bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of antibiotic therapy in psoriasis patients with active streptococcal infection: A prospective study
Authors: Bonciani D. , Della Bella C. , Corrà A. , Galano A. , Vaggelli G. , Tapinassi S. , Grassi A. , Mantengoli E. , Coi A. , Quintarelli L. , Mariotti E. B. , Aimo C. , Ruffo di Calabria V. , Garufi E. , Volpi V. , Verdelli A. , Rossolini G. M. , Bartoloni A. , D'Elios M. M. , Caproni M.
Published: February 2025

The association between psoriasis and streptococcal infection has been widely explored in both children and adults. However, the exact impact of Streptococcus pharyngeal infection on the course of psoriasis is not fully comprehended. This study explored the impact of Streptococcus pharyngeal infection on psoriasis and investigated the effectiveness of systemic antibiotic therapy in conjunction with standard topical treatment for psoriatic patients with concomitant streptococcal throat infection. The research involved 115 patients with mild‐to‐moderate psoriasis, clinically assessed using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Patients with active streptococcal infection were administered adjunctive systemic antibiotic therapy along with standard local treatment for psoriasis, while psoriasis patients without evidence of infection received the local topical treatment only. Streptococcal infections were more common in psoriasis patients compared to healthy controls. A group of psoriasis patients with active streptococcal throat infections, treated with antibiotics in addition to standard topical psoriasis therapy, did not show any difference in PASI score reduction compared to those without evidence of active infection. While our study did not show a statistically significant reduction in PASI scores in psoriasis patients with streptococcal throat infections treated with antibiotics, it highlights the complex interaction between infection and psoriasis. Larger studies with longer follow‐up may better clarify this relationship, contributing to stronger evidence for or against the use of antibiotics in managing psoriasis triggered by streptococcal infections.
Bacterial Diversity of Marine Biofilm Communities in Terra Nova Bay (Antarctica) by Culture‐Dependent and ‐Independent Approaches
Authors: Melissa Bisaccia , Elisa Binda , Gabriella Caruso , Maurizio Azzaro , Ombretta Dell' Acqua , Andrea Di Cesare , Eckert Ester Maria , Flavia Marinelli
Published: February 2025

Applying both culture‐independent and ‐dependent approaches, bacterial diversity of marine biofilm communities colonising polyvinyl chloride panels submerged in Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica) was investigated. Panels were deployed in two sites subjected to a different degree of anthropogenic impact (Road Bay [RB] impacted site and Punta Stocchino [PTS] control site). Biofilm samples were collected after 3 or 12 months to evaluate both short‐ and long‐term microbial colonisation. Taxonomic composition of the microbial community was studied by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Proteobacteria was the predominant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes. Impacted RB biofilms were found to contain a relevant fraction of potentially pathogenic bacterial genera, accounting for 27.49% of the whole community. A total of 86 psychrotolerant bacterial strains were isolated from the biofilm samples using culture‐dependent techniques designed to enrich in Actinobacteria. These strains were assigned to three different phyla: Actinobacteria (54.65%), Firmicutes (32.56%) and Proteobacteria (12.79%). 2.73% of genera identified by metabarcoding were recovered also through cultivation, while 11 additional genera were uniquely yielded by cultivation. Functional screening of the isolates revealed their hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activity patterns, giving new insights into the metabolic and biotechnological potential of microbial biofilm communities in Terra Nova Bay seawater.
The Rise of Social Media and the Fall in Mental Well‐Being Among Young Australians
Authors: Leigh Andrew , Robson Stephen
Published: February 2025

Using multiple sources, we document a substantial worsening in the mental well‐being of Australians aged 15–24 years, as measured by surveys, self‐harm hospitalisations and suicide deaths. The shift began around 2007–2010 and is worse for young women than for young men. Although several factors could be to blame, we present six pieces of evidence suggesting that smartphones and social media may have played a causal role in damaging the mental health of young Australians.
Unlocking the potential of l‐α‐glycerylphosphorylcholine in the food industry: From safety approvals to market prospects
Authors: Cao Jun , Su Erzheng
Published: February 2025

With the exacerbation of global population aging, age‐related neurodegenerative disorders have been posing an increasing public health concern. l‐α‐Glycerylphosphorylcholine (l‐α‐GPC) has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential for mental health‐related disorders and possesses promising market prospects. Recently, l‐α‐GPC has been successively approved as a new food resource in Canada (2023) and in China (2024). These policies pointed out the recognized safety and utility of l‐α‐GPC. The utilization of l‐α‐GPC in dietary supplements and health foods could be a convenient option for early intervention strategies to potentially delay or mitigate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Additionally, other unique nutritional benefits of l‐α‐GPC have been highlighted, further expanding its application in food industry. Encouraged by the policy incentives, there is likely to be a new upsurge in the research interest surrounding l‐α‐GPC. To fully capitalize on these emerging opportunities, we present a comprehensive review of l‐α‐GPC. The chemical properties, pharmacological characteristics, safety assessments, and preparation methods of l‐α‐GPC were summarized. A brief outlook on the future perspectives and unsolved challenges was also proposed.
Advancements in photodynamic inactivation: A comprehensive review of photosensitizers, mechanisms, and applications in food area
Authors: Li Kexin , Ru Yibo , Zheng Hao , Qin Xiaojie , Li Zhuosi , Xia Xuejuan , Dong Qingli , Ma Yue
Published: February 2025

