bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les Letters concerning the English Nation et les Lettres écrites de Londres sur les Anglais : un original dédoublé
Authors: Rooryck Guy
Published: October 2021

L’article a pour objectif d’analyser les jugements littéraires de Voltaire tant dans les Letters concerning the English Nation (1733) que dans les Lettres écrites de Londres sur les Anglais et autres sujets (1734). Les lettres XVIII à XXIV ont pour sujet différents aspects touchant les belles lettres. Notre questionnement portera sur les différences et les analogies entre les deux versions et renverra également aux traductions anglaises modernes qui, par contraste, font ressortir la spécificité du texte anglais paru en 1733. L’activité créatrice du traducteur (en l’occurrence John Lockman) se manifeste comme une prolongation de certaines figures de rhétorique, en particulier celles de la brevitas (concision) et de l’amplificatio (emphase). La traduction anglaise de 1733 a le plus souvent recours à l’emphase qui souligne la force illocutoire du texte. En raison du contexte politique, Voltaire se doit de tenir compte de la censure en France et freine en français son audace qui se donne libre cours dans la version anglaise de 1733. Il juge d’autre part selon les critères du « bon goût » de son époque, et bien qu’il apprécie le génie d’écrivains anglais, il s’exprime souvent en faveur de la retenue de chefs-d’oeuvre français, qui, nés dans le contexte d’une « société de cour » se construisent par le biais d’une parole allusive faite de sous-entendus, alors que les littérateurs anglais ne reculent pas devant l’âpreté de la réalité. La voix énarrative du traducteur de 1733 a tendance à intensifier les jugements de Voltaire dans une mise en énonciation qui s’adresse à un public anglais. Les traductions modernes (Dilworth (1961); Tancock (1981); Steiner (2007), basées sur l’édition Jore/Lanson (1909)) reprennent, en revanche, les appréciations des Lettres philosophiques (1734) dans une mise en énonciation adoucissant la force illocutoire de la version anglaise initiale qui, elle, aiguise la pensée de Voltaire dans ses jugements tant critiques que favorables.
Traduire la liberté. La démocratie libérale selon Benjamin Constant
Authors: Wilhelm Jane Elisabeth
Published: October 2021

Benjamin Constant est l’un des premiers grands penseurs de la démocratie libérale. Il joua un rôle de premier plan dans la vie politique et intellectuelle de son époque, à une période charnière pour l’avenir de l’Europe. Son héritage politique est d’une rare envergure et il est aussi l’auteur d’un chef-d’oeuvre d’analyse psychologique, le roman Adolphe (1816). Loin d’être seulement une doctrine politique et économique, le libéralisme apparaît désormais comme l’un des courants originels de la politique moderne, consubstantiel à la démocratie. En Europe, les origines du libéralisme politique, représentées par Benjamin Constant, Mme de Staël et leurs amis, le « Groupe de Coppet », sont étroitement liées à la circulation des idées et au cosmopolitisme, aux échanges culturels et à la pratique du traduire. La traduction à Coppet peut ainsi se comprendre au sens strict de transfert linguistique d’une langue à l’autre, comme au sens plus large d’interprétation ou d’herméneutique selon Paul Ricoeur, qui invoque le paradigme de l’hospitalitélangagière. C’est autour du cercle de Coppet, au sein duquel se déploie une intense activité de traduction et d’interprétation, que s’élaborent les catégories politiques, littéraires et esthétiques à l’entrée dans l’âge démocratique. Dans la distinction restée célèbre qu’il développera entre la liberté des Anciens et celle des Modernes, Constant s’attachera à traduire, en politique et dans les institutions, l’irréductible différence de la modernité, à savoir le principe individuel né de la Révolution. En favorisant le libre commerce des idées et les échanges avec l’étranger, la traduction, tant au sens large qu’au sens restreint, permet non seulement la diffusion des idées politiques du libéralisme, mais illustre également la nécessité de la différence et de l’altérité comme composantes essentielles de la démocratie libérale.
Réfléchir au cinéma : plongée dans le numéro double des Cahiers du mois de 1925
Authors: Abadie Karine
Published: October 2021

Dans les années 1920, alors qu’en France le cinéma devient un divertissement et un mode de représentation de plus en plus populaire, des textes prenant différentes formes sont soumis à des magazines de cinéma, des revues littéraires, ou encore des journaux généralistes. Les écrivains participent au développement de ce discours en proposant des textes de réflexion, à cheval sur l’essai et sur la critique, fortement infléchis par les pratiques et les exigences journalistiques. Notre article s’interrogera sur la nature de ces textes, en examinant le numéro double de la revue Les Cahiers du mois, parus en 1925. Notre lecture nous permettra de repérer des points de croisement tant dans les réflexions que dans les formes et d’examiner les options privilégiées pour soutenir une diversité d’idées au sujet du cinéma.
Le cinéma sous l’oeil et la plume du poète surréaliste Robert Desnos
Authors: Aurouet Carole
Published: October 2021

