bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of Spirulina sp. microalgae in the media of fish waste water treatment from Cemara market, Medan, North Sumatera
Authors: Yusni E , Hartono E S
Published: June 2021

Spirulina sp. is one of the potential microalgae as a source of protein because it contains 100% vegetable protein. Fisheries industry wastewater contains a lot of protein and fat, resulting in quite high values, nitrates and ammonia. Fish waste can be used as raw material for organic fertilizer microalgae that can grow in waste besides producing biomass and can reduce the burden of pollution. In this case, researchers want to know the growth rate of microalgae Spirulina sp. in the media of liquid waste resulting from fish handling from Cemara Market, Medan, North Sumatra. This research was conducted experimentally, the research design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments with three replications with different waste concentrations with a volume of 1000 ml. Based on the Anova test results show that there is a real influence of the variation of treatment on the growth of Spirulina sp. with a significance value of 0.000 (p <0.05). Also supported by the results of Duncan’s further tests which showed that treatment A (30% waste) and treatment K (control) were significantly different from each other and also had a significant effect on treatment B (60% waste).
The estimation of mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) fishing ground in Malacca Strait
Authors: Fadhilah A , Octavira D , Leidonald R , Desrita  , Prasetyo B A
Published: June 2021

In fishing activity, the success is indicated by the number of catches that extremely influenced by the conditions of fishing ground. Information of the potential fishing ground is needed for fishermen to increase the effectiveness and efficiency in fishing activity. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a in waters are two things that can affect the potential of fishing ground. The research aims to create distribution map of SST and chlorophyll-a and to presume the potentials of fishing ground in Malacca Strait based on distribution of SST and chlorophyll-a in Malacca Strait (2015-2019). The data of SST and chlorophyll-a distribution in Malacca Strait were using Aqua MODIS satellite imagery. Based on the result of SST and chlorophyll-a analysis, potential fishing ground in Malacca Strait is expected located around East Aceh in Western season, Malaysian waters in the Transition I season, between Asahan and Malaysian waters in Eastern season and between Deli Serdang and East Aceh in the Transition II season.
Enhalus acoroides coverage and density in Jago Jago Coastal, Central Tapanuli
Authors: Harahap Z A , Susetya I E , Khairunnisa  , Siregar R F , Hasibuan J S , Manurung V R
Published: June 2021

Research about seagrass in Central Tapanuli is still very limited. This study aimed to assess E. acoroides density and coverage in Jago Jago coastal area, Central Tapanuli. The seagrass beds in Jago Jago coastal area are monospecific beds that formed by Enhalus acoroides, a species that has bigger morphological size than other species. Seagrass sampling was conducted in July 2020 in three observation stations. The assessment of seagrass coverage and density was conducted using line transect method and placing 50 cm x 50 cm quadrats every 10 m along the transect. The lowest coverage and density were found in Station I which was 26.06% and 39 shoots/m2. Meanwhile, the highest coverage and density were found in Station II which was 42.12% and 80 shoots/m2. This research outcome is expected to be basic data for future seagrass management in Central Tapanuli.
The effect of volcanic ash from the eruption of mount Sinabung on the survival and tissue structure of Mahseer fish (Tor tambroides)
Authors: Ezraneti R , Pratiwi T A , Syahputra N , Khalil M
Published: June 2021

Volcanic ash of Mount Sinabung enters the Lau Borus River. One of the biota in the river that is affected by volcanic ash is the Mahseer fish. This study aims to determine the LC50 from the exposure of Mount Sinabung volcanic ash to Mahseer fish, water quality, and tissue histology of Mahseer fish. The concentrations of volcanic ash for toxicity tests were 0 mg/L, 66,000 mg/L, 87,000 mg/L, 115,000 mg/L, and 152,000 mg/L. The results of the probit analysis showed that the LC50 values at the exposure time at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours were 135,249 mg/L, 106,741 mg/L, 72,210 mg/L, and 68,798 mg/L, respectively. The higher concentration of volcanic ash given will accelerate the time of death of Mahseer fish, followed by damage to the skin, gill and intestinal tissue. There is muscle necrosis and the epidermis is thinning in the skin. In the gills there is hyperplasia, hypertrophy, fusion, and necrosis of cells. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of goblet cells, and necrosis of the intestinal villi in the intestine.
Increasing productivity of red chilies using Proliga cultivation technology and high yielding varieties
Authors: Atman  , Indrawanto C , Yuniarti  , Dewi Y A , Hendrawan F
Published: June 2021