Food microbial contamination results in serious food safety issues and numerous food loss and waste, presenting one of the most significant challenges facing the global food system. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) technology, which combines light and photosensitizers (PS) to provide antimicrobial effects, is an ideal nonthermal antimicrobial technique for the food industry. This review provides a comprehensive overview of PDI technology, beginning with the fundamental photoactivation principles of PS and the pathways of photoinduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. PS is the most critical factor affecting PDI efficiency, which is categorized into three types: organic, metal oxide‐, and carbon‐based. This review systemically summarizes the photophysical properties, in vitro PDI performances, potential enhancement strategies, and the advantages and limitations of each type of PS. Furthermore, the antimicrobial mechanisms of the PDI technologies are analyzed at both microscopic and molecular levels. Finally, the current applications of PDI in various food systems are discussed, along with the associated challenges and opportunities. Overall, this review offers crucial insights into optimizing and advancing PDI technology, highlighting key challenges and suggesting future research directions to enhance the effectiveness and scalability of PDI for diverse food applications.
Exploring the larvicidal potential and phytochemical composition of Solanum incanum extracts: Insights from molecular docking and GC–MS analysis
Authors: Abutaha Nael , Al‐mekhlafi Fahd A. , Almoutiri Nawaf.D. , Wadaan Mohamed A. , Al‐Khalifa Mohammed S.
Published: February 2025

Despite continuous efforts to control mosquito populations and disease vectors, they remain prevalent globally and pose significant health risks. Botanicals have garnered increasing attention as alternatives to synthetic insecticides due to their broad‐spectrum insecticidal properties, biodegradability, and environmental compatibility. This study aimed to evaluate the larvicidal efficacy of Solanum incanum Soxhlet extracts using various solvents. Additionally, we conducted a phytochemical analysis of the methanol extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and performed molecular docking studies. The methanol extract of S. incanum demonstrated significant larvicidal activity, with LC50 values of 266.75, 214.52, and 90.15 μg/mL at 24, 48, and 72 hours post‐treatment, respectively. GC–MS analysis identified several compounds in the methanol extract, with trans‐9‐Octadecenoic acid, pentyl ester (17.99%) and propanoic acid, 2‐(3‐acetoxy‐4,4,14‐trimethylandrost‐8‐en‐17‐yl) (14.42%) being the most abundant. The methanol extract exhibited the highest phenolic content, with 1.44 mg GAE/g. The IC50 values for the DPPH assay were 1.69 mg/mL for the ethyl acetate extract and 6.7 mg/mL for the methanol extract. Furthermore, molecular docking supported the findings, with propanoic acid, 2‐(3‐acetoxy‐4,4,14‐trimethylandrost‐8‐en‐17‐yl) emerging as the top compound for all targets tested, including AChE (−9.4 kcal/mol), GABA‐T (−8 kcal/mol), and ATPase (−7.9 kcal/mol). These results provide valuable insights into the potential application and development of bioinsecticides.
Sustainable extraction of carotenoids from macauba pulp and press‐cake: Use of ethyl acetate and ultrasound as optimization strategies
Authors: Guerra Danúbia Joanes Rosa , Silva Caroline Wolffel , Nascimento Amanda Lais Alves Almeida , Stringheta Paulo César , Moraes Moysés Naves de , Lucia Ceres Mattos Della , de Barros Frederico Augusto Ribeiro
Published: February 2025

Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) is a Brazilian palm whose pulp is rich in carotenoids and holds potential for the development of healthy foods. This study presents an innovative approach utilizing ethyl acetate, a solvent recognized as generally safe (GRAS), in conjunction with ultrasound technology, to optimize the extraction of carotenoids from both macauba pulp (MP) and its pulp press‐cake (PPC). The effects of varying time and temperature parameters (5–30 min at 25–60°C) alongside ultrasound conditions (25 and 60°C at frequencies of 25 and 45 kHz) on the extraction process were evaluated, with total carotenoid content quantified via spectrophotometry. For MP, the optimal extraction conditions were 60°C for 30 min, yielding 219.33 µg/g of carotenoids, while ultrasound at 45 kHz, under the same time/temperature, enhanced the extraction efficiency to 277.55 µg/g. In the case of PPC, ultrasound extraction achieved a carotenoid content of 124.23 µg/g. Overall, the findings indicate that elevating the temperature to 60°C favored the extraction process, while ultrasound demonstrated effective even under milder conditions. This study emphasizes the potential of ethyl acetate as a sustainable alternative to traditional toxic solvents, aligning with the growing demand for safer and more environmentally friendly practices in the extraction of bioactive compounds.

