bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON FEDELE FENAROLI'S PEDAGOGY: AN UPDATE
Authors: DEMEYERE EWALD
Published: October 2018

Although Fedele Fenaroli's partimento and counterpoint pedagogy has been the subject of a number of recent publications, several aspects of its organization and contents require further research. Thanks to the recent discovery of multiple manuscripts, I am able to elaborate on two of them in this article. First I deal with Fenaroli's partimento curriculum. As several manuscripts illustrate, Fenaroli appears to have maintained a progressive method consisting of four parts (or books) almost throughout his entire career. A partimento student had to work through the first three books successively, which served as Fenaroli's basic partimento course. When these three books had been satisfactorily assimilated, the student could proceed with book 4, which was clearly intended by Fenaroli as his advanced partimento course. Secondly, I engage with Fenaroli's views on dissonance treatment and place them in the broader context of eighteenth-century Neapolitan pedagogy, and thoroughbass and music theory treatises in general.
A multi-parent faba bean (Vicia faba L.) population for future genomic studies
Authors: Khazaei Hamid , Stoddard Frederick L. , Purves Randy W. , Vandenberg Albert
Published: October 2018

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a valuable grain legume and a staple protein crop in many countries. Its large and complex genome requires novel approaches for its genetic dissection. Here we introduce a multi-parent population developed from four founders (ILB 938/2, Disco/2, IG 114476 and IG 132238). The selection of parental lines was based on geographic (Colombia, France, Bangladesh and China), genetic and phenotypic diversity. The parental lines were inbred and then genotyped using 875 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Based on molecular data, the parents had high homozygosity and high genetic distance among them. The population segregates for several important traits such as seed morphology, seed chemistry, phenology, plant architecture, drought response, yield and its components, and resistance to Botrytis fabae. The population was checked for unbiased segregation in each generation by observing simply inherited Mendelian traits such as stipule spot pigmentation (SSP) and flower colour at different generations. All 1200 four-way cross F1 plants had pigmented flowers and stipule spots. The segregation ratios for white flower colour (single gene, zt2) fit 7:1, 13:3 and 25:7 at F2, F3 and F4 generations, respectively, and the segregation ratio of SSP (two recessive unlinked genes, ssp1 and ssp2) fit 49:15 and 169:87 at the F2 and F3 generations, respectively, demonstrating unbiased generation advance. We will subject the F5 generation of this population to a high-throughput SNP array and make it available for further phenotyping and genotyping.
Impact of prenatal and postnatal maternal environment on nephron endowment, renal function and blood pressure in the Lewis polycystic kidney rat
Authors: Ding A. , Walton S. L. , Moritz K. M. , Phillips J. K.
Published: October 2018

Maternal insufficiency during fetal development can have long-lasting effects on the offspring, most notably on nephron endowment. In polycystic kidney disease (PKD), variability in severity of disease is observed and maternal environment may be a modifying factor. In this study, we first established that in a rodent model of PKD, the Lewis polycystic kidney (LPK) rat’s nephron numbers are 25% lower compared with wildtype animals. We then investigated the effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal environment on phenotype and nephron number. LPK pups born from and raised by homozygous LPK dams (control) were compared with LPK pups cross-fostered onto heterozygous LPK dams to improve postnatal environment; with LPK pups born from and raised by heterozygous LPK dams to improve both prenatal and postnatal environment and with LPK pups born from and raised by Wistar Kyoto-LPK heterozygous dams to improve both prenatal and postnatal environment on a different genetic background. Improvement in both prenatal and postnatal environment improved postnatal growth, renal function and reduced blood pressure, most notably in animals with different genetic background. Animals with improved postnatal environment only showed improved growth and blood pressure, but to a lesser extent. All intervention groups showed increased nephron number compared with control LPK. In summary, prenatal and postnatal environment had significant effect in delaying progression and reducing severity of PKD, including nephron endowment.
Evaluating Effect of Degree of Water Stress on Growth and Fecundity of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Using Soil Moisture Sensors
Authors: Chahal Parminder S. , Irmak Suat , Jugulam Mithila , Jhala Amit J.
Published: October 2018

Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Watson) is the most problematic weed in agronomic crop production fields in the United States. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of degree of water stress on the growth and fecundity ofA. palmeriusing soil moisture sensors under greenhouse conditions. TwoA. palmeribiotypes collected from Nebraska were grown in loam soil maintained at 100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5% soil field capacity (FC) corresponding to no, light, moderate, high, and severe water stress levels, respectively. Water was regularly added to pots based on soil moisture levels detected by Watermark or Decagon 5TM sensors to maintain the desired water stress level.Amaranthus palmeriplants maintained at ≤25% FC did not survive more than 35 d after transplanting.Amaranthus palmeriat 100%, 75%, and 50% FC produced similar numbers of leaves (588 to 670 plant−1) based on model estimates; however, plants at 100% FC achieved a maximum height of 178 cm compared with 124 and 88 cm at 75% and 50% FC, respectively. The growth index (1.1×105to 1.4×105cm3plant−1) and total leaf area (571 to 693 cm2plant−1) were also similar at 100%, 75%, and 50% FC.Amaranthus palmeriproduced similar root biomass (2.3 to 3 g plant−1) at 100%, 75%, and 50% FC compared with 0.6 to 0.7 g plant−1at 25% and 12.5% FC, respectively. Seed production was greatest (42,000 seeds plant−1) at 100% FC compared with 75% and 50% FC (14,000 to 19,000 seeds plant−1); however, the cumulative seed germination was similar (38% to 46%) when mother plants were exposed to ≥50% FC. The results of this study show thatA. palmerican survive ≥50% FC continuous water stress conditions and can produce a significant number of seeds with no effect of on seed germination.
Methodische Abwägungen zur Validität onlinebasierter Leistungsprüfungen
Authors: Geiger Mattis , Wilhelm Oliver
Published: October 2018

