bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rural Rhythm
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

Music historian Tony Russell explores a collection of records of early country music from the 1920s and ’30s, unlocking and revealing their hidden stories. The seventy-eight essays on selected 78rpm discs explain what they tell us about the musicians who sang and played the songs and tunes, the listeners who absorbed them, and the development of the genre—old-time music—in which they found a home. To illuminate their world, the author details how they were recorded, the intentions and interventions of the companies that made the recordings, and their fates once they were issued.
There are songs, and stories of songs, about home and family, love and courtship, marriage and separation, childhood and schooldays, old age and death, crime and punishment, farms and floods, chain gangs and chain stores, wagons and automobiles, dogs and mules, drink, disasters, jokes, journeys, money, memories, and much more.
Drawing on new research, contemporary newspapers, and previously unpublished interviews, Rural Rhythm charts the tempos and styles of rural and small-town music-making, and the gearshift that accelerated country music from the barndance pace of the 1920s to the hyperdrive of late-’30s proto-bluegrass and Western Swing: from “The Little Old Log Cabin in the Lane” to “New San Antonio Rose.” At the same time, it notates the larger rural rhythm of life in these years in the South, Southwest, and Midwest, with its recreations, its rituals, and its oddities, to produce a narrative that blends the musical and social history of the era.
“Wish to the Lord I Had Never Been Born”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Luther B. Clarke, “Wish to the Lord I Had Never Been Born,” topical songs, Stringband, and old-time music
“Going Slow”/“Spartanburg Blues”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Raney Van Vink, Homer Christopher “Going Slow”, “Spartanburg Blues”, and piano accordion
“Combination Rag”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses East Texas Serenaders, “Combination Rag”, ragtime, and stringband
“Handy Man”/“I Tickled ’Em”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses New Arkansas Travelers, “Handy Man”, “I Tickled ’Em”, and music hall song
“Hallelujah! I’m a Bum”/“The Bum Song”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Harry “Mac” McClintock, “Hallelujah! I’m a Bum”, “The Bum Song”, and hobo songs
“A Red-Headed Widow Was the Cause of It All”/“Don’t Get One Woman on Your Mind”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Willard Hodgin, “A Red-Headed Widow Was the Cause of It All”, “Don’t Get One Woman on Your Mind”, banjo, and minstrelsy
“Flop Eared Mule”/“Lynchburg Town”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses The Highlanders, “Flop Eared Mule”, “Lynchburg Town”, stringband, Paramount Records, Charlie Poole, old-time music
“Levee Breaking Blues”—Parts I and II
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Happy Bud Harrison, “Levee Breaking Blues”—Parts I & II, Vocalion Records, yodeling, and topical songs
“Sugar Hill”/“Fresno Blues”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Crockett Family, “Sugar Hill”, “Fresno Blues”, guitar instrumentals, tradition vs. modernity, and old-time music
“Tim Brook”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses The Carver Boys, “Tim Brook”, “Molly and Tenbrooks”, topical songs, and old-time music
“The Fate of Rhoda Sweetin”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Charles Freshour & The Lonely Eagles, “The Fate of Rhoda Sweetin”, Wilmer Wats, topical songs, Pramount Records, Harry S. Charles, and old-time music
“The Roamin’ Musician”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Bill Tuttle, “The Roamin’ Musician”, yodelling, Jimmie Rodgers, train songs
“That’s the Blue Heaven for Me”/“Since I’ve Grown So Used to You”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses George E. Harris, “That’s the Blue Heaven for Me”, “Since I’ve Grown So Used to You”, and Columbia Records
“Streak o’ Lean—Streak o’ Fat”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses A.A Gray, John Dileshaw (“Seven Foot Dilly”), old-time fiddling, rural humor, and Vocational records
“I’ve Got the Chain Store Blues”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Allen Brothers, “I’ve Got the Chain Store Blues”, topical songs, white blues, W.K Henderson, and KWKH Shreveport
“The Night Herding Song”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Marc Williams, “The Night Herding Song”, cowboy songs, radio, John A. Lomax, and country music in the UK
“Eleven More Months and Ten More Days”—Parts 1 and 2
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Colt Brothers, “Eleven More Months and Ten More Days”—Pts 1 & 2, Arthur Fields, Fred Hall, H.L Mencken, rural humor, representations of “hillbillies”, and country music in the UK
“Chinatown, My Chinatown”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Milton Brown & His Brownies, “Chinatown, My Chinatown”, Western Swing, stringband, Decca Records, and Bob Wills
“Bankhead Blues”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Nations Brothers, “Bankhead Blues”, old-time fiddling, family bands, location recording, ARC-Brunswick Records, H.C Speir
“Feels Good”/“Let Me Play with It”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Heartman’s Heart Breakers, “Feels Good”, “Let Me Play with It”, sexual metaphor, stringband, female musicians, Bluebird Records, and Eli Oberstein
“Wondering”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Riverside Ramblers, “Wondering”, Hackberry Ramblers, stringband, Louisiana Cajun music, and Bluebird Records
“The Last Letter”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Rex Griffin, “The Last Letter”, suicide, honkytonk music, Decca Records, “The Lovesick Blues”, and Emmet Miller
“Hello Stranger”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Carter Family, “Hello Stranger”, white blues, family bands, Leslie Riddles, and Decca Records
“New San Antonio Rose”
Authors: Russell Tony
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys, “New San Antonio Rose”, Western Swing, and Art Satherley
Introduction
Authors: Havelková Tereza
Published: March 2021

