bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Automated Cartographic Generalization For Linear Features
Authors: NICKERSON BRADFORD G
Published: April 2007

An automated method is presented for the generalization of linear features that are already in a topologically structured computer-readable form. The method consists of three stages: feature elimination; feature simplification; and interference detection and resolution. The first stage is implemented using English-like rules to specify which map features are to be eliminated at the generalized map scale. The second stage consists of the simplification of linear map features, specifically in the form of polyline simplification and riverbank combination. The third stage deals with interference detection and resolution among linear map features. Due to the width of the symbol representing a feature, interference may occur when a simplified feature is added to the generalized map and it overlaps another feature already on the generalized map. If that occurs, one or both of the interfering features have to be displaced so as to eliminate the interference between them. This displacement may cause other features to be subsequently displaced in a process called feature displacement propagation. The algorithms used to detect feature interference and to perform the subsequent feature displacement propagation are described. A FORTRAN 77 computer program called MAPEX was written to perform automated generalization of linear map features. The intended scale range for MAPEX is 1:24 000 to 1: 250 000. The results of running MAPEX on two topologically structured test data files are given, along with some of the algorithmic details used in the implementation of the program.
NAVIGATION CHARTS FOR PLEASURE BOATING
Authors: MARTIN COLIN H.
Published: April 2007

Since World War II, there has been a phenomenal growth in pleasure boating both in Canada and in the United States. As the standard hydrographic chart is not suitable for this type of boating, specially designed small-craft' charts have been produced in both countries to meet this requirement. The development of these new charts by the Canadian Hydrographic Service since 1964 is described, and the current status of their availability across Canada is reviewed. The author notes that the majority of these new charts has been produced for the Province of Ontario where more than 50 per cent of Canadian pleasure boats are registered.
Analyzing The Communicative Efficiency Of Two-sectored Pie Graphs
Authors: Slocum Terry A
Published: April 2007

This article focuses on two methods for analyzing the communicative efficiency of two-sectored pie graphs. First, an experiment is done to determine the just noticeable difference, or JND, for sector magnitudes. The results of this experiment indicate that subjects cannot discriminate between sector magnitudes that differ by less than approximately 2.5 percent. Second, subjects' estimates of sector magnitude are analyzed by considering the percentage of correct responses as the percentage of subjects' estimates that fall within an allowable error of an actual symbolized value. Such an approach is deemed feasible because cartographers should not expect map readers to obtain exact tabular information from maps. If an allowable error is any value within 3 percent of an actual sector value, then the two-sectored pie graph appears to be a useful communicative device for tabular data. Based on the foregoing analyses, suggestions are made for alternative methods of pie graph construction, and for analyzing the results of subjects' estimates of size of graduated circles.
IMPENDING CONFLICT IN COLOR GUIDELINES FOR MAPS OF STATISTICAL SURFACES
Authors: CUFF DAVID J
Published: April 2007

Whereas psychological literature provides only indirect and sometimes contradictory guidelines for colors on quantitative maps, limited map testing t o date indicates that nonhypsometric quantitative maps should be regarded as a family with the guideline of darker and more saturated colors on areas of greater amounts. Because of the tendency of lighter colors to advance toward the viewer, it is probable that three-dimensional surfaces, such as topographic surfaces, are best portrayed by maps with lighter colors on the higher areas. The inconsistency of these two guidelines is tolerable because the two map families are distinct; however, it will not be tolerable if all quantitative maps are regarded as representing three-dimensional statistical surfaces.
The Bountiful Baroness: Angela Burdett-Coutts, Victorian Map Patron
Authors: Ritzlin Mary
Published: April 2007

This paper outlines the life and map associations of an overlooked cartographic patron, the philanthropist Lady Burdett-Coutts (1814-1906). She funded the Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem in 1864, which produced the first exact map of that city and became the foundation for every map and plan of Jerusalem until World War I. Apart from this cartographic "first," Burdett-Coutts's experiments in public housing changed the map of London; her support of expeditions by Livingstone and Stanley furthered geographic knowledge of central Africa, which was then recorded on maps. The Baroness also sponsored individuals such as Rajah Brooke and Sir Harry Smith, whose exploits added Sarawak and vast tracts of South Africa to the expanding British Empire. Place names on maps honouring the Baroness and her protégés are also discussed.
ATLAS CARTOGRAPHY IN PREREVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA
Authors: CHURKIN V G
Published: April 2007

