bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effect of bone induction with different exercise modes in mice
Authors: Liu Juan , He Hongyan , Tang Lu , Peng Yu , Mu Junyu , Lan Liang , Chen Cheng , Dong Zhihong , Cheng Lijia
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUD: Calcium phosphate biomaterials have excellent bone inductivity, and exercise can promote the bone formation of biomaterials in animals, but it is not clear which exercise mode is better. OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of different exercise modes on osteoinduction by calcium phosphate-based biomaterials which were implanted in mice. METHOD: The collagen-thermosensitive hydrogel-calcium phosphate (CTC) composite was prepared and transplanted in the thigh muscle of mice, then all mice were divided randomly into four groups (n = 10): the uphill running group, the downhill running group, the swimming group and the control group (conventional breeding). Ten weeks later, the samples were harvested, fixed, decalcified, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), and then the osteoinduction phenomenon was observed and compared through digital slice scanning system. The area percentage of new bone-related tissues and the number of osteocytes and chondrocytes were counted and calculated. Lastly, the immunohistochemistry of type I collagen (ColI) and osteopontin (OPN) was performed to identify the new bone tissues. RESULTS: The area percentage of new bone-related tissues and the number of osteocytes and chondrocytes were positively correlated; ordering from most to least of each group were as followings: the uphill running group > the swimming group > the downhill running group > the control group. The immunostaining of ColI and OPN results showed that both of the two proteins were identified in the new bone tissues, indicating that the CTC composite could induce ectopic bone formation in mice, especially training for uphill running and swimming. CONCLUSION: Our results show that uphill running or swimming is a form of exercise that is beneficial to osteogenesis. According to this, we propose treatment with artificial bone transplantation to patients who suffer from bone defects. Patients should do moderate exercise, such as running uphill on the treadmill or swimming.
In vitro immunomodulatory effects of novel strontium and zinc-containing GPCs
Authors: Marx Daniella , Papini Marcello , Towler Mark
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND: Glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs) are bio-adhesives which consist of ionomeric glass particles embedded in a poly-salt matrix. These materials have been used in dentistry and orthodontics extensively but are presently being optimized as bone putties for orthopedic applications. OBJECTIVE: This study utilized a patented ionomeric glass (mole fraction: SiO2:0.48, ZnO:0.36, CaO:0.12, SrO:0.04) to formulate two GPCs: GPC A (<45 μm particle size glass) and GPC B (45 μm–63 μm). These formulations were previously assessed for their effect on osteoblast viability and osteogenic function. However, the immunomodulatory effects of GPC A and B have not previously been investigated. METHOD: Non-toxic concentrations of (a) GPC dissolution products and (b) fragmented GPC particles were tested for their ability to affect the secretion of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10) by rat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in the presence or absence of the stimulant liposaccharide (LPS). Additionally, the ionic concentrations of Sr, Zn, Ca, and Si were measured in GPC ionic extracts, and the size, shape and concentration of fragmented GPC particles in deionized water were characterized using an optical microscope-based particle analyzer. RESULTS: The results showed that GPC A ionic products reduced the concentration of TNF-α secreted by stimulated cells compared with cells stimulated in the absence of GPC products. Interestingly, the particles released from GPC A significantly increased the secretion of both TNF-α and IL-6 from unstimulated cells, compared to control cells. CONCLUSION: Neither GPC B ionic products nor released particles were found to be biologically active with respect to PBMC cytokine secretion.
On the Hardness of Energy Minimisation for Crystal Structure Prediction
Authors: Adamson Duncan , Deligkas Argyrios , Gusev Vladimir , Potapov Igor
Published: February 2022

Crystal Structure Prediction (CSP) is one of the central and most challenging problems in materials science and computational chemistry. In CSP, the goal is to find a configuration of ions in 3D space that yields the lowest potential energy. Finding an efficient procedure to solve this complex optimisation question is a well known open problem. Due to the exponentially large search space, the problem has been referred in several materials-science papers as “NP-Hard and very challenging” without a formal proof. This paper fills a gap in the literature providing the first set of formally proven NP-Hardness results for a variant of CSP with various realistic constraints. In particular, we focus on the problem of removal: the goal is to find a substructure with minimal potential energy, by removing a subset of the ions. Our main contributions are NP-Hardness results for the CSP removal problem, new embeddings of combinatorial graph problems into geometrical settings, and a more systematic exploration of the energy function to reveal the complexity of CSP. In a wider context, our results contribute to the analysis of computational problems for weighted graphs embedded into the three-dimensional Euclidean space.
Relationship Between Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain, Gut Microbiota, and Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Saji Naoki , Murotani Kenta , Sato Naoyuki , Tsuduki Tsuyoshi , Hisada Takayoshi , Shinohara Mitsuru , Sugimoto Taiki , Niida Shumpei , Toba Kenji , Sakurai Takashi
Published: February 2022