Practical Application

The sustainable extraction of carotenoids from macauba, a non‐conventional source, shows great potential for producing natural colorants and antioxidants in the food industry. The efficient use of ultrasound in the extraction process highlights the potential of this technology for the industry, providing an eco‐friendly and effective alternative to conventional methods.
An Innovative Anoikis Signature With Inflammatory Infiltrates in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Sheng Ze‐Hao , Gong Xin‐Yi , Huang Peng‐Peng , Xu Qi‐Yu , Zhang Wen‐Jie , Sun Feng‐Bao , Song Kai‐yi , Zeng Du‐Chun
Published: February 2025

Aim

To explore the relationship between an innovative anoikis‐related gene signature and inflammatory infiltrates in patients with osteoarthritis.

Methods

Gene expression profiles (GSM1248759 and GSE200843) were curated from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, followed by the construction of a protein–protein interaction network. Functional and genomic enrichment analyses were conducted using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. The CIBERSORT method was employed to investigate immune cell infiltration differences between osteoarthritic and control tissues. Additionally, the ConsensusClusterPlus package in R software was utilized to identify distinct anoikis patterns (Cluster C1 and Cluster C2) and conduct molecular biological investigations.

Results

Analysis revealed two distinct anoikis patterns (Cluster C1 and Cluster C2), with Cluster C2 patients exhibiting varying immune cell levels compared to Cluster C1 patients. Molecular investigations identified 84 DEGs enriched in specific pathways such as adipocytokine signaling, cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, ECM–receptor interaction, and the PPAR signaling pathway. qPCR experiments confirmed the elevated expression levels of specific genes, including SOD2, MAPK14, CEACM3, LAMB3, COL13A1, TLR3, NOTCH3, and KLF12, in the IL‐1β‐induced group compared with the osteoarthritis group.

Conclusion

This study highlights the role of anoikis‐related genes and immune infiltration differences in osteoarthritis, enhancing our understanding of its development.
Sex differences in the effects of maternal voluntary oral Cannabis consumption on the metabolic outcomes of high‐fat diet in adult offspring
Authors: Sallam Nada A. , Peterson Colleen S. , Kamar Samaa S. , Saenz Camila , Visser Frank , Borgland Stephanie L.
Published: February 2025

Background and Purpose

Given the recent rise in Cannabis legalisation, accessibility to Cannabis and consumption have increased during pregnancy. Therefore, there could be unintended developmental consequences. The endocannabinoid system plays a key role in fetal development and later‐life energy homeostasis. We explored the long‐term effects of maternal voluntary Cannabis consumption on the metabolic outcomes of a high‐fat diet (HFD) in adult offspring.

Experimental Approach

Pregnant mice voluntarily consumed Cannabis extract equivalent to 5 mg kg−1 day−1 Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) from gestational day 1.5 until postnatal day (PD) 10. Pregnancy and pup outcomes and active maternal behaviour were recorded. Male and female offspring (PD49) were placed on a 12‐week HFD or control diet; their weight gain, adiposity, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, circulating hormones and pancreatic structure were measured.

Key Results

Perinatal Cannabis exposure (PCE) pup weight was initially reduced but restored by PD16. PCE did not influence weight gain or metabolic characteristics of male mice on a HFD. PCE female but not male offspring on a HFD had reduced accumulation of adipose tissue and lower insulin, leptin and resistin independent of body weight. PCE females on control diet also showed altered basal insulin sensitivity likely because of increased glucagon levels in parallel with reduced islets of Langerhans size and enhanced gene expression of cannabinoid 2 receptors in white adipose tissue.

Conclusion and Implications

PCE adversely affected glycaemic control in female offspring on control diet while it mitigated HFD‐induced metabolic dysfunction. This raises concerns about the long‐term effects of PCE on the metabolic health of offspring.
The Transition to Adulthood From the Perspectives of Young People With Cerebral Palsy and Their Caregivers: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Lawlor Gráinne , Ryan Aoife , Battault Olivia , Brown Laura , Peppard Derbhla , Mockler David , Spirtos Michelle
Published: February 2025

Background

The transition to adulthood can be a complex time in the lives of young people with cerebral palsy (CP). There is a lack of research examining this period from the perspectives of young people and their caregivers.

Objective/Aims

The review sought to identify challenging experiences during the transition to adulthood from the perspectives of young people with CP and their caregivers and to examine factors that acted as barriers and enablers to positive transition outcomes.

Methods

A systematic literature review of peer‐reviewed, empirical studies was completed. Thirteen articles were extracted and analysed using a narrative synthesis approach.

Results

The findings identified challenges for the young people in the areas of independent living, sexuality and relationships, navigating health and social care systems, feeling different from their peers and increasing autonomy. Barriers contributing to negative experiences included overprotective parents and a lack of resources. Greater motor ability, supportive parents and knowledgeable healthcare practitioners enabled positive transition outcomes.

Conclusions

The transition to adulthood presents multiple challenges as perceived by young people with CP and their caregivers. Both parties require greater support to address these challenges during this time. Further research is required to develop interventions that can support this transition experience.
The Association Between Periodontal Status, Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life and Self‐Rated Oral Health in Socially Underprivileged Adolescents
Authors: Ripardo Andréia Coelho Gomes , Queiroz Adriana Corrêa de , Herkrath Ana Paula Corrêa de Queiroz , Herkrath Fernando José , Rebelo Vieira Janete Maria , Pereira Juliana Vianna , Rebelo Maria Augusta Bessa , Vettore Mario Vianna
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To assess the associations between periodontal conditions, dental caries, sex, psychosocial factors, socioeconomic status, oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL), and self‐rated oral health among adolescents living in socially deprived neighbourhoods.