The author, a specialist in the history of Russian atlas cartography (Tsarist and Soviet), surveys the evolution of prerevolutionary atlases from the simple, crude, general, and unprinted works of the 17th century to the complex, accurate, thematic, and printed works of the 19th century. The making of better atlases was stimulated by Peter the Great's attempts to modernize his country in the early 18th century; the geographic grid replaced the hydrographic network as a base with the amassing of astronomic observations throughout the vast territory of the Russian Empire. In the 19th century private entrepreneurs began to compile atlases, especially school and world atlases. The publication of sector atlases was spurred by the intensification of capitalism during the last half of the 1800's. L"auteur, spécialiste de l'histoire de la cartographie relative à la réalisation des atlas russes – tsaristes et soviétiques – procède à l'étude de l'évolution des atlas établis avant la révolution à partir de manuscrits simples, rudimentaires et généraux du 17e siècle jusqu'aux travaux complexes, précis, thématiques et imprimés du 19e siècle. Pierre Le Grand a encouragé la réalisation d'atlas plus perfectionnés alors qu'il cherchait à moderniser son pays, au début du 18e siècle; le quadrillage géographique a remplacé le réseau hydrographique en tant que base pouvant accumuler des observations astronomiques recueillies au travers du grand territoire de l'Empire russe. Au 19e siècle, le secteur privé a commencé la compilation d'atlas, pour la plupart scolaires et mondiaux. La publication d'atlas de divers secteurs a été grandement encouragée par le renforcement du capitalisme au cours de la seconde moitié du 18e siècle.
PHOTO MAP OF THE GOULD LAKE CONSERVATION AREA
Authors: MCGRATH G , CASTNER H W
Published: April 2007

A photo map project in the Cartographic Laboratory, Queen's University is described. Its basic simplicity masks the thoroughness with which it covers many aspects of cartographic design, compilation, drafting, and reproduction. As such, it provides an excellent but compact vehicle for involving students of cartography in the breadth of the discipline.
Blazing A Well-worn Path: Cartographic Commercialism, Highway Promotion, and Automobile Tourism in the United States, 1880-1930
Authors: AKERMAN JAMES R
Published: April 2007

Little has been written about the influence of economic interests of cartographic firms and their patrons on the content of maps – or, reciprocally, about the influence of cartographic images on the economic activities that inspire and shape them. Yet for a long time, automobile and highway-related industries have had a large stake in the publication of road maps in the United States, whether by their own agency or by that of semi-private highway construction advocates such as the American Automobile Association and the National Highways Association. The promotional component of early American road maps appeared partly in the form of simple advertisement, but the iconography and rhetoric of early road maps and guides also promoted automobile touring by encouraging motorists to think of themselves as adventurous pioneers. A central irony emerged from this tactic: the profusion of maps and guides promoting automobile tourism as an individualistic and attractively uncertain adventure simultaneously served to make automobile travel bland and certain. The idiomatic design of the American road map that finally emerged around 1920 reinforced this irony by emphasizing the transcontinental highway network at the expense of local roads and topographical features. By limiting and programming travel choices, the maps isolated travellers from the very countryside through which they journeyed. On a écrit bien peu à propos de l'influence des intérêts économiques des firmes cartographiques et de leurs clients sur le contenu des cartes ou, réciproquement, à propos de l'influence des images cartographiques sur les activités économiques qui les inspirent et leur donnent forme. Pourtant, pendant longtemps, les industries associées à la route et à l'automobile ont eu de gros enjeux dans la publication de cartes routières aux États- Unis, que ce soit par leur propre agence ou par des défenseurs semi-privés de la construction routière tels que l'American Automobile Association et la National Highways Association. La composante promotionelle des premières cartes routières américaines est apparue partiellement sous la forme de simples annonces, mais l'iconographie et la rhétorique des premières cartes et des premiers guides faisaient aussi la promotion du tourisme automobile en encourageant les automobilistes à se représenter comme des pionniers aventureux. Une ironie centrale a émergé de cette tactique : la profusion de cartes et de guides, faisant la promotion du tourisme automobile sous la forme d'une aventure individuelle et agréablement incertaine a simultanément servi à rendre le voyage automobile suave et sûr. La conception idiomatique de la carte routière américaine qui a finalement émergé autour de 1920 a renforcé cette ironie en mettant l'emphase sur le réseau routier transcontinental, aux dépens des routes locales et des éléments topographiques. En limitant et en programmant les choix de voyage, les cartes ont isolé les voyageurs du paysage dans lequel ils voyageaient.
Concerns About The Present Applications Of Computer-Assisted Cartography
Authors: Boyle A R
Published: April 2007

The author expresses his concerns as a systems designer about the present widespread applications of computer-assisted cartography. These concerns deal particularly with the current lack of understanding of the basic concepts of digital spatial databases. The role of the cartographer in dealing with this new and rapidly changing technology is discussed, and the means by which the challenge can be met are enumerated.
HelpÂ¡ I Know that North is the Wall with the Windows â€” but What Does That Really Mean?
Authors: ANDERSON JACQUELINE M.
Published: April 2007