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated associations between gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and cognitive decline. However, relationships between these factors and neurofilament light chain (NfL; a disease-nonspecific biomarker of neural damage) remain controversial. Objective: To evaluate the associations between plasma NfL, gut microbiota, and cognitive function. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional sub-analysis of data from our prospective cohort study that was designed to investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and cognitive function. Patients who visited our memory clinic were enrolled and demographics, dementia-related risk factors, cognitive function, brain imaging, gut microbiomes, and microbial metabolites were assessed. We evaluated the relationships between the gut microbiome, microbial metabolites, and plasma NfL. Moreover, the relationships between plasma NfL and cognitive function were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Results: We analyzed 128 participants (women: 59%, mean age: 74 years). Participants with high (above the median) plasma NfL concentrations tended to be older, women, and hypertensive and have a history of stroke, chronic kidney disease, and dementia. Plasma NfL was also associated with cerebral small vessel disease. However, plasma NfL levels were not significantly correlated with gut microbial metabolites. Multivariable analyses revealed that a higher plasma NfL concentration was independently associated with the presence of dementia (odds ratio: 9.94, 95% confidence interval: 2.75–48.2, p < 0.001). Conclusion: High plasma NfL concentration was independently associated with the presence of dementia as previously reported. However, plasma NfL levels were not significantly correlated with gut microbial metabolites in this preliminary study.
Late-Onset Alcohol Abuse as a Presenting Symptom of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: de Paula França Resende Elisa , Ketelle Robin , Karydas Anna , Allen Isabel , Grinberg Lea T. , Spina Salvatore , Seeley William W. , Perry David C. , Miller Bruce , Naasan Georges
Published: February 2022

Background: The association between lifetime alcohol abuse and a higher risk to develop dementia is well known. However, it is unknown whether older adults who begin abusing alcohol late in life have an underlying neurodegenerative disease. Objective: Identify the frequency of lifelong alcohol abuse (L-AA), late-onset alcohol abuse (LO-AA), and alcohol abuse as a first symptom of dementia (AA-FS) in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Methods: Cross-sectional retrospective study of patients evaluated at an academic referral center with a clinical diagnosis of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer-type dementia (AD), and semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) (n = 1,518). The presence of alcohol abuse was screened with the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center questionnaire. L-AA was defined as onset < 40 years, LO-AA as onset ≥40 years, and AA-FS was defined when the abuse started within the first three years from symptom onset. Results: The frequency of LO-AA was 2.2% (n = 33/1,518). LO-AA was significantly more frequent in patients with bvFTD than AD (7.5%, n = 13/173 versus 1.3%, n = 16/1,254, CI:1.0;11.4%), but not svPPA (4.4%, n = 4/91, CI: –4.4;10.7%). Similarly, AA-FS was more frequent in bvFTD patients than AD (5.7%, n = 10/173 versus 0.7%, n = 9/1,254, CI:0.5%;9.5%), but not svPPA (2.2%, n = 2/91, CI:–2.4;9.1%). Conclusion: LO-AA can be a presenting symptom of dementia, especially bvFTD. Alcohol abuse onset later in life should prompt a clinical investigation into the possibility of an underlying neurodegenerative process because delay in diagnosis and treatment may increase patient and caregiver burden. The results need to be interpreted with caution due to the limitations of the study.
Virtual Behavioural Medicine Program: A Novel Model of Care for Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Dementia1
Authors: Freedman Morris , Binns Malcolm A. , Serediuk Fidelma , Wolf M. Uri , Danieli Einat , Pugh Bradley , Galet Deb , Abdellah Eslam , Teleg Ericka , Halper Mindy , Masci Lauren , Lee Adrienne , Kirstein Anne
Published: February 2022

Background: Patients with severe neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) due to dementia are often uprooted from their familiar environments in long-term care or the community and transferred to emergency departments, acute care hospitals, or specialized behavioral units which can exacerbate NPS. To address this issue, we developed the Virtual Behavioural Medicine Program (VBM), an innovative model of virtual care designed to support management of patients with NPS in their own environment. Objective: To determine efficacy of VBM in reducing admission to a specialized inpatient neurobehavioral unit for management of NPS. Methods: We reviewed outcomes in the first consecutive 95 patients referred to VBM. Referrals were classified into two groups. In one group, patients were referred to VBM with a simultaneous application to an inpatient Behavioural Neurology Unit (BNU). The other group was referred only to VBM. The primary outcome was reduction in proportion of patients requiring admission to the BNU regardless of whether they were referred to the BNU or to VBM alone. Results: For patients referred to VBM plus the BNU, the proportion needing admission to the BNU was reduced by 60.42%. For patients referred to VBM alone, it was 68.75%. Conclusion: VBM is a novel virtual neurobehavioral unit for treatment of NPS. Although the sample size was relatively small, especially for the VBM group, the data suggest that this program is a game changer that can reduce preventable emergency department visits and acute care hospital admissions. VBM is a scalable model of virtual care that can be adopted worldwide.
Transfer of Tumor-Bearing Mice Intestinal Flora Can Ameliorate Cognition in Alzheimer’s Disease Mice
Authors: Hang Zhongci , Cai Shanglin , Lei Tong , Zhang Xiaoshuang , Xiao Zhuangzhuang , Wang Donghui , Li Yingxian , Bi Wangyu , Yang Yanjie , Deng Shiwen , Wang Li , Li Quanhai , Du Hongwu
Published: February 2022