Methods

A school‐based survey was conducted in a random sample of 406 12‐year‐old adolescents in 11 neighbourhoods in the East region of Manaus, Brazil. Gingival status, dental calculus (Community Periodontal Index), and dental caries (DMFT index) were registered through clinical examinations. Adolescents self‐completed questionnaires to assess psychosocial factors (self‐esteem, sense of coherence, and oral health beliefs), socioeconomic status (family income, parent's schooling, number of goods, and house crowding), oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) (CPQ11–14), and self‐rated oral health. Direct and indirect relationships between variables were tested using structural equation modelling guided by the Wilson and Cleary model.

Results

Greater gingival bleeding was directly associated with worse self‐rated oral health. Poor OHRQoL was directly linked to the number of teeth with dental calculus, more teeth with dental caries experience, and worse psychosocial factors. Worse socioeconomic status and dental calculus were associated with gingival bleeding. Dental calculus and socioeconomic status were indirectly associated with self‐rated oral health via gingival status. OHRQoL mediated the association of dental caries experience and psychosocial factors with self‐rated oral health.

Conclusions

Gingival bleeding and dental calculus may negatively affect self‐reported oral health in adolescents. Socioeconomic status and psychosocial factors were also relevant determinants for oral health in this age group.
A Cryptic CBFB Deletion–Inversion Expands the Mutational Spectrum of Variants Associated With Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Authors: Pagnamenta Alistair T. , Hashim Mona , Kennedy Joanna , Lawton Beth , Offiah Amaka C. , Taylor Jenny C. , Smithson Sarah F.
Published: February 2025

CBFB encodes the core‐binding factor β subunit, a small protein which heterodimerises with RUNX1‐3 and activates transcription of genes important in bone development. Recently, five families with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) were identified harbouring presumed loss of function variants in CBFB. Prompted by a multidisciplinary team review of an affected mother and daughter from the 100 000 Genomes Project with genetically unsolved CCD, we inspected read alignments and identified a deletion–inversion–deletion that removes the first two exons of CBFB. This cryptic variant comprised interlinked deletions of 1310 bp and 1935 bp and had remained undetected by both array‐CGH and the Canvas algorithm. The rearrangement was likely mediated by a palindromic AluSx repeat < 1 kb from the transcriptional start site. Due to high GC content and repeats, reduced read depth is observed at one of the breakpoints. Although the clinical presentation of CBFB‐related CCD appears to be very similar to RUNX2‐related CCD, our patients were of normal stature. The mild developmental delay observed in previously reported cases of CBFB‐related CCD was not observed. In conclusion, our data strengthens the evidence linking aberrations of the core‐binding factor complex to CCD and extends the mutational spectrum of pathogenic variants.
A Texture‐Free Practical Model for Realistic Surface‐Based Rendering of Woven Fabrics
Authors: Khattar Apoorv , Zhu Junqiu , Yan Ling‐Qi , Montazeri Zahra
Published: February 2025

Rendering woven fabrics is challenging due to the complex micro geometry and anisotropy appearance. Conventional solutions either fully model every yarn/ply/fibre for high fidelity at a high computational cost, or ignore details, that produce non‐realistic close‐up renderings. In this paper, we introduce a model that shares the advantages of both. Our model requires only binary patterns as input yet offers all the necessary micro‐level details by adding the yarn/ply/fibre implicitly. Moreover, we design a double‐layer representation to handle light transmission accurately and use a constant timed () approach to accurately and efficiently depict parallax and shadowing‐masking effects in a tandem way. We compare our model with curve‐based and surface‐based, on different patterns, under different lighting and evaluate with photographs to ensure capturing the aforementioned realistic effects.
Immediate Implant Placement in the Esthetic Zone: A Multi‐Variate Analysis of Influencing Factors
Authors: Jin Yixin , Deng Chen , Yang Xingmei , Man Yi , Hu Chen
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To evaluate the dimensional reduction of the peri‐implant hard tissues and esthetic outcome after immediate implant placement (IIP) in the esthetic zone.

Material and Methods

Patients who received IIP with bone grafts in the esthetic zone, with either immediate or delayed restoration, were included in this retrospective cohort study. The implants were categorized into three groups based on the labial bone thickness (LBT) before implantation: Group 1 (≤ 0.5 mm), Group 2 (0.5–1 mm), Group 3 (≥ 1 mm). The horizontal bone loss (HBL) at 0, 3, 5 mm apical to implant shoulder, peri‐implant marginal bone loss (MBL), and Pink Esthetic Score (PES) were used to evaluate the hard and soft tissue after IIP.

Results

A total of 87 implants in 74 patients met the inclusion criteria. Compared to group 3, there was significant severe bone loss in the HBL‐0 mm in groups 1 (p = 0.017); and the implant located in the central incisor position and female may led to increased bone resorption (p = 0.021, p = 0.061, respectively). For HBL‐3 mm and HBL‐5 mm, the non‐immediate restoration may reduce bone resorption (p = 0.013, p = 0.022, respectively). The MBL during short‐term follow‐up and PES score showed no significant difference among three groups.

