bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the imprint of active galactic nucleus feedback in Seyfert galaxies
Authors: García-Burillo S. , Hicks E. K. S. , Alonso-Herrero A. , Pereira-Santaella M. , Usero A. , Querejeta M. , González-Martín O. , Delaney D. , Ramos Almeida C. , Combes F. , Anglés-Alcázar D. , Audibert A. , Bellocchi E. , Davies R. I. , Davis T. A. , Elford J. S. , García-Bernete I. , Hönig S. , Labiano A. , Leist M. T. , Levenson N. A. , López-Rodríguez E. , Mercedes-Feliz J. , Packham C. , Ricci C. , Rosario D. J. , Shimizu T. , Stalevski M. , Zhang L.
Published: July 2024

We study the distribution of cold molecular gas in the circumunuclear disks (CND; r ≤ 200 pc) of a sample of 64 nearby (DL = 7 − 45 Mpc) disk galaxies – including 45 active galactic nuclei (AGN) and 19 nonAGN – for which high-spatial-resolution (median value ≃36 pc) multiline CO interferometer observations have been obtained at millimeter wavelengths with the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) and/or Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI). We decipher whether or not the concentration and normalized radial distribution of cold molecular gas change as a function of X-ray luminosity in the 2–10 keV range (LX) in order to analyze the imprint left by AGN feedback. We also look for similar trends in the concentration and normalized radial distribution of the hot molecular gas and in the hot-to-cold-molecular gas mass ratio in a subset of 35 galaxies using near-infrared (NIR) integral field spectroscopy data obtained for the H2 1-0 S(1) line. We find a significant turnover in the distribution of the cold molecular gas concentration as a function of X-ray luminosity with a breakpoint that divides the sample into two branches: (1) the “AGN build-up branch” (LX ≤ 1041.5 ± 0.3 erg s−1) and (2) the “AGN feedback branch” (LX ≥ 1041.5 ± 0.3 erg s−1). Lower-luminosity AGN and nonAGN of the AGN build-up branch show high cold molecular gas concentrations and centrally peaked radial profiles on nuclear (r ≤ 50 pc) scales. Higher-luminosity AGN of the AGN feedback branch show a sharp decrease in the concentration of molecular gas and flat or inverted radial profiles. The cold molecular gas concentration index (CCI) – defined as the ratio of surface densities at r ≤ 50 pc (Σ50gaz) and r ≤ 200 pc Σ200gaz), namely CCI ≡ log10(Σ50gaz/Σ200gaz)) – spans a 0.63 dex range, equivalent to a factor ≃4–5, between the galaxies lying at the high end of the AGN build-up branch and the galaxies showing the most extreme nuclear-scale molecular gas deficits in the AGN feedback branch. The concentration and radial distributions of the hot molecular gas in our sample follow qualitatively similar but less extreme trends as a function of X-ray luminosity. As a result, we find higher values of hot-to-cold molecular gas mass ratios on nuclear scales in the highest luminosity AGN sources of the AGN feedback branch. These observations confirm – with a three times larger sample – previous evidence found in the context of the Galaxy Activity Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) that the imprint of AGN feedback on the CND-scale distribution of molecular gas is more extreme in higher luminosity Seyfert galaxies of the local Universe.
Dark matter in the Milky Way: Measurements up to 3 kpc from the Galactic plane above the Sun
Authors: Bienaymé O. , Robin A. C. , Salomon J.-B. , Reylé C.
Published: July 2024

We probe the gravitational force perpendicular to the Galactic plane at the position of the Sun based on a sample of red giants, with measurements taken from the DR3 Gaia catalogue. Measurements far out of the Galactic plane up to 3.5 kpc allow us to determine directly the total mass density, where dark matter is dominant and the stellar and gas densities are very low. In a complementary way, we have also used a new determination of the local baryonic mass density to help determine the density of dark matter in the Galactic plane at the solar position. For the local mass density of dark matter, we obtained ρdm = 0.0128 ± 0.0008 M⊙ pc−3 = 0.486 ± 0.030 Gev cm−3. For the flattening of the gravitational potential of the dark halo, it is qϕ, h = 0.843 ± 0.035. For its density, qρ, h = 0.781 ± 0.055.
Dietary omega 3 fatty acids and skeletal muscle metabolism: a review of clinical and preclinical studies
Authors: Doussat Camille , Brioche Thomas , Casas François , Capel Fréderic , Feillet-Coudray Christine
Published: July 2024

Background: There is a myriad of metabolic roles of omega-3 fatty acids. More recently, studies have looked at omega-3 fatty acids effects on skeletal muscle. Objectives: The objective was to determine their effects in situations such as physical activity, obesity, sarcopenia and cachexia. Methods: Bibliographic searches focused on the PubMed database, looking in priority at systematic reviews, until November 2023. Twenty-seven papers were finally included. Results: Omega-3 fatty acids could increase protein anabolism, reduce protein catabolism in the context of exercise-related muscle damages, and could induce beneficial mitochondrial modifications. In obesity, omega-3 fatty acids participate in weight loss and its maintenance, and can help decrease insulin resistance. In sarcopenia atrophic conditions, omega 3 fatty acids allow muscle mass and function maintenance. In cancer cachexia, omega 3 fatty acids are more efficient at the pre-cachectic stage, as they can reduce protein catabolism and increase protein anabolism, but cannot reverse energy imbalance. Conclusions: Omega 3 fatty acids have multiple beneficial effects on skeletal muscle in physical activity, obesity, sarcopenia and cachexia. Yet, these effects are mediated by EPA and DHA, whose sources are solely of marine origins. As marine resources are overexploited, finding diverse sources of omega-3 fatty acids is crucial.
Le laser Megajoule
Authors: Neauport Jérôme , Vermersch Sebastien
Published: July 2024

