bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province, Russia)
Authors: Shchukina E.V. , Agashev A.M. , Kostrovitsky S.I. , Pokhilenko N.P.
Published: November 2015

New data on metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP) are presented. We studied the major- and trace-element compositions of minerals of 26 garnet peridotite xenoliths from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe; 17 xenoliths contained phlogopite. Detailed mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical studies of peridotite minerals (garnet, clinopyroxene, and phlogopite) have revealed two types of modal metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric-mantle rocks: high temperature (melt) and low-temperature (phlogopite). Both types of modal metasomatism significantly changed the chemical composition of the peridotites. Low-temperature modal metasomatism manifests itself as coarse tabular and shapeless phlogopite grains. Two textural varieties of phlogopite show significant differences in chemical composition, primarily in the contents of TiO2, Cr2O3, FeO, Ba, Rb, and Cs. The rock-forming minerals of phlogopite-bearing peridotites differ in chemical composition from phlogopite-free peridotites, mainly in higher FeO content. Most garnets and clinopyroxenes in peridotites are the products of high-temperature mantle metasomatism, as indicated by the high contents of incompatible elements and REE pattern in these minerals. Fractional-crystallization modeling gives an insight into the nature of melts (metasomatic agents). They are close in composition to picrites of the Izhmozero field, basalts of the Tur’ino field, and carbonatites of the Mela field of the ADP. The REE patterns of the peridotite minerals make it possible to determine the sequence of metasomatic enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe.
Placer-forming flows and mudflows as viscous fluids in river valleys
Authors: Buiskikh A.A.
Published: November 2015

The paper is concerned with geologic processes in river valleys, such as the movement of alluvial placers and mudflows, regarded as viscous fluids. The dynamics of distribution of the placer mineral and mud-and-gravel material in a river valley was studied by modeling. Moving material was examined as an independent flow of solid particles (solid flow), free of the enclosing rocks. The flow–environment interaction was specified by mass forces, friction forces, and substance sources (drains). For the mathematical description of a solid flow, a set of viscous-liquid equations was used. The placer and mudflow parameters obtained during the numerical experiments agree satisfactorily with the full-scale data for real objects.
Application of the Debye decomposition approach to analysis of induced-polarization profiling data (Julietta gold-silver deposit, Magadan Region)
Authors: Gurin G.V. , Tarasov A.V. , Il’in Yu.T. , Titov K.V.
Published: November 2015

Time-domain induced polarization (IP) data are used for approach to ore prospecting problems on the flanks of the Julietta gold-silver deposit. IP time-domain data are analyzed on the basis of the Debye decomposition, which allows reconstruction of the relaxation time distribution. Experimental dependences of the IP parameters on the main petrophysical properties of disseminated ores were used to interpret field data. The Debye decomposition helped to identify zones of hydrothermally and metasomatically altered rocks containing finely disseminated sulfide minerals, which were missed when using the standard procedure for the analysis of IP data. The estimated content of sulfide minerals in the altered rocks agrees with geological data.
Paleoseismogenic dislocations in the Upper Kerulen basin (southern Henteyn–Daurian mega-arch)
Authors: Smekalin O.P. , Chipizubov A.V. , Imaev V.S.
Published: November 2015

In recent years, the Hustai, Gunji, and Kerulen paleoseismogenic structures have been discovered and examined within the Henteyn uplift. Their investigations revealed zones of probable earthquake foci, presenting a seismic hazard for Ulaanbaatar. We report the first data on the quantitative parameters of prehistoric earthquakes in the Meso–Cenozoic Upper Kerulen basin. The absolute age of two paleoevents determined by radiocarbon dating is within 1152–1702 BC and 5466–7201 BC. Seismogeological study of dislocations made it possible to estimate the type of tectonic stress during the formation of structures within the Henteyn uplift and to explain their nature. The horizontal-compression stress is mostly due to endogenous processes, which lead to the enlargement of the uplift area at the expense of the peripheral Mesozoic sedimentary basins.
Theoretical model of scattering from flow ducts with semi-infinite axial liner splices
Authors: Liu Xin , Jiang Hanbo , Huang Xun , Chen Shiyi
Published: November 2015

In this paper we present a theoretical model to study sound scattering from flow ducts with a semi-infinite lining surface covered by some equally spaced rigid splices, which is of practical importance in the development of silent aeroengines. The key contribution of our work is the analytical and rigorous description of axial liner splices by incorporating Fourier series expansion and the Wiener–Hopf method. In particular, we describe periodic variations of the semi-infinite lining surface by using Fourier series that accurately represent the layout of rigid splices in the circumferential direction. The associated matrix kernel involves a constant matrix and a diagonal matrix. The latter consists of a series of typical scalar kernels. A closed-form solution is then obtained by using standard routines of Wiener–Hopf factorisation for scalar kernels. A couple of appropriate approximations, such as numerical truncations of infinite Fourier series, have to be adopted in the implementation of this theoretical model, which is validated by comparing favorably with numerical solutions from a commercial acoustic solver. Finally, several numerical test cases are performed to demonstrate this theoretical model. It can be seen that the proposed theoretical model helps to illuminate the essential acoustic effect jointly imposed by axial and circumferential hard–soft interfaces.
Rheology of a dense suspension of spherical capsules under simple shear flow
Authors: Matsunaga D. , Imai Y. , Yamaguchi T. , Ishikawa T.
Published: November 2015