In Solok District, West Sumatra Province, farmers plant curly red chilies using the local variety Sukarami with simple cultivation technology. The resulting productivity is around 6-7 tonnes /ha. The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) has introduced cultivation technology for red chilies namely ‘Proliga’ to increase productivity. The experiment was conducted in Sukarami Field Station in Solok Regency. Four treatments with Six replication have been applied, (1) Proliga cultivation technology using Kopay Variety (Proliga Kopay), (2) Proliga cultivation technology using Kencana Variety (Proliga Kencana), (3) Proliga cultivation technology using Sukarami Variety (Proliga Sukarami), (4) Farmer’s cultivation technology using Sukarami Local Variety. The results show that the application of Proliga technology increases the yield. The largest increases were obtained through the application of Proliga technology using Sukarami local variety, with a revenue value of Rp. 209,448 million / ha or an increase of 57.44% compared to the Farmer’s cultivation technology using Sukarami Local Variety. The R/C and MBCR values of the Proliga Sukarami technology are 1.51 and 2.36 respectively.
The role of sulfur and paclobutrazol on the growth of shallots (Allium ascalonicum (L.) Sanren F-1 varieties from true shallot seed
Authors: Hasanah Y , Mawarni L , Hanum H , Sipayung R , Ramadhan M T
Published: June 2021

The latest technological developments in shallot cultivation can be done using True Shallot Seed (TSS). The obstacle is the character experiencing difficulty in senescence and long harvesting age. The presence of growth inhibitor is necessary to focus the energy on tuber formation. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of sulfur and paclobutrazol on the growth of shallots from TSS. The research was conducted using polybag in the community land in Medan, using a factorial randomized block design with 2 factors and 3 replications. The first factor was sulfur (0, 75, 150 kg ZA/ha) applications, and the second factor was paclobutrazol (0, 15, 30 ppm) applications. The results showed that 150 kg ZA/ha sulfur application increased the plant length 1-5 weeks after transplanting. The treatment of paclobutrazol and the interaction between paclobutrazol and sulfur applications had no significant effect on plant length and leaf number at 1-4 weeks after transplanting.
DNA isolation and amplification of Dryobalanops oblongifolia DREY and Dryobalanops lanceolata BURCK
Authors: Rangkuti A B , Susilowati A , Rachmat H H , Lubis T S
Published: June 2021

Dryobalanops belong to a member of Dipterocarpaceae, which has a high economic value. Due to illegal harvesting for its wood, the population tends to decrease every year, so rapid conservation effort was needed. D. oblongifolia and D. lanceolata were important members of dryobalanops, which have listed as endangered (EN), according to IUCN. This study aims to provide information on the DNA isolation and amplification process. This data was needed as basic information for further research, such as genetic diversity, population genetics, phylogeny studies, or biogeography aspects. DNA isolation was performed using the CTAB method (Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide). The amplification process was performed with three barcode markers those were trnL-trnF, rbcL, and matK. The results of DNA isolation showed quite good DNA yield. Amplified DNA using all primers showed successfully with an annealing temperature of 490C for matK, 500C for trnL-trnF, and 550 C for rbcL.
Effect of Paclobutrazol concentration on initial formation stolon in potato plants by in vitro at different temperature conditions
Authors: Pane H Y B T , Hanafiah D S , Damanik R I
Published: June 2021

The increase in potato production is constrained condition in Indonesia grow in the area with an altitude of 1500m above sea level. It is known that at high temperatures the gibberellin acid (GA) content in plants will increase, thus inhibiting tuber formation. The use of growth retardants such as paclobutrazol can inhibit GA biosynthesis so that it can stimulate tuber formation. In this study, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of paclobutrazol concentration on the initial formation of potato plant stolons by in vitro applied at different temperatures. The seeding stage was carried out on potato explants that had been kept for 4 weeks under 16 h of radiation. Paclobutrazol was given by pouring it into an explant bottle and keeping it in dark conditions at different temperatures for 8 weeks. From the results of the study, it is known that the application of paclobutrazol concentration and different temperatures affect the formation of micro tubers. where at a concentration of 3 ppm (P1) paclobutrazol was able to inhibit stolon elongation, stimulating subapical stolon and tuber swelling. The interactions between the application of paclobutrazol concentrations and different temperatures affected subapical stolon and tuber swelling.
Identification of morphological characters and kinship of coconut genotypes (Cocos nucifera L.) in Aceh Tamiang District, Aceh
Authors: Setiado H , Sinaga M A , Hanafiah D S , Damanik R I
Published: June 2021