Dédié à l’étude des plasmas denses et chauds au sein du programme de Simulation du CEA DAM, le laser Mégajoule est actuellement l’un des lasers les plus énergétiques du monde. Après la mise en route d’une première chaîne laser en 2014, il comprend aujourd’hui 11 chaines lasers (soit 88 faisceaux lasers) délivrant quotidiennement jusqu’à 330 kJ d’énergie sur cible à la longueur d’onde de 351 nm. Nous décrivons le système laser LMJ, les performances atteintes dans sa configuration actuelle, ainsi que les campagnes lasers conduites pour amener l’installation à une énergie de 1.3 MJ, une fois les 22 chaines lasers montées et qualifiées.
Technical Nuances in the Perioperative Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma by Twin Burr Hole Craniostomy: Tips, Tricks, and Tactics
Authors: Sethi Jatin K. , Harsh Viraat , Kumar Prashant , Sahay Chandra B. , Kumar Anil
Published: July 2024

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) remains to be the most common neurosurgical entity usually encountered in the elderly population. With an increasing life expectancy and associated comorbidities, the incidence of CSDH is ever increasing. There is a lack of uniformity among neurosurgeons regarding management of CSDH, but surgical evacuation using twin burr hole craniostomy remains to be the most preferred modality. Other options available are twist drill craniostomy and craniotomy. A conservative approach may be preferred in a thin subdural hematoma with no or minimal neurological deficit or in high operative risk patients. Complications such as pneumocephalus, recollection, or rebleeding may be seen following surgical evacuation of CSDH. Herein we aimed to address the technical nuances associated with twin burr hole evacuation of CSDH to reduce the complications and the overall associated morbidity and mortality.
Toolkitting: an unrecognized form of expertise for overcoming fragmentation in inter- and transdisciplinarity
Authors: Laursen Bethany , Vienni-Baptista Bianca , Bammer Gabriele , Di Giulio Antonietta , Paulsen Theres , Robson-Williams Melissa , Studer Sibylle
Published: July 2024

A growing number of inter- and transdisciplinary (ITD) toolkits provide methods, processes, concepts, heuristics, frameworks, and other resources for designing and implementing ITD research. A brief overview of the currently fragmented toolkits landscape is provided, fleshed out through descriptions of four toolkits. Fragmentation means that researchers are unaware of, and do not have access to, the full array of tools that could benefit their investigations. Overcoming fragmentation requires attention to toolkitting, which is the relatively overlooked bundle of practices involved in the creation, use, maintenance, funding, and study of toolkits. In particular, the processes and expertise involved in the creation, maintenance, and study of toolkits are described. Toolkitting as metawork can make resources more accessible, useful, and rigorous, enhancing ITD research. Future toolkitting can be strengthened with attention to key questions that can guide the activities of, respectively, toolkit creators and curators, scholars, and funders. Examining the toolkits landscape through the lens of toolkitting suggests that the development of a comprehensive, ongoing inventory is a first step in overcoming toolkit fragmentation. An inventory could also be the foundation for an even bolder initiative—a federated knowledge bank—that connects and develops the range of existing and future toolkits. The inventory and federated knowledge bank also provide a shared project to bring together the expertise of ITD toolkit creators, curators, users, funders, and scholars to achieve a step-change in enhancing ITD research.
The origin of magnetic ordering and reduced mobility in KTaO3-based 2DEGs: Interfacial interdiffusion
Authors: Fan Zixin , Sui Qiangtao , Ran Feng , Ling Haoming , Li Dingyi , Wang Zihao , Chen Pan , Liang Yan , Zhang Jiandi
Published: July 2024

Recently, KTaO3 (KTO)-based 5d two-dimensional electron gases (2DEGs), characterized by robust spin–orbit coupling, have emerged as promising candidates for future spintronic devices. However, the carrier mobility of KTO-based 2DEGs is typically lower than that of SrTiO3-based 2DEGs, which limits their further development. It is imperative to explore the underlying causes of diminished carrier mobility and devise strategies to augment it. In addition, the genesis of magnetism within KTO-based 2DEGs remains ambiguous. In this study, the 2DEG within the amorphous-EuTiO3/KTO (a-ETO/KTO) heterostructure demonstrates a high electron mobility of 289.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, which exhibits a significant decrease as the film growth temperatures increase. This decrease can be primarily ascribed to electron scattering by impurities, which is induced by the amplified interfacial element interdiffusion at a higher film growth temperature. In addition, the magnetism of 2DEGs for samples grown at different temperatures shows an increasing trend with growth temperatures, which is predominantly derived from the interdiffusion of Eu atoms. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the origin of magnetic ordering and reduced mobility in KTO-based 2DEGs, which will promote the further development of 2DEGs for future applications in electronic devices.
Breaking the barriers of electron-driven x-ray radiation in crystals
Authors: Balanov Amnon , Gorlach Alexey , Kaminer Ido
Published: July 2024

