bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Photon Yield of Hydroponic Lettuce Through Stage-Wise Optimization of the Daily Light Integral in an LED Plant Factory
Authors: Yang Ruimei , Yang Hao , Ji Fang , He Dongxian
Published: December 2024

The widespread application of LED plant factories has been hindered by the high energy consumption and low light use efficiency. Adjustment of the daily light integral (DLI) offers a promising approach to enhance the light use efficiency in hydroponic cultivation within LED plant factories. However, most LED plant factories use a constant DLI during the cultivation process, which often leads to excessive light intensity in the early growth stage and insufficient light intensity in the later stage. To address this issue, this study aimed to improve the photon yield of hydroponic lettuce by optimizing the DLI at different growth stages. A logistic growth model was employed to segment the lettuce growth process, with variable DLI levels applied to each stage. DLIs of 11.5, 14.4, and 18.0 mol m−2·d−1 were implemented at the slow growth stage, and the DLIs were adjusted to 14.4, 17.3, and 21.2 mol m−2·d−1 at the rapid growth stage. Photoperiods of 16 h·d−1 and 20 h·d−1 were used for the two growth stages, and LED lamps with white and red chips (ratio of red to blue light was 1.5) were used as the light source. The results indicated that the photoperiod had no significant impact on the shoot fresh weight and photon yield under the constant DLI conditions at the slow growth stage (12 days after transplanting). The 14.4 mol m−2·d−1 treatment resulted in the highest photon yield due to the significant increases in the light absorption and net photosynthetic rate of the leaves compared to the 11.5 mol m−2·d−1 treatment. No significant differences in the specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf light absorption were observed between the 14.4 and 18.0 mol m−2·d−1 treatments; however, the photon yield and actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII) significantly decreased. Compared with the DLI of 14.4 mol m−2·d−1 at the rapid growth stage (24 days after transplanting), the 17.3 mol m−2·d−1 treatment with 20 h·d−1 increased the leaf light absorption by 5%, the net photosynthetic rate by 35%, the shoot fresh weight by 25%, and the photon yield by 19%. However, the treatments with DLIs above 17.3 mol m−2·d−1 resulted in notable decreases in the photon yield, ΦPSII, and photosynthetic potential. In conclusion, it is recommended to implement a 20 h·d−1 photoperiod coupled with a DLI of 14.4 mol m−2·d−1 for the slow growth stage and 17.2 mol m−2·d−1 for the rapid growth stage of hydroponic lettuce cultivation in an LED plant factory.
Orchiectomy Decreases Locomotor Activity and Delays the Expression of the Clock Protein PER1 in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Rabbits
Authors: Guzmán-Acevedo Ángel Roberto , Caba-Flores Mario Daniel , Viveros-Contreras Rubi , Meza-Alvarado José Enrique
Published: December 2024

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master regulator of the circadian system, modulating the daily timing of physiological and behavioral processes in mammals. While SCN synchronization is primarily driven by environmental light signals, sex hormones, particularly androgens, have a crucial role in regulating behavioral and reproductive processes to align with daily or seasonal cycles. SCN cell populations express receptors for sex steroid hormones, contributing to circadian synchronization mechanisms. Specifically, the activation of androgen receptors in the SCN has been shown to modulate clock gene expression and influence circadian rhythms. Rabbits, widely used in experimental research, exhibit unique behavioral patterns, including plasticity in circadian typology and seasonal variations in testosterone secretion. In this study, we explored, in male rabbits, the effect of castration on the daily pattern of locomotor activity and the expression of the clock protein PERIOD 1 (PER1) in the SCN. Our results show that castration significantly reduces daily locomotor activity and PER1 expression in the SCN. Moreover, a 4 h delay in the acrophase of PER1 expression was observed. We conclude that androgens have an important role in SCN synchronization mechanisms, contributing to the organization of physiological and behavioral events in this species.
Reducing Dietary Protein Levels with Amino Acid Supplementation in Duroc Sire Line Finishing Pigs: Growth Performances, Carcass and Meat Traits and Nitrogen Balance in Males and Females
Authors: de Almeida André Martinho , Latorre María Angeles , Ripoll Guillermo , Verdú Marçal , Alvarez-Rodriguez Javier
Published: December 2024