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag werden wir Vor- und Nachteile onlinebasierter Leistungsprüfung thematisieren und ihre Anwendung zur Diagnostik von Lernstörungen diskutieren. Wir führen zunächst die Diagnosekriterien von Lernstörungen ein und setzen in der Folge etwaige defizitäre Leistungen bei den Betroffenen in einen Zusammenhang zu Intelligenzleistungen. Wir stellen fest, dass die Abwägungen der Validität onlinebasierter Intelligenzprüfungen ebenso für die Diagnostik beeinträchtigter Leistungen bei Lernstörungen gelten. Schließlich diskutieren wir Unterschiede herkömmlicher und onlinebasierter Testungen und folgern, dass onlinebasierte Leistungsprüfung zwar Vorteile bietet und sich als Screeninginstrument oder zur Verlaufsbeobachtung eignet, jedoch aufgrund von Antwortverzerrungen – bewusster Natur oder durch Störfaktoren in der Umwelt – nicht zur Stellung einer Initialdiagnose oder zur finalen Evaluation einer Intervention eingesetzt werden kann.
A Sharp Decline in Nitrogen Input in a N‐Saturated Subtropical Forest Causes an Instantaneous Reduction in Nitrogen Leaching
Authors: Xie Danni , Zhang Ting , Yu Qian , Huang Yongmei , Mulder Jan , Duan Lei
Published: October 2018

In China, as in other parts of the world, the emission and deposition of reactive nitrogen (N) have been reduced in recent years. Several decades of elevated N deposition in southwest China (40 to 60 kg ha−1 year−1) have resulted in extreme cases of N saturation, where N outputs are nearly equal to N inputs. Doubling N inputs using either NH4NO3or NaNO3fertilizer in a subtropical forest in Tieshanping, near Chongqing city in southwest China, caused an immediate doubling of N leaching (as NO3−). Reducing N inputs to ambient atmospheric deposition levels after 10 years of fertilization led to a rapid decrease in soil water NO3−concentration to levels similar to those in the reference plots that had not receive N fertilizer application. NO3−leaching via the soil water in the NH4NO3plots was even lower than that in the NaNO3plots or the reference plots, confirming the finding of a previous N‐fertilizing experiment that found that NH4+deposition, in contrast to NO3−deposition, increased N retention in the forest ecosystem. The N sink remained for at least 2 years after the cessation of N addition. Even with reduced N inputs, ambient atmospheric N deposition caused significant acidification, buffered partly by SO42−sorption. Therefore, further abatement of reactive N emissions is necessary in the future.
Agencies Collaborate to Better Monitor and Model the Environment
Authors: Rashleigh Brenda , Nicholson Thomas
Published: October 2018

Interagency Collaborative for Environmental Modeling and Monitoring: Monitoring and Model Data Fusion; Rockville, Maryland, 24–25 April 2018
Mass Loss of Totten and Moscow University Glaciers, East Antarctica, Using Regionally Optimized GRACE Mascons
Authors: Mohajerani Yara , Velicogna Isabella , Rignot Eric
Published: October 2018

Totten and Moscow University glaciers, in the marine‐based sector of East Antarctica, contain enough ice to raise sea level by 5 m. Obtaining precise measurements of their mass balance is challenging owing to large area of the basins and the small mass balance signal compared to West Antarctic glaciers. Here we employ a locally optimized processing of Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) harmonics to evaluate their mass balance at the sub‐basin scale and compare the results with mass budget method (MBM) estimates using regional atmospheric climate model version 2.3 (RACMO2.3) or Modèle Atmosphérique Régional version 3.6.4 (MAR3.6.4). The sub‐basin mass loss estimate for April 2002 to November 2015 is 14.8 ± 4.3 Gt/yr, which is weakly affected by glacial isostatic adjustment uncertainties (±1.4 Gt/yr). This result agrees with MBM/RACMO2.3 (15.8 ± 2.0 Gt/yr), whereas MBM/MAR3.6.4 underestimates the loss (6.6 ± 1.6 Gt/yr). For the entire drainage, the mass loss for April 2002 to August 2016 is 18.5 ± 6.6 Gt/yr, or 15 ± 4% of its ice flux. These results provide unequivocal evidence for mass loss in this East Antarctic sector.
Sensitivity of the Geomagnetic Octupole to a Stably Stratified Layer in the Earth's Core
Authors: Yan C. , Stanley S.
Published: October 2018