Coconut productivity in Indonesia was relatively low, whereas the potential for coconut production can reach 3–5 tons of copra/ha/yr. Collection of genetic material or sources of genetic diversity of coconuts that are indispensable to plant breeders. This research was conducted using a descriptive survey method based on books IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) coconut descriptor guide with sampling technique by accidental sampling. Cultivation of coconuts in Tenggulun, Seruway and Rantau Districts consists of land and yard coconut with monoculture or polyculture cropping patterns. The research conducted on 27 genotypes of coconut, which research showed that all of the genotype coconut identified were genotypes of coconut Dwarf. Morphological characterization results were found for canopy shape (round, half round, X-shaped silhouette, V-shaped), flowers (normal and still covered with leaf sheaths), fruit (oval, ovate, angled, round), shell (pointed, ovate almost spherical, oblate). From the 27 genotypes, there are genotypes that are good as a source of parents, namely AS26 with the character of heavy and thick flesh and AS4 with a large number of fruits.
The effect of banana humps size on the vegetative growth of dwarf banana seedling
Authors: Muhidin  , Nurmas A , Sadimantara G R , Pratama A E , Rakian T C , Sutariati G A K , Leomo S , Yusuf D N
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different hump size on banana seedling growth. The study carries out at the Agriculture Farm in Halu Oleo University. The study arranged in single-factor using randomized block design. The factor examined is the difference in the humps size, consists of (1) size 8cm x 8cm x 8cm, (2) size 10cm x 10cm x 10cm, and (3). Size and 12cm x 12cm x 12cm. The parameter observed were shoot height (cm), leaves number (strands) and stem (cm). The results showed that differences in humps size has affected on the vegetative banana growth. As large as the hump size, some vegetative characteristics are getting higher, such as for the shoot height (cm), number of leaves (strands) and stem circumference (cm). Based on the research, it concluded that the humps size affected the vegetative seedling growth of dwarf banana plants.
Environmental and Spatial Predictors of the Distribution Patterns of the Host-Seeking Black Fly, Simulium jenningsi (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Wilson-Ounekeo Rebecca C , Lamp William O
Published: June 2021

Black flies are nuisance pests as adults, yet they are best managed in the larval stage in flowing waters. As a result, more effort is put into understanding the distribution of the immature life stages than the blood-seeking females that form nuisance. The seemingly localized nature of Simulium jenningsi Malloch (Diptera: Simuliidae) pest problems in western Maryland offered a study system to investigate the spatial and environmental correlates to their severity. Collections of adult black flies were taken at 260 sites within a 2,000 km2 region centered on Washington County, Maryland, during June, July, and August of 2 yr. Average S. jenningsi counts were greater in the June of both years compared to July and August. Although S. jenningsi was found at the majority of sampling sites, higher fly counts were significantly clustered in the southern portion of the county where the majority of resident complaints originated. A generalized linear mixed-model (GLMM) approach was used to determine the correlates to S. jenningsi abundance. The highest performing model showed a negative relationship of S. jenningsi counts with the amount of surrounding impervious surface, distance to the riffles along the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, distance to the closest body of flowing water, and light intensity, as well as a positive relationship with elevation and air temperature. The results suggest S. jenningsi females are not readily found in urban environments in this study region, and the most relevant monitoring locations for S. jenningsi may be outside of human population centers.
Pain, Goal Engagement, and Eudemonic Well-Being: Moderation by Autonomous Motivation
Authors: Segerstrom Suzanne C , Monroe Addison D , Crofford Leslie J
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Pain may decrease well-being in older adults by limiting social and leisure activities. However, some activities can exacerbate pain. We hypothesized that autonomously motivated goal engagement could ameliorate negative effects of pain on goal engagement and amplify positive effects of goal engagement on eudemonic well-being (EWB).

Methods

Midlife and older women (N = 200) were oversampled for chronic pain. Daily diaries (n = 10,697) including goal lists and ratings, pain, and EWB were completed for 7 days every 3 months for 2 years.

Results

Pain was not a correlate of goal engagement. More engagement was associated with higher EWB when motivation was autonomous. However, more goal engagement correlated with lower EWB the next day and, when not autonomously motivated, higher pain.

Discussion

Goal engagement can benefit people with or without physical pain, but the motivation behind goal engagement is equally if not more important. Goals motivated by autonomous sources increase EWB and may protect against maladaptive patterns of activity associated with pain.
Leveling the Field Through Transnational Regulation
Authors: Parella Kishanthi
Published: June 2021

This paper identifies factors that may lead transnational companies to support transnational regulation in order to level the field between themselves and their rivals when they confront an uneven field produced by either public regulation or private governance. Transnational regulation offers these companies a means to reduce competitive losses by distributing compliance costs to rivals. Differential regulation is necessary but insufficient to result in corporate advocacy for an international agreement or other forms of transnational regulation. Instead, other factors influence the strength or weakness of those preferences for transnational regulation, such as (i) the extent of global footprint, (ii) the net gain or loss resulting from heightened compliance costs, (iii) targets and mechanisms for regulatory change, (iv) market participant profiles, (v) stakeholder characteristics, and (vi) a company’s susceptibility to private governance.
Effect of Different Wall Surface Coverage With Deltamethrin-Treated Netting on the Reduction of Indoor-Biting Anopheles Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Tainchum Krajana , Bangs Michael J , Sathantriphop Sunaiyana , Chareonviriyaphap Theeraphap
Published: June 2021