In Quebec, from Grade One, cardinal directions are present in the school curriculum. North, south, east and west are very abstract concepts for a young child. Although they may learn to use these words in sentences such as: "North is the wall with the windows," it is unclear what they actually comprehend by such use. This workshop is designed to assist adults to become more aware of the vocabulary and concepts required to understand position and location, and to explore how knowledge about relative and absolute locations may be logically introduced to the young child in the early elementary grades.
THE SIGNIFICANCE AND SYMBOLIZATION OF TREND DIRECTION
Authors: MONMONIER MARK S
Published: April 2007

Even though most statistical maps emphasize surface elevation, trend direction and gradient are important facets of statistical surfaces. Trend direction might play an important role in visual judgments of cross-correlation, particularly insofar as the cosine of the angle between the trend directions of two uniform, planar distributions equals the bivariate correlation. For distributions without simple, uniform slopes, the detection and symbolization of local trends can be an important objective of the map author. A spectrum describing the emphasis that might be given the portrayal of local trends indicates that the representation of geographic trends generally is not graphically compatible with the representation of surface elevation.
NEW PROJECTIONS FOR WORLD MAPS / A QUANTITATIVE PERCEPTIVE APPROACH
Authors: CANTERS FRANK
Published: April 2007

The increasing use of maps in mass communication influences to a large extent our concept of geographic space. This is particularly so for world maps. Therefore, the preservation of continental shape should be regarded as an important property of such maps. This paper provides a quantitative measure of continental shape distortion. An operational tool is proposed for the development of world maps that are acceptable from a perceptive point of view but which, at the same time, result from the minimization of an objective distortion criterion.
The Religious Symbolism Of The T In T-O Map
Authors: Lanman Jonathan T
Published: April 2007

Among world maps surviving from medieval times, the most numerous are the T-O maps. Attributed to a churchman, Isidorus, Bishop of Seville in the 7th century, their design incorporates many elements reflecting Christian doctrine and biblical texts. However, the significance of the T itself as a Christian symbol appears to have escaped description. The T is the form of the tau cross. In modern times, this form of the cross is seldom encountered, but its use as a religious symbol far antedates the Christian era, and then in patristic and medieval times it was in common use by both laymen and the clergy as a sign of Christianity. It is believed that in the medieval T-O maps the T was obvious to contemporary Christians as a symbol of Christianity spanning the known world.
GEOLOGICAL CARTOGRAPHY IN MANITOBA
Authors: BAGWELL DOUGLAS , BROWN MALCOLM
Published: April 2007

The authors describe the geological mapping of Manitoba and outline the cartographic techniques used in the production of the maps. The Mineral Resources Division is responsible for the preparation of small format maps and diagrams, monochrome maps of geophysical surveys and oil well locations, two-colour maps in the range of 1:20,000 to 1:250,000, and multi-colour geological maps from large scale series to 1:1 M. The paper outlines their production from original compilation by the geologist through to final printing.
ONE-PAGE ATLAS / A CASE STUDY
Authors: SKODA L
Published: April 2007

Cartography has an important role to play in the present upsurge of public interest and governmental concern about environmental quality, urban and rural planning and resource management. Broad regional summaries of environmental factors are often required to provide background information for facilitating better understanding of local problems, resource use conflicts and proposed solutions. For these purposes a 'wall map' format offers distinct advantages over the traditional atlas or folio as all relevant information may be presented on a single sheet of paper and thereby becomes accessible at a glance, visual correlation is greatly facilitated and the full visual impact of the graphics is ensured. This paper deals with an experimental 'wall map' focusing on water use and related activities in the Strait of Georgia-Puget Sound Basin. The map was designed as a 'one-page atlas' for a wide spectrum of users ranging from government officials to the interested segment of the general public. Problems of conceptual design, data compatibility and symbolization are described and a sample survey of the map's users is discussed and evaluated. La cartographie a un rôle important à jouer dans l'intérêt actuel que marque le public et dans le souci que présente le gouvernement face à la qualité de l'environnement, de la planification urbaine et rurale et de la gestion des richesses. On doit souvent faire appel à des résumés approfondis sur les facteurs de l'environnement, au plan régional, afin de connaître des renseignements sur les événements passés, facilitant ainsi une meilleure compréhension des problèmes locaux, des conflits relatifs à l'utilisation des richesses et des solutions proposées. Un format "carte murale" peut aussi servir à cette fin, en offrant clairement des avantages que ne présente pas un atlas classique, ni un ensemble de feuilles; tous les renseignements pertinents peuvent être indiqués sur une seule feuille de papier devenant ainsi accessibles à vue d'oeil, la corrélation visuelle étant grandement facilitée et l'entier impact visuel des graphiques assuré. Cet exposé traite d'une carte murale expérimentale et l'intérêt est axé sur l'utilisation des eaux et des activités relatives au Détroit de Géorgie-bassin de la Baie de Puget. La carte a été désignée en tant qu'un "atlas en une page" destiné à une grande variété d'usagers allant des représentants gouvernementaux au grand public. Cet exposé traite aussi des problèmes relatifs à la représentation conceptuelle, à la compatibilité des données et au symbolisme et présente et évalue une enquête des usagers de la carte.
THE ONE INCH TO ONE MILE SERIES OF THE NATIONAL MAPPING PROGRAM
Authors: SEBERT L M
Published: April 2007