Background: Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is a potential treatment approach for many diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer have been proven to have a specific antagonistic relationship to FMT. Objective: This article aims to explore whether intestinal flora transplantation from cancer individuals can ameliorate cognitive impairment. Methods: Morris water maze and object recognition tests were performed to assess cognitive function after the fecal flora from tumor-bearing and WT mice were transplanted into AD mice by gavage. The effect of flora transplantation on AD was analyzed by thioflavin T staining, western blot, and 16S RNA sequencing. Results: AD mice with FMT significantly improved short-term memory level and cognitive ability compared with Tg + NaCl group. Inflammatory factors in the plasma were regulated, and Aβ plaques burden in the hippocampus and cortex were decreased. FMT in the tumor-bearing group showed a higher significant amelioration in symptoms compared to the healthy group. 16S RNA sequencing revealed that FMT treatments could reverse the increased Firmicutes and Prevotella and the decreased Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides, and Sutterella in AD mice. AD mice transplanted with tumor-bearing mice feces additionally increased the density of Oscillospira, Odoribacter, and AF12. Furthermore, the predicted functional analyses showed that the metabolism of inorganic and organic salts in the intestinal flora of AD mice was also reversed by FMT. Conclusion: Intestinal flora transplantation from tumor-bearing mice can ameliorate the cognitive impairment of AD mice.
An active and passive upper limb rehabilitation training system based on a hybrid brain–computer interface
Authors: Shen Tongda , Zhang Lipeng , Yan Shaoting , Hu Yuxia
Published: February 2022

Movement function rehabilitation of patients with craniocerebral injuries is an important issue facing neurorehabilitation science. The use of brain–computer interface technology in rehabilitation training systems can allow patients to actively participate in the rehabilitation training process and use the brain’s neuroplasticity to enhance the effects from rehabilitation training. At present, the brain–computer interface-based rehabilitation training system still has problems such as insufficient active participation of patients, resulting in slowed motor neural circuit repair or low action execution accuracy. In response to the above problems, this paper designed an active and passive upper limb rehabilitation training system based on a hybrid brain–computer interface of steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) and movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs). The system includes six parts: task setting and training guidance module, EEG signal acquisition module, EEG signal preprocessing and recognition module, rehabilitation training module, training completion evaluation module, and communication module. The system drives the rehabilitation robot to complete the training actions by identifying the participant’s SSVEP and evaluates the completion of the rehabilitation training based on the patient’s movement intention recognition results. In this study, 12 participants were recruited. In the online test, the system achieved an average action execution accuracy of 99.3%. The movement intention detection based on MRCPs reached an average accuracy of 82.7%. The participants’ average completion rate was 0.91. The experimental results show that the system can achieve a high rate of execution accuracy. In addition, it can evaluate the active participation level of patients in rehabilitation training based on the movement intention detection results, accelerate the reconstruction of motor neural circuits, improve the effects of training, and provide more effective ways of thinking for the study of upper limb rehabilitation training systems for patients with craniocerebral injuries.
Vitamin B12 enhances the antitumor activity of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 via activation of caspases and targeting actin cytoskeleton
Authors: Atoum Manar F. , Alzoughool Foad E. , Al-Mazaydeh Zainab A. , Rammaha Majdoleen S. , Tahtamouni Lubna H.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND:

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is an effective anticancer agent, and when combined with other agents it shows superior activities. Vitamin B12 has been shown to contribute to increasing the effectiveness of anticancer drugs when used in combination. Thus, the current study aimed at investigating the anticancer potential of the combination of 1,25(OH)2D3 and vitamin B12.

METHODS:

MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxic activity of combining 1,25(OH)2D3 and vitamin B12 against six different cancer cell lines and one normal cell line. The surviving fraction after clonogenic assay was measured, and the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3/B12 combination on the activity of different caspases, cell adhesion, actin cytoskeleton, cell morphology, and percentage of polarized cells were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Vitamin B12 did not cause cytotoxicity, however, it enhanced the cytotoxicity of 1,25(OH)2D3 against cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its combination with vitamin B12 was not evident in the normal mammary MCF10A cell line indicating cancer cell-specificity. The cytotoxic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3/B12 combination occurred in a dose-dependent manner and was attributed to apoptosis induction which was mediated by caspase 4 and 8. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3/B12-treated cells showed enhanced inhibition of clonogenic tumor growth, reduced cell adhesion, reduced cell area, reduced percentage of cell polarization, and disorganized actin cytoskeleton resulting in reduced migratory phenotype when compared to cells treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 alone.