The chapter-length introduction situates the book’s subject matter within a broad interdisciplinary field, and specifically in relation to the theory of intermediality in theatre and performance, the burgeoning audiovisual studies, and the “material turn” in opera scholarship. Approaching opera as hypermedium draws attention to the continuity between operatic past and present, and between different media and art forms, old and new. Productions of Wagner’s Ring Cycle by Robert Lepage and La Fura dels Baus serve here as a starting point for consideration of opera’s inherently hypermedial aspects. Pieces by Philip Glass, Michel van der Aa, and others help contextualize the book’s central case studies, the operas by Dutch composer Louis Andriessen and British filmmaker Peter Greenaway, which epitomize the ways these aspects are rethought today. To outline the book’s theoretical framework, the introduction revisits some classic nodes in the debates about presence and representation and about liveness and mediatization.
Allegory and Excess
Authors: Havelková Tereza
Published: March 2021

Chapter 1 deals with the excess that opera always seems to produce in performance, which has mostly been associated with the physical, material aspects of the singing voice. Drawing on performative theory, this chapter approaches this excess as the result of a dialogic situation of meaning-making, where the audio-viewers strive to make sense of what they see and hear on stage or screen. The concept of allegory is evoked to approach the processes of meaning-making in hypermedial opera, drawing attention to how opera incites reading while at the same time withholds a coherent, univocal meaning. Allegory also helps recognize that the reading of opera involves not only text and image but also music and the voice. By contrast, the perception that the singing voice escapes signification is understood here as an effect of immediacy. Louis Andriessen’s and Peter Greenaway’s Rosa serves as the main case study.
Liveness and Mediatization
Authors: Havelková Tereza
Published: March 2021

Chapter 3 approaches liveness as an effect of immediacy. It analyzes how hypermedial opera constructs an opposition between live performance and that which is “mediatized,” that is, generated or reproduced by media technology. Relying, among others, on film sound theory, the chapter shows how the effect of liveness becomes a function of a particular relationship between sound and its source, and especially voice and body. Where some scholars have played up the discrepancy between the voice heard and the body seen in opera, this chapter is attentive to how an apparent unity of voice and body is maintained within the context of hypermediacy. With the help of Louis Andriessen and Peter Greenaway’s opera Writing to Vermeer, the chapter suggests that an alignment of liveness with femininity and body-voice unity subverts some of the critical claims that have been made with respect to both live performance and the embodied singing voice.
Bringing a Neurobiological Perspective to Resilience
Authors: Bush Nicole , Roubinov Danielle S.
Published: March 2021

Although the concept of resilience has been widely studied across a range of academic disciplines, examinations have typically focused upon psychosocial correlates and contributors. Fueled by progress in our understanding of the brain and complex biological processes (and recognition that domains of psychological and biological functioning are not easily dichotomized), an emerging science of neurobiological resilience has emerged. In this chapter, the authors describe extant work that has examined biological factors that may promote resilience among adversity-exposed populations and biomarkers that can serve as indicators of risk or resilience. They highlight the complexities that emerge when considering biological factors that not only operate across a range of internal bodily systems, but also interact with the multiple external systems within which an individual develops (e.g., family, school, neighborhood, etc.). They conclude with a set of principles to guide future studies and advance a more integrated resilience science.
Risk and Resilience in Pregnancy and Birth
Authors: Young Cecily , Ayers Susan
Published: March 2021