The Canadian one inch to one mile series was begun in 1904 and ended in 1949 when it was converted to the 1:50,000 scale. During the early days much assistance was given by personnel loaned from the British Ordnance Survey and consequently the style of the early sheets exhibits this influence. Shortly after the first world war a gradual change was made away from the plane-table and towards the new techniques of photogrammetry. This change was completed shortly before the change of scale to 1 :50,000. The paper includes statistics on the progress of the series during its 45-year history and an outline is given on the areas of Canada that were mapped at this scale.
Geographic Data Quality: From Assessment to Exploitation
Authors: Faïz Sami , Boursier Patrice
Published: April 2007

In this chapter, we recall the principles of geographical data quality assessment and exploitation, as well as the different kinds of error qualification criteria. We propose a model for storing and exploiting the quality information of a geographical data set. This model is characterized by the addition of quality metadata to the geographical database schema. The exploitation of quality information uses statistical methods and aggregation functions to assess the quality of digital geographic information at various levels. These functions are used in the processing of queries, so as to include quality assessment in the process of querying geographic information systems. The model has been validated in practical terms, based on ARC/INFO. Quality maps are associated to digital maps, and displayed at the same time to support better decision making.
VISUAL SEARCH CENTRALITY AND MINIMUM MAP SIZE
Authors: WOOD CLIFFORD H
Published: April 2007

Cartographers are frequently faced with the task of designing maps for publications in which space allocated for graphics is small. This study examined the relationship between map size (visual angle) and visual search centrality in light of the findings of Enoch (1959) who reported that a visual angle of 9Â° was critical to several parameters of visual search. Eye movements for 16 subjects were recorded during three map analysis tasks involving a total of 96 maps in which four different sized graphics were used. Experimental results indicated that the larger the image, the greater the number of fixations. The duration of each fixation, however, was shown to decrease with increasing visual angle. It appears, as suggested by Enoch, that maps at least 9Â° in size and larger promote visual search centrality and may result in more efficient visual processing.
Digital Cliff Drawing for Topographic Maps: Traditional Representations by Means of New Technologies
Authors: HURNI LORENZ , DAHINDEN TOBIAS , HUTZLER ERNST
Published: April 2007

On topographic mountain maps, cliff drawings are among map elements that are most difficult to produce. However, they belong to some of the most spectacular representations on maps. This paper gives a short historic overview of the development of cliff drawing and describes the most common styles of cliff representations. New techniques are presented in detail for the generation of simplified ridge-line representations in an entirely digital and effective manner. The paper shows examples of mountain maps produced using this semi-automated method and suggests further developments.
The State Of Development Of Systems For Handling Natural Resources Inventory Data
Authors: Tomlinson Roger F , Boyle A Raymond
Published: April 2007

In early 1980, Tomlinson Associates examined nine computer-based systems to assess their ability to handle natural resources inventory data. Their client, the Saskatchewan Department of Tourism and Natural Resources, was considering the acquisition of such a system to handle their forest resource data. Cost effectiveness, reliability, ease of use, and ability to meet the volume and throughput requirements were considered, as well as technical capability. Five systems were selected for detailed standardized tests on a function-by-function basis. Except for a block adjustment procedure, the Forest Inventory Section required general-purpose spatial data handling software suitable for many users who process natural resources inventory data. The tests showed that the systems could not then meet the requirements for forest data processing in Saskatchewan. Much of the software was under development but was not yet reliable. Some packages worked well but others operated so slowly that they could put a heavy load on computing facilities. The Forest Inventory Section was advised not to purchase a system but to watch system developments with a view to acquiring a system later. The report produced allows potential users to assess the degree to which their needs for individual spatial data handling functions may be met by the current technology. It identifies the capabilities that are difficult to provide and the nature of the problems. The state of the art of systems for handling resources inventory data is shown.
The Presentation of Data with Graduated Symbols
Authors: HEINO AARRE
Published: April 2007

This study was based on the wide range of estimates of correct values of data that appeared in response to the use of two- or three-dimensional graduated symbols, such as squares, circles, cubes, and spheres, to present the data on thematic maps. This dispersion of estimates consisted mainly of underestimates of different magnitude, and also some huge overestimatesâ€”which led to a false impression of the results, if we examine them only in the light of simple average figures such as means or medians.
Automatic Processes in Database Building and Subsequent Automatic Abstractions
Authors: Richardson D.
Published: April 2007

One of the difficulties in building an effective system for spatial and attribute generalization is the predominance of the conventionally based generalization paradigm. This is exemplified by numerous attempts at reproducing rules derived from manual environments and re-building them in a GIS or CIS. What is often lacking is an understanding of what generalization achieves in its various forms. There is no doubt that the representation issue in generalization is of critical importance, since it is through the representation that we communicate visually. However, with access to databases and high-level programming tools, the quality, consistency, and reliability of the information warrants far greater emphasis than has been given in the past. Re-addressing generalization from a database perspective shifts the focus in model development from cartographic representation issues to geographic information. However, doing so places demands on operational mapping organizations for database building, data classification, and subsequent feature coding.

