advances have created greater distance between the soldier and the battlefield. A bullet fired from a rifle handled by a human has been superseded by a missile fired from a remotely controlled or autonomous machine. So what makes autonomous weapons different? What particular challenge do they pose international law? Although autonomous weapons may be employed to attack nonhuman targets, such as state infrastructure, here I am primarily concerned with their use for lethal attacks against humans.

In this chapter I focus on autonomous weapons (both semi-autonomous and fully autonomous) and their impact on human dignity under two of Kant’s conceptual strands: (1) human dignity as a status entailing rights and duties; and (2) human dignity as respectful treatment. Under the first strand I explore how use of autonomous weapons denies the right of equality of persons and diminishes the duty not to harm others. In the second strand I consider how replacing human combatants with autonomous weapons debases human life and does not provide respectful treatment. Reference is made to contemporary development of Kant’s conceptual strands in icj and other international jurisprudence recognising human dignity as part of ‘elementary considerations of humanity’ in war and peace.
John Ogilvie: The Smoke and Mirrors of Confessional Politics
Authors: Macinnes Allan I.
Published: January 2020

The trial and execution of the Jesuit John Ogilvie in 1615 is located within diverse political contexts—Reformation and Counter-Reformation; British state formation; and the contested control of the Scottish Kirk between episcopacy and Presbyterianism. The endeavors of James vi and i to promote his ius imperium by land and sea did not convert the union of the crowns into a parliamentary union. However, he pressed ahead with British policies to civilize frontiers, colonize overseas and engage in war and diplomacy. Integral to his desire not to be beholden to any foreign power was his promotion of religious uniformity which resulted in a Presbyterian backlash against episcopacy. At the same time, the Scottish bishops sought to present a united Protestant front by implementing penal laws against Roman Catholic priests and laity, which led to Ogilvie being charged with treason for upholding the spiritual supremacy of the papacy over King James. Ogilvie’s martyrdom may stand in isolation, but it served to reinvigorate the Catholic mission to Scotland.
Exemplary Deterrent or Theatre of Martyrdom?: John Ogilvie’s Execution and the Community of Glasgow
Authors: Goatman Paul
Published: January 2020

John Ogilvie’s martyrdom in February 1615 should be seen in the context of a struggle for the hearts and minds of the people of Scotland between the Jesuit mission and James vi and i’s government. Nowhere was this struggle more intense than within the town of Glasgow, where Ogilvie was imprisoned, tried and executed and which a large and influential Catholic community had long called home. Propaganda was disseminated by both sides during and after his trial and the archbishop of Glasgow, John Spottiswood, orchestrated its proceedings as a demonstration of royal and archiepiscopal power that involved local elites as well as central government officials. This article examines the events that took place in Glasgow during the winter of 1614–15 and provides a prosopographical analysis of the people involved. It makes the argument that, as had been the case during the Protestant Reformation of the 1540s and 1550s, Scotland’s church and state mishandled Ogilvie’s public ritual execution such that the local religious minority (now Catholics) became emboldened and more committed to Counter-Reformation.
Jesuit Exegesis, Jacobean Theology, and the Scottish Church in the First Two Decades of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Elliott Mark W.
Published: January 2020

This paper aims to sketch a little of the background history of the ideas behind the events that led to the martyrdom of John Ogilvie. In so doing, no pretense is made at reducing politics, religion, personal commitment and loyalty to one single ideological cause, nor, even worse, claim that ideologies drove people and events before them like skittles. The aim is more modest than that of tracing a series of causes and effects. If it fails to enmesh with the historical realities such as traced by eminent historians such as Durkan and Dilworth,
1
nevertheless it might still help in the interpretation of these lives and events.
Jesuits in the Highlands: Three Phases
Authors: Roberts Alasdair
Published: January 2020