Indoor residual spray with deltamethrin remains the most common tool for reducing malaria transmission in Thailand. Deltamethrin is commonly used to spray the entire inner surfaces of the walls to prevent mosquitoes from resting. This study compared the mosquito landing responses on humans inside three experimental huts treated with deltamethrin at three different extents of wall coverage (25%, 50%, and full coverage), with one clean/untreated hut serving as a control. There were no significant differences between the numbers of Anopheles mosquitoes landing in the 50% and full coverage huts, whereas, in comparison to both of these, there was a significantly greater number landing in the 25% coverage hut. This study demonstrates that varying the percent coverage of indoor surfaces with deltamethrin-treated netting influences the blood-feeding success of wild Anopheles, and our findings suggest that it may be possible to reduce the extent of insecticide surface treatment while maintaining equivalent mosquito avoidance action to that seen in fully treated structures.
How does the ZLB affect the properties of alternative exchange rate systems?
Authors: Balfoussia Hiona , Dellas Harris , Papageorgiou Dimitris , Vourvachaki Evangelia
Published: June 2021

We use a standard, two-country Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with multiple shocks and a Taylor rule to study the effects of the Zero Lower Bound (ZLB) under alternative international monetary arrangements. Whether the ZLB constraint plays a stabilizing or destabilizing role depends on the exchange rate regime and the type of shock. Different shocks may favor different regimes, and the ZLB may lead to a reversal of the ranking of the regimes for some shocks, especially domestic ones. Notwithstanding such individual shock reversals, when considering the groups of external or domestic shocks or all shocks together in a typical economy that stochastically alternates between the ZLB and the non-ZLB states, we find that the introduction of a ZLB constraint does not by itself suffice to make policymakers rethink their choice of the exchange rate regime.
The Bible and the Dutch Empire
Authors: Stegeman Janneke
Published: June 2021

Conversations on Dutch colonial heritage and its continuing influence are finally gaining momentum. It is important to also include the Bible and Christianity in the analyses. In this chapter, the role of Christian Scripture in the development of the ideology of Dutch colonialism, slavery, and Dutch national identity is explored. After the Dutch declared their independence over their Catholic Spanish rulers, the Republic as a Calvinist nation positioned itself within the biblical narrative. The Republic soon became a colonial power and colonial experiences, too, were understood through the framework of biblical interpretation. Existing supersessionist appropriations of biblical texts served as a model for colonial Christianity. The Dutch identified with biblical Israel. Initial worries that colonial activities and slave trade were against Scripture led to the development of a specific Calvinist defense of enslavement and colonialism. A central concern in the theological discussions on slavery and colonialism was Baptism. It was argued that all children in a Reformed household, including the enslaved, had to be given access to baptism. In the eyes of protestant Dutch slaveholders, being enslaved and being Christian became increasingly less compatible. As church authorities increasingly began to doubt the practice of baptism of enslaved people, baptism became an exclusive sacrament. Later however, an ideology of Christian slavery developed. In spite of decolonization, “genuine” Dutchness continues to be associated with Christianity and whiteness.
Administrative Justice in Authoritarian States
Authors: Ip Eric C.
Published: June 2021

This chapter studies the institutions of administrative justice—administrative procedure, judicial review of administrative action, and administrative redress—in contemporary non-liberal democracies. It reviews the theoretical literature pertaining to administrative justice, with special emphasis on the principal-agent model. It examines two case studies of administrative justice, one national and one local, both from the People’s Republic of China, the world’s most populous authoritarian state: Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. It reveals that authoritarian administrative justice is, at the end of the day, deeply paradoxical. Autonomous bureaucratic oversight mechanisms empower autocratic rulers to resolve agency problems through discovering information of maladministration, but remain permanently under the temptation to compromise the autonomy of administrative justice, so that the latter would never evolve into a threat to regime security.
Historical Approaches to Administrative Justice
Authors: Hickford Mark
Published: June 2021

Examining historical approaches to ‘administrative justice’ is undoubtedly ambitious but enables researchers to become conscious of how a term of relatively recent currency, such as ‘administrative justice’, is problematic historically as a construct. Through emphasizing temporality and contingency, historical methods can illuminate dynamism and disruption across time in ‘administrative justice’ processes, techniques, and behaviours. In addition, as this chapter aims to show, a variety of methods can reveal how ‘administrative justice’, however conceived, can be situated contestably in broader contexts and life-cycles of human behaviour engaging diverse forums and processes (agencies, inquiries, litigation), norms, and cultures. Purely illustrative jurisdictions are selected but these chosen jurisdictions exemplify the nature of the historical task such that comparable challenges, themes, and advisory guidance would apply elsewhere.
Peace Psychology
Authors: Christie Daniel J.
Published: June 2021