Pregnancy, birth, and becoming a parent involves substantial changes at biological, psychological, social, and broader cultural levels. As such, it is a continuing process of adaptation to change and new demands. This chapter provides an overview of risk and resilience in pregnancy, birth, and the transition to parenthood and the impact of these experiences on both women and their infants. The first part of the chapter provides an overview of experiences of pregnancy and birth and risks that arise, in particular trauma that may be experienced during birth. The second part looks at resilience in pregnancy and birth, what we know, and what we still need to know in this area. The third part looks at theories of resilience relevant to the perinatal period and how it is important to look at resilience at different levels (e.g. epi/genetic, personal attributes, relationships, support systems, culture, and environment). The authors conclude with key considerations for future research and theory in this area.
A Transactional, Whole-School Approach to Resilience
Authors: Cefai Carmel
Published: March 2021

In contrast to the earlier understandings of resilience for the select, invulnerable few, an ecological perspective provides the opportunity for all children to develop resilience given resilience-enhancing, protective social contexts. In this chapter, the author explores a transactional-ecological perspective of resilience in the context of educational systems, underlining the limitations of an overreliance on the individual in resilience building. The chapter presents a transactional, whole-school, resilience framework for educational systems informed by the research evidence, focusing on both curricular competence-building and contextual processes across multiple systems. The chapter concludes with an illustration of a recent resilience program, RESCUR Surfing the Waves, informed by this approach.
Resilience to Violent Extremism and Terrorism
Authors: Grossman Michele
Published: March 2021

Violent extremism and terrorism are themselves multisystemic phenomena, with movements, actors, and events embedded within deeply complex and highly networked co-occurring systems that interact with one another at different levels and scales to support and enable violent extremist narratives, behaviors, actions, and outcomes. They can be highly resilient and pose significant challenges and threats to the function and viability of multiple nested and interconnected human (and at times natural) systems. Various meanings and practices of resilience have accordingly occupied a critical but vexed position within multisystemic approaches to preventing and countering violent extremism policy and practice. A strong focus on identifying and building the resilience of individuals and communities has come at the expense of understanding the ways in which the institutional and governmental co-occurring systems involved in countering terrorism may themselves be less or more resilient and what this means for future efforts to effectively prevent violent extremism.
The Assessment of Multisystemic Resilience in Conflict-Affected Populations
Authors: Lordos Alexandros , Hyslop Daniel
Published: March 2021

Violent social conflicts are driven by and contribute to a cascade of stressors and shocks that can entirely overwhelm individuals, households, communities, and institutions, leading to loss of life and protracted suffering. In this context, humanitarian, peacebuilding, and development organizations have begun utilizing a resilience lens to inform efforts for conflict prevention and postconflict recovery, while the scholarly community is conducting its own investigations to understand what can drive resilience in conflict-affected populations. In this chapter, the authors pull together these diverse strands of the practitioner and scholarly conflict resilience literature, to delineate a set of principles that can guide future work. Assessment of resilience in conflict-affected populations should integrate systemwide thinking with agent-focused research, utilize mixed-method approaches, leverage analytic methods that are suitable for detection of cross-systemic linkages, and engage with stakeholders across multiple systems and levels to maximize resilience-enhancing insight, planning and action.
Transformative Social Innovation and Multisystemic Resilience
Authors: McGowan Katharine , Westley Francis
Published: March 2021

To illustrate the relationship between transformative social innovation and multisystem resilience, this chapter summarizes three transformative social innovations, the National Parks in the United States, the internet, and the challenging or social engineering–like case of the intelligence test. Each case study demonstrates how innovations shift several systems as they develop, scale up, and even became challenged themselves, as well as the authors’ overarching assertion that transformative social innovation and multisystem resilience are deeply interrelated. Additionally, it is by understanding our social innovation history that we can be better prepared for our future and avoid the pitfalls of social innovation’s underappreciated dark side, the risk of social engineering. This chapter is based on over a decade of work on multisystem resilience and social innovation at the Waterloo Institute of Social Innovation and Resilience.
The Economics of Multisystemic Resilience
Authors: Conti Gabriella , Paredes Tatiana
Published: March 2021

The concept of resilience in the economic literature is centered around the capacity to overcome adverse circumstances and to mitigate the impacts of shocks through the development of human capital starting in early childhood. In this chapter, the authors review the existing evidence on multisystemic resilience in economics, from both a micro- and a macroperspective. To do so, they first introduce the theory of human capital development and the large body of empirical evidence about early interventions that seek to boost resilience in children. They then discuss two more recent strands of literature: one that examines whether subsequent investments can offset the effects of early-life shocks and another that uses micro-founded macroeconomic models to understand the indirect (multisystemic) effects of early interventions.
Resilience in Postdisaster Reconstruction of Human Settlement
Authors: Wu Haorui
Published: March 2021