Robert Desnos s’est d’emblée enthousiasmé pour le cinématographe, qui voit le jour cinq ans avant lui, en 1895. Et son engouement est tel que le poète participe à ce jeune moyen d’expression de deux façons. D’une part, il écrit des comptes rendus de films, des analyses d’oeuvres de cinéastes et des articles portant sur des problèmes extrinsèques aux films eux-mêmes ; entre 1923 et 1930, il livre ainsi plus de quatre-vingts articles. D’autre part, il est l’auteur d’une vingtaine de textes scénaristiques, dont quatre seulement ont été publiés de son vivant, entre 1925 et 1933. En s’appuyant sur l’analyse de ce corpus cinématographique, cette étude propose de s’interroger sur la manière dont Desnos envisage le cinéma – Que fait ce nouveau moyen d’expression au poète ? Que représente-il pour lui ? Quels sont ses goûts et ses dégoûts cinématographiques ? Quelles réflexions fait-il sur le cinéma ? –, avant d’analyser les textes scénaristiques eux-mêmes – Que fait le poète au cinéma ? Comment essaie-t-il de créer un nouveau langage grâce à lui ? Que deviennent ses promesses cinématographiques à l’épreuve de la réalité ? Ainsi sera-t-il possible d’appréhender corrélativement la circulation des thèmes et des motifs entre deux contextes de production : critique et artistique.
« Nous voilà tous… », un acte de naissance de Raymond Queneau au cinéma
Authors: Cherqui Marie-Claude
Published: October 2021

Ayant assidûment fréquenté les cinémas avec son père, au Havre, durant la Première Guerre mondiale, Raymond Queneau (1903-1976) devient, dès son arrivée à Paris, un spectateur assidu des salles « osscures ». « Nous voilà tous… », court texte surréaliste, publié en 1989 dans la Bibliothèque de la Pléiade parmi nombre de poèmes et de textes inédits, est un éloge poétique du cinéma d’avant l’arrivée du parlant. N’ayant pas encore fait l’objet d’analyses jusqu’à ce jour, celui-ci se présente comme un texte fondateur pour qui s’intéresse à la manifestation du cinéma dans l’oeuvre de Raymond Queneau. Ce dernier y revendique le cinématographe comme une découverte majeure, tout en faisant l’inventaire des figures qui constituent son panthéon cinématographique et qui vont nourrir, sous diverses formes et avec de nombreuses variantes, son oeuvre romanesque et poétique. Cet article se propose d’explorer comment ces motifs se développent peu à peu, se répètent et évoluent pour constituer un ensemble des plus originaux sur l’expression du cinéma dans la littérature de son temps.
« On ne m’atteint pas » : Nadja ou l’insaisissable photographie
Authors: Canovas Frédéric
Published: October 2021

Une des raisons pour laquelle Nadja d’André Breton constitue un texte emblématique de la littérature moderne vient du fait que le récit est accompagné de 48 photographies en noir et blanc ponctuant la rencontre entre le narrateur et une jeune femme. De nombreux critiques ont tenté de décrypter le sens de ces photographies et de les faire entrer dans différentes grilles de lecture avec pour objectif de dévoiler certains non-dits du texte. En se basant sur trois articles consacrés à la photographie dans Nadja ces trente dernières années, notre étude propose de démontrer comment toute tentative d’interprétation des photographies est vouée, sinon à l’échec, au moins à la confusion et à l’ambiguïté, et débouche en fait sur plus de questions qu’elle n’apporte de réponses. En voulant donner à son récit un caractère plus troublant, Breton a aussi brouillé les pistes et créé un système de signification qui lui échappe en grande partie ainsi qu’aux lecteurs. Interpréter les photographies insérées dans Nadja, tenter de les faire entrer dans un réseau plus global, revient pour chaque lecteur et chaque lectrice à projeter ses propres dispositions sur l’écran textuel et visuel du livre au risque d’aboutir à une lecture qui se caractérise davantage par ses aspects subjectifs que par la rigueur scientifique.
The adoption of an e-learning system using information systems success model: a case study of Jazan University
Authors: Al-shargabi Bassam , Sabri Omar , Aljawarneh Shadi
Published: October 2021

Background

The e-learning system has gained a phenomenal significance than ever before in the present COVID-19 crisis. The E-learning delivery mechanisms have evolved to enhanced levels facilitating the education delivery with greater penetration and access to mass student population worldwide. Nevertheless, there is still scope to conduct further research in order to innovate and improve higher quality delivery mechanism using the state-of-the-art information and communication technologies (ICT) available today. In the present pandemic crisis all the stakeholders in the higher education system, i.e., the governments, institutions, and the students expect seamless and efficient content delivery via e-learning platforms. This study proposes the adoption of the e-learning system by the integration of the model proposed by Delon and Mcclean “Information System Success Model” in Jazan University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and further attempts to identify the factors affecting E-learning applications' success among the students.

Methods

The data were gathered from 568 respondents. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 26 (SPSS v.26.0) was used for the data analysis and one-way ANOVA is applied to test the hypothesis.

Result

The overall results of this study allude to the fact that there is a significant relationship between Information system Success Model factors and the adoption of e-learning systems. The research results indicated that the information system success model has a strong associating cost-benefit value towards the adoption of e-learning systems across the Jazan University that may be further expanded to the other Saudi universities.
The correlation of WDR76 expression with survival outcomes and immune infiltrates in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fang Likui , Yu Guocan , Yu Wenfeng , Chen Gang , Ye Bo
Published: October 2021

Background

WD repeat domain 76 (WDR76) is a predicted member of the WD40-repeat-containing domain superfamily and possibly involves in various biological processes, but its function in cancers is poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the role of WDR76 in the prognosis and immune infiltrates of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD).