The Jesuit mission to Scotland began with minimal numbers in the sixteenth century but built up with the support of Catholic nobles. Leading members of the Society had serious hopes of converting James vi to his mother’s religion although the king merely used them and their lay patrons as a counter to Presbyterian pressure. Apart from the show-piece victory at Glenlivet there was no Jesuit presence in the Highlands. John Ogilvie was not, as has been suggested, a Highlander. During most of the seventeenth century, gentry families in the Grampian mountains were served on a small scale from neighbouring Lowland bases. No knowledge of Gaelic was required. The final phase represented a change of approach, as Jesuits worked among some of Scotland’s poorest people in forbidding terrain and extreme weather. Setting themselves to learn the Gaelic language they achieved notable success in Braemar and Strathglass.
Stolephorus babarani, a new species of anchovy (Teleostei: Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from Panay Island, central Philippines
Authors: HATA HARUTAKA , LAVOUÉ SÉBASTIEN , MOTOMURA HIROYUKI
Published: January 2020

The new anchovy Stolephorus babarani n. sp. is described on the basis of 26 specimens collected from Panay Island, central Philippines. The new species closely resembles Stolephorus bataviensis Hardenberg 1933 and Stolephorus baweanensis Hardenberg 1933, all these species having a long upper jaw (posterior tip extending beyond posterior margin of preopercle), and numerous dusky spots on the suborbital area (in adults), snout and lower jaw tip. However, the new species differs from S. bataviensis by usually having the posterior tip of the depressed pelvic fin not reaching to vertical through the dorsal-fin origin (vs. extending beyond vertical through dorsal-fin origin), a shorter head (23.9–25.5% of standard length vs. 25.3–28.0%), and a greater distance between the dorsal-fin origin and pectoral-fin insertion (D–P1; 133.9–151.8% of head length vs. 109.9–136.3%). Stolephorus babarani is distinguished from S. baweanensis by having a shorter snout (3.6–3.9% of standard length vs. 3.8–4.6%). Moreover, the new species can be distinguished from S. bataviensis and S. baweanensis by higher gill raker counts on the first and second gill arches (16–18 + 21–23 and 10–13 + 18–21, respectively, vs. 14–17 + 19–22 and 9–12 + 17–20 in S. bataviensis and 14–17 + 19–22 and 9–12 + 17–21 in S. baweanensis). Stolephorus babarani is separated by 5.3% and 10.7% mean p-distances in the mitochondrial COI from S. baweanensis and S. bataviensis, respectively.
Characteristics of Vertical Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors on p-GaAs
Authors: Li Jingqi , Chen Xiaofeng , Iordache Gheorghe , Wei Nini , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: January 2020

A semiclassical method is used to simulate the characteristics of vertical carbon nanotube fieldeffect transistors on p-GaAs. The calculation results show unique transfer characteristics that depend on the sign of the drain voltage. The transistors exhibit p-type characteristics
and ambipolar characteristics for a positive drain voltage and a negative drain voltage, respectively. The p-type characteristics do not change with the GaAs bandgap and doping level, because the hole current from the single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and drain side dominates the
whole current. In contrast, the ambipolar characteristics are greatly influenced by the GaAs bandgap and doping level. Only the electron current in the ambipolar characteristics increases as the GaAs bandgap decreases. Increasing the p-type doping of GaAs increases the p-branch
current and decreases the electron current (n-branch) of the ambipolar characteristics. The effects of the SWCNT bandgap and doping level are different from those of GaAs, and the impact of SWCNT on the p-type characteristics is much greater than the impact on the ambipolar characteristics.
The p-type current increases as the SWCNT bandgap decreases.
Tween 80 Modified Hydroxyapatite as an Adsorbent for Removal of Copper from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bi Yongguang , Lu Yanshan , Di Liu  , Liu Xuemei
Published: January 2020