We present a numerical analysis of the rheology of a dense suspension of spherical capsules in simple shear flow in the Stokes flow regime. The behaviour of neo-Hookean capsules is simulated for a volume fraction up to${\it\phi}=0.4$by graphics processing unit computing based on the boundary element method with a multipole expansion. To describe the specific viscosity using a polynomial equation of the volume fraction, the coefficients of the equation are calculated by least-squares fitting. The results suggest that the effect of higher-order terms is much smaller for capsule suspensions than rigid sphere suspensions; for example,$O({\it\phi}^{3})$terms account for only 8 % of the specific viscosity even at${\it\phi}=0.4$for capillary numbers$Ca\geqslant 0.1$. We also investigate the relationship between the deformation and orientation of the capsules and the suspension rheology. When the volume fraction increases, the deformation of the capsules increases while the orientation angle of the capsules with respect to the flow direction decreases. Therefore, both the specific viscosity and the normal stress difference increase with volume fraction due to the increased deformation, whereas the decreased orientation angle suppresses the specific viscosity, but amplifies the normal stress difference.
What happened at WAC-3?
Authors: Colley Sarah
Published: November 2015

We asked Sarah Colley, who teaches Aboriginal archaeology and heritage management at the University of Sydney, Australia, to give an account of the 3rd World Archaeological Congress, held at New Delhi, India, 4–11 December 1994, as she experienced it.
The Balkans in prehistory: the Palaeolithic archaeology of Greece and adjacent areas
Authors: Bailey Geoff
Published: November 2015

Thirty years ago, the finding of a single hand-axe in Greece was remarkable enough to have its own note in ANTIQUITY. A recent conference is occasion to review the regional picture, now broad as well as deep enough for patterns to emerge which look more like early prehistoric realities than the chance consequence of where the pioneers have been looking.
The contamination of Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations in Australia
Authors: Allen Jim , Holdaway Simon
Published: November 2015

Previous articles in ANTIQUITY have taken different views of the dating pattern for the human settlement of Australia. Is the apparent limit in the region of 35–40,000 years ago visible in the radiocarbon determinations a real date for the human presence? Or is it an artificial result of the dating method? A comparative study of the dating pattern in archaeological as against non-archaeological contexts may inform.
Archaeology and the ecodynamics of human-modified landscapes
Authors: McGlade James
Published: November 2015

First generation modelling of cultural systems, as applied in archaeology, frequently invoked linear, deterministic relationships as well as privileging concepts such as stability and an assumed cumulative evolution towards increasing complexity. But can the world of human affairs with its numerous reversals and unintended consequences really be captured by such models? Recent advances in the natural sciences have demonstrated the central role of non-linear phenomena, discontinuities and unpredictable breaks from established patterns and events. It is argued that such findings can form the basis for a new theoretical framework, human ecodynamics.
Cave art without the caves
Authors: Bahn Paul G.
Published: November 2015

It is over a decade since Palaeolithic parietal art was first spotted in Europe on exposed open-air surfaces—cave art without the caves. Now the major site in Portugal is threatened by the lake behind a river-dam under construction. Here is a report on what cave art outside the caves amounts to, and of the confrontations over the Côa site that were in the headlines early this year.
Mesolithic mortuary ritual at Franchthi Cave, Greece
Authors: Cullen Tracey
Published: November 2015

Mesolithic sites are rare in the Aegean, and Mesolithic burials are uncommon throughout Europe. The Mesolithic human remains from Franchthi Cave, that remarkable, deeply stratified site in southern Greece, offer a rare glimpse into the burial practices of early Holocene hunter-gatherers of the Mediterranean.
Fallow deer in prehistoric Greece, and the analogy between faunal spectra and pollen analyses
Authors: Hubbard R. N. L. B.
Published: November 2015

The pollen record from an archaeological site provides the environmental background, while the animal bones illuminate its economy. Wild animal bones are also ecological indicators, and faunal spectra can clarify the status of animals whose place in the human economy is uncertain or changing. The status of the fallow deer in prehistoric Greece is explored from this viewpoint.
A brief reinterpretation of the pollen record from Khok Phanom Di, central Thailand, and its archaeological significance
Authors: Maloney B. K.
Published: November 2015

In 1989 and again in 1992, Antiquity reported evidence for early rice cultivation in central Thailand. A brief supplement clarifies the story.
The Australian transition: real and perceived boundaries
Authors: Frankel David
Published: November 2015

The Pleistocene to Holocene transition is both a reality of climate history, and a notion of the prehistorian. A century of approaches to Australian archaeology guides the frameworks of the issue today.
Tasmania: archaeological and palaeo-ecological perspectives
Authors: Porch Nick , Allen Jim
Published: November 2015