Methods

WDR76 expressions in LUAD tissues and normal tissues were primarily compared by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and were validated in cohorts from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The associations between WDR76 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analyses were performed to determine the impact of WDR76 expression on survival outcomes. The protein interaction network of WDR76 was built using STRING website. TIMER and GEPIA databases were used to investigate the correlation between WDR76 expression and immune infiltrates.

Results

WDR76 expression was elevated in LUAD (P < 0.001) and high WDR76 expression was associated with advanced N stage, M stage and pathologic stage. Expectedly, high WDR76 expression significantly correlated with poor survival outcomes and was the independent risk factor for overall survival (OS) (HR 1.468, 95% CI [1.031–2.089], P = 0.033) and disease specific survival (DSS) (HR 1.764, 95% CI [1.095–2.842], P = 0.020). DDB1 and LSH were the important proteins interacting with WDR76. WDR76 expression correlated with CD8+ T cells presence and was also positively associated with levels of inhibitory receptors.

Conclusion

WDR76 expression was involved in the regulation of immune infiltrates and had predictive value for prognosis in LUAD.
MOLTMANN SPEAKING AT THE ECO-ENVIRONMENTALISTS CONFERENCE: ECOLOGY AND THEOLOGY IN DIALOGUE
Authors: Resane Kelebogile Thomas
Published: October 2021

This article explains Moltmann’s doctrine of ecology as applied by ecotheologians to address the ecological crisis. Ecotheology is highlighted as a critical role-player in the harmonisation of theology and ecology. The role of ecotheology is defined within the ecological crisis in South Africa. The emergence of ecotheology assists scholars to balance and maintain a stable and theologically sensible mode of stewardship, taking a command from the perichoretical example for us to dwell together with God and creation as partners towards creation fulfilment. Moltmann’s response to ecological abuse is to provide a Trinitarian theology of the environment that encompasses creation, redemption and anthropology. His theology of the environment attempts to widen its eschatological focus by stressing that humanity and the environment are being redeemed in the coming of God’s Kingdom. Moltmann’s trinitarian theology, especially from the perichoretical inter-relationship of the triune God, pneumatological application in creation, and humanity’s pivotal position and role are all elaborated to support ecological understanding. Humanity as imago Dei are encouraged to move from the traditional view of dominating the earth towards that of becoming partners with God in the eschatological replenishment of the earth. Humans need to take a gigantic leap of acquiring knowledge of the trinitarian creation model suggested by Moltmann’s ecological doctrine i.e. God-Creation-Humanity. Human beings must find out what their God-given meaning for the creation is, and when they have done so, their sense of responsibility will be ignited.
Influence of Entrepreneurial Traits on the Success of Agripreneurs
Authors: Jayasudha J. , Sheela M. Shantha
Published: October 2021

Aims: Entrepreneurship is a state of mind that allows you to take calculated risks with confidence in order to attain a certain economic or industrial goal. This study deals with the socio- economic and entrepreneurial characteristics which finds place in business success.

Study Design: Expost- facto study.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: The study has been conducted among the agripreneurs from agri-incubation centersof Coimbatore and Maduraibetween February 2021 and August 2021.

Methodology: Proportionate Random sampling method, 104 respondents were selected for the study from the total population of 416 samples. The data was collected by using pre – tested and well-structured interview schedule. Each agripreneur were personally interviewed to collect the information. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical tools such as Percentage analysis, Mean score and Regression method.

Results: It was observed that experience in business, self-confidence, annual income, economic motivation and credit orientation plays major role in determining the success of agripreneurs. It was suggested that more mentoring to increasing self confidence among the entrepreneurs in incubation centers and providing fund will lead to the success.

Conclusion: Experience also paved the way to success, by gaining experience one can learn and decide how to make the enterprise as profit and successful venture. It was suggested that creating more source of fund for their business investment and motivation by giving mentoring would increase the self confidence which lead effectively towards the business success of agripreneurs.
Vulnerability Assessment and Household Preparedness Level to Flood in Ogunpa-Oni Sub River Basin
Authors: Balogun T. A. , Adamu M. O. , Alaga T. , Adewoyin J. E. , Ajisafe S. A. , Nuhu S.
Published: October 2021

Flood is a natural event that cause varying degree of losses despite initiatives to mitigate its impact. As the drive to retore normalcy in flood riddle areas increases, concerns about the vulnerability of areas in relation to households’ responses to flood has emerged. This study therefore, identified areas vulnerable to flood; elicit households’ sociodemographic attributes and examine their level of preparedness to flood in Ogunpa and Oni River Basin. A GIS-based approach was adopted along with 121 well-structured questionnaires administered to the respondents. A multi-criteria analysis (that considers slope, rainfall, soil type, DEM and NDVI was adopted), descriptive statistic and binary logistic model was used to achieve the objectives. The results from the vulnerability map revealed varying vulnerability status across Ogunpa and Oni River Basin. In addition, the sociodemographic statistics revealed important variables that influences household decision to prepare for flood. It was also known that factors that drive households to prepare for flood vary across households in Ogunpa and Oni River Basin. The study recommends enlightenment campaign on proper refuse disposal, strengthening of environmental regulatory agency, adoption of participatory approach in the buildup of environmental policy and increasing the level of awareness on the need for insurance policy that covers household against disaster such as flood.
Growth of Goramy (Osphronemus goramy Lac 1801) Monoculture and Polyculture with Nilem (Osteochilus hasselti C.V)
Authors: Yustiati Ayi , Dinata Esa Jaya , Hamdani Herman , Bangkit Ibnu
Published: October 2021