Recently, techniques have been developed to automatically classify, code, and build databases. Since the impediment to generalization has rested partially in establishing a logical database, the approach discussed in this chapter is to identify techniques that allow users to create the database automatically, without having to code the features interactively. Three different data sets being used for experimentation include hydrography, transportation networks, and land-cover. The models differ somewhat, given the nature of the object categories. Hydrographic and transportation-network features can be classified and coded using a rule base and graph theory, while land cover can be handled using classification and aggregation hierarchies. The objective of this research is to load unclassified categories of features, derive a series of classifications automatically, build a database automatically, and subsequently generalize the data using the derived database to any smaller scale of representation. The objective of this chapter is to present the methodologies required to achieve the research goals and to illustrate the results.
THE 1673 VARIANT OF BEAUPLAN'S GENERAL MAP OF UKRAINE
Authors: PERNAL A B , ESSAR D F
Published: April 2007

The authors sketch a biography of the renowned French cartographer, Guillaume Le Vasseur, sieur de Beauplan (1600â€“1673), outline the various characteristics of his 'general' map of Ukraine, and reproduce a photograph of its hitherto unknown 1673 variant.
THE ECUMENICAL PROJECTION
Authors: WESTFALL JOHN E
Published: April 2007

The Ecumene, or inhabited world as known to the Greeks and Romans, occupied an arc including Western and Southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central, Southern, and Eastern Asia. In order to map this area with minimal distortion, a special map projection was devised, the "Ecumenical Projection." This projection is an oblique case of the Albers Equivalent Conic, with the projection pole at 60°N, 75°E, and standard parallels at transformed latitudes of +45° and +65°. A BASIC-language computer program was written to calculate graticule coordinates for this projection for any desired area and scale, and is available from the writer. The Ecumenical Projection was found to represent all portions of the "civilized" Ecumene with a high degree of accuracy and should be of use to historical geographers interested in this area and period.
IMAGES OF POWER: DERRIDA/FOUCAULT/HARLEY
Authors: BELYEA BARBARA
Published: April 2007

In his last essays J.B. Harley called for "an alternative epistemology, rooted in social theory rather than in scientific positivism" and looked for this theory in the work of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida. Far from applying the French writers' radical rethinking of the relationship of sign and referent to cartography, Harley accepted without question the orthodox definition of maps as images of the world. He was content to add a sociopolitical dimension to the "reality" which maps are usually said to represent.
THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND AND JOHN MACCULLOCH'S GEOLOGICAL MAP OF SCOTLAND
Authors: BOUD R C
Published: April 2007

The first large-scale geological map of Scotland, the work of John MacCulloch, was published in 1836. In great part, the map's publication stemmed from the endeavours of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, and was one of several schemes by which this prestigious Scottish society attempted to advance the economic state of Scotland, during the period 1833-1843, by devoting time, energy and finance to the encouragement of the geological mapping of the country. Set against this background of cartographic endeavour, the present study gives attention to the Society's drawnout negotiations with the Treasury, highlighting the roles played by various individuals in the episode. Particular attention is given to the motives that stimulated Scotland's national agricultural society to concern itself with the task of advancing knowledge of the country's geology and natural resources.
University Revenues and Faculty Salaries in Ontario: 1970/71–2003/04
Authors: Martinello Felice
Published: April 2007

Average faculty salaries at 15 Ontario universities, 1970/71–2003/04, are examined. There were four distinct regimes of government policies and funding of universities, and faculty salaries mimicked the behaviour of funding in each. Consistent with a supply and demand framework, increases in faculty employment are associated with increases in salaries and the same for decreases. Different types of university funding are estimated to have different effects on the number of faculty; and the impacts of funding are decomposed into employment and salary effects. Average faculty salaries performed poorly compared to those of other professionals and construction union rates, but did better than teachers' salaries, which showed steady declines from 1995 to 2001. Controlling for changing ages and ranks of faculty over the period, average salaries trended downwards, albeit unevenly, over the period studied. Salaries rose sharply after 1998, but remained below the levels of the early 1970s.
DEM Manipulation and 3-D Terrain Visualization: Techniques Used by the U.S. National Park Service
Authors: PATTERSON TOM
Published: April 2007