CONCLUSION:

1,25(OH)2D3 and vitamin B12 exhibited synergistic anticancer effects against different cancer cell lines. The combination therapy of 1,25(OH)2D3 and vitamin B12 may provide a potential adjunctive treatment option for some cancer types.
LEGAL STATUS OF JUVENILES SENTENCED TO IMPRISONMENT IN UKRAINE AND THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA: COMPARATIVE AND LEGAL ANALYSIS
Authors:   Kherson Faculty of Odessa State University of Internal Affairs, Kherson, Ukraine, Shkuta О.O. , Muzyka V.V. ,   Academy of the State Penitentiary Service, Chernihiv, Ukraine
Published: February 2022

The article conducts a comparative legal analysis of the legal status of juveniles sentenced to imprisonment in Ukraine and the Republic of Lithuania. Institutions where juveniles are serving sentences have been identified. The list of their rights and distinctive features has been also analyzed and highlighted. It is established that the list of convicted juveniles’ rights in Ukraine and the Republic of Lithuania has many common features, but by the way there are some clear differences. Thus, short-term appointments in Ukraine are provided without restrictions in contrast to Lithuanian ones, and long-term appointments, compared to the usual group, are provided more. The article specifies the responsibilities assigned to convicted juveniles. Thus, the responsibilities of juveniles sentenced to imprisonment in Ukraine and Lithuania are quite similar and there are no significant differences between them. A comparison of incentives and penalties applied to juveniles sentenced to imprisonment in these countries has been compared. Thus, in the Republic of Lithuania there are two measures of incentives that are not inherent in the domestic penitentiary system, and this is: «permission to go home during the holidays» and «granting a short-term trip home». Convicted juveniles who have served at least one third of a sentence imposed by the court may be allowed to go home every three months for a period of three days. In Ukraine, a convicted juvenile may not be deprived of the right to receive a parcel or may not be prohibited from purchasing food. As for the being placed in a disciplinary detention center, in Ukraine the terms of juveniles’ detention in such places are twice shorter than in Lithuania. The maximum age of convicts in special institutions for juveniles has been also determined in the article. It is noted that there are norms in Lithuanian legislation that could also improve the legal status of juvenile convicts in Ukraine for better. The authors have formulated the proposals to improve the criminal and executive legislation of Ukraine, namely to supplement Article 143 of the Criminal and Executive Code of Ukraine of the part 3 of the following content: «3. Convicts who have served at least half of their sentence, considering their personality, a part of their sentence and their behavior during the sentence, may be allowed to go home during the holidays, but not more than once per every three months. The trip is accompanied by parents or other close relatives. Travel expenses are paid by a convict or his/her close relatives». Key words: legal status, juvenile convicts, imprisonment, incentives, the Republic of Lithuania.
Developing Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) In The Field Of Ornamental Fish Cultivation In The Village Of Pinang Freely E-Commerce
Authors: Aris Aris , Prananto Adi , Adikara Swatantra
Published: February 2022

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) in Pinang Village currently play a major role in driving the economy of the community. This is due to the rapid growth of MSME in ornamental fish cultivation so that it has a positive impact on society. Currently, the marketing is limited. Even though it has used social media, the development of MSME in Pinang Village is very slow. To facilitate management, a forum in the form of online media in the e-commerce system has been created as a forum for the Pinang community to develop their MSME. So that they can maintain their existence and Continuous development. The research method in system analysis used for this research is PIECES which consists of Performance, Information, Economy, Control, Efficiency and Service. The system design uses object-oriented analysis methods with Unified Modeling Language (UML), the programming language used is PHP. In this research, a system will be developed whose implementation has features such as user, purchase transaction, fish categories, fish species, transaction reports. With the existence of this ecommerce system to help the development of MSME in the field of ornamental fish cultivation in Pinang Village
LIDERANÇA SUSTENTÁVEL: UM MODELO PARA APLICAÇÃO EMPRESARIAL
Authors: LAGO ELIARA
Published: February 2022

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Influencia de la inteligencia emocional en el clima laboral
Authors: Aragundi Castro Evelyn Jahaira , Piloso Rodríguez Carlos Jimmy
Published: February 2022