This research was conducted to determine the optimal density of gorami (Osphronemus goramy Lac 1801) and nilem (Osteochilus hasselti C.V) polyculture with varios nilem density. The research are carried out in the maintenance pool of the Kawungsari Fish Farmers Group, Kertayasa Village, Pangandaran Regency, Indonesia. The research method used is an experimental method with 4 treatments and 4 replications using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Variation of stocking densities carried out with the ratio of gorami: nilem is 30 : 0 fish m2 -1 (control), 30:10 fish m2 -1, 30: 20 fish m2 -1 and 30: 30 fish m2 -1. The fish are kept for 40 days in a pond with an area of 6 x 8 m and a height of 1.2 m. The fish used are gorami with 6-8 cm long and nilem with 4-6 cm long, gorami fish from the PangandaranKertayasa farmer group and nilem fish come from the seed hall which triggers gorami stock and nilem (BPPSIGN) Tasikmalaya. Obtained data are done at the beginning of the study and every 10 days, namely on day 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th. The parameters observed included daily growth rate, survival rate, feed efficiency, periphyton abundance and water quality. The results showed the stocking density of 30 fish m2 -1gorami with 20 fish m2 -1nilem was the most optimal stocking density with survival rate of 93.5%, daily growth rate of 1.19%, and gorami’s feed efficiency is 32.66%. Pond water quality including temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen is still within optimum range in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard for maintenance of gorami and nilem.
Association of Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions in Women with Genital Warts; A Cytological and Molecular Study
Authors: Fathallah Nada S. , Hagras Ahmed M. , El-Shorbagy Safinaz H. , Allah Manal M. Abd
Published: October 2021

Background: Cervical cancer is a major health concern worldwide, according to the World Health Organization. It is now the fourth most common cancer after breast, colorectal and lung cancers in women worldwide. It is also the world's third most common cause of cancer death in women. objective of the study is to clarify association between genital warts & cervical intraepithelial lesions using cervical smear cytology with real time PCR.

Methods: The study was carried out at The Department of gynecology & dermatology in Tanta University Hospitals. 50 patients were included started from June 2019 to June 2020.

Results: From June 2019 to June 2020, 50 married women with genital warts are include in the study. Ten women out of 50 were married twice. Number of pregnancies ranged from 0 to 4 with a median (IQR) of 2.56. As regard LSIL group; 6 patients were infected by low risk HPV genotypes while only 2 patients had a mixed infection with high risk HPV genotypes. While all HSIL patients were infected by high risk HPV genotypes.

Conclusions: The cytological characteristics of HPV on cervical smear appear to be non-specific. Therefore, PCR for HPV should be made use of as an adjunct to cervical smears in high risk patients to diagnose and follow up early cervical intraepithelial lesions.
Occupational Health and Safety Risks and Hazards among Workers in the Gambian Building Construction Sites: A Mixed-Method Study Design
Authors: Barrow Amadou , P. S. Jatta Solomon , Nget Musa , A. Kuye Rex
Published: October 2021

Background: Providing occupational health and safety (OHS) services to employees has been a global problem for an extended period. A safe workplace should pose no avoidable risk to employees' physical, psychological, or social wellbeing and should provide opportunities for employees to improve and support their health. This study aimed to assess the occupational health and safety risks and hazards among workers at the construction sites in Kombo North District of the Gambia.

Methods: A mixed-method study design was conducted across construction workers in Kombo North District, West Coast Region of the Gambia. Data was generated using validated OHS risk assessment matrix, structured questionnaires, environmental and physical inspection and key informant interviews. Descriptive statistics, including a composite scoring system, were used to present the results of this study.

Results: Of the 157 respondents in this study, 98.1% were males, and about one-third of these construction workers were 31-40 years of age. About 46% and 34.4% spent 1-5 and 6-10 years in the construction industry, while about 40.2% of the respondents never been to school. The study revealed that physical risks and hazards in the form of falling from a height, electric shock, etc. were the most common forms compared to other categories such as ergonomics, biological and chemical risks and hazards. There is no reporting system or registry in place across the study sites.

Conclusion: This study provides evidence that physical hazards reported being the most common across other forms of ergonomics, biological and chemical risk and hazards. There is an urgent need for reactivation and implementation of OHS advocacies, health education, and other preventive strategies to control common workplace risks and hazards in their various forms.
Mathematical Modeling of Flow and Diffusion in the Lens of the Eye
Authors: Nigam Deependra , Kumar Pal Rajesh , Kothiyal Pradeep , Jadoun Manoj Kumar
Published: October 2021

The present work is concerned with the development of a simple transient mathematical model for the oxygen diffusion-consumption in the eye lens. The model takes into account the transport of oxygen by diffusion and consumption of oxygen is assumed to follow the Michaelis- Menten’s kinetics. The partial differential equation governing the partial pressure of oxygen has been solved by using implicit Crank-Nicholson’s iteration scheme. The prime objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of model parameters: the Michaelis- Menten’s kinetic constant and maximum rate of consumption on the partial pressure of oxygen in the mammalian lens. The computational results of the model have been presented by graphs and effects of model parameters also have been shown through the graphs and discussed. The present mathematical analysis of oxygen diffusion in the lens may contribute to the knowledge of regulation of tissue oxygen in the lens and quantitative understanding achieved through the analysis may facilitate the design of new therapeutic procedures. This analysis may help in regulating the partial pressure of oxygen in the lens.
Association of teleworking and smoking behavior of U.S. wage and salary workers
Authors: Nargis Nigar , Li Qing , Griffin Lauren , Asare Samuel , Bandi Priti , Majmundar Anuja , Westmaas J Lee , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: October 2021

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a major shift in workspace from office to home. This report examined how telecommuting is related to smoking behavior of wage and salary workers.