Current Earth‐like numerical dynamo simulations are able to reproduce many characteristics of the observed geomagnetic field. One notable exception is the geomagnetic octupolar component. Here we investigate whether a stably stratified layer at the top of the core, a missing ingredient in standard dynamo simulations, can explain the observed geomagnetic octupole. Through numerical simulations, we find that the existence of a stable layer has significant influence on the octupolar‐to‐dipolar ratio of the magnetic field. Particularly, we find that a 60‐km stable layer with relatively strong stability or a 130‐km layer with relatively weak stability are compatible with the observations, but a 350‐km stable layer, as suggested by recent seismological evidence, is not compatible with Earth's octupole field over the past 10,000 years.
The Influence of Io's 2015 Volcanic Activity on Jupiter's Magnetospheric Dynamics
Authors: Yoshioka K. , Tsuchiya F. , Kagitani M. , Kimura T. , Murakami G. , Fukuyama D. , Yamazaki A. , Yoshikawa I. , Fujimoto M.
Published: October 2018

Embedded deep inside the huge magnetosphere of Jupiter, the moon Io has active volcanos. Jovian magnetospheric dynamics are driven by the expulsion of Iogenic plasma in the strongly magnetized, fast‐rotating system and should vary in response to Io's volcanic activity. In early 2015 when various observations indicated an increase in volcanic activity, the EXCEED instrument onboard the Hisaki spacecraft continuously observed the Jovian magnetosphere via the aurora emission and the emission from the Io plasma torus. The plasma diagnosis of the enhanced Io plasma torus spectrum along with a physical chemistry model for deducing plasma parameters revealed a higher plasma density and a 2–4 times faster radial flow as compared with a volcanically quiet period. Aurora emissions reflecting midmagnetospheric activities showed multiple highly elevated brightness peaks about a month later. Long‐term and continuous monitoring by Hisaki enabled the first comprehensive observations of the Jovian magnetosphere in response to Io's enhanced volcanic activity.
Comparing the Cohesive Effects of Mud and Vegetation on Delta Evolution
Authors: Lauzon Rebecca , Murray A. Brad
Published: October 2018

Cohesive sediment exerts a significant influence on delta evolution, increasing shoreline rugosity and decreasing channel mobility. Vegetation has been assumed to play a similar role in delta evolution, but its cohesive effects have not been explicitly studied. We use the model DeltaRCM to directly explore two effects of vegetation: decreasing lateral transport of sediment and increasing flow resistance. We find that vegetation and cohesive sediment do alter delta morphology and channel dynamics in similar ways (e.g., more rugose shorelines and deeper, narrower, less mobile channels) but that vegetation may have additional implications for deltaic sediment retention and stratigraphy, by confining flow and sand in channels. Our results suggest that sediment composition is a first‐order control on delta morphology, but vegetation has a stronger influence on channel mobility time scales. To fully understand the cohesive influences acting on a delta, vegetation influence should be considered in addition to fine sediment.
Energetic Radio Emissions and Possible Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes Associated With Downward Propagating Negative Leaders
Authors: Lyu Fanchao , Cummer Steven A.
Published: October 2018

A study of negative polarity energetic in‐cloud pulses (−EIPs) during thunderstorms reveals that −EIPs occur during two distinct stages of downward negative leader development. The first group is observed at the beginning of downward negative leaders, with estimated average source altitude of ~5.9 km between main negative and lower positive charge regions. The second and new group are observed at the very end of downward negative leaders and appear to be produced at low altitudes close to the ground, where image charges amplify the electric field between the leader tip and conducting ground. Negative EIPs appear to occur only in these two scenarios, suggesting that their production require a high background electric field. Their radio emission signatures and occurrence contexts are similar with +EIPs, which are known to be connected to terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes. We thus suggest that these two types of −EIPs may be associated with downward terrestrial gamma ray flashes.
Importance of the El Niño Teleconnection to the 21st Century California Wintertime Extreme Precipitation Increase
Authors: Zecca Katherina , Allen Robert J. , Anderson Ray G.
Published: October 2018

Under continued climate warming, California (CA) hydrological projections, particularly precipitation, exhibit significant uncertainty. Recent analyses, however, have indicated a tendency for increased CA precipitation through the 21st century, particularly during December‐January‐February (DJF). Here we show that this increase is due entirely to an increase in extreme (>90th percentile) daily precipitation. This response is consistent with enhanced horizontal vapor transport off the CA coast, most of which is caused by thermodynamical effects due to increases in atmospheric moisture. Furthermore, observations over the late twentieth century show that CA DJF extreme precipitation is associated with an El Niño‐like sea surface temperature anomaly pattern. Models that better simulate the observed El Niño teleconnection with CA DJF precipitation also better reproduce the El Niño‐like sea surface temperature anomaly pattern associated with extreme precipitation, including the associated thermodynamical and dynamical atmospheric responses. In turn, these models simulate a significantly larger increase in extreme precipitation under warming.
Episodic Slow Slip Events and Overlying Plate Seismicity at the Southernmost Ryukyu Trench
Authors: Chen Sean Kuanhsiang , Wu Yih‐Min , Chan Yu‐Chang
Published: October 2018