Crude protein (CP) reduction and amino acid (AAs) supplementation is an interesting cost-reducing strategy for environmental compliance. The objective of this work is to study productive performances of heavy Duroc X (Landrace X Large white) male and female pigs during the finishing stage under a 2% CP reduction with crystalline AA supplementation. A total of 60 entire male and 60 female pigs (means ± standard deviations: 109 ± 4.9 days of age; 67.9 ± 7.18 kg of body weight) were distributed in split-sex pens (6 pigs/pen) and fed ad libitum. Two isoenergetic diets were provided (145 and 125 g CP/kg with AA supplementation, control and low-CP) during the final 42 days of finishing period. Growth performance, carcass and meat traits were evaluated. The fixed effects of dietary treatment, sex and their interaction were considered and simple least squares models used. Males were 7.25% heavier (p < 0.001) and had 16% higher average daily gains (p < 0.0001) than females in both treatments with no differences in feed intake or feed conversion ratio (p > 0.05). Nitrogen efficiency was 35% higher in low-CP males. Little difference was found for most carcass and meat traits between treatments. Males had 7–8% higher loin subcutaneous fat thickness in both dietary treatments (p = 0.011). Males and females of the low-CP diet showed higher fat and saturated fat contents than controls (p = 0.020). A 20 g/kg CP reduction with AA supplementation is an efficient strategy during the finishing phase without productivity losses in heavy Duroc sire line genotypes of both sexes.
Pre-Harvest Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Control Strategies in Commercial Layer Chickens
Authors: Neelawala Roshen N. , Edison Lekshmi K. , Kariyawasam Subhashinie
Published: December 2024

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections in poultry, particularly in commercial-layer chickens, pose a critical risk to food safety and public health worldwide. NTS bacteria can remain undetected in poultry flocks, contaminating products and potentially leading to gastroenteritis in humans. This review examines pre-harvest control strategies for NTS in layer chickens, including biosecurity protocols, vaccinations, feed additives, genetic selection, and environmental management. These strategies have substantially reduced Salmonella colonization and product contamination rates in the commercial layer industry. By evaluating these strategies, this review highlights the importance of integrated control measures to limit NTS colonization, reduce antimicrobial resistance, and improve poultry health. This review aims to provide producers, researchers, and policymakers with insights into effective practices to minimize Salmonella contamination and enhance both animal and human health outcomes.
Accelerated Sarcopenia Phenotype in the DJ-1/Park7-Knockout Zebrafish
Authors: Rostad Kristine O. , Trognitz Tobias , Frøyset Ann Kristin , Bifulco Ersilia , Fladmark Kari E.
Published: December 2024

Age-dependent loss of muscle mass and function is associated with oxidative stress. DJ-1/Park7 acts as an antioxidant through multiple signalling pathways. DJ-1-knockout zebrafish show a decline in swimming performance and loss of weight gain between 6 and 9 months of age. Here, we address the degree to which this is associated with muscle degeneration and identify molecular changes preceding dysregulation of muscle performance. Loss of DJ-1 reduced the skeletal muscle fibre cross-section area. The highly mitochondrial-dependent red slow muscle was more affected than the white muscle, and degeneration of sub-sarcolemma red muscle mitochondria was observed. Using TandemMassTag-based quantitative proteomics, we identified a total of 3721 proteins in the multiplex sample of 4 and 12-month-old muscles. A total of 68 proteins, mainly associated with inflammation and mitochondrial function, were dysregulated in the young DJ-1-null adults, with Annexin A3, Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3B, Complement C3a, and 2,4-dienoyl CoA reductase 1 being the most affected. The loss of DJ-1 also accelerated molecular features associated with sarcopenia, such as a decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio and a reduction in Prostaglandin reductase 2 and Cytosolic glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase levels. In view of the experimental power of zebrafish, the DJ-1-null zebrafish makes a valuable model for understanding the connection between oxidative stress and age-dependent muscle loss and function.
Antioxidant, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Properties of Algerian Mentha aquatica Extracts
Authors: Lahlou Radhia Aitfella , Gonçalves Ana Carolina , Bounechada Mustapha , Nunes Ana R. , Soeiro Pedro , Alves Gilberto , Moreno Diego A. , Garcia-Viguera Cristina , Raposo Cesar , Silvestre Samuel , Rodilla Jesus M. , Ismael Maria Isabel , Silva Luís R.
Published: December 2024

Water mint (Mentha aquatica) is used in many formulations worldwide as a functional food and natural remedy to treat gastrointestinal disorders, lung diseases, and certain mental disorders such as epilepsy and depression. This study assessed the bioactivity of its infusion extract (INF) and hydroethanolic extract (HE) to highlight its health benefits. These extracts were analyzed for their chemical composition by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn, their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, and their capacities to protect human erythrocytes against induced hemoglobin oxidation and lipid peroxidation. The effect on normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF) cells and on the N27 rat dopaminergic neuron cell line was also assessed. The chromatographic analysis identified 57 compounds belonging to hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavone, and isoflavonoids. In respect to the biological potential, the Mentha aquatica extracts revealed a notable capacity for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and superoxide radicals, as well as for the inhibition of α-glucosidase action and the protection of human erythrocytes against oxidative damage. Quantification revealed noteworthy phenolic content in both extracts. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated less cytotoxic effects regarding the NHDF and N27 cell lines. Overall, Mentha aquatica presents promising antioxidant activity and a spectrum of potential biological activities, underscoring its significance as a novel antioxidant candidate for applications in animal nutrition, human medicine, and natural product research in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Assisted by Microwave-Ultrasound from Eggshells for Use as a Carrier of Forchlorfenuron and In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Romero-De La Rosa Benjamín I. , Paredes-Carrera Silvia P. , Mendoza-Pérez Jorge A. , Nicolás-Álvarez Dulce E. , Garibay-Febles Vicente , Camacho-Olguin Carlos A.
Published: December 2024