Methods

Self-reported smoking behavior of 1,390 U.S. wage and salary workers aged 16–64 years from the Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey 2018/19 were linked to the 2018 American Time Use Survey. Weighted multivariate logistic regression predicting smoking probability and generalized linear regression predicting smoking intensity were used for analysis.

Results

Almost a fifth (19%) of wage and salary workers reported working from home and over a half (52%) reported working in telecommuting amenable occupations. Nearly 12% were current smokers, smoking 14.7 cigarettes daily on average. Compared to their counterparts, smoking prevalence (percentage points) was lower among those employed in telecommuting amenable occupations (−0.52, p < .001 for all; 0.01, p = .862 for men; −2.40, p < .001 for women) and who worked more frequently from home (−0.21, p < .001 for all; −0.76, p < .001 for men; −0.03, p = .045 for women). Smoking intensity (cigarettes per day) was lower among those employed in telecommuting amenable occupations (−3.39, p = .03 for all; −0.36, p = .90 for men; −4.30, p = .21 for women). We found no statistically significant association between smoking intensity and telecommuting frequency.

Conclusions

The lower likelihood of smoking and lower level of smoking intensity among telecommuting wage and salary workers suggests the need for proactive efforts to address the potential exacerbation in occupation-related smoking disparities between occupations that are and are not amenable to telecommuting.
BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation on circulating tumor DNA correlates with improved survival of patients with ovarian cancer
Authors: Elazezy Maha , Prieske Katharina , Kluwe Lan , Oliveira‐Ferrer Leticia , Peine Sven , Müller Volkmar , Woelber Linn , Schmalfeldt Barbara , Pantel Klaus , Joosse Simon A.
Published: October 2021

Methylation of the BRCA1 promoter is an epigenetic gene expression regulator and is frequently observed in ovarian cancer; however, conversion of methylation status is thought to drive disease recurrence. Therefore, longitudinal monitoring of methylation status by liquid biopsy in cell‐free DNA may be a predictive marker. In total, 135 plasma samples were collected from 69 ovarian cancer patients before and during systemic treatment. Our liquid biopsy assay could detect down to a single molecule of methylated DNA in a high background of normal DNA (0.03%) with perfect specificity in control samples. We found that 60% of the cancer patients exhibited BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation at one point, although 24% lost hypermethylation during treatment. Multivariate survival analyses indicate that relapses are independent events and that hypermethylation and methylation conversion are independently correlated to longer relapse‐free survival. We present a highly sensitive and specific methylation‐specific quantitative PCR‐based liquid biopsy assay. BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation is frequently found in ovarian cancer and is often reversed upon recurrence, indicating the selection of therapy‐resistant clones and unfavorable clinical outcome.
Zwitterion‐Driven Shape Program of Prodrug Nanoassemblies with High Stability, High Tumor Accumulation, and High Antitumor Activity
Authors: Li Guanting , Sun Bingjun , Zheng Shunzhe , Xu Lu , Tao Wenhui , Zhao Dongyang , Yu Jiang , Fu Shuwen , Zhang Xuanbo , Zhang Haotian , Zhai Yinglei , Luo Cong , Ding Huaiwei , He Zhonggui , Sun Jin
Published: October 2021

Prodrug nanoassemblies have emerged as a promising platform for the delivery of anticancer drugs. PEGylation is a “gold standard” to improve colloidal stability and pharmacokinetics of nanomedicines. However, the clinical application of PEG materials is challenged by in vivo oxidative degradation and immunogenicity. Rational design of advanced biomaterials for the surface modification of nanomedicines is the hot spot of research. Here, a zwitterionic sulfobetaine surfactant is constructed as a novel surface modifier to coassemble with 10‐hydroxycamptothecin‐linoleic acid conjugate, with the classical PEGylated material as control. Interestingly, both the type and ratio of surfactants have profound impacts on the molecular mechanisms of the assembly of prodrugs, thereby affecting the pharmaceutical properties. Compared with PEGylated spherical prodrug nanoassemblies, zwitterion‐modified prodrug nanoassemblies have distinct rod shape and superhydrophilic surface, and exhibit potent antitumor activity due to the combination of multiple advantages in terms of colloidal stability, cellular uptake, and pharmacokinetics. The findings illustrate the crucial role of zwitterionic surfactants as the surface modifier in the determination of in vivo fate of the prodrug nanoassemblies, and pave the way for the development of advanced nanomedicines.
Carbon‐Based Materials for Articular Tissue Engineering: From Innovative Scaffolding Materials toward Engineered Living Carbon
Authors: Islam Monsur , Lantada Andrés Díaz , Mager Dario , Korvink Jan G.
Published: October 2021