La Inteligencia Emocional es definida como la capacidad que tienen las personas de poder entender y comprender los sentimientos tanto propios como de los demás, de poder motivarse y lograr manejar sus propias emociones tomando en consideración como estas pueden repercutir en los demás. El objetivo general de esta investigación se basa en analizar la influencia de la inteligencia emocional en el clima laboral. Asimismo, se utiliza una metodología basada en un diseño bibliográfico de tipo documental que permitirá conocer con mayor profundidad. Como conclusión se puede mencionar que La IE es necesaria en las organizaciones, y en especial en los trabajadores ya que esto facilita relacionarse entre ellos, transmiten conocimientos, y habilidades que pueden servirle a sus compañeros, y a su vez ser utilizados para alcanzar el éxito organizacional, cumpliendo metas y objetivos planteados dentro de la organización. Es importante tener claro que al tener personas en las organizaciones con inteligencia emocional incrementa la productividad, ya que existen personas creativas, con habilidades y emociones controladas dando paso a un clima laboral que genera un trabajo en equipo encaminado al éxito. Es necesario que los trabajadores en sus organizaciones sientan que cubren sus necesidades desde las más básicas a las de mayor jerarquía pues esto les permite sentir un estado de ánimo adecuado, estable, sin estrés laboral y en caso de que existieran exigencias mayores dentro de sus áreas de trabajo sean capaces de controlar estas presiones emocionales evitando posibles patologías que perjudiquen su calidad de vida, su entorno laboral y personal.
Evaluación de modelos hidráulicos unidimensionales y bidimensionales para la generación de mapas de inundaciones en un río de montaña
Authors: Navas Muñoz María José , Matovelle Bustos Carlos , Vélez Arcentales Alexandra , Córdova Federico
Published: February 2022

Introducción: La modelación hidráulica de un río es una herramienta valiosa para efectuar pronósticos de su comportamiento para eventos como lo son las inundaciones. La ciudad de Cuenca en Ecuador se encuentra atravesada por cuatro ríos. El río Tarqui es uno de ellos, sin embargo, este río es considerado vulnerable y con especial interés en la zona del sector Guzho, puesto que presenta grandes inundaciones en época de lluvia. Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo de la modelación hidráulica del río Tarqui, sector Guzho, efectuada por los modelos unidimensional HEC-RAS y bidimensional IBER. Objetivo: Evaluar cuál de los modelos constituye una mejor alternativa para la simulación es el objetivo que persigue está investigación. Metodología: El diseño de la investigación fue de tipo cuantitativo y la evaluación de los modelos se basó en un análisis comparativo de los resultados de las elevaciones de nivel de agua, velocidades y áreas de inundación. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que la delimitación de zonas de inundación es muy semejante en los dos softwares; el modelamiento en HEC-RAS es más rápido al momento de ingresar los datos; IBER muestra mejor calidad en las imágenes de flujo y en la simulación de crecida del río. Conclusión: Se concluye que el modelo bidimensional IBER representa una mejor alternativa para la modelación, puesto que sus niveles de agua y el área de inundación es mayor respecto a HEC-RAS, resultados que se los considera confiables y que permitirían estar de lado de la seguridad en términos de gestión de inundaciones.
Estudio del territorio de la vocación turística Caso del barrio El Vado-Cuenca-Ecuador
Authors: Zambrano-Flores Pablo , Lomas-Delgado Verónica
Published: February 2022

La investigación propone un análisis de la vocación turística, a través de las características físicas y socioculturales que tiene un territorio para la reali-zación de actividades relacionadas con el turismo, sean de ocio o recreación. El estudio se centra en el tradicional barrio El Vado de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador, para diagnosticar si es apto para desarro-llar la actividad turística, tanto desde la perspectiva de la sociedad como de la capacidad instalada con que cuenta. La investigación es verificable ya que se basa en el análisis y levantamiento de información secundaria, en la cual se identificaron los principales problemas y potencialidades del sector. Por medio de entrevistas se conocieron las opiniones de los actores sociales, donde se identificaron las fortalezas que tienen el territorio y sus habitantes. Además, se aplicó la matriz metodológica para la medición y valo-ración de la vocación turística dentro de una ciudad. La mayoría de los criterios obtuvieron los resultados más altos, determinando que la zona tiene potencial para una vocación turística. Finalmente, la población se mostró abierta y apta para la implementación de esta actividad permitiendo proponer líneas estraté-gicas enfocadas al desarrollo del territorio.

Palabras clave: Vocación turística, territorio, Ecuador, El Vado, turismo.

AbstractTourist vocation is the physical and social cultural characteristics which a territory has, for the realization of activities related to tourism. In order to establish if a place like “El Vado” is adequate for tourism, research must be done on both the inhabitants of the area as well as their perspective on the matter. Three main difculties have arisen from this: the loss of identity, the reduction of traditional productive activities, and social problemsthat have led to a perception of insecurity among the residents of the surrounding neighborhoods. It is  ssential to carry out an analysis of the territory to propose improvement strategies that is why this analysis has been carried out. Research is verifable because it is based on analysis and survey of secondary information, in which the main problems and potential of the sector were identifed. Furthermore, we applied the  ethodological matrix for the measurement and assessment of the tourist vocation within a city. The majority of the criteria obtained the highest results, determining that the area has potential for a tourist vocation. Finally, the population proved to be open and suitable for the implementation of this activity enabled proposing strategic routes focused on the development of the area.