This study utilized eggshell biomass as a calcium precursor for synthesizing hydroxyapatite (Hap) through a co-precipitation method assisted by a combined microwave-ultrasound (Mu/Us) crystallization process. Different milling techniques (mortar, high-energy mill, and sieving) were employed to prepare the eggshell biomass and identify the most effective calcium precursor. The precursor derived from high-energy milling, followed by sieving and thermal treatment at 750 °C (designated as Sample Hap-H3 750), was selected due to its higher porosity, enhanced crystallinity, and smaller particle size than other synthesized materials. This sample was subsequently used as a carrier for the plant hormone forchlorfenuron (FCF), forming the composite Hap-FCF. Comprehensive characterization was conducted using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), specific surface area analysis (BET method), zeta potential (ZP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and bright-field transmission electron microscopy (BFTEM), ensuring reliable and robust data. The in silico evaluation of the phytohormone FCF with two receptors, gibberellin (GA3Ox2) and auxin (IAA7), produced notable results. Docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations demonstrated that the gibberellin receptor was preferentially stimulated, as shown by the higher binding affinity and the receptor’s sustained stability during the MD simulations. These findings underscore the potential applications of this research, emphasizing its significance in materials science and biochemistry. Moreover, the in vitro assessment of Hap-H3 750, Hap-FCF, FCF, and the control (distilled water) on the germination and growth of butterhead lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa) over 30 days revealed that Hap-H3 750 and Hap-FCF promoted plant growth by 275–330% relative to the control. This effect was attributed to the preferential stimulation of the gibberellin receptors responsible for stem and root elongation. These results suggest that HAP nanoparticles could facilitate the controlled delivery of FCF in the agricultural sector, promising to be an effective nanofertilizer.
Language Models for Predicting Organic Synthesis Procedures
Authors: Vaškevičius Mantas , Kapočiūtė-Dzikienė Jurgita
Published: December 2024

In optimizing organic chemical synthesis, researchers often face challenges in efficiently generating viable synthesis procedures that conserve time and resources in laboratory settings. This paper systematically analyzes multiple approaches to efficiently generate synthesis procedures for a wide variety of organic synthesis reactions, aiming to decrease time and resource consumption in laboratory work. We investigated the suitability of different sizes of BART, T5, FLAN-T5, molT5, and classic sequence-to-sequence transformer models for our text-to-text task and utilized a large dataset prepared specifically for the task. Experimental investigations demonstrated that a fine-tuned molT5-large model achieves a BLEU score of 47.75. The results demonstrate the capability of LLMs to predict chemical synthesis procedures involving 24 possible distinct actions, many of which include various parameters like solvents, reaction agents, temperature, duration, solvent ratios, and other specific parameters. Our findings show that only when the core reactants are used as input, the models learn to correctly predict what ancillary components need to be included in the resulting procedure. These results are valuable for AI researchers and chemists, suggesting that curated datasets and large language model fine-tuning techniques can be tailored for specific reaction classes and practical applications. This research contributes to the field by demonstrating how deep-learning-based methods can be customized to meet the specific requirements of chemical synthesis, leading to more intelligent and resource-efficient laboratory processes.
Static Properties of Kaolinite Samples from Different Structures and the Influence of Strain Rate
Authors: Xiao Ruotao , Ni Dingyu , Weng Zhenqi , Pan Xiaodong
Published: December 2024

This paper conducts triaxial undrained tests on flocculated and dispersed kaolin samples at strain rate range 0.005–1%/min to investigate the effects of structure and strain rate on shear strength. The test results show that the flocculated samples exhibit strain hardening behaviour, while the dispersed samples show strain softening behaviour. The strain rate sensitivity parameter reflects the degree to which shear strength increases with increasing strain rate. The structure affects the strain rate sensitivity parameter, with values of 4.79% and 2.31% for flocculated and dispersed samples, respectively. When the strain rate is 1%/min, due to the low permeability of the dispersed sample, the high strain rate causes a rapid increase in local pore pressure, while the postponed dissipation of excess pore pressure destroys the sample. When studying the influence of clay structure, it is important to use the same strain rate; otherwise, the differences in shear strength may be underestimated.
Color Changes of a Heat-Polymerized Polymethyl-Methacrylate (PMMA) and Two 3D-Printed Denture Base Resin Materials Exposed to Staining Solutions: An In Vitro Spectrophotometric Study
Authors: Vergos Vasileios , Ganetsos Theodore , Kantaros Antreas , Theocharopoulos Antonios , Yannikakis Stavros
Published: December 2024