Tasmania, at the south of the land-mass, experienced the Glacial Maximum as a properly cold affair. Recent archaeological work, some in country now difficult of human access, has developed an intricate story of changing adaptations. At the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary, a major reorganization of Aboriginal adaptation strategies is seen in the archaeological record, argued to follow late-Pleistocene environmental amelioration.
The development of Sahul agriculture with Australia as bystander
Authors: Yen D. E.
Published: November 2015

The distribution of food-plants—both potential and actually exploited — reflects the natural history of contact across the seas and through the region, often long before Pleistocene times. The later and the human contribution has to be discerned from varied lines of evidence. The inventive process of early domestication leading to cultivation in the Sahulian north (New Guinea) was not a part of plant adaptation in the south (Australia). Neither did species diffusion result in adoption of agriculture or stimulation towards domestication among the Aboriginal hunter-gatherers.
Early agriculture in New Guinea and the Torres Strait divide
Authors: Harris David
Published: November 2015

The high and low islands of Torres Strait, scattered between the tip of Queensland and the coast of Papua New Guinea, make a unique frontier in later world prehistory: between a continent of hunter-gatherers and the majority world of cultivators. Consideration of just what archaeology there is in the Torres Strait Islands, and of its date, improve on the conventional question: was the Strait a bridge or a barrier?
The World Archaeological Congress in India: politicizing the past
Authors: Hassan Fekri A.
Published: November 2015

The wider context to events at the World Archaeological Congress — 3, held in New Delhi late 1994, that were reported in the March 1995 ANTIQUITY.
Mousterian fires from Grotte XVI (Dordogne, France)
Authors: Rigaud Jean-Philippe , Simek Jan F. , Ge Thierry
Published: November 2015

A new study from the Dordogne decisively identifies and confirms the use of fires in a Mousterian context; and the thick ashy deposit, identified as the remains of burnt lichen, clarifies the real nature of those distinctive deposits, known from other sites of the era.
The Epi-Palaeolithic of Öküzini cave (SW Anatolia) and its mobiliary art
Authors: Otte Marcel , Yalcinkaya Isin , Leotard Jean-Marc , Kartal Metin , Bar-Yosef Ofer , Kozlowski Janusz , Bayón Ignacio López , Marshack Alexander
Published: November 2015

Late and Epi-Palaeolithic sequences are well known from field work and publications in southeast Europe and the Levant. Current research in Anatolia promises to shed new light on the vast region that connects these two areas. At Öküzini cave a detailed sequence of Terminal Pleistocene and Early Holocene assemblages contributes greatly to our understanding.
The date of Pevensey and the defence of an ‘Imperium Britanniarum’
Authors: Fulford Michael , Tyers Ian
Published: November 2015

New work at the late Roman fort at Pevensey has recovered oak foundation piles. The precision of a tree-ring date for them is occasion to look again at the pattern of coastal forts of which Pevensey is a part.
Palaeolithic images and the Great Auk
Authors: Anne  , Eastham Michael
Published: November 2015

In this final contribution on the identification of the birds painted in the Palaeolithic Grotte Cosquer as Great Auks, it is noticed that the birds need to be seen within a Palaeolithic hunter–gatherer's view of the world, which is not the same as that of a modern natural historian or taxonomist.
Of gods, glyphs and kings: divinity and rulership among the Classic Maya
Authors: Houston Stephen , Stuart David
Published: November 2015

The ANTIQUITY prize-winning article in the last volume addressed writing, its varying nature and role in early states. Now that the decipherment of Maya writing is well advanced, we can know more of the records of kingship. From them we may discern the concepts and beliefs that defined the authority of these holy lords, as we seek the source of the power of rulers like ‘Sun-faced Snake Jaguar’.
Antlers, bone pins and flint blades: the Mesolithic cemeteries of Téviec and Hoëdic, Brittany
Authors: Schulting Rick J.
Published: November 2015

The late Mesolithic sites of Téviec and Hoëdic, located on what are now small islands off the Breton coast, provide evidence for elaborate burial practices, and may be precursors of the megalithic tradition of Brittany and western Europe in general. This paper briefly summarizes what is known of the sites and examines patterning in the distribution of grave inclusions. Differences as well as similarities between the sites are found. When examined carefully and critically, older excavation reports can yield much new information.
The politics of house shape: round vs rectilinear domestic structures in Déla compounds, northern Cameroon
Authors: Lyons Diane
Published: November 2015

Building floor plans are frequently recovered by archaologists. A common first sorting of the shapes of small domestic buildings is between round houses and rectangular houses. What do these differences mean? Why do social groups change their building form from one to the other? An ethnoarchaeological study from northern Cameroon illustrates how four ethnic groups in a single community use building shape to blur or define group boundaries for political self-interests.
Ploughzone sampling in Denmark: isolating and interpreting site signatures from disturbed contexts
Authors: Steinberg John M.
Published: November 2015

Are sites in lowland Europe destroyed when they are ploughed many times? In north Denmark, many Neolithic and Early Bronze Age sites are now reduced to just lithic scatters, but distinctive ‘site signatures’ persist. A lithic economic prehistory from the ploughsoil is possible and instructive.
Nature and age of the deposits in Pedra Furada, Brazil: reply to Meltzer, Adovasio & Dillehay
Authors: Guidon N. , Pessis A.-M. , Parenti Fabio , Fontugue Michel , Guérin Claude
Published: November 2015