Disaster resilience is an ongoing learning process for individuals, families, communities, and society in general to prepare for, respond to, adapt to, and recover from disaster events. This capacity requires a synthesis of multiple elements, including natural, built, social, cultural, economic, and political environments. Architects are on the front line to facilitate postdisaster reconstruction of human settlement, overseeing the quality of structural and infrastructural systems to better support the various social and humanitarian recovery efforts. From the architectural perspective of disaster research and practice, this chapter examines various aspects of building resilience in human settlement. Using the post-Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction initiative in China as an example, this chapter illustrates how the lack of balance among different societal factors (such as social, economic, and cultural) in built environment reconstruction directly damages other aspects of recovery, which significantly delays the capacity-building process of resilience.
Design and Engineering of Resilience for Networked Computer Systems
Authors: Hutchison David , Rouncefield Mark , Gouglidis Antonios , Anderson Tom
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, the authors introduce and describe the notion of resilience for networked computer systems. Central to our viewpoint is that such systems need to be designed and engineered to have resilience as a major property. This is in contrast to systems found in nature that may already have resilience, in some cases through a process of evolution. The networked systems on which the authors focus will generally be built using Internet technologies, which the authors briefly introduce. Engineered systems also require attention to their people and organizational aspects to produce a resilient outcome. Therefore, the material we present here is intended to combine the technological, organizational, and people aspects of resilient systems design and operation, with reference to utility networks—specifically to an electricity distribution case study. While the field of engineered resilience is advancing quickly and involves multiple systems, much of what is in this chapter still remains in the research phase, and has yet to be widely adopted in practice.
Social and Ecological Systems Resilience and Identity
Authors: Bousquet Francois , Quinn Tara , Therville Clara , Mathevet Raphaël , Barreteau Olivier , Bonté Bruno , Guerbois Chloé
Published: March 2021

In this chapter, the authors first introduce the notion of social-ecological systems (SES) resilience. They trace the history of the two concepts (SES and resilience), which are interdependent, narrating the interactions between groups of researchers who study social and ecological processes. In the second part of the paper, the authors examine resilience through the specific question of the identity of an SES and how this identity persists or changes. They examine the meaning of identity through a literature review that orients readers to the study of the process of resilience as inextricably shaped by the vulnerabilities embedded in the SES. They claim in this chapter that the disruption of the relationship between natural and social entities that compose an SES leads to a new distribution of vulnerabilities among the entities. After these changes, the SES will be ascribed a new identity that reflects the new distribution of vulnerabilities among the entities and the means to cope with them.
Carefulness
Authors: King Nathan L.
Published: March 2021

Whereas curiosity is the central intellectual virtue that motivates us to seek truth, knowledge, and understanding, carefulness is the central virtue that repels us from falsehood and irrational belief. This chapter explores the nature of carefulness. It begins with a series of problems designed to test the reader’s statistical reasoning skills, as a way to underscore the importance of carefulness. It then gives an account of the virtue itself. The virtue of intellectual carefulness lies between extremes of carelessness (a deficient attention to evidence) and scrupulousness (an excess). The chapter argues for the importance of carefulness across a wide range of applications, while resisting the idea that skepticism itself is a virtue. It closes with a suggested routine—the CSQ or Claim, Support, Question routine—designed to foster intellectual carefulness.
Humility and Self-Confidence
Authors: King Nathan L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter explores the complementary virtues of intellectual humility and intellectual self-confidence. The former pertains to owning our intellectual weaknesses; the latter to owning our strengths. Both virtues require an appropriate degree of attention to our intellectual abilities, along with an accurate or reasonable assessment of these and a willingness to own them. Both humility and self-confidence rule out vices of arrogance and self-deprecation, along with pride and vanity. The chapter locates the virtues of humility and self-confidence in relation to their vice counterparts. It then relates intellectual humility to the much-discussed notion of a growth mindset, and suggests that developing such a mindset may foster humility.
Street-Involved Youth Talk
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 describes the Risky Business study, which is the source of the primary data for this book, including an overview of the street-involved youth sample. This study was a panel study, with five waves of data collected over roughly 10 years. More than 200 youth in Victoria, British Columbia, between the ages of 14 and 18 were recruited, and by the fifth wave, 64 young people were still street-involved. Of these, 22 identified as Indigenous and 38 as women. Eight had been in permanent foster care, and another 24 had some experience in foster care. The mean age of independence from guardian was 14.7 years. Almost all had some early-life experience with trauma and long periods of familial instability. Being on the street was widely perceived as an improvement in life circumstances, and most youth reported surprisingly high levels of hopefulness and peer support.
Crustacean Limb Morphogenesis during Normal Development and Regeneration
Authors: Pavlopoulos Anastasios , Wolff Carsten
Published: March 2021