Manipulating digital elevation model (DEM) surfaces, like pliable modelling clay, enhances the appearance and legibility of 3-D topography on maps. The U.S. National Park Service (NPS) uses the familiar image-editing tools in Adobe Photoshop to manipulate raster DEM data. Exporting modified DEM data with the help of freeware and shareware utilities allows subsequent rendering of final 3-D scenes in Corel Bryce. Techniques to be discussed include topographic substitution â€“ a method for reverse engineering present-day landscapes into the past or projecting them into the future; selective vertical exaggeration; resolution bumping â€“ a technique developed specifically for improving the legibility of high-mountain landscapes; painting and filtering effects; and, borrowing from the traditional masters of landform depiction, creating 3-D scenes that emulate the panoramas of Heinrich Berann and the spherical over-the-horizon views of Richard Edes Harrison by warping the projection plane of DEMS. The unique challenges of 3-D mountain mapping and the continuing pursuit of design excellence â€“ a cornerstone of the NPS cartographic program â€“ are overarching themes.
COMMEMORATING THE THREE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE "GODUNOV MAP" OF SIBERIA
Authors: POLEVOY B P
Published: April 2007

The author, a specialist on the history of Siberian exploration and cartography, discusses the origin, context, fate, and significance of the "Godunov map" of Siberia of 1667. He concludes that this general map and a gazetteer, together with a number of detailed river route maps that are listed in the gazetteer but which have not survived, actually constituted an atlas of Siberia.
EYE MOVEMENT RECORDING / SOME APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF MAP PERCEPTION
Authors: CASTNER HENRY W , LYWOOD DENIS W
Published: April 2007

An electro-oculographic eye-movement recording system, utilizing equipment and expertise already in the University, is described. Its use is intended for cartographic research aimed at using the eye-brain perceptual system as an integrating device to assess subjects' visual and intellectual responses to a map, the reading environment, and the assigned task. Depending on the research questions asked, system output can be generated in a variety of ways. Problems of non-linearity and fixation definition are discussed ; a specific example of the latter is presented along with some specific strategies for its solution. L'auteur décrit un système d'enregistrement électro-oculographique du mouvement de l'oeil que l'on utilise en faisant appel au matériel et aux experts déjà sur place à l'université. On destine son emploi à la recherche cartographique qui vise l'utilisation d'un système de perception oculo-cervical comme dispositif d'intégration pour évaluer les réponses visuelles et intellectuelles des sujets à la vision d'une carte, à l'environnement de lecture et à la tâche assignée. Selon les questions demandées pour la recherche, les renseignements donnés par le système peuvent être produits de diverses façons. L'auteur examine les problèmes de non-linéarité et de définition de la fixation et il présente un exemple typique de cette dernière difficulté ainsi que quelques stratégies spécifiques en vue de sa solution.
THE SUBJECT AND METHOD OF CARTOGRAPHY: CONTEMPORARY VIEWS
Authors: SALICHTCHEV K A
Published: April 2007

The author, dean of academic cartographers in the USSR, analyses current views (mostly Soviet) on the subject and method of cartography, mainly with respect to his own 1954 definition. He reviews cartography's shift in emphasis from map projections to geographical maps and criticizes standard Western and especially recent Soviet definitions of cartography. Deploring the neglect of map use and the preoccupation with geographical maps, and heeding Marxist-Leninist philosophy and technological-methodological innovations, he sees cartography's subject as the changing spatial aspect of objective reality (nature-society phenomena) and its method as graphic-symbolic modelling (cartographic representation). The structure and composition of cartography as a science are discussed in conclusion.
GIS EDUCATION: A BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Heywood D. Ian , Petch James R.
Published: April 2007

The introduction of GIS into a business or organisation brings change. At an operational level it changes the way data are held, the type of data, and the method of representation. At a management level it changes the way decisions are made and the key expertise in decision making. It means the ascendancy of some personnel and working practices and the decline of others. The organisation faces a number of staff-related problems. Education for GIS should address the range of problems. The difficulty is in designing a means of education which addresses the several problems and is suited to both the person and to the business. GIS education is taking off at a time when institutions of higher education are becoming more outward looking, more earnings conscious and educationally more diverse. The short course and distance learning programme at the University of Salford is reviewed. The philosophy behind the programme is outlined and various modules described.
Social Perspectives on Semantic Interoperability: Constraints on Geographical Knowledge from a Data Perspective
Authors: Schuurman Nadine
Published: April 2007