Carbon materials constitute a growing family of high‐performance materials immersed in ongoing scientific technological revolutions. Their biochemical properties are interesting for a wide set of healthcare applications and their biomechanical performance, which can be modulated to mimic most human tissues, make them remarkable candidates for tissue repair and regeneration, especially for articular problems and osteochondral defects involving diverse tissues with very different morphologies and properties. However, more systematic approaches to the engineering design of carbon‐based cell niches and scaffolds are needed and relevant challenges should still be overcome through extensive and collaborative research. In consequence, this study presents a comprehensive description of carbon materials and an explanation of their benefits for regenerative medicine, focusing on their rising impact in the area of osteochondral and articular repair and regeneration. Once the state‐of‐the‐art is illustrated, innovative design and fabrication strategies for artificially recreating the cellular microenvironment within complex articular structures are discussed. Together with these modern design and fabrication approaches, current challenges, and research trends for reaching patients and creating social and economic impacts are examined. In a closing perspective, the engineering of living carbon materials is also presented for the first time and the related fundamental breakthroughs ahead are clarified.
2D Molybdenum Carbide MXenes for Enhanced Selective Detection of Humidity in Air
Authors: Pazniak Hanna , Varezhnikov Alexey S. , Kolosov Dmitry A. , Plugin Ilya A. , Vito Alessia Di , Glukhova Olga E. , Sheverdyaeva Polina M. , Spasova Marina , Kaikov Igor , Kolesnikov Evgeny A. , Moras Paolo , Bainyashev Alexey M. , Solomatin Maksim A. , Kiselev Ilia , Wiedwald Ulf , Sysoev Victor V.
Published: October 2021

2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) open up novel opportunities in gas sensing with high sensitivity at room temperature. Herein, 2D Mo2CTx flakes with high aspect ratio are successfully synthesized. The chemiresistive effect in a sub‐µm MXene multilayer for different organic vapors and humidity at 101–104 ppm in dry air is studied. Reasonably, the low‐noise resistance signal allows the detection of H2O down to 10 ppm. Moreover, humidity suppresses the response of Mo2CTx to organic analytes due to the blocking of adsorption active sites. By measuring the impedance of MXene layers as a function of ac frequency in the 10−2–106 Hz range, it is shown that operation principle of the sensor is dominated by resistance change rather than capacitance variations. The sensor transfer function allows to conclude that the Mo2CTx chemiresistance is mainly originating from electron transport through interflake potential barriers with heights up to 0.2 eV. Density functional theory calculations, elucidating the Mo2C surface interaction with organic analytes and H2O, explain the experimental data as an energy shift of the density of states under the analyte's adsorption which induces increasing electrical resistance.
Chirality Bias Tissue Homeostasis by Manipulating Immunological Response
Authors: Jiang Shengjie , Zeng Qiang , Zhao Kai , Liu Jinying , Sun Qiannan , Huang Kang , He Ying , Zhang Xuehui , Wang Hui , Shi Xinghua , Feng Chuanliang , Deng Xuliang , Wei Yan
Published: October 2021

The physiological chirality of extracellular environments is substantially affected by pathological diseases. However, how this stereochemical variation drives host immunity remains poorly understood. Here, it is reported that pathology‐mimetic M‐nanofibrils—but not physiology‐mimetic P‐nanofibrils—act as a defense mechanism that helps to restore tissue homeostasis by manipulating immunological response. Quantitative multi‐omics in vivo and in vitro shows that M‐nanofibrils significantly inhibit inflammation and promote tissue regeneration by upregulating M2 macrophage polarization and downstream immune signaling compared with P‐nanofibrils. Molecular analysis and theoretical simulation demonstrate that M‐chirality displays higher stereo‐affinity to cellular binding, which induces higher cellular contractile stress and activates mechanosensitive ion channel PIEZOl to conduct Ca2+ influx. In turn, the nuclear transfer of STAT is biased by Ca2+ influx to promote M2 polarization. These findings underscore the structural mechanisms of disease, providing design basis for immunotherapy with bionic functional materials.
Quantifying Anionic Diffusion in 2D Halide Perovskite Lateral Heterostructures
Authors: Akriti  , Zhang Shuchen , Lin Zih‐Yu , Shi Enzheng , Finkenauer Blake P. , Gao Yao , Pistone Alan J. , Ma Ke , Savoie Brett M. , Dou Letian
Published: October 2021

Anionic diffusion strongly impacts the stability of halide perovskite materials, but it is still not well understood. Here, a quantitative investigation of in‐plane thermally driven anionic inter‐diffusion in a series of novel 2D and quasi‐2D halide perovskites lateral heterostructures is reported. The calculated diffusion coefficients (D) reveal the inhibition of Br–I inter‐diffusion with bulky π‐conjugated organic cations compared with short‐chain aliphatic organic cations. Furthermore, halide diffusion is found to be faster in quasi‐2D (n > 1) than 2D perovskites (n = 1). The increment becomes less apparent as the “n” number increases, akin to the quantum confinement effect observed for band gaps. These trends are rationalized by molecular dynamics simulations of free energy barriers for halide diffusion that reveal mechanisms for suppressing diffusion. This work provides important fundamental insights on the anionic migration and diffusion process in halide perovskite materials.
Suppressing High‐Current‐Induced Phase Separation in Ni‐Rich Layered Oxides by Electrochemically Manipulating Dynamic Lithium Distribution
Authors: Hyun Hyejeong , Jeong Kyeongjae , Hong Hyukhun , Seo Sungjae , Koo Bonho , Lee Danwon , Choi Subin , Jo Sugeun , Jung Keeyoung , Cho Hoon‐Hwe , Han Heung Nam , Shin Tae Joo , Lim Jongwoo
Published: October 2021