Crustaceans have been favored in developmental biology for the study of the diversification of body plans and their associated appendages, which exhibit remarkable diversity within and between species. Until recently, because of technical limitations, crustacean studies were restricted in scope to the comparison of appendage morphologies and expression patterns of candidate limb patterning genes already known from classic developmental animal models. To remedy this limitation and explore their full potential, a few select crustacean experimental models have been reinforced with powerful genomic and transcriptomic resources, new methods for forward and reverse genetic investigations, and for live imaging of entire embryos, or cell and tissue-specific markers, with exceptional spatial and temporal resolution. These models include the malacostracan amphipod Parhyale hawaiensis and the branchiopod cladocerans Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex, which display collectively all the different uniramous, biramous, and phyllopodous crustacean limb types. Within the past couple years, important discoveries have been made on the molecular and cellular basis of embryonic limb development and postembryonic limb regeneration. In Parhyale alone, gain and loss-of-function studies of Hox genes have revealed the combinatorial logic used by these genes for appendage specialization, whereas the reconstruction of single-cell-resolution fate maps of developing and regenerating appendages have identified the lineage restrictions and cellular behaviors driving both morphogenetic processes. Century-old questions regarding the conservation and divergence of appendage patterning mechanisms across arthropods and bilaterians, or how these mechanisms can be used and reused throughout the lifetime of an organism, can now be addressed productively with crustaceans.
Larval Connectivity and Marine Protected Area Networks
Authors: Moksnes Per-Olav , Jonsson Per R.
Published: March 2021

There is growing awareness that ocean life is under unprecedented stress caused by the loss of habitat and biodiversity resulting from human activities. Spatial management by establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) is proposed as an important method to conserve biodiversity, manage fisheries, and increase ecosystem resilience. However, a major challenge in spatial management is that most MPAs and networks of MPAs have been created with little regard to larval dispersal and connectivity within and outside protected areas. Because of the limited understanding of larval connectivity, it is therefore often unclear whether the MPAs are ecologically functional. Larval behavior and dispersal are particularly well studied in benthic crustaceans, making them excellent model organisms to address this challenge.
Rethinking Oral History and Tradition
Authors: Mahuika Nepia
Published: March 2021

For many indigenous peoples, oral history is a living intergenerational phenomenon that is crucial to the transmission of our languages, cultural knowledge, politics, and identities. Indigenous oral histories are not merely traditions, myths, chants, or superstitions, but are valid historical accounts passed on vocally in various forms, forums, and practices. Rethinking Oral History and Tradition: An Indigenous Perspective provides a specific native and tribal account of the meaning, form, politics, and practice of oral history. It is a rethinking and critique of the popular and powerful ideas that now populate and define the fields of oral history and tradition, which have in the process displaced indigenous perspectives. This book, drawing on indigenous voices, explores the overlaps and differences between the studies of oral history and of oral tradition, and urges scholars in both disciplines to revisit the way their fields think about orality, oral history methods, transmission, narrative, power, ethics, oral history theories, and politics. Indigenous knowledge and experience hold important contributions that have the potential to expand and develop robust academic thinking in the study of both oral history and tradition.
The Dynamics of Indigenous Oral Sources
Authors: Mahuika Nēpia
Published: March 2021

This chapter continues the examination of the form of oral sources, with a more explicit and detailed focus on how indigenous peoples create and transmit oral accounts. It demonstrates how the form of oral history is shaped within competing community dynamics, highlighting how the form is produced and passed on via community “classrooms,” in books, print and through the voice, by specialists and tribal experts, and through songs, chants, and dance. In addition to the previous chapter, “The Dynamics of Indigenous Oral Sources” examines how oral history sources are living accounts passed on in dynamic forms, with their own attendant cultural frames of reference essential for understanding and unpacking the sources themselves.
Fertilization Success in Crustaceans from the Male Perspective: Sperm Ultrastructure and Sperm Economy
Authors: Tan Mika M. J. , Tudge Christopher , Penna-Díaz Miguel A. , Thiel Martin
Published: March 2021

The morphology and ultrastructure of spermatozoa are very diverse among the classes of the Crustacea, but how this diversity relates to sperm production and sperm economy has been little studied. A brief description of major forms and shapes of crustacean spermatozoa is provided and an overview of sperm ultrastructure is updated. Spermatogenesis is a costly process for males, as it requires considerable energy and time to achieve the required quality and quantity to guarantee success in fertilizing the eggs of females. Sperm are embedded in seminal fluids to preserve stored sperm and/or counteract the risk of sperm competition, which contributes significantly to the energy budget and sperm economy. In general, sperm are transferred in spermatophores of very diverse sizes and shapes within the different crustacean groups. Strategies related to sperm economy depend on the physical size of the partner, mating history, and perception of future mating opportunities. The mechanics involved in spermatogenesis and production of seminal fluids vary among the different crustacean classes and between different taxa. Sperm economy has direct links to sperm limitation in several male-centered fisheries. To better understand the evolutionary processes and to design suitable applied strategies (e.g., fisheries management or aquaculture), better knowledge is required about sperm histochemistry and functional morphology; furthermore, a wider taxonomic coverage is recommended by including commercial and non-commercial crustaceans beyond the decapods.
Hermaphroditism and Gonochorism
Authors: Benvenuto Chiara , Weeks Stephen C.
Published: March 2021