Much attention has been paid by government agencies and GIS researchers to standardization of data and interoperability of systems. Many of these efforts, however, have focused narrowly on technical hurdles while ignoring the social and political contexts that influence interoperability decisions. This article illustrates how social factors influence interoperability along three axes: classification, ontologies of data models, and government policy. Extant research approaches to interoperability of GIS are discussed and their strengths and weaknesses assessed. The article begins with definitions of what interoperability is, why it is important to academic users and policy makers, and its influence on geographical knowledge in a digital age. Exploration of social influences, as an alternative analytical approach to interoperability, begins with a discussion of the roles of classification and scale. The dangers of maintaining inflexible ontologies associated with specific data models are illustrated as a technical limitation with profound social implications for the construction of knowledge. Finally, policy at the multiple levels of governance with respect to interoperability is explored as an infrastructural constraint – and a diminishing influence.
President, King's Jester, and Cartographer: Jakob Paul von Gundling and the First Domestic Map of Brandenburg, 1724
Authors: SCHARFE WOLFGANG
Published: April 2007

This paper reflects the author's research on Jakob Paul von Gundling (1673–1731), his life, and his work, and focuses on the genesis, the contents, and the objectives of the map of Brandenburg compiled by Gundling and published at Berlin in 1724. This map is a part of Gundling's fruitful scientific activities concerning the history a n d the economy of the Prussian monarchy. He used, as at topographic model, the map first drawn about 1630/31 by t h e Swedish military engineer Olof Hansson Svart and later published in the Netherlands. The map compiled by Gundling was expected to represent the king's idealized view of Brandenburg by showing the province to be wealthy—full of life and power. In spite of its poor graphic execution, Gundling's map of Brandenburg was copied very shortly after its publication by many European publishers and was still being sold up to 1758 or even later.
AN HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF MAPPING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: PEARSON D F
Published: April 2007

The author traces the mapping of British Columbia from the time of Spanish voyages of exploration in the late 18th Century through to the detailed topographic mapping of the 1970s. Hydrographic surveys of the coasts were followed in the first half of the 19th Century by exploratory surveys inland along river routes. Cadastral and topographic mapping gained impetus from permanent settlement and resource development during the latter half of the 19th Century. The work of early surveyors is detailed, and the progress of mapping is delineated through the work of successive Surveyors-general and the gradual development of provincial departments of government.
Episodes In Cartographic Patronage / The Scottish Agricultural Society And The Coal District Maps 1834-1847
Authors: BOUD ROY C
Published: April 2007

The Highland Society in 1834 set in motion a scientific programme intended to bring to public notice details of Scotland's mineral resources, and thus advance the economic development of the country. The basis of this programme was the institution of premium competitions for geological surveys. The premiums were advertised as two separate classes. First, for surveys of Scottish coal districts and, secondly, for County surveys. This paper discusses the history of the Society's patronage of Coal District surveys and highlights the little-known men who were awarded premiums.
Children at Work in Alberta
Authors: Shultz Lynette , Taylor Alison
Published: April 2007

This paper outlines the issues surrounding a recent move by the Government of Alberta, Canada to lower the accepted working age to 12 years old. The paper places this decision within the wider context of changes in labour standards in North America and internationally. The lowering of the working age not only contravenes the principles of international labour agreements but is also in tension with other social policy aimed at reducing child poverty, increasing school completion rates, and providing effective transitions for youth.
AN APPROACH TO AUTOMATIC CARTOGRAPHY FOR TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING IN CANADA
Authors: HARRIS L. J.
Published: April 2007

The author discusses the philosophy behind Canada's approach to automated cartography. The dimensions of the task are outlined, the three stages of the problem, digitizing, processing and plotting are discussed, and the present Canadian solution is described. An outline of possible future improvements is given. L'auteur traite de la philosophie qui appuie les principes fondamentals de la cartographie canadienen par ordinateur. Il décrit la portée du travail, souligne les trois étapes du problème, c'est-à-dire la digitalisation, le traitement et la restitution, et présente la solution actuel au Canada. Il esquisse ensuite le perfectionnement possible.
TONAL REPRODUCTION PROCESSES IN MAP PRINTING FROM THE 15TH TO THE 19TH CENTURIES
Authors: WOOD CLIFFORD H
Published: April 2007

Prior to the invention and development of photography and lithographic printing in the 19th century, map makers experienced a great deal of difficulty incorporating shades, tones and tints on their maps. Nevertheless, many maps printed from woodcut blocks and metal-engraved plates exhibited tonal and textural differences that aided the map reader in distinguishing between or among areas. This paper provides a glimpse of some of the techniques and instruments used by 15th- to 19thcentury map makers in reproducing shades, tones and tints.
On the Design of Schematic Transport Maps
Authors: Avelar Silvania , Hurni Lorenz
Published: April 2007