Peace psychology seeks to apply psychosocial principles to prevent and mitigate direct, structural, and cultural violence and promote harmony and equity in human relations. Two waves of peace psychology research and practice can be delineated. The first wave generated concepts, themes, and perspectives aimed at the prevention of nuclear war and mitigation of intractable conflicts characterized by repeated cycles of violence. The second wave enlarged the scope of peace psychology to include the amelioration of structural violence, the kind of violence that afflicts most of the world’s population and kills people slowly through the deprivation of life-extending human need satisfaction. The most recent iteration of the second wave addresses the cultural violence visited upon formerly colonized countries and calls for the development of theory and praxis informed by emancipatory methodologies.
Visuality of Peace and Conflict
Authors: Hutchison Emma , Bleiker Roland
Published: June 2021

Visuality shapes all aspects of peace and conflict. Images influence how we view, understand, and respond to violence and how we find solutions to entrenched problems. This chapter examines the issues at stake by highlighting the need to take into account the historical dimension of images. It focuses, in particular, on how humanitarian ideals and norms have emerged in response to depictions of violence and suffering. It then explores how understandings of peace are inherently linked to ensuing humanitarian imagery. Images, in this sense, have been and continue to be critical to enabling local and global audiences to see, perceive of, and feel for communities that endure conflict and are working toward peaceful solutions. It is in this sense that visuality—in its various manifestations—plays an important part of reconciliation, statebuilding, and peace formation.
Liberal Internationalism
Authors: Jahn Beate
Published: June 2021

Since the end of the Cold War, peacebuilding operations have become an integral part of world politics—despite their continuing failures. This chapter provides an account of peacebuilding operations in practice and identifies cycles of failure and reform, namely the successful integration of peacebuilding into the fabric of the world order despite its continuing failures. It traces these dynamics back to the internal contradictions of liberalism and argues that the main function of peacebuilding operations lies in managing the tensions and contradictions inherent in a liberal world order. Peacebuilding—in one form or another—is therefore likely to persist for the duration of a liberal world order.
Globalization of Peace
Authors: Smith Jackie
Published: June 2021

Conventional scholarship on peace and peacebuilding fail to consider how the capitalist world-system is implicated in the structural violence that fuels violent conflicts around the world. This helps to account for the widespread failures of state-led peacebuilding interventions. Although social movement and civil society actors are deemed critical to successful peacebuilding, they are typically denied meaningful roles in shaping these processes. Yet subaltern groups are critical agents pressing for attention to latent conflicts before they escalate into violent confrontations, and they work to reduce violent conflicts and their harmful effects on communities. By shifting our gaze from the realm of states and the interstate system, we see an array of forces working “from below” to articulate projects to transform social relations in ways that Oliver Richmond calls “peace formation.” Global human rights discourses have provided a unifying framework and focal point for these grassroots initiatives, which eschew mainstream notions of rights as formal protections for individuals while advancing new foundations for transformative peacebuilding based upon “people-centered human rights.”
Peace after Revolutions
Authors: Pogodda Sandra
Published: June 2021

This chapter investigates how liberal peacebuilding has responded to and intervened in the revolutionary processes that unfolded in the aftermath of the Arab uprisings. In particular, it focuses on the tensions between the liberal peace’s orthodox and emancipatory strands by asking: Which role has liberal peacebuilding been playing in the postuprising period? Does it help or hinder revolutionary agency in the Arab region? By trying to understand different types of continuous revolutionary agency (here called “everyday state formation”), the chapter aims to close a gap in peace and conflict studies’ local turn. It argues that the disjunctures between revolutionary agency and liberal peacebuilding interventions run so deep in some areas that the latter risk appearing as counterrevolutionary practices.
Networks of Peace
Authors: Bsisu Naji , Murdie Amanda
Published: June 2021

Interventions, peacebuilding, and statebuilding are not activities done in isolation; there are often multiple governmental and nongovernmental actors involved in conflict- and disaster-affected societies at the same time. These actors can have drastically different backgrounds, goals, and standard operating procedures. They may be in competition for scarce resources. And yet the ability of these actors to coordinate can have ramifications for the prospects of peace and stability. This chapter outlines the potential network of humanitarian actors in postconflict and postdisaster situations. It focuses specifically on the factors that contribute to coordination and cooperation among various humanitarian actors and the effects that these networks have on society. The chapter ends with a call for future research on how network conditions are built, are maintained, and can be influential for humanitarian outcomes.
Statebuilding, Security-Sector Reform, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Jackson Paul
Published: June 2021