This chapter compares two sexual systems: hermaphroditism (each individual can produce gametes of either sex) and gonochorism (each individual produces gametes of only one of the two distinct sexes) in crustaceans. These two main sexual systems contain a variety of alternative modes of reproduction, which are of great interest from applied and theoretical perspectives. The chapter focuses on the description, prevalence, analysis, and interpretation of these sexual systems, centering on their evolutionary transitions. The ecological correlates of each reproductive system are also explored. In particular, the prevalence of “unusual” (non-gonochoristic) reproductive strategies has been identified under low population densities and in unpredictable/unstable environments, often linked to specific habitats or lifestyles (such as parasitism) and in colonizing species. Finally, population-level consequences of some sexual systems are considered, especially in terms of sex ratios. The chapter aims to provide a broad and extensive overview of the evolution, adaptation, ecological constraints, and implications of the various reproductive modes in this extraordinarily successful group of organisms.
Overview of the Mating Systems of Crustacea
Authors: Palaoro Alexandre V. , Beermann Jan
Published: March 2021

Due to an exceptional variety of habitats, body plans, and lifestyles, crustaceans exhibit a wide array of mating systems. Some groups engage in simple, pure-search polygamous systems in which males usually search for receptive females. In other groups, males defend valuable resources to attract and/or guard females to ensure paternity. Some species have developed highly complex systems of harem defense polygyny and monogamy, even cases of sub- and eusociality are reported. The expression of mating systems does not seem to be uniformly correlated to taxonomic affiliation, but is rather diverse within certain groups, suggesting that the evolution of mating systems is largely facilitated by the lifestyle of the species. Despite the broad range of mating systems in crustaceans, and although some groups have been studied comparably well, there remains a lack of knowledge about the behavioral and sexual biology of many species. In the light of the high diversity of lifestyles, mating systems, and habitats of certain groups, crustacean species would be ideal models to unravel the evolution of reproductive strategies and social behaviors.
Introduction
Authors: Kretzmer David , Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes the background to the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza in 1967, and changes that have taken place in these territories since then. It provides a profile of the Israeli Supreme Court—its composition, function, and record; and discusses factors that affect its role in reviewing petitions from Palestinian residents of the Occupied Territories, including the Court’s public image, its position in the Israeli political system, and its general record in matters relating to judicial review of government action. The chapter concludes by reviewing changes in the actual regime in the Occupied Territories that question its characterisation as a regime of belligerent occupation.
Jurisdiction and Justiciability
Authors: Kretzmer David , Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes the basis for the Court’s jurisdiction over petitions by residents of territory that is not the sovereign territory of Israel, but is ruled under a regime of belligerent occupation. The chapter examines the readiness of the Court to entertain such petitions, given that their subject matter falls within areas that are arguably non-justiciable. The chapter stresses the tension in the Court’s decisions created by its position that the legality of Israel’s most controversial policy in the West Bank—the settlement project—is not justiciable, and its ruling that the political nature of a government act cannot block the right of individuals to challenge the legality of acts that violate their rights.
Israeli Constitutional Law
Authors: Kretzmer David , Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2021

This chapter considers the extent to which the Court has been willing to recognise the applicability of Israel’s constitutional law to actions of the authorities in the Occupied Territories. It further examines the hierarchy in the Court’s case law between Israeli constitutional law and the law of occupation, and the Court’s view on the possibility that different legal regimes might apply within the Occupied Territories to Israeli nationals and to Palestinians. This chapter devotes considerable attention to the Settlement Regularisation Law case of June 2020 in which the Court declared unconstitutional a Knesset law mandating expropriation of private land on which Israeli settlers had built illegally.
Separation Barrier
Authors: Kretzmer David , Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the way in which the Supreme Court has handled petitions regarding the construction in the West Bank of the separation barrier and its associated regime (the Seam Zone). The Court upheld the legality of the construction of the barrier as a whole, but in specific cases mitigated the harm caused to individuals. As opposed to the ICJ’s Advisory Opinion on the Legal Consequences of Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, when reviewing the route chosen for the separation barrier, the Court circumvented the question of the legality of the settlement project. The chapter includes a critical analysis of the use of the principle of proportionality in the Court’s decisions on the separation barrier, and the implications of the Court’s decisions for the settlement project.
Residence and Family Unification
Authors: Kretzmer David , Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2021