Shallow slow slip events accompanied by seismicity has been increasingly reported in subduction zones during the last decade; however, the relationship between shallow slip events and seismicity is unclear. We report episodic slow slip events and seismicity at the southernmost Ryukyu Trench. The inversion results from GPS‐derived cumulative displacements indicate that the slow slip events occur offshore in northeastern Taiwan on the shallow subduction interface, where high seismic VP/VS ratios applies. Seismicity is observed above the subduction interface for locations of significant variations in the VP/VS ratio and does not follow the migration of peak slip along the subduction interface. We calculated the temporal evolution between the seismicity and the propagation of slow slip events and determined that seismicity is not primarily driven by slip propagation. The spatiotemporal relationship, coupled with the VP/VS ratio, suggests that high‐pressure fluid activity may be crucial to episodes of slow slip events and seismicity.
Early Mars Climate History: Characterizing a “Warm and Wet” Martian Climate With a 3‐D Global Climate Model and Testing Geological Predictions
Authors: Palumbo Ashley M. , Head James W.
Published: October 2018

Observations of Late Noachian‐Early Hesperian‐aged Martian surfaces reveal valley networks, lakes, degraded craters, and putative oceanic shorelines, often interpreted to require a persistent “warm and wet” climate, characterized by mean annual temperature >273 K and abundant rainfall. We simulate this “warm and wet” climate (global mean annual temperature ~ 275 K) with a 3‐D global climate model to determine whether these features could have formed in this climate through rainfall activity. We find that rainfall is limited in abundance and areal distribution, precipitation is dominated by snowfall, and highlands temperatures are <273 K for the majority of the year. We conclude that, in this simulated climate scenario, (1) Late Noachian‐Early Hesperian valley networks and lakes could not have formed through rainfall‐related erosion, (2) crater degradation by rainsplash and runoff is not predicted, (3) global clay formation through long‐lived rainfall, fluvial activity, and warm temperatures is unlikely, and (4) the presence of a rainfall‐ and overland flow‐fed northern ocean is improbable.
Multipoint Observations of Nightside Plasmaspheric Hiss Generated by Substorm‐Injected Electrons
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Liu Nigang , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui
Published: October 2018

Plasmaspheric hiss plays a key role in shaping the radiation belt environment, whose origin remains under active debate. Using the wave and particle data of Van Allen Probes, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorm spacecraft, we here examine the nightside plasmaspheric hiss generation during a substorm. The substorm‐electron injection caused the plasmapause to shrink promptly from Lpp=6.6 to 5.1. Corresponding to the azimuthal drift of the injected electrons, the plasmaspheric hiss was intensified gradually from nightside to dayside. Particularly, in the inner postmidnight plasmasphere free from the substorm injection, the instantaneous peak amplitude of hiss reached 0.9 nT. The enhanced hiss within the locally unchanged plasma must originate from other spatial regions. Our data and modeling demonstrate that the large‐amplitude hiss was generated by the substorm‐injected electrons drifting into the outer postmidnight plasmasphere, rather than linked to the nightside chorus suffering strong Landau damping or the dayside chorus/hiss propagating azimuthally to the nightside plasmasphere.
First In Situ Seismic Record of Spreading Events at the Ultraslow Spreading Southwest Indian Ridge
Authors: Meier M. , Schlindwein V.
Published: October 2018

In situ observations of mid‐ocean ridge spreading events are rare, and no observations exist at ultraslow spreading ridges. In 2013, two earthquake swarms and prominent, tidally modulated harmonic tremor were accidentally recorded by ocean bottom seismometers at the Southwest Indian Ridge. After relative relocation, the first swarm shows downward migrating hypocenters, while the second swarm immediately spreads over a steeply dipping plane originating at the same location as the first swarm. The tremor signal is temporally connected to the swarms and persists for more than 20 days after the second swarm. Polarization analysis points to two source locations above the seismically active area at 2‐ to 8‐km depth. We interpret swarms and tremor as evidence for a dike intrusion event that caused disruption to an existent hydrothermal system. The tremor may be generated by enhanced hydrothermal circulation caused by the added heat of the intrusion with increased flow during low tides.
Galveston Bay and Coastal Ocean Optical‐Geochemical Response to Hurricane Harvey From VIIRS Ocean Color
Authors: D’Sa Eurico J. , Joshi Ishan , Liu Bingqing
Published: October 2018

Dissolved and particulate organic carbon, suspended particulate matter concentrations, and their optical proxies colored dissolved organic matter absorption and backscattering coefficients were studied in Galveston Bay, Texas, following the extreme flooding of Houston and surrounding areas due to Hurricane Harvey (25–29 August 2017) using field and ocean color observations. A three‐step empirical‐semianalytic algorithm for determination of colored dissolved organic matter absorption and backscattering coefficients revealed the dynamics of dissolved organic carbon and particle distribution from Visible and Infrared Imaging Radiometric Suite ocean color. Environmental drivers, especially floodwater discharge and winds, strongly influenced the spatiotemporal distribution of dissolved/particulate material in the bay and shelf waters following the hurricane passage. Over 10 days during/following the hurricane, ~25.2 × 106 kg C of total organic carbon and ~314.7 × 106 kg of suspended particulate matter were rapidly exported from Galveston Bay (representing ~0.65% and 0.27% of respective annual Mississippi River fluxes to the Gulf of Mexico), with potential for ecological impacts to shelf waters.
Annual Cycle of Turbulent Dissipation Estimated from Seagliders
Authors: Evans Dafydd Gwyn , Lucas Natasha Sarah , Hemsley Victoria , Frajka‐Williams Eleanor , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Martin Adrian , Painter Stuart C. , Inall Mark E. , Palmer Matthew R.
Published: October 2018

The rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy is estimated using Seaglider observations of vertical water velocity in the midlatitude North Atlantic. This estimate is based on the large‐eddy method, allowing the use of measurements of turbulent energy at large scales O(1–10 m) to diagnose the rate of energy dissipated through viscous processes at scales O(1 mm). The Seaglider data considered here were obtained in a region of high stratification (1 × 10−4<N < 1×10−2s−1), where previous implementations of this method fail. The large‐eddy method is generalized to high‐stratification by high‐pass filtering vertical velocity with a cutoff dependent on the local buoyancy frequency, producing a year‐long time series of dissipation rate spanning the uppermost 1,000 m with subdaily resolution. This is compared to the dissipation rate estimated from a moored 600 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler. The variability of the Seaglider‐based dissipation correlates with one‐dimensional scalings of wind‐ and buoyancy‐driven mixed‐layer turbulence.
Solar Wind‐Induced Water Cycle on the Moon
Authors: Jones Brant M. , Aleksandrov Alex , Hibbitts K. , Dyar M. D. , Orlando Thomas M.
Published: October 2018

The solar wind has been implicated as a source of water on airless bodies such as the Moon, asteroids, and possibly Mercury, yet a kinetic and mechanistic chemical model consistent with present‐day observational data is still lacking. Utilizing available data sets on temperature‐driven water formation and desorption from metal oxides (e.g., SiO2, TiO2, and Al2O3) with surface hydroxyl defects (─OH) and experimental data from a lunar mare regolith Apollo sample (10084), the 2.8‐μm optical signal on the Moon is modeled. Specifically, the presence and persistence of this band result from the balance of formation and loss mechanisms associated with solar wind production and thermal transformation of hydroxyls on and within the regolith. This cycle involves formation and release of molecular water via recombinative desorption of the chemically bound ─OH. Though this mechanism forms gas‐phase H2O on the sunlit side, photodissociation and dissociative adsorption lead to rehydroxylation and very limited exospheric water over a lunation.
The Neodymium Isotope Fingerprint of Adélie Coast Bottom Water
Authors: Lambelet M. , van de Flierdt T. , Butler E. C. V. , Bowie A. R. , Rintoul S. R. , Watson R. J. , Remenyi T. , Lannuzel D. , Warner M. , Robinson L. F. , Bostock H. C. , Bradtmiller L. I.
Published: October 2018

Adélie Land Bottom Water (ALBW), a variety of Antarctic Bottom Water formed off the Adélie Land coast of East Antarctica, ventilates the abyssal layers of the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean as well as the eastern Indian and Pacific Oceans. We present the first dissolved neodymium (Nd) isotope and concentration measurements for ALBW. The summertime signature of ALBW is characterized by εNd = −8.9, distinct from Ross Sea Bottom Water, and similar to Weddell Sea Bottom Water. Adélie Land Shelf Water, the precursor water mass for wintertime ALBW, features the least radiogenic Nd fingerprint observed around Antarctica to date (εNd = −9.9). Local geology around Antarctica is important in setting the chemical signature of individual varieties of Antarctic Bottom Water, evident from the shelf water signature, which should be considered in the absence of direct wintertime observations.
Shape of Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Tracks and the Indian Monsoon
Authors: Kelly Patrick , Leung L. Ruby , Balaguru Karthik , Xu Wenwei , Mapes Brian , Soden Brian
Published: October 2018

We find a significant enhancement of the North Atlantic subtropical high on interannual timescales (1970–2016) concurrently linked to an anomalously strong Indian monsoon in September. Consistent with a stronger North Atlantic subtropical high, enhanced anticyclonic flow and subtropical easterlies in the eastern Atlantic basin are found during strong monsoon years. Observational regression analysis combined with a statistical track model are used to assess the influence of these monsoon‐linked wind variations on Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) tracks originating in the main development region. When controlling for effects of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a westward shift of TC tracks is shown to be robustly correlated to internal monsoon variability in September. This work highlights variability of the Indian monsoon as an additional constraint on Atlantic TCs, with increased landfall probability during a strong monsoon. Previous attribution of similar steering effects to ENSO need to be reconsidered to account for ENSO's correlation with the monsoon.
Longitudinal Structure of Oxygen Torus in the Inner Magnetosphere: Simultaneous Observations by Arase and Van Allen Probe A
Authors: Nosé M. , Matsuoka A. , Kumamoto A. , Kasahara Y. , Goldstein J. , Teramoto M. , Tsuchiya F. , Matsuda S. , Shoji M. , Imajo S. , Oimatsu S. , Yamamoto K. , Obana Y. , Nomura R. , Fujimoto A. , Shinohara I. , Miyoshi Y. , Kurth W. S. , Kletzing C. A. , Smith C. W. , MacDowall R. J.
Published: October 2018