Newly developed 3D-printed polymer materials are used for denture base fabrication. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the color stability of two new 3D-printed resins, a hard PPMA-based and a soft Urethane-based resin, in relation to a traditional heat-polymerized PMMA resin, which was used for comparison purposes. Specimens of the materials were immersed in five solutions (distilled water, red wine, black tea, coffee, and Coke®) for definite periods of time (one day, one week, and one month). The color measurements were carried out utilizing a spectrometer supported by a microscope and using special software. Color changes between immersion periods were calculated and statistically compared. The results showed that all types of resins were influenced during immersion periods. The heat-polymerized resin was influenced less than the others but with no significant difference to the 3D-printed hard PMMA resin. In respect to the materials compared, the discoloration effect for the 1 month immersion time was significantly more intense for the soft 3D-printed resin. In respect to the solutions’ staining effects, black tea and red wine significantly discolored all materials regardless of immersion periods. The new 3D-printed materials need further improvements for dental use.
Proposal for an Artificial Neural Network Tool for the Process of Generating Metasurface Unit Cell Geometries
Authors: Góra Paulina , Łopato Przemysław
Published: December 2024

This paper focuses on presenting an intelligent model that can generate the desired geometry of a unit cell metasurface for a given resonant frequency at which we expect the metasurface structure to work. The model consists of the use of a multilayer perceptron and filters, which represent the output geometry of the unit cell as a 6 × 6 matrix stored in a binary state. The value 0 in the matrix denotes the dielectric substrate on which the geometry of the unit cell is built, and the value 1 denotes the blocks as the conducting parts of the unit cell metasurface. The proposed model was tested using simulation data from the Comsol Multiphysics environment. The test confirmed the effectiveness of the model, and it is possible to develop and apply it to larger and other datasets.
Exploring Feedback Design Perceptions and Relationships with Scores in the Online Component of an EAP-Blended Course
Authors: Moni Anna , Martínez-Argüelles María-Jesús , Serradell-López Enric
Published: December 2024

This quantitative study investigates the perceptions of learners and faculty regarding the help provided by the feedback process, which aligns with and integrates Brooks et al.’s Matrix of Feedback for Learning in the asynchronous online component of a blended course and the relationship between student perceptions and scores. The feedback process, integrated into 12 weekly learning modules in Blackboard Learn (LMS) in alignment with Quality Matters (QM) standards for higher online education, seeks to facilitate feedback uptake and support student learning. Results from the test analysis of student (N = 135) and faculty (N = 10) surveys indicated that positive learner perceptions of feedback, corroborated by institutional course evaluations, aligned with faculty perceptions, suggesting a shared understanding of feedback’s role in learning. Interestingly, these findings suggested that feedback was perceived as beneficial independently of academic performance, potentially showing a trend of growth in students’ academic mindset, where feedback becomes a critical component of their learning experience. Additionally, this study points out that the Matrix of Feedback for Learning could be applied across different disciplinary contexts.
Comparison of Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Experimental Measurements and Numerical Simulation of Underwater Thermal Jet Characteristics
Authors: Gao Chengzhe , Shuai Changgeng , Du Yongcheng , Luo Feiyang , Wang Baolin
Published: December 2024

During the underwater movement of a submarine, cooling water at a specific temperature is discharged into the surrounding water through nuclear reactor secondary loop circulation, creating a thermal jet. Thermal jets are characterized by initial velocity and temperature properties that allow for complete mixing with the surrounding water through a combination of mixing and heat transfer processes. This paper aims to investigate the movement and diffusion of underwater thermal jets, specifically examining the temperature stratification of the ambient water, the initial velocity of the jet, and the effect of temperature on the velocity field and temperature field of the underwater thermal jet. This study utilizes particle velocity measurements and the laser-induced fluorescence method to measure the velocity field and temperature field of the thermal jet, as well as simulation methods to validate conclusions. The experimental and simulation conditions in this paper are mainly categorized into two types: uniform water body and thermally-stratified water body. Upon analysis and comparison of the experimental and simulation results, it has been observed that an increase in jet velocity will hinder the upward diffusion of jet temperature, decrease the floating height of the jet, and slow down the rate at which the jet temperature decays. Furthermore, as the difference between the jet temperature and the ambient water temperature increases, the upward diffusion of the jet temperature becomes predominant, resulting in a 40–50% increase in its floating rate. It is evident that the stratification conditions of the background environment have a significant impact on the jet temperature diffusion. When the jet temperature diffuses to the thermally-stratified interface of water in the tank, it ceases to float due to density differences; consequently, its temperature cannot diffuse further towards or reach the water surface.
Emerging Technologies for Advanced Power Electronics and Machine Design in Electric Drives
Authors: Rihar Andraž , Nemec Mitja , Lavrič Henrik , Zajec Peter , Vončina Danjel , Nedeljković David , Ambrožič Vanja , Drobnič Klemen
Published: December 2024

The paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in power electronics and electric machine design, focusing on novel topologies, semiconductor technologies, and integrated design techniques for electric drives. New drive topologies are gradually moving from the research phase to practical application, aiming to increase the rated power, efficiency, and reliability of electric drives. Specifically, these topologies can be categorized into series, which focus on increasing the operating voltage; parallel, which aim at enhancing the operating current and adding redundancy; and multiphase, known for offering significant benefits such as improved fault tolerance, higher torque generation, the possibility of synthetic loading, and diverse winding layout options. Emerging wide bandgap semiconductors, such as silicon carbide and gallium nitride, allow for operation at higher frequencies and lower power losses, enabling further drive integration. In terms of design practices, higher computational power, supported by advanced software, enables simulation and analysis in multiple domains (thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic) using multiphysics co-simulation, as well as multi-objective optimization concepts to achieve rapid prototyping of optimized drive systems. All the approaches described are important steps towards further improving electric drives for numerous applications in industry, consumer electronics, and transportation.
The Analysis of Customers’ Transactions Based on POS and RFID Data Using Big Data Analytics Tools in the Retail Space of the Future
Authors: Kholod Marina , Celani Alberto , Ciaramella Gianandrea
Published: December 2024

In today’s business landscape, the volume of transaction data is rapidly increasing. This study explores the integration of Point of Sale (POS) and Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies to enhance the analysis of customer transactions using big data tools. By leveraging these technologies, businesses can extract valuable insights to improve processes, optimize inventory, and boost customer satisfaction. The research employs an object—subject management approach, which facilitates real-time decision-making by merging retail transactions of the clients with their movement patterns. An experiment involving around 7000 customers demonstrates the effective collection and processing of POS and RFID data, highlighting the benefits of integrating these data streams. Key metrics, such as time spent in different store sections, provide deeper insights into consumer behavior. The findings reveal the potential of these technologies to transform retail services, offering opportunities for demand forecasting, risk management, and personalized customer experiences. The study concludes that merging POS and RFID data opens new avenues for developing management solutions aimed at enhancing customer engagement and the operational efficiency of the retailer. Future research will focus on further elaborating these solutions to maximize the benefits of integrated data analysis.
Epilepsy EEG Seizure Prediction Based on the Combination of Graph Convolutional Neural Network Combined with Long- and Short-Term Memory Cell Network
Authors: Kuang Zhejun , Liu Simin , Zhao Jian , Wang Liu , Li Yunkai
Published: December 2024

With the increasing research of deep learning in the EEG field, it becomes more and more important to fully extract the characteristics of EEG signals. Traditional EEG signal classification prediction neither considers the topological structure between the electrodes of the signal collection device nor the data structure of the Euclidean space to accurately reflect the interaction between signals. Graph neural networks can effectively extract features of non-Euclidean spatial data. Therefore, this paper proposes a feature selection method for epilepsy EEG classification based on graph convolutional neural networks (GCNs) and long short-term memory (LSTM) cells. While enriching the input of LSTM, it also makes full use of the information hidden in the EEG signals. In the automatic detection of epileptic seizures based on neural networks, due to the strong non-stationarity and large background noise of the EEG signal, the analysis and processing of the EEG signal has always been a challenging research. Therefore, experiments were conducted using the preprocessed Boston Children’s Hospital epilepsy EEG dataset, and input it into the GCN-LSTM model for deep feature extraction. The GCN network built by the graph convolution layer learns spatial features, then LSTM extracts sequence information, and the final prediction is performed by fully connected and softmax layers. The introduced method has been experimentally proven to be effective in improving the accuracy of epileptic EEG seizure detection. Experimental results show that the average accuracy of binary classification on the CHB-MIT dataset is 99.39%, and the average accuracy of ternary classification is 98.69%.
Investigation of CuTi Alloy for Applications as Non-Sparking Material
Authors: Cazac Alin-Marian , Chelariu Romeo Gabriel , Cimpoesu Ramona , Bernevig Mihai Adrian , Benchea Marcelin , Jurca Adrian Marius , Radu Ancuța Mirela , Vasilescu Gabriel Dragos , Garaliu-Busoi Bogdan , Lupu Fabian Cezar , Badarau Gheorghe , Bejinariu Costica
Published: December 2024

A new non-sparking metallic material, Cu-Ti, with applications in potentially explosive environments is proposed as an alternative to CuBe, to reduce the processing and toxic effects of Be. Using high-purity Cu and Ti materials, a Cu (~3–4 wt%) Ti alloy with good chemical and structural homogeneity was fabricated in an induction furnace under an Ar atmosphere. The hot-rolled material was tested in an explosive gas mixture (10% H2 or 6.5% CH4) under extremely severe wear tests for 15,000 cycles, and no hot sparks were produced to ignite the medium. The material was investigated as hot-rolled plates (600 s at 950 °C and 10% reduction). The microstructures and surface of the wear test samples were investigated by light optical microscopy (LOM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical compositions were determined by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The corrosion behavior was studied using electrochemical techniques: open-circuit, linear, and cyclic potentiometry in saline electrolyte solutions. The mechanical properties, such as microhardness and friction coefficient, were determined using UMT equipment. The results showed that the alloy is suitable for applications requiring non-ignition properties, with good hot rolling deformability and chemical composition homogeneity. Regarding the corrosion analysis and mechanical properties of the experimental CuTi alloy, minor differences were observed between the cast- and hot-rolled material.
Permethrin Insecticide Influence on Microorganisms Present in Surface Waters
Authors: Sroczyńska Julia , Guzik Urszula , Smułek Wojciech
Published: December 2024