The archaeological evidence of the Pedra Furada rock-shelter (northeastern Brazil), showing a long sequence of dated layers from 50,000 years b.p., was questioned in a paper presented by Meltzer, Adovasio & Dillehay, who visited the region at the end of 1993, in volume 68 of ANTIQUITY (1994). This paper presents the reply of the team directly involved in the research programme in this key area of American prehistory.
A Late Classic lime-plaster kiln from the Maya centre of Copan, Honduras
Authors: Abrams Elliot M. , Freter AnnCorinne
Published: November 2015

Under and behind the splendours of Maya ceremonial buildings are the craft skills of the artisans who put them up. A first find of a lime-plaster kiln, from Copan in Honduras, illuminates one of those technologies, the burning of lime in a closed oven rather than on an open-air pyre.
A further case for the preservation of earthwork ridge-and-furrow
Authors: Palmer Rog
Published: November 2015

Until modern cultivation invaded even the permanent pasture-land, the ubiquitous trace of medieval farming in the lowland English landscape was ridge-and-furrow. A record in themselves, the undulating slopes are now seen to act as a device to preserve older features underneath.
Repatriation, power relations and the politics of the past
Authors: Bray Tamara L.
Published: November 2015

Museums across the USA are busy carrying out their new obligations under NAGPRA, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. There is more to the mood than some change in how human remains are curated in archaeological and anthropological collections.
Between Sutton Hoo and Chernaya Mogila: barrows in eastern and western early medieval Europe
Authors: Lutovský Michal
Published: November 2015

This complement to Van de Noort's 1993 contribution to ANTIQUITY extends the pattern in early medieval barrows seen on the British Isles and neighbouring portions of the European continent out to its central and towards its eastern zones.
1st Unnamed Cave: a Mississippian period cave art site in east Tennessee, USA
Authors: Faulkner Charles H. , Simek Jan F.
Published: November 2015

The well-protected walls and floors of deep caves are some of the few places where human markings on soft materials — sands, muds, clays — survive archaeologically. Since 1979, a special group of caves in the eastern United States has been reported with ‘mud-glyphs’ or prehistoric drawings etched in wet mud. Here, the seventh of these mud-glyph caves is described; once again, its iconography connects it to the ‘Southern Cult’ or ‘Southeast Ceremonial Complex’ of the Mississippian period.
Science, stratigraphy and the deep sequence: excavation vs regional survey and the question of gendered practice in archaeology
Authors: Moser Stephanie
Published: November 2015

Do gender roles, or expectations about gender roles, affect what kind of study is pursued by the individual researcher? Has excavation been rather a man's business? And if so, have other kinds of study — regional survey, for example — rather become women's business? These issues are explored as they are illuminated by the research careers of two eminent Australian contemporaries.
Development of an agroforest on a Micronesian high island: prehistoric Kosraean agriculture
Authors: Athens J. Stephen , Ward Jerome V. , Murakami Gail M.
Published: November 2015

The impact of the human presence on the fauna of a Pacific island is often immediately archaeologically visible in the slaughter of its land birds seen in the bones. The impact on vegetation is less distinct archaeologically, and many of the Pacific cultigens have soft tissues which rarely preserve. So a study of prehistoric agriculture on one of the high Micronesian islands largely involves pollen and charcoal.
Grahame Clark's new archaeology: the Fenland Research Committee and Cambridge prehistory in the 1930s
Authors: Smith Pamela Jane
Published: November 2015

The Fenland Research Committee, founded in 1932, guided research in the low wetlands north of Cambridge in east England. Its work marked a turning-point in the developing prehistory of Sir Grahame Clark, a change so profound it is here called a ‘new archaeology’. A leading approach now as ‘ecological archaeology’, it is here shown to have its conception in certain goals, definitions, concepts, and assumptions — and in the field circumstances which promoted a then-new approach to prehistoric materials.
Beazley as theorist
Authors: Whitley James
Published: November 2015

Sir John Beazley (1885-1970), founder of the modern and archaeological study of Classical vases, was a master of method. Is the Beazley method just that, a well-judged method fitting to the material under study? Or does that considered method in truth amount to a considered theory, held and used by a consciously most untheoretical archaeologist?
Refuse and the formation of middens
Authors: Needham Stuart , Spence Tony
Published: November 2015

The prodigious quantities of refuse recovered from excavations at Runnymede Bridge, Berkshire, England — and at other late prehistoric British sites — highlight those archaeological entities we call ‘rubbish’ and ‘middens’. What is a ‘midden’? General thoughts on an archaeology of refuse are applied to the specific case of these 1st-millennium BC sites in southern England in an attempt to comprehend their origin and scale in terms of the period's social geography.
Prehistory Down Under: archaeological investigations of submerged Aboriginal sites at Lake Jasper, Western Australia
Authors: Dortch Charles
Published: November 2015