Palestinian residents of the Occupied Territories are not nationals of the occupying power. As long as they remain residents of the Territories they are entitled to remain there. But what is the position if they leave the Territories for an appreciable period of time? Do they retain their residence status, and the consequent right to return to their homes? This chapter concerns petitions of Palestinians whose residence status has been denied (revoked) by the military authorities. It also deals with the Court’s decisions in applications of residents for family unification in the Occupied Territories with family members from other countries.
Punitive House Demolitions
Authors: Kretzmer David , Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the Court’s decisions in petitions challenging orders to demolish the family homes of Palestinians who have been involved in hostile activities. It exposes the Court’s failure to adequately examine the legality of this sanction under international law, the wide interpretation the Court has given to the provision that sets the legal basis for the sanction, and the weakness of the Court’s reasoning in permitting its use. The chapter shows that while the Court has refused to prohibit use of the measure, its review of each individual case and resort to the proportionality test in such review has had a mitigating effect on use of the sanction. The chapter discusses the unprecedented division of opinion amongst judges of the Court in recent years on the need to re-examine the legality of the sanction.
Legal Pluralism in Historical Context
Authors: Tamanaha Brian Z.
Published: March 2021

This chapter presents a historical context of legal pluralism. A pivotal shift of the past several centuries has been from law attached to a person's community toward territorial states that claim a monopoly over law—a long-term project that has always been marked by major exceptions and has never been fully completed. Prior to this shift, the widely held view, now largely forgotten, is that everyone was entitled to be judged by the law of their community, called “personal law” at the time because it attaches to each person, though the chapter descriptively labels this “community law” to enable comparisons to other contexts. The first step is to understand empires, which are cauldrons of legal pluralism, using the Roman Empire as an example. The chapter then covers legal pluralism during the High Middle Ages, followed by the slow process by which the state gradually crystallized, absorbing other forms of law within its ambit, though not entirely. It also addresses three legally plural contexts in the early modern period into the twentieth century: the millet system in the Ottoman Empire, extraterritoriality, and the plural legal system entrenched in India by the British East India Company.
From “Captain Kidd” to Gospel Music
Authors: Stoia Nicholas
Published: March 2021

The roots of the “Sweet Thing” scheme reach back to sixteenth-century Scotland and England. One of the main branches of this lineage crosses the Atlantic as a penitent broadside ballad castigating Captain William Kidd, a pirate sent to the gallows in London in 1701. Chapter 1 concerns the history of this branch: the long journey of a stanzaic structure from ancient Scottish popular song through English broadside balladry, from the transatlantic broadside “Captain Kidd” through the fervent folk hymnody of the Great Awakening, and from nineteenth-century popular song and urban revivalism to twentieth-century gospel music. Throughout this span, the distinctive rhythmic and textual attributes of the form are apparent in all of the genres that it crosses. In both broadsides and folk hymns we can observe or reconstruct certain melodic characteristics that accompany the form, and in the folk hymns we can also see some general harmonic attributes.
Corporate Elites and American Politics
Authors: Halpin Darren R. , Nownes Anthony J.
Published: March 2021