Keywords: Tourist vocation, Territory, Ecuador, El Vado, Tourism.
EN TORNO AL PATRIMONIO CULTURAL Y SU GESTIÓN
Authors: Diego Jaramillo-Paredes
Published: February 2022

Durante mucho tiempo se consideró al patrimonio cultural únicamente como un campo asociado con las construcciones, y por tanto, directamente asociado con la arquitectura; sin embargo el patrimonio de los pueblos es mucho más que eso, y no solamente que se debe desarquitecturizar la noción del patrimonio, sino que también se debe incluir, necesariamente, la participación y la  visión de los miembros de la comunidad, que son, realmente, los constructores y usuarios naturales de los valores patrimoniales. Este acto de desarquitecturizar el patrimonio abre nuevas y muy amplias perspectivas para tratar este tema.

Palabras clave: Patrimonio, desarquitecturizar el patrimonio, participación de los sujetos-actores en el patrimonio, gestión del patrimonio.AbstractFor a long time it was considered the cultural heritage solely as a field associated with the buildings, and therefore directly associated with architecture; but the heritage of the people is much more than that, and not only it as to change the Architectural the notion of heritage, but also we must necessarily include participation and vision of community members who really are , the builders and users of natural heritage values.This act to change the Architectural the notion of heritage, open a new and very widespread of new perspectives to address this issue.

Keywords: Heritage, change the Architectural the notion heritage, participation of subjects-actors in heritage, management of heritage.
Germanisch-finnische Lehnbeziehungen: drei Wörter mit fi. -aav- ~ urgerm. aww- > urn. -aggw-
Authors: Koivulehto Jorma
Published: February 2022

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Target Keuangan, Kondisi Industri, Perubahan Auditor, Dan Perubahan Direksi Terhadap Salah Saji Material Pada Laporan Keuangan
Authors: Purwanti Ari
Published: February 2022

This study aims to investigate how financial targets, industry conditions, changes in auditors and changes in the Board of Directors can affect the occurrence of misstatements in financial statements. By using a research sample of 16 state-owned companies other than banks in 2015 to 2019, this study tested empirically using a multiple regression model. The test results prove that financial targets and changes in the auditor have a significant positive effect on material misstatements in financial statements, but industry conditions have a significant negative effect on material misstatements in financial statements. Meanwhile, changes in directors have no significant effect on material misstatements in the financial statements. These results have implications for the practice of determining the materiality number against the background of the tendency of changes in the pattern of material misstatements in the financial statements under certain conditions.
Exact Sequences of BCK-Modules
Authors: ÜLKER Alper
Published: February 2022

BCK-modules were introduced as an action of a BCK-algebra over an Abelian group. Homomorphisms of BCK-modules form an exact sequence which is called BCK-sequence. In this paper, we study homomorphisms of BCK-modules. We show that this homomorphisms have a module structure. Moreover, we show that sequences of Hom functors are BCK-sequences.
Changes in Health Care Utilization and Medical Expenditures among the Visually Disabled
Authors: Seong Hyo Jin , Kim Jiwon , Youk Tae Mi , Jeon Ha Ra , Kim Hyunki , Chung Eun Jee
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To identify changes in medical expenditures and health care utilization before and after visual impairment onset, then analyze differences according to visual impairment severity.Methods: Patients aged ≥ 18 years who were registered as visually disabled from 2005 to 2013 were selected using the database from the registry of the disabled and the National Health Insurance Service. The observation period of 3 years before and after the registration was divided into 6-month units (12 points of interest). At each point of interest, medical cost, number of outpatient visits, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were analyzed. The control group was obtained through 1:10 stratification randomization to match sex and age; individuals in the control group were then selected via 1:1 propensity score matching for the premium quantile and residential area.Results: In total, 131,434 patients with visual disability and the same number of non-visually impaired controls were included. Compared with non-disabled individuals, the mean medical cost and number of outpatient visits were higher for patients with visual disability (1.9- and 1.4-fold, respectively, p < 0.001); the LOS was also 3.5 days longer (p < 0.001). The mean medical cost and number of outpatient visits were greater in severely visually disabled patients than in mildly disabled patients (1.6- and 0.5-fold, respectively, p < 0.001); the LOS was also 12 days longer in severely disabled patients (p < 0.001). From 18 months before disability registration, medical costs and LOS increased according to the presence and severity of visual disability; the number of outpatient visits increased uniformly, regardless of disability and severity.Conclusions: More severe cases of visual impairment are associated with greater health care utilization and expenditures. Policy intervention is necessary to ensure that patients receive appropriate treatment and steady health care by reducing the burden of medical expenditures.
Intraocular Hemorrhage After Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach
Authors: Kim Joon Hyung , Yeo Gwi Eun , Kim Taehoon , Hong Yong Tae
Published: February 2022