Security-sector reform (SSR) and rule of law (ROL) approaches to international intervention have become a major element of the international community response to conflict since the 1990s. This international architecture that surrounds SSR and ROL privileges a particular form of knowledge that reflects a technocratic approach to security. This is reflected in the technocratic process of policy and also in the wider literature. Research into the literature itself shows that there are three core themes that dominate: state-centric approaches, technocratic approaches, and approaches to local ownership. These comprise a current, linear approach to SSR and ROL that ignores much of the critical literature on peacebuilding. Incorporating critical approaches could provide an alternative approach to SSR and ROL in terms of incorporating nonlinear underlying features, including a better understanding of institutional politics, an emphasis on process rather than structures, and analysis of the hidden politics of security and legal reform.
Local Ownership, Legitimacy, and Peacebuilding
Authors: Donais Timothy
Published: June 2021

This chapter considers two fundamental questions at the core of the local ownership norm—ownership of what and ownership by whom—in light of fragmenting consensus around the very meaning of peacebuilding. In the first place, the referent object of ownership—the idea of a distinct, coherent, and self-contained peace process—is becoming increasingly elusive in most war-to-peace transitions, and increasingly difficult to differentiate from broader social, political, or economic developments that profoundly shape the nature of postwar transitions. At the same time, there has been a deepening polarization of views around who precisely counts as a relevant local for the purposes of peacebuilding, and an ongoing failure to bridge elite-centric and everyday-centric understandings of local agency. Both trends have significant implications for the future of peacebuilding as a coherent project.
Critical Theory and the Politics of Peace
Authors: Jabri Vivienne , Richmond Oliver P.
Published: June 2021

This chapter outlines the development of the concepts of peace, peacebuilding, and statebuilding’s relationship with critical theory, and what this means for the development of peace formation. The latter is a more contextually sensitized, ethico-political and everyday praxis also connected to policy doctrines, the state framework, and the international architecture. Indeed, it is formative of such political frameworks. We argue that critical theory has made very significant contributions in holding peacebuilding and statebuilding praxis to account and creating a platform for the emancipatory expansion, perhaps via peace formation from below and cognizant of postcolonial renderings of power. In theory, this allows for a more substantial and critically oriented praxis of peace, one which may influence global politics as statist, neoliberal, and geopolitical frameworks lose their legitimacy.
Local Infrastructures for Peace
Authors: Odendaal Andries
Published: June 2021

The way “the local” had been interpreted led to contrasting top-down or bottom-up understandings of local infrastructures for peace. This chapter presents a reinterpretation of the relevance of infrastructures for peace from a practitioner’s perspective, considering past experiences and current theoretical debates. It argues for an appreciation of the complex, interlinked nature of global, national, and local conflicts and the necessity of flexible yet sustained and productive dialogue platforms at the points of frictional interactions at and between all these levels. The capacity to initiate and support such dialogue platforms where, crucially, local agency is respected is at the core of the approach that became known as “infrastructures for peace.”
The Ethics of Liberal Peacebuilding
Authors: Lidén Kristoffer
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores the normative underpinnings of the scholarly debate on liberal peacebuilding and situates them within international ethics. The debate is relevant for the ethics of global governance more broadly by addressing a theoretical gray zone between the ethics of international intervention and state sovereignty. The chapter argues that instead of rejecting the liberal internationalist objectives of peacebuilding, the critics tend to deny the coherence of liberal peacebuilding with these objectives. This is exemplified by relating the critique to the prevalent positions of John Rawls, Michael Walzer, and Simon Caney in international ethics. The critique challenges descriptive presuppositions of these positions by drawing on critical, poststructural, and postcolonial perspectives.
The Anti-Rape and Battered Women’s Movements of the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Goodmark Leigh
Published: June 2021

The anti-rape and battered women’s movements of the 1970s and 1980s grew out of the women’s liberation movement. Early grassroots organizing around responding to rape and domestic violence relied heavily on community-based strategies including the creation of shelters and safe houses and feminist self-defense classes. Using the new vocabulary of the women’s liberation movement, feminist advocates soon began to critique existing rape and domestic violence law. Some advocates moved away from the grassroots community-based strategies to push for greater state intervention in rape and domestic violence via the criminal legal system. But the movement was not united in embracing such strategies. Feminist organizing reflected the tensions between competing visions of the role of the state in addressing gender-based violence., With the passage of the Violence Against Women Act in 1994, feminists favoring state intervention had successfully implemented their carceral agenda—a policy choice that is being reexamined today.
Law and Economics Against Feminism
Authors: McCluskey Martha T.
Published: June 2021

This article analyzes feminism in legal theory in relation to the rise of “law and economics” during the late twentieth century as a methodology that generated academic credibility for anti-egalitarian ideology and policy. Law and economics fundamentally undermines feminism in law by constructing the economy as a sphere best governed by efficiency insulated from contested morality and politics. This division naturalizes a gendered baseline that generally makes feminist reforms appear costly and unfair. Finally, the article explores how this core division of law and economics constructs an idea of liberty that makes feminist efforts to remedy gender-based harms appear illegitimate and oppressive. Law and economics cuts against legal feminism not because gender justice is a non-economic goal, but because law and economics promotes a misleading economic ideology steeped in gender and tilted toward those most willing and able to disregard and discount others’ well-being.
Revelation, Epistemology, and Authority
Authors: Avis Paul
Published: June 2021