Much of Australian prehistory lies under water. Although confined to the continent's extreme southwestern corner, field studies described in this report show that this submerged prehistoric component is very real, with numerous archaeological sites and former land surfaces awaiting investigation on the floors of Australia's lakes, rivers and estuaries, and on its submerged continental margins.
‘Leaving more than footprints’: modern votive offerings at Chaco Canyon prehistoric site
Authors: Finn Christine
Published: November 2015

A ‘heritage manager’ who wishes a quiet and an orderly life may hope their heritage place is culturally dead; whatever meaning it once had, now it is an archaeological site, an ancient monument, a tourist attraction. But many sites are not dead. Chaco Canyon, the celebrated complex in the desert of the US Southwest, is of continuing value to Native Americans of its region; and the place has become a focus for New Age ceremony — itself in part inspired by Native American knowledge.
Sembiran and the first Indian contacts with Bali: an update
Authors: Ardika I. Wayan , Bellwood Peter , Sutaba I Made , Yuliati Kade Citha
Published: November 2015

Further fieldwork at Sembiran, on Bali in the Indonesian archipelago, tells more about the eastern end of the exchange network running across southern Asia about 2000 years ago.
‘Hair-rings’ and European Late Bronze Age society
Authors: Eogan George
Published: November 2015

‘Hair-rings’, like other artefact categories of the European Bronze Age, are distinctive in form, and distinctively placed in space and in time. But we have not easily come to know just what they were for, or in what other ways we can discern meaning in and from them. Although modest in appearance, it does appear that ‘hair rings’ were significant objects that possibly indicate social ranking but also trading activities.
Maeshowe and the winter solstice: ceremonial aspects of the Orkney Grooved Ware culture
Authors: MacKie Euan W.
Published: November 2015

A generation ago, enquiries into the astronomical and mathematical knowledge of the standing stone-erectors of prehistoric Britain dealt largely with statistical patterns. Since then, the great passage grave at Newgrange, eastern Ireland, has proved to be engineered to address the midwinter sunrise. It is time once more to look at another great chamber tomb, Maeshowe in northernmost Scotland, with these concerns in mind.
Recent developments in radiocarbon and stylistic methods of dating rock-art
Authors: Rosenfeld Andrée , Smith Claire
Published: November 2015

The 1950s, era of the first radiocarbon revolution, saw famous clashes between confidence in the old chronologies and the new results from radiocarbon, which sometimes appeared ‘archaeologically unacceptable’. The same issues continue in respect of the radiocarbon dating of rock art, where the sheer technical difficulty of securing a dating number in which one can have confidence, remains a large real obstacle.
An archaeological sequence of hunter-gatherers in the Tandilia range: Cueva Tixi, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Authors: Mazzanti Diana Leonis
Published: November 2015

A rock-shelter near the north Argentinian coast offers an archaeological sequence of hunter-gatherer occupation running intermittently from Palaeo-Indian times to the era of European contact.
More underwater finds of Roman medical equipment
Authors: Gibbins David
Published: November 2015

The intricacy and variety of classical ‘small finds‘ again combine with the dangers — so archaeologically helpful and satisfying — of Roman sea-faring to point directly to how Roman surgeons carried out their skills.
Ireland's Discovery Programme: progress and prospect
Authors: Waddell John
Published: November 2015

Much archaeology is publicly funded, but rarely as a venture that is the personal initiative of a head of government. In this invited contribution, John Waddell (National University of Ireland, Galway) reports on the vigorous initiative of the Irish Discovery Programme since its 1991 launch. (And ANTIQUITY's editor notes the speedy rhythm of publication, in which John Waddell has had a role!)
Spinning or sailing?: the boat models from Eridu
Authors: Bourriau Janine , Oates Joan
Published: November 2015

More on whether the prehistoric pottery vessels from Eridu, in Mesopotamia, are models of precocious boats, or as was argued in a recent ANTIQUITY, spinning bowls.
Why are there so few black American archaeologists?
Authors: Franklin Maria
Published: November 2015

A Society for American Archaeology survey (1997) reports that its membership is overwhelmingly ‘European American’. Although it is no longer true that archaeology in the US is simply man's business rather than woman's, where are the practising archaeologists descended from historically marginalized groups so much of archaeology studies?
Agency, art and altered consciousness: a motif in French (Quercy) Upper Palaeolithic parietal art
Authors: Lewis-Williams J.D.
Published: November 2015

Is the meaning of prehistoric art beyond recovery — especially the meaning of early art in deep caves, a remote and strange location which itself suggests some out-of-the-ordinary purpose? David Lewis-Williams has been extending his explorations of meaning in later southern African rock-art to the famous enigma of the European Palaeolithic, here in the particulars of a single distinctive motif.
The Fenland Project: from survey to management and beyond
Authors: Coles John , Hall David
Published: November 2015

The English Fenland, a million acres of drained wetlands in eastern England, is on the doorstep of Antiquity's present office. But no local excuse is needed to report once more on work in a classic region; from large-scale survey the focus has moved to assessment of what survives, and now to managing for its better future that discouragingly small proportion of its old archaeological wealth which is still with us.
Widening diet breadth, declining foraging efficiency, and prehistoric harvest pressure: ichthyofaunal evidence from the Emeryville Shellmound, California
Authors: Broughton Jack M.
Published: November 2015