Hydroxyapatite was in this study modified with Tween 80 through ultrasound assisted chemical precipitation method. The Tween-modified hydroxyapatite (T-HA) was characterized by some analytical methods. T-HA particles were rod-shaped with an average length of 59 nm. The effect of contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial concentration of Cu2+ on adsorption capacity were studied to determine the capacity of T-HA to adsorb copper ions. The removal efficiency for Cu2+ reached maximum (82.68%), at an initial concentration of Cu2+
of 200 mg/L and adsorbent dosage of 0.1 g at 35 °C for two hours reaction. The adsorption mechanism was determined by pseudo-first-order (PFO) and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models, while the equilibrium isotherms was fitted by Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R)
models. Our data can best be described by a PSO kinetic model (R2 = 0.99971) and D-R model (R2 = 0.9377), suggesting a chemisorption mechanism. Application of Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.99337) indicated that Cu2+ was adsorbed
on T-HA as a monolayer. These results demonstrated that the Tween-modified hydroxyapatite is a promising material for environmental remediation of copper ions in waste water.
Comparison Between Ag@TiO2 Core-Shell and Yolk-Shell Structures for Degradation of Gaseous Toluene Beneath Visible Light
Authors: Mohamed Reda M. , Bahnemann Detlef W. , Basaleh Amal S. , Gadah Razan H.
Published: January 2020

In this study, Ag@TiO2-YS and Ag@TiO2-CS were effectively prepared, and the differences in their morphologies were investigated. The photo-catalytic efficacy of gaseous toluene was determined by investigating its photo-catalytic oxidation beneath the visible light
illumination. The results indicate that Ag@TiO2-YS has a high photocatalytic stability and superior photocatalytic properties. A 0.10 at% Ag@TiO2-YS photocatalyst can degrade approximately 99.5% of the gaseous toluene within 2 h. In addition, a 0.10 at% Ag@TiO2-YS
photocatalyst can be utilized during many intervals without a failure of the photocatalytic efficiency or the occurrence of corrosion. The high photocatalytic efficiency of Ag@TiO2-YS can be attributed to the highly mesoporous texture and large specific area, the huge cavity volume
of the yolk-shell arrangement, and finally the presence of Ti3+. The major effective ions and species in the destruction of gaseous toluene using visible light illumination applying a Ag@TiO2 yolk-shell, as confirmed through ESR, are Ti3+, h+,
O-2, and OH.
Importance of Orography for Greenland Cloud and Melt Response to Atmospheric Blocking
Authors: Hahn L. C. , Storelvmo T. , Hofer S. , Parfitt R. , Ummenhofer C. C.
Published: January 2020

More frequent high pressure conditions associated with atmospheric blocking episodes over Greenland in recent decades have been suggested to enhance melt through large-scale subsidence and cloud dissipation, which allows more solar radiation to reach the ice sheet surface. Here we investigate mechanisms linking high pressure circulation anomalies to Greenland cloud changes and resulting cloud radiative effects, with a focus on the previously neglected role of topography. Using reanalysis and satellite data in addition to a regional climate model, we show that anticyclonic circulation anomalies over Greenland during recent extreme blocking summers produce cloud changes dependent on orographic lift and descent. The resulting increased cloud cover over northern Greenland promotes surface longwave warming, while reduced cloud cover in southern and marginal Greenland favors surface shortwave warming. Comparison with an idealized model simulation with flattened topography reveals that orographic effects were necessary to produce area-averaged decreasing cloud cover since the mid-1990s and the extreme melt observed in the summer of 2012. This demonstrates a key role for Greenland topography in mediating the cloud and melt response to large-scale circulation variability. These results suggest that future melt will depend on the pattern of circulation anomalies as well as the shape of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
The Social Psychology of Design Thinking
Authors: Thompson Leigh , Schonthal David
Published: January 2020

This article examines the cardinal tenets of design thinking using the research, theory, and insights of social psychology. People’s intuitions are often incorrect and, moreover, it is often difficult for people to revise their thinking. There are four principles common to many design thinking approaches: observe and notice; frame and reframe; imagine and design; and make and experiment. For each of these design thinking prescriptions, this article analyzes the social-psychological phenomena involved and illustrates practical applications from a real design thinking project at IDEO. Design thinkers and their companies can use these insights from social psychology to inform and inspire the design thinking process.
Is It Time to Go Positive? Assessing the Positively Worded System Usability Scale (SUS)
Authors: Kortum Philip , Acemyan Claudia Ziegler , Oswald Frederick L.
Published: January 2020

Objective

The goal of the research presented in this paper was to determine if the positively worded System Usability Scale (SUS) can be used in place of the positively and negatively worded standard SUS instrument for the subjective assessment of usability, and whether the results found here replicate those of Sauro and Lewis.