Parametric x-ray radiation (PXR) is a prospective mechanism for producing directional, tunable, and quasi-coherent x-rays in laboratory-scale dimensions, yet it is limited by heat dissipation and self-absorption. Resolving these limits, we show the PXR source flux is suitable for medical imaging and x-ray spectroscopy. We discuss the experimental feasibility of these findings for a compact commercial PXR source.
First observations from the Kr multi-monochromatic x-ray imager for time and spatially resolved diagnosis of hot implosion cores
Authors: Gallardo-Diaz E. , Mancini R. C. , Clapp J. , Adrian P. , Evans T. E. , Frenje J. , Florido R. , Kruse M. K. G. , Nagayama T.
Published: July 2024

This paper presents initial findings from the recently deployed Kr multi-monochromatic x-ray imager (Kr MMI) at the Omega laser facility. The experiment focuses on exploring implosion dynamics in exploding pusher capsules at three distinct initial gas fill densities. Utilizing time-gated and spatially integrated measurements, core size, electron temperature (Te), and electron densities (ne) are extracted through the analysis of the spectral region encompassing the Kr He α and its satellite lines. A comprehensive spectral database, incorporating atomic kinetics, spectroscopic-quality radiation transport, and Stark broadened line shapes, has been developed for rigorous data analysis. These measurements underscore the utility of the new Kr MMI instrument, which, combined with sophisticated analysis techniques, enables the diagnosis of plasma conditions at Te>2000 eV, thereby extending the capabilities beyond the prior Ar MMI design. This is an important stepping stone for achieving time-gated and space-resolved diagnostics of electron temperature, electron density, and heat transport in high temperature implosion cores.
2 W monolithic fiber laser at 3.8 µm
Authors: Lemieux-Tanguay M. , Boilard T. , Paradis P. , Vallée R. , Bernier M.
Published: July 2024

We report a dual-wavelength-pumped all-fiber continuous-wave laser operating at the extended wavelength of 3.79 µm that reaches a record output power of 2.0 W. This represents, to the best of our knowledge, the highest output power reported at the longest spectral range for a fiber laser. The laser cavity, made of a heavily erbium-doped fluoride fiber and bounded by two photo-inscribed fiber Bragg gratings, reaches a slope efficiency of 46.5% with respect to the absorbed 1976 nm pump power. The system exhibits an absorption dependency of the 1976 nm pump on the launched 976 nm pump and a quenching behavior dependency on the output coupler reflectivity. The all-fiber design of the cavity allows significant power scaling of the laser and ensures its long-term stability.
Design of an optimized sensor fault identification within the limited computing, memory, and energy capabilities
Authors: Selim Mahmoud M. , Althobaiti Saad , Ismail Hamdan M. A. , Mohamed Sherain M. Y.
Published: July 2024

The main goal of this work is to design an optimized sensor-fault identification and diagnostic system for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). The challenge is to accomplish this task within the sensors’ limited computing, memory, and energy capabilities. More importantly, identifying errors is time-sensitive, even though the diagnosis does not have to be made quickly. This project aims to provide an enhanced sensor-fault detection and diagnostic system for the IoT and CPS with constrained energy, memory, and computation resources. The system’s goals are to promptly detect defects, lessen the computing burden on sensors, and enhance the recall and accuracy of fault detection. This study used a hybrid approach that combined principal component analysis, autoencoder, and gated recurrent unit to create an optimal sensor-fault detection and diagnostic system. There were 1001 sensor readings in the dataset; 112 were defective, while the remaining 888 were normal. The investigation showed that the suggested method, which detected faults with an accuracy of 95% and recall of 92%, achieved high accuracy and recall in recognizing defects in IoT and CPS. With significantly shorter processing times, the system’s potential to reduce computational strain on sensors was also proved. The findings of this study indicate that the suggested optimized sensor-fault detection and diagnosis system successfully detects faults in IoT and CPS with limited computation, memory, and energy resources. The system’s ability to reduce the computing burden on sensors while improving accuracy and recall makes it an appealing choice for industrial and commercial applications.
A nonlinear dynamic hysteresis model with magnetic–prestress–thermal coupling effect and dynamic electromagnetic losses of a giant magnetostrictive actuator
Authors: Li Yuesong
Published: July 2024

Compared with traditional actuators, the giant magnetostrictive actuator has the merits of fast response, high accuracy, and high reliability and has been widely applied. However, its performance is affected by the electromagnetic loss and the temperature, prestress, and magnetic coupling effect. In order to accurately analyze its performance, it is necessary to establish a nonlinear dynamic model including the electromagnetic loss and the magnetic–prestress–thermal coupling effect. First, based on the field separation approach, the magnetic fields generated by the eddy current loss and the anomalous loss are obtained and added to the Jiles–Atherton model. Second, the magnetostrictive model is given with the magnetic–prestress–thermal coupling effect. Finally, assuming the transmission of the giant magnetostrictive actuator as a mass–spring–damper system, a nonlinear dynamic hysteresis model with magnetic–prestress–thermal coupling effect and dynamic electromagnetic losses of a giant magnetostrictive actuator is developed. Based on this model, the output displacement curves of the giant magnetostrictive actuators under different driving currents and frequencies are given. The comparison with the experimental results shows that this model agrees well with the experiment.
Einstein statue unveiled in Havana
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: July 2024