The Emeryville Shellmound is a famous but now destroyed midden once located on the east shore of San Francisco Bay. Analyses of the fish remains from the stratified late Holocene deposits indicate that prehistoric peoples had substantial impacts on the sturgeon populations of the Bay. This calls into question the commonly held belief that native peoples lived in harmony with nature and has important implications for the management of modern vertebrate populations.
Age and gender at the site of Tiszapolgár-Basatanya, Hungary
Authors: Derevenski Joanna Sofaer
Published: November 2015

Two fundamentals for the place of the individual in society are age and gender; well-studied cemeteries can provide an good archaeological base for their study. This examination of the Copper Age site of Tiszapolgár-Basatanya, Hungary, explores the relationship between age and gender though the course of prehistoric lives and how it might be possible to distinguish sex from gender in archaeological contexts.
The wheeled cauldrons and the wine
Authors: Rausing Gad
Published: November 2015

Grapes appear rather early in temperate Europe: even in the cool north of Sweden, their pips occur in the Neolithic. With grapes go wine, and with wine go the artefacts of wine, amongst them the cauldron on wheels — a grand and an odd artefact type of Bronze Age Europe.
Experiments of produce Roman styli by forging and machining
Authors: Sim David
Published: November 2015

As has often been the case before, the actual manufacture of a distinctive class of ancient artefact offers valuable insight about the realities of an ancient craft knowledge.
Internet Archaeology: a quality electronic journal
Authors: Heyworth Mike , Richards Julian , Vince Alan , Garside-Neville Sandra
Published: November 2015

In recent years traditional print publication has become increasingly limiting for archaeology. The limitations are well known and include: small and expensive print runs; high distribution costs; declining library subscriptions; and a tiny readership. As a consequence greater selection is required and ‘full’ publication is rarely possible. Some publishers adopted microfiche as a method of distributing supporting information and specialists reports, but this has proved consistently unpopular and has its own limitations. Archaeological fieldwork generates huge quantities of data (or should it be capta?) and with developments in information technology much of this data is now captured in a digital format. Why not distribute the data electronically to overcome the limitations of print technology? Archaeological reports arc wellsuited to multimedia publication which allows access to colour images and large data-sets, as well as permitting several possible journeys through the hypertext.
From print culture to electronic culture
Authors: Chippindale Christopher
Published: November 2015

For centuries, scholarship in the western tradition has centred on printed books as the defining medium by which it expresses and preserves knowledge. Ask in the rare-books library for a source of scholarly understanding about Stonehenge which is a full five centuries old, Caxton’s Chronicle of England of 1482, and you find a printed volume which as a physical object astonishingly resembles a book about Stonehenge of 1982 or of 1998 — in its alphabet of standardized letters adapted from hand-written forms, in its black ink on folded paper, in its binding, in the size, the shape and the number of pages, in the type-size, the line spacing and the margins to the page, in the divisions by paragraphs and chapters, in the ordering, indexing and conventions of its contents. Already old in the 15th century — for these conventions derived from the habits of the copied manuscripts — that standard format shapes scholarly knowledge to this day.
Secondary necrotic neutrophils release interleukin-16C and macrophage migration inhibitory factor from stores in the cytosol
Authors: Roth S , Agthe M , Eickhoff S , Möller S , Karsten C M , Borregaard N , Solbach W , Laskay T
Published: November 2015

Neutrophils harbor a number of preformed effector proteins that allow for immediate antimicrobial functions without the need for time-consuming de novo synthesis. Evidence indicates that neutrophils also contain preformed cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ra, CXCL8 and CXCL2. In the search for additional preformed cytokines, a cytokine array analysis identified IL-16 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as preformed cytokines in lysates from human primary neutrophils. Both IL-16 and MIF are unconventional cytokines because they lack a signal sequence. Using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy as well as western blot analysis of subcellular fractions, IL-16 and MIF were found to be stored in the cytosol rather than in the granules of human neutrophils, which implies an unconventional secretion mechanism for both cytokines. IL-16 is synthesized and stored as a precursor (pre-IL-16). We present evidence that the processing of pre-IL-16 to the biologically active IL-16C is mediated by caspase-3 and occurs during both spontaneous and UV-induced apoptosis of human neutrophils. Although IL-16 processing occurs during apoptosis, IL-16C and MIF release was observed only during secondary necrosis of neutrophils. Screening a panel of microbial substances and proinflammatory cytokines did not identify a stimulus that induced the release of IL-16C and MIF independent of secondary necrosis. The data presented here suggest that IL-16 and MIF are neutrophil-derived inflammatory mediators released under conditions of insufficient clearance of apoptotic neutrophils, as typically occurs at sites of infection and autoimmunity.
Necrotic enlargement of cone photoreceptor cells and the release of high-mobility group box-1 in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Murakami Y , Ikeda Y , Nakatake S , Tachibana T , Fujiwara K , Yoshida N , Notomi S , Nakao S , Hisatomi T , Miller J W , Vavvas DG , Sonoda KH , Ishibashi T
Published: November 2015