Conclusions

Despite limitations, our study found that LBT < 0.5 mm significantly affected horizontal bone loss. Meanwhile, immediate restoration, implant position of central incisors and female may also be considered as risk factors for HBL. However, the difference in the labial bone did not significantly affect MBL, or peri‐implant soft tissue outcomes.

Trial Registration

This study was registered in a clinical trial registry (www.chictr.org.cn, No: ChiCTR2400087990)
A Clinical and Radiographic 3 Years Retrospective Study for Two Types of Locator Retained Mandibular Implant Overdenture
Authors: Ibrahim Christine Raouf Micheal , Ahmed Aboelez Marwa , Elkashty Ayman Abdel Rahim Mohammed , Awad Heba Nabil
Published: February 2025

Introduction

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate peri‐implant marginal bone loss (MBL) and prosthetic complications between two types of locator attachments in two implant‐supported mandibular overdentures.

Material and Method

From the archived records, information about patients who had two implants inserted utilizing two different types of locator attachments into the interforaminal region between November 2019 and December 2023 was obtained. Overall, 60 patients (Total = 120 implants) from the archive records of the Prosthodontics Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, with ages ranging from 40 to 60 (mean age 50), were included in the study. Group I (control): Overall, 30 patients who would be delivered mandibular implant overdenture using conventional locator attachments. Group II (study): Overall, 30 patients who would be delivered mandibular implant overdenture using RTx locator attachments. After the placement of the mandibular overdenture (T0), 6 months (T6), 12 months (T12), and 3 years (T3) later, the marginal bone loss (MBL) was assessed. Prosthetic complications were evaluated for both groups 3 years after prosthetic delivery.

Result

A statistically significant increase (p = 0.000) was found in MBL scores at all observation times between both groups. Group II showed a statistical increase in MBL than Group I. For prosthetic complications, no significant difference was found between both groups. Group II showed more matrix wear than Group I however, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.60).

Conclusion

Within the limitation of this study, we can conclude the following: Both types of locator attachment (conventional and RTx locator) can be used clinically with no preference concerning the frequency of prosthetic complications. From the MBL perspective, conventional locators are more favorable than RTx locators.
The Less Meaningful the Understanding, the Faster the Feeling: Speech Comprehension Changes Perceptual Speech Tempo
Authors: Chen Liangjie , Jin Yangping , Ge Zhongshu , Li Liang , Lu Lingxi
Published: February 2025

The perception of speech tempo is influenced by both the acoustic properties of speech and the cognitive state of the listener. However, there is a lack of research on how speech comprehension affects the perception of speech tempo. This study aims to disentangle the impact of speech comprehension on the perception of speech tempo by manipulating linguistic structures and measuring perceptual speech tempo at explicit and implicit levels. Three experiments were conducted to explore these relationships. In Experiment 1, two explicit speech tasks revealed that listeners tend to overestimate the speech tempo of sentences with low comprehensibility, although this effect decreased with repeated exposure to the speech. Experiment 2, utilizing an implicit speech tempo task, replicated the main findings of Experiment 1. Furthermore, the results from the drift‐diffusion model eliminated the possibility that participants’ responses were based on the type of sentence. In Experiment 3, non‐native Chinese speakers with varying levels of language proficiency completed the implicit speech rate task. The results showed that non‐native Chinese speakers exhibited distinct behavioral patterns compared to native Chinese speakers, as they did not perceive differences in speech tempo between high and low comprehensibility conditions. These findings highlight the intricate relationship between the perception of speech tempo and the comprehensibility of processed speech.
Virtual Partners Improve Synchronization in Human−Machine Trios
Authors: Van Kerrebroeck Bavo , Wanderley Marcelo M. , Demos Alexander P. , Palmer Caroline
Published: February 2025

The interplay between auditory and motor processes in sensorimotor synchronization is crucial for achieving a cohesive group performance, particularly in musical groups. This study addressed the impact of virtual partners on synchronization performance in human trios. With a novel methodology, the study utilized virtual partners driven by computational models to simulate real‐time synchronization with human participants. Trio synchronization with three synchronization models was compared: linear error‐correction, Kuramoto oscillators, and delay‐coupled oscillators. Forty‐eight musically trained adults performed synchronization tasks in both in‐phase and anti‐phase rhythms with either a human confederate or one of the three computational models as the third partner, forming 24 trios. Synchronization stability and accuracy were significantly enhanced in trios that contained a virtual partner compared to those with a human confederate. Model optimizations revealed a stronger coupling of participants with each other than with virtual partners for in‐phase rhythms, and a stronger coupling of virtual partners with participants than of participants with each other in anti‐phase rhythms; these patterns were obtained for the oscillator models but not for the linear model. Additionally, participants reported higher perceived synchronization success, greater control over performance, and stronger social relationships with virtual partners than with the human confederate. These findings highlight the potential of virtual partners for improving synchronization and suggest avenues for further research in the use of adaptive agents in group performance settings.
Do You Control Your Unconscious Action Impulses?
Authors: Wang Yongchun , Li Mingxiang , Zou Meng , Gao Yunfei , Cao Jinlan , Tang Zhengqi , Wang Yonghui
Published: February 2025