Understanding the cycling rate‐dependent kinetics is crucial for managing the performance of batteries in high‐power applications. Although high cycling rates may induce reaction heterogeneity and affect battery lifetime and capacity utilization, such phase transformation dynamics are poorly understood and uncontrollable. In this study, synchrotron‐based operando X‐ray diffraction is performed to monitor the high‐current‐induced phase transformation kinetics of LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2. The sluggish Li diffusion at high Li content induces different phase transformations during charging and discharging, with strong phase separation and homogeneous phase transformation during charging and discharging, respectively. Moreover, by exploiting the dependence of Li diffusivity on the Li content and electrochemically tuning the initial Li content and distribution, phase separation pathway can be redirected to solid solution kinetics at a high charging rate of 7 C. Finite element analysis further elucidates the effect of the Li‐content‐dependent diffusion kinetics on the phase transformation pathway. The findings suggest a new direction for optimizing fast‐cycling protocols based on the intrinsic properties of the materials.
Dynamic Nanoconfinement Enabled Highly Stretchable and Supratough Polymeric Materials with Desirable Healability and Biocompatibility
Authors: Liu Lei , Zhu Menghe , Xu Xiaodong , Li Xin , Ma Zhewen , Jiang Zhen , Pich Andrij , Wang Hao , Song Pingan
Published: October 2021

Lightweight polymeric materials are highly attractive platforms for many potential industrial applications in aerospace, soft robots, and biological engineering fields. For these real‐world applications, it is vital for them to exhibit a desirable combination of great toughness, large ductility, and high strength together with desired healability and biocompatibility. However, existing material design strategies usually fail to achieve such a performance portfolio owing to their different and even mutually exclusive governing mechanisms. To overcome these hurdles, herein, for the first time a dynamic hydrogen‐bonded nanoconfinement concept is proposed, and the design of highly stretchable and supratough biocompatible poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with well‐dispersed dynamic nanoconfinement phases induced by hydrogen‐bond (H‐bond) crosslinking is demonstrated. Because of H‐bond crosslinking and dynamic nanoconfinement, the as‐prepared PVA nanocomposite film exhibits a world‐record toughness of 425 ± 31 MJ m−3 in combination with a tensile strength of 98 MPa and a large break strain of 550%, representing the best of its kind and even outperforming most natural and artificial materials. In addition, the final polymer exhibits a good self‐healing ability and biocompatibility. This work affords new opportunities for creating mechanically robust, healable, and biocompatible polymeric materials, which hold great promise for applications, such as soft robots and artificial ligaments.
Functionalized Iron–Nitrogen–Carbon Electrocatalyst Provides a Reversible Electron Transfer Platform for Efficient Uranium Extraction from Seawater
Authors: Yang Hui , Liu Xiaolu , Hao Mengjie , Xie Yinghui , Wang Xiangke , Tian He , Waterhouse Geoffrey I. N. , Kruger Paul E. , Telfer Shane G. , Ma Shengqian
Published: October 2021

Uranium extraction from seawater provides an opportunity for sustainable fuel supply to nuclear power plants. Herein, an adsorption–electrocatalysis strategy is demonstrated for efficient uranium extraction from seawater using a functionalized iron–nitrogen–carbon (Fe–Nx–C–R) catalyst, comprising N‐doped carbon capsules supporting FeNx single‐atom sites and surface chelating amidoxime groups (R). The amidoxime groups bring hydrophilicity to the adsorbent and offer surface‐specific binding sites for UO22+ capture. The site‐isolated FeNx centres reduce adsorbed UO22+ to UO2+. Subsequently, through electrochemical reduction of the FeNx sites, unstable U(V) ions are reoxidized to U(VI) in the presence of Na+ resulting in the generation of solid Na2O(UO3·H2O)x, which can easily be collected. Fe–Nx–C–R reduced the uranium concentration in seawater from ≈3.5 ppb to below 0.5 ppb with a calculated capacity of ≈1.2 mg g‐1 within 24 h. To the best of the knowledge, the developed system is the first to use the adsorption of uranyl ions and electrodeposition of solid Na2O(UO3.H2O)x for the extraction of uranium from seawater. The important discoveries guide technology development for the efficient extraction of uranium from seawater.
Anisotropic Printed Resistor with Linear Sensitivity Based on Nano–Microfiller‐Filled Polymer Composite
Authors: Huang Pei , Cao Yingze , Wei Yawen , Cheng Xiang , Liu Junfeng , Zhang Shanshan , Wang Pengfei , Chen Shaosong , Xia Zhidong
Published: October 2021