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) refers to a group of inherited retinal degenerations resulting form rod and cone photoreceptor cell death. The rod cell death due to deleterious genetic mutations has been shown to occur mainly through apoptosis, whereas the mechanisms and features of the secondary cone cell death have not been fully elucidated. Our previous study showed that the cone cell death in rd10 mice, an animal model of RP, involves necrotic features and is partly mediated by the receptor interacting protein kinase. However, the relevancy of necrotic cone cell death in human RP patients remains unknown. In the present study, we showed that dying cone cells in rd10 mice exhibited cellular enlargement, along with necrotic changes such as cellular swelling and mitochondrial rupture. In human eyes, live imaging of cone cells by adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy revealed significantly increased percentages of enlarged cone cells in the RP patients compared with the control subjects. The vitreous of the RP patients contained significantly higher levels of high-mobility group box-1, which is released extracellularly associated with necrotic cell death. These findings suggest that necrotic enlargement of cone cells is involved in the process of cone degeneration, and that necrosis may be a novel target to prevent or delay the loss of cone-mediated central vision in RP.
A distributed cell division counter reveals growth dynamics in the gut microbiota
Authors: Myhrvold Cameron , Kotula Jonathan W. , Hicks Wade M. , Conway Nicholas J. , Silver Pamela A.
Published: November 2015

Microbial population growth is typically measured when cells can be directly observed, or when death is rare. However, neither of these conditions hold for the mammalian gut microbiota, and, therefore, standard approaches cannot accurately measure the growth dynamics of this community. Here we introduce a new method (distributed cell division counting, DCDC) that uses the accurate segregation at cell division of genetically encoded fluorescent particles to measure microbial growth rates. Using DCDC, we can measure the growth rate of Escherichia coli for >10 consecutive generations. We demonstrate experimentally and theoretically that DCDC is robust to error across a wide range of temperatures and conditions, including in the mammalian gut. Furthermore, our experimental observations inform a mathematical model of the population dynamics of the gut microbiota. DCDC can enable the study of microbial growth during infection, gut dysbiosis, antibiotic therapy or other situations relevant to human health.
Alternative splicing of Drosophila Nmnat functions as a switch to enhance neuroprotection under stress
Authors: Ruan Kai , Zhu Yi , Li Chong , Brazill Jennifer M. , Zhai R. Grace
Published: November 2015

Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) is a conserved enzyme in the NAD synthetic pathway. It has also been identified as an effective and versatile neuroprotective factor. However, it remains unclear how healthy neurons regulate the dual functions of NMNAT and achieve self-protection under stress. Here we show that Drosophila Nmnat (DmNmnat) is alternatively spliced into two mRNA variants, RA and RB, which translate to protein isoforms with divergent neuroprotective capacities against spinocerebellar ataxia 1-induced neurodegeneration. Isoform PA/PC translated from RA is nuclear-localized with minimal neuroprotective ability, and isoform PB/PD translated from RB is cytoplasmic and has robust neuroprotective capacity. Under stress, RB is preferably spliced in neurons to produce the neuroprotective PB/PD isoforms. Our results indicate that alternative splicing functions as a switch that regulates the expression of functionally distinct DmNmnat variants. Neurons respond to stress by driving the splicing switch to produce the neuroprotective variant and therefore achieve self-protection.
Capture Hi-C reveals novel candidate genes and complex long-range interactions with related autoimmune risk loci
Authors: Martin Paul , McGovern Amanda , Orozco Gisela , Duffus Kate , Yarwood Annie , Schoenfelder Stefan , Cooper Nicholas J. , Barton Anne , Wallace Chris , Fraser Peter , Worthington Jane , Eyre Steve
Published: November 2015

Genome-wide association studies have been tremendously successful in identifying genetic variants associated with complex diseases. The majority of association signals are intergenic and evidence is accumulating that a high proportion of signals lie in enhancer regions. We use Capture Hi-C to investigate, for the first time, the interactions between associated variants for four autoimmune diseases and their functional targets in B- and T-cell lines. Here we report numerous looping interactions and provide evidence that only a minority of interactions are common to both B- and T-cell lines, suggesting interactions may be highly cell-type specific; some disease-associated SNPs do not interact with the nearest gene but with more compelling candidate genes (for example, FOXO1, AZI2) often situated several megabases away; and finally, regions associated with different autoimmune diseases interact with each other and the same promoter suggesting common autoimmune gene targets (for example, PTPRC, DEXI and ZFP36L1).
Endothelial Gata5 transcription factor regulates blood pressure
Authors: Messaoudi Smail , He Ying , Gutsol Alex , Wight Andrew , Hébert Richard L. , Vilmundarson Ragnar O. , Makrigiannis Andrew P. , Chalmers John , Hamet Pavel , Tremblay Johanne , McPherson Ruth , Stewart Alexandre F. R. , Touyz Rhian M. , Nemer Mona
Published: November 2015