Simultaneous observations of the magnetic field and plasma waves made by the Arase and Van Allen Probe A satellites at different magnetic local time (MLT) enable us to deduce the longitudinal structure of an oxygen torus for the first time. During 04:00–07:10 UT on 24 April 2017, Arase flew from L = 6.2 to 2.0 in the morning sector and detected an enhancement of the average plasma mass up to ~3.5 amu around L = 4.9–5.2 and MLT = 5.0 hr, implying that the plasma consists of approximately 15% O+ ions. Probe A moved outbound from L = 2.0 to 6.2 in the afternoon sector during 04:10–07:30 UT and observed no clear enhancements in the average plasma mass. For this event, the O+ density enhancement in the inner magnetosphere (i.e., oxygen torus) does not extend over all MLT but is skewed toward the dawn, being described more precisely as a crescent‐shaped torus or a pinched torus.
Transport of Pacific Water Into the Canada Basin and the Formation of the Chukchi Slope Current
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Pickart Robert S. , Li Min , Itoh Motoyo , Lin Peigen , Kikuchi Takashi , Qi Yiquan
Published: October 2018

A high‐resolution regional ocean model together with moored hydrographic and velocity measurements is used to identify the pathways and mechanisms by which Pacific water, modified over the Chukchi shelf, crosses the shelf break into the Canada Basin. Most of the Pacific water flowing into the Arctic Ocean through Bering Strait enters the Canada Basin through Barrow Canyon. Strong advection allows the water to cross the shelf break and exit the shelf. Wind forcing plays little role in this process. Some of the outflowing water from Barrow Canyon flows to the east into the Beaufort Sea; however, approximately 0.4 to 0.5 Sv turns to the west forming the newly identified Chukchi Slope Current. This transport occurs at all times of year, channeling both summer and winter waters from the shelf to the Canada Basin. The model indicates that approximately 75% of this water was exposed to the mixed layer within the Chukchi Sea, while the remaining 25% was able to cross the shelf during the stratified summer before convection commences in late fall. We view the
 Sv of the Chukchi Slope Current as replacing Beaufort Gyre water that would have come from the east in the absence of the cross‐topography flow in Barrow Canyon. The weak eastward flow on the Beaufort slope is also consistent with the local disruption of the Beaufort Gyre by the Barrow Canyon outflow.
Coastal Upwelling Revisited: Ekman, Bakun, and Improved Upwelling Indices for the U.S. West Coast
Authors: Jacox Michael G. , Edwards Christopher A. , Hazen Elliott L. , Bograd Steven J.
Published: October 2018

Coastal upwelling is responsible for thriving marine ecosystems and fisheries that are disproportionately productive relative to their surface area, particularly in the world's major eastern boundary upwelling systems. Along oceanic eastern boundaries, equatorward wind stress and the Earth's rotation combine to drive a near‐surface layer of water offshore, a process called Ekman transport. Similarly, positive wind stress curl drives divergence in the surface Ekman layer and consequently upwelling from below, a process known as Ekman suction. In both cases, displaced water is replaced by upwelling of relatively nutrient‐rich water from below, which stimulates the growth of microscopic phytoplankton that form the base of the marine food web. Ekman theory is foundational and underlies the calculation of upwelling indices such as the “Bakun Index” that are ubiquitous in eastern boundary upwelling system studies. While generally valuable first‐order descriptions, these indices and their underlying theory provide an incomplete picture of coastal upwelling. Here we review the relevant dynamics and limitations of classical upwelling indices, particularly related to representation of the surface wind stress, the influence of geostrophic currents, and the properties of upwelled water. To address these shortcomings, we present two new upwelling indices for the U.S. West Coast (31–47°N), which are available from 1988 to present. The Coastal Upwelling Transport Index and the Biologically Effective Upwelling Transport Index provide improved estimates of vertical transport and vertical nitrate flux, respectively, by leveraging technological and scientific advances realized since the introduction of the Bakun Index nearly a half century ago.
(U‐Th)/He Thermochronology and Zircon Radiation Damage in the South American Passive Margin: Thermal Overprint of the Paraná LIP?
Authors: Hueck Mathias , Dunkl István , Heller Beatrix , Stipp Basei Miguel Angelo , Siegesmund Siegfried
Published: October 2018

New zircon and apatite (U‐Th)/He data (AHe and ZHe) from the crystalline basement of the South American passive margin in southern Brazil present a wide distribution of Phanerozoic apparent ages, recording its prerift evolution. Its geological significance can be investigated by modeling the influence of the accumulated radiation damages on the measured crystals in its He ages during a long upper crust residence. Despite the presence of a significant fault in the studied area, the samples essentially constrain a uniform thermal history for the entire study area. Zircon helium ages spread from 472 to 26 Ma and correlate strongly with the radioactive element content of the crystals. Although the region was probably covered by Paleozoic sediments of the Paraná Basin, the ZHe system experienced a more intense thermal overprint, most likely the onset of the Paraná Large Igneous Province (LIP), causing its dispersion. The nearby intrusion of a feeding system of the LIP, the Florianópolis Dyke Swarm, may have contributed for keeping geothermal gradients elevated for a period long enough to promote the observed reset. After the extrusion of the volcanism, the study area was probably covered by up to 2 km of basalt floods, imprinting temperatures above the AHe partial retention zone on the crystalline basement. These were eroded during rapid cooling between 75 and 55 Ma, as indicated by thermal modeling. Additional analyses with Raman spectroscopy were used for calculating radiation damage ages in the zircon crystals measured for (U‐Th)/He, resulting in a comparable set of ages.
Identifying Driving Factors in Flood‐Damaging Processes Using Graphical Models
Authors: Vogel Kristin , Weise Laura , Schröter Kai , Thieken Annegret H.
Published: October 2018