A crucial aspect of self‐control is the voluntary inhibition of impulsive actions. Stimuli can elicit impulses (or preparation) to act not only in the presence but also in the absence of perceptual awareness, but whether people control action impulses elicited by unconscious stimuli remains unclear. This study used a masked prime version of the Go/NoGo/Free task and combined mathematical modeling of behavioral data to investigate whether people control the unconscious action impulses. In the experiment, when the subliminal prime stimulus triggers the unconscious action impulse, participants need to freely decide whether or not to perform the action. The results showed that the no‐response rate was higher in Go‐prime free‐choice trials than in NoGo‐prime free‐choice trials, and there were marginally larger negative drift rates in the former than in the latter. The results suggest that people are more likely to make inhibitory decisions about unconscious action impulses. This finding provides support for a framework that extends the feedback loop model of intentional inhibition.
CYP2D6 genotype and associated 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Moore Claire , Williams Elizabeth , Dyas Roxanne , Halman Andreas , Stenta Tayla , Khatri Dhrita , Elliott David A. , Lange Peter W , Caudle Kelly E. , Conyers Rachel
Published: February 2025

5‐hydroxytryptamine‐3 (5‐HT3) receptor antagonists including ondansetron, tropisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron, granisetron, and ramosetron are commonly used to prevent and treat nausea and vomiting. Most of these medications are at least partially metabolized via the highly polymorphic CYP2D6 enzyme, resulting in variations of metabolism among individuals. Current (2017) international prescribing guidelines for ondansetron/tropisetron use according to genotype provide recommendations for CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizers but not intermediate or poor metabolizers. However, multiple studies have been conducted since this guideline was published. This review evaluated all available evidence of an association between CYP2D6 genotype and 5‐HT3 receptor antagonist outcomes, including in patients who are CYP2D6 intermediate/poor metabolizers and pediatric‐specific studies. In this review, we confirm that CYP2D6 genotype impacts ondansetron response in a postoperative nausea and vomiting setting, which was supported by a meta‐analysis. We also highlight the heterogeneity and limitations of included studies as well as provide future directions for pharmacogenomics research.
Early transition markers, opportunities, and limitations that define pathways into the labour market from adolescence to adulthood in South Africa
Authors: Rossouw Laura , Watt Kathryn Grace , Timol Furzana , Davidson Leslie L. , Desmond Chris
Published: February 2025

Motivation

The transition from adolescence to adulthood encompasses key social changes. NEET status (Not in Education, Employment or Training) during this period disrupts this transition and alters an adolescent's life course. This is of particular concern in South Africa, a middle‐income country with one of the world's highest rates of youth unemployment.

Purpose

The pathway to becoming NEET emerges over time by accumulating risks in early life and adolescence. Early‐life adversities can increase the probability of events associated with becoming NEET. We aim to identify early‐life and adolescent predictors of events associated with becoming NEET, as well as predictors of NEET status itself.

Methods and approach

We analyse four rounds of longitudinal data from a sample of 1,174 adolescents growing up in peri‐urban KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Using a socioecological life‐course model, we create two overlapping analytic cohorts and two NEET vulnerability indices to evaluate whether risks for vulnerability in schooling (early outcomes) are similar to those affecting post‐schooling education and labour‐market outcomes (later outcomes). We use a linear probability model to analyse the relationship between the vulnerability indices and the range of risk factors in the socioecological life‐course model.

Findings

A strong predictor of both NEET vulnerability indices includes reporting feeling hopeless about the future. Other significant predictors include behavioural factors (getting pregnant or impregnating someone during adolescence, and drinking alcohol before age 16), family structure (residing with one's biological mother in early adolescence was protective) and demographics (age).

Policy implications

By deepening our understanding of how individual and contextual characteristics shape the transition into productive adulthood through a life‐course approach, we can identify possible early intervention points lost once young people become NEET.
Unveiling the Link: The Potential Roles of Vitamin D in Keloid Pathophysiology
Authors: Kotze Jaco , Nortje Evangeline , Phulukdaree Alisa , Fear Mark William , Wood Fiona , Bester Janette
Published: February 2025

Keloid disease, a fibroproliferative skin disorder, is characterised by scar tissue growth that extends beyond the original wound boundaries. Despite advancements, current treatments, particularly surgical excision, often result in high recurrence rates, ranging from 45% to 100%. Recent investigations into the role of vitamin D (vit D) in keloids present a promising avenue for novel therapeutic strategies. Studies have highlighted the multifaceted involvement of vit D, including its immunomodulatory effects and influence on key processes such as fibroblast activity, collagen production and extracellular matrix dynamics. Additionally, emerging research has explored the potential impact of vit D on epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and endothelial dysfunction, both of which are implicated in keloid formation and progression. This review consolidates the current evidence linking vitamin D deficiency to keloid pathogenesis, shedding light on potential mechanisms and therapeutic targets. By elucidating the intricate interplay between vit D signalling and keloid development, this study paves the way for innovative treatment approaches that may enhance patient outcomes and mitigate the burden of this challenging dermatological condition.
Microbially Enhanced Growth and Metal Capture by Ferromanganese Concretions in a Laboratory Experiment
Authors: Majamäki Renata , Wasiljeff Joonas , Purkamo Lotta , Hultman Jenni , Asmala Eero , Yli‐Hemminki Pirjo , Jørgensen Kirsten S. , Koho Karoliina , Kuva Jukka , Virtasalo Joonas J.
Published: February 2025