The book begins by introducing the Silicon Valley 150+, the 175 biggest public and private firms in Silicon Valley, and discusses the intent of the book: to examine the political engagement of those individuals who founded and are CEOs of the SV150+ firms. This chapter introduces the main themes of the book, positioning the book against literatures covering business lobbying, political donations by firms, philanthropy and public policy, and the formation of new advocacy organizations. The chapter also includes three important lists: (1) the SV150+ firm list—the list of Silicon Valley firms the book studies; (2) the SV150+ CEO list—the list of CEOs the book studies; and (3) the SV150+ founder list—the list of founders the book studies. The chapter concludes with an overview of the chapters to come.
The New Entrepreneurs and Organizational Advocacy
Authors: Halpin Darren R. , Nownes Anthony J.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 turns toward one associative aspect of corporate elite political engagement. Specifically, it examines how SV150+ CEOs and founders use private foundations to further their philanthropic interests. What proportion of SV150+ corporate elites acts philanthropically through private foundations? What issues do their foundations support? Are there any discernible patterns to SV150+ elite foundation giving? And how often does SV150+ philanthropic giving wander into political territory? Do private foundations associated with our CEOs and founders support political organizations to any substantial extent? And if they do, what types of organizations working on what types of issues do they support? The data presented in Chapter 5 connect nicely with ongoing work on the role of wealthy elites in addressing societal problems and steering social and political change.
Conclusion
Authors: Halpin Darren R. , Nownes Anthony J.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 7 puts the book’s findings into context by exploring what they have to teach us about the role of the new corporate elite in American politics. The chapter outlines the approach taken in the book—namely, to document the engagement of Silicon Valley corporate elites through their firms, as individuals, and via associative forms. The chapter reviews the conclusions of the study, including the following: (1) the Silicon Valley corporate landscape is diverse when it comes to political engagement; (2) there is a top tier among the Silicon Valley firms and elites when it comes to expenditures on lobbying and elections; (3) most elites skew liberal even if their firms do not, and the philanthropic spending of elites supports a new liberal agenda. The chapter concludes by discussing limitations of this project and opportunities for future work.
Finding Melania
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 1 offers a survey of Melania’s life. Coerced into marriage by her parents, who wished for descendants to inherit the family fortune, she and her young husband, Valerius Pinianus (Pinian), produced two children. When both children died, she persuaded Pinian to join her in a life of ascetic renunciation. They, along with her widowed mother, Albina, abandoned Rome shortly before the Gothic invasion and traversed the Mediterranean area, founding monasteries in North Africa and Jerusalem. Toward the end of her life, she traveled from Jerusalem to Constantinople in the hope of converting her still-pagan uncle, who was on a mission to the eastern court. Returning to Jerusalem, she died in 439 ce. This chapter details the discovery and publication of two versions of her Life in the early twentieth century, along with conclusions regarding its authorship. It also notes other ancient textual sources concerning Melania; the genre of hagiography; women’s roles in early Christianity as martyrs, patrons, pilgrims, and ascetics; and education and literacy in late antiquity.
Rome: Empire, City, and Church
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 describes the Roman Empire in the fourth and early fifth centuries and important emperors of the period. Among imperial reforms was the introduction of a new form of coinage, the gold solidus. The chapter introduces the emperor Honorius’ important general of the western imperial troops, Stilicho, and his wife, Serena, who will figure in Melania and Pinian’s attempts at divestment. It describes the life of cities in that era, especially the city of Rome, and the role of Christianization in changing its urban landscape. Rome’s inhabitants were dependent on food brought from elsewhere and distributed to them by a system called the annona; disruption of the supply could lead to food riots, one of which plays a role in the couple’s attempts to divest. The building of churches and martyr shrines in and around Rome, importantly spurred by the emperor Constantine and his family in the early fourth century, later often became a cooperative venture between bishops (especially Damasus) and local elites. The cult of Saint Lawrence plays a significant role in the life of Melania: at his shrine or church, Pinian was persuaded to adopt a life of ascetic renunciation with her.
Ascetic Renunciation
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 surveys the development of ascetic renunciation as a favored mode of Christian existence from the religion’s origins to late antiquity. It details what ascetic Christians “renounced” (e.g., money, food, property, sleep), what their goals were, and what models of ascetic living became popular. Pagan writers as well as some Christian writers criticized the movement, which could jolt members of the upper classes when their members broke rank and divested themselves of possessions. In Rome, shortly before Melania’s time, aristocratic women had, at various stages in their lives, given up markers of their status (including civic philanthropy) and adopted ascetic practices, sometimes within their own palaces. Transmission of property and inheritance came into question, as women refused to marry (or to remarry). Melania’s Life dramatically illustrates how difficult it was to rid oneself of all property and possessions, especially the thousands of slaves that she and Pinian owned. Modern scholars have been less kind than their predecessors in their assessments of the social and economic consequences of Christian calls to renunciation.
Exiting Rome and the Sack of the City
Authors: Clark Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 6 explores the dramatic events spurring Melania and her entourage to leave Rome in advance of the Gothic sack of the city in August 410. After the death of Melania’s father in perhaps 405 or 406, Melania and Pinian went to a suburban property to begin their renunciations. Goths advanced into Italy starting in 401; from 407 onward, Alaric demanded ransom money and goods to prevent his attack on the city. Serena, wife of Stilicho and a member of the imperial court, had arranged with the emperor for court officials to assist the couple with the divestment of their property. When both Stilicho and Serena were killed, Melania and Pinian lost a major source of protection. The emperor Honorius dawdled in meeting Alaric’s requests, and Roman senators resisted parting with their wealth to pay the ransom. The Roman city prefect perhaps attempted to confiscate the couple’s property in order to pay the ransom but was killed in a riot over the bread supply. The extreme difficulty of divesting themselves of their possessions is clearly on display (Serena herself had claimed that she could not afford to buy their Roman mansion), as is the fierce opposition of their relatives, especially Pinian’s brother. The sack of Rome elicited various responses from Christian and pagan writers.