Background

Sauro and Lewis’ previous study found no evidence that responses to SUS items differed across the standard SUS and the modified, positively worded version of the SUS when participants assessed websites. This study replicates and extends this work by examining a large number of different systems with larger sample sizes to add to the generalizability of previous findings.

Methods

So that participants could retrospectively assess 20 products, the standard SUS was administered to 268 participants and the positive SUS to 698 participants. SUS scores were computed and the data analyzed using psychometric methods to explore how the two versions of the SUS differed.

Results

The standard and positive versions of the SUS yielded similar SUS scores. In addition, both versions of the scale demonstrated evidence in support of reliability and validity.

Conclusion

Either version of the SUS can be used with confidence to measure subjective usability. Furthermore, the scores generated from both versions of the SUS can be directly compared.

Applications

In situations where cognitive load, participants’ spoken language, or item consistency with other surveys being given may be a factor, the positive SUS is a viable alternative to the standard SUS.
M2 Phenotype Macrophages Colocalize with Schwann Cells in Human Dental Pulp
Authors: Yoshiba N. , Edanami N. , Ohkura N. , Maekawa T. , Takahashi N. , Tohma A. , Izumi K. , Maeda T. , Hosoya A. , Nakamura H. , Tabeta K. , Noiri Y. , Yoshiba K.
Published: January 2020

Macrophages are immune cells with high plasticity that perform many functions related to tissue injury and repair. They are generally categorized as 2 functional phenotypes: M1 (proinflammatory) and M2 (anti-inflammatory and prohealing). To investigate the role of macrophages in human dental pulp, we examined the localization and distributional alterations of macrophages in healthy dental pulp as well as during the reparative process of pulp capping with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and in cariously inflamed pulp of adult human teeth. We also quantified the populations of M1/M2 macrophages in healthy dental pulp by flow cytometric analysis. CD68+CD86+ cells (M1 phenotype) and CD68+CD163+ cells (M2 phenotype) were 2.11% ± 0.50% and 44.99% ± 2.22%, respectively, of 2.96% ± 0.41% CD68+ cells (pan-macrophages) in whole healthy dental pulp. Interestingly, M2 phenotype macrophages were associated with Schwann cells in healthy pulp, during mineralized bridge formation, and in pulp with carious infections in vivo. Furthermore, the M2 macrophages associated with Schwann cells expressed brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) under all in vivo conditions. Moreover, we found that plasma cells expressed BDNF. Coculture of Schwann cells isolated from human dental pulp and human monocytic cell line THP-1 showed that Schwann cells induced M2 phenotypic polarization of THP-1 cell-derived macrophages. The THP-1 macrophages that maintained contact with Schwann cells were stimulated, leading to elongation of their cell shape and expression of M2 phenotype marker CD163 in cocultures. In summary, we revealed the spatiotemporal localization of macrophages and potent induction of the M2 phenotype by Schwann cells in human dental pulp. M2 macrophages protect neural elements, whereas M1 cells promote neuronal destruction. Therefore, suppressing the neurodestructive M1 phenotype and maintaining the neuroprotective M2 phenotype of macrophages by Schwann cells may be critical for development of effective treatment strategies to maintain the viability of highly innervated dental pulp.
Rethinking Human Potential in Terms of Strength and Fragility: A Case Study of Michael Jackson
Authors: Tordjman Sylvie , Pereira Da Costa Maria , Schauder Silke
Published: January 2020