The growth and metal enrichment of ferromanganese minerals on the seafloor have intrigued many studies, yet the role of microbes in the process has remained elusive. Here, we assessed the microbial influence on the growth and trace metal accumulation and release of ferromanganese concretions from the Baltic Sea using 12‐week microcosm incubation experiments. We studied three concretion morphotypes: Crust, discoidal, and spheroidal, with biotic and abiotic treatments. The concretion samples were collected into bottles containing artificial brackish seawater from the Gulf of Finland, incubated in in‐situ simulating conditions, and sampled at the beginning and end of the experiment. Microscale X‐ray‐computed tomography confirmed the local growth of up to 10 μm thick patches on the concretion surface during the 12‐week incubation period, corresponding to a growth rate of 0.04 mm/year. Scanning electron microscopy of glass slides in the microcosms revealed freshly precipitated cauliflower‐like grains, typical of freshly formed Fe‐ and Mn‐hydroxides. Decreased concentrations of dissolved trace metals (Mn, Fe Co, V, Ni, Zn, and Mo) in the incubation solutions indicated the accumulation of these elements into concretions in the biotic microcosms. In contrast, the dissolution of concretions was observed in abiotic microcosms, confirming that microbial activity enhanced the ferromanganese precipitation and the associated accumulation and release of P and trace metals into the ambient solution. The microbial contribution was confirmed by a strong decrease in headspace methane concentrations in biotic microcosms, further indicating the presence of active methanotrophs in the concretion communities.
Coastal Marsh Vulnerability to Sea‐Level Rise Is Exacerbated by Plant Species Invasion
Authors: Wang Dawei , Gu Chuanhui , Temmerman Stijn , Belliard Jean‐Philippe , Gourgue Olivier , Xue Liming , Bai Junhong
Published: February 2025

Coastal salt marshes and their valuable ecosystem services are vulnerable to degradation due to rising sea levels, to which they can adapt through biogeomorphic feedbacks. However, the invasion of plant species, particularly eco‐engineering species that alter these interactions, may degrade the structural integrity and functionality of salt marshes, potentially reducing their resilience to sea‐level rise. Such impacts presently remain poorly understood. Focusing on coastal marshes of China, we utilized a coupled biogeomorphic model to explore the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion versus native Suaeda salsa on coastal geomorphology, considering different sea‐level rise and tidal scenarios. Our results revealed that Spartina alterniflora invasion contributed to the formation of a “levee‐basin” geomorphological structure at both the landscape scale (from seaward to landward zones) and the local scale (from channel fringes to marsh interiors). This pattern led to a prominent marsh depression, particularly in “basin” areas under microtidal conditions, indicating increased vulnerability to rising sea levels in invaded systems. Additionally, the proliferation of Spartina alterniflora could completely displace Suaeda salsa. Our findings emphasize the importance of controlling plant invasion to safeguard ecosystem resilience to environmental change.
Improving Carbon Budgets by Accounting for Inorganic Carbon in Seagrass Ecosystems
Authors: Ren Yuzheng , Liu Songlin , Liang Jiening , Akhand Anirban , Luo Hongxue , Jiang Zhijian , Wu Yunchao , Huang Xiaoping , Macreadie Peter I.
Published: February 2025

While seagrass ecosystems are acknowledged for their role as blue carbon sinks, significant uncertainties remain regarding the sequestration of sediment inorganic carbon (SIC) and its broader implications for carbon cycling. These knowledge gaps hinder a comprehensive assessment of the contribution of seagrass ecosystems to the global carbon budget. To address this gap, the drivers and sources of SIC in nine seagrass ecosystems in the tropical Indo‐Pacific were analyzed using partial least squares path modeling and carbon and oxygen isotopes binding Bayesian mixing models. We found that SIC content varies regionally, ranging from 0.03% to 10.18%, and is positively correlated with seagrass biomass, temperature, salinity, and coarse‐grained sediment. SIC stocks ranged from 1.53 to 203.17 Mg C ha−1, confirming the role of tropical Indo‐Pacific seagrass ecosystems as a significant pool for SIC. SIC content and stock beneath seagrass ecosystems are generally higher than those in unvegetated areas due to the capacity to trap particles of the seagrass canopy. SIC beneath seagrass ecosystems affected by runoff is mainly from terrestrial inputs. Conversely, SIC under seagrass ecosystems regulated by seawater is primarily derived from local production and inputs from adjacent ecosystems and fish farming wastewater. This study provides a robust method to enhance the accuracy of blue carbon accounting in seagrass ecosystems by the inclusion of inorganic carbon burial.
Global Projection of Terrestrial Vertebrate Food Webs Under Future Climate and Land‐Use Changes
Authors: Hao Xiyang , Holyoak Marcel , Zhang Zhicheng , Yan Chuan
Published: February 2025