Albert Einstein visited Cuba briefly in 1930. This past March, he came back to stay—in bronze.
High-precision inverse potentials for neutron-proton scattering using piece-wise smooth Morse functions*
Authors: Awasthi Ayushi , Sharma Arushi , Kant Ishwar , Sastri O. S. K. S.
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study is to construct inverse potentials for various ℓ-channels of neutron-proton scattering using a piece-wise smooth Morse function as a reference. The phase equations for single-channel states and the coupled equations of multi-channel scattering are solved numerically using the 5th order Runge-kutta method. We employ a piece-wise smooth reference potential comprising three Morse functions as the initial input. Leveraging a machine learning-based genetic algorithm, we optimize the model parameters to minimize the mean-squared error between simulated and anticipated phase shifts. Our approach yields inverse potentials for both single and multi-channel scattering, achieving convergence to a mean-squared error

. The resulting scattering lengths "

" and effective ranges "r" for

and

states, expressed as [

, r], are found to be [5.445(5.424), 1.770(1.760)]

and [–23.741(–23.749), 2.63(2.81)]

, respectively; these values are in excellent agreement with experimental ones. Furthermore, the calculated total scattering cross-sections are highly consistent with their experimental counterparts, having a percentage error of less than 1%. This computational approach can be easily extended to obtain interaction potentials for charged particle scattering.
Blackbody heat capacity at constant pressure
Authors: Moreira Jr E S
Published: July 2024

At first glance, the title of this work seems to be improper. And the reason is well known. Since blackbody pressure depends only on temperature, one cannot take the derivative of the thermodynamic quantities with respect to one of them, keeping the other constant. That is, the heat capacity at constant pressure,CP, as well as, the coefficient of thermal expansion,α, and the isothermal compressibility,κT, are ill-defined quantities. This work will show that when the perfect conducting nature of the walls of a blackbody cavity is taken into account,CP,αandκTare in fact well defined, and they are related by the usual thermodynamic relations, as expected. Two geometries will be considered, namely, a spherical shell and a cubic box. It will be shown thatCP,αandκTdepend very much on the geometry of the cavity. Issues regarding thermodynamic stability will be addressed, revealing that they also depend on the cavity’s geometry. It is argued that these findings may be amenable to experimental verification.
Staggered band alignment of n-Er2O3/p-Si heterostructure for the fabrication of a high-performance broadband photodetector
Authors: Ghosh Anupam , Wadhwa Riya , Shivani  , Deswal Sonia , Kumar Pradeep , Kumar Mukesh
Published: July 2024

The low responsivity of conventional Silicon photodiodes in ultraviolet and near-infrared regimes restricts their utility as broadband photodetectors (BBPDs). Despite ongoing investigations into various p-n heterostructures for Silicon-based BBPDs, challenges such as high dark current (Idark), low collection efficiency, low detectivity, and compatibility issues with large-scale Silicon-based devices persist. In this context, we have fabricated relatively unexplored n-Er2O3/p-Si heterojunction-based BBPDs. Polycrystalline Er2O3 thin films (∼110 nm) were deposited on p-Si 〈100〉 substrates by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. Although this process induces a microstrain of approximately 0.022 and a dislocation density of about 0.00303/nm2, the presence of optically active defects is minimal, indicated by a low Urbach energy (∼0.35 eV). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirms staggered band alignment at the heterointerface, facilitating efficient charge carrier separation and transport. Consequently, the In/p-Si/n-Er2O3/In device demonstrated significant BBPD properties– low Idark ∼0.15 μA (at +5 V), photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) ∼6.5 (at +5 V, 700 nm) with a maximum photoresponsivity ∼22.3 A W−1, and impressive detectivity (∼1013 Jones) even in UV-C region where traditional silicon-based photodetectors respond feebly. The device also demonstrates transient photo-response across an ultrawide spectrum (254 nm–1200 nm) with a fast rise time/fall time ∼79 ms/∼86 ms (at −5 V for 600 nm illumination). This work establishes a straightforward and reliable method for proper material engineering, surface texturing, staggered heterojunction formation, and high-performance BBPD fabrication with prominent broad-spectrum responsivity, sizeable detectivity, and fast response. The integration of these BBPDs with Silicon opens possibilities for their use in electronic devices containing optical switches for communications and broadband image sensors, enhancing their utility in various applications.
Investigation of the role of yttrium sesquioxide nanoparticles on the properties of zinc oxide ceramics
Authors: Pereira Soares Mônica , Atrey Girija , Banerjee Prasun , Junior Adolfo Franco
Published: July 2024