Agriculture and food production use very large amounts of plant protection products. These include insecticides, including pyrethroids, which belong to the third generation of pesticides. Although the ecotoxicity of these compounds is well known, their effect on environmental bacteria is still undefined. The aim of the presented research was to determine how permethrin can change the metabolism and surface properties of bacterial cells isolated from surface waters. Bacteria from water from a protected area (Snowy Ponds, Karkonosze National Park, Poland, 50°46′58″ N 15°33′47″ E) and a relatively polluted Kierskie Lake (52°27′10″ N 16°47′35″ E) next to the Poznań (Poland) agglomeration were compared. The obtained results showed that for the tested microorganisms, the toxic effect of permethrin is observed at 1000 ppm for water consortia and pure strains as well, except Bacillus thuringiensis KlaKry, which appeared to be resistant to the insecticide. What is more, the bacteria consortium from Kierskie Lake appeared to be more sensitive to insecticide, from the perspective of compound toxicity. At the same time, the metabolism assessed using EcoPlate™ showed that permethrin is not a factor determining the lower assimilation of various carbon sources, excluding carboxylic acids. Permethrin exposure also resulted in the decreased hydrophobicity of bacterial cells and increased permeability of their cell membrane. As a result, the obtained results show that if permethrin itself is not highly toxic, it can affect the properties of the cell wall and membrane. Consequently, it can potentially change the susceptibility of environmental bacteria to other xenobiotics.
Comparative Analysis of Computational Times of Lithium-Ion Battery Management Solvers and Battery Models Under Different Programming Languages and Computing Architectures
Authors: Ahmed Moin , Mao Zhiyu , Liu Yunpeng , Yu Aiping , Fowler Michael , Chen Zhongwei
Published: December 2024

With the global rise in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy, the demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is expected to grow. LIBs present a significant challenge for state estimations due to their complex non-linear electrochemical behavior. Currently, commercial battery management systems (BMSs) commonly use easier-to-implement and faster equivalent circuit models (ECMs) than their counterpart continuum-scale physics-based models (PBMs). However, despite processing more mathematical and computational complexity, PBMs are attractive due to their higher accuracy, higher fidelity, and ease of integration with thermal and degradation models. Various reduced-order PBM battery models and their computationally efficient numerical schemes have been proposed in the literature. However, there is limited data on the performance and feasibility of these models in practical embedded and cloud systems using standard programming languages. This study compares the computational performance of a single particle model (SPM), an enhanced single particle model (ESPM), and a reduced-order pseudo-two-dimensional (ROM-P2D) model under various battery cycles on embedded and cloud systems using Python and C++. The results show that reduced-order solvers can achieve a 100-fold reduction in solution times compared to full-order models, while ESPM with electrolyte dynamics is about 1.5 times slower than SPM. Adding thermal models and Kalman filters increases solution times by approximately 20% and 100%, respectively. C++ provides at least a 10-fold speed increase over Python, varying by cycle steps. Although embedded systems take longer than cloud and personal computers, they can still run reduced-order models effectively in Python, making them suitable for embedded applications.
Maternal Low-Protein Diet During Nursing Leads to Glucose–Insulin Dyshomeostasis and Pancreatic-Islet Dysfunction by Disrupting Glucocorticoid Responsiveness in Male Rats
Authors: de Freitas Mathias Paulo Cezar , Dantas Rodrigues Aline Milena , Lisboa Patrícia Cristina , Miranda Rosiane Aparecida , Malta Ananda , Ribeiro Tatiane Aparecida , Barella Luiz Felipe , Dias Ginislene , Lima Thalyne Aparecida Leite , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , de Moura Egberto Gaspar , de Oliveira Júlio Cezar
Published: December 2024