Food webs represent an important nexus between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, yet considering changes in food webs around the world has been limited by data availability. Previous studies have predicted food web collapses and coextinction, but changes in food web structure have been less investigated under climate warming and anthropogenic pressures on a global scale. We systematically amassed information about species' diets, traits, distributions, habitat use, and phylogenetics in the real world and used machine learning to predict changes in global meta‐food webs of terrestrial vertebrates under climate and land‐use changes. By year 2100, terrestrial vertebrate food webs are expected to decrease in web size by 32% and trophic links by 49%. Projections predict declines of over 25% in modularity, predator generality, and diversity of trophic groups. Increased species' dispersal could ameliorate these trends but indicate disproportionate vulnerability of regional food webs. Unlike many previous studies, this work combines extensive empirical data with advanced modeling techniques, providing a more detailed and spatially explicit prediction of how global food webs will respond to climate and land‐use changes. Overall, our study predicts terrestrial vertebrate food webs will undergo drastic and spatially heterogeneous structural changes.
Evaluating the Centre‐Periphery Hypothesis Through Genomic Phylogeographical Comparisons of Two Sister Species of Liquidambar in East Asia's Tertiary Relict Forests
Authors: Wang Tian‐Rui , Xu Wu‐Qin , Comes Hans‐Peter , Zhang Xin‐Yi , Chen Jun , Li Yin‐Gang , Qiu Ying‐Xiong
Published: February 2025

Aim

Understanding the spatial distribution of genetic variation within species is a central tenet in evolutionary biology and conservation biology. This study explores how historical demographic processes and/or environmental factors interact to affect contemporary genetic variation and adaptive potential, with a specific focus on testing the ‘centre‐periphery’ hypothesis (CPH).

Location

Subtropical China.

Taxon

Liquidambar.

Methods

We combined comparative phylogeography, landscape genomics and niche modelling to investigate the interplay between demographic history and past/current environmental factors in shaping genetic variation in Liquidambar formosana and L. acalycina, a sister pair of East Asia's Tertiary relict forests.

Results

In both species, core populations occupied highly suitable habitats at highest densities. Consistent with the CPH, population genetic diversity decreased, and differentiation increased, from centre to margin in L. acalycina, but not in L. formosana, likely reflecting different demographic histories and different relative contributions of geography, past (LGM) and current climates to their present‐day genetic variation. In addition, L. formosana showed higher adaptive potential to future climate change than L. acalycina.

Main Conclusions

This study demonstrates that differences in contemporary genetic variation and adaptability among closely related species can be explained by contrasting demographic responses to multiple geographic/climatic factors. In turn, it should also expand our understanding of the CPH, while informing future conservation efforts for these two study species.
A Semiotic Approach to Social Meaning in Language
Authors: Babel Anna M.
Published: February 2025

Linguistic awareness is a complex and multi‐layered set of processes, existing in different forms of consciousness or knowledge. Social meaning resides in the ways that people perceive linguistic behavior as patterned and predictable, depending on their experience with, stereotypes about, and understanding of different groups. Ample evidence from experimental and ethnographic work indicates that sociolinguistic processes are actively engaged in the interactional construction of meaning. Furthermore, these processes hold material power over the world and how our positions in it are constructed. Theorizing these relationships is key to advancing research on sociolinguistic awareness and control and ultimately to understanding the complex linkages between language and social categorization, as evidenced in the contributions to this thematic issue. To illustrate these points, I present data from the Quechua–Spanish contact zone in Bolivia in which speakers report hearing differences in sounds that were not manipulated by the researchers in an experimental study. Second, I examine a case study in an educational setting in which Latinx students are categorized as English language learners based on racializing discourses and biased assessment tools. Both these examples demonstrate the importance of attending to listeners’ representations of socio + linguistic information, not only that which exists in a measurable way “in the world,” but that which is filled in by social expectation and pattern recognition at a sociocognitive level. I draw on semiotic theory, in particular the device of the interpretant, to argue that social information is perceived in dynamic and varied ways as part of the sign system that constitutes language. It is not something that is added on or filtered after linguistic information; indeed, the whole concept of “social vs. linguistic” is a false dichotomy that has led too many researchers astray. The interpretant incorporates elements of our theory of the world in our interpretation of signs and provides a third “leg” to the dualistic Saussurean sign–symbol relationship. That is, our perception of the relationship between sign and symbol is itself part of the sign. This recursive relationship helps us to access the sophisticated systems of social behavior and modeling that people contain and have knowledge of, information that not only assists them in interpreting but also plays a role in constructing meaning and content of socially laden signs. Social meaning resides in the ways that people perceive linguistic behavior as patterned and predictable, yet also dynamic and available for creative play. We cannot rely only on people's experience with, stereotypes about, and understanding of different groups but must also lean toward models that allow for creativity, innovation, and shifting hierarchies. These processes ultimately have material effects on our world and on the power structures that we inhabit and reproduce through our linguistic and intellectual practices.