In this work, zinc oxide (ZnO) ceramics were synthesized containing 0-5wt% of cubic yttrium sesquioxide (Y
2
O
3) nanoparticles with solid state sintering technique at 1150°C. The secondary phase of Y
2
O
3 did not enter into the crystalline zinc oxide. The Y
2
O
3 acts as an inhibitor of grain growth. The absorption of the free charge carriers by the Y
2
O
3 phase influences the infrared transmissions. The minimization of the phase mismatch while transferring the electric signal caused lower losses when Y
2
O
3 was added to the zinc oxide matrices. The presence of the cubic sesquioxide at the grain boundary contributes to the interfacial polarization at lower frequencies when an alternating field is applied to the ceramics. These properties are anticipated to show a wider range of physical, optical and dielectric properties of ZnO: Y ceramics for optoelectronic applications.
ICE optimization strategies of hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries: from the perspective of material synthesis
Authors: Zheng Huanbin , Zeng Jun , Wan Xuanhong , Song Xin , Peng Chenxi , Wang Jiarui , Sun Luyi , Wang Hui , Zhu Min , Liu Jun
Published: July 2024

With the continuous exploration of researchers in the field of sodium-ion batteries, the performance of these batteries has been greatly improved, and they have a wide range of application prospects in large-scale energy storage, traffic power and other fields. Hard carbon is the most important anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Although it has the advantages of low cost, stable structure and performance, it still has the problems of low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and poor rate performance in application. In order to solve the problem of low ICE of hard carbon anode in sodium-ion batteries, in recent years the literature about hard carbon anode in sodium-ion batteries has been comprehensively reviewed. Based on the microstructure of hard carbon material, the causes of low ICE of hard carbon are analyzed. At the same time, from the point of view of material structure design and regulation, the current optimization strategies of hard carbon anode ICE are summarized, including the following aspects: optimization and improvement of the carbonization process, precursor screening and design, surface coating strategy, micro-pore structure control, catalytic carbonization strategy. We hope that this review will provide reference for further optimization of hard carbon properties and its large-scale application in sodium-ion batteries.
Introduction
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: July 2024

This chapter provides a crisp summary of the book, pointing out that the volume is divided into three parts. The primary focus of Part I is on Nehru-era economic thought. It describes Nehru’s own evolution from a radical to a moderate socialist and documents the all-around consensus prevailing around his development strategy at the time of the launch of the foundational second development plan. Part II turns to the history of the implementation of Nehru’s development strategy and its consequences for growth, transformation, and poverty. In particular, it describes the evolution of investment licensing, the highly restrictive import policy after a decade of liberal phase, and the myriad inefficiencies resulting from them. Part III turns to the long-run implications of the Nehru-era strategy. It shows that the entrenchment of socialist thought among nearly all relevant actors made a change of course difficult and greatly slowed down the transition to a market economy.
A Highly Restrictive Import Regime
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: July 2024

After the sterling balances ran out in 1957, ambitious investment plans, high inflation, and a fixed nominal exchange rate produced perpetual foreign-exchange shortages. This chapter discusses the complex approval processes for import licenses and foreign-exchange allocations that followed. The allocation system required the creation of specialized bureaucracies such as the CCIE, DGTD, and the Capital Goods Committee, as well as the participation of nearly all administrative ministries and multiple state agencies. The regime imposed serious economic costs. The industrial undertakings had to devote real resources to procure licenses and foreign exchange. They had to individually search for the needed raw materials and components in foreign markets, negotiate the prices, and arrange for delivery. The bureaucratic allocation system made no distinction between efficient and inefficient undertakings. With the entry of new undertakings constrained through investment licensing and output expansion of existing undertakings capped by restrictions on imports of raw materials and components, the competition was virtually eliminated.
Institutions and the Business Community
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyzes the lasting impact of the Nehru era on the institutions and the business community. In so far as institutions evolve more slowly than political leadership, they slow down the change even when the latter seeks it. Unsurprisingly, the central tendency of the major institutions, including bureaucracy, the planning commission, and law and judiciary, has been to slow down the implementation of reforms. The business community has been one of the rare forces within socialist India that has rallied for a change in favor of greater room for market forces. Unfortunately, its ability to influence political leadership has been minimal. As long as the grip of socialist ideology remained strong, the political leadership remained hostage to the idea that private business was a necessary evil that had to be held down lest it concentrate economic power in its own hands. As a result, as long as socialist ideology dominated politics, the business community had little impact on policy.
Out of the Agrarian Era and into the Industrialization Era
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R
Published: July 2024

This chapter covers the transition from the Agrarian Era into the Industrialization Era. It raises an argument regarding industrialization transitions and the limited number of states in zones of peace. According to the argument of North, Wallis, and Weingast, improved economic and political institutions are the key to successful economic development. The chapter highlights the contribution of de-agrarianization and industrialization in accelerating technological innovation that brought a democratic transition and other traits of the industrial era. It explains that industrialization decreases the likelihood of conflict between industrialized states, with open access systems, by modifying the costs and benefits of conflict.
Zones of Peace and Neighborhood Diffusion
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the zones of peace and neighborhood diffusion. It explores research focusing on the nature of peace, state relationships, and structural conditions that facilitate violence. Under the right conditions, states may choose to forgo conflict by developing strong, cooperative relations characterized by a “warm peace.” Moreover, the notion of a security community represents the highest level of peace. The chapter elaborates on the conception of zones of peace, which includes the absence of militarized violence in a neighborhood. It explains the spatial diffusion of peace factors in correlation with industrialization, which highlights how the local diffusion of industrialization helps explain the development of zones of peace more generally.
Zones of Peace
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the extent of zones of peace. It cites that the effect of industrialization on peace is likely to differ at each stage in the peace process. Overall, the industrialization transition is expected to have a substantial effect on stabilizing a negative peace, which prevents rivalry formation and facilitates transitions to a stable, positive peace. Moreover, industrialization plays a significant role in declining violence in the international system. The chapter explains how conflict and peace transitions are explicitly estimated instead of depending on the presence or absence of conflict in a given year. It then elaborates on the empirical examination of state transitions using multi-state survival models.
The Transition from the Agricultural Era to the Industrialization Era
Authors: Antony Alexander K , Thompson William R
Published: July 2024