Despite its high prevalence and economic burden, the aetiology of human hypertension remains incompletely understood. Here we identify the transcription factor GATA5, as a new regulator of blood pressure (BP). GATA5 is expressed in microvascular endothelial cells and its genetic inactivation in mice (Gata5-null) leads to vascular endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. Endothelial-specific inactivation of Gata5 mimics the hypertensive phenotype of the Gata5-null mice, suggestive of an important role for GATA5 in endothelial homeostasis. Transcriptomic analysis of human microvascular endothelial cells with GATA5 knockdown reveals that GATA5 affects several genes and pathways critical for proper endothelial function, such as PKA and nitric oxide pathways. Consistent with a role in human hypertension, we report genetic association of variants at the GATA5 locus with hypertension traits in two large independent cohorts. Our results unveil an unsuspected link between GATA5 and a prominent human condition, and provide a new animal model for hypertension.
Adaptive immunity increases the pace and predictability of evolutionary change in commensal gut bacteria
Authors: Barroso-Batista João , Demengeot Jocelyne , Gordo Isabel
Published: November 2015

Co-evolution between the mammalian immune system and the gut microbiota is believed to have shaped the microbiota’s astonishing diversity. Here we test the corollary hypothesis that the adaptive immune system, directly or indirectly, influences the evolution of commensal species. We compare the evolution of Escherichia coli upon colonization of the gut of wild-type and Rag2−/− mice, which lack lymphocytes. We show that bacterial adaptation is slower in immune-compromised animals, a phenomenon explained by differences in the action of natural selection within each host. Emerging mutations exhibit strong beneficial effects in healthy hosts but substantial antagonistic pleiotropy in immune-deficient mice. This feature is due to changes in the composition of the gut microbiota, which differs according to the immune status of the host. Our results indicate that the adaptive immune system influences the tempo and predictability of E. coli adaptation to the mouse gut.
Fasting and postprandial regulation of the intracellular localization of adiponectin and of adipokines secretion by dietary fat in rats
Authors: Olivares-García V , Torre-Villalvazo I , Velázquez-Villegas L , Alemán G , Lara N , López-Romero P , Torres N , Tovar A R , Díaz-Villaseñor A
Published: November 2015

Background/Objective:

Dietary fat sources modulate fasting serum concentration of adipokines, particularly adiponectin. However, previous studies utilized obese animals in which adipose tissue function is severely altered. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the postprandial regulation of adipokine secretion in nonobese rats that consumed high-fat diet (HFD) composed of different types of fat for a short time.

Methods:

The rats were fed a control diet or a HFD containing coconut, safflower or soybean oil (rich in saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid, respectively) for 21 days. The serum concentrations of adiponectin, leptin, retinol, retinol-binding protein-4 (RBP-4), visfatin and resistin were determined at fasting and after refeeding. Adiponectin multimerization and intracellular localization, as well as the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperones and transcriptional regulators, were evaluated in epididymal white adipose tissue.

Results:

In HFD-fed rats, serum adiponectin was significantly decreased 30 min after refeeding. With coconut oil, all three multimeric forms were reduced; with safflower oil, only the high-molecular-weight (HMW) and medium-molecular-weight (MMW) forms were decreased; and with soybean oil, only the HMW form was diminished. These reductions were due not to modifications in mRNA abundance or adiponectin multimerization but rather to an increment in intracellular localization at the ER and plasma membrane. Thus, when rats consumed a HFD, the type of dietary fat differentially affected the abundance of endoplasmic reticulum resident protein 44 kDa (ERp44), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) mRNAs, all of which are involved in the post-translational processing of adiponectin required for its secretion.

Leptin, RBP-4, resistin and visfatin serum concentrations did not change during fasting, whereas modest alterations were observed after refeeding.

Conclusions:

The short-term consumption of a HFD affected adiponectin localization in adipose tissue, thereby decreasing its secretion to a different magnitude depending on the dietary fat source. Evaluating the fasting serum concentration of adipokines was not sufficient to identify alterations in their secretion, whereas postprandial values provided additional information as dynamic indicators.
The need to redefine age- and gender-specific overweight and obese body mass index cutoff points
Authors: Nevill A M , Metsios G S
Published: November 2015

For convenience, health practitioners and clinicians are inclined to classify people/patients as overweight or obese based on body mass index (BMI) cutoff points of 25 and 30 kg m−2 respectively, irrespective of age and gender. The purpose of the current study was to identity whether, for the same levels of adiposity, BMI is the same across different age groups and gender. A two-way ANCOVA revealed significant differences in BMI between different age groups and gender (plus an interaction), using body fat (%) as the covariate, data taken from a random sample of the English population (n=2993). Younger people had greater BMI than older people for the same levels of adiposity (differences ranged by 4 BMI units for males, and 3 BMI units for females). In conclusion, if BMI thresholds for overweight (BMI=25 kg m−2) and obese (BMI=30 kg m−2) are to reflect the same levels of adiposity across all gender and age groups within a population, then age- and gender-specific BMI adjustments outlined here are necessary to more accurately/fairly reflect the same critical levels of adiposity.