The case study of Michael Jackson illustrates the concepts of high potential, talent, and precocity in the musical domain. Studying this case of exceptional musical talent highlights the usefulness of a multidimensional approach to exploring human potential, which is not limited to academic abilities. It offers a better understanding of the process of transforming a gift into talent and allows us to examine the asynchronies observed in some high-potential individuals between extreme talent and impaired socioaffective development—the interplay between strength and fragility where cognitive functioning cannot be dissociated from emotional functioning.
Association of regulatory variants of dopamine β-hydroxylase with cognition and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia subjects
Authors: Punchaichira Toyanji J , Mukhopadhyay Anirban , Kukshal Prachi , Bhatia Triptish , Deshpande Smita N , Thelma BK
Published: January 2020

Background:

Dopamine-β-hydroxylase (DBH, EC 1.14.17.1), which converts dopamine to norepinephrine, is a candidate gene in neuropsychiatric diseases.

Aim:

To assess the effect of regulatory variants in DBH on schizophrenia and its endophenotypes –cognition and tardive dyskinesia.

Methods:

We tested association of functional variants 19bp Ins/Del, rs1989787 and rs1611115 in DBH with i) schizophrenia (1236 cases, 1136 controls), ii) tardive dyskinesia (83 positive, 162 negative) and iii) performance functions of cognition (357 cases, 306 controls) estimated by the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery.

Results:

A modest haplotypic ( Ins-C; 19bp Ins/Del – rs1989787 C>T; p=0.04) association was observed with schizophrenia. We observed ~39% reduction in activity of 19bp Del allele on luciferase assay. Analysis of covariance revealed interactions of tardive dyskinesia status and: i) 19bp Ins/Del (genotypic, p=0.04) and ii) rs1989787 and rs1611115 (combined genotypic, p=0.004) on Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale total score. Association of rs1611115 with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) total score ( p=0.05) and allelic/genotypic association with lower positive ( p=0.03/0.04), general psychopathology ( p=0.01/0.01) PANSS scales in tardive dyskinesia-positive; and allelic/genotypic ( p=0.02/0.05) with higher score of depressive factors in tardive dyskinesia-negative subgroups were observed. Analysis of covariance with continuous variable of cognition showed interaction of health status with: i) rs1989787 on accuracy and efficiency ( p=0.03) of abstraction and mental ﬂexibility; ii) rs1611115 on accuracy of working memory and emotion ( p=0.05); iii) 19bp Ins/Del on processing speed of emotion ( p=0.03). Allelic/genotypic association of rs1989787 with spatial ability ( p=0.02–0.05) among healthy controls; association of rs1611115 with Global Assessment Scale scores in the past month ( p=0.05) among schizophrenia subjects of cognition cohort was also observed.

Conclusions:

With modest genotype–phenotype correlations available for DBH variants, personalized treatment regimens based on DBH activity for ameliorating tardive dyskinesia and cognitive symptoms may be plausible.
Exploring Whether Talking With Parents, Siblings, and Friends Moderates the Association Between Peer Victimization and Adverse Psychosocial Outcomes
Authors: Hong Jun Sung , Zhang Saijun , Gonzalez-Prendes A. Antonio , Albdour Maha
Published: January 2020

The purpose of this study is to explore whether talking with parents, siblings, and friends will moderate the association between peer victimization and adverse outcomes (internalizing problems, alcohol/tobacco use, and delinquent friend affiliation). Data were derived from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children, 2009 to 2010 cohort study in the United States ( n = 12,642). Bivariate, logistic regression and ordinal least squares regression analyses were conducted. Peer victimization was found to be associated with all the adverse outcomes. Although ease of talking with parents had a lower likelihood of alcohol/tobacco use, it increased alcohol/tobacco risk when peer victimization increased. Ease of talking with friends showed a higher likelihood of alcohol/tobacco use, but the likelihood was lower when peer victimization increased. Ease of talking with parents and ease of talking with friends both lowered the likelihood of delinquent friend affiliation; however, ease of talking with parents increased the risk of delinquent friend affiliation when peer victimization increased. Moreover, ease of talking with friends decreased the risk of internalizing problems, although it increased the risk of such behaviors when peer victimization increased. Talking with siblings did not buffer the association between peer victimization and adverse outcomes. Implications for practice are also discussed.