This chapter focuses on the transition from the agricultural era to the industrialization era. It explains how the absence of violence between discrete pairs of states becomes a less useful tool for understanding interstate peace. Industrialization influences zones of peace, so it aggregates conflict levels in the international system. The chapter considers how industrialization transition facilitates the emergence of several common peace factors, particularly democracy, economic interdependence, and border settlement. It mentions the temporary lull in violence between certain actors in the international system. Moreover, the material foundations of the neighborhood environment play a key role in how interests are pursued and the types of conflict outcomes.
COVID-19 Online Medical Consultation: Understanding the Affective Practice
Authors: Zhang Yu
Published: July 2024

During the outbreak of coronavirus disease (2019) COVID-19, many online medical consultation (OMC) platforms in China set up a section for the public to consult with doctors about COVID-19 disease. This study explores the COVID-19 OMC discourse, focusing on the affective dimension. The present study examines COVID-19 OMC interactions between doctors and inquirers. It finds that the inquirers’ negative emotions are implicitly expressed through epistemic expressions which can be heard and responded to with respect to emotion by the doctors. Another major finding is that by making use of deontic and epistemic expressions, the doctors provide empathic responses; or, in other words, they ascribe emotional stance to inquiries that involve no explicit emotional expressions. This study can contribute to a new perspective for studying affective engagement in doctor–patient interactions, particularly in emerging infectious disease communication between doctors and patients/caregivers in the OMC context.
A Spatial Omnibus Test (SPOT) for Spatial Proteomic Data
Authors: Samorodnitsky Sarah , Campbell Katie , Ribas Antoni , Wu Michael C
Published: July 2024

Motivation

Spatial proteomics can reveal the spatial organization of immune cells in the tumor immune microenvironment. Relating measures of spatial clustering, such as Ripley’s K or Besag’s L, to patient outcomes may offer important clinical insights. However, these measures require pre-specifying a radius in which to quantify clustering, yet no consensus exists on the optimal radius which may be context-specific.

Results

We propose a SPatial Omnibus Test (SPOT) which conducts this analysis across a range of candidate radii. At each radius, SPOT evaluates the association between the spatial summary and outcome, adjusting for confounders. SPOT then aggregates results across radii using the Cauchy combination test, yielding an omnibus P-value characterizing the overall degree of association. Using simulations, we verify that the type I error rate is controlled and show SPOT can be more powerful than alternatives. We also apply SPOT to ovarian and lung cancer studies.

Availability and implementation

An R package and tutorial are provided at https://github.com/sarahsamorodnitsky/SPOT.
DODGE: automated point source bacterial outbreak detection using cumulative long term genomic surveillance
Authors: Payne Michael , Hu Dalong , Wang Qinning , Sullivan Geraldine , Graham Rikki M , Rathnayake Irani U , Jennison Amy V , Sintchenko Vitali , Lan Ruiting
Published: July 2024

The reliable and timely recognition of outbreaks is a key component of public health surveillance for foodborne diseases. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) offers high resolution typing of foodborne bacterial pathogens and facilitates the accurate detection of outbreaks. This detection relies on grouping WGS data into clusters at an appropriate genetic threshold. However, methods and tools for selecting and adjusting such thresholds according to the required resolution of surveillance and epidemiological context are lacking. Here we present DODGE (Dynamic Outbreak Detection for Genomic Epidemiology), an algorithm to dynamically select and compare these genetic thresholds. DODGE can analyse expanding datasets over time and clusters that are predicted to correspond to outbreaks (or “investigation clusters”) can be named with established genomic nomenclature systems to facilitate integrated analysis across jurisdictions. DODGE was tested in two real-world Salmonella genomic surveillance datasets of different duration, 2 months from Australia and 9 years from the United Kingdom. In both cases only a minority of isolates were identified as investigation clusters. Two known outbreaks in the United Kingdom dataset were detected by DODGE and were recognized at an earlier timepoint than the outbreaks were reported. These findings demonstrated the potential of the DODGE approach to improve the effectiveness and timeliness of genomic surveillance for foodborne diseases and the effectiveness of the algorithm developed.

Availability and implementation

DODGE is freely available at https://github.com/LanLab/dodge and can easily be installed using Conda.
hopsy — a methods marketplace for convex polytope sampling in Python
Authors: Paul Richard D , Jadebeck Johann F , Stratmann Anton , Wiechert Wolfgang , Nöh Katharina
Published: July 2024

Effective collaboration between developers of Bayesian inference methods and users is key to advance our quantitative understanding of biosystems. We here present hopsy, a versatile open-source platform designed to provide convenient access to powerful Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling algorithms tailored to models defined on convex polytopes (CP). Based on the high-performance C++ sampling library HOPS, hopsy inherits its strengths and extends its functionalities with the accessibility of the Python programming language. A versatile plugin-mechanism enables seamless integration with domain-specific models, providing method developers with a framework for testing, benchmarking, and distributing CP samplers to approach real-world inference tasks. We showcase hopsy by solving common and newly composed domain-specific sampling problems, highlighting important design choices. By likening hopsy to a marketplace, we emphasize its role in bringing together users and developers, where users get access to state-of-the-art methods, and developers contribute their own innovative solutions for challenging domain-specific inference problems.