Is there a divine revelation and how might we know that? What mode or form might it take? With what rational and/or imaginative faculties would we perceive it? What is the role of authority, as opposed to personal exploration and discovery, in the interpretation of revelation? Where lies the balance or the relationship between individual and communal receptions of revelation, the believer and the Church? These are some of the profoundly searching questions concerning our knowledge, if that is the right word, of revelation that will be discussed in this chapter. The guiding thread is the epistemology of revelation.
Kierkegaard’s Understanding of Revelation and its Influence
Authors: Barrett Lee C.
Published: June 2021

Kierkegaard was a maverick voice in the nineteenth century’s heated debate about the nature of revelation. He diverged both from those who identified revelation with the dictates of reason and conscience, and those who appealed to the transparency of a supernatural communication. Kierkegaard rejected the focus on dispassionately intelligible truths that was common to both factions. Instead, he insisted that a revelation could only be grasped if the appropriate passions, dispositions, and concerns shaped the individual’s subjectivity. In this sense, subjectivity was a necessary condition for understanding the content of a revelation. However, the meaning of a revelation could not be reduced to a purely inner phenomenon; Christian revelation requires something authoritative external to the individual. The objectivity of Christian concepts then makes possible a new type of pathos. In the twentieth century Kierkegaard’s appropriators over-emphasized either the subjective or objective poles of revelation which Kierkegaard had kept interrelated.
Revelation in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Habito Ruben L. F.
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores Hindu and Buddhist traditions for possible instances of ‘revelation’ as a concrete historical phenomenon, and raises theological questions in this light. By ‘revelation’ is meant ‘an actual disclosive event or events…given an authoritative interpretation by a community and expressed in canonical form for transmission to later generations’, and includes ‘later reception of these transmitted forms and their impact upon the recipient(s)’ (Carpenter 1995, 4).
Revelation and Cognitive Science
Authors: Barrett Justin L.
Published: June 2021

Cognitive science tells us that human minds are not equally receptive to any and all sorts of ideas or information. Instead, they can be characterized as having special subsystems that preferentially attend to, and process, some kinds of information over others. Furthermore, as finite information processors, human minds naturally and automatically fill in informational gaps to make coherent meaning from what they experience. In so far as divine revelation is an act of communication, and that the divine communicator knows how human minds are active in any act of communication, it follows that divine revelation will take advantage of human cognitive systems in particular and effective ways. One way in which it would do so is in establishing some general predilections towards humans’ receptivity to the idea that there are divine realities. As cognitive science of religion has shown, humans may find certain aspects of divinity and divine order relatively easy to understand and receive from interaction with the natural world. This general revelation, however, is inchoate and incomplete. Room is left for additional revelation to augment understandings of divine truths. This additional revelation, however, would also be interpreted through ordinary human cognitive faculties, whether its medium is private mystical experiences, reading Scripture, or observing the actions and teachings of Jesus first hand. Drawing upon C. S. Lewis’s treatment of miracles, the chapter considers Jesus’ miracles as instances of divine revelation that can be made more explicable through the lenses of cognitive science.
Revelation and Film
Authors: Iffland Craig , Shaukat Omar
Published: June 2021

How do we speak about the concept of revelation and film? Within the larger academic discourse on the relationship between religion and film, or theological approaches to film, systematic reflection on the concept of revelation, and how it might relate to film, is not a central theme. While some scholars have investigated how film might be an instrument of God’s self-revelation, only a few have put this scholarship into conversation with a more systematic account of the concept of revelation. In conversation with these scholars, this chapter offers an account of the revelatory function of film in terms of its capacity to empower the viewer to uncover and engage certain questions about God, oneself, and the world previously hidden from their view. It does so by drawing upon various interviews with Quentin Tarantino regarding his creative process, especially his self-professed aim to create characters and stories ‘out of which meaning can appear’. The chapter concludes with an analysis of how the story and characters in his feature films Kill Bill: Volume 1 and Kill Bill: Volume 2 disclose hidden convictions and tensions in the viewer’s understanding of the nature of God, the human person, and the world they each inhabit.
Revelation in Confucianism
Authors: Brown Joshua R.
Published: June 2021

This chapter surveys revelation-analogous concepts as they are present and/or refuted according to the early Chinese Confucian tradition. Although Confucianism does not hold to the divine revealing itself in direct ways, the tradition does have concepts that function as similar to revelation, such as the Five Classics, the figures of ancient sages and teachers, as well as belief in omens and augury. Thus, the chapter argues that Confucianism can provide resources to understand and develop a theology of revelation in those traditions which do hold to the explicit foundation of divine self-communication.
Scripture, Tradition, and Creeds
Authors: Oakes Kenneth
Published: June 2021