Flood damage estimation is a core task in flood risk assessments and requires reliable flood loss models. Identifying the driving factors of flood loss at residential buildings and gaining insight into their relations is important to improve our understanding of flood damage processes. For that purpose, we learn probabilistic graphical models, which capture and illustrate (in‐)dependencies between the considered variables. The models are learned based on postevent surveys with flood‐affected residents after six flood events, which occurred in Germany between 2002 and 2013. Besides the sustained building damage, the survey data contain information about flooding parameters, early warning and emergency measures, property‐level mitigation measures and preparedness, socioeconomic characteristics of the household, and building characteristics. The analysis considers the entire data set with a total of 4,468 cases as well as subsets of the data set partitioned into single flood events and flood types: river floods, levee breaches, surface water flooding, and groundwater floods, to reveal differences in the damaging processes. The learned networks suggest that the flood loss ratio of residential buildings is directly influenced by hydrological and hydraulic aspects as well as by building characteristics and property‐level mitigation measures. The study demonstrates also that for different flood events and process types the building damage is influenced by varying factors. This suggests that flood damage models need to be capable of reproducing these differences for spatial and temporal model transfers.
Lagrangian Modeling of Reactive Transport in Heterogeneous Porous Media With an Automatic Locally Adaptive Particle Support Volume
Authors: Sole‐Mari Guillem , Fernàndez‐Garcia Daniel
Published: October 2018

The particle support volume is crucial for simulating reactive transport with Lagrangian methods as it dictates the interaction among particles. Assuming that it is constant in space, the particle support volume can be selected by means of kernel density estimation theory, an approach that has been shown to provide accurate estimates in simple setups. However, the particle support volume should intuitively vary with the particle position and evolve with time so as to mimic the local behavior of the solute plume. In this paper, we present a new approach to select a locally optimal particle support volume in reactive transport simulations. We consider that each particle has a different support volume that can locally adapt its shape and size with time based on the nearby particle distribution. By introducing a new optimality criterion, closed‐form expressions of the particle support volume are presented under certain assumptions. In advection‐dominated transport, we propose to orient the support volume along the local velocities. Numerical simulations of solute transport in a randomly heterogeneous porous medium demonstrate that the new approach can substantially increase accuracy with a more rapid convergence to the true solution with the number of particles. The error reduction seen in local approaches is particularly important in regions with extreme (high and low) density of particles. The method is shown to be computationally efficient, displaying better results than traditional histogram or global kernel methods for the same computational effort.
Technical Note: An Operational Implementation of Recursive Digital Filter for Base Flow Separation
Authors: Rammal Mohamad , Archambeau Pierre , Erpicum Sebastien , Orban Philippe , Brouyère Serge , Pirotton Michel , Dewals Benjamin
Published: October 2018

Base flow estimation is of overwhelming importance in hydrological modeling and water resource management. One of the widely used techniques to derive base flow from measured streamflow is the recursive digital filter (RDF). Yet its application still raises methodological issues related to the determination of its parameters. In this study, we propose a practical and automatic procedure to calibrate the RDF with respect to the measured streamflow. The method operationality and robustness are first demonstrated on three gauging stations in the Ourthe catchment (Belgium). The calibrated parameters compare well with those obtained by a standard graphical approach. Next, the proposed approach is compared to the technique of conductance mass balance for two gauging stations in the Hoyoux catchment (Belgium). A fair agreement between the results of the two techniques is obtained, suggesting that the proposed automatic calibration procedure of RDF takes the base flow separation process to a higher level of practicality and transparency.
Evaluation of the Generalized and Rescaled Complementary Evaporation Relationships
Authors: Crago Richard D. , Qualls Russell J.
Published: October 2018

A rigorous approach to the complementary relationship (CR) in land surface evaporation was introduced by Brutsaert (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015WR017720) in which the problem was cast in nondimensional form for generality, boundary conditions (BCs) were established from physical constraints, and a suitable mathematical solution was formulated. Building on Brutsaert's insightful foundation, Crago et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016WR019753) showed the need, for rational reasons, to modify Brutsaert's BCs by introducing Emax, an upper limit to the apparent potential evaporation corresponding to an actual evaporation of 0. Following the rigorous approach of Brutsaert, this paper presents the derivation and resulting CR. The BC associated with Emax requires a solution that is rescaled with regard to Brutsaert's dimensionless framework and represents a fundamentally different solution from that of Brutsaert. In essence, this formulation acknowledges a pattern of organized variability, which exists within the data when scaled in Brutsaert's dimensionless framework, and our rescaled CR reorganizes the data, collapsing it toward a more universal representation. Our rescaled CR, implemented with two versions of Emax, one based on mass transfer and another on the Penman equation, is evaluated alongside Brutsaert's original formulation. Multiyear data sets from seven Fluxnet sites in Australia, ranging from a sparsely vegetated ephemeral tropical wetland to a temperate forest with a 75‐m‐tall canopy were used to test the formulations on a weekly basis. All three formulations performed adequately. Overall, the rescaled model with Emax based on the Penman equation performed best; it extracts more information with no additional observational data requirements.
Simulating Runoff Under Changing Climatic Conditions: A Framework for Model Improvement
Authors: Fowler Keirnan , Coxon Gemma , Freer Jim , Peel Murray , Wagener Thorsten , Western Andrew , Woods Ross , Zhang Lu
Published: October 2018