Both perinatal malnutrition and elevated glucocorticoids are pivotal triggers of the growing global pandemic of metabolic diseases. Here, we studied the effects of metabolic stress responsiveness on glucose–insulin homeostasis and pancreatic-islet function in male Wistar offspring whose mothers underwent protein restriction during lactation. During the first two weeks after delivery, lactating dams were fed a low-protein (4% protein, LP group) or normal-protein diet (22.5% protein, NP group). At 90 days of age, male rat offspring were challenged with food deprivation (72 h of fasting), intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of dexamethasone (2 µL, 2.115 mmol/L) or chronic intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone (1 mg/kg body weight/5 days). Body weight, food intake, intravenous glucose tolerance test (ivGTT) results, insulin secretion and biochemical parameters were assessed. LP rats did not display significant metabolic changes after long-term starvation (p > 0.05) or under the central effect of dexamethasone (p = 0.999). Chronic dexamethasone induced rapid hyperglycemia (~1.2-fold, p < 0.001) and hyperinsulinemia (NP: 65%; LP: 216%; p < 0.001), decreased insulin sensitivity (NP: ~2-fold; LP: ~4-fold; p < 0.001), reduced insulinemia (20%) and increased glycemia (35%) only in NP rats under ivGTT conditions (p < 0.001). Glucose and acetylcholine insulinotropic effects, as well as the muscarinic receptor antagonist response, were reduced by chronic dexamethasone only in pancreatic islets from NP rats (p < 0.05). The direct effect of dexamethasone on pancreatic islets reduced insulin secretion (NP: 60.2%, p < 0.001; LP: 33.8%, p < 0.001). Peripheral glucose–insulin dyshomeostasis and functional failure of pancreatic islets in LP rats, as evidenced by an impaired acute and chronic response to metabolic stress, may be due to excessive corticosterone action as a long-term consequence.
Prognostic Significance of miRNA Subtypes in Melanoma: A Survival Analysis and Correlation with Treatment Response Across Patient Stages
Authors: Prodan Mihaela , Dema Alis , Nataras Bianca Roxana , Seclaman Edward , Bloanca Vlad , Crainiceanu Zorin , Deak Ilona Emoke , Virzob Claudia Raluca Balasa , Toma Ana-Olivia , Fericean Roxana Manuela
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives: Melanoma remains a leading cause of skin cancer mortality despite advancements in targeted therapies and immunotherapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential biomarkers for cancer prognosis and treatment response. This study aims to analyze survival outcomes according to various miRNA subtypes, assess the association between specific miRNAs and treatment response, and include patient staging to evaluate their prognostic significance. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 90 patients from the Pius Brinzeu County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Timisoara, between 2019 and 2022. The cohort included 45 patients with advanced-stage melanoma and 45 with benign nevi. miRNA expression levels were quantified using the miRNeasy Kit and the Human Cancer PathwayFinder miScript miRNA PCR Array. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of miRNA expression on survival. Logistic regression analyzed the association between miRNA markers and treatment response, adjusting for patient staging. Results: Elevated levels of hsa-miR-200a-3p and hsa-miR-335-5p were significantly associated with poorer overall survival (p < 0.01), particularly in stage III and IV patients. Conversely, higher expression of hsa-miR-451a correlated with improved survival rates (p = 0.02). Patients with increased hsa-miR-29b-3p expression showed a better response to immunotherapy (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.15–4.79). Multivariate analysis confirmed that miRNA expression levels and patient staging were independent predictors of survival and treatment response. Conclusions: Specific miRNA subtypes are significant prognostic markers in melanoma, influencing survival outcomes and treatment responses across different patient stages. Incorporating miRNA profiling into clinical practice could enhance personalized treatment strategies and improve patient prognoses.
Suppressing the Aging Phenotype of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Are We Ready for Clinical Translation?
Authors: Roato Ilaria , Visca Matteo , Mussano Federico
Published: December 2024

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are involved in the maintenance and regeneration of a large variety of tissues due to their stemness and multi-lineage differentiation capability. Harnessing these advantageous features, a flurry of clinical trials have focused on MSCs to treat different pathologies, but only few protocols have received regulatory approval so far. Among the various causes hindering MSCs’ efficacy is the emergence of cellular senescence, which has been correlated with specific characteristics, such as morphological and epigenetic alterations, DNA damage, ROS production, mitochondrial dysfunction, telomere shortening, non-coding RNAs, loss of proteostasis, and a peculiar senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Several strategies have been investigated for delaying or even hopefully reverting the onset of senescence, as assessed by the senescent phenotype of MSCs. Here, the authors reviewed the most updated literature on the potential causes of senescence, with a particular emphasis on the current and future therapeutic approaches aimed at reverting senescence and/or extending the functional lifespan of stem cells.
Obesity-Related Inflammation Reduces Treatment Sensitivity and Promotes Aggressiveness in Luminal Breast Cancer Modulating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondria
Authors: Morla-Barcelo Pere Miquel , Melguizo-Salom Lucas , Roca Pilar , Nadal-Serrano Mercedes , Sastre-Serra Jorge , Torrens-Mas Margalida
Published: December 2024