Availability and implementation

Sources, documentation and a continuously updated list of sampling algorithms are available at https://jugit.fz-juelich.de/IBG-1/ModSim/hopsy, with Linux, Windows and MacOS binaries at https://pypi.org/project/hopsy/.
Bayesian inference for multivariate probit model with latent envelope
Authors: Lee Kwangmin , Park Yeonhee
Published: July 2024

The response envelope model proposed by Cook et al. (2010) is an efficient method to estimate the regression coefficient under the context of the multivariate linear regression model. It improves estimation efficiency by identifying material and immaterial parts of responses and removing the immaterial variation. The response envelope model has been investigated only for continuous response variables. In this paper, we propose the multivariate probit model with latent envelope, in short, the probit envelope model, as a response envelope model for multivariate binary response variables. The probit envelope model takes into account relations between Gaussian latent variables of the multivariate probit model by using the idea of the response envelope model. We address the identifiability of the probit envelope model by employing the essential identifiability concept and suggest a Bayesian method for the parameter estimation. We illustrate the probit envelope model via simulation studies and real-data analysis. The simulation studies show that the probit envelope model has the potential to gain efficiency in estimation compared to the multivariate probit model. The real data analysis shows that the probit envelope model is useful for multi-label classification.
Synthesis of a symmetrically meta-substituted poly(diphenylacetylene) bearing chiral amide groups and its application as a chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kesornsit Sanhanut , Taniguchi Tsuyoshi , Nozaki Mai , Nishimura Tatsuya , Maeda Katsuhiro
Published: July 2024

A symmetrically meta-substituted poly(diphenylacetylene) bearing chiral amide groups was synthesized by reacting (R)-1-phenylethylamine with a carboxy-group-containing precursor polymer, which was obtained by polymerizing the corresponding ester-containing diphenylacetylene using a modified Mo(V)-based catalytic system followed by hydrolysis. The polymer formed a one-handed helical conformation when thermally annealed in a solvent. The chiral recognition ability of the polymer before and after thermal annealing was investigated when used as a chiral stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography.
Urinary soluble PD-1 as a biomarker of checkpoint inhibitor-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis
Authors: Gomez-Preciado Francisco , Martinez-Valenzuela Laura , Anton-Pampols Paula , Fulladosa Xavier , Tena Marina Gomez , Gomà Montserrat , Jove María , Nadal Ernest , Merino-Ribas Ana , Martin-Alemany Nadia , Cruzado Josep María , Torras Joan , Draibe Juliana
Published: July 2024

Background

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) related to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI-AIN) has a not completely understood pathophysiology. Our objectives were to analyze possible biomarkers for the differentiation between acute tubular necrosis (ATN) and AIN, especially in cancer patients, and to study the participation of the immune checkpoint pathway in ICI-AIN.

Methods

We performed an observational study. We recruited patients with incident diagnosis of ICI-AIN (n = 19). We measured soluble PD-1 (sPD-1), sPD-L1, and sPD-L2 in serum and urine at diagnosis and compared to it patients with non-ICI-related AIN (non-ICI-AIN) (n = 18) and ATN (n = 21). The findings were validated in an independent cohort from another institution (n = 30). Also, we performed PD-L1 and PD-L2 immunostaining of kidney biopsies from patients with ICI-AIN and compared to patients with non-ICI-AIN.

Results

Urinary sPD-1 (usPD-1) was higher in patients with AIN compared to ATN (P = .03). Patients with AIN also showed higher serum sPD-1 (ssPD-1) than patients with ATN (P = .021).

 In cancer patients, usPD-1 <129.3 pg/ml had a 71.43% sensitivity and 94.44% specificity to differentiate ATN from ICI-AIN, with a likelihood ratio of 12.86. In the external validation cohort, the same cutoff showed a sensitivity of 80%.

 In kidney biopsies, patients with ICI-AIN showed higher density of PD-L1 positive tubules than patients with non-ICI-AIN (P = .02). The proportion of patients having >2.64/mm2 PD-L2 positive tubules was higher among patients with ICI-AIN compared to non-ICI-AIN (P = .034). There was a positive correlation (P = .009, r = 0.72) between usPD-1 and the number of PD-L1 positive tubules.