3D printing electronics provides great potential to build structural objects with multiple functionalities, with the assistance of shape design and the shear force on the filler orientation. In the study, nano–microanisotropic sensors with oriented fillers assure its linear sensitive properties, where the sensors are 3D‐printed based upon the carbon fiber (CF)‐ and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MCNT)‐filled polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The synergistic effect of CF and MCNT modifies the printability, mechanical properties, and sensitivity of printed sensors. The introduction of anticatalyst and catalyst guarantee the printable mixtures with a stable printability in a long term (>15 days). Assisted by the shear flow, the fillers own the orientation ration of 78.53%, which further contribute to the linear sensing behaviors under the tensile strain of 0–20% and compressive stress of 0–20 kPa. Frequency‐domain signals and visual demonstration on the cyclic stretch test reveal that the double peak is originated from the hysteresis of the strain to applied stress. Anisotropic electromechanical behaviors of the resistors will inspire to quantitatively analyze multidimensional strains in practical applications. The fingerprint inspired resistors with multiple sensing signals further demonstrate the convenience of the printing process on the design of wearable electronics.
Electrospun polylactic acid/sulfadiazine sodium/proteinase nanofibers and their applications in treating frostbite
Authors: Ding Chengbiao , Zhou Chenxu , Fan Yueyao , Liu Qi , Zhang Haifeng , Wu Zhengwei
Published: October 2021

In this study, polylactic acid (PLA)/sulfadiazine sodium/proteinase K composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning, and their morphology was observed by scanning electron microscope. The novel nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and drug release curve. The activity of different groups of drugs loaded nanofibers in frostbite wound of rats was studied and compared with the blank control group. Hematoxylin–eosin staining and transmission electron microscope were used to access the histological changes of frostbite wounds on the back of rats before and after treatment. CD31 fluorescence staining was used to track the reconstruction and improvement of blood vessels in tissues. The results revealed that the drug release rate of PLA/sulfadiazine sodium/proteinase K nanofibers group was more than 50% at 1 h, and the cumulative drug release rate was more than 88% at 168 h, and CD31 fluorescence showed that its vascular density was 13.27% ± 0.9%, which was significantly higher than that of other groups. Therefore, PLA/sulfadiazine sodium/proteinase K composite nanofibers could promote the healing of frostbite wounds, which indicated the increase of capillaries and the regeneration of hair follicles. PLA/sulfadiazine sodium/proteinase K composite nanofibers have great potential in the application of frostbite.
Rheological approach to the adhesion property of metal‐plated acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene to secure the driver's safety
Authors: Seo Jae Sik , Shin So Young
Published: October 2021

Electroplating on acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) is a widely used decorative technique for achieving low cost and light weight. However, the lack of adhesion strength can be a threat to the passenger's safety in an emergency situation. Herein the morphology formation of injection molded ABS and the resultant adhesion behavior was investigated from the perspective of rheological analysis. The polybutadiene (PBD) rubbers and styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile (SAN) generated a strong internal structure, which became more strengthened at the low shear level of 0.1 rad/s. As shear rate increased, the deformation of PBD was dominant over the shear level of 10 rad/s. Injection molded specimen and door handle showed extremely oriented ellipsoidal morphology at the gate and squashed structure at the parting line. The etched surface morphology directly influenced the physically interlocked structure, and the deformed surface exhibited negative effect on the adhesion property. 8.11 N/cm of peel‐off strength of electroplated ABS at the injection rate of 10 mm/s decreased to 4.27 N/cm at the injection rate of 50 mm/s. The decrease in peel‐off strength was more noticeable at near gate than center region of the specimen.
Biogeography, ecology, and conservation of mayfly communities of relict mountain streams, north‐eastern Algeria
Authors: Samraoui Boudjéma , Márquez‐Rodríguez Joaquín , Ferreras‐Romero Manuel , El‐Serehy Hamed A. , Samraoui Farrah , Sartori Michel , Gattolliat Jean‐Luc
Published: October 2021

Data on Maghrebian mayfly communities are scarce and fragmentary, but evidence of alterations of the North African riverine landscape depleting the freshwater biota is rapidly mounting.

In contrast to the overexploited lowlands, the highlands of north‐eastern Algeria are hotspots of freshwater biodiversity and the last refugia to micro‐endemics, North African endemics, and Eurosiberian relicts.

The mayflies of relict mountain streams of north‐eastern Algeria were investigated and 20 species or taxa in five families were recorded. Two species of the genus Habrophlebia and one species of Centroptilum are new to science, whereas two Rhithrogena species are new to Algeria, including the Numidian endemic Rhithrogena sartorii.

Co‐inertia analysis suggested a highly significant co‐structure between mayfly assemblages and habitats defined by altitude, flow velocity, bed width, water depth, and water conductivity. In addition, a Poisson generalized linear model indicated a strong positive relationship between species richness and water depth and a weaker negative one with bed width (stream size). The results are congruent with the hypothesis that habitat provides the templet that drives mayfly communities, and they support the use of mayflies as bioindicators in the implementation of monitoring schemes to assess the ecological integrity of Maghrebian freshwater biodiversity hotspots.

The upstream part of the Kebir‐East river basin is subjected to forest fires, pollution, and flow alteration, whereas the downstream part, which includes the vast Mekhada marsh, is increasingly fragmented and invaded by alien fish species. Conservation efforts focusing on the management of Oued Kebir‐East, a transboundary Maghrebian river, and the restoration of the Mekhada marsh, a Ramsar site, need to be launched during the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030).