Transoral endoscopic thyroid surgery vestibular approach (TOETVA) is now widely performed globally with good cosmetic outcomes. However, there are complications related to this approach which surgeons should be aware of. We report here a 41-year-old female patient who had an unusual ocular complication after total thyroidectomy via TOETVA. She was diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma and received total thyroidectomy via TOETVA. She complained of floating particles in her right eye immediately after the operation. Fundus examination revealed intraocular hemorrhage in her right eye. At one-month follow-up, all of the intraocular hemorrhage was improved by fundus examination, resolving her chief complaint. Surgeons and anesthesiologists should be aware of increased intracranial pressure during the TOETVA and possible ocular complications after the surgery, although they are rare.
The Linguistic Perspectives on Computer Mediated Communication
Authors:   School of Foreign Languages & Tourism Gyeongju University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea, Chong Larry Dwan
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to explore the role of production and perception constraints in computer mediated communication. I review Lindblom's (1990) theory of phonetic variation and propose a new model of linguistic production in Computer Mediated Communication. Cyber citizens use cyber communication as conceptually oral, medially written. The reason to use chat-mode is that it saves time and space (the principle of least effort); here sound, not spelling, is the first thing to be considered. With respect to production in the proposed model, effort is no longer equated with articulatory movement, but rather with the number of keystrokes involved in typing an utterance. On discussing online, discussants show paralinguistic actions such as smile, frown, screaming, etc., and they also reduplicate writings, capitalize all the sentences, and use emoticons; net-communication is headed toward less grammatical and more telegraphic type. The production of hyper-and hypo-forms such as reduplication, punctuation and capitalization will vary according to the sender's estimation of signal-complementary processes and his attempts to compensate for the restricted context.We discuss online and off line on the issues; why we like cyber communication and how we classify the phenomena. The more computer mediated communications we use, the moreissues we have to review beyond words and linguistic principles.
The Effects of Three L2 Vocabulary Learning Methods Through Reading Activity
Authors:   Meijo University Japan, Kodama Keita , Shirahata Tomohiko ,   Shizuoka University Japan
Published: February 2022

This study examines the effectiveness of the three vocabulary learning methods the authors adopted. In search of this research issue, the study used longitudinal experiments with 93 university Japanese learners of English (JLEs) for fifteen weeks. Once a week for six consecutive weeks, participants of the three experiment groups were given different treatments for learning 110 targeted English words when they were mainly reading an English textbook: (i) Group A: the Implicit Vocabulary Learning Group with Questions in English/Answers in English Task, (ii) Group B: the Explicit Vocabulary Learning Group with a Cloze Test Task, and (iii) Group C: the Explicit Vocabulary Learning Group with Multiple-choice Word Test Task. A pretest, immediate posttest, and delayed posttest were conducted. The results showed that (i) all the groups improved their performances at the immediate posttest and almost maintained their performance levels at the delayed posttest, which indicate that all the learning methods were more or less effective. However, the developmental degrees of the vocabulary increase were different: Group C showed the highest improvement among the three. From these findings, the authors claim that using a (multiple-choice) word test is fairly effective for JLEs to develop their knowledge of English words.
Growth Response of Heterobranchus Longifilis Fingerlings Fed Diets Supplemented with Moringa Oleifera Leaf Meal as Replacement of Soybean Meal
Authors: Lenient MO Ibiyo
Published: February 2022

Moringa leaf meal (MLM) is a source of protein from a highly valued plant Moringa oleifera. Its protein has a profile of amino acids similar to that of soybean. A completely randomized design with three replicates was used in a 42 days study to determine digestibility and growth performance of 150 Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings. Graded levels (0, 5, 10, 15 or 20) % of dried MLM was used to replace soybean meal in a 42.5% crude protein H. longifilis diet fed at 5% in the first 2 weeks and subsequently 3% body weight. The results showed that there were significant differences in weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of the fish with the significant highest observed in the group that fed on diet 2 with 5% MLM supplementation (P<0.05) though not significantly different from the control (P>0.05). The significant poorest WG and SGR were obtained in the group that fed on diet with 20% level of MLM supplementation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between treatments in terms of initial weight, feed intake and survival (P>0.05). However there were significant differences in feed conversion ratio (FCR), SGR, total length and standard length among the groups that fed on diets with 15% and 20% supplementations (P<0.05). The haematocrit and hemoglobin were also significantly reduced in the group that fed on the highest level of supplementation (P<0.05). The in-vitro trial revealed significant reduction in digestibility with increase in MLM supplementation level (P<0.05) the tannin and phytic-acid levels following the same trend. However there was no pathological defect observed in the fish from all the groups. There was no significant difference in the hepathosomatic index. The feed cost analysis showed a reduction in cost per 100kg feed with increased level of supplementation with 0.00, 11.50, 23.20, 34.00 and 50.64% for diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. It was concluded that 5 – 10% MLM supplementation could be used in the diets of H. longifilis to obtain a reduction in cost of feeding it at 11.2% and 23.5% per 100Kg feed respectively. There is need to try other processing methods if the level could increase above that obtained from this study
Critical Analysis of Soil for Better Rice and Sugarcane Farming in Thanjavur Region of India
Authors: Rajendran Annamalai
Published: February 2022