Rainfall‐runoff models are often deficient under changing climatic conditions, yet almost no recent studies propose new or improved model structures, instead focusing on model intercomparison, input sensitivity, and/or quantification of uncertainty. This paucity of progress in model development is (in part) due to the difficulty of distinguishing which cases of model failure are truly caused by structural inadequacy. Here we propose a new framework to diagnose the salient cause of poor model performance in changing climate conditions, be it structural inadequacy, poor parameterization, or data errors. The framework can be applied to a single catchment, although larger samples of catchments are helpful to generalize and/or cross‐check results. To generate a diagnosis, multiple historic periods with contrasting climate are defined, and the limits of model robustness and flexibility are explored over each period separately and for all periods together. Numerous data‐based checks also supplement the results. Using a case study catchment from Australia, improved inference of structural failure and clearer evaluation of model structural improvements are demonstrated. This framework enables future studies to (i) identify cases where poor simulations are due to poor calibration methods or data errors, remediating these cases without recourse to structural changes; and (ii) use the remaining cases to gain greater clarity into what structural changes are needed to improve model performance in changing climate.
Predictors for a dementia gene mutation based on gene-panel next-generation sequencing of a large dementia referral series
Authors: Koriath C. , Kenny J. , Adamson G. , Druyeh R. , Taylor W. , Beck J. , Quinn L. , Mok T. H. , Dimitriadis A. , Norsworthy P. , Bass N. , Carter J. , Walker Z. , Kipps C. , Coulthard E. , Polke J. M. , Bernal-Quiros M. , Denning N. , Thomas R. , Raybould R. , Williams J. , Mummery C. J. , Wild E. J. , Houlden H. , Tabrizi S. J. , Rossor M. N. , Hummerich H. , Warren J. D. , Rowe J. B. , Rohrer J. D. , Schott J. M. , Fox N. C. , Collinge J. , Mead S.
Published: October 2018

Next-generation genetic sequencing (NGS) technologies facilitate the screening of multiple genes linked to neurodegenerative dementia, but there are few reports about their use in clinical practice. Which patients would most profit from testing, and information on the likelihood of discovery of a causal variant in a clinical syndrome, are conspicuously absent from the literature, mostly for a lack of large-scale studies. We applied a validated NGS dementia panel to 3241 patients with dementia and healthy aged controls; 13,152 variants were classified by likelihood of pathogenicity. We identified 354 deleterious variants (DV, 12.6% of patients); 39 were novel DVs. Age at clinical onset, clinical syndrome and family history each strongly predict the likelihood of finding a DV, but healthcare setting and gender did not. DVs were frequently found in genes not usually associated with the clinical syndrome. Patients recruited from primary referral centres were compared with those seen at higher-level research centres and a national clinical neurogenetic laboratory; rates of discovery were comparable, making selection bias unlikely and the results generalisable to clinical practice. We estimated penetrance of DVs using large-scale online genomic population databases and found 71 with evidence of reduced penetrance. Two DVs in the same patient were found more frequently than expected. These data should provide a basis for more informed counselling and clinical decision making.
Uncovering the complex genetics of human temperament
Authors: Zwir Igor , Arnedo Javier , Del-Val Coral , Pulkki-Råback Laura , Konte Bettina , Yang Sarah S. , Romero-Zaliz Rocio , Hintsanen Mirka , Cloninger Kevin M. , Garcia Danilo , Svrakic Dragan M. , Rozsa Sandor , Martinez Maribel , Lyytikäinen Leo-Pekka , Giegling Ina , Kähönen Mika , Hernandez-Cuervo Helena , Seppälä Ilkka , Raitoharju Emma , de Erausquin Gabriel A. , Raitakari Olli , Rujescu Dan , Postolache Teodor T. , Sung Joohon , Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa , Lehtimäki Terho , Cloninger C. Robert
Published: October 2018

Experimental studies of learning suggest that human temperament may depend on the molecular mechanisms for associative conditioning, which are highly conserved in animals. The main genetic pathways for associative conditioning are known in experimental animals, but have not been identified in prior genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of human temperament. We used a data-driven machine learning method for GWAS to uncover the complex genotypic–phenotypic networks and environmental interactions related to human temperament. In a discovery sample of 2149 healthy Finns, we identified sets of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that cluster within particular individuals (i.e., SNP sets) regardless of phenotype. Second, we identified 3 clusters of people with distinct temperament profiles measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory regardless of genotype. Third, we found 51 SNP sets that identified 736 gene loci and were significantly associated with temperament. The identified genes were enriched in pathways activated by associative conditioning in animals, including the ERK, PI3K, and PKC pathways. 74% of the identified genes were unique to a specific temperament profile. Environmental influences measured in childhood and adulthood had small but significant effects. We confirmed the replicability of the 51 Finnish SNP sets in healthy Korean (90%) and German samples (89%), as well as their associations with temperament. The identified SNPs explained nearly all the heritability expected in each sample (37–53%) despite variable cultures and environments. We conclude that human temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term memory.