This chapter will consider Scripture, tradition, and the creeds sequentially, with a focus on historical and theological description, and with a view towards some deep commonalities among the three branches of Christianity. There is a variety of ways to explore each element of the triad of Scripture, tradition, and the creeds and their interrelationship. One could conduct this exploration sociologically, historically, or theologically, and with the inevitable Protestant, Roman Catholic, or Orthodox tendencies and emphases which will inevitably surface. The structure presented here would likely be most familiar to Protestants, but one could also generate arguments for this heuristic arrangement from the other two major Christian communions. Initially, however, some remarks on a Christian account of revelation will be offered as a necessary and salutary orientation for understanding the place and role of Scripture, tradition, and the creeds in terms of God’s presence among and self-communication to humanity, and humanity’s response to this presence and communication.
Evolutionary Dynamics of Organizational Populations and Communities
Authors: Baum Joel A. C. , Rao Hayagreva
Published: June 2021

Evolution is conceptualized as a multi-level phenomenon (subunit–organization–organizational field–national economy) that links organizational and ecological systems. Analysis of population and community-level evolution emphasizes the roles of institutional change (e.g., industry deregulation, globalization, market reforms), technological innovation cycles (e.g., technological discontinuities, dominant designs), entrepreneurs, and social movements as triggers of organizational variation. Institutional and technological change transforms the dynamics of organizational communities by shifting the boundaries of organizational forms, destabilizing or reinforcing existing community structures, giving rise to consensus and/or conflict oriented social movements, and creating opportunities for entrepreneurs and venture capitalists to shape new organizational forms.
Landscape Models of Complex Change
Authors: Albert Daniel , Ganco Martin
Published: June 2021

This chapter reviews recent advances in the NK modeling literature conceptualizing organizational change and innovation as a search over a complex landscape. It discusses both strengths and limitations of this perspective and delineates potential for future research directions. The key argument is that the NK model in its traditional form may be exhausting the theoretical insights that it can provide to the field. However, substantial modifications and extensions of the NK model or new classes of landscape models may provide fresh perspectives. Specifically, we consider the modeling efforts that endogenize the landscape construction as the next frontier in this literature. We also discuss several recent studies that incorporate various extensions of the NK model and allow for agent-driven changes to the landscape.
Discontinuous Change in Organizations and Fields
Authors: Gaba Vibha , Meyer Alan D.
Published: June 2021

In 1990 Alan Meyer, Geoffrey Brooks, and James Goes published a 2x2 framework for categorizing theories of change used by scholars in management and organization studies. This framework distinguished modes of change (continuous vs. discontinuous change), and levels of analysis (organization-level vs. field-level change). This chapter (1) summarizes, evaluates, and extends the framework in light of subsequent work, (2) identifies new social mechanisms that have been posited as causal mechanisms driving discontinuous change within organizations and organizational fields, and (3) proposes fruitful constructs, methodologies, and directions for future research on change in and around organizations.
Processes of Emergence and Change in Industry and Ecosystem Infrastructure
Authors: Woolley Jennifer L.
Published: June 2021

Infrastructures that support industries and ecosystems do not spontaneously appear. In some instances, infrastructure existing in other settings can be adapted to the challenge being addressed by a nascent industry or technology. In other situations, infrastructure components must be developed from scratch. This chapter examines the emergence and change of industrial infrastructures that support the development and commercialization of technological innovations. It reviews the ecological layers that make up the context of organizations and innovation and then summarizes the components of infrastructure particularly relevant to industry and ecosystem development. It also reviews studies on the temporal dynamics of infrastructure across multiple perspectives including community ecology, ecosystems, and economic geography. It concludes with a discussion of the drivers and obstacles to industrial advancement, and develops a model of infrastructure emergence and change.
Emotionality and Change
Authors: Huy Quy Nguyen , Vuori Timo O.
Published: June 2021

Incorporating emotions into our theorizing on change is important because emotional perspectives explain dynamics that cannot be easily explained with purely cognitive or structural theories. At the individual level, people take various actions, such as eating unhealthy food or shouting at their spouse, due to an emotional impulse, even though they are cognitively aware of their harmful consequences. At the organizational level, communication patterns between different organizational groups can be influenced by how the groups feel toward one another, rather than by rational considerations of what is best for the organization as a whole or even in the best interests of a particular group (e.g., Vuori and Huy 2016a). The goal of the research on emotionality and change is to increase understanding of how change triggers emotions and how those emotions influence change-related behaviors and influence change outcomes. The practical benefit of such a theory is that it helps leaders to manage change in ways that generate change-enabling rather than change-resisting emotions.