Schematic drawings of route directions are one of the most common forms of graphic communication. People make sketches to communicate geographical ideas, and professionally designed schematic maps give orientation to thousands of users of a public transport system. Creating a schematic map for representing a transport network may be seen as a straightforward task; however, the underlying design of such maps can be quite complex. Map designers apply, consciously or subconsciously, various cartographic generalization techniques to emphasize important information and to improve the clarity of map content. At present, traditional mapping and GIS literature offers very little guidance to a map designer seeking cartographic rules or practical ideas for representing the elaborate route data of public transport systems schematically. This article aims to contribute to the design challenges of schematic, route-based mapping. Information about schematic maps and symbolization of route-based data is given. A case study of schematic map design for a public transport network is presented to show the need for support of cartographic science for the creation of schematic transport maps.
Visualizing Uncertainty in Soil Maps by Animation
Authors: FISHER PETER F
Published: April 2007

The quality of mapped environmental information, especially soil maps, is relatively poor. Tradidonally reporting of this quality information has been restricted to standards and reports, which acting as adjuncts to the map but are accessible and understandable to few. Recent soil maps produced by the United States Soil Conservation Service are an example of this. They conform to a published mapping standard, and accompanying reports give details of the soil types shown on the maps as well as listing soil types included in mapping those principals. No information is usually available on the precise locations of these included soil types. In the animation method introduced here, information on included soil series is used to generate a computer version of the soil map which integrates the quality information with the display of primary soil types. The inclusions are shown at random locations within the primary soil mapping unit. By continually selecting grid cells and reevaluating the soil type, the impression is conveyed that this information may be imprecisely located. Integrating this display with interpretative information produces completely novel views of the soil map.
Algorithms For Uniform Range Interval Classification
Authors: DAWSEY III CYRUS B
Published: April 2007

Thematic data mapped with uniform interval value ranges are easily understood by the average reader, yet few computer algorithms for developing such ranges have been presented. This paper describes three different routines for grouping data into uniform interval ranges. The algorithms compensate for skewed data and attempt to minimize the variation in the number of observations assigned to each category. ANOVA is used to test the efficiency of the procedures.
Mapping the Wilderness: Toponymic Constructions of Cradle Mountain/Lake St Clair National Park, Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Melville Angela
Published: April 2007

This article traces the history of naming Cradle Mountain/Lake St. Clair (CM/LSC) National Park, in central western Tasmania, Australia, and, in doing so, will argue that toponyms constitute, rather than merely reflect, the landscape. The first official toponyms of the area were chosen by surveyors who visited the region in the early nineteenth century. These toponyms provide an insight into the European colonization of white settler nations, including the colonists’ desire to draw allegories between the newly discovered landscape and their European homeland. The surveyors were followed by local snarers, trappers, and farmers, and later by bushwalkers, and, through the toponyms given to CM/LSC, it is possible to consider the ways in which each of these groups has used this landscape.

The article also examines other ways of knowing the landscape that are not necessarily reflected in the official toponyms. The construction of landscape through social practices such as naming is embedded within relationships of power, and this article will examine some of the ways in which the official toponyms may be contested. In particular, it will examine the differences between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal ways of naming, and thus knowing, landscapes.
Anglo-American State And Provincial Thematic Atlases/A Survey And Bibliography
Authors: STEPHENSON RICHARD W. , GALNEDER MARY
Published: April 2007

The past decade has seen a significant increase in the publication of thematic atlases for individual states and provinces in the United States and Canada. The authors trace the historical development of thematic maps in state atlases and review the current situation. Four types of atlases (general, promotional, resource inventory, and educational), their physical characteristics, publishing agencies, cartography, and contents are discussed. It is concluded that the quality of the atlases, especially in the United States, has not kept pace with the quantity. An annotated bibliography describing the latest edition of each atlas completes the paper.
Visual Access to Data Quality in Geographic Information Systems
Authors: BEARD KATE , MACKANESS WILLIAM
Published: April 2007

Visualization encompasses the display of quantities or qualities of visible or invisible phenomena through the combined use of points, lines, a coordinate system, numbers, symbols, words, shading, color, and animation. The objectives of visualization are to provoke insights and expand comprehension of information by revealing complex relationships among data. Geographical information is visualized in the form of maps. Recent concern over the accuracy and reliability of spatial information in geographic information systems has raised an interest in applying visualization tools to comprehend and communicate the reliability of GIS information and products. This paper develops design requirements for visualization of spatial data quality based on characterizations of quality, a range of quality assessment tasks, and different contexts under which data quality might be investigated.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY AND METHODOLOGY FOR COGNITIVE CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: BLADES MARK , SPENCER CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2007

Contemporary debate and research in cartography has stressed the role of the map reader in the process of cartographic communication, and cartographic experiments have been carried out to examine the cognitive processes involved in map interpretation. Some of the issues raised by such studies arc discussed with particular reference to how methods from recent psychological research can be applied to these cartographic studies. It is also emphasized that cognitive cartographic research needs to develop theories about cognitive processes which can be empirically tested, and it is suggested that one way to generate such theories is to adopt the approach and methodology of studies in Artificial Intelligence.