Understanding the quality of soil by analyzing all soil quality parameters with reference to a particular crop is difficult and time consuming. Therefore, the need for soil quality index was formulated with scientific strategies. Heber Soil Quality Index (HSQI) was exploited in this study to understand the overall quality of Thanjavur region for better rice and sugarcane production. Thanjavur is one of the important cities of Tamil Nadu often referred as rice bowl of the state. Different varieties of crops are being cultivated in the district which includes paddy, sugarcane, pulses and coconut. The farmers in the district are very progressive and innovative in adopting modern technologies and crop varieties. The ultimate HSQI values of the samples examined in the current inspection ranged from 66.26 – 80.27 which suggests that they are of medium to good quality. The index was found to be time saving and economical way of assessing the fertile nature of the soil for the effective cultivation of rice and sugarcane. The twelve parameters in the HSQI are proved highly useful.
Mechanical Behavior of an Ultisol Under Different Sugarcane Management Systems in Brazil
Authors: Barros Cantalice José Ramon
Published: February 2022

Compressibility and shear strength in agricultural soils are associated with pressures exerted on the soil surface by the intensive use of machines. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical behavior of an Ultisol cultivated with sugarcane under the application of sugarcane residues (vinasse and filter cake) and compare it with an Atlantic Forest soil. Uniaxial compression tests were performed through the application of increasing with pressures from 12.50 to 1,600 kPa, at three water contents in undisturbed samples from the layers of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, and for shear direct test were collected in the layers of 0-0.20 m and, subjected to three water content levels and four levels of normal tensions of direct shear. The higher content of total organic carbon in the soil under native forest (2.42 g kg-1) allowed higher pre-compression stresses (101.21-143.55 kPa) due to an increase in soil cohesion from 22.58 to 61.23 kPa, with the reduction in the volumetric water content. Thus, this natural condition was significantly different from the management systems, with respect to the mean values of cohesion, by Tukey test (p<0.05). The application of filter cake and vinasse for 25 years significantly favored the dissipation of pre-compression stress in the soil, compared with the soil under native forest. The system with filter cake application showed higher shear strength from the tension of 100 kPa on, with values from 120 to 190 kPa, in comparison to the system with vinasse application.
Review on Agricultural Extension Impacts on Food Crop Diversity and the Livelihood of Farmers in Ethiopia
Authors: Keba Alemayehu
Published: February 2022

Agricultural extension could be one tool in attaining the sustainable development goal related to the reduction of extreme poverty and hunger in developing countries like Ethiopia. This review aimed on agricultural extension impacts on food crop diversity and the livelihood of farmers in Ethiopia. According to this review results, agricultural extension impacts on food crop diversity are significantly affected positively and negatively with or without establishing annual joint planning, monitoring, learning, and evaluation, experience sharing through workshops, trainings and joint field visits in a cost-effective manner respectively. In addition, putting in place effective regulatory system and strategic framework for NGO’s extension services through developing extension governance structure are importantly affect agricultural extension towards of food crop diversity and also the possible explanation is that access to extension services is associated with the spread and adoption of new technologies through the provision of technical advice, credit availability, input supplies and even to the provision of market information and building the capacity of farmers, which might be directly re Cooperatives can provide specialized extension services by employing extension agents and/or contracting extension service providers to maximize their expected outputs to their members both in terms of improving the quantity and quality of their produce/ products. According to this review results, agricultural extension impacts the livelihood of farmers are affected by series of agricultural policies and strategies to nurture service provision and promote rural development, practical skills development and learning knowledge and trainings about crop production, natural resources management and animal production at different rates. Therefore, it is important for the government to focus on the awareness of the small holder farmers the way of enhancing the crop diversification and changing their own livelihood by using agricultural extension policies and strategy that is released or prepared by government or non-government organization.
Electrochemical Microwell Plate to Study Electroactive Microorganisms in Parallel and Real-Time
Authors: Kuchenbuch Anne , Frank Ronny , Ramos José Vazquez , Jahnke Heinz-Georg , Harnisch Falk
Published: February 2022

Microbial resource mining of electroactive microorganism (EAM) is currently methodically hampered due to unavailable electrochemical screening tools. Here, we introduce an electrochemical microwell plate (ec-MP) composed of a 96 electrochemical deepwell plate and a recently developed 96-channel multipotentiostat. Using the ec-MP we investigated the electrochemical and metabolic properties of the EAM models Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter sulfurreducens with acetate and lactate as electron donor combined with an individual genetic analysis of each well. Electrochemical cultivation of pure cultures achieved maximum current densities (jmax) and coulombic efficiencies (CE) that were well in line with literature data. The co-cultivation of S. oneidensis and G. sulfurreducens led to an increased current density of jmax of 88.57 ± 14.04 µA cm−2 (lactate) and jmax of 99.36 ± 19.12 µA cm−2 (lactate and acetate). Further, a decreased time period of reaching jmax and biphasic current production was revealed and the microbial electrochemical performance could be linked to the shift in the relative abundance.