Conclusions

UsPD-1 and ssPD-1 are higher in AIN than ATN. Moreover, there was a strong correlation between usPD-1 and renal tubular PD-L1 expression. Our findings suggest a role of usPD-1 as non-invasive biomarker to differentiate ICI-AIN from ATN, especially in cancer patients, which has been confirmed in an external validation cohort.
Ileal Paneth Cell Phenotype is a Cellular Biomarker for Pouch Complications in Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ma Changqing , Haritunians Talin , Gremida Anas K , Syal Gaurav , Shah Janaki , Yang Shaohong , Ramos Del Aguila de Rivers Claudia , Storer Chad E , Chen Ling , Mengesha Emebet , Mujukian Angela , Hanna Mary , Fleshner Phillip , Binion David G , VanDussen Kelli L , Stappenbeck Thaddeus S , Head Richard D , Ciorba Matthew A , McGovern Dermot P B , Liu Ta-Chiang
Published: July 2024

Background and Aims

Biomarkers that integrate genetic and environmental factors and predict outcome in complex immune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; including Crohn’s disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]) are needed. We showed that morphological patterns of ileal Paneth cells (Paneth cell phenotype [PCP]; a surrogate for PC function) is one such cellular biomarker for CD. Given the shared features between CD and UC, we hypothesised that PCP is also associated with molecular/genetic features and outcome in UC. Because PC density is highest in the ileum, we further hypothesised that PCP predicts outcome in UC subjects undergoing total colectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis [IPAA].

Methods

Uninflamed ileal resection margins from UC subjects with colectomy and IPAA were used for PCP and transcriptomic analyses. PCP was defined using defensin 5 immunofluorescence. Genotyping was performed using Immunochip. UC transcriptomic and genotype associations of PCP were incorporated with data from CD subjects to identify common IBD-related pathways and genes that regulate PCP.

Results

The prevalence of abnormal ileal PCP was 27%, comparable to that seen in CD. Combined analysis of UC and CD subjects showed that abnormal PCP was associated with transcriptomic pathways of secretory granule maturation and polymorphisms in innate immunity genes. Abnormal ileal PCP at the time of colectomy was also associated with pouch complications including de novo CD in the pouch and time to first episode of pouchitis.

Conclusions

Ileal PCP is biologically and clinically relevant in UC and can be used as a biomarker in IBD.
Intravital imaging of cardiac tissue utilizing tissue-stabilized heart window chamber in live animal model
Authors: Ahn Soyeon , Yoon Jung-yeon , Kim Pilhan
Published: July 2024

Aims

To develop and validate an optimized intravital heart microimaging protocol using a suction-based tissue motion-stabilizing cardiac imaging window to facilitate real-time observation of dynamic cellular behaviours within cardiac tissue in live mouse models.

Methods and results

Intravital heart imaging was conducted using dual-mode confocal and two-photon microscopy. Mice were anesthetized, intubated, and maintained at a stable body temperature during the procedure. LysM-eGFP transgenic mice were utilized to visualize immune cell dynamics with vascular labelling by intravenous injection of anti-CD31 antibody and DiD-labelled red blood cells (RBCs). A heart imaging window chamber with a vacuum-based tissue motion stabilizer with 890–920 mbar was applied following a chest incision to expose the cardiac tissue. The suction-based heart imaging window chamber system and artificial intelligence-based motion compensation function significantly reduced motion artefacts and facilitated real-time in vivo cell analysis of immune cell and RBC trafficking, revealing a mean neutrophil movement velocity of 1.66 mm/s, which was slower compared to the RBC flow velocity of 9.22 mm/s. Intravital two-photon microscopic heart imaging enabled label-free second harmonic generation imaging of cardiac muscle structures with 820–840 nm excitation wavelength, revealing detailed biodistributions and structural variations in sarcomeres and fibrillar organization in the heart.

Conclusion

The optimized intravital heart imaging protocol successfully demonstrates its capability to provide high-resolution, real-time visualization of dynamic cellular activities within live cardiac tissue.
Differences in the association of lifestyle-related modifiable risk factors with incident cardiovascular disease between individuals with and without diabetes
Authors: Komuro Kaoruko , Kaneko Hidehiro , Komuro Jin , Suzuki Yuta , Okada Akira , Mizuno Atsushi , Fujiu Katsuhito , Takeda Norifumi , Morita Hiroyuki , Node Koichi , Yasunaga Hideo , Takeda Norihiko , Ieda Masaki , Komuro Issei
Published: July 2024

Aims

Individuals with diabetes have a high risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little was known whether the association between modifiable risk factors and incident CVD would change according to the presence of diabetes.

Methods and results

In this study, we analysed 4 132 006 individuals including 173 262 individuals (4.2%) with diabetes registered in the JMDC Claims Database, and compared the association between modifiable risk factors and risk of CVD between individuals with and without diabetes. The median age was 44 years, and 57.5% were men. Multivariable Cox regression analyses showed that the relationship of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia with incident CVD was attenuated in individuals with diabetes, whereas that of non-ideal eating habits, smoking, and physical inactivity with incident CVD was pronounced in those with diabetes. The hazard ratio per 1-point increase in non-ideal lifestyle-related factors was 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–1.04] in individuals with non-diabetes, whereas 1.09 (95% CI, 1.07–1.11) in individuals with diabetes (P-value for interaction < 0.001). Further, hazard ratios for developing CVD were 1.02 (95% CI, 1.01–1.04) in individuals not having diabetes, whereas 1.09 (95% CI, 1.04–1.13) in individuals having diabetes for the increase of lifestyle-related factors after 1-year follow-up (P-value for interaction 0.007).

Conclusion

Our analysis utilizing a nationwide epidemiological dataset presented that the relationship of lifestyle-related factors with incident CVD would be pronounced in people having diabetes, suggesting that the maintenance of a healthy lifestyle would play a more important role in the development of CVD in individuals having diabetes.