Background: Obesity, characterized by the secretion of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and hormones, significantly increases the risk of developing breast cancer and is associated with poorer outcomes. Mitochondrial and antioxidant status are crucial in both tumor progression and treatment response. Methods: This study investigates the impact of an ELIT cocktail (17β-estradiol, leptin, IL-6, and TNFα), which simulates the obesity-related inflammation condition in postmenopausal women, using a 3D culture model. We examined the effects of ELIT exposure on mammosphere formation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial markers, and treatment sensitivity in luminal (T47D, MCF7) and triple-negative (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cell lines. After that, 3D-derived cells were re-cultured under adherent conditions focusing on the mechanisms leading to dissemination and drug sensitivity. Results: Our results indicated that ELIT condition significantly increased mammosphere formation in luminal breast cancer cell lines (from 3.26% to 6.38% in T47D cell line and 0.68% to 2.32% in MCF7 cell line) but not in the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. Further analyses revealed a significant decrease in mitochondrial and antioxidant-related markers, particularly in the T47D cell line, where higher levels of ESR2, three-fold increased by ELIT exposure, may play a critical role. Importantly, 3D-derived T47D cells exposed to ELIT showed reduced sensitivity to tamoxifen and paclitaxel, avoiding a 34.2% and 75.1% reduction in viability, respectively. Finally, through in silico studies, we identified specific biomarkers, including TOMM20, NFE2L2, CAT, and ESR2, correlated with poor prognosis in luminal breast cancer. Conclusions: Taken together, our findings suggest that antioxidant and mitochondrial markers are key factors that reduce treatment sensitivity in obesity-related luminal breast cancer. The identified biomarkers may serve as valuable tools for the prognosis and development of more effective therapies in these patients.
The “Reading the Mind in Films” Task: A Pilot Study on Complex Emotion and Mental State Recognition for the Italian Adaptation in Adults with and Without Autism Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Scuotto Raffaele Simone , Bonfanti Sofia , Ricciardelli Paola
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The present pilot study tested and reports the Italian adaptation of the Reading the Mind in Film test (RMF), an ecological test for assessing, in Italian adults with and without Autism Spectrum Condition (ASC), complex emotion and mental state recognition in natural settings and everyday situations. Method: A sample of young adults with Autism Spectrum Condition (with ASC; n = 22), attending a filmmaking course at a post-diploma school (Scuola Futuro Lavoro) took part in the study and was compared with a control group of neurotypical university students (without ASC; n = 22). All participants underwent individual testing and completed the Italian version of the Autism Questionnaire before performing the Italian version of both the RMF task and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). The latter, widely used to evaluate the ability to detect what someone else is thinking or feeling from the eye region. Results: The findings of the control group were in line with the original study, demonstrating the validity and reliability of the translation and the dubbing procedure of the RMF test. However, no main significant differences in performance were found between the two groups. Conclusions: Such results suggest that taking a course in film and video making may have helped the autistic students learn how to recognize mental states.
Purification and Characteristics of β-Amylase from Soybean Whey Wastewater
Authors: Yao Bowei , Jin Congli , Guan Yanyan , Chang Zhongyi , Liu Qian , Gao Hongliang
Published: December 2024

The large-scale production of soybean proteins results in the generation of a significant volume of wastewater, containing a substantial amount of valuable β-amylase. The β-amylase enzyme was purified from the soybean whey wastewater using a three-step process, including alcohol precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. The specific activity of the purified β-amylase was 29,700 U/mg, with an enzyme activity recovery of 17.3% and purification fold of 16.5. The β-amylase had a molecular mass of around 56 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) value of 4.8. The β-amylase exhibited optimal activity at 55 °C and reasonable stability between 30 °C and 40 °C. The enzyme demonstrated an optimum pH of 6.0 and relative stability in the pH range of 5.0–8.0. Furthermore, the β-amylase activity was stimulated by PMSF, Tween-20, Tween-40, Tween-60, Tween-80, and Triton X-100. In terms of substrate preference, the enzyme hydrolyzed potato starch worked most effectively, followed by amylose, amylopectin, soluble starch, maltose, and pullulan. The purified β-amylase showed Km and Vmax values of 3.62 μM and 1.04 μM/ (g protein min), respectively. The purification process was simple and yielded high purification and recovery. The β-amylase from soybean whey wastewater has potential applications in the food and beverage industries.
The Cellular and Transcriptomic Early Innate Immune Response to BCG Vaccination in Mice
Authors: Kondratyeva Liya G. , Rakitina Olga A. , Pleshkan Victor V. , Kuzmich Alexey I. , Linge Irina A. , Kondratieva Sofia A. , Snezhkov Eugene V. , Alekseenko Irina V. , Sverdlov Eugene D.
Published: December 2024

It is established that BCG vaccination results in the development of both a specific immune response to mycobacterial infections and a nonspecific (heterologous) immune response, designated as trained immunity (TRIM), to other pathogens. We hypothesized that local BCG immunization may induce an early immune response in bone marrow and spleen innate immunity cells. The early transcriptomic response of various populations of innate immune cells, including monocytes, neutrophils, and natural killer (NK) cells, to BCG vaccination was examined. To this end, C57Bl/6J mice were subcutaneously immunized with 106 CFU of BCG. Three days following BCG administration, the three cell populations were collected from the control and BCG-vaccinated groups using FACS. All cell populations obtained were utilized for the preparation and sequencing of RNA-seq libraries. The analysis of FACS data revealed an increase in the proportion of splenic NK cells and monocytes 3 days post-vaccination. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the deregulation of genes associated with the regulation of immune response (according to Gene Ontology terms) in NK cells, monocytes, and unsorted bone marrow cells. Two NK cell-specific immune ligands (Tnfsf14 and S100a8) and two bone marrow-specific immune receptors (C5ar1 and Csf2rb) were identified among differentially expressed genes. No alterations were identified in neutrophils in either their percentage or at the transcriptomic level. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that BCG vaccination provides an early increase in the proportion of murine bone marrow and spleen immune cell populations, as well as transcriptomic alterations in monocytes, NK cells, and non-sorted bone marrow cells. This early innate immune response may be beneficial